Guidelines For Using Synthetic Slings For Lifting and Rigging

Guidelines for Using Synthetic Slings
for Lifting and Rigging
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Technical Report
FOSSIL & NUCLEAR STEAM TURBINE GENERATORS
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Guidelines for Using Synthetic
Slings for Lifting and Rigging
1007676
Final Report, January 2003
EPRI Project Manager

A. Grunsky
EPRI • 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304 • PO Box 10412, Palo Alto, California 94303 • USA
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CITATIONS
This report was prepared by
Nuclear Steam Turbine Generator Initiative (NSTI)

and
Program 65 Steam Turbine-Generator and Balance of Plant
EPRI
1300 W. T. Harris Boulevard
Charlotte, NC 28262
This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.
The report is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following manner:
Guidelines for Using Synthetic Slings for Lifting and Rigging, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2003.
1007676.
iii
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REPORT SUMMARY
Guidelines for Using Synthetic Slings for Lifting and Rigging provides nuclear and fossil
maintenance personnel with information on the use of synthetic slings. This information will
assist personnel in the identification, protection, and inspection of synthetic slings.
Background
High-performance synthetic slings were introduced into the industry in the 1990s. Because of the
high strength and lighter weight of synthetic slings, they have replaced many heavy wire rope
slings. The inspection and use of these high-performance slings are covered in several industry
standards. This report combines information from the various industry standards into one
resource on the use and inspection of synthetic slings in the power plant environment.
Objectives
• To provide general guidance on the use of high-performance synthetic slings in power plants
• To provide inspection and removal criteria for high-performance synthetic slings
Approach
An industry search was made for problems and issues related to the use of high-performance
synthetic slings. Three industry standards that cover slings, that of the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA), the Department of Energy (DOE), and the American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), were researched. The general research and specific standards
were combined into a draft. The resulting report was given to several nuclear plant personnel for
review and comments.
Results
This report includes information on the history and background of high-performance slings,
definitions of lifting and rigging terms, a description of slings, lifting and rigging basic practices,
information on the inspection and removal of slings, references, and excerpts from the industry
standards on slings.
EPRI Perspective
The proper use of high-performance synthetic slings is important to personnel safety in power
plants. Daily inspection during the use of these slings is required. The identification and removal
from service of any damaged slings ensure that lifts will be made with slings that are in proper
condition.
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Keywords
Lifting and rigging
Sling inspection
Synthetic slings
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was developed by the Nuclear Steam Turbine Generator Initiative (NSTI) and
Program 65 Steam Turbine-Generator and Balance of Plant.
NSTI and Program 65 Steam Turbine-Generator and Balance of Plant were supported in their
effort by Sharon Parker, industry consultant.
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EPRI Licensed Material
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Pop Outs ......................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 History of Sling Development.......................................................................................1-2
1.3 Background..................................................................................................................1-4
2 DEFINITIONS .........................................................................................................................2-1
3 DESCRIPTION OF SLINGS ...................................................................................................3-1

3.1 Types of Synthetic Web Slings ....................................................................................3-1
3.2 Wear Protection ...........................................................................................................3-5
3.3 Sling Tags ....................................................................................................................3-6
3.4 Fiber Properties ...........................................................................................................3-8
4 LIFTING AND RIGGING BASIC PRACTICES.......................................................................4-1

4.1 Personnel Training.......................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Lift Classification ..........................................................................................................4-3
4.3 Basic Hitches ...............................................................................................................4-3
4.4 General Practices ........................................................................................................4-4
4.5 Load and Angles ..........................................................................................................4-6
5 INSPECTION AND REMOVAL OF SLINGS ..........................................................................5-1

5.1 Initial Inspection ...........................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Frequent Inspection .....................................................................................................5-2
5.3 Periodic Inspection ......................................................................................................5-2
5.4 Sling Damage ..............................................................................................................5-5
5.5 Removal from Service Criteria .....................................................................................5-9
6 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................6-1
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A STANDARDS........................................................................................................................ A-1
B POP OUT SUMMARY........................................................................................................... B-1
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Endless Round Sling ................................................................................................1-3

Figure 1-2 Single Round Sling Cross-Section ...........................................................................1-3
Figure 2-1 Basket Hitch .............................................................................................................2-1
Figure 2-2 Choker Hitch.............................................................................................................2-2
Figure 2-3 Tell-Tails ...................................................................................................................2-3
Figure 2-4 Vertical Hitch ............................................................................................................2-3
Figure 3-1 Basic Flat Eye Synthetic Web Sling .........................................................................3-2
Figure 3-2 Half Twist Eye Synthetic Web Sling .........................................................................3-2
Figure 3-3 Endless Synthetic Web Sling....................................................................................3-2
Figure 3-4 Reversible Eye Synthetic Web Sling ........................................................................3-2
Figure 3-5 Rugged Flat Eye Synthetic Web Sling......................................................................3-3
Figure 3-6 Oblong Hardware Sling ............................................................................................3-3
Figure 3-7 Combined Hardware Sling........................................................................................3-3
Figure 3-8 Triangle Hardware Sling ...........................................................................................3-4
Figure 3-9 Bridle Eye Sling ........................................................................................................3-4
Figure 3-10 Wide Body Sling .....................................................................................................3-4
Figure 3-11 Single- and Double-Leg Web Sling ........................................................................3-5
Figure 3-12 Sling Wear Protection ...........................................................................................3-6
Figure 3-13 Vinyl Sling Tag........................................................................................................3-8
Figure 3-14 Leather Sling Tag ...................................................................................................3-8
Figure 4-1 Three Basic Types of Hitches .................................................................................4-3
Figure 4-2 10º Load Angle .........................................................................................................4-6
Figure 5-1 Sling Tell-Tails ..........................................................................................................5-3
Figure 5-2 Damaged Sling Cover ..............................................................................................5-3
Figure 5-3 Fiber Optic Testing ...................................................................................................5-4
Figure 5-4 Acid Burned Sling .....................................................................................................5-5
Figure 5-5 Melted Sling Material ................................................................................................5-6
Figure 5-6 Snagged Sling Material ............................................................................................5-6
Figure 5-7 Punctured Sling Material ..........................................................................................5-6
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Figure 5-8 Abrasive Wear on Sling Material ..............................................................................5-7

Figure 5-9 Cut Yarn Sling Material.............................................................................................5-7
Figure 5-10 Damaged Yarn Sling Material.................................................................................5-7
Figure 5-11 Broken Stitches on Sling Material...........................................................................5-8
Figure 5-12 Reversible Damage on Sling Material ....................................................................5-8
Figure 5-13 Distorted Sling Hardware........................................................................................5-8
Figure 5-14 Knotted Sling Material ............................................................................................5-9
Figure 5-15 Embedded Material on Sling ..................................................................................5-9
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1 Fiber Properties Comparison.....................................................................................3-9

Table 4-1 Effect of Angle Chart..................................................................................................4-8
Table 5-1 Sling Inspection Record.............................................................................................5-5
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1
INTRODUCTION
This report has been developed as the result of requests from nuclear plant contacts in the EPRI
Turbine-Generator Users Group (TGUG) and the Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center
(NMAC). Information from industry sources has been used in the report’s development, and its
content was reviewed by nuclear plant personnel familiar with current lifting and rigging
practices.
This report contains the following sections: Introduction, Definitions, Description of Slings,
Lifting and Rigging Practices, Inspection and Removal of Slings, References, Standards, and a
Pop Out Summary.
The Introduction section contains information regarding the use of Pop Outs, the history of
synthetic round slings, and background information on synthetic slings.
1.1 Pop Outs
Throughout this report, key information is summarized in “Pop Outs.” Pop Outs are bold lettered
boxes that highlight information covered in the text.
The primary intent of a Pop Out is to emphasize information that will allow individuals to act for
the benefit of their plant. EPRI personnel who reviewed and prepared this guide selected the
information included in these Pop Outs.
The Pop Outs are organized into three categories: Human Performance, O&M Costs, and
Technical. Each category has an identifying icon to draw attention to it when quickly reviewing
the guide. The Pop Outs are shown as follows:
Key Human Performance Point

Denotes information that requires personnel action or consideration in order
to prevent personal injury, equipment damage, and/or to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of the task.
Key O&M Cost Point

Emphasizes information that will result in overall reduced costs and/or
increase in revenue through additional or restored energy production.
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Introduction
Key Technical Point

Targets information that will lead to improved equipment reliability.
The Pop Out Summary (Appendix B) contains a listing of all Pop Outs in each category. The
listing restates each key point and provides a reference to its location in the body of the report.
By reviewing this listing, users of the report can determine if they have taken advantage of key
information that might benefit their plants.
1.2 History of Sling Development
The development [1] of the modern day synthetic sling began in the late 1960s when Ruben
Henry Norrman of Malmo, Sweden invented a round sling. This sling used a seamless cover and
involved a secret process for filling the cover or tube with multiple strands or wraps of polyester.
The machinery and the technique he developed for this product were unique and in 1972 he was
granted a U.S. patent for his invention. The patent was licensed to the Lift-All Company of
Manheim, PA. They began producing the product and continue to make and sell this sling in the
U.S. and Canada. In Europe, the invention was licensed to Spanset Inter AG of Basel,
Switzerland and the products were made and sold worldwide.
In 1980, another inventor in Sweden, Bengt Lindahl, developed two other types of round slings
that did not infringe on the patent of Ruben Henry Norrman. These were round slings that had a
cover wrapped over the core yarns and were either sewn down the middle or on the side of the
sling. These were called middle seam or side seam round slings.
Although it was the first of the two to be patented, the middle seam round sling experienced a
slight problem in the fabrication process. Sewing the seam down the center of the sling was
difficult and the needle penetrated the core yarns. Approximately six months after the first
patent, the second invention (with the side seam) was patented and proved to be the easier of the
two products to fabricate. In July of 1980, the middle seam round sling was patented in the U.S.
and in November of 1980, the side seam patent followed. Both of these U.S. patents expired in
1997.
In the U.S., several companies began to produce the seamed round sling, including Liftex,
Kinedyne, Universal, Wire Rope Corporation of America, and others. These companies used
polyester as the main component of the core of each sling produced.
The patent for the seamless tube round sling expired in the U.S. in 1989. Even today, there are
few manufacturers who have successfully duplicated the machinery necessary to manufacture the
seamless synthetic sling. The machinery for the production of the seamed round sling is less
sophisticated than that required for the seamless-type sling; thus, the seamed products are easier
to duplicate.
Until 1986, all of these slings were made with polyester core yarn material. In late 1986, some
were produced and sold with a core yarn called Kevlar® from DuPont. At the time of its
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Introduction
discovery by Stephanie Kowolek of DuPont in 1964, Kevlar was described as the first fiber that
was five times stronger than steel on a weight basis. It was first used in the production of slings
for overhead lifting in 1989. Its features of low weight, high strength, low stretch, and high
temperature resistance made it the first synthetic fiber that was comparable to steel. Also in the
late 1980s, another synthetic fiber with high strength and low weight was brought to the market
by Allied Signal; it was called Spectra®. This fiber also had low stretch and very good abrasion
and chemical resistance.
Figure 1-1 shows an example of an endless round sling.
Figure 1-1
Endless Round Sling
(Unirope Company)
In 1987, Dennis St. Germain of Slingmax® Inc. built machinery for the production of a new
round sling product that was different from any of the preceding inventions. This new sling
product was the Twin-Path® sling, which had a seamless cover divided in the center so that two
separate and independent cores could be used to form the sling. The original core yarn was 100%
polyester but, within a year of development, the core yarn Kevlar was being tested and used in
the finished product. Another feature of the Twin-Path sling was the red inner cover that enabled
the inspector to identify cuts to the outer cover. The Twin-Path sling was patented in the U.S.
and Canada in 1989. Figure 1-2 shows a cross-section of a round sling made from a single load-
carrying yarn bundle.
Figure 1-2
Single Round Sling Cross-Section
(Unirope Company)
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Introduction
1.3 Background
A sling [2,3] is a rigging tool that connects a crane hook to a load to be lifted. Slings can be
made of steel wire rope, chains, or synthetic fibers. Synthetic slings are composed of man-made
fibers such as polyester, nylon, K-Spec®, Spectra, or Kevlar material. The K-Spec, Spectra, and
Kevlar fiber slings are called high-performance slings and are covered in this report.
Steel has many advantages that were difficult to duplicate with synthetic fibers. Some of the
advantages of steel are:
• Great strength
• Low stretch
• Low cost
• Flame resistance
Some of the disadvantages are:

• Lubrication required
• Heavy weight
• Difficult to handle
• Electrically conductive
• Rapid deterioration in salt water conditions
During the 1990s, lifts that would previously have been made with heavy wire rope slings were
instead performed with high-performance synthetic slings. Advantages of these slings include:
• Light weight
• Strength
• No lubrication required
• Not abrasive to the load
• Not electrically conductive
• Can be used under water with no adverse effects

The lighter weight of the sling is a major advantage in the handling of the
sling by workers. Lighter slings reduce the risk of back and hand injuries
during rigging. Also, lighter slings minimize the need for auxiliary
equipment like forklift trucks and small cranes to position the sling.
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Introduction
For example, to lift a 150-ton (136-metric ton) load with a 5:1 design factor would require a wire
rope sling that is 50 feet (15 m) long, with a weight of 2000 pounds (907 kg). A synthetic sling
made of Kevlar material with a Nomex® cover would weigh 280 pounds (127 kg).
The high-performance fibers of Kevlar and Spectra act as a non-conductor of current under
normal conditions. If they become completely wet or are contaminated with grease or oil, they
will eventually begin to conduct some current. Compared to steel, however, the high-
performance fibers combine to make a very poor conductor.
Tests done to confirm strength loss from exposure to radioactivity have shown that, even under
the highest exposure over a long period of time, there is little or no effect.
Some of the disadvantages of the high-performance slings are:

• Susceptibility to cutting damage from the load
• Susceptibility to chemical attack
• Can be damaged from ultraviolet light
• Can be damaged from high temperatures
• Higher cost than steel slings
The greatest single cause of failure with the synthetic sling is cutting. The sling might not
damage the load, but the load can easily damage the sling.
Key Technical Point

Slings must be protected from cutting and abrasion by wear protection. The
edge of the load does not have to be razor sharp to cause damage. The
combination of a moderately sharp edge and movement of the sling across
the load can result in failure. Snags and punctures are another form of
structural damage of fiber slings. Wear pads are added to slings to protect
from cutting, snags, and punctures.
Synthetic fiber slings are susceptible to environmental or chemical attack. Kevlar is resistant to
most weak acids and alkalis, ketones, alcohols, hydrocarbons, oils, and dry cleaning solvents.
Strong acids, bases, and sodium hypochlorite will attack Kevlar, particularly at high
temperatures and high concentrations.

The storage of slings in chemical-free environments is essential. Fiber slings
can be damaged when subjected to ultraviolet light. The covers protect the
slings from sunlight damage. Another limitation is exposure to temperatures
over 180°F (82°C). A special cover is needed if the temperature is higher
than 180°F (82°C). The temperature limitation on the sling is 300°F (149°C).
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Introduction
Key Technical Point

Contact or application temperature that results from friction as the sling
adjusts to the load can produce severe damage to the sling. Friction
temperatures can be reduced by adapting the rigging to limit sling travel
across the load.
Key O&M Cost Point

The initial cost of high-performance slings is higher than that of steel rope
slings.
There are other cost considerations in using high-performance synthetic slings instead of steel
rope slings. Some of these considerations are:
• Less damage to the load material being moved will occur
• Less time will be required to rig and lift the load
• Employee injuries from handling the sling will be reduced
• No lubrication is required
• Less storage space is required
• Less time and labor is necessary in testing and inspecting the sling
• Fewer slings are required for load ranges
Polyester covers provide protection against many chemicals, ultra-violet light, abrasion and, to
some degree, cutting. Polyester does not protect against flame and, in fact, will melt or burn
when exposed to fire. The outer covers can be made of Cordura® or Nomex. The color of the
Cordura outside cover is usually green and the Nomex outer covers are yellow. With the inside
cover being red, the contrasting color scheme makes inspection and the identification of cuts in
the outer cover easier.
The Cordura cover provides a good abrasion-resistant material, which makes the product longer-
wearing than would be the case with some other material. Nomex outer covers are used when
higher temperatures will be encountered; they provide protection up to 300°F (149°C). Nomex is
resistant to most ketones, alcohols, dry cleaning solvents, and many other organic solvents. Its
acid resistance is superior to that of nylon, but is not as good as that of polyester. Nomex shows
good resistance to alkalis at room temperature, but is degraded by strong alkalis at higher
temperatures. Nomex is compatible with fluorine-containing elastomers, resins, and refrigerants
at high temperatures.
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2
DEFINITIONS
The following definitions were taken from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) standard 1910.184 and the web site www.strider-resource.com [4,5].
Abrasion – The mechanical wearing of surface resulting from frictional contact with materials
or objects.
Aramid – A group of lightweight and very strong heat-resistant synthetic aromatic polyamide
materials that are fashioned into fibers, filaments, or sheets for use in textiles and plastics.
Breaking strength – The total force applied to the sling before it fails. The breaking strength is
expressed in pounds or kilograms and is usually five to seven times the rated capacity. It is also
known as the ultimate load.
Basket hitch – A sling configuration where the sling is passed under the load and has both ends,
end attachments, eyes or handles on the hook, or a single master link. Figure 2-1 shows a picture
of a basket hitch.
Figure 2-1
Basket Hitch
(Lift-It Mfg. Co., Inc.)
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Definitions
Choker hitch – A sling configuration with one end of the sling passing under the load and
through an end attachment, handle, or eye on the other end of the sling. Figure 2-2 shows a
picture of a choker hitch.
Figure 2-2
Choker Hitch
Designated person – A person selected or assigned by an employer or an employer’s

representative as being qualified to perform specific duties.
Elongation – The measurement of stretch, expressed as a percentage of the finished length.
Fiber optic – An inspection device for core fiber condition. Typically, the fiber optic lies inside
the sling cover and around the circumference of the sling with protruding ends for inspection.
Master link – A forged or welded steel link used to support all members (legs) of an alloy steel
chain or wire rope sling.
Proof test – A nondestructive tension test performed by the sling manufacturer or an equivalent
entity to verify construction and workmanship of a sling.
Rated capacity/rated load value – The maximum working load permitted. Also called the
working load, working load limit (WLL), safe working load, and resultant safe working load.
The rated capacity of a sling is based on the nominal breaking strength of the material used in the
sling. Factors that affect the overall strength of a sling include attachment configuration of the
sling, the type of hitch used, shape of the load, and the shape of the hardware with which the
sling is attached.
Selvage edge – The finished edge of synthetic webbing designed to prevent unraveling.
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Definitions
Shock load – A resulting load from a rapid change of movement, such as impacting or jerking,
or a static load. A shock load is generally significantly greater than a static load.
Tell-tails – Extensions of the load core yarns. Some round slings are designed with tell-tails.
When a sling is stretched beyond its elastic limits, the tell-tails shrink and eventually disappear
under the tags. The minimum length of tell-tails is typically 1/2 inch (13 mm). Figure 2-3 shows
a picture of tell-tails.
Figure 2-3
Tell-Tails
(Unirope Company)
Vertical hitch – A method of supporting a load by a single, vertical part or leg of the sling.
Figure 2-4 shows a picture of a vertical hitch.
Figure 2-4
Vertical Hitch
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3
DESCRIPTION OF SLINGS
What is the difference between a webbing sling and a round sling? A webbing sling has two eyes
and flat construction. The disadvantage of a webbing sling is that the fibers that provide the
strength to lift the load are also the ones that come in contact with the load. If damage to the
yarns occurs, the sling has to be taken out of service.
A round sling is an endless hank of yarn wound without any break in the yarn. The inner core
yarn provides the strength to lift the load. This core yarn is protected by an outer cover that
comes into contact with the load. The load-bearing points (the points that contact the crane hook)
keep changing. On a webbing sling, the points are fixed (at the eyes of the sling) and open to
wear and tear. If the load-bearing points are not inspected regularly on a web sling, then potential
weak spots in the sling might not be noticed.
A round sling is composed of high-performance fibers. High-performance fibers have a mass

measure of twenty or higher expressed in deniers. The denier is a unit expressing the mass of a
fiber divided by its length, equal to 1 gram for 9000 meters of fiber. Spectra is 25 grams/denier
and Kevlar is approximately 23 grams/denier. Nylon and polyester are 8–10 grams/denier. For
the nylon and polyester materials, the mass measure indicates higher weight and lower strength.
Kevlar and Spectra each stretch about 1% at the rated capacity of the sling product and 3.5% at
the breaking strength.
This section covers the following topics:

• Types of synthetic web slings
• Wear protection
• Sling tags
• Fiber properties
3.1 Types of Synthetic Web Slings
The following is a listing of the types of synthetic web slings taken from Lamco Synthetic Web
Slings at the Lamco Slings and Rigging, Inc. web site [6].
Basic flat eye – These slings have flat eyes at each end and conform to all basic rigging hitches.
The flat eye aids in sliding the sling in and out of narrow places. The eyes might be buffered on
the inside for longer life. The capacity range is 1100 to 132,000 pounds (499 to 59,874 kg) and
the width range is 1 to 12 inches (25 to 305 mm). Figure 3-1 shows a picture of a flat eye
synthetic web sling.
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Description of Slings
Figure 3-1
Basic Flat Eye Synthetic Web Sling
(Lamco Slings and Rigging, Inc.)
Half twist eye – These slings have eyes with a half twist to keep them open. The open eye makes
for faster hitching in a choker and allows the rigger to quickly slip the other eye onto the crane
hook. The capacity range is 1100 to 132,000 pounds (499 to 59,874 kg) and the width range is 1
to 12 inches (25 to 305 mm). Figure 3-2 shows a picture of a half twist eye synthetic web sling.
Figure 3-2
Half Twist Eye Synthetic Web Sling
Endless – These slings give the advantage of longer life because the wear point revolves around
the sling as it is repeatedly used. Endless slings with a width of 3 inches (76 mm) or more can be
tapered at bearing points to fit on crane hooks. The capacity range is 2200 to 103,200 pounds
(998 to 46,811 kg) and the width range is 1 to 6 inches (25 to 152 mm). Figure 3-3 shows a
picture of the endless synthetic web sling.
Figure 3-3
Endless Synthetic Web Sling
Reversible eye – These slings are built for rugged use. Both sides of the body are protected with
abrasion-resistant nylon to give longer life in rough applications. The eyes can be turned inside
out to give a new wear surface. The capacity range is 3200 to 68,000 pounds (1451 to 3084 kg)
and the width range is 2 to 6 inches (51 to 152 mm). Figure 3-4 shows a picture of a reversible
eye synthetic web sling.
Figure 3-4
Reversible Eye Synthetic Web Sling
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Rugged flat eye – These slings are built for the same rugged use as the reversible eye slings. The
flat eye slings are designed to slide under loads or for tight clearance areas. The capacity range is
3200 to 68,000 pounds (1451 to 3084 kg) and the width range is 2 to 6 inches (51 to 152 mm).
Figure 3-5 shows a picture of a flat eye synthetic web sling.
Figure 3-5
Rugged Flat Eye Synthetic Web Sling
Oblong hardware – These slings have alloy oblong master links on each end. The oblongs offer
a greater capacity at a less expensive price than steel triangles. The hardware can be reused after
the webbing has worn out. The capacity range is 1100 to 33,000 pounds (499 to 14,968 kg) and
the width range is 1 to 6 inches (25 to 152 mm). Figure 3-6 shows a picture of an oblong
hardware sling.
Figure 3-6
Oblong Hardware Sling
Combined hardware – These slings have one triangle and one choker end and can be supplied
in either aluminum or steel. Aluminum is lighter in weight and has lower capacities. The
hardware can be reused after the webbing has worn out. The capacity range is 2200 to 64,000
pounds (998 to 29,030 kg) and the width range is 2 to 12 inches (51 to 305 mm). Figure 3-7
shows a picture of a combined hardware sling.
Figure 3-7
Combined Hardware Sling
Triangle hardware – These slings have two triangle ends and can be supplied in either
aluminum or steel. These slings can only be used in a vertical or basket hitch. The capacity range
is 2200 to 64,000 pounds (998 to 29,030 kg) and the width range is 2 to 12 inches (51 to 305
mm). Figure 3-8 shows a picture of a triangle hardware sling.
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Figure 3-8
Triangle Hardware Sling
Bridle eye – These slings are light duty with wide bodies to handle bulky loads and narrow eyes
to fit small crane hooks. These slings can only be used in a basket hitch. The capacity range is
8000 to 10,000 pounds (3629 to 4536 kg) and the width range is 6 to 24 inches (152 to 610 mm).
Figure 3-9 shows a picture of a bridle eye sling.
Figure 3-9
Bridle Eye Sling
Wide body – These slings are used primarily in pairs from a spreader beam for heavy loads or
for picking up large coils around their circumference. These slings are designed for use in a
basket hitch only. The capacity range is 13,200 to 92,000 pounds (5987 to 41,730 kg) and the
width range is 6 to 24 inches (152 to 610 mm). Figure 3-10 shows a picture of a wide body sling.
Figure 3-10
Wide Body Sling
Single- and double-leg web slings – These slings have the following advantages:
• Lightweight and easy to handle
• Do not conduct electricity
• Help absorb shock
• Have fitting options that include rings, hooks, shackles, and choker hardware
• Available in three- and four-leg assemblies also
• Can be made from either nylon or polyester webbing
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Figure 3-11 shows pictures of a single- and double-leg web sling.
Figure 3-11
Single- and Double-Leg Web Sling
3.2 Wear Protection
There are numerous styles, materials, and sizes of sling protection in the industry. The basic
types of wear protection are:
• Wear pads – Wear pads offer extra protection to a web sling where it wears the most. Wear
pads can be sewn anywhere on the sling, on one or both sides. Wear pads are ideal for
handling sharp loads. Available materials for wear pads include light polyester and nylon
(such as Cordura), heavy nylon, heavy polyester, and leather.
• Sleeves – Sleeves cover both sides of the sling and do not stretch with the sling when the lift
is being made. Available materials for sleeves include light polyester and nylon (such as
Cordura), heavy nylon, heavy polyester, and leather.
• Edge wrap – Edge wrap is sewn along both edges of the sling to protect it from edge wear
and cutting.
• Round sling sleeves – Round sling sleeves protect the circumference of the sling and can be
attached with Velcro.
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A picture of sling wear protection items is shown in Figure 3-12.
Figure 3-12
Sling Wear Protection
3.3 Sling Tags
The information in this section was taken directly from “Warning: Do Not Ignore Tag, The
Importance of Synthetic Sling Tags” [7].

Sling tags and labels are critically important to the sling user and
manufacturer. They contain information that is not only mandated by law,
but necessary for proper use and protection. Tags are also a significant
component of an effective sling safety program. The sling tag must contain
the information required by OSHA 1910.184. The two requirements are:
• Capacities for all hitches to be used
• Material used in construction of the sling
Some manufacturers include the choker and basket hitch workload limits but do not give the
vertical hitch workload limits. In this case, the manufacturer is assuming that everyone knows
that the vertical hitch workload is equal to one-half of the basket hitch workload. Other
manufacturers abbreviate the material used in construction of the sling by indicating NYL to
represent nylon. This might or might not be understood by the sling user. If the user is not sure of
the sling application, then the sling should not be used. Knowledge of the sling material in
relation to chemical environments is critical.

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard B30.9c-2000 Slings [8] states that
each sling should be marked to show:
• Name or trademark of manufacturer
• Manufacturer’s code or stock number
• Rated load for types of hitches and the angle upon which it is based
• Core material
• Cover material, if different from core material
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A responsible sling manufacturer will provide more information than what is required to ensure
that the tag is clear and as complete as possible. The following are some additional items that
compose a comprehensive tag:
• Sling length
• Unique sling identification number
• Date of manufacture
• Hitch diagrams
• Hazard warning
• Inspection and removal room service criteria
The sling length is important for the sling user, while a unique sling serial number is important
for the designated sling inspector. If 50 identical slings are in the storeroom, the unique
identification number allows the inspector to differentiate between them.
Hitch diagrams that include the words choker, vertical, and basket make it clear to what the
workload limits apply. It is also important to communicate information that transcends language
literacy and comprehension barriers. This can be facilitated through the use of icons or symbols.
Sling tags must be permanent. If any part of the required information is missing or illegible, the
sling must be removed from service. This recommendation is now included in ASME B30.9c-
2000. Through the OSHA general duty clause – Section 5(a) (1), the expectation is that
responsible employers will comply with this industry-recognized standard.
Regulations and recommendations dictate what has to be on the tag, but they do not specify what
materials or methods should be used for encoding the information. Various manufacturers use
various materials and methods. Cloth, vinyl, plastic, composition, and leather are widely used
materials. Methods for inscribing can include magic marker, printing, hot branding, and laser
transfer.
The method of attachment and the location of a sling tag depend on the sling type and design.
Single-path round and twin-path slings are endless in design and feature multiple yarn windings.
The tag can be placed directly on the sling in a fixed location. It can also be attached to the sling
circumference, resulting in a floating tag.
Figure 3-13 shows a picture of a vinyl sling tag. This tag shows the rated capacity for a vertical,
choker, and 90° basket hitch, the fiber material used, and the length.
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Figure 3-13
Vinyl Sling Tag
(Unirope Company)
Figure 3-14 shows a picture of a leather sling tag. The same information is supplied on the
leather tag that is supplied on the vinyl tag.
Figure 3-14
Leather Sling Tag
(Unirope Company)
3.4 Fiber Properties
K-Spec – These fibers [9] are a specialty high-performance combination of high-density

polyethylene and aramid fibers. Chemical and performance characteristics are those of the
primary fibers (aramid and high-density polyethylene). Stretch at workload limit is
approximately 1% and the acceptable temperature exposure range is the same as for conventional
fibers.
High-density polyethylene resists many chemical agents and, in testing, retained 100% of its
original strength when immersed for six months in the following:
• 1 M Hydrochloric acid, Perchloroethylene, 5 M Sodium Hydroxide, Glacial acetic acid,
Ammonium Hydroxide (29%), Sea Water, Hypophosphite solution (10%), 10% detergent
solution, Gasoline, Hydraulic fluid, Toluene, Kerosene.
• Clorox® degraded high-density polyethylene fibers by approximately 10% after the same
six-month immersion test.
Nomex (Aramid) – Aramids are resistant to most ketones, alcohols, dry cleaning solvents, and
many other organic solvents. Their acid resistance is superior to that of nylon but is not as good
as that of polyester. Aramids show good resistance to alkalis at room temperature, but are
degraded by strong alkalis at higher temperatures.
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Aramids are compatible with fluorine-containing elastomers, resins, and refrigerants at high
temperatures, and are resistant to fluoride compounds in concentrations usually encountered in
stack gases from metallurgical and rock-processing operations. The resistance of aramids to
oxides of sulphur at temperatures above the acid dew point is superior to that of polyester. Below
the dew point, concentrated sulphuric acid can condense on the fiber and cause a progressive loss
in strength.
In moderate to strong acid or alkali environments, evaluation of aramids should be made to

ensure that the sling will perform acceptably. The stretch of aramid load-bearing sling yarn is
below 1% at rated capacity.
Table 3-1 is a comparison of fiber properties for nylon, polyester, Nomex, and K-Spec.
Table 3-1
Fiber Properties Comparison [9]
Nylon Polyester Nomex/Aramid K-Spec
Strength
[grams per 8.0–9.0 gpd 6.5–9.0 gpd 23 gpd 27 gpd
denier (gpd)]
Specific Gravity 1.14 1.38 1.44 1.1
Ability to Float Sinks Sinks Sinks Sinks (slow)
Stretch at Break 16–20% 10–12% 3.6% 3.6%
Stretch at WLL 6–10% 3–4% > 1% > 1%
Moisture
9% of weight 1% of weight 5% of weight 2% of weight
Absorbency
Melts at 235ºC Melts at 480ºC Chars at 430ºC Chars at 150ºC

Effect of Heat Max. Working Max. Working Max. Working Max. Working
90ºC 90ºC 150ºC 90ºC
Melts before Melts before Melts before

burning. burning. burning. White color with
Identification
Forms bead. Forms bead. Forms bead. red ID marker
Celery odor. Pungent odor. Celery odor.
Kevlar: Fair
Abrasion
Good Good Slingmax Aramid: Excellent
Resistance
Excellent
Working
82ºC/180ºF 82ºC/180ºF 150ºC/300ºF 82ºC/180ºF
Temperature
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4
LIFTING AND RIGGING BASIC PRACTICES
This section covers the following basic information [10] related to lifting and rigging practices:
• Personnel training
• Lift classification
• Basic hitches
• General practices
• Loads and angles
4.1 Personnel Training
Chapter 6 of the Department of Energy (DOE) Hoisting and Rigging Standard 1090-2001 [10]
covers the qualification, training, re-qualification, and records for operators, riggers, person-in-
charge, designated leader, inspectors, instructors, first line supervisors, and maintenance
personnel. The following brief description of personnel is excerpted from this standard.
Riggers – Riggers shall be required to pass a practical rigging skill evaluation that requires the
use of rigging equipment in safe configurations. The actual or simulated operation shall enable
personnel to demonstrate basic knowledge and skills at a level that ensures the safety of
personnel and equipment.
Person-In-Charge – The person-in-charge shall have the necessary knowledge of and

experience with the specific type of equipment being used and the hazards of critical lifts to
direct the safe completion of the operation. The person-in-charge shall understand the rules and
procedures implemented at the site to ensure that the following are completed:
• Necessary administrative requirements
• Personnel assignments and responsibilities
• Selection of proper equipment/tools
• Recognition and control of hazardous or unsafe conditions
• Job efficiency and safety
• Critical-lift documentation
In addition, the person-in-charge shall:
• Direct operations in the case of an accident
• Exercise authority to start and stop work activities
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Lifting and Rigging Basic Practices
Designated Leader – The designated leader shall have sufficient knowledge and experience to
accomplish the following responsibilities:
• Ensure that personnel involved understand how the lift is to be made
• Ensure that the weight of the load is determined and that proper equipment and accessories
are selected
• Survey the lift site for hazardous or unsafe conditions
• Ensure that equipment is properly set up and positioned
• Ensure that a signaler is assigned, if required, and is identified to the operator
• Direct the lifting operation to ensure that the job is done safely and efficiently
• Stop the job when any potentially unsafe condition is recognized
• Direct operations if an accident or injury occurs
Inspectors – Qualified inspectors shall have the necessary knowledge and experience to properly
inspect hoisting and rigging equipment.
Instructors – Instructors responsible for developing or presenting hoisting and rigging training
programs shall meet the qualification standards specified by the responsible training
organization.
First Line Supervisors – The first line supervisor of hoisting and rigging operations should be
knowledgeable of the specific types of hoisting and rigging operations under their supervision
and the operational hazards. The supervisor shall be familiar with applicable rules and
procedures implemented at the site to ensure that hoisting and rigging work is done efficiently
and safely, with safety as the top priority. Supervisors should ensure that employees fully
understand the importance of safety and that they recognize their own authority and
responsibility to stop work when safety is questionable.
Maintenance Personnel – Employees who perform maintenance activities on equipment

covered by DOE standard 1090-96 Rev 1 should have an understanding of the following criteria:
• The tools to safely accomplish their work
• Access to operating instructions to perform adjustments
• Parts information furnished by the manufacturer or the responsible maintenance/engineering
organization
• Manufacturers’ recommendations as to points and frequency of lubrication, and levels and
types of lubricant to be used
• Maintenance and repair procedures recommended by the manufacturer or responsible
maintenance/engineering organization
• Wiring diagrams
• Documentation requirements for maintenance and repair
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4.2 Lift Classification
Each lift can be classified as:

• Ordinary – An ordinary lift is any lift that is not designated as a critical lift or a pre-
engineered production lift.
• Critical – A lift is designated as critical if the requirements for ordinary lifts do not address
personnel injury, significant release of hazardous materials, undetectable damage to a
facility, damage that would cause a significant impact on schedule, or if the load requires
exceptional care.
• Pre-Engineered Production – A pre-engineered production lift is a lift that is a repetitive,
production-type lifting operation that is independent of the nature of the load. The probability
of collision, upset, or dropping is reduced to a level acceptable to the responsible manager by
preliminary operation evaluation, specialized lifting fixtures, detailed procedures, operation-
specific training, and performance of independent review and approval of the entire process.
The pre-engineered production lift is a specialized lift performed by production personnel.
The required procedures and controls ensure the safety of the operation and set this category
of lift apart from traditional hoisting and rigging activities.
4.3 Basic Hitches
Every lift uses one of three basic hitches, as shown in Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-1
Three Basic Types of Hitches
(Courtesy of Unirope Corp.)
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The hitches are:

• Vertical – A vertical hitch is a straight attachment using a sling to connect a lifting hook or
other device to a load. Full rated load of the sling can be used, but never exceeded. A tagline
should be used on such a lift to prevent rotation that can damage the sling.
• Choker – A choker hitch wraps the sling around the load and through the eye of the sling to
the crane hook. This hitch reduces the lifting capacity of a sling because the method of
rigging affects the ability of the sling to adjust during the lift. The choker hitch also places
angular loading on the body of the sling and creates a small diameter bend in the sling at the
choke point.
• Basket – A basket hitch wraps around the load and both eyes of the sling attach to the crane
hook. This hitch distributes the load equally between the two legs of a sling, within
limitations imposed by the angles that the legs are rigged to the load.
4.4 General Practices
Following are some general operating practices related to the use of synthetic slings in hoisting
[4,8,10].
Storage, Moving, and Inspection of Unloaded Slings

• Inspect slings for damage and defects before each use. See Section 5 for more details on
round sling inspections.
• Slings should not be dragged on the floor or over an abrasive surface.
• Slings should not be shortened or lengthened by knotting or other unapproved methods.
• Twisting of slings should be avoided.
• Slings should be stored in an area where they will not be subjected to mechanical damage,
moisture, extreme heat, or ultraviolet light.
• Damaged slings should not be used. Remove round slings from service when inner load
bearing fibers are exposed. See Section 5 for more details.
• If extreme temperatures are involved, ensure that the proper material cover is used for a
round sling.
• Slings using aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, spray, or mist of
alkalis or acids are present.
• Polyester round slings should not be used in temperatures in excess of 194°F (90°C) or at
temperatures below -40°F (-40°C). The round sling manufacturer should be consulted for the
temperature range of round slings made from other synthetic yarn.
Rigging Precautions
• Determine the weight of the load.
• Select a sling having suitable characteristics for the type of load, hitch, and environment. The
weight of the load should be within the rated capacity of the sling.
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• Ensure that slings with end fittings that are used in a choker hitch have sufficient length so
that the choking action is on the body of the sling.
• For slings used in a basket hitch, the load should be balanced to prevent slippage. The lifting
hook should be above the center of gravity and the load balanced to prevent slippage out of
the sling.
• Slings shall be hitched in a manner providing control of the load.
• Protect slings from being cut by sharp corners, sharp edges, and highly abrasive surfaces.
Sharp edges in contact with slings should be padded.
• Keep all portions of the human body from between the sling and the load, and from between
the sling and the lifting hook. Personnel should stand clear of the suspended load. Personnel
should not ride the sling or load.
• Shock loading should be avoided.
• Slings should not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling.
• Loads applied to the hook should be centered in the base of the hook to prevent point loading
on the hook.
• Before lifting, make certain the sling, attachments, and load do not snag. Personnel should be
continuously alert to avoid snagging or bumping.
• When making a multiple leg lift, the capacity rating of each sling must be downgraded in
accordance with the Effect of Angle Chart (see Table 4-1).
• Do not allow the load, hook, or any fitting to constrict, bunch, or pinch the round sling.
• Ensure that the round sling is not used as a bridle (a sling composed of multiple legs, the top
end of which terminates in a fitting that latches onto the lifting hook) on suspended personnel
platforms.
• For multiple leg round slings used with non-symmetrical loads, an analysis should be
performed by a qualified person to prevent overloading of any leg.
• Round slings should be long enough so that the rated load is adequate when the angle of the
legs is taken into consideration.
Verification of Ratings and Codes

• For other than straight-pull configurations, do not use round slings to lift loads in excess of
the rated capacity unless properly derated.
• Ensure that each sling is permanently marked to show: Name or trademark of manufacturer,
manufacturer’s code or stock number, rated capacity for types of hitches used, type of core
material, and type of cover material if it is different from the core material.
Note: Slings can be marked with a serial number or other identifying number that can be
used to determine capacity in situations where, due to security classification of the loads to
be lifted or for other valid reasons approved by the responsible manager, it is impossible to
mark the sling as described here.
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• Ensure that round slings are marked with the inspection due date. This information can be
stenciled or stamped on a metal tag affixed to the sling.
• Synthetic round slings used for a critical lift should meet the requirements of DOE Standard
1090-2001 Section 11.3.6.4.
4.5 Load and Angles
The load of the sling is affected by the angle of the sling to the load. To determine the actual load
on each leg, the effect of the angle is multiplied by the load for each leg.
Key Technical Point

The ANSI/ASME standard B30.9c-2000 Slings [8] states that horizontal
angles less than 30° should not be used for synthetic round slings.
Figures 4-2 through 4-5 show examples of load angles.
1 lb = 0.45 kg
Figure 4-2
10º Load Angle [10]
1 lb = 0.45 kg
Figure 4-3
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1 lb = 0.45 kg
Figure 4-4
1 lb = 0.45 kg
Figure 4-5
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Table 4-1
Effect of Angle Chart [10]
Sling Angle (degrees) Load Angle Factor

90 1.000
85 1.004
80 1.015
75 1.035
70 1.064
65 1.104
60 1.155
55 1.221
50 1.305
45 1.414
40 1.555
35 1.742
30 2.000
25 2.364
20 2.924
15 3.861
10 5.747
5 11.490
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5
INSPECTION AND REMOVAL OF SLINGS
This section includes the criteria for sling inspection and removal from service. The guidelines
for the inspection and removal from service of synthetic slings are given by the following three
standards:
• Department of Energy (DOE) standard 1090-2001 Hoisting and Rigging, Chapter 11 – Rope
and Slings [10]
• Department of Labor, OSHA General Industry Standards, Material Handling and Storage,
1910.184 Slings [4]
• ANSI/ASME B30.9c-2000 – Slings [8]

From ANSI/ASME B30.9c-2000 Slings [8], there are three types of sling
inspection: initial, frequent, and periodic. A specific procedure for the
inspection of synthetic slings is recommended to protect against sling
damage and abuse.
5.1 Initial Inspection
The purpose of the initial inspection is to establish that the sling that is delivered meets the
specifications of the sling that was ordered. The information provided with and on the sling
should agree with the specifications on the purchase order. The sling should not be damaged
from transit or packing and unpacking. The condition and specifications of the sling should be
documented.
Before initial use of the sling, the following is the required proof-testing of the sling from DOE
standard 1090-2001 [10].
a. When specified by the purchaser, synthetic round slings of all types shall be certified as having
been proof-tested prior to initial use.
1. The proof load for round slings shall be 200% of the vertical rated capacity.
2. The proof load for multiple-leg round slings shall be applied to the individual legs and
shall be 200% of the vertical rated capacity of the round sling. Master links to which
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Inspection and Removal of Slings
multiple-leg round slings are connected shall be proof-loaded to 200% times the force
applied by the combined legs.
b. Test loads shall be accurate to within -5%, +0% of stipulated values.
Either certification by the manufacturer or a pull-test certified by a qualified person is

acceptable.
5.2 Frequent Inspection
The entire sling should be thoroughly examined and removed from service if damage is detected.
OSHA standard 1910.184 (d) [4] states, “Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings
and attachments shall be inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by
the employer.” The sling user must also determine that the sling is proper for the hitch, load, and
environment. These daily inspections can be the most effective inspections if the user has been
properly trained. Users have to identify various forms of damage.
5.3 Periodic Inspection
The periodic level of inspection is the most rigorous and technically demanding of the three
types of inspections and should be carried out by a designated person. The frequency of periodic
inspections is based on the level of use, severity of service cycle, and the information recorded
from the previous inspections. The results of the inspection should be documented and stored in
a secure place. There is no specific interval for the periodic inspection, although ANSI
recommends annual inspections as a minimum.
From the OSHA standard 1910.184 [4], inspections should consist of the following tasks:
• Users of synthetic round slings shall visually inspect all slings before each use.
• Annual inspection shall be made by a qualified inspector, and inspection records shall be
kept on file and readily available.
• When it is necessary to use a polyester or nylon round sling in a radiation area, the
responsible manager shall ensure that radiation exposure does not exceed 100,000 rad (1000
grays) during the life of the sling.
It is suggested that the sling be laid out in a well-lighted area and on a flat surface (table or
ground). From the OSHA standard 1910.184 [4,10], the inspection criteria are as follows:
Slings shall be removed from service if any of the following defects are visible:
• Acid or caustic burns
• Melting or charring of any part of the surface
• Snags, punctures, tears, cuts, or abrasive wear that expose the core yarns
• Broken or worn stitches in the cover that exposes the core yarns
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• Wear or elongation exceeding the amount recommended by the manufacturer

• Stretched, cracked, worn, pitted, or distorted fittings
• Knots in any part
• Missing or illegible sling identification
In addition to the criteria listed in the standard, the following are additional criteria [9] for
inspection:
• For slings with tell-tails, the strips should extend 1/2 inch (13 mm) past the tag area of each
sling. If both tell-tails are not 1/2 inch (13 mm) long or if they show evidence of chemical
degradation, then the sling should be removed from service. Figure 5-1 shows tell-tails that
are less than the required length.
Figure 5-1
Sling Tell-Tails
• Slings should be inspected for evidence of cutting or tearing of the outer cover. Sling covers
with cuts should be removed from service and sent back to the manufacturer for repair
evaluation. Damage to the cover can indicate core damage.
Figure 5-2 shows a damaged sling cover.
Figure 5-2
Damaged Sling Cover
(Unirope Company)
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• If the sling has a fiber optic cable inspection system installed, then shine a light on one of the
fibers. If the light shows through to the remaining fiber, then the core yarn is undamaged. If
the light does not shine through, then the core yarn has been damaged and the sling should be
removed from service. Figure 5-3 shows a fiber optic cable inspection.
Figure 5-3
Fiber Optic Testing
• Inspect slings for evidence of heat damage. Slings with polyester or Covermax® covers
should not be exposed to temperatures above 180°F (82°C). Aramid Sparkeater® Slings
should not be exposed to temperatures over 300°F (149°C). K-Spec Core slings should not be
exposed to temperatures above 180°F (82°C). Cold temperature exposure to -40°F (-40°C)
does not affect the strength of the products. Questions regarding other temperatures should be
referred to the manufacturer.

Observations from the sling inspection that should be recorded are:
• Damage, abrasion, wear and tear observed along length and webbing, or
on the inside portion of the eyes in eye and eye slings
• Stitching loosened in webbing or twin path slings
• Condition of tell-tails and fiber optic cable if available
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An example of a written record for sling inspections is given in Table 5-1.

Table 5-1
Sling Inspection Record [11]
Safety Inspection Record Card for Slings
Sling No:
Capacity (Safe Working Load):
Length:
Type: Round/Webbing/Twin-Path/Eye and Eye/Multi-Leg
Date Of Purchase:
Date Of Commissioning:
Department/Division:
Concerned Supervisor:
Safety In-Charge/Officer:
Date Length Damage/ Tell-tail Fiber/Optic Proof load Remarks

observation Abrasion length working? test? Y/N. If
stages (in mm) Y/N Yes mention
load.
5.4 Sling Damage
Figures 5-4 through 5-15 [12] show pictures of some of the sling damages discussed here.
Figure 5-4
Acid Burned Sling
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Figure 5-5
Melted Sling Material
Figure 5-6
Snagged Sling Material
Figure 5-7
Punctured Sling Material
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Figure 5-8
Abrasive Wear on Sling Material
Figure 5-9
Cut Yarn Sling Material
Figure 5-10
Damaged Yarn Sling Material
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Figure 5-11
Broken Stitches on Sling Material
Figure 5-12
Reversible Damage on Sling Material
Figure 5-13
Distorted Sling Hardware
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Figure 5-14
Knotted Sling Material
Figure 5-15
Embedded Material on Sling
5.5 Removal from Service Criteria
From the OSHA standard 1910.184 [4], the criteria for removing a sling from service are:
• Abnormal wear
• Powdered fiber between strands
• Broken or cut fibers
• Variations in the size or roundness of strands
• Discoloration or rotting
• Distortion of hardware in the sling
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From the DOE standard 1090-2001 Hoisting and Rigging, Section 11.3.6.1 [4,10], the criteria for
removing a sling from service are:
• Acid or caustic burns
• Melting or charring of any part of the surface
• Snags, punctures, tears, cuts, or abrasive wear that expose the core yarns
• Broken or worn stitches in the cover that expose the core yarns
• Wear or elongation that exceeds the amount recommended by manufacturers
• Stretched, cracked, worn, pitted, or distorted fittings
• Knots in any part
• Missing or illegible sling identification
Based on ASME B30.9 Slings [8], removal from service should occur if any of the following are
found:
• Missing or illegible round sling identification
• Melting or charring on any part of the round sling or fittings, including damage from weld
spatter
• Holes, tears, cuts, abrasive wear, or snags that expose the core yarns of the round sling
• Broken or worn stitching in the cover, which exposes the core yarns
• Fittings when damaged, stretched, cracked, worn, pitted, or distorted in any way
• Knots in any part of the sling
• Other conditions including visible damage that cause doubt as to the continued use of the
sling

When a sling has been removed from service, the sling should be removed
from any area where an employee would have access to the sling. These
slings should be totally destroyed or returned to the manufacturer for repairs
[13].

If any of the criteria from inspections reveal a condition noted in the
standards, then the sling should be removed from service. Sling inspectors
should never downgrade the workload limit of the sling after damage is
detected. The intent of the inspection criteria is to indicate a go or no go
situation. The sling is either acceptable for service or it is not.
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One of the primary reasons for premature sling retirement is the lack of
permanent information on the sling identification tag.
There are many different materials and just as many methods of encoding information on a sling
identification tag [13]. Regardless of the material or method, the issue of tag permanency is of
primary significance. Depending upon the applicable standards, basic information, such as the
material used in the construction of the sling and the workload limits for the respective hitches,
must be clearly legible.
The second most prevalent reason for removal of a sling from service is tears or cuts. The
effective sling inspector will not simply replace the damaged sling, but will recommend
employment of wear protection to prevent further damage to the replacement sling.
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REFERENCES
1. Dennis St. Germain, “A History of Roundslings,” Wire Rope and Sling Technology. June
1997. http://www.strider-resource.com
2. Michael J. Gelskey, Sr., “Safe Slings Parts 1-3,” International Cranes. June–September
1994.
3. Dennis St. Germain, “High Performance Slings and Fittings,” I & I Sling, Inc. December
1995. http://www.strider-resource.com
4. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. General Industry
Standards, Material Handling and Storage. 1910.184 Slings, March 7, 1996.
5. “Recommended Standard Specification for Twin-Path® Lifting Slings,” http://www.strider-

resource.com
6. “Lamco Synthetic Web Slings.” http://www.lamcoinc.com
7. Michael J. Gelskey Sr., “Warning: Do Not Ignore Tag, The Importance of Synthetic Sling
Tags,” Craneworks. January–February 2000.
8. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ASME), Standard B30.9c-2000 Slings.
9. “Twin Path and Synthetic Lifting Slings.” http://www.Unirope.com
10. U.S. Department of Energy. Hoisting and Rigging. Standard 1090-2001, Chapter 11 Wire
Rope and Slings, 2001.
11. “Slings.” http://www.slingset.com
12. Sling Inspection. http://www.lift-it.com
13. Michael J. Gelskey Sr., “Sling Safety,” Cranes Today. February 2001.
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STANDARDS
Information from three standards for the use and inspection of slings is given in this appendix.
The three standards are:
A. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1910.184
B. Department of Energy (DOE) 1090-2001
C. American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers

(ANSI/ASME) B30.9c-2000.
A. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),

General Industry Standards, Material Handling and Storage, 1910.184, Slings.
OSHA 1910.184 (c)

Safe Operating Practices. Whenever any sling is used, the following practices shall be observed:
C1. Slings that are damaged or defective shall not be used.
C2. Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
C3. Sling legs shall not be kinked.
C4. Slings shall not be loaded in excess of their rated capacities.
C5. Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.
C6. Slings shall be securely attached to their loads.
C7. Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads.
C8. Suspended loads shall be kept clear of all obstructions.
C9. All employees shall be kept clear of loads about to be lifted and of suspended loads.
C10. Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling
is being tightened around the load.
C11. Shock loading is prohibited.
C12. A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling.
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OSHA 1910.184 (d)
Inspections. Each day before being used, the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be
inspected for damage or defects by a competent person designated by the employer. Additional
inspections shall be performed during sling use, where service conditions warrant. Damaged or
defective slings shall be immediately removed from service.
OSHA 1910.184 (h) Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings
h2. Safe operating temperatures. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings, except for wet frozen
slings, may be used in a temperature range from minus 20ºF to plus 180ºF without decreasing the
working load limit. For operations outside this temperature range and for wet frozen slings, the
sling manufacturer’s recommendations shall be followed.
h5. Removal from service. Natural and synthetic fiber rope slings shall be immediately removed
from service if any of the following conditions are present:
h5i Abnormal wear
h5ii Powdered fiber between strands
h5iii Broken or cut fibers
h5iv Variations in the size or roundness of strands
h5v Discoloration or rotting
h5vi Distortion of hardware in the sling
OSHA 1910.184 (i) Synthetic web slings
(i)(1) Sling identification. Each sling shall be marked or coded to show the rated capacities for
each type of hitch and type of synthetic web material.
(i)(2) Webbing. Synthetic webbing shall be of uniform thickness and width and selvage edges
shall not be split from the webbing’s width.
(i)(3)(i) Fittings. Fittings shall be:

Of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the sling and
(i)(3)(ii) Free of all sharp edges that could in any way damage the webbing.
(i)(4)(i) Attachment of end fittings to webbing and formation of eyes. Stitching shall be the only
method used to attach end fittings to webbing and to form eyes. The thread shall be in an even
pattern and contain a sufficient number of stitches to develop the full breaking strength of the
sling.
(i)(5) Sling use. Synthetic web slings illustrated in Fig. N-184-6 (Basic Synthetic Web Sling
Constructions) shall not be used with loads in excess of the rated capacities specified in Tables
N-184-20 through N-184-22 (Synthetic Web Slings Rated Capacity). The tables and figure
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referred to in this standard are not duplicated in this report. The intent is to let you know that
this information can be found in the standard. Slings not included in these tables shall be used
only in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
(i)(6) Environmental conditions. When synthetic web slings are used, the following precautions
shall be taken:
(i)(6)(iii) Web slings with aluminum fittings shall not be used where fumes, vapors, sprays,
mists, or liquids of caustics are present.
OSHA 1910.184(i) (8) Repairs
(i)(8)(i) Synthetic web slings that are repaired shall not be used unless repaired by a sling
manufacturer or an equivalent entity.
(i)(8)(ii) Each repaired sling shall be proof tested by the manufacturer or equivalent entity to
twice the rated capacity prior to its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate of the
proof test and make it available for examination.
(i)(8)(iii) Slings, including webbing and fittings, which have been repaired in a temporary
manner shall not be used.
(i)(9) Removal from service. Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if
any of the following conditions are present:
(i)(9)(i) Acid or caustic burns
(i)(9)(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface
(i)(9)(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts
(i)(9)(iv) Broken or worn stitches or
(i)(9)(v) Distortion of fittings.
B. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD-1090-2001, Chapter 11 – Wire Rope and Slings
11.3.6 Synthetic Roundslings
a. Synthetic roundslings shall possess the following qualities:
1. Core yarn shall be of a synthetic fiber wound together on a plurality of turns for even
distribution of the load.
2. In chemically active environments the cover shall be the same type yarn as the load
bearing core.
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3. The thread used in the manufacture of a synthetic roundsling shall be of the same type
of material as the core.
4. Finishes and coatings shall be compatible with material of the core, cover, and thread
and not impair the performance of the roundsling.
b. Fittings shall be:
1. Of sufficient strength to sustain twice the rated capacity without permanent

deformation.
2. Of a minimum breaking strength equal to that of the roundsling.
3. Free of all sharp edges that would in any way damage the roundsling.
4. Compatible with the mechanical and environmental requirements imposed on the

roundsling.
c. The roundsling manufacturer should be consulted before roundslings are used in chemically
active environments.
d. Do not use polyester roundslings at temperatures in excess of 194°F (90°C) or temperatures

below -40°F (-40°C).
e. The design factor for synthetic roundslings shall be a minimum of 5:1 based on breaking
strength.
f. Rated capacities are affected by the type of hitch used and by the angle from the vertical when
used as multi-legged slings or in basket hitches. The sling manufacturer shall supply data on
these effects.
g. Despite their inherent toughness, synthetic roundslings can be cut by repeated use around
sharp-cornered objects. They eventually show signs of abrasion when they are repeatedly used to
hoist rough-surfaced products. There are, however, protective devices offered by most sling
manufacturers that minimize these effects.
h. Synthetic roundslings are available in a number of configurations.
i. The roundsling capacities listed in Table 11-16 are approximate only. The capacities are also
based on a 5:1 design factor and assume that the end fittings are of adequate strength.
11.3.6.1 Inspections
a. Users of synthetic roundslings shall visually inspect all slings before each use.
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b. Annual inspection shall be made by a qualified inspector, and inspection records shall be kept
on file and readily available.
c. When it is necessary to use a polyester or nylon roundsling in a radiation area, the responsible
manager shall ensure that radiation exposure does not exceed 100,000 rad during the life of the
sling.
d. Slings shall be removed from service if any of the following defects are visible:
1. Acid or caustic burns.
2. Melting or charring of any part of the surface.
3. Snags, punctures, tears, cuts, or abrasive wear that expose the core yarns.
4. Broken or worn stitches in the cover that exposes the core yarns.
5. Wear or elongation exceeding the amount recommended by the manufacturer.
6. Stretched, cracked, worn, pitted or distortion of fittings.
7. Knots in any part.
8. Missing or illegible sling identification.
A sample periodic inspection form is included as Exhibit V at the end of this section. This form
is intended to be a sample only and is not intended to be mandatory.
11.3.6.2 Proof-Testing
a. When specified by the purchaser, synthetic roundslings of all types shall be certified as having
been proof-tested prior to initial use.
1. The proof load for roundslings shall be 200 percent of the vertical rated capacity.
2. The proof load for multiple-leg roundslings shall be applied to the individual legs and
shall be 200 percent of the vertical rated capacity of the roundsling. Master links to
which multiple-leg roundslings are connected shall be proof-loaded to 200 percent
times the force applied by the combined legs.
b. Test loads shall be accurate to within -5 percent, +0 percent of stipulated values. Either
certification by the manufacturer or a pull test certified by a qualified person is acceptable.
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11.3.6.3 Operation
The following shall apply to all personnel who use roundslings:
a. Determine the weight of the load.
b. Select a sling having suitable characteristics for the type of load, hitch, and environment.
c. Ensure that slings with end fittings that are used in a choker hitch have sufficient length so that
the choking action is on the body of the sling.
d. In slings used in a basket hitch, balance the load to prevent slippage.
e. Do not drag slings across the floor or over any abrasive surface.
f. Do not twist or tie slings into knots.
g. Protect slings from being cut by sharp corners, sharp edges, and highly abrasive surfaces.
h. Do not pull slings from under loads when a load is resting on a sling.
i. Do not use roundslings to lift loads in excess of the rated capacity, properly derated for other
than straight-pull configuration.
j. Store roundslings to prevent mechanical or chemical damage.
k. Personnel should never stand in line with or next to a roundsling that is under tension.
l. If extreme temperatures are involved, ensure the guidance in 11.3.6.d is followed.
m. Do not allow the load, hook, or any fitting to constrict, bunch, or pinch roundslings.
n. Ensure that roundslings are not used as bridles on suspended personnel platforms.
o. For multiple leg roundslings used with non-symmetrical loads, an analysis should be
performed by a qualified person to prevent overloading of any leg.
p. Ensure that each sling is permanently marked to show:
1. Name or trademark of manufacturer.
2. Manufacturer’s code or stock number.
3. Rated capacity for types of hitches used.
4. Type of core material and cover material if different from core material.
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Note: Slings may be marked with a serial number or other identifying number that can be used to
determine capacity in situations where it becomes impossible to mark the sling as described
above due to security classification of the loads to be lifted or for other valid reasons approved
by the responsible manager.
q. Ensure that roundslings are marked with the inspection due date. This information may be
stenciled or stamped on a metal tag affixed to the sling.
11.3.6.4 Critical Lifts
See Chapter 2, “Critical Lifts”, for critical lift requirements. (Chapter 2 is contained in the
standard and not in this report.)
a. Synthetic roundslings used for critical-lift service shall have an initial proof load test of 200
percent of the vertical rated capacity. If proof testing cannot be verified, the sling(s) shall be
proof tested before being used to make a critical lift.
b. The proof load for multiple-leg synthetic roundslings shall be applied to the individual legs
and shall be 200 percent of the vertical rated capacity of a single-leg sling.
c. Master links to which multiple-leg slings are connected shall be proof-loaded to 200 percent
multiplied by the force applied by the combined legs.
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Table 11-16
Load Capacity of Single-Leg Polyester Roundslings – Endless and Eye-to-Eye Type (Design Factor = 5:1)
Size Vertical (Note 2) Choker Basket or 2-leg 60° Basket 45° Basket 30° Basket
(Note 1) lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg lb kg
1 2,600 1,200 2,100 950 5,200 2,350 4,500 2,050 3,700 1,700 2,600 1,200
2 5,300 2,400 4,200 1,900 10,600 4,800 9,300 4,150 7,500 3,400 5,300 2,400
3 6,400 3,800 6,700 3,050 16,800 7,600 14,500 6,600 11,900 5,400 6,400 3,800
4 10,600 4,800 8,500 3,850 21,200 9,600 18,400 8,350 15,000 6,800 10,600 4,800
5 13,200 6,000 10,600 4,800 26,400 11,950 22,900 10,400 18,700 8,500 13,200 6,000
6 16,800 7,600 13,400 6,100 33,600 15,250 29,100 13,200 23,800 10,800 16,800 7,600
7 21,200 9,600 17,000 7,700 42,400 19,250 36,700 16,650 30,000 13,600 21,200 9,600
8 25,000 11,350 20,000 9,050 50,000 22,700 43,300 19,650 35,400 16,050 25,000 11,350
9 31,000 14,050 24,800 11,250 62,000 28,100 53,700 24,350 43,800 19,850 31,000 14,050
10 40,000 18,150 32,000 14,500 80,000 36,300 69,300 31,450 56,600 25,650 40,000 18,150
11 53,000 24,050 42,400 19,250 106,000 48,050 91,800 41,650 74,900 33,950 53,000 24,050
12 66,000 29,950 52,800 23,950 132,000 59,850 114,300 51,850 93,300 42,300 66,000 29,950
13 90,000 40,800 72,000 32,650 180,000 81,650 155,900 70,700 127,300 57,750 90,000 40,800
(CFR 1910.184/ANSI/ASME B30.9)
NOTES:
1. Roundslings are identified by the vertical rated load shown on the tag. The size numbers in this column have been adopted by the Web Sling and Tie Down
Association to describe certain polyester roundslings. They are included for reference only. Other polyester roundslings may have different vertical rated loads.
2. Color guidelines for polyester roundsling covers are widely used to indicate the vertical rated load of roundslings; however, this is not followed by some
manufacturers. Always select and use roundslings by the rated load as shown on the tag, never by color.
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Exhibit V is intended to be a sample form only. The equipment manufacturer’s inspection/testing

criteria supercede any other criteria. In cases where the equipment manufacturer does not include
inspection/testing criteria, other forms developed to facilitate required inspection/testing are
acceptable.
Page 1 of 1
DOE-STD-1090-2001
EXHIBIT V
(SAMPLE FORM)
RIGGING TACKLE PERIODIC INSPECTION

(SYNTHETIC WEB AND ROUND SLINGS)
INSPECTOR ___________________________ INSPECTION DATE_______________
NOTES: 1. Proof test to 200% of rated capacity to certify new equipment procured without
manufacturer’s certification. Test loads shall be accurate to within -5%, + 0% of the stipulated
values.
2. Qualified inspector shall witness all steps below.
Synthetic web slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following
conditions are present that would give doubt to the integrity of the sling:
_________a. Acid or caustic burns
_________b. Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface
_________c. Snags, punctures, tears, or cuts
_________d. Broken or worn stitches
_________e. Distortion of fittings
_________f. Wear or elongation exceeding manufacturer’s recommendation.
TYPE: Web Sling________________________________________________________
SIZE: (Length, Diameter, Etc.)_________________Capacity (SWL) ________________
REMARKS:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
QUALIFIED INSPECTOR______________________________DATE ______________
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C. ANSI/ASME B30.9c-2000 – Section 9-6.8: Inspection Removal and Repair
Section 9-6.8: Inspection, Removal and Repair
9-6.8.1 Inspection Classification

(a) Initial Inspection. Prior to use, all new, altered, modified, or repaired roundslings shall be
inspected by a designated person to verify compliance with the applicable provisions in
this volume.
(b) Regular Inspection. Procedure for roundslings in regular inspection is divided into two
general classifications based upon the interval at which inspection should be performed.
The intervals in turn are dependent upon the degree of exposure of the roundsling
components to wear and deterioration. The two general classifications are herein
designated as frequent and periodic, with respective intervals between inspections as
defined below.
(1) Frequent Inspection. Visual examinations by the user or other designated

personnel (records not required).
(a) Normal service – daily when in use
(b) Severe service – each use
(c) Special or infrequent service – as recommended by a qualified person before
and not after each occurrence
(2) Periodic Inspection. Visual inspection by a designated person making a record of

the inspection or of apparent conditions to provide the basis for a continuing
evaluation.
(a) Normal service – daily when in use
(b) Severe service – each use
(c) Special or infrequent service – as recommended by a qualified person before
and after each occurrence
9-6.8.2 Inspection Records. Written inspection records utilizing the identification for each
roundsling as established by the user should be kept on file. These records should show a
description of the new roundsling and its condition on each periodic inspection.
9-6.8.3 Frequent Inspection. Roundslings shall be inspected for damage at intervals as defined
in Para. 9-6.89.1(b) (1). In addition, visual observations should be conducted during regular
service for any damage that appears between regular inspections. Any conditions, such as listed
in Para. 9-6.8.5, shall cause the roundsling to be set aside for periodic inspection.
9-6.8.4 Periodic Inspection. Complete inspections of the roundslings shall be performed at

intervals as defined in Para. 9-6.8.1(b) (2). Any conditions such as listed in Para. 9-6.8.5 shall be
examined and determination made as to whether they constitute a hazard.
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9-6.8.5 Removal Criteria. A roundsling shall be removed from service if damage such as the
following is visible:
(a) missing or illegible roundsling identification (see Section 9-6.5);

(b) melting or charring of any part of the roundsling or fittings including damage from weld
spatter;
(c) holes, tears, cuts, abrasive wear, or snags that expose the core yarns of the roundsling;
(d) broken or worn stitching in the cover which exposes the core yarns;
(e) fittings when damaged, stretched, cracked, worn, pitted, or distorted in any way;
(f) roundslings that are knotted
(g) other conditions including visible damage that cause doubt as to the continued use of the
roundsling.
9-6.8.6 Repairs
(a) Temporary repairs of either roundslings or fittings shall not be permitted.
(b) There shall be no repairs of load bearing yarns or fittings.
(c) Repairs to protective covers shall be done only by a roundsling manufacturer or a qualified
person.
(d) When repaired, a roundsling shall be marked to identify the repair agent.
(e) Repaired roundslings shall be proof tested to two times the vertical rated load before being
put back into service.
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued NUREG-0612 “Control of Heavy Loads at
Nuclear Power Plants” in July 1980. By Generic Letters dated December 22, 1980 and February
3, 1981, all nuclear utilities were requested to evaluate their plants against the guidance of
NUREG-0612 and to provide their submittals in two parts: Phase I (six month response) and
Phase II (nine month response). Phase I responses were to address Section 5.1.1 of NUREG-
0612 that covers the following areas: 1. ….. 6. Lifting devices that are not specifically designed
should be installed and used in accordance with the guidelines of ANSI/ASME B30.9 standard.
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POP OUT SUMMARY
The following list provides the location of the key pop out information in this report.

Denotes information that requires personnel action or consideration in order
to prevent injury or damage or ease completion of the task.
Section Page Key Point

1.3 1-4 The lighter weight of the sling is a major advantage in the handling of the sling
by workers. Lighter slings reduce the risk of back and hand injuries during
rigging. Also, lighter slings minimize the need for auxiliary equipment like
forklift trucks and small cranes to position the sling.
1.3 1-5 The storage of slings in chemical-free environments is essential. Fiber slings
can be damaged when subjected to ultraviolet light. The covers protect the
slings from sunlight damage. Another limitation is exposure to temperatures
over 180°F (82°C). A special cover is needed if the temperature is higher than
180°F (82°C). The temperature limitation on the sling is 300°F (149°C).
3.3 3-6 Sling tags and labels are critically important to the sling user and
manufacturer. They contain information that is not only mandated by law, but
necessary for proper use and protection. Tags are also a significant
component of an effective sling safety program. The sling tag must contain
the information required by OSHA 1910.184. The two requirements are:
• Capacities for all hitches to be used

• Material used in construction of the sling
3.3 3-6 The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard B30.9c-2000 Slings [8] states that
each sling should be marked to show:
• Name or trademark of manufacturer

• Manufacturer’s code or stock number
• Rated load for types of hitches and the angle upon which it is based
• Core material
• Cover material, if different from core material
5.0 5-1 From ANSI/ASME B30.9c-2000 Slings [8], there are three types of sling
inspection: initial, frequent, and periodic. A specific procedure for the
inspection of synthetic slings is recommended to protect against sling damage
and abuse.
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5.3 5-4 Observations from the sling inspection that should be recorded are:
• Damage, abrasion, wear and tear observed along length and webbing, or
on the inside portion of the eyes in eye and eye slings
• Stitching loosened in webbing or twin path slings
• Condition of tell-tails and fiber optic cable if available
5.5 5-10 When a sling has been removed from service, the sling should be removed
from any area where an employee would have access to the sling. These
slings should be totally destroyed or returned to the manufacturer for repairs
[13].
5.5 5-10 If any of the criteria from inspections reveal a condition noted in the
standards, then the sling should be removed from service. Sling inspectors
should never downgrade the workload limit of the sling after damage is
detected. The intent of the inspection criteria is to indicate a go or no go
situation. The sling is either acceptable for service or it is not.
5.5 5-11 One of the primary reasons for premature sling retirement is the lack of
permanent information on the sling identification tag.
Key O&M Cost Point

Emphasizes information that will result in reduced purchase, operating, or
maintenance costs.

1.3 1-6 The initial cost of high-performance slings is higher than that of steel rope
slings.
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Key Technical Point

Targets information that will lead to improved equipment reliability.

1.3 1-5 Slings must be protected from cutting and abrasion by wear protection. The
edge of the load does not have to be razor sharp to cause damage. The
combination of a moderately sharp edge and movement of the sling across
the load can result in failure. Snags and punctures are another form of
structural damage of fiber slings. Wear pads are added to slings to protect
from cutting, snags, and punctures.
1.3 1-6 Contact or application temperature that results from friction as the sling
adjusts to the load can produce severe damage to the sling. Friction
temperatures can be reduced by adapting the rigging to limit sling travel
across the load.
4.5 4-6 The ANSI/ASME standard B30.9c-2000 Slings [8] states that horizontal
angles less than 30° should not be used for synthetic round slings.
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Guidelines For Using Synthetic Slings For Lifting and Rigging

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Guidelines For Using Synthetic Slings For Lifting and Rigging

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Guidelines for Using Synthetic Slings

for Lifting and Rigging

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M AT E the Wrapping Material.

FOSSIL & NUCLEAR STEAM TURBINE GENERATORS

Final Report, January 2003

EPRI Project Manager

(A) MAKES ANY WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION WHATSOEVER, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, (I)

(B) ASSUMES RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHATSOEVER

ORGANIZATION(S) THAT PREPARED THIS DOCUMENT

This report was prepared by

Nuclear Steam Turbine Generator Initiative (NSTI)

This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.

3 DESCRIPTION OF SLINGS ...................................................................................................3-1

4 LIFTING AND RIGGING BASIC PRACTICES.......................................................................4-1

5 INSPECTION AND REMOVAL OF SLINGS ..........................................................................5-1

B POP OUT SUMMARY........................................................................................................... B-1

Figure 1-1 Endless Round Sling ................................................................................................1-3

Figure 5-8 Abrasive Wear on Sling Material ..............................................................................5-7

Table 3-1 Fiber Properties Comparison.....................................................................................3-9

1.1 Pop Outs

Key Human Performance Point

Key O&M Cost Point

Key Technical Point

1.2 History of Sling Development

Figure 1-1 shows an example of an endless round sling.

Some of the disadvantages are:

Key Human Performance Point

Some of the disadvantages of the high-performance slings are:

Key Technical Point

Key Human Performance Point

Key Technical Point

Key O&M Cost Point

Designated person – A person selected or assigned by an employer or an employer’s

Elongation – The measurement of stretch, expressed as a percentage of the finished length.

A round sling is composed of high-performance fibers. High-performance fibers have a mass

This section covers the following topics:

3.1 Types of Synthetic Web Slings

Figure 3-11 shows pictures of a single- and double-leg web sling.

3.2 Wear Protection

A picture of sling wear protection items is shown in Figure 3-12.

3.3 Sling Tags

Key Human Performance Point

Key Human Performance Point

3.4 Fiber Properties

K-Spec – These fibers [9] are a specialty high-performance combination of high-density

In moderate to strong acid or alkali environments, evaluation of aramids should be made to

Nylon Polyester Nomex/Aramid K-Spec

Specific Gravity 1.14 1.38 1.44 1.1

Ability to Float Sinks Sinks Sinks Sinks (slow)

Stretch at Break 16–20% 10–12% 3.6% 3.6%

Stretch at WLL 6–10% 3–4% > 1% > 1%

Melts at 235ºC Melts at 480ºC Chars at 430ºC Chars at 150ºC

Melts before Melts before Melts before

4.1 Personnel Training

Person-In-Charge – The person-in-charge shall have the necessary knowledge of and

Lifting and Rigging Basic Practices

Maintenance Personnel – Employees who perform maintenance activities on equipment

Lifting and Rigging Basic Practices

4.2 Lift Classification

Each lift can be classified as:

4.3 Basic Hitches

Lifting and Rigging Basic Practices