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on Advances
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February 1-5, of
Optimization
Optimization
2016.
of
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Dynamical
Dynamical
Systems
Systems
India
Available onlineand
at www.sciencedirect.com
Optimization
February 1-5, of Dynamical
2016. Systems
NIT Tiruchirappalli, India
February 1-5, 2016. NIT Tiruchirappalli, India
February 1-5, 2016. NIT Tiruchirappalli, India
ScienceDirect
FUZZY LOGIC BASEDIFAC-PapersOnLine
MPPT FOR 49-1 (2016) 462–467
PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS
FUZZY
FUZZY LOGIC BASED MPPT FOR PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS
FUZZY LOGIC
LOGIC BASED
BASED MPPT
GENERATOR IN WIND
MPPT FOR
FOR PERMANENT
ENERGY
PERMANENT MAGNET
CONVERSION SYNCHRONOUS
MAGNETSYSTEM
SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR
GENERATOR IN
IN WIND
WIND ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION
CONVERSION SYSTEM
SYSTEM
GENERATOR IN Ramji
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
Tiwari*, Ramesh Babu. N**
Ramji Tiwari*,
Ramji Tiwari*, Ramesh Babu. Babu. N**
Ramji Tiwari*, Ramesh Ramesh Babu. N** N**
School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India.
School of of Electrical Engineering,
Engineering, VIT University,
University, Vellore, India. India.
School
School of Electrical
Electrical Engineering, VIT VIT University, Vellore,
*ramji.tiwari2015@vit.ac.in,**nrameshbabu@vit.ac.in Vellore, India.
*ramji.tiwari2015@vit.ac.in,**nrameshbabu@vit.ac.in
*ramji.tiwari2015@vit.ac.in,**nrameshbabu@vit.ac.in
*ramji.tiwari2015@vit.ac.in,**nrameshbabu@vit.ac.in
Abstract: In this paper, a comparative analysis of different control methods to extract the maximum
Abstract:
power fromIn InPermanent
this paper,
this paper,Magnet a comparative
comparative
Synchronous analysis of different
Generator different
(PMSG) control methods
based methods
Wind Energy to extract
extract the maximum
Conversion maximum
System
Abstract:
Abstract:
power from InPermanent
this paper,Magnetaa comparative
Synchronous
analysis
analysis of
of
Generator different
(PMSG)
control
control
based methods
Wind
to
to
Energy extract the
the
Conversion maximum
Systema
(WECS)
power from under differentMagnet
Permanent wind speed condition
Synchronous is presented.
Generator (PMSG) ThebasedWECS Wind consists
Energy ofConversion
a wind turbine, System
power
(WECS) from Permanent
under different Magnet
wind Synchronous
speed condition Generator
is (PMSG)
presented. The based
WECS Wind EnergyofConversion
consists a wind Systema
turbine,
PMSG and
(WECS) a DC/DC
under differentconverter
wind whichcondition
is connected to a DC load. The Maximum Power Pointturbine,
Trackinga
(WECS)
PMSG and and under
a DC/DC different
DC/DC wind speed
converter speed
whichcondition
is connected
connected
is
is presented.
presented.
to aa DC
DC load.
The
The The
load.
WECS
WECS consists
consistsPower
Maximum
of
of aa wind
wind
Point turbine,
Tracking a
(MPPT)
PMSG control
a technique
converter compared
which here
is are Proportional
to Integral The (PI) control, Power
Maximum PerturbPointand Tracking
Observe
PMSG
(MPPT) and a DC/DC
control and converter
technique which
compared is connected
here are Proportional to
Proportionala DC load.
Integral The Maximum
(PI) considered Power
control, Perturb Point Tracking
and Observe
(P&O) method
(MPPT) control Fuzzycompared
technique Logic Controller
here (FLC). The Integral parameters for analysing the
(MPPT)
(P&O) control and
method technique
Fuzzy compared
Logic here are
Controller are Proportional
(FLC). The Integral
parameters
(PI) control,
control, Perturb
(PI) considered Perturb
for
and
and Observe
analysingObservethe
efficiency
(P&O) of
method the MPPT
and controller
Fuzzy Logic is the output DC voltage and power across the load. The steady state
(P&O)
efficiency method
of the and
MPPT Fuzzy Logicis Controller
controller Controller
the output
(FLC).
(FLC).
DC
The
The and
voltage
parameters
parameters
power
considered
considered
across the load.
for
forTheanalysing
analysing
steady
the
the
state
voltage
efficiency and ofthethe dynamic
MPPT response of the system under different wind speed is considered to justify the
efficiency
voltage and ofthe MPPT controller
thedynamic controller
response
is
is
of
the
the
the
output
output
system
DC
DCunder
voltage
voltage and
and power
different power
wind
across
acrossisthe
speed the load.
load. The
considered Thetosteady
steady
justify
state
state
the
overall
voltage efficiency
and of the controllers. The system is designed and configured in MATLAB/SIMULINK
voltage
overall and thethe dynamic
efficiency dynamic
of the
response
response of
controllers.
the
the system
of The system
system
under
under
is
different
different
designed and
wind
wind speed
speed is
configured isinconsidered
considered
MATLAB/SIMULINK
to
to justify
justify the
the
software and the results are validated. The
overall
overall efficiency
software efficiency
and the
of
of the
resultsthearecontrollers.
controllers.
validated. The system
system is is designed
designed and and configured
configured in in MATLAB/SIMULINK
MATLAB/SIMULINK
software
© 2016,
software and
IFAC
and the
the results
(International
results are
are validated.
Federation
validated. of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Wind turbine, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, Fuzzy Logic Controller, MPPT.
Keywords:
Keywords: Wind
Wind turbine,
turbine, Permanent
Permanent Magnet
Magnet Synchronous
Synchronous Generator,
Generator, Fuzzy
Fuzzy Logic
Logic Controller,
Controller, MPPT.
MPPT.
Keywords: Wind turbine, Permanent Magnet Synchronous  Generator, Fuzzy Logic Controller, MPPT.
 control is very simple to implement. PI control lacks in
1. INTRODUCTION 
control
efficiency
control is
is very
of
verythe simple
overall to
simple implement.
system
to due to its
implement. PI
PI control
arbitrary
control lacks
selection
lacks in
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION control
efficiency is ofverythe simple
overall to implement.
system due to PIarbitrary
its lacks in
control selection in
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the use of renewable energy resource is efficiency of parameters. of In order to overcome this problem FLC is
efficiency
of parameters. of the
theInoverall
overall
order
system
system
to
due
due to
overcome
its
its arbitrary
to this arbitrary
problem
selection
selection
FLC is
In recent
increased years,
due to the use
increasing of renewable
demand of energy
power and resource
depletion is employed
of parameters. to extract
In the to
order maximum
overcome power
this from
problemwind. FLC FLC is
In
In recent
recent years,
years, the
the use
use of
of renewable
renewable energy
energy resource
resource is
is of parameters.
employed to In order
extract the to overcome
maximum this from
power problemwind. FLC FLC is
increased
of fossil due
fuelto increasing
such as demand
coal for of power
electricity and depletion
generation. can track to
employed theextract
non linearity
the maximum of thepowersystemfrom andwind.
givesFLC the
increased
increased due
due to increasing
to such
increasing demand
demand of power
ofelectricity and depletion
power andgeneration.
depletion can employed
track to
the extract the
nonforlinearity maximum of power
thewind.
system from wind. FLC
of fossil
Moreover, fuel
the issue ofas coal
climate for
change are causing concern can maximum
track output
the the available Theand gives
input for the
of
of fossil
fossil fuel
fuel such
such as
as coal
coal for
for electricity
electricity generation.
generation. can
maximum the non
track output nonforlinearity
linearity
the
of
of the
available
system
thewind.
system The
and
and gives
gives
input for
the
the
the
Moreover,
and hence the
manyissue of climate
regulations change
are proposedare causing
to concern
reduce the FLC
maximumis the DC
output voltage
for the and current
available across
wind. the
The load,
input whereas
for the
Moreover,
Moreover, the
the issue
issue of
of climate
climate change
change are
are causing
causing concern
concern maximum
FLC is the output
DC for
voltage the andavailable
current wind.
across The
the input
load, for the
whereas
and
Carbonhence many
dioxide (COregulations
) emission are proposed
(Krishna to
et reduce
al., the
2015). the
FLC output
is the is the
DC duty
voltage cycle and for the
current DC/DC
across Converter.
the load, whereas
and
and hence
hence many
many regulations
2
regulations are
are proposed
proposed to
to reduce
reduce the
the FLC
the is the
output is DC
the voltage
duty cycle and current
for across
the DC/DC the load,
Converter. whereas
Carbon
Among the dioxide
renewable(CO )) emission
2energy, solar (Krishna
energy and et al.,
wind 2015).
energy the
Carbon
Carbon
Among
dioxide
dioxide
the renewable
(CO ) emission
(CO22energy, emissionsolar
(Krishna
(Krishna
energy and
et al.,
et wind 2015).
2015). the
al., energy Theoutput
buck is
output the
the duty
isconverter
duty iscycle
cycle for
for the
employed the DC/DC
here to Converter.
DC/DC Converter.
interface the wind
is moretheutilised
Among renewable because
energy, ofsolaritsenergyabundant
and availability
wind energy The buck converter is employed here to interface the
Among the renewable energy, solar energy and wind energy generator
The to the DC Load. The output of the PMSG iswind
AC
is
is more
everywhere.
more utilised
The Wind
utilised because
Energyof
because of its
is gaining
its abundant
interest availability
abundant because of generator
availability The buck
bucktoconverter
converter
the DC
is
is employed
employed
Load. The
here
here to
output toof
interface
interface
the PMSG
the
theiswind
wind
AC
is more utilised because of its abundant availability which
generatoris converted
to in to DC using diode controlled rectifier
everywhere.
technology
everywhere. The
The Wind
enhancement
Wind Energy
Energy andisis gaining
significant
gaining interest
interest because
power
because of
cost
of generator
which is to the
the DC
converted DCinLoad.
Load.
to DC
The
The output
output
using diode
of the
the PMSG
of controlled is
is AC
PMSGrectifier AC
everywhere. The Wind Energy is gaining interest because of in order
which is to eliminate the ripple present in the AC component
technology
reduction.
technology enhancement
More effective and
enhancement control
and significant
strategiespower
significant are under
power cost
cost which
in order is toconverted
converted
eliminate
in
intheto DC
DC using
to ripple using
present
diode
diodein
controlled
controlled
the AC
rectifier
rectifier
component
technology enhancement and significant power cost in andorder
smoothing
to capacitor is placed across the rectifier to
reduction.
reduction. More
research in order
More toeffective
effective control
obtain reliable,
control coststrategies
effective and
strategies are
are under
quality
under in
andorder to eliminate
smoothing eliminate the
the ripple
capacitor ripple
is
present in
in the
presentacross
placed
AC
the the component
AC rectifier
component to
reduction.
research in More
order effective control strategies are under minimise
and smoothingthe ripple due
capacitor tois non
placed linearity.
across When
the the
rectifier wind
to
power
research from
in the to
order wind.
to obtain
obtain Asreliable,
stated in
reliable, cost
cost effective
(Errami
effective et and
al., quality
and 2015) minimise
quality and smoothing the capacitor
ripple due tois non
placed across When
linearity. the rectifier
the to
wind
research
power in
from order
the to
wind.obtain As reliable,
stated cost
in effective
(Errami et and
al., quality
2015) power
minimise variesthe the FLC
ripple tracks
due to the
non output voltage
linearity. and
When current
the to
wind
Permanent
power from Magnet
the Synchronous
wind. As stated Generator
in (Errami(PMSG)et al., is most
2015) minimise
power variesthe ripple
the FLC due
tracks to non
the linearity.
output voltage When
and the
current wind
to
power from the wind. As stated in (Errami et al., 2015) generate
power an efficient duty cycle for the converter operation.
Permanent
preferred wind
Permanent Magnet
Magnet Synchronous
generator
Synchronousdue to Generator
its reliability
Generator (PMSG)
(PMSG) and size is
is most power varies
for generate
most varies
an
the
the FLC
FLC duty
efficient
tracks
trackscycle the
the output
output
for the
voltage
voltage and current
current to
and operation.
converter to
Permanent
preferred Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is most Thus
generatethe anmaximum
efficient power
duty is
cycle produced
for the based
converter on available
operation.
stand alonewind
preferred windgenerator
wind generator due
energy conversion
due to
to its
its reliability
system.
reliability and
and size
size for
for generate an efficient duty cycle for the converter operation.
preferred wind generator due to itssystem. reliability and size for Thus the
wind speed.
Thus the maximum power is produced based on available
stand
stand alone
alone wind
wind energy
energy conversion
conversion system. Thus
wind the maximum
speed. maximum power power is is produced
produced based based on on available
available
stand alone wind energy conversion system.
MPPT control algorithms can be employed in order to wind speed.
wind
This speed.
paper analyses the maximum power point tracking
MPPT
capture
MPPT control
the maximum
control algorithms
algorithms can
power
can be
from
be employed
availablein
employed in order
wind
order to
by
to
MPPT control algorithms can be employed in order to This
control
This paper
approach
paper analyses
for
analyses the
stand
the maximum
alone
maximum WECS. power
The
power point
point tracking
performance of
capture
maintaining
capture the
the maximum
the optimum power
maximum power from
steady voltage
from available
across thewind
available load. by
wind A This
by control paper
approachanalyses
for the alone
stand maximum WECS. power
The point tracking
tracking
performance of
capture
maintainingthe maximum
the optimum power
steady from available wind by the conventional
control approach PI
for controller,
stand alone P&O
WECS. controller
The and
performance FLCof
variety of MPPT
maintaining the techniques
optimum havevoltage
steady voltage across
been employed
across the
theforload.
Wind
load. A
A control
the approach for
conventional PI stand alone WECS.
controller, P&O The performance
controller and FLCof
maintaining
variety of the
MPPT optimum
techniques steady
have voltage
been across
employed theforload.
Wind A under
the variable
conventional wind PI speed is
controller, evaluated.
P&O The proposed
controller and control
FLC
Energy
variety Conversion
of MPPT System (WECS) in previous literature the conventional PI controller, P&O controller and FLC
variety of MPPT techniques
techniques have
have been beeninemployed
employed for
for Wind
Wind under strategy
under variable
posseswind
variable the speed
wind improved
speed is
is evaluated.
capability The proposed
of capturing control
the
Energy
such
Energy Conversion
as Hill Climbing
Conversion System
Search(WECS)
System (HCS) algorithm,
(WECS) in previous
previous literature
Incremental
literature under variable wind speed is evaluated.
evaluated. The
Theof proposed
proposed control
control
Energy
such as Conversion
Hill Climbing System
Search (WECS)
(HCS) in previous
algorithm, literature strategy posses the improved capability of capturing the
Incremental
strategy
maximum posses
power the
from improved
wind. capability
Comparative capturing
efficiency of the
and
such Conductance
as Hill method
Climbing (INC),
Search Perturb
(HCS) and Observe
algorithm, (P&O) strategy
Incremental maximum posses
power the
from improved
wind. capability of capturing the
such
and as Hill
Conductance Climbing
method Search
(INC), (HCS)
Perturb algorithm,
and ObserveIncremental
(P&O) controllers
maximum is analysed
power from fromComparative
wind. the outputefficiency
Comparative power of
efficiency of
of the
the
method,
and Fuzzy method
Conductance Logic (INC), Controller
Perturb (FLC)
and Observeand (P&O) many maximum controllers power
is from
analysed wind.
from Comparative
the output efficiency
power of
of the
the
and Conductance
method, Fuzzy method
Logic (INC), Perturb
Controller and
(FLC) Observeand (P&O)
many converter.
controllers is analysed from the output power of the
Evolutionary
method, Algorithms.
Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and many controllers
converter. is analysed from the output power of the
method,
Evolutionary Fuzzy Logic
Algorithms. Controller (FLC) and many converter.
Evolutionary Algorithms. converter.
Evolutionary
P&O methodAlgorithms.
is well known MPPT technique due to its 2. MODELLING OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION
P&O method
simplicity and is well
effectiveness. known But MPPT
due to technique
high non due
linearityto its
in 2.
2. MODELLING
MODELLING OF OF WIND SYSTEM
WIND ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION
CONVERSION
P&O
P&O method
method is
is well
well known
known MPPT
MPPT technique
technique due
due to
to its
its 2. MODELLING OF WIND
SYSTEM ENERGY CONVERSION
simplicity
wind speed,
simplicity and
and effectiveness.
P&O techniqueBut
effectiveness. But due
fails
due toto
to high
track
high non
the linearity
non maximum
linearity in
in SYSTEM
simplicity andP&Oeffectiveness. But duetoto track
high non linearity SYSTEM
in The simulation models of wind turbine, PMSG and power
wind
power
wind speed,
point and
speed, P&O hence technique
introduces
technique fails
fails highto the
fluctuations
track the maximum
resulting The simulation models of wind turbine, PMSG and power
maximum
wind speed, P&O technique fails to track the maximum electronics converters which comprises the whole WECS
power
in low point
power power
point and
and hence
output
hence introduces
(Dailii et al.,
introduces high
high fluctuations
2015). Anotherresulting
fluctuations control The
resulting The simulation
simulation
electronics
models
models which
converters
of
of wind
wind turbine,
turbine, the
comprises
PMSG
PMSG and power
and WECS
whole power
power
in low point
power andoutput
hence(Dailiiintroduces
et high
al., fluctuations
2015). Another resulting
control system are explained
electronics converters in which
this section.comprises the whole WECS
technique
in low which
power is used
output frequently
(Dailii et al., is2015).
PI control
Another method. PI electronics
control system are converters
explained in which
this section.comprises the whole WECS
in low power output (Dailii et al., is2015). Another control
PI system
technique
technique which is used frequently PI control method. system areare explained
explained in in this
this section.
section.
technique which
which is is used
used frequently
frequently is is PIPI control
control method.
method. PI PI
Copyright
2405-8963 ©© 2016,
2016 IFAC 462Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control)
Copyright
Peer review©under
2016 responsibility
IFAC of International Federation of 462Control.
Automatic
Copyright
Copyright ©
© 2016
2016 IFAC
IFAC 462
462
10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.03.097
 IFAC ACODS 2016
February 1-5, 2016. NIT Tiruchirappalli, IndiaRamji Tiwari et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-1 (2016) 462–467 463

Fig. 1 shows the overall view of WECS. A PMSG generator Pm

is mostly preferred for standalone WECS. The PMSG is Tm  (4)
direct driven thus there is no need of gear box to drive the m
generator thus reducing the complexity and size of entire
system (Dehghan et al., 2009). They require low maintenance From the above equation (4) it can be determined that the
when compared to other generators. The diode controlled performance of the wind turbine is highly dependent on the
rectifier is used to convert AC voltage obtained from wind speed (Galdi et al., 2008)
generator to DC voltage in order to eliminate the harmonics Table 1 summarizes the parameters of the wind turbine which
present in it due to linearity. A smoothing capacitor CDC is is used for the simulation analysis.
used to remove ripple present in DC voltage. A DC/DC
converter is designed to obtain the desired output. Table 1. Parameter of Wind Turbine

DIODE RECTIFIER DC/DC CONVERTER

Nominal Mechanical 8.5kW
Output Power
PMSG Base Wind Speed 12m/s
+
Radius of wind Turbine 1.001m
Cdc Air Density,  1.225kg/m3
w -
Pitch Angle,  0o
DC GRID
2.2 Modelling of PMSG generator
GRID SIDE
CONTROL
PMSG is widely used for stand alone small wind turbines
because they have high efficiency and less maintenance
Fig. 1. Overall schematic of PMSG based WECS (Baroudi et al., 2007). The PMSG is modelled in dq reference
frame. Both d and q axis contains a voltage induced by the
armature. The generator is implemented with DC Voltage and
2.1 Turbine Modelling current. The current of d axis and q axis is determined by the
equation 5 and 6 respectively (Alizadeh et al., 2015)
The mechanical power, Pm captured by the turbine is given
by the equation disd R L sq 1
  sa i sd   s i sq  u sd (5)
dt Lsd L sd L sd
1
Pm  C p  ,   R 2Vwind
3 (1)
2 disq L  1
Rsa 1
 i sq   s  sd i sd   p  u (6)
Where C p is a rotor power coefficient,  is blade pitch dt Lsq   Lsq sq
 Lsq Lsq 
angle,  is a Tip Speed Ratio (TSR),  is air density, R is
The electromagnetic torque obtained from the rotor of PMSG
radius of wind turbine blade and Vwind is the wind speed. The is given by the equation 7 (Phankong et al., 2013)
rotor power coefficient is defined by the fraction of available
wind power that can be transformed to mechanical power. Te 1.5
P
2
 
 p i sq  i sd i sq Lsd  Lsq  (7)
C p depends on the blade aerodynamics, which is the
function of  and  . The power coefficient of turbine is Where, isd , isq , u sd and u sq are the currents and voltages of
determined by TSR. C p and TSR is determined by the shape d and q axis respectively. s is the angular frequency of the
of the blade. However, C p in general blade design is generator. L sd and Lsq are the inductance of the generator.
assumed for simplicity (Babu et al., 2013).  p is the permanent flux, R sa is the resistance of the stator
   2 and P is the number of poles.
C p  0.44  0.0167  sin  0.0018  2 (2)
13  0.3
Table 2. Parameters of PMSG
The TSR (  ) can be defined as the function of a wind
speeds. Rated Power 8.5kW
Stator Phase Resistance 0.425 Ω
m R Armature Inductance 0.000835 H
 (3) Friction Factor 0.001189 Nms
V wind
Pole Pairs 5
where,  m is the rotor speed of a wind turbine. The input inertia 0.01197 kg.m2
torque for the generator is obtained from the formula:

463
IFAC ACODS 2016
February 1-5, 2016. NIT Tiruchirappalli, IndiaRamji Tiwari et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-1 (2016) 462–467
464
The Parameter of PMSG which is used for the study
purpose in this work is presented in Table 2. According to
author (Chen et al., 2015) the diode controlled rectifier are
widely used for voltage conversion in small scale stand
alone WECS due to its simplicity and low cost. However,
Rectifier draws non sinusoidal current from PMSG. To
overcome the problem a DC link capacitor is used, which
can mitigate partial current harmonic elimination, thus
achieving near sinusoidal current.
2.4 Modelling of DC/DC Converter
The DC/DC converter employed here is buck converter. Buck
converter is used to step down the input DC voltage. By
varying the duty cycle the output voltage can be controlled.
This converter regulates the input voltage through the switch
to reach the reference voltage which consists of maximum
power. Fig. 2. shows the basic circuit of the buck converter.
Buck converter operates in mainly two different modes
namely continuous conduction mode and discontinuous
conduction mode. (Bendib et al., 2014). The switch operates
at high frequency to deliver chopped DC voltage output. The
buck converter controls the power flow using the ON/OFF
condition of switch which is controlled by the duty cycle
switching. The average output voltage is given by the
equation (8).
Vout  Vin * D (8)
where Vout is the output Voltage Vin is the input voltage and D
represents the duty cycle of the converter switch.
Switch Inductor
CONTROLLER
+ Diode Capacitor Load
Vin -
Fig. 2. Basic design of buck converter
Table 3. Parameters of buck converter
Inductor (L) 3.65 mH
Capacitor (C) 3 mF
Load(R) 150 Ω
In Table 3. the inductor and capacitor values which is used
for simulation study is determined.
3. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF WECS
The MPPT based control strategy is used here to obtain the
maximum power. Wind energy even though available in
abundant, the wind speed varies rapidly. The efficiency of the
WECS depends upon the accuracy in which the maximum
power is extracted by the MPPT controller. The PMSG
based MPPT control mainly focus on converting variable
voltage and frequency to fixed voltage and frequency. The
most commonly used power electronics converter
configuration is analysed in this paper and the block diagram
of the model used is shown in Fig. 3.
DIODE RECTIFIER
+
BUCK
LOAD
PMSG
Cdc CONVERTER Vdc
-
Duty Cycle Idc
MPPT
Fig. 3. Converter configuration of PMSG based WECS
In this paper three MPPT techniques such as conventional PI
controller, P&O method and FLC MPPT method are utilized
and comparative study is done to choose the efficient and
appropriate MPPT technique so that the maximum power is
extracted from the available wind.
3.1 PI Control
In PI based MPPT technique, an error signal is generated
using the actual DC voltage and the reference DC voltage.
The error signal is fed into the PI Controller from where an
output signal is obtained. The output signal is then compared
with the frequency repetitive triangular waveform to deliver a
duty cycle which operates the DC/DC Converter switch thus
obtaining the maximum power based on the variance in the
wind speed. The equation used for PI controller is
+
Ds    K p  i  * E s 
K (9)
 s 
Vout
Where, K p is proportional parameter and K i is integral
parameter. E s  , represents the error between reference
- voltage and output voltage and Ds  is the duty cycle
generated by the PI controller (Martin et al., 2015). Fig. 4.
represents basic structure of PI controller.
Vref + Duty Cycle
Error Signal
PI Controller
-
Vout
Fig. 4. PI controller
3.2 Perturb and Observe Control
The P&O method is used to search for the maximum optimal
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point for the given wind speed. The P&O method does not
Read:
require any prior wind turbine knowledge. It is independent, V(t), I(t)
flexible and simple technique. Here the P&O method uses the
perturbed output voltage across the load to determine the
optimal operating point that will extract the maximum power.
If the power of the current cycle is greater than the previous ΔI =I(t) - I(t-Δt)
ΔV =V(t) - V(t-Δt)
one then the voltage is modified in same technique as the
previous one. Whereas, if the power is lesser than the
previous technique the voltage must be varied in the opposite
direction. The only disadvantage of P&O technique in wind
No Yes
energy conversion is that they cannot track the rapid variation ΔV = 0
of the wind speed thus affecting the efficiency of the overall
system and the speed of convergence (Dalala et al., 2013).
The flow chart of P&O method is described in Fig. 5.
ΔI/ΔV=-I/V Yes Yes ΔI>0
3.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller

To overcome the drawbacks of P&O method FLC algorithm

No No
is proposed. FLC has an advantage of fast convergence,
imprecise input and handling non linearity. FLC generally
consist of three stages Fuzzification, Rule base lookup table
No Yes Yes No
and Defuzzification as shown in Fig.6. The rules are designed ΔI/ΔV>-I/V ΔI>0
on the basis of previous knowledge of the system (Simoes et
al., 1997). An FLC is the artificial decision making controller
that operates in closed loop. The inputs for fuzzy controllers
are error signal and change in error signal. Once the signals
are calculated and linguistic variables are obtained, the output Decrease Vref Increase Vref Increase Vref Decrease Vref
of FLC is the duty cycle for buck converter is which is
generated using the rules. FLC is termed to be the most
efficient MPPT controller when compared with the PI and
P&O controller (Tripathi et al., 2015). The efficiency of FLC
I(t-Δt) = I(t)
is purely depend upon the previous knowledge of the system V(t-Δt) = V(t)
and right error computation and framing of rule based table.
Table. 4, represents the set of rules used for modelling FLC.
Where, E represents the error signal and CE represents the Return
Change in error. The rules are framed in five level namely
Negative Big(NB), Negative Small(NS), Zero(ZE), Positive
Small(PS) and Positive Big(PB).
Fig. 5. Flowchart of P&O based control technique
Table 4. FLC Set of rules
E/CE NB NS ZE PS PB FUZZY SET

NB ZE PB ZE NB NS
NS PS ZE ZE NB NS
FUZZY RULES
ZE ZE ZE ZE ZE ZE
PS PS PB ZE ZE NS
PB PS PB ZE NB ZE ERROR DUTY
CYCLE
FUZZIFICATION DEFUZZIFICATION
CHANGE IN
Inference mechanism is basically defined by membership ERROR
functions of FLC which determines the relevance of rules
from Table 4. Fig. 7, 8 and 9 represents the input and output
membership function of FLC controller. Methods for INFERENCE
implication and aggregation are defined as Minimum (min) MECHANISM
and Maximum (max) respectively. The Defuzzification
method uses centroid for processing. Fig. 6. Basic structure of FLC

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466

maximum and constant voltage during the steady state

characteristic of wind turbine. To analyse the performance of
each MPPT controller power output is compared as shown in
Fig. 13.

Fig. 7. Input membership function of error signal

Fig. 10. MPPT controller model for WECS in Simulink

Wind Speed Variation
Fig. 8. Input membership function of change in error signal 14

12

10
Wind Speed (m/s)

Fig. 9. Output membership function of duty cycle 2

FLC tracks the sudden change in wind speed more swiftly

0
and precisely. The maximum power point is traced by the 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (seconds)
controller from the inference system which is mapped by the
human knowledge earlier in form of rules. The controller
Fig. 11. Wind speed variation
tracks the change in output voltage, current and generates an
error signal which is given as an input for fuzzification
process, here the input data is converted into a suitable fuzzy 600
P&O PI Fuzzy
linguistic sets using Mamdani method. Then the fuzzy set is
processed in inference system where an appropriate fuzzy 500
output is obtained using fuzzy rules. Then the fuzzy output is
converted in to the systematic crisp value as a form of duty 400
Voltage (Vdc)

cycle in defuzzification. Thus the duty cycle is used to

control the switching pattern of the converter switch. 300

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 200

The detailed implementation of PMSG based WECS using

buck converter incorporated with fuzzy logic controller in 100
MATLAB/ Simulink is shown in Fig. 10. To check the
tracking ability of MPPT techniques, the wind speed is varied 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
from 3m/s to 12m/s as shown in Fig. 11. Three MPPT Time (Sec)
approaches in simulated in same varying wind speed
conditions. From the analysis it can be stated that the FLC Fig. 12. Output voltage for different MPPT techniques
based MPPT technique is most efficient maximum power
tracking power when compared with PI and P&O based Table 5. shows the performance comparison of PI, P&O and
technique. FLC based MPPT controllers. The FLC has the high power
out when compared with the other two controllers. The
Fig. 12 shows the output voltage comparison of MPPT output voltage of FLC is equal to the reference DC voltage
controllers. The FLC based MPPT controller gives the estimated to be the DC bus voltage of 500V. Whereas, the PI

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February 1-5, 2016. NIT Tiruchirappalli, IndiaRamji Tiwari et al. / IFAC-PapersOnLine 49-1 (2016) 462–467 467
and P&O controllers have an output voltage of 491V and
494V. Though there is only little difference in the power and
voltage but when large wind turbines are connected then the
difference will become huge.
6000
Fuzzy P&O
5000
4000
Power (W)
3000
2000
1000
0 Dalala, Z.M., Zahid, Z.U., Yu, W., Cho, Y., and Lai, J.
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (sec)
Fig. 13. Power obtained by different MPPT techniques
Table 5. Output of various MPPT techniques
MPPT PI Controller P&O
Technique/Parameters Controller
Power 4992 W 5093 W
Voltage 491 V 494 V
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, three MPPT controllers like PI, P&O and FLC
controller is modelled and the output is compared for wind
energy under varying wind speed condition. The performance
of each controller is analysed and it is verified that FLC
based controller is more efficient and reliable than PI and
P&O based controller. The PI controller fails to track the non
linearity of the wind speed thus providing poor output power.
The P&O based technique is suitable for the condition where
the system is stable of with minimum variance. Wind Speed
being high non linear the P&O algorithm oscillates around
optimal point thus making it difficult to track the next point.
The FLC method has a rapid tracking ability. The FLC
control method requires previous knowledge of the system so
that it can provide an efficient and steady state output. FLC is
fast and efficient technique to track the maximum power
point in WECS. The results obtained from FLC are superior
and efficient than that of PI and P&O technique in terms of
stability, faster tracking ability and fluctuations. Hence, it is
concluded that the FLC based MPPT method is the best
option for stand alone WECS.
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