EXERCISE-I

Question 1.
Classify the following substances into elements and compounds.
Answer:
Mercury, sulphur, sugar, water, sand, gold, coal, oxygen, alcohol.
Ans. Element: Mercury, sulphur, gold, coal, oxygen.
Compound : Sugar, water, sand, alcohol.

Question 2.
Give the symbols of: Carbon, calcium, copper, chlorine, cobalt, argon.
Answer:
Carbon is C         Chlorine is Cl
Calcium is Ca     Cobalt is Co
Copper is Cu       Argon is Ar

Question 3.
Define a pure substance. How many types of pure substances do you know ?
Answer:
Pure substances : “A substance of a definite composition which has consistent
properties throughout, is called a pure substance”
Types of pure substances: Pure substances are of two
types (i) Elements, (ii) Compounds.

Question 4.
Define : (a) Elements (b) Compounds.
Name the particles from which elements and compounds are made of.
Answer:
(a) Elements : An element is defined as a pure substance made up of only one
kind of atoms that cannot be converted into anything simpler than itself by any
physical or chemical process.
(b) Compounds : Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more
elements in definite proportion by mass and has a definite set of properties.
Compound is made up of only one kind of molecules.
Question 5.
Give two examples for each of the following :
(a) Metals
(b) Non-metals
(c) Metalloids
(d) Noble gases
Answer:
(a) Metals : Iron, silver, gold.
(b) Non-metals : Carbon, sulphur, oxygen.
(c) Metalloids : Antimony, silicon, boron.
(d) Noble gases : Helium, argon, neon.

Question 6.
Name the elements which form water. How will you justify that water is a
compound ?
Answer:
The elements which form water are (i) Hydrogen and oxygen.
Justification : Water has entirely different properties (i.e. is a liquid, extinguishes
fire) from the elements it is made up of i.e. Hydrogen a gas catches fire oxygen a
gas supporter of combustion.

1. Energy is needed to form water on combining O2 with H2.

2. We can not seperate the constituents of water by simple physical means.

Question 7.
Give three differences between metals and non-metals.
Answer:
Metals

1. Metals are ductile i.e. can be drawn into wires.

2. Metals are malleable i.e. can be beaten to form sheets.
3. They are sonorous.

Non-metals

1. Non-metals are mostly soft solids cannot be drawn into wires.

2. They are mostly gases and are not malleable.
3. They donot produce sound when struck.
Question 8.
How is sodium chloride different from its constituent elements, sodium and
chlorine ?
Answer:
Sodium is a metal that is stored in kerosene oil as it reacts very fast with air and
water. Chlorine is a reactive greenish yellow gas which is poisonous. When these
two elements combine chemically they form common salt sodium chloride which
is non poisonous colourless solid substance that we use in our food to add taste
and to obtain some nutrition.

Question 9.
State four important characteristics of compounds.
Answer:

1. When compound is formed energy like heat, light or electricity is either

needed or produced.
2. A compound has properties entirely different from the properties of its
constituents.
3. Change in weight takes place.
4. It cannot be separated into its constituents by simple physical means.

Question 10.
Give two examples for each of the following :

(a) Non-metals which are solids

(b) Metals which are soft
(c) Non-metals which are lustrous
(d) Elements which are liquids.
(e) Inert gases
(f) Metalloids

Answer:

(a) Phosphorus, Sulphur

(b) Lead and Sodium
(c) Radium, Graphite
(d) Mercury, Bromine
(e) Helium, Neon
(f) Antimony, Arsenic

Question 11.
Name the elements present

(a) Sugar
(b) Ammonia
(c) Marble
(d) Washing soda

Answer:

Compounds
(a) Sugar
(b) Ammonia
(c) Marble
(d) Washing soda
Elements present
(a) Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
(b) Nitrogen and hydrogen
(c) Calcium, carbon & oxygen
(d) Sodium, carbon & oxygen

Question 12.
What is the proportion of elements present in the following compounds?
(a) H2O
(b) CO2
(c) CaO
(d) NO2
Answer:
Question 13.
Name two compounds which dissolve in water.
Answer:
Two compounds which dissolve in water are sugar, table salt.

EXERCISE-II

(ATOMS & MOLECULES)

Question 1.
Define:

(a) Atom
(b) Molecule
(c) Atomicity
(d) Formula

Answer:
(a) Atom : An atom is the smallest indivisible unit of an element which exhibits
all the properties of that element and may or may not have independent
existence.
(b) Molecule : A molecule can be defined as the smallest unit of an element or a
compound which exhibits all the properties of that element or compound and
has independent existence. They are divisible into atoms.
(c) Atomicity : The number of atoms in a molecule of an element is called its
atomicity.
(d) Formula : Formula is a short way of representing the molecule of an element
or a compound.
Question 2.
Why are symbols and formulae of substances important?
Answer:
Importance of symbols and Formulae :
Symbols and formulae of substance gives a lot of information like.

1. Types of elements present in the compound. E.g. (H 20 is made of two

elements hydrogen and oxygen).
2. Number of each kind of atoms in one molecule. E.g. (water has 2 atoms of
hydrogen combined with 1 atom of oxygen.)
3. Mass of one molecule of the compound. E.g. [H2O has mass (1 × 2) + 16 =
18 g].

Question 3.
Mention three gaseous elements and write their molecular formulae.
Answer:

Question 4.
State the informations obtained from the formula of a compound.
Answer:
A formula gives us the following information about a compound.

1. Types of elements present in the compound.

2. Number of each kind of atoms in one molecule of the compound.
3. Mass of one molecule of the compound.

Example:
A molecule of carbon dioxide gas is represented by CO2 It indicates that a carbon
dioxide molecule is formed by the combination of two elements i.e. carbon and
oxygen. The number of carbon atom is one and that of oxygen atom is two. The
mass of one molecule of carbon dioxide can be calculated by adding the mass of
one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen.

Question 5.
What is meant by
(a) 2H and H2
(b) H20 and 3H2O ?
Answer:
(a) 2H is two atoms of hydrogen. H2 is one molecule of hydrogen gas.
(b) H20 represents one molecule of water. 3H20 represents 3 molecules of water.

Question 6.
State the number of atoms of each kind, present in
(a) C6 H12O6
(b) H2SO4
(c) HNO3
(d) CaCO3
Also name these compounds.
Answer:
Question 7.
Write the molecular formulae of compounds calcium oxide, hydrogen sulphide,
carbon monoxide and lead sulphide.
Answer:
Compound Calcium oxide is formed of elements calcium (Ca) and oxygen (O)

Symbols combining power Here subscript number is same Ca 2 Formula of calcium

oxide is CaO Compounds Hydrogen sulphide is formed of elements

EXERCISE-III

Question 1.
Name:
(a) Three different forms of carbon.
(b) A form of carbon used as a gem.
(c) Two substances used to make electric wires.
(d) Two substances used to make jewellery.
(e) A substances used as an insulator.
Answer:
(a)

1. Diamond
2. Graphite
3. Coal

(b) Diamond is used as gem.

(c)

1. Copper.
2. Aluminium as these are good conductors of electricity.

(d)

1. Gold.
2. Silver as these are shining, lustrous, and ductile.

(e) Plastic is used as insulator as it is bad conductor of electricity.

Question 2.
Give one use of each of the following substances :

(a) Iron
(b) Brass
(c) Coal

Answer:
(a) Iron : To make machines tools and building material.
(b) Brass : To make water taps and utensils.
(c) Coal: Coal is used as fuel also used in thermal power plant to produce
electricity.

Question 3.
Give reason:
(a) A frying pan is made up of steel but its handle is made up of wood.
(b) Graphite is used to make lead of the pencils.
(c) Argon is filled in electric bulbs.

Answer:

(a) Steel is good conductor of heat to cook food, pan is made of steel where as
wood is insulator of heat and to hold, handle is made up of wood.
(b) Graphite leaves mark on the paper and makes it black.
(c) Argon is inert gas and protects the element of bulb from oxidation and
burning. Hence increases bulb’s life.

Question 4.
Answer the following questions:

(a) Why are copper and aluminium used to make electric wires?

(b) What do you understand by the statement: ‘metals are ductile and
malleable’?
(e) Give the advantages of using symbols instead of names of elements or
compounds.
(d) When iron is mixed with sulphur at room temperature, it does not form a
compound. Why?
(e) Find the atomicity of the Tollowing molecules:

1. calcium chloride
2. aluminium suiphide
3. acetic acid
4. dinitrogen oxide
5. carbon monoxide

Answer:
(a) Copper and aluminium are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can
be drawn into wires and beaten into sheets. Therefore, they are used to make
electric wires.
(b) Metals are ductile, i.e., they can be drawn or stretched into thin wires. They
are malleable, i.e., they can be beaten into thin sheets.
(c)
 1. Symbols increases scientific communication across the world.
2. Symbols helps to make equations and data shorter and concise.
3. Symbols are helpful for Scientists as it would take time and paper to do
their job. They had to write out the full name of every element instead of
its symbol.

(d) When iron is mixed with sulphur at room temperature, it does not form a
compound because the mixture of iron and sulphur requires heat to form a
compound i.e. iron sulphide.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Fill in the blanks

(a) Atomicity refers to the number of atoms in the molecule of an element.

(b) The most abundant element in the earth’s crust is oxygen.
(c) A metal which is a liquid at room temperature is mercury.
(d) The most abundant element in the atmosphere is nitrogen.
(e) A metal which is a poor conductor of electricity is tungsten.
(f) A diatomic gaseous element is oxygen.
(g) A liquid non-metal is bromine.
2. Match the columns

3. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.

(a) A compound is made up of just one kind of atom.

Answer. True False
Correct : A compound is made up of two or more elements is a fixed proportion
by mass.

(b) Metals reflect light and are good conductors of electricity.

Answer. True

(c) Metals can be polished.

Answer. True

(d) Elements are made up of compounds.

Answer. False
Correct : Elements are made up of atoms.

(e) All elements are artificially prepared.

Answer. False
Correct: All elements are made up of a limited number of basic substances.

(f) Molecules can exist independently.

Answer. True
(g) Molecules combine to form atoms.
Answer. False
Correct : Atoms combine to form molecule.

(h) Noble gases are high reactive.

Answer. False
Correct: Noble gases are non-reactive.

(i) Ozone is a triatomic molecule.

Answer. True

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Tick (√) the correct alternative from the choice given for the following
statements :

1. All pure substances have

1. the same physical state .

2. the same colour
3. the same composition
4. a definite set of properties

2. Sugar is a compound which consists of the elements

1. carbon and hydrogen

2. hydrogen and oxygen
3. carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
4. hydrogen, carbon and sulphur

3. Atoms of different kinds combine to form molecules of

1. an element
2. a compound
3. a mixture
4. all of the above

4. Sulphur and carbon are

 1. metals
2. non-metals
3. metalloids
4. noble gases

5. Gold is used to make jewellery because

1. it is dull
2. lustrous and attractive
3. highly reactive
4. very cheap

6. The most abundant elements in the universe are

1. neon and argon

2. hydrogen and helium
3. aluminium and copper
4. oxygen and nitrogen

7. The compound used as common salt is

1. sodium chloride
2. calcium chloride
3. sodium oxide
4. hydrogen chloride

8. Brass and bronze are

1. elements
2. mixtures
3. compounds
4. all of the above

9. Sand is a compound of

1. silicon and nitrogen

2. silicon and oxygen
3. oxygen and sulphur
4. none of the above
10. From the list given below select the correct substance which is most suitable
to the statements given : (oxygen, diamond, zinc, graphite, gold)

1. A metal which is brittle.

2. A non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity.
3. The hardest naturally occurring substance.
4. The most ductile metal.
5. A gaseous non-metal.
Answer.
(a) Zinc
(b) Graphite
(c) Diamond
(e) Oxygen

6. EXERCISE
7. BE PROMPT
8.
A. Fill in the blanks
9.
1. An element is a pure substance as it has atoms of only one kind.
10. 2. A symbol represents one atom of an element.
11. 3. A compound always contains the same elements combined together
chemically in a fixed ratio.
12. 4. Energy is either absorbed or given out when a compound is formed.
13. 5. The elements present in ammonia are Nitrogen and Hydrogen.
14. 6. Sand is used in the preparation of glass.
15. 7. A sieve consists of a mesh placed over a frame.
16. 8. The technique of filtration is daily used in our houses to separate tea
leaves from tea using a strainer.
17.
18. B. State whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
19. 1. Science An element consists of atoms of different kinds. (FALSE)
20. 2. A compound is pure and homogeneous. (TRUE)
21. 3. A symbol represents one atom of an element (TRUE)
22. 4. The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule (TRUE)
23. 5. Wood produces heat energy on burning and is used as a fuel (TRUE)
24. 6. A mixture has uniform and constant composition throughout the whole
sample. (FALSE)
25. 7. The constituents of mixture are not chemically combined
together. (TRUE)
26. 8.The size of component particles is not an important factor in the separation
of mixture. (FALSE)
27. 9. Sediments and decantation are used to separate a homogeneous
28. mixture of a solid and a liquid. (FALSE)
29. 10. Evaporation is employed to separate a soluble solid component
30. from liquid. (TRUE)
31.

32. C. Choose the correct option.

33. 1. Silicon and arsenic are
34. (a) metals (b) non-metals      (c) metalloids    (d) noble gasses
35. 2.   Noble gasses are present only in traces in ___________.
36. (a) air          (b) earth’s crust       (c) oceans         (d) all of these
37. 3. The symbol of lead is _________.
38. (a) Pb                  (b) L       (c) Le       (d) Pl
39. 4. Which of these cannot be separated by filtration?
40. (a) A mixture of chalk powder and water
41. (b) A mixture of sand and water
42. (c) A mixture of sugar and milk
43. (d) A mixture of rice and milk
44. 5. The soluble solid left behind on the filter paper during filtration is called
45. (a) filtrate (b) particle       (c) residue          d) Sediment
46. 6. Which of the following can be used in addition to filter paper in the
47. process of filtration?
48. (a) Glass wool
49. (b) Unglased porcelain
50. (c) Cotton
51. (d) All of these
52.

53. D. Match the columns.

54. Column A                                            Column B
55. 1. Gold and silver                        (a) Non-metals
56. 2. Silicon and phosphorous         (b) Smallest unit of an element
57. 3. Boron and antimony                (c) Mixture
58. 4. Milk                                         (d) Metals
59. 5. Atom                                        (e) Remove pulp and fresh juice
60. 6. Filtration                                  (f) Metalloids
61.
62. Ans.   1 – (d), 2 – (a), 3 – (f), 4 – (c), 5 – (b), 6 – (e).
63.

64. SHORT AND PRECISE

65. A. Show the given text in the form of flowcharts.
66.
67. 1. Elements classified as metals, non-metals and metalloids
68.

69.

70.
71. 2. Methods of separation of mixtures
72.
 73.

74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91. B. Give reason for the following statements.
92.
93. 1. An element is a pure substance.
94. An element is a pure substance because it has atoms of only one kind.
95.
96. 2. The composition of water remains the same whether it is obtained
97. from river, pond, sea or ocean.
98. Water has a homogeneous composition. The components of water
99. hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a fixed ratio of 1:8 mass. Due to
100. this the composition of water remains the same whether it is obtained
101. from river, pond, sea or ocean.
102.
103. 3. The atoms exist in combination with the atoms of same element or
104. other elements.
105. The atoms are very reactive and therefore exist in combination with
106. the atoms of same element or other elements. For example hydrogen
107. atoms are found in combination with atoms of hydrogen or other
108.
109. elements.
110.
111. 4. Copper is used to make electrical wires.
112. Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity. That is why copper
113. is used to make electrical wires.
114.
115. 5. Plastic is used to insulate wires.
116. Plastic is a bad conductor of heat and electricity. That is why it is used
117. to make electrical wires.
118.
119. 6.Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers.
120. Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers because it does not support
121. combustion.
122.
123. 7. Mixtures are impure substances.
124. Mixtures are impure substances because their constituents have
125. different kinds of molecules. For example milk is a mixture as it consists of
126. fats, proteins, carbohydrates, salts, vitamins and water.
127.
128. 8.A mixture is heated in the process of evaporation.
129. A mixture is heated in the process of evaporation to separate
130. homogeneous solid liquid mixture. By this method the soluble solid
131. component is separated from the liquid,
132.
133. C. Write the molecular formulae of the following compounds.
134. 1. Carbon dioxide – CO2             2. Magnesium oxide – MgO
135. 3. Zinc chloride – ZnCl2                 4. Calcium oxide - CaO
136. 5. Water – H2O                               6. Copper oxide - CuO
137. D. Answer in short.
138. 1. Classify matter.
139. Matter can be classified as living and non-living. Non living matters
140. can again be classified as Homogeneous (pure substance) and
141. Heterogeneous ( impure substance or Mixtures). Homogeneous matter
142. is can be again classified as elements and compounds. Finally elements
143.
144. are classified as Metals, non-metals, Metalloids and Noble gases.
145.
146. 2.Describe pure substances.
147. Substances which contain particles of only one kind are called pure
148. substances. These are of two types – elements and compounds.
149. Elements are made up of only one kind of atom and compounds are
150. made up of only one kind of molecules.
151.
152. 3.How are elements classified on the basis of their properties?
153. On the basis of their properties elements are classified into metals,
154. non-metals, metalloids and noble gases.
155.
156. 4. Define an atom. Can atoms exist independently ?
157. The smallest unit of an element that shows all the properties of that
158. element is known as an atom. Some atoms can exist independently.
159.
160. 5. Why are noble (inert) gases named so?
161. Noble (inert) gases are named so because they are the non-metals
162. present in the gaseous state, which do not react chemically with other
163. elements.
164.
165. 6. Write the symbols of the following elements.
166. (a) Aluminium - Al          (b) Neon – Ne             (c) Oxygen – O
167. (d) Iron – Fe                     (e) Carbon – C            (f) Calcium – Ca
168. (g) Helium – He               (h) Sulphur – S           (i) Copper – Cu
169. (j) Hydrogen – H              (k) Nitrogen – N         (l) Sodium - Na
170.
171. 7. What is a molecule? Give examples.
172. Molecule is a group of two or more atoms of the same element or
173. different element held together by chemical forces which is capable
174. of independent existence. Examples: Water (H2O),
175.
176. Carbon dioxide ( CO2), Ammonia ( NH3), Hydrogen chloride ( HCl) etc.
177.
178. 8. Show diagrammatic representation of nitrogen dioxide molecule and
179.
180.     zinc chloride molecule.
181.

182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189. AT LENGTH
190.
191. A. Explain the following terms.
192.
193. 1. Metal.
194. The majority of known elements are metals. These are usually hard solids
195. and lustrous in appearance. They are good conductor of heat and
196. electricity. They are malleable and ductile and having high melting and
197. boiling points. Some metals are gold, silver, iron, copper, aluminium, tin
198. and zinc.
199.
200. 2.Metalloid.
201. Elements that possess the properties of both metals and non-metals are
202. called metalloids. They are solid, shiny or dull, malleable, ductile and
203. conduct heat and electricity better than non-metals but not as well as
204. metals. Some metalloids are boron, silicon, arsenic and antimony.
205.
206. 3. Symbol.
207. It is very inconvenient to write the full name of an element while
208. describing their reactions. To overcome this abbreviations were used by
209. scientists, which are known as symbols. A symbol of an element is one or
210. two letter long and is chosen by the International Union of Pure and
211. Applied Chemistry. These symbols are accepted as the standard symbols
212. throughout the world. A symbol represents one atom of an element.
213.
214. 4. Atom
215. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that shows all the properties
216. of that element. Some atoms are capable of independent existence,
217. while other are combined with atoms of same or different element.
218.
219. 5. Mixture
220. A physical combination of two or more elements or compounds in any
221. proportion is called a mixture. In a mixture the original atoms and
222. molecules remain unchanged as there is no chemical change is taking
223. place. In a mixture the components are loosely held together and
224. retain their individual properties. For example lemonade is a mixture. It
225. contains water, salt, sugar and lemon juice. When we drink it, we get
226.
 227. the taste of all these components.
228.
229. 6. Magnetic separation
230. Magnetic separation is the method used when one component of the
231. mixture is a magnetic substance, which can be attracted by a magnet.
232. In this method it becomes easier to separate iron from a mixture as iron
233. is attracted by the magnet.
234.
235. B. Differentiate between the following.
236. 1. Metals and Non-metals.
237.
Metals Non-metals
Usually hard solids. Either soft solids or gases.
Malleable and ductile in nature. Mostly brittle in nature.
Lustrous in appearance. Do not possess shine or lustre.
Good conductor of heat and Bad conductor of heat and electricity.
electricity.
High melting and boiling points. Low melting and boiling points.
Produce sound. Do not produce sound
Ex: Gold, silver, iron, copper etc. Ex: Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
238.
239.   
240. 2. Atoms and Molecules.
241.
Atoms Molecules
An atom is the smallest unit of an A molecule is the smallest unit of an
element that shows all the properties element or compound that exists
of that element. independently.
It is highly reactive. It is less reactive.
There are no chemical bonds in Atoms in a molecule are held together
atoms. by chemical bonds.
242.
243.
3. Sediment and Supernatant liquid.
244.
245.
Sediment Supernatant liquid
It is the insoluble substance that This is the clear liquid over the
settles down in the process of sediment.
sedimentation.
 246.

247. 4. Residue and Filtrate.

248.
Residue Filtrate
During the filtration the insoluble The clear liquid that passes through
solid left behind on the filter paper is the filter paper is called filtrate.
called residue.
249.
250.
251.  5. Sedimentation and Decantation.
252.
Sedimentation Decantation
When a mixture of insoluble When the supernatant liquid is pored
substances and water is kept into another beaker leaving the
undisturbed for some time, then the sediments undisturbed, the process is
insoluble particles settled down at the called decantation.
bottom due to the influence of
gravity. This process is called
sedimentation.
253.
254.
255.  6. Compound and Mixture.
256.    
Compound Mixture
A compound is a pure substance. A mixture is an impure substance.
The constituents in a compound are The constituents in a mixture can be
present in fixed ratio. present in any ratio.
The energy is absorbed or released There is no change in energy during
during the formation of a compound. the formation of a mixture.
The components of a compound can The components of a mixture can be
be separated by chemical process. separated by physical process.
Properties of a compound is entirely The constituents of a mixture retain
different from its constituents. their properties.
A compound has fixed melting and A mixture does not have a fixed
boiling points. melting or boiling point.
257.
258.          
259.   C. Answer in detail.
260. 1. What is an element? Give examples and list the properties of an
261. element.
262. An element is a substance that cannot be broken into simple
263. substances by any physical or chemical means. For example, gold,
264. silver, mercury, Sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen are some elements.
265. Following are the properties of an element.
266. (i) It is a pure substance and has atoms of only one kind.
267. (ii) It can exist independently as well as in combination with other
268. elements.
269. (iii) Elements exist in all three states of matter, i.e., solid, liquid and gas.
270.
271. 2. How are compounds formed? Write the properties of a compound.
272. A compound is formed when two or more elements combined
273. together in a fixed ratio.
274. Following are the properties of a compound.
275. (i) A compound is pure and homogeneous.
276. (ii) The properties of a compound is different from its constituents.
277. (iii) The constituents of a compound can not be separated by physical
278. means.
279. (iv) A compound can be broken by chemical method.
280. (v) Energy is either absorbed or released when a compound is formed.
281.
282. 3. How are elements different from compounds?
283. The elements are different from the compounds in following ways.
284. (i) An element is made up of only one kind of substance, but a
285. compound contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
286. (ii) An element cannot be broken into simpler substances by any
287. means, but a compound can be broken down by chemical process.
288. (iii) An element has its own properties but the properties of a compound
289. differ from the properties of its constituent elements.
290. (iv) An element is represented by using a symbol but a compound is
291. represented by using a formula.
292.
293.  4. Write the uses of following elements and compounds.
294. (a) Copper
295. Copper is used to make electrical wires as it is a good conductor of heat
296. and electricity.
297. (b) Tungsten
298. Itis used to make filaments of light bulbs, because it has a high melting
299. point.
300. (c) Platinum
301. Platinum is used to make jewellery because it is lustrous and attractive.
302.
303. (d)Iron
304. Iron is used in construction of buildings. They are also used to make
305. heavy tools and machinery.
306.
307. (e) Plastic
308. Plastic is a bad conductor of electricity and is used to insulate wires. It is
309. also used to make non-stick cookware.
310. (f) Aluminium
311. Aluminum is used to make utensils for cooking as it is a good conductor
312. of heat. Aluminum is also used to make electrical wires as it is a good
313. conductor of electricity.
314.
315. (g)Carbon dioxide
316. Carbon dioxide is used to extinguish fire as it does not support
317. combustion.
318.
319. (h)Sand
320. Sand is used for preparation of glass.
321.
322. (i) Chlorine
323. Chlorine is used as disinfectant
324. (j) Argon
325. Argon is used in light bulbs as it does not react with metals at high
326. temperature.
327.
328. 5. What are mixtures? Explain with the help of an example. List the
329. characteristics of mixtures.
330. The physical combination of two or more elements or compounds
331. in any proportion is called a mixture. For example milk is a mixture.
332. It consists of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, salts, vitamins and water.
333. Following are the characteristics of a mixture.
334. (i) The constituents of a mixture exhibit their original properties. Thus a
335. mixture has no property of its own.
336. (ii) A mixture does not have any fixed melting or boiling point.
337. (iii) A mixture can be separated into its constituent by simple
338. physical or mechanical means.
339. (iv)The composition of a mixture can be changed by changing the
340. proportion of its constituents.
341.
342. 6.Explain sedimentation and decantation taking a mixture of sand and
343. water as an example.
344. Take a mixture of sand and water in a beaker. Stir it and keep it
345. undisturbed for 15 to 20 minutes. It will be observed that sand settles
346. down at the bottom of the beaker leaving clear water over it. This
347. process is called sedimentation.
348. Now take another beaker and put a glass rod on it. Pour the water
349. gently from the first beaker into the second beaker through the glass
350. rod. It will be observed that the sand and water get separated.
351. This process is called decantation.
352.
353. 7. Write a note on evaporation as a method of separation of compounds
354. of a mixture.
355. Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted into its vapour
356. state. This method is applied to separate a soluble solid component
357. from a liquid. While applying this method the liquid is heated. As a result
358. the liquid component evaporates leaving the solid components behind.
359. This method is used to separate homogeneous solid-liquid mixture.
360.
361.  8. How is salt prepared from sea water?
362. By evaporation method the salt is extracted from sea water. Sea water
363. is collected in shallow beds and allowed to evaporate under the heat
364. of sun. In a few days the water gets evaporated and the salt is left
365. behind. Further this salt is purified for use
366.
367.
368.  *************************************************************
369.
370.

371. Extra Questions and Answers

372.

373. A. Objective Questions

374. 1. Fill in the blanks
375. a) An element cannot be broken into simpler substances by normal
376. chemical means.
377. b) Most of the metals are found in earth’s crust.
378. c) Noble gases do not react chemically with other elements.
379. d) Metalloids possess some properties of metals and some properties of
380. non-metals.
381. e) A compound is represented using a formulae.
382. f)  Impure substances do not have uniform composition.
383. g) Latin name of copper is Cuprum.
384. h) An insoluble solid left behind on the filter paper is residue.
385. i)  Filtration is employed to separate insoluble solid components from a
386. liquid.
387. j)  Noble gasses are the non-metals that do not react with other
388. element.
389. k) Elements are made up of only one kind of atoms.
390. l)  Compounds are made of only one kind of molecules.
391. m) Hydrogen and Helium together account for about 99% of the mass
392. of the known universe.
393. n) Bromine is the only liquid non-metal at room temperature.
394. o) Mercury is the only liquid metal at room temperature.
395. p) A compound always contains the elements combined together in a
396. fixed ratio.
397. q) The properties of a compound are different from those of its
398. constituent elements.
399. r)  Energy is either absorbed or given out when a compound is formed.
400. s)  An element is represented using a symbol.
401. t)  A compound is represented using a formula.
402. u) In winnowing a mixture is dropped from a height.
403.
404. 2. Answer in one word:
405. a) An ancient agricultural practice which is used to separate lighter
406. particles of a mixture from heavier ones – Winnowing.
407. b) The method used to separate grains from the stalk – Threshing.
408. c) The process by which a solid changes into vapour on heating –
409. Sublimation.
410. d) The process in which solid particles are made to settle down faster by
411. adding special chemicals – Loading.
412. e) Any two mixtures used in daily life – Sand and Water
413. f)  A method used to separate components of a mixture that differ in
414. size – Sieving.
415. g) A clear liquid observed over the sediment – Supernatant liquid.
416. h) An insoluble solid left behind on the filter paper – Residue.
417. i) The clear liquid that passes through the filter paper is – Filtrate.
418. j) The process of settling down of suspended insoluble particles at the
419. bottom under the influence of gravity - Sedimentation.
420. k) A method used to separate components of a mixture containing a
421. magnetic substance – Magnetic separation.
422. l) Name three sonorous metal – Gold, Copper and Silver.
423. m) Property due to which a substance can be drawn into wires – Ductility.
424. n) Property due to which a substance can be beaten into sheets –
425. Malleability.
426. o) Name the only element which is liquid non-metal – Bromine.
427. p) Give the symbol of potassium – K.
428. q) Name the element which is used as a disinfectant – Chlorine.
429. r) Filament of a light bulb is made up of – Tungsten.
430. s) Hardest naturally occurring substance – Diamond.
431. t)  The chemical formula that represents the total number and kind of
molecule
432. is called a – Molecular formula.
433. u) The method employed to separate a soluble solid component from a
434. liquid – Evaporation.
435. v) The force of attraction between atoms that enables the formation of
436.
437. chemical compound – Chemical bond.
438.
439. 3 . Correct the underlined words.
440. a) An element consists of atoms of different kinds.
441. An element consists of atoms of same kinds.
442. b) Evaporation is a method used to separate an insoluble solid and
443. liquid.
444. Filtration is a method used to separate an insoluble solid and
445. liquid.
446. c) Sand is used in the preparation of plastic.
447. Sand is used in the preparation of glass.
448. d) Tungsten is used to make electrical wires.
449. Copper is used to make electrical wires.
450. e) The molecular formula of Zinc chloride is zinc.
451. The molecular formula of Zinc chloride is ZnCl2.
452. f) A substance which is capable of being dissolved is called insoluble.
453. A substance which is capable of being dissolved is called soluble.
454. g) Diamond is a form of graphite.
455. Diamond is a form of carbon.
456. h) Oxygen is used in fire extinguishers.
457. Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers.
458. i) A compound can be broken down by physical methods.
459. A compound can be broken down by chemical methods.
460. j) A mixture has a fixed melting and boiling point.
461. A compound has a fixed melting and boiling point.
462. k) Substance that do not have uniform composition is called compound.
463. Substance that do not have uniform composition is called mixture.
464. l) Water is a heterogeneous composition.
465. Water is a homogeneous composition.
466. m) The components of water – hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a
467. fixed ratio of 8:1 mass.
468. The components of water – hydrogen and oxygen are combined in a
469. fixed ratio of 1:8 mass.
470.
471. 4. Match the columns:
472.
473. Column A                           Column B
474.
475. 1. Gold                                     (a) Used as a fuel
476. 2. Iron                                      (b) Making utensils
477. 3. Natural gas                          (c) Making non-stick cookwares
478. 4. Aluminium                          (d) Making jewelry
479. 5. Plastic                                  (e) Heavy tools and Machinery
480. 6. Copper                                 (f) Disinfectant
481. 7. Tungsten                              (g)Pencil
482. 8. Argon                                   (h) Electrical wires
483. 9. Chlorine                               (i) Non reactive
484. 10. Graphite                             (j) Filament of light bulb
485.
486.
487. (Ans.) 1-(d), 2-(e), 3-(a), 4-(b), 5-(c), 6(h), 7(j), 8(i), 9(f), 10(g)
488.

489. B. Short Questions

490. 1. Define the following:
491. a) Element:
492. Matter is composed of certain basic substances called elements. An
493. element is a substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances
494. by any physical or chemical means. It is composed of minute particles
495. of its own kind called atoms. For example gold, silver, mercury, Sulphur,
496. hydrogen and oxygen are some elements.
497.
498. b) Atom:
499. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that shows all the properties
500. of that element. Some atoms are capable of independent existence
501. while others are found in combination with atoms of the same or
502. different element.
503.

504. c) Molecule:
505. A molecule represents the smallest unit of an element or compound
506. that exists independently and shows all the properties of that
507. substance.
508.
509. d)Compound:
510. A compound is a pure substance formed by the combination of two or
511. more elements in a definite proportion by mass.
512.
513. e) Molecular formula:
514. A chemical formula that represents the total number and kind of atoms
515. in a molecule is called a molecular formula.
516.
517. f) Sieving:
518. Sieving helps to separate components of a mixture that differ in size. A
519. sieve is consists of a mesh placed over a frame. While sieving the fine
520. particles pass through the sieve and the coarse particles are left behind
521. on the sieve.
522.
523. g)Pure substances:
524. Substances which contain particles of only one kind is called pure
525. substances. Pure substances are of two types elements and
526. compounds. Elements are made up of only one kind of atom and
527. compounds are made up of only one kind of molecules.
528.
529. h) Non-metals:
530. Non-metals are found abundantly in nature. They are mainly found in
531. the crust of earth, atmosphere, and oceans. Hydrogen, oxygen,
532. nitrogen, silicon and Sulphur are some non-metals.
533.
534. i)Evaporation:
535. Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is converted to its vapour
536. state. This method is employed to separate homogeneous solid-liquid
537. mixture like extracting salt from sea water.
538.

539. 2. Answer the following:

540.
541. a) Write two rules followed to assign symbols to elements?
542. Two rules to followed to assign symbols to elements are
543. i) Elements are represented by the first letter of their names, written in
544. capital.
545. ii) When there are more than one elements having names begin with
546. the same letter then only one element is represented by the first letter
547. of its name and the other elements are represented by the first two
548. letters of their names. In such case the first letter is always written in
549. capital and the second letter is written in small letters.
550.
551. b)  What is a molecular formula?
552. A chemical formula that represents the total numbers and kind of
553. atoms in a molecule is known as a molecular formula.
554.
555. c) Write short notes on loading.
556. There are some mixtures which contain very fine solid particles that
557. settle down very slowly. These particles are made to settle down
558. faster by adding special chemicals. This process is called loading.
559.
560. d) What is solvent extraction? Define with example.
561. Solvent extraction is used when one of the solid constituent is soluble
562. in a liquid. For example we can separate a mixture of salt and sand
563. using solvent extraction method. Salt gets dissolved in water where
564. as sand does not. Sand settles down. The two can be thus separated.
565.
566. e)Write some commonly used methods of separation.
567. Some commonly used methods of separation are sieving, sedimentation
568. and decantation, filtration, evaporation and magnetic separation.
569.
570. f)Write short notes on homogeneous mixture.
571. A mixture in which the components cannot be seen separately and are
572. uniformly distributed throughout its volume are called homogeneous
573. mixture. Salt solutions and sugar solutions are example of homogeneous
574. solutions.
575.
576. g)Write short notes on heterogeneous mixture.
577. A mixture in which the components can be easily seen and are not
578. uniformly distributed is called a heterogeneous mixture. Mixture of sand
579. and gravel, oil and water are examples of heterogeneous mixture.
580.
581. h) Why do we need separation of mixture?
582. We need separation of mixture to remove the harmful and undesired
583. substances, to obtain a useful substance and to obtain a pure sample
584. of the substance.
585.
586. i)  What are the limitation of sedimentation and decantation?
587. The limitation of sedimentation and decantation are
588. i) The components of an insoluble solid and liquid cannot be
589. completely separated.
590. ii) The components of a solid which is lighter than liquid do not settle
591. down, hence they cannot be separated.
592.

593. C. Long Questions

594.
595. a) With the help of an example, explain that the properties of a
596. compound is different from those of its constituents.
597. The properties of a compound are different from its constituent
598. elements. For example Hydrogen and Oxygen combined to form
599. water. Here Hydrogen and Oxygen are gases whereas Water is a liquid.
600.
601. b)Write the chemical formula for the following compounds.
602. Carbon Dioxide – CO2       Magnesium oxide – MgO
603. Zinc chloride – ZnCl2         Hydrogen chloride – HCL
604. Calcium chloride – CaCl2   Ammonia – NH3
605. Water – H2O                       Calcium oxide – CaO
606. Nitrogen dioxide – NO2     Copper oxide - CuO
607.

608. c) Write the characteristics of an atom.

609. i) The atoms are very reactive and therefore exist in combination with
610. the atoms of same element or other elements.
611. ii) The atoms of an element are identical and exhibit same properties.
612. iii) The atoms of an element differ from those of other elements.
613. iv) The properties of an atom are maintained through all physical and
614. chemical changes.
 615.
616. d) What are the characteristics of a molecule?
617. i) The atoms of same element or different elements combine to form
618. molecule.
619. ii) The atoms of different elements are combined in a fixed whole number
620. ratio in a molecule.
621. iii) The atoms in a molecule are held together by chemical bonds.
622. iv) A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound that
623. exists independently and shows all the properties of that substance.
624.
625. e) Describe the types of mixtures.
626. Mixtures are of two types. (i) Homogeneous mixture and
627. (ii) Heterogeneous Mixture.
628. Homogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which the components cannot be
629. seen separately and are uniformly distributed throughout its volume are
630. called homogeneous mixture. Salt solutions and sugar solutions are
631. example of homogeneous solutions.
632. Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture in which the components can be
633. easily seen and are not uniformly distributed is called a heterogeneous
634. mixture. Mixture of sand and gravel, oil and water are examples of
635. heterogeneous mixture.
636.
637. f) Why water is a compound and Air is a mixture?
638. Water is a compound and Air is a mixture, which can be justified from
639. the following points.
640. i) Water has a homogeneous composition. It has components hydrogen
641. and oxygen which are combined in a fixed ratio 1:8. Air contains a 
642. number of gasses like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water
643.
644. vapour etc.
645. ii) The properties of water is totally different from its components
646. hydrogen and oxygen but the constituents of air retain their
647. individual properties.
648. iii) The chemical composition of water remains the same everywhere
649. but the composition of air varies from place to place.
650.
651. **************************************************

Questions in Exercise - Elements and Compounds

Q1) Classify the substances into pure and impure substances in the form of a chart or tabulation.

Q2) Differentiate between the terms - elements, compounds & mixtures.

Q3) The important physical properties of substances are colour, odour, nature, density &
solubility in water. Name -

(a) Two coloured gases (with their colours)

(b) A gas with a pungent, choking odour which is lighter than air.

(c) A poisonous gas almost as heavy as air.

Q4) Complete the statement - an element is a pure substance made up of (identical/different)

atoms.

Q5) Draw a labelled diagram of an atom including its nucleus, orbits & their contents.

Q6) Elements are classified into - metals - nonmetals - metalloids - noble gases. State which of
A, B, C, D is a -

1.

Metallic element

2.

Non-metallic element

3.

Metalloid

4.
 Noble gas

A: is non-malleable, non-ductile & a poor conductor of electricity

B: has lustre, is malleable and ductile & a good conductor of heat

C: is unreactive and inert and present in traces in air

D: shows properties of both metals and nonmetals

Q7) An atom of an element is denoted by a ‘symbol’. Explain the meaning of the term “symbol”

State a reason for representing the following elements by their symbols.

(a) Hydrogen by ‘H’

(b) Helium by ‘He’

(c) Copper by ‘Cu’

Q8) Match the metallic elements - with their correct symbols.

Metallic elements -

(a) Potassium (b) Sodium (c) Calcium (d) Magnesium (e) Zinc (f) Aluminium (g) Iron (h) Lead
(i) Copper (j) Mercury (k) Silver (l) Platinum (m) Gold

Symbols - (1) Ca (2) Zn (3) Pb (4) Hg (5) Cu (6) Au (7) K (8) Fe (9) Al (10) Na (11) Mg (12) Pt
(13) Ag

Q9) Match the non-metallic elements - with their correct symbols.

Non- Metallic elements -

(a) Carbon (b) Chlorine (c) Oxygen (d) Phosphorus (e) Hydrogen (f) Nitrogen (g) Iodine (h)
Bromine (i)Fluorine (j) Silicon (k) Sulphur

Symbols - (1) O (2) I (3) Si (4) C (5) Cl (6) P (7) F (8) H (9) S (10) Br (11) N
Q10) Match the noble gases - with their correct symbols.

Noble gases -

(a) Helium (b) Neon (c) Argon (d) Krypton (e) Xenon (f) Radon

Symbols - (1) Ar (2) Xe (3) Rn (4) He (5) Kr (6) Ne

Q11) Give a reason why elements are tabulated in a table called ‘periodic table’.

Q12) Give the names and symbols of the first twenty elements of the periodic table. Differentiate
them into metals, non-metals, metalloids and noble gases.

Q13) Explain the term - molecules. Give three examples of atoms of the same element forming a
molecule. State the atomicity of the same.

Q14) Give one example of

(a) A triatomic molecule

(b) A polyatomic molecule

Q15) Explain the term compounds. Give the example of a compound containing

(a) Hydrogen and oxygen

(b) Carbon and oxygen

(c) Nitrogen and oxygen

(d) Calcium and oxygen

Q16) State two characteristics of water which prove that it is a - compound.

Q17) Explain the term ‘chemical formula’. State what a chemical formula denotes.

Q18) Give the symbols and the number of atoms of each element present in

(a) Sodium chloride (b) Water (c) Carbon dioxide (d) Zinc chloride

Q19) For writing a chemical formula - ‘symbols’ and combining capacity of an element with
hydrogen i.e. ‘valency’ should be known. Explain the term - combining capacity of an element
i.e. valency

Q20) State what are radicals. Give the names of the radicals -

1. H_2OH2O
2. OH
3. CO_2CO2
4. CO_3CO3

Q21) Match the symbols of metallic elements - with their correct combining power or capacity.

(a) K

(b) Zn

(c) Al

(d) Na

(e) Ca
Combining power or capacity - A: 3, B: 2, C: 1. (positive valencies)

Q22) Match the symbols of non-metallic elements with their correct combining power or
capacity.

(a) O (b) S (c) Cl

Combining power or capacity - A: 3, B: 2, C: 1. (negative valencies)

Q23) Match the symbols of - radicals - with their correct combining power or capacity (valency).

(a) OH (b) SO_4SO4 (c) NO_3NO3 (d) CO_3CO3

Combining power or capacity - A: 3, B: 2, C: 1. (negative valencies)

Q24) Write the formula of the compound formed - given “symbols and combining power or
capacity (valency) if each element in the compound.

(a) K^{1+}Cl^{1-}K1+Cl1−

(b) Na^{1+}Cl^{1-}Na1+Cl1−

(c) Ca^{2+}NO_3^{1-}Ca2+NO31−

Q25) Match the formulas of the following - gases - with their correct names:

(a) H_2H2 (b) N_2N2 (c) O_2O2 (d) Cl_2Cl2 (e) HCl (f) NH_3NH3 (g) CO

(h) CO_2CO2 (i) SO_2SO2 (j) NO (k) NO_2NO2

(1) Ammonia (2) Nitrogen dioxide (3) Oxygen (4) Hydrogen (5) Nitrogen (6) Chlorine (7)
Carbon monoxide (8) sulphur dioxide (9) nitrogen monoxide (10) Carbon dioxide (11) hydrogen
chloride
Q26) Match the formulas of the following - acids - with their correct names

Acids: (a) HClHCl (b) HNO_3HNO3 (c) H_2SO_4H2SO4 (d) H_2CO_3H2CO3

Names: (1) Carbonic acid (2) Sulphuric acid (3) Hydrochloric acid (4) Nitric acid

Q27) Match the formulas of the following - bases - with their correct names

Bases: (a) NaOH (b) KOH (c) Ca\left(OH\right)_2Ca(OH)2 (d) Zn\left(OH\

right)_2Zn(OH)2
Names: (1) Potassium hydroxide (2) Zinc hydroxide (3) Aluminium hydroxide (4) Calcium
hydroxide (5) Sodium hydroxide

Q28) Complete the statements with the correct words.

(a) Acid's - are chemicals whivh are _____ in taste and derived from plants and _____.

(b) Bases - are chemicals which are hydroxide (or oxides) of _____ eg. sodium hydroxide.

(c) Salts - are chemicals formed on reaction of a base with an _____ giving salt and water.

Q29) In the chemical word equation - Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen

(a) State the reactants and products of the above reaction. What does the arrow indicate?

(b) The molecular equation is Zn\ +\

H_2SO_4\ →\ ZnSO_4\ +\ H_2\ \left[g\
right]Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 [g]. State what [[g]] represents.

Questions in Exercise - Mixtures

Q1) Explain the term mixtures. Give an example of mixtures of -

(a) Two elements

(b) Two compounds

(c) Elements and compounds

Q2) Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures with suitable examples.

Q3) With reference to the mixture of iron and sulphur, state the main characteristics of mixture.

Q4) Tabulate a comparative chart - to differentiate between elements, compounds and mixtures.
Differentiate them with reference to

(a) The term

(b) Existence

(c) Properties

(d) Separation of components

Q5) State the principle involved in separation of solid-solid mixtures by -

(a) Sieving

(b) Magnetic separation

(c) Sublimation

Q6) State the principle involved in separation of solid-liquid mixtures by -

(a) Sedimentation and decantation

(b) Filtration

(c)Evaporation
Q7) Explain the term ‘sieving’. State the structure of a sieve and explain the separation of
different sized particles by sieving.

Q8) State what is meant by magnetic separation of two mixtures’. Explain how iron particles can
be separated from sulphur particles.

Q9) Give a reason why sublimable and non-sublimable substances can be separated easily but
two sublimable substances cannot.

Q10) Explain the technique for separating - insoluble solid particles in a solid-liquid mixture.

Q11) Differentiate between the terms sedimentation and decantation with a suitable experimental
technique.

Q12) Explain how a solid component is separated in a soluble solid-liquid mixture.

Q13) Draw a neat labelled diagram for separation of the following mixtures.

(a) Coarse sand from fine sand

(b) A magnetic particle from a non-magnetic particle

(c) Naphthalene from sodium chloride

(d) Chalk and water using filter paper

(e) Sand and water without using a filter paper

(f) Common salt from a solution of common salt and water.

Q14) State the technique involved in separating the following:

(a) Iodine crystals and potassium chloride

(b) Iron and chalk powder

(c) Potassium chloride from an aqueous solution of potassium chloride

(d) Rice powder from soil particles

(e) Iron filings from pieces of copper wire

(f) Large diamonds from very small diamonds

Questions in Objective Type Questions - Elements and Compounds

Q1) Complete the statements given below by filling in the blank with the correct word/s

1.

An element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down by physical or ______

methods.

2.

The basic unit of an element is an ______.

3.

Atom contains ________, with positively charged ________.

4.

Element _______ has the symbol derived from its Latin name 'argentum'.

5.

From the elements - He, Br, Pt and O; the element which is metallic is ___, an inert
element is ____, forms a triatomic molecule is O, is liquid at room temperature.

6.
 From the elements nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, the element present in the atmosphere is
nitrogen.

Q2) Match the statements in List I - 1 to 10 with their correct answers in List II - A to J.

List I List II

1. Fluorine and chlorine A: Nitrogen

2. A diatomic molecule B: Boron

3. A molecule containing the elements Hydrogen and oxygen C: Reactants

4. A metalloid - showing properties of both metals and nonmetals D: Chemical formula

5. The term used for the substances which Take part in the chemical reaction E: Halogen

6. The term which represents a substance by means of symbols F: water

7. The term used for substances formed As a result of a chemical reaction G: Nitric oxide

8. A compound containing one atom of Zinc and two atoms of chlorine H: products

9. The chemical name for nitrogen monoxide I: Phosphorus

10. A polyatomic molecule J: Zinc chloride

Q3) Select the correct answer from the choice in brackets.

1.

The symbol of - mercury [[Mg/Hg/Ag]]

2.
 The type of element-phosphorus [[metallic/non-metallic/noble gas]]

3.

The type of molecule - bromine [[monoatomic/diatomic/triatomic]]

4.

A compound [[nitrogen/ozone/zinc chloride]]

5.

The unreactive non-metallic element [[chlorine/argon/sulphur]]

6.

The negatively charged particle in an atom [[protons/neutrons/electrons]]

7.

The element which is malleable [[sulphur/carbon/iron]]

8.

An impure substance [[element/mixture/compound]]

9.

An element which is a poor conductor of heat [[copper/carbon/aluminium]]

10.

A group of atoms of elements [[ion/radical/combining power]]

Q4) Match the compounds in List I - 1 to 20 with their correct formulas from in List II - A to T

List I - 1. Hydrochloric acid 2. Potassium Hydroxide 3. Sulphuric acid 4. Zinc hydroxide 5.

Sodium chloride 6. Nitric acid 7. Calcium hydroxide 8. Sodium hydroxide 9. Copper sulphate
10. Potassium chloride 11. Calcium carbonate 12. Magnesium sulphide 13. Zinc sulphate 14.
Aluminium hydroxide 15. Sodium carbonate 16. Zinc sulphide 17. Magnesium oxide 18. Zinc
oxide 19. Ammonium chloride
List II - A. NaClNaCl B. NaOHNaOH C. KClKCl D. Ca\left(OH\
right)_2Ca(OH)2 E. CaSCaS F. CuSO_4CuSO4 G. CaCO_3CaCO3 H. NH_4C
lNH4Cl I. HClHCl J. ZnOZnO K. HNO_3HNO3 L. H_2CO_3H2CO3 M. MgSMgS 
N. MgOMgO O. KOHKOH P. ZnSO_4ZnSO4 Q. Na_2CO_3Na2CO3 R. H_2SO_
4H2SO4 S. Al\left(OH\right)_3Al(OH)3 T. Zn\left(OH\right)_2Zn(OH)2

Questions in Objective Type Questions - Mixtures

Q1) Match the statements in List I with the correct answer in List II

List I List II

1. Purification of water by adding alum A: Sublimation

2. Sea water leaving behind common salt B: Sieving

3. Separation of camphor and potassium chloride C: Filtration

4. Separation of charcoal from a charcoal-water mixture D: Sedimentation

5. Separation of bran and wheat flour E: evaporation

Q2) State whether the following statements are true or false. If false write - the correct statement.

1.

Components in a mixture are present in a definite proportion.

2.

Mixture have no definite set of properties

3.

Components in a mixture can be separated by physical and chemical methods.

 4.

Sodium chloride and water is an example of a mixture of compounds

5.

Heterogeneous mixtures have different composition and properties throughout the

mixture

Q3) Name the following:

1.

A black non-metallic component of the mixture gunpowder.

2.

A physical method of separating iron from an iron-sulphur mixture.

3.

The component of the soluble solid-liquid mixture which is lost to the atmosphere on
heating.

4.

The coomponent of naphthalene-sodium chloride mixture which remains in the

evaporating dish when heated together, covered with a funnel.

5.

A mixture of two immiscible liquids.

Q4) Give reasons for the following:

1. Naphthalene and camphor cannot be separated by sublimation.

2. Sodium chloride cannot be separated out from its aqueous solution by filtration.
3. Two varieties of wheat flour cannot be separated by sieving.
4. Sulphur and charcoal powder cannot be separated by magnetic suspension.
5. Both components of a soluble solid-liquid mixture cannot be recovered by evaporation.
Question 1.
List five substances made using each of the following materials:
Answer:

1. Wood : Chair
2. Paper : Book
3. Plastic : Bucket
4. Metals : Copper wire
5. Leather : Shoes
6. Cloth : Shirt or bag

EXERCISE- I

Question 1.
Define matter.
Answer:
Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.

Question 2.
What are the two main types of matter? Give two examples for each type.
Answer:
The two main types of matter are :

1. Living matter: The earth is home to all kinds of plants and animals. They
can grow, move and reproduce on their own. Examples : Plant, lotus,
animals, human etc.
2. Non-living matter : Most of the matter in the universe is non-living. It
means that it does not grow, move or reproduce on its own. It can be
natural or man made.

(a) Natural matter: It occurs in nature and can be used to make more useful
substances, e.g., wood, coal, silk, water, stone, cotton, jute, cereals, fruits, etc.
(b) Man-made matter : It is produce artificially from natural matter, e.g., plastics,
soaps, detergents, medicines, glass, nylon, steel, ceramic, etc.

Question 3.
Differentiate between living and non-living matter.
Answer:
Living matter:

1. The earth is home to all kinds of plants and animals. They can grow, move
and reproduce on their own.
2. It is natural only.

Non-living matter:

1. Most of the matter in the universe is non-living. It means that it does not
grow, move or reproduce on its own.
2. It can be natural or man made.

Question 4.
Select natural and man made matter from the following
list: Wood, plastic, silk, medicines, detergents, coal, water, ceramic, cotton,
glass, nylon, fruits.

Answer:
Natural matter: Wood, silk, coal, water, fruits.
Man made matter: Plastic, medicines, detergents, ceramic, cotton, glass, nylon.

EXERCISE-II

Question 1.
Name the smallest particle from which matter is made up.
Answer:
The smallest particle from which matter is made up is atom.

Question 2.
What are molecules ?
Answer:
Molecules are the smallest unit of matter. They exhibit all the properties of that
kind of matter and is capable of independent existence.

Question 3.
Give one difference between atoms and molecules.
Answer:
Atoms may or may not have independent existance. While molecules have
independent existence.

Question 4.
Define:
(a) Intermodular force of attraction.
(b) Intermodular space.

Answer:
(a) The molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each other with a
force, and this force is called intermodular force of attraction due to which they
are held together.
(b) The molecules can move only when there are gaps or space between them,
this space is called intermodular space.

Question 5.
Name the three states of matter and define them.
Answer:
The three states of matter are :

1. Solid State
2. Liquids
3. Gases :

Solid State : The molecules are very close to each other hence intermodular
spaces are small and intermodular force is strong.

Hence solids have definite volume, rigid, retain definite shape and are
incompressible.
Liquids : The molecules are less closely packed have more intermolecular spaces
than solid, less stronger forces than solids.
Hence liquids have definite volume but no definite shape. They take the shape of
container in which they are put.

Gases : The molecules in the gases are far apart with weakest force of attraction.
Hence gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape but easily
compressible.

Question 6.
What are fluids ? Give two examples
Answer:
Substances that can flow are called fluids. Both gases and liquids are fluids, e.g.
gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen), liquids (water, petrol and sulphuric acid).

Question 7.
Classify the following into solids, liquids and gases.
Oxygen, milk, common salt, wax, stone, L.P.G, carbon- dioxide, sugar,
mercury, coal, blood, butter, copper, coconut oil, kerosene.
Answer:
Question 8.
Give reasons
(a) Liquids and gases flow but solids do not ?
(b) A gas Alls up the space available to it.
(c) The odour of scent spreads in a room.
(d) We can walk through air.
(e) Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape.
(f) When a teaspoon of sugar is added to half a glass of water and stirred,
the water level in the glass remains unchanged.
(g) When an empty gas jar is inverted over a gas jar containing a coloured
gas, the gas also spreads into the empty jar.
(h) A red ink drop added to small amount of water in a glass turns the water
red in some time.

Answer:
(a) The molecules of liquids and gases are far apart i.e. have more gaps,
intermolecular attraction force is very less as compared to solids, hence liquids
and gases can flow but solids do not as gaps*in solid molecules is less and
molecular force of attraction very strong.
(b) Intermolecular force of attraction is least and intermolecular spaces are very
large, hence gases can fill up the space available to them.
(c) Scent fumes (molecules) being gases fill the spaces between air molecules
and the molecules of air fill the spaces between scent molecules due to diffusion,
fumes spread into a room.
OR
Due to inter-mixing of scent molecules and air molecules, scent fumes spread
into the room.
(d) The molecules of air are far apart i.e. large gaps and we can walk through air
easily.
(e) The molecules of liquid are loosely packed and intermolecular force of
attraction is small but number of molecules in it remain the same. Hence liquids
have definite volume but no definite shape.
(f) When a teaspoon of sugar is added to half a glass of water and stirred, the
water level in the glass remains unchanged because the sugar particles are
adjusted between the water molecules as inter-molecular gaps are more in
liquids.
(g) This is because Gases can diffuse or flow in all directions.
(h) When we put a drop of red ink in a glass of water, its particles diffuse with
particles of water slowly but continuously and the water turns red.

Question 9.
Define:
(a) cohesive force
(b) diffusion
(c) Brownian movement

Answer:
(a) Cohesive force : The force of attraction between particles of the same
substance is called cohesive force.
(b) Diffusion: The phenomenon of intermixing of particles of one kind with
another kind is called diffusion.
(c) Brownian movement: The zig-zag motion of particles suspended in a
medium is called Brownian movement

Question 10.
Why is an egg kicked out of a bottle when air is blown inside the bottle?
Answer:
When we invert the bottle and blow air into the bottle throw the side opening. It
creates high pressure inside the bottles and the egg is kicked out of the bottle.

EXERCISE-III

Question 1.
State the three effects of heat on matter.
Answer:
When a substance is heated, it can cause.

1. Interconversion of states of matter.

2. Thermal expansion of the substance.
3. Chemical change.

Question 2.
(a) Define : interconversion of states of matter.
(b) What are the two conditions for the interconversion of states of matter ?
Answer:
(a) The process by which matter changes from one state to another and back to
original state, without any change in its chemical composition.
(b) Two conditions are :

1. Change in temperature
2. By applying pressure

Question 3.
Define the following terms:
(a) Fusion
(b) Vaporisation
(c) Condensation
(d) Sublimation
(e) Diffusion
(f) Melting point
(g) Boiling point
(h) Liquefaction

Answer:
(a) Fusion : The heating process by which a solid changes into the liquid state is
called fusion.
(b) Vaporisation : The heating process by which a liquid changes into its vapour
state is called vaporisation.
(c) Condensation : The process by which a substance in gaseous state changes
into its liquid state is called condensation.
(d) Sublimation: The change of solid on heating to vapours directly and vice-
versa without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation.

(e) Diffusion : The phenomenon of intermixing or spreading of gaseous

molecules is called diffusion.
(f) Melting point: The fixed temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at
a given pressure is called its melting point. The temperature remains constant as
long as the conversion is going on.
(g) Boiling point: The fixed temperature at which a liquid starts changing into
gaseous state is called its boiling point. The temperature remains constant till the
whole of the liquid changes into gaseous state.
(h) Liquefaction : Change of vapours on cooling to liquid is called liquefaction.

Question 4.
Differentiate between:
(a) Solidification and condensation
(b) Melting and boiling
(c) Gas and vapour
(d) Miscible and immiscible liquids.

Answer:
(a) Solidification : The process of changing liquid into a solid state by cooling is
known as solidification.
Example : water → ice.
Condensation : The process of changing a gas or vapour state to a liquid state
by cooling is known as condensation. Example : steam → water.
(b) Melting : The fixed temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid at a
given pressure is called its melting point.
e.g. ice → water.
Boiling : The fixed temperature at which a liquid starts changing into gaseous
state is called its boiling point.
e.g. water → steam.
(c) Vapourisation : The process by which a substance changes from a liquid
state to vapour state is called vaporisation or evaporation.
e.g., Water changes into gaseous state on heating.
Gas : The substance which remain in the gaseous state under normal conditions
of temperature and pressure are called gases.
e.g, Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen.
(d) Miscible: Liquids which mix with each other are called miscible liquids.
Example : Water and alcohol.
Immiscible liquids : Liquids which do not mix with each other are called
immiscible liquids. Example Water and oil.

Question 5.
Give reasons :
(a) How is interconversion of states of matter different from chemical
reaction ?
(b) Why a solid does not flow, but a liquid flows ?
Answer:
(a) During interconversion of state of matter composition
of substance remains the same matter changes from one state to another and
back to the original state, while chemical reaction involves re-arrangement of the
molecular structure and composition changes.
(b) In solids there is a strong force of attraction between the molecules and the
space between them is very negligible. The molecules are therefore, not free to
move. They merely vibrate about their mean positions. But in the case of liquids,
the molecules are not very closely packed. They do not attract each other as
strongly as the molecules of solids. Thus, the intermolecular spaces are larger and
the molecules are able to move about more freely. This makes a liquid flow.

Question 6.
How does a liquid changes into its gaseous state? Explain ?
Answer:
As a liquid is heated, its particles starts gaining energy and move more vigorously
which increases the gaps between the particles and decreasing the force of
attraction. Ultimately a liquid changes into gaseous state.

Question 7.
Water cycle is an example of interconversion of states of water. Explain.
Answer:
Water from oceans, rivers, lakes from leaves of trees (transpiration) changes into
vapours when temperature increases or evaporates and enters the atomsphere as
clouds when temperature falls the vapours change into water and some of it in
the form of snow fall on mountains and earth in the form of water and hales and
this continues. Thus water cycle is example of interconvertion of states of water.

Question 8.
What happens to a metal ball when it is heated? What does this show?
Answer:
When metal ball is heated, it expands. This can be proved by following
experiment:
Take a metallic ring and ball. Try to pass the metal ball through the ring. The ball
is able to pass through the ring. Now heat the metal ball for 5-6 minutes. The hot
ball is not be able to pass through the ring.
This shows that a solid expands on heating. Now cool the ball, it again passes
through the ring. This shows that a solid contacts on cooling.

Question 9.
Why does a candle become smaller on burning with time?
Answer:
On heating, candle wax melts, then turns into vapour which reacts with air to
produce two new substances, carbondioxide and water.

Therefore a candle on burning becomes smaller and smaller and the part of wax
which has undergone chemical change cannot be recovered.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks :

(a) Water is a matter because it has mass and occupies space.

(b) Any matter which has a definite volume but no definite shape is called
a liquid.
(c) Liquids and gases can flow.
(d) The molecules are at a greater distance in gases compared to liquids.
(e) Water boils at 100 °C.
(f) The physical state of a substance, which has neither fixed volume nor fixed
shape is a gas.
Question 2.
Write whether the following statements are true or false.

(a) Only water can exist in three different states.

(b) If the container in which a gas is collected has an opening, the gas will
flow out and spread itself indefinitely.
(c) Solids have the large inter-molecular space.
(d) There is no difference between evaporation and boiling.
(e) All solids, on heating, first change to the liquid and then to the gaseous
state always.
(f) The intermolecular force of attraction is the weakest in gases.
(g) A gas has no free surface.

Answer:
(a) True
(b) True
(c) False
Correct: Solids have the very small (negligible) inter-molecular space.
(d) False
Correct : There is a difference between evaporation and boiling.
(e) False
Correct : Few solids, on heating, first change to the liquid and then to the
gaseous state always.
(f) True
(g) True

Question 3.
For each of the following statements, say whether it describes a solid, a
liquid or a gas.

(a) Particles move about very quickly but do not leave the surface : Liquid
(b) Particles are quite close together : Solid
(c) Particles are far apart and move in all directions : Gas
Question 4.
Match the following :

Question 5.
Name the phenomenon which causes the following changes:
(a) Formation of water vapour from water.
(b) Disappearance of camphor when exposed to air.
(c) Conversion of ice into water.
(d) Conversion of water into steam.

Answer:
(a) Formation of water vapour from water is vaporisation.
(b) Disappearance of camphor is sublimation.
(c) Conversion of ice into water is melting.
(d) Conversion of water into steam is boiling.
Question 6.
Give two examples for each of the following :
(a) Substances which sublime.
(b) Substances which do not change their states.
(c) Substances which are rigid and not compressible.

Answer:
(a) Naphthalene, camphor, dry ice.
(b) Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
(c) Glass, stone, pen.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which one is a kind of matter :

(a) light
(b) petroleum
(c) sound
(d) heat

2. the state of matter which has no definite shape or volume is called

(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) gas
(d) water

3. There are large intermolecular gaps in

(a) water
(b) iron ball
(c) common salt ..
(d) air

4. All kinds of matter

(a) occupy space and have a definite mass
(b) have mass and a definite shape
(c) can change their states
(d) have a definite volume
5. A kind of matter which can sublime is
(a) water
(b) plastic
(c) milk
(d) iodine

6. A substance which can change its state

(a) wood
(b) oxygen
(c) paper
(d) cloth

7. The process by which a solid changes into a liquid is called

(a) freezing
(b) melting
(c) condensation
(d) evaporation

PROJECT

Question 1.
Fill the following chart showing twelve solids, twelve liquids, four gases and
eight materials.
Answer:
Solids : (1) Mobile. (2) Pen. (3) Pair of shoes. (4) A T.V. set (5) Chair. (6) Telephone.
(7) Remote control. (8) Wood. (9) Ornaments. (10) Scissors. (11) Eraser. (12)
Mirror.
Liquids : (1) Ink. (2) Water. (3) Lemon juice. (4) Cough syrup. (5) Mouth wash. (6)
Petrol. (7) Kerosene oil. (8) Spirit. (9) Thinner. (10) Mercury. (11) Milk. (12) Copper
sulphate solution.
Gases : (1) Hydrogen. (2) Oxygen. (3) Sulphur dioxide. (4) Chlorine gas.
Materials : (1) Paper. (2) Wood. (3) Iron nails. (4) Cement. (5) Tiles. (6) Plaster of
paris. (6) Sand. (7) Iron rods. (8) Bricks.

Question 2.
Think and try to find a way to demonstrate water cycle in class.
Answer:
Do it yourself.
Question 3.
To identify materials of common use 
Procedure – Just move around in your house – in the drawing room, sitting
room, bedroom, kitchen, bathroom etc.
Identify the things and All in the blanks in the table given below:

 Study room
  Drawing room
  Kitchen
  bathroom
 another place

Material used for making the

S.No. Place Name of the thing
thing
1. Study room 6.
2. Drawing room
3. Kitchen
4. bathroom
5. Any other place

Answer:

Material used for making the

S.No. Place Name of the thing
Table, chair, books pens, pencils,
1. Study room
table lamp, computer, fan
Sofa, table, chairs, fan, curtains,
2. Drawing room
windows etc.
Taps, wash basin, cupboards,
3. Kitchen utencils, heating vessels strainer,
containers aqua pure etc.
Taps, tubs, mugs, tooth brush,
4. Bathroom
tooth paste, soap, pail etc.
Scooter, car, road, rooms, trucks,
5. Any other place
shops.
thing
Wood, plastic, paper, glass,
bakelite, connecting wires made of
metal and plastics
Wood, cloth, coir, paint, plastics,
aluminium, glass etc.
Steel, aluminium, glass, china clay,
iron, plastic, copper, stainless steel,
brass etc.
Iron, brass, stainless steel, plastics
etc.
Iron, rubber, coaltar, bricks, wood,
plastics, clothes.