Principles of The WCDMA Systems

Internal
Principles of the WCDMA System

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Preface
Now, the most popular term in the mobile
communication field is WCDMA!

What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit? Today, lets go to know about WCDMA!
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Page 2
Objectives
After studying this course, you should be able to:
Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

Master advantages of the CDMA technology comparing with other multiple access technologies. Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.
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Page 3
Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
WCDMA Principle
Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Page 4
Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Multipath Environment
Transmitted signal
Strength of the received signal

Time
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Fading
Transmitted data
Received data
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
dB
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Fading
Rx power (dBm) -20
Fast fading
Slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
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Page 8
Distance (m)
Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Narrowband System
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Broadband System
Transmit Signal
f
Received Signal
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Page 9
Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

Static channel Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3) Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas (TU30) Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50) Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)
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Overview of CDMA Principles
Duplex Technology
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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal FDD

Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and
downlink according to the frequencies.

Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM Advantage: It can be easily implemented. Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.
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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal TDD

Time division duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and downlink
according to the timeslots.

Adopted by the TD-SCDMA Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high. Disadvantage:
It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA system, GPS synchronization is needed. When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference between the uplink and the downlink.
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Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different Users

CDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
FDMA
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM
Power
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Page 14
Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

Soft capacity
Quality Coverage Interference

Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

Wideband system
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Page 15
Overview of WCDMA Principles
Duplex Technology
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Page 16
Questions
Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-
interference performance?
Why is the WCDMA system more secure? Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?
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Page 17
Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving. Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps). In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific service.
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Spreading Factor and Service Rate
Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor

For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code repetition or punching rate
For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
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Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System
Source coding
Channel coding and interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
Radio link
Source decoding
Channel deinterleaving decoding and de-interleaving
De-spreading
De-scrambling
Demodulation
RF reception
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Page 20
Source Coding in WCDMA

The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2 Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and call drop. The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source coding
Channel coding and Interleaving Spreading interleaving
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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Channel Coding in WCDMA

Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover
signals in the case of interference.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Code type
Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3). Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Source coding
Channel Interleaving coding interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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Interleaving
Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454
Ist interleaving
B0 1 9 .
B1 2 10 .
B2 3 11 .
B3 4 12 .
B4 5 13 .
B5 6 14 .
B6 7 15 .
B7 8 16 .
....
2nd interleaving
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
{A4,B0}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B5,C1}
{B6,C2}
{B7,C3}
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Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation of Code Words
Different users adopt different spreading code words, such as x1(t) , x2(t) .
Self correlation determines multipath interference. Mutual correlation determines multiple access interference.
Self-correlation function
R() =<x1(t) x1(t+) >
Mutual-correlation function
V() =<x1(t) x2(t+) >
Note: <x1(x)x2(y)> = 1, when x1=x2 , and x = y 0, others
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Spreading Principle
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1 UE2 uses c2 for spreading: UE2 x c2 UE3 uses c3 for spreading: UE3 x c3 c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Source coding
Channel Interleaving coding and interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

(UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1 = UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1) = UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0 = UE1
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3 uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.
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Spreading Principle
____________ UE1: UE2: c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 1 _____________ +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
c2:
UE1xc1: UE2xc2:
+1 +1 +1 +1
+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
+1 +1 +1 +1
-1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1 UE2xc2:
-2 0
-2
0 +2 0 +2
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De-spreading Principle
UE1c1 UE2c2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: De-spreading result: Integral: Decision: UE2 de-spreading with c2: De-spreading result: Integral: Decision :
-2 0
-2 -1 +2
0 +1 0
+2 0 +2 -1 +1 -1 -2 0 -4 -4/4 = -1 -2
+1 -1 +1 0 +2 0 +4 +4/4 = +1
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 -2 -4 -4/4 = -1 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 +4 +4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?
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OVSF & Walsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and their mutual correlation is zero.
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Why CDMA system is a self interference system?

Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self
interference come from? Comes from the code error during the transfer. If there are some code error on one users information, it misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.
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Sample of code error

UE1xc1 + UE2xc2 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2 error 2 -2 0 -2

c1: Result: Integral: Decision: C2 Result: Integral: Decision: +1 -1 +1 +1 2 +2 0 +2 +6 +6/4 = 1.5 +1 +1 +1 +1 2 -2 0 -2 -2 -2/4=-0.5
1 +2 0 +2
+1 -1 +1 -1 0 -2 0 -2 -4 -4/4=-1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 +2 0 +2 +4 +4/4=1
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Scrambling in the WCDMA System
Downlink: Different cells have different downlink scrambling codes.

Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE identifies a cell based on the scramble. The OVSF code is used to distinguish different users in a cell.
Uplink: Scrambles are used to distinguish different users.

In one cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling code. The OVSF code is used to distinguish the services of a user.
Channel Source coding
Interleaving coding and

interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF transmission
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Spreading and Scrambling
Symbols
xx sps
3.84M
3.84Mcps
Chips after spreading and scrambling
OVSF code
Scrambling code
3.84Mcps
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Code Generation Technologies in CDMA
Random sequence (Bernoulli sequence)
It consists of 0s and 1s only, with the number of 0s equal to that of 1s.

The probability of continuous 1 or 0 is as follows: 1/2 for one continuous 0 or 1, 1/4 for two continuous 0 or 1, 1/8 for three continuous 0 or 1. One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the other half is different.
m sequence - scrambling code used in the CDMA2000 system

It is generated by the shift register. As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2 n-1, where n stands for the length of the shift register. When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has a maximum value. In other cases, the function value is always -1. It meets the Bernoulli sequence. Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are distinguished by different phases. So it has a high requirement for synchronization.
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Gold Sequence Scrambling Code in the WCDMA System
Gold sequence
It consists of two preferred m sequences on the Exclusive-OR basis.
Its self-correlation function has multiple values, which is worse than the m sequence. It exceeds the m sequence in quantity.
The Gold sequence is used to distinguish the cells and users in the WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.
Good self correlation determines the Gold sequences can be used to distinguish users, thus the multiple access function is realized.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of the Gold Sequence
Advantages: The Gold sequence needs no GPS synchronization and features high system flexibility and security.
The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode. It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code interference than the m sequence.
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Spreading/De-spreading Principle Explanations for Frequency Domain

Eb / No = Ec / Io gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit Allowed maximum interference level of the system Demodulation threshold
Gain
Power that all the users can share
Interference signals from other users
Echip
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Spectrum Change in CDMA

Spreading code P(f) P(f)
f Broadband signal f Narrowband signal Noise f P (f)
Separation of signals and noise P (f)
Signal combination f
Noise + broadband signal P (f) Spreading code
The CDMA broadband spreading technology effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.
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Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength
Combiner
The combined signal
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
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Summary - Advantages of CDMA

RAKE receiver is adopted
The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is efficiently used.
Frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum

Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Low signal transmission power

Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely
different bit rate and QoS requirement. Different spreading factors for different services with different data rates
High spectral efficiency
All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.

Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
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Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 WCDMA Principle Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Channel bandwidth: 5MHz Chip rate: 3.84Mcps Frame length: 10ms Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK Coherence demodulation aided with pilot Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz Handover: soft/hard handover Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB
operation
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Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000 Compatible with GSM-MAP core network Comparatively steady version R99 has been released Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink
Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode

Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB
location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open
loop, out loop power control

Fully support UE locating services
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Differences Between the WCDMA and GSM on the Air Interface

WCDMA Carrier spacing Frequency reuse coefficient Power control frequency QoS control 5 MHz 1 1500 Hz Through the RRM algorithm 200 KHz 1-18 2 Hz or lower Through network planning (frequency planning) GSM
Frequency diversity
The 3.84 MHz bandwidth enables the air interface to use the rake Frequency hopping receiver for multipath diversity. Load-based packet scheduling Supported by the protocol to improve downlink capacity
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
Timeslot-based scheduling in GPRS

Not supported by the standard but can be applied.
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Page 44
Conclusion
This course describes the WCDMA system. This course first describes some key technologies. Then,
describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA FDD mode.
After studying this course, we can have a preliminary
understanding of WCDMA, thus laying a good foundation for subsequent study.
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Page 45
Thank You !
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Principles of the WCDMA System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

communication field is WCDMA!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Strength of the received signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal FDD

downlink according to the frequencies.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal TDD

according to the timeslots.

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Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different Users

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Characteristics of CDMA System

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

Quality Coverage Interference

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Overview of WCDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Spreading Factor and Service Rate

Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor

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Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System

Channel coding and interleaving

Channel deinterleaving decoding and de-interleaving

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Source Coding in WCDMA

Channel coding and Interleaving Spreading interleaving

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Channel Coding in WCDMA

signals in the case of interference.

Channel Interleaving coding interleaving

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caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.

449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}

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Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation of Code Words

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Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3

Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3

Channel Interleaving coding and interleaving

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