NUMBER SYSTEM

Real numbers: All the numbers that can be represented on the number line
is called real numbers. These are the numbers used for day to day purposes.

Complex numbers: All the numbers that cannot be represented on the

number line is called complex numbers.
i.e. A number in the form a+bi, where and b are real nos. & i=  1

Rational Numbers: Numbers which can be represented in the form of p/q,

where p and q are integers and q≠0. They are either terminating or
recurring.
Ex. ¼, 17/4, 10/3, 16/3 etc.

Irrational Numbers: Numbers which cannot be represented in the form of

p/q, where p and q are integers. They are neither terminating nor recurring
Ex. Root of non perfect squares like 2,  etc.

Natural numbers: It is a positive set of counting numbers. All positive

integers are natural numbers. N = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8........]

Whole Numbers: It is the set of all natural numbers along with zero. Whole
numbers are also called Non-negative integers. W = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, ........... ]

Integers: It is the set of whole numbers along with positive as well as

negative numbers including zero. It is a number that can be written without
a fractional component.
Natural numbers

Even numbers: A number which is by perfectly divisible by 2

E= [2, 4, 6, 8, 10........]

Odd numbers: A number which is not by perfectly divisible by 2.

O= [1, 3, 5, 7, 9........]

Some properties of even and odd numbers:

 Even nos. can be expressed in the form 2n, where n is a natural no.
 Odd nos. can be expressed in the form (2n+1) where n is a whole
number & in the form 2n-1 where n is a natural no.
 Sum of two even nos. is always even.
 Sum of two odd nos. is always even.
 Sum of even and odd is always odd.
 Product of two even nos. is always even.
 Product of two odd nos. is always odd.
 Product of even and odd no. is always even.
 Final result of xn can be even or odd depending on base value
irrespective of power n.
1. Even no. raise to an even no. is always even. 24 = 16
2. Even no. raise to an odd no. is always even 23 = 8
3. Odd no. raise to an odd no. is always odd. 33 = 27
4. Odd no. raise to an even no. is always odd. 32 = 9

Prime numbers: A number which is not divisible by any number other than
1 and itself. Such nos. have only two factors i.e. 1 & itself.
P = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11........]

Composite numbers: A number which is divisible by any number other

than 1 and itself. Such nos. can be factored in to prime factors.
C= [4, 6, 8,9,10........]

Co-Prime numbers: Two numbers are said to be relatively prime if their

common divisor is 1 and it is the only common divisor. The nos. may
individually may be or composite.
Ex. 21 & 22
Ex. 13 & 29
Ex. 15 & 23

Some properties of prime numbers

 2 is the only even prime number.
 3 is the lowest odd prime number.
 Reminder when a prime number p≥5 is divided by 6 is 1 or 5.
Converse need not be true.
  Reminder of the division of square of prime number p≥5 divided by 12
or 24 is 1.
 For prime numbers p > 3, p2 – 1 is divisible by 24
 Addition & Subtraction of squares of odd prime numbers results
composite number.

More properties of Numbers

3 digit number formed by repeating a one digit number thrice, is always

divisible by 111.
Ex. 222, 777, 888 etc.
Since 111 = 3 X 37, such numbers are divisible by 3 & 37 also.

4 digit number formed by repeating a two digit number is always divisible by

101.
Ex. 2525 , 3636 , 8383 etc.

6 digit number formed by repeating a three digit number is always divisible

by 1001.
Ex. 436436 , 619619 , 851851 etc.

The number zero is surrounded by the same two digit number on both sides.
Any such 5 digit number is always divisible by 1001
Ex. 52052 , 68068 , 93093 etc.

If sum of digits of a natural number is subtracted from the number itself, the
resulting number is always divisible by 9.
Ex. 143 – Sum of Digits = 1+4+3=8 , 143 – 8 = 135 which is divisible by 9.

Sum of a two digit number and number formed by interchanging its digits is
divisible by 11.
38 + 83 = 121 which is divisible by 11.

When digits of a two digit number are reversed, difference between the
original no. and new number is always divisible by 9.
81 – 18 = 63 is divisible by 9.

When digits of a three digit number are reversed, difference between the
original no. and new number is always divisible by 99.
731 – 137 = 594 is divisible by 99.

Difference between a square of a two digit number (xy) and square formed
by interchanging digits (yx) is always divisible by 99.
Ex. 212 – 122 = 441 – 144 = 297 which is divisible by 99 (99 X 3)
Fractions

Fraction denotes a part of a Unit. There are 3 types of fraction

1. Proper Fraction
2. Improper Fraction
3. Mixed Fraction

Proper fraction is a fraction in which numerator is less than denominator.

Ex. 1 , 20 etc.
2 50
Improper fraction is a fraction in which denominator is less than numerator.
Ex. 5 , 25 etc.
3 15
Mixed fraction is a fraction consisting of an integer and proper fraction.
2
1
Ex. 3

Converting Mixed Fraction into Improper Fraction & Vice-Versa:

Mixed fraction can be converted into an improper fraction by multiplying

integer with denominator and adding with numerator retaining same
denominator.

Improper fraction can be converted into a mixed fraction by dividing

numerator with denominator and taking remainder as numerator retaining
same denominator multiplied by quotient.

Test of Divisibility

 Every number is divisible by 1

 A number is divisible by 2, If its unit digit is 0 0r even number.
 A number is divisible by 3, If the sum of digits is divisible by 3.
 A number is divisible by 4, If the last two digits are divisible by 4 or
last 2 digits are zero.
 A number is divisible by 5, If its unit digit is 5 or 0.
 A number is divisible by 6, If it is divisible by both 2 & 3.
 A number is divisible by 8, If the last 3 digits is divisible by 8 or last 3
digits are zero.
 A number is divisible by 9, If the sum of digits are divisible by 9.
 A number is divisible by 10, If its unit digit is or 0.
 A number is divisible by 7, double the last digit and subtract with
remaining digits, if you get zero or if the resultant is divisible by 7,
then it is divisible by 7.
 A number is divisible by 11, If the difference between the sum of digits
in odd place & sum of digits in even place is zero or divisible by 11.
BODMAS - Order of operations
B – Brackets ( ), { }, [ ]
O – Of (Multiplication but before division)
D – Division ÷
M – Multiplication ×
A – Addition +
S – Subtraction –

LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE & HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR

LCM is the smallest common positive number among multiples of the given
numbers. These common multiples are exactly divisible by all the given
numbers without a reminder or reminder is zero.

HCF is the highest common positive number among the factors of the
t given
numbers. These common factors exactly divide all the given numbers
without a reminder or reminder is zero.

LCM & HCF of fractions

Relationship between LCM & HCF

If N1 & N2 are two given numbers and if L is LCM and H is HCF, then
N1 X N2 = L X H

Product of two numbers is equal to product of their LCM & HCF.

Some formulas to use for LCM & HCF problems

To find the LEAST NUMBER which when divided by x, y and z leaves the
same reminder ‘r’ each case.
Required no. = (LCM of x, y and z) + r

To find the LEAST NUMBER which when divided by x, y and z leaves the
reminder
minder a, b and c respectively.
(x-a) = (y-b)
b) = (z-c)
(z =k
Required
uired no. = LCM of (x, y, z) – k
To find the GREATEST NUMBER that will divide x, y and z leaving the same
reminder in each case.
Required no. = HCF of (x-y), (y-z), (z-x)

To find the GREATEST NUMBER that will divide x, y and z leaving the same
reminder in each case.
Required no. = HCF of (x-y), (y-z), (z-x)

To find the GREATEST NUMBER that will divide x, y and z leaving reminders
a, b and c respectively.
Required no. = HCF of (x-a), (y-b), (z-c)

To find n digit GREATEST NUMBER which when divided x, y and z

A) leaves no remainder
B) leaves reminder K in each case
LCM of x, y, z = L
Dividing greatest number by LCM (L) => Remainder R
A) n digit greatest number – R
B) [n digit greatest number – R ]+ K

To find n digit SMALLEST NUMBER which when divided x, y and z

A) leaves no remainder
B) leaves reminder K in each case
LCM of x, y, z = L
Dividing greatest number by LCM (L) => Remainder R
A) n digit greatest number + (L– R)
B) n digit greatest number + (L– R) + K
Problems

1) Find LCM of 12, 27, 40

2) Find HCF of 48, 108, 140

3) What is the LCM of ( 2 / 3 ) , ( 5 / 6 ) and ( 4 / 9 )?

4) Find the HCF of fractions 4/3, 8/6, 36/63 and 20/42

5) LCM and HCF of 60 and x is 180 and 30, what is the value of x?

a) 90 b) 40 c) 80 d) 60

6) Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4. If their L.C.M. is 96, what is sum of
the numbers?

a) 56 b) 31 c) 38 d) none of these

7) Three traffic lights at three different crossing change after every 48

seconds, 72 seconds, 108 seconds. If they change simultaneously at
5:20:00 hours. At what time will they change simultaneously again?

a) 6:20:00 b) 5:37:15 c) 5:40:10 d) 5:27:12

8) 5 bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10

seconds respectively. Find in 40 minutes, how many times do they toll
together?

a) 20 b) 21 c) 25 d) None of these

9) Find the least number which when divided by 5, 6, 7, 8 leaves a

remainder 3.

a) 423 b) 843 c) 1683 d) 2583

10) What is the smallest positive integer which when divided by 4, 5, 8, 9

leaves remainder 3, 4, 7, 8 respectively?

a) 119 b) 319 c) 359 d) 719

11) Find the greatest number that will divide 43, 91 and 183 so as to leave
the same remainder in each case?

a) 4 b) 7 c) 9 d) 13
12) A person has 36 Banana saplings, 144 Apple saplings, 234 Orange
saplings. He wants to plant them in separate rows but wants to ensure that
minimum space is utilised. So, what is the number of minimum rows he can
make to plant all these samplings?

a) 23 b) 18 c) 20 d) 15

13) Three persons start at same time, same point and in same direction to
run around a circular ground. First person completes a round in 250
seconds, second person in 300 seconds and third person in 150 seconds.
Find after what time will they meet again at the starting point?

a) 25 mins b) 30 mins c) 35 mins d) 40 mins

14) Find the greatest number that will divide 148, 246 and 623 leaving
reminders 4, 6 and 11 respectively.

a) 12 b) 18 c) 9 d) 13

15) In a jail, there are three different types of prisoners convicted for three
different types of crimes. They are in the number is 1800, 960 and 360. Find
the minimum number of rooms required if in each room if prisoners
convicted of same crime be lodged.

a) 26 b) 24 c) 12 d) 18

16) The largest measuring cylinder that can accurately fill 3 tanks of
capacity 98, 182 and 266 litres each, is of capacity?

a) 2 b) 7 c) 14 d) 98

17) Which is the greatest 3 digit number which when divided by 3, 4, 5 & 6
leaves remainder 2 in each case?

a) 960 b) 962 c) 999 d) none of these

18) Which is the least no. of 5 digit number which when divided by 4, 6, 10
& 15 leaves remainder 2 in each case?

a) 10022 b) 10000 c) 10011 d) 10001

19) Let the greatest number of 4-digits which when divided by 6, 7, 8, 9 and
10 leaves a remainder of 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 respectively. Then, the sum of the
four-digits is:

a) 25 b) 18 c) 20 d) 22
20) Find the greatest number of four digits which must be added to 5231 so
that the final number becomes exactly divisible by 12, 15, 27, 32 and 40.

a) 7929 b) 9729 c) 7729 d) 7829