Information Communication Technology

INTRODUCTION TO ICT
Assignment : 1

Submitted To:
Hufsa Mohsin
Submitted By:
Hassan Fareed Bhatti
Reg No :
FA21-BEC-028
Section:
1B

Q) Explore atleast two latest Artificial Intelligence based ( or any other recent technology)
device/software from economics domain.

Your assignment must contain (but not limited to) the following content
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 Introduction
 Structure
 Working
 Technology
 Type of system (embedded, network etc)
 Connection and Configuration
 Benefits and drawbacks
 Pictures to describe different parts

Artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulations of human intelligence

processes by machines, especially computer systems. The goal of AI is
to create system that can function intelligently and independently.
Specific applications of AI include expert system, natural language
processing, speech recognition and machine vision.

1: Electronic voting system:

Must produce a permanent paper record. E-voting is an election system

that allows voters to record a secret ballot and have it tabulated
electronically. Votes are stored so they can be re-counted should the
need arise. E-voting systems can speed up election results and lower the
cost of conducting an election by significantly reducing the number of
people required to operate a polling place and tabulate results. A primary
concern with e-voting, however, is how to store votes so they can be
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recounted if required. Electronic voting was first introduced in

the United States during the 1960s when mechanical voting machines
were first used and punch cards were the storage medium for votes.
Since the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) of 2002, however, lever
voting machines have largely been replaced by optical scan systems and
al voting systems.

Structure:

A high-quality online voting system or online election system will offer

these core capabilities:

Create what is to be voted on. Build ballots that let your group vote on
things or elect people. Upload your list of voters. The individuals in your
group who are eligible to vote on ballots need to be uploaded into the
voting system. Often, you’ll have the option of grouping these
individuals into different segments (e.g. region, department).Notify and
follow up with your voters. You’ll need to let your voters know about
upcoming votes and elections. And you’ll probably want to remind those
that haven’t voted. Gather and report on your results. After you vote,
you’ll want to determine who or what won out over others. This may be
an internal review or you may want to immediately share the results with
your group.

Technology:
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Information Communication Technology

We design a blockchain-based scheme for secure e-voting.

First, a synchronized model of voting records based on DLT is designed
to avoid forgery of votes. Second, a user credential model based on ECC
is designed to provide authentication and non-repudiation. Third, a
withdrawal model is designed that allows voters to change their vote
before a preset deadline. We introduce the block definition, user
credential based on ECC, computing the hash value based on SHA-256
and mining and generation of voting blocks in the following. The
blockchain for e-voting is designed based on DLT. It is a list of blocks,
which is depicted in. It can be observed from that the blockchain for e-
voting is represented as a series of voting blocks chained to each other in
a sequential manner. The first block is called genesis block.

Type of system used in Electronic voting system:

Introducing new ICT systems in elections is always challenging, and

requires careful deliberation and planning. Electronic voting (e-
voting) is arguably the most difficult upgrade, as this technology
involves the core of the entire electoral process: the casting and
counting of votes

 voter identification and authentication

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 voting and recording of votes cast

 vote counting

 publication of election results

Technology for voter identification and authentication: Voter

identification is required during two phases of the electoral process:
first for voter registration in order to establish the right to vote and
afterwards, at voting time, to allow a citizen to exercise their right to
vote by verifying if the person satisfies all the requirements needed to
vote (authentication).

Smart cards: Smart card technology permits the storage of digital

information that can be updated and accessed with an inexpensive
reading device that may or may not be linked to a computer network.
The smart card, itself, is a plastic card that resembles a credit card and
contains a small chip, which includes memory and sometimes a
microprocessor.

Data Base Management Systems: This technology enables the recording,

storage and management of required voter data.
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Information Communication Technology

Finger printing recognition: While this technology is not new,

the electronic methods of recording and recognizing an individual finger
print advanced substantially during the last decade of the 20th century.
Today, identification can be achieved in a few seconds with reasonable
accuracy.

Connection And Configuration:

ADVANTAGES:

One advantage of transferring ballots is that it enables the votes of

several candidates to accumulate, so that diverse but related interests can
be combined to win representation. AV also enables supporters of
candidates who have little hope of being elected to influence, via their
second and later preferences, the election of a major candidate. For this

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Comsats University, Islamabad
Information Communication Technology

reason, it is sometimes argued that AV is the best system for

promoting centrist politics, as it can compel candidates to seek not only
the votes of their own supporters but also the ‘second preferences’ of
others.The experience of AV in Papua New Guinea and in Australia
suggests that it can provide significant incentives for accommodator and
cooperative politics. In recent years, AV, or its variant the
Supplementary Vote, has also been adopted for presidential and mayoral
elections in Bosnia, London, and San Francisco.

DISADVANTAGES:

Nevertheless, AV also has a number of disadvantages. First, it requires a

reasonable degree of literacy and numeracy to be used effectively, and
because it operates in single-member districts it can often produce
results that are disproportional when compared to PR systems—or even
in some cases compared with FPTP.Also, the potential of AV for
promoting centrist outcomes is very dependent on underlying social and
demographic conditions: while it successfully promoted interethnic
accommodation in Papua New Guinea during the 1960s and 1970s, it
has been criticized in another Pacific country, Fiji, since it was
implemented there in 1997. Moreover, as its use in the Australian Senate
from 1919 to 1946 noted, AV does not work well when applied to larger,
multi-member districts.

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Pictures to describe different parts in Electronic voting

system:

2: Software from economics domain:

Software MATLAB

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Information Communication Technology

 INTRODUCTION:
The MATLAB programming language is less complex than most
programming languages and simpler to learn. It is known as a High
level language because it is nearer to the human language than the
PC or machine language.
It incorporates mechanical designing, electronic designing, and
software engineering to innovate robots or human-like machines.
Rumored mechanical technology analysts and specialists use
MATLAB to plan and tune calculations, true model frameworks,
and produce code effectively all from one software
environment.MATLAB is used by many Economics educators to
teach computation due to its built-in capabilities for working with
time series data, performing fast numerical computations, and
visualizing results of analyses..
Structure: Structure in MATLAB defied is A Structure is a
named collection of data representing a single idea or \"object\".
For anything in a computer more complicated than a list of
numbers, structures can be used.

The MATLAB working environment:

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB
user or programmer. It includes facilities for managing the variables in
your workspace and importing and exporting data. It also includes tools

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for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files,

MATLAB's applications.

Technology:

MATLAB is a high-performance language for specialized figuring. It

integrates calculation, visualization, and programming in a simple to
easy-to-use environment where issues and solutions are communicated
in expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include: ..
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

 Tool used in MATLAB:

Econometrics Toolbox™ gives capacities to displaying and
dissecting time series information. ... You can gauge, recreate, and
estimate financial frameworks utilizing an assortment of models,
including relapse, ARIMA, state-space, GARCH, multivariate
VAR and VEC, and exchanging models addressing dynamic
changes in information. I see MATLAB not only as a tool for
doing economics/econometrics but as an aid to learning
economics/econometrics and understanding the use of linear
algebra there

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 Advantage of MATLAB:

The program can be used as a scratchpad to evaluate expressions typed

at the command line, or it can be used to execute large prewritten
programsMATLAB contains a tool that allows a programmer to
interactively design a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for his program.
MATLAB's adaptability and platform independence are produced by
compiling MATLAB applications into a machine-independent p-code
and then interpreting the p-code instruction at runtime. 

Disadvantage of MATLAB:

The main burden is that it is a deciphered language and, hence, may

execute more leisurely than incorporated language. This issue can be
check by appropriately organizing the MATLAB programA full
duplicate of MATLAB is five to multiple times more exorbitant than a
regular C or FORTRAN compiler. This similarly significant expense is
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Information Communication Technology

more than counterbalanced by the diminished time essential for

a specialist or researcher to make a functioning system, so MATLAB is
financially savvy for organizations.

Department of Economics
Comsats University, Islamabad