Adie me Mitel eg Up to the middle of 19 century, it was thought Pir tele ET EY invisible, weightless substance called Or Leta La is burned, it is hot because it produces large quantities of caloric fluid which is transferred to other substance close by. The burned wood, having lost its caloric fluid, is said to have cooled off.The theory of Caloric Fluid was disproved around 1800 Li (Onis OnE VtT Thompson Rumford, an Vou COO MeN o Count Benjamin Thompson Rumford concluded _ that heat was produced from friction alone.ECD Nae Lae Ceo aE OTN physicist, James Prescott Joule proved that a measurable amount of mechanical energy could always be transformed into definite amounts of heat. He concluded that heat must be just another Os mooN AaSources of Heat Natural Sources 1. The Sun When the sun’s energy reaches the earth, 30% of its is immediately reflected back out into space. Reflected 30 Only 70% remains to interact azine vats earth, and warm it up. Of the 70%, 20% is energy to heat both the surface of the earth, as well as the ocean.It is the sun’s heat oe aM coy plants and animals to provide themselves SU eae These plants provide PUB MrT Tr] Om SMe mm TR and animals to provide themselves Uo eA a Cool Air Evaporation Much of the heat on earth may be traced back to the SePAM Wee u Cl) mH MI Ce Ov uni A great amount of heat Piet w ite ie (oem iis rocks and lava flow from craters and crevices of erupting volcanoes. The hot spring in Tiwi, Albay, Los Banos, Laguna and in Tayabas Quezon are proofs that the earth’s interior is much hotter than its surface.Quan i(Url ENN neery SPO To rite we Cus lei When fuels like coal, kerosene, wood, and gasoline are iwc CAM em CPM iCOe) tec) mC The oxygen we breathe in tigi the cine | Ma (Lamm KIC LICG TMT COIed Mm ALOE Rg heat to keep our body temperature close to 37° C.2. Mechanical Action Heat energy produced by a friction.3. Electrical Energy Electricity is a very common source of heat at to Oven toaster and electric iron are heated by the resistance of the heating coils to the electricity passing through them.4. Nuclear Energy The tremendous amount of energy from nuclear Deane Mm toe POOP TIC Mm TLC) rede ee OMICS TT used to operate a turbine to generate (ora beta iagHow much have you learned? Heat is one of the topics in Thermodynamics. What is thermodynamics? Use kinetic molecular theory as a basis to explain Oval Ce Kielce Solar energy is used by plants to manufacture their own food. Give two other examples how solar energy is used. Make a short description of the following kinds of thermometer: . liquid-in-glass thermometer AVEO ne tem toen tong . Thermocouple . Optical ME Him iis eye Soe STemperature Scale The most common thermometer used in the laboratory is the Mercury Thermometer. capillary tube graduation mercury in bore of tub:Colored alcohol is another liquid commonly used in thermometer.Celsius Scale Commonly known as Centigrade Scale This scale was devised in 1741. by a _ Swedish PYSa uit Pion Celsius, based on _ the properties of water.On the Celsius scale, the freezing point of water is fixed at 0 degree Celsius (0° C) SU OOM eMC normal atmospheric pressure, 760 mm Hg (at sea level), is 100 degrees Celsius (100° C). The normal temperature of the human body is 37° CFahrenheit Scale The Fahrenheit scale was devised by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, A German physicist. ¥ A Unites States of America and England use the Fahrenheit scale for weather observation and other purposes.On Fahrenheit scale, 32° F is the freezing point of water and 212° F is the boiling point.Kelvin Scale or Absolute Zero ET ee William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) who Ose tsThis temperature scale is often used when gases are involved. Its zero point (0 K) corresponds to -273° C and is referred to as Absolute Zero or the temperature at which the molecular energy of matter is minimal. On the Kelvin scale, the freezing point of water is 273 K and _ the boiling point of water is 373 K.Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Celsius . 2 2 Boiling Point of Water Highest Temp. ever recorded in US Kelvin 373.15 KTo convert temperature readings from one scale to another, the equation below are used: Conversion Formulae Celsius to Fahrenheit (F]= [°C] x 4 +32 Fahrenheit to Celsius [°C] = ((°F]- 32)x% Celsius to Kelvin [K] = [°C] +273 Kelvin to Celsius [°C] = [K] - 273Converting Units of Temperature °Cto°F °F = (9/5)(°C) + 32 38.7 °C oF oF = (1.8)(°C) + 32 SCR mews Easy) ON aS) 101.7°F to °C °C - 5/9 (°F - 82) 101.7°9F —— °C oC = 5/9 (°F - 32) =.555 (101.7 - 32) = (.555) (69.7) al: 0°C to K K = 273+ °C 38.7°C ——K K = 273 +°C eimai = 311.7Convert the following 1) 37°C to °F 2) 350°F to °C 3) 100°C to K 4) 95°C to °F 5) 130°F to K 6) 39°C to °F 7) -160°F to °C 8) 80.0°F to °C 9) 27°C to K 10) 120°C to °F NR Aoe = 2) 176.7°C 3) 373 K PE = Eye a ya = 7) -107°C PETG 9) 300 K 10) 248 °FHow Heat is Measured? Thermometer only gives us an idea of the total potential energy and kinetic energy of the molecules in an object. COBO MO ee TM Cello) (cee absorbs or gives off. Beem CeO KSM UMUC Mmiltecas hme Kaa) the amount of heat energy that a body gives off or absorbs TREN mA CON Ie by a piece of charcoal or a certain kind of gas, then you have to determine the change in temperature it produces on a definite volume of water.Units of Heat Common units used for measuring heat energy: a. Calorie (cal) b. kilocalorie (kcal) c. joule (J) The SI unit for heat, as for any other form of energy is the Joule (1 N.m = 1 joule) Today, the calorie is defined in terms of the joule: that is 1 cal = 4.184 J. This is the mechanical equivalent of heat BCE Re eyEffects of Heat SPECT oe IMAM eral eo Cre Uy temperature rises. 2. Solid usually melt or change to the liquid Nets ela3. Liquid may absorb enough energy when heated to change to vapor state.CRON RN (eRe m simi T Expanded mercury rises6. Heat causes many changes in _ bodily functions of living organisms Enzymes are protein-like substances formed in human cells that act as catalysts in initiating or speeding up specific chemical reactions. DOG ERO Pra Cou Kemi) mE mr CO a COICO) (CI two or more molecules close enough together so they can react chemically. If the temperature is increased, then the speed of moving molecules is also increased. OMS oem Cen me) eT) cause the enzymes to lose its shape. It can no longer perform its vital function.Enzyme Substrate (sucrase) (sucrose) Active site @ Enzyme and substrate are available © Products are released © Substrate is converted to products © Substrate binds to enzymea Ee ee cero tito If we twist them apart, one or both mou Bue NM ere What is the safest way to separate the two glasses that stick together? One way is to pour some cold water into the inner glass and dip the OU ECB IME Within a short while, the two glasses can easily be UIC Why? Generally most substances expands when SEU RCO er emo e teA change in temperature produces PURO Nitome TM Correa mete Cont ameT | BITC Experimental results have shown that change in length is directly proportional to change’ in temperature and to the original length of the object. Different solids of the same length differ in their expansion for the same change in temperature. Linear Expansion [>SCLC Cote Oren Oly volume while the effect of cooling is a decrease in their aU UoExpansion of Gases Why do _ gases expand at a greater rate than solids and liquids?Change of Phase Whenever the temperature of a substance Oo MOR CMTE COMI TIV TOR B TMU TET TCome TMB Ly PICU (cane Mao If the change in molecular structure is such that it CUCU CAME STL Ca is undergoing a Change of Phase.= 3 a | |e getting getting hotter liquid colder melting | freezingsre beiiioe Heat may be transferred in three ways: a. Conduction b. Convection c. Radiationa. Conduction Transmission of heat from particle to particle COUN MCE em eh come cao only when one part of the object has a higher temperature than another part. The part with a_ higher temperature will transfer its heat energy to that part with a lower temperature.www gcseSolid are the best conductors of heat. Among solids, metal conduct heat Pita ronla But metals’ differ in their conductivity. Silver is very good conductor of heat IP KN Term OUI hagb. Convection OU oe Am CC eC Nm Om TCU MO) gaseous molecules in circling currents. en ot the substance teat Du ls [eee