ABSTRACT

Changes in energy consumption are urgently needed on a worldwide scale since they are
primarily responsible for climate change, which has an impact on our environment and many
aspects of life. In order to decarbonize their economies, achieve substantial drops in greenhouse
gas emissions, and promote sustainable development, countries around the world are putting
policies focusing on energy efficiency and harnessing renewable energy sources into practice.
Significant aspects that could facilitate, obstruct, or influence energy transitions and reveal the
adaptability of energy systems include technological advancements, economic expansion, social
compliance, and regulatory and institutional frameworks. Therefore, considering a variety of
Perspectives is necessary when examining energy transitions and the extent to which countries
are equipped to implement them. The topic of energy transition will be examined in this study,
along with its definition, various viewpoints on the switch to clean energy and the meaning of
"clean," and the political element that is frequently disregarded. In this paper, the institutional
framework for influencing energy transitions is the main topic. While many countries throughout
the world are developing and implementing policies to cut emissions, political objectives and
leadership are frequently disregarded. This study investigates whether political leaders can sway
public opinion on energy transition and the implementation of climate measures in their nations.
In East Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania has one of the continent's fastest growing
economies. A secure energy supply is necessary for Tanzania to achieve a middle-income
economy by 2025, which is the key goal of the government's fifth phase. Then the question
remains: Is Tanzania's government aiming for a "stable" or "clean" energy supply? Do Tanzanian
authorities have plans in place to implement international climate policies? How does the
government feel about its implementation?
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Energy transition has received more attention recently, either to meet the growing energy demand

or to maintain supply of the current demand by replacing the current, outdated energy supply

infrastructure that is close to its end of life. Thus, a sufficient supply of energy infrastructure

services is necessary for economic growth (Edomah et al., 2017). Such services have also been

viewed as essential in intellectual, political, and professional realms, as has been observed over

the past few decades via substantial attempts to experimentally and theoretically analyze the

benefits of energy infrastructure to economic growth and development (Pradhan 2010; Navickas

et al., 2011).

According to O’Connor & Cleveland (2014), energy transitions involve a change in how fossil

fuels are utilized in our energy supply networks. Fossil fuels, such coal, crude oil, and natural

gas, make up a significant portion of the world's energy supply. Why therefore are energy

transitions of interest to us? The main force behind energy transitions is the threat posed by

burning the vast quantities of fossil fuels that are currently available and their accompanying

effects on the environment, as well as the fact that the majority of fossil fuel resources are

reserve based, which means they are limited (Cherp et al., 2011). How can this transfer be made?

It is relatively unusual because legislation must be what propels the move to sustainable energy.

Markets cannot offer the framework for lowering greenhouse gas emissions because they tend to

promote the least cheapest option, which is now fossil fuel. Understanding how policy, especially

political will and actions, affects energy transitions within the political economy is therefore vital

(Baker, 2016).

Energy transition is the ongoing process of switching to alternate energy sources with lower

carbon dioxide emissions (Hordeski, 2020). This shift, taken in a broader sense, refers to a
significant fundamental change in demand and supply within an energy infrastructure.

Industrialization was fueled by a change in energy sources from biomass like wood and other

types to coal, then oil, and most recently natural gas. Its main fuel sources were wood and other

kinds of biomass. The energy sector is responsible for more than 70% of all emissions in the

globe, including emissions from utilizing energy for manufacturing, transportation, and heating

(Plumer, 2019).

Additionally, "clean energy," also referred to as renewable energy, comes from resources or

natural processes that are continually renewed. For instance, sunlight and wind continue to shine

and blow even though their availability changes depending on the time of day and the climate.

Renewable energy is viewed as a unique technology even though employing the power of nature

has been used for heating, transportation, lighting, and other uses for a very long time. Both ships

and grain mills have been propelled across the seas by the wind. The light added color to the day

and sparked fires that burned well into the night. However, during the past 500 years or more, the

population has become increasingly dependent on dirtier, less expensive energy sources like coal

and unnatural gas.

Energy demand has historically increased along with the development of alternative energy

sources. The current transition to renewable energy is different from previous ones since

greenhouse gas emissions must be brought to zero globally. This is caused in large part by this

realization. The Paris Agreement of 2015 put limits on the total amount that might be produced

to maintain a temperature increase of less than 1.5oC because coal and oil are the most significant

single source of carbon emissions (Mangano et al., 2019).

The potential for sustainable energy in the energy system allows the earth to maintain a stable,

healthy ecosystem and human life. Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, geothermal,
hydro, and ocean power. The result is that energy transformation is taking place all over the

world (Specht & Madlener, 2019).

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Undoubtedly one of the fastest growing economies in Africa is the United Republic of Tanzania,

which is located in East Africa. Tanzania's government's fifth phase has placed a strong emphasis

on industry and a reliable energy supply. Therefore, the goal of this transition strategy is to

switch over to renewable energy technologies from the current fossil fuel-based ones.

Enhancements are also made to energy effectiveness. Even if a number of national and

international projects and initiatives are already being made in the field of the energy transition,

more actions must be taken to reduce carbon emissions if we are to stop the effects of global

warming. Carbon emissions might be significantly reduced by 90% by using efficient and

environmentally friendly energy sources. (Pimm et al., 2021). The institutional framework for

guiding energy transitions is the focus of this study, as well as the question of whether political

leaders can sway public opinion on the energy transition and the implementation of climate

policies in their nations.

2.0 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

More research is needed to fully understand the expanding impact of political will and decision-

makers on the energy transition. This study primarily focuses on analyzing the elements that

contributed to earlier shifts in the energy transition in order to answer the following research

question:

What are the implications of political will and ambition on the transition to cleaner energy?
By examining the historical linkages between energy transition provisions and policy making, it

will be possible to better understand and appreciate the elements that have influenced policy

making in the past. This will give the underlying knowledge required for future projections of

various factors that could affect the provision of energy infrastructure. In order to answer the

primary research topic, three additional sub-aims or questions are looked at:

a) Are the goals of Tanzania's government to give a reliable or clean energy source?

b) Have any plans been established by the Tanzanian government to implement global

climate change regulations?

c) How does the government feel about putting the laws addressing global climate change

into action?

For the purpose of addressing the research question(s), I will conduct a hybrid analysis of

theories based on the five (5) viewpoints that are discussed in the next chapter (Albay & Eisma

2021; Shalin 1992). Table 2.1 provides an overview of the research question (and its sub

questions), the guiding theories that were applied to each issue, and some guiding questions that

served as the starting point for answering the research topic. These guiding questions were

utilized with the understanding that the evidence would contradict and re-direct those initial

conceptualizations, even while they continued to be helpful in conceiving and investigating the

energy transition "problem(s)"

Table 2.1: An overview of the research question(s) and underlying theories

Research question Sub-questions Guiding theories Guiding question
(point of departure).
What are the Are the goals of Social practices How has the
implications of Tanzania's transition to clean
political will and government to give a energy been affected
ambition on the reliable or clean by social practices?
transition to cleaner energy source? Institutions What led to the
energy? emergence of
institutional
initiatives in the
energy transition?
Sociotechnical What caused the
transitions changes in the way
energy resources
were used? Who was
accountable?
Have any plans been Social psychology What do individuals
established by the (and decision-
Tanzanian makers) consider in
government to relation to energy?
implement global Institutions How do institutions
climate change react to the energy
regulations transition?
Sociotechnical What are the policy
transitions changes affecting the
shift to clean energy?
Techno-economics What effect has the
cost/benefit analysis
had on policy for the
energy transition?
How does the Social practices How does the
government feel government intervene
about putting the in the transition to a
laws addressing cleaner energy
global climate change source?
into action? Institutions What effects do
institutional
structures have on the
transitional policy for
energy?
4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The most urgent issues facing the world now relate to the environment and climate change,

which is a nexus between the community and the environment (Karki et al., 2020). Emissions of

greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, are the main causes of both global warming and

climate change (Arora & Mishra, 2021). In this environment, both scholars and legislators have

shown a great deal of interest in the relationship between climate change, energy production, and

sustainable economic growth. To investigate these relationships, a number of various evaluation

approaches have been used. In the economics literature, there is a line of research that examines

the relationship between economic growth and environmental deterioration (Abou Elseoud,

2015). According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory, there is a relationship

between different pollutants and per capita income in the form of an inverted U. This research

make an effort to support this idea. In other words, environmental deterioration in an economy

first rises with a country's progress, but eventually falls as happiness rises. It is because of the

positive feedback loop that develops as success increases. As a result, the EKC hypothesis

describes a specific relationship between development and the standard of the environment

(Chen et al., 2019). A growing number of research studies have been conducted to examine the

role that use of renewable energy has played in affecting the quality of the environment as well

as the growth of the economy on a national, regional, and global scale as a result of the rapid

deployment of renewable energy across many nations (Kumaran, 2020).

4.1 Theoretical Framework

Various theoretical stances will be analyzed, beginning with techno-economics, social

psychology, socio-technical transitions, social practices, and institutional theory. Some

observations on the five perspectives are provided, and the related knowledge gaps. The idea that

the energy and electrical sectors in the majority of developing countries are characterized by

corruption led to the presentation of a section on "energy, corruption, and the black economy"

among other factors.

Building new energy supply infrastructure has received increased attention recently, either to

meet the rising energy demand or to meet the ongoing demand by replacing the outdated energy

supply infrastructure that is nearing the end of its useful life. The provision of adequate energy

infrastructure services is crucial for economic growth (Khanam et al., 2022). Furthermore, as has

been seen over the past few decades via significant efforts to empirically and theoretically

evaluate the contributions of energy transition to economic growth and development, such

services are recognized as crucial in academic, governmental, and professional spheres (Pradhan

2010; Navickas et al., 2011). In relation to this, the relationship between industrialization and

poverty has also received attention. (UN Habitat, 2011). Despite the fact that the present

literature on these subjects seems to be incomparably different, an agreement has unquestionably

been established (Nicholson & Stepp, 2013). Under the correct circumstances, energy transition

can significantly contribute to economic development by fostering growth.

There is a general consensus that energy transition is influenced by multiple factors

(Komendantova et al., 2012). It is generally believed that the economics of technological options

for electricity generation have been dynamic, thus, impacting on the kind of electrical energy

supply infrastructure used since some technological options are now becoming cheaper (IEA
2014c; Edomah 2016). There is also a consensus that the activities and practices of people in

society over time have been increasingly energy intensive, and that these practices shape social

behaviour and impact on increased energy consumption which leads to an increased demand for

electricity infrastructure supply (Higginson et al. 2011). The increased quest for psychological

benefits which shapes attitudes and habits towards energy consumption is generally believed to

have some impact on increased electricity consumption (Whitmarsh, 2011; Uzzell, 2011). The

quest by some interest groups to ensure a shift in electricity access from niche (privileged few) to

mainstream (a large majority) is generally perceived to have some influence on the electricity

supply infrastructure landscape that can yield multiple social benefits (Chappin, 2011). It is also

believed that certain institutions involved in energy (oil and gas) and electricity infrastructure

decisions and provisions play a vital role in the energy landscape (Van de Graaf, 2013; Gao

2016).

The analysis of these influences, which begins with an awareness of the role of individual actors

and progresses to the influences posed inside higher social contexts and structures, will be

carried out in this review. To do this, analysis of the various theories, starting with techno-

economics, (Hull et al., 1999) social psychology (Wong & Thirumoorthy, 2015), socio-technical

transitions (Geels, 2019), social practices (Holland & Lave, 2019), and institutional theory

(Amenta & Ramsey, 2010) is conducted to explore the following:

1. What impact do individual agents have on the costs and benefits analysis that shapes

policy pertaining to the energy transition? (Techno-economic)

2. What effects do people's behaviors and attitudes have on policies relating to the energy

transition? (Social psychology)

 3. How have practices changed over time and how has it affected transitional policies for

energy? (Social practices).

4. How has the transition to a cleaner energy been affected by institutional contexts?

(Institutional dimensions).

5. What effects have sociotechnical systemic circumstances had on the evolution of energy

transition policies? (Socio-technical transitions)

In fact, the answers to these questions will influence the methods that are chosen for this review.

This review chapter will examine these issues through the relevant theoretical lenses, taking into

account the broad presumptions of various impacts, to determine how they might affect clean

energy transition (directly or indirectly). There are other viewpoints that affect the

implementation of energy transition policies, such as network theory, which examines the

interactions between discrete variables and actors (Katz et al., 2004), dynamic systems theory,

which examines the development of complex and non-linear setups/arrangements (Thelen &

Smith 2006), and complexity theory, which examines interactions and feedback loops that have

an impact on system change (Bale et al., 2015). These viewpoints were not taken into account by

me because they don't really fit within the setting and framework of my research, which

examines the many influences on the architecture of the energy supply. As the reader will later

note and as is shown in this review, I have really picked these five (5) views (out of a variety of

alternatives) because they are more pertinent in 15 addressing this study situation.

4.1.1 RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN TANZANIA: IMPACTS

To successfully develop renewable energy in Tanzania, a number of issues must be identified.

However, it is challenging to identify a single variable that can have a long-lasting positive

impact on the development of renewable energy sources. Then, we should think about the
supportive acts that could either aid in its development or hinder it from reaching its full

potential. In order to pinpoint the essential aspects driving the rise of renewable energy, this

section gives an overview of the relevant factors in the Tanzanian case. The ingredients are

divided into a number of areas, including capital investment, financial incentives, rules and

regulations, politics, policy and strategy, technology and innovation, and environmental aid

programs.

4.4.1.1 Capital expenditure

While the cost of operating and maintaining renewable energy sources is generally lower than

that of traditional energy sources, the upfront capital costs of most renewable energy

technologies are higher. An obstacle to most renewable energy technologies, aside from their

greater capital costs, is that they are seen as emerging fields. Investors that choose to invest incur

greater risks and uncertainties as a result of these two hurdles to the development of renewable

energy technology. Therefore, in a capital-constrained country like Tanzania, where there are

several competing demands for limited capital resources, the proponents of renewable energy

technology must deal with issues like high transaction costs and limited access to money. The

impoverished, in particular, have difficulty obtaining finance, which is an issue for the end

consumers of renewable energy technology. Some of the main impediments to market expansion

include a lack of access to microfinance, high borrowing rates, a lack of business development

expertise among suppliers of renewable energy systems, and an unfavorable investment

environment (Efurumibe, 2013).

4.4.1.2 Agreement for Power Purchase

In order to generate renewable energy for the national grid, there is currently no Power Purchase

Agreements strategy. The development of grid-based renewables requires a system of rational

expectations between producers of renewable electricity and the grid operators (Ajobo et al.,

2017). Power marketing and/or exchange conditions are established under the Power Purchase

Agreements. It establishes the place of delivery, the power's properties, the cost, the standard of

the product, the delivery schedule, the conditions of the contract, and the sanctions for contract

violations. Long-term Power Purchase Agreements that are legally enforceable are required

because they give lenders and renewable energy developers peace of mind and would promote

investment in the growth of this source of power.

4.4.1.3 Lawmaking and Regulation

The development of an appropriate policy framework of legal, fiscal, and regulatory instruments

is required to achieve a sufficient energy supply where renewable energy sources are used

(Chineke et al., 2015). The overall policy framework required to encourage renewable energy

technologies must include clear regulations, legislation, roles, and duties for all stakeholders

throughout every stage of the energy flow from supply to end-use (Efurumibe, 2013). These

institutional, legal, and policy structures are just getting started in Tanzania as part of the reform

effort.

4.4.1.4 Strategies, policies, and politics

A constant factor in the growth of renewable energy is strong, enduring political support at the

federal, state, and municipal government levels. The allocation of cash for R&D efforts, the

deployment of renewable energy technology, and the appropriate implementation of policies and

plans are all examples of political support (Stokes, 2013). The government's plan for the growth
of renewable energy was provided in the Tanzanian energy policies and strategies discussed in

the previous section (Sambo, 2010). However, the Tanzanian government has not followed

through on or actively implemented these policies.

4.4.1.5 Modernization and Innovation

To create a competitive local sector, support is needed for the development of renewable energy

at all stages of research, demonstration, and deployment (Sagar & Gallagher, 2004). Although

most renewable energy technologies—solar PV, wind energy, small hydropower, etc.—have

gained popularity in developing nations, they are still relatively new in many of these nations,

including Tanzania. Nnaji et al., (2010). The Tanzanian government must make investments in

R&D initiatives for renewable energy in order to foster technological innovation. Private sector

investment is essential for the realization of technological innovation in renewable energy

because public sector financing may occasionally not be sufficient to support R&D activity.

4.4.1.6 Environmental Support Program

The rise in energy consumption, particularly the use of fossil fuels, is to blame for the effects of

global climate change, which have been felt in many nations of the world. According to the

International Energy Agency Staff (2012), energy use is responsible for about 84% of global CO 2

emissions and 64% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The worldwide communities are now

paying attention in order to reduce it. There has been significant pressure to cut emissions in

countries with high carbon emissions from coal, gas, and oil power plants. This nation is

responsible for contributing money to projects that support the environment. The growth of

renewable energy is greatly influenced by these assistance programs in terms of the forces
behind technological advancement. In Tanzania, the potential for increased growth of renewable

energy has not been completely realized thanks to these environmental support initiatives.

4.4.1.7 Social Awareness

Public and business sectors both lack sufficient knowledge of the advantages that renewable

energy sources and their technology offer. Since there is a gap in the market due to this lack of

knowledge and awareness, potential renewable energy projects are seen as having higher risk

(Painuly, 2001). According to the common consensus (Oghogho, 2014), renewable energy

technologies are still in their infancy and as such are only appropriate for specialized markets. As

a result, they will need significant financial assistance to succeed. So, it is necessary to inform

the public about the availability, advantages, and opportunities of renewable energy resources in

order to increase awareness and spark activity in the sector. The public's faith in and adoption of

renewable energy technology is largely dependent on such a process. The ability to mobilize the

financial resources required to promote renewable energy technology initiatives can be increased

by informing specific stakeholder groups, such as investors (Efurumibe, 2013). A National

Renewable Energy Development Agency (NREDA) is suggested to be established in the draft

Renewable Energy Master Plan in order to help raise public awareness of renewable energy and

to provide interested parties with information and support. In collaboration with NGOs, this is to

be accomplished (Master Plan, 2012).

4.2 Conceptual Review

The Government of Tanzania (GOT) reaffirmed the goal of reducing reliance on fossil fuels for

the supply of electricity through its National Energy Policy in 2003 and proposed the

development of renewable energy solutions. In order to diversify the energy mix, the government
has been eager to support both the geothermal and natural gas subsectors. It has implemented a

number of energy-sector reforms to establish a legislative and regulatory environment that is

friendly to investment, with one of the main goals being to draw private investment to increase

the supply of electricity and so fulfill demand. The following are some of the main laws and

policies governing Tanzania's energy and renewable energy sectors:

The Energy and Water Utilities Authority Act of 2001 and 2006 was passed to create a

regulatory body (the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority, or EWURA), with the

authority to: promote efficient economic competition and effective competition; safeguard

consumer interests; ensure the financial viability of efficient suppliers; encourage the availability

of regulated services for all consumers, including low-income, rural, and disadvantaged groups;

and increase public awareness.

National Energy Policy for 2003 This policy's main goal is to make sure that affordable,

dependable energy sources are available, and that they are used in a sustainable and judicious

manner to serve societal development objectives. As early as 2003, this strategy made it clear

that the country was committed to producing and using sustainable energy. The following

specific goals are set:

i. To advance the creation and application of indigenous and renewable energy sources and

technologies;

ii. To adequately account for environmental considerations for all energy-related activities;

and

iii. To boost energy efficiency and conservation in all sectors.

The policy's other major topics are (i) the establishment of a market economy for energy in the

nation; (ii) the establishment of a clear regulatory framework for the energy sector to support

development; and (iii) the promotion of energy efficiency.

The Rural Energy Board, the Rural Energy Fund (REF), and the REA were all founded by this

legislation. It is in charge of encouraging greater access to contemporary energy services in rural

parts of mainland Tanzania and, via the REF, funding grants to TANESCO for rural grid

distribution investments as well as to developers of rural energy initiatives

Electricity Act 2008.

This act established a general framework for the powers of MEM and EWURA. It defined key

parameters for EWURA with regard to tariff-setting criteria and procedures, criteria for awarding

provisional and permanent licenses, monitoring and enforcement activities, requirements for

ministerial plans and strategies for rural electrification, dispute resolution procedures and a

process for determining the possible future reorganization of the electricity sector.

Public Private Partnership Act No. 18 of 2010.

This act set forth the responsibilities and obligations of the parties, penalties, remedies, financial

management and control requirements, public-party available assistance and dispute resolution.

It established Public Private Partnership (PPP) coordination units within the Tanzania Investment

Centre and Ministry of Finance.

Regulations and policies impact biomass energy.

These include the Charcoal Regulations of 2006, the Community-Based Forest Management

Guidelines of April 2007, the Joint Forest Management Guidelines of April 2007, the New
Royalty Rates for Forest Products of 2007, the Community-Based Forest Management

Guidelines of 2002, the Subsidiary Legislation to the National Forest Act of 2002, the National

Forest Programme of 2001, the National Forest Policy of March 1998, and the Biofuels

Guidelines of 2010.

Legislation and environmental policy affecting the development of renewable energy.

These include the National Land Policy, Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements

Development, 1997; the Environmental Management Act of 2004; and the National

Environmental Policy of 1997. Additionally, a study on subsidy policy is being conducted.

Geothermal Energy Act and Renewable Energy Policy. These documents will aid in the

development of the sectors once they are completed (African Development Bank Group, 2015)

4.3 Empirical Review

The significance of connecting energy availability to development and the function of politics is

being emphasized by several academics. Khennas (2012) highlights that the supply of

infrastructure is a necessary component of this equation and relates economic growth to it. We

require long-term initiatives with adequate money and a stable political environment. Sovacool

(2012) concurs, but specifically notes that the fundamental conflict between private interest,

which sees, in particular, rural access provision as unprofitable and unfeasible non-commercial

activity, and the government, which does not tackle the rural challenge trusting in development

aid support and prefers to focus on urban areas in the interim, can be found in the various reasons
for energy poverty and lack of progress. Additionally, he says that cultural, political, and social

hurdles continue to be secondary. Energy access and politics and governance are tightly related,

as Scott & Seth (2013) explained.

Pillot et al. (2019) also discussed the social context of energy use as well as an interdisciplinary

strategy for promoting access to energy. With a thorough analysis of the relationship between

market-based reforms and advancements in energy availability, Bensch (2019) makes an attempt

to disprove this idea. According to his findings, more private investment is especially

advantageous for the supply side. Major review studies, however, come to a different conclusion

despite these chosen outcomes. An in-depth analysis of electricity planning research is provided

by Trotter et al. (2017). Only 14% of publications examined political variables in energy

planning, despite the fact that institutional factors including policy, political environment, and

access to financing are frequently highlighted as obstacles to effective energy access programs.

The electrification survey by Karplus & von Hirschhausen (2019) has an institutional focus and

considers supply-side and demand-side concerns. A survey of 368 academic articles on the

subject of "Off-grid solutions for rural electrification in developing countries" published in

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews does not mention any studies on the influence of

institutional structures or political frameworks (Mandelli et al, 2016).

The systematization and accumulation of theoretical and empirical knowledge on the political

economics of climate and energy policy was the focus of a different recent line of research. In

their assessment of the research, Biber et al., (2017) explore a broad range of political economic

elements that have an impact on how energy and climate policies are developed. Similar to this,

Karapin (2016) locates a variety of structural and procedural aspects in the literature and applies

them to a thorough comparative case study on California, New York, and the US federal level.
Cherp et al, (2018) present a meta-theoretical framework to examine how political, socio-

technical, and techno-economic elements interact when an energy system is transitioning.

According to Baker & Philipps' (2019) analysis of the development of the energy industry in

Sub-Saharan Africa, utilities and their monopolies are under intense pressure, and moves to

decentralized systems put the incumbent utilities in a difficult position. How utilities might

respond to and get ready for decentralization and new kinds of power supply is one clear but

challenging subject that Hosier et al. (2017) provides a thorough response to. SHSs are

characterized as modest, household-scale, solar-plus-battery systems that provide illumination

and other low-power electricity services. Large-scale deployment of SHSs may only prosper

under competitive conditions. Therefore, concessions should promote SHS growth rather than

obstruct it since they are essential regulatory tools. According to Jacquot et al. (2019), two

essential variables that define the access problem are sector reforms, effective governance,

distribution reform, expedited access, and increased private investment. But in order to bridge

the access gap, technological deployment and sustainable business strategies are needed. It's a

smart compromise to give in. If powerful organizations and carefully thought-out territorial

concessions were used, there would be sufficient incentives for rural electrification. Eberhard et

al. (2020) claim that more investment leads to an improvement in the power sector. Therefore,

measures to increase private sector investment should be taken. The long-term distributional

effects between households with access to the grid and those without are, in their opinion, the

biggest challenge. According to Shirley and Attia (2020), utilities in Africa cannot continue

operating as usual if we want to guarantee that everyone has access to energy. The task is

twofold: universal access must be realized, as well as sustainability. In light of the emergence of

new strategies, Shirley and Attia support increased public-private sector collaboration;
nevertheless, institutional frameworks including government regulations, tariffs, and traditional

on-grid investment objectives are sluggish to change and rigid, creating impediments to

innovation.

In conclusion, the assessment of the available literature covered topics like politics, energy

access, and power. However, the goal of the research that follows is to close a gap that has not

been fully covered. First off, the political economics components are only loosely discussed in

the present literature and do not include realizations for energy availability or in-depth

discussion. Second, the most recent types of energy market liberalization which have emerged

over the past ten years of consumer markets for lighting and electrical products which go beyond

just privatizing generation are not fully covered in scholarly literature. This latest adjustment

modifies both the realizations of electricity given and the way in which energy access is

provided. Third, we looked at the theoretical polar opposites of public and private strategies for

gaining access to power. Power generation access models are not, and never will be, a choice

between the two, as we will show in the section that follows. They must always be viewed as a

continuous mixture of the public and private.

5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In order to complete the numerous tasks required to answer the research question, a structured,

step-by-step method is necessary. Research methodology is a methodical approach to problem-

solving (Rajasekar et al., 2006). It is a science that examines how research is conducted, the

methodologies employed, and how new information is produced. It consists of the instruments,

methods, and techniques used to discover, examine, forecast, justify, and describe events. In

order to address the research issue, this study uses both qualitative and quantitative research

technique methods. The definition of qualitative research is that it "is characterized by its aims,
which relate to understanding particular facets of social life, and its methods, which (in general)

provide words rather than numbers as data for analysis" (Bricki & Green, 2007). The approach

used to address the research topics is primarily the focus of this chapter. It will also discuss the

reasons for and justification for choosing the methodological approach (case study). It will look

at the different tabledata analysis tools and research methods (interviews and documentary

research) that will be used to address the research topics.

The study will also employ an exploratory research design because there is currently a dearth of

literature on energy transition policy. According to Bowen, the study would employ the

qualitative document analysis (QDA) method to assess the influence of political ambition and

will on the measures and policy of energy transition in Tanzania (2009). The energy industry was

chosen as the focus because it both contributes to greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to

global warming and is vulnerable to the effects of climate change by, among other things,

depleting water resources that are essential to the country's ability to produce electricity. It would

also undoubtedly take a significant expansion of the energy sector for the nation to achieve its

2025 industrialization goal; for this reason, it was deemed critical to look at how the political

will and policy sector frames the energy transition. However, it was important to draw a

manageable border around the study, so other climate change-sensitive sectors were purposefully

omitted as they are less directly linked to industrialization-GHG emission than is the case for the

energy sector. It is acknowledged that there are many other climate-sensitive sectors in the

country, including agriculture, water, forests, and tourism. To be exact, those "other" sectors

mostly contribute to GHG emissions through the industrialization-energy connection. However,

in light of the results of this study, these additional industries will undoubtedly constitute

significant areas for further study. The study followed O'Leary's (2021) eight-step definition of
qualitative document analysis (QDA). Gathering relevant literature was the first stage. Having

established that the Tanzania National Energy Policy from 2015 was the nation's most recent

energy policy, it was now decided that it should be the one that will be examined. The research

will also heavily rely on literature on climate-compatible development. The second stage

involved organizing and managing a plan. The Tanzanian energy policy will be the primary focus

rather than a review of numerous policies, making the document easier to administer because

less time will be spent devoting to the contents of unrelated policy documents. The third phase

will involve determining the authenticity of the document. The study will make sure that the

paper is from the right ministry. The next step is to look into the document's agenda and goals.

Here, the researcher will carefully review the paper to determine whether it was the official

policy document for Tanzania's energy industry. Questions regarding who generated the

document, why, when, and the kinds of material that could be found inside were outlined prior to

the investigation of the document's contents. The study followed O'Leary's (2021) advice to

conduct interviews in order to analyze the real content of the in-question policy document. The

researcher "treats the document like a responder or informant that gives the researcher with

pertinent information," according to O'Leary (2014). The researcher will "ask" questions, and the

written response will be underlined. The analysis gave less consideration to the sheer existence

of keywords and more attention to the implications and meaning of the text. Following that, the

information was divided into groups that are "important to the research's core questions"

(Bowen, 2009). Quotes from the policy will be included for almost every alignment evaluation in

order to enable assessment analysis.

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