Sinhala G 10

isxy,
NdIdj yd idys;Hh
10 fYa%‚h
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

m<uqjk uqøKh 2014
fojk uqøKh 2015
f;jk uqøKh 2016
isõjk uqøKh 2017
miajk uqøKh 2018
ihjk uqøKh 2019
y;ajk uqøKh 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚
ISBN 978 - 955 - 25 - 0380 - 1
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

fo,af.dv" l`ÿfndv" lEr., mdr" wxl 35$3 ork ia:dkfhys msysá
iekaúka mqoa.,sl iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'
Published by : Educational Publications Department

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Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d
wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d
iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/¢ w;s fidanudk ,xld
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wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d
ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd
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Tn u h wm i;Hd
Tn fõ wm Yla;s -
wm yo ;=< Nla;s
Tn wm wdf,dafla -
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tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd
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fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d
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wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjda
tl ksjfiys fjfikd
tl mdge;s tl reêrh fõ
wm lh ;=< ÿjkd
tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

tl f,i tys jefvkd
Ôj;a jk wm fuu ksjfia
fid¢k isáh hq;= fõ
ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fj<S iu.s oñkS
rka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;d
lsis l, fkdu Èrkd
wdkkao iurfldaka
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jvd;a kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï imsreKq
yd l=i,;dj,ska hqla; ore mrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h imhñka"
úYaùh wNsfhda. iòyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh lsÍu iòyd
iydh ùu wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok ld¾hh
fjkqfjka il%Sh f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka odhl;ajh
,nd fokafka cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï wÈgfkks'
fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o leòjdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoaêh jvjd,kafka
wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnqÿ lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka iuq.;a
Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq w;r oejà Tn
iu`.ska w;aje,a neò tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u ;j ;j;a oekqï
wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a lr.ekqug Tn ieu
ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg w¾:iïmkak w.hla
,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj mßYS,kh lrñka keK .=K
msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg oefha ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh
iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'
fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla iemhQ

f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
biqremdh
n;a;ruq,a,
2020'06'26
v
kshdukh yd wëlaIKh
-mS' tka' whs,mafmreu
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
fufyhùu ví,sõ' tA' ks¾u,d mshiS,S
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia îxj¾Ok&
iïnkaëlrKh
m%.S;sld chfialr
ksfhdacH flduidßiaa
iydh iïnkaëlrKh ta'ù' Èf,ald y¾IKS wurfiak
ixj¾Ok ks,OdÍ
ixialdrl uKav,h
1' r;akisß wrx., uydpd¾h" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
2' B'wd¾' ksu,a fma%ul=udr lÓldpd¾h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
3' Ys%hdks wfíúl%u ksfhdacH wOHlaI" NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
4' tÉ'mS' iqis,a isßfiak fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" wOHdmk úoHd mSGh" ydmsá.u
5' m%.S;sld chfialr iyldr flduidßia" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

NdId ixialrKh
uydpd¾h mS'î' talkdhl
f,aLl uKav,h
1' .hd jehsfyak -.=re WmfoaYl" fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" mdÿlal
2' î'ã' iqks,a ìhkaú, .=re fiajh" .sß$ úl%uYS,d cd;sl mdi," .sßW,a,
3' iqñ;a wfíkdhl .=re uOHia:dk l<ukdlre" .=re uOHia:dkh"
nKavdrfj,
4' ví'ã' ikaOHd ms%hdks ùriQßh .=re fiajh" nm$ch$uydud;H úoHd,h" w;=re.sßh
5' fla'ta' iOHd whsrdx.kS .=re fiajh" mdkÿr nd,sld úoHd,h
fidaÿm;a lshùu
iñ;d úoHdfialr Wm l¾;D" isxy, YíofldaI ld¾hd,h
msgljr ks¾udKh
refïIa o is,ajd
mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh
tia'ù'Ô' trx.d È,arelaIs wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
fk,ald m%idÈks wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
vi
ixialdrl igyk
2015 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul flfrk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j fuu 10 fYa%‚h
isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh fm<fmd; iïmdokh lr we;' úúO f,aLlhkaf.a
lD;sj,ska Wmqgd f.k isiqkag .e<fmk wldrhg ixialrKh lrk ,o fldgia
iy úIh ks¾foaYhg wod<j w¨f;ka u rpkd lrk ,o f,aLkj,ska iukaú;
fuu fm<fmd;" NdId l=i,;d yd NdId {dkh j¾Okhg;a idys;H mßYS,kfhka
Ôú;djfndaOh mq¿,a lr .ekSug;a Tng wdOdrl jkq we;'
iajdëkj lshjd ri ú¢h yels ks¾udK o oekqu" wjfndaOh j¾Okh lrk f,aLk
fldgia o fuys we;=<;a jk w;r tajdfha uq,a lD;s fidhd f.k lshùug lghq;=
lrk f,i Tng fhdackd lruq' fuu fm<fmd; wOHhkfha § wjYH jQ úg .=re
iydh ,nd .ekSu iqÿiq nj o isysm;a lruq'
fuu fm<fmdf;ys mdvï wkqms<sfj< ilia lr we;af;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
u.ska ks¾foaYs; b.ekaùï wkql%uhg wkql+, jk wdldrhg h' ta i|yd cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kfha iydh ,nd .kakd ,È'
fuys we;=<;a f,aLkj, uq,a l¾;Djrekag lD;{;d mQ¾jl m%Kduh msßkuk w;r
úúO wdldrfhka iydh oela jQ ish¨ fokdg o wmf.a lD;{;dj m< lr isáuq'
PdhdrEm ,nd §u ms<sn|j tka'tï'whs'fla' lreKdr;ak uy;dg iy uydpd¾h rdÊ
fidaufoaj uy;dg wmf.a úfYaI ia;=;sh ysñ fõ'
Ôú;fha fndfyda ld¾hhka i|yd w;HjYH NdId l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr .ksñka
ukd ikaksfõok yelshdjkaf.ka iukaú; Ôú;djfndaOfhka msßmqka mqrjeishl=
f,i wkd.; f,dalhg tlajkakg Tng werhqï lruq' ta i|yd fuu fm<fmd; o
msgqn,hla jkq we;ehs Wola u wfmalaId lruq'
úoHudk mer‚ u isxy, .S ldjH .%ka:h jk ishnia,lfrys oelafjkafka NdIdj"
ukdj mßyrKh lrk whg iqrNsfèkqjla fia is;+ me;+ iïm;a ,nd fok njhs'
—.jÕk fõ miiak od - nia lr iqilia
mshiqj yg '''˜
NdIdj uekúka bf.k f.k thska uyÕ= M, ,nkakg Tng yels fõjd hs m;uq'
ixialdrl uKav,h
vii
viii
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msgq wxl

1 w;S;fhka l;djla 1

2 isxy, wlaIr ud,dj 6
3 m%dfoaYsl jHjydr 16
² kdu m%lD;s yd ls%hd m%lD;s 21
4 wdrdufha ks¾udKh 23
² rEÎ fyj;a bÕs jels 28
² m%ia;dj msre¿ 29
² hq., mo 30
5 wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r 32
6 ux ;kkafkda 38
7 niska ri ujk idys;Hh 44

8 fï wfma Wodr jQ ud;D N+ñhhs 52

9 l¾;D ldrl jdlH iy l¾u ldrl jdlH 60
² úfYaI jdlH Í;s 68
10 mqj;am;a úfYaIdx. ,sms 73
\ 11 merKs Ôjfkdamdh l%u yd ne÷Kq isß;a úß;a 81
12 ldjH ks¾udKlrKh 89
13 wdpd¾h à' î' cdhd 97
² rdcldß ,sms yd jHdmdßl ,sms 102
14 f;dfrdlafldaj 103
² kdgH msgm;a rpkh 109
15 <fòa ksire fkd lrka wm ish,d 132
16 tf;mq,a wud ye,af,ka 136
² Wmud 142
² rEml 143
² wlaIr úkHdih 143
² úrdu ,l=Kq 150
ix

17 uydpd¾h fiakl ììf,a 152

² jd¾;dlrKh 158
² kHdh m;% 159
18 wdmod l<ukdlrKh 160
² YíofldaI mßyrKh 166
17 19 ikaê 169
20 YS% ,xldfõ merKs ksjdi 183
² wjHh mo 187
21 ñKs .K if|ia jekqñka 190
22 §mdj,s W;aijh 198
² w;am;s%ld 204
² ±kaùï 206
² igyka ^Memo& 208
23 idys;H ks¾udK úpdrh 210

1 w;S;fhka l;djla
wmg úúO iudc wjia:djkag iyNd.s fjñka woyia m< lsÍug isÿ fjhs'
túg wod< wjia:dj yd Bg iïnkaO jk mqoa.,hka fuka u Y%djlhd wkqj o
fhda.H mßÈ o woyia bÈßm;a l< hq;= h'
l%sia;= mQ¾j f;jk ishjfia isÿ jQ uyskaod.ukh Èjhsfka wd.ñl b;sydifha
fuka u iudc - wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl lafIa;%hkays o ikaêia:dkhla nj
wújdofhka ms<s.efka' ñys÷ udysñfhda mKia jirl muK ld,hla fï
Èjhsfkys jev fjfiñka O¾u Ydia;%Sh yd Ydiksl fiajdjla bgq l<y' Wka
jykafia wmj;a jk úg furg md,lhd jQfha uyskaod.ukh isÿ jk úg ,la
rch l< foajdkïmsh ;siai rcqf.a lksgq fidfydjqrd jQ W;a;sh rc;=ud h'
ñys÷ udysñmdKkaf.a wdodyk mQfcda;aijfha § W;a;sh rc;=ud úiska lrk
,o .=K l:khla fia ,shjqKq l,ams; rpkhla fï mdvfuys we;=<;a fjhs'
th Èjhsfka iudc-ixialD;sl fuka u wd¾Ól m%.ukfhys o mqfrda.dñhl=
iïnkaOfhka rdcH md,lhl= lrk we.hSuls' fï l,ams; foaYkh Y%S ,xld
mßmd,k fiajfha fcHaIaG ks,Odßhl= jk wdpd¾h wdkkao .=ref.a úiska
rÑ; Voices from Ancient Sri Lanka kï .%ka:fha isxy, mßj¾;kh jk
fy<Èj w;S; m%;srdj lD;sfhka ^mßj¾;kh wNh fyajdjiï& Wmqgd .kakd
,È'
^l%s'mQ' 199 § muK wkqrdOmqrfha §&
—tA ñysm,a f;fï i;shla mqrd kd kd mQcd i;aldr lrjd" f;rekaf.a

noaOud,l kï ;ek iqj| or iEhla lrjd" ukrï l=¿ f.h tys muqKqjd'''
or iEfhys ;ínjd wjika .re nqyquka flf<a h'˜
ûydjxih - XX" 29-44&
wo wm fuys /iaj isákqfha rdc¥; fufyjfrys fhfoñka nqÿoyu fuys /f.k
meñ‚ uyskao ud ysñmdKkayg wjika nqyquka oelaùu ms‚i h' Wka jykafia b;d
<`.ska weiqre l< ud jekakjqka muKla fkd j" wv ishjila ;siafia Wka jykafiaf.a
is,aj;a fuka u nqoaêu;a uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a fufyhjqKq rgjeishkaf.a fidanr
uqyqKq olsk úg wo Èk fYdal Èkhla yeáhg m%ldYhg m;a l< hq;=j ;sìK' tfy;a
Wka jykafia úiska fuka u" fiiq keKj;a ysñjreka úiska o h<s h<s;a jodrkq ,enQ
mßÈ" urKh jQl,s fidúka je,mSug wjia:djla fkd j" meje;afï wks;Hh fufkys
lr ixfõ. Wmojd .ekSug wjia: djla nj wjfndaO lr .;a ksid tfia wo Èk
1
fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'
fYdal Èkhla yeáhg m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfuka je<lS isáfhñ' tfy;a ñys÷ uy
ry;ka jykafia ms<sn| iekiSug lreKlaa jkafka Wka jykafia fï fõokdldÍ
ixidr pl%fhka ñ§ iod;ksl iqjh f.k fok wud uy ksjkg iem;a ùu hs'
uyskao uy f;reka jykafia iy Wka jykafiaf.a Y%djl msßi wkqrdOmqr k.rhg
imeñ‚ Èkh ud ukfiys b;d meyeÈ,sj igyka ù ;sfí' uu tjlg fld¨
.egfhlañ' rc ue÷f¾ isá wms ish¨ fokd u uy;a fia l=;+y,hg m;a ù isáfhuq'
thg fmr Èk Wka jykafia ñiail mjqfõ mE fm<yr ms<sn| fndfyda oE wm wid
;sìK'
udf.a jeäuy,a fidajqre ;siai uy rc;=ud ta ovhï pdßldfjka fmr<d meñ‚ miq"
ta isoaêh yer wka lsis fohla ms<sn| l:d fkd flf<a h' t;=udf.a msßjr fiakdfõ
isá whg o fï iïnkaOj yer wka lreKla ms<sn| l:d lsÍug isyshla fkd ;snqKdla
fuks' ta iEu wfhla u tla lreKla ms<sn|j talu;sl ;SrKhlg t<U isáhy'
tkï" Tjqka o jvd;a mq¿,a f,i .; fyd;a uq¿ Èjhsk o ffu;%sh uq,a fldg mek
ke`.=Kq wdOHd;añl O¾u;djl .%yKhg yiq ù we;s fyhska thska úYd, fjkialula
ñka miq isÿ jk nj hs'
rdc iNdfjka wvlg;a jeä m%udKhla fokd oekgu;a ;u lS¾;sh iy n,h iys;
;k;=re w;ayer oud ;jqiaoï msÍfï wNs,dIh m< fldg we;' m%Odk weu;s uyd;s;a:
;u kekao‚hka jk wkq,d ìijqkag fufia lSfõ h: —kekao‚hks" uu uy
jkdka;rfha w,s we,a,Sfï fh§ isákafkla kï" idudkH we;=kaf.a wä i,l=Kq
w;r" iqúfYaI úi,a wä i,l=Kq ÿgqj fyd;a ud wksjd¾hfhka u yUd hkafka ta
úi,a wä iys; yia;s rdchd h' kekao‚hks" uu ta yia;s rdchd w,a,d .ekSfï
ud¾.h wjfndaO lr f.k isáñ' ta i;d yUd hEfï § udyg w;aú¢kakg isÿ jk
ieu ÿIalr;djlg u ug wjidkfha § jkaÈ ,efnkq we;'˜
wm fndfyda fokl= is;=fõ Tyqf.a fï wNs,dIh" ;ud óg fmr O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a
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wid oek .ekSfuka we;s jQ fohla f,i h'
flfia jqj o" ta l=vd ld,fha isf;ys Wka jykafia flfrys we;s jQfha w;s.ïNSr" mQckSh
uyd mqreIhl= ms<sn| ye`.Suls' fï Èjhsfka uyd rdfcda;a;uhdKka fï ;rï .re
ie,ls,s oelajQ wka wh ljqre o@ ta ksid tÈk uyd f;rKqjka k.r oajdrh wi, §
ms<s.kq ,noa§ t;=uka wi, isàug uu j. n,d .;af;ñ'
wm tfia Wka jykafiaf.a iïm%dma;sh wfmalaIdfjka k.r oajdrfha isák úg ;siai
uy rc;=ud fmr Èk iekaoEfõ jQ isÿùu ms<sn|j o ;ukaf.a nqoaê uysuh Wr.d
ne,Sug wikq ,enQ m%Yak ms<sn|j o mqk mqkd lshoa§ Wka jykafia flfrys ud
is;ays jQ l=;+y,h wyi Wig ke`.=fKa h'
tÈk ud ysñhkaa rc jdif,a § meje;ajQ O¾u foaYkh úfYaIfhka u ldka;djka iy
orejka wrNhd lrk ,oaols' hym;a oE lsÍfuka hym;a m%;sM, ,eîu;a whym;a foa
lsÍfuka whym;a m%;sM, ,eîu;a wruqKq lr .ksñka Wka jykafia oyï foiQy' iEu
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mqoa.,hl= u ;ukaf.a brKfï ks¾ud;Djrhd nj mjiñka l¾uh ms<sn| b;d ir,j
mejiQ lreKq l=vd orejl= yeáhg ug o lsis wdhdihlska f;drj jegys‚'
Wka jykafiaf.a Ydka; bßhjq ud is;a .;a w;r" ;uka foiQ oyu tys isáhjqkg
jegys‚ o hkak ms<sn|j Wka jykafia ksrka;rfhka ie,ls,su;a jQy' Èk .Kkdjla
;siafia" lsisjla fkd f;afrk .S iaf;da;% .dhkdj,g o tfuka u bula fldkla ke;s
mQcd úêj,g o yqre mqreÿ j isá l=vd wmg" tu w¨;a oE ;=< b;d ;=gq mygq njla yd
kj;djla úh' ;uka jykafia foiQ oE wm úiska jgyd .ekSu Wka jykafiaf.a
me;=u úh' tfia ke;sj hd. fydau fyda bkaøcd, n,hlska lrk oE fuys ke;s'
Wka jykafia b;d fjfyi ù jev mf<ys fhÿKdy' úúO Y%djlhka i|yd Wka
jykafia iEu Èkfhl u O¾u foaYkd lsysmhla meje;ajQy' ta w;r u Wka jykafia
;u msßjr iu. f.ka f.g ms`vq is`.d jeä fial' fï w;r ;siai uy rc;=ud iu`.
tlaj wkqrdOmqr bÈ jk m<uq fndÿ wimqj muKla fkd j" bÈß ishjia lsysmh
i|yd fn!oaO o¾Ykh lshd mEfï uQ,ia:dkh o w. k.rfhys msysgqùug ie,iqï l<y'
tod uyskao uy f;rKqjka" ta úÑ;%j;a W;aijfha § uyd úydrh i|yd u`.=,e;=
úiska wÈk ,o rka k`.=,lska iSud i,l=Kq l< wjia:dfõ fuys isák lS fokl= tys
isáhd oehs uu fkd oksñ' fuhg jir y;<sia wglg fmr" tod" ta úi,a N+ñ Nd.h
msÍ hk f,i f.dvke`.s,s lsis odl fyda bÈ fõ oehs idOdrK ielhla ud ;=< úh'
tfy;a wo" Wka jykafiaf.a ks¾udKYS,s;ajh iy iQlaIau ie,eiqï l%u i|yd foia
foñka ta úYd, N+ñ Nd.h jid me;sÍ we;af;a uyd úydrh hs'
f.dvke`.s,s ixlS¾Kh bÈ lssÍu i|yd ìu fjka lsÍfï § Wka jykafia úiska
fmkajkq ,enQfha mqÿu l=i,;djls' fufia ìï fjka lroa§ fuhg ishjilg miq
rcjdi, iE§ug ;SrKh lrkq ,nk ia:dkh olajd u meñ‚fhda h' mshjfrka
mshjr f.dvke`.s,s bÈ fjoa§ Wka jykafiaf.a ukfiys fï f.dvke`.s,s ixlS¾Kh
ms<sn| ksrjq,a woyila ;snQ nj udyg iy uf.a ifydaor rc;=udg fmks‚' tmuKla
fkd j" fndaëka jykafia i|yd o uyd ia;+mh i|yd o fufy‚hkaf.a wdY%u
i|yd o odk Yd,d i|yd o Wka jykafiaf.a ie,iqfï bvlv fjka ù ;sì‚'
mQcd N+ñh fjka lsÍfï lghq;= i;shlska ksu lsÍug Wka jykafia iu;a jQy' wm
is;+fha ìu ta ta f.dvke`.s,s i|yd fjka l< miq Wka jykafia ;uka jykafia iy
msßjr ix>hd i|yd iem myiq ix>djdihla fkd mudj bÈ lrkq we; lshd hs' tla
w;lska Wka jykafia rc mjq,l iqfLdamfNda.s Ôú;hla .; l< whl= ksid;a wfkla
w;g O¾udfYdal rc;=ud oUÈj jev jik i`.=ka i|yd fndfyda iem iïm;a ,nd
fok ksid;a wm tfia is;Su idOdrK úh' tfy;a uyd úydr N+ñh i,l=Kq l<
jyd u isÿ jQfha l=ula o@
Wka jykafia kej;" l=vd .,a .=yd lsysmhla ;sfnk ñiail mõj n,d jevu l<
fial' jeis iufha fï .,a .=ydj, jdih lsÍug Wka jykafiag wejeis úh' fï jk
úg uy rcq" ud ysñhka flfrys iSud rys; Nla;shlska fj<S isáfha h' úhou iy
uykaish fkdn,d iqfLdamfNda.s m%didohla jqj o idod §ug t;=ud bÈßm;a úh'
tfy;a ud ysñhka b,a,d isáfha ;uka jykafia ifokdg muKla fkd j" furg
3
meúÈ ìug tl;= jk m%:u mkia ifokdg;a m%udKj;a jk mßÈ ;j .,a .=yd t<s
fmfy<s fldg msßisÿ fldg fok f,i mu‚' jiaidk iuh t<eöu;a iu. u
ry;ka jykafia,d ieg fokula" fï f,ka úydr ;=<g ù" t;eka isg Èjhsfka
idudkH isoaêhla jQ jia jeiSu wdrïN l< w;r" ta ld,h ;=< § O¾uh b.ekaùu"
w¾: újrKh lsÍu iy idys;H ls%hdjkaf.ka iukaú; jQ ixlS¾K l%shdj,shla
wdrïN úh' WÑ; mßoafoka u fï l÷lrh" wdrdu l÷lrh yeáhg y÷kajk ,È'
ud jvd;a Nd.H iïmkak jQfha ud ysñhkaf.a u uQ,sl;ajh hgf;a udf.a wOHdmk
lghq;= o ta jljdkqfõ u wdrïN jQ fyhsks' wOHdmkh ,nd §u i|yd uyd ix>hd
jykafia Wmfhda.s lr .;a úfYaI l%ufõoh udf.a;a fiiq iu jhia whf.a;a is;a
;Èka weo .;s' uyd ix>r;akh iu. ksrka;rfhka .efgñka Ôj;a jQ ksid yqfola
wd.ñl iy wOHdmksl wruqKqj,ska Tíng .sh uyd f;reka jykafiaf.a ie,iqï
ms<sn| fm!oa.,slj u oekqï f;areï we;s lr .ekSug yels úh'
;u mshdKka jQ wfYdal wêrdcHhd ,jd Y%S uyd fndaëka jykafiaf.a wxl=rhla
furgg jevu lrùug lghq;= iïmdokh lsÍu;a iu. u úYsIag nqoaêhla iy
l=i,;d olaI;d we;s fndfyda fokl= furgg wd.ukh ùu i|yd moku ìys jQ
w;r" ta ksid wm rg ;=< isÿ jQ ixialD;sl" iudÔh iy ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj b;d úYsIag
úh' fï isÿùug uq,a jQfha uy f;reka jykafiaf.a keÕ‚hka jQ ix>ñ;a;d uy
f;r‚hka ùu úfYAI ixisoaêhls'
ix>ñ;a;d fufy‚ka jykafia iu`. imsßjßka meñ‚ W.;a;=" mßmd,lfhda"
jHdmdr m%Odksfhda" fjf<kafoda" l,dlrefjda iy ;dlaI‚l Ys,amSyq wm rg ixj¾Ok
flakaøia:dkhla njg m;a l<y' oekg oYl myla f.ù hEug wdikakj we;s
w;r" tla w;lska wmf.a wd¾Ólhg o wfkla w;ska iudc ia;rhg o Tjqkaf.a
meñŒu flfia n,mEfõ oehs úu¾Ykh lsÍug iqÿiq wjia:djl wms isáuq' wo wm
;dlaI‚l jYfhka ukd mokul isák w;r" ck.ykh úúOdx.SlrKh ù ;sfí'
fufia ñys÷ ysñhkaf.a §¾>ld,Sk lem ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wm rgg isÿ jQ
hym; úYsIag iïm;lehs újdofhka f;drj ms<s.; hq;= h' fuys wo /iaj isák
ish,af,da u ta rdclSh ¥; fufyjr ksid isÿ jQ úma,jfha úmq, M, N=la;s ú¢k
wh hs' uy f;rKqjkaf.a fiajdfõ m%;sM, ishjia .Kka" ke;¦ wjqreÿ oyia .Kka
ck;djg ,efnk w;r ta fiajdj fjk;a rgj,a lrd o me;sr hkq we;'
idudkHfhka fujka wjia:djl lrkq ,nkakdla fuka ñys÷ uy ysñ÷kag ksjka
iqj m%d¾:kd lsÍug ug fkdyels h' ukao@ Wka jykafia ;ukaf.a W;aidyh u`.ska
ksjkg f.dia isák neúks'
4
wjfndaOh
1' mdvfï oelafjk wdldrhg O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a rdciNdjg ¥; .uka .sh

wud;Hjrhd ljfrla o@
2' uÕ=,e;= úiska wÈk ,o rka k`.=, Ndú;fhka isÿ l< ld¾hh l=ula o@
3' ñys÷ ysñhkaf.a uyd úydr ie,eiafï we;=<;a jQ wx. fudkjd o@
4' wdrdu l÷lrh hkq l=ula o@
5' mdvfï oelafjk wdldrhg tjlg wm rfÜ ixialD;sl" iudÔh yd ;dlaIK
ÈhqKqjg n, mE isÿùu l=ula o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'
¸' úYsIag -
¸¸' iQlaIau -
¸¸¸' flakaøia:dkh -
¸¹' úúOdx.SlrKh -
¹' úu¾Ykh -
2' my; i|yka moj,g iudk mo mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'
¸' úYd, -
¸¸' ue÷r -
¸¸¸' m%h;akh -
¸¹' wdrduh -
¹' meñŒu -
3' ñY% l%shd mo myla mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'

4' Wmi¾. iys; mo myla mdvfuka fidhd jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' .=re Wmfoia wkqj mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï lSmhlg fnfokak'

2' l:khg iqÿiq mßÈ ld,Sk ud;Dldj ne.ska ilid lreKq /ia lrkak'
3' tlS f;audjla hgf;a úkdä ;=kl l;djla lrkak'
4' tla tla lÓlhdf.a lÓl;ajfha ,laIK biau;= lrñka iudf,dapkhl
fhfokak'
5' Tfí mdif,a meje;afjk isxy, NdId Èk jevigyfkys § bÈßm;a lsÍug
fhda.H ud;Dldkql+, l;djla ms<sfh, lrkak'
6' fun÷ fjk;a pß;hla ms<sn| l;djla f.dv kÕkak'
5
2 isxy, wlaIr ud,dj

ñksid NdIKh fyj;a l:d lsÍu wrUd mE úis y;rla f.ù we;akï
f,a
Lkh fyj;a wl=re uÕska woyia ,shd oelaùu wrUd ;j u;a f.ù
we;af;a úkdä myla ;rï iq¿ ld,hlehs wEYa,s fudkafÜ.= kue;s udkj
úoHd{hd WmyerKhla olajd we;' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka f,aLkh udkj
YsIagdpdrfha uE; hq.fha ch.%yKhla nj hs' f,dal b;sydifha fuf;la
yuq ù we;s mer‚ u f,aLk idOl wh;a jkafka l%sia;= mQ¾j 3500-3000
muK ld,fha § iqfïßhdkq YsIagdpdrhg h hkak oekg mj;akd idOl
wkqj ms<s.efka'
miqj neìf,dakshdkq" ñir" ysghsÜ" bkaÿ-ksïk" Ök yd uOH wfußldkq
hk YsIagdpdrhkays f,aLkh jHdma; jQ njg idOl yuq fjhs' fï
Èjhsfka kj iNH;ajhla wdrïN l< W;=re bkaÈhdkq idxl%u‚lhka
wlaIr Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla iys; msßila jkakg we;ehs ie,fla'
tfy;a Èjhsfka f,aLk ld¾hhkays jHdma;sh ms<sn| idOl yuq jkafka
uyskaod.ukfhka miqj isÿ flreKq NslaIQka Wfoid wdrdu mQcd lsÍï
iïnkaOfhks' fujeks mer‚ u f,aLk ñyska;,h" fjiai.sßh" oUq,a,"
is;=,amõj wdÈ Èjhsfka fm!rd‚l ia:dkj,ska yuq fjhs' ta wdÈ u f,aLk
,shù we;af;a j¾;udkfha wm Ndú; lrk isxy, wl=ßka fkdfõ' tajd
n%dyaó wl=re kñka y÷kajk" tl, bkaÈhdkq Wmuydoaùmh mqrd;a wjg
rdcHhkays;a Ndú; wlaIr ud,dj hs' ta f,aLkj, NdIdj o isxy, NdIdj
fkd fõ' isxy,hg fuka u kQ;k bkaÈhdkq NdIdjkag o uq,a jQ bkaÈhdkq
ck jHjydr NdIdjlska ilia jQ nils' t;eka mgka ishjiska ishjig
isxy, wl=re ilia fjñka wd wdldrh;a isxy, NdIdj wdrïN ù úldikh
jQ wdldrh;a lshd mdk f,aLkdj,shla wm i;= h'
l:d lsÍfï § uqúka ksl=;a jk Yío ,shd olajk oDIaáf.dapr ixfla; wlaIr fyj;a
wl=re kñka ye¢kafõ' tu ixfla; NdIdfjka NdIdjg fjkia fõ'
Y%jHf.dapr Yío oDIaáf.dapr ixfla; ^,sÅ;&
^jdÑl&
isxy, fou< bx.%Sis
zwZ Yíoh w m A
zWZ Yíoh W c U
z,Z Yíoh ,a" <a y;> o;> s; L
zuZ Yíoh ï k; M
zjZ Yíoh õ t; V, W
6
we;eï NdIdj, tl u Yíoh i|yd ixfla; lSmhla o Ndú; jk nj by; igyfkka
meyeÈ,s fõ'
ksoiqka(- ,a y; V
z,Z z,aZ o;
zjZ
<a W
s;
wlaIr i|yd zj¾KZ hk ku o Ndú; fõ' ta wkqj isxy, fydaäh" isxy, wlaIr
ud,dj" isxy, j¾K ud,dj hk kïj,ska ye¢kafjkafka isxy, NdIdfõ Yío ,shd
olajk ixfla; iuQyhhs'
isxy, NdIdfõ wlaIr ud,dj wlaIr 60lska iukaú; fõ'
w wd we wE b B
W W! R RD Ì Ì!
t ta ft T ´ T!
^w&x ^w&#
l L . > X Õ
p P c ® [ `c
g G v V K ~
; : o O k |
m M n N u U
h r , j
Y I i y < *
isxy, wlaIr ud,dj m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 2lg fjka l< yels h'
1' iajr
2' jH[ack
iajr
fjk;a Yíohl Wmldrhlska f;drj ;ksj WÉpdrKh l< yels wl=re ziajrZ
kñka ye¢kafõ' isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ iajr 18ls'
w wd we wE b B
W W! R RD Ì Ì!
t ta ft T ´ T!
iajr o ;j;a wkqfldgia follg fjka l< yels h' ta flá iajr ^y%iaj iajr& Èla
iajr ^§¾> iajr& jYfhks'
7
flá iajr" ÿq iajr ^y%iaj iajr&
w we b W R Ì t T
hk iajr WÉpdrKhg .; jk ld,h wvq h' tksid tajd zflá iajrZ kï fõ' ta
w¾:fhka u zÿq iajrZ" zy%iaj iajrZ hk kï o fhfoa'
Èla iajr ^§¾> iajr&" .=re iajr
wd wE B W! RD Ì! ta ´

iajr WÉpdrKhg .; jk ld,h flá iajrj,g jvd idfmalaIj jeä h' tneúka
fï iajr z§¾> iajrZ kï fõ' .=re iajr" Èla iajr hk kï o fhfoa'
jH[Ack" .;l=re ^.d;%dlaIr&

iajr .Khg wh;a fkdjQ wl=re" zjH[ack wlaIrZ fõ' jH[ack wlaIr ;ksj
WÉpdrKh l< fkd yels h' tu Yío myiqfjka WÉpdrKh lsÍug kï iajrhla
tl;= lr WÉpdrKh l< hq;= h'
^w&x ix.uh îa¬wx.uh&
^w&# uk#l,ams; ûka¬ w#l,ams;&
la ¬ w lu; ^la¬w u;&
ï¬b ñÿ, ^ï¬b ÿ,&
isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ jH[ack wlaIr 42ls'
^w&x ^w&#
l L . > X Õ
p P c ® [ `c
g G v V K ~
; : o O k |
m M n N u U
h r , j
Y I i y < *
jH[ack wlaIr o ;j;a wkqfldgia .Kkdjlg fjka l< yels h'

8
j¾. wlaIr
wlaIr ud,dfõ we;s my; i|yka wlaIr 25 zj¾.dlaIrZ hs'

l j¾.h l L . > X
p j¾.h p P c CO [
g j¾.h g G v V K
; j¾.h ; : o O k
m j¾.h m M n N u
w,amm%dK" uydm%dK wlaIr
j¾.dlaIrj, m<uq jk yd ;=ka jk ;Srej, we;s wlaIr oyh w,amm%dK wlaIr hs'
ta Yío WÉpdrKh flfrkafka wvq m%dKhlsks'
j¾.dlaIrj, fojk iy y;r jk ;Srej, we;s wlaIr oyh uydm%dK wlaIr hs' ta
Yío jeä m%dKhlska WÉpdrKh l< hq;= fjhs'
w,amm%dK l . p c g v ; o m n
uydm%dK L > P CO G V : O M N
w,amm%dK" uydm%dK wlaIrj, fjki my; oelafjk jpk weiqfrka wOHhkh
lrkak'
w,amm%dK uydm%dK
l - f,alï . - ixfhda. L - f,aLk > - wk¾>
p - pkaøhd c - úch P - Pkaoh CO - fndÊCOx.
g - YsIag v - ovh G - l=IaG V - oDV
; - iuia; o - u¾okh : - ud¾.ia: O - j¾Okh
m - mjr n - w¾nqoh M - ksIaM, N - m%fNao

j¾.dka; wlaIr
j¾.dlaIrj, wjidk ;Srefõ ;sfnk wlaIr my j¾.dka; wlaIr f,i ye¢kafõ'

tu wlaIr WÉpdrKfha § kdifhka Woõjla ,eîu ksid zkdislH wlaIrZ kñka o
kdihg wkqj WÉpdrKh lrk ksid zwkqkdisl wlaIrZ kñka o y÷kajkq ,efí'
X[Kku
9
idïm%odhslj zXZ" z[Z wlaIr iys; j ,shejqKq we;eï jpk j¾;udkfha zxZ ^ìkaÿj&
iys;j o ,shkq ,efí'

X uÙ., - ux.,
[ j[apdj - jxpdj
K wdKavqj
k ika;dmh
u iïudkh
i[a[l wlaIr
isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ we;s Õ" `c" `v" |" U hk wlaIr i[a[l wlaIr fõ' ta wlaIr
;j;a wlaIrhla iu. tl;= ùfuka îxfhda. ùfuka& ilia ù we;s ksid i[a[l
wlaIr fyj;a zw¾OdkqkdislH wlaIrZ kñka ye¢kafõ'
Õ iq<Õ
`c b`cq#
~ o`vqju
| i|lsrK
U ks,Ur
i[a[l wlaIr w;=frka z`cZ wl=r fhfok wjia:d b;d úr, h'
wka;#ia:dlaIr ^w¾Oiajr&
h" r" ," j hk wl=re iajr iy jH[ack w;r msysàu ksid zwka;#ia:dlaIrZ hkqfjka
ye¢kafõ' ms<sfj<ska b" R" Ì yd W hk iajrj,g wkqrEm jk fyhska fï wl=re
zw¾OiajrZ kñka o y÷kajkq ,efí' ikaê ùfuys § fï iajr y;r Bg wkqrEm
jH[ackh njg m;a fjhs'
kS;s¬wkql+, - kS;a¬b¬wkql+, - kS;a¬ha ¬ wkql+, -kS;Hkql+,
hk kso¾Ykfhys ‘b’ iajrh fjkqjg ‘ha’ jH[ackh wdfoaY jkafka ta wkqj h'
nyq¬w¾: - nya¬W¬w¾:- nya¬õ¬w¾:-nyaj¾:
hk ksoiqfkys ‘W’ iajrh fjkqjg ‘õ’ jH[ackh wdfoaY fjhs'
h ^ha& b
r ^¾& R
, ^,a& Ì
j ^õ& W
10
W!IaudlaIr
WÉpdrKfha § uqLfhka jdhq Odrdj WKqiqïj ksl=;a jk Yío ixfla;j;a lrk

wlaIr zW!IaudlaIrZ hs' W!IaudlaIr z>¾IZ kñka o y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

^w&# Y I i y *
wkqiajdrh iy úi¾.h

iajrhlg miqj fhfok neúka zxZ ^ìkaÿj& zwkqiajdrhZ kñka o" WÉpdrKfha §
yqiau fõ.fhka msg jk ksid z#Z hk Yíoh zúi¾.hZ kñka o y÷kajkq ,efí'
x
#
ixLHd uk#l,ams;
ixjdoh ÿ#Lodhl
³ isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ wjidk wl=r f,i we;s z*Z ixfla;fhka bx.%Sis yd wrdì
NdIdjkays yuq jk z*aZ Yíoh ksrEmKh fjhs' bx.sßis" wrdì NdIdj,ska isxy,
NdIdjg meñK we;s ;;aiu jpkj, fï wlaIrh fhfoa'
*duis" *s,agrh" *ekagis" *d;sud" *jqis" b¾*dka
f>daI" wf>daI wlaIr

NdIdfjys Yío WÉpdrKh iïnkaO tla m%fNaohla f>daI -wf>daI fNaoh hkafkka
ye|skafõ' fuh m%Odk jYfhka u w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK WÉpdrKh yd iïnkaO h'
j¾.dlaIrj, m<uq jk yd f;jk Yío w,amm%dK o fojk yd isjq jk Yío
uydm%dK o jk nj wms oksuq'
l" p" g" ;" m hk uq,a w,amm%dK Yío my yd Bg iudka;r L" P" G" :" M hk
uydm%dK Yío my;a wf>daI Yío hs'
." c" v" o" n hk w,amm%dK Yío my yd Bg iudka;r >" CO" V" O" N hk uydm%dK
Yío my f>daI hs'
zY-I-iZ hk W!Iauka Yío yd úi¾.h;a ^^w&#&" isxy, wlaIr ud,djg w¨;ska tla
fldg we;s * Yíoh;a wf>daI fõ' by; olajk ,o ." c" v" o" n hk f>daI
w,amm%dK Yío my yd >" CO" V" O" N f>daI uydm%dK Yío myg wu;rj ish¨ u
iajr Yío o ish¨ j¾.dka; Yío yd w¾Odkqkdisl Yío o h" r" ," <" j" ya hk Yío
o f>daI .Khg wh;a h'
11
ikaê yd iudi hk jHdlrKdx. iïnkaOfhka f>daI- wf>daI fNaoh jeo.;a fjhs'
ksoiqka( i;a" ;;a jeks mohla fjk;a mohla iuÕ tla ùfï § mr mofha uq,a Yíofha
f>daI-wf>daI Ndjh u; uq,a mofhys jk z;aZ Yíoh fjkia fjhs'
i;a ¬ ld¾hh - i;ald¾hh i;a ¬ wdY%h - iodY%h
i;a ¬ .=K - ioa.=K i;a ¬ Ndjh - ioaNdjh
;;a ¬ ld,Sk - ;;ald,Sk ;;a ¬ iu - ;;aiu
;;a ¬ wkqnoaO - ;okqnoaO ;;a ¬ Nj - ;oaNj
by; kso¾Ykhkays wf>daI Yíohg fmrgqj fhfok z;;aZ" zi;aZ hk rEm fjkilg ,la
fkd ù mj;sk nj;A f>daI Yíohlska fmrgqj fhfok úg z;aZ hkak wkqrEm f>daI Yíoh
jk zoaZ njg fmrf<k nj;a meyeÈ,s h'
wlaIr W;am;a;s ia:dk

Yío WÉpdrKfha § uqfjys we;s Èj" há o;a fydaa há f;d, hk bkaøshhka W.=r"
;,a," uqÿk" Wvqo;a" Wvqf;d,a wdÈ p,kh fkd jk bkaøshhka fj; iam¾Y ùu isÿ
fõ' tajd wlaIr WmÈk ia:dk hs' wlaIr WmÈk ia:dk wkqj isxy, wlaIr j¾. l<
yels h'
² - lKaGc
² - ;d¨c
² - uQ¾Oc
² - oka;c
² - ÍaGc
lKaGc Èfõ uq, fldgi W.=r ^lKaGh& foig w wd l L . > X

<x ùfuka WmÈk Yío Õ y ^w&#
;d¨c Èfõ ueo fldgi ;,a, ^;d¨j& fj; b B p P c CO [
ióm ùu ksid WmÈk Yío `c h Y
uQ¾Oc Èfõ w. fldgi uQ¾Oh fyj;a uqÿk R RD g G v V
fj; ióm ùu ksid WmÈk Yío K `v r I <
oka;c Èfõ w. fldgi Wvq o;a jeáfha iam¾Y ;:oOk|,i
ùfuka WmÈk Yío
ÍaGc háf;d, yd Wvqf;d, wdOdrfhka WmÈk W W! m M n N u
Yío U j *
12
by; olajd we;af;a isxy, wlaaIr ud,dj j¾.SlrKhg ,la l< yels úúO wdldrhka h'
tu j¾.SlrK my; oelafjk wdldrfha igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h'
jH[ack
j¾.dlaIr
wf>daI Yío f>daI Yío wf>da I
Yío
^w¾Okqkdisl wlaIr&
kdislH$wkqkdisl
i[a[l wlaIr$
wka;#ia:dlaIr
W!IaudlaIr
W!IaudlaIr
wkqiajdrh
w,amm%dK
w,amm%dK
j¾.dka;
uydm%dK
uydm%dK
lKaGc l L . > X `. ^w&x y ^w&#

;d¨c p P c CO [ `c h Y
uQ¾Oc g G v V K `v r < I
oka;c ; : o O k ò , i
ÍaGc m M n N u U j *
wjfndaOh
1' my; oelafjk tla tla m%Yakh i|yd jvd;a ksjerÈ W;a;rh § we;s jrK
w;=frka f;darkak'
¸' wlaIr ud,djla hkq"
^w& isxy, NdIdfõ ish¨ u Yío ,shd olajk ixfla; iuQyh hs'
^wd& uqúka ksl=;a jk NdId;aul Yío i|yd jk oDIaáf.dapr ixfla;
iuQyh hs'
^we& wlaIr f,aLk.; lsÍu i|yd Ndú; jk l%uhls'
^wE& ixfla; iuQyhlska ieÿï ,;a úfYaI igykls'
¸¸' zwlaIr ud,djZ ye¢kaùu i|yd fhfok kula fkdjkafka"
^w& fydaäh
^wd& wldrdÈh
^we& j¾K ud,dj
^wE& Yío ud,dj
13
¸¸¸' wka;#ia:dlaIrhla fkd fhÿK jpkhla iys; jrKh f;darkak"
^w& rej," ffjrh" i;=g" j,õj
^wd& jrdh" rdjh" jyr" yjßh
^we& fõ,dj" ùrhd" újrh" úr,
^wE& úß;" jdrej" ù¾hh" jr,
¸¹' uq,ska oelafjk wlaIr j¾.hg wh;a wl=rla fkd fhÿK jpkh iys; jrKh
f;darkak'
^w& uydm%dK - M,odhs" O¾ñIaG" ikao¾Nh" n,Yla;sh
^wd& kdislH - ú[a[dKh" iïNdjH" oKavkh" j¾Kkdj
^we& w,amm%dK - .%ka:h" jia;=j" o¾Ykh" w¾nqoh
^wE& i[a[l - <Õmd;" fodUlrh" i|t<sh" .S y~
¹' W!IaudlaIr tlla muKla fhÿK jpkhla iys; jpk fma<sh f;darkak'
^w& úfYaI" iqmqIams;" iskyj" ifya;=l
^wd& ydiHh" ixydrh" m%y¾Ih" isyskh
^we& kIagdjfYaI" ifydaor" nyqY%e;" fyaIdrjh
^wE& ika;=Iaáh" iajNdIdj" iy;slh" oaúNdId
,sÅ; wNHdi

1' isxy, wlaIr ud,dj wdY%fhka my; i|yka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
iajr y%iaj
§¾>
kdislH wlaIr
i[a[l wlaIr
lKaGc wlaIr
;d¨c wlaIr
uQ¾Oc wlaIr
oka;c wlaIr
ÍaGc wlaIr
wka;#ia:dlaIr
W!IaudlaIr
f>daI wlaIr
wf>daI wlaIr
14
2' my; i|yka uydm%dK wl=re fhfok jpk 2 ne.ska ,shkak'
L ''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
> ''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
P ''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
® '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
G '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
V '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
: '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
O '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
M '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''
N '''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' my; i|yka fldgqfõ we;s jpkj,ska i[a[l wl=re fh§ we;s jpk muKla
f;dard ,shkak'
w., oÕrh lkao l|

lUh w`vkjd wvh weo
we| i| wn ,Uh
.Õ oEÕ=,a wx.dr .,
;rx. i. fyd~ lo
4' flá ms<s;=re imhkak'
¸' wkqiajdrh iys; jpk folla ,shkak'

¸¸' úi¾.h iys; jpk folla ,shkak'
¸¸¸' z*Z wlaIrh fhfok jpk folla ,shkak'
¸¹' isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ f>daIdlaIr i;rla ,shkak'
¹' W!IaudlaIr i;rla ,shkak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' mdvfï we;=<;a isxy, wlaIr ud,djg fmr Ndú;fha mej;s wlaIr ud,djla
we;=<;a lr igykla ilia lrkak' mdvfï we;=<;a wlaIr ud,djg jvd tu
wlaIr ud,dfõ mj;sk fjkialï fidhkak'
2' mer‚ fi,a,smshla ms<sn| ì;a;s mqj;am;g ,smshla ilia lrkak'
15

3 m%dfoaYsl jHjydr

isxy, NdIdfõ l;d jHjydrh ,xldj mqrd Ndú; jkafka tl u wdldrhg

fkd fõ¦ m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg iq¿ iq¿ fjkialï iys;j Ndú; jk
nj fmfkkakg we;' fufia m%foaYhlg úfYaI jQ NdId jHjydr
‘m%dfoaYsl jHjydr’ hk kñka ye¢kafõ' ìka;ekak" fudkrd.," È.du`vq,a,"
inr.uqj" i;a fldar<h" jkaksh" kqjr l,dúh" reyqK jeks m%foaYj, l,lg
fmr m%dfoaYsl jHjydr ,laIK fnfyúka oel .; yels úh' wOHdmkh"
ckudOHh wdÈh m%p,s; ùu ksid isxy, NdIdfõ we;s m%dfoaYsl úúO;d oeka
l%ufhka uelS hkakg mgka f.k we;' tfy;a m%dfoaYsl jHjydr weiqre lr
.;a;d jQ idys;H ks¾udK wm w;r wog o oel .; yels h'
ikaksfõokh myiq lr .ekSu i|yd m%dfoaYsl jHjydr y÷kd .ekSu
wruqKq lr .;a fuu mdvu uydpd¾h fÊ'î' Èidkdhlf.a isxy, ck jyr
lD;sfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,oaols'
» fldgi
fudkrd.," fyaka f.dú;ekska ireidr jQ fmfoils' tfy;a tys bÈ flfrk fyaka
jgd olakg ,efnkafka jegj,a fkd fõ' ‘jegx’ h' fmdÿ isxy,fhys nyq w¾:h
fokq jia fhdokq ,nk ‘j,a’ hkak fjkqjg fuys Ndú; jkafka ‘x’ mu‚' fï
rgdj wkqj" fudkrd., § yuq jkafka fodrj,a fkd j zfodrxZ h f.dvj,a fkd j
‘f.dvx’ h' we<j,a fkdj ‘we,x’ h <s|j,a fyda <sx fkd j ‘<s|x’ h'
;udf.a u orejka ye¢kaùfuys § ‘ud’ fyda ‘uha’ hkakla fh§u o fudkrd.,g
yqre jHjydrhls' ;udf.a u mq;d ‘ud mq;d’h' ;udf.a u ÿj ‘ud ¥’ fyj;a ‘uha ¥’h'
;u mq;df.a ìß|g ‘mq;d ¥’ lshd;a ;u ÿjf.a mqreIhdg ‘¥ mq;d’ lshd;a wdorfhka
jyrkq ,efí'
‘uha ¥’ hkafkys ‘uha’ hkak ‘uf.a’ hkak u fï m<df;a Ndú; jk ieá hs' ‘uf.’
hk jpkh ‘u.’ lshd;a fuys § weish yels h' fmdÿ isxy,fhys iïnkaO w¾:h
oekùu ms‚i fhfok ‘f.’ fjkqjg ‘.’ muKla fh§u fï m<df;a iq,N isoaêhls'
fï wkqj" f;df.a hkq ‘f;d.’ fjhs' uy;a;hf. hkq ‘uy;a;h.’ fjhs' ydñfkaf.
hkq zydñfk.Z fjhs'
l,ska isÿ jqKq hula .ek lSfuys § ne¨jd" levqjd" jemqrejd jeks jpkhla fh§u
Ndú; jk rgdj Bg fnfyúka fjkia h' fuys
fmdÿ isxy,fhys rgdj hs' tfy;a fuys
16
fhfokafka ne¨jd hkak fkd j ‘n,õjd’ hkak h' levqjd hkak fkd j ‘lvõjd’
hkak h' jemqrejd hkak fkd j ‘jmqrõjd’ hkak h' fudkrd., jeishka ‘l=oyõjd’
lshkafka ksod .;a;dg h' ‘.yuõjd’ hhs lshkafka úis l<dg h' ‘mqkakõjd’ hhs
lshkafka ksÈ flrejdg h'
br mdhk úg fyda wõj mdhk úg fjk;a m<d;aj, lshkq wefikafka ‘br mEõjd’
fyda ‘wõj mEõjd’ jeks jyrls' tfy;a tu jyr fuys fhfokafka ‘br mEhahd’ fyda
zwõj mEhahd’ hkqfjks' ‘oelald’ hk jpkh fjkqjg ‘ÿgd’ hkakla o fuys jyrkq
,efí' ‘wïud ÿgd mq;a;=’ hk jelsfhka lshfjkafka wïud mq;=ka ÿgq nj hs' fj,d
hkak i|yd ‘ú,d’ hhs fh§u o fudkrd., jyf¾ ,laIKhls' ‘? ú,d’" ‘uqjd ú,d’
hkq úisks'
lsisfjl=g úOdkhla lsÍfuys § ‘lrmx’" ‘n,mx’" ‘îmx’ hkq úiska jHjydr
lsÍu idudkH ck jyf¾ Í;sh fjhs' fuys tk ‘mx’ fjkqjg ‘m’ muKla fh§u
fudkrd., ck jyr hs' ‘lrm’ ‘n,m’ ‘îm’ hkqfjks' ‘.yum’ hhs lshkafka ‘úis
lrmx’ hk wre;sks' ‘l=oym’ hhs lshkafka ‘nqÈh.ksx’ hk wre;sks'
fujeks úOdkhla ;rula wdorfhka hq;=j m< lrk úg ‘fldha’ hkakla tl;=
lsÍu fuys isß; h' ‘jfrx’ hhs fkd lshd ‘jfrxfldha’ lshd;a ‘n,mx’ hhs fkd lshd
‘n,mxfldha’ lshd;a ‘ÿjmx’ hhs fkd lshd ‘ÿjmxfldha’ lshd;a fhfokakdla fia h'
fudkrd., jeisfhl= zux toaÈx ‘hdfldha’ hkqfjka lsj fyd;a fjk;a m<d;l
jeisfhl=g th tla jr u f;areï .ekSu ;rula wmyiq jkq we;' fuys zhdfldhaZ
hk jpkfhka lshfjkafka ‘m,hx’ fyj;a ‘hkagflda’ hk wre; hs' ‘toaÈx’ hkq
fhfokafka tk ;=re fyj;a tk f;la hk f;arefuks' fï wkqj zux toaÈx hdfldhaZ
hkq ;ud tk ;=re hk f,i fudkrd., jeishd ;j tfll=g lS whqre hs' fufia u
hk ;=re hhs lSug ‘hoaÈx’ hkq;a lmk f;la hhs lSug ‘lmoaÈx’ hkq;a fhfoa'
‘jeiai jyskag;a jmqrõjd’ hkq;a fudkrd., fmfoig u iSud jqKq ck jyrla fia
fmfkhs' fuys zjyskag;aZ hkq jysoaÈ;a hk wre;a fohs' hg lS jelsfhka lshfjkafka
jeiai jysoaÈ;a jemsrE njls' fï wkqj ‘lshkav;a’ hkq lshoaÈ;a hk wre; o" ‘n,kag;a’
hkq n,oaÈ;a hk wre; o fohs'
ke;=j hkak ‘ke;=x’ fia o legqj hkak ‘legqx’ fia o fudkrd., fmfofiys
fhfohs' ‘l=oykake;=x jfr,a,d’ hhs lshkafka mud fkd ù fyj;a ksod .kafka
ke;s j wd hq;= nj lSug h' ‘fudlal= legqx mkx Wfka@’ hk m%Yakfhka wefikafka
ljqreka legqj .shd o hk j. hs' fï m%Yakhg ms<s;=rla fkd okakd l, ‘ljqoaox’
hhs lshkq wefia' tys wre; ‘ljqo okafk’ fyda ‘wfka ukaokakE’ jekakls' ‘ke;a;x’
hk jpkh ‘keÜgx’ hkqfjka o fuys § wikakg ,efí'
m%Yakhla weiSfuys § ‘o’ hk jpkh fhdod ‘.shd o’ ‘fudl o@’ jeks jyr Ndú;
lsÍu fmdÿ isxy,fhys Í;sh jqj;a fudkrd., Í;sh Bg u|la fjkia fjhs' tjeks
‘o’ hkakla fhdokq fjkqjg lg y`v Wia my;a lsÍfuka u tu jelsh m%Yakhl
ú,difhka weiSug fudkrd., jeisfhda iu;a;= h' ‘wmamÉÑ fyakg .shd o@’ hhs
wikq fjkqjg ‘wmamÉÑ fyakg .shd@’ hkqfjka WÉpdrK èjksh Wia fldg l;d
17
lsÍu fuys fndfyda úg isÿ fjhs' ‘fldfya o’ hkq fuys § ‘fldyd@’ jkakdla fia u
‘fudkj o@’ hkq ‘fudkd@’ fjhs'
fmdÿ isxy,fhys fhfok iuyr jpk fudkrd., m<df;a fhfokafka fjkia
fjkia wre;a okjñks' fudkrd., jeishka ‘bÕ=re’ hhs lshkafka ‘bßÕ=’ i|yd h'
tneúka tys ‘brex .ia’ muKla fkd j ‘bÕ=re lr,a’ o yuq fjhs' fuys ‘wU’ hkqfjka
ye¢kafjkafka ‘mefmd,a’ fyj;a ‘.ia ,nq’ h' ‘mqyq,a’ hkafkka ‘jÜglald’ o ‘fldlsia’
hkafkka ‘lsß w,’ o woyia flf¾'
fjk;a m<d;aj, jeishka Wfoa yji fhdok iuyr jpk fuys jeishka i,lkafka
wiNH w¾:hla o cks; lrjk jyr yeáhg h' tneúka ‘l=re,a,d’ hk jpkh
fjkqjg fuys fhfokafka ‘il,hd’ hkq hs' fyakaj,g tk l=re,a,ka mekakSu
fuys ye¢kafjkafka ‘il,fhd wUkjd’ hkqfjks' fmdä orejka ,jd ‘il,hkag
´.dkag’ fyda lS.dkag ie,eiaùfuka Wka t<ùu isÿ flf¾' ‘f,,a,’ hk jpkh o
fuys § Ndú; l< hq;af;a mßiaiñks' fuys jeishka ‘fmd,a f,,a,’ hhs fkdlshd
‘fmd,a lgqj’ fyda ‘fmd,a fmd;a;’ hhs lshkafka f,,a, .ek i|yka lsÍug wlue;s
fyhsks' ‘f,,s .ykjd’ hkak i|yd ‘Thkjd’ hkq fhfokafka o fï fya;=fjks'
»» fldgi
wm ldg ldg;a kEoEfhda isá;s' tfy;a Tjqka ye¢kaùu i|yd ,xldj
mqrd u fhfokafka tl u mo fkd fõ' tla m<d;l ‘;d;a;d’ hkqfjka wefik
moh Wvrg m<d;g .sh úg wefikafka ‘wmamÉÑ’ fyda ‘wmqÉpd’ hkqfjks' wïudg
‘wïuKaä’ lshd .re ire we;sj l;d lrk isxy,fhda ol=Kq m<df;a isá;s'
foudmshkaf.a foudmshka ye¢kaùug fhfok mo fnfyúka fjkia h' fï fofmd<
y÷kajkq ms‚i fld<U m<df;a wikakg ,efnkafka ‘iShd’ yd ‘wdÉÑ’ hk
mo fol hs' tfy;a fld<ôka wE;g .sh l,g ‘lsß w;a;d’ ‘lsß wmamd’ ‘wd;a;d’
‘w;a;mamd’ ‘f,dl= w;a;d’ jeks moj,ska iShd;a ‘lsß wïud’ ‘w;a;ïud’ ‘ySka w;a;d’
jeks moj,ska wdÉÑ;a ye¢kafj;s'
‘uq;a;d’ hk moh jeämqr fhfokafka iShdf.a;a iShd ye¢kaùug jqj;a ol=Kq m<df;a
fuh fhfokafka iShd i|yd nj o wikakg ,eì‚'
mshdf.a ifydaorhka ye¢kaùug fhfok kï o m<df;ka m<d;g fjkia fõ'
mshdf.a jeäuy,a ifydaorhd i|yd ‘f,dl= ;d;a;d’ ‘f,dl= wmamÉÑ’ ‘nlalmamÉÑ’
‘uymamd’ hk mo fhfok w;r Tyqf.a nd, ifydaorhd ye¢kaùug ‘ndmamd’ ‘l=vmamd’
‘l=vmamÉÑ’ hk mo fhfoa' ndmamdg ‘ndmafmdÉÑ’ hk ku o fhfoa'
ujf.a ifydaoßhka ye¢kaùug fhfok kï o m<d;ska m<d;g fjkia h' ujf.a
jeäuy,a ifydaoßh i|yd ‘f,dl= wïud’ ‘nlalïud’ ‘uyïud’ hk mo fhfok
w;r wef.a nd, ifydaoßh ye¢kaùug ‘mqxÑ wïud’ ‘l=vïud’ hk mo fhfoa' iuyr
m<d;l ‘l=vïud’ hehs fhfokafka mshdf.a fofjks újdyh ksid mjq,g tla jk
ldka;dj y÷kajkq ms‚i h'
18
újdyfhka miq ‘uduKaä’ yd ‘kekaoïud’ hkqfjka fofofkla mjq,g tl;= fj;s'
udud i|yd ‘uduKaä’ hkak;a iuyr m<d;l fhfoa' tfia u uduKaä ye¢kaùug
‘wïuKaä’ hk moh y;r fldar<fhys;a we;eï Wvrg m<d;aj,;a fhfoa' W!j
m<df;a ‘wïuKaä’ hk mofhka ye¢kafjkafka kekaod h'
»»» fldgi
kdu mo fuka u ls%hd mo o m<df;ka m<d;g fjkia fjhs' ‘îjd’ hk moh
Wv/áhka w;r jHjydr jkafka ‘nqkakd’ hkqfjks' ‘ysáhd’ hk moh Wv/áhka
w;r jHjydr jkafka ‘ysÜgd’ hkqfjks' ‘oeïud’ hk moh ol=Kq m<df;a isxy,hka
w;r jHjydr jkafka ‘oEjd’ hkqfjks' ‘ux Tfyag ,shqula oEjd’ hehs lshkq ud;r
§ wikakg ,eìh yels h'
‘n,kjd’ ‘ys;kjd’ ‘jmqrkjd’ jeks moj,ska w;S; ls%hd mo iod .kakd rgdj
o m<d;ska m<d;g fjkia fõ' fmdÿ isxy,fhys ta moj,ska iefokafka ‘ne¨jd’
‘ys;=jd’ ‘jemsrejd’ hk ls%hd mo hs' tfy;a Wvrg m<d;l § ‘n,õjd’ ‘ys;õjd’
‘jmqrõjd’ hk ls%hd mo o wefia'
fmdÿ isxy,fhys ‘tkak’ ‘jdä fjkak’ ‘fndkak’hkqfjka flfrk wdrdOkd
Wvrg isxy,hka w;ska flfrkafka ‘tkag’ ‘jdä fjkag’ ‘lkag’ hkqfjks' ‘lrmx’
‘n,mx’ ‘lshmx’ jeks ls%hd mo ol=Kq m<df;ys § ‘lryx’ ‘n,yx’ ‘lshyx’ hkqfjka
fjkia fjhs' tfia u ‘lrm,a,d’ ‘n,m,a,d’ ‘lshm,a,d’ jeks ls%hd mo ‘lry,a,d’
‘n,y,a,d’ ‘lshy,a,d’ hkqfjka fjkia fjhs'
wjfndaOh
1' m%dfoaYsl jHjydr hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o@

2' fudkrd., m%foaYfha hul=g úOdkhla fok ck jyr flfia o@
3' tys úOdkhla wdorfhka mejiSfï § oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIKh l=ula o@
4' fudkrd., jeishka hul=f.ka m%Yakhla wik whqre fmdÿ isxy, Í;shg jvd
fjkia he hs mjikafka l=ula ksid o@
5' my; i|yka fmdÿ isxy, jpk i|yd fhfok m%dfoaYsl jHjydr mdvfuka
Wmqgd ,shkak'
fodrj,a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
îjd ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
br mEõjd ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
wU ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
mqyq,a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
l=re,a,d ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
19
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' úúO m<d;aj, {d;Ska ye¢kaùug Ndú; flfrk m%dfoaYsl jHjydr j.=
igyklska olajkak'
{d;s;ajh m<d; m%dfoaYsl jHjydrh
;d;a;d Wvrg wmamÉÑ$ wmqÉpd
2' mdvfuys i|yka ls%hd mo weiqfrka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

fmdÿ jyr úfYaI jyr Ndú; lrk m%foaYh
ne¨jd n,õjd Wvrg
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tn m%foaYhg wdfõ‚l tÈfkod l;dnfya § Ndú; fhÿï oyhla fidhd

,shkak'
20
kdu m%lD;s yd Od;= m%lD;s
kdu mohla hkq lsishï flfklaa" fohla" ia:dkhla " iajNdjhla y÷kajk mo nj;a
ls%hd mohla hkq ùula" ú£ula" lsÍula yÕjk mo nj;a tajdfha úúO m%fNao we;s
nj;a Tn fï jk úg;a Wf.k we;'
kdu mohl fyda ls%hd mohl uq,a iajrEmh m%lD;sh fyj;a uQ,h f,i ye¢kafjhs'
kdu mohl uq,a rEmh kdu m%lD;sh kñka o ls%hd mohl uq,a rEmh Od;= m%lD;sh
kñka o ye¢kafjhs'
1' l=ur ¬ wd - l=urd l=ur ¬ B - l=uÍ
2' n, ¬ hs - n,hs n, ¬ ;s - n,;s
fuys m<uq fmf<a zl=urdZ iy zl=uÍZ hk kdu mo fol u ks¾udKh ù we;af;a
zl=urZ hk m%lD;shg kdu m%;Hhla tla ùfuks' ta wkqj zl=urZ hkq kdu m%lD;shls'
fojk fmf<a zn,hsZ iy zn,;sZ hk ls%hd mo ks¾udKh ù we;af;a zn,Z hk
m%lD;shg ls%hd m%;Hhla tla ùfuks' ta wkqj zn,Z hkq Od;= m%lD;shls'
fndfyda úg kdu m%lD;shla fyda Od;= m%lD;shla fhfokafka m%;Hh .kajk ,o
mohla f,isks' tfy;a m%lD;sh iajdëkj mj;sk wjia:d o fjhs'
l=ur ^.S&" ñksia ^wei&
we;eï kdu m%lD;s úfYaIK mo jYfhka fhfok wdldrh by; oelafõ' isxy,
NdIdfõ úfYaI;ajhla jkafka kdu m%lD;sh fyj;a jr fkd ke.=Kq rEmh úfYaIKh
jYfhka Ndú; ùu hs'
.ia" mqgq
hk kso¾Yk ie,l+ úg wm%dKjdÖ kdu moj, fndfyda úg nyq jpk rEmh jkafka
m%lD;sh u nj fmfkhs'
.h .hd" n, n,d
fuys ;o meyefhka olajd we;s fhÿï Od;= m%lD;s fõ' tkï fun÷ ñY% ls%hdj,
fhfok mo foflka m<uq jekak m%lD;sh jYfhka u mj;S'
ñY% ls%hd idod .kakd wfkla l%uh jkafka Od;= m%lD;shg zñkaZ m%;Hh tla lsÍuhs'
tys o Od;= m%lD;sh fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSu myiq fõ'
.hñka" n,ñka
m%fhdacH ls%hdfõ § o Od;= m%lD;sh y÷kd .ekSu myiq h' m%fhdacH ls%hd m%;Hh jk
zjZ hkakg fmr Od;= m%lD;sh meyeÈ,sj oelsh yels h'
.hjhs" n,jhs
óg by; § Tn ls%hd moj, úúO m%fNao ms<sn|j bf.k f.k we;' my; igyfka
oelafjkafka ls%hd mo j¾.SlrKhls'
21
mQ¾j ls%shd wjidk ls%hdjg fmr isÿ lrk ls%hd ld" î" ye|" nei"
n,d
ñY% ls%hd wjidk ls%hdjg iu.dój isÿ lrk ls%hd lld" lñka" ì î
fndñka" ye| ye|"
y¢ñka" nei nei"
nisñka" n, n,d"
n,ñka
m%fhdacH ls%hd fjk;a whl= ,jd lrjk ls%hd lrjhs" n,jhs"
.hjhs" kgjhs"
ÿjjhs
úê l%shd fjk;a whl=g lrk lsishï úOdkhla" lkak" fndkq"
b,a,Sula yeÕfjk ls%hd y¢jq" niskak"
n,kak
wdYS¾jdo ls%hd lsishï m%d¾:kdjla yeÕfjk ls%hd Èfkajd" ,efíjd"
iekfiajd"
jekfiajd" n,djd
ld,d¾:fha hï lsis ls%hdjla isÿ jk loa§" fndoa§" hoa§"
wiïNdjH wjia:dfõ isÿ jk fjk;a nisoa§ " n,oa§
wiïNdjH ls%hd ls%hd ls%hd ^ld,h ms<sn| yeÕfõ&
wkshud¾:fha hï lsis ls%hdjla isÿ ùug lEfjd;a" îfjd;a"
wiïNdjH n,mdk wfkla ls%hd neiafid;a"
ls%hd ^wúksYaÑ; njla yeÕfõ& ne¨fjd;a"
msrefKd;a
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk kdu moj, m%lD;s fjka fldg olajkak'
¸' myk ¹¸' lkao
¸¸' oeßh ¹¸¸' uy,af,da
¸¸¸' w;af;ka ¹¸¸¸' h;=r
¸¹' isxyhd ¸º' .srjq
¹' .%ka:h º' hym;
2' my; oelafjk Od;= m%lD;s weiqfrka by; igyfka oelafjk ls%hd mo j¾.
f.dv kÕkak'
¸' wi ¸¸' lm ¸¸¸' ,sh ¸¹' ;n ¹' rls
3' by; wNHdifha § f.dv ke.+ ls%hd mo Ndú; lr jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'
22
4 wdrdufha ks¾udKh
wfma rfÜ ixialD;sh" idrO¾u yev.eiaùfuys ,d nqÿoyu úiska lrk ,o

ld¾hNdrh iqúYd, h' uyskaod.ukh;a iu. ,o oyu;a" NdIdj;a" l,d Ys,am
wdÈh;a isxy, ck Ôú;h mqnqÿjd ,S h' jej hs" od.en hs hk f;audj u;
yev.eiqKq foaYSh ixialD;shg moku jQfha fn!oaO úydria:dkh hs' fï
mdvu nqÿoyu meñŒfuka miq wdrduh jeks wx. ks¾udKh ù úldYkh ùu
ms<sn|j uq,a wjia:dj yd iïnkaO fõ' uydpd¾h j,afmd< rdyq, ysñhkaf.a
,laÈj nqÿiufha b;sydih lD;sfhys mßÉfþohlaa fï mdvug we;=<;a fõ'
nqÿoyu rcfha yd jeishkaf.a wd.u njg

m;a jQ miq NslaIQkag ckdjdifhka ÿr neyer
.sßuqÿkaj, yd jkdka;rj, msysá md¿
.,a.=ydj, yd mkai,aj, jev jikag bv
fokag fkd yels úh' ula ksid o h;a" túg
isjqmih imhñka Wka jykafia,d kv;a;=
l< jeishdg NslaIQkaf.ka bgq úh hq;= wjjdo
wkqYdikdÈ lghq;= w;miq jk neúks' tfyhska
.sys meúÈ wdY%h myiqfjka fkdlvjd mj;ajd
.; yels jk mßÈ" iY%Sl k.r yd ireidr .ï
wi, wdrdu my< jkakg úh'
,xldfjys m<uqfjka u my< jqKq wdrduh
:Qmdrduh
wkqrdOmqr uyfujqkd Whfkys fojkmE;sia
rcq lrjQ ;siaidrduh hs' miq lf,l
uydúydrh njg fmr¿fKa fï wdrduh hs'
uq, § fuys jQfha NslaIq wdjdih i|yd lrjk
,o ld,mdido msßfjK kï ueá f.hla
muK h' miq úfgl" rcq yd weu;shka úiska
NslaIQkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd uyfujqkd
Whfkys ;j;a f.j,a lsysmhla idojk
,È' ffp;Hh ,xldfõ wdrduhl wx.hla
njg m;a jqfKa :Qmdrduh lrùfuka miq h' rejkaje,suyd iEfha we;=¿ u¿j
fndaêh o tys u wx.hla jQfha nqoaO.hdfjka
23
jevu lrjQ Y%S uyd fndaê YdLdj uyfujqkd Whfkys frdamKh lsÍfuka miq h'
isoaëka fol u jQfha foajdkïmsh;siai iufhys § h' fï ld,fha § u reyqKq rfgys o
Èjhsfka fiiq m<d;aj, o úYd, wdrdu my< fjkag mgka .;s' l%s' mQ' fojk Y;
j¾Ih jk úg" ÿgq.euqKq ld,fha § m%dido .Kkdjlska ieÿKq wkqrdOmqr uyd
úydrh NslaIQka rdYshlg jdiia:dkh úh' wNh.sßh yd fÊ;jkh wkqrdOmqrfhys
msysá ;j;a m%Odk wdrdu folls' fï folska wNh.sßh l%s' mQ' m<uq jk Y;j¾Ifha
§ o fÊ;jkh l%s' j' isjq jk Y;j¾Ifha § lrjk ,oafoa úh'
ix>djdihlg idudkHfhka jHjydr jqfKa zwdrduZ ke; fyd;a zúydrZ hk fï
ku h' l%s' j' mia jk Y;j¾Ifhys ms<s.;a u;h mßÈ hg;a msßfihska i;r ßhkl
mkai,la mjd" tys ffp;Hhla wef;d;a" tys nK weiSu fjf;d;a" isjq È.ska meñfKk
uyKqkag" wjirhla ke;sj o tys md fidaod" h;=frka fodr wer" fikiqka ms<sfh,
fldg" ,e.=ï f.k" is;=ukdmhg msg ù hkag ,efnf;d;a" we;af;ka u —isjq È.ska
meñfKk NslaIQka i|yd˜ lrjk ,o úydrhls'
úydrhlg wjYH u wx. kï ffp;Hh;a ,e.=ïf.h yd O¾u foaYkd lsÍu;a nj
fï j.ka;sfhka fmfka' tkuq;a iïmQ¾K wdrduhl fodrgqfjys fodrgq meka uäh
kï f.dvke.s,a,la ;snqfKa h' fï jkdys meka l< ;nd ;snQ ;ek hs' fufia meka
l< ;nd ;snqfKa isoaOia:dkhg msúfikakg fmr jkaokdlrejkag w;a fodajk
lsÍug" u,a jÜáhg meka biSug yd îug nj is;sh yels h' fÊ;jkdrdufhys
fodrgq meka uäh ;rula úYd, fouy,a f.dvke.s,a,la úh' lsis u wd.ka;=lhl=g
f.dvke.s,af,ys Wvquyf,ys j;a háuyf,ys j;a meka l< i|yd fjka jqKq ;ek
j;a kej;S isàug bv fkd Èh hq;= he hs kshuhla lr ;snqfKa h' fï uKavmh ÿr
neyeßka meñ‚ jkaokd kvj,g uqyqK" lg yd md fidaod .ekSug;a msßisÿ we÷ï
we| .ekSug;a yels jk mßÈ ;rula bvlv we;s ;ekla jQ nj fmfka'
wkqrdOmqrfha we;eï od.eíj, u¿jg we;=¿
jk fodrgqfjys msh.egfm< wi, fldryl
yevhg j<.eiqKq .,a l=Üá ;snqfKa h'
wkqrdOmqrh wi, mkal=,sh wdrdufhys fun÷
.,a fldryl fldgd ;sî yuq jqKq ,smshl
fï n÷fkys ku i|yka jkafka zmdfoda‚Z
hkqfjks' fï kñka u th l=ula i|yd
:Qmdrdufha leã f.dia we;s mdfoda‚
oe hs jegfya' l,HdKj;S ìijf.a rejkaje,s
iE ,smsfhys fï .,a fldry i|yka jkafka
zmdfo‚Z hk kñks' zmdfo‚Z hhs lsh; yels"
;ks .f,ka flgQ fun÷ zfoda‚Z :Qmdrdu wdÈ
we;eï od.eí wi, olakg ,efí' fïjdhska
fmfkkafka isoaOia:dkhg we;=¿ jkakg
fmr jkaokdlrejkag md fidaod .ekSug Èh
msreKq .,afo‚ ;snqKq njhs' mkal=,sh .,a fldry
24
wdrdu N+ñh we;=<; m%Odk mQcH jia;=j jQfha nqÿka jykafiaf.a Od;= ksoka l<
ffp;Hh fyj;a od.en hs' l=vd ffp;Hhla .ek flfia jqj;a hg;a msßfihska
rejkaje,s iEh jeks m%Odk od.eí jgd u¿jla ;sì‚' msg u¿j" jd¨ldx.K fyj;a
je,s u¿j kï úh' iqÿ je,s w;=< fï u¿j jgd mjqrla úh' Bg by<ska we;=¿ u¿j
wo ojfia mjd wmg wkqrdOmqrfhys olakg ,efnk mßÈ .,a ,E,s w;=rd lrk
,oaols' fï u¿j jgd lhsfhdarejla yeáhg we;a mjqrla ^y;aÓmdldr&" tA lshkafka
we;a rEmj,ska hq;a mjqrla úh' uy fodrgq i;frys f;drK i;rla ;snqfKa h'
ffp;Hfhys nqínq,dldrh kexjqfKa zfõÈld N+ñZ fyj;a zmqmaMdOdkZ hk kñka
ye|skajqKq" flfuka msysá ;=kaud,a fmaidj Wv h' fuh iEfha m;=, hs' fï
;=kaud, fmaidfjka by< u fmaidj u,a ms§ug u,a wiqka yeáhg mdúÉÑ lrk
,oafoa h' ueo fmaidj mjd nd.od fï i|yd u mdúÉÑ lrkakg we;' by< u
fmaidj zl=ÉP fõÈld N+ñhZhs kï úh' my< u fmaidfjys iEh jfÜ u kshñ;
mr;rhlg wkqj fldgk ,o mdo mSÀld kï wä i,l=Kq oyihla úh' fï
i,l=Kqj,ska oelajqfKa by< fmaidfjys u,a mQcd lsÍfuka miq iEh meol=Kq lrk
.uka jkaokdlrejka miÕ msysgqjd jekao hq;= ;eka h' fï ud,a fmaidjg k.skag
mä fm<j,a ;snqfKa h'
iEh jgd iEf.hla ^fÉ;sh>r& úh' .,a lKq u; kexjqKq f.dvkeÕs,a, iEhg
wdjrKhla yeáhg jy,lska o hqla; úh' we;eï úg fodrj,a o iú fldg we;=f<ys
,iaik m,ia o w;=rd ;snqfKa h' fï w;ska n,k úg iEf.h iEh jgd ;ekQ f.hla
jf.a h' f.a we;=f<ys u,a ms§ug u,a wiqka úh'
iEf.hla lrjk ,oafoa :Qmdrduh yd wïnia:,h jeks l=vd od.eíj,g muKla
nj kgnqqkaj,ska fmfka' rejkaje,s iEh fyda wNh.sßh fyda fÊ;jkh jeks úYd,
od.eíj,g iEf.hla ;snqKq nj fld;ekl j;a i|yka ù ke;' tjeks od.eíj,g
f.hla lrùu fkd l< yels fohla nj ldg;a jegfykq we;' iEf.h iEhg u
muKla fkd j" jkaokdlrejkag o wõjg" jeiaig wdjrKhla úh' iEf.h iEhg
/ljrKhla jqj o ir,lu u ,laIK fldg .;a wdkqNdj iïmkak fYdaNdjg
kï thska" úfYaIfhka i| t<sfhka nen¿Kq rd;%shl §" jqfKa ndOdjls' we;eï úg
iEh is;a;ïj,ska w,xldr lrk ,oafoa úh' fojk w.afnda rcq ^l%s'j' 601-611& úiska
m%lD;s lrùfuka miq :Qmdrdufhys lrjk ,o is;a;ï óg ksoiqkls' ioaOd;siai
rcq ^l%s'mQ' 77-59& úiska wïnia:, od.en ufkdais,d fyj;a r;aysßh,a iqKq .d rka
meyefhka w,xldr lrjk ,oafoa h'
ffp;Hh yereKq úg B<Õg m%Odk fldg ie,l=fKa fndaêh hs' we;eï fndaëka
zjâVudk fndaêZ wdÈ úfYaI kïj,ska ye¢kaùfuka u" fï mQcH jDlaIhg fn!oaOhka
oelajQ wdorh" f.!rjh fld;rï oe hss Tmamq fõ' wdrduhl §" fndaêhg ,efnkafka
nqÿka jykafiaf.a YdÍßl Od;+kag ,efnk f.!rjia:dkhg muKla fojeks jk
;ekls' fnda .il w;a;la lemSug wjirh ,enqfKa thska iïnqoaO Od;+ka ksoka
fldg we;s ffp;Hhlg fyda m%;sudjlg fyda wdik>rhlg fyda ndOdjla jQ úg
mu‚¦ ke; fyd;a Èrk fyda ÿïu,ldß wdÈh jEiafik fyda w;a;la lemSu" ñksia
lhg ie;alñka iqjhla jkakd fia" .i iqj fia jeãug ms<shula jkafka kï
25
mu‚' w;a;l jik l=re,a,ka iEh u;
jiqre fy<f;d;a túg o w;a;la lemSug
wjirh ;sì‚' tfy;a fjk fudk u
lreKla ksid j;a fnda w;a;la lemSu
;ykï úh'
fnda u¿jl i;r Èidfjys f;drK
i;rla o fndaêh jgd fõÈhla fyj;a Wia
.,a u¿jla o úh' jkaokdlrejka fndaêh
j¢kag oK .eiqfõ fï .,a u¿fjys h'
fndaêhg Bg jvd lsÜgqfjka fndaê>rh ñyska;f,a wïnia;, ffp;Hh
fyj;a fndaf.hla úh' fï f.h idok
,oafoa" iEf.h fuka Wäka fkdj"
w;=j,g my;ska .i jfÜ h' we;eï úg
fndaf.h ;=< nqÿ ms<suhla o úh' iEf.h
fuka u fï f.h o fndaêh meol=Kq l<
Y%oaOdjka;hkag wdrlaIdj §fï woyiska
;ekqjd úh yels h'
jeo.;alñka B<Õg ie,flkafka
nqÿ ms<suh ;ekam;a lr ;snQ máud>r
fyj;a ms<suf.h hs' ms<suf.h
,xldfõ wdrduhl wx.hla jQfha ljr
l,l § o hkq fuys § úuish hq;=
lreKls' uyd úydrh i|yd ñys÷ ud
iS.sßfha fndaê>rh
ysñhka iemhQ ie,eiafuys uyd:Qmh yd
uydfndaêh msysgqùug iqÿiq ;eka kshu
lrk ,oafoa uq;a ms<suf.hlg ;ekla
kshu fkd ù h' l%s' mQ' f;jk Y;j¾Ifha
wfidal ld,fha § nqÿ ms<su ;snqKq njla
oek .kag ke;s nj fuys § isys lg
hq;= h' idxÑfhys iy Ndre;ays mer‚
leghïj, nqÿ ms<suhla olakg ke;'
fuys § nqÿka jykafia fmfkkag isáh
hq;= u hhs ksielfhka u ie,lsh yels
o¾Ykj, § mjd" Wka jykafia ksrEmKh
jkafka isßmd igykla fyda pl%hla fyda
u,aud,d m,ka fiai;lska hg fijK
jqKq wdikhla jeks ixfla;hlsks'
Ndre;ays leghïj, tla o¾Ykhl §
,xld;s,l ms<suf.h
wcdi;a rcq isßmd igyk bÈßfha oK
26
.id isákq oelafõ' tfy;a tys i|yka ,smsfhka —wcd;Y;%e nqÿkag kuialdr lrhs˜
hkqfjka ksYaÑ; f,i u lshefõ' oUÈõ jeishka nqqÿ ms<su iE§ug yd je£ug mgka
.;af;a wfidal iufhka uE; ld,hl nj Tmamq jk ksoiqka /ila u we;'
wjfndaOh
1' iY%Sl k.r yd ireidr .ï wi, wdrdu bÈ ùug ;=vq ÿka fya;=j l=ula o@
2' —isoaëka fol u jQfha foajdkïmsh;siai iufha § h˜ fï m%ldYfha oelafjk
isÿùï fol i|yka lrkak'
3' isjq È.ska meñfKk NslaIQka i|yd lrjk ,o úydrhlg w;HjYH wx. ;=k kï
lrkak'
4' meka uäh" mdfo‚h hk kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,nk wdrdu wx. foflys ld¾hNdrh
olajkak'
5' fnda .il w;a;la lemSug wjir ,enqfKa ljr wjia:djkays o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk jpk i|yd fhfok isxy, jpk mdvfuka Wmqgd ,shkak'
i' jd¨ldx.K v' mqmaMdOdk
¸¸' fndaê>r ¹¸' fÉ;sh>r
¸¸¸' y;aÓmdldr ¹¸¸' wcd;Y;%e
iv' máud>r ¹¸¸¸' Yafõ; P;%h
2' uq,ska § we;s mohg iudkd¾:hla fkdfok jpkh f;darkak'
i' ñÿ, - u¿j" ud,lh" wx.Kh" t<suyk
ii' .Dyh - ud<s.dj" f.h" >rh" ksjdih
iii' ia;+mh - ffp;Hh" wdrduh" od.en" iEh
iv' m%dldrh - mjqr" mßlafIamh" fldgqj" ;dmamh
v' lkao - .sr" WÉph" mõj" m¾j;h
3' my; oelafjk mo i|yd úreoaOd¾:j;a moh ne.ska ,shkak'

i' úfõlS ii' idudkHfhka
iii' wd.ka;=l iv' iY%Sl
v' wdY%h vi' we;=<;
vii' mE<È. viii' ckY+kH
27
idïm%odhsl fhÿï
NdIdj ixialD;sl fuj,uls' iudchl jik ckhdf.a Ôjfkdamdh" isß;a úß;a"

is;=ï me;=ï" weoys,s yd wdl,am u; NdIdj f.dvkef.a' NdIdfõ we;eï jpk yd
fhÿï ld,hla ;siafia jHjydr ùu ksid jdpHd¾:h blaujk wuq;= w¾: tAjdg
wdfrdamKh fjhs' tAjd idïm%odhsl fhÿï f,i ie,fla' isxy, NdIdfõ jHjydr
jk hq., mo" rEÎ fyj;a bÕs jels yd m%ia;dj msre¿ fun÷ jHjydr h'
rEÎ fyj;a bÕs jels

my; oelafjk jdlH hq., foi n,kak'
wjqreÿ Wf,f<a mej;s lU we§fï ;r.fhka wms ch.%yKh lf<uq'
fomsßi w;r jQ lU we§fï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ud¾.fha w¨;ajeähdj weKysg we;'
uq,a jelsfhys zlU we§fïZ hkak fh§ we;af;a zlU we§uZ kï l%Svdj oelaùu
i|yd h' th jdpHd¾:h hs'
fojeks jelsfhka tfia fkd fõ' tys we;af;a tlÕ;djla ke;slu hk wdfrdams;
wre;ls'
fï wkqj rEÎ fyj;a bÕs jels u.ska m< jkqfha jdpHd¾:h u; wdfrdamKh jQ wuq;=
wre;ls' l;d lsÍfï § fuka u ,sùfï § woyia rij;aj yd is;a .kakd fia bÈßm;a
lsÍug fï fhÿï Wojq fõ' fï tn÷ fhÿï lsysmhls'
foys lemqjd - neKjeÿKd
w;aje,a ne| f.k - tlg tla ù
lKfldld y~,d - úkdYh <x fj,d
l=vïudf.a ie,ls,a, - fjkialu
yh y;r fkdokakd - oekqï f;areï fkdue;s
lrnd f.k - ksYaYíoj
lcq lkakd fia - b;d myiqfjka
yuia fmÜáhg hEu - l%shd;aul fkdù ;sîu
le,E kSs;sh - n,j;d ÿn,hd fm<Su
yqUia ìh - wia:dk ìh
ur wef|a - wka;su wjia:dfõ
wÕska lsß foùu - ksIaM, ld¾hhla lsÍu
má levqKd - f.!rjh flf,iqKd
28
m%ia;dj msre¿
w;= lvd fudr lkakd fia

mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd fia
§lsrg n<,a¨;a idlals ¨
NdIdjl iÔj nj" ´fcda .=Kh m< flfrk fujeks idïm%odhsl fhÿï zm%ia;dj
msre¿Z kï fjhs' m%ia;dj msre¿ hkafkys zKhg b,a,d .;a foaZ hk wre;a .eí
fjhs' tA wkqj w;S;fha úiQ wfma me/kakkaf.ka Khg .;a fï NdId;aul jHjydr
iudcfha úúO wjia:dj, § Ndú;hg .efka' l;dfõ § yd f,aLkfha § woyila
jvd;a rij;aj w¾:j;aj m< lsÍu i|yd m%ia;dj msre¿ Wojq fõ'
m%ia;dj msre¿ fndfyda úg ft;sydisl isÿùula" ckl;djla" mqrdjD;a;hla" mqoa.,
pß;hla fyda iudc ixisoaêhla" i;=kaf.a p¾hdjla fyda mßirh ksÍlaIKfhka
oelafjk fohla weiqfrka Wmka lshukls' fï tn÷ msre¿ lsysmhla yd tAjd fhdod
.; yels wjia:d h'
msre< wjia:dj
j¢kak .sh foajdf,a ysi u; lvd msysgla m;d .sh ;ekska úm;la isÿ ùu
jegqKd jf.a
Wmka f.hs isß; n,s weßh;a hkafk ckaufhka wd ÿ¾.=K bj;,sh fkd yels
ke;s ¨ nj
§lsrg n<,a¨;a idlals ¨ jdis me;a;g ljqre;a ys;j;aj l;d lsÍu
lef,ag mdhmq y| jf.a w.hla fkdue;s ùu
tmd jdfyg fydÈ fnokakd jf.a ms<sl=f,ka fyda fkd ie,ls,af,ka ie,lSu
Wäka ñ;=re háka y;=re fndrejg ñ;=relï fmkajñka ryiska
y;=relï lsÍu
w;= lvd fudr lkakd fia wh ud¾. uq¿ukska u úkdY lr ±óu
W!frda ljo o ly lEfõ@ wOuhkag W;=ï fohla m,la ke;slu
l¿jd udrmka .shd jf.a wruqKlska f;drj jev lsÍu
mqxÑ wïud;a weú;a lejqï mqxÑ l<d úYd, n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla we;sj isáh o
jf.a m%;sM,h w,am ùu'
l,l È jy¨ l,l È ri fjkjd ¨ l,la i;=rej isá wh mjd miqj ñ;=rka
jk nj
w,s uÈjg yrla tla lrorhla msg ;j;a lrorhla tAu
29
hq., mo
mo folla tl <Õ fh§ ;ks wre;la m%ldY lrk bv lv" wh jeh" fl<s fi,a,ï"
jeks fhÿï" hq., mo f,i ye¢kafõ'
we;eï hq., moj, mo hq., w¾:fhka iudk fõ'
jdo fNao
.re kïnq
yqre mqreÿ
we;eï hq., moj, mo hq., w¾:fhka iudk fkdfõ'
hk tk
lk lr
nd, uy¨
we;eï hq., moj, tla mohl w¾:h meyeÈ,s ke;' kuq;a th wfkla mofha w¾:h
;Sj% lsÍug bjy,a fõ'
bvï lvï
wia mia
w. ysÕ
;j;a úúO ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k hq., mo j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' fïjd
f,aLkhl idrj;a Ndjh j¾Okhg bjy,a jk idïm%odhsl fhÿï úfYaIhls'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk rEÎj,ska m< jk w¾:h bÈßfhka ,shkak'

i' wefÕa f,a j;=r jqKd - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ii' bnd.df; hkjd - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii' wn u,a f¾Kqjla j;a - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv' wfÕa b|ka lk lkjd - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v' tl mf;a lE - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
vi' by kslg n,d - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
vii' uq¿ fiai; u - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
viii' Èfjka Èj .d f.k - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ix' wx weú,a,d - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
x' ovóud lr .;a - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
30
2' my; oelafjk m%ia;dj msre¿j,ska m< jk w¾:h ,shkak'
i' kßhdg l=l=,a fldgqj ndr ÿkakd jf.a

ii' lnf,ka <smg jegqKd jf.a
iii' WKymq¿jg Wf.a meáhd ue‚l¨
iv' Èhldjf. msfÜ ¨Kq yex.=jd jf.a
v' .fyka jegqKq ñksyg f.dkd wekakd jf.a
3' my; § we;s m%ia;dj msre¿ fhdod jdlH ;kkak'

i' wdç y;a fokdf. le| ye<sh jf.a
ii' ysirfoag fldÜfg udre lrkakd fia
iii' je, hk w;g ueiai .ykakd fia
iv' t< yrlhs ó yrlhs tlg wE÷jd jf.a
v' ne|.;a; fnf¾ .ykak ´kE
4' my; oelafjk hq., mo iïmQ¾K lrkak'
i' ;E.s '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸' ;=gq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ii' wú '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸¸' wreu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iii' Wojq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸¸¸' .kq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iv' b÷ï '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¸º' byska ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
v' f,ais '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' º' .fï ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' rEÎ fyj;a bÕs jels" m%ia;dj msre¿" hq., mo we;=<;a fmd;a ;=kla ms<sfh,
lrkak'
31
5 wdpd¾h iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ' lkakka.r
ukqIHhd i;a;aj f,dalfha fiiq

idudðlhkaf.ka fjka lrk lreKq
w;=frka jeo.;a lreKla jkafka ;u
w;aoelSïj,ska fuka u wkHhkaf.a
w;aoelSïj,ska o M, ,eîfï yelshdj hs'
tla mrmqrla ,nk fï w;aoelSï OdrKh
fldg ukdj ixúOdkh lsÍfuka
wk;=rej B<Õ mrïmdrdjg Ndr fokq
,efí' Tjqka ish f,dalh ilia lr
.kafka tfia Wreu jQ oekqu ud¾.fhks'
idïm%odhsl iudchkays kj oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd úúO ndOl mej;s‚' 19
jk ishjfia mgka furg kQ;k wOHdmk wdh;k ìysùu werô‚' tajdys o
hï hï iSud mej;s w;r nd,dxYfha mgka úYajúoHd,h f;la fkdñ,fha
,nd fok wOHdmk l%uhla furg ia:dmkh lsÍfï mqfrda.dñhd jQfha
wdpd¾h iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud h' ,xldfõ m%:u wOHdmk
wud;Hjrhd jQ t;=ud zksoyia wOHdmkfha mshdZ f,i f.!rjdorhg ,la úh'
.re
— iNdm;s;=uks"
.fvd<ska ;kd ;snQ frdau mqrjrhla ;udg ysñ jqj o ;ud ta frdau mqrjrh
lsß.re~j,ska ksu l< nj uyd T.iagia wêrdcHhd iajlSh úch.%yKh
.ek wdvïnrfhka hq;=j mejiS h' ñ, wêlj ;snQ wOHdmkfha ñ, wvq
l< nj;a jid ;snQ fmd;la mßÈ wmg Èia jQ wOHdmkh újD; ,shú,a,la
njg m;a l< nj;a Okj;=kaf.a m%fõ‚ Wreuhlaj mej;s wOHdmkh ÿ.S
ÿmam;=kaf.a iodld,sl Wreuh njg meñKjQ nj;a idvïnrfhka mejiSug
rdcH uka;%K iNdjg yels jQ úg ta wd;au j¾Kkdj T.iagia wêrdcHhdf.a
wd;au j¾Kkdjg jvd fl;rï fY%aIaG o@˜
rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ § fï woyia m< flf<a cd;sl wOHdmkhl Wreuh ,dxflah
orejkag w;a lr ÿka iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud h'
l%siafgdam¾ ú,shï úfÊfldaka lkakka.r Wmkafka 1884 Tlaf;dan¾ 13 jeks od
wïn,kaf.dv rkafodfò .fuys h' Tyqf.a mshd fodka veksfh,a úfÊfldaka
32
lkakka.r" l¿;r Èia;%slalfha miaÿka fldar<hg wh;a Æ,anoaodfjys jeisfhls' uj
tu,s úfÊisxy yslalvqfõ jEj, ùnÿ j,õfõ Wm; ,enqjd h' ifydaor ifydaoßhka
mia fokl=f.ka hq;a mjqf,a fojekshd jQ ls%iafgdam¾ ú,shï úfÊfldaka orejd uQ,sl
wOHdmkh ,enqfõ wïn,kaf.dv rkafodfò fjia,shka Wiia mdif,ks'
;udf.a fodf<dia yeúßÈ úfhys oS muK mshdf.a /lshdj wysñ ùu ksid mjqf,a
Ôúldj f.k hEug fï orejdg n,j;a wr.,hla lsÍug isÿ úh' *jqkafâIka
YsIH;ajh Èkd .ksñka .d,af,a ßÉukaâ úÿy,g we;=¿ ùug jrï ,eîu Tyqg 19 jk
ishji wjidk Nd.fha mßmQ¾K yd úêu;a wOHdmkhla ,eîug ux mdok isÿùula úh'
fuf;la Okj;a mjq,aj, whg iSud ù ;snQ Wiia wOHdmkh ,eîfï wjia:dj
ls%iafgdam¾ ú,shï orejdg ysñ ùu Tyqf.a Ôú;fha fuka u ,xld b;sydifha o
ft;sydisl isÿùula úh' §ma;su;a YsIHhl= njg m;a jQ Tyq ßÉukaâ úµd,fha
;Hd. m%odfkda;aijfha § jeä u ;Hd. .Kkla Èkd .ksñka ish iyc nqoaê uysuh
m%o¾Ykh lsÍug iu;a úh'
flaïì%Ê iSksh¾ úNd.hg fmkS isá t;=udg fyd| u YsIHhdg ,efnk ;Hd.h ysñ
jQjd muKla fkd j" 1902 § wxl .‚;h úIhfhka ì%;dkH wêrdcHfhka u m%:u
ia:dkh o ysñ úh' flaïì%Ê fcHaIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% îSksh¾& úNd.h iu;a
jQfha oejeka;hka w;r nqoaê igkg fkd ìhj uqyqK foñks' t;=udf.a Ydia;%Or;ajh
úIh úIhdka;r jYfhka lemS fmkqfKa ndysr l%shdldrlïys olajk ,o úYsIag;ajh
u; hs' YsIH wjêfha § l%Svd" kdgH" lÓl wdÈ wxYj,ska olajk ,o l=i,;dj Tyqf.a
jeäysá Ôú;h úoyd olajkakla úh'
lkakka.r uy;d ;u ujq mdi, jQ ßÉukaâ úµd,fhys u .‚;h ms<sn|
.=rejrhl= f,i jD;a;Sh Ôú;hg m%úIag úh' fudrgqfõ fõ,aia l=ur úµd,h"
fuf;daÈia; úµd,h" fjia,s úoHd,h jeks m%isoaO mdi,aj, fiajh l< ls%iafgdam¾
ú,shï úfÊfldaka ;reKhd" 1910 § fY%AIaGdêlrKfha kS;s{ fiajhg msúisfha h'
kS;s{hl= jYfhka t;=ud wdrïNfha mgka u id¾:l f,i lghq;= l< nj ms<s.efka'
Tyq isxy," md,s yd ixialD; hk NdId;a nqÿ oyu;a yeoeÍfuys ksr; úh' fï
ld¾hdj,sh t;=udf.a cd;s udul;ajh yd foaYfmau
% h ms<ì
s Uq lrk wjia:d fia ie,fla'
fï jk úg Èjhsk mqrd me;sfrñka mej;s cd;sl ksoyia jHdmdrfha ls%hdldÍka jk
we*a' wd¾' fiakdkdhl" i¾ ã' î' ch;s,l" wd;¾ ù' Èfhia iy mshodi isßfiak
wd§ka iu`. tla fjñka wuµm jHdmdrfha l%shdldÍ idudðlhl= f,i t;=ud
cd;sl ksoyia jHdmdrhg iïnkaO úh' ì%;dkH wêrdcHh we;=<; j.lSï iys;
wdKavq l%uhla ,nd .ekSfï wruq‚ka 1919 § msysgqjk ,o ,xld cd;sl ix.uhg
iïnkaO jQ lkakka.r uy;d wdrïNfha § ix.ufha .d¨ YdLdfjys ksfhdað;hd
f,i tys úOdhl ldrl iNdjg f;dard .kakd ,È' 1923 uyd ue;sjrKfhka
jHjia:dodhl uka;%K iNdfõ .d,a, wdikfhys uka;%S Oqrh ,nd .ekSug yels
ùu t;=udf.a foaYmd,k Ôú;fha ikaêia:dkhls' kej; 1924 § o .d,a, wdikfha
uka;S% Oqrh Èkd .ekSug fyf;u iu;a úh' t;eka isg 1931 § rdcH uka;%K iNdj
úiqrejd yeÍu f;la t;=ud jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ idudðlfhla úh' 1930 § t;=ud
33
,xld cd;sl ix.ufha iNdm;s moúhg f;dard .ekqKq w;r 1947 f;la tu moúfhys
lghq;= lf<a h'
jHjia:dodhl uka;%K iNdfõ hg;aúð; md,kh ;shqKq úfõpkhlg ,la l<
wh w;r t;=ud m%uqLfhls' woyia w¾:j;aj yd ;d¾lslj bÈßm;a lsÍu fya;= fldg
wdKavqldrhd mjd tajdg .re l< nj i|yka fõ'
lkakka.r ue;s;=udf.ka furgg bgq jQ úYsIag;u fiajh ksoyia wOHdmk l%uh
nj wújdod;aul h' tys uQ,sl wruqK jQfha rcfha mßmd,khg hg;a fmdÿ wOHdmk
l%uhla msysgqjd .ekSu h' tu.ska wOHdmkfha fodrgq ish¨ fokdg újD; lr Èh
yels úh' 1944 uehs 30 Èk rdcH uka;%K iNdjg bÈßm;a l< wOHdmk ixfYdaOk
mk; 1945 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 01 Èk h:d¾:hla njg m;a úh' tÈk t;=ud l< l;dj
t;=udf.a iudc Ôú;h ;=< lrk ,o fY%AIaG;u l;dj f,i ms<s.efka' tu l;djg
ijka § isá bka—§h rcfha ksfhdað;hd jQ weï' weia' wkS uy;d t;=ud oE;ska w,a,d
f.k mejiqfõ Tn bkaÈhdfõ isáfha kï foúhl= fia i,ld jkaokd lrkq we;˜
hkqfjks' wfma isxy,hl= ms<sn| úfoaYslhl=f.a uqúka .s,syqKq tu m%ldYfhka fy<s
jkafka lkakka.r pß;h fl;rï fY%AIAG o hkak fkd fõ o@
mj;akd l%ufha we;s wvq ÿq~qlï" wiudk;d yd whqla;s bj;a lrñka iudc" wd¾Ól"
wd.ñl yd jd¾.sl wdÈ lsisÿ fNaohlska f;drj iEu <uhl=g u iu wjia:d iemhSu
i|yd Wmfhda.s lr .; yels wOHdmk l%uhla mq¿,a o¾Ykhla mdol fldg ilia
ls
— Ífï wjYH;dj u;= ù ;snq‚'
hg;aúð; md,lhka úiska Tjqkaf.a mdi,a u.ska wmf.a wd.ug" ixialD;shg yd
isß;aúß;aj,g w;sYhska ydkslr jQ o fï rgg iïmQ¾Kfhka u mßndysr jQ o
wmf.a foaYSh nqoaêhg yd oDIaáhg fkd .e<fmk jevms<sfj<la tu ck;dj w;r
n,y;aldrfhka mgjkq ,en we;'˜
t;=udf.a fuu m%ldYh tjlg mej;s wOHdmk l%uh u.ska foaYSh;ajh flf¾ lrk
,o n,mEu yd mSvkh fl;rï o hkakg idOl imhhs' fuys § t;=udf.a o¾Ykh
cd;sl wjYH;dj iy foaYSh m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh flf¾ fl;rï lem ùulg fhduq
lr ;snqKd o hkak meyeÈ,s h'
t;=udf.a wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd w;r"
³ ish¨ u orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla fkdñ,fha §u
³ .%dóh mdi,a rdYshla ìys lsÍu
³ wOHdmkh ish¨ .dia;=j,ska ksoyia lsÍu
³ bx.%Sis mdi,aj, ujqni Ndú;hg wkqn, §u
³ Ydia;%Sh yd jD;a;Sh úIh Odrdj,ska hq;a uOH úoHd, /ila msysgqùu
³ wOHdmk Ñka;dj,sh ;=< wdydr ksIamdokhg Wmßu wjOdkhla fh§u
hk wx. úfYaI jeo.;alula Wiq,hs' úúO n,fõ.hkaf.ka ksoyia wOHdmk l%uhg
t,a, jQ oeä úreoaOjd§lïj,g uqyqK §ug wdpd¾h lkakka.r uy;dg isÿ úh'
ksoyia wOHdmkh lvdlmam,a lsÍu i|yd úúO md¾Yaj bÈßm;a jQfha h' tfy;a
34
t;=ud ks¾NS;j ish,a,g uqyqK ÿkafka h' ksoyia wOHdmkh fjkqfjka m%n, jQ;a"
ixfõ§ jQ;a jHdmdrhla rg mqrd f.k hEug t;=udg isÿ úh'
1931 isg 1947 olajd rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ mQ¾K ld,h ;=< u wOHdmk weu;sjrhd
f,i t;=ud fiajh lf<a h' wOHdmk weu;sjrhd f,i wOHdmk lafIA;%h ;=<
b;d jákd fjkialï /ila we;s lsÍug lghq;= flf<a h' iajNdId mdif,a bx.%Sis
b.ekaùu yd bx.%Sis udOH mdi,ays isxy, fyda fou< b.ekaùu wksjd¾h lsÍu bka
tla mshjrls' fyd| mdi,a .ug f.k tafï wruq‚ka tla Pkaoodhl Èia;%slalhl tl
ne.ska uOH uyd úµd, msysgqùu ksoyia wOHdmk l%ufha m%;sM,hls' tu.ska jvd;a
m%;s,dN ie,iqfKa .%dóh isiqkag hs' uOH úoHd,j,g msúi bf.kqu ,enQ orefjda
úYajúoHd,h f;la ksoyia wOHdmkh ,eîfï whs;sfha Wmßu M, N=la;s úkafoda
h' .%dóh m%foaYhkays olaI orejkag iudcfha by< ia;rj,g iïm%dma; ùfï ys‚
m; jQfha uOH uyd úµd, hs' ÿmam;a YsIHhka i|yd úYajúoHd,h f;la wOHdmkh
,nd .ekSug wdOdr fok YsIH;aj l%uhla o wdrïN flß‚' uQ,sl wOHdmkfha isg
úYajúµd, wOHdmkh olajd u fkdñ,fha ,eîu;a iu. tf;la Okh yd jrm%ido
ysñ fldgiaj,g iSud ù ;snQ Wiia wOHdmkfha fodrgq fmdÿ ckhdg o újD; úh'
wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍfï uq,a idOlh .=rejreka nj ms<s.;a
t;=ud hym;a" lem jQ olaI .=re mrmqrla we;s lsÍfï ,d mqfrda.dó úh' WmlD;
mdi,aj, .=rejrekag Rcqj u jegqma f.ùu wdrïN lsÍu fuka u úúO jQ wOHdmk
mámdáj,g wkq.;j b;d ld¾hlaIu f,i .=rejreka úYd, m%udKhlska mqyqKq
lsÍu ksoyia wOHdmk l%ufha id¾:l;ajh ;yjqre lsÍuls' fï i|yd kj udÈ,sfha
.=re wOHdmk úoHd, msysgq jk ,È' .=rejrekag mqyqKqjla fkd j wOHdmkhla u ,nd
§u tys mrud¾:h úh' mdi,a orejka i|yd Èjd wdydrh iemhSu o YsIHhkaf.a ldhsl
yd udkisl j¾Okh;a fi!LH ;;a;ajh;a kÕd isgqùug .kakd ,o ls%hd ud¾.hls'
mdi,a wOHdmkh fuka u msßfjka wOHdmkh ÈhqKq lsÍu ms<sn| f.!rjh o t;=udg
ysñ úh hq;= h'
mdi,a wOHdmkhg .Dy l¾udka; yd .%dóh jD;a;Sh wOHdmk l%u we;=<;a lsÍu /lshd
wxYhg ms<shula f,i n,mEfõ h' fuh yqÿ w;alï b.ekaùula fkd j YsIHhdf.a
ks¾udKYS,s Ndjh wjÈ lsÍula o úh' jD;a;Sh úIhkag wu;rj .=rejrekag ix.S;h"
kdgHh yd kegqï l,dj b.ekaùu flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,È' tajd o yqÿ
úfkdaodiajdoh fkdj wOHdmksl jákdlula we;s úIh njg fuu.ska ms<s.ekSula
we;s úh'
wjqreÿ y;<syla l%shdldÍ foaYmd,kfhys o wjqreÿ úis wgla jHjia:dodhlfhys
uka;%Sjrhl=j o wjqreÿ úiailg jeä l,la wud;Hjrhl= f,i o lkakka.r
uy;d l< fiajh ,xld b;sydifha úfYaI jeo.;alula iys; mßÉfþohls' 1923 §
foaYmd,khg msúisfha ie,lsh hq;= Okhla we;s mqoa.,hl= f,i jqj o foaYmd,kfhka
iuq .kakd úg lkakka.r uy;dg lsisÿ wdodhï ud¾.hla fkd ;snq‚' fuh t;=ud
wjxl foaYmd,k{hl= nj lshd mdk idOlhls' t;=udf.a Ôú;fha wjika ld,h .;
lf<a rcfhka ,enqK wdOdr uqo,lsks' wjqreÿ 85la Èú f.jQ t;=ud 1969 iema;eïn¾
23 Èk Èjx.; úh'
35
ksoyia wOHdmk l%uh y÷kajd §fuka miqj;a Èjhsfka wOHdmk m%;sixialrK
.Kkdjla isÿ úh' ish¨ u mdi,a rcfha md,khg .ekSu ta w;ßka m%Odk;u
jQjls' wOHdmkh ÈhqKq lsÍug fmd;a m;a iy wksl=;a myiqlï iq,n lsÍu;a rfÜ
iudc ixialD;sl moku fuka u fjkia jk f,dal wjYH;d o wkqj úIh ks¾foaY
ilia lsÍu yd kj b.ekaùï l%u y÷kajd §u;a u.ska th bÈßhg .uka lrhs' fï
wOHdmk m%.;sh miqìfuys isák oejeka; fyjKe,a, lkakka.r uy;d h' ksoyia
wOHdmkfha m%;sM, N=la;s ú¢k iEu mqrjeisfhla u t;=udg Kh.e;s fjhs'
wjfndaOh
1' iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud ck;dj w;r ckm%sh jQfha ljr

f.!rjdkaú; kduhlska o@
2' t;=u ,xld ck;djg ,nd ÿka odhdoh f,i ie,flkafka l=ula o@
3' t;=udf.a pß;h weiqfrka Tng .; yels wdo¾Y folla kï lrkak'
4' t;=ud wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< we;s l< fjkialï ;=kla kï lrkak'
5' ksoyia wOHdmk mk; ls%hd;aul ùfuka miqj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, oS
isÿ jQ úfYaI fjkialï fudkjd o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka moj, w¾: ,shkak'
i' cd;s ysff;Is -

ii' mßj¾;kh -
iii' fl!Y,Hh -
iv' Ydia;%Or;ajh -
v' iajdëk;ajh -
2' my; § we;s jpk i|yd iudk jpk mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'
i' W;aidyjka; -
ii' W;=ï -
iii' ms<sfj;a -
iv' pß;hla -
v' oajdr -
vi' ms<sfj< -
vii' È<s÷ -
36
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' fuu mdvu ksYaYíoj lshjkak'

2' zñ, l< fkd yels uq;= weghZ hk kñka ye¢kafjk ksoyia wOHdmk l%uh
ms<sn|j mdif,a Woh /iaùfï § l:djla lrkak'
3' zksoyia wOHdmkfha jeo.;aluZ hk uefhka rpkhla ,shkak'
4' ,xldfõ ;j;a fujeks fYa%IaG pß; ms<sn| lreKq tla/ia lrkak'
wdYs%; .%ka:
³ wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, fkdksñ l¾;jHh ^2011&

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
³ ,xldfõ wOHdmkh - ishji m%ldYkh" 2 ldKavh ^1969&
³ YS
% ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydih ^1796 - 1965&
fla' tÉ' tï' iqu;smd, ^m<uq uqøKh 1993&
37

6 ux ;kkafkda
19 jk Y; j¾Ifha ueo Nd.fha §

muK wdrïN jQ zflál;djZ kue;s
idys;Hdx.h wo jk úg fmrZmr foÈ. u
w;= b;s ,d jevqKq m%n, l,d udOHhla
njg m;aj ;sfí'
flál;dj kue;s idys;Hdx.hg
wkkH jQ ,laIK lsysmhla y÷kd
.ekSug;a" flál;djla hkq l=ula o
hkak ir,j meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug;a
Tng uÕ fmkaùu fï mdvfï wruqK hs'
fuys m< jk zux ;kkafkdaZ flál;dj uy.u fialr ^1924-1976& úiska rÑ;
h' lúhl=" Ñ;% Ys,amshl=" kjl;dlrejl= yd idys;H úpdrlhl= jk uy.u
fialrf.a fï flál;dj ir, isoaêhla yd tla m%Odk pß;hla wkdjrKh lrk
ks¾udKhla fia ye¢kaúh yels h'
k.r iNdfõ lïlrefjda weú;a mdr iqoao lr;s' mdr fomi ldkq f.dv ù j,a
me<Eá jeù we;' tla lïlrefjla tA j,a me<Eá o mdrg keuqKq .ia w;= o lmd
ouhs' ;fjflla tfia lmd ouk w;= ßls,s wi, kj;ajd we;s lr;a;hg f.k f.dia
ouhs' ;j;a fofofkla ldkq ydrñka tA mia oud mdr fomi f.dv lr;s' tfia mia
oud we;s fldgfia mdr fndfyda fihska m<,a ù we;a;dla fuka fmfka' Tjqyq Wia
yçka l;dny lrñka läir f,i jefvys fh§ isá;s' lr;a;fha ne| isák f.dkd
muKla fifuka fifuka ;ürñka Tfya lrnd f.k isà'
ufyakaø biaf;damamqfõ ydkais mqgqfjys jdä ù fndfyda fõ,djla Tjqka foi n,d
isáfha h' Tyq fmd;l=;a /f.k biaf;damamqjg wdfõ th lshùug is;d f.k h' fyg
mka;sfha § meje;aúh hq;= foaYkhg iQodkï ùu i|yd wo wjYHfhka u fï fmd;
lshúh hq;= h' fmd; u|la lshjk úg mdf¾ jev lrk ñksiqka flfrka iskd y~la
weiqfKka Tyq fmd; jid oud tfoi ne,S h' iskdjg fya;=j ufyakaøg jgyd .;
fkd yels úh' th Tjqkaf.ka lsisjl= l< úys¿jla ùug mq¿jk'
—yßhg j;=r ;snyhs' huq o f;a tlla î,d tkav@˜ mdr lmkakkaf.ka tflla
fhdackd lf<a h'
—fï ál;a lm, u huq˜ túg wfkld lS h'
38
.sks wõfõ msÉÑ msÉÖ jev lrk fï ñksiqka flfrys Nla;shla ufyakaøg we;s úh'
udihlska muK jeiaila fkd jg fyhska mi fyd|g u ;o fj,d h' mfia ;olu
Wo¨ myr fmdf<dfõ jÈk yçka u oefka' iq¿ jegqmla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fï
ñksiqka fld;rï fjfyi úh hq;= o@ Tjqkag ,efn;ehs is;sh yels jegqm .ek
ufyakaø is;d ne¨fõ h' lsis fia;a lh fkd fjfyik ;udg Tjqkaf.a fuka y;awg
.=Khl jegqmla ,efn;ehs Tyqg is;=fKa h'
ñksiqka jev lrk ;ekg hdug wdidjla ufyakaøg Wmkafka h' Tyq fmd; yl=<d
ydkais mqgq w; u; ;nd ñÿ,g neiafia h'
—;d;af;a ud;a'''˜ id,fha hfidaud wi, isá úu,a" ufyakaø ñÿ,g niskq oel Tyq
foig tkakg úh'
—mq;;a tkj o'''@ yd tkav tfykx˜ ufykaø u|la kej;=‚'
—Thd fldfy o hkafk wE@˜ hfidaud biaf;damamqjg lr fmdjd n,d weiqjd h'
—fldfyj;a kE''' fu;k mdrg'˜
—mq;;a tlal hkj kï bkav" im;a;= fol odkl,a'''˜ hfidaud lSjd h'
—úu,a''' tkav mqf;a im;a;= odkav'˜
ufyakaø úu,af.a w;ska w,a,df.k Tyq;a iu. ñksiqka jev lrk ;ekg .sfha h'
lïlrejkaf.a msfÜ;a" oEf;a frdaUq .iaj,;a /÷Kq oyÈh ìkaÿ ysre /ia jeà È,sfyhs'
Tjqkaf.a w;aj, yd <ueo uia ms~q ukd fia lemS fmfkhs' ufyakaø ;udf.a;a
Tjqkaf.a;a oE;a ii|d ne,S h' ;u iql=udrlu .ek ,eÊcdjla ufyakaøg we;s úh'
—fï ñksiaiq ;uhs uy fmdf<dfj kshu mq;a;='''˜ ufyakaø ;udg u lshd .;af;a h'
—wms fkfuhs'˜
ufyakaøf.a meñŒfuka miq lïlrefjda l;dj kj;ajd lrnd f.k jev lsÍug
mgka .;ay' Tjqka ksy~j isàu ufyakaøf.a is;g lrorhla úh'
—fmdf<dj yß ;ohs jf.a˜ tA ksYaYío;dj ì| oud Tjqka iu. l;djg jefgk
wáfhka ufyakaø lS h'
—;ohs lsõjg ;ohs fkfuhs i¾˜ tla ñksfyla ufyakaø foi n,d Woe,a, mfil
;nñka lS h'
—fndr¨ fmdf<djfk''' jysk ldf,g fyd|g u nqre,a' mdhk ldf,g fyd|g u
;ohs'˜
—i¾,d <ÕÈ fka o fï f.foÜg wdfõ@˜ Tyq weiS h'
—.sh udfi˜ ufyakaø W;a;r ÿkafka h' —wms biair ysáfh l=reKE.,'˜
—nnd''' fldfydu o nnd@˜ B <Õg Tyqf.a wjOdkh úu,a flf¾ fhduq úh' —nndg
u,la lv,d fokav o@˜ Tyq wi, msysá jo m÷rlska r;a meye;s u,la lvd f.k
úu,a foig È.= lf<a h'
39
úu,a mshd foi ne¨fõ h' —.kav mq;d˜ ufyakaø lS h' úu,a u, w;g .;af;a h' mdf¾
jev lrk lïlrejka iu. ;ud wdOHd;añl jYfhka tl;= jQjdla fuka ufyakaøg
yeÕ=fKa h' lh fjfyid jev lrk fudjqyq o rgg úYd, fiajhla lr;s' fudjqka
lmk mdr ufyakaøg ixfla;hla o úh' th fi!Nd.Hh yd ifydaor;ajh lrd hk
udjf;a ixfla;h hs' ;ud fifrmamq l=Ügula mh ,d isàu .ek ,eÊcdjla ufyakaøg
we;s úh' fudjqyq ;ud fuka uy fmdf<dj wmú;% fohla fldg fkd i,l;s'
oyÈh j.=rejd f.k ¥,s" mia .; jld f.k fudjqka iu. tla ù fmdf<dj
fldgkakg n,j;a wdidjla ufyakaøg we;s úh' tfy;a Tyqf.a iudc ;;a;ajh Bg
ndOdjla úh' tfia l< fyd;a wjg f.j, mÈxÑlrejka ;ud msiail= fldg i,lkq
we;e hs ufyakaøg is;=fKa h' —wr uy;a;hd fldfy o f,dl= riaidjla lrk
flfkla lsõj fka o@ wr ñksiaiq;a tlal tlalyq fj,d mdr yokafk' fudf<a fyd|
ke;=j we;s˜ wjg f.j, whg muKla fkd j" fï lïlrejkag o th mqÿuhla jkq
we;' tneúka ufyakaø tA wdidj hgm;a lr .;af;a h'
wkqkaf.a iuÉp,hg Ndck fkd ù fï jevg o yjq,a úh yels l%uhla .ek ufyakaø
is;d ne¨fõ h' Tyq msyshla w;g f.k mdrg keó ;snqKq l=vd w;= ßls,s lmkakg úh'
Tyq th lf<a ;ud úfkdaohg fi,a,ula lrk ú,dihla wjg isáhjqkag yefÕk
mßÈ h' tfy;a ufyakaøg th úfkdao l%Svdjla muKla fkd j" kshu jevla fkdfyd;a
kshu jevl ixfla;hla o úh' mdrg keuqKq w;= lmd oeófuka ;ud o iq¿ jYfhka
fyda fï ñksiqkaf.a jevg yjq,a fj;ehs ufyakaøg is;=fKa h'
tla w;a;l uÿ je,a .d,la meg,S ;sfnkq ÿgq ufyakaøg ;j;a woyila my< úh' Tyq
uÿ je,a f.dkak lvd w;g f.k wks;a w;ska úu,a o jvd f.k lr;a;fha ne| isá
f.dkdg ióm úh'
—fï f.dkd wkskj o@˜ Tyq lïlrejkaf.ka weiqfõ h'
—kE'˜
ufyakaø orejd jvd .;a jk u uÿje,a f.dkak f.dkdf.a uqjg <x lf<a h'
—wms fï ;e;a;g lkak fouq mqf;a''' wE'''@˜
f.dkd wdidfjka uÿ je,a lkakg úh' mdf¾ jev lrk whg ;ud ix.%yhla l<dla
fuka ufyakaøg yeÕ=fKa h'
f.dkd uÿje,a lk yeá úu,a Wkkaÿfjka n,d isáfha h' ufyakaø f.dkdf.a ysi
w; .dkakg úh'
hfidaud biaf;damamqjg meñK ufyakaøg w~ .eiqjd h' —fï''' fufy weú;a hkavfld'''˜
—f;a ,Eia;shs˜ wE ;ud fj; meñ‚ ufyakaøg my;a yçka lSjd h'
ufyakaø ;,.=,s;a flfi,a f.ä;a ld f;a îfõ h' mdf¾ jev lrk lïlrejka
Tyqg u;la úh'
—wr ñksiaiqkag;a j;=r ;sny we;s' f;a álla ÿkafkd;a krl o@˜ ufyakaø hfidaud
foi n,d lSfõ h'
40
—tA ñksiaiq lfâg .sysx fndkake;E˜ hfidaud iskdfiñka lSjd h' —fï wy, my,
f.j,aj, ljqrej;a tfyu fok isß;la kE'˜
ufyakaø f;a î biaf;damamqjg wdfõ h'
mdf¾ jev l< lïlrefjda Wo¨" le;s wdÈ WmlrK f.kjq;a ufyakaøf.a ñÿf,a
mfil ;enQy' —wms lfâg .syska tkakx i¾˜ Tjqkaf.ka tflla lSfõ h'
—fyd|hs˜ ufyakaø Tjqka foi n,d iskd uqiq uqyq‚ka lS h' lïlrejka Wia yçka
l;d lrñka jx.=j yeÍ fkdfmkS hk ;=re ufyakaø Tjqka foi n,d isáfha h'
^kj hq.h - 1972$11$12&
flál;dj kjl;dfjka fjkia h' tfy;a fï l;d j¾. fol u m%nkaO lrk ,o
l;d h'
flál;djla hkq tla m%n, isoaêhla jgd f.f;k l;d h' zux ;kkafkdaZ flál;dj
rpkd ù we;af;a lïlrejka msßila mdrla ilia lsÍu ms<sn| isoaêhls' ta isÿùu
úldikh lsÍfuka rij;a flál;djla ks¾udKh lr f.k ;sfnkq oelsh yels h'
fuu flál;dj tu flakaøSh isoaêh jgd ukd úhukla fia ishqïj f.;S we;'
flál;djl pß; lsysmhla ;sìh yels h' tfy;a m%Odk pß; lsysmhla ;sìh
fkd yels h' fyd| flál;djl m%Odk pß; ;sìh yels jkafka tlla mu‚'
ux ;kkafkda flál;dfõ m%Odk pß;h ufyakaø hs' Tyqf.a ìß|" l=vd mq;d" iy
lïlrefjda wjfYaI pß; hs' kuq;a wfkl=;a pß; m%Odk fkd ù m%Odk pß;h
nen<ùug tu pß; Woõ fjhs'
flál;djla hkq i;H l;djla fkd fõ' th l,ams; fyj;a is;ska ujd f.k f.dv
k.k ,o l:djls' tfy;aa tu l;djg mdol jkafka ks¾udKlrejd ,;a ienE
w;aoelSula úh yels h' w;aoelSula tf,i u ,shQ l, th ks¾udKhla jkafka ke;'
rplhd ;u mßl,amkh fufyhjd ;ud ,;a w;aoelSu m%;sks¾udKh lrhs'
l;kaorhla kï uq," ueo" w. ukd fia .e<msh hq;= h' Tn okakd ck l;djla
fyda iqrx.kd l;djla isyshg k.d .kak' —Tkak tfldau;a tl ldf,l'''˜ wdÈ
jYfhka werö isoaê yd wjia:d isÿ jQ wkqms<sfj<ska lshd" l;dj yudr lrkq
olakg ,efí' tfy;a flál;djl ;sìh hq;af;a ukd fya;=M, iïnkaO;djla u;
f.dv keÕ=Kq l;d úkHdihls' th l;djla fkd fõ' —jeoaod ìij yer .sfha h'
bka miq ìij u<d h˜ hkq l;djls' —jeoaod ìij yer .sfha h' tA fYdalh ord .;
fkd yels j ìij u<d h˜ hkq l:d úkHdihls' tys ìij ñh hEug fya;=j mdGlhdg
meyeÈ,s h' flál;djla o fumßoafoka ukdj ieliqKq l;d úkHdihlska hqla;
úh hq;= h' túg flál;dj flfrys mdGl úYAjdih fkd ì£ mj;shs'
zux ;kkafkdaZ flál;dfõ tk ufyakaø biaf;damamqfõ ydkais mqgqjg wdfõ fmd;la
lshùug hs' tfy;a mdf¾ jev lrk lïlrejkaf.a iskd yçka wjOdkh ì£u ksid
Tyq fmd; jid oud tfoi n,hs' ufyakaøg Tjqkaf.a l;dny wefikafka túg h'
fï wdÈ jYfhka ux ;kkafkda flál;dfõ isoaê ukdj tlsfkld .<md we;af;a
mdGl úYajdih fkd ìf|k mßoafoks'
41
flál;djla lshùfuka mdGlhdg wdiajdohla" úfkdaohla ,efí' tfy;aa fyd|
flál;djlska mdGlhdg i;=gg wu;rj .eUqre m%{djla ,efí' th Ôú;h ms<sn|
,nk wjfndaOhls' zux ;kkafkdaZ flál;dfõ u;=msáka Èfjk wdiajdohg háka
ukqIH;ajh ms<sn|j udkj ohdj ms<sn|j mka;s mr;rh ms<sn|j .eUqre wre;a
iïmdokh fjhs'
l;dj rij;a j lSug ixfla; fhdod .ekSug flál;dlrejdg mq¿jk' flál;dj
ixlaIsma; udOHhla neúka ixlaIsma;;dj /lSu Wfoid o ixfla;j,ska uyÕ=
msájy,la ,efí' jpk oyia .Kklska lsj hq;= fohla tla m%n, ixfla;hlska lsj
yels h'
—lr;a;fha ne| isák f.dkd muKla fifuka fifuka ;¨ urñka Tfya lrnd f.k
isà˜ hkqfjka zux ;kkafkdaZ flál;dfõ i|yka m%ldYfhys zlr;a;fha ne¢
f.dkdZ ixfla;hls' ks¾Ok mka;sl ÿla ú¢k ñksid lr;a;hl ne¢ f.dfkl=
fia h' Tyqg .e,ùula ke;' lrnd f.k nr weÈh hq;= h' fumßoafoka tu ixfla;h
wjeis ;rï È.a.iaid jpk fndfyda .Kklska w¾: .ekaúh yels h'
fun÷ ,laIK wka;¾.; l;djla id¾:l flál;djla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
id¾:l flál;djla ks¾udKh lsÍu wdliañlj l< yels fohla fkd fõ' tA
i|yd ksrka;rfhka mqyqKq ùu fyj;a i;;dNHdih wjYH h¦ úYsIag .Kfha
flál;dlrejkaf.a ks¾udK lshjd ri ú¢h hq;= h¦ flál;dj iïnkaOfhka
,shejqKq fmd; m;" úpdr .%ka: mßYS,kh l< hq;= h' fï ish¨ ldrKd tla;eka jQ l,
wjik W;a;u .Kfha ks¾udKhl ysñlrejl= ùug Tng o yels jkq we;'
wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu
m%;sNdj - wmQ¾j jia;=jla ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj

m%nkaO l:d - w¨;ska ks¾udKh lrk ,o l;dj
mßl,amkh - wkqudk is;sú,a,
m%;sks¾udKh - kej; ilia fldg oelaùu" h<s f.dv kexùu
fya;=M, iïnkaO;dj - isoaê tlsfkl w;r mj;sk úYajikSh .e<mSu
l:d úkHdih - l:dj bÈßm;a lsÍug wkq.ukh lrk ffY,sh
wdliañlj - fya;=jla ke;sj
i;;dNHdih - ksrka;rfhka wNHdifha fh§u
mßYS,kh - weiqre lsÍu" yeoEÍu
42
wjfndaOh
1' fmd; n,ñka isá ufyakaøf.a wjOdkh fmd;ska .s,syqfKa l=uk fya;=jla
ksid o@
2' ;udf.a;a lïlrejkaf.a;a oE;a ii|d neÆ ufyakaø ,eÊcdjg m;a jQfha wehs@
3' lïlrejka iu. tlaj fmdf<dj fldgkakg is;=Kq is;sú,a, l%shdjg kexùug
fkd yels f,i l:lhdg ;snQ ndOdj l=ula o@
4' mdvfï úia;r jk ixfla;hg wu;rj fuu flál;dfõ wka;¾.; ;j;a m%n,
ixfla;hla ,shkak'
5' lïlrejka jev lrk ia:dkhg ufyakaø meñ‚ miq Tjqka lrnd f.k jefvys
fhfokakg we;af;a l=uk lreKla ksid úh yels o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka wkqla; moj, Wla; rEm ,shd olajkak'

¸' fialrhka -
¸¸' Ys,amshl= -
¸¸¸' Tjqka -
¸¹' ñksiqka -
2' mdvfï i|yka my; mo l=uk mo j¾.hlg wh;a oehs ,shd olajkak'
¸' úiska -
¸¸' jevqKq -
¸¸¸' isák -
¸¹' ydrñka -
¹' iql=udr -
3' id¾:l flál;djl ;sìh hq;= ,laIK y;rla ,shkak'
4' my; i|yka jpk fhdod w¾:j;a jdlH ;kkak'
mßl,amkh
wdiajdoh
m%;sNdj
i;;dNHdih
m%{dj
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' ;uka ,o ljr fyda w;aoelSula weiqßka flál;djla ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' Tfí;a Tfí mka;sfha ñ;=re ñ;=ßhkaf.a flál;d ks¾udK we;=<;a flál;d
ix.%yhla ilia lrkak'
43

7 niska ri ujk idys;Hh
NdIdj udOH fldg .ksñka iïmdokh jk ,sÅ; fuka u w,sÅ; o ish¨ oE

idys;Hh hkqfjka ye¢kaúh yels h' ta wkqj uqL mrïmdrdfjka mj;ajd
f.k tk ck lú yd ck l;d wdÈfha mgka wd.ñl" od¾Yksl yd úoHd;aul
f,aLk o idys;H .Kfhys ,d ie,flhs' tafia jqj;a j¾;udkfha idys;Hh
f,i ie,flkafka lsishï úkaokhla wdiajdohla" rihla ,eìh yels
ks¾udKd;aul lD;s fõ' Ñrka;k fuka u kQ;k .µ yd mµ" kjl;d"
flá l;d" kdgH wdÈ ks¾udKd;aul lD;s ish,a, i|yd fmdÿfõ idys;Hh
hk kduh fhdokq ,efí' NdIdj ud¾.fhka wikakdf.a fyda lshjkakdf.a
isf;ys rihla yd pu;aldrhla we;s lrk ks¾udK" idys;Hh hkqfjka
ye¢kafjk nj ta wkqj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
my; oelafjkafka mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= lúhdf.a wlSlre mq;%hl=f.a f,dalh ldjH

ix.%yfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,o ks¾udKhls'
iQßh u,
iQßh u, wyia ;f,a iskd ujk
ysñÈßfha
w. k.f¾
uy ùÈfh
ux ikaÈfh
ld¾- jEka- nia fmryer
.,a .eyqKd
tl mdrgæ
fï me;af;ka
ta me;a;g
------------ly br Wv
udre fjkak
Tn'
fmd;a ñáhla ;=re¿ lrka
fofkda oyla fikÕ f.dfâ
fkd fmkS hk Tfí ÈyE
ld¾- jEka ßh fmryer
44
weia o,ajd
lg o,ajd
ksYaYíoj n,d isáfh¦
hlv l|ka Wiaid,d
fï k.rh f.dv keÕ=fõ
kqfò ;d;a;d ksid h"
l÷¿ l|la ìu bi,d
fï fmdf<dfõ .sks ksõfõ
kqUf.a wïud ksid h"
u;= ojfia
ta fmdf<dfõ iQßh u,
kqU ksid hæ
wlSlre mq;%hl=f.a f,dalh" mrdl%u fldä;=jlal=
fuu ks¾udKhg mdol ù we;af;a mdi,a hk orefjls' wo mdi,a hk orejd wkd.;

iudcfha wdf,dalh" wfmalaIdj nj lúhd fmkajd fohs' lgql Ôjk w;aoelSï nyq,
mßirhl ÿIalr;d uOHfha foudmsfhda fï orejdg wOHdmkh ,nd fo;s¦ tmuKla
fkd j wkd.;fha f,dj f.dv ke.Sug Y%uh fhdoj;s'
l:k jHjydrh yd f,aLk jHjydrh ñY% NdId jHjydrhla fuys § lúhd Wmfhda.s
lr f.k we;' ziQßh u, wyia ;f,a iskd ujkZ zfï fmdf<dfõ .sks ksõfõ kqUf.a
wïud ksid h'Z jeks f,aLk jHjydrfha fhÿï fuka u z.,a .eyqKd tlmdrg ta
me;af;ka fï me;a;gZ jeks l;d jHjydr.; fhÿï o ukdj ixfhda. lrñka zld¾"
jEka" niA" wdÈ iudkH ldjH jHjydrfha § Ndú; fkd jk fhÿï o iu. .<md
.ekSug lúhd olajd we;s olaI;dj meyeÈ,s fõ'
uy.u fialrf.a ilajd,sys‚ kï lD;sfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,o my; oelafjk ldjH
ks¾udKh mer‚ lú nia jyr yd ck lú jyr weiqfrka ilia jQ nia jyrlska
w,xlD; h'

flláh u,a
by< fjf,a biau;af;a
Èhynr, u,a f.d,af,a
kS, jr, <ueo fy,d,d
ìug keó Th ljqfoda
m,d fk<kafka
kS, kqjka oE, jßka
jeiai jyskafka
45
my< fjf,a mqrx fj,d
j,a ìys ù .sh l=Uqf¾
uu ;kshu ldkaisfhka
l=Uqr fldgkjd
wE; bkak Wfò uQK
ysf;a wef|kjd
kj jeiaig jej msß,d
flláh u,a Wv weÈ,d
ta w;ghs fï w;ghs
keó jefkkjd
ta j;=frka fj, ire ù
f.dhï mefykjd
kS, f.dhu lsß jeÈ,d
rka wiajkq fk<k odg
kf.da wmg weUq, wrx
fj,g jfrkafka
flláh u,a iqo ;jrd
Wfò iskd lsß W;=rd
kf.da wmg weUq, wrx
fj,g jfrkafka
ilajd ,sys‚" uy.u fialr
fm%auh yd ne÷Kq w;aoelSula fuu ks¾udKhg mdol ù ;sfí' .eñ mßirfha olakg
,efnk oE weiqßka lúhd tu ks¾udKh f.dv k.d we;' Èh ynr, u,a" flláh
u,a jeks ta mßirfhka u Wlyd .;a oE ks¾udKh w,xldr lsÍug fya;= ù we;s
nj fmfka' fuu ks¾udKfha l:lhd jk ;reKhd" ;re‚h ms<sn| Tyq isf;a
my< jk fma%uh weiqßka ish lgql Èúfha <;ejq,a ord .ksñka kj Èúhla ms<sn|
wfmalaIdfjka miqfjhs' zkS, f.dhu lsß jeÈ,d'''Z hk fldgiska ta wfmalaIdj
ukdj ms<sìUq fjhs'
by; oelajqKq ldjH ks¾udK ie,lSfï § NdIdfõ úúO iajrEm iqixfhdackh lr
.ksñka ldfjHdala;s ks¾udKh lr .ekSug lùka ord we;s W;aidyh m%lg fõ' lúh
hkq NdIdj Wmfhda.s lr f.k ri ujk udOHhls' fjk;a iudkH f,aLkhlg jvd
lúhl § fyda fjk;a idys;H ks¾udKhl § NdIdj Ndú; lrk wdldrh fjkia h'
jdpHd¾: blaujd jHx.Hd¾: ckkh flfrk wdldrhg lúhd ni yiqrejhs'
idys;Hh hkq NdIdj wkqidrfhka mqÿu iy.; foa lrkakls' —idys;Hh hkq
NdId;aul úl%uhle˜ hs uydpd¾h úu,a Èidkdhl mjihs' ^ks¾udKh yd úpdrh&'
t;=ud tu lD;sfhys fufia i|yka lrhs(
46
—Y+r wirefjl= wiqka fu,a, lrñka úiauhdjy olaI;djka úoyd olajkakdla
fuka ksmqK idys;Hlrejd o mdGlhdf.a is; úiaufhka mqrjd ouñka ni
md,kh lrhs'˜ fuhska lshefjkafka ;u wruqK bgq lr .ekSu Wfoid
f,aLlhd NdIdj fhdod .kakd wdldrfhka Tyqf.a ksmqK;dj m%lg jk nj hs'
lúhdf.a jdlafldaIh Ndúl .=Khg uq,a ;ek fok w;r" úoHd f,aLlhdf.a jdla
fldaIh Ndj ySk h' lúhd jHx.Hd¾:j,ska mßfmdaIs; jdx ud,djla fhdod .kakd
w;r" úoHd f,aLlhd ksYaÑ;d¾: okjk jpk ud,djla Ndú; lrhs'
Ndúl .=Kh hkq rislhdf.a Ndjhka m%fndaOj;a fldg" Tyq uekúka w;aoelSug
iyNd.s lrjd .ekSfï yelshdj hs' kjl;djlska Wmqgd .;a my; fþoh úuid
n,kak(

—miq Èk rd;%sh o i| t<sfhka b;d u m%ikak úh' iEu ;ekays me;sr
b;sr .sh" i| le¨ï ksid iS;djl i| f,dúka f.kd i| lvla fuka
ß§ meyefhka nn<kakg úh' fufia nn<k i| t<sfhka meyem;a jQ
ùÈhla Tiafia ;kshu .uka hk ;reKfhla w.ue;s ue÷r f.damqr uÕska
yefrkafka" msh.egfm< Èf.a kefÕkakg úh' fï ;reKhd fiakdër h'
tfia keÕ=Kq Tyqg ukaÈrh fj; t<fUkakg m<uq" msh.eg fm< milska
w;=re mdrl msysá mqIam uKavmhl isg iqfka;%d l:d l<d h' iqfka;%djf.a
ñysß lgy~ ijk; jka flfKys" wuq;= mKlska wjÈ jQ is;a i;ka we;s
fiakdër ;e;s .;af;l= fia k;r úh'˜
iqfka;%d" ví,shq'ta' is,ajd
iqfka;%df.a yçka fiakdërf.a isf;ys we;s jk m%y¾Ih wjg mßirfha úÑ;%;ajh

j¾Kkd lsÍfuka l=¿ .kajhs' fï ksid mdGlhd b;d Wkkaÿfjka hq;=j w;aoelSug
iyNd.s fjhs' tn÷ u ;j;a ksoiqkla úuid n,uq(
—fouõmshkaf.a wjjdofhka o wix.hkaf.a ueoy;alfuka o mßmSä; is;a

we;s kS,u‚ l=uß Èkla iji Whfka ilauka l<d h' fmr lsis lf,l kqÿgq
;rï uy;a .Kkla l=re,a,kaf.ka fuÈk Whk w,xldrj;a úh' fkdfhla
j¾.j, l=re,a,ka fkdfhla .ia fijK fldg f.k leo,s ;kkakg lrk
fhdackdÈh úfõlh leu;s wehg uy;a lkafodialsßhdjls' ne¨ - neÆ w;ska
yeu .ila u wehg fmfkkafka .S; NdKavhla fuks' ishqreik ;eklska o
zl=l+Z y~ ;eklska o kslau f.k tlg /õ ms<s/õ fok l, wehg Whka
ilauk tmd úh' fï l,y ueoafoa ;uka bÈßmsg ìu ld jeÿKq Bhla oel wE
;s.eiaiqKd h' yS fldfka n¢k ,o ;,am;la jQ fyhska ;ukg wk;=re lrk
udrhl=
n,d f.k fuka isgfkd j ls
" wi, ika fl=
isj oaYfkdoel
hla f.fkk ¥;hl=
th w;g .;afuka
;d h'meñ‚
—Wojq tAms‚yShi foi
Tn
úia
u fhda ; a M q , a , khkfhka .ks ï foda fkd .ks ï foda hk is ; a fo.s ä hdfjka
n,d isg" wi, lsisjl= fkd oel th w;g .;a;d h' —Wojq ms‚i olskq
leue;af;ï tod fuka wo" ta fj,djg t;ek isáh uekú˜ hkak tys fmks‚'
47
;ukaf.ka tA wdrlaIdj ,;a pr mqreIhd oeka udhdjla fkd fõ¦ ñßÕ=jla
fkd fõ' Tyq i;Hhls' tfyhska fï l=vd ;,am;ska wehf.a fudf<dla is;
fmr lsis l,l lsisjlskq;a fkd flreKq ;rug ls;s lejqfKa h' thska
ls,sfmd<d .sh i¾jdx.h we;a;S mfilska msysá nxl=jla Wv ys| .;a;d h'
úchnd fld,a,h" ví,shq'ta' is,ajd

hg i|yka fldgfiys NdIdj iïNdjH isxy, .oH NdIdj yd ñY% jQjls' tfy;a
kS,u‚h wh;a jk hq.h yd iudc ;;a;ajh wkqj;a zúchnd fld,a,hZ ft;sydisl
kjl;djla ùu;a fya;= fldg f.k NdIdfõ mj;akd fuu .dïNS¾hh WÑ; nj
iyDohd wjfndaOh lr .kshs' Ñrka;k idys;ahsl Wla;Ska Ndú;hg .kakd kQ;k
idys;Hlrejd W;aidy lrkafka èjksmQ¾K fhÿï u.ska pu;aldrhla oekùug hs'
wjiaf:daÑ; mßÈ úh;a jyr yd lg jyr iïñY%Kh lrñka ks¾udKlrKfha
fh§ug o ks¾udKlrejd iu;a jkafka h' fï Bg ksoiqkls(
—Wfoa jrefõ fkdlvjd mej;s Ñß Ñß jeiailska miq iqj myiq f.k fok
isis,a iq<`. yuk tla ijil Y%shd;a uhqß;a ;sid jeõ neïfï rka uiq
Whk wNshi ilauka lrñka isáfhda h' fl<s ljg nia fodvñka .sh Y%shd
u| fj,djla kej;S lkao mduq, ;K ks,a, foi n,d.;a jk u .,a .eiS
isáhd h'
—wr bkafka thd fkao@ wr Èhg fudkjfoda úis lrkjd'˜
—ta jdf.a ;ud fmfkkafk' wms wdmiq yefruq'˜ uhqß kej;=Kd h'
—wehs kj;skafka@ wms fydfrka u msgqmiska huq'˜
iod fuf,i mqr forfKa" ta' ù' iqrùr
fï kso¾Yk u.ska fmkS hkafka hï ks¾udKhl NdIdj Ndúl .=Kfhka hq;= ùu
wksjd¾h nj;a" idys;ahsl NdIdj èjksmQ¾K úh hq;= nj;a h' idys;Hlrejdf.a
úl%uhka m%lg jkafka nfiys yi<;ajh u; neúka f;audjg" wod< hq.hg"
pß;j,g" tu pß; wh;a iudc ;;a;ajhg" iudc mka;shg" tu pß;fha wOHdmk
uÜgug iß,k" WÑ; niajyrla Ndú; lsÍug idys;Hlrejd iu;a úh hq;= h'
ks¾udKlrejdf.a woyia mdGlhd fj;g f.k hk jdylh NdIdj neúka NdIdfjys
uekúka yi< ùu ks¾udKfhys w.h jeä lsÍug fya;= fjhs'
idys;Hlrejd ish ks¾udKhg mdol lr .kakd w;aoelSfuys úYajikShNdjh ;yjqre
lsÍug Tyqf.a NdId Ndú;h bjy,a fõ'
;udf.a is; ii, l< w;aoelSula wkHhkag m%ldY lsÍu ks¾udKlrejl=f.a
wNs,dIh hs' Tyq ;u w;aoelSu rislhdg bÈßm;a lrkafka NdIdj udOHh fldg
f.k hs' ;udf.a ukig oekqKq" f,aLlhd ;u is; jvd;a lïmkhg m;a l<
w;aoelSu mdGlhd fj; f.k hEug Ndú; lrk udOHh NdIdj hs'
48
fmdÿfõ idys;H ks¾udKj, wka;¾.;h jkafka udkj Ôú;h hs' udkj Ôú;fha
úúO wjia:d" isÿùï" pß; mokï lrf.k idys;H ks¾udK f.dv kef.hs' idys;H
lD;sfha wka;¾.;h ks¾udKlrejdf.a w;aoelSï u; mokï fjhs' Tyq wid" oel
lshjd ú| we;s foa weiqfrka mßl,amkh u.ska f.dv keÕ+ h:d¾:h ks¾udKfha
wka;¾.;h fjhs' ks¾udKlrejd th bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd úúO pß;" Wmud" rEml"
wdÈh Ndú; lrhs' by; oelajqKq mµ ldjH ks¾udK iy .µ ks¾udKj,ska Wmqgd
.;a mdGj,ska wmg th ;yjqre lr .; yels h'


iqixfhdackh - uekúka ixfhdackh jQ
ldfjHdala;s - ldjHuh$ldjHh i|yd fhdod .kakd lshuka
jdpHd¾: - u;= msg w¾:h
úiauhdjy - mqÿu Wmojk
jdlafldaIh - jpk iuQyh" jpk ix.%yh
mßfmdaIs; - ukdj fmdaIKh jQ
m%y¾Ih - wêl ikaf;daIh
úiaufhda;aMq,a, - mqÿufhka msÍ .sh weiska
khkfhka
i¾jdx.h - ish¨ YÍrh
.dïNSr;ajh - .eUqre nj
Ñrka;k - mqrdK ld,hg wh;a" fm!rd‚l
Wla;Ska - lshuka
èjksmQ¾K - u;=msg w¾:h blaujd hk ieÕjqKq w¾:hlska
fmdaIKh jQ
wjiaf:daÑ; - wjia:djg iqÿiq" ;ekg;a ld,hg;a .e<fmk
yi<;ajh - uekúka mqreÿ mqyqKq nj$ksmqK;ajh
mßl,amkh - idys;H l,d ks¾udKh i|yd wjYH oE is;ska
ujd .ekSu
49
wjfndaOh
1' lúhdf.a jdlafldaIh;a úoHd f,aLlhdf.a jdlafldaIh;a w;r we;s fjki

l=ula o@
2' idys;H ks¾udKhl § jpkj, Ndúl .=Kh hkqfjka woyia jkafka l=ula oehs
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' idys;Hlrejdf.a m%;sNdj m%lg l< yels m%Odk udOHh f,i fuys i|yka
jkafka l=ula o@
4' —idys;H ks¾udKhl § jdpHd¾:h blaujd jHx.Hd¾:h ckkh lrk wdldrhg
lúhd ni yiqrejhs'˜ hk m%ldYfhys w¾:h úuikak'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' mdvfuys wka;¾.; lreKq ie,ls,a,g f.k my; oelafjk mµ mka;sfhys

NdIdfõ iqúfYaI;ajh y÷kd f.k úpdrh lrkak'
meKs flduvq
me‚ flduvq je,
hk tk iEu ;ekl u
;shd hkjduhs f.ähla
fyak u;
;yjqre lrkakg ;u whs;sh
ta ú;rla u fkd j
lelsß je,a yd tla j
yskd fjkjd weo lr lr
n;, je,aj,g
ysia w;ska bkakjg
fld< ú;rla u jk jk
fldau yß fï <Õ È
w,s .eyeõjg miafi Th fyakg
lelsß je,a oro~q j
flduvq f.ä wd.sh w;la ke;
n;, je,a ál;a iS iS lv
md¿jg .sh fyakla kï ;uhs oeka th
ta;a ;du;a fyak .dúka hk wh
wefyk neõ lshkjd
n;, w, j.hla yqiau.kakd y~
fyñysg
ó<Õ óú;" rejka nkaÿÔj
50
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tn wNsu; f;audjla hgf;a lúhla .S;hla fyda flál;djla ks¾udKh lrkak'
2' my; kï i|yka ks¾udKlrejkaf.a ldjH yd flál;d ks¾udK fol ne.ska
fidhd ,sms f.dkq folla ilid mka;s mqia;ld,fha ;nkak'
ldjH ks¾udK flál;d ks¾udK
Ô' î' fiakdkdhl ví,sõ' ta' is,ajd

isß .=kisxy ud¾áka úl%uisxy
.=Kodi wurfialr Ô' î' fiakdkdhl
uy.u fialr .=Kodi wurfialr
fudksld rejkam;srK fla' ch;s,l
ohdfiak .=Kisxy tÈßùr irÉpkaø
mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= ihsuka kj.;af;a.u
n¾á î' l=vdfyÜá mshiS,S úfÊudkak
O¾uisß rdcmlaI ohdfiak .=Kisxy
r;ak YS% úfÊisxy rkað;a O¾ulS¾;s
kkaok ùrisxy ch;s,l lïue,a,ùr
51
8 fï wfma Wodr jQ ud;D N+ñhhs

iEu ukqIHhl=g u iajlSh ckau N+ñh ms<sn|j we;af;a wNsudkhls' foaYfha

b;sydih" iajNdj fi!kao¾hh" ixialD;sl Wreuhka yd ksoyia ksjy,a
mqrjeishkaf.a ls%hdldrlï u; foaYdNsudkh ckkh fõ' f,dalfha yeu
ck fldÜGdihlg u ;u rgg wdorh" mlaImd;Ndjh" foaYdkqrd.h okjk
ks¾udK we;' foaYSh fuka u úfoaYSh f,aLlhka YS% ,xldj .ek lrk ,o
tn÷ ks¾udK weiqfrka fï mdvu ieliS we;'
foaYdkqrd.h hkq ;u ud;D N+ñh flfrys we;s we,au hs¦ foaYfma%ó;ajh hs¦ wdorh hs'
tu ud;D N+ñfhys fYa%IaG;ajh ms<sn| yeÕSu wm is;a i;kays iod /£ mej;sh hq;= h'
fomhska ke.S isáñka ksoyiaj ksjy,aj Ôj;a ùug wjldY ie,fikafka cd;s" wd.ï"
l=, fNaoj,ska f;drj tl u cd;shla tkï" YS% ,dxlsl hk yeÕSfuka hq;=j lghq;=
lf<d;a mu‚' fï mqKH N+ñfhka fuf,djg cks; jQ wm yeu fokdg u Ôj;a ùug
m%dKjdhqj ,nd ÿkafka fï W;=ï N+ñfhks' ñksil=g ;ud Wmka ìug jvd jákd
fjk;a ìula ke;' wNsudkfhka hq;=j Ôj;a ùug wjYH mßirh ta ;=< mej;Su
Bg fya;=jls' foaYdkqrd.S yeÕSï Tiafia ;u cd; N+ñh ms<sn| we;s jk wdvïnrh"
wNsudkh foaYdNsudkh hs'
;u ckau N+ñfha iajNdj fi!kao¾hh" ft;sydisl Wreuh" iajdNdúl iïm;a"
iYS%l;ajh" ixialD;sl Wreuh" cd;sl ksoyi .ek lshefjk foaYdkqrd.h oekfjk
ks¾udK l< f,aLlfhda fndfyda h' tu ks¾udKhkaf.a uqLHd¾:h jQfha rg jeishd
;=< foaYdNsudkh ckkh lsÍu hs'
uy.u fialr hkq foaYdkqrd.fhka To jeä iajdëk lúfhls' Tyqf.a m%;sNdj
biau;= flfrk “r;ak§m ckau N+ñ'''” kï ldjH ks¾udKh isxyf,ka ,shjqKq
foaYdNsudkS ks¾udK w;r m%uqL ;ekla ysñ lr .;a;ls' fï ldjH ks¾udKh Tn
.S;hla f,iska o ri ú| we;'

—r;ak §m ckauN+ñ
,xl§m úchN+ñ
fï wfma Wodr jQ ud;D N=ñhhs
wdÈ isxyf,a ùr ó uq;=ka f,hska
idr jQ Wodr jQ ud;D N=ñhhs
52

ud‚lH fia fmdf<da .efí ksOdk ù
we;af; ta wNS; ¥ mq;=ka
cd;sfha kdufhka
ix.%du N+ñfha
Ôúf;a mqod ye¿E f,a l|hs
iskaOQmudk jeõ ;,d u;ska we§

moau f¾Kqfhka iq.kaO ù
rka lr,a kud yud
is;a m%fndaOfhka mqrd
tkafk Wka fy¿E m%dK jdhqjhs
.x.d ;rx. rdj § ß§ j‚ka

u,a msmS l=<ska l=f<a yemS
.dhkd lrkafka
wdldYfha ke.S
ùrhkaf. ta hfYda .S;hhs'
uy.u fialr
,la forK wdl%u‚lhkaf.a .%yKfhka uqojd .ekSug ;u vyÈh muKla fkdj

reêrh o fy¿fjda fndfyda fj;s' ue‚la njg m;a ù fï fmdf<da ;,fhka ,efnkafka
ta vyÈh yd reêrh hs' uyd id.rh mrok jeõ ;,d u;ska we§ tk iq<Õ Tjqkaf.a
m%dK jdhqj hs' oi; .,d hk .x.d ;rÕ kÕñka .hkafka ta ùrhkaf.a hfYda
.S;h hs' fujka W;a;Í;r yeÕSï okjk fï ks¾udKh <ud" ;reK" uy¨ yeu
flkl= ;=< u ;u foaYh ms<sn| wNsudkhla cks; lsÍfuys iu;a fjhs'
we;eï úg ;ud Wmka N+ñh muKla fkd j" yefok jefvk foaYh ms<sn|j o
flkl= ;=< foaYdkqrd.hla ckkh úh yels h' áfnÜ cd;sl tia' uyskao ysñ
tjeks lúfhls' YS% ,dxlslhd mrdëk;ajfhka uqojd .ekSfï mrudNs,dIfhka"
Tjqka fm,Uùu i|yd Wka jykafia l< ks¾udK fndfyda h' úfoaYslhl= jqj o
iajfoaYslhl=g o jvd isß,la ìu ms<sn|j we,aula" wNsudkhla mej;s nj Wka jykafia
úiska lrk ,o ks¾udKj,ska ms<sìUq fõ' ksoyfia uka;%h" yd ksoyfia oeyek hk
.%ka: YS% ,dxlslhd ;=< ksoyia igk i|yd foaYdNsudkh yd cd;sldNsudkh we;s
l< ks¾udK fia ms<s.efka' cd;sl f;dá,a," wfma bÈß .uk" wo ,laujf.a mq;a;="
úfoaYslfhl=f.ka ,laujg kuialdrhla" ,xldj bÈßhg" YS% ,xld Woh .S; wdÈ
mµ ks¾udK ta w;r fõ' “fmr rc oji ,xldj” mµ rpkfhys isß,l ckhd .ek
uyskao ysñfhda fufia i|yka lr;s'

53

isõ iÕrdj;ska oi rc oñka ne£
iõ f,da i;g l=¨‚ka iõ biqre È§
foõ rcjreka jeks uy rcjreka /£
foõ f,da isßh fmr wm isß ,flys ,§

iqisß; ñil ÿisß; lsis ;efkl ke;
ßis jk ish¨ hisiqre ßis f,i u we;
ksis l, jeis o iia m, keÕs keÕS .;
fuish,a iefmka isß ,l f,da uqÿka m;

inji l=¨Kq fu;a uqÈ;d oyï ieu
ienúka rls;s uy ok Èú f,iska ;u
fudn ;j l=ug fidhñ o kj Wjï uu
fuu ,l ;ud tjlg tl oyï ìu
áfnÜ cd;sl weia uyskao ysñ
fmr wm isß,l foõf,djl isßh .;af;a i;r ix.%y jia;=j,ska yd oirdc O¾ufhka
rclï l<" foújreka jeks rcjreka ksid h' iYS%l;ajfhka wkQk" ksis l,g jeis
,efnk fï ,la ìu uq¿ f,dalfha u w. ;eka f.k isà' i;Hh" lreKdj" ffu;s%h
uqÈ;dj wdÈ ioyï rlsk ck;dj furg Ôj;a úh' tksid u fï mska ìu tl u oyï
Èjhskla jQ nj uyskao ysñfhda mji;s'
YS% ,xldj ms<sn| weiQ mu‚ka" tys f;dr;=re oek.;a mu‚ka foaYdkqrd.hla
ckkh jQ úfoaYSh l;=jreka o fï N+ñh ms<sn| úúO woyia m< l< wjia:d we;'
kj jk ishjfia Ndr;fha úiQ m%lg mçjrhl= jk YS% rdcfialrhka ,shQ lD;sfhys
wm rg .ek fufia i|yka fjhs'

ckYa p jdlaiqOd iq;S¾
u‚ iq;SYap frdayK#
kdkH;% isxy,oaùmdka
uqla;d iQ;SYap id.r#
^wud jeks joka we;s ckhd o ue‚la ,nd fok frdayK ckmoh o uq;= WmÈk
id.rh o hk fï ish,a, isxy,oaùmfha yereKq úg wka ;efkl oelsh fkd yels h&'
nd,rdudhKh" YS% rdcfialr
54
f,dalfha lsis ÿ ;ekl oelsh fkd yels ck fldÜGdihla fuys jdih lrk nj
lshk rdcfialrfhda rij;a jpk l;d lrk" jákd ue‚la we;s" uq;=j,ska hq;=
id.rhla ysñ W;=ï rgla f,i YS% ,xldj y÷kajd fo;s' fuh lshjk YS% ,dxlslhd
;=< ckkh jkafka uyd;audNsudkhls'
úúO wjêj, úúO cd;Ska fuys meñ‚fha wm rg ms<sn| jákdlu jgyd.;a neúks'
tf,i fuys meñ‚ úfoaYSh f,aLlhka fï mqKH N+ñh ms<sn| l< ks¾udK wm is;a
ys foaYdkqrd.h oekùug iu;a fõ'
m¾ishdkq cd;sl zú,shï khsfgdakaZ úiska 1854 § rpkd l< Forest Life in Ceylon
lD;sh ufkda m%kdkaÿ úiska ,laìu jk ießh kñka isxy, nig mßj¾;kh
flß‚' tys ,xldj ms<sn|j fufia igyka fjhs(
—,xldj wdl¾IŒh iqkaor Èjhskls' tla fi!kao¾hd;aul f,aLlhl=

igyka l< mßÈ ziq<Õska msúfikafka iqñysß iqj|lsZ' fuys we;af;a b;d u
ÿ¾,N jákd jDlaIhkaf.ka hq;a jkdka;rhls' fuu Èjhsfka wk¾>;u
ue‚l jYfhka i,lkafka Èhuka;sh hs'
—fjr< Èf.a ieris,a,la fuka yß; j¾K Ydlfhda fmfkkakg jQ y'
tajd m, nßka msÍ we;s fldflda .ia³h' Èh/<s .,amrj, fõ.fhka
yemS iqfodaiqÿ fmK úisfrhs' tys meyeh fjr< ;Srfha Èia jk Ydl iu.
ii|k l,ays mriamrj lÈug Èia fõ' jrdfhka Tíng fmfkk ffjj¾K
jia;%hkaf.ka ieriqKq ckhd taldldÍ f,i tyd fuyd ießirk whqre
wmQre h' ieneúka u th k.rhl isßhla .efka' fï ish,a,gu;a jvd by<g
tiejqKq l÷jeá wE;ska wE;g úys§ we;af;a wjêu;a f,i h' tlsfklg uqjd
fjñka ie,lsh hq;= ;rï nEjqïj ke.S isák l÷fy,a w;ßka ,dxlslhkaf.a
f.!rjhg ,la jk iufkd< .sß isri Èia fõ'˜
,laìu jk ießh" ufkda m%kdkaÿ
,xldfõ jkdka;r" uqyqÿnv mßirh" jd;h yd ckhd ms<sn|j Tyq ;=< mej;s
wdl¾IKYS,S nj fuu újrKfhka ukdj ms<sìUq fõ' wm w.h fkd lrk
fndfyda foa Tjqkaf.a we.hSug Ndckh jQ whqre lÈu h'
ls¾.Sia cd;sl Ñka.Sia whs;audf;daõ ,shQ zrdkakfha Iqrõ,sZ flá kjl;dj miqj
zThe Early CranesZ kñka bx.sßis nig mßj¾;kh úh' tu lD;sh ví,shq' ta'
wfíisxy úiska isxy, nig mßj¾;kh flß‚' tu lD;sh wdrïN jkafka YS%
,xldj ms<sn|j flfrk w;sYh ruŒh újrKhlsks'
³ fmd,a .ia úh yels h'
55
—YS% ,xldj" bka§h fjr<dikakfhys msysgd we;s ta mru ruŒh iqkaor
Èjhsk zbkalud,a wmdhsZ ish mka;sfha <uhskag W.kajñka isáfha YS% ,xldj
.ek h' f.or § f.d;k ,o o< f,dï i¿jla fmdrjdf.k isáh o .=rejßh
iS;f,a .efykakg jQjd h' uydoaùmh kue;s lsß nqre,af,ka jefgk lsß
ì÷jla f,iska YS% ,xldj is;shu u; is;a;ï j we;' <uhs ish .=rejßhg
ijka § .;a jk u isáhy' YS% ,xldfõ fkdfhla wmQre foa we;' j÷rka" w,s
we;a;=" flfi,a uq¿ f,dfjys u we;s fyd| u f;a t;kska .shd u" kkaúO
m,;=re .iaje,a tys we;s foaj,a ksula ke;af;a h' tfy;a jeo.;a u foh
kï YS% ,xldj WKqiqï rgla ùu h' fl;rï WKqiqï o lsj fyd;a uq¿
jir mqrd u lsisu Èkl iS;f,a .efykafka ke;sj Ôj;a úh yelafla h'
ysu im;a;=" ysu jeiqï" WKqiqï mdjyka" ysu lnd fï lsisjla wjYH ke;'
WKqiqu ,nkq i|yd or o wjYH jkafka ke;'
—fudk;rï mS%;su;a wmQre Ôú;hla o@ ´kEu ;ekl leu;s úÈhg weúÈkak
ilauka lrkak' ysre /iska keyefjkak' WKqiqu jeä kï fyjKlg f.dia
odyh ksjkak' YS% ,xldfõ ojd,;a /h;a tl fia WKqiqï h' uq¿ jir mqrd u
we;af;a ta w;siqkaor .sïydkh hs' YS% ,xldfõ ke;af;a fudkjd o@ Tng
is;ska is;d .; yels yeu wdYap¾hhla u tys we;af;a h' Tng tys i;=áka
úfkdaofhka Ôj;a úh yelafla h'˜
fõ,dik fldlal= weú;a" ví,shq'ta' wfíisxy
.=rejßhl jk bkalud,a wmdhs orejkg YS% ,xldj .ek mdvula lshd foñka f,dj
we;s fyd| u rgla f,i th y÷kajd fohs' f,dj ´kE u foaYhl whl=g fï N+ñh
;=< Ôj;a úh yels h' ta furg mj;sk iuYSf;daIaK foaY.=Kh ksihs' meh lsysmhla
;=< ´kE u foaY.=‚l rgdjla ,laìu ;=< oel.; yels h' tjka Wodr N+ñhls wfma
ud;D N+ñh'
wyUq f,i ,xldjg meñK jir 20la muK ,xldfõ Ôj;a j keõ ke.S wdmiq hk
w;r furg f;dr;=re weiqfrka z,xldfõ b;sydi l;dkaorhZ Historical Relations
of Ceylon kñka frdnÜ fkdlaia ,shQ lD;sh fâúâ lreKdr;ak úiska tod fy< Èj
kñka isxy,hg k.k ,È' bx.S%is cd;sl keúhl= jQ fkdlaia YS% ,xldfõ iudÔh"
wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,k f;dr;=re weiqre lr f.k fuu lD;sh ,shd we;'
YS% ,dxlslhkaf.a hy.=K" wd.u" NdIdj" /lshd wdÈh .ek fkdlaia fufia i|yka
lrhs'
³ “isxy,hd b;d úkS; h' wd.ka;=l i;aldrfhys ;;amr h' iajfoaYSkayg fuka u
lreKdfjka úfoaYSkayg;a i,lkafka h'”
³ “Tjqkaf.a nqoaOd.u b;d i;H jQ ks¾u, jQ m%{djg f.dapr jQ ;¾lhg wkql+, jQ
fYa%IaG wd.uls' ta nj uu o tfia u ms<s.ksñ'”
56
³ zisxy,hkaf.a NdIdj jQl,s jd.a Yla;sfhka wkQk jQ" th l;d lrk ck;dj
fuka u fYa%IaG jQ" iq,,s; iqLkuH" iquOqr NdIdjls' ta NdIdj l;d lsÍug
bñysß h' rij;a weu;=fuka yd ckldka; Ndjfhka mßmQ¾K h'Z
³ zf,dalfha uq,a u rlaIdj;a b;d W;=ï u rlaIdj;a f.dú;ek h' isxy,hkaf.aa
m%Odk rlaIdj o fï uq,a u W;=ï u rlaIdj hs' ;ukaf.a fl;a j;=j, jev lsÍu
fld;rï Wiia flfkl=g kuq;a kskaodjg ldrKhla fkd fõ'Z
úfoaYslhka fuf,i YS% ,dxlsl foaYh we.hSug Ndckh lrk úg YS%
,dxlslhdf.a isf;ys ckkh jkafka foaYdkqrd.hls¦ foaYdNsudkhls' fujka ks¾udK
weiqfrka ;u ud;D N+ñh ms<sn| wkqrd.hla" wNsudkhla we;s lr .ekSu muKla
m%udKj;a fkd fõ' wm hd hq;= u. o y÷kd.; hq;= h' uvj, tia' r;akdhlf.a fï
mµ ks¾udKfhka ta ms<sn|j lshefõ(

fjr ùßh we;;a ysf;a
mshlre nj we;;a jf;a
oyÈh fkdu ief,k .f;a
Tn fmd<jg nrls mqf;a
fmr úrejka Tnf. mqf;a

bÈ l< jeõ n,ka mqf;a
oEf;a iúfhkqhs mqf;a
ta uy jeõ ne÷fK mqf;a
tjka f,hska Wmka mqf;a

iqre úrelï Tng wef;a
oE Wreuh we;sj isf;a
ujqìu foi n,ka mqf;a
uvj, tia' r;akdhl
wNsudkfhka hq;=j fï ujqìu wkd.; oehg /l §u wmf.a mru hq;=luls'
57
iskaOQmudk - id.rh yd iudk
ß§ j‚ka - ß§ mdáka
isõ iÕrdj; - i;r ix.%y jia;=
ôdkh" ms%h jpkh" w¾: p¾hdj" iudkd;au;dj&
oi rc oñka - oi rdc O¾ufhka ôdkh" YS,h" mß;Hd.h" Rcq nj"
uDÿ nj" ;mi" wfl%daOh" wúysxidj" laIdka;h
s " ffu;sh
% &
l=¨‚ka - lreKdfjka
iõ biqre - ish¨ iïm;a
inji - i;H jpk
Wjï - Wmud
yß; j¾K - fld< meyeh
wkQk - wvq ke;s
iq,,s; - ,d,s;H núka hq;=
ckldka; Ndjh - ckhd weo .kakd nj
wjfndaOh
1' my; § we;s m%Yakj,g flá ms<s;=re imhkak'

¸'
foaYdkqrd.h yd foaYdNsudkh y÷kajkak'
¸¸' foaYdNsudkh ckkh lsÍug n,mdk idOl fudkjd o@
¸¸¸'
uy.u fialrf.a ks¾udKfhaa YS% ,xldj ye¢kaùug fh¥ m¾hdh mo ,shkak'
¸¹' fuu N+ñh idrj;a jQfha l=ulska o@
¹' w;S; uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a m%dKjdhqj f,i Tyq olajkafka l=ula o@
¹¸' .,k .x.djkaf.ka kef.k y`äka mejfikafka l=ula o@
¹¸¸' YS% ,xldj foõ f,djl isßh .;a nj lshefjkafka l=uk lreKq ksid o@
¹¸¸¸' ,xldj f,dj w.;eka .ekSug n,mE lreKq fudkjd o@
¸º' fjk;a ia:dkhl oelsh fkd yels foa isxy,oaùmfhys we;' nd,
rdudhKhg wkqj ta fudkjd o@
º' úfoaYSh f,aLlhkaf.a ks¾udK lSmhlska Wmqgd .;a fldgia mdvfï
wka;¾.; h' ta f,aLlhka kï lrkak'
58
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka YS¾I hgf;a mdvfï wka;¾.; lreKq f.dkq lrkak'
¸' iajNdj fi!kao¾h
¸¸' foaY.=‚l ,laIK
¸¸¸' ckhd i;= .=Kdx.
2' my; § we;s jpk i|yd .e<fmk jpk mdvfuka Wmqgd ,shkak'
¸' fk¨ï -
¸¸' reysre -
¸¸¸' W;=ï wruqK -
¸¹' ujqìu -
¹' rejka -
3' úreoaOd¾: mo ,shkak'

¸' iqisß; -
¸¸' iajdëk -
¸¸¸' ßis -
¸¹' ÿ¾,N -
¹' W;=ï -
4' my; i|yka mo fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ,shkak'
¸' jd.a Yla;sh
¸¸' mßmQ¾K
¸¸¸' wdl¾IŒh
¸¹' ffjj¾K
¹' ruŒh
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' “fï wfma Wodr jQ ud;D N+ñhhs” hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jpk 250l muK
rpkhla ,shkak'
2' foaYdNsudks yeÕSï okjk mµ mka;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'
3' foaYdNsudks yeÕSï okjk idys;H ks¾udK tl;= lr ks¾udK ix.%yhla ilia
lrkak' ^mka;sfha ish¨ isiqkaf.a odhl;ajh ,nd .kak&
59

l¾;D ldrl jdlH iy
9 l¾u ldrl jdlH
woyia m%ldYkh i|yd fhdod .kakd wre;a iys; NdIduh tall zmoZ kñka
ye|skafõ' mo lSmhla iïmQ¾K woyila m%ldY jk mßÈ ms<s.;a rgdjlg
wkqj .e<mSfuka zjdlHZ ks¾udKh fjhs' NdIdfõ yuq jk mo j¾. i;rls'
zkdu moZ" zl%shd moZ" zWmi¾.Z yd zksmd;Z hkqfjks' fï w;=frka jdlHhla
;ekSug bjy,a jkafka kdu mo" l%shd mo yd ksmd; hs' tla wjidk l%shdjlg
iïnkaO jQ mo rgdjla jdlHhla fjhs' iEu jdlHhl u zWla;hZ yd zwdLHd;hZ
hkqfjka fldgia folls' fï m%Odk fldgia fol w;r wLKav wfkHdakH
.e<mSula fyj;a iïnkaOhla mj;S' fï iïnkaOh fyj;a zWla;-wdLHd;
mo iïnkaOhZ ksjerÈ jdlHhlg wod< m<uq jk kS;sh hs' ksjerÈ jdlHhla
ks¾udKh i|yd Wla;-wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh isÿ lrk wdldr folla fï
mdvfuka Tng W.; yels h'
Wla;-wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh hkq jdlHhl Wla;h fyj;a l%shdj isÿ lrkakd

wÕjk kdu moh;a wdLHd;h fyj;a tu kdu mofhka oelafjk l¾;D úiska isÿ
lrkq ,nk l%shdj;a w;r mej;sh hq;= jHdlrKuh .e<mSu hs' jdlHhla ksjerÈj
ixúOdkh ù we;ehs ms<s.efkkafka fï .e<mSu u; h'
Wla;-wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh ì÷Kq úg jdlHfhka mejiSug wfmalaIs; w¾:h
ksrjq,aj yd meyeÈ,sj m%ldY fkd fõ' tu;= o fkdj NdIdfõ iïu; kS;sh fyj;a
jHdlrKh o ì| jefÜ' NdIdjla jHjydr l< hq;af;a ta NdIdfõ iïu; kS;sj,g
fyj;a jHdlrKhg wkql+,j h'
jdlHhl Wla;h yd wdLHd;h mqreI jYfhka o jpk jYfhka o wdLHd;h fjkqjg
lDoka; l%shdjla fhfoa kï ,sx. jYfhka o tlsfkl .e<msh hq;= h'
Wla;-wdLHd; mo .e<mSu wkqj jdlHhla ilia jk l%u folls'
jdlHhl Wla; l¾;D yd wdLHd;h ^ke; fyd;a lDoka; l%shdj& tlsfkl mqreI"
jpk yd ,sx. jYfhka .e<mSfuka ks¾udKh flfrk jdlH l¾;D ldrl jdlH
kñka ye|skafjhs'
1' <uhd fmd; lshjhs' 5' n<,d óhka urhs'

2' <uhs fmd;a lshj;s' 6' n<,a¨ óhka ur;s'
3' ñksid .i lmhs' 7' ffjoHjrhd frda.Ska iqjm;a lrhs'
4' ñksiaiq .i lm;s' 8' ffjoHjre frda.Ska iqjm;a lr;s'
fuys 1" 3" 5" 7 hk wxl hgf;a oelafjk jdlHhkays <uhd" ñksid" n<,d yd
60
ffjoHjrhd hk kdu mo ta jdlHhkays l¾;D mo hs' tkï lshjhs" lmhs" urhs"
îqjm;a& lrhs hk l%shd moj,ska mejfik l%shdj isÿ lrkakd wÕjk mo hs' ta mo
m%:u mqreI tal jpk kdu mo neúka ta yd .e<fmk mßÈ W.kS" lmhs" urhs"
îqjm;a& lrhs hk l%shd mo m%:u mqreI tal jpkfhka fhdod we;' fï ieu
jdlHhl u l¾;D moh l%shd mofhka Wla; ùu isÿ fjhs'
2" 4" 6" 8 hk wxlj,ska oelafjk jdlHhkays Wla; l¾;D nyq jpk w¾: .kS' ta
wkqj wod< jdlHhkays l%shd mo nyq jpkfhka fhdod we;s nj meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
fï ieu jdlHhl u l¾;D mohg wu;rj ;j;a kdu mohla ne.ska fjhs' tajd fï
jdlHhkays l¾u moh jifhka isà' l¾u moh wkqla;j ;eìh hq;= h'
by;ska olajk ,o ish¨ u jdlH" Wla;hg fyj;a l%shdj isÿ lrkakd wÕjk kdu
mohg wkql+,j l%shd moh fhdod we;s jdlH fõ'
fujeks jdlH l¾;D ldrl jdlH hkqfjka ye|skafjhs'
mqreI fNaoh" jpk fNaoh yd ld, fNaoh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ;j;a
kso¾Yk lsysmhlska fuh úuid n,uq(
ld,h mqreIh tal jpk nyq jpk

j¾;udk m%:u ñksid f.hla idohs' ñksiaiq f.hla ido;s'
uOHu kqU f.hla idoys' kqU,d f.hla idoyq'
W;a;u uu f.hla idoñ' wms f.hla idouq'
w;S; m%:u ñksid f.hla iEoSh' ñksiaiq f.hla iE¥y'
uOHu kqU f.hla iE§ys' kqU,d f.hlaa iE¥yq'
W;a;u uu f.hla iE§ñ' wms f.hla iE¥uq'
wkd.; ³ m%:u ñksid f.hla idohs' ñksiaiq f.hla ido;s'
uOHu kqU f.hla idoys' kqU,d f.hla idoyq'
W;a;u uu f.hla idoñ' wms f.hla idouq'
by; jels foi n,k úg" l¾;D ldrl jdlHj, my; i|yka ,laIK y÷kd .;
yels h'
³ wkd.; ld,h iòyd j¾;udk ld, l%shd rEmh u Y=oaO wdLHd;h f,i fhfoa'
61
³ l¾;D ldrl jdlHh l¾;D Wla; jk ksid tu Wla; l¾;Dg wkqj wdLHd;h
fhfoa'
WodyrK(- ujqmsfhda orejka hyu`. hj;s'

Wla;h wdLHd;h
³ l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl l¾uh wkqla; fõ'
WodyrK(- f.dúfhda .jhka n¢;s'

l¾uh
³ Wla; l¾;D wh;a jk mqreIhg wkqj wdLHd;h o ;eìh hq;= fõ'
WodyrK(- uu foaYlhdf.a woyia wjOdkhg .;af;ñ'
W;a;u mqreI tal jpk W;a;u mqreI tal jpk

ls%hd mohg wod< l¾;D

wms foaYlhdf.a woyia wjOdkhg .;af;uqq'
W;a;u mqreI nyq jpk W;a;u mqreI nyq jpk

ls%hd mohg wod< l¾;D

mo .e<mSu wkqj jdlHhla ilia lr .; yels fojk l%uhla o fjhs' fuys §
jdlHfha wjidk l%shdfjka lshfjkafka" tkï Wla; jkafka jdlHfha l¾u moh hs'
l¾;D moh wkqla; fjhs'
1' <uhd úiska fmd; lshfõ$lshfjhs$ lshjkq ,efí$lshjkq ,nhs'
2' <uhska úiska fmd;a lshfõ$lshfjhs$lshjkq ,efí$lshjkq ,nhs''
3' ñksid úiska .i lefma$lmkq ,efí$lmkq ,nhs'
4' ñksiqka úiska .i lefma$lmkq ,efí$lmkq ,nhs'
5' n<,d úiska ófhda uefr;s$urkq ,efn;s$urkq ,n;s'
6' n<¨ka úiska ófhda uefr;s$urkq ,efn;s$urkq ,n;s'
7' ffjoHjrhd úiska frda.Syq iqjm;a flfr;s$iqjm;a lrkq ,efn;s$
lrkq ,n;ss'
8' ffjoHjreka úiska frda.Syq iqjm;a flfr;s$iqjm;a lrkq ,efn;s$
lrkq ,n;s'
fï jdlHj, § isÿ ù we;af;a lsfula o@ l¾;D ldrl jdlHhlg jvd fuys §
fjkialï lsysmhla oelsh yels h'
fï jdlHj, § l¾;D wkqla; fldg ;sfí' zúiskaZ hk ksmd;h wkqla; l¾;D
rEmhg wE|d we;'
62
l¾;D ldrl jdlHfha wkqla;j ;nk ,o l¾uh fuys Wla; fldg we;'
l%shd moh Wla; l¾uhg wkqrEmj fhfoa' th l¾u ldrl l%shd rEmhla fyda
lDoka; mohlg √ ,n Od;=j fhdod ilia lr .;a;la fyda úh yels h'
mqreI fNaoh" jpk fNaoh yd ld, fNaoh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka ;j;a
kso¾Yk lsysmhlska fuh úuid n,uq(
ld,h mqreIh taljpk nyqjpk

j¾;udk m%:u uj úiska mq;d /flhs$ uj úiska mq;a;= /fl;s$
rlskq ,efí' rlskq ,efn;s'
uOHu ud úiska kqU /flys$rlskq ud úiska kqU,d /flyq$rlskq

,efnys' ,efnyq'
W;a;u Tyq úiska uu /flñ$rlskq Tyq úiska wms /fluq$

,efnñ' rlskq ,efnuq'
w;S; m%:u uj úiska mq;d /ls‚$rlskq uj úiska mq;a;= /l=Kq$rlsk

,eì‚$rlsk ,È' ,oy$rlskq ,enqKq'
uOHu ud úiska kqU /ls‚ys$rlskq ud úiska kqU,d /l=fKyq$rlskq

,enqfKys$rlsk ,oys' ,enqfKyq$rlsk ,oyq'
z W;a;u Tyq úiska uu /l=fKñ$ Tyq úiska wms /l=fKuq$rlskq

rlskq ,enqfKñ$rlsk ,Èñ' ,enqfKuq$ rlsk ,Èuq'
wkd.; m%:u uj úiska mq;d /fla$ uj úiska mq;a;=

/flkafka$rlskq ,efnkafka /fl;s$/flkafkda$
h' /flkakdyq$rlskq ,efn;s$
rlskq ,efnkafkda h'
uOHu ud úiska kqU /flys$ ud úiska kqU,d /flyq$

/flkafkys$ /flkakyq$
rlskq ,efnkafkys' rlskq ,efnyq$,efnkakyq'
W;a;u Tyq úiska uu /flñ$ Tyq úiska wms /fluq$

/flkafkñ$ /flkafkuq$rlskq ,efnuq
rlskq ,efnñ$ $rlskq ,efnkafkuq'
rlskq ,efnkafkñ'
63
l¾u ldrl jdlHhl úfYaI ,laIK lsysmhls'
³ l¾u ldrl jdlHhl l¾uh Wla; jk ksid tu Wla; l¾uhg wkqj wdLHd;h
fhÈh hq;= h'
WodyrK(- f.dúhka úiska .jfhda nef|;s'

Wla; l¾uh wdLHd;h
³ l¾;D wkqla; fõ' wkqla; l¾;D rEmhg mrj —úiska˜ ksmd;h
fhfoa'
WodyrK(-
³ Wla; jk l¾u mohg wod< wdLHd;h mqreIh yd jpkh wkqj .<md ;eìh
hq;= fõ'
³ Wla; jk l¾ufha ,sx. fNaoh m%ldY úh hq;= ;ekl § lDoka; wdLHd; Ndú; fõ
^fuh n,mdkafka m%:u mqreI taljpk Wla; l¾u mo i|yd mu‚&'
WodyrK(- úÿy,am;s;=ud úiska m%Odk YsIH kdhsldj ld¾hd,hg le|fjhs$
le|jkq ,efnkakS h'
³ Y=oaO wdLHd;hla fyda lDoka; ls%hdjla fyda l¾u ldrl jdlHhl wdLHd;h
jYfhka ;eìh yels h'
³ l¾u ldrl jdlHj, Y=oaO l¾u ldrl wdLHd; fjkqjg —,n˜ Od;=fjka idod.;a
ls%hd mo o ;eìh yels h'
³ il¾ul jdlH muKla l¾u ldrl jdlH rgdfjka ,súh yels h' wl¾ul
jdlH l¾u ldrl iajrEmfhka ,súh fkd yels h'
WodyrK(- f.dúhd l=Uqr fldghs' - il¾ul jdlH

<uhd fmd;a mdvï lrhs'
<uhd ksohs'
<uhd ìh fõ' - wl¾ul jdlH
l¾;D ldrl yd l¾u ldrl jdlH ,laIK ixikaokd;aul idrdxYhla my;

igyfkys oelafõ'
64
l¾;D ldrl jdlH l¾u ldrl jdlH
l¾;D Wla; fjhs' l¾uh Wla; fjhs'
l¾uh wkqla; fjhs' l¾;D wkqla; fjhs'
^wkqla; l¾;D yeÕùug ‘úiska’
ksmd;h fhfoa'&
Wla; l¾;Dg wkqj wdLHd;h msysghs' Wla; l¾uhg wkqj wdLHd;h fhfoa'

l¾;D ldrl jdlHhla l¾u ldrl jdlHhla njg m;a lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;=
mshjr yd ta i|yd WodyrK my; oelafõ'
zf.dúfhda .jhka n¢;aZ hk l¾;D ldrl jdlHh l¾u ldrlhg yerùu'
¸' Wla; l¾;D wkqla; lrkak(- f.dúfhda - f.dúhka
¸¸' wkqla; l¾;Dg miqj zúiskaZ ksmd;h tl;= lrkak(- f.dúhka úiska
¸¸¸' wkqla; l¾uh Wla; lrkak(- .jhka - .jfhda
¸¹' Wla; jQ l¾uhg .e<fmk mßÈ yd § we;s jdlHfha ld,hg ^w;S;-wk;S;&
.e<fmk ls%hd mohla fhdokak(- nef|;s$n¢kq ,efn;s
fï wkqj l¾u ldrl jdlHh

‘f.dúhka úiska .jfhda nef|;s$n¢kq ,efn;s’ jYfhka fõ'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk jdlH" l¾u ldrlhg yrjd ,shkak'

¸' uu ksr;=rej u fmd; m; ñ, § .ksñ'
¸¸' úksiqre;=ud iellrejka ksoyia flf<a h'
¸¸¸' WfoHda.fhka lghq;= l< f.dùyq fï lkakfha ire wiajekakla ,enQy'
¸¹' udOù ógr ishh Odjk ;r.fhka m%:u ia:dkh Èkd .;a;S h'
¹' Tjqyq kslrefKa wm fjfyiQy'
2' my; oelafjk l¾u ldrl jdlH" l¾;D ldrlhg yrjd ,shkak'
¸' i;=rka úiska wms mSvdjg m;a lrkq ,enqfKuqq'
¸¸' lïlrejd úiska ;u fiajd lghq;= iajdñhdg myod fok ,È'
¸¸¸' wOHlaI;=ud úiska úµd,hSh kj f.dvke.s,a, újD; flfrhs'
¸¹' wm úiska kqU olskq ,enqfKys'
¹' <uhska úiska Ñ;% w¢kq ,efí'
65
3' my; oelafjk fþo ,sÅ; jHjydrhg kÕkak'
¸' jkdka;r ñksiqkag iïm;la' tajdhska wmg ,efnk m%fhdack w;suy;a' ta

nj y÷kd.;a ¥ro¾YS ñksiaiq" jk iïm; wdrlaId lr .kak lghq;= lrkjd'
w¥ro¾YS ñksiaiq jk iïm; úkdY lrkjd'
¸¸' uqo,a weu;s;=ud wh-jeh l;dj bÈßm;a l<d' miq.sh wjqreoafoa wd¾Ól ixj¾Ofka
isÿ fjÉÑ wdldrh n,mq t;=ud w¨;a wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok jev ms<sfj<la y÷kak,d
ÿkakd' uka;S%jreka w¨;a fhdackd bÈßm;a l<d' úreoaO mlaI uka;S%jreka o
i;=g m< l<d' ál fofkla Tyqf.a fhdackd úfõpkh l<d'
¸¸¸' iriúhg kjl isiqka meñfKa' fcHaIaG isiqka kjlhska wdorfhka ms<s.kshs'
iriú weÿrka foaYk lghq;= wdrïN lrhs' kjl isiqka i;=áka bf.k .kshs'
Wla; wkqla; rEm
l¾;D ldrl fyda l¾u ldrl jdlH rgd ksjerÈj wkq.ukh fkd lr ,shjqKq
jdlH j¾;udk jHjydrfhys iq,n h' l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl l¾;D Wla; jk w;r
m%:ud úNla;s .kS' l%shdj$wdLHd;h fhÈh hq;af;a Wla; l¾;D wh;a jk mqreI
fNaoh" ixLHd fNaoh yd ,sx. fNaoh hk ,laIKj,g wkqrEm jk mßoafoks' l¾;D
ldrl jdlHhl Wla; l¾;D fuka u l¾u ldrl jdlHhl Wla; l¾uh o wkqla;
rEm .kajd ,shk ,o jHdlrK úfrdaë jdlH fndfyda úg oel .; yels fjhs' Bg
fya;= jkafka kdu moj, Wla; wkqla; rEm fNaoh ms<sn| ksrjoH wjfndaOh fkd
;sîu hs'
kdu moj, Wla; rEmh yd wkqla; rEm w;r w¾: jifhka fjkialï we;s nj tajd
jdlHhkays fhfok wdldrh wkqj meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h' fï w¾:uh fjkialï
we;eï úg rEmuh jifhka o oel .; yels h' tkï kdu moj, Wla; rEmh yd
wkqla; rEm jifhka rEm fNaohla m%lg jk wjia:d fjhs' —uu˜ hk Wla; rEmh
ie,l+ l, Bg wkqrEm wkqla; rEmh —ud˜ hkak hs' fiiq wkqla; úNla;s rEm jk
ug ûd¬wg& udf.a ûd¬f.a&" udf.ka ûd¬f.ka& hk rEm ie§ we;af;a ud hk
wkqla; rEmh uq,a fldg f.k nj meyeÈ,s h' ta wkqj W;a;u mqreI tal jpk
mofhys uu yd ud hkqfjka uQ,sl rEm folla we;s nj fmkajd Èh yels h'
tfy;a we;eï kdu moj, Wla; yd wkqla; jifhka rEm fNaohla ye¢k .; fkd
yels fjhs' ksoiqka jifhka n,a,d hk moh i,luq' tys Wla; rEmh fuka u
wkqla; rEmh o n,a,d hkak u h'
wdOqksl f,aLlhka fuka u m%lg hehs iïu; f,aLlhka o ish f,aLkj, § ls%hd
66
ldrl mo iïnkaOh wjq,a lr .ekSug tla fya;=jla jkafka kdu moj, Wla;
wkqla; rEm fNaoh ksjerÈj jgyd fkd .ekSu nj fmfka' my; oelafjkafka
isxy,fha kdu moj, Wla; wkqla; rEm fNaoh meyeÈ,s flfrk igykls'
Wla; rEm wkqla; rEm

tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk
W;a;u mqreI uu wms ud wm

uOHu mqreI Tn Tn Tn Tn
kqU kqU kqU [kqU$ f;dm]
[f;da] [f;ms] [;d$;S]
Thd
m%:u mqreI fya Tjqyq [Tyq] Tyq Tjqka
mqreI ,sx. Tyq W! thd,d
W! Wka
m%:u mqreI ia;S% ´ Tjqyq wE Tjqka
,sx. wE thd,d weh thd,d
ta f.d,a, ta f.d,a,
m%:u mqreI th tajd th tajd

kmqxil ,sx. tal
wkshud¾: ^-tla& <ufhla ^-tl=$-wl=&
mqreI ,sx. ñksfila <ufhl=
ñksfil=
<uhl=$ñksil=
wkshud¾: ia;S% ^-wla& ^-wl&

,sx. .eyekshla .eyekshl
wkshud¾: ^-wla& .ila ^-wla&

kmqxil ,sx. .ila
• [ ] jryka ;=< oelafjkafka merKs jHjydrh hs'

• NdIKfhys muKla fhfok rEm we< wl=rska oelafõ'
67
úfYaI jdlH Í;s
1 ' wdLHd;h iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd l¾;D mohg wu;rj ;j;a kdu mohla Wla;
lsÍu
jdlHhl wjidk l%shdfjka kdu mo folla Wla; jk wjia:d isxy, jdlH

úkHdifhys ,d yuq fjhs'
ùï w¾:j;a zjZ Od;=fjka iEÿKq wjidk l%shd mo iys; jdlHhla i,lkak'
‘Tjqyq lS%vlfhda fj;s’
‘ud¾áka úl%uisxy úYsIag f,aLlfhla fjhs'’
‘wfidal rc;=ud oeyeñ md,lfhla úh'’
fï jdlH ;=fkys Wla; l¾;D ms<sfj<ska ‘Tjqyq’" ‘ud¾áka úl%uisxy’ yd ‘wfidal
rc;=ud’ hk mo hs'
ta iuÕ u ms<sfj<ska ‘l%Svlfhda’" ‘f,aLlfhla’ yd ‘md,lfhla’ hkqfjka ;j;a
kdu mo ;=kla Wla;d¾:fhka tu jdlH ;=fkys fh§ ;sfnkq oel .; yels h'
fï kdu mo ta jdlHhkays l¾uh fkd fõ' l¾uh kï wkqla; úh hq;= h'
tfia kï fï fojk Wla;hg jdlHfhys ysñ jk ia:dkh l=ula o@
‘Tjqyq fj;s’ hkq w¾: úrys; jdlHhls' ‘Tjqyq’ tkï fï jdlHfha l¾;D ‘jkafka’
l=ula o hkak thska m%ldY fkd jk neúks' fuh w¾: iys; jdlHhla ùug kï
wdLHd;h iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' wjidk l%shdjg fmr fjk;a kdu mohla fh§fuka
wdLHd;h iïmQ¾K fõ' fufia wdLHd; mQrKh i|yd fhdok kdu moh Wla;h yd
;=,HdêlrK fjhs' tkï jpkfhka" ,sx.fhka yd úNla;sfhka Wla;h yd wkqrEm
úh hq;= h' túg tjeks jdlHhl Wla; folla we;s fõ'
fujeks jdlHhl m%Odk Wla;h jkafka;a wm%Odk Wla;h jkafka;a tl u
;eke;af;ls' ta fofok u jdlHfha ‘l¾;D’ fj;s' wjidk l%shdfjka lshfjkafka
ta fofokd u ms<sn|j jk neúka fujeks jdlHhl wdLHd;hg Wla; folla fjhs'
tfia fyhska fujeks jdlH ‘oaú;aj Wla; jdlH’ fyj;a ‘oaú;aj l¾;D jdlH’ kñka
o wdLHd;fha wvqj mqrjd iïmQ¾K lrk fyhska ‘wdLHd; mQrK’ kñka o ye|skafõ'
by; olajk ,o jdlH ;=fkys ‘l%Svlfhda’" ‘f,aLlfhla’ yd ‘md,lfhla’ hkqfjka
;j;a kdu mo ;=kla Wla;d¾:fhka fh§ we;af;a wjidk l%shdfjka m%ldY jk
w¾:h iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
68
WodyrK(- wms kS;s.rel mqrjeisfhda fjuq'
´$wE ks<shla jQjd h$fjhs'
kqU,d wkd.; kdhlfhda fjyq'
fcda¾Ê lSÜ úo.aO Ñ;% Ys,amsfhla fjhs'
fujeks jdlHhkays fojk Wla;h wkqlA; rEmfhka ;eîu jHdlrK úfrdAë fjhs'
Tjqyq lS%vlhka fj;s' ×
ud¾áka úl%uisxy úYsIag f,aLlhl= fjhs' ×
wfidal rc;=ud oeyeñ md,lhl= úh' ×
wms kS;s.rel mqrjeishka fjuq' ×
´$wE ks<shl jQjd h$fjhs' ×
kqU,d wkd.; kdhlhka fjyq' ×
fcda¾Ê lSÜ úo.aO Ñ;% Ys,amshl= fjhs' ×
³ we;eï úg ‘j’ Od;=fjka iEÿKq wdLHd;h fjkqjg jdlH wjidkh weÕùu
i|yd ‘h’ fyda ‘hss’ ksmd; fhdokq ,efí' túg o wdLHd; mQrKh fmr fia u
Wla;h yd iuj isà'
WodyrK(- wms kS;s.rel mqrjeisfhda h$hs'
Tyq f,aLlfhla h$f,aLlfhls'
kqU,d wkd.; kdhlfhda h$hs'
³ m%YakjdÖ ‘o’ ksmd;h fhda.fhys o fuu Í;sh u wkq.ukh flf¾'
WodyrK(- Tyq f,aLlfhla o@
kqU,d wkd.; kdhlfhda o@
wfYdal rc;=ud oeyeñ md,lfhla o@
³ by; jdlHj,g ‘¨’ ksmd;h fh§fuka weiQ nj oelafjk w¾:hla ^Y%e;s

iQpkd¾:& tla fjhs' tys § o by; Í;sh wkq.ukh flf¾'
WodyrK(- Tyq f,aLlfhla ¨'
kqU,d wkd.; kdhlfhda ¨'
wfYdal rc;=ud oeyeñ md,lfhla ¨'
³ we;eï úg by; jdlH wdLHd;hla rys;j o fhfoa'

WodyrK(- Tyq f,aLlfhla'
kqU,d wkd.; kdhlfhda'
wms YS% ,dxlsl mqrjeisfhda'
69
Wla;h iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd l¾;D mohg wu;rj ;j;a kdu mohla Wla;
2'
lsÍu'
Wla;h jifhka fhfok m%dKjdÖ kdu mohlg miqj ixLHd¾:j;a fyda iuQyd¾:j;a
mohla fhfok l, ixLHdj yÕjk moh yd tla jk msßia jdÖ fok$fokd hk mo
nyq jpkh .kS'
wms ish,af,da u YS% ,dxlslfhda fjuq'

isiqyq ;sfofkla úYsIag iïudk ysñ lr .;ay'
lïlrefjda mia fofkla i;shlska md,u ;kd ksu l<y'
fidre fofofkla w;awvx.=jg m;a jQy'
f.dkakq fofofkla .e, weoafoda h'
iellrefjda ish¨ fokd ksoyia lrkq ,enQy'
fujeks jdlHhkays wdLHd;fhka lshfjk l¾;D mo fol ne.ska fjhs'

‘wms ish,af,da’
‘isiqyq ;sfofkla’
‘lïlrefjda mia fofkla’
‘fidre fofofkla’
‘f.dkakq fofofkla’
‘iellrefjda ish¨ fokd’ hkqfjks'
fï l¾;D mo fol u jdlHfha Wla;h fia l%shd lrhs' m<uq moh Wla;h o fojekak
Wla; mQrK moh o jifhks' fï mo fol u Wla; rEmfhka ;eìh hq;= fjhs'
fï Í;sh Wla; mQrK fhda.h hkqfjka o ye|skafõ'
m%Yak jdÖ fhÿulska wjika jk jdlHhl fhfok l¾;D jdpl kdu moh
3'
wkqla; iajrEmh .kS'
wehs@ flfia o@ ljod o@ fudkjd o@ jeks m%Yak jdÖ fhÿï yd nef|k kdu mo
wkqla; rEmfhka isà'
WodyrK(- ñksiqka wjxl fkdjkafka wehs@

olaI lS%äldjl jkafka flfia o@
wm iduh <`.d lr .kafka ljod o@
ix.ufha idudðlhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka fudkjd o@

70
4' we;" ke;" yels" hq;=" uekú" fhfyls" jà hk mohlska wjika jk jdlHhkays
l¾;D jdpl kdu moh wkqla; iajrEmh .kS'
WodyrK(- .=rejreka l,a we;sj mdi,g meñfKkq we;'

isiqka mka;shg meñK ke;'
wm iu.soï /lsh hq;= h'
mhska hkakka mdf¾ ol=Kq miska hd hq;= h'
ish¨ ñksiqka i;H.rel úh hq;= h'
ud uyKoï msßh hq;= h'
mhska hkakka mdf¾ ol=Kq miska hEu uekú'
ish¨ ñksiqka i;H.rel ùu uekú'
wm fï .eg¨j ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu i|yd wêlrKh yuqjg hEu
uekú'
wm .s,kqkag Wjgeka lrkq jà'
Tjqka th jgyd .ekSu fhfyls'
we;" ke;" yels" hq;= hk rEm jrkeÕS jdlHhl fhfok l, Bg iïnkaO jk
5'
l¾;D Wla; iajrEmh .kS'
WodyrK(- uu th lshjd we;af;ñ'

wms iu.soï /lsh hq;af;uq'
mhska hkafkda mdf¾ ol=Kq miska hd hq;a;dy'
ish¨ ñksiaiq i;H.rel úh hq;af;da h'
uu uyKoï msßh hq;af;ñ'
f;ms i;H.rel úh hq;a;yq'
6' f;fï" f;dfuda" ;=uQq mo Ndú;h
f;fï" f;dfuda" ;=uQ m%dKjdÖ i¾j kdu Wla; rEm fõ'

‘f;fï’ hkak mqreI ,sx. tal jpk hs'
‘f;dfuda’ hkak ia;S% ,sx. taljpk hs'
f;fï" f;dfuda hk foflys nyq jpkh ‘;=uQ’ fõ' ‘f;fï’ hkak ‘f;u’ f,i o
Ndú; fõ'
fï mo Wla;h jifhka fhfok l, jdlH .e<mSu fufia isÿ fõ'
WodyrK (- ta f;u$f;fï .ug .sfha h'
´ f;dfuda .ug .shd h'
Tjqyq ;=uQ .ug .shy'
71
f;fï$f;dfuda hk mo" md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj,ska .kakd ,o wm%dKjdÖ w¾:
we;;a md,s yd ixialD; NdIdjkays ia;%S jdÖ fyda mqreI jdÖ fia ie,flk kdu yd
ixfhda.j Wla; jk wjia:d o oel .; yels fõ' tys § m%dKjdÖ w¾:hla m< l<;a
ls%hd moh tal jpkfhka u ;eîu iïu; Í;sh fõ'
WodyrK(- iQ¾h f;u$f;fï pKav rYañh m;=rejkakg úh'
iNd f;dfuda i;=áka úisr .shd h'
k§ f;dfuda fifuka .,d niskakS h'
fï mo iNdj" kÈh wE úiska isxy, Í;sh wkqj wm%dKjdÖ fia jrkÕd fh§fï § o
we;euqka fï mo ia;%S ,sx. fia i,ld ‘iNdj ;SrKh l<d h’" ‘kÈh .,d niakS h’
wdÈ jYfhka wdLHd;h ia;%S jdÖ f,i ;nkq olakg ,efí' tys § wm%dKjdÖ mohla
Wla;h jYfhka fhfok l, wkq.ukh lrk isxy, Í;sh wkqj jdlH ks¾udKh
uekú'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka jdlH ifodia kï Bg fya;= olajd ksfodia lr ,shkak'
¸' foi ni /l .ekSug wms ksn|j ;e;a l< hq;= h'

¸¸' ish¨ foaYmd,k{fhda wd;aud¾:ldó mqoa.,hka fkd fõ'
¸¸¸' orefjda foudmshkag lSlre ùu uekú'
¸¹' .=rejre óg mlaIj oelajQ woyia ljf¾ o@
¹' ´ f;dfuda wdorfhka ujqmshka /l n,d .;af;a h'
¹¸' Tjqka ksoyi m;d igka l< hq;af;da h'
2' ksjerÈ jdlHhla ùu i|yd iqÿiq moh jryka ;=<ska f;dard ,shkak'
¸' ish¨ ch.%dylfhda merl=ï úµd,fha ^YsIHhka$YsIHfhda& jQy'

¸¸' ksjerÈ úhrK Í;s ^wms$wm& wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'
¸¸¸' fkd miqng W;aidyfhka lghq;= l< ´ f;dfuda fujr úNd.fhka iu;a
^jQjd h$úh&'
¸¹' ish¨ ^ßheÿrka$ßheÿfrda& ud¾. kS;s wkq.ukh l< hq;af;da h'
¹' fmdÿ m%Yak úi£u i|yd ^k.rjdiSyq$k.rjdiSka& bÈßm;a ùu uekú'
72
10 mqj;am;a úfYaIdx. ,sms
mqj;am;l m< jk úúO ,sms w;ßka úfYaIdx. ,smsj,g jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ
fjhs' tÈfkod isÿùï iïnkaO jd¾;d o fjk;a jd¾;d o ksfõok iy
oekaùï o l;=jelsh" ldgQka Ñ;% yd iïuqL idlÉPd o úfYaI Ydia;%Sh ,sms o
yereKq úg fmdÿ mdGlhdf.a Wkkaÿj o,ajk w.hlska hq;= mqj;am;a ,sms"
úfYaIdx. ,sms .Kfhys ,d ie,flhs' úfYaIdx. ,smshla ks¾udKd;aul
.=Kfhka o hqla; ùu wfmalaId flf¾' fï mdvu tjeks úfYaIdx. ,smshla
ks¾udKh lsÍfï l=i,;dj j¾Okh lsÍfï wruq‚ka iïmdokh jQjls'
úfYaIdx. ,smshla m%jD;a;shla fyda jd¾;djla fuka u iudc jeo.;alulska hqla;

fjk;a uQ,dY%hhla o mokï fldg .ksñka iïmdokh l< yels h' tys m%Odk
,laIKh úh hq;af;a mdGlhd lshùug m%sh lrk ud;Dldjla fkd j mdGlhdg
jeo.;a jk ud;Dldjla w<,d iïmdokh úh hq;= ùu hs'
uyck iqnisoaêh i|yd jk udOH wdpdrO¾u wdrlaId lrñka uQ,dY%hhg wod< ieu
me;slvla u wdjrKh jk mßÈ isÿ flfrk ks¾udKd;aul ú.%yhlska hqla; ùu
fuka u wka;¾.;h iunr ùu o tys ,d w;HjYH fõ' ta ish,a, iuÕska jeo.;a
jkafka rpkfha ks¾udKd;aul .=Kh hs' tkï bÈßm;a lrk lreKq wmQ¾j;ajhlska
hq;=j f.k yer mEfï l=i,;dj hs'
úfYaIdx. ,smshla tys wka;¾.; lreKq iïnkaO ieu md¾Yajhla u wdjrKh
lrñka iïmdokh lrk ,oaola úh hq;= h' f;dr;=re" lreKq yd o;a; wdÈh mokï
lr .ksñka mdGlhdg kj oekqu ,nd fok wdldrfhka iïmdokh úh hq;= h' ta
i|yd rplhd wod< lreK .fõIKfhys ksr; úh hq;= h'
úfYaIdx. ,smshla rplhdf.a fm!oa.,sl woyia yd u;jdo m%ldY fkd flfrkakla
fuka u f,aLlhd ish is;eÕs wkqj iïmdokh lrk rpkhla úh hq;= h'
m%ia;=;h iïnkaO iudc ixjdohlg ;=`vq fokakla ùu fuka u mdGlhdf.a oekqu
wjÈ lsÍula o tuÕska isÿ úh hq;= h' úfYaIdx. ,smshla hkq rij;a l;dka;rhla
fkd fõ' uq,a m%jD;a;sh okakd mdGlhdg ta iïnkaO m%ldY" ixLHd" o;a; wdÈh
ud¾.fhka yd úúO fldaK Tiafia .eUqre wjfndaOhla tuÕska ,nd .; yels ùu
wfmalaId flf¾'
my; § we;s m%jD;a;s jd¾;dj lshjkak'
73
bxðfkarejkag wmyiq jevla
f.dúhl=f.ka bgqq fõ
uyje,s wêldßh úiska c,h iemhsh fkdyels he hs w;ayer oud ;snqKq wlalr 100l
muK ìula tla;rd f.dú uy;l=f.a jEhu ksid idrj;a l=Uqre hdhla njg m;a ù we;s
ieá nrjdl=Uqfla wfífialr .fuka jd¾;d fõ'
fï bvu f.dú ck;dj w;r fnod § wjqreÿ 20la muK .; jqj o" we< msysáfha
bvïj,g my<ska ksid j;=r ,nd .ekSug wmyiq úh' ta bvïj,g c,h iemhSu l<
fkdyels fohla nj jdßud¾. bxðfkarefjda mejiQy' fï ksid l=Uqre i|yd rch ,nd ÿka
bvï fyaka hdhla njg m;a úh'
fï w;r ví,shq' ishfodaßia kue;s 50 yeúßÈ f.dú uyf;la ;udf.a jqjukdfjka ;ksj
u l=vd jejlska we<la lmd fï bvïj,g j;=r iemhQfõ h' fyaka hdh idrj;a l=Uqre
hdhla njg m;a úh'
miq.sh lkakfha yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalfha jd¾;d.; ù wiajekakla fï l=Uqre hdfhka
,eî ;sfí'
my;ska m< jkafka tu m%jD;a;sh mokï fldg .;a ks¾udKd;aul újrKhls(
nrjdl=Uqfla ishfodaßia jHdmdrh

.sks ldIagl wõjæ
oEig uyd .skshula oeksK'
.sks ln,la u; fomd r|jd isák wdldrhla Tyqg oeksK' Tyq .uk blauka
lf<a h' Tyqf.a lrg ke`. ie;mqï .Kka .uka lrk Woe,a, Tyqg wo nrls'
flKavd o ßfoa' l=,S jevla fidhd f.k hk fï .uk Èkm;d l< fkdyels
h' Tyqf.a is;g flaka;shla o fYdalhla o ke.sK' yeä oeä isrerla ;snqK o"
iú Yla;sh fkd wvq jqj o ;du;a Tyq ÿmam;alug mrdo h'
Tyqf.a ku ishfodaßia h' Wmka .u ylauk" fõm;br h' .fï bvïj,ska
y;frka ;=kla u Wreu jQfha .fï mkai,g iy ;j;a mjq,a follg h' b;sß
y;frka mx.=fõ y;a wg iShla mjq,a Ôj;a jQy' ishfodaßiaf.a mshdg wh;a jQfha
wlalr ld,lg;a jvd wvq bvï lene,a,ls' mjqf,a wg fofkls' Tjqka w;r
fn§ hEug ;rï ta bvu f,dl= fkd ù h'
ishfodaßia ud;r mej;s bvï lÉfÉßhlg .sfha ta ksid h' Tyqg pkaøsld jej
fhdackd l%uh hgf;a nrjdl=Uql wfífialr .fuka wlalr ;=kl l=Uqre o"
wlalr foll f.dv bvï o ,eìK'
ishfodaßia bvï ,enqKq mqj; .ug lSfõ byjyd .sh i;=áks'

—wlalr ldf,ka ld,la j;a ke;s ñksfyl=g wlalr myla'æ˜ fuh bjiqï
fkd fok i;=gls' Tyqf.a lsis u kEoEhl=g fï ;rï úYd, bvula ke;'
74
74
yÜá uqÜá" meÿre fldÜg wdÈ ,Üg f,dÜg f,dßhl mgjd f.k Tyq
wfífialr .u mÈxÑhg wdfõ h'
w¨;a bvïj, jQfha lgq wl=,a h' ,÷ le,E h' ta bvïj, weúÈk úg
Tyqf.a mhg .skshula oekqfKa ke;' uy fmdf<dj uy;a i;=áka m;=,a
isôkjd fuka oeksK'
—r;a;rka fmdf<dj'æ˜
Tyq mia álla w;g f.k ish ìßhg fmkajñka lS h'
tfy;a miqj Tyq ta fmdf<dj ye¢kajQfha zhlv fmdf<djZ lshd h' lmd
we;s we<j,a ta fmdf<djg j;=r fkd §u Bg fya;=j úh'
ishfodaßia iu`. w¨;a bvïj,g wd mjq,a ;sia myg u j;=r ,efnk u`.la
fkd ù h' fï ksid Tjqkag ish bvïj, j.d lsÍu wmyiq úh'
ishfodaßia we;=¿ msßi j;=r b,a,d rcfha ld¾hd,j,g hejQ fm;aiïj,ska
m,la fkd úK' we< .sfha bvïj,g my<sks'
—lrkak fohla keye' uq,ska u fjÉp je/oaola fïl"˜ ks,OdÍyq lSy'
ishfodaßia iu`. wfkla f.dùyq jeis ld,hg ish bvïj, uqx weg jmq<y¦
rg lcq isgjQy' tmu‚'
j;=r ,efnk bvïj, l=,Sldrhka njg ishfodaßia,d m;a jQy'
—wms b;ska .fï .; lrmq Ôúf;a ;uhs ;du;a f.jkafk"˜ ìßh Tyqg
ks;r lSjd h' wef.a lkmskaou Tyqg jOhla úh'
—wms fïj w;yer, fldfya yß huq"˜ wE fhdackd l<d h' u| fõ,djla
ksy`v j isàfuka miq"
—fïjd r;a;rka bvï"˜ hs ishfodaßia lSfõ h'
—r;a;rka yex.s,d' .,a fndr¨ u;= fj,d''' wmg ´jdhska jevla keye"˜
wE ms<s;=re ÿkakd h'
—bvïj,g j;=r wdfjd;a yex.sÉp r;a;rka u;= fõú"˜ ishfodaßia lS h'
Tyqf.a mq;a;= ;sfokd iy ÿj .sfha wfífialr .u mdi,g h' wïud;a"
;d;a;d;a l=,S jevg .sh Èkj, ÿjg f.or k;r ùug isÿ fõ' mq;=ka
bf.kSug olaI jqj o Tjqkaf.a mdi,a .uk läka lv leäK'
j;=r b,a,d rcfha f,dl= ;ekaj,g ,shQ fm;aiï ;emE,g oeóug .sh
úhoïj, jákdlu ishfodaßia udihla u l=,S jev fldg ,nd .;a uqo,g
iudk úh'
—ux ;j;a kï fm;aiï ,shkafka keye"˜ hs Tyq lS h'
ta mqr mif<diajl fmdah ojils'
ishfodaßia wfífialr.u mdi, wi,ska jegqKq mdr Èf.a f.dia frdg
jefõ bjqrg ke`.=fKa h'
Tyqg Tyqf.a bvu msysá biõj t;ekg fmksK' Tyq ta foi n,ñka
iqiqula fy¿fõ h' ta iu. u Tyqg fmkqfKa frdg jefõ msgjdk h'
75
yeuod u frdg jefõ msgjdfkka úYd, j;=r m%udKhla msg;g .,d f.dia
uy we<g jefÜ'
frdg jej hgf;a we;s l=Uqrej, f.dùkag folkak mqrd u n;a lkakg
,efí'
zf,dl= j;=r l|la msg ù hkj' ta;a wfma bvïj,g j;=r ìxÿjla keye"Z hs
is;+ Tyq bjqr Èf.a my<g nei ish bvï lÜá we;s Èidjg h<s oEi heù h'
zfmdah ksid wo l=,S jev;a keye'Z
Tyq Woe,a, w;g .;af;a h' Woe,a, Tyqf.a wf;a u h' th YÍrfha u
fldgila fuks'
isf;a flgQ úÿ,shla fuka Tyqg laI‚l woyila my< úh' Tyq jej
foi;a" ish bvu foi;a ne,S h'
zye;emau ndf.lg jeäh ÿr keye'Z
Woe,af,ka fmdf<dfõ zu`.Z ,l=Kq lrñka Tyq ish bvu foig .uka
lf<a h¦ ;ek ;ek lemqfõ h¦ ,l=Kq lf<a h' bvïj,g <x jk úg meh
folla muK f.ú‚' Tyq wdmiq jej foi ne,S h'
—ug jrÈkak neye' ug ´k úÈhg ;uhs fmdf<dj msysg, ;sfhkafk'
wdmq mdr fyd|hs"˜ Tyq ish ìßhg lSfõ h'
—fudlla@ T¿j krla fõf.k tkj jf.a'˜ wehg lsheú‚'
—T¿j krla fõú ;j álla l,la fufyu ysáfhd;a'˜
—Th úêhg j;=r .kak mq¿jka kï fuÉpr l,a fuydg wdmq bxðfkare
uy;ajrekag wehs ´l fmkqfK ke;af;@˜ ishfodaßia iskd iqfKa h'
—wfma bvï uy we<g Wäka ksid f,dlaflda ´l w; wer, oeïu' j;=r
,efnk u`.la yod fokak Wkakefya,g ´k keye' ´klu ;sfhkafk
wmg' wms tal lrkak ´k'˜
—b;sx oeka fudlla o lrkak hkafk@˜
—we<la lmkjd'˜
—;kshu@˜
—keye' fufya bkak ldg;a l;d lrkjd'˜
—taú o@˜
—taú'˜
tod rd;S%s i|mdfka Tyq ish wi,ajeishka iu`. fï .ek l;d lf<a h'
—m,hka ishfodaßia msiaiq l;d fkd lr' WU u fka fm;aiï .y, j;=r
.kak yeÿfj' oeka WU we<la lmkak hkj"˜ Tjqyq lSy'
—fm;aiï .y, neß ;ek ;uhs uu fufyu fohla .ek ys;=fj' ux we<
mdr ,l=Kq l<d' WU,;a ug tl;= fjh,a,'˜
76
76
—´lg .; lrkak wmg fj,djla keye' fyg wmg jeáh hdfh jev
;sfhkj'˜
—l=,S jevj,ska ksoyia fj,d wfma u l=Uqrl jev lrkakhs ug ´k'˜
—j;=r ,enqKq ldf,l wms;a tfyu lrkjd'˜
ishfodaßia miq od WoEik Woe,a, f.k wr ,l=Kq l< ud¾.fha fldgila
.eUqrg lemqfõ h' ijia jk úg Tyq hdr ;=kaiShla muK ÿrg w`.,a yhla
muK .eUqrg we< lemqfõ h'
l=,S jev fldg iji f.or tk ñksiqkag ;kshu we< lmk ishfodaßia
fmksK'
—f.dka n¢k lKqjlaæ˜ hs lshñka Tjqyq iskd iqKy'
ishfodaßiaf.a ìßh i¾m úI ffjoH wfífialr uy;df.a ksfjfia jev
lsÍug .shd h' wehg yd,a iy ;=kmy álla ta ksfjiska ,eìK'
miq od o ishfodaßia we< lemSug .sfha h' ìßhg fjo ksjfia jev ;=nqKq
fyhska ta i;sfha u Tyqqg we< lemSug yels úh'
i;shlg miq we< ne,Sug wd wi,ajeisfhla"
—Th we< Èf.a j;=r taú h@˜ weiS h'
ishfodaßia ms<s;=re ÿkafka ke;'
—wfma bvïj,g kï Th j;=r f.kshkak neye' wr yßfhka Wihs"˜ ;j;a
wi,ajeisfhla lS h'
ishfodaßia we< u`. ,l=Kq flf<a Wia ;eka u`.yßñks' fojk i;sfha ta
bvïj,g wr l=vd we< iïnkaO úh' frdg jej ish bvïj,g iïnkaO ù
we;s ieá tod iji l=,S jevg f.dia meñ‚ wi,ajeishkg fmkssK'
—fyg Wfoa jej <`. b;sß ál;a lmkjd' t;fldg we<g j;=r tkjd'
WU,d tal n,kak jfr,a,d'˜
ishfodaßia lSfõ wdvïnrfhks'
Tyq f.a isrer wvlska muK flÜgq ù we;s ieá Tjqkag fmksK'
miq od WoEik Tjqyq jej <`.g meñ‚hy' we<;a" jej;a w;r mi bj;a
lsÍu;a iu`. we<g jeõ j;=r wdfõ h' u`. k;r fjñka" fyñka fyñka
ta bvïj,g j;=r .e¨fõ h'
ñksiaiq m%S;sfhka lE.eiQy'
—ishfodaßia whshd Èkqjdæ˜ tla l=,Sldrfhla lS h'
—keye' wms Tlafldu Èkqjd"˜ ishfodaßia whshd lS h'
ñksiaiq lE.eiQy'
tod mjq,a ;sia mfya u wh Wo¨ f.k we< .eUqrg m<,g lemSu we/UQy'
;j;a foi;shlg miq bvï j.d lsÍug iEfyk ;rug j;=r m%udKhla
,nd .; yels úh'
77
fï wdrxÑh weiQ ckmo ks,Odß .dñŒ Ô' mqxÑfyajd uy;d wfífialr
.ug meñ‚fha h'
rcfha bvïj, wkjirfhka we<la lemSu ksid ishfodaßiag ysr f.org
hkakg isÿ jkq we;shs iuyre lSy'
tfy;a mqxÑfyajd uy;d ishfodaßiaf.a w; isU Tyqg ish m%Yxidj m<
lf<a h'
—rka mjqï fokak ják jevla fïlæ˜ Tyq lSfõ h'
B<`. lkafka uq¿ m<df;ka u jeä wiajekakla ,enqfKa ta bvïj,sks'
fuh zishfodaßia jHdmdrhZ kñka m%lg úh' wo mjq,a ye;a;Ejlg jeä
m%udKhla fï we< ksid Ôj;a fj;s'
ishfodaßia oeka uy¨ h' Tyqg Woe,a, we,a,sh fkdyels h' tfy;a Tyqg
w. ys`.hla ke;' Tyqf.a l=Uqfrka ,efnk wiajekakg wu;r .fï f.dú
;reKfhda o Tyqg ù iy,a imh;s'
—f,dalfha Tng we;s ñysß u y`v l=ula oe@˜hs weiQ úg Tyq fufia ms<s;=re
fohs(
—wr wef<a j;=r nisk y`v'˜
mqj;am;a úfYaIdx. rpkh" fok.u isßj¾Ok
mqj;am;aj, úúOdldr jQ úfYaIdx. ,sms olakg ,efí'

mqoa., pß; jgd f.;=Kq úfYaIdx. ,sms
WodyrK(- zwm%sldkq isxyhd f,dfjka iuq.kSZ
fk,aika uekafv,df.a <ud ld,h" ;u cd;Skaf.a ksoyi m;d igka lsÍu" isr.;j
f.jQ Ôú;h" ysfrka ksoyiaj meñK ol=Kq wm%sldj ksoyia foaYhla lsÍu" Tyqf.a
pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y wdÈ f;dr;=re tys wka;¾.; fõ'
pdßld weiqfrka ,shefjk úfYaIdx. ,sms

WodyrK(- zfk;a is;a weo ne| .kakd fmardfo‚h rdclSh WoHdkhZ
fmardfo‚h WoaNso WoHdkfha wdrïNh" msysàu" tys we;s Ydl j¾." tys jákdlu
yd tys iqkaor;ajh'
hï ks¾udK weiqfrka ,shejqKq úfYaIdx. ,sms
WodyrK(- z<ud f,dfõ iodld,sl ñ;=rd - wU hy¿fjdaZ

à'î' b,x.r;ak uy;df.a zwU hy¿fjdaZ <ud kjl;dj yd tys wka;¾.;fhka <ud
f,djg fok m‚úvh'
78
78

úoHd;aul f;dr;=re weiqßka ,shefjk úfYaIdx. ,sms
WodyrK(- zfvx.= uÿre ì;a;r md,khg biaf.ähkaf.a odhl;ajhZ
fvx.= uÿre jix.;h ÿre lsÍfï wiSre;dj yd ta i|yd uÿre ì;a;r md,khg
biaf.ähka fhdod .ekSfuka l< wOHhkhla weiqfrka ,shejqKq úfYaIdx. ,smshla'
úpdr úfYaIdx. ,sms
WodyrK (- zyeu w;aoelSula u ks¾udK rplhl=g jeo.;aZ

ks¾udKd;aul lD;shla ms<sn|j úpdrd;aulj ,shefjk úfYaIdx.'

orejkaf.a l=;+y,h okjk úfYaIdx. ,sms
WodyrK(- zl=yqUq f,dfõ ri f;dr;=reZ

l=yqUqjka" Tjqkaf.a p¾hdjka yd Ôjk rgdj wdÈ f;dr;=re wka;¾.; jk
úfYaIdx.hla'
fujeks úúO úfYaIdx. ,sms fldf;l=;a mqj;am;aj, olakg ,efí'
úfYAIdx. ,sms rpkfha § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq'

² úfYaIdx. ,smshla ,sùfï § yeug th tl fia f;areï .ekSug yels jk mßÈ
NdIdj b;d ir,j fhdod .; hq;= h'
² ´kE u lgql mqj;la rij;a f,i bÈßm;a úh hq;= h'
² wdrïNh wdl¾IKYS,S úh hq;=jdla fuka u uq¿ wre; leá lr olajk
wjidkhla o ;sìh hq;= h'
² f,aLkh jvd;a yDohx.u j bÈßm;a l< hq;= w;r isoaêfha yeu me;a;la u
újrKh ù ;sìh hq;= h'
² wkjYH je,a jgdrï we;=<;a fkd lr ixlaIsma; j wod< lreKq muKla
f;dard f.k mdGlhd .%yKh jk f,i;a l=;+y,h okjk f,i;a ,súh hq;= h'
² m%ia;dr" wfOda ,sms" ixLHd f,aLk wdÈh Bg we;=<;a fkd l< hq;= w;r fm!oa.,sl
pß;hlg fyda wd.ulg fyda cd;shlg fyda wmydihla isÿ fkd jk f,i ,súh
hq;= h' iodpdrd;aul nj iq/lsh hq;= h'
² yeu úg u i;H lreKq muKla u Bg we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
² wêlrKfha kvq úNd.hla meje;afjk lreKla ms<sn|j ,sùfï § Bg hï
n,mEula isÿ fkd jk f,i ,súh hq;= h'
² YS¾I mdGh is;a .kakdiq¨ f,i fhdod .; hq;= h'
79
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; § we;s m%jD;a;s weiqßka úfYaIdx. ,sms ilikak'
¸'
f;,a ldkaÿfjka ihqrg ydks
miq.shod mdkÿr wjg uqyqfoa kex.=rï ,d ;snQ fk!ldjla uqyqÿn;a ùu;a iu.
tys ;snQ f;,a úYd, m%udKhla wjg id.rhg uqiq úh' yeu jirlg u fuf,i
f;,a .e¨ï ñ,shk 706la muK id.rhg tl;= fõ'
idudkH fm< Wiia f,i iu;a jkakg

¸¸'
oE;a wysñ YsIHdjla iu;a fjhs'
oE;a wysñ jqj o" ol=Kq mdofhka w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.hg
ms<s;=re ,shd úYsIag iïudk 6la iys;j iu;a jkakg úÿch
úoHd,fha chks nKavdr YsIHdj iu;a jQjd h'
Wm;ska u oE;a wysñ weh ;u ish¨ lghq;= ;ud úiska u lr
.ekSug mqxÑ wjêfha isg u mqreÿj isáhd h' weh wOHdmk
lghq;= fuka u úIh ndysr lghq;= o uekúka bgq l< nj weh
W.;a mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud mjihs'
2. jvd;a Tn is;a .;a isÿùula weiqre lrf.k úfYaIdx. ,smshla ilikak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' ñysr" úch" úÿir jeks <ud mqj;am;a yd i;s wka; mqj;am;aj,ska úúO úfYaIdx.
,sms tl;= lrkak' f.dkqjla ilikak' fuh mka;sfha ls%hdldrlula f,i
ls%hd;aul lrkak'
80
80
merKs Ôjfkdamdh l%u yd
11 ne÷Kq isß;a úß;aa
isß;a úß;a weoys,s úYajdi hkq" rgl ixialD;sh ms<sìUq flfrk tla
me;slvls' ñksiqkaf.a Ôjfkdamdh ud¾. uq,a lr .ksñka o úúO isß;a úß;a"
weoys,s wdÈh ks¾udKh ù we;' tajd wOHhkh lsÍfuka tlS ixialD;sh
ms<sn|j oek .ekSug;a iyÔjkh iy cd;sldNsudkh f.dvk.d .ekSug;a
yels fjhs'
ù f.dú;ek
foaYhl iNH;ajh flfrys n,mdk idOl w;ßka tlla kï w¾: l%uh hs' YS%
,xldfõ iNH;ajh f.dv keÕ=fKa lDIsl¾udka;h m%Odk jYfhka ù f.dú;ek
uq,a fldg .ksñks' ,xldfõ lDIsl¾udka;h §¾> b;sydihlg ysñlï lshkakls'
ukqIHhdg fhda.H Ôjk l%uhla .ek" i|yka jk fn!oaO b.ekaùïj, ziïud
lïuka;Z hkqfjka oelafjkqfha ukqIHhdg fuka u i;a;aj m%cdjg;a ydkslr
fkdjq j o Ñria:dhS fuka u Od¾ñl o jQ jD;a;s ms<sn|j h' f.dú;ek o fn!oaO
b.ekaùu wkqj iïud lïuka;hla fyj;a hym;a Ôjfkdamdhls' ù f.dú;ek
Èjhsfka m%Odk lDIsld¾ñl j.dj úh' lafIa;%fha j.dj werô Èk isg wiajkq fk<d
.kakd f;la wkq.ukh flfrk iEu mshjrla u buy;a j.lSulska iy Nla;shlska
hq;=j bgq lsÍu isxy, f.dú;efka ie,lsh hq;= wx.hls' ù f.dú;ek yd ne÷Kq mqo
mQcd iy isß;a úß;a rdYshls'
f.dú;ek iu. w;Hka;fhka u ne÷Kq wfkla uyd¾> ks¾udKh kï jej hs' fï
Èjhsfka iajdëk iNH;ajhl uq,a ìcqjg issgqjk ,oafoa Èjhsfka ckdjdi lsÍug uq,a
jQ fia ie,flk úch rcq úiska fkd j m<uq jej lrjQ mKavqldNh rcq úiska h
hkqfjka ud¾áka úl%uisxy mjid we;' Èjhsfka YsIagdpdrfha wkkH;d ,laIK
jkafka jdms ixialD;shlska msgqn, ,enqKla ùu hs' jejlska f.dú;ek i|yd m<uq
jrg c,h ksl=;a lsÍu zÈhjr ux.,HhZ f,i ye¢kaú‚' Èhjr ux.,Hh hkq jElkao
u; lsß W;=rjd jeõ c,hg je| iqn kel;ska f.dúìï fj; c,h ksl=;a lsÍu hs'
f.dú ìu isxy,fhys zfl;Z hkqfjka nyq, j ye¢kafjhs' zl=UqrZ" zfj,Z" z,shoaoZ"
zWnrZ" zfldUrZ" zbiairZ" zj.d biairZ" zj.d mx.=jZ hkqfjka o úúO m<d;aj, §
fl; y÷kajkq ,efí'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= m%Odk jYfhka u mjqf,a idudðlhkaf.aa iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿ
flß‚' m%Odk mjq,a i;= jQ odi kñka
y÷kajk ,o .Dy fiajl fiaúldfjda o ta
81
i|yd fhdod .kakd ,oy' wdrdu i;= fl;aj, lghq;= i|yd zfjfy¾ oiqkaZ hkqfjka
y÷kajk ,o úydr ika;l odihka fhdojk ,o nj fmfka' we;eï úg idudkH
mjq,l f.dú;eka lghq;= i|yd jqj l=,S Y%ñlhka o fhdojd .;a njg idOl
yuq fjhs' uE;la jk ;=reu .%dóh m%foaYhkays lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= Y%u yqjudrej
u.ska" tkï( zw;a;ï l%uhZ u.ska lghq;= imqrd .ekSu isÿ úh' th isxy,hdf.a
wfkHdakH iyfhda.s;dj fmkakqï lrkakls' ù f.dú;eka ixialD;sh u f.dv ke.S
we;af;a" mrd¾:ldñ;ajh mokï lr .ksñks' fï nj fmkakqï lrk ;j;a Y%u
yqjudre wjia:djla f,i zlhshZ hkqfjka ye¢kafjk wjia:dj ie,lsh yels h'
fuh zf.dhï fk<SuZ fyj;a f.dhï lmk wjia:dfõ § isÿ fõ' fï i|yd msßig
wdrdOkd lrkafka nq,;a w;la /f.k yjia hdufha .fï f.j,aj,g f.dvfjk
f.dúhd úiska zfyg uf.a l=Uqfr f.dhï lefmkjdZ hkqfjka mjid nq,;a w;
msßkeófuks' nq,;a fld< .;a wh lhshg iyNd.s fj;s' meñfKk msßig wdydr"
tkï zweUq,Z ms<sfh, lsÍu f.ú,sh i;= ld¾hhla úh' zlhsn;" uq;af;Ügqj" jEouZ
hkqfjka o lhsh od msßkuk wdydrh y÷kajkq ,efnhs'
zlu;Z ke; fyd;a zl,úgZ .eñhka
wiSñ; Nla;shlska ie,l+ ia:dkhls' Tjqka
luf;a § Ndú; lf<a tÈfkod Ndú; lrk
nia jyr fkd fõ' tys § WmlrK iy
i;=ka fj; mjd f.!rjiïmkak njla
wdfrdamKh lr we;s nj oelsh yels h'
Woe,a, zWo¨ f.dhshdZ f,i ye¢kafjk
w;r ó yrlaa zwïnrejkaZ f,i ye¢kafj;s'
lmd oeuQ l=vd f.dhï leá zWmamsäZ h'
f.dhï leá tl;= jQ úg zf.dhï ñáhZls'
zudma msvlsZ f.dhï" ñá f.dv .eiQ úg f.dhï fk<Su
zf.dhï fld<hlaZ f,i ye¢kafjhs'
m<sfndaOlhkaf.ka j.dj wdrlaId lr
.ekSu i|yd mßir ys;ldó yd i;=kag
úkdYh f.k fkd fok Wml%u yd
ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lrk ,È' zfidlv
ne£uZ fï tla l%uhls' .,a msrjQ áka
wdÈh thg fhdod .efka' ud;r iy
yïnkaf;dg jeks fmfoiaj, zglrx
ne£uZ f,i o È.du`vq,af,a § zw;=je,Z
f,i o th ye|skafõ' ;eka ;ekaj,
zfiarx.djZ iú lsÍu o i;=ka m<jd yßk
;j;a tla l%uhls' zfiarx.djZ hkq yq<x
fm;s h' iuyre WKmqrela m%fhdackhg lu;
f.k jlalv wi, zÈh fyd,aukZ
82
wegùu lr;s' l=re,a,kaf.ka uq¿ fl;g
u jk ydksh j<lajd .ekSug" Wka i|yd
fjk u ,shoaola fjka flß‚' zl=re¨
md¿jZ f,i ye¢kafjkafka th hs' l=Uqrg
ydks lrk w,shd jeks i;=ka t<ùu i|yd
f.dúfhda rd;%sfha mef,a isg lú .dhkd
l<y' bka i;a;aj >d;kfhka ñfokakg o
Tjqkag yels úh' wjg mßirfha we;s uvq"
lemafmáhd jeks Ydl w;= l=Uqf¾ isgqjd
tu.ska lDñ Wjÿr md,kh lr .kakd ,È'
fuys § m%lg jk m%Odk u lreK kï" Èh fyd,auk
f.dú;ek Od¾ñl f,i lr f.k hEug
Tjqka jvd;a W;aiql jQ nj h'
ish¨ u lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= iqn Èk iy kel;a ie,ls,a,g .ksñka n%yiam;skaod"
fikiqrdod" i÷od hk Èk iqn ojia f,i;a w`.yrejdod" isl=rdod" bßod wiqn
ojia f,i;a i,lk ,È' wiqn hehs ie,l=Kq Èkj, fuka u tfia i,lk ,o
fydardjkays §;a f.dú;eka lghq;=j,ska fjka ù isàug f.dúhd j. n,d .;af;a h'
iqn fõ,dj fyj;a zkel;Z .ek ck lúhl fufia lshefjhs'
kel;a n,d jmqrk Èk kshu h
iem;a fyd|d iqn m, f.k §u h
msg;a l<d wgqjg ù .ekqu h
f.k;a fk<d uek ù Èh oeuqu h
lDIsld¾ñl fkd jk Ôjk jD;a;Skays ksr; jQ ck fldgia o iudchl fjfi;s'
ksoiqkla jYfhka hlv yd j<x l¾udka;j, ksr; Ys,amS fldgia oelaúh yels h'
fudjqkag lDIsld¾ñl N+ñ fkd;snqKq w;r Tjqka ksr; jD;a;sfha ld¾h nyq,;ajh
fya;=fjka f.dú;ek i|yd .; lsÍug ld,hla o fkd ù h' fï ck fldgiaj,
ksIamdok ,nd .kakd f.dúhd ta fjkqfjka uqo,a fjkqjg lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok
fldgia ta ta Ys,amshdg ,nd ÿkafka h'
úydria:dkhg wh;a l=Uqr mska ;ld fkd ñ,fha jev lr §u .%dóh m%dfoaYj, mej;s
isß;ls' tfuka u .ug fiajh ,nd fok fjo uy;d" .=re;=ud jeks whf.a l=Uqrej,
lghq;= uq¿ .u u tl;= ù bgq lr §fuka Tjqka i;= lD;.=K ie,lSfï .=Kh fy<s
fjhs'
ù wiajekak f.g .ekSfuka miq uq,ska isÿ flfrk zw¨;a iy,a mQcdjZ fyj;a
zw¨;a iy,a ux.,HhZ f.dúhd fl; weiqfrka ,enQ YslaIKh ukdj lshd mEuls' Y%S
o<od ud,s.dj" wkqrmqr ch Y%S uyd fndaêh" l;r.u lsßfjfyr jeks fn!oaOhdf.a
w;smQckSh ia:dkj, f;rejka Wfoid mqo §fuka fy<s jkafka w.iia fldgi
nqÿrÿkag;a foúhkag;a mQcd lsÍfuka mqKH fÉ;kd j¾Okh lr .ekSu yd lD;fõ§
nj hs' kqjr l,dúfha f.dúhd mq,af,hd¾ ^.K foúhka& Wfoid lsß b;srùu o
83
mj;akd pdß;%hla úh' w¨;a iyf,ka úydrhg odkh msßkeóu" foudmshka we;=¿
jeäysáhkag w¨;a n;ska ix.%y lsÍu pdß;% fuka u tlsfkld w;r iyÔjkh
f.dv ke.Sug o fya;= jkakls'
fyaka f.dú;ek
c,dYs%; N+ñfhys isÿ flreKq

ù f.dú;ek <Õg idïm%odhsl
lDIsl¾udka;fhys jeo.;a jkafka
zfyaka f.dú;ek hsZ' fuh W;=re
bkaÈhdkq ckhd fï Èjhskg
ixl%uKh ùug fmr isg u furg
mej;s f.dú;eka l%uh fia ie,lsh
yels h' fjfyrfyak" fldgfyak"
;,dfyak" udfyak" .sks.;afyak wdÈ
ia:dk kdu .Kkdjl yuq jk zfyakZ
hk mofhka fmkakqï flfrkqfha ta
m%foaYj, idïm%odhsl fyaka f.dú;ek
§¾> ld,hla mj;ajd f.k wd nj úh yels h' fyak hkak fou< yqrejg zfÉkZ hkq ù
we;' je,sfyak hkak zjd,ÉfÉkZ f,i fou< jyrg tl;= úh'
le,Ej fldgd" t<sfmfy<s lr .sks ,d j.dj i|yd ilia l< ìï m%foaYhla zfyakZ
hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' ia:dkh f;dard .ekSfï § N+ úIu;dj" mi ixrlaIKh iy
mfiys idrj;a nj ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' >k f,i jevqKq m;% nyq,
jDlaI iys; ;eks;,d N+ñhla fuka u
jDlaI wdydr nyq, idrj;a mila ;sîu
hk ,laIK fuys § ie,ls,a,g .kq
,eìK' Èh uxlvla wdikakfha ;sîu" o<
nEjqula fkd ùu" jk i;=ka .uka .kakd
uxlvj,ska wE;aj msysàu iy lKavdhug
m%udKj;a o hkak jeks lreKq flfrys
fjfiiska fidhd ne,s‚'
f.dúhd iqn Èkhl f;dard .;a le,hg
msúi" iqÿiq kele;a fj,dj wkqj le;a;
isrerg fya;a;= lr .ksñka" le;a;g o
m<uqj lemSug f;dard .;a m÷rg o f;jrla kuialdr lrhs' bka miq lef,a
nKavdr foúhka isys fldg ;=ka h,la ^;=ka j;djla& m÷r jgd meol=Kq fldg m<uq
le;s myr fy<Su zfyaka we,a,SuZ fyj;a zfyaka f.jãuZ f,i ye¢kafjhs' zj,a
we,a,SuZ hkq o fuh u h' tys woyi lkakhl jev wdrïN lsÍu hs' fï wdY%fhka
ks¾udKh jQ ck lúhls fï"
84

we;a; ;uhs mjikafka kshu fldg

i;a; we;s kele;a iqn fydard túg
ks;a; ksrka;r foúhka uqÿka fldg
le;a; f.ke;a f.jäka uq,am÷r jg
m<uqfjka lemSug f;dard .; hq;= .ia ms<sn|j iïu;hla mej;s nj kqjr l,dúfha
fï ck lúfhka lshefõ'

rela w;a;k fm;ka m¨ fnda ó lyg
nla ó Èjq,a fld< fnda odUq ó ng
ysla oU f,da¨ fldínE l+rá foug
w;aj, w; w,a,kq ure uqjd fldg
le,Ej lmd oeófuka wk;=rej fyaka .sks ,Eu o kel;lg wkqj u isÿ flfrhs'
fldamfhka mqmqrñka fyak .sks ,Eu i|yd ksjfika msg;a fjkakg yels kï .sks
;eîfï lghq;a; jvd fyd¢ka iy blaukska isÿ jk nj f.dúfhda úYajdi lr;s' .sks
;eîug fmr ;=ka jrejla zyQZ hdÈkak lSu kqjr l,dúh iy ;ukalvqj m%foaYhkays
oelsh yels h' fyaka lemQ miq .sks ;eîug fmr i;a jrla i;=ka m<jd yeÍfï
isß;la mej;s nj ol=Kq m<d;g wh;a ysksÿïm;a;=fjka oek .kakg ,efnhs' .sks
;nkakg fmr mj;ajkq ,nk z.sks hdÈkakZ fun÷ h'
—Wäka tk i;=ka" ìñka tk i;=ka" l=r.dkd i;=ka" lkal=Kafvda" f.dïfn,af,da"
yl/,af,da" yskafkda" l+ôfhda" fulS fkdlS m%dKhg we;=<;a ish¨ u i;ajfhda
wo mgka foudihla$udi tlyudrla$udihla$i;shla$ ;=ka jrejla$ fojrejla$
meh Nd.hla hkakg m<uqfjka wyi uyd fï m¾j;fha Wig .sks cd,djla
tjkafkñ' talg wiq fkdù wm w; jro fkd lshd" we<lska fod<lska tf;r
ù uyd ks,ajka le,hla n,d mf,da'''˜
fyaka f.dú;efka § w;a;ï l%uh flfrys f.dùyq ie,ls,a,la oelajQy' lDIsld¾ñl
fuj,ï yd ;dlaI‚l jYfhka j¾Okh jQ hka;% iQ;% fkd mej;s ta hq.fha w;a;ï
l%uh ksid ckhd w;r wjfndaOh" iqyo;dj" iyÔjkh iy iu.sh wkdhdifhka
f.dv keÕs‚'
fyak .sks ,Efuka miq ,efnk m%:u j¾Idj zwlajeiaiZ h' wlajeiafika miqj
foúhka nqÿka isys lr m%d¾:kd msreKq yoe;sj fyaka fldkl îc frdamKh lsÍu
isÿ fjhs' tfia frdamKh lrkafka nv bß`.=" jÜglald" uE" ,nq" jegfld¿ wdÈ
îc h' jeiafika i;s folla muK blau .sh miq l=ryka jemsfrhs'
85
j.djg jvd;a u ;¾ckhla jkafka f.dúhka zuy tldZ hkqfjka jyrk w,shd h'
f.dùyq w,shd ìh .ekaùug úúO W.=,a wgj;s' w,ska fyakg msúfik uxlvj,a
yryd je,la weo tys l=vd je,a j<¨ lsysmhla t,a,d ;efnhs' fïjdg w,s ìh fj;s'
tfia u w,shdg .re lrñka fyj;a kïnq § l:d l< úg W! wjk; jk njg
úYajdihla o mj;S' hdhg w,shd meñ‚ úg zuy tldZ hhs Wia y`äka mjik úg W!
wdmiq hkafka fï ksid nj fyaka f.dúhkaf.a úYajdih hs'
ueá l¾udka;h
wdÈ ñksid ksr; jqKq l¾udka; w;r ueá

l¾udka;h fyj;a l=U,a l¾udka;hg ysñ
jkafka m%Odk ia:dkhls' .,a hq.fha ovhï
Èúfhka .Dyia: f.dú Ôú;hlg ixl%uKh
ùu;a iu. ueá l¾udka;hg wjYH moku
ks¾udKh ú‚' fï i|yd wjYH wuqøjH ,nd
.ekSu .x.d ksïk wdY%s;j Èú f.jQ tlS
ckhdg b;d myiq úh' ft;sydisl f;dr;=re
mqrdúoHd;aul j fidhd hEfï § j<x len,s" ueá mqjre fj;ska ,efnk msán,h
buy;s' f¾äfhda ldnka Èk ks¾Kh wkqj oekg Y%S ,xldfõ yuq jQ mer‚;u ueá
n÷ka wjfYaI ,eî we;af;a lE.,a, Èia;%slalfha msysgd we;s jrldfmd< fodrjl
lkao .,a f,fkks' tajd ls%' mQ' 530g wh;a hehs ks¾Kh lr we;'
ueá l¾udka;h iïnkaO isß;a úß;a ms<sn| yeoEÍul § uydjxih" :Qmjxih"
mQcdj,sh wdÈ ,sÅ; .%ka: yd ckm%jdo o WmldÍ fjhs' ueá ld¾ñlhd zl=ïNldrZ
hkqfjka o y÷kajkq ,eìK' zl=ïNhZ hkq l<f.äh hs' zldrZ hkq lrjkakd h'
tla ckm%jdohl tk mßÈ n÷kl ks¾udKfha werUqu w,sfhl= ueá fmdf<djl
;enQ mdo igyklska isÿ ù we;' ueá fmdf<djl ;enQ w,sfhl=f.a md igykla ÿgq
ñksfil= th ishqï f,i fmdf<dfjka fjka lr .;a;d h hehs tlS m%jdofha ths'
wuq ueá .skafka ms,siaiSfuka b;d ;o njg m;a jk ksid jeä l,la mdúÉÑ l<
yels úh' fï n÷ka iy fjk;a ks¾udK úúO w;ayod ne,Sïj,g Ndck jkafka bka
miqj h' úúO yev iy m%udKhka Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka ueá n÷ka ks¾udKfhys ,d
udkjhd úiska lrk ,o w;ayod ne,Sï úiauh okjkiq¨ h' fuys § Tyqf.a nqoaêh
fuka u l,d l=i,;dj yd Ñka;k Yla;sh o m%fndaOj;a úh' b;d ishqï ks¾udKhla
jk zueá fldajZ kï WmlrKh rka l¾udka;fha § rka WKq lsÍu i|yd fhdod
.ekSu thg idOlhls'
.f`.ka ueá ydrd .ekSug .sh l=U,a ld¾ñlhd .`.g neiSug fmr Èh foda;la f.k
ism .;af;a h' ueá ydrd f.dvg f.kú;a f.dv .id th wdjrKh lr ;enqfõ
u,a iys; fld< w;=j,sks' tu.ska wkjYH f,i ueá úh<S hdu je<l=Kq w;r u,a
ms§ula jeks f.!rjdkaú; ye`.Sula o ta yryd we;s ú‚'
86
md¨j" ldkaish" uykaish u.yrjd .ekaug l=U,alrejd o ck lú .dhkd lf<a h'
ud;r l=U,a.u fmfoiska yuq jQ ck lúhls fï"
ueá f.dv wkd ilfmdarefj ;shkafka

w;lska lrljd f.k bÈ lrkafka
le,fhka or fidhdf.k .sks msôkafka
ljqreo uy;=fka uf. ÿl olskafka
ueá ydrkak nei .;af;a j< ;=<g

ueá f.dv .kak ljqre;a ke; Woõjg
;ksj u f.dv .;sñ nr wrf.k lrg
iqß÷ks lÈrmqr ,en fokq uek msysg
ueá ld¾ñlhdf.a újdyfha § ueáfhka ;ekQ fõÈldjla ks¾udKh flß‚'

j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk zu.=,a fmdarejZ fuks' ksjfia ueo wähla muK Wig
fmdarej ;kd fõf<kakg yef¾' ta u; iqÿ u,a o OdkH j¾. o w;=rd ukd,
hqj< ta u; kxjkq ,efn;s' ueáfhka ;ekQ weg ud,hla ukd,hd ukd,shf.a lr
m,|jhs' ukd,shf.a foudmshka úiska ukd,hdg fok odhdo w;r m%Odk jkafka
zil fmdarej hsZ'
w¨f;ka orejl= bmso ál Èklska br mdhdf.k t;a u ;u we`.s,a,g ueá iaj,amhla
f.k orejdf.a k<,; ;s,lhla ;eîu o orejd ilfmdarefõ ;nd fyñka jghla
lrljd orejdf.a lfÜ ó me‚ iaj,amhla .Eu o l=U,a l¾udka;fha fhfok
ckhdf.a isß;ls'
ueá ld¾ñlhd fidndoyu iu. b;d iómj Èú f.ù h' Tyqf.a l¾udka;hg wjYH
ish¨ wuqøjH ,nd .;af;a uy fmdf<dj weiqfrks' Tyq lD;fõ§j ;ud Ôj;a lrjk
N+ñhg jkaokd lf<a h'
;udg we;s jk f,v ÿla" jHik wdÈfha § fudjqka msysg me;=fõ le,E foúhkaf.ks'
le,E foúhka ms§u uq¿ .fï u wh tla ù isÿ l< lghq;a;ls' tÈkg m%§mdf,dal
mQcdjla meje;afjhs' ta .ï kdhlhdf.a ksjfia § h' tfuka u iEu ksjilska u
kejqï j<|la f.kú;a kdhlhdf.a ksjfia ;eîu o pdß;%hls' jkdka;rfha rEiai
.ila hg iu;,d ìula f;dard f.k Y=oaO mú;% lrjd kshñ; Èk Wfoa mdkaor ish¨
fokd tu ia:dkhg /ia ù br mdhd f.k t;a u kef.kysr foi n,d .sf;,a myka
oe,aùu isÿ flf¾' ish¨ mSvdÈ jHikj,ska ;uka iqrlsk f,i le,E foúhkag
wdhdpkd lrkq ,efí' wk;=rej l=re¨ fldfnhshka Wfoid OdkH j¾.j,ska hq;=j
odkuh mqKHl¾uh meje;afjhs'
87
wjfndaOh
1' fuu mdvug f;audj ù we;af;a l=ula o@

2' isxy,hdf.a mqrdK u Ôjfkdamdhhka f,i fuu mdvfï oelafjk jD;a;s
fudkjd o@
3' ta ta jD;a;Skays Tn y÷kd .;a mdrïmßl weoys,s úYajdi fol ne.ska ,shkak'
4' tu hq.fha ñksid ;u mßirh yd ne÷Kq idrO¾uj,g .re l< njg idOl
olajkak'
5' fuys i|yka jD;a;Skays § Tjqka i;=ka flfrys olajk ,o ohdj biau;= jkafka
ljr wjia:dj, § o@
6' kQ;k ;dlaI‚l yd úoHd;aul m%jK;djg yiqj isxy, ck Ôú;fha mdrïmßl
Wreuhka hgm;a jk úg wm l< hq;= f,i Tng yefÕkafka fudkjd o@
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' mdvu wjidkfha my; i|yka ud;Dld ms<sn| laI‚l l;d jdrhla mj;ajkak'
² ù f.dú;ek yd iïnkaO isß;a úß;a
² idïm%odhsl Ôjfkdamdhhkays mßir ys;ldó nj
² mer‚ Ôjfkdamdhka fndfyda úg wd.ñl b.ekaùï wkqj ilia ù we;'
2' zisxy, ixialD;sh jvd;a biau;= ù fmfkkafka wfma mer‚ jD;a;Ska u.sks'Z
iy ztfia fkdfõZ hk uefhka fhdacl yd m%;sfhdacl f,i lKavdhï follg
fn§ újdohla mj;ajkak'
3' f.dú;ek" ueá l¾udka;h wdÈ jD;a;shla iïnkaO lr f.k Tfí is;a .;a
wjia:djla olajñka mdif,a Woh /iaùfï § fyda idys;H iñ;sfha § N+ñld
rx.khl fhfokak'
wdYs%; .%ka:
Trelaudkal=,fï pkaok ysñ - fyak ^1990&
mshfiak ly|.uf.a - fyafka ú;a;s ^1999&
fÊ' î' Èidkdhl - uyje,s jxYh
ûyje,s lDIsld¾ñl ixialD;sh
fojk fldgi 1985&
frdayK mS' m%kdkaÿ - l=U,a m%cdj iy ueá l¾udka;h
2010
88
12 ldjH ks¾udKlrKh
w;aoelSï weiqre lrf.k is; ;=< Wmka ye`.Sï lúhlg ke.Su ldjH
ks¾udKlrKh hs' f,dj ku /ka¥ fndfyda lúhka ;ukaf.a lúlu
werUqfõ mdif,a mka;s ldurfhks' fï mdvu isiqka ;=< ldjH kss¾udKh
lsÍfï ksmqK;dj j¾Okh lsÍfï wruq‚ka ieliqKls'
z<ud úfha § wm olsk f,dj mßK; úfha § wm olsk f,djg jvd fndfyda
fjkia h' ysre uy;a lsr‚ka nn<kafka o ;K msá w;suy;a yß; j¾K weÕ¨ï ,d
.kafka o ks,a wUr kSf,daolh fia ks,a jkafka o iEu ish¨ Ôúhl= u b;d

wdYap¾hckl Ôúhl= f,i fmfkkafka o wmf.a <ud úfha § ñi wka ljr l,l o@Z
rka frdai - wdßhjxY rKùr
idys;H ks¾udK w;ßka lúh fyj;a ldjHhg úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ fõ' ruŒh
woyia yd wre;a oekfjk mßÈ lrk NdIduh ks¾udKh lúh hs' lú ks¾udKh
lrkafka lúhd h' lúhl= ìys ùug fya;= ;=kla n,mdk nj fmrÈ. úpdrlfhda
woyia lr;s' tkï m%;sNdj" jHq;am;a;sh yd i;;dNHdih hs' m%;sNdj hkq ;ud ú¢k
w;aoelSï weiqfrka wmQ¾j is;sú,s my< lr .ekSfï yelshdj hs' jHq;am;a;sh hkq
ldjH ks¾udKlrKh fuka u úúO Ydia;% yd úIh iïnkaO mßK; wjfndaOh hs'
i;;dNHdih hkq ks¾udKlrKfhys ksrka;rj fhfoñka ,nd .kakd m%d.=KHh hs'
mqrdK Ndr;fha úiQ wNskj.=ma; kï mçjrhd m%;sNdj ú.%y fldg we;af;a wmQ¾j
jia;= ks¾udKh lsÍfï olaI;dj f,i h' lúhdf.a m%;sNdj jQ l,s w;aoelSï h<s
h<s;a isys lsÍfuka ke; fyd;a mßl,amkfhka fmdaIKh ,nkakls' mßl,amkh
uQ,sl l%shd ;=kl M,hla fia úia;r flf¾' tu l%shd kï úúO isÿùï is;g ld
je§u" tu isÿùï iauD;sfhys m%;sks¾udKh ùu yd tu iauD;s igyka u.ska kj
ixl,am ìys ùu h' fï wkqj mis÷rkag f.dÿre jk l=ÿ uy;a yeu fohla fuka u
ukfiys my< jk woyi lúhd w;ska úÑ;%;ajhg yd wmQ¾j;ajhg m;a fjhs'
fï wjg mßirfha iq,n isÿùï folla lùka fofokl= w;ska úÑ;%;ajhg m;a jQ
ieá h'

.i j;=iqÿ

ù msßiqÿ
fmdfydh ke;=ÿ
is,a .;a n÷
l=udr;=x. uqksodi
89

?k ?ka b.s,a,s,d
fldhsn o hkafka
rxpq rxpq iuk,hsks
fï fldhs hkafka
?ka ?ka b.s,a,s,d
wm fï hkafka
iuk, .sr uqks isßmd
j¢kag hkafka
ví,shq'ta' wfíisxy
weiq ÿgq fohla fyda isf;ys my< jQ woyila fyda NdIdj lrñka fmr fkd weiQ
fkd lS wdldrfhka mejiSug yelshdj ,nkafka lúhd i;= mßl,amk Yla;sh
fya;=fjks' ldjHhl jákdlu r|d mj;skafka ldjH jia;=j u; fkd j" lúhdf.a
mßl,amkh u; nj bx.%Sis lúhl= jk j¾âiaj¾;a mjid we;af;a tneúkss'
ldjH ks¾udKhl úYsIag;ajh i|yd fya;= jk fojk ,laIKh jkafka lúhd i;=
jHq;am;a;sh hs' jHq;am;a;sh hkafkka woyia flfrkafka Ôjk ;lai,dfjka ,nk
mßK; nqoaêh;a" .%ka: mßYS,kfhka ,nk nyqY%e;Ndjh ke; fyd;a nyq
mÀ;;dj;a h' jHq;am;a;sfhka ySk jQjl=f.ka mdGlhdf.a l,amkd Yla;sh mqnqÿjd
,k wkaofï Wiia ks¾udKhla wfmalaId l< fkd yels h'
by; ,laIK folg wu;r j ldjH ks¾udKfhys § ;sìh hq;= B<`. ,laIKh
jkqfha i;;dNHdih hs' lú;ajh ksrdhdifhka my< jkakla fkfõ' ksr;=rej
mqreÿ mqyqKq lsÍfuka ilid .; hq;a;ls' i;;dNHdih hkafkys wre; o th hs'
ix.S;{hd ish ;+¾h NdKav ks;r ks;r jdokh lrñka ish l,dj m%.=K lrkakdla
fuka lúhd o kej; kej; ks¾udKlrKfha fhÈh hq;= h'

“b;d w.kd ks¾udKhka f,djg ÿka lùka ish lú ,sõfõ
flfia o@ Tjqka f,dj bÈßfha ;enqfõ ;ud m<uq jrg ,shQ lgq
igyka o@ Tjqka jpkhla lmd ta fjkqjg ;j jpkhla fh¥ ieá o
ta;a krl hehs is;=fKd;a ;j;a tlla t;ekg fhdod neÆ ieá o
;u m%h;akh wid¾:l hehs is;+ fkdfhla úg uq¿ lúh u yuia
fmÜáhg oeuQ ieá o idys;H b;sydifhys fy<s ù ;sfí'”
uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø
tl u f;audj hgf;a ks¾ñ; lú isxy, idys;Hfhys olakg ,efí' ‘jeiai’ tn÷

úIhhls' fï lùka lSm fokl= jeiai .ek ,shQ lú mka;sj,ska Wmqgd .;a lú
lSmhls'

90

^1& j,dl=f<a rka mdgg úÿ,s fldgkjd
wdldfia y`v ;<ñka wl=Kq y`vkjd
ìxÿ ìxÿ uy fmdf<djg j;=r jefgkjd
fyda .dñka wfma .ug jeiaila tkjd
ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy

^2& jyskjd jyskjd jyskjd jyskjd
.,a .ykakd jf.a j;=r leg jefgkjd
l¿ j,d le,fUñka uqÿka ù kef`.kjd
wl=Kq f.ä .s.=ï § úÿ,s bß ÿjkjd
mS'î' w,aúia fmf¾rd

^3& fmdf<djg jefgk yeu jeys ì÷jl u mfya
.eí jqK isis, ths B ;, mßÈ fufya
<d w;= ßls,s" relaf.duq" ,sh u`vq¨ bfya
oeä fõokdfjka ñßlS y`vkq wefya
tÉ' tï' l=v,s.u

^4& ÑÑß Ñß ÑÑß Ñß Wfoa isg weo yef<k

fmdo fkdleä f;; nß j ysßlsf;ka ls,sfmd<k
mdr f;dg .y fld< o jid f.k yeu w;sk
jysk jeys jysk jeys fkdmdhk uq¿ oji
.=Kodi wurfialr
5& i| u`v, jid f.k l¿ j,dl=¿ weÈK

uq¿ f,dj u .k÷ßka mg,jd .kq ,eìK
uu uf.a l=áh ;=< .k w÷r ueo je;sr
w;rux ù yqksñ isysk is;sú,s w;r
91

iev iq<x je,a yud
wl=Kq úÿ,sh fldgd
uyd jeys j,djla yÈisfhka weo ye<sK
uy.u fialr
lú ,shkakg uQ,sl jkafka w;aoelSï h' Tn wjg mßirfhys" f,dalfhys fidnd

oyu yd ne¢ wmQ¾j foa isÿ fjhs' Tn tajd ishqï j ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= fjhs¦ ú¢h
hq;= fjhs' fï lúhl= tjka w;aoelSula ,o whqre hs'
‘fyd¢ka wyka bkak' tl r< fma<shla keÕ f.k weú;a neye,

.shdg miafi B <Õ r< fma<sh kef.kak mgka .kak l,a flá úrduhla
;sfhkjd' ta úrduh wmQre ksYaYío;djla' wfma ñ;=frla wmQre fhdackdjla
flf<a h' wms ijka § isáfhuq' ieneúka u jpk b;d u wvq lúhl fuka
ÿ¾,N ksYaYío;dfjka msß uqyqfoa;a úrduh uOqr úh'
wms fjrf<a ys| isáfhuq' isys,a je,af,ka ieÈ È.= mq,sk;,h weiska oelshels
ÿr o blaujd me;sr ;sìK' wm ys| isáhd u fkd fõ' je,af,ka u ;ekQ
fldÜg Wv ysi ;ndf.k je;sr isáfhuq' oE; fomh fuka u is; o ksoyia
úh' ¥rl:k /yekska fyda wm ne| ,kakg ljrl=g j;a fkd yels j. oek

isàu wmg i;=gla úh'
ksy`v;djg o f.dvìu kï jQ lrnd f.k isák ksYap,;djg o tfrysj uqyqo
ler,s .ikakg wr w¢ñka isáhs' uqyqfoa w.la uq,la fidhkakg fkd fjfyiS
uqyqo ú¢kakg wmg werhqula ,eî ;sìK'
,iaik u wyi yd u;l is;sú,s" r;ak YS% úfÊisxy
uy.u fialr lúhd ldjH ks¾udK i|yd ish w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd wdldrh olajk
;ekls fï(
“iuyr odg uu ?g ld,d ñÿ,g .sys,a,d Wv n,d f.k bkakjd'
fkdfhla t<s fmfkkak mq¿jks' wdldfia j,dl=¿ Èyd n,d bkak fldg

wdldfia ;drld msß,d ;sfhk ?l fkdfhla pu;aldr yeÕSï u;= fjkjd'
l=Kdgqjla jf.a j,dl=¿ tydg fuydg md fjk fldg is;g fkdfhla
le,ô,s yeÕSï we;s fjkjd' fï yeÕSï le,ô,s wdY%fhka wuq;= woyia jia;=
îc isf;a my< fjkjd'”
ks¾udK miqìu" ta'ù' iqrùr

92
;kslu md¿j yd ldkaish lú ks¾udKh ùug miqìula imhhs' ;uka wdorh lrk
whf.ka fjka ù isák flkl= ;=< yg.;a md¿j m%ldY flfrk ck lúhls fï(
bkafka ÿïnrhs uy l¿ .,la hg
lkafka lrj,hs rg ydf,a n;g
fndkafka fndr Èhhs mQrefj l< mjg
hkafka ljod o ujqmsfhd olskakg
;ud Wmka rfgka neyerj wE; rgl uyd k.rhl yqfol,d jQ mqoa.,hl=f.a
m%ldYhla f,iska tk ‘y| iy ksõfhda¾la kqjr’ lú fm< tys rplhd jk uy.u
fialr ;ud úiska u ,o w;aoelSula wmQ¾jdldrfhka m< lsÍuls' fï tu lú fmf<ka
.;a fldgils'

“l¿ .eyS ;r.hg by< .sh

isfuka;s ì;a;s ñil
weig ks,g
wyila .yla fld<la
wjgla ke;
ksõfhda¾la kï mqrjr
ishla uy,a tla geï f.h uqÿfka
fodr cfk,a jid isr l< ldurhl
we|la - mqgqjla - fïihla
uu”
fndaäu" uy.u fialr
Ñ;%hla - mska;+rhla jqj o ldjH ks¾udKh i|yd w;aoelSula jk nj .=Kodi

wurfialrf.a ‘Èk fmdf;a ,shQ lúh’ kï jQ lú fm< u.ska m%ldY fõ' ish mq;= tjd
we;s Tyq i;= wka;su jia;=j jQ uqoao" Trf,daiqj" mEk iy we÷ï fmdÈh ;=re¨ lr
f.k je,fmk ujlf.a Pdhd rEmhla lúhd ,kavka kqjr mqj;am;l m< ù ;sfnkq
olshs' my; oelafjk lúhg ksñ;a; th fjhs'
Wfò uqoao w;a Trf,daiqj mEk
wehs r;a;rka mq;=fka tõfõ fudg o
u;la fjkakj o ke;s kï úl=Kf.k
yd,a ;=kmfya wrf.k lkakg o
wdj¾ckd" .=Kodi wurfialr
isf;a ;ekam;a jQ w;aoelSula lúhla f,i ìys ùug ie,lsh hq;= ld,hla .; úh
yels h' úu,a Èidkdhlf.a ‘ñh .sh Wjeish’ ks¾udKh i|yd w;aoelSu ,o yeá
lúhd úia;r lrkafka fufia h(
93

“fï lú fm< ,sùfï § uf.a wruqK jqfKa lsishï uy¨ ldka;djla

ñh hEu;a " ta ñh hdu ksid ud ;=< we;s jQ woyila" yeÕSula bÈßm;a lsÍuhs'

fuh rpkd lsÍug hï w;aoelSula ;sfhkakg ´kE' ud l=vd ld,fha § ud
ys;kafk jhi wjqreÿ wg" kjh ú;r ld,fha § ,enQ w;aoelSula mokï lr
f.khs fuh ,shqfõ'”
ks¾udK miqìu - ta' ù' iqrùr
msrejdkd fmd;a jykafi

lkmamqfõ fmr<S we;
ñÿ, mqrd úh¿K fld<
ta fï w; úisr ;sfí
ñÿf, myka mef,a ks;r
ie¨Kq oe,a, ksù f.dia h
b|ysg f.a ms<slkafka
n,a,l= Wvq nqrkq wefia
úu,a Èidkdhl
wïud wmg we;s uyd¾> jia;=jls' l=vd orejd o wïud .ek lú ,shhs' ta Tyqg
oefkk .=K olajñks' my; i|yka lúfhka ksrEmKh jkafka wfma u wïud h'

uek,d ù folla fkd,eî u,a,lg

orefjd;a tlal uu jeá,d bkak fldg
wïud weú,a,d ySfkka fodrlvg
weyqjd uf. mqf;a lsß ´ke o WUg
ksjd ;drld mshjd f.k oEi

ksod bkak k.f¾ l¿jr ?l
msmS u,la ù f.a <Õ iqÿ frdai
fufia wehs k.kq wïfï u|ydi@
lgmqrd mqf;a lshkd y~ wkakæ

orejfka Wfoa fjkl,a kd~kak
ug uf.a l÷¿ iS;, ú|.kak
Tn tmd ujqks weye msiod,kak
kkakd÷kk fukqjr ;ks jqK wmg

bkafka ljqo /ljrfKg ne,aulg
pkafoda ì,skafoda kd~d ke<fjkak
hïfoda fyg Wfoa wms wdmiq .ug
jiaidfka" r;ak YS% úfÊisxy
94
w;aoelSula rij;a ks¾udKhla njg m;a lsÍfï § lúhka úúO Ys,amSh Wml%u Ndú;
lrk nj o ldjH u.ska Tng jvd;a meyeÈ,s jkq we;' jHx.Hd¾:j;a jpk" ldjH
wdlD;sh" ßoauh" ixl,am rEm" ixlaIsma;;dj" jpk fh§u wdÈ tu Wml%u Tng
iycfhka u ,efnk fohla fkd j" lú ,sùfuka u m%.=K lr.;a foa h'
wïud" ;d;a;d" mdi," Woh" rd;%sh" uqyqÿ fjr<" .u wdÈ Tfí Ôú;h yd mßirh
iu. ne¢ úúO f;aud Tiafia isf;ys WmÈk yeÕSï úß;lg wkqj fyda úß;lska
f;drj fyda ldjHd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍug Tng o yelshdj we;' tu.ska Tfí
w;aoelSï fiiaika iu. fnod yod .ekSug fuka u Tfí yeÕSï mqnqÿjd ,Sug o
wjia:dj ,efí'
isiq ore oeßhka jk Tn we;eï úg úúO ÿla .eyegj,ska o md¿j" yqfol,dj wdÈ
is;ays Wmka yeÕSïj,ska o mSvd ú¢kjd úh yels h' tjka wjia:dj, isf;ys we;s jQ
yeÕSï yd w;aoelSï lúhla njg m;a fldg iudch iu. fnod yod .ekSug Tng
yelshdj ;sfí' f,dj ku .;a fndfyda lùka tA ;;a;ajhg m;a jQfha ;u ÿla fodïkia
;ud muKla fkdú| wkHhkaf.a o w;aoelSula njg fmr<d bÈßm;a lsÍfuks'
wjfndaOh
1' ldjH ks¾udKlrejd i;= úh hq;= uQ,sl ,laIK ;=k l=ula o@

2' wNskj.=ma; zm%;sNdjZ y÷kajd we;af;a flfia o@
3' l=udr;=x. uqksodi lúhd j;=iqÿ .i is,a .;a fihska oelaùug fya;=j l=ula o@
4' jeiai .ek ,shd we;s ldjH ks¾udK rij;a ùug fya;= ù we;s ldfjHdaml%u
fudkjd o@
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' ysre Wodj" l=re¨ f,dj" .Õ .,hs hk f;aud w;ßka tlla Tiafia lú folla
ks¾udKh lrkak'
2' wE; ihqr foi n,d bkakd Tn ;=< we;s jk yeÕSï lúhlg k.kak'
3' B<Õ msgqfõ oelafjk fiahdrej foi ne,Sfï § Tn is;g kef.k is;sú,s
weiqfrka lúhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
95
u;lhg
nfia ls,sálu keK is,sf,ka fodjkd
/fia ish,a,ka yg kj mK fmdjkd
fofia wuq;= ñysrla i;=gla jjkd
flfia lsh yels o lsú÷f. w.h jkd
luf;a flf;a fyafka ;kshg bkafka

;=isf;a wef;a hk fidïki f.k fokafka
fofkf;a isf;a wuq;= ue foa wkaokafka
úmf;a fif;a iu lúhd nj okafka
Èks|df.a rejka ria fl`È úys§u

;ß|d lrk fidñ leüka me;sÍu
ì,s|d ;=<e;s fl<s iskyd b`.s mEu
lúhd ksid rij;a fjhs yeu odu
wd¾' irKfialr
96
13 wdpd¾h à' î' cdhd
wdpd¾h à' î' cdhd uy;d YS% ,dxlsl

uqia,sï ck;dj fjkqfjka fmkS
isá nqoaêu;a kdhlfhls' Tyq uqia,sï
ck;djf.a wOHdmk whs;Ska fjkqfjka
fmkS isá w;r" bia,dï wd.ñlhkaf.a
wjYH;d fjkqfjka o iajlSh Ôú;h
lem l< fY%aIAG kdhlhl= jYfhka
b;sydi.; ù we;' t;=udf.a Ôjk
pß;h w<,d mQð; Ôú; kï lD;shg
isßksu,a ,laÿisxy uy;d úiska iïmdÈ;
,smsh wdY%fhka fï mdvu ielis‚'
;=jdka nqyd¾kqoa§ka cdhd" 1890 ckjdß ui m<uq jk Èk uykqjr Èia;%slalfha

.,f.or kï .fuys mÈxÑ j isá uqia,sï cd;sl mjq,l Wm; ,enqfõ h' Tyqf.a
mshd ldisï cdhd kï jQ w;r" uj fkdakd cdhd fi!cd kï jQjd h' orejka y;r
fokl=f.ka hq;a mjq,l fojeks orejd jQ Tyqf.a <ud úh f.ù .sfha Wvrg .eñ
iqkaor;ajfhka wkQk .,f.or .ï mshfiys yd l=reKE., m%foaYfha h' <ud úfha §
Tyqg wd,sïjrfhl= fj;ska ksjfia § u wd.ñl wOHdmkhla ,nd §ug Tyqf.a
foudmsfhda lghq;= l<y' ldisï cdhd ish ore mjq, o /f.k w.kqjrg meñfKk
úg l=vd ;=jdka cdhdf.a jhi wjqreÿ tfld<yls' w.kqjrg meñŒfuka miq Tyqf.a
m%d:ñl wOHdmkh werUqKq w;r oaú;aj iy ;%s;aj idu¾:Hhka ,nñka olaI;d
fmkajQ Tyq oy;=ka jk úfha § .,alsiai Ydka; f;dauia úoHd,hg we;=¿ jQfha
YsIH;ajhla o Èkd .ksñks' tys § Tyq flaïì%Ê lksIaG úNd.h iu;a jQfha lksIaG
mka;sj, .‚;h i|yd jQ fÊ' ta' ã' uekaäia ;Hd.h o Èkd .ksñks' Bg jirlg
miq flaïì%Ê fcHaIAG úNd.h iu;a jQfha ,;ska NdIdj i|yd jQ wdpd¾h tñ,aia
;Hd.h o ysñ lr .ksñks' Tyq 1908 § ,kavka ueÜßlshqf,aIka úNd.fhka iu;a
ùug ;rï úYsIagfhla jQfha h'
mdif,ka wia jQ miq cdhd uy;d uykqjr O¾urdc úoHd,fha .=rejrhl= f,i m;aj
udi y;la muK tys fiajh lsÍfuka wk;=rej fudrgqfõ fõ,aia l=ur úoHd,fha
.=re uKav,hg we;=<;a jQfha h' fuys § Tyqf.ka wOHdmkh ,;a wh w;r miq

lf,l Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k N+ñfhys jeo.;a ;ekla .;a kdhlhl= jQ ms,sma

.=Kj¾Ok yd frdnÜ .=Kj¾Ok fidfydhqfrda o jQy' .=rejrhl= jYfhka fiajh
97
lrk w;r ;udf.a wOHdmk lghq;= o fkd kj;ajd u lrf.k .ssh Tyq 1911 § ndysr
wfmalaIlhl= f,i úNd.hg fmkS isáñka ,kavka úYajúoHd,fhka î'ta' Wmdêh
,nd .ekSug ;rï W;aidyjka; jQfha h' fuu Wmdê mÍlaIKh iòyd Tyq fmkS isá
úIhhka jQfha .%Sl NdIdj" ,;ska NdIdj" b;sydih yd wd¾Ól úoHdj hs' fõ,aia l=ur
úoHd,fha fiajfhka miq Tyq fld<U wdkkao úoHd,fha wdpd¾h uKav,hg tla úh'
fõ,aia l=ur úoHd,fha § Tyqf.a YsIHhka jQ ms,sma .=Kj¾Ok yd frdnÜ .=Kj¾Ok
fuys § o Tyqf.a YsIHhka w;r jQy' ta yereKq fldg wdpd¾h weka' weï' fmf¾rd o
fï jljdkqfõ wdkkao úoHd,fha YsIHfhl=j isáfha h'
.=re jD;a;sh fjkqfjka cdhd uy;df.ka jQ fiajh o buy;a meiiqug ,la jQjls'
jHjia:dodhl iNdj" rdcH uka;%K iNdj yd ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h jeks
wdh;khkays § o tajdhska msg; § o t;=ud .=rejrekaf.a whs;Ska fjkqfjka igka
flf<a h' iuia; ,xld .=re ix.ufha iNdm;s jYfhka talÉPkaofhka m;a jQ
t;=ud Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u .=re iuq¿fõ § tys iNdm;sjrhd jYfhka o f;aÍ m;a úh'
.=re jD;a;sh ms<sn| b;d iq¿ foh o Tyqf.a ie,ls,a,g fhduq úh'
furg uqia,sï ck;djf.a wOHdmk ;;a;ajh kxjd ,Sug Tyq úiska bgq lrk ,o fiajh
uqia,sï ck;djf.a buy;a f.!rjhg md;%j mj;S' .=re jD;a;shg we;=<;a jQ wjêfha
isg u Tyq uqia,sï ckhdf.a wOHdmk ;;a;ajh kxjd,Sfï wjYH;dj wjfndaO lr
.;af;a h' ta woyia yqfola ;u is;ays ;nd f.k isákq fjkqjg foaYk yd ,sms
f,aLk u`.ska fiiq uqia,sï ck;dj w;rg tu woyia jHdma; lsÍug Tyq lghq;=
flf<a h' ;udf.a yd ldisï biaudhs,a uy;df.a iu ixialdrl;ajfhka m< lrk
,o zisf,daka uqia,sï ßùõZ kï i`.rdj fï i|yd wúhla lr .ekSug cdhd uy;d
iu;a úh' 1914 § tu i`.rdjg Tyq ,shQ ,smshl o fuu woyia meyeÈ,sj olajd
;sì‚' zwOHdmkh yd cd;sl ÈhqKqjZ uefhka ,xld uqia,sï ix.uh bÈßfha meje;ajQ
foaYkhl o fï iïnkaOfhka úfYAIfhka i|yka ù we;' Tyq tys fufia i|yka
lf<a h(
—wms ûqia,sï cd;slfhda& l=ula lr we;af;uq o@ Tjqyq ^fiiq ck fldgiaj, wh&
iudcfha úúO wxYj, úYsIag .Kfha mqoa.,hka ìys fldg we;a;dy' Tjqyq olaI
kS;sfõ§ka" uka;%K iNslhka yd fjk;a wxYj, úYsIag mqoa.,hka o ìys fldg
we;a;dy' rcfha Wiia ks,OdÍyq lsisjl=;a wmg isá;a o@ Wiia jD;a;Skays fhfok
úYsIag mqoa.,fhda lsisjl=;a wmg issá;a o@ olaI kd.ßl uka;%Sjrfhl=
fyda jHjia:dodhl uka;%Sjrfhl= ìys lsÍug wmg yels ù ;sfí o@ fjfklla
;nd wfma u mdi,a yd úoHd, w;f<diaila j;a wmg ;sfí o@ wms wfma
orejkaf.ka fndfyda fokl= uqia,sï fkd jk mdi,aj,g hjd we;af;uq o@
wvmK jQ wdldrfhka l%shd;aul jk m%d:ñl mdGYd,d folla fyda ;=kla kï wm
i;= jk nj we;a;ls' tfy;a wmg tl u úoHd,hla j;a we;e hs wjxlj m%ldY
l< yels o@ ms<s;=r meyeÈ,s f,i u ke;ehs lSu h' id¾:l jHdmdßlhka yd
bvï ysñ jeú,slrejka úYd, msßilska hq;a ck fldÜGdihlg fujekakla
ms<s.ekSug isÿ ùu wjudkhg lreKla fkd jkafka o@ ;j ÿrg;a fufia isàu
wmg ;rï fkd jkafka h' wms jyd u fuh fjkia l< hq;= fjuq'˜
98
à' î' cdhd uy;d uqia,sï ckhdf.a wOHdmkh úIhfhys lrk ,o fiajh
wurŒh;ajhg m;a lrjk Ôjudk iaudrlh urodfka iysrd úoHd,h hs' b;d ÿ¾j,
;;a;ajhl mej;s iysrdj Èjhsfka m%:u fmf<a úoHd,hla njg m;a lsÍfï f.!rjh
Tyqg ysñ fjhs' Tyq tys úÿy,am;s yeáhg m;a jQfha 1921 § h'
tjlg kS;s{ úNd.h wjika lsÍug iQodkï fjñka isá Tyq kS;s{ jD;a;sh Tiafia
iajlSh fm!oa.,sl hym; myiqfjka <`.d lr .; yelsj ;snQ udj; fjkqjg
iysrd úoHd,h kj Ôjkhg m;a lsÍfï wjodkï iy.; wNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hh
tä;rj Ndr .;af;a h' Tyq úÿy,am;s jk úg tu úoHd,fha wdpd¾h uKav,h
yh fofkls¦ isiqyq mkia kjhls¦ .Dy NdKav hehs lsj yels lsisjla fkd ;snqKq
;rï h' f.dvke.s,a, m%d:ñl mdGYd,djlg jqj o hka;ï msßuefik ;rï h'
tu f.dvke.s,a,g hdr úiailg ;sylg muK wE;ska jQfha md;d,fha fidrekaf.a
;smafmd< f,i uyckhd úiska i,lk ,o jk <eyenls' tfy;a fï lsisjlska
wffO¾hhg m;a fkd jQ cdhd uy;d wêIaGdk mQ¾jlj jev wdrïN flf<a h'
Tyqf.a lemùu wmf;a fkd .sh w;r b;d flá l,lska u úoHd,fha udkj yd
fN!;sl iïm;a ixj¾Okh lr .ekSug Tyqg yelshdj ,eì‚'
fojk f,dal hqoaOh wjêfha § w.kqjr úoHd,j, lghq;= iSud úh' uyckhdg
buy;a ÿIalr;djkag uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ w;r" fndfyda fokd mÈxÑh iòyd wE;
m<d;aj,g .shy' iysrd úoHd,h ;djld,slj jid ouk ,o w;r tys f.dvke.s,s
yuqodfõ m%fhdackhg .eks‚' fï wjia:dfõ ÿr olakd kqj‚ka hqla; j lghq;=
l< cdhd uy;d Wod ù we;s whym;a ;;a;ajh uqia,sï YsIHhkaf.a wkd.; hym;g
fya;= jkakla njg m;a lsÍug W;aiql úh' Tyq tfia lf<a fld<ôka neyer .sh
uqia,sï YsIHhka i|yd ta ta m<d;aj, mdGYd,d újD; lsÍfuks' ta wkqj .ïfmd<"
w¨;a.u" ud;f,a iy mq;a;,u k.rj, iysrd úoHd,fha YdLd ìys úh' fldf;la
ÿIalr;d meñ‚h o ta úoHd, ta ta m<d;aj, uqia,sï YsIHhka i|yd mj;ajdf.k hkq
,nk wOHdmk wdh;k jYfhka jefvkakg úh' 1947 § tu úoHd,j,g iajdëkj
l%shd lsÍfï n,h o mjrk ,È'
à' î' cdhd uy;d uqia,sï ck;djf.a iudÔh yd foaYmd,ksl lghq;=j,
fufyhqïlrejl= yd ud¾f.damfoaYlhl= f,i jeo.;a fiajhla bgq flf<a h' fuu
ishjfia fojk yd f;jk oYlj, § uqia,sï ck;dj iudÔh jYfhka wfkl=;a
ck fldÜGdihkag jvd miq miska isáhy' úfYaIfhka Tjqkg m%udKj;a nqoaêu;a
kdhl;ajhla ;snqfKa ke;' 1924 § cdhd uy;d jHjia:dodhl iNdjg m;a jQfha
fun÷ wjêhl § h' W.;l= yd wOHdmk{hl= jQ cdhd uy;d lemS fmfkk
uqia,sï ck kdhlhd njg blaukska m;a úh' uqia,sï cd;sl rcfha fiajlhkag
cqïud ksjdvq ,nd §fï wjYH;dj ms<sn|j lreKq olajñka 1925 ckjdß 19 jk
Èk uka;%K iNdfõ § Tyq l;djla o flf<a h' rdcH uka;%K iNdjg kï lrk
,o uka;%Sjrhl= f,i m;a jQ Tyq 1936 isg 1947 olajd úYd, fiajhla lf<a h'
1947 § we;s jQ uyd .xj;=rlska .ïfmd< my;a ìï m%foaYj, Ôj;a jQ uqia,sï mjq,a
ish .Kklf.a f.j,a fodrj,a úkdY ù wkd: jQ wjia:dfõ cdhd uy;d ysia j;a;la
rchg w;am;a lrf.k f.j,a wysñ jQ ish¨ u whg ksjdi bÈ lr foñka udßhdj;a;
99
ksjdi fhdackd l%uh wdrïN flf<a h' t;=ud lïlre yd iudc fiajd weu;s jYfhka
/lshd úrys; whg iykhla ie,iSfï wruq‚ka zúrlaId iyk fiajhZ kï jHdmD;sh
we;s flf<a h' fuh úreoaO u; ork foaYmd,lhkaf.a mjd meiiqug ,la úh'
mdlsia:dkh iu`. ;dkdm;s iïnkaO;d we;s ùu;a iu`. tys m%:u ,xld uyd
flduidßia jYfhka 1950 § m;a lrkq ,eîu à' î' cdhd uy;dg lrk ,o f.!rjhla fia
ie,lsh yels h' mdlsia:dkfha mxcdí úYajúoHd,h úiska 1952 § t;=udg idys;HiQÍ
f.!rj Wmdêh msßkeófuka meyeÈ,s jkafka nqoaêu;a iïNdjkSh rdcH ;dka;%slhl=
f,i Tyqg ;snQ ms<s.ekSu hs'
ulalu Y=oaO k.r jkaokdjg hk Y%S ,dxlsl bia,dï ne;su;=ka Wfoid ,e.==ï
ksjdihla msysgqùu i|yd fi!È wrdìfha rcqf.ka wjir .ekSug tu rg n,d .sh
ksfhdað; msßig kdhl;ajh §u t;=udf.ka isÿ jQ wjidk fmdÿ ld¾hh úh' tu
¥; .uk id¾:l úh' ulalu Y=oaO k.rh jkaokd fldg u§kd k.rhg hñka
isáh § frda.d;=rj rcfha frday,lg we;=<;a lrkq ,enQ t;=ud 1960 uehs 31 jk Èk
fuf,dj yer .sfha h'
wjfndaOh
1' my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

¸' à' î' cdhd uy;df.a ck;d fiajh lemS fmfkkafka l=uk lafIa;%hla
iïnkaOfhka o@
¸¸' miq lf,l foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha lemS fmfkk fiajhla l< kdhlhkag
Tyq .=rejrfhla jQfha h' tu kdhlhka kï lrkak'
¸¸¸' ,dxflah wOHdmkhg Tyqf.ka isÿ jQ fiajh ljrdldr o@
¸¹' kS;s{jrhl= ùfï wjia:dj Tyq úiska w;a yßkq ,enqfõ l=uk mrud¾:hla
ksid o@
¹' t;=udg idys;HiQÍ Wmdêh msßkeuqfKa l=uk wdh;khlska o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' mdvfï tk my; i|yka ;oaê; moj, m%lD;s yd m%;Hh fjka lrkak' tla tla
jpkh fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ,shkak'
¸' §ma;su;a ¹' fm!oa.,sl
¸¸' kd.ßl ¹¸¸' foaYmd,ksl
¸¸¸' olaI;d ¹¸¸¸' m%d:ñl
¸¹' nqoaêu;a
100
2' mdvfuka Wmqgd .kakd ,o my; i|yka moj, Wmi¾. fjka fldg ,shkak' ta
tla tla jpkh fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ;kkak'
¸' úrlaId ¹' wjxl
¸¸' whym;a ¹¸¸' ixj¾Okh
¸¸¸' m%fhdack ¹¸¸¸' wjfndaO
3' my; i|yka wjia:djkaf.ka tlla f;dard f.k rdcldß ,smshla fyda jHdmdßl
,smshla fyda ,shkak'
¸' rkafmdl=K.u úoHd,fha l,d ix.ufha f,alï Tn hehs is;d l,d Wf,<
i|yd Yío úldYk hka;% yd fõÈld wdf,dal myiqlï b,a,ñka m%foaYfha tn÷
myiqlï imhk jHdmdßl wdh;khlg hjk ,smsh ,shkak'
¸¸' <`. tk w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isàu i|yd úoHd,fha wfkl=;a
isiqkag m%fõY m;% ,eî we;;a Tfí m%fõY m;%h fï jk f;la ,eî ke;' ta nj
oekqï foñka úNd. m%fõY m;%h yels blaukska ,nd §ug lghq;= lrk fuka
b,a,ñka úNd. flduidßia ckrd,a;=udg ,smshla ,shkak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' mka;sh lKavdhï y;rlg fn§ à' î' cdhd uy;df.a Ôjk pß;hg wod<
lreKq my; i|yka ud;Dld Tiafia fm<.iajkak'
¸' wOHdmkh yd úfYaI l=i,;d
¸¸' jD;a;Sh Ôú;h
¸¸¸' .=rejreka Wfoid l< fufyh
¸¹' foaYmd,k lafIa;%hg oelajQ odhl;ajh
101
rdcldß ,sms yd jHdmdßl ,sms

m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha úúO wjia:djkays § rdcldß ,sms yd jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùug wmg
isÿ fõ'
rdcldß ,sms ,sùu m%dfhda.sl f,aLk w;r jeo.;a f,aLk lghq;a;ls' rcfha wud;HdxY"
fomd¾;fïka;= iy fjk;a rdcH wdh;k iu. fuka u fm!oa.,sl wdh;k iu. o
rdcldß lghq;= lsÍfï § fujeks ,sms ,sùug isÿ fjhs' rdcldß$jHdmdßl ,smshl
we;=<;a úh hq;= m%Odk wx. lsysmhls'
rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùfï kj;u wdlD;sh
hjkakdf.a ,smskh
Èkh
,nkakdf.a ,smskh
wduka;%Kh
ud;Dldj
ûd;Dldjg wod< úia;rh&
m<uq fþoh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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fojk fþoh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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f;jk fþoh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ia;=;sh
hjkakdf.a w;aik
ku
;k;=r
102
14 f;dfrdlafldaj
¾hqfkdiqfl wl=;.djd - hkq f,dal m%lg cmka

flál;dlrefjls' fgdalsfhda w.kqjr lsfhdanIs
Èia;s%lalfha Wmka Tyqf.a m<uq jk flál;dj
zrfIdafudkaZ h' iajlSh m%:u flál;dfjka u
f,da m;< jQ Tyq f,dal flál;d b;sydifha
fkdueflk kula i,l=Kq l< f,aLlfhls'
chka; úu,fiakhka úiska mßj¾;s;
yoj; md¿hs kï flál;d tl;=fjys
tk zf;dfrdlafldajZ wl=;.djdf.a úYsIag
ks¾udKhls'
Todjdrd iy w;ñ w;r l=vd ÿïßh ud¾.fha jev mgka .kakd úg ¾fhdafyhsf.a jhi
wjqreÿ wgls' ¾fhdafyhs yeu Èfkl u lïlrejka jev lrkq ne,Sug k.rdka;hg
.sfha h' f;dfrdlafldaj,ska l=Kq li< wÈkjdg jeä jefvla tys fkd ù h' Tyq tys
.sfha ta ld¾hh keröug wdYd l< fyhsks'
f;dfrdlafldafõ msámi li< f.dvla wi, lïlrefjda fofofkla isgf.k isá;s'
f;dfrdlafldaj lkaol isg my<g tk neúka th fõ.fhka niS' tys nlalsh"
fõ.h ksid fjjq,hs' lïlrejkaf.a lnd fl<jr mg mg .d iq<Õg jefohs'
tys ;=kS .rdÈ .eàï ksid keó hhs' ta foi mÍlaIdfjka n,d isák ¾fhdafyhsg
;udg;a lïlrejl= jkakg we;akï hs isf;a' úfgl fya tla jrla j;a lïlrejka
iu. f;dfrdlafldafõ hkakg ,efíjd hs m;hs' f;dfrdlafldaj k.rh wi,g
meñfK;a u fmdf<dj ;eks;,d ksid fõ.h wvq ù bfí u kj;S' túg lïlrefjda
läir f,i bka bj;g mek li< y,;s¦ bka miq th lkao by<g ;,a¨ lsÍug
mgka .ks;s' f;dfrdlafldafõ ke. hEug fkd yels jQj;a ;,a¨ lsÍug j;a bv
,efí hehs ¾fhdafyhs n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha fujeks wjia:djl § h'
¾fhdafyhs fmnrjdß udifha uq,a yßfha tla ikaOHdjl k.rdka;fhys f;dfrdlaflda
kj;d ;snqKq ;ekg .sfha h' Tyq ;udg wjqreoaolska nd, ;u ifydaorhd o
ifydaorhdf.a jhfia u isá wi,ajeis <uhl= o legqj .sfha h' nlalsj, uv leá
.eiS ;snqKq f;dfrdlaflda lSmhla fma<shg kj;d ;sfnkq olakg ,eìK' fya jgmsg
ne,S h' lïlrejkaf.ka lsisfjla tys fkd ù h' Tjqyq ;sfokd fo.sähdfjka
wka;sug kj;d ;snqKq f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ lsÍug mgka .;ay' ;,a¨fjka frdao
103
lrlefjkakg úh' frdaoj,ska ksl=;a jQ Yíoh uq,ska ¾fhdafyhs ;e;s .ekajQ kuq;a ta
Yíoh fojkq j weiqKq úg Tyqf.a ìh my j .sfha h' w;afmdä yfha n,fhka th
f¾,a mS,s Èf.a by<g fyñka ;,a¨ ù .sfha h'
f;dfrdlafldaj hdr úiaila muK ;,a¨ ù .sh miq Tjqka fl;rï uykais .;a; o
lkao ksid bka Tíng r:h fi,úh fkd yels úh' we;eï úfgl r:h wdmiq ;,a¨
jQfha Tjqka ;sfokd iu. h' ;u mrud¾:h bgq lr .ekSu i|yd meñ‚ ÿr m%udKh
fyd|g u iEfya hehs is;+ ¾fhdafyhs —jfr,a,d" f.dvfjh,a,d˜ hs nd, <uhska
fofokdg ika lf<a h'
Tjqyq ;sfokd f;dfrdlafldafõ t,a,S .;ay' th fyñka fyñka wefokakg jk'
l%ufhka fõ.h jeä úh' wka;sfï § f;dfrdlafldaj mS,s u; b.sf<kakg mgka
.;af;a h' bÈß mi o¾Ykh ¾fhdafyhsf.a weia bÈßfhys È. yeÍ YS>%fhka fomig
weÈ‚' ikaOHd udre;h Tyqf.a folïuq,ays .eà .sfha h' fjjq,k f;dfrdlafldaj
Tyqf.a fomd hg keà h' ¾fhdafyhsf.a i;=g W;=rd hk ;rï úh'
ñks;a;= lSmhla we;=<; § f;dfrdlafldafõ .uka fõ.h l%ufhka wvq ù kej;=fKa h'
“jfr,a,d" wdfh;a ;,a¨ lruq'”
¾fhdafyhs nd, <uhs fofokd iu. kej;;a f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ lsÍug iQodkï
úh' frdao hka;ï fi,jqKd mu‚' Tjqka msgq miska wä Yíohla weis‚' blaì;sj
uy;a y`vla /õ ÿkafka h'
“WU,d T;k fudl o@ ljqo WU,dg Th f;dfrdlaflda w,a,kak lsjqfõ@” jevg
w¢k ln,a celÜgqjl=;a h,a mekmq msÿre f;dmamshl=;a we|.;a Wi lïlrefjla
Tjqka wi,ska isg .;af;a h' zfï wuq;a;d ljqoeZhs y÷kd .kakd úg Tjqka isáfha hdr
úiailg;a jvd wE; h' túg Tjqyq ÿjkakg jQy' ¾fhdafyhs wdmiq f.or ÿjk úg
jevfmd< wi, f;dfrdlaflda rdYshla olakg ,enqK o Tyqg kej;;a tajd me§ug
fkd is;s‚' iq<Õg fjjq,ñka ;snqK msÿre f;dmamsh" Tyq rjd neÆ yeá" ¾fhdafyhsg
ks;r u isyshg ke.=fKa h' tfy;a ld,hdf.a wejEfuka ta yeÕSu o w;=reoykaj
.sfha h'
oi Èklg muK miq tla iekaoEjl ¾fhdafyhs" jev lrk fmfofiys ;ud iómhg
tk f;dfrdlaflda krUñka isáfha h' tla f;dfrdlafldafjl b;d Wi li< f.dvla
úh' fojeks f;dfrdlafldafõ is,anr l|ka mgjd ;snqfKa h' ;reKfhda fofofkla
fï úfYaI f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ lrñka isáhy' Tjqka ÿgq iefKlska u zTjqka yd
ñ;% ùug ,enqfKd;aZ hs ¾fhdafyhsg is;s‚' zTjqka ug lE.ik tlla keyeZ hs fya
is;S h¦ tfia is;d Tjqka foig Èjqfõ h'
“hd¿jd" ud;a ;,a¨ lrkak Wojq fjkak o@”
“fyd|hs" fyd|hs" tkjd'”
¾fhdafyhs n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ mßÈ" Tjqkaf.ka tflla - bß jegqK lñihla we| isá
ñksid - ysi kud f.k f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ lrk .uka úkS; f,i ms<s;=re
104
ÿkafka h' ¾fhdafyhs ñksiqka fofokd w;rg ù mq¿jka ;rï Yla;sh fhdod
f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ lsÍug mgka .;af;a h'
“WUg yqÕla yhsh ;sfhkjd fka" <ufhda” lk woaor is./Ügqjla r|jd f.k isá
wfkla ñksid o ¾fhdafyhsg m%Yxid lf<a h'
jeä ld,hla .; fkd ù u m,a,u <Õd úh' z;j;a ;,a¨ lrkak Wjukd keyeZhs
ljr fudfyd;l Tjqka lshdú foda hs ¾fhdafyhs fkd ikaiqkalñka miq úh' tfy;a
lïlrefjda fofokd fmrg jvd ;rula YÍrh Rcqj ;nd f.k jpkhl=ÿ fkd lshd
È.g u ;,a¨ lr f.k .shy' ¾fhdafyhsg ;u woyi ;j ÿrg;a iÕjd f.k isáh
fkd yels úh' fya nfhka nfhka —;j ;,a¨ lrkak oe@˜ hs weiqfõ h'
“fyd|hs" fyd|hs” Tjqyq fofokd u ms<s;=re ÿkay'
Tjqka b;d úkS; hehs ¾fhdafyhs is;=fõ h' hdr mkaishhla yhishhla muK blaujQ
úg kej;;a lkao <Õd úh' ud¾.h fomi u cukdrx j;= olakg úh' b§ rka
jka jQ cukdrx f.ä u; ysre /ia jeà ;sì‚'
Tjqyq cukdrx j;= w;ßka l÷ uqÿkg f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ l<y' t;eka isg jQfha
;o neiauls' bß lñih ye| isá ñksid “jfrka" jfrka" mekmka”hs y`v kÕd
lSfha h' ¾fhdafyhs weis,a,lska u r:hg mekafka h' Tjqka ish¨ fokd u r:hg
keÕ=Kq miq f;dfrdlafldaj mS,s Èf.a fõ.fhka my<g niskakg úh' cukdrx iqj|
Tjqkag wd>%dKh úh' ¾fhdafyhsf.a lndh mjfkys f,< ÿkafka h'
‘;,a¨ lrkjdg jvd ke.s,d hk tl yß fIdala' wdmiq tk fldg;a ljqre yß ;,a¨
lrkjd kï yqÕla ;eka keÕS,d hkak mq¿jka'’ fujeks fkdfhla woyia Tyqf.a
is; ;=<g jeÿfKa h'
f;dfrdlafldaj fomi jQ WK m÷re fj; <x fj;a u l%ufhka tys fõ.h wvq
jkakg úh' ;sfokd kej;;a th ;,a¨ lsÍug mgka .;ay' WK m÷re jk <eyenlg
mßj¾;kh úh' uÕ È.g u jeà ;snqK úh<s fld<j,ska mS,s iïmQ¾Kfhka u jeiS
;snqfKa h' Tjqka l÷ uqÿkg meñ‚ úg l÷ .eg w;ßka uqyqo Èia úh' fndfyda ÿr
f.dia we;s nj ¾fhdafyhsg jegyqfKa tfõf,ys h'
;sfokd kej; o f;dfrdlafldajg keÕ .;ay' th uqyqog jï miska jk <eyefí
w;= m;r háka Èfjkakg úh' flfia jqj o ¾fhdafyhsg fmr § fuka f;dfrdlaflda
me§fï úfkdaoh fujr fkd ,eì‚' Tyqg th wdmiq yrjd .ekSug ;rï is;a úh'
tfy;a tys .uk wjika jk ;=re wdmiq fkd yefrk nj fya úYajdi lf<a h'
f;dfrdlafldaj kej;=fKa h' Tjqka isáfha msÿre fifj‚ l< f;a meka y,lg
uqyqK ,d f.k h' th wi, u mia lKaä lvd jegqKq lkaola úh' f;a meka y,
;=<g msúis lïlrejka ì,s|l= msfgys t,a,d .;a .eyekshlf.ka f;a b,a,d f.k
ksjdvq mdvqj tys ri n,kq olakg ,eì‚'
¾fhdafyhs fkd ikaiqka .;shlska f;dfrdlafldaj jgd ilauka lf<a h' f;dfrdlaflda
peisfha uqÿfkys fomi ,S mqjrej, ;ejreKq uv ;Ügq fõ<S leá .eiS ;snqfKa h'
105
ñks;a;= lSmhlg miq lfka is./Ügqjla .id f.k isá ñksid f;a lvfha isg wjq;a
lvodishl T;k ,o iQlsß j.hla Tyqg ÿkafka h' ¾fhdafyhs lsisÿ yeÕSula ke;sj
wdjdg .shdg fuka zia;=;shsZ lSfõ h' tfy;a ;ud fld;rï oro`vq ù oehs miqj Tyqg
jegyqfKa h' tys jro yß.iaikakg fuka fya iQlsß álla lgg ùis lr .;af;a h'
nQñf;,a .|la Tyqg oekqfKa ksielfhka u ta lvodish ksid úh hq;= h'
;sfokd u f;dfrdlafldaj h<s;a ;,a¨ lrkakg jQy' ¾fhdafyhsf.a w;a f;dfrdlafldaj
u; ;snqKq kuq;a is; fhduq ù ;snqfKa fjk;a foaj,a flfryss h'
Tjqyq wfkla md¾Yajfhys l÷ mduq,g <Õd jQy' t;ek o uq,ska lS f;a meka y,
jeks lvhla ;snqfKa h' lïlrejka th ;=<g .sh miq ¾fhdafyhs f;dfrdlafldafjys
jdäf.k ‘wdmiq f.or hkafka flfia oe’hs is;kakg úh' ñÈ je,a u; jegqKq nisk
ysref.a wdf,dalh l%ufhka wvq jkakg úh'
‘oeka fyd|g u yjia fj,d’ fï woyi my< jQ úg Tyq fkdbjis,su;a úh' fya
;u lrorj,ska is; fjk w;lg fhduq lsÍug uykais .;af;a h' f;dfrdlafldafõ
frdaoj,g mhska .eiqfõ h' ;udg neß nj oek oek u uq¿ flaka;sh u fhdod th
;kshu ;,a¨ lsÍug ieriqfKa h'
lïlrefjda wdmiq meñK “<ufhda blaukg f.or ÿjmka' wms wo ? fuys k;r
fjkjd”hs lSy' “WU ;j;a f.or hkak mrlal= jqfKd;a wïu,d ;d;a;,d l,n,
fjkjd'”
¾fhdafyhs fudfyd;la mqÿuhg m;aj n,d isáfha h' ta jk úg we¢ß jeà wjidk h'
.sh wjqreoafoa Tyq bjduqrd olajd meñ‚fha h' wo meñ‚ ÿr Bg jvd i;r .=Khlska
muK jeä h' Tyqg fï ÿr m%udKh ;kshu mhska hEug isÿ jkafka h' fï yeu
lreKla u Tyqf.a is; úksúo .sfha h' ¾fhdafyhsf.a weiaj, l÷¿ msrefKa h' ye`ãfuka
m,la ke;s nj;a fuh Bg wjia:dj fkd jk nj;a Tyqg l,amkd jQfha h' Tyq ;reK
lïlrejka fofokdg hï;ï wdpdr fldg f¾,a mS,s Èf.a ÿjkakg mgka .;af;a h'
úfgl Tyq f¾,a mS,s u; Èjqfõ f;daka;= jQjdla fuks' iQlsß uq, bÍ úisfrk nj
Tyqg oekqfKa h' fya b;sß ál o bj;g ùis lf<a h' mdjyka hqj< o .e, ù ùis
jkakg bv yeßfha h' fïia muKla we;sj ÿjk Tyqf.a fom;=,aj, fndr¨ wekS
;rul fõokd we;s jqj o fomdj,g b;d ieye,a¨ njla oekqfKa h' fya l÷ uqÿkg
Èjqfõ h' jï miska uqyqo Èia úh' l÷¿ Odrd folïuq,a Èf.a je.sfr;a u ysi fomig
.eiaiS h' fya ks¾NS; ùug uykais .;af;a h' tfy;a Tyqf.ka bfí u iqiqï msg úh'
Tyq WK jkh ueÈka fõ.fhka ÿjk úg nei hk ysref.a /ia ÿ¾j¾K fjñka
;sfnkq l÷ u;ska o¾Ykh jQfha h' ¾fhdafyhsf.a is; oeka fyd|g u wjq,a ù
f.dia h' iuyr úg tfia jQfha .uka ud¾.h fjkia jQ ksid úh hq;= h' o¾Yk
m:fha fjkia ùu Tyqf.a is; fkdikaiqka njg m;a lf<a h' Tyqf.a we÷ï vyÈfhka
f;;aj ;sì‚' Tyq we| isá lndh ta wjia:dfjys uy;a lrorhla jQfhka ta .,jd
fõ.fhka úis flf<a h' n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka jQ fya È.g u ÿjkakg jkafka h'
cukdrï j;a;g <x jk úg fyd|g u we¢ß jeà ;sìK' we;eï úg ,siaiñka we;eï
úg .,auq,aj, yefmñka ÿjk w;r “uf.a mK fkdkeiS b;sß jqfKd;a we;s˜ hs
106
¾fhdafyhs ;udg lshd .;af;a h'
k.rdka;fhys jevfmd< w÷f¾ u ¾fhdafyhsg Èia jQfha h' túg Tyqg lE.eiSug
is;a úh' tfy;a fya È.g u Èjqfõ h'
k.rhg msúis úg myka oe,afjñka ;sì‚' j;=r wÈk .eyekq o f.dúfmdf<a isg
jev ksu fldg ;u ksfjiaj,g hk ñksiaiq o ¾fhdafyhs y;s ou oud ÿjkq ÿgy'
“fudl o ldrfKa@”hs Tjqyq weiQy' Tyq lsisjla fkd lshd nvq .nvdj o ndn¾ idmamqj o
wdf,dalfhka nn<k ;j;a fkdfhla f.j,a o miq lf<a h'
f.or biairy fodr <Õg meñ‚ úg ¾fhdafyhsg ye`ãu j<lajd .; fkd yels úh'
Tyq y`vkq weiQ uj;a mshd;a Tyq fj; ÿj wdy' uj Tyq <x lr f.k hï lsisjla
lSjd h' tfy;a ¾fhdafyhs w;mh ùis lrñka" bls ì¢ñka È.g u y`vkakg úh' Tyq
fnßyka fokq wid wy, my< .eyekq lSm fofkla l¿jf¾ u t;ekg frdla jQy'
Tyqf.a foudmshka fuka Tjqyq o ye`ãug ldrKh l=ula oehs úuiQy' Tjqka l=ula
weiqj;a Tyq ta .Kklg fkd .;af;a h' Tyq È.g u we`vqfõ h'
ta id úYd, ÿrl;rl isg ÿj toa§ oekqKq ;kslu fldf;la ye`vqj o is;ska neyer
fkd hk nj miq j ¾fhdafyhsg jegyqfKa h'

107
wjfndaOh
1' f;dfrdlafldafjka li< wÈk lïlrejka ÿgq ¾fhdafyhsf.a me;=u jQfha l=ula o@
2' ¾fhdafyhs fkd bjis,af,ka n,d isáfha fln÷ wruqKla bgq lr .ekSfï
wNs,dIfhka o@
3' f;dfrdlafldaj ;,a¨ lrñka isá ;reKhka fofokd iu. ñ;% úh hq;= he hs
¾fhdafyhs is;=fõ l=ula ksid o@
4' ;reKhka fofokd b;d úkS; hehs ¾fhdafyhs is;=fõ l=uk fya;= ksid úh
yels o@
5' ¾fhdafyhs ;reKhka iu. fndfyda ÿrla meñK we;s nj yeÕfjk fldgi
flál;dfjka Wmqgd ,shkak'
6' l%ufhka ¾fhdafyhsf.a isf;ys jQ i;=g myj hkakg n,mE fya;= f,i Tn
olskafka fudkjd o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' zñÈ je,a u; jegqKq nisk ysref.a wdf,dalh l%ufhka wvq jkakg úhZ hk
mßir j¾Kkdfjka ¾fhdafyhsf.a is; úksúo oelsh yels h' fï ms<sn|j Tfí
woyi ,shkak'
2' fuu ks¾udKh Tiafia l;=jrhd <ud uki úksúo oelSug iu;aj ;sfí' by;
m%ldYh úuikak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' wl=;.dj ¾hqfkdiqfl yd chka; úu,fiak fom<f.a idys;H fiajh ms<sn|

f;dr;=re ix.%y lrkak'
108
kdgH msgm;a rpkh

my; oelafjkafka úisjk ishjfia c¾uksfha úiQ iqm%isoaO kdgHlrejl= jk
n¾fgda,aÜ ífrIaÜ úiska rÑ; o fldflaishka fpdala i¾l,a kï kdgHfha
mßj¾;khla f,i fykaß chfiak úiska ksIamdokh lrk ,o yqKqjgfha
l;dj kï kdgHfha wjidk wxlh hs' úis jk ishjfia f,dal kdgH lafIa;%fha
fYa%IaG;uhd ífrIaÜ nj fndfyda úpdrlhkaf.a ms<s.ekSu hs'
kdgH msgm;a rpkh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla Tng ,nd §u fuys wruqK hs' ta i|yd
m%:ufhka fuys oelafjk kdgH fldgi lshjd n,kak'
yqKq jgfha l;dj

2 jk wxlh
fmdf;a .=re ( wikq uek oeka whqre úi÷j

úNd.h kvq <orejd .ek
ljqo hk j. kshu uE‚h
Wmldrfhka yqKq j<,af,a
^kQld kqjr úksYaph Yd,dj' miqmiska fyajdhka úiska <ore uhsl,a fõÈldj yryd
f.k hkq ,nhs' orejd fkdfmkS hk ;=re fy,s wfudard .;a fyajdfhda fodrgqj
wi, .DDId kj;d f.k isá;s' fmr ud,s.fha wrlaleñ ia;%sh o .DDId iu. fjhs'
wE;ska fkdfhla Yío' wyi r;a meye f.k we;&
.DDId ( ^f.k hkq ,nk orejd foi weis msh fkd fy<d
n,d isg& oeka ysg u ks¾NS; hs uf.a ore meáhd' oeka
mq¿jka ;kshu w;mh fidao .kav;aæ
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( WU jdikdjka;sæ fuhd kshu kvqldrfhla fkfuhs'
flfy,au,laj;a fkdokak fínoafola" wivla lsh,d'
uyd m,a fydre ysgka fuhdf.ka fíß,d .syska
;sfhkj' i,a,sldrfhd WK;a w; mqrd m.d fkdfok
yskao o fldfyo idlals mg,jd f.k ÿmam;a wEfhd
fndfyda u f,fyisfhka fír, hjdmq fj,dj,a
;sfhkj'
.DDId ( wo kï ug yeu msysgla u ´kE fõú'
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( ug f;afrkafk kE WU fudkjg fï .ek fï yeá
jo fjkj o lsh," WfU orefjl=;a fkfuhs fldgæ
Bg;a ymka fï jf. ldf,læ
.DDId ( uuhs yeÿfjæ tA yskao uf.hs orejæ
109
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( WU l,amkd lf<a keoao äx.la fï .Eks wdmyq
wdfjd;a fudkj fõú o lsh,@
.DDId ( uq,ska uu ys;=fj wdmyq wdfjd;a orej wdmyq fokjd
lsh,' Bg miafi ux ys;=j wdmyq tk tlla kE lsh,'
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( WU uyd fudav fl,af,la' tA;a lula kE' WfU ys;
fyd| yskao uu ´kE tfylg Èjqrkakï' îhsuka
iIdjd wE; tkq oel& tA;a WU ihsukag lf<a nrm;<
je/oaola' uu l;d l<d thd tlal' thdg f;afrkafk
kE fï mg,eú,a,'
.DDId ( ^Tyq tkq oel& thdg f;afrkafk ke;akï ug oeka
fj,d kE ´j lshd È§ bkak'
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( orej Wfò fkfuhs lsh, thdg f;afrkjd' tA;a WU
lido ne| f.k bkak ksid uefrk ;=re wdfh thdg
WUj ,nd .kak nE lshk tl f;afrkafk kE thdgæ
^.DDId" ihsuka tkq oel Tyq yd iskdfihs'&
ihsuka ( ^wi,g ú;a nl=iq f,i& uu fï we;a;sg lshka wdfj
orej uf.a h lsh, uu Èjqrkak iQodkï njhs'
.DDId ( msx whs;s fjhs ihsukaæ
ihsuka ( tA tlal u uu lshkak wdfj" tA ksid uu lsis fohla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk nj'
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( fudkj n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkak o@ okafk keoao thd
lido ne|, nj@
ihsuka ( wms okakj' Th yeá u;la lr fokak ´ke kE tA
.ekæ
^fyajdfhla meñfKhs&
fyajdhd ( flda@ fldfy o kvqldrh@ ljqre;a tfyu ±lal o
kvqldrhdj@
fyajdfhla ( ^we;=<;ska ú;a& kvqldrh kE' mqgq ln,l=hs ysia jhska
fcda.a.=jl=hs wer fjk fudlj;a kE f.a yßfhj;aæ
^kgd,shd iy msßi meñfK;s'&
kgd,shd ( tl fyd|lg ;sfhkafk" idudkH hlal= kE fu;k'
ug bjikak nE Wkaf. odäh .|' tAl keyehg
oeksÉp yeáfh ug ysfia weïu w,a,kjæ
1 jk kS;s{hd ( lshk lrk foa .ek lreKdlr álla m%fõiï fjkak
´ke" wmg fjk kvqldrfhla ,efnk ;=re'
110
kgd,shd ( uu fudl=;a lsõfj kE bf,da iqfnd,dâfiaæ uu yß
wdofrhs ñksiaiqkagæ wysxil ÿmam;a ñksiaiqkagæ tA
f.d,a,kaf. odäh .| ;uhs ug reiaikafk ke;af;æ
2 jk kS;s{hd ( jeä fik.la bkak tlla kE' wy, my< ;j u
ler,s flda,dy, ksid ñksiaiq ;j u f.j,a we;=f<'
kgd,shd ( ^.DDId fj;& wr bkafk tAls o@
1 jk kS;s{hd ( msx isoao fjhs ue;sksh" wdÈmdo;=ud w¨;a kvqldrfhla
m;a lrk ;=re wms álla lg m%fõiï lr f.k bkak
´kE' fï kvqldrhg tfyu weyqfKd;a Tfydu foaj,a
lshkj" wmg fyd|g ysákafk kE tAl' wms yeu
fohla u fhdod ;sfhkafk w¨;a kvqldrfhla m;a
lrkak'
^;j;a fyajdfhda meñfK;s'&
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( kvqldrhd wivla fkdfjhs kï wr .Eks
fu,ylg;a Wfò fliai .,j, wr f.kæ
^fyajdhka nd,alhla u; f;dKavqjla .eg .ikq fmfka' hoïj,ska n¢kq ,enQ
wivla yd Ijqjd f.k tkq ,n;s' f.dúfhda ;sfok miqmiska t;s'&
fyajdfhla ( .,jm,a, uqf. f,da.=j uQ t,a,kak biairæ
^Tyq wivlag w;ska wkS' f.dúfhda yd fyajdfhda
wivlaf.a f,da.=j bj;a lr;s' Tyqf.a ls,sá hg we÷ï
fmfka' ;j tflla Tyqg mhska .ihs'&
;j;a fyajdfhla ( ^wivla ;,a¨ lrñka& ´ka w,a,m,a, kvqldr mSmamhlaæ
^—w,a,mshõ˜ —§mshõ˜ wdÈh lshñka Tjqyq wivla tydg;a fuydg;a ;,a¨ lr;s'
wivla fjfyiska ìu jefÜ' túg Tyq Wiaid f;dKavqj wi,g f.k hkq ,efí'&
kgd,shd ( ^w;afmd<ika foñka fï ish,a, foi n,d isg& fyd|
jefâæ ug fmakak nerej ysáfh Th uQi,hjæ
wivla ( ûqyqfKka f,a fmrñka& ug fudl=;a fmakafk kEæ ug
§m,a, frÈ lE,a,laæ
fyajdfhla ( fudkj o ;uqfig n,kak ´kE@
wivla ( f;dmsj" n,a,fka" f;dmsjæ ^Tyq w;ska f,a msi oud
.kS& n,a,fka" f;dmsg iqn WoEikla fõjdæ n,dm,a,d
f;dms <Õ ;j nQÜ im;a;=jla tfyu ;sfhkj o lsh,
ug mhska tlla wkskakæ
^fldamar,a flfkl=;a iu. ¥ú,s ;ejreK wirefjla ths' Tyq yï nE.hlska
,shú,a,la t<shg .kS' th f.k wjg n,d&
111
wirejd ( kj;a;m,a,dæ uy wdÈmdo;=udf.ka ikafoaYhla
wrf.khs fï weú;a bkafk w¨;a u m;a lsÍï .ekæ
fldamar,a ( ^.=.=rñka& ksYaYío fjkqæ
wirejd ( kQld kqjr kvqldr moúh iïnkaO j uyd wdÈmdo;=ud
fï úêhg m;aùula lr ;sfhkj( —fï rgg b;d u
ohdnr jQ Ôú;hla .e,ùu fya;= fldg f.k tla;rd
mqoa.,fhla" kQld kqjr wivla kue;s mqoa.,hdj wms
úksYaphldr moúhg m;a lrkj'˜ flda tA mqoa.,hd@
Ijqjd ( ^wivla olajñka& wr bkafk Wkakefya ;uhsæ
fldamar,a ( ^.=.=rñka& f;dmsg T,audo yeÈ, o@ fudlla o fï
lrkafk@
fyajdfhla ( iud jkakæ wivla;=ud úksYaphldr moúfha ;uhs
ysáfhæ kuq;a fukak fï bvï ysñhkaf. meñ‚,a,la
ksid uyd wdÈmdo;=udg úreoaO flfkla yeáhg
ys;df.k fufyu lrkak isoaO jqfKa'
fldamar,a ( ^f.dùka fmkajd& weoka m,h,a, uqxj ysr f.g'
^Tjqyq f.k hkq ,n;s' hk w;r Tjqyq keñ keó
wdpdr lr;s& n,d .ks,a, óg miafi tfyu wivla
úksYaphldr;=udg ysßyerhla lr ;snqfKd;aæ
^fldamar,a iy wirejd msg fj;s'&
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( Îjqjdg& wrh wmamqä .eyeõjd' kvqldrh oelal kï
tfyu" n,d.kak mq¿jka fi,a,uæ
1 jk kS;s{hd ( fïl yß u úm;a;shlaæ
^wivla isys uQ¾Pd ù isà' Tyqg h<s;a kvqldr f,da.=j m,|jkq ,efí' Tyq jeks jekS
fyajdhka fj; hhs'&
fyajdfhla ( Tn;=udg wjYH fohla tfyu ;sfhkj o@
wivla ( ;sfhkjæ b|, ysg, f;dms tfll=f. fydïng
mhska mdrla fokakæ Îjqjd olajd& uu fudyqj ksoyia
lrkjd' Îjqjdf.a hoï uqokq ,efí& .syska f.fkõ
ug r;= jhska fcda.=jla" fyd| ier cd;sfhka' Îjqjd
msg fjhs' fyajdhkag& m,hõ hkak fu;kskaæ ug
kvqjla úi|kak ;sfhkjd' Îjqjd jhska /f.k ths'
wivla th tl yqiaug fndhs& uf. mmqj llshkjæ
Îjqjd kS;s fmd; wdikh u; ;nhs' wivla tys jdä
fjhs' ^jg msg n,d rjñka" w; È.= lr& uu .kakjdæ
^l,n, j liql=iqjla meje;ajQ meñ‚,sldrfhda iekis,s iqiqï fy<ñka isky my<
112
lr;s' Tjqyq ryia lshkq fmfka'&
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( wfmdhs fohshfkaæ
ihsuka ( msks Èfhka <s|la mqrjkak neye lshkjæ
kS;s{fhla ( ^wivla wi,g tñka - ke.S isák wivla
ikaf;daIfhka w; md Tyqf.ka uqo,a ,nhs'&
uy úldr kvqjla uyd wêlrK;=uksæ ú;a;sldßh
orefjla fydrlï lr f.k .syska oeka wdmyq fokak
nE lshkj'
wivla ( ^.DDId fj; w; È.= lrñka& yaïæ fyd| lvjiï
;eke;a;shla' ^Tyq ikaf;daIfhka uqo,a w;.d
idlal=jg oud .ksñka jdä fjhs'& uu kvqj wdrïN
lrkj' yeu flfkl=f.ka u i;Hh n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fjkjæ ^.DDIdg& úfYaIfhka u fï ;eke;a;shf.kaæ
1 jk kS;s{hd ( uyd wêlrK;=uks" mer‚ lshukla ;sfhkj reêrh
c,hg jvd oeäh lsh,' fï uyÕ= lshuk'''
wivla ( Bg l,ska uydêlrKh oek .ekSug i;=gqhs
uqkakefyf. .dia;=j lSho lsh,'
^1 jk kS;s{hd mqÿu ù n,d isà' wivla weÕs,s w;=,a,d h<s;a bÕsfhka wihs'&
1 jk kS;s{hd ( fï m%Yakh álla widudkH m%Yakhla uydêlrK;=uks"
tA;a oek .kak wjYH u kï" uf.a .dia;=j ß§
mkaiShhs'
113
wivla ( oek .ekSug w;HjYH u ldrKhlaæ yaï" oeka lshuq
wr reêrh .ek l;dj'
1 jk kS;s{hd ( ^keó wdpdr lrñka& tfyuhs" uydêlrK;=uks"
uydêlrK;=uks" iEu neïulg u jeäh ;o
neïula ;uhs reêr neïu' ujl=;a orejl=;a w;r we;s
reêr neïuæ Bg jvd W;a;Í;r neïula uq¿ f,dal
Od;=fõ u ke;s nj uydêlrK;=ud ms<s.kakjd
we;s' uydêlrK;=uks" ujlf.a welfhka orefjla
Wÿrd .kak mq¿jks o@ ord isáh yels l%shdjla o th@
fm%aufha fõokdfjka ms<sis| .;a orejd ujla úiska
ish .¾Nfha Wiq,d isákq ,nkj' wef.a f,hska orejd
fmdaIKh lrkq ,nkjd' fõokdfjka orejd ìys lrkq
,nkjd' uydêlrK;=uks" jkfha ießirk l%Er;r
jHd>% fèkqj mjd ish orejd ke;s jQ úg fYdal .skak
ord .kq neß j le,Ej fojk;a lrkj¨æ uq¿ iajNdj
O¾uhd u''''
wivla ( ^l;dj kj;ñka .DDIdg& fudkj o fï je,ajgdrï
.ek hqIau;shg lshkak ;sfhkafk@
.DDId ( orej uf.aæ
wivla ( yaï" tÉpr o lshkak ;sfhkafk@ hqIau;shg tAl Tmamq
lrka mq¿jka fõú lsh, ux n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd'
t;fldg hqIau;sh ys;kafk Th jpk fol wy, fï
orejf. whs;sh hqIau;shg uu mjrd foa h lsh," tA@
.DDId ( uu ug mq¿jka yeáhg orejj yod .;a;d' ux
nv.skafk ;sífn kE orejj' mq¿jka fohla lkak
fndkak ÿkak' yeu ;siafi u jf.a fldfya yß jy,la
hg bkak ie,eiaiqj' uu WK ngj,ska fi,a,ï nvq
yod ÿkak orejg' uf.a wf;a ;snqKq ;=Ügq fol úhoï
lr, lsß ál wrka ÿkak' wy, my< <uhska tlal
iKavq irej,a fkdlr fyd¢ka bkak b.ekakqj' fmdä
ldf, b|, u jev m< lrk yeá lshd ÿkakd' tA;a ;j
u weì;a;ka meáhdæ
1 jk kS;s{hd ( uydêlrK;=uks" Tn;=udg fmakj we;s fï ;eke;a;sh
fï orejd iïnkaO j lsis u f,a kElulg ysñlï
fkdlshk nj'
wivla ( Tõ Tõ" ug fmakj'
114
1 jk kS;s{hd ( tfyuhs uydêlrK;=uks" uydêlrK;=uks" uu
;uqkakdkafiaf.ka ne.Em;a j b,a,d isákjd fï
orejdf. ujg - fï ishque,s ldka;djg jpkhla l;d
lrkak bv fokak lshd' iajdñhd;a ke;s j" orejd;a
wysñ j" fYdalfhka mSä; jQ wjdikdjka; ia;%shla fï
kgd,shd wnIaú,a,s ue;skshæ
kgd,shd ( ^fiñka& ug w;a ù we;s oreKq brKñka ñ§ug fï
orejd kej; ,nd fok f,i Tn;=udf.ka hgy;a j
b,a,d isákj" kvqldr;=uks" ujla jYfhka uu úkao
fõokd" ysßyeræ ksÈ ke;sj .; l<'''
2 jk kS;s{hd ( ^lvd mksñka& fï ia;%shg i,lk yeá b;d u
kskaÈ; hs' ñh .sh wef.a iajdñmqreIhf. ud,s.djg;a
we;=¿ fjkak bvla kE fï ia;%shgæ j;=msáj, wdodhï
weysß,dæ lsis u ys;la mmqjla ke;sj wEg lshkj
Tgqkak ysñ l=udrh ke;sj tA lsis fohla wEg fokak
nE lsh,' lsis u fohla lr .kak nE fï ukqiaihg
fld¨ meáh ke;s yskaoæ kS;s{hkag j;a f.jd .kak
úÈhla kEæ
^fï jpkj,ska l,n, jQ 1 jk kS;s{hd Tyq je<lSug w;ska ix{d lrk úg&
uf.a ñ;% bf,da iqfnd,dâfia" fudl o wms fï
ldrKdj t<s l<d u we;s je/oao@ wnIaú,a,s
j;=msáj,g whs;shla keoao Th fld¨ meáhg jf.a u
fï ukqiaihg@
1 jk kS;s{hd ( lreKdlr b|.kak ikafod Tfnd,dâfiaæ fï .ek
i|yka fkd lrkak wms tlÕ jqKd' ^wivlag&
uydêlrK;=uks" wnIaú,a,s j;=msá iïnkaO j
m%Yakhl=;a ;sfhkjd ;uhs fï kvqfj ;Skaÿj Wv'
tA;a Bg jvd fmruqfKa ;sfhkafk wr uu l,ska lsõj
jf.a fï ujla ms<sn|j we;s udkqIsl fÄojdplh hs'
oeka äx.lg biair fj,d fï ;eke;a;sh yo lïmd
jk úÈhg Tn;=udg fmkajd §mq mßÈ fï uhsl,a
wnIaú,a,s kue;s orejd fuu j;=msá Ok iïNdrhg
Wreuldrhd jqK;a fkdjqK;a tAl fkfuhs
uydêlrK;=uks m%Yakh' fï ujlf. yoj; we;=<;
nqr nqrd k.sk ÿla .skaorhsæ
115
wivla ( lreKdlr fmdâvlg kj;skak' j;=msá ms<sn|j
fÄojdplh .ek l:d lrk fldg uydêlrK;=udf.
mmqj m;a;= fjkj" msßisÿ ukqIH yeÕSï ms<sn|
ixfla;hlaæ
2 jk kS;s{hd ( tfyuhs uydêlrK;=uks" orejd /f.k .sh fï ia;%sh
orejdf. uj fkd jk nj Tmamq lsÍug wms iQodkï'
uydêlrKh bÈßfha wms tA lreKq oeka bÈßm;a
lrkjd' wêlrK;=uks" lsishï wjdikdjka; isÿùï
je,la ksid uhsl,a wnIaú,a,s lshk fï orejd ud,s.d
ìfï oud hkak isoao jqKd Tyqf. ujg - fï uyÕ=
ldka;djg - le/,a,g nfha wE mek hk wjia:dfõ §æ
.DDId kue;s wr bkak fufyldr ia;%sh tod tA mdial=
bßod ojfi fï orejd wi, .ejiqK nj'''
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( iajdñ¥ l,amkd lf<a f.kshk we÷ï .ek ú;rhs'
2 jk kS;s{hd ( ^th fkd ;ld& Bg wjqreoaolg muK miq fï .DDId
lshk ia;%sh l÷ m%dka;hg msúiqKd fï orej;a iu.'
tys § wE wdjdyhla lr .;a;'
wivla ( fldfydu o hqIau;S l÷ m%dka;hg .sfha@
.DDId ( ux .sfha mhska' orej uf.aæ
ihsuka ( orejf. mshd uuhs úksYaphldr;=uks"
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( orejd n,d .;af; uuhs yduqÿrejfka ß§ mylgæ
2 jk kS;s{hd ( fï ñksid fï ;eke;a;sh iu. újdy .súi .;a
;eke;af;la' tu ksid Tyqf. idlaIs jeo.;a kE
uydêlrK;=uksæ
wivla ( l÷ m%dka;fha § wdjdy lr .;af; WUj o@
ihsuka ( kE úksYaphldr;=uks" wE wdjdy lr .;af; ÿmam;a
f.dúfhlaæ
wivla ( ^.DDIdg& wehs hqIau;sh tfyu lf<a@ fï ñksyd fyd|
uÈ o@
.DDId ( ux lido nekafo fï orejd ksid' orejg fkd f;ó
bkak f.orla Wjukd ksid' îhsuka olajd& fuhd
hqoafog .syska ysáfh'
wivla ( ±ka Tyqg hqIau;sh jqjukd lrkj" tA@
ihsuka ( uu idlaIs jYfhka lshkak i;=gqhs'''''
.DDId ( ^fldamfhka& uu oeka ksoyia .Eksfhla fkfuhs
yduqÿrejfkaæ
116
wivla ( t;fldg fï orej@ ovdjf;a .syska ,nd .;a; orefjla
fkao@ ^.DDId ksYaYío h& uu tl m%Yakhla wykj
hqIau;shf.ka' fldhs úêfh orefjla o fï orejd@
ld,lKa‚fhl=f. ld,lKa‚ meáfhla o@ tfyu
ke;akï jeo.;a mjq,l tfll=f. meáfhla o@
.DDId ( ^fldamfhka& orejd idudkH meáfhla'
wivla ( ux wykafk kïnqldr fmkqula tfyu ;snqK o uq,
b|,@
.DDId ( uu okafk kE uQK ueo kyhla ;snqKdæ
wivla ( yaï" tAl fndfydu jeo.;a W;a;rhla' yaï" uu jeäÿr
hkafk kE' ^ú;a;shg& WU,f. fndre ;j fldf;l=;a
wykafk kE uuæ ^.DDIdg& úfYaIfhka u Wfò
fndrej,g lka fokafk kE uuæ WU, Tlafldu
fydreæ uu okakj WU,f. fimamv úÊcdæ
.DDId ( ^fldamfhka ysá yeáfha& wms;a okakj Tfyaf. fimamv
úÊcd' wms oelal wr me;af;ka yïn jqK fmdÈhæ
wivla ( ksYaYío fjkqæ WfUka fudl=;a .;af; kEfk uuæ
.DDId ( ^wrlaleñ ia;%sh wE je<elaùug W;aidy lrk w;r&
ug fokak fohla kE'
wivla ( yßæ yßhg yßæ ysÕkakkaf.ka lsis fohla kE ug'
tA;a kS;sh ´kE WU, yefudag u' WU, uia rd;a;,la
.kak hk fldg i,a,s f.kshkjd' ud <Õg tkj
hqla;sh ,nd .kak w;a fol jk jkd" u<jqkaf.
odfkg tkj jf.æ
ihsuka ( ^Wiayçka& wYajhg ,dvï .yk fldg ll=f, bkak
ueiai wKav biaiqj¨æ
wivla ( ^wNsfhda.h ikaf;daIfhka ms<s.ksñka& uQÿ m,af,
;sfhk uq;= wefÜg jeä jákj¨ f.du f.dfâ
;sfhk fodU wefÜæ
ihsuka ( —fyd| wmQre ojila - huq ì<S ndkak˜ lsõj¨ ìï
mKqjæ
wivla ( —uf.a iajdñhd uu hs˜ lsõj ¨ fufyldrhd' lsh,
;ukaf. u fn,a, lmd .;a; ¨æ
ihsuka ( —WU, uf.a orefjd˜ lsõj¨ id¾;=ud' ñksiqkag lsh,"
Wkaf. ysi .id oeïu ¨æ
wivlaa ( fudavhf. krl u i;=r ;udu ¨æ
117
ihsuka ( jd;hg kyhla ke;s ¨æ
wivla ( Widúfha wiNH jpk mdúÉÑ l<dg ß§ oyhla ov
.ykj' kS;sh fudlla o f;af¾ú t;fldgæ
.DDId ( ñkS urk kS;shla fïlæ wmg fufyu i,lkafk
wms ÿmam;a yskao" wms <Õ odäh .| .yk ksid" wr
wín.d;a Wkakefy, bkak whg jf.a wmg i¿ ms<s
ke;s ksidæ
wivla ( Tõ' tA l;dj yßæ
.DDId ( orej wr Wkaoeg fokak Tfyag ´kE lr, ;sfhkjd'
tA;a Wkoe okafk kE orej f;ud .;a;u froao udre
lrkak j;a' tÉprg iqfldu,hs Wkao,æ
wivla ( tAfl;a lsishï i;Hhla ;sfhkj' tA jqK;a ß§ úiaila
ov .ykj wiNH foa u;la l<dg Widúfhaæ
.DDId ( úiai ;sy WK;a ug lula kE' uu lsh,
fokakï Tfyaf. kS;sh .ek' Tfya okak bá f.ähla
kE kS;sh .ek' Tfya kslï fnß fjÉp ÆKq ìllaæ
^jlalv levqjdla fia& fudloao Tfyag ;sfhk
hq;=lu wmg fï úêhg kskaod lrkak@ yßhg Tfya
kvqldrlu úkakUq wïuf.ka wrf.k wdj jf.aæ
Tfya kvqldrfhla jqfKa mrK mskla m, §,æ Tfya
m.dldrfhlaæ l=Kq f.dvj,a wjqiaik lerfmd;af;laæ
^wivlaf.a uqyqK m%S;sfhka msïî ;sfnkq fmfka' Tyq ke.S isg hIaáh f.k fïihg
.ihs' tfy;a tfia lrkqfha .DDIdf.a l:dfõ fõ.hg wkq;d,h ;nkakdla fuks'&
uf.a W.=r llshkj" ke;akï ug mq¿jka ;j;a foaj,a
lshkak Tfya .ek' Tfyag mq¿jka uf.a orej wrf.k
Wkao,g Ndr fokak uu ÿmam;a wysxil .Eksfhla
ksid' tA;a Tfya kvqldrfhla fkfuhs" ;laläfhlaæ
uf.daäfhlaæ yq<x fnda,hlaæ jd; mSmamhlaæ
^weh fjfyiska y;s ,kq fmfka&
wivla ( ^jdä fjñka& yaï" tA l:djg ß§ ;syla ovhs' fu;k
;enEreula lsh, ys;=j o Th úÈhg l:d lrkak@ tA
fldfydu jqK;a hqIau;shf. kvqj uu állg l,a
oukj' flda wr Èlalidohla ´keh lshmq fcdavqj@
Îjqjdg& f.fkuq tA fokakj' fï kvqj úkdä
myf<djlg l,a oukj uu'
1 jk kS;s{hd ( ^kgd,shdg& oeka nh fjkak fohla kE' kvqj wfma
wf;a' wdfh fjk idlalshla ´ke kEæ
118
wrlaleñ ia;%sh ( ^.DDIdg& fudav fl,a,æ Tkak WU jefâ j,a lr .;a;æ
oeka b;ska orej ,efnkafk kE WUg'
kgd,shd ( I,ajd" flda uf. ´äfldf,dx l=mamsh@
^b;d uy¨ hqj<la t;s'&
wivla ( uu .kakjæ ûy¨ whg th fkdf;af¾'& ug wdrxÑhs
uqkaoe,g Èlalidohla ´keh lsh,' fldÉpr l,a o
uqkaoe, ne|, oeka@
uy¨ ia;%sh ( wjqreÿ y;<syhs yduqÿrejfka'
wivla ( fudl o Èlalido fjkak fya;=j@
uy¨ ñksyd ( ug fïlsj reiaikafk kE yduqÿrejfkaæ
uy¨ ia;%sh ( ug;a tfyuhs yduqÿrejfkaæ
wivla ( ljo b|, o@
uy¨ ia;%sh ( uq, b|, u yduqÿrejfkaæ
wivla ( fyd|hs" uu tA .ek l,amkd lr, ;Skaÿj fokj ;j
állska fï wksla kvqj bjr jqKd u'
Îjqjd Tjqka wdmiq f.k hhs'&
yaï ug orej n,kak ´kE' ^.DDId wi,g le|jd"
ldre‚l j fuka weh fj; keó& WU fndfydu
wmQre l:djla l<d' tA;a fï orej Wfò fkfuhs nj
ug fmakjd' b;ska Wfò WKd h lsh, fhdaÈfh WU
leu;s keoao orej fmdai;a fjkjg@ WU fï orej
Wfò fkfuhs lsh, lshdmq yeáfh orejg ud,s.djla
yïn fjkjd' wiaj.df, wiamfhd ,efnkjæ fodrlv
ysÕkafkd ,efnkjæ hqoafog fyajdfhd ,efnkjæ
ñÿf, fm;aiïldrfhd ,efnkjæ fudl o lshkafk@
WU leu;s keoao orej fmdai;a fjkjg@
^.DDId ksYaYíoh'&
fmdf;a .=re ( fldam jQ oeßh láka msg fkdlr is;ska is;+ foa
fufia h(
we;s uq;a ñ‚ uq;= wnrK
Èkq uq;a iïm;a wmuK
jqj fyd;a rc kmqre fjf;a
reÿ j. j,iqka ú,fia
WU ñksfyla fjhka mqf;a
l=i .sks fjhs tl u i;=re
w÷rg ìh fjhka mqf;a
ysre t<shg ìh fkdu ùæ
119
wivla ( ia;%sh" Wfò woyia ug jegfykjæ
.DDId ( ^ysáyeáfha u Wia yçka& uu fokafk kE uf.a ore
meáhjæ uuhs W! yeÿfjæ W! udj w÷kkjdæ
Îjqjd orejd /f.k ths'&
kgd,shd ( orej we|f.k bkafk lvud¨æ
.DDId ( tAl we;a; fkfuhs' ug fj,djla ;snqfK kE w¨;a
cx.sh wkaokakæ
kgd,shd ( W!re uvqjl o fldfy o fïls b|, ;sfhkafkæ
.DDId ( ^ksï ysï ke;s fldamfhka& uu Bßfhla fkfuhs'
fu;k bkakj tfyu wh;aæ fldfya o Tfya orej
od, .sfha mek, hk fldg@
kgd,shd ( ysgmsh ux f;dg fmkakkak jkpr fmf¾;sæ
^weh .DDId fj; lvd mekSug ;e;a lrhs' kS;s{jre
weh k;r lr w,a,d f.k isá;s& fïls mÜg fyrla'
fïlsg li mdr fokak ´k fu;k uæ
2 jk kS;s{hd ( ^wef.a uqj w;lska jiñka& iqfldu, kgd,shd
ue;sksh Tn fmdfrdkaÿ jqKd''' uydêlrK;=uks"
meñ‚,sldßhf. ys; mmqj WKq fj,dæ
wivla ( ú;a;sfhkq;a meñ‚,af,kq;a bÈßm;a l< ldrKdj,g
fuu wêlrKh fndfydu m%fõifuka
lkaÿkakd' tA;a ;SrKhlg t<fUkak neß jqKd'
wêlrKfha úksYaphlre jYfhka fuu orejdg
ujla f;dard §u wfma hq;=lula' tA ksid wms tA .ek
mÍlaIKhla mj;ajkjd' Ijqjd" yqKq lE,a,la wrf.k
úksYaph Yd,dj ueo jghla w¢kak ´kE' ^Tyq tfia
lrhs& oeka orejj yqKq jgh ueoafoka ;shuq' Îjqjd
tfia lrhs' jgh ueo isg uhsl,a .DDId yd iskd fihs'&
oeka fï fokak u jgh <Õ ysg .ksuq' îa;%Syq fofok
tfia lr;s'& orejd yqKqjgfhka t<shg weo .kak
mq¿jka ;eke;a;sh kshu uj yeáhg wms úksYaph
lrkj'
2 jk kS;s{hd ( ^blaukska& uydêlrK;=uks" uu fï mÍlaIKhg

úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lrkj' Tgqkak ysñ l=udrh
jYfhka wnIaú,a,s j;= msá" ud,s.d" Ok OdkH wdÈ
ish,a,la u fï orejd iu. ne£ ;sfhkj' tu Ok
iïNdrh fujeks wúksYaÑ; fmdrhla u; úi£u
whqla;s iy.; nj uu wjOdrKfhka lshd isákj' tA
wereKq fldg" w; mfha jevm< lr mqreÿ ú;a;sldßhg
120
;rï iú Yla;shla fï ishque,s meñ‚,sldßhg we;ehs
lshd ys;kak wudrehsæ
wivla ( tfyu fidaudßlula fmakafk kE ugæ yaï" wÈuq'
^kgd,shd ;u me;a;g orejd weo .kS' orejd w;yßk
.DDId ìhm;a j n,d isáhs& fudl o fj,d ;sfhkafk@
uu oelafl kE wÈkjæ
.DDId ( ug yßhg w,a, .kak neß jqKd'
1 jk kS;s{hd ( ^kgd,shdg w;g w; foñka& fudl o uu lsõfj@
f,aj, neïuæ
.DDId ( ^wivla fj; ÿjñka& kvqldr yduqÿrejfka"
;uqkakdkafi .ek uu lshdmq yeu fohla u
jerÈ hsæ uu ;uqkakdkafif.ka iudj b,a,kjæ yßhg
l;d lrkak bf.k .kak ;=re j;a orejd ug ,nd
fokak yduqÿrejfkaæ orej ;j u jpk fol ;=khs
okafkæ
wivla ( weúá,sj,ska Widúhg n,mdkak W;aidy fkdlrk
f,i uu hqIau;shg wjjdo lrkj' Th yeá
W.kajkak jpk fol ;==klg jvd hqIau;sh j;a
okakj we;ehs lshd uu ys;kafk kE' fyd|hs' uu ;j
tl ierhla fuu mÍlaIKh mj;ajkj" yßhg oek
.kak'
îa;%Syq fofok fomiska isg .ks;s'& yaï wÈuqæ
121
^h<ss;a .DDId orejd w;yßhs&
.DDId ( ^wirKj& uuhs yeÿfjæ orej folg brkak o ug
lshkafk@ ug nE tfyu lrkakæ
wivla ( ^ke.S isáñka& fï wdldrhg orejf. i;H uj ljqo
lsh, Widúh úksYaph lrkjd' ^.DDIdg& hqIau;shf.
orej wrf.k Widúfhka msg fjkak mq¿jka' fï
k.rfh jeä l,a fkdhs| msg fj,d hk tl fyd|hs
lsh, uu wjjdo lrkj' ^kgd,shdg& jxpd l<dg
ov .ykak biair fu;kska msg fjkjd fyd|hs'
hqIau;shf. j;= msá k.r iNdjg whs;s fjkjd'
<ud <mákag fi,a,ï lrkak msÜgkshla jYfhka
fhdojkj hqIau;shf. j;= msá' Ijqjd" uu ;SrKh
l<d tAlg uf.a ku fhdokak - —wivla WoHdkh˜
lsh,æ
^kgd,shd isys ke;s j jefghs' wef.a msßi úiska wE j;a;ï lr f.k hkq ,nhs'
wkaoukao jQ .DDId yqka ;ek u isákq fmfka' Ijqjd orejd weh wi,g f.k hhs'&
oeka b;ska uu kvqldr f,da.=j .,jd oukjd' fïl
fndfydu ier jeähs ux jf.a ñksfyl=g' ùrfhla
fjkak Wmka ñksfyla fkfuhs uuæ
122
ûy¨ fcdavqj t;s&
Tkak ug u;l ke;s jqKd' Ijqjd" flda wr lido
fmd; f.fkka fï f.d,a,kaf. lidfo lgq .dkak'
^mqgqj u; fmd; ;nd tyss hula lgq .d oud h<s Ijqjd
w;g § hkakg yefrhs&
Ijqjd ( ^th n,d& tA;a fïl jerÈhs' jerÈ fcdavqjfk Èlalido
lr ;sfhkafk' kdls fcdavqj fkfuhs fï Èlalido
lr ;sfhkafk" .DDIdæ
wivla ( yenEgæ I# ug jerÈ,dæ yaï oeka kï b;ska lrkak
fohla kE' l< foa fjkia lrk ñksfyla fkfjhs
uuæ tfyu lf<d;a fï rfÜ kS;sh mj;ajkafk
fldfydu o@ ûy¨ hqj<g& lula kE iSfha" tA fjkqjg
huq uu;a tlalæ .syska fcdavqj u .yuq fmdä wähla
uu;a tlalæ ^.DDIdg yd ihsukag& yaï" ß§ y;<syhs
lido ldisæ
ihsuka ( ^miqïìh wÈñka& tA .dkg fndfydu ,dnhs kvqldr
yduqÿrejfkaæ fohshkaf. msysghsæ mksk ß<jqkag b‚
ux n¢kj¨ iuyreæ
wivla ( fok fohsfhd fgdl= wek wek fokj¨æ ûqo,a idlal=fõ
oud .kS'& i,a,s w; .Efjk fldg;a wdfh u f,da.=j
oud .kak ysf;kj' ûy¨ fcdavqj yd Ijqjd iu. msg
fjhs'&
.DDId ( ^wrlaleñ ia;%sh ikaf;daIfhka n,d isák w;r
uhsl,ag uoehs" tfykï wms kqjßka hkak ´k wo
?u" tA uhsl,a@
ihsuka ( lido ldis;a f.jmq ksid b,kaodß .Ekq <uhf.ka
hula wykak ;sfhkj ug'''
.DDId ( ihsukaæ ihsukaæ b,kaodß .Ekq <uh leu;shs ´kE
flfy,au,lgæ ûhsl,a iu. kgñka&
wmam Wfò fydr fogqjd

wïu yßu l=klgqjd
tA yskaod mqf;a WUg
uq¿ f,dafl u oK kudú
lkao Wäka wms hkafka

lfrka WUj f.kshkafka
w;ska w;g .ksñkafka
lrmskakd f.k hkafkaæ
123
^Tjqyq ikaf;daIfhka kgñka msg fj;s'&
fmdf;a .=re ( úod w;a ;, fok fkd fok foa /f.k
fyda fkdu /f.k fmdÿfõ
ksodkhlska /f.k fok fuka
hqla;s O¾uh ieug fnÿfõ
tod msg jQ úksiqrE tA h<s;a ke;
lsis Èkl ÿgqfõ
fuod jk ;=re Tyqf. wK .=K
okka ;=v ;=v ;j o lshfõ

fn¥ tu kS;sh
È.= fkdjQ flá hq.h tA rg
iaj¾Kuh hq.hla u jQ nj
okka ;=v ;=v ;j;a mejfihs
yqKq jgh ms<sn|

weiQ fumqj; ifí úh;=ks
mejiQ f,i ok mqrdfKa
;nd .kq uek isf;ys fujok
fohla fõ kï hï
iqÿiaidg u whs;s úh hq;=
u lshk f,i fuf,o
,eìh hq;= wh u h ,eìh hq;=
ujq .=Kh we;s wh
orejka Èksh hq;= fjh
ßheÿre ukd jQ
,eìh hq;= jQ fia u wia ßh
uqÿ .=Kh we;s wh
orejka Èksh hq;= fjh
f.dú ok ukd jQ
Èksh hq;= jQ fiau .ï ìï'
124

kdgH l,dj iÔj l,djls'

fõÈld kdgH l,dj iÔj l,djla ùug fya;= jk lreKq lsysmhls'
² rx..; lrk fudfydf;a u kerôh yels ùu
² fma%laIl m%;spdr ta fudfydf;a u ,o yels ùu
² rx..; lrk fudfydf;a hï jrola isÿ jqj fyd;a ixialrKh l<
fkd yels ùu
kdgH l,dj l,d udOHhka lsysmhl tl;=jls'
ldjHh" .S;h" Ñ;%h" ix.S;h" k¾;kh wdÈ ish,a, tla;eka jk l,d udOHhls'
kdgH l,dj iduQysl l,d udOHhls'

kdgHhla ìys lsÍu ;ks mqoa.,hl=f.a mßY%uhl m%;sM,hla fkd fõ' lsysm fokl=f.a
iydh ta i|yd wjYH fõ' kdgH rplhd" kdgH wOHlaIjrhd" k¿ ks<shka" miq;,
ks¾udK Ys,amSka" wx. rpkd Ys,amSka" rx.df,dal ks¾udK Ys,amSka" rx. jia;%dNrK
ks¾udKh lrkakka" ix.S; ks¾udK Ys,amSka" fma%laIlhka yd úpdrlhka wdÈh ta
i|yd kso¾Yk fia oelaúh yels h'
zkdgHh hkq l=ula o@ hkakg w¾: olajk Nr;uqks m`äjrhd fufia mjihs(
zñksia Ôú;fha § uqyqK mdkakg isÿ jk hï iem fyda ÿla iys; wjia:djla fõ o
th wdx.sl wdÈ wNskh i;ßka oelajQ úg kdgHh hs'"
- kdgH Ydia;%h
wNsk i;r fyj;a p;=¾úO wNskh hkq l=ula o hkak ms<sn|j;a kdgH Ydia;%h
kï .%ka:fha i|yka fjhs'
1' wdx.sl wNskh - wx. p,k ud¾.fhka woyia m%ldY lsÍu'
2' jdÑl wNskh - jpk ud¾.fhka woyia m%ldY lsÍu' fuys § .S;"
lú" .µuh ixjdo wdÈ l=uk fyda ud¾.hla f;dard
.; yels h'
3' id;aúl wNskh - uqyqfKa bßhjq u.ska woyia m%ldYkh' fldamh"
fYdalh" úiauh" ìh" wdorh" l%Er;ajh wdÈ ´kE u
Ndjhla uqyqfKa bßhjqj,ska m%ldYhg m;a l< yels h'
125
4' wdyd¾h wNskh - we÷ï me,÷ï" ix.S;h" fõÈld miq;, ks¾udKh"
rx.df,dalkh" fõY ksrEmKh wdÈ ish¨ oE u.ska
woyia m%ldYkh'
fï wkqj n,k l, kdgHhla iïmQ¾K jkafka lsishï rplhl= úiska ks¾udKh

lrk ,o kdgH msgm; fyj;a fm<" k¿ ks<s msßila úiska Bg wjYH ix.S;{hka"
fõY ksrEmK Ys,amSka" wf,dallrK Ys,amSka" rx.N+ñ w,xldßlhka wdÈ msßiaj,
iyfhda.h we;sj fma%laIl msßila bÈßfha rÕ md m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,enQ l,ays h'
kdgH msgm;la rpkd lsÍu wNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hhls' kdgHhl msgm; tys yoj;
n÷ fõ' kdgHhla Ôjh ,nkafka msgm; fya;=fjks' ,sÅ; msgm;la ke;s kdgH o
;sfí' ùÈ kdgH Bg ksoiqkls' tfy;a tu kdgHj, ksIamdokh ;=< fkd ,shQ msgm;la
we;'
kdgH msgm;l wka;¾.; úh hq;= ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'
1' f;audjla f;dard .ekSu
kdgH msgm;lg f;audjla wjYH fõ' hqoaOh" ú/lshdj" mj;akd wOHdmk l%uh"
i;=kag lreKdj oelaùu" jeäysáhkag .re lsÍu wdÈ ´kE u f;audjla kdgH
fm<la rpkd lsÍu i|yd f;dard .; yels h'
zyqKqjgfha l;djZ kï kdgHfha f;audj zfohla fõ kï hï iqÿiaidg u whs;s
úh hq;= hZ hkak hs'
2' l;d jia;=j f;dard .ekSu
f;dard .kq ,enQ f;audj bÈßm;a lsÍug iqÿiq l:d jia;=jla f;dard .ekSu B <Õ
jeo.;a ld¾hh hs' rplhdg l;d jia;=jla ks¾udKh lr .ekSfï § ;udf.a
w;aoelSï bjy,a lr .; yels h' tys § l:d jia;=j f.dvk.d .ekSug Wmfhda.s
lr .; yels l%u lsysmhla fjhs'
;udf.a w;aoelSula weiqfrka - ÿkak ÿkq.uqfõ - iq.;md, o is,ajd
ks¾udKh lr .;a l;d jia;=jla - .=re ;rej" ;,u, msms,d - ch,;a
ufkdar;ak
ckl;djla mdol lr .ekSu - tf,dj .syska fuf,dj wdjd - tÈßùr
irÉpkaø" kß nEkd - ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok
126
<ud l;djla mdol lr .ekSu - mqxÑ wmg oeka f;afrhs
f;dmams fjf<kaod - fidau,;d iqnisxy
cd;l l;djla mokï lr .ekSu - ukfï - ^pq,a,OkqoaOr cd;lh&"
fjiaika;r cd;lh"
mndj;S" ^l=i cd;lh& tÈßùr irÉpkaø
b;sydi l;djla mdol lr .ekSu - isxyndyq - tÈßùr irÉpkaø
iqn iy hi - ihsuka kj.;af;a.u
fodak l;sßkd - fla' î' fyar;a
Tng WoaOD;h f,i imhd we;s yqKqjgfha l;dj kdgHhg mdol ù we;af;a
wjqreÿ yhishhlg;a jvd mer‚ Ök ck l;djla nj lshkq ,efí'

3' kdgHuh wjia:d f;dard .ekSu
hï l;d mqj;la fyda isÿùula weiqfrka kdgH fm<la ks¾udKh lsÍfï § tu l;d
mqjf;a fyda isÿùfuys we;s iEu wjia:djla u fyda isoaêhla u fhdod .ekSu iqÿiq
fkd fõ' kdgHhg WÑ; wjia:d muKla f;dard .; hq;= h'
kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:djla hkq fma%laIlhdf.a isf;a l=;+y,h yd wd;;sh Wmßufhka
l=¿.ekaúh yels wjia:d h'
Tng § we;s kdgH WoaOD;fha § zorejd ldg whs;s fõ o@Z hk l=;+y,h fm%alaIlhdf.a
isf;a we;s fjhs' wjidk fudfyd; olajd u fm%alaIlhd is;kafka orejd Tyqf.a
ienE ujg ysñ fõ h hkak hs' tfy;a fma%laIlhd ukdm jkafka orejd YDDIdg
ysñ jkq oelSug hs' fï fya;= fldg f.k kvqj wik wjia:dfõ § fma%laIl uki
wd;;sfhka fmf<hs'
tfuka u l;d mqjf;a isÿùfuys we;=<;a we;eï wjia:d bj;a lsÍug;a tys fkdue;s
foa w¨;ska tl;= lsÍug;a tys we;eï isÿùï fjkia lsÍug;a kdgH fm< rplhdg
ksoyi ;sfí'
tÈßùr irÉpkaøf.a ukfï kdgHh Bg lÈu ksoiqkls'
pq,a, OkqoaOr cd;lfha i|yka jk we;eï fldgia kdgH fm< rpkfha § bj;a
lr we;'
WodyrK(- lEug hula b,a,d f.k tk f,i ukfï l=ure fidre lKavdhu
fj;g l=ußh msg;a lr yeÍu'
we;eï isoaê w¨;ska tla fldg ;sfí'
127
WodyrK(- wjidkfha jeoaod úiska yer oeuqKq l=ußh <h me<S ñh .sh nj oelaùu'
cd;l l:dfõ oelafjkafka isj,a fjiska meñ‚ Yl%hd wEg ñka
u;=jg m;sj; /lf.k Ôj;a jk f,ig Wmfoia ÿka nj hs'
uq,a l;d m%jD;a;sfha tk we;eï isoaê kdgHfha § fjkia lr .; yels h'
WodyrK(- cd;l l;dfõ oelafjkafka ukfï l=ußh l=urdg lvqfõ fldmqj §
lvqj jeoaod w;g ÿka nj hs' tfy;a irÉpkaø uy;d th fjkia fldg
l=ußh weiQ mekhlska jeoaodf.a .%yKh ,sys,a jQ w;r" ta wjia:dfjka
m%fhdack .;a jeoaod jyd l=ußhf.a w;ska lvqj f.k l=urd urd oeuQ
nj hs'

4' kdgH fm<la rpkd lsÍfï § .egqï wjia:d ks¾udKh l< hq;= h'
kdgHhl .egqu lsysmdldrhlg ls%hd;aul fõ'

ñksid iy ñksid w;r .egqu
ñksid iy mßirh w;r .egqu
ñksid iy Tyqf.a uki w;r .egqu
ñksid iy woDYHudk n,fõ. w;r .egqu
by; WoaOD;fhys .DDId kue;s fiaúldj;a kgd,shd ìij;a w;r orejd

iïnkaOfhka we;s jk .egqu ñksid iy ñksid w;r .egqulg ksoiqkls'
ukfï kdgHfha ukfï l=ure;a l=ußh;a reÿre jkdka;rhla ueÈka nrKeia
kqjr n,d .uka wrU;s' jkdka;rh ;rKh lsÍfï wNsfhda.h Tjqka fofokd
yuqfõ we;' th ñksid iy mßirh w;r .egqug ksoiqkls'
yqKqjghla we| orejd ta ueo ;nd fomig wÈk f,i wivla .DDIdg iy kgd,shdg
wK lrhs' tfy;a .DDId orejd wÈkafka flf,i oehs is;hs' Tyqg bka we;s jk
fõokdj .ek is;hs' tu wjia:dfõ .DDId udkislj hï .egqulg ueÈj isáhs'
th ñksid iy Tyqf.a uki w;r isÿ jk .egqu meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug iqÿiq
wjia:djls'
ld,sodi úiska rÑ; wNs{dk Ydl=ka;,fha ÿ¾jdiia RIsjrhdf.a Ydmh ksid
ÿIHka; rcqg il=ka;,d ms<sn| wu;l fjhs' Ydmfhka ñ§ h<s tla ùfï wNsfhda.h
Tjqka yuqfõ we;' tys we;af;a ñksid iy woDYHudk n,fõ.hla w;r jk .egquls'
fun÷ .egqï wjia:d tlla fyda lsysmhla kdgH fm<l wka;¾.; úh hq;= h' ke;
fyd;a fma%laIl wjOdkh kdgHfhka .s,syS hEug th fya;=jla fjhs'
128
5' kdgH fmf<ys wdrïNhla" j¾Okhla" WÉp wjia:djla ;sìh hq;= h'
6' kdgH fm< rpkfha § lsishï ffY,shlg wkqj rpkd l< hq;= fjhs'
kdgHhl m%ldYk ú,dih fyj;a kdgHh bÈßm;a lrk wdldrh ffY,sh kï

fjhs' kdgH ffY,s m%Odk jYfhka m%j¾. folls'

1' f,dal O¾ó îajdNdúl ffY,sh&
2' kdgH O¾ó ^ffY,s.; iïm%odh&
fï tla tla ffY,shg wkkH ,laIK my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'
129
iajdNdúl kdgH ffY,s.; kdgH
ffY,sh idudkH Ôú;hg ióm idudkH Ôú;fhka ¥ria:
ffY,shlska bÈßm;a flfrhs' ffY,shlska bÈßm;a flfrhs'
fonia l;d ny lrk wdldrh iïmQ¾Kfhka u .dhkfhka fyda

idudkH Ôú;fha l;d ny ldjHuh ffY,shlska fonia
lrk wdldrhg iudk h' bÈßm;a fjhs'
fõÈldj u; .uk ìuk" fõÈldj u; k¾;kh fyda uqød iys;
yeisÍu yeisÍu idudkH wdldrhg ßoaudkql+, .uka ;d, Ndú;
isÿ fjhs' flfrhs'
we÷ï me,÷ï yd we÷ï me,÷ï" fõY ksrEmKh pß; i|yd úfYaIfhka

fõY ksrEmKh wdÈh idudkH Ôú;fha § ks¾udKh l< we÷ï me,÷ï
Ndú; flfrk wdldrhg Ndú; jk w;r ienE Ôú;fha
ilia lr .efkhs' isÿ flfrk wdldrhg jvd
lemS fmfkk f,i fõY
ksrEmKh isÿ flfrhs'
ix.S;h ix.S;h wksjd¾h fkd fõ' ix.S;h wksjd¾h fjhs'
miq;, ks¾udK miq;, ks¾udK Ndú; miq;, ks¾udK fhdod
flfrhs' fkd .efkhs'
jia;= úIh$ iuld,Sk iudc m%Yak úIh fndfyda úg cd;l l;d" ck
f;audj lr .efka' l;d" iqrx.kd l;d wdÈh úIh
lr .efka' ^tfy;a iuld,Sk
iudc m%Yak o f;aud úh
yels h'&
kso¾Yk le,‚ md,u - wd¾ wd¾' ukfï" isxyndyq" - tÈßùr
iurfldaka irÉpkaø
fndaäxldrfhda" ;Ügq f.j,a - l=fõ‚ - fykaß
iq.;md, o is,ajd chfiak
7'
ixjdo fh§fï § jpk WÉpdrKh lsÍfï rgdj" úrdu iys;j" úrdu
,l=Kq u.ska o fm< rpkh ;=< i|yka úh hq;= h'
WodyrK(- ihsuka (- zWU,d uf.a orefjdaZ lsõj¨ id¾;=ud' ñksiqkag lsh,d" Wkaf.a
ysi .id oeïu¨'
130

ixjdoj,g wu;rj rx. úOdk kdgH fm<l i|yka l< hq;= h'
8'
rx. úOdk hkq kdgH fm<l jryka ;=< we;s fldgia h' fïjd fma%laIlhdg yer
kdgHhg odhl jk k¿ks<shka" wOHlaIjrhd" ix.S;{hd" wdf,dal Ys,amshd wdÈ
ish¨ u fokdg w;HjYH fõ'
by; lreKq i,ld n,ñka rx.kh i|yd u WÑ; - tkï( rx.mru - kdgH
msgm;la rpkd lsÍug Tng o mq¿jk'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' hï isoaêhla ms<sn| l;djla lSu wrUkak'

tla isiqjl= jdlH fol ne.ska jk fia kdgHuh wjia:d wka;¾.; lrñka
mka;sfha isiqka ieu fokd u tlaj rij;a l;djla ks¾udKh lrkak' ^laI‚lj
is;g tk foa weiqfrka jdlH fol ks¾udKh lr .kak&'
miqj mka;sh lKavdhï y;rlg fn§ tu l;dj u mdol lr f.k kdgH fm<
y;rla rpkd lrkak' ^úkdä 15la i|yd&
2' .=rejrhdf.a wdOdrfhka fyd| u msgm; f;dard f.k" th rx.khla njg m;a
lrkak'
3' mka;sh lKavdhï mylg fn§ my; i|yka m%isoaO kdgH ks¾udK i|yd mdol
jQ l;d mqj;a fidhd mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
¸' ukfï - uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø
¸¸' kßnEkd - ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok
¸¸¸' r;a;rx - uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø
¸¹' tf,dj .syska fuf,dj wdjd - uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø
¹' isxyndyq - uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø
4' my; i|yka wjia:d w;=frka tlla f;dard f.k úkdä 15-25;a w;r ld,hla
;=< rx..; l< yels jk mßÈ flá kdgH msgm;la rpkd lrkak'
¸' ck l;djla
¸¸' cd;l l;djla
¸¸¸' mqj;a m;l m< jQ úfYaIdx.hla
¹' ;ud ,;a w;aoelSula

131
15 <f|a ksire fkd lrka wm ish,d

fji;=re od lj fyj;a fjiaika;r cd;l ldjHh mkaish mkia cd;l

fmdf;ys fuka u nq;airfKys tk fjiaika;r cd;lh lúhg kÕñka
,shjqKls' fuh uykqjr rdcOdks iufha rpkd jQ fia ms<s.efka' úo.aO
fyj;a iïNdjH idys;H Odrdfjka neyer lD;shla fia ie,flk fjiaika;r
cd;l ldjHh" pQ, iïm%odfha idys;H .Kfhys ,d ie,fla' fuys l;=jrhdf.a
kduh lsis ;ekl fkd oelafjhs' tfy;a Tyq isxy, NdId jHjydrfhys
mßphla fuka u úYsIag m%;sNdkhla o iys; ks¾udKlrejl= fia ie,lsh
yels h' ‘cQcl’ kï uy¨ nuqKl= isÕd f.dia ,o lyjKq ishh ys;j;a"
ÿmam;a nuqKq f.orl mfriaiug ;nkafka kej; .kakd wáfhks' nuqKdg
tu uqo,a úhoï fjhs' ta ksid ys,õjg ;u ÿj cQclg §ug Tyqg isÿ fjhs'
cQcl nuqKd o <d nd, ;re‚h újdy lr .kS' wñ;a;;dmd kï jQ wE
úhm;a nuqKdg l< hq;= fufyjr lrñka hym;a Èúhla f.jhs' fuh ie<
jQ ta nuqKq .u ;reK nuqfKda" ;reK neñ‚hl crm;a ÿ¾j, jQ úhm;a
nuqKl=g fuf,i fufyjr lroa§ ;u ;ukaf.a neñ‚hka ;ukag fufyjr
fkd lr;s’hs Tjqkag .eyeg lr;s' thska ñ§ug is;k ta .fuys neñ‚fhda
meka f;dfÜ § cQcl nuqKdf.a kq.=K lshñka fofokd fjka lsÍug ork
W;aidyh;a ta weiQ neñ‚h cQcl nuqKd flfrys olajk m%;spdr;a mdvfï
we;=<;a lú u.ska m< flf¾'
,S,a ke;sj ksirej f;m,kafka

uy,a, kqUf.a ysñ o wikafka
jd,a ;udj;a weoao b;skafka
jd,a ú¢k ÿl fukqU ú¢kafka
meiS bi;aa kslg;a fid~q welsf,a

.eiS l=o;a hk .uk;a nlf,a
ksiS fõ o fj; b¢kg fulf,a
.eiS o fnd, ;sf. oEig mgf,a
l=foa .eiS ke.sák l, fjjq,d

;foa leis;a lei lei mg wl,d
fidf|a ú¢k iem ú÷ug ful,d
<f|a ksire fkd lrka wm ish,d
132
nv jl msg jl ika jerá,a,d
fomgg l=ÿ .eis jlg l=ÿ,a,d
bifla mqmq/á o;a lv f;d,a,d
;sf. ieñ nuqKd l=Kq fl< f;d,a,d
fmr l,a cd;sfh me;=jd jekafka

mr u,a msÿjdfoda m, ÿkafka
kr uq,a weÕ weg lsUq,l= jekafka
yeu l,a u< od foda iem jkafka
.eiS jlg l=ÿ bifla iqÿ r¿

meiS kslg o;a fnd,a,E fl< f;d¨
jeiS ;sfnk weia ìh lr,k iq¨
keiS l=ug b| Wf. f.hs tla fld¨
tl u. hk l, Tìkg weoafoda
wdkk l, Wf. lg .| keoafoda
;S ieá nuqKka fï rg keoafoda
.eg fldakul=g b| m, weoafoda
tnig ,Êcdfjka ,o neñŒ

wn ieg ,dila mqmqrk f,iskS
ú<s jeo bjid frdia fldg täkS
l< f.ä ì| f.dia ;u f.g jeÿŒ
fjjq,hs mqmqrhs o;a lhs frdia fldg

iQrhs lïuq,a fol weo ;r fldg
;ejq,hs .sh .sh ;ek rg jg ug
wjq,hs fjkafka fu;kska hkakg
uQK rjd f.k f.dia f.g jeÈ,d

mQk kQ, weo ouñka ì|,d
hdfka Wka nuqKd ìu fmr<d
ndk f,ig w,a,d f.k rjq<d
lkafig mdrla fouehs lshkakS

uka fnd, ;g or Èh o wÈkakS
lkakg mekakd fuka je,yskakS
lka lgqjg lror f;m,kakS
133
,S,a ke;sj - fudf<dla nfjka f;dr j" nqre,la fkd olajd
jd,a - jy,d" odihd
fid~q - lïuq,
leimg - we¢jf;ys my< fldk
nv jl - nfvys jlh
msg jl - msfgys jlh
jerá,a,d - úh<s f.du len,s
mqmq/á - mqmqre jeks jQ
o;a lvf;d,a,d - o;a lvf;d¨
l=Kqfl<f;d,a,d - lg fofldkska l=Kqfl< jEfyk
kruq,a - meiqKq flia
wdkk l, - wEkqï wßk úg
fldakul=g - fldkao keuqKq ñksyl=g" l=ol=g
frdia fldg - fldam ù
mQk kQ, - n%dyauKhka Wmkhkfha § m,¢k kQ,la' fuh jï
Wrysfiys isg isref¾ yria w;g ol=Kq bÕáh
olajd jefgk fia oukakls'
lkafig mdrla - lïuq,g myrla" lkg myrla
lkalgqjg - l¾K lfGdar f,i" wñysß f,i
wjfndaOh
1' ‘,S,a ke;sj’ hk lúfha ‘kqU’ hkqfjka y÷kajd we;af;a ljfrla o@

2' my; oelafjk lú moj, woyi Tfí jpkfhka ,shkak'
i' wjq,hs fjkafka fu;kska hkakg
ii' .eiS o fnd, ;sf. oEig mgf,a
iii' <f|a ksire fkdlrka wm ish,d
iv' yeu l,a u< od foda iem jkafka
v' lkalgqjg lror f;m,kafka
3' ‘mru,a msÿjd foda m, ÿkafka’ fï m%ldYhg fya;=j l=ula o@

4' neñ‚hkaf.a niska ,Êcdjg m;a wñ;a;;dmd ms<sn| úia;r lsÍfï § lúhd
Ndú; lr we;s Wmudj l=ula o@
5' neñ‚hkaf.a niska ,Êcdjg m;a wñ;a;;dmdf.a yeisÍu fln÷ ù o@
134
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk jpk i|yd iudkd¾: moh ne.ska mdvfuka Wmqgd ,shkak'
i' fofk;g vi. fï ld,fhys
ii. Njfha vi¸. ú<sfhka
¸¸¸' m%d¾:kd l<d v¸¸¸' fldmq,a
v¸' m%fhdack ¸º' ihkfhys
v' .¾jfhka º' ;Èka
2' my; § we;s Wmudjkays we;=<;a Wmudkh yd Wmfïh fjka lr olajkak'

i' kruq,a weÕ weg lsUq,l= jekafka
ii' lkakg mekakd fuka je,yskakS
3' t<siuh /lSug my; oelafjk fhÿï lú fmf<ys olajd we;s wdldrh i|yka
lrkak'
i' b;ska v' l=ÿ
ii' nl,a v¸' f,iska
iii' ish¨ v¸¸' rjq<
iv' jerá v¸¸¸' jeksh

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' lú fmf<a we;=<;a wjia:djla N+ñld rx.khla f,i bÈßm;a lrkak'
135
16 tf;mq,a wud ye,af,ka
isxy, NdIdj w;sYhska úÑ;%j;a h' tl u ixisoaêh m%;sNd iïmkak f,aLlhka

lsysm fokl= w; m;a jQ l,ays" wmQ¾j úúO;ajhla m< jk wdldrfha rpkd
ìys jkafka tfyhsks' nqÿrÿka úiska kd,d.sß we;= oukh lrk ,o wjia:dj
úúO f,aLk ffY,s Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka úúO l;=jreka úiska j¾Kkdjg
,la lrkq ,en we;s wkaou fuhg fyd| u ksoiqkls' kd,d.sß ouk mqjf;ys
wdkkao f;reka jykafia fifkyiska hq;=j" nqÿka jykafia /l .kakg
bÈßhg meñ‚ ;eka isg" we;d nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a YS% mdoh uq, jeà
oukh jk wjia:dj olajd fldgi wudj;=r" nq;airK yd mQcdj,sh hk
lD;Skays l;=jreka bÈßm;a l< whqre fï mdvfuys wka;¾.; h' th lshjd
f,aLk ffY,sfhys yd m%ldYk ú,difhys úúO;d y÷kd .kak'
wudj;=r
“tl,ays wk| uyf;ryq nqÿka flfr n,j;a fifkyfhka wêjdikd
fkd lgeyS" ‘fu we;a m<uq ud urdj’hs nqÿka i|yd Èú mshd nqÿka fmrg isáfhd'
ti| nqoayq" “wk| my je hd' ud fmrg fkd isg”hs jodf<d' “jykafi" fu we;a
pKav he" mreI he" ñkSure he" hq.;a .sks jekake" m<uq ud urd miq f;dm
jykafi lrd fhj”hs lSyq' nqÿka ;=ka h<la lsh;=ÿ" tfi ue isáhye' my fkd jQyq'
tl,ays nqoayq bÿy n,fhka Tjqka ms<snyd i`.=ka w;=frys isgqjQy' tflfKys tla
ud.ula k,.sßys oele urKNhNS; je m,d hkakS Wl=<ska .;a orejl= we;= yd
nqÿka yd w;=frys oud mshd m,d .shd' we;a weh ÿqne|e mshd kej;S orejd lrd
.sfh' ore uy y`äka y`vhs' nqÿyq k,.sßys Wfoid fu;a m;=rejd b;d ñhqre
nUf.dia úysoe" “Nj;a kd,d.sßh" ;d fidf<dia l<la rd fmdjd u;a lrkakdyq"
wfkllayq .kakg l<dyq fkd fj;s" ud .kakg l<ye' wldrKfh ll=,a
l<l=rejd fkd weúoe fudn t”hs jod<ye'
fy nqÿkaf. nia wid" weia újr fldge nqÿkaf. rEisß n,d" ms<s,o ixfj. we;s
jQfh" nqÿka f;Èka is£ .sh iqrd uo we;af;" w; nyd lkam;a i,ñka f.dia" nqÿka
mdúg neie fyd;s'”
136
nq;airK
“blaì;s" cd;scd;sfhys udf. iajdñorejdKkg Èú § wd udf.a l=, foaj;d jQ
wk| uy f;rekajykafia nqÿka flfrys .;a n,j;a iafkayfhka" ;uka ll=¿
l,ays i¾mhd w;e u< fndaêi;ajhkg Èú ÿka ikdfhka" yxi cd;sfhys iquqL
kï yxi fiakdêm;s je uf,ys ne÷Kq iajdókg bÈß je isge ;ukaf. Èú
msÿ ikdfhka" .,ska yqKq iajdñorejdKkg f.dhs je msg ÿka ikdfhka" .srd
je wd iajdókg oyila lsßh ye,a fl;ska msÿ ikdfhka" zfu we;a m<uq fldge
ud urdjZhs lshd ;uka Èú mqod wNsuqLfhys isáhy' i¾j{hka jykafi ;=ka
úfglays ‘wk|h" we, je hd’hs jod< fial' tfia jodr;=ÿ iafkyfhka we,
fkd je isá ysñhdKka uy fmdf<dj f;fu ue l=U,a illa fi fmr<d miafiys
,dmS he'
wE;e OQ,Ska jeiS.sh we;a rc he" uE;e ijKla >k nqÿ riska ie§ .sh nqÿrcdfKda
he¦ wE;e fldamfhka r;a je .sh hjg jeks weia we;s we;a rc he" uE; lreKdfhka
f;;a je .sh ks,a uyfk,a fm;s mrhk weia we;s nqÿrcdfKda he¦ wE;e tnq tnQ
mhska uy fmdf<dj m<dmshkakd fi Èjk we;a rc he" uE;e tnq tnQ mhska
ñys l; iky ikyd jvkd nqÿrcdfKda he¦ wE;e ne¨ neÆjka zwfkaæ wfkaæZhs
lshjk we;a rc he" uE;e ne¨ neÆjka zidOqæ idOqæZ hs lshjk nqÿrcdfKda he'
tfõf,ys t we;= <x j;a j;a ieoeye;af;d f<ys w;a .ikakg jkay" uqyqKe w;a
fokakg jkay" n,d isáhe fkd fyïyZhs uqyq‚ka fykakg jkay'
tflfKys mq;l= jvd.;a .eyekshla we;= flfrys l< Nhska jvd.;a mq;=
iajdñorejka yd we;= yd fo ueog oudmshd m,d .shd' t we;a f;fu l=udrhd lrd
kslañK' l=udr f;fu we;= flfrys l< Nhska uy y`äka y`vkakg jk' tflfKys
nqÿka jykafi ‘wo fu we;a f;fu ud isá fu ùÓfhys lsysôhlg o wka;rdhla
flf< ù kï" udf.a nqoaOdkqNdjhg kqiqÿiq he’hs is;d jodrd wkka;dmßudK
ilaj< i;a;ajhka flfrys lrkakd jQ ffu;%sh uy ìcqjlg uyfur fmr<kakd
fi tl we;ayq flfrys m;=rejd" weiQ weiQ i;a;ajhka ó î u;a jQjka fi ;uka
ÈYdjg kud.kakd jQ uOqr iajr úysÿjd ‘;d fu ùÓhg y¿fh wm ksid uq;a f;,
l=udrhd ksid fkd jkafk fj o" fu fi t’hs jod< fiale'
tñysß lg y`v lke fy;a ue ne¨ we;= weie tukyr nqÿ rE kue;s wud msÍ.sfh"
‘oeka oeka .sfh he’hs ish¨ kqjr jeishka lshñka isáhe § lk yqKq ñysß yçka"
weie yqKq nqÿ reúka flYr isxyhlayq ÿgq we;a fmdõjl= fi wfklla is;she
fkdyS" lk fydjdf.ke nqÿ rejg o,ajd Æ wei mshd,she fkdyS" t rE wud weiska
Wld fndñka" isge-mshe fkdyS" kefuñka yelsf<ñka Y%S mdoh we,hg f.diska
isáfh' isá-mshe fkdyS" hq.dka; jd;fhka keó hk w÷ka l=<la fi nqÿka mduq,ays
je|e je;s/-.sfh'
137
mQcdj,sh
tflfKys wk| uy f;reka jykafia §¾>ld,fhys ;uka jykafia nqÿka
flfrys wúkIag j l<d jQ uy fmï j;=re r|jd .; fkdyS oEia msreKq l÷f<ka
“fï we;a ud m<uqj urd uq;a udf.a nqÿka fkd urj” hs lsh lshd we;=g;a nqÿkag;a
uOHfhys f.diska isg.;a fial' nqÿyq “wdkkaohæ we, j hd" we, j hd" wef;la
ug l=ula flf¾ o" ;d fnd<| wehs o" ud n, kqÿgq úÍ oe˜hs jodrk fial' nqÿka
tfia jodr;=;a wk| uy f;reka jykafia we, fkd jk fiala u h' tflfKys
nqÿkaf.a wdkqNdjfhka fmdf<dj l=U,a illa fia fmr<S Wka jykafia miq fldg
nqÿka jykafia m<uq flf<a h' kej; wk| uy f;reka jykafia nqÿka m<uq jQ
fia oel we;= <x jk fia oel" bÈßhg Èj nqÿka miqfldg mshd we;= bÈßfhys
isg.;a fial' túg o fmdf<dj fmr<S Wka jykafia u miq flf<a h' fufia u
;=ka jdrfhlays u nqÿka miq fldg we;= fmrg jQ fial' ;=ka jdrfhys u fmdf<dj
u isiEÍ Wkajykafia miq fldg nqÿka jykafia m<uq flf<a h'
tflfKys m%sh mq;l= jvdf.k “we;a fl<s n,ñ” hs ùÓhg ng ia;%shla we;= Èj;a
Èj;a we;= flf¾ l< Nhska fjjq,d urK ix{dfjka mq;% ix{dj isys fldg .;
fkdyS" nqoaO mQcdjg u,a oula oeuqjd fia mq;= nqÿka yd we;= ueog oud f;dfuda
fldafõhlg jeo .shd h' tflfKys l=ure wksla YrKla fkd oel nqÿka Èidj
n, n,d uy y`äka y`vkakg mgka .;' we;a .sks l|la fia lsms lsmS nqÿka lrd
Èjkqfõ l=uryq oel Tyq lrd Èù h' tflfKys iajdñorefjda ñ‚rejklg ;=v
È.= lrk kd rcl= fia l=uryq lrd w; È.= lrk we;a rcq oel —ud meñ‚hd jQ
fï ùÓfhys fï uo keÕs we;a lsysôhl .ygd urdmS kuq;a udf.a ljr kï
nqoaOdkqNdjfhla oe”hs is;d jodrd ;uka jykafiaf.a lreKd kue;s wl=iafika
meyer we;= r|jd,d “kd,d.sßhæ ;d fï ùÒhg y¿fha f;, l=udrhd ksid
fkdfjhs" wm ksid h' W! lrd fkd f.dia wm lrd j/”hs jod< fial'
tflfKys udf.a iajdñorejkaf.a uOqr kdo kue;s yia;sldka; ùKd kdoh Tyq
lk jeà hdu yd iu. u Tyqf.a rd uo is£ .sh' tf;mq,a kue;s wudye,af,ka
flda .sksl| ksù .sh' t flfKys l=uryq yer nqÿka ÈYdjg lr kud nqÿka
n,kqfha fo;sia wiQ ,l=fKka yd isidrd isá neu u`vq,af,lska yd wdldYfhys
msmS jekS .sh ;re le,hla fia msßjrd isákd ry;a fm<lska yd mqka i÷ fia
È,sfhk iajdñorejkaf.a Y%S úN+;s oel" i|ria ÿgq l=uqÿ le,hla fia ish,Õ
ikaf;daIfhka mskjñka nqÿka lrd Èj tflfKys u ysß T;ma ,o kshdjg ldrK
mEjd fia jd,êh wuqvq yiafiys .kajd f.k jl .i .id fid`v yl=< yl=<d Y%S
mdoh fid`äka msßueo ueo nqÿka mduq,ays jeo fyd;af;a h'
nqÿoyu ms<sn| yi< oekqula we;s m`äjrhl= jQ .=re¿f.dañ fmdf,dkakre hq.fha §
rpkd l< wudj;=r lD;sfhys ‘kd. oukh’ kï od y;r jk mßÉfþofhka Wmqgd
.;a fldgila fuys wka;¾.; h' tu lD;sh rpkd lf<a kj wrydÈ nqÿ.=Kj,ska
tlla jk ‘mqßioïu idrÓ’ nqÿ.=Kh uq,a lr f.k h'” lsj hq;= foh jd.a ndyq,Hfhka
138
f;drj fláfhka" ir,j meyeÈ,sj lSu .=re¿f.daókaf.a ffY,sh jQ w;r th
nqoaêu;=ka o w.h l< ffY,shls'
fmdf,dkakre hq.fha u úoHdpl%j¾;s rpkd l< nq;airfKys oyih jk mßÉfþofha
‘kd,d.sß oukfhka’ Wmqgd .;a fldgila o fuu mdvfï wka;¾.; h' nq;airK
kj wrydÈ nqÿ.=K ish,a,la u wka;¾.; lD;shls'
nq;airK nqÿka jykafiaf.a .=K iuqodh fuka u w;sudkqIsl n,hka o úia;r
lrñka Wka jykafia flfrys Nla;sfhka hq;= .dhk iajrEmS mdGj,ska hqla; .µ
.%ka:hls' hula tljr jgyd.; fkd yels idudkH ckhdg fï rpkd ú,dih b;d
m%fhdackj;a úh' úoHdpl%j¾;Ska fmdÿ ckhdg iómj nq;airK rpkd l< nj
mejfia' Tyq w¨;a uÕla Tiafia hñka isxy, NdIdj fmdaIKh l< f,aLlfhls'
mQcdj,sfhka fuu mdvug Wmqgd f.k we;af;a ziufu;a wdÈ mQcd l;dZ kï úiskj
jeks mßÉfþofhka fldgils' oUfo‚ hq.fha § uhQrmdo mßfõKdêm;s nqoaOmq;%
ysñhka úiska rÑ; fï lD;sh wryx nqÿ.=Kh uq,a lrf.k ,shejqKls' tu lD;sh
isxy, fn!oaOhka w;r m%p,s; jQ" fmdÿ ckhdf.a wdorh yd f.!rjh ysñ lr .;a
isxy, nK fmd;ls' l;=jrhd úiska fuh ,shk ,oafoa fmdÿ ckhdg nqoaO pß;h
fyd¢ka jgyd .; yels jk mßÈ ksjerÈ yd ir, nilska ksid th rij;a lD;shla
ùug fya;= úh' th rdc rdc uydud;Hd§kaf.a W;=ï jQ mqomQcdjkag ,la jQ
lD;shla o úh'
wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
wl=iafika - fyKavqfjka
w÷ka l=<la - wxck m¾j;hla ^l¿ meye;s m¾j;hla&
wêjdikd - bjiSfï .=Kh
wkka;dmßudK - iSudjla fyda m%udKhla fkdue;s
wud - wuD;h ^by< u rih&
wud ye,af,ka - wuD;h kue;s Èh oyßka
wúkIag - úkdY fkdjQ
we;a fmdõjl= - we;a megjl=
we<j hd - bj;g jkak
bÿy n,fhka - Roaê n,fhka
tflfKys - ta fudfydf;ys
tnq tnQ mhska - ;nk ;nk mshjßka
ll=,a l<l=rejd fkd weúo - mdo mSvdjlg fjfyilg
m;a lrjd f.k weúÈkafka ke;sj
lsysôhlg - l=yqUq foklg$l=yqUqjl=g
l=U,a illa fia fmr<d - j<x idokakl=f.a il fmdarejla fuka lrljd
flda .sks l| - fldamh kue;s .sks cd,dj
139
flda fõhlg - l=vd ùÈhlg
f;Èka - f;aciska
;=ka h<la - ;=ka jrla
oyila lsßh ye,a fl;ska - ^lsßhla hkq wuqKq i;rls& wuqKq ydr
oyil l=Uqrla
Èú ÿka ikdfhka - Ôú;h ÿka fifkyiska
Èú mshd - Ôú;h mqoñka¦ Ôú;h w;yer
myje hd - bj;g hkak
mdmsg - mh wi,
ms<snyd - j<lajd
ms<s,o ixfõ. - wjfndaOfhka hqla; j ^m%;s,íO ixfõ.&
mq;% ix{dj - orejl= ms<sn| ye`.Su
urK ix{dj - urKh ms<sn| ye`.Su
ud.ula - ia;s%hla
udf.a l=, foaj;d jQ - wmf.a l=, foúhd jQ
ñ‚ rejklg - ud‚lH r;akhlg
ñhqre nU f.dia - ñysß n%yau f>daIdj
ñysl; - fmdf<dj$uyS ldka;dj
uqyqK w;a fokakg - uqyqK oE;ska jid .kakg
hq.;a .sks - l,amdka; .skak
hq.dka; jd;fhka - hq.h fl<jr yuk iq<Õska
r;a hjg jeks - r;a jQ hlv fnda,hla jeks
rEisß - YÍr fYdaNdj
f<ys - mmqfjys
jd,êh wuqv yiafiys .kajd f.k - j,a.h fol<jd w;f¾ i`.jd f.k
ijkla - j¾K yhla
^kS," mS;" f,day;
s " ód;" udxðIaG" m%Ndiajr&
ish,`. - il, YÍrh$uq¿ we`. u
fidf<dia l<la - l< f.ä oyihla
y¿fha - uqod yeßfha
yia;sldka; ùKd kdoh - we;=ka ji`. lrk ùKd kdoh
ysß T;ma - mjg we;s ,Êcd Nh
fykakg jkay - bj;g .kakg úh
140
wjfndaOh
1' my; § we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
¸' nqÿrcdKka jykafia flfrys fifkyiska wdkkao ysñhka l< l%shdj l=ula o@
¸¸' kd,d.sß we;d oel ìh m;a ia;%sh yeiqrefKa flfia o@
¸¸¸' kd,d.sß we;d nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ióm j;a u Y%oaOdjka;hkaf.a m%;spdrh
l=ula ù o@
¸¹' nqÿrcdKka jykafia we;d flfrys oelajQ ffu;%sh nq;airK l;=jrhd
Wmud lf<a l=ulg o@
¹' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a lg y`v weiqKq úg we;d yeisreKq wdldrh úia;r
lr ,shkak'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk fhÿïj, w¾: ,sys,a niska ,shkak'

¸' nqÿka ;=ka h<la lsh;=ÿ tf,i u isáhy'
¸¸' “wldrKfha ll=,a l<l=rejd fkd weúo fudn t'”
¸¸¸' ;ud Èú mqod wNsuqLfhys isáhy'
¸¹' n,d isáh fkdfyïyhs uqyqK fykakg jkay'
¹' fmdf<dj l=U,a illa fia fmr<S Wka jykafia miq fldg nqÿka jykafia
m<uq lf<da h'
¹¸' tf;mq,a kue;s wud ye,af,ka flda .sks l| ksù .sh'
2' my; oelafjk WoaOD;hkays wjia:d iïnkaOh olajkak'
¸' “m<uqj ud urd miq f;dm jykafia lrd hj”
¸¸' “wldrKfh ll=,a l<l=rejd fkd weúo fudn t”
¸¸¸' “wo fï we;a f;u ud isá fï ùÓfhys lsysôhlg o wka;rdhla lf<a ù
kï udf.a nqoaOdkqNdjhg kqiqÿiq h”
¸¹' “;d fï ùÓhg y¿fh wm ksid uq;a f;, l=udrhd ksid fkdjkafk fjo”
¹' “;d fnd<| wehs o ud n, kqÿgq úÍ oe”
¸¹' “W! lrd fkd f.dia wm lrd j/”
3' tl u wre; §u i|yd l;=jreka ;sfokd úúO jpk Ndú; lr we;' my; § we;s
jpkj,g l;=jreka tfia fhdod we;s fjk;a jpk fidhd ,shkak'
¸' .eyekshla - ¸¹' wuD;h -

¸¸' wef;ls - ¹' fu;a -
¸¸¸' ñysß y`v - ¹¸' mduq,ays -
141
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' fuu mdvu Tn jvd;a wNsu; ffY,shlska lshjkak'
2' tla tla l;=jrhd tl u wjia:dj úúO whqßka j¾Kkd lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn|j
.=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh iuÕ idlÉPdjl fhfokak'
Wmud
mer‚ iïNdjH lD;s rpkfha § o f,aLlhka Wmud Ndú;hg .;a nj fuu mdvu
lshjk úg meyeÈ,s fõ' Wmudjla hkq hï jia;=jla jvd fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s lsÍu
i|yd fyda f;areï lsÍu i|yd ;j;a jia;=jlg iudk lr oelaùu hs' Wmudjla
oelaùfï § wjYHfhka u fuka" fia" jeks" jf.a" n÷" f,i" tõ wdÈ Wmud jdpl
ksmd; mohla iu. fhfoa' hula w,xldrj;aj mejiSu i|yd Wmudj fhdod .efka'
Wmudjla wx. follska hqla; h" tkï( Wmudkh yd Wmfïh hs' Wmudkh hkq
lsishï fohla ;j;a hula yd iudk fldg olajk fhÿu hs' Wmfïh hkq iudk
lsÍug ,la jk fhÿu hs' Wmud jdpl moh u.ska Wmudk" Wmfïh fol iudk
fldg oelafjhs' tfia iudk lsÍfï § ie,ls,a,g .kafka Wmudk" Wmfïh foflys
hï fmdÿ fyj;a idOdrK ,laIKhls'
‘wef.a uqyqK i| jeks h’
fuys ‘i|’ hkq Wmudkh hs' ‘uqyqK’ hkq Wmfïh hs' ta fol tlaj Wmudj iEfoa'
³ ‘kd,d.sß oukh’ l:dfõ yuq jk Wmud my; j.=fjys olajd Wmudkh yd
Wmfïh o fjka lr olajkak'
Wmudj Wmudkh Wmfïh
r;a je .sh hjg jeks weia r;a je .sh hjg weia
142
rEml
ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkfha § yuq jk ;j;a w,xldr úfYAIhls rEml' fuh o Wmudj

fuka u hula w,xldrj;aj mejiSfï Wml%uhls' rEmlh o jia;= folla iudk
fldg olajhs' tys § isÿ jkqfha iudkd¾:jdÖ ksmd; Ndú; fkd fldg tla jia;=jla
i;= ,laIKh wfkla jia;=jg wdfrdamKh lsÍuhs'
—wef.a uqyqK i|ls˜
fuys uqyqK yd i| folla f,i fkd oelafõ' tla jia;=jla fia u oelafõ' tfy;a
uqyqK ms<sn| j¾Kkhg bka uy;a msájy,la ,efí'
³ my; oelafjk mdGfhka újrKh lr we;af;a l=ula oehs úuikak'
1' ;uka jykafia nqÿka flfrys wúksIagj l<d jQ uy fmï j;=re r|jd
.; fkdyS '''
2' tf;mq,a kue;s wudye,af,ka flda .sksl| ksù .sh
fm< fmd; weiqfrka rEml myla fidhd ,shkak'
³ mdvfï wka;¾.; WoaOD; fyd¢ka lshjd tu .µ fldgiaj, f,aLk ffY,Skays
oelsh yels úúO;d ljf¾ oehs olajkak'
wudj;=r
nq;airK
mQcdj,sh
wlaIr úkHdih
NdIdjl f,aLk jHjydrfha § ksjerÈ wlaIr Ndú;h zwlaIr úkHdihZ hs' tys §
w,amm%dK" uydm%dK" oka;c" uQ¾Oc" ;d¨c" kdislH yd w¾Odkqkdisl î[a[l&
wdÈ m%fNao i,lñka ksjerÈ yd iïu; Í;s wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ' ksjerÈ wlaIr
úkHdih wkq.ukh fkd lsÍfuka w¾:hg ndOd isÿ úh yels h' tfuka u ksjerÈ
wlaIr úkHdifhka f;dr ùfuka jpkj, wkkH;dj ì| jefÜ'
K" k wlaIr úkHdih yd iïnkaO Í;s lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
143
j¾;udk isxy, jHjydrfha jpkhl uq, ‘K’ fhfokafka ‘Kh’ hk jpkfhys
muKs'
f.!rjd¾: ;oaê; m%;Hhkays fhfokqfha uQ¾Oc ‘K’ ldrh hs'

w‚ m%;Hh - uEKs" Èh‚" ke.‚
wKq m%;Hh - mq;Kq" u,Kq" nEkKq
wdK m%;Hh - mshdK" isgdK" ue;s|dK

w;S; ls%hd moj, yd lDoka; rEmj, fhfokqfha uQ¾Oc ‘K’ ldrh hs'
b‚$ bK - ne,s‚" ne,sK - jeá‚" jeáK
WKq$ WK - ne¨Kq" ne¨K - jegqKq" jegqK
R" ¾" Ia hk uQ¾Oc wl=rej,g mrj fhfokafka uQ¾Oc ‘K’ ldrh hs'
w¾Kj" WIaK" RK" ;DK" j¾K" ;DIaKd" urK" kd. orK
‘r’ ldrfha fjkia rEm jk rldrdxYhg yd f¾Mhg miqj fhfokafka
uQ¾Oc ‘KZ ldrh hs'
Ñ;%K" ñY%K" ;l–K" om–K" m%dK" fYa%‚
¾ wl=rg yd tys fjkia wdldr jk f¾Mhg yd rldrdxYhg fuka u R" hk
wlaIrj,g o mrj iajrhla fyda la" í" .a" >a" ma" Ma" Na" ï" ha" õ" ya hk wl=rla
fyda lsysmhla fyda fh§ we;;a B <Õg fhfok zKZ uQ¾Oc fõ'
wruqK" m%ùK" ruŒh" m%jK;d" ixl%uK" .%yKh

ixialD; ;;aiu kdu moj, g" G" v" V" K hk uQ¾Oc wlaIrhlg fmr

y,aj fhfokqfha ‘K’ ldrhhs'
pKav" >Kagdr" oKavk

tfy;a isxy,fha j¾;udk lDoka; rEmj, § ‘r’ ldrfhka miqj fhfok ‘k’
ldrh uQ¾Oc fkd fõ'
lrk" ork" urk" lsrkjd" urkjd
úNla;s m%;Hh .ekaùfï § oaú;aj jk jH[ackdlaIrhla iys; jpkj,
fhfokafka oka;c ‘k’ ldrh hs'

bks - bkak
ÿkq - ÿkak
.sks - .skak
f.dkq - f.dkak
144
ikaê yd iudi moj, § ‘r’ mrj zkZ fhfoa'
Odrdksmd;" wurkd;a" mrks¾ñ;" iqrkr" nKavdrkdhl" msßkukjd
wd,mk úNla;s m%;Hhkays oka;c ‘k’ fhfoa'
W;=uks" ñksiqks" <uhsks" orejks
isxy,fha ia;S% ,sx. ;oaê; m%;Hhkays fhfokafka ‘k’ ldrh hs'
we;sks" fllsks" ue;sks" hlsks" iemsks
oka;c jH[ackdlaIrhg fmr y,aj fhfokqfha ‘k’ ldrh hs'
wkak" pkaok" wdikak" oka;
ixialD; jpkj, ;d¨c ‘Y’ ldrhg mrj fhfokafka ‘k’ ldrh hs'
m%Yak" o¾Yk" m%ldYk" úu¾Yk
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ysia ;ekg .e<fmk f,i k" K fhdod jpk iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' ue;sjr iuh ¹¸' o¾Y m:h
¸¸' úldY whs;sh ¹¸¸' ießir l=re,af,da
¸¸¸' n,j;a l .dgqj ¹¸¸¸' wdkkao ysñmd ka
¸¹' fcHaIaG Èh fhda ¸º' rlaI ixia:dj
¹' .‚; m%Ya m;%h º' m%Ndixiaf,aI h
2' tla tla mofha fhfok k" K wl=re wkqj w¾:h fjkia fõ' tu wre; biau;=
jk fia jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak
¸' ork$orK ¸¹' irk$irK
¸¸' ;K$;k ¹' kqjk$kqjK
¸¸¸' lrk$lrK ¹¸¸¸' ok$oK
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
fm< fmd; weiqre lrf.k k" K fhfok jpk ^w¾:h o iys;j& tl;=jla
ilikak'
145
uQ¾Oc ‘<’ yd oka;c ‘,’ wl=re fh§u wkqj o jpkj, wre; fjkia fõ'
," < wlaIr úkHdih yd iïnkaO Í;s lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
fkd fïrE hk wre; §ug ‘<’ fhfoa'

<ore" <má" <ysre" <m¨
wNHka;r hk wre; §ug ‘<’ fhfoa'
we;=<;" ;=<" we;=¿ ùu
‘,’ ldr folla tl ;ek fhfok úg m<uq ‘<’ uQ¾Oc fõ'
m<," j<¨" n<,d" l<d,
w. wl=r y,a fkdjk m%lD;sj, w. fhfok ‘<’ uQ¾Oc fõ'
me< - me<h ud¿ - ud¿jd
i¿ - i¿j y< - y¿
k¿ - k¿jd u¿ - u¿j
w;S; ld, l%shd rEmj, ‘r’ ldrh ‘<’ njg m;a fõ'
lr - l< u;=r - u;=<
ur - u< jodr - jod<
úpdr - úpd< jmqr - jmq<
iuQyd¾:jdÖ moj, fhfok ‘<’ we;eï úg uQ¾Oc fõ'
isiqfm<" w,s/<" fin<uq¿

l=vd hk w¾:h fok ‘iq`M’ hkafkys ‘<’ uQ¾Oc fõ'
iq¿ lrkak" iq¿ mshd
ms<s hk Wmi¾.fha ‘<’ uQ¾Oc fõ'
l=vd hk w¾:h fok ziq`MZ hkafkys z<Z uq¾Oc fõ'
ms<silr" ms<smÈk" ms<si|r
w. wl=r y,aj fhfok ;ekaj, ‘,’ oka;c fõ'
l=U,a" is,a" je,a" fmd,a" me,a" u,a
wm%dKjdÖ nyqjpk ‘j,a’ m%;Hfhys ‘,’ oka;c fõ'
mdrj,a" f.j,a" rgj," .x.dj,
146
;=,Hd¾:fha îudk nj y`.jk& fhfok ‘,’ oka;c fõ'
;=,kh" ;=,s;" iu;=,kh" ;=,dj
taljpk kdu moj, w. ‘,’ oaú;ajh fhfok ;ekaj, ‘,’ oka;c fõ'
ish¨ - ish,a, o¨ - o,a,

uy¨ - uy,a,d n¨ - n,a,d
l=re¨ - l=re,a,d uq¨ - uq,a,
iajNdjh hk w¾:h fok ‘iq¨’ hkafkys ‘ ,’ oka;c fõ'
ìf|kiq¨ h" .sks weúf<kiq¨ h'
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' ysia;ekg .e<fmk fia ,$< wl=re iqÿiq f,i fhdod jpk iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' ysre u`v, ¹¸' le ‚h
¸¸' ms i|r ¹¸¸' k.rj
¸¸¸' ish f;dr;=re ¹¸¸¸' k `.k
¸¹' fl ìu ¸º' jmq fl;
¹' j l=< º' k ,a;,h
2' fh§ we;s ,$< wkqj my; moj, w¾: fjkia fõ' tu w¾: ,shd olajkak'
¸' m;, - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹' j, - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
m;< - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' j< - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸' w¨ - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸' n, - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
w¿ - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' n< - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸¸' iq¨ - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸¸' u, - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
iq¿ - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' u< - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¹' u¨ - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸¸¸' l, - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
u¿ - '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' l< - ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
kQ;k Ndú;h ;=< ;d¨c ‘Y’" uQ¾Oc ‘I’ oka;c ‘i’ hkqfjka wlaIr ;=kla
olakg ,efí' f,aLkfha § tajd ksjerÈj fh§u w;HjYH fõ'
Y" I" i wlaIr úkHdih yd iïnkaO Í;s lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
‘p’ fyda ‘Y’ hk wl=rg fmr we;s oka;c ‘i’ fjkqjg ;d¨c ‘Y’ wdfoaY fõ'

wdia ¬ p¾h - wdYap¾h ksia ¬ Yío - ksYaYío
147
ksY"
i I"
¬ p,
i wl=re- ;=
ksfYkka
ap,folla tl <`. fhfok úg ;d¨c ‘Y’ uq,ska fhfoa'

Ydikh úfYAI
YsIag m%Yia;s
YsIH Ydia;S%h
oka;c ‘k’ ldrhg fmr fhfok ‘Y’ ;d¨c fõ'
m%Yak m%o¾Yk
ikao¾Yk úu¾Yk
úldYk m%ldYk
my; iòyka jpkj, ‘Y’ fhfoa'
Ydia;D" Y,H" BYajr" Ys,am" wdYajdi" laf,aY" Ydka;s" ftYaj¾h" Ys,am

g" G" v" V" K hk uQ¾Oc wlaIrhg fmr fhfok ‘I’ uQ¾Oc fõ'
oDIAá ¥IK hIaá NdIK

fcHaIaG m¾fhaIK >¾IKh ;DIaKd
lksIaG kHIaá wdl¾IK úIaKq
‘la’ wlaIrh iu. tlg nefokafka ‘I’ ldrhhs'
rlaIK - rËK wOHlaI - wOHË

mlaI - mË mlaIs - mËs
olaI - oË ksrlaIh - ksrËh
m$M wlaIrhg fmr fndfyda úg ‘I’ fhfoa'
jdIam mqIam ksIaM,

ksIamdok ÿIafmdaIK ksIam%N
oka;c wl=rlg ^;" :" o" O" k& fmr fhfok ‘i’ oka;c fõ'
Ydia;%h m%ia;djkd ,iaik
m%ia;dr iuia; idOkh
mqia;ld,h ioyï lia;=ß
;;aiu ‘Y’ iys; mo isxy,hg ìfòk úg ^;oaNj jk úg& tu ‘Y’

oka;c ‘i’ njg m;a fõ'
YsIH - isiq Ydik - iiqk
Y%jK - ijka Ydia;% - i;r
148
p$P iys; ;;aiu Yío isxy,hg ìf|k úg tajd o ‘i’ njg m;a fõ'
pß; - isß; Pú - iu
pkaok - i÷ka Pkak - i;a
Ñ;a; - is; fþokh- is£u
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; § we;s moj,g .e<fmk mßÈ Y - I - i wl=re iqÿiq f,i fhdod jpk
iïmQ¾K lrkak'
¸' w gdx. YS,h ¹¸' wj H m%udKh
¸¸' ola Ys Hhd ¹¸¸' m% k m;%h
¸¸¸' n, ;D Kdj ¹¸¸¸' Y= l m%foaYh
¸¹' wNsks l%uKh ¸º' ,H ffjµ
¹' m% ;dr fmd; º' ksYa ío m%foaYh
2' my; o S we;s jpk jerÈ kï ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'
¸' foaik Yd,dj ¹¸' wrdì Ysiagdpdrh
¸¸' iólaYk lKavdhu ¹¸¸' iïNdiKh
¸¸¸' fcHd;sia idia;%h ¹¸¸¸' fldÜGdIh
¸¹' BIajr úxY;sh ¸º' fl!i,Hh
¹' ksiamdok wdh;kh º' wOHlaYKh
3' my; imhd we;s mdGj, wlaIr úkHdi jerÈ ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'
¸' l=,SK mka;s yd mQcl l=<;a iudc úm¾hdY wfmalaYd fkdl,y' ;u
fftIaj¾hh yd ila;sh fmkaùug;a tu ;;a;ajh /l .eŒug;a mQclhkag
oDv iïm%Odhkaf.a msysg fiùug isÿ úh'
¸¸' kQ;k ,dxlsl iudc ú[a[dKh m%ldI lsÍug we;s úIsIaG;u ud¾.h
idïm%Odhsl ixialD;shg wkqj yev .eiqkq ksYamdok wkq.uKh lsÍu o tfia
ke;fyd;a ngysr YsIaGdpdrfha wdNdIfhka ilia jqkq ks¾udK wKqlrkh
lsÍu o hkq j¾:udK idys;Hlrejdg uqyqk §ug we;s tla w¾N=Ohls'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tfí fjk;a úIhhl igyka fmd;la f.k tys we;s wlaIr úkHdi jerÈ
fidhd ksjerÈ lrkak'
2' mqj;am;aj, yd i`.rdj, we;s jerÈ iys; fhÿï fidhd tajd ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'
149
úrdu ,l=Kq
wms l;d ny lrk úg wx. p,kh" y`v Wia my;a lsÍu" uqyqfKa bßhõ wdÈfhka
woyia m%ldY lruq' tfukau mo ms<sfj< fjkia lsÍu" jdlH rgd fjkia lsÍu
;=<ska o wod< woyia m%ldY lruq' ta wkqj wikakd th uekúka f;areï .kS' tfy;a
f,aLkfha § fï i|yd wmg Wmldr jkafka úrdu ,laIK h' tajd Ndú; l< hq;=
whqre y÷kd .ksuq'
;s;a fm< '''

² Wmqgd oelaùul § uq, fyda ueo fldgila w;a y< nj oelaùug fhfoa'
“tflfKys mq;l= jvd .;a .eyekshla ''' m,d .shd”
² m%ldYhl ysia ;ek oelaùfï § o fhfoa'
uyje,s .`. ''' lkafoka werfò'
jryk ^&
² hï m%ldYhla jvd;a meyeÈ,s lsÍfuys § fhfoa'
fmdf,dkakre wjêfha iïNdjH .µ lD;s folla ^wudj;=r" nq;airK&
,sheú‚'
uyd mrdl%undyq rc;=ud ^l%s'j' 1153 - 1186& fmdf,dkakrefõ rdcHh
úpdf<a h'
úia;r lsÍfï ,l=K(-
² hï woyila ;j ÿrg;a úia;r lsÍfï § fhfoa'

jhi(- wjqreÿ 15 hs' udi 2 hs' Èk 10 hs'
;re ,l=K )
² my;ska olajd we;s nj oelaùug fhfoa'
tf;mq,a kue;s wud ye,af,ka flda .sks l| ksù .sh)
)mQcdj,sh
ldl mdoh
² w;a yereKq wl=re" mo" jdlHh wdÈh kej; tla lsÍfuys fhfoa'
l=ula
Y%oaOdjka;fhda l=ulska fõ foda fyda hs iel is;kakg mgka .;ay'
150
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk mdGj,g iqÿiq úrdu ,laIK fhdod kej; ,shkak'
¸' jykafi fï we;a pKavhe mreI he ñkSure he hq.;a .sks jekake m<uq ud
urd miq f;dm jykafi lrd fhj
¸¸' wE; neÆ ne¨jka wfka wfka lshjk we;a rc he uE; neÆ ne¨jka idOq
idOq lshjk nqÿ rcdfKda he
¸¸¸' kd,d.sßh ;d fï ùÈhg y¿fha f;, l=udrhd ksid fkdfjhs wm ksid h
W! lrd fkdf.dia wm lrd j/hs jod< fial'
2' iqÿiq mßÈ úrdu ,l=Kq fhdod kej; ,shkak' fmr fY%A‚j, § bf.k .;a
úrdu ,l=Kq o fhdod .kak'
¸' fm j 10 00 g /iaùu meje;afõ
¸¸' orejka läir úh hq;af;a wehs
¸¸¸' l%s j 1815 1948 olajd ,xldj ì%;dkH md,kh hgf;a mej;s‚
¸¹' Tng §¾>dhq fõjd
¹' iajdñka jykai uy;auhdfKks uy;añhks Bg Tnjykafiaf.a Tn;=udf.a
Tn;=ñhf.a iydh ,nd fokak
¹¸' fmr wmr foÈ. u Tyqf.a kduh m;< úh
¹¸¸' weÿre;=uks uu fyg iji ;=kg tñ
¹¸¸¸' .sks ms§u w.aks mQcdj fmr isg mej; tk mQcd úêhls
¸º' Tkak uf,a Th kdu, fk,d jfrka hkq mdre lúhl tkakls
º' fu we;a m<uq ud urd j
wudj;=r
151
17 uydpd¾h fiakl ììf,a
uydpd¾h fiakl ììf,a úúO ÿIalr;d uOHfha

wOHdmkh ,en" thska úmq, M, fk<d .;a
úoajf;ls' t;=ud ffjµjrhl=" úYajúµd,
lÓldpd¾hjrhl=" mSGdêm;sjrhl= iy rdcH
T!IO kS;s.; ixia:dfõ iudrïNl
iNdm;sjrhd o f,i wm%;sy; ffO¾hfhka
lghq;= l< wdldrh wfma ¥ orejkag uy`.=
wdo¾Yhls' ck;djd§ ffjµ fiajdjla yd
cd;sl T!IO m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍfuka
fi!LH iïmkak iudchla f.dv keÕSug
lghq;= l< t;=ud cd;Hka;r ms<s.ekSug ,la jQ
udkj ys;jdÈfhls' ir, Èú fmfj;la .; l<
t;=udf.ka wmg .; yels wdo¾Y fndfyda h'
fuys oelafjkqfha ‘mQð; Ôú;’ mia jk fj¿ug fok.u isßj¾Ok úiska
iïmdÈ; ,smsh weiqfrka ilia l< mdvuls'
“ñksia j¾.hd flf¾ Tyq wiSñ; wdorhla oelajQfha h' ñksidf.a ì| jegqKq ù¾hh
k`.d isgqùug lghq;= lf<a h' jpkfha mßiudma; w¾:fhka u i;HjdÈhl=" udkj
ys;jdÈhl= jQ Tyq jekakl= h<s wms ljod olsuq o@”
1978 Tlaf;dan¾ 08 jeksod fld<U cdj;a; iqidk N+ñfha § uydpd¾h ldf,da
f*dkafialdf.a uqúka fï joka .s,syqfKa úfoaYhl § urKhg m;a jQ ienE udkj
fm%Añhl= jQ uydpd¾h fiakl ììf,af.a NiaudjfYaI ;ekam;a l< wjia:dfõ § h'
“úúO n,fõ. ksid idudkH ñksid ñßflkjd' Tjqka tajdhska uqod fkdf.k"
T!IOj,ska muKla iqjm;a lsÍug is;Su uyd uq<djla' b;ska ifydaorh" wmg ck;dj
fjkqfjka ta n,fõ. iu. .efgkakg isÿ fjkjd” foiSfuka muKla fkd iEyS ta
jokays wre;a ienE Ôú;fha § l%shd;aul lsÍug wjxl jEhul fhÿKq fiakl
ú,shï ììf,a" Wm; ,enqfõ 1920 fmnrjdß 13 Èk wyx.u l;¿fõ ish ujf.a
.fï § h' Tyqf.a uj is,aúhd chj¾Okhs' mshd ìì, j,õfõ pd,aia ú,shï ììf,a h'
“ro,lfuka ug jevla keye' f.dùka ú;r ug Th ro,hka jákafk keye' uf.a
fiakl mq;dg lsß fokak thdf.a wïuf.a ;fka lsß ke;s jqKd u .fï u ÿmam;a
.Ekq weú;a lsß ÿkakd' Th ÿmam;a f.dùkaf. .eyekq ishhlf.ka ú;r uf.a mq;d
lsß fndkak we;s' uf.a .Eksf.a lsßj, hs ta .eyekqkaf.a lsßj, hs lsis fjkila
152
keye' mq;d wf.ag yeÿKd” hehs ish mshd lshQ l;dj fiakl ììf,af.a Ôú;h ms<sn|
oelau yev .eiaùfuys fya;= úh'
“uq¿ oyj, fmdf<dj u;af;a yefmñka wkka; ÿla mSvdj,g f.dÿre fjñka imhd
.;a f,hska fmrd .;a lsß .fï f.dú ldka;djka ug fmõjd' uf.a isrer Tjqkag
whs;s hs' uq¿ Ôú;h u Tjqkag Kh.e;s hs” hkqfjka ;reK fiakl ììf,a fï mqj;
wkdjrKh flf<a h'
fiakl ììf,a bf.kqu ,enQfha uykqjr ;%s;aj úµd,fha h' tys § Tyq mka;s
ldurfha § fuka u l%Svd msáfha §;a fuka u kdgH yd ix.S; ikao¾Ykj, §;a o
by< u oialï mEfõ h'
fiakl bf.kqu ,nñka isák ld,fha § Tyqf.a mshd ñh .sfha h' mshdf.a wNdjh
ììf,a j,õjg md;a jqKq fyKhla n÷ úh'
ish bf.kqu yudr fldg kx.Sg iy u,a,Sg b.ekaùug fiakl ;SrKh lf<a h'
“wmf.a bf.kSu i|yd úhoï oeÍug wïudg ;ksj u wmyiq h' ;d;a;d wm Ôj;a
lf<a fldfydu o lsh,d ys;kak;a neye' Tyq ñksiaiq ;<d fm<d uqo,a /ia l<
wfhla fkdfjhs' Tyq f.dùkag ish bvï § iq¿ wdodhula ,enqjd' oeka wïudg tajd
lrkak neye' ud ,enQ wOHdmkfha ;rug ug oeka lDIsl¾u ks,Odßfhla fjkak
mq¿jks' ,efnk mäfhka kx.Sg iy u,a,Sg W.kajkak mq¿jks˜ Tyq ish mka;s Ndr
.=re;=udg lSfõ h'
.=re;=ud ryis.;j th úÿy,am;s;=udg lSfõ h' fï mqj; me;sßK' fiaklf.a
bf.kSfï lghq;= i|yd ish¨ úhoï oeÍug uykqjr jeisfhla bÈßm;a úh' Tyq
ljqreoe hs oek .ekSug fiaklg ,enqfKa fndfyda l,lg miqj h'
by< u ,l=Kq ,enQ fiakl issiqjd ffjµ úµd,hg we;=¿ úh' ffjµ úoHd,hg
hdu i|yd Tyq kjd;eka .;af;a fnd/,af,a fydag,hl l=vd ldurhl h' Ôú;h
b;d lgql úh'
ffjµ úµd,fha § Tyq YsIH;aj lSmhla Èkd .;af;a h' ta ksid Tyqg uqo,a heùug
wïud fjfyi úh hq;= jQfha ke;' wvqfjka wdydr f.k" wjYH úhoï muKla ord
b;sß lr .;a uqof,ka Tyq .;af;a fmd;a h' ffjµ úµdjg wod< fmd;a fuka u
wfkla úIhhka .ek ,shejqK fmd;a o Tyqf.a rdlalfha ;sì‚'
ffjµ úµd,fha ksjdvq ld,j, § Tyq .ug .sfha fí;a fmÜáhla o /f.k h'
“mqxÑ uy;a;hd .ug tkafka ljod oe@”hs .eñfhda fiaklf.a ujf.ka wid ±k
.ks;s' Tyq meñ‚ odg miqod ììf,a j,õfõ ñksiaiq msfr;s' .ila hg nxl=jla ;nd
.kakd fiakl Tyq bÈßhg tk msßñ o .eyekq o <uhska o mÍlaId lsÍug mgka .kS'
“weiajyla lgjyla jÈkak tmd' fodia;r uy;a;h fok fí;aj,ska f,fâ
ksÜgdjg u ikSm fjkjd'”
m%;sldr ,en iqj jQ .eyekshla fiaklf.a ujg lshhs' fiaklg .fï § ksjdvqjla
,enqfKa ke;' .fï f,v frda.j,g uQ,sl fya;=j wka lsisjla fkd j" ukaofmdaIKh
153
nj Tyq ÿgqfõ h' kQ.;alu ;j;a fya;=jls' uq¿ Ôú; ld,h u jevg fhdojk fï
.eñ ck;djg jefvys m%;sM, jYfhka ,efnkafka f,v frda. iy wirK uy¨
jhi mu‚'
ffjµ úµd,fha wjidk mÍlaIKfha m%;sM, ,efnk ;=re fiakl ììf,a miair"
ufvd,aisu iy ¨Kq., frday,aj, fiajh flf<a h'
m%;sM, ,eìK' Tyqg m<uq fm< idu¾:Hhla ysñ úh' ffjµ wxYhg msfok rka
molalu iy Y,H ffjµ úµdjg msfok rka molalu o Èkqfha Tyq h'
fld<U uy frdayf,a fkajdisl ffjµjrhl= f,i fiajh l< fiaklg miqj
ìx.sßfha m%dfoaYSh fi!LH fiajd wêldß ;k;=r ,eì‚' ta ;k;=f¾ fiajh lrk
w;r Tyqg fyÜáfmd< iy ìx.sßh .%dóh frday,aj, fiajh lsÍug o isÿ úh'
rcfhka jegqmla ,eîu Tyqg i;=gla jQfha ujg thska ,enqKq iykh ksid h' Tyq
wïudg ,shQ ,smshl fufia i|yka lf<a h(
“u,a,s,d iy kx.s,d .ek is;ñka is;g lror we;s lr .kak ´ke keye" wïfï"
oeka wïudg i;=áka ld,h f.jkak mq¿jks' ug oeka udisl wdodhula ,efnkjd'
u,a,s,d iy kx.s,df.a ish¨ j.lSï ud ndr .kakjd'”
ìx.sßfhka Tyqg h<s ffjµ úµd,hg hkakg isÿ úh' tys lÓldpd¾h ;k;=rla
,enqKq fyhsks' úfoaYslhl= jQ uydpd¾h yeÍ l,ïnhska Tyqg tys § weiqre lsÍug
,eì‚' fiaklf.a u;jdo iu. uydpd¾hjrhd ks;r tl`. úh'
‘,dxlslhkaf.a YdÍßl fi!LHh iy Tjqkaf.a wdydr mqreÿ’ ms<sn| lafIa;%
iólaIKhla lsÍug uydpd¾h l,ïnhskaf.a b,a,Su mßÈ fiaklg isÿ úh'
fiakl Èjhsk mqrd ixpdrh lrñka iólaIKfhys fh§ jd¾;djla bÈßm;a flf<a h'
ta j¾Ifha u fiakl Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd tx.,ka;fha täkanfrda úYajúµd,hg
we;=¿ úh'
tys § Tyq uydpd¾h jdkafyâ uy;añh iu. tlaj l< m¾fhaIKhla ksid ffjµ
lafIa;%fha lS¾;su;a mqoa.,hl= njg m;a úh' iafgfrdhsâ .Khg wh;a úfYaI
fydafudak ldKavhla ms<sn|j l< ta m¾fhaIKh w.h lrñka ì%;dkH úµd i`.rd
iy mqj;a m;aj, ,sms m< úh' fjµ fiakl ììf,a ta m¾fhaIKfhys ksr; jQfha
wdpd¾h Wmdêh i|yd wOHhkhla jYfhks' Tyqf.a m¾fhaIK ksnkaOh i|yd
täkanfrda úYajúoHd,h úiska wdpd¾h fyj;a mStÉ'ã' Wmdêh msßkuk ,È'
h<s fld<U ffjµ úµd,hg meñ‚ Tyq YsIHhka fm,UjQfha ks¾udKd;aul
wOHdmkhla i|yd h' “.srjqka fkdfjuq" iajdëkj is;uqæ”
w¨;a w¨;a oE fkd ;kk cd;sh f,dj fkd k`.sk nj l=udr;=x. uqksodihka lSfõ
meÈ nisks' fiakl th u .eÈ niska lSfõ h'
“wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka fijQ fohska wms wo m%fhdack ,nuq' wmf.ka miq ìys jk
mrmqrg o wm hula Èh hq;= h' w¨;a oE ks¾udKhg wm fm,ôh hq;= h'”
“fuh ffjµ úµdjg o fmdÿ úh hq;= h' wm ngysr úµdjg jy,a ùu jerÈ h' th
154
wfma u úµdjla lr .ekSug wms fjfyfiuq' cd;sl uÜgfuka th yev.id .;
yels h' m¾fhaIKd;aulj th yodruq' wdhq¾fõo m%;sldr l%u .ek o ud wOHhk
lrkjd” Tyq ;j ÿrg;a lS h'
1954 § ffjµ úµd,fha T!IOfõoh ms<sn| wOHhk wxYhla ìys úh' tys m%Odkshd
jQfha fiakl h'
cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka fiakl ììf,a uyd mqreIhl= jQfha Tyqf.a
kdhl;ajfhka ìys jQ ck;djd§ T!IO m%;sm;a;sh ksid h'
T!IO ksIamdokh f,dj we;s fojeks l¾udka;h hs' m%Odk l¾udka;h m%Odk
ks¾hd;h wdhqO ksIamdokh hs' wfußldj" ngysr c¾uksh" ì%;dkHh" iaúÜi¾,ka;h"
cmdkh iy b;d,sh hk n,j;a rgj, m%n, iud.ï i;=j T!IO jHdmdrh ròd
mej;s‚' T!IO ksIamdokhg jvd ta ms<sn| m%pdrhg ta iud.ï úhoï oeÍ h' fï
iud.ï tl u T!IOh úúO kïj,ska ksmojd fjf<| fmd<g tù h' vhismEï
kue;s T!IO kduh oerE fí;a fm;a; i; folla ñ, jQ w;r" th u je,shï kue;s
fjf<| kdufhka T!IO iud.ï remsh,lg úlafla h' remshf,a fm;a; w.fhka
jeä nj lSug m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd úYd, uqo,la úhoï l< iud.ï" ffjµjreka ,jd
ñ, jeä fm;a; frda.Skag kshu lrù h'
w;súYd, ,dN ,enQ fï iud.ïj,g rdcH kdhlhka yeisrùug mjd yels úh'
Tjqkaf.a T!IO fjf<|dug n,mEï lrk fkd ÈhqKq rgj, md,lhkag ish rfgys
md,lhka ,jd n,mEï l< yels úh' ish rfgys ck;djg wys;lr hhs ;ykï l<
T!IO j¾. fjk;a kï fhdod fkd ÈhqKq rgj, wf,ú lsÍug ta iud.ïj,g yels
jQfha foaYmd,ksl jYfhka n,mEï lsÍug Tjqkag jQ Yla;sh ksid h' we;eï rgj,
md,lfhdaa ish ifydaor rgjeishkag jvd msgrg iud.ulska ,efnk ñ, uqo,g m%sh
l<y' rgg wkjYH fí;a j¾. o wf,ú lsÍug fï iud.ïj,g yels úh'
fiakl ììf,a fï ;;a;ajhka jgyd .ksñka YS% ,xldjg .e<fmk T!IO m%;sm;a;shla
ie,iqï lf<a h'
tys m%Odk fhdackd myla úh(
1' ,xldjg wkjYH fnfy;a j¾. f.kaùu k;r lsÍu'
2' rdcH wdh;kj,;a fm!oa.,sl wxYfha;a T!IOj,g T!Iëh fyj;a ks, kduh
muKla fh§u'
3' furg T!IO f.kaùu iy furg T!IO fnod yeÍu iïmQ¾Kfhka u rcfha
wdh;khkag mejÍu'
4' ,xldfõ T!IO ksIamdokh" ;;a;aj md,k wxYh iy m¾fhaIK wxYh ÈhqKq
lsÍu'
5' T!IO .ek úµd;aul lreKq úYajdi lghq;= f,i ffjµjrekag iy fi!LH
fiajdjkays fh§ isák whg;a uyck;djg;a ,nd § Tjqka i;= oekqu mq¿,a
lsÍu'
fuu fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd 1971 iema;eïn¾ 22 jeksod YS% ,xld rdcH
T!IO kS;s.; ixia:dj msysgqjkq ,eî h' fiakl tys iNdm;sjrhd úh' ta jk úg;a
155
Tyq fmardfo‚h úYajúµd,fha uq,a u ffjµ mSGdêm;s jYfhka lghq;= lrñka
isáfha h'
Y%S ,xld rdcH T!IO kS;s.; ixia:dfõ iNdm;s jYfhka úYd, jegqmla ,nd .ekSug
fiakl ììf,ag yelshdj ;snqK o Tyq th m%;slafIam lf<a h'
“ffjµ úµd,fhka ug jegqmla ,efnkjd' th ug m%udKj;a' cd;sl T!IO
m%;sm;a;sh ud is;k yd m;k wdldrhg l%shd;aul lssÍug ,enqfKd;a th i;=gla' ta
i;=g ug we;s' jegqm tmd” Tyq lS h'
1972 cq,s udih ;=< kj T!IO m%;sm;a;sh ksid remsh,a ,laI 60l úfoaY úksuhla
b;sß lsÍug ,xldjg yels jQ nj wekalageâ ixúOdkh jd¾;d lf<a h'
ixia:dj werfUk úg ,xldjg T!IO j¾. 4000la iud.ïj,ska f.kajkq ,eì‚'
f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh rglg w;HjYH T!IO m%udKh 240la nj ks¾foaY fldg
;sìK' iud.ïj,ska jeämqr f.kajQfha wkjYH T!IO hs' ,xldjg f.kaúh hq;=
w;HjYH T!IO m%udKh 171la nj fiakl lS h' ta wkqj ta m%udKh muKla
f.kaùug Tyq mshjr .;af;a h'
,xldfjys u T!IO ksmoùu Tyqf.a B <`. wruqK úh' j¾Ihlg remsh,a ,laI 19la
wuqøjH msgráka f.kajk fnfy;a fm;s iy lr,a ksmojk lïy,a 15la iud.ï i;=
j ;sìK' rcfha fnfy;a .nvdj iy fm!oa.,sl wxYh remsh,a ,laI 71l fí;a
msgráka f.kaù h' wuqøjH iy fnfy;a f.kaùug remsh,a ,laI 90la msgrgg heùu
wmrdOhla fia ie,l+ fiakl fnfy;a iE§ug wuqøjH f.kaùu uq¿ukska u
ixia:djg mejÍug lghq;= flf<a h'
1976 § fkd ne¢ cd;Skaf.a iuq¿j fld<U meje;aú‚' fkd ne¢ rgj, kdhlhkaf.a
ksfhdað;fhda ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk T!IO m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| fidhd neÆy'
fiakl Tjqkag lreKq meyeÈ,s flf<a h' ;=ka jirla ;=< remsh,a fldaá 11l úfoaY
úksuh /l foñka wvq ñ,g jeä w.hla we;s T!IO ,nd §fuka" fm!oa.,sl T!IO
iud.ïj, úúO n,mEïj,g uqyqK foñka fï ixia:dj bgq l< ck;d fufyjr
ÿgq fkd ne¢ rgj, kdhlfhda “wfma rgj,;a fï T!IO m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul l<
hq;=hs' wmg u`. fmkajkak"”hs fiaklf.ka b,aÆy'
Bg wkqj ffjµ úµd,fhka iy T!IO ixia:dfjka bj;a ù wekalageâ ixúOdkfha
fcHaIAG T!IO m%;sm;a;s úfYAI{hd f,i Tyq ðkSjd k.rfha § jev ndr .;af;a h'
á%ksvEâ" cefuhsld" ndfífvdaia" fvdñksld" f.%kdâ" wekaá.d" mqjfgdaßflda" .hkd
hk leÍìhka ¥m;aj, ck;dj i|yd T!IO m%;sm;a;shla ilia lsÍu fiaklg
mejß‚'
ta ¥m;aj, weúo jd¾;djla ms<sfh, lsÍu m<uq lghq;a; úh' wk;=rej ieliQ
jd¾;dj wekalagEâ ixúOdkfha idlÉPdjg ,la úh' th jyd l%shd;aul l< hq;=
jevms<sfj<la nj ixúOdkh úiska ms<s.kakd ,È'
tys § ,o w;aoelSï ms<sn|j Tyq fufia mejiS h(
156
“wm ixpdrh l< iEu ;ekl È u wmg olskakg ,enqfKa wfma rfÜ ììf,a § ud
ÿgq mSvdjg ,la jQ ñksiqka u hs' ta wirK ck;djg T!IO u.ska fyda fiajh lsÍug
wmg ,enqKq fï wjia:dj w; yßkak neye' we;a;g u T!IO m%;sm;a;shlska muKla
fï ck;djf.a Ôú; iemj;a lrkak neye' Tjqka uqod .ekSug f,dj mqrd me;=reKq
uyd ck;d úma,jhla wjYH hs'''”
fiaklg ;u woyi l%shd;aul l< fkd yels úh' yÈis yDohdndOhlska Tyq ñh
.sfha h'
tla fiakl ììf,a flkl= fufia ñh .sh o rgj,a lsysmhl u fiakl ììf,a
jekafkda ìys jqKy'
íafÜ%,shdfõ cd;sl T!IO m%;sm;a;s uKav,fha kshuq fodia;r ydá 1993 § ,xldjg
meñK fufia lS h(
“,xldj l÷ uqÿkls' fiakl ììf,a tys nenf<k mykls' wms ta myfka t<sfhka
wfma rgj, T!IO m%;sm;a;s yod .kafkuq'”
wjfndaOh
1' uydpd¾h fiakl ììf,a úiska ork ,o ;k;=re fudkjd o@
2' Tyqf.a uq¿ Ôú;h u whs;s hehs mejfikafka ldyg o@ tfia lSug fya;=j
l=ula o@
3' YS% ,xldjg .e<fmk mßÈ ie,iqï l< cd;sl T!IO m%;sm;a;shg we;=<;a jQ
fhdackd fudkjd o@
4' úfoaYslhka mjd fudyq wdo¾Yhg .kakd nj oelafjk mdGh Wmqgd olajkak'
5' fu;=udf.a pß;fhka Tng ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y fudkjd o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
my; i|yka jpkj, w¾: meyeÈ,s lrkak'
1' T!IO -
2' m¾fhaIK -
3' ks¾hd; -
4' m%;sm;a;sh -
5' fm!oa.,sl -
6' úµd;aul -
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' wm Ôú;hg wdo¾Y .; yels pß;hla wOHhkh lrkak'
2' Tyqf.a$wehf.a Ôú;fhka wmg ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y ms<sn|j mka;sh bÈßfha
l;djla meje;aùug iQodkï jkak'
157
jd¾;dlrKh
jd¾;d hkq lsishï isÿùula ms<sn| f;dr;=re f,aLk.; lsÍfï l%uhls'
mqj;am;a jd¾;d" /iaùï jd¾;d wdÈ úúO jd¾;d j¾. we;' mqj;am;a jd¾;d hkq
tÈfkod wikakg olskakg ,efnk isÿùï weiqfrka mqj;am;a i|yd iïmdokh
flfrk jd¾;d h' mqj;am;a jd¾;djl § wod< isÿùug iïnkaO mqoa.,hka" th isÿ jQ
ia:dkh" Èkh" fõ,dj" isÿ jQ wdldrh" miqìï f;dr;=re wdÈh ksrjq,aj meyeÈ,sj
we;=<;a l< hq;= h' w;HjYH f;dr;=re muKla igyka lr wkjYH §¾> úia;r
neyer lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
/iaùï jd¾;djl § o /iaùu meje;ajQ ldrKh" Èkh" fõ,dj" ia:dkh" iyNd.s jQ
wh igyka lsÍu w;sYh jeo.;a jk w;r /iaùfï § idlÉPd l< lreKq ixlaIsma;j
ksrjq,aj yd ksjerÈj bÈßm;a l< hq;=h'
fuys § wjOdkh fhduq flfrkafka mqj;am;a jd¾;d flfrys h'
,xldfõ YsIHhl=f.a kñka ;rejla'''

• wl,xl ñoafo‚h
.f,kaì÷Kqjej m%foaYfha mdi,a YsIHhl= jk fla' Ô' ÈfkaIa wkqreoaO
Ñ;%dkkao lmqf.a úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o hdka;s%l Ü/lagrh weußld
tlai;a ckmofha weßfidakd m%dka;fha *Skslaiays § mej;s bkafg,a cd;Hka;r
úoHd bxðfkare m%o¾Ykfha bf,laÜßla bxðfkare wxYfha m%:u ia:dkh Èkd
.ekSug iu;a ù we;' Tyq tu iïudkh Èkd .ekSfuka wk;=rej Tyqf.a kñka
;rejla kï lsÍug kdid wdh;kh lghq;= lr we;s nj mejfia' tu ;r.h
i|yd rgj,a 76la ksfhdackh lrñka 1500lg jeä msßila iyNd.s ù we;'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tn mdif,a jd¾Isl ;Hd. m%odfkda;aijh ms<sn|j mqj;am;lg fhduq lsÍu i|yd
jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
2' úúO f;aud Tiafia iïmdokh ù we;s mqj;am;a jd¾;d tla /ia lr ,sms f.dkqjla
ilia lr mka;sfha hy¿jka iu. yqjudre lr f.k tajd mßYS,kh lrkak'
158
kHdh m;%
W;aijhla" /iaùula" jevuq¿jla jeks lsishï úfYaIs; wjia:djl tu wjia:djg
wod< ld¾hhka ksYaÑ; ld, rduqjlg yd wkqms<sfj<lg fm< .iajd ilia lrk
,o ie,eiaula kHdh m;%hla f,i ye¢kafõ'
my; oelafjkafka rdcH idys;H iïudk m%odfkda;aijfha kHdh m;%hls' tys tla
tla ld¾hhka Bg kshñ; fõ,dj iy ls%hd;aul lrkafkda ljqre o wdÈ f;dr;=re
we;=<;a lr we;s wdldrh úuid n,kak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' mka;sfha idys;H iñ;sh fyda fjk;a iñ;shl fyda /iaùula i|yd kHdh m;%hla
ilia lrkak'
2' mdif,a jd¾Isl lS%vd W;aijh i|yd kHdh m;%hla ms<sfh, lrkak'
159
18 wdmod l<ukdlrKh

miq.sh oi wjqreÿ ld,fha § f,dalfha iy Y%S ,xldfõ .x j;=r" kdhhEï iy iqkdñ

jeks Nhdkl iajdNdúl wk;=re jeä fjñka mj;sk ;;a;ajhla oelsh yels h'
yÈis wjia:djlg wm uqyqK fok wdldrh iy thska wdrlaId ùfï l%shd ms<sfj<
ms<sn|j wm ish¨ fokd u oekqj;aj isàu w;HjYH h' wdmod l<ukdlrKh
hkq l=ula o hkak;a wdmodjla uekúka l<ukdlrKh lr .kafka flfia o
hkak;a ms<sn|j lreKq wka;¾.; lrñka fuu mdvu ilia lr ;sfí'
wm mkai,g <Õd jk úg .fï f,dl= l=vd" nd, uy¨ yeu fokd u mdfya tys
meñK isáhy' ‘wdmod l<ukdlrK wud;HdxYh’ hkqfjka ku i|yka iqÿ meye
jEka ßhla mkai,a ñÿf,a k;r lr ;sì‚' u| fõ,djlska ks,OdÍ uy;au uy;aóyq
lsysm fofkla O¾u Yd,dfõ isá msßi wìuqjg meñ‚ w;r" tla ks,OdÍ uyf;la
b;d m%shukdm whqßka wm wu;d l;d lrkakg úh(
“wfma flá oekqï §ug Tn ieu b;d fyd| m%;spdrhla olajd ;sfnkjd''' tA
iïnkaOfhka wm Tng ia;=;sjka; fjkjd' wm wo meñ‚fha wdmod l<ukdlrK
wud;HdxYh u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfï /iaùula i|yd hs'''”
;j;a kï ug lg mshdf.k isákakg neß njla oeks‚'
“udfï" wdmodjla lshkafka úm;lafka''' úm;la fldfydu o l<ukdlrKh
lrkafka'''@
“wkak fyd| m%Yakhlaæ” Tyq jvd;a Woafhda.su;a jkq fmks‚' nyq udOH m%lafIamK
hka;%h l%shd;aul l< Tyq ‘wdmod’ hk jpkh i|yd we;s ks¾jpk lsysmhla wmg
m%o¾Ykh lf<A h' tAjdfhys fufia i|yka j ;sì‚(
—wdmod hkq yÈis fyda úYd, wjdikdjka; jHikhls'˜

- Tlaia*¾â YíofldaIh

160
—ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o fyda iajdNdúl j we;s jk" ;dlaI‚lj
fyda l%udkql+,j j¾Okh jQ" thg f.dÿre jk ck;djg úúO iqúfYaI
mshjr wkq.ukh lsÍug isÿ jk isÿùula wdmodjla fõ'˜
- wdmod l<ukdlrejkaf.a w;afmd;
^wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j&
fuu ks¾jpk fmkajd wjik tu ks,OdÍ uy;d ‘wdmod’ hk jpkh ;j ÿrg;a

wmg y÷kajd foñka l;d lf<a h(
“wdmodjla lshkafk laI‚lj fyda l%ñl j¾Okhla úÈhg isÿ jk fohla' tA u.sska
úYd, ydkshla isÿ fjkjd' tu ydksh foam< ydks" Ôú; ydks hk wxY foflka u
isÿ fjkak mq¿jka' tA;a mßirfha ks;r isÿ jk Wjÿre yeu tlla u wk;=rla
wdmodjla fjkak kï lreKq lsysmhla iïmQ¾K úh hq;=hs'”
“wfka uy;a;fhda" fï fld¨-l=reÜgkag oek .kak;a tlal ´l álla úia;r
fldr,u lshkagflda” hs msßi bÈßfha u isá nqrïms iShd lE .eiqfõ h'
“Tõ iSfha" hï úm;la wdmodjla f,i ie,lSug cd;Hka;rj ms<s.;a ks¾Kdhl
;sfnkjd' ta wkqj hï úm;lska ñksiqka oi fofkl= Ôú;laIhg m;a jqj fyd;a" ish
fofkl=g jeä ixLHdjlg n,mEula we;s jqj fyd;a th wmodjla f,i ie,flkjd'
tjeks wjia:dj, § cd;Hka;r jYfhka Wojq b,a,d isáh yelshs' tfia;a ke;skï
yÈis wjYH;dj,ska fmf<k rdcHhla f,i m%ldYhg m;a lsÍug bv ;sfnkjd'
fï lreKqj,ska wvq u ;rñka tlla j;a fmkakqï lrk úm;la ;uhs wdmodjla
yeáhg y÷kajkak mq¿jka fjkafk'”
“b;ska uy;a;fhda" ´jd wo Bfh fjk foaj,a he@' wdÈ ldf, ysgka u ´jd jqKd
fkj@' b;sx fudflda fï oeka ú;rla /iaùï mj;ajkak fya;=j@'” nqrïms iShd
flaka;sfhka úuiqfõ h'
“iShd yß' wdÈ ldf, b|ka u wdmod isÿ jqKd''' fn!oaO iQ;%j,;a" nhsn,fha;a fuu
wdmod .ek i|yka fjkjd' úfYaIfhka u w.a.[a[ iQ;%h" ,laLK iQ;%h" uyd
mßksíndk iQ;%h jf.a iQ;%j, wdmod .ek i|yka fjkjd'''”
“wehs uy;a;fhda" wfma cd;l fmd;@ tAfl ;sfhk ixL cd;fla" t;fldg iuqøjd‚c
cd;fla" uyd ckl cd;fla Th úm;la .ek lshfjkj fkj fnd,x'''” nqrïms iShd
oeka idlÉPdjg yßu Wkkaÿ h'
“wehs wfma nhsnf,;a ;sfhkjd wdmod .ek' W;am;a;s l;d w;r ;sfhk fkdajdf.a
l;dj tfyu tlla' tfl;a ;sfhkjd úYd, c, .e,aula .ek'''” uf.a hy¿jd
tßla o l;djg iïnkaO úh'
“fndfydu fyd|hs' Tn yeu fokd u ug iydh fjkjd" tAl ug myiqjla'''” ks,OdÍ
uy;df.a uqyqK m%ikak iskdjlska msÍ f.dia h'
161
“wehs udfï" úydr uyd foaúf. l;dj''' tA
.ek uydjxfY ;sfhkjdfka uqyqo f.dv
.e¨jd lsh,d le,‚;siai rÊcqrejkaf.
ldf,'''” isßu,S wlald l;djg tla
jQjd h'
“fï Tlafldu we;a;' tA;a w;Sf; ñksiaiq
iajdNdúl úm;aj,g foaj;ajh wdrEV
l<d' tA ksid tAjd j<lajkakg W;aidy
lf<a kE' kuq;a wdmod ms<sn| oekqj;a
ùu;a" wdmodj,ska isÿ jk ydks wju lr
.ekSfï l%u Ys,am oek .ekSu;a ksid wo iqkdñ wjia:djla
fjkfldg wdmod wNsfhda.hg ukdj
uqyqK §fï yelshdjla ;sfnkjd'”
“Th wdmod ldKav l< yelshs fka o@
iajdNdúl wdmod yd ñksia l%shdldrlï
weiqfrka ks¾udKh jk wdmod lsh,d@˜
ud msßi foi yeÍ ne¨fõ úiaufhks'
wdmod .ek fu;rï okakd flkl= wfma
.fï isá;s hs uu fkd oek isáfhñ' tA
p;=r whshd h' Tyq úYajúoHd,fha bf.k
.kshs' ;ud tys N+f.da, úoHdj yodrk
nj Èkla Tyq ug lshd ;sì‚'
“fndfydu yßæ” ks,Odß uy;d lSfõ
h' “iajdNdúl wdmod;a kej; fldgia wl=Kq iy l=Kdgq wjia:djla
follg fnokak mq¿jka foaY.=‚l
wdmod N+ fN!;sl iy N+ úoHd;aul
wdmod lsh,'''”
ud o p;=r whshd fuka úh hq;= hehsZ uf.a
is; lSfõ h' uu o woyia oelajQfhñ'
“udfï" foaY.=‚l wdmodj,g WodyrK
úÈhg kshÕ" c, .e,Sï tfyu lshkak
mq¿jka fkao@”
“Tõ mq;d' tAjdg wu;rj fgdkdfvda;a"
wfma rgg wd.ka;=l jqK;a fjk;a rgj,
;sfhk je,s l=Kdgq" .a,eishr" ysu jeis"
wêl WIaK;ajh" wl=Kq .eiSï tfyu;a fgdakdfvda wjia:djla
.kak mq¿jka'”
“fgdkdfvda@ tA fudlla o udfï@”
162
“fgdkdfvda lshkafk mqf;a iq<s iq<xj,g' iq<s iq<Õla lshkafk WKqiqï c, mDIaGh
u; we;s jk ksj¾;k l=Kdgqjla' iq<s iq<Õl ,laIK ;uhs wêl jeis" ;o iq<x"
.x.d fyda we< ud¾. Èf.a rg ;=<g wefok by< .sh uqyqÿ r< jf.a foaj,a' iq<s
iq<Õla ojia lSmhla mj;skak mq¿jka'”
“b;sx udfï" tA jf.a fgdkdfvdajla tk nj oek .kak úÈhla keoao@” uu weiqfjñ'
“;sfhkjd" fgdkdfvdajla tk nj wyfia j,dl=¿j, yevfhka oek.kak mq¿jka'
yßhg u ìïu,la jdf.a j,dl=¿ leá .efykjd'''”
“t;fldg uy;a;fhda" fudkj o Th lshmq wks;a iajdNdúl wdmod j¾.h'''” msßi
w;ßka ke.S isá uq,a .=re;=ud úuiqfõ h'
“wks;a j¾.h ;uhs N+ fN!;sl iy N+ úoHd;aul wdmod" kdh hEï" N+ lïmd"
iqkdñ" .sksl÷ msmsÍï wdÈh fïjg WodyrK úÈhg olajkak mq¿jka' fïjdhska
iuyr iajdNdúl wdmod laI‚l j isoaO fjkak mq¿jka' iuyr wdmod §¾> ld,hla
;siafia l%udkql+,j isoaO fjkak mq¿jka'”
“wd''' ug f;areKd''' kdh hEï laI‚lj isoaO fjkjd' kshÕhla kï isoaO fjkafk
l%udkql+,j' yß fkao udfu@” ug lsheú‚'
“yßhg yß' mq;d fï .ek fndfydu Wkkaÿhs jf.a''''” Tyq lS h' uu m%S;sfhka
msïfnñka isáñ'
“Tn lsõ wfkla wdmod j¾.h ms<sn|j;a msßi oekqïj;a lf<d;a fyd|hs fkao@˜
p;=r whshd úuiqfõ h'
“Tõ uq,a ldf, kï ;snqfKa iajdNdúl wdmod muKhs' ta;a ñksiqka úoHd;aul yd
;dlaI‚l {dkfhka ÈhqKq fjoa§ wdmod ks¾udKhg ñksiqkq;a ueÈy;a jqKd' tA
wkqj udkj ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿ jk wdmod;a wo nyq,j ;sfnkjd'''”
“tA wdmod;a ldKavj,g fnokak mq¿jka fka o@” p;=r whshd úuiqfõ h'
“Tõ' ld¾ñl wdmod" m%jdyk wdmod yd úúO wdmod lsh,d fnÈh yelshs' Th ridhksl
øjH mqmqrd hEï" ridhksl øjH msgdr .e,Sï" úlsrK ydks" .sks .ekSï jf.a foaj,a"
t;fldg úI jdhq ldkaÿ ùï" úI YÍr.; ùï''' fï Tlafldu ld¾ñl wdmod¦ ld¾ñl
ÈhqKqj ksid we;s jk wdmod'
“t;fldg ud¾. wk;=re" ÿïßh wk;=re" .=jka wk;=re jf.a foaj,a" m%jdyk wk;=re'''”
“úúO wdmod lshkafk ksjdi lvd jeàï" ksjdi .sks .ekSï" Èfha .s,Sï jf.a foaj,a'”
“udfï" ,xldjg f.dvla u n,mdkafk iqkdñ" iq<s iq<x" N+ñlïmd" kdh hEï" .x
j;=r" kshÕ" wl=Kq ier je§ï jf.a wdmod fkao@” uu weiSñ'
“mq;d yß' fï wdmodj,ska ñfokak;a m%cdj ;=< wdmodj,ska ñ§fï l%u Ys,amh .ek
oekqula ;sfhkak ´k'”
“Th t;fldg uy;a;fhda" wdmod l<ukdlrKh ;shkafk fudlla o@” nqrïms
iShdf.a uqyqfKa mqÿuh msß,d h'
163
ks,OdÍ uy;d h<s;a m%lafIamK hka;%h l%shd;aul lr" wdmod l<ukdlrKh
iïnkaO ks¾jpk lsysmhla m%o¾Ykh lf<a h' idlÉPdj meje;afjk w;r;=r
ks,OdÍ uy;ajreka úiska fnod fok ,o fld<j, uu tAjd igyka lr .;sñ'
—wdmod l<ukdlrKh jHjydßl úoHdjls' tuÕska wdmod ms<sn|j l%uj;a iy

úêu;a ksÍlaIKhka" .fõIKhka yd úYAf,aIKhka weiqfrka wdmodjka we;s
ùug fmr yd miq we;s l%shdj,sh úêu;a ie,eiaula yd l%uj;a md,khla hgf;a
fufyhjkq ,efí' wdmod l<ukdlrKh u.ska wdmod j<lajd .ekSu" wdmod
wju lsÍu" wdmod i|yd iQodkï ùu" iykdOdr iemhSu" mqkre;a:dmkh yd
m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh .ek úuiSula o lrkq ,efí'
- cd;sl wdmod l<ukdlrK uOHia:dkh" 2005
m%Odk jYfhka u wdmod wjia:djla fldgia ;=klg fnod olajkak mq¿jka' tA ;uhs
mQ¾j wdmod wjia:dj" wdmodj isÿ jk wjia:dj yd mYapd;a wdmod wjia:dj jYfhka'
oeka n,kak fooyia y;r j¾Ifh wfma rgg we;s jqKq iqkdñ jHikfhka miafi
wmg blaukg u h:d ;;a;ajhg m;a fjkak mq¿jka jqfKa mYapd;a wdmod wjia:d
iïnkaOfhka fyd¢ka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu ksid'”
“tA lshkafk uy;a;fhda" wdmod isoaO fjkak l,skq;a" wdmodj isÿ jk wjia:dfj;a"
wdmodj isÿ jqKdg miafi;a wdmod l<ukdlrKh lrkak mq¿jka lshk tl
fka o@” tjr m%Yakh uq,a .=re;=udf.ks'
“yßhg u yß' tA;a fï rfÜ wdmod je<elaùug;a mqkre;a:dmk lghq;= yd kej; bÈ
lsÍï iïnkaOfhkq;a l%uj;a kS;s moaO;shla ;snqfK kE' fï wvqj mqrjkak mk;a
folla iïu; lr, ;sfhkjd fooyia mfya cQks oy;=ka fjksod b|, l%shd;aul
fjk úÈhg'''”
“tA mk;a fol fudkj o udfï@” uu weiSñ'
“tlla ;uhs mqf;a" 2005 wxl 13 ork Y%S ,xld wdmod l<ukdlrK mk;' wfkl
;uhs 2005 wxl 16 ork iqkdñ ^úfYaI úê úOdk& mk;'”
“fu;k mdi,a hk jhfi orefjd;a yqÕla bkak nj ug fmfkk ksid mdi,a
wdmod wdrlaIK jevigyk .ek;a hula lsõfjd;a fyd|hs lshd ug ysf;kjd'”
“wfka lshkak udfï" t;fldg tA .ek wms wfma hd¿jkag;a lshkakï” uf.a kx.S
iqud,s lSjd h'
“tAl fyd|hs' mdi,a wdmod wdrlaIK jevigykg wh;a ld¾hhka ;uhs( mdi,a
wdmod lñgq ia:dms; lsÍu" mdi,a mßirh ;=< wk;=reodhl ia:dk fidhd
.ekSu" tAjd wdrlaIs; ia:dk njg m;a lsÍu" .sks Wjÿfrka wdrlaId ùu i|yd
.=rejreka yd orejka oekqj;a lsÍu" m%:udOdr yd yÈis wjia:d ie,iqula ilia lsÍu
164
wdÈ jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu' jevigykaj,g foujqmshkag" .=rejrekag jf.a u
orejkag;a iyNd.s fjkak mq¿jka' wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd fï m%foaYfha mdi,a
lsysmhl u tA jevigyka ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsÍfï /iaùï mj;ajkak;a'''˜
“wfka yenEg uy;a;fhda" wms mqxÑ ikaÈfh kx kshfÕka" N+ñlïmdj,ska" c,
.e,Sï jf.a fldhs úme;a;sfhkq;a fífrkak foú foaj;djqkag mqo mQcd meje;a;=jd¦
ndrydr jqKd¦ f;dú,a-mú,a kegqjd' tA;a oeka rg fudk ;rï ÈhqKq o@ lsh, oekqhs
´x f;arefKa'''” nqrïms iShdf.a i;=g byjyd f.disks'
yÈis wdmod wjia:djla we;s jqj fyd;a oekqï Èh hq;= ¥rl:k wxl yd kdh hEï"
iq<s iq<x" wl=Kq wk;=re" iqkdñ wdÈ foa ms<sn|j ieliqKq l=vd fmd;a iy fmdaiag¾
f;d.hla o wmg fkdñf,a u ,nd ÿka Tjqyq wfma iyfhda.hg ia;=;s lrñka
msg;a j .shy'

m%cdj - ck;dj
jHikh - úm;" lrorh
c, mDIaGh - c, ;,h
jHjydßl úµd - úoHd;aul fidhd .ekSï iy oekqu ñksidf.a m%dfhda.sl
Ndú;h i|yd fhdod .ekSu wruqKq lr .;a úoHdj
ksj¾;k l=Kdgq - ksj¾;k l,dmfha wvq mSvk flakaøhla jgd i¾ms,dldrj
N%uKh jk ;o iq<x ;;a;ajhla
wjfndaOh
1' mdvu lshjd" wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,shkak'

¸' wdmodjla hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka l=ula o@
¸¸' wdmod hk jpkhg Èh yels ks¾jpkhla ,shkak'
¸¸¸' hï úm;la wdmodjla ùug lreKq lsysmhlska tlla j;a iïmQ¾K úh hq;= h'
ta lreKq fudkjd o@
¸¹' wdmod ms<sn| b;sydih msßlaiSfï § wmg yuq jk uQ,dY%hka fudkjd o@
¹' wdmod l<ukdlrKh hkakg Èh yels ks¾jpkhla mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'
165
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' mdvu fyd¢ka lshjd wdmod j¾.SlrKh ms<sn|j f;dr;=re oelafjk o< igykla
ms<sfh, lrkak'
2' mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï mylg fnfokak'
lKavdhu 01
iqkdñ ;;a;ajhla hkq l=ula o hkak y÷kajd" iqkdñh hk wdmodj
l<ukdlrKh lr .; yels whqre mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
lKavdhu 02
wl=Kq wk;=re y÷kajd" tu jHikh l<ukdlrKh lr .kakd wdldrh
mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
lKavdhu 03'
kdh hEï y÷kajd" tu jHikh uekúka l<ukdlrKh lr .kakd whqre
olajkak'
lKavdhu 04'
iq<s iq<x hkak y÷kajd" th we;s jk wdldrh;a tu wdmodj l<ukdlrKh
lr .kakd wdldrh;a bÈßm;a lrkak'
lKavdhu 05'
N+ñ lïmd ;;a;ajhla hkq l=ula oehs y÷kajkak' tu wdmodj uekúka
l<ukdlrKh lr .kakd wdldrh mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
YíofldaI mßyrKh
fmd;m; mßYS,kfha § Tng wjfndaO lr .ekSug ÿIalr jk jpk yuq úh yels h'
tu jpkj, w¾:h b;d ksjerÈj Tng oek .; yels fyd| u l%uh jkafka
YíofldaIhla Ndú; lsÍu hs' isxy, YíofldaI ish,a,l u jpk olajd we;af;a
w" wd" we" wE wdÈ jYfhka wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g h'
fuys oelafjkafka YíofldaIhlska Wmqgd .kakd ,o msgqjls'
166
YS% iqux., YíofldaIh
167
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' fuys oelafjk YíofldaI msgqj Wmldr lrf.k my; i|yka m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re
imhkak'
¸ my; oelafjk fhÿï i|yd WÑ; ;ks jpkh ,shkak'
w' hym;a ñ;%hd
wd' ñysß f>daIh we;a;d
we' ish¨ l,djkag wêm;s fojÕk
wE' fmdf<dj keue;s ldka;dj
b' r;= ;=vq yd md we;s yxihd
B' OdkH uçk ia:dkh
2' my; i|yka YíofldaI Tnf.a úoHd,hSh mqia;ld,fhka ,nd f.k tAjd ms<sn|j
wOHhkh lrkak'
isxy, YíofldaIh - ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j
Y%S iqux., YíofldaIh - je,súáfha fidar; kdysñ
m%dfhda.sl isxy, YíofldaIh - wdpd¾h yßiapkaø úfÊ;=x.
isxy, mdßNdIsl YíofldaIh - wdpd¾h yßiapkaø úfÊ;=x.
3' wdmod l<ukdlrKh iïnkaO my; i|yka jpkj, w¾: fhda.H YíofldaIhla
mßYS,kh lrñka fidhd ,shkak'
¸' úlrKh$i¾ck wdrlaIKh ¹' fjda,aàh;dj
¸¸' l%udxl$oyre ¹¸' wdfrdamKh
¸¸¸' N+ lïmk udkh ¹¸¸' Ldokh
¸¹' úi¾ckh ¹¸¸¸' jix.;$fmakqj
by; jpk fhdod jdlHh ne.ska ;kkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' kQ;k isxy, wlaIr ud,dj wkqms<sfj<ska ,shd olajkak'

2' mdvfï Tng fkd jegfyk jpk f,aLkhla ms<sfh, lr f.k Yío
fldaIhlska fidhd w¾: ,shkak'
3' mka;sfha isák Tfí fyd| u hy¿jka oy fokl=f.a kï wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g
ilid ,shkak'
4' ‘wdmod l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu’ hk uefhka rpkdjla ,shkak'
168
19 ikaê
lsishï ld¾hhla lsÍfï § jvd;a myiq ux fiùu ukqIH iajNdjh hs' NdId
Ndú;fha § o fï O¾u;dj n, mj;ajhs' Yío WÉpdrKfha § we;eï Yío
bj;a ù fjk;a Yío msúiSu;a we;eï Yíoj, iajrEmh fjkia ùu;a oel .;
yels h' fuh ksrdhdifhka isÿ jkakls' fuhska NdId Ndú;h myiq o
w,xldrj;a o iqug o fjhs' jHdlrKfha § ‘ikaê’ hkqfjka ye¢kafjkqfha
WÉpdrKfha myiqj i|yd isÿ jk Yío .e<mSfï l%uhls'
fuf,i Yío ixúOdkfha § o wms úúO l%uj,ska tajd tl;= lruq' tf,i tl;= lsÍu
ksid"
³ WÉpdrK myiqj we;s fõ' ikaê hkq NdId jHjydrfha §
iómj msysá wl=re$ Yío ukd
³ Yío flá ùu isÿ fõ' fia .e<mSfï l%uhls'
³ NdIdfõ jHla; Ndjhla we;s fõ'
fuh mQ¾j - wmr j¾K .e<mSu
Èh myrla .,d hk ud¾.fhys Bg ndOl jk .,a hkqfjka w¾: oelafjhs'
mr" j<j,a" uq,a wdÈh fjhs tajd bj;a lsÍfuka Èh
myr myiqfjka .,d hhs' tfuka u Yío
WÉpdrKhg ndOd flfrk Yío neyer lsÍfuka"
w¨;a Yío tla lsÍfuka yd we;eï Yíoj, iajrEmh
fjkia lsÍfuka myiqfjka WÉpdrKh lsÍug wjldYh ie,fia'
NdId Ndú;fha § myiq Ndú;hg ndOl jk wx. bj;a lsÍu" wNskj wx. msúiSu yd
mj;akd Yíohl iajrEmh fjkia ùu ikaê lsÍu hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' fujeks
ikaê úê lSmhls'
Yíohla fyda Yío lSmhla bj;a lsÍu f,damh hs'

.=re ¬ W;=ud - .=re;=ud
mj;sk Yíohla fjkqjg fjk;a Yíohla meñKùu wdfoaYh hs'
ov ¬ lï - ovhï
mj;sk Yío w;rg w¨;a Yíohla tla lsÍu wd.uh hs'
ú ¬ wjq,a - úhjq,a
169
ikaê jkafka mo folla w;r nj fï wkqj meyeÈ,s fjhs' ikaê jQ mo fol fjka
fldg .ekSu úikaêh fõ' ikaê jQ mohl w¾:h jgyd .ekSug úikaêh WmldÍ fõ'
úikaêfhys úúO rgd y÷kd .; yels h'
jH[ackdlaIrhlska fl<jr ù iajrhlska wdrïN jk Yío
w;ska ¬w; - w;sk;
u,aa ¬w;a; - u,a,;a;
ñksia ¬ wd - ñksid
iajrhlska fl<jr ù iajrhlska wdrïN jk Yío
.=K ¬w.=K - .=Kd.=K
hk ¬tk - hfkk
je,s ¬ wïmsáh - je,a,ïmsáh
jH[ackdlaIrhlska fl<jr ù jH[ackdlaIrhlska wdrïN jk Yío
f.;a ¬lï - f.;a;ï
ÿla ¬ m;a - ÿmam;a
mia ¬ ish - mkaish
iajrhlska fl<jr ù jH[ackdlaIrhlska wdrïN jk Yío
o~q ¬lï - o~qjï
.Õ ¬ Èh - .xÈh
nqÿ ¬ irK - nq;airK
fuf,i úúO whqßka iefok ikaê j¾. lSmhls' ikaê ùï fojeoEreï fldg
oelafjhs'
1' wNHka;r ikaê
m%lD;s - m%;Hh w;r fyda m%lD;shla we;=<; fyda isÿ jk ikaê

.ia ¬ ta > .fia
fmd;a ¬ ta > fmdf;a
2' ndysr ikaê
m%lD;s folla fyda mo folla w;r isÿ jk ikaê ikaê jQ rEmfhka fuka u
úikaê l< rEmfhka o ,súh yels h'
WodyrK(- ikaê ùï iys; ikaê rys;

.=Kd.=K .=K w.=K
f.dlafld< f.dma fld<
yoaoji y;a oji
O¾udjfndaOh O¾u wjfndaOh
170
iajrhla uq,aj iEfok ikaê úê y;rls'
1' iajr ikaêh îr i|&
2' mQ¾j iajr f,dam ikaêh ^fmr ir f,dma i|&
3' mr iajr f,dam ikaêh ^mr ir f,dma i|&
4' iajrdfoaY ikaêh îrfoia i|&

jH[ackdlaIrhla uq,aj iEfok ikaê úê yhls'
5' .d;%dfoaY ikaêh ^.;foia i|&
6' .d;%dlaIr f,dam ikaêh ^.;l=re f,dma i|&
7' wd.u ikaêh ^w.ï i|&
8' mQ¾j rEm ikaêh ^fmr rE i|&
9' mr rEm ikaêh ^mr rE i|&
10' oaú;aj rEm ikaêh ^forE i|&
tla tla ikaêh isÿ jk whqre fjka fjkaj y÷kd .ksuq'

1' iajr ikaêh

mo foll uq,a mofha w. we;s jH[ack Yíoh ^y,a wl=r& miq mofha uq, we;s
rh iu. tla ùfuka fï ikaêh isÿ fõ'
ia j
jï¬w;
jï¬w;
u - y,a wl=rg iajrh tla ùu
ju; - ikaê moh
Wmka ¬ Wmkaa - Wmkqmka ys;a ¬ we;s - ys;e;s

jhia ¬ we;s - jhie;s w;ska ¬ w; - w;sk;
ks,a ¬ Wmq,a - ks¨mq,a mska ¬ we;s - mske;s
² m%lD;sh yd m%;Hh tla ùu o fï ikaê úêfhka isÿ fõ'

ñksia ¬ Wkaa - ñksiqka w;a ¬ bka - w;ska
iiqka ¬ wg - iiqkg .iaa ¬ tys - .fiys
n<,aa ¬ Wkaf.a - n<¨kaf.a
171
1'1 my; § we;s mo ikaê lrkak'
¸' isyska ¬ bÕ ¸¹' Tjqka ¬ Tjqka

¸¸' mska ¬ we;af;da ¹' mjq,a ¬ tys
¸¸¸' tlska ¬ tl
1'2 my; § we;s mo úikaê lrkak

¸' mis÷rka ¸¹' u,iqk
¸¸' rejkdr ¹' <÷kg
¸¸¸' oyula

2' mQ¾j iajr f,dam ikaêh

ikaê jk mo foflka fmr mofha w. we;s iajrh ^mQ¾j iajrh& f,dma lr
b;sß jk y,a wl=rg mr mofha uq, we;s iajrh ^mr iajrh& tla lsÍfuka .e<fmk
ikaêh mQ¾j iajr f,dam ikaêh hs'

ol=Kq ¬w; mQ¾j iajrh( ikaê jk mo foflka fmr
ol=Ka ¬W ¬w; - mQ¾j iajrh fjka lsÍu mofha w. we;s iajrh'
ol=Ka ¬W ¬w; - mQ¾j iajrh f,dma lsÍu mr iajrh( miq mofha uq, we;s iajrh hs'
keK ¬ we;s
ol=Ka ¬w; - mr iajrh tla lsÍu
keKa ¬ w ¬ we;s

K mQ¾j iajrh mr iajrh
ol=K; - ikaê moh
hkak ¬ ´ke - hkafkdake

f.k ¬ wdjd - f.kdjd ueo ¬ weÕs,a, - ueoeÕs,a,
Èk ¬ biqre - Èksiqre iqr ¬ b÷ - iqß÷
² m%lD;sh yd m%;Hh tla ùu o fï ikaê l%ufhka isÿ fõ'

i;=re ¬ wd - i;=rd ÿre ¬ bka - ÿßka
,l=Kq ¬ tkaa - ,l=fKka l< ¬ ´ - lf<da
172
¸' fmdrK ¬ weÿrka ¸¹' k¿ ¬ wÕk

¸¸' iq¿ ¬weÕs,a, ¹' ysÕ=re ¬ w,
¸¸¸' iqre ¬ w;
2'2 my; § we;s mo úikaê lrkak'
¸' isheiska ¸¹' Èks÷

¸¸' .=Ke;s ¹' wreK¨
¸¸¸' È.d
3' mr iajr f,dam ikaêh

ikaê jk mo foflka miq mofha uq, we;s iajrh f,dma lsÍfuka .<mk
ikaêh mriajr f,dam ikaêh hs'

uqks ¬ W;=ud
uqks ¬W ¬ ;=ud - mr iajrh f,dma lsÍu
uqks;=ud - ikaê moh
ñ‚ ¬ wnrK - ñ‚nrK ms<s ¬ W;=re - ms<s;=re

wkq ¬ wre;a - wkqre;a nqÿ ¬ wl=re - nqÿl=re
Èh ¬ b;s - Èh;s
² m%lD;s m%;H ixfhda.h o fuu ikaê úêfhka we;eï úg isÿ fõ'

.=re ¬ Wka - .=reka
ne;s ¬ bka - ne;ska
3'1 my; § we;s mo ikaê lrkak

¸' meye ¬ we;s ¸¹' uqo,s ¬ b÷
¸¸' úh<s ¬ bÕ=re ¹' iqr ¬ wÕk
¸¸¸' Yd,d ¬ wêm;s
173
¸' h;s;=ud ¸¹' Wv,
¸¸' l;dkaorh ¹' isyiqk
¸¸¸' muKla
4' iajrdfoaY ikaêh

ikaê jk mo foflka fmr mofha w. iajrh;a miq mofha uq, iajrh;a
fjkqjg fjk;a iajrhla meñKùfuka iajrdfoaY ikaêh isÿ fõ'
fo¬
w;
oa ¬t ¬w; - mq¾j iajrh fjka lsÍu
oa ¬t¬w; - iajr fol fjkqjg fjk;a iajrhla meñKùu
wE

oa ¬wE ¬; - iajr jH[ack ixfhda.h
oE
oE; - ikaê moh
uy ¬ biqre - ufyiqre ^fufyiqre& jg ¬ Wr - jfgdr

ta ¬ w; - wE; fo ¬ wÕ=,a - oEÕ=,a

¸' uy ¬ bisld ¸¹' fo ¬ wjqreÿ

¸¸' fï ¬ w;ska ¹' m, ¬ wm,
¸¸¸' mru ¬ BYajr

¸' oEÕs,s ¸¹' oEjr
¸¸' ,fUdaor ¹' kEiQ
¸¸¸' fkdaìk
174
5' .d;%dfoaY ikaêh
ikaê jk mo foflys mj;akd .d;%dlaIrhla fyj;a jH[ackdlaIrhla
fjkqjg fjk;a .d;%dlaIrhla fyj;a jH[ackdlaIrhla meñKùfuka iEfok
ikaêh .d;%dfoaY ikaêh hs'

is
;s ¬ lï
is;s ¬la ¬wï - .d;%dlaIrh fjka lsÍu
is;s ¬ ha ¬ wï - fjk;a .d;%dlaIrhla meñKùu
is;s ¬ ha ¬ wï
h - iajr jH[ack ixfhda.h
is;shï - ikaê moh
.d;%dfoaY ikaêfha § mr mofha uq, jQ zlaZ jH[ackdlaIrh fjkqjg zõZ" zyaZ" zhaZ hk
wlaIr foflka tlla o"
la > õ - is;a ¬ lre - is;ajre
la > ya - oj ¬ l,a - ojy,a
la > ha - .sks ¬ lï - .skshï
mQ¾j mofha w. jQ zíZ" zoaZ hk jH[ackdlaIr fjkqjg zmaZ" z;aZ hk jH[ackdlaIr o"
oaa > ;a - nqÿ ¬ irK - nq;airK
zia fjkqjg zkaZ yd zïZ fyda zkaZ fjkqjg zxZ ^wkqiajdrh& o wdfoaY flf¾'
ia > ka - mia ¬ is,a - mkais,a
ï > x - ÿï ¬ fld< - ÿxfld<
5'1 my; oelafjk mo ikaê lrkak'

¸' .ï ¬ f.dv ¸¹' mia ¬ id<sia
¸¸' ov ¬ lï ¹' f.dka ¬ ndk
¸¸¸' roa ¬ .u
5'2 my; oelafjk mo úikaê lrkak'
¸' msßhï ¸¹' iqKqjï

¸¸' mkaoyia ¹' ikaksfõok
¸¸¸' ì,shï

175
6' .d;%dlaIr f,dam ikaêh
zÕZ"zUZ hk i[a[l fyj;a w¾Odkqkdisl Yío ie§ we;af;a tla tla j¾.fha

f>daI w,amm%dK jH[ackhg fmrgqj ta ta j¾.fha j¾.dka; kdislH Yíofhka

w¾Ohla tla ùfuka fia ie,flhs' .d;%dlaIr f,dam ikaêfha § i[a[lhg wod<
modka; f>daI w,amm%dKh yd thg tla jQ iajrh o f,dma ùu;a tys jQ kdislH
w¾Oh mQ¾K kdislHh njg m;a ùu;a isÿ fõ'

fldf<dU ¬ f;dg
fldf<d ¬ ï¬ í ¬ w ¬ f;dg - w¾OdkqkdislH fjka lsÍu
fldf<d ¬ s ¬ n ¬ f;dg - kdislH Yíoh yd ne÷Kq f>daI w,amm%dK
Yíoh yd iajrh f,dma lsÍu
ï kdislHh b;sß fjhs
fldf<dï ¬ f;dg - mo tla lsÍu
fldf<dïf;dg - ikaê moh
zïZ fjkqjg wkqiajdrh o fhÈh yels h' zfldf<dxf;dgZ hkqfjks'

.Õ ¬ f;r - .xf;r uÕ ¬ uq<d - uxuq<d
ñys÷ ¬ ;,d - ñyska;,d l<| ¬ fol - l<xfol
<s| ¬ mäh - <sxmäh

¸' .Õ ¬ fmd< ¸¹' uqÕ= ¬ weg
¸¸' jÕ= ¬ uq;= ¹' wU ¬ u,a
¸¸¸' iÕ ¬ ñ;a

¸' j<xfol ¸¸' fk,qïu,a
¸¸' ox.i ¸¹' .xÈh
¸¸¸' ;ïm,d
176
7' wd.u ikaêh

ikaê jkakd jQ Yío folla w;rg wuq;=fjka u wl=rla meñK ikaê fõ kï
th wd.u ikaêh hs'
ls
ßueá ¬ wdk
lsßueá ¬ ha ¬ wdk - mo fol w;rg jH[ackhla
meñŒu
lsßueá ¬ ha ¬ wdk
hd - iajr jH[ack ixfhda.h

lsßueáhdk - ikaê moh
;=kq ¬ wÕ - ;=kqjÕ mqk ¬ W;am;a;s - mqkre;am;a;s

fo ¬ wdldr - fohdldr lgq ¬ w, - lgqj,
iQ ¬ wiQ - iqjdiQ
² m%lD;s - m%;Hh ixfhda. ùu o fï ikaê úêfhka isÿ fõ'

fy< ¬ ´ - fy<fhda lú ¬ wd - lúhd
yS ¬ wg - yShg ùr ¬ tla - ùrfhla
jE ¬ wla - jEhla
7'1 my; oelafjk mo ikaê lrkak'

¸' fo ¬ Wr ¸¹' lgq ¬ w;a;
¸¸' f. ¬ Whka ¹' keú ¬ wdg
¸¸¸' ore ¬ ´

¸' rislhdf.a ¸¹' ñhqÕ=Kq

¸¸' k¿fjda ¹' ÿgqfjla
¸¸¸' fkdfhk

177
8' mQ¾j rEm ikaêh
ikaê jk mo foflka fmr mofha w. we;s rEmh mr mofha uq, we;s rEmh
lrd meñKùfuka .<mk ikaêh mQ¾j rEm ikaêh hs'

j;a ¬ y,
j;a ¬ y, - fmr rEmh mr rEmhg meñKùu
j;a ¬ ;, - mo .e<mSu
j;a;, - ikaê moh
lï ¬ y, - lïu, we;a ¬ y, - we;a;,

úia ¬ lï - úiaiï
² m%lD;s - m%;Hh ixfhda.h o fuu ikaêfhkaa isÿ fõ'

f.dka ¬ yq - f.dkakq i;a ¬ yq - i;a;=
8'1 my; oelafjk mo ikaê lr ,shkak'
¸' ika ¬ yi ¸¹' f.;a ¬ lï
¸¸' u;a ¬ y, ¹' we;a ¬ yq
¸¸¸' is;a ¬ jre
8'2 my; oelafjk mo úikaê lrkak'
¸' hlal, ¸¹' wiai,
¸¸' úiaiï ¹' n<,a¨
¸¸¸' is;a;ï
9' mr rEm ikaêh

ikaê jk mo foflka mr mofha uq, wl=r fmr mofha w. wl=r lrd
meñKùfuka isÿ jk ikaêh mr rEm ikaêh hs'

ÿla ¬ m;a
ÿlaa ¬ m;a - mr rEmh fmr rEmhg meñK ùu
ÿma ¬ m;a - mo .e<mSu

ÿmam;a - ikaê moh
178
fldla ¬ ., - fld.a., jma ¬ lv - jlalv
i;a ¬ Èkla - ioaÈkla w;a ¬ .,d - w.a.,d
we;a ¬ foug - weoafoug
9'1 my; i|yka mo ikaê lrkak'

¸' lka ¬ uq, ¸¹' <sma ¬ .,
¸¸' rela ¬ md ¹' i;a ¬ oyh
¸¸¸' w;a ¬ ik
9'2 my; i|yka mo úikaê lrkak'

¸' ,.a., ¸¹' f.dlafld<
¸¸' ÿ.a.kakd ¹' weoao<
¸¸¸' w,a,ia
10' oaú;aj rEm ikaêh

fmr mofha w. we;s y,a wl=r folla njg m;a lsÍfuka miq mr mofha uq,

we;s iajrh iu. tla lsÍfuka .<mk ikaêh oaú;aj rEm ikaêh hs'
¬ w,audßh
fmd;a
fmd;a ¬ ;a ¬ w,aaudßh - y,a wl=r oaú;aj lsÍu
fmd;a ¬;a ¬ w,audßh
; - iajrh iu. tla lsÍu
fmd;a;,audßh - ikaê moh
j,a ¬ W!rd - j,aÆrd

u,a ¬ w;a; - u,a,;a;
i,a ¬ Whk - i,a¨hk
² m%lD;s - m%;Hh tla ùu o fï ikaê úêfhka isÿ fõ'

W.;a ¬ ´ - W.;af;da
ÿka ¬ tñ - ÿkafkñ
fmr mofha w. wl=r iajrhla kï ta iajrh f,dma lsrSfuka miq b;srs jk y,a wl=r
oaú;aj lsÍfuka o fï ikaêh isÿ fõ'
179

bks ¬ w,
bka ¬ b ¬ w, - iajrh fjka lsÍu
bka ¬ b ¬ w, - iajrh f,dma lsÍu
bka ¬ ka ¬ w, - jH[ack oaú;ajh
bka ¬ ka ¬w,
k - iajrh iu. tla lsÍu

bka ¬ k, - mo .e<mSu
bkak, - ikaê moh
² m%lD;s - m%;Hh .ekaùu fï l%ufhka o isÿ fõ'
jeÈ ¬ wd - jeoaod iqÿiq ¬ wka - iqÿiaika

¸' flls ¬ w ¹' is`.s;s ¬ tla
¸¸' rela ¬ w;a;k ¹¸' u,a ¬ Whk
¸¸¸' m;a ¬ bre ¹¸¸' weÕs,s ¬ tka
¸¹' u¨ ¬ w ¹¸¸¸' iqÿiq ¬ ´

¸' ;E.a. ¹' uq;a;d
¸¸' fllaflka ¹¸' y;a;äh
¸¸¸' f.dlal;a; ¹¸¸' wks;af;l
¸¹' je,a,ïmsáh ¹¸¸¸' w;a;g
fuu isxy, ikaêj,g wu;rj ixialD; NdIdfjka meñ‚ ikaê mo kQ;k Ndú;h
;=< olakg ,efí'
tu ikaê mo o iajr yd jH[ack wlaIr uq,aj isÿ jkq olakg ,efí'
³ mQ¾j iajr f,dma ùfuka

urK ¬ wdikak - urKdikak Wla; ¬ wdLHd; - Wla;dLHd;
m%:u ¬ wdOdr - m%:udOdr jk ¬ T!IO - jfk!IO
³ mr iajrh f,dma ùfuka

iod ¬ wkqiaurŒh - iodkqiaurŒh úµd ¬ wkql+, - úµdkql+,
l,d ¬ wxYh - l,dxYh
³ iajrdfoaY úêfhka
wud;H ¬ wxYh - wud;HdxYh iudk ¬ w¾: - iudkd¾:
180
.=K ¬ w.=K - .=Kd.=K
nqoaê ¬ bkaøsh - nqoaëkaÈ%h
ls%ia;= ¬ W;am;a;sh - ls%ia;+;am;a;sh
mxp ¬ bkaøsh - mxfÉkaøsh
cd;sl ¬ W;aijh - cd;sflda;aijh
mQcd ¬ Wmydr - mQfcdamydr

³ mj;akd iajrhla fjkqjg jH[ackhla wdfoaY ùfuka"
zbZ fjkqjg zhaZ wdfoaYh

w;s ¬ wjYH - w;HjYH w;s ¬ w,xldr - w;H,xldr
mS%;s ¬ W;aijh - mS%;Hq;aijh cd;s ¬ wd,h - cd;Hd,h
zWZ fjkqjg zõZ wdfoaYh
nyq ¬ w¾: - nyaj¾: fya;= ¬ w¾: - fya;aj¾:

¸' ck ¬ wdorh ¹¸¸' mru ¬ wdhqI
¸¸' NdId ¬ wkqrd.h ¹¸¸¸' úfYaI ¬ wx.
¸¸¸' lú ¬ bkaø ¸º' .=re ¬ WmfoaY
¸¹' Y%jK ¬ bkaøsh º' ùr ¬ Wodr
¹' mQcd ¬ W;aij º¸' wkq ¬ BlaI
¹¸' ms;D ¬ w¾: º¸¸' w;s ¬ Wodr
¸' wNHjldY ¹¸¸' ikaOHlaIr
¸¸' cd;HkaO ¹¸¸¸' .=¾jlaIr
¸¸¸' m¾fhaIK ¸º' wOHlaI
¸¹' wrefKdaoh º' ilff,Yaj¾h
¹' ufy!IO º¸' w;Skaøsh
¹¸' ohdkqlïmdj º¸' h:d¾:h
wjfndaOh
1' my; § we;s ikaê mo ie§ we;s wkaou wkqj l=uk ikaê j¾.hlg wh;a oehs
,shd olajkak'
¸' kdfgHdaÑ; ¹¸' n;,
¸¸' m¾fhaIK ¹¸¸' remamd
¸¸¸' fmdäfhldf. ¹¸¸¸' h;s;=ud
¸¹' .skshï ¸º' .=re<s÷
¹' hkafkmd º' rislhd
181
2' jerÈ f,i ikaê fldg we;s mohla we;=<;a mo fma<sh f;dard ,shkak'
¸' j;a;," Wkqka" r;=mq,a
¸¸' mxpdx.h" l%siaf;da;am;a;sh" lïuq,
¸¸¸' wrefKdaoh" uE;" fkdaìk
¸¹' mqkrdj¾ckh" f,daflda;a;r" ynr,
3' § we;s mo fol u ksjerÈj úikaê lr we;s mo fma<sh f;dard ,shkak'
¸' úoHdh;kh" iudka;r - úoHd¬h;kh" iu¬wka;r
¸¸' iSudikak" iaj¾KdNrK - iSud¬wdikak" iaj¾K¬wdNrK
¸¸¸' hfkk" w;sYfhdala;s - hk¬tk" w;sYh¬´la;s
¸¹' iq<eÕs,a," m%ia;dfjdaÑ; - iq¿¬weÕs,a," m%ia;dj¬ ´Ñ;
4' ikaê fkd jQ mohla we;s mo fma<sh f;dard ,shkak'
¸' Tjqfkdjqka" iqrÕk" mrud¾:" .%dfudaoh
¸¸' ifydaor" fmd;am;a" jlalv" bkak,
¸¸¸' O¾fudaoh" Yd,dêm;s" wks;af;l" ckdêm;s;=ud
¸¹' fld¿jd" u,iqk" lrkakE" .k÷r
5' uq,ska § we;s ikaê úêhg wh;a fkd jk mohla we;=<;a mo fma<sh f;darkak'
¸' wdfoaY ikaê - iudkd¾:" wud;HdxYh" ovhï" uqkSkaø
¸¸' f,dam ikaê - uqkqmqrd" ;ß÷" fk,qïu,a" k<Õk
¸¸¸' wd.u ikaê - uyshx.K" f;dáfhda" ksrjq,a" fya;=jla
¸¹' wdfrdayK ikaê - ojfika" bkslaì;s" we;euqka" oekque;s
6' iajrdfoaY ikaê úêfhka jk mo muKla we;s mo fma<sh f;dard ,shkak'
¸' .=rEmfoaY" cd;sldkqrd.h" tkakE" wöafohla
¸¸' Y%jKd.drh" ldf,daÑ;" jfk!IO" oE;
¸¸¸' fojqr" fidamydi" iafjda;aidy" yoaoji
¸¹' ùfrdaodr" uq,iqk" fkdfhla" wrefKdaoh
7' fm< fmdf;ys Tn fuf;la W.;a mdvï weiqfrka yuq jQ ikaê mo oyhla Wmqgd
my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

ikaê moh úikaê l< miq ikaê j¾.h

182
20 YS% ,xldfõ merKs ksjdi
,xldfõ m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha isg fï olajd úldikh jQ f.dvke.s,s

bÈ lsÍfï Ys,amhla y÷kd .; yels h' thska mer‚ ksjdi bÈlsÍï yd
iïnkaO f;dr;=re iuqodhla fï mdvfuka bÈßm;a flfrhs' fuh uydpd¾h
rdÊ fidaufoaj úiska ,shk ,o ,smshlska Wmqgd .kakd ,oaols'
ksjdi bÈ lsÍu iy tajdfha Ôj;a ùu YsIagdpdßl ,laIKhls' ovhï lsÍu iy

;ek ;ek weúo hñka wdydr tl;= lsÍu ish Ôjfkdamdh lr .;a m%d.a ft;sydisl
hq.fha ñksiaiq miq ld,hl ish ixpdrl Ôú;fhka ñ§ tla ;ekl §¾> ld,hla
Ôj;a ùfï mqreoaog keUqre jQy' th y÷kajkafka ‘iaÓrjdiS;dj’ hkqfjks' lsishï
ck fldgila iaÓrjdiS;djg m;a jQ nj fmkakqï lrk m%Odk;u o¾Ylh iaÓr ksjdi
;kd .ekSu hs'
ksjdi ;ekSu ms<sn| §¾> b;sydihla
YS% ,xldj i;= h' tu b;sydih ms<sìUq
lrk idlaIs fidhd f.k ;sfnkafka
mqrdúoHd;aul leŒï u.sks' oekg
wkdjrKh ù we;s f;dr;=rej,g wkqj
ls%ia;= mQ¾j 1750 jk úg YS% ,xldfõ
l÷lr m<d;aj, Ôj;a jQ ck;dj
ksjdi ;kd .ekSfï iu;alï oelajQ nj
;yjqre ù ;sfí' ta ld,hg wh;a mer‚
ksjdihl f.ìula fidhd .ekSug 2011
jif¾ § mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQy' th
msysgd ;sfnkafka nÿ,a, Èia;s%lalhg
wh;a y,aÿïuq,af,a msysá ‘fldiaj;a;’ y,aÿïuq,af,a ksjfiys w;a;sjdru'
kñka ye¢kafjk fm!oa.,sl f;a j;a;l h'
fuu ksjdih fidhd .ekSug jirlg fmr ;j;a mer‚ ksjdihl f.ìula
leŒulska wkdjrKh úh' th msysgd ;sfnkafka r;akmqr Èia;s%lalhg wh;a l=vd
.ïudkhla jQ Wvrxpduvfï h' mjq,a oyhla muK Ôj;a jk fuu .ïudkh
;sfnkafka l÷ .eghlg wh;a idkqjl h' tu ksjdih ls%ia;= j¾IdrïNhg ishjia
fod<ylg muK fmr bÈ lrk ,oehs ie,lsh yels h'

183
jvd mer‚ ld,hlg wh;a y,aÿïuq,af,a ksjdih jD;a;dldr yevfhka hq;a f.ìula
iys; jQjls' tys úIalïNh óg¾ 2'20ls' leŒïj,ska th u;= lrk wjia:dfõ f.ìu
ilia lsÍug fhdod .kakd ,o .,alen,s;s we;=reug wh;a fldgia tys b;sß ù
;sì‚' tfy;a tu ksjdifha b;sß fldgiaj,g wh;a lsisÿ fohla tys fkd ;sîfuka
meyeÈ,s jkafka tajd Èrdm;a j úkdY ù we;s nj h' ksielfhka u tys ì;a;s jßÉÑ
ueÜfgka ;kd ;sfnkakg we;'
wfma rfÜ .ïno m<d;aj, ;j u;a jßÉÑ ueáfhka iE¥ ì;a;s iys; f.j,a olskakg
;sfí' myiqfjka fidhd .; yels ùu;a iajNdjO¾uhg jvd;a .e<mSu;a hk lreKq
ksid wfma wdÈ uq;=kañ;af;da ish ksjdi ;ekSug jßÉÑ ueá Ndú; l<y' fuu
ksjdifha jy, lsis hï fld< w;= j¾.hla Ndú; lr oej o~qj,ska ;kd ;sfnkakg
we;ehs o tajd myiqfjka Èrd hk iq¨ øjH ksid w;=reokaj f.dia we;ehs o is;sh
yels h' b¨la" udkd" msÿre iy fmd,a w;= wdÈfhka jy, fiú,s lsÍu wfma rfÜ
uE;la jk ;=re m%p,s;j mej;s‚' .ïno m<d;aj, oekqÿ ta l%uh Ndú; fõ'
f.ìfï we;=<; ;sî mer‚ j<x lene,s;s" hlv WmlrKhlg wh;a fldgia iy
ueáfhka idod mqïaid .;a mn¿ lsysmhla o fidhd .; yels úh' fidhd .kakd
,o j<x lgq w;r iqÿ meye;s miqìul r;= meyefhka j¾K .ekajQ j<x len,s;s
lsysmhla o ;sì‚' mq¿,a f,i leŒï lghq;= isÿ lsÍfï § fm!oa.,sl f;a j;a;g
we;s úh yels ydksh ie,ls,a,g f.k ksjdifha iïmQ¾K f.ìu u;= lr .ekSfï
woyi miqj w;ayer oeñ‚'
Wvrxpduvfuka fidhd .kakd ,oafoa o
mer‚ ksjdihl f.ìuls' th wdh;
p;=ri%dldr yevhlska hqla;j ;kk
,oaols' tys f.ìug l¿.,a w;=rd ;sì‚'
ksjdih È.ska óg¾ 10'20lska o m<,ska
óg¾ 6'80lska o iukaú; h' tys we;=<;
wjldYh fldgia follg fnod we;'
Bg fhdod f.k ;sfnkafka ì;a;shls'
tu ì;a;shg wh;a w;a;sjdru leŒfï wd,skaoh fjkalrk
ì;a;sfha w;a;sjdru
§ u;= lr .ekSug yels úh' tu fodr W`Mjiafia lKq j<j,a
w;a;sjdrfï ueo fldgfia lKq j<j,a Wvrxpduvu kï .ïudkfha ;sî leŒï fldg
folla ;sì‚' ta tu ì;a;sh ueo jQ u;= lr .;a mer‚ ksjdihl w;a;sjdrfuys
oejuh W¿jiaig wh;a lKq j<,d ;snQ is;shï.; ie,eiau'
;eka h' fuu W¿jiai Ndú; fldg ;sfnkafka ksjdifha bÈßmi fldgiska miqmi
fldgig m%fõY ùu i|yd h' bÈßmi fldgfia ;sî fidhd .kakd ,o mqrdjia;=
w;r ldka;djka weia w÷ka ;eîug Ndú; lrk f,day l+rla" YÍrh j¾K .ekaùug
fhdod .;a ly iy r;= meye;s .=re.,a len,s folla" ueáfhka idod mqïaid .;a
mn¿ lsysmhla iy ms,siaiQ ueáfhka ;ekQ uQ¾;shla o úh' fuu wjfYaIj, iajrEmh
ie,ls,a,g .;a úg fmfkkafka fuu ksjfia bÈßmi fldgfia ldka;djka úiQ
nj h'
184
ksjfia msgqmi fldgi Ndú; lr
;sfnkafka uq¿;ekaf.hla f,i h'
leŒïj, § Bg wh;a <sm fidhd
.ekSug mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQy'<sm
wjg ;sî hlv msys len,s lsysmhla
iy .,afuj,ï lsysmhla yuq úh'
uq¿;ekaf.hska msg;g c,h .,d hEug
ldkqjla ilia lr ;sì‚' fuu ksjdih
;=< ;sî r;= meyefhka j¾K .ekajQ
b;du;a úis;=re l=vd ueá n÷kla o
fidhd .eks‚' ìï ie,eiau mÍlaId
Wvrxpduvu ksjfiys w;a;sjdru
lrk úg b;d meyeÈ,sj fmfkkafka
fuu ksfji bÈ lr ;sfnkafka bÈßmi
fldgi ol=Kq ÈYdjg;a msgqmi fldgi W;=re ÈYdjg;a jk mßoafoka nj hs'
mdod .kakd ,o f.ìfï wjg leŒï lsÍfï § ms,siaiS .sh jßÉÑ len,s lsysmhla
yuq úh' ksielfhka u tajd ksjdifha ì;a;sj,g wh;aj ;snQ tajd hs' tu jßÉÑ
len,s oeù .sh njg idlaIs ;sfnk fyhska tu ksjdih .sks .ekSulg ,la ùfuka
úkdYhg m;a jQ nj fmfka'
yïnkaf;dg Èia;s%lalhg wh;a ;siaiuydrdufha msysá lsßkaof.dvdk iy
j,.ïm;a;=j kñka ye¢kafjk .ïudkj, ;sî ;j;a mer‚ ksjdi follg wh;a
idlaIs fidhd .ekSug mqrdúoHd{fhda iu;a jQy' ta 2000 jif¾ § h' fuu ia:dk
foflka u yuq jQ ksjdi jgl=re yevfha f.ìïj,ska iukaú; h' lsßkaof.dvdfka
ksjdih ls%ia;= mQ¾j 240§ bÈ lrk ,oaola nj wkqudk flf¾' tys f.ìu fndr¨
oud hyñka ;<d ilia lr ;sì‚' th o jßÉÑfhka ;ekQ ksfjils'
j,.ïm;a;=fõ ksji fuys úia;r l< wka ish¨ kso¾Ykj,g jvd fjkia h' tys
f.ìu ilia lr ;sfnkafka fikaaáóg¾ 35la muK .eUqrg fmdf<dj iEÍfuks'
tys § iEfok fkd .eUqre jf<a m;=f,a iy bjqrej, f.du-ueá wdf,am lr f.ìu
ksujd f.k ;sfí' fmdf<dj idrd f.ìu ilia lr .ekSfuka w;a jk jdish kï wod<
ksjdifha jy, kQia ùu h' fld< w;= fiú,s l< ksjdihl jy, Wig msysàfuka
th iq<Õg yiq ù .idf.k hEug ;sfnk wjldYh uy;a h' j,.ïm;a;=fõ ksjdih
bÈ lr ;sfnkafka ls%ia;= j¾Ifhka 240 § muK h'
fï iïm%odhg wh;a ksjdij, f.ìï lsysmhla ol=Kq bka§h w¾Ooaùmfha bkeï.Tka
kñka ye¢kafjk m%foaYfhka o fidhd f.k ;sfí' fujeks ksjdi ye¢kaùu i|yd
j< - jdiia:dk ^Pitdwellings& hk fhÿu Ndú; flf¾' j< - jdiia:dk bÈ lsÍug
ñksiqka fm,öug fya;=j wêl úh<s iq<x iys; ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajh hs'
by;ska i|yka lrk ,o iEu bÈlsÍula u me,am;l iajrEmfhka tl, ms<sìUq
jkakg we;' tfy;a ta iEu wjia:djla u mYapd;a ld,Skj jvd iaÓridr f.dvke.s,s
bÈ lsÍug wjYH lrk uÕ fmkaù h'
185
wkdjrKh - fidhd oek .ekSu$ieÕù ;snqKq fohla oek .ekSu

m%d.a ft;sydisl - ,sÅ; b;sydi jd¾;dj, oelafjk wjêhg fmr ld,h
jßÉÑ - ì;a;s ne£fï § ueá ms~q r|d isàu ms‚i ì;a;sfha
muKg ,S lKq isgjq d yria w;g ßá ne| idok iels,, a '
wdh; p;=i%dldr - RcqfldaKdi%dldr$Èla y;/ia
.=re.,a - fmdf<dfõ iajNdúlj mj;sk b;d ishqï wxY=j,ska
iEÿKq j¾Kj;a .,a úfYaIhla
wjfndaOh
1' ‘iaÓrjdiS;dj’ hkqfjka y÷kajkafka l=ula o@
2' je<,S .sh w;S; f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%ufõohla
,shkak'
3' wdÈ uq;=kañ;a;ka ksjdi ;ekSug jßÉÑ ueá Ndú; lsÍug fya;= jQ lreKq 2la
i|yka lrkak'
4' mer‚ ksfjil msgm q i fldgfiys uq¿;ekaf.hla ;snK
q q njg idOl fudkjd o@
5' W¿jiai fhdod ;snqfKa wehs@ th iú lr ;snqfKa flfia o@
6' ‘j< jdiia:dk’ f,i ye¢kajQ ksjdij, iqúfYaI;ajh l=ula o@ tjeks ksjdi
iE§ug ñksiqka fm,öug fya;= fudkjd o@
7' leŒï lrk ,o ksfjfiys jy, ms<sn| f;dr;=re w;=reokaj we;af;a wehs@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk mo fhda.H mßÈ úikaê lr ,shkak'

¸' Ôjfkdamdh ¸¸' jD;a;dldr ¸¸¸' p;=ri%dldr
2' fuys oelafjk mo wh;a jk ls%hd mo j¾. ,shkak'
¸' hñka '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¸¹' jQy '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸' ;kd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹' l<y '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸¸' ;sî ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸' yiq ù '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' my; i|yka jpkj, wkqla; rEm ,shkak'
¸' mqrdúoHd{fhda ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸' ñksiaiq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
¸¸¸' ldka;dfjda '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
186
4' my; i|yka jdlH lshjkak' woyi yels ;dla fláfhka tla jdlHhlska
olajkak'
ksjdi ;ekSu ms<sn| §¾> b;sydihla YS% ,xldj i;= h' tu b;sydih ms<sìUq
lrk idlaIs fidhd f.k ;sfnkafka mqrdúµd;aul leŒï u.sks'
j,.ïm;a;=fõ ksji fuys úia;r l< wka ish¨ kso¾Ykj,g jvd fjkia h' tys
f.ìu ilia lr ;sfnkafka fikaáóg¾ 35la muK .eUqrg fmdf<dj iEÍfuks'
l=vd .ïudkhla jQ Wvrxpduvfuka o mer‚ ksfjil f.ìula fidhd
.kakd ,È' th wdh; p;=ri%dldr yevfhka hqla;j ;kk ,oaols'
f.ìu .,a w;=rd ;sì‚'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tn m%foaYfha ksjdi ;ekSu i|yd Ndú; flfrk wuqøjH j¾. 10la
jeäysáhkaf.ka wid f,aLkhla ms<sfh, lrkak'
2' w;S;fha isg j¾;udkh olajd ksjdi ;ekSu i|yd Ndú; flreKq ;dlaIKh
ms<sn| ì;a;s mqj;am;g ,smshla ilia lrkak'
wjHh mo
fjkia fkd jk tkï jr fkd kefÕk mo wjHh mo f,i ye¢kafjhs'

isxy, NdIdfõ wjHh mo foj¾.hls'
wjHh mo
ksmd; Wmi¾.
ksmd; hkq kdu mo yd ls%hd mo w;r iïnkaO;dj f.dv keÕSu i|yd bjy,a jk
mo úfYaIhls' ld,h yeÕùug" m%Yakd¾:h oekùug" ksfIaOd¾:h oekùug iudk
w¾:h yeÕùug" ld,d¾:h yeÕùug" isudj oelaùug wdÈ úúO wre;a oekùug
ksmd; Ndú; flf¾' tajd jdlHhl uq," ueo fyda w. fyda fhÈh yels h'
WodyrK(- blaì;s Tyq fuka u wïud o mdi,g .shd h'
Bfha úyÕs iy fhi¢ fi,a,ï l<d o@
187
ksmd; f,aLkhla my; oelafõ'
w;r flfrys mßÈ jvd

wkak fld, miq j;a
wkqj .dfka mjd jka
wfka .ek mdfya jkdys
wfmdhs ;ld mdid jYfhka
wrnhd ;jd meiq¿ jia
wyd ;j ms‚i jyd
wfyda ;j;a ms<sn| jeks
we; ;dla mqk je<s
we;s ;=re mqrd úg
we;=<;a f;la fmr úkd
we;=¿ o n÷ úrE
wehs o ^@& ne.ska úiska
blaì;s olajd neye$nE jQl,s
b;d § u fj;
b;ska ÿ ukao i|yd
b¢ka foda uekú iu.
b÷rd kï ñi iy
by; kuq;a uq;a iyid
bys kuqÿ fuka id
Wfoid ke; fukak isg
tlaflda kej; h fio
tmd kej;;a h;a fia
tïn, keye$kE hk fial
tïnd ks;r hkq yksl
tõ ks;s hkqfjka yß
tfy;a ksid h<s yd
Tkak fka$fk hs yqÿ
Tõ fkd , fyhska
Tiafia fkdfyd;a ¨ fyj;a
lrd mgka ,jd fyd;a
legqj m;d ,d fyda
le,u muK f,i
flfrka muKla jf.a$jdf.a
188
wjHh mo .Kfhys ,d ie,flk wfkl=;a mo j¾.h Wmi¾. hs' fïjd ksmd; mo
fuka ;ksj fkd fhfok w;r m%lD;shl uq,g fh§ w¾:h fjkia lrhs'
m%n, - b;d n,j;a wn, - n,h ke;s
iqok - hym;a ;eke;a;d ÿok - whym;a ;eke;a;d
we;eï wjia:dj, Wmi¾.hla fhÿK o mofha w¾:fha fjkila isÿ fkd jk

wjia:d o oelsh yels h'
úrys; úrÑ;
isxy,fha Ndú; flfrk Wmi¾. f,aLkhla my; oelafõ' ixialD; NdIdfjka
isxy,hg meñ‚ Wmi¾. o tys oelafjhs'
ixialD; isxy,
w;s ÿ¾ w ks
wê ks w;s m
wkq ks¾ wÈ mr
wm m% wkq ms
wms m%;s wm msß
wNs mrd wì ms<s
wj mß wj ú
wd ú W i
W;a iï Wm iq
Wm iq ÿ
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' Wmi¾. iy ksmd; mo fjka fldg olajkak'

¸' jk ueo jevqKq iqúi,a .ia" .eñhkag ks¾f,daNSj u,a M, msßkuhs'
¸¸' Tyq jyd u ls%hd;aul jQ neúka m%;sjdÈhdf.a m%h;akh wid¾:l úh'
¸¸¸' fudfyd;l ksy~;djg miq f,fka wE; wka;fhka m%;spdrhla ,eì‚'
¸¹' hd;s%lhd Wmøjj,ska úks¾uqla;j f.dvìug <Õd úh'
¹' iqkaor hqj;sh úr, frda.fhka widOHj ñ,dk jQ l=iqula fuka Èia úh'
2' Tn leu;s fmd;la fyda mqj;am;la f;dard f.k thska Wmi¾. fhÿKq jpk 10la
iy ksmd; 10la fidhd ,shkak'
189
21 ñ‚ .K if|ia jekqfuka
hï lsis i;a;ajhl= fyda jia;=jla fyda ¥; ld¾hfhys fhdojd f.k

m‚úvhla hjk fia j¾Kkd;aulj rÑ; ldjH úfYaIh zikafoaY ldjHhZ
f,i ye¢kafõ' oekg yuq ù we;s mer‚ u isxy, ikafoaY ldjHh fia
ms<s.efkkafka .ïfmd< hq.fha rÑ; uhQr ikafoaYh hs' th zlùYajrZ kï
whl= úiska rpkd lrk ,oaols' ;sir ikafoaYh Bg miq rpkd fldg we;'
fldaÜfÜ hq.fha rÑ; ikafoaY ldjH myls' f;dg.uqfõ YS% rdyq, ysñhkaf.a
mfrú yd ie<,sys‚ ikafoaY" bre.,al=,;s,lhkaf.a fldals, ikafoaYh"
l;=jrhl= i|yka fkd jk .srd ikafoaYh" ùod.u ysñhkaf.a yxi ikafoaYh
tu hq.hg wh;a h' iS;djl hq.fha § w,.shjkak uqlfjá m`ä;=ud úiska
rpkd lrk ,o iejq,a ikafoaYh o iïNdjH isxy, ikafoaY ldjH w;r fõ'
ikafoaY ldjHj, úúO j¾Kkd we;=<;a fõ' tajd idudkHfhka ikafoaYh
/f.k ¥;hd .uka lrk ud¾.fhys weiQ ÿgq foa ms<sn|j isÿ flfrk
j¾Kkd h' tla tla lúhdf.a m%;sNd Yla;sh wkqj tu j¾Kkd úúO fõ' ta
ta j¾Kkd weiqfrka biau;= flfrk w;aoelSï o fndfyda h'
fuu mdvu i|yd uhQr" mfrú" yxi" ie<,sys‚ hk ikafoaY ldjHj, ie|E
jekqïj,ska f;dard.;a mµ lSmhla wka;¾.; h' tl u isÿùu úúO w;aoelSï
Tiafia j¾Kkd lr we;s whqre is;a .kakd iq¨ h'
uhQr ikafoaYfha ie|E jekqï

uhQr ikafoaYh" .ïfmd< hq.fha § miajk nqjfklnd rcq iufha rpkd jQjls' tys
l;=jrhd .=re¿f.daó m`äjrhdf.a uqkqmqrl= jQ lùYajr kue;a;l= f,i ie,fla'
mµ 164lska iukaú; fï ikafoaYh .Õisßmqr ^.ïfmd<& isg foúkqjr Wmq,ajka
foajd,h olajd /f.k f.dia we;' mia jk nqjfklnd rcq yd rc mjq, o uyd
ix>hd jykafia o hqo fiakdj o ckkdhlhka o fjk;a kdhlhka o hk ish¨
fokdf.a wdrlaIdj yd iem; i,id È.disß ,nd fok f,i foúkqjr W;am,j¾K
ÈjHrdchdg wdhdpkh lsÍu fuys wruqK ù we;' l;r.u foúhka ish YÍrfhka
Wiq,ñka isák ksid fudkrd hym;a l=,hlg wh;a nj;a Wiia mqoa.,hkag Wmldr
lsÍug yqre mqreÿ whl= f,i;a mjik lúhd ;u ¥;hd f,i uhQrd fyj;a fudkrd
f;dard f.k we;' uhQr ikafoaYfha ikaOHd j¾Kkfha tk 97 yd 100 mµ fuys
we;=<;a h'
190

oji mqrd Èj jyf<Zõ Woh jrd
wjr Urd m;a jr ;rÕZ;ska ord
ir; ÿrd le/ kyjkqj iuqÿrd
iyilrd lr weÈ jekake ;u lrd

l=Uqfhdka ihqre fnd; tys ñ‚ fia wk;
kqn leg f;f,ys Èis fuka ;=re myka j;
ie|E i÷g ioñka u. ksid l;
bis jeks ksu,a u,s.sh u,a ish Èuq;
w¾:h-
“oji mqrd fjfyiqKq iQ¾hhd ngysr wyig msúiqK úg" iuqøh ;u ;rx. kue;s
w;ska Wiq,d f.k iQ¾hhdf.a fjfyi ÿre lr Èh kdjkq i|yd rYañh kue;s w;ska
;uka lrd weo .;a;d jeks h'
w.ia;s RIsjrhd id.rfha c,h ;u w;a,g f.k mdkh lrk úg m;af,ys ;snQ
fndfyda ue‚laj, Pdhdj wdldYh kue;s legmf;ys o¾Ykh jQjdla fuka o rd;s%h
kue;s ldka;dj ikaOHdfõ mdhd tk pkaøhdg ud¾.h iriñka §ma;su;a u,a
iuQyhla úiqrejd yeßhdla fuka o ;drld iuQyh nn<hs'˜
ikaOHdfõ br nei hk wdldrh;a i| yd ;re mdhd tau;a lúhd fuu mµj,ska
j¾Kkd lrhs' mer‚ yskaÿ foaj l;djkag wkqj iuqøh iQ¾hhdf.a {d;sfhls' tksid
iQ¾hhdf.a fjfyi ÿre lr Tyq kEùu i|yd Tyqf.a rYañh kue;s w;ska ;ud fj;
weo .kakdla f,i lúhd br nei hEu ;u lú weiska olS' ysre nei hEu;a iu. i|
mEhSu;a ;re mdhd tau;a iajdNdúl isÿùuls' lúhd th wmQ¾j ldjH ixl,amkhlg
kÕd we;' ixialD; foaj mqrdKfha tk mqrdjD;a;hla lúhd fuys § Wmldr lr
.kS" tkï( w.ia;s RIsjrhd Èkla fldamhg m;aj iuqøfha c,h ;u w;a,g f.k
mdkh lf<a h' túg id.r m;af,a ;snQ ue‚laj, Pdhdj wyi kï jQ legmf;ys
o¾Ykh úh' ta wyfia ;drld iuQyh hs' tu ;drld lúhd ;j;a whqrlska olS' tkï
rd;s%h kue;s ldka;dj pkaøhd tk ud¾.fhys iuka u,a we;=rejdla fuks' wyfia
;re o¾Ykh ùu fohdldrhlska oelSu fojk mµfha úfYaI;ajh hs'
mfrú ikafoaYfha ie|E jekqï

mfrú ikafoaYh fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § IâNdIdmrfïYajr f;dg.uqfõ YS% rdyq, ysñhka
úiska rpkd lrk ,o ikafoaY ldjHhls' isxy, idys;Hfha iaj¾Kuh wjêh
f,i ie,flk fldaÜfÜ hq.h foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl jYfhka o Wiia
;ekla .;a ld, mßÉfþohla f,i ie,fla' ful, rdyq, ysñhka rpkd l< isxy,
ldjHhka ksid fï hq.fha idys;Hh w;sYhska fmdfydi;a úh' ;=reKq úfha § u
191
t;=ud úiska mfrú ikafoaYh ,shkq ,enqfõ ijeks merl=ïnd rc;=udf.a jeäuy,a
Èh‚hka jQ pkaøj;S l=udßhg iudk jxYsl ieñhl= o wkd.; rdcH md,khg iqÿiq
mq;a l=url= o ,nd fok f,i;a hqjrcq we;=¿ rg /l fok f,i;a b,a,d foúkqjr
Wmq,ajka foúhka hÈkq i|yd h' fuu ikafoaYfha .uka u. jQfha chj¾Ok mqrfha
isg foúkqjr Wmq,ajka foajd,h olajd .uka ud¾.h hs' th mµ 208lska iukaú; h'
‘l,/õ if|i’ f,i lúhd ye¢kajqj o th jvd ckm%sh jQfha ‘mfrú ikafoaY’ kñks'
l,/õ hkq" mfrúhdg isxy,fhys fhfok m¾hdh kduhls' fuu mdvug we;=<;a
jkafka tys ikaOHd j¾Kkfhys tk 137 yd 139 hk mµhka h'

kqn id u~q¨ i| fj, <m¨ meyem;
WohZ. rel io u,a lekl isß .;
;r m;ßka i|Zor ;r myr fo;
Èj.; tõ ìfhkeZ,f<ñks oi w;
yeu .k÷re fndk jr ksihqrd .;

myka neúka msg;g ii f,iska j;
mq,a ks¨mq,a iï jka l;l jqjk;
l,foda leg f;f,l Èis jeks meye Èuq;
w¾:h-
“wyi kue;s YdLd uKav, o m%Nd iïmkak ikaOHd j,dl=¿ kue;s <d o¨ o iys;
Woh m¾j; kue;s .fiys u,a lsks;a;l fYdaNdj .;a;d jQ pkaøhd" rYañ iuQyfhka
;o myr fok l,ays ie|E w÷r ìfhka ;e;s .ksñka oi wf;ys Èj .shdla fuks'
i| ish¨ >kdkaOldrh fndk l,ays isrer m%ikak ksid ii ,mfha wdldrfhka
msg;g meñfK;a u msmqKq ks,a udfk,a jeks YHdu j¾K <|lf.a uqyqK meyefhka
§ma;su;a ß§ o¾mK ;,hl fmkqKdla jeks h'”
m<uq mµfhka lúhd Woh m¾j;h .ilg;a tys w;=m;r wyig;a" ikaOHd
j,dl=¿ <d o¨j,g;a i| tu .fiys u,a lsks;a;l fYdaNdjg;a Wmud lr olajhs'
tu if|ys rYañh me;sÍ hk úg Bg ìfhka ;e;s f.k ie|E w÷r oi w; .,d .shd
fia lúhd j¾Kkd lrhs'
fojk mµfhka ikaOHd j¾Kkh olajkafka kj w¾: l:khla iys;j h' pkaøhd
iajNdjfhka u meyem;a h' Tyq ish¨ .k w÷r Wrd fndk úg th ii ,mfha
wdldrfhka msg;g o¾Ykh fõ' th ks,ajka ldka;d uqyqKla ß§ legm;l o¾Ykh
jQjdla jeks h'
192
yxi ikafoaYfha ie|E jekqï
yxi ikafoaYh o fldaÜfÜ hq.hg u wh;a jQ ikafoaY ldjHhls' fuh ijeks
mrdl%undyq rc iufhys ls%'j' 1415 § muK rpkd jQjla f,i ie,fla' fuys l;=jrhd
ùod.u ffuf;a%h uyd kdysñhka f,i ie,fla' mµ 208lska iukaú; fuh rpkd
lsÍfï ksñ;a; jkqfha lEr., jkr;k ysñhka ,jd iuka" úNSIK" Wmq,ajka yd
ialkaO l=udr hk foújrekag msß;a lshd mska § merl=ïnd rc;=udg lreKdj olajd
fi; i,id fok f,i lrk b,a,Suls' YS% chj¾Ok mqrfha isg lEr., moaudj;S
msßfjk olajd .ukau. fuys j¾‚; h' ixialD; ldjH Í;sfhka ;rula wE;a
jQ fn!oaO ,laIK ms<sìUq lrk ksid fuh fn!oAO ¥; ldjHhla f,i o iuyre
i,l;s'

is÷ ;=< fkd isg ke`.s fuka j<n .sks jeg
Èis h< mn< l,fUõ f,< ;rÕ msg
ne| y< r;= .,la f,i iò fjf,k jg
meyeÿ< ßú u`v, ils fmfkh ;-fk;g

iqfkr u;ska w,<k iò lsß ihqr
b;sr fjr< Èj hk fuka r< m;r
me;sr Woh .sß isriska È,s fkd yer
ñ;=r n,d ,j tk iò ria j;=r
w¾:h-
“ñ;=r" jvnd .sks fm< iuqøh ;=< fkd isg ke.=Kdla fuka o fkdfyd;a
fi,fjkakd jQ Èh /<s u; mn¿ iuQyhla fuka o iekaoE j<dl=¿j,ska n¢k ,o
r;= .,la fuka o" m%Ndfjka nn<k iQ¾hhd Tfí fk;aj,g fmfkkq we;'
ñ;=r" uydfïrE m¾j;h ukA:h f,i f.k lsß ihqr l,Uk úg fjr< b;sÍ mek
ÿjk r< m;r fuka w;a fkd yer È,sfikakd jQ Woh m¾j;hdf.a uqÿkska tkakd jQ
i|/ia n,kak'”
fndfyda ikafoaY lùka j¾Kkd l< wdldrhg u iQ¾hhd nei hk whqre yxi lúhd
m<uq mµfhka úia;r lrhs' fuys j<n .skak hkq uqyqo wNHka;rfhys we;ehs
ie,flk c,h weo .kakd .skakls' ‘ulr lg’ hkqfjka o th ye¢kaafõ' ngysr
iQ¾hhd wyig ke.=K j<n .sks iuQyh fuka o ikaOHdfõ ngysr wyfia j,dl=¿
w;r r;= meye;s .,la f,i o pxp, jk id.r c,h we;s wdf,dalh mn¿ iuQyhla
f,i o lúhd olS'
fojk mµfhys flfrkafka le,‚ mqrjrhg i|/ia m;s; jQ wdldrh hs' fuys §
lúhd yskaÿ foaj l;dj, tk mqrdjD;a;hla weiqre lr f.k we;' tla;rd wjia:djl
193
uyfur oud lsßihqr l,Uk úg tys ke.=Kq fmK iys; iqÿ meye c, Odrdjg
i|/ia iudk lr olajhs' ikafoaYlrejkag ixialD; lú iuh wu;l lsÍug
fkd yels jQ nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ'
ie<,sysKs ikafoaYfha ie|E jekqï

ie<,sys‚ ikafoaYh f;dg.uqfõ YS% rdyq, ysñhka fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § rpkd l<
ikafoaYhls' iuia; isxy, ikafoaY ldjHdj,sfha u uqÿka u,alv" ie<,sys‚ ikafoaYh
f,i ie,fla' fuys wka;¾.; mµ ixLHdj 108ls' ijeks merl=ïnd rcqf.a lksgq
Èh‚hka jQ W,l=vh foaúhg mskaj;a mq;a l=url= ,nd fok f,i b,a,d le,‚fha
úNSIK foúhka whÈñka ikafoaYh rÑ; h' chj¾Ok mqrfha isg le,‚ mqrjrh
olajd .uka u. j¾‚; h' wdisß .Sh yereKq úg ish¨ mµ tla mohl ody;lska
fyda ud;%d oywglska hqla; jk fia rpkd lr ;sîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' ud;%d ody;
fyda oywg we;=<; ld,h fjkia lsÍfuka wjia:djg fhda.H j¾Kkd;aul Ndjh
,nd .kS' ixlaIsma; u ikafoaY ldjHh fuh jk w;r" rdyq, ysñhkaf.a ks¾udK
fl!Y,Hh yd m%;sNdmQ¾K lú;ajh o fï ikafoaYfhka biau;= fõ' tys tk ie|E
jekqfuka Wmqgd .;a 47 yd 50 hk mµ fol fuys wka;¾.; h'

jÈñka iji k, yeisfrk È.;= j,
fidnuka iqks,a ñ‚ ks,a kqn ;=r úmq,
m;ika wjr.sß keáfhka jefgk l,
ú,sl=ka iqr;a m, jeks fõ ßú u`v,
Wÿ< fidñ le¨ï ksihqre ysñ mqj<

my< jk neúka ;u fj; ksiUq fod<
,l< .=jka ;, isß hyk ksli<
w;=< l=iqï ú,iska iefo; ;=reje<
w¾:h-
iQ¾h uKav,h" fYdanudk jQ ;o ks,a mdg ue‚la fuka ks,a mdg jQ úYd, wyi
kue;s jDlaIfhys ÈYd kue;s w;=j, ixpdrh lrk yjia ld,fha yuk iq<`.
je§fuka wia; m¾j;h kue;s kgqfjka jeàug wdikak jQ bÿKq ;o r;= f.ählg
iudk fõ'
nn<k fi!uH ldka;sfhka hq;= Wiia pkaøhd kue;s iajdñhd ;ud lrd tk ksid
wêl wdYd we;s rd;s%h kue;s ldka;dj w,xldr wyia ;,h kue;s ks¾u, YS% hyfkys
w;=rk ,o u,a fuka ;drld mka;sh ie§ f.k ths'
ie<,sys‚ lúhd ikaOHd j¾Kkh ;=<ska wmQ¾j ldjH ixl,amkd ueùug iu;a fõ'
t;=ud wyi olskafka .ila f,ihs' tys ngysr Èidj kue;s w;af;ys bÿKq ;o r;=
194
mdg f.ähla we;' th ie|E iq<`. je§fuka jefgkakg <x j we;' ta fjfklla
fkd j iQ¾hhd h' th fld;rï w¾: mQ¾K j¾Kkhla o@
fujeks u úis;=re fidnd fid÷re jekqula wmQ¾j f,i B <Õ lúfhka o oelaùug
lúhd iu;a fõ' i| W;a;u iajdñfhls' Tyq ;ud fj; meñfKk ksid" rd;s%h
kue;s ldka;dj b;d ikaf;daIfhka hq;=j w,xldr wyia;,h kï jQ msú;=re jQ ;u
isßhyk u; u,a u,a we;sß,a,laa t<hs' ta u,a kï wyfia mdhd we;s ;re iuQyh hs'
wjfndaOh
1' mµ mka;sh weiqfrka wid we;s m%Yakj,g jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r § we;s jrK
w;ßka f;dard ,shkak'
î& iuqøh iQ¾hhd ;ud fj; weo .kafka"
^w& oji mqrd fjfyiSu ksid
^wd& fjfyi ÿre lr kEùu i|yd
^we& wmrdldYhg hk ksid
^wE& iQ¾hhd ;udf.a {d;shl= ksid

îi& u,s.sh u,a iuQyhla f,i lúhd j¾Kkd lf<a"
^w& ksYd ldka;dj ^wd& pkaøhd
^we& ;drld iuQyh ^wE& ue‚laj, Pdhdj

îii& Woh m¾j;h kï .fiys u,a b;a;la f,i lúhd olskafka"
^w& j,dl=¿ ^wd& wkaOldrh
^we& wyi ^wE& pkaøhd
îv& fuys j<n .sks jeg hkq"

^w& ;rx. iuQyhls' ^wd& iQ¾hhd h'
^we& iuqøh m;af,a we;s .skakls' ^wE& ikaOHd j,dl=¿ h'

^v& lúhd nei hk iQ¾hhd ye¢kaùug Ndú; fkd l< Wmudj jkafka"
^w& b§ jefgkakg wdikak M,hla fuka
^wd& ie|E j,dl=¿j,ska n¢k ,o r;= .,la fuka
^we& Woh m¾j;fha u,a lsks;a;la fuka
^wE& Èh /<s u; mn¿ iuQyhla fuka
^vi& úIaKq foúhka úiska l,Ukq ,enqfõ"

^w& pkaøhd ^wd& Woh m¾j;h
^we& uydfïre m¾j;h ^wE& lsß ihqr

195
^vii& ie<,sys‚ lúhd wyi oel we;af;a"
^w& ks,amdg ue‚lla f,i
^wd& jDlaIhla f,i
^we& wia; m¾j;h f,i
^wE& ;o r;= f.ähla f,i
^viii& rd;s%h kue;s ldka;dj ;u hyk irikafka"
^w& wêl wdYdj we;s ksid
^wd& ;drld mdhd tk ksid
^we& pkaøhd kue;s ;u iajdñhd meñfKk ksid
^wE& w,xldr lrkq i|yd
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; i|yka fhÿïj, w¾: ,shkak'
i' l=Uqfhdka ihqr fnd; tys wk; ñKs fia
ii' Woh. rel io u,a lekl isß .;
iii' l,foda leg f;f,l Èis jeks
iv' meyeÿ< ßú u`v, ils fmfkh ;fk;g
v' Woh .sß isriska me;sr tk i|/ia n,j
vi' ksli< isß hyk w;=< l=iqï ú,iska ;=reje, iefo;
2' my; i|yka fhÿï ms<sn| ú.%y lrkak'
i. l=Uqfhdka iv' u,s.sh u,a
ii' ksihqrd v' j<n .sks jeg
iii. iqfkr vi' wjr.sr
3' tla tla mµfhys we;=<;a Wmud weiqfrka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'
ikafoaY ldjHh Wmudkh Wmfïh
4' mµ mka;sfhys we;s rEml 3la Wmqgd olajkak'

5' Tn leu;s tla mµhla f;dard f.k" th riúkaokh lrkak'
6' my; § we;s ls%hd mo l=uk j¾.hg wh;a oehs ,shkak'
i' fnd; iv' ioñka
ii' ne|y< v' w,<k i|
iii' b;sr vi' n,d,j
7' kqnid u~q¨ i| fj, <m¨ meyem;
WohZ. rel io u,a lekl isß .;
by; mµfhys bß we¢ mo iudk njla fmkqK o tys wre;a fjkia h'
i| - ikaOHdj io - ieÿKq
196
8' fuf,i i[a[l yd i[a[l fkdjk wl=re iys; mo hq., 10la ,shd" tajdfha
w¾: olajkak'
i[a[l wl=re iys; i[a[l fkdjk
Wod - uqks|d nqÿrcdKka uqksod i¾j{ Od;=
jykafia
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
9' my; § we;s ikaê mo úikaê lr" ikaê j¾.h o ,shkak'
ikaê moh úikaêh ikaê j¾.h

Wod- jyf<õ jy< ¬ tõ mQ¾j iajr f,dam ikaêh
wjrZUrd
ìfhkeZ,f<ñks
.k÷re
ks¨mq,a
l,fUõ
meyeÿ<
ksiUq
;rÕZ;ska

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' uhQr" mfrú" yxi" ie<,sys‚ ikafoaY ldjH ms<sn| my; YS¾I hgf;a lreKq
f.dkq lrkak'
¥;hd" l¾;D" hq.h" wruqK" .uka ud¾.h" mµ .Kk
2' zud ÿgq iqkaor ikaOHdjlaZ uefhka mµ mka;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'
197
§mdj,s W;aijh
22
hï lsis rgl meje;afjk W;aij" pdß;%" j;a ms<sfj;a yd weoys,s tu

rfÜ jik ckhdf.a wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lrk legm;la n÷ h' fï ms<sn|
wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu iduldó iyÔjkhg fuka u cd;sl" wd.ñl
ixys¢hdjg o bjy,a fjhs' yskaÿ ckhdf.a cd;sl yd wd.ñl W;aijhla
jk §mdj,sh yd ne÷Kq pdß;% úê yd ixl,am bÈßm;a flfrk fï mdvu
wka;¾cd,fhka ,nd .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka ilia lrk ,oaols'
yskaÿ W;aij w;=frka §jd,s fyj;a §mdj,sh b;d jeo.;a yd j¾Kj;a W;aijhls'
kj i| Wod ùug iu.dój Tlaf;dan¾ yd fkdjeïn¾ udij,g fhfok fuu Èkh
f,dj w÷r kid wdf,dalh Wod jQ o w{dkh ke;s fldg {dkh my< jQ o Èkh
f,i yskaÿ Nla;slfhda i,l;s' yska¥kag wu;r j ffckhkaf.a o W;al¾Ij;a
W;aijhla f,i §mdj,sh ie,flhs'
myka fyj;a wdf,dalh hk w¾: we;s z§mZ hk moh;a fma<sh fyj;a oduh hk
w¾: we;s ‘wdj,s’ hk moh;a tla ùfuka ieÿKq §mdj,s hkafkka ‘wdf,dal fma<sh’
hk wre; m%ldY fjhs' ksfjia ;=< muKla fkd j ùÒ yd k.r mqrd oyia .Kka
wdf,dal fma<sj,ska §ma;su;a jQ §mdj,sh ieneúka u wdf,dal mQcdjls'
§mdj,sfha W;aijYS%h ta yd ne÷Kq j;a ms<sfj;a ksid úÑ;%;ajhg m;a fjhs' tu

j;a ms<sfj;a yd pdß;% jdß;% m%foaYfhka m%foaYhg fjkia uqyqKqjrla .kS' §mdj,s
198
iufhys meje;afjk mqo mQcd" uka;% cm lsÍï yd iaf;da;% .dhkd fjk;a Èkj, isÿ
flfrk wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;aj,g jvd m%n, nj yska¥kaf.a úYajdih fõ'
yskaÿ Nla;slhkag wkqj §mdj,sh ieuÍu jir 3500lg fmr isg mej; tk isß;ls'
ta i|yd mdol jk mqrdjD;a; lSmhla u yskaÿ iudcfha m%p,s; h' Tjqkag wkqj YS%
iïm;a;sfha fojÕk jk YS% ,laIañh fyj;a Ys% ldka;dj ËSr id.rfhka m%dÿ¾N+;
jQfha §mdj,s Èkhl h' lDIaK foú÷ krldiqrhd mrdch lsÍfï mqj; o fuÈkg
fhfoa' rdjKd mrdch lsÍfuka wjqreÿ 14lg miq rdud" iS;d yd ,laIauka h<s
Tjqkaf.a kscìu jk wfhdaOHdjg meñfKkafka o §mdj,s Èkhl nj yska¥yq úYajdi
lr;s' fï yer §mdj,sfhys iqúfYaI;ajh úoyd mdk ;j;a isÿùï mj;S'
§mdj,sh Èk myla mqrd ieufrk W;aijhls' tla tla Èkhg wod< ms<sfj;a yd pdß;%
úê Bg we;=<;a fjhs' foújreka yd ÈjHdx.kdjka Wfoid flfrk mqo mQcd" iqúfYaI
wdydr mdk" wdf,dal mQcd yd .sks fl<s o¾Ykj,ska fï Wf,< w,xldr fjhs' yskaÿ
jHdmdßlfhda §mdj,sfhka werfUk wNskj j¾Ifha fi!Nd.Hh w;a lr .kq jia
kj .sKqï wdrïN lr;s'
t<fUk §mdj,s W;aijh fjkqfjka yskaÿ ckhdf.a m%Odk ld¾hh jkqfha ish
ksfjia iïmQ¾Kfhka u msßisÿ fldg w,xldr lr .ekSu hs'
§mdj,s W;aijfha m%:u Èkh lDIaK mlaIfha fyj;a wjmlaIfha 13 jk Èkh hs'
Odk;%fhdao¾Ys fyj;a Odka fgria hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk fï Èkfhys yskaÿ
Nla;slfhda w¨;a we÷ï ñ, § .ks;s' f,dayuh øjH Ôú;hg jdikdj f.k foa
hehs is;k Tjqyq isß;la jYfhka rka" ß§ NdKav ñ, § .ekSug mqreÿ ù isá;s'
ikaOHdfjys ‘Èhdia’ kï myka l+vq o,ajd" ish Nla;s mQcd mj;ajk Tjqyq ;uka
wfmalaId lrk foújreka ;uka fj; lekaod .ekSug tlg tla ù hÈ;s' mjq,
flakaø.; jQ fï ld¾hh §mdj,sfha i;HdfmalaIdj Tjqkag isys lr fohs'
§mdj,sfhys fojk Èkh lDIaK mlaIfha fyj;a wjmlaIfha 14 jk Èkh hs' fï
oji ‘krl p;=¾oYs’ hkqfjka kï ,nhs' úIaKqf.a wj;drhla jk lDIaK úiska
krldiqrhd mrdch lrkq ,eîu isys .kajk fï Èkh krl wìnjd hym; o w÷r
wìnjd wdf,dalh o ch.%yKh l< Èkh f,i ie,flhs'
wrefKdaohg fmr wjÈj wefÕys iqj| f;,a .,ajd w¨;a we÷fuka ierfik yska¥yq
ksfjia jgd l=vd myka o,aj;s' wk;=rej rxfyda,s fyj;a flda,ï is;a;ï ksfjia
jgd w¢;s' krldiqrhdf.ka f,dalh ksoyia lr §u fjkqfjka úIaKq foú÷kag
yd lDIaK foú÷g úfYaI mQcd mj;aj;s' ;re leg wyfiys Èÿ,k ysñÈßfha Y=oaO
.x.d c,fha iakdkh Y=N lghq;a;la f,i is;k yskaÿ ckhd ysre Wod ùug fmr
ta ld¾hfha fhfokafka mõ fidaod yeÍula o fõ h hk úYajdifhks' mQcdfjka
miq j yskaÿ orefjda r;s[a[d o,ajñka krldiqrhd mrdch lsÍu ixfla;j;a lr;s'
mjqf,a wh yd ys;ñ;=rka iu. tla j wdydr .ksñka fï Èkfhys mS%;s m%fudaoh Tjqyq
N=la;s ú¢;s' rxfyda,s is;a;ï ks¾udK u.ska ìu yd ì;a;s yev lsÍu i|yd yskaÿ
ldka;dfjda yd,a msá" iqÿ meye .,a l=vq fyda j¾Kj;a mdg yqKq Wmfhda.s lr .ks;s¦
199
bka miq OdkH mn¿" u,a fyda ;j;a øjH tu ieris,s i|yd tla lr;s' jrlg
u|la jefgk fia msá fyda l=vq bi rxfyda,s is;a;fuys ndysr f¾Ldj iod .;a miq
fudaia;rhla ksuefjk fia wfkla øjH fhdod tu ;s;a hd flf¾' iïmQ¾K is;a;u
fkdlevqKq bßj,ska hqla; ùu jeo.;a fldg ie,flkafka túg krl wd;auhkag
ysveia ;=<ska we;=¿ ùug fkdyels fõ hehs úYajdi flfrk neúks' fndfyda rxfyda,s
ieris,s wjqreÿ ish .Kka mer‚ mdrïmßl tajd h' le,fha wkka; iajNdjh
ixfla;j;a flfrk neúka rjqï yeve;s rxfyda,s is;a;ï jvd ckms%h jk w;r
rxfyda,s f;audjka i|yd br" y|" ;drld o we;=<;a fjhs' we;eï" m%foaYj, ud¿ka"
l=re,a,ka" w,swe;=ka" u,a yd ñÈje,aj, rEm o rxfyda,s is;a;ïj, olakd ,efí'
fk¨ï u, rxfyda,s ieris,sj, m%Odk f;audjls' th iqkaor;ajh" iuDoaêh yd

iYs%l;ajh lshdmdk ixfla;hla o fia ms<s.efka' yska¥kaf.a m%Odk fojÕkla jk
YS% ,laIañh fndfyda úg fmkS isákakS w;ska ord .;a fküla iys;j fyda fk¨ï
u,la u; jev ys¢k iajrEmfhks' tneúka weh §mdj,s W;aijfhys b;d u jeo.;a
fojÕk jkakS h' YS% ,laIañh w;a y;rla iys;j ksrEms; h' tla tla yia;h u.ska
O¾u" ldu" w¾:" fudalaI hk .=Kdx. lshdmdk nj yskaÿ Nla;slhkaf.a úYajdih hs'
§mdj,s W;aijfhys ;=kajk Èkh fhfokafka wod< udifha wudjl fmdfyda
Èkfhys h' lDIaK mlaIfha fyj;a wj mlaIfha 15 jk oji jk fuÈk i| ke;s
wyila Èia fjhs' yska¥yq ;u ksfjiaj,g wdYS¾jdoh yd jdikdj f.k tk YS%
,laIañh ms<s.ekSu i|yd iQodkï jk fï Èkh ,laIaó mQcd Wfoid fjka fjhs' ta
i|yd yskaÿ ksfjiaj, úúO j¾.fha idïm%odhsl m%Œ; wdydr yd rileú,s ilia
flf¾' ,laIaó mQcdj u.ska ish ksfjiaj, Ôú;j,g iuDoaêh" hym; yd i;=g Wod
fõ he hs Tjqyq úYajdi lr;s'
fuÈk §mdj,s W;aijfha m%Odk Èkh hs' ‘Èhdia’ kñka ye¢kafjk myka l+vqj,ska
úysfok §ma;sfhka ksfjia .ï okjq" ùÓ" k.r taldf,dal ùfuka W;aij YS%h úoyd
oelafjhs' fï oyia .Kka jQ myka l+vq oe,aùfuka ;u ksfjiaj,g foújreka
meñfKk ud¾.h wdf,dalj;a fõ hehs o wNHka;r mdßY=oaêhg u. mEfokafka
hehs o yska¥kaf.a úYajdih fõ'
wyi .k w÷ßka jeiS we;s rd;s%fhys iEu ksfjil u ‘Èhdia’ kï myka l+vq oe,aùfuka
200
;u ;ukaf.a ksfjiaj,g tk u. fidhd .ekSug ,laIaó fojÕkg yels fj;ehs
yska¥yq úYajdi lr;s' wehg we;=¿ ùug yels jk fia we;eï ksjiaj, cfka, o
újD; j ;efnhs' YS% ,laIaóh fjkqfjka ksfji ;=< irik ,o mQcdikh u; m,;=re"
u,a" ú,| yd ß§ ldis iys; ß§ meye nkafoaishla ;nd wehg mQcd meje;aùu o isÿ
flf¾' weh le,UqKq laISr id.rfhka fk¨ï u,la w; ord Wmkak hs yska¥ka
úYajdi lrk neúka ,laIañhf.a rej iys; ldis" ms<srE oeä Nla;sfhka hq;= j lsß
Èfhka kyjd fk¨ï uf,a meyehg iudk jk fia r;= mdáka j¾K .ekafjhs'
fuÈk rd;s%fhys yskaÿ ksfjiays mshd rdudhKfha mdG lshjk w;r" uj mjqf,a
id¾:l;ajh yd iuDoaêh m;d hd;sld yd .S;sld lsheùug uQ,sl;ajh imhhs'
mQcdikh jgd isg flfrk Nla;su;a mQcd úêj,ska miq yskaÿ mjq,aj, idudðlfhda
fNdack ix.%y yd ix.S;uh wjia:djkag iyNd.s ùu i|yd ndysr iudch yd tl;=
fj;s'
kj i| Wod ùu;a iu. t<fUk Y=la, mlaIfhys fyj;a mqr mlaIfhys wdrïNl
Èkh §mdj,s W;aij iufhys isjq jk Èkh hs' yska¥kaf.a w¨;a wjqreoao f,i o
ie,flk fuu Èkh f.daj¾Ok mQcd meje;aùu i|yd fjka fjhs' ta yd ne¢ l;d
mqj;lg wkqj .jm,a,l=f.a mq;%hl= jk lDIaKdf.a kEfhda j¾Idjg yd l=Kdgqjg
wêm;s foúhd f,i ie,flk bkaø foúhdg mQcd meje;ajqj o Tyqf.ka ish
wiajkq yd .jhka /l .ekSug msysgla fkd ,n;s' jvd;a w¾:j;a jkqfha l=Uqre"
l÷ yd mQckSh jQ .jhka Wfoid mQcd meje;aùu nj lDIaK Tjqkag ta;a;= .kajhs'
tu.ska wiajkq ire fjhs' tfy;a fuu ls%hdj ;udg l< kskaodjla hehs is;k
bkaø Tjqkag o`vqjï lsÍu i|yd Nhdkl l=Kdgqjla yd wl=Kq iys; jeiaila ujhs'
ìhg m;a ckhd lDIaKf.ka msysg hÈ;s' Tyq f.daj¾Ok m¾j;h Èk y;la ;siafia
iq<eÕs,af,ka wyig Tijd f.k f.dùkag yd .jhkag wdrlaIdldÍ fijKla i,id
fohs' ienE f.!rjh ,eìh hq;a;d lDIaK nj jgyd .;a bkaø j¾Idj jyd kj;hs'
fï mqrdjD;a;h f.daj¾Ok mQcd meje;aùu i|yd fya;= fjhs'
§mdj,sfha wjidk Èkh f,i ie,flkafka Ndhs¥¾ fyj;a ifydaorhkaf.a Èkh hs'
mjq, ;=< in|;d f.dv kexùug wod< pdß;% fï Èkfhys úfYaI;ajhla Wiq,hs'
yskaÿ ksfjiaj, msßñ orejka ish ifydaoßhkag ;E.s fnda. ,nd §u ta wkqj isÿ
201
fjhs' fndfyda úg ;E.s f,i ,nd fokafka iaj¾KdNrK" ri leú,s fyda we÷ï h'
fuÈk mdi,a o jid ;efnhs'
YS% ,dxlsl fou< ckhd ff;fmdx.,a yereKq úg W;al¾Ifhka iurk W;aijh
§mdj,sh hs' Tjqkaf.a §mdj,s pdß;% fndfyda úg tla Èkla ;=< isÿ fjhs' §mdj,s
Èkfhys Wfoa mdkaoßka wjÈ jk Tjqyq ysi f;,a .,ajd iakdkh fldg bIag
foaj;djqka je| fldaú,aj,g f.dia foajdYS¾jdo ,nd .ks;s¦ ri leú,s lñka tÈk
mS%;sfhka .; lr;s' krldiqrhd mrdch lsÍu ixfla;j;a lrñka ikaOHd ld,fhys
myka fma<s o,ajd §mdj,sh iur;s'
§mdj,sh yskaÿ ckhd ;=< Nla;sh oe,afjk Èkhls' ñksia is;a i;ka B¾IHdj"
fl%daOh" udkh" ffjrh wdÈ ÿ¾.=Kj,ska msÍ mj;S' foúhka isys lrñka ne;su;aj
mqo mQcdjkays fhfok úg Nla;sh kue;s §mfhka fkdfyd;a wdf,dalfhka ñksia
yoj;a fj<d f.k we;s hg lS ÿ¾.=K iys; fudaydkaOldrh ¥ÍN+; ù hk nj
yska¥yq úYajdi lr;s'
ta wkqj f,djg biqr;a" {dkh;a" Ôú;hg wjeis ixys¢hdj;a ,nd fo;ehs ms<s.efkk
§mdj,sh w.kd ixialD;sl W;aijhls' jdo fNao ÿr ,d" ffjr .sks ksjd" iduh
i;=g yd fi!Nd.Hh m%d¾:kd lsÍug;a iudcfha jik tlsfkld w;r wfkHdakH
wjfndaOh yd iqyo;ajh j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a §mdj,sh w;sYh WmldÍ fõ'

lDIaK mlaIfha - pkaøhdf.a l,d msysàu isoaO jk mE<úh mgka wudjl
f;la jQ Èk myf<djlska hq;a l¿jr mlaIfhys
wjmlaIfhys - mqr mif<diajl yd wudjl w;r y| flfuka uelS hk
ld,fhys
Y=la, mlaIfhys - wudjl fyj;a udfia fmdah miq jQ mE<úh Èkfha mgka
mif<diajl fmdfyda od f;la we;s i| t<sh l%ufhka jeä
jk Èk myf<djl ld,fhys
mqr mlaIfhys - pkaø udifhys l%ufhka i| jefvk myf<dia ojfiys
wjfndaOh
1' §mdj,s hkafkys w¾:h l=ula o@

2' §mdj,sh ieuÍu i|yd mdol jk mqrdjD;a; ;=kla i|yka lrkak'
3' §mdj,sh ksñ;af;ka flfrk mQcd úê fudkjd o@
4' YS% ,laIañhf.a w;a y;ßka ixfla;j;a flfrk .=Kdx. olajkak'
5' yskaÿ ne;su;=ka YS% ,laIañh ms§fï wfmalaIdj i|yka lrkak'
202
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' my; oelafjk hq., mo fhdod jdlH ;kkak'

mqo mQcd pdß;% jdß;% ;E.s fnda.
wdydr mdk ñ, uqo,a Y=oaO mú;%
j;a ms<sfj;a we÷ï me,÷ï f.a fodr
iem iïm;a b÷ï ysgqï jkaokd udk
2' uq,ska § we;s kdu m%lD;s weiqfrka ‘;d’ yd ‘;aj’ hk m%;H iys; ;oaê; kdu
ilia lrkak'
m%lD;sh ‘;d’ m%;Hh ‘;aj’ m%;Hh
iys;j iys;j
ksmqK
úfYaI
úÑ;%
mú;%
m%ùK
m%n,
iqyo
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3' my; i|yka mo w;=frka tla tla fma<sfha we;s ikaê fkd jk moh f;darkak'
1' oEjqreÿ" §mdj,sfha" mqrdjD;a;" foú÷
2' ÈjHdx.kdfjda" wNskj" krldiqrhd" jHdmdßlfhda
3' wyfiys" ys;ñ;=re" is;a;ï" .=Kdx.
4' fk,qïu," mQcdikh" W;aijYS%h" iq<eÕs,af,ka
5' ix.S;uh" iaj¾KdNrK" foajdYS¾jdo" fudaydkaOldrh
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' my; i|yka W;aij w;ßka tlla ms<sn|j ye¢kaùula fldg" Tn Bg wod<
pdß;% bgq lrñka tÈk .; lrk wdldrh úia;r lrkak'
fjila W;aijh
ff;fmdx.,a W;aijh
wjqreÿ W;aijh
rduidka W;aijh
2' “ixialD;sl W;aij wd.ñl iyÔjkhg fya;= fõ'” fï woyig wod<j jpk
150lska muK hq;= rpkhla ,shkak' iqÿiq ud;Dldjla o fhdokak'
203
w;am;s%ld
iudcfha oekqj;a lsÍug fhdod .efkk úúO ikaksfõok l%u w;r w;am;s%ld o
fjhs' w;am;s%ld hkq w;ska w; hk m;s%ld h' úúO úµq;a l%u we;;a m%n, ikaksfõok
udOHhla f,i w;am;s%ldfõ w.h fkd keiS mj;S'
wOHdmkh" foaYmd,kh" fi!LHh" fj<odu wd§ lreKq iïnkaOfhka m%cdj oekqj;a
lsÍu i|yd úúOdldrfha w;am;s%ld iudcfha yqjudre fjhs' ksjfia §" nifha §"
uyuÕ § fyda fjk;a ia:dkhl § fun÷ w;am;s%ld Tn w;g o m;a ù ;sìh yels h'
my; oelafjk w;am;s%ldj msßlaikak'
ffjµ ks¾foaY rys;j ffjµjrhl= ksl=;a lrk

jÜfgdarejla rys;j merisgfuda,a
ys;=u;fha T!IO ,nd fyda úgñka j¾. fkd jk T!IO
.ekSu yd Ndú; lsÍu ^m<uq ldKavfha T!IO& ,nd fok
f,ig T!IO Yd,dj,g n,mEï fkd
lrkak'''
kS;s úfrdaë ls%hdjls
Tfí urejd <x lr .ekSuls jÜfgdarejla rys;j T!IO
wf,úh fuka u T!IO b,a,Su
o kS;s úfrdaë ls%hdjls' tf,i
y s;j ju
kS;s úfrdaëj T!IO ,nd fok
a r d;a w
jl y
da u T!IO Yd,d ms<sn|j my;
adre < f fy o~qj ÿrl:k wxlj,g okajkak'''
fg l ov isr
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f jo O w o~ 00 o vh th Tfí;a rfÜ;a hym;
f T!I " 0 d a o
50 fy l u fjkqfjka lrk
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00 ~ k hq;=luls'''
a 50 sr o h fmdÿ ÿrl:k 011 2 698 896
msh, 03
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011 2 698 897
re di
u kS;s ls%hd;aul 011 2 676 498
lsSßfï wxYh
jHjia:dmk wêldßh 120"
fkdßia lek,a mdr" fld<U 10
úoahq;a ,smskh : cdda@health.gov.lk
fjí wvúh : www.cdda.gov.lk
204
w;am;s%ldfõ wdlD;sh
1' ud;Dldj fyj;a f;aud mdGh
^wka;¾.;h biau;= jk fia ud;Dldj fyda f;aud mdGh fhÈh hq;= fjhs&
2' ksl=;a lrkakdf.a ;k;=r yd ia:dkh$wdh;kh fyda ixúOdkfha ku
yd ,smskh
wka;¾.; lreKq
f;dr;=re ud;Dldjg fyda f;audjg wkql+,j ksrjq,aj meyeÈ,sj

oelaúh hq;=h' w;am;s%ldj u.ska wu;kq ,nk msßig f;areï .; yels jk nia
jyrla fhdod .ekSu wjYH fõ'
j¾;udkfha iudch oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd fnod yefrk w;am;s%ld fnfyúka
wdl¾IŒh iajrEmhla .kS' mß.Kl yd uqøK Ys,amSh Wml%u fhdod .ksñka úúO
m%udKfha yd úúO yevfha wl=re" mska;+r" Ñ;% j¾K wd§ Wml%u u.ska Tma kexjQ tu
w;am;s%ld lshjd .ekSug fmd,Ujk whqßka ielfia' tfuka u iudcfha oekqj;a
lsÍu msgqjlska fyda follska fyda ilia lrk ,o w;am;s%ld o iudcfha yqjudre fõ'
by; olajd we;af;a tn÷ ld,Sk jeo.;alulska hq;a w;am;%sldjls'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' my; oelafjkafka ygkaneoao tlai;a iqNidOl iñ;sfha ldrl iNd /iaùfï §
we;s jQ l;dnfyka fldgils' bka wod< lreKq muKla f;dard f.k m%foaYjdiSka
w;r fnod yeÍu i|yd jpk 125lska muK hq;= w;am;s%ldjla ilia lrkak'
“wjqreÿ m;d lrk fï lghq;a; fï wjqreoafo;a fyd|g lrkafkdakE”

“Tõ .sh wjqreoafo <ud ksjdfig odkhla ÿkakd'”
“Bg biafi,a,d wjqqreoafo biamsß;df,a jdÜgqjla iqoao mú;% flrejd'”
“fï ief¾ wms .fï mdr youq”
“fï mdrj,a yok tl wmg whs;s jevla fkfjhs' tal m%foaYSh iNdfõ jevla”
“ldg whs;s WK;a mdf¾ hkak ´k wmsfka'”
“Tõ mdf¾ yeu ;eku j<j,a' fome;af; ldKq;a jeys,d hï;ï jeiaila wdfjd;a uv
fjkjd”
“.fï Tlafldu tl;= jqfKd;a neß lula keye' fïlg wfma iñ;shhs fmruqK .kak ´k”
“fyd|hs Y%uodkh fhdod .kakjd kï myiq ojila fjkak ´kE”
“tfykï ,nk 12 fjksod od.uq' tod bßodjlafk”
“wghs ;sy fjk fldgj;a jefâ mgka .uq'”
“ljqre ljqre;a Woe,a,la" le;a;la" f¾lalhla" l+vd jf.a foaj,a wrf.k tkak ´kE”
“t;fldg Y%uodkhg iyNd.s jk whg lEu îu˜
“iñ;sfha wruqo,ska fyda fouq' mdka f.ä mkyla yegla fílßfhka u .kak mq¿jks'”
“fmd,a iïn,a tlal b¢wdmam fyd| keoao@”
205
“krl o" m%foaYSh iNdjg lsh,d fudag¾ f.%vrhla f.kak .;af;d;a˜
“Tõ tal;a krl keye' iNdm;s;=ud wmg Woõ lrhs'˜
“t;=udg fï yßfhka ckao yïn WKd fka˜
“tfykï wms fï .ek .fï yefudagu lshuq˜
“fufyu tl;=jla ;sfhkjd kï iu.s udj; yokak meh ;=k y;rlska mq¿jka fõú'˜
“láka lshkjdg jeäh fyd|hs fï .ek m;s%ldjla ,sh,d fnod yßuq'˜
“tfykï f,alï úfÊ;=x. uy;a;hdg mq¿jka fï m;s%ldj yokak'”
2' Tfí mdif,a isxy, idys;H iñ;sh kj uqyqKqjrlska mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd
isiqka oekqj;a lsÍfï wruq‚ka w;am;s%ldjla ilia lrkak'
3' Èfkka Èk by< hk fvx.= Wjÿfrka .e,ùu i|yd m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfï
wruq‚ka w;am;s%ldjla ilia lrkak'
4' w;am;s%ld Ndú;hg .; yels wjia:d 5la i|yka lrkak'
±kaùï
ck;djg fkdfhla foa ms<sn|j oekqï §u i|yd oekaùï fhdod .efka' rcfha"
jHdmdßl yd fm!oa.,sl jYfhka oelaúh yels fuu oekaùï hg;g /lshd
wenE¾;=" nexl= lghq;=" ñ, .Kka le|ùï" W;aij yd /iaùï" wjuÕ=,a oekaùï yd
fjf<| oekaùï wdÈh we;=<;a fjhs' fï úúO j¾.fha oekaùï" wdh;ksl oekaùï
mqjrej, o mqj;am;a jeks uqøs; udOHj, o rEmjdysksh yd wka;¾cd,h jeks úµq;a
udOH Tiafia o oel .; yels h'
fjf<| oekaùï
NdKav yd fiajd ms<sn|j mdßfNda.slhka oekqj;a lsÍfï wruqfKka fjf<| oekaùï

ks¾udKh flf¾' Èkm;d mqj;am;aj, fuka u iÕrd" ¥rl:k kdudj,s yd iure
l,U wdÈfhys o fjf<| oekaùï iq,nj oelsh yels h' fïjd úúO iajrEmfhka
bÈßm;a fjhs'
fjf<| oekaùï NdId Ndú;h;a ks¾udKYS,s .=Kh;a m%lg flfrk m%dfhda.sl
f,aLk úfYaIhls' tys ,d lreKq ;=kla m%Odk fjhs'
wka;¾.;h
fjf<| oekaùu NdKavhla ms<sn|j kï NdKavfha ku o fiajdjla ms<sn|j kï
fiajdfõ ku o meyeÈ,sj i|yka úh hq;= h' ksIamdok wdh;kfha fyda fiajd
wdh;kfha ku o we;=<;a úh hq;= fjhs' tu NdKav yd fiajdjka ,nd .ekSfuka w;a
jk .=K" jdis yd m%;s,dN o wka;¾.;hg we;=<;a ùu wjYH fõ'
206
ks¾udKYS,S;ajh
fjf<| oekaùula mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdl¾IKhg ,la jk mßÈ ilia l< hq;= fjhs'
tys § ir, f,i fuka u is;a .kakd mßÈ ni fhdod .ekSu" úúO yevrefjka hq;a
wl=re" rEm" Ñ;% fhdod .ekSu fuka u is;a .kakd wdlD;shla ms<sìUq ùu o wfmalaId
flf¾'
ksjerÈ NdId Ndú;h
fjf<| oekaùul § o NdIdj ksjerÈj Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH h' ks¾udKd;aul

fuka u ksrjµ NdId Ndú;h mdßfNda.sl wdl¾IKhg md;% ùug o fya;= fõ'
ksrjµ wlaIr úkHdih" mo idOkh yd jdlH fhdackh fjf<| oekaùul § o fkd
i,ld y< yels wx. fkd fõ'
mqj;am;aj, m< jk yd rEmjdysŒ" wka;¾cd, wdÈ udOHhkays olakg ,efnk
fjf<| oekaùï ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka by; .=Kdx. tajdys we;=<;a ù we;aoehs Tng
ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
Tfí jdyk isyskh

ienE lr .kak
iyk ,SiSx iu.
wo u tlajkak
,shdmoxÑ jdyk i|yd myiqfjka ,siSx
m<uq rlaIK jdßlh iu. remsh,a ñ,shkhl Ôú; rlaIKhla
² ld, iSudj wjqreÿ 5 iEu

0$-g u
² wju ,shlshú,s re'10000
jdßlh
² meh 24 mqrd ls%hd;aul cx.u kv;a;= fiajh remsh,a
2000$-
² kv;a;= ì,am;a i|yd úfYaI jÜgï
² yÈis wdmdodjl § úfYaI iyk
² läkï fiajh
³ fldkafoais wod< fõ'
 iyk *skEkaia ,sñgâ

wxl 5" ch udj;" fld<U
 0118885320
207
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' kj ksIamdokhla y÷kajd §u i|yd fjf<| oekaùula ks¾udKh lrkak'
^fmd;a yd ,sms øjH" oka;df,am" inka j¾." wdydr øjH" .Dy WmlrK fyda
fjk;a wod< ksIamdokhla fï i|yd fhdod .kak&
2' hï wdh;khla ;u fiajdj m%pdrh fldg fiajd,dNSkaf.a wdl¾IKh Èkd
.eksug wfmalaId lrhs' ta i|yd iqÿiq fjf<| oekaùula ilia lrkak'
igyka (Memo)
bx.S%is NdIdfjka Memorndom hkqfjka o ye¢kafjkafka lsishï wdh;khla ;=<
Ndú; flfrk wNHka;r ikaksfõok l%uhls' isxy, jHjydrfha § fuh fufuda
m;" isys m; wdÈ kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,efí' lsishï lKavdhulg f;dr;=rla oekqï
§u tys uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh hs' lsishï úfYaIs; .eg¨jla" m%;sm;a;shla" ;SrKhla" Èß
.ekaùula" w.h lsÍula tys wka;¾.;h hs'
f,dj mqrd Ndú; flfrk fufuda m;a úúO wdlD;sj,ska hqla; h' tA w;ßka tla
wdlD;shla my; oelafõ'
fufuda m;
fhduqj ( ^,nkakdf.a ku iy ;k;=r&
fj;ska ( ^hjkakdf.a ku iy ;k;=r&

ldrKh ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Èkh ( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
msgm;a ( ^msgm;a ,nk whf.a kï$;k;=re&
m‚úvh
208
by; wdo¾Ykfha oelafjk mßÈ wod< f;dr;=re we;=<;a lsÍfuka fufuda m;
iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' m‚úvh ir,j yd meyeÈ,sj o ksrjq,aj yd ixlaIsma;j o
oelaùu jeo.;a fõ'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' Tn iudc fiajd wud;HdxYfha f,alïjrhd hehs is;d f,dal jeäysá Èkh i|yd
mdi,a isiqka w;r rpkd ;r.hla ixúOdkh l< hq;= nj Tn wud;HdxYfha
iyldr f,alï ûdkj iïnkaO;d& fj; oekqï §u i|yd fufuda m;la ilia
lrkak'
2' Tn wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alïjrhd hehs Wml,amkh lr isxy, NdId
Èkh id¾:lj meje;aùu ms<sn|j wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha NdId yd udkj
Ydia;% wxYfha wOHlaI we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,h we.hSu i|yd fufuda m;la ilia
lrkak' îsh¨ u w;sf¾l f,alïjrekag msgm;a fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ'&
209
23 idys;H ks¾udK úpdrh
iyDo ukfia rij;a jQ yeÕSï we;s lsÍug iu;a .oH iy moH lD;s idys;H
ks¾udK .Kfhys ,d ie,fla' th ks¾udKd;aul jQ ld¾hhls' tu ks¾udK
úkaokh lsÍfuka biau;= jQ yeÕSï iuqodh yd thska u;= lr .kakd w¾:
iuqodh úpdrfha wka;¾.;h fõ' idys;H ks¾udKh yd idys;H úpdrh
tlsfklg ne÷Kq wx. folls' idys;H úpdrh ms<sn| fuu mdvu uydpd¾h
tÈßùr irÉpkaøf.a idys;H úoHdj yd Ô'î' fiakdkdhlf.a kjl;d l,dj
hk lD;s weiqfrka ilia lr we;'
“wjla;dms iajhx f,dl# ldux ldjHmÍlaIl#

rimdldkNsf{dms fNdla;d fj;a;s k lsx riï”
úpdrfha lafIa;%h yd tys iSudj fï Yaf,dlfhka uekúka m%ldY fõ' wyr bÈ

l< yelafla iaj,am fokdg h' tfy;a iEu fokd u wyr nqÈ;s" wyf¾ ri oks;s'
wyr msiskq ,nkafka nqÈkakka i|yd h' tneúka wyr msik wh h" wyr nqÈk
wh h hkqfjka fldgia folla we;' wyr nqÈk wh hï wyrla rij;a o keoao lshd
mji;a' tfy;a Tjqyq msiSfuys fkdfmdfydi;a fj;s' wij,a øjH f.k wij,a f,i
bÈ l<fyd;a rij;a fj;shs lshkag Tjqyq fkd oks;s'
idys;H lafIa;%fhys o óg iudk ;;ajhla mj;S' tys o rij;a fldg ldjH
ks¾udKh lrk wh h' ri ú¢k wh h hkq jYfhka fldgia folla we;' ri ú¢k
wh" ;uka ks¾udK ld¾hfhys wiu;a jqj o ri kSri fNaoh oks;s' tkï" wij,a
lD;sh rij;a h" wij,a lD;sh kSri h lshd mejiSug Tjqkag mq¿jk' ula ksid o
h;a idys;Hh ks¾udKh fldg ;sfnkafka Tjqkaf.a úkaokh i|yd neúks' lúhdg
Wmfoia §ug Tjqyq fkd oks;s' tfy;a ldjHh mÍlaId lsÍu Tjqka i;= ld¾h h
fkdfj;shs lsj fkd yels h'
úpdrh hs lshkafka ldjHfha rih iïnkaOfhka ta ú¢kakka úiska lrk
,o m%ldYkhg h' tfy;a ri ú¢k yeu fokdg u fï ld¾hh ukd f,i bgq
l< fkd yels h' ni okakd ish¨ fok u ldjHfha ri ú¢;s' tfy;a ;ud ú¢
rih flnkaola oehs m%ldY lsÍu jQl,s yeu fokdg u l< yelalla fkd fõ' Bg
wd;audkaùlaIKh wjYH h' úpdrlhd ;udf.a yoj; foi n,d tys yg.;a Ndjuh
w;aoelSu iqÿiq jpkfhka lshd mE hq;= h'
210
ni okakd ish¨ fokd u ri ú¢;a kï úpdrh l=ug oehs flfkl= wikag mq`Mjk'
ni okakd ish¨ fokdg ri úkaokfha YlH;dj ;sfnk kuq;a ks¾udK úIhfhys
fuka úkaok úIhfhys o mßph we;s kï uekú' ni oekSu jQl,s tla tla flkd
;=< tla tla m%udKhg msysgd ;sìh yelalls' hka;ï jpkd¾:h f;areï .ekSu o
ni oekSula fõ' tfy;a ni iïmQ¾Kfhka oek .ekSug kï nia jyf¾ úúOd¾:
jgyd .; ukd h' u;= msáka fmfkk jdpHd¾:h fkdj jHx.Hd¾:h o wjfndaO l<
hq;= h' nfia nqoaêf.dapr jk fldgi muKla fkd j yDohf.dapr jk fldgi o o;
hq;= h'
ri úkaokhg ni oek .ekSu wjYH jk w;r ldjH ri úkaokh fya;= fldgf.k
ni ms<sn| oekqu o j¾Okh fõ' ula ksid o h;a ni b;d iQlaIau f,i mßyrKh
lrkafka lùka jk neúks' lúhd NdIdfõ we;s uq¿ YlH;dfjka m%fhdack .kakd
flfkls' msiuka okakd wrlaleñhd fkdfhla øjH f.k fkdfhla whqßka ñY%
fldg" wmQre rifhka hq;a wyr msikakd fia u lúhd o fkdfhla joka f.k"
fkdfhla wre;a f.k" úúO f,i ñY% fldg" fmr kqjQ úrE jHx.Hd¾:" Yío èjks
we;s fldg wmQre rihla ks¾udKh lrhs'
tneúka" úpdrh hs lsj hq;af;a ldjH ri úkaokfha ukd mßph we;s whf.a
m%ldYkhg úh hq;= h' tu m%ldYkj,ska" úúO ri ú| m<mqreoao ke;s whg tn÷
úkaokhlg u. mEfoa' idudkH f,dalhdg úIh kqjQ úkaokhla hï ldjHhl we;ehs
úpdrlhd mjihs' Tyqf.a lSu Tiafia f.dia idudkH f,dalhd o úkaokhla ,nd .kS'
wij,a lD;sh rij;a h wij,a lD;sh kSri hhs lshkakdjQ úpdrlhd ;udf.a
m%ldYkh ikd: lsÍï jia hï hï fya;= olajhs' tfy;a Tyq ;¾ldkql+, kHdhhla
wkq.ukh fkd lrhs' rih jQl,s Ndjuh úkaokhls' th ;¾l nqoaêhg yiq jk
i;Hhla fkd fõ' úpdrlhd lshkafka wij,a lúfhka wij,a úkaokhla ,nd.;
yels h lshd h' we;a; jYfhka Tyq lshkafka “uu fï lúfhka ri úkaokhla
,enqfhñ' Tng o tn÷ úkaokhla ,eìh yels h” lshd hs' tmuKla fkd fõ' “uu
lúfhka ri úkaokhla ,enqfhñ' ud olajk lreKq i,lf;d;a ´kE u flfkl=g
tu rih ú¢h yels” hs o Tyq lshhs'
fln÷ ‘lreK’ o Tyq olajkafka@ “fï lúfha wij,a ,laIK ;sfí' fuys mo
ixfhdackh fufia h' fï mo ixfhdackfhka fun÷ jHx.Hd¾:hla oekfõ' fï
w,xldrfhys fï jHx.Hh we;' fï jpkfha Yío èjksh fufia h˜ hkdÈ lreKq h
Tyq olajkafka' “uf.a úkaokhg fya;= jQfha fï lreKq h' tu lreKq i,lf;d;a
Tng o tn÷ úkaokhla we;s úh hq;= h'˜hs Tyq lshhs'
úpdrfha m%fhdackh fï hs' idudkH mdGlhdg fkd fmfkk lreKq lú ni
yeoErE whg" ldjH ri úkaokfha m<mqreoao we;s whg" tkï( úpdrlhkag fmfka'
tjekakkaf.a úfõpk lshùfuka fmdÿ f,dalhd;a ldjH ri úkaokhg fm,fò'
ke;fyd;a úpdrfhka fmdÿ f,dalhdf.a úkaokh jvd;a ;Sj% fõ' jvd;a .eUqre fõ'
úpdrh id¾:l jkafka Bg wdY%h jQ ldjHh lsis hï m%udKhlg j;a rij;a jQ
úg h' hï ldjHhla kSri hhs fmkajd §ug lem jQ úpdrh kshu úprh fkd fõ'
211
kSri rpkdjka úfõpkh lrkag isÿ ùu úpdrlhdf.a wNd.Hh h' rifhys wdúIag
ù lrk úpdrh muK h id¾:l jkafka' mdGlhd ri úkaokhg fm,Uùfï Yla;sh
we;af;a o tn÷ úpdrfhys h'
idys;Hldrhkaf.a;a idys;H rislhkaf.a;a Wiialug fyda my;alug fyda wkql+,j
idys;Hh kef.hs¦ jefghs' mrïmrdjl Ôú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOh Tjqkaf.a nqoaê
uysuhg wkqj Wiia fyda my;a fyda fjhs' tfyhska idys;Hldrhka o idys;H
rislhka o nqoaê uysufhka ÈhqKq jQ l,l ksmojQ idys;Hh tfia ÈhqKq fkdjQ l,l
ksmojQ idys;Hhg jvd Ôú; oekqfuka fmdaIs; h'
tfy;a idys;Hldrhka Ôú;h úia;r lrkag fyda újrKh lrkag fyda fhdok
nqoaêfhys ;shqKq nj muKla i,ld idys;Hhl fY%aIaG;ajh uekSu iqÿiq fkd fõ'
idys;Hldrhkaf.a nqoaêhg úIhh jk Ôú; m%foaYfhys úYd,;ajh o idys;Hhl
fY%aIaG;ajh uekSfuys § i,ld ne,sh hq;= hq;= h' Ôú;fhys iq¿ fldgila újrKh
lrk lsishï idys;Hhla tA iq¿ fldgi b;d ;shqKq m%Ndjlska mÍlaId fldg újrKh
lrkakla úh yels h' Ôú;fhys úYd, fldgila újrKh lrk idys;Hhla tmuK
;shqKq m%Ndjlska hqla; fkd jkakla úh yels h' fujeks idys;H foll fY%aIaG;ajh
iu fldg n,d ksiel ;SrKhlg neiSu ÿIalr hhs is;ñ' kùk idys;Hhka o
mer‚ idys;Hhka o iu lrkakjqka úiska fndfyda úg fï ÿIalr;ajhg uqyqK mE
hq;= fjhs'
idys;Hldrhka Ôú;h újrKh lsÍug fh¥ m%;sNdfjys ;shqKq nj fuka u" újrKhg
Ndck jQ Ôú; m%foaYfhys úYd,;ajh o idys;Hhl fY%aIaG;ajh uekSfuys § tl
f,i jeo.;a fldg ie,lsh hq;= h'
idys;Hhl .eí jk m%;sNdfjka idys;Hldrhdf.a m%;sNdj fuka u" idys;H
rislhdf.a m%;sNdj o ueksh yels h' tfia u idys;Hhl újrKhg Ndck jQ Ôú;
m%foaYfha m%udKfhka oek .; yelafla idys;Hldrhd úiska jeo.;a fldg ie,l+
Ôú; m%foaYfhys m%udKh muKla fkd fõ' idys;Hldrhd úiQ iudch úiska jeo.;a
fldg ie,l+ Ôú; m%foaYfhys m%udKh o oek .; yels h'
idys;H úoHdj" tÈßùr irÉpkaø
fmd; m; lrkq ,nkafka ridiajdoh i|yd h' tfyhska idys;Hldrhd fmd;la

lsÍfï § ;u m%;sNdj yd reÑ wreÑlï fuka u iudcfhys reÑ wreÑlï yd
m%;sNdj o ie,lsh hq;= h' fï lreKq fkd i,ld l< .%ka:hla idys;Hldrhdf.a
mrïmrdjg fkd .e<fmhs' lsishï mrïmrdjla úiska fkd i,ld y< we;eï
.%ka:ldrhka miqj wd mrïmrdjla úiska fmr isáhjqka fkd ÿgq i;H o ri o tA
idys;Hldrhkaf.a .%ka:j, oelSu óg fya;=j h' tA .%ka:ldrhka ;ukaf.a iuld,Sk
rislhka úiska fkd i,ld yf<a m%;sNdfjka o reÑl;ajfhka o Tjqkaf.a .%ka:
Tjqkaf.a iudchg fkd .e<mqKq fyhsks' idys;Hldrhd ;shqKq nqoaêhlska jgyd
.;a fohla rislhd úiska o jgyd .kag kï Tyq Bg iEfyk muK nqoaêhlska
hqla; jQjl= úh hq;= h' idys;Hldrhd ;u reÑ wreÑlïj,g wkqj l< .%ka:hl
212
ri ú¢k rislhd o idys;Hldrhdf.a reÑl;ajhg iudk reÑl;ajhla we;a;l=
úh hq;= h' lsishï .%ka:hlska úia;r lrk Ôú; m%foaYh iudchg reÑ fkd fõ
kï tA .%ka:h o Tjqkag reÑ fkd fõ' tfyhska lsis idys;Hhlg úIhh jk Ôú;
m%foaYfhys m%udKh iudcfha reÑ wreÑlïj,g wkqj iSud fjhs'
kjl;d l,dj" Ô'î' fiakdkdhl
wjfndaOh
1' ‘idys;Hh’ hkak fláfhka úia;r lrkak'

2' idys;Hlrejdf.a m%Odk udOHh jkafka l=ula o@
3' ks¾udKlrejl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl .=Kdx. fudkjd o@
4' ‘idys;H ks¾udK úpdrh’ hkak Tng yefÕkafka flfia o@
5' úpdrfha § wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= wx. fudkjd o@
,sÅ; wNHdi
1' idys;H ks¾udKhl ‘rih’ we;s lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk Wml%u ljf¾ oehs
idlÉPd lrkak'
2' ‘idys;H úpdrh’ ms<sn| ,sms fidhd f.dkqjla idokak'
3' f;dard .;a f,aLlhkaf.a ks¾udK lsysmhla ms<sn| úpdrh lrñka ì;a;s
mqj;amf;ys w;sf¾lhla ilikak'
m%dfhda.sl wNHdi
1' my; oelafjkafka jx. f,aLl úN+;s N+IK nkafodmdOHdhf.a ‘fmdf:¾ mxpd,s’
kjl;dfõ isxy, mßj¾;kh jk ‘udjf;a .S;h’ lD;sfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,o
fldgils' tys oelafjk mßir j¾Kkh ms<sn| we.hSula lrkak'
‘.x bjqf¾ keuqKq uqÿka we;s .ia" kÈfha isys,a ld,j¾K c,h u; u,a úiqrejd
oud we;' fidakdvx.d ;eks;,dj ueo u.Skaf.a kq. .i msgqmiska úYd, rla;j¾K
iQ¾hhd uqjd fjhs'
th fmfkkafka lsishï foaj orefjla" r;= meyehska .skshï jQjdla fuka
fmfkk id.rfhka nqnq,la f.k fi,a,ug msU wyig hejQ fia h'’
^mßj¾;kh ( Ñka;d ,laIaó isxywdrÉÑ&
2' Tn lshjQ fmd;l we;=<;a rij;a mßir j¾Kkhla ì;a;s mqj;am;g we;=<;a
lsÍu i|yd ilia lrkak'
213
iod iqrlsuq - ±fha orejka
«îêˆF¡ Hœ¬÷è¬÷ - â¡ªø¡Á‹ è£ˆF´«õ£‹
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fjkqfjka fkdñf,a ,ndfok rlaIKdjrKh PÐUPõP ÁÇ[S® C»Á\U Põ¨¦Övz vmh®
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∙ ndysr frda.sfhl= f,i m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § isiqfjl=
iòyd re. 20,000la. ∙ öÁÎ ÷|õ¯õÍµõP ]QUø\ ö£Ö® J¸ ©õnÁ¸UPõÚ
Põ¨¦Öv ¹.20,000.
∙ foudmshkaf.a$Ndrlref.a úfhdajl § remsh,a 200,000l
wdjrKhla iy isiq úfhdajl § re. 150,000la. ∙ ö£Ø÷Óõº/£õxPõÁ»º ©µnzvß÷£õx ¹.200,000
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∙ widOH fyda È.=ld,Sk frda.dndO iòyd jk wdjrKh Põ¨¦Övz öuõøP¯õS®.
remsh,a 200,000la fyda Bg jeä îuia; wjYH;dj u;&
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wOHdmk wud;HdxYh jeä úia;r iòyd ÷©»v¯ uPÁÀPÐUS

PÀÂ Aø©a_
Ministry of Education wOHdmk wud;HdxYh - 011641555 PÀÂ Aø©a_ - 011641555

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isxy,

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

ISBN 978 - 955 - 25 - 0380 - 1

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

Published by : Educational Publications Department

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhda

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkS

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIaGd.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g msßkefï'

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla iemhQ

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

8 fï wfma Wodr jQ ud;D N+ñhhs 52

17 uydpd¾h fiakl ììf,a 152

^l%s'mQ' 199 § muK wkqrdOmqrfha §&

—tA ñysm,a f;fï i;shla mqrd kd kd mQcd i;aldr lrjd" f;rekaf.a

1' mdvfï oelafjk wdldrhg O¾udfYdal rc;=udf.a rdciNdjg ¥; .uka .sh

3' ñY% l%shd mo myla mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'

1' .=re Wmfoia wkqj mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhï lSmhlg fnfokak'

Èla iajr ^§¾> iajr&" .=re iajr

jH[Ack" .;l=re ^.d;%dlaIr&

jH[ack wlaIr o ;j;a wkqfldgia .Kkdjlg fjka l< yels h'

wlaIr ud,dfõ we;s my; i|yka wlaIr 25 zj¾.dlaIrZ hs'

w,amm%dK" uydm%dK wlaIr

j¾.dlaIrj, wjidk ;Srefõ ;sfnk wlaIr my j¾.dka; wlaIr f,i ye¢kafõ'

WÉpdrKfha § uqLfhka jdhq Odrdj WKqiqïj ksl=;a jk Yío ixfla;j;a lrk

f>daI" wf>daI wlaIr

wlaIr W;am;a;s ia:dk

lKaGc Èfõ uq, fldgi W.=r ^lKaGh& foig w wd l L . > X

lKaGc l L . > X `. ^w&x y ^w&#

w., oÕrh lkao l|

4' flá ms<s;=re imhkak'

¸' wkqiajdrh iys; jpk folla ,shkak'

isxy, NdIdfõ l;d jHjydrh ,xldj mqrd Ndú; jkafka tl u wdldrhg

1' m%dfoaYsl jHjydr hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o@

2' mdvfuys i|yka ls%hd mo weiqfrka j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

1' Tn m%foaYhg wdfõ‚l tÈfkod l;dnfya § Ndú; fhÿï oyhla fidhd

wfma rfÜ ixialD;sh" idrO¾u yev.eiaùfuys ,d nqÿoyu úiska lrk ,o

nqÿoyu rcfha yd jeishkaf.a wd.u njg

3' my; oelafjk mo i|yd úreoaOd¾:j;a moh ne.ska ,shkak'

NdIdj ixialD;sl fuj,uls' iudchl jik ckhdf.a Ôjfkdamdh" isß;a úß;a"

rEÎ fyj;a bÕs jels

w;= lvd fudr lkakd fia

1' my; oelafjk rEÎj,ska m< jk w¾:h bÈßfhka ,shkak'

i' kßhdg l=l=,a fldgqj ndr ÿkakd jf.a

3' my; § we;s m%ia;dj msre¿ fhdod jdlH ;kkak'

4' my; oelafjk hq., mo iïmQ¾K lrkak'

i' ;E.s '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ¹¸' ;=gq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ukqIHhd i;a;aj f,dalfha fiiq

1' iS'ví,sõ'ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud ck;dj w;r ckm%sh jQfha ljr

1' my; i|yka moj, w¾: ,shkak'

i' cd;s ysff;Is -

1' fuu mdvu ksYaYíoj lshjkak'

³ wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, fkdksñ l¾;jHh ^2011&

³ ,xldfõ wOHdmkh - ishji m%ldYkh" 2 ldKavh ^1969&

19 jk Y; j¾Ifha ueo Nd.fha §

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

m%;sNdj - wmQ¾j jia;=jla ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj

1' my; i|yka wkqla; moj, Wla; rEm ,shd olajkak'

1' ;uka ,o ljr fyda w;aoelSula weiqßka flál;djla ks¾udKh lrkak'

7 niska ri ujk idys;Hh

NdIdj udOH fldg .ksñka iïmdokh jk ,sÅ; fuka u w,sÅ; o ish¨ oE

my; oelafjkafka mrdl%u fldä;=jlal= lúhdf.a wlSlre mq;%hl=f.a f,dalh ldjH