‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ‬
‫اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻲ )اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر( اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻷرﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ )‪ 12‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫‪ 20 - 1944‬دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ (1949‬ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻧﺸﺄت ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎت ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ )إﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎرﺑﺎﻏﺎﺗﺎي‪ ،‬أﻟﺘﺎي( ﺑﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺑﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺘﻤﺮد ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ إﻳﻠﻲ‪ .‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة ﺣﺰب اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن اﻵن ذاﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻘﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺸﺄة اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻮرة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺜﻼث )‪ .(1949-1944‬وﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪[5][4][3][2].‬‬
‫دوﻟﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد‬
 ‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻪرﻗﯩﻲ ﺗﯜرﻛﯩﺴﺘﺎن ﺟﯘﻣﮭﯘرﯨﻴﯩﺘﻰ‬

‫‪1949 – 1944‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﻴﻨﻎ]‪[1‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ‬

‫إﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫اﻷوﻳﻐﻮرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫اﻹﺳﻼم‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬

‫‪1944‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﺎن ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺟﺎن‬

‫‪-‬‬
‫‪1946‬‬
‫‪1946‬‬ ‫أﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﺎن ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪1949‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬

‫‪1944‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ‬

 ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪1949‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫‪1944‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫اﻟﺰوال‬
‫دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬
‫‪1949‬‬

‫ﺳﻮم‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺼﺪري )‪https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%‬‬

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‫‪ - (4%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&action=edit&section=0‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ )‪https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%‬‬
‫‪AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D‬‬
‫‪(9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&veaction=edit‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 1934‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 1941‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‪ .‬دﺧﻠﺖ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻣﺮﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ‪1934‬‬
‫و‪ ،1937‬ﻟﻔﺘﺮات ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﻤﻊ اﻟﺠﻨﺮال ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻧﻎ‬
‫ﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ ‪ 36‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1934‬واﻧﺴﺤﺒﺖ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1935‬وأرﺳﻞ اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺎت اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة إﻋﻤﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة ‪ -‬أﺧﻲ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻘﻴﻖ وﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻚ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ‪ -‬أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر ﺳﻔﺎﻧﻴﺪز‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﺮض ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﺪة ﺧﻤﺲ ﺳﻨﻮات ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ روﺑﻞ ذﻫﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي‪ .‬وﻗﻊّ ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮض ﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1935‬دون ﺗﺸﺎور أو ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪث اﻟﻐﺰو اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1937‬وﺗﻢ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻧﻐﺎن واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ال‪ ،36‬وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻢ اﻹﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮج اﻟﺠﻨﻮد‬
‫اﺑﺘﺪاء ﻣﻦ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ 1937‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ أي ﻫﺠﻮم ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﻦ وزارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻮل‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺢ اﻣﺘﻴﺎزات ﻵﺑﺎر اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬وأﻟﻐﺎم اﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ واﻟﺘﻨﺠﺴﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﺷﺮوط ﺗﺠﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻮاﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1936‬ﻃﺮد ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي ‪ 20,000‬ﻛﺎزاﺧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻴﻨﻐﻬﺎي ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة اﻟﺠﻨﺮال ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮﻓﺎﻧﺞ‪ُ ،‬‬
‫وﻗﺘﻞ أﻋﺪاد ﻣﻦ‬
‫]‪[7][6‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺎزاﺧﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻘﻲ ‪ 135‬ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 26‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1940‬أﺑﺮم ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﻨﺎزﻻت إﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻟﻤﺪة‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﺪود ﻣﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪ واﻟﺘﺒﺖ؛ وﻫﻜﺬا ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ً‬
‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺟﺰءا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬وأﺷﺎر ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺬﻛﺮاﺗﻪ‬
‫"اﻟﻔﺸﻞ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﻜﻴﺎﻧﻎ" ‪ -‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺮﺗﻬﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻐﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ - 1958‬أن ﺟﻮزﻳﻒ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﻔﺎق ﺳﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎزات ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ .1940‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺼﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪا‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﻔﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ أن "اﻟﺴﻤﺎح ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺎت اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺮ وﻣﻌﺎدﻧﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬وﺗﻨﺺ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪" :‬اﻟﺴﻤﺎح إﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ دون‬
‫ﻋﻮاﺋﻖ" ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻹﻣﺪادات ﻣﻦ اﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎزات وﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات واﻟﻤﻮاد وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻹﻋﻔﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻮم اﻟﺠﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ‪[8].‬‬

‫وﻋﻘﺐ ﻫﺬه اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أرﺳﻞ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ رﺣﻼت اﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق إﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻣﻦ ‪1940‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ‪ ،1941‬وﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ رواﺳﺐ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻴﻮراﻧﻴﻮم واﻟﺒﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮم ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺒﺎل اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﺷﻐﺮ وﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ أﻟﺘﺎي‪ .‬واﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﺎم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺎت اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﺎم ‪ [9].1949‬وواﺻﻞ اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮن اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﻮن اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪.1955‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎرﺑﺎروﺳﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻐﺰو اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ‪ ،1941‬ودﺧﻮل اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ دﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1941‬أﺻﺒﺢ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ راﻋﻲ أﻗﻞ ﺟﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻟﺸﻨﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰب اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬وﺑﺤﻠﻮل ﻋﺎم ‪ 1943‬ﺣﻮل ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي وﻻﺋﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻬﺰاﺋﻢ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ أﻳﺪي‬
‫اﻷﻟﻤﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎم ﺑﻄﺮد ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬وﻓﺘﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﻴﻨﻐﻬﺎى وﺳﻨﺠﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮذﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1943‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪدً ا ﻣﻦ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎول ﺷﻨﻎ إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ وﻻﺋﻬﺎ‬
‫إﻟﻰ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬واﻋﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﺪدا ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮادر اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﻓﻲ أوروﻣﺘﺸﻲ وأرﺳﻞ‬
‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺮض "ﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺘﻪ اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ال ‪ [10]."18‬ﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ رﻓﺾ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻨﻎ وأﺣﺎل ﻫﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻴﺎﻧﻎ ﻛﺎي ﺷﻴﻚ اﻟﺤﺎﻛﻢ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ؛ أﺧﺮﺟﻪ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ أﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ 1944‬وﻋﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ وزارة اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻮﻧﻐﺘﺸﻴﻨﻎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1944‬اﺳﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎء ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ واﻷوﻳﻐﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ إﻳﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺮد ﺿﺪ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ اﻟﻨﻔﻮذ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻤﺮد‬

‫ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪى اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ واﻷوﻳﻐﻮرﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ إﻳﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫وﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ روﺳﻴﺎ ﺛﻢ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻰ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻴﻦ اﻟﺮوس ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ؛ ﻓﺮ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻷﺗﺮاك واﻷوﻳﻐﻮر إﻟﻰ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ وﺣﺼﻠﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 1943‬ﻟﻠﺜﻮرة ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﻛﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻤﺮد إﻳﻠﻲ‪ [11].‬وﻛﺎن أﺣﻤﺪ ﺟﺎن ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ أﺣﺪ ﻗﻴﺎدات اﻟﺘﻤﺮد‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮا ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ووﺻﻒ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "رﺟﻞ ﺳﺘﺎﻟﻴﻦ" واﻟﻤﻔﻜﺮ "اﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻲ اﻟﺸﻴﻮﻋﻲ"‪ [12].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﺎن ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺟﺎن أول رﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أوروﻣﺘﺸﻲ ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل ﻟﻴﻮ ﺑﻦ‪-‬دي ‪ -‬ﺿﺎﺑﻄﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ‪ -‬ﻹﺧﻀﺎع ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻫﺎي وﺳﺤﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ اﻷﺗﺮاك اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﻟﻺﻃﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﺸﻠﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻷن ﻗﻮاﺗﻪ وﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮة‬
‫ﺟﺪا‪ [13].‬وﻓﻲ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ُ 1944‬ﻗ ِﺘ َﻞ ﻟﻴﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر واﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻟﻜﺎزاﺧﺴﺘﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫﻜﺬا‬
‫ﺑﺪأ اﻟﺘﻤﺮد ﻓﻲ إﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺟﻴﺶ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر ﺿﺪ ﻗﻮات ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫وﺑﻌﺪ رﺣﻴﻞ ﺷﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي ﻋﻦ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‪ ،‬واﺟﻬﺖ إدارة اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﺰاﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬
‫واﻟﻨﻈﺎم‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ‪ 16‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1944‬ﻟﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ ارﺳﻠﺖ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻳﻨﻴﻨﻎ ﻣﻦ اﺣﺘﻮاء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫وﺑﺤﻠﻮل ‪ 8‬أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﻮﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻏﺒﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻴﻠﻜﺎ ﻋﺎﺻﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧﻼل ﺷﻬﺮ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪ ،‬اﻧﺪﻟﻊ اﻟﺘﻤﺮد ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ وﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻨﻮب ﻣﻦ ﻳﻨﻴﻨﻎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎت إﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وأﻟﺘﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺎرﺑﺎﻏﺎﺗﺎي ﻓﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‪ .‬وﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺗﺤﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ وﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدون اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺜﻼث‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳﻨﻴﻨﻎ‪ ،‬وأﻋﻠﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ إﻟﻴﻬﺎن ﺗﻮر أو ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﺎن ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺟﺎن "ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺎن اﻹﻋﻼن‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﻄﺎع اﻷﺑﻄﺎل اﻹﻃﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻟﻤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳﻮل ا ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ا‬ ‫‪  ‬اﻟﺤﻤﺪ‪ ‬‬

‫ﺣﺮرﻧﺎ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎك إﺧﻮانٌ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺳﻼم ﻣﺎ زاﻟﻮا ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻟﻮﺣﺸﻲ اﻟﺪﻣﻮي واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ إن‬
‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎ‪ ،‬وﻧﺤﻦ ﻟﻦ ﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﺳﻼﺣﻨﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺤﺮر ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﺶ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮداء ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻈﺎﻟﻤﺔ!‪ ،‬ا‬
‫ﻀﻄ ﻬﺪة ﻣﻦ أراﺿﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ورﺛﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﻃﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤ ِ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻘﺘﻠﻊ ﺟﺬور اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ُ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ آﺑﺎﺋﻨﺎ وأﺟﺪادﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫ﻫﺎﺟﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدون ﻳﻨﻴﻨﻎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 7‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ ‪ 1944‬وﺳﺮﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﻮﻟﻮا ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺘﻠﻮا ﻗﻮات اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ واﺟﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدون ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺷﺮﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮات اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ واﻟﺸﺮﻃﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ وﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬوﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ‪ 13‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻢ إﻋﻼن ﻗﻴﺎم "ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ" ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﺒﺮ‪ [14]،‬ﺳﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﻴﺶ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺟﻴﺶ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪن واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﻮﻳﺔ‪ [16][15].‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ واﺟﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدون ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻄﺎر إﻳﺮاﻣﺒﻚ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺧﻠﺖ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‪[17].‬‬
 ‫وﻗﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدون ﺑﻘﺘﻞ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺰب اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ واﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪوﻳﻦ ﻟﺸﻴﻨﻎ ﺷﻴﻜﺎي‪ [18].‬وﻓﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪1945‬‬
‫]‪[17][20][19‬‬
‫أﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺴﻌﻰ إﻟﻰ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ودﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪[21].‬‬ ‫وﺗﻢ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﻠﻐﺎت اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﺮوﺳﻴﺔ واﻷوﻳﻐﻮرﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺪم اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻤﺮد ﻫﻲ ﺟﻴﺶ إﻳﻠﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎ‪ ،‬وأﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺬي ﺿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺟﻨﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻷﻳﻐﻮر واﻟﻜﺎزاخ واﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﺮوس )ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪60‬‬
‫أﻟﻒ ﺟﻨﺪي‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﺤﻴﻦ وﻣﺪرﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ وﺣﺪات اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪ 500‬ﺿﺎﺑﻂ و‪ 2،000‬ﺟﻨﺪي(‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ رﺟﺎل ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻛﺎزاك ﻛﺎراي ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻴﺎدة ﻋﺜﻤﺎن ﺑﺎﺗﻮر )ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪ 20,000‬اﻟﻔﺮﺳﺎن(‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪ ،1945‬اﺣﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺶ اﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﻨﺘﺎﻧﻎ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻧﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ أوروﻣﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺳﺲ "ﺟﻴﺶ إﻳﻠﻲ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ" )إﻳﻨﺎ( ﻓﻲ ‪ 8‬أﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ 1945‬ﻛﺬراع ﻋﺴﻜﺮي ﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﻴﺎدة إﺳﺤﺎق‬
‫ﺑﻴﻚ‪ [22]،‬وﻗﺪم اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﻴﺖ وﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺬﺧﺎﺋﺮ واﻟﺰي اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺮوﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وﺳﺎﻋﺪت اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ"‪[24]،‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮات إﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ [23].‬وﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﺰي اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﺎرة ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﺳﻢ "ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺪ اﻵﻻف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻷﺗﺮاك ﻓﻲ ﻗﺘﺎل اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ‪ [25].‬ﻓﻲ أﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪ 1945‬ﻫﺎﺟﻤﺖ ﻃﺎﺋﺮات‬
‫ﺻﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪[26].‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻓﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ واﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺿﺪ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪاد‪ ،‬وﻧﺠﺤﻮا ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ أوروﻣﺸﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ أن اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻰ أرﺳﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﺳﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺠﻮم‪[29][28][27].‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻮي ﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺮدﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ اﻷوﻳﻐﻮر‪ ،‬وﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﻴﺶ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺪ‬

‫واﻋﻠﻦ وﻗﻒ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻨﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،1946‬ﻣﻊ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﺴﺘﺎن اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬وﺳﻴﻄﺮ اﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻮن‬
‫أوروﻣﻜﻲ‪[32][31][30].‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺠﺎن‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬

‫‪Forbes (1986)، p. 176 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA17 .1‬‬

‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ" )‪https://web.archive.org/web/20190707171803/https://books.google.c‬‬ ‫‪(6‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ‪.2019‬‬ ‫‪om/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA176). Archived from the original on 7‬‬
‫اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ‪ 28‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.2018‬‬

‫‪David D. Wang. Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident; Ethnic Conflicts and .2‬‬
‫‪International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. pg. 406‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬ ‫‪(The Soviets in Xinjiang (1911-1949) (http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm .3‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ )‪https://web.archive.org/web/20180103153518/http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinx‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ 2018‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪j.htm) 03‬‬

‫‪David Wang. The Xinjiang question of the 1940s: the story behind the Sino-Soviet treaty of .4‬‬
‫‪August 1945‬‬

‫‪Into Tibet: Thomas Laird. The CIA's First Atomic Spy and His Secret Expedition to Lhasa .5‬‬
‫‪pg. 25‬‬
 American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). The Annals of the American .
Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277 (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
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g+Shih-ts'ai+in+1936,+was+reduced,+after+repeated+massacres+by+their+Chinese+coreli
gionists+under+Ma+Pu-fang,+to+a+scattered+135+people&dq=A+group+of+Kazakhs,+ori
ginally+numbering+over+20000+people+when+expelled+from+Sinkiang+by+Sheng+Shih
-ts'ai+in+1936,+was+reduced,+after+repeated+massacres+by+their+Chinese+coreligionist
s+under+Ma+Pu-fang,+to+a+scattered+135+people&hl=en&ei=B4OnTKDwKMKqlAfJgYm
tDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA). American
https://books.google.) ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬.152 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬.Academy of Political and Social Science
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people+when+expelled+from+Sinkiang+by+Sheng+Shih-ts'ai+in+1936,+was+reduced,+aft
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.2010 ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬28 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2020 ‫ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬26 ‫ﻓﻲ‬ (sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA

American Academy of Political and Social Science (1951). Annals of the American .7
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https://books.google.com/books?id=NnY5) ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬.152 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬.and Social Science
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.2010 ‫ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‬28 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2020 ‫ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬

.Agreement of Concessions, Article 7 .

Lin 2007, p. 130. (http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_200 .9

https://web.archive.org/web/20100923025246/http://www.silkr) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (7/Lin.pdf
, oadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_2007/Lin.pdf) September 23, 2010
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ واي ﺑﺎك ﻣﺸﻴﻦ‬

Lin 2002. (https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Between+rhetoric+and+reality:+nationalist+Chi .10

http://web.archive.org/web/201809) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (na's+Tibetan+agenda...-a099019937
19115307/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Between+rhetoric+and+reality%3a+nationalist+
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 Forbes (1986)، pp. 172–173 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg= .11
https://web.archive.org/web/20190707200906/https://books.go) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (PA173
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ‬ ogle.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA173). Archived from the original on 7
.2018 ‫ ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬29 ‫ اﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺘﺎرﻳﺦ‬.2019

Forbes (1986)، p. 174 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA17 .12

https://web.archive.org/web/20190708184951/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (4
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Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 1982, p. 299. (https://books.google.com/books?ei=rs- .13

PTPXyL4G0lQf-s5zcDw&ct=result&id=4J0uAAAAIAAJ&dq=Liu+Bin+di's+mission,+howev
http://web.archive.org/web/201609) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (er+was&q=Liu+Bin+di's+mission,+hi
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4J0uAAAAIAAJ&dq=Liu+Bin+di%27s+mission%2C+however+was&q=Liu+Bin+di%27s+mi
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Forbes (1986)، pp. 176 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA17 .14

https://web.archive.org/web/20190707171803/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (6
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Forbes (1986)، p. 178 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA17 .15

https://web.archive.org/web/20190703194445/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (8
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Forbes (1986)، p. 180 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA18 .1

https://web.archive.org/web/20190707234006/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (0
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Forbes (1986)، p. 181 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA18 .17

https://web.archive.org/web/20190703102910/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (1
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Forbes (1986)، p. 179 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA17 .1

https://web.archive.org/web/20190705043933/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (9
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Forbes (1986)، p. 183 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA18 .19

https://web.archive.org/web/20190702230223/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (3
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Forbes (1986)، p. 184 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA18 .20

https://web.archive.org/web/20190703010437/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (4
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Forbes (1986)، p. 217 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA21 .21

https://web.archive.org/web/20190702145808/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (7
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Forbes (1986)، pp. 185–186 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg= .22

https://web.archive.org/web/20190702115104/https://books.go) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (PA185
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Forbes (1986)، p. 187 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA18 .23

https://web.archive.org/web/20190703070801/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (7
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Forbes (1986)، p. 188 (https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA18 .24

https://web.archive.org/web/20190702084346/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (8
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Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES 1945, "Sinkiang Truce Follows Bombings Of Chinese .2
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Shipton, Eric (1997). The Six Mountain-travel Books (https://web.archive.org/web/202001 .27

26121953/https://books.google.com/books?id=aY9ImH3Vna8C&pg=PA488). The
https://books.) ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬.978-0-89886-539-4 ISBN .488 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬.Mountaineers Books
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https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140008/https://books.google.c) "‫"ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺆرﺷﻔﺔ‬ (4
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Ammentorp 2000–2009, "Generals from China Ma Chengxiang" (https://generals.dk/gener .31

https://web.archive.org/web/201801291) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (al/Ma_Chengxiang/_/China.html
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Brown & Pickowicz 2007, p. 191. (https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg .32

https://web.archive.org/web/201703311) ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬ (=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false
2017 ‫ﻣﺎرس‬ 23727/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA191) 31
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‫ﺑﻮاﺑﺔ دول‬

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