Chapter 12

Audit Sampling for Tests of

Controls and Substantive
Tests of Transactions

Present By :
M.Riduan Abdillah SE,M.Si, Akt, CA

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 1

 Representative Samples

A representative sample is one in which

the characteristics in the sample of audit
interest are approximately the same as
those of the population.

Non-sampling risk is the risk that audit

tests do not uncover existing exceptions
in the sample.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 2

 Representative Samples

Sampling risk is the risk that an auditor

reaches an incorrect conclusion
because the sample is not
representative of the population.

Sampling risk is an inherent part of

sampling that results from testing
less than the entire population.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 3

 Sampling Risk

1. Adjust sample size

2. Use an appropriate method of selecting

sample items from the population

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 4

 Statistical Versus
Non-statistical Sampling
Similarities:

Step 1: Plan the sample

Step 2: Select the sample and perform the tests

Step 3: Evaluate the results

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 5

 Statistical Versus
Non-statistical Sampling
Differences:

Statistical sampling allows the quantification

of sampling risk in planning the sample (Step 1)
and evaluating the results (Step 3)

In non-statistical sampling those items that

the auditor believes will provide the most
useful information are selected

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 6

 Probabilistic Versus
Non-probabilistic Sample Selection

Probabilistic sample selection is a method

of selecting a sample such that each
population item has a known probability
of being included in the sample.

Non-probabilistic sample selection is a

method in which the auditor uses professional
judgment rather than probabilistic methods.

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 7

 Probabilistic Versus
Non-probabilistic Sample Selection
Non-probabilistic:
1. Directed sample selection
2. Block sample selection
3. Haphazard sample selection

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 8

 Probabilistic Versus
Non-probabilistic Sample Selection
Probabilistic:
1. Simple random sample selection
2. Systematic sample selection
3. Probability proportional to size sample selection
4. Stratified sample selection

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 9

 End of Chapter 12

©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 15 - 10