Chapter 3: Physical-Layer Transmission Techniques: Section 3.4

Outline
Introduction
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions
Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions
Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques
Section 3.4: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) Fundamentals
Instructor: Nguyen Le Hung

Email: nlhung@dut.udn.vn; nnguyenlehung@yahoo.com
Department of Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering
Danang University of Technology, University of Danang
Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 1

Outline
Introduction
1 Introduction
Development of mobile communications systems - Revisit
Mobile broadband technology evolution - Revisit
2 Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions

Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver
Transmitted OFDM signals
Time-variant multipath channels
Received OFDM signals
MQAM symbol detection in the frequency domain
3 Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions

Carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation
Doubly selective channel estimation

Outline
Introduction Development of mobile communications systems - Revisit
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions Mobile broadband technology evolution - Revisit
~ 1 Gbps (stationary),
~ 100 Mbps (mobile)
~ 14 Mbps (downlink),
~ 5.8 Mbps (uplink)
~ 50 Kbps code
code
space
frequency
frequency frequency
frequency
time
time
time
OFDM, SDMA (4G)

FDMA (1G) TDMA (2G) CDMA (3G) e.g., WiMAX, LTE
e.g., AMPS ~ 1980s e.g., GSM ~ 1990s e.g., W-CDMA ~ 2000s
2010s
A new signal dimension will be exploited in 5G ?

Outline
~ 1 Gbps (stationary),
~ 100 Mbps (mobile)
~ 14 Mbps (downlink),
~ 5.8 Mbps (uplink)
~ 50 Kbps code
code
space
frequency
frequency frequency
frequency
time
time
time
OFDM, SDMA (4G)

FDMA (1G) TDMA (2G) CDMA (3G) e.g., WiMAX, LTE
e.g., AMPS ~ 1980s e.g., GSM ~ 1990s e.g., W-CDMA ~ 2000s
2010s
A new signal dimension will be exploited in 5G ?

Outline
Mobile broadband technology evolution - Revisit

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
WCDMA LTE
R99 HSDPA HSPA LTE
3GPP Advanced
“4G”
CDMA 2000 EVDO EVDO IMT-Advanced
3GPP2 Rev A Rev B
Mobile 802.16e 802.16e 802.16m

WiMAX R 1.0 R 1.5 R 2.0
CDMA based OFDMA based
The last decade has witnessed numerous intensive studies in employing

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for the emerging
broadband communications systems (e.g., WiFi, WiMAX, LTE) to exploit
its high spectral efficiency and robustness against multipath (frequency
selective) fading channels.
Outline
Introduction
Clk RF
Pilot insertion Osc LO
ci
Conv. MQAM S/P Insert CP P/S
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
Burst structure
Information
bits, ui
Data OFDM Pilot OFDM

symbols symbols
RF Clk
LO Osc
ADC MQAM
RF CP S/P FFT Demapper
-1 decoder Information
bits, ui

Outline
Introduction

Consider a coded OFDM system using 𝑀 -ary quadrature amplitude
modulation (M-QAM).
The encoded bit stream is bit-interleaved. Then, the resulting
sequence of interleaved bits is organized as a sequence of 𝑄-bit
tuples {d𝑘,𝑚 } where 𝑄 = log2 𝑀 and
𝑇
d𝑘,𝑚 = [𝑑𝑘,𝑚,0 , ..., 𝑑𝑘,𝑚,𝑄−1 ] .
The sequence is further mapped to a complex-valued symbol
𝑋𝑘,𝑚 ∈ 𝔸 where 𝔸 is the 𝑀 -ary modulation signaling alphabet, and
𝑚 and 𝑘 denote the indices of OFDM symbol and subcarrier,
respectively.
The m-th OFDM symbol
X 0,m X k ,m XN 1, m X 0, m 1 X k ,m 1 X N !1, m 1
d k , m ! [d k , m,0 ,..., d k , m,Q 1 ]T The k-th subcarrier

Outline
Introduction

Consider a coded OFDM system using 𝑀 -ary quadrature amplitude
modulation (M-QAM).
The encoded bit stream is bit-interleaved. Then, the resulting
sequence of interleaved bits is organized as a sequence of 𝑄-bit
tuples {d𝑘,𝑚 } where 𝑄 = log2 𝑀 and
𝑇
d𝑘,𝑚 = [𝑑𝑘,𝑚,0 , ..., 𝑑𝑘,𝑚,𝑄−1 ] .
The sequence is further mapped to a complex-valued symbol
𝑋𝑘,𝑚 ∈ 𝔸 where 𝔸 is the 𝑀 -ary modulation signaling alphabet, and
𝑚 and 𝑘 denote the indices of OFDM symbol and subcarrier,
respectively.
The m-th OFDM symbol
X 0,m X k ,m XN 1, m X 0, m 1 X k ,m 1 X N !1, m 1
d k , m ! [d k , m,0 ,..., d k , m,Q 1 ]T The k-th subcarrier

Outline
Introduction
Transmitted OFDM signals (cont.)

Each OFDM symbol consists of 𝑁 information bearing subcarriers
𝑋𝑘,𝑚 , 𝑘 = 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1, where 𝑁 is the size of the fast Fourier transform
(FFT) and inverse-FFT (IFFT) used in the multicarrier transmission.
CP samples
P/S DAC RF
IFFT
QAM symbols
X k ,m
xn , m
Clk RF
ci
Encoder mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Burst structure
Information
Wireless Communications - Chapter bits,
3: uPhysical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 7
i
Outline
Introduction
CP portion one OFDM symbol of samples
xN N g , m …. xN 1, m x0, m x1, m x2, m …. xN N g 1, m xN N g , m …. xN 1, m
Copy and paste the last Ng samples
After inverse FFT (IFFT) and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion, the
transmitted baseband signal of the 𝑚th OFDM symbol can be written as
𝑁 −1 ( )
1 ∑ 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛
𝑥𝑛,𝑚 =√ 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 exp , (1)
𝑁 𝑘=0 𝑁
where 𝑛 ∈ {−𝑁𝑔 , ..., 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1}, 𝑁𝑔 denotes the CP length.

Outline
Introduction
After inverse FFT (IFFT) and cyclic prefix (CP) insertion, the
transmitted baseband signal of the 𝑚th OFDM symbol can be written as
𝑁 −1 ( )
1 ∑ 𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛
𝑥𝑛,𝑚 =√ 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 exp , (1)
𝑁 𝑘=0 𝑁
where 𝑛 ∈ {−𝑁𝑔 , ..., 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1}, 𝑁𝑔 denotes the CP length.

Outline
Introduction
Local
Scattering
Two Main
Multipaths
∑
𝑦𝑚 = 𝑙 𝑥𝑚−𝑙 ℎ𝑙,𝑚 + 𝑤𝑏 (𝑚/𝑊 ) (2)
The 𝑙th (time-variant) channel tap gain that includes the effect of
transmit-receive filters and time-variant channel propagation is denoted
by ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 where 𝑛 and 𝑚 stand for the indices of the time-domain sample
and OFDM symbol, respectively.
Outline
Introduction
Time-variant multipath channels (cont.)

In the time-variant multipath channels, a number of basis expansion
models (BEMs) can be employed for reducing the number of channel
parameters while capturing the time-variation of the channels.
Using BEMs, ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 (after CP removal) can be approximated by
𝑄
∑
ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 = 𝑏𝑛+𝑁𝑔 +𝑚𝑁𝑠 ,𝑞 𝑐𝑞,𝑙 , 𝑙 ∈ {0, ..., 𝐿 − 1}, (3)
𝑞=1
where 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁 + 𝑁𝑔 denotes the OFDM symbol length after CP

insertion, 𝑛 = 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1, 𝑚 = 0, ..., 𝑀 − 1 and 𝑀 is the number
of both data and pilot OFDM symbols in a burst. 𝑏𝑛+𝑁𝑔 +𝑚𝑁𝑠 ,𝑞
stand for the 𝑞th basis function values of the used BEM.

Outline
Introduction

In the time-variant multipath channels, a number of basis expansion
models (BEMs) can be employed for reducing the number of channel
parameters while capturing the time-variation of the channels.
Using BEMs, ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 (after CP removal) can be approximated by
𝑄
∑
ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 = 𝑏𝑛+𝑁𝑔 +𝑚𝑁𝑠 ,𝑞 𝑐𝑞,𝑙 , 𝑙 ∈ {0, ..., 𝐿 − 1}, (3)
𝑞=1
where 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁 + 𝑁𝑔 denotes the OFDM symbol length after CP

insertion, 𝑛 = 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1, 𝑚 = 0, ..., 𝑀 − 1 and 𝑀 is the number
of both data and pilot OFDM symbols in a burst. 𝑏𝑛+𝑁𝑔 +𝑚𝑁𝑠 ,𝑞
stand for the 𝑞th basis function values of the used BEM.

Outline
Introduction

It is noted that the use of BEMs offers a significant dimension
reduction in the time-variant channel representation, i.e., 𝑄 ≪ 𝑁 𝑀 .
For instance, in the current LTE system settings, three LTE time
slots contain 21 OFDM symbols with 128-FFT (the smallest FFT
size used in the LTE settings) and the resulting number of the
time-variant channel parameters corresponding to one channel tap
gain ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 in (3) will be 𝑁 𝑀 = 128 × 21 = 2688.
By using the discrete prolate spheroidal (DPS)-BEM as shown in (3),
the number of the basis functions 𝑄 can vary from 3 (for low user
speeds, e.g., about 10km/h) to 5 (for moderate user speeds, e.g.,
about 100km/h) under the required MSE of the DPS-BEM-based
channel approximation below 10−10 as shown in Fig. 1.

Outline
Introduction


Outline
Introduction


Outline
Introduction
Numerical results of BEM-based channel fitting
0
10
1 km/h
5 km/h
MSE of DPS−BEM−based channel fitting
10 km/h
−5
10 20 km/h
30 km/h
40 km/h
−10 50 km/h
10 60 km/h
70 km/h
80 km/h
−15 90 km/h
10 100 km/h
120 km/h
140 km/h
−20 160 km/h
10 180 km/h
200 km/h
−25
10
−30
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Number of used basis functions
Figure 1: Normalized MSE of DPS-BEM-based approximation (fitting) of

time-varying channels generated by Jakes model under different mobile speeds.
Outline
Introduction

Over the above doubly-selective channels, after CP removal, the 𝑛th
received sample in the 𝑚th OFDM symbol can be represented by
𝐿−1
∑
𝑦𝑛,𝑚 = ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 𝑥𝑛−𝑙,𝑚 + 𝑧𝑛,𝑚 , (4)
𝑙=0
where 𝑛 = 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1 and 𝑧𝑛,𝑚 is the additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) with variance 𝑁𝑜 .
Channel impulse response
hN g ,0, m …. h1,0,m h0,0,m
one OFDM symbol of samples

CP portion
y0, m ! hN g ,0, m xN " N g , m h1,0, m xN "1, m h0,0, m x0,m

Outline
Introduction
Received OFDM signals in the frequency domain

At the receiver, after performing CP removal and FFT, the received
samples in the frequency domain can be determined by
𝑁 −1
1 ∑
𝑌𝑘,𝑚 = √ 𝑦𝑛,𝑚 𝑒−𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛/𝑁 = 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 + 𝜌𝑘,𝑚 + 𝑍𝑘,𝑚 , (5)
𝑁 𝑛=0
∑ −1 ∑𝐿−1
where 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 = 𝑁1 𝑁 𝑛=0 𝑙=0 ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 𝑒
−𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑙/𝑁
,
∑𝑁 −1 )
𝑍𝑘,𝑚 = √𝑁 𝑛=0 𝑧𝑛,𝑚 𝑒(
2𝜋𝑘𝑛
1 −𝑗 𝑁 and 𝜌𝑘,𝑚 =
1
∑𝑁 −1 ∑𝑁 −1 (∑𝐿−1 )
𝑁 𝑖=0,𝑖∕=𝑘 𝑋 𝑖,𝑚 𝑛=0 𝑙=0 ℎ 𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑖𝑙/𝑁
𝑒𝑗2𝜋𝑛(𝑖−𝑘)/𝑁 .
It is noted that the received samples in the time domain are:
𝐿−1
∑
𝑦𝑛,𝑚 = ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 𝑥𝑛−𝑙,𝑚 + 𝑧𝑛,𝑚 .
𝑙=0

Outline
Introduction

𝑁 −1
1 ∑
𝑁 𝑛=0
∑ −1 ∑𝐿−1
,
∑𝑁 −1 )
2𝜋𝑘𝑛
1
∑𝑁 −1 ∑𝑁 −1 (∑𝐿−1 )
𝐿−1
∑
𝑙=0

Outline
Introduction

𝑁 −1
1 ∑
𝑁 𝑛=0
∑ −1 ∑𝐿−1
,
∑𝑁 −1 )
2𝜋𝑘𝑛
1
∑𝑁 −1 ∑𝑁 −1 (∑𝐿−1 )
𝐿−1
∑
𝑙=0

Outline
Introduction
An example of channel frequency response in time- and

frequency-domains
20
0
Amplitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
120
100 140
80 120
60 100
80
40 60
20 40
20
Subcarrier index OFDM symbol index

Outline
Introduction
Received OFDM signals over block-fading channel

𝑁 −1
1 ∑
𝑌𝑘,𝑚 = √ 𝑦𝑛,𝑚 𝑒−𝑗2𝜋𝑘𝑛/𝑁 = 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 + 0 + 𝑍𝑘,𝑚 , (6)
𝑁 𝑛=0
∑
where 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 = 𝐿−1 𝑙=0 ℎ𝑙 𝑒
.
𝐿−1
∑
𝑦𝑛,𝑚 = ℎ𝑙 𝑥𝑛−𝑙,𝑚 + 𝑧𝑛,𝑚 .
𝑙=0
Clk RF
RF Clk
LO Osc
ci
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
ADC MQAM
bits, ui
Burst structure
Information
Wireless
bits, ui Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 16
Outline
Introduction

𝑁 −1
1 ∑
𝑁 𝑛=0
∑
.
𝐿−1
∑
𝑙=0
Clk RF
RF Clk
LO Osc
ci
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
ADC MQAM
bits, ui
Burst structure
Information
Wireless
Outline
Introduction

𝑁 −1
1 ∑
𝑁 𝑛=0
∑
.
𝐿−1
∑
𝑙=0
Clk RF
RF Clk
LO Osc
ci
mapping
IFFT DAC RF
Encoder
ADC MQAM
bits, ui
Burst structure
Information
Wireless
Outline
Introduction

Under maximum likelihood (ML) detection, the transmitted QAM
symbols can be recovered in the frequency domain by
ˆ𝑘,𝑚 = arg min ∣𝑌𝑘,𝑚 − 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 ∣2 .
𝑋 (7)
𝑋𝑘,𝑚 ∈𝔸
Based on the detected QAM symbols 𝑋 ˆ𝑘,𝑚 , the transmitted data

bits can be recovered accordingly by channel decoders.
It is noted that the ML symbol detection process (7) needs to know
channel frequency response (CFR) 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 before providing a detected
version of the transmitted symbol 𝑋ˆ𝑘,𝑚
Possible research problem

In OFDM-based transmissions (e.g., WiFi, WiMAX, LTE systems) over
time-variant multipath channels, the problem of estimating channel
responses (i.e., 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 ) is of importance in research and industry as well.
Outline
Introduction

Under maximum likelihood (ML) detection, the transmitted QAM
symbols can be recovered in the frequency domain by
ˆ𝑘,𝑚 = arg min ∣𝑌𝑘,𝑚 − 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 𝑋𝑘,𝑚 ∣2 .
𝑋 (7)
𝑋𝑘,𝑚 ∈𝔸
Based on the detected QAM symbols 𝑋 ˆ𝑘,𝑚 , the transmitted data

bits can be recovered accordingly by channel decoders.
It is noted that the ML symbol detection process (7) needs to know
channel frequency response (CFR) 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 before providing a detected
version of the transmitted symbol 𝑋ˆ𝑘,𝑚
Possible research problem

In OFDM-based transmissions (e.g., WiFi, WiMAX, LTE systems) over
time-variant multipath channels, the problem of estimating channel
responses (i.e., 𝐻𝑘,𝑚 ) is of importance in research and industry as well.
Outline
Introduction
Downlink multiuser MIMO-OFDM transmissions in

WiMAX systems (IEEE 802.16e)
User 1
FFT Decoder
User 2
MU-MIMO encoder
FFT Decoder
IFFT
User 3
FFT Decoder
Base station User 4
FFT Decoder

Outline
Introduction Carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation
Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions Doubly selective channel estimation
Carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation
In the presence of CFO, after CP removal, the 𝑛th received sample

in the 𝑚th OFDM symbol can be represented by
𝐿−1
∑
2𝜋𝜀
𝑦𝑛,𝑚 = 𝑒𝑗 𝑁 (𝑛+𝑁𝑔 +𝑚𝑁𝑠 ) ℎ𝑙,𝑛,𝑚 𝑥𝑛−𝑙,𝑚 + 𝑧𝑛,𝑚 , (8)
𝑙=0
where:
𝑛 = 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1
Δ𝑓 and 𝜀 = Δ𝑓 𝑁 𝑇 denote the absolute and normalized CFOs,
respectively.
𝑇 is the sampling period of the system.
As observed in (8), the presence of CFO introduces a time-domain
phase rotation that will translate into ICI in the frequency domain.
In addition, the time-variation of the multipath channels also induces
ICI in the frequency domain.

Outline
Carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation (cont.)
Consequently, the presence of both CFO and doubly selective

channels would incur a significant ICI power at OFDM receivers,
giving rise to a considerable irreducible error floor in the receiver
performance.
For CFO compensation and reliable coherent data
detection/decoding, the CFO and CIR estimates are indispensible at
OFDM receivers.
To obtain the estimates, CFO and channel estimates can be
obtained either jointly or separately by existing estimation
techniques (e.g., RLS, ML, MAP,...).

Outline
Doubly selective channel estimation: Introduction
The last decade has witnessed numerous intensive studies in

employing OFDM for broadband communication systems to exploit
its high spectral efficiency and robustness against multipath
(frequency-selective) fading channels.
In the current literature, most of these studies have assumed
frequency-selective channels to be time-invariant (i.e., quasi-static or
block-fading) within a transmission burst.
This channel assumption can be used in a wireless system with
stationary and/or low-speed users.

Outline
Doubly selective channel estimation: Introduction (cont.)
In a wireless network with rapidly moving nodes (e.g., users in cars

and trains in 4G-LTE systems), the resultant time-selectivity of the
channel impulse response (CIR) introduces a large number of
channel parameters (much greater than that of
quasi-static/block-fading channels).
In addition, the time-variation of the channel leads to a loss of
subcarrier orthogonality, resulting in inter-carrier interference (ICI) in
OFDM receivers.
Under such a scenario, the assumption of quasi-static fading
channels becomes inappropriate.
As a result, time- and frequency-selective (doubly selective) channels
should be considered in the wireless system investigation and
analysis.

Chapter 3: Physical-Layer Transmission Techniques: Section 3.4

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Outline

Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmission techniques

Section 3.4: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Instructor: Nguyen Le Hung

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 1

2 Fundamentals of OFDM transmissions

3 Possible research problems in OFDM transmissions

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 2

Development of mobile communications systems - Revisit

OFDM, SDMA (4G)

A new signal dimension will be exploited in 5G ?

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 3

Development of mobile communications systems - Revisit

OFDM, SDMA (4G)

A new signal dimension will be exploited in 5G ?

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 3

Mobile broadband technology evolution - Revisit

Mobile 802.16e 802.16e 802.16m

CDMA based OFDMA based

The last decade has witnessed numerous intensive studies in employing

Functional blocks in OFDM transmitter and receiver

Data OFDM Pilot OFDM

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 5

Transmitted OFDM signals

d k , m ! [d k , m,0 ,..., d k , m,Q 1 ]T The k-th subcarrier

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 6

Transmitted OFDM signals

d k , m ! [d k , m,0 ,..., d k , m,Q 1 ]T The k-th subcarrier

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 6

Transmitted OFDM signals (cont.)

Transmitted OFDM signals (cont.)

CP portion one OFDM symbol of samples

xN N g , m …. xN 1, m x0, m x1, m x2, m …. xN N g 1, m xN N g , m …. xN 1, m

Copy and paste the last Ng samples

where 𝑛 ∈ {−𝑁𝑔 , ..., 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1}, 𝑁𝑔 denotes the CP length.

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 8

Transmitted OFDM signals (cont.)

CP portion one OFDM symbol of samples

xN N g , m …. xN 1, m x0, m x1, m x2, m …. xN N g 1, m xN N g , m …. xN 1, m

Copy and paste the last Ng samples

where 𝑛 ∈ {−𝑁𝑔 , ..., 0, ..., 𝑁 − 1}, 𝑁𝑔 denotes the CP length.

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 8

Time-variant multipath channels

Time-variant multipath channels (cont.)

where 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁 + 𝑁𝑔 denotes the OFDM symbol length after CP

xN N g , m …. xN 1, m x0, m x1, m x2, m …. xN N g 1, m xN N g , m …. xN 1, m

Copy and paste the last Ng samples

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 10

Time-variant multipath channels (cont.)

where 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑁 + 𝑁𝑔 denotes the OFDM symbol length after CP

xN N g , m …. xN 1, m x0, m x1, m x2, m …. xN N g 1, m xN N g , m …. xN 1, m

Copy and paste the last Ng samples

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 10

Time-variant multipath channels (cont.)

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 11

Time-variant multipath channels (cont.)

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 11

Time-variant multipath channels (cont.)

Wireless Communications - Chapter 3: Physical-layer transmissions Section 3.4: OFDM fundamentals 11

Numerical results of BEM-based channel ﬁtting

Figure 1: Normalized MSE of DPS-BEM-based approximation (ﬁtting) of

Received OFDM signals