MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Your Partner for Wireless Engineering Solutions

 Objective MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 OFDMA Principles

 Challenges

 SC-FDMA Principle

 OFDM DATA Processing

 LTE Channel
 Multiple Access MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 4 UE 4 5 UE 5

Power
FDMA
1 2 3 4 5

5
TDMA 4
3
2
12

5 3 CDMA
OFDMA 4
3
5
1
1 2
3 1
5
4
4 2 3
2
1
Frequency
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

 The Rectangular Pulse MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Fourier
Transform Frequency Domain

spectral power density

Time Domain amplitude

1
Ts fs 
Ts fs

 Inverse
time
Fourier
Advantages: Transform frequency f/fs

 Simple to implement: there is no complex filter system

required to detect such pulses and to generate them.
 The pulse has a clearly defined duration. This is a major
advantage in case of multi-path propagation
environments as it simplifies handling of inter-symbol
interference.
Disadvantage:
 It allocates a quite huge spectrum
 However the spectral power density has null points
exactly at multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts.
 This will be important in OFDM.
 OFDMA Principle MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio

signals using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel

Total transmission bandwidth

15 kHz in LTE: fixed

Orthogonality:

The peak (centre frequency)

of one subcarrier …

…intercepts the ‘nulls’ of the

neighbouring subcarriers
 OFDM Basics MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a part of
the whole transmission
 The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while the
power is distributed to all used subcarriers
 FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number of
subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power Bandwidth

Frequency
OFDM Signal MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDM: Nutshell MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Frequency-Time Representation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
OFDMA Concept MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Motivation for OFDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Good performance in frequency selective fading channels

Low complexity of base-band receiver

Good spectral properties and handling of multiple bandwidths

Link adaptation

Frequency domain scheduling

Compatibility with advanced receiver and antenna technologies

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Challenges
1) ISI MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Solution: CP MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 2) Multi-Carrier Modulation MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different carriers, known as Adjacent
Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too much spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
 Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its adjacent carriers. Nevertheless,
there will always be some interference between the adjacent carriers.

∆fsubcarrier
∆fsub-used

f0 f1 f2 fN-2 fN-1 frequency

ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

 Solution: OFDM Multi-Carrier MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier –

called the subcarriers - into a given frequency band.
Power Density

Power Density
Saved
Bandwidth

Frequency (f/fs) Frequency (f/fs)

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM
due to the orthogonal subcarriers !
 3)Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 The price for the optimum subcarrier spacing is the sensitivity of OFDM to frequency errors.
 If the receiver’s frequency slips some fractions from the subcarriers center frequencies, then we
encounter not only interference between adjacent carriers, but in principle between all carriers.
 This is known as Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and sometimes also referred to as Leakage Effect
in the theory of discrete Fourier transform.
 One possible cause that introduces frequency errors is a fast moving Transmitter or Receiver
(Doppler effect).
 Frequency Drift MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Two effects begin to work:

 Subcarrier has no longer its power
density maximum- so loose of signal
energy.
∆P
 The rest of subcarriers have no longer a

ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference

null point here. So we get some noise
from the other subcarrier.

I3
I1
I4
I0

f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

OFDM Transmitter And Receiver

 OFDM Transmitter MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
xN-1
s0
Frequency Domain s1 s2 sN-1
x0 x1
Signal: … t0 t1 xt2 … tN-1 time
(Collection of f0 f1 f2 fN-1 freq.
Time Domain Signal
Sinusoids)
b10 ,b11,… Modulation s0
Mapper

b20 ,b21,… Modulation s1

cos(2πfct)
Mapper
D

Frequency Domain
I Low I
Serial to Pass

Generation
CP/Guard
Parallel x0, x1, …, xN-1 A
Binary IQ RF
Converter . IFFT
Coded Split
(Bit . Time
Data Q D
Distrib.) . Low Q
Domain
Pass
A
-sin(2πfct)

bN-1 0 … Modulation sN-1

Mapper  Each entry to the IFFT module corresponds to a
different sub-carrier
 Each sub-carrier is modulated independently by
Modulation Schemes:
BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
 OFDM Receiver MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

s0
y0 y1
yN-1 s1 s2 sN-1
x2 … …

t0 t1 t2 tN-1 time f0 f1 f2 fN-1 freq.

Frequency Domain

s’0 s0 B10 ,B11,…

Time Domain Bit Mapping

s’1 s1 B20 ,B21,…

De- Bit Mapping
A

Channel Correction
rotator

Frequency Domain
I
Low Noise Amp.

Bit Distribution
Windowing +
RF
Demodulator
+ Bandpass

D . . . . Soft Bit

FFT
. . . . Coded
A . . . . Data
Q
signal strength

signal autocorreation
D phase correction
j
s’N-1 sN-1 BN-1 0 …
AGC Bit Mapping
LNA gain
Automatic

response
channel
reference

adjust
Gain Control
timee
QPSK
(pilot)
Im
Channel 01 11
Frequency And Timing Sync Estimation d11
sk
Re
d10
00 10
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

OFDMA Parameters
 OFDM Parameters MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

1) Variable Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

Frequency Δf
Power
2) Subcarrier Spacing (Δf = 15 KHz) density
Tsymbol = 1/ Δf = 66.7μs

Amplitude
TCP TSYMBOL Frequency

CP SYMBOL T

TS Time
 OFDM Key Parameters MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

3) The number of Subcarriers Nc

If BW = 20MHz → Transmission BW = 20MHz – 2MHz = 18 MHz

the number of subcarriers Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]

Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge

Channel edge
Resource block

Active Resource Blocks DC carrier (downlink only)

 OFDM Key Parameters MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

4) FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size Nfft

 For a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz
Nc = 1200 subcarriers not a power of 2
The next power of 2 is 2048 → the rest 2048 -1200
848 padded with zeros

5. Sampling rate fs

This parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:

fs = Nfft x Δf
Example: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)
The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300
300 is not a power of 2 → next power of 2 is 512 → Nfft = 512
Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz → fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in UMTS

The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished because the subcarriers
spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE have the same clock timing!
 OFDM Recap MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Bandwidth 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

(NC×Δf)

Subcarrier Fixed to 15 kHz Spacing (Δf)

Symbol Tsymbol = 1/Δf = 1/15kHz = 66.67μs

duration

Sampling rate, 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72

fS (MHz)

Data 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Subcarriers (NC)

NIFFT 128 320 512 1024 1536 2048

(IFFT Length)

Number of 6 15 25 50 75 100
Resource Blocks

Symbols/slot Normal CP=7; extended CP=6

CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.12μsec., Extended CP= 16.67μsec

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

SC FDMA
 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

The transmitted power is the sum of the powers of all

the subcarriers

– Due to large number of subcarriers, the peak

to average power ratio (PAPR) tends to have a
large range
– The higher the peaks, the greater the range of
power levels over which the transmitter is
required to work.
– Not best suited for use with mobile ( battery-
powered) devices
 SC-FDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

• Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access is another

variant of OFDMA used to reduce the PAPR for lower RF hardware
requirements.

• SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation scheme that cleverly

combines the low PAR of single-carrier systems with the multipath
resistance and flexible subcarrier frequency allocation offered by

OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDM.

• This mechanism can reduce the PAPR of 6..9 dB compared to

normal OFDMA.

• SC-FDMA is one option in WiMAX (802.16d) and it is the method

selected for EUTRAN in the uplink direction.
 SC-FDMA and OFDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers

 SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers
 In the example:
 OFDMA: 6 modulation symbols ( 01,10,11,01,10 and 10) are transmitted per OFDMA symbol,
one on each subcarrier
 SC-FDMA: 6 modulation symbols are transmitted per SC-FDMA symbol using all subcarriers.
The duration of each modulation symbol is 1/6th of the modulation symbol in OFDMA

OFDMA SC-FDMA
 OFDMA vs SC-FDMA: QPSK MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

From: TS 36.211.
 SC-FDMA and OFDMA MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Difference in transmission: for SC-FDMA there is an extra block on the transmission chain:
the FFT block

which should “spread” the input modulation symbols over all the allocated subcarriers

OFDM SC-FDMA
 SC-FDMA Principles MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

PAPR is the same as that used for the input modulation symbols

 This could be achieved by transmitting N modulation symbols in

series at N times the rate.
 One can see that the SC-FDMA symbol which is having 66.66µs is
containing N “sub-symbols”
 N = 6 in the example shown
 In Time domain only one modulation symbol is transmitted at a
time.

The number of subcarriers which could be allocated for transmission should be multiple of 2,3 and/or 5

 This limitation is imposed by the input of the FFT block which is before
the IFFT. This enables efficient implementation of the FFT.
 Note that also the number of Resource Blocks should be multiple of
2,3 or/and 5
 SC-FDMA Principles MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Adjusting the data rate in SC-FDMA

 If the data rate increases more bandwidth is needed to transmit more modulation symbols (when data rate is doubled the resource
allocation in the frequency domain is also doubled). The individual transmission is now shorter in time but wider in the frequency
domain.
 For double data rate the amount of inputs in transmitter doubles and the “sub-symbol” duration (Time) is halved. Note that the SC-FDMA
is still 67 µs

Double the data rate

Halved SC-FDMA “sub-
symbol” duration

SC-FDMA “sub-symbol”
duration

Doubled
Initial bandwidth bandwidth

SC-FDMA symbol SC-FDMA symbol

67µs 67µs
In the example 6 modulation symbols are sent initially and 12 modulations for double data rate
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

OFDMA Data Processing

 Resource Block and Resource Element MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)

12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.

Subcarrier 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Capacity Allocation is based on resource Blocks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Resource Element (RE):
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6  1 subcarrier X 1 Symbol period
 Theoretical minimum capacity allocation unit.
180 KHz

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6  1RE is the equivalent of 1 modulation symbol on a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarrier, i.e. 2bits for PSK, 4 bits for 16 QAM & 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 bits for 64QAM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Subcarrier 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 slot 1 slot

1 ms subframe
Frame Structure: Generic MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Radio Frame Type 1 - FDD MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

subframe 1 msec Type 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

radio frame 10 msec

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 OFDM symbols (short CP)
 Radio Frame Type 2 - TDD MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

radio frame 10 ms
f

UL/DL

DwPTS

DwPTS

UpPTS
UpPTS
GP

GP
Slot
carrier

subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 2 subframe 3 subframe 4 subframe 5 subframe 6 subframe 7 subframe 8 subframe 9

half frame half frame

time
radio frame 10 ms
f

UL/DL
DwPTS

UpPTS
GP

Slot
carrier

subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 2 subframe 3 subframe 4 subframe 5 subframe 6 subframe 7 subframe 8 subframe 9

half frame half frame

time

Downlink Slot Uplink Slot Uplink or Downlink Special Slot

 Special Subframe MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot Channel)

 Can contain synchronization, PDSCH and PDCCH.
 The DwPTS is used for downlink synchronization.
 Primary synchronization signal transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the DwPTS.
 Secondary synchronization signal transmitted in the last OFDM symbol of subframe 0
(immediately preceding to the DwPTS).
 Resources not used for synchronization signals can be used for data, reference signals and
control signaling.

UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Timeslot Channel)

 Used by eNB to determine the received power level and the received timing from the UE.
 Resources not used for reference signals(sounding and/or demodulation reference signals)
can be used for random access.
 No PUCCH is transmitted in UpPTS.

GP (Guard Period)
 The guard period between DwPTS and UpPTS determines the maximum cell size.
 TDD Frame Configurations MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Configuration1 DL:UL=2:2 (or 3:2)

Configuration2 DL:UL=3:1 (or 4:1)
Uplink-downlink Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number
configuration Switch-point periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D

D Downlink S Special U Uplink

 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

LTE Channels
Radio Protocol MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Channel Classification MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Radio Protocols MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 The EUTRAN radio protocol model specifies the protocols terminated between UE and eNB.
The protocol stack follows the standard guidelines for radio protocol architectures (ITU-R
M1035)

The protocol stack defines three layers:

 Physical Layer (layer 1),
 Data Link Access Layer (layer 2)
 layer 3 hosting the access stratum and non-access stratum control protocols as well as
the application level software
 Physical Layer MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics
 The physical layer forms the layer 1 of the protocol stack and provides the basic bit
transmission functionality over air.
 In LTE the physical layer is driven by OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the
uplink.
 FDD and TDD mode can be combined in the same physical layer.
 Physical channels are dynamically mapped to the available resources (physical
resource blocks and antenna ports).
 Physical Layer is a block oriented transmission service with certain characteristics
regarding bit rates, delay, collision risk and reliability.
 All resource mapping is dynamically driven by the Scheduler
 Medium Access Control MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics
 MAC is the lowest layer 2 protocol and its main function is to drive the transport
channels.
 From higher layers MAC is fed with logical channels which are in one-to-one
correspondence with radio bearers.
 Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical channel
data onto transport channels.
 In the receiving direction de-multiplexing of logical channels from transport
channels take place.
 Further functions of MAC will be collision handling and explicit UE identification
 An important function for the performance is the HARQ functionality
 Radio Link Control MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics
 RLC instance working in either of the three modes:
• UM (Unacknowledged)
• AM (Acknowledged)
• TM (Transparent)
 Which mode is chosen depends on the purpose of the radio bearer.
 RLC can thus enhance the radio bearer with ARQ (Automatic Retransmission on
reQuest) using sequence numbered data frames
 The second functionality of RLC is the segmentation and reassembly that divides
higher layer data or concatenates higher layer data into data chunks suitable for
transport over transport channels
 Packet Data Convergence Protocol MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Characteristics
 Each radio bearer uses one PDCP instance.
 PDCP is responsible for header compression
 (ROHC RObust Header Compression)
 Ciphering/deciphering

 Header compression makes sense for IP datagram's.

 Radio Resource Control MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 RRC is the access stratum specific control protocol for EUTRAN.

Characteristics

 System Information Broadcasting: The NAS and access stratum configuration of

the network and the cell must be available to any UE camping on a cell. This
information is coded as RRC message.
 Paging: To locate an IDLE UE within a tracking area the RRC protocol defines a
paging signaling message and the associated UE behavior.
 RRC Connection Management: The UE can have two major radio states:
RRC_CONNECTED or RRC_IDLE. To switch between the states an RRC connection
establishment and release procedure is defined.
 RRC MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 Management of Point-to-Point Radio Bearers: RRC is used to create, modify and

delete such radio bearers including the associated lower layer configuration (logical
channels, RLC mode, transport channels, multiplexing)

 QoS Control: The RRC protocol will be QoS aware, allowing implementation of radio
bearers with different QoS settings within the UE.

 Transfer of NAS Messages: NAS messages are sent and received through the
EUTRAN protocol stack.
RRC provides carrier services for such messages.
Downlink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Logical Channel
MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
type of information
MAC priority
UE identification

Control Channel Traffic Channel

signaling info (RRC) user plane data (IP)

BCCH DCCH DTCH MTCH

broadcast control ch.
system information dedicated control ch. dedicated traffic multicast traffic ch.
downlink only dedicated RRC signaling with one channel MBMS traffic for broadcast or
UE IP user plane data multicast MBMS services
bi-directional bi- or uni-directional downlink only
PCCH
paging control ch.
paging message for LTE_IDLE UE
downlink only

CCCH
common control ch.

DL Logical Channels
initial access signaling for
RRC_IDLE UE

MCCH
multicast control ch.
MBMS control information for
MTCH
downlink only
Downlink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Transport Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Transport Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
Transport Channel (TrCH)

transfer characteristics:
delay, collision risk
supported block sizes and number of blocks
support for HARQ
support for beam-forming
support for DRX/DTX
coding (reliability)
Downlink TrCH static | dynamic resource allocation
support for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

BCH
broadcast channel
carries BCCH

PCH
paging channel
carries PCCH DL Transport Channels
MCH
multicast channel
carries MTCH, MCCH

DL-SCH

downlink shared channel

carries DCCH, DTCH, BCCH, MTCH,
MCCH
supports HARQ
Downlink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Physical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
DL Physical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 DL Physical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Physical
Physical Channels
Channels // Signals
Signals
•• set
set of
of OFDM/SC-FDMA
OFDM/SC-FDMA resource
resource elements;
elements;
•• carry
carry higher
higher layer
layer data
data (physical
(physical channel
channel PhyCH)
PhyCH) or
or
•• used
used internally
internally by
by L1
L1 (physical
(physical channel/signal);
channel/signal);

Downlink
Downlink PhyCH
PhyCH Downlink
Downlink Signal
Signal Uplink
Uplink Signals
Signals Uplink
Uplink PhyCH
PhyCH

PBCH
PBCH DL
DL reference
reference signal
signal Demodulation
Demodulation ref.
ref. signal
signal PUSCH
PUSCH
•• physical •• pre-defined
pre-defined 2-dimensional
2-dimensional •• pre-defined
pre-defined sequence
sequence •• phys.
phys. UL
UL shared
shared channel;
channel;
physical broadcast
broadcast ch.;
ch.;
•• carries orthogonal/pseudo-noise
orthogonal/pseudo-noise sent
sent along
along with
with •• carries
carries UL-SCH;
UL-SCH;
carries BCH
BCH (BCCH);
(BCCH);
sequence;
sequence; PUSCH/PUCCH
PUSCH/PUCCH
•• used
used for
for DL
DL channel
channel •• used
used for
for uplink
uplink channel
channel PUCCH
PDSCH
PDSCH PUCCH
estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation; estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation;
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL shared
shared channel;
channel; •• phys.
phys. UL
UL control
control channel;
channel;
•• carries
DL
DL synch.
synch. signal
signal Sounding
Sounding ref.
ref. signal
signal •• L1
carries PCH
PCH and
and DL-SCH;
DL-SCH; L1 information
information
•• 11 of
of 33 pre-defined
pre-defined •• pre-defined
pre-defined (long)
(long)
PMCH
PMCH sequences
sequences (Zadoff-Chu);
(Zadoff-Chu); sequence
sequence sent
sent alone;
alone; PRACH
•• associated
associated withwith cell-id;
cell-id; •• used
used by
by NW
NW toto optimize
optimize
PRACH
•• phys.
phys. multicast
multicast channel;
channel; •• used
used forfor cell
cell detection
detection and
and channel
channel dependent
dependent •• phys.
phys. random
random access
access
•• carries
carries MCH;
MCH; initial
initial time/phase
time/phase synch.;
synch.; scheduling;
scheduling; (channel);
(channel);
•• carries
carries RACH
RACH (access
(access
request
request preamble);
preamble);
PDCCH
PDCCH •• [in
[in TS
TS 36.211
36.211 referenced
referenced
as
as signal,
signal, not
not as
as channel]
channel]
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL control
control channel;
channel;
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information
(scheduling
(scheduling assignments);
assignments);

PCFICH
PCFICH
•• phys.
phys. control
control format
format
indicator
indicator channel
channel
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information (no.
(no.
of
of ODFM
ODFM symbols
symbols used
used for
for
PDCCH);
PDCCH);
Uplink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 UL Logical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Logical Channel
type of information
MAC priority
UE identification

Control Channel Traffic Channel

signaling info (RRC) user plane data (IP)

CCCH DCCH DTCH

common control ch.
initial access signaling for dedicated control ch. dedicated traffic
RRC_IDLE UE dedicated RRC signaling with one channel
UE IP user plane data
bi-directional bi- or uni-directional
Uplink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Transport Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Transport Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Transport Channel (TrCH)

transfer characteristics:
delay, collision risk
supported block sizes and number of blocks
support for HARQ
support for beam-forming
support for DRX/DTX
coding (reliability)
static | dynamic resource allocation Uplink TrCH
support for QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

RACH

random access channel

carries no logical channel
only for initial L1 access request

UL-SCH
uplink shared channel
carries CCCH, DCCH, DTCH
supports HARQ
Uplink Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
UL Physical Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.
 Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Physical
Physical Channels
Channels // Signals
Signals
•• set
set of
of OFDM/SC-FDMA
OFDM/SC-FDMA resource
resource elements;
elements;
•• carry
carry higher
higher layer
layer data
data (physical
(physical channel
channel PhyCH)
PhyCH) or
or
•• used
used internally
internally by
by L1
L1 (physical
(physical channel/signal);
channel/signal);

Downlink
Downlink PhyCH
PhyCH Downlink
Downlink Signal
Signal Uplink
Uplink Signals
Signals Uplink
Uplink PhyCH
PhyCH

PBCH
PBCH DL
DL reference
reference signal
signal Demodulation
Demodulation ref.
ref. signal
signal PUSCH
PUSCH
•• physical
physical broadcast
broadcast ch.;
ch.; •• pre-defined
pre-defined 2-dimensional
2-dimensional •• pre-defined
pre-defined sequence
sequence •• phys.
phys. UL
UL shared
shared channel;
channel;
•• carries orthogonal/pseudo-noise
orthogonal/pseudo-noise sent
sent along
along with
with •• carries
carries UL-SCH;
UL-SCH;
carries BCH
BCH (BCCH);
(BCCH);
sequence;
sequence; PUSCH/PUCCH
PUSCH/PUCCH
•• used
used for
for DL
DL channel
channel •• used
used for
for uplink
uplink channel
channel PUCCH
PDSCH
PDSCH PUCCH
estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation; estimation,
estimation, demodulation;
demodulation;
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL shared
shared channel;
channel; •• phys.
phys. UL
UL control
control channel;
channel;
•• carries
DL
DL synch.
synch. signal
signal Sounding
Sounding ref.
ref. signal
signal •• L1
carries PCH
PCH and
and DL-SCH;
DL-SCH; L1 information
information
•• 11 of
of 33 pre-defined
pre-defined •• pre-defined
pre-defined (long)
(long)
PMCH
PMCH sequences
sequences (Zadoff-Chu);
(Zadoff-Chu); sequence
sequence sent
sent alone;
alone;
•• associated •• used
PRACH
PRACH
associated withwith cell-id;
cell-id; used by
by NW
NW toto optimize
optimize
•• phys.
phys. multicast
multicast channel;
channel; •• used
used forfor cell
cell detection
detection and
and channel
channel dependent
dependent •• phys.
phys. random
random access
access
•• carries
carries MCH;
MCH; initial
initial time/phase
time/phase synch.;
synch.; scheduling;
scheduling; (channel);
(channel);
•• carries
carries RACH
RACH (access
(access
request
request preamble);
preamble);
PDCCH
PDCCH •• [in
[in TS
TS 36.211
36.211 referenced
referenced
as
as signal,
signal, not
not as
as channel]
channel]
•• phys.
phys. DL
DL control
control channel;
channel;
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information
(scheduling
(scheduling assignments);
assignments);

PCFICH
PCFICH
•• phys.
phys. control
control format
format
indicator
indicator channel
channel
•• L1
L1 control
control information
information (no.
(no.
of
of ODFM
ODFM symbols
symbols used
used for
for
PDCCH);
PDCCH);
 Additional Channels MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

Additional Physical Channels / Signals

Downlink PhyCH Downlink Signal Uplink Signals

PHICH

phys. HARQ indicator channel

DL reference signal Demodulation ref. signal
ACK/NACK of UL Transmission over PUSCH

pre-defined 2-dimensional orthogonal/pseudo-noise

pre-defined sequence sent along with PUSCH/PUCCH
sequence
used for uplink channel estimation, demodulation
used for DL channel estimation, demodulation
PCFICH

phys. control format indicator channel DL synch. signal Sounding ref. signal
L1 control information (no. of ODFM symbols used for
PDCCH)
1 of 3 pre-defined sequences (Zadoff-Chu) pre-defined (long) sequence sent alone
associated with cell-id used by NW to optimize channel dependent
used for cell detection and initial time/phase synch. scheduling
 Summary MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

 OFDMA Principles

 Challenges

 SC-FDMA Principle

 OFDM DATA Processing

 LTE Channel
 MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

“HAPPY LEARNING”

MobileComm Professionals, Inc.

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