Q1.

This question is about atomic structure.

(a)  The figure below is a model proposed by Rutherford to show the structure of an

atom.

State two features of the current model that are not shown in the Rutherford model.

Feature 1 of the current model  __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Feature 2 of the current model  __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)  A sample of tin is analysed in a time of flight mass spectrometer.

The sample is ionised by electron impact to form 1+ ions.

The table below shows data about the four peaks in this spectrum.
 
m/z Percentage abundance

112 22.41

114 11.78

117 34.97

120 To be determined

Give the symbol, including mass number, of the ion that reaches the detector first.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of tin in this sample. Give your answer to 1
decimal place.

Page 1 of 10
  

Symbol of ion _______________

Relative atomic mass ______________________

(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Q2.
This question is about atomic structure.

(a)     There is a general trend for an increase in ionisation energy across Period 3. Give
one example of an element that deviates from this trend.

Explain why this deviation occurs.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b)     Give an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process that occurs
when the third ionisation energy of sodium is measured.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c)     The graph shows the successive ionisation energies of a Period 3 element, X.

Page 2 of 10
 Identify element X.
Explain your choice.

Element ____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Q3.
This question is about time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry.

(a)     Define the term relative atomic mass.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 3 of 10
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     A sample of krypton is ionised using electron impact.

The mass spectrum of this sample of krypton has four peaks.

The table shows data from this spectrum.

 
m/z 82 83 84 86

Relative intensity 6 1 28 8

Calculate the relative atomic mass (Ar) of this sample of krypton.

Give your answer to 1 decimal place.

Ar _______________
(2)

(c)     In a TOF mass spectrometer, ions are accelerated to the same kinetic energy (KE).

The kinetic energy of an ion is given by the equation  

Where:
KE = kinetic energy / J
m = mass / kg
v = speed / m s–1

In a TOF mass spectrometer, each 84Kr+ ion is accelerated to a kinetic energy of

4.83 × 10−16 J and the time of flight is 1.72 × 10−5 s

Calculate the length, in metres, of the TOF flight tube.

The Avogadro constant, L = 6.022 × 1023 mol−1

Page 4 of 10
 Length of flight tube _______________ m
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Q4.
There is a general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of the elements Na to
Ar. The first ionisation energies of the elements Al and S deviate from this trend.

(a)     Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which the
energy change is the first ionisation energy of Na.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b)     State and explain the general trend in the values of the first ionisation energies of
the elements Na to Ar.

Trend _____________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c)     State how, and explain why, the values of the first ionisation energies of the
elements Al and S deviate from the general trend.

How the values deviate from the trend ____________________________________

Explanation for Al ____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Explanation for S ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q5.
A student studying GCSE science is puzzled by data which indicate that a sodium atom is
larger than a chlorine atom and that a sodium ion is smaller than a chloride ion. How
should an A–level Chemistry student explain this apparently conflicting information.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 10
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Page 6 of 10
Mark schemes

Q1.
(a)     Current model includes: neutrons and protons
Rutherford model does not include neutrons and protons
1

Current model shows electrons in different energy levels/orbitals

Rutherford model does not show electrons in different
orbitals/energy levels
Allow 1st energy level only holds 2 electrons
1

(b)     M1:    112Sn+
1

M2    missing abundance = 30.84%

M3
If M2 missing then allow M3 if denominator = 69.16
1

M4 RAM = 116.5 answer must be to 1dp

Allow M4 ecf
1
[6]

Q2.
(a)     Aluminium / Al
Allow M2/M3 if a Group 3 element is given
1

(Outer) electron in (3)p orbital / sub-shell (level)

Not energy level
1

(3p) higher in energy / slightly more shielded (than 3s) / slightly

further away (than 3s)
1

or
OR

Sulfur / S
Allow M2/M3 if a Group 6 element is given
1

(Outer) electrons in (3)p orbital begin to pair

Page 7 of 10
 Do not allow just p4 vs p3
1

Repel
1

(b)     Na2+(g) → Na3+(g) + e−
State symbols essential.
Allow
Na2+(g) + e– → Na3+(g) + 2 e−
1

(c)     M1    Phosphorus / P
Mark independently

M2    large jump in ionisation energy for the 6th ionisation energy

Large jump after the 5 e– is removed / when the 6th e– is
removed

M3    This is when the electron is being removed from the 2nd (principle) energy level
/ from a lower energy level / from a lower shell / from 2p / from an energy level
that is closer to the nucleus
3
[7]

Q3.
(a)  The average mass of an atom of an element
(Weighted) average mass of all isotopes of an element
1

Compared to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12

1

(b)  R.A.M. =
M1 for working
1

 = 3615 / 43
 = 84.1
M2 for answer to 1 decimal place 36.2 scores 1/2
1

(c)  M1    m = (84/1000)/6.02 x 1023 (= 1.395 x 10-25 kg)

Alternative method
M1: m     = (84/1000)/6.02 x 1023 (= 1.395 x 10-25 kg)

M2     v2     = 2ke/m = 2 x (4.83 × 10−16) / (1.395 x 10-25)

M2: d2 = 2 ke t2/m

M3     v     = √(6924731183) = 83214.97

M3: d2 = 2 x (4.83 × 10−16) x (1.73 x 10–5)2 / 1.395 x 10-25 d2 =

Page 8 of 10
 2.07

M4     d     = v x t = 83214.97 x 1.72 × 10−5 = 1.43 (m)

M4 = 1.44 (m)
Allow answers in range 1.43 – 1.44 m
If m not converted to kg, then d = 0.045 m for max 3
4
[8]

Q4.
(a)     Na(g) → Na+(g) + e–
OR Na(g) + e– → Na+(g) + 2e–
(-) on electron not essential
equation (1)
state symbols (1)
Ignore state symbols on electrons
2

(b)     Trend : Increases (1)

          Explanation : Increased nuclear charge or proton number (1)

Stronger attraction (between nucleus and (outer) e–) (1)
Trend wrong
Allow M2 only if M3 correct (con)
3

(c)     How values deviate from trend: (both values) too low (1)
Explanation for Al: e– removed from (3) p (1)
                             e– or orbital is higher in energy or better
                               shielded than (3)s
                             or p electron is shielded by 3s electrons (1)
Allow e– is further away

Mark independently

Explanation for S: e– removed from (3)p electron pair (1)

                   repulsion between paired e– (reduces energy required) (1)
Mark separately
If deviation wrong allow M2 and M4
If M3 and / or M5 right (con)
If used ‘d’ rather than ‘p’ orbital - lose M2 + M4 but may get
M3, M5 (explanation marks)
5
[10]

Q5.
A chlorine atom has more protons in its nucleus than has a
sodium atom
1

Page 9 of 10
          Both have three shells of electrons
1

Electrons more strongly attracted by chlorine nucleus

so size smaller than Na
1

          An electron shell is lost when a sodium ion is formed from a sodium atom
1

          Inner electrons more strongly attracted so ion smaller than atom
1

          An electron is added to the outer shell when a chloride ion is formed
1

Greater repulsion between shells so size of chloride ion

greater than Cl atom
1
MAX 6
QWC
[6]

Page 10 of 10