\§ 6.1. Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem or First Mean Value Theorem| Statement. Uf f(x) is a function of the variable x and (i) ffx) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] (i) flx) is differentiable in the open interval (a, B) ie, f'() exists ig the open interval (a, b), then there exists at least one point c in the open interval (a, b) such that iwaji 91; Bilaspur 938, 94; Jabalpur 90; Indore 91, 92, Ravishankar 91S, 94, 97; Bhopal 93, 96) Proof. Consider a function F(x) defined as follows : F(x) =flx) + Ax Al) where A is a constant to be determined such that F(a) = F(b) fla) + A.a=f(b)+A.b or -A ae (2) Now since fx) is continuous in the closed interval [a, b] and x is continuous in every interval. Hence F(x) is also continuous in fa, b]. Again f(x) is differentiable in the open interval (a, b) and x is differentiable in every interval. Hence F(x) is also differentiable in (a, b). Therefore, F(x) satisfy all conditions of Rolle’s theorem in the interval (a, b). Consequently, there exists at least one point ¢ in the open interval (a, b) such that F(c)=0. ~.Q) From (1), F)=f@+A s F()=f() +A wn(d) From (3) and (4), we have O=f(c)+A = ~A=f'0) =) Hence from (2) and (5), we get foe, Be) ‘Note. If b—a=h and 0R be a real-valued function, then the function f{x) is said to be monotonic increasing, if for x; , x,€ (a,b), 42>) =f) > flay) and is said to be monotonic decreasing, if for x,, x, € (a, b) 42> = fix) (c-ay""! (= by""! [c (m+n) = (mb + na) =0 mb +na ee > oo ie Jad (rca, c#b] Hence Lagranges theorem is satisfied for the given function in [a, b. Note. c= = a is an interval of Ja, b{ since ¢ divides internally Ja ,b[ in the ratio min. (ii) Here the function f{x) is continuous in the closed interval [- 1,1], but SG) =-1, when -1, 3} Example 5. Show that there exist a number c in (a, 6), such that fa) £0)| Ga |) £00} (a) (4) Oa) oc) under suitable conditions. | Sol, Let fx) and @(2) be two functions of the variable x such that they are continugu | and differentiable in (a,b), ie. their derivatives f(s) and (2) exist, then by mean nen theorem there definitely exists a value ‘c’ of x such that alue fb) fla) _ pee Al) = 010) _ 4, ond baa) 0) From (1), Sf) - fla) = (b- a) f(0) 8) From (2), 9) - $a) = (&- a) (0) 4) Multiplying equation (3) by 9(a), we have 9(@) flb) - 9(@) fl@) = (b - a) (a) f(c) Multiplying equation (4) by fla), we have Ala) $(b) - fla) 9(a) = (6 - a) fla) oc) (6) Subtract (5) from (6), we get Ka) (6) - O(a) Ab) = (b- a) [a) $0) - 4a) FO) The above result can be written in the determinant form as follows Aa) fb) Ra) ft) : ea) $0) COmZO) Example 6. Verify mean value theorem for (i) The function x in {-2, 2), (ii) the function log x in {1,e), (iii) the function x - 3x-1 in [- 11/7, 13/7), Sol. (i) Let f(x) =x, =(b-a) Ciwaji 1981) £@)=32 Now the mean value theorem will be verified if there exist a value ‘c’ of x in (-2,2) such that, b) — MD =L) 1 where a=-2, b=2 i P= 2p _ ie, oy or or a or size oeer easly FR b f mean value theorem is verified for the given function. ¢ lies in (- 2, 2). we 1 Ja fi) = 108%» * £0)=7 : ; the mean value theorem will be verified, if there exist a value ‘c’ of x in (1, e) Now tat 9-80-70) where a=1, b=e Clearly c=e~1 lies in (1, e). Hence the mean value theorem is verified for the given function, (ii) Let ffx) = 22- 3x - 1 a f'Q@)=2x-3 - oe 13 Now the Lagrange’s theorem will be verifield, if 3ce 07 | such that M13 au 13 7 4 Hence the Lagrange’s mean value theorem is verified for Sey ro ti i Vea ee Sor function 2 and x in {1 ly in Aix) and g(x) both i ie nge OO 3 #0 for every v 1, Ne have oy i Ly) lor te” \0 verify that there exists at Teast one value ‘c* of x in the open interval | B) = fla) _ Le) : | Nex, 80)~a(a) “ g(e) MME A=1, b=? (1) Ka) =f) = (12 = 1and (lb) =f2)= OF =4 SQ)= 2 f(o)=2e and ge) = 3x, * g((0) = 3c? Putting values in (1), we Bet ar 4-1_ 2c B-1 3c 3.2 or 773c 4 rent 9c=14 or c= 9° Clearly c= 4 ties in (1, 2) “ : Hence Caucky’s mean value theorem is verified. (a). For the following pair of functions find the value of “&° of the Cauchy's Exampli im value theorem in the interval (a,b)? fax) =e, O) =e* (Ravishankar 1994; Jabalpur 96; Sagar 99; Bhopal 2004) Solution. Here f(x) =e", (2) “ S@)=e, H@)=-e* Since f(x) and (x) both are continuous in the closed internal (a, 6] and differentiable in the open interval (a, b). Hence from the Cauchy's mean value theorem, we have fb)- fla) _ £8 oe e-e% é o()- (a) ’@) be 2 or aaa or or eaten or atb=2 or tte a,b). Example 8 (b). If in Cauchy's mean value theorem, we write > Hi) lx) = et and O(x) =e, then show that c, is the arithmetic mean (A.M.) of a and b or find the value of c. (Sagar 1999; Jabalpur 96; Ravishanker 94S) (ii) fx) = Ve and 9(x) = 1/Vx, then show that c, is geometric mean (G.M.) of a anid b. fil ‘flx) = 1/Pand (x)= 1/x, then show that c, is the harmonic mean (H.M.) of @ and b. Sol. By Cauchy's mean value theorem, we have fb) =f@) _ £0. A) jane (6) - 9a) o) O fare, SQ) =e and O(x) =e, e@)= Substituting these values in (1), we get | | iry Jue Theorem and their Geometrical interpretations 191 val cis AM. of a and b. a A=Ve=x!?, SW= Ox) = rsx, owy=-fx2 Substituting these values in equation (1), we have 1 preg 3 1 1 ap) yia_ gin’ ~-(Satr] =a] * (0'2— a2) Wap) =c(b'2-al%) op c=V(ab). Hence c, is G.M. of a and b. ii) fe) = V2 = x2, : Sa) =- 2x3 4) “ % : Substituting these value in equ. (1), we get (It?) ~ (17a?) _ 203 a+b Nei HM, of a and b, le 9 (a), For 00. OTe (Rewa 1997; Vikram 90; Sagar 94) (a) If x=0 then = 1 and the result will hold for equality. ‘x70. By mean value theorem for f(x) =e in [0, x) we have (pf) is continuous in (0, x} {i fo) is differentiable in (0,2), rerefore 3 € (0, x) such that sol ee <= 6, O x Lltx0. "er 0) is differentiable and so 1 . x Weal a Taw O@)>0..¥ x>0 (2) is strictly increasing ¥ x>0 94) > 900) V x>0 9@)>0 Ly 9(0)=0-tan!0=0 J wl) Vo x>0 uuu %a tan“ x>0 => tanec x. (3) and (4) i f0) where x>6 0 log ara-(e-Gpe or aS clog (+9) Vv x0 Again, et 90)=2- Fe yp ~ OBC +2) _1 (@+y%e-#.1 1 then @()=1-5. SS or 2(1 +x? Srres tas Vv x>0 Hence (x) is a monotonic increasing function. Therefore, 6(x) > (0) where x>0 x or TG gp Mell +4)>0 or log +9 (AO) =0) (0), 2Qetx2 1 _2(142e43)= 2-7-2 (14x) b> 40 =0) | | (Ravishankar 19935) wl) 2) ation (1) and QI367-106 +7=0 2 2 36?- 38-7847 2 36 (6-1) -7(E-1 2 -1) GE-7)=0 ¢ 2 ‘This is the required value of Example 13. (b) Find the point in the’ closed. interval (0, 1] where the» function fs) =x(¢~ 1) (~ 2) satisfies Lagrange’s mean value theorem. [Vikram 1996] Sol. Proceed as exp, 10 above. Here §=1-(IN3)e (0,1). example 13. (0) Find ‘c’ of first mean value theorem, if = Sls) = («= 1) (2) (= 3) and a=0,b=4 Sol. fx) = 1) @-2)(e-3) = 8-62 + 1e-6 * fla) =f0)=0-0+6-6=-6, [Putting a=0 ] and Alb) =fl4) = (4 - 64 P + 14) - 6 = 6 [Putting b=4 | Now £@ mae sas . t( = 1e+# 1. _.. From Lagrange’s mean. value theorem i" fof =f(o, where a} | find the value of ¢ such that which «=0 and Example 13. (d) If Ax) =(x- 1) (x- 3) @ 5), @=6, SO has the same value as the slope of the chord joining the points jor x4, Sol. fla) = f(0) =- 15 , lb) = (4) = Also fix) =(x- 1) (x 3) (&- 5) =x -9x +23x-15 F(x) = 3x? - 18x 4 23 Sc) = 3c? -180 +23 By mean value theorem 1oADA®, acceb=> 3c? - 18c + 23 =(- 3 + 15)/(4 - 0) = 32 18c +20=0 c= (9+ V(21)}/3. € (0,4). Example 14. Verify first mean value theorem for the following function : fa) =P -3r-x43 . (Bhopal 1994) Sol. Here fix) =0 = B-P=x43 > #2 (x-3)-1(x-3)=0 = => Here we discuss on the interval [a, b], where a= 1, b=3. Cleazly. fl)=0. and f(3) =0. Also, f (6) =3x2- 6-1. . Hence by first mean value theorem (Lagrange’s theorem 1). oe =f(©), while 1<&<3 = a =382- 68-1 = 38-6§-1=0 = go StMon 2 425, 2N3 Clearly, &=1+|~e (1,3). Hence first mean value theorem is verified for the given function on the interval [1,3]. Similarly on the intervals {- 1, 1] and [- 1,3] there exists it least one ‘6’ for the given function such that & € (a, 6), where (a, b] is the interval to be choosen.