Unit (2) Quantitative Chemistry

Chapter (1): The mole & chemical equation

Lesson (1): Mole and chemical equation

Chemical equation:
The chemical symbols and formulas of the reactants and products which are
connected by an arrow that expresses the direction of the reaction and carries its
conditions.
Chemical equation properties
1- It is composed of the chemical formulas and symbols of the reactants and products
2- Both sides of the equation are separated by an arrow describing the conditions
and direction of the reaction
3- It describes the quantity of reactants and products
4- It describes the physical state of reactants and products
Physical state Symbol
Solid s
Liquid l
Gas g
Aqueous solution aq
Vapour v
Chemical equations must be balanced, which means that the no. of molecules of
reactants must equal the no. of molecules of products.
This is known as "law of matter conservation"
Example:
When oxygen gas reacts with magnesium, magnesium oxide is formed.
Reaction is described by balanced equation known as "chemical equations"
2Mg (s ) O 2( g ) 2MgO
(s
)
To balance a chemical equation, you should make sure that the right side of the equation
has the same no. of atoms as the left side.
Examples on balancing chemical equations:

1- Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
4Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
2- NaNO3 ∆ NaNO2 + O2
2NaNO3 ∆2 NaNO2 + O2
Ionic Equation
“It is the chemical equation in which some or all reactants and products are written in the
form of ions”
Ionic equation for physical processes:
When dissolving sodium chloride in water, we describe it by the following ionic equation

NaCl water Na   Cl-

(s ) (aq ) (aq )

Ionic equation for neutralization reactions:

When sulphuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide forming sodium sulphate and water ,
we describe the reaction as the following:

2NaOH(aq ) S(aq ) Na2SO4(aq )  2H O

2 (l )
We can describe the previous neutralization reaction by an ionic equation:

 We will notice from the previous ionic equation that the ions of sodium and sulphate
didn't take part in chemical reaction, but they form bonds with water molecules forming
sodium sulphate.
 The final ionic equation of this neutralization reaction is:-
OH   H2 
 2H2 O
(aq ) (aq ) (l )

1) Ionic equation for precipitation reactions:

When adding potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) to silver nitrate solution (AgNO3),
insoluble silver dichromate (Ag2Cr2O 7) is formed as a red ppt.
K2Cr2O7(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) --------- 2KNO3(aq) + Ag2Cr2O7(s)
Find the ionic equation of the previous reaction.

+ -- + - + -
2k(aq) + Cr2 O7(aq) + 2Ag (aq)+ 2NO3 (aq) 2k (aq)+ 2NO3 (aq)+ Ag2Cr2O7 (s) 

Potassium and nitrate ions are removed because potassium nitrate is an aqueous
solution. Therefore, they didn't react with any other ions.
2Ag+ + Cr O - -
 Ag2Cr2O7 
(aq) 2 7(aq) (s)
 The Mole

Molecule: Is the smallest particle in a chemical element or compound that has the
chemical properties of that element or compound and exists alone
Atom: The smallest building unit of matter which participate in chemical reactions
Give reasons:
-We can’t deal practically with limited atoms, molecules or ions.
* Due to their very small masses and volumes

- Atomic masses are measured by a unit called "Atomic mass unit" or (a.m.u)
- Atomic unit (a.m.u) or (u) = 1.66 x 10 -24 m = 1.66 x 10-27 kilogram
If the mass no. of oxygen is 16, so its atomic mass equals 16 a.m.u and so on.

"Mole" It is the measuring unit of the quantity of matter in SI

 It is expressed in the atomic mass unit(u).

The importance of mole

It helps us calculate the amounts of substances required for chemical reaction
2Mg (s ) O2( g ) 2MgO (s
)
a) The molar mass of single atoms:
- If the atomic mass of oxygen atom is 16 a.m.u so one mole of oxygen atoms equals
16 grams
- If the atomic mass of nitrogen atom is 14 a.m.u so one mole of nitrogen atoms equals
14 grams
b) The molar mass of the molecules:
Molecular mass: It is the sum of masses of the atoms forming the molecule.
*The molecular mass of carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) :
If the atomic mass of oxygen equals 16 u, and that of carbon atom equals 12 u Therefore,
the molecular mass of CO2 molecule = 12+16+16 = 44 u
* Therefore, Mole of CO2 = 44 gm
c) The molar mass of the formula units (ionic compounds):
It is the sum of masses of the ions forming the formula unit of the compound.
* The molar mass of (Na Cl ) compound: ( Na+ ions & Cl- ions )
If the atomic mass of sodium ion equals 23 u, and that of Chlorine ion equals 35.5 u
Therefore, the molar mass of Na Cl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 gram
Notes:
 Every substance has different molar mass (Give reasons)

** Due to the difference of the molecular structure and atomic masses of elements
* The mole of diatomic (nonmetal) elements are calculated by a different way The
mole of oxygen gas (in the form of molecules) O2 = 16+16= 32 gm
The mole of oxygen gas (in the form of atoms) = 16 gm

* There are some elements whose molar masses change by the change of their physical
state (solid, liquid, gas) for example:
Phosphorus: Phosphorus molecule in gaseous state consists of 4 Phosphorus atoms
(P4) while its molecule in solid state consists of only 1 atom

Sulphur: Sulphur molecule in gaseous state is octatomic (consists of 8 atoms S8),

while its molecule in solid state consists of only 1 atom

The number of moles = mass of a substance /mass of on mole.

Examples:
1- How many moles in 80 gm. caustic soda NaOH ( Na=23,O=16,H =1)
Solution:
NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 1mole of NaOH = 40gm.
Mole : gm
1 : 40
? : 80
no. of moles=80 X 1/40 = 2 moles

2- How many moles in 10 gm. caustic soda (NaOH) solution:

NaOH =23+16+1=40 1mole of NaOH=40gm.

Mole : gm
1 : 40
? : 10
no. of moles=10X1/40=0.25 moles
3- How many moles in 53 gm. Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
m.m of (Na2CO3) =23x2+12+16x3=106 *1mole of (Na2CO3) =106gm

Mole : gm
1 : 106
? : 53

no. of moles=53x1/106=0. 5 moles

Avogadro’s number:
"The number of molecules or atoms or ions or formula units in one mole of substance and it
equals 6.02 × 1023"

Mole:
"It is an amount of substance that contains Avogadro's number of particles (molecules,
atoms or formula units)"

(M)
Atom's no.
Mass

Moles Atomic mass

Moles 6.02 x 1023
No of (AM) No of

Examples
1- How many moles of lead are present in 41.4 grams of lead?
And how many atoms of lead are in this mass? (Pb = 207)

Solution:
The mass of one mole of lead = 207grams
mole : gm
1 : 207
? : 41.4
moles = 41.4/207 = 0.2

Mole : atoms
1 : 6.02 X 1023
0.2 : ? Number atoms = 0.2 X 6.02 X 1023= 1.204 X 1023 atoms.
2- What is the mass of 3.01 X 1022 carbon atoms? (C = 12)
Mole : atoms
1 : 6.02 X 1023
? : 3.01 X 1022

the number of moles = 3.1 x 1022/6.02x1023 = 5 X 10-2 moles

the mass of carbon mole = 12 gram

the mass of 5 X 10-2 moles = 5 X 10-2 X 12 = 0.6 gram

3- How many molecules are present in 32 grams of sulpher dioxide? (S =32, 0= 16)

Solution: The molecular mass of sulpher dioxide (SO2) = (32X 1) + (16X2) = 64

-the mass of one mole of SO2 = 64 grams.
(?) Mole = 32 grams.
Mole : gm : molecules
1 : 64 : 6.02x1023
? : 32 : ?
Number of moles = 32/64=0.5

Number of molecules =0.5X 6.02 X 1023= 3 X 1023molecules

4- Calculate the mass of 0.25 mole of sodium carbonate, and then calculate the
number of moles in 132.5 gram of sodium carbonate. (Na=23, C= 12, 0=16).

Solution: The mass of one mole of (Na2 C03) = (23X2) + (12+ l) + (16X3) = l06gm.

Mole : gm Mole : gm
1 : 106 1 : 106
0.25 : ? ? : 132.5

mass of sodium carbonate = 0.25 X 106 = 26.5 gm

umber of moles in 132.5 grams= 132.5/106= 1.25 mole