CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Massive aid and the quality of governance are two concepts that are inter-related on

developing and under developing countries. In recent years, policy makers and political

institutions are more likely to depend foreign aid on poor nation countries regardless on

the impact of foreign aid on the governance so far, the consequences for governance in

Somalia of the massive amounts of aid it has received since the failure of central

government, the question of foreign aid’s impact on the quality of governance is

potentially of great importance for the incidence of poverty. While governance mostly

responsible external and internal intervention that planned to reduce the risks that

governance to hold or return poor nation.

The tradition of giving foreign aid to developing or aid-needing country began after

World War II. Initially aid was given to the war-devastated countries to rebuild the

economies.Then in the early 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union began

distributing aid tostrengthen the military capability of their allies and spread their political

ideologies. Since the end of the Cold War, in 1989, most aid has been targeted to promote

economic growth andimprove public well-being in the developing and underdeveloped

countries (Foreign Aid, 2008).

1
During the 1990s, the goal of aid was to foster democratization and stability in

developing countries and to facilitate the transition to free market economies in former

communist countries. Since the late 1990s, foreign aid has been given to developing

countries to promote economic growth, encourage the development of democratic

institutions, and provide for humanitarian needs. Furthermore; the end of the cold war

also led to the shift of some aid from bilateral to multilateral aid.

In Africa the last 50 years, foreign aid transfers to governments in sub- Saharan Africa,

World Bank calculations show that if theoretical models had predicted correctly, foreign

aid transfers to Zambia, which began in the 1960s, would have by today pushed per-

capital income to over $20,000. In practice, however, Zambian income per capita has

stagnated at around $600 for years. This provides a stark example of the failures of

foreign aid in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Researchers adopted a theory that reason’s foreign aid is the Sub-Saharan Africa’s

development problems ultimately reproduce a crisis of governance in this study ( Markus

Gstoettner & Anders Jensen, 2010, Brautigam and knack (2004)). A theory of impact of

foreign aid it is implicit that recompense attention Gross domestic product (GDP),

Government expenditure, and Import.

In literature foreign aid is a concept that, while broadly understood, has been defined in a

variety of ways, according(lensink, 1993: 13)definedacountry is aid dependent if it will

not achieve objective X in the absence of aid for the foreseeable future.Also according

(Brautisgam, 2000: 2)defined aid dependence as ‘a situation in which a country cannot

Perform many of the core functions of government, such as operations and maintenance,

2
or the delivery of basic public services, without foreign aid funding and expertise . In turn

uses aid intensity as a proxy for aid dependence, aid as a percentage of Gross domestic

product, central government expenditure, and imports. Foreign aid can be defined as “the

benevolent donation to poor nations that they can sufficiently meet the needs of its

people” (harrison, 2005). While governance is defined is put under the theme of

participatory development where the bank wants to see a process by which people

influence decisions that affect them (harrison, 2005) .

Researchers adopted foreign aid is defined asituation in which a country cannot perform

many of the core functions of government, such as operations and maintenance, or the

delivery of basic public services, without foreign aid funding and expertise. In turn uses

aid intensity as a proxy for aid dependence, aid as a percentage of Gross domestic

product, central government expenditure, and imports (Brautisgam, 2000: 2). While

governance put under the theme of participatory development where the bank wants to

see a process by which people influence decisions that affect them (harrison, 2005).This

study foreign aid are considered three aspects such as a percentage of GNP, central

government expenditure, current revenue, gross domestic investment, or imports.

In the context of Somalia, since 1991, Somalia became prime example of poor nations,

which depend on foreign aid, and has experienced a persistent complex emergency due to

chronic food insecurity and lack of quality governance and widespread violence, and

recurrent droughts and floods. The 2011 drought—widely regarded as the country’s worst

in 60 years—severely deteriorated food security among pastoralists and populations in

marginal farming areas, resulting in famine in areas of Bay, Bakool, and Lower and

3
Middle Shabelle regions, as well as among internally displaced persons in Mogadishu and

the nearby Afgoe corridor. Despite improvements in recent months, malnutrition rates

remain among the highest in the world, and ongoing insecurity in parts of southern and

central Somalia. (usaid.gov/crisis/somalia, 2011).

This is crucial time if Somali does not decrease or substitute the strategy of depending

foreign aid it might be caused many problems such as increase borrowing grants and

loan, corruption, lack of law and order, decrease government revenue from tax, conflict

and lack of development and it is difficult to pay external debt (Mariola Gonzalo-

Delgado, 2011).According (Knack, 2001)finds that higher aid levels erode the quality of

governance, which he measures by bureaucratic quality, rule of law, and corruption.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The tradition of giving foreign aid to developing or aid-needing country began afterWorld

War II. Initially aid was given to the war-devastated countries to rebuild the economies.

Since the end of the Cold War, most aid has been targeted to promote economic growth

andimprove public well-being in the developing and underdeveloped countries (Foreign

Aid, 2008). After that, aid was changed as new direction for collecting the variety

resources of many developing countries and widely usage for political issues.

However,the problem of foreign aid still exists in the developing and under developing

countries especially sub Saharan African countries like Somalia.According to our best

knowledge, currently, there is weak institutional framework in Somalia that shows there

is corruption and lack of political accountability most frequently cited as a reason for the

ineffectiveness of aid. However, it is not systematically examined which impact foreign

4
aid has on the quality of institutions in receiver countries itself.For that reason, this study

examines the impact of foreign aid for instance aid as a percentage of GDP, government

expenditure, and imports on the quality of governance in Banadir region.

1.3 PURPOSE OFTHE TUDY

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign aid on the quality of

governance in Banadir region.

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The study has the following objectives:

1. To find out the importance of Gross domestic product(GDP)the quality of governance

in Banadir region.

2. To explore the role of central government expenditure on the quality of governance in

Banadir region.

3. To investigate the significance of import on the quality of governance in Banadir

region.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How GDP is important to the quality of governance in Banadir region?

2. What is the role of central government expenditure on the quality of governance

in Banadir region?

3. What is the significance of import on the quality of governance in Banadir region?

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1.6 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

This study will determine the role of foreign aid on quality of governance on Banadir

region with precise consideration on economic and institutional developments and the

study will be continued February up to June 2015 using cross sectional study.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important for all developing countries, especially Banadir region to be as

literature and the findings of this study are gigantic for Somali governance in order to

improve their functions on the quality of governance. It also explores the impact of

foreign aid and the quality of governance in Banadirregion, Somalia. In addition, it

contributes academics; policy-makers are too important this study. This research also is

useful for future researchers who interests to make research in this topic as literature

review and also is highly encouraging impact of foreign aid in Banadir region.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Aid is defined as ‘a situation in which a country cannot perform many of the core

functions of government, such as operations and maintenance, or the delivery of basic

public services, without foreign aid funding and expertise(Brautisgam, 2000: 2).Foreign

aid defines that “Economic, technical, or military aid given by one nation to another fir

the purposes of relief and rehabilitation, for economic stabilization, or for mutual defense.

(Online dictionary/ 26/03/2015). Foreign aid can be defined as

“thebenevolentdonationtopoor nations sothat they

cansufficientlymeettheneedsofitspeople"(Hoy, 1998).Foreign aid (ODA) is defined as the

6
flow of official financing to the developing world that is concessional in character,

namely grants and loans with at least a 25 percent grant component.

While governance is defined, is put under the theme of participatory development where

the bank wants to see a process by which people influence decisions that affect them

(harrison, 2005).Also quality of governance defined; the quality of a country’s

institutions, as the social,economic, legal, and political organization of a society

(Acemoglu& Johnson, 2005, p.950), is believed to play a key role in explaining this

phenomenon.

1.9 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This is the conceptual framework of foreign aid on the quality of governance, so foreign

aid measured according to (Karen L. Remmer, 1999) three indicators such aid as

percentage of government expenditure, foreign aid as a percentage of gross domestic

product (GDP) and foreign aid as a percentage of imports (also as reported by the World

Bank 2001); while quality of governance the world bank Institute suggests that currently

there are more than 140 sets of governance indicators available, comprising of thousands

of individual quantitative measures. Researchers at the World Bank Institute

distinguished three main dimensions of good governance according to(Asongu, 2013) and

here there are:

Accountability, which includes civil liberties, The rule of law, which includes protection

of property rights, Independence of the judiciary system, Control of corruption

(Kaufmann et al., 1999a, b).

7
 FOREIGN AID QUALITY OF
GOVERNANCE
(IV)

GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY

EXPENDITURE RULE OF LAW

CORRUPTION
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

IMPORT

FIGURE 1.1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1.10 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

During this study the researchers faced some limitations, which were beyond researchers’

control since this may involve external factors that are out of researchers plan such as

research data collection met more complicate from respondents and their different levels.

While some of respondents did not give consideration the questionnaire distributed;

others did not have enough time to complete the questionnaire. In addition to this study,

there are very little scholars made investigation for impact of foreign aid on the quality of

governance in Banadir region- Somalia.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW LITERATURE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter, the researchers will discuss literature review that related to Impact of

foreign aid on the quality of governance. The review specifically emphasizes aid

effectiveness and the institutional quality that almost scholar’sbeliefs foreign aid has

effects on the institutional quality building such as rule of law, control of corruption, good

governance, and finally accountability and transparency. During this sections will covered

includes, definitions, concepts of foreign aid on the quality of governance, dimensions of

foreign aid , types of foreign aid, related literature review and finally summary and

conclusion.

2.1 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF FOREIGN AID

Foreign aid is a concept that, while broadly understood, has been defined in a variety of

ways, according(lensink, 1993: 13) defined a country is aid dependent if it will not

achieve objective X in the absence of aid for the foreseeable future.According

(Brautisgam, 2000: 2) defined aid dependence as ‘a situation in which a country

cannotperform many of the core functions of government, such as operations and

maintenance, or the delivery of basic public services, without foreign aid funding and

expertise. In turn uses aid intensity as a proxy for aid dependence, aid as a percentage of

GDP, central government expenditure, and imports.

9
Also Foreign aid can be defined as “the benevolent donation to poor nations so that they

can sufficiently meet the needs of its people"(Hoy, 1998).On the other hand aid as a

percentage of GNI (import) and aid is defined as official developmentassistance plus

official aid, net of repayments of principal, provided bymultilateral institutions and

official donor agencies. This assistanceincludes grants and loans made on concessional

terms to promoteeconomic development and welfare in developing countries

andterritories, but exclude assistance for military purposes.

In addition; foreign aid (ODA) is defined as the flow of official financing to the

developing world that is concessional in character, namely grants and loans with at least a

25 percent grant component. Nevertheless; the development assistance Committee (DAC)

defines foreign aid as Official Development Assistance (ODA); this definition is

considered as the technical definition of foreign aid. Foreign aid or ODA is a "transfer of

resources on concessional terms undertaken by official agencies; which has the promotion

of economic development and welfare as its main objectives (Cassen, 1994).

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN AID

Foreign aid has different dimensions or characteristics in this chapter there are three main

characteristics and they are Government expenditure, Gross national product, Import.

2.2.1 Government expenditure (public expenditure): is spending by ministries,

municipalities, provinces and other public-sector organizations.

2.2.2 Gross domestic product is the monetary value of all finished goods and services

produced within country’s borders in specific period of time. It includes all the private

10
and public consumption, government outlays, investments and export less imports that

occur within defined territory.

2.2.3 Import: is to bring or carry in from an outside source, especially to bring in (goods

or services) from a foreign country for trade or sale.

2.3 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS ON THE QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE

Perhaps governance as the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is

exercised which includes the process by which governments are selected, monitored and

replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound

policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic

and social interactions among them.While governance is defined is put under the theme of

participatory development where the bank wants to see a process by which people

influence decisions that affect them (harrison, 2005).

Likewise; quality of governance defined; the quality of a country’s institutions, as the

social,economic, legal, and political organization of a society (Acemoglu& Johnson,

2005, p.950), is believed to play a key role in explaining this phenomenon.Furthermore;

aid dependence is a concept that, while broadly understood, has been defined in a

diversity of ways. Lensink and White (1999: 13) defined; A country is aid dependent if it

will not achieve objective X in the lack of aid for the predictable future. Riddell (1996:

24) has called it that process by which the constantdelivery of aid appears to be making

no significant contribution to the accomplishment of self-sustaining development.

11
Also; Sobhan (1996: 122) defines it as a state of mind, where aid receivermiss their ability

to think for themselves and thereby relinquish control. Brautigam (2000: 2), from whom

the previous definitions were met, imagines aid dependence as a situation in which a

country cannot implement many of the fundamentaltasks of government, such as

operations and maintenance, or the delivery of basic public services, without foreign aid

funding and expertise.

2.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNANCE QUALITY

Governance also measured three dimensions according to (Asongu, 2013)

(Accountability, Corruption) and finally Rule of law.

2.4.1.1 Accountability: Various aspects of the political process, especially civil liberties,

political rights, and independence of the media.

2.4.1.2 Rule of law: The incidence of both violent and non-violent crime, the

effectiveness and predictability of the judiciary, and the enforceability of contracts.

2.4.1.3 Corruption: Corruption, conventionally defined as the exercise of public power

for private gain. This ranges from the frequency of ‘additional payments to get things

done to theeffects of corruption on the business environment, togrand corruption’ in the

political arena or in the tendency of elites to engage in ‘state capture.

12
2.5 TYPES OF FOREIGN AID

According to the foreign aid types, there are four major types of foreign aid namely;

Bilateral, Multilateral, Tied, and Project aid. Bilateral aid is assistance given by a

government directly to the government of another country. It is when the capital flows

from a developed nation to a developing nation.  It is often directed according to strategic

political considerations as well as humanitarian ones. Multilateral aid is assistance

provided by governments to international organizations like the World Bank,

United Nations and International Monetary Fund that are then used to reduce poverty in

developing nations. Tied aid is foreign aid that must be spent in the country providing the

aid (the donor country) or in a group of selected countries.Developed country will provide

a bilateral loan or grant to a developing country, but mandate that the money be spent on

goods or services produced in the selected country. Project aid – when the funds are used

to finance a particular project, such as a school or a hospital of the richer developing

nations get twice as much aid as poorer.

2.6 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOREIGN AID AND THE QUALITY OF

GOVERNANCE

There are pure linkage among foreign aid and the quality of governance which some

scholars proved the evidences in such relationship. Beyond questions of aid effectiveness,

there emerged concerns of aid dependence being linked with the worsening quality of

governance. Brautigam and Botchwey (1999,) both argued that there is great relationship

that pre-existing quality of governance thatdetermined the extent to which aid

undermined institutions and also Knack (2001), whose findings are re-examined in (Ear,

13
2007) offers a significant literature review of how aid dependence can worsen the quality

of governance and strongly defined more specifically as corruption, bureaucratic quality,

and rule of law. His own cross- sectional analysis finds that a negative relationship exists

between aid dependence and quality of governance.Therefore; Knack, aid dependence

hurts quality of governance by weakening institutional capacity, accountability,

corruption, and encouraging rent seeking and increasing conflict over control of aid

funds, and lightening pressures to reform inefficient policies and institutions.

On the other hand, Mosley et al. (1987) there is a significant relationship between aid and

the growth rate in developing countries and similarly, Boone (1996) argue aid has no

effect on growth or investment and more recent the researchers focused on examining the

conditions under which aid could be growth enhancing and mainly began with the work

of Burnside and Dollar (1997, 2000) involved the interaction term between aid and a

policy variable (representing fiscal, monetary, and trade policies) and finally aid is

effective but only if the country has the following criteria such good monetary, fiscal and

trade policies.While the absence of good governance aid is most likely to fail and actually

contribute to a further worsening of the receiver’s institutional quality, high levels of

foreign aid can be well used if the beneficiary country’s institutions are strong.

In addition; there is significance linkage between aid and government spending by

suggesting that aid is translated into increased private and public sector consumption,

rather than investment in developmental goals. While the positive impact of aid on

government spending might theoretically be associated with constant or even increased

revenue raising effort, as regularlyexpected by program treaties between the international

14
financial institutions and recipient nations, the results presented here point to the problem

of aid fungibility. High levels of aid dependence have failed to create strong incentives

for governments to marshal new resources for developmental goals instead; aid has

simultaneously fostered the growth of governmentexpenditure and the decrease of the

revenue effort.

According Dunning (2004); however, suggests some work a positiverelationship between

aid and good governance when donors attach conditions on how aid is spentand also

when aid comes from democratic donors (Bermeo 2011), or when venerable countries

join international organizations dominated by democracies (Pevehouse2002).These three

above statement aid inflows may be similar to oil concessions, allowing rulers a source of

unaccountable revenue (Morrison 2009), thereby hindering democratization (Ross 2001).

Consequently; developing skeptical consensus has led to questions of whether aid can

bring about democracy and good governance anywhere. In fact, Knack (2004) reaches the

dismal conclusion that any positive effects of aid on democratization are compensated by

other effects of aid that tend to undermine democratic development.So, aid allocation is

not randomly assigned; that is donors give aid for reasons that are not independent of

rights and governance in receivercountries. Many motivations for providing aid are likely

unobservable, which can lead to bias in the estimation strategy. Scholars have recognized

the need for a method to overcome the problem of endogenous aid giving, but have been

largely unable to identify a credible source ofexogeneity. Finally many scholars argue

that foreign aid has no effect (Knack 2004), or has a negative effect, on rights and

governance due to the inefficient spending by receiver governments (Burnside and Dollar

15
2000) and the politically motivated agendas of donors (Alesina and Dollar 2000;

Dreheretal. 2010; Schraeder, Hook and Taylor 1998). Perversely, receiving aid may

increase the size of government (Remmer 2004), while strengthening rent-seeking or

oppressive institutions (Bueno de Mesquita and Smith 2009b; Brautigam and Knack

2004; Kono and Montinola 2009; Rajan and Subramanian 2007).

Yet; (Grossman 1989; IADB 1994; Rodden 2002, forthcoming; Shadbegian 1999, Stein

1999, Dougan and Kenyon 1988; Hines and Thaler 1995; Holcombe 1996; Strump1998),

these scholars may looked another angel that is foreign aid relations with fiscal

decentralization which closely means quality of governanceand reduce overall

governmental size, depending on the incentives it creates for state or local governments to

rely on grants and transfers from the central government as opposed to own source

revenues. The greater the dependence on the former in relation to total revenue sources,

the greater the tendency for government expansion which means that federal transfers to

lower levels of government are not offset or counterbalance by equivalent reductions in

sub- national taxation.

In Somalia since its formation in 1960 from the union of British Somaliland and Italian

Somaliland, the Somali Republic was always dependent on foreign aid to balance its

operations and development budgets. In each of the three years after independence, the

Republic financed 31 percent of its budget with grants from its former colonizers.

According to (Hussein, 2010) illustrates that foreign aid has more influenced in the

country as we see it in the next two tables, In 2011, for the fourth year, Somalia is judged

as the most acutely failed state in the world.A failed state is a country characterized by

poverty, insecurity, and a disregard for human rights. In introducing this year’s current

16
ranking, Foreign Policy wrote, “Somalia’s unending woes are the stuff hopelessness is

made of.” The purchasing power parity adjusted Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of

Somalia is $5.4 billion, or a per capita income of $600, given its population of nine

million.Somalia ranks at the bottom of the community of nations regardless of which

index is

Table 2.1 Aid to Somalia in 2009 and 2010

Source 2009 2010 Reference
UNDP $ 48,767,208 $49,534,540 (UNDP, n.d.)
UNICEF $ 79,000,000 Not yet available (UNICEF,n.d.)
Somalia
USAID $411,186,000 $133,820,000 (only ( USAID, n.d)
Somalia preliminary)
WFP $482,529,259 $651,000,000 (Budget) ( WFP, n.d )

Used. Only 39 percent of the population can read and write;life expectancy is merely 50
years; and the infant mortality rate is 110 per 1,000 births. Furthermore, only 29 percent
of the population has access to clean drinking water and only 30 percent of children are
enrolled in primary schools. This both table’s shows the huge foreign aid in Somali in any
sector in Somali’s life.

Table 2.2 USAID: Fiscal Years 2008–11, by Objective, in Millions of Dollars

FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011

Total Total Estimate Request
TOTAL 262.832 411.186 133.820 84.958
1 Peace and Security 3.035 262.658 113.000 65.590

1.1 Stabilization Operations and Security

Sector Reform 3.035 247.600 104.000 57.590
1.2 Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation — 13.058 9.000 8.000

17
2Governing Justly and Democratically 1.914 8.687 11.270 8.550
2.1 Rule of Law and Human Rights — — 0.500 —
2.2 Good Governance 1.514 3.977 5.220 4.000
2.3 Political Competition and
Consensus-Building 0.400 3.710 4.550 3.550
2.4 Civil Society — 1.000 1.000 1.000
3 Investing in People 9.253 9.055 6.550 6.550
3.1 Health 2.748 2.550 1.550 1.550
3.1.6 Maternal and Child Health 0.248 1.550 1.550 1.550
3.1.8 Water Supply and Sanitation 2.500 1.000 — —
3.2 Education 6.505 6.505 5.000 5.000
3.2.1 Basic Education 6.505 6.505 5.000 5.000
4 Economic Growth — — 3.000 4.268
4.6 Private Sector Competitiveness — — 3.000 4.268
5 Humanitarian Assistance 248.630 130.786 TBD TBD
5.1 Protection, Assistance and Solutions 248.630 130.786 TBD TBD
USAID Website

Therefore decentralization funded by local taxation may be associated with reduced

public sector spending, but decentralization financed by intergovernmental grants and

transfers tends to lead to the budgetary growth of the overall public sector. Since high

levels of dependence on external revenue sources also decrease the incentives for citizens

to monitor governmental performance, corruption, waste, and rent seeking may increase

rapidly, resulting not only in larger but also more inefficient public sectors (Brautigam

1992; Knack 2001).

18
2.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Researchers have reviewed many literature closely related the research topic of foreign

aid and the effects of aid on the quality of governance. These articles founded that datafor

related to academic research of foreign aid. Although showed possible results like foreign

aid impact on the quality of governance and some scholarssuggested that foreign aid has

negative impact on the quality of institution in receiver nations and mentioned that Since

high levels of dependence on external revenue sources also decrease the incentives for

citizens to monitor governmental performance, corruption, waste, and rent seeking may

increase rapidly, resulting not only in larger but also more inefficient public sectors. Thus

impact aid on governance has been studied with mixed results according to this

contravention there is no real evidences that shows whether foreign aid has neither

negative nor positive impact on the quality of governance.

In conclusion these chapter emphases on previous literature related to this study, so these

chapter offerings the definition of foreign aid on the quality of governance shadowed by

international academic researchers focused on effect of foreign aid on the quality of

governance. Thus this custody examine the characteristics of foreign aid that researchers

are extremely and discussed relationship between foreign aid on the quality of

governance and this study lastly discussed summary and conclusion.

19
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUTION

This chapter the researcher will present on research methodologyaimed at ways of

gathering data including research design, research population, sample size, sampling

procedure, research instrument, validity and reliability, data analysis, ethical

consideration and limitations.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The study was conducted through descriptive and explanatory design. The researchers

uses explanatorymethod in order to examine impact of foreign aid on the quality of

governance in Banadir region-Somalia,also descriptive design utilized to explore the

characteristics of respondents using information gained from cross-sectional survey

design questionnaire to describe or compare individual knowledge, descriptive and

correlation statistics, because it can be utilized our objectives, inferential statistics

specially correlation analysis in order researcher want to predict and describe the

connection between two or more variables.

20
3.2 REASECH POULATION

The population of this study was derived from the public workers in Benaadir Region,and

the accessible population is 205 employees of local government in Benadir

Region,especially the employees in the house of Benadir administration according to

(human resource department, 2015).

3.2.1 SAMPLE ZISE

The researchers used Solvent’s formula to calculate the sample size, with maximum

N
acceptable error 5 %. N¿
1+ N a 2

N: Stands the population

n. Stands the sample

a. Stands acceptable error

205
n¿ 2 = the sample sizes of the study was 135 employees from local
1+ 205 ( 0.05 )

government of Banadir region - Somalia

1.2.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The study was conducted probability sampling particularly stratified random sampling. It

refers probability sampling procedure in which the population are more relevant strata.

The main strata was public workers toward impact of foreign aid on the quality of

governance in Bnadir region, as well as the researchers make sure to reduce the bias of

this procedure.

21
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Researchers will use Questionnaires to getappropriate information from the concerned

respondents and entirely managed of data inserting. A questionnaire is a predefined set of

questions. The researchers select this method of instrument because it will provide

opportunities to get together face to face the respondents and will explain the purpose of

this study. The Questioner of this study will build up by the researchers according to the

profile of respondents, research questions. The Developing questionnaire will guide

literature so that researchers will adjust the current situation according to respondents.

Also the questionnaire will contain five parts: Part one discussion of respondent's profile,

part two will contain questions about objective one and objective two and objective

three,the last part discusses the remaining objectives of the study.

3.3.1 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

To get the reliability of the study the researcher analyzes Cronbach‟s Alpha which

proposes 0.7 to ensure the reliability of the study and make acceptable for interior

instability of variables; the coefficient of this study will be at least 0.75, which is

acceptable for further research. The researcher makes consultation scholars which experts

for this topic to guarantee validity of the study. So that, the researchers will enhance the

quality of the study and also the researchers will make sure any effort to reach validity

and reliability of the study.

22
3.1 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

The following data collection procedure was implemented.

A. Before the administration of the questionnaire

Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources, primary data was obtained

from key directors and staff in the local government employees and secondary data was

obtained through reviewing related literature such as published books, magazines,

journals and internet sources.

B. During the administration of the questionnaire

Specifically, the researchers were seriously particularly requesting the respondents of the

following (1) to sign the informed consent (2) to answer all questions hence should not

leave any item unanswered (3) to avoid biases and to be objective in answering the

questionnaires. The researchers were tried retrieving the questionnaires within two weeks

from the data of distribution.

C. After the administration of the questionnaire

The data collected was organized, summarized, statistically treated and drafted in

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

23
3.5. DATA ANALYSIS

This study applied quantitative methods especially correlation design for analyzing more

about relationship between foreign aid on the quality of governance and regression to

analyze our research hypothesis.Descriptive to test the mean and standard deviation of

respondent’s characteristics, also was used reliability test for internal consistency of

items.

Table 3.1 data analyze interpretation

No Mean Range Interpretation

1 1.00 up to 1.80 Strongly Disagree

2 1.80 up to 2.60 Disagree

3 2.60 up to 3.40 Neutral

4 3.40 up to 4.20 Agree

5 4.20 up to 5.00 Strongly Agree

24
3.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Ethical considerations of this study were confidentiality and privacy addressed. A

concerted and conscious effort was making at all times to support this promise. A promise

will be given to the any respondents that their names were not being mentioned in the

research report.

25
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION

4.0INTRODUCTION

This chapter showed the presentation of data analyses and interpretation. The data

analysis and interpretation were based on the research objectives. The presentation was

divided in two parts, the respondents profile or demographic information, while the

second part deals with the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the research

questions.

4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

This section presents the background information of the respondents who participated in

the study. The purpose of this background information is to find out the characteristics of

respondents and shows the distribution of the population is the study.

Table 4.1 shows the profile of respondents in terms of gender, age, marital status,

education level and number of years of work experience. Of the 135 respondents, 99 were

men (73.3%) and 36 were women (26.7%). In terms of age, 59.3% of the respondents

were less than 25 years of age, 34.1% in the 26–30 age range, 2.2% in the 31–35 age

range, and 4.4% aged 36 and above. Most respondents were single (70.4%), 25.2%

married, divorce (3.7%) and windows (0.7%). In terms of educational level, 80.0% of the

respondents were bachelor degree, 6.7% master degree, (11.1%) diplomas, and while

2.2% were PHD. The respondent’s experience, where 45.2% of the respondents has 1 to 2

26
years’ experience, 37.8% in 2 to 4years experience and 11.9 % in 5 to 10 years and In

above 10 years (5.1%).

Table 4.1- Demographic Analysis

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 99 73.3

Female 36 26.7

Total 135 100

Age Frequency Percentage

Less than 25 80 59.3

26-30 46 34.1

31-35 3 2.2

Above 36 6 4.4

Total 135 100.0

27
Marital Status Percentage

Married 34 25.2

Single 95 70.4

Divorced 5 3.7

Window 1 0.7

Total 135 100.0

Educational Level Frequency Percentage

Diploma 15 11.1

Bachelor degree 108 80.0

Master 9 6.7

PHD 3 2.2

Total 135 100.0

28
 Experience Frequency Percentage

Less than two years 61 45.2

Two--four years 51 37.8

five -ten years 16 11.9

more than ten years 7 5.1

Total 135 100.0

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

After background information, the researchers went ahead to present the descriptive

analysis from the opinions of the respondents. The researchers selected based on

Mogadishu local government, the result from this sample can be generalize to all local

government institution.

29
 Table 4.2 Descriptive For Foreign Aid Items

No Items Mean Std. Deviation Interpretatio

1. FA01 3.78 1.407 Agree

2. FA02 3.30 1.362 Neutral

3. FA03 3.12 1.461 Neutral

4. FA04 3.67 1.216 Agree

5. FA05 3.90 1.323 Agree

6. FA06 3.92 1.270 Agree

7. FAG01 3.13 1.611 Neutral

8. FAG02 3.79 1.467 Agree

9. FAG03 3.84 1.360 Agree

10. FAG04 4.03 1.240 Agree

11. FAG05 4.03 1.332 Agree

12. FAIM01 3.79 1.228 Agree

13 FAIM02 4.16 1.171 Agree

14 FAIM03 Agree
4.12 1.153

30
15 FAGE01 3.98 1.255 Agree

16 FAGE02 3.93 1.228 Agree

17 FAGE03 3.97 1.287 Agree

18 FAGE04 4.02 1.237 Agree

19 FAGE05 3.80 1.315 Agree

20 FAGE06 3.91 1.335 Agree

Average mean 3.80 1.3129 Agree

The above table 4.2.1 presented the mean index, Standard deviation, and interpretation of

the result for the all questions asked for the respondents with the Independent variable

(IV), researcher was analysis here the interpretation of the respondent’s answers. So, the

first question has mean index 3.78and Stander deviation 1.407which shows that

respondents denoted that they are Agree in this question. The second question obtained

mean3.30, standard deviation of 1.362and interpretation of this question ware Neutral.

The third question has 3.12mean index and standard deviation 1.461for interpreting that

they are Neutral for this question. The mean index for 4th question was 3.67; standard

deviation of 1.216and the respondents denotes agree in this question. The 5th question

was scored mean 3.90and standard deviation of 1.323in according of the interpretation

31
respondents denotes agree. The 6th question obtained mean3.92standard deviation of

1.270and interpretation of this question ware agree. The 7 th question has 3.13mean index

and standard deviation 1.611for interpreting that they response Neutral in this question.

The mean index for 8th question was 3.79; standard deviation of 1.467and the respondents

denotes agrees in this question. The 9th question was scored mean 3.84and standard

deviation of 1.360in according of the interpretation respondents denotes agree. The 10th

question obtained mean4.03, standard deviation of 1.240and interpretation of this

question ware Agree. The 11th question has 4.03, mean index and standard deviation

1.332, for interpreting that they response for Agree in this question. The mean index for

12th question was 3.79standard deviation of 1.228, and the respondent denotes Agree in

this question. The 13th question was scored mean 4.16, and standard deviation of 1.171, in

according of the interpretation respondents denotes Agree. The 14 th question was scored

mean 4.12and standard deviation of 1.153in according of the interpretation respondents

denotes agree. The 15th question obtained mean3.98, standard deviation of 1.255and

interpretation of this question ware Agree. The 16 th question has 3.93, mean index and

standard deviation 1.228, for interpreting that they response for Agree in this question.

The 17th question has 3.97, mean index and standard deviation 1.287, for interpreting that

they response for Agree in this question. The 18th question has 4.02, mean index and

standard deviation 1.237, for interpreting that they response for Agree in this question.

The 19th question has 3.80, mean index and standard deviation 1.315for interpreting that

they response for Agree in this question and the final 20th question has average means

index of the all questions was 3.91, Standard deviation was 1.335and respondents were

agreeing for their average answers.

32
 TABLE 4.3 Descriptive For Quality of Governance Items

No Items Mean Std. Deviation Interpretation

1. COR01 4.10 1.211 Agree

2. COR02 4.01 1.212 Agree

3. COR03 3.43 1.768 Agree

4. COR04 3.98 1.143 Agree

5. COR05 4.05 1.161 Agree

6. ACC01 3.98 1.278 Agree

7. ACC02 4.14 1.247 Agree

8. ACC03 4.18 1.202 Agree

9. ACC04 4.48 4.581 Strongly agree

10. ROL01 4.13 1.318 Agree

11. ROL02 3.99 1.246 Agree

12. ROL03 4.05 1.224 Agree

13. ROL04 4.06 1.244 Agree

14. ROL05 4.08 1.282 Agree

33
 Average mean 4.04 1.508 Agree

The above table 4.2.2 presented the mean index, Santander deviation, and interpretation

of the result with the all question asked for the respondent for the Dependent Variable

(DV), and researchers, were analysis here the interpretation of the respondent’s answers.

The first question has mean index 4.10 and Stander deviation 1.211which shows that

respondents denoted that they are Agree in this question. The second question obtained

mean 4.01, standard deviation of 1.212 and interpretation of this question ware Agree.

The third question has 3.43 mean index and standard deviation 1.768 for interpreting that

they agree for this question. The mean index for 4th question was 3.98; standard deviation

of 1.143 and the respondents denotes agree in this question. The 5th question was scored

mean 4.05 and standard deviation of 1.161in according of the interpretation respondents

denotes agree. The 6th question obtained mean 3.98, standard deviation of 1.278 and

interpretation of this question ware agree. The 7th question has 4.14 mean index

and standard deviation 1.247 for interpreting that they response for agree in this question.

The mean index for 8th question was 4.18; standard deviation of 1.202 and the

respondents denotes agree in this question. The mean index for 9th question was 4.48,

standard deviation of 4.581 and the respondents denotes strongly agree in this question.

The mean index for 10th question was 4.13; standard deviation of 1.318 and the

respondents denotes agree in this question. The mean index for 11 th question was 3.99;

standard deviation of 1.246 and the respondents denotes agree in this question. The mean

index for 12th question was 4.05; standard deviation of 1.224 and the respondents denotes

agree in this question. The mean index for 13th question was 4.06;standard deviation of

34
1.244 and the respondents denotes agree in this question. The mean index for 14th

question was 4.08; standard deviation of 1.282 and the respondents denotes agree in this

question.Therefore the final Average means index of the allquestions was 4.04, Standard

deviation was1.508and respondents ware neutrally for their average answers.

4.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIABLES

The first objective of this study was to determine the impact of foreign aid on the quality

of good governance in Banadir region, thereby the below table shows that there is

moderate relationship between foreign aid and quality of governance as indicated the

result .321 which mean the increase or decrease of one level for foreign aid may cause a

change of 32% of quality of governance. Therefore the correlation coefficient between

foreign aid and quality of governance is (r=.321p< .000).

The second objective of this study was to determine the impact of GDP on the quality of

governance in Banadir region, thereby the lower table shows that there is moderate

relationship between GDP and quality of governance as the result indicated .376. Which

mean the increase or decrease of one level for GDP may cause a change of .376% of

quality of governance. Therefore the correlation coefficient between GDP and quality of

governance is .000 or (r=.376 p<0.000)

The third objective of this study was to determine the impact of import on the quality of

governance in Banadir region, thereby the lower table shows that there is weak

relationship between import and quality of governance as the result indicated .442. Which

mean the increase or decrease of one level for import may cause a change of .442% of

35
quality of governance. Therefore the correlation coefficient between import and quality of

governance is .000 or (r= .442 p<0.000).

The four objective of the study was controlled the impact of government expenditure on

the quality of governance in Banadir region, thus the following table indicates that there

is strong relationship between government expenditure and quality of governance as the

result shows .567 which means the increase not decrease one level for government

expenditure may cause a change of .567% of quality of governance. Therefore the

correlation coefficient between government expenditure and the quality of governance

is .000 or (r= .567 p<0.000)

Table 4.4 Correlations between Dependent And Independent Variables

Variable 1 2 3 4 5

Foreign Aid 1 .380** .233** .304** .321**

Foreign Aid & GDP .380** 1 .474** .444** .376**

Foreign Aid &IMPORT .233** .474** 1 .596** .442**

Foreign_Aid_GOV.EX .304** .444** .596** 1 .567**

Quality_ Governance .321** .376** .442** .567** 1

4.2.4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS

In table 4.3.1 shows that Foreign aid and quality of governance has negative relationship

and researchers reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate H 1 so that the increase

or the decrease of one level of foreign aid cannot damage the quality of governance.

36
While the dimension of gross domestic product (GDP) and quality of has negative

relationship and researchers rejected the null hypothesis, and accepted the alternate H 1, so

that the increase of one level or decrease foreign aid does not causes any change for the

quality of governance. There is negative relationship between import and quality of

governance so, researchers rejected the null hypothesis, while accepted the alternate H 1,

whatever occurs foreign aid in terms of increase or decrease levels that aid participate

does not make possible to depend quality of good governance.

Finally, the dimension government expenditure and quality of governance has also

positive strong relationship according in the context on employee in Banadir local

government and accepted the null hypothesis, whereas rejected the alternate H 1, so the

increase of one level of government expenditure causes the same quality of governance.

Table 4.5 Regression Analysis

Quality of Governanc

Model Beta T Significance Interpretation

Foreign Aid .116 1.488 .139 Reject

Foreign _Aid_GDP .085 .992 .323 Reject

Foreign _Aid_ Import .116 1.262 .209 Reject

Foriegn_Aid_GOV.EXP .435 4.743 .000 Accept

37
4.4 DISCUSSION

This study was intended to investigate the impact of foreign aid on the quality of

governance in Banadir region-Somalia. The objective of this study was to know the

relationship between foreign aid and quality of governance. The questionnaire consisting

twenty eight statements was used for collection of data and was distributed among 135

employees in Banadir local government. SPSS was used for analysis.An empirical

investigation was also undertaken, using the simple correlation analytical technique,

specially the Pearson product movement correlation coefficient (PPMC).This study

exposes the dimensions of foreign aid –gross domestic product (GDP), import, have

significance negative correlation with quality of governance except government

expenditure which have a significant positive correlation with quality of governance.

The result shows that the two dimensions of GDP and Import have negative correlation

with (DV) quality of governance while other government expenditure dimension have a

strong relation positive correlation with quality of governance.

Not only had this research found correlation between foreign aid and the quality of

governance but the direction of the impact is not obvious, there is mixed of result Knack

and Rehman(2007) as well as Brautigam and Knack (2004) report negative association

between foreign aid and governance quality but it depends on how political institution

deals with good governance indicators and researchers found that all foreign aid

dimension does not cause any significance change except one dimension of government

expenditure has strong positive correlation with the quality of governance in Banadir

region -Somali.

38
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the conclusions and the recommendations following the study

objectives.

5.1 CONCLUSION

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between foreign aid on the

quality of governance in Banadir region Somali. An empirical investigation was

undertaken, using the simple correlation analytical technique, specially the Pearson

product movement correlation coefficient (PPMC). The first objective of this study was to

know the relationship between foreign aid and quality of governance the study found a

moderate positive .321 relationship between foreign aid and quality of governance in

local government in Banadir region -Somalia.

The second objective of this study was to describe the effect of GDP to quality of

governance. The study discover that a moderate (.376) correlation between gross

domestic product and quality of governance in local government in Banadir region -

Somalia.

The third objective of this study was to investigate import on quality of governance. The

study found weak (.442) relationship between import and quality of governance in local

government in Banadirregion -Somalia.The final objective of this study was to investigate

the influence of government expenditure on the quality of governance in local

government Banadir - region Somalia. The study exposed that there is strong positive

(.567) relationship between government expenditure and quality of governance.

39
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend that foreign aid dimensions, import and Gross domestic product does not

impact quality of governance according to the quality of governance indicators, except

Government expenditure which damages the quality of governance, so as we are

researchers we indorse local government and others administrative departments in

Banadir region should decrease or a void using foreign aid development programs.

40
 REFERENCES

Asongu, S. A. (2013). On The Effectiveness Of Foreign Aid In Institutional Quality.

European Economic Letters, 22, 12-19.

Asiedu. (2002). Foreign Aid, Foreign Direct Investment And Governance In Africa.
Boston.

Boone. (1996, April 1). Political Economic Aid And Governance In Combodia. Asian
Journal Of Political Science, 15, 68-96.

Brautisgam. (2000: 2). The Political Economy Of Aid And. Asian Journal Of Politica
Science, 15.

Drometer, M. (2013). Institutional Quality And Foreign Aid. Institute For Economic
Research At The University Of Munich , 1.

Dollar, B. (2000). Aid Allocation, Selectively, And Governance.

Dollar, B. A. (2000). Impact Of Foreign Aid And The Quality Of Governance. M. In'airat
/ Journal Of Economies, Finance And Administrative Science (2014), 63-68.

Ear, S. (2007). The Political Economy Of Aid And Governance In Combodia. Asian
Journal Of Political Science, 30.

Haider, U. Q. (N.D.). Foreign Aid, External Debt And Economic Growth Nexus In Low-
Income Countries: The Role Of Institutional Quality. 22.

Harrison. (2005). Foreign aid, Foreign direct investment and governance in africa.

Hussein, W. A. (2010). Role of International Aid and Open trade policies in Rebuilding
the Somali State. Bildhaan, 11.

41
Knack, K. (1995). Aid Dependence And The Quality Of Governance. Southern Economic
Journal.

Knack, S. E. (2001). The Political Economy Of Aid And Governance In Cambodia. Asian
Journal Of Political Science, 15, 68-96.

Lensink, W. ((1993: 13). The Political Economy Of Aid And. Asian Journal Of Political
Science, 15, 68,96.

Larsson. (2009). Institutions, Aid and Growth; evidence from panel data. Jonkoping
international business school , 25.

Mariola Gonzalo-Delgado, F. R.-J. (2011). Foreign Aid And Recipient Government

Behavarior In Nicaragua. International Journal Of Trade, Economics And
Finance, 2.

Mathias Busse, S., &Groning. (April 2009). Does Foreign Aid Impropves Governance?
Economic Letter, 6 (2).

Mariola Gozalo-Delgado, F. R.-J. ( 2011, December 6,). Foreign Aid And Recipient
Government Behavior In Nicaragua. International Journal Of Trade, Economics
And Finance, , Vol. 2,.

Markus Gstoettner, A. J. (2010, April 11). Aid And Public Finance: A Missing Link. Atl
Econ Journal, 38:217–235.

Okada, S. A. (2012). On The Effectiveness Of Foreign Aid In Institutional Quality. Semi

Annual Online Journal.

Rajan. (2013). Does Foriegn Aid Improve Governance? Hamburg Institute of

International Economics , 76-78.

Treisman. (2000). Aid Dependence And The Quality Of Governance . Southern

Economic Journal.

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Thiele, P. S. (2009). The Impact Of Aid On Bureaucratic Quality: Does The Mode Of
Delivery Matter? Kiel Institute For The World Economy, , 17.

Williamson, N. D. (2009). The Amplification Effect: Foreign Aid’s Impact on.

Williamson. (1975,1985, December 6,). The Causal Effect Of Institutional Quality On

Outsourcing. The Journal Of International Trade & Economic Development, Vol.
21,, 895–920.

43
 APPENDIX A

Time Framework

NO. Time Frame Activities

1 February 22 - 15 March Selecting Project title

2 18 - 25 march Thesis title with problem statement

3 March 28- 10 – April Chapter one ”Introduction”

4 April 21- 30 April Chapter two “ Related Literature Review”

5 May 5-12 May Chapter Three” Methodology’

6 26 may, 2015 Revising the partial project proposal

7 9 June 2015 Submitting project proposal

44
 APPENDIX B

Budget (expenses incurred)

NO. Description Total Amount in dollar

1 Internet access $ 35

2 Transportation Expenses 25

3 Photocopying Expense 15

4 stationaryand Supply Material 7

5 Telephone Expense 10

C Book Publishing 8

7 Supervision Fee 120

8 Miscellaneous Expense 8

TOTAL: $ 228

45
 APPENDIX C

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondents

We are students at SIMAD UNIVERSITY pursuing bachelors’ degree in public

administration faculty of economic and social science. We are resounding out a research

study titled “IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID ON THE QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE

“ you have been selected to participate in this study as voluntary and therefore kindly

requested you to answer the questions below the information given here and it will be

used for academic purpose and also treated as confidentially.

SECTION 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION:

Please tick (√) where applicable or fill in the blank space provided.

1. Gender

1) Male 2) Female

2. Age

1) Less than 25 years 2) Between 26-30 years

3) Between 31-35 years 4) More than 36 years

3. Marital status

1) Married 2) Single

3) Divorce 4) window

46
4. Education

1) Diploma 2) Bachelor Degree

3) Master Degree 4) PHD

5. Experience

1) Less than 1-2 years 2) 2-4 years

3.) 5-10 years 4) More than 10 years

SECTION 2: FORIGN AID

Please rate the following statements based on this scale where 1= strongly disagree,

2=disagree, 3= Neutral 4=agree, 5= strongly agree.

No. Statements 1 2 3 4 5

FOREIGN AID (FA)

1. Foreign countries have direct aid in the country, which contributes

significantly quality of governance.

2. Foreign aid participate developing Somali government by

supporting government expenditures.

3. Foreign aid participate the expansions of government which

increase the quality of governance.

4. Foreign countries play an important role of contributing salaries for

the Somali, for the sake of government less income.

5. Countries have received more aid relatively growth more slowly

47
 6. Foreign aid contributes political constraints which more challenge

to quality governance.

Foreign aid and Gross domestic product

1. Foreign aid contributes the economic growth

2. Foreign aid effects domestic products

3. Foreign aid promotes receiver country to continuous the factors of

joblessness

4. Foreign aid reduces agriculture sector

5. Foreign aid effects price mechanisms when farmers harvest the

crops

Foreign aid and import

1 Foreign imports influence business and promote black market

2 Foreign imports contributes to enter uncontrolled things and simply

. participate to occur insecurity issues

3 Foreign imports participate to increase the inflow of low quality

. items in the country

Foreign aid and government expenditure

1 Proper government expenditure decreases dependency of foreign

. aid.

2 Foreign aid dismisses to collect tax at the right way.

3 Foreign aid decreases public revenue of the government.

48
.

4 Aid dependency can cause less development of the country.

5 Foreign aid can affect the right way on government decentralization

. policy.

6 Aid dependency can damage to make government public finance

. enterprises.

Corruption

1 bribery causes poor accounting practice in managing public finance

2 Bribery is one of the main factors creates misuse of resource

allocation in public institutions

3 Bribery contributes completion to poor governance

4 Extortion harms internal control system

5 Extortion services damages financial accountability

Accountability

1 Accountability provides effectiveness and efficiency in service

delivery

2 Accountability prevents misuse of public resources

3 Accountability promotes public confidence and trust

4 Accountability contributes strengthening good governance

Rule of law

1 Rule of law enforces human rights and freedom

2 Rule of law increases equality of citizens

49
3 Rule of law makes check and balance in governance institutions

4 Rule of law keeps good governance

5 Rule of law contributes to promote individual duties

Thanks

50