1.

0 ABSTRACT

The experiment's goals included identifying a steam plant's performance characteristics,

applying thermodynamic concepts to a laboratory-scale steam plant in order to show energy
conversion, as well as measuring mechanical power and demonstrating the thermodynamic
principles. When contrasted to a steam engine for large-scale production, a steam plant is meant
to help grasp the thermodynamics concept. The First Law of Thermodynamics and the Second
Law of Thermodynamics were both utilized in this experiment. In this experiment, the spring
load F1 was varied by 0.0N increments from 1.0N to 2.0N while the spring load F2 was kept
constant at 1.0N. Data collected throughout the experiment was used to calculate the steam
quality and boiler efficiency. Four experiments were compared in order to achieve the
experiment's goal. According to the data below, the steam quality for tests 1 through 4 was,
correspondingly, 0.979, 0.985, 0.984, and 0.984. The computed power outputs are -9.383W,
0.0000W, 2.885W, and 5.043W. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the
more energy needed to raise an object's burden, the higher the power output is generated. The
efficiency of the boiler and heat is also improved by the rise in spring load. According to the
second thermodynamics rule, the boiler efficiency was 1.023, 1.012, 1.008, and 0.840,
respectively. Condensate flow rate (ml/min) and power output (W) were graphed. The graph
shows a decrease in linear motion. Therefore, it may be claimed that the experiment was
successful in achieving its goals.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
● To identify a steam plant's performance qualities.
● To show the use of a laboratory-scale steam plant that implements thermodynamic
principles.
● To illustrate the conversion of energy from one form to another and the measurement of
mechanical power.
 3.0 RESULTS

Spring load Boiler Boiler Engine Engine Calorimeter Condenser Condenser Condensate Electrical Condensate
Pressure, Temperature, Inlet Speed, N Temperature, Cooling Cooling Flowrate, Power, Temperature
P1 (kPa) T1 (℃) Pressure, (rev/min) T2 (℃) Water Inlet Water Outlet ms Q1 (W) , T5 (℃)
F1 (N) F2 (N) P2 (kPa) Temperature, Temperature, (mil/min)
T3 (℃) T4 (℃)

0.0 1.0 200 84.2 145 1600 102.8 46.3 67.2 80.0 2.75 41.0

1.0 1.0 120 78.5 125 1044 101.3 48.1 61.4 72.0 2.60 42.0

1.5 1.0 140 78.1 120 984 102.5 48.7 63.7 74.0 2.60 38.0

2.0 1.0 130 77.6 120 860 101.9 48.9 63.7 62.0 2.60 39.0

Table 1: Experimental Data

Spring load, F1 Quality of Boiler Power Output Rankine Thermal
Efficiency of the Engine, Cycle Efficiency
(N) Steam at
W1 Efficiency
Boiler

0.0 0.979 1.023 3.337 -3.004 ✕ 10-3

-9.383

1.0 0.985 1.012 0.000 0

0.000

1.5 0.984 1.008 -1.094 9.597 ✕ 10-5

2.885

2.0 0.984 0.840 -2.311 2.217 ✕ 10-4

5.043
Table 2: Results for efficiency of Steam Plant

Graph 1: Condensate Flowrate Vs. Power Output (Willan’s Line)

4.0 DISCUSSION

A steam plant is another example of thermodynamics in action. The first law of

thermodynamics states that energy is conversed even when it is transferred from one form to
another in a closed system. The second law of thermodynamics states that some energy will be
lost during any energy transfer due to other processes such as conduction, friction, and
others.The proportion of saturated steam (vapor) in a saturated condensate (liquid)/ steam
(vapor) mixture is referred to as steam quality. A steam quality of 0 means that the steam is
100% liquid (condensate), whereas a steam quality of 100 implies that the steam is 100% steam.
The steam quality of one (1) pound of steam with 95% steam and 5% liquid entrainment is 0.95.
Temperature, pressure, and entrained liquid content are the measures required to obtain a steam
quality measurement. For process applications, saturated steam is used in a large percentage of
industrial steam systems (88% or more). Saturated steam (energy-saturated steam) is totally
gaseous and contains no liquid.

As we can see from the results, the quality of the steam bar at the boiler decreases as the
difference between one load grows. It rose from 0.979 to 0.985 before falling to 0.984. The
quality of the steam is frequently related to the water utilized from the reservoir to be cooked in
the boiler. This might be because the water being used is not in ideal condition, or it could be that
the water is dirty, which is one of many factors that contribute to the decrease in the quality of
the steam. As a result, the steam produced is of inferior quality, which may have an impact on
the overall performance of the steam plant.

In this experiment, three samples were used: spring load, F1 1.0 N, 1.5 N, and 2.0 N,
whereas spring load F2 remained constant at 1.0 N. Boiler pressure, P1 lowers from 200 kPa to
120 kPa, then increases to 140 kPa and returns to decrease until it reaches 130 kPa. As for the
boiler efficiency, the data show reductions, raises, and falls because the machine was not in good
condition at the time and the load was not there all of the time due to its string. In theory, it is
possible to see that the boiler is efficient even when the overall spring load is reduced. Hence,
demonstrating that the boiler is in ideal condition whereby it can cooperate with weight boiler
efficiency displays or indicates the efficiency of how well the boiler performs.
 The power output of the engine increases as the overall spring load increases. In general,
engine power output is proportional to total spring load. This is because when the load increases,
the boiler must produce more steam in order for the engine to operate. In order to produce work,
the engine's power output must be increased indirectly. The rankine cycle diminishes as the total
spring load increases. In theory, the rankine cycle is a model that is used to forecast the
performance of a steam turbine system. The rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamics cycle
of a heat engine that turns heat into mechanical energy. The determined rankine cycle value, on
the other hand, is negative. It is possible that this is due to an ancient steam plant machine that
produces false readings. As a result, in this scenario, the performance of the steam plant could
not be dependent on the rankine cycle value.

The studies resulted in an increase in thermal efficiency from -3.004 ✕ 10-3 to 9.597 ✕
10-5 and a drop in return to 2.217 ✕ 10-4. Thermal efficiency, in theory, denotes the extent to
which the energy added by heat is converted to network output. When the complete spring load
is applied, the increasing thermal efficiency indicates that more energy is required to transfer to
network output. When the complete spring load is applied, the increasing thermal efficiency
indicates that more energy is required to transfer to network output. Based on the graph, the
plotted Willian's line demonstrates that the higher the steam flow rate, the higher the power
output. This is because adding total load necessitates the addition of steam to perform work. The
steam flow rate must be increased to increase the volume of steam. Indirectly, power output will
be boosted.
5.0 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

As has been demonstrated, this experiment’s objectives were achieved in determining the
performance characteristics of a steam plant and present how energy may be transformed from
one form to another and how to quantify mechanical power. At the same time, the application of
laboratory-scale steam plants was highlighted to implement the first and second law of
thermodynamic principles. From the graph of condensate flow rate vs power output that has been
plotted, it was clearly shown and proved that the Willian’s line connected between the fuel
energy input and the engine’s output.

Few improvements can be made through this experiment in order to obtain correct
findings and avoid parallax error as the eyes of the reader should be parallel to the measuring
instrument or equipment. Apart from that, the experiment must be repeated at least three times
and an average calculated in order to obtain an accurate result. Last but not least, ensure the
machines used are fully functional and safe to use, especially the inlet and outlet valves also the
main switch to avoid any misuse and malfunction of equipment since this will prevent any
systematic errors in data that will lower in accuracy.
6.0 REFERENCES

● Dincer, I., & Rosen, M. A. (2008, May 20). Exergy analysis of steam power plants.
EXERGY. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080445298500148
● Steam power plants. VIRIDIS Engineering Sdn Bhd. (n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2022,
from
https://www.viridis-engineering.com/solutions/power-generation/steam-power-plants/
● Testbook. (2022, October 1). [solved] Willian's line method, Morse Test and motoring
Test Ca. Testbook. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from
https://testbook.com/question-answer/willians-line-method-morse-test-and-motori--5e1d6
be0f60d5d2d6cf1c662
● Steam Power Plant. Steam Power Plant - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 3, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/steam-power-plant
● Laboratory-Scale Steam Power Plant Study - [PDF document]. vdocuments.net. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 3, 2022, from
https://vdocuments.net/laboratory-scale-steam-power-plant-study.html
7.0 APPENDICES

F1 = 0.0 N
1. Quality of Steam at Boiler
Boiler pressure, P1 = P1 + Patm
= 200 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 301.325 kPa
Find hf and hfg , use boiler pressure, P1.

P 300 301.325 325

hf 561.43 𝑥 573.19

𝑘𝐽
301.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 561.43 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −300 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
573.19 𝑘𝑔 −561.43 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 562. 05 𝑘𝑔

P 300 301.325 325

hfg 2163.5 𝑥 2155.4

𝑘𝐽
301.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 2163.5 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hfg = 325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2155.4 𝑘𝑔
−2163.5 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2163. 07 = 2163. 1 𝑘𝑔

For hg, use calorimeter temperature;

Calorimeter Temperature, T 2 = 102.8℃

T 100 102.8 105

hg 2675.6 𝑥 2683.4
 𝑘𝐽
102.8 ℃ −100 ℃ 𝑥 − 2675.6
Interpolation for hg = 105 ℃ − 100 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2683.4 𝑘𝑔
−2675.6 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2679. 97 𝑘𝑔

ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓
Steam Quality, X = ℎ𝑓𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2679.97 𝑘𝑔
−562.05 𝑘𝑔
= 𝑘𝐽
2163.07 𝑘𝑔

= 0.9791

2. Boiler Efficiency
Steam mass flow rate, ms (kg/s) = condensate flow rate
3
𝑚𝑙 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔
80 𝑚𝑖𝑛
× 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
× 1000 𝑚𝑙
× 3
1𝑚

𝑘𝑔
= 0. 0013 𝑠𝑒𝑐

h1 uses hg from boiler pressure, P1.

P 300 301.325 325

hg 2724.9 𝑥 2728.6

𝑘𝐽
301.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 −2724.9
Interpolation for hg = 325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 300 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2728.6 𝑘𝑔
−2724.9 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2725. 1 𝑘𝑔

hw, hf from boiler pressure, P1

𝑘𝐽
hf = 562.05 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑠 (ℎ1−ℎ𝑤)
Boiler Efficiency, η = 𝑄1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0013 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(2725.1 𝑘𝑔 −562.05 𝑘𝑔
)
= 𝐽
2750 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 1. 023
3. Power Output Engine
2π𝑅 (𝐹1−𝐹2) 𝑁
𝑊1 = 60
𝑟𝑒𝑣
2π(0.056𝑚)(0−1) (1600 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
Given R = 0.056m, 𝑊1 = 60

𝑊1 =− 9. 383 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

4. Rankine Cycle Efficiency

𝑊1
η𝑅 = 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ1)

𝐽
− 9.383 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑅 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0013 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 562.05 𝑘𝑔
−2725.1 𝑘𝑔 )

η𝑅 = 3. 337

5. Thermal Efficiency
h3 uses hf for condensate temperature, T5
Condensate temperature, T5 = 41℃

T 40 41 45

hf 167.53 𝑥 188.44

𝑘𝐽
41 ℃ −40 ℃ 𝑥 − 167.53 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 45 ℃ −40 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
188.44 𝑘𝑔 − 167.53 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 171. 71 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1
Thermal Efficiency, η𝑡ℎ = 𝑄1+ 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ3)

𝐽
− 9.383 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑡ℎ = 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2750 𝑠𝑒𝑐
+ 80 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(562.05 𝑘𝑔
−171.71 𝑘𝑔 )

−3
η𝑡ℎ = − 3. 004 × 10
F1 = 1.0 N
1. Quality of Steam at Boiler
Boiler pressure, P1 = P1 + Patm
= 120 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 221.325 kPa
Find hf and hfg , use boiler pressure, P1.

P 200 221.325 225

hf 504.71 𝑥 520.71

𝑘𝐽
221.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 504.71 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
520.71 𝑘𝑔 −504.71 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 518. 358 𝑘𝑔

P 200 221.325 225

hfg 2201.6 𝑥 2191.0

𝑘𝐽
221.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 2201.6 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hfg = 225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2191.0 𝑘𝑔
−2201.6 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2192. 558 𝑘𝑔

For hg, use calorimeter temperature;

Calorimeter Temperature, T 2 = 101.3℃

T 100 101.3 105

hg 2675.6 𝑥 2683.4

𝑘𝐽
101.3 ℃ −100 ℃ 𝑥 − 2675.6
Interpolation for hg = 105 ℃ − 100 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2683.4 𝑘𝑔
−2675.6 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2677. 628 𝑘𝑔
 ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓
Steam Quality, X = ℎ𝑓𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2677.628 𝑘𝑔 −518.358 𝑘𝑔
= 𝑘𝐽
2192.558 𝑘𝑔

= 0.985

2. Boiler Efficiency
Steam mass flow rate, ms (kg/s) = condensate flow rate
3
𝑚𝑙 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔
72 𝑚𝑖𝑛
× 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
× 1000 𝑚𝑙
× 3
1𝑚

𝑘𝑔
= 0. 0012 𝑠𝑒𝑐

h1 uses hg from boiler pressure, P1.

P 200 221.325 225

hg 2706.3 𝑥 2711.7

𝑘𝐽
221.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 −2706.3
Interpolation for hg = 225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −200 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2711.7 𝑘𝑔
−2706.3 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2710. 906 𝑘𝑔

hw, hf from boiler pressure, P1

𝑘𝐽
hf = 518. 358 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑠 ( ℎ1−ℎ𝑤 )
Boiler Efficiency, η = 𝑄1

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0012 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 2710.906 𝑘𝑔 − 518.358 𝑘𝑔 )
= 𝐽
2600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 1. 012
3. Power Output Engine
2π𝑅 (𝐹1−𝐹2) 𝑁
𝑊1 = 60
 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2π(0.056𝑚)(1−1) (1044 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
Given R = 0.056m, 𝑊1 = 60

𝑊1 = 0 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

4. Rankine Cycle Efficiency

𝑊1
η𝑅 = 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ1)

𝐽
𝑠𝑒𝑐
0
η𝑅 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0012 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(518.358 𝑘𝑔 − 2710.906 𝑘𝑔 )

η𝑅 = 0

5. Thermal Efficiency
h3 uses hf for condensate temperature, T5
Condensate temperature, T5 = 42℃

T 40 42 45

hf 167.53 𝑥 188.44

𝑘𝐽
42 ℃ −40 ℃ 𝑥 − 167.53 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 45 ℃ −40 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
188.44 𝑘𝑔 − 167.53 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 175. 894 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1
Thermal Efficiency, η𝑡ℎ = 𝑄1+ 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ3)

𝐽
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑡ℎ = 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
+ 72 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (518.358 𝑘𝑔
−175.894 𝑘𝑔 )

η𝑡ℎ = 0
F1 = 1.5 N
1. Quality of Steam at Boiler
Boiler pressure, P1 = P1 + Patm
= 140 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 241.325 kPa
Find hf and hfg , use boiler pressure, P1.

P 225 241.325 250

hf 520.71 𝑥 535.35

𝑘𝐽
241.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 520.71 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
535.35 𝑘𝑔 −520.71 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 530. 270 𝑘𝑔

P 225 241.325 250

hfg 2191.0 𝑥 2181.2

𝑘𝐽
241.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 2191.0 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hfg = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2181.2 𝑘𝑔
−2191.0 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2184. 601 𝑘𝑔

For hg, use calorimeter temperature;

Calorimeter Temperature, T 2 = 102.5℃

T 100 102.5 105

hg 2675.6 𝑥 2683.4

𝑘𝐽
102.5 ℃ −100 ℃ 𝑥 − 2675.6
Interpolation for hg = 105 ℃ − 100 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2683.4 𝑘𝑔
−2675.6 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2679. 500 𝑘𝑔
 ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓
Steam Quality, X = ℎ𝑓𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2679.500 𝑘𝑔 −530.270 𝑘𝑔
= 𝑘𝐽
2184.601 𝑘𝑔

= 0.984

2. Boiler Efficiency
Steam mass flow rate, ms (kg/s) = condensate flow rate
3
𝑚𝑙 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔
74 𝑚𝑖𝑛
× 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
× 1000 𝑚𝑙
× 3
1𝑚

𝑘𝑔
= 0. 0012 𝑠𝑒𝑐

h1 uses hg from boiler pressure, P1.

P 225 241.325 250

hg 2711.7 𝑥 2716.5

𝑘𝐽
241.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 −2711.7
Interpolation for hg = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2716.5 𝑘𝑔
−2711.3 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2715. 096 𝑘𝑔

hw, hf from boiler pressure, P1

𝑘𝐽
hf = 530. 270 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑠 ( ℎ1−ℎ𝑤 )
Boiler Efficiency, η = 𝑄1

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0012 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 2715.096 𝑘𝑔 −530.270 𝑘𝑔 )
= 𝐽
2600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 1. 008
3. Power Output Engine
2π𝑅 (𝐹1−𝐹2) 𝑁
𝑊1 = 60
 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2π(0.056𝑚)(1.5−1) (984 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
Given R = 0.056m, 𝑊1 = 60

𝑊1 = 2. 885 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

4. Rankine Cycle Efficiency

𝑊1
η𝑅 = 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ1)

𝐽
2.885 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑅 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0012 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 518.358 𝑘𝑔
− 2715.096 𝑘𝑔 )

η𝑅 = − 1. 094

5. Thermal Efficiency
h3 uses hf for condensate temperature, T5
Condensate temperature, T5 = 38℃

T 35 38 40

hf 146.64 𝑥 167.53

𝑘𝐽
38 ℃ −35 ℃ 𝑥 − 146.64 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 40 ℃ −35 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
167.53 𝑘𝑔 − 146.64 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 159. 174 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1
Thermal Efficiency, η𝑡ℎ = 𝑄1+ 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ3)

𝐽
2.885 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑡ℎ = 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
+ 74 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (530.270 𝑘𝑔 −159.174 𝑘𝑔 )

−5
η𝑡ℎ = 9. 597 × 10
F1 = 2.0 N
1. Quality of Steam at Boiler
Boiler pressure, P1 = P1 + Patm
= 130 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 231.325 kPa
Find hf and hfg , use boiler pressure, P1.

P 225 231.325 250

hf 520.71 𝑥 535.35

𝑘𝐽
231.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 520.71 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
535.35 𝑘𝑔 −520.71 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 524. 414 𝑘𝑔

P 225 231.325 250

hfg 2191.0 𝑥 2181.2

𝑘𝐽
231.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 − 2191.0 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hfg = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2181.2 𝑘𝑔
−2191.0 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2188. 521 𝑘𝑔

For hg, use calorimeter temperature;

Calorimeter Temperature, T 2 = 101.9℃

T 100 101.9 105

hg 2675.6 𝑥 2683.4

𝑘𝐽
101.9 ℃ −100 ℃ 𝑥 − 2675.6
Interpolation for hg = 105 ℃ − 100 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2683.4 𝑘𝑔
−2675.6 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2678. 564 𝑘𝑔
 ℎ𝑔 −ℎ𝑓
Steam Quality, X = ℎ𝑓𝑔

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2678.564 𝑘𝑔
− 524.414 𝑘𝑔
= 𝑘𝐽
2188.521 𝑘𝑔

= 0.984

2. Boiler Efficiency
Steam mass flow rate, ms (kg/s) = condensate flow rate
3
𝑚𝑙 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑚 1 𝑘𝑔
62 𝑚𝑖𝑛
× 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
× 1000 𝑚𝑙
× 3
1𝑚

𝑘𝑔
= 0. 0010 𝑠𝑒𝑐

h1 uses hg from boiler pressure, P1.

P 225 231.325 250

hg 2711.7 𝑥 2716.5

𝑘𝐽
231.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑥 −2711.7
Interpolation for hg = 250 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −225 𝑘𝑃𝑎
= 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
2716.5 𝑘𝑔
−2711.7 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 2712. 914 𝑘𝑔

hw, hf from boiler pressure, P1

𝑘𝐽
hf = 530. 270 𝑘𝑔

𝑚𝑠 ( ℎ1−ℎ𝑤 )
Boiler Efficiency, η = 𝑄1

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0010 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 2715.096 𝑘𝑔 −530.270 𝑘𝑔 )
= 𝐽
2600 𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 0. 840
3. Power Output Engine
2π𝑅 (𝐹1−𝐹2) 𝑁
𝑊1 = 60
 𝑟𝑒𝑣
2π(0.056𝑚)(2−1) (860 𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
Given R = 0.056m, 𝑊1 = 60

𝑊1 = 5. 043 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡

4. Rankine Cycle Efficiency

𝑊1
η𝑅 = 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ1)

𝐽
5.043 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑅 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0010 𝑠𝑒𝑐
( 530.270 𝑘𝑔
− 2712.914 𝑘𝑔 )

η𝑅 = − 2. 311

5. Thermal Efficiency
h3 uses hf for condensate temperature, T5
Condensate temperature, T5 = 39℃

T 35 39 40

hf 146.64 𝑥 167.53

𝑘𝐽
39 ℃ −35 ℃ 𝑥 − 146.64 𝑘𝑔
Interpolation for hf = 40 ℃ −35 ℃
= 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
167.53 𝑘𝑔 − 146.64 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝐽
𝑥 = 163. 352 𝑘𝑔

𝑊1
Thermal Efficiency, η𝑡ℎ = 𝑄1+ 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤−ℎ3)

𝐽
5.043 𝑠𝑒𝑐
η𝑡ℎ = 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
2600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
+ 62 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 530.270 𝑘𝑔 −163.352 𝑘𝑔 )

−4
η𝑡ℎ = 2. 217 × 10