Module 

3
• Urban Development Planning system and process: Understanding planning as a 
multi‐level comprehensive process of development through local, urban, rural, 
regional and national planning‐
• Perspective Plan, Development Plan, Annual Plan, Plan Schemes and Projects.
• Introduction to surveying and analytical techniques including household survey, 
local area surveys, land‐use surveys, landscape survey, transportation surveys and 
service survey.

prepared by Ar.Veena
Urban Development Planning system and process
• A planning process can be either single‐level or multi‐level. 

• In the single‐level planning, the formulation of plans and decision making are done at the national level
• The process is centralized 
• The lower territorial levels come into the picture only at the implementation stage.

• Multi‐level planning process
• The national territory is divided into small territorial units, their number depending upon the size of the country, the 
administrative, the geographical and cultural settings. 
• The concept of multi‐level regional planning may be defined as 'planning for a variety of regions which together 
form a system and subordinate systems'. 
• In multi‐level planning, the various levels of planning provide bases for higher‐level planning. 
• Similarly, the higher‐level regional plans provide the basic frame‐work for the lower‐level plans. 
• There is direct participation of the people in the planning process. 
• In multi‐level planning, every region/unit constitutes a system and hence, the planning process becomes more 
effective
prepared by Ar.Veena
MULT‐LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
• . In India following five stages of multi‐level planning has been recognized. 

• 1. National Level‐sectored cum inter‐state / inter‐regional planning. 
• 2. State Level‐sectored cum inter‐district / inter‐regional planning. 
• 3. District/Metropolitan Level‐regional planning. 
• 4. Block Level‐area planning 
• 5. Panchayat Level‐village planning. 

• Before the Amendment of the Constitution in 1992, the task of plan formulation was basically
carried out by the Centre and the State governments. The other levels (district, block, and
village) of the planning process came into the picture only at the implementation stage of
planning. However, after 1992, the lower levels of planning have been given more powers in the
formulation and implementation of their plans and financial provisions.

prepared by Ar.Veena
 MULT‐LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
National Level  State Level  District Level
• Planning Commission was the nodal
agency responsible for the countries
planning. Now NITI ayog (national institute
of transforming India)
• The Prime Minister is the Chairman of this
Commission.
• Plans for the country but also coordinates
the sectored development works of
different ministries of the central
Government, states and union territories.
• No big plan can be executed without its
prior approval by Commission.
• The Commission formulates three types of
plans:
• (a) Perspective plans for 15‐25 years,
• (b) Five year plans
• (c) Annual plans within the framework of
Five Year Plan
• The Commission also issues guidelines to
the states for perspective planning,
monitoring and evaluation of existing
plans, plan formulation, regional or district
planning and for plan coordination.
• Almost same of the national level. • based on the principle of local level
planning.
• The state planning board acts like NITI
ayog and coordinates the • Below the state, district occupies a
pivotal position in planning because of
development plans of different
its location and administrative
ministries and the districts. advantages.
• It also has the responsibility of the • The District Board consists of elected
formulation, implementation and representatives who can play
monitoring of state plan. significant role in the process of
planning.
• It is in constant touch NITI ayog
regarding the formulation of plans and • The importance of district‐level
allocation of resources. planning was realized during the
times of community development
• It is at state level that all sorts of plans but the real breakthrough came
economic and social data are available with the Third Five Year Plan(1961‐66)
and development plans could be • Emphasis was laid on the district ‐
formulated keeping regional interests level planning to remove inter‐district
and demands in mind. Hence, there is and intra‐district disparities and make
a need for more rigorous exercise of optimum utilization of natural and
planning at state‐level.. human resources at district level.
prepared by Ar.Veena
 MULT‐LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
Block Level  Panchayat‐Level
• Block is an important unit of micro‐level planning.
• These development blocks were created to supervise
the implementation of development plans under the
Community Development Programme initiated during
the First Five Year Plan.
• Each district was divided into a number of blocks and
each block comprised about 100 villages, with a
population of about 60,000
• The programme visualized mobilization of local
resources, participation of the people in the decision‐
making and implementation of the development
schemes.
• Hence, a new unit of planning was created at block‐
level under the leadership of a block development
officer and a team of various specialists and village
level workers
prepared by Ar.Veena
The directive principles of state policy mention the village
Panchayat which is an elected body at village level.
The Panchayati Raj System involves a three‐tier structure:
village‐level, blocklevel and district level.
The first tier at village level is commonly known as Gram
Panchayat (village assembly), the second tier at block‐level as
Panchayat Samiti and the third tier at district‐level as Zila
Parishad.
According to the provisions of the Panchayats Act 1996 the
election to the village Panchyat is held at an interval of 5
years where there is proportionate seat reservation for
scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and not less than one‐
third seats reserved for women.
Through the Constitution Amendment Act 1992 the
Panchayat (also called Gram Sabha) has been authorized to
look after the preparation and implementation of plans for
economic development and social justice on an illustrative list
of 29 subjects.
The respective state has been given discretionary powers to
prescribe powers and functions to the Gram Sabha to act as
an institution of self government.
Perspective plan
• Long term plan –20 to 25 years
• Extensive study regarding resources and demography
• Necessary maps and diagrams
• State government and central government policies, goals, strategies
• General programs of urban local authority (ULB) regarding spacio‐
economic development of settlement under governance
• Setting a trend of spatial development of different components of 
town/city
• Broad land use proposal

prepared by Ar.Veena
Perspective plan
• Elaborate details are not included regarding the schemes and programs
• Perspective plan focus on
• Existing characteristics and potential of town which when synthesized should form 
the basis for identification of the policy issues
• Projected requirements and assessment of deficiencies
• Development aims and objectives
• Policies, strategies general programs and priorities
• Issues related to decentralization economic activities
• Issues related to renewal of old and dilapidated areas
• Issues related to mass transportation and major activity nodes
• Upgradationof informal residential areas/slums
• Sustainable development of the city

prepared by Ar.Veena
Development plan

• Conceived with the framework of approved perspective plan
• Medium term –5 years 
• Comprehensive proposals for socio‐economic and spatial 
development of urban centre
• Indicates the manner in which use of land development shall be 
carried out by ULB

prepared by Ar.Veena
Development plan
• Focus on
• Existing conditions and development issues
• Projected requirements and assessment of deficiencies for population, economic 
base and employment, housing need, public facilities, open spaces
• Development aims and objectives 
• for dispersal of activities, infrastructure, environment, sustainability, mass transportation 
system, informal activities
• Development proposals
• Industrial development proposals
• Provision of higher order facilities
• Provision of transport network
• Resource mobilization‐fiscal resource, land, man power

prepared by Ar.Veena
Development plan
• Implementation
• Prioritizing of projects
• Phasing
• Identification of projects and implementing authorities
• Development promotion rules/regulations
• Monitoring and review
• Critical review of implementation of projects highlighting areas of failure and 
conflict
• Assessment of need for revising the goals, objectives and priorities

prepared by Ar.Veena
Annual Plan

• Conceived within the framework of Development plan
• Details of new and ongoing projects for the financial year
• Physical resources need to be mobilized through plan funds and other 
resources
• Contents
• Review of last year’s performance‐physical targets & allocations, physical 
performance during last plan
• Details of annual plan‐aims and objectives, physical requirements and targets and 
mobilization plan
• Land assembly
• Capacity building and skill upgradation
• Other proposals

prepared by Ar.Veena
Projects & Schemes
• Conceived within the framework of approved 
development plan
• Detailed working layouts with all support 
infrastructure and documents
• Cost of development, source of finance and 
recovery instruments for their execution by 
public agency

prepared by Ar.Veena
Master plan
• Model town and country planning act 1973 gives a broad framework for preparing
physical plans at three different hierarchical levels
• Regional level‐regional plan
• Urban settlement level‐master plan/new town development plan
• Zonal level‐detailed development plan

prepared by Ar.Veena
Main features of Master Plan

• Prepared to achieve an orderly growth of urban settlement which forms 
part of regional plans
• Jurisdiction of master plans are normally the urban areas in the case of 
smaller settlements and includes surrounding dependent areas in case of 
major settlements
• Plan period for such master plan is 20‐25 years
• Population for the plan period is projected and the spatial extent for 
existing and future population is given
• Prioritizes and phases out the development
• Agencies for planning, monitoring and implementation are identified

prepared by Ar.Veena
Master plan
• Master plan includes
• Manner in which the land in the planning area shall be used (land use plan)
• Allotment/reservation of land for various uses‐residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, open spaces
• allotment/ reservation of land for public buildings, institutions and for civic amenities
• Provision for roads‐NHs, SHs, arterial/subarterial, other roads
• Provision for lines of communication, railways, canals, airports
• Area for future development
• Improvement/conservation of urban renewal areas
• Amenities/services and utilities
• Provision for housing, shopping, industries, civic amenities, health, educational and cultural facilities
• Control of architectural features
• Provision of zoning regulations
• Phasing of development proposals
prepared by Ar.Veena
Short comings in master plan
• Provides a long term perspective of development neglecting short term 
actions and objectives thus losing its effectiveness in a fast changing 
scenario
• It is rigid and static as it is treated as an end product and not as a 
continuous process
• It takes a very long time in preparation and approval making it an out of 
date document even before its implementation. As a consequence, there 
are frequent changes in landuse
• The norms and standards for landuse and provision for facilities and 
services are generally high and very difficult to be achieved at the time of 
implementation

prepared by Ar.Veena
Short comings in master plan
• Many times its implementation is held up due to delays in preparation of zonal plans and other 
detailed plans
• Town planning and other related laws such as acquisition of land are not suitably amended to 
adjust to changing socio‐economic, techno‐economic and development needs
• Development management is generally not efficient, it lacks coordination between planning wing 
and decision ,making and executing wing
• Coordination and cooperation among various agencies is very poor resulting in delay and mistakes
• In some cases, too much political interference results in irrational proposals and implementation 
decisions

prepared by Ar.Veena
Survey
• Original field works on the spot
• Establishes ultimately the present state of the town and indicate the measures for its 
improvement
• Chief subject of survey for Town Planning are
• The people, their interest and occupation and how they follow them
• Land and buildings and how they serve their interest
• Data collected in suveys are properly analysed in relation to the area under consideration and are 
recorded on maps, charts, schedules and on models

• Main advantage of fully documented survey
• Draws attention to the inter relation between various complicated activities of a town life
• Survey stresses the local requirements and appropriate treatment to be given socially, 
conveninently and artistically Works are diagnosis before treatment of disease 

prepared by Ar.Veena
 Collection of data
Types of Survey Four types of survey to collect data and other relevant information
Preliminary Survey National Survey Regional Survey Civic survey

• Restricted enquiries made for  • Study of national resources  • Slightly bigger than civic  • Conducted with special 

TP schemes and potentialities gives a  survey reference to the condition 
• Data collected are of general  broad vision for the  • Purpose: to investigate the  prevailing in and around the 
in nature requirements of TP scheme economical, physical and  town to be planned
• Conducted prior to National,  • Topics covered: social condition of the area • Includes
regional and Civic • Administration • Investigation are of general  • Communication amenities
• Main objective is to decide  • Agriculture nature • Contour
the approx. boundary of area  • Communication • Existing land use
to be planned and to find out  • Economic development • Historical background
the problems requiring  • Geography • Housing
further attention • Natural resources • Industries
• Consists  details of electric  • Urban settlement • Population
power, general amenities,  • Preservation of natural 
highways, housing, industries,  resources
land use, railways, water 
supply and sewerage

prepared by Ar.Veena
 Survey Types of survey on the basis of data collected
Functional survey  Social survey Territorial survey Vital survey

• Functional survey • Social Survey • Territorial Survey • Vital Survey

• Studies social aspects of  • Physical aspects of the  • Population aspects of the 
• Studies functional  the town life
aspects of town life territory town under consideration
• Consists of the community  • Consists of physical  • Actual population, future 
• Includes means of  structure, history, 
architecture, health  features, agricultural soil,  population, growth of the 
communication,  condition, housing and  forest, climatic conditions  town, density of 
condition of industries  public services and types of soil population and occupation 
and commerce,  • Types of information  of people
• Includes
implementation of the  collected
• Geology showing  • Includes
plan and financial  • Ancient ruins arrangements of  • History of past growth 
aspects of the scheme • Architectural character underlying rocks and  of population
• History of growth method responsible  • Characteristics of 
• Types of information  • Birth rates, death rates  for formation of 
collected and charts of diseases present population
topography
• Types of buildings,  • Factors which may 
• Roads, railways,  slums and suburban  • Contour of the land  influence the future 
airport, seaports,  development surface rate of growth of the 
waterways, canals,  • Historical building and  • Rivers, oceans,  town such as 
public building their  streams and lakes migration, 
local industries, mines  location and  decentralization, 
and their location,  classification • Climatic condition
development  of new 
condition of the  • Public services • Forest, agriculture,  industries etc
commercial areas. prepared by Ar.Veena natural vegetation
Survey 
• Methods adopted to data collection 
• Collected partly by the field work and partly by analysisng the reports 
prepared by the bodies
• Methods
• Questionnaire
• Prepared and information collected by house to house investigation
• Alternatively the questionnaire may be inserted in a local newspaper or journal of 
any organisation
• May also be sent out to interested parties and returned by post
• Questions should be simple and self explanatory
• Element of non response should be reduced to a minimum by taking suitable 
measures
• Should be standardised and should be short

prepared by Ar.Veena
Survey 
• Interviews • Records and reports maintained by 
• Special knowledge in specific fields govt offices, police departments, 
• Arranged with individuals or organisation municipal offices
• Most frequent form of conducting  for  • The data and information collected in 
personal contact survey work are assembled and 
• Costly illustrated on maps, drawings, charts 
• Time and travelling expenses involved in  and diagrams
the process
•Specialist
•May be employed in some cases to supply the 
information on topics relating to their work

prepared by Ar.Veena
 Household survey
• Process of collecting and analysing data 
• Help to understand the general situation and specific 
characteristics of the House holds
• Education 
• Health and social development
• Housing
• House hold access to services and facilities
• During the HH survey , field researcher investigate and record 
facts, observation and experiences from sample HH
• 2 main component
• Household roster
• Includes listing of all HH member and their characteristics – age ,sex, 
relationship to the head of HH, education and literacy status
• Detailed questionnaire
• Usually completed by a specific respondent

• Once the data from HH in field is complete, the data is coded, 
checked and edited, entered into a database, verified and 
analysed and used to produce reports prepared by Ar.Veena
Land Surveying
• Involves measuring and determining property
boundaries which are used as the basis for all
property transaction buying, selling, mortgaging and
leasing
• Types
• Boundary, land, lot or property survey
• Survey to locate and determine the property
line or perimeter and establish or re‐establish
corners
• Monuments and boundary lines for the purpose
of describing and locating fixed improvements
• Subdividing a parcel of land and preparing a
description of land/parcels

prepared by Ar.Veena
• Built survey or Record survey
• Documents horizontal and vertical dimensional data as required to locate and 
delineate construction improvements
• Topographical survey
• Survey of natural, artificial, or selected man made features and elevation of a 
features of earth’s surface
• Hydrographical survey
• Survey defining shorelines and depths of lakes, streams, reservoirs, oceans or 
any body of water
• Mining survey
• Performed above and below the earth surface for exploration of mineral and 
energy resources

prepared by Ar.Veena
Land use survey
• Land use survey is for the preparation of 
landuse maps and is the basis planning 
survey
• Mapping of settlement will be somewhat 
detailed
• Is done to classify land accordingly to the 
utilization made of it
• It is expensive and time consuming activity
• Need skilled surveyors and workers
• Conducted by 
• Proximate sensing technique
• Remote sensing technique

prepared by Ar.Veena
Land use survey
• Proximate sensing technique
• Maps, diagrams and sketches are drawn by measuring the land with 
the help of survey equipments
• E.g. layout plans and topographical maps
• Advantage 
• Brings the surveyor in close contact with the ground reality 
• changes, if any may also be recorded on the spot 
• Disadvantage 
• Time consuming
• Skilled and trained persons required

prepared by Ar.Veena
Land use survey
• Remote sensing Technique
• Gives quick results and reduce unnecessary field work
• Most popularly used remote sensing technique to prepare land use 
map‐ aerial photography survey
• Helps the researchers to classify land use data more accurately and 
rapidly
• Serves as the basic tools for regional planning and development

prepared by Ar.Veena
• Landscape survey
• It is a research tool for understanding the historic landscape, through a range of analytical 
techniques
• Combines two standards of investigation
• Field survey
• Desk based research
• Transporation survey
• Types
• Road inventory
• Review of existing transport infrastructure and facilities
• Survey method : manual 
• Sampling size: two section for a road with similar land use
• Samples to be collected where ever section has variation
• CVC‐Classified volume count
• To understand the variety of vehicles that passes through a road over 24hrs a day to gt average daily 
traffic (ADT)
• Survey method‐ manual, video photography using automatic devices like sensors
• Sample size: 3 to 7 days 24 hrs
prepared by Ar.Veena
• Road side OD survey
• Cordon lines – imaginary line 
circumscribing the boundary of the 
study area
• Imaginary line along the physical and 
natural barriers having road crossing 
points within study area
• Survey method‐
• road side interview method
• Registration number plate survey
• Sampling size: for consecutive 3 days
• Activity place study
• To identify trip generation
• Pedestrian survey
• Terminal survey
• Intersection survey
• Parking survey
prepared by Ar.Veena
Selection of samples
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Clustered sampling

prepared by Ar.Veena
Land use plan
• Essential part of a master plan
• Plan showing existing/proposed
land use patterns of an urban
area
• Categories
• Residential‐detached,
semidetached, row housing,
group housing, apartments etc
• Commercial‐retail, wholesale, shops, business, offices, hotels, theatres, entertainment,
wholesale market for fruits vegetables, provision cloth etc
• Industrial‐all manufacturing industries
• Public and semipublic ‐ educational institutions, hospitals, religious building, historical
monuments, police stations, fire station, public utilities, burial grounds
prepared by Ar.Veena
Land use plan
• Recreational use ‐national parks, district parks, tot lots , 
public grounds, open spaces
• Transportation‐roads, streets, railway terminals, bus 
terminals, taxi stands, air ports, sea ports
• Others‐include land under forest, water bodies, marshy 
land etc.
• Vacant land ‐ parcel of land which are developed but 
not assigned to any use

prepared by Ar.Veena
Land use plan
• Multiple land use(mixed)
• Sometimes different land uses can be placed together.
• Color notations
Colour notation
Red public semi‐public
Blue commercial
Yellow residential
Purple/violet industries
Green recreational and open
Light blue‐ Water body
Black road network
Brown service areas
prepared by Ar.Veena