UNIT IV

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

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 DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES

❖ The digital modulation techniques may be classified into two categories as under:
(i) Coherent techniques
(ii) Non-coherent techniques.

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., ASK 2

Coherent techniques
❖ In the coherent digital modulation techniques, we have to use a phase synchronized carrier to be
generated at the receiver to recover the information signal.
❖ The frequency and phase of this carrier produced at the receiver should be synchronized with that at the
transmitter.
❖ Coherent techniques are complex but yield better performance.

Non-Coherent techniques
❖ In the non-coherent techniques, no phase synchronized local carrier is needed at the receiver.
❖ These techniques are less complex.
❖ However, the performance is inferior to that of coherent techniques.

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., ASK 3

 COHERENT BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (BFSK)
Generation of BFSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., FSK 4

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., FSK 5
 Bandwidth of BFSK Signal

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., FSK 6

 BFSK Receiver: Coherent Detection of BFSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., FSK 7

Geometrical Representation for BPSK Signals

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9
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Bit Error Rate (BER) or Probability of Error

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 Salient Features of BFSK
(i) BFSK is relatively easy to implement.
(ii) It has better noise immunity than ASK. Hence, the probability of error free reception of data is high.

Drawback of BFSK
(i) The major drawback is its high bandwidth requirement*. Therefore, FSK is extensively used in low
speed modems having bit rates below 1200 bits/sec.

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., FSK 12

 BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING (BPSK)
Generation of BPSK Signal

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 13

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 14
 Reception of BPSK Signal : Coherent Detection

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 15

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 16
Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 17
 Bandwidth for BPSK Signal

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 18

 Salient Features of BPSK

(i) BPSK has a bandwidth which is lower than that of a BFSK signal.
(ii) BPSK has the best performance of all the three digital modulation techniques in presence of noise. It yields the
minimum value of probability of error.
(iii) Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) has a very good noise immunity.

Drawbacks of BPSK

(i) The recovered carrier is unchanged even if the input signal has changed its sign.
(ii) Therefore, it is not possible to determine whether the received signal is equal to b(t) or – b(t). Infact, this results in
ambiguity in the output signal.

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., BPSK 19

 DPSK
Generation of DPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 20

 Generation of DPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 21

 Detection of DPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 22

 Evaluation of Bandwidth of DPSK Signal

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 23

 Salient Features
(i) DPSK does not need carrier at the receiver end. This means that the complicated circuitry for generation of local
carrier is not required.
(ii) The bandwidth requirement of DPSK is reduced as compared to that of BPSK.

Drawbacks
(i) The probability of error (i.e., bit error rate) of DPSK is higher than that of BPSK.
(ii) Because DPSK uses two successive bits for its reception, error in the first bit creates error in the second bit.
Therefore, error propagation in DPSK is more. On the other hand, in BPSK single bit can go in error since detection
of each bit is independent.
(iii) Noise interference in DPSK is more.

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 24

 Comparison of BPSK and DPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 25

 Example
1. Binary data stream 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 needs to be transmitted using DPSK technique. Prove that the
reconstruction of the DPSK signal by the technique discussed in the previous article is independent of the choice
of the extra bit.

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., DPSK 26

 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK)

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 27

 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK)

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 28

 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK)

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 29

 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK)

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 30

 Mathematical representation of QPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 31

 Offset QPSK (OQPSK) or Staggered QPSK Transmitter

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 32

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., 33
 Non-offset QPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 34

 The QPSK Receiver

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 35

 The QPSK Receiver

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 36

 The QPSK Receiver

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 37

 The QPSK Receiver

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 38

 Bandwidth of QPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 39

 Error Probability of QPSK System

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 40

 Advantages of QPSK
(i) Very good noise immunity.
(ii) Baud rate is half the bit rate therefore more effective utilization of the available bandwidth of the transmission channel.
(iii) Low error probability.
Due to these advantages, the QPSK is used for very high bit rate data transmission.

Drawback
The generation and detection of QPSK is quite complex.

QPSK is Better than PSK

The QPSK is better than PSK because of the following reasons:
(i) Due to multilevel modulation used in QPSK, it is possible to increase the bit rate to double the bit rate of PSK without
increasing the bandwidth.
(ii) The noise immunity of QPSK is same as that of PSK system.
(iii) Available channel bandwidth is utilized in a better way by the QPSK system than PSK system.
Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 41
 Comparison of BPSK and QPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 42

 Difference between OQPSK and QPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QPSK 43

 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (QASK) OR QAM
Types of QAM

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 44

 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (QASK) OR QAM
4 QAM and 8 QAM Systems

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 45

 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (QASK) OR QAM

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 46

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 47
 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (QASK) OR QAM

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 48

 QASK Transmitter

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 49

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 50
Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 51
 QASK Receiver

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 52

 Bandwidth of QASK System

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 53

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 54
 COMPARISON OF QASK AND QPSK

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 55

 COMPARISON OF ASK, FSK, PSK AND QAM
Sl.
Parameter ASK FSK PSK QAM
No.
1. Modulation Type Amplitude Frequency Phase Amplitude and Phase
2. Bits per symbol One One One N
3. Number of possible symbols M= 2N Two Two Two M= 2N
4. Detection method Coherent Non-Coherent Coherent Coherent
5. Minimum Euclidean distance √Eb √2Eb 2√Eb √0.4Es for M=16
6. Minimum Bandwidth(BW) 2fb 4fb 2fb 2fb/N
7. Symbol duration(Ts) Tb Tb Tb NTb
8. Noise High Low Low High
9. S/N Ratio Low High High Low
10. Data Rate Less Less High High

Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., QAM 56

Problem: 1

For 16-PSK and a transmission system with a 10 kHz bandwidth, determine the
maximum bit rate.

Solution:
The bandwidth efficiency for 16-PSK is 4, which means that four bits can be
propagated through the system for each hertz of bandwidth. Therefore, the maximum bit
rate is simply the product of the bandwidth and the bandwidth efficiency, or

bit rate = 4 x 10,000 = 40,000 bps

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Problem: 2

For 32-PSK and a transmission system with a 5 kHz bandwidth, determine the
maximum bit rate.

Solution:
The bandwidth efficiency for 32-PSK is 5, which means that five bits can be
propagated through the system for each hertz of bandwidth. Therefore, the maximum bit
rate is simply the product of the bandwidth and the bandwidth efficiency, or

bit rate = 5 x 5,000 = 25,000 bps

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Problem: 3
For a Modulator, with an input data rate equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70
MHz, find the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth for 8-PSK and 16 QAM.
Solution:
For 8-PSK
The bit rate is equal to one-third of the input bit rate = 10 Mbps / 3 = 3.33 Mbps
The fastest rate of change and highest fundamental frequency presented to either
balanced modulator is fa = 3.33 Mbps / 2 = 1.667 Mbps
The output wave from the balance modulators is (sin 2πfat)(sin 2πfct)
0.5 cos 2π(fc – fa)t – 0.5 cos 2π(fc + fa)t
0.5 cos 2π[(70 – 1.667)MHz]t – 0.5 cos 2π[(70+ 1.667)MHz]t
0.5 cos 2π(68.333MHz)t - 0.5 cos 2π(71.667MHz)t
The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is B= (71.667 - 68.333) MHz = 3.333 MHz
The minimum bandwidth for the 8-PSK, B = 10 Mbps / 3 = 3.33 MHz
Again, the baud equals the bandwidth thus,
baud = 3.333 megabaud 59
For 16-QAM

The bit rate is equal to one fourth of the input bit rate = fb / 4 = 10 Mbps / 4 = 2.5 Mbps
Therefore, the fastest rate of change and highest fundamental frequency presented to either
balanced modulator is fa = 2.5 Mbps / 2 = 1.25 MHz
The output wave from the balanced modulator is (sin 2πfat)(sin 2πfct)
0.5 cos 2π(fc– fa)t – 0.5 cos 2π(fc + fa)t
0.5 cos 2π[(70 – 1.25)MHz]t – 0.5 cos 2π[(70 +1.25)MHz]t
0.5 cos 2π(68.75MHz)t - 0.5 cos2π(71.25MHz)t
The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is B=(71.25 - 68.75) MHz = 2.5 MHz
The minimum bandwidth for the 16-QAM
B = 10 Mbps / 4 = 2.5 MHz
The symbol rate equals the bandwidth; thus,
symbol rate = 2.5 megabaud

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Problem: 4
For an 8-PSK(or 8-QAM) system, operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps,
determine (a) baud, (b) minimum bandwidth, and (c) bandwidth efficiency.
Solution:
(a) baud

Baud= 24 kbps / 3 = 8000 baud (or) 8 kilobaud

(b) Bandwidth

BW= 24 kbps / 3 = 8000 Hz (or) 8KHz

(c) Bandwidth efficiency

Bη = 24, 000 / 8000= 3 bits per second per cycle of bandwidth 61

Problem: 5
For an 4-PSK (4-QAM) system, operating with an information bit rate of 24 kbps,
determine (a) baud, (b) minimum bandwidth, and (c) bandwidth efficiency.
Solution:
(a) baud

Baud= 24 kbps / 2 = 12000 baud (or) 12 kilobaud

(b) Bandwidth

BW= 24 kbps / 2 = 12000 Hz (or) 12KHz

(c) Bandwidth efficiency

Bη = 24,000 / 12,000= 2 bits per second per cycle of bandwidth

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Problem: 6
What is the minimum bandwidth required for BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and16- QAM systems
if the bit rate is 10 MBPS?

i) For BPSK(21=2), BW= 10Mbps / 1 = 10MHz

ii) For QPSK(22=4), BW= 10Mbps / 2 = 5MHz
iii) For 8-PSK(23=8), BW= 10Mbps / 3 = 3.33MHz
iv) For 16-QAM(24=16), BW= 10Mbps / 4 = 2.5MHz

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Dr. Bhuvana B P, ME., Ph.D., 65