18 Heat and the First Law of

Thermodynamics
• Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
• Change of Phase and Latent Heat
• Joule’s Experiment and the First Law of
Thermodynamics
• The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
• Work and the PV Diagram for a Gas
• Hk: 31, 37, 47, 51.
 Heat & Internal Energy
• heat is energy that flows due to
temperature differences.
SI Unit: joule
• internal energy is the total energy of an
object in its center of mass reference
frame
 Specific Heat Capacity
• The amount of heat needed to raise 1kg
by 1°C
• c = Q/mDT SI Unit: J/kg·°C
• m = mass receiving (or emitting) heat
• DT = temperature change
• Q = mcDT
• /
 Example: Calorimetry

Example: 300J of heat are added to 100grams of a

substance. The temperature rises by 2.20 degrees C.

The specific heat of the substance is:

Q 300 J
c= = = 1364 J / kg  C
mDT (0.1kg)( 2.20C )
Other Heat & Energy Units:

1cal = 4.184J

1kcal = 4184J = 1Cal

1Btu = 778 ft  lb = 252cal = 1054 J

1L  atm = 101.3J = 24.22cal

 Example Conversion
A Gas Range is quoted (incorrectly) as “12,000
Btu”. The equivalent power for an Electric Range in
watts is:

12,000 Btu h 1054 J

= 3500W
h 3500 s Btu
 Solid/Liquid Transformation
• Melting • Freezing
• Heat in • Heat out
• KE breaks bonds • Molecules lose KE
• Molecules move • Settle in one place
• Liquid forms • Solid forms
 Energy in Phase Change
• Energy added:
• solid → liquid → gas

• energy released:
• gas → liquid → solid

8
 Liquid/Gas Transformations
• Evaporation • Boiling
• Highest KE molecules • Highest KE molecules
escape liquid from form gas bubbles
surface throughout
• Evaporative cooling, • Hot gas bubbles rise
e.g. sweat evaporates and escape at surface
cooling your body • Liquid has passed
heat out, e.g.
simmering at constant
temperature
 Latent Heat
• Energy needed to melt or vaporize 1kg
of a substance.
• Latent Heat, L = Q/m.
• Q = mL.
• Example: 2.5kg of ice at 0.0°C melts
into 2.5kg of water at 0.0°C.

Q = mL f = (2.5kg)(333.5kJ / kg)
= 830kJ
Joule’s Experiment confirmed the
mechanical equivalent of heat.
1st Law Thermodynamics

compare to : Wext = DEsys

heat is a new feature but Esys  Eint
 18-4 Internal Energy of Ideal Gas
• E-internal is proportional to the absolute
temperature
• internal energy is in the kinetic energy of
the molecules of the gas
• /
 Work and the PV Diagram

Vf
Wongas = − PdV
Vi

Gas must be compressed (negative dV) in

order for positive work to be done on it.
 Gas Processes
• Isobaric = constant pressure
• Isometric (Isochoric) = constant volume
• Isothermal = constant temperature
• Ex.
 Summary:
• specific heat is material dependent.
• latent heats; objects change phase at
constant temperature.
• calorimetry: science of heat
measurements
• 1st law of thermo. is energy conservation
• mechanical equivalent of heat
• Pressure x volume = work
Example: Human vs. Gasoline Engine

Lance Armstrong: 460W V8: 200hp

Power Ratio = 200hp/(460/746)hp = 332 times more

Energy Consumption (6h = 21,600s):

Lance: (460W)(21,600) = 9.9 MJ = 2370 Cal

V8: (332 times more) = 3.3 GJ = 788,000 Cal

 Which of the following is a unit of
heat?

1. N/m
2. N/m2
3. N·s
4. N·m

0% 0% 0% 0%

1 2 3 4
Heat is added to a system and the
change in internal energy of the system is
1/3 of the heat added. Which of the
following is true?
1. Work on system is +
2. Work on system is –
3. Work on system is 0

0% 0% 0%

1 2 3
 When not colliding, molecules of an ideal gas

1. Attract
2. Repel
3. Neither attract or repel

0% 0% 0%

1 2 3
 Molecules in an ideal gas

1. Never collide
2. Sometimes collide

0% 0%

1 2
 18-5
Work and PV Diagrams
 Work and PV
• [PV] = (N/m2)(m3)= joule = energy
• Work done by an expanding gas:
Vf
Wby =  PdV
Vi

• Work done by gas during isothermal

expansion:
Vf
Wby,isothermal = nRT ln
Vi
Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
• is proportional to temperature of gas
• internal energy is in the kinetic energy of
molecules of the gas