Chapter 2

Literature review

To understand our topic we had to review more detailed analysis of research in the field.
We had to identify more specific aims and hypotheses for our research. Wireless
communications expected to be the major worldwide cause of energy consumption within a
few years. In mobile communications, a large part of the carbon footprint stems from
electricity consumption during base station operation. Base stations cause more than 80 percent
of the operator’s power consumption, which makes the design of base stations a key element for
determining both the environmental impact of wireless networking and the operational
expenditure [1]. Dynamic site design is fundamental for efficient usage of energy. For
instance, flexible and lightweight sites could be better located to provide uniform coverage with
no need for high transmission power [1]. A substantial reduction of the power needed to
operate a base station also significantly helps the deployment of sites totally or partially sleep
mode [1]. Recent scientific publications confirm that power save and quality of service
enhancements are not conflicting objectives for wireless network design [1]. Sleep Mode has
proposed as an interesting solution for low loaded transmitters [1]. Sleep Mode has
analytically shown that optimal sleep periods can selected as a function of the statistical
distribution of the packet arrival over the wireless interface [1].

Wang et al. [4] reduced the power consumption of BS and tried to improve the utility
efficiency by optimizing the connection of the users and bandwidth allotment problem.
Han et al. [5] focused on the traffic load and distributed it to reduce the communication
overhead between BS and user. As a result, power consumption by the network was
dramatically reduced.
Ghazzai et al. [6] , for green communication author scrutinized the next generation cellular
network. Author proposed direction of switching BS research considering the outcome quality
of service (QoS) of users.
Han et al.[7],in this paper, author analyzed different type of BS switching policies, such as
distance based sleeping, traffic-based sleeping and random sleeping.
Wu et al.[8],expounded a simple cell network and a simple BS sleep mode in that network.
Yang et al. [9] introduced a method which reduce the number of BSs which are active and
ensures the QoS of users by composing the energy consumption problem with an integer
programming model.
Yu et al. [10] lessens the cost of energy by analyzing the traffic of users and determining
both the set of BSs to be activated and the transmission power level.
Peng et al. [11] figured out the BSs during the peak traffic to provide high quality of QoS and
during the idle period some BSs remains activated and rest of others are terminated to
minimize the power consumption.
Cai et al. [12] minimized the power consumption conforming-to user uniformity. If the set of
users are distributed uniformly, the system search for an operating strategy, if the user set is
not uniformly distributed , the switching decision depends on both user density and BS
location set.
Feng et al. [13] increases efficiency of energy by proposing a switching policy by
investigating the connection between BSs switching cost and user bidding strategy.
Gao et al. [14] introduced a strategy of switching which considers the time to reach a specific
BS while observing the user mobility to increase the efficiency of the energy. These previous
studies failed to give solution for the delay of BSs switching period between ON/OFF status.
By analyzing the hardware factors wake up time can be minimized considering the sleep
depth of BS [15], [16].These systems can carry an overhead when applied to wireless
networks. To overcome this, machine learning model was adapted while establishing an
efficient BS switching strategy [17], [18].
 References

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