Ch.6 POWER FLOWS Note Title ‘aiaTiB0%4 ) G.\ Direct Solutions fo Lint Algelovaic Equations: Gauss Elimination Ay Ag Ai | [x yu An Aga Aw | fra] | ye [Ant Ane Ayw | Lew] Lyx Steps: x n x vn wal [yes oy yy Au An Aw v A ay) |[ Aa 2 ABAD Asy — Sa, — An 0 (a= San) (Aor SBA . wea Au Ata) ||» Ast ef 2 BA, Agy ha, 3) =| ,—Ay, 0 (An- Fan) (Awe 3 ae an Av da p.y) | by Aw ef —An Avy — S24, - 0 (am AiAz) (Ao eA ve Fy 2 go Al An aap \) means first s al wy) pe AQ as f=] yf? : Hf y fe AML oo Al wy(2) (2) (2) (2) (2) A A AR al wf x (2) (2) (2) (2) 0 8 aL] fot (2) (2), (2) O 0 A Abe | fxs | pt (2) (2) =) 2) o 0 AR AW “ My . 00 AR yf [ae Ay Ady, Aw x vn 0 An. Aww aoe V2 Oo O.. Awa Ani | [av IN-L 0 Any aN yy Jy xy = Ay then the nome to last dlomenk: Bc = Away Xya= a Anant In general N ve- YS Awe weil ee p= ka 1 Xe Ark . > EXAMPLE 6.1. Gauss elimination and bac aubatieutlon: direct solution to linear | sinbrek equator po salve —_| RIG sing Gouss elimination and back substitution. SOLUTION Since N=? for this example, there ie (W — } nation step. Multiplying te fst equation by Az/A = 2/10 and thea sub tmucting from the second, —| [sell] -iel| leat = a which has the form Ax = y!"), where AC) is upper triangular. Now, using F back substitution, (6.1.6 gives, for k= 2: _-—————————— P18 —} my tA _ $= 10229 _ oaans a veal Ex 6.2 ai (G2 Ltevative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Eguations: Jacob Gauss-Seidel : % Tacoli_methods Mie = Ager + Ajoxa bob AGRA ge solung toe iy 1 ee Tal Ant te + An eitit + Anette to Away] 1 ket x Bn ie [» — VAs — a = orn | Steps, we initial 1 ket * Dati App-Yano- Fans] k= 1,2,....N 8) Step when pb ll mali) | tolerance level % % 4 8 M wl oo tee 0 oa Co)Salving im matrix a x(i+ 1) =Mx(i) + Doy where M=D"@~A) and Au 0 0 + 0 0 An Os 0 D=/0 i 0 00 0 Anne EXAMPLE 63 _Jacobi method: iterative solution to near algebraic equations Solve Example 6.1 using the Jacobi method. Start with (0)= (0) = 0 and continue until (6.22) is satisied for e= 10-4 SOLUTION From (62.5) with NV =2, 1 gf - Se] 1 ali = goin —Aanti ha? (ir = zh ba Auld =38- 200) 3 ‘Alternatively, in matrix format using (62.6)~(62.8), the iterative solution i given in the following table: ascot te CEU HN aS AIS HS SE G7 Ho HE OI) [n(f 0 Dio 0.34 U0 GAAS CARESD 048683 O4STES D4BTED WASTED CA8TED ‘(0 03833 620000 25704 422222 2264 02246) 022818 022496 02280 (72500 As shown, the Jacobi metiod converges to the unique solution obtained. in Example 6.1. The convergence criterion is satis! atthe 10th iteration, since ju uly «eben ai 0) ARTA plese Sx lot ce . lxx(10} ~ x93] _ J0.22500 — 0.22502 =) ‘022502Gauss- Seidel_ method : vation in cl 1 ra ve(i+ = [» ~S7 Anexnli +1) — SA a ay a a x 8 x 3 x a) OO xy xe Co) Gp Ay Am Any. EXAMPLE 6.4 Gauss-Seidel method: iterative solution to linear algebraic equations ‘Rework Example 6.3 using the Gauss-Seidel method. [ SOLUTION From (62.9), et kal x(t) aml] = (6 Sal] k=? Lon Anil] =3B— Dai 1) Using this equation for x(/-+ 1), x2(/+ 1} cam also be waitten as ali+1) 3-I6- satol} Alternatively, in matsix format, using (6.2.10), (6.2.6), and (6.2.7) | EETI a+) oo aol 1) | tee ‘These two formulations are ideatical, Stating with xi(0) = x2(0) = 0, the | solution is given in the following table: GAUSS-SEIDEL | 0 2 a 4 5 ‘ ———} = 9 vaKND O50 oaNSE—oasT6s | aNTs2—_UAs0 Rj pawn ama azaeo —nanior zs 022500 For this example, Gauss-Seidel converges in 6 iterations, compared 10 10 iterations with Jacobi, . (6.3 Trevative Solutions # Non-finor Algeloverie Gguations: Newlon= Raphson: Alx) fix) = Aix) -y — fol} Mit 1) r+ IQ Compl poner: k=1,2,....N where Vp = Vee" Vin = Yin = Gy + JBin ® a Pe HQ = VE Yin Vue ote Paleo berm Rectangle parm x v } Pe =Vi ) YanVa 005(0i — 55 ~ Pin) —— Px = Va 7 Val Giz 008(3e —4,) + Bin sin(d — 4) (64.12) an 2 FalGue sib, —4,) — Buy cos(6y —8,)) | Q=VeYnVa ins 5p—Oy) KNW Qe =Ve (64.13)6.5 ower-Flow Solution by Gauss~Seiclel )) Lead 1p = Pea iQ Te Fiest 1_ [Px jQu . SO Vie Vi Vili + 1) Ta laRa SS Vice ror Yo vat] thon 1 | Pk = JQe a ~ | ween 3 [Reg tS§— Same — Se Forit| Se 2) Voltage Controlled Bus Qe = Veli) D> YinVn(W) site C@) — 8p) — on] Also, Qox Op + Ore 3) Swng Bu x Pe = Vi 32 Yn Vn 608105 8 ~ Bin) ome ie Qk = Ve D7 Yin Vn six 81 =O im) | ___ EXAMPLE 6.10 Pawenflow solution by Gauss-Seidel For the power system of Example 6.9, use Gauss-Seidel to caleulate V2(1), ‘the phasor voltage at bus 2 affer the first iteration, Use zero initial phase angles and 1.0 per-unit initial voltage magnitudes (except at bus 3, where ‘Vs = 1.05} to start the iteration procedure, SOLUTION. Bus 2 is a load bus. Using the input data and bus admittance values from Example 6.9 in (6.5.2), aa) 1_fP2=JQs 7 [Fa )+ YnHVO)+ Yoara(o) + ¥o515(0)} 8) 1 ~ eaZceres {Tite ~ [(=1.78952.4 19:83932)(1.0) + (=0.89276-+9.91964)(1.0) 8+ 2.8) — (2.67828 25 SB47/ = BAGO .96132/—16.543" per unit Next, the above value is used in (6.5.2) 10 recalculate ¥3(1) 19.7589) 1 +728 "a0 = apserrzzaaes { operas — [-2.67808 + p93%03)} 4.4698 — 24.5973 TESS. ‘Computations are next performed at buses 3, 4, and 5 to complete the frst ‘Gauss-Seidel iteration. 0:87460/—15.675° per unit6.6 PowerFlow Selution by Newton-Raphson: in redions & — §)_foy] PP] vi|ue 7 lel }—— in pa - Ww. — Pax) iy =|] _| 9 a] | aus) f Qyin) Ya = Pe = Pe(x) = Vi D> YienVy cos(6x — dy — kn) at 5 Yaw = Qe = Qe(3) = Vi Y>VinVy Sin(B — 5, ~ On} | mt N nek ~ The Jacobian matrix of (63.10) has the form = VikaVs tafe —5, On) f a Roo - a om | Ven csi 5: — Ox) r ay | We - = —VeVieeWn COs{S: — be — Pre) Py aPy Py = 26 _ wv, sinlds —5. — | a Fe Be Hg = 0 = VeVi sibs ~8s— Oe) - | 202 20 ¥ - a WN AV, 3 VaVe sink —8, fy) By ®Qy | 2Qy 20, = Veen 608 Bae + 97 Ven 085 — Be Oi) — | eo we | ae | 3 a oe ot Bou = BW vv cole —0u) ia 2 Oe vv int +S Ves 34a) We| STEP I Use (6.6.2) and (6.6.3) to compute wo-[0) SERA) | _ STEP 2 Use the equations in Table 6.5 to calculate the Jacobian mattis. STEP 3. Use Gauss elimination and back substitution to solve HO | 2@) [A009] _ [Pw (666) Ba | 4) [AVE AQC) STEP 4 Compute woo [S24] fA) 88] en For the voliage-camtyolled bust, its Vie is omiteal Pare x and Quis From Recd Ex 6. ll Solve Ex 6.12 Solve Ex 6.13