dFEEE wees] Eeihel Gel EI EY 44 Shots of elechmnies in_Nepel — — Elechonies yeleys “te the phys af elections that — Aleal with the eniision flow and Conta! of elechant 44 vacuum 5 moter and in_azenivrobuctrs ——Elechon was aincalid io 1894 lang: with_desvention 2 Vectra dey Keube_, which would — Ansplifsy and ey — anal elechinal Aigaals —babich fidalig — tablished the - field af elechonics anol age of — _elechonic_ eegurcering, = eae Lion ease. ering, tealn call elechital circuits ted unvrlve sactice. — elect df fonticenducors C tvanvidov _cesoiolt with facsive_elechta) 2vlerconnectior aa ee “The ei of fechas 2. invlgy. Alatle.d_in Nepal. “ht denied ae seomd_ginarntnn IB IBM t4ot Ensaio See ihich were primartl puede | feu decades able) ereantile ' _ Census Cah compulins were sntoblished -and_with it, came the —_apterotk a —— = iCovet, eae many Hehndigical ebteblhieas —— 49 _Nepal the trend ¢ _peme te be _ a Dilbontt dsftware ee —Cargante such as_2 Choudhony Crsup CG-elechoniis, — Nepal Flecam omspany , NCelh mibile @menunciabon fonsPany, el are Shorting te make an aha ct lial scale and as well a4 many Afidentt are Anspieed te establish “their own busbecs - —APortups —Corventhy there are 29 Tnbroet = Conspanits Ane alos -—onaeea Saletan sprenies — dhich shouts fpetags tine for __ elechanie Advancement An the ee= lechies nthe Field of a Enaguieering _ fn tne field of mudlgnied eusnters , eleohrowits contwl_ the vinechaw ital ited acomunt for meek Sts value sf tht average cudnmadive defen 2 a ee ae eg da ing ype A tkmany a — kept eget _—___ The. Omipsied field avedated with elechye and mechanical engunivaing — 4 Called _Mechotrurwds _ —wolith deal ith the ablewedion field. = oes pelechonis , compubtr and a — frupecrource, + Suction of conspictor —eoupled taith reushniat ans and obese aiserbly ishich i yaed in wodwhies ond fartorteo auctrmedhin tyltens— a + pukanebile Kaneloile _ Rngunterhe he | / factories produce modem Gud Armonk Cavs, bfkea and faye en _ ehocticstivve burty | Syaing — fhot 2 bared upm _electmnre £ mechouuial evsircrmya Date No. 5” al UOnar i {. LDasrrvpoction ts. — Some Oserun — Components usep xn Mectanizcar. re _ Evesnecarne Resistor _ Resistor 4 an elechical deute eohich oppases Or —westicts the flow of electri. cement Car electans) tntgh ch ee ‘The. unit of resistance is Ohm (AJ ,. 12 cy debited ar the reaiitan re between tua points Sk vest when a _pektnbal difference of ani Welt pmduces a cument af t.dmpere (A) rnvidle its Frr_hegher votings ft ee 1k. = 4 kilo bhms = 16 2 1MQ = 4 Megadhms = £62 For Power votings , Lm = 4 mith ohne = (9-0 pull = § mivwodhms = 10% 2 Applications: - They are conply eo ter sete warvent ? Argnal levels L9 electomis, Thee are alto wind uh voltage. division accuirauy én _shsshnunest ation discharges A dur thrmgh retitoy’ ceithout chort crreuucting, Heol clutspodion and gentsalion of feat ereegey, ete.Date De. 6 = Ohms Law: Sf 4. wD the Curent owsing dhamgh the Lcocebackte wf _vewirlornce ‘R aewmcc the —peies Sivas applied fren Ac tardnge Ell pup SS a ee : R . Lav. — m Tay , R= Vz Costont RE it — Alkewotivdy Ved@] .-- —-- @D Sasi [We IR] # lows of Resistance: The vesstance 6 (iy a 4 Pt ty_ its. leng hs heb _ ee Rob ore pe ee PP Oe eee wo ae eee oe eruu Ue eee eee OM Lb Bk Ak Ae 4k Gk Ok ek oe oy eh eee ay — there 8 = fle) = a cmatint Aapecdliig. a etn _ naive. of rreterict and _kerun as 4pevific Cinco qresishialy of “material Specifir resichance. pe “resistidty p ao rmalerial fs “s 0 —debred a4 resis sen oppritte facet of nik Urbe af that motertal. Cts untk ohne cmetiee (Am) = 4 im 2 Lo0-2-em, te Coley Coline of resithor’, j - 4 Oe ae Sore. veritas are charge th size te hove their resistance vols (4 2) evn an the body. Honevtr Phere are some resirtrs, Lohichs ane for Kall: an size, “te hove their value printed anthem, Hemee_dytina of color toling is onphiyed to padiabng -Pretr valuet. —_— r Fist om ts Band (7) Seema bowl Thieal Ll : fin, Boss cle lit ——Coy Seeaiaely eigebe H 7. Silerance. ee BO 2 Gren = _. * fovea = to? Bue a ee _fevseoo a4 6 zs ( - Yolet FO _tot — g “ Gry tO fo. A white “yo ; Gd _=t jot . of teh. Sir 2 tg ed tos Notley — orm “4 They “pps Yala Fon | thei aide of “Blerances —_(fpv4th) band Qael react fem Leib right. 4 = P _ — BBA, Agosto il. tiled enlist bea, ann dnd yellow Ctlar lands with tiiver-taleraace band. — Ftd out: the value of venistar Siution: _(Soe ie i Siler t CHoi=T ee eee Tat A AMP ADA RR RE DRETA Corer Date Ne! 9 Re 25 xto + lo% = okKL sy _ B22. fird the resstenee of a restr havi. alu tole of Blk Brun, Silver, Siiver Solabing - : a @ce) | | Siver Broun | CTHEOA) (=) - - Giver — EZ "Re Aug) xio® + TY Q23. Find the colo de of RE Aubion Z Sot yjo® t fo% _ = oot + tor soe Gina), eA eve; Re FId)O 4 5 = 4 xe 3 57 = 44x of 457 el glen! | Lo y AU fo SiEZ Inductor = — al dete tla _ Aw Boekuactor dN dup i " th tye! dune hs ype _ tate. ot chore of _cuwent unos s Ae ae a geal bat pase) dc dso si — _A_piece of _wive aa oe ag aoe = hay _hdiuctonce ie. property t_apposing —the, —— —tharge_ of tument_ thmygh At. 4 the wive., snduchane e dA wrcvenstel. 2 Tr : austed, by {etter SV Gnd measured an Hey Leh —— Jot se es : OC» WT. “Air sir tare dt wndustor Tron Cave Ynducto ___ Fiqiasy Enducty Symbol a a ad _ Re Sepply fe, oe bast on iy ti % —teuidoy Calls, v) 6b ent Asawn by dade x (A) Se flue _emmating fen ri ten “no. 6f shang ob abductor ci) goer | £ gon _ ee pol ND _ hy kD he Inductor _ ~AAAARTH FH HU HHH nnnAnAR EA RE RAWDate. Do. 4h =Nidr ~ f a Le SSeS ee - oe ee TF toheres — oe NI = 1» alto called - n | _ : Ampere Turns ot cof, fy fo i [pone Coress Aechional BALE enwe x j Area) TOS As best of ail Ne_nov of tums 0 acerl, fig 2.5); wound corp Then: tnductance. “4 ples by: i _ | [i= ana f ten 2 _ Af Lhexty ji Poraestoilrty of materierl (see Figuit) _ ___ For ac; — a = df, = perabitiy of ieee _ _ = Atxiot Hm: s a 4 velative permenbility = vote a AM_and Me a = - i ae oo TT TTTILLIT Is- 4) Filler chikes 2? Radid- eps RES chokes —— AD) Audincfrequty Chalet, Filler ehekes har many tomy of fine vive — — —_towind oni iron tare. moterial Made Up Uf ——— —_ Danuianitéd sheet ond tp toed tin Amante _Pubsab ee -prnduced by Rectifier j (AC ee Thay have _socluctante—— | of 1 4H 50H Capable cf camry ing turret pt Stem A. Prud’o frequenue chokes (OPC) pride enh, __ impedance _Clarge Oho velue) te Crucla frog wencien Gay S0hz to Skitz)» They arc. _ penalley wn_sige tend have lower tduefante than filler chokes, (Sen to 1H) tune rach are pra thar Arc fire 4) weund ib _ _Aie to. and very ama oly clance_of ae Racks frog shuken REO) are empl, ow replayed ts cit Clay _akave tok He), Thay |cal_clenice, wich pa cnpable ob oe DS On Pout ia physi dion nea by vite eof tele ich, tthe ot betel he ceca Heneereals _ oe ee Copasitoy an cleahonic device twhich 2» capable of tac ele chic charge _ubside its — Onn lays ta__rephiet ae Of 5 oHege, aime it: Thus Capactor =“ Low _unpedance (or resistance) te AC sesppl bu high impedance 8 DO _ citnne 2s the meature of a capa cits “abil 4. _ shove —_thawpe, 4 tn mreanred un _farads(F) ape. Saads of “Copastionen ia onstdired very Lav S21 elechmnizs small value of apattance 7 D sal LF = _Lmion farads = 40% FE if =4 upF = 1 pico Farads wie pl sores = inf = + nano farads = to? an SS —1F= oe ie. Staal alc 2 at rerierenanintoa siarrieisiniininniltainninaeCoder a poraliel pet sp 2s fpliow _ ea Fe The, jor C2 cmnacléd aenss babteny harbag —-atige v _ appl ing fo_it | . Q= Urnge Hord tv capeci to a =e b Then; _ ge ee a = vate of change ='d a e = gh = ines 9 === .@8) Charge stored Aa cea oO clivecly. papa benal te — spa “valinge, Va qemy by) Tau, A =CV. Penn “on bath slag, _da- cay at at . athe Shows “thal __ wer for dey dv -0 3 fv at Spends upon tate ‘at cha Censyant called — - tdherts c= ae =I (Cree e abn 2+ a 8 RK eee ——-UD_ g sn ne oe oe te PP Pe aoe(isl | bleh |) ILA TL) ALLL Lda Date. Do. 15 oops of. Cay ‘appaci utors tuned ov elechonits: 1 Mica! “tepaua: _ ath a 7 = They gre bulld in veund reckargular or ivreg ee eae Sandtuieht jainieg) {a : _ Sail_ond mica. i in [eu of relat foil. ge sp ia OL iE td otac % _ 2) Covayu'e Capacitor! el) _ ~ They ove acetate - for--genemetion of of lange powers Cupte 150A at voltage opts “Sorev) at yeccbin frequencies. They are tompsed of. ‘Coane compourd | a pride igh tenkigeetibnié Choco) a 9 Pips cpio = —— = posk widely ted electronic. capantor @pasfone value Yorger Gorn StopF te SOur, — Thug ere _cylerdedtoS -un_dhope here plesk _ —_ Filee-act-os-dielectnir, alumwatiry metal end paper “eck a laches ee ee 4) Plastic. film Capacitavs ee = Swoilar ® paper copaurte but _Plaske ed ay we delete roterial a eG 2 Sn copanttoNss _ —— up of _Qhumnininy - “ox tantalum as euidle dri motevaul,Pet eteteet Raley (sensed Ta eee A veloy is a suipleefechamagnehic, elechriaby. + Gpereted —_Awsitch _esleich can be “closed by _-— ___ comparatioly weak taped pitch — —gpgpenrngettio Ot a + ~ mow a Fa pee Oe a extemal rr cuit phe _ Coohaled =. — — batlery —— fc L |hbibutkleesbebE| §bib| Bk ftw o _ _ _ Date. No. 1 @alhe: — fuse io perhaps _ the Avnet “nd chuapeat. devica _ ved Tor crakerep bag an wehechieal urtuck under — _ hort circuit, or excecsive overload, winent a raagulicded The achoa of fuse is “based upon the effet uf efechic cument Sh ott ends Grclition, ushen cunent Flowing thonush the cic ah within dhe pafe Lumifs , “heat weld _ othe Aire element —caniyeng the current iy dussipaked diate or — ~thege, func clement” _vomnaies aden belsvo_its rnaldorg vt Hawever then same fuse “pul hort cictutt, occu ov wher lead gmmneckd — tn @ cit a capaccty aprent exceeds gevonacted ee they a i vad be- dicipaled fot: - _raugl dnd _fiurible_elemont gd5_heoted , melts _ ££. O yreakes tha. death — Te thus _poleds machshe- _or_apearctus aan ursbad.cb\on_ Sore lant — due te _exceamive Cument. __ — | |Rt iandietege coe Somfomer = om elechial atuace “Shieh conrerke changes Maguitude ate (ceithout Change te eo dhe Papas = Shp ale” Tnsformer + Costa —hih lige Ac Ania Ia lege Ae to alld _ ar dawn Transformer aay “eB eae = ! ag p= Mo | hur 1X 7 Pry het A ge ie a a: = | Here, se “dud Ny No V4 tua No >My pies se = Whenever ¥ number tummy tneveaven with cen pee th ary tee. then it in referred te ag Sep up _ Gans whentrey no sf tums sin, Decanledy ig Ae __ sey thon fPorany atc paid te be _ Ake awn, = i tuys ave _equor, thsy ore calleal -lalochig Tamafenrneh._ a. mye LIAITL LI iy abba BFDate N29 “D¥he_yamur type pte in__Chechria [clabont = 3 _ ge == Ay Cove Tyan formed “Gono Coe —_—$ren tore — e fore bore IME fey wpe. spew th CE ro IM Auoly & mang —= = asl SB ere 14 -__— ——e — \ saw — | pv Se — L{ “tev | ; eS - get “ Tue or more Drtko Trevafrrneh Toppigs fer Tran forma, ie | bbl Pt | Fe re enn nw AAA TDANWAAAAANA pre any Lsn-senty——— Carbo Conde Tage Tiana fonts foe Noe -Las usny — at fore Rech fading, Sor 2200 Cen Agia) me a ee *wey ae kk uw ue aD ou ae ae ae ae ee ee eee ec wk eo + . 7 _ Date. No. 3} eee —_ a Users 4): ANRomcnun To — TS erercorvoucroe: Dope — [3] : Boric Comedt Of Semicondarctocs - A denied “a Aubalane bach lw wears tinty — te 0. rT te.5 Din) shttvsen archas ove mtbr = eamanium , Shan ,seleniam , carbon eles — Pubshance. nollie _resishivhy (€) (mn) ) Gpper = ind conductor st Fx eo D_Cemanum Semicnluctor 6 Lm BD Gass Sinsuloctoy- 9x10! Lm 4 Nidnone veiglence. modevia) 10° Ln __ Properties: pa + The weasishivy gf senticontucter in_Jewthan an _ snsulotor bul move 4 shang cmedasfins —— _s Seni tu Rent —_4% weatlance io the — Sy Atrwicondualry deci aanen ct caith ther f vice verte + Who suk eink sprdy 1 afl % hei condu ching rT — hanger reciadelely . Thy 2 in wef 14_deolrue raft sarolucahesDate _ Deze De ads Spouterdauder —aveheld “togeH by the ing artim ¢ valance € elec. The _ bad in ae ¥_ bond. — _ rot: konic ba bond ee = AILS fe 5 con alouptoas 2h ‘have “opstallae hud — ayai@ble__ ae __ Far exqnple : geamansin 0 ate ae pie se ao D Genaaniaum Ge: Ota » ee trem ai of _Cerfarin Coalo _6r fran the Llue dust 6 zinc _smelfers. _Cenera Ly germaniung 5 , queitalle in the fon ef —Cesnonium Diride _pesdet. which sb frprere_recluced & Cermanium wa fem fern, e _ivequutred to break | tsi cotalont bond Bout o-tev for _Gemaniumy £ tev for om Q@-8-18- pasar cen eat weresoe ee ee ee ee eee cate nee ee i. | Dit, 9g 38 3 Slien (Si): Silent “in on slernaunt in’ moct of, he —tomman york. Actually Dowd in Silicon hiociole ~The Nilicen Cmposedo ae chonustally. reduced Ailicor telich in sony pure fie var aaa fenaitencluder. Se ey Sal ak eeeTAE, i 4960: Shion Aone Sudo’ _ = Sikan hos attic niamber of 14. The energy gap fr site teal A Cenctucf AS valance: Certo freely, dp An badreon thot 4 wasuloter cnd @rluchor |lucha ave _barhally —Cabey§ertned ch — _— eroluctte — The cymnt Grclustion adeseign — ‘tecko,_place —— tan _pmeen by free ambien and b a ay Shan tin The figure, SD Exnonie_Demltodndor: By —addg suthele | “Anion _demicondircka,” er biansse _ 4 _nropunt bo pewlordudes are aided, The_prdel. 4, acting ~~ igure th a semilondiuka da knquun ov cleping. __ Generally tor 108 edema 6) genetemnoluckor, —___ dinguily edemnin added _ rei __ Dit No. 257 =p ta dene. a8 ond T __uRreare the _elechnal_ tially 2 ee — Pepa, wpuRAnes je tials Oe bale bia Aha Jal ees Seaut corduchon_ - pee ey l SS Sobre EPrtenic Type Type [ Hlgge __NTpe (pesitive _ Nesebve Aripunty) ot Sergury (Trivalesbsy CPentavalent) Sy = Deplig wpm type of “ply, eatin _ — De raicancdrudan are ass fied ee Pyne $£ N= Syge. dényiloncludarDae HG ~stnuor tie #Eye) — 3] Tyger of - A we ee thay HP yalent ay. _43-added tee — “serivandustor a large ro- 4 fe __ Free elechass_ ed and_ik- Tyivaloat— —— __fabpuatity 5_addeg ——@ Kenge af- halen ores ———~ = —psidaced, —_____— ee fo | FAR Benders — Wh a sell — | __amout of — Pombavalend ateyaragy 2 —aclcled——~ _ fa pu jp Fon 20 — . _NieType _yernitondisdton — __ CMe Negebre) ____— ~The actastbon 64 pooteealact—— mp) — poodles ___ ange 0. Ff eelechous —_esi_serriconclecca—___ fal. > Typtial examples ave 2 Assent (As) | pind — Andim (Gp). JA)’ NAype Soricneuctor22 Piype._Sicendaclor — When g omal|_arraunto op talent senpunty é2_added ea pure -——__ bend conduct, Ita Kew an Po Ty 0 Strné carad usher, _ CP= Posrhve) a aoe = Tre_tadeliton of —trivalenct doceori tg produced —__ _B- fee Blech with 6" CR%25) paative bales bo_beremduder cxgatals. Typatel ecumpleh are tm Gollium Ctra). ( 496-5): P-Type Stnivnduder ; oF majonty + muAmty cowrers — The mayo ly Qarlers Aine 4 tactypee Aerriconclivctey ts elechreus ___wbore a nanonty ari are holes eee The_rayorrty CANN dy} cape 9 _pehy pte sensenade tt Wels and haunonty crnens_'g elechmgp- O-1ype ail : tine receives +e Lon fora — dena or neithbaning sold» op Pe cormienc Hales) ~ remoaty coprters Lelech = ee enied Denar Conk Cao) pen ape Struiconcletetor salud Tek eo a mR A ee ee eewow meee ae a Dit Nong fa Thbdaction te PN Junchion Dade with Beste“ _ Shuck & ViE-charauerighee tiles «Bee P-type penuterducttr 4) “nuilabley jetaed fo D-tgpe. _ Zemicanductar, the the tenia fee _ —Galled__fin-juncfion - Mot Semicandude- dome tantasir neo 0 Pajunchon Dike aa _aleviee, wilh ore — Pazjundion «Vey bamner vallage a Do@ewe Anode _4 _ N cated’. - T Termeéral pn junetion ~ Feamenal te one _ pro-Sunchen Dipde. | _ PIGS) 0-r jurshin Desuicrcluctor divde ave shackires == St stp. tans Se. —elechans near the junchon iy N- begun ta —difkse acnmse plies ata aye where _Combaire — tit holed “rear the junction “The veoull _ _thtat nvepion bases fee elechont ar they ciffue __drite_the junchon Th creates - ia foyer of posite. | tharges Cpeatavaleat tons) near the junction —————_ Ny_ As _elechos- _move. pats the junction, fore Poses haler. an echt and holes Combai ——dleplehionvegiaea Lor dager) ——— = Crt, change pub hal i» oleveleped _—deplobar regia, talled — The “veoult othed, there daa layer of _nggetice dager - (trivalent tons) near the funchae _ Sa posi fie 4 _negetice tons [cht ie j pehweon —— * alential Ys) Fer Sileon, “y= 09 for Coun swraniin, No.2 WV = Phafumthon olde. tan be made ye for eb _ Si@n a —Gemmaniim by cliffs tuo sapeoate _ p-type PB netype — Aenizondircterroaadenials Giaon : af bn punchn_cubde - : _ at TF elects, the Kia [bial muons #5 we —_de- voltage to entablich Conlatin operadnag ce valitions | fer an _elechony Ceube. Th _velabon 2 Prjanction cliede. fol lmuag te ‘i __iypey of — rating ao_dlene = _D Finesord. Giang: Whtoa exSanad de ratlage ta _____ applied in Aude a dicen, that ie _camcels She netranal parler, thus poxmi ding Conment flo.o » coer —Preserd Loiasig, ————a aa a ae aw ue ue ae ue ue ea aaa ca wes a ) Forward biaed. aa (6) Kevese Biased FE)? Grass bhovee Bite tonfgusation a —tannected 6 __ p-type termuxal_( Anacte) A negefire. Ac -Supply 43" seaneclted _hetype _ $ ; lathe) —sernuiel ¢ cliede. for finsard louie. othe Cument flowsisg ain 4 forwind clirectan i Ty. catled rwscirel Coprvend 4_Revese Bang When extemal ac wilage. 1 ayoplied junction 1 puch @ Letey that _dicoction —pnfunchon Hock the . flav quent 4 increases bare potential, cated revewe basing. : ad -_ Fer xevene. baking, the positive. Atonuced 4 | ole “Sepdy laid bbe” omected “te ne‘yao Cosnedte __ Nemo ¢ clirde _£ neselice frnasinal def houid bas tamed alg Arad tencasce! eae ditde . . 7 :=e te Dui Sasa based - Ferwenrd 1 Hage — (ot te 0 All ~ 0.3 of WEY Lidice a= a Basi ~ evene Busted concleton, = Diode oeks current 2 poten tial baawter— is we ae — — Dire Condes carvente — ion — _= = polentral barvier 16 yeduced. 4 4eme-— ~The junchon_op fers — fake —— Ry Oe = Tinuion offen Very high vensdonte « gy) oon dinate — Se, i oN R H- 0300 gv —- pa pen “cordatehs t recent) _ Feo 06) pe ss No Cument>C tera “cument Ty called i kage crrendt) — Has #thee sient noes an oevat Aw sper. (VE) characlerishis ty te pnglanchion —chibde is Tame labecen voltage — across —junchan Feit camcent oad by, sop ah sake it X-axis and —curvent _ dens Ya, BS ne wi eA et i : } — | forward =e, ae ee | Beaved Re _ Reverse vollege J Leger — mp a ; : ; , oo 10 re wt a Of od OR ot one (Vets) — 150 T | aoe ~ Forencl vikege oe. ~Pevese] "7 7 Braser Ao = Ve- , Vent = Ve a Hh Vey Va 5 Vek = Vin ¥ Re, Hee Ses eeNRW WwW BY Bee yee we De SUMATRA LEVITT al EL 14 | AE [| | ME) Ay] Pedy) yy] Ser TTt || PL yy tdage lecca eae The transistar_is a solid shot devite, Whose operation depend spin_te flows re Cl Carer __ Colechins and _hiles —bipilar) wither the pemieanductov: Tromilo 2 ow ave} tro Apte. wed 0 they Solid tlale clover ave valtege conballed clevice. LE contd of a.ilicen_ sv geamanitm Crya}ed th tdagh 4 Layer of- type material 24 Aandruitthed between tus heyert oe R- type material @ shaun bela! = J f pte [wl ties ai 6B 2) walter — 8 oboe a e- ee eee a een |e aF= a Jin sd es al i Fisted —— a DH singe ernplal th whith {here ore tue PAN junctions The charger Celther positive-hales av electrers) hoe calleded by the 4hird sechin through muddle sechen’ . One bide Jechon. surpplying free charge 4h _olled Emule A other Aide Sechion cal} echng hore sheep 2h cate Sion| : te 9g A rwiddle Sechion which 6 fevnmed bohrncesn —ehnalitear Medan Old Bare . eS Eatin : The enuitter cn —alwesys Srrward_biated saitl— ~ Pave so thot ik is able ta supply majaly charge med tthe base Tey haul olaped vr Hak ke mey be able» Wnjeck a kerge nw of charge, teantes. Mir size Arnote Colledor: Tt collect meydnty chorge convert. The collecor ic Glurays veverse biased So da te vemave Charge Carmen Cuey rem its function uth the, heave. Lt Ad_modeyeetelys deped. “Thr size. da Aargee Bare: Eby middle sectian sf -hansisher cur cy Very LG htly epee 2 Mens thin Ain Ompariion — — 2 _eithor ennitterr or tllector “On thot it noey pass mast Sf igeckd charge cartiens ts the calle koe Tn most _ the franaitor tthe Calleetor yee lan dy mode Phuyaerley larg ev than emitter becaume collector inte dissipate. _muth Power J. heat generated — davntg Ns operation Tho a PNP Hantiher, ensitter i rosthive wird: by f' aoe hile tm Aare NPN banter bare 04 Posh (P)_ wetd Qmitler (NJ. 7ee ak ah ak UP Ub aaa aaa aa a aa ais = Ob H Transistor Basing The frases of —teapplagig de ___ Vvalizges aemss: the Kirnals wf transistor 1s Caled —blasiig Far noma —aperation Eb terBanre. Sunchyan L_madefenuird bitred tohereas Gllechar- Rewe. junchion made _revene bigned» _ For ex mameit fer NPN -ansictor, iff Caller for Bane junetian > biared with voltage ince Veg, phon At hearer veveuch biased’ durde tamehon_Ih Eater bere junction dr not baned. ett ere eae. So ie - _ * rf the biap) r _ignoved 2 £ cocteee 4_ revere bianed connt cslleddon ~ bee junchan _ emiter-bare funchion io gu, plied wath. = power ten: all the Critter Uasont cell feedF ; tb a en ge [5a] Baoe Principle of PNP and Sieh Tee : on = ae — _ Pecvins_are injected inte émitlerr agen —_— bian supply Ves ~ There canelucten band eLechons have. — Enough nergy tao eme_the ¢mitter—loant barney ———— polenta. The _unjert elechma enter the very fides bere renin th Pereqion & Bare, elcchrens are mafowby and holes (ve) ae majority caries). Only Seas dlechros veembine with hele) doped tht “the base then Wht _Trjashion of elechims maken the electrons Concerbehion ain Pre _ennitter function vey large and on the collector junchoo the comen tration «f elections 16 eXtra Smal & ar Suds gradient _of election comcenvachon_1¢ vey Large) bare. Mot of electron cg sak the caller region » Cellechar to —vevene eignad and crecty a Strong _elechasterhr. Field behnen pure F aalleector The fidld nrnedalely eal Lects the. iffured elechens cobich enler the collector funchon . Rev ehechins 4 bare combine + neu <0) Bare region, About 954 997 of srjected electrons ditfure site the __ eilvetdor resin and_callectoA by. callectar elechude . Thus eerie Curent Te is equal ty tun sf Collector AW wewea aaa ae a uae — current Te and bare corent Zp: oe ——__* [fe 2 texte] 2 _ ni Pe + :-eleehons (ve) TE oe - ot hikes carved a cole : _ tl) Te | - 6 fil ™ _ Veg. _ The PNP ~ transistor beharea exacdly the fame way a an NPN -trempister WH an exception that mjority charge Canviers are. hwles. _ Holes ave emitted from 0- type emitter acrss the forward —lorased emilter—bare junchon site _ bare Sn the lgrtly doped No-lype. bare , Weles hind neo leche to reombire with, Come af the holes Flava put Wa the bare fernunal, but anott are drawn Ceres — the alledor by _priitive -negelive electnd._freld at the reverse —biared callecter— have junchon.TT aan Amplifier __________—— She fenttsin Ubi ity of anaylifier Wey ain He ability ee amplify weak Signals, The weak Agnak Cacsighel) 4 Provided te thput aide 2 amnplifred _wwdpet- ty oleyewwred _ 2 _edput Semmunale “Common —_Grratier con figusation Eb wid fo RYT anylifistion sf syrol., beaue. — FAs high Curent wliage 4 power gato 42 much _Aurled for rest _ of — eornplafiler caveats _ beh: the load wer Jance. is : ® Vea sok Catd thane we eS pai taut signal linge Conse chawge o5mMA us rattler —curemb » The chose si a-Si A Salomon Emitter —_#a_elledter reer} _u)) ce, __ Neh Trewoistar an Arplifier (05 x18) x Go y08) te SY : oy nade fomuials C11 Ve xR) Thuy chang Ge od VW eApak_ Sina) voltage _teuureo rouge 5 SV — fa_—the_ordpuk yotlage_—guaig veltege anptiiation ge SV = SD tinea Mange er ee OLV Karen Bloor ‘civeuits Vee = Vee + Te R _ oa ME ie ea D _ RR Germ - plothng Hig equodion ba fillowrg Common Crwitte, __pudput rere denidiy ve Geb oun ond wd db bw2 Te(ma) _ Pile De. $7 wapha, equccion | (Lead Whey — Ve yj Tee toA es Tee 30 oe ea Quiescent Poink tree Voew Me, AnA— Commer Enstther Transis}o- asper S ChanatlerSi, Qiprict: Quifecent as a potat on the load pact ee Whith yepvinents Collekerenaitter yaltaye (Veeg) —Gllecler curtect Cea). ip absence 4 AC cteual. Thy i dio cael Spanish — besa Chowper 4 Vow lant thes Th wh _olrmas —__ mat diay x Love fy care of AL amplifitr's aperacing pou 4) Selected so ay to “give lowest quiceent™ ales of Se, uilule far an cunetifrer operatid ty delivey 2moU ampuut of paver pat” in G\ uated by watt oboe Omula,Bari _( Configuration» of Transi of Tend Ci CCE, CB GC) (. —— “There. Gre. re. Hiner 1gpb2- of carkipeachios = | DCramen Barve Condi when — Cs) __ Sa lommen Bare (CB) 6m BD nbysotin_scest tom ponte hed betwen emdtler + Bare booted a fakon aquest. aller # | i tn. Ehnitter olf iether Andale NN Se fg age Elem Coll - J iNep20v. Proper) 4 ( Eoin “Dike thet P- ie ‘iia, 4 — anidline dean Sundk nchen in Forward bien mode is dirnilar — Faresa a be be_a PK —junchon, They ured te dulemuie veaistance Re) _of- _baniishor, Paper Th outpud chorerlerihis curve da drawn bebweon Vee 4 5, hoe Pe oade combats The wa nto Mind to _Crohank ar each _JeveleDit, Oe, SB 2 Corn Griter Conigurabion CCE mn Rh commen Elli ceniguiation, send J tnrechd between bare € Etat tubile the. onyoeh ta thkern ___ Sehr Callectar avd env'fer jaa droven wr fizere helots. Thur, Eitfey 6 omen ts riput and aadpuct arcuite, — ay yew Jets _ 1g ht Mee=£V. Vee : Fy. Comoro ered ter Inge Six Coen Erniter Coaligtaion Chareslonti aA a =a arr eieenie 6k Oe Tete ne pte som decithns, _ Lge — Region Cdlerter Eratter velhage in : \_kep nt tusve lg veldye (Vee) £ aarort C3) piel 21 Dhan (x Above, for debrrrhosion 6 output chorewleni hs, euive befeetn Alen Encitlor vellepe (Vee) vic callertradiuct Gd raw keeprig, Bare ussart Sq congdernt. Thea 1 utd % —moke Sranni(te ao an ompliprer tp Ac=mput papel OSa Date. Do. S4 | Lemmon _Calleuker_Confiqurechin (CC) — Fate tireuck, dnpd 2) applied behosin ave Allene uth the owbpul i taken aemss Emitter ~Callector—_Keepisg, _Collecbar feremsa) commen = Mee 22 Mex = Me) ue | Th wnput characteris Cuvee Aravn betwen | Gillet Bare valtage verses Rare _turent Keeping collect Fri voltege Constant z Simalarly j—subpul chara ident tier curren Keepeisg Te (Bare custert) omrtant. The _ commen — tlecter con fix wrabvon given ugg —__ apd _aropedane 6 Dhmic. value 4 ~ VRry Youd Gutpat ohmic value (ve. Ws voto) | ey a uy Mover —Uned anor amplifier —_Medium jab | Very kagh | Loo@ lshm) | Seo | About, P50k.L + tag} Voy high; High about | Lew about | about ‘ook | sok soSU L(y) (Bataan) bes than tp High (Ly | vey High = {{sotpek = (4 = F0/Tg) |Cage — =) SS UMD \ ean ie nese i lah | teu than me Z eS me 7 {Apelizadiod | Hip, frequenty | for Audio for Dnpedane. cHle=e {hee ication | Prqasmiey Aplin matching \Dil _ $B (EQ Triste As a self, i na En Can be ured a0 20 Kh Apo. luhenevor the _baure Agnal % forminal splidl date Dusifehong leune. ~Tn_VT 1 tansidlag s\-vepicn in ipidty, dopedt and Epulfer (P-junction) so hezoaly dleptd ~ UST Avonat hove ability fo amplify bot hao “the ably sk canbe @ Jaye Ac power with Small ~Aignal_ = = Te hon reget resitorn rlae papaya onbe ned ee a -Date, = Slati_ Gt thacba d= ——“e Centon wltagey reyehe encore 07 —— 7e0 erclitee cerrent- fae Doh Emitter Charade vos for a OFT ‘ 7 a a a ea ree Gea ee: es eo ee- eae ia ee TS One — the _Awinplot trannsdor fram shadurol pont & view Tt 4 awl valhye corfrlled_penicerdieden dete Tin Hur clevite, Hye elect current dy — Card by only ene type of cameos. Suit wy & Unipslar clei. Tt hoy mer pat —tlectial vestttnce. SET csishs of “doped Siken @ GaAs bar ‘here Are. _ohmin_cateeh, the 4 dua_ends of the bar and Aericonducder junchor on its tuo Sales. ce denticandiuder bar in _n=type, , the ter side of bar dp Kavily elaped with ptype shpumbios and ther A knoun 29 N-thannel TFET On the offer hand ig Abert seraductee bay a petype , the tor pide of bar _£ realy celsped cath. Netype — Lapa ted ‘By fran aa pchannel JET. then valege io Applied betwen -tes_tads, an Chebre Comment evhich in coomled hy ont landed bp bar flows . vig. degli ba the fmwral — dag which —mapuihy a ae —te bar ind _ternural —thmugh __ Selsey Carriiean Deave he ar called sg (4 — Daun) rope. Te hal Sede on the fs Sideo 41 Called _ Gp G)- -4 4 Fi BA] Metal oxide Semiconductor Felel fed Trnsiclar (MosFET) _ Aitke. TEEL, a MOPeT 8“ alse a Mineo _kameial a GSoune » Jete_and Drath) deure gad crows caer tnt 1s alto controlled 6, gale. bias — The operation of MospetT is similar to thot of TFET Lt canbe emplyed tary of the circle arvered for the TELL, The an bt cecplayed any ofthe circuit? covered for the JET, and th MOSPETs ave namely tus Agper: GL) thane MosPeT_CE-MOsfeT) «Tt. La tha eth von. da_ Ben uty tania lenge pat ON Gud OFF. Ty Sea, Fe mass me Agi Mal aualbching whith 24 tho tbanc spentien wf moder tompdent. Sexsoee GeteG) Pane) Ga? Dre | a its n G i a | (8 | Netypesutohets | a Cymbo¥} (rms!) fg Nchonel_E-meseeT Say P-channel _€-Mospet Acs hone Auiggeots tnhnacment rsaut, ok penalty with large _ Gate te suunce roltage, (gesiine) only» Th cleernat- « conduct heer when Nes <0. Thods vubuy je 2% called Normally “open cv0). st han agar the Aeypey + N-channel 4 P-channel. _Nechonvel _spneta vith pride Cate Supply whereas P-chanreh Operate) itt _regeine gota upp de forma _nvchanral Lise daypam) —4_pechaneal _Gre-dngran) esopecteiy — 7 Corackenshyy ase yttee Age). Dian. chotatbahue £, Taina fey chotacherk dis.- oe _ Say Tra fey chorvrabrisdne, 1 CS Depletion typ MOIPETs (De pmoects) + Smilian Fo_EMOSFETS DE -MosPETE Gre tam Apes * = ; 9 8 @ : et, og) | ms G Go \ Tahoe 7 | —— — Ait hsaed Bacnnel at | Ptyre sutitrote | Canta «gray N-type De-mesreT fa- PType Pes FET | | | i - . = * | Ac Nome pggect, Depletion vefes ts diplehés is papi | By applyieg Valbege across Gaté Fore. St Gels Sot ubyeriely “4 \ \ 1 | tha og temesFete Fh corduds 20 namatly wher ny Apply Ves) £9 give Ves =0._Up Ahop Ordirchg when we dupply Ves valle. Fer w-Type pe-Ma FET Pasrhive, | Vos vellage makes Some. 46 Drain fonuical Open init — _ ond fer P-type PEAMOFET pectic Veoe walfage maker 4. 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Min required “ wnicmsope fe seo ——bhdiidus\ _comporesti_ fe Bee all the _comporo_mizrocentrljer__chuP se _ eae X bAmm x oodimm + —<—<€§| arse $9: GD: Typeal Size of otmionduitor chip TC — Advardages: : Fncreased velrotility due te Sess no- of _ Connections - Exhemely small site due te Fabriation of vartur crt olornente wn aA Angle Es Sernitondecctor— mnoatertal , E pt and space regueivement atumited cicedt. 2 Tt Cates bith Active _( Transhstox cliodas clu) £ passive eloments ( yes Stors, janitors ety.) 4 a monolithic Shucure, lore poner consump tons (Zw) lt opemse_ ot a hia cige — Arrmperatcare. _a ee GTi filon C5) thick film ky bybrol _ es Moroldthic te shone in coluch all cetewit- ei L der _aAkr-wanechions are famed {_meno= one + Lihue = ears Worslation, — = ——txaiasple Tus clinte Le Diode 6 SH Ff 6:08 > 6 i O64 “= 0 =~ (yeu fon 90 further but Init upts 0) 53658) Rus | ano xe = 492-5 0.52x$ = 4:36 +h O36 xk = QR§>2 O88xS = R04 oF O0fx8 = 0.32 +0 ¥ : 7429p) =n)