Shivani © Complete Book® —————® For Educating People Engineering Students ~ As Per New Scheme & Syllabus (4) : (AICTE Flexible Curricula) Mp NV 4 fl | July 2020 ud) tage seh cn io wee. ae amination Papers Completely Solved Mathematics-lll Smart Accurate “Comprehensive Scanned with CamScannerMATHEMATICS - Il ODULE - 1: NUMERICAL METHODS-1 - Solution of polynomial and ranscendental equations ~ Bisection method, Newton-Raphson method and egula-Falsi method, Finite differences, Relation between operators, interpolation using Newton's forward and backward difference formulae. interpolation with unequal intervals : Newton's divided difference and Lagrange’s mulae. \ODULE - 2 : NUMERICAL METHODS-2 — Numerical Differentiation, umerical Integration : Trapezoidal rule and Simpson's 1/3rd and 3/8 rules, ‘olution of simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations by Gauss’s Elimination, Gauss's Jordan, Crout's methods, Jacobi’s, Gauss-Seidal and Relaxation jethod. MODULE -3: NUMERICAL METHODS:3 — Ordinary differential equations : Taylor's series, Euler and modified Euler's methods, Runge-Kutta method of fourth order for solving first and second order equations, Milne’s and Adam's redictor-corrector methods, Partial differential equations : Finite difference solution, two dimensional Laplace equation and Poisson equation, Implicit and explicit methods for one dimensional heat equation (Bender-Schmidt and Crank-Nicolson methods), Finite difference explicit method for wave 2quation. MODULE - 4: TRANSFORM CALCULUS - Laplace Transform, Properties of Laplace Transform, Laplace transform of periodic functions, Finding inverse -aplace transform by different methods, Convolution theorem. Evaluation of ntegrals by Laplace transform, solving ODEs by Laplace Transform method, ‘ourier transforms. AODULE - 5 : CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY — Probability Mass function, >robability Density Function, Discrete Distribution : Binomial, Poisson's, sontinuous Distribution : Normal Distribution, Exponential Distribution. Fe *rice : Rs. 130.00 (Rs. One Hundred Thirty Only) | Edition : 2020 Se Scanned with CamScannerMATHEMATICS . MODULE - 1: NUMERICAL METHODS-1 . Solution of polynomial and transcendental equations ~ Bisection PAGE NS method, Newton-Raphson method and Regula-Falsi method Finite differences, Relation between operators ... Interpolation using Newton's forward and backward difference formulae, Interpolation with unequal intervals - Newton's divided difference and Lagrange’s formulae ~~ MODULE - 2 : NUMERICAL METHODS-2 Numerical Differentiation .. Numerical Integration - Trapezoida and 3/8 rules Solution of simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations by Gau: Elimination, Gauss’s Jordan, Crout's methods, Jacobi's, Gauss-Seidal and Relaxation method . MODULE - 3 : NUMERICAL METHODS-3 Ordinary differential equations — Taylor's series, Euler and modified Euler's methods, Runge-Kutta method of fourth order for solving first and second order equations, Milne’s and Adam's predictor-corrector methods Partial differential equations — Finite difference solution, two dimensional Laplace equation and Poisson equation, Implicit and explicit methods for one dimensional heat equation (Bender- : Schmidt and Crank-Nicolson methods), Finite difference explicit method for wave equation .... (162 to 184, MODULE - 4 : TRANSFORM CALCULUS | Laplace Transform, Properties of Laplace Transform, Evaluation of integrals by Laplace transform, Laplace transform of periodic functions .. Finding inverse Laplace transform by different methods, Convolution theorem, Solving ODEs by Laplace Transform method Fourier transforms MODULE - 5: CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY Probability Mass function, Probability Density Function .. Ciserete Distribution — Binomial, Poisson's ontinuol il 7 i Continuous Distribution ~ Normal Distribution, Exponential I rule and Simpson's 1/3rd Scanned with CamScannerrT ‘ |__| NUMERICAL METHODS - 1 SOLUTION OF POLYNOMIAL AND TRANSCENDENTAL ] EQUATIONS — BISECTION METHOD, NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD AND REGULA-FALSI METHOD Polynomial Equation — An expression of the form f(x) = agx" + ax"! + “act dy Where a’s are constants and n is a positive integer is said to be a polynomial thx, provided ap # 0. The values of x which make f,(x) t0 zero are called as zeroes srthe root of the polynomial f,(x) and polynomial of nth degree has n-zeroes. Iff(x) is any polynomial, then the equation f (x) = 0 is known as algebraic ‘quation in x. For example ~ 4x5 + 8x4 — 7x3 + x?- 12x +1 = 0 ind 7x6 + 4x4 - 10x + 4 = 0 are algebraic equations. Definition — When in a polynomial, a + sign follows a + sign or a ~ sign ‘llows a sign, a continuation or a permanence of signs is said to occur. But {a+ sign follows a — sign or a — sign follows a + sign, then a change of sign s said to occur. For example, the polynomial f(x) = 4x5 + 6x4 — 10x3 + 11x? - 14x +3 = 0 1as four changes and one continuation of signs. Descarte’s Rule of Signs - The number of positive real roots of f(x) = 0 -annot exceed the number of sign changes in f,(x) and the number of negative cal roots of f,(x) = 0 cannot exceed the number of sign changes in fy(-x)- Transcendental Equation — If f(x) also contains trigonometric, ogarithmic, exponential functions, etc. then the equation f(x) = 0 is known as ranscendental equation. For example — (x3 — 1) e-5* + log (1-3) = 0 x3 xte%=0 Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations ~ To obtain the Pots of an equation f(x) = 0, we start with a known approximate solution ind Scanned with CamScanneries 4 Mathematics - III apply any of the following methods ~ ‘The Bisection Method (Bolzano Method) ~ If f(x) is a continuous between a and b and fla) and f(b) are of opposite signs, then there least one root between a and b. For definiteness, let fla) be negative ang fib) be positive. Then the root lies between a and b and let its approximate value will be given by — function CXists at peed) ° 2 If fx ) = 0, we conclude that xy is a root of the equation f(x) = 0. Otherwise the root lies either between xq and b or between x, and a, depending on whether f(xy ) is negative or positive. Then as before we biscct the interval and repeat the process until the root is known to the desired accuracy. The method is shown fa, graphically in fig. 1.1. Fig. 1.1 Convergence of Bisection Method — (Convergence of Sequence) ~ The sequence of successive approximations of a root x = a of the equation f(x) = 0 is said to converge to X= awith order q 21, if ky, - al < constant greater than zero, F(a) < ¢[x,—alq,n>0, where c is some When q = I and 0 = x9 - (i) | or False |—*1= Xo. 1 Guaranteed 1 1 position | f(X1) = f(x) Convergence. method |* f(Xo) Newt x Sensitive to __pNewton-| Xket = Xk starting value. (#)) Raphson | _ fey) 2 |Convergence} 2 | 2 ee Px) is fast if xg is [close to root. @.1. Define algebraic and transcendental equations. R.GRV,, Dec. 2014) Ans, Refer to the matter given on page 3 (GEE Dec Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods-1 7 Q.2. Give convergence values of Regula-falsi and Newton-Raphson method. (RGR, June 2015) Ans. Refer to the matter given on page 6, under table 1.1. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.l. Find @ root of the following equation using bisection method correct to three places of decimal fix) = x3 - 3x-5 . IR.GPN:, May 2019 (1V-Sem)] Sol Let fix)= 3 -3x-5 fll) = - Tie, -ve f(2)= - 3, ie., -ve and 13) = 13. ie. +ve Thus the root lies between 2 and 3. Then first approximation to the root is 2+3 x)= 7 =25 fix,) = (2.5) = 3.125, ie., +ve the root lies between 2 and 2.5. Then the second approximation to 2+25 xy= 5 = 225 Also f(xz) = 2.25) = ~ 0.3594, ie, -ve Hence, the root lies between 2.25 and 2.5. 2.25+25 xy= = 2395 Now, flx;) = f(2.375) = 1.2715, ie., +ve Hence, the root lies between 2.25 and 2.375. 2.375 x0 = 2.3125 Now, fxg) © 12.3125) = 0.4289, ie., +e Hence, the root lies between 2.25 and 2.3125, 225423125 Xs ; 2.2812 Now, fix.) = 12.2812) = 0.0275, ie, +ve Hence, the root lies between 2.25 and 2.2812 2.25 + 2.2812 age TEESE 2.2656 Scanned with CamScannerMathematics - III Now, f(x¢) = 112.2656) = ~ O1ETe ie -ve Hence, the root lies between 2.2656 and 2.2812. 2.2656 + 2.2812 yD Now, f(x,) = 12.2734) = - 0.07, ie., -ve Hence, the root lies between 2.2734 and 2.2812. 2.2734 + 2.2812 cy = 2.2734 Xg= A = 2.2773 Now, f(xg) = (2.2773) = - 0.0216, i.e., -ve Hence, root lies between 2.2773 and 2.2812. 2812 X= BTS = 2.27925 Hence the root is 2.279 Ans, = 0 using bisection (R.GPV., Nov, 2018) —Prob.2. Find a root of the equation x3 ~ 4x — method correct to three decimal places. Sol. Let f() = B= 4x9 f(1)= ~ 12, ie, ve {(2)= - 9, ie. -ve ad {(3)= 6, ie, +ve Thus the root lies between 2 dnd 3. Then first approximation to the root is 243 x= 225 Bae he wag t= 2.5) = lence, the root li : the root ic Toot lies between 2.5 and 3, Then the second approximation to 543 %2 = 2275 Also, f(x.) = £075) = 0.7969. ; Hence, the rot lies between 3.« ae ae _ 254275 ~ %8 == 2.625 Now, (2.625) = “14121 | Hence, the root lies b ea we etween 2625 a +z 26254975 “ Xqs 3 = 26875 Now, f (2.6875) = 0.3391, ie, yg Hence, the root les between 2.68765, 2.6875 42.75 TS = 271875 ind 2.75, ind 2.75, i Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Mothods-1 9 Now, (2.71875) © 0.2209, Le, ve Hence, the root Hes between 2.6875 and 2.71875. 2.0875 4 2.71875 Xs 2.7031 Now, 12.7031) 0.061 ve Hence, the root lies between 2.7031 and 2.71875. 2.7031 4 2.71875 5 x," = aa Now, 1(2,7109) © 0.0787, i hve Hence, the root lies between 2.7031 and 2.7109, 2.70314 2.7109 2.7109 Xg 5 = 2.107 Hence, the root is 2.707. Ans. _Prob.3. Find a reat root of the equation fx) = x3 — 4x ~ 9 = 0, using iscction method in four stages. (R.GPY., Dec. 2015) Sol. Refer to Prob.2. Prob.4. Find the real root of the equation x log jx = 1.2 by bisection ethod correct to four decimal places. [R.GP.V., May 2019 (I11-Sem)] Sol. Let f(x) = x logyox ~ 1.2 f(1) = - 1.2, ie. -ve 2 logyo2 - 1.2 = - 0.59794, ie., -ve nd {(3) = 3 logyo3 ~ 1.2 = 0.23136, i.c., +ve ‘Therefore, the root lics between 2 and 3. Then first approximation to the ‘oot is +3 ays po 725 Now, f(x,) = £(2.5) =~ 0.2051, i.e., -ve Hence, the root lies between 2.5 and 3. 2.543 se x)= y= 2.5 Also f(x.) = £(2.75) = 0.00816, i.e., +ve Hence, the root lies between 2.5 and 2.75. 2.5+2.75 o nyo = 2.625 Now, f(x4) = (2.625) = — 0.09978, i.e., ve Hence, the root lies between 2.625 and 2.75. 2.625 + 2.75 Xa> Ff = 2.6875 Scanned with CamScanner10 Mathematics - lll Now flay) = 12.6875) 0.04612, Le. ove Hence, the root lies between 2.6875 and 2.75, 2.6875 + 2.75 xe = 2.71875 Now, f[xq) = R2.TI87S) = ~ 0.01906, ie. ve Hence, the root lies between 2.71875 and 2.75, 2.718 5 . Nee SS 22037 Now, fxg) = 2.73437) = = 0.00547, ie., ve Hence, the root lies between 2.73437 and 2.75, 2.73437 + 2.75 | xp= 2 2.70218 Hence the root is 2.7421. Ans, Prob.5. Find the smallest positive root of the equation x4 — 2x + 0,5 =) | by Newton-Raphson method. RV, Dec. 2014) Sol. Let f(x) 32x +05 sali) | * {(0) = 0.5, (+ve) and f{(1) = = 0.5, (-ve) Root lies between 0 and 1. | Taking xy = 0.5 Now, by Newton-Raphson formula, we have x ce x, £0) met Xn RY From equation (i), we obtain f(x) = 3x2 — I Therefore, 4, “ Dee we = xq —t(%0) _ 15) (= 0375) X1 = Xp =~ = 05-——? = g5_ {6 0375) _ P(x) (05) (-125) 2 Po) 1'(02) F = f(x) (0257) Xj = xy - =0257- _ 0.002974 } P(x) Fane 025 = 0.2586 (0257) (18018) Hence the required root is 0.2 aT Ans. Prob.6. Using Newton-Ray ; : phson method find the real root of the equation 3x=Cc0sx+1 correct to five decimal places (R.GPY, Dec, 7006, June 2011) Or Using Newton- . Bem cose aphSON method, find the real root of the equatit® iy or (GRY, June 2016, Nov. 2018) Solve the equation 3x = cos x + 1 by Newton-Raphson method. IR.GRY., Nov, 2019 (II-Se Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods-1 11 Sol. Let (i) and {(1) = 1.4597, ie, tve “=, Root lies between 0 and 1. From equation (i), we obtain f (x) = 3 + sin x. By Newton-Raphson formula, we have £(Xq) Xt = Xn 7 r,) So, here taking x9 = 0.5 £(Xo) £(0.5) (— 037758) = x9 - = 05- = 05--— = = 0.60852 X10 Fx) F(05) (3.479425) xp =xy £00) = 060852 - £(0.60852) _ 4 gog5p_- (0005065036) _ 969749 g P(x) (0.60852) (3.571653754) X3=X2 £02) _ 969 9 £(0:60710) _ p91 — 20000058849) _ g6o710 f(x) £"(0.60710) (3.5704881) Hence the required root is 0.60710. Ans. Prob.7. Using Newton-Raphson method, find a root of the equation fis) =x sin x + cos x= 0 correct to three decimal places, assuming that the root is near to x = 7 (R.GPV, June 2013) Sol. Given _ f(x) = x sin x + cos x Take the initial approximation xo on f(x) =x cos x + sin x ~ sin x = x cos x Starting with x9 f(x) _ ,, - X0sinxo + c0sxo X10 FxG) X9 COSXp = 2617994 ~ 2817994 x 05 = 0866025 2.617994 x (0866025) = 2.617994 + 0.1953787 = 2.8133727 _ f(x) x1 Sinx +COSX} wy expo ahs x, - Ae F(x) X1COSX) = 99193797 ~ 28133727 x 03223585 = 09466176 28133727 x (— 09466176) = 2.8133727 — 0.0149081 = 2.7984646 32% f(x) _ x9 - 22. sin xX) + COSX2 “F(x) x2 COSX2 Scanned with CamScanner12 Mathematics - Ill 5 2.7 984646 x 0,3364344 — 0.9417069 708. aad aol cee 2.798446 x (~0.9417069) 22984646 — 0.0000786 = 2.798386 The exact value correct to three decimal places is 2.798. A Ans, Prods. Find @ real root of the equation x = e* using the Newton. Raphson method. [R.GPV, May 2019 CUL-Semy Sel let fixyyox oe ® sai) fO)=— Lie, ve and f(1) = 0.6321, i.e, tve Root hes between 0 and 1. Let us take xp = 0.5 From equation (i), we obtain Pxyebtex By Newton-Raphson formula, we have ~ x — fn) Xnep = Px) f(xo) £(0.5) xo - 00) < 9,5 £005) «0 Fx) (0.5) (0.10653) 0,5 — 9.10653) _ 1.60653 ~ 9-56631 f xy = xy 28D. <9 56631 - £10.56631) . Foy) £°(0.56631) (= 0.001306) 056631 ~ 0.001306) _ 1567616 ~ 9.56714 f x= 82-282) <9 5671g— 0.56714) M(x2) 0.56714 Hence the required root is 0.56714, Prob.9. By using Newton. Raphson method. Find the root of x4 10 = 0, which is near to x © 2 correct to three places of decimal. (RGPV, June 2008, Dec. 2010, Sot, Let fox) @ xt x10 f{() © 10, ie. ~ve and f2) © 4, ie, tve Clearly root lies between | and 2. Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods-1 13 Let us take Xp = 15 Differentiating equation (i), we get £"(x) =4x3 = 1 f(x,) By Newton-Raphson formula, we have x,4) = X_— Ga x a Putting n = 0, the first approximation is F(x, 7 | o) 15— £09. _ 15 _ (64375) = Xg- ils : x "0 F(Xq) f"(15) 125 oe Similarly putting n = 1, 2, 3 in equation (ii), we get f(x) £(2.015) (4.4704) xg= X) - =2.015- SS = 2.915- = 1874 aT ty) £"(2.015) 31.7254 f(xy) £(1874) 0.45927 x3= y= 1874-2) & 1974 _ 045927 - 1 856 FP Fx) rrcs7ay '874~“ 5395 (x3) _ j £(1.856) 0.010206 = = = 1856- = 1856-———— = *E SFG) £"(1856) 245737 1856 Since, x3 = x4, therefore 1.856 is a real root of the given equation correct ipto three decimal places. ‘Ans. Prob.10. Evaluate JT2 correct to four decimal places by Newton- faphson method. (R.GP¥,, Dec. 2012) Sol. Let x =JI2 or x? = 12 Taking f(x) = x? -12 (i) a £(3)=- 3, (-ve) and (4) = 4, (+ve) Roots lies between 3 and 4. Then taking xg = 3 Now by Newton-Raphson formula, we have f(Xq) . F(X») aii) From equation (i), we obtain {"(x) = 2x Xntl =%Xn From equation (ii) _xATl2 xp +12 oe 2x 2Xn 6) Xn4l Put n= 0, in equation (iii) x = BOHI2 9412 _ 21 Wyn 2X9 6 2 = 3.4643 Scanned with CamScanner14 Mathematics - Ii! hanna NZ +12 _ 120013412 _ 4 464) 69286 Putn = 3, +n cc bl VT Since x3 = xy Hence the required root is 3.4641 correct to four decimal places. Ay —Prob.11. Find a real root of the equation x4 ~ x ~ 13 = 0 by Newton Raphson method correct to three decimal places. (R.GPM, Dec. 201) Sol. Let f(x) = xt— x - 13 wll fl) = (I) = 1 - 13 = -13, Le, -ve and f(2) = (2)$- 2-13 = Lie, +ve Clearly root lies between I and 2. Let us take xp = 1.5 Differentiating equation (i), we get (x)= 4x3 1 By Newton-Raphson formula, we have x _ f(xq) al ro.) lll Putting n = 0, the first approximation is f(xo) £(15) (~9.4375) x= xg ~ SO = 5- TS) Lg (9.4375) FG) OTs) * S35 22255 Similarly putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 in equation (ii), we get FOX) £(2.255) 10.6025 xy= xy -—Y = 2:255- = 2255106025 _ | TaD 7255) 443669 ~ 7.0187 | f(x) £(2.0187) = x2-—2 = 2.0187 - 2.0187) _ — 15881 _ 4° 2805) PQ0187) OE sep = 1.9689 £(x3) £(1.9689) = x3-——* = 19689 -°") _ _ 0.05887 _ eter eay F(19689) ~ 19689 Dos33 7 1900 f(x4) £(1.9669) (~ 0.000094) Xs= Xy-— = 1.9669 - 9669 — <——00094) so MFCR) (19669) 294373 ~ 1964 f Since x4 = xs, therefore 1.966 is a real root of the given equation cor upto three decimal places. ‘a Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 15 Prob,12. By using Newton-Raphson method, find the real roots of the mation x} ~x-1= 0. (R.GPY,, June 2012) Sol Let f(xy=x-x=1 wi) (y= (3 -1-1=1-2=- 1, ie, -ve (2) = (2 -2-1=8-3=5, ie, +ve So a root of f(x) = 0, lies between | and 2 Let us take x9 = 1 Differentiating equation (i), we get £'"(x) = 3x2 - 1 Newton’s method formula gives fxn) Kath = Xa ~ =x, - mt Ta) 3x2 -1 3x} — x, —x3 +x, +1 Cr 3x2 =1 _ 2xp +1 . tm a fii) Putting n = 0, first approximation is | 3 3 3 ne Pepe lee2 Daca) Beene 3x2-1 3x()?-1 2 Similarly putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4.... in equation (ii), we have = 2x05) +1 67541 _ 775 | | 2° 3x(15)?-1 675-1 5.75 5 | ws 2x (13478) +1 _ 589673 _ 14565 | 3x (1.3478)? -1 4.44969 | 3 ae 2x 13252)" +1 _ 565451 _j 4547 3x(13252)?-1 4.26846 — 2x (13247) + 3x (13247)? - Clearly x4 = xs, therefore the root is 1.3247 Ans. Prob.13. Solve the algebraic equation x3 + 2x? + 10x — 20 = 0 by lewton-Raphson method. IR.GPY¥., May 2019 (1V-Sem)] Sol. Let f(x) = x3 + 2x? + 10x — 20 0) f(1)= 1+2+10-20=-7 ad (1.5) = (1.5)3 + 2(1.5)? +10(1.5) - 20 = + 2.875 Scanned with CamScanner16 Mathematics - I | Since f{1) and {{1.5) are of opposit Land 1.5; (1.5) is near to zero than f{1), s Differentiating equation (i), we get Let 1.5 be an approximate root of equation (i), By Newton-Raphson method Now Clearly a; = ay Hence the required root is 1.36881 correct to fi Prob.14, Find the negative roo} to 2 decimal places by Newton's-R Sol. Let Root lies between -15 and —16, ign, the root of equation (i) lies betwe, | ‘0 1,5 is better appropriate foot thay f(x) = 3x2 + 4x 4 10 £'(1.5) = 3(1.5) + 4(1.5) + 10 = 22.75 | f(a) =15- (1.5) . 15-2875 | a 8 Fa~y PS)” 22.75 = 1.37363 i {{1.37363) = (1.37363)? + 2(1.37363)? + 10(1.37363) ~ 2 10186 £"(1,37363) = 3(1.37363)2 + 4(1.37363) + 10 = 27.1551 £(1.37363) _ 1 7463 0.10186 £"(1.37363) 27.1551 = 1.37363 - 0.00375 = 1.36988 | 1.36988)? + 2(1.36988)? + 10(1.36988) — 2/ 0.02262 £'(1.36988) = 3(1.36988)? + 4(1.36988) + 10 = 21.1092 ay) = 1.37363- (1.36988) £(1.36988) 0.02262 | = 136988-—- = - % fseogsy ' 26988 Ts = 1.36988 - 0.00107 = 1.36881 (1.36881) + 2(1.36881) + 10(1.36881) ~ 2 0.0000399 (1.36881) = 3(1.36881)? + 4(1.36881) + 10 = 21.0962 £(1.36881) = 1.368g1-—C 36881) _ 2 (36881) 7 136881 1.36881 — 0.00000189 = 1.36881 £(1.36881 W ive decimal places. af t of the equation x3 — 21x +3500 =0 corr ‘aphson method. (R.GPV., Dec. 2013 {0) = 8 ~ 21x +3500 A 115) = (15) 21 x 15) +3500 = 440, ie,“ 1-16) = (-16) 21 x (16) + 3500 = - 260, ie’ Differentiating equation (i), we get £'(x) = 3x21 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 17 By Newton’s-Raphson formula, we have - fq) f'(Xq) Snot = apne Ika + 3500 3x, -21 34 3 _ 3X = 21X_ — Xq + 21K q — 3500 3x2 -21 _ 2x3 - 3500 “32-21 Fi wii) Putting n = 0 and first approximation is x9 = - 15.6 a 6)° - 3500 _ -7592.832 ~ 3300 SV 3-156)? -21 730.08 — 21 _ 092832 gy 0508 =~ 15-643978 Putting n = I in equation (ii) and second approximation is 2(-15.643978)? - 3500 3(-15.643978)? — 21 76572281 15-3500 73420214321 -111S7228115 _ = TUDE = — 15.6438 Tiaaoas | 648° Since x, and x, are almost equal, the root is — 15.64 correct to 2 decimal Ans. % aces. Prob.15. Solve x3 — 3x + 1 = 0 by Newton’s method. (R.GPY., June 2017) Sol. Let f(x) Ai) n f(1) ve d f(2) = 3, ie., +ve Clearly root lies between | and 2. Let us take x = 1.5 Differentiating equation (i), we get f(x) = 3x2-3 By Newton’s method, we have — fq) cli) Xn+1 T(Kq) Scanned with CamScanner18 Mathematics - ll Punting n = Q, the first approximation is ri fas —0.)2 Ao fxo) isa f(s) s_! 0125) 1.5333 1 0" Fxg) rds) 375 Similarly putting n = 1, 2 in equation (ii), we get fi) Xp = yy - = — 000490193 _ 1.53209 4.053026 a £(153209) = 153209 - 0.000005 . > - 193208 153209) 4.041899 ~ '.53209 Since Xp » therefore 1.53209 is a real root of the given equation, Ans, Prob.16. Find the real root of the equation x log yy x = 1.2 by Regula. Falsi method correct to two decimal Places. (R.GRY, June 2016) Find the real root of the equation x 108 19% = 1.2 by the method of falx Position, (RGRY, June 2017) Find a real root o Or of the equation x log yyx = 1.2 by Regula-falsi method correct to one decimal place. (R.GPV, June 2014) Sol. Let fl) = 1.2, Le, ve 3) = 0.23136, ie, +ve {X) =x logig x — 1.2, £2) = - 0.59794, i.e., -ve, ‘re. the root lies between 2 and 3. Taking x9 = 2, X1 = 3, fix) = — 0.59794 and £1) = 0.23136 in the method of false position, we get £(x0) = Xp- (x1 -x, ‘ *0 FR) = fq) 0) fi) 059794 tg X25 24 3-2) =, “2° 2+ osexoso7ea <8-2) 72102 Now. 7 fix) )=- 0.0171 the root lies between 2.72102 and 3. Now xo replace by x, in equation (i), we get f(x.) B37 2D) gs) Fe = Gq) Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods = 1 19 nS 2.72102) = 2.74022 xy = 2.721024 Now, fix) = ~ 0.0003716 ic¢q the root lies between 2.74022 and 3, Now Xp replace by x3 in equation (i), we get fOx3) Xy= 8 Tafa et) eal iii) 0.003716 = 2.74022 4 00008716 _ (3 9.740; a 023136 + 00003716 © 74029) xq = 2.74064 Hence the root is 2.74 correct to two decimal places. Ans. Prob.17. Find a real root of the equation x3 — 9x + 1 = 0 by method of false position. IR.GPV, Nov. 2019 (1V-Sem)] Sol. Let fx) = x3 = 9x +1 then = (= 13-9 x 1+ 1 =-7 (-ve) (2) = 23-9 x 24+1=-9 (-ve) (3) = 33-9 x3 +1 = I(+ve) ie, the root lies between 2 and 3. Taking xq = 2, x1 = 3, f(x) = — 9 and f{x,) = 1 in the method of false Position, we get = xp RETRO 12> 80 Fete) 3-2 ro” -1L (9) =29 2-59) Now f(x») = (2.93 -9 x 2.9+1=-0711 -©. the root lies between 2.9 and 3. age tp- tLe 382 F6x1) = F0e2) = 29-3729 _(o.71 1-(-0.711) e a = 2.9415 £(x2) - Scanned with CamScanner20 Mathematics - Ill Now fx,) (2.9415)3 — 9 x 2.9415 + 1 = — 0.0224 ie., the root lies between 2.9415 and 3, or £(x3) : - a (-0.0224) 2.9415 EERNT) 0.00131 = ==" = 2.9428 = 2.9415+ 1.0224 Now £(x4) = -9x 2.9428 +1 =- 0,00034 i.e., the root lies between 2.9428 and 3, = xg- 4 _ yyy 8 Taya Foy OM 3-2.9428 = 2,9428-—_—_“ “9 0.00034) cae T=(-0.00034) ¢ 0.000019 = 2.9428 + B+ 1.00034 = 2.9428 + 0.00001899 = 2.9428 Since x4 = Xs, therefore 2.9428 is a real root of the given equation. An Prob.18. Find a real root of the equation x3 — 2x_ 5 =9, by the meth of false position, correct t0 three decimal laces, RGRY, June 2010, Dec. 2011, 201 Or Find a real root of the equation x3 — 2x5 = 9 by the method of Regul correct to three decimal places, (R.GRY,, Dec. 201. Sol. Let then Sfalsi f(x) = 3 — 2x _ 5 : f(1)= B-axqis 6 (~ve) f2)=B-2x2_5 — 1 @vey ; (2.5) = (2.53 x 25-5 = 5.625 (+ve) ‘5 the root lies between 2 and 2.5 Taking x9 = 2, x= 25, M00) =~ 1 and f(x) = 5,695 by using method of false Position, we get X) = xg - XIX Te Hay 0) = 2-5-2 or .625 — (-1) 6625 * Seas = 2.075 Scanned with CamScanner| Numerical Methods -1 24 Now (xp) = (2.075)? ~ 2 * 2.075 ~ 5 = - 0.216 | the root lies between 2.075 and 2.5 for fixy)= fay) 2? Ng = X27 2.075 - Now f(xy) = (2.091)3 — 2 * 2.091 — 5 = ~ 0.040 (-ve) b. the root lies between 2.091 and 2.5 1=X3 = X3-— (x MTR ote (25- 2.091) 0.016 = 2.091-—————(- 0,040) = 21 — =2, 5.625 -(- 0.040) ° » 2.08 + 6S 2.094 | Now fx4) = (2.094) — 2 x 2.094 ~ 5 =~ 0.006 (ve) t., the root lies between 2.094 and 2.5 xi k4 Xs = Xq-———+— (x4) 8M Tay taa = 2,094 - 25-2094) (— 0.006) = 2.094 + 29 ~ 9.994 . 0.006) 5.631 ‘The exact value correct to three decimal places is 2.094. Ans. Prob.19, The equation x6 — x4 — x3 — 1 = 0, has one real root between 4 and 1.5. Find the root to Sour decimal places by the method of false sition, (R.GRY, Dec. 2014) Sol. Let f(x) = x6 — x4 x3 — 1 So that fU.4) = (1.4)° ~ (1.4)! ~ (1.4) = 1 = = 0.056, ie. -ve 11S) = (1.5)°~ (1.5)4 ~ (1.5) — 1 = 1.953, ie +e Aroot lies between 1.4 and 1.5, mine Xo = 1.4, x = 1.5, f(x) = - 0.056, f(x) = 1-953 in the method ‘alse position, we get Xp = xp 8 i) TOK) = fx) * £(xo) - 15-14 0.0056 = 14- a 7 =14 = 14028 1953+ 0,056 *(~ 050) = 4 099 {1.4028) = ~ 0,01258 ic., the root lies between 1.4028 and 1.5. Taking xp = 1.4028, X1 = 1,5, {(Xq) = — 0.01258 in equation (i), we get, x3 14028 -—15= 14028 _ x (- 0.01258) 1.953 + 0.01258 = 1.4028 + 0.000622 = 1.4034 Scanned with CamScanner22 Mathematics - Ii {(1.4034) = — 0.003175 i.e., the root lies between aoe and i] ie = 1.4034, x1 = 1.5, (xo) = ~ 0.003175 in equation (i), we a B Xy = Le a s 15= 14034 _ (0003175) | A 4034053 + 0003173 | 0.0966 - | = - x (- 0.003175) = 1.4036 | wes 1956175 * Now f(1.4036) = - 0,0000334 ice., the root lies between 1.4036 and | Taking x9 = 1.4036, x, = 1.5, flx) = ~ 0.000334 in equation (i), we 15~ 1.4036 = ~ Toss vo onanaag * (~ 0.0000334) *5* 4036 -O 0.000334 * 0.00000322 = aan = 1.4036 1.4036 + 953 Hence the root is 1.4036 Correct to four decimal places. Al Prob.20. Using Regula-falsi method, compute the real root of equat xe* = 2, correct to four decim al places. (RGPV, June 26) Sol. Let f(x) = xe — 2 {(0) = 0.e9 - 2 =_ 2, ie, ve f() = Le! 2 = 2.71898 9 = 0.7182 ie., the root lies between 0 and 1. Taking x = 0, x) = 1, so that x0) = ~2 and fx) = 0.71828 in the Re; 8, i.e, +ve gula-falsi method, we - anes y= xg-— IDX ee Fey = fox) * Fo) =0 1-0 2 O7ig2849 * 2) = 2.71828 ~ 9.73576 Now (0.73576) = 0.73576 x g0.73516 = 0.73576 x 2.0879 0.73576 and 1. -2 - 7-2 =o. .¢., the root lies betwee, ae Taking we get 71828 in equation (ji), 0.73576 071828 + 046443 * (- 0.4644: = 012272 = 0.73576 4 212272 _ 11827" = 983952 Now (0.83952) = 0.83952 x ¢0.83952_ 2 i.e,, the root lies between 0.83952 and 1 3 = 0.73576 — = 1.9437~2 =_ 0.0 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 23 ‘Taking xq = 0.83952, x1 = 1, flo) = ~ 0.0563, fix) = 0.71828 in equation e get ie x4 = 083952 es x (- 0.0563) 0.009035 083952 + 077458 = 085118 85118 x @0-85118 _ 2 .9938 — 2 = - 0.0062 ., the root lies between 0.85118 and 1. Taking xq = 0.85118, x1 = 1, f(x) =— 0.0062, f(xy) = 0.71828 in equation we get Now (0.85118) 1-085118 0.71828 + 0.0062 = 085118 + 20009227 _ ogso4s 0.72448 X5= 085118- x (— 0.0062) Now (0.85245) = 0.85245 x ¢9-85245 _ 2 -999324 — 2 =~ 0.000676 the root lies between 0.85245 and 1. Taking x9 = 0.85245, x, = 1, f(x) = - 0.000676, f(x) = 0.71828 in ation (i), we get 1- 085245 0.71828 + 0.000676 0.00009974 = 085245 + = 0852589 Now (0.852589) = 0.852589 x ¢0:852589 _ 9 = 1.999924 — 2 = — 0.000072 the root lies between 0, 852589 and 1. Taking x9 = 0.852589, x, = 1, f(x) = ~ 0.000072, f(x)) = 0.71828 ation (i), we get %6 = 0.85245 - x (— 0,000676) *7* 0852589 —_1= 0852589 _ 0.71828 + 0.000072 = 0852589 + awe Now 1(0.8526) = 0.8526 x 0.8526 _ 9 = 1.999976 - 2 = ~ 0.000239 the root lies between 0 8526 and 1. x (- 0.000072} = 0.8526 Scanned with CamScanner7 | | 24 Mathematics - Ill Taking xg = 0.4526, x) = 1, lx) = ~ 0.000239, fixy) = 0.71499) king xq 26, equation (i), we get | 1 0ns26 cocoall 9 O26 am + 0,0000239 R 0000352 08526 + 200000352 506 0.7183039 Hence the root is 0.8526 correct to four decimal places. Finite Differences — variable x. Let yo, Yis Yas» Consider a function y = f(x) of an a al Yr webe the values of y Corresponding to Wales 9, X45 X95 nk, OF x respectively as shown below x] #0 Dar [a [on] x Poe Y|¥o | ¥i | y2 |... Py, fo Suppose that the function y = f(x) is tabulated for the & values x = x9, Xo +h, xq + Qh, Xo + th, Yn «~ To obtain the values of f(x) oF £"(x) for some intermediate values o! the following three types of difference S are found useful, (@ | Forward Differences — Let us set Yo= AY. = ¥3 ~ yy. Then A Yo, AY, AYp «... In general, first forward di ‘qually spa, giving by y = ym 1, yo, Y1~ Yo Ay, =Y¥a~ ‘re called the first forward difference of Terence of y are defined by. Ay, = Ye Ye T= 0,1, 2. Here, the symbol A is called the forward difference operator. The first fo differences of the first forward differences are said to be the second for differences and are denoted by d%yy, A2y,, and so on, a ¥o= A (AY) = A (y, ~ Yo) = Ay, ~ ay, 4 y1= A (Ay) = ayy ~ ay, In general, the second forward differences Of y are defined by Ary, = y+ ~ Ay, r= 0, 1,2 Similarly the n' forward differences of y are defined by Aty,= arly — anly r= 0, 1,2 Using this formula for n = 1, we have the notation ay, y, Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 25 If f(x) is constant function i.e., if {(x) = ¢, a constant then YoU M1 > Y2 Aty,= 0, forn=1, 2,3... and r= 0, 1, 2 The symbol A" is referred to as the n'* forward difference operator. c, we have The forward differences are usually arranged in the tabular columns as ywn in the following table, called forward difference tables. Forward Difference Table ‘alues | Values of First Second Third Fourth of x ¥ _ | Differences | Differences | Differences | Differences xo yo AYo x Y Wyo ayy yo 2. 4, x y2 ay 4 A’yo Ay2 ay 2 x3 ¥3 Aya Ay3 X4 ya (ii) Backward Differences - Suppose Yo, Y1, Yas Yo 1¢s of a function y = f(x) corresponding to the values Xq, X1, X respectively. Let us write Vy1 = ¥1— Yor V¥2 =¥2~ Yr V¥3 = ¥3~ Yo Then Vy), Vy2,Vy3..-.are called the BI, of y in general, the first backward ences of y are defined by Vp =Yp— Yee P=, 2, Bosse seni) The symbol V is called the backward difference operator. Comparing equation (i) above with the expression AY, = Yop — Yo 120, 1,2 oe We immediately note that Vyi = Ayo Vy2 = AYpe Vy, = AY, 1 veil) Scanned with CamScanner26 Mathematics - II The backward differences of the first backward differences are cal second backward differences and are denoted by V>y2, Voy3-5 V’ ) set that is, V(Vy2)= Vy¥2— VN = V (Vy) = V3 -VYo5 In general, the second backward differences of y defined by Vy, = Ve VY pate P= 2, 3y vee Similarly, the n® backward differences of y are defined by Vey, = Ve ty, Oy ee ay =n, (n + 1),. while using this formula for n = 1, we Backward Difference Table . 0, = employ the notation V°y, = y,. If ely] wl] vy le x) is a constant function, then y *, a constant for all x, and we get. | Xo | Yo Vy, = 0, for vy 7 all n and for r=n, (n+ 1)... | yy V"y2 The symbol y" is referred to as Vy2 Vv} the n" backward difference operator. a v2 The backward difference can be | *2 | 32 a exhibited as shown inthe following table, Vy3 called the backward difference table. x3 | y3 (ii) Central Differences — " Suppose yo, y,, yp values of a function y = f(x) correspo} coe Ye nding to the values xo, x,, q the first central differences oe 8¥i BYs2» BYsny wun. are defined, as yin = V1 - yo, 8¥3n = yoy), 8Ysn = Ys — Yor BY Ve Yep ce (r= 1,2,3,....) The symbol 6 is said to be the centra Comparing equation () with equation i)in each ofthe toca iff and backward differences, we get atthe Forward ditt ! difference operator. 8yin= Ayo = Vy, 8ysn = Ay, = Vy, 5ysa = A¥2= Vys and so on, Generally Syn = Ay) = Vy,, r= 1, 2, 3... Scanned with CamScannerNumertoal Methods = 1 27 toe Hea canine AaNrOmeNs OF he (lest ceintral differences are said to be au winl cwHHINR ARINC MEN wT ANT atonoted by By Wa SYe tows Sy Wa Me See Ayes Aes News Wa val dWorenees are similarly detine, The n central Neen dy War add w= My ag TNL SMT) essed) re 3 ) Bar even ae Sty SY ycus 8 ya coal) red, somata GY) for WL we use the notation Sy, = y,. If } ss aconstant Ganction Le. ify © ca constant, then d°y, = 0 forall p21 Sol M gs cetera to as the n® central difference operator. splayed in the table as shown below Differences of Polynomial — If fix) be a polynomial of nt degree in x, Se n® difference of fx) is constant and AP 'ARx) = 0 or Missing terms (Equal Intervals) Ometimes we may be given a set of equidistance terms with some terms tg. The problem of estimating such terms can be easily tackled by the the operators E and A. St us suppose that we are given (n + 1) equidistance arguments 1 soe Say), but the entry y, comesponding to any one of them, say Scanned with CamScanner28 Maghemages - lil - ¢ want to estimate it, Since we are giy sented by a polynomial a polynomial of (1n ~ 1) deg, (e+ 1) argument, is not given and we wan a s. the data can be repr (m1) degree. Hence, we may take yy Constant eel .2 0x = OL, i. Myy=0 = (E-DPyy=0 cpEe t+ 8, Ee? (-1)" yo =0 From this equation, the missing entry can be easily calculated. Win a set of (n+ 1) equidistance arguments two entries y, and y, missing then the data can be represented by a polynomial of degree n — 3. procendiing as above we have att (E-1p- Oand atl y, =0 =Oand (E~1)*-!y, =0 y Expanding and simplifying as above the two missing terms can be Sy solving the equations (i), Similarly ina set of (n + l)equidistance the three miss: ing terms can be estimated by solving the equations, ary, Oar? y= 0, AP y = 9 Factorial Notation ~ A product of the form n (n 5 n-1 - 2). (ar 1) is denoted by [n} is called a factorial. ‘ uc d In particular, [nJ=n [nF = n(n - 1) [n}* = n(n - 1(n - 2) The factorial notation is of special utility Ithelps in finding the successive di rule of differentiation. Similarly given any difference ofa fi notation, we ean find the eoresponding function by simp Other Difference Operators ~ We have already inu A, v and 6. Besides thes there are the operators E and Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 29 elow — (i) Shift Operator - The shift operator E is given by the rule E f(x) = f(x + h) so, E24(x) = f(x + 2h) E3f(x) = fx + 3h) E"((x) = f(x + nh) Similarly, the inverse operator E~! is defined by, E~! f(x) = f(x - h), E>? f(x) = f(x - 2h) E>" f(x) = {x—nh) here n may be any real number. (ii) Averaging Operator — It is denoted by p and is defined by the equation, I h h nine Hi(aodofe-d)} Relation between Operators — (i) We have A fx) = f(x +h) ~ f(x) = E f(x) - f(x) = (E - 1) f(x) A=E-1 (ii) We have V f(x) = fx) ~ flx - h) = fx) — E-! f(x) =(1-E*) f(%) vy =1-E'orE' =1-y (iii) We have sii x+t)-i(x-2) = E!? (x) - BE? ix) 6 x)= (BI? - E') fx) bak ge Scanned with CamScannerer | 30 Mathematics ~ a Cin) Wehr’ gpa tts +) | Taylor's series h? | Expand by Tay Ents) = fix) thtlx)+ Spt) > hn? 9 = fhx)-+h Dflx) + 5p? AN) + nn =f" etc. 2n2 where, Dftx) =) -[-10-4 D sof 2! = ehD or Effx) = e®P A(x), Hence, We can also write Again, E=e of, E So, v=i-e-™ (v) We have 1 h h nie altera}(-a} Hence, w fle) = > {£7 109 +B? AD} 1 = OE? +E) A) or = jel? +EM2) NUMERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.21, Evaluate — a( peal ) 5 45E46 (R.GRV, May/June 20) Sol Here, 22 (#4) X°+5x+6 = gf? | pf2 3 (x +2) (x43) x42 x43 (By pi Scanned with CamScanner2 Sale tay tt yy = {o(5}-4(S5} af( =) x4 xe3hf 1 1 a4 ————_ + - 3A | —_—___. : af a} laa} = am wars] 3{__1 " |\@790+4 &+90+3] “args 4 6 © (x+2)(x43) (x44) (X43) (X44) (X+5) - —__26x+16) Ans. (x+2) (x43) (x44) (x45) Prob.22. Prove that — 2), * =| — le*.. e(f 4?) . Ee* Evaluate faa - (R.GPY., June 2017) Ee™ = x: (RGPV, Feb. 2010, June 2011, 2014) e Or Ae* : Prove that o* =|4 | 4x Ee j the interval of differencing being h. E Aer [R.GRY., Nov. 2019 (IV-Sem)] Sol. Taking RHS., we have 2 x x [E} eX _ 42 pier Bet E} ‘arex A’c* xth xth = werd =e a2, I A’e* Ae* seh exth =e= LHS. Proved Prob.23. Prove with usual notations that — AD = log (I + A) = - log (1-9). (R.GPV., Dec. 2005, 2011) Or Prove that e! = 14 4, (R.GRV,, June 2011) Scanned with CamScanner32 Mathemates Seb We have fred . Woe AN ERE EE POD t son ye : Tt oh AW) DNA) + wp? Wen a, > od Aa) = oh or Eee or log E = WD also, Betta log V+ A) = bD Again ND = log E =~ log ET = = log (1 =v) or hD =~ log (1 = V) From relations (i) and (ii), we have ND = log(1 + A) = - log(t — V) Proy Prob.24. Prove that log fix) = tg me IR.GRX, Nov. 2019 (I11-Se Sol. Here, taking LH.S. 5 A log fx) = log fx +h) - log fx) f(x +h) = log; ——— es fos) } = Ef(x) = logs | | - ae} f(x) {area} 0 f(x) logy1 + Af0) ny * f(x) 4 " RS, bal Scanned with CamScanner—_— Numerioal Methods + t a the (a R.GRM, Deo. 2015) 1 alee of * (Rk. preadd Bure atte 9 | : \. Alek = Erte Sek ¥ / ert = ot Ares =e AA(Ae’) eer - od =e ryfee® — MS) eer aed = eet Dee) eet - (eh - DE ett pret Ans. preddé Prow with the usual notations that (ps BM) A 2+ A(RIGRN, Dec. 2005, 2010) ‘sat Here, taking LHS. v) 2 (BI + EV) (Lt A? wt Biz BN) (EM) (2 B=t+a) E+ R)=E+1=1t+Atl Freve =2+A=RHS, Proved prok27, Expres y = Seb ¢.x7 +x + 1 in factorial notation and hence show that Sy = 18. (R.GRK, Dec. 2010) . Sebletys3e eV exel 2019 (I1I-Se* Aw) RD &=2*BAE-H+CW) +*D where A, B,C and D are constants to be determined. Putting x = 0, we get 1=D Potting x = 1, we get 6=040FCH+DS6=CH#I 3 ea Putting x = 2, we get 3x2+2+2 24+4+2+ +B(2) (1) + C(2)+D 2B+2x5+1 peel ; 2B=31-10-1=20 - x B=10 = comparing the coefficients of x3 on both sides, we get A= 3 y= 3x@) + 10x) + 5x41 Ans. eg(ay=fO7 Hence 3x 3x04 10 x 2x +5 x1 9x@) + 20x + 5 Now . a 18xt) + 20 re Sy= 18 Proved ee Scanned with CamScanner34 Mathomatics « II Prob,28, Given that = lal iTiets Find the value of Vy, 7 26 (RGRV June 29 YE Aye 5, Yu" 10, yy 17, and Ys V¥5" Ys > Yq ViVy4) = V(yg ~ y4) VEy5™ Vg = yy ® (ys ~ y4) (Ya yy) VP¥8" Ys 2yq ch yy VEN values, we get Vy, 26-2%174 10=2 Prob.29, Find the function whose Sitst difference is » Sol. Here, 2% or or Now putting the gi An 932 + Te + 5, (RGRM, Dec. 2004, June 201 ‘Sol. Let (x) be the required function AMX) = OX 4S =9K(K- 1) FAK +B Substituting X= 0, We get, B= 5. 1, we get, A= 20, A(x) = Ox (x = 1) + 20x45 = 9x2) + 2050) 4 5 and summing it, we get Substituting x= 9x03) (2) May 20 oy where ¢ is any arbitrary constant A(x) = 3x0) 4, 10x) 4. 5,(1) te or NOx) = 3x3 4 y2 A t+kte S28 32 4 3 10 in factoriat Notation, (GRY, June 2007, Dec, 2011, June 20. ~ 3? 43x19 BA (x) (x where A, B,C and D are con; Putting x = Prob.30, Express y Sol. Let ym 2x3 NQ-245 ®&-)+ea@ep stants to be de ‘termined, 0, we get ~10= 040+04p or D=-10 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Mothods «1 46 Pawns Se Lowe get yard Wed OreeD Cet 0 7 Rt les Sinitarty by Uti N= 2, We Bel DSR Vede ded We Wa erp oe med v0 > oe Webed Again on compating the coottieienty of x on both sides, we get A= 2, . yo Ie wb ax 10 Ans. Proddh Bypress ftv) © bare f dnto factorial notation and show that At UW) = 06 (RGPM, June 2013) Soh Let tye xk=an7 exe l ANE BxE) CX ED AX(X = DOK 204 Bx = Do Cx D wi) 3 where, A, B,C and D are constants to be found, Putting, x = 0 and both sides of equation (i), we get De-1 Now putting x = Lon both sides of equation (i), we get L=0+0+CHD or Ce-1-D=-I1+1=0 Similarly by putting x = 2, we get S42-152B4+2C4D Bel Again, comparing the coefficients of x3 on both sid 1 Fx) =x 4x@ pox) 1 Aus. Hence A fx) = 3x@ + 2x(0) AF AX) = 6x) +2 A t(x) =6 and A't(x) =0 Proved Prob.32. Find the first term of the series whose second and subsequent terms are 8, 3, 0,— 1, 0. (R.GRV., June 2003, Nov/Dec. 2007, June 2016) Sol. We know that (1) = E“! £(2), the interval of differencing being unity = (1 + Ay t(2) =(1-A+ A? --) (2) Scanned with CamScanneratnornol jven $9 jn five 008" ations a ' again 1 be 26 ith ile ee ing wl ray Construct! followin’ Ay ‘af(a) + S112) f(1) = £2) ~ (. higher order differences are A ag-(-5) +2755 Prob.33. Find the missing values of the following data — xi [0 To | 15 | 20 | 25 xt op=tit= Gr, June ‘ference table is as follows — Sol. The dil 41 - 3y Yq + 3yy - 61 82 - 3y4- Yo As only four entri ait entries representec . y presented by a third degree nel eae are given the function ¥ . Hal, A4y,= = 0 and a4 Ya + 6yy = ys =0 Ya 102, and dy, + 4y, = 143 = ie, On solving we get y, = 13,25 4S, ¥4 = 22.5 Scanned with CamScannerNumencal Methods. 1 37 proh 34, Extimate the missing term in the following table ee ee (R.GPM,, Dec. 2002, 2008) Sed Since, there are given 4 valucs, ATH) © Ova, (E- U'fiy) © Oe a, (ES ~ 4B) + OE? 4B +h) thd = Ov, Bf) - 4x) + OF fly) — AE) + fly) © 0, vx, x + 4) - 4ffx + 3) + Gfx + 2) dln + 1) fd Oe x, ber interval of differencing is 1. Pommg 1 = 0, we get 94) - 4813) + 6f12) - 481) + (0) = 0 81 -483)+ S4-12+1=0 o 4f(3) = 124 3 f[3) = 31 Ans. Prob35. Find the missing values in the table [x] 45] 50] 55] oo] 65 3|-|]2]|-|-24 . 5 | = [-24] (R.GPN., June 2007) Sol. The difference table is as follows - by Asonly three entries yp, ¥>. ¥, are given the function y can be represented @second degree polynomial Byg=0 and Sty, = 0 or ie, y3 + 3y,=9 and ~3y,-y,=-3.6 Uy ty, = 3.6 On solving, we get Y3 = 0.225, y, = 2.925 Ans, Scanned with CamScanner| 38 Mathematics - III | | INTERPOLATION USING NEWTON'S FORWARD any” _ BACKWARD DIFFERENCE FORMULAE, INTERPOLATIOy, __ WITH UNEQUAL INTERVALS — NEWTON'S DIVIDED DIFFERENCE AND LAGRANGE’S FORMULAE [O) Newton-Gregory y = {(X) represent fx,), we have Formula for Forward Interpolation le 4 function which assumes the values f(x, yh x)), 10) = fay + x ~ xy) = { x=%q } +25 ea Put us X7%o Thus, M(x) = f(xy + uh) = Be FX) [ee EMA(x) = fx 9 nt = 1+ A)" fx) Ce Bet u(u=1 =[uds MD, roo = Fao) +uariar+ HAD rey), r This is known as Newton-Gregory Sormula of interpolation and ¢ also be written as u(u-1) Y)= Yo + udyy + HO 2 Ayo +. where u= This formula is the tabulated values, (ii) Newton-Greg case we have, e beginning ory Formula for Backward Interpolation ~\n' fix) = Ux, + x - x,) = i(X +2 = 4) Put Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Wethods-1 39 sre! f(x) = fx, + uh) = BY flx,) = (Ef) =(1- vy " fly) (E19) = [1 wy Mg? fing) 2 J - 1g) 0VFlrg) + ED 924 29) 4. This is known as Newton’s backward interpolation formula. Interpolation with Unequal Interval — Divided Differences — The difference defined by taking into consideration the change in the values of the arguments are called divided difference. Suppose Mxp)y F(X)) one. f(x,) are the values of the fuction y= fix) corresponding to the values xq, Xys.-5 Xpy %p_y are not necessarily equal i.e., when there is a case of unequal intervals. The first divided differences of fx) for the arguments x,, x, is defined as f(x) - f(%o) XX Similarly the other divided differences of f(x) for the arguments x,, X35 and is denoted by f(xy, x,) or by x4 f(xy) £(x2)- f¢ + Xqaty Xq AFe My, %) = a = Afx,) F(x3)—f fx, %3) (3) (2) _ An.) x3 —X2 Xp Xy Hy, %y)= Wad Md - se, ) Xa —Xa-1 __ Again second and higher divided differences are defined in terms of lower divided differences, for example the second divided differences of f(x) for the three arguments is given by £(x1,x2) ~ f(x0,*1) x2 -X9 and is denoted by f(x,, x,, x3) or Expl) Similarly nth divided difference is given by £ (x1 4X7 s+ Xn) — (X95%: Xn — Xo This is denoted by 2 £°(Rgy Kpyre Kq) OF BY XXX f%Q)- Scanned with CamScannerBT 40 Mathematics - Ill Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula (Unequal Inte, eral) Ley of f(x) be f(x), fx;), 1%), 0X5), «....f(X,) at the points Sw Kon he), which are not necessarily equally spaced. Then f(x) can be cine polynomial of degree n in x. Then ! (X=X)&K =X). 8) R= my =X2)onlQ ey (Ro \X= Kg) Ra) "G10 )0) = x9 xa) Ot) p=) = HI) Hg) lx — xp) Fox) (2 — Xo )%2 — X42 —X3)..AK2 — XQ) be vnce¢ REX OV = Ky ere =X yy) On XOMKq =X oe(Xy —Xq 4) This is called Lagrange’s formula for interpolation, Newton’s Formula for (Unequal Interval) — Suppose £(% 9), fl) {{x,) be the values of f(x) corresponding to the ANgumENKS Xp, Xjyom hecessarily equally spaced. Then A(x) = (x9) + (x = Xo) f(xq, x1) + (x = Xo) (XK = x1) xp, %) et FO X9) RY) ae OH Xp) M9, Xo X,) This formula is called Newton’s divided difference interpolation. f(x) Inverse Interpolation — (i) Lagrange’s method Gi) eration or sue Gill) Reversion of : Lagrange’s Method ~ This method resembles to the method of di {nitrPolation as discussed earlier the main difference is t to bea polynomial in y [= {(x)], viz : = Ag (fx) — fx) [fox - fo)] * AL U9 ~ foxg)) [100 = fx) Fe ‘cessive approximation method eries method. hat here we assur * Ay U9 ~ foxg)) (100) — fx) where we are given n values of x and YE [xq f(x9)] Mat Ay) Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods 1 4t In equation (i), there are (nt 1) terms and n factors in each tem, The are evaluated ay follows trary constant Ag. Ayo ¢ at Dal ‘ Substituting X= Xg in equation (D, we get AglRxo) — ASDT HU) HY Vbeol tly) M1 _ Xo AD” Trxg) = FDIE)— C2 Ibo Fva)- fou ____ 0. ey (yo YOO Y2 Y= Yn) eye tol similarly other constants can be determined. This implies x 0 yo¥n) sowed) This formula gives the values of x when y [> a)] is Known, 0.3. Derive Newton's forward interpolation formula, (R.GRK, June 2014) Ans, Refer to the matter given on page 38. ; Define interpolation and write the Newton forward and backward interpolation formula, (R.GRN, Dee. 2014) Ans, Refer to the matter given on pages MERICAL PROBLEMS Prob.36, Prepare the difference table for the following data t, Dec, 2015) Scanned with CamScanner42. Mathematics - Ill Prob.37. The area ‘A’ ofa circle of diameter ‘d’ is give values ~ for the fy By using appropriate interpolating formulae, find approximate val Jor the areas of circles of diameter 82 and 91 respe ctively. (R.GPY, June 20) Sol, The difference table is as follows — Ta A ay 5026 mel a[ 6362 726 38 2 7088 766 40 7854 Tfwe take do = 80 then Ay = 5026 Ay = 648, A2Ag = 40 and A3Aq =~ 2 Since d= 82 and h= 5, d~do _ 82-80 2 us 0 80 2 ng h 5.5 Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, we get dea= Ag +udAg Dag Ulu D(u=2) 34, 1 3! deo = 9026404 x 648 + 9404-1), 49 | 0.4(04-1(04=2) 9) 2 6 = 5026 + 259.2 4.3 _ 0.128 = 5285.2 — 4.928 = 5280.27 Since d= 91 is near the end of the interval, we use Newton's backward. interpolation formula, Taking d,= 95 d=dy _ 91-95 =k h 5S u= Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 43 wwe) do = An tUVAn t+ aA, Heya, = 7088 + (- 08) x rao OM O82, 38 4 EOBNE 084 0842) oy 6 = 7088 — 580.8 - 3.04 + 0.064 = 7088.064 — 583.84 = 6504.22 Ans. Prob.38. Using. Newton’s forward interpolation. formula, find the value of f0.0) if - xi| 1 1.4 | 1.8 | 2.2 ys | 3.49 | 4.82 | 5.96 | 6.5 [R.GPV., Nov. 2019 (IV-Sem)] Sol. The difference table is as follows — x | y | 4y A’y | ay 1 [3.49 1.33 1.4 | 4.82 -0.19 1.14 -0.41 1.8 | 5.96 -0.6 0.54 2.2 | 6.5 ! Here we are to compute f(1.6), 80 x = 1.6. Nbo y= 1h =O. X=XxXg _ 16-1 w= 25%9 LGal & h oa 15 sing Newton’ ‘ewton's forward interpolation formula, we get ‘. -1u-2 Yo flx) = yo + udyy + ae Y 2yq+ wu=DO=2syy —— Scanned with CamScanner44 Mathematics « Ill ISx(L5 1) ' N16) © 3494 LS LAI 7 “( 019) pLS4O.S WLS 2y ng 3.49 + 1,995 ~ 0.07125 + 0.025025 5.439 i Prob.39, Given sin 45" @ 0.7071, sin 50° = 0.7660, sin 55° 0.819, 60°= 0.8660, find sin 52°, by using Newton's forward difference Anterpolai, Sormula, IR.GPM, Nov. 2019 (tSa Sol. Given 45° 0.7071 0.7660 }0.8192]0,8660 S( where fx) = sin x The difference table is as follow: 50° | 55° f 60° S— x| fe) | Af} a? poy | 47 700) 45|0.7071 0.0589 50|0.7660 — 0.0057, 0.0532 0.0007] 55]0.8192 0.0064 0.0468 60}0.8660 Here we are aera Sox = spe 1° COMPute sin 52°, ie, RSD), AlS0%) = 450, = 5 u -Gt. Bat Tass ; : a Using Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula, we get « u(u=1) = Iu -2) 2, u(u =u =2) 439 “TT! F(x9) + (xo) (52) * 0.7071+1.4x 0.0589 +14x.4=1) 9.0057) 2 = fxg) 4 YAL(x 9) 4 1d. 4 = 0-4-2) 0.9997) 2 q 3 = 0.7071 + 0.08246 — 0.001596 + 0,0000392 = 0.7880032 genoa Hence sin 52° = 0.7880032 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 45 Prob.40. Find the number of men getting wages between €10 and cys from the following data - Wages in (©): 0-10 | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 Frequency 9 | 30 | 35 42 (R.GPV., June 2010, Dec. 2013) Sol, First we prepare the cumulative frequency table as follows ~ Wages below x_:| 10 20] 30 [40 Frequency y _:| 9 [39] 74 |l16 Now the difference table is as follows — x y Ay ay Ay 10 9 30 20 39 5 35 2 30 14 7 42 40 116 Here we have to find the number of men getting wages between 10-15. + Taking xp = 10, x = 15 0 Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, we get w= D gy, + nes 2 sSyg (05) 05= (5), 0505= 205-2 a 2! ! Y= yo +udyot Yis = 9+(05) (30)+ =9 +15 — 0,625 + 0.125 = 23.5 Ths the number of men getting wages below 15 = 23.5 = 24 the number of men getting wages below 10 is 9. Hence the number of ane felting wages in between 10-15 Ans. he 24-9=15 i 41. From the following table, estimate ined marks between 40 and 45. Marks | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 [60-70 | 70-80 | ee Pas I No. of Students| 31 | 42 | 5! (R.GPY, De the number of students c. 2012, June 2015) ~~ — Scanned with CamScanner46 Mathematics - Ill ‘Sol, We prepare the difference table as follows — Marks Below | No. of Sntans ay | ay x 40 31 42 50 73 9 SI 60 124 -16 35 70 159 4 31 80 190 Here we have to find the number of students who obtained marks betwees 40 and 45. Taking xq = 40, x = 45 =x, u=47X0. —~=05 h 10 Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, we get -1 =n Y=Yo +udyg a D pg 4 Mum Wen?) 2) Ay, 4 teu=Du - 2)(u-3) Aty, Yas =31+(05)(42) C9@5-0) (9) + CHOS= 05-2) (25) + 0505 ~ NOs — 2)(05 -3) en) 4! Yas =31421-1125—15625_ 1.4453 = 47.867 Thus the number of students ho obtained marks below 45 = 4786 ho obtained marks below 40 is 31. Hen ed marks between 40-45 = 48-31 = 17. A But the number of students w number of students who obtain Prob.42. Find the cubic Polynomial which takes the following valti [= pas Lao [Petre GRY, Feb. 2010, Dec. 2014, June 2017, Now. 2018) Scanned with CamScannera a ee TD Numerical Methods -1 47 Pe | fe] i] Pe 1 2 2 1 10 10 X-Xn _ x-3 yee, Y= ‘hen using Newton’s backward formula, we have ffx) = f(g) # Fg) + SP VFA) : HEME atta g)e . = 10+(s-3)()+ 2 PE= x10 +P DEIE=D 12 0+ 9x —27 +5 (x2 — 5x + 6) + 2 (x — 3) (X? -3x +2) 17 + 5x2 — 25x +30 + 2x? — 6x? + 4x — 6x? + 18x — 12 =23-7x7 + 6x+1 Ans. Prob.43. Find a polynomial which takes the following values — x ]/)/3,5|[7)]9|U fle): | 3 | 14 | 19 | 21 | 23 | 28 and hence compute fix) at x = 2. [R.GPV., May 2019 (1V-Sem)] Sol The difference table is as follows — “le Vile.) | V flen) | V3 Men) | V4 fein) | V? Soin) 3| 4 ui 7 \s| | 3 5 3 4 \n| 21 > 0 0 ° 9\ 2 2 ; 3 23|\ * | Scanned with CamScanner48 Mathematics - Iil nC fn Here, h Then using Newton's backward formula, we have u(u + Iu 4 2) , fx) = fag) +U9Mg) + MP VAC) A Vy Goin fet). = 28482 eo» hs 1D (10 gaffe 1) y 2 1 2 24 3! | r+ So-1ye3 gO ED =9) + E(x -11)(x—9)(x 7) I faa + 00x —11) 4 6¢82 ee 20x + 99)(x ~7) i 0 (ass 40x - 440+ 6x? -120x + 5944-x3 20x? 499% 6 — Tx? 4 140x ~ 693) = he? 217 4159-91) Am ‘hich is the required polynomial, Hence, 2) = ley ~21(2)? +159(2)-91] | = qe- ~844318-91) = wt 9.4378 Ans] 6 Prob.d4. Find a cubic eee in x for the following data Mi} li] 2037p v7 s =the (R.GRM, June 2013) Sol. The difference table is as follows — vy 2 sy 7 HH | vy | vey Tv 6 1 3 2 8 2 6 ayn] ode ° ° " 0 3 27 14 6 o 30 6 4) 37 20 50 3s _| 107 Scanned with CamScanner— Numorical Methods 1 49 X=X. _ x=$ Here, Yo a A en-s hen using Newton's backward formula, we wut D 92 u(u+ D(u 4 2) yeyn +n Fa VY vy u(t Iu + 2(U 43) 04 an A u(u + Dut 2(u+ 344) ys, L. 5! (x =5)(x~=4) (x = 5)(x = 4(x- 3) y= 1074 (x ~ $)(50) + 5, —" (20) 1 al (6) 4 EE DR= AEB (gy 4, R= HK MK= HN 20) 4! s! y=1074 50x - 250+ 10(x2 — 9x +20) + (x —5)(x? ~ 7x 412) y=107450x 250+ 10x? — 90x + 200+ x3 Ix? 412% = 5x? +35x- 60 ye 2x? + 7x-3 Ans. Prohd5, Find a polynomial satisfied by (~ 4, 1248), (-1, 33), 0, 5), 29) and(6, 1235) by Newton's divided difference formula. (R-GRY, Dec. 2015) Sol The divided difference table is as follows - b? fix) 43 fo) 44 fe) Scanned with CamScanner50 Mathematics - lll Newton's divided difference formula is Ux) © AUxg) + (8 = Xp) AFLG) FOX XH) OK) ty (=X) =X) AE) + OO) OK ADE wady Here xp == 4, x) == 1X) = 0,43 = 2xye S xq) = 1245, a flxg) = ~ 404, 47fxq) = 94 AFR) = = 14, fxg) = 3 Substituting these values in equation (i), we get Ax) = 1245 + (x + 4) (404) + (x #4) (x41) (94) (x #4) (x + 1) x (14) F(X A(X + D(x 2G) = 1245 ~ 404 x -— 1616 + 94 (x? + 5x + 4) ~ 14x (x? + 5x 4 4) + 3y (x Dre sres © 1245 ~ 404 x ~ 1616 + 94x? 4 470x + 376 ~ 4x3 ~ 70x? ~ 56x + 3x44 15,3 4 12x? ~ 6x? — 307-4 T3E +144 15-6) x3 + (04704 12 - 30x? +(- 404 + 470 — $6 - 24)x + (1245 — 16164 378 “38-5346 14 cas Ans. Prob.46. Use Newto SW), given — nS divided difference formuta to find the form 4 3 | 6 ico [eae 704 | 729 | 79> PY. Maw), 5) Sol The divided difference wn oP “ May/June 2006, June 2015 Scanned with CamScannera he Numerical Methods -1 94 newton’s divided difference formula is fun) = Mla) * Ay) AMO%g) # (6 — Hq) Or ~ 24) Afr) + (x ty) (b= 1) 2g) B°MO%9) fin) © O48 + (x — 0) (28) +O OO ACN + (x ~ 0) (x ~ 2) (% ~ 3) (0) 648 + 2Bx- x2 + 2x +0 fix) 12 + 30x + 648 Prob.A7, The following, table is given olf 2] 5 y:[2[3 | 72 | 147 What is the form of the function ? [R-GP¥., May 2019 (t-Sem)] Sol The divided difference table is Newton's ai: yo, M's divided difference formula i Yt (x 1) AY + (— gk ny) A2¥o + = BOHRA ®D) a*¥o Y= 2+ (x Oya) + (x Onn — IA) = (ONE = EE = 2HD (YS 2+ x say? — gx + x(x? - 3x +2) Y= 2+ x4 gx? — dy + x3 — 3x2 + 2x Yee Ans. -x+2 Scanned with CamScanner| 52. Mathematics - Ill Prob.48, By means of Newton's divided difference form and f(9) from the following data - 7 La] : 2028 | (RGB A, Sol. The divided difference table is given as follows 1a fy Now. 201, T=19 7310 2028-1210 ——— = 409] Now applying Newton’s divided difference formula 1210) * 6 30) BR) + = xO Ge) a ) | FE 8D O&O) AM) . + (x = Xp) (X ~ x1) (x = x3) (x- 4 Ai) Here x= 4.x) = 5,x "10.2 1 Nx) : +X = 13 and f(x) = 48: A(x) = 52, AK) = 15, AN) = 1, AMfi%) = 0. Substituting these values in equatio Aol 0. n (i), We get Mx) = 48 + (&~ 4) (52) + (x4) (x ~ 5) C15) + (4) (X- 5) (x-7) (1) +X 4) (8-5) (K~ 7) (x 10) (0) Scanned with CamScannerNumencal Memous 1 $3 ag + (8 - 4) (52) + (8 - 4) (8 - SVS) poming S" § in equation (11), we have as) 28-9 8- NV (8-4 5) (8 — 7) (8 — 10) (0) fy = 48+) (52) + 4) GS) = AED + 0 fis) = 448 Ans. x= 9 in equation (ii), We have £9) 248+ 9-4 640-90 ~ 5) (15) + (9 - 49-5) O-DDFOE-NO- HO DO 10) ce 9) = 48 + (5) (52) + (5) A) CS) + SYA 68 = 48 +260 +300 +40 = 648 Ans. Prohd9, Find f{8) by using Newton's divided difference formula from the following data — eis [7 [elu B ft): 48 | 100 204 | 900 | 1210 | 2028 [R.GRN., Now. 2019 (II-Sem)] Sol Refer to Prob.48. sys MBS. Using Newton's divided difference formula, evaluate f(8) and ) from the following data — ae 7]? lw fe [8 | fe) [4s | 100 [290 | 900 | 1200 | 2028 | Sot (RGN, June 2012, Dec. 2012) 8) ~ Refer to Prob.a8. Ex = 15 in equation (i), we have Ng) = 98 + (15 — 4) (52) + (AS — 4) (IS= S18) 4 IS = YS 5) (is ~7) (1) #15 ~ 4) (IS ~~ 8) US 7) (15 ~ 10) (0) = 48+ (11) (52) + (11) (10) (15) + (IH) (10) (8). FO = 3180 Ans. Scanned with CamScanner54 Mathomatics - I! Prob.51. Using Newton's divided difference form ula, the following values of x and y ~ me] 1452 Sol. The divided difference 392-150 Tos 121 Newton's divided difference FX) = (x9) + Oe ~ Xo) A (x1) x9) £9) (9) = 150 + 484 + 192 ~16 (9) = 810 lable is given as follows — 265-121 11-5 (RGR, June 2010, 2011, De =24 formula is f(xq) + (% = xo) (x - x4) A7 F(X) + (x 3A) + OK = x9) (x = = 150 +9 ~ 5) (121) 4.0 — 59 (o- TN) + O-5)O-7N 9-1-1 +0 | evaluate SY) fron ©. 2M ¥1) (= x2) (& — x3) asd) ~7) 24) + (9 5) 9 - 3) 0) Ans: Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Mathods-1 55 6.52. Apply Newton's divided difference formula to find the value of g table — 14s? (R.GPY., June 2014) pose sol This problem can be solved in a similar way as Prob.St. ro $4, Given log p54 = 2.8156, l0g 58 = 2.8182, log 59 = 2.8189, nytt = 2.8202. Find by using Newton's divided difference formula, the sane of log 656. [R.GPV., May 2019 (1V-Sem)] Sol The divided difference table is given as follows ~ Thm] ase A2fe) wo) 654/2.8156) POP) 28182 - 2.8156 | (58-654 = 0.00065 00065 659-654 = 0.00001 0,0000167 — 0.00001 661 ~ 654 = -0,0000038 2.8189 - 2.8182 659 - 658 6.0007 00000167 22 ~ 2.8189 661. 659 0.00065 a thy, . MOO. na) fly) + Ok Ng Xy) B40) * divided difference formula ts # (% = NQX = MN x) A'fb0) w x 154, ay © 658, xy = 659, xy © 66L 3) 24156, flag) ~ 0.00065, a2tlxo) © 0 00001, AMag) 0.0000038 Scanned with CamScanner56 Mathematics - II! Substituting these values in equation (i), we get fix) = 2.8156 + (x ~ 654) (0.00065) + (x ~ 654) (x 658) (0.0009, + (x — 654)(x — 658)(x 659) +: (656) = 2.8156 + (656 — 654)(0.00065) + (656 — 654)(656 6.00644 9580 Goyy + (656 — 654)(656 ~ 658)(656 — 459 Onna =2.8156+2 0.00065 + (2\(-2}(0.00001) + (2)(-2y.-3y. comm, = 2.8156 + 0.0013 — 0.00004 - 0.000456 = 2.8168 Hence log 656 = 2.8168 Approx. Am. Prob.54, For the following values of x and y, Sind the first derivative « x=4. (R.GP.V,, May/June 2006) ‘Sol. In this case the value of the argument are not equally spaced so we shall use Newton’s divid ed difference formula. The divided difference lable is Newton’s divided difference formula is ¥ = FO) = fla) + (x ~ ay Affa) + (x ~ a) (x — by aa) + &~a) Kb) (xc) Aa) Differentiating this wert, x. and putting x = ¢, we have dy y " ox =) = fla) + 2 a py 4’ fla) + (c — a) (¢ -O) Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods -1 57 Putting 2 = 1,b=2,c%4,d=8 and the values of difference from the table, we Bet 1 paye t= 1-2) G + (4-1) (4-2) (0) 5_8 olepeg 267 Ans. prob s5. The values of x and y are given as below ~ xi] 5 |6|9 [Ul ys | 12| 13 | 14 | 16 using Lagranges interpolation Find the value of y, when x = 10 by IR.GPY., Nov. 2019 (IV-Sem)] formula. Sol. Here Xp = 5, X; = 6, Xp = 9 and et Yo= 12, ¥1 = 13, yp = 14 and ys = By Lagranges interpolation formula, we have (X= x(x x2)R= 8S) Tip =x N00 ¥2)080- 83)” We (x= XoX=K2KA=¥D)_ yy, (x1 = 00% — X21 X39) (x=x0)(K=*K=%3) yey, (x2 — Ko M2 — X82 - 3) = Xo )K=XIK=%) yyy (x3 — Xo )(%3 — X13 — 82) “ x=10 (10- as _ - 5 Lyx WO= 610-9 10-11) 4 , WO SIMO IO“ TD 43 (5~6)(5-9)(5-11) (6—5)(6 - 96-11) 400-5) 10=10 4, WSU O09) 16 (9-5)(9=6)(9-11) (11—5)(11- 6)(11-9) -20 _ 13, 35,16 = ai4y Bato = 2 sts Scanned with CamScanner__—_ i }» ior 58 Mathematics - Prob.s6. Apply Lagrange’s formula to find f(15), if - fiz): 24201942 1497 1109|790 540 (R.GPV, Dec. 2 Xp = 10, x, = 12 £(%q) = 2420, f(x.) = 1942, f By Lagrange’s formula, we have 2) £(X3)= 1109, f(x.) = 790 a ffx) = — CEE R= xy KX) = (%q — 8 (Xp -XKXp 3 Xp —Xy Xp — Xe) = Xx KR Mx xx) OS ART RAEN) (% ~ 9X, x fix) x fix) oXX—X,Xx~x,Mx—x,x—x,) (8, =xgKxz ~SDOQ x, OY =x) a (x XoXX =X AX~XyMx- x KK- SR x5 (x, = XXX; —X,) (X= Xo KX—x, Xxx (x, -x,) x f(x3) 2MX— x5; MX x5) RMX — 22x, =X, x fix) fs) = U5-12,05 ~14as— < (0=12\10— XIS~16\15—18\(15— 20) oY ¥$X10“1a\10~1sygora0y 2 115 ~16\15— 19,05 1812-1612 — 1812-20) 1815-20) X14 ~ 16X14 — 18\(14 — 20) | | Putting above Values, we ger | | | s- “emis 12X15~14\15— 1815 - 20) ~ 2X16 —14\16—18\16= Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods - 1 59 __ (IS = HONS ~ 12)(15 ~14)(15 ~ 16)(15 - 20) (18 — 10)(18 - 12)(18 - 1418 - 16)(18 - 20) ae (15 ~ 10)(15 - 12)(15 ~ 14)(15 - 16)(15 - 18) (20 - 10)(20 — 12)(20 — 14)(20 - 16)(20 - 18) ce = 45 (-75) (-225) 225 - 242045" x 1942 + SE) x 1497 2 (115) = =pq0* 768 + Gay 97+ gg 9 15 45 +——— x 790 + —— x 540 (768) * ””"* 3840 * = 28.36 — 189.65 + 877.15 + 649.81 — 77.15 + 6.33 = 1294.85 Ans. Prob.57. The following table gives the normal weights of babies during the first 12 months of life. Age in Months: | 0 2 5 | 8 | 10} 12 Weights in Ibs: | 7% | 10% | 15 | 16 | 18 | 21 Estimate the weight of the baby at the age of 7 months. (R.GP¥., Dec. 2014) Sol Here xp = 0, x1 = 2, Xp = 5, X3 = 8, Xq = 10 and xs = 12. fy) = yok, fx) = 10-4 = 41, fhxq) = 15, fxs) = 16x) = 18 and hy = 2. 2 44 8y Lagranges formula, we have fx) = xy (= xp Hox Ha NOH = RHA=¥5)__ 5 F(xQ) (io =p )(EO =X Mo — ¥3)%0 ~ X40 —*5) + (x= xq)(x— xp )(X— x3) 4VR=X5) x f(x) (1 — XM — p08] — X3)OR — XA) — 85) a (X= x9 )(x— xp (X= XZ = XA R= XS). x f(x2) (2 = xp )( — 1 (xy — X3)082 — NHI ~X5) 4p OK xo Nox = xy x= 2 )OK= KAM X5)__ x f(x3) (3 = Kg )(Xy —y Mog — X2)0S ~ XAOS *S Scanned with CamScanner00 Mathomatics - Ill (x= Ko MK = Xp NK = XQ MX = X3 (XK ~ x5) ‘ (x4 — Xo 4 ~ XV%4 — X2N%4 —XZ)(XG = x5) * f(xy) (x= xy (X= XK = X2 (X= XZMK=Xy) (x5 — Xu Xs — X1 (Xs — X2 (Xs — X3)(X5 — x4) *flxs) Putting above values, we get 7) = (0-2)(0-5)(0-8)(0-100-12) 2 O07 ~ S(T ~ 87 ~ 107 12), 41 (2-0)(2-5)(2-8)(2-10)(2-12) 4 4 C=7 = 27-87 - 107 = 12) |g (S—0)(5- 2)(5 - 8)(5 - 10)(5— 12) 4 CaM ~2)(7 = NT = 10)(7 = 12) (8—0)(8 - 2)(8 —5)(8 -— 10)(8 - 12) + C= = 2)(7 = 5)(7= 87 = 12) (10 — 0)(10 - 2)(10 = 5)(10-8)(10 — 12) 47-7 = 2)(7 = 57 = 8(7 = 10) (12 ~ 0)(12 — 2)(12 —5)(12 — 8)(12 — 10) = 150 15 210) 41 (525) 1050 7) = 120 15, 41 ) 6 =9600 "2 * 2880 “4 * i575) “!>* 1152" 350 210 91 * C600) *'8* 6720 16 Is AS _ 287.175 _ 63. 21 128° 384°? * 19 16 t 30 = 0.117 ~ 0.747 +5 + 14.583 — 3.937 + 0.656 = 15.67 Ibs Prob.58. Using La, . F igrange’s int , polynomial that takes the Soltowing value" ema x[9|1]2]4 yiti|ri2}s Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods - 1 61 sol, Here %0 = 0, xy = 1s Xz = 2, 3 = 4, MX) = 1, xy) = 1, fxg) = 2, ft) © . By Lagrange’s interp (x—x1)(R=X2)K=X3) (xq) + (X=x)X ) $0) = (%y—x1)%0 —¥2) (0 —%3) (x) - x9) X3) ero ADIOS) £69) +A ADIE=N)_F¢4) (xp — X02 X12 —¥3) (x3 —Xo)(X3 —X1)(%3 -X2) lation formula, we have f(x) Putting above values, we get (6=DR= DER“ 1, EHO“ DEAD f9)= (Q=O-20-4) @=OY1- 291-4) OK D4) 4, AH OR=“DEWI) 5 (2-0)(2-1)(2-4) (4-0)(4-1)(4- 2) flx) = aa =x 2x =A 4 bxtx =2)(x-4) Lyx = Dlx —4) + xx - DO) 2 24 = Shae? = 3x +2)(x — 4) + 8x(x? — 6x +8) =12x(x? — 5x +4) + 5x(x? -3x +2) = ahs? 7x2 4 14x —8)-4+ 8x3 48x? +.64x -12? 4 60x? = 48x +5x3 = 15x? +10s] I = hae 180? 16% +24 432241 Ans. a3 12 : : "06.59. Apply Lagrange’s interpolation method to find the values of x : Jk) = 15 from the given data — Sx) :| 12\ 13} 14\16 (R.GPV., June 2005, Dec. 2011) Scanned with CamScanner_ }» ci Mathomnanion Hl Or typty Lagrange S method to find the value of X, when fix) « Ing dhe piven date | vfafofelu | ” M4} 16 (RGBK, June oy Sok Neve Ny = SVN] =O) Ny 9) KY TE MQ) 12, AX) 13, x)=, Ny) > Lo and fx) = 18 : Putting these values in Lagrango's formula for inverse interpolation, we uel y= USS) US 14) (18 16) (1S = 12) (IS= 14) (1516) (2-12-2216) 8) | Frrayiscia NU2=14)(12-= 16) (13=12)(13= 14) (13-16) (S—12) (1s ; Ty ma aus 10) yy (S12) US= 13) USI) AVIV 13) (14 = 16) (16 = 12)(16 = 13)(16~ 14) > AX ITX (1) 3 . > Xx / 655, SN IX (1) CDSE STC HX p SM2K(EN og SX2KI 2x 1x (—2) 4x 3x2 > x 10 18) S4 8 3 > 8125-64 13.54 9 ILS : 75 Scanned with CamScannerpast NUMERICAL METHODS - 2 NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION Numerical Differentiation — The process of finding the derivative or derivatives of a function at some values of the independent variable, when we know the values of the function corresponding to the given values of the independent variable, is called numerical differentiation. Formulae for Derivatives — Consider the function y = f(x) which is tabulated for the values, Xq= (Xp + nh), n= 0, 1, 2, .. (i) Derivatives Using Forward Difference Formula — Newton’s forward interpolation formula is, ae wae D yo uu ee w HDA Yo tevue =) yo Myo Ayo el 3 4 Scanned with CamScanner64 Mathematics - I! (ii) Derivatives Using Backward Difference F ormete backward formula is, u(urt), ule +i fu 2! , it 70° y= y¥, tuvy, 4 x a Here, u h 92 dy 4 Ve 2 vy. hh Vy, +(2u +1) ain + (Bu? + 6u+2)— ~ Similarly, ( where, #4 _ 1 &k oh il) Derivatives Using Central Difference Formula — formula is Ayo + A; 7 y> yp + (Me Mt) 6 & ary , " 2 2! 3 uu? 1?) ay_ +ay_, uu? 12) TO ty a ey _ K=XKy Here, y= 2*0 Now, differentiating equation (v) both sides w.rt. ‘x’, Sy _(Avo+Ay-1 du, 2u 2) du dx 2 dx 2! dx ‘ 3u? -1)du( 4’y_,+a°y_, (4022 3 Sdx 2 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods - 2 65 2 3. 3 . fees oars =| rats ‘| at = xy u=0 Hence, Ayy+dy_) 1 ay) MAYA Leaty ay.) Ox ) xox, 2 12 2 0 Similarly, A Nasser Ve) a Probl. Arod is rotating in a plane. The following table gives the angle O(tadians) through which the rod has turned, for various values of the time second — 1:]00 | 0.2 | 04 | 06 | 08 | 10 | 1.2 8: | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 1.12 | 2.02 | 3.20 4.67 Calculate the angular velocity and acceleration of the rod when ¢ = 0.6 = (R.GPY., June 2010, Dec. 2012) ri Ast = 0.6 is the middle value, we shall use the central difference ule, noting that a = 0.6 and h = 0.2. 1 H5((0.6)= 5 (0.63 + 0.9) = 0.765 1 15°1(0.6)= 7 (0.08 + 0.01) = 0.01 .82 radian/sec? na a Ale75s-Leo0n] (0.6) = 0.27, 840.6) = 0 M06)= arr = 6.75 radian/sec? ion is the requ; ited angular velocity is 3:82 radian/see and acelerat . ‘Ans. Scanned with CamScanner“4 66 Mathematics - III Prob.2. A slider in a machine moves: along a fixed Straighy ne distance x cm, along the rod is given below for various values tes I is f seconds, Find the velocity of the slider and its acceleration When y nd. secol 7 = —~ 0 30.13 | 01 31.62 0.2 32.87 0.3 33.64 04 33.95 0.5 33.81 0.6 33.24 (R.GP.V, Dec. 2004, June 2012, Dec. 201) Sol. As t= 0.3 is the middle value, we will use the central different formulae, noting that, a = 0.3 and h = 0.1. The central difference table is t x é o o of 0 | 3013 1.49 Ol | 31.62 ~0.24 1.25 -0.24 0.2 | 32.97 0.48 0.26 0.77 03 | 33.64 -0.46 | -0.01 0.31 0.4 | 33.95 ~045 0.01 ool ~0.1 ° ¢ 05 | 33.81 4 a 0.02 ~0.57 - 0.6 | 33,24 3 1 ae H510.3) = 700774031) -054 H87f0.3) ~ 1 (0.02 +-0.01) = 0015 and 8510.3) = 1 me) 2(-027 4.0.02) = £03) = -0.125 I ales Foo1s)+ 10125] 4 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods - 2 67 80.3) © — 0.46, 8110.3) = — 0.01, 8R0.3) = 0.29 1 1 1 ray 5 | Ob oor (029) |= = 45. : al , ia! + aol | oe Hones the required velocity is 5: Abe 33 cm/see and acceleration is ac caeo! Ans. Prods, Gives ve | at “03 [04 y= Avy s| 10817 | 1.34986 | 1.49182 Find * ana 4 7) Mate = 04. [R.GPV. Nov, 2019 (1V-Sem)] Sol. Since the derivatives is required at x = 0.4, which is near the end ofthe table, therefore we shall use Newton's backward formula. The difference table is iven below - 1.10517 0.11623 1.22140 0.01223 0.12846 0.00127 1.34986 0.0135 0.14196 1.49182 dy 1 dx h [s _ Nene BESO, Vy, = 0.14196, v2y, = 0.0135, 7 Thus. Wehave 0.00127 “a 0.0135 0.00127 0 0.14196 + ——— + ——— | = 2 3 |- 1.4913, Ans. Vfo2 WW —|y2 3, 4 av Yt Vy, +59 ra] 1 a pl.n13s+0.00127] = 1477 Ans. Scanned with CamScanner__~ i@#2«©° 4 oo Mathematics * Mt Probd, Given that 16 10.031 dy “ Find ~~ dx and of at (i) x= 1.1 (ii) x= 16. (R.GP.V., Nov/Dec. 2007, Dec. 201)) Sol. (i) The difference table is [x |» A a2 Aa Af a [4] 7.989 044 Li | 8.403 0.036 0.378 0.006 12 | 8.781 = 0.030 0,002 0.348, 0.004 0.001 | 13 | 9.129 0.026 -0.001 0.002 0322 0.003 0.003 a 0.002 1299 15 | 9.750 -0.018 0.008 0.281 16 | 10.031 We have (2) dx x 2 and fy) L ax XO Here h = 0.1, xo = Ll, Ayy = 0.378, A2yy = ~ 0.03 es Substituting these values in equations (i) and (ii), we et dy I an aul oa78- 30 003) +4 $0004) -7¢ 0. 3.952 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods - 2 69 2 1 éy) 1-003 - (0.004) + 4(-0001) - $0003) dx yy coy” 7 7 =-3.7417 Ans, {iy We use the above difference table and the backward difference operator V instead of A gy) _ Hoy +4? los, ylysy . fe), = oedeede seeder] | weeiV) Here h=0.1, Xp = 1.6, V¥q = 0.281, V?¥q = ~ 0.018 ete. nd (iv), we get de) 2 & 1 W 5 ad (2) = [vty +V8yq Vin +E Yat ) 2 Substituting these values in equations (iii) at 1 (2) = alors + 40018) + (0.005) + 10.002) + 40003] dk), 0 2 3 = 2.7477 Li &, 1 i 5 dy] ~— [-o0 8+ 0.005 + =~ (0.002) + = (0.003) 2 2 12 6 ae 16 ce) ar Ans. Prob.5, Given that — elo [i [i [rs |i ps] y: | 7.989 | 8.403 | 8.781 | 9.129 | 9-451 [9.750 | . ds d’y y. 13) Find fe and 7 Peo (R.GR¥, June 20 ) dx Sol Similar as Prob.4. Prob.6, Find 2 atx =0.1 from the following table — Od xi] or | 02 0.3 j 0. ye] 0.9975 | 0.9900 | 0.9776 [R.GPV., Dec. 2016, May 2019 (-Sem)] Scanned with CamScanner70 Mathematics - Ml Sot Here the step length h = 0.1. At fist form the following diy table is given by y | 4y | 47y | aby 01 | 0.9975 0.0075 02 | 09900 0.0049 0.0124 0.0001 03| 09776 ~0.0048 -00172 04 | 09604 We have 4 1 l j a} = cl) Ayo -—a2 La (2 Ky i ‘Yo 7% Yo +3 4°¥o Here PO ¥9= Ot x9 =— 0.0075, A?yy = — 0,0049 and Ay, = 0.0001 Substituting these Values in equation (i), we get dy 1 a = 1 (z), - al -20075- 5 (-0.0049) + £a0000] 1 07 (8.0075 + 0.00245 + 0.000033) J * oq (0.005017) ~~ 0.05017 Pr0b?. King dy de “X= 11 from the following table — 110 _ Fa js [a6 [48 8 | 0584 6 | 2.432 REPU veh 2010, Si ‘ Scanned with CamScannera Numerical Methods - 2 71 Sol, Since the derivative is required at x = 1.1, which is near the beginning the table, therefore we shall use Newton's forward formula. ol The difference table is as follows - x] y | 4& | 4’y Ay Aty 10| 0 0.128 12 | 0.128 0.288 0.416 14 | 0544 0.336 0.752 16 | 1.296 0.384 1.136 18 | 2.432 0.432 1568 2.0 | 4.000 0.048 0.048 Newton's forward difference formula is Y = yo+uAyg +) 29 + u(u=1)(u=2) 43 3 “Yo (upto 3rd differences, since 4th and higher differences are zero) Differentiating with respect to u, we get yo t 2u-1 3u? - 6u+2 ; Here h=0.2, x5 = 1.0, taking u = 1/2 so that xp + uh = 1.1 Putting these values in equation (i), we get Ans. Scanned with CamScanner7D Matnamatins we ben whe the first and second derivatiy Prods, Calentate °5 OF the funy, dudated below, at the polntx = hh Cig ve [ho] h2 | bd | to 20 Le O | 0128 | 05d 4.296 | 2, 0 (KRGRY, June 2009, Dec. any Sob, Since the derivative in required at x = I. |, which is near the begin of the table, therefore we shall use Newton's forward formula, % Vere the step length h = 0.2, At first form the following difference lable x | fo | age | 4?fo9 | 41 fi | ay 7 0 0.128 12 | 0128 0.288 0416 0.048 Wa | 0544 0.336 . 0,752 0,098 — 0.25 lo | 1.296 0.434 - 1.186 = 0.102 1S | 2.482 0.332 1518 20 40 We have ay) 1 Inet ] (2), ~HLst00)~ Sat ty ed aioagy- a folxo)+ 2, of | 545 wn Fat) oa) + Matty (ng) E504 dx? 7 3 *o Mere x9 = 1.1, Afg(x) = 0.128, A2fa(xq) = 0.288, A%f0(%0) AM(%9) = 0.05, and A°f(x9) = ~ 0.25 Substituting these values in equations (i) and (ii), we get (“~) xed 1 ' ; 1 —1x005+56 ax : asl 28-5 0288 + 1 x 0048-4 3 Gg l0128 - 0144. 0016-00125- 005] “5 *[- 0.0625] = - 0.3125 Scanned with CamScannerNumerical Methods - 2. 73 0.288 — 0.048 + uu «0,05 - B x (0.25) 12 6 and | ' jog O24 +0046 +021] ~ Fy 10-496) = 124 Ans. Prob. Find fits) and f(x) at x = 6, given that ~ =) 45 [50 [55 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 25 y= fl) _+| 9.69 | 12.90 | 16.71 | 21.18 26.37 | 32.34 | 39.15 (R.GP.¥., Dec. 2014) Sol. Since we want to find the derivative at a point near the middle of the table, we may use any central difference formula. In this case we shall use x-6 pesse’s formula Here xp = 6 and h = 0.5 consider a new variate w= x 50 that when x = 6, we have u = 0. Thus we are to find first derivative at u = 0 d d du d 1_ fu) - 4 pay = equ) = Sf). = = 7 Also 3 = aa ax Wea (eh (i) @ d dud difa)_ Mu) . and wy = SS == ii Geax dx duh h ii) The difference table is as under — w= | se [a | 2m [a'nw | ane) =3/45 | 9.69 -2| 5.0 | 12.90 321 | 96 : , | 38h . 0.06 -1)55 {1671 | 44, | 5 | 906 0 0 | 60 | 21.18 ea 0.72 Ae 0 1 | 65 | 2637 | 0.78 ° 597 0.06 2 | 70 | 3234 084 681 3 | 75 | 39.15 Bessel’s formula is 1 1 _ Muy = 800) + FO + [Uy arco) MH A2£(-1) + A7£(0)] 1 u-sJu(u-1) 7 at 2) weet ~Kii) MO (upto 3rd difference) Scanned with CamScanner