Class IX

Chapter -03

Atom and molecules

Q.1. A 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and

boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 g of
boron and 0.144 g of oxygen. Calculate the
percentage composition of the compound by
weight.

Ans.
Mass of the given compound = 0.24 g
Mass of boron = 0.096 g
Mass of oxygen = 0.144g
So,
Mass of boron
Percentage of boron by weight = x 100
Mass of the compound
0.096g
= x 100
0.24g
= 40 %

Mass of oxygen
Percentage of oxygen by weight = x 100
Mass of the compound
0.144g
= x 100
0.24g
= 60 %
Q.2. When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g
oxygen, 11.00g of carbon dioxide is produced.
What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when
3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen?
Which law of chemical combination will govern
your answer?

Ans.

Given that,
C + O2 → CO2
3g 8g 11g
The given data shows that in this reaction, 3.0 g of
carbon and 8.0 g of oxygen react completely to produce
11.0 g of carbon dioxide.
In the second experiment, excess of oxygen (50 g) is
present. When 3.00 g of carbon is burnt in 50.00 g of
oxygen, it will use just 8.00 g of oxygen from the total of
50 g of oxygen to produce 11 g of carbon dioxide and the
rest of 42 g (50 g – 8 g) of oxygen will be left behind
without any change.

The above answer is governed by the following two laws

of chemical combination:

1. Law of conservation of mass which states that mass

can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction i.e., total mass of reactants remains same as the
total mass of products.
Here, in terms of mass 3g of carbon and 50 g of oxygen
combine to give 11 g of carbon dioxide and 42 g of
unused oxygen keeping the total mass of combining
chemicals by weight constant before and after the
reaction.
Total mass of reactants = 3 + 50= 53 g
Total mass of products = 11 + 42 (un-used oxygen) =
53g
Total mass of reactants = total mass of products
Hence, the law of conservation of mass is proved.

2. Law of constant proportions states that in a chemical

compound the elements are always present in definite
proportions by mass. Here, irrespective of the excess
quantity of oxygen available for burning of same weight
of carbon, the amount of carbon dioxide will remain
same. This means that (50 – 8) = 42 g of oxygen will
remain unreacted.

Q.3. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples.

Ans. Polyatomic ions are the group of atoms carrying a

net charge on them. This charge may be positive or
negative.
Examples:
Ammonium ion (NH4+), Nitrate ion (NO3–), Carbonate ion
(CO32–), Sulphate ion (SO42–)
Q.4. Write the chemical formulae of the following.
(a) Magnesium chloride
(b) Calcium oxide
(c) Copper nitrate
(d) Aluminium chloride
(e) Calcium carbonate

Ans.
(a) Magnesium chloride: MgCl2
(b) Calcium oxide: CaO
(c) Copper nitrate: Cu(NO3)2
(d) Aluminium chloride: AlCl3
(e) Calcium carbonate: CaCO3

Q.5. Give the names of the elements present in the

following compounds.
(a) Quick lime
(b) Hydrogen bromide
(c) Baking powder
(d) Potassium sulphate.
Ans.
Compound Elements present

(a) Quick lime (CaO) Carbon, Oxygen

(b) Hydrogen bromide (HBr) Hydrogen, Bromine

Sodium, Hydrogen,
(c) Baking powder (NaHCO3)
Carbon, Oxygen
 Potassium sulphate Potassium, Sulphur,
(d)
(K2SO4) Oxygen

Q.6. Calculate the molar mass of the following

substances.
(a) Ethyne, C2H2
(b) Sulphur molecule, S8
(c) Phosphorus molecule, P4 (Atomic mass of
phosphorus = 31)
(d) Hydrochloric acid, HCl
(e) Nitric acid, HNO3

Ans.
(a) Gram atomic mass of carbon = 12 g
Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1g
Molar mass of ethyne (C2H2) = 2 x 12 + 2 x 1
= 26 g/mol
(b) Gram atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g
Molar mass of sulphur molecule (S8) = 8 x 32
= 256 g/mol
(c) Gram atomic mass of phosphorus = 31 g
Molar mass of phosphorus molecule (P4) = 4 x 31
= 124 g/mol
(d) Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1g
Gram atomic mass of chlorine = 35.5 g
Molar mass of hydrochloric acid (HCl) = 1 + 35.5
= 36.5 g/mol
(e) Gram atomic mass of hydrogen = 1g
Gram atomic mass of nitrogen = 14 g
 Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16 g
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3) = 1 + 14 + 3 x 16
= 63 g/mol

Q.7. What is the mass of:

(a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms?
(b) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of
aluminium= 27)?
(c) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3)?

Ans.
(a) Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = Atomic mass of
nitrogen expressed in grams = 14 g
(b) Mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms = 4 x Atomic
mass of aluminium expressed in grams = 4 x 27 =
108 g
(c)
Molar mass of sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) = (2 x 23 + 32 + 3 x 16) g/mol
= (46 + 32 + 48) g/mol
= 126 g/mol
Mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite = 10 mol x Molar mass of sodium sulphite
= 10 mol x 126 g/mol
= 1260 g

Q.8. Convert into mole:

(a) 12 g of oxygen gas
(b) 20 g of water
(c) 22 g of carbon dioxide.
Ans.
(a)
Given mass of oxygen gas = 12 g
Molar mass of oxygen gas (O2) = 2 x 16 g/mol
= 32 g/mol
Given mass
The number of moles (n) =
Molar mass
12 g
= = 0.375 mol
32 g/mol
Hence, 12 g of oxygen gas = 0.375 mol of oxygen gas
(b)
Given mass of water = 20 g
Molar mass of water (H2O) = (2 x 1 + 1 x 16) g/mol
= 18 g/mol
Given mass
The number of moles (n) =
Molar mass
20 g
= = 1.11 mol
18 g/mol
Hence, 20 g of water = 1.11 mol of water

(c)
Given mass of carbon dioxide = 22 g
Molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) = (12 + 2 x 16) g/mol
= 44 g/mol
Given mass
The number of moles (n) =
Molar mass
22 g
= = 0.5 mol
44 g/mol
Hence, 20 g of carbon dioxide= 0.5 mol of carbon dioxide
Q.9. What is the mass of:
(a) 0.2 mole of oxygen atoms?
(b) 0.5 mole of water molecules?

Ans.
(a)
Mass of 0.2 mol atoms of oxygen = 0.2 mol x Molar mass of oxygen atom
= 0.2 mol x 16 g/mol
= 3.2 g

(b)
Molar mass of water (H2O) = (2 x 1 + 16) g/mol
= 18 g/mol
Mass of 0.5 mol molecules of water = 0.5 mol x Molar mass of water
= 0.5 mol x 18 g/mol
=9g

Q.10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur

(S8) present in 16 g of solid sulphur.
Ans.
Mass of solid sulphur = 16 g
Molar mass of sulphur molecule (S8) = 8 x 32g/mol
= 256 g/mol
Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 1023
 Given mass of sulphur
Number of moles of S8 molecules =
Molar mass of S8
16 g 16
= = mol
256 g/mol 256
No. of S8 molecules in the sample = No. of moles of S8 x Avogadro's number
16
= x 6.022 x 1023
256
= 3.76 x 1022 molecules

Q.11. Calculate the number of aluminium ions

present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide.
(Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an
atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al = 27
u)
Ans.
Mass of aluminium oxide = 0.051 g
Molar mass of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) = (2 x 27 + 3 x 16) g/mol
= 102 g/mol
Given mass
Number of moles of aluminium oxide molecules =
Molar mass
0.051 g
=
102 g/mol
= 5.0 x 10–4 mol
From the stoichiometry,
Al2O3 ≡ 2 Al3+
∴ 1 mol of Al2O3 contains = 2 mol of Al3+ ions
∴5.0 x 10–4 mol Al2O3 contains
= 2 x 5.0 x 10–4 mol of Al3+ ions
= 10–3 mol of Al3+ ions
So,
Number of Al3+ ions present in 10–3 mol
= 10–3 mol x 6.022 x 1023 ions mol–1
= 6.022 x 1020 ions
Hence, 0.051 g of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) contains
6.022 x 1020 Al3+ ions.