10/11/2022

Drug-Specific Approaches

• An early prevention effort.

Chapter 1
Putting Drugs in Perspective
• The assumption was that if young people were to receive credible
drug-specific information, they would then wisely decide not to use
drugs.
• Unfortunately, the reverse held true.
• Drug-specific approaches heightened curiosity and alleviated the
fears associated with drug use, resulting in increases of drug use by
young people.

1 4

Learning Objectives Myth of the Simple, Magical Solution

• List the many problems posed by alcohol.
• Identify the relationship of binge drinking to sexual assault and rape on
college campuses.
• List and explain the factors that influence alcohol/drug problems.
• Identify an example of each of the four major perspectives.
Suggests that adolescents and young adults can overcome alcohol/drug
abuse by "just saying no."
• Minimizes the obstacles to be overcome.
Simple solution is easily understood and immediately reduces anxiety,
shame, and emotional discomfort.
• Will not resolve the dangerous, multifaceted problems of substance
abuse and addiction.

2 5

Scare Tactics Supply Side Approach

• Politically biased approach that alienated young people.
• Assumed that if young people were frightened by adverse reactions to
drug use, they would be frightened to use the drug.
• Proved to be ineffective as much of the information was exaggerated,
overgeneralized, or sensationalized.
• Emphasizes the supply side of the drug problem and significantly
neglect the demand side.
• Does not address the reasons for the demand that perpetuated the
drug problem.

3 6

1
 10/11/2022

Potential Negative Consequences of College Student Drinking 1

Damage to self.
• Academic impairment.
Discussion Time
• Blackouts.
• Personal injuries and death.
• Short-term and longer term physical illnesses.

Make a list of problems related to binge drinking. • Unintended and unprotected sexual activity.

Which one is the worst and why? • Suicide.

• Sexual coercion/rape victimization.
• Impaired driving.
• Legal repercussions.
• Impaired athletic performance.

7 10

Figure 1.1: Current, Binge, and Heavy Alcohol Use among Potential Negative Consequences of College Student Drinking 2
Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Age: 2009

Damage to other people.

• Property damage and vandalism.
• Fights and interpersonal violence.
• Sexual violence.
• Hate-related incidents.
• Noise disturbances.

SOURCE: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2010.

Access the text alternative for slide

8 11

Figure 1.2: Problems Associated with Alcohol Use Potential Negative Consequences of College Student Drinking 3

Institutional costs.
• Property damage.
• Student attrition.
• Loss of perceived academic rigor.
• Poor "town-gown" relations.
• Added time demands and emotional strain on staff.
• Legal costs.

SOURCE: Office for Substance Abuse Prevention, modified. Data derived from the National Institute on Alcohol.
Abuse and Alcoholism, In Carroll, Charles R, Drugs in Modern Society. The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Access
the text alternative for slide

9 12

2
 10/11/2022

Sexual Assault and Rape

Alcohol-Related Injuries and
Deaths
• For young people under the age of 21, intentional deaths include many homicides and suicides that are
• At least half of the sexual assaults on college campuses involve alcohol related.
alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, the victim, or both (Abbey • Many deaths are not related to drinking and driving.
2002). • Approximately 55 percent of unintentional alcohol-related deaths of youths under the age of 21 were
traffic deaths, but a significant number were from other causes-- drowning, burns, and falls.
• Sexual assault is defined as any act that includes forced touching or
kissing, verbally coerced intercourse, or physically forced vaginal,
oral, or anal penetration.
• Rape is any behavior that involves some type of vaginal, oral, or anal
penetration due to force or threat of force, a lack of consent, or an
inability to give consent due to age, intoxication, or mental status
(Abbey 2002).

13 16

Drinking and Driving: Young Drivers Factors Contributing to the Alcohol/Drug Problem

Highest driver fatality rates where alcohol is involved are found among • Poverty.
the youngest drivers. • Breakdown of the neighborhood.
• Changes in the traditional nuclear and extended family system.
Factors that contribute to young drivers’ greater crash risk. • Limited support systems, stress, and trauma.
• Lack of driving experience.
• Overconfidence.
• Presence of other teenagers in the car.

14 17

Intimate Partner Violence (I P V) Socioeconomic Inequities

Alcohol consumption can result in: Have created bitterness, racial conflict, and a general rebelliousness and
hopelessness.
• Impaired judgment.
• Cognitive impairment. Some individuals give up, become alienated from society, and lack a
• Loosened inhibitions. personal commitment to strive in life.
• Numerous physical effects that can lead to violence. • Use alcohol/drugs to numb and shut down these feelings of
• Exacerbation of already dysfunctional marital or partner relationships. embitterment, anger, and pain.

15 18

3
 10/11/2022

Academic Failure in the U.S. Nicotine Vaping by High School Students

• Rates of academic failure and dropout are continually rising.
• Quest for knowledge and general personal and intellectual
improvement is not emphasized.
• Complacency in education affects standards in American business
and industry.
Nicotine vaping skyrocketed among students in 2018.
• Approximately 21 percent of high school seniors had vaped nicotine in
the previous 30 days, compared with 11 percent a year ago.
A major concern is the impact of nicotine vaping on the developing mind.
• Another concern is the lack of programs and protocols to withdraw
from nicotine addiction from vaping.

19 22

Reasons for the Failure of the Educational System Merging Issues and Trends, Medical Marijuana

• Poor administration. • Legalized by a number of states.

• Teacher burnout due to lack of support from the administration and • Approved for cancer, chronic pain, severe pain, epilepsy, and
lack of incentives. disorders characterized by muscle spasms and/or nausea.
• Lack of adequate funding. • Research on medical marijuana is limited.
• Bureaucratic system that promotes complacency.

20 23

Successful Reforms in the Educational System

• Site-based management.
• Parent involvement.
Discussion Time
• Shared decision-making.
• Accountability.
• Alternative schools.

Should medical marijuana be legal?

Should marijuana be legal?

21 24

4
 10/11/2022

Historical Association of Drugs with Minority Groups Medical-Health Perspective

Opium. • Held by physicians, nurses, and the medical and health treatment
• Chinese. fields.
• Alcohol and drug use is a public health problem.
Cocaine. • Treatment focuses on the physical damage related to alcohol/drug
• African Americans. use, abuse, and dependence.
• Assumes that health information influences attitudes and behaviors.
Alcohol.
• Urban Catholic immigrants.

Heroin.
• Urban immigrants and African Americans.

Marijuana and PCP.

• Latinos.

25 28

Major Perspectives on Alcohol/Drug Use Psychosocial Perspective

• Moral-legal. • Shared by a variety of agencies that specialize in addressing the

• Medical-health. demand side of alcohol/drugs.
• Psychosocial. • Attempts to prevent, intervene in, and treat alcohol/drug problems.
• Social-cultural.

26 29

Moral-Legal Perspective Social-Cultural Perspective

• Viewpoint of law enforcement and the criminal justice system. • Held by most social agencies and institutions.
• Focuses to keep specific drugs away from people and people away • Aims to adapt the environment to meet the individual’s needs.
from specific drugs. • Assumes that alcohol/drug use is due to the frustration and
• Ineffective as demand side is not addressed. hopelessness of people’s lives.

27 30

5
 10/11/2022

Perspective of Hope

• Millions of Americans are in recovery from alcoholism and drug

addiction.
• Adult children of alcoholics are overcoming the trauma of their
childhoods.
• Families are successfully developing more functional and healthy
systems for the next generation of youngsters.

31

Sample Questions in Your Perspective Questionnaire

• Before answering these questions, get into 4 groups and discuss the
questions on page 19 and 20.
• What is your perspective?
• Should drugs be legalized? Explain.
• Is alcoholism/drug addiction a defense for irresponsible or criminal
behavior? Explain.
• Is alcoholism/addiction a disease? Explain.
• How can alcohol and drug treatment be more effective?

32

Copyright ©2021 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

33