A Possible Andean Influence in Central Mexico

Author(s): Charles R. Wicke and Maudie Bullington

Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Apr., 1960), pp. 603-605
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/276645
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 FACTS AND COMMENTS

HOUGH,
HOUGH,WALTER
WALTER WHEAT,
WHEAT, J.J.
B. B.
1919 Exploration of a Pithouse Village at Luna, New Mexico. 1954
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Crooked Ridge
Ridge
Village
Village
(Ariz. (Ariz.
W: 10: W:
15). 1
U
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MARTIN, P. S. Tucson, Ariz.

1940 The SU Site: Excavations at a Mogollon Village, Western July, 1959
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1943 The SU Site: Excavations at a Mogollon Village, Western A POSSIBLE ANDEAN INFLUEN
New Mexico: Second Season, 1941. Field Museum of Na-
tural History, Anthropological Series, Vol. 32, No. 2. IN CENTRAL MEXICO
Chicago.

MARTIN, P. S. AND J. B. RINALDO CHARLES R. WICKE AND MAUDIE BULLI

1947 The SU Site: Excavations at a Mogollon Village, West-
ern New Mexico: Third Season, 1946. Field Museum of
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Chicago. Mesoamerican styles but with striking par
1950b Sites of the Reserve Phase, Pine Lawn Valley, Western Peruvian Andes.
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MARTIN, P. S., J. B. RINALDO, AND ERNST ANTEVS

1949 Cochise and Mogollon Sites, Pine Lawn Valley, Western
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MARTIN, P. S., J. B. RINALDO, AND E. A. BLUHM

1954 Caves of the Reserve Area. Chicago Natural History
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MARTIN, P. S., J. B. RINALDO, E. A. BLUHM, H. C. CUTLER, AND

ROGER GRANGE, JR.
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1938 Starkweather Ruin: A Mogollon-Pueblo Site in the
Upper Gila Area of New Mexico, and Affiliative Aspects
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chaeology. Anthropology Tomorrow, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.
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1945 The San Simon Branch: Excavations at Cave Creek and
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WASLEY, W. W.
1959 Cultural Implications of Style Trends in Southwestern
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WENDORF, FRED All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms
1953 Archaeological Studies in the Petrified Forest National
604 AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [VOL. 25, No. 4,

THE RELIEFS DESCRIBED HERE represent an art

style which, to our knowledge, has never been described
in the literature of Mesoamerican archaeology. Fur-
thermore it seems impossible to associate it with any
known Mesoamerican sculptural style. The isolated lo-
cation of the reliefs in southwestern State of Mexico near
the Guerrero border has certainly contributed to their
obscurity. The area lies 12 km. south of Tejupilco,
Mexico, at the Hacienda de Guadalupe (also called
Hacienda de la Pancha). At the invitation of Sra. Es-
peranza Castillo, we visited the Hacienda in May, 1959.
The surrounding zone was seen to contain a considerable
number of mounds.
Figure 1 shows a stone that stood partially buried
beside a mound that had been partly destroyed by
treasure hunters. We were told by natives of the re-
gion that this slab was encountered along with two
others like it on the facing of the mound. The latter
now lie buried beneath the rubble of adobe bricks that
were pulled out of the fill. The visible stone measures
126 by 96 by 20 cm. and corresponds to Type C of Figure
4. About 1.5 km. to the east a similar, though larger
stone (Fig. 2) was observed lying face up on a rise of
land that appeared to be a mound. It measures 161 by
124 by 43 cm. and is Type A of Figure 4. A similar slab
is said to exist nearby, but we were unable to locate it.
In the town of Iztapan del Oro, some 3 km. south-
FIG. 3 [Wicke and Bullington]. Sculptured
west of the Hacienda de Guadalupe, three more reliefs
were encountered which belong to the complex. They ated in a buttress of the church at Izta
are now incorporated as building stones in the structure
of the village church and surely must hav
from the zone surrounding the Hacienda. The
in Figure 3 serves as a part of a buttress of th
It is exactly the same size as that of Figure 2
belongs to Type A of Figure 4. Another corre
to Type C of Figure 4 was noted in a wall and
of simpler design was also used in a buttress
If we look for precolumbian parallels, nothi
from Mesoamerica offers comparison. In the
Andes, however, a somewhat similar relief sty
Examples are found in the Cuzco region, o
Huarocondo Gorge (Ubbelohde-Doering 1954,
and another at the "Bafio de la SJust'a" or "Bath o
Princess" near Ollantaytambo (Bingham 1916
sio del Pomar 1949: 160; Ubbelohde-Doering
In considering the possibility of Peruvian

in sTo..
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b
 FACTS AND COMMENTS 605

should
should bebe
kept
kept
in mind
in mind
that Iztapan
that del
Iztapan
Oro, Mexico, isWolfe,
del Oro, Wolfe, and
and Clisby
Mexico, Clisby(1954)
is (1954)and
and
Clisby
Clisbyand
and
Sears
Sears
(1955)
(1955)
near
nearPlaceres
Placeres
de Oro,
de Oro,
Guerrero,
Guerrero,
where reliefs
where exhibiting
reliefsidentified
identified fossil
exhibitingfossilpollen
pollenfrom
from Mexico
MexicoCity
City
cores
cores
as that
as that
the Chavin style have been found (Covarrubias 1957, of corn.
corn. Such
Suchpollen
pollenwas
wasfound
foundtoto
a depth
a depth
of of
69 69
to 70
to 70
Fig. 50). m. and may be as old as the Iowan advance of the

BINGHAM, HIRAM
1916 Further Explorations in the Land of the Incas. National
Geographic Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 431-73. Wash-
ington.
CASSIO DEL POMAR, FELIPE
1949 Arrte del Peru precolombino. Fondo de Cultura Eco-
n6mica, Mexico and Buenos Aires.
COVARRUBIAS, MIGUEL
1957 Indian Art of Mexico and Central America. Knopf,
New York.
UBBELOHDE-DOERING, HEINRICH
1941 Auf den Konigstrassen der Inka: Reisen und Forschungen
in Peru. Verlag Ernst Wasmuth, Berlin.
1954 The Art of Ancient Peru. Praeger, New York.
MEXICO CITY COLLEGE
Mexico, D. F.
HOUSTON, TEX.
October, 1959
RELIABILITY OF IDENTIFICATION OF the 16 environments. Pollen from each plant was ace-
FOSSIL POLLEN AS CORN* tolyzed (Erdtman 1943) and mounted in glycerin jelly.
Measurements, in microns, were made of the long axis
EDWIN B. KURTZ, JR., HENRY TUCKER,
and the diameter of the pore (including the annulus)
AND JAMES L. LIVERMAN
ABSTRACT
On the basis of present methods of identification of
corn pollen, 30% of the pollen collected from maize
plants grown under a wide range of environments was
misclassified as Tripsacum and teosinte. The results
show that the characters used to describe corn pollen
are too variable to permit reliable identification of fossil
pollen as corn.
THE FINDING of large fossil grass pollen resembling analysis of the two populations represented by these two
corn pollen in archaeological and palynological sites has
been of great interest to those concerned with the an-
thropological aspects of corn. Nevertheless, because of
the great variability of size and the lack of characters to
distinguish between corn pollen and pollen of certain
grasses, it has long been realized that it is difficult to
determine with any degree of reliability that a fossil
pollen grain is corn. Some workers have used size only
Wisconsin ice sheet. This evidence has been used by
Mangelsdorf (1958) to support his conclusion that the
ancestor of corn is corn and not teosinte.
There is evidence, however, which suggests only
limited reliability of identification of corn pollen on the
basis of the size or the axis/pore ratio. This evidence has
been obtained from an analysis of pollen produced by
corn plants grown under a wide range of controlled
environments in the Earhart Plant Research Laboratory,
California Institute of Technology (Went 1957). Corn
(Zea mays, Bikini out-crossed) was grown in eight com-
binations of day and night temperatures ranging from
14? to 30? C. Four plants were grown in each of the
eight environments. These plants were watered daily.
Four other plants in each of the eight environments were
water-stressed; that is, these plants received water and
mineral nutrients only when they were severely wilted.
Sufficient pollen for analysis was collected from each
plant in 11 of the treatments and from three plants in
two treatments. Thus pollen was collected from 13 of
of 10 pollen grains from each plant.
Various statistical analyses were made of the measure-
ments and they will be presented elsewhere. Of partic-
ular importance here is the frequency distribution of the
axis/pore ratio values for the 500 pollen grains observed
(Table 1). A comparison of these values with those
of Barghoorn, Wolfe, and Clisby (1954) shows approxi-
mately the same range for each set of data, but the
results of the present study have a higher proportion of
values in the lower range of axis/pore ratios. Statistical
TABLE 1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE AXIS/PORE RATIO OF CORN
POLLEN FROM PLANTS GROWN IN THIRTEEN DIFFERENT
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS.
Axis/Pore Number of Pollen
Ratio Grains
4.8 or less 7
5.0 11
5.2 29

to identify corn pollen (Anderson 1955). Barghoorn, 5.4 47

5.6 59
Wolfe, and Clisby (1954) introduced a new character
5.8 49
for identification, the axis/pore ratio. This ratio, which 6.0 64
represents the length (in microns.) of the long axis of the 6.2 42
pollen grain divided by the diameter (in microns) of 6.4 45
6.6 51
the pore and the surrounding thickened ring or annulus,
6.8 31
was used to differentiate pollen of Tripsacum, teosinte, 7.0 25
and corn. Thus the approximate axis/pore ratios of these 7.2 9
pollen grains are 4.0, 5.4, and 6.1, respectively. It was 7.4 11
7.6 10
mainly on the basis of these ratios that Barghoorn, 7.8 9
8.0 or more 1
*Contribution from the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station,
Technical Paper, No. 554. Mean for 500 grains: 6.12

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