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EFFECT OF OXIDIZER PARTICLE SIZE

ON SOLID-PROPELLANT
COMBUSTION STABILITY

by Gerdd Morretl a n d Murray L . Pinns

Lewis Resemch Center
Clevehnd, Ohio

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS A N D SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. APRIL 1965

 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

0079723

E F F E C T OF OXIDIZER PARTICLE SIZE ON SOLID-

PROPELLANT COMBUSTION STABILITY

By Gerald Morrell and Murray L. Pinns

Lewis Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information
Springfield, Virginia 22151- Price $1.00
 EFFECT OF OXIDIZER PARTICLE SIZF: ON SOLID-

PROPELLANT COMBUSTION STABILITY

by Gerald Morrell and Murray L. Pinns

Lewis Research Center

SUMMARY

Amplitudes of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l mode of o s c i l l a t i o n were measured i n s i d e -

vented c y l i n d r i c a l combustors loaded with a composite s o l i d p r o p e l l a n t . The
binder c o n s i s t e d of a butadiene - carboxylic a c i d copolymor cross-linked w i t h an
epoxy r e s i n , and t h e oxidizer w a s ammonium p e r c h l o r a t e . Mean o x i d i z e r p a r t i c l e
s i z e w a s v a r i e d by changing t h e proportions of unground and ground p e r c h l o r a t e
while keeping t h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y constant a t 8 1 percent by weight.

The experimental r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e a sharp r i s e i n o s c i l l a t i o n amplitude

a t a well-defined mean oxidizer p a r t i c l e s i z e : 40 t o 45 percent ground per-
c h l o r a t e i n a 6-inch-long combustor; 20 t o 25 percent ground p e r c h l o r a t e i n a
12-inch-long combustor. A s i m i l a r i t y parameter c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s that
burning v e l o c i t y i s determined by t h e rate of t u r b u l e n t mixing i s shown t o be
i n reasonable agreement with t h e observed behavior.

A few experiments conducted with aluminized propellant i n d i c a t e , t h a t t h e

suppression e f f e c t a s s o c i a t e d with t h e aluminum a d d i t i o n is probably due t o
energy absorption a t or near t h e surface.

INTRODUCTION

I n recent years a number of t h e o r i e s have been advanced t o d e s c r i b e t h e

conditions under which a gaseous- or l i q u i d - p r o p e l l a n t rocket combustor w i l l
operate i n a resonance mode ( r e f s . 1 t o 4 ) . Very generally, t h e s e t h e o r i e s a l l
i n d i c a t e that a decrease i n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c time of t h e combustion process
with respect t o t h e wave t i m e t e n d s t o d e s t a b i l i z e t h e system; t h a t is, an i n -
crease i n t h e l o c a l burning rate has a d e s t a b i l i z i n g influence, o t h e r f a c t o r s
being constant. If t h e s e t h e o r i e s a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o s o l i d - p r o p e l l a n t systems,
decreasing t h e o x i d i z e r p a r t i c l e s i z e should have a d e s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t . The
experiments r e p o r t e d i n reference 5 show i n a q u a l i t a t i v e manner t h a t such an
e f f e c t does e x i s t . I n a d d i t i o n , Horton and coworkers (refs. 6 and 7 ) have
measured combustion i n s t a b i l i t y ( u s i n g a c o u s t i c admittance as a parameter) as a
f u n c t i o n of o s c i l l a t i o n frequency f o r three d i f f e r e n t o x i d i z e r s i z e d i s t r i b u -
t i o n s . Their r e s u l t s q u a l i t a t i v e l y confirm t h e observations of r e f e r e n c e 5.
 An a l t e r n a t i v e approach developed by McClure and coworkers for s o l i d -
p r o p e l l a n t combustion ( r e f s . 8 and 9 ) i s based on a c o u s t i c theory and t r e a t s
t h e combustion zone as a boundary condition. I n t h i s case, t h e s t a b i l i t y of
t h e system i s determined by t h e s i g n and t h e magnitude of t h e a c o u s t i c admit-
t a n c e at t h e boundary. I n r e f e r e n c e 10 t h e e f f e c t of o x i d i z e r p a r t i c l e s i z e on
t h e a c o u s t i c admittance has been c a l c u l a t e d by an extension of McClure's
theory. It i s found t h a t a decrease i n o x i d i z e r p a r t i c l e s i z e should have a
st ab i l i z ing e f f e c t.
The experiment described h e r e i n was undertaken t o t e s t t h e s e two opposed
p r e d i c t i o n s . Hollow c y l i n d r i c a l g r a i n s of composite p r o p e l l a n t were burned i n
side-vented combustors of t h e design used by P r i c e ( r e f . 11). Oxidizer p a r t i c l e
s i z e was v a r i e d by changing t h e proportion of ground and unground p e r c h l o r a t e .
A f e w t e s t s were a l s o conducted with aluminized p r o p e l l a n t t o determine if t h e
presence of aluminum would l e a d t o g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t behavior.

A n a n a l y s i s is presented that i s based on t h e assumption that t h e r a t e of

combustion of t h e composite p r o p e l l a n t can be represented by t h e r a t e of turbu-
l e n t mixing from a g r i d of point sources.

SYMBOLS

constants i n burning-rate equation

v e l o c i t y of sound

o x i d i z e r average p a r t i c l e diameter

o x i d i z e r average p a r t i c l e diameter of ground f r a c t i o n

o x i d i z e r average p a r t i c l e diameter of unground f r a c t i o n

conversion constant

combustor l e n g t h

molecular weight of combust ion gas

mean combustion p r e s s u r e

gas constant

l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n r a t e of p r o p e l l a n t

source spacing

temperature

turbulence i n t e n s i t y

mixing time
tW period of o s c i l l a t i o n

X mixing l e n g t h

a mixing parameter, $5
S

Y s p e c i f ic-heat r a t i o

P gas d e n s i t y

PS propellant dens it y

TJ volume f r a c t i o n of o x i d i z e r i n propellant

4J weight r a t i o of ground t o unground o x i d i z e r

Subscript s :

6 6-in. combustor

12 12-in. combustor

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The combustor configuration, shown i n f i g u r e 1, i s very similar t o that

described i n reference 11. Cylinder lengths of 6 and 1 2 inches were used with

Burst disk-
.____

-Plastic washer

6 or '12 +n-i. CD-7792

I

Figure 1. - Cross-sectional view of side-vented combustor.

a propellant charge having an i n s i d e diameter of 0.5 inch and an o u t s i d e diam-

eter of 1.0 inch, which was contained i n a paper-base phenolic t u b e having a

3
1-inch i n s i d e diameter, a 1.0965f0.0005-inch o u t s i d e diameter, and a 5.875-inch
length. The 12-inch combustor was loaded with two such charges.

The strain-gage p r e s s u r e transducer had a f l a t response t o 10 kilocycles.

Its output was recorded on magnetic t a p e a t a speed of 60 inches p e r second.
The p r e s s u r e d a t a were analyzed by playing t h e t a p e back at 15 inches p e r
second and recording on a galvanometer. The mean pressure was derived by play-
ing t h e t a p e back through a 40-cycle response element, and t h e o s c i l l a t i o n
frequency and t h e amplitude were derived by playing t h e t a p e back through a
2000-cycle response element.

The propellant binder w a s a butadiene -

carboxylic a c i d copolymer cross-
linked with an epoxy r e s i n . The ammonium perchlorate, which contained no
anticaking agent, w a s s t o r e d , ground, and weighed a t approximately 20-percent
r e l a t i v e humidity. P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e shown i n f i g u r e 2 f o r t h e
ground and t h e unground p e r c h l o r a t e and for t h e aluminum powder used i n t h e
several formulations. Average p a r t i c l e diameters were 9.1, 67.7, and 6.7
microns f o r t h e ground perchlorate, t h e unground perchlorate, and t h e aluminum
powder, r e s p e c t i v e l y .

100

ao[- - --
---
Aluminum
Ground ammonium
powder

perchlorate
Unground ammonium
[- /
/
/
c /
5 perchlorate /

I
2 4 6 8 200
Diameter, p
Figure 2. - Particle size distributions of ammonium perchlorate and aluminum used i n
propellants.

The composition of t h e nonaluminized propellant was 18.8 percent binder,

0.2 percent magnesium oxide, and 81 percent ammonium perchlorate. The alum-
i n i z e d propellant consisted of 18.4 percent binder, 0.2 percent magnesium
oxide, 79.4 percent ammonium perchlorate, and 2.0 percent aluminum. The pro-
p o r t i o n s of ground and unground p e r c h l o r a t e were v a r i e d t o obtain a range of
average oxidizer p a r t i c l e s i z e s . I n a l l formulations t h e weight r a t i o of
p e r c h l o r a t e t o binder was held constant at 4.3.

The propellant i n g r e d i e n t s were combined i n a sigma-bladed m i x e r , t r a n s -

f e r r e d t o a deaerator, and then forced, while warm, f r o m t h e d e a e r a t o r i n t o t h e

4
phenolic t u b e s under vacuum. Each tube was held v e r t i c a l l y i n a support that
s e a l e d t h e bottom end and guided a 0.500-inch-diameter core rod down t h e a x i s
of t h e f i l l e d tube. Six assemblies were prepared a t a t i m e and cured f o r
1 6 hours a t 85OCZO C i n a forced-draft oven. A f t e r t h e core rods were p u l l e d
out, excess propellant was trimmed off, and t h e absence of s i g n i f i c a n t d e f e c t s
i n t h e g r a i n was a s c e r t a i n e d from X-ray photographs.

Ground
- oxidizer,
percent 0
'
30-/
- ---- Extrapolated A007
0

-
-
111
n
m

-I
a 1000

c
0
W
c
m
L

6 -lm
._
m
I I I I 1 I J
W
ul
(a) Nonaluminized propellants.

-1Mw) I I I I I I 1 2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Combustion pressure, Pa3, (Iblsq in. absIa3
(b) Propellants containing 2 percent aluminum.
Figure 3. - Burning rates of propellants (plotted according to ref. 11).

5
 The o u t s i d e diameter of each g r a i n was measured t o t h e n e a r e s t 0.001 inch
so t h a t t h e l a r g e r ones could l a t e r be i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e l a r g e r motors t o g i v e
a c o n s i s t e n t l y t i g h t f i t . Each g r a i n was wrapped i n a p l a s t i c bag and s t o r e d
at -109' F f o r at least 1 6 hours b e f o r e being loaded i n t o t h e motor case.

The c h i l l e d g r a i n s were coated on t h e o u t e r s u r f a c e w i t h s i l i c o n e grease

b e f o r e being rammed i n t o t h e s i m i l a r l y l u b r i c a t e d combustor cases. A f t e r warm-
ing t o room temperature, a 1/2-inch-diameter opening was cut r a d i a l l y through
t h e s i d e of t h e g r a i n a t t h e nozzle l o c a t i o n . P l a s t i c washers were a t t a c h e d
a t each end of t h e g r a i n t o prevent both s p a l l i n g and burning of t h e end sur-
f a c e s . Approximately 1 . 5 m i l l i l i t e r s of i g n i t i o n powder c o n s i s t i n g of equal
p a r t s of p o l y t e t r a f l u o r o e t h y l e n e and magnesium powder were d i s t r i b u t e d along
t h e l e n g t h of t h e charge. A 6-inch l e n g t h of nichrome w i r e ( 4 . 1 ohms/ft) was
embedded i n t h e i g n i t e r powder, and t h e l e a d s were brought out through t h e
nozzle. A 10-volt a l t e r n a t i n g - c u r r e n t input was s u f f i c i e n t t o ensure repro-
ducible ignitions.

Linear regression rates ( s t r a n d burning rates) f o r each composition were

measured i n a Crawford-tne bomb p r i o r t o t h e combustor t e s t s . The r a t e d a t a
w e r e c o r r e l a t e d by t h e method of Summerfield ( r e f . 1 2 ) . The f a i r e d l i n e s
based on a least squares f i t a r e shown i n f i g u r e 3. F r o m t h e r e g r e s s i o n r a t e s ,
t h e nozzle s i z e s were s e l e c t e d t o o b t a i n about t h e same average mean pressure
(1500 l b / s q in. a b s ) for each composition over t h e range where i n s t a b i l i t y
occurred. Actual values ranged from about 1300 to 1800 pounds per square inch
absolute.

It

i
1

Pressure

750 lblsq in.

Figure 4. - Typical pressure !race showing commencement of oscillatory combustion.

..... . . ... .- .....

 RESULTS

All t h e runs exhibited similar c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . After i g n i t i o n , t h e com-

bustion pressure increased almost l i n e a r l y with time, as expected from t h e
charge geometry. When t h e mean pressure reached a value i n t h e range 600 t o
1000 pounds per square inch, i n s t a b i l i t y s t a r t e d spontaneously and t h e ampli-
t u d e increased r a p i d l y . Simultaneously, t h e mean pressure increased t o a
higher l e v e l . Following t h i s t r a n s i e n t , t h e o s c i l l a t i o n amplitude reached a
steady value and t h e mean pressure resumed i t s r e g u l a r increase u n t i l combus-
t i o n was terminated by b u r s t i n g of t h e s a f e t y disk. A t y p i c a l pressure t r a c e
i s shown i n f i g u r e 4. I n t h i s reproduction, t h e o s c i l l o g r a p h paper speed was
reduced i n order t o keep t h e f i g u r e s i z e manageable. The i n d i v i d u a l cycles
a r e not evident.

The d a t a a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 5 and 6, where average peak-to-peak pressure

amplitude, normalized by t h e mean pressure over t h e range where o s c i l l a t i o n s
occurred, i s p l o t t e d as a function of weight percent of ground m a t e r i a l i n t h e

.
a
a
a
al
n
3
-
c
P

5
al
L
3
VI 0
h
b

Figure 5.
I
30 40 50 60 70
-
Ground material in oxidizer, percent
(a) 6-Inch combustor.
30 40

(b) 12-Inch combustor.

50

- Pressure oscillation amplitude i n combustor as function of ground material i n oxidizer.

o x i d i z e r . Each d a t a point r e p r e s e n t s an average value of amplitude derived

from s i x f i r i n g s . The observed o s c i l l a t i o n frequencies were 3600*200 cps i n
t h e 6-inch-long combustor and 1800+100 cps i n t h e 12-inch-long combustor.
These frequencies correspond t o t h e f i r s t l o n g i t u d i n a l mode of o s c i l l a t i o n .

I n both t h e 6- and 12-inch combustors, t h e o s c i l l a t i o n amplitude w a s

n e a r l y twofold g r e a t e r a t t h e h i g h e s t percent ground oxidizer than a t t h e low-
e s t percent ( f i g s . 5 ( a ) and ( b ) ) . This agrees q u a l i t a t i v e l y with t h e r e s u l t s

7
 2
a,-
percent INTRODUCTION.
FI

When t h e d a t a f o r t h e nonaluminized propellant a r e considered, t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e change i n amplitude occurs at a smaller percentage of ground o x i d i z e r
f o r an increased wave time suggests t h a t t h e onset of i n s t a b i l i t y may be asso-
c i a t e d with t h e attainment of a given r a t i o of combustion time t o wave time,
i n agreement with t h e t h e o r i e s of references 1 t o 4. If t h i s i s a c t u a l l y t h e
case, it i s an important f i n d i n g f o r it implies t h a t t h e s e t h e o r i e s have s u f -
f i c i e n t g e n e r a l i t y t o be applied t o both l i q u i d - and solid-propellant systems
when proper account i s taken of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n boundary conditions.

Following t h i s lead, it i s p o s s i b l e t o explain t h e observed behavior by

adopting a s i m p l i f i e d model of t u r b u l e n t mixing from a g r i d of point sources
( r e f . 13) t h a t has been checked experimentally f o r hydrogen-oxygen combustion
( r e f . 1 4 ) . Here it i s assumed t h a t t h e o x i d i z e r p a r t i c l e s can be considered

s t a n t f o r any given degree of mixing.

a. =ye),
t o have a uniform s i z e and spacing based on t h e mean diameter and t h e volumet-
r i c loading. The mixing parameter of r e f e r e n c e 13 i s which i s con-

For t h e mixing length, t h e following expression i s obtained on t h e b a s i s

of m a s s flow continuity:

For t h e spacing, t h e following expression ( r e f . 15) i s used:

8
 s = d[(G) 1/3 - 11
When equations (1)and ( 2 ) are used, t h e mixing parameter becomes:

a = - ’ 3
(3)
MPd [(-)”” - l
]

where t h e gas d e n s i t y has been evaluated by t h e i d e a l gas l a w .

For t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l mode of o s c i l l a t i o n , t h e wave time i s given by

= 2L - 2L
t,
C
iy (4)

A combination of equations ( 3 ) and (4) y i e l d s t h e r a t i o of mixing time t o wave

time:

If it i s assumed t,,at t h e r a t e of combustion i s l i m i t e d by ---e rat.e of turbu-

l e n t mixing, equation (5) becomes t h e c o r r e c t s i m i l a r i t y parameter f o r describ-
ing t h e onset of i n s t a b i l i t y .

Applying t h e burning-rate expression proposed i n r e f e r e n c e 1 2 y i e l d s

where a and b a r e functions of d. The value of d may be obtained by

computing t h e volume-to-surface r a t i o of t h e oxidizer. If it i s assumed that
t h e mixture c o n s i s t s of two f r a c t i o n s , each composed of s p h e r i c a l p a r t i c l e s
having t h e average diameter of t h a t f r a c t i o n , t h e expression f o r average
oxidizer p a r t i c l e s i z e is

I n f i g u r e 7, d i s p l o t t e d as a f u n c t i o n of t h e percent ground material i n t h e

oxidizer. For t h e nonaluminized p r o p e l l a n t s used i n t h i s study ( f i g . 3(a)),

a = 1264 - 144.8X104 d

b = 4. 13XL04 d - 8.135
9
where t h e numerical constants a r e based on values of P i n pounds per square
inch absolute, r i n inches per second, and d i n inches. S u b s t i t u t i o n of
t h e s e values i n equation ( 6 ) y i e l d s t h e f i n a l expression for t h e s t a b i l i t y
parameter :

-t -- -
tw
a
2
- 144.8XL04 d ) + (4.13XL04 d - 8.135)P 2/31

(7)
If it i s assumed t h a t turbulence i n t e n s i t y i s independent of t h e p a r t i c l e
s i z e of t h e oxidizer, it i s p o s s i b l e t o compute t h e r a t i o of t h e s i m i l a r i t y
parameters f o r t h e experimental conditions under which t h e sudden change i n
amplitude occurs. For t h e 12-inch combustor, t h e change occurred i n t h e range
20 t o 30 percent ground m a t e r i a l (d = 10.2X10'4 i n . ) , and t h e average pressure
a t which i n s t a b i l i t y occurred w a s 1800 pounds per square inch absolute. For
t h e 6-inch Combustor, t h e change occurred i n t h e range 40 t o 45 percent ground
m a t e r i a l (d = 7. i n . ), and t h e average pressure was 1300 pounds per
square inch absolute. It i s assumed, of course, that cp, ps, and t h e gas prop-
e r t i e s a r e i n v a r i a n t . With t h e s e values, t h e r a t i o of s i m i l a r i t y parameters
given by equation ( 7 ) i s

30~10'~

The r a t i o , of course, should be u n i t y

f o r complete s i m i l a r i t y . The devia-
- t i o n may be due t o t h e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s
t h a t have been made i n t h e a n a l y s i s
and evaluat ion.

The observed e f f e c t of oxidizer

p a r t i c l e s i z e on combustion s t a b i l i t y
i s t h e r e v e r s e of t h a t predicted i n
reference 10, where t h e theory of
r e f e r e n c e s 8 and 9 w a s extended t o i n -
elude t h e e f f e c t of oxidizer p a r t i c l e
s i z e on t h e r e a l p a r t of t h e a c o u s t i c
admittance of t h e burning surface.
This circumstance leads t o t h e b e l i e f
t h a t a meaningful t h e o r y of combus-
t ion i n s t a b i l i t y must include an ex-
pression f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c time
0 20 40 60 80 100 of t h e combust ion process r a t h e r t h a n
Ground material i n oxidizer, percent t r e a t i n g t h e l a t t e r as a boundary con-
Figure 7. - Average oxidizer particle diameter computed from dition.
ratio of volume to surface area.
Although t h e d a t a f o r aluminized
p - o p e l l a n t ( f i g . 6 ) a r e not extensive, t h e y do i n d i c a t e t h a t aluminum produces

10
an e f f e c t t h a t i s equivalent t o an increase i n mixing time. The net e f f e c t i s
equivalent t o t h e damping observed by Horton ( r e f . 1 6 ) . While t h e drag of b l u f f
bodies, such as aluminum or aluminum oxide, i n t h e combustion gases above t h e
s u r f a c e should produce damping, t h e increased mixing r a t e due t o vortex forma-
t i o n should counteract t h i s e f f e c t . It i s more l i k e l y , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t thermal
energy absorbed by t h e a d d i t i v e a t or near t h e s u r f a c e i s responsible f o r t h e
observed behavior, i n agreement with t h e d a t a of r e f e r e n c e 1 7 on t h e e x t i n c t i o n
of solid-propellant burning.

The melting and agglomeration of aluminum on t h e s u r f a c e ( r e f s . 15 and 18)

should make it a more e f f e c t i v e damping agent t h a n aluminum oxide. This i s i n
agreement with r e f e r e n c e 16. If t h i s view i s correct, it might be p r o f i t a b l e
t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t s of thermal capacity, heat of fusion, and l i q u i d
range of a d d i t i v e s on t h e i r damping e f f i c i e n c i e s .

SUMMARY O F RESULTS

The e f f e c t of oxidizer p a r t i c l e s i z e on resonance amplitude was s t u d i e d by

burning c y l i n d r i c a l g r a i n s of polybutadiene - carboxylic a c i d - ammonium per-
c h l o r a t e propellant i n a side-vented combustor. A s t h e proportion of ground
oxidizer was increased, a sudden increase i n amplitude occurred. The propor-
t i o n of ground oxidizer corresponding t o t h i s change v a r i e d i n v e r s e l y with t h e
l e n g t h of t h e grain.

When a s i m p l i f i e d model of t u r b u l e n t mixing was employed, it was shown

t h a t t h e change i n amplitude l e v e l corresponds t o a f i x e d value of t h e r a t i o of
mixing time t o wave time as predicted by s e v e r a l t h e o r i e s of liquid-propellant
combust ion i n s t a b i l i t y . The a d d i t i o n of aluminum produces an e f f e c t equivalent
t o an increase i n mixing time.

Lewis Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Cleveland, Ohio, March 27, 1964

REFERENCES

1. Crocco, L., and Cheng, S. I. : Theory of Combustion I n s t a b i l i t y i n Liquid

Propellant Rocket Motors. AGARDOGRAPH No. 8, Butterworths S c i e n t i f i c
Publicat ions, London, 1956.

2. Penner, S. S.: On t h e Development of Rational Scaling Procedures f o r

Liquid-Fuel Rocket Engines. J e t Prop., vol. 27, p t . 1, 1957, p. 156.

3. Culick, F. E. C.: S t a b i l i t y of High Frequency Pressure O s c i l l a t i o n s i n G a s

and Liquid Rocket Combustion Chambers. MIT Aerophysics Lab., TR 480,
June 1961.
 .
4. Priem, Richard J . , and Guentert, Donald C : Combustion I n s t a b i l i t y Limits
Determined by a Nonlinear Theory and a One-Dimensional Model. NASA
TN D-1409, 1962.
5 . Green, L., Jr.,: Some E f f e c t s of Oxidizer Concentration and P a r t i c l e S i z e
on Resonance Burning of Composite S o l i d P r o p e l l a n t s . J e t Prop., vol. 28,
1958, pp. 159-164.

6. Horton, M. D . : Use of t h e One-Dimensional T-Burner t o Study O s c i l l a t o r y

Cambustion. AIAA J . , vol. 2 , N o . 6, June 1964, pp. 1112-1118. (See a l s o
P r e p r i n t No. 64-136, AIAA, 1 9 6 4 . )

7 . Horton, M. D., and Rice, D. W . : The E f f e c t of Compositional Variables Upon

O s c i l l a t o r y Combustion of S o l i d Rocket P r o p e l l a n t s . Combustion and
Flame, v o l . 8, no. 1, Mar. 1964, pp. 21-28.

8 . H a r t , R. W., and McClure, F. T . : Combustion I n s t a b i l i t y : Acoustic I n t e r -

a c t i o n with a Burning Propellant Surface. J. Chem. Phys., vol. 30,
1959, pp. 1501-1514

9 . McClure, F. T., H a r t , R. W., and Bird, J. F.: S o l i d Propellant Rocket

Motors as Acoustic O s c i l l a t o r s . In: Progress i n Astronautics and
Rocketry, vol. I, S o l i d Propellant Rocket Research (Summerf i e l d , Martin,
e d . ) Academic Press, 1960, p. 295.

10. Wood, W. A.: O s c i l l a t o r y Burning of S o l i d Composite Propellants. In:

Ninth Symposium ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l ) on Combustion, Academic Press, 1962,
p. 335.

11. Prlce, E. W., and S o f f e r i s , J. W.: Combustion I n s t a b i l i t y i n S o l i d Pro-

p e l l a n t Rocket Motors. J e t Prop., vol. 28, 1958, pp. 190-192.

1 2 . Summerfield, M., Sutherland, G. S., Webb, M. J., Taback, H. J., and H a l l ,

K. P.: Burning Mechanism of Ammonium P e r c h l o r a t e Propellants. In:
Progress i n Astronautics and Rocketry, vol. 1, S o l i d Propellant Rocket
Research (Summerfield, Martin, e d . ) , Academic Press, 1960, p. 141.

13. B i t t k e r , David A.: An A n a l y t i c a l Study of Turbulent and Molecular Mixing

i n Rocket Combust ion. NACA TN-4321, 1958.

1 4 . Hersch, M.: Experimental Method of Measuring I n t e n s i t y of Turbulence i n a

Rocket Chamber. ARS J., v o l . 31, 1961, pp. 39-45.

15. P r o v i n e l l i , Louis A.: Effect of Oxidizer P a r t i c l e Size on Additive

Agglomeration. NASA TN D-1438, 1962.

16. Rorton, M. D., and McGie, M. R.: P a r t i c u l a t e Damping of O s c i l l a t o r y

Combustion. AIAA J., v o l . 1, 1963, pp. 1319-1326.

1 7 . Ciepluch, C. C.: Effect of Composition on Combustion of S o l i d P r o p e l l a n t s

During a Rapid Pressure Decrease. NASA TN D-1559, 1962.

12
 18. P o v i n e l l i , L. A., and Rosenstein, R . A.: Alumina Size D i s t r i b u t i o n s from
High-Pressure Composite Solid-Propellant Combustion. NASA Lewis
TP 9-63, 1963.

NASA-Langley, 1965 E-2 426 13

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