Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Updates For UPSC & Other Competitive Exams

PILLAR #4AB: Sectors of Economy- Agri, Mfg, Services

Contents
40 🥜🥜Pillar#4A: Sectors of Economy- Agriculture .......................................................................................... 135
40.1 What is already covered in Past Series: 4A-AGRO ......................................................................... 135
40.1.1 Win20: already covered Following in 4A .................................................................................... 135
40.1.2 Win21: already covered Following in 4A-Agro .......................................................................... 136
40.1.3 🥜🥜Pillar#4A: Sectors of Economy- Agriculture ........................................................................ 137
40.1.4 🏆🏆Agri Production Numbers/GK: India is _ _ _ . ..................................................................... 137
40.1.5 🕵🕵🏼🏼🌽🌽 [Yearbook-Info] Ministries and Departments ............................................................. 138
40.1.6 🌱🌱🌱🌱Agriculture-Inputs ............................................................................................................ 139
40.1.7 🌱🌱🌱🌱Agri-Input → Seeds → Genetically modified (GM) crops........................................... 139
40.1.8 🌱🌱🌱🌱Agri-Input → Seeds → Landraces (जमीनी प्रजा�त क� फ़सले/बीज) ........................................ 139
40.1.9 ☔Agri-Input → Water (irrigation) – Budget 2022 .................................................................. 140
40.1.10 � Prevent urea overuse→ Nano-Urea- suggested by📙📙📙📙ES22 ..................................... 140
40.1.11 🌽🌽🌽🌽☣ AGRI INPUTS → No chemicals: PKVY (2015) → (BPKP-2021) ................... 140
40.1.12 🌽🌽🌽🌽☣ AGRI INPUTS → No chemicals: 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 kya bolaa? .................... 141
40.1.13 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri Inputs → Farm Mechanization: new initiatives? ...................................... 141
40.2 🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri-Output → ...................................................................................................................... 141
40.2.1 🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-OUTPUT → Biomass Pellets ............................................................................... 142
40.3 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽AGRI-SELLING →3 Farm Laws withdrawn ......................................................... 142
40.3.1 ⚖�🛒🛒:👋👋👋👋 Farm Laws Repeal ka Criticism ................................................................... 143
40.3.2 ⚖�🛒🛒: ✍🏻🏻Conclusion : 3 Farm laws withdrawn (�न�षर्)...................................................... 143
40.4 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽AGRI-SELLING → FARMER’S INCOME: SAS SURVEY DATA ...................... 144
40.5 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-SELLING → Crop Diversification via MSP ............................................... 145
40.5.1 📙📙📙📙ES22: Crop Diversification: by higher MSP (फ़सल �व�वधीकरण- उ� �ूनतम समथर्न मू� द्वारा). 146
40.5.2 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Crop Diversification: CDP program (2013)...................................................... 146
40.5.3 🌽🌽🌽📦📦📦📦 FCI & PDS & NFSA ............................................................................................. 147
40.6 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅AGRI-SELLING: FOOD INFLATION FOR CONSUMERS....................................... 147
40.6.1 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅Seasonality in Onion-Tomatoes ................................................................................ 148
40.6.2 🍅🍅↘🤯🤯 Agro-Selling→ Deflation → Sugar mills’ problem ................................................... 149
40.6.3 🍅🍅↘🤯🤯 Agro-Selling→ Deflation → Sugar Subsidy & WTO order...................................... 150
40.6.4 🍤🍤🍤🍤 Fish Selling → Shaphari certification for aquaculture exports (MPEDA, 2021) ....... 150
40.7 🌽🌽 AGRI → RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................. 150
40.7.1 🤝🤝 Global Cooperation: International Years of Millets ............................................................ 151
40.7.2 ✍ Agriculture-Conclusion (�न�षर्) ............................................................................................ 151
41 �Pillar4B: sectors of Economy: MFG, Startup-IPR, PLI, EoD, MSME-Textile .................................... 152
41.1 What is already covered in Past Series: 4B- Mfg, Service Sector.................................................... 152

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 134
 41.1.1 Win20: already covered Following in 4B-Mfg & Services ......................................................... 152
41.1.2 Win21: already covered Following in 4B-Mfg & Services ........................................................ 153
41.2 �Mfg & Services: Industrial policy and LPG reforms ................................................................. 155
41.3 ⛸🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑 Circular Economy (प�रक्रामी अथर्�व�ा) ............................................................................. 155
41.3.1 🏭🏭 Circular Economy: Business Models ............................................................................... 156
41.4 🏄🏄 EODB 2.0 in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 (�ापार सुगमता का दू सरा चरण) ..................................................... 157
41.4.1 🏄🏄⚖: International Arbitration Centre @GIFT city - in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 ...................... 157
41.5 👶👶👶👶 Mfg & Services → 👘👘Textile ............................................................................................. 157
41.6 👶👶👶👶 Mfg & Services → MSME → Ministry ............................................................................. 158
41.6.1 MSME ko time pe payment – promises 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 ..................................................... 159
41.6.2 👶👶👶👶👶👶👶👶👶👶 Public Procurement → GeM Portal is bahut Mahaan says 📙📙📙📙ES22
160
41.6.3 🛒🛒🛒🛒Public Procurement → Various Models – L1, QCBS, SSS- in 📙📙📙📙ES22 ................. 160
41.6.4 Sunrise sector in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 (सूय�दय �ेत्र: जहाँ तेज़ वृ�द्ध क� सं भावना) .................................... 160
41.6.5 📙📙📙📙ES22: Electronics is META-Resource ............................................................................... 160
41.6.6 📙📙📙📙ES22: Startups, Service Sector & ka bol-bachchan ........................................................... 161
41.6.7 📙📙📙📙ES22: Patent approval process very slow in India ............................................................ 161
41.6.8 PARAKH Laboratory Network (2021) ........................................................................................ 162
41.7 �📡📡MRUNAL’S ECONOMY COURSE FOR UPSC PRELIMS & MAINS ................................. 162

40 🥜🥜PILLAR#4A: SECTORS OF ECONOMY- AGRICULTURE

40.1 WHAT IS ALREADY COVERED IN PAST SERIES: 4A-AGRO
�न� चीज़� हम पहले ही पढ़ चुके ह�. आपने नहीं पढ़ा तो उसम� से देख लेना
40.1.1 Win20: already covered Following in 4A👇👇
LINKs to Previous Video Lectures at https://mrunal.org/download

⇒ 🕵🕵🏼🏼🌽🌽 [Yearbook-Info] Agro Ministry

⇒ 🕵🕵🏼🏼🐮🐮🐮🐮 [Yearbook-Info] Ministry for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
⇒ � �Agri-Input → Seeds → � Pepsi vs Potato Farmers
⇒ 🌧🌧 �Agri-Input → Water (Irrigation: �सच
ं ाई)
⇒ � 🌧🌧 � [Yearbook] Water related Ministries and Departments
⇒ 🌧🌧 � � Water Schemes → Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019-July)
⇒ 🌧🌧 � � Water Schemes → Jal Jeevan Mission (2019-Aug)
⇒ 🌧🌧 � � Water Schemes → ATAL Bhujal Yojana (=ATAL JAL) (2019-Dec)
⇒ � � Agri-Input → Water → Composite Water Management Index
⇒ � � � Agri Inputs → Don’t use chemicals → PKVY (2015)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 135
⇒ � � � �Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF: शू� बजट प्राकृ �तक खेती)
⇒ � � � Organic farming & ZBNF → Limitations? (मयार्दा/चुनौ�तया)
⇒ � � � Conclusion: Organic farming / ZBNF
⇒ � �Agri-Selling → APMC (कृ �षगत उ�ाद �वपणन स�म�त)
⇒ �Model APMC Act?
⇒ � � � � Agro Ordinance#1 → APMC Ordinance 2020
⇒ � � � � � � � Agro Ordinance#2 → Contract farming Ordinance 2020-June
⇒ � � � � � �: FCI’s Buffer Stock Problem (बफर भं डार)
⇒ � � � �: � Agri-Selling: Storage and Transport
⇒ � � �Food Inflation due to Cobweb cycle � � � �
⇒ � � �: � Food Inflation → Essential Commodities Act
⇒ � � � � � �Agro Ordinance#3 → ECA Ordinance 2020
⇒ � � Agriculture Production & Processing → Other Schemes
⇒ � � � � � � Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (2020-Jul)
⇒ � � � � Atma-Nirbhar: ”Op Green” expanded to all fruits & veggies
⇒ � � � � Atma-Nirbhar: Food Enterprises promotion (खाद्य उद्यमों को बढ़ावा)
⇒ � Sectors → Agro Allied: → Animal husbandry (पशुपालन)
⇒ � � � Livestock Census (पशुधन क� जनगणना)
⇒ � � Agro Allied: Animal husbandry → SCHEMES
⇒ � �: ES2019: Focus on Small Ruminants
⇒ � � � � �Atma-Nirbhar: Dairy cooperatives (दु�ालय सहकारी स�म�तयां)
⇒ �Agro Allied: Fisheries → Blue revolution (म� → नीली क्रां�त)
⇒ � � � �Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (2020)
⇒ � Global Cooperation: Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
⇒ � Global Cooperation: Misc. → SAARC Food Bank (2007)
⇒ � Global Cooperation: Misc. → International Grains Council (London)
40.1.2 Win21: already covered Following in 4A-Agro👇👇
LINKs to Previous Video Lectures at https://mrunal.org/download

⇒ �Sectors of Economy: Agriculture & Cooperatives

⇒ � �Cooperative societies Meaning, Types & New Ministry
⇒ 🕵🕵🏼🏼 � � [Yearbook-Info] Cooperative Ministry
⇒ � �Benefits of setting up New Ministry
⇒ � �Challenges against New Ministry (नए मं त्रालय के सामने चुनौ�तयां)
⇒ 🌧🌧 �Agri-Input → Water (Irrigation: �संचाई)
⇒ 🌧🌧 � � Water Schemes → Jal Jeevan Mission (Rural) (2021-Budget)
⇒ � � �Agri-Selling: food inflation for consumers

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 136
⇒ � � �: �: � �ES21 how to control onion inflation?
⇒ 🏝🏝🏝🏝🏝🏝Edible oil ki New Scheme (NMEO-OP: 2021-Aug)
⇒ � �World Food Prize [�व� खाद्य पुर�ार]

40.2 🥜🥜PILLAR#4A: SECTORS OF ECONOMY- AGRICULTURE

Agriculture & allied sectors 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019- 2020- 2021-
(livestock, forestry, fishing) -15 -16 -17 -18 -19 20 21 22
Annual Growth Rate (%) -0.2 0.6% 6.8% 6.6% 2.6% 4.3% 3.6% 3.9%
- Within Agriculture & Allied sector: Highest production (money-wise)= Crops > Livestock >
Forestry > Fishing. (कृ �ष पर सं ल� �ेत्रों म� सबसे �ादा उ�ादन कहा से होता है)
- For more on GDP&GVA calculation- REF: �Pillar#4C.

40.3 🏆🏆AGRI PRODUCTION NUMBERS/GK: INDIA IS _ _ _ (AS PER ES22).

 �Milk: #1 Producer (more than 1/5th of world milk supply)
 �Vegetable Oil: #1 importer India. (वन��त तेल म� दु�नया का सबसे बड़ा आयातकतार् भारत है)
 �Sugar: #2 producer. #1 consumer. (श�र म� दु�नया का दू सरा सबसे बड़ा �नमार्ता और पहेला सबसे बड़ा उपभो�ा)
 �Fisheries: #2 producer. 28 million Indians working. Exports earning ₹40,000+ cr per year
 �Eggs: #3 Producer, Meat: #8 Producer

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 137
40.4 🕵🕵🏼🏼🌽🌽 [YEARBOOK-INFO] MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 138
40.5 🌱🌱🌱🌱AGRICULTURE-INPUTS

40.5.1 🌱🌱🌱🌱Agri-Input → Seeds → Genetically modified (GM) crops

40.5.2 🌱🌱🌱🌱Agri-Input → Seeds → Landraces (जमीनी प्रजा�त क� फ़सले/बीज)

− Hybrid crops are created by scientists artificially in the labs.
− Whereas, “Landraces” are naturally occurring variants of commonly cultivated crops. (फ़सलो क�
ज़मीनी प्रजा�तयाँ -�जसे प्रयोगशाला म� नहीं बनाया, ब�� प्राकृ �तक �प से उद्भव �आ)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 139
− Landraces are climate resultant, may contain better quality of nutrients. (एसे ज़मीनी प्रजातीयाजलवायु
प�रवतर्न के �ख़लाफ़ िटकाऊ उ�� �ादा पोषक द्र� होते है)
− 2021-Padma-Shree given to Rahibai Popere for conservation of landraces. She’s nicknamed
‘Seedmother’, hails from Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. (महारा�� िक रिहबाइ को पद्मश्री)

40.5.3 ☔Agri-Input → Water (irrigation) – Budget 2022

⇒ � �Budget-2022:- Funding for river interlinking: Ken-Betwa, Damanganga-Pinjal, Godavari-
Krishna, Krishna-Pennar, Pennar-Cauvery and Par-Tapi-Narmada (although Par-Tapi-
Narmada dropped due to public protest) (इन निदयों को आपस म� जोड़ने के �लए नए बजट म� कु छ बात� क� गई)
⇒ Encourage pulses cultivation in the drought prone areas. अकाल प्रभा�वत �व�ार म� दालों क� खेती

40.5.4 � Prevent urea overuse→ Nano-Urea- suggested by📙📙📙📙ES22

� �ES22: We should encourage Nano Urea To protect soil & ⏫fertiliser efficiency

Parameters �Normal ‘powder/solid’ Urea �Nano-Urea

Qty required for 1 acre 90 kilogram 500 ml
Price ₹500+ ₹240 per bottle (By IFFCO#)
#
IFFCO- Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO)- claims to be first company in the world to
produce liquid Nano urea in 2021.

40.5.5 🌽🌽🌽🌽☣ AGRI INPUTS → No chemicals: PKVY (2015) → (BPKP-2021)

⇒ 2020: Agri ministry launched Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Padhati (BPKP) as a sub-scheme of
Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) (उप-योजना के �प म� शु� िकया)
⇒ helps farmers with natural farming (don’t use chemicals), biomass recycling, cow dung-urine
manure, and exclusion of all synthetic chemical inputs. (प्राकृ �तक खेती, बायोमास पुननर्वीनीकरण, गोबर-मूत्र से
खाद, और सभी कृ �त्रम रासाय�नक आदानों का बिह�ार।)
⇒ BPKP gives ₹12,200 / hectare financial support every 3 years. (�व�ीय सहायता दी जाती है।)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 140
 � �FAQ: How is BPKP similar/different than PKVY – it seems to be like old wine new bottle?
Ans. Not important. To show-off to media, govts usually launch new scheme with same objective.
We need to prepare 2-3 lines & move to next topic.

40.5.6 🌽🌽🌽🌽☣ AGRI INPUTS → No chemicals: 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 kya bolaa?

- � �Budget-2022:- Chemical-free Natural Farming will be promoted esp on farmers’ lands in
5-km wide corridors along river Ganga (गं गा नदी के 5 िकलोमीटर इलाके म� रसायन मु� प्राकृ �तक खेती बाड़ी को
प्रो�ाहन िदया जाएगा)
- � �Budget-2022:- SC/ST farmers to be given funding for agro forestry. Agro forestry is
integrating trees with crops and animals e.g. Bamboo & Oil-Palm trees in farm land. (अनुसू�चत
जा�त और जनजा�त के िकसानों को एग्रोफोरे��ी के �लए पैसा द�गे).

40.5.7 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Agri Inputs → Farm Mechanization: new initiatives?

⇒ 📯📯 Agri Ministry launched Mobile App called FARMS (Farm Machinery Solutions) for farm
machinery renting.
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- ‘Kisan Drones’ for crop assessment, digitization of land records, spraying
of insecticides, and nutrients. (फसल �नरी�ण, जमीन द�ावेजों को िड�जटल बनाना, िकट-नाशक दवाई तथा पोषक-त�ों
के �छड़काव के �लए "िकसान ड�ोन" को प्रो�ाहन द�ग)े

40.6 🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-OUTPUT

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 141
40.6.1 🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-OUTPUT → Biomass Pellets
⇒ (Intro: Origin) Every year during Sept-October, farmers of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh burn
the paddy stubble & residue which are leftover from previous cropping season. Burning clears
the farm land for sowing wheat for next cropping season. (अगले मौसम म� गे�ं उगाने के �लए फसल-अवशेष/
पराली जलाना)
⇒ Result? Thick smog, air pollution, particulate matter (PM 2.5) in Delhi.
⇒ Thermal power plants to use crop residues with coal. (तापीय ऊजार्) → Budget 2022 announced use
of 5-7% biomass pellets in thermal power plants.

40.7 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽AGRI-SELLING →3 FARM LAWS WITHDRAWN

What were those 3 farm laws? Ans. Explained in Win20 series. ( �Unlock Free content with Code:
'Mrunal.org') https://unacademy.com/course/mrunals-win20csp-economy-pillar4a-agriculture-
apmc-ordinance-etc/BQ2BJ8XL

2021-Dec: Union government announced to repeal the 3 farm laws. 1) The Farmers Produce Trade
and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020 - for APMC Reforms 2) The Farmers
(Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance & Farm Services Act, 2020 for
contract farming; 3) The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020, for giving relief to food
processing companies. [१) APMC मं डी, २) अनुबंध खेती और ३) आव�क व�ु अ�ध�नयम म� सुधार के �लए जो तीन क़ानून
बनाएँ थे, उ�� वापस �लया /रद्द िकया, �ोंिक ]

⇒ �) Govt was unable to convince the farmers. (िकसान-प्रदशर्न, सरकार उ�� मनाने म� नाकामयाब रही।)
⇒ Non-stop farmer protests at Singhu border at Delhi-Haryana. Traffic-jam problem for other
citizens. Incidents of mob lynching. (आंदोलन के चलते यातायात/प�रवहन पर असर. �भड़ द्वारा लोगों का वध)
⇒ �) farm laws were suspended/dead from 2021-Jan: because Supreme Court had stayed farm
laws implementation “until further orders” (वैसे भी सुप्रीम कोटर् ने इन क़ानूनों को ��गत ही कर िदया)
⇒ �) the present farmer protests were preventing government from doing other set of reforms in
agriculture such as urea subsidy electricity subsidy etc. (सरदार यू�रया स��डी, �बजली स��डी म� सुधार करना
चाहती थी लेिकन इन कानूनों के �वरोध क� आग म� वो काम भी अटक गया था)
⇒ �) protesting farm leaders were demanding a new law to make MSP a legal right, similar to the
National Food Security Act. but this is financially difficult for the union government. But now
the protesters will return to their homes so farm leaders will not be able continue the protests for
MSP-legal right in an effective manner. (आंदोलनकारी िकसानों �ूनतम समथर्न मू� को क़ानूनन अ�धकार बनाने क�
माँग कर रहे थे, लेिकन पैसों क� िक़�त के चलते सरकार के �लए वो करना सं भव नहीं है।)
😥😥 Unofficial reasons: keeping farmers happy before upcoming State Vidhan Sabha elections in UP
and Punjab.

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 142
40.7.1 ⚖�🛒🛒:👋👋👋👋 Farm Laws Repeal ka Criticism
Agriculture economist Dr. Ashok Gulati argues that govt’s decision to repeal 3 farm laws was
unnecessary because: (सरकार ने इन क़ानूनों को रद निह करना चािहए था �ोंिक)

− These laws would have helped in

o �creating one nation one market for barrier-free trade in agriculture (बाधाओं से मु� रा��ीय
कृ �ष बाजार का �नमार्ण )
o � �private investment, competition in the agriculture sector (�नवेश और �धार् को प्रो�ाहन)
o �doubling farmers’ income. (िकसानों क� आय दुगनी करने म� मदद )
− all farmers of entire India were not against the farm law reforms. Only a few vested interests were
protesting against it. Govt unnecessarily surrendered for electoral politics. (पूरे भारत वषर् के सभी
िकसान तो इसका �वरोध नहीं कर रहे थे। सरकार �सफ़र् चु�नंदा आंदोलनका�रयों के सामने चुनावी समीकरणो के डर से झक
ु गयी)
− � Cropping patterns will remain skewed in favour of rice and wheat, resulting in subsidy
burden, ground water exploration, crop-stubble burning & air pollution. (अब वही सब पुरानी गे�ं चावल
क� खेती बाड़ी होती रहेगी, स��डी का बोझ, भुजल का दु�पयोग, पराली जलाने पर वायु प्रदू षण होते रहेगा)
− � Farmer will be continued to be exploited at the hand of APMC traders. Consumers will
continue to suffer from food inflation from middlemen commissions. (मं डी के दलालों दवारा िकसानों का
शोषण जारी रहेगा ग्राहकों के �लए खाद्य पदाथ� महँ गे ही रह�गे।)

40.7.2 ⚖�🛒🛒: ✍🏻🏻Conclusion : 3 Farm laws withdrawn (�न�षर्)

👳👳🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏Successive union govts tried to convince the state govts to implement the model laws
for reforming APMC mandis & Contract farming sector viz.
⇒ 2017: Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing Act 2017 (APLM: मॉडल कृ �ष उपज और
पशुधन �वपणन) covering both Agro commodities as well as livestock, fisheries and poultry.
⇒ 2018: Model Contract Farming Act, 2018 → (concurrent list) → aims to protect farmers
engaged in contract farming
But such model laws were not adopted uniformly across all the states of India. (उ�रो�र समय म� बनी क� द्र
सरकारों ने रा�ों को आदशर् कृ �ष कानून लागू करने के �लए मनाने क� को�शश क�, लेिकन असफल.)

�Coronavirus → economic slowdown → forced union government to implement farm

⇒ �
reforms at a faster pace. (कोरोना-आ�थक मं दी ने क� द्र सरकार को ज�ी से कृ �ष सुधार लागू करने के �लए मजबूर िकया)
⇒ But sadly the govt was unable to convince a section of farmers and contain their protests.
Ultimately, Govt has repealed the laws, for preventing further complications in law and public
order. (हालाँिक िकसानों के एक वगर् को मनाने म� सरकार असफल रही। और उनके लगातार आंदोलनो के चलते क़ानून �व�ा क�
सम�ाऑ को देखते �ए, सरकार ने है इन कृ �ष-सुधार क़ानूनों को रद्द िकया.)
⇒ Process of economic reforms has to be more consultative, more transparent to the potential
beneficiaries. It takes patience and humility to implement reforms. (भ�व� म� कृ �ष सुधार और आ�थक
सुधार से पहले सरकार ने �ादा लोगों का �व�ास-स�ादन करना चािहए, धैयर् और �वनम्रता से कायर् करना ।)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 143
⇒ In future, BJP-ruled States’ govts may reform their State-APMC laws. Once those BJP-states do it
(and their local farmers benefit from it), then seeing their example-case study, the other states
will do it sooner or later. (हालाँिक भ�व� म� BJP शा�सत रा� सरकार� अपने कृ �ष क़ानूनो म� सुधार कर सकती है, और वहाँ
के िकसानो को लाभ होगा उसे देखकर अ� रा�ों पर भी दबाव बनेगा िक वे भी ऐसे कृ �ष-क़ानून सुधार करे।)

40.8 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽AGRI-SELLING → FARMER’S INCOME: SAS SURVEY DATA

⇒ Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) of agricultural households conducted by the Ministry of

Statistics & Programme Implementation (MOSPI)→ National Statistical Office (NSO). ���त
आकलन सव��ण
⇒ Latest Report covers timeframe of 2019. It was published in 2021. Notable Findings →
⇒ agriculture household monthly income has ⏫ from ₹ 6426 (in 2014) to ₹ 10218 (2019) (एक
भारतीय िकसानप प�रवार क� औसत आमदनी मु��ल से 10,000 �पये प्र�तमाह है).
Highest monthly incomes of farming families Lowest monthly incomes of farming families:
− Meghalaya (Rs 29,348) − Jharkhand (Rs 4,895)
− Punjab (Rs 26,701) − Odisha (Rs 5,112)
− Haryana (Rs 22,841) − West Bengal (Rs 6,762)
⇒ fragmentation of land holding has ⏫. Average size of a farm reduced from 0.725 hectare
(2003) to 0.512 ht (2019) (ज़मीन का भी खं डन हो रहा है. खेत क� औसत आकार कम हो रही है.)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 144
40.9 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 AGRI-SELLING → CROP DIVERSIFICATION VIA MSP

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 145
40.9.1 📙📙📙📙ES22: Crop Diversification: by higher MSP (फ़सल �व�वधीकरण- उ� �ूनतम समथर्न मू� द्वारा)
Critiques argue that due to MSP policies, farmers are encouraged to grow mostly sugarcane, rice and
wheat, which creates �1) water shortage � 2) supply-shortage of other crops. (सरकार क� �ूनतम
समथर्न मू� नी�तयों के चलते �ादातर िकसान ग�ा-गे�ं-चावल लगाना पसं द करते ह� �जससे पानी क� बबार्दी, अ� फसलों क� िक़�त
होती है.)

⇒ So, to encourage crop diversification, govt is giving MSP @more than 50% of Cost Price for
certain crops e.g. mustard (100%), Masur (70+%), barley (60%) (इस�लए सरकार ने कु छ फसलों पर िकसान
क� लागत ख़चर् के ऊपर 50% से भी अ�धक एमएसपी जारी िकया है)

⇒ Benefits? - �1) crop diversification. �

2) water & soil conservation �3) improve farmers
income. � 4) self-sufficiency in pulses and oilseeds → inflation control, food security.

40.9.2 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Crop Diversification: CDP program (2013)

2013: Agri Ministry’s Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): Sub-scheme- Crops Diversification
Programme (CDP) to →

 To ⏬ rice cultivation in the original green revolution states viz. Punjab, Haryana, Western UP
 To ⏬ tobacco cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka etc
 under this scheme, govt helps farmers to shift towards less water requiring crops such as oilseeds,
pulses, coarse cereals, , cotton, etc (चावल और त�ाकू के िकसानों को सरकार मदद करती है अ� फ़सल लगाने म�)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 146
40.9.3 🌽🌽🌽📦📦📦📦 FCI & PDS & NFSA

40.10🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅AGRI-SELLING: FOOD INFLATION FOR CONSUMERS

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 147
40.10.1 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅Seasonality in Onion-Tomatoes

�ES22 observed
� Onion
� Tomato
�
70% grown during Rabi season Rabi season
Transplantation (फ़सल बोना) December-January October-February
Harvest (फ़सल काटना) By May By June

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 148
 �ES22 observed
� �Onion Tomato
�
Affected by weather/climate in Maharashtra, Karnataka Punjab, UP, HP, Haryana,
South India
Thus, if drought / cyclone / excess rain / pest attack in above months → huge supply shortage &
inflation.

40.10.2 🍅🍅↘🤯🤯 Agro-Selling→ Deflation → Sugar mills’ problem

- Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is the minimum price decided by union govt at which
sugarcane is to be purchased by sugar mills from farmers. (क� द्र सरकार द्वारा �नधार्�रत एफ़आरपी वो �ूनतम
दाम है �जस पर चीनी �मलमा�लक ने िकसान से ग�ा ख़रीदना होगा)
- Some State govts may announce State Advised Price (SAP) at levels higher than FRP.
- Cane Reservation Area: sugar mills must buy sugarcane from farmers within a specified radius.
This is to protect the sugarcane farmer from cheap sugarcane import from States. (“ग�ा आर��त
�व�ार” यानी चीनी �मल मा�लक ने अपनी फे �री के इदर्-�गदर् के एक �नधार्�रत �व�ार के िकसानो से ही ग�ा ख़रीदना होगा।)
- In recent Years, Bumper production of sugarcane in India and Brazil → ⏫supply → ⏬ global
sugar prices → but to keep Indian farmers happy Govt did not reduce FRP. Infact, FRP has
doubled in 10 years. (उ�ादन म� बढ़ोतरी को �व� बाज़ार म� श�र के दाम �गर गए लेिकन िकसानों को ख़ुश करने के �लए
�पछले 10 सालों म� भारत सरकार ग�े के समथर्न मू� को दुगना िकया)

- Mill-owners’ arrears to farmers (i.e. previous payment not cleared yet.) (सरकार द्वारा �नधार्�रत दामों पर
चीनी/श�र �मलमा�लकों ने िकसानों से ग�ा ख़रीदा होता है लेिकन हाल के वष� म� बाज़ार म� चीनी स�ी हो गयी लेिकन िकसानो को
खुश रखने के �लए सरकार ग�े के दाम बढ़ाती रही, इस�लए चीनी/श�र �मल-मा�लक िकसानो का बकाया पैसा चुका निह पा रहे)

Then govt doing following to help the sugar mill owners, in following ways:
- Soft loan / cheap loans to sugar mill owners in the arrears to farmers.

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 149
- Finance Ministry imposed 100% customs duty on imported sugar & 0% custom duty on export
of sugar to help Indian sugar mills.(आया�तत चीनी पर 100% सीमा शु�, �नयार्त चीनी पर 0% सीमा शु�)
- Subsidy to sugar exporters

40.10.3 🍅🍅↘🤯🤯 Agro-Selling→ Deflation → Sugar Subsidy & WTO order

2019: Australia, Brazil and Guatemala complained to WTO that
- Indian Govt’s subsidies/soft-loans/tariff barriers to sugar sector led to excess supply & "reduced"
global prices so their local industry is hurt. (भारत सरकार द्वारा ग�ा-चीनी उद्योग को स��डी और कराधान द्वारा जो
प्रो�ाहन िदया गया है उससे �व� बाज़ार म� चीनी के दाम �गर गए ह� और ब्राज़ील, ऑ��े�लया, �ाटेमाला के चीनी उद्योग को नुकसान
�आ है ऐसी �शकायत उ�ोंने �व� �ापार सं गठन म� क� गई है)
- While WTO’s Agreement on agriculture (AoA)’s “Peace-Clause” allows Indian govt to give
food-subsidies (More in 📑📑Pillar#3B: WTO) but such exemption is meant for ‘food security’ of
its own Indians. But sugar export subsides/taxation is going beyond the scope of food-security.
(हालाँिक शां�त-धारा के अंतगर्त भारत सरकार को �व� �ापार सं गठन ने अंधाँधून खाद्य स��डी देने क� छू ट दी थी, लेिकन वो छू ट
�सफ़र् भारतीय लोगों क� खाद्य सुर�ा के �लए थी। चीनी �नयार्त पर भारत के कदम, उस छू ट के दायरे से बाहर है)
- 2021: WTO ordered Indian govt to stop its sugar subsidies. Indian Commerce ministry said that
WTO judgement is “completely unacceptable” to India, and we’ll appeal against it. (�व� �ापार
सं गठन ने भारत को अपनी चीनी-स��डी बं द करने का आदेश िदया है। हालाँिक भारत सरकार इसके �ख़लाफ़ अपील म� जाएगी।)

40.10.4 🍤🍤🍤🍤 Fish Selling → Shaphari certification for aquaculture exports (MPEDA, 2021)
‘Shaphari’= Sanksrit for superior quality of fishery products suitable for human consumption.

⇒ 2021: Marine Products Exports Development Authority (MPEDA, a statutory body under
Commerce Ministry) has developed a Shaphari certification scheme for aquaculture (e.g. fish,
shrimp etc), based on United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization’s technical guidelines.
⇒ If an Indian aquaculture farmer/company gets this certificate = means his shrimp/fish etc. are
free of harmful chemicals/pesticides/antibiotics. (प्रमाणपत्र क� मछली-झींगा म� जहरीले रसायन नहीं)

40.11🌽🌽 🔬🔬AGRI → RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

⇒ Presently agriculture research funding is <1% of GDP. We need to increase it.
⇒ 📙📙📙📙ES22 observed that every rupee spent on agricultural research and development, yields
much better returns (11.2), compared to every rupee spent on fertiliser subsidy (0.88), power
subsidy (0.79), education (0.97) or on roads (1.10). (कृ �ष-सं शोधन म� ख़चर् िकया गया प्र�ेक �पया हम� 11 गुना
फ़ायदा करा सकता है, िक�ु सरकार िकसानों को ख़ुश रखने के �लए यू�रया स��डी, �बजली स��डी इ�ािद पर �ादा पैसा ख़चर् करती
है जो वा�व म� 11 गुना फ़ायदा या उ�ादन म� बढ़ोतरी नहीं दे पाता।)
⇒ � �Budget-2022:- revise syllabus of agricultural universities for natural, zero-budget and
organic farming, modern-day agriculture, value addition and management. (कृ �ष �व��वद्यालयों के
अ�ासक्रम को नवीनतम िकया जाएगा। �जसम� प्राकृ �तक खेती, मू�वधर्न इ�ािद पर जोर िदया जाएगा)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 150
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- we will involve startups and PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP in Agri
R&D (कृ षी सं शोधन नवाचार म� �ाटर्अप और सावर्ज�नक �नजी भागीदारी क� मदद ली जाएगी)

40.11.1 🤝🤝 Global Cooperation: International Years of Millets

⇒ United Nations (UN) announced 2023 to be International Years of Millets
⇒ so � �Budget-2022 also announced that we’ll promote millets

40.11.2 ✍ Agriculture-Conclusion (�न�षर्)

 Agriculture is the largest sector of Indian economy in terms of number of people employed. For
their income security, as well as entire India’s food & nutritional security, we’ve to focus on
improving soil, irrigation, seed, fertilizers, market reforms etc. <insert name of x y z> scheme is
important in that regard. (रोजगार के िहसाब से कृ �ष भारत का सबसे बड़ा �ेत्र है. िकसानो क� आय, तथा भारत क� खाद्य,
ं ाई, बीज, उवर्रक और बाजार म� सुधार ज�री)
पोषण सुर�ा के �लए जमीन, �सच
 And / or to double the farmers income, we’ve to focus on Horticulture / Floriculture / Fisheries /
Animal Husbandry / Poultry / Food Processing / Extension Services and therefore addressing
aforementioned <insert name of > challenges is need of the hour.

 📑📑Next Part: Pillar4B: Sectors of Economy → MFG, Services MSME,

Make/Assemble in India etc.

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 151
41 �PILLAR4B: SECTORS OF ECONOMY: MFG, STARTUP-IPR, PLI,
EOD, MSME-TEXTILE

41.1 WHAT IS ALREADY COVERED IN PAST SERIES: 4B- MFG, SERVICE SECTOR
�न� चीज़� हम पहले ही पढ़ चुके ह�. आपने नहीं पढ़ा तो उसम� से देख लेना

41.1.1 Win20: already covered Following in 4B-Mfg & Services👇👇

LINKs to Previous Video Lectures at https://mrunal.org/download

⇒ � �: � � � Mfg: Assemble in India (अस�बल इन इं िडया)

⇒ � � Mfg & Services → Startup India (2016)
⇒ � �: � (Full) Budget-2019 on Start-ups
⇒ � �: � Budget-2020 on Start-ups
⇒ � � Startup: Misc Terms and trends
⇒ � � Startup: Factors affecting new firms creation ( � �ES20)
⇒ � � → Quantum Technology (�ांटम प्रौद्यो�गक�) 2020
⇒ �Mfg & Services → Intellectual Property Rights
⇒ �IPR → Patents → What can’t be Patented?
⇒ � �Patent pools (पेटंटो का समूहीकरण)
⇒ � �Atma-Nirbhar IPR → YUKTI 2.0
⇒ � IPR Index → NITI’s India Innovation Index (भारत नवाचार सूचकांक)
� IPR Index → International
⇒ �
⇒ Sectors: Ease of Doing Business Report
⇒ � �ES20 Vol1ch6 on Ease of Doing Biz in India: observed
⇒ � �Pro-Business vs Pro-Crony, � �ES20Vol1Ch3
⇒ � � �Cronyism: Related Party Transaction (RPT: सं बं�धत प�ों से लेनदेन)
⇒ � �: � �Cronyism: Economist David Ricardo & Rent Seeking
⇒ �🗃🗃🗃🗃Crony Capitalism and SENSEX’s 30 companies
⇒ � � Pro-business vs Pro-Crony Policies
⇒ � � Ease of doing Biz → Judicial Reforms: �ा�यक सुधार
⇒ � �: � � Suggested reforms#1: recruit more judges (�ायाधीशों क� भत�)
⇒ � �: � � Suggested reforms#2: Create a new Judicial Administrative Service

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 152
⇒ � �: 🗓🗓🗓🗓 Suggested reforms#3: Increase courts’ working days
⇒ � �: � � Suggested reforms#4: E-governance, ICT-Technology
⇒ � � Homework: Read ES19 Vol1 Ch5- Judicial Reforms
⇒ � � �Transparency International → Corruption Perceptions Index 2019
⇒ � � Minimum Wages (�ूनतम वेतन)
⇒ � � � Minimum Wages Act : problems (�ूनतम मजदू री अ�ध�नयम 1948)
⇒ � � Minimum Wage Reform: Anoop Satpathy Committee (2019)
⇒ � � � Minimum Wages → Code on Wages 2019 (वेतन कोड/ सं िहता)
⇒ � � � Code on Wages 2019 →Salient Features (figures not IMP)
⇒ � � ES19 on Minimum Wages reforms (2019)
⇒ � � Homework: Read ES19 Vol1 Ch11- Minimum Wages
⇒ � � � � �EoD → Corona: Suspension of Labour Laws?
⇒ � � �Corona Suspension Labour laws: Union says NO!!
⇒ � � � DON'T punish employers if they can't pay full salaries- SC
⇒ � � � Banking = Public Utility Service (सावर्ज�नक उपयो�गता सेवा)
⇒ � � Mfg & Services → MSME → Ministry
⇒ � � � ATMANI: MSME Definition Changed by Government
⇒ � � � � � MSME → Atma-Nirbhar Funding/Schemes (2020, Corona)
⇒ � � � � � Atma-Nirbhar-MSME: CHAMPIONS WebPortal (2020-May)
⇒ � � �↘ � � ES19: MSME dwarfism shd be discouraged (बौनापन)
⇒ � � Homework: Read ES19 Vol1 Ch3- MSME
⇒ � Mfg → Bodies for quality standards
⇒ �: � BIS & Gold Hallmarking
⇒ � Commerce Ministry → Not-Statutory → NPC (1958)
⇒ � Health ministry→ Statutory → FSSAI (2006)
⇒ � Power Ministry → Statutory → BEE (2001-02)
⇒ � � Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (उपभो�ा सं र�ण)

41.1.2 Win21: already covered Following in 4B-Mfg & Services 👇👇

LINKs to Previous Video Lectures at https://mrunal.org/download

⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 Sectors: Ease of doing business in India

⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 ES21: Over regulation in India
⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 Overregulation & Uncertainty (अ�त �नयमन तथा अ�न��तता)
⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 Overregulation: Way Forward- TORA Act
⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 Overregulation Solution: Doctrine of Business Judgment Rule
⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 Overregulation Solution: ‘Minimum Government and Maximum Governance’:
⇒ 🕵🕵🕵🕵 Overregulation Solution: Tribunals Reforms Ordinance, 2021-April

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 153
⇒ � �EoD → Ease of Doing Business Report by World Bank
⇒ � �EoD → Indian States’ EoD: BRAP Ranking 2020
⇒ � �EoD → Economic Freedom of the World (2020, Sept)
⇒ � � �: � �Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI)
⇒ �PLI Scheme Benefits?
⇒ �India can be "pharmacy of the world" says � �ES21
⇒ � � IPR → Pvt sector not spending enough ₹₹ on R&D
⇒ � � Number of patents filed by a resident of a given country
⇒ � � Gross domestic expenditure on Research & Development (GERD)
⇒ � � IPR → Notable Schemes: YUKTI and KAPILA
⇒ � � IPR → Indices & Rankings
⇒ � � IPR Index → Global Innovation Index (GII: वै��क नवीनीकरण सूचकांक)
⇒ � Index → Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) by WEF
⇒ � Index → World Competitiveness Report
⇒ � Index → NITI’s India Innovation Index (भारत नवाचार सूचकांक)
⇒ � � � Textile Ministry → MITRA PARKS
⇒ � �MSME: RAMP programme by World Bank
⇒ � �MSME Exporters: Ubharte Sitaare Programme (USP: 2021-Aug)
⇒ 🗺🗺One District One Product (ODOP: 2021)
⇒ �Hallmarking of gold and silver
Sectors of Economy → Knowledge Economy
⇒ �
⇒ � �Service Sector: IT & BPM
⇒ � �Other Service Provider (OSP) guidelines of the Department of Telecom.
⇒ � � �: Knowledge economy of India: Threats/Challenges
⇒ �E-Commerce: Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 154
41.2 �MFG & SERVICES: INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND LPG REFORMS

41.3 ⛸🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑🗑 CIRCULAR ECONOMY (प�रक्रामी अथर्�व�ा)

 (Definition) A circular economy is an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use,

dispose). In circular economy, resources are kept in use for as long as possible, the maximum
value is extracted from them, and ultimately waste is recovered and regenerated in the end.
पारंप�रक-रै�खक-अथर्�व�ा से �वपरीत यहा प�रक्रामी-अथर्�व�ा मे सं साधनो के पुननर्वीनीकरण पे �ादा �ान िदया जाता है।
 (Origin) 2019: NITI Aayog proposed ‘Circular Economy and resources efficiency in India’.
 (DATA) Circular Economy in EU is expected to create savings of €600 billion for EU businesses,
creation of additional 580,000 jobs and reduction of carbon emissions by 450 million tonnes by
2030. In India it can generate 1.4 crore jobs in next 5-7 years. रोजगार सृजन म� मदद

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41.3.1 🏭🏭 Circular Economy: Business Models

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 156
👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 announced to focus on electronic waste, end-of-life vehicles, hazardous
industrial waste for promoting circular economy

41.4 🏄🏄 EODB 2.0 IN 👜👜👜👜BUDGET-2022 (�ापार सुगमता का दू सरा चरण)

EODB 1.0 = So far, Govt removed nearly 1500 laws and 25,000 compliances

� �Budget-2022 announced Next phase of Ease of Doing Business (EODB 2.0). It’ll focus on →

 idea of ‘trust-based governance’. (�व�ास आधा�रत सरकार)

 digitisation of manual processes (मैनुअल प्रिक्रयाओं का िड�जटलीकरण)
 integration of the central and state-level systems through IT bridges (सूचना प्रौद्यो�गक� द्वारा क� द्र और रा�
सरकार क� प्रणा�लयों के बीच सेतु/पुल बनाना)
 citizen-centric services (नाग�रक-ल�� सेवाएँ )
 removal of overlapping compliances. (अनुपालनों का �थर् दोहराव हटाना)
 Crowdsourcing of suggestions (�यं सेवकों भीड़ द्वारा सुझावों को इकट्ठा करवाना)

41.4.1 🏄🏄⚖: International Arbitration Centre @GIFT city - in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022

⇒ Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution system to settle disputes outside the judiciary
courts, using an impartial third party. (“म��ता” = अदालत के बाहर एक तीसरे �न�� ��� क� मदद से �ववाद
हल का वैक��क तरीक़ा है )
⇒ Presently, for disputes involving foreign companies vs Indian Govt/Companies → they
approach Arbitration centres at Singapore, Netherland etc. . (जब भारत सरकार/भारतीय क��नयों का �वदेशी
कं प�नयों के साथ �ववाद हो जाए तो हम नीदरल�ड या �संगापुर के ऐसे म��ता क� द्रों म� जाते ह�)
⇒ � �Budget-2022: - An International Arbitration Centre will be set up in the GIFT City for
timely settlement of disputes under international jurisprudence. (ऐसा एक अंतररा��ीय म��ता क� द्र →
भारत क� �गफ़्ट �सटी म� भी बनाया जाएगा।)
41.5 👶👶👶👶 MFG & SERVICES → 👘👘TEXTILE

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 157
41.6 👶👶👶👶 MFG & SERVICES → MSME → MINISTRY

NOTE: in above image, please read "<" sign as "NOT MORE THAN (से अ�धक नहीं)

Investment: �नवेश annual turnover: वा�षक कारोबार

MSME-Type No. of Units (2022-January)

Micro 62 lakhs

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 158
 MSME-Type No. of Units (2022-January)
Small 3 lakh
Medium 34,000
Total MSME 66 lakh approx.

41.6.1 MSME ko time pe payment – promises 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022

- MSME Act, 2006 requires State Governments to establish Micro and Small Enterprise
Facilitation Council (MSEFC).
- If a buyer (Govt org @Union/State) is not paying money to MSME supplier within specified time
limit, then MSEFC can order him to pay money with interest rate.
- MSME Ministry’s ‘MSME SAMADHAAN’ webportal helps filing online complaint for delayed
payments. व� भी भुगतान नहीं हो रहा तो �शकायत
- 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: When MSME seller gives bill → 75% payment to be released within 10 days
by Govt. with Online bill tracking system
- 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022: - Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) programme with
help of World Bank.
- Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) for MSMEs- scheme extended with more
funding.
- Credit Guarantee Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) scheme will be revamped
with more funding.

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 159
41.6.2 👶👶👶👶👶👶👶👶👶👶 Public Procurement → GeM Portal is bahut Mahaan says 📙📙📙📙ES22
- Government e-Marketplace (GeM) is an online portal that helps Govt organizations at union,
state, PRI/ULB and PSUs to buy common use goods & services in transparent and efficient
manner e.g. pen, pencil, stationery. (क� द्र, रा� और �ानीय सं �ान ऑनलाइन खरीदी कर सके ऐसा पोटर्ल)
- Verified sellers list products in this portal→ Govt organizations buy it online from here. Ensures
transparency, efficiency, cost saving (compared to individual organization giving newspaper ads
inviting tenders).
- Boss? Commerce Ministry’s not-for-profit company named ‘GeM Special purpose vehicle
(SPV)’. (खास उद्दे� से बनाई गई कं पनी)
- SWAYATT is Commerce Ministry’s initiative to promote Start-ups, Women and Youth
entrepreneurs through GeM portal. (मिहला और नौजवान उद्य�मयों को इस पोटर्ल म� पं जीकृ त करना)
- � �ES22: Wrote a very lengthy case study-commentary on GEM Portal is ‘bahut-mahaan’
(very great). But for General Studies = Not very IMP. If Public Administration optional → Read
from Economic Survey 2021-22 (published in Jan-2022) Ch.02: Fiscal Development Page 73
onwards. (उसने लं बी कहानी तो �लखी है लेिकन मुझे परी�ा के �लए कु छ ख़ास मज़ा निह आया, �सवाय के लोक-प्रशासन आपका
वैक��क �वषय हो)

41.6.3 🛒🛒🛒🛒Public Procurement → Various Models – L1, QCBS, SSS- in 📙📙📙📙ES22 🎓🎓✋
- � �ES22: Wrote a very lengthy Case-Study/commentary on Methods of Public Procurement /
tenders: such as (1) Least Cost System (L1) (2) Quality-cum-Cost Based Selection (QCBS) (3)
Single Source Selection (SSS) etc. (सरकारी ख़रीद म� िकस ठे केदार का ट�डर पास िकया जाए उसके अलग अलग तरीक़े )
- But for GS = Not very IMP. If Public Administration optional → Read from Economic Survey
2021-22 (published in Jan-2022) Ch.02: Fiscal Development Page 76 onwards. (उसने लं बी कहानी तो
�लखी है लेिकन मुझे परी�ा के �लए कु छ ख़ास मज़ा निह आया, �सवाय के लोक-प्रशासन आपका वैक��क �वषय हो)

41.6.4 🌄🌄 Sunrise sector in 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022 (सूय�दय �ेत्र: जहाँ तेज़ वृ�द्ध क� सं भावना)
- A sunrise industry is a new business sector showing potential for rapid growth.

- � �Budget-2022: we’ll help following Sunrise Sectors: Artificial Intelligence, Geospatial Systems
and Drones, Semiconductor and its eco-system, Space Economy, Genomics and Pharmaceuticals,
Green Energy, and Clean Mobility Systems. (इन सब सूय�दय �ेत्रों को नया बजट मदद करेगा.)

41.6.5 📙📙📙📙ES22: 🎧🎧Electronics is META-Resource

⇒ Meta resources = are facilities that allow easier access to network-based resources in a defined
subject area. e.g. electronic devices that helps you read e-books, audiobooks, smartwatches for
GPS-tracking your cycling etc (नेटवकर् म� ��त सं साधनों को आसानी से इ�ेमाल िकया जा सके → उसम� मदद करने
वाली चीज़ को मेटा-सं साधन कहा जाता है। जैसे िक मोबाइल फ़ोन, �ाटर्-घड़ी इ�ािद)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 160
⇒ Electronics industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing industry and is increasingly
finding applications in all sectors of the economy. Electronics is recognised as meta resource-
says � �ES22.
⇒ Thus, electronics can help raising productivity, efficiency, social transformation and economic
development of a country. Government has done in appreciable step by doing XYZ
scheme/policy/reforms. (िकसी देश क� उ�ादकता, द�ता, सामा�जक प�रवतर्न और आ�थक �वकास को बढ़ाने म�
इले��ॉ�न� �ेत्र काफ़� मदद कर सकता है।)

41.6.6 📙📙📙📙ES22: Startups, Service Sector & ka bol-bachchan

⇒ � �ES22: Services sector a has mostly recovered from Corona Wave-1 (March-May 2020) and
Wave-2 (April-May 2021). However hotels, tourism, cinema etc’s growth still remains below its
pre-pandemic level. (हालाँिक सेवा �ेत्र कोरोना क� पहली लहर और दू सरी लहर से उबर चुका है, िक�ु अभी भी वहाँ वृ�द्ध दर
को महामारी के पहले के ज़माने क� वृ�द्ध दर के मुक़ाबले काफ़� कम है।)
⇒ � �ES22: Services sector contributes 74% of Chandigarh’s GDP output (highest), whereas
hardly 24% of Sikkim’s GDP output (lowest).
⇒ � �ES22: largest number of start-ups in the world: #1 USA, #2: China, #3: India. In India,
number of startups have ⏫⏫ from 700 (2016) to 14,000 (2021). Within them, 83 became
Unicorn in 2021. (दु�नया क� सबसे �ादा पं जीकृ त �ाटर्अप कं प�नयां अमे�रका चीन और भारत म�।)
o - Maharashtra has the highest number of recognised startups (11,000+).
o - Number of Unicorn start-ups: #1: USA (400+) > #2: China (300+) >#3 India: (80+) - as
of 2022- January.

41.6.7 📙📙📙📙ES22: Patent approval process very slow in India

� �ES22: Patent application approval process very slow in India- compared to USA, China, Japan.
We need to ⏫ patent examiners in India, simplify processes.

⇒ � Time taken to clear a patent application: � Japan (15 Months) < S. Korea (15.8 months) <
China (20 Months) < USA (20.8 Months) <…… < India (42 Months �) - as of Year 2020. (इस
प्रिक्रया म� �वदेशों के मुक़ाबले भारत म� ब�त देरी/�वल� होती है)
⇒ �
India does not have enough patent examiners: China (13,000+), USA (8000+), Japan
(1600+), � India (ONLY 615) - as of 2020. (�ोंिक भारत म� पयार्� मात्रा म� पेट�ट परी�कों क� िक़�त/कमी है)
⇒ � there is no legal/official time limit prescribed within which government authorities must
approve or reject a patent. So it depends on the efficiency/lazyness of an official. (िकतने िदनों के भीतर
पेट�ट अज़� को बहाल या ख़ा�रज करना है- क� कोई क़ानूनन/आ�धका�रक तय-समय सीमा नहीं है। वो अफ़सर िकतना मेहनती या
आलसी ह� इस पर �नभर्र है।)

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 161
41.6.8 💻💻🕸🕸🔬🔬PARAKH Laboratory Network (2021)

Boss? Commerce ministry → DPIIT.

− �
− “PARAKH” online portal contains the directory & GPS-addresses of government approved
public sector and private sector laboratories. → entrepreneur can approach those labs for
getting the necessary testing-certificates. e.g. ISI mark, Gold-hallmarking, FSSAI food-safety tests
etc. (परख- एक ऑनलाइन िडरे�री है जहाँ सरकारी मा�ता प्रा� प्रयोगशालाओं क� सूची/एड�ेस िदए है। तािक उद्योगप�त इन
प्रयोगशालाओं म� अपने उ�ादों को भेजके ज़�री प्रमाणपत्र/स�टिफ़के ट/मानक हा�सल कर सके ।)

41.7 �📡📡MRUNAL’S ECONOMY COURSE FOR UPSC PRELIMS & MAINS

🕰🕰Course Timing (कब होगी �ास)
⇒ Live classes @9PM Night
⇒ so even working professionals &
home makers can attend
⇒ Recording available, if class missed
⇒ Access via Mobile, Tablet, Laptop!
⇒ Weekly Quiz with RANKING
💬💬Course Medium (मा�म)
⇒ Teaching: English + Hindi
⇒ PPT & PDF: English. With important terminologies in Hindi to save time of
vernacular medium mains-candidates
⇒ 🔖🔖Coupon Code: Mrunal.org for 10% discount🤩🤩
URL
⇒ 📡📡Registration Link: https://unacademy.com/@mrunal.org

Next Handout: Pillar4CDE: GDP, Inflation, Unemployment

Mrunal’s Economy Win22 Series Pillar#4AB: Sectors- Agri, Mfg, Services → Page 162