Power System Analysis: Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili
Power System
Analysis
Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions
Power System Analysis
Power System Analysis

Practice Problems, Methods, and Solutions
State University of New York
Buffalo, NY, USA
ISBN 978-3-030-84766-1 ISBN 978-3-030-84767-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84767-8
# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
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Preface
Electric Power System Analysis is one of the fundamental courses of Electric Power Engineer-
ing major which is taught for junior students. The subjects include fundamental concepts in
power system analysis, transmission line parameters, transmission line model and performance,
modeling of power system components, and determination of network impedance and admit-
tance matrices, load flow, and economic load dispatch.
Like the previously published textbooks, this textbook includes very detailed and multiple
methods of problem solutions. It can be used as a practicing textbook by students and as a
supplementary teaching source by instructors.
To help students study the textbook in the most efficient way, the exercises have been
categorized in nine different levels. In this regard, for each problem of the textbook a difficulty
level (easy, normal, or hard) and a calculation amount (small, normal, or large) have been
assigned. Moreover, in each chapter, problems have been ordered from the easiest problem with
the smallest calculations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations. Therefore,
students are suggested to start studying the textbook from the easiest problems and continue
practicing until they reach the normal and then the hardest ones. On the other hand, this
classification can help instructors choose their desirable problems to conduct a quiz or a test.
Moreover, the classification of computation amount can help students manage their time during
future exams and instructors give the appropriate problems based on the exam duration.
Since the problems have very detailed solutions and some of them include multiple methods
of solution, the textbook can be useful for the underprepared students. In addition, the textbook
is beneficial for knowledgeable students because it includes advanced exercises.
In the preparation of problem solutions, it has been tried to use typical methods of electrical
circuit analysis to present the textbook as an instructor-recommended one. In other words, the
heuristic methods of problem solution have never been used as the first method of problem
solution. By considering this key point, the textbook will be in the direction of instructors’
lectures, and the instructors will not see any untaught problem solutions in their students’
answer sheets.
The Iranian University Entrance Exams for the Master’s and PhD degrees of Electrical
Engineering major is the main reference of the textbook; however, all the problem solutions
have been provided by me. The Iranian University Entrance Exam is one of the most competi-
tive university entrance exams in the world that allows only 10% of the applicants to get into
prestigious and tuition-free Iranian universities.
Butte, MT, USA Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili
v
Contents
1 Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Solutions of Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis . . . 13
3 Problems: Transmission Line Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6 Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance . . . . . . . . 59
7 Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8 Solutions of Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices . . . . . . 75
9 Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10 Solutions of Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . 91
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
vii
About the Author
Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department

at Montana Technological University, MT, USA. Before that, he was also an Assistant
Professor in the Engineering Technology Department at State University of New York, Buffalo
State, NY, USA, during 2019–2021. He received his first M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical
Engineering (Power System) from Tarbiat Modares University and Clemson University in 2011
and 2016, respectively, and his second M.Sc. degree in Physics and Astronomy from the
University of Alabama in Huntsville in 2019. Moreover, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Sharif
University of Technology during 2016–2017. As a professor, he has taught many courses such
as Essentials of Electrical Engineering Technology, Electrical Circuits Analysis I, Electrical
Circuits Analysis II, Electrical Circuits and Devices, Industrial Electronics, Renewable
Distributed Generation and Storage, and Feedback Controls. Dr. Rahmani-Andebili has more
than 100 single-author publications including textbooks, books, book chapters, journal papers,
and conference papers. His research areas include Smart Grid, Power System Operation and
Planning, Integration of Renewables and Energy Storages into Power System, Energy Sched-
uling and Demand-Side Management, Plug-in Electric Vehicles, Distributed Generation, and
Advanced Optimization Techniques in Power System Studies.
ix
Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System
Analysis 1
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems concerned with the fundamental concepts of power system analysis are presented. The
subjects include phasor representation of signals, voltage and current in power system, impedance and admittance, single-
phase and three-phase power systems, complex power and its components, power generation and consumption concepts,
per unit (p.u.) system, and power factor correction. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different levels based on
their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Additionally, the
problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the
largest calculations.
pffiffiffi
1.1. What is the phasor representation of the voltage signal of 2 cos ðt Þ?
Difficulty level ● Easy ○ Normal ○ Hard
Calculation amount ● Small ○ Normal ○ Large
1) 1 V
2)
3) 0 V
4)
pffiffiffi
1.2. Represent the current signal of 2 sin ðt Þ in phasor domain.
1) 1 A
2)
3) 0 A
4)

1.3. Define the signal of cos(2t + 30 ) in phasor domain.

1.4. Represent the signal of 10 sin (t 60 ) in phasor form.
# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1

M. Rahmani-Andebili, Power System Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84767-8_1
2 1 Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis

1.5. In the single-phase power system of Fig. 1.1, the voltage and current are as follows:

vðt Þ ¼ 110 cos ωt þ 30 V

iðt Þ ¼ 0:5 cos ωt 30 A
Determine the impedance, resistance, and reactance of the system seen from the beginning of the line.

Fig. 1.1 The power system of problem 1.5
1.6. In the single-phase power system of Fig. 1.1, the voltage and current are given as follows:
pffiffiffi
vðt Þ ¼ 100 2 cos ðt Þ V
pffiffiffi
iðt Þ ¼ 2 cos t 30 A
Determine the admittance, conductance, and susceptance of the system seen from the beginning of the line.

1.7. The impedance of a generator, with the rated specifications of 20 kV and 200 MVA, is Z ¼ j0.2 p. u. Determine its
reactance in percent if 21 kV and 100 MVA are chosen as the base voltage and power.
1) 11%
2) 10.5%
3) 11.7%
4) 9.07%
1 Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis 3
1.8. The reactance of a generator, with the nominal specifications of 14 kV and 500 MVA, is 1.1 p. u. Determine its
impedance in percent if 20 kV and 100 MVA are chosen as the base voltage and power.
1) 30.8%
2) 10.78%
3) 60.8%
4) 57.8%
1.9. In the power bus of Fig. 1.2, determine the i3(t) if we know that i1(t) = 10 cos (10t) A, i2(t) = 10 sin (10t) A, and
pffiffiffi
i4 ðt Þ = 10 2 cos 10t þ 45 A.
Calculation amount ○ Small ● Normal ○ Large
pffiffiffi
1) 10 2 A
2)
3)
4) 0 A
1.10. In the single-phase power bus of Fig. 1.3, Vrms = 200 V and the equivalent impedance of the loads are Z1 = (8 j6) Ω
and Z2 = (3 + j4) Ω. Calculate the total active power consumed in the bus.
Difficulty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard
1) 8 kW
2) 15 kW
3) 7.5 kW
4) 9 kW
1.11. Calculate the instantaneous power of a single-phase power system that its voltage and current are vðt Þ ¼
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
110 2 cos ð120πt Þ V and iðt Þ ¼ 2 2 cos 120πt 60 A.
1) 110 W

2) 220 cos (240πt 60 )W

3) 55 + 110 cos (240πt 60 ) W

4) 110 + 220 cos (240πt 60 ) W
1.12. In the single-phase power system of Fig. 1.4, calculate the active and reactive powers transferred from bus 1 to bus
2. Consider the following data:

pffiffiffi
1) 10 W, 10 3 VAr
pffiffiffi
2) 5 W, 4 3 VAr
3) 5 W, 4 VAr
pffiffiffi
4) 5 3 W, 5 VAr
1.13. In the power system of Fig. 1.5, . Which one of the following choices
is true?
1) The first electric machine is generating reactive power, and the second electric machine is consuming reactive
power. Moreover, the first and the second electric machines are working as a generator and a motor, respectively.
2) The first electric machine is consuming reactive power, and the second electric machine is generating reactive
power. Moreover, the first and the second electric machines are working as a motor and a generator, respectively.
3) Both electric machines are generating equal reactive power which is consumed by the reactance of the line.
Moreover, the first and the second electric machines are working as a generator and a motor, respectively.
4) Both electric machines are generating equal reactive power which is consumed by the reactance of the line.
Moreover, the first and the second electric machines are working as a motor and a generator, respectively.
1.14. In the power bus of Fig. 1.6, the base voltage and power are 20 kV and 100 MVA, respectively. If a reactor is connected
to this bus, determine its reactance in per unit (p.u.).
1) 0.25
2) 0.5
3) 0.75
4) 2
1.15. Figure 1.7 shows the single-line diagram of a power system with the following specifications. Calculate the resistance of
the load in per unit (p.u.) if the nominal quantities of the generator are chosen as the base quantities:
G : 20 kV, 300 MVA
T1 : 20=200 kV, 375 MVA
T2 : 180=9 kV, 300 MW
Load : 9 kV, 180 MW

1) 1.25 p. u.
2) 1.35 p. u.
3) 1.45 p. u.
4) 1.55 p. u.
1.16. Figure 1.8 illustrates the single-line diagram of a power system with the given information. Calculate P and Q in per unit

(p.u.). In this problem, assume that sin(15 ) 0.25 and cos(15 ) 0.96.
1) P ¼ 0.5 p. u. , Q ¼ 0.08 p. u.
2) P ¼ 0.8 p. u. , Q ¼ 0.5 p. u.
3) P ¼ 0.8 p. u. , Q ¼ 0.5 p. u.
4) P ¼ 0.5 p. u. , Q ¼ 0.08 p. u.

1.17. Calculate the complex power delivered to a factory that includes two loads with the following specifications:
Inductive Load : P1 ¼ 60 kW, Q1 ¼ 660 kVAr
Capacitive Load : P2 ¼ 240 kW, PF ¼ 0:8

1) (180 + j840) kVA
2) (300 + j480) kVA
3) (300 + j840) kVA
4) (180 + j480) kVA
1.18. Figure 1.9 shows the single-line diagram of a balanced three-phase power system, in which a synchronous generator has
been connected to a no-load transmission line through a transformer.
Calculate the Thevenin reactance seen from the end of the transmission line. In this problem, the rated quantities of the
generator are considered as the base values:
G : 20 kV, 300 MVA, X G ¼ 20%
T1 : 20=230 kV, 150 MVA, X T ¼ 0:1 p:u:
Line : 176:33 km, X Line ¼ 1 Ω=km

1) 0.9 p. u.
2) 1.2 p. u.
3) 1.3 p. u.
4) 1.4 p. u.
1.19. For the three-phase power system of Fig. 1.10, the following specifications have been given. Determine the voltage drop
of the line in percent:
Line : Z ¼ ð10 þ j40Þ Ω=phase
Load : V ¼ 100 kV, S ¼ 50 MVA, PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging

1) 8%
2) 16%
3) 19%
4) 24%
1.20. In the power system of Fig. 1.11, calculate the impedance of the load in per unit (p.u.) for the following specifications.
In this problem, 20 kV (in the generator side) and 3 MVA are chosen as the base voltage and power:
G : 20 kV, 3 MVA, 3%
T1 : 20=230 kV, 3 MVA, 5%
T2 : 230=11 kV, 3 MVA, 5%
Load : 11 kV, 0:2 MVA, 0:8 Lagging
M : 11 kV, 1 MVA, 5%
C : 0:5 MVA

1) (12 + j9) p. u.
2) (18 + j15) p. u.
3) (15 + j12) p. u.
4) (12.75 + j7.9) p. u.
1.21. In the single-phase power bus of Fig. 1.12, the characteristics of the loads are as follows. Determine the total power
factor of the bus:
Load 1 : P1 ¼ 25 kW, Q1 ¼ 25 kVAr
Load 2 : S2 ¼ 15 kVA, cos ðθ2 Þ ¼ 0:8 Leading
Load 3 : P3 ¼ 11 kW, cos ðθ3 Þ ¼ 1

1) 0.94 Lagging
2) 0.94 Leading
3) 0.6 Lagging
4) 0.6 Leading
1.22. In the single-phase power bus of Fig. 1.13, determine the capacitance of the shunt capacitor that needs to be connected
to the bus to adjust its power factor at one for the following data:
Load : S ¼ 20 kVA, cos ðθÞ ¼ 0:8 Lagging
V rms = 200 V, f ¼ 50 Hz, π ffi 3
Difficulty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

1) 1 μF.
2) 1 mF.
3) 0.5 mF.
4) It is impossible to adjust the power factor of the bus at one.
1.23. In the single-phase power system of Fig. 1.14, three loads have been connected to the power bus in parallel. Determine
the capacitance of the shunt capacitor that needs to be connected to the bus to adjust its power factor at one for the
following specifications. Moreover, calculate the current of the line after connecting the shunt capacitor to the bus:
Load 1 : ð8 j16Þ Ω
Load 2 : ð0:8 þ j5:6Þ Ω
Load 3 : S ¼ 5 kVA, cos ðθÞ ¼ 0:8 Lagging
V rms = 200 V, f ¼ 60 Hz

1) 100 μF, 20 A
2) 55 μF, 25 A
3) 800 μF, 25 A
4) 530 μF, 30 A
1.24. In the power system of Fig. 1.15, determine the reactive power of the shunt capacitor to keep the voltage of its bus at
1 p.u. In this problem, assume that cos(sin1(0.1)) 0.995.
1) 1.05 p. u.
2) 1.15 p. u.
3) 1.5 p. u.
4) 2.2 p. u.
1.25. In the three-phase power system of Fig. 1.16, two balanced three-phase loads with the star and delta connections have
been connected to a three-phase power supply. Calculate the line voltage of the loads for the following specifications:
E rms = 4 V, Z1 = j2 Ω, Z2 = ð2 þ j2Þ Ω, Z3 = j3 Ω, Z4 = j6 Ω

pffiffiffi
1) 2 3 V
2)
pffiffiffi
3) 6 3 V
4)


1.26. In the power system of Fig. 1.17, δ ¼ 15 . If the value of δ increases and E1 and E2 are kept constant, which one of the
following choices is correct? In this problem, assume that I12 always lags E2 and Z ¼ jX, E1 = E1 < δ, E2 = E2 < 0.
1) |I12| will increase and its phase angle with respect to E2 will increase.
2) |I12| will decrease and its phase angle with respect to E2 will decrease.
3) |I12| will increase and its phase angle with respect to E2 will decrease.
4) |I12| will decrease and its phase angle with respect to E2 will increase.
1.27. Three loads with the following specifications, resulted from the load flow simulation, have been connected to the power
bus shown in Fig. 1.18. If all the loads are modeled by an admittance, determine it in per unit (p.u.):
Load 1 : P1 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging
Load 2 : P2 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 0:8 Leading
Load 3 : P3 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 1

1) 6 p. u.
2) (2 j) p. u.
3) (2 + j) p. u.
4) (2 j2) p. u.
1.28. At the end of a three-phase power system, 400 V, 50 Hz, three capacitor banks (with triangle configuration) have been
connected to the system. Determine the capacitance of each bank if they deliver 600 kVAr to the system.
1) 5000 μF
2) 4000 μF
3) 0.004 μF
4) 0.005 μF
1.29. The single-line diagram of a balanced three-phase power system is shown in Fig. 1.19. In this problem SB = 100 MVA
and VB = 22 kV in the first bus. Calculate the impedance seen from the first bus if the following specifications are given:
G : 22 kV, 90 MVA, X G ¼ 18%
T1 : 22=220 kV, 50 MVA, X T1 ¼ 10%
T2 : 220=11 kV, 40 MW, X T2 ¼ 6%
T3 : 22=110 kV, 40 MW, X T3 ¼ 6:4%
T4 : 110=11 kV, 40 MW, X T4 ¼ 8%
M : 10:45 kV, 66:5 MVA, X M ¼ 18:5%
TL1 : 220 kV, 48:4 Ω
TL2 : 110 kV, 65:5 Ω

Calculation amount ○ Small ○ Normal ● Large
1) j0.14
2) j0.2
3) j0.22
4) j0.4
1.30. In the power system of Fig. 1.20, calculate the current of the load in per unit (p.u.) for the following specifications. In
this problem, 100 V (in the generator side) and 1 kVA are chosen as the base voltage and power:
G : 100 V
T1 : 200=400 V, 1 kVA, X T1 ¼ 0:1 p:u:

Line : ZLine ¼ j8 Ω
T2 : 200=200 V, 2 kVA, X T2 ¼ 0:1 p:u:
Load : ZLoad ¼ j6 Ω

1) 0.25 p. u.
2) 1.5 p. u.
3) 0.5 p. u.
4) 1.25 p. u.

Solutions of Problems: Fundamental Concepts
in Power System Analysis 2
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the first chapter are fully solved, in detail, step by step, and with different methods.
2.1. As we know, cos(t) is usually chosen as the reference phasor. Hence, its phase angle is zero. Moreover, the amplitude of a
phasor is normally shown in root-mean-square (rms) value. Therefore, the phasor representation of the signal of
pffiffiffi
2 cos ðt Þ can be calculated as follows. Herein, “ ” is the symbol of phase angle.
Choice (1) is the answer.
2.2. The relation below holds between the signals of sin(t) and cos(t).

sin ðt Þ ¼ cos t 90
The signal of cos(t) is usually chosen as the reference phasor. In addition,

pffiffiffi the amplitude of a phasor is normally shown in
root-mean-square (rms) value. Therefore, the phasor of the signal of 2 sin ðt Þ can be represented as follows.


2.3. The phasor of cos(2t + 30 ) can be defined as follows.
Herein, the signal of cos(t) is chosen as the reference phasor, and the amplitude of the phasor is presented in root-mean-
square (rms) value. Choice (4) is the answer.

14 2 Solutions of Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis
2.4. As we know, the relation below exists between the signals of sin(t) and cos(t).

sin ðt Þ ¼ cos t 90 ) sin t 60 ¼ cos t 150

Therefore, the phasor of 10 sin (t 60 ) can be represented as follows.

Herein, the signal of cos(t) is chosen as the reference phasor, and the amplitude of the phasor is presented in root-mean-
square (rms) value. Choice (3) is the answer.
2.5. Based on the information given in the problem, we have the following specifications:

vðt Þ ¼ 110 cos ωt þ 30 V ð1Þ

iðt Þ ¼ 0:5 cos ωt 30 A ð2Þ
Transferring to phasor domain:
ð3Þ
ð4Þ
The impedance is defined as follows:
V
Z¼ ð5Þ
I
Solving (3)–(5):
The real and imaginary parts of impedance are called resistance and reactance, respectively. Thus:
R ¼ RealfZg ¼ 110 Ω
pffiffiffi
X ¼ ImagfZg ¼ 110 3 Ω
Fig. 2.1 The power system of solution of problem 2.5

2 Solutions of Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis 15
pffiffiffi
vðt Þ ¼ 100 2 cos ðt Þ V ð1Þ
pffiffiffi
iðt Þ ¼ 2 cos t 30 A ð2Þ
Transferring to phasor domain:
ð3Þ
ð4Þ
The admittance is defined as follows:
I
Y¼ ð5Þ
V
Solving (3)–(5):

The real and imaginary parts of admittance are called conductance and susceptance, respectively.
pffiffiffi
G ¼ RealfYg ¼ 0:005 3 mho
B ¼ ImagfYg ¼ 0:005 mho
V ¼ 20 kV, S ¼ 200 MVA, Z ¼ j0:2 p:u: ð1Þ
V B ¼ 21 kV, SB ¼ 100 MVA ð2Þ
The impedance of the generator has been presented in per unit (p.u.) value based on its rated quantities. Now, we need to
update its per unit value based on the new base MVA and voltage as follows:
2 2
SB,new V B,old 100 MVA 20 kV
Znew,p:u: ¼ Zold,p:u: ¼ j0:2 ¼ j0:0907 ð3Þ
SB,old V B,new 200 MVA 21 kV
) Znew,percent ¼ Znew,p:u: 100 ) Znew,percent ¼ j9:07%
V ¼ 14 kV, S ¼ 500 MVA, X ¼ 1:1 p:u: ð1Þ
V B ¼ 20 kV, SB ¼ 100 MVA ð2Þ

The impedance of the generator has been presented in per unit (p.u.) based on its rated quantities. We need to update its
per unit value based on the new base MVA and voltage as follows:
2 2
SB,new V B,old 100 MVA 14 kV
X new,p:u: ¼ X old,p:u: ¼ 1:1 ¼ 0:1078 ð3Þ
SB,old V B,new 500 MVA 20 kV
) X new,percent ¼ X new,p:u: 3 100 ) X new,percent ¼ 10:78%
2.9. For this problem, we only need to apply KCL in the bus as follows. KCL can be applied in this bus, since all the currents
have the same angular frequency (ω ¼ 10 rad/sec):
2 i1 ðt Þ þ i2 ðt Þ þ i3 ðt Þ þ i4 ðt Þ ¼ 0 ð1Þ
Based on the information given in the problem, we know that:
i1 ðt Þ ¼ 10 cos ð10t Þ A ð2Þ
i2 ðt Þ ¼ 10 sin ð10t Þ A ð3Þ

pffiffiffi
i4 ðt Þ ¼ 10 2 cos 10t þ 45 A ð4Þ
It is better to represent the currents in phasor domain, as can be seen in the following. Herein, the signal of cos(t) is
chosen as the reference phasor, the amplitude of the phasor is presented in root-mean-square (rms) value, and “ ” is
the symbol of phase angle:
I1 þ I2 þ I3 þ I4 ¼ 0 ð5Þ
ð6Þ
ð7Þ
ð8Þ
Solving (5)–(8):

ð8Þ

By transferring back to time domain, we can write:
i3 ðt Þ ¼ 0 A

2.10. As we know, active power is consumed by resistance of load and can be calculated for a single-phase system as follows:
P ¼ RðI rms Þ2 ð1Þ
Based on the information given in the problem, we have the following specifications:
V rms ¼ 200 V ð2Þ
Z1 ¼ ð8 j6Þ Ω ð3Þ
Z2 ¼ ð3 þ j4Þ Ω ð4Þ
Using Ohm’s law for the first load:
V rms 200
I rms,1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 20 A ð5Þ
jZ1 j j8 j6j
Applying Ohm’s law for the second load:
V rms 200
I rms,2 ¼ ¼ ¼ 40 A ð6Þ
jZ2 j j3 þ j4j
Solving (1), (3), and (5):
P1 ¼ R1 ðI rms,1 Þ2 ¼ 8 202 ¼ 3200 W ð7Þ
Solving (1), (4), and (6):
P2 ¼ R2 ðI rms,2 Þ2 ¼ 3 402 ¼ 4800 W ð8Þ
Therefore:
PTotal ¼ P1 þ P2 ¼ 3200 þ 4800 ¼ 8000 W ) PTotal ¼ 8 kW
2.11. Instantaneous power of a single-phase power system can be calculated as follows:
pðt Þ ¼ vðt Þiðt Þ ð1Þ
pffiffiffi
vðt Þ ¼ 110 2 cos ð120πt Þ V ð2Þ
pffiffiffi
iðt Þ ¼ 2 2 cos 120πt 60 A ð3Þ
Solving (1)–(3):
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
pðt Þ ¼ 110 2 cos ð120πt Þ 2 2 cos 120πt 60 ¼ 440 cos ð120πt Þ cos 120πt 60 ð4Þ
From trigonometry, we know that:
1
cos ðaÞ cos ðbÞ ¼ ð cos ða þ bÞ þ cos ða bÞÞ ð5Þ
2
Solving (4) and (5):

pðt Þ ¼ 220 cos 240πt 60 þ cos 60 ) pðt Þ ¼ 110 þ 220 cos 240πt 60 W
ð1Þ
The current flowing from bus 1 to bus 2 can be calculated as follows:

ð2Þ
The complex power transferred from bus 1 to bus 2 can be calculated as follows:
ð1Þ
The active and reactive powers flowing in the transmission line from bus 1 to bus 2 can be calculated as follows:
jV 1 jjV 2 j 200 200

P12 ¼ sin ðθ1 θ2 Þ ¼ sin ð30 0Þ ¼ 4000 < 0 W ð2Þ
X 5
jV 1 jjV 2 j 200 200

P21 ¼ sin ðθ2 θ1 Þ ¼ sin ð0 ð30ÞÞ ¼ 4000 > 0 W ð3Þ
X 5
jV 1 j 200
Q12 ¼ ðjV 1 j jV 2 j cos ðθ1 θ2 ÞÞ ¼ ð200 200 cos ð30 0ÞÞ 1071 VAr > 0 ð4Þ
X 5
jV 2 j 200
Q21 ¼ ðjV 2 j jV 1 j cos ðθ2 θ1 ÞÞ ¼ ð200 200 cos ð0 ð30ÞÞÞ 1071 VAr > 0 ð5Þ
X 5
As can be noticed from (2) and (3), P12 < 0 and P21 > 0. Therefore, the active power flows from bus 2 to bus 1. In other
words, the first and the second electric machines are working as a motor and a generator, respectively.
However, as can be noticed from (4) and (5), Q12 ¼ Q21 > 0. Thus, the reactive power is generated by both machines and
ultimately consumed in the transmission line.
V B ¼ 20 kV, SB ¼ 100 MVA ð1Þ
V R ¼ 20 kV, QR ¼ 200 MVAr ð2Þ
The reactance of the reactor can be calculated as follows:
ðV R Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð20 kV Þ2
QR ¼ ) XR ¼ R ¼ ¼2Ω ð3Þ
XR QR 200 MVAr
The base impedance in the bus can be calculated as follows:
ðV B Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð20 kV Þ2
SB ¼ ) ZB ¼ B ¼ ¼4Ω ð4Þ
ZB SB 100 MVA
The reactance of the reactor in per unit (p.u.) can be determined by using (3) and (4):
XR 2
X R,p:u: ¼ ) X R,p:u: ¼ ¼ 0:5 Ω
ZB 4

2.15. Figure 2.7 shows the single-line diagram of the power system with the indicated zones. Based on the information given
in the problem, we have the following specifications:
G : 20 kV, 300 MVA ð1Þ
T1 : 20=200 kV, 375 MVA ð2Þ
T2 : 180=9 kV, 300 MW ð3Þ
Load : 9 kV, 180 MW ð4Þ
V B1 ¼ 20 kV, SB ¼ 300 MVA ð5Þ
The resistance of the purely resistive load can be calculated as follows:
ðV Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð9 kV Þ2
P¼ )R¼ ¼ ¼ 0:45 Ω ð6Þ
R P 180 MW
The base voltage in the third zone can be calculated as follows:
200 9
V B3 ¼ 20 kV ¼ 10 kV ð7Þ
20 180
The base impedance in the third zone can be calculated as follows:
ðV B3 Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð10 kV Þ2 1
SB ¼ ) Z B3 ¼ B3 ¼ ¼ Ω ð8Þ
ZB SB 300 MVA 3
The resistance of the load in per unit (p.u.) can be determined by using (6) and (8):
R 0:45
Rp:u: ¼ ) Rp:u: ¼ 1 ) Rp:u: ¼ 1:35 p:u:
ZB 3

sin 15 0:25, cos 15 0:96 ð1Þ
ð2Þ
ð3Þ
Z ¼ j0:5 p:u: ð4Þ
The active power flowing through the transmission line can be calculated as follows:
jV 1 jjV 2 j 11
P12 ¼ sin ðθ1 θ2 Þ ) P12 ¼ sin 0 15 ¼ 2 sin 15 ð5Þ
X 0:5
P12 ¼ 2 0:25 ) P12 ¼ 0:5 p:u ð6Þ
The reactive power flowing through the transmission line can be calculated as follows:
jV 2 j 1
Q21 ¼ ðjV 2 j jV 1 j cos ðθ2 θ1 ÞÞ ¼ 1 cos 15 0 ¼ 2 1 cos 15 ð7Þ
X 0:5
Q21 ¼ 2ð1 0:96Þ ¼ 0:08 p:u ð8Þ
In bus 2, we can write:
Q21 þ Q ¼ 0 ) Q ¼ Q21 ) Q ¼ 0:08 p:u:
Inductive Load : P1 ¼ 60 kW, Q1 ¼ 660 kVAr ð1Þ
Capacitive Load : P2 ¼ 240 kW, PF 2 ¼ 0:8 ð2Þ
From (1), we can write:
S1 ¼ P1 þ jQ1 ¼ ð60 þ j660Þ kVA ð3Þ
In addition, from (2), we can write:

ð4Þ

In (4), a negative sign was applied in phase angle for the complex power, as the power factor of the load is capacitive:
STotal ¼ S1 þ S2 ¼ ð60 þ j660Þ kVA þ ð240 j180Þ kVA ) STotal ¼ ð300 j480Þ kVA
G : 20 kV, 300 MVA, X G ¼ 20% ð1Þ
T1 : 20=230 kV, 150 MVA, X T ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð2Þ
Line : 176:33 km, X Line ¼ 1 Ω=km ð3Þ
V B1 ¼ 20 kV, SB ¼ 300 MVA ð4Þ
The impedance of the generator will not change as its rated values have been chosen as the base quantities. Hence:
X G,p:u: ¼ 0:2 ð5Þ ð5Þ
Now, we need to update the per unit (p.u.) value of the transformer’s impedance based on the new base MVA and
voltage as follows:
2
SB,new V B,old
X new,p:u: ¼ X old,p:u: ð6Þ
SB,old V B,new
2
300 20
X T,new,p:u: ¼ 0:1 ¼ 0:2 p:u: ð7Þ
150 20
To present the impedance of the line in per unit (p.u.) value, we need to determine the base impedance in the second
zone (see Fig. 2.9.2), as follows:
230
V B2 ¼ 20 kV ¼ 230 kV ð8Þ
20
ðV B2 Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð230 kV Þ2
SB ¼ ) Z B2 ¼ B2 ¼ ¼ 176:33 Ω ð9Þ
ZB SB 300 MVA
ZLine 176:33 km 1 Ω=km

ZLine,p:u: ¼ ) ZLine,p:u: ¼ ¼ 1 p:u: ð10Þ
Z B2 176:33
Figure 2.9.3 shows the impedance diagram of the power system by using (5), (7), and (10). The Thevenin reactance,
seen from the end of the transmission line, can be calculated as follows:
X Thevenin,p:u: ¼ X G,p:u: þ X T,new,p:u: þ X Line,p:u: ¼ 1 þ 0:2 þ 0:2 ) X Thevenin,p:u: ¼ 1:4 p:u:

Line : Z ¼ ð10 þ j40Þ Ω=phase ð1Þ
Load : V ¼ 100 kV, S ¼ 50 MVA, PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð2Þ
First, we should solve the problem for the single-phase system. The voltage of the load is chosen as the reference.
Hence:

100
V2,ph ¼ pffiffiffi < 0 kV ð3Þ
3
The current of the load can be calculated as follows:
ð3Þ
Applying KVL:
ð4Þ
pffiffiffi
jV1,L j ¼ 3 V1,ph ¼ 116:725 kV ð5Þ
The voltage drop of the line in percent can be calculated as follows:
jV1,L j 2 jV2,L j 116:725 kV ð100 < 0Þ kV

ΔV% ¼ 100 ¼ 100 ) ΔV% ¼ 16%
jV2,L j ð100 < 0Þ kV
V B1 ¼ 20 kV, SB ¼ 3 MVA ð1Þ
G : 20 kV, 3 MVA, 3% ð2Þ
T1 : 20=230 kV, 3 MVA, 5% ð3Þ
T2 : 230=11 kV, 3 MVA, 5% ð4Þ
Load : 11 kV, 0:2 MVA, 0:8 Lagging ð5Þ
M : 11 kV, 1 MVA, 5% ð6Þ
C : 0:5 MVA ð7Þ
The base voltage in the third zone can be calculated as follows:
230 11
V B3 ¼ 20 kV ¼ 11 kV ð8Þ
20 230
The impedance of the load can be calculated as follows:
ð9Þ
The base impedance in the third zone can be calculated as follows:
ðV B3 Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð11 kV Þ2 121
SB ¼ ) Z B3 ¼ B3 ¼ ¼ Ω ð10Þ
Z B3 SB 3 MVA 3
The impedance of the load in per unit (p.u.) can be determined by using (9) and (10):

2.21. The power factor of the bus can be calculated as follows:

P
PTotal Pi
PF Total ¼ ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
P P ð1Þ
STotal
ð Pi Þ2 þ ð Qi Þ2
Load 1 : P1 ¼ 25 kW, Q1 ¼ 25 kVAr ð2Þ
Load 2 : S2 ¼ 15 kVA, cos ðθ2 Þ ¼ 0:8 Leading ð3Þ
Load 3 : P3 ¼ 11 kW, cos ðθ3 Þ ¼ 1 ð4Þ
P2 ¼ S2 cos ðθ2 Þ ) P2 ¼ 15 0:8 ¼ 12 kW ð5Þ

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Q2 ¼ S2 sin ðθ2 Þ ) Q2 ¼ 15 1 ð0:8Þ2 ¼ 9 kVAr ð6Þ
In (6), a negative sign was applied in the formula, as the power factor of the load is leading.
From (4), we can conclude the following term, since the power factor is unit:
Q3 ¼ 0 ð7Þ
Solving (1)–(7):
25 þ 12 þ 11 48
PF Total ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ) PF Total ¼ 0:94
ð25 þ 12 þ 11Þ2 þ ð25 þ ð9Þ þ 0Þ2 ð48Þ2 þ ð16Þ2
Since ∑Qi ¼ 16 kVAr > 0, the total power factor is lagging. Choice (1) is the answer.

Load : S ¼ 20 kVA, cos ðθÞ ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð1Þ
V rms ¼ 200 V, f ¼ 50 Hz, π ffi 3 ð2Þ
Since the final power factor of the bus must be unit, the whole reactive power of the load must be supplied by the shunt
capacitor. In other words, the net reactive power of the bus must be zero:
QNet ¼ QLoad þ ðQC Þ ¼ 0 ) QC ¼ QLoad ð3Þ

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
QLoad ¼ SLoad sin ðθLoad Þ ¼ 20 1 ð0:8Þ2 ¼ 12 kVAr ð4Þ
QC ¼ 12 kVAr ð5Þ
As we know, the reactive power of a single-phase capacitor can be determined as follows:
V rms 2
QC ¼ ¼ ωCV rms 2 ¼ 2πfCV rms 2 ð6Þ
Xc
Solving (2), (5), and (6):
12000
12000 ¼ 2 3 50 C 2002 ) C ¼ ) C ¼ 1 mF
12 106
Load 1 : ð8 j16Þ Ω ð1Þ
Load 2 : ð0:8 þ j5:6Þ Ω ð2Þ
Load 3 : S ¼ 5 kVA, cos ðθÞ ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð3Þ
V rms ¼ 200 V, f ¼ 60 Hz ð4Þ

The total reactive power of the loads must be supplied by the shunt capacitor, since the final power factor of the bus is
adjusted at one. In other words, the net reactive power of the bus must be zero:
QNet ¼ Q1 þ Q2 þ Q3 þ ðQC Þ ¼ 0 ) QC ¼ Q1 þ Q2 þ Q3 ð5Þ
From (1) and (4), we can write:
ðV rms Þ2 2002
S1 ¼ ¼ ¼ ð1 þ j7Þ kVA ð6Þ
Z1 ð8 j16Þ
From (2) and (4), we have:
ðV rms Þ2 2002
S2 ¼ ¼ ¼ ð1 j2Þ kVA ð7Þ
Z2 ð0:8 þ j5:6Þ
ð8Þ
Solving (5)–(8):
QC ¼ 7 þ ð2Þ þ 3 ¼ 8 kVAr ð9Þ
As we know, reactive power of a single-phase capacitor can be determined as follows:
V rms 2
QC ¼ ¼ ωCV rms 2 ¼ 2πfCV rms 2 ð10Þ
Xc
Solving (4), (9), and (10):
8000
8000 ¼ 2 3:14 60 C 2002 ) C ¼ ) C ¼ 530 μF
15:072 106
As it was mentioned earlier, after connecting the shunt capacitor to the power bus, the net reactive power of the bus is
zero because its power factor is unit. The current of the line can be calculated as follows:
) I ¼ 30 A

jV 1 j ¼ jV 2 j ¼ 1 p:u: ð1Þ
θ1 ¼ 0 ð2Þ
X ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð3Þ
P12 ¼ 1 p:u: ð4Þ

cos sin 1 ð0:1Þ 0:995 ð5Þ
The active power flowing through the transmission line can be calculated as follows:
jV 1 jjV 2 j 11
P12 ¼ sin ðθ1 θ2 Þ ) 1 ¼ sin ð0 θ2 Þ ) sin ðθ2 Þ ¼ 0:1 ) θ2 ¼ sin 1 ð0:1Þ ð6Þ ð6Þ
X 0:1
The reactive power flowing through the transmission line can be calculated as follows:
jV 2 j 1
Q21 ¼ ðjV 2 j jV 1 j cos ðθ2 θ1 ÞÞ ¼ ð1 cos ðθ2 0ÞÞ ¼ 10ð1 cos ðθ2 ÞÞ ð7Þ
X 0:1
Solving (5)–(7):

Q21 ¼ 10 1 cos sin 1 ð0:1Þ ¼ 10 1 cos sin 1 ð0:1Þ ¼ 10 1 cos sin 1 ð0:1Þ ¼ 10ð1 0:995Þ
¼ 0:05 p:u: ð8Þ
To keep the voltage of the bus at 1 p.u., the whole reactive power of the bus must be compensated by the shunt
capacitor. In other words, the net reactive power of the bus must be zero:
QNet ¼ Q21 þ ðQC Þ þ QLoad ¼ 0 ) QC ¼ Q21 þ QLoad ¼ 0:05 þ 1 ) QC ¼ 1:05 p:u:
E rms ¼ 4 V, Z1 ¼ j2 Ω, Z2 ¼ ð2 þ j2Þ Ω, Z3 ¼ j3 Ω, Z4 ¼ j6 Ω ð1Þ
To solve this problem, we should convert the triangle (delta) connection to the star (wye) connection (see Fig. 2.16.2)
and analyze the single-phase system shown in Fig. 2.16.3. We can connect the neutral node of the loads to each other, as
the system is a balanced system.
As we know, the relation below exists between the impedance of a balanced triangle (delta) connection and its
equivalent balanced star (wye) connection:
1 1
ZY ¼ ZΔ ) Z04 ¼ Z4 ¼ j2 Ω ð2Þ
3 3
Since the power system is a balanced system, no current flows through the neutral line and Z2. Hence, no voltage drop
occurs across Z2. Therefore, we can ignore this impedance in the diagram of the single-phase system, as is illustrated in
Fig. 2.16.3.
Applying voltage division rule:

ð3Þ

As we know, the relation below holds between the phase and line voltage:
ð4Þ

2.26. Based on the information given in the problem, I12 always lags E2. Moreover, we have:

δ ¼ 15 ð1Þ
E 1 ¼ Const:, E2 ¼ Const: ð2Þ
Z ¼ jX ð3Þ
E1 ¼ E 1 < δ ð4Þ
E2 ¼ E 2 < 0 ð5Þ
The current in the transmission line can be calculated as follows:
E 1 < δ E2 < 0 E1 cos ðδÞ þ jE 1 sin ðδÞ E 2 ðE1 cos ðδÞ E 2 Þ þ jE 1 sin ðδÞ
I12 ¼ ¼ ¼ ð6Þ
jX jX jX
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ðE 1 cos ðδÞ E2 Þ2 þ ðE1 sin ðδÞÞ2
jI12 j ¼
X
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
E 1 2 cos 2 ðδÞ 2E 1 E 2 cos ðδÞ þ E2 2 þ E 1 2 sin 2 ðδÞ E1 2 þ E 2 2 2E 1 E 2 cos ðδÞ
¼ ¼ ð7Þ
X X

E 1 sin ðδÞ π
< I12 ¼ tan 1 ð8Þ
E 1 cos ðδÞ E2 2
As can be noticed from (7), by increasing δ and keeping E1 and E2 constant, cos(δ) will decrease, and consequently |I12|
will increase.
Moreover, as can be noticed from (8), by increasing δ and keeping E1 and E2 constant, sin(δ) and cos(δ) will increase
and decrease, respectively, and consequently <I12 will increase (counter-clockwise). Therefore, the phase angle of the
current with respect to E2 will decrease.
Load 1 : P1 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging ð1Þ
Load 2 : P2 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 0:8 Leading ð2Þ
Load 3 : P3 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 1 ð3Þ
ð4Þ
The total active power of the loads can be calculated as follows:
PTotal ¼ P1 þ P2 þ P3 ¼ 2 þ 2 þ 2 ¼ 6 p:u: ð6Þ
The relation below holds between the active and reactive power of a load:
Q ¼ P tan ðθÞ ð7Þ
The total reactive power of the loads can be calculated as follows:
QTotal ¼ Q1 þ Q2 þ Q3 ¼ P1 tan ðθ1 Þ þ P2 tan ðθ2 Þ þ P3 tan ðθ3 Þ

¼ P1 tan cos 1 ðPF 1 Þ þ P2 tan cos 1 ðPF 2 Þ þ P3 tan cos 1 ðPF 3 Þ

¼ 2 tan cos 1 ð0:8Þ þ 2 tan cos 1 ð0:8Þ þ 2 tan cos 1 ð1Þ

¼ 2 tan cos 1 ð0:8Þ 2 tan cos 1 ð0:8Þ þ 2 tan ð0Þ ¼ 0 p:u: ð8Þ
The total complex power is:
STotal ¼ PTotal þ QTotal ¼ 6 þ j0 ¼ 6 p:u: ð9Þ
The total current is:
ð10Þ

The equivalent admittance of the loads can be determined as follows:

2.28. Based on the information given in the problem, the connection of the three capacitors is delta. Moreover, we have:
V L ¼ 400 V, f ¼ 50 Hz, Q ¼ 600 kVAr ð1Þ
As we know, the reactive power of a single-phase capacitor can be determined as follows:
V rms,ph 2
QC,ph ¼ ¼ ωCV rms,ph 2 ¼ 2πfCV rms,ph 2 ð2Þ
Xc
Therefore, the reactive power of three-phase capacitor with the delta connection is:
3V rms,ph 2
QC,3ph ¼ 3QC,ph ¼ ¼ 3ωCV rms,ph 2 ¼ 6πfCV rms,ph 2 ð3Þ
Xc
QC,3ph 600 kVAr

)C¼ ¼ ) C ¼ 4000 μF
6πf V rms,ph 2 6 3:14 50 4002
G : 22 kV, 90 MVA, X G ¼ 18% ð1Þ
T1 : 22=220 kV, 50 MVA, X T1 ¼ 10% ð2Þ
T2 : 220=11 kV, 40 MW, X T2 ¼ 6% ð3Þ
T3 : 22=110 kV, 40 MW, X T3 ¼ 6:4% ð4Þ
T4 : 110=11 kV, 40 MW, X T4 ¼ 8% ð5Þ
M : 10:45 kV, 66:5 MVA, X M ¼ 18:5% ð6Þ
TL1 : 220 kV, 48:4 Ω ð7Þ
TL2 : 110 kV, 65:5 Ω ð8Þ
SB ¼ 100 MVA, V B1 ¼ 22 kV ð9Þ
As we know, base MVA is applied for the whole power system; however, base voltage might be different in each zone.
Figure 2.19.2 shows the zones with the related base voltages that can be determined as follows:
220
V B2 ¼ 22 kV ¼ 220 kV ð10Þ
22
11
V B3 ¼ 220 kV ¼ 11 kV ð11Þ
220
110
V B4 ¼ 22 kV ¼ 110 kV ð12Þ
22
Now, we need to update the per unit (p.u.) value of the impedances based on the new base MVA and voltages as
follows:
2
SB,new V B,old
X new,p:u: ¼ X old,p:u: ð13Þ
SB,old V B,new
2
100 22
X G,new,p:u: ¼ 0:18 ¼ 0:2 p:u: ð14Þ
90 22
2
100 22
X T1,new,p:u: ¼ 0:10 ¼ 0:2 p:u: ð15Þ
50 22

100 220 2
X T2,new,p:u: ¼ 0:06 ¼ 0:15 p:u: ð16Þ
40 220
2
100 11
X T3,new,p:u: ¼ 0:064 ¼ 0:16 p:u: ð17Þ
40 11

100 110 2
X T4,new,p:u: ¼ 0:08 ¼ 0:2 p:u: ð18Þ
40 110
2
100 10:45
X M,new,p:u: ¼ 0:185 ¼ 0:25 p:u: ð19Þ
66:5 11
The impedance of the lines has been given in Ohms. Therefore, to present them in per unit, we need to determine the
base impedance for their zones as follows:
ðV B Þ2 ðV Þ2
SB ¼ ) ZB ¼ B ð20Þ
ZB SB
ð220 kV Þ2
Z B2 ¼ ¼ 484 Ω ð21Þ
100 MVA
ð110 kV Þ2
Z B4 ¼ ¼ 121 Ω ð22Þ
100 MVA
Therefore:
48:4
X TL1,new,p:u: ¼ ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð23Þ
484
65:5
X TL2,new,p:u: ¼ ¼ 0:5 p:u: ð24Þ
121
Now, by using (14)–(19) and ((23)) –((24)), we can draw the impedance diagram of the power system which is
illustrated in Fig. 2.19.3. Since the equivalent impedance is requested, the power supply of the generator and the EMF of
the motor are turned off (short-circuited) in the diagram.
The impedance seen from the first bus can be calculated as follows:

Zeq,p:u: ¼ ð j0:2Þ
ð j0:2 þ j0:1 þ j0:15Þ
ð j0:16 þ j0:5 þ j0:2Þ þ j0:25

ð j0:45Þð j0:86Þ
¼ ð j0:2Þ
ð j0:45Þ
ð j0:86Þ þ j0:25 ¼ ð j0:2Þ
þ j0:25
ð j0:45Þ þ ð j0:86Þ

ð j0:2Þð j0:55Þ
ð j0:2Þ
ð j0:55Þ ¼
ð j0:2Þ þ ð j0:55Þ
Zeq,p:u: j0:14 p:u:

G : 100 V ð1Þ
T1 : 200=400 V, 1 kVA, X T1 ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð2Þ
Line : ZLine ¼ j8 Ω ð3Þ
T2 : 200=200 V, 2 kVA, X T2 ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð4Þ

Load : ZLoad ¼ j6 Ω ð5Þ
V B1 ¼ 100 V, SB ¼ 1 kVA ð6Þ
The base voltage in the second and third zones can be calculated as follows:
400
V B2 ¼ 100 V ¼ 200 V ð7Þ
200
400 200
V B3 ¼ 100 V ¼ 200 V ð8Þ
200 200
Now, we need to update the per unit (p.u.) value of the impedances based on the new base MVA and voltages as
follows:
2
S V B,old
X new,p:u: ¼ X old,p:u: B,new ð9Þ
SB,old V B,new

1 200 2
X T1,new,p:u: ¼ 0:1 ¼ 0:4 p:u: ð10Þ
1 100

1 200 2
X T2,new,p:u: ¼ 0:1 ¼ 0:05 p:u: ð11Þ
2 200
To present the impedance of the line in per unit (p.u.) value, we need to determine the base impedance in the second
zone, as follows:
ðV B2 Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð200 V Þ2
SB ¼ ) Z B2 ¼ B2 ¼ ¼ 40 Ω ð12Þ
Z B2 SB 1 kVA
ZLine j8
ZLine,p:u: ¼ ) ZLine,p:u: ¼ ¼ j0:2 p:u: ð13Þ
Z B2 40
Likewise, to present the impedance of the load in per unit value, we need to determine the base impedance in the third
zone, as follows:
ðV LB Þ2 ðV Þ2 ð200 V Þ2
SB ¼ ) Z B3 ¼ LB3 ¼ ¼ 40 Ω ð14Þ
ZB SB 1 kVA
ZLoad j6
ZLoad,p:u: ¼ ) ZLoad,p:u: ¼ ¼ j0:15 p:u: ð15Þ
Z B3 40
The voltage of the generator in per unit can be determined, as follows:
VG 100
VG,p:u: ¼ ) VG,p:u: ¼ ¼ 1 p:u: ð16Þ
V B1 100
Figure 2.20.3 shows the impedance diagram of the power system based on (10), (11), (13), (15), and (16). The current
can be calculated as follows:
VG,p:u: 1
Ip:u: ¼ ¼ ) Ip:u: ¼ j1:25 p:u: ) Ip:u: ¼ 1:25 p:u:
ZTotal,p:u: j0:4 þ j0:2 þ j0:05 þ j0:15


Problems: Transmission Line Parameters
3
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems concerning with transmission line parameters are presented. The subjects include the
Geometrical Mean Distance (GMD) and Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of conductors and the inductance and
capacitance of single-phase and three-phase transmission lines bundled with a variety of arrangements. In this chapter,
the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation
amounts (small, normal, and large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest
computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
3.1. What is the main purpose of conductors bundling in transmission lines?

1) Decreasing inductive reactance of transmission line
2) Decreasing resistance of transmission line
3) Decreasing Corona power loss by reducing effective electric filed around conductors
4) Decreasing Corona power loss by reducing effective magnetic field around conductors
3.2. Determine the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of the conductors with the arrangements shown in Fig. 3.1. The
Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0.
pffiffiffiffi
1) r 0 D
pffiffiffiffi
2) D r 0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3) r 0 D
qffiffiffi
0
4) Dr
3.3. Which one of the following choices is correct about the effect of bundling of conductors of a transmission line on its
inductance, capacitance, and characteristic impedance?

38 3 Problems: Transmission Line Parameters
1) Decrease, decrease, no change

2) Increase, decrease, increase
3) Decrease, increase, decrease
4) Increase, increase, no change
3.4. Determine the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of the conductors with the arrangements shown in Fig. 3.2. The
Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0.
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1) 2r 0 6 D6
8
2) 23 r 0 3 D
4
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3) 22 r 0 D
4
4) 2r 0 2 D6
8
3.5. Determine the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of the conductors with the arrangements shown in Fig. 3.3. The radius
of each conductor is r.
1) 1.722r
2) 1.834r
3) 1.725r
4) 1.532r
3.6. Figure 3.4 shows a single-phase transmission line including two conductors (“1” and “3”) for sending power and one
conductor (“2”) for receiving power. The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0. Calculate the
inductance of the line in H/m.

1) 2 107 ln Dr0
qffiffiffiffiffi
2) 2 107 ln r0
2D
qffiffiffiffi
3) 2 107 ln D
2r0

4) 107 3 ln Dr0 ln ð2Þ
3 Problems: Transmission Line Parameters 39
3.7. Figure 3.5 shows a single-phase transmission line. Herein, conductor “1” is for sending power, and conductors “2” and
“3” are for receiving power. The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0. Calculate the inductance of
the line in H/m.

1) 6 107 ln Dr0

2) 2 107 ln Dr0

3) 3 107 ln Dr0

4) 4 107 ln Dr0
3.8. What difference can we see in the capacitance of a transmission line if we change the conductor arrangements from the
two-bundling to the three-bundling, as can be seen in Fig. 3.6? The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor
is r0 and D > r0. Herein, the distance between the phases is not changed.
1) It will decrease.
2) It will not change.
3) It will increase.
4) It can decrease or increase.
3.9. Figure 3.7 illustrates two single-phase transmission lines. The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0.
In Fig. 3.7 (b), conductors “2” and “3” are for sending power, and conductor “1” is for receiving power. What relation
should be held between D and r0 so that the inductances of the transmission lines become equal?
1) D ¼ 94 r 0
0
2) D ¼ 3716 r
3) D ¼ 52 r 0
0
4) D ¼ 21 8 r
40 3 Problems: Transmission Line Parameters
3.10. Figure 3.8 shows a single-phase line including two conductors (“2” and “3”) for sending and one conductor (“1”) for
receiving power. The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0. Calculate the capacitance of the line in
F/m.
4πε0
1) 2 ln
ðrD0 Þ
2) 3 ln2πε2D
0
ð r0 Þ
3) 3 ln4πε0D
ð2r0 Þ
4πε0
4) 3 ln
ðrD0 Þ
3.11. Figure 3.9 illustrates two three-phase transmission lines. The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0
and r0 < d. What relation should be held between d and r0 so that the inductance of the transmission lines become equal?
0
1) d ¼ pr ffiffi2.
2) d ¼ 2r0.
pffiffiffi
3) d ¼ 2r 0 .
4) No possible relation can be found.
3.12. Which one of the arrangements of a three-phase transmission line, shown in Fig. 3.10, has the least inductance and the
most capacitance? The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0.
3 Problems: Transmission Line Parameters 41
3.13. What difference can we see in the inductance of a transmission line if we change the conductor arrangements from the
two-bundling to three-bundling, as can be seen in Fig. 3.11? The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is
r0 and D ¼ 4r0. Herein, the distance between the phases is kept constant.
1) A decrease about 23 107 ln ð2Þ
2) No change
3) An increase about 23 107 ln ð2Þ
4) An increase about 32 107 ln ð2Þ

Solutions of Problems: Transmission
Line Parameters 4
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the third chapter are fully solved, in detail, step by step, and with different methods.
4.1. Decreasing Corona power loss is the main purpose of conductors bundling in transmission lines which is caused by
reducing effective electric filed around conductors. Choice (3) is the answer.
4.2. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each
conductor is r0.
Therefore:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR ¼ ðr 0 DÞ ðr 0 DÞ ) GMR ¼ r 0 D
22
4.3. As we know, the inductance and capacitance of a transmission line can be determined as follows:

GMD
L # ¼ 2 107 ln
GMR"
2πε
C"¼ 0
GMD
ln GMR "
Bundling of conductors of a transmission line can increase its Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR). Therefore, the
inductance and the capacitance of the transmission line will decrease and increase, respectively. Moreover, based on
the relation below, the characteristic impedance will decrease:
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
L#
ZC # ¼
C"

44 4 Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Parameters
4.4. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor
is r0. The Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of the bundled conductors can be determined as follows:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR ¼ ðD11 D12 D13 D14 Þ ðD22 D21 D23 D24 Þ ðD33 D31 D32 D34 Þ ðD44 D41 D42 D43 Þ
44
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

4 p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 pffiffiffi 4 pffiffiffi
ðD11 D12 D13 D14 Þ ¼ D11 D12 D13 D14 ¼ r 0 D D D 2 ¼ r 0 D3 2
44 4
p
8
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR ¼ 2r 0 2 D6
4.5. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that the radius of each conductor is r. Therefore, the
Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is:
r 0 ¼ re4
1
Therefore, the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of the bundled conductors is:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR ¼ ðD11 D12 D13 D14 Þ ðD22 D21 D23 D24 Þ ðD33 D31 D32 D34 Þ ðD44 D41 D42 D43 Þ
44
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
ðD11 D12 D13 D14 Þ ¼ D11 D12 D13 D14 ¼ r 0 2r 2r 2r 2 ¼ e4 22 r 4 ¼ e16 28 r
44 4 4 4 1 7 1 7
4
GMR ¼ 1:722r
4.6. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that conductors “1” and “3” are for sending power and
conductor “2” is for receiving power. Moreover, the radius of each conductor is r0.
To calculate the inductance of a single-phase transmission line, we need to calculate the sum of the inductances of power
sending and power receiving lines, as they are connected in series. Therefore:

GMD13 GMD2
LTotal ¼ L13 þ L2 ¼ 2 107 ln þ 2 107 ln ð1Þ
GMR13 GMR2
4 Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Parameters 45
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMD13 ¼ GMD2 ¼ DD¼D ð2Þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR13 ¼ r 0 2D r 0 2D ¼ 2Dr 0 ð3Þ
22
GMR2 ¼ r 0 ð4Þ
Solving (1)–(4):

7 D 7 D 7 D D
LTotal ¼ 2 10 ln pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 2 10 ln 0 ¼ 2 10 ln pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0
2Dr 0 r 2Dr0 r
3 32
7 D2 7 D 1
¼ 2 10 ln 1 3 ¼ 2 10 ln 0 þ ln 1
22 r 0 2 r 22

D
LTotal ¼ 107 3 ln 0 ln ð2Þ
r
4.7. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that conductor “1” is for sending power and conductors “2” and
“3” are for receiving power. Moreover, the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0.
To calculate the inductance of a single-phase transmission line, we need to individually calculate the inductances of
power sending line and power receiving line and then add them up, as they are in series. Therefore:

7 GMD1 7 GMD23
LTotal ¼ L1 þ L23 ¼ 2 10 ln þ 2 10 ln ð1Þ
GMR1 GMR23
GMR1 ¼ r 0 ð3Þ
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 0
GMR23 ¼ r D r0 D ¼ r0 D ð4Þ
Solving (1)–(4):
32
7 D D D D D
LTotal ¼ 2 10 ln 0 þ 2 10 ln pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 2 10 ln pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0 ¼ 2 107 ln 0
7 7
r rD0 rD0 r r

D
LTotal ¼ 3 107 ln
r0

is r0.
As we know, the capacitance of a transmission line can be determined as follows:
2πε0
C¼ ð1Þ
ln GMD
GMR
Therefore:
2πε
C2b ¼ 0 ð2Þ
GMD2b
ln GMR2b
2πε
C3b ¼ 0 ð3Þ
GMD3b
ln GMR3b
Where:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR2b ¼ ðr 0 DÞ2 ¼ r 0 D ð4Þ
4
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR3b ¼ ðr 0 D DÞ3 ¼ r 0 D2
3
ð5Þ
9
The Geometrical Mean Distance (GMD) will not change, since only the bundling is changed. Therefore:
GMD2b ¼ GMD3b ¼ GMD ð6Þ
As can be noticed from (4) and (5):

Using ð6Þ GMD GMD 2πε 2πε
GMR2b < GMR3b ¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼) ln > ln ) 0 < 0
GMR2b GMR3b ln GMD2b
ln GMD3b
GMR2b GMR3b
Therefore:
C2b < C3b

is r0. Moreover, in Fig. 4.7 (b), conductors “2” and “3” are for sending power, and conductor “1” is for receiving power.
In addition:
La ¼ Lb ð1Þ
To calculate the inductance of a single-phase transmission line, we need to calculate the sum of the inductances of power
sending line and power receiving line, as they are connected in series. Therefore:
2
2D 2D
La ¼ 2 2 107 ln 0 ¼ 2 107 ln 0 ð2Þ
r r
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3
7 3D 2D 7 3D 2D 7 6D2
Lb ¼ L12 þ L3 ¼ 2 10 ln p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi þ 2 10 ln 0 ¼ 2 10 ln ð3Þ
0 r 3
rD r0 2
Solving (1)–(3):
2 3 2 3 1
7 2D 7 6D2 2D 6D2 2D2 3 9
2 10 ln 0 ¼ 2 10 ln 3 ) 0 ¼ 3 ) 1 ¼ ) D ¼ r0
r 0
r2 r 0
r2 0
r2 1 4
4.10. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that conductors “2” and “3” are for sending power and
conductor “1” is for receiving power. Moreover, the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor is r0.
To calculate the capacitance of a single-phase transmission line, we need to determine the equivalent capacitance of the
capacitance of power sending line and the capacitance of the power receiving line, since they are connected in series.
Thus:
C1 C23
C Total ¼ ð1Þ
C1 þ C23
2πε
C1 ¼ 0 ð2Þ
GMD1
ln GMR1
2πε
C23 ¼ 0 ð3Þ
GMD23
ln GMR23
Where:
GMR1 ¼ r 0 ð5Þ
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4 0
GMR23 ¼ r D r0 D ¼ r0 D ð6Þ
Solving (1)–(6):
2πε0 2πε0 2πε0

ln ðrD0 Þ
ln pDffiffiffiffi ln ðrD0 Þ ln pDffiffiffiffi
0 r0 D 2πε0 2πε0
CTotal ¼
r D
¼ ¼ D ¼ 3
2πε0
ln ðrD0 Þ
þ 2πε0 ln ðrD0 Þþ ln pDffiffiffiffi ln þ ln ffiffiffiffiffi
pD ln Dr0 2
r0
ln pDffiffiffiffi
r0 D r0 D
0 r D
ln ðrD0 Þ ln pDffiffiffiffi
0
r D
4πε0
C Total ¼
3 ln Dr0
is r0 and:
r0 < d ð1Þ
L1 ¼ L2 ð2Þ
As we know, the inductance of a three-phase transmission line can be determined as follows:

GMD
L ¼ 2 107 ln ð3Þ
GMR
Therefore:

GMD1
L1 ¼ 2 107 ln ð4Þ
GMR1

7 GMD2
L2 ¼ 2 10 ln ð5Þ
GMR2
Where:
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffi
GMD1 ¼ D D 2D ¼ D 2 ð6Þ
3 3
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMD2 ¼ 3
DDD¼D ð7Þ
GMR1 ¼ r 0 ð8Þ
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p
3 0 3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
GMR2 ¼ r d d ¼ r0 d2 ð9Þ
Solving (2)–(9):
p ffiffiffi pffiffiffi
7 D32 7 D D32 D 2
03
pffiffiffi
3 23 ) r 0 ¼ d
2 1
2 10 ln 0 ¼ 2 10 ln p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ) 0 ¼ p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ) r ¼ d 2 ð10Þ
r 3
r0 d2 r 3
r0 d2
Equations (1) and (10) do not have any solution. Choice (4) is the answer.
4.12. As we know, the inductance and the capacitance of a three-phase transmission line can be determined as follows:

GMD
L ¼ 2 107 ln ð1Þ
GMR
2πε0
C¼ ð2Þ
ln GMD
GMR
Based on the information given in the problem, we know that the Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR) of each conductor
is r0. The transmission lines are not bundled. Hence:
GMR1 ¼ GMR2 ¼ GMR3 ¼ GMR4 ¼ r 0 ð3Þ
Moreover, as can be noticed from Fig. 4.10.3, we have:
d<D ð4Þ
For case 1:
7
3
D D 2D 7 D32
L1 ¼ 2 10 ln ¼ 2 10 ln ð5Þ
r0 r0
2πε0
C1 ¼ p3 ffiffi ð6Þ
ln Dr0 2
For case 2:
7
3
D D 2D 7 D32
L2 ¼ 2 10 ln ¼ 2 10 ln ð7Þ
r0 r0
2πε0
C2 ¼ p3 ffiffi ð8Þ
ln Dr0 2
For case 3:
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi!
Ddd
3
7
3
7 Dd 2
L3 ¼ 2 10 ln ¼ 2 10 ln ð9Þ
r0 r0
2πε0
C3 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi ð10Þ
3
Dd 2
ln r0
For case 4:
p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3
DDD D
L4 ¼ 2 107 ln 0 ¼ 2 107 ln 0 ð11Þ
r r
2πε0
C4 ¼ ð12Þ
ln Dr0
From (5) to (12), we can conclude that:

p
3
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi! p ffiffiffi
7 Dd 2 7 D 7 D32
2 10 ln < 2 10 ln < 2 10 ln ) L3 < L4 < L2 ¼ L1 ð13Þ
r0 r0 r0
2πε0 2πε 2πε0

p3 ffiffi < D0 < pffiffiffiffiffiffi ) C1 ¼ C2 < C4 < C3 ð14Þ
D 2
ln r0 ln r 0
3
Dd 2
ln r0
As can be seen in (13) and (14), arrangement 3 has the least inductance and the most capacitance. Choice (3) is the
answer.
is r0 and:
D ¼ 4r 0 ð1Þ
As we know, the inductance of a transmission line can be determined as follows:

GMD
L ¼ 2 107 ln ð2Þ
GMR
Therefore:

7 GMD2b
L2b ¼ 2 10 ln ð3Þ
GMR2b

GMD3b
L3b ¼ 2 107 ln ð4Þ
GMR3b
Where:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Using ð1Þ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

¼ ðr 0 D Þ2 ¼ r 0 D ¼ ¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼) GMR2b ¼ 4r 0 2 ¼ 2r 0
¼ ð5Þ
4
GMR2b
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Using ð1Þ p ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

) GMR3b ¼ 16r 0 3 ¼ 23 r 0
3 4
GMR3b ¼ ðr 0 D DÞ3 ¼ r 0 D2 ¼
3
¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼¼
¼ ð6Þ
9
The Geometrical Mean Distance (GMD) will not change, since only the bundling is changed. Therefore:
GMD2b ¼ GMD3b ð7Þ
Therefore:

GMD3b GMD2b GMD3b GMR2b
L3b L2b ¼ 2 107 ln 2 107 ln ¼ 2 107 ln ð8Þ
GMR3b GMR2b GMR3b GMD2b
Solving (7)–(8):

GMR2b
L3b L2b ¼ 2 107 ln ð9Þ
GMR3b
Solving (5), (6), and (9):

0 1
2r
L3b L2b ¼ 2 107 ln 4 ¼ 2 107 ln 23
23 r 0
2
L3b L2b ¼ 107 ln ð2Þ
3

Problems: Transmission Line Model
and Performance 5
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems concerning with the transmission line model and performance are presented. The subjects
include transmission line models, transmission line voltage regulation, transmission line compensation, and features of
transmission matrix. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy,
normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from the
easiest problem with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
5.1. Which one of the parameters below can be ignored for a short transmission line?
1) Resistance
2) Inductance
3) Reactance
4) Capacitance
5.2. Based on Ferranti effect, which one of the following terms is correct?
1) The voltage in the receiving end increases when the transmission line is operated in no-load or low-load conditions.
2) The voltage in the receiving end increases when the transmission line is operated in full-load condition.
3) The voltage in the receiving end increases when the transmission line is short-circuited.
4) The voltage in the receiving end decreases when the transmission line is operated in full-load condition.
5.3. Which one of the matrices below belongs to a transmission matrix of a real transmission line?

j 1
1)
0 j

1 j
2)
2 1

1 2
3)
3 1

1 j
4)
0 1

54 5 Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance
5.4. Two power systems have the transmission matrices below. If these systems are cascaded, determine their equivalent
transmission matrix:

1 j2 1 0
½T 1 ¼ , ½T 2 ¼
0 1 j2 1


3 j2
1)
j2 1

5 j2
2)
j2 1

2 j2
3)
j2 2
4) None of them
5.5. Calculate the characteristic impedance of a long lossless transmission line that has the inductance and capacitance of
about 1 mH/meter and 10 μF/meter, respectively.
1) 20 Ω
2) 5 Ω
3) 10 Ω
4) 40 Ω
5.6. At the end of a transmission line with the characteristic impedance of ZC = (1 j) Ω, a load with the impedance of
ZL = (1 + j) Ω has been connected. Which one of the following components needs to be installed in parallel to the load to
remove the reflected waves of the voltage and current?
1) A capacitor with the reactance of 0.5
2) A capacitor with the reactance of 1
3) An inductor with the reactance of 0.5
4) An inductor with the reactance of 1
5.7. As is shown in Fig. 5.1, a medium transmission line has been presented by its T model. Calculate the charging current of
the line (ICharging).
1) Only ZVR(1 + 0.5YZ)1
2) Only YVS(1 + 0.5YZ)1
3) YVR or YVS(1 + 0.5YZ)1
4) Only YVR(1 + 0.5YZ)1

5 Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance 55
5.8. Figure 5.2 shows the single-line diagram of a short transmission line. Determine its transmission matrix.

1 þ YZ 1
1)
Z Y

1 þ YZ Z
2)
Y 1

1 þ YZ 1
3)
Y Z

1 þ YZ Y
4)
Z 1
5.9. Determine the characteristic impedance of a transmission line that the relation below is true for its parameters:
R G
¼
L C

1) RL.
2) 1.
3) 0.
4) It is equal to the characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission line.
5.10. Figure 5.3 shows the single-line diagram of a short transmission line that a resistor with the resistance of R has been
installed in its middle point. Determine its transmission matrix.

R þ Z ZðR þ ZÞ
1)
Z RþZ

1 þ Z ZðR þ ZÞ
2)
Z RþZ
2 3
Z Z
1þ Z Rþ
6 2R 4R 7
3) 4 5
1 Z
1þ
2 R 2R 3
Z Z
1þ Z Rþ
6 2R 2R 7
4) 4 5
1 Z
1þ
R 4R
56 5 Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance
5.11. Calculate the characteristic impedance of a long transmission line that its transmission matrix is as follows:
2 3
1
j
62 7
½T ¼ 4 5
3 1
j
4 2

pffiffi
1) 33 Ω
pffiffi
2) 2 3 3 Ω
3) 34 Ω
4) 12 Ω
5.12. Calculate the charging current (ICharging) of a long transmission line.

ðγlÞ
1) VS tanh
Zc
2) ZcVS tanh (γl)
ðγlÞ
3) VS coth
Zc
4) ZcVS coth (γl)
5.13. In a long transmission line, consider the definitions below, and choose the correct relation between ZC, ZS.C., and ZO.C..
ZC: Characteristic impedance
ZS.C.: The impedance seen from the beginning of the transmission line if its end is short circuit
ZO.C.: The impedance seen from the beginning of the transmission line if its end is open circuit
1) ZC = ZS.C. 2 ZO.C.
2) ZC = ZO.C. 2 ZS.C.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3) ZC = ZS:C: ZO:C:
4) ZC = 12 ðZS:C: þ ZO:C: Þ
5.14. In a long transmission line, the impedance measured from the beginning of the line, when its end is open circuit, is the
reciprocal of the impedance measured from the beginning of the line, when its end is short circuit. Which one of the
following relations is correct among the parameters of the transmission matrix of this line?

A B
½T ¼
C D

5 Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance 57
1) A þ B ¼ AB 1
2) A þ B ¼ BA 1
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
3) A ¼ 1 B2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
4) A ¼ B2 1
5.15. In a no-load and lossless transmission line, which one of the following relations is correct? Herein, VR, VS, β, γ, and
l are the voltage of receiving end, voltage of sending end, phase constant, propagation constant, and length of line,
respectively.
1) VR = sinVðSβlÞ
2) VR = VS
sin ðγlÞ
3) VR = VS
cos ðβlÞ
4) VR = VS
cos ðγlÞ
5.16. A factory is supplied by an ideal transformer through a short transmission line. At the bus of the factory, a shunt
capacitor has been installed to correct its power factor. Which one of the transmission matrices below is correct for this
power system?
" #
1
0 1 þ ZY Z
1) a
0 a Y 1
" #
a 0 1 þ ZY Y
2) 1
0 Z 1
" a#
a 0 1 þ ZY Z

3) 1
0 Y 1
" a#
1
0 1 þ ZY Y
4) a
0 a Z 1

Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Model
and Performance 6
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the fifth chapter are fully solved, in detail, step by step, and with different methods.
6.1. In a short transmission line, the capacitance of the line can be ignored. Choice (4) is the answer.
6.2. Based on Ferranti effect, the voltage in the receiving end increases when the transmission line is operated in no-load or
low-load conditions. Choice (1) is the answer.
6.3. The two-port of transmission line is symmetric and bidirectional. Therefore, the transmission matrix of a real transmis-
sion line has the following characteristics:
(
A B A¼D ð 1Þ
½T ¼ )
C D detð½T Þ ¼ 1 ) AD BC ¼ 1 ð 2Þ
Now, we need to check these characteristics for each choice, as follows:

Choice 1: Condition (1) is not true, as j 6¼ (j).
Choice 2: Condition (2) is not true, as AD BC ¼ 1 j2 6¼ 1.
Choice 3: Condition (2) is not true, as AD BC ¼ 1 6 6¼ 1.
Choice 4: Both conditions are true, as 1 ¼ 1 and AD BC ¼ 1 0 ¼ 1.
Therefore, the transmission matrix of choice 4 belongs to a real transmission line. Choice (4) is the answer.
6.4. Based on the information given in the problem, we have:

1 j2 1 0
½T 1 ¼ , ½T 2 ¼ ð1Þ
0 1 j2 1
As we know, for the cascaded transmission systems, the relation below holds about their transmission matrices:
½T Total ¼ ½T 1 ½T 2 ð2Þ

1 j2 1 0 3 j2
½T Total ¼ ) ½T Total ¼
0 1 j2 1 j2 1

60 6 Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance
6.5. Based on the information given in the problem, we know that the line is lossless. Therefore:
8
< Z ¼ R þ jX ¼R ¼ 0, X ¼ Lω
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼) Z = jLω ð 1Þ
: G ¼ 0, B ¼ Cω
Y ¼ G þ jB ¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼¼
¼
¼
¼) Y = jCω ð 2Þ
Moreover:
L ¼ 1 mH=meter, C ¼ 10 μF=meter ð3Þ
As we know, the characteristic impedance of a transmission line can be calculated as follows:

rffiffiffiffi
Z
ZC ¼ ð4Þ
Y
Solving (1)–(4):
rffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

Z jLω L 103 1
ZC = = = = =
Y jCω C 10 106 102
ZC ¼ 10 Ω
ZC = ð1 jÞ Ω ð1Þ
ZL = ð1 þ jÞ Ω ð2Þ
If a transmission line is loaded by an impedance, which is equal to its characteristic impedance, the reflected waves of the
voltage and current will be eliminated. Therefore, we need an impedance (Z) to install it parallel to the load impedance
(ZL) to achieve the goal (ZC):
ZL kZ = ZC
ð1 þ jÞ Z
) ð1 þ jÞkZ = 1 j ) =1 j
ð1 þ jÞ þ Z
) Z þ jZ = ð1 þ jÞ þ Z 2 j þ 1 jZ ) 2jZ = 2
1
)Z¼ Ω ) XC ¼ 1 Ω
j
Therefore, the component is a capacitor with the reactance of 1 Ω. Choice (2) is the answer.
6.7. As we know, the transmission matrix of the T model of a medium transmission line can be presented as follows:
2 3 8
1þ
ZY
Z 1þ
ZY >
< VS ¼ 1 þ
ZY
V þ Z 1 þ
ZY
I
VS 6 2 4 7 R )
V 2 R
4 R
¼4 5 ð1Þ
IS ZY IR >
: ZY
Y 1þ IS ¼ YVR þ 1 þ I
2 2 R
6 Solutions of Problems: Transmission Line Model and Performance 61
The charging current (ICharging) of a transmission line is achieved when the line is in the no-load condition. In other
words:
IR ¼ 0, IS ¼ ICharging ð2Þ

ZY
VS ¼ 1 þ VR ð3Þ
2
ICharging ¼ YVR ð4Þ

ZY 1
ICharging ¼ YVS 1 þ
2
6.8. As we know, transmission matrix is presented in the following form:

VS A B VR
¼ ð1Þ
IS C D IR
Applying KVL:
VS ¼ ZIS þ VR ð2Þ
Applying KCL in the receiving end:
IS þ VR Y þ IR ¼ 0 ) IS ¼ VR Y þ IR ð3Þ
VS ¼ ZðVR Y þ IR Þ þ VR ¼ VR ðZY þ 1Þ þ ZIR ð4Þ
Solving (1), (3), and (4):

VS 1 þ ZY Z VR
¼
IS Y 1 IR

R G
¼ ð1Þ
L C
As we know, the characteristic impedance of a transmission line can be calculated as follows:

vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
!ffi
rffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi u
Z R þ jωL t L L u R
þ jω
ZC = = = ð2Þ
Y G þ jωC C GC þ jω

rffiffiffiffi
L
ZC ¼ ð3Þ
C
The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission line (R ¼ 0, G ¼ 0) can be determined as follows:

rffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffi
Z 0 þ jωL jωL L
ZC = = = = ð4Þ
Y 0 þ jωC jωC C
By comparing (3) and (4), it is concluded that choice (4) is the answer.
6.10. As we know, the transmission matrix is presented as follows:

VS A B VR
¼ ð1Þ
IS C D IR
This power system should be considered as the three cascaded sub-systems, as is illustrated in Fig. 6.3.2–4. Then, the
relation below holds about their transmission matrices:
½T Total ¼ ½T 1 ½T 2 ½T 3 ð2Þ
Note that since the resistor has been installed in the middle point, the impedance of the line (Z) is equally divided.
The transmission matrix of the first or the third sub-system (see Fig. 6.3.2 and Fig. 6.3.4) can be determined as follows:
Applying KVL:
1
VS ¼ ZIR1 þ VR1 ð3Þ
2
Applying KCL:
IS ¼ IR1 ð4Þ
Solving (1), (3), and (4):
" # " #
VS 1 1
1 Z VR1 1 Z
¼ 2 ) ½T 1 ¼ ½T 3 ¼ 2 ð5Þ
IS 0 1 I R1 0 1
The transmission matrix of the second sub-system (see Fig. 6.3.3) can be determined as follows:
Applying KVL:
VS2 ¼ VR2 ð6Þ
Applying KCL:
VR2 1
IS2 þ þ IR2 ¼ 0 ) IS2 ¼ VR2 þ IR2 ð7Þ
R R
Solving (1), (6), and (7):
" # " #
VS2 1 0 VR2 1 0
¼ 1 ) ½T 2 ¼ 1 ð8Þ
IS2 1 IR2 1
R R
Solving (2), (5), and (8):

" # " # " #
1 1 0 1
1 Z 1 Z
½T Total ¼ 2 1 2
0 1 1 0 1
R
2 3
Z Z
1þ Z Rþ
6 2R 4R 7
) ½T Total ¼ 4 5
1 Z
1þ
R 2R


2 3
1
j
62 7
½T ¼ 4 5 ð1Þ
3 1
j
4 2
As we know, the transmission matrix of a long transmission line is as follows:

VS A B VR
¼ ð2Þ
IS C D IR
2 3
cosh ðγlÞ ZC sinh ðγlÞ V
VS
¼4 1 5 R ð3Þ
IS sinh ðγlÞ cosh ðγlÞ IR
ZC
By considering (2) and (3), we can write:

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffi
AB cosh ðγlÞ ZC sinh ðγlÞ ZC
= = = ZC
Z sinh ðγlÞ cosh ðγlÞ
CD 1 1
C Z C
Moreover, as we know, A ¼ D in the transmission matrix of a transmission line. Therefore, the characteristic impedance
of a transmission line can be determined as follows:
rffiffiffiffi
B
ZC ¼ ð4Þ
C

sffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
j 2 3
ZC = 3 ) ZC = Ω
4j
3
6.12. As we know, the transmission matrix of a transmission line is as follows:

2 3 8
cosh ðγlÞ ZC sinh ðγlÞ V < VS = cosh ðγlÞVR þ ZC sinh ðγlÞIR
VS
¼4 1 5 R ) 1 ð1Þ
IS sinh ðγlÞ cosh ðγlÞ IR : IS = sinh ðγlÞVR þ cosh ðγlÞIR
ZC ZC
The charging current (ICharging) of a transmission line is achieved when the line is in the no-load condition. In other
words:
IR ¼ 0, IS ¼ ICharging ð2Þ
VS = cosh ðγlÞVR ð3Þ
1
ICharging ¼ sinh ðγlÞVR ð4Þ
ZC
VS cosh ðγlÞ 1
¼ ) ICharging ¼ tanh ðγlÞVS
ICharging Z1 sinh ðγlÞ ZC
C
ZC: Characteristic impedance

ZS.C.: The impedance seen from the beginning of the transmission line if its end is short circuit
ZO.C.: The impedance seen from the beginning of the transmission line if its end is open circuit
As we know, the transmission matrix of a transmission line is as follows:

2 3 8
cosh ðγlÞ ZC sinh ðγlÞ V < VS = cosh ðγlÞVR þ ZC sinh ðγlÞIR
VS
¼4 1 5 R
) 1 ð1Þ
IS sinh ðγlÞ cosh ðγlÞ IR : IS = sinh ðγlÞVR þ cosh ðγlÞIR
ZC ZC
Therefore:

VS Z sinh ðγlÞIR
ZS:C: ¼ ¼ C ¼ ZC tanh ðγlÞ ð2Þ
IS VR ¼0 cosh ðγlÞIR

VS cosh ðγlÞVR
ZO:C: ¼ ¼ ¼ ZC cothðγlÞ ð3Þ
IS IR ¼0 Z1 sinh ðγlÞV R
C
By considering (2) and (3), we can write:
ZS:C: ZO:C: ¼ ZC tanh ðγlÞ ZC cothðγlÞ ð4Þ
tanh ðγlÞcothðγlÞ ¼ 1 ð5Þ

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ZS:C: ZO:C: ¼ ðZC Þ2 ) ZC ¼ ZS:C: ZO:C:
1
ZO:C: ¼ ð1Þ
ZS:C:
As we know, the transmission matrix is presented as follows:

VS A B VR
¼ ð2Þ
IS C D IR
Therefore:

VS BI B
ZS:C: ¼ ¼ R¼ ð3Þ
IS VR ¼0 DIR D

VS AVR A
ZO:C: ¼ ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
IS IR ¼0 CVR C
Solving (1), (3), and (4):
A 1 A D
= ) = ð5Þ
C DB C B
Since the two-port of transmission line is symmetric and bidirectional, its transmission matrix has the following
features:
A¼D ð6Þ
AD BC ¼ 1 ð7Þ
Solving (5)–(7):
1
A2 B2 ¼ 1 ) ðA þ BÞðA BÞ ¼ 1 ) A þ B ¼
AB
6.15. As we know, the transmission matrix of a transmission line is as follows:

2 3 8
cosh ðγlÞ ZC sinh ðγlÞ V < VS = cosh ðγlÞVR þ ZC sinh ðγlÞIR ð 1Þ
VS
¼4 1 5 R ) 1
IS sinh ðγlÞ cosh ðγlÞ IR : IS = sinh ðγlÞVR þ cosh ðγlÞIR ð 2Þ
ZC ZC
In a lossless transmission line, the attenuation coefficient is zero (α ¼ 0). Therefore:
γ ¼ α þ jβ ¼ jβ ð3Þ
Solving (1)–(3):
8
< VS = cosh ðjβlÞVR þ ZC sinh ðjβlÞIR ð 4Þ
) 1
: IS = sinh ðjβlÞVR þ cosh ðjβlÞIR ð 5Þ
ZC
cosh ðjβlÞ ¼ cos ðβlÞ ð6Þ
sinh ðjβlÞ ¼ j sin ðβlÞ ð7Þ
Solving (4)–(7):
8
< VS ¼ cos ðβlÞVR þ jZC sin ðβlÞIR ð 8Þ
) 1
: IS ¼ j sin ðβlÞVR þ cos ðβlÞIR ð9Þ
ZC
Moreover, in a no-load transmission line, we have:
IR ¼ 0 ð10Þ
Solving (8)–(10):
8
< VS ¼ cos ðβlÞVR ð11Þ
) 1
: IS ¼ j sin ðβlÞVR ð12Þ
ZC
VS
VR ¼
cos ðβlÞ
6.16. As we know, the transmission matrix is presented as follows:

VS A B VR
¼ ð1Þ
IS C D IR
This power system should be considered as the three cascaded sub-systems, as is shown in Fig. 6.4.2–4. Then, the total
transmission matrix can be determined as follows:
½T Total ¼ ½T 1 ½T 2 ½T 3 ð2Þ
As we know, for the ideal transformer, shown in Fig. 6.4.2, the relations below can be written:
VS ¼ aVR1 ð3Þ
1
IS ¼ IR1 ð4Þ
a
Thus, the transmission matrix of the first sub-system is as follows:
" # " #
VS a 0 VR1 a 0
¼ 1 ) ½T 1 ¼ 1 ð5Þ
IS 0 IR1 0
a a
The transmission matrix of the second sub-system can be determined as follows:
Applying KVL:
VS2 ¼ ZIR2 þ VR2 ð6Þ
Applying KCL:
IS2 ¼ IR2 ð7Þ
Solving (1), (6), and (7):

VS2 1 Z VR2 1 Z
¼ ) ½T 2 ¼ ð8Þ
IS2 0 1 IR2 0 1
The transmission matrix of the third sub-system can be determined as follows:
Applying KVL:
VS3 ¼ VR ð9Þ
Applying KCL:
IS3 þ YVR þ IR ¼ 0 ) IS3 ¼ YVR þ IR ð10Þ
Solving (1), (9), and (10):

VS3 1 0 VR 1 0
¼ ) ½T 3 ¼ ð11Þ
IS3 Y 1 IR Y 1
Solving (2), (5), (8), and (11):

" #
a 0 1 Z 1 0
½T Total ¼ 1
0 0 1 Y 1
a
" #
1
0 1 þ ZY Y
½T Total ¼ a
0 a Z 1

Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance
Matrices 7
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of network impedance and admittance matrices are presented. In this chapter, the problems are
categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small,
normal, and large). Additionally, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest computations to the
most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
7.1. For the power system illustrated in Fig. 7.1, determine Z22 of the network impedance matrix ([ZBus]).
1) j0.6 Ω
2) j0.06 Ω
3) j0.4 Ω
4) j0.15 Ω
7.2. The network impedance matrix ([ZBus]) and the result of load flow simulation problem are presented in the following. If a
capacitor with the reactance of 3.4 p. u. is connected to the fourth bus, determine its updated voltage:
2 3
0:20 0:15 0:25 0:24
6 0:15 0:14 7
6 0:30 0:13 7
½ZBus ¼ j6 7 p:u:
4 0:25 0:13 0:15 0:25 5
0:24 0:14 0:25 0:40


70 7 Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices
1) 0.95 p. u.
2) 0.98 p. u.
3) 1.02 p. u.
4) 1.20 p. u.
7.3. In a three-bus power system, the voltage of the second bus is about , and the network impedance matrix is
as follows. If an inductor with the reactance of 2.7 p. u. is connected to the second bus, determine the voltage variation of
the third bus:
2 3
0:2 0:15 0:1
6 7
½ZBus ¼ j4 0:15 0:3 0:15 5 p:u:
0:1 0:15 0:25

1) 0.075 p. u.
2) 0.06 p. u.
3) 0.12 p. u.
4) 0.15 p. u.
7.4. For the power system shown in Fig. 7.2, determine the network admittance matrix ([YBus]).
2 3
20 15 15
6 7
1) j4 15 25 10 5 p:u:
15 10 30
2 3
25 10 5
6 7
2) j4 10 35 5 5 p:u:
5 5 15
2 3
20 5 10
6 7
3) j4 5 30 15 5 p:u:
10 15 35
2 3
15 30 40
6 7
4) j4 30 20 20 5 p:u:
40 20 35

7 Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices 71
7.5. For the power system shown in Fig. 7.3, determine the network impedance matrix ([ZBus]).
2 3
2 1
6 7
1) j4 30 30 5 p:u:
1 2
2 30 30 3
1 1

6 15 7 p:u:
2) j4 15 5
1 1

2 15 315
2 2
6 15 15 7
3) j4 5 p:u:
2 2
2 15 15 3
2 1

6 30 7 p:u:
4) j4 30 5
1 2

30 30
7.6. For the power system shown in Fig. 7.4, determine the detriment of the network impedance matrix ([ZBus]).
1) 0.5
2) 0.5
3) 0.2
4) 0.2
7.7. For the power system shown in Fig. 7.5, determine the value of ZZ1222 , belonging to [ZBus], if the base voltage in the
transmission line and the base MVA are 50 kV and 100 MVA, respectively.
1) 0.5
2) 0.75
3) 1
4) 2
7.8. In a three-bus power system shown in Fig. 7.6, determine the sum of the diagonal components of the network admittance
matrix ([YBus]).
1) j60 p. u.
2) j20 p. u.
3) j30 p. u.
4) j10 p. u.
7.9. The impedance diagram of a three-phase four-bus power system is shown in Fig. 7.7. If the lines of 2–4 and 1–3 are
removed from the system, the network admittance matrix can be presented in the form of [YBus,
New] ¼ [YBus] + [ΔYBus]. Determine [ΔYBus].
2 3
10 0 10 0
6 0 10 0 10 7
6 7
1) j6 7 p:u:
4 10 0 10 0 5
0 10 0 10
2 3
10 0 10 0
6 0 10 7
6 10 0 7
2) j6 7 p:u:
4 10 0 10 0 5
0 10 0 10
2 3
10 0 10 0
6 0 10 10 7
6 0 7
3) j6 7 p:u:
4 10 0 10 0 5
0 10 0 10
2 3
10 0 10 0
6 0 10 10 7
6 0 7
4) j6 7 p:u:
4 10 0 10 0 5
0 10 0 10
7 Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices 73
7.10. The network admittance matrix of a four-bus power system is presented in the following. Determine the updated
network admittance matrix if the second and the third buses are short-circuited:
2 3
5 4 3 2
6 7
6 4 10 2 1 7
6 7
½YBus ¼ j6 7 p:u:
6 3 2 10 4 7
4 5
2 1 4 20

2 3
5 7 2
6 7
1) j4 7 16 5 5 p:u:
2 5 20
2 3
10 7 2
6 7
2) j4 7 10 5 5 p:u:
2 5 10
2 3
16 5 6
6 7
3) j4 5 10 5 5 p:u:
6 5 20
2 3
0 10 20
6 7
4) j4 10 10 6 5 p:u:
20 6 20
7.11. The network admittance matrix of a power system is presented in the following. There are two parallel similar lines
between the buses. If one of them is disconnected from bus 1 and then grounded, determine the updated network
admittance matrix:

j10 j10
½YBus ¼ p:u:
j10 j10


5 5
1) j p:u:
5 10

20 20
2) j p:u:
20 20

20 5
3) j p:u:
5 10

5 5
4) j p:u:
5 5
Solutions of Problems: Network Impedance
and Admittance Matrices 8
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the seventh chapter are fully solved, in detail, step by step, and with different methods.
8.1. As we know, Znn is the Thevenin impedance seen from the n’th bus. To find the Thevenin impedance, we need to turn off
the generator, as is shown in Fig. 8.2. Now, we can write:
Z22 ¼ ð j0:3Þkðð j0:2Þkð j0:2Þ þ j0:2Þ ¼ ð j0:3Þkð j0:3Þ
Z22 ¼ j0:15 p:u:

76 8 Solutions of Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices

2 3
0:20 0:15 0:25 0:24
6 0:15 0:14 7
6 0:30 0:13 7
½ZBus ¼ j6 7 p:u:
4 0:25 0:13 0:15 0:25 5
0:24 0:14 0:25 0:40
ZC ¼ j3:4 p:u:
If an inductor or a capacitor with the impedance of Z is connected to the ith bus, the updated voltage in the jth bus can be
calculated as follows:

2 Vi,Old
Vj,New = Vj,Old þ Zji
Zii þ Z
In this problem, the capacitor is connected to the fourth bus, and the updated voltage of the fourth bus is also requested.
Thus, using the network impedance matrix and the result of load flow simulation problem, we can write:
- -
-
-
-
V4,New ¼ 1:02 p:u:
2 3
0:2 0:15 0:1
6 7
½ZBus ¼ j4 0:15 0:3 0:15 5 p:u:
0:1 0:15 0:25
X L ¼ 2:7 p:u:
If an inductor or a capacitor with the impedance of Z is connected to the ith bus, the updated voltage in the jth bus can be

2 Vi,Old
Vj,New = Vj,Old þ Zji
Zii þ Z
Herein, the inductor is connected to the second bus, and the voltage variation of the third bus is requested. Thus, we can
write:
- -
-

8 Solutions of Problems: Network Impedance and Admittance Matrices 77
8.4. Figure 8.2 shows the power system. The components of the network admittance matrix ([YBus]) can be determined as
follows:
1 1 1
y11 ¼ þ þ ¼ j10 j5 j10 ¼ j25 p:u:
j0:1 j0:2 j0:1
1 1 1
y22 ¼ þ þ ¼ j20 j10 j5 ¼ j35 p:u:
j0:05 j0:1 j0:2
1 1 1
y33 ¼ þ þ ¼ j5 j5 j5 ¼ j15 p:u:
j0:2 j0:2 j0:2

1
y12 ¼ y21 ¼ ¼ j10 p:u:
j0:1

1
y13 ¼ y31 ¼ ¼ j5 p:u:
j0:2

1
y23 ¼ y32 ¼ ¼ j5 p:u:
j0:2
Therefore:
2 3
25 10 5
6 7
½YBus ¼ j4 10 35 5 5 p:u:
5 5 15
8.5. Building network impedance matrix ([ZBus]) is time-consuming. Hence, the best way is to determine the network
admittance matrix ([YBus]), and then [ZBus] ¼ [YBus]1:
1 1 1
y11 ¼ þ þ ¼ j10 j5 j5 ¼ j20 p:u:
j0:1 j0:2 j0:2
1 1 1
y22 ¼ þ þ ¼ j10 j5 j5 ¼ j20 p:u:
j0:1 j0:2 j0:2

1 1
y12 ¼ y21 ¼ þ ¼ ðj5 j5Þ ¼ j10 p:u:
j0:2 j0:2
Therefore:

20 10
½YBus ¼ j p:u:
10 20
2 3
1 2 1
20 10 6 7
½ZBus ¼ ½YBus 1 ¼ j ) ½ZBus ¼ j4 30 30 5
10 20 1 2
30 30
8.6. Building network impedance matrix ([ZBus]) is time-consuming. Therefore, the best way is to determine the network
admittance matrix ([YBus]), and then [ZBus] ¼ [YBus]1. As is illustrated in Fig. 8.4.2, we need to turn off the generators:
1 1
y11 ¼ þ ¼ j2 p:u:
j j
1 1
y22 ¼ þ ¼ j3 p:u:
j j0:5

1
y12 ¼ y21 ¼ ¼ j p:u:
j
Therefore:

2 1
½YBus ¼ j p:u:
1 3
2 3
1 3 1
2 1 65 57
½ZBus ¼ ½YBus 1 ¼ j ) ½ZBus ¼ j4 5
1 3 1 2
5 5

6 1
) detð½ZBus Þ ¼ ¼ 0:2
25 25

V Line,B ¼ 50 kV, SB ¼ 100 MVA
X Line ¼ 12:5 Ω
The base voltage in the zone of the line can be calculated as follows:
ðV Line,B Þ2 ð50 kV Þ2
Z Line,B ¼ ¼ ¼ 25 Ω
SB 100 MVA
Thus, the per unit (p.u.) value of the reactance of the line is:
X Line 12:5
X Line,p:u: ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:5 Ω ) Z Line,p:u: ¼ j0:5 p:u:
Z Line,B 25
Now, the impedance diagram of the system is known and illustrated in Fig. 8.5.2. The network admittance matrix of the
system can be determined as follows:
1 1
y11 ¼ y22 ¼ þ ¼ j4 p:u:
j0:5 j0:5

1
y12 ¼ y21 ¼ ¼ j2 p:u:
j0:5

4 2
½YBus ¼ j p:u:
2 4
Then, the network impedance matrix is:

2 3
1 1
63 6 7 p:u:
½ZBus ¼ ½YBus 1 ¼ j4 5
1 1
6 3
Therefore:
Z12 j1 Z
¼ 16 ) 12 ¼ 0:5
Z22 j3 Z22
8.8. The impedance diagram of the power system is shown in Fig. 8.6. The network admittance matrix of the system can be
determined as follows:
1 1
y11 ¼ y22 ¼ y33 ¼ þ ¼ j10 j10 ¼ j20 p:u:
j0:1 j0:1

1
y12 ¼ y13 ¼ y21 ¼ y23 ¼ y31 ¼ y32 ¼ ¼ j10 p:u:
j0:1
2 3
20 10 10
6 7
½YBus ¼ j4 10 20 10 5 p:u:
10 10 20
Therefore, the sum of the diagonal components of the network admittance matrix is:
Sum of the diagonal components ¼ j20 j20 j20 ¼ j60 p:u:

8.9. Based on the information given in the problem, [YBus] belongs to the power system shown in Fig. 8.7.1. Moreover,
[YBus, New] is related to the system that the lines of 2–4 and 1–3 have been removed from it.
The impedance diagram of the primary system is shown in Fig. 8.7.2. The network admittance matrix of this system can
be determined as follows:
1 1 1
y11 ¼ y22 ¼ y33 ¼ y44 ¼ þ þ ¼ j10 j10 j10 ¼ j30 p:u:
j0:1 j0:1 j0:1

1
y12 ¼ y13 ¼ y14 ¼ y21 ¼ y23 ¼ y24 ¼ y31 ¼ y32 ¼ y34 ¼ y41 ¼ y42 ¼ y43 ¼ ¼ j10 p:u:
j0:1
2 3
30 10 10 10
6 10 30 10 7
6 10 7
½YBus ¼ j6 7 p:u:
4 10 10 30 10 5
10 10 10 30
Figure 8.7.3 illustrates the impedance diagram of the updated system. The network admittance matrix of this system can
be determined as follows:
1 1
y11 ¼ y22 ¼ y33 ¼ y44 ¼ þ ¼ j10 j10 ¼ j20 p:u:
j0:1 j0:1

1
y12 ¼ y14 ¼ y21 ¼ y23 ¼ y32 ¼ y34 ¼ y41 ¼ y43 ¼ ¼ j10 p:u:
j0:1
y13 ¼ y31 ¼ y24 ¼ y42 ¼ 0 p:u:

2 3
20 10 0 10
6 10 20 0 7
6 10 7
½YBus,New ¼ j6 7 p:u:
4 0 10 20 10 5
10 0 10 20
Therefore:
2 3 2 3
20 10 0 10 30 10 10 10
6 10 20 7 6 10 30 7
6 10 0 7 6 10 10 7
½ΔYBus ¼ j6 7 j6 7¼
4 0 10 20 10 5 4 10 10 30 10 5
10 0 10 20 10 10 10 30
2 3
10 0 10 0
6 0 10 7
6 10 0 7
½ΔYBus ¼ j6 7 p:u:
4 10 0 10 0 5
0 10 0 10

8.10. By short-circuiting two buses of a power system, their corresponding components in the network admittance matrix
([YBus]) are added up. Therefore, for the second and the third buses, we have:
2 3
5 7 2
6 7
½YBus,New ¼ j4 7 16 5 5 p:u:
2 5 20
8.11. Based on the information given in the problem, the network admittance matrix is as follows:

j10 j10
½YBus ¼ p:u: ð1Þ
j10 j10
From this [YBus], we can figure out that the power system has only two buses.
Moreover, we know that there are two parallel similar lines between the buses. Now, it is better to draw the single-line
diagram of the system which is shown in Fig. 8.8.1.
The network admittance matrix of the primary system (see Fig. 8.8.1) can be formed as follows:

yþy ðy þ yÞ 2y 2y
½YBus ¼ ¼ p:u: ð2Þ
ðy þ yÞ yþy 2y 2y
By solving (1) and (2), we can write:
2y ¼ j10 ) y ¼ j5 p:u: ð3Þ
Figure 8.8.2 shows the admittance diagram of the power system. Note that each quantity presents the admittance of
the line.
Based on the information given in the problem, one of them is disconnected from bus 1 and then grounded. Figure 8.8.3
illustrates the updated system. Now, the network admittance matrix of the updated system is as follows:

j5 ðj5Þ j5 j5
½YBus ¼ ) ½YBus ¼ p:u:
ðj5Þ j5 þ ðj5Þ j5 j10

Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch
9
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems concerned with the load flow and economic load dispatch are presented. The subjects include
Gauss-Seidel load flow, DC load flow (DCLF), Decoupled Load flow (DLF), Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF),
Jacobian matrix determination, and economic load dispatch. In this chapter, the problems are categorized in different
levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large).
Additionally, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest computations to the most difficult
problems with the largest calculations.
9.1. In a load flow problem, which type of the bus has a known active power?
1) Load bus
2) Voltage-controlled bus
3) All buses except slack bus
4) None of them
9.2. To speed up the algorithm of Gauss-Seidel load flow, an accelerating factor (α) is usually used. Which one of the
following relations presents that?
ðkþ1Þ ð kÞ ðkþ1Þ
1) Vi,Acc = Vi þ αΔVi
ðkþ1Þ ðkÞ ðkþ1Þ
2) Vi,Acc = αVi þ ΔVi

ðkþ1Þ ðkþ1Þ ðkÞ
3) Vi,Acc = α Vi 2 Vi
ðkþ1Þ ðkþ1Þ ð kÞ
4) Vi,Acc = Vi þ αΔVi
9.3. Which one of the following choices is correct about the DC load flow (DCLF), Decoupled Load flow (DLF), and
Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF)?
1) DLF is faster than DCLF, and DCLF is faster than NRLF.
2) DCLF is not appropriate for the AC power systems, and DCLF has more convergence probability compared to NRLF.
3) DLF and NRLF can achieve the same results but with different iterations. DCLF is faster than DLF and DLF is faster
than NRLF.
4) DCLF is appropriate for the systems with the high value of XR. NRLF always converges.

86 9 Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch
9.4. Use DC load flow to determine the active power flowing through the line. Herein, SB ¼ 100 MVA.
1) 32.2 MW
2) 85.6 MW
3) 41.7 MW
4) 65.4 MW
9.5. In the power system, shown in Fig. 9.2, determine δ. Do not use DC load flow approximation.

1) 60

2) 30

3) 90

4) 0
9.6. Calculate P12 by using DC load flow. Herein, assume π 3.

1) 1.5 p. u.
2) 2 p. u.
3) 3 p. u.
4) 3.5 p. u.
9.7. Use DC load flow to determine PG2. Herein, assume π 3.

1) 0.2 p. u.
2) 0.25 p. u.
3) 0.6 p. u.
4) 0.75 p. u.
9 Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch 87
9.8. Determine the inverse matrix of Jacobian matrix considering the following terms:
8
< P2 ¼ δ2 þ 3jV2 j
: Q2 ¼ 0:1δ2 þ 1 jV1 j þ jV2 j
5


3 1
1)
1 0:1

1 3
2)
0:1 1

0:1 1
3)
1 3

1 3
4)
0:1 1
9.9. Use DC load flow to determine the phase angle of bus 4. Herein, assume π 3.

1) 45

2) 36

3) 30

4) 15

88 9 Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch
9.10. In a power plant, the power loss coefficients for the two power generation units are L1 ¼ $1.5/MW, L2 ¼ $1.8/MW.
Calculate the total generation of the units if Lagrange Multiplier (λ) is about $300/MWh, and the generation cost
functions of the units are as follows:
(
C 1 ¼ 0:2P2G1 þ 100PG1 þ 5500
C 2 ¼ 0:1P2G2 þ 100PG2 þ 4000

1) 250 MW
2) 583.3 MW
3) 425.5 MW
4) 720 MW
9.11. In a power plant, the generation cost functions of the units are as follows:
(
C 1 ¼ 0:0075P2G1 þ 50PG1 þ 1000
C 2 ¼ 0:005P2G2 þ 45PG2 þ 3000
Solve the economic load dispatch problem for the load demand of 1000 MW.
1) PG1 ¼ 900 MW, PG2 ¼ 100 MW
2) PG1 ¼ 750 MW, PG2 ¼ 250 MW
3) PG1 ¼ 600 MW, PG2 ¼ 400 MW
4) PG1 ¼ 200 MW, PG2 ¼ 800 MW
(
C 1 ¼ 0:05P2G1 þ 50PG1 þ 1500
C 2 ¼ 0:075P2G2 þ 40PG2 þ 2000
Solve the economic load dispatch problem for the total load of 1400 MW.
1) PG1 ¼ 400 MW, PG2 ¼ 1000 MW
2) PG1 ¼ 500 MW, PG2 ¼ 900 MW
3) PG1 ¼ 800 MW, PG2 ¼ 600 MW
4) PG1 ¼ 700 MW, PG2 ¼ 700 MW
(
C 1 ¼ 135P2G1 þ 100000PG1
C 2 ¼ 115P2G2 þ 85000PG2
Solve the economic load dispatch problem for the total load of 1000 MW.
9 Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch 89
1) PG1 ¼ 430 MW, PG2 ¼ 570 MW

2) PG1 ¼ 570 MW, PG2 ¼ 430 MW
3) PG1 ¼ 500 MW, PG2 ¼ 500 MW
4) PG1 ¼ 536 MW, PG2 ¼ 464 MW
9.14. The single-line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig. 9.7. The voltage of bus 1 is about and
ð 0Þ ð0Þ
SB ¼ 100 MVA. Calculate V2 using Gauss-Seidel load flow after one iteration if V2 ¼ and V3 ¼

1) (0.936 j0.08) p. u.
2) (0.940 j0.08) p. u.
3) (0.8 j0.91) p. u.
4) (0.836 j0.2) p. u.
9.15. Use Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF) to determine the voltage of load bus after one iteration.
1) 0.95 < 0.12 rad
2) 0.98 < 0.1 rad
3) 0.93 < 0.12 rad
4) 0.9 < 0.1 rad

Solutions of Problems: Load Flow
and Economic Load Dispatch 10
Abstract
In this chapter, the problems of the ninth chapter are fully solved, in detail, step by step, and with different methods.
10.1. The buses are categorized in three types:
• Load bus (P-Q bus): In this bus, the active and reactive powers are known.
• Voltage-controlled bus (P-V bus): In this bus, the active power and the magnitude of voltage are known.
• Slack bus (reference bus): In this unique bus, only the primary value of magnitude and phase angle of voltage are
known.
Therefore, active power is known in all buses except in slack bus. Choice (3) is the answer.
10.2. To speed up the algorithm of Gauss-Seidel load flow, an accelerating factor (α) is usually applied, as follows:
ðkþ1Þ ð kÞ ðkþ1Þ
Vi,Acc ¼ Vi þ αΔVi
10.3. DLF and NRLF can achieve the same results but with different iterations. Moreover, DC load flow (DCLF) is faster than
Decoupled Load flow (DLF), and DLF is faster than Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF). Choice (3) is the answer.
10.4. In DC load flow, the relation below is applied, in which X and δ are in per unit (p.u.) and radian, respectively:
1
P12 ¼ ðδ δ 2 Þ ð1Þ
X 12 1
Based on the information given in the problem, we have:
X 12 ¼ 0:4 p:u: ð2Þ

δ1 ¼ 25 , δ2 ¼ 10 ð3Þ
SB ¼ 100 MVA ð4Þ

92 10 Solutions of Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch
Solving (1)–(3):
1 1 π
P12 ¼ ðδ δ 2 Þ ¼ ð25 10Þ ¼ 0:654 p:u: ð5Þ
X 12 1 0:4 180
PMW ¼ Pp:u: SB ) P12 ¼ 0:654 100 ¼ 65:4 MW
P12 ¼ PL ¼ 10 p:u: ð1Þ
X 12 ¼ 0:05 p:u: ð2Þ

δ2 ¼ 0 ð3Þ
Herein, we are not allowed to use DC load flow. The active power flowing through the transmission line can be
jV 1 jjV 2 j
P12 ¼ sin ðδ1 δ2 Þ ð1Þ
X
Therefore:
11
10 ¼ sin ðδ 0Þ ) sin ðδÞ ¼ 0:5 ) δ ¼ sin 1 ð0:5Þ ¼ 30
0:05
1
P12 ¼ ðδ δ 2 Þ ð1Þ
X 12 1
π3 ð2Þ
10 Solutions of Problems: Load Flow and Economic Load Dispatch 93
π
δ1 ¼ 30 ¼ 30 ¼ 0:5 rad ð3Þ
180
π
δ2 ¼ 30 ¼ 30 ¼ 0:5 rad ð4Þ
180
X 12 ¼ 0:5 p:u: ð5Þ
Solving (1) and (3)–(5):
1 1
P12 ¼ ðδ δ2 Þ ¼ ð0:5 ð0:5ÞÞ
X 12 1 0:5
P12 ¼ 2 p:u:
π3 ð1Þ

δ1 ¼ 0 ¼ 0 rad ð2Þ
π
δ2 ¼ 12 ¼ ð12Þ ¼ 0:2 rad ð3Þ
180
X 12 ¼ 0:5 p:u: ð4Þ
Since there is no power loss in the lines, the total power generation will be equal to the total power demand. Hence:
PG1 þ PG2 ¼ PL ) PG1 þ PG2 ¼ 1 p:u: ð5Þ
As we know, in DC load flow, the relation below is applied, in which X and δ are in per unit (p.u.) and radian,
respectively:
1 1
P12 ¼ ðδ δ2 Þ ) PG1 ¼ P12 ¼ ð0 ð0:2ÞÞ ¼ 0:4 p:u: ð6Þ
X 12 1 0:5
0:4 þ PG2 ¼ 1 ) PG2 ¼ 0:6 p:u:


8
< P 2 ¼ δ 2 þ 3j V 2 j
ð1Þ
: Q2 ¼ 0:1δ2 þ 1 jV1 j þ jV2 j
5
Jacobian matrix is defined as follows:

2 3
∂P2 ∂P2
6 ∂δ2 ∂jV2 j 7
½J ¼ 6
4 ∂Q
7 ð2Þ
2 ∂Q2 5
∂δ2 ∂jV2 j
Herein, bus 1 is considered as the slack bus.


1 3
½J ¼
0:1 1
1
PSR ¼ ðδ δR Þ ð1Þ
X SR S
π3 ð2Þ
δ1 ¼ 0 rad ð3Þ
X 13 ¼ 0:1 p:u: ð4Þ
P13 ¼ PL1 þ PL2 þ PL3 ¼ 1 þ 1 þ 2 ¼ 4 p:u: ð5Þ
P34 ¼ 2 p:u: ð6Þ

Solving (1)–(5) for line 1–3:
1 1
P13 ¼ ðδ δ3 Þ ) 4 ¼ ð0 δ3 Þ ) δ3 ¼ 0:4 rad ð7Þ
X 13 1 0:1
Likewise for line 3–4:
1 1
P34 ¼ ðδ δ4 Þ ) 2 ¼ ð0:4 δ4 Þ ) δ4 ¼ 0:6 rad ð8Þ
X 34 3 0:1
180
δ4 ¼ 0:6 ¼ 36
π
L1 ¼ $1:5=MW, L2 ¼ $1:8=MW ð1Þ
λ ¼ $300=MWh ð2Þ
(
C 1 ¼ 0:2P2G1 þ 100PG1 þ 5500 ð 3Þ
C 2 ¼ 0:1P2G2 þ 100PG2 þ 4000 ð 4Þ
If power loss exists in a power generation system, the conditions to have an economic load dispatch are as follows:
∂C 1 ∂C2
λ ¼ L1 ¼ L2 ð5Þ
∂PG1 ∂PG2
Solving (1)–(5):
300 ¼ 1:5ð0:4PG1 þ 100Þ ¼ 1:8ð0:2PG2 þ 100Þ

300 ¼ 1:5ð0:4PG1 þ 100Þ ) 0:4PG1 þ 100 ¼ 200 ) PG1 ¼ 250 MW ð 6Þ
)
300 ¼ 1:8ð0:2PG2 þ 100Þ ) 0:2PG1 þ 100 ¼ 166:66 ) PG2 ¼ 333:3 MW ð 7Þ
PG,Total ¼ PG1 þ PG2 ¼ 250 þ 333:3 ¼ 583:3 MW

PDemand ¼ 1000 MW ð1Þ

(
C1 ¼ 0:0075P2G1 þ 50PG1 þ 1000 ð2Þ
C2 ¼ 0:005P2G2 þ 45PG2 þ 3000 ð3Þ
If the power generation system is lossless, the conditions to have an economic load dispatch are as follows:
∂C 1 ∂C2
λ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
∂PG1 ∂PG2
Solving (2)–(4):
0:015PG1 þ 50 ¼ 0:01PG2 þ 45 ) 0:015PG1 0:01PG2 ¼ 5 ð5Þ
Using (1) and considering the fact that the total power generation must be equal to the total load demand, we can write:
PG1 þ PG2 ¼ 1000 ð6Þ
PG1 ¼ 200 MW, PG2 ¼ 800 MW

(
C1 ¼ 0:05P2G1 þ 50PG1 þ 1500 ð 2Þ
C2 ¼ 0:075P2G2 þ 40PG2 þ 2000 ð 3Þ
∂C 1 ∂C2
λ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
∂PG1 ∂PG2
Solving (2)–(4):
0:1PG1 þ 50 ¼ 0:15PG2 þ 40 ) 0:1PG1 0:15PG2 ¼ 10 ð5Þ
PG1 þ PG2 ¼ 1400 ð6Þ
PG1 ¼ 800 MW, PG2 ¼ 600 MW


(
C 1 ¼ 135P2G1 þ 100000PG1 ð 2Þ
C2 ¼ 115P2G2 þ 85000PG2 ð 3Þ
∂C 1 ∂C2
λ¼ ¼ ð4Þ
∂PG1 ∂PG2
Solving (2)–(4):
270PG1 þ 100000 ¼ 230PG2 þ 85000 ) 270PG1 230PG2 ¼ 15000 ð5Þ
PG1 þ PG2 ¼ 1000 ð6Þ
PG1 ¼ 430 MW, PG2 ¼ 570 MW
ð1Þ
SB ¼ 100 MVA ð2Þ
ð3Þ
First, we need to build the network admittance matrix, as follows:
1 1
y11 ¼ þ 1 ¼ j80 j30 ¼ j110 p:u: ð4Þ
j0:0125 j 30
1 1
y22 ¼ þ 1 ¼ j20 j30 ¼ j50 p:u: ð5Þ
j0:05 j 30
1 1
y33 ¼ þ ¼ j80 j20 ¼ j100 p:u: ð6Þ
j0:0125 j0:05
!
1
y12 ¼ y21 ¼ 1
¼ j30 p:u: ð7Þ
j 30

1
y13 ¼ y31 ¼ ¼ j80 p:u: ð8Þ
j0:0125

1
y23 ¼ y32 ¼ ¼ j20 p:u: ð9Þ
j0:05
Therefore:
2 3
110 30 80
6 7
½YBus ¼ j4 30 50 20 5 p:u: ð10Þ
80 20 100
Now, we need to define all the quantities in per unit (p.u.) value:
SL2 400 þ j320

SL2,p:u: ¼ ¼ ¼ ð4 þ j3:2Þ p:u: ð11Þ
SB 100
SL3 300 þ j270

SL3,p:u: ¼ ¼ ¼ ð3 þ j2:7Þ p:u: ð12Þ
SB 100
Based on Gauss-Seidel load flow, we have:

0 1
!
B PSch þ jQSch X
n
ð kÞ C
ðkþ1Þ 1B i i
yij Vj C
Vi = B ðkÞ
Vi C ð13Þ
yii @ j¼1 A
j 6¼ i
Where:
PSch
i ¼ Pi,G Pi,L ð14Þ
QSch
i ¼ Qi,G Qi,L ð15Þ
In (14) and (15), positive and negative signs are considered for the generation power and load demand, respectively.
Now, for the second bus, we can write:
0 1
!
B PSch þ jQSch X
3
ð0Þ C
ð1Þ 1 B 2 2
y2j Vj C 1 4 j3:2 4 j46:8
V2 = B ð0Þ C¼ ð j30 1 þ j20 1Þ ¼
y22 @ V2
j¼1 A j50 1 j50
j 6¼ 2
ð1Þ
V2 ¼ ð0:936 j0:08Þ p:u:


ð0Þ
V1 ¼ 1 p:u: ð1Þ
ð0Þ
δ1 = 0 ð2Þ
X 12 ¼ 0:1 p:u:, S2,L ¼ ð1 þ j0:5Þ p:u: ð3Þ
First, we need to determine the network admittance matrix, as follows:
1
y11 ¼ y22 ¼ ¼ j10 p:u: ð4Þ
j0:1

1
y12 ¼ y21 ¼ ¼ j10 p:u: ð5Þ
j0:1
Therefore:

10 10
½YBus ¼ j p:u: ð6Þ
10 10
The primary estimation for the magnitude of voltage and phase angle of the load bus are as follows:

ð0Þ
V2 ¼ 1 p:u: ð7Þ
ð0Þ
δ2 = 0 ð8Þ
Based on Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF), the relations below are held for a load bus:
X
n
ðk Þ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðk Þ ðk Þ
Pi = jVi jjVj jjyij j cos θij δi δ j ð9Þ
j¼1
X
n
ðk Þ ðkÞ ðkÞ ðk Þ ðk Þ
Qi = 2 jVi jjVj jjyij j sin θij δi δ j ð10Þ
j¼1
For bus 2, we can write:

ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð 0Þ ð0Þ 2
P2 = jV2 jjV1 jjy21 j cos θ21 δ2 δ1 þ jV2 j jy22 j cos ðθ22 Þ ð11Þ

ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ 2
Q2 = 2 jV2 jjV1 jjy21 j sin θ21 δ2 δ1 jV2 j jy22 j sin ðθ22 Þ ð12Þ
By applying the primarily estimated quantities in (11), we have:
ð0Þ
P2 ¼ 1 1 10 cos ð90 ð0 0ÞÞ þ 12 10 cos ð90Þ ¼ 0 ð13Þ
Likewise for the reactive power:
ð0Þ
Q2 ¼ 1 1 10 sin ð90 ð0 0ÞÞ 12 10 sin ð90Þ = 10 þ 10 ¼ 0 ð14Þ
Then:
ð 0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ
ΔP2 ¼ PSch
2 P2 ¼ ðP2,G P2,L Þ P2 ¼ ð0 1Þ 0 ¼ 1 p:u: ð15Þ
ð0Þ ð0Þ
ð0Þ
ΔQ2 ¼ QSch
2 Q2 ¼ Q2,G Q2,L Q2 ¼ ð0 0:5Þ 0 ¼ 0:5 p:u: ð16Þ
In (15) and (16), positive and negative signs are considered for the generation power and load demand, respectively.
By considering bus 1 as the slack bus, the Jacobian matrix is as follows:
2 3ð0Þ
∂P2 ∂P2
ð0Þ
J1 J2 6 ∂δ2 ∂jV2 j 7
½J ð0Þ ¼ ¼6
4 ∂Q
7 ð17Þ
J3 J4 2 ∂Q2 5
∂δ2 ∂jV2 j
Solving (11), (12), and (17):

ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð 0Þ ð 0Þ
J 1 ¼ jV2 jjV1 jjy21 j sin θ21 δ2 δ1 ð18Þ

ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ
J 2 ¼ jV1 jjy21 j cos θ21 δ2 δ1 þ 2jV2 jjy22 j cos ðθ22 Þ ð19Þ

J 3 ¼ jV2 jjV1 jjy21 j cos θ21 δ2 δ1 ð20Þ

J 4 ¼ 2 jV1 jjy21 j sin θ21 δ2 δ1 2jV2 jjy22 j sin ðθ22 Þ ð21Þ
By applying the primarily estimated quantities in (18)–(21), we have:
ð0Þ
J 1 ¼ 1 1 10 sin ð90 ð0 0ÞÞ ¼ 10 ð22Þ
ð0Þ
J 2 ¼ 1 10 cos ð90 ð0 0ÞÞ þ 2 1 10 cos ð90Þ = 0 ð23Þ
ð0Þ
J 3 ¼ 1 1 10 cos ð90 ð0 0ÞÞ ¼ 0 ð24Þ
ð0Þ
J 4 ¼ 1 10 sin ð90 ð0 0ÞÞ 2 2 1 10 sin ð90Þ = 10 ð25Þ
Therefore:

10 0
½J ð0Þ ¼ ð26Þ
0 10
" ð0Þ
# " ð0Þ
# " ð0Þ
# 1 " ð0Þ
#
ΔP2 ð0Þ Δδ2 Δδ2 10 0 ΔP2 1 10 0 1 0:1
¼ ½J ð0Þ
) ð0Þ
¼ ¼ ¼ ð27Þ
ð0Þ
ΔQ2 ΔjV2 j ΔjV2 j 0 10 ΔQ2
ð0Þ 100 0 10 0:5 0:05
Finally, we can write:
ð1Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ

δ2 ¼ δ2 þ Δδ2 ¼ 0 þ ð0:1Þ ¼ 0:1 rad
ð1Þ ð0Þ ð0Þ

jV2 j ¼ jV2 j þ ΔjV2 j ¼ 1 þ ð0:05Þ ¼ 0:95 p:u:
ð1Þ
) V2 = 0:95 < 0:12 rad

Index
A G
Accelerating factor (α), 85, 91 Gauss-Seidel load flow, 85, 89, 91, 98
Active power, 4, 17, 18, 21, 91 Generating reactive power, 4
Admittance, 2, 10, 15 Generation cost functions, 88, 97
Generator, 2–5, 15, 16
Geometrical Mean Distance (GMD), 46, 51
B Geometrical Mean Radius (GMR)
Balanced three-phase power system bundled conductors, 44
impedance, 11, 32–34 conductors, 37–41, 43–50
single-line diagram, 6, 22, 23
Base impedance, 20, 22
Base quantities, 5 I
Base voltage, 20, 24, 35, 79 Impedance, 2, 7, 11, 14, 15, 24, 32–35
Bundling, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51 Inductance, 38–41, 43–45, 47, 51
Inductor, 76
Instantaneous power, 3, 17
C
Capacitance, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 50, 59
Capacitor, 76 J
Complex power, 6, 18, 21, 31 Jacobian matrix, 87, 94, 100
Conductance, 2, 15
Conductors, 37–41, 43, 44, 47–49
Conductors bundling, 37, 43 K
Consuming power, 4 KCL, 16
Corona power loss, 37, 43
Current, 1, 2, 8, 11
L
Lagrange multiplier (λ), 88
D Load bus (P-Q bus), 85, 89, 91, 99
DC load flow (DCLF), 85, 91 Long transmission line model
active power, 86, 91, 92 characteristic impedance, 56, 64, 65
determine δ, 86, 92 charging current, 56, 64
P12, 86, 92, 93 open circuit, 56, 65
PG2, 86, 87, 93, 94 short circuit, 56, 65
phase angle, 87, 94, 95 transmission matrix, 64
Lossless transmission line, 54, 55, 57, 62, 66
Low-load transmission line, 53
E
Economic load dispatch, 95, 96
load demand, 88, 96 M
power generation system, 96, 97 Magnetic field, 37
total load demand, 88, 96, 97 Medium transmission line model
Electric filed, 37, 43 charging current, 54, 60, 61
Electric machine, 4, 19 Motor, 4
Equivalent admittance of loads, 31
Equivalent impedance of load, 3, 17
N
Network admittance matrix, 97, 99
F diagonal components, 72, 80
Ferranti effect, 53, 59 four-bus power system, 73, 82
Full-load transmission line, 53 power system, 70, 73, 75, 77, 83
M. Rahmani-Andebili, Power System Analysis, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84767-8
104 Index
Network admittance matrix (cont.) parameters, 53

primary system, 81, 83 single-line diagram, 55, 56, 61–63
three-phase four-bus power system, 72, 73, 81, 82 Shunt capacitor, 8, 9, 26–28, 57
updated system, 83 Single-phase capacitor
Network impedance matrix, 79 reactive power, 26, 27, 31
load flow simulation problem, 69, 76 Single-phase power system
power system, 69, 71, 75, 77–79 active and reactive power, 4, 18
three-bus power system, 70, 76 current, 2, 14, 15
Newton-Raphson load flow (NRLF), 85, 89, 91, 99–101 instantaneous power, 3, 17
No-load transmission line, 6, 53, 57, 67 load characteristics, 7, 8, 25
Nominal specifications, 3 shunt capacitor, 8, 9, 26, 27
voltage, 2, 14, 15
Single-phase system, 29
O Single-phase transmission lines, 39, 40, 47
Ohm’s law, 17 capacitance, 47
conductors, 38–40, 44–48
inductance, 44, 45, 47
P Slack bus, 85, 91, 94, 100
Phase angle, 10, 13, 16, 29, 30, 87, 94, 95, 99 Synchronous generator, 6, 22, 23
Phase constant, 57
Phasor domain, 1, 13–16
Phasor representation, 1 T
Power factor, 7, 8, 25, 27 Thevenin impedance, 75
Power generation system, 95, 96 Thevenin reactance, 6, 22
Power generation units, 88 Three-bus power system, 70, 72, 76
Power loss coefficients, 88, 95 Three-phase capacitor, 31
Power plant, 88 Three-phase power system
Power system balanced three-phase loads with star and delta connections, 9, 28, 29
base voltage, 4, 5, 19 capacitor banks, 10, 31
base voltage, transmission line, 71, 72, 79, 80 voltage, 6, 7, 23, 24
complex power, 6, 21 Three-phase transmission lines, 40, 41, 49
current signal, phasor domain, 1, 13 capacitance, 40, 49, 50
electric machine, 4, 19 inductance, 48
equivalent impedance of load, 3, 17 Time domain, 16
impedance, 2 Transformer, 6
load current, per unit (p.u.), 11, 12, 34–36 Transmission line model
load impedance, per unit (p.u.), 7, 24, 25 base voltage, 71, 79, 80
loads, 10, 30, 31 characteristic impedance, 54, 55, 60, 62
phase angle, 10, 29, 30 charging current, 61
phasor representation, voltage signal, 1, 13 Ferranti effect, 59
power bus, 3, 16 reflected waves, 54, 60
reactance, 2 transmission matrix, 59, 60
reactive power, shunt capacitor, 9, 28 Transmission line parameters
resistance, 2 capacitance, 37, 39, 43, 46
signal, phasor domain, 1, 13, 14 characteristic impedance, 37
single-line diagram, 5, 20, 21, 89, 97, 99 conductors bundling, 37, 43
Propagation constant, 57 GMR conductors, 37, 38, 43, 44
inductance, 37–41, 43, 51
Transmission line parameters capacitance, 39
R Transmission matrix, 53–57, 60–63, 65–67
Rated quantities, 6, 15, 16 cascaded transmission systems, 59
Reactance, 2–4, 6, 14 long transmission line, 64
Reactive power, 4, 9, 18, 19, 28, 100 medium transmission line, 60
Resistance, 2, 5, 14, 37 sub-system, 67, 68
Root-mean-square (rms) value, 13, 14, 16 transmission line, 59, 64–66
Triangle configuration, 10
S
Short transmission line model V
capacitance, 59 Voltage, 2–4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 16, 19, 23, 24, 29, 35, 53, 99
ideal transformer, 57, 67, 68 Voltage-controlled bus (P-V bus), 85, 91

Power System Analysis: Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

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Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

Power System Analysis

ISBN 978-3-030-84766-1 ISBN 978-3-030-84767-8 (eBook)

Butte, MT, USA Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili

1 Problems: Fundamental Concepts in Power System Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Mehdi Rahmani-Andebili is an Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department

# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1

Fig. 1.1 The power system of problem 1.5

Fig. 1.2 The power system of problem 1.9

Fig. 1.3 The power system of problem 1.10

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

Fig. 1.4 The power system of problem 1.12

Fig. 1.5 The power system of problem 1.13

Fig. 1.6 The power system of problem 1.14

G : 20 kV, 300 MVA

T1 : 20=200 kV, 375 MVA

T2 : 180=9 kV, 300 MW

Load : 9 kV, 180 MW

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

Fig. 1.7 The power system of problem 1.15

Fig. 1.8 The power system of problem 1.16

Inductive Load : P1 ¼ 60 kW, Q1 ¼ 660 kVAr

Capacitive Load : P2 ¼ 240 kW, PF ¼ 0:8

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

G : 20 kV, 300 MVA, X G ¼ 20%

T1 : 20=230 kV, 150 MVA, X T ¼ 0:1 p:u:

Line : 176:33 km, X Line ¼ 1 Ω=km

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

Fig. 1.9 The power system of problem 1.18

Line : Z ¼ ð10 þ j40Þ Ω=phase

Load : V ¼ 100 kV, S ¼ 50 MVA, PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

Fig. 1.10 The power system of problem 1.19

T1 : 20=230 kV, 3 MVA, 5%

T2 : 230=11 kV, 3 MVA, 5%

Load : 11 kV, 0:2 MVA, 0:8 Lagging

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

Fig. 1.11 The power system of problem 1.20

Load 1 : P1 ¼ 25 kW, Q1 ¼ 25 kVAr

Load 2 : S2 ¼ 15 kVA, cos ðθ2 Þ ¼ 0:8 Leading

Load 3 : P3 ¼ 11 kW, cos ðθ3 Þ ¼ 1

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ● Normal ○ Hard

Fig. 1.12 The power system of problem 1.21

Load : S ¼ 20 kVA, cos ðθÞ ¼ 0:8 Lagging

V rms = 200 V, f ¼ 50 Hz, π ﬃ 3

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

Fig. 1.13 The power system of problem 1.22

Load 2 : ð0:8 þ j5:6Þ Ω

Load 3 : S ¼ 5 kVA, cos ðθÞ ¼ 0:8 Lagging

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

Fig. 1.14 The power system of problem 1.23

Fig. 1.15 The power system of problem 1.4

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

Fig. 1.16 The power system of problem 1.25

Fig. 1.17 The power system of problem 1.26

Load 1 : P1 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 0:8 Lagging

Load 2 : P2 ¼ 2 p:u:, PF ¼ 0:8 Leading

Difﬁculty level ○ Easy ○ Normal ● Hard

Fig. 1.18 The power system of problem 1.27

G : 22 kV, 90 MVA, X G ¼ 18%

T1 : 22=220 kV, 50 MVA, X T1 ¼ 10%

T2 : 220=11 kV, 40 MW, X T2 ¼ 6%

T3 : 22=110 kV, 40 MW, X T3 ¼ 6:4%