Complex

Conjugate and
algebra of
complex numbers

Dr. Hina Dutt

hina.dutt@seecs.edu.pk
SEECS-NUST
 Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics (10th
• Chapter: 13
Edition) by Ervin • Sections: 13.1
Kreyszig

A First Course in
Complex Analysis
with Applications by
• Chapter: 1
Dennis G. Zill and • Section: 1.1
Patrick D. Shanahan.
Review of Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugate & Algebra of Complex
Numbers.

Polar form of Complex Number.

Euler’s Theorem and Exponential Form

De Moivre’s Theorem
A Brief History

In the sixteen century, Girolamo Cardano first introduced

imaginary numbers in the sixteenth century in the study of
solutions to a quadratic equation of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝛼 = 0,
with 𝛼 > 0. The solutions to this equation are 𝑥 = ± −𝛼.
Cardano defined −1 to be an “imagined” or imaginary
number.

In the eighteenth century, Euler introduced the symbol 𝑖 to

represent −1 .
Imaginary Unit 𝒊

The imaginary unit 𝑖 is defined by 𝑖 = −1 or 𝑖 2 = −1.

Example 1; Powers of 𝒊
Find the powers of 𝑖.
a. 𝑖 37
b. 𝑖 2006
c. 𝑖 −3927
Example 2
Express these numbers in terms of 𝑖.
a. − −7
b. −36
c. −160
Complex Number

A complex number is a number that can be expressed in

the form 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑖 is
the imaginary unit.
Real and Imaginary Parts of a Complex
Number

The real number 𝑎 in z = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called real part of 𝑧 and

abbreviated as 𝑅𝑒(𝑧).

The real number 𝑏 in z = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is called the imaginary

part of 𝑧 and is abbreviated as 𝐼𝑚 𝑧 .
 Complex Number System
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Reals Pure Imaginary

Rationals 𝑖, 2𝑖, −7𝑖, etc.

(Can be written as fractions)
Integers
(…, -1, -2, 0, 1, 2, …)
Irrationals
Whole (Cannot be
(0, 1, 2, …) written as a
fraction)
Natural 𝜋, 𝑒
(1, 2, …)
Equality of Complex Numbers

Complex numbers z1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑖𝑏1 and z2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑖𝑏2

are equal if and only if
𝑎1 = 𝑎2 and 𝑏1 = 𝑏2.
Arithmetic Operations on Complex Numbers
Laws for Complex Numbers
Zero and Unity of Complex Numbers

The zero in the complex number system is the number 0 + 0𝑖.

The zero is the additive identity in the complex number system.

The unity in complex numbers is 1 + 0𝑖. The unity is the

multiplicative identity.
Conjugate of Complex Numbers

If 𝑧 is a complex number, the number obtained by changing

the sign of its imaginary part is called the complex conjugate,
or simply conjugate, of 𝑧 and is denoted by the symbol 𝑧.
In other words, if 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, then its conjugate is
𝑧 = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏.
Example 3; Conjugate of Complex Numbers

If 𝑧 = 6 + 3𝑖, then 𝑧 = 6 − 3𝑖
If 𝑧 = −5 − 𝑖, then 𝑧 = −5 + 𝑖.
If 𝑧 is a real number, say, 𝑧 = 7, then 𝑧 = 7.
Properties of Conjugate
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2

𝑧1 𝑧1
=
𝑧2 𝑧2

𝑧=𝑧
Example 4
If 𝑧1 = 2 + 4𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −3 + 8𝑖, then find
a. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
b. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
c. 𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑧1
d. 𝑧2
Developing Useful Rules

𝑧 + 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑎
𝑧 − 𝑧 = 𝑎 = 𝑖𝑏 − 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 2𝑖𝑏
𝒛+𝒛 𝒛−𝒛
∴ 𝒂 = 𝑹𝒆 𝒛 = and 𝒃 = 𝑰𝒎 𝒛 =
𝟐 𝟐𝒊

Also 𝒛𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 𝒂 − 𝒊𝒃 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Additive Inverse of a Complex Number

In the complex number system, every number 𝑧 has a

unique additive inverse. As in the real number system, the
additive inverse of 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 is its negative, −𝑧, where
− 𝑧 = −𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏. For any complex number 𝑧, we have
𝑧 + (−𝑧) = 0.
Multiplicative Inverse of a Complex Number
Every nonzero complex number 𝑧 has a multiplicative inverse.
For 𝑧 ≠ 0 there exists one and only one nonzero
complex number 𝑧 −1 such that 𝑧𝑧 −1 = 1. The multiplicative
inverse 𝑧 −1 is the same as the reciprocal 1/𝑧.
Example 5; Finding multiplicative inverse
Find the multiplicative inverse of z = 2 − 5𝑖.
Example 6; Solving quadratic equation

Solve the following equation

𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 13 = 0.
Practice Questions

A First Course in
Complex Analysis • Chapter: 1
with Applications • Exercise: 1.1
by Dennis G. Zill • Questions: 1−42
and Patrick D.
Shanahan.