CHAPTER

1
9. lim
x 1

Limits
x 4x + x+ 6 x+ 1
2 3 2

1.1 Concepts Review

1. L; c 2. 6 3. L; right 4. lim f ( x) = M
x c

( x + 1)( x 5x + 6) = lim x x+ 1 1 =
x 1 2

lim ( x 5x + 6)

= (1) 5(1) + 6 = 12 10. lim x + 2x x 2 x 0 x

2 x 0 4 3 2

Problem Set 1.1

1. lim ( x 5) = 2
x 3

= lim ( x + 2 x 1) = 1 x t
2 2

11.

lim

( x + t )( x t ) lim x+ t

2. lim (1 2t ) = 3
t 1

x t 2

x+ t

x t

3. 4.

x 2

lim ( x + 2 x 1) = ( 2) + 2( 2) 1 = 1 lim ( x + 2t 1) = ( 2) + 2t 1 = 3 + 2t
2 2

x t

lim ( x t )

= t t = 2t 12. x 9 x x 3 lim
3 2

x 2

5. 1

t 1

lim t 1 = 0

( (

( () 1

= lim
x 3

( x 3)( x + 3) x 3

6. x

lim t x
2 t 1

)( =

() 1

= 1

= lim( x + 3)
x 3

=3+3=6

7.

x 4 ( x 2)( x + 2) = lim x x 2 2 x 2 x2 = lim ( x + 2) lim

x 2

13.

(t + 4)(t 2) 2 t (3t 6) 2 (t 22) = lim t+ 4 lim

t 2

=2+2=4 8. lim t + 4t 21 t+ 7 lim (t + 7)(t 3) t+ 7

2

9(t 2) t+ 4 9 6 9

t 7

= li m =

t 2

t 7

2+ 4 9

= lim (t 3)
t

= 3

= 10

14.
t + 7

lim

(t 7) t 7

lim
t + 7

(t 7) t 7 t 7 t 7

= m =

li
t + 7

7 7= 0

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.1

63

15. lim

x 18x + 81 ( x 9) =mli 2 x 3 x ( x 3) 2 3 ( x 3)
2 ( x 3) ( x + 2 3) 2 2 = lim( x + 3) = (3 + 3) x 3

lim 21.

1 cos t = 0 t 0 2t x 1. ( x sin x) / x 0.0251314 2.775 10

6 10 2 2

= lim x = 3 6

x 3

( 3)

0.1
3 3

(3u + 4)(2u 2) 8(3u + 4)(u 1) 16. lim = lim 2 2 u 1 u 1 1) (u 1) (u = l im 8(3u + 4)(u 1) = 8[3(1) + 4](1 1) = 0
u 1

0.01 0.001

2.77775 10 14 2.77778 10

1. 0.1 0.01 0.001 lim

0.0251314
6 2.775 10 10 14

17.

(2 + h) 4 4 + 4h + h 4 = lim h 0 h 0 h h lim h + 4h = lim = lim (h + 4) = 4 h 0 h 0 h

2

2.77775 10 2.77778 10

18.

2 2 2 ( x + h) x x + 2 xh + h x = lim h 0 h 0 h h

( x sin x) 2 = 0 2 x 0 x 22. 1. 0.1 0.01 x

(1 cos x) / x
2 2

lim

h + 2xh = lim = lim (h + 2 x) = 2 x h 0 h 0 h

0.211322 0.00249584 0.0000249996 2.5 10 0.211322 0.00249584 0.0000249996 2.5 10

2 7 7

19. 1.

x 0.1 0.01 0.001 1. 0.1 0.01 0.001 lim

sin x 2

0.001 1. 0.1 0.01 0.001 m li 23.

0.420735 0.499167 0.499992 0.49999992 0.420735 0.499167 0.499992 0.49999992

(1 cos x) x t
2 (t
2

= 0
1) /(sin(t 1))

x 0

0.01 0.001

0.00249998 0.00024999998

sin x = 0.5 x 2 x 0 20. 1. 0.1 0.01 0.001 1. 0.1 t

1 cos t 2t

0.229849 0.0249792 0.00249998 0.00024999998 0.229849 0.0249792

2. 1.1 1.01 1.001 0

3.56519 2.1035 2.01003 2.001 1.1884

0.9 0.99 0.999

2

1.90317 1.99003 1.999

lim

t sin(t 1

t 1 = 2 1)

64

Section 1.1

Instructors Resource Manual

27. 24. 4. 3.1 3.01 3.001 x

x sin( x 3) 3 x 3

x 1. +
4

(x

/ 4) /(tan x 1)

0.0320244 0.201002
4

0.158529

0.00166583 0.0000166666 1.66667 7 10 0.158529 0.00166583 0.0000166666

0.1 + 4 0.01 + 0.001 + 1. 4 + 0.1 +

0.245009 0.2495

0.674117
4

2. 2.9 2.99 2.999

0.300668 0.255008 0.2505

0.01 + 4 0.001 + 4 lim

4 x

1.66667 7 10 x s in( x 3) 3 lim = 0 x x 3

3

(
u

x 4

)=

0.25
2

(tan x 1)

25. x

) 1. + 0.1 +

(1 + s in( x 3 0.4597 0.0500 0.0050 0.0005 0.4597 0.0500 0.0050

/ 2)) /(

28.

(2 2 sin u) / 3u 0.11921 0.00199339 0.0000210862 2.12072 10

2 7

1. + 2 0.1 + 2 0.01 + 2 0.001 + 1. +2 0.1 +2 0.01 + 0.001 2 + 2 lim

2

0.01 + 0.001 + 1. + 0.1 + 0.01 +

0.536908 0.00226446 0.0000213564

7

2.12342 10

0.001 +
x

0.0005
3

lim

1 + sin ( x2 x t 1. 0.1 0.01

= 0

2 2 sin u = 0 u 3u 29. a.
x 3

lim f ( x) = 2

26.
)

(1 cot t ) /(1 / t

b. 0.357907 0.896664 0.989967 0.999 e. 1. 0.1 0.01 0.001 1 cot lim t 1.64209 1.09666 1.00997 1.001 f. d. c.

f(3) = 1 f(1) does not exist. lim f ( x) = f(1) = 2 lim f(x) does not exist.
x 1

5 2

0.001

x 1

g.

x 1

lim

f ( x)
t 0 1 t

= 2
x 1
+

h.

lim f ( x) = 1

i.

x 1

lim

f
+

x) = 2

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.1

65

30. a.

x 3

lim f ( x) does not exist.

b. c. d.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 1

b. c. d. e. f. g.

f(3) = 1 f(1) = 1 lim f ( x) = 2

f(1) = 2
x 1 +

lim f ( x) = 2

x 1

34.

f(1) = 1 lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 1

x 1

lim f ( x) = 1 f ( x) does not exist. f lim

+

h.

x 1
+

lim

x) = 2 a. b. c. d. lim g ( x) = 0
x 1

i.

x 1

31. a. f(3) = 2 b. c. f(3) is undefined.

x 3

g(1) does not exist. lim g ( x) = 1

x 2

lim f ( x) = 2

d. e. f. 32. a.

x + 3

lim f ( x) = 4 35.

x 2

lim + g ( x) = 1

x 3

lim f ( x) does not exist. lim + lim f ( x) does not exist. f ( x) = 2

f ( x) = x [ x ]

x 3

x 1

b.

x + 1

lim f ( x) = 2

c. d.

x 1

lim f ( x) = 2

f (1) = 2 a. f(0) = 0

e. lim f ( x) = 0
x 1

f. 33.

f (1) = 0

b. c.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 0

x 0

lim f ( x) = 1

d.

lim f ( x) =

1 2

x 1 2

a.

lim f ( x) = 0
x 0

66

Section 1.1

Instructors Resource Manual

36.

f ( x) x =

41. x

x a

lim f ( x) exists for a = 1, 0, 1.

42. The changed values will not change lim f ( x) at

x a

any a. As x approaches a, the limit is still a . 43. a. lim 1 does not exist. 1 1 x 1 lim lim = 1 = 1 and x x 1 x x 1 1 + 1
x 1

x x x

a. b. c.

f (0) does not exist. lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 0

b.

x 1

lim

x 1 = 1 x 1 x
2

c.

lim
x 1

x 1 1 = 3 x 1

lim f ( x) x 0 = 1 d.

d. lim f ( x) = 1
x
1 2

x 1

lim

d es not exist. o x 1 x 1 1

37. lim

x 1 does not exist. x x 1 1 lim x = 2 1 and x 1

2

44. a.

lim
x 1 +

x =

lim
x 1
+

x 1

x 1 = 2 x 1

b.

1 lim does not exist. + x x 0

1/ x

x+ 2 2 38. lim x 0 x () x + 2 2 )( x + 2 + = lim2 x x( x + 2 + 2)

0

c. d.

x 0

lim + x( 1)

= 0 = 0 b) 0 d) 1

x 0

lim+ x( 1)

1/ x

= lim
x 0

2 x + 2 + 2 + 2) 1 = x+ 2+ 2

lim
x 0

45. a) c) 2 2 46. a) c)

1 1

xx( = lim
x 0

x( x + 2 + 2) 1 1 = = 2

2 0+ 2+ 4

Does not exist 1

b) 0 d) 0.556 x is not defined

39. a.

lim f ( x)
x 1

does not exist.

47. lim x does not exist since b. lim f ( x) = 0

x 0 x 0

for x < 0. 48. lim + x = 1

x

40.

x 0

49. lim

x 0

x = 0

50. lim x x = 1
x 0

51. lim
0

sin 2 x 1 = x 4x 2

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.2

67

52. lim
0

sin 5x 5 = x 3x 3

7. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then 2x is within 0.002 of 4.

53. lim cos 1 es not exist. x x do 0 54. lim x cos 1 0 x x = 0 55. lim x 1 = 6 2x + 2 2 x sin 2x 2= 2 sin( x ) x x2 = 3 x2
2 3

x 1

8. If x is within 0.0005 of 2, then x is within 0.002 of 4.

56. lim

x 0

57.

lim
x 2

58.

lim
x 1 x 0
+

2 0 = 1/( x 1) 1+ 2 9. If x is within 0.0019 of 2, then 0.002 of 4.

8x is within

59. lim x ; The computer gives a value of 0, but lim x does not exist.

x 0

1.2 Concepts Review

1. L ; L + 2. 0 < < 3. x a < ; f ( x) L 10. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then of 4.

8 is within 0.002 x

4. ma + b

Problem Set 1.2

1. 0 < t a < 2. 0 < L < 3. 0 < P < 4. 0 < f (t ) M < 11. 0 < x 0 < (2 x 1) (1) <

u b < g (u) z d < h( z)

2x1+ 1< 2x < B <

ye <

( y)

 2x < 5. 0 < c x < f ( x) L <

x < 2

6. 0 < t a < g (t) D <

= ;0< x0 < 2 (2 x 1) (1) = 2 x = 2 x < 2

68

Section 1.2

Instructors Resource Manual

12. 0 < <

x + 21 < (3x 1) (64)

15. 0 <
2

3x 1 + 64 < 3x + 63 < 3( x + 21) < 3 x + 21 < 21 x+ < 3

2x 11x + 5 x5 < 9 < x 5

2 x 11x + 5 (2x 1)( x 5) 9 < 9 < x 5 x 5 2x19 < 2( x 5) < x 5 < 2

; 0 < x + 21 < 3 (3x 1) (64) = 3x + 63 = 3 x + 21 < 3 = x 25 x 5 < 10 < x 5

2

= 2

;0<

x5 <

13. 0 <
2

2 x 11x + 5 (2x 1)( x 5) 9 = 9 x 5 x 5 = 16. 0 < 2x 2x19 = 2( x 5) = 2 x 5 < 2 =

x 25 ( x 5)( x + 5) 10 < 10 < x 5 x 5 x + 5 10 < x 5 <

x 1 < 2 x 2 < 2 < 2) <

= ;0<

x5 < x+ 5

x 25 ( x 5)( x + 5) 10 = 1 0 = 10 x 5 x 5 = x 5 < = 2x x 14. 0 < x 0 < = ( 1) < x 2x x x(2 x 1) + 1< = + 1< x x 2x1 + 1< 2x < 2x < x <
2 2

( 2 x 2 )( 2 x + 2x + 2 2x2 < 2x+ 2 2 x 1 2x+ 2 ;0< 2 < 2

x1 < 2)

2x 2x2 = 2x+ 2 x1 2x+ 2 x0 17. 0 <

( 2x 2 )( 2 x + 2 = 2x+ 2

2 2 x1 2 2 < = 2 = 2x 1

=
<

;0<

x4 < x 3

7 <

x(2x 1) 2x x ( 1) = + 1= + 1 x x = 2 x = 2 x < 2 =

2x1

2 x 1 7( x 3) 2x1 < 7 < = x 3 x 3 ( 2 x 1 7( x 3) )( 2 x 1 + x 3 ( 2 x 1 7( x 3) ) + 7( x 3) ) <

2x 1 (7 x 21) < x 3 ( 2 x 1 7( x 3) ) + 5( x 4) < x 3 ( 2 x 1 7( x 3) ) +

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.2

69

5 x 4 x 2x 1+ 3( 3) ) To bound 5

7( x

<

10 x 26 x + 22 x 6 4< 19. 0 < x 1 < 2 ( x 1) 10 x 26 x + 22 x 6 4 < 2 ( x 1) (10x 6)( x 1) 4 < ( x 1)2 < 10 x 6 4 < 10( x 1) <
2 3 2

, agree that x 3( 2 x 1 7( x 3) + ) 7 1 1 . If , then < x 9 < , so 2 2 2 2 5 0.65 < 1.65 and x 3 ( 2x 1 + 7( x 3) ) 5 7( x

hence x 4

x 2x 1 + 3( 3) )

<

10 x 1 < x 1

10 < x1<
2

x4 < 1.65 For whatever is chosen, let of 1 and . 2 1.65 1

be the smaller

= 10
3

;0<
2

10 x 26 x + 22x 6 (10 x 6)( x 1) 4 = 4 2 2 ( x 1) (x 1)

= min , , 0 < x 4 <

2 1. 65 2x 1 5 7 = x 4 x 3 x 3( 2 x 1 + < x 4 (1.65) < 1. 65 since

= 10 x 6

4 = 10( x 1)

7( x 3) )

= 10 x 1 < 10

20. 0 < 1 so 1.65 .

x 1 < (2x 2 + 1) 3 <

1 2 only when
2

1. 65

2x + 13 = x 1 < implies

2x 2 = 2 x+ 1 x1 1.

18. 0 <
2

14 x 20 x + 6 x1< 8 < x 1

To bound 2 x + 2 , agree that

14 x 20 x + 6 2(7 x 3)( x 1) 8 < 8 < x 1 x 1 2(7 x 3) 8 < 14( x 1) < 14 x 1 < = < x 1 14

2x+ 2 = <2+4=6

2x2+ 4

2x 2 + 4

; = min 1 ; 0 x 1 < < , 6 6

2

14

;0<

x1<

14 x 20x + 6 2(7 x 3)( x 1) 8 = 8 x 1 x 1

2(7 x 3) 8 =

= 14( x 1) = 14 x 1 < 14

(2 x + 1) 3 = =

2x 2

2 x + 2x 1 < 6= 6 =

70

Section 1.2

Instructors Resource Manual

21. 0 < 2 <

2

x +1 < ( x 2 x 1)
2

25. For all x 0 , 0 2 x+ 1

x 2x 1 2 = x3

x 2x3 =

sin 1 1 so x

To bound x 3 , agree that 1. x + 1 < implies x3 5 +4== x+ 14 x+ 1+ 4 < 1

4 4 2 1 x for all x 0 . By Problem 18, x sin x

x 0

lim x = 0, so, by Problem 20, = 0. x = x<

; 5
2

= min 1, 5
2

x; < +0 1 <

1 4 2 lim x sin x x
0

( x 2x 1) 2 = 3 =

x 2x

26. 0 < x <

x 0 =

x + 1 x 3 < 5 = 5 < (
4

2 For x > 0, ( x ) = x. 2 x x) = x<

22. 0 <<x x 0 4 = x < x = 3 x

4

2 ;0< x = <

x < =

x x . To bound

, agree that
3

27.

x 0

lim x : 0 < x <

+

x 0 <

1. x < 1 implies x

1 so .

For x 0 , x = x.

= min{1, }; 0 < x < x 4 3 = x x < 1 =

23. Choose > 0. Then since lim f ( x) = L, there is
x c

= ;0< x < Thus, lim x = 0.

x 0 +

x 0 =

x = x<

x 0

lim x : 0 < 0 x <

x 0 < x = x

some 1 > 0 such that 0< x c < 1 f ( x) L

2

For x < 0, x = x; note also that since x 0.

< . Since lim f ( x) = M , there is some such that 0 < x c < M < .
x c 2

= ;0 < x < < =

> 0 Thus, lim x = 0,
x 0

x =

x = x

f ( x)

since lim x = m
x+ 0

li
x 0

x = 0, lim
x 0

x = 0.

Let = min{ 1 , 2 } and choose x 0 such that 0 < x0 c < . Thus, f ( x0 ) L < < fx(
0)

f ( x0 ) L <

28. Choose > 0. Since lim g( x) = 0 there is some

f ( x0 ) < L < f ( x0 ) + < L< f ( x0 ) + . Similarly, f ( x0 ) < M < Thus, f ( x0 ) + .

1 > 0 such that

0 < x a <1 ) . g( xB 0 < Let = min{1, 1} , f ( x) < B for then 2 < L M < 2 . As 0, L M 0, so

x a < or x a < f ( x) < B. Thus, L = M. 24. Since lim G ( x) = 0, then given any > 0, we can find > 0 such that whenever x c < , G( x) < . Take any > 0 and the corresponding that works for G(x), then x c < implies F ( x) 0 = F ( x) lim G ( x) = 0.
x c x c

x a < f ( x) g ( x) 0 = = f ( x) g ( x) < B = = so lim B

f ( x) g ( x)

f ( x) g( x) = 0.
x a

G( x) <

since

Thus, lim F( x) = 0.

x c

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.2

71

29. Choose > 0. Since lim

x a

f ( x) = L, there is a

1.3 Concepts Review

f ( x) L > 0 such that for 0 < x a < . < , That is, for a < x < a or a < x < a + , L < f ( x) < L + . Let f(a) = A, M = max { L , L c = a , f ( x) M , d = a + . Then for x in (c, d), since either x = a, in which case f ( x) = f (a) = A M or 0 < x a < so L < f ( x) < L f ( x) < M . + and 30. Suppose that L > M. Then L M = > 0. Now take < 0< < 0< < + , A} ,

1. 48 2. 4 3. 8; 4 + 5c

4. 0

Problem Set 1.3

lim (2 x + 1)
x 1

1.

4 3 2,1

lim 2 x + lim 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

and = min{ , 1 where 2 x a < 1 f ( x) L and x a < 2 g ( x) M .

= 2 lim x + lim 1 = 2(1) + 1 = 3 2. lim (3x 1) li 3x lim 1

x 1 2 x 1 2 2

2}

x 1

5 3 8 2, 1

= m

Thus, for 0 < x a < , L < f(x) < L + and M < g(x) < M + . Combine the inequalities and use the fact that f ( x) g ( x) to get L < f(x) g(x) < M + which leads to L < M + or L M < 2. However, L M = > 2 which is a contradiction. Thus L M .

= 3 lim x

lim 1
2 x 1

x 1

lim 1 = 3 lim x x 1 x 1 = 3( 1) 1 = 2 3.
x 0 2

lim [( 2 x +1)( x 3)] lim (2 x +1) lim ( x 3)

x 0

6 4, 5

x 0

31. (b) and (c) are equivalent to the definition of limit. 32. For every > 0 and > 0 there is some x with 0 < x c < such that f ( x ) L > . 33. a. x3 x2 2 x 4 g ( x) = 4 x 4 x3 + x2 + x + 6 x + 6

lim 2 x + lim 1 lim x lim 3 x 0 x x 0 0 = 2 lim x + lim 1 lim x lim 3 x x 0 x x 0 0 0 = [2(0) +1](0 3) = 3
x 0

3 2, 1

4.

lim [(2 x + 1)(7 x + 13)]

2 2

6
2

lim (2 x + 1) = + 13)
x 2 x

lim (7 x
2

4, 3

b.

No, because

x 4x + x + x + 6 an asymptote at x 3.49. c. <3 If 4 1 , then 2.75 < x

+ 1 has

2 x + lim 1 lim x + = lim 13 7 x 2 x 2 x

2 2 = 2 lim + 1 7 li + 13 x m x x 2 x 2

lim
2

8,1 x

or 3 < x < 3.25 and by graphing x x 2x 4 g ( x) =4 3 2 x 4x + x + x + 6 on the interval [2.75, 3.25], we see that y= x x 2x4 = < 3 4 3 2 x 4x + x + x + 6 so m must be at least three. 0<
3 2 3 2

= [ 2(

2 2 ) + 1] [7(

2 2 ) + 13] = 135

72

Section 1.3

Instructors Resource Manual

5.

2x + 1 x 5 3x 2 lim (2x 1) + = x 2 lim (5 3x) lim

x 2

9.

t 2

lim (2t +15 )13

13

8 4, 3 lim 15
13 13

4, 5

3 lim (2t = + 15) t

2

= 3, 1

lim 2 x + lim 1
x 2

2 lim t
t 2

3 3

t 2

x 2

x 2

lim 5 lim 3x
x 2

2 t 2
3

t + = 2 lim lim 15
t 2

2, 1

2 lim x + 1
x

5 3 lim x
x 2

= [2(2) = 1 10.
w 2

+ 15]

13

2( 2) + 1 = 5 = 5 3( 2 ) 4 x3 + 1 6. lim x 3 7 2 x 2 lim (4 x + 1)
x 3 3

lim

3w + 7w
3

2 2

9 4, 3

= 7

w 2

lim (3w + 7w ) lim w3 + 7

3

= 3

lim w2
w 2 2

4, 5
2

w 2

x 3

lim (7 2 x ) lim 4x + 1
x 3 3

= 3 3, 1 =

w + 7 w 2 lim lim 2 w 2 w 3(2) + 7(2)

3 2

lim
x 3

= 2 13

x 3

lim 7 lim 2 2x
x 3 3

1/ 3

4 lim x + 1

11. 8

4y + 8y lim
y 2

= 7 2 lim x 2
x 3 3

x 3

y+ 4
3

1/ 3

4y + 8 y y+ 4

= lim 2
y 2

4 lim x 1 + 3 x = 7 2 lim x x 3 3 4 ( 3) + 1 = 107 = 7 2(3) 2 11 7. lim 3x 5 9

2

1 3 lim (4 y + 8 y) 3

y 2

lim2 ( y + 4)
y 3

4, 3

13

4 lim =

+ 8 lim y y y 2 y 2

8, 1

x 3

x 3

lim (3x 5)

5, 3 2, 1

y 2

lim y + lim 4
y 2

1/ 3

3 lim x = lim 5
x 3

x 3

= 3(3) 5 = 2 8.
x 3

lim

5x + 2x
2

9 4, 3

3 4 lim y + 2 y = lim y + 4 y 2 1/ 3

8 lim y

y 2

= lim (5x + 2x)

x 3

3 4(2) + 8(2) = = 2 2 + 4

= lim

5 x 2 + 2 lim x
x 3 2 x 3

5 x = + 2 lim x lim x 3 x 3 = 5(3) + 2(3) =

2

39

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.3

73

12.

w 5

lim (2 w 9 w +19 ) lim

w 5 4

1 / 2

1 2w 9w + 19 lim 1
w 5 4 3 3

18. lim 7

x + 7 x + 10 ( x + 2)( x + 5) = lim x 2 x 2 x+ 2 x+ 2 = lim ( x + 5) = 7

x 2

1, 9

w 5

lim 2w 9w + 19 1
4

19. lim

w 5

lim (2w 9w + 19) 1

4

4,5

x2 + x 2 ( x + 2)( x 1) = lim x ( x + 1)( x 1) 1 x x 2 1 1 x + 21 + 2 3 = = lim x x + 1 1 + 1 2 1 x 2 14 x 51 ( x + 3)( x 17)

x 3

1,3
3

20.

x 3

lim

w 5

lim 2w lim 9w + 19
w 5

lim

21 =

x 2 4 x x 17

lim

( x + 3)( x 7)

3 17

w 5

=
w 5

1 2 lim w4 9l im w3 + 19
w 5

x 3

lim

= = 2 x 7 3 7

8 21. lim
u 2

u2 ux + 2u 2 ( u + 2 )( u x) l = x im u 2 ( u + 2) (u 3) u2u6

1 2 lim w 9l w 5 1
4 3 4 w 5

im w 19 22.

= lim

ux x+ 2 = 5 u 2 u 3

2(5) 9(5) + 19 = 1 144 1 12

( x 1)( x + u) x 2 + ux x = lim u x 1 x ( x 1)( x + 3) 1 x2 + 2x 3 x 1 u+ 1 + u + u = lim + = = 3 1+ 3 4 x x 1 2 x2 6 x + 4 2 x2 li

x 2

2( x =
x

)( x 2 )( x + )

13.

x 4 lim 2 x x 2 + 4

lim x 4 4 42 x = = = 4= 0 2 lim x + 4 + 4
x

( (

23.

lim

lim

(x

= m

2( x) 2 x+

2( +

) = 1

14. lim x 5x + 6 = li 2 ) m x x x ( x 2) 2 2 2 = lim ( x 3) = 1

x 2 2

x 3)

24.

lim
w 2

( w + 2)( w 2 w 6)
2

w + 4w + 4 ( w + 2) 2 ( w 3) = lim lim ( w 3)
w 2

x 2x 3 15. x + 1 = lim ( x 3) = 4
x 1 x

lim

x 3) ( x + 1) = lim x ( x + 1)
1

(2w + 2 ) = 2 3 = 5
w 2 2 2

25. lim

x a

f ( x) + g ( x) = lim

f ( x) + lim g ( x)
x a x a

16.

0 x 1 lim = = = = 0 2 x 1 x 2 lim x + 12 x 1 + 1

x + x

lim

( (

x + x

) )
= lim =

xa

f ( x)
2

+ lim g ( x) x a
2

(3) + (1) =

10

17.

( x 1)( x 2)( x x 3 lim lim 3) = x 1 (1x )( x 2)( x + 7) x 1 x + 7 1 3 2 = = = 1+ 7 3

lim[2 f ( x) 3g ( x)] 2 f ( x) 3g ( x) 26. lim = x a x f ( x) + g ( lim[ f ( x) + g ( x)] x)

a x a

2 lim f ( x) 3 lim g ( x) 2(3) 3(1) 9 x a x a = = = lim f ( x) + lim g ( 3 + (1) 2 x)

x a x a

74

Section 1.3

Instructors Resource Manual

27. lim 3 g ( x)[ f ( x) + 3] = lim 3 g ( x) lim[ f ( x) + 3]

x a x a x a

35. Suppose lim f ( x) = L and lim g( x) = M.

x c x c

f ( x) g ( x) LM
3

g ( x) f ( x) L +

L g ( x) M

3 lim x a

g ( x) lim f ( x) + 3 = lim x a x a
4

1 (3 + 3)

as shown in the text. Choose 1 = 1. Since lim g ( x) = M , there is some 1 > 0 such that if
x c

= 6 28. lim [ f ( x) 3]
4

x a

lim ( f ( x) 3) xa
4 4

0< xc g ( x) M < 1 = 1 or < 1, M 1 < g(x) < M + 1 M 1 and 0< M + 1 M+ 1 M + 1 so for

x c < 1 , g ( x) < M + 1. Choose > 0.

= im l f ( x) lim = (3 3) = 0 x 3 x a
a

29. lim = lim

t a

f (t ) + 3g (t )
t a

f (t ) + 3 lim g (t )
t a

Since lim f ( x) = L and lim g( x) = M , there exist

x c 2 and x c

= lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t ) =
t a

such that 0 <

xc < xc <
3

3 + 3 1 = 6

t a

f ( x) L < L+ g ( x) M <

and 0 < M + 1 . Let M + 1 then 0 <

30. lim [ f ( u) + 3g( u) ] = lim [ f ( u) + u)] 3g( u u a

a 3

L+

3 = lim f (u ) + 3 lim g( = [3 + 3( 1) ] = 0 u) u u a
a

= min{ 1 , 2 , 3 },

xc <

f ( x) g ( x) LM <

g ( x) f ( x) L +

L g ( x) M

= m 3( x 2 )( x + 2) x 2 x li
2

+ L M + 1 L+ = M + 1

31.

3x 2 x 12 2 x2 lim

M + 1) L+

Hence, g lim f ( x) g ( x) = LM lim f ( x) lim ( x) = c xc x c x

= 3 lim ( x + 2) = 3(2 + 2) = 12
x 2

(3x + 2 x + 1) 17 3x + 2 x 16 32. lim = lim x2 x2 x 2 x 2 (3x + 8)( x lim (3x 8) 2) lim = = + x2 x 2 = 3l im x + 8 = 3(2) + 8 = 14
x 2 x 2
1

36. Say lim g ( x ) = M , M 0 , and choose x c 1 = M . 2 There is some 1 > 0 such that

1 2

2 x

2 2x

0 < x
2x

1 c < 1 g ( x) M < 1 = 2 M < g( x) < M + 2 1 M 2 2 M M+ 1 2 M

M or

33. lim 2 =

= lim
x 2

x 2

x 1

x 2

lim

1 = = = 2 x 2 lim x 2(2)
x 2

= lim 1 x x 2 2 1 4

2 1

M . 1 2 M

M and

34.

x 2

lim

3 x2

4 x 2

x2

= lim

3(4 x 2 ) 42 x

3( x + 2)( x 2)

so g ( x)

1 2

1 2 < g ( x) M

x2

= lim
x 2

4 x2

x2 3(2 + = 4(2)2 2)

Choose > 0. Since lim g( x) = M there is

x c 2

3( x 2) + =
x 2

3 lim x 2 = =
x 2 2

> 0 such that

lim

4x 2

4 lim x x 2

1 0 c < 2 g ( x) M 2< < x 2 Let = min{ 1 , 2}, then 0< xc < 1 1 = M g ( x) = g ( x)M

M .

= 3 4

g ( x) M = =

1 2 2 1 gx( ) M < 2 g x M = 2 = ( ) M g ( x) M M 2

Section 1.3 75

Instructors Resource Manual

Thus, lim

x c

1 1 = g( x) M

x c

1 . = lim g ( x)

43.

lim
+ x 3

x3
2

lim
+ x 3 2

( x 3) x 2 9
2

Using statement 6 and the above result, lim f ( x) =

x c

x 9

x 9
2

lim f ( x)

lim

1 =

lim
+ x 3

( x 3) x 9

lim

x 9 =

g ( x)

x c

x c

g ( x) =

(x 3)( x + 3) x 3

x+ 3

lim f ( x) 1 = lim f ( x) = = x c . x c lim g ( lim g ( x) x)

x c x c

3 9 = 0 3+ 3 1+ x = 1+ 1 2 8

37. lim f ( x) = L lim

x c x c

lim f ( x) lim L = 0
x c

x c

f ( x) = lim L
x c

44.

lim
x 1

4 + 4 x 4 + 4(1)

lim [ f ( x) L] = 0
x c

45.
2

38.

lim f ( x) = 0
x c

2 2 ( x + 1) x (2 5 2 2 = = + 1) 2 = lim 2 2 2 5 (3 2 1) 5 x (3x 1) 2 +

lim f ( x) 46. lim ( x = lim

3 x

= 0

x c

x )
x 3

lim
x 3

x =

3 2= 1

2 lim f ( x) = 0
x c 2 lim f ( x) = 0 x c

47.

lim
x 0

x = 1 x

li 2 f ( x) m x = 0 c l f ( x) im = 0
x c

48.

lim x2 + 2 x 2 3 + 2 3 = 15 = 3 +

49.
2 lim x = x c

= f ( x) g ( x) 1; g ( x)

39. lim x = m
x c

li

x =

lim x
x c

f ( x) 1 ) f( x 0

xc

2 2 = lim x = c = x c 40. a. If f ( x) =
x c

lim g ( x) = 0 lim c
x a x a

1 = 0 lim f ( x)
x a

x+ 1 , g ( x) = and c = 2, then x2 x2 lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)] exists, but neither lim f ( x) nor lim g( x) exists.

No value satisfies this equation, so lim f ( x)

x a

must not exist.

x c

x c

x 1 50. R has the vertices , 2 2 Each side of Q has length

2

b.

If f ( ) x =

x c

x lim [ f ( x) g( x)] exists, but lim f ( x) does

x c

, ( x) x, and c = 0, then g =

x + 1 so the

perimeter of Q is 4 x + 1. R has two sides of

not exist. 41. lim

x 3

length 1 and two sides of length perimeter of R is 2 + 2 x .

2

so the

3 33 + x = = 0 x
3 3

perimeter of R lim
x 0 3 3 +

2 x2 + 2 lim
x 0 + 2 4 x + 1

= perimeter of Q
2

3 + x = = x + ( ) = 0

42.

lim
x

2 0 + 2 2 = 2 4 0 + 1 4

1 = 2

76

Section 1.3

Instructors Resource Manual

51. a.

NO = = 1 OP = x = + x ( x
2

(0 0) + (1 0) 0) + ( y 0) =
2 2

4. x + y
2 2

lim
x 0

3x tan sin

x lim =

x x x 3 (sin / cos )

lim

x 3

0 = = = 0 1

= NP = x = + 1 (
2

x 0

0) + ( y 1) = y+ 1

x + y 2 5.
x 0

sin x lim =

sin x

1 1 = 2

x + x 2 x
2 2

2x

lim = 0 2 x x 2

MO = (1 0) + (0 0) = 1 2 2 MP = ( x 1) + ( y 0) = 2 + x 2x+ 1 2 x = x+ 1 perimeter of NOP lim

x 0 +

6. y
2

lim

sin 3

2 = 7.

3 sin 3 3 sin 3 lim = = lim 2 3 2 3 0 0

3 3 1 = 2 2

MOP = im l

perimeter of 1 ++ x
2

lim x + x2 x+ 1
2

sin 3

= lim

sin 3

cos = lim

sin 3

sin cos

sin

x+

tan =
0

+ x 0

1 ++ x 1 = 1 1

x+

x x+ 1

cos

sin 3 3

sin

1+ = = 1+

sin 3 1 =

cos3 lim =
0

= 3 111 = 3

sin

b. Area of NOP = x = 2 1

3 (1)( x) 2 lim x

tan 5 sin = lim

sin 5 = cos 5

sin 5 = lim

Area of

MOP

(1)( y) = = lim =
x 0

2 2
x 2 x + 2

sin

= lim
x 0 +

lim
x 0

area of NOP area of MOP

+

x = x

5 sin 5 = 12 = cos 5 5 2 sin 2 0 lim 1

cos 5

sin 2

= m

li x = 0
x + 0

5 sin 5 2 1 = lim = 2 cos 5 5 0 5 5 = 1 1 1 = 2 cot 2 sin

cos

sin 2

1.4 Concepts Review

1. 0

9.

lim

2 sec cos lim

= lim sin
0

sin

sin

cos

cos

2. 1 3. the denominator is 0 when t = 0 . 4. 1

2sin cos cos sin 1 = lim = = 2 0

0

sin

= = 1

1 2

lim cos 0

sin cos = sin

Problem Set 1.4

1 1 1 1 =2 2
2

1.

lim

cos x

x 0

= x+ 1

= 1 1 = 0 2

sin 3t 9t sin 3t sin 3t m = li = 0 1 1 = 0 m 10. li t 0 2t t 2 0 3t 3t lim 11. tan 2 3t 2t = lim (cos

2

2.

lim cos = 0
/2

sin2 3t ) 3t )

t 0

t (2t 0

3.

cos 0 1 = = = 1 t 1 + sin t1 + sin 0 1 + 0 0 lim

cos 2 t

= li m 3(sin 3t ) sin 3t = 0 1 = 0 t 2 cos 2 3t 3t 0 tan 2t 0 = = 0 sin 2t 1 1 Section 1.4 77

12. lim

t 0

Instructors Resource Manual

13. lim

sin(3t ) + 4t =
t 0

lim

sin 3t4t +

19. lim 1 +

sin x

= 2

lim =

ttsec sin 3 t

t 0

ttsec lim 4 t +

t sec t

x 0

t 0

ttsec = lim 3 cos

t t sec t 0 sin 3t + lim 4 cos t t t 0

t 0 3t = 3 1 + 4 = 7 2 sin 14. lim = 0 2

sin lim 0

sin

20. The result that lim cos t = 1 was established in t 0 the proof of the theorem. Then
t c

lim = 15.

sin

lim

sin = 1 1 = 1 0

lim cos t = = =

h 0

lim cos(c + h)

h 0 h 0

lim (cos c cos h sin c sin h) lim cos c lim cos h sin c lim sin h
h 0 h 0

x 0

lim x sin ( 1 / x ) = 0

= cos c lim sin t sin t sin c t c = = tan c 21. lim tan t = lim = t cos c t cos c lim cos c t t
t c

cos t lim cot t = lim sin t c t c t

lim cos t t c = lim sin t

t c

cos c = = cot c sin c

16. lim x sin 1 / x

x 0

= 0

1 1 22. lim sec t = lim = = sec c t t cos c cos c c t 1 1 lim csc t = lim = = csc c t sin c t sin c c t 23. BP = sin t, OB = cos t area(OBP) area (sector OAP) area (OBP) + area( ABPQ) 1 OB BP t (1) 1
2

OB BP + (1 OB)BP

17. lim 1 cos x

0

/x

2 2 1 1 sin t cos t 2 2

2 1 t 2

sin t cos cos t ) sin t 1t+ (

= 0

cos t t sin

t 2 cos

t 1 sin t 1 2 cos t t cos t lim 1

for = 2

< t< 2

sin t 1 li lim m t 2c os t t t 0 0 t cos t 0 sin t 1 li m 1 t t 0 sin t Thus, lim = 1. t t 0

18. lim cos 2 x = 1

x 0

78

Section 1.4

Instructors Resource Manual

24. a.

Written response

x 6 . 2

815

b.

D=

1 1 AB BP = (1 cos t ) si nt 2 2 sin t (1 = cos t ) 2 1

2

x x 8x + 15 x 7. lim
x 3

x + 1 x x2 1
2

sin t cos t 2 8.

E= t OB BP = (1) 2 2 2 D sin t (1 cos t ) = E t sin t cos t c. lim

t 0 +

100x

= lim
x

= 2 100 x 2

lim

5 5

= 5 2

lim

1 5

D = 0.75 E

3 1

3x x 9. = lim 2 x x x 5x lim 3 sin 1

2 2 ; 0 sin 2 5

3 x x = 5

1.5 Concepts Review

1. x increases without bound; f(x) gets close to L as x increases without bound 2. f(x) increases without bound as x approaches c from the right; f(x) decreases without bound as x approaches c from the left 3. y = 6; horizontal 4. x = 6; vertical

10.

lim

1 for all = 0 lim

and = 0

lim

5 11. lim

= lim so 2

sin2
2

1 5 2
3/2

3 x + 3x 3x + 3x = lim 3/ 2 3 x x 2x 2x 3 3+ x = li 3 = m 2 x 2 x + 3x = 3 2x + 7x
3
2

Problem Set 1.5

1. lim
x

x x =

lim

12. 1

x 1 5 x

lim

lim

x + 3x 3 2x + 7x

= 2. lim = 0 3. x2 5 x t2 lim = 2 7 t 1 t t lim

1

3 lim x

2+

7 x2

lim

3 x 51 x3

13.

2 2 3 1 + 8x= 3 lim 1 + 8x =2 x + 4 x2 + 4 x x

lim

lim

1 = 1

+ 8
3

t 7

t t2

= 3 lim

x2

4 x 1 + 2 x

8= 2

4.

lim
t

1 5

t 1 5

2 x + x+ 3

x x

14.

5.

lim
x

lim
x

lim

+ x+ 3 ( x 1)( x + 1) lim 1 +x1 + 2 1

x 1 2 x 3

lim

x 1

x)

( x 5)(3

15

x + 8x = 15.

1= 1

1 = lim 1 x 1 + 8 15 x 2 x

lim
n n

= lim

1 2+

1 1 2 n

2n + 1

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.5

79

=
n

1 lim

= 1

16. lim 2 n n + 1
2

23.

lim
y

9y + 1 yy2 2 +

9y+ im = l

1 2 y

1 1+ 2 1+ 0 n
n

y 1 2+ 2 y 2 y

17. lim
n

n n

n = lim = 1 =
n

lim n

1 = =0 = 24. lim + 1

n n a0 x + a1 x 1 + n n 1

+ an 1 x + an

+ 1

1+

x b

x + bx
1 a

x+ b
n 1 a 1 a n n

lim 1 + n

+ b

a +
0

1 x b

+
xn 1 b

+
xn b

1 18. lim
n

= lim 0
x b 0

a0 +
nb0

n =

lim

= 0

+x

x n 1

n 1 n x

= n 25. lim
n

n 2 + 1n 1

+2 n

11 + 0 1 = lim n2 + 1 1+ n2 26. lim

n

1 1 n
2

19. For x > 0, x = 2x + 1 lim = 2 x x + 3 2 = 1 2 =

x . 2+ 1
x + 3

= = = 1 1+ 0

2+ 1
x x2

n x

lim

x 1 3

lim

+
x2

x2

= m n + 2n+ 1
3

li

3/ 2

1+ 2 2 n

1+ 1 3 n
+

20.

lim
x

2x+ 1 = li = li m m x x 1 + 4x x + 4
2

2 x +1 2 x

2 1 x+ x 2

27. As x 4 , x 4 while x 4 0 = 0
4

x lim
x 4 +

1 x+

x4

21.

2x + 3 x = =
x x 2

lim

2x 5

28.

lim
t 3

(t 3)(t 3) lim +
t 3

t+ 3

t+ 3

23x +

2x 5
2

2x + 3+

lim lim

3 t 2 x ++3 2 x 5
2 2 2 2

2 x 5 lim (t 3) = 6 = +

2x + 3 (2x 5)

29. As t 3 , t
2

9 while 9 t

0 .

2x ++3 =

2x

5 = 2 2 x ++3 2 x 5
2
8 x

lim

lim

8 x 2 2 x ++3 x2 2 2 x 5

t 3

lim

t 9t

= 2
+

30. As x 3 5 , x 2 52 / 3 while 5 x3 0 . lim

+

lim

= 0
5 x2

2+

x2

+2

3 x 5

x = 3 5 x
2

22.
x

31. lim x + 2x x
2

x + 2x+ x
2

2 x + 2x x lim
x 2

As x 5 , x 25, x 5 0 , and 3 x 2. x2 lim = x ( x 5)(3 x) 5

+

32. As

while sin

0 .

x + 2x + x x + 2x x =
2 2 2

= m

li
x

li
2

2x

lim = + sin

= lim
x

x ++2xx x 2 2 = = 1 1 + 2 + 12
x

x + 2x + x

80

Section 1.5

Instructors Resource Manual

33. As x 3 , x 27, while x 3 0

3 3

. 43. lim

lim

= 0, = 0; lim x x + 1 x x + 1 Horizontal asymptote y = 0. 3

+

= x x 3 3 lim

lim
x 1

= ;

x 1

= , x+ 1

x+ 1

34. As 0 . 2 lim

2 +

while cos

Vertical asymptote x = 1

= cos

35.

2 ( x + 2)( x 3) x x 6 = lim x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3

lim

lim ( x + 2) = = 5
x 3

36.

lim
+ x 2

x + 2x
2

( x + 4)( x 2) 8 = lim ( x + 2)( x 2)

x 2

3
+

3 = 0, lim
2

x 4

44.

lim

lim x + 4 6 3 = = + x + 2 42 x 2

( x + 1) ( x + 1) Horizontal asymptote y = 0. lim 3 (1x +

1 2 +

= 0;

3 =, ) lim
x 1

37. 0 For 0 x < 1 , x = 0 , so for 0 < x < 1, =

( x + 1)
2

= ;

thus lim +
x 0

x =

Vertical asymptote x = 1

38. For 1 x < 0 , x = 1 , so for 1 < x < 0,

thus x

1 = x

lim
x 0

x =

(Since x < 0,

1 > 0. ) x 2x 3
x

39. For x < 0, x = x, thus x x lim 1 lim

x 0

45.

lim

2 lim = 2, 1 3
x x

= =

x 0

x lim 2x

40. For x > 0, x = x, thus lim = 1

x+ 0

x x

=
x 0

x lim x
+

= lim = 2, x 3 x 1 3
x

41. As x 0 , 1 + cos x 2 while sin x 0 . x lim 1 + cos = x 0 sin x 42. 1 sin x 1 for all x, and 1 sin x = 0. lim = 0, so x lim x x
x

Horizontal asymptote y = 2 2x 2x , lim lim ; + 3 = 3 = x x 3 x x 3 Vertical asymptote x = 3

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.5

81

46.

= 0; 9 x x x 9 x 2 Horizontal asymptote y = 0 lim 3 , = lim 3 , = = , lim

lim

= 0, 2lim

49.

f ( x) = 2 x + 3

, thus 1

x 1 lim [ f ( x) (2x + 3)] lim , = 0

x 2 x+ 9 x 3

x 1 2 x 9 x 3 lim
2

The oblique asymptote is y = 2x + 3.

lim

3
+ 2

= ,

= ;

50.

f ( x) = 3x + 4
2

4x + 3 , thus

3 x

9 x x 9 x 3 Vertical asymptotes x = 3, x = 3

x + 1 lim [ f ( x) (3x + 4)] =

x

lim 2

4x+ 3 x + 1

lim 1
x

x 2 x 1

= 0.

x2

The oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 4. 51. a. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each

x c +

47.

14 = 0, lim 0; x 2 x2 + 7 2x + 7 Horizontal asymptote y = 0 2 Since 2 x + 7 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical asymptotes.
x

lim

14

negative number M there corresponds a > 0 such that 0 < x c < f(x) < M. = b. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each positive number M there corresponds a > 0 such that 0 < c x < f(x) > M. 52. a. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each
x x c

positive number M there corresponds an N > 0 such that N < x f(x) > M. b. We say that
x

lim f ( x ) = if to each

positive number M there corresponds an N < 0 such that x < N f(x) > M. 53. Let > 0 be given. Since lim 2x
2

f ( x ) = A, there is

48.

lim
x

= m

li
x

= 1+
2 51

a corresponding number M1 such that

x > M1 f ( x) A < 2 = 1 number M

2

= 2,

lim
x

x + 5 2x x
2

. Similarly, there is a

= im

l 1+ 2
x

= 2

such that x > M g ( x) B < 2 2

+ 5

Let M = max{M1 , M 2 } , then

Since

x + 5 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical asymptotes.

x > M f ( x) + g ( x) ( A + B) = < f ( x) A + g ( x) B f ( x) A + g ( x) B

+ = = 2 2 Thus, lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)] = A + B

x

54. Written response

82

Section 1.5

Instructors Resource Manual

55. a.

lim sin x does not exist as sin x oscillates

56.

between 1 and 1 as x increases. b. Let u = + 0 . lim sin

x

v c

lim m(v) =

lim
v c

m0 1 2 /2c v

1 x 1 x

, then as x , u 57. =
u +

lim sin u

3 x 2 + x +1 3 = 2 2 lim 2 x 1

= 0

Let u = + 0 . c. lim
x

58.

, then as x , u 1 sin im u
+

lim

2x 3x 5x + 1
2

2 5

x 1 59. lim 2x
2

sin x

3x 2 x 5
2

x 1 x ,

= 1 lim sin u = l 0 + u 0 u u

= 2 2 2 3

d. Let u = then lim x

x

60.

lim
x

2x+ 1
2

3/2

sin

1 x +

1 = lim
u 0

3/2

sin u

3x + 1
10

u sin u 1 lim =
+

1 61. lim 1 + x x

= 1

e. 1,

u u As x sin x oscillates between 1 and ,

u 0

62.

lim 1
x

e 2.718

while x

1/ 2

1 x

0.

+ x = 1x
2

lim x = 0
x

1/ 2

sin x

63.

lim 1 +
x

f. then

Let u = lim sin =

1 x

x
sin x

, 1 64.

+ u

lim sin + + x 6 x u 0 6 1 = sin = 6 2 g. As , + 1 , so

1 lim 1 + x x

= 1

65.

sin x 3 li 3 x 3 x sin

= 1

lim

66.

sin x 3x x x lim x x 1x = + does not exist. (See part a.) h. 1 1 1 + cos x sin sin x x x + = sin x cos x 1 lim sin x sin x x + x 1 1 = lim sin x cos 1 + cos x sin x x x 1 1 , As x cos 1 so cos 1 0. x x 1 From part b., lim sin = 0. x x As x both sin x and cos x oscillate between 1 and 1. 1 lim x + sin x = sin 0. x x 71. 67.

=
x 3

1 tan( x 3) cos( x 3) = x 3

x 3

lim

68.

lim
x 2

cos x
+

x 2

= 1

69.

lim (1 x) +
x 0 +

1 x

= e 2.718

70.

x 0

lim (1 + + lim (1 +

x)

1/ x

x) = 1

+ x 0

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.5

83

13.

1.6 Concepts Review

1. lim f ( x)

3+ t

lim f (t ) = lim f (t ) =

lim (3 t ) = 0
t + 3

lim (t 3) = 0
t 3

x c

t 3

2. every integer 3. lim f ( x) = lim + f (a);

x b

t 3

lim f (t ) = lim f (t ) = +

f (3); continuous lim (3 t ) = 0

t + 3 2

f ( x) = (b)

14.

x a

3 t

4. a; b; f(c) = W

t 3 t 3

lim f (t ) =

lim (t
t 3

9) = 0

lim f (t ) =

f (3); continuous f (3); continuous

Problem Set 1.6

1. lim [( x 3)( x 4)] = 0 = continuous
x 3

15. lim f ( x) = 2 =
t 3

f (3);

2. 3.

x 3

lim ( x 9) = 0 = g (3); continuous lim

16. g is discontinuous at x = 3, 4, 6, 8; g is left continuous at x = 4, 8; g is right continuous at x = 3, 6 17. h is continuous on the intervals ( , 5),
2

3 and h(3) do not exist, so h(x) is not x x 3 3 continuous at 3.

[ 5, 4],
6),

(4,

[6, 8],

(8, )

18. lim

4.

t 3

lim t 4 and g(3) do not exist, so g(t) is not

x 49 = x x 7 7 = 7 + 7 = 14

( x 7)( x + 7) = lim ( x + 7) lim x 7 x 7 x7

continuous at 3. 5. lim t3 and h(3) do not exist, so h(t) is not

Define f(7) = 14. 19. lim 2 x 18 = x 3 x 3

2

t 3 continuous at 3.
t 3

2( x + 3)( x 3) lim x 3 3 x

= m [2( x + 3)] = 2(3 + 3) = 12 li 3

x

6. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3. 7. lim t = 3 = continuous

t 3

Define f(3) = 12. 20. lim sin( ) = 1

f (3);

8. lim t 2 = 1 = g (3); continuous

t 3

Define g(0) = 1 21. lim t 1 ( t 1)( t + 1) = lim t t (t 1)( t + 1) 1 1 1 = lim = t t + 12 1 1)( t + 1) 1 t1

9. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3. 10. f(3) does not exist, so f(x) is not continuous at 3. t 27 (t 3)(t + 3t + 9) = lim 11. lim t 3 t t 3 t 3 3 = lim (t + 3t + 9) = (3) + 3(3) + 9 = 27 = r (3) continuous
t 3 2 2 3 2

t 1

1 = lim
t 1

(t

Define H (1) = . 2
4 2 2 2

22.

lim
x

( x 1)( x + 3) x + 2x 3 = lim x+ 1 1

x 1

( x + 1)( x 1)( x 12. From Problem 11, lim r (t ) = 27, so r(t) is not
t 3

x+ 1 + 3) = lim
x 1

x+ 1
2

continuous at 3 because lim r (t ) r (3).

t 3

x 1

lim [( x 1)( x + 3)]

2

= (1 1)[(1) + 3] = 8 Define (1) = 8.

84

Section 1.6

Instructors Resource Manual

 x2 1 ( x 1)( x + 1) 23. lim sin = = lim sin x+ 1 x x+ 1

1 x 1

37.

x 1

lim sin( x 1) = sin(1 1) = sin( 2) = sin 2

Define F(1) = sin 2. 24. Discontinuous at x = 25. 33 x ( x)( x 3) Discontinuous at x = 3, f ( x) =

2

,30 38.

26. Continuous at all points 27. Discontinuous at all = n + integer. 28. Discontinuous at all u 5 29. Discontinuous at u = 1 30. Continuous at all points 31. G( x) = 1 (2 x)(2 + x) where n is any 2

39.

Discontinuous on ( 2] [2, , ) 40. f (1).

32. Continuous at all points since lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) lim f ( x) = 1 = x 1 and

x 0

33. lim g ( x) = 0 = g (0)

x 0 x 1

lim g ( x) = 1, lim g ( x) = 1
+ x 1

x 1

lim g( x ) does not exist, so g(x) is discontinuous

at x = 1. 34. Discontinuous at every integer 35. Discontinuous at t = n + 2 36. 41. Continuous. 42. Discontinuous: removable, define 43. Discontinuous: removable, define 1 where n is any integer Discontinuous at all points except x = 0, because lim f ( x) f for c 0 . lim f ( x) exists only x c (c)
x c

at c = 0 and lim f ( x) = 0 =
x 0

f (0) .

44. Di

f (10) = 20

f (0) = 1 45. Discontinuous, removable, redefine g (0) = 1 46. Discontinuous: removable, define F (0) = 0

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.6

85

47. Discontinuous: nonremovable. 48. Discontinuous: removable, define f (4) = 4 49. The function is continuous on the intervals ( 0,1], (1, 2], (2, 3],
Cost $ 0.72 0.60 0.48 0.36

52. Let f ( x) = x + 3x 2. f is continuous on [0, 1]. f(0) = 2 < 0 and f(1) = 2 > 0. Thus, there is at least one number c between 0 and 1 such that x + 3 x 2 = 0. 53. Because the function is continuous on [0,2 (cos 0)0 + 6 sin 0 3 = 3 < 0, (cos 2 )(2 ) + 6 sin (2 ) 3 = 8 3 > 0, there is at least one number c between 0 and 2 54. Let such that (cos t )t + 6 sin t 3 = 0.
3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

and

f ( x ) = x 7 x + 14 x 8 . f(x)
3 2

0.24 0.12 1 3 5 2 4 6 Length of call in minutes

is continuous at all values of x. f(0) = 8, f(5) = 12 Because 0 is between 8 and 12, there is at least one number c between 0 and 5 such that

f ( x ) = x 7 x + 14x 8 = 0 .
3 2

50. The function is continuous on the intervals [0, 200], (200, 300], (300, 400],
Cost $ 80 60 40 20

This equation has three solutions (x = 1,2,4)

55. Let f ( x ) = at all values of x 0.

100 200 300 400 500 Miles Driven

x cos x. . f(x) is continuous f(0) = 1, f(/2) = /2

Because 0 is between 1 and / 2 , there is at least one number c between 0 and /2 such that f

51. The function is continuous on the intervals (0, 0.25], (0.25, 0.375], (0.375, 0.5],
Cost $ 4 3 2 1

(
=

x cos x = 0.

The interval [0.6,0.7] contains the solution.

0.25

0.5 0.75 Miles Driven

56. Let f ( x) = x + 4 x 7 x + 14 f(x) is continuous at all values of x. f(2) = 36, f(0) = 14 Because 0 is between 36 and 14, there is at least one number c between 2 and 0 such that

f ( x) = x + 4 x 7 x + 14

= 0.

86

Section 1.6

Instructors Resource Manual

57. Suppose that f is continuous at c, so lim f ( x) = f (c). Let x = c + t, so t = x c, then

x c

63. Let f(x) be the difference in times on the hikers watch where x is a point on the path, and suppose x at the bottom and x = 1 at the top of the = 0 mountain. So f(x) = (time on watch on the way up) (time on watch on the way down). f(0) = 4 11 = 7, f(1) = 12 5 = 7. Since time is continuous, f(x) is continuous, hence there is some c between 0 and 1 where f(c) = 0. This c is the point where the hikers watch showed the same time on both days.

as x c , t 0 and the statement lim f ( x) = f (c) becomes lim f (t + c) = f (c).

x c

Suppose that lim f (t + c) = f ( c) and let x = t + c, so t = x c. Since c is fixed, t 0 means that x c and the statement lim f (t + c) = f (c)
t 0 t 0

t 0

becomes lim f ( x) = at
x c

f (c) , so f is continuous

c. 58. Since f(x) is continuous at c, lim f ( x) = f (c) > 0. Choose = ) , then

x c

64. Let f be the function on 0, = such that f( ) is f (c 2 the length of the side of the rectangle which makes angle with the x-axis minus the length of the sides perpendicular to it. f is continuous on 0, = . If f(0) = 0 then the region is 2 circumscribed by a square. If f(0) 0, then observe that f (0) = f = hus, by the .T 2 Intermediate Value Theorem, there is an angle

there exists a

> 0 such that

0< x c < f ( x ) f (c ) < . Thus, f ( x ) f ( c ) > = f ( c ) , or Since also f c (

x > 0.

) > 0, (c , c + ).

f ( x ) > 0 for all x in

59. Let g(x) = x f(x). Then, g(0) = 0 f(0) = f(0) 0 and g(1) = 1 f(1) 0 since 0 f(x) 1 on [0, 1] . If g(0) = 0, then f(0) = 0 and c = 0 is a fixed point of f. If g(1) = 0, then f(1) = 1 and c = 1 is a fixed point of f. If neither g(0) = 0 nor g(1) = 0, then g(0) < 0 and g(1) > 0 so there is some c in [0, 1] such that

between 0 and such that f ( 2

0)

= 0.

Hence, D can be circumscribed by a square. 65. Yes, g is continuous at R . lim g( r

GMm
=

=
2

lim g
+

r)

g(c) = 0. If g(c) = 0 then c f(c) = 0 or f(c) = c and c is a fixed point of f. 60. For f(x) to be continuous everywhere, f(1) = a(1) + b = 2 and f(2) = 6 = a(2) + b a+ b= 2 2a+ b= 6 a = 4 a = 4, b = 2

61. For x in [0, 1], let f(x) indicate where the string originally at x ends up. Thus f(0) = a, f(1) = b. f(x) is continuous since the string is unbroken. Since 0 a, b 1 , f(x) satisfies the conditions of Problem 59, so there is some c in [0, 1] with f(c) = c, i.e., the point of string originally at c ends up at c. 62. The Intermediate Value Theorem does not imply

the existence of a number c between 2 and 2

66. No. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, if f were to change signs on [a,b], then f must be 0 at some c in [a,b]. Therefore, f cannot change sign. 67. a. f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x) + f(0), so f(0) = 0. We want to prove that lim f ( x) = f (c), or, equivalently, lim [ f ( x) f (c)] = 0. But
x c x c

f(x) f(c) = f(x c), so lim [ f ( x) f (c)] = lim f ( x c). Let

x c x c

h = x c then as x c, h 0 and lim f ( x c) = lim f (h) = f (0) = 0. Hence

x c h 0 x c

lim f ( x) =

f (c) and f is continuous at c.

such that f (c) = 0. The reason is that the function f ( x) is not continuous on [ 2, 2].

b.

Thus, f is continuous everywhere, since c was arbitrary. By Problem 43 of Section 0.5, f(t) = mt for all t in Q. Since g(t) = mt is a polynomial function, it is continuous for all real numbers. f(t) = g(t) for all t in Q, thus f(t) = g(t) for all t in R, i.e. f (t )= mt.

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.6

87

68. If f(x) is continuous on an interval then lim f ( x) = f (c) for all points in the interval:
x c

3 3 Domain: , ; 4 4 3 3 Range: , 0, 4 4

lim f ( x) = lim
x c

f (c)
x c

f( x)
2

x c

lim f 2 ( x) c)) =
2

lim f ( x)
xc

b. At x = 0 3 c.if If x = 0, f ( x) = 0 x = , f ( x) , = 4 3 3 if x = , f ( x) = , so x = 4 4 fixed points of f. 3 , 0, 4 4 3 are 3 4

=((f

f (c)

and

69. Suppose f ( x) =

1 if x 0 . f(x) is 1 if x < 0

discontinuous at x = 0, but g(x) = f ( x) = 1 is continuous everywhere. 70. a.

1.7 Chapter Review Concepts Test

1. False. Consider f

x) =

x at

x = 2.

2. False: c may not be in the domain of f(x), or it may be defined separately. 3. False: c may not be in the domain of f(x), or it may be defined separately. 4. True. b. If r is any rational number, then any deleted interval about r contains an irrational 1 number. Thus, if f (r ) = , any deleted q interval about r contains at least one point c such that f (r ) f (c) = 1 1 5. False: By definition, where c = 0, L = 0. If f(c) is not defined, lim f ( x) might
2 x c

x 4 . exist; e.g., f ( x) = x+ 2
2

x r

0 = . Hence, q q lim f ( x) does not exist.

f(2) does not exist, but lim

x 4 x + 2

x 2

= 4.

If c is any irrational number in (0, 1), then as p p x c (where is the reduced form = q q of the rational number) q , so f ( x) 0 as x c. Thus, lim f ( x) = 0 = f for any irrational (c)
x c

6. True:

x 25 ( x 5)( x + 5) = lim x 5 x x 5 x 5 5 lim ( x + 5) = 5 + 5 = 10 = lim

x 5

7. True:

Substitution Theorem

8. False:

lim

sin x = 1

number c.

71. a. Suppose the block rotates to the left. Using

x 0

9. False:

3 geometry, f ( x) = . Suppose the block = 4 rotates to the right. Using geometry, 3 f ( x) = . If x = 0, the block does not 4 so f(x) = 0. rotate,

The tangent function is not defined for all values of c. sin x If x is in the domain of tan x = , cos x then cos x 0 , and Theorem A.7 applies..

10. True:

88

Section 1.7

Instructors Resource Manual

11. True:

Since both sin x and cos x are continuous for all real numbers, by Theorem C we can conclude that f ( x) = 2 sin x is also cos x continuous for all real numbers.
2

25. True:

Choose = 0. 001 f (2) then since lim f ( x) = f (2), there is some such that 0 <
x 2

x 2 <

f ( x ) f (2) < 0. 001 f (2), or 0. 001 f (2 ) < f ( x) f (2 ) f < 0.001f(2) Thus, 0.999f(2) < f(x) < 1.001f(2) and f(x) < 1.001f(2) for 0 < x 2 < . Since f(2) < 1.001f(2), as f(2) > 0, f(x) < 1.001f(2) on (2 , 2 + ). 26. False: That lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)] exists does
x c

12. True.

By definition, lim f x = ( ) (c ) . 2 [1, 3]

x 0

x c

13. True. 14. False:

lim may not exist

15. False: 16. True.

Consider f ( x) = sin x. By the definition of continuity on an interval. Since 1 sin x 1 for all x lim get x 1 = 0 , we lim sin x x 28. True: = 0. 27. True:

not imply that lim f ( x) and lim g( x) exist; e.g., f ( x) =

x c

x c

17. False: and

g ( x) =

x+ 7 for c = 2 . x+ 2

x3 and x + 2

Squeeze Theorem

18. False.

It could be the case where lim f ( x ) = 2

x

A function has only one limit at a point, so if lim f ( x) = L and

x a

19. False:

The graph has many vertical asymptotes; e.g., x = /2, 3/2, 5/2, x = 2 ; x = 2 As x 1
+

x a

lim f ( x) = M , L = M

29. False:

That f(x) g(x) for all x does not imply that lim f ( x) lim g ( x). For
x c x c

20. True: 21. True: and

example, if f ( x) = both the numerator g(5 ) =x

x + x6 and x2

denominator are positive. Since the numerator approaches a constant and the denominator approaches zero, the limit goes to + . 22. False: lim f ( x) must equal f(c) for f to be
x c

x , then f(x) g(x) for all x, lim g ( x) = 5.

2 but lim f ( x) =
x 2

x 2

30. False:

If f(x) < 10, lim f ( x) could equal 10

x 2

continuous at x = c. 23. True: lim f ( x) = f lim x = f (c ), so f is x c x c continuous at x = c. x lim = 1= ( 2.3) 2 x 2.3 f 31. True:

if there is a discontinuity point (2, 10). For example, x + 6x 2 x 12 f ( x) = = < 10 for x2 all x, but lim f ( x) = 10.
x 2 3 2

24. True:

lim f ( x) = lim

f ( x)

x a

x a

lim f ( x) = a x

2 (b) =

32. True:

If f is continuous and positive on [a, b], the reciprocal is also continuous, so it will assume all 1 1 values between and . f( f (b ) a) Section 1.7 89

Instructors Resource Manual

Sample Test Problems

14. 1. lim x 2 2 2 0 = = = 0 x x + 2 2 + 2 2 4 lim u
2 x 1

lim

x 1 1 x = lim = 1 since x 1 < 0 as x 1 x 1 x 1

x 1 15. lim 3x 5 = 3
x 0

2.

1 1 1 =

sin 5x =

5 sin 5x lim
x 3 0

u 1

= 0 u+ 1 1+ 1

x 0

5x 5

sin 5x lim

= = 1= 5x 3 3

3. lim + 1)

1 =1+1=2 4. lim

u 1

1 (u 1)(u + 1) = lim = lim (u u u u 1 u 1 1

u+ 1 u+ 1 1 ; = li = lim m 2 1 u u u (u + 1)(u 1) 1 u u 1 1 1 does not exist lim 1

2 x x 2 x

1 cos 2 1 cos 2 x 2x 16. lim = lim x 0 3x x 3 0 2x 2 1 cos 2 x 2 = lim = 0= 0 3 2x 3

x 0

5.

1
x 2

= 4

lim
x ( 2

+ 2) 1 1 = = 2( 2 + 2) 8 6. z 4 2) zz 6
2 2

x x 2 2

= lim x 2)( x

+ 2)

x( x

1 1 x 1 x 1+ 0 17. lim 2 = lim 2 = = 1 1 x 1+ 0 + x x + x 1 18. Since 1 sin t 1 for all t lim = 0 , we t t and sin t get lim = 0.
t

lim
z 2

( z + 2)( z =
z ( 2

lim

z + 3)( z 2)

+ =

z+ 2 2+ 2 4 = = 2 5 z 2 z + 3 + 3 lim
sin x

19.
t 2

t + 2

because as t 0,

t + 2 4

7.

lim
x 0

tan x sin 1

= li m x 1

cos x

= lim
x 0

1 2 cos x 20.
2

lim = 2 ( t 2) while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.

x 0

2x =

2 sin x cos

= 2 cos 2 0 2
3

cos x + lim 1= , because as x 0 , cos x + x x 0 while the denominator goes to 0 from the right. tan 2x = because as x ( / 2)

8.

y 1 ( y 1)( y + y + 1) = lim y ( y 1)( y + 1) 1 y y 2 1 1 2 2 y + y + 1 1 + 1 + 13 = lim = = = 1+ 1 2 y y + 1 lim

1

21.

x / 4

lim

/ 4)

2 x (
x 4

, so tan 2 x .

9.

x 4

lim

x4

x 2= x

lim

( x 2)(

x 22. 2

li
x 0

1 + sin x = li m( x + 2) = + 2= 4 4

x =

because as x 0 , + sin x 1 while the denominator goes to 1 0 from the right.

x 4

10. lim x 11.

cos x

x 0

does not exist. x

23. Preliminary analysis: Let > 0. We need to find a > 0 such that 0 <| x <3 | ( 2 x + 1) 7 |< . | |2x <6 | | x 3| <

lim
x 0

x x =

x lim
x 0

x 0

lim (1) = 1 =

2 | x 3 |<
. Choose =

12.

lim
x / (1 + 2)

4x = 2
= lim t
t 2

Let > 0. Choose lim t

= / 2. Thus, 2 x 6 = 2 x 3 < 2 ( /

13.

lim

( t t )

t 2

= 1 2= 1

t 2

( 2 x + 1) 2) = .

7 =

90

Section 1.7

Instructors Resource Manual

24.

a. f(1) = 0 b.
+ x 1

28. lim (1 x) = 0
+ x 1

lim f ( x) =

c.

x 1

lim f ( x) = lim

x= 1

x 1

d.

x 1

lim f ( x) = 1 because lim f ( x) lim = lim f ( x) lim = x = 1 and

3

x 1

x 1

x = 1 29. a(0) + b = 1 and a(1) + b = 1 b = 1; a + b = 1 a1=1 a=2 30. Let f ( x) = x 4 x 3x + 1 f(2) = 5, f(3) = 127 Because f(x) is continuous on [2, 3] and f(2) < 0 < f(3), there exists some number c between 2 and 3 such that f(c) = 0. 31. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.
5 3

1 x +

x + 1

25. a. f is discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) = 0, but lim f ( x ) does not exist. f is

x 1

discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) does not exist. b. Define f(1) = 1 26. a. 0 < M < u a < g (u)

b. 0 < a x < L < 27. a.

x 3

f ( x)

lim [2 f ( x) 4 g ( x)]

= 2 lim f ( x) 4 lim g ( x)
x 3 x 3

Horizontal: lim

x 2 = x +1

lim

x 2 = 0 , so x + 1

= 2(3) 4(2) = 14 x 9 b. lim g ( x) = lim g ( x)( x + 3) x 3 x 3 x 3 = lim g ( x) lim ( x + 3) = 2 (3 + 3) = 12

x 3 x 3 2

y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote. 32. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0. x Horizontal:

x 2

lim 2 = 1 , so 2 = x + 1 x x + 1 y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote. lim lim x

2 2

c.

g(3) = 2

d. lim g ( f ( x)) = g lim f ( x) = g (3) = 2 x x 3 3

33. Vertical: x = 1, x = 1 because and lim =

1 x

+ x 1

x 1

e.

x 3

lim

f ( x) 8g ( x) 8 g ( x)

x 1 x2
x

x2
x 3

2 = lim f ( x) lim

Horizontal: lim = = 5 f. lim

x 3

(3) 8(2)

lim 2 = 1 , so 2 = x 1 x x 1 y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.

x

g ( x) g (3) 2 g (3) = f ( x) 3

2 ( 2) = 3

=0

Instructors Resource Manual

Section 1.7

91

34. Vertical: x = 2, x = 2 because lim x

3

2. a. x
3

g ( 2) = 1 / 2 g ( 2.1) = 1/ 2.1 0.476

lim

b.

= and + 2 x 2 4 x Horizontal: lim x

3 x

= 2 x 2 x 4 x3 c.

g ( 2.1) g ( 2 ) = 0.476 0.5 = 0.024 g ( 2.1) g 0.024 = = 0.24 2) ( 2.1 2 0.1

= and 2 x 4 lim = , so there are no x horizontal 2 x 4 asymptotes. 35. Vertical: x = / 4, 3 /4 , 5 / 4, because lim tan 2x = and similarly for other odd
x / 4

d.

e. f.

g ( a + h ) = 1/ ( a + h ) g ( a + h ) g ( a ) = 1/ ( a + h ) 1/ a = h a( a+ h)

multiples of

/ 4.

h
x

Horizontal: None, because lim tan 2 and x g. lim tan 2 x do not exist. h.

g (a + h ) g (a ) 1 = a+ h) a h ( g (a + h 1 ) g( a) li m h ( a+ h ) =a a 2 0

a (a + h ) = a( a+ h)

36. Vertical:

x because = 0, x x sin 1 sin lim lim x 0 0 =

+ 2 x +

. = 3. a. F ( 2) = 2 1.414

x b. = F ( 2.1) = 2.1 1.449

Horizontal: y = 0, because lim sin x =

x

lim

sin x

0.
2

c.

F ( 2.1) F ( 2 ) = 1.449 1.414 = 0.035 F

Review and Preview Problems

d. 1. a. b. c. d. f ( 2) = 2 = 4
2 2 f ( 2.1) = 2.1 = 4.41

( 2.1) ( 2)

F =

0.035 = 0.35 0.1 a+ h a+ h a+ h a a

2.1 2 F( a+ h) =

e. f. g.

f ( 2.1) f ( 2 ) = 4.41 4 = 0.41 f ( 2.1) f ( 2 ) 0.41 = = 4.1 2.1 2 0.1

F( a+ h) F( a) = F( a+ h) F( a) = h ( a + h) a

e.

f ( a + h) =

( a + h) (

= a + 2ah + h
2 2

h.
2

F( a+ h) F( a) a+ h = lim h 0 h (ah+ a) h0 lim = lim

h 0

f ( a + h) f f.

a ) = a + 2ah + h a

a+ h a

= 2ah 2 + h f ( a + h ) f ( a ) 2ah 2 + h = = 2a + h h ( a

)( h(
a h

a+ h+ a+ h+ a

a+ h a = li m
h 0

+ h

+ ha

g.

( (

)
a

+ h) a f (a + h ) f ( a ) h. lim = lim ( 2a + h ) = 2a h 0 ( ah+ a h0 )

= lim h h 0

a+ h+

1 = li h a + h + m0

1 a = = = 2a a a 2

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4. a.

G ( 2) = ( 2) + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9 3 b. 10.2612.1) = ( 2.1) + 1 = 9.261 + 1 G( =

10.

V0 = V
1

4 3 4 3 2.5 ) 3

( 2) =

32 3 cm 3 62.5 125

( =

=
3

cm

== 6

c. G ( 2.1) G ( 2 ) = 10.261 9 = 1.261 d. e. G ( 2.1) G ( 2 ) 1.261 = = 12.61 2.1 2 0.1 G ( a + h) =

3

125 cm3 V = V V 32 3 cm 1 0 = 6 3 61 3 3 cm 31.940 cm = = 6 11. a. North plane has traveled 600miles. East plane has traveled 400 miles.

a+ h) + 1
2 2 3

= a + 3a h + 3ah + h + 1 f. G ( a + 3h ) G ( a ) = ( a + h ) + 1 a + 1 =
3

b.

d= 600 + 400 = 721 miles d= 675 + 500 = 840 miles

2

(a

3 2

+ 3a2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1
2 3

(a

+ 1

= 3a h + 3ah + h

c.

g.

G( a+ h) G( a) = 3ah2

a + h) a

+ 3ah + h h
2

= 3a + 3ah + h G( a+ h) G( a) m h. li
0 h

= lim 3a + 3ah + h a () + h a
0 h

= 3a 5. a.

( a + b) (a

= a + 3a b + b)
4

+ b.
3

= a + b)

+ 4a b + c. ( a = a 5 + 5a 4b + 6.

( a + b)

= a + na

n1

b+

7. sin ( x + h ) = sin x cos h + cos x sin h 8. cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h sin x sin h 9. a. The point will be at position ( 10, 0 ) in all

three cases ( t = 1, 2, 3 ) because it will have made 4, 8, and 12 revolutions respectively. b. Since the point is rotating at a rate of 4 revolutions per second, it will complete 1 1 revolution after second. Therefore, the 4 point will first return to its starting position 1 at time t = . 4

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