This document compares the OSI model, TCP/IP model, and a hybrid model in terms of their protocol data units (PDUs) at each layer. The OSI model has 7 layers with different PDUs at each including bits, frames, packets, and segments. The TCP/IP model collapses some layers and has apps, segments, packets. The hybrid model combines elements of OSI and TCP/IP with apps, segments, packets, and frames.
This document compares the OSI model, TCP/IP model, and a hybrid model in terms of their protocol data units (PDUs) at each layer. The OSI model has 7 layers with different PDUs at each including bits, frames, packets, and segments. The TCP/IP model collapses some layers and has apps, segments, packets. The hybrid model combines elements of OSI and TCP/IP with apps, segments, packets, and frames.
This document compares the OSI model, TCP/IP model, and a hybrid model in terms of their protocol data units (PDUs) at each layer. The OSI model has 7 layers with different PDUs at each including bits, frames, packets, and segments. The TCP/IP model collapses some layers and has apps, segments, packets. The hybrid model combines elements of OSI and TCP/IP with apps, segments, packets, and frames.
App App App Data Presentation Sessison Transport Transport(port-2bytes) Transport Segment network Internet(IP-4 bytes) Network Packet Data link Link(MAC-6 bytes) Link frame physical Physical bit
Beyond Cryptographic Routing: The Echo Protocol in the new Era of Exponential Encryption (EEE): - A comprehensive essay about the Sprinkling Effect of Cryptographic Echo Discovery (SECRED) and further innovations in cryptography around the Echo Applications Smoke, SmokeStack, Spot-On, Lettera and GoldBug Crypto Chat Messenger addressing Encryption, Graph-Theory, Routing and the change from Mix-Networks like Tor or I2P to Peer-to-Peer-Flooding-Networks like the Echo respective to Friend-to-Friend Trust-Networks like they are built over the POPTASTIC protocol