Chapter 4

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Chapter 4
Laplace Transform
Network Analysis
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Contents
 Concept of system function

 System function of interconnected systems
 Frequency response
 Bode plot
 Impulse response
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Introduction
 In our sinusoidal circuit analysis, we have learned how to find voltages and
currents in a circuit with a constant frequency source.
 If we let the amplitude of the sinusoidal source remain constant and
vary the frequency, we obtain the circuit’s frequency response.
 The frequency response may be regarded as a complete description of the
sinusoidal steady-state behavior of a circuit as a function of
frequency.
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Applications
 The sinusoidal steady-state frequency responses of circuits are of significance
in many applications, especially in communications and control systems.
 A specific application is in electric filters that block out or eliminate signals
with unwanted frequencies and pass signals of the desired frequencies.
 Filters are used in radio, TV, and telephone systems to separate one broadcast
frequency from another.
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Transfer Function
 The transfer function H(w) (also called the network function) is a useful
analytical tool for finding the frequency response of a circuit.
 In fact, the frequency response of a circuit is the plot of the circuit’s transfer
function H(ω) versus ω, with ω varying from 0 to infinity.
 A transfer function is the frequency-dependent ratio of a forced function to a
forcing function (or of an output to an input).
 The idea of a transfer function was implicit when we used the concepts of
impedance and admittance to relate voltage and current.
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Transfer Function
 In general, a linear network can be represented by the block diagram shown
in Fig. 14.1.
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Transfer Function
 Since the input and output can be either voltage or current at any place in
the circuit, there are four possible transfer functions:
where subscripts i and o denote input and output values. Being a complex
quantity, H(ω) has a magnitude |H(ω)| and a phase φ ; that is, H(ω) = |H(ω)|∠
φ
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Transfer Function
 Step to obtain the transfer function,
1. obtain the frequency-domain equivalent of the circuit by replacing resistors,
inductors, and capacitors with their impedances R, jωL and 1/jωC.
2. use any circuit technique(s) to obtain the appropriate transfer function.
3. obtain the frequency response of the circuit by plotting the magnitude and phase
of the transfer function as the frequency varies.
4. A computer is a real time-saver for plotting the transfer function.
5. To avoid complex algebra, it is convenient to replace jω temporarily
with s when working with H(ω) and replace s with jω at the end.
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Example:
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Example:
 To plot the frequency response, we have to obtain the magnitude and phase of the transfer
function.
 The transfer function is now in rectangular form or a complex number. Use formulas below to
solve it:
 Additionally, we can use the reciprocal formula as below:
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Example:
1 1 Replace 1/RC with w0

=
1 + 𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶 𝑍
𝑤 𝑤
𝑍 = 1 + 𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶 𝑅= 1 + 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑤0 𝑤0
𝑍 = 𝑋 + 𝑗𝑌 Using reciprocal formula
1 1 1 1 1
= ∠−𝜃 = = ∠−𝜃
𝑍 𝑅 1 + 𝑗𝑤𝑅𝐶 𝑍 𝑅
𝑤𝑅𝐶
𝑅=

1 + 𝑤𝑅𝐶 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 Magnitude = Phase = −𝑡𝑎𝑛
1
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Example:
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Example:
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Example 2
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Bode Plot
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Bode Plot
 It is not always easy to get a quick plot of the magnitude and phase of
the transfer function as we did above.
 A more systematic way of obtaining the frequency response is to use Bode
plots.
 Before we begin to construct Bode plots, we should take care of two
important issues: The use of:
 logarithms and
 decibels in expressing gain.
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Bode Plot
 Since Bode plots are based on logarithms, it is important that we keep the
following properties of logarithms in mind:
 In communications systems, gain is measured in bels. Historically,

the bel is used to measure the ratio of two levels of power or power
gain G; that is,
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Bode Plot
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Bode Plot
• A transfer function may be written in terms of factors that have real and imaginary
parts. One such representation might be
Looks confusing
unless we
which is obtained by dividing out the poles and zeros in H(w). replace jw with
• This representation is called the standard form. s
• H(w) may include up to seven types of different factors that can appear in various
combinations in a transfer function.
• These are:
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Bode Plot
gain zero
pole Simple zero Quadratic zero
Simple pole Quadratic pole
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Bode Plot
• In constructing a Bode plot,
• we plot each factor separately and
• then add them graphically.
• The factors can be considered one at a time and then combined

additively because of the logarithms involved.
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Bode Plot – 1st factor
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Bode Plot – 1st factor – MATLAB CODE

clc
close all
w = logspace(log10(0.1),log10(10),1000);
Hw = 10
abs_H = 20*log10(abs(Hw));
phase_H = angle(Hw)*180/pi;
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
ylabel('Magnitude, dB')
xlabel('Frequency, w')
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
ylabel('Phase, \circ')
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Bode Plot – 2nd and 3rd factors
𝜔
≅∞
0
𝜔
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 90°
0 22/10/2020 26
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Bode Plot – 2nd factor – MATLAB CODE

clc
close all
Hw = s;
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
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Bode Plot – 3rd factor – MATLAB CODE

clc
close all
Hw = 1./s;
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
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Bode Plot – 4th and 5th factors
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Bode Plot – 4th factor – MATLAB CODE

clc
close all
s = 1i*w;
Hw = 1 + s./10;
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
ylim([-10 45])
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
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clc
close all
s = 1i*w;
Hw = 1./(1 + s./10);
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
ylim([-45 10])
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
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clc
close all
s = 1i*w;
z = 0.1;
Hw = 1 + (2.*z.*s)./10 + (s./10).^2;
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
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clc
close all
s = 1i*w;
z = 0.1;
Hw = 1./(1 + (2.*z.*s)./10 + (s./10).^2);
figure()
semilogx(w,abs_H)
figure()
semilogx(w,phase_H)
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Example 1:
Construct the bode plots for the transfer function below prioritise
200𝑗𝜔
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =
(𝑗𝜔 + 2)(𝑗𝜔 + 10)
Change jw to s
200𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 10)
200𝑠 ÷ 10
𝐻 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 10) ÷ 10
20𝑠 ÷ 2
𝐻 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠/10 + 1) ÷ 2
10𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠/10 + 1) ÷ 2 22/10/2020 41
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Example 2:
Construct the bode plots for the transfer function below
5+𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠 50 + 𝑠
5+𝑠 ÷5
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠 50 + 𝑠 ÷ 5
1 + 𝑠/5
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠 10 + 𝑠/5
1 + 𝑠/5 ÷ 10
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠 10 + 𝑠/5 ÷ 10
1 + 𝑠/5
𝐻 𝑠 =
10𝑠 1 + 𝑠/50
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Example 3:
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Exercixe 1
Draw the Bode Plots for the transfer
function :
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Chapter 4

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10/22/2020

 Concept of system function

 Additionally, we can use the reciprocal formula as below:

1 1 Replace 1/RC with w0

 In communications systems, gain is measured in bels. Historically,

Simple pole Quadratic pole

• The factors can be considered one at a time and then combined

Bode Plot – 1st factor

Bode Plot – 1st factor – MATLAB CODE

Bode Plot – 2nd and 3rd factors

Bode Plot – 2nd factor – MATLAB CODE

Bode Plot – 3rd factor – MATLAB CODE

Bode Plot – 4th and 5th factors

Bode Plot – 4th and 5th factors

Bode Plot – 4th and 5th factors

Bode Plot – 4th factor – MATLAB CODE

Bode Plot – 5th factor – MATLAB CODE

Bode Plot – 6th and 7th factors

Bode Plot – 6th and 7th factors

Bode Plot – 6th and 7th factors

Bode Plot – 6th factor – MATLAB CODE

Bode Plot – 7th factor – MATLAB CODE

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