E GY P T I A N A R C H I T E C T U RE

A S C U LT U R A L E X P R E S S I O N
by

E BAL DW I N S MITH Ph D
.
,
. .
, LHD. . .

Ho wa rd Crosoy Butler P rof essor f

o t he

Histo ry f
o Architecture, P rinceton Unio ersity

L A
I LUS T R T I O N S BY

THE AUTH OR

APPLE TO N C E N T U RY C O M PA N Y
'

D .
-

IN C O R P O R ATE D
NE W YO RK LO NDO N
 C OP YR I G HT , 1 93 8, BY

All rig hts re serve d T his b o o k , o r parts

.

t here o f, m us t n o t be re pro du c e d in an y

fo rm witho ut pe rmissio n o f t he publis her .

P RINT E D IN ST AT ES OF AM E RIC A
 TO
MY WIFE
W H O SE DE V OT E D
OOP E RATI ON
C

M ADE TO M B S A N D T E M P L E S

M ORE E N J O YA BL E A N D

M Y T E X T M O RE C O M P RE H E N SI BL E
 PREFA CE

NC IE N T b ildi g in spite of their pp l to th imagination and at tim s th i al b auty

A littl mo than a s i s of un xplain d ph nom na until th y hav b n b ought into a omp
e
u

re
n s,

er e e
a ea

e e
e

e e e ee
e

r
e r re e

c
, are

re

h ibl
en s lationship and giv n nvironm ntal significan as th mbodim nt of o ial n ds
e re e e e ce e e e s c ee , co n ve n

tions and a pi ations As a tangi bl r o d of human nd avour th y

, s r a fo m of histo y H i to y
. e ec r e e e are r r . s r

has b n d fin d as an impo ition of fo m upon t h oth wi m aningl s imag s of th past I

ee e e
“
s r e er se e es e e .
”
n

this bo k a fo m or a unif ying pattern of int rpretation has undoubt dly b n impo d upon th di
o r , e , e ee se e s

conn t d ruin of E gyptian ar hit tu I t is to b hop d that the author has b n su ssful in p
ec e s c ec re . e e ee cce re

s nting a l ar v bal di tin tion b tw n po sibility probability and a tuality E xactly how obj tiv
e c e er s c e ee s , , c . ec e

and hi tori ally ju tifi d his int rp tations may b it r mains for th illu t ations d in ription
s c s e e re e, e e s r an sc s

to prov and f the read r to judg

e or e e .

N book b all things to all m

O o ne C rtain sp ific a p ts of E gyptian ar hite ture hav
c an e en . e ec s ec c c e

b n mo
ee l ss x luded pa tly b au th y p s nt a highly sp ializ d int st in th subj t
re o r e e c , r ec se e re re e ec e e re e ec ,

but p ima ily b aus th y ha v b n ad quat ly pr s nt d in a f w c ntly publish d and a ibl

r r ec e e e ee e e e e e e re e e cce ss e

volum s D tail of E gyptian ma onry

e . e tho oughly t ated in C la k and E g lb h A i t
s s are r re r e n e ac
’
s nc e n

E gypti M y 93 ; th origin and d v lopm nt of ariou a hit ctu al l m nts

an as o n r , 1 0 omp e e e e v s rc e r e e e are c e

t ly handl d in G I q i M hé l gi Egypti 9 4 ; and x ll nt large siz illus

’ ’ ’
t en l de . e u er s an u e arc o o e e n ne , 1 2 e ce e e

t tira of th building
o ns a v ailabl in th th folios of G I q i L hit t
e t l de
s are e e re e .
’
e u e r,
'
arc e c u re e a co ra

tio n dan s l an c ie n n e Egypte

'
20- 1 2
, 1
9 9 4 .

ind bt dn ss to E gyptologists for materials and ideas I hop is fully indi ated by the bibliog
My e e e e c

ra
phy in t h not s R f n s how v annot xp ss my obligation to H E Winlo k and his
e e . e e re ce , e e r, c e re . . c

c oll agu s in th E gyptian D pa tm nt of th M tropolitan Mu um of Art who ha ve b n g

e e e e r e e e se , ee so en

e ro u s with th ir advi e and a istan I t was W C H ay s who without r gard for tim ason
e c ss ce . . . e , e e , se ,

or t h annoyan e of our sp tiv wi v took m and my manus ipt in hand and in mo ways
ce re ec e e s, e cr re

than I num at ont ibut d to what v r valu th book may p v to hav I th p o ess h
c an e er e c r e e e e e ro e e . n e r c e

ta tfully v d an a li
c lation hip of tud nt and t a h r transforming a commu i ty of i
re e rs e e r er re s s e e c e , n n

t t into a pe man nt f i nd hip

e re s s r e r e s .

I E gypt my tudi s w r not only g eatly aid d but mad most pl asant by the kindn ss of
n s e e e r e e e e

M and M Da v i and M and M Bu ton Also I wish to thank D N lson for ext nding to
r . rs . es r . rs . r . r . e e

m th p ivil g s of t h L ibra y of t h I nstitut of O i ntal S tudi s at L uxor Both in E gypt and in

e e r e e e r e e r e e .

P rin ton Donald Wilb r has b n a valuabl f i nd and h lpful riti

ce v n assisting m with th
e ee e r e e c c, e e e e

l tt ing of plat s wh n h f lt dissatisfi d with my ult I mor ways than I

e er e e xp es in words
e e e re s s . n e c an e r s

I am de ply ind bt d to my oll agu s P rof s o s F i nd S tillw ll Fo syth and E gbert I t is not
e e e c e e , e s r r e ,
e , r , .

711
 PREFAC E
me ely that they read my manus ript a d iti ized my drawings Aft r y ars of ass iation with
r c n cr c . e e oc

th m I know that it was th ir interest friendship and th stimulation of th ir ideas whi h made
e e , , e e c

th book what it is if that is not asking th m to assume too g at a r sponsibility T her

e , e re e is noth ing
. e

lik h final drive to finish a book and the resultant neglect of departm ntal duti s t t st out
e t e ,
e e , o e

f iendships
r .

E B S . . .
 C ONTE N TS

P RE FACE

I LLU ST RATI ONS

CH APTE R NVI RONME NT
I . E
The Ni l T h C l im t Th M t i
e . e a e . e a er a s l . T he S o cia C o n d l iti o n s. T he P i er o ds .

CHAPTE R II . T HEF ORMAT ION OF I DE AS

T h e H o us e : the P l e d C ve i g ; the Wattl e
o d Th t h H t h ; the M d H o u e ; the Rec ta
an o r n an a c u c u s n gu ar l
H o use ; the Kh k h H e; the P erl d F m H u e ; th C v d R f ; the Gab l e R f ; the Fo r
o u se an e e ra e o s e ur e oo oo e co u r t ;
the o r coP ti ; the Ves tib l ; th S k h H o e T h T m b Th e T m p l e
u e e e re us . e o . e .

CHAPTE R B E GINNI NG S OF DYN AST I C A RCH IT E CT URE

I II . THE
Th S k h B i l di g th R y l T m bs t Abyd ; t h T m b s w ith I m itati n Ni h P n e l i g ; P laces at
e e re u n : e o a o a os e o o c e a n a

Abyd s ; S p l hral S viv l f S m ll W d C t ti ; F l D ; C t ti f th S /( h “ ”

o e u c ur a s o a -
oo o n s ru c on a se o o rs o n s r uc on o e e re

B i l di g T h T m b A b yd
u n . T m b ; E l y Middl e C l s G ve ; M tab T m b ; O i n t tio ; Va l t
e o : os o s ar -
as ra s as a o r e a n u

i g ; M di fi cati s in the M tab

n o T he T em p l e on as a . .

CHAPTE R IV T HE STE PPE D . PY R AM I D A T SA QQ A RA

Im h t p T h S i od h Pl e . e te an t e a n T he P l n an d Wall
. Th G a s . e re a t To mb . T he E n t ran c e i
C o rr do r T he
th C t T m p l T O si i T m p l t t t
.

“
G S re at ou o ur . e e th
, e Th H r s e e . e e b- S e d C o ur C o ur s f the S o u h an d
o

N th P l t f h S Py id T mp l t P i
.

or C a aces . o ur o t e e rdab . T he ram e e an d the No r h A re a . T he yram d T he .

Maso n ry .

CHAPTE R M BS
V . DYN AST I C TO
Th M t b e Old Ki gd m Mi ddl Ki gd m T h Py m i d O ld Ki gd m Middl Ki
as a a: n o ; e n o . e ra . n o ; e n gdo m P yr
m id l V i i Middl Ki gd m N w Ki gd m E thi pi P i d R k C T mb i
.

a a ar at o n s : e n o ; e n o ; o an er o . oc ut o s O ld K ng

d m Middl Ki gd m N w Ki gd m L t T mb T yp S iti P i d C t ph
.

'

o ; e n o ; e n o . a e o es : a c er o . e no a s .

CHAPT E R VI . DYNAST I C TE MPLE S : I

T he S hr i ne . T he Mo rtuary T e m p l e s : O ld K i n gdo m ; i
M ddl e K n gdo m ; Ne w K n gdo m i i .

CHAPT E R DY NAST I C TE M PLE S : II

VII
l T m p l es T h S t d d N w Ki gdo m T yp o f Tm pl e T m p l e f Am Re L u r ; T em
. .

P ip e t r e ra e . e an ar e n e e : e o e n- ,
xo

pl f Am n R K r k ; T m p l
e o f S ti I A b yd s ; T m p l
o e, f Kh K n k R k C ut T m p l
a na e e o e ,
o e e o o n s, ar a . oc e es

T m pl
e f H a k hte A b S im b l ; T e m p l
e O f H th Ab
ra S imb l ; T m p l es f S b a
,
d G f u e e o a o r, u e e o e u an ar

H i ; S peo s A t m id T he H e ti l T e m p l s o f A te The T e m p l e o f Ho rus E df u T e m p le o f

u se n
“
r e os .
”
re ca e n. , .

H th aDe de Ko m Om b
o r, E P hi l
n ra . o . sn a . a
e .

CHAPTE R VI II LAT E . DY NAST I C TE MPLE S

G l C h t i ti
en e ra arac e r s cs o f P to le rn aic A rc hit t e c u re .
x C ON E N T TS
CHAPT E R IX HOUSE S CITIE S AN D PAL ACE S
.
,

P ti or co e d H w ith C t M l ip l
o us e d P ll l Ho ur . u t e an ara e o use Un it
s Op ei n ng on a t
C o ur . ti t
Ven l a e d
H o u s es . U b H
r an K h d Am
o u se H . T w
a un an arn a o u ses . o ns an d C ii
t es . G eo m e ti P
r c l an n e d T o w n s
.

Pl a ac es . G d ar d Vi ll
en s F t
an as . or s .

CH APTE R X. E G YP T I A N A RCH ITE CT S AND T HE I R ME T H ODS

T he Fo u n da ti on o f a T mpl Pl
e d E l v ti
e . G p hi R p
an s an t ti e a o ns . ra c e re s e n a o ns o f A rc htec ture T he G re a
. t
A rc h it t
ec s .

CH APTE R XI . T HE ARCH ITE CT U RE A S CULT UR AL E X PRES SION

H bita s of Im age ry . A chite c tu ral L im itati o n s
r . A th ti A t it d S mm y
es e c t u e . u ar .

I NDE X
 IL L US TRATI ONS

MAP OF E GYP T

B RI CK M AK I N G, T OM B OF RE K H M A RA T H E E E s ,

V1E w OF ST EP P ED PYRAM I D AT S A QQARA F R OM H E B S E D -

C OU RT

THE AR C H I T EC T S E NM U T . S K ETC H 1 N HIS T O M E, T H E BE s

P LATE I: H O U SE FO RM S AN D H UT -
S HRINE S
1 . T e n t s he lte r,
~
so u lh -
o u se 1 06 f ro m R if e h L ibyan hu t, m o s aic f E l A ia, T u n is o - l
2 . H ie ro g yp h f o r l te n t
”
R o u n d ho us e o f m attin g, T e m p e o f H ats he p sut l
3 . T e n t s he te r o n
- l m o de l o f a bo at fro m De ir e l-
l
Mo de o f m ud hu t, British Muse um
Birc he h, XII Dyn Ro u n d h ut s hrin e o f Min -

P
.

Kin g in te n t s he te r, - l
re dyn as tic m ace o f Narm e r Ro u n d hu t s hrin e o f Min -

Re e d c abin o n re dyn as tic bo at P G ran arie s , to m b

p ain tin g at The be s
Re e d hu t, I Dyn i o ry f ro m A bydo s v Pre dy n astic ho use m o de , E l-Amr ah l
Pl Pl
.

Re e d hut, a e s trin a m o saic in a azzo Baro n a e , l

Ro m e

PLATE II : H OU S E FORM S A ND H UT -
S HR INES
1 . H ut shrin e
-
o f A n ubis , s e al o f King Q a f ro m 5 H u t s hrin e , i o ry fro m Abydo s
.
-
v
Abydo s k
6 Kio s , de p ic te d in To m b o f Urarn a
P
.

2 . H ut —s hrin e o f S e t, I II Dyn . l
s te e o f Ha b w
’ ’

7 Nao s o f
. tah ith S e ti I in atte n danc e , w re li f
e

So k ar f ro m A bydo s
3 . H u t—s hrin e , s e a o f Kin g Z e r l 8 . Nao s o f O ii s r s, Bo o k o f the Dead, British Muse um
4 . Ho us e shrin e , c ay c y in de r f ro m Ne gade h
-
l l

PLATE I II : H OU S E FO RM S A ND H U T - S HRINE S
1 . H ie ro g yp h l o f
“
s arc o p hagu s 7 . l
H ie ro g yp h f o r p a ac e
“
l ”

2 . Wo o de n c abin on a bo at, C airo Mu se um 8 . l

S o u ho u se fr o m Rif e h
-

3 . v
H o u s e , i o ry m o de in C airo Mu se u m l 9 .
, v
H o u s e i o ry o f Kin g Men e s
4 . H u t s hrin e o n c y in de r, Be r in
-
l l 10 . Kho k he r c o rn ice
5 . H ut shrin e o f go dde ss Ne it h, e bo n y t ab
-
l et o f Kin g 1 1 . Khe k he r bo rde rs f ro m The b an To m bs
Me n e s 12 .
“
l “
H ie ro g yp h f o r ho use o r to m b
”

6 . H u t s hrin e
-

PL ATE I V: H OU S E an d TO MB
1 G v ra e s te e l
f Kin g Z e t , L o u v re
o 5 I n te rio r o f
f Kin g Z e t s o u th
to m b o a w ll
Pl Pl
. .
,

( We dym u w ) , A bydo s
“ ”
2 a ac e f acade -
o f Kin g De n 6 an o f to m b o f Kin g De n

Pl Pl
. .

3 an o f to m b o f Kin g Me n e s , A bydo s 7 an o f to mb o f Kin g P arabs e n , A bydo s

Pl
. .

4 . an o f T o m b o f Kin g Z e t, A bydo s

PLATE V: TO M BS
1 . Pl an o f to mb f King Khas e k he m ui, A bydo s
o 3 . Pl an of I Dyn . t o m b, Ne gade h
2 . Wo o de n s arc o p hagu s o f I II Dyn .
4 . E x te rio r of I Dyn . t o mb, Ne gade h
x ii I LLU STRAT I ON S
P A GE

P L AT E VI : TO M BS A ND S E RE KH FACAD E
1 Pl an o f to m b 2 1 8 5, S aqqara 5 Wall c o n structio n o f pal ace of S c hun e t e z Z bib
e

Pl P
. .

2 an of to m b 2 0 3 8 , T ar hank 6 Wo o de n s arco p hagu s o f rin c e s s Ne fe rt, Me y

Pl Gi
. .

3 an o f to m b 5, ze h dum
Pl Pl i
.

4 . an o f
“
S c hu n e t ez Z e bib 7 . an of
“
M ddl e Fo rt, Abydo s

PL AT E VI I : SA RC OP H A GI A ND S E RE KH FA CADE
1 . S to n e s arco p hagu s o f Kin g Me n k aura 2 . S to n e s arc o p hagu s o f Fefi

PLATE VIII T OM BS AND S E RE KH FA CADE

:

1 Pl f m b f H S
an o as ta a o e s y, aqq ar a 3 Wo o de n f He sy
do o r, m astaba o

P i d f l d m b f Dj dj m h P
.
.

“
ain te d co rrido r, m as taba o f H e sy
‘
2 a n te a se o o r, asta a o e -
e - o nc 4
P
.
. ,

Abu sit 5 . ain te d n ic he s , m as taba o f H e s y

PLATE IX S E RE KH FA CAD E
1 . Sma ll w
-
oo d c o n struc tio n , c o fiin f ro m T ar han k 4 . Pi
a n te d w oo de n s arc o p hagu s f Kin g Me n tuho te p
o

2 . Wo o d l as hin gs 5 . Dado de co ratio n , to m b o f Q ue e n T yi o f III XV

3 . S to n e s arc o p hagus, L ahun Dyn .

PLATE X T OM BS
:

1 P d i
re yn as t c ro un d gra v e, E l-Am rah 7 Br c ik to mb, Mahasn a
G v wi h
. .

2 . ra e t re ce s s , B -
135 E l-A mrah 8 Bric
. k to m b , 1 5 8 1 Ne gade h
3 . Brick gra v e, B- 5 7 E l-A m rah 9 . Mas taba Ne gade h ,

4 . B i k
r c g ra e , v B- 1 4 , E l Am rah -
10 . Mas taba 1 8 4 5 T ark han
,

5 . B i k
r c gra v e, B- 1 5 E l-Am rah 1 1 . Mas taba K 4 Be t Khall af
,
-

6 . B i k
r c to m b , 3 0 1 4 Ne g ade h 12 . Mastaba R 4 o Re q aq n ah
,
-

P L AT E XI : TO M BS AND A RCHE S
1 . Mas tab a ,
R- 1 Re q aq n ah 4 . Brick v lt t mb 3 au , o 01 4 Ne gade h
2 . Mas tab a o f N e te r Khe t, Be t Kha
-
ll af 5 . B i k
r c h t mb R
arc , o -1 10 Re q aqn ah
3 . A rc he d p as s age , to m b R- 1 Re q aq n ah

PLA T E XII : T O M BS A ND TE M P LE S
1 Mas tab a R 6 2 Re q aq n ah
-
5 Te m p l e o f Oii s r s ( P) II Dyn A bydo s
P
. .
, , .

2 . Mas tab a , R-5 4 Re q aqn ah 6 . ro to dyn as tic te m p e , l A bydo s

3 . Mastaba R- 75 Re qaq n ah
, 7 . S un te m p l e of Ne -
use r-Re , A busir
4 . E ar l l
y te m p e are a, H ie rak o n p o lis

PLA T E XIII : ST E PPE D PY R AM ID AT SA QQ A R A

1 . Pl an o f m o rtuary p re cin c t

PLATE XI V: STE PPE D PYR AM ID AT SA QQ A R A

1 . E x te rio r w ll f p i t t d
a s o re c n c re s o re 4 . C urtain ro ll o f ti el in s te e l do o rw ay o f G re at

2 E x te r io r w ll f m th
a s ro so u To mb
G G
.

3 . B l ue l
ti e d c hamb e r in re at To mb 5 . re at to m b o n so u th w all re s to re d

P L AT E XV : STE PPE D PY R AM ID AT SA QQ A R A
1 . Pl f E t
an oC l d n rance o o nna e 4 . We st p o rc h o f Ha ll of Co l o n n ade s

2 . S ti
ec f H ll f C l
on d o a o o o nna e s 5 . Do o r w ay to w e st po rc h o f Ha ll o f Co l o n n ade s

3 . S k h f c d f h p l i H ll
e re a a e o c a e n a
 I LLU STRATI ON S x iii

PLATE XVI : S TE PPE D PY R A MID AT SA QQA R A

1 . Pl an o f H e b S e d C o urt -
3 . Bac k o f the c hap e s l
2 . C hape l s on w e st side o f He b S e d C o u rt
-
re s to re d

P L ATE XVII : S T E PPE D PYR A M ID AT SA QQA R A

S o u h fa c d f t mp l T Hie ro g yp h f o r l
1
t a e He b S e d
o e e
.
5 . -

2 . C ap i ta l fro m H e b S e d Co urt -
6 H e b S e d p atfo rm o n as e fro m p yram id
-
l v
P
.

3 . o ss ibl e o rigin o f b rac e t c ap ita k l 7 Fe n ce d c o u rt o f a H e b S e d c hap e

. - l
4 . P er-o ur shr in e f ro m Me ydum 8 S e c tio n o f H e b S e d c hap e
.
- l

PL ATE XVI II :STE PPE D PY R AMI D AT SA QQ AR A

1 Facade f S th
o Pl ou e rn a ace
5 S ym bo ic l p apyru s co um n l f acade in c o urt f
Pl Pl
.
o
.

2 . Re s to ra ti f N th
on o o r e rn a ace No rthe rn a ac e

3 Facade f S th
o Pl t
ou d e rn a ac e re s o re 6 S ym bo ic l l o tus co u m n l facade in c o u rt o f S o uthe rn
Pl
. .

T o tem b kt lm
rac f p l
e on co u ns o a ace a ace

XI X : ST E PPE D PY R A M ID AT SA QQA R A
1 . Pl an o f m t y t mp l
o r u ar e e 3 . S e rdab l ki g w oo n e st

2 . Facade o f m t y t mp l
o r u ar e e 4 . Se r d b l ki g
a oo n s o uth

P L A TE XX: ST E PPE D PYR A M ID AT SA QQA R A

1 . S e c tio n o f Pyram id 2 . Pl an o f P yram id

PLA TE XXI : TO M BS
1 IV Dyn Mastaba Gi ze h Q- S e c tio n o f m as taba f S e nw o s re t an h, L isht
o - k
Pl P
. .
,

2 anf s am e
o
l
l o rtc u ll i l k s oc v
in g de ic e , m as taba o f S e n w o s re t
i
.
fi

3 . Mas tabas , f ro m m o de in l Me tro po l tan Mu an kh , Lis ht

s c um o f A rt Ne w Yo r , k

P L AT E XXII T OM BS :

1 Pl f m b f P h
an o as ta a o ta o te p , S aqqara 3 l
Fa s e do o r s te el m as taba o f P taho tcp , S aqq ara
Pl f m b f T
. .
,

2 . an o as ta a o i, S aqq ara

PLATE XXI II : TO M BS
1 . T o m b o f Kin g S he p se s haf , S o u th S aqqara 5 . L am i n ate d v ltau , to m b o f VI Dyn . at: S o u th
2 Nu bian ho u se , S c he llal S aq qara
l i vi
.

3 . Bric k t o m b, VI Dyn S o uth S aq q ara . 6 . S to n e re e ng arc h, to m b o f H e bse d-Ne fe rk ara,

4 .
“
H o u s e -s te l e, to m b o f Kho ub ao ui at S o uth S aqq ara
S aqq ara

P L A TE XXI V : PY RA M IDS
1 B l unt p y ram id, Das hu r 4 Vie wf p yram id at Me ydum
o

i
. .

2 S e ct o n o f s am e !
U Mo rtuary c hap e , pyramid at Me ydum l
i
.

3 . S ect o n o f pyram id at Me ydum

PLATE XXV : PYR A M IDS

1 . P m id
y ra f Khu f u an d Khafra,
s o ize h G 4 . Se ct o n i o f pyram d i o f Khufu
2 . S e c tio n o f k
in g s cham be r, p yram id o f Khufu
’

3 . l
Me tho d o f c o sin g p ass age in so uth pyram id at
Das hur
x iv I LLU ST RATI ON S
P A GE

PL ATE XXVI : PY R A MI DS
1 S e c tio n f p yram id o f S ahure , A b usir
o 3 P yram id o f S e n w o s re t I I , L ahun
i
.
.

2 . S e c tio n l
o f b u ria c ham be r in p yram id o f Am e n e m 4 . E n trance c hap e l
to pyram d o f S e n wo sre t I , L is ht

hc t III, Hawara

P LAT E XXVI I : PY RA MIDS

1 . P m id
yra o f Men tuho te p , De i r e l Bahar
-
i 2 . Pl an o f s am e

PL ATE XXVIII : PY RA M IDA L TO M BS

1, 2 S e c tio n s o f t o m bs , A bydo s ? f Ap s , S aqq ara
To mb o i
P
.

Vie w s o f s am e ” ain tin g f ro m to mb o f Am e n -m e s, The be s

P i
S

5 e rs p e c t i e , v t o m bs 2 90 an d 291 , De r e l- Me din a l
P Re ie f f ro m T he be s
Pl
. ,

T he b e s P an , t o m b D 3 2 , A bydo s -

6 . S e c tio n , to m b at De i r c l- Me din a ,
1 1 . Pl
an , to m b D-8 Abydo s

P LA TE XXI X ROCK C UT T OM BS
: -

1. P l f m b f S h i d M k h A wa
an o to s o a n an e u, s n 3 P lan f Am e n em hat
o ( Ame n ) , i Be ni Has an
Pl f m b f S i p w I A fi
.

2 . an o to o e re n o et , sw n 4 . S e c tio n o f s am e

PL AT E XXX R OCK C UT T OM BS
: -

1 Vi w fe mb B i H
o to s at en as an 5 Pl f an o to m b o f Thutm o se I , no 3 8 , Biban e l
8 B i H
. . .

2 L i l
o tu s mb 7c ap ta to s 1 1 en as an M l k o u

Pl f i
.
, , ,

3 I i f mb f Am
n te r o r mh Bo to o ene at, eniH as an 6 an o to m b o f Ram se s IX, Va ll ey o f the K ngs,
Pi d m i p
. .

4 . a n te il i att n g att e rn on ce n g o f To m b o f The be s

Amm e mh at

PLATE XXXI LATE : TO M BS

1 . Re sto re d p e rspe c ti e v an d se c tio n , to m b o f P ab as a, 3 . R e s to re d vi w
e o f to m b o f P e dam e n o p e t
As as if at The be s 4, 5 S haft to m b, S aqqara
Gi
.

2 . P lan of ro c k -c ut to m b o f P e dam e no p e t, A s as if . 6 .
“
S e c tio n o f C amp be s To m b,
’
ll ze h

PL ATE XXXII CE NOT AP H AND NAOS:

1 In te rio rf C e n o taph o f S e ti I , Abydo s

o " Nao s o f
XI I Dyn , A bydo s M
Pl M
.
. , .

2. an o f C e no tap h o f S e ti I S Nao s , te m p e o f Ho rus, E dfu l

3 . Nao s o f Ram se s II th s u n an d m o o n wi 7 an o f
. Pl
L abyrin th,
”
m o rtu ary te m p l e o f Am en
Abu S im be l e m b at III, H a ara w
4 . N ao s o f Gl
o dsm th s, XX Dyn , Abydo s i .

P L AT E XXXIII MO RT UA RY TE M PLE S :

1 Pl f m l f Kh fi Gi h
an o te p e o a
'
a, ze 3 I n te r ior o
“
f p o rt co i te m p e l re s to re d

Gi h i
. .

m l l
“ ” “ "
2 . I i i
n te r o r p o rt co te p e, ze 4 . Facade of p o rt co te m p e re sto re d

P LATE XXXI V MORT UA RY : TE MPLE S

1 Pl f m l d
an o i te p e an
“
p o rt co te m p l e o f S ahn t e , 3 Mo de l o f S ahure
’
s p o rtico l
t em p e , A bus ir
P
. .

Abusir 4 ap yru s l
c o um n , Abus it
P
.

2 L o tus c ap ita l
f ro m V Dyn m as tab a o f tah 5 Fo re c o urt o f S ahure
’
s te m p e l re sto re d

i
. . . .

S he p s e s , A bus it , in C a ro Mus e um

P L AT E XXXV MO RT UARY TE M P LE S
1 . Re sto re d pe rsp e c ti v e o f te m p es l o f Hatshe ps ut an d 2 . Pl an o f H ats he p sut s ’
te m p e l
Me n tuho tep De ir , e l Bahari
-
 I LLU STRATI ON S XV

PLA TE XXXVI M ORTUA RY : TE M P LE S

1 . Vie w f H ats he p sut s te m p e o o in g e as t, De ir
o
’
l l k 3 . Bal us trade f H atshe p s u t s te m p e
o
’
l
e l Bahari
-
4 . S ere k h f acade o n re tain ing a w ll of Hats he p sut s
’

2 . Balu s trade o f upp e r s tair ay, Hats hep su t s te m w ’

te m p e l
p le

PLATE XXXVI I M ORT UA RY TE MPLE S

1 . C hap e l o f A n ubis, Hatshe p su t s
’
te m p e , l D e ir el Mo rt uary c hap e l , H ats he ps ut
’
s te m p e l
Bahari 9 Te mp l e f A m e n ho te p , s o n o f H ap u , The be s
o

2 . Hatho r c ap ita l fro m ch ape l of H atho r, H ats he p Pl an l

o f t em p e o f S e ti I , Q urn a, The be s

s ut s
’
te m p e l

PL ATE XXXVI II MO RTUA R Y : TE MPLE S

1 I n te rio r o f s e co n d f o re co urt l kioo n g n o rt h, Ram e s I n te rio r o f s e co n d fo re c o urt, l kioo ng w e st

Pl
.

se um , The b e s an o f Ram e sse um

PL A T E XXXIX MORT UA RY : TE MPLE S

1 . S o u th s ide of R am e sse um , The b e s Bric k s to rage v lt au s, Ram e s se um

PLATE XL : M ORT UA R Y TE M PLE S

1 . S e c tio n f fi fo rs t o re co u rt , te m p e l o f Ram se s I II . Pl an o f te m p l e o f Ram s e s II I, Me din e t H abu

PLATE XL I : M O RT U A R Y TE MP E S L
1. E x te rio r f ro m e as t re s to re d, te m p e l o f Ram se s II I , I n te rio r l ki
oo ng e as t, t em p e l f Ram s es III
o

Me din e t Habu S o uth s ide o f te m p e , s ho l wi n g ru in s o f p a ace l an d

2. S o uth l
c o o n n ade o f f o re co ur t with Windo w o f
“
Win do w o f App e aran ce s
”

App e aran c e s ,
”
te m p e l of Ram se s I II

PLATE XLII : TE M P LE S
1 . Mo rt uary c hap e l of Am e n
irdis I, Me din e t H abu 4 . Pl
y o n de p ic te d o n t e m p l e of Kho ns at Karn a k
2 . C ut -s to n e v ltau s in m o rtuary . c hap e l s Me din e t
, 5 , 7 E gyp tian c o rn ic e s
.

Hab u 6 l
Hie ro g yp h f o r
“
ho riz o n o f he a v en

Pl i
.

3 .
y on o f te m p e o f l A te n , as dep c te d in to m bs at

Te ll c l-Am arn a

PLATE XLII I TE M PLE S .

P i l h l f S w
1 er p te ra c ap e o en o sre t I, Karn a k ? Pl an o f the P l
to e m aic Birth H o us e , Edfu
’

P i l m l f Am h P
.

III, E l e p han tin e " l f te m p e lf Ap e t, Karn a k

W Pl
2 te o te p an o o
er p te ra p e o en

3 Pl
.

. f h p ian l m l o t e er p tera te p e o f H atshe p sut, P an of th e Birth Ho us e o f A ugus tus , B e n de ra

-

Buhe n

PL ATE XLIV : TE M P LE S
1. P i
er p te ra l te m p e o l f Hats he p su t, XVI II Dyn Me di T he l with
te m p e additio n s o f the IV c e n tury

P i P
.

net Habu The t mpl

e i th e n e l
to em a c e rio d

2 . T he s am e t e m p l with
e i
addit o n s o f the XXV Dyn .

XLV : TE M PLE OF AMON RE -

, LU X O R
1 . Facade ( re sto ratio n ) Pl an o f the te mp e l

PL ATE XLVI T E M PLE : OF A M ON RE -

, L U X OR
1 . P iv f m l
e rs p e ct e o te p e Fo re co u rt o f A m e n ho te p III f ro m n o rthe as t
x vi I LLU STRA T I ON S
PLA TE XLVII : TE M PLE OF A M ON RE LUXOR -
,

1 . Fo re co urt o f Ram ses II fro m n o rth 2 . Ha ll o f App e arance s f ro m w e st

PL ATE XLVIII : TE M PLE OF AM ON RE KA RNAK -

,

1 . Bird s - e ye
’
vi we 2 . Pl an

P LATE XL IX : TE MPLE OF A MON RE KA RNAK -

,

1 . Vie w w
do n c e n tra ais e o f l l H yp ty l H ll l k
os 3 e a , oo . C o u rt o f the Bu bas tide s , l ki g w t
oo n es , te mp e l o f
in g w
es t t o py o n I l S e ti I I at r ight an d te mpl f R m
e o a ses I II at l e ft
2 . Fro m ro o f o f H yp o s ty e H a l ll l ki
, oo ng n o rth

PL AT E L: TE M P LE OF A M ON RE KA RNAK -
,

1 . Fro m f H yp o s e
ro o a f o tyl H ll l ki g th t oo n nor a 3 . C l e re sto ry wi n do w s o f Hyp o s ty l e Ha ll
l
c e re s to ry in do s w w
2 . Fro m flo o r o f Hyp o s ty e Ha l ll l ki oo ng so uth at

l
c e re s to ry in do s w w

PL A T E LI: TE M P LE S
1 Fe s ti vl a Ha ll o f Thutmo se III, t e mp e l o f A mo n 3 Pl an o f l
te m p e o f S e ti I , A bydo s
i
. .

Re , Karn a k 4 L o o in g k w e st l
a o ng ais e l in f ro n t o f s an ctuar e s ,

Pl
.

2 .
y on IX o f H are m hab , te m p e l o f An i o n -Re , Temp l e o f S e ti I , Abydo s
Karn a k

P L AT E L II : TE M P LE S
1 S an c tuary, te m p l e o f Set i I , Abydo s 5 Pl f m ll
an o s a ro c k -c u t tem p e l o f Ram se s I I, A bu
P lmi
. .

2 to e ac gate wy a te m p e l o f Kho n s , Karn a k S imb l e

Pl f k i
.
,

3 T m l
e p e o f Kho ns , Karn a k 6 an o ro c c hap e l o f H are m hab in q uarr es o f
Pl f G i S i il
. .

4 . an o ro c k -c u t te m p e , l arf H use n s a

P L AT E LIII : TE M PLE S AT ABU SI M BE L

1 Facade of G T m l f R m II
re at e p e o a se s 3 Facade o f sm a ll t e mp e o f l Ram se s I I
Pl
. .

2 . an o f gre at ro c k -c u t te m p e l o f Ram se s II

P L AT E L I V: TE M PLE S OF TE LL E L -A MA RNA
1 . Pl an o f the Per Hai-Ate n -
an d Ge m -A te n 2 . Re s to rat i on of a p art o f A khe tate n s ho wi ng te m

p le o f H at A te n -

PLATE L V: TE M PLE S OF TE LL EL A MA RNA -

Re sto rat i f h G Tm l fA
on o t e re at e p e o te n 2 . Pl an o f G re at Te mp l e o f Ate n

P L AT E L VI : G RZE C O -
R O M A N T E M P LE S
1 S hrin e in ho u se o f P an e hsy T e ll e l-Am arn a 3, 4» 5 P l
to e m aic c ap ita s l
Pl
. .
,

2 . Ro ya l ki k os , Te ll e l Am arn a
- 6 . an o f te m p e l o f H o rus, E df u

PLAT E LVII : TE M P LE OF H ORUS , E DF U

1 . Fo re c o u rt an d py l o n, l ki
oo ng so uth 2 . L o o in g k n o rth fro m to p o f py o n l

PLATE LVIII : TE M P LE OF H ORUS , E D FU

1. Ve s tibu l l ki e oo ng e as t 3 P e rip te ra l Birth-Ho us e
P
.

2 . as sa e g b tw e ee n the w all s
 I LLU STRATI ONS x v ii

PLATE L I X: TE M PLE OF H AT H OR , DE NDE RA

1. E x terio r f ro m w es t s id e 3 Facade
Pl
.

2. an o f te m p e l

PL ATE XL : TE MPLE OF H ATH OR , DE NDE RA

1 Ro o f , l kioo n g s o u th 3 C hap e l o f the Birth-Ho use o f Hatho r
i
. .

2. I n te r or o f ve s tibu e l

PLATE L XI : TE MP LE , KOM O MBO

1 .
3 . Pl an

2 . Vie w fro m s o uthe as t

PLATE LXI I : GREEC O -

R OM A N TE M P LE S
1 . Ph
“
arao h s
’
Be d, P hilze »
t
Pl an o f te m p e l at De ir c l- i
Me d n a
2 . In te rio r o f tem p e l at De ir c l- Me din a 4 . Facade o f te mp e l at E sna

PLATE LXIII : IS LA N D OF P H IL/E

2 . Pl an o f t e mp e s l

PLATE L XIV . H O U SE S
1 S hrin e o k
f Nya an g, Fe n ik an g in Ni o tic S udan l l
S o u -ho u se , Rife h
i
.

2 . C irc u l ar Nile ho u s e , te rra co tta, Muse o Naz o n a e -

l l
S o u -ho u se , Rife h
d ll e e T e rm e , Ro m e So u lh -
o u se , R if e h
3 . H o u s e s, H ie rak o n p o lis So u lh -
o use , Rif e h
4 . l
S o u ho use , Rif e h
- I Hie ro g yp h f o r l “
ho use
”

5 . So u lh -
o use , C airo Muse um

PLATE LXV HO USES :

l
S o u ho us e , C airo
-
Muse um 7 . no l
S o u ho us e ,
3 2 70 , C a ro
-
. i Muse um
Mo de l fro m The ban to mb o k
f Me e t t e , Me t- 8 Ho use m o de , L o u vre
. l
ro p o litan Mus e u m o f A rt, Ne w Yo r k 9 l
S o u ho u se ,
-
no 3 2 73 , C airo Mus e um
Pi
. .

So u l -
ho u s e , Rife h 10 a n tin g o f ho use of Ne b -Am u n , to m b 9 0,
Pl
.

an o f ho use o r garde n tem p l e fro m to m b T he be s

The be s 1 1 Fragm e n t o f so u lh -
o u se , Rife h
Pi
.

l
S o u ho us e , Rif e h
- 12 . c tu re of a ho use , p apyrus o f Nak hte , Britis h
l
S o u ho use , Rife h
-
Mus e um

PLATE L XVI : H O U SE S
1 Vi ll in o as is o f Kharga
age 5 Gree c e -
Ro m an ho us e m o de l
P
.
.

2 ic ture o f ho use to mb 2 5 4 , The b e s 6 Sto n e l

m o de , C airo Muse um
Pl Pl
.
. ,

3 lv
an an d e e atio n o f a ho u s e m o de l o f Am e n e m 7 an o f ho us e , Kahun

Pl
.
.

he t, E l-Be rsha 8 . an o f ho use , Tel l e l—Amarna

4 . Ho use o f Thu tn ufe r, to m b 1 0 4 , The be s

PL ATE LXVII HOUSE S : OF TE LL EL -A MARNA

1 S e c tio n f ho u se T 3 6
o 1 1

Pl
. . .

2 an o f ho u se T 3 6 1 1

P iv
. . .

3 . r ate c hap e l
x v iii IL L U STR A T I ON S
PLATE LXVIII : T OW NS
1 . H ie ro g yp h l of w ll d ity
a e c Mam -
A te n , the P i re c n ct o f the S o uth e rn Poo l ,

2 Wall e d c ity o n l t p l tt
s a e a e e, Lo u v
re Te ll c l-A marn a
Pl Pi iv
.

3 an o f E l Kab a n te d pa vm e ent mo t e fro m Mam -Ate n

vill
.

4 . Mo de l o f gran ary or age

PL ATE LXI X T OWN S :

1 . Pl f K h
an o a un Pl an o f w km or en s
’
to w n, Te ll e l Am arn a
-

P L A TE LXX T OWN S AND PALACE S

:

1 To w n f A ahm e s Abydo s
o Pl an o f the re s ide n c e o f Que e n T yi in p a ace l o f
Pl
. ,

2 an o f the s tro ng ho d at Hie rak o n p o lis l Am e n ho te p III at The be s

G Pl
.

On e s ec tio n o f re at a ace at Te ll e l-Amarn a

PL AT E LXXI PALA CE S :

1 Pl f N h P l
an o T ll o rt a ac e at e c l-A m arn a Pl an o f the Firs t Pl a ac e o f Ram se s I II
Pl f h S d P l
.

2. an o t e e co n a ace o f Ram se s I II at

Me din e t Habu

PL ATE LXXII : PA LA CE S
1 . A udie n ce h ll i th Fi
a n e rs t Pl a ac e o f Ram se s I II 2 . S e c tio n t hro ugh Au die n c e H a ll o f S e co n d Pl
a ace

at Me din e t H abu o f R am s e s III

P L AT E LXXIII : F OR TIFIE D G AT E WAY , ME DI NET H AB U

1 . Facade re sto re d 4 . Vie w l ki g
oo n n o rth w e st

2 S e c tio n l ki
oo ng w e st 5 Reco n s truc tio n o f g ate w ay, te m p e l an d l
p a ace
Pl f hi d fl
.
.

3 . an o t r oo r

PLATE LXXIV P ORT S : AN D G A RDE NS

1 Fo rt de p ic te d in re li fe s o f Ram e sse um E gyp tian p l an o f the e state o f Ate n
Pl vill
.

2 . an f f o rt
o at Se m na Re sto ratio n o f a a

3 . De fe n si e T o v w e r, w oo de n l ab e l , A bydo s

PLATE LXXV : G R AP H I C C ONVEN T IONS

1 S ide e e lv f a s hrin e o n a p ap yrus
atio n o o f XVIII Pl an o f t he G
Te m p e o f Ate n at Am arn a,
re at l
G i
.

Dyn . f ro m ho rab m ade f ro m p ic to ria de scrip t o n s l

2 . Fro n t v ie w o f Am arn a p a ace f ro m l to mb o f The harim o f Kin g A y, us ua y c a e d the ho use ll ll
Me ryra o f Ne f e rho te p

3 . S ide vi w e o f s am e l
p a ace Pl an on o strac o n f ro m The be s

PLATE LXXVI
1 G S hi
re at Gi h p nx at ze e l
Re ie f f ro m Te m p l e o f S e ti I , A bydo s
P
.

2 E i v
gyp t an ase w Mo de rn p ain tin g by ic asso
H d f m mm ifi d S i I
.

3 . ea o u e et

PLATE LXXVII S CULPT URE :

1 S tatue o f Ran o fe r, I V Dyn C airo Muse u m "

W
l k B oc w
dra in g f o r a sp hinx afte r a p apyru s
fi fi P li
. .
,

2 Un n is he d gu re , I II Dyn S aqqara P S m en u t an d rince ss Ne f rure , I II Dyn , Be r XV n

fi P id
. .
, .

Un n is he d s tatu e , S aitic C airo Muse um Muse um

'

3 . er o ,

4 . Am e n ho te p , Son o f H ap u, XVIII Dyn .

, C airo
Muse um

PL ATE LXXVI II PAINTE D C OLUMN S :

1 . L o tus c o um n l o f XI I Dyn asty L o tus c o um nl of VI Dyn as ty

2 . Co l um n f ro m XV I II Dyn asty to m b , T he be s
 BR I C K MA K I NG , T OM B OF RE KH M AR A, T H E BE S

P . E . Ne w b erry, T he Life o f Re k hm ara ( 1 9 00 , P1 . x xx.

ll . EN VI RONME NT

and
RI MIT I VE fl ti ar hite ture i n v r froz n mu i I E gypt how v
u n re hit
ec ve c c s e e e s c.
”
n , e e r, arc ec

tu i th f oz n r o d of habits and ustoms whi h w nt ba k to a fo mati v p iod long

re s e r e ec r c c e c r e er

b for th b ginning of Dynasti history and th adoption of ston a building mat ial T h tud nt
e e e e c e e as er . e s e

of E gyptian ar hit tu to dapt a statement of an E gyptologi t is lik a man who has om lat
c ec re , a s ,
“
e c e e

to th play and b holds b for him the g eat sp tacle of the s ond t but do s not know what has
e e e e r ec ec ac , e

gon b f r x pt in far as the bald and bri f tat ments upon hi p og am

e e o e, e ce so s v to e s e s r r c an er e en

lighten him B fo th w r any buildings whi h to day

. e bre n and admi d in fa t b fo
e re e e c -
c an e se e re , c , e re

th was any r co d d E gyptian w iting or any known kings ruling o v r th whol land E gyptian
e re e r e r e e e ,

c ultu was not only fo m d in a d finit patt rn but it was far f om b ing rud and exp im ntal
re r e e e e , r e c e er e .

T h r alization that a study of E gyptia a hit tu

e e must b gin as far as exi ting monum nt n rc ec re e , s e s are

c on rn d at a tim wh n th fundam ntal t aditions of th ultu w r al ady fix d not only h lps

ce e , e e e e r e c re e e re e e

to xplain many hara t isti s of th building whi h still xist but also th ows a diff e nt light upon
e c c er c e s c e , r re

th part that nvironm nt play d in th ir o igi n and dev lopm nt

e e e e e r e e .

T h pr s nc in E gypt th
e thousand y a s b fo th C hristian E of the a lie t ston a hi
e e e , re e e r e re e ra, e r s e rc

t tu in th hi tory of th wo ld s ms in its lf som p oof of p o ious o iginality ; but any v alu

ec re e s e r ee e e r rec c r

ation of E gyptian ar hit tur whi h a pts its buildings t th i fa e valu whi h judg th m by
c ec e c cc e a e r c e, c es e

th eth ti standa d of our W st r

zs e c ivilization and a sum s that th whol hi to y of E gyptian
r s e e n c , s e e e s r

a hit tu e is p s v d in th ton st u tur must b r vi d wh n it i r aliz d to what xt nt th

rc ec r re e r e e s e r c e s, e e se e s e e e e e

ston monum nts we ulptu al r produ tions of ven rat d and traditional typ whi h o iginat d
e e re sc r e c e e es c r e

in wood and bri k c .

A tually a hit tu n v r to k shap in stone Without th p imitive p ototyp s to furni h the

c rc ec re e e o e . e r r e s

c ustomary fo m and u age th we no t u tural and utilita ian r asons to omp l th E gyptians
r s , e re re s r c r e c e e

to t th ir fi st ton buildings in th labo at d o ati v e f a hion whi h th y so t na iou ly p

cu e r s e e e r e ec r s c e e c s re

se rv d for thousands of y a s A f as any a hit tu al n sity was involv d the a ly olumns

e e r . s ar rc ec r e ce s e , e r c

and ar hitrav s might as w ll hav b n ough hewn and ud pro v id d th up ight w st ong
c e e e ee r cr e, e e r s e re r

e nough to support thei ho izontal load It m ly b gs th qu tion and int odu s a fal it ion
r r . e re e e es r ce se cr er

into our tudy of this ar hit tu e if w suppose that th ton forms arose from th i stin tive
s c ec r e e s e e n c

3
4 EGYPTI AN ARC H I TE C T URE
es
z th t i desi es of the E gyptian race T h
e c probl m of th xt nt to which the E gyptians had
r . e e e e e an

as th ti attitude towards ar hit tu

e c can b mor p ofitably dis u d in th last hapt r At this point c ec re e e r c ss e e c e .

it i pe haps enough for thos who so mu h ab tra t beauty and reativen ss in E gyptian hi
s r e se e c s c c e arc te c

tur to explain why th E gyptians want d a ton ar hite tu and why th y w nt to su h endl ss
e e e s e c c re , e e c e

trouble in th ir of stone S om signifi an must b atta h d to th fa t that the earliest methods of

e u se . e c ce e c e e c
‘

building w r not in ton and that ston th oughout h whol history of E gypt was only u d for
e e s e, e, r t e e , se re

ligi and s pul h al monum nts Th imm tabl mold of on vati m in whi h E gyptian ivilization
o us e c r e . e u e c se r s c c

was t at su h an a ly p iod is proof in it lf that ston ar hit tu ame into xi ten in o d r to

se c e r er se e c ec re c e s ce r e

pre rv som thing v n at d and un hang abl

se e e e er e c e e .

E nvironm nt suppli s th materials and the onditions of lif but in th end is not th only fa tor
e e e c e, e e c

in shaping h mat ial to a style of a chit tur P hy i al nv i o m nt is f quently over mphasiz d

t e er s r ec e . s c e r n e re e e

as th fo mati v lem nt in th gen si of a civilization M not nature mak s a styl of hi

e r e e e e e s . an , , e e arc te c

tu A ultu is th oil adapt d to th will of man S om w it ha v in i t d that E gypt had no

re . c re e s e e . e r e rs e s s e

c ultu but only an a quir d civilization th p odu t of int ud s who found lif easy in su h an
re , c e , e r c r er e c

artifi ial hothous H rodotus wrote E gypt i a qui d land and h gift of h Nil and v r
c e . e ,
“
s c re t e t e e,
”
e e

sin his statem nt h b n quot d in n arly v ry book on E gypt as if it enti ly xplain d all th
ce e as ee e e e e re e e e

p uliariti s of th land and its fo ms of xp ion E gypt to day has very littl wood of any ar hi
ec e e r e re ss .
-
e c

t t
e c ura l valu and th fo h nvironm ntali ts insist that wood ould not ha v e played an impor
e, e re re t e e e s c

tant pa t in the o igin of the stone fo ms of E gyptian building B ause th bo d ing hills
r r r . ec e r er are

flat some romantic mod ns

, a refle tion of this nvironm ntal motif in th flat low ma s of er se e c e e e ss e

the t mples igno ing th fa t that f a thousand y a s or mo e the dw llings of E gypt did not
e , r e c or e r r e

hav flat roofse .

T h misint rp tation both of the origin of the ultu

e and th signifi an e of th ar hit ture as
e re c re e c c e c ec

a r fl tion of th phy i al conditions arises b cau by th tim E gyptian forms were e o d d in

e ec e s c e se e e r c r e

ston and h n availabl for study th ulture was alr ady t into a rigid and som what artifi ial
e, e ce e , e c e se e c

r p tition of v n rat d and h n signifi ant forms By 3

e e e nvi onment in its broad t sens
e e e ce c . 000 e r es e

was a b fi t tyrant which had al eady impo ed a monotonous mimesis upon the n ssary rou
ene ce n r s e ce

tin of lif
e e .

T h human el m nt i the drama assume greater importanc and the P r dynasti

e e e g tak s on n s e e c a e e

great r signifi an when an E gyptologist like N wberry writes T h ag i ultural E gyp t of mod n
e c ce e ,
“
e r c er

tim s is as mu h the gift of man as it is of th Nil W

e c a ustom d h w ite to ga d e e .
” “
e are cc e ,
”
e r s,
“
re r

E gypt as a pa adis as the m st fertile ount y in the wo ld wh r if w but s at h th soil and

r e, o c r r , e e, e cr c e

sc att se d we have only to wait and gath r th ha vest T h G k spoke of E gypt as th mo t

er e , e e r . e re e s e s

fit pla e for th fi t g n rations of m for th r th y said food was alway r ady at hand and
c e rs e e e n, e e, e ,
s e ,

it took no labour to s u e an abundant supply B t th b no doubt that th E gypt today i a

ec r . u e re c an e e s

v ry diff e nt pla e f om h E gypt of p ag icultural tim s T he e has b n a g at but gradual

e re c r t e re — r e . r ee re , ,

c hange in the physi al ondition of the whol oun try c c e c .

”1

P E N wb
1 . Fi l d
. f A h l i l R
e h P di
e rry, f h iih A
E gyp ti i [ h as a e o n t ro p o o g c a e se arc , ro c e e ngs o t e Br t s sso c at o n or t e

Advan c e m e n t o f S ci e n ce , L i v e rp o o l
 ENVI RON ME NT
T h change was a desi cation of N or h Af i a I
e ff t upon h nomadi hunte s who f orm ly c t r c . ts e ec t e c r er

wand d th gras land whi h

e re now a d t is f o th by T oynb H xplain v y l a ly
e s- s, c are e se r , se t r ee .
2
e e s er c e r

how h hallenge f natu for d th fo fath r of h E gyptians ith to f ollow th i

t e c o ding re ce e re e s t e e er e r re c e

habitat into h S udan wh r th y ould ontinu to li v an a y but un v ntful xist n or plung

t e , e e e c c e e e s e e e e ce , e

into th marsh s of th D lta and e volv an ag i ultural ultu by hanging th ir habit utting
e e e e e rc c re c e s, c

dit h c s uing land f om h wat of th N il and in doing mak a w so ial nv i onm nt

e s , re c r t e e rs e e, so e ne c e r e .

Onc th initial hang w mad f om a nomadi xi t n on h t pp s to an ag i ultural lif

e e c e as e r c e s e ce t e s e e r c e

along h riv r the fundam ntal habit f E gyptian i v ilization w oot d T h n h phy i al
t e e , e s o c e re r e . e t e s c en

i
v ro n m t as it was gi v n u f ln s by h
en , outin f human ff ort a t d it lf I h d h e se u e s t e r e o e , sse r e se . n t e en t e

r i v and all it m ant in h li f of man mad a stultifying hothous wh e v y p odu t ontinu d

er e t e e e e er e er r c c e

f orthousands of yea s to be r produced t u to type r e r e .

THE N ILE T h N il b inging its yearly off e ing of i h lif giving mud flows north to th
. e e, r r r c , e- , e

M dit an an through a nar ow vall y t ff by h li ff f om th d y ba n wast of th d

e e rr e t r e cu o t e c s r e r , rre e e e se r

on eith r sid T h total a a f E gypt do s not ex d

e e . qua mil s and of thi only
e re o e ce e s re e , s

squa mil s habitabl and a me

re e apabl of ulti v ation Y t this bit of land littl la g r
are e re are c e c . e , e r e

than th kingdom of B lgium upp t d about

e p opl and still t m with a startling e , s o r e e e ee s va

i ty of lif
r e e .

L i v ing was ompa ati v ly asy in th vall y on ag i ultu and a prot ting so ial y tem w e
c r e e e e ce r c re ec c s s er

d v lop d E v y y a th N il o with osmi pr i ion to flo d it banks and d po it th f til

e e e . er e r e e r se c c ec s o s e s e er e,

bla k a th b ought down f om A f i a With lativ ly littl ff o t on th p t f man thi mud und r
c e r r r r c . re e e e r e ar o s e

th int n
e h at of th sun yi ld d s v al ops a y ar I t is no wond that th E gyptian wo ship d
e se e e e e e er cr e . er e s r e

th iv and w ot hymn in ado ation of it P rai to th O Nil that i h f rom th a th and

e r er r e s r :
“
se e e, e, ss ue t e e r ,

c om th to nou i h E gypt Of hidd n natu a darkn in th day T hou that m it t fo th gi ving

e r s . e re , e ss e . vo es r ,

th fi lds to d ink and making trong th p opl T h y a ly y l f ba n d yn s and magi al ” 3

e e r s e e e . e e r c c e o rre r e s c

growth play d a ompelling part in th p petuation of E gyptian habit I t gav a monotonous gu

e c e er s. e re

l i y to t h o d
ar t of lif whi h w r fl t d in th itualisti on vati m f all E gyptian fo ms of
e r er e c as e ec e e r c c se r s o r

exp ssion and th Nil its ator a v d as p man nt a hann l in th r ligious thought of E gypt
re , e e, c re , c r e er e c e e e

as it did in th o ks of its iv b d T h y t mbl that b hold th Nil in full flood Th fi lds

e r c r e r— e .
“
e re e e e e . e e

laugh and th iv r bank fl w d T h gods o ff ings d

e r nd th visag of man is bright
e s are o ve r o e . e
’
er e s ce , e e ,

and th h a t of th god joi th Although th Bla k L and a t d lik an in ubator to at

e e r e s re ce .
” 4
e
“
c
”
c e e c c re e

lif and t adition at an in dibly a ly dat th w an in lination f its oasis ultu to b

e r s cre e r e, e re as c or c re e

com formali d ; su h a y r gula ity and d p nd n upon th oil in th d t nd d to dis ourag

e ze c e s e r e e e ce e s e en e e c e

initiati v and imp d a ritual up n th oci ty and its t T h R d L and of th d rt at th sam

e o se o e s e ar . e
“
e
”
e e se e e

tim s v d as a ba i to prot t th o ial institution and was th fo ondu i v to an inb d

e er e rr e r ec e s c s e re re c c e re e

ing of id as Th isolation of th vall y how v r w mo m ntal than phy i al ; E gypt f om p imi

e . e e e , e e , as re e s c r r

2 A .
I To yn be e A
.
, S tudy o f H is to ry , 2d e d . I , p 3 05 ; E . . Me ye r , Ge sc hic hte de s Alte rt u m s I, 2 .

“
H ym n in A do ratio n o f th e N i e ,
3 l "
A . E rm an , T he Lite rature o f t he A n cie n t E gy ptian s p . 1 46; A . Mo re t ,

T he Nile an d E gyptian Civiliz atio n

4 “
Py mid Tra e xt,
"
A E rm an ,
. op . e it .,
p . 10 .
6 EGYP T I AN ARC H I TEC TU RE
tive times had xt nd d conta ts with other r gio ns by trade and war ; it suff ered many invasions ;
e e e c e

but in th d its nvi onment always a imilated the invader and p pet uat d its own time honor d
e en e r ss er e -
e

traditions .

T HE C LI M A T E T h most obvious of the many environm ntal fa to s is limate Th b illiant

. e e c r c . e r

sun light int ns h at s arcity of rain whi h amounted to arid d yn ss in Upper E gypt and the b
, e e e , c , c r e , a

s nce of any severe hanges of t mperature undoubtedly aff t d the d v lopm nt of archit ctu e
e c e , ec e e e e e r .

Windows in a land wh r light had su h searing int nsity w d v loped larg ly for v ntilation
, e e c e , e re e e e e .

T h e rli st typ s of hous s had u v d roofs mad of b nt r ed or bran h s ; but certainly by Dy

e a e e e c r e e e e s c e

nastic times th was no climatic n ssity for sloping roofs to sh d rain T h r fo e as soon th
e re e ce e . e e r , as e re

w tools apable of cutting large igid timb s t h oofs began to b flat At an early tim th flat
e re c , r er ,
e r e . e e

r oof was u d as a t a whe e mu h of th work and r laxation of th home be am b a abl in

se e rr ce r c e e e c e e r e

t h co l of the evening
e o .

I t was th ab n however of any indoor hearth whi h most d finit ly influen ed the volution 5
e se ce , , c e e c e

of th house typ s C ooking for the most part took place in th open ou tya d or on the roof and
e e . e c r r ,

su h h at as was d sirabl within the hous during the wint r month was supplied by brazi rs that
c e e e e e s e ,

is f tho f w who ould a ff o d su h omfort Without th nece ity of th h a th wher th family

, or se e c r c c . e ss e e r , e e

could gath r about the glowing fi and the smoke would s ap f om und r th high roof E gyptian
e re e c e r e e ,

hous s as they g w in siz and omfort had no r ason to retain the o iginal singl room d stru tu
e ,
re e c , e r e- e c re .

I nstead the interio s ould be divided by light pa titions of wo od b i k or hangings into airy and
,
r c r , r c , ,

v ntilat d arrangements of rooms op ning ff the ntral hall A lso a r sult of the limat th
e e e o ce . as e c e e

open ou tyard in f ont of the h use be am an ess ntial l m nt of th d w lling wh r mu h of the

c r r o c e e e e e e e e e c

a tivity of th hom took pla out f do s I fa t th un oof d en lo u e at fi t round and lat r

c e e ce o
- — o r . n c e r e c s r , rs e

e tangular whi h must hav b n th p ototype of the ou tyard w probably

r c ,
c of the a li t e ee e r c r , as o ne e r es

and most rudim nta y fo ms of shelt r in E gypt e r r e .

6

T HE M A TE RI A LS Availabl mat rial w r a s cond nvi onm ntal fa tor whi h xert d an
. e e s e e e e r e c c e e

obvious influ n upon th m thods of building T h se mat rials on id d in th ord r in whi h

e ce e e . e e , c s e re e e c

th y w re adopt d f on truction wer varied a nd a essibl

e e e or c s , e cc e.

su h as d t lk and small b all

" l
Pli bl m t i l
1 . ha p m f
e d p py a er a s , h c re e s , ru s e s, a ro n s, a rus s a s ran c e s—

growing along th banks of the Nile w r u d to mak th primitiv sh lt rs b aus th y did not
e —
e e se e e e e e ec e e

r quire tools and ould b gath d bound tog th r and int rwov n by h d
e , c e e re ,
e e , e e l
an .

M d from the iv r was th n xt mate ial to b adopted by th a ly build rs and ver sinc
2 . u r e e e r e e e r e , e e

has r main d h h ap t asi st and most ommon building mat ial f th count y At fi t it w
e e t e c e es ,
e e , c er o e r . rs as

probably pla t d onto d latti wo k and wov n mats and lat r was used t mak olid mud
s e re re e ce r e , e o e s

walls L ike th a li wattl on t u tion th pliabl mud requi ed no tools

. e e r er e c s r c e e r .

5 l
T he c e n tra he arth o c c urs in the Ne o ith ic p e rio d (se e pp l . 20, but disapp e ars in the l ate r p rimiti v e h o use s .

6 See
p 23 . .

7A L uc as, A n cie n t E gyptian Mate rials an d I n du strie s , 2 d

. e d. p .
42 .
 EN VI RON MEN T 7

3 W d although s ar e in h v all y in hi to i tim n v rth le s played a mor impo tant

. oo , c c t e e s ce s r c e s, e e e s e r

pa t in th origin of many E gyptian a hit tu al f o m than is g n ally r aliz d T h

r e indi a rc ec r r s e er e e . e re are c

tions that v g tation was mo luxu iant in p imitiv tim s than du ing Dynasti history T h local
e e re r r e e r c . e

woods whi h uppli d timb rs of small dim n ions to b u d for the on t u tion of boat and hous s
, c s e e e s e se c s r c s e ,

c onsist d f p lm y m and e i F
o om pu p s th and t m i /c w u d E b y
a , s ca o re , ac ac a . or s e r o se o rn a ar s e re se . on ,

by th I Dyna ty w b ought down f om th S udan and fi pi

e s d , and yp w im
as r r e , r, ne, ce ar , c re s s
8
e re

po t d prin ipally in th D lta f om a v y a ly p iod T h whol hi to y f E gyptian ft man

r e ,
c e e , r er e r er . e e s r o c ra s

ship giv s vid n e f a highly d v lop d t hniqu of wo d wo king T h xt m ly a ly

e e e c o of e e e ec e o -
r . e e re e e r u se

th ha d
e d a a ia whi h was
r , t s al
re hap and a f ully fitt d tog th h ws h E gyptian habit
c c , c cu c e -s e c re e e e r, s o t e

of wo king in th availabl small pi of wood T hi habit and n ity had an v id nt b aring up n

r e e e ce s . s e ce s s e e e o

th ub qu nt ton a hit tu
e s se e s e rc ec re .

4 B i /c in its tu n , was ith r d v lop d naturally f om plast d mud whi h m h mor

9
. r e , r e e e e e r e re c se e s t e e
,

lik ly was int odu d f om M opotamia h oth old fluvial i vilization long b f o h d of
e ,
or r ce r es , t e er c , e re t e en

t h P dyna ti p iod T h mud of h Nil mad

e re s x ll nt b i k wh n d i d in h fi
c er ays of . e t e e e e ce e r c e r e t e e rc e r

th e By the d f th III Dynasty th E gyptians w ma t of u h ntial f b i k ar hi

s un . en o e e e re s e rs s c e ss e s o r c c

t tur as h a h and h v ault Kiln bak d b i k w almo t n v r us d and h f w xampl of

ec e t e rc t e .
-
e r c as s e e e , t e e e es

glaz d til app a ing in a highly d v lop d t hniqu in both th I and III Dyna ti p o v that it
e e, e r e e e ec e e s es, r e

w asnot t hni al igno an v n at an a ly dat whi h k pt h E gyptian f om d v loping th

ec c r ce , e e e r e, c e t e s r e e e

p ibiliti of thi m thod f wall d o ation and p ot tion T h p nt m thod f making

o ss es s e o ec r r ec .
10
e re se e o

s un -dri d b i k in E gypt i h am
e is pi tu d on th wall of a Middl Kingdom tomb and is
r c s t e s e as c re e e

e v id n of h xt m on vati m of th land
e ce t e e re e c se r s e .

Although E gypt had an old and f ully d v lop d t adition of b i k a hit tu h n v volv d e e e r r c rc ec re , s e e er e e ,

as did M opotamia a monum ntal styl in thi mat ial Whil b i k ontinu d to b h mo t m
es ,
e e s er . e r c c e e t e s co

mon building mat ial th oughout E gyptian hi tory it was us d mo for p a ti al on t u tion than
er r s , e re r c c c s r c

for impo tant monum nts T hi utilita ian attitud towa d b i k and h lati v ly udd n shift to
r e . s r e r s r c t e re e s e

ston for eligiou and s pul hral a hit tur annot be xplain d by the m a s ibility of stone
e r s e c rc ec e c e e e re cc e s

th oughout th l ngth of th v ll y S ton w always a ibl and h ultimat E gyptian m thod

r e e e a e . e as c ce ss e, t e e e

of qua ying it by slow pulv izing blow f a ton hamm ould hav o iginat d at almo t any
rr , er s o s e er c e r e s

e a ly dat T h f or its ompa ati v ly sudd n adoption f monum ntal a hit tu i an a toni hing
r e . e re e c r e e or e rc ec re s s s

e v nt pr supposing a highly o ganiz d and di t d nt al gov nm nt If t adition w

e , e dominat r e re c e ce r er e . r as as

ing it m to hav b n th mu t hav b n a g at n ity or omp lling d si whi h l

as se e s e ee , e re s e ee re e c e ss ,
c e e re , c a

t
e re d h habitual routin imp ll d h build s to und tak
t e h di ffi ult ta k f qua ying and e, e e t e er er e t e c s o rr

c utting ston for th ir t mpl s and tomb and b ought about th fi t lithi a hit tur in h hi to y
e e e e s, r e rs c rc ec e t e s r

of h wo ld
t e r .

5 S t although
. it was both pl ntiful
o ne, and a ibl w not u d in any eal a hit tu al s n e cce ss e, as se r rc ec r e se

until h III Dyna ty L im

t e and d w both om mon and asily t f om th liff
s .
11
e sto n e s an s to n e e re c e cu r e c s

3 A L uc as, A nc ie n t E gyptian
. Materials an d I n dustrie s, p .
3 79 .

9 A L uc as , o p cit , p 4 3 , gi v es l
b ib io grap hy
P
. . . . .

e trie , A bydo s , I I, p p
1°
. 2 5, 48 .

11 L uc as , o p. c t i .
, p .
45 .
8 EGYPT I AN ARC H I TEC TURE
whi h flank d th valley G it while occurring in va ious lo alities was most accessible in the
c e e . ran e, r c ,

g eat ledg s crossing th vall y to fo m the catara ts of h N il T h pink and g ay g anit of A w fi

r e e e r c t e e . e r r e s n

was most favored I addition to thes principal building stones various u s w r also made of b lt
. n e , se e e as a ,

schi t hard q
s ,t it and soft l b t uar z e, a a as e r .

T H E S OC I A L C ONDIT ION S S o ial ustoms and b li fs w r a mo important pa t of th . c c e e e e re r e

g n ral nvironmental matrix out of whi h th a hit ture was fo m d than w

e e e limat or v n c e rc ec r e e re c e e e

availabl mat rials With this a pe t of th human n vi onm nt it i no long a qu tion of simpl
e e . s c e e r e s er es e

and logical equen e in whi h rtain r ligious b li fs and o ial in titution gav is to p ifi fo ms
s c c ce e e e s c s s e r e s ec c r

of archit tu T h e e sity f ar hit tu grew with h n d f mo laborate in titutions and

ec re . e n c s or c ec re t e ee or re e s ,

in many as s a hite tu had mu h influ n in formulating id as as ustoms had in d v loping

c e rc c re as c e ce e c e e

ar hit ture T here is an unfo tunat igidity in human thinking whi h un ons iously wo ks to for
c ec . r e r c c c r ce

any unifi d pro ss of ation into a ational although un al s qu n whi h h mind

e ce follow
c re r ,
re , e e ce c t e c an

st p by step T his mental limitation whi h is fl t d in

e . languag makes it diffi ult b th to ,
c re ec e o ur e, c o see

and d s ib a natu al volution T h v y n c ity of b ginning and nding a v bal d c iption

e cr e r e . e er e e ss e e er es r

of intri at hange involv s hoi and the inher nt t ifi i lity of an impo d s qu n

c e c e c ce e ar c a se e e ce .

E gypti n id as s em distant and unreal without art to giv th m appr iable form and th ir art
a e e e e ec , e

s ms strang and ev n in omp h nsibl without ideas to give it m aning T her fo th lea t arti
ee e e c re e e e . e re e s

fi i l approa h to th unity of th E gyptian outlook as refl t d in th ar hit tur i to omit th

c a c e e , ec e e c ec e, s e

human quation f om it logi al pla in th g n ral nvironment and inst ad d velop the basi id as
e r s c ce e e e e , e e c e

of th so ial institutions along with th a hit ture whi h embodied th m O in titution how v r
e c e rc ec c e . ne s , e e ,

and its ramifications so ompl t ly dominat d all oth rs that it qui sp ial mphasis P ra ti ally
, c e e e e re re s ec e . c c

all xtant E gyptian t wh th r s ulptural graphic

e a hit toni was in som s ns mo tua y
ar , e e c , , or rc ec c, e e e r r .

T his does not m an how v r that t h E gyptian was always w igh d down with hi thoughts of d ath
e , e e ,
e e e s e .

Actually h had a h ful and hildlik njoym nt of lif and for p a ti al pu po s d v lop d a ivi
e c e er c e e e e, r c c r se e e e c c

archit tu in b i k of whi h w know v ry little N v rth l ss th ritual and b li fs on ning

ec re r c c e e . e e e e , e e e c ce r

death mo t d finit ly hap d ar hit tu T h Middl Kingdom p t in his poem A Dispute with
s e e s e c ec re . e e o e ,
“

his S oul of O who is T i d of L if voi ed what was nev far f om th E gyptian s mind wh n h
ne re e,
”
c er r e
’
e e

w ote D ath is b fore me today T h E gyptian s ob s ion with d ath and his un nding eff o t
r ,
e e .
” 12
e
’
se s e e r

to obtain immortality was a qu st for tainty whi h it will b s n go s far to xplain th t na i ty e ce r c , e ee , e e e e c

of his t aditi ns the d spotism of hi priesthood and th unyi lding on rvati m of ar hit tural
r o ,
e s ,
e e c se s c ec co n

ve nti But b fore th effects of these ideas can b developed in an archit tural s quen e an his
o ns . e e e ec e c ,

t i l framework is ne essary
o r ca c .

THE C H RO N OLOGY T h long and int i ate history of E gypt can be ompress d into ig ifi . e r c c e s n

cant p ri ds P r dynasti history is in th pro ss of b ing dis ove ed and important as this p riod
e o . e c e ce e c r ,
13
, e

12 A E rm an , T he L iterature o f the A n cie n t E gyptian s , p 9 1

. . .

1 3A S charfi , Die A ltert um er de r Vo r un d Fruhz e it Ae gypte n s

' '

( Mitt . aus d. Ae g . S am mlu ng , Be r in , l 1 93 1 , Vo l . I V) ,

P i
.

l
E in e itun g ; e tr e , P re histo ric E gypt
I O EGYPT I AN ARC H I TEC TURE

T HE P ERI O S D
PR E D Y N A S T I C , 6 000 -
c .
3 2 00
O L D K1 N GDOM , c .
3 200 ( 9 7)
31 E c —c
. . . 25 0
4
iod Dy
T hin ite Pe r , n . I 8c I I ,
. c .
3 20 0—c . 2 78 0
15

M m phit P iod Dy
e e er , n . II I V, -
c . 2 78 0—c . 2 54 0

Dyn VI I II ( Me
.
-
V e ) , c 2 54 0—c 2 36 0 mphit . .

D yn I X X ( H e rak le o po litan ) , c 23 6 0—c 2 1 6 0

.
-
. .

M DD I L E KI NGD OM , Dyn . XI XII, - 2 1 6 0- 1 785

Dyn I II . X ( en b
d o f T he an Pe riod ) , 1
758 —c 1 68 0 .

Dyn XI V .
-
XVI I ( H yk o s s Pe r iod ) , c . 1 68 0— 1 58 0

N E w K1N GDOM Dyn XVIII XX 58 -

1 0 - 1 1 00

y ia
.
, ,

Dyn XXI (E
.
- XXV gypt d L iby m un er an i
e rc e n ar e s , t iopian
E h s, Ass r ns ) , 1 1 00 -663

S A 1T 1c RE S T ORAT 1ON
'

, Dyn . XXVI ,
6 63

Dyn . XVII XXXI -

( P e rs ia n do m i tina on ) , 5 25— 332

6 . G RE GG -
R OM A N P ER1 0 D, 33 1 3 c .-33 o A D
. . .

Pt l mai 33
o e c, 1 — 30

Roma 3 n, 0 3 c — 33 0 A D
. . .

15
Th i s is m difi i
a o cat o n of Me ye r s ’
or igi na l date o f 2 8 9 5.
2 . T H E FO RMA TI O N OF I DE A S

P E OP LE f el that archit tur as an art is limit d in some mysterious way to monu

ANY e ec e, , e

m ntal and labo at buildings whil all l i m e utilita ian onst u tion unworthy of the
e e r e , e e se s er r c r c ,

artisti label I na mu h as E gyptian a hit tur was always t toni and from the E gyptian v i w
c . s c rc ec e ec c , e

p int highly utilita ian it is ss ntial to igno all qu tions of artisti valuation until all th i
o ,
r , e e re es c e ev

d n is pres nted and the qu stion of th E gyptian s th ti njoym nt of a hit tu

e ce e be e e
’
a
es e c e e rc ec re c an re

v i w d H istori ally and i ti ally it is mo omp h nsibl and obj tive to dis a d th ti
e e . c cr l c re c re e e ec c r a
es e c v a ua

a ti and a m that a hit tur b gan wh n th fi st h lt rs w

o ns ss u e t d Ar hit tu was on th
rc ec e e e e r s e e e re e re c e . c ec re e

way to b oming som thing mo than m on t u tion wh n simpl huts a qui d in th imagina
ec e re e re c s r c e e c re e

tion of m th ignifi an of a type an id al a on pt to whi h was asso iat d m aning and im

en e s c ce , e ,
c ce , c c e e

po tan e On e m b gan to valu th ir str ture no matt r how impl and fo m d th habit
r c . c en e e e uc s, e s e, so r e e

of thinking of th m as som thing mo than physi al prot tion the m on t uction w l vat d
e e re c ec , e re c s r as e e e

into art v n if th was no ons ious njoym nt f th sults an sth ti xp i n u h as a

, e e e re c c e e o e re as a
e e c e er e ce s c

mod n man may xp i n in th pr s n of a wo k of t A ft that th kind and am unt of sig

er e er e ce e e e ce r ar . er , e o

n ifi whi h was p nt in a h building b cam a matt r of d g r lati v to th vi wpoint and

c an c e c re s e e c e e e e re e e e e e

pr judi s of subs qu nt iti s

e ce e e cr c .

T h only way to a qui e ev n a slight insight into th pa t so that we may b gin to its r a
c re e e s , e se e c e

tiv ff o ts with a sympathy approa hing und rstanding i to xamin th b ginnings of id as and
e e r c e , s e e e e e

follow th i v olution an xp ion of cultural xp i n Oth wi E gyptian a hit tur must

e r e as e re ss e er e ce . er se rc ec e

s m in xpli ably st ang or b autifully xoti

ee e c r e e e c .

E gypt i the old t ount y with a om parativ ly ontinuous d v lopm nt f om a primitiv stag
s es c r c e c e e e r e e

of so ial thinking to an labo ate and highly organiz d tat of ivilization whi h is r fl t d in th
c e r e s e c c e ec e e

a hit tu Id a chang slowly and mu h of th fas ination of E gyptian t quit apa t from it
rc ec re . e s e ,
c e c ar , e r s

for and early p odu tivity is its m g ifi t p p t ti

ce r d m b dim t f p im iti
c b li f ,
a n ce n er e ua on an e o en o r ve e e s .

M in th slow and di ffi ult poc ss of volving to ls and id as for th two w mutually d
an , e c r e e o e , e e re e

pend nt had to work f om th known to th unknown E v n in pe iods of reativ in entiv hi

e , r e e . e r c e c e s

g at st inventions and most xalt d id as h v b n built up n past experi n e hav tak n shap
re e e e e a e ee o e c , e e e

gradually and at no stage in th ir d v lopm nt ha v e th y b n mo than an inspir d appli ation

, e e e e e ee re e re - c

of known forms and on pt E gyptian a hite ture is a g aphic re ord of this ins tin tiv ons rvatism
c ce s . rc c r c c e c e .

L if for man has always b n a struggl mor d sp rat und r p imitiv onditions than it i to
e ee e, e e e e e r e c s

day P imitiv man u h as th a ly nomadic hunters in the Nil v all y in a lif and d ath battl
. r e , s c e e r e e , e e e

with th fo ces of natur wo king with limit d und standing and imp f ct inst um nts was fo d
e r e, r e er er e r e ,
rce

to think only of prote tion P rot tion meant shelt r food and th p opitiation of tho e phenom na
c . ec e , ,
e r s e

of nature which threatened him d ov r whi h he had no ontrol P t ti b th i th b gi i g an e c c . ro e c o n, o n e e nn n

I !
12 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TE C TU RE
an d thro ugho ut t he his to ry o f E gypt , w as t he co m pe llin g in c e n tive w hic h bro ught abo u t all t he e sse n

tials o f ea ly stages of this Q u t for C rtainty the hous in its simplest and
arc hite c t u re . In the r
“
es e
”
e,

crud st b ginnings was man s fi t ar hit tural eff ort Th

e e
p f th h
t m t th f
,
’
rs c ec . e co n c e o e o u se us , er e o re ,

u n de rlie all s u bs e que n t arc hite c t ur al n e e ds .

im man came to nj oy and suff r imaginative xp ri n e of lif H dr amt about his de

In t e e e an e e e c e . e e

part d an to s thought wond ingly of his own lif in the h r aft r d ad d the pos ibl a tion of
e ce s r , er e e e e , re e s e c

di mbodi d and unhappy spi its who t oubl d his mind and so vol v d a on ption of lif aft r
se e r r e , e e c ce e e

d ath I n vitably this on ption was on t u t d out of his exp i n s in a mat ial wo ld S th
e . e c ce c s r c e er e ce er r . o e

d ad r qui d dw llings weapons fo d and all that would mak an v la ting xist n e omp
e e re e , , o , e e er s e e c c re

he n s ible T he ide a f t he t o mb as an e te r n al ho m e fo r t he de ad had o ri i ate in m an m in d

'
. o to g n s as a

re
plica o Wh n th standa d of physi al omf o t and o ial di tin tion
f t he dwe llin g o f t he livin g . e e r c c r s c s c te

qui d mo and mor labo at physi al p ot tion th ac ommodations for th d ad kept pa with
re re e e r e c r ec , e c e e ce

thos for th living

e e .

T h ne d of th t mpl a os la t T h fi t t m pl w
e e ly h lt f t h di i ity
e de e r e s . e rs e es er e on s e e rs or e v n , an , as

s uc h, t he y w e re ho u s e s f t he livin g f
tran s o r m e d radu all a re ligio us u s e , t he re by ac
o
g y to quirin g a new

s ign i Any gen aliza tion howev r n e sary it is when dealing with a o ial ompl x of ideas
fican c e . er , e ec s s c c e

and instin ts only approximate the t uth I g n ral th awakening of a r ligi ous instinct in
c , c an r . n e e , e e

primitive man began with f ti hism in whi h sp ifi ro ks trees é lith and f atu es of the land e s , c ec c c , , a ro s, e r

s ape w e gi v n magi al signifi an e Mu h of this first phase of r ligious thinking was pr s rv d in

c er e c c c . c e e e e

E gypt Aft r f tishi m ame

. Om phi m finally to be follow d by anthropomo phism Th evid nce
e e s c zo or s , e r . e e

sugg sts that during the first stag s of so i ty in the N il vall y when animals w re the source of food
e e c e e e , e ,

dang r and so ial p w r among th hunte and lat r when th ng nd ring p w rs of the Nile and
e , c o e e rs , e , e e e e o e

the sun w the my t ious sou c s of sust nanc f th ag i ultu i ts th E gyptians visualiz d the
e re s er r e e e or e r c r s , e e

supe natural i animal and in plant shapes A v illag s and lans be ame ommunal o ganizations
r n . s e c c c r ,

each g oup took unto its lf a tot m whi h b am the prote tiv and invigo ating pi it of the whole
r e e c ec e c e r s r

group For ag s th re was no onc ption of t h up natu al in human fo m as a b ing who har d
. e e c e e s er r r e s e

man s n d of food and shelter S u h id as am only wh n an individual hi ftain p i st or

’
ee . c e c e e —
c e , r e , an ce s

tor w r m mbe ed and thought of as th personifi ation and finally as th in a nation of th tot m
— as e e r e c , e c r e e .

At su h tim s as the priest and hieftain who was usually th sam pow ful man d whose
c e c ,
e e er , an

duty it was to guard and propitiate th tot m was imagin d as the in arnation of th supernatur l e e ,
e c e a,

then his t mporal dwelling which w e al ady th important place whe off ings and tribute w re , as re e re er e

made whe e ju ti e was r nd r d and wh the as urance of prot tion was maintain d by my t i
, r s c e e e , e re s ec e s er

ous rites b ame a san tuary T h slown ss with whi h these id as volv d is indi at d by the per
, ec c . e e c e e e c e

sistent survi v al of primi tiv beli fs throughout E gyptian histo y E gyptian diviniti s k pt th i im l e e r . e e e r an a

forms d th g at stone templ s of the N w Kingdom w r plac s not of ommunal w rship but
, an e re e e e e e , c o ,

of divin abod T h the P haraoh the great hi ftain and high p i st ither s ved th divinity or
e e . e re , c e r e , e er e

was himself nshrin d the personifi ation of th gods (P late

e e as c e 11

E gyptian eligion never acquired a p rman nt syst m I nst ad it p e erved a loo e fl xibility in
r e e e . e r s s e

which the primitive r gional gods appear and disapp r combine d th n r combin sometimes e ea , an e e e,
 T H E FO RM A TI ON O F I D EA S 1 3

being associated in c l stial famili and at oth r times taking on ha a t i ti s of new diviniti s
e e e s, e c r c er s c e
1
.

T h divini ties w
e from th outs t ommunal gua dians l ading th ir lans in battle and th ir im
e re e e c r e e c , e

portan e was alway a r fl tion of the flu tuation in th poli ti al fo tun s of their follow rs At first
c s e ec c s e c r e e .

th w re only lo al god who w re in time sup s d d in importan by th cosmic divini ties

e re e c s, e er e e ce e

of whi h Osiris d R th c god b ame th mo t pow rful A pparently both were on e lo al

an e, e s un - , ec e s e . c c

gods of th D lta pe haps with a r tions from th out id ; Atum of On b am R atum of

e e ,
r cc e e s e ec e e-

H liopoli ; O i i whose ea li t fo m was a bundl of

e s d th d d w lat aft r h b cam
s r s, r es r e re e s, e e u, as e r, e e e e

th g at god of r su r tion
e re memb d as a l g nda y D lta king Outsid r ligious l m nts
e r ec , re e re e e r e . e e e e e ,

wh n th y app ar d we ither g afted onto xi ting E gyptian diviniti or ompl tely a similated
e e e e , re e r e s es c e s

by th nvi onm nt What is ss ntial to th ar hit ture is th evid n that the h

e e r e .
f th e e e c ec e e ce o us e o e

po we rful o ne e ve n t uall
y gr e w in t o t he t e m ple .

T HE HOUSE
hous th n was th a hit tural mbryo not only b ause it was th fi st structural
The e, e , e rc ec e , ec e r re

q i m t but al o b caus it natu ally am to a sum a vital and onstant importan

u re en , s in th
e e r c e s e c ce e

p m t v e mag nat on It is w ll to liz that th iz and d o ation of the house have ever
ri i i i i i . e re a e e s e ec r

sin t nded to manif st ocial distin tions and stand as symbols of pow r
ce e e s c e .

I spite of its importan e the specifi hi tory of t h hous in E gypt is obscur b cause
n little c c s e e e e so

r mains of the a tual dw llings E x pt for a f w model ome s hematic and id ographi pi
e c e . ce e s, s c e c c

tur s and th imprint of hou s among th ruins th to y of dom sti ar hit tur has to b
e , e se e , e s r e c c ec e e

r on t u t d f om th vid n of th t mbs and th per ist n e of primitive fo ms in the monu

ec s r c e r e e e ce e o e s e c r

m ntal r ligious and mo tua y a chit tur E ven from thi v id n sugg tiv and important
e ,
e , r r r ec e . s e e ce , es e

as it is th p obabl evolution of the basic hous typ s can not b followed with y smoothly d
, e r e e e e an e

l pi g ontinuity
ve o n c .
2

At first E gypt throughout its l ngt h was o upied by isolat d g oups in r lativ ly diff er nt
, e ,
cc e r e e e

stages of ultu al d v lopm nt T his is indi at d by the p si t n of va ious p imitive hous

c r e e e . c e er s e ce r r e

typ in spit of th fa t that E gypt i g n ally r ogniz d to hav had a u iously uniform
e s, e e c s e er ec e e c r

and wid sp ad ra ial and ultu al ba kground f om mot tim s While the E gyptian stat and
e re c c r c r re e e . e

so i ty as w know them giv littl indi ation of having d v lop d f om an organization by trib
c e , e , e e c e e e r es

and famili s but rath r se m to have be n bas d upon divisions whi h w re me ly a matter of
e , e e e e c e re

lo ality th re till mu t have be n tribal u i ts at ome early stag of o ial d v lopment whi h
c , e s s e n s e s c e e c

gave way to regional ommuniti s T he e must al o have b n p iodic i filt ti and invasions c e . r s ee er n ra o n s

whi h brought new and diff rent so ial cu toms a h with om udim ntary kind of hit
c e c s
— e c s e r e arc ec

tu al mb diment E ve y new ra ial fa tor m ant ith r ultu al

r e o ssion or stimulation dep nd
. r c c e e e c r re ce , e

ing up n th ba kground and adaptability of th n w om rs Mo eo v r th ons vatism and per

o e c e e c e . r e ,
e c er

1 A W
S ho rte r, A n I n tro duc tio n to Egyptian Re ligio n I H BYCfI S t , De ve lo pme n t O f Re ligio n
G
. .

in A n cie nt E gypt S te in do rff , T he Re ligio n o f t he A n ci e nt E gypti ans

.
A Mo re t, Du Caractére Re li gi e ux
de la R o yaute P harao n iq ue Myst ére s Egyptie ns , 3 d e d
’
.

2 The
s tan dard s tudy o f e ar y ho us e f o rm s is F Oe lmann , Hans an d H o f l .
1 m Altertum , I
PLATE I: HOUS E FORM S AND HUT SHRINE S
-
 T HE FO RM AT I ON OF I D EA S 1 5
si tence of ar hit ctural traditions must hav e be n v n mo igid in su h a pe iod of r gional
s c e e e e re r c r e

isolation than lat r wh n th re was a natural mingling of id as S om ommuniti s w e living

e e e e . e c e er

in t nts at a time wh n oth s w r s ttling down to ag i ultu and th b ginnings of urban ar

e e er e e e r c re e e

chit t I fa t this mingling of w and old is still appa ent in E gypt to day
e c ure . n c ne r -
.

As w social onditions a os and th p imiti v ustoms mingl d th ough t ibal or r gional

ne c r e e r e c e r r e

conque ts ompulsory exogamy and the in vitabl t an mission of id as th dim t y f m f

s , c e e r s e , e ru e n ar or s o

ar chit t p i t d h g d l g ft
e c u re m l b t d p m
e rs s e t typ w l d For un c an e on a er o re e a o ra e an er an e n es e re e vo ve .

pu pos s of a tual dw lling th p imiti v hou typ ank low and low in th so ial o d r and
r e c e e r e se - es s er er e c r e

wer ontinu d by thos la s of so i ty who habits and r ou s w n a t to th l v l t

e c e e c s es c e se es rc e e re e re s e e e a

whi h u h hit t l fo ms o igi nat d T day th nati v wo king in th fi lds build t mpo
c s c arc c ur a r r e . o -
e es r e e e

ra y st aw and d h lt s whi h
r r xa tly like p imitive huts re e s e er c are e c r .

T HE P OLE A ND C OVE RI N G Wh n the ll y was fi t o upi d in th Q uat rna y g by . e va e rs cc e e e r a e

nomad hunt fo d out of th tabl lands f No th A f i a by th in a ing d i ation th

e rs rc e e e o r r c e cre s e s cc , e re

w asno ar hit tur T h hunt s lived in pits and av s T h fi st h lt we of two diff r nt

c ec e . e er c e . e r s e e rs re e e

typ whi h may ha v o u d simultan ou ly i diff nt pa t f th lo g vall y Th simpl t

es c e cc rre e s n e re r s o e n e . e es

was th t nt a univ al p imiti v sh lt on i ting of

e e ,
mo pol s hung at fi t with skins e rs r e e e r, c s s o ne o r re e , rs ,

th n matting and finally with patt n d fab i s O of th a li t known Nil ultur s whi h
e , er e r c . ne e e r es e c e , c

exist d in a tim wh n th v all y was damp and t opi al with a ri h v g tation was th Bada ian
e e e e e r c c e e , e r .
3

E v n th n th B d i
e we advan d b yond an l m nta y stag of li v ing th y w ag i
e e a ar an s re ce e e e e r e : e e re r

cultu ist in villag g owing ba l y making a kind of lin n and p a ti ing a f ai ly d v lop d t
r s e s, r r e ,
e , r c s r e e e ar

of pott y and a ud figu s ulptu T aking th i g av s as imitation of th ir dw lling we

er cr e re c re . e r r e s e e s,

6 B 3 d G C Th m
. Th B d i
ru n to n C ili i Th b i i
an f l b i . dil atc h -
o p so n , e a ar an iv z at o n e e g n n n gs o c u tu re are e ng s te a y
p u s he d b ac k
f o r a re ady the Badar ian c u tu re has be e n l l s up e rse de d by a s ti ll e ar ie r l T as ian l
c u t ure w hi h c as ye t has no t

c o n tribute d an y thin g to the o rigin o f arc hite c tu re .

PL A E I T
Ten t h lt - lhs e 6 f m Rif h ( P t i
er, Gi h
so u d Rif h 9 7 P I
-
o u se) 10 ro e e r e, ze an e , 1 0 , . xv .

Hi gl yp h f t t (F L G iffi h H i glyph 89 8 P I / 3) “ ”
e ro or en . r t , e ro s, 1 , . Vi i 10 .

T t h l b t f m D i l Bi h h XI I Dy
.

en -
m d l f
s e te r on (A o l d S e i o a oa ro e r- c - rc e , n . n na e s a er v c e , 1, 1 9 00, p .

Ki g i n t h l t P dy i m
n te n f N m —s
( I E Q ib ll H i k p li
e e r, 9 re n as t c ac e o ar er . . u e ,
e ra on o s, 1, 1 00, PI . x xv 1-B ) .

R d ee bi P dy i b t (Q ib ll p i
ca n on 9 PI )
re n as t c oa u e o . c t .
, 1 1, 1 02, . L XXV .

i v y f m A b yd ( P i T h R y l T m b
,

R d h ee I Dy u t, n .
9 P1 )
or ro os e tr e , e o a o s , 1 1, 1 01, . 1v .

R d h ee Pl i m i i Pl u t, B l R m (Ali i
a e s tr n a o sa c n a az z o aro n a e , o e n ar ,

L ib y h m an i f E l A li T i (D m b g S gli Di i i d A iq i é
u t, o sa c o -
a, un s are er et a o , c t o n n a re es nt u t s, Fig .

R d h
o un f m tti g T m p l
o u sef H h p t (E N ill T m pl
o f D i lB h i
a n , e e o ats e su . av e, e e o e r- e - a ar 1 11, 1 8 9 8 , P I . 1 xx1
.
) .

M d l f m dh
o e B iti h M
o m 3 6
u u t, r s u se u no . 2 12 .

h i t m pl p im itif B ll d l I f c i
,
“
d arc h o rie n tale du
’

f Mi (G Iéq i
’

R d h
o un u t- s L r ne o n . u e r, es e es r s, u . e n st . ran a se .

Caire , VI , 1 9 0 8, p .

Ro u n d hu t s hr -
i ne o f Min (o p
i t m b p i ti g T h b
G ran ar es, o a n n at e es (I . G . Wi lk in s o n ,
T he Man n e rs an d C us to m s o f t he A n cie n t E gyptians ,
I 878 p 37 Fig 1 1,
P dy ti h m d l E l Am h ll Ma iver an d A
, , . .

re n as c o us e o e ,
-
ra (D Ran da .
- c . C . Mac e , E l A m rah an d A bydo s, 1 90 2, PI .
PLATE USE F ORMS
II : HO A ND HUT SHRINE S
-

1 2
PL AT E III : HOUSE F ORMS A ND HUT SHRINES
-
 T H E FO RM AT I ON O F I D EA S 19

tu e to be a mark of oyal di tinction T h ins ription of Kh ti ad B hold thy name shall be

r r s . e c e re s, e ,

for v r in th t mpl of Upw w t thy memo y shall b b autiful in th olonnade

e e e e e a e , r e e e c .
” 7

T HE WAT TL E AND T HAT C H H UT C H T h oth r l m ntary dw lling was th wattle and . e e e e e e e

that h hut h consisting at fi st of a semi ir le of bundl d r ds bound tog th r into a point at

c c , r c c e ee e e

th top or b nt ov r to fo m a
e onical or hoop roof S om thing imila to thi ud tru tur sur
e e r c . e s r s cr e s c e

viv in the sh ph rd hut illustrat d in lat Nilotic lands apes C lo ly lat d to th that h hut h
es e e s e e c . se re e e c c

was th ir ular b t made of int rwoven r ds bran h s or oth r pliabl mat ials Th ev i
e c c u e ee , c e , e e er .
8
e

d n is on lusive th t this was a ve y ea ly form of hou L ittl abins whi h app a in th

e ce c c a r r se . e c c e r e

pi tu s of P dyna ti boat (P lat 5) w r obviou ly mad of b ndabl mat ials and had urv d
c re re s c s e 1— e e s e e e er c e

roofs T h sam form of woven onst uction with an hlik roof is n at th opening of Dy
. e e c r , arc e , see e ~

nasti histo y in a mall hous an tuary t on

c bony tabl of King M n s (P lat
r and
s e —s c , cu an e e e e e 1

at the d of Dynasti hi to y on Roman pav m nts p s nting N iloti s n (P lat

en c s r e e re re e c ce es e 1

Undoubt dly th a li t E gyptian wattl houses w re ircula or at l a t urv d in plan

e e e r es e e c r, e s c e , .

Th urvilin ar plan of a house is u iv ally an instinctiv and p imiti v hap b au it

e c e n e rs e r e s e, ec se re

qui s no p on ption and is the natural sult b st illu t at d by th n sts of bi d of ta ting

re re c ce , re , e s r e e e r s, s r

at point with pliabl mat ial whi h do not r qui tool and r tu ning to th sam place
o ne , e er s c e re s, e r e e

after a pa e has b n n lo d I i t n in E gypt i suppo t d by th wid p ad pe si t n of

s c ee e c se . ts e x s e ce s r e e es re r s e ce

th i ular and thatch d hous th oughout Af i a (P lat x v

e c rc p ially among th pagan e e r r c e 1
. 1 es ec e

t ibes of th Niloti S udan who mod s of lif approximate th t ibal onditions in P r hi to ic

r e c ,
9
se e e e r c e s r

E gypt Fu th rmo mains of b t i l s hav b n un ov d at H m m i h whi h va i d 10

. r e re , re u c rc e e ee c e re e a e c r e

in diam te f om th e to s v n f t T h y had low mud walls about a unk n floo whi h how
e r r re e e ee . e , , s e r, c s

the im p int of an out lay of verti ally t bundl of r ds and w only a ski ting or sup
r er er c se es ee , e re r ,

7 Bre as te d A n ci e nt Re co rds o f E gypt , I , No 4 03

fi
. .
,
8 Dio do r us ( I, 4 3 ) ro te in w t he rs t c e n tury A D . .
, an d t he ir dw lli g e n s the y l
bui t o f re e ds An d . trac e s o f the s e c us to m s

ll
s ti re m ain am o n g the he rds m e n o f E gyp t, all o f wh o m, th e y s a y h v
, a e no o the r d e in g up to w ll this tim e th an o ne o f
”
re e ds

G
.

9 C an d Bre n da Z l
S e igm an , Pagan T ribe s o f t he Nilo tic S udan
G G
. . .

1° . Brun to n an d . C ato n -T ho m ps o n , T he Badarian Civilizatio n , p . 82 .

P L AT E III

H i e ro g l yph
f o r s arco phagus ( M A Murray, S aqqara Mas tabas
“
l x xxv111/ 39) . . , P . .

Wo o de n cab n o n a bo a , C a ro Mus e um i t i .

i
H o u s e vo ry m o de l in C a ro Mu se um i
i i i Pl
.
,

H ut s hr n e o n c yl n de r, Be r l n ( A S charff Die A lte rt um e r der Vo r u n d Fr u hz e it n ypte n s f i i

-
- -
, 1 9 29, . 25 /
i it t t Pti Pl
.
,

H u t shr n e o f go ddes s Ne h, e b o n y ab l e o f King Me n es ( e r e , T he Ro yal T o m bs 11,

- , . / )
x 2 .

H u t s hr n e ( o p-
i .

i
H e ro gl yph f o r p al ace (Mu rray o p a t P 1 xxxv111/ 37)
“ ”
, . . .

S o u l ho u s e f ro m Rif e h ( e r e , Giz e h an d Rife h

- l xv/ Pti , P .

i
H o u s e , vo ry o f K n g Me n e s ( e r e , T he Ro yal T o m bs 1 1, l i P ti , P .

i
Khe k he r co rn ce : A ( e r e E gyptia n De c o rative A rt 1 895 Fig Pti B 8: C by Au ho r , , , . t .

Khe khe r bo rde rs f ro m T he b an T o m bs .

i
H e ro gl yph f o r ho use o r o m b (Mu rray, o p
“ ” “ ”
t .
 20 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TE C TURE
porting base for a up st u ture and roof of that h A tama isk pol was d i v n into the ground
s er r c c . r e r e

on a h sid of th hut almost tou hing th walls Al o at M im d B ni S alaam in th West

e c e e , c e . s er a e -
,
11
e

D lta Junk
e dis ov d mains of oval hou s with sunk n floo s a im of plast red mud and
, er c e re re se e r , r e ,

a sup stru tu of ds or wattl At Maadi w e found hous s of ir ular and oval plan
er c re re e , e .
12
er e c c ,

mad of post stu k in the g ound and with th spa b twe n th se posts fill d with daub and
e s c r .
e ce e e e e

wattl E a h house had a ntral h arth ; th ir siz however mak s it s em doubtful if th y uld
e .
13
c ce e e e, , e e e co

hav had roofs

e .

Round hous s mad of plait d ba ketwo k d with urv d roofs of the type sti ll ommon
e , e e s r an c e , c

in N g o Af i a to day
e d pi t d in th XVIII Dyna ty on th liefs of th mo tua y t mple
r r c —
, are e c e e s e re e r r e

of Q u n H atsh p ut at D ir l Baha i (P lat

ee T h y w e m ant to r pr
e nt typical dw ll
s e e -
r e 1 e er e e e se e

ings of th inhabitants of th land of P unt whi h orr pond to mod n S omaliland on the G ulf
e e c c es s er

of Ad n and was the gion wh the E gyptian beli v d th ir a o iginat d L ate lassic p
e , re e re s e e e r ce r e . c re

t i of hous s in L ibya and No th Afri a how i ular abins and tangular huts mad
re s e n at o n s e r c s c rc c re c e

of ru h s and that hwo k (P late

s e H odotus ( IV 9 ) d s rib s th L ibyan hou s as mobil
c r 1 er , 1 0 e c e e se e

hut made of u h s int la d with l av s of a phod l S allu t d sc ib s the ru al Numidian

s r s e er ce e e s e . s e r e r

hou as a m p li with a conical incu ving roof som what

se a a a, mbling the p ow of a hip
14
r e re se r s

( P lat 8 ) e 1

THE MU D H OUS E
mud hou sta t d with sti ky Nil mud pla t r d on th that h d and . T he se r e c , e s e e e c e

plait d w ll of th mo e primiti v t u tu th by p odu ing a kind of daub and wattle At

e a s e r e s r c re s , e re r c .

fi st it ontinu d the t adition of th mi ir ular or round fo m of dw lling illust at d by a mod l

r c e r e se c c r e ,
r e e

of an E gyptian s mi i ular mud hous dating f om th Old Kingdom in th B iti h Mus um

e c rc , e, r e , e r s e

(P lat I L ibya whi h was los ly r lat d to L ow r E gypt in P dynasti tim

e 1 n t h round , c c e e e e re c e s, e

hous and its r lat d form the round tomb su vi v d as a traditional mode of building I
e e e , ,
r e .
15
n

E gypt how v by th Dynastic p iod th round hou

, e e r,with its curv d roof mad of either e er e se ,
16
e , e

mud or pliable mat rials had b om ith r a v n rat d sh in typ or a utilitarian stru ture us d
e , ec e e e e e e r e e c e

for grana i sto ooms bak i s and th lik ( P lat

r e s, It p ist n and ligious ig ifi
re r , er e , e e e 1 s e rs e ce re s n

can th ough Dyna ti tim s indi at s its a ly impo tan in th ultu T h h ine of th God
ce r s c e c e e r r ce e c re . e s r e

Iu n k e r A n z e iger d A h d Wis s e ns c hafte n d Wie n 1 93 2 ; A S c harff Die Alte rt u m er d Vo r u n d Frti hz e it

H
11
'

.
, . . . . , .
, .

A e gy pt e n s I ( Mitt aus d A e g S an t m lun g Be rl in 1 93 1 I V) , p 9 se q

O
, , . . . , , , . .

s wal d Me n gb in an d Mu s taf a Am e r T he E xcavatio n s o f t he E gyptian U n ivers ity in t he N e o lit hic S ite at Maadi
12
,

13 A
t Maadl the e xc avato rs havc al s o dis co ve re d re c tan gu l ar ho u se s m ade by wo o de n p o s ts s tuc k in to the g ro u n d t he
G
,

do o r o ff c e n te r o n t he l o n g s ide an d a circ ular he arth in s ide 0 Me n gb in Die rabu n g de r Un ive rs itiit Kairo be i
,
. .
,

Maadi Mitte i lu nge n der De utsc he n I n s tituts fur Ae gypts c he A lt ertu m s k u n de in Kairo V
" '
f
p 111
P
, , . .

re dyn as tic s ite at Mahas n a re ve al e d t he re m ain s o f wo o d p il e s arran ge d in s o m e s ys te m ; be twe e n the pil e s

“ ”
T he
w e re ab u n dan t trace s of sm a ll twig s in te rt in e d w an d i n dic at io n s o f po wd e re d m ud T he re is so m e do ub t as to wh e the r

G
.

the se re m ain s w e re co v e re d dw ll i g e n s or on ly o pe n wi n d-br e a k

he ters ( I
s l . ars tan g, Mahas n a an d Be t Khallaf ,
14 “
Map alia "
in Dare m be rg e t S aglio , Dictio n n aire de s A n tiq uités
O
.

15 rie Bate s , T he E as te rn Lib an s

y S ir A rthur o f Min o s II, p 3 9 ; the re is a so the e ide n c e v
E an s , T he P alace ,
. l v
l
o f the c irc u ar t o m b s in N u bia ( W E
“ "
E m o ry, Arch ae o o gica S ur e y o f Nubia, A n n ale s da S e r vic e XXX . .
p l l v , .

16
I n the Old Kin gdo m hu t c irc e s, f o r t he u se o f o r m e n , m ade o f ro ug h s to n e an d aid
- l
itho ut m o rtar, ha e be e n w k l w v
f o u n d in t he Fayu m ( C ato n Tho m ps o n an d E W G
ar din e r, T he De s ert Fay u m 1 9 3 4 , pp
- 1 2 0 1 2 1 ) an d at H e an G -
lw
P il
. . . , .

k
( e trie an d E Mac ay, H e lio po lis KafrA m m ar an d S hurafa, 1 9 1 5 , p A so c irc u ar s i o p its , in so m e c ase s in e d ith c o ed l l l -
l w
i i
. .
,

m attin g o f c o rn s tra , w w
e re f o un d in the Fayum fro m the N e o ith c p e r o d ( T he De se rt Fayu m ) l .
 RM ATI ON OF I DEAS T H E FO 21

Mi for ampl i th repli a of th ound hous of a t ibal hi ftain ( P lat

n, ex e, s e c e r e r c e e 1 c oni al in c

shap with paint d bands of olor and hav ing a tot m mast b for th ntran
e, e c , e e e e e ce .

T H E RE T AC N G U L A R H OUS E S imple as th r tangular fo m may seem it has n v r b en . e ec r , e e e

a natural shap in whi h m instin tiv ly built their fi t hous s T h id a of a t u tu with

e c en c e rs e . e e s r c re

straight walls at ight angl s did not a is until build s b gan to wo k with rigid mat rials
r e r e er e r e

whi h requir d tools T h hang from th urv d to th r tangular plan b gan to tak pla in
c e . e c e e c e e ec e e ce

E gypt about 4 Th a ly typ is ma kably pr rv d by a lay mod l f om a P r dyna ti

an 0 . e e r e re r e se e c e r e s c

tomb at E l Amrah (P late T h mod l r p odu s what at t h time was p obably

-
upp r 1 e e e r ce , e , r an e

c lass hous ev n though it conforms to what lat r b ame th ommon typ of E gyptian dw ll
e, e e ec e c e e

ing Th walls of th E l Am ah hou e w r p umably f mud and wattl although mud b i k

. e e -
r s e e re s o e, r c

app ars in E gypt by th middl of th P r dynastic p iod T h doo and windows w f am d

e e e e e er . e rs e re r e

in w od and the door pla ed ff nt r in th long side r mained a p rsi t nt f atu of E gyptian
o , c o ce e e e e s e e re

domesti a hit tur c rc ec e .

T h t an ition from curv d to r tangular hous s ither took pla e in th wattl and plait d
e r s e ec e e c e e e

mod of on t u tion or was introdu d into th vall y by inv ad R tangular h lt rs of lat

e c s r c , ce e e e rs . ec s e e

ti w k with a cr ting of stalks proj

ce or ,
ting abov th flat roof to form a parap t or what v n
es ec e e e , e e

t
ua lly b came the av tto o ni
e in th ston ar hit tur w e d pi ted in th Old Ki gdom as
c e c r ce e e c ec e, er e c e n

the t aditional h in of Anubis (P lat

r sugg ting that this typ of hous had on b n
s r e e 11 es e e ce ee

asso iat d with th ja kal lan T h we som arly minglings of th ctangular hous with
c e e c c . e re re e e e re e

its proj ting parapet and the wattl hous with its curv d oof as indi at d by another pi to
ec e e e r , c e e

g aph of th Old Kingdom a hous sh ine of th God S t with a u v d oof su mounted by a

r e , e r e e c r e r r

re d r s ting (P lat
e c e e 11

Th natural volution of the E gyptian house f om the i ular hut th ough th o v al form
e e r c rc , r e ,

to th r tangular dw lling is a tually illu trat d om tim b tw n about 5 and 65

e ec e at c s e , s e e e ee 22 0 1 0

Aniba in Nubia wh re ultu al d v lopm nt was mo ta d d than in E gypt H at Aniba

, e c r e e e re re r e . e re

in the Fi st P iod are th plans of i ula t nt lik hut with a nt al po t whi h must hav had
r er e c rc r e -
e s, ce r s ,
c e

c o i al roofs Du ing th S ond P riod ther

n c .
18
tw lve i ula huts with ton o th ostat s
r e ec e e are e c rc r s e r e ,

an inn r ring of posts and a hearth at th c nte Also f om this p iod th

e ,
hous s of oval e e r. r er e re are e

and horse hoe plan Finally in the T hird P eriod r tangular hou s of b i k o ur
s s. ec se r c cc .

T H E KH E KH ER H OUS E A di tin tiv form of th ea ly house p obably indig nous to som . s c e e r ,

r e e

sp cial distri t and lan is the r tangular dw lling mad of light onst u tion with a p culiar
e c c ,
ec e e c r c , e

corni e or pa ap t T his type is first r pr s nt d as a pi tograph on a I Dynasty ivory of King

c r e . e e e e c

M n s f rom A bydos ( P lat

e e H r it is a sign d pi ting in id ographi form what may hav e Iii e e e c e c e

been a two sto i d house I hieroglyphic writing th sign ontinu d to sig ify pala
- r e hall
. n e c e n
“
ce ,
” “
,
”

17A . L angs do rff , i l

E n e S ie d ung de r C— ru pp e Le ute in Anib a, A n n ale s da S ervice G 24 s e q. a bb . 1.

18 The autho r c o m p are s the se ho use s to the typ e i ust rate d by F Oe lm ann , Hans a n d H o f ll . tm A ltert u m, I

p . 24, ab b 4 -b
. .
22 EGYP TIAN ARC H I TE C TURE
or tomb at S aqqara it o urs as a hous or tomb within a prot tive enclosure (P late cc e, , ec Iii

T h striking f atu e of this ign i addition t th fa t that it usually d notes a two sto i d
e e r s , n o e c e -
r e

palac is its sting of what the E gyptians call d hh hh

e, c re e e e rs .

Acco ding to S i Flind rs P e ie this form of d o ativ pa ap t originated on the light

r r e tr ,
19
ec r e r e

cabins for boats made of papyrus stalks with the nd ti d tog ther at the top (P late
,
) b t e s e e 11 1— 1 o a , u

it is mo e probable that it d v lop d on one typ of dw lling sh lt r and was transf d as an

r e e e e e e e e rre

embl m of pow r to boat sh lt s Wh th r th original st u tur s had verti al stalks or latticed

e e e er . e e e r c e c ,

worked walls (P lat b ) th bundl d top w re styliz d into [( h lch eWhen su h primiti v
1 11- 1 0 , e e s e e e e rs . c e

shelters w r pla t red with mud the bound top p oj t d abo v e the roof and made a m morabl
e e s e ,
s r ec e e e

and valued d o ation H n i hi oglyphic w iting th Ich lch

ec r am to signify ornam nt
. e ce n er r e e e rs c e
“
e ,
”

and wh n us d on a hou th y m ant a pala e T h r for at an ea ly dat h hh /( h hou

e e se e e c . e e e r e t e e er se

must hav e be n the dw lling of a gr at hi ftain whil lat the [ci /( h f i z (P lat
e
) e e c e , e er te er r e e e 111— 1 1

cam to b always asso iat d with tomb d o ation for r asons w hi h will b ome v id nt
e e c e ec r , e c ec e e .

T HE P ANEL E D FRA ME H OUS E Du ing th lat P dynasti p iod p h ps in th D lta . r e e re c er , er a e e ,

a w typ of dom sti onstru tion appea d L w r E gypt at th op ning of the hi to ic p riod
ne e e c c c re . o e e e s r e

had had for a long time a mo e advan d cultu e than xist d in Upp E gypt I t was th fir t ttl d r ce r e e er . e s se e

pa t of the vall y ; its long r history a ly unifi ation and onta ts with th E ast d velop d th
r e e , e r c , c c e e e e

m thods of living in th D lta b yond the i olat d and wa lik lif of th S outhe n t ib s T h mo
e e e e s e r e e e r r e . e re

ad v an d mod of onstruction whi h was in wood was undoubt dly limit d to th ruling la s I t
ce e c ,
c , e e e c s .

is pos ible that it vol v d natu ally out of th in vitable mingling of th two l ment y traditions of
s e e r e e e e e ar

building Wh th r it was a fusion of wattl d wall onst u tion and th t nt with its pol s and hang
. e e e c r c e e , e

ings or me ly an impo tation ertainly a typ of light timb r d onstru tion app a d b fo th
,
re r , c e e e c c e re e re e

I Dynasty I t onsist d of a pan l d f am wo k mad of small pi

. c s of wood skilfully squa d and
e e e r e r e e ce re

join d tog th r
e e e .

T his typ is twi pi tur d as a v nerat d hou sh ine on s alings of King Z of th I Dynasty
e ce c e e e se — r e er e

(P lat T h drawings sho w th v ti al pol s th

e 11 e ross ba s a door ff nt r on th long sid e er c e , e c -
r , o ce e e e,

and the evid nt sag of a tent like hanging str t h d ov th b nt hoops of the ro f A larg r hous
e -
e c e er e e o . e e,

long and r tangular with two doors and built of th sam paneled timb ing is p s nt d on a
ec ,
e e er , re re e e

clay ylinder of th I Dyna ty f o m N g d h (P lat

c I t i impossibl to t ll from th
e p s r e a e e I ii s e e e re re se n

t ti
a wh th r th op ning of th frame walls w r fill d with wattl and mud or ov red with
o ns e e e e s e e e e e , c e

hangings I f this mode of on tru tion was th p ototyp of th som what similar small wood
. c s c e r e e e -
, re

s d on t u tion whi h we will

ce s e c s r d pi t d on th Old Kingdom st l and imitat d in th
c c se e e c e e e a
e e e

tombs of th Old and Middl Kingdoms th n th wall w hung wi th fabri s serving t ke p out
e e , e e s e re c o e

th h at and wind and yet apable of b ing op n d for v ntilation

e e , c e e e e .

U
T H E C R VE D ROO F It is n es a y to mphasize th early prevalen of urved ro fs in rder . ec s r e e ce c o o

that later th presence of u ved ilings in ston will not n cessarily onnote vaulting T h bent
e c r ce e e c . e

S i Fl i d
19 P i E pi D i A
r n pe rs E M k Kh k h f i
e tr e , A i E p gy t an e c o rat ve rt . 101 ; . ac ay, e er r e ze , nc e nt gy t
p . 1 1 1.
 TH E FO R M ATI ON OF I D EA S 23

hoop roof covered with wo v n matting whi h went ba k in o igin to tent and re d forms con
-
, e , c c r
'

e ,

tin d to b us d long aft r th ustomary roof of th E gyptian hou had b om flat (P lat
ne e e e e c e se ec e e 1

T h tent it has b n e n d v lop d befo Dynasti tim s into a po tabl t u tu e with a urv d
e , ee s e , e e e re c e r e s r c r c e

roof ove d with matting B aus of its p imiti v importan

, c re the at of th t ibal hi ftain and . ec e r e ce as se e r c e

guardi an of th lan tot m it ontinu d to b us d th oughout E gyptian histo y as th mo t m

e c
’
s e , c e e e r r e s co

mon symbol of th sa d sh in I t fi st oc u s on a aling of th I Dynasty (P lat e I th c re r e . r c r se e e 11 n e

N w Kingdom it is still r p
e nt d as th nao or h in of O i i (P lat 8 ) in a lat t ans ipt e re s e e e s, s r e, s r s e 11- er r cr

of th B k f th D d wh it p s rv th ha a t i ti s of th p imitiv structure and hows a

e oo o e ea , e re re e es e c r c er s c e r e s

styliz d r p ntation of up ights of small wood and a bent wo d oof

e e re se r - -
o r .

What is ignifi ant at this stag is not th influ nce f th t nt kio k upon Dynas ti a hit tu
s c e e e o e e s c rc ec re ,

but th ov wh lming v id n of an a ly t adition of u v d roofs Th u v d roof was aref ully

e er e e e ce e r r c r e . e c r e c

imitat d in the a ly wood n sa ophagi (P lat

e whi h w re th m l v s thought of as hous s
e r e rc e v c e e se e e ,

and it th r fo also figu d th hi oglyph f a sa ophagus (P lat

e e re T h light fram wo k re as e er or rc e 111 e e r

of thi p val nt typ of b nt oof is s n in a abin of a XII Dyna ty boat f om th tomb of M k t

s re e e e r ee c s r e as a

at A yut (P lat s As lat Roman tim s typi al Niloti n su h as o u s on th mo ai

e iii e as e c c sce e s, c cc r e s c

pav m nt from P al t ina d pi t long huts with hoop oof s (Plat

e e T h se exampl s indi ate that
es r , e c r e 1 e e c

th app a an
e of a mi i ula oof do not n ssa ily imply vaulting
e r ce se c rc r r es e ce r .

THE GABL E D ROOF

Ob viou ly th r was no limati a n u h snow and rain for th urv d . s e e c c re so s c as e c e

roof to d v lop into a point d gabl as it did in A ia Mino and p obably in G

e e By th Old King e e s r r re e c e . e

dom th flat ro f w ommon if not al ady u toma y T h fo it i difli l to xplain th mall

e o as c ,
re c s r . e re re s cu t e e s

ivory mod l of a hous dating f om ea ly in th Old Kingdom whi h was found at Abu R w fi h
e e, r r e , c a s

( P lat T h typ
e 111 of hou p nt d in this mod l is uniqu f
e n ith r its gabl d o f nor
e se re re s e e e e, or e e e r o

its U shap d plan s m to be E gyptian At pr s nt the most satisfa to y xplanation is that it d pi ts

-
e ee . e e c r e e c

a form of d w lling s en by its r ator outsid of E gypt e e c e e .

T HE FORE C OURT T h n los d for ou t was an early and impo tant f atur of the E gyptian . e e c e ec r r e e

hou and th fo r main d a p omin nt ha a t isti of all E gyptian a hit tu P hap th

se e re re e e r e c r c er c rc ec re . er s e

cou t ame b fo th hou and hould hav b n in lud d among th a li st typ s of sh lt N t

r c e re e se s e ee c e e e r e e e er . o

only do op n ou t like h lt s survi v in mod rn fi ld amp but it is al o possibl t a sum that

e , c r -
s e er e e e -
c s, s e o s e

p imitiv m mad op n n lo u d f n iv to kad s and wind b eak h lt s by sti king bundl d

r e en e e e c s re s , e e s e s c e ,
— r s e er c e

reeds into th g ound b for th y thought of b nding th walls tog th r a roof P hi tori r main
e r e e e e e e e as . re s c e s

from Maadi and Maha na indi at th xi t n of u h op n sh lt s and th impl t hi oglyph s

2°
c e e e s e ce s c e e er ,
e s es er

for hou is g n rally a sum d to b a ou t rath r than a o v r d dw lling With th g owth of a

se
21
e e s e e c r ,
e c e e e . e r

mo ompl x so i ty th m
re c oom d t u tu did not p ovid d f n i v s u ity and p iva y
e c e , e e re o n e - r e s r c re r e e e s e ec r r c

for th family and its po s ions ; mo ov r in a ountry wh th w littl ainfall and so mu h

e ss e s re e ,
c e re e re as e r c

of the dom ti lif took pla out f doo s th spa in front of th hous w as mu h a part of it
es c e ce -o -
r , e ce e e as c

2° P age 20

G iffi h
.

21 F L . . r t , H iero glyp hs , p 3 5, Fig . . 1 93.

24 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TEC TURE
as the interior Th early fore urt in ombination with th simpl hut appears i the fi st p
. e co , c e e , n r re re se n

t ti
a of sa red dw llings su h as th hut shrine on a sealing at Abydos (P late
o ns c e a sanctuary of
, c e -
11

wattl d onstruction on a ylind r (P late

e c a shrine of the godd ss N ith on an ivo y tabl t of
c e 111 e e r e

King Menes (P late and anoth r sh ine on th same tablet (P late

III T h r ligious import e r e 111 e e

of all these r pr sentations may b disr g rd d for th mom nt and th buildings onsidered ea ly
e e e e a e e e e c as r

house forms T h y ll show eith r a pl it d wattle or a small wood cons tru tion
. e a e a e -
c .

T H E PORT I CO I t mpos ibl to say wheth r th olumnar p r h whi h figures so promi

. is i s e e e c o c c

uently in E gyptian archite tu d v lop d as an addition to the hous or had a s parate o igin in th
c re e e e e, e r e

early t nt sh lt s (Plat ) and was later nlarg d by th addi tion of rooms Al though it is con
e -
e er e 1— 1 e e e .

i bl that both pro sses of volution took plac at diff

ce v a e nt tim s and in s parat localitie th
ce e e e re e e e s, e re

is videnc to suggest that th op n sh lt r was th p ototyp Th p tico b ame a p omin nt and

e e e e e e e r e . e or ec r e

symboli featu e of a ly mortuary t mpl s as at Abusi (P lat x x ) and as a hi roglyph it ignifi d

c r e r e e ,
t e x iv , e s e
“
pala e (P lat c furth rmor there
”
small lay model of oul houses (P late
e 111 onsist
e e, are , c s s -
111 c

ing of a for ourt and a olumnar p tico but without rooms behind th porch
ec c o r , e .

T H E VE S T IBUL E Ass iated in use if not in origin with the columnar porti o was the en losed
. oc , , c , c

v stibule whi h was common in dom stic a hit tu and o urs in house plans us d for tombs S ome
e c e rc ec re cc e .

tim s th v stibul is small ntran ant room (P lat

e e e e and at other times it is a proje t
a , e ce e e v 1 c

ing por h as is b st illustrat d by th I Dynasty tombs at T a khan (P late

c , e ) Appar ntly both the
e e r x— i o . e

vestibule and the portico began to assume ar hit tural imp rtance after the op ning of Dyn s tic c ec o e a

hi tory s .

T H E S ERE KH HO US E O the banners and st l of the kings of the H awk clan whose chi f
. n e a: , e

tains unifi d E gypt at th b ginning of the I Dyna ty appears an heraldi mbl m a building whi h
e e e s , c e e , c

signifi s both palace and tomb S uch a banner of King Men s is depicted on an ivory from his
e
“ ” “
.
”
e
’

tomb (P lat and the fin st example of this pala fa c ad is arved on th g ave st l of

e iii e
“
ce e c e r e e

King Z t (P late v T h e kh building was undoubt dly a royal house made of small pi s of
1 e s ere e , e ce

wood ar fully fitted togeth r whi h mu t have ant dated th Dynastic g and was p rhaps the
c e e ,
c s e e a e, , e ,

di tin tive dw lling of th nobility of L ow r E gypt I nasmu h as this typ of house or pala
s c e e p e . c e , ce , re re

s nt d an advanc d stage of wood n ar hit ture d exert d a g at influ n on E gyptian hit

e e e e c ec an e re e ce arc ec

ture at th beginning of the Dynastic period it will be treated s parat ly i the next chapt r
e ,
e e n e .

O MB T HE T

Although prehistoric tombs hardly be called ar hitecture th ey supply important evidence can c ,
re

garding the beginnings of ar hit ture inasmu h as they wer imitated from the customary dw llings c ec , c e e

of th living T h first graves in E gypt w re shallow round pits in which the b di s w e w app d
e . e e , o e er r e

or over d with ither skins or crud matting and laid on th l ft side in th embryonic position
c e e e ,
e e e .
26 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TEC TU RE
ing vil I fa t it seems if th re wer more f ar than love in th E gyptians on ern for th m
e . n c , as e e e e
’
c c e co

forts of their d pa ted and in their sp cial kind of an stor wo ship B au of thi s primitiv
e r e ce r . ec se e

animism which they never outgr w ev ry statu w a possible mbodim nt for th K in its aft
, e , e e as e e e a er

lif While su h a belief gave a pow rful signifi anc to all figurative t it al o b ought all p
e . c e c e ar , s r re re se n

t ti
a o na l sculptu and painting und r a st i t p iestly and itualis tic cont ol
re e r c r r r .

T w pe sist nt l m nts in the f fort to thwart d ath dir tly influ n d th hi tory of the a hi
o r e e e e e e ec e ce e s rc

t tu T h y we e t h id f w hip t th g
ec re . e and th d i t h t th r
p t f th g
e ea o o rs a e rave e e s re a e o cc u an o e rave

s h ld b phy i lly p t t d T h desi

ou e for s u ity did not b come an obs ion until th Old
s ca ro e c e . e re ec r e e ss e

Kingdom wh n th kings of unifi d E gypt on id d th ms lv s divin mo tal Worship at th

, e e e c s e re e e e e r s . e

grav whi h in time b ame a tr m ndous ritual and suppli d th in nti v and fo ms from whi h
e, c ec e e e e ce e r c

th g at mortua y t mpl s of th N w Kingdom evolv d w nt ba k to a natu al in tin t Br a t d

e re r e e e e e , e c r s c . e s e

w it s of th off ing to th d ad o i ginally only a small loaf in a bowl pla d by a son or wif
r e
“
e er e e ,
r , ce , e,

or b other on a r d mat at th grav E v n in the ea ly g av s a l dg w add d wh u h f

r ee e e . e r r e e e as e e re s c o

f i g ould be left By h end of the P dynasti p iod th r tangula

er n s c hamb of h d ad had
. t e re c er e ec r c er t e e

a small s or v stibule whi h in tim d l p d i t th m t y h p l

re ce s , e , c e e ve o e n o e o r u ar c a e .

I t s m unlik ly that th mortuary hap l d v lop d di

ee s tly and sol ly f om th v tibul of
e e c e e e e re c e r e es e

th tomb S om intimation of anoth r tradition may b d i v d from th

e . e a ly Dynasti tombs wh r e e er e e e r c e e

th ro ms for th servi
e o of th d ad are always b th t l b i l h m b I M opotamia it
e ce e e a o ve e ac u a ur a c a er . n es

was cu toma y to bu y the dead in the floor of th house using ith th whol hou or a room
s r r e , e er e e se ,

of it as a hapel S u h mu t have b n th as during th P dyna tic p iod in tain pa ts of

, c . c s ee e c e e re s er ce r r

E gypt pr umably in th D lta wh

,
d ep bu ials und rg ound would hav b n impo sibl b
es e e e re e r e r e ee s e e

c aus f the ma shy ground I fa t th lose r lation b tw n th hous and h tomb in E gypt
e o r .
22
n c , e c e e ee e e t e

suggests this p sibility whil th p eval nc of bu ials ith r under h hou e or in f ont of th
o s , e e r e e r e e t e s r e

d o among th pagan trib s of th S udan whos rud ultu show so many p imi tiv Niloti
o r e e e , e c e c re s r e c s ur

i l fu ni hes t ong vid n for th assumption At the op ning of Dyna ti histo y the royal
”
v va s, r s s r e e ce e . e s c r ,

graves although built in imitation of hous s w r und g ound and ov d for prot tion with
,
e , e e er r c e re ec

mounds of arth on whi h tood grave st l I spit of S i Flind r P t i s b li f that th w

e c s e a
e . n e r e s e r e
’
e e e re e re

no superst u tu s on th oyal mound at Abydo it now ms p obabl that sh lt s of r d wattl

r c re e r s s, se e r e e er ee , e,

and wood we built abov th s graves to s rv as hapels and w re p haps th su vival of th

re e e e e e c , e er e r e

house with the g a v e b n ath it r e e .

Unfortunat ly no hap l of this kind emain b ause th y w built of p ishabl mat ial but
e c e s r ec e e re er e er s,

som evid n for su h a g n is of th tomb sup r t uctu is suppli d by th volution of h Dy

e e ce c e es e e s r re e e e t e

nasti tomb I t is imaginabl how v r that th d house pla t r d with mud and own d with
”
c .
4
e, e e , e re e , s e e cr e

h
k k h e o ni (P lat
er c —
9 was one type of oyal hap l pe haps the kind er t d abov the I
r ce e 111 ,
r c e ,
r ec e e

22 H o u s e buria s l w e re f o u n d in t he We st De l ta at Me rim da Be n i S a aam

-
l (A . S c harff , Die A lte rtu m e r de r Vo r un d

Fru hz e it Ae gypten s I , p
G G
.
,

23 C an d Bre n da Z
S e igm an , P agan T ribe s o f t he N ilo tic S udan l pp 1 1 2, 1 3 3 , 2 9 0 , 3 02 , 4 70 , 5 34 ; C
li
. . . . . .

N W
“ "
S e gm an , E gyp tian I n fl u e n c e s in N e g ro A f ric a, S t u die s pr e s e n te d o n his A n n ive rs ar t
y o F H G rifiit h
‘
. . . .

”
l
Tho m as , S o m e I bo Buria C u s to m s , Io urn al Ro yal A n thro po lo gical I nstit ute L II
“
p 1 70 , Fo r a ric h m an his , X V .

v
gra e is dug by f o ur yo un g m e n in his ho us e o r garde n
”

P
.

24 age 48 .
 TH E FO RM A TI ON O F ID EA S 27

D ynasty tombs at Abydos N t only did this type of hous k p th doubl m aning of pala and . o e ee e e e ce
“
tomb i hi oglyphi w iting but th kh kh o ni urviv d in E gyptian art sol ly as a fri z
”
n er c r , e e er c r ce s e e e e

paint d along th top of th int ior wall of tomb hamb s I the n xt hapt r it will b n how
e e e er s c er . n e c e e se e

anoth r typ of oyal pala th ough th sam p o

e e b am in tim nti ly limit d to s pul hral
r ce , r e e r c e s s, ec e e e re e e c

usage S p ulativ as th s sugg tion must at fi st m it i n a y to aliz how lo ly lat d

. ec e e e es s r se e , s e c e ss r re e c se re e

w r all E gyptian id a T h fa t that all hou signs in E gypti an w iting m y b us d as d t rmina

e e e s . e c se r a e e e e

ti of and for ith r hous or tomb is evid n of su h a fu ion of id as d ustoms

v es e e
“
e
“ ”
e ce c s e an c .

T H E T E MP L E

e igion ant dates templ s T emples w fix d on pts whi h ould only take shap wh n
R l e e . e re e c ce c c e e te

ligi id as w fi mly tabli h d in a lativ ly stabl ultu wh n up natu al spirit and

o us e e re r es s e re e e c re , e s er r s

powe s w r v i ualiz d as uffi i ntly human to r qui a pe man nt abod and th vi of an

r e e s e s c e e re r e e e se r ce

organiz d hou hold T h r fo th y fl t a ompa ativ ly lat stag in th g owth of r ligiou

e se . e e re e re ec c r e e e e r e s

ins titutions .

Th fi t n ssity of th r ligious in tin t aft r it em ged as a vagu on iousn s of impo

e rs e ce e e s c , e er e c sc e s

t n e was to tu n th in xpli abl and aiml s han of p imiti v lif into om thing o d d and in
e c ,
r e e c e es c ce r e e s e r e re

part ontroll d I t was ag s b fo m ould di tingui h b tw n th va iou b li f u tom and

c e . e e re en c s s e ee e r s e e s, c s s,

c e remo i s whi h this n ity volv d T und tand the thinking whi h mad E gyptian hit
n e c ecess e e . o e rs c e arc ec

tu e it must b und stood that th p imitiv mind p i d lif

r , e er w h l and so ould not i e r e ex e r e n ce e as a o e, c so

lat its a ti v iti into s parat and p ializ d fa ulti s T th p imiti v rituali t ligio w not th
e c es e e s ec e c e . o e r e s , re n as e

a of the soul m di in th a of the body ag i ultu th ar of th op and gov nm nt th

c re , e c e e c re ,
r c re e c e e cr s, er e e

c a of the peopl R ligion b ause it d alt with th whol appa nt ality f xist n was v ry
re e . e , ec e e e re re o e e ce , e e

thing It suppli d all xplanation its f ast e tabli h d th al nda ; its u ag s fo m d th ba i of

. e e s: e s s s e e c e r s e r e e s s

e ducation ; and its n ds t d both i n and t A t th f w ee t f th d l t ti f th

c re a e sc e ce ar . r e re o r e as n o or e e ec a on o e

s e n se sI E gypt art was a g at n

. n ity and had t emendous us fuln T th p imitiv imagina re e ce s s r e e ss . o e r e

tion its fo ms w
,
lat d to ality its lf and its r p ntational imag s w of magi al ig ifi
r e re re e re e ,
e re s e e e re c s n

n I t is th impl and indi visibl on n s of u h naiv thinking

c a ce . e s inh nt in E gyptian
e e e es s c e , so e re

c ivilization wh th r arly or lat whi h fu ni hes us with an int p tation of th fo m of a hi

, e e e e, c r s e r re e r s rc

t tur
ec e .

At th tim wh n m in E gypt w r settl d in communal organization d p nd nt agri

e e e en e e e s, e e e as

c ulturi ts upon th bounty of th N il th two lif gi v ing l m nts whi h r qui d planation and
s e e e, e e- e e e c e re ex

c ontrol w th Riv r d th S Fu th more m

e re e w all forms of natu
e animat d by go d or
an e un . r er , e n sa re e o

e v il spi it O iri for exampl was wor hi ped as a pillar or bu dl of r ds long b fo h w

r s. s s, e, s ,
n e ee , e re e as

thought of in human fo m E a h ommunity t up pa ti ular spi it who pow r it mo t d ad d

r . c c se o ne r c r se e s re e

or whos qualiti it mo t wi h d to pos s and th spi it b am th p ot tor and tot m of th 1

e es s s e se s ,
e r ec e e r ec e e 0

ca lity Th phy i al att ibut s of th f ti h w

. e by n ity mat ial and u ually animal T h hawk
s c r e e e s e re e ce ss er ,
s . e ,

th be th w th
ee, agl th t th lion and th l phant w a f w of the p ot ting tot m
e co , e e e, e ca , e ,
e e e e re e r ec e s

whi h i th d gav th i nam s to th lans and lat r to the nom s or provi s of E gypt I
c n e en e e r e e c e e , n ce , . n
28 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TEC TURE
time of course many of th se diviniti s merged with one another or otherwise lost their o iginal
, , e e r

signifi ance c .

What was it th n whi h turn d animal and pillar spirits into gods with human needs thus gi
, e , c e , v

ing ri to th n ssity of r ligious abod s for them ? I tribal soci ty the sor er be ame the priest
se e e ce e e n e ce r c

and hi f th powe ful

c e and v ntually th king Hi magic p opitiat d the spirits and his house
, e r o ne, e e e . s r e

w asth ir r id n e G radually in men m mory h stood forth as the r pres ntative of the unknown
e es e c .
’
s e e e e ,

th n as h po s r f its att ibutes and finally its inca tion Hi j usti was the will of the
e t e s se s o o r ,
as rn a . s ce

spi it and his hou was r lat d in m n s minds to the divinity At this stag th in ipi nt id a of
r , se e e e
’
. e e c e e

t h t mpl b gan to tak

e e hap C hi f p i t divinity house and ritual w r all int mingl d as
e e e s e . e ,
r es , , , e e er e o ne

e ss ntial whol T h r fo it might be said that th w re no templ s in P r dynasti tim s ; instead

e e . e e re e re e e e c e

th w all the l m nt from whi h the n d and the onception of the t mple could v olv T
e re e re e e e s c ee c e e e . o

wa ds the d of this fo mati ve p iod wh n mor than one god was wo ship d in a ommunity
r en r er e e r e c ,

th r w r the great hous of th hi f and sh lt rs for the oth r ommunal diviniti s whil th
e e e e e e c e e e e c e , e e

common p ople p opitiat d many vague powers d spi its of good or vil ith r in th home or i
e r e an r e e e e n

th op n
e e .

I t is n ssary within th ompass of this book to skip boldly d rapidly over th se ompl x
e ce , e c , an e c e

and un rtain r ligious origins in o d r to lay the foundations for the E gyptian s outlook on lif
ce e r e
’
e

whi h j ustifi d his rigid ar hit tural con ventions For example the lotus and papyrus flowe s so
c e c ec .
, r ,

faithf ully p du d as columns in all p iods of E gyptian ar hit ture d riv d from primitive reli
re ro ce er c ec , e e

gi o ususag T h B hi f of L ow r E gypt who ruled from hi R d H ou e at Buto wore th

e . e
“
ee
”
c e e , s
“
e s , e

d p with th or ob a as a sign of life and d ath pow r and his sp aking arms w re the “ ”
re ca e u re u s, c r ,
e e , e e

WAZ or papyrus whi h was a ommon iver plant of the D lta I Upp r E gy pt a S outh n hi f
, , c c r e . n e er c e ,

call d NS WT whi h was the lotus sign ul d from his Whit H ouse With the unifi ation of th
e , c , r e
“
e .
”
c e

North and S uth the kings of th Dynasti p riod ab o bed the att ibut s of the conqu d lo alities
o , e c e s r r e e re c

with th r ult that th lotus and the papy us b cam ymboli of the uni n of the two regions
e es e r e e s c o .

T h valu of th lotuse d papy us how ver and their ev ntual pe petuation in a hit tural
e e an r , e , e r rc ec

f orms w nt ba k in E gyptian minds to someth ing mor fundamental than politi al symbolism I
, e c e c . n

som way th ir ignifi an in E gyptian y s was r lat d to th primitiv dependen upon th lif
e e s c ce e e e e e e ce e e

giving v g tation a ising out of the wate of the Nil T h chi f was the one whose magi h lped to
e e r rs e . e e c e

regulat and as ur the ord r and abundance of the life sustaining grow th Hi house in the s ason
e s e e -
. s , e ,

was undoubt dly hung with either lotus or papyrus and th flowe s we e ti d to the supporting posts
e , e r r e

so that his dw lling was a f stal bower At su h tim his house was the abode of th godhead and
e e . c es e

imag d in small and comp ehensibl t rms the reproductive id a of g i g life on whi h m was
e r e e e
'

ro vv n c an

so d p nd nt T hus within this micro osm the columns were the lif producing flow rs th mselv s
e e e . c e- e e e ,

pu hing up from th ritualisti a lly f rtiliz d earth d th paint d c iling was the h av nly but
s e c e e , an e e e e e

p nt ab d of th gods T h archit ctu e d amati z d the life pro ess of flowering growth so that
re s e o e e . e e r r e c

c olumns w re not s n as functional supports but as symbols of growth With the formality of E gyp
e ee ,
.

tian culture it was natural for the house and temple to pr serve a distinct mem ry of the forms of this e o

early magic .
 T H E FO R M AT I ON OF I D EA S 29

is more confusing th n h lpful to onsid r the i num rabl and none too l a ly d fin d gods
It a e c e n e e c e r e e

who were honored in th E gyptian t mpl s Besid s the lo al totem who b am diviniti s or m g d e e e . e c s ec e e , er e

with similar diviniti s th two gods who ros abov all oth s w R th S god and Osi is the , e e e er e re e, e un - , r , e

god of v g tation and the d ad I th Old Kingdom th anthropomo phi on ption of divinity b
e e e . n e e r c c ce e

ca me a fixed habit and on th P al rmo stone both R and O i is list d prehi to i kings of
, e e e s r are e as s r c

E gypt I t was th n as Breast d wrote that th S god hift d to the wo ld of m wh h b “

. e , e , e un - s e r en e re e e

cam e an Anci nt King who like a P haraoh had on e rul d E gypt H i primitiv re d boat by
e , ,
c e .
”
s e, e ,

whi h in his daily jou n y h trav rsed th heav ns turn d into a royal ba g and th r igning
c r e e e e e , e r e, e e

P haraoh b ame the in arnation of th giv r of ight I th sam way O siris who p rsonifi d th
ec c e e . n e e , e e e

life cy le of d ath and

c s r e tion th periodic i and fall of th food giving wat s of the Nil
e re u r c , e r se e -
er e,

an an stral spi it and the g at judge of the underwo ld ame also to b in arnate in the p rson
ce r , re r , c e c e

of the P haraoh .

A tually the daily divine cult whi h was pi tu d in all the t mpl s of E gypt down to the com
c
”
c c re e e

ing of C hristianity was a royal domesti ritual onsisting of a s ri s of acts of s rvice u h as th

, c ,
25 “
c e e e s c e

servants of king or man of high rank would p form for th ir mast a h day Hi dwelling
a , ,
er e er e c .
” “
s

was l ans d and p fumed a fi kindl d his soil d garm nts we tak n from him and remov d and
c e e er ,
re e , e e re e e ,

wh n h had b n wash d anoint d s ent d and d ss d in suitabl appar l and hi j w l y and

e e ee e , e , c e ,
re - re e e e , s e e r

oth r ornaments placed on him and the symbols of his autho ity put in hi hands he was giv n
e ,
r s ,
” 2°
e

food and d i k r n .

S ince the forms and ritual of anthrop morphi wo hip we e d riv d f om th home lif of the o c rs r e e r e e

mighty of the lan all the a li t sh in depi t hous typ s whi h in diff nt lo alities w r th
o ne c , e r es r es c e e c e re c e e e

dw lling of the an stor of th mighty

e who in m n s minds w ither a god hims lf or th d
ce e o ne, e
’
as e e e e

d t of the gods
s ce n an
”
T his ombination of ideas k pt th p imitive type of the lan hou. as a tra c e e r c se

diti l abode of th god long after the actual dwellings of th rulers had become mor elaborate
o na e e e

stru tu es c r .
28

All th hut sh in s whi h w v nerat d at the opening of Dynastic history hav al eady been
e -
r e c e re e e e r

illu trated as hous s T h best of th s to onsider as an mbryoni templ is the shrin of N ith a
s e . e e e c e c e e e ,

godd ss of th D lta whi h is repres nt d on a I Dyna ty ivo y of King M n s f om Abydos (P lat

e e e , c e e s r e e r e

111 He d pi ted all th impl l m nts of a t mpl l ment whi h continu d to pe si t even
re are e c e s e e e e e e, e e s c e r s

aft r E gyptian templ s had b ome giganti s tructu s of ston in the N w Kingdom T h nao or
e e ec c re e e . e s,

sh ine prop r is a singl room d hut wi th a curv d roof of matting I f ont of it is a ou tya d in
r e , e- e e . n r c r r

whi h stands the tot m p le car ying the mbl m of the goddess ; and at the ent an to th ou t
c e o r e e r ce e c r are

A Mo re t, L e Rit ue l da C ulte Divin Io urn alier e n Egy pte

25 A M B ac m an , The S e q u e n ce o f the Ep iso de s l k “

O
. .
.

”
l l
in the Egyp tian Dai y T em p e L iturgy, Io urn o f t he Manc hester E gyptian an d rie n tal S o c ( 1 9 1 8 p 27 . .

O
.
.

2° E A W Bu d e
g , s iris I p 252
G
. . . . .
,

27 Rém
y C o t te v ie i lle -
ir a ud e t rite s
“
A in s i il app ara i t q u e dan s I B gyp te p w
rim iti e lo di eu o ge d ans un e h abitatio n
’ ’
v l
i
,

v ll
de n tique h ce tte du c he f de i e o u du ro i: p a ais e t te mp e so n t to ut u n ; le se ign e ur e s t u n m aitre , le die u e n e s t u n autre l l
ui lle s de l I n stzt ut fran cai s d A rc he o lo gze o ri e n tale da
” '

q u i a le s m em e s b e s o in s (
“
No te s u r l e K io s q ue d c F é te S e d , Fo

C ai re , IX, 1 933 , p
P
.

23 Am o n g the agan tribe s o f the l

Ni o tic S udan th e s hrin e of the go d, such as the s an c tu ary o f k
Nya an g, am o ng the
S hi ll ku , co n s is ts o f a gro up o f c ircu ar, l thatc he d ho uses arran ge d l ik e a ho m e ste ad withi n an e nc l o s in g f e nc e ( C S e ig .
G l .

m an , o p. cit .
, p .
30 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TEC T URE
poles from whi h banners fly T h r lation of this r pr sentation t a tual t mples will appear later
c . e e e e o c e .

At the present stage it is more important for th r ad r to

e e e why th re we e as y t no sp ciali d
se e e r e e ze

templ types ; hous tomb and shrine were as yet only diff er nt aspects and uses of th same custom
e e, , e e

ary and natural forms .

3 . TH E BE GI NNI N G S O F D YN A S T I C A RC H I T E C T URE

C o py thy fathe rs w hic h have go n e be f o re t he e .

I N S TR U CTI O N OE T H E KI NG OP U P P E R AN L OW E R D
EG YP T To H i s S ON ME RY KE - -
RE .

P N S th ms l ves look d ba k with w and v n to th T hi it Kings at th

HE E GY T I A e e e c a e re e re ce e n e , e

op ning of th histo i pe iod who pow unifi d th land and whose will b ought about the
e e r c r , se er e e r

social and a tisti d v lopm nt whi h r ated th wond rs of th Old Kingdom T ho divine L o d of
r c e e e c c e e e e . se r s

T hi i whos tombs hav b n dis ov

n s d at Abydose no long th l g nda y figures whi h th y
e ee c e re are er e e e r c e

w to th lat r E gyptians and th a ly E gyptologi ts Whil th y w e undoubtedly wa ior kings

e re e e e e r s . e e er rr ,

th ir admini t ati v
e ont ol of th ount y was su ffi i ntly d v lop d so that f om th tim of M n
s r e c r e c r c e e e e r e e e es

t h y took a
e nsus v ry two y a s for th purpo of taxation T h ir unifi at on of the ountry i fl
ce e e e r e se . e c i c n u

d a hit tur although at fi t th

e n ce rc w ul s f om Upper E gypt ith r follow d th ir own
ec e, rs e ne r er r e e e e

building t aditions or adopt d tho of th mor p o p ous and i viliz d D lta I fa t th first two
r e se e e r s er c e e . n c , e

Dynasti s of th Old Kingdom w

e a transition b tw n a vague P histori age and the splendor of
e e re e ee re c

the III and IV Dyna ti s es .

Th ar hit tu of th fi st two Dynasties was nti ly in mud b i k wood and light pliabl
e c ec re e r e re r c , , e

mat rial T h tomb li fs painting and s anty mains of a tual buildings fu ni h but slight i
e s . e s , re e , s c re c r s ev

d nc of what th ir a hit tu was lik T h pi tu b om s l rer when it is und rstood how

e e e rc ec re e . e c re ec e c ea e

mu h of this wood and b ick onstru tion was lit ally opied in the new ston archite ture of the
c r c c er c e c

III Dynasty .

T H E S E R E KH B U I L D I N G

At th b ginning of the Old Kingdom th r was a di tin tiv although presumably lo al style of
e e e e s c e, c ,

wood n ar hite tu whi h had a uriously p si t nt influ n on subs qu nt building v n though

e c c re c c er s e e ce e e s, e e

it parti ular wood n on tru tion w nt out of at an ea ly dat This wood n tradition ith r d 1
s c e c s c e u se r e . e e e e

l p d or was introdu d som wh e in E gypt as a typ

ve o e f li g h and as su h b am a ce e er e o ru n o us e , , c , ec e

venerat d ym b l f p w e s o o o er .

I t s h mati app a an
s is first r produced on th banners of th Thi it Kings of th I Dyna ty
c e c e r ce e e e n e e s

wh th nam pan l is h pala fa cad or the all d kh building whi h r p s nts a royal
e re e e -
e t e
“
ce -
e,
”
so -c e s e re ,
c e re e

pala E v r in P rrot wrot hi hi to y of E gyptian t it h b n g n ally although not univ r

ce . e S ce e e s s r ar as ee e er , e

1 Whil e t he s e re kh n am e w as in u s e to de s ig n ate the s e at o f the high admin is trati e o ffice s o f the go e rn

c o n tin u e d v v
m e n t the re is n o re as o n to
, thin k
that the VI Dyn as ty e tte r fro m S aqq ara, l
h c h sp e a s o f o r m e n be in g
“
c o the d w i k w k l
in h is ( the Viz ie r s ) p re se n c e
’
at the v
e ry be autif u s e re k h bu i din g,
"
l l
re f e rs to a s tru c ture o f s m a -w o o d s uc h as is de p ic te d ll
o n t he e ar y ban ne rs ( A Hl . . Gardin e r,
“ ”
v
An A dm in is trati e L e tte r o f ro te st, Io urn al o f E gy ptian Arc hae o lo gy, P
I II, 1 9 2 7, X
P
PL A TE I V: HOUS E B
A ND T OM
34 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TEC TURE
stru tion indicated in th r li fs hd imitat d in the tombs was d iv d directly fro m brick constru
c , e e e a e , er e e

tion T h r . al o diff n s of opinion as to wh th r h small wood onstru tion of th

e e are s
khe re ce e e t e -
c c e se re

building origi nat d ls wh r or was a lo al tradition in E gypt S ome s hola s b li v that it d vel
e e e e e c . c r e e e e

op d i th traditional st ongholds of th onquering hi f of the Fal on lan f om Upp r E gypt ;

e n e r e c c e s c c r e

oth rs insist that it was an indig nous m thod of building in th D lta and a f w hold to the idea that
e e e e e , e

it was a m thod of onst u tion int odu d into E gypt by invad f om the E ast
e c r c r ce e rs r .

I o d r to s p som of the onfu ion arising f om

n r e hm l gi l ontrov rsies and y t to test
e ca e e c s r arc o ca c e , e

th e v id n
e f th wooden pala styl it is l arest to follow th most r asonable explanation while
e ce or e ce e, c e e e ,

admitting th possibility of oth r th ories T hat t h Fal on kings wh n th y conqu d th D lta

e e e . e c , e e e re e e ,

took the kh hous as an h raldic mbl m does not pro v e th at its m thod of const u tio am
se re e e e e e r c n c e

f om Upp r E gypt P r sumably its small wood pan l d constru tion was th old and royal m thod of
r e . e -
,
e e c e e

building in L ow r E gypt whi h had develop d there before the I Dynasty during th period of th
e , c e e e
“
Fi st Union
r .
” 3

T H E ROYA L T OMBS A T ABYDOS S that th read r may consid r for him elf th evid nce . o e e e s e e re

ga ding th hara t r and o igin of th

r ekh fa c ad typ of building and at the same tim follow
c c e r e s e re -
e e , e

th d v lopm nt of arly Dyna ti a hit tur in n arly h onological s qu n

e e e e it is essential to begin
e s c rc ec e e c r e e ce ,

with h royal tomb at Abydos T h y give a eality to th warrior rul rs who b gan Dynastic his
t e s . e r e e e

tory ; th y int odu f h fi st tim that d si e for s pul h al perman ncy whi h b am an i
e r ce or t e r e e r e c r e c ec e n

satiabl pas ion of lat E gyptian kings ; and b ause th y fail to imitate th sunken pan ling of
e s er ec e e e

th kh fa c ad th
e s e re tombs not o ly furnish some indi ation of what th royal abode in Upper
e e se n c e

E gypt was lik but th y at on sugg st that the kh fac ade was a symbol of p w r borrow d
e, e ce e s e re o e e

pr umably from North rn E gypt rath than a traditional mode of constru tion in S outh rn E gypt
es e , er c e .

Th tomb at A bydos of th kings of h I D yna ty and four of their immediate pr d essors

e s e t e s , e ec ,

are mad of d i d b i k Th fi v e a liest ones of whi h thr e have b n identified as th :

e s un - r e r c . e e r , c e ee e

tombs of K N m and M n s onsist of a singl r tangular hamb r with pl i walls whi h

a, ar e r, e e , c e ec c e a n c

are p og s i v ly thi k r in th lat r ampl s E a h of th se b i k dw llings of th royal d ad w

r re s e c e e e ex e . c e r c e e e as

bu i d in th sand and o v r d by a mound in some ca s held by a ret ining wall T h mound

r e e c e e ,
se a . e ,

it is to b imagin d w u mounted by a small mortuary hapel of perishable mat ials as w ll

e e , as s r c er , e

as th two ston g av st l and th off ering tabl T h tomb of M nes (P late

e e r lik the
e e ae e e . e e iv e

tombs of th four a li king had an int ior p ristyle of wood n p sts driv n into the ground
e e r er s, er e e o , e ,

to a ry th wod n b ams whi h form d the flat ro f I f th se tombs imitat d th hou es of the
c r e e e c e o .
‘
e e e s

3 H . Ba e z , l Die altiigyp tis c he Wan dgle ide ru n g, Mitte i lu nge n d De utsche I n st f ur Ae gyptisc he Altert u m s k un de in . .

Kairo
“
p p 3 8 9 2 ; The p a ac e s o f t he e ar y
-
in gs o f t he De ta l
e re bu i t o f c o n if e ro us o o d hu n g l k
ith t ap es try l w l w w
P
.

wv o en m ats ,
”
. .
“
w ”
l
E Ne be rry, E gyp t as a Fie d f o r A n thro p o o gic a Re s e ar c h, A n n ual Re po rt o f t he S m it hs o n ian I n stitutio n l l
P 4 54
4 T he to m b is ft abo ut 26
de acco rdin g to e tr e , o r ft m by
. l 111 acc o rdin g t o Re isn e r The re
o ng an d 1 7 . wi P i . . .

is n o w s e rio u s do ubt re gar din g the attribu tio n o f t his to m b to Me n e s , e sp ec ia y s in ce the re ce n t disco ery o f a to mb at No rth ll v
S aq q ara ( p 3 9 ) w l l
hic h p ro b ab y b e o n ge d to him H o e e r it is re as o n ab e to s upp o se that Me n e s , afte r the c o n que s t o f the wv l
i ii
. .

l l
De ta, n t ate d th e c u s to m o f b ui din g tw o ro ya to mbs , o n e as Kin g o f Upp e r E gyp t in the an d o f his Fathers, an d the l l
se c o n d as Kin g o f Lo e r E gyp t n e ar his c ap ita at Me m p hisw l .
 BEGINNI NG S OF DYNA STI C ARC H I TEC TURE
T HE 35
living then th royal abode of the Fal on lan was a ingle roomed primitive house enlarged into
, e c c s -
, ,

a fair siz d hall by means of int ior upp rts

-
e er s o .

T h tombs of Kings Z e and Z (Plat 4) and Q u en M it which follow in h ono er et e I V— e e rn e , c r

logi al o d r sugg st th influen of a diff nt t adition oming p haps f om the pala

c r e , e hi e ce e re r , c er r ce arc te c

tu of L ow r E gypt With th tombs th xt ior wall

re e still thi k and pl i but h int io s
. e se e e er s are c a n, t e er r

are divid d by b i k oss walls into a p rim t of small al o v about a nt al chamb in

e r c cr -
e e er c es ce r er

whi h the body w bu ied T h ntral hambe in th tomb of King Z t had a plank flo r and
c as r . e ce c r e e o

was tim b li d th gh t I t inn r walls are plast d and whit wash d (P late
er -
ne ro u and ou .
5
s e e re e e iv

have d panels paint d on bo th th proj ting and su ounding partitions T h s d pan ls p

re e e ec rr . e e re e re

r s nt d w d d
e e e th ough whi h th soul could pa s R d was the symbol f wood du ing
oo en o o rs r c e s . e o r

th Old Kingdom and it i possible that th p oj ting walls of h int rio f h tomb of Z
e , s e r ec t e e r o t e et

imitat d in b i k th wood n pa titions of a p im t r of al ov s about a nt al hall Th out r

e r c e e r er e e c e ce r . e e

wall of this tomb was a i d up abo v th ro f like a pa ap t to f orm th etaining wall for c rr e e e o , r e , e r

a mound of sand pil d upon th roof e e .

6

T h tomb of King D e ( late

P 6 ) shows a retu n to th a li r undivid d single ham en Iv- r e e r e , e , c

b and at th sam tim r pr s nts an adv an in tomb on t u tion I has what was p obably
e r, e e e e e e ce c s r c . t r

th fi st flight of stairs l ading down on th no th sid to h burial hamb Whil th int rior
e r e e r e t e c er . e e e

chamb r was o iginally still lin d with wood its floor w made of d granit whi h is th
e r e , as re e,
7
c e

e arli t t t es
f t in E gyptian ar hit tu T h tomb of King Azab r s mbl s that of
e x an us e o s o ne c ec re . e e e e

D and th tomb of Q th last ul f th I Dyna ty hows a still mo d v lop d ontinua

en e
“
a, e r er o e s , s re e e e c

tion of the same tradition save that it has sepa ate hamb s for off rings on eith r side of th ,
r c er e e e

entran e v stibul c e e.

At the beginning of the II Dyna ty the tomb of King P b (P lat 7) pr sents anoth r s ,
e ra s e n e i v— e e

innovation Although still built of b i k it has an en losing wall lik a hous t within a
.
8
r c , c , e e se

p ote ting cou t T h int ior has hort walls at right angl s whi h again form al ov s as in th
r c r . e er s e , c c e e

tombs of Zer Z t and M it An advan in tomb onstru tion is indi at d by th ar fully

, e , e rn e .
9
ce c c c e e c e

fini h d pila ters at th ends of th p oj ting walls and by the use of bri k inst ad of wood for
s e s e e r ec c , e ,

the great r p ot ction of th inn r bu ial hamb r

e r e e e r c e .

Finally th tomb of King Kh k h m i (P lat

, )
e has a much larg r and mor labo ate ase e u e v— 1 e e e r

tr atm nt of the r ess d type of pala int rior Kh k h m i is a cl ar cut hi stori al p rson
e e ec e
“
ce e .
”
as e e u e -
,
c e

Thi 5l h mb s b f w id
ce n tra f l d 6 f hi h
c a di P i er m w id w as m a o ut 2 0 t . e, 30 t . o n g, an t .
g ac co r ng to e tr e , . e, .

l o n g, an d m . high ac c o rdin g to Re is n e r .

6
G A Re is n e r T o m b do w n to the A cce ssio n o f C he o ps 1 93 6 ) be ie e s o n rathe r
( T he De ve lo pm e n t o f t he E gyptian l v
P
. . ,

l v
s ight e ide nce , in p art re fu te d b y e trie aft e r e xc a at in g the to mbs , that the re e re re c tan gu ar m as tabas o f b ric abo e v w l k v
v
the gra e s o f Nar m e r an d Me n e s , an d t hat t he s up e rs truc ture o f the to m b o f Z e r
“
w as in f ac t a s te ppe d p yram id ith two w
laye rs o f b ric or o uts ide the k w k
e rn e k
s truc tu re , m a in g a t w o s tage o r th re e s tage , s te pp e d pyram id,
”
l
the rs t o f its k - -
fi
k in d Fo r a re co n s truc tio n o f this e n tire y t heo re tic a pro to typ e o f the p yramid s e e p 3 2 4 , Fig 1 72
.
l l . . .

58
7 Re is n e r, op cit p
fi
. . . .
,

8 Re is n e r, o p . cit .
, p . 1 2 5, l v
be ie e s th at a sm a ll n u m be r o f s acri c ia b u ria s l e re m ade in the l w l v
a co es aro u n d the cen

tra l c hamb e r an d f w as o f c o rbe e d b ric c o n s truc tio n

that the ro o ll k in s te ad o f b e in g m ade o f o gs o f l w d oo . He th in k s it l
a so
“ ”
had a s te pp e d m as tab a m ade by s o pin g accre tio n f ac e s ( p l .

9 On t he to mb o f Me rn e it “ at t he e d e o f c ham be r 2 is th e c ast
g o f p l ai te l l
d p a m - e af m attin g on the m ud m o rtar abo v e

this e e , lvl P i
e tr e , Ro yal T o m bs , I, p 1 1 . .
PL AT E B
T OM S

"
s 3 4
 BEG I NN ING S OF D YNA STI C ARC H I TEC T URE
T HE 37
ality who may b p haps id ntifi d with Kh k h m who statu was found at H i k p li H i
e er e e ase e se e e ra o n o s . s

r ign clos d th II Dynasty his family establi h d th I II Dynasty and du ing his reign th r
e e e , s e e , r e e

was ma k d p og ss in all the c afts I t i fitting that this south n r who again had to onqu r
r e r re r . s er e , c e

the D lta should have the largest and most rema kable of any of th tombs at Abydos I total
e , r e . ts

l ngth is
e m and at its b oad st part it measu e m I f ont of th ent an
. v tibul r e r s . n r e r ce are es e

rooms for off ings on ith id of what may have be n a tow d fa cad Down th long int
er e er s e e e re e . e e

rior rows of r
are s ; th sho t b i k wall t minating in pilast nds p obably imitat as
e ce ss e e r r c s, er er e , r e,

at S aqqa a bundl d r d r wo d up ights and th light pa titions whi h onn t d th m to

,
10
e ee o r o r e r c c ec e e

outer walls T h inn r burial hamb r 54 m long

. m wid and
e m high i of tone h
e c e , .
, . e, .
, s s — t e

fi st ston hamber in E gypt

r e c .
11

T h s tombs at Abydos sugg st th fusion of two di tin t hou

e e tradition If the pala ar hi e e s c se s . ce c

t tu of L ow r E gypt w of wood and d was th olor whi h d ignat d wood th n th fa t

ec re e as , re e c c es e , e e c

that the xt io s of thes Uppe E gyptian tombs w whit wash d mak s it t mpting to b li v
e er r e r e re e e e e e e e

that th royal titl s of the Whit H ouse of Upp E gypt and th R d Hou of L w E gypt
e e
“
e
”
er e
“
e se
”
o er

w e as mu h a o iat d with th t aditional xt ior a p t of h at of authority as with th

er c ss c e e r e er s ec s t e se e

color of the rowns from whi h th titl s are now b liev d to b d rived
c , c e e e e e e .

T OMBS WI TH I MI T A T IO N OF NI C HE PANEL ING As y t th r has b en no vid nc that . e e e e e e e

th e pala fa cad was onn t d wi th L ower E gypt S ince no a ly tomb ha v b n un ov r d

“
ce - e
”
c ec e . e r s e ee c e e

in th D lta b au e of its ma shy soil and th a umulation of mud d posit it is signifi ant
e e ec s r e cc s e s, c

that th most sp ifi and impo tant pul hral imitations of h

e ec kh fa c ad s n on a la g
c r se c t e s er e e are ee r e

g oup of tombs all with

r x ption found on the bo der of L ower E gypt All the tombs of
, , o ne e ce ,
r .

this typ x pt hav an int ior a ang m nt of alcove

e, e ce hamb rs su h w r s n in
o ne, e er rr e e s, or c e , c as e e ee

th tombs of Z Z t M it and P b
e I addition th y all ha v an xt rior t atm nt of
e r, e , ene , e ra se n . n , e e e e re e

the walls on whi h th b i k labo iou ly t to imitat th r ss d ni h s of th small wood

c e r c s are r s se e e e ce e c e e -
,

pan l d onstru tion u h as was s n on the pala facad of th g av ston s of King Z t Th

e e c c , s c ee ce - e e r e e e . e

most south n exampl of th type and h n th most di tant f om th D lta is at N g d h

er e e , e ce e s r e e , e a e

(P lat 3 e whi h dat s f om th tim of Men and was form rly thought to hav b n his
v— ,
c e r e e es e e ee

ond tomb
se c .

Th a li st exampl y t found of th pala f a cad typ of tomb and th

e e r e whi h mo t e e e ce - e e , e o ne c s

d finit ly links th typ with L w r E gypt is t h

e e ntly dis o v d b i k tomb at No th S q
e e o e ,
e re c e c e re r c r a

P g 67
10
a e .

11 Re is n e r, op . cit .
, p .
357, be ie l v es that the re m ust ha v e be e n a s to n e m as taba as a s up e rs truc ture abo v
e the to mb o f
Khase k he m ui .

PL ATE V

1. Pl an o t mbo o i
f K n g Khase k he m u i, Abydo s ( e r e , o p c it , 11,
f P ti . .
Pl .

2 W o o de n s arco p hagu s o f II I Dyn ( e r e , T ar k han a n d Me m phis 1 9 1 3, P 1 . P ti ,

Pl t i
.
0

3 an o f I Dyn o m b , N e gade h ( G A Re s n e r, T he De v e lo pm e n t o f t he E gypti an T o m b . .

, 1 936, Fi g .

t i t
. .

E x er o r o f I Dyn o m b, Ne gade h ( C ap art, L art E gyptie n . 1, P l 3 )

’

4 . .
PL AT E VI : T OMB S A ND SERE KH FA C ADE

0 4 4 0
 BEG I NN I N G S OF D YN A STI C A RC H I TE C T URE
TH E 39
qara quite certainly att ibut d to King M n
, M n p sumably built his first tomb in Upp r r e e es .
12
e es re e

E gypt at Abydos but wh n h hif t d hi apital to M mphis in o d to ont ol th D lta h

, e e s e s c e r er c r e e , e

c on tr t d anoth r tomb this tim in imitation f th t aditional

s uc e
k h palaee of th a li , e o e r s e re c e e r er

D lta kings H i S aqqa a tomb

e m by . m i almo t xa tly lik th tomb at N g d h
s r , . .
, s s e c e e e a e ,

whi h is now assign d to his wif N ith H p who may hav b n a D lta p in ess T h i
c e e, e -
e te , e ee e r c . e n

t ier o ris divid d by os walls into tw nty seven ompa tm nts magazin all abov th g ound
e cr s- e - c r e , or e s, e e r

l v l and it also has five und ground hamb s I h middl ubt an an hamb w found
e e , er c er . n t e e s e rr e c er e re

the s att d bon s of two adults and th mains of a wood n b d T h magazin s have fal
c e re e e re e e . e e se

doors and th int io b i k walls

, fa d with mud to whi h w atta h d olo d d mat
e er r r c are ce c e re c e c re re e -
s,

indi ating l a ly that patt n d mattings w pa t of the original kh pala s

c c e r er e e re r s e re ce .

T h n xt xample i a la ge tomb of the tim of Zer at S aqqa a ( P lat

e e e N t far from s r e r e v1 o

S aqqa a at T a khan P t i dis o v ed th

r more bri k tomb of th s m typ two of whi h had
r , e r e c er re e c s e a e e, c

int rior hamb rs while th thi d dating f om the r ig f Z t (Plat

e c e , had an undivid d e r , r e n o e e vi e

int ior hall S till furth r north at Gi h (P lat 3) is anoth xampl also da ing f om ab ut
er . e ze e v1— er e e, t r o

t h tim e f Z t H at G iz h the type p i t d th ough th III Dyna ty and at M yd m it was

e o e . e re e e rs s e r e s , e u

still u d in th IV Dynasty for th g at b i k mast bas f P in R f and P in R h p

se e
”
e re r c a o r ce an o er r ce a o te .

I n th cours of th Old Kingdom th re ssed pan ling on the b i k tombs w nt out f use
e e e e ce e r c e o

except f small p ov in ial mast bas or

'

r c a .

T h e tombs with esd sinkings on th ir xt ior walls are ar hit turally impo tant b ause re c e ss e e e er c ec r ec

th y supply an xplanation of mu h whi h w nt on in E gyptian onst u tion both b f o and af t r

e e c c e c r c e re e

th I Dynasty Wh n fi t di o v r d th
e inkings f om an analogy with M opotamian b i k
. e rs sc e e , e s ,
r es r c ar

c hit wh som what imila ni h and butt s t ip o ur w b li v d to hav o iginat d

e c tu re e re e s r c es re s s r s cc ,
e re e e e e r e

in b i k B fo it was dis o v r d that v n in M op tamia th

r c . e re s d inking in b i k b gan in c e e e e es o e re c e s e s s r c e

e a ly S um ian tim s as an imitation f a mo p imitiv m thod of building in bundl d d

r er e o re r e e e re e s
1‘

and pe haps in small and ove lapping pi

r of wood it w g n ally admitt d th t in E gypt r e ces , as e er e a

the panel d oration of tombs was a opy in brick of an old and r ver d system of building in
ec c e e

wood .

W l B Em
12 Th T m b f h Fi
a te r Ph h T h Ill d L d N V l ( F b
. e ry, 7 e o o t e rs t ar ao , e ustrate on on e ws , o . 1 93 e . 1 2, p . 24 .

R w
“
13 N Li h
A E b o e, T h I ll d d N ew V l 7 g t on gyp t a o ut 3 0 00 e us trate Lo n on e ws , o 1 79 p 41
G h Oi
. . .

W A d
14 D . d di U f m n d B rae , im l 7
as o t te s aus un e r or en es au e n s A te n r en t p .
3 se q .

PL A T E VI

Pl an of t mb 85 S qq ( I E Q ib ll A h i M b 9 3 P I
o 21 , a ara . . u e ,
rc a c as ta as , 1 2 , .

Pl an of tomb 38 T k h (P t i T kh
20 9 4 PI ) ar an e r e, ar an , 11, 1 1 ,
. xv111 .

t m b 5 Gi h (P t i Gi h d Rif h 9 7 P I )
,

Pl an of o ze e r e, ze an e , 1 0 , . vi .

Pl Z b ib ( E R A y 9 4 Pl
,

)
“ ”
an of S h c un e t e z A byd e . . rto n , o s , 111, 1 0 , . 1 11, vi .

Wall co n s ru c t ti f p l f S h on Z bib o a ac e o
“
c un e t ez e .
”

Wo o de n sarco f P i M yd m ( A R w N w L ight
“
ph g N f a us o r n c e ss e e r t, e u . o e, e on

Illus trate d L d N w V l 79 93 p
on on e s, o 1 1 1, .

Pl Middl F t A byd Pl )
.
,
“ ”
an o f (A y e p i or ,
os r to n , o . c t .
, . VI I I .
40 EGYP TI AN ARC H I TE C T UR E
Th kh fa c ade on th gravestone of King Zet (P lat
e se re
) it be s en has pan l d e e Iv— I , c an e , e e

ni hes whi h
c id ntical with the sinkings on the d of h mastaba tomb at S aqqara (P late
c are e en t e

) T h dep nden e of both the tombs and t h pala e fa c ade banne s upon an old system of
VI —I . e e c e c -
r

small wood onstru tion b om s con lusiv ly clear as mo a hit tu al vid n is review d O
-
c c ec e c e re rc ec r e e ce e . ne

E gyptologist has e ntly point d out how all th tombs of this pan l d type b long to grande s
15
r ce e e e e e e

of L ow r E gypt and how th y produ as faithf ully as h di ff r nt t u tu al mat ial per

e e re ce , t e e e s r c r er

m itt d the wooden pala e a hit tu

e , of th Delta whi h h S outh n onqu o s took ov c rc ec re e , c t e er c er r e r as

an mbl m ju t they app op iat d the d rown

e e , and other mbl ms and titles of the
s as r r e re c , ure us , e e

North .

P AL AC E S A T AB YDOS At Abydos and dating from the I I Dynasty are the ruins of two .
, ,

d f nsiv b i k pala s whi h hav b n all d fo ts in spit of th fa ts that they

e e e, r c unlike any
ce , c e ee c e r , e e c are

known E gyptian fo ts and that any uling hous in the arly p riod of p ifi ti must have r r e e e ac ca on

b n d f nsiv ly fort lik T h

ee e e all d Middle Fo t (P lat e7) h re ss d sinking on the
-
e . e SO c -
e
“
r e v1— as ce e s

out u fa of th bri k wall and a ound th bas of its bri k walls is a strip of symbolic red
er s r ce e c s, r e e c ,

four in h s broad at a h ight of tw nty two in hes Th oth r palac known as S hfi t Zebib
c e e e -
c . e e e, ne -
e z-

(P lat has an out and inner wall with d f nsiv gat ways and vestibul s in the inn r wall
e vi er , e e e e e e .

I t out r wall has a slight batt r is

s e in h s thick and v n in its uin d tat is s to a h ight e , 20 1 c e , e e r e s e r e e

of thirty six f t I nsid its g at enclo ur is th uin of what was undoubt dly the a tual pala e
-
ee .
16
e re s e e r e c c .

While not lear in th small s al drawing both the inn r d f nsi v e walls and the a tual pala
c e c e ,
e e e c ce

walls hav r ssed sinkings som what simplifi d (P lat

e e ce T h r is anoth r larg pala e of e e e VI e e e e c

the same a ly p iod built by Kh k h m i also with pan ll d re esse farth r up th Nil at
e r er , ase e u , e e c s, e e e

"
H ie rak o n po lis .

Wh n the mastabas of S aqqara T a khan and G iz h

e omp red with th pala of S hfi t , r ,
e are c a e ce ne

e z-Z bib (P lat ) simply as plans wi thout r gard to s al or purpos th similarity sugg sts a
e e VI , e c e e, e e

common origin T h y all have a plain outer wall and the sinkings on th interior wall whil
. e e , e

t h m astaba at T a khan lik

e the pala at Abydo has an ent an e v stibul T h presumption
r , e ce s, r c e e . e

that the ruin at Abydos w e d f nsiv pala t onghold imitating in b i k th old wood n
s er e e e ce s, s r s r c e er e

tradition of th kh pala is fu th r str ngt h n d by th e i the III D yn asty of th sam

s e re ce , r e e e e e use n e e

e s d pan l t atm nt on th stone wall surrounding King Zos r s royal layout of s pul h al
r ce s e e re e e s e
’
e c r

buildings at S aqqa a whi h opi d his o fficial r sid n e at M mphis Mo ov r th mann r inr , c c e e e c e .
18
re e , e e

whi h the bri ks

c laid and bond d in proje ting strips to form th r
c on th pala walls
are e c e e c e ss e s e ce

at Abydos prov s that th e t ip ould not h v o iginated in bri k con t u tion ; for only ve y
e es s r s c a e r c s r c e r

thi d course of th se s trips is bond d (P lat

r indi ating that the strips w r m r ly imita
e e e v1 c e e e e

tiv e .

H B l 15
p C M Fi h ( A
. l d S i
a e z, XXXI o 7) di
.
v d czt m l b i k m.
b . rt n na es a e rv c e , p .
4 sco e re tw o o re arge r c as ta as

o f the I Dyn as ty at S aqq ara, o n t he bo rde r o f Lo w er E gyp t, whi h w c e re b uria p l l ace s o f no l

b emen an d w e re de co rate d with
l
t he p an e e d, re ce sse d bric or kw k
P
.

13
E R A yrto n , C T C u rre lly, an d A E We igall A b y do s , III p 3
Pl
. .
. . . . . . .
,

17
I ll
E Qu ib e , H ie rak o n po lis , II pp 1 9 -2 0 , L xx rv

P
. . . . .

18
age 63 .
PL A TE VI I : SARC OPHAGI A ND S ERE KH FAC ADE
 BEG INN I NG S OF D YN A STI C A RC H I TE C TURE
THE 43

th actual burial hamb r was sunk into th sand

e o k b n ath it th t la w
c t up in e e or r c e e , e s e : e re se

f ont of the ma taba L at r th y w in o porat d into th f a f h mastaba A t this time h

r s . e e e re c r e e ce o t e . t e

pala e fac ad whi h had b n thought of as a magi al dw lling asso iat d with th divin and
c -
e, c ee c e c e e e

l g nda y Kings of h D lta w simplifi d into an id og aphi symbol and only one of its doo s
e e r t e e , as e e r c , r ,

flank d by pan l d and th or ti al tow was ep s nt d in ton E v in s h matiz d fo m it

e e e e e c e rs , r re e e s e . en c e e r

w still th ign of th house b fo whi h off ng and p ay s to h d ad w r mad Wh

as e S e e re c e ri s r er t e e e e e . e re

th pala fa cad had b n a royal mbl m signifying pala by h IV Dynasty it had b om

e ce - e ee e e ,
“
ce ,
”
t e ec e

a fo mal symbol as o iat d nti ly with th ritual of h g av I its abbr viat d and id og aphi
r , s c e e re e t e r e . n e e e r c

form it giv s th app aran e of a fal e door although it still p s nt d a hous I h E gyp
e e e c s ,
”
re re e e e .
19
n t e

tian s mind it was thought of as a ritualisti door th ough whi h h dw ll r of th E t rnal

’
c r c t e e e e
“
e

H ou might pas T h pi it in tu ning f om th alm of th d ad in th West in ord to

se
”
s . e s r ,
re r r e re e e e er

r visit his form r haunts had to go E t T h for all doors ith r f als or al w e u ually
e e , as . e re e , e e e re , er s

on the ast n id f th tomb and h fal doo or abb viat d kh f a cad b am th

e er S e o e , t e
“
se r,
”
re e s e re e, ec e e

cer monial xit th ough whi h h d ad ould om

e e f om his hous in o d to iv at his
r c t e e c c e , as r e, r er re c e e

threshold the off ings of his tat I thi way th pala fa c ad b am h fal door t l of
er es e . n s e ce -
e ec e t e
“
se -
”
s e e

all upp r las ma tabas e -

c s s .

At S aqqara in th famous b i k tomb of H y th whol pala fac ad t atm nt of ni hes wase r c es e e ce - e re e c

moved ba k on to th a t wall f an inn r o ido or small ourtya d (P lat

c e
3 e s o e c rr r, c r e v1 11— 1 , 2, ,

Within a h ni h was an a tual wood n doo on whi h was a v d th figu of H y hims lf

e c c e c e r c c r e e re es e .

O door beautifully x ut d was mpha iz d by th s at d figure of H y

ne ,
iving food on
e ec e , e s e e e e es re c e

an off ing tabl (P lat er I lat r tombs it is not un ommon to find th culptu d doubl
e e VI I I n e c e s re e

of the d ad standing in fo mal f ontality within th ni he of h fal door With th d vel

e r r e c t e
“
se .
”
e e

o
pm t of an a tual
en hamb within th tomb to b u d a hap
c l f t h d ad th stc l or er e e se as C e or e e , e e e,
“
fals door symbol of th hou was mov d in id H n in th v tibul of th tomb of P t h t p
e-
”
e se, e s e . e ce e es e e a o e

at S aqqa a dating f om th V Dyna y th r

r ,
two doo s on th wall of th hamb r
r h e st , e e are r e e c e , o ne t e

simplifi d su vival of th pala fa cad and th oth r an imitation in ston of a mor o dinary door
e r e ce - e, e e e e r

of wood n onstru tion (P lat xx e c c e 11

C O N S TRU C T IO N OF T H E S E RE KH BU ILDI NG O the F fi sar ophagus are carved th . n e c e

thong whi h app ar to st t h wov n mat upon th f am wo k of th ni he con truction At

s c e re c e s e r e r e c s .

S aqqara th ni h s of t h H y tomb a tually paint d in i h olo s of whit y llow blue

e c e e es are c e r c c r e, e ,

gr n d and bla k (P lat

ee , re to imitat t h y llow v ining of th wood the va i gat d
,
c e VI I I e e e e e , r e e

1 9 “The
s te e l h as no t o n ly the vl a ue o f a f acade , or a do o r,— but a co mp e te l bui din g l o f whi h c on ly the f acade is re p
”
re se n te d (I . C ap art , E gy ptian A rt , E ng . tran s , 1 9 23 , p .

PL AT E VII
1 . St o ne sarc o phagu s o i
f K n g Me n k au ra ( e rro e t P t C hipi e z, H isto ire de l art
’
, I, 1 8 8 2, Fig . 2 89 .

2 . St o ne s arco phagu s o f Fe fi ( S H as san , E xcavatio n . at Giza, 1 9 32, PI . v ) .

PL ATE VIII : T OMB S A ND S E RE KH FAC ADE
 BEGI NNI NG S OF DYN A STI C AR C H I TE C TURE
THE 45

pattern of the wov n textil s and th thongs whi h stret h d th mat f om th top and bottom
s e e , e c c e e s r e

ba s T h H y tomb and the oth r paint d xampl s of ni h pan ling su h h fal door of
r . e es e e e e c e e , c as t e se -

th Vizier of N
e of th V Dyna ty (P lat and th burial hamb r of th C hi f
e u s e rre e s e VI I I e c e e e

P i st of P tah S w
r e t ankh of th XI I Dynasty at L isht
, prove how th pala fa c ad tr at
en o sre -
, e ,
20
e ce - e e

ment was d iv d f om a light wooden constru tion combin d with partitions of matting At h
er e r c e . t e

same time the e still r mains the troubl ome qu stion of explaining stru turally exa tly how th
r e es e c c e

p ototyp s of th s paint d v rsions ould hav b n built

r e e e e e c e ee .

When th paint d patte ns of th pan ls on th tomb of H y (P lat

e e
5) ompa d with r e e e es e VI I I — are c re

h plan of th ni h s it is se n that th st t h d mats are

t e e p odu d upon h b oad fa of
c e , e e re c e re r ce t e r ce s

th p oj ting pila t rs whil th na row sunk n su fa s

e r ec d pi t d up ight wood n po t
s e , e e r ,
e r ce are e c e as r , e s s .

T hus th r is r pr s nted a ombination of plan and el v ation whi h w

e e e e e imp ssibl in al c e c as o e re co n

stru tion T h appa nt di pan y

c . b xplain d in
e of tw ways ith of whi h would
re s c re c c an e e e o ne o , e er c

have been natural to th E gyptian habits of thought e .

T h e is fi st h pos ibility that t h paint d v rsions r p s nt th int ior of a pala fa c ad

er r t e s e e e e re e e er ce - e

house impos d upon th ext ior T xti l w l l ov rings w r undoubt dly u d on th int io
e e er . e e a c e e e e se e er rs ,

and the inn r fa e of the wall would have been the same as th xt io only with the o d r
e c e e er r, r e

of h ni h s r v d as
t e b s en i th n xt illustration H n e within th sunk n ni h s on
c e e e rs e , c an e e n e e . e c e e c e

the int io orr sp nding to th p oj ting pilast s on h xt io th mats may hav b n

er r, c e o e r ec er t e e er r, e e ee

str tched from upper and low r ho izontal ba s mortis d into th sid board in o d r to mak
e e r r e e e s, r e e

a flat and att a tive int io T hen with th E gyptian id og aphi habit of ombining diff nt
r c er r. e
’
s e r c c e re

signifi cant and m mo abl asp ts of th sam obj t th hanging d oration of th int ior ni h s
e r e ec e e ec , e ec e er c e

was transf rr d to th o sponding pilast rs on th xt ior

e e e c rre e e e er .

E qually possibl is the assumption that t h plastic d painted versions of th r v r d but

e e an e e e e ,

no long p a tised m thod of onstru tion w r hand d on by unquestioning craftsm n as two

er r c , e c c e e e e

s pa at t chni al tradition which w r r gula ly ombin d without any ga d to st u tu al logi

e r e e c s, e e e r c e re r r c r c .

E gyptian m mory images we e always lit al e d st reotyp d but they w r never organi ally logi
-
r er an e e , e e c

cal b ause th y w
, id og aphi ally d riptiv
ec e e re e r c e sc e .

Th probl m of r on tru tion may not s m s ttl d but som actual id a of th small wood
e e ec s c ee e e ,
e e e -

join y of this kind of building

er be d riv d f om P tri find at T a khan I one tomb P trie c an e e r e e s
’
s r . n e

W C H
2° Th T
. i .h i l Ch mb f S W
ayes , B ll i
e f h M p li M
e xts m f A n t e Bur a a er o
’
e n- o sre t u et n o t e e tro o tan us e u o rt,

XXVIII (No v .
p .
3 3 , Fig .
40 .

PL ATE VIII

Pl f an o t
m as ab a o f H e sy, S aqqara ( I E Q u b e ll , E x cavatio n s at S aqqara . . i ,

Pi td
a n e
“
t
f al se do o r, m as ab a o f Dj e dj e m - o n c h, Abu s ir ( L Bo rchard , Das
”
-
’
. t Ko n igs Ne -
us er

re 1 9 07, P I
, .

Wo o de n do o r, m as aba o f H e sy ( Q u b e ll , o p c it , l t i . . P .

Pit i
a n e d co rr do r, m as aba o f H es y ( Q u b e ll , o p c it t ] W) i . . P , . .

Pit i
a n e d n ches , m as aba o f H e sy ( Q u b e ll , o p cit , t l VI I I ) i . . P . .
PL AT E I X : S E RE KH FA C A DE
 BEGINNIN G S OF DYNA STI C AR C H I TEC TURE
THE 47
disc vered a number of boards with r gula ly ar anged bo ings on th dg s By fitting the hol s
o e r r r e e e . e

tog ther h p ov d how the boa ds ov rlapp d in a fo m of ni h onst u tion and were bound
e e r e se r e e r c e c r c

together by thongs (P late ) H ow v r strang it may s m to who are a u tom d t nails I x— I . e e e ee u s, cc s e o

and s rews h wood n sarcophagi how how skilful th E gyptians w in u ing this p imitive
c , t e e S e e re s r

carpente s m thod of fastening Firmly tied la ings mo ov r w r far st ong than join y by
r
’
e . c , re e , e e r er er

wood n nails It is P et i s idea that th la ings w re visibl on th sid s of th ni hes in xa tly

e . r e
’
e c e e e e e c e c

the pla where th hains of elli pses app ar on all th paint d v sions of th is onst ucti on
ce e c e e e er c r .

After th IV Dyna ty th s pul hral tradition of th pala e fa cad tend d to b om a p

e s e e c e
“
c -
e
”
e ec e ro

i i l mod I th Middl Kingdom its

v nc a was viv d as
e . n b s en in th paint d burial
e e u se re e , c an e e e e

ch mber of S w t ank h at L isht and on th paint d wood n sa ophagus of King M h t p

a en o sre -
e e , e rc e n tu o e

( P lat Aft r t h XII Dyna ty a few grav s su h as that of P di Am n em Op t in the XXVI

e Ix e e s e , c e -
e - -
e

Dyna ty and a numb r of w o d n sarcophagi pres rv the form but in g n al it sank to a d ora
s ,
e o e , e e , e er ec

tive b t still symboli usage upon the paint d d c rved dados of mortuary temples (P late
, u c, e an a Ix

T H E T O MB

uring th fi st three Dynasti s the g av grew fr m its simpl Pr dynasti beginnings into
D e r e r e o e e c

a monumental stru ture of archit tural significanc and at th sam tim r tain d in th E gyp
c ec e, e e e e e e

tian mind it asso iation wi th th house T h e rli st burials whil produ ing the shap of
s c e . e a e , e re c e co n

t mpora y dw llings we e only shallow pits at first round th n oval and v ntually r tangular
e r e , r , , e , e e ec

(P lat T h pits w
e cov d with bran hes and mounds of sand and in the cou se of
x— I , e e re e re c , r

tim we e lin d with matting wood d finally bri k I t was not until the grav d v lop d a
e r e , , an c . e e e e

p man nt superstru ture that the tomb took archit tural importan e
er e c on ec c .

From th onset the death ritual and th growth of th Osiris cult stirr d E gyptian thought
e e e e

with a gr at hope and laid what b am a c u hing burden up n the n rgies and resou es of th
e ec e r s o e e rc e

living Nowh re else in th history of mankind hav n tural and primitive instincts of s lf pr s
. e e e a e -
e

e rvati pe petuat d th ms lves so t na iously and in th d a qui d su h olossal proportions

on r e e e e c e en c re c c .

Ar hi t ctu ally it was th dual fun tion of the tomb whi h brought about its developm nt and
c e r e c c e

c aus d th lephantiasis Ab ve v rything lse the g av provid d ev rlasting p ote tion As the
e e e . o e e e r e e e r c .

abode of th d ad it was also th pla wh r o ff ring and pray s were mad to th d part d
e e e ce e e e s er e e e e .

T hu th desire for gr at r and still g eat r p t ti

s e ombin d with the growth of an elaborate
e e ,
r e , ro e c o n, c e

P LATE IX

S m a l wo o d l -
co ns ruc t ti
f ro m T ark han ( e r e , Tarkhan 1, P l i x)
o n , co fi n P ti , . .

“
i
Wo o d las h n gs ( Balc z, Die altazgyptische Wan gle iderun g, Mitte ilun ge n de s De utsc he n I nstituts fur E gyp
”

tis c he Alte rtu m s k u n de in Kairo I , 1 930, Fig .

t Pti
,

S o n e s arco p hagus , L ahu n ( e r e , L ahun I I , 1 923, PI xx m ) , . .

Pi t i
a n e d w o o de n s ar co phagu s o f K n g Me n tu ho te p ( G S e n do rff , Das G rab de s Me n t uho te p 1 896, P 1 . ti , .

ti t
Dado deco ra o n , o m b o f Q ue e n T yi o f XVI I I Dyn ( r sse d A ve n n es , H ist o ire de l art Egyptie n , . Pi ’ ’
48 GYP TIAN ARC H I TEC TU RE E

ritual of fi i g we th moti v ating fa tors whi h produced th sepul hral ar hit tur and i
o er n s re e c c e c c ec e n

fl d the v olution of the t mpl

ue n ce e e e .

At l ast two distin t traditions of burial influenc d one anoth r at an a ly time and by the
e c e e e r ,

I Dynasty pr duced th conc ption of a sepulchral up rstructur O

o t adition began with burials e e s e e . ne r

in the floor of the house or i front of th ntran e with th result that the sup rstructu was , n e e c , e e re

from th outs t the ess ntial part of th tomb and only the n d for g ater prot tion for ed th
e e e e , ee re ec c e

bu ials deep r and de per und rground T h other tradition mu h bett r p eserv d in its ea ly b
r e e e . e , c e r e r e

ginnings start d wi th und rground dw lling for th d ad and only gradually evolved a per
, e an e e e e

man nt supe structur as a pla e of off ring

e r e c e .

At the opening of Dynasti history th tomb in Upper E gypt was till a simpl rectangular c e s e,

chamber t und rg ound in th sand and for th most pa t was without inte io division T h
cu e r e e r r r s . e

royal tombs at Abydo whi h must hav r p esent d th most laborate pr vision of th r gion s, c e e r e e e o s e e ,

w at fi st b ick stru tur s of one larg hamb built und rground and ov red with beams of
e re r r c e e c e r, e c e

wood on whi h a mound of sand was pil d P et i t is tru insists that th r were no sup r
c e . r e, i e, e e e

st uctures not ven an appr iable tumulus above these tombs ; the v ti al grav stones of the
r , e ec ,
er c e

att ndants bu i d about the royal g ave mad he says an n l su within whi h stood th two
e r e r e, , e c o re c e

kingly st l ab ve th ea t face of th buried tomb T h ult house of the tomb a co ding to

e a
e o e s e . e c -
, c r

P et i th refo e start d wi th th two stel and th offe ing table in front of th m R isn r
r e, e r , e e a: e r e . e e ,

howev r insists that v ry sub tru tur implies a sup stru tu e of some sort and so b li v that
e ,
“
e e s c e er c r
”
e e es

th rectangular grav s had rectangular mounds with r taining walls at first built of wattling or
e e e

wood .
21

ABYDOS T OMB S Before this question of the origin of the ar hit tu al superstru ture . be c ec r c can

conn ted with th d v lopment of th typical mastaba tomb e tain f atu s of the Abydo tombs
ec e e e e , c r e re s

must be emphasiz d b aus of th ir subs qu nt influ n e Around the burial chambers of these
e ec e e e e e c .

fir t kings s systematic rows of large numb rs of small tombs T h s d pend nt graves con
are e
?2
e e e e

t i d th bodi s of the royal hous hold most of whom w

a ne e c remoniously slaught red at th
e e ,
e re e e e

death of the king just as the arly kings of Ur in Mesopotamia kill d th ir attendants and wiv s
, e e e e ,

in order to a u th royal ma t r of fitting se vi in his et nal dwelling T h ustom of S ti

ss re e s e r ce er . e c a ,

or ifi i l b i l
s acr xist d in E gypt and surviv d until mod rn tim s in the S udan Wh th r
c a u r a s, e e e e e .
23
e e

21 Re i sn er, op cit pp 2 3 7, 23 8 He a sol s u gge s ts that t he e ar ly p an e l ed o od w co fi ns w e re ac tua ll y a rep re se n tatio n f o

P
. .
. .
,

the o ld w ttla e g ra e - v
m o un d o f the re dyn as tic p e rio d, but at t he s am e tim e he de n ie s an y re atio n l be t w een the E gyp tian to m b
an d ho use
P fi
.

22 e trie s
’
e x am in atio n o Abydo s e a e s n o do ubt that the ro ya att e n dan ts
f v e re s acri ce d
the gra e s o f the c o u rtie rs at l v l w
i
by b n din g an d buryin g the m a i e , f o r t he ir p o sitio n s s ho an e ff o rt to m o e afte r t he y lv
e re c o e re d ith s an d A ro un d w v w v w .

the to m b o f Z e r, arran ge d in tw o tie rs , e re 5 9 5 gra es , aro u n d

’
w
e t s 3 2 8 , aro u n d Me rn e it s an d De n s 1 2 1 , Az ab s 6 3 , an d v Z ' ' ’

l i i
Q s o n y 2 6, all n dic at n g a n o t un n atura de cre ase in the p o p u arity o f the c usto m ( e trie , T o m bs o f t he Co urtiers 1 9 25 ,
’
l l . P ,

p
i kill i wi G
.

23
Am o n g t he A nu a k w
he n a K n g die s t w o m e m be rs o f his m o the r s f am i y are e d an d bur e d th him (C
’
l ”
. .

an d Bre n da Z l
S e igm an, P agan T ribe s o f t he Nilo tic S udan , p am o n g the A z an de
“
f o rm e r y s e e ra o f his f a o rite l v l v
i
. .

wv w
i es e re p ac e d in the gra e l v w
ith the ir im bs bro e n , t he c h e f s bo dy s uppo rte d by the ir o uts tre tc he d e gs
”
l
( o p cit , p k ’
l
i
. . .

am o n g t he Bari
“
in the o ld days t wo dupi ( ass s tan ts ) e re bu rie d ith the r ain -m a e r, o n e ith his s to o an d the o the r w w k w l
Wi th his p ip e ( o p. c it .
, p . an d am o ng the L o tu k o a l ivi ng m an was burie d with the rain -ma er k (o p . cit .
, p .
PL AT E X : T OMB S
 BEGINNING S OF DYNA STI C ARC H I TEC TURE
THE 5 1

P etrie himself says P obably t fi st a hi f was bu i d in a pit in th midst of his hous mu h

, r a r c e r e e e, c

as various burials in h floo s of hous hav b n found in E gypt and usual in oth r lands I
t e
“ r es e ee are e .
”2
n

the marshy D lt d p und g ound burials wer impos ibl and som of th la k of viden e as to
e a ee er r e s e, e e c e c

th pr valen e of this custom in E gypt is b ause the ex avato

e e c annot obtain as mu h info mation ec c rs c c r

r garding arly bu ials in L owe E gypt th y hav unea th d f om th dry and of Upp E gypt
e e r r as e e r e r e s er .

T h a tual hous was th prima y p ototyp of the g a v

e c up t u tu
e W r th r no oth r e r r e r e s e rs r c re .
27
e e e e e

eviden than th pr val n of burials in hou s th oughout A f i a th on lusion would b strongly

ce e e e ce se r r c , e c c e

sustain d On th Upp Nile th re dw ll t day peopl alli d to th old t E gyptians in app a an

e .
“
e er e e o e e e es e r ce ,

statur ranial p oportions language and d ss T h y rul d by ain mak r magi ians or by di v ine
e, c r , , re . e are e r -
e c

king who w re until r ntly ritually lain and the t ib

s e o ganiz d in tot mi lans I t ally
e ce s ,
r e s are r e e c c . re

lo ks as if among the e trib s on the Upper Nil so ial d v lopm nt had b n a st d at a stag that
o s e e c e e e ee rre e e

th E gyptians had trav

e d b fo th ir histo y b gan T h w have a living mus um whose ex
e rs e e re e r e . e re e e

hibit suppl m nt and vivify th p hi toric as s in our oll tion E v n if th r ad r is

” 28
s e e t p e re s c e c ec . e e e e no re

pared to go far as T oynb ”

who writ s Th fath rs of the E gyptia ivilization (pe haps
as ee, e ,
“
e e c c r

accompanied by the forefath s of the Dinka and S hilluk b for th pa ting of th ways ) w r squat er e e e r e e e

P i T kh II 9 e tr e , ar an , p
l D i b i l d i ll l i b w
, . .

i 27 Re sn e r
h i , h d il f an au t o r ty o n h mb d h h t e e ta s o e ar y yn ast c ur a s , en es a re at o n et ee n t e to an t e o us e .

l
The e x te rn a p art o f the n o n he k w
rite s ,
"
f ai s e e n to hin t at s uc h a re p ro du c tio n
to m bs , w
Natura ly the f o rm s o f the
“
l v . l
do o rs w l w
er e re p ro du ce d f ro m ac tua do o r ays u se d in ho u se s , but it is qu ite be yo n d the e ff e c t o f th is e ide n c e to c o n c u de that v l
th e re fo re the w l
ho e f o rm o f the m as taba w as a re p ro duc tio n o f the ho use typ e o f the tim e in q ue s tio n
”
(p So me o f .

l
Dr Re isn e r s e xp an atio n s f o r the o rigin o f the to m bs are o n y te n ab e
.
’
he n the s ym b o ic im p o rtan c e o f do o rs an d o the r l l w l
f e ature s are co n n e c te d w
ith ho u s e f o rm s H is the o ry as to the o rigin o f the p a ace f acade m as tabas o n y bec o m e s n atura
. l -
l l
an d c o m p re he n s ib e l w l w
he n th e re atio n be t e e n the to m b an d t he ho u se is adm itte d Re gardin g the ro ya to m bs, he rite s ,
“
I . l w
l
fe e c o n s train e d to add to t he to m bs o f Me n e s an d Narm e r s o m e s o rt o f a e y s hrin e o r te m p e I im agin e this shrin e to v ll l
ki
.

v
ha e arise n fro m the te m p o rary m at p a i io n e re c te d im m e diate y af ter the de ath o f the vl ng o n the e dge o f t he de s e rt , to l
c o n tain th e fu n e rary e q u ip m e n t durin g th e f e w days re q u ire d f o r th e c o n s truc tio n o f t he bu ria p ace T his f u n e rary p a i io n l l vl
fi
.

l
w as bui t o f m ats an d p o e s as he d t o ge t he r l l
ith c o rds w
I n the tim e o f o n e o f t he rs t thre e in gs o f Dyn as ty I t his te m k
fi ll
.

vl l
p o rary p a i io n w as re p ace d b y a c b ( bric ) s truc tu re , the so -c a e d Va e y S hrin e , . . hic h to o k
the f o rm o f a ed c b ll ll w k . .

m as taba w
ith n e ar y e rtic a l v
f ac es , l w l
ith p a ac e f acade p an e ing o n all f o u r s ide s , p ain te d to im itate the m at s truc ture o f
-
ll
the te m p o rary s h p a i io n
”
(p vl v
E e n in his o w n the o ry the re is a de n ite y imp ie d re atio n be t e e n to m b f o rm an d fi l l l w
i
.

p rim it i e v
h l
o use s truc ture , an d n o e xp an atio n why t he p a ac e f acade p an e in g did n o t sur i e in the e x s tin g
-
“
Va e y S hrin e s l l vv ll
G
.

23 V
. . l
C hi de , T he Mo s t A n cie n t E as t pp 1 0 4 1 . .

29 A
I T o yn be e , A S tudy o f Histo ry, I
. .
p 313 . .

PL ATE X
P re dyn as ti c ro u n d( D Ran a ac
gra e , v
e r an d A C Mace , E l Am rah an d A bydo s
E l-Am rah l Iv ) . d ll M iv - . .
-
, P . .

G rave w ith
re c ess , B 1 35 E l A m rah ( o p c it 1v - - . .
,P l /4) . .

i
Br c k grav e , B 57 Rl A m rah (o p c it -
l I v/ 5) -
. .
, P . .

i
Br c k grave , B 1 4 E l Am rah ( o p c it -
l I v/ 6 ) -
. .
, P . .

i
Br c k grave , B I 5 E l A m rah ( o p c it -
l i v/ 7) -
. .
, P . .

i
Br c k to m b, 30 1 4 Ne gade h (G A Re s n e r, T he E arly Dy n as tic C e m e te rie s o f Naga c d De r 1, p 79, Fig i - -
, . .

i t t
. .

Br c k o m b , Mahas n a ( G ars an g, Mahas n a an d Be t Khallaf 1 9 02 , P I xxx 111) , . .

i
Br c k to m b, 1 58 1 Ne gade h (G A Re s n e r, T he De ve lo pm e n t o f t he E gyptian T o m b p . . i , .

t
Mas aba, Ne gade h (A C Mac e , T he E arly Dyn as tic Ce m e te rie s o f Naga-c d De f 11, I 909, P 1 3: Fig 20) -
, o .

M t b ( P e trie Tark han 11 P l x 1v )

. .

as a a, 1 845 T ar han k , , , . .

M t bas a a, K 4 Be t Khall af (Gars tan g o p c it P l xxv )

-
. .
, . .

M t b R 4o Re qaq n ah ( Gars tan g T he T hird E gyptian

,

as a a, -
,
Dy n asty , 1 9 04 , PI . Iv / B) .
52 EGYPTI AN ARC H I TE C TURE
ting on the edge of the j ungle sw mp whi h at that tim e occupi d th L ower Nile valley and the - a c e e

Delta the vident persist n e of N ilotic traditions among th pr sent natives throw very defi ite
”
, e e c e e s n

light on the origi nal customs in the Nil vall y Among th A h li for xample mu h of the ritual e e . e c o ,
so
e , c

of the cult of th d ad far as it pplies to male anc stors is performed at certain ( i cular hut )
e e — so a e — c r

S hrin s called K and in onsid ring this shrine it should be remember d that th d ad are bu i d
e ac , c e e e e r e

at th side of the ntran to th huts T h actual K is a crud imitation made of rocks of the
e e ce e .
”
e ac e , ,

E gyptian off ing tabl whi h is built opposit to th door of th hut

er e, c e e e .

I th I D ynasty the rect ngular brick sup rstru tu s at N g d h w re undoubtedly thought of

n e a e c re e a e e

as hous s Although th y had a solid or of sand and stone th ir bri k exte iors r produ d a house
e . e c e , e c r e ce

fo m ( plate 9) with a for ourt and two doors As su h th y be ame the standard typ of tomb
r i x— ec . c , e c e

du ing h Old d Middle Kingdoms and

r t e call d m t b
an are e as a as .

Whil it is u toma y to attribut the origi of th mastaba tomb to an n los d tumulus of sand
e c s r e n e e c e

abov the grav th hou burial th o y a ounts b tte for som of th evid nc At T arkhan whi h
e e, e se - e r cc e r e e e e .
, c

is nea to th bo d rs of L ower E gypt P t i discove d a la ge I Dynasty cemetery in whi h the

r e r e , e r e re r c

tombs were lik mud bri k hous s with the dead buri d in shallow hol s dug in the floor (P late
e -
c e e e

) and th house fill d with sand to make a mastaba tomb E a h to m

x— I o e b has a little ourtya d like
e . c c r ,

an entrance vestibul or hap l b fore whi h th off rings were mad as if at th door of a house I
e, c e , e c e e e e . n

these tombs Some of whi h go ba k a g n ration b fore M nes w hav the ss ntial el ments of sub
, c c e e e e , e e e e e

sequ nt ston mastabas nam ly an ntran e v stibul or hapel ; a hamb r h re fill d with sand
e e , e : e c e e, c c e , e e ,

but later to b om the d b and an a tual int ment beneath th floor Fu th rmore as has b en
ec e se r a
‘

, c er e . r e , e

s en ll th b i k mastabas of the I Dynasty whi h imitated th ni h d o ation of what w p ob

e , a e r c ,
c e c e ec r as r

ably th wood n pala con tru tion of the Delta w

e e bove g ound had very shallow bu ials in
ce s c , e re a r ,
r

the c nte (P lat

e and w re lo at d on th outskirts of L ow r E gypt
r e vi — 2, e c e e e .

I tomb n 6 at T a khan ( P lat wher all th xt rior fa s of th ma taba imitat the

10 0 r e vi e e e e ce e s e

small wood pan ling of the royal hous the entral ni h on th t f is painted d in imita
-
e e, c c e e e as e rn ac e re

tion of a wood n door and in front of this presumably f lse door is a wooden floor the remains
e ,
“
a
”
, ,

undoubt dly of a wood n o ff ring hap l

e , e , e c e .

By the I I Dynasty s pul h al traditions b gan to mingle and in th province of G irza which
e c r e , e ,

includes Abydo th re main tombs illust ating all ess ntial stag s in th evolution of the typical
s, e re r e e e

mastaba B for the b ginning of the III Dynasty the lid m t b h d l d th d di g

. e e e so as a a a e nc o se e e sc e n n

t i w y ( P lat
s a r a
) T h stairs s till on tinu d to descend f om north to south going down an
e x— I I . e c e r ,

open passage as in th ea lier tomb of King D By this time th sea h for prot tion led th e r en. e rc ec e

build rs to dig th u d g ound buri l chamber deep that it i subte ranean and has se ie of
e e n er r a so s r a r s

storerooms t out around it cu .

S omewhat lat r in the I I I Dynasty the d sc nding stair passage in th mastaba of the same
e e e e s

provin e is lin d with b i k and strengthened by ross walls so t wi thstand the pressure of th
c e r c c -
as o e

gravel (P late Th s o wall p netrat d with ar hed op nings through whi h the stairs
x e e cr ss - s are e e c e c

can pass and the entran to th und rground chambers is closed by a large rock lowered into place
, ce e e ,

S li m
so
p i e g an , o . c t .
, p 1 33°
 ARC H I TEC TURE
THE BEG INNI NGS 53 OF DYN A S T I C

down what has be ome a ti l h ft With the inevitabl thick ning of th cro s walls the des end
c v er ca s a . e e e s -
c

ing stairway becomes a overed and vault d passage with ve ti al shafts opening int it (P late ) c e r c o x r-I .

T hes modifi ations eventuat d in th h ft m t b and th p t lli sy t m of prot tion ideas

e c e e s a as a a e o r cu s s e ec ,

best illust at d by th gr at mastaba of King Zose at Bet Khall f (P lat

r e T h ma taba which
e e r a e x1 e s ,

was th abod of th king s K whil hi a tual r main w r far mor magnifi ently p rv d at
e e e
’
a, e s c e s e e e c re se e

S aqqara is 8 f t long 53 f et wid and 33 f t high T h stairway d sc nds 9 f t b low th top

, 2 0 ee , 1 e e, ee . e e e 1 ee e e

of th ma taba and is p ot t d by a tunnel v ault of tru a h onst u tion S till gr at r af ty f the

e s r ec e e rc c r c . e e s e or

burial is obtain d by using th six v rti al shafts op ning down whi h la g ston s w d opp d
e e e c as e s, c r e e e re r e

so as to blo k th pas ag T h ston s w a tually la g than th shafts and g oov s w

c e t in
s e . e e e re c r er e r e e re cu

th id s of th hafts to a llow the po t ulli blo ks to slid down into pla T h is som qu stion
e s e e s r c s c e ce .
81
e re e e

as to wh e th t l d pla of off ing wer now that th passag to th bu ial hamb is

er e s e a
e an ce er e, e e e r c er

clos d P r umably th was a small ult building atta h d to the id of th mastaba for on ma taba
e . es e re c c e s e e , s

K at B t Khallaf which was also a royal tomb th re are indi ations of a small chapel built onto
—2 e , ,
e c

th south
e d en .

ORIE NT AT ION Matters of orientation were of the gr at st onc n to the E gyptian in th ir

. e e c er s e

burial ustoms but during th first th Dynasti s th w appa ntly diff r nt b li fs about th
c , e re e e e re e re re e e e e e

signifi an of th four ardinal points F om pr histo ic tim s how v r th tangula tomb was
c ce e c . r e r e , e e , e re c r

ori nt d no th and sou th or at l ast laid out roughly pa all l to th dg of the d rt whi h follow d
e e r ,
e r e e e e e se , c e

th no th ly ou s of th riv r I t h majo ity of a s in th P dynasti p iod the body li s on

“
e r er c r e e e . n e r c se e re c er e

the left side with th fa to th w t on both banks of th iv but the ul is not ab olut e I b ce e es ,
e r e r, r e s e . . e

li v that it is n sa y to a um that th off ring pla in a h a

e e pond d to th di tion
e ce s r ss e e e -
ce e c c s e c o rre s e e re c

in whi h th body fa d T h nt an to th tomb of King D and the oyal tombs at B t

c e ce .
” 32
e e r ce e en r e

Khalla f w e on th north sid D u ing t h I I I Dyna ty und r th influ n

er of th olar ult of
e e . r e s ,
e e e ce e s c

H liopolis th o ff ring hap l with its st l was shift d t th a t side

e , e b au th W st n s
e c e e e e o e e s
33
ec se e
“
e er er
”

had to om E a t in o der to v i it with th sun th ir a thly haunt I th as of th oyal pyra

c e s r re s , e ,
e e r s. n e c e e r

mid how v r th traditional ntran e to th tomb main d on th north sid and was only shift d
s, e e ,
e e c e re e e e e

du ing th Middl Kingdom as a m ans of baffling th tomb robb rs

r e e e e e .

T h ont a t d position of th body p vail d without x p tion f om a li st tim s to th

e c r c e d of e re e e ce r e r e e e en

th eII D ynasty T h n th half xt nd d po ition w gradually adopt d by the oyal family and
. e e -
e e e s as e r

nobl s but for the p or r cla es the mb yonic posture persisted into th Middle Kingdom
e ,
o e ss e r e .

VAUL T ING T h d velopm nt of the tomb passage in th I II Dynasty r yal mastabas at Bet
. e e e s e o

Khallaf sugg st that th ar h and vault o iginat d in E gypt as a p ot tion for the oof of th de
e s e c r e r ec r e

nding stai way but its

sc e from the v y fi t was not limit d to th pa ag way D u ing th II
r , u se , er rs ,
e e ss e s . r e

Dyna ty many tomb at N g d h had vaults ov r the bu ial hamber (P lat s

s 4 and Is origin e a e e r c e x 1— x n

31 T he I Dyn as ty to mb o f Kin g De n had gro o v withi whi h

es n c a p o rtcu ll i l s s ab w as lw
o e re d in o rde r to l
c o se the

e n tran c e

G
.

32 A Re is n e r, T he De ve lo p me n t o f t he E gyptian T o m b p . 1 2.

P
. .

33 age 81 .
PLATE XI : T OMB S AND ARCHES
 TH E BE GI NN INGS OF DYN A S TI C AR CH I TE CTURE 5

the vault were of simple corbel d construction i whi h th bri ks w re laid horizontally overlap
s e n c e c e ,

ping one nother Appar ntly it was not until the I II Dynasty that this early o b ling turn d into
a . e c r e e

true a h onstru tion with a tual vo ssoi s ith r trimmed into w dg shap d pi es of mud (P lat
rc c c c u r , e e e e- e ec e

5) or gi v n the ne ssa y vou soir shape by atta hing pi

x 1— e s of mud to th ir upp r edg s I spit
ce r s c e ce e e e . n e

of having the l m nts of an ar uated styl of building at this a ly dat the E gyptians on ider d
e e e c e e r e, c s e

th v a
e ult a pu ely utilita ian featu b ause it was not an old form ons at d by long usage $ S
r r re ec c e cr e .
4
o

th y p ist d in tr ating it as a p a ti al xpedi nt and having n ith r g at spans nor n ed of mu h

e e rs e e r c c e e , e e re , e c

inte io spa e to cov th y mad ve y littl

r r c of it in th ir monum ntal ar hitecture
e r, e e r e us e e e c .

MODIFIC AT I ONS IN MAS T ABA

B for th end of the III Dynasty f urther modifications
THE . e e e

were mad in the already establish d mastaba typ of tomb Wh re th I Dynasty ma tabas of L ower
e e e . e e s

E gypt had imitat d the pan ling of th wood n hous on all four sid s ( P lat V ) the III Dynasty
e e e e e e e I ,

tomb of H y at S aqqara (P lat es ) as we saw limited this ni he tr atm nt to the t f c d where

e VI I I , ,
c e e e as a a e

the painted imitation of the hous with its actual wood n doors was protected by an outer wall form e e
,

ing a or idor or nar o w c urtyard in f ont of th rituali st i ent an e

c r ,
r o , r e c r c .

S omewhat later in the sam e Dyna ty a still greater simplifi ation was made in the niche treat s c

ment on a mastaba at R q q h (P lat X H re an a tual tib l in front of the door leads into
e a na e II e c ve s u e

th ourt or orridor and t th south d of the corridor is a singl paneled ni he or false door
e c , c , a e en e -
c ,
“
,
”

serving at the off ering st le Next to this nich an a tual do r op ns into a hamb r whi h may hav
e . e c o e c e c e

b th d b in which stood th statu of th d ad T h same tomb al o hows a combination of

een e se r a e e e e . e s s

th mastaba type of low r E gypt with the stai way typ of Upp r E gypt for wi thin the solid or of
e e r e e , c e

the tomb a flight of stairs l ads down to the burial pit At the d of the III or th b ginning of the
e . en e e

I V Dynas ty anothe ma taba at R q q h (P late X ) has only small false door ni he on “ ”

,
r s e a na II — 2 o ne, -
c

th east wall whil all that is l ft of the int rior stairway tradition is a singl
e , e ti l h ft descend
e e e ve r ca s a

ing to th bu ial hamb r Finally in anoth r small mastaba at th sam pla e the e is a hap l on
e r c e .
, e e e c , r c e

the east fa e of the tomb i t whi h the fals door is t (Plate

c ) T h next important hange
n o c
“
e
”
se XI I - I . e c

in the mastaba ame at the end of the III and the begin ing of the IV Dynasty when tone bec use of
c n s , a

its durability was substituted for brick

, .

34 The i v l lk
f the E gyp tian au t, i e t hat o f the Mes o po tam an au t, was app are nt y uti tarian an d im tat e I n
o rig n o i v l l li i iv
i i i
.

d sc uss n g the e ar y tun ne l lv l v

au te d gra e s o f Ur an d N pp ur, A n drae s ays that the gra e
-
au t is the s u bte rrane an hut hic h v v l w
l
had to be m ade o f s tro nge r m ate ria s in c e it w as un de rgro un d, an d a so had to s e r e as the d e n g f o r the de ad dur n g an l v w ll i i
l
u n im ite d pe rio d, but its v l l i
au t f o rm is o n y an im itat o n o f t he c ur e d ro o f ( An dre e , Das Go tte s haus an d die Urfo rme n de s v
Bauens im Alten rien t, 1 9 3 0, pO .

PLATE XI

t
Mas aba R I Re qaqn ah ( Gars ang The Third E gyptian Dyn asty P l rv/ A)
,
- t , , . .

e t t -
t
Mas aba o f Ne e r Khe Be t Khall af (G ars an g Mahas n a an d Be t Khallaf P l
,
t , , . VI I ) .

v
a t
A rche d passage, o mb R I Re qaq n ah (Gars an g, T he T hird E gyptian Dyn as ty)
- t .

e Br c ik v lt c d Der,
au , to mb 30 1 4 Ne gade h ( Re sn e r, T he E arly Dy n astic C e me te ries o f Naga— i -
I, PI .

w ik t
Br c arch, o mb R I I o Re qaqn ah (G ars an g, o p cit ,
- x rv ) t . . Pl . .
PL A TE XII : T OMB S A ND T E MPL ES
 C CT URE E GYPT I A N A R H I TE

H w long such venerated shrines of peri habl mat rials last d and how frequently they wer
o s e e e e

rebuilt no one will ever know By the I Dynasty some t mples were constru ted of bri k and at . e c c ,
35

Hi k p li the templ had a granite gat way

e ra o n o s
$
At Abydos P trie found th imprint of a simple
e e .
6
, e e

rectangular temple of th I Dynasty f t by 4 f t with wall 8 f et thi k whi h lik the tomb of
e , 21 ee 2 ee , s e c , c , e

King Menes must have had its pre umably flat roof support d by bundled r d or wo d n supp t
, s e ee o e or s .

Near to this e rly t mpl of the loc l divi i ty Wep w w t at Abydos and at a little higher level
a e e a n ,
-
a e , ,

P et ie un overed the plan of a b i k temple of th I I or I I I D ynasty ( P lat

r c I t has a t iple ar r c e e XI I r

rang ment of small san tuari s at one end whi h r sembl an a ly tomb at Mahasna (P late 7) and
e c e c e e e r x-

a mu h later type of hous and temple plan (P late

c Al o at Abydos was found the probl matic
e v s e

I I Dynasty plan of a bri k t mple perhaps of O siris whi h mu t have been only the traditional rec
c e , , c s

t g l building w ith t h
an u ar ntran e on the long side (P late e e c XI I

N t far from Abydos t the very ncient sit of H i k p li Q uibell un arth d an early tem
o , a a e e ra o n o s, e e

ple area onsisting of a n a ly circular mound or platform of sand it sides r tain d by rough stones
c e r , s e e ,

on whi h must hav stood one or more primitive shrin s (P lat

c e D u ing the I I D ynasty this e e XI I r

sacred high pla e was en roa hed upon and more or less leveled in ord r to build crude bri k tem
c c c e c

ples I nasmu h as sun dried bri ks do not make permanent walls the t mpl plans which
.
37
c -
now c , e e can

be traced within the primitive circular enclosure probably dat f om the N w Kingdom e r e .

O of the oldest and for ntu ies th most important ligious nter in an i nt E gypt was
ne , ce r e ,
re ce c e

H eliopolis near C airo whi h was form rly the ity of On and the P r dyna tic apital of L ower
, , c e c e s c

E gypt H ere the S. was worship d as R atum whos coll ge of pri sts b ame renowned as the
un e e— , e e e ec

most l arn d of all the pri stly groups in E gypt N othing r mains of R a ly templ but it was
e e e . e
’
e s e r e,
38
a

high pla the p imeval mound on which sto d t h gr at ston known th b b T his v n r
ce , r , o e e e, as e e n- en . e e

ated ston f ti h whos pyram idal top refle ted th rays of the sun eventually d v l ped into the
e e s , e c e , e e o

ob lisk and suppli d th id og aphi shape which turned th step tomb of the II I Dynasty into the
e , e e e r c e -

pyramids of th IV Dynasty e .

S ome id a of this holy place of R can be obtained from th later sun temple whi h King
e e e — c

N built i the V Dynasty ne r his pyramid at Abusi Although built of stone on a larg r s ale
e u s e rre n a t . e c ,

N t mple was undoubtedly mod l d after th famous shrine of the god at H liopolis T h
e u se rre s
’
e e e e e . e

templ at Abusi was built on th high ground t th dg of the d sert and consist d of a great
e t e a e e e e e

open ourt 33 feet long and 5 f et broad (P lat

c , 0 Th ent ance was at the east d ab ve 2 0 e e XI I e r en , o

which the sun rose and at th opp site d of the court stood the b b T hi symbol and mb di
, e o en en- en . s e o

ment of th sun was a hug ungainly mbryonic ob lisk onsisting o ding to Bo hardt of a
e e, , e e ,
c , ac c r rc ,

ped stal measu ing about 3 f t square and

e f et high ; on it stood the squat obelisk with its
r 1 0 ee 1 00 e

gleaming py amidal top rising 56 meters above the pavement of the ourt I f ont of the b b
r c . n r e n- en

G Ié i M l d A hé l i E p i
35
qu e r, 5 d ib v
an ue l d ’
bl i h d i
rc l bik
o og e gy t e n ne p 1 1, e s cr es a e ry e ar y an u n pu s e c rc u ar, r c

l i whi h h d i d wi h m d w
. .

tem l di v d
p e H li sco e rei w ll at e o po s, c a co n ce n tr c a s p e rce t nu e ro u s oo r ays .

3“
I E Q uibe ll Hierako n po lis I
. .
, , , pl . II .

3 7 The l
t e m p e re m ain s at Badari, whi h g c o bac k to the O ld Kin gdo m an d p e rhap s e ar ier,l are to o co n u se d t o
f be v e ry

s i ifi
gn c an t ( G Bru n to n , Qua an d Badari, I , 1 9 2 7, p 1 8
it i
. .

38 l
A bu i din g in sc r p io n ref e rs to S e n wo sre t I
’
s l
en arge m e n t o f the te mp e l l
in M dd e Kingdo m ( Bre aste d, A nci e n t Re c
o rd-
f. 1. 4 9 8
 BE GI NNI NGS OF D YN A ST I C AR CH ITE CT URE
THE 59

was the large sacrifi ial altar and larg r tangular slaughter area with long parallel troughs cut in
c a e ec ,

its stone pav ment to cat h the blood while a ound the sid s of the ourt were priestly storerooms
e c , r e c

and a royal hap l T h ntran e was approa h d by a long ov r d orridor l ading up from the
c e . e e c c e , c e e c e te

ce pti pa v ilio
on on th plain
n below M ost cu ious of all the f atures of this exceptional temple was th
e . r e e

gr at bri k mod l of the barqu in whi h the

e c e made his daily voyage across th sky
e c su n e .

A cl arer and more int lligible pi ture of the religious and mortuary architecture of this early
e e c

transitional period can be pieced together from th great mplex of buildings a ound King Zose s e co r r
’

step pyramid at S aqqara

-
.
 VI E w o r TH E S TEP P E D PYRAM D I A T S AQQAR A FR OM H E B S E D C OU RT
-

4 . TH E S TE P PE D P YRA MI D A T S A QQAR A

KABL E F INDS made by the gov rnment excavators in the cres of mortuary
H E RE MAR e a

buildings a ound th st p py amid at S aqqara have add d a w hapter to the history of E gyp
r e e -
r e ne c

tian ar hit ctur Th gigantic ompl x was built a ly in the thi d millennium by Z ser who was th
c e e . e c e e r r o , e

first or s ond king of th III Dynasty Th work r p es nts what was pr bably th beginning of
ec e . e e r e o e

monum ntal archit ture in ston S om popular w iters hav f lt that th ruin d results of Zoser s
e ec e . e r e e e e
’

eff orts xi t as an inexpli able phenomenon Unable to xplain the fo ms building m thods and what
e s c . e r , e ,

th ey all th cla i beauty of th buildings such writers have tak n r fuge in assuming a long p riod
c
“
e ss c
”
e , e e e

of transition to stone whi h may have tak n plac outsid of E gypt I t has v n been suggest d that
c e e e . e e e

Zos r and his ar hite tur r p nt an int usion f om th W st an off shoot of that mythi al moth r
e c c e e re s e r r e e , c e

cultur of Atlantis H w ls w
e asked are S aqqara and Mayan ar hite tu s to be e plained ?
. o e e, e are , c c re x

L ea v ing C nt al Am i an t to its own side of th Atlan ti

e r we find at S aqqara many unan
er c ar e c,

sw d p obl ms but nothing whi h is inexpli abl T h E gyptians in the Memphite region had begun
e re r e ,
c c e . e

to exp rim nt with th t hniqu of utting ston as ea ly as th I Dynasty E ven though th mag
e e e ec e c e r e .
1
e

n it d ingenuity and compl xity of th wo k may s m astounding the ar hitectural forms th m

u e, , e e r ee , c e

s lv s petr ifi d eviden of m ntal habits and building traditions whi h hav been inferred in th
e e are e ce e c e e

p vious hapters If it is admitt d that th E gyptian nvironment int nsified the natural conservatism
re c . e e e e

1 The i v k
d sco e ry at S aqq ara o f th e ro c -c ut to mb o f H ern ak a, a Viz er o f the I Dyn as ty, p ro e s that sto n e cut
re ce n t i v
l v
tin g w as a re ady ad an ce d b e yo n d ah e xp e rim e n ta stage The T o m b o f H e m ak a is cu t 2 5 f e e t be o l the su rface , an d t he l w
i il
.

l
bur ia c ham be r is s urro u n de d by 4 2 m agaz in es , e ach o n e de vo te d to a p art cu ar art c e o f f o o d ( T he Illustrate d L o n do n Ne ws l ,

vo l 1 8 8 , Ap ri 2 5, 1 9 3 6 , p
. l .

60
 T HE S TE PPE D PYR A MI D A T S AQQA R A 61

of the human race that the a li st ar hit ture was in mud b i k wood and pliable materials and
, e r e c ec r c , , ,

that ston at fi st ould only have b n us d a mor p rman nt m thod of sculpturally reproducing
e r c ee e as e e e e

traditional forms th n w have only to r ogniz th exi t nc of om bold think r who at S aqqara
, e e ec e e s e e s e e

und rtook f th first time to translate the architectu al onventions of his day into what he thought
e , or e , r c

was indestructible stone .

I MHOT E P Zo r Th H oly was one of E gypt s greatest Pharaohs T adition kept alive his fame
. se , e ,
’
. r

as a man of knowl dg a mighty build r and a pat on of th a t But mu h of his p stig and
e e, e ,
r e r s . c re e ac

co mpli hm t w d to his izi I mhot p th fi st gr at a hit t in th history of th wo ld

s en s e re ue V e r, e ,
e r e rc ec e e r .
2

I m hot p f m ly th ght to have b n a pu ly l g nda y figu

e , or er was a tually bo n n ar M mphis
a ou ee re e e r re , c r e e

about 9 ; h was pe haps th son of a di tinguish d a hite t K

2 00 n o e f who was archit t of r e s e rc c , an o e r,
“
ec

southe n and north n E gypt and was p sumably th a chit t of King Kh k h m i who made
r er , re , e r ec as e e u

the ston burial hamb r at Abydos Und r Zo r I mhot p b am Vizi H igh P ri t First aft r
e c e . e se , e ec e e r, es ,
“
e

the King of Upp r E gypt and C hi f of all th wo ks of th King of Upp r and L ow r E gypt B
e ,
”
e e r e e e .
”
e

c aus of his g eat wi dom h w r v ed all through E gyptian hi to y as a c ib sag astronom r

e r s e as e er s r s r e, e, e ,

magi ian th fath r of m di in and th first us r of tone ; finally ntu i s aft his death h was
c , e e e c e, e e s , ce r e er , e

d ifi d t mpl s w d di at d to him and wh n th p i st of E dfu w d ibing th o igin of

e e , e e e re e c e ,
3
e e r e s e re e sc r e r

their temple they said T h maste craftsman was I mhot p th of P tah the great god of
, e r e , e so n ,

M mphis ; fath r and son unit d th ir powers and produ ed the first t mple of E dfu in one of th
e e e e c e e

earliest periods of E gyptian history .

T H E S IT E A ND T H E PL AN What I mhotep undertook at S aqqa a was to make perman nt an . r e

ev rlasting establishm nt for th king by produ ing about his tomb th buildings of wood wattl
e e e ,
re c e , e,

and bri k whi h mad up th royal r sid n at M mphis T h sit was the ne rop lis of M mphis
c c e e e e ce e . e e c o e

from the I Dynasty but until r ntly it has b n thought that th w re no oyal burials th e b
,
e ce ee e re e r er e

fore Z ser becau e all his pr d esso s w bu ied in Upp E gypt Zo er him lf follow d th old
o , s e ec r e re r er . s se e e

custom and ere t d for his K a giganti bri k mastaba at B t Khallaf but wh n he shift d his
c e a c c e ,
4
e e

perman nt residen to M mphis h began hi g at tomb at S aqqara hanging th plans several

e ce e e s re , c e

times i ord r to adjust his sepul h al a ang m nts to th influ nc of the H li p lit sun wor
n e c r rr e e e e e e o o an

ship and the fusion of Upper and L ow r E gyptian funereal traditio s e n .

T H E PLAN AND WAL L S I mhotep s mortuary plan for his mast r was certainly altered as th .
’
e e

w k progr sed Th plan as it has be n car f ully n ov r d by Firth and L auer is a great
or es . e ,
e e u c e e
5
,
‘

walled n losure m by m (P late X ) S ince it is almost exa tly

e c E gyptian ubit . . III . c 1 000 c s

B Hurry, I m ho tep . K S e the ,

. Imho te p, der As kl pie os der Ae gyp ter, Untersuc hunge n zur Gesc hichte an d

Altert u ms k un'de Ae gypte ns , II

8 P age s 1 93 , 1 95 .
4 P age 53 .

5 C M Firth an d I E Qu ibe ll T he S te p Pyramid

Phill i
. . . .
,

pp e Lauer, La Pyramide a De gr és
°
I .
 Y AMID
PL AT E XII I : S T E PP E D P R AT S A QQ A RA
 THE STE PPE D P YR A MI D A T S AQQA R A 63

f om the inner face of the southern wall to the north d th impli ation is that the wo k began with
r en , e c r

the long mastaba which is now in orpo at d in the south wall T h spa su ounded by th walls is c r e . e ce rr e

not so mu h an n losure as it is a gr at artifi ial t r a e with op n ourt in it T h wall whi h

c e c e c e r c e c s . e s, c are

really o ly a fa ing of the t rra e and even on the south sid wh e th y hav an xt ior and i
n c e c , e, er e e e er n

t i
er o r su face m thick h ve interior cor of l i tt fill d with hip bri ks and rub
r , are .
, a an e c o so n e es e c s, c

bish and are fac d with cut limestone

,
e .

T h d co ation of these walls whi h are

e e r m high onsists of recess d ni h ea h grooved , c .
, c e c e s, c

pilaster of whi h is m d p ; at irregular int rvals fourt n bastions th e at th ends and four
c . ee e are ee , re e

on the sides whi h imitate tow r d gat ways with lo d doubl d doors carv d on th m T h s
, c e e e c se , e e e . e e

pan led walls with th ir sinkings and los d doors it has b en sugg st d opi d th walls of b i k
e ,
e c e , e e e , c e e r c

whi h M nes built round M mphis P obably the b i k d f ns s of th C ity of th White Wall
c e a e . r r c e e e
“
e e s
”

had this ni h treatm nt but we hav to go fu ther ba k to g t the ideog aphi m aning of this d co
c e e ,
e r c e r c e e

ration Along th top of the walls w r ight rows of slightly sunk n r tangl s whi h had no
. e e e e e ec e c re

latio to th stone oursing but were a ranged verti ally in the nt r of a h sunk n panel and
n e c ,
r c ce e e c e

proje ting pila t r (P late V ) T h ff ort t int p t these non stru tu al re tangula sinkings
c s e XI -
I . e e o e r re -
c r , c r

has resulted in several fanciful theo ies S om s holars have call d th m b am nds whil o th rs have r . e c e e e e , e e

tri d to mak th m out windows T h xplanation is simpl if th y

e e e in lud d as part of the
as . e e e, e are c e

whole d orativ or better symboli tr atment of the walls and then onsid red with the
ec e, kh ,
c, e , c e s e re

pala fac ad tradition

ce - e .

Th house was always a mark of p w r and in all p imitiv societi s th actual dwelling of the
e o e ,
r e e e

ruling family p se s d sp cial social and r ligious di tin tion Th va ious titl s of the R d H ous
os s e e e s c . e r e
“
e e
”

and White House and P haraoh m aning G r at Hou e indi at how important this asso iation
“ ”
, e
“
e s ,
”
c e c

of ideas was in the E gyptian mind T h r fore the nich pattern of the old kh fa c ad th . e e e se re e— e

wo den palace of the l g nda y rulers of the D lta acqui d as w have s n a tr m ndous ig ifi
o e e r e — re , e ee , e e s n

c an e Wh n the south rn kings of th warlike H awk lan onqu r d the mo iviliz d N orth they
c . e e e c c e e re c e ,

took over the sign of this house to how th ir rights to th p wer of thos d mi gods who had once s e e o e e -

r eign d in the D lta I mu h the same way th Do ian G ks took ov r th Megaron pala e of th
e e . n c e r re e e e c e

A h c z an king who in their minds had become hero s and semi divinities and mad it into a ult
s, e -
, e c

house T h ni he pattern whi h was reprodu d in b i k on th pala walls at Abydos and was
. e c , c ce r c e ce ,

probably on the walls around Memphis as indi ated by th ign of th Memphite nome was by th c e s e ,
e

III Dynasty la g ly lat d in m n s minds with the hou of th dead ’

r e re e e se e .

When translat d into bri k eith r on pala e or mastaba wall it was impossibl to imitat a u
e c , e c s, e e cc

t ly th
ra e r ticulat d patt rn at the top of the wood n fram work Because no b i k walls and
e e e e e e . r c

PL ATE XIII

1 Pl an o f t i t t
mo r uary prec n c : A e n ran ce to Hall o f C o l o n n ade , B G rea T o m b, C C hape l , D H e b—S e d Co u r , t t
t t P t t P t t
.

E C o ur o f the S o u he rn al ace , F Co u r o f the No r he rn al ac e G S e rdab, H Mo r uary T e m p l e , K G rea ,

t P i
A l ar, P yram d, T T e m p l e o f Os r s, W We ll s I , I I an d I II e rraces w h c hambe rs (af er L auer in
“ ”
ii , t it t
. . it i
C M F r h an d I E Qu b e ll , T he S te p Pyram id, 1 936, P l
. . .
PL A TE XIV: ST EPP E D PYRA MID A T S A QQ A RA
66 GYP T I A N AR CH ITE CT URE E

the originals of th se Osi is pillars w re made of sh aves of bundle reeds bound together and stuck
e r e e ,

into th spr ading end of one anoth r A second til d room has three false doors with relief of
e e s e . e
“ ”
s

N t k h t ( Zo ) At t h top of
e er e door wi thin the frame is a horizontal drum whi h later occurs
se r . e o ne , , c

fr qu ntly in pul hral doo way and has au d mu h sp ulation (P late V S om w it rs have
e e se c r s, c se c ec XI e r e

int rpr t d this door d um as a wood n strut originally int nded to w dge the door jambs part
e e e r e e e a .

Oth rs hav all d it a urt in roll T h ord d matting pattern carved on th S aqqara example
e e c e c a . e c an e

and on th sa ophagus of F fi (P late V ) shows that th se cylinde s reprodu ed mat urtains which
e rc e I I—2 e r c c

could b roll d up or down

e e .

T h G at T omb ais s many unansw rable questions Was it originally a free standing mastaba
e re r e e .
,

the first tomb whi h Zos r und rtook befo e abandoning it for the stepped pyramid idea ? As a free
c e e r

standing ma taba its o i ntation running east and west and with the entran e at the west d is
s r e , c en ,

curiously x p tional Z s r w saw had a larg but traditional tomb in the r gion of his anc stors at
e ce . o e , e , e e e

B t Khallaf Was t his S aqqara tomb then o ly a t mporary resting plac pending th compl tion of
e .
, , n e e, e e

th egreat pyramid ? T h objection to this suggestion quit apart from the work involved and the
e , e

probability of Z s r s not making a temporary r sti g pla while h was still aliv to plan a w type
o e
’
e n ce e e ne

of tomb is th fa t that the great pyramid started mod stly as a mastaba not mu h la ger than this
, e c e , c r

tomb Furth rmore it is diffi ult to explain why t h tile work in the t mporary tomb was finished
. e c e e

while th til work by the sam hand in the g eat pyramid was left unfinish d
e e , e ,
r e .

I t is no mo e sati fa tory to as ume that f t the tomb was finished the stone was found
r s c s a er

faulty P erhaps it was a symboli tomb intended to commemorat the ritual of the king s sacrifice
. c e
’

at the time of the H b S d f s tival Th burial hamber i this tomb was only large enough for a
e — e e .
9
e c n

contract d bu ial such as is found in all graves b fore th I II Dynasty while the sarcophagu
e r , e e ,
s

room in th g at pyramid allow d an xtend d bu ial T her fore the G reat T omb was p m
e re e e e r . e re s u

ably abandon d b caus f a h ge in royal fun r al ustom Another possibility however is

e e e o c an e e c .
, ,

its use as th er monial tomb of Zoser as the King of L wer E gypt wh re his Delta subje ts
e c e , o , e c

might worship him T his id a is st ngth n d somewhat by the littl hapel (P lat X ) b
. e re e e e c e I II —C e

neath the tomb and th use of the d ora tions on th inner fa e of th t menos wall for
e ura us ec e c e e ,

th e obra was th royal in ignia of th D lta kings at Buto

c e s e e .
10

T H E E NT R N C E C ORRI D R The O A
only ntrance to th wall d ity of th dead was in th . e e e c e e

bastion at th southea t c rner whi h was probably a towered gateway Within the gateway
e s o , c . are

the stone opies of tw open doors ; then another open door gi ves acc ss to th long corridor I
c o e e . n

side the doorway a p ssage at the left leads into the solid t rrace and may hav had a staircase
, a e e

asc ending to the top of the walls ; at the right another passage go s to th H b S d court passing e e e — e
,

a compl x of small hapels and hambers Th long ntran e corridor is divid d into two parts
e c c . e e c e

by a cro s wall (P late xv ) I the first part are two rows of twelve columns Th colum s
s — —
I . n . e n ,

Fi h A 9
l d S i XXVII I pp 8 5 8 7
rt n na es a erv ce , -

k pl i hi mb d
, , . .

L L Py m id a D
1°
é I
au e r, iam h l f
ra y m e e gr s , pp 1 1 0 -1 1 2 ; n as uc as an ac tu a une rar ce re o ny to o ace n t s to an

h G
,

whi h w l d
, .

all h h mb
ac ce ss to w l d L t e h c T mb w
a b il erp v h pl as c o s e aue r s ugge sts t at t e re at o as u t to re s e r e t e
“
acen ta c ou

b i d b f
,

h v b
a e h
een l m mm y w i
ur e d e o re t e ro ya u as n terre .
 THE S TE PPE D PYR A MID A T S AQQA R A 67

which are i 6 m high and tap red imitate bundl d ds ; but b ing undoubt dly th first r
c r . .
, e ,
e re e e e e a

tempt to copy tall sl nder f ee tanding supports arrying a load of ton in t ad of wood Imhotep
, e , r s c s e s e ,

cautiou ly atta hed them to th d of ross walls (P lat xv ) T h apitals r p s nt a binding

s c e en c -
e —z
. e c e re e

sh ath with thr e of the bundl d ds carri d o v r it T h olumns whi h hav no xa t oun
e e e re e e e . e se c , c e e c c

t p t in subs quent E gyptian archit tu

er ar w not mad of solid d ums of stone but wer
e ec re , e re e r , e

built up in stone cours s with two to six pi s of ston in ea h ours t around a entral e , e ce e c c e, se c

c or and th n ar ed to the i ular and flut d exterior A t the v ry b ginning of ston

e e c v hit c rc e . e e e arc ec

tu e we see h w th E gyptia builders b gan to use the w material mo imitativ ly than

r o e n e ne re e

s tru turally T h eiling for exampl of this hall is carv d in imitation of th round b ams of
c . e c , e, e e e

a timber d roof e .

T h roof of this proc ssional hall rose high r than t h top of th en lo ing ter a
e A littl e e e e c s r ce . e

light was ther by introdu ed by small rectangular op nings produ ing as th s tion hows (P late
e c e , c , e ec s

xv ) the earliest known example of the cleresto y m thod of lighting O th south wall b hind
—
z , r e . n e , e

th elast sev n bays is the arved fa c de of a d b d orated with th traditional small wood
e , c a se r a , ec e -

pan ling of th pala e fac ad ; the nt al do rway (P lat xv 3) l ads into a small san tuary
e e
“
c -
e
”
ce r o e —
e c

consisting of a chamb r with a fals door and a ni he for off ings T hi v itabl mo tuary e
“
e
”
c er . s er e r

chap l in whi h we e f ound fragm nts of statu s was in orporat d into th olonnad d hall ft
e , c r e e , c e e c e a er

a modifi ation in the plan of th a hite t and it may have b n lat d to the w ll at P whi h
c s e rc c , ee re e e c

de c nds 5 m to a ubt rran an o ridor running di e tly und r this d b At H was a bri k
s e 2 . s e e c r ,
r c e ser a . c

chamber p rhaps for th guardian

, e e .

Th se ond part of the pro ssional hall has two rows of ight columns and t rminat s at th
e c ce e e e e

we t end in a ves tibul w i th what was probably thought of as two ows of fou supports but built
s e r r ,

with ea h pair of olumns joined tog th r by a wall (P lat xv

c T h out r fa e of th door
c e e e e e c e

whi h l d from this olumnar v stibul into th gr at open ourt to th south of the pyramid
c e c e e e e c e

reprodu s in ston an op n door swung on a pivot at the bottom and t into a spo l lik so k t
ce e e , , se o -
e c e

at the top (P lat xv T h ba k of th door is carved to imitat th small round ungs whi h
e e c e e e , r c

h ld th verti al planks of E gyptian doo s tog ther T h ni he paneling on th wall at ithe

e e c r e . e c e e r

side of the door is ha a teristic of all interior walls of the great courtyard c r c .

T HE G RE AT
OUT H C OURT More or less in the enter of th gr at south court are two
S . c e e

B shaped mass s of ston whi h were probably altars and at the north end
-
e the r mains of a e c ,
are e

re tangular platform as nd d by steps Flanking th ourt on th w st side are the emains of

c ce e . e c e e r

thr terrac s rising

ee above t h other T errace I abuts th pyramid and was only
e ,
m high
o ne e . e .

T errace I I which is 5 m wide and 4 ,

m long was about m high ; and T ra III which
2 . 00 .
,
. er ce ,

was pa t of the an i nt wall was still high T er ace II whi h has gall i b n ath it p obably
r c e s, er . r , c er e s e e ,
r

had a curved top lik a vault whi h eprodu d the hoop d roof of one of Zos s long hous s
, e ,
c r ce e er
’
e

in his p la at M mphis T h subt a ean passag s t in th ro k b n ath th ter a s have

a ce e . e e rr n e cu e c e e e r ce

small hambers op ning ff from th m Be ause of th large number of b oken off ing vase
c e o e . c e r er s

found in these passages it was suggest d that th chambers may have been dummy burial places e e ,
PL A TE XV: STEPPE D PYRA MID AT S A QQ ARA
 TH E S TEPPE D P YR A MI D A T S AQQA R A 69

a survival from the tim e when l rg numbers of retainers were slaught red at
a e e the tomb of the
k in g .
11

T E MPL E T the north of the P rocessional H all and in a small

.
, T H E OS IRI S T E MP L E . To
c ourt w st of the H b S d rt i a temple (P late V ) Th templ if su h it was is ori nt d
e e -
e co u , s X I— I . e e, c , e e

north and south and has two nt anc s with th door open in th nt r of th uth wall
, e r e , o ne e e ce e e so ,

and th other with the do r aj ar at the south corn r of th ast wall Both nt an s op n into
e o e e e . e r ce e

a small hall of thr e columns ; th columns lik ll oth rs at S aqqa a atta hed to st ngth n
e e , e a e r , are c re e

ing walls Th hall gi ves a s to thr int rior ou ts on th w t id and opens on th no th

. e cce s ee e c r e es s e e r

into another cou t ff f om which i th small san tuary in whi h was a lintel arv d with the
r , o r s e c c , c e

Osiris d d pillars and an off ing ni h T here were four or fi v e windows in the w st wall and
e u , er c e . e

p haps two oth rs in th no th wall

er e e r .
12

T h south fa c ad of th t mpl ( P late XV

e ) is a chite turally important first becau e it
e e e e I I —I r c , , s

r produc s in stone a wov n matting st u tu su h as th prototyp f th hut shrine of Anubis

e e e r c re c e e o e

(P late ) or of a shrin on a private tomb of the III Dynasty at S aqqara I mhotep in build
13
II -
I , e .

ing this t mpl faithfully p odu d at the dges th round corner posts or bundle of r eds
e e re r ce e e , s e ,

whi h fo m d the o n rs of th o iginal stru tur and then carv d the smaller t
c r e moldings in
c r e e r c e, e o r us

imitation of th dg s of th mats whi h were lash d to th po ts and tr t hed tight to form the
e e e e c e e s s e c

walls of the house T hus we have on lusive evid n of th o igin and a ly in ston of the
. c c e ce e r e r u se e

to ru i m ldi g t th dg of ston walls to whi h th E gy ptia s ligiously adhe d during

o n
'
a e e es e , c e n re re

th whol history of Dynas ti a chit

e e tu E ven more important is th p oof whi h this t mple fur c r ec re . e r c e

nish s as to th origin of th persist nt E gyptian

e tt i T h ea ly pictographi
e
p e e c ave o co r n ce . e r c re re

se n at ti of re d and mat ting s tructu s show a parapet or ornice of eds whi h b nd forward
o ns e re , c , re c e

o ver the walls S u h reed pa apets even to the cu ve and the v ti al striation of the ds were
. c r ,
r er c s re e ,

s tyliz d into th onventional orni us d upon nearly all tone walls after th I II Dynasty
e e c c ce , e s e

( P lat 5 e At S aqqa a
x1. 11—how v r wh e the transition
,
to ston was b ing mad th r , e e , er e e e, e re are

no t u av tto orni s but upon T mpl T w have th inte m diat st p wh re the r d pa a

r e c e c ce , e e e e r e e e e ee r

p t is r produ d i blo k fo m and traight face T h slabs of tone forming the flat roof of th
e e ce n c r s s. e s e

11 C . M
Firth, A n n ale s da S e r vice , XXVIII, p 8 3 ; L aue r,
. . o p. cit .
,
I, p . 1 81.
1 2 L au e r
, o p cit , p 1 50

Pl
. . . .

1 3 M A Murra
y, S aqqara Mas tabas ,
"
. . XXXIX, 4 4 . .

PLAT E XV

1. Pl an t
f E n rance C o l o n n ade : A e n ran ce , B P o rte r s l o dge an d s a rs to errace , C passage to H e b S e d C o u r ,
o t ’
ti t - t
tt
D b ase o f s a u e o f Z o se r, E 8: F C hap e l w h s ere k h f acade , H c ham b e r, 1 w es po rch, P w e ll ( L aue r, o p it t .

c it l xx xvm )
.
, P . .

ti
S ec o n o f H all o f Co l o n n ade s ( o p c it l XL I I I ) . .
, P . .

S e re k h f acade o f c hape l in H all ( L au e r, o p c it l n u) . P . .

t
We s po rch o f H all o f C o l o n n ades .

t
Do o rw ay to w es po rc h o f H all o f C o l o n n ades (L au e r, o p cit Fig . .
, .
PL AT E XVI : S T EPPE D PYRA MID AT S A QQ A RA

- Coo n. an ne w
 T HE S TE PPE D PYR A MI D A T S AQQA R A 71

temple are ar d on th ir under surfaces with parall l corrugations painted red to represent the
c ve e e , ,

round beams of ontemporary roofs c .

T H E H EB S E D C O RT T e -
U
mple T which seems to have b en th cult house of Osiris is it li .
, e e -
, r ua s

tically a part of th H b S d court (P lat ) and th passag from the temple ourt pass s around a
e e -
e e XVI — I , e e c e

uniqu cu v d wall en lo ing th solid terra e in whi h th H b S d sh in s

e r e cp odu d T h r
s e c c e e -
e r e are re r ce . e e

are t l rg shrin s ea h with its doubl fore ourt on th west side of the long ourt and a la g
en a e e , c e c , e c , r e

number of small r h in s on th ast id At t h south o n r of th w st side th fi st sh in is

e s r e e e s
14
e. e c r e e e e r r e

of the same type as T mpl T L ike all th ult building fa ing on the H b S d court this sh in
e e . e c s c e — e
, r e

h no r al int rior but i a symboli and

as e monial p odu tion of the xte ior of a ont mpo ary
e , s c ce re re r c e r c e r

cu lt house A r cess in th h av y wall in f ont s v d th th oreti al hamb r of th guardian and

-
. e e e r er e as e e c c e e ,

an op n door l ads into a diminutiv double court At the side of th shrine is a small off ring ni h
e e e . e e c e

and i th a t f g d is a lo d doo (P late XV

n e e s a a e c se r I

Th n xt two shrin se th most inte

e ting and x ptional Both in two stori s having a
e are e re s e ce . are e ,

flight of st ps l ading up to a doo whil at th sid of th amp lik st ps a mall inn r ou t pro
e e r, e e e e se r -
e e s , e c r

t t th naos or of f ring ni h
ec s e whi h is t int th fa cade of th solid building T h most striking
, e c e, c se o e e . e

f atu of the facad s th cu v d roofs and th urious saddle apitals (P late XV

e re s e are T h hapels e r e e c c I e c

at fir t seem unpr d nt d but a tually th i d tails p o vide furth r vid n e of the lite al int ntion
s e ce e e , c e r e r e e e c r e

of th a hit t t r p odu t aditi onal and xisting buildings E a h hapel (P late

e rc ec o e r 8 ) has two ce r e . c c XVI I —

c ou ts th ntran e to th out r ourt having an open door swung ba k on pivots against the wall
r , e e c e e c c ,

whil both flanking walls of th inn r ourt

e arv d in li f with the epr s ntation of a wood n e e c are c e re e r e e e

f nce (P lat
e and th off ing hamb r has anoth r pli a of an open door which giv s acc s
e XVI I e er c e er e c e es

to a w ll ni h with a u iously u v d top

a c e c r c r e .

C a f ully a v d in ton
re th n th hara teristi f atu s of th traditional t nt lik hut
c r e s e, e , are e c c c e re e e -
e

shrin for th odd shap of th iling of th off ring ni he is th sam doubl urv n in the
e, e e e ce e e c e e e c e se e re

produ tions f th ustoma y naos (P lat

c o I f th h ine of S t (P lat
e c and anoth r r e I I - 2, e s r e e 11 e

hut hrin f om M yd m (P late X

-
s e r are ompa d wi th th s stone d tails it will b s en that
e u VI I c re e e e , e e

both id og am pr s nt th fo ourt by a wood n f n e of th v tical ba s Without th vid n

e r s re e e e re c e e c re e er r . e e e ce

of S aqqa a we ha ve al ady s en two types of venerat d cult hou es

r , with a flat roof and th
re e e -
s , o ne e

oth r with th urv d hoops over d with matting T herefore th se fa cades r tored by th
e e c e c e . e , as es e e x ca

Th14 h l di e h c h h
ap e s l h li f f h S d m l f O k II B b i
surro u n ng t e c o urt s ugge s t t e c ap e s o n t e re e s o t e e te p e o so r o n at u as t s

( E Nav ille The

.
, Fe stival H all o f Os o r ko n I I in t he Gre at T e m ple o f B ubas tis Pls VII, XI I , XXIX ) L aue r ( o p cit , I, p , . . . . .

3 0 ) s ugge s ts that in as m uc h as the re are two gro up s o f c hap e s to the e ast an d e s t, as at Bub as tis, the y m ay re p re se n t the l w
two c o nf e de ratio n s o f De l ta n o m e s.

PL ATE XVI

1 . Pl f H e b S e d C o u r ( L aue r, o p c it
an o - t . .
, Pl . LV ) .

2 . C hape l s o n w es s de o f H e b S e d C o u r t i -
t t res o re d (L aue r , A n n ale s da S e r vic e , xxv m , Pl .

3 . Bac k o f the chap e l s ( o p .

PL AT E XVI I : S T EPPE D PYRAMI D A T S A QQ A RA
PL ATE XVI II S T EPP E D PYRAMI D AT SAQQ RA A
1

Q " ” “
0
« ‘ 2 3 4 5
 T HE S TE PPE D P YRAMID A T S AQQARA 7;

sign for the H b S d festival has two tent like shrines on a raised platform (P late XV 5)
T he e -
e -
I I—

the tw s ats b ing for th king eith r in his dual function of rul r of Upper and L ower E gypt or
o e e e , e e ,

for his appea an b for and after d ifi ti

r
"
At all events in the southern end of the court are th
ce e e e ca o n .
, e

r mains of a la g platform approa h d by two flights of st ps On thi platform must have been two
e r e c e e . s

royal kiosks (P late XV 6 ) similar to th one beneath whi h we see N m seated f his Jubilee
I I— e c ar er or

F stival (P late
e 1

U U
C O RTS OF T H E S O T H AND NORT H P L A ACE S T the north of the H b S d court are . o e ~ e

two smaller cou ts ea h with th fa c ad of a building at th north end Th two s parate buildings
r ,
c e e e . e e ,

because they solid r tangl s of masonry rising abov th ir r sp tiv terraces have b n alled
are ec e , e e e ec e , ee c

the mastaba tombs of the daught rs of Z ser T his supposition whi h has now attached th name of
“
e o .
”
, c e

P rincess H t ph N bti to th south court and the P rin ess I tk

e e e r- to th north ourt is no longer
e e c n as e c ,

tenable Th King of E gypt had a ar fully observ d dual fun tion as the rul r of Upp r and of
. e c e e c e e

L ower E gypt and his palace was known as the double fa c ad T h evid n e now indi at s that the
”
,
e . e e c c e

southern building at S aqqara with its cou tya d was a production of th P ha aoh s White H ous , r r ,
re e r
’ “
e,
”

as King of Upp r E gypt while the north rn building was his R d Hous as King of L ow r E gypt
e , e
“
e e, e .

Both pala fa c ades espe ially in their ruined ondition have a simpli i ty and sculptural la ity
ce — , c c , c c r

of form whi h is misl ading (P lat c ) Th S outhe n P alace usually all d the hap l of
e e XVI I I — I . e r , c e c e

H t ph N bti has four tall slend r columns atta h d to th wall and pilast s of ribb d paneling
e e e r- e , , e c e e , er e

at the corners whi h r pr sent re d or wooden uprights T h e is no doubt that the roof line was
,
c e e e . er

curved and th is the probability that the south pala had a re tangula parap t or weight to hold
,
e re ce c r e , ,

down the matting abov the urv d nds If this were so its o f was similar to the type of wooden
e c e e .
, r o

house with roof of matting r produ ed in the wood n sarcophagus from T a khan (P late )
, , e c e r v—2
18
.

T h applied olumns have thi t n sha p arrises and are very tall and l nder with a marke d
e c r ee r s e

diminution T h capitals whi h th same as t ho e on the H b S d hapels have no other oun

. e , c are e s e -
e c , c

t p t in th history of E gyptian a hit

er ar s e ture (P late XV ) E a h capital has two curved and han rc ec II — I . c c

l d l flik p ndants on ith r sid of the rectangular raft ers set b tween th m B low th
ne e ea e e apital
e e e e e . e e c

are two squa e holes and two round bos es of stone On th apitals of the H b S d chapels there was
r s . e c e -
e

only one hole and no bosses T h prototypes of th s olumns were undoubt dly made of a light ma . e e e c e

This s ign is v
c ar e d upo n an a abaste rl v ase o f Z o se r s
’
f ro m S aqq ara, An n ale s , XXXI V, p .
5 8 , Fig . I ; L aue r, o p . cit.,

I, Fig 4 3
P
. .

13 age 23 .

PLATE XVIII

I t Pl
Facade o f S o u he rn a ace
t ti t P l (L
. .

2 . Res o ra o n o f No r h e rn A l d S i a ace au e r, n na es a e rv c e , xxrx , p . 1 1 3, Fig .

3 . F c da a ef S th Pl
o t d (L ou p i Ple rn a ace res o re auer, o . c t .
, .

4 T t m b
o e kt l m racf p l (L e p i onp co u ns o a ac e au e r, o . c t .
, I, . 16 1, Fig .

S ym b li p py t f N th P l Pl
.

5 . o l m f cd i
c a ru s co u n a a e n co ur o or e rn a ac e (L auer , op . c it .
, . L xxx m ) .

6 . S ymb li l t l m f cd i
o c t f S th P l (L
o us-c o u n a a e n co u r o ou e rn a ace auer, o p. c it .
, Fig .
 76 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

t i l probably bundled eeds T h sharp ar ises would then have come from the reed suppor ts havi g
er a , r . e r n

been cover d with mud plaster and th channels form d by a thumb d awn down the grooves to
e , e e r

les n the thi kness of th plast T hat th p ndants are pe haps s pals of the whit lotus reversed
se c e er .
19
e e r e e
”

as was at first suggest d is unlik ly for if they had r presented the symbolic lotu flower their form
e , e ,
e s ,

would hav persist d in th subs quent a hit tu

e e e e rc ec re .

Th saddl apital ise of the a liest types the world over and th drawing (P late X 3)
“
e
”
c o ne e r , e VI I—

shows how th bundl d ds of th s S aqqara supports could hav b n spr ad to fo m a saddl sup
e e re e e e e ee e r e

port for oof b am B ing plast d with mud th neces a y binders at th base of th apital would
r e s . e e re ,
e s r e e c

not hav b n imitat d in ston Firth su sfully xplains the holes and bosses by showing how the
e ee e e .
20
c ce s e

c olumn in addition to b ing supports w ma t v ritabl tot m pol s on whi h we b a k ts

s, e , e re s s, e e e e , c re r c e ,

su h asc ommon for E gyptian standards to arry the tot m (P late XV

are c T h M yd m pi to , c e III e e u e

g aph (P lat XV 4) has two masts and ho i ontal lin s at th t p to r pr s nt the standa ds A ord
r e I I— r z e e o e e e r . cc

ing to thi xplanation th two bo s s w m ly a suppo t for the oblique bar of the bra k t T h
s e , e s e e re e re r c e . e

excavator points out that on th r li f of a H athor or w goddess shrine fr m Deir l Bahari th e e e , co -

, o e -
e

fa c ade has two high ma ts and four uppo ts for th urv d oof ea h supp rt having two ho ns s ,
21
s r e c e r , c o r

and b a ts p oj ting f om the top It is how v r impossibl to ag e with M L au r whe h ex

re s r ec r .
, e e , e re . e
22
n e

plains the hh lch ornam nt abov th do rway as a stylization of th thongs which h ld th masts
e er e e e o e e e

str t h d in the pan ls of th fa cad (P lat

e c e T h kh kh patt r we saw was a royal
e e e e XVI I I e e er e n, as ,

o nam nt originating as a parap t d sign ther by helping to iden tify this building as the replica in
r e e e , e

ston of a king s palace

e
’
.

On the a t wall of th ourt in front of th southe n pala e is a sunken pan l badly ruin d in
e s e c , e r c , e , e ,

whi h th x a v ators re to th fa cad of a hap l again with a cu v d ro f support d in the enter

c e e c s re e e c e ,
r e o , e c

by a singl olumn wi th a lotus flow r apital ( P lat

e c S in the lotus was th emblem of e c . e XVI I I ce e

Upp r E gypt it would h b th d ignating sign of th Whit H ouse of th S outh I the ourt
e , e re e e es e
“
e
”
e . n c

is a hor hoe fo m simila tose s part of the B shap d platform in th great court which was per
r , r o ne - e e ,

haps an altar .

Th palace fa c ade in the north court which is called the tomb or hapel of th P rin ess I tk
e -
,
c e c n as,

is a la g re tangl of ma on y rising abov the surrounding t r a e (P lat XV

r e c e I n t ad of pilas s r e e r c e I II s e

t rs at th orne s it had v tical fluting in imitation of bundl d r d up ights whi h w p obably

e e c r , er e ee r , c e re r

imitat d down th sid of the building It a tual fac ade was similar to th S outh rn P alace but its
e e e . s c e e ,

c o nic was flat above th u v d profil and had a slight parap t around th dge T his was the
r e
23
e c r e e, e e e .

R d H ous of L w r E gypt and its p ototype mu t hav b n a light t nt like stru tu e with bun
“
e e o e , r s e ee , e -
c r

dl d re ds stu k v rti ally into th g ound as th native of I rak s till build their huts I Vi w of
e e c e c e r , e s . n e

19
The c o n ca e v ar r se s i v
f re e ds sp t e rt ca y, expo sin g the c o n ca e in te r o rs,
m ay ha e be e n m i i tate d f ro m bun d e s l o li v i ll v i
k l l
p ac e d c o s e y to a o id air s p ace s
”
v Q uibe , T he S te ppe d Pyram id, I , p 1 3 , i
(F rth an d ll .

2° Firth
an d Qu ib e
“
ll
( o p cit , I, p 2 1 ) s ay, in e e ry fl u te d c o um n the re is a ban d c ar e d in re ie f abo ut o m 75 fro m
. . . v l v l .

the gro u n d as if to in dic ate the bin din g f o r f as te n in g the sp it re e ds to ge ther

"
l
Pl
.

21 Naville
, De ir e l Bahari, I V, 1 03 . .

22 L aue r A n n l
a e s XXVIII, p 1 1 2 ; L a Pyram ide a De grés, I , p 1 66

fi Pl wi
, , . . .

23 111 h
l
is n a s tu dy L aue r ( L a Pyramide a Degrés, L XXXI ) re s to re s this temp e n o t th a flat, but ith a cur e d, l w v
i
.

co rnice , m itatin g a re e d
p arap e t .
 THE S T EPPE D PYRA MI D A T S AQQA R A 77

all the evidence to show that such dw llings had hoop oofs ov r d with matting it is impo sibl to e r , c e e , s e

e nt rtain th ugg stion that th cu v d oofs r p s nt bri k v aults E v n th urious arrang m nt

e e s e e se r e r e re e c . e e c e e

of appar nt v aults whi h o u s to th ast of th pala on top of th olid t ra e i no indi ation of

e c cc r e —e e ce , e s er c , s c

any int ntion to r p odu b i k vault Whil bri k vaulting was u d t p ot t th tomb of th I II
e e r ce r c s . e c se o r ec e s e

Dynasty th re is no p oof that any kind of tru vaul ting o u d on th b i k dw llings of thi sp iod
, e r e cc rre e r c e er .

Fu th mo the o iginal fo m of th t u tu al a h and vault is n v llipiti l whil th s fig

r er re , r r e s r c r rc e er e ca , e e e u ra

tiv roofs whi h had no p a ti al pu pos hav flat llipti al u s similar to th u v f b nt

e , c r c c r e, e , e c c rv e , e c r e o e

hoop su h as was s n on th wood n abin of a XI I D yna ty boat (P lat

s, c I spit
ee f th fa t e e c s e III n e o e c

that th dummy wagon vaults built with w dg hap d vou oi s laid ov a ubbl o th i
e se are e e -s e ss r , er r e c re , e r

pr s n e is the r sult only of a d si to r produ faithf ully th u v d matting oofs of th huts

e e c e e re e ce e c r e r e

whi h flank d t h king g at hall S u h vault fo m sugg t that t u vou oi on t u tion in t

c e e
’
s re . c r s es r e ss r c s r c cu

ston may hav o iginat d h as imitativ ath r than as a tru tu al m thod of building On
e e r e e re an e, r e s c r , e .

the oth r hand an o tra on of th I II Dyna ty f rom S qq p ov s that th E gyp tian mason of thi
e ,
s c e s e ara r e e s

ea ly p ri d kn w how to lay out a wo king diag am f a u v by m an of b di t

r e o e r r or c r e, e s co r na es .
24

Just as be id ntification of h S outh n P ala e was p obably indi at d by th facad of a littl

’
i e t e er c r c e e e e

shrin with a singl lotu olumn a v d on th a t wall f th ourt in th sam way th No th n

e, e, s c , c r e e e s o e c , e e e r er

P ala i a tually d ignat d R d H ous of L ow r E gypt by anoth h in arv d in th sam “ ”

ce s th c es e as e e e e er s r e c e e e

relati v position T hi shrin b tt r pr v d and again with a urv d oof h th p py

e . s l e, e e e se r e c e r , as re e a ru s co

u m with b ll hap d
ns ampanifo m apitals (P lat
e -
Th papy us was th mbl m of th
s e or c r c e XVI I I e r e e e e

North rn Kingdom and th s p py if m olumns of triangula s tion

e th , a li t known e e a r or c r ec are e e r es ex

ampl s of th typ T h fi st app aran e in a hit tu f t h bundl d papy u stalk olumn with
e e e . e r e c rc ec re o e e r s c ,

a ontra ted apital is in th t mpl of N

c c at Ab i in th V Dyna ty (P lat xxx v T h
c , e e e e use rre us r e s e 1 e

sp eading ampaniform apital u h as app a s h re at S aqqara do not o u as a monum ntal

r c c ,
s c e r e , es cc r e

stru tural suppo t until th XVII I Dynasty Many y a s ago Bo ha dt point d out how this kind of
c r e . e r rc r e

column popular in th g at t mpl s of the N w Kingdom must hav o iginat d as a bundl of

,
so e re e e e , e r e e

papyrus stalk I t p s n in th III Dynasty and th f a t that it is not us d a hit turally until
s .
25
s re e ce e e c e rc ec

ov r a thousand y ars lat r is strong proof of its ymboli ignifi an h r in th no th ou t as

e e e ,
s c s c ce e e e r c r

the mbl m of th Northern Kingdom and its royal pala If th two ou ts and th i pala w
e e e ce . e c r e r ce s e re

as o iat d with th dual pe onality of th E gyptian king th n th lat al w ll at W a h in th

s c e e rs e , e e er e s , e c e

same lation to the h in facad i th ou t w pr sumably relat d ritualistically with this

re s r e es n e c r s, e re e e

double pe sonifi ation and were not a tual bu ial shafts

r c , c r .

COURT OF T HE S E RDAB I the cou t north of th pyramid is th d b an ex eptional littl . n r e e se r a , c e

t u tur built again t th slop of th pyramid (P lat x x T h d b i a tangula hamb r of

s r c e s e e e e 1 e se r a s re c r c e

masonry its front wall sl ping parallel to th fac of th py amid t in a mall wall d n losu
, o e e e r , se s , e e c re .
26

24
G un n , A n n ale s da S ervice , XXVI pp . 1 9 7-202 ; C l k
ar e an d l
E n ge bac h, A n cie n t E gyptian Mas o n ry pp .

2-
5 53 .
25 Bo rc hardt, Die Ae gyptis c he Pflanz e nsaule
L
v l im
. .

2° Fin h an d Q uibe ( o p cit , I, p 9 ) s ay that the ll . . . l

e nc o s ure w as a p o rc h, o r c hap e l . I ts ro o f was o n ce o f he a y e

s to n e be am s ,
”
but this se e m s m o st un l ik l y e .
PL AT E XIX : S TE PPE D PYRA MID A T S A QQ A RA

C OU R
 T H E S TE PPE D P YRA MI D A T S AQQA RA 79
The entrance to th en los r has the sculptu al r pr s ntation of tw wo den doors swung back
e c u e r e e e o o

against th walls to giv a f ull vi w f the d b (P late x x

e e e o ser a 1

On th fa of th d b at th lev l of th ey s of th tatu whi h stood within

e ce e ser two hol s a , e e e e e s e c , are e .

Th hol s whi h w th only m ans of s ing into the oth wise s al d hamber hav b n inter
e se e ,
c e re e e ee er e e c , e ee

p t d
re e openings through whi h to blow in ns into th int ior and as p p h l s t look at the
as c ce e e er , ee -
o e o

r ma kabl statu of Z r with its yes of o k rystals A tually how v the e op nings p m
e r e e o se e r c c . c , e e r, s e re s u

ably w re th d b squint
e th E yes of H orus by m ans of whi h t h K statu look d out
e
“
se r a
”
—
e
“
,
”
e c e a e e

up n th world of th living L ater d b have slits th ough whi h th statu might

o e e and on the . se r a s r c e e se e ,

sa ophagu of M nt h t p ( P lat
rc s
4 ) th op nings ymboliz d by th g at paint d y s of
e u o e e 1x— e e ar e s e e re , e e e

H o us Th x ptional f atur s here at S aqqara

r . e e th isolation of the
ce d b and its onformity to
e e are e se r a c

th slope of the pyramid

e .

Y O
T H E P RAMI D T E MP L E AND T H E N RT H A RE A C lose to the d b is th en tran e to -
. se r a e c

th N orth T emple ( P late x x

e whi h w th actual mo t y hap l he d veloped appar ntly 1 c as e r uar c e , re e e

for th fi st tim into a mo tuary temple Th fa t that th off ing t mpl is on th no th side of
e r e r . e c e er e e e r

th py amid while all ubs qu nt mortuary t mpl

e r , on th ast id may be explain d by what
s e e e e s are e e s e, e

h alr ady b n suggested nam ly that th early I II Dynasty was a pe iod of transition du ing whi h
as e ee , e , e r r c

Zo cam und r th i fluen e of two diff nt syst ms f fun a y u tom I Upp r E gypt wh re
se r e e e n c e re e o er r c s . n e , e

h had bui lt his mastaba at B t Kh allaf the tomb ent an

e and off ing hap l w r on th north sid e ,
r ce er c e e e e e .

Wh n he shift d his p man nt r id nce to M mphi and b gan hi tomb at S aqqara h at fi st og

e e er e es e e s e s , e r re c

i d the tradition of th nearby solar cult at H liopolis with its emphasis upon th lo ation of the
n ze e e e c

mo tuary hapel towards th rising sun T h n in th p o ss of r building he r v t d to th Upp r

r c e . e e r ce e e er e e e

E gyptian and ant H li p lit tradition of having th hap l on th no th side of th tomb

e- e o o an e c e e r e .

T h entran to th t mpl n ar th d b wh th statu of Zoser could wat h and gua d

e ce e e e, e e s er a , e re e e c r

it op ns on a narrow or idor l ading mazelike around th nort h p iph ry of the t mpl to the w st
, e c r e , ,
e er e e e e

s ide wher its ent s a ou t Although there is littl about this templ whi h onforms to th b
e er c r . e e c c e s u se

quent typ of Old Kingdom t mpl th length of th o idor sugg sts the long cov d auseway
e e e, e e c rr e , e re c

leading up at G iz h f om th nt an e porti o to th t mpl p ope T h fi t ou t of Zos s t mple

e r e e r c c e e e r r . e rs c r er
’
e

was possibly for sac ifi s It op ns into two su ssive ourts ach with a four olumn d porti o on
r ce . e cce c , e c
-
e c

th outh sid towards the pyramid (P lat X

e s e H again b ause of the ar hit t s lu tance e IX e re , ec c ec
’
re c

to c nst uct f ee standing columns suppo ting a h avy ton a hit av th col mns join d tog th
o r r r e s e rc r e, e u are e e er

in pairs by a piece of wall T h ult i that thes hann l d supports of fin ly t lim ston with . e re s s e c e e e cu e e,

sh rp a rises have a classic simpli ity very diff rent from anything else s en in E gyptian ar hitect re
a r , c e e c u .

PL ATE XI X

r Pl
f m o r uary em p l e (L au e r, o p cit
an o t t . .
, Pl . x xu ) .

u Facade o f m o r uary em l e
p (L aue r, o p c it t t . Pl . xxv) .

a S erdab l o o k n g w es i t.

M S erdab l o o k n g so u h i t .
80 GYP T I A N AR CH I TE CT URE E

T h entablature
e these porticoes has th blo k d i shape of the ps udo av tto co ni e s en on th
on e c e -
n e -
c e r c e e

Osiris temple T h ro f of th templ had pi s of stone paint d d and t to imitate beams of

“ ”
. e o e e e ce , e re cu

wood .

T h inner courts each with it olumna porti o ugg t th dual p sonality of the P ha aoh
e ,
s c r c , s es e er r as

King of Upp r and L ow r E gy pt and th id a al ady advan d that th olonnad was a royal em
e e , e e ,
re ce , e c e

blem Th two inn r hamb b hind th fi st olonnad may have be n th hap ls wh re the two
. e e c e rs e e r c e e e c e e

name statut s of th king w r wo ship d for at thi tim the king had only th two titl s I th IV
e e e e r e ,
s e e e . n e

Dyna ty wh n th ul r w hono d und his fi

s e nam s th r w e an qual numb r of hapel
e r e as re er ve e , e e er e e c s.

B yond this po ibl xplanation and th fact t hat th t mpl has no san tua y f th royal st l
e ss e e e e e e c r or e e a
e,

th rooms of Zos t mpl not y t id tifi d ’ 27

e er s e e are e en e .

T h ar a to t h no th of t h t mpl was a larg t

e e a with ourts whi h was p haps never
e r e e e e e rr c e , c , c er

finish d Dir tly on axi with th nte of th py amid was a la g r tangular blo k of ton 5 m
e . ec s e ce r e r r e ec c s e, 1 .

square cut out of th natural o k and fa d with lim ton whi h was om kind of a sa rifi ial
,
e r c ce es e, c s e c c

altar or off ring tabl with stai s l ading up to it on th south id and a d p ssion 8 m squar
e e, r e e s e, e re , . e,

cut into the top At th no thw t o n r of th tem nos we und rground magazin s us d for the
. e r es c r e e e re e e , e

sto ag of off ring f oods and in th m the x avato found g ain and d i d f uits T h entran to
r e e , e e c rs r r e r . e ce

the g at pyramid sta t d as a t en h in this rea north of the temple d then be ame a subterranean
re r e r c a , , an c

passag going und r the templ

e e e .

T HE P RY AMID Th st pp d pyramid of Zoser i outstanding in th history of E gyptian hit

. e e e s e arc ec

tu e th fi st pyramidal tomb th a li t st on t u tu of its kind and finally upplying

r as e r , as e e r es e s r c re , ,
as s re a

sonabl p oof of how th py amidal idea volved natu ally from th

e r tangular mastaba I app a e r e r e re c . n e r

anc th py amid lo ks lik a i s of ma tabas of diminishing iz built

e e r on top of th other I t
o e se r e s s e o ne e .

is 4 3 f t by 344 f t at th ba i s
1 ee f t and a h stage is f om 9 to ee f t high M as e se , r s e 200 ee , e c r 2 ee . an ,

w hav al eady s n n ver sudd nly inv nts form but und r the in nti v of ne essity adapts and
e e r ee , e e e s, e ce e c

r ombin s old id a T h in ntiv alway d iv ing th kings of E gypt to mo ambi tious s pulchral
ec e e s . e ce e, s r e re e

monum nts w th d i f v lasting p ot tion f th ir divin bodi T h m staba which had

e , as e e s re or e er r ec or e e es . e a ,

tak n shap both as an t nal dw lling and as a prot tion abo v th tomb had
e e w akn s ; larg e er e ec e e , o ne e es e

as it might b mad in ma s and a a it w asily p n t at d from th top T h f o e th next logi al

e e s re ,
as e e e r e e . e re r e c

st p w to build
e mastaba on top of anoth r u ing th first as a te a on whi h to gath r th
as o ne e , s e rr ce c e e

mat rial and ntinu th wo k Z r and his a hit t I mhot p how v did not a riv at the
e
”
co e e r . o se rc ec ,
e , e e r, r e

27 L aue r
s ugge sts t he o ffic ia l used Arc héo lo gie o rie n tale XXX
o f the ro o m s ( Bulle tin d e l I n stitut fran cais
’ ’

i
,

23 I f t he bad
y ru in e d p yram id o f l
a ie t e l A ry an , h c h w as bui t
“
Zw "
ith o b ique accre tio n f ace s an d w as p ro b ab y
- - w l w l l
fi n ishe d as a s te p pyram id, date s f ro m the II Dyn as ty, as R e is n e r b e ie e s ( T he De ve lo p m e n t o f t he E gyptian T o m b
-
pp l v , .

1 34 t he n the tran s itio n f ro m the m as taba t o th e p yram id did n o t o c c ur at S aq q ara, an d I m ho te p c an n o t be cre dite d

w ith the ide a T he a ie t e l A ryan

. Zw - -
P
yramid ( Barsan ti, A n n ale s II , pp 9 2 9 4 ; Re is n e r, B ulle tin o f t he Mus e u m o f Fine , .
-

A rts Bo s to n , N o 5 4 , v
s e e m s n e e r to h a e b e e n o cc up ie d, an d re m ain s an u n date d m o n u m e n t
“
v
I ts ac cre tio n f ace s
”

i
. .
,

an d c e rtain f e at ure s o f its co n st ruc tio n re c a o se r s t o m b, n dic ati n g that it w as b u i t at a ate ll Z

date I t is o f c o u rs e p o s
’
l l r
.

l l
s ib e , as Re isn e r c aim s , th at t he s te p f o rm o f m as taba, bu i t in o b iq ue aye rs, e n t bac t o t he I Dyn as ty he n the l l l w k w
t o m bs o f Kin gs Z e r an d Z e t at A bydo s e re p e rh ap s c o e re d it h bric s up e rs truc tu re s in aye rs w
A t p re se n t this p o s si v w k l
P
.

j
bility is to o c o n e c tu ral an d c o n trary to the e ide n ce o f e t rie s e x c a atio n o f the Abydo s t o m b s to v
e n dan ge r I m ho te p s
’
v '

l
c aim to the ide a L aue r ( La Pyram ide d De grés , I , .
p 8 ) ists f o ur p ro b ab e s te p p yramids, hic h he date s in the III . l l . -
w
Dyn asty , but af te r Z o s e r.
PL AT E Y A MID
S T EPP E D P R AT S A QQ A RA
 T H E S TE PPE D P YR A MI D A T S AQQA RA 33

pyramid wh n built was nt r d as we saw by a hidd n and ubt rran an passag on th

The , e , e e e , , e s e e e e

north sid Down its c nt r is a shaft 5 m d p and 8 m wid at th bottom f which is a g anite
e . e e 2 . ee . e, e o r

sa cophagus hamb r nt r d f om th iling by a ir ular op ning into whi h a stone stopp r was
r c e e e e r e ce c c e c e

low d in ord r to close the entran e T th southeast of this nt al hamb r

e re e passag s p n c .
31
o e ce r c e are e O e

ing into cor idors ff from whi h rooms lined with alaba t r and inlaid with th same blu imi
r . o c are s e e e

t tia o ns of rush matting as were found in th s uth wall tomb T h pyramid like all sub qu nt e o . e , se e

eff o t to attain ind st u tibility was su essfully nt

r s d and pilf ed du ing an i nt tim s I fa t
e r c , cc e e re er r c e e . n c ,

S a it i ar h ologist twenty fi hu dr d yea s ago l ft d lin s on th walls wh re they squar d up

'

c c a
e s -
ve n e r e re e e e e

the d igns pr pa atory to copying th m T h futility of th s laborat pr parations to attain a mat

es e r e . e e e e e e e

rial immortality was nev r admitt d by th E gyptians although u eding generation e e e , s cce s u n sc ru

p l ly and skilf ul ly su
u o us d d in pen t ating and obbing th g at st tombs of th ir pr d sso s cce e e e r r e re e e e e ce r .

E a h king w nt on building l rg r
c mo e int i at tombs in th vain belief that his eff o ts would
e a e or r r c e e r

p o v su ssful but thei very size and th i h s hidd n in th m mad u h tombs an irr istibl
r e cce ,
r e r c e e e e s c es e

t mptation T he efo e th oughout E gyptian histo y the off nsive ingen ity of tomb robbers k pt pa
e . r r r r e u e ce

with the defensiv skill of oyal build rs e r e .

T HE MAS ONRY The

ar hite tu al form at S aqqara ompl te the pi ture of the beginnings of
. c c r s c e c

E gyptian ar hit tur although mu h about th m till se ms vague and problema tic E v n th fo m
c ec e, c e s e . e e r s

whi h hav hitherto b n unknown in E gyptian ar hit tur fit into a natu al although n ssarily
c e ee c ec e r , e ce

theo ti al dev lopm nt of building tradi tion in th E gyptian nvi onm ent T h building m thods
re c e e e e r . e e ,

in luding a type of masonry hith rto n v r found in E gypt hav mad it n cessary t revise the old
c e e e , e e e o

Views on th bi th of masonry in N ilotic a hit tu e r rc ec re .

At fi st ight this w ma onry with its impl and d li at su face and its aref ully sculptural
r s ne s , s e e c e r c

fo ms un onfu d by hi oglyphi ins iptions r alls G k a hit tur and th fo e app a to b

r c se er c cr , ec re e rc ec e, e re r e rs e

of sup rior quality to th masonry of th py amids and t mpl s whi h am late T quot from th
e e e r e e c c e r . o e e

b st and mo t re nt tudy of E gyptian ma onry th id a ms to b gaining g ound that thi form

e s ce s s ,
“
e e se e e r s

of ma on y b am f som myst ious r ason a lost t T hi is entir ly erron ous Th Z r ma

s r ec e, or e er e , ar . s e e . e o se

y g n ally peaking is of mu h poo er quali ty than that of good ma tabas and pyramid ma on y
so n r , e er s , c r s s r

of th IV and V Dynasti s and th stru tu s owing to th mallne s of the blo ks us d w not

e e , e c re ,
e s s c e , e re

cal ulated to last any gr at tim

c T h mor the I I I D ynasty small blo k ma onry is studi d t h e e . e e -
c s e , e

mor cl ar it b com s that th m gali thic masonry whi h followed is m ly a developm nt of it

e e e e e e c e re e .
” 32

M b M f ll w d h
31
di i f S
as ta a h E d h d 1
p wi h i d di f m
o o e h t e tra t on o o ut e rn gy p t an a an o p en assage t s ta rs , e sc en ng ro n o rt

to so uth, as at Be t Kha ll af . At a de p th f 5 m the p ass age ce ase d to be o pe n but w as tun n e e d A so as at Be t Kh a af the re

o . l . l ll
w as a v e rtic a l haft do n to the
s w buria l
c ham be r A ll o f this s h af t, e xce p t a c ham be r dire c t y abo e the s arc o p hagu s ro o m , an d l v
i
.

mo st o f the de sce n din g p ass age , e xc e p t a n arro w

c o rr do r f o r the de s ce n t o f the m ummy, e re b o c e d up af te r the diggin g w l k
w as fi n is he d .

32
8 . C l k ar e an d . l
R E n ge bach, A n ci e n t E gyptian Maso n ry p . 8 .

PL AT E XX

1. S ec ti on o f Py ram id ( L aue r , op . e tt Pl t a e x xx ) .

2 . Pl an o f P y mi d ( L
ra au e r, o p . c it .
, Pl ta es xv, XVI ) .
84 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

T h masonry of Z ser i inf rior to th bett r e ampl s of lat r times in that the fin ness of th
e o s e e e x e e e e

joints betw n adja nt blo k whi h app ars so good when vi w d from th front only ext nds i
ee ce c s, c e e e e , e n

wa d for at mo t a coupl of in h s ; aft rwards th joints be om wider and irregular d are filled
r s s e c e e e c e an

in with thi k whit gypsum mortar I th Z s r mason y finen ss of jointing at the face of the
c e . n e o e r , e

walls was obtain d at th expense of solidity I fa t th methods of stone cutting se n at S aqqara

e e .
” 33
n c , e - e

p ov what th a hi t ctu al fo ms have indicated nam ly that stone was here used for the first time
r e e rc e r r , e ,

on any monum ntal s al as a s ulptu al means of imitating traditional fo ms which al eady existed
e c e, c r r r

in other mat rials B au e of th inh r ntly s ulpt ural charact r of thi s and all th ir subsequ nt stone
e . ec s e e e c e e e

wo k th E gyptians n v r l arn d th art of int rnal bonding and n ve saw the full advantage of
r , e e e e e e e e r

u ing t uly r tangula blocks of ston

s r ec r e .

B fore layi ng the blo k only th b dding fac was t smooth and flat ; then th vertical joints
e c s e e e cu e

w cut to fit the adjoining tones by a p oc ss o f trial and ro for th joints are not always ver
e re s r e er r, e

tical and the top fa e of th ou se was finished without p eserving ontinuous horizontal lines of ma
, c e c r r c

somry Finally th fac of th stone work was not smooth d ff until aft r the wall was oth rwise
.
, e e e -
e o e e

fini h d T his s ulptural t atment of ston sta ted and then p ist d b ause the E gyptian masons
s e . c re e r e rs e ec

w r always onfront d with th probl m of reprodu ing standa d forms rath r than d v loping
e e c e e e c r e e e a

pra ti al and sound m thod of building in cut stone B fore Imhot p and his apparently great innova
c c e . e e

tions at S aqqa a th n d not hav b n a long p iod of xpe im ntation of whi h w

r , e re ig ee e ee er e r e c e are no

rant S ton utting start d in th I Dynasty with simpl pav m nts such as were found in th tomb
. e -c e e e e e e

of King D but C la ke and E ng lba h who have mad a tho ough study of E gyptian building
en, r e c , e r

m thods b li v that th t of laying finely d es d blo ks may w ll have d v loped du ing Z ser s
e
“
e e e e ar r se c e e e r o
’

r ign the forms b ing translat d from b i k and veg table forms
e , e e r c e .
”

Th ston mason y at S aqqara was paint d in imitation of wood and bundled reed constru tion
e e r e c .

Flo rs wer paint d a d o hre ; th exte ior walls of th en eint show traces of d and d was
o e e re c e r e c e re , re

found on th bottom cour of th wall about th G r at C ou t in th E ntran H all of th C olon

e se e e e r , e ce e

nad s on the wall of the H b S d cou t on T empl T and on many of the olumns I nasmuch as
e , s e -
e r , e , c .
34

red was th E gyp tian color to signify wood and a sign for a bundl d e d shaf t dating f om the III
e ,
e r e ,
r

or IV Dynasti s has its ba paint d bla k and the r t red sav for a white line s p rating the two
e ,
se e c es , e e a

parts the e is r ason t think that th columns at S aqqara wer painted d

, r e o e e re
35
.

After Zoser there was hundr d y ars of th III Dyna ty du ing which five kings reign d o ne e e e s r e .

L ittle or nothing is known of th se rul rs and their ar hit tu e until w com to H uni and S f e e c ec r e e n e e ru,

at the end of th II I Dynasty T h ir py amids as the next examples of known masonry are mor
e . e r , , e

clo ely r lat d to the ar hitectural eff orts of the I V Dynasty than to the transitional archite ture of
s e e c c

th p riod of Zoser
e e .

33 C l k
ar e an d E n ge bac h , l o p . cit .,
p .
97 .

34
L aue r, i
o p. c t I, p 2 27 se q

P Pl
. . .
,

35 L aue r, o p cit . .
, I, p . 1 59 ; e trie , Me du m , . 11111 .
PL AT E XXI : T OMB S

o rrt m e c a
m era
 D YN A ST I C TO MB S 87
“
fal e door stel
s d o ff ering table and the
”
d b chamber Th a
e an d b which is a word taken , se r a . e s er a ,

from the Arabic for ella was an ina cessible and som tim s secr t chamber in which stood th“
c r,
”
c e e e e

statue or emb diment of the K Usually there we small apertures opening from the d b into
,
o ,
a
. re s er a

the hapel through whi h the dead ould look

c and enjoy the incens pray rs and off ings f c c on e, e , er o

th living By th
e V Dynasty in addition to th s
. ssentials th interior hamb rs of th mastaba
e , e e e , e c e e

w r nlarg d and multipli d as in a hous until th w e o rido s chapels halls p ntri s tore
e e e e e e, e re er c r r , , , a e , s

rooms and b fo e th d of th Old Kingdom bedrooms and lavato ies Th g owt h of the mas
, , e r e en e , r . e r

taba th r fo e was nly a mor ambitious and lit ral alization of the unaltered p imitive instin t
, e e r , o e e re r c

which onsid red th g a v as th dw lling of th dead

c e e r e e e e .

T h fin st mastabas of th V D ynas t y
e e at S aqqa a T w of th se are exceptional not so e are r . o e ,

mu h i size and in th ompli t d a ang m nt of th i rooms as in th ri hness and quality of their

c n e c ca e rr e e e r e c

painted reli fs Th mastaba of P t hh t p is a double one which this distinguished dignita y hared
e . e a o e
3
r s

with his son Ak h th t p (P late X ) T h nt ance i on th no th sid and f om it a co rido

,
e o e XI I — I . e e r s e r e r r r

l ads to a pillared hall ff whi h is th T shap d hapel of A k h th t p and the long hapel of P tah
e , o c e -
e c e o e c

h t p with its two fal doo s (P late X iling i this hap l although made of slabs
“ ”
o e Th se r XI I e ce n c e ,

of ston i paint d red in imitation of th palm tru ks whi h w re the traditio al m thod of roofing
e, s e e n c e n e .

All the int ior walls ov d with r ma kabl eliefs at on fas inating works of art and d tail d
er are c e re e r e r , ce c e e

repr sentation of lif in th Old Kingdom E v y impo tant asp t of P t hh t p daily lif is faith
e e e . er r ec a o e
’
s e

fully d pi t d paint d n s show him dr ssing for th day his dive ions his s rvants h ding attl
e c e : e sc e e e e , rs , e er c e

through a o odil inf st d ma sh hunting and fishing and all his poultry numb r d to th last
cr c e- e e r , , e e e o ne,

so that we know for xampl that h had pig on and , widg on Ni ankh P tah his
e e, e e e .
- -
,
“
b lov d and trusty hi f ulptor was ju tly p oud of his wo k but w
e e w ll wonder why ll
”
c e sc , s r r , e c an e a

this xqui ite raftsmanship was expended upon a da k and r lativ ly unvi it d int ior
e s c r e e s e er .

I t do s not l s en Ni ankh P tah s a hievem nt or our own pl asu in t h p es n of th se reli fs

’
e e s - -
c e , e re e r e ce e e ,

to r alize that th E gyptian in su h instan es did not think of art as som thing int nd d to give
e e ,
c c , e e e

e njoym nt but in t ad xp t d from it a v y p a tical r tu n Undoubtedly th s s n s of th lif

e , s e e ec e er r c e r . e e ce e e e

and poss ssions of P t hh t p w r a v d with r ma kabl pr i ion and ar b aus P t hh t p fully

e a o e e e c r e e r e ec s c e ec e a o e

b li v d in th magi al ffi a y of imag s T hey r p s nt d to him th vital n ssities of ontinued

e e e e c e c c e . e re e e e e ce c

e xisten without whi h h would ndu hung r and thi st I a s nse th elief w r a substitute
ce c e e re e r . n e e r s e e

for th g ain and wine sto d in th ea li tomb and v n f th p ehisto ic ustom of slaughtering
e r re e r er s, e e or e r r c

3 N . de G . v
Da ie s, T he Mas taba o f P tahhe te p an d A k he t he te p

PL A T E XXI

I V Dyn . Mas aba t , G i ze h ( H Ju n k e r

.
, G i za l, De n ks c hrifte n A h d . . Wisse nsc hafte n in Wie n , 69, 1 9 29, A bb
Pl
.

an o f s am e (J u n k e r , o p c it A bb
. .
, .

t
Mas abas f ro m m o de l t l it M
, in Me ro p o an u s e um f A rt, Ne w Yo r
o k .

S ti f m t b
ec f S nw
on kh L i h t
o as a a o e o s re t- an , s . i
(A L an s n g, Bulle tin o f the Me tro po litan Muse um o f A rt, 1 933,

S t pp 9 8 Fig
ec . I I, 2

P t lli l k i g d vi m t b f S w i t
. .
,
‘

V o r cu s oc n e c e, as a a o en o sre t-an kh , L sh (o p . ci t ,
. Fig .
PL A T E XXII : T O MB S
 D YN A ST I C TO MB S 91

(P late xx S w t ankh in addition to b ing a

1 P iest of P tah at M mphis
en o sre was also -
, e r e
”

Royal S ulptor d Build r f his ma ter S w t I Hi mastaba mad with a fi

“ ”
th e c an e or s , en o sre . s , e ne

lim ston asing w d t d af t r th u tom of th E a ly Dynasti p iod with th sch mati

e e c , as , e c o ra e e e c s e r c er , e e c

re cess of th fals door ni h s and th wall about th n los r was a f ully t in lim stone
es e
“
e-
”
c e , e e e c u e c re cu e

to imitat th ound d top of p imiti v mud wall E vid ntly S w t ankh was a l ad r in
e e r e r e s. e en o s re -
e e

th ear ha ologi al r v ival of his g f hi tomb hows how car fully h studi d th a li r fo ms
c e c e s a e, or s s e e e e e r e r .

Th a tual ma taba and the la g mo tua y hap l in f ont of it are too uin d to b
e c s id r e r r c e r r e e c o ns

e red but th a ful p ovisions ssu ing p ot tion f hi body whi h S w t ankh undoubt
,
e c re r a r r ec or s , c en o sre -

e dly plann d him lf int ting an ing nious imp o v m nt upon Old Kingdom stru tural
e se , are e re s as e r e e c

m thods
e .

Th o igi nal passag down whi h his sar ophagus was lowered was on th traditional north
e r e c c e

sid of th tomb and a fully on al d Th verti al shaft whi h in Old Kingdom ma tabas d
e e c re c ce e . e c , c s e

s nded from h top of th tomb to th d p bu rial hamb r h put to a w use T his shaft h
ce t e e e ee c e , e ne . e

made like a himn y small at the top and la g at th bottom fill d it with loos stone and
c e , r e e , e e

grav l and had it open into th horizontal passag l ading f om th ent an to th tomb ham
e ,
e e e r e r ce e c

b er I t purpos
. which prov d ff tiv with th ex avato s was to dis ou ag plund rs s king
s e, e e ec e e c r , c r e e re ee

to clear the passag by pouring an un nding st eam of ton and sand upon th m I addi tion h
e e r s e e . n , e

built in this subte ran an passag fou ingenious po t ulli s opi d aft r similar d vi s in th
r e e r r c se , c e e e ce e

g at pyramids of th Old Kingdom wh r th po t ullis id a fi st att mpt d in th I II Dynasty

re e , e e e r c e ,
r e e e ,

had b n ni ly p f t d I mproving on th Old Kingdom d vi e h introdu d a wooden plug

ee ce er e c e . e e c e ce

whi h slid down and lo k d th ston s in pla e after th passag had b n los d H i a tual tomb
c c e e e c e e ee c e . s c

c hamb r h had painted on thr e id s w ith the old palace fa c ad tr atm nt r pres nting mat
e e e s e
“
-
e
”
e e , e e

tings hung in a fram work of wood su h as was seen on the exterior f the tomb of H y in th
e , c o es e

III Dynasty ( P late vn 1

Y RA M I D T HE P

OL D KING DOM T h mastaba from the I V D ynasty on until it went completely out of
. e , u se

at th d of th Middl Kingdom eased to b a fo m of royal burial and its pla was take
e en e e , c e r , ce n

by th pyramid T h r was no p ototyp for th pyramidal tomb befor th I II Dynasty and it

e . e e r e e e e

was not in th conservative natu of m to inv nt it T herefore its shape had to evolve from th
e re an e . e

PL ATE XXI I I

i
T o mb o f K n g S he pses haf , S o u h S aqqara ( G Iéqu ie r, L e Mas taba Farao un 1 928, Fig t . , .

i i
Nub an ho u se S che llal ( H R c k e , De r G ru n driss de s A m ar n a Wo hn hause s 1 932, A bb -
, .

i t t
.
,

Br c k o m b , VI Dyn S o u h S aqqara ( G J équ ie r, To m be aux de partic ulie rs c o nte m po rain s de P e pi II 1 929,

. . ,

P I VI b is ). .

“
t t
Ho u s e-s e l e , o mb o f Kho ub ao ui at S o u h S aqqara ( G Jéqu ie r, L a P yram ide d Oudj e bte n 1 92 8, Fig t .
'
,

i t t t
L am n a e d vau l , o m b o f VI Dyn at S o u h S aqqara ( Jéquie r L e Mas taba Farao un Fig t , , .

t i i t
.

S o n e re l e v n g arch, o mb o f H e bse d Ne f erk ara, S aqqara ( Je qu ier, A n n ale s da S e rvice xxx I I I , p 1 44, P I
'
- . .
,
PL A TE XXIV : PYRA MIDS
PL AT E XXV : PYRA MIDS

‘ 1
 DYN A S T I C TO MB S 95

first he er ted at M ydum whi h he apparently n ver us d (P late

ec
3 he began it as a
e ,
8
c e e XX I V— ,
‘

st pped pyramid with a r tion fa es

e i indicated by th mason s ma ks showing a st pp d pyra
“
cc e c ,
”
as s e
’
r e e

mid and by the fact that th e ding fa s are fini h d in d essed ston Th wo k may have
,
e r ce ce s e r e . e r

b n ontinued throughout his r ign by m ans of building su ssiv asings and re essed stag s
ee c e e c ce e c c e .

Wh n this pro ss had b n repeat d s v n tim s h had what was a giganti s v n st pped pyra
e ce ee e e e e e c e e -
e

mid for even in it pr s nt uin d ondition its thr r maining stag s ri e to a h ight of 4
,
s e e r e c ee e e s e 21

f t B for th d of his lif how v S f had ompl t d his tomb at D h as a tru

ee . e e e en e, e e r, n e e ru c e e as ur e

py am id and at M yd m had sta t d to en a its st pp d o of accretion fa es with a smooth

r ,
e u r e c se e e c re
“
c
”

c ov ing T h low r stag of this asing is still preserv d but the e is no vid n e to show that it
er . e e e c e , r e e c

was ev r a ri d up to c mplete the whole py amid

e c r e o r .

Th ntranc at M yd m is a sloping passag tarting high up on the no th sid whi h d

e e e e u e, s r e, c e

s nds und rg ound f a distan e th n ontinu s horizontally and finally ri s as a pe p ndi ular
ce e r or c , e c e , se r e c

shaft giv ing acces to th sarcophagus hamb r which is half b low g ound and half in th ston
,
s e c e , e r e e

of th fi st mastaba t a e O er th bu ial hamber is a tone vault mad by orbeli g whi h

e r -
e rr c . v e r c s e c n , c

is th a li st stone vault known to hav b n s d in E gyptian a hit tu although this method

e e r e e ee u e rc ec re ,

of roofing was us d in b i k for sepul h al p ot ction as e a ly as th I I and I II Dynasties A small

e r c c r r e r e .

chap l (P lat xx v 5) on the ast sid is built onto the sid of the pyramid in the same mann r
e e 1 -
e e e e

that off ring hap ls w add d onto h III D ynasty mastabas at B t Khallaf and th IV Dy
e c e e re e t e e e

na ty on s at G iz h T his littl building with the two royal stel rising abov th n losing walls
s e e . e z
e e e e c

will be dis us ed more fully in the hapt r on the temple At M yd m ther

c s indi ations of c e . e u e are c

the gr at caus way l ading up to th py amid from th iver and around th tomb are g oup d
e e e e r e r , e r e ,

like a ity with str et the mastabas of S f

c family and ourti rs e s, n e e ru s
’
c e .

For som unknown rea on the pyramid at M yd m w exp im ntal and if it took twenty
e s e u as er e ,

y ars of S f
e r ign of twenty six y ars as Bo hardt stimat d the king must have b gun
n e e ru s
’
e - e ,
rc e e ,
9
e

and p haps fini h d hi till la g r py amid at D h b f o he started to n as the M yd m

er s e s s r e r as ur, e re e c e e u

tomb as a tru py amid Hi larg r py amid at D h ranks in size wi th th famous group at

e r . s e r as ur e

G iz h for it is still 7 9 f t wid at the bas and 3 5 f t high T h th

e ,
py amids at D h and
0 ee e e 2 ee . e re e r as ur

M yd m show only
e u t chni al advan ov r th py amid f Zos ; thi i th ir of th o bel
o ne e c ce e e r o er s s e u se e c r

vault in stone mason y as a roofing onstru tion for th burial hambers T h rude po t ullis r c c e c . e c r c

8 P e trie , Me du m ; Wa n wright, Me du m i an d Me mphis; Al l

Ro e ,
an w
E xc a atio n s at Me ydum , v Pe n nsylvan ia Un iv .
,

Muse um J l XXII
o urn a ,
Re is n er, o p c it p . .
, . 1 95; L . Bo rc hardt, Die E n tst e hun g der Pyramide
9 L . Bo rc hardt, Die E ns te hu n g der Pyram ide

PL A T E XXV

1 . Py mid f Kh f ( ight) d Kh f Gi h (U Hdl h D G bd hm l d

ra s o u u r an a ra, ze . sc e r, as ra en a es Ko n igs C he phre n , 1 9 1 2,

Pl .

S ti f ki g h mb py m id f Kh f (P t C hipi p i Fig
’
2 . ec on o n s c a e r, ra o u u e rr o et e z, o . c t .
, .

3 . M th d f l i g p
e og i th py mid D h ( P t C hipi Fig
o c os n assa e n so u ra at as ur e rro et e z, .

4 . S tiec f py m id f Kh f ( v Bi i g E gyp i h K
on o ra tg hi h Pl ) o u u . ss n ,
{ t sc e un s es c c te , . xxxv .
96 GYPT I A N A R CH ITE CT URE E

m thod of losing the burial chamber after o upation which was se n in the mastabas of the
e c cc , e

I II Dynasty is at D h wo ked out by a urate ston utting as a ve y elaborate method of s al

, as ur r cc ec r e

ing up the hamb r (P lat XXV On the sa rcophagu and its a ompanying wealth we e in
c e e ce s cc r

pla e the wo kmen bu n d out th wooden prop and th gi gantic stone slid down into po ition
c , r r e e e s

in front of th op ning e e .

A ft r S f cam th fam us rulers of the IV Dynasty whose tombs at Gizeh (P late xxv )
e n e e ru e e o —
I

still rank as one of th wond s of th world T h mu h illustrat d d vi ited group onsists ofe er e . e c e an s c

the th ee g eat pyramids of Khufu Kh f and M k

r r with a clu t of much small r pyramids , a ra, en au ra, s er e

and str ts of mastabas making a large ity of th d ad und r th sup vi ion of th Mayo of
ee c e e e e er s e
“
r

t h P yramids Khufu (C h ops ) who was the most pow ful monar h of the Old Kingdom b gan
”
e . e , er c , e

his pyramid with no mod t intention of enlarging it as his r ign p ogress d N t only did h es e r e . o e

hav th id a of a tru pyram id f om the start but also he planned it to be what it has
e e e e r , re

mained the larg st onstru t d mass of ston ev r r t d by man Originally it m asur d 767
, e c c e e e e ec e . e e

f t at the bas and ros 479 f t Th ore is built of M q tt m lime tone the asing and passages
ee e e ee . e c o a a s , c

of fin r lim ston from T u a and Ma sara and t h king s chamb r cut from gr at blo ks of hard
e e e r
’

, e
’
e e c

g anit
r I t is stimat d that it ontains
e . blo ks of ston totaling
e e ubic yards th c c e, c , e

ston s thems lves averaging two and a half tons whil a f w w ighed as much as thi ty tons It
e e , e e e r . :

h lps a little in app e iating its size to know that the cathed als of Floren Milan and S t
e r c r ce , , .

P t r s as w ll as Westminst r Abb y and S t P aul s ould all b group d omfortably within th

’ ’
e e , e e e . c e e c e

area of its ba se .

T h s tion ( P lat xxv 4) shows the v rtical dis tribu tion of cham bers onnect d by long slop
e ec e — e , c e ,

ing passag s whi h were intend d to be concealed p manently in this stone mountain T h con
e , c e er . e

struction of the pyramid how v r it is explained was a remarkable f at ov r the long orridors , e e , e : e c

are o b l d vaults (P late

c r e e and above th king s hamber is an ingenious effo t to light n xxv e
’
c r e

th pr ssure and di v e t the w ight by m ans of a triangular ston a ch and sup rimposed slabs of
e e r e e e r e

ston (P late xxve From thi hamb r two h l s w pi rc d th ough th whol structure at an s c e o e e re e e r e e

obliqu angle not f v ntilation as i som tim s sugg st d but as exits for the pi it of th dead
e , or e , s e e e e ,
s r e .

I addition to the pyramid th r was a larg mo tuary t mpl on th

n ast sid th long aus way e e e r e e e e e, e c e ,

us d at first for the transportation of materials from the river and k pt a permanent approa h
e e as c

a ro s th inundat d land du ing th flood s ason and streets of mastabas while nearby was a
c s e e r e e , ,

c ity for the priests wo kmen and st r houses which were all ne d d to pe p tuate the servi of
, r , o e e e r e ce

the d ad T h caus way leading down f om the mortua y t mple to the edge of the vall y t
e . e e r r e e er

m i t d in what has b n call d th Vall y templ or landing pav lion It possible origin and “ ”
na e ee e e e e i . s

use will b dis uss d in lation to th mortua y t mple

e
“
c e re e r e .

T h rema kable a ura y of n arly all th ston cut ting in this pyramid fu nish s stounding
e r cc c e e e r e a

evid n e of the t hnical skill of Old Kingdom stone masons When laying out the plan of th
e c ec . e

pyramid the workmen lea ed th desert down to the solid rock and on this floor laid a pavem nt
, c r e ,
e

with a core of natural rock rising up in the m iddle E ven though this outcropping of rock pre .

P 10
3 age 12 .
PL ATE XXVI : PYRA MIDS

P AS S A6 23
 DYN A S T I C T O MB S 99
full size from th first and that th pa all l skin of ma on y w on ider d by the E gyptians
e e r e s s r e re c s e

an aid t th stability of th stru tur and a m an it might b add d of r taining th slop of

o e e c e e s, e e , e e e

the four f a s T hes autho iti s fus to onsid th possibility of wood n ma hin s oth r than
ce . e r e re e c er e e c e , e

sl dges and l v rs and d ny the possibility of finishing th top f th py amid fi st and th n work
e e e , e e o e r r e

ing down T h most sati fa to y answ r then to the qu stion of how u h pyramids w built
. e s c r e , , e s c e re ,

is to a pt th simpl st hypoth sis f whi h th r i th g at st vid n nam ly that th E gyp

cce e e e or c e e s e re e e e ce , e , e

tians u ed a ri s of embankm nt mad of b i k d a th on whi h th y ais d th ir ston

s se e e s, e r c an e r , c e r e e es

by sl dg s and l v rs T h r ad r who i till puzzl d by th m hani al and human di ffi ulti of

e e e e . e e e s s e e ec c c es

this labo ious m thod is f r d to A i t E gypti M

r
y by S C la k and R E ngelba h
e , re e re nc en an as o n r , . r e . c .

T h s writ rs annot answ r v ry qu tion but th y mak th oth r theo i s s m unlik ly

e e e c e e e es e e e e r e ee e

Th building of the G r at P y amid how v

e it was done l f t a t adition in E gypt A g e r , e er , e r . es

aft rwards the E gyptians b li v d that th gods sl pt in th py amids in G iz h but by Gre k

e , e e e e e e r e , e

tim s th re was th l g nd whi h H d t h a d and b li v d that Khufu h d b n a ty an

e e e e e , c e ro o ous e r e e e , a ee r

i l slave d iv r who n gl t d t h t mpl s fo sook justi

n ca r and by m ans of th l sh for d hi
e e ec e e e e ,
r ce , e e a ce s

nation to sweat at th building of hi tomb Th G k histo ian was about ight in b li ving that e s . e re e r r e e

it took m tw nty y rs to build the py amid and anoth r t to onstru t the aus way
en e ea r , e en c c c e .

T h fa t that mod n om putation su tain th

e c figu s do s not p ove Khufu to hav e b n a
er c s s e se re e r ee

s lf nt d and unint llig nt ty ant as H odotu and Man tho thought Unqu stionably th king
e -
ce e re e e r ,
er s e . e e

was an ne geti and su ssful o ganiz r

e any
r ing his tomb might uspe t ; and wh n
c cc e r e , as o ne se e s c e

it is su mis d that he wo k d his vast a my at full s t ngth only du ing th sla k months of th
r e r e r re r e c e

flood p riod wh n labor was availabl and what i mo impo tant when h ould have th ston
e , e e, ,
s re r , e c e es

float d up to the d of th aus way and for th r st of th y ar k pt small conting nts wo king
e en e c e ,
e e e e e e r

in shifts of thr e months ea h w in Khuf an ffi i nt administ ator and even a r onstru
e c , e see u e c e r , ec e

tion exp rt li ving un mploym nt du ing th dull a on at th exp nse of the state I t is n a r
e , re e e e r e se s e e . e re

the unknown truth p haps to pi tur th py amid i ing not to th s und of groans and igh , er , c e e r r s
“
e o s s,

but to the hee ful songs with whi h E gyptian wo km n in all ag ha v b n a ustom d to light n
c r c r e es e ee cc e e

their bu d ns T h E gyptians thought long and s iously about d ath but th y we not a lugubri
r e .
”
e er e , e re

ous or ven a cru l ra

, e e , ce .

After Khufu ther was nothing whi h his su e sors ould do to surpass him Kh f ( C h phr n )
, e c cc s c . a ra e e

built his pyramid alongsid of his fath s but h was satisfied with a mass 7 7 f t in width and 47
'

e er
’

, e 0 ee 1

feet high It particular distinction r sid in the p v ation of part of its original limestone asing
. s e es re se r c

P L AT E XXVI

1. S ec ti on o f pyram d o f S ahu re , A b us ir i (L . , t
Das Grabde n km al de s Ko n igs S ahu re 1 9 1 0,
Bo rchard -
, Pl .

2 . Sec ti on o f bur a i
c hamb e r in p yram d l i o f A m e n em he t I I I , H a ara ( e r e , Kahu n G u ro b a n d H awara, w P ti , 1 890 ,

PI . IV ) .

)
U Py id
f S e n w o s re t II , L ahu n ( e rro e t C h p e z , o p c it Fig
ram o P t ii . .
, .

4 . t
E n ran ce c hape to pyram d o f S e n w o sre t I, L sh (W C H ayes , T he E gyp
l “
i i t . . ti an E xpe d iti on 1 933—
34, Bul
le tin o f the Me tro po litan Mus e um o f A rt, x xrx, 1 934, S ec 11, Fig t . .
PL AT E XXVII PYRA MIDS

IO IS 20 25

0 O ® 0 0 6 0 G G 0
0 O 0 0 0 6 0 O O 0 O
0 0 O ® 0 0 0 0 O O 9 G
0 0 O Q

0 0 Q Q
0 0 Q Q
0 0 O O
0 0 O O
0 0 O G
0 0 O Q
0 0 O O
0 0 Q O
0 0 Q O
0 9 Q o 0 0 0 6 0 0 G 0 0 O
9 0 O o 0 0 6 0 0 0 O 0 0 Q
0 0 O o 0 9 6 0 0 6 O 0 0 Q
1 02 C E GYPT I A N A R CH I TE T URE

T h pyramids built t Abusi (P lat xxv ) by th three usurp rs of the V Dynasty who br ugh t
e a t e 1- 1 e e o

ab ut the r crudes n of sun wo ship we n v r mo e than s ond lass in workmanship and their
o e ce ce -
r , re e e r ec —
c ,

fun ary t mpl s will b de ib d in the n xt hapt Du ing the V and VI Dynasti s th royal pyra
er e e e scr e e c er . r e e

mid g w small r and w e built mor conomically by means of small ston amounting to almost a
s re e er e e e,

rubbl fill wi thin th ir asings At th sam tim th mo tua y hapel in ased in siz and impor
e ,
e c . e e e, e r r c c re e

tan whil th no th entran to th py amids whi h in th lat III and IV Dynasties had b n high
ce , e e r ce e r ,
c e e ee

up on th fa of the pyram ids ame down to ground level and was in tim e ma ked by a small f
e ce , c r o

f i g hap l abov th entran e

er n c
”
e e e c .

MIDDL E KINGDOM T h Old Kingdom died away at th lose of the VI Dynasty into the first . e e c

Da k Ages f E gyptian history during whi h for ov r thr e hund d y ars th

r o ount y was laid , c , e e re e , e c r

wast by f udal ana hy and brigandage As th admonitions of Ip w so dol fully tell us Th

e e rc . e u er e :
“
e

do k p s say L t go and plund r T h wa h rman fus th to a ry his load E v n th bird

o r ee er ,
‘
e us e .
’
e s e re e c r . e e

cat h s have to mak thems lv ready f battl

c er E v ry town s ith L t us driv out the pow r
e e es or e. e a :
‘
e e e

ful from our mid t T h land tu n th round as doth a pott r s wheel and th robb rs po ess th
s .
’
e r e e
’

, e e ss e

ri h s Wh n uni ty i again r sto d at th b ginning of th XI Dynasty by a new d wa lik

c e .
”
e s e re e e e an r e

hous again from th S outh th s at f pow r i for a tim at T h b s but finally returns to Memphis
e, e , e e o e s e e e .

Th rulers of the XI and XII Dynasti s n ious to prov th i divin right to t h thron and the e
e e ,
a x e e r e e e, r

fo e ca eful to r v ive and p es rve th sa d traditions ontinu d to build pyramids but th y as

r r e r e e c re , c e , e

vainly r li d for th ir s urity upon structural ingenui ty as had th ir pr d c ssors upon sheer bign ss
e e e ec e e e e e

and olidity s .

T h pyr m ids at L isht built by A m

e m h t I the found r of th X11 D ynasty
a d by S w t
, ene e , e e , an en o sre

I are badly ruin d M i th a hit t of S w t I who built his ma t mortua y t mpl ’

,
e . er , e rc ec en o s re , s er s r e e , re

co ds to x ute for him an t n l dwelling It columns pie d h av n ; th lak whi h was

r ,
“
e ec e er a . . s rce e e e e c

dug it r a h d th river the gat tow ing heavenward w re of lim stone of T roja all of which
, e c e e , e s, er , e e ,
” 18

seems a slight exagg ration wh n ompar d with th r mains e e c e e e .

Th most int sting a hit ctural f atu of S w t pyramid is the ntran e h p l which ’
e e re rc e e re en o s re s e c c a e

stood on the no th sid di tly ov r th con al d ntran e to the pyramid Built dir tly against
r e, re c e e ce e e c .
19
ec

the asing of th py amid th h p l on isted of a ingl re tangular room the door in th north
c e r , e c a e c s s e, c , e

wall and th stel or fals doo

,
t in t h south wall with th
e e,l tar for off rings in front of it
“
e r,
”
se e , e a e

(P lat xxv eOffe ing hap ls situat d on th north sid of pyramids w r th rul in th M m
1 r c e e e e e e e e e e

p hit r gion
e f om the V
e I to t h XII I D ynasti s Trh y w r undoubt dly a survival of an arly tradi e e . e e e e e

tion befor th influ n of th solar ult shift d th off ing hap l to th east sid of th pyramid
e e e ce e c e e er c e e e e .
20

T h stone roof of the hap l slop d g ntly from east to w st and was d ain d by a single lion
e c e e e e r e

headed water spout set in the avetto orni e on th west sid Whil it may s m curious to find c c c e e . e ee

17 P age 95 .

18 Bre as te d, A n cie n t Re co rds , I, No 5 0 9

P
. .

19 W C H aye s, The E n tran ce C hap e o f

. .
“
l t he yramid o f S e n -Wo s re t I , Bulle tin o f t he Me tro po litan Mus e um o f Art
S e ct II, p 9 se q .
P
. .

20 age 81 .
 DYN A S T IC T OMB S 103

such elaborate precautions to ensure proper drainage in a r gion where the rainfall was so light it e ,

must how v r be m mber d that

, e eof th to r ntial showers whi h oc asionally fall in E gypt
,
re e e o ne e r e c c ,

car ying with it through th roof of a building st ams of dirt fill d wat r would b enough to ruin
r , e ,
re -
e e , e

compl tely th paint d li fs on th int io walls ; and that th roof of this parti ular building was
e e e re e e er r e c

r qui d to h d not only th rain whi h f ll on its own area but al o th wa h from part of the
e re s e e c e , s e s

north side of th pyramid L ion h ad d wat r spouts whil not omm on in E gypt be aus th y b
e .
” 21
-
e e e , e c , c e e e

long d to that part of a building whi h would be first destroy d

e found from the V Dyna ty to c e , are s

th P tol maic p riod

22
e e e .

T h tomb of S w e t II at L ahun is an example of th easi m thod of pyr mid const u tion

en o s re e er e a r c

adopted du ing this p riod (P late r Th solid mass of the py amid onsist d of a ent al ore
e XXVI e r c e c r c

of natu al o k on whi h was built a oss netwo k of r taining wall to uppo t th out r lim ston
r r c c cr r e s s r e e , e e

casing and to pr vent th settlem nt of the interior b i kwo k H re the traditional no th ntran e
e e e r c r . e r e c

was abandon d and a a fully on al d a s was built on the sou th side whil a u ious passag
e c re c ce e cc e s , e c r e

was mad almo t ll around th sar ophagus hamb r

e s a e c c e .
28

Th most int i at b i k py amid of t h Middle Kingdom is the one whi h Am

.

e r c e m h t II I
r c r e c ene e

ted at H awara (P late xxv

e re c T h sun d i d b i k t u tur built around a ore of solid rock 1 e — r e r c s r c e, c

with a asing of lim ston off d little p ot tion and so the build r st ain d his ingenuity to
c e e, e re r ec , e r e co n

stru t an int ior laby inth of passag s whi h would d fy th tomb obb r th e
c er rblind passag s e c e e r e : er are e

and dumm y ch mb rs giganti liding trapdoors in the ilings whi h l ad to other pas ag s and
a e , c s ce c e s e ,

finally a pul h al hamb without any doo w hich has a roof of thre imm ns blo ks of ston
se c r c er r, e e e c e, o ne

w ighing about forty fi tons that w low d into pla aft th s cophagus had b n in tall d
e — ve
,
e re e re ce er e ar ee s e .

F labo ious ff o t and t hni al a ompli hm nt ll of whi h w r of no avail against the E gyptian
or r e r ec c cc s e ,
a c e e

plund this hamb r is r ma kabl it is t and polish d a curat ly from one blo k of ha d yellow
e re r, c e e r e : cu e c e c r ,

qua tzit ov r tw nty two f t long ight f t wid and about tw f t thi k which w igh d about
r e, e e -
ee , e ee e o ee c , e e

o ne hund d and ten tons ; abov this hamb r in addi tion t its forty fi ton slab is a sloping roof
re e c e ,
o -
ve ,

of limestone beams ach seven f t thi k whi h in its turn was ov r d by a se i s of brick
, e o ne ee c ,
c c e e r e

arches .

Y RA M I DA L V A R I A T I O N S P

MIDDL E KINGDOM Th most impressiv tomb of th Middl Kingdom was that of M t h t p . e e e e en u o e

I I I of the XI Dyna ty at D ir l Bahari whi h is on th w st ba k opposit to T h b s (P lat xxv )

s e e -
, c e e n , e e e e 11 .

E gyptian tombs ev nin th ir py m id l form have up t this point b n d void of any ar hit tural
,
e e ra a ,
o ee e c ec

di tin tion oth r than stru tural impr ssiv n ss but th build r f M t h t p was
s c e of tho ar hi c e e e ,
e e o en u o e o ne se c

t t
e c s, ra in E gypt who p odu d a w and monum ntal typ of tomb f om t aditional l m nts
re ,
r ce ne e e r r e e e .

I n t ad of m
s e ly adding togeth r th ustoma y mortuary fo ms whi h was the usual ar hit tural
e re e e c r r , c c ec

substitut for d sign in E gypt he assimilat d and unified the regul r elements into an impressive
e e ,
e a

21 Hayes, o p . cit .
, p . 1 7.
22 H aye s , op c it p 1 6 , n o te l k
3 6 ; C ar e an d E n ge bac h, A nci ent E gyptian l Mas o nry pp 1 59 -1 6 1 .

G
.
,

P i
. . .
,

23 e tr e , Illahu n , Kahun, an d irab ( 1 8 8 9

PL ATE XXVI II : PYRA MIDA L T OMB S

e t a”
PL A TE XXIX : ROC K C UT T OMB S
-

n
m
'
o is 20 25 ao
 DYN A S T I C T O MB S 1 07

off ring hap l on th east sid Du ing th Middl Kingdom the py amidal type of tomb while still
e c e e e . r e e r ,

a royal form lost som of its di tin tion wh n the T h ban nobl began to adopt it for their
,
e s c e e es

s pul hral monuments and d v lop d a mod st ombination of pyramid and ma taba E xampl s of
e c e e e e c s . e

this ombination typ attribut d to th Middl Kingdom

c found in th n ropolis at Abydos where
e, e e e , are e ec

th a li t g n ration of th T h ban mpi w re interr

e e r es e e s e e e re e e
27
.

T h Abydos tomb ar l s ly ori nt d and only fi or six meters high

e uniformly built of
s, c e e s e e ve , are

c rud b i k T h y onsist of a tangula bas urmounted by a py amidal top mad by st pping back
e r c . e c re c r e s r e e

th ou s ; th py amid its lf n lo s a oni al chamber of o b l d onst u tion within whi h was

e c rs e e r e
“

e c se c c c r e e c r c c

th burial I
e most xampl s th y hav e no xt ior hap l th st l and s rvi s having b n out f
. n e e e e er c e , e e e e ce ee o
-

do rs (P lat
o A f w however hav a p oj ting hap l with a ni h for th st l and a
e x xv111- 1 , e , , e r ec c e c e e e e

low r hamb r whi h gav a ss by m ans of a small op ning to th d b lying dir tly b neath
e c e c e cce e e e se r a , ec e

th oni al b rial v ault (P lat xxv

e c c Originally th tombs at A bydos w r ov r d with a
u e 111— 2 , e se e e c e e

c oat of mud plast whi h was whit wa h d so that th y must have looked like an ncampm nt of
-
er c e s e e e e

t nts
e .

D uring th XVI I D ynasty b for th is of th II T h ban E mpire ven the royal tombs w r
e , e e e r e e e , e e e

som what similar on isting of ud bri k py am ids with hapels on th st side th hap ls
e , c s cr e c r c e ea , e c e

at tim t down into th ro k

es cu om tim s built against th sid f th pyramid and in som as s e c , s e e e e o e , e c e

only a orridor ext nding into th py amid whi l in all xampl th bu ial hamb r is t down
c e e r ,
e e es e r c e cu

into th o k b n ath the hap l Ve y littl r mains of th sup stru tur s of th se tomb but th
e r c e e c e .
28
r e e e er c e e s, e

XVI II Dyna ty tomb of Apis at S aqqa a ( P lat X and f qu nt pr s ntations of th typ

s r e XVI I I re e re e e e e

in Th ban tomb paintings (P lat xxv 8

e giv th g n ral appearance of thes s pulchral t e 111— , e e e e e e s ruc

tures with th ir mastaba like podiums and small py amidal tops e -

r .

NE W KINGDOM T h paint d r pr s ntations show that in th N w Kingdom at T hebe the com ; e e e e e e e s

bination type of tomb with th pyramidal top had b om popula pr umably be ause th Ph raohs e ec e r, es c e a

of th XVIII Dyna ty had abandon d th pyramid f th gr at r u ity of the p or ro k cut

e s e e or e e e se c r s e o s, c -

tomb hidd n in th Vall y of th Kings At D ir l M dina

, e of th valleys in th great ne ropolis
e e e . e e -
e , o ne e e c

of W st n T h b many of the tombs th oughout th N w Kingdom hav th pyramid l shape It

e er e e s,
”
r e e e e a .

27 G Maspe ro Man ual o f E gyptian Arc hae o lo gy p 1 45; Marie tt e Vo yage clan s la Haute E gypte Vo l I ;
Pl
.
.
, .
,

Abydo s II ,67 . .

28 H Win o c
,
“
l k
T he Kin gs o f th e S e e n te e n th Dyn as ty at The be s ,
. o urn al Of E gyptian A rc hae o lo gy X P 217 v J ,

29 B Bru ér
y e,
“
.
"
ll
Fo ui e s de De ir c l Me din e h, Fo uille s de l I n s tit ut fran cais , 1 9 2 3 4 93 5 ; I Van die r, T o mbe s de De ir e l
’ ’
.

Médin e h, Mé m o ire s de l I n stit ut fran cais d arc h o rie n tale da Caire L XIX ' ’
.
,

PL ATE XXIX
1. Pl f o mbs o f S a n
an o t h i d M kh A w fi ( J B i k i E gyp i
an e u, s n a e, t an A n tiq uities in t he Nile Valle y, 1 932, p .

Pl
.

2 . an o f to m b o f S ie re n
p w I A wfi ( p
o eti p s n o . c t .
, .

Pl (A m i ) B i H ( P E N wb y B
,

3 . an o f A m e n e m hat en , en asan . . e e rr , e ni H as an , 1, 1 893, PI . 1v ) .

4 . ti
S e c o n o f s am e .
108 GYPT I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

has b en suggested that this popularity of the pyramid in th vi inity of T hebes was due not to the
e e c

gene l tend n y of royal s pulchral ustoms to des nd the social s al and b ome more unive sal
ra e c e c ce c e ec r ,

but was th r ult of a parti ular T heban ymbolism whe by the pyramid was onsider d th high
e es c s re c e e

mountain of Th bes Wh tev r significan the py amid may hav had at T h b s its adoption by
e .
80
a e ce r e e e ,

th aristocracy was undoubtedly influenced by its previous so ial distin tion and by its manife t asso
e c c s

i ti
c a on wi th th S god e un -
.
81

Th D ir l Medina tombs as they d velop in the ou s of th N w Kingdom

e e e -
a furth r , e c r e e e , are e

elab ation of an idea s n in th Middl Kingdom of ombining py amid and mastaba with th
o r , ee e e , c r , e

diff r n e that in t ad of a mastaba th dw lling con ption of th tomb is st d by ombining th

e e c s e , e e ce e re ss e c e

pyramid with a traditional hous form Also as a r sult of th popularity of th p th s pul hral e- . e e e s e o s, e e c

ch mb r is t underground at th bottom of a d p haft T h type is illust at d by an xampl of

a e cu e ee s . e r e e e

th XI X XX Dy asty whi h onsists lik

e -
a hous of a fo ourt opening to th
n t a olonnad d
, c c , e e, re c e c as , c e

vestibul a hap l or hall cov ed by a tunnel vault and a pyramidal oof with a ni h f an adora
e, c e er -
r , c e or

t on pan l on its east n fa (P late X

i e 5 Th a tual burial is in th ou tya d at the bottom
er ce XVI I I— , e c e c r r ,

of a shaft whi h op ns by mean of st ps and or ido s into a o k t and tunn l vault d hamb r
c e s e c r r r c -
cu e -
e c e

beneath th hap l T h sup rstru tur of these tombs is partly built of ither bri k stone and partly
e c e . e e c e e c or

cu t out of the sid of th li ff e e c .

A
E T H I OP I N P E RIOD B ause of the r verence whi h th kings of E thiopia had for T h bes d . ec e c e e an

the pow r of Amon R th pyramidal tomb was adopted in th XXIII Dynasty by the Nubian rulers
e -
e, e e ,

and ontinu d in use in N ubia from th ighth century down to Roman tim s Nubia d riv d most
c e e e e . e e

of its ultur f om E gypt and was incorpo ated into the E mpir in th XVIII Dynasty During th
c e r , r e e . e

collapse of th T h ban E mpire this south rnmost outpost of E gyptian ultur ass t d its i d p d
e e e c e er e n e en

enc and und r a line of kings established by L ibyan m r nari s from the no th t up th E thi
e e ,
e ce e r , se e

opian Kingdom I the ighth ntu y the E thiopians under Pi k y conqu d E gypt t up th
. n e ce r an e re , se e

XXIII D ynasty and in the XXV Dynasty vainly tried to hold the whole vall y and withstand th
,
e e

Assyrian invasion .

Th first apital of th E thiopian Kingdom w

e c at N p t where seven g n rations of rul rs e as a a a e e e

were buri d T h ir tomb show a progres iv e change ; ta ting round tumulus mounds whi h we
e . e s s s r as , c re

follow d by th sam typ ased in lim ston with bri k hap ls and su ounded by horsesho shap d
e e e e c e e c c e rr e— e ,

girdl walls th tumulus giv s way to th mastaba and th s i s finally ends with th pyramid
e , e e e ,
e er e e .

P i k y was th first E thiopian rul

an to adopt th pyramidal fo m and aft r him it b am th mod
e er e r , e ec e e e,

not only of all ubsequent kings but the standard typ of upp r lass bu ials after th apital of Nubia
s , e e -
c r e c

was moved to M é ”
e ro .

30
B B e F ill
. d lI i I
ruy re , i II ( 9 3 P II ou es e
'
n st t ut ran ca s , 1 2 , art , p . 12 .

Th l
31 mb ef py m id large f m h dnu d b i k mb f h M m hi
er o i i di h ra a s to n e c ap s ro t e e stro ye r c to s o t e e p te re g o n n c ate t at pyra

m id l mb
a toi d b d d w
s h N Ki d m i
co n t n u e h i wh h to m id fi
e d d h
us e o n to t e ew ng o n t e re g o n e re t e p yra w as rs t u s e , an e n ce

h
s ugges t t h i d f m M m hi
at t Th b
e r u se s p re a ro e p s to e es

G
.

J W
32
C w f
. T h I l d
.
f M ro J M
o o t, ( 9 ) F C illi d V
e h M s an E A o e ro e . ars tan g, ero e 1 11 . a au , o yage e ro e . .

Budge , E gyptian S udan

PL AT E XXX : ROC K C UT T OMB S
-
 D YN A S T I C T OMB S 1 I 1

onfident d fri nd of the King g at hief of the O yx nome R gulator of th two T hrone
c an e ,
” “
re c r ,
” “
e e s,

S up rint nd nt of the two pools of sp rt O ers er of horns hoofs f ath rs and mine al S ” “ ” “
e e e o , v e , , e e r s, u

p i t d t of all things which h av n gives and a th produ es H who is in th hamb

” “ ”
er n e n en e e e r c , e e c e r,

S uperint nd nt of the templ s and C on o t in th house of th godd ss N t

“ ” “
e e e , s r e e e e .

A m i tomb had in f ont of it a ourt partly built and pa tly t ba k into the fa e of the li ff
’
en s r c , , r cu c c c

(P late xx x I t p rch has two o tagonal columns with simpl aba us capitals whi h app ar to
1 s o
p c e c , c e su

po t the a hitrav Within th po ti o th c iling is twenty th ee feet high and has ar h d shap
r rc e . e r c e e -
r an c e e .

T h main hamb r nte d by a large door

e c f t high and 6 feet wide is n a ly squa e and is
e , e re ee , e r r ,

divid d into thr e aisles by two rows of sixt n sided olumns tw in a h row T he polygonal
e e ee -
c , o e c . se

c olumns lik those of th funerary t mple of Zos r

, e fini hed with on ave fl ti g whi h gi v
e e e , are s c c u n s c e

th m th name of P roto Doric olumns b aus of th ir fortuitous r s mblan e to G r k olumns

e e -
”
c , ec e e e e c ee c

of the Do ic ord r T h ceiling ov r ea h aisle is cut to th fo m of a flat ar h and the surfa d o

r e . e e c e r c ce ec

r at d with diap r patte ns imitat d from th woven matting whi h o v d th hoop roofs f th O yx
e e r e e c c e re e -
o e r

d w llings (P late xxx 3 I th ba k wall on axi with th c ntral doo and ai l is th sh ine p
e —
, n e c ,
s e e r s e, e r , a

p h d by a sho t fli ght of stai s ; within th sh in

ro ac e lo d by doubl doo s stood th tatu f th
r r e r e, c se e r , e s e o e

d ad Th a tual bu ial was in mummy pits t down into th floor of th main hall indi ating that
e . e c r cu e e , c

at som ea li r p iod th d ad in this nom had b n bu i d in th floor of th hou e T h walls

e r e er e e e ee r e e e s . e are

still o v d with th r ma kabl paint d s n s of raft m n w tl hunt oldi rs and o ffi ials

c e re e e r e e ce e c s e ,
re s e rs , e rs , s e , c

of th c u t of Ameni
e o r .

Th olumns i the r ption hall of th unfinish d tomb 8 inst ad of b ing p lygonal are
e c n e ce e e 1 , e e o ,

quat efoil in se tion and their apitals pr s nt four lo d lotus flow rs bound tog ther (P lat xxx
r c , c re e e c se e e e

Th a li t exampl of this type of capital is found in the V Dynasty at A b i (P late xxx v By

e e r es e us r 1

t h Middle Kingdom th is kind of column with th symbo lic lotus apital was ither imitat d f om
e e c e e r

Old Kingdom exampl s or copi d from the contemporary supports used in th houses whi h
e e e , c co n

si t d of ither fou bundles of r ds or four pal m tr nks b und tog th r and de orat d at th top
s e e r ee ,
u , o e e c e e

with lotus flow s T h faithful imitativ hara t r of the work is indi at d by the are with whi h the
er . e e c c e c e c c

sc ulptor r p odu d not only th binding co ds at th ba of th apital but ven th littl ti k s

e r ce e r e se e c , e e e s c

w dged b twe n th u v s of the palm t unks to as u a tight binding T h lit ral d pend n of
e In e e e c r e r s re . e e e e ce

th tombs upon the t aditional house of th r gion is al o hown by th fa c ad s (P late xxx wh

e se r e e s s e e e re ,

) ene ath the ov rhanging o nices rep odu d th proj ting nds of th little b ams whi h form d
e c r , are r ce e ec e e e c e

PL ATE XXX

i
i f t mb B i H
- V ew o o s at en asan .

s L t pit l t m b
o u s ca 7 8 B i H a ,
o s 1 ,
1 , en as an .

wI t i f t m b f Am
n er o r mh oB i H o o ene at, en asan .

e P i t d m ti g p t
a n e i l i g f T m b f Am mh (N wb y p i P l
a t n a t e rn on ce n o o o ene at e er r , o . c t .
, 1, .

V P l f t m b
an f T h tm
o I 3
o 8 Bi b l M l ko( W C H y R y l S p
uhg i o se ,
no . an e -
o u . . a es , o a arc o a t he XVIII Dyn asty ,

Fig .

9 Pl f mb f R m
an o IX V ll y f h Ki g T h b
to o (P t d M a T h Th b
s es , a e o t e n s, e es o r e r an o s s, e e an Ne cro po li s No , .
PL A TE XXXI : L A T E T OMB S

O 5 lO is 20 2 5
1 14 GYPT I A N A R CH ITE CT URE E

always pla d at th inner d of the tomb an d

ce or more small storerooms opening ff the
e en ,
o ne o

sepul hral hall I

c th tombs of th s i s th s pul hral hall is a tou h shap d and in all
.
” 3°
n e e er e e e c c r c e- e ,

cases is ori nt d with its long axis ast and w st B ginning with T hutmose III th tombs pro
e e e e . e e are

t t d by a d
ec e p w ll int odu d into the o idor b fo th ant hamb r While the ro k cut
ee e ,
r ce c rr e re e ec e . c -

tombs throughout th N w Kingdom in eas in siz and laboration v n th lat r tombs of e e cr e e e , e e e e

th tim of the Ram

e id kings (P lat xxx whil r p s nting an a toni hing amount of ar ful
e e ss e e e e re e s s c e

mining and ston utting not ar hit tu al b ing m ly an xt nsion of subterranean orridors
ec , are c ec r , e e re e e c

with innum abl to rooms for the w alth and p ovisions which the kings tried to take with them
er e s re e r

into th ir other wo ld e r .

T h isolation of the oyal tombs in th Vall y of th Kings and th ir concealment ther with e r e e e , e e

out any sup stru tu ith r to mark th grav or provid a plac for pray s and off rings we e
er c re s e e e e e e er e , r ,

for E gypt a adi al d partur from t adition and th hang had an imm diat ff ct upon r li
, r c e e r , e c e e e e e e

gi archite tu T h result of this di olution of th dual fun tion of the tomb was that the
o us c re . e ss e c

P haraohs of the N w Kingdom ontinu d to build mortuary t mples n ar th ir palac s on the

e c e e e e e

w st bank oppo it T h b s wh th h avily ndow d s rvi s whi h th y still onside ed

e s e e e , e re e e e e e ce , c e c r n e ces

sary for th ir t nal omfort ould b p form d At on th fun rary hapel fr d from any
e e er c , c e er e . ce e e c , ee

d p nd n upon th tomb b am an indep nd nt monumental stru tur whi h as will b seen

e e e ce e , ec e e e , c e c , e ,

set th mod and establish d a standa dized t mple con pt by th end of th XVIII Dynasty
e e e r e ce e e .

E v n during th XVIII D ynasty th royal on ption of a mo tua y t mple influ n d tomb

e e e c ce r r e e ce

de igns for th e p ivat tomb at Abydo whi h w re miniature t mpl s consisting of a pil “
s , er are r e s s c e e e ,

l d fo
are ourt or mo out r court an inn r ourt ontaining th pit and a nar ow ar h d
re c , o ne re e s, e c c e , r , c e

passage onn cting with the inn r ou t by th e doors (P late xxv

c e D uring th XIX d e c r re
”
1 11 e an

XX D ynasti s at Abydos th tombs w esimplified into a wall d n losure th pit in th nter , e e re e e c ,

87
e e ce ,

whi h open d into thr small h mb s at the ba k (P late XX

c e ) very mu h like the Old
ee c a er c VI I I — I O , c

Kingdom t mpl pl from th same r gion e e an e e .

O MB T Y P E S L AT E T

S AI T I C P ERI OD Du ing the N w Kingdom th was an ndl ss variety of tomb forms most
. r e e re e e ,

of which how v r w o k t v ions of th houses of th living T h c mbination typ of

,
e e , e re r c -c u e rs e e . e o e

either mastaba or hous wi th th pyram idal roof has al ady b n d s ib d and it is not until th e e re ee e cr e , e

S a itic r vival that any important innovations o ur Th Kings of S ais who in the XXVI Dynasty
'

e cc . e ,

gav E gypt a b i f rec ud s n of t we e all bu i d at th ir apital in the D lta T heir funerary

e r e r e ce ce ar , r r e e c e .

archit tur was entir ly dif f r nt from anything s n in th r st of E gypt but may w ll hav b n
ec e e e e ee e e ,
e e ee

an old D lta ustom of whi h th e no r ords Both p and mummy pits wer impo sibl
c c e re are ec . s eo s e s e

in th mar hy soil of L ow r E gypt ; ston whil us d for th t mpl s had to b transport d f om

e s e e, e e e e e ,
e e r

Upp r E gypt and th p paration of solid foundations for it was difli lt T her fore instead of
e , e re cu . e ,

36 W . C . Haye s, Ro yal S arc o phagi o f t he XVIIIth Dynas ty p . 6 .

3 7 D. Ran da ll M iv
-
ac er an d A . C . Mace , E l A mrah an d A bydo s p . 64 .
 DYN A S T I C T OMB S x1 5

building s parat tombs and mo tuary t mples th S aitic kings trust d for prote tion to th power
e e r e e e c e

of th ir gods and built th ir small tombs in id th xisting t mpl s

e ,
e s e e e e e .

H erodotus says Th S a ites buri d all th kings who b long d to their anton insid this t m
“ '

, e e e e e c e e

ple (of Th tomb of Am i as well as that of A p i and his fa m ily h d s rib s

“ ”
e as s , r es , e e c e

as a hamb r with folding doo s within th fo ou t with its olonnade of palm olumn What
,
“
c e r
”
e re c r c c s .

the shape of this hamber was is unknown but th p sumption is that it was a f e tanding p
c , e re re -
s se

lh
u c sugg ting th tomb of E mi L gi which stands in th ou t of the mosqu of Ib T ulun
e r, es e r a n e c r e n

at C airo .

T h privat tomb show that th S aitic build rs outside th D lta w nt ba k with a ha ologi al
e e s e e e e e c rc e c

enthusiasm and pain taking a to stablish d fo ms in th i ff o t to link th ms lv s with th

s c re e e r e r e r e e e e

p tig of the past While th w no

re s e typ of tomb th was a t nd n y to mphasiz th
. e re as o ne e e re e e c e e e

residential ha a t r of th tomb ma king it by an impo ing and t mpl like up st u tur whil
c r c e e , r s e e- s er r c e, e

at th same tim x a v ating an laborat pala omplex in th ro k b n ath A t Asasif on the

e e e c e e ce c e c e e .
’

w st bank at T h bes in front of Q ue n H t h p t mortuary t mpl

e e th two la g t tombs
,
e a s e su
’
s e e , are e r es

of this kind O b long d to P b (Pb ) who was hi f S t wa d of Nit i th daught r of

. ne e e a as a es , c e e r o cr s , e e

P m t k I D uring th T h ban d lin

sa e . b fo th E thiopian domination th i v il pow r at T h be
e e ec e, e re e , e c e e s

was inv st d in a Di vin Vot ss or C on ort of A mon and P m t k I wh n h d ov out th

e e e re s , sa e , e e r e e

E thiopians and tabli h d a w dyna ty gav e thi vi g n y of T h b s to hi daught r

es s e ne s ,
s c e —re e c e e s e .

T h tomb of P b e had a t mpl lik supe st u tu of b i k pla te d and paint d whi h

a as a e e- e r r c re r c , s re e , c

consist d of two cou t with pylons and was o i nt d to th ast (P lat X

e )
r s I t inn r ourt r e e e e e XXI — I . s e c

was t down with g at labor th ough the solid o k so that th a tual fo ourt of th und r
cu re r r c e c re c e e

g ound pala might hav its app op iat light T h p has a pilla d fo ourt op ning into a
r ce e r r e . e s eo s re re c e

H all of App arances ff f om whi h th p ivat hamb rs of th d ad T h a tual entran e

e , o r c are e r e c e e e .
39
e c c

to the subt r an an tomb was by a stairway op n to th sky l ading ff to th no th wh it

e r e , e e , e o e r e re

cam to th su fa at a small pylon P b it app a w a ful to vi v th Old and Middle

e e r ce . a as a, e rs , as c re re e e

Kingdom royal tradition of having the mo tua y hapel fa e east and th entran e to the no th r r c c , e c r .

N a by is th tomb of P d m
e r p t a C hi f L tor whi h is la g r and mo ompli at d
e e a eno e ,
e ec , c r e re c c e

but in a more uin d condition I t too had a temple sup st u tu f b i k fa ing ast th walls
r e . er r c re o r c c e , e

pan l d in imitation of the kh facade (P lat xxx

e e I t und g ound tomb ( P late xxx ) was s e re e 1 s er r 1- 2

ent d f om th t mple cou t and onsist d of a pilla d court hamb rs tairs and corridors
e re r e e r c e re , c e , s , , re

p odu ing in s hematic form th plan of an laborat pala

r c c
“
e e e ce .
0

Mor distin tiv and at th same time mor a haisti the S aiti tombs at S aqqara For 41
'

e c e, e e rc c, are c .

s u ity the build rs took th id as of a mummy shaft and a ro k t tomb and t a gr at shaft
ec r e e e c -
cu , cu e

st aight down for about 5 m t rs (P late xxx 4

r At th bottom th y b uilt a bu ial hamber of
2 e e 1— , e e r c

33H e ro do tus, His t o ry II, 1 6 9 , .

3 9 A L an s in .
’
v
g, E xc a atio n s in the As as if , Ne w Yo rk Me tro po litan Mus e um Bulle tin XV
“
S e c t II, pp 1 6 2 4 , . .
-
.

4° D
um ic he n , Der Grabpalas t de s Pat uam e n ap ( 1 8 8 4 Masp e ro , Re vue de l I I isto ire de s Re ligi o n s XXXVI, p 4 0 6 ; ’ -

P P
.
,

the pe rsp e c ti e in v
e rro t an d C hip ie z s H is to ry o f A n cie n t E g yptian Art I, Fig 1 9 1 , base d up o n
’
ris s e d A ve n n c s, is a co m , .
’

po s ite o f the s up e rs truc ture o f Pabas a s to m b an d the s pe c s o f P e dam e no p e t

’

i
.

4 1 C M Firth A n n ale s
p 6 9 ; Bars an t , A n nale s I p 1 6 1 , 2 3 0 ; An n ale s, II, p 9 7 s e q ; V, pp 6 9 8 3
-
. . . .
.
, . . , . .
PL ATE XXXII : C E NOT A P H A ND NA OS

11

E
m i -
Sr
‘
'
.
1 1 8 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

elements off r nothing w for th g neral plan follows that of the royal tombs having
e ne , e e , an e n

tran passage with ant rooms a pillared hall and a sa ophagus chamber (P late
ce Th e , rc xxx 11 e

sloping passag l ading f om th templ op ns into an nt hamb r at b ; from this room

e a, e r e e, e a ec e an

oth r pa sag forty fi f t long l ads at right angl to still anoth r anteroom running trans
e s e, -
ve ee , e es e ,

ly th full width of th building whi h was oof d with ston slabs

v e rse e t to the tent shape seen e , c r e e cu -

on the pavi lions of th H b S d f stival Th G eat H all is a thr ai l d hamber a hundr d by

“
e e -
e e . e r e e- s e c , e

sixty fi f t surround d by lls or al ov s A round th four sides of the room is a d p tr nch

-
ve ee , e ce , c e . e ee e ,

leaving th ntral part an i olat d platform a c nd d by st i ways t at a h d T h t pillars

e ce s e ,
s e e ar cu e c en . e en

on the platfo m of ros g anit v n of whi h are monoliths and all int nded to b s ulptu d
r are e r e , se e c e e c re .

T w caviti so t into the pav m nt of th platform w r p haps intended for th c r monial r st

e cu e e e e e er e e e e

ing plac s of a symboli offi d anopi hest whi l anoth r long transv rse hamber again
e c c n an c c c , e e , e c ,

with th traditional t nt roof was p obably som kind of a sar ophagus room It is thought that
e e -
, r e c .

th whole O i i w int nded to b buri d und r a mound and that th pillar d hall was the
e s re o n as e e e e , e e

pla where th build intend d to have his body exposed b fo its p rman nt entombm nt at
ce e er e e re e e e

Th b s A r nt th o y d pend nt upon th a umption that water o iginally fill d the spa e 45

e e . e ce e r , e e e ss r e c

about the c ntral pilla d platfo m onsid rs the O i i to have b n the expression only of a
e ,
re r , c e s re o n ee

symbolic id a T his id a a ording to th th o y was d riv d f om th th ology of H liopoli and

e . e , cc e e r , e e r e e e s,

so rep es nt d th P imeval H ill rising out of th P imeval Wat rs At H liopoli th hill was
r e e e r e r e . e s e

th pla e wh r d ath was vanquish d and resu c tion took pla e and as su h it b ame
ce e e e of th e rre c , c , ec o ne e

t aditional bu ial pla s of O i i T h fo in rituali ti and id og aphi t rms S ti

r r ce at d th s r s. e re re s c e r c e e re -c re e e

P rim val H ill by a pla tfo m app oa hed by doubl flights of stairs on whi h Osiris was nth on d
e r r c e c e r e ,

or e ntomb d as the rul r of th d ad e ,

e e e .

A simpl r xplanation whi h pr s rv s the sam ba i symbolism is to consid r th stru ture

e e ,
c e e e e s c , e e c

not sol ly as a notaph but as a H b S d F stival H all ; th rai d platfo m with th double stairs
e ce , e -
e e e se r e

and canopy ov ring impli d by the pillars and t h t nt hap d roof of th adjoining halls as w ll
c e e e e -
s e s e , e

as by th n i ling ni h s whi h r mind one of the ni he h in s about the H b S d ourt of Zo

e e c rc c e c e c s r e e -
e c s e r,

all ugg t m lation to the Jubil F tival at whi h tim th king was r born as Osiris H w
s es so e re ee es c e e e . o

ev r doubtful th
e xplanations may b S ti I took a p sonal int rest in th onstruction of th
e se e e, e er e e c e

hall for h had a pala built n a by so that he ould wat h th work p ogr ss E v n if all th l
, e ce e r c c e r e . e e e e

m nt of thi building
e s b found in th H b S d tradition and if w h sitat to ag e with D
s c an e e e -
e e e e re r .

Frankfo t s tat m nt that S ti I was th first and last king to ha v und rtak n this xtraordinary
r
’
s e e e
“
e e e e e

ar hit tural expression of thing ligious still it remains a remarkabl xample of E gyptian archi
c ec s re ,
e e

te tu e
c r .

P 7 44
age 1.

H F kf A d B k d B G
45 . ranC ph f S i I A b d
o rt, M A M . y Th O i i
e uc , an . un n , e n o ta o et , y os . . urra , e s re o n
6 . D YN AS TI C T E MPL ES , I
Thy ho use o f a millio n o f ye ars .

A re s tin g
plac e fo r my fathe r at all
his fe as ts .

KI NG A ME N I I OT E P -
III , XVI I I DYNAS TY

HE OF E GYP T for whom by the N w Kingdom a mat rialisti ally imposing r li

G ODS ,
e e c e

gi o s ar hit ture was

n er t d th oughout
c th vall
ec y w r su h a onfu ion of gional ec e r e e , e e c c s re sur

i l that th ir individual attribut s with a few x ptions had v y littl influ n

v va s e up n th e ,
e ce , er e e ce o e

ultimat type of t mpl s in whi h th y w e hono d T h y fo m d no stabli h d pantheon save

e s e e c e er re . e r e e s e ,

as the p i sts of Amon R su d d in subo dinating all oth diviniti s to th ir S god Wh n

r e -
e cce e e r er e e un- . e

g ouped a ording t th i influ n e up n a hit tu th y divid into four cla s s whi h onform
r cc o e r e c o rc ec re , e e s e , c c

to lin s of so ial l avag At th top of this a hit tu al and l stial hi ra hy stood th king
e c c e e . e rc ec r ce e e rc e

who altho gh h
,
ogniz d th sup iority of th gods by his lavish ont ibutions and his p
u e re c e e er e c r re

s ib d obs van of all p opitiatory rit s was a di v inity th son of R th living Osiri the
cr e er ce r e ,
— e e, e s,

H o us hi f and by xt nsion th in arnation of any and all th gods D u ing t h Old Kingdom
r c e , e e , e c e . r e ,

as th Fal on t iumph d ov r all the diviniti s and tot m

e c r of th oth r lans th king took unto
e e e e s e e c , e

hims lf th ir att ibut s At fi t th oyal hi ftain was th high p i st of hi own p ot ting gods
e e r e . rs e r c e e r e s r ec ,

and was as ist d by laym n Wh n the unifi ation of E gypt nt d mo and mo of su h

s e e . e c ce e re re re c un

r lat d ommunal wo hip in th pe on of th onqu ing Ho us th king d l gat d many of his

e e c rs e rs e c er r , e e e e

pri stly duti to nobl s and m mb of his family but r main d th titula high p i t of all god
e es e e e rs , e e e r r es s.

T h r gular s rvi
e e in th t mpl s was a itual of att ndan ba d upon th daily n ds of a
e ce e e e r e ce se e ee

powerful living in his r id n G radually how v the ligiou offi and vi s w r i

o ne es e ce .
, e e r, re s ce s se r ce e e n

h it d by a pow f ul p i thood who in th

er e d o v hadow d v n th d poti will f th
er r es , e en e rs e e e e es c o e

Pharaoh that du ing th XXI Dyna ty th H igh Pri ts of Amon wor th Double C own I t
,
so r e s e es e e r .

was th unlimit d mat ialism of the

e mony of th d ad mo than th itual to th god whi h
e er c e re e e , re e r e s, c

brought about a la g p i tly ast and put into it hand a tyranni al pow r
r e r es c e s s c e .

Above th king but unqu stionably fter him in a hit tu al influ n w th G at r G od

e ,
e a rc ec r e ce , e re e re e s,

with Amon R acqui ing an ab olut a ndan y and O i is r taining his ontrol ov r th all im
-
e r s e s ce c , s r e c e e -

po tant kingdom of th d ad B sid s his p uliar r lation to th H b S d f tival and its hit
r e e . e e ec e e e -
e es arc ec

tural mbodim nt O i is l ft his mo t v id nt ma k upon th a hit tu in th O iris pi r (P lat

e e ,
s r e s e e r e rc ec re e s e e

xxxv T mpl s w r also built to th L s

111 e G od who r tain d at diff nt tim s and pla s
e e e e es er s, e e e re e ce

som of th ir o iginal lo al p omin n e in th i sp ial capa i tie but of t n th ir hapels and sh ine
e e r c r e c e r ec c s, e e c r s

w r in o p rat d into th t mpl s of Amon R Of th s L ss r D i viniti s th t mpl s and hapels

e e c r o e e e e -
e . e e e e e e e e c

of th w godd ss H athor w distingui h d by th h ad of th godd ss as a apital (P lat s

e co -
e e re s e e e e e c e

xxxv ; x and the hap ls of th matrimonial d ity B du ing th C r o Roman p riod

11— 2 1. c e e e , e s, r e . ac -
e ,

119
PL AT E XXXIII : MORTUA RY T E MPL ES
I 22 C E GYP T I A N A R H I TE CT URE

of the S outhern Kings in a XI I Dynasty naos (P lat xxx th p or hoop oof d t e 11 e e r-n o u -r
e s an c u

y of th North rn Kings and the impl flat oof d sh lt r with a r d pa apet ( P lat xxx
2
ar e e , S e -
r e e e ee r e 11

A ealization of this fi ity of an i nt E gyptian habit h lps to mak the ar hit tur omp eh nsible
r x c e e e c ec e c r e .

THE M O RT U A R Y T E M P L E

OL D KINGDOM From the intricat ly inte r lat d b li fs r ga ding d ath and di v inity espe ially
. e r e e e e e r e , c

as th y found xpr ssion at the hands of

e all powerful king volved two typ s of templ
e e an -
, e e e— o n e

for the dead P haraoh and th oth r for th gods whi h in th N w Kingdom t nd d to ombin, e e e — c e e e e c e

into ar hit tu al and r ligiou con pt Aft r th d ifi d kings of th Old Kingdom b gan
o ne c ec r e s ce . e e e e e e

th struggl gainst obli vion th y volv d the pyramid f p ot tion and the fun a y t mpl for
e e a e e e or r ec er r e e

o ff rings pray and t rnal s rvi R taining the instin tiv ar hit tu al d p nd n upon the
e , e rs , e e e ce . e c e c ec r e e e ce

house on ept th y thought of the mortua y t mple as an v la ting r sid n a oyal pala in
c c , e r e e er s e e ce , r ce

whi h the K could njoy the ne ssary car and attendan of ubj ts and s vants T h t ans
c a e ce e ce s ec er . e r

fo mation f b t hap ls with off ring tabl s in f ont of th m into a tual t mpl s w a low
r o u c e , e e r e , c e e as s

p o s T h d v lopm nt was not so mu h a matt r of w n d as it w the r sult of th g ad

r ce s . e e e e c e ne ee s as e e r

ual ubstitution of an laborat symboli d ama for the impli ity of primiti v provisions Ju t as
s e e c r s c e . s

th p a ti al ustom of new ing th ff tiv f tility of th hi ftain by laying him aft thi ty
e r c c c re e e ec e er e c e s er r

y ars of r le was dramatized int th ompli at d but no longer fatal S d f stival th qually
e u o e c c e , , e e , so e e

di e t and ffi ient ustom of p oviding kingly rvi e in the h af t r by slaught d att ndants
r c e c c r Se c e re e e re e

was r mad into a itual wh r in living and ndow d pri sts p ovid d att ndan e in th E t rnal
e e r e e e e e r e e c e e

H om e .

Th T hi it kings of the I D ynasty ontinu d with rapidly dimini hing popularity th p

e n e c e , s , e rac

ti e of human s ifi T h ir tombs sur ound d by th g av s of wi v s on ubin and s rvants

c ac r ce . e , r e e r e e , c c e s, e ,

r qui d no elabo ate symboli r sid nce and se v i A impl that h d b t abov th grav with
e re r c e e r ce . S e c e u e e e,

the st l and off ring table w r all that was r qui ed By th I II Dynasty th hap l for off er
e z
e e , e e e r .
3
e e c e

ings w a small addition to the sup stru tures of th tomb and at S aqqa th provisions of King
as er c e , ra e

Z s r r p odu d in ton hi pala e complex at M mphis T h mortuary t mple of Zos r (P lat

o e e r ce S e s c e . e e e e

x x ) whil x ptional in many respe ts undoubtedly r fl t d in its a hit tural ar ang m nt

1 , e e ce c , e ec e rc ec r e e

s m id ntial or ce emonial hall at M mphis whi h was distinguish d by a olumnar porti o

o e re s e r e c e c c .

I mmediately after Zo r th r ms to have b n a r turn to mo simpl sepul h al pro v i ions se e e se e ee e re e c r s

r ga ding th tomb hap l for th pyramid of S f at M yd m (P lat xx v dating f om th

e r e —
c e , e n e e ru e u e 1 r e

v ry d of th I II Dyna ty has a mod t hap l like tho e atta h d to mastabas on th a t ide

e en e s , es c e , s c e , e e s S .

I t consists of a small ou t atta h d to th sloping sid s of the py amid its ston walls round d on
c r c e e e r , e e

top to imitate th ea lier mud wall At the d of the ou t is the hap l with two doo
e r d s. en c r c e rs , an

2 Ro e de r, Nao s C ata o gu e
G l
é n éra de s An tiq u ités Egyp tie n n e s du Musée du C aire G l
T afs 4 , 8 , 1 6 , 3 8
i fi
. . .
,

3 Dr Re is n e r s a s
y ( o p cit p 3 20 ) t hat the m o rtu ary s hr n e s
. . e re at rs t
. o p e n air c hap e s
, .
“
It is true that all the c hap e s w l . l
v
pre se r e d to u s f ro m Dyn as ty I an d t he gre ate r p art o f Dyn as ty II, hate e r the ir f o rm s , e re o p e n air c hape s ,
"
bu t the w v w l
l k
ac o f e ide n ce , v i
m p o rtan t as it m ay o r m ay n o t be , do e s n o t p re c ude the p o ssibility that e ar y ro ya to mbs h ad hut s hrin e s l l l -

m ade o f p e ris hab e m ate ria s, hic h l

o u d ha e l w
e f t n o arc hz o lo gic al trac e w l v l .
 DYN A ST I C TE MPLE S I , 1 23

in front of th m two st l lik th S god s ob lisks in front of th N w Kingdom t mples of

e e e , e e un -
’
e e e e

Amon R -
e .
4

S in e nothing r mains of th py amid t mpl of Khufu x pt it basalt foundations th mor

c e e r -
e e e ce s , e

t y t mpl of Kh f
u ar his su esso fu ni h s the best indi atio of how la g and impo tant
e e a ra, cc r, r s e c n r e r

th tomb hap l h d b ome in th IV Dyna ty (P lat xxx

e c
-
e a Th actual building is uin d
ec e s e 111 e r e

b yond ognition by any a ual vi itor but th plan hows a larg r tangular difi e
e re c m long
c s s , e S e, ec e c , 1 10 .
,

situat d on th ast sid of th py amid I t ol nt an was th n lo ed co idor of th aus

e e e e e r . s s e e r ce e e c s rr e c e

way l ading down to th vall y T th right of the ntran e was a hamb r f the gua dian
e e e . o e e c c e or r .

and to th l ft was the v tibul with magazin s leading ff f om it From the v stibul a ho t
e e es e e o r . e e s r

passag gav a ss t a T shap d hall in whi h w e squa monolithi pi s of A w fi g anit

e e c ce o -
e , c er re c er s n r e,

and at both nds of th ho izontal m of this re eption hall w

e d b Af t r th hall am
e r ar c e re se r a s . e e c e

an op o t su ound d by larg
en c tangular pi
ur ah rr with a statu of t h king p m
e e re c e rs , e c o ne e e , re s u

ably as O i i i front of it Off th w st id of the ou t w fi pa all l san tuari s wh the

s r s, n . e e s e c r e re ve r e c e e re

P haraoh was worshiped und r his fi fli i l titl s T h publi was not allow d b yond th
5
e ve o c a e . e c e e e se

c hapels and only the p i sts ould p net ate to th inn r sto ooms and th holy of holi s in
,
r e c e r e e re r e e

whi h we e two false door st l

c r
“
—
”
e e .

T h t mpl of Kh f e som what res mbl d a mastaba in it on tru tion it was a low
e e a ra e e e s c s c : ,
re c

t
an g l mass of ma on y with a fl t roof d v ry solid wall mad of la ge lim ton blo ks
u ar s r a an e s, e r es e c

fa d with h avy g anit ashla ome of th ton s w ighing as mu h as

ce e r kilogram T h
e r, s e s e e c s . e

ro olor d g anit of th walls and pilla s th alabast pa v m nts and th onomy of li fs

se c e r e e r ,
e er e e , e ec re e

and hieroglyph must ha v giv n to it an imp s iv au t ity S om id a of it appea an

s eb e re s e s er . e e s r ce c an e

fo m d f om th P o ti o building a quart r of a mil away at th dg of th f til vall y

r e r e
“
r c
”
, e e e e e e er e e ,

with whi h th t mpl was onn t d by a ov d orrido T h P o ti o i known as th G an

c e
e e c ec e c e re c r . e
“
r c
”
s
“
e r

it T mpl T mpl of the S p hinx or just as th Vall y t mpl Ina mu h as th P har

” “ ” “ ”
e th
e e, e e e ,
e e -
e e . s c e

ao h had th i r sid n s n ar th i pyramids and fun ra y t mpl s and at S aqqa a th r w

s e r e e ce s en e e r e r e e , r e e as e

to b a d finit lation b tw n th oyal r id n and th s pul hral building th vall y t m

e e e re e ee e r es e ce e e c s,
“
e e -
e

p l mu
e t ha v b n in om way
s di tly r lat d eto th pala ee T h p a ti al pu pos of th
s P e re c e e e ce . e r c c r e e
“
or

ti oc st u tu was as a landing st ag du ing th high wat r but w al o pe hap a r ption hall

r c re e r e e , as s ,
r s, e ce

or monial p ti o with a monum ntal fa c ad wh

ce re orth r moni s that w r l b at d had
c ,
e e, e re
“
e ce e e e e ce e r e

without doubt a ha a t r more offi ial than r ligiou I t fa c d (P lat xxx whi h was ”3
c r c e c e s. s a e e 11 1 c 12

m high had th dg of it flat oof ound d in imitation of the a li r tradition of b i k and

.
,
e e e s r r e e r e r c

mud on tru tion T h two doorway ymboli of th North and S outh Kingdoms wer flank d
c s c . e s, s c e , e e

by figu s of th king in th form of a lion sphinx p ot ting his pala e with his magi al and
re e e ,
“
r ec c c

divin pow e er .

T h int ior is still imp siv

e Th v stibul
er xt nd th full width of th building and f om re s e . e e e e e s e e r

it s nt r a door op ns into a T hap d hall with squa e monolithi pi s of A w i granit (P lat

ce e e —s e r c er s
’
zn e e

4 A ll an Ro w e, E xc a v atio n s at Me ydum , Muse um J o urn al ( P enn . Un iv ) . XXII p .

30 se q ., PI .

5 A . Mo re t Myst ére s Egyptie n s

, p . 292 .

0 A . Mo re t, Mystéres Egyptie ns , p . 2 94 .
PL AT E XXXI V: MORT UA RY T E MPL E S
1 26 C E GYP T I A N AR H I TE CT U RE

common sun disk flank d by i S h was one of the three kings at the opening f the V Dynasty
-
e urae . a u re o

who were either priests or the sons of priests raised to royal power in order t bring about a
, , o re

c rud of sun wo ship

e sc e n c e -
r .

T h P orti or Valley t mple at Ab i has a plan whi h recalls a royal esidence (Plate xxx v
e co -
e us r c r 1 -
1,

I t columnar portico is a f ature asso iated du ing th Old Kingdom wi th palac a chite tur
s e c r e e r c e,

while its int rior r ption hall has a T shape somewhat like the int ior of the P o ti o at G iz h
e e ce -
, er r c e .

T h temple prop r although it has the same essential elements as the I V D ynasty t mpl s and pre
e e , e e

s rv s the basic haract ristics f dw lling wi th vestibul hall and ourt is mu h mo e longat d
e e c e o a e —
e, , c —
c r e e ,

in ord r to emphasize th professional ritual Th long na ow v stibul op ns int a or ido

e e .
11
e , rr e e e o c r r ex

t nding a ound both sides of the inner walls T he e inner walls form an open ourt pav d with basalt
e r . s c , e

and su ound d by a p ristyle of d granite colum ns who e ulptur d apitals imitat palm f onds
rr e e re s sc e c e r

(P lat Th
e the ea liest known xampl s of th p lm l f pit l whi h s ms to
x x x1V e se are r e e e a -
ea ca a , c ee

have gon out of fa hion xcept in dom stic ar hitectu e during both the Middl and N w King
e s , e e c r , e e

doms and was r vived in the G

,
Roman period B yond the ourt are
e d b san tua i s and e co —
rz . e c se r a s, c r e ,

Storerooms I ddition to the palm c lumns th re two oth r typ s of columns at Ab i imitat d
. n a o , e are e e u s r, e

from the symbolic papyrus and lotus G anite monolithic columns f et high imitat b dl . r , 12 e , e un es

of p py pl t bound together the flow ring heads standing rect instead of spr ading into a m
a rus an s , e e e ca

p if
an m capital ( P
or late xxx v After t h O ld Kingdom t h spa e b tween the bundl s on this typ 1 e e c e e e

of column is filled by re ds cut ff ho t at the top and bottom I th mastaba of P h h p al o e , o s r . n e ta s e s e s, s

dating from the V Dynasty columns with a lotus fl w capital (P late ) which not , are -
o er xx x rv— z are

found again in stone until th Middle Kingdom e .

MIDDL E KIN GDOM T h desire of th P haraohs of the Middle Kingdom to strengthen th ir posi
. e e e

tion as worthy su cess rs f the divine kings of th Old Kingdom led them to reviv 1d fo ms and
c o o e e 0 r

scrupulously t pr s rve the formaliz d traditions At L isht Am mh t I and S w t I built

o e e e .
, ene e en o sre

pyramids with th ustomary templ s Further outh near the opening in th L ibyan hills whi h
e c e . s , e c

giv s a ess to the Fayum is E l L ahun where S w t I I k pt to the same s pul hral traditions
e cc ,
-
, en o s re e e c .

N a by at H awa a however Am
e r m h t II I towards th clos of th XII D ynasty built hims lf a
r , , ene e , e e e , e

mo tua y t mpl whos si so impr ss d the la si al wo ld that it liv d in man s m mory as th

r r e e e ze e e c s c r e on
’
e e

gr at L abyrinth
e f th wonders of th anci nt wo ld L ittle i known about this s tru tu
, o ne o for th
e e e r . s c re , e

e nthusiasti d s riptions of H rodotus S trabo and P liny evidently inaccu ate and onfu d L ik
c e c e , , are r c se . e

all buildings of this p riod it suff d during th H yksos inte im ; lat r its ston s wer us d by i
e e re e r e e e e rre v

t build r of th N w Kingdom ; and finally its ruins serv d as quarries for all succ eding ages
e re n e s e e e e .

P tri says From the scanty indications of the lev ls of the ground d the f agmentary accounts of
“
e e ,
e , an r

1 0 “H i
s Maj e sty c ause d that the re be bro ught f o r him t wo l
fa s e do o rs fro m T ro j a o f s to n e , that the y be l aid in the

au die nce ha
- ll o th e ll
ho use ( c a e d) : S ahu re S hin e s ith C ro n s an d that the tw o p rie s ts o f Me m p his an d the artis an s o f
f
‘
- -
w - w ’

the be ass ign e d to the m , that the or w k

o n t he m m ight be do n e in the p rese n ce o f t h e Kin g him s e f T he s to n e l
i i
.

w kwor v
e n t o n e e ry day ; there w as an in sp e c t o n o f that h c h w as do ne o n the m in the co urt dai y H is Ma es ty had [co o r ] w l . j l
p ut o n the m , an d had the m p ain te d in b u e
”
Bre as te d, An cie n t Re c o rds I, No 239 l
li i
. . .
,

1 1 I n the v l
e s tibu e o f the m o rtuary te m p e o f Ne fe rk e re at Abus ir the do o r am bs and n n g o f the l
al s e re o f ood j w l w w
(L . Bo rchardt, Das Grabde n k mal de s Ko nigs Ne ier-ke -re , 1 9 0 9 , Fi gs 4 2, .
 DYN A ST I C TE MP LE S , I 1 27

an ient authors it app ars as if the L abyrinth w re a p istyl t mpl with a ntral pa sag and two
c , e e er e e e ce s e

gr at crossways th fir t ro sway w i th ou ts or mall t mpl s op ning on a h id of it ; th s ond

e : e s c s c r S e e e e c s e e ec

crossway b ing a hall with a long w of olum s and wi th ou ts op ning on th fa th r id f it

e ro c n , c r e e r e S e o ,

mu h lik th t mpl of Abydo

c
”
or w might add lik a mo monum ntal and d v lop d
e e e e s,
”1
, e , e re e e e e ve r

sion of u h compli at d mo tuary provi ions su h Zo had at S aqqa a P t i s to ation of

s c c e r s c as se r r . e r e
’
re s r o ne

s tion of the laby inth (P late

ec 7) shows combina tion and p tition of hous units a h with
r x xx 1J a re e e , e c

thr hamb rs and a royal porti o d ourt

ee c e , c e c .

T h sugg stion that th L abyrinth was a p i tyl t mpl

e e alls th pul h al inno v ation of th e er s e e e re c e se c r e

Middl Kingdom At D ir l B ha i M t h t p I I I in th XI Dyna ty ombin d th t mpl and

e . e e — a r en u o e , e s , c e e e e

th py amid into an ar hit tu al unit subo dinating t h tomb its l f and making th t mpl
e r im c ec r , r e e e e e an

po ing olonnad about a py amidal o

s c V y littl r main of thi t mpl and nothing xists of
e r c re
13
. er e e s s e e, e

th t mpl
e ompl x of O i is at Abydo whi h if it w not a tual mortua y t mpl was onn ct d
e e c e s r s c , as an c r e e, c e e

with th g av of Osi i and play d an important él in th ult of th D ad S v al kings of th

e r e r s e r e e c e e . e er e

Old Kingdom add d buildings to th sh in of O i i I th Mi ddl Kingdom S w t I und rtook

e e r e s r s. n e e en o sre e

to build th an tuary ; and a o ding to his izi and mast r of wo ks I ondu t d th wo k on

re e s c cc r v er e r ,
“
c c e e r

th t mpl built his hou and dug th (sa d ) lak ; I mason d th w ll by ommand of th
e e e, se , e c re e e e e , c e

Maj ty of H o us L at r S w
es t I I I ent offi ial to Abydos to adorn t h t mpl
r . with gold and e en o sre s c s e e e ,

h w for th king a notaph in whi h hi body ould b xpos d b fo it was int

e e d in his pyramid
ce c s c e e e e re e rre

at D h Th king s offi ial has l ft ins iptions d s ibing th pas ion play of O i is i whi h he
as ur . e
’
c e cr e cr e s — s r n c

was proud to take p at saying T h y brought O i i Fi t of th W ste ne s L o d of Abydos to his r , ,

“
e s r s, rs e e r r , r ,

pala (t mpl ) and I follow d th god into his hou to att nd to hi (n d ) wh n h r sumed his
ce e e e e se , e s ee s , e e e

seat Oth rwi e th sh in of Osiris is more obs ure than th oth r ruin d buildings of th Middle
.
” 14
e s e r e c e e e e

Kingdom .

NE W KINGDOM Th ontinuity of E gyptian ar hit tur be mor l a ly p s nt d if the

. e c c ec e c an e c e r re e e

so ial and p liti al fa to whi h mad possibl th g andio e ar hit tur of th N w Kingdom
c o c c rs c e e e r s c ec e e e are

di uss d lat r in lation to the t mpl of th gods f th mo tua y t mpl s of th S ond T h ban
sc e e re e es e , or e r r e e e ec e

E mpi onfo med to th sam a hit tural standa ds T h x ption to su h onfo m ity was the
re c r e e rc ec r . e e ce c c r

fun ra y difi e whi h Q u n H at h p ut built in th XVIII Dynasty at D ir l Baha i S ome tim

e r e c c ee s e s e e e -
r . e

b fo the middle of th fi st D yna ty of the N w Kingdom th n g ti qu n ord d S m t th

e re e r s e , e e er e c ee e re en u , e

a hit t to build a t mpl at the foot of the liff s along id of the t mpl pyramid of M t h t p T h
rc ec , e e c s e e e- en u o e . e

wo k was b gun in th fifth or ighth year of the r ign of young T hutmo I II for whom th qu en
r e e e e se e e

was a ting as reg nt I t was int nd d to b a mortuary pla of wo hip for h rs lf and h
c e
15
. e e e ce rs e e e r an ce s

to s f by that tim the royal tombs were rock— t and hidden in th Valley of the Kings which lay
r , or e cu e ,

ba k of the high liff at D ir l Baha i

c c s e e - r .

P i Th L b i h G h d M h h
12 e tr e , e a yr nt erz e an azg un e

P
,

13
age 1 03 .

14 Bre as te d, o p. c t i .
,
I , No . 6 69 .

15 H E . . Win l o c k , Bulle tin o f t he Me tro po litan Muse u m o f Art, XXI II S e ct I I , p p 2 6

. . sq XXI II ( S e ct . II ) , p p .

se q .
, XXVII S e c t I I, p p 4
. . se q .
; W . C H aye s , Ro yal S arco phagi
.
o f the XVI I It h Dy n as ty, p . 1 46 .
PL ATE XXXV : MORTUA RY T E MPL E S

-
UP P EK’
gglii PG E
I
Go .
PL AT E XXXVI : MORT UA RY TE MPL E S

fl ,
 DYN A ST I C TE MP L E S I , 1 31

south sid d scrib s in pi torial form th famous exp dition to P unt I building her h in th en r
e e e c e e . n s r e e e

g ti qu n had no int ntion of omitting anything whi h might find fa v or wi th h god T th

e c ee e c er s . o e

right of th Bi th olonnad i a n tua y t Anubis (P lat

e r
) t h dog h ad d god of th
c e s sa c r o e x xxv rI - I , e -
e e e

d ad and to th l ft of th P unt olonnad i a larg r san tua y to H athor th k y godd ss who at

e , e e e c e s e c r , e S -
e

Th b was th p ot t s of th n opolis
e es e r e c re s e e cr .

Th inn r hamb of the H athor hap l has a ro k h wn rep odu tion of th traditional urv d
e e c er c e c -
e r c e c e

roof of t h p imitiv sh in and in th two v stibul s

e r H atho olumn (P lat xxxv
e Th s r e, e e e ar e r c s e 11 e e

H athor apital illust at t h p o ss so fo ign to the mod n mind by whi h th ton a hit tu
c s r e e r ce , re er , c e S e rc ec re

of E gypt a qui d i di tin tiv shap H atho was an an i nt and lo al divinity in Upp r E gypt w
c re ts s c e es . r c e c e or

ship d at D d e as a w whil in L ow E gypt to th south of M mphis h was thought to

en e ra co , e er , e e , s e re

sid in a sy amor t and th si t um w an obj t sa d to h wo ship W may imagin that

e c e re e , e s r as ec cre er r . e e

h ituali ti pilla was at fi st a wood n post on whi h was paint d th si t um ; th n as E gyptian

er r s c r r e c e e s r e ,

diviniti s w anth opomo phiz d a f mal fa with ow s ars was paint d in id th top of th
e e re r r e ,
e e ce c
’
e e s e e e

i trum who u v d id am g adually to b r p nt d as ho ns and finally hair T his sym

s s ,
se c r e S es c e r e e re s e e r as .
17

holi i t um po t with a f mal h ad u mount d by an

c s s r f i z w t an lat d into ton
s e e e s r e u r a us r e e, as r s e s e

as a ly th Middl Kingdom By th N w Kingdom th la g blo k of ton abov th h ad sug

e r
“
as e e . e e e r e c S e e e e

g st a ma taba p haps b aus by that tim th godd s w a p ot t ss of tomb

e s s , er ec e e e e s as r e c re s.

A ro s th f ont of th upp t a was noth olonnad

c s e rw d t oy d whi h s v d as a e er e rr c e a er c e, n o es r e , c er e

v stibul hall for th upp r ou t O iginally th out

e e w of olumns f this olonnad had arv d
e e c r . r e e r ro c o c e c e

upon th m the Osi is imag s of th qu n but th figu s w

e t down t pilla by th r l ntl ss
r e e ee ,
e re e re c u o rs e e e e

T hutmose III B hind what w on th nt an hall i anoth la g ou t u ound d by th frag

. e as ce e e r ce s er r e c r s rr e e

ment of a doubl p i tyl of olumn Off th no th ide of th ou t i th altar or sa ifi ial ou t

s e er s e c s . e r S e c r s e , cr c c r ,

and th H all of Amon and on th south id i th qu n mo tua y hap l with a tunn l vault of
e ,
e S e s e ee
’
s r r c e , e

co b l d on tru tion (P lat xxx

r e e A o s the w t id of t h ourt
c s c r s s wi th the main e v11 cr s es S e e c are e c e se ,

san tua y in th middl whi h is t ba k into th liff imitating again a hoop oof
c r e e c cu c e c , r .

T h building was mutilat d long b fo

e it was ruin d T hutmos I II undoubt dly had aus to e e re e . e e c e

dislik his domin ing lati v who w his st pmoth r aunt moth i law and domina ting g nt
e eer re e, as e e , , e r- n - , re e ,

but m oyal pit is not nough to xplain why h had v y figu and artou h of th qu n
e re r s e e e e e er re c c e e ee

ha k d out of th t mpl aft r h d ath in 479 H mu t hav f lt that h had t a dang ou

c e e e e e er e 1 B C . . e s e e s e se er s

p d nt as a woman by usu ping di vin attribut L at r Akh naten ff t to suppre s th wo ship

re ce e , ,
r e es . e e
’
s e or s e r

G Jé i M l d A hé l i E p i
17
qu p 8
e r, an u e
’
rc o og e gy t e n ne 1 4
G Jé i p i Fi
. . .

13 .
qu e r, o . c t .
, g . 1 09 .

PLATE XXXVI
1. V ew i f H ats he psut s
o t mp l l k i g ’
e e oo n eas t D i lB h i
, e r e -
a ar .

2 . Ba l us t rade o f u pp e r s tiwy H hp a r a , ats e su t s

’
tw ple (H . E . Wi n l o c k , The Bulle tin o f the Me tro po litan Mu
s e u m , x xv n , 93 S t
1 Fig
2, ec 1 1,

l u trade
. .

Ba f H h p m pl
’

3 . s o ats e su t s te e .

4 . S e re k h f acade on t i i g w ll f H
re a n n a o ats he ps ut s
’
te mp e l .
PL ATE XXXVI I : MORTUA RY T E MPL E S

IO 20
PL AT E XXXVII I : MORTUA RY T E MPL E S

3 $5 .
 DYN A ST I C T E MPL E S
'

, I 1 35

used its stones that only an imp int of it has survived It was a r tribution whi h must hav satis
t e- ,
r .
”
e c e

fi d th outraged spirit of Q ue n H atsh psut I ne i th r hit t says of the temple of Am nhot p I

e e e e . n , e a c ec , e e ,

“
its doo we e r ted of opp r mad in one sh t ; th part th eof we e of ele trum
rs r e ec c e e ee e er r c .
” 2°

Mo tuary t mpl s u ually onsider d a royal p i vil g but at th d of th XVI II Dyna ty

r e e are s c e r e e, e en e s

Am nhot p son of H apu th famous sag g at ar hit t and oun lor of King Am nhot p III built
e e , ,
e e, re c ec c se e e ,

him lf at T h b s a t mpl of kingly p opo tions (P lat xxxv

se e e I t h fo ou t w a re tangular
e e r r e 11 n e re c r as c

p ol surround d by t s and at th w st was a monum ntal po ti o of ight olumns a ai d plat

o e re e e e e r c e c on r se

fo m approa h d by th ramps th ough whi h

r ,
c nt d th t mpl Within the t mpl was a
e re e ,
r c o ne e e re e e e . e e

small ou t with a olonnad and hamb rs on a h id and at th w t d a t ipl an tua y pre

er c r c e c e e c S e, e es en r e s c r

ce d d by hall v tibul ov d as po t d with a g at tunn l v ault A m nhot p who in

e a , or es e, c e re , re r e , re e .
21
e e ,

P tol mai tim s was l v at d to di v ine wo ship along with Zo a hit t Imhot p was allow d ’
e c e e e e r se r s rc ec , e , e

royal p ivileg s in hi w lif and as far as w know was th fi t to th tunn l vault in om

r e s o n e , e , e rs u se e e s e

thing mo than a utilit ian and p ot ti v mann r

re ar r ec e e .

L ittl xists of th mortua y t mpl of Am nhot p I II but hi building ins riptions giv som id a
e e e r e e e e , s c e e e

of its magnifi n and indi at how an E gyptian P haraoh look d upon his t mpl
ce ce an t nal c e e e e as e er

dw lling and stronghold H mad ( it) as his monum nt f his fath r Amon L o d of T h b mak
e .
“
e e e or e , r e es,

ing for him an augu t t mpl ( all d H ous f Amon th W st f T h b ) on th w st of T h b s e e c e

‘
e -o - —o n -
e -
e -
o -
e es
’
e e e e s,

an t l l ti g f t
e e rn a
”
of fi whit sand ton w ought with gold th oughout ; its flo r is
e ve r as n o r re s s
2
ne e s e, r r o

a dorn d with silv all it portal with l t um ; it is mad v y wid and la g and stabli h d for
e e r, s s e ec r e er e r e, e s e

ev r ; and ado n d with thi v y g at monum nt (th t l whi h was in th ba k wall of th holy
e r e s er re e e s e e c e c e

of holi s and ma k d th station of th King) Flag tav s

e t up b fo
r eit wrought with l e e . s e are s e e re , e ec

t um ; it (th pylon ) r mbl s t h h i i h

r e
”
wh n R ris th r in I t lak is fill d with e se e e o r zo n n e ave n
2
e e es e e . s e e

th g at N il L o d of fi h and fowl I t to h us s ontain all good things whos numb r i not

” ” 4 “
e re e, r s . s s re o e c e e s

known I t is su round d with ttl m nts of S y ian oloniz d with hild n of p inc its attl are
. r e se e e r s, c e c re r e s, c e

lik t h sands of th ho th y mak up million

e e
”
e s re , e e s .
” 5

Th r th oth r mo tuary t mpl who

e e are main justi f y a hit tural onsid ration All
re e e r e es se re s rc ec c e .

th th t mpl of S ti I Rams s II and Rams s I II i llu t at how los ly th fun a y t mpl s of

re e , e e es e , e ,
e , s r e c e e er r e e

th XIX D ynasty
e s mbl d th gular ult monum nt av f a f w sp ial p ov isions onn t d
re e e e re c -
e s, s e or e ec r c ec e

A E P W i ll A
19 l d S i VII VI e86 l Fga T m l f Am h I d Th m
nna es a er v c e , pp 1 25- 1 41 ; II , p . 2 p an . or e p es o en o te p an ut o se

P i S i T pl T h b
.
. . .
, ,

IV se e e tr e , x em es at e es .

2° Bre aste d, o p . cit .

, I , No .
45 .

21 l
C ém e n t Ro bic ho n , Q uatre No u v e aux Te mp l es Théb ain s , C hro n iq ue d Egy pt e , X
’

p 2 3 7, Fig I

P
. . .

22 age s 1 3 9 , 1 4 5, 2 1 1 , 2 1 8
P
.

23 1 53 .
age
24 Bre as te d, o p cit . , I I, N o 8 8 3 . .

c it , II , No
25 Bre as te d, op . . 884 . .

PL ATE XXXVII I

1 . In t i er o r of se co n d f o re co u r t l o o ki g n o rth n , Ram es s e um , T he b es .

2 . In t i
er o r of seco n d f o re co u r t , l o o ki g w es t n .

3 . Pl an o f th e Ram e ss e u m (U . H dlsc he r) .
PL AT E XXXIX : MORT UA RY T E MP L E S
1 38 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

who d s rib d it in the Fi t C ntury

e c e as the T omb of O ym dy N a ly all it mat rial was rs e s an as . e r s e

pilf red in typi al Ram ssid fa hion f om a li r buildings T h t mpl p op r whi h ov d

e c e e s r e r e . e e e r e , c c e re

squar f t lay in ide a larg n losu u round d by b i k walls and fill d with long storag vault
e ee , s e e c re s r e r c e e s

and quarter for th a my of p i stly att ndants and se vants (P lat X

s e T h ent ance was a
r r e e r e XXVI I I e r

doubl tow red gat way all d a pyl

e- e at h ast d toward th riv T his solid pylon of masonry
e , c e o n, t e e en s e er .

was cov r d wi th li f boa ting of Rams s am paign against th H ittit s in S yria I t is till pos ible
e e re e s s e
’
c e e . S s

to make out on its ruins th s n of th Battl of Kad h a not too reditabl ngag m nt which th e ce e e e es , c e e e e e

vainglorious P ha aoh p tray d on all hi t mpl as an tounding vi to y d to hi pe onal b av ry

r or e s e es as c r ue s rs r e .

Within th Fi st Fo ou t th batt d f agm nts of th s at d statu of Ram s I t was

e r re c r of are e e re r e e e e e se . o ne

the larg st blo ks of ton v handl d by man S tanding 57 f t high its index finger three
e c s e e er e . ee ,

and a qua t r f t long th nail v n and a half in h s and its w ight timat d at a thousand ton
r e ee , e se e c e , e es e s,

it was float d down ri v for a hund d and thi ty fi mil s f om A wfi

e er re r -
ve e r s n .

Along th outh wall of thi Fi t Fo ourt th mains of a doubl olonnad

e s monum n s rs re c are e re e c e, o r e

tal po ti o forming th nt an v tibul to the king p ivat pala whi h w onn ct d with his
r c , e e r ce es e
’
s r e ce , c as c e e

t mpl T his di t r la tion b tw n what was of ou only

e e . re c of th P haraoh s p ivate pala s
e e ee ,
c rse , o ne e
’
r ce

and his mortua y t mpl was an as o iation of tomb and pala whi h we have al ady s n in th dual
r e e s c ce c re ee e

m aning of th hi oglyph f pala and in th d p nd n e of th Abydo tombs upon ont mporary

e e er or ce e e e e c e s c e

and t aditional pala a hit tu I t was al o s n at S aqqa a in Z r s produ tion of hi pala for
r ce rc ec re . s ee r o se
’
re c s ce

th rvi e of his K and du ing th IV and V Dynasti in th oyal u tom of building the pala es
e se c a, r e es e r c s c

n a th pyramids d p haps pr s nting h porti o d oyal sid n by th

e r e an all d Vall y
er re e e t e c e ,
r re e ce s e so c -
e
“
e

templ s at th entran e to the aus ways whi h l d up to th tomb T h pala within the Rames
e
”
e c c e c e e s . e ce

seum h n a ly vani h d but a imilar pala in th same relation to th plac of worship will b
as e r s e , s ce , e e e , e

studi d lat r in th mo tua y t mpl of Ram I I I

e e e r r e e se s .

Th S cond Fo ou t has doubl rows of p apy us bud olumns on th north and south ides and
e e re c r e r -
c e S .

a singl row of O i is pi s on th ast and w st sid s (P lat xxxv

e s r T h pi r wi th th figur of
er e e e e e 111 e e , e e

the king in th fo m of O i is a v d upon th fac of the suppo t was of symboli origin onn t d
e r s r c r e e e r , c c ec e

with th b li fs and itual of th H b S d f tival I th g at ourts of th fun rary temples of th

e e e r e e -
e es . n e re c e e e

Old Kingdom th O i is tatu s w not atta hed to th pi s I th R m

,
e m the w stern row
s r S e e re c e er . n e a e s se u e

of O siri pi s rai d on a t ra whi h is as nd d by th flights of stai s a h stai way oppo

s er are se er ce c ce e re e r , e c r

site to a door l ading into th main pa t of th t mpl B hind th pi s of this olonnad d porti o
e e r e e e . e e er c e c

i a row of papyrus bud olumn (P lat X

s ) All thr doors l ad into th H ypo tyl H all with
c s e XXVI I I — I . ee e e s e

it two rows of tall papy us flow r or ampan iform

s olumns thi ty i f t high and its ows of r e , c , c , r -
S x ee ,
r

short r papyrus bud olumns tw nty fi f t high Th diff r n e in height of th olumns form a
e ,
- c , e -
ve ee . e e e c e c s

l re tory by whi h th int ior was originally light d (P lat xxx x

c e s c e er e e 1

B yond th la g H ypostyl H all whi h should b call d th H all of App aran s are three
e e r e e , c e e e e ce ,

small r olumna hall th w t nmost

e c and th san tuari b yond b ing enti ly uin d T h
r s, e es er o ne e c es e e re r e . e

plan of t h t mpl lik all oyal t mpl f th N w Kingdom s ms ompli at d b cau of th

e e e, e r e es o e e , ee c c e e se e

multipli ation of hall and oom Actually it is m rely a monum ntal v rsion in ston of th royal
c s r s . e e e e e

P 29
5 7 age s 2 2 -2 2
.
 DYN A ST I C TE MP L E S I , 1 39

pala with its Su cessio of columna r ption hall and inn hamb rs What else ould it have
ce , c n r e ce s er c e . c

been ? Th primiti v t mpl it was n was a hut t an f o m d into th dwelling of th divinity ; its
e e e e, see ,
r s r e e e

ritual was a routin ba d upon the daily servi e of l an ing d ing and f ding to whi h th P w
e se c c e s , re ss , ee c e o

f l O
er u was a u tom d in his abode ; and th basi on pt of a mortuary t mpl was that of a
ne cc s e e c c ce e e

perman nt r id n for th t nal and divine spirit of th P ha aoh T h p rsist n of this d pend
e es e ce e e er e r . e e e ce e

e n of th pla of royal worship up n dom stic a hi t tu e i l a ly illustrat d in the R m

ce e ce m o e rc ec r s c e r e a e s se u .

If its Fi st Fo rourt is onsid r d as an ss ntial part of th pri v at pala whi h op ns di tly f om

re c c e e e e e e ce c e re c r

it on th south id it is vid nt that both th pala and th t mpl have a similar axial arrang m nt
e s e, e e e ce e e e e e

of courts and halls of dimini hing siz A hite tu al units may b multipli d and enl rg d to olossal s e . rc c r e e a e c

siz in th t mpl s of th N w Kingdom but th patt n of E gyptian ar hit cture remain basically
e e e e e e , e er c e s

as simple and imitati v e as it was in th a li r p iods e e r e er .

O the no th ide of th R m
n m parallel to th H ypo tyl H all is
r S small temple of S ti I
e a e ss e u , e s e , a e

which onsists of a po ti o pproa h d by two flight of tai s a ourt surrounded by an int ior
c r c a c e s s r , c er

colonnad two hall and thr inn r san tuari s (P late X

e, s, H r again is a c mbina tion of ee e c e XXVI II e e o

e lem nts whi h e tainly r fle t and p obably imitate dom sti ar hitectu Of th many long rows
e c c r e c r e c c re . e

of b i k vault d tor oom whi h fill d th t m nos ba k of th t mple some are till standing (P late
r c e S er s c e e e e c e e , S

xxx 1x T h y fu nish int sting t stimony t th E gyptian kill in

e r ting b i k tunnel vaults
e re e o e
’
s s e re c r c

without the of nt ing T h sy t m of onst u tion i all d l m i t d lti g and onsists of

u se ce er . e s e c r c s c e a na e vau n c

laying th ar h d ou s of the vault at u h an angl l aning against an d wall that the mortar
e c e c rse s c e, e en -
,

will hold th individual b i k in pla until th key bri k is in rt d and the a h our e ompl ted I
e r c s ce e c se e rc -c s c e . n

this way th wo kman ould wo k forward from th top of th v ti al d wall without any center
e r c r e e er c en -

ing und n ath the vaults er e .

B tt r pr s v d and mo e fully ex avated than th R m

e e e er e m is the mortuary templ of Ramses
r c e a e s se u e

I I I whi h was built arly in th XX Dynasty shortly aft r

, c in imitation of the R m
e m e , e 1 200 B C .
,
. a e sse u .

I t is situat d on th west bank of th riv r opposite to T h b

e e at M din t H abu Th t mple and its e e ,
e e s, e e . e e

original n lo u whi h were finish d a ly in Rams s r ign mad a symmetrical r tangl the
e c s re , c e e r e
’
e , e ec e,

great solid pylon of th t mpl fo ming both th main nt an and part of th defensive walls of th
e e e r e e r ce e e

enclosu (P lat re L ik any royal r siden e th

e xi pa e a ound th t mpl was prot t d by a
. e e c , e s c r e e e ec e

mas ive b i k wall 6 m thi k with prote ting tow rs whi h ros to about 8 m (P lat X ) T h
s r c , . c ,
c e ,
c e 1 . e L I— I . e

faces of both tow rs of th larg first pylon ins ribed with s en s and ins riptions t lling of th
e e e are c c e c e e

king s exploit Although th re is a more vid nt ens of symm try and ar ang m nt of ne and
’
s . e e e S e e r e e s ce s

hi roglyphs upon this pylon than on most E gyptian gat ways n v th l ss to

e ey s the g at e , e er e e , o ur e , re te

lief s paint d in trong olors upon a whit g ound would m unfortunat ly mphatic d finit ly out
,
e s c e r ,
se e e e , e e

of s al and as la king in subtl ty as most mod rn billb a ds B yond th fi st pylon i th out

c e, c e e o r .
30
e e r s e er

for ourt flanked on th right by a colonnad of Osiri piers and on th l ft by a colonnad of

ec , e e s e e e

papy us bud olumns (P lat

r -
T his for ourt is lso th cer monial entran e to th royal pala
c e xr. ec a e e c e ce ,

which open f om it on th south ide s r e S .

3°
F ikior d a i
s tr i l f hi f c d
ng anU H l h Th E
accuratei f M di H b re sto rat o n n co o r o t s a a e see . o sc er, e xcavat o ns o e ne t a u
1 Pl 3 . . 2
PL AT E XL : MORT UA RY T E MPL E S
PL AT E XL I : MORTUA RY T E MPL E S
 DYN A S T I C TE MPLE S I , 14 5

fruit and flowers for the tw serpent godd sses I built th ir [ hi t ] having [windows ] ; I dug a o -
e . e c e aux

lak b for th m suppli d with lotu flow rs but most of th spa x pt in the front part of th
e e e
”
e e s e ,
” 4
e ce , e ce e

t m nos was fill d wi th long vault d tore ooms on tru t d in bri k Inasmu h as th re w no m
e e , e -
e s r c s c e c . c e as e

di m of exchang gifts and

u v nue had to b i kind ; th fo th w r pa at magazin s f
e, re e e n e re re e re e e se r e e or

grain oil win b r l ath r m tal and all that a royal and ev lasting r sid n might n d in th
, , e, ee , e e , e s, er e e ce ee e

way of uppli s es .

T hr e nt an es in th ast wall gav a c ss to th divin e id n th

e e r c at th l f t l ading e e e c e e e r s e ce , e o ne e e e

dir ctly into the pala th nt

e op ning through th pylon into th fir t ourt and th ight ce , e ce er o ne e e e s c , e r

hand gat way p o viding a s for th r v nu T hi w b ought into a ou t in f ont of a th aisl d

e r cc e s e e e e . s as r c r r re e - e

hall wh s ib s r o d d th ont ibution and di t ibut d th m to th v a ious magazin

e re cr e ec r e e c r s s r e e e r es .

D u ing th s ond ha lf of his ign R ams s nlarg d th

r n lo u about hi t mpl r b ilt hi
e ec re , e e e e e c s re s e e, e u s

pala and str ngth n d th d f n First of all h built a t m ndous out r wall of b i k m thi k
ce , e e e e e e se s . e re e e r c , 10 . c

and stimat d to b 8 m high whi h probably had st addl tow

e e th to ation hows (P lat
e 1 . c r e- e rs as e re s r s e

) T hi wall had squa

XL I - I . o n at th a t but at th w st it o n s w ound d both insid
s re c r e rs e e s ,
e e s c r er e re r e e

and out T h Fo tifi d G at in th nt r of th ast id of this wall i one f th most int sting
. e r e e e ce e e e S e s o e e re

st u tu s in E gypt but it has no pa ti ular as o iation with ith r mo tua y or t mple a hit tu
r c re ,
r c s c e e r r e rc ec re

and will b di u d fully in anoth hapt I nsid th wall w a wid t t to 3 m high r

so
”
e sc s se er c er .
5
e e as e s re e , 1 . e

than th n lo d spa unning a ound th walls whi h was u d f i ulation and th p ompt
e e c se ce , r r e , c se o r c rc e r

mov m nt of troop Along th inn wall flanking this str t w r qua t s for p i ts aft m n and
e e s . e er ,
ee , e e r er r es , cr s e ,

slav I th nt r of th w st wall opposit th Fortified G at i a ruin d or of bri k whi h was

es . n e ce e e e , e e e, s e c e c c

o iginally a w t n gat way

r es e r e .

Ram es w undoubt dly p epa ing for t oubl at th d of his reign for in addition to th gr at
s as e r r r e e en , , e e

wall h built a low girdl wall whi h was al o n llat d and st ngt h n d by straddl tow s I
, e e- ,
c s c re e e re e e e- er . n

front of th Fortifi d G at th w s nt y tow s flanking th nt an Outsid the gateway was a

e e e e re e re e r er e e r ce . e

r tangular quay its id s loping and with st ps l ading down to th wat r l v l T h quay its lf
ec , S e s , e e e e e e . e e

w at th d of a anal whi h was the r monial app oa h to th t mpl l ading in ac oss th ulti
as e en c ,
c ce e r c e e e, e r e c

var d fi ld at a right angl from th ri v r Hb l h in d ibing th quay at M din t H abu sug

e e s e e e . sc e r, e s cr e e e ,

g st that imila quays and anal gav navigabl approa h to th Valley t mpl s whi h form d th
e S r c s e e c e -
e e
”
c e e

landing st g s for th au ways l ading up to the mortua y templ of the Old Kingdom I nas
a e
”
e c se e r es .
6

34 Bre as te d, op cit I V, No 1 94
P
. . .
.
,

35 2 2 5 - 22 7.
age s
3“ U H o l sc he r
.
, E xc a v atio n s at A nc ie n t T he be s 1 9 3 0 -3 1 , Oi r e n tal I ns titute o f C hicago Unive rsity , C o mm un icatio ns , No .

1 5, P »
7

PL ATE XL I

1. Ex t i f m t t d t m pl f R m
er o r ro e as res o re e e o a s es III, i t
Me d n e Habu (H o ls c he r , o p . cit ., 1, Pl . xxx ) .

th l d f f t w ith W i d w t m pl
,
“
2 . S ou co o n n a e o o re co u r n o o f A ppe aran ces , e e o f Ram se s I II .

3 . I t i l k i g t t m p l f R m III
n er o r oo n eas , e e o a s es .

4 . S th id f t mp l h w i g i f p l
ou s es o e e, s o n ru n s o a ace an d
“
Win do w o f App earan ces .
PL ATE XL II : T E MPL E S
14 6 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

prede esso s monum nts he set his giganti t mple in th narrow vall y in f ont of D ir l Bahari
c r
’
e ,
c e e e r e e -
,

di e tly upon th av nu of app oa h to M t h t p py amid ; his plan h copi d f om th mor

r c e e e r c en u o e
’
s r e e r e

t
u ar
y t mpl s of R ams
e II and III but laid
e it out on a s ale int nd d to b half as la g
es agai , c e e e r e n as

th ep viou t u tu s Appar ntly his only innovation was to ontinu th olonnade of th fi st

re s s r c re . e c e e c e r

c ou t a ound th id s in th mann r whi h is only found in P tol maic t mpl Unabl to m

r r re e S e e e c e e es . e co

pl t su h an ambitious
e e c h m his su s o s Rams s V and VI both app opriat d his start and sc e e, cce s r e r e

w nt on with th wo k pilf ring mat ial utting away xi ting tomb and y t l a ving it till
e e r , e er ,
c e s s, e e S un

finish d A r t ibution n a ly v y ston of thi la t mo tua y t mpl w nt into th lim kiln

e . s e r ,
e r e er e s s r r e e e e e .

Aft th s lat Ram id th oyal d ad disapp ar into an obli v ion whi h th E gyptian d ad d
er e e e e ss es e r e e c e s re e .

By th S a iti p riod th kings w r buri d in the xisting templ s of thei D lta iti s and w hav
e
'

c e e e e e e e r e c e e e

only H odotus d sc iption of th tomb of Am i

er
” ’
e r e as s .
8

At M din t H abu how v within th gr at girdle wall lies a group of late hapel tombs dat
e e ,
e e r, e e -
, c -
,

ing f om th S v nth C ntu y

r whi h whil not mo tua y t mpl s
e e e a modifi d su vival of
e r B C. .
, c , e r r e e , are e r

th esam id a T h mo t int ting and th

e e most indi ati v of the hang whi h had gon
. e s e re s e o ne c e c e c e

on is th ombination mo tua y hap l and tomb of th god wif A m i di I sist r of the

e c r r c e e
“
-
e, en r s , e

E thiopian P ha aoh S h b k and a high pri t ss of Amon T h hap l tomb of A m i di whi h

r a as a, es e . e c e -
en r s, c

is simila to oth tomb of th S aiti pe iod i a mall traditional t mpl with its sanctuary trans
r er s e c r , s s , e e

form d into a vault d s pul h r (P lat

e ) I t vault and th others lik it are still th olde t
e e c e e XL I I - I . s , e e , e s

known xampl s of tru voussoir onstru tion in tone T w xampl s of th XXV Dynasty vaults
e e e c c s . o e e e se

at M din t H abu (P lat X ) how th persist nt E gyptian t nd n y to imitate th ir stone forms

e e e L I I—2 S e e e e c e

from bri k onstruction As in th bri k v aults f th R m

c c m the first thr ours s of th
. e c o e a e sse u , ee c e e

vault orbeled while th upp r courses which ompl t the span are a tual vous oirs
s are c ,
e e c e e c s .

33 P age I 15 .
7 . DYNA S TI C T E MPLE S , 11

I will m ake a w o rk n am e ly a
gre at ho use fo r m y fathe r Atu m
,

My go o dn e ss ( n e fe r) s hall be re m e m be re d in his ho us e E te rn ity is

t hat e xc e lle n t t hin g w hic h I have m ade .

A M E N E MH ET I TO H I S S ON , S E NW OS RE T I , XI I DYNA TY S

L e t yo ur han ds b uild ye pe o ple L e t us do the ple as u re o f t his , .

o fiic ial in r e s t o rin g t he m o n u m e n t o f his L o rd in t he ho u s e o

f his fathe r
A m o n H is . n am e is u
po n t he m , abidin g, pe r m an e n t , fo r bo t h a o ns o f

VI Z I E R RAK H M E R E , I N R E IG N OF TH U TM OSE I I I, TO THE BU IL DR

E S

KINGDOM th t mpl p op m g s as an a hit tu ally impo tant

I T H T H E NE W e e e r er e er e rc ec r r

and monum ntal t u tu in ton R gardl s of how f l about th ff tiv n ss of

e s r c re s e . e es o ne ee s e e ec e e

t h N w Kingdom t mpl s th buildings th m lv

e e v id n e of a m galomania imp lling th
e e , e e se e s are e e c e e e

r oyal build s to outdo th ir p d ssors T his u g f m a urabl bign ss whi h ha a t iz s

er e re e ce . r e or e s e e c c r c er e so

mu h of th ar hit tu of th p iod w the natu al ult of many influ n s wo king upon the
c e c ec re e er as r re s e ce r

E gyptian mind I t h main it was still th sa m p imitiv qu st for ertainty now inten ifi d by
. n e e e r e e c , s e

th e mat ialisti id als of a p o p rou and d p ti g

er c e r s e s es o c a e .

T h o ganization of E gyptian
e r our s und r th n g ti P haraohs of th XVIII and XIX re s ce e e e er e c e

Dyna ti s mad th a hit tu

s e po sibl With a t ong lin of militant rul r th s ond T h ban
e e rc ec re s e . s r e e s e ec e

E mpi sp ad to M sopotamia wh it am into onta t with ast n id as and o i ntal d

re re e , e re c e c c e er e r e es

p ti m and f om it
o s , onqu t gold slav s and t ibut of all kind pou d i to mak it th i h st
r s c es s , e ,
r e s re n e e r c e

and mo t pow rful ount y in th M dit an an wo ld Th P ha aoh was mo absolut in his

s e c r e e e rr e r . e r re e

pow r than v r b fo T h land was hi and was wo k d by hi s fs T h old la of f udal

e e e e re . e s r e s er . e c ss e

and h dita y nobl s had di appear d and in its pla a w fli i l lass xi t d as th instrum nt
e re r e s e ,
ce ne o c a c e s e e e

of t h Doubl C rown I addition to this s vil bu au ra y th p of ssional soldi s w fo m d

e e . n er e re c c , e r e er no r e

a w and influ ntial group in ont ol of th E mpi T h organiz d s i ty th fo off r d

ne e c r e re . e re e o c e , e re re , e e

p ition w alth and p of ional advan m nt to middl la s minds whi h were ob quiously ob di
o s , e , r e ss ce e e -c s c se e

en t onv ntionally ffi i nt and mat ially ambitious

, c e e c e , er .

I t was a p iod in whi h publi opinion was t ain d to xp t and appr iate phy i l bign ss
er c c r e e ec ec s ca e ,

e ffi i nt o ganization of labo and th manif station

c e r f pow and w alth F om th P ha aoh down r, e e s o er e . r e r ,

with th x ption of th ill f at d Amenhot p IV it was an g of doe s rathe than d amer ritu
e e ce e -
e e , a e r r re s,

a li t rath r than r ligious think

s s e H n it built nume ous and la g t mpl s not b cau it njoyed
e e rs . e ce r r e e e , e se e

th m th ti lly but b aus it consid red th m ne essary d u ful T mples propitiat d th gods
e xs e ca , ec e e e c an se . e e e

1 47
PL ATE XL I II : T E MPL E S
PL AT E XL I V: T E MPL E S
 DYN A S T I C TE MP LE S I I , 1 51

only from the persist n e of th typ at th b ginning of th N w Kingdom that we have any indi a
e c e e e e e e c

tion of it a li r p val n T h fa hion in whi h th N w Kingdom t mpl of A mon R at Ka nak

s e r e re e ce . e s c e e e e -
e r

g w a ound th o igi nal Middl Ki ngdom foundation ugg t that it too had o iginally b n
re r e r e s es s r ee

p ipt al P t i r to ation of th L aby inth at H awa a (P lat

er er . e r e s
’

7) and t h r mains of th
es r e r r e x xx n — e e e

t mpl f S w t I II at Ab ydo al indi at th importan of p ipt al ou ts and p ti o

e e o en o s re s
1
so c e e ce er er c r or c es

du ing th Middl Kingdom

r e e .

D u ing th XVI I I Dyna ty t h p ipt al t mpl was p hap th pre v ailing typ b fo t h mo
r e s e er er e e er s e e e re e re

palatial f o m was d v lop d T h r main th plan of a small p ipt al t mpl in th ompl x at

e e e . e re re s e , er er e e e c e

Ka nak whi h w built by T hutmos I II (P lat V G ) T h am P haraoh and Q u n H at h p ut

r c as e e XL 111— 2 e s e ee s e s

built imila t mpl at Buh n (P lat X

s r n ar Wadi H alfa and A m nhot p III t d till
e es e e L III e , e e e re c e s an

oth r i hono of Khnum ator and god of th atara t on th I land f E l phantin T h E l

e n r ,
c re e c c , e s o e e . e e

ph ti t mpl was only fo ty f t long by thi ty wid thi rt n f t high and must hav b n v y
an ne e e r ee r e, ee ee , e ee er

eff t i v in it
ec impli ity (P lat X
e A lthough drawn and d
s S ib d by th F n h E xp dition it
c e LIII e scr e e re c e ,

was nti ly d stroy d a ly in th N inet nth C ntu y to fu ni h ton for th pala of a lo al gov
e re e e e r e ee e r r s s e e ce c

e rn o r.

h fo e the be t p s rv d xampl of a p ipt al tru tu i th small t mpl built by Q u n

T e re r s re e e e e er er S c re s e e e ee

H at h p ut at M din t H abu whi h Rams I II p

s e s r v d and in o po at d insid th p in t of hi
e e , c es re se e c r r e e e re c c s

g at mo tua y t mpl (P lat

re r
) I t w built to
r hold t h sa r
e d ba k of t h Se god and it e XL I V— I . as e c e r e un - ,

might b thought t hat th p ipt al d ign with th op n po ti o s on th id was us d so as to

e e er er es e e r c e re e s es e

p mit vi ito to vi w th mbl m of th god E gyptian t mpl how v v n wh n as fi

er s rs e this
e e e e . e e s, e e r, e e e n e as

littl buildi ng w not d sign d for ith r d orativ ff t or publi njoym nt Th b i k wall
e , e re e e e e ec e e ec c e e . e r c

whi h su ound d th t mpl a a shut it ff f om all x pt th p ivil g d f w

c rr e e e e re o r e ce e r e e e .

L ik so many t mpl the mall t mple of M din t H abu und w nt v a ious nla g m nts non
e e s, e s e e e er e r e r e e , e

of whi h imp ov d its app a an I th XXV Dyna ty und r th E thiopian king a na o w hall
c r e e r ce . n e s , e e s, rr ,

ending in pylon w tu k onto th f ont of th p ipt ro (P lat X

a
_
, L at r in th Fou th
as s c e r e er e s e L IV e e r

C ntu y e whil E gypt w und P ian domination th na ow hall w

r B C . .
, e pla d by a th as er e rs , e rr as re ce re e

ai l d hall and two wing w add d at th id of th o iginal t u tu L at N t b I built an

s e s e re e e s es e r s r c re . er e c an e o

open po h in f ont of th pylon to v as a p tion v tibul (P lat

rc r Finally in th P l e ser e re c e es e e XL I V e to e

mai p iod th G k P ha aoh add d a ton pylon out of all al with th t mpl and finish d it
c er e re e r s e s e , sc e e e e, e

with anoth r ption pa v ilion (P l t e re ce a e XL I V

D R d ll M iv
1
. d A M an l Am h ad Ab d -
Pl ac er an . C . ace , E ra an y o s, . xx .

PL ATE XL IV
1 . P ipt
er e ra l XVI II Dyn
tem p e o f l e ne t
H a she ps u
a u t M di t H b (U . H o l sc her,
“
A rch it te c ural S ur ve y , Orie n tal I n
Pl
.
,

s tira t e o f t he Un ive rs it h i n ic atio n s n o

y f
o C c ago C o m m u , . 1 9, 1 93 1 , .

t it iti
,

2 . T he s am e e m p l e w h add o n s o f th e XXV Dyn (o p c it . . .

, PI .

3 . it
The tem p l e w h add o n s o f the I V c e n ury B C ( o p c it , iti t . . . . Pl .

4 . The tem p l e in the o l e ma c e r o d ( o p c it l I v) Pt i P i . .

, P . .
1 52 GYP T I A N A RCH I T E CT URE E

After the XVII I Dynasty th p ripte al templ typ app ars to ha v gone out of use only t be e e r e e e e , o

re v i v d in th P tol mai p iod I its r viv d fo m it is always a small f standing san tua y within
e e e c er . n e e r ,
re e - c r

t h pr cin t or v n fo
e e ou t of a larg t mpl T h P tol maic xampl
c e e all d Bi th H ouse
re c r er e e . e se e e e s are c e r s,

or M m m i i b ause th y w
a usually d di at d to th wo hip of a mat nal d ity u h as I si and
s , ec e e re e c e e rs er e , s c s,

f qu ntly hav on th ir apitals pr s ntations of th dwa f divinity B (P lat

re e e e who was c re e e e r -
, es e L v111

th patron deity of wom n in lab

2
e e or .

OM T Y P E O F T E MP L E
T H E S T A N D A R D N E W KI N G D

S in th so f w main of XVII I Dynasty t mpl s oth r than mo tua y it i probable that

ce e re are e re s e e , e r r ,
s

th hang f om th Middl Kingdom typ f t mpl po ibly p ipt l to th tanda d N w King

e c e r e e e o e e, ss er e ra , e s r , e

dom form took pla towa d th los of th XVIII D yna ty T h tanda d type of t mpl was
, ce r s e c e e s . e S r e e es

se nti lly t ha am th mo tua y t mpl and th fo lik th m w an adaptation to hi ligi ou

e s e as e r r e e s, e re re , e e , as s re s

pu po s f th palatial dw lling of th di v in P haraoh T h igning in arnation of Amon R

r se o e id e e e . e re c — e co n s

d v y t m pl as an v l ting pala whi h h would ha with th oth r gods in th long h

e re e er e e e e r as ce c e S re e e e e re

aft T h f o a h u s i v P ha aoh du ing th N w Kingdom with u iou ly littl ympathy f

er . e re re e c s c ce s e r r e e ,
c r s e s or

th divin n d of hi p d
e e s o was in lin d if h had th sou and initiati v to app op iat
ee s s re e ce s rs , c e ,
e e re rc e s e, r r e

th t mpl
e of hi fath
e nla g th m and a v hi nam and attainm nts on th ir walls H n
es s e rs , e r e e ,
c r e s e e e . e ce

many of th t mpl th ult f su i v addition wh by a h king sought to outdo th

e e es are e re s o cce ss e s e re e c e

g atn s of hi an sto s T h r sult is that most N w Kingdom t mpl at fi st app a to b la king

re e s s ce r . e e e e es r e r e c

in any unifi d ns of d sign or v n in any tanda d a ang m nt of l m nts

e se e e e e s r rr e e e e e .

I spit of th appa nt div sity and onfusion of plan t h a tual l m nts and th ir ar ang
n e e re er c s, e c e e e e r e

m nt follow d igid onv ntions T h ba i pa ts of th t mpl w th traditional and s ntial hou

e e r c e . e s c r e e e e re e e se se

l m nts whi h und rlay all E gyptian a hit tu T h y on i t d of h fo ou t po ti o d v ti

e e e c e rc ec re . e c s s e t e re c r ,
r c e es

bul g at h ll and p i vat hamb r of th g at

e, re a N matt how la g and ompli at d a t mpl
, r e c e e re o ne . o er r e c c e e e

might b it on i t d of a multipli ation f h s

e, c nti l pa t u ually along a ho izontal axi T h
s s e c o t e e e ss e a r s, s r s . e

ext n ion of pa ts in l ngth was both a naiv and natu al m thod of building and th r ult of th
e s r e e r e e es e

ritual whi h qui d a o ido lik plan b aus of its p o upation wi h p o s ional
c re re c rr r- e ec e re cc t r ce s s .

L ik pala whi h w th p i v at tr at of h mo t high ul th t mpl w oft n pla d

e c e s, c e re e r e re e t e s r e r, e e es e re e ce

out id th i ti s within a a d n lo u u ound d by high and p ot ti v b i k walls E a h

s e e c e s c re e c s re , s rr e r ec e r c . c o ne

was a s lf ontain d and umptuou t onghold of h god in th nt f his ity T h ntran of

e - c e s s s r t e e ce er o c . e e ce

th t m no w
e e a ton gat way a ul f a ing h i v r app oa h d by a p o ional way lin d
e s as s e e ,
as r e c t e r e ,
r c e r c e ss , e

on ith r id by gua dian pi it in th f o m f lion phinx s and ams I nasmu h th N il was

e e s e r s r s e r o s, s e ,
r . c as e e

th e g at highway th approa h to th t mpl b gan ith at th i v r at th quay of a anal

o ne re , e c e e e e e er e r e or e c

whi h l d in f om th i v Th f a t that th mud walls of th sa d domain hav for th mo t

c e r e r er . e c e e c re s e e s

part disapp a d has l f t a f w of th ston gat ways tanding at Karnak (P lat

e re e lik R e e e e s , as e LII e o

man t iumphal a h s ov th oad and so giv n i to th mis on ption that th s gat ways w
r rc e er e r , e r se e c ce e e e e re

p pyro l Within th
o ns wall w . t h b i k to room and qua t s f t h p i et and la v s of th s e re e r c S re s r er or e r es s s e e

divin tat whi h in th a of th t mpl of Amon R at Ka nak f o m d a ity in its lf

e es e, c e c se e e e -
e r r e c e .

P 2 87 8 5
age s 1 , 1 9, 1 9 .
 D YN A S T I C T E MP L E S I I , 1 55

imag of the divinity was w ought in bu nish d m tal upon the doors of th pylon (P late V )
e, r r e e s e XL —
I ,

f orit was th p s ntation of th sun coming fo th f om hi hou in the ast It al o xplains

e re re e e r r s se e . s e

t h in iption on th pylon at Ka nak built by A m nhot p I II whi h ad making f him a “

e s cr e r , e e , c re s, or

v y g at po tal ov again t Amon R lo d of T h b w ought with gold th oughout T h Di

er re r er s -
e, r e e s, r r . e

i
v ne Sh d w m i inlaid with r al lazuli w ought with gold and many o tly ton s ; th
a o , as a r a , s e , r c s s e e re

i no in tan
s of doing th lik I t floor is adorn d with ilv ; [tow s ]
s ce ov again t it e e . s e s er er are er s .

S t l of lazuli
e x t up on a h sid It tow s a h h av n lik th f our pilla f h av n ;
are se , o ne e c e . s er re c e e e e rs o e e

i fl gt
ts shin mo than th h av ns w ought with l t um T h pi tur al o b om l ar
a s ave s e re e e e , r e ec r .
”
e c e s ec es c e

wh n Am nhot p d ib s hi t mpl of S l b in N ubia

e e e thy hous of a million y a s A
e scr e s e e o e as,
“
e e r . .

re sting pla f my f ath r at all his f asts T w g at ob li k

ce or td on a h id e e . . o re e s s are e re c e , o ne e c S e .

Wh n my fath r is b tw n th m I am among hi f ollowing

e e r es e ee e ,
s .
” 7

Within th pylon am th f t of t h t mplelik th inn r ourt of a pala Along c e e o re c o u r e e e, e e e c ce . o ne

or mo e ides of the ou t w a ov r d olonnad th oyal po ti o and pala ymbol I v y

r S c r as c e e c e, e r r c ce s . n er

f w t mpl s w r th
e e olonnad xt nd d a ound all sid of th fo ourt whil in th a li r
e e e e se c es e e e r es e re c , e e e r e

t mpl s lik that of S ti I at A bydo and his small t mpl alo gsid th R m
e e , e m th e olon s er e e n e e a e sse u , e c

nad lik a long po h was on a rai d platform app oa h d by t ps di tly in f ont f th

e, e rc , se r c e S e ,
re c r o e

g at hall of t h t mpl T h publi part of th f tival and r moni s of th t mpl took pla
re e e e . e c e es s ce e e e e e ce

in th fo ourt f b yond lay th p ivat r sid n f th god Th wid olumnar hall of th

e re c , or e e r e e e ce o e . e
“
e c e

div in pala is u ually all d th hyp tyl h ll but to th E gyptians it w t h H ll f App

e ce s c e e os e a , e as e a o e aran c e s

wh th dw ll r f th pala am fo th among his ou t Du ing th N w Kingdom th H all of

e re e e e o e ce c e r c r . r e e e

Appea an s was ha a t iz d by a l tory rais d upon th two nt al ows of olumns I t f o m

r ce c r c er e c e re s e e ce r r c . s r

and m thod of lighting w opi d in ton f om th ntral hall of th N w Kingdom pala with
e e re c e s e r e ce e e ce s,

th ir olumns of wood and th i rai d nt al cl sto y whi h gav light and v ntilation I the
e c e r se , ce r e re r c e e . n

t mpl th s hypostyl hall with th ir fo sts of giganti olumns s v d only as a t aditional l

e es e e e s, e re c c , er e r e e

m nt in a divin r sid n and int pos d a v il of da kn s and my t ry b tw n the inn r abod of

e e e e ce , er e e r es s e e ee e e

the god and th b ight out r wo ld e r , e r .

B yond th g at hall might b other small r columnar halls but finally still on axi wi th th
e e re e , e , , , s e

e ntran ame the small p ivat h mb r of th godh ad T hi inn an tuary th k was always
ce, c , r e c a e e e . s er s c , e se o s,

a r tangular room p serving th p opo tions and isolation of a p imitiv sh lt As a rul th k

ec , re e r r r e e er . e e se os

had only doorway but in th t mpl s of th S god wh th a r d bark of Amon R had to

o ne ,
e e e e un - , e re e s c e -
e

b d agg d th ough it th r wer doors at both axial nd of the hamb r I t mpl s wh

e r e r ,
more e e e e s c e . n e e e re

than god was wo hip d th was a k for a h divinity Fr qu ntly t mpl s w e d dicat d
o ne rs e , e re se os e c . e e e e er e e

to a t iad su h as O i is I sis and H o us A ound th k was a p riph y of rooms in luding the

r c s r , ,
r . r e se os e er c

6
Bre as te d, op . cit .
, II , No . 889 .

7 Bre as te d
, o p. cit I I , No . 8 90 .

PLATE XL V

1. Facade (re sto ratio n ) .

2. Pl an o f the tem p l e (afte r J équ ier) .

PL AT E XL VI : T E MPL E OF A MON RE
-
, L UXOR
PL A TE XL VI I : T E MPL E OF A MON RE
-
, L UXOR
 D YN A S T I C TE MPL E S I I , 1 59

(P lat T his a v nue of fourteen ol mns ea h 5 f et high has b n attributed to vari

e v 1 e c u , c 2 e , ee

ous lat r P haraohs but th re s ms to be very little qu stion as to Am nhotep having tart d the
e , e ee e e S e co n

st uct on
r i .

I t may hav b n his int ntion to build a g eat hypo tyl hall but b for his d ath h fini h d
e ee e r s e , e e e e s e

only th two nt al rows ; E g lba h how v b li v that Am nhot p int nd d th s olumns as

e ce r n e c , e e r, e e es e e e e e e c

an p n pro ssional av nue I ith r event

O e of his u sso ith r T t k m or H a m
ce e .
10
n e e , o ne s c ce rs, e e u an a un re

hab n los d th olumns with walls and so mad an x ptional typ of app oa h to an E gyptian
, e c e e c e e ce e r c

t mpl (P late
e e ) About a ntu y aft r the d ath of Am nhot p Ram s II app op iat d the
xL VI — I . ce r e e e e , se r r e

t mpl by adding a s ond fo ou t (P lat

e e ) at th d of th o idor and fini hing t h t m
ec re c r e XL VI I — I e en e c rr s e e

p l with
e a g at pylon b fo whi h h t d two ob li
re ks and i olo al g nite figu, s of him e re c e e re c e e s s x c ss ra re

s lf four tanding and two s at d (P lat

e ,
S ) I o d r to k p th nt an through th pylon e e e XL V— I . n r e ee e e r ce e

along id of an xisting hap l f T hutmo whi h had b n ov run by th ou t th axi f th

s e e c e o se , c ee er e c r , e s o e

t mple was twi t d to th id By thi time th t mple was 835 fe t l ng and in p t f th oar
e s e e s e . s e e e o , ,
S i e o e c se

wo k of Ram e it is pi tu sque and impr i v

r s s, c re e ss e .

T E MP L E OF AMON RE KA RNAK T h pow r and weakn ss of N w Kingdom ambition -

,
. e e e e are

most vid nt in th t mpl f Amon R at Ka nak the la g st olumnar stru tu v r built Ka nak
e e e e e o -
e r ,
11
r e c c re e e . r

li about a mil and a half to th no th of L uxo and it w th that A mon th god of T h b s

es e e r r, as e re , e e e ,

had his most sa r d domain T h r w tw nty t mple h in s and sa d hall to va ious di vini
c e . e e e re e e s, S r e , cre s r

ti in th ligious ompl x at Ka nak (P lat x v ) but t h g at st w th palatial t mpl of th

es e re c e r e 1 . 111 , e re e as e e e e

S god T h fortun of Amon had i n with th pow f th T h ban hi ftains w h had made
un - . e es r se e er o e e c e o

th m lv mast s in th vall y at th b ginning of th Middl Kingdom Aft r th xpul ion of th

e se es er e e e e e e . e e e s e

H yks s invad the T h ban war lo ds ais d th i lo al god A mon into a sup m divinity d his
o e rs , e r r e e r c , , re e , an

san tua y at Karnak w mad to r fl t his w w alth and omnipot n N xt to th L abyrinth in

c r as e e ec ne e e ce . e e

th Fayum it was th la g st monum nt in E gypt and in

e ,
t h total d st u tion of th L aby inth it
e r e e , s ce e e r c e r ,

has emain d th la g t r ligiou difi in th wo ld I t is not so mu h a ingl unifi d t mpl as it

r e e r es e s e ce e r . c S e e e e,

is a continuous petition and agg gation of t aditional a hit tu al l m nts whi h r pr nt th

re re r rc ec r e e e c e e se e

eff o ts of su
r s i v P ha aohs to propitiat both th god and his pow ful p i sts I t is a hi to y of two
c ce s e r e e er r e . s r

thou and y a s of E gyptia ar hit ctu e from arly in th Middle Kingdom to nea ly th end of the
s e r n c e r e e r e

P tol mai p riode c e .

T h d tail d history of this monum nt i

e e onfusing as a s v y of it ruins tend to b Both
e e s as c ur e s s e .

th history and the r mains hav to b

e implifi d Oth rwi th un nding o d of building and
e e e s e . e se e e re c r s

1° l
E nge bac h, A ncie n t E gypt p 68
G Pl
. .

11 L e grain , L e s T e m ple s de Karn ak H C he v rie r , d e n s e m ble de Karn a , A n n ale s da S e r vic e XXXVI,

an
’

k
P ill
.
.
,

pp .
77 8 7; -
“
Rap po rt s ur le s t rave au x de Karn a k ”
by M . M . et . v
an d H C he rie r in A n n ale s f ro m 1 9 2 -1
3 93 5 .

PL AT E XL VII

1 Fo re co u rf Ram ses I I f ro m t o n o rth .

w es t
.

2 .
“
l ”
H a l o f Appearan ce s f ro m .
PL AT E XL VI I I : T E MPL E OF A MON RE
—
,
KA RNA K

”
L P L1

0 IO 20 30 40 50
"
60
“ h i :
PL A T E XL I X : T E MPL E OF AMON RE
—
,
KA RNA K
 DYN A ST I C TE MPL E S , I I 1 63

the roof H also made two H all of Ann ls betw en pylons V and VI ; and th n about tw nty y ars
. e s a e e e e

lat r he ext nd d the templ astwa d by building a F stival H all Am nhot p I II who was und
e e e e e r e . e e , er

obligation to Amon and his p i sts add d a fo ourt to the w t er t d an entran pylon built an
s r e , e re c es , ec e ce ,

avenu of m sphinx s and l ft th t mpl as h onsid r d it finish d

e ra -
e , e e e e, e c e e , e .

About sixty y ar lat r Rams s I stir d by a d i e to outdo all o th rs in his on n for th m

e s e , e ,
re es r e c ce r e co

fort of th god t d pylon I I and p obably start d th g at H ypostyl H all in b tw n his pylon
e ,
e re c e , r e e re e e ee

and that of Am nhot p I II T h task of ompl ting th la g t olumnar hall in the wo ld was l f t to
e e . e c e e r es c r e

his S ti I T h r lation b tw en a hypo tyl hall and a oyal pala

so n , e . eis shown by th in iption
e e e s e r ce e sc r s,

whi h all this hall th g at divin pala of the spirit of S ti I M

c c ,
P tah in th t mpl of
“
e re e ce e e r-e n - e e e

Amon O hund d y a s lat r Rams s II I mad th mi tak of thinking th t mpl was fini h d
.
”
ne re e r e e e e s e e e e s e ,

and so on ntrat d his int st up n building a ompl t t mpl pa tly in f ont of th ntran pylon
c ce e e re o c e e e e r r e e ce .

T w hund d y ar lat r t h L ibyan P haraohs of th XXI I D ynasty took a

o re e s w int t in th t mpl
e ,
e e ne e re s e e e

and ta t d to build th final fo ourt all d th ourt of th B b tid whi h was laid out to b
S r e e re c , c e e c e u as e s, c e

larg than any oth r part of h t mpl L ik v ything this Dyna ty und rtook th onst u tio w
er e t e e e . e e er s e , e c r c n as

not finish d and it w th ff o t of an E thiopian P ha aoh of th XXV Dyna ty with ontributions

e ,
as e e r r e s , c

of v al G k Pha aohs whi h ompl t ly finish d th wo k T h E thiopian king T h q built

se er re e r ,
c c e e e e r . e , a ar a,

th la t and la g t pylon whi h although n v r fini h d has

e s ,
r main d th nt an f acad of th
es ,
c , e e s e , re e e e r ce e e

t mpl I f ont of th t mpl w a landing qu ay and a an l l ading to the riv r as was s n i ]

e e . n r e e e as c a e e , ee n

f ont of th mo tua y t mpl of Rams s III at M dinet H abu

r e r r e e e e .

T h pylon of T aba qa is a mountain of ton 37 f t wid 49 f t thi k and

e r f t high s e, 0 ee e, ee c , ee

( P lat x x eAgain t it inn r fa e are r mains of th b i k ompa tm nts fi ll d with sand whi h
11
. s s e c e e r c c r e , e , c

form d th platfo m f its onstru tion A it stand it is impo sibl to g a p its propo tion T h
e e r or c c . S s, s e r s r s . e

sam is t u of th C urt of th B b tid whi h o v s

e r e squar f t is 76 f t d p and 338
e o e u as e s, c c er e ee , 2 ee ee

f t wid P la in it th Duomo of Flo n e and th would b a omfortabl

ee e . ce squa f t l ft
e re c e re e c e re ee e

for tou ist pu pos s T hi ourt o v an th t mpl of Rams s I II and a small san tuary of S ti II
r r e . s c e rr e e e e c e ,

whi h w pa d and in lud d without any owding

c e re s re c e cr .

T h most famous a hi v m nt of E gyptian ar hit tu is th H ypostyl H all ( P late m

e c and )
e e e c ec re e e s ax L .

I t sup human siz still on ot s g atn ss pow r and magnifi n

s er just as it did to th oyal E gyp
e c n e re e , e , ce ce , e r

tian mind I t is not th tim to ask if th se olumns beautiful if th ir h r bulk fl t a dry

. e e e c are , or e s ee re ec

ing p of E gyptian imagination T h y undoubt dly grandios and in th y r p s nt th g at st

-
u . e are e e, S ce e e re e e re e

mate ial ff o t of an i nt man to mold ton to his de ir th y d

r e r sp t and study
c e S e s e s, e e s e rve re ec .

T h H ypo tyl H all alon

e ov rs squar f t and i di vid d into aisl s by fou t n ow of
s e e c e e ee s e e r ee r s

stocky papy us bud olumn and two central row of mammoth olumn with full blown papyrus
r -
c s s c s -

PL AT E XL IX
1 . Vi w d we t l i l f Hyp tyl H ll l ki g w t pyl
o n ce n ra as e o os e a ,
oo n es to o n I.

2 . F m ro f f H yp ty l H ll l k i g
ro o th o os e a , oo n no r .

3 . C t f h B b id l k i g w t m pl f S ti II ight
o ur o t e u as t es , oo n es ,
te e o e at r an d t mpl
e e of Ram ses III at lef t .
PL ATE L : T E MP L E OF A MON RE
-
, KA RNAK
PL AT E L I : TE MPL E S

0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
 DYN A S T I C T E MP LE S , I I 1 67

tw en th begi n ing of th reign of Ram s I I ( 9 ) and th r ign of H h ( 9 ) the wo k began

e e n e se 12 2 e e er or 10 0 r

to di int grate S om sto ation w re mad at that tim but it w du ing th P tol mai p iod that
s e . e re r s e e e, as r e e c er

th two last e olumns in th ntral w w r built and th ir ough blo ks l f t unfinish d (P lat
c e ce ro e re e e r c e e e

) It was th w ight of th roof mor than th foundations whi h k pt th st u tu e tabl

XL I X— I . e e e , e e , c e e r c r s e

and re t N w that th of has fall n th p obl m of é ti g th fall n c lumns and k ping

e c . o e ro e , e r e re re c n e e o ee

the standing on s from falling i a task of g at engin ering di ffi ulty whi h th E gypti n D part
e s re e c , c e a e

m nt of Antiquities has und tak n

e er e .

Th ad r who is int st d i a more d tai l d investiga tion not only of the T mpl of Amon
e re e e re e n e e , e e ,

but of the oth r t mpl s at Ka nak should tu n for guidan to the Ba dek r of E gypt whi h is l ar
e e e r ,
r ce e e , c c e

and a urat T th outh of th g at t mple is a i s of small r h in s and pylons tr t hing out

cc e . o e s e re e se r e e S r e s e c

tow rds th int ting t mpl of M t T h la t pylon in this south rn avenu was built by H ar m
a e e re s e e u . e s e e e

hab (P lat and in its ruins again hows th t nden y of E gyptian building m thods going
e S e e c e ,

ba k to th first ambitiou ston wo k at S aqqara to arv an imp ssi v kin of t masonry and
c e s e r , c e re e s cu

th n fill it with loo

e d a l s ton wo k I spit of th ir lon gi ng for ind s tru tibility th P h r
s e an c re e s S e r . n e e e c , e a

oni build n v r em to hav ben fit d f om th xp i n s of th pa t and ealiz d that a fi

e e rs e e se e e e r e e er e ce e s r e ne

v n r of a hlar was not solid and p rmanent as it look d

e ee s as e e .

ABYDOS Th most x p tional and in many ways th most interesting

OF
.

T E MPL E S E T I I, . e e ce , e

t mpl of th N w Kingdom is th H ous of M ma (S ti I ) whi h that n rg ti rul r built

e e e e e
“
e en- —r e e c e e e c e

at Abydos and his ubiquitous son Rams s II finish d T h t mpl whi h S ti I a lls an augu t
,
“
, e , e . e e e, c e c
“
s

pala of t nity and whi h i al o th M m i m of S trabo is x ptional for two r a ons U

ce e er ,
”
c s s e e no n u
, e ce e s . n

lik oth t mpl it was laid out i a urious L shap d plan and w d di at d to ev n divinities
e er e e s, n c -
e , as e c e s e

S ti I P tah H
e k ht Amon O i i I sis and H o u ( P lat
, , ara e, ,
s r s, r s e

I t two larg for ou t ea h nt

s d through a pylon badly ruin d but th raised portico of
e ec r s, c e e re , are e , e

twelv squa pilla s l ading from th s ond ou t into th t mpl mak s an imp siv fac ade
e re r , e e ec c r e e e, e re s e .

Originally s v en doors l d from this out r v stibul into th first olumnar hall but Rams s I I los d
e e e e e e c , e c e

all pt t h nt al op ning T h fi st hall wid and shallow has two row of tw lv papyrus bud
e xce e ce r e . e r , e , s e e -

column a rang d in pai s so to mak s v n aisl s l ading to th s v n doors of th s ond hall

s, r e r as e e e e e e e e e ec .

Th ond hall has th row of tw lv upports th fir t two ows b ing papyrus bud olumns ;
e se c re e s e e s , e s r e -
c

th n th floor ises by m ans of ramps and th last w

e e t tru k olumns with ylind i l
r e , e ro are
“
re e -
n c
”
c r ca

A S G C lfi ld Th T mpl f h Ki
14 . t
.
J C p Ab d l T mpl d S i I ( ) M C lv l
. au e , e e e o t e n gs . a ar t, y o s, e e e e et 1912 . a e r e y,
T he T e m ple o f King S e t ho s I at A bydo s

PLA TE LI

1 . Fes i tv a l
H all o f T hu mo se I I I, em p l e o f Am o n Re , Karn ak t t -
.

2 . Pyl o n I X o f H are m hab , te m p l e o f Am o n Re , Karn ak - .

3 . P t ti
l an o f em p l e o f S e I, A bydo s (C au lfie ld, T he Te m ple o f the Kin gs,
4 . i t
L o o k n g w es al o n g a s l e in f ro n o f san c uar es , T em p l e o f S e i
I , A bydo s t t i ti .
PL AT E L II : T E MP L E S
PL AT E L III : T E MPL ES AT A BU B
S IM EL

9 0 °
 D YN A ST I C TE MPLE S I I , 1 71

by Ramses IV and XI d H ik Ram es I I I built it to th Moon g d the son of Amon and M t

, an er o r, s e -
o , u ,

and it was nev r nlarg d or hang d T h r fo it has only th standa d and ssential lements of an
e e e c e . e e re e r e e

E gyptian t mple Th stone gateway in f ont of it whi h was originally the entrance th ough the
e . e r , c r

precin t walls was built in the Ptol mai p riod ( P lat

c , e c e e L II

K C U T T E MP L E S ROC -

T E MPL E OF HA RAKHTE ABU S I MB EL Rams s I I r ognized no limits to his prid and ambi , . e ec e

tions O hund d and sixty six miles south of A w i in th land of Nubia this prodigious build r
. ne re -
s
'
zn e
, e

h d two t mpl
a arv d out of the solid ro k on th w t bank of the Nile T h site known as Abu
e es c e c e es . e ,

S imbel was sa red long b fo e Rams s II to H athor of A b k but in the thirty fif th y ar of his “ ”
, c e r e se ,
-
e

re ign 57 th Pharaoh had th gr at templ mad o t nsibly i honor of H k ht of H li p

, 12 B C. .
, e e e e e, s e n ara e e o

olis but a tually to th glo y of Rams s hims lf B tw n th iv and th fa f th cli ff s i th fore

, c e r e e . e ee e r er e ce o e s e

c ou t bound d on th no th and south by brick wall B fo e th fa c d i a ro k t t a e

r , e e r s . e r e a e s c -
cu e rr c ,

app oa h d by a flight of st p with an in lined plane in th middl d n lo d by a balu t ade b

r c e e s c e e , an e c se s r e

hind whi h stand row of hawks and statues of the king in va ious fo ms (P lat
c a , r r e L in

T h fa c ade arv d into th fa of the liff pr sents th front of a pylon p d d by four

e ,
c e e ce c , re e e re c e e

c olo sal figures of th s at d Ram (P late

s ) T his bold pi of aggrandiz m nt is one hun
e e e se s L I II — I . e ce e e

d d and nin t n f t wid and one hundred f t high whil th olossi sixty fi f t in height
re e ee ee e, ee , e e c are -
ve ee ,

th of a h s at d P haraoh measu ing thr e and

e e ar e c half f t Ab v th o ni at the top of th
e e r e o n e- ee . o e e c r ce e

fa c ad is a w of dog h ad d ap s who as Wat h rs of th Dawn w a r d to th wo hip of

e ro -
e e e , ,
“
c e e ,
”
e re s c e e rs

the i ing sun As if th olossi and the small r figu s of his family around th ir l gs w r not nough
r s . e c e re e e e e e

id n tification the royal gotist wo k d his own nam onto th fa cad by a n at pi tographic c nceit
e , e r e e e e e c o .

I the r ess on the fa c ad is th figure of R H

n ec k ht hawk h ad d t whom the t mple was e e e- ara e, -
e e o n e, o e

dedi at d but at one side is arv d th jackal h ad d User and on th oth r sid th figu e of Maet
c e ,
c e e — e e , e e e e r ,

so that th whole reads Us r Ma t whi h was th p enom n of Ram s

e e -
e -
re , c e r e se .

T h actual templ is cut ba k into th living ro k for one hund d and ighty f t Th fi st hall
e e c e c re e ee . e r ,

whi h ally repr s nts the t aditional fo ourt of a typi al mortuary t mple is fif ty four f t wid
c re e e r re c c e ,
-
ee e

and fifty ight f t d ep and has two rows of O i id figures of the king a h thirty f t high the w
—
e ee e , s r , e c ee , ro

on the south side w aring th Doubl C own and the row on the north w aring th White C rown
e e e r , e e

of Upp r E gypt On th walls of this hamber

e arv d th usual Ram sid s n s with the
. e c are c e e es ce e , c us

t m y mpha is upon t h fi titious

o ar e i to y at Kad h At th w st d th doo s th side on s
s e c v c r es . e e en are re e r , e e

leading into lat al hamb s and th nt al one opening into th main hall whi h h four square
er c er ,
e ce r e , c as

PLATE L 111

1 . Facade of Grea T em p t le o f Ram ses II .

2 . Pl f grea ro c k cu t
an o t -
t e m p l e o f Ram ses II ( Bae de k e r) .

3 . Facade o f sm al l em p l e t o f Ram ses I I .

1 72 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

pilla s B yond th hall is an ante hamb r preceding th k in which th four gods Ramses P tah
r . e e c e e se os e , , ,

Amon and H k ht ,
s at d in hi ati dignity ara e are e e er c .

T E MP L E OF H AT H OR ABU S IMBE L N a by is anoth r ro k cut t mpl (P lat again ,

. e r e c — e e e L II

ex ut d f Ram s I I and d di at d to th lo al divinity H athor of Ab k It was a hou h wn

ec e or se ,
e c e e c , se .
“
se e

in th pu mountain of Nubia of fi whit and ndu ing sand ton as l w k

” 17
e re t Al , ne, e e r s e, an e e rn a or .

though th facad i only thi ty nin f t high it i an int r sting and st iking monum nt for
e e s r -
e ee ,
s e e r e ,

a v d in d p ni h s
c r e th standing olo i two of th g at Rams s and
ee c of hi hi f wi f
e are re e c ss , e re e o ne s c e e,

N f t i who is al o p
e e r ar nt d in d ifi d form (Plat
,
Ro k t tomb and hap l go ba k
s re re s e e e e e 1 11 1 c cu
-
s c e s c

to h Old Kingdom but it w Rams s I I appa ntly who had th id a f a v ing a g at t mpl in
t e ,
as e ,
re , e e o c r re e e

th liff Mod n visito s of spe ulati v imagination ha v b n int igu d with th probl m of how the
e c . er r c e e ee r e e e

ston utt dug out th s av ns and d o at d th m in th un anita y v ntilation and inad quat
e -c e rs e e c er ec r e e e s r e e e

illumination of oil lamp and smoking to h s I t h v n b n ugg t d that th E gyptians must s rc e . as e e ee s es e e

ha v had l t i ity in o d r to a ount f th ir ubt an an ar ving but w may saf ly a sume that
e e ec r c r e cc or e s e rr e c , e e s

E gyptian stone cutt rs ould wo k long d kilfully und r what w would con id r impossibl con
-
e c r an s e e s e e

ditio n s .

T E MP L ES OF S E BUA AND GARF H US E IN T w oth r ro k t t mples were exe ut d in honor . o e c -

cu e c e

of Rams II on th banks of th Nil b tw n th Fi t and S cond C ata a ts T h t mpl of S bua

es e e e e ee e rs e r c . e e e e ,

c all d th H ous of Amon by th E gyptians w d di at d to A mon and R H k ht by Ram

e e
“
e
”
e ,
as e c e e- ara e se s

I I T h walls of th fo
. ou ts and pylon w r built of b i k and ton but th gr at ha ll and inn r
e e re c r s e e r c s e, e e e

san tua i w r cut into th liff T h plan is mu h th sam as that of th t mpl of G arf H us in
c r es e e e c . e c e e e e e e

( P lat H ous of P tah whi h w x ut d in honor of P tah of M mp his Ramses I I

“
th e L II e e , c as e ec e e , ,

P tah T n n and H athor with th ow s h ad ’

-
e e , e c e .

OS ART E MIDOS Among th pos ibl xampl s from whi h Ramses II may have gotten his
S PE . e s e e e c

id a of ro k t t mpl i th h in of P asht at B ni H asan P asht was a variant of th t godd ss

e c —c u e es s e s r e e -
. e ca -
e

U b t t and w who t av s s th v all ys in th midst of th ast land who ways storm “

as e , as o n e r er e e e e e e , se are

b at n H an tua y at B ni H a an was probably an old qua ry whi h Q u n H atsh p ut and

e e .
”
er s c r e -
s r c ee e s

T hutmos III adapt d by a v ing into a peos I t onsi ts of a po ti o with two row of pilla s four
e e c r s . c s r c s r ,

in a h w and a hamb r b hind it T h G re ks who considered it a grotto of Art mis gav it its
e c ro , c e e . e e , e , e

nam of th S peos A t m id
e e r e os .

T H E H E RE T I C A L T E M P L E S O F A T E N

When E gypt s outstanding r ligious think r and h r ti al P haraoh Amenhotep IV d fi d the

’
o ne e e e e c , , e e

pow r of th p i t of Amon R d di at d hims lf and his E mpir to th s vi of At n th

e e r es s and -
e, e c e e e e er ce e , e o ne

only god hang d hi nam to Akh nat n H in whom A t n is satisfi d and abandoning T h b s
, c e s e e e , e e e ,
”
, e e ,

1 7 Bre
aste d , o p . c it . , III, N o .
500 .
PL AT E L IV : T E MPL ES OF T EL L EL A MARNA

0 2° 80 40 so "
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W

0 0 E D U fi fl fl fl U Q D D D Q U U Q Q n D D U U Q U D
 D YN A S T I C TE MPLE S, I I 1 75

pre tatio n of the a hite tu T h t mpl s all new in typ but la king in any ma k d o iginality
rc c re . e e e are e, c r e r .

T h y w re all built of b i k or rubbl and whitewashed T h larg t and most impo tant of Ama na
e e r c e, . e es r r

t mpl s w th G at T mpl of A t n with it s i s of ou ts and san tua i along

e e as e re ontinuous e e e s er e c r c r es o ne c

axi It diff d from th usual E gyptian abode of th gods in th f a t that it had no o v d an tua y
s . e re e e e c c e re s c r

in whi h th imag of the divi i ty was worshiped I nst ad of da k and myst rious halls inn r ham
c e e n . e r e , e c

b s and dim s s it onsist d of a ri s of ourts op n to th light of th sun in whi h w

er ,
re ce s e ,
c e se e c , e e e , c e re

off ring tabl s d g at alta s Whil th form of th t mpl is uniqu th id a w nt ba k to th

e e an re r . e e e e e e, e e e c e

e a li t templ f th S
r es wh th vi s took pla in f ont of th h h of R Whil th )
e o e un
19
e re e se r ce ce r e e n- en e . e e .

ex avato b li v they hav di ov d th a tual f o m of th t u tu

c rs e e e th mains so f ag e sc e re e c r e s r c re ,
20
e re are r a

m nta y and th ir sto ation p obl mati th re is still doubt as to wh th r w hould fully a pt
e r e re r so r e c, e e e e s c ce

th x av ato
e e to ations follow h plan of M Davi s whi h h wo k d out f om th E gyp
c rs
’
re s r , or t e r . e
21
c e r e r e

tian r p ntation of th t mpl in th tomb at T ll l A ma na T h t mpl ompl x i r p nt d

e re s e s e e e e s e e -
r . e e e c e s e re s e e

with g at d tail and ompl t n s in th tombs of M rya and P h y and th pi tu whil

re e c e e es e e
22
an e es , e c re s , e

varying som what in th d tails and p opo tions e so on i t nt as to mak it tain that th af ts e e r r are c s s e e ce r e cr

wo ked f omth ir m mo i of th actual building I th chapt r on E gyptian m thods of

,

m en r r e e r es e s . n e e e

drawing i a h mati plan of th t mpl (P late

s 4 ) ba d upon th
sc e vid n of th s tomb
c e e e L XXV— se e e e ce e e

pi tu s c re .

T h G at T mpl onsist d of a long walled pr in t divid d by a ro wall into two

e re e e c e ec c e c ss - se c

tion and u round d by an op n o ridor or ambulatory A cording to th in iptions th t mpl

s, s r e e c r . c e scr e e e

in lud d fou sential part th T mpl of At n prop the H ouse of R joi ing and th S
c e r es s, e e e e e r, e c , e
“
un

S had of T yi whi h were all p umably in th fi st tion of th p in t and finally the

”
e , c re s e r se c e re c c , , ,

S anctua y of the B B whi h was in the mall r p in t at th ast n d T h main t mple

r en- en, c s e re c c e e er en . e e

was p d d by an open ou t nt r d th ough a gat way At ither sid of th gat way a o d

re c e e c r e e e r e . e e e e , cc r

ing to the Ama na r p ntations was a villa b longing to fli i l of th t mpl and at th

r e re s e , , e o c as e e e, e ex

tr m lef t of this gat way was th laughter hou Th x avations sho w a pavilion (P lat
e e e
) e s se . e e c e L I V— 1

imm diat ly to th l ft of th nt an and th n th po ti o d fa c ad of P H i At

e e e e Th e e r ce , e e r c e e er -
a -
e n,
“
e

H ous of R joi ing w hi h in it tu n is followed by G m A t

e e c I t is di ff ult to b li ve that t h
,
c s r e -
en . ic e e e

cr aftsm n d pi ting the At n t mpl in th tombs ould hav b n w ong wh n th y r p sent d

e e c e e e e c e ee r e e e re e

this unique porti o i f ont of th pylon as ight olumns wid and two ows d p (P lat X
c n r e e c e r ee e L II

P 8 19 age 5
1 D S P dl b v i
.

2° . E . T ll El Am.
h J l f E pi
en A h e l XIX
ury, pp 3 6 xc a at o n s at e - arn a , o urn a o gy t an rc ae o o gy , . 11 -
11 ;
XX pp 1 2 9 - 1 33

N d G D vi
. .

21 Th R k T m b
.
f E l Am
e II . a e s, e oc o s o arn a, , p . 20 se q.
22
v
Da ie s, T he Ro c k T o m bs o f E l A m arn a, I .

23 v
Da ie s, o p cit , II . . .

PL ATE LI V

1 . Pl an o f the P e r Hai A - - t en an d G em A -
t en (after La ve r s, [o urn al o f E gyptian A rc hae o lo gy, x xx, 1 3 ,
9 3 P1 x m )
t ti t w in g t t
. .

2 . Res o ra o n o f a par o f Akhe tate n s ho tem p e l o f Hat A -

en (afte r L o n do n I llus trate d Ne ws , S ep 1 5, .
PL ATE A MA RNA
L V : T E MPL E S OF T E L L EL—
1 78 GYP T I A N AR CH I TE CT URE E

t tu e to b
ec r e abs lut ly onsi t nt it is unfortunat to find inconsist n i s b twe n mod rn plans and
o e c s e , e e c e e e e

l v ations
e e .

B sid s the G at T mpl of At n th r was at A k h t t a mall r t mpl all d H t Aten

e e re e e e e e e a en s e e e, c e a -
,

or th C a tl of At n ituat d east of th g eat pala e and n xt to th King s H ous (P lat

e
“
s e e ,
”
s e e r c e e
’
e e L IV

T his stronghold and dw lling of t h god onsist d of a s ri s of thr ourts ent r d by pylon an
e e c e e e ee c , e e s,

altar in th out r court a p i st s hous in th s cond ourt and the san tuary in th last ourt
e e , r e
’
e e e c , c e c .

T h sanctuary with its wall of rubbl fa d with masonry was surrounded by an ambulato y of
e ,
s e ce , r

t s ; a ramp l d into its out r ourt within whi h was an altar ; from this court an nte room gave
'

re e e e c c a -

a ss to th inner hamb r whi h had a na row co ridor a ound it

cce e c e c r r r
27
.

T h s templ s built for th d votion of At n may b striking va iation from the standard typ
e e e e e e e r s e

of t mpl and h n sugge t a mor attra tiv fo m of worship but th y must hav been m i i
e e, e ce s e c e r , e e re n s

cent of a li r f o ms of whi h w hav little or no r maining v id n C rtainly th y show th

e r e r c e e e e e ce . e e e

primitive t nd n y to f l onvi tion and t uth in ndl s r p tition as if by saying or doing a thing
e e c ee c c r e es e e ,

thr tim s or b tt r a hund d tim it must b p ov d tru I spit of his religious r volt
ee e , e e re e s, e r e e . n e e ,

Akh nat n still had impli it faith in E gyptian habits of formalized repetition
e e c .

A27 h ll d Thi d C
t t e i h T mp l
so —
ca f S b i b i l i id h f
e f G m A
r whi h i h l y A
at arac t s t e e e o e es , u t ns e t e o rt o e -
te n, c s t e on ten

templ f Am h
e o IV viv en o te p to s ur e.
8 . L A TE DYNAS TI C TE MPL E S

L e t m y n ame abide in yo ur ho us e le t m y Ka be re m e m bere d afte r ,

my life le t my s tat u e abide an d m y n ame e n dure u po n it im pe ris hably

,

in yo ur t e m ple XXVI DYNA S TY . .

AL WAYS DE P ENDE NT upon p a e and prospe ity Aft r the d ath of

RC H IT E C TUR E IS e c r . e e

Ram III E gypt njoy d v y littl of ith r one F

se s th dynasti b ginning with th
e e er e e e . or re e e s, e e

XXIII th country am larg ly und r the rul of the E thiopian kings of N ubia who fought bravely
, e c e e e e ,

but i fi ti ly to pr v nt its becoming t ibutary to th Assy ians By th XXVI Dyna ty th A y i

ne ec ve e e r e r . e s e ss r

ans w e xp ll d P m t k (P m m ti h ) of S a is u u p d th power and a r ult of th g ow

er e e e , sa e sa e c os
'

s r e e , , as es e r

ing t rad r lations with the G k world E gypt had a b i f

e e ud c n of pro p ity and t re e ,
r e re c r es e ce s er ar

from 663 5 5 E v n u d r th
-
2 n rg ti D lta king th was no ignifi ant a hit tu al
B C . . e n e e e e e c e s e re s c rc ec r re

i l Th S aiti p iod was t minat d by t h P rsians und r C ambys s who dominat d th val
'

v va . e c er er e e e ,
e e , e e

l y until 33
e wh n Al xand r th G at in orp at d E gypt into his w H ll nisti E mpi
2 B C . .
, e e e e re c or e ne e e c re .

At hi d ath Al xand r l ft E gypt to be ul d by his g n ral P tolemy S t whos d s ndants

s e e e e r e e e , o e r, e e ce

continued to rule down to P tol my XVI th son of C l opatra and Julius C sar when in 3 e , e e a
e , 0

Augu tus ann x d E gypt as a Roman p ovin

s e e r ce .

During th G Roman P e iod th re was a r v ival of monum ntal building as a r ult of th i

e razc o - r e e e es e n

cr as d v nu whi h am from trad and a y t mati xp loitation of th ount y I pit of th

e e re e e c c e e s s e c e e c r . n s e e

fo ign domination th Nil ontinu d to a similat th invad s and th a hit tu although di

re e e c e s e e er , e rc ec re , s

ti ti
nc still adh r d t th nati v t aditions T h most evid nt ha a t isti of lat dynasti t mpl s
ve , e e o e e r . e e c r c er cs e c e e

in the P tol maic and Roman pe iods th mo flo id ri hne of th d o ation th abandonm nt

e r are e re r c ss e ec r , e e

of th l to y m thod of lighting th H ypostyl H all and th

e c e re s r e of a olumnar tib l wi th a e e , e u se c ve s u e,

scre e n w ll as a p onao b tw n th f or ou t and th H all of App a an s

a , r s e ee e ec r e e r ce .

Although th no existing ton p ototyp s f th s n wall b tw n the columns of an

e re are s e r e or e c re e e ee

entran e porti o the id a its lf w nt ba k to thos p imitiv ba i rs of matting b tw n r d p

c c , e e e c e r e rr e e ee ee u

rights su h as w seen opi d upon the fac ad of Zo s mo tua y pala e at S aqqa a wh r th

, c e re c e e se r
’
r r c r , e e e

s n has a sting of kh kh (P lat XV

c re e c re I th XVIII Dynasty th pala of Akh nat n had
e e rs e III n e e ce e e

a light ntran pavilion a kiosk of app a an s a royal v s tibul whi h i fr qu ntly r p e nt d

, e ce , e r ce or e e, c s e e e r se e

in the painting of T ell l Amarna (P lat s T hi royal po ti o had n walls apped wi th a

e - e L VI s r c s cre e c

c ro ni of obra heads and was th for the same typ of v stibul as that whi h th P tol mai
ce c , e re e e e e c e e c

build s viv d and opi d in ston

er re e c e e .

Wh n th lat build s abandon d th l esto y method of lighting they r v rt d to th a ly

e e e er e e c er r e e e e e r

custom of illuminating th ir int riors by means of small hyp th l op nings t th ough the ston s e e a
z ra e cu r e

I 79
PL AT E L VI : G RZE CO ROM N T E MP L E S
-
A

”
w 20 s o

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PL ATE L VI I : TEMP L E o F HORUS , FU
ED
 A TE DYN A ST I C TE MP L E S 183 L

ev r artisti ally on eal its instin tive t ndenci es in a evi v al and the most expressive manif sta
e , c an c c c c e r , e

tion of lat dynasti ta t i th d o ativ hara ter of th t mples I pla e of th standard papy us
e c s e s
-

e ec r e c c e e . n c e r

capital so univ sally u d du ing th N w Kingdom th P tol mai ton masons arv d a va i ty of
s, er se r e e , e e c s e- c e r e

compli at d l b d m p if m pit l (P lat

c e , 3 4 o whi h hav a s mi naturalisti and pi t
e ca an or ca a s e L VI — , , c e e -
c c ur

esqu app a an T h fan iful r ations w r not a r vival of old r fo ms unl ss th y w adapt d
e e r ce .
3
e se c c e e e e e r , e e e re e

to ar hit tu f om pi to ial so r s Oft n the quat foil apital hav globular p ndant whi h
c ec re r c r u ce . e re c s e e s c are

s n on arli r wall painting At the sam tim th ulpto s v i v d th p lm pit l with its p ad
ee e e s. e e e sc r re e e a ca a s re

ing fronds (P late and mad monum ntal use wh n v po ibl of th human h ad d
L v111 e e , e e er ss e, e — e e

H th pit l (P lat
a or ca a e L IX

It h b n sugg t d that th r vi val of th palm apit l and th d v lopment of ompli at d

as ee es e e e e c a e e e c c e

papy us fo ms w a fl tion f th natu ali ti ta t of H ll ni ti ultu oming into E gypt with

r r e re re ec o e r s c s e e e s c c re , c

G r k influ n e It is also laim d that th mall r and h n b tt

ee e c s . al of th t mpl show an c e e s e , e ce e e r, s c e e e es s

imp ov d s n of p opo tion d to C la si al inspi ation E v n though th G k and Roman domi

r e e se r r ue s c r . e e re e

nation l ft an imp int on th N il ivilization it i diffi ult to b li v that th assumption

e r tu e e c ,
s c e e e e se s are r e .

G k int r st in E gypt w in th b ginning pu ly omm ial and lo aliz d to a f w D lta iti s

re e e e as e e re c e rc , c e e e c e .

L at r wh n th Ge k w th mo t pow ful fo ign l m nt th ir influ n on a hit tu w

,
e e re e s e re e s er re e e e , e e ce rc ec re as

la g ly limit d to su h i ti as A l xand ia P tol mai and N au atis wh H ll ni ta t s t th

r e e c c es e r , e s, cr , e re e e c s e se e

mod T h P tol mai rul w at fi t ha dly p s n tativ of G k fin m nt and in th d

e . e e c e rs e re rs r re re e e re e re e e , e en

th y b am mo E gyptian than G k Mor o v r th y w tudiou ly d i ous of p opitiating nati v

e ec e re re e . e e ,
e e re s s es r r e

tradition and we d p nd nt up n E gyptian c aft m n I fa t wh n w do in the pi tog aphi

,
re e e e o r s e . n c , e e se e c r c

r li fs an ffort to ombin C la i mod ling and naturali ti anatomy wi th E gyptian onv ntion th
e e e c e ss c e s c c e s, e

r sult is u ually unfortunat If th E gyptians ould do no b tt r tha they did with th propo tions
e s e . e c e e n e r

of G r k figu it is di ffi ult to b li v that C lassi r fin m nt had mu h influ n e on th i hit

ee re s , c e e e c e e e c e c e r arc ec

tu al p oportions T h al di tin tion of P tol mai building i th i mall r iz th ir ob viously i

r r . e re s c e c s s e r s e s e, e n

t nd d d o ativ ff t and th fa t that th y

e e ec r not only bett p s rv d but that ea h of th m
e e ec ,
e c e are er re e e , c e

was built over a lativ ly ho t t m of y ars re e s r er e .

On the oth r hand it is tru that in all lat phas of a tisti xpr ssion at a tim wh n forms tend
e , e e es r c e e , e e

to los th ir id ographi ignifi an and raft m n b gin to njoy obj tiv natur as a mor ompli
e e e c s c ce c s e e e ec e e e c

t d manif station of t hni al d xt ity

ca e t b
e om mo on iou ly d o ative and natu ali ti ec c e er , ar ec es re c sc s ec r r s c .

E gyptian a hit tu by P tol mai tim s is on ist ntly pi tu squ T h apital in a olonnad
rc ec re e c e c s e c re e . e c s c e are

no long r unifo m ; wall u fa e mo ornat ly a v d with pi to ial li fs t d ply and f

r s r ce s are re e c r e c r re e , cu ee , re

qu ntly c ud ly in o d to p odu a mo striking ff t ; and at th sam tim th i a tudi d

e r e ,
r er r ce re e ec e e e e re s s e

A d il d di
3 i f h diff f P l m i
e ta e i l i iv b G Ié i M l d A hé l i E p
s c uss o n o t e e re n t typ e s o to e ac c ap ta s s g en y .
qu e r, an ue
’
rc o og e gy
tie n n e , I .

PL ATE L VII

1 . Fo re co ur t an d py lo n l o o k in g
, so u th .

2 . Lo o k in g no r th f ro m to p o f py lo n .
PL AT E L I X : T E MP L E OF H AT H OR
,
DE NDERA
 A TE D YN A S T I C TE MP LE S 1 37 L

B n ath th t mpl eelabo at ypts T h oof is d ain d by lion h ad d wat spouts whi h
e e e e are r e cr . e r r e -
e e er , c

p oj t out o v r th nar ow passag way pa ating th t mpl p op f om its out wall (P lat
r ec e e r e se r e e e r er r er e

V
L I II Both sid of this op n o ido a ound th t mpl arv d f om bas to orni with
es e c rr r r e e e are c e r e c ce

elabo at pi tographic r li fs T th w t of th main pylon is a small p ipt al Bi th H ou

r e c e e . o e es e , er er r se ,

or M m m i i with laborat apitals and th figure of B th gnome like god arv d upon the
a s , e e c e e s, e -
, c e

aba us blo ks (P late

c
3; X c L VI I I — L II I

T E MP L E OF H A T H OR B ENDE RA North of T h b at D d is the t mpl of H athor “ a , . e es en e ra, e e ,

godd s lo ly asso iat d with Ho u of E dfu D d got its nam from th p imitiv pillar cult
es c se c e r s . en e ra e e r e -

of th locality f it m an S h of th G odd ss pillar A lthough H atho had many f o ms and t

e , or e s
“
e e e -
.
”
r r a

tribut s i diff nt pa ts of E gypt h at D d h w a di vinity of lo ve and joy and h n

e n e re r , e re en e ra s e as
, e ce

id ntifi d with th G k Aph odit H t mpl w built b tw n 6

e e and 34
e though som
re e r e . er e e as e ee 11 A D,. .
e

of th li f w fini h d lat as 7 I t w r t d upon th sit of an old difi whi h

e re e s e re s e as e 11 AD . as e e c e e e er e ce c

may ha v dat d ba k to th Old Kingdom I th XI Dyna ty und r th int t d supe vi ion of

e e c e . n e s , e e e re s e r s

Qu N f
een K yt onso t of M t h p II th old t mpl was th r po ito y for a la g and
e ru a , c r en u o te ,
e e e e e s r r e

famous library .

T h P tol mai t mpl is ori nt d no th and outh (P lat

e e I t has cnt an pylon but
e e e e r s e L 1x no e r ce ,

o iginally th fo ou t was fo m d by a plain n lo ing wall whi h xt nd d southwa d a ound th

r e re c r r e , e c s c e e e r r e

inn r t mpl l av ing as at E dfu a na ow o rido b tw n th out r and inn wall of th t mpl
e e e, e , , rr c r r e ee e e er s e e e .

T hi fo ou t w nt d on both th ast and w st sid s T h v stibul with its

s re c r as e n wall whi h e re e e e e . e e e s c re e c
,

now fo ms th fa c ad of th t mpl i imp siv d di tin tiv for it has tw nty four i t m
r e e e e e, s re s e an s c e, e -
s s ru

columns app d with H athor h ads (P lat

, c Th n wall h th u ual u us cr ting and
e e e L IX e s c re e as e s ra
e es

brok n lint l doo way On th orni is th lat insc iption of the tim of T ib ius which r ads
e -
e r . e c ce e e r e er e ,

th inhabitants of th
. e apital and nome d di at d th pronaos to th g at godd s Aphrodit e c e c e e e re e s e

and h f llow god T h int rior of this p onao is i hly a v d f om floor to i ling with paint d
er e s .
”
e e
“
r s
”
r c c r e r ce e

r li fs and has a biza ff t with its tw lv gr at columns own d by th batt d f atu s of th

e e ,
rre e ec e e e cr e e e re e re e

co w godd ss (P lat
-
x e e 1 .

H all of App a an s is small having only two rows of two olumns wi th foliat apitals
“
Th e e r ce , c e c

and an ba u blo k d o at d with th h ad of H athor It i illumin d by ight ap tu s in th oof

a c s c ec r e e e . s e e er re e r

(P lat and it walls

e 1.x o v d with lief s som of whi h d pi t th f oundation of th t m
s are c e re re , e c e c e e e

ple Th th e hamb rs on ith id of this hall w f th treasure and stor s of the temples
. e r e c e e er s e e re or e e .

Em il C h i L T m pl d B d e ( 4 ass n at, e e e e en era 1 93

PL ATE L IX

1 . Ex t i
f ro mer o r
es s de w t i .

2. Plan o f tern p le

A B r h H o use o f A ugusit - t u s, it
B B r h Ho u s e - o f Ne k tan e bo s, C sac re d lak e , D t mp l
e e of Is is (afte r Bae dek er) .

3 . Facade .
L X: TE MP L E O F A
H T H O R,
DE NDE RA
PL AT E B
L XI : TE MPL E , KOM OM O
 A TE DYN A ST I C TE MPLE S 19 L 1

o i nt d to th ri v r (P late 3) with its fac ad fa ing the southw st I t imp iv i olation whi h
r e e e e L X I— e c e . s re ss e s , c

s trik s th visitor oming up th Nil is d to th disappea a of th high wall whi h fo m ly m

e e c e e, ue e r n ce e c r er e

c los d th fo ou t and to th o ion of th riv r whi h has t away all th o iginal n lo u

e e re c r ,
e er s e e c cu e r e c s re e x

c pt th fo ou t l aving th t mpl on a t a at th v y dg of th i v I addition to th b i k

e e re c r ,
e e e e e rr c e e er e e e r er . n e r c

wall su ounding th whol p in t th was also an inn wall of b i k in t ad of ton around

rr e e re c c , e re er r c , s e s e,

th fo e ou t and t mpl which w nt d th ough a ston gat way with two doo T h olumn
re c r e e as e e re r e e rs . e c s

a ound th ou t
r la g ly d st oy d Th li f of th t mpl w mo tly x ut d und P hilo
e c r are r e e r e . e re e s e e e e re s e ec e er

m t Eu g t
e o r, I I and N o Diony o although om of th
er e es arving in h ou t and on th out r
,
e s s s, s e e c t e c r e e

wall was add d und r th Roman mp o

s e e e e e r rs .

B ing a doubl t mpl on t u t d f two pa at itual it i bis t d by a ntral ax and has

e e e e c s r c e or se r e r s, s ec e ce is

on ith sid a ompl t qu n of doo hall and an tua i T h v tibul h th ustoma y

e er e c e e se e ce rs , s, s c r es . e es e as e c r

s r n wall app d with th

c ee orni b tw n th olumn with th ir i hly d o at d papy us
, c e e u rz u s-c ce , e ee e c s e r c ec r e r

and palm capital (P lat x T h hypo tyl hall whi h is nt s d by two doo ontain t e 1 . 1 e s e , c e e re rs , c s en

c olumns W ith sp ading apitals its iling b ing low r than that of h v stibul (P lat
re B c , ce e e t e e e e L XI e

hind th hypo tyl hall e th ant hamb a h f whi h li s at a lightly high l v l and an
s e are re e ec e rs , e c o c e s er e e ,

ambulato y xt nding a ound th doubl san tuari s B tw n t h san tua i is a na row hamb r on
r e e r e e c e . e ee e c r es r c e

t h a is of th t mpl
e x H a mo v abl ston gav a s to a hidd n pa sag b n ath th dividing
e e e . e re e e e c ce s e s e e e e

wall whi h op n d on a s i s of hidd n o ido and ypt

,
c e e abov th oth thus allowing er e e c rr rs cr s, o ne e e e r,

th p i st of t h t mpl
e r e to wo k th ir on v in ing magic At th ba k
s e e v n hamb s nt r de r e c c . e c are se e c er e e e

from the open o idor whi h uns a ound th inn r t mpl On th f ont t a is a in d Bi th
c rr c r r e e e e . e r e rr ce ru e r

H ou built or se to d by E u g t s II T th outh of th t mpl i a mall hapel of H athor

re s re er e e . o e s e e e s s c ,

probably built und r th E mp o Domi tian All th ulptu of th t mpl whil int r sting and
e e er r . e sc re s e e e, e e e

ri hly d o ati v
c soft and lif less in their fo ms d ex ution
ec r e , are e r an ec .

ESN A At E sna not far up th i v r abov T h b s

. th emain of th P tol mai t mple dedi
,
e r e e e e , are e r s e e c e

t d to Khnum th
ca e m h ad d divinity of this lo ality All that r mains i t h s v n aisl d
, e ra -
e e c . e s e e e -
e ve s

tib l whi h
u e o r pond in a ang m nt to th v tibul of th t mpl of H atho at D d (P lat
c c r es s rr e e e es e e e e r en e ra e

L x11 Whil built in th G reek p riod th ins riptions on th ntablatu f r to C laudiu and
e e e e c e e re re e s

V pasian
es .

Abov A wan ther are num rous P tol mai t mpl s in N ubia at D b d an i nt T h t m an
e s e e e c e e : e o , c e a- e , e

ing th Dw lling pla is th sh in of a doubl ult ; at T afa th r mains of a small t mpl ;

“
e e -
ce ,
”
e r e e c are e e e e

at D ndur is th mall san tua y d di at d to two b others who w drown d th ir impo tan
e
8
e s c r e c e r e re e , e r ce

M H i G hi
8
L T mpl d K l b h h
. e nr aut e r, e e e e a a sc a

PL A T E L XI

1. Facade .

2 . V i e w f ro m so u th t e as .

3 . Pl an ( Bae de k e r) .
 G REEC O ROMA N T E MP L E S
PL AT E L XI I :
-

3 4 5
0 1 2

tub -
3
PL A T E L XI I I : IS L AND O F P HI L E

Ii S l S

TEMPE-IE YI M IHIWEIP

fi ” ’ a

H OU S E
 L A TE D YN A S T I C TE MPLE S 1 9;

out ntasi undoubt dly dating f om th Roman pe iod T h s long olumnar porti o s w r v y
e s, e r e r . e e c c e e e er

mu h lik la si al stoas su ounding a public squar and w e p obably us d for much th am

c e c s c rr e, er r e e s e

purp s s Op ning ff f om th ast rn olonnad

o e . e a t mpl of E i h ms f a hap l to th
o r e e e c e are e e r — e -
n u e r, c e e

N ubian god M d li and a w ll pr rv d sh in to th di v in a hit t I mhot p who by thi

an u s, e e se e r e e e rc ec , e ,
s

p iod was id ntifi d with E l pi as th god of m di in

er e e s cu a us e e c e .

T h t mple of I sis b gun by P tol my I I and almost wholly finish d by E u rg t s I has a larg
e e , e e e e e e , e

out pylon in f ont of th fore ourt T h ou t is flank d on th ast sid by a lo g building with
er r e c . e c r e e e e n ,

a olonnad whi h w o upi d by th p i t and on th we t id by the p ipt ral Birth H ou

c e, c as cc e e r e s s, e s s e er e se,

d di at d to H atho I sis and to th m mory of th bi th of h son H o u At th north d of th cou t

e c e r- e e e r er r s . e en e r

a ond pylon forms th fa cade of th a tual t mpl and giv s a ss to a v ry small ou t ov d

se c e e c e e e cc e e c r , c e re

p obably with awning whi h h a littl port i o of tw int olumniation at a h d B yond

r an , c as e c o e rc s e c en . e

th ou t is th ve tibule with ight olumns which was o iginally s pa at d f om it by ston s ns

e c r e s e c r e r e r e cr e e

b tw en the fi t row of columns B tw n th v stibule and the t iple san tua i s are small nte
e e rs . e ee e e r c r e a

c hamb s from which stai s l d p to th roof

er r e u e .

Th many oth r ruins of sh in s and t mples on th island but th only one of hit
e re are e r e e e , e arc ec

tural signifi an e is Pharaoh s B d (P lat c a ston kiosk whi h was never s ulptu ally
c
“ ’
e
”
e L XI I e c c r

finish d It is a r tangular op n pavilion of fou te n olumns with s n walls betw n th l

e . ec , e r e c , c re e ee e co

u m Th ns olum ns ha v intri at ly lob d papy us apitals with impost blo ks whi h w r intend d
. e c e c e e r c c c e e e

to be a v d with H athor h ads I t is nt d by th e doo s two large on s on th ast and w t

c r e e . e e re r e r , e e e es ,

and a small r door on th w st sid I t was int nd d to b o ver d with awnings A ih simila
e e e e . e e e c e . no er r

kio k is pr ved at Q t i n ar P hil whi h is r port d to have had a wood n lining T h

s e se r e r as s ,
e x, c e e e .
11
e

u finish d reliefs of Pha aoh s B d show T rajan making off ring to I sis and Osiris Th lu
n e
“
r
’
e
”
e s . e c e

to the origin of this type of stru tu is furnish d by th tomb paintings at T ll l Amarna wh c re e e e e -

e re

Akh naten and his wif

e f qu ntly p nt d holding audi n s in a oyal kio k of light wood n
e are re e re re s e e e ce r s e

c on t u tion with d o ativ apitals and a s n wall app d by a ob a orni and nt d

s r c ec r e c c re e -
c e c r -c
ce , e e re

through a b ok n lint l doorway (P lat “

P r umably th ston kiosks of P hila and Q t i
r e -
e
”
e L VI es e e e e r as s

w not introdu d by Romaniz d ar hit ts as h b n sugg st d but

e re ce anoth xampl of e c ec ,
”
as ee e e , are er e e

how an old and t aditional form of oyal sh lt r p sumably built of wood and light mat ial
r r e e , re er s,

was imitativ ly r produ d on a larg r s al in ton and put to a sp ific ligious

e e T h audi
ce e c e s e, ec re u se . e

e n pavilion of P hil is th r for a fitting monum nt dating as it do f om h tim of T ajan

ce z e e e e , es r t e e r .

and th d of E gyptian hi to y with whi h to clos a su v y of th ligious monum nts of E gypt

e en s r , c e r e e re e ,

for it hows how th origin ha a t and purpose of Niloti a hite tu had r main d aston
s e , c r c e r, c rc c re e e

i hi gly onsi t nt for so many thousand y ars

s n c s e e .

11 M . A . Murray , E gyptian T e m ple s p . 1 93.

PL ATE L XI II

1 . V ew i .

2 . Pl an o f t mpl
e es ( Bae de k e r) .
PL AT E L XIV: HOUS ES
I 98 GYP T I A N AR CH I TE CT URE E

l ping cooking servants and wom n T his method of making a hom stead is ommon to most
s ee , , ,
e . e c

p imi tive cultures at a c tain stage in their d v lopment surviving down to th pr sent time in dif
r er e e , e e

f t pa ts of Afri a (P late
e re n r ) and pe sisting among thec traditions of E gyptian dom stic ar L XI V— I ,
r e

c hit t ( P late
e c ure 7 v —
,

I t was howe v r t h m thod of providing spe ial spaces by subdivisions whi h had th great r
,
e ,
e e c c e e

e ff t upon t h g owth of a hi t ctu e E v n though little emains of a ly E gyptian hou e t h

ec e r rc e r . e r e r s s, e

e v olution of th tomb as a hous fo m shows how the singl room d dw lling around th op n
e ,
3
e- r ,
e— e e , e e

ing f Dyna ti hi to y had b gun to b subdivid d into rooms At fi t th divi ion su h as a

o s c s r ,
e e e . rs e s s, c

b d oom for th h ad of th family w e made by light latti pa titions th n by hangings and

e r e e e , er ce r , e ,

finally by walls of b i k Th hamb rs w littl more than al ov s along r c or mo sid s of

. e c e e re e c e o ne re e

th ommon oom T his type of hous nla ged by a periph ry of al ov s as a f udal st onghold
e c r . e, e r e c e e r ,

has b n d rib d by S i Flind rs P t i

ee e sc e r e e r e .
‘

On th id a of ubdi v ision was initiat d th chara t r of domestic a hite ture at on b gan

ce e e s s e e c e rc c ce e

to b mo and mo ompl x and va i d E a ly plans of b i k hous s dating f om the b ginning

e re re c e r e . r r c e , r e

of th Old Kingdom ha v be n un ov r d at H i k p li (P late

e ,
T h y on i t of a im
e e c e e e ra o n o s L XI V e c s s s

p l ea rang mr nt of ith r two

e room orea room and a ourt I th i out r spa
e e is a round p itf s, c . n e r e ce

for th to ag of fodd r indicating that th av rag E gyptian family li v d as it do s to d y on

e s r e e ,
e e e e , e — a
,

intimat t rm with its dom stic animals T he plans hav a st iking

e e s mblan to the hie o e . se e r re s e ce r

glyphi ign (P lat c s u ually tran lat d ourtyard but p obably r p s nting a hous and
e L XIV s s e
“
c
”
r e re e e

c ou t L at r th royal tombs at Abydos and th mastabas of Old Kingdom grand es at T a khan and
r . e e e e r

S aqqara (P lat ) illust at m thingeof the prog

v1— 1ssiv elabo a tion of upp lass dwelrlings by
e so e re e r e r-c

m an of al ov s d hamb rs whil th call d forts at Abydos (P lat 4 7) show how the

e s c e an c e ,
e e so - e
“ ”
e v1— ,

d f nsi v e strongholds of the fir t two Dynasti s w e su ffi i ntly complicated in their arrang ment of
e e s e er c e e

rooms and ou ts to have b ome pala s und r mor table onditions

c r ec ce e e s c .

P ORT I C OE D H OUS E W IT H C OURT By the Old Kingdom th essen tial f atur s of an E gyp . e e e

tian hous must hav b n fully tabli h d Of th s featur s next t th ourtyard th mo t im

e e ee es s e . e e e , o e c e s

po tant is th olumnar portico I nst ad of b ing ar hit tural l m nt add d onto the xi ting
r e c . e e an c ec e e e e e s

hou e f o m it fi th v id n b tter to consid r th po ti o as a di t and for a time at l ast

s r ,
ts e e e ce e e e r c re c , e ,

an ind pend nt v olution from th p imitive t nt h lt r whi h by th Old Kingdom had m

e e e e r e -
s e e ,
5
c e co

bi d with th r tangula hou A house mod l or soul hou of the Old Kingdom from Rif h “ ”
se . -
e — se ,
ne e ec r , e

( P lat ) mbl
e s a B dawin
1— 1 t nt it front uppo t d by two posts d iv n into th g ound and
re se e e e ,
s s r e r e e r

op ning lik a po ti o upon a mud wall d ou t Other soul house from Rif h indi at h w this
e ,
e r c ,
-
e c r .
-
s
”
e c e o

g n i typ of op n t nt presumably d v lop d into a r tangula h lt r still op n on th f ont

e er c e e e e e e ec r S e e , e e r

and without hamb rs b hind its porti o T h mod l (P late 8 ) b st illustrating this stag in the
c e e c . e e 111— e e

e v olution has a pool in t h ou t ov r d by an awning suppo ted by four pol s whil around e c r ,
c e e r e , e
 H O U SE S C I T IES A N D P A L A CE S ,
1 99

the edge of it roof is a pa ap t T h a tual volution of th po ti o must however have tak n

s r e . e c e e r c , , e

pla at an early dat for it was a symbol of royal pow r in monum ntal a hit tur and hi o
ce e, e e » rc ec e er

glyphic w iting from at l a t the III Dynasty (P lat

r and by th Middl Kingdom had b e s e III e e e

c om a ommon ha a t i tic f prosp ous middl la s hous s

e c c r c er s o er ,
e -c s e .

If we r ly on th lit ral ha a t r of E gyptian r pr s ntations anoth r mod l (P lat

c an e e e c r c e e e e , e e e

L X 4 ) illustrat s how t h porti o sh lt r ombin d with th

I V— e ingl oom d hou F om th I V e c e e c e e s e -r e se . r e

Dyna ty th o k t tomb
s show that this c mbination of an open h lt r and an n los d hou
e r c -
cu s
6
o S e e e c e se

was an stabli h d tradition with th sult that th po ti o d hous ontinu d to b ommon

e s e , e re e r c e e c e e c

throughout th histo y of th ountry At l ast by th Middl Kingdom thi typ of hous had
e r e c . e e e s e e

v ntilato s (P lat
e 7) p oj ting ab ve th flat oom in ord r to lead
r e L XI V— freshing b zes down r ec o e r e re re e

to th hot int rio s

e e r .

Also by th Middl Kingdom th po ti o d hous h d d v lop d a s ond sto y (P late

e e e r c e e a e e e ec r L XI V

Th v ti al xt n ion b gan in th Old Kingdom or a li

e er c e e with th r tion of light pavilion
s e e , e r e r, e e ec s

of wood upon th ro f O Rif h mod l (P lat 8 ) has a ro f loggia with v ntilato s and
e o .
7
ne e e e L x1v- o e r ,

anoth r (P lat e 9 ) of th sam p iod has th pa ap t divid d into th

e L XI V- pa ts in whi h th e e er e r e e re e r c e re

are four v ntilato whil on th f ont of the hous

e two mall olumnar po he and an t
rs , e e r e are s , c rc s ex e

r ior tai as a nding to th roof

s rc e s ce e .

Th s soul hou s whi h supply so much a u at information ga ding th xt rnal f

“
e e -
se ,
c cc r e re r e e e ea

tur s of Middl Kingdom hou

e libation and off ing plat s pla d upon t h g aves and us d
e se s , are er e ce e r , e

in th serv i e of th dead T h ir lit ral adherence to hou fo m i a survi v al of th p im iti v

e c e . e e se - r s s e r e c us

tom f making off ings b fo a h lt abo v e t h a tual g av whil th ir p val n at Rif h

o er e re s e er e c r e, e e re e ce e

and at oth r it s impli s that th hous f o ms whi h th y r produ e must hav b n fai ly typi al
e S e e e e- r , c e e c , e ee r c

of th middl lass dw llings f th p iod

e e -c e o e er .

D uring th Middle Kingdom th porti oed house was still th traditional dw lling of provin
e e c e e

c ai l hi f tain if w
c e judg by th ir o k — t tomb T h tombs at B ni H asan
s, e c an rtainly p e e r c cu s. e e -
are ce re

li c asof th hou of th ul s and nobl s of th O yx lan (P lat xx x 3

e se s Th e houses mu t
e r er e e r c e 1 —
, es s

hav b n built of light wood n f am r ds and latti wo k ov d with mud pla t r and
e ee e r e s, ee , ce r , c e re s e ,

a ang d with th es ntial hou featu of ourtyard portico olumnar hall and private ham
rr e e se se re s c , , c , c

b e r.Th y w r
8
oof d with b nt ho ps ov d with wov n mattings
e e e r e e o c e re e .

MU L T IPL E ARAL L EL H OUS E UNITS OPE NING ON A C OURT A derivation of th

AND P . e

p imitiv ustom of building parat hous units in id an n lo u is s n in house mod ls w h

r e c se e e s e e c s re ee e e re

th units
re e pa all l and ontiguou at sid of th ou t E a ly v id n e of this typ of hous
are r e c s o ne e e c r . r e e c e e

is suggested by th plans of a I Dyna ty t mple at Abydo (P late 6 ) and by a I I Dyna ty

e s e s x 11— s

tomb at Mahasna (P late I the Middl Kingdom and undoubt dly b for th pa all l ham x n e , e e e, e r e c

b s wer f equ ntly und r

er flat oof (P late
e r although some mod ls f om Rif h (P late
e e o ne r v e r e

P 6
9 3 age s 10 -
11

h i
.

Th 7
m h v b h f w
e re s e e i l M f h E
to l i ida e wi h h kh kh
een o us e s o t o s to r e s as e ar y as e n e s, or t e gyp to o g s ts co n s er t e s gn t t e e er

i
co rn ce(Pl ) p w idh 111- 9 to re re se n t a t o -
s to r e o use

P
. .

8 age s 1 09 - 1 1 3 .
PL ATE US E S
L XV : HO
PL ATE U
L XVI : H O S E S
 H OU SE S C I T IE S A ND P A L A CE S , 20 3

d velop d int se ond sto ies sp ially under urban conditions when a vertical extension be am
e e o c r , e ec c e

n s ary T h N b Amun and N k ht houses depi t dw llings of two or p rhaps thr stori s
e ce s . e e - a e c e , e ee, e ,

whi h diff nt f om the provin ial bungalow type of hous illustrated by the Rif h models T h
c are e re r c - e e . e

po ti o d
r c to y hous with possibly a loggia on the oof was during the N w Kingdom
e , o n e -s r e, r , , e ,

the ustomary villa sid n outside th owd d u ban nt rs A mod l of the paint d hou of
c -
re e ce e cr e r ce e . e e se

Mk t e ( P late
e -
re found in his tomb at Th eb s i of thi type and h a columnar por h
L XV e , s s , as c ,

opening on an n los d gard n with a small po l in th nt r e c e e o e ce e .

I th la ge i ti s
n specially in T h b s wh
e r ong tion at least by th N w Kingdom had
c e , e e e , e re c es , e e ,

impo d a w ondition on dom stic a hit ctur an u ban typ of hou d v lop d ha a t riz d
se ne c e rc e e, r e se e e e , c r c e e

by its v ti al xt nsion A small town hous still with spa enough f a ga d

er c e e ith at th
.
,
e, ce or r e n, e er e

sid e in ba k i p e nt d on a tomb painting at T h b s (P lat XV

or c ,
s I t d pi ts a thr
re r se e -
e e e L I e c ee

sto i d hous v ntilat d by g ill d windows on the s ond and thi d sto i and nt r d by a flight
r e e, e e r e ec r r e s, e e e

of st ps l ading to th f ont door Th flat roof i s su ounded by a latti d parap t of int rwo v n
e e e r . e rr ce e e e

palm ibs T h s light pa apets whi h have b n s en as a chara t ristic r sting of E gyptian
r . e e r , c ee e c e c e

hou s from th I Dynasty are s till us d tod ay in Nubia and on th mud hous s of th oa is
se e ,
12
e e e e s

of Kharga (P late ) T h u ban t nd n y to v ti ality mu t ha v b gun b fo e th N w

v i- r . e r e e c er c s e e e r e e

Kingdom b aus a model from l B h (P lat, ec 3) hows a ompact thr e sto ied house of
e e -
e rs a e v r— S c , e -
r

Am m h t who was mayor and supe int nd nt of p i sts in th XII D ynasty

ene e ,
r e e r e e .

Mor info mation as to th app aran and int rior a ang m nts of a ity hous is furni h d
e r e e ce e rr e e c e s e

by th wall painting of a N w Kingdom tomb T h t f the T h ban own r of th tomb had both
e e . u n u e r, e e e ,

th fa cad and inte ior se tion of his hou e r p odu d Th fa c ade is simple as u ban
e e r c s e r ce . e , r

hous s u ually e and the horizontal lin s which s m to sugg st stone ou sing must p
s are , e , ee e c r , re

s nt a band d d oration perhaps d iv d from strength ning th mud bri k walls with balks of
re e e ec , er e e e — c

wood su h as wer indicated in so mu h E gyptian mud bri k archit cture I fa t the house
, c e c — c e
13
. n c ,

12 Pga e 21 .
13 l
H o rizo n ta ban din g, s uch as the re d n e s upo n s o u -ho use s, li l an d ro w l
f c irc e s ( L Bo rc hardt, Frie szie ge l in
s o rab . G
b aute n ,
"
Z
e itsc hri ft f ur E gyptisc he S prac he L XXX, 1 93 4 , pp 2 4 -35 ) l
are p re sum ab y arc hite c tural de c o rat io n s de ri e d f ro m s tru c v
l iv
.
,

l
tu ra f o rm s in w
hic h e ith e r ho rizo n ta o r tran s e rse tim be r s e re l v w u sed to s tre n gt he n the bric a s There is c o n c us e k w ll .

PL ATE L XVI

Vi ll g in o as s o f Kharga
a e i .

Pi t c u re o f ho us e , t
o m b 2 54 , T he b es ( Dav es , Me tro po litan Mus e um S tudie s 1, Fig i , .

Pl ti
an an d e l e va o n o f a ho u s e m o de l o f A m e n e m h e t, E l Be rs ha ( A hm e d Be y Kam a] , A n n ale s da S ervic e -
,

11, p .

H o u se f Thu tn uf e r, o m b
o t 1 04, The b es (Davies , o p . c it .
, Fig .

G rae co -
Ro m an ho u se m o de l (E n ge lbach , A n n ale s da S e rvice , xxx r, p .

St m o de l , C a ro Mu se u m
o ne i .

Pl an o f h o u se , Kahu n :

t
A po r e r s l o dge , B c e n ral hall , C
’
t l ivin g ro o t
m , D ba hro o m, E be dro o ms, H harim (P e trie , Illahun, 1 889,

Pl x rv )
. .

8 . P l an o f ho use , T e ll e l Am arn a -
.
204 GYP T I A N A R CH I T E CT URE E

mod ls f om Rif h paint d on th xt iors with d band whi h P etri inadvert ntly d s ribed
e r e are e e e er re s, c e e e c

as b i k ou ing v n though th E gyptian b i k was always mud olor d and d u ually p

r c c rs s, e e e r c —
c e , re s re

re nt d wood T h int ior of T h t f house (P lat V p umably a typi al T h ban house

se e . e er u n u er s
’
e LX I re s c e

of th o ffi ial lass show th g ound floo o upi d by th s vants at th i variou duti s th ond
e c c ,
s e r r cc e e er e r s e , e se c

floor r r v d f the mast and hi family and the top floor and oof us d for the kit hen and g an
e se e or er s ,
r e c r

a ri s th r by k ping th ool st and mo t p ot ted s tions of the hou e f th family

e , e e ee e c e s r ec ec s or e .

What has b n all d the hou of N f h t p (P late xxv an und r sup rvi or is w
ee c e se e er o e L e e s , no

consid d to b th h im of King A y T his is p rhaps fo tunat b caus it is almo t impossibl

e re e e ar .
14
e r e e e s e

to int p t a logi al st u tu f om th pi tog aphi onv ntions f th artist A o ding to Davi s

er re c r c re r e c r c c e o e . cc r e

it p nts a om what f
re re s eombination of th Am arna bungalow wi th th high r town hous
s e re e c e e e e .

L at r p ntations of th u ban hou

er e l s onfu ing f th r main s v al a urat mod
re s e e r se are es c s ,
or e re e e er cc e

l f om th G o Roman p iod (P lat Th P tol mai and Roman xampl s still fol 15
e cc
ra — er e L XVI e se e c e e
e s r

low th old u tom f laying b i k in sagging ou s but th hous s p obably had light w lls
e c s o r c c rs e , e e r -
e

in t ad of v ntilato s Among th mod l from t h la t p iod of E gyptian history

s e e som r . e e s e s er are e o ne

sto y t u tu s with a mall di l on th roof (P lat

r S r c re Wh th th p nthous was a s x cu a e e L XVI e er e e e

c ov ing for th stai w ll only a mo p man nt fo m of oof pavilion it is impos ibl to say
er e r e or re er e r r , s e .

Th b t p v d P tol mai hou s ha v b n un o v d at S k p i N in th Fayum

“ 1
e es re se r e e c se e ee c e re o no aou e so s e .

S v al f th m mu t hav had mo
e er than two sto i s Hous II
o e was con t uct d with h avy s e re r e . e —
20 1 s r e e

bri k wall tr ngt h n d and d o at d by wood n blo ks laid t an v s ly in th wall at r gula

c s s e e e ec r e e c r s er e e e r

int v als it xt io o n s p ot t d by wood n up ights t into th b i kwo k T h b i ks

er ,
s e
”
er r c r er r ec e e r se e r c r . e r c

w laid in th Old E gyptian m thod of sagging on av o rs s T his hous had a bas m nt in

e re e e ,
c c e c u e . e e e

whi h th room w o v d by ba l va lt and on th fi t floo it ooms w a fully pan l d

c e s e re c e re r re -
u s e rs r s r e re c re e e

with small pi of wood Oth r P tol mai hou of mo than story hav b n found at
e ce s .
18
e e c se s re o ne e ee

P hilad lphia At Ka amis in th Fayum th x avato s un o v d hous s of G Roman

19 2°
e . r e e e c r c e re e e co —
ra

p iod in whi h b i k w laid in on av our vault w ommon in th low sto i s and wood
er c r c s e re c c e c se s, s e re c e er r e ,

was xt nsiv ly u d for bonding d o ation stair fa ing window sills and g ills and doo ways
e e e se , ec r , c , r , r .

KA HUN AN D AMA RNA H OUS E S T h ustoma y E gyptian dw lling of pro p rous o ffi ials . e c r e s e c

and landown s in th villag and mall town w a to y tru tu with som va i ty in

er e es s er s as o n e -s r S c re e r e

the ar ang m nt of th o m but always pr ving th ha a t i ti f atu s of ou t

r e e ption e r o s, e se r e c r c er s c e re c r ,
re c e

evid h h E i
e n ce d b lk f im b f b di
t at d h i i
t e ll b i k w ll bj h gyp t
y an s u se a s o t er or on ng an s tre n gt en ng n a r c a s su ect to a e av

l d;
oa in additio n to th e e vid e n ce o f this typ e o f c o n s truc tio n at T e ll
e l A m arn a, th e c o n s is te n t u se o f tim be rs in the m i itary
-
l
w lla s (p . d t he ir f re que n t
an u s e in the ho us es o f Karan is ( p 2 0 4 ) an d S o k n o p aio u N e so s ( p . s ho th at this . w
m e tho d o f bui l din g m u st ha e b e e n v a p e rs is te n t t raditio n in E gyp tian arc hite c tu re

G
.

14
N de . Da ie s,.
“
T he T o v w n H o u s e in An c ie n t E gy t
p , Me tro po litan Mus e u m S t udie s I ( 1 9 2 8 Fig 3 , p ,
. .

15
R . E n ge b ach, l Fo u r m o de l s o f G cc o
ra Ro m an Bu i din gs ,
-
l A n n ale s da S er vice , XXXI , p . 1 29 ; N de. G . Da vi e s, o p.
c it Fig 4 ; I No s hy, T he A rts in P t o le m aic E gypt
1
pp 54 6 1
-
.
, . .
. .

13
A E R Bo a ,
“
S o k n o p aio u Ne so s ,k"
Un iversity o f Mic higan S t udie s , XXXI X
Pl
. . .

17
Op c it xv1

Pl
. .
, . .

13
Op . c it .
, p . 1 1, . xv .

19
F Z U C R ER , A rc hao lo gis c he r A n z e i e r 24 6.
g p 1 79 ; 1 9 1 0, p
P
.
. .

2° A E R Bo a an d E E
. . . k
e te rs o n , Karan is . .
PL AT E L XVI I : HOU S E S OF T EL L EL -
AMARNA
 H O U SE S C I T IE S A ND P A L A CE S ,
207

the houses tend to be squar with a c ntral li v ing room again a survival of th primitive
A ll e e -
, e

one o m sh lter enlarged by va ious sp cial chamb s add d around it (P late

-
r o e , th num r , e er e v 11 e

b and size of th s rooms d p nding upon the so ial position and pro p ity of th own r Always 21
er e e e e c s er e e .

p s nt
re e a living room sle ping oom kit h n and stair to th oof T h la g r hous s have
are —
, e -
r ,
c e , s e r . e r e e

o ne or two r p tion hall or loggi as opening into th c ntral hall I fa t th Ama n houses
e ce s,
“
,
”
e e . n c , e r a

may b las ifi d as ( ) without loggias ( ) with

e c s e loggia and (3) wi th tw loggias 1 , 2 o ne , o .

T h mans ons all situated in la ge n los d plots of ground (P lat

e i are T h houses are r , e c e e v 11 e

ent d on ith r th no th or w st or on both sid s by tairs or ramps ri ing parallel to th

e re e e e r e ,
e , s s e

hou Th door is in th sid of a protruding v s tibule whi h in tu n opens int th R ption

se . e e e e , c r o e
“
e ce

Room on th nor th sid of the hous (P lat eXV Wh n P et i fi st x av at d th Amarna e e e L I I— I , e r e r e c e e

hous he thought that th s long r eption ro ms on the north and w st sid s we e lik op n
e s, e e ec o e e r e e

v randas with ith a scre n wall or a la g central window 8 h call d th m loggia S b

e ,
e er e r e . 0 e e e
“
s .
”
u

s qu nt ex avatio s have p ov d that th y had only a row of v ry small windows high up n ar

e e c n r e e e , , e

th iling A
e ce ption rooms they rv d two purpos s
. S re ce to onn ct th entral ommunal , se e e , o n e, c e e c c

hall with th kit h n and outsid s rvants qua t rs and s ond to p ovid formal and i fo mal
e c e e e
’
r e , , ec , r e n r

e ntran e to the main living oom by m ans of a doubl door and small doors at eith r id I
c —r e e e s e . n

some of th fin st hou es th i also a w t hall whi h was mo pri v ate Both th no th and
e e s e re s es c re . e r

west halls w d o at d with a painted band at th l vel of th windows whi h r p at d a fal

e re ec r e e e e , c e e e se ,

g ill d window as a d orative motiv in th paint d patt n At tim s f stoons of flow rs w e

r e ec e e e er . e , e e er

p aint d on the walls

e and brightly olor d ni h s fa d th doo ways in the opposit
, wall c e c e ce e r e s.

Th ntral hall (P late xv

e ce its flat roof support d by fou wood n olumns paint d d and 1 . 11 e r e c e re

with palm l af apitals ros abo v e the su rounding rooms to p ov id l r to y light by means of mall
e c , e r r e c e es r s ,

g ill d windows As part of th fixed fu nishings this ro m had a lust ation slab a low dais and at
r e . e r ,
o r , , ,

tim a pott y hearth or brazier sunk in t h floor I t oof on i t d of larg paint d beams supp t
e s, er -
e . s r c s s e e, e or

ing mall r rafte s on whi h w e laid mats of r ds ov r d with stamp d mud I th larg t hous
s e r c er ee c e e e . n e es es

t h ma t r s suit onsist d of a b d oom with a rai ed dais for th b d a bathroom (P lat a

’
e s e e c e e r s e e , e v rr

P i T ll l Am h
21 e tr e , T E P d C L W ll
e e T h Ci
-
f Akh I H F
ar na kf d . . e et an . . oo e y, e ty o e n ate n , . ran o rt , e .
,

T he Mural P ain tin g o f E l A mar ne h

-
'
S e to n L l o yd, Mo de l o f a Te ll cl -
’
A m arn e h Ho use ,
”
Io urnal o f E gy ptian
Arc hae o lo gy XIX , H e rbe rt Ric
pp . 1 - 7; k e, De r Gru n driss de s A m arn aw o hn haus e s ( 1 932 ) H . Fran f o rt k an d I D . . S .

l
Pe n d e bury, T he City o f A k he n ate n II ,

PL A T E L XVI I

1. S ec ti ho u se T 36 1 1 (afte r S L l o yd, Mo de l o f a T e ll e l Amarn ah Ho use , J o urn al

on of . .
“
-
o f E gyptian A rc he
o lo gy , xxx, 1
933, Fig 3)
2. Pl an o f ho u s e T 36 1 1 . .

ti
P po rch, V ves bu l e , N n o r h ro o m , W w es ro o m , S s o re ro o m s, H c en ral hall , C t t t t c o se l t B ba hro o m, t
i ti t t ti i i
,

A an o n n g ro o m , MB m as e r s b e dro o m , B b e dro o m s, L l us ra o n s l ab, D ra s e d da s ’

Pi t
.

r va e c ha e l
p ( L l o yd, o p c it Fig
t
. .
, .

G a e w ay ( o p c it Fig . .
, .

t i
Ba hro o m ( H R c k e , De r G run driss de s A m arn a-Wo hn hause s, 1 932, Fig
. .

Mo de l (L l o yd, o p c it , P l xv) . . . .
PL A T E L XVI I I : T OWNS

N\ L 6
21o GYPT I A N A R CH I T E CT URE E

rooms group d about a entral h ll Th ntral hall instead of b ing overed by a clerestory roof
e c a . e ce , e c as

at E l Ama na app a s to hav b n op n to th sky at l ast in th nt I t is dang rous however

— r ,
e r e ee e e , e e ce er . e , ,

on su h limited and doubtful vid n to assume that a hyp th l m thod of lighting the mai living
c e e ce z
e ra e n

room was ommon in P tol maic hous s and that it was int odu d into E gypt from G re k lands T h
c e e ,
r ce e . e

E gyptian kn w the hyp th l m thod of lighting int rio s b fore he am into ontact with the G
e z k; ra e e r e c e c re e

al o we know too little ab ut the diff erent types of P ha aonic house more than to classify th evidence
s o r e

which have been un overed c .

OW N S A N D C I T I E S T

Ancient E gyptian citi s and towns in spit of their ruin d built d buried remains im e , e e , re , an , are

portant vid n in th history of u ban a hit ctu fi st b ause th y illustrate many of the natural
e e ce e r rc e re , r , ec e

stag in th a ly development of communiti s and S ond b aus th y how the fi st sy t mati and
es e e r e ,
ec , ec e e s r s e c

g om t i town plans It must not be inf r d how v r that th

e e r c of geomet i ally a ang d stre ts
. er e ,
e e , e us e r c rr e e

w a natural and in vitable stag in the d v lopme t of u ban lif or that th ordina y E gyptian city
as e e e e n r e, e r

was laid out in any pr ar ang d fashion E x ept und r very spe ific conditi s there was no conscious
e r e . c e c on

town planning in An i nt E gypt c e .

I g neral as the for es of communal interest su h as hunting d fense and the necessity of ub
n e ,
c , c , e , s

j g g
u a n ti the N ile b und m tog ther into o m muniti the evolution
,
of tho town t nd d to onform en e c e s, e e e c

to an instin tive pattern T his pattern was mu h th same in E gypt as it was in Me opotamia wh re
c . c e s , e

re lativ ly similar environm ntal conditions pr vail d S om what th hous sta t d a singl c ll
e e e e . e as e e r e as e e ,

a round unit b came r tangular then was nla g d by n gglomeration and agglutina tion of parts
, e ec ,
e r e a a

around a fo al nt r and thus finally d v lop d into a ompl x arrang m nt of spe ialized rooms so
c ce e ,
e e e c e e e c ,

the town und rw nt a ompa able evolution e e c r .

T h embryonic town in E gypt was a casual grouping of lan tribal or mo fr quently

e mm c , , re e co u

nal huts a ound th tot m hous of th high pri st and chi ftain When d f ns b ame n c ssa y
,
r e e e e e e . e e e ec e e r

th s huts w re en los d within a roughly ci cula to kad and undoubt dly s mbl d hom t ads
e e e c e r r S c e e re e e es e

and small villag s to b s n to d y in va ious parts of Af i a (P latee ) A small mod l from E l

e ee -
a r r c L XI V— I . e

Kab (P lat XV 4) shows a g oup of oni al huts arrang d around th ee sid s of a squar While
e L I I I- r c c e r e e .

this Old Kingdom mod l may a tually represent a granary it also sugg sts th layout of an early e c , e e

hom t ad es e .
25

T h usual def ensive town at the opening of Dynastic history was roughly circular
e grouping 26
, a

of dw llings around the pala e t mple of the king Th cir ular form is indi at d for E gypt by the
e c — e .
27
e c c e

hi roglyph designating city (P lat xv

e which is a ir l with two lines or str ts int rsecting e 1. 1 11 c c e , ee , e

at the enter T he representation f a walled t wn on th pal tte of King N m

c . d on th frag s o o e e ar er
28
an e

F Oe lmann , Das Ko rn spe ic he rmo de ll vo n Me o s , Athe n is c he Mitte ilunge n I

96 “
p 21 l ”

i viv l wi
. , . .

26 I n Ab s sin a
y , w
here c u tura s ur a s ha e e ide n t re atio n s l l
th anc ie n t E gyp tian c i i iz atio n, the re are , v v l vl as at Adu a,
l l
c ircu ar s tro n gho ds ( Oe lm an n , H an s a n d H o / im A lt ert um , I , abb

Pl
.

27
A p o tsherd o f the I Dyn as ty fro m A bydo s ( E Naville , The Ce me te rie s o / A bydo s, I, 1 9 1 4 , V1 11) , s ho w s a sere kh
fi i
. .

l
p a ace in the c e n te r o f an o a f o rti c at o n vl
i Pl
.

23
I E Qu be , Hierak o npo lis 1,
. . xxrx ll , . .
 H O U SE S C I T IE S A ND P A L A CE S , 21 1

ment of palett in the L ouvr (P late XV

a how a tow red or cr n llat d wall in a u v d plan
e e L II I s e e e e c r e .

T h r mains of th
e e d high pla e the oldest p art of H i k p li ( P lat
e xs ac re hav a urv d -
c , , e ra o n o s e x 11 e c e ,

retaining wall At E l Kab an th r important ity in Upp r E gypt und th T hi it King th re

.
,
29
o e c e er e n e s, e

are thr e s ts of walls th a li t b ing a doubl wall oval in plan whi h u ound d th an i nt ity
e e , e e r es e e , , c s rr e e c e c

(P late xv A mu h lat r wall r tangular in plan cuts through th old town n losing a v ry
1 . 111 c e , ec , e , e c e

larg d appa ntly op n a a 58 m by 5 5 m whi h must have b n oc upi d in tim s of war by

e an re e re , 0 . 1 .
,
c ee c e e

the p opl s and thei h rd from th su ounding country Finally th e is an innermost wall al o
e e r e s e rr . er , s re c

t
an gul in plan whic h formed the sacred pre in t ab ut the t mple the divin palace and stronghold
ar ,
c c o e , e

of th prote tor of the ci ty

e c .

Only important and p obably royal towns were fortified ; but this natural and primitive r
p , co n c e

tion of th town as a s tronghold a hdt di u around whi h th ommunity gath d for p t

e ,
c e au e ,
c e c e re ro e c

tion and pi itual guidan p sisted in E gypt as it did in th t mpl ity stat s of M opotamia and
s r ce , er ,
e e e c -
e es ,

th by influ n ed both u ban and temple ar hit ture T h two pala fo ts at Abydos (P lat
e re e c r c ec . e ce - r e V1

with th ir g at walls n lo ing an open spac for th huts t nts and po se sion of their r tain s
e re e c s e e , e , s s s e er ,

and with th iden e of the king at the c nter are the fi st a tual r mains whi h how this id a of
e re s c e , r c e c S e

a ommunity T h same o ept howev was transf r d to th ities of th royal d ad as at S aqqara

c . e c nc , e r, e re e c e e ,

wh Zo s t nal ab d w a modifi d copy in tone of his wall d t onghold at M mphis

e re se r
’
e er o e as e S e s r e .

By an asso iation of ideas it has be n se n how this stronghold con pt was lit ally p v d in
c e e ce er re s e r e

a ll ligious stablis hments T h wall d domains of th gr at gods were fortifi d towns in whi h the
re e . e e e e e c

t mpl p oper was an ternal pala e dom inating the su rounding tor hou s and dw llings for th
e e r e c r s e se e e

p i sts lav s att ndants and aftsm n S ti I spok of his templ at Abydo as the stronghold
r e , s e , e , cr e . e e e s ,
” 3°

and had it written another good thought has come into my hea t at om mand of the god v n th
,
“
r , c , e e e

equipment of a town in whose aug st midst shall be a esting pla a s ttl ment with a t mpl
, u r -
ce , e e , e e .
” 81

It i only necessary to look at the restoration of th mortuary temple of Ramse I I I (P lat

s
5) e s e L x x111-

to g t ome id a how a fortified town of the N w Kingdom must hav appea d

e s e e e re .

Whil sp ific p oof vad s us it is p s ibl to argue f om this analogy between templ domains
e ec r e e , o s e , r e

and th fo tifi d town of a gr at chi ftain that important royal iti s at th op ning of Dynasti his
e r e e e , c e e e c

tory had a pro es ional avenue xt nding f om the pala e down to the gat of th city and th n to
c s e e r c e e e ce

th n a by landing quay on th bank of th N ile P o es ional way

e e r whi h are hara te isti f atu s e e . r c s s, c c c r c e re

of E gyptian templ s are also a p rsist nt tradition of ea ly ities sp ially in ancient M op tamia I
e , e e r c , e ec es o . n

Babylonia th y ran from th t mple to th ity gate and in mod n I rak th y the main highway
e e e e c ,
er e are ,

lined with bazaars running from the great mosque to the ity gat At th time wh n gr at fortifi d
, c e . e e e e

towns were un ommon and y t ve y important in th life of the dist i t th city gat had symbolic
c , e r , e r c , e e

significan e in m n s minds If for no oth r reason the impo tance of the monum ntal d f n iv gat
c e
’
. e ,
r e e e s e e

w y is proved by its influ n e on ubs qu nt ar hitecture in so many parts of the anci nt world I
a e c s e e c e . n

E gypt the pylon ntran e of the ston templ s was undoubtedly d riv d f om th tow red gateway
e c e e e e r e e

29

3°
S o me rs C l k
ar e ,
“
E l Kab an d the G re at Wall , Io urnal o f E gy ptian Archae o lo gy, VII p .
54 .

I Bre aste d
.
, A n cie n t Re c o rds o f E gypt I II, No . 1 74 .

31 Bre as te d, o p. cit ., III, No . 1 72 .

212 GYP T I A N A R CH I T E CT URE E

of the royal ity ; in M sopotamia th t mpl fa c ad was also a pli a of th flanking tow rs of th
c e e e e e re c e e e

d f nsiv walls ; and in G

e e eth traditional app oa h to a a d high pla th dw lling of gods re e ce e r c s c re -
ce , e e

and hero s was a p pyl G at ways lik doorway had a d ply oot d id ologi al ignifi an e in
e ,
ro xa . e , e s, ee r e e c s c c

p imitiv thought T h y w the op ning th ough whi h the mi a ulous G r at One app a d and
r e .
32
e e re e s r c r c e e re ,

t h pla
e wh both pi itual and natu al nemi s w r k pt out Many ituals and customs undoubt
ce e re S r r e e e e e . r

e dly g w up a ound th se impo tant nt an s

re r e r e r ce .

T owns how v o iginat d in di ff nt way a f w w r st onghold oth rs w re m rely

,
e e r, r e e re s: e e e r s, e e e en

l g d hom st ad and th majo ity w r littl mo

ar e e than a ual g ouping of ag i ultu i ts along the
e s, e r e e e re c s r r c r s

bo d of th ultivat d a a as th y till t day D ibing th villag f L i ht whi h g w up

r er e c e re , e s are o— . e scr e e o s , c re

in the ruins of A m m h t pyramid f th Middl Kingdom Ma ay Nothing in thi s wo ld is

ene a s
’
o e e , ce s s,
“
r

quite so on rvative as an p ount y E gyptian villag ; it follows no plan ob ys only the individ
c se u -
c r e
” 33
, e

lity of th p a ant s whim and qui m nts ’

ua e e s re re e .

Many nvironm ntal onditions ent ed into th g adual d v lopm nt of E gyptian towns N o th
e e c er e r e e e .

ing in E gypt ould g t away from th N il f it was th c g at highway th sou of all wat
e e e, or e o ne re , e rce e r,

and th lif giving f rtiliz r of all ag i ultur T owns had to b n ar th wat r and y t th y ould
e e- e e r c e . e e e e , e e c

not n oa h upon th anty and valuabl t ip of f til land bo d ing th iv H n th y had

e cr c e sc e s r er e r er e r er . e ce , e

to p ad along th dg of th ul ti v at d a a b ing unabl to xt nd v y f into th d s t All

s re e e e e c e re , e e e e er ar e e er .

th villag
e and mo t of th towns f E gypt w r th fo long and na ow un ing in a ambling
es s e o e e e re re rr , r n r

fashion oughly north and south pa all l to th riv O i ntation w of l s igid ignifi an in
r ,
r e e er . r e as es r s c ce

E gypt than in most a ly ultu s b au th t h d manding onditions f th Nile w re of more

e r c re ,
ec se e re e e c o e e

impo tan than th po ition of th h av nly bodi in th di po ition f iti

r ce e s e e e es e s s o '
c es .

Th ity of T ll l Ama na i our only w ll p

e c v d xampl f a long nar ow and asual typ
e e -
r s e -
re s e r e e e o , r c e

of und f nd d E gyptian town T owa ds th lo of th XVIII Dynasty wh n Am nhot p IV built his

e e e . r e c se e , e e e

s a d ity of A k h t t
c re c a f ug f om th pri stly domination at T h b th was no n cessity
e a e n as re e r e e e e s, e re e

for a wall d ity f E gypt ul d th ast n d of th M dit an an th ountry was fi mly admin
e c ,
or r e e e er en e e e rr e , e c r

i t d and Am nhot p was a physi al and int ll tual pa ifi t H i ity of At n follow d no plan
s e ro , e e c e ec c s . s c e e ,

and ambl d along th ou se of th iv r for s v al mil s T h king ma k d out its limits in the
r e e c r e r e e er e . e r e

S ixth y a of hi ign and hos for it th nam A k h t t m aning At n is sati fi d T h e main

e r s re , c e e e e a en, e e s e . r e

t t t av rs d th ity f om north to s uth and w

s re e s r e e os d i r gula ly by mall str ts l ading
e c r o e re cr se r e r s er ee e

dow to th iv but th was too mu h ha t in th onst u tion for y yst mati plan Appar
n e r e r, e re c s e e c r c an s e c .

e ntly th nobl s as oon as th y h a d rumo s of th int nd d abandonm nt of T h b s as the apital

e e , s e e r r e e e e e e c ,

laid out g n ou laims f th ir stat at A kh t t I many a th y w p obably unabl for

e er s c or e e es e a en . n c se s e e re r e

finan ial a on to d v lop all th land T h fo

c re s th city g w th
s abbl lo d in around th ir
e e e . e re re , as e re , e r e c se e

hou xplaining why high p i t rubs should with l ath r work r and vizi r with gla mak r
se s , e
“
r es e rs e e -
e . e ss -
e .
”

Th ity v n to mo t of t h t mpl s was built of

e c , e d i d b i ks I th no th rn s tion was
e s e e e , s un - r e r c . n e r e ec

th N o th C ity two pala and a u tom hou ; in th nt al po tion was th main pala th “ ”
e r , ce s c s -
se e ce r r e ce , e

C a tle of At n the G eat T mple area and th H all f For ign T ribut (P lat in the
“ ” “ ”
s e , r e e o e e e L IV

W A d32
D G h . d di U f m
n d Brae ,im A l Oi p 4 as o tt e s aus un e r or en es au e n s te n r e n t, . 2 .

83
A . C . Mace ,
“
The E gyp tian E xp e dido n , ”
N e w Yo r k Me tro po litan Mus e u m Bulle tin , S e c t II, XVI .
p . 11 se q .
PL AT E L XIX : T OWNS
 H O USE S CI T IE S A ND P A L A CE S ,
21 5

t ansf rr d to a hite ture with the esult that apitals w r frequ ntly cut w t compartments in
r e e rc c ,
r c e e e rn

whi h fai n e and o lor d glass w inlaid I t all may hav b en a littl gaudy and in time a bit
c e c c e e re . e e e

tawd y for th x avat ons indicate that th ar hit cts r li d upon brilliant paint to on al ca le s
r , e e c i e c e e e c ce re s

wo kmanship and that t hnical fa ility was ombin d wi th a la k of originality T h d ath of Ak

r ,
ec c c e c . e e

h t
en a en in 358 was a p matur and tragic end to his h sy but it was a h logi lly f t
1 re e e re ,
rc a
eo ca or u

nat that th i ty was so qui kly abandon d for oth wi th r p ated b ildi g of subsequ nt ag s
e e c c e ,
er se e e e re u n s e e

would ha v l ft far l s of it than w now hav to tudy

e e es e e s .

T h b s whi h by th N w Kingdom was th most important ity in the ancient world is buried
e e , c e e e c ,

and oblit at d in its own d b is A ording to a po m on T h b s writt n in th XIX Dynasty more

er e
’
e r . cc e e e , e e ,
“

o d ly
r er i T h b s th an ny city ; the wat r and th land w
s in h in the b ginning of time
e e a e e e re er e ,

and th sand am to th tillag

e to r at h ground upon the highland and th land am into
c e e e c e e er , e c e

b ing Ram s III ays I plant d thy ity T h b s with tr s v g tations i i plants m h t flow rs
e
"
.
” 3
se s ,
“
e c , e e , ee ,
e e , s -
, en e e

for thy nost ils r .

” 38

M mphis whi h was hos n by M n s as th apital of unifi d E gypt and had had a far l ng r
e , c c e e e e c e , o e

history than T h b w an agglom ration of va ious villag s pr in ts and d f nsive towns whi h
e e s, as e r e , ec c , e e , c

gradually m g d tog th r lik L ondon into a la g ity A o ding to Di d

er e it was 5 stadi in
e e , e ,
r e c . cc r o o rus , 1 0 a

c ir umf r n A int p t d by P t i and v ifi d by hi x a v ations on th it thes dim nsions

c e e
”
ce . S er re e e r e, er e s e c e s e, e e

mad it about ight mil s long d four mil wide T his whole a a how v r was not all lin d with
e e e an es . re , e e , e

str ts and hou but on ist d la g ly of gard ns d fi lds b longing to va ious villag s and p
ee se s,
“
c s e r e e an e e r e , re

i t whi h only in tim m g d into a mor or l s ontinuous ity T h

c nc s c r f n es to th e er e e es c c . e re are e e re c e

t mpl of nin t n gods in th ity of th s Apis the bull was th old t and his t mpl stood
e es e ee e c : e e, , , e es , e e

upon the sit of h p imitiv s ttl m nt I tim Api was e lip d by P tah whose sa red domain
e t e r e e e e . n e, s c se , c

w larg r than Amon R at Ka nak Th plan of the ity howev r li s under too m ny layers of
as e -
e s
’
r . e c , e , e a

r building v r to b r ov d in more tha few small pie es

e e e e ec e re n a c .

T h old t iti s of E gypt mu t hav been in th D lta King M ik

e es c at about the b gi nning of
e s e e e . er e re , e

th Middl Kingdom was fo mally instru t d by hi fath r to Build towns in th D lta A man ’
e e , r c e s e e e . s

nam will not b small th ough what h has don and an inhabited ity i not harmed T h D lta
e e r e e, c s .
” 4°
e e

c i ti s b aus of th flat ma hy oil and th yea ly floods w re gradually built up on mounds

e , ec e e ,
rs s e r , e .

H odotus in d ibing th city of B b ti writes Among the many ities whi h thus t “
er , e sc r e u as s, , c c a

t ia ne d to a g at l vation none in my opinion was rais d so mu h as the town of B b ti

re e e , , , e c u as s .

T h t mpl of t h goddess B b ti h says stands in th middle of th ity and i visible “

e e e e u as s, e , e e c s

37A E rm an , T he L ite rature o f t he A n cie n t E gyptians, p

. . 2 9 5.
38 Bre as te d, A n ci e n t Re c o rds , I V, No 2 1 3
P
. .

39 e trie , Me m phis I p . 1.
4° A E rm an ,
. op . cit .
, p . 81 .

PLATE L XIX

1 . Pl an o f Kahu n (Pe trie , I llahun , Kahun , an d Guro b Pl . x 1v ) .

Pl t (Pe e t
,

2. an o f w or k me n
’
s o wn ,
Te ll c l-A m arn a an d Wo o ll e y , T he City o f A k he n at e n, 1, Pl . xvr ) .
 21 6 GYPT I A N A R CH I T E CT URE E

on all sides as one walks around it ; for as th city has b en rais d up by embankment while th e e e , e

templ has b en l ft untou h d in its original ondition you look down upon it wheresoever you
e e e c e c ,

; the entran to it is by a road pav d with tone for a di tance of about th ee furlongs whi h
” “
are ce e S s r , c

passes straight through th mark t pla e with an east rly dire tion and is about four hundr d feet in e e -
c e c , e

width T e s of an xtrao dinary h ight g ow on ea h sid of th road

. r e e r e r c e e
” 41
.

K ti is thought to hav b en th D lta r sid n e of Rams s I I and the subsequent Ramesside

an r e e e e e e c e

kings from which th y could gov rn th ir domains in E gypt and P al tin A account pr sumably
,
e e e es e . n , e

of th ity ads H i Maj ty hath build d him a castl call d G at f Vi to i s I t li th b twixt

e c , re ,
“
s es e e e re o
- -
c r e . e e

P al stine and E gypt and is full of p ovi ion and vi tuals I t is lik unto H monthi ( an an ient ity
e ,
r s s c . e er s c c

n ar T h b ) and it du ation is that of M mphi T h sun a i th in its ho i on and sett th within

e e es , s r e s . e r se r z , e

it (m a ing that th king abid s in it day and ight ) All m fo sak th i towns and s ttle down
e n e e n . en r e e r e

in its t itory I t w t n pa t is a t mpl of Amun its south rn pa t a t mpl of S t k h Astart is

e rr . s es er r e e , e r e e u e . e

in its O i nt and Buto in its no th rn pa t Th tl whi h i withi it i lik t th h i

r e , f r e r . e c as e c s n s e un o e o r zo n o

h ( a templ ) Ram ss s B lov d f Amun is in it as god ; Month i th T w L ands as h rald ;

e ave n e . e e - e e -
o — -
h -
e- o -
e

S f P in es as Vizi ; o
u n -o — f E gypt B lo v d f Atum as mayor to w hos dw lling th wo ld
r c er —o —
,
e e -
o —
, , e e e r

go th down Th d s ription may b bombasti and omit mu h that w would like to know but
e .
” 43
e e c e c c e ,

it pi tures a walled city dominat d by th pala e t mpl of th divin king

c e e c -
e e e e .

O M E T RI C A L L Y P L A N N E D T OW N S GE

Th geom tri ally plann d and surv y d town with r tangula blo ks of houses and regular
e e c e e e ,
ec r c

st t at right angl s w an int ll tual on ept rath r than any natu al volution of th primitiv
re e s e ,
as e ec c c , e r e e e

village and as su h it t nd d to di ga d nvironm ntal limitations and th unsy tem ati a retions
, c e e sre r e e e s c cc

of s ial communi ti I t th f or ould only be r aliz d ith r wh n the w re no xisting u ban

oc es . e re e c e e e e e re e e r

conditions when th human l m nts inv ol v d w subj t to th plan and pow r of

, or man e e e e e e re ec e e o ne .

C u iou ly nough th
r onditions app ar to hav obtain d from the b ginning of Dynastic histo y
s e , e se c e e e e r ,

wh n th E gyptian king b gan to lay out th arli st known o d r d and gular towns At first th
e e s e e e e r e e re . e

id a and r alization of town planning w lim it d to th iti s of th oyal d ad built in the d se t

e e as e e c e e r e , e r ,

constru t d mo or l ss t c e tim and subj t to th ommand of th king and his surv yors T h
re e a o ne e, ec e c e e . e

simple t b gin ing of th o d d plan w appar ntly ini tiat d by th Thi it King of th I Dy
s e n e r e re as e e e n e s e

na ty t Abydo who had th ir t nal abod s onst u t d with hund ds of r tangular grav s for th
s a s, e e er e c r c e re ec e e

sa rific d tain s a ang d in a la g r tangl about th oyal tomb lik a d f n ive wall about th
c e re er rr e r e ec e e r , e e e s e

pala and tronghold of th ir hi ftain (P lat

ce S By th IV Dynasty wh n the primitiv ustom e c e e 1v e , e e c

of fo ibly p oviding th king with h n hm n and s vants in th hereafter had long in b n

rc r e e c e er e S ce ee

abandon d th king s till xp t d his ou ti r to b bu i d about him and so had t heir stone mastabas
e , e e ec e c r e s e r e , ,

as at G iz h (P lat ) a ang d in gula tr ts about his py amid

e e X XV— I , rr e re r s ee r .

41
He ro do tu s, H isto ry II, 1 3 7 an d 1 3 8
Gl Pl
, .

42W
C H aye s , .
“
aze d Ti e s f ro m a
. l a ace o f Ram e ss e s I I at Kan tir, T he Me tro po litan Muse um o f Art Papers
( 1 9 3 7)
43 A E rm an ,
. o p. cit .
, pp . 2 70-2 71 .
21 8 C CT URE E GYP T I A N AR H I TE

th XI I Dynasty as workmen s quarters t Kahun for it has only a cou t vestibule and long hall ;
’
e a , r , ,

and th S hunet Zebib pala (P lat 4) is basically th same but with a larg r numb r of p i
e —
e z- ce e v1- e , e e r

vate hamb rs op ning ff from th g ne al living room Again th call d fort at H i k p li

c e e o e e r -
.
, e so -
e e ra o n o s

( P late whi h also

L XX dat s from this arly p riod was probably
c a similar oyal r sid n I t e e e , r e e ce . s re

mains square i plan till pr serv the inn r and out r walls of the d fensiv nclosu e whi h was
,
n , s e e e e e e e r , c

ori nt d with the co n rs to the c dinal points At its ea te orn r was a proj ting gat whi h p
e e r e ar . s rn c e ec e c re

su m b ly had a towered treatm nt But nothing r mains of the a tu l palace of the ommanding
a e . e c a c

c hieftain or king .

I t h I I I D ynasty Zoser s s pulchral arrangements at S aqqara

n e furnish the b st indications of ’
e
48
e

what a royal p lace and its d fensive walls w re lik I t sugg sts that inside th prote ting walls of
a e e e . e e c

s u h strongholds as thos at Abydos and H i k p li w e long halls ce monial buildings and

c e e ra o n o s er , re ,

storage plac s all built of bundl d reeds d mattings p rhaps pla ter d with mud and th r for de
e ,
e an , e s e , e e e

st oy d whi h w re g oup d a ound th a tual dw lling of th king Aft r th III Dyna ty th

r e ,
c e r e r e c e e . e e s e re are

no emains of royal resid n es u til th w Kingdom During th Old Kingdom the palace wer all
r e c n e ne . e s e

in th n ighborhood of M mphis and th only pi tu whi h w can fo m of th dw llings of the

e e e , e c re c e r e e

P ha aohs of the I V and V Dynasti s is bas d on th a sumption alr ady dis uss d that h mo tua y
r e e e s , e c e , t e r r

t mpl s and Vall y t mples of this pe iod r fle t or ev n imitat th ontempo ary palac hit
e e
“
e -
e
”
r e c , e e, e c r e arc ec

tu e T h royal re ide c was known as th G r at H ous and at tim s was r f r d to as the

r . e s n e e
“
e e,
”
e e e re

Doubl F ont usually int pret d to mean that th pala had two gateways ; although Zose s mor
“ ’
e r , er e e ce r

y pala indi ates that Doubl Front may ref r to two s pa ate monial halls whi h e v d “ ”
t u ar ce c e e e r c e re , c s r e

for th functions of th P haraoh in his dual apa ity as King of Uppe and L ow E gypt I th XII
e e c c r er . n e

Dyna ty A m mh t d
s ib d his palace I mad a [pala ] d k d with gold who e ilings w e
ene e e sc r e , e ce ec e , s ce er

of lazuli and th walls th in T h floors T h doors wer of copper th bolts were of

e e re . e e e , e

b onz m d f
r e, l ti g a at whi h t nity f ars
e o r e ve r as n n e ss , c e er e .
” ‘9

By th XVI II Dynasty our information is less onj tu al because in add t on to the large palace
e c ec r , , i i

built by Am nhot p III at T h b s w hav th r mains of Am nhot p Iv pala s at T ll l Amarna

e e e e , e e e e e e
’
s ce e e -
.

T h palace of Am nhot p III covered a larg area on th w st bank at T h b s and n isted of a “

e e e e e e e e co s

numb of vast ramb ling er to ied s tru tur s built ind p ndently f om tim to time One
, , o ne s -
r c e , e e r e .
” 5°
se c

tion of th p l ace city in lud d the quarte s for th artisans engag d about the pala houses for
e a -
c e r e e ce ,

nobl th royal r siden and mo t int resting of all the royal h im T h ent al f atur of the
e s, e e ce, s e
, ar . e c r e e

h im building was the banqu t hall f om whi h op n d the private suit s of the king and the ladi s
ar e -
r c e e e e

of his hous hold T h s suit s all mo e or less identi al in size and appointm ents and providing
e . e e e ,
r c ,

accommodations for ight ladi s and their servants each con ist d of a bath oom its roof support d
e e , s e r , e

by wood n olumns ; a re eptio room with a dais and from this lounging room doors opening into
e c c n- ,
-
,

P 648 age 1

i f l
.

B 49
d p i III N 8
re as te h f ol li i h d c t d m l m o f
4 3 ; t e re h e re nce s to
“
azu
”
n t e e co rat o n o p a ace s an te p es u st re e r to t e
l b k i mi d h E i d i i
.
, . .
, ,

l d ih
c o o r u se i l m e t e r as pa n t f
or hig aze I td f ll w
u st a
. so e ep t n n t at gyp t an e sc r pt o ns o arc te c tu re te n to o o a

f m l
or d u a an to e x agge rate

di i
.

H E Wi l k Th W k f h E
“
f h M M
5°
. . i E n oc B ll i , p li e m VI or 8 o t e gyp t an xp e t o n, u et n o t e e tro o tan us e u ,
I pp . 1 4
“
1 90; A L i Th E i E di i
an s ng, f 6 S ppl m B ll i
e f h M p li
gyp t Man m XI II xpe t on o 191 u e e nt to u et n o t e e tro o tan us e u
Whi
.
,

H A Ev l
“
pp 8 .
-
14; Th E . i E di i
. f e p i
yn X -
5 te , e gyp t an xp e ton o 1 9 1 4 -1 5, o . c t .
, p . 25 .
 H O U SE S CI T IE S A ND P A L A CE S , 219

a p rivate bedroom and wardrob T h king hims l f had a large bedroom retiring rooms a bath e . e e , , ,

an d a sp ial banqu t hamb r in whi h th

ec was a thron pla d opposite th la g door through
e -
c e c e re e ce e r e

whi h he ould b s n s at d from th banqu t hall

c c e ee e e e e - .
”

Anoth se tion (P lat 3) on i t d of th p ial residen of th king s favo it wif Q u n ’

— c s s e e s ec ce
er c e L xx e r e e, ee

T yi in whi h th a ang m nt of banqu ting room b d oom bath t

, c e w simila to that in th
rr e e e , e r , , e c .
, as r e

royal h im A thi d s tion of the pala omplex was th F s tival H all th H ou of R joi ing
ar . r ec ce c e e , e
“
se e c ,
”

constru ted to l b at Am nh ot p s ond jubil in th thi ty f ourth y ar of his r ign From

c ce e r e e e
’
se c e e, e r -
e e .

it la g fo
s ourt amps l d up to th te ra at th w st d wh a nt al doo way with a
r e re c r e e r ce e e en , e re ce r r

p oj ting v stibul gav a ss to the fi t hypostyl hall whi h in it tu n op n d int a mall r

r ec e e e c ce rs e , c , s r , e e o s e

columnar hall wh re th flights of st ps rose to th e san tua i s A

,
e of the p ial tt re e e re c r e .
51
s o ne s ec a rac

tion of th palace H i maj sty ommand d to mak a lak for th G at King s Wif T yi in ’
s e , s e c e e e e re e, ,

h ity of Z k h I t l ngth 37 cubits its width 7 ubit I t was h on th gr at a tificial

er c e ru a. s e 00 : 00 c s. e re e e r

lak sur ound d by tr s sh ubs and flow s that Am nhot p and his mu h lo v d queen sail d in
e, r e ee ,
r er , e e c e e

th i magnifi nt d h biy h all d in the in iptions Aton gl ams I t was h also that t h ir
e r ce a a e , c e s cr
“
-
e .
”
e re e

son Akh naten got hi ide for the pl asur gard ns of Ma u At n whi ch he built at T ll l
, e , s a e e e r -
e , e e

A ma na r .

Am nhot p IV built two pala es at T ll l Amarna H i gr at palace w in th nter of th

e e c e e -
. s e as e ce e

city and like so many building a tiviti s of th king was plann d on a al whi h was nev r
, ,
c e e , e sc e c e car

ried out in finished fo m T h W b n Aten or Broad H all was a part of th original plan r .
52
e e e -
,
“ ”
, e ,

which ft r a f w y a s was r built and th n raz d to th foundations and ov r d with sand to

a e e e r e e e e c e e

form a ntral pa ad ground Non of th squar s ma king th po ition of olum n how any igns
ce r e . e e e r e s c s s S

of having b en us d T h pa ad ground was urround d by olos i and in th nt r of th no th

e e . e r e- s e c s , e ce e e r

sid was a pavilion frequ ntly pr s nt d in th Amarna paintings whi h form d th nt an

e , e re e e e e , c e e e r ce

to th pala (P lat xxe I mm diat ly ba k of th pavilion w

ce a long olonnad hall from whi h
e 1. e e c e as c e c

a ramp d s nded into an op n ourt fill d with stel and with ramps l ading out of it to the
e ce e c , e a
e, e

north ast and we t Ba k of thi court and still on axis w a la g hypo tyl hall nding ab up tly
, e , s . c s as r e s e , e r

without any th one room At ither sid of th hypo tyl hall w r ou ts and b yond th part of
r -
. e e e s e e e c r , e e

th epala e alr ady x avat d c th r mains of a larg pilla d hall T h h im was on th ast
e e c e are e e e, re . e ar e e

e rn side of th parad g ound t ba k from th wall to l av e a passage for th gua d I the

e e r ,
se c e e e r s .
53
n

h im was dis ov
ar d a ichly paint d pav ment rep s nting a ga d n pool in lov ly olor wi th
c e re r e e ,
re e r e e c s,

fish du ks and lotus pads in it and with va ious gra e and flow ing sh ub around its bord rs
, c , , r ss s er r s e .

Th No th P ala e (P late xx ) whi h was built in the lat r part of Akh nat n s r ign pre
’
e r c 1. 1— 1 c e e e e ,

su m bly as a more prote ted winter resid nc was much small r and for that
a ason mo com c e e, e , re re

preh nsibl I t was an example of th fully dev lop d pala of th XVI II Dynasty with th
e e . e e e ce e , e

compon nt parts which in earli r pala es had be n s parat buildings organiz d into a omp t
e , e c e e e , e c ac

uni ty It con ist d of a re tangular blo k of xte ior walls n arly squar in plan divid d l git di
. s e c c e r , e e , e on u

A L i 51
E v i . h P l f Am h p I II
an s n g, Th b B ll i f h M p li
xc a at o n s at M m f A t e a ac e o en o te at e e s, u et n o t e e tro o tan use u o rt,
supp l XIII 8 p
P i T ll l A m I D S P dl b
.
, . .

52 l f E pi A h
89
e tr e , [ e e l XXI arn a,XXII 1 4; . . . en e u ry , o u rn a o gy t an rc ae o o gy ,
,
53 Fo r p l an o f har im se e Io urn al o f E gyptian A rc hae o lo gy , XXI P1 . x .
PL A TE L XX : T OWNS A ND A ACE S
P L

"
o 5 to s
a
w

GREAT P ll lA Rt D
uA u.

57A? UL BA S E S
PL AT E L XXI : PAL ACE S

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
 H O U SE S , C I T IE S A N D P A L A CE S 223

d ows probably opened on a bal ony where Akhenat n ould look down upon the pi turesq ue peri c e c c

styl d ourts f his pala T h south ourt with hamb rs op ning f om it and b yond it a
e c o ce . e c , c e e r , e

pilla d hall was for th m T h no th o rt whi h was th mo t ha ming part of th pala

re ,
e en . e r c u ,
c e s c r e ce ,

p s nt d an attra ti v pi tu to th P haraoh standing in hi window and looking down at his

re e e c e c re e s

h im Th oblong ourt of the h im n lo d by olonnad d loggi a had a gard n in th

ar . e c nt r ar , e c se c e , e e ce e

laid out in r ti ulat d flow b ds ound d by a bo d r f running wat r Op ning ff f om th

e c e er e s urr e r e o e . e o r e

co v d p istyl w re small re tangula hamb r sugg tiv mo of c lls f as ti s than for

e re er e e c r c e s, es e re e or ce c

ladi s in th king s favor At th nter of th north d w

e e spe ial room known as th
’
. e ce e en as o ne c , e
“
G r en Room whi h had a larg window fa ing th ou t O iginally thi G n Room may
e ,
c e c e c r . r s
“
re e
”

hav been an avia y as the nich s in th wall hav sugg t d but it was turn d into a painted
e r ,
e e e es e , e

a bor by d orating all its walls with

r ontinuous s n of ma kabl i hn s A ound th bot
ec o ne c ce e re r e r c es . r e

tom was spa kling wat r in d p blu with floating lotus flow s and pads ; th n a va i ty of flow
r e ee e er e r e

er ing w ds and g asses g owing on th wat s edg ; and finally a band of flow ing hrubb y
ee r r e er
’
e er s er ,

as a tran ition to th wall of papy us r d whi h ext nd d up to the c iling with th flow s and
s e r ee s c e e e , e er

birds sp tt d through the eeds mad a go g ous tap stry of color T w stairs from th ourt l d
o e r , e r e e .
55
o e c e

up to the roof and probably to a s ond sto y As in th ase of th P r in t f th S outh n P ool ec r . e c e ec c o e er

”

an unfortunat suspi ion ps in to l s n th idyllic ha m of th h im court N t only is th re

e c cre e e se e c r e ar . o e

no mention of the mu h lov d que n but th nam of M yt A t n the favorit daught r app ars c e e , e e er -
e , e e , e

on ra d surfac s as it did in the ga den of Ma u At n T h r i no pla f sp ulative gossip

e se e r s r -
e . e e s ce or ec

in th study of archit tur but the Amarna art is suffi i ntly exoti s n uou ly natur listi and
e ec e, c e c, e s s a c,

partly fre of ideographic formality to suggest a royal re luse whose int rests we e not entir ly
e , c e r e re

ligio us .

After the XVIII Dynasty th p rman nt royal r sid n e e tainly und r the Ram ssid P har e e e e e c ,
c r e e e

ao h was in the D lt probably at K ti and only small r pala s w

s, built in diff r nt parts of
e a, an r, e ce e re e e

t h kingdom with always at l ast

e at T h bes wh r th Pharaoh had to fli i t in so many
, e o ne e , e e e o c a e te

ligi ce emonies Rams I I had his T h b n r sid n built within th a r d p cinct of his
o us r .
56
es e a e e ce e s c e re

mo tua y t mple (Plat x xv

r r S till later Ramses II I f ollow d his xample
e d so fully copied
e x 111 , e e an

N d G D vi
55 Th P i i f h N he P l Th M l P i i f E l A m h
a e s, e a n t n gs o t e o rt e rn a ace , e ura a n t ng o
’
arne

N hi
. .

53
m i f h l b il di
o t K
n g re i m f h l d il f m h h
ans o d i
t e (W C pa ac e u n gs at an t r exc e p t so e o t e g aze t es ro t e t ro n e a se s

Gl d T il f m P l f R m II K i T h M p li M m f A S di
. .

”
7 M H m
“
H aye s , aze es ro a a ace o a e s se s at an t r , e e tro o tan us e u o rt tu es, 1 93 ; a z a,

Oh l l i ifi Pl
.

“
E v i Q i
x ca at o n s A l d S i XXX at 3 f
an t r,
”
hi n na es a er v ce , pp 1 t e r p a ac e s o no arc te c t ura s gn c anc e are : a ac e

(P i P h M m hi (C S Fi h U i i f P l i M m [
.
,

o f A i pr )es d h p l f M e tr e , 1 9 09 an t e a ac e o er -e n - ta at e p s . . s er, n vers ty o e n n sy van a us e u o ur

na l VIII,
, 1 9 1 7, p . 21 1

PL ATE L XXI

1 . P lan o t P
f No r h alac e at T e ll e l Am arn a (T Wh itte rn o re , E xcava o n s at E l Am arn ah, J o u rn al o f E gyptian
-
.
“
ti -

A rc hae o lo gy x i 1 1 9 26, P I ,

P P i t i t
.
,

2 . l an o f the S e co n d al ace o f Ram s es III at Me d n e Habu (U Ho lsche r, Med n e H abu, Orie n tal I n stitute
“
.

C o m m u n icatio n s n o 5, Fig , . .

3 . P i tP
lan o f the F rs al ace o f Ram ses I II (o p cit Fig . .
, .
PL AT E L XXI II : F ORT IFIED GATEWAY
,
ME DINE T HA BU
 H O U S E S C I T I E S A ND P A L A CE S , 227

consists of two stone towers with vertic l wall whi h project beyond the def nses (P late a s c e L x x 111

Th space betw en the towers is like a narrow ourt g owing na rower at the back wher th
e e c r r e e

tow rs come tog ther to form a gat Only th two proj cting towers th gateway and th id
e e e . e e , e , e S es

towards the slype of sandstone th t of th gat way having be n onstru t d of mud b ick
are , e re s e e e c c e — r
,

faced with mud and fini hed with whit wa h T h g ound floors of the tow rs are of solid masonry s e s . e r e

without room but the s ond and thi d flo rs (Pl te

s, 3) had suit s of rooms wood n roof d
ec r o a L xx n 1- e , e -
e

in the stone portion and bar l vault d in th t of the st u tu e (P lat xx Th tone walls re -
e e re s r c r e 1 . 111 e s

w e ov r d with olor d r li fs and on th upp r sto i s

er c e e b n th wind ws op ning from
c e e e e e r e c an e se e e o e

th apa tm nts abov T w of th windows fa ing on th slyp hav lintels suppo ted by arved
e r e e. o e c e e e r c

heads of prison rs (P late 1 e L x x1 1

I nasmu h as th partments on the upper floor d o at d with r li fs of th king enjoying

c e a are ec r e e e e

his h im the tower is f qu ntly d s ib d as th quarte of the royal h im but Hb l h has

ar ,
re e e cr e e rs ar , sc er

shown that th wom n s quart rs w re ba k of th pala and th tow rs outsid their d f nsiv
e e
’
e e c e ce , e e , e e e e

purpose were a royal kiosk a cool and pl a ant tr at for the king and his maidens I o igin
,
“
,
”
e s re e . n r

this gateway has b en at tim s des rib d as an a hit tu l intrusion bo row d f om the bri k ar
e e c e rc ec ra r e r c

chit t of th E a t b ause of its r s mblan e to As yrian ity gateways its d ignation by th

e c ure e s , ec e e c s c , es e

S yrian nam m igd l its vault d chamb rs and its verti al inst ad of batt r d walls Whil its use
e o , e e ,
c e e e . e

and even its adoption at M dinet H abu may hav b n influ n d by Ramses wa s in th E ast the e e ee e ce
’
r e ,

tradition of a tower d gat way goes ba k to th b gi nings of Dynasti ar hite tu e A P edynastic

e e c e e n c c c r . r

f es o f om a tomb at Hi k p li hows a tow d gat way on a boat and the kh fa c ade

r c r e ra o n o s s e re e , s e re

on the st le of King Z t (P lat e ) d pi ts a tow d stronghold of th I Dynasty I t is probable

e e 1v- 1 e c e re e .

that Zoser s defensive walls about his mo tuary palac at S aqqara had tower d portals and it is a
’
r e e ,

strong po sibility that oth r fo tifi d pala s su h as th a ly fort at Hi k p li had simi lar
s e r e ce , c e e r
“ ”
e ra o n o s,

tow rs By th N w Kingdom the are too f w p serv d fo tifi ations to prov this typ of gate
e . e e ,
re e re e r c e e

way was not indig nous As HOl h says E sp cially at th fronti s in th D lta and in L ow r
e . sc er ,
e e er , e e e

Nubia th r must have b n sim ilar t u tures ruins of whi h will perhap lat r be ecognized
,
e e ee S r c ,
c s e r .
” 58

U H l h
53 E v i
. A io scTh b 93 e r,U i i f C hi O i l I i C mm i i N
xc a at o n s at n c ent e e s, 1 0 n vers ty o cago , r en t a ns t tute o un cat o n s, o .

1 5: P 9
o °

PL ATE LXXI II
1 . Facade t
res o re d (Ho ls cher ,
‘
E xca vati o n s at A i t Th b
nc en e es , Orie n tal I n stitute C o m municatio n s , no . 1 5, Fig .

9)
2 S ec ti lo o n g
on es ki
( o p c it , Fig w t . . .

Pl ti
.

3 . an o f h rd flo o r ( o p cit , Fig . . .

4 Vei w l i
o o k n g no r h es t w t .

t ti tw t
.

5 . Reco n s ruc o n o f ga e ay, em p e l an d pa ace l (Ho lscher , Das ho he T o r vo n Me din e t Habu ,

PL AT E L XXIV : P ORT S GARDENS
 A R CH I TE CT URE E GYP T I A N

T h greatest incentive t the growth of m ilitary architecture c me when E gypt esp ci lly i
e o a , e a n

the Middl Kingdom b ga to fo tify her east rn and southern bord rs extending her frontier
e ,
e n r e e ,

b yond E l phantine and finally pushing it b yond the S econd C ata a t in ord r to p ot t the
e e ,
e r c e r ec

p ofitabl trad with Nubia d en tral Af i a Most of the s trongest forts w r built in N ubia
r e e an c r c . e e

du ing th XII Dynasty some of th m b ing so st ong that th y giv no indication of ev r having
r e ,
e e r e e e

b n aptu d Of th s fo t s on th south rn f ontier the mo t inter sting and ex ptional

ee c re . e e r re sse e e r
61
s e ce

is th fort at S mna on th w st sid of th S ond C ataract Th tw forts whi h gua ded both
e e ,
e e e e ec . e o c r

s id of the riv r w built in th XII Dynasty by S w t III and call d S k h m Kh k w R

es e e re e en o sre e
“
e e -
a au -
”

( S w en t II I is P ow rful )
o sre and I t w p d w t ( Wa ding- ff th bow p opl s ) Unlike most E gy
— e p
“
enu -
e u
”
r -
o -
e- -
e e .

tian fo t whi h w r tangular S mna W st (P lat X V ) was L shap d having b n at first

r s, c e re ec ,
e e e L XI -
2 — e , ee

r tangular and th n xt nd d to
ec id I t had tw gat ways th ough whi h all north and south
e e e e o ne s e . o e r c

t affi along th iv r was di t d ; it al o had a mall p st n gat next to th wat r gat which
r c e r e re c e s s o er e e e e

op n d on a ove d au way l ading down to th iv

e e c re c se e e r er .

T h fort was so onstru t d as to tak full advantag of th t rain ha v ing no

e f tifi d spur
c c e e e e er , un o r e

on whi h the n my could g t a foothold I t was built on a platform of g anit rubbl and sur
c e e e . r e e,

r ound d the th e ides away from the iver by a dry dit h made by an embankm nt w it h
on re e s r c , e

gla i of ton At both gat ways this moat was ross d by a aus way pen t ated by a drain T h
c s S e . e c e c e , e r . e

wall of th fo t s w built of ud b i k str ngth ned as was the ustom by f qu nt layers

s e r re s e re cr e r c , e e , c , re e

of wood n b am laid both longitudinally and transv rs ly th by making a banding eff e t It i

e e s, e e , e re c . s

al o to b not d that th b i k walls had v tical g oov s re alling th sunken pan ls of the forts
s e e e se r c er r e , c e e

at Abydos th walls of Zo mo tuary t menos and hen e the traditional kh fa cade sinkings
, e se r s
’
r e , c s e re -

of the old d f n iv pala s T h walls w re f om 5 to 8 m thi k and about m high I id j

e e s e ce . e e r . c 10 . . ns e

t h fort at th jun tion of th two c oss roads was a t mpl fir t built by S w t then r built '
c e r — e e, s en o s re e
e e ,

by T hutmo I I and I II by Am nhot p II and finally by T abarka Th space at either side of the
se , e e , . e

t t was fill d by blo ks of hous

s re e s e c es .

A lthough it is un likely that the Middl Kingdom fort look d lik the N w Kingdom fort ress e e e e

pi tur d on the R m
c e m ( P lat V ) still the r li f gi v s us a l ar id a of an E gyp tia
a e s se u e L XXI — I , e e e c e e n

t onghold I t shows th banding of wood and brick the use of tow rs and the typical E gyptia
s r . e , e , n

battl m nt onsi ting of a s allop d parap t

e e ,
c s c e e .

S m Cl k 61 A i o E i F i F
e rs I l f E pi
ar e , A h l
“
I IInc e nt
p 5 5 79 gy p t an ro n t e r o rtre sse s , o urn a o gy t an rc ae o o gy , . 1 -1
;
Ran da ll M iv
- ac er an d L . Wo o ll e y , B u he n
“
Re is n e r,
“
v
E xc a atio ns in E gyp t an d E thio p ia, 1 9 22 Bo sto n Mus e um
o f Fin e Arts Bulle tin , XXI II p 23 se q ;
. A n c ie n t . E gy p tian Fo rts at S e m n a an d Uro n arti, o p . cit XXVII
p 64 N F Whe e e r, H ar
se q ; l “
va d Bo
r s t
-
o n E xp e ditio n in th e S udan
”
( Fo rtre ss o f S half ak ) o p cit XXIX p 66
G i
. . . . .
, . .
,
“
se q .
; A H ardin e r,
. An A nc e n t L ist
. o f the Fo rtre sses in N ubia, lo urn al o f E gyptian Archae o lo gy III , p . 1 8 4 -1 9 2 .
I ll) . E GYP TI AN ARC H I TE C TS AND T H E I R ME TH ODS

I s hall
b e prais e d be c aus e o f m y w is do m in ye ars to c o m e , by t ho s e
who s hall im itat e t hat w hic h I have do n e I did n o t .
f ail— I o be ye d s u
perio r o rde rs .
-
I N E N 1,
“
C H 1E F O F AL L Wo RK s .
”

HE BUIL DIN G of an E gyptian temple involved an laborate s i s of e monies whi h e er e c re

1
c

we e r present d on all E gyp tian t mples down to th d of th G

r e e Roman period h e e en e ra
e co -
. as

mu h as th t mpl w a hou on pt th r monies of foundation and ons ration w

c e e e as se c ce ,
2
e ce e c ec e re es

se n ti lly th
a ritual of a th P haraoh building a pe man nt r siden
e i hou tomb or so n , e ,
r e e ce , . e ,
. se , ,

t mpl for hi fath r who in h a of t mpl w th g ds By P tol maic tim s wh n th

e e, s e s, ,
t e c se e e s, e re e o . e e e e

king and hi p i sts d id d to build a t mple th y on ult d the Book of Foundation of T m

s r e ec e e ,
e c s e e

ples whi h w b li v d to hav b n w itt n by th god Imhot p hi f fli i l of th ult of his

,
”
c as e e e e ee r e e e , c e o c a e c

fath r P tah T his book was a ried up to th sky wh n t h gods withd w f om th a th but
e . c r e e e re r e e r ,

I m hotep l t it fall f om heav n north of M mphis I t was by following th p s riptions of this

“ ” 3
e r e e . e re c

book that th g n ral plan of th t mpl at E dfu was stablish d T h plan of th templ at D
e e e e e e e e . e e e en

d ra was b li ved to hav b n found a hidden pa hment of the tim of ith r Khufu or P pi
e e e e ee on rc e e e e .

I oth r words it was th d sir of th king to constru t t h hous of his father aft r th plans
n e e e e e c e e s e e

laid down by th gods th m lv wh n th y li v d and r l d in th all y E v ry impo tant E gyp

e e se es e e e u e e v e . e r

t ian templ had its ar hives in whi h w

e pr s v d the instru tions and pre dents of tho who
c c e re e er e c ce se

had gon before e .

A ft r his d lib rations on th pl ns the king is d pi t d l aving his p la e pr ed d by the

e e e e a e c e e a c , ec e

standa ds of th p imitiv trib s of Upper E gypt th mbl ms of hi fath s T his

r e r mony took e e , e e e s er . ce re

plac at night so th t th king with the a i tan of th gods ould ori nt th t mpl by th G at
e a e ,
ss s ce e , c e e e e e re

B ar stret h th cord and tabli h th orn rs A ft r th king h p gg d out th limits of th

e , c e , es s e c e . e e as e e e e

t mple ar a he turns th fi st sod mak s the first b i k and th ows s d or in ns into the foun
e e , e r , e r c , r ee ce e

dation dit h Wh n th t mpl is fini h d h pu ifies it by magi kno ks at th door for admit
c . e e e e s e , e r c, c e

tan e and finally gives th hous to his ma ter

c ,
“
e e s .
”

Th fo mulas wer rigidly obs rv d b ause the priests t l ast d mand d that their build
e se r e e e ec , a e , e e

ings should conform with r gulations laid down t the a liest tim s T h t mpl s had to hav e a e r e . e e e e
“
their height g d their width orr t th whol w ll kon d squared according to th wisdom
oo , c ec , e e e re c e , e

of T hoth and therefor t forth in the sacr d writings

, e se e .
”4

1 A Mo re t Du Carac tere Re ligie ux de la Ro yauté P harao n ique pp 1 3 0 -1 4 5

G
.
, .

2 Mo re t , op . cit .
p 1 30;
, .
“
S te in do rff , Haus un d Te m p e ,
.
”
l Z e its c hrift iiir A e gypti sc he S prac he , XXXI V
p . 1 07 .

3 Mo re t , o p. cit .
, p . 1 30 .

4 A E rm an , A Handbo o k
. o f E gyptian Re ligio n p . 2 09 .

23 1
 2 32 GYPT IA N AR CH I TE CT URE E

All th dimensions of the t mpl s were m asu d in th Royal C ubit divided into seve palms
e e e e re e ,
6
n ,

which in turn w r subdivided into four digits All th a tual work was done under the super
, ,
e e . e c

vision and ontrol of a stat ar hite t who was responsible to th king

c e c c e .

Th can be no doubt that th s E gyptian a hit ts had the practi al ability to achi ve what
e re e e rc ec c e

ev r was r quired f them At a v ry arly date th y had m thods of pr senting buildings by

e e o . e e e e re e

lin ar onv ntions of plan and l v ations as a m ans of controlling the hape and dim nsions of
e c e s e e ,
e s e

the various l m nts It is a sum d that throughout E gyptian histo y there were pala and t mple
e e e . s e r ce e

a hiv s in whi h th t aditional plans w

rc e ,
ons rv d As early as the III Dynasty th w re
“
c e r e re c e e . e re e

diag ammati m thods of onv ying building inst u tions An t

r c from S aqqara d picts a
e c e r c . o s raco n e

c u v by what appea s to be O di t or at l ast by v tical and horizontal m asur m nts taken

r e r co r n a e s, e er e e e

from an existing mod l to b opi d I nasmu h as all th important plans were drawn upon papy
"
e e c e c e

rus th y hav not b n pr s rv d with th i gl

, e p ti of th plan for th tomb of Rams s IV
e ee e e e , e s n
'

e e xce on e e e

in th T u in papyrus e r .
8

For all impl building in tru tions th wo king d awing w only ough ket he made upon
s e s c e r r s e re r S c s

flat flak of lim ston all d t T h s fl k s of ston

es u d by a hit ts build s s ib s
e e, c e o s rac a. e e a e e , as se rc ec , er , cr e ,

and a ti ts furnish d a h ap and availabl urfa on wh h mak studi s ; but th y wer by

r s , e c e e s ce ic to e e e e

n ity small and th plans on th m w n v r d awn to s al T h

e ce s s , th su h flak s in e e e re e e r c e . e re are re e c e

th C ai o Mus um
e with a plan of the tomb of Rams s IX anoth r showing th levation of a
r e : o ne e
9
e e e

doo way and a thi d showing a build r s plan (P lat xxv 6 ) int nd d a g n ral guid for the
r ,
10
r e
’
e 1. — e e as e e e

fo man in wo king out va ious dim nsions T his plan has a ntral axis as a m ans of
re r r e .
11
ce e co n

trolling th symm t y ; th pa s b tw n the column b tw n th wall and th olumns and

e e r e s ce e ee s, e ee e s e c ,

th siz of th olum ns
e indi at d by ti ks on th dg of th plan a h ti k r pr s nting
e e c , are c e c
”
e e e e , e c c
”
e e e

a ubit ; and th main dim nsions of th building writt n at th bottom in hi ati An t

c e e e are e e er c . o s rac o n

in th B iti h Mu um of th XVIII Dyna ty from D ir l Bahari giv s the plan of a shrine within
e r s se , e s e e -
, e

a semi ov r d ourt whi h was probably mad by th a hit t or by th forema for his gang
-c
e e c , c e e rc ec , e n .
12

T h plan on th e t r alls th san tua y of H atshepsut at M dinet H abu but there is v ry

e o s rac o n ec e c r e , e

littl r mblance b tween its p oportions and a s aled drawing based upon the given mea ure
e e se e r c s

m n ts e .

T h r i also an a chit t s plan of an estate on a wooden panel and a sketch of an ar hi ’ 13

e e s r ec , ,
c

t t proj t for setting out tre s in front of M t h t p t mpl at Deir l B hari This last
ee
’
s ec
“
e en u o e
’
s e e e -
a .

“T h bi w b i b v i d i diff
e cu
p i d f m t i
as a o ut n .
, ut ar e n e re n t er o s ro to n.
Cl k d E6
lb h A i E p i Mar e 6 an n ge ac nc ent gy t an as o n ry , p 4
G A l d S i XXV 9 7 C l k d E l b h p i Fi 53
, . .

7 un n , n na e s a e r v ce , p 1 ; ar e an n ge ac o c t g
d A G di 8 P l XXIX C l k
, .
, . .
, . .

H C 8
J . l f E pi A h l
ar te r an IV 3 . d E lb h
ar n e r, o urn a o gy t an rc ae o o gy, pp . 1 0 -1 5 , . ; ar e an n ge ac
op i Fi c t g 49
O é é l d M é d C i ) Pl
. . . .
,

D (C l
9
are ssy, N 5 84 R
strac a hé l i XXXII ata o gue
p g n ra u us e u a re , . xxx u, o . 2 1 ; e vue ar c o og que , .

235; C l k ar e an d
Fig 5 0 E n ge bac h, l op . c it .
, . .

1°
Cl k
ar e an d E n ge bac h, o
p c it , Fig 5 2 l . . . .

11
l
R E n ge bac h, A n n ale s da S er vice , XXVII, p 72
Gl v ll ki Pl
.
. .

12
S R K an i e ,
“
Wo r n g an f o r a S hrine , laura nl o f E gyptian Arc hae o lo gy , XVI p 2 3 7.
G
. . .
.

13
N de . v
Da ie s, Io urn al o f Egyptian A rc hae o lo gy IV, p 1 9 4
.

P
, . .

’
14 H E . . Win o c , Bulle tin o f t he Me tro po litan Mus e um o f Art, XVI
l k art II, p . 26; C l k
ar e an d Enge bach, l 0? “7"
F1g 5 9 . .
PL A TE L XXV : G R P H I C CO NVE NA
T I O NS

T HE S U NS HA D E .

m
’

m mc m o
Ho u s e
y
t n
 GYP TI A N A RCH I TE CT S A ND T H E I R ME T H ODS
E 23,

ti l fi ds it difficult to translate his drawing ba k into reality For x mpl th XVI II Dynasty
a s, n c . e a e, e

d awing of the — all d house of N f h t p (P late XX 5) in his tomb at T h b s is not mu h

r so c e e er o e L V— e e
“
c

b tt r than a hieroglyphic sign of indeterminat valu only th g ne al m aning of whi h

e e at e e, e e r e c c an

pr s nt b surmis d by us W an ot b su what d tails r p s nt int ior or xt ior what

e e e e .
” 1°
e c n e re e e re e er e er ,

is onv ntion ath r tha fa t and what i m

c e xp di n in o d r to omp ess all ss ntial de
r e n c , s e re e e e ce r e c r e e

tails into th limited pace e S .

F equ nt ff o ts ha v b en made to restor th d stroy d pala e of Akh nat n from the r p es m

r e e r e e e e e e c e e e r e

t ti
a o ns of it in th tomb paintings of T ell l Ama na but all th drawings no mo e than v y gen
e e -
r ,
17
e are r er

e ral m mo y imag s wh n ompa d to what th r nt x avations hav v al d of th a tual plan

e r e e c re e e ce e c e re e e e c

o f th palac e T h two mos t int r sting drawings of th pala e

e .
18
th f ont and id v iews f om the
e e e e c are e r S e r

tomb of th high p i st M y (P lat xxv e T h f ont i w onsi ts of a s i s of l vations of

r e e r ra e 1 .
—
2, e r V e c s er e e e

s uc i v tion of the pala e supe impo d abov

c e ss e sec anoth r in pa at gi t s T h low st reg
s c r se e o ne e se r e re s er . e e

i t r hows th thr e gat ways into th oute court and v n h r the is th p umption that th
s e s e e e e r , e e e e re e re s e

artist add d th thi d gat way for sym m try ; the s ond gist r d pi ts th a tual f ont f th palac
e e r e e ec re e e c e c r o e e,

with th P avi lion of App aran es in th middl and a olonnad on ith r id ; abov th fac ad comes
e e c e e c e e e S e e e e

the int rio till p es rving th tripl div i ion and with th H all of Appearan s laid out for a oyal
e r, s r e e e s ,
e ce r

banqu t ; th n th r is a co ido ; and finally in th last gi t r

e e e e th to ooms and b droom of rr r ,
e re s e , ar e e s re r e

the king I this last se tion th drawing a fully shows that th ba k rooms at l a t th oyal b d
. n c e c re e c , or e s e r e

room had v ntilator on th roof T h other d awing is a qua i s tion with pavilion and doorways
, a e e . e r s -
ec

swung into f ont view and the ont nts of th room now ar ang d in gi t s within th i hit
r , c e e r e re s er e r ar c ec

tural units .

T h ignificant point to b k pt in mind is that the f w people of impo tan e who ev r w th s

e S e e e r c e sa e e

d awings kn w th pala e intimat ly and for th m th d awings we only symbols T h pi tu s

r e e c e , e e r re . e c re

c onv y d th id a of a pala e with th l m nts of a oyal abod l a ly p ifi d and di tin tly r ad

e e e e c e e e e r e c e r s ec e s c e

abl ; but th a tual proportions and th numb r of small rooms and olumn w of no ignifi anc
e e c e e c s e re s c e .

N d G D vi
1° N w Y k B ll i ef h M p li M m f A
a XVI e s, P II 6 e or u et n o t e e tro o tan us e u o rt , art p 2

N d G D vi Pl 77 8 ) fi i
. .
, . .

17 E m
Th R k T m b
.
f E l Am
e I . a (E p
e s, e d h oc o s o - ar n a . p . 23, . xv1 11 ; r an gy t, p . 1 -
1 0 rs t n te rp re te t e
d wi
ra n gs i h h asf h i M I C pi
re p re s e n t n g t A Ch X C v e i f E o use o t e p r e st e ry t a; ap art , E gy t an rt ap ter
’ “
on ent o ns o gyp
i D wi G d i d Am W h h
.
,

Ri k
”
t an H b D 58 6
e r e rt arn a- o n ause s p 3
-
ra n gs ; c e, er ru n r ss es

P
. .

13 age 22 1 .

PL ATE L XXV

i
S de e le vatio n o f a shri ne o n a papyrus o f XVI II Dyn f r m G ho rab (C l ark e . o an d E n ge lbac h, o p. cit Fig
t vie w o f Am arn a pal ace f ro m to mb o f Me ryra (N de G Davi es
.
, .

Fro n . .
, The Ro c k T o m bs o f E l A m ar n a, -

Pl
1, . xxvr ) .

S i d vi w e e o f sam e l
p a ace ( o p c it , . . Pl . xv1 11 ) .

Pl f h an o G re a t e t T emp e o f A en l t at Am arn a, m ade f ro m p c o r a des cr p o n s ( Da es , o p c it 11, p it i l i ti vi

i vi
. .

Th e harim o f K n g A y, u su a lly ca ll e d the ho u s e o f Ne f erho te p (Da e s, Me tro po litan Muse um S tudie s, 1,

Fig .

Pl an on o s trac o n fro m The b es (C l ar k e an d E n ge bach, l o p. c it .

, Fig .
2 36 GYP T I A N AR CH I TE CT URE E

Obviously there were many more columns than th artist had space to represent Also the number f e . o

columns might b vari d in any one of the king s pala es H nc their xact number was not par
e e
’
c . e e e

ti l ly s ntial On th oth r hand th numb and po ition of th doorways were important Doors
c u ar es e . e e e er s e .

condition d a tion and ma k d the p s ib d stages of ritualisti pro dure At

e c door only s rvants r e re c r e c ce . o ne e

might nt r ; at another the visitor to th divin king had to prostrate himself ; whil at the entral
e e e e e c

door th in arnate god app ared to gr t his follow rs to pr s nt gift and to r nder justi e T he e
e c e ee e , e e s, e c . r

for in E gyptian art th doorway is ideographi ally one of the most sential l m nts of a building
e e c es e e e ,

and as su h was mphasiz d in th d awings c e e e r .

T h most d tail d ar hit tural d awings are th s ri s of painted r liefs from the Amarna tombs
e e e c ec r e e e e

re pr s nting th G at T mpl of At n N
e e study th s drawings wi thout agre ing wi th
e re e e e .
19
o o ne c an e e e

Davi s who says T h markabl co respond n in d tail whi h all the laxity xhibit d by the
“
e e re e r e ce e ,
c e e
, ,

a tists do s not invalidat make it plain that th se studi d vi w of th gr at building T hough it

r e e, s e are e e s e e .

cannot b laim d for th m that th y atisfy th r quir m nts of ar hitectural plans in the main th y
e c e e e s e e e e c , e

pr s nt us with a l a and ompl t knowl dg of the building Y t wh n th plan of the T emple of

e e c e r c e e e e .
”
e e e

At n (P lat e mad up f om the v a ious E gyptian pr s ntations is compar d wi th the c nt

e L XXV e r r re e e , e re e

ex ava tion of th t mpl w

c fo d to one of thr e xplanations to explai th discr pan i s
s e e e,
20
e are rc e e e n e e c e

first that th E gyptian aftsm n were ry a les about what w would onsider ess ntial hit
, e cr e ve c re s e c e arc ec

tural fa t ; s ond that the x avato s we e ov rimaginativ in restoring the m ag r data whi h
c s ec , e c r r e e e e c re

main d of th t mpl ; or thi d that th E gy ptian drawings r present a first building of the templ
e e e e r , e e e,

whil th modern storations how a later r building I spite of th unsatisfa tory r sults th s
e e re s e . n e c e e e

Amarna drawings give us a d tail d insight into E gyptian graphic m thods and off er us our only e e e ,

ch ck on the accuracy of their ar hite tural drawings

e c c .

A RC H I T E C T S

yptians it has been see ven rated usage b cause they valued the usef ul T heir pra ti al
T he E g , n, e e . c c

habits of thought whi h at fir t gav e them su h effici nt m thods and lat r b am su h a det rrent
, c s c e e e ec e c e

to hang mad them the first p opl i th history of i v ilization to honor th ar hit ct as an effi i nt
c e, e e e n e c e c e c e

man T th m th ma te build r was the p sonifi ation of int llig n T h r fo from th time
. o e e s r— e er c e e ce . e e re , e

wh n the of ston mad building both a oyal p ivil g and a di ffi ult prof ion th king ar hi
e u se e e r r e e c e ss , e
’
s c

t t w an xe utiv at tim s a f i nd and ouns lor of th ul and i som instan th most

ee as e c e, e r e c e e r e r, n e ce s e

pow ful p son in th r alm aft r the P haraoh T h fi st mast r builder to be honor d was K f
er er e e e . e r e -
e an o e r,
“
a hit t of Upp r and L w r E gy pt und r Kh k m i who was the fi st king to hav his tomb
rc ec e o e
”
e as e e u , r e

chamb r made of cut stone Following K f came the great I mhotep who was p rhaps his son
e . an o e r
21
, e .

I addition to being the first ar hit t to d v lop a monum ntal ar hit cture in stone he was as his
n c ec e e e c e , ,

19
The wh l o e te mp e l is re pre se n te d thre e tim e s, t wi ce in t he to m b o f Me ryt a (Dav e s T he i Ro c k T o m bs o f E l A marn a, I,
im
,

Pls x 1x ) whil e p art o f it is

‘
. x , xxv ) an d o n c e in the to mb o f Pan e he s y ( o p . c it ., I I, P ls . xv111, , re p res e n te d fi ve t es in o the r
t o m bs (o p cit p
P
. .
, .

2° age s 1 72 - 1 78 .
21 Page 61 .
 233 A R CH I TE CT URE E GYP T I A N

ary of Amon As hief of ll works most of his time was sp nt supervising th r bui lding of v rious
. c a e e e a

parts of th estate of Amon at Karnak b t h al o in p t d th ex avation of the ro k t tomb

e
“ ”
, u e s
“
s ec e e c c cu

of his maj sty (T hutmose I ) alon no e s ing no one hearing I neni was proud of his wisdom ,
e, o ne ee , .
”

in the onstru tion of this royal tomb and it may have b n his suggestion which persuaded the kings
c c ,
ee

of the XVIII Dynasty to conc al th ir burial pla s in th Vall y of the Kings F w archite ts tod ay e e ce e e . e c

c an r ord as I n ni did I ontinued powe ful in pea e and m t with no misfortun my y ars w r
ec ,
e ,
“
c r c , e e, e e e

spent in gladness I f il d b t lw y b y d p i d —G at h was if in all his d al

n e ver a e , u a a s o e e su er o r o r e rs .
"
re e , e

ings with E gyptian labor he could truthfully say as he did I never blasphemed sacr d things , ,
“
e .
”

THE A RC H TE C T I S E N M U T, S K E T CH IN H I S T OM B, T H E BE S
H E . . Win l o c k , Bulle tin o f t he Me tro po litan Mus e um o f A rt, XXI I I p 36, Fig 35
. . .

What is p hap qually u ious from a mod n standpoint i I i failure to praise y of his
er s e c r ,
er ,
s nen
’
s an

a chit tural wo ks as c ations of whi h he was p oud H was p oud of his wisdom in x avating
r ec r re c r . e r e c

th tomb of T hutmo I h was p oud to do that whi h th god of th ity lov d but in his tomb “ ”
e se , e r c e e c e ,

b m ly m ntion that h was th fo man of for m n Th digniti s and duti s whi h he most “
e e re e s e e re e e . e e e c

valu d tho e in lud d in hi final mo tua y ins iption the r v r d dignitary the ov rs r of th
e are s c e s r r cr ,
“
e e e , e ee e

g anary of Amon the sc ib I n ni triumphant

r ,
r e, e ,
.
”

C ont mpora y with I n ni du ing th lat

e pa t of his lif but far x elling him in power w
r e r e er r e, e c , as

S m t
en a hit ct of all th wo k of th Q u n H ros to p w with H atshepsut du ing h
u ,
33 “
rc e e r s e ee . e e o er , r er

r g n y b ame her hi f ounselor s u e in favo and given audien e alone and was undoubt
e e c , ec c e c ,
“
ec r r c ,
”

dly h ad v i r w hen h d lar d h rs lf king As C hi f G uardian of th King s D aught r Ov rs er

“ ’ ” “
e er se s e ec e e e . e e e , e e

of all th Wo ks of Amon Gov nor of th Royal P ala e S up intend nt of th P rivat Apa t

e r ,
” “
er e c
”
er e e e r

m nt of th Bath oom and of the Royal B d ooms h was p a ti ally a collaborator in the gov rn
e s, e r ,
e r , e r c c e

m nt T he statu s of him holding th qu en s daught r in his lap (P lat

. e re are e H built e e
’
e e L x xv n e

th qu n s mo tua y t mpl at D ir l Bahari was sponsibl for th qua rying and transportation
’
e ee r r e e e e — ,
re e e r

33 H E . . Win l o c k ,
“
The E gyptian E xp e ditio n 1 9 2 5 -1
9 2 7, Bulle tin o f t he Me tro po litan Muse u m o f Art XXIII
,

S e ct . II, p p .
34 5 8
-
; Bre as t e d, o p c it , I I , 3 4 368
5 -
. . .
 GYP T I AN A R CH I TE CT S A ND TH E IR ME T H OD S
E 39 2

of h g at ob lisks f om A w fi to Karnak and up r vi d h wo k at Karnak and in th t mpl

er re e r s n ,
s e se er r s e e e

of L uxor .

H ould truth fully re o d as h did in hi tomb I was th g at st of the g at in th whol

e c c r , e s , e re e re e e

land to whom judg s list n d and who v y il n w loqu nt But h how hi v anity and
— o ne e e e se er s e ce as e e .
”
e s s s

ambition not b aus h had it r o d d th w nothing f om th b ginning of tim whi h I did

, ec e e ec r e ,
“
e re as r e e e c

not kno w but b au h plann d a se t tomb dir tly und r th qu n mo tuaryt mpl and had
,
”
ec se e e c re ec e e ee
’
s r e e

his po trait x ut d (undoubt dly with th qu n s p mi ion ) b hind v y doo in th qu n

r e ec e e e ee
’
er ss e e er r e ee
’
s

t mpl T h ignifi ant fa t i how v r that S m t lik all th oth g at a hit t of E gypt w
e e . e s c c s, e e , en u , e e er re rc ec s , as

above e v ything ls an administ ator S ta ting as a S t wa d of Amon and always k ping that
er e e r . r
“
e r ,
”
ee

ti tl h was Ov r of Amon s G ana i S to hou Fi ld G a d n C attl and S lav s T th

e, e e rse e
’
r r e s, re se s, e s, r e s, e, e . o e se

duti s h add d th up vi ion of th oyal hou hold

e e e e s er s e r se .

T h XVII I D ynasty e m to hav had an x ptional numb r of apabl build s for b sid th se e s e e ce e c e er , e es e

famous on s al ady m ntion d th r w th h dita y nobl R k hm i who w a hi f f wo k

e re e e , e e as e e re r e e re
34
as c e o r s

und r T hutmo I II and with Akh nat n at T ll l A ma na th was th v izi r Ramos and
e se ,
e e e e -
r e re e e e,
“5

Bek who w th son of a ma t r ulpto I th XIX Dyna ty H i wo k d f S ti I and

,
86
as e s e sc r . n e s u
37
r e or e ,

H t y a e re o d h w h e t d th gr at olumns in th H ypo tyl H all at Ka nak f Ram I I

38
c r s o e re c e e e c e s e r or se s .

Du ing the XX Dyna ty Rams s nakht

r was Fi t P oph t of A mon and hi f of wo k and A m n
s e -
39
rs r e c e r s, e

h t p
o e was a king s ib and H igh P i st of A mon S v al hund d y a later it is r ord d that
4° ’
s cr e r e . e er re e rs ec e

H m f are in t h XXII Dynasty built th G r at P ylon of B b tid at Ka nak and was omm nd d
sa
‘1
e e e u as es r , c e e

by the king for n ith r sl ping at night nor slumb ing by day b t building th t nal wo k with
e e ee er ,
“
u e e er r

out asing ce .
”

Th many and va i d a tiviti s of th s E gyptian a hit ts of whi h th y we e sup m ly p oud

e r e c e e e rc ec , c e r re e r ,

S how how fully th y w m of aff ai s rath than ativ a ti ts T h fa t that many of th m b

e e re en r er c re e r s . e c e e

gan as s ib s mak s it vid nt that th ability to w it and t an mit ord s was th fi t and most im
cr e e e e e r e r s er e rs

po tant qui it of a hi f of wo ks Non of th E gyptian a hit ts in th ir s pul h al ulogi v

r re s e c e r . e e rc ec e e c r e es e er

m ntion th app a an of th i buildings L ik S m t th y o d with g at atisfa tion all th i

e e e r ce e r .
42
e en u e re c r re s c e r

duti hono and a tion ; th y st s th i unh itating ob di n to up io o d ; but th y n v

e s, rs , c s e re s e r es e e ce s er r r e rs e e er

p ai th b auty and app a an of th i ations T h y w

r se e e p t d f th ir wisdom and not f e r ce e r c re . e e re r e s ec e or e , or

th ir o iginality and ta t b au ta t th ti di imination and ati v o iginality w not

e r s e, ec se s e, a
es e c scr , c re e r e re

cr it ia of ability in th p a ti of a p of sion d di at d by oyal ommand to th p p tuation

er e r c ce r es e c e r c e er e

of tradition .

B d p i I I 757 P E N wb
34 re as te T h L if
, f R k hm
o . c t .
, , ; . . e e rry , e e o a ara
35 Bre as te d, op . cit II , 9 3 6 .

33 Bre as te d, o p . c it II , 9 75 .

37
Bre as te d, op . c it . , III, 210 .

38 Bre as te d, op . c it .
,
I II , 5 1 3 .

39
Bre as te d, o p . cit IV, 4 6 6 .

4°
Bre as te d,
i I V, 4 9 1 o p . c t .
,
.

41
Bre as te d, o p cit I V, 70 6 , 70 8 . .
,
.

4 2 In
the XII Dyn asty Me ri in de s c ribin g t he m o rt uary t e m p e o f his m as te r, s ays , , l I m ys e f l j
re o ice d, an d m y he art w m
l
g ad at t hat w
hic h I had e xe c u te d ; b u t t he in s c rip tio n m a e s it c e ar t hat Me ri w as
”
k l re a ll y p ro u d o f th e he ight o f t he co l
u m us an d th e gre at gate s
“
to e rin g he av e n ard A so he r e c o rds
“
w
I w as a z e a o u s w . l , l v
s e r an t, gre at in c harac te r, am i ab e l m
lv o e.
"
II . TH E A RCH I TE C T URE A S C UL T URAL E XPRE S S I ON

My be lo ve d Me n /( he perre ho w be autiful is t his be autiful

so n, ,

m o n um e nt , w hic h t ho u has m ade f o r m y be lo ve d s o n Kin g o f Uppe r ,

an d L o we r E gypt Khe hure ( S e n w o sre t I I I ) T ho u has pe rpe t uate d his

, .

n am e f o re ve r, t hat tho u m aye s t live —

. BR E A S TE D, I I , 174

UN DE RT AKE T O E S T I MATE th t of an xtin t ultu e w

EN WE confronted by e ar e c c r ,
e are

ba i s of tim u toms and habits f thought H n we

rr e r t h dang of imposing
e, c s , o . e ce se e e er o ur

mod rn p judi s up n th unsusp ting E gyptian I t is diffi ult f man to ist th go ti ti al

e re ce o e ec s . c or re s e e s c en

j ym t
o of finding what h valu s in th past and it i impossibl f him t b imp rsonal wh n
en
1
e e e ,
s e or o e e e

d aling with human a tiv iti s I fa t the hi tory of E gyptian a hit tu dev lop d in th pr vious
e c e . n c ,
s rc ec re e e e e

c hapt must b un on iou ly olo d by the author s int p tation of E gyptian ultu N th
e rs e c sc s c re
’
er re c re . e ve r e

l ss in e y t of po ition involv int pr tation and int rp tation n essitat s evaluation it is

e , s c an ac ex s es er e , e re ec e ,

d i abl to fa th int rpr tation squa ly for at l ast it mak th issues lear even if the d du tion
es r e ce e e e re , e es e c , e c s

p ov un a ti fa to y
r e s s c r .

Th G ks lik H odotu w imp es d by what th y onsid d to b the wi dom of E gypt

e re e ,
e er s, e re r se e c e re e s .

S ing t h
ee olo al iz and xp sionl ss passi v ity of th G at S phinx at G izeh (P late xx v
e c ss s e e re s e e re 1
. 1

th y as um d that om thing v y wis and myst iou mu t li b hind su h an otherwis i rational

e s e s e er e er s s e e c e r

e ff o t T hr fo th y int p t d th S phinx all knowing a atu of anoth r world who tran

. e re re e er re e e as -
, c re re e

s nd th a tual and impas i v ly look th ough th pa t into th futu M to d y are still l tant
ce s e c s e s r e s e re . en -
a re uc

to admit that th S phinx h ad xpr ionl lik all E gyptian s ulptu is only the ma k of a d ad
e -
e , e e ss ess e c re , s e

P ha aoh who lik all E gyptian was int

r t d in p ving th mat ial form of the living in o d
, e s, e re s e re s e r e er , r er

to v a us ful pu po in th h af t r N t unlik th S phinx th inanimat h ad of th mummifi d

se r e e r se e e re e . o e e , e e e e e

S ti I al o look
e t into t h unknown with a my t iously xp
s s ou ssionl s fi ity (P late xxv I t tooe s er e re es x L 1 , ,

i a mat ial fo m d void of li f and p

s er v d b aus th E gyptian b li v d lit rally i th id a of
r e e re se r e ec e e s e e e e n e e

holding in d ath to th mat ial asp t f physi al r ality A t th outs t th fo w must nt tain
e e er ec o c e . e e ,
e re re , e e er

th po ibility that th E gyptians xp t d f om art som thing

e ss mu h mor p a ti al than anything
e e ec e r e so c e r c c

w may hop to find in it

e d bas d th i xp tation up n naiv assumptions whi h em to us so
e , an e e r e ec o e c se

in dibl and sup stitious to mak it impossible for us to und tand th ir on ptions of art and
c re e er as e e rs e c ce

lif in xa tly th am way that th y did

e e c e s e e .

T h mo t timulating int p t of E gypti n t Wilh lm W i g

e s s points out what th E gyp er re e r a ar , e o rr n e r,
2
e

tians and th i ations so ob v iously la k d in th fo d timulation of a hothou ulture ; but b

e r c re c e e rce S se c e

c aus this b illiant iti had no sympathy f th ir ultu al and nvi onm ntal limitations he fails to
e r cr c or e c r e r e ,

1 H S ch afe r, Vo n E
.
gyptisc he Ku ns t
2 W Wo rrin ge r
.
, E gyptian A rt (E ng . tran s .
)
PL AT E L XXVI
 A R CH I TE CT URE A S C UL T UR AL E XP RE SSION
TH E 24 3

only int rest d in what h a m mb r of a oll ctiv group had a quired by ommunal rule and p
e e e as e e c e e c c re

ce pt for p imitiv p opl lik hild n tain in th i memory what has taken pla e b fo their
,
“
r e e e, e c re , re e r c e re

e y s f l ss than what h b n t ansmitt d to th ir a s

e ar e as ee r e e e r .
” 3

T h E gyptian aftsman put non of his own bodily sympathy into his figurative art b cause he
e cr e e

w not
as ating a p onal xp i n I nst ad h was faith f ully d s ibing in a p s ib d language
re c re e rs e er e ce . e ,
e e cr re c r e

an id a to whi h h w e bound by hi b li fs that h had no int r st in xpe i n ing th fo m as

c e as so s e e e e e e r e c e r s

o gani and li v ing whol s Wh n an E gyptian raft man d pi t d an t of off ing (P lat X 4)
r c e . e c s e c e ac er e L XVI —

it w in on i v abl v n sa il giou f him to imagin hims lf the king making a gift to the
as c ce e, e e cr e s, or e e as

g d
o A a . ult h did not
s f l t h w ight
re s of t h ba k t its p ssu up n th hands and its pull
e ee e e e s e , re re o e ,

upon th mu l s of th h i ld T th mod rn arti t u h imp r onality is unnatural P i a o

e sc e e s or e rs . o e e s s c e s . c ss re

li v th t b fo h mak s it (P lat
es e ac h do s not add th balan ing boy t th ball and
e re e e e L XXVI e e e c o e ,

m ly juxtap th man and th box ; inst ad h f l how

e re o se l m nt onditions the oth r that
e e e e ee s o ne e e e c e , so

th man s hips sp ad as his w ight b a down upon th box while the b y s body is t nse with a tion
’ ’
e re e e rs e , o e c

as it t i s to pr s v it unity with t h ball

r e e er e s e .

T h u ious f atu of E gyptian pr s ntational art is not that its figu s lif l ss and un mo
e c r e re re e e re are e e e

ti o nal pi tograph m ddi g t g t h

c f t diti l m m y im g wit h t g i
s ,— a e re ity a n o e er o ra o na e or a es ou or an c un .

P imitive
r t always adh s to t i t id og aphi onv ntions What is r v aling how v r i th
ar e re s r c e r c c e . e e , e e , s e

Niloti ompla n y whi h llo w d th af tsm n for th thou and y a s to go on r peating th

c c ce c c a e e cr e re e s e r e e

sam onventions and id as wi th magnifi nt la ity unsurpa sed d xt ity and unquestioning a ur
e c e ce c r , s e er ss

an ce .

F su h finality th raftsm n had to work in p ise lin a outlin s b inging ll ss ntial l

or c e c e re c e r e , r a e e e e

m nts up to th sam f ontal plan T h typ of lin u d shows th st ngth and limita tions of this
e e e r e . e e e se e re

imp sonal t f E gyptian outlin s

er unmodulat d and una nt d I many instances th y sur
ar , or e are e c ce e . n e

round whol figu without any va iation in the width of th lin and appa ntly without th bru h
a e re r e e re e s

having b n lift d f om the surfa T h ically su h lin s

ee e a tonishingly ski lful but th y
r ce . ec n c e are s , e are

emotionally d ad e .

T h sam onditions must hav pr v ail d in s ulptu e as in painting v n though the mod n
e e c e e e c r , e e er

cr iti di ff in th ir opinions to th sults S om ont mp a y w it r th ms lv s hypnotized

cs er e as e re . e c e or r r e s, e e e

by ab t a tions p ais th ubisti pla ti and ab tra t dir tn ss of E gyptian s ulptur Y t it

s r c ,
r e e
“
c c,
” “
s c
” “
s c
”
ec e c e
4
. e

may b a gu d that E gyptian ulptur was n ith r on iv d nor njoyed plastically It is true that
e r e sc e e e c ce e e .

3 Léo n a se hv ig, H is to ry an d P hilo s o phy p 2 7 , . .

4 .
“
k ”
H Fran f o rt , On E gyp tian Art, f o urn al o f E gyptian A rc hae o lo gy , XVI II pp .
33 49
-
.

PL ATE L XXVI

1. G re a S p h t
i hbf i nx at G ze e o re e xca a v ti on .

2 . E gyp an v (P i d Ati ase r ss e

’
v e n n es ) .

3 H d f m mm i fi d S ti I
ea o u e e .

R li f f m T m p l f S ti I
.

4 . e e ro e e o e , Ab ydo s .

5 . M d op i ti g by Pi
ern an n cas so .
PL A
TE L XXVI I : S CUL P T URE
24 6 GYP T I A N A R CH I T E CT URE E

ARC H IT E C T URA L L IMIT A T IONS H w th n do u h limitations of th E gyptian s xp i nc . o , e , s c e

’
e er e e

o f natu xplain his a hit t ? If th E gyptian in th p ntational a ts was sati fi d to add tra
re e rc e c u re e e re re se r s e

di i l pa t tog th
t o na as a d ipti v ub titut f an o gani unity if h d alt p ima ily with th
r s e er e scr e s s e or r c , e e r r e

non nsuou a p t of natu

-
se t d with m mo y imag and was unabl to tand ba k so as to
s s ec s re , c re a e e r e s, e s c

se e his fo m iti ally ith r in lation to him lf or to th lif about him it would be di on ting
r s cr c e e re se e e , sc ce r

to find him b ha v ing diff ntly in hi fo ms f ar hit tu al xp sion I what ways the fo e ould
e e re s r o c ec r e re s . n , re r , c

his inh ntly id og aphi habits of thought b r fl t d in th stru tu al onsid ations of hit
e re e r c e e ec e e c r c er arc ec

tu ? Whil hi a li t a hit tu al ff o t w r t ain d by t toni limitations we hav al ady

re e s e r es rc ec r e r s e re es r e ec c , e re

s n that th E gyptian did d v lop hi t ab at d p in ipl of ton on t u tion b yond th m re t

ee e e e s r e e r c e s e c s r c e e e S ruc

tu al qui m nts f th po t and lint l I d a t ansf o m d on t u tion into a on i tent and p

r re re e o e s e . e s r r e c s r c c s s er

i t nt styl of a hit tu T h styl how v had its limitations wh n m a u d by subs qu nt tyl s

s s e e rc ec re . e e, e e r, e e s re e e S e

who pu po s w totally outsid th n d and d si s of th E gyptian nvironm nt

se r se e re e e ee s e re e e e .

E v n th E gyptian s mo t ambitio pl ns indi ativ of hi ati v limitations I addition to

’
e e s us a are c e s c re e . n

th imitati v
e ha a t r of n a ly all his types of building th E gyp tian wh n r ting his la g st t m
e c r c e e r , e , e e ec r e e

pl w ati fi d to nla g t aditional pa ts adding th m tog th r un iti ally and inorgani ally to
e s, as s s e e r e r r ,
e e e cr c c

mak till la g whol s (P lat

e s r Unlik mod rn d ign h did not f l the ne ssity to think
er e e XL V e e es e rs , e ee ce

him lf into his plan b fo building it ; h did not go a ound th building in hi mind vi wing it
se e re e r e s , e

cr iti ally f om all angl ; h n v r imaginati v ly l d rowd of p opl through it ; and h n v r im

c r es e e e e e c s e e e e e

po d it w
se ,
as t ntati v d ign upon anoth r until h had a th o ti ally id al arrangement of
e re , o n e e e es e e e re c e

all th pa ts H had no n d of su h m thod b au e he was only th vant of th P ha aoh and b

e r . e ee c e s ec s e ser e r e

c aus mo t of his buildings w stablish d and v n at d typ s T mpl s as we hav seen w r not
e s e re e e e er e e . e e , e , e e

pla ost n ibly wh r p opl ong gat d f ommunal s v i s but inst ad th y w e th royal
ce s e s e e e e c re e or c er ce , e e er e

dw lling of th god wh a tim hono d itual was obs v d T h r fo th y w a r lativ ly fix d

e s e s, e re e- re r er e . e e re e e re e e e

c on pt whi h had t b p v d if th king who w an in a nation of th gods was to b assu d

ce c o e re s e r e e , as c r e , e re

in h h af t of u h f o mal prot tio and v i

t e e re er h b li v d to b
s c ntial to his continu d
r ec n se r ce as e e e e e e ss e e

e xi t n C ontinuity and th ff o t t thwart tim d stru tion and d ath bound th a hit t to the
s e ce .
,
e e r o e, e c , e , e rc ec

se r v i of t adition
ce r .

N v th l s in his planning th E gyptian build r advan d b yond th early xpedi nt of a

e er e es ,
.
, e e ce e e e e

c a ual agglutination of s pa at b t units H volv d ar hit tu v n though his design always

s e r e u . e e e c ec re , e e s

adh d symm t i ally to a longitudinal axis along whi h th t aditional t mple units of pylon ourt
e re e r c c e r e , c ,

hypo tyl hall and k w

s e p at d in st aight ho izontal xt n ion As in s ulptur the dh
, se os e re re e e r r e e s . c e, a er

e n to thi axial symm try w p imarily th r sult of th fo mal hi ati onv ntions of th so ial
ce s e as r e e e r , er c c e e c

and r ligiou ritual whi h mphasiz d th p o ssion ; but at th am time th axial onv ntion gave
e s c e e e r ce e s e e c e

th build
e a simpl and balan d ontrol ov r th oth wis una imilat d l m nts and so mad
e rs e ce c e e er e ss e e e e , e

th ir a hit tu o d r d v n if it was not orga iz d T h ndl ss p tition of halls and o ridors

e rc ec re r e e e e n e . e e e re e c r ,

as w ll as th N w Kingdom s d si for magnitud w re th in tin ti v ult of th p imitiv d

e e e
’
e re e, e e s c e re s e r e e

si fre tainty L ik th monotonous r it ation of long and f ormaliz d pray rs for th d ad like
o r ce r . e e e er e e e e ,

th in i t n
e of Ramses II on having his doubtful vi to y at Kad sh a v d upon v y possibl sur
s s e ce c r e c r e e er e

fa and lik th ountl ss alta s whi h Akh nat n t up in his At n templ th E gyptian it ration
ce , e e c e r c e e se e e, e e
 A R CH I TECT URE A S CUL T UR A L E XPRE S SI ON
TH E 247

of a hite tu al units was all a pa t of the sam fearful quest for rtainty Th Bellman und rstood
rc c r r e, ce . e e

th onvi tion whi h om to man from r p tition wh n h a sur d sk pti s about th S na k What
e c c c c es e e e e s e e c e r ,
“

I t ll you th
e tim s i t u re e e s r e .

E gyptian plan also how how littl any f ling f spa nt d into th ation of the hit
s s e ee or ce e e re e c re arc ec

tur Th i olat d int io room m ith r arv d out of ma iv pil of masonry or omp ssed
e . e s e er r s se e e e c e ss e es c re

around a fo t of olumns I this pa shyne how v x ptional nough in the histo y of

re s c . s
“
s ce s s, e e r, e ce e r

a hit tu
rc p ially wh n condition d by th limitations of th t ab at d p in iple of onstru tion to
ec re , e s ec e e e e r e e r c c c ,

be on id d c of th mo t chara t isti traits of E gyptian a hit tu ? Wo ing r for s th

s e re
“
o ne e s c er c rc ec re
” 6
rt e ce e

issu of pa upon th E gyptians and as good as says l t us not x u th E gyptian f su h an

e s ce e , e e c se e s or c un

natural and un pi itual di r gad of pa inasmu h th y went out f th ir way to in ea th

s r s e r s ce , c as e o e cr se e

spa filli g siz of th i olumns and walls out of all lation to tru tu al n i ty Th ompl te
ce - n e e r c re s c r e ce s s .
“
e c e

indiff n of th E gyptian attitud towards th spatial pot n y of xist n h writ s was thus
e re ce e e e e c e e ce ,
”
e e ,
“

c on v t d into a a fully onsider d r nunciation of th spa f a to and the s tting of this r nun ia
er e c re c e e e ce - c r, e e c

tion again t th d p t m taphysi al ba kground w in agr m nt wi th th tradition of E gyp tian

s e ee es e c c s as ee e e

profundity and wi dom s

”
.

T h i u how v is not th xt nt to which spa is always only a fo m of th r lationship of

e ss e, e e r, e e e ce r e e

th g to
e e t h u ounding
o wo ld ; it is th r ason why t h E gyptians had so littl int
e s rr st in pace r
”
e e e e e re s .

N ultu still at g ip with th ph nom na of natu is int r st d in th intangibl E v n t h G r eks

o c re r s e e e re e e e e e . e e e

b fo th H ll ni ti Age look d up n pa as som thing vagu ind finit and h n und si able
e re e e e s c e o s ce e e, e e, e ce e r .

Mo o v r no t atm nt of th t ab at d p in ipl of a hit tu d p nd nt as it mu t b upon mul

re e ,
re e e r e e r c e rc ec re , e e e s e

tipl point of uppo t and na ow spans can s ape f om th inh nt limitation of th st u tural
e s s r rr , e c r e e re s e r c

syst m Why th n hould the E gyptians hav d v lop d a spa a hit tu e ? T h y may hav la ked
e . e s e e e e ce rc ec r e e c

any motional or spi itual d i to s ap from th onst i tions of a p rib d xist n ; it may be
e r e s re e c e e c r c re s c e e e ce

grant d that th y had e ubtl m taphysi al id as about th f dom of spa ; but in a ult r in
e no s e, e c e e re e ce c u e
,
whi h all b li f w b und up with the p imitive t uggl for xist n and w r in vitably d p nd
c e e s e re o r s r e e e ce e e e e e

en t upon a p rib d and un ont oll d reality th e ould b no d si for any ov rpow ring va ancy
re s c e c r e , er c e e re e e c

in whi h th indi v idual would f l isolat d What E gyptian r ligion did not qui was interior
c e ee e . e re re

spa for motional t fig ti B aus th ton ar hit tu was a s ulptu al imitation of ven
ce e ran s ura o n . ec e e s e c ec re c r

c rat d and pe ific hou fo ms whi h had o iginat d in wood and mud bri k and b au e th stone
e s c se - r ,
c r e -
c , ec s e

its lf as w ll its massiv hap s was d v lop d in o d to mak th buildings more pe man nt and
e ,
e as e s e ,
e e e r er e e r e

ind t u tibl th E gyptian had no n d and no on ption of t i dim nsional xt nsion in any spir
es r c e, e s ee c ce r -
e e e

it l or th ti s n T h fo it was impo ibl for th m to mak a onsid ed r nunciation of the “

ua a
es e c e se . e re re ss e e e c er e

spa fa tor Th m taphy i al valuations of spa

ce - c .
”
so lativ ly mod n as to b incon ivable i
e e s c ce are re e er e ce n

any but a highly indi vidualisti and s lf cons ious g c e - c a e .

A hit tural pa mu t not b confu d with m voids b tw n tru tu al lements Any room
rc ec s ce s e se e re e ee s c r e .

has physi al natural spa but it is not ar hit tu al pa e unl s th h ight ha a t and pro
c or ce , c ec r S c es e e , c r c e r,

po tions of th n lo ing su fa hav b n on iously d sign d to mak th spa pu po eful scal d

r e e c s r ce s e ee c sc e e e e ce r s , e ,

arti ulat and h n app iable Wh the is ar hit ctural spa e th lation b tween void and
c e, e ce re c . e re re c e c , e re e s

6 Wo rringer , op . cit .
, p . 80 .
24 8 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

solids governs the d sign and voids the cont olling con id ration to which the stru ture is mad
e ,
are r s e c e

s ubordinat I this s ns E gyptian a hit tu e had no f eling for pac I n t ad it xhibits an anti
e . n e e, rc ec r e s e . s e e

th i b tw n solids and void so that at

es s e ee mom nt we the long ai les or or ido s and at s, o ne e se e s c r r , an

oth f l only the ov pow ing suppo ts Mo ov r th n lo ing walls long and ina ti ulate
er ee er er r . re e , e e c s are r c ex

pans s uitabl f th r o ding of pi tog aphi th m s in li f and paint but n v r thought of as

e ,
s e or e ec r c r c e e re e , e e

in any way fl ting th int ior (P lat re T his i b au th walls

ec n ver imaginativ ly fr ed
e er e XL I s ec se e are e e e

f om th i p imiti v and t toni in ption as p ot ti v ba i T h y b ar n lo and t ff but

r e r r e ec c ce r ec e r r e rs . e e , e c se, cu o ,

n v xp
e er eb au th y n ut al imp onal and h n un motional on v ntion of
re ss , ec se et are e r , e rs , e ce e c e s co n s ru c

tion T h fa t that E gyptian ton walls w so f qu ntly plast d and ov d lik g at bill boa ds
. e c S e e re re e e re c e re e re -
r

with paint d li f on a whit ground i vid nc of h w fully th E gyptian di ga d d th xp s

e re e s e s e e e o e s sre r e e e re

siv po ibiliti s of wall

e ssd how th y fail d to njoy th t xtu
e and phy i al weight of stone
s, an e e e e e re s c .

T h only r ally t ang

e ha a t risti is th i inability to g t away f om th monotony of su h p imi
e s r e c r c e c e r e r e c r

ti v habits Wh n in tin tiv on v n tions p p tuat d f thou ands of y ars in an i on fo malism

e . e s c e c e are er e e or s e r r ,

th y g ow l wi
e f us to app a myst riou and finally
r e ss a to b wholly natu al Ba k of this
se , re e e r e s, ce se e r . c

arc hit tu th mu t have b n an nvi onm ntal d spotism strong r and mo d ply root d than
ec re e re s ee e r e e e re ee e

m so ial tyranny
e re c .

I any t atm nt of t ab at d on t u tion t h fo mal ha a te of the upright po t and its

n re e la
r e e c s r c e r c r c r s re

tion to th ho iz ntal lint l th two mo t indi ative a p

e r ots of stylisti xp ssion T h fo ms of
e are e s c s ec c e re . e r

E gyptian olumns w h ult of id a totally diff nt f om the ordinary on ption of sup

c e re t e re s e s e re r c ce

po t in C lassi and E u op an a hit tu T h G k olumn ta t d out t tonic and imitativ

r s c r e rc ec re . e re e c s r e ec e,

som what lik th E gyptian olumn but it g adually b am an xp es ion of the G re k s per
e e e c s, r ec e e r s e
’

sonal njoym nt of th dim n ional form and so took on som thing of th p oportional and con
e e re e - e s e e r

troll d vigor whi h h f lt in hi own body H n th imitativ and t aditional elements of the
e c e e s . e ce e e r

G k olumn u h as th nta i diminution t hyli and hinus whi h in th ar haic hit

re e c , s c e e s s, , rac on ec , c e c arc ec

tu xist d f th i own sak and mad the suppo t look soft and lif l ss wer r du ed to
re e e or e r e e r s e e , e e c

imp ptibl ubtl ti s or st ngth n d into pla tic mpha is in a ons ious ff o t to mak th stone
e rc e e s e e re e e s e s c c e r e e

upright look vigo ou ly and ela ti ally ali v I nst ad of adh ing to tim hono d u age the G k
s r s s c e . e er e- re s , re e

c olumn w r p oportionally r lat d to th ntablatu e in an o gani fashion so that th y would

s e e r e e e e r r c e

look st ong nough to ar y th appa nt load with vigorous as At the sam tim th y we e so
r e c r e re e e . e e, e r

int g at d that th ir pa ts w ubo dinat d to th whol and a modul of m asu m nt w mad

e r e e r e re s r e e e, e e re e as e

to gov n both th h ight and th br adth of all th pa t in mu h the same fashion as the human
er e e e e e r s c

body i p op tion d s r or e .

N u h bodily n gy and p onal awa n ss animat d the ulptors of E gyptian olumns Th

o s c e er e rs re e e sc c . e

c olumn follow d fix d ul and anon of p op tion At fi t und r th influ n of th l

s e no e r es c s r or . rs e e e ce e S en

d erwood and bundl d d p ototyp s the ston olumns w r tall in propo tion to th ir diam
e re e r e ,
e c e e r e

t ; th n th w ight of ston a hi trav s b am an in s apabl on id a tion in th larg

e er e as e e e rc e ec e e c e c s er e e

t mpl s and m iz was on id d both a symbol of pow and an assuran e of ind stru tibility
e e , e re S e c s e re er c e c ,

the column g w short r and stout S u h as it w the d v lopm nt was quit diff r nt from
s re e er . c as, e e e e e e

t hat of th G r k col mn for i th Old Kingdom the

e ee olumns vary i height from five and one
u , n e c n
2 50 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT UR E E

or inac ssible on th ext rio s (P lat ) exi t d not to b ad but to p s rv s ential ideas
ce e e r e L ,
s e e re , re e e e s .

T h monum ntal ma s whi h a tounds t h mod n

e e xist d b au of its u fuln ss and not for
s , c s e er , e e ec se se e

its optical eff t A t mpl th y all d T hy H ous of millions of y a s S w t had inscribed

ec . e e e c e ,
“
e e r
”
, en o sre

in p ais of th hou of his father Atum E t rnity is that x ll nt thing which I hav mad
r e e se , ,
“
e e ce e e e .
”

Mu h has b n w itt n about th inh r ntly lithi hara t r of E gyp tian ar hit ture and th
c ee r e e e e c c c e c ec e

arc hite tonic purity amounting to g om tri abstra tion f the stru tu al l m nt Th triangular
c ,
e e c c , o c r e e e s . e

simplicity of the py amids th r tilin a r gularity of th plan th mphati p lygonal solidity

r , e ec e r e e s, e e c o

of many of th suppo ts and th igid ho izontality of th roofs

e all v id nt ha a t risti s of
r , e r r e , are e e c r c e c

the s tyl but do th y p o v that in int nt and o igin E gyptian buildings w any more ubistic
e, e r e e r e re c

and plasti than th appa nt abst a tions of th s ulptu ? T h py amid was id og aphi form
c e re r c e c re e r an e r c ,

— th b e b symbol of th S god whi h was gradually imposed upon th ma taba b ause of

e n— e n e un - , c e s ec

an asso iation of id as and for th p a ti al onsid ration of attaining gr at r s u ity for the ma
c e e r c c c e e e ec r

t i l r mains of th
er a e inc nat S god who ul d th land Th sthetic xpres i ven ss of E gyp
e ar e un - r e e . e a
e e s e

tian ar hit tu whi h is and hould b fa inating to the mod n vi itor to E gypt s ms less
c ec re , c s e sc er s , ee

consid d and int ntional th mo w realize how ompl t ly its ston forms w r the s ulptural imi
e re e e re e c e e e e e c

t tia on of symboli and st u tu al l m nts whi h fi st took shape in pliable mat rials
c r c r e e e c r e .

Th t hnically d xt ou but non th l

e ec imitative ha a ter of th ton ar hite ture which
e er s, e e e ss c r c e s e c c ,

is quit diff nt in both ause and eff ct from th ulptu ally pla tic hara t r of G k hit
e e re c e e sc r s c c e re e arc ec

ture is vid nt not only in th shap s but also in th m thods of utting the masonry S tone col
, e e e e ,
e e c .

u m of any siz sta ting with th ir in ption by I mhot p at S aqqa a and rising t monumental
ns e, r e ce e r o

dim nsions at Karnak w r built lik masonry walls by m ans of mall blo ks of ough hewn ston s
e , e e e e s c r e

laid in ours s around a ntral or and only arv d t th final shap aft th y w e re t d
c e ce c e c e o e e er e er e c e .

As a e ult of thi imitative m thod th our es of E gyptian ol mns hav no lation to th parts
r s s e , e c s c u e re e ,

for the apital was not tho ught of a stru tural l m nt and th fo th cours s ould t th
c as c e e e , e re re e e c cu e

s haft and apital at any onv ni nt l v ls T h lit ral sult of this mim ti habit of E gyptian stone
c c e e e e . e e re e c

masons is illu trat d by th t atment of the bas I th p imitiv on tru tion of wood and bundled
s e e re e . n e r e c s c

r d th olumns with th i atta h d floral mbl m whi h lat in ston b am apitals were
ee s e c e r c e e e s, c er e ec e c ,

c ompl t unit whil th ba s w

e e o k ts of a th or hollow d ston s into whi h th hafts
s, e e se e re s c e e r , e e , c e s

w e re t L at r wh n th s
se . olumnar p ototypes we imitat d in ston it was only structural
e , e e e c r re e e, ex

p die y th t
enc t t h h ight and th numb r of ston
a se ou f th
e olumn but with faithful
e e e e c rs e s or e c s, ,

adh n e to tradition th ba s w always c rved s pa at from th shafts as a rais d part of

e re c , e se e re a e r e e ,
e

th pav m nt upon w hi h t h
e e olumns tood
e c e c s .

T h histo y of E gyptian ma on y shows an intuitive pr o cupation with p a ti al r sults and a

e r s r e c r c c e

tend n y to di ga d th inh rent prin ipl s of true masonry onst uction as long as th surface and
e c s re r e e c e c r e

fo mal a p t of th buildings we meti ulously accurate I th e li st stonewo k as een at

r s ec e re c . n e ar e r , s

S aqqa a th ston r utt s not only took little advantag of r ctangular hapes for their joints but
, e e -c er e e S ,

al o made th m l v ext a wo k by arving the out r su fa es of th walls like a skin of ar fully

s e se es r r c e r c e c e

s mo th d su f a a h ston t with splayed sid s so that the edges would fit smoothly together
o e r ce , e c e cu e ,

whil th int ior was a loose ubble pre ariously retained by the ashlar urfa s Obviously th i
e e er r c s ce .
, e n
 T HE AR CH I TE CT URE A S C UL T URA L E XPRE S S I O N 2 51

tent of the S aqqara masons was im itative rath r tha stru tural Whil E gyptian build rs s on e n c . e e o

l a n d some of th adv antag s of solid m galithi masonry th y nev r abandoned th arly habit
e r e e e , e c , e e e e

of fo ming walls by cou s s of obliqu joints with a lo se fill b tw n two ar fully ar v d fa s

r r e e ,
o e ee c e c e ce

(P lat B au th ir int st was ntially imitati v th y n v d v loped a f ling f th

e 11 ec se e e re e s se e, e e er e e ee or e

inh nt possibiliti s and limitation of olid ma on y T h i

e re f dow ls and do v tail
e amp s s s r . e r u se o e e cr s,

whi h o u s c a ly th IV Dyna ty s m to hav b n mo

cc r as e fl ti v of m thods of wood
r as e s , ee s e ee re re ec e e

join y than t u tu ally us f ul in masonry b aus th amps u ually f w od although at tim s

er s r c r e ,
ec e e cr , s o o , e

of l ad opp and v n ston w t w ak to t ngth n th mason y T hey went to infi nit

e , c e r, e e e, e re oo e s re e e r .
8
e

pains to pat h a hipp d surfa by ma v lous inlays th y onomiz d by r utting pilf d mat ial
c c e ce r e , e ec e ec e re er

and i r gula f agm nts into intri at and p f tly fitt d pav m nt and at the ame tim w nt on
r e r r e c e er ec e e e s, s e e

n gl ting foundations and b ilding wall with loo rubbl or s whi h ndang d th tability
e ec u s se e c e c e e re e s

of th i st u tu T his n gl t was n ith r th r ult f a l sn

e r r c re s . of impati n Th wo k e ec e e e es o c re e s e ss n o r e ce . e r

m had th tim and th kill but th oyal and p i stly pr o upation with th on ptual valu s
en e e e s , e r r e e cc e c ce e

of ar hit tu k pt th aft m n bound to t aditional m thods whi h gave th d i d fo mal p

c ec re e e cr s e r e c e e s re r a

p of xa tn s and ma siv n s As lat as th P tol mai p iod th ston utt s ontinu d

e aran c e e c es s e es . e e e c er , e e -c er c e

to arve th whol width of a do j amb with all it int rio and xt ior p oj ting moldings out
c e e or ,
s e r e er r ec ,

of th ston ours s of th n lo ing wall T h y did it that way b au af t r tw nty fi hund d

e e c e e e c s . e ec se e e -
ve re

y a th form of ston a hit tu u h the moldings a ound a doo way w re still

e rs e s id
e rc ec re , s c as r r , e co n s

er d to b imitativ rath r than structu al in tone

e e e e r s .

T hat th Old Kingdom builde pra ti d a magnifi nt quad at d mason y for th ir s pul h al
e rs c se ce r e r e e c r

monum nts and manif t d b th ing nuity and a ura y i utting ompli at d p rt u llis ton s
e es e o e cc c n c c c e o c s e

and th a li st known w dg shap d voussoi s for a ch s is no proof that th E gyptian w r

e e r e e e- e r r e , e s e e

int r st d in lithi onst u tion as ith an t or i n S ubs qu nt p iods did not b n fit f om

e e e c c r c e er ar sc e ce . e e er e e r

th painstaking ff o ts of th Old Kingdom m son but on id d th olid mas n y too tim

e e r e a s, c s e re e s o r e

consuming ; and th y did not d v lop th po sibiliti s of th t ton vous oir a h initiat d by
e e e e s e e cu -
s e s rc e

th ing nious xpe im nts of th ir p d s o s until th S aiti D ynasty T h fo w may as um

e e e r e e re e ce s r e
'

c . e re re e s e

that th x ll nt Old Kingdom ma on y was a pra ti al xp di nt to g t p rman n e and its l

e e ce e s r c c e e e e e e c , es

sons w o v look d b aus it had not volv d any th o y d p in ipl s of lithic onst u tion
e re er e ec e e e e r an r c e c r c .

Th t hniqu of building lik all th

e ec afts in E gypt was at an a ly dat rais d to th point
e , e e cr , e r e e e

of p a ti al s v i
r c that it ould satisf y a p ifi r qui m nt but it n v r was fo mulated into
c er ce so c s ec c e re e e e r

a ons iou t or a th o ti al i n
c c s ar e re c sc e ce .

T hi la k of any spe ulativ int r st is mo t cl a ly shown by th

s c onventions of mathematical
c e e e s e r e c

cal ulation whi h th build rs must hav us d T h E gyptian on ption of figu e n v di

c s c e e e e .
9
e
’
s c ce r s e er

v t d it lf f i p a ti al origin ; h do s not sp ak
es e se o think of 8 an abst a t numb ; h
ts r c c e
“
e e or as r c er e

thinks of 8 loav s 8 h p Wh n h multipli d or di vid d th a toundingly ompli at d meth

e o r S ee .
”
e e e e , e s c c e

d h u d w littl mo than a y t m of t ial and or a ri d out by doubling hal ving and

“
o s e se e re e re s s e r e rr c r e ,

multiplying by two thi ds Whil h had no p ovi ions with th x ption f and for d al
-
r .
”
e e r s , e e ce o e

8 Cl k ar e an d l
E n ge bach, A n cie n t E gyptian Mas on ry, p . 1 13 .

9 Cl k ar e l
an d E n ge bac h, o p cit , p p 2 1 7-2 2 3 . . . .
2 52 GYP T I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

ing with fractions whose numerators w re greater than unity and so had to express % as e , 9

till h ext a t d squa o ts got an approximat a a of a ir l m s e r c e re r o ,

e re c c e , co

p t d
u et h volume of a ylind r and
e v n d termin d th volum of a t uncat d on E v ry m c e ,
e e e e e e r e c e . e co

putation how ver was a laborious and time on uming s i of op ations As

,
e ,
E gyptologist —
c s er e s er . o ne

has xp s d it D spit th r putation for philo ophi wi dom att ibut d to th E gyptians by the
e re s e ,
“
e e e e s c s r e e

G ks no peopl has v r hown its lf more adv rs to spe ulation

re e ,
mor whol h a tedly de
e e e S e e e c or e e- e r

vot d to mate ial int r sts

e r e e .
” 1°

ZE S T H E T I C ATT IT UDE If the E gyptians did not enjoy p ulative thinking it is diffi ult to .
s ec , c

imagin that th y had an sth ti attitud toward art for both qui om d g of ritical d
e e a
e e c e s ,
re re s e e re e c e

t hm t and an int
ac enst in th or ti al ompa i ons [E sth ti pu pos al o invol v s indiv idual s lf
e re e e c c r s . e c r e s e e

c on iousn s and p sonal lf fid

sc e sw hi h the stati and oll tiv unif ormity of E gyptian
er se - co n e n ce c c c ec e

thinking did not ulti vat I pit of our mod rn awa n s of a kind of b auty in E gyptian fo ms
c e . n s e e re es e r

of xp ion all th vid n indi at that th E gyptians had v y littl int r st in th th tic
e re ss , e e e ce c es e er e e e e a
es e

app al of th ir artistic ations C tainly all th monum ntal ston a hit tu mo t of th s ulp
e e c re . er e e e rc ec re , s e c

tu and mu h of th painting w
re , x ut d and lo at d without ga d for the app iati v
c e e re e ec e c e re r re c e

s p tato T ombs and t mpl s w

ec r . ith r hidd n away in i ti s of th d ad or con al d b hinde e e re e e e c e e e ce e e

g at wall C olumnar halls and u fa s of wall d oration whi h

re s . to day b autiful in th ir s r ce ec ,
c are -
e e

ruin d i ola tion w r o igi nally ina s ible and compl t ly on al d in da k int io s E ven th
e s , e e r cce s e e c ce e r er r . e

p o ional ways whi h w th only op n app oa h s to their building nd d ab uptly at bl nk

r ce s s ,
c e re e e r c e s, e e r a

e n lo ing walls or on aling pylon

c s -
c ce s .

Fu th mo if w a um th at th E gyptians at d and valu d t in th sam way that we

r er re , e ss e e c re e e ar e e

do th n w mu t al o a um that th y mu t ha v xp d th ir xp ri n s of beauty in om
, e e s s ss e e s e e r e ss e e e e e ce s e

what th sam fa hion that w do Y t in spit of th i g at p id which imp ll d th m to ov r

e e s e . e e e r re r e e e e c e

th walls of th i
e building wi th long a ounts of th ir a omplishm nt th oyal pat ons and
e r s cc e cc e s, e r r

mast af t m n e r cru iou ly il nt ga ding th arti ti m its of th ir ations T h a hit ts

s e are c r s s e re r e s c er e c re . e rc ec

ce rtainly t at d a hit tu a p a ti al a tivity of far l s signifi an in th ir timation than

re e rc ec re as r c c c es c ce e es

th admini t ati v
e duti onn t d with th v i of Amon and th P ha aoh Royal patrons of
s r e es c ec e e se r ce e r .

ar t lik Ram s I I who ov

, e d v y qua foot of th i tomb and t mpl with s n s and i
se , c e re e er s re e r s e es ce e n

sc ripti lating to th ir g atn s may b r li d up n to hav xtoll d what th y valu d mo t

o n s re e re es , e e e o e e e e e s

highly I a hit tu th y p ai d abov v ything l th ve la tingn s of th ir building and

. n rc ec re e r se e e er e se e e r s es e s

th w alth of burni h d m tals la v ish d upon th m But not on e in t ns of thousands of i

e e s e ip e e e . c , e n sc r

tions do th y a tually p ai th b auty of th ir wo ks of t

, e c r se e e e r ar .

Wh n th y do mploy th wo d f oth wo d u h as an adj tiv and it is

’
’
e e e e r n e e r, or er r s s c n, as ec e,

t an lat d good fi or b autif ul w hav to b su in what s ns th E gyptians m ant a

r s e ,
” “
ne
” “
e ,
”
e e e re e e e e

thing was b autif l E v n in E ngli h w do not alway m an that an obj t i a f a t f the s ns s

e u . e s e s e ec s e s or e e

wh n w all it b auti f ul A t tim it only m an w ll mad

e e c of fi mat ial ; and wh n
e . es e s
“
e e,
”
or
“
ne
”
er e

w say a good man i b auti f l in th y s f G od th pl asu impli d i not th ti T he

“ ”
e s e u e e e o e e re e s a
es e c re
, .

A G di 10
E pi G mm p 4
. ar n e r, gy t an ra ar, . .
PL ATE L XXVI I I : P A INT E D C OL UMNS
 A R CH I TE CT URE A S CUL T UR A L E XPRE SS I ON
THE 2 55

i nt ff ts that th E gyptians did not d v lop a ont mplative and riti al approa h to formal art
S e e ec e e e c e c c c .

By and la g E gyptian t was the quint ss n e of l gan e and t chni al fin m nt p t ified at

r e, ar e e c e e c e c re e e e r

th animi ti stag of ultural d v lopm nt wh re man is too convi ed of th poten y of his

e s c e c e e e e nc e c

imag y t tand ba k as a c iti al obs rv r

er o s c r c e e .

S UMMARY What v r w may f l bout the artisti merits of E gyptian reati ns the outstanding
. e e e ee a c c o ,

c hara t i ti of th a hit tu and of th ultu its lf i its p r ist nt unifo mity which
c er s c e rc only
ec re e c re e s e s e r , can

b e explain d by an n vi onm ntal d poti m T h al ph nom non of E gyptian t i its un nding

e e r e es s . e re e e ar s e

it ration and igid d p nd n upon fo mula fo mulas that w f qu n tly highly int llig nt
e r e e e ce r s— r e re re e e e

and n arly always kilf ully x ut d T his tultifying d p nd n of a ompli at d and in many
e s e ec e . S e e e ce c c e ,

ways u h an a ompli h d ultu upon habit and t adition i only in p t xplain d by t h iso
s c cc s e c re r s ar e e e

lation of th ount y by th b fi t ty anny of th Nil whi h mad lif a y and so stifl d

e c r , e ene ce n r e e, c e e e s e

initi ative and by th p a ti al fdom of th p opl It is not v n f ully plain d by th fa t

, e r c c se r e e e . e e ex e e c

that art and ligi on w e finally so nt d a ound th n ds of th P ha aoh and th ough him
re er ce e re r e ee e r , r

of th ruling la s that th y both b am rituali ti f o mula ont oll d by a w althy d spoti and
e c s , e ec e s c r s, c r e e , e c,

all p we ful p i thood who

-
o r int st was th p s vation of th tabli h d o d E v n
r es , se o ne e re e re e r e es s e r er . e

though thi nvironm ntal and so ial d poti m may xplain mu h that app a s in th ultu still
s e e c es s e c e r e c re ,

it do s not xplain it lf It i th po ition in th so i ty of th indi vidual having in his apa ity

e e se . s e s e c e e , c c

as a human b ing th po ibility of p rsonal xp s ion whi h p haps fu nish s th key to the
e e ss e e re s , c er r e e

art .

I E gypt th
n ontinuous o p rativ ffort and th n s a y disciplin r qui d in p histo i
e c c o e e e e e ce s r e e re re r c

tim s to fo mulat an o d whi h would make lif and ivilization po sibl in th swamp of th
e r e r er c e c s e e s e

N il l f t a ma k on th int nal a ti ulatio of the growing o i ty in addition to th hang

“
e e r e er r c n s c e e c e

whi h it p odu d in th o i ty s elations with its xt nal nvi onm nt As a e ult th indi
c r ce e s c e
’
r e er e r e .
”
r s , e

vidual was t in th mold of this oll tiv and p imitiv outine ; in the end th wills of th
se e c ec e r e r , e e

rank and fil w r p man ntly subordinat d to th di tion of a f w outstanding l ad s T h

e e e er e e e re c e e er . e re

fo th indi vidual was m g d in the ommunal o d

re e li d upon mim sis whi h is th g at st er e c r e r, re e e , c e re e

inst um nt and fa ulty of p imitiv man and i hi ar h for p man n allow d hims lf to b
r e c r e ,
n s se c er e ce e e e

c om an unqu stioning l m nt in a stati ult

e eE gypt never div t d i tself of the mat iality
e e e c c u re . es e er

of natu nev r as T oynb s ys withd w into its own imagination and th n r tu n d to a life
re , e , ee a ,
re e e r e

of w meaning and in ntiv ; it n v r found its oul ; Akh nat n may have tri d but he fail d
ne ce e e e s e e e , e .

E gypt lack d individual self d t rmination and s lf xp ssion and her art w
e th efo bound to -
e e e -
e re , as er re

th formulas of id og aphi
e onv ntions e r c c e .

PL AT E L XXVI II

1. Lo t l
XII Dyn as y ( r sse d A v e n n es )
us co um n o f t Pi ’
.

2 . l
C o um n f ro m XVIII Dyn as y o m b , T he b es, o p t t .

3 . t
L o us co l umn o f VI Dyn as y ( o p t .
2 56 GYPT I A N A R CH I TE CT URE E

Admitting that th E gyptians w not s ntially b hold of a hit t r still th y mad

e e re es e e e rs rc e c u e, e e

so many ont ibutions to th hi tory f a hit tur that w must not ov look th i gr atn ss in
c r e s o rc ec e e er e r e e

th p oc s of di ov ring th ir
e r es ultu al limitations A rly as about 3
sc e th y knew th a h e c r . s ea 000 e e rc

and th tunn l vault ; al o i th i b i k a hit tu they ould on t u t laminat d vaults k new

e e -
s n e r r c rc ec re c c s r c e ,

how to build small upolas without nt ing and had d v lop d an int lo king bri k ar h U m
c ce er ,
e e e er c c c .

doubt dly th ir ma on y on t u tion was th fi t in th hi tory of man and b f o th d of

e e s r c s r c e rs e s , e re e en

th Old Kingdom th y had reli v ing a h s in ton t ton v ous oirs and int i at po t u llis rc e S e, cu s e s
-
e e e , r c e r c

blo k I wall on t u tion th y anti ipat d if th y did not o igi nat th a hit tu al on v ntion
c s . n c s r c e c e ,
e r e, e rc ec r c e

of a bas or dado at th bottom of a wall and a f i e

e, ,
o ni at th top T h i v tto cor
e ,
r ez , or c r ce , e . e r ca e

ni whi h app d all th i wall d doo way was th fi t owning ton molding in a hi
ce , c c e e r s an r s, e rs cr s e rc

t tu and f om it p hap d v lop d tain fo ms of las i o ni A f

ec re , r , er w know th y s, e e e ce r r c s c c r ce s . s ar as e e

w th fi st to
e re olumnar p ti o s p i tyl d ou t and p ipt al t mpl whil th i l
e r u se c or c e , er s e c r s, er er e e s, e e r co

u m p obably suppli d th M dit an an wo ld with su h l m nts of th subsequ nt C lassi ord rs

ns r e e e e rr e r c e e e e e c e

as th aba us blo k foliat capital ntasis d iminution and hann ling

e c c ,
e s, e , , c e .

Wi thout any qu tion th y o iginat d th id a of l to y ligh ti g w th fi st to

es ven e r e e e c e re s r n , e re e r u se

t il t
a o rsfor ooling th ir hou ga v th G ks th fo m of th lion h ad d wat r spout and
c e s e s, e e re e e r e -
e e e ,

anti ipat d th C h i tian

c e f c ypt und r t h i t mpl s T h y had th
e r s a li st known v rti al
u se o r s e e r e e . e e e r e e c

c ity hou and us d th se, tangula grid arr ng m nt of town planning two thousand y ars b
e e re c r a e e -
e e

for any oth M dit ran an ultu saw the advantag of gula town planning From th i
e er e er e c re es re r . e r

d o ati v e patt n spe ially th lotus d papy u v ol v d many of th moti v s of ubs qu nt

ec r er s, e c e an r s, e e e e s e e

E uropean o nam nt su h as th gg and tongu and t h G

r e k p l tt E gyptian i v ili a tion may
, c e e - -
e, e re e a rn e e . c z

have suff d a long and p og essi v p t ifa tion but befo it w ompl tely ntomb d it forms
e re r r e e r c , re as c e e e , s

had gon W st to b reborn lik e Osiris i th w ci vilizations of th western wo ld

“
e e
”
e , , n e ne e r .
 2 58 IN DE X

C ab bo at, i n, 14, 1 7, 18 l
C im ate , 6 De ir e l Me din a, te m p e ,
-
l 1 9 2, 1 93
“
C amp be s ll ’
to mb,
"
1 12 Co l o n n ade , 1 7, 1 9 , 1 29 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 1 , to m bs, 1 04 , 1 0 7-1 0 8

C an a l , 1 43, 1 4 5 , 1 5 2, 1 6 3 1 5 5 . 1 5 7. 1 8 s. 1 95 to w n, 2 17

C apita s, l abacu s, 111 Co l o nn e tte , i v o ry, 113 De lt a, 9, 22, 2 8 , 34, 2 1 5, 2 1 7

c am p an if o rm , 74 , 77, 1 36, 1 38, 1 56 , Co l o r, 71 , 8 4 , 1 2 6, 1 39 to m b s , 2 6

1 5 7. 1 6 4 . 1 6 5. 2 4 9 Co l um n s, 1 02, 2 4 8 -24 9 De n . to mb . 3 2 3 5 . 4 9. 5 2
i
.

H atho r, 1 1 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 1 8 3 , 1 8 6 , , Be s, 1 21 De n de ra, B rth Ho us e , 1 4 8

1 87 1 88 1 8 9 , 1 93 , 1 9 5
, ,
bu n d e d l re e ds , 6 7, 6 8 , 74 , 75 te m p le , H atho r, 1 8 6 , 1 8 7—1 8 9 , 23 1

l
o be d c am p an ifo rm , 1 8 0 1 83, 1 8 4 , c e dar, 61 1 I s is , 1 86

l
o tu s , 76, 1 10 1 1 1, 1 24 1 2 6, , , c han n e e d, 74 l
75 , 78 , , 79 De n du r, 1 9 1
25 4 co n s t ru c tio n , 6 7 l
De n ti s , 1 1 0 1 1 2
i
,

pa lm , 1 24 , 1 26, 1 8 3, 1 84, 2 06 , 2 0 7, l o tu s , 25 4 De r c l Me din a S e e De

-
. r e l- Me din a .

2 1 3, 2 24 , 2 25 o c tago n a l 1 05, 111 De rr, 1 9 3

Oii
,

P ap yru s . 74 77. 1 3 4 1 3 6 . . . 1 3 8. 1 56 . s r s, 1 1 9, 1 23, 1 31, 1 34 , 1 38, 1 39, De s icc atio n , 5

1 5 7. 1 6 3 . 1 6 4 1 65 1 71 k
Din a, 5 2 , 73 , 1 2 1
P
.

l
to e m aic , 1 8 0 , 1 8 1 p ain te d, 2 0 7, 25 4 Dio do rus , 1 9 , 1 3 7, 2 1 5
s add e . 1 7. 72 l - 6
74 75 7 .
. . 2 49 P apyru s , 74 . 77. 1 2 4 . 1 2 6 . 1 3 7. 1 3 8 . Dio rite , 1 2 5
s he ath, 6 7, 6 8 1 67 “
v
Di in e S hado , 1 5 3 , 1 55 w
t e n o n e d, 1 6 5 , 1 6 6 Pl o ygo n a l 1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 1 3, 1 29, 1 32 Do m itian , 1 9 1
P
,

C as t l e, 21 6
“
ro to - Do ric ,
”
1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 13 Do o rs ( se e also f a s e do o r ) , 2 1 , 1 3 5 , l -

“
C ast l e o f A te n , 1 78 , 212 s q u are , 1 0 5, 1 23 , 1 25, 1 29 1 3 7. 1 5 3 236 .

C ause w ay, 9 5, 9 6 , 230

“
tre e tru n -
k ,
”
1 67 w
Do o r ay, 1 8 1 , 1 8 4 1 8 5 , 1 8 6 2 1 2 , ,

Ca v e s, 1 5 w oo de n , 1 61 , 2 09 , 2 1 8 k l
bro e n in te , 1 8 1 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 6 2 0 9 l ,

C e dar, 7, 1 3 7, 1 5 3 , 1 6 1 C o n ca v e co u rse s, 1 8 9, 2 04 Do uble 2 5 ,

l
C e i in g , tim be re d, 6 7, 6 8 , 8 0 , 8 7 C o Ordin ate S , 77, 2 3 2
“
l
Do u b e f acade , 75 , 1 4 1 , 2 1 8
ll
Ce are t , 2 0 9 C o p p e r, 1 3 7, 2 1 8 wl
Do e s, 1 2 2 , 2 5 1
C e n o tap hs , 1 1 6, 1 1 7- 1 1 8 , 1 69 l
C o rbe in g. 3 5. 5 4 . 5 5. 9 5 . 9 6. 1 0 7. 1 31. Drain age , 1 03 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 9
Ce n te rin g, 1 39 1 3 2, 1 4 6, 1 6 8 , 1 69

C hap e l s, 8 0, 1 22 C o rn ic e s, 3 3 , 4 1
E bo n y, 7
H atho r , 1 0 5 v
c a e tto , 2 1 , 6 9 , 8 0 , 1 44 , 1 53
E df u, Bir th Ho use , 148
m o rtu ary, 2 6 , 8 7, 9 2 , 9 5, 9 8 , 1 02 k he khe r , 2 6, 2 7
n ao s , 1 1 6, 1 21
1 03 . 1 4 4 1 46 ur ce us , 1 8 0, 1 8 7, 191

S aqq ara, 70 , 71
.

C o urt, 6 , 1
tem p e , l H o rus , 1 80 , 1 82, 1 8 5, 23 1
1 24 99
ll
T e e l—Am arn a, 2 06 , He b S e d 6 0 71 75
,

-
p rim it i v e, 61
1 4 9, 2 09
l
-

E l-A m rah, ho use m o de

, ,
‘ 14, 21
C hate au die u ,
, 1 4 5, 21 1 s e rdab 77, 78
t o m bs , 4 9 , 5 0
,

C he o p s S e e Khu fu C raft s m an s hip , 7

E l—Be rsh a, 2 0 2 2 0 3
. .

C he p hre n S e e Khafra C ram p s ,

,
25 1
E l Kab , c ity,
.

20 8 ,
.

“
C hie f o f all w k or s, 2 3 1 , 2 3 7, 2 3 8 C re n e l at io n s , 1 4 2 , 1 43 , 2 2 6 , 23 0
l
21 1

C hie f tain , 1 2, 28 C re s tin g . S e e C o rn ic e , P arap e t .

m o de
E l L ahu n S e e L ahun
, 210

l
-

C hro n o
. .

o gy, 8 C ryp t, 8 9,
C itie s , C ubit,
1 191
E l—Mah arr a k a, 1 93
2 1 0 -2 1 7 232
Rl-T as a, 9
A ahm e s I , 2 1 7, 2 2 0 C u rtain s , 6 4 66
Bu bas tis , 2 1 5-2 1 6 C us to m -ho use , 2 1 2
,
l
E e c t rum . 1 3 5 . 1 4 1 . 1 5 3 . 1 5 5. 1 5 7

c irc u ar, l 208 , 2 1 0, 2 1 1 C yp re s s , 7,

l
E e p h an tin e , p e rip te ra t e m p e , 1 4 8 , 1 5 1 l l
E l v ti
1 53
e a o n s , 2 34 , 23 5
D i l Me din a, 2 1 7
e r e —

De ta, 2 1 5l E m bryo n i
c p o sture , 24, 53

E l Kab , 2 0 8 2 1 1 Dado , 4 6 4 7, 2 2 1
Enc l o s u re , 6
,
E n tas is ,
,
249
ge o m e tric , 21 6 -
21 7 Dais , 1 8 9 2 0 7, 2 1 8 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 5
He rm o n this , 2 1 6 k
Dak a, 1 9 3
,
v
E n iro n m e n t, 3 - 1 0

H ie rak o n p o lis , 2 1 1 “
Dashu r, Fa s e yram id, 9 2 93 l P Rpe t, te m p e , Karn a l k , 160

E ri he m s -n ufe r,
,
-
1 95
Kahu n , 2 1 4 2 1 7 p yram id, S n e fe ru , 9 4 9 5 9 6
l
-
,
E s n a, te m p
,
e, 1 9 1 -1 92
Kan tir 2 1 6 S e n w o s re t I II, 1 27
i
,
E s tate , 2 28
Mem ph s, 2 1 5 De ath, 8 , 2 4 -2 7
“
Raam se s , 2 2 5
”
De b o d, 1 9 1
“
E te rn a l H o use , 43: 93 , 1 22
E v e rge te s I, 1 9 5
T e l] e l—Am arn a, 2 1 2 2 1 3,-
214, 217 De du 5 7 6 4 6 5 6 6. 6 9 . 2 49 -

i E ve rge te s II,
. . .

The b e s ,
1 91
21 5 De ir c l Bah ar , p yram id, Me n tuho te p,
-
“
E ye s f Ho rus,
w ll a e d, 2 08 , 2 1 0, 212 1 01 , 1 03 , 1 05
o 79
City gate , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 te m p e , l Me n tuho te p 1 27

i
,

l
C e re sto ry, 6 7, 6 8 1 3 6 , , 1 3 7, 1 5 5 . 1 6 4 , Hats he psut, 1 27, 1 28 , 1 29, 1 3 0, Fabr c s, 15
205 , 2 0 7, 2 1 0 1 31. 1 3 2; 1 3 3. 1 3 5 Faie n c e , 2 1 3, 2 1 5
 IN DE X 2 59

“
Fa l se -
”
do o r ste e, 4 1 -4 3 , 55 , 6 7, 68 l ,
H arak hte , te m p e , 1 6 8 , 1 70 - 1 71 l “
s arc o p hagus, 18
8 5, 8 7, 8 8 9 1 , 1 02 , 1 2 3 , 1 2 6 , , Hare m S e e harim . .
l
s he ter ,
”
1 7
1 3 7, 1 6 8 , 1 69 H ar e m hab 1 57 “
te n t,
”
, 14, 1 7
Fayum , 9 , 2 0 l
p y o n Ko rn a , 1 6 0 1 66 , 1 6 7
, k , to m b , 22, 24, 27
“
Fe ast o f the Va ll e y, 1 37 te mp e , S isi a 1 6 8 l l , l
H o y o f ho ie s, 1 7, 1 6 9 l
Fefi , s arco p hagu s , 4 1 , 4 2 Hare m s af , 2 3 9 H o m es te ad, 3 0 , 1 9 8 , 2 1 0
Fe n c e , w
o o de n , 71 , 72 H arim 1 0 5, 2 0 2, 2 0 4 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 8 ,
, 2 1 9, H o o p ro o f S e e ro o f , ho o p
-
.

tiv l
.

"
“
Fe s a H all, 1 6 0, 1 63 , 1 65, 1 66, 2 2 3 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 7, 2 3 4
“
H o riz o n o f H e a e n ” 1 3 5, v , 1 44 , 1 53 ,
219 H aro e ris , 1 8 9 216
Fe s ti vl a s, 1 55 H at A te n 1 74 1 78
-
, , H o rus, 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 1 6 7 ,

Fe tis h, 2 7, 57 H ate y, 2 3 9 n ao s , 1 1 6 , 1 21
Fir. 7 H atho r, 5 7, 1 0 5 1 1 9 1 3 1 , , te m p l e, E dfu, 1 8 0, 1 8 2, 1 85
l
F ags ta v e s, 1 3 5, 1 53 , 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 Birth H o u se , P hilz , 1 95 H o us e , 1 3 2 4
O
-

Fo re co ur t, 2 3 -24 , 1 38, 1 3 9, 1 55, 1 85 c hap e , Ko rn l

m bo , 1 9 1 bun ga o , 2 0 5, 2 0 9 l w
Fo rt ifi e d G ate , 1 43 , 2 2 5 -2 2 7 s an c tuary, 131
k he k he r 2 1 ,
“
Fo rtre ss , 1 35 te m p e , l A bu S im be l , 1 72 m u d, 1 4 2 0 ,

Fo rts , 2 2 9 -2 3 0 De ir c l Me din a, 1 9 3 -
l l
m u tip e un its , 1 99
A bydo s , 3 8 , 4 0 , 2 1 7-2 1 8, 2 29 De n de ra, 1 8 6 1 8 7 1 8 9 ,
-
vl
o a , Aniba, 2 1

H ie rak o n p o lis, 2 1 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 29 Hatho r o f A bse k 1 71 , 1 72 , Maadi 2 0 ,

l
Re ie f , 2 2 8 2 3 0 ,
H ats he p s u t o be is s , Karn a 1 61
, l k k , Me im da Be ni S a aam, -
l 20
S e mn a, 2 2 8 2 3 0 ,
l
p y o n , Karn ak , 1 6 0 1 6 1 ,
p an e e d, 2 2l
Uro n art i, 2 3 0 t e m p e Bu he n , 1 4 8l 1 51
, ,
p o rtic o e d, 1 9 8 1 9 9 2 03 -
,

Fo un datio ns , 1 65 , 1 6 7 De ir e l Bah ari, 1 2 7, 1 2 8 1 2 9 , -

, 1 3 0, re c tan gu ar, l 2 0, 21, 1 97
1 3 1 . 1 3 2 . 1 3 3. 1 3 5 re e d, 14, 1 9, 26
Karn a
61 k 1 ro u n d,
96
G d
14, 1 9, 2 0, 2 1 ,
,
3 0, 1
ar e n s, 1 0 5, 1 2 9 , 1 41, 2 1 5, 2 1 9 , 2 2 8 , Me din e t H ab u , 1 5 0 1 5 1 , s e re kh , 3 1 47
-

2 29 w “
H a ara, L abyrin th ”
1 16 1 26 1 27 -
su v
b di ide d 1 9 8
G fH
, ,
,

ar u se in , te m p e , l 1 68 , 1 72 l
te m p e , Am e n e m hat I II , 1 1 6 1 26 t w o s to rie d, 2 1 , 22 , 1 99 ,
G
-
, 2 04
“ "
ate s , 1 02 1 27 u rban
G w
2 0 1 2 04 ,
-

ate ay, 6 3 , 6 6, 1 53 , 1 68, 2 06, 2 09 , p yram id, 9 8 , 1 03 v l

e n ti ate d, 2 0 1

2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 2 5 -2 2 7, 2 3 0 H e arth 6 , 2 0, 2 1 , 33 , 2 0 7
, Ho u se buria s , 2 6 , 4 8 , 5 1 l
G e m -Ate n , 1 74 , 1 75 , 1 77 He b S e d 6 0 6 6 , 71 —75 72 1 1 8 ,
-
1 21, Ho u s e -c irc e , 1 9 l
Gh
, , , ,

o rab , 2 33 1 22 1 38 1 65 H o use co n ce p t , 1 2
Gi
, ,

rz a, 52 H e bse d Ne f e rk ara, to m b , 9 0
- “
H o us e of a ll
m i io n years ,
Gi
1 1 9, 1 41 ,
ze h l
l
H e io p o is 9 , 5 3 , 5 7, 5 8 , 1 1 8 I 55
P
,

l t mpl
“
o rtico t e mp e , 1 2 0, 1 23, 1 25 e e, Re , 1 21 H o use -
o f A mo n ,
-
1 35

P yram ids . 9 4 - 9 9 H lw
e an , 9 H o us e of tah , 1 72P ”

te m p e , l Khafr a, 1 2 0, 1 23 H e m ak a, 6 0 “
Ho u s e o f R e o ic in g,
”
73 . j 1 73 . 1 75 .

Khu fu, 1 2 3 He rik o r, 1 71 2 1 9,

P
234
“
S p hinx
”
See o rtic o te m p. l e . H e rm am ie h , hu t c irc e s , 1 9 l H o u se o f S o b 1 89 k ,

to m bs , 5 , 38 , 39 , 4 0, 8 5 , 8 6 , 1 1 2, He rm o n this , 2 1 6 Ho u s e o f the F am e ” 1 2 1 l ,

1 17 H e ro do tu s , 2 0 , 9 7, 1 1 5 1 2 6 , 2 1 5, 240 H o u s e o f th e S ac re d Fa co n , l
Gl i 3
, 1 21
ac s , 2 0 He ro r, 1 67 i
Ho u se s hr n e , 1 4 1 6 , 1 8 1 9 ,
Gd 7 9 9
o s, 2 2 11 1 20 He sy. to m b 4 3 . 4 4 4 s . 55 28
, , 2 2, 24 ,

G l d 5 5 55 8
, , , . .

o 13 -1
3, 1 21 H e te p he r—Ne b ti, 75 Ho u s e s te ae , 8 9 , 9 0 l
G ld l f 8
-
, , ,

o ea 1 H ie rak o n p o lis , 3 7 H o us e typ e s , 1 5

G i
, -

“ ”
ran ar e s , 1 8 4, 2 0 , 2 04 , 20 2 09 f o rt, 2 29 Ho u se s, E l Be rsha 2 0 2
G i 8 8 3
-
,
, , 2 03
ran te , 1 1 12 1 41 ho use s , 1 96 , 1 98 G rze co -Ro m an ,
G i Tml
, , , 2 02, 204 , 209
“
ran te 3 5 e p e,
”
12 1 2 pa l ace , 4 0, 2 1 8 , 22 0 H ie rak o n p o lis, 1 9 6 1 9 8
G v w hi 6
,
,

ra e o rs p, 2 l
te m p e are a, 56 , 58 Kahu n , 2 0 2 2 0 4 , 2 0 5
G v d d v l
ra e s , ro u n 5 an o a 2 te m pl e, Fa l co n , 1 21 Karan is , 2 0 4
,

G H
,
“ ”
re at6 47 o us e , 3, 1 21, 1 21 8 to m b, 25 Kharga 2 0 2 2 0 3
G v 53 54
,
,

ro o e s, 1 , 1 to w n, 211 L iby an , 1 4 2 0
G
,

H ie ro g yp h, l “
bo o th , 17 Me din e t ho ran , 2 0 9
”
Me k e t
“
c an o p y , 1 7 -r
e, 2 00 , 203
Ha b w S o ar, s te e , 1 6
’ ’
-
k l “
c ity,
”
208 , 21 0 m o de l , 2 0 0, 2 02
ll
H a o f A n n a s 1 63 l , fe s ti a , 1 7 vl ”
k
N a ht, 2 0 0 2 0 1 , 203
ll
,
“
H a o f App e ar an c e s , 1 38, 1 41, 1 51 ,
“

“
”
ha , 2 1 ll Ne b Am u n ,
-
2 0 0 , 2 0 1 , 203
1 57. 1 79 . 1 81. 1 8s. 1 8 7. 2 3 5 ho u s e , 1 7, 1 8 , 2 7, 1 9 6, 1 98 Ne fe rho te p , 2 0 4 , 2 34 , 2 3 5
Hall of Fo re ign T ribute , 212
“
pa l ace , 1 7, 1 8 , 2 1 , 2 4 Nubian , 9 0
2 60

H o u se s, Rl -
Be rs ha— Co nt Kb e k lxer, 1 8 , 21, 22, 2 6, 2 7, 76 , 1 79, Maso n ry , 8 3 -8 4 , 2 5 0-25 1

Phil d l
.

a e p hia, 2 04 I 9 7. 1 99 Mastaba . 4 9 -5 3 . 5 5 . 8 5 -9 I
S o k n o p aio u Ne so s , 20 4 Khe ti, 1 9 Mastabat Far un , 1 0 1 ’

Te ll e I-Am arn a, 2 02 , 2 04 , 2 05 , Khn e m ho tp e , 1 0 9 Mas ts 76

i
,

207 Khn um , te m p e , E e phan t l l n e, 1 48, 1 51 Mate rial s 6 8 ,

-

The be s, 2 0 2 te m p e , l E sn a, 1 1
9 1 92
-
Mathe m atics 2 5 1 252 ,
-

T hutn ufe r, 202 , 2 03 , 204 Kho n s , 1 57 Mattin g 1 5 I 7 2 3 2 4 ,

- ; , , , 251 3 5, " 0 :
H ui, 2 3 9 te m p e , l Karn a k 1 4 9, 1 6 0 , 1 6 8 , 1 69, 111

G
,

H un i, 9 3 1 71 Me din e t ho ran 2 0 9
fi G
,

H u t, c irc e s , l 20 Kho ubao ui, 9 0 Me din e t Habu Fo rti e d , ate , 2 2 5 -2 2 7

co n ic a l , 210 Khu fu , 1 0 1 m o rtu ary c hap e l , Am e n irdis I , 1 44 ,

o vl
a ,
1 97 p yram id. 94 . 6 -
9 99 1 46

thatc he d, 1 97 te mp e , l 1 23 l
p a ace , R am se s I II , 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 -22 7

l
H yp ae thra o p e n ings , 1 79 , 2 1 0 l
Ki n ba e d bric , 7
-
k k te m p e , l H ats he p s ut, 1 5 0, 1 51

l
H yp o s ty e ha , 1 3 7, 1 3 8 , 1 5 5 ll ,
Kin g, 2 8 Ram se s III , 1 39
-
1 43
1 6 3 1 6 5 , 1 79 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 1
- k
Kio s , 1 6 1 7, 2 3 , 1 2 1 , , 1 60 ,
1 6 5, 1 79 , Me ke t re 2 0 0 2 0 3
-
, ,

1 8 0, 1 8 9, 1 95. 2 1 3, 2 27 Me k hu 1 0 6 1 0 9 , ,

Kitc he n , 2 0 4 , 2 0 9 Me m n o n iu m 1 6 7 1 6 9
O
, ,

I m ho te p . 6 1 . 6 7. 8 x. 1 3 5. 1 9 3. 1 9 5. Ko m m bo , Birth H o us e , 1 91 Me m p his 9 6 1 2 1 1 2 1 5 , , , , , 2 23

23 1 , 2 3 6 -2 3 7 c hap e l , H atho r, 1 91 Me n e s 9 ,

I n e n i, 1 1 3, 1 3 5, 1 61 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 7- 23 8 te m p e , l 1 89 - 1 9 1 to m b ,
3 2 1 3 4 , 3 5, 3 9
I n t k as , 75 Me n k aura, pyram id, 9 6 , 101

Ip uw e r, 1 0 2 s arc o p hagus , 4 1 , 4 2
Is is , 1 67 L abyrin th, 1 1 6 , 1 2 6 -1 2 7 Me n m a re ( S e ti I ) 1 6 7
- -
,

te m p e , l De n de ra, 1 86 L ahu n , p yram id, 9 8 , 1 03 Me n tuho te p II 4 7 1 0 5

Phil
, ,

a
e, 1 93 s arc o p hagu s , 4 6 Me n tuho te p II I p yram id , , 1 0 1 , 1 03, 1 05

te m p e , 1 2 6 l te m p e , l 1 27

La k e, 2 1 3, 219 Me r e n tah 2 2 3
- -
P
i
,

L am in ate d S e e . v ltau s . Me r 1 0 2 2 3 7 2 39
, , ,

L attice w k or , 6, 21 Me rik e re 2 1 5 ,

La v ato rie s , 87 Me rimda Be n i S al aam 9 2 0 -

, ,

L azu i, l 218 Me rire m e rip tah-o n e k h 2 3 7

-
,

L ibya, 20 Me rn e it to m b 3 5 , ,

Ka. 2 5 . 2 6. 79 . 8 7. m 9 . 1 22 . 1 3 8 . 1 79 huts , 1 4 Me rn o fre t 1 0 9 ,

to m b, 3 4 L ightin g, 1 2 5 , 1 79 , 1 8 8 1 8 9 , 2 1 0 , Me ro e 1 0 8 ,

Kahu n t o n , 2 1 4 2 1 7
, w ,
L im e s to n e , 7 Me rya to mb, Te ll c l-Am arn a
, , 1 75 . 2 3 4 ,

ho use s , 2 0 2 2 0 4 , 2 0 5 ,
L is ht, p yram ids , 9 3 , 9 8 1 02 , 23 5

l
Ka abs ha, 1 9 3 l
t e m p e , A m e n e m he t I , 1 2 6 Me ry t A te n 1 73 1 77
-
, . , 2 1 3, 223

Kan o fe r, 2 3 6 S e n w o s re t I , 1 2 6 Me tho ds o f draw in g , 2 3 2 -2 3 6 , 241

Kan tir, 2 1 6 , 2 2 3 t o m b, S e n w o s re t an h, 4 5 , 4 7, 8 6 -
k “
245

i
,

Karamis , 2 0 4 8 9. 9 I Me ydum , p yram d, 9 2 , 9 5

k
Karn a , Fe s ti a H a , 1 6 0 vl ll , 1 63 , 1 6 5, vill age , 21 2 t e m p e , 1 22 l
166 L o ggia, 1 99, 20 1 , 2 0 3 , 2 05 , 2 06, 2 0 7, to m bs , 39
te m p l e, A m o n -Re , 1 59
-
1 67 2 09 , 2 23 Middl e Kin gdo m m astab as 8 9 , ,
-
91
Ape t, 148 L us tratio n ha ll , 213 pyram ids , 1 0 2 -1 0 6

Kho n s , 144, 1 60 , 1 68, 1 69, 1 71 L us trat io n s a l b, 207 te mp e s , l 1 49, 1 51 , 1 52

Mo n t 1 6 0 , L ux o r, te m p e , l A m o n -Re , 1 54 , 1 56 ,
m o rtu ary, 1 2 6 —1 2 7

Mut 1 6 0 1 6 7 to m b s , ro c k -
c ut, 1 0 9- 1 1 3

Oii
, ,

60 Mzgao l 2 2 7
'
'
s r s, 1

P h
,

ta 61 1 Mil itary arc hite c tu re 2 3 0

i
, ,

Ram s e s III, 1 60 , 1 63 Maad ho u se s 20 , 2 3

, , Min s hrin e 1 4 2 1 57
, , , ,

S e n w o s re t I , 1 48, 1 49 Maat 1 9 3 , Mo n t t e mp l e Karn ak 1 6 0

, , ,

S e ti II, 1 6 0, 1 62 , 1 63 Mahas n a s he l te r 2 o , , Mo q attam 9 6 ,

T hutm o s e II I, 1 51 , 1 60 m b, 5 0 , 1 9 9
to Mo rtuary . S e e C hap e l s an d

Khaira, p yramid, 9 4 , 9 6 , 99 , 101 Mam m isi S e e Bir th Ho use s

“
. T e mp l e s.

l
te m p e , 1 2 0 , 1 23 Man da m 2 0 5 Mu d 6
i
, ,

Kharga, 2 0 2 20 3 Mapak a 2 0 Mud br c k , 2 1

'

, ,

Khase k he m S e c Khase k he m ui . . Mark e t p l ace 2 1 6 -

, Mut 1 3 7 1 57
. .

Khase k he m ui, p a ac e , 4 0 l Mam A te n 2 0 8 2 1 3

-
, , te m p e , l Karn a k , 1 6 0, 1 67
to m b. 3 5. 3 6 Ma s ara 9 6 Myke rin o s Me n k au ra
'

3 7. 4 9 . , . S ee .
262 I N DE X

Pyramids— Co nt .
Re d Ho us e , 2 8 , 3 7, 6 3 , 76 k
S e hm e t, 1 37

L ahun , 9 8 , 1 03 Re e ds , 6 , 2 0 , 3 7 S c ko r, 1 55, 1 68 , 1 6 9, 1 72 , 1 8 9

L isht, 9 3 , 9 8 1 02 -1 03 Re k hm ara S e e Re k hm ire . . S e m n a, 2 28 , 23 0

,

Me ydum , 9 2 Re k hm ire 3 , 1 4 7, 2 3 9 S e n e z e m ib , 237

, 95 ,

S aq qara, Qu e e n Wc ze bte n , 1 05 l
Re igio n , 1 2 , 1 3 , 2 7 2 9 -
S e nm u t, 1 2 7, 1 29, 1 33, 1 61, 2 3 8 -2 3 9 ,

Z o s e r, 80 8 1 , 8 2 -
, 83 Re qaq n ah, t o m b s , 5 0 5 4 5 5, 5 6 , , 24 4

Z wi t
a e -
el -
A ryan , 8 0 Rif e h, so u ho us e s , 1 4 1 8 1 9 6 l -
, , , 1 98, S e n w o s re t -an h , k 23 7

P yram ida l to m bs . Sec T o mbs , pyra

1 99 . 2 0 0. 2 0 1 . 2 04 to m b: 4 5 , 4 71 8 6 : 8 9 , 9 I
m idal R itu a , l 2 9, 1 57 S e n w o s re t I , 9 1 , 1 2 7
Ro o f , co n ic a l , 2 0, 21 , 57 c hap e , 9 8 , 1 02 1 03l -

c urv e d, 1 7, 2 2 -2 3 , 3 0 , 70 , 71 , 74 , p yram id, L is ht, 9 3 , 1 02

Q e rt as s i, 1 95 75 , 77, 1 1 0, 1 1 1 , 1 68 1 6 9, 20 1 ,
te m p e , l m o rtuary, 1 26

Q u arrying 7 fl at. 3 3 . 1 9 9 p e rip te ra , 1 4 8 , 1 4 9 l

,
.

Qu ay 1 4 3 1 4 5 1 5 2 1 63 2 1 1
, , , , gab e d, 2 3 l S e n w o s re t II , p yram d, 98 , 1 03 i
“
Q ue st f o r C e rtain ty 1 2
”
,
ho o p 1 9 , 2 3 , , 1 1 0, 1 1 1, 131, 1 3 2, te m p e , l m o rtuary, 1 26

Q u rn a te m p l e S e ti I 1 3 2 1 3 7
, , , ,
2 00 S e n w o s re t III, 1 27

l o ggia, 1 9 9 , 2 00 , 20 1 , 2 03 f o rts , S e m n a, 2 3 0
vl
p a i io n , 2 04 , 2 09 p yram id, 1 2 7
Raam s e s, 2 25 t e n t, 1 1 8 l
t e m p e , A bydo s , 1 5 1

Rah o te p , 3 9 tim be re d, 6 7, 68 , 87 S e rdab 6 7, 6 8 77 79 , 8 1 , 8 5 , 8 7 8 8

, ,
-
, ,

ll
R ain f a , 1 0 3 , 1 81 Ro ya l Bui de r, l ”
23 7 8 9 , 1 0 7, 1 2 3 , 1 2 6
Rak hm ara S e e Re k hm ire . . Ru s he s, 6 S a c k /z f acade , 2 4 , 3 1 4 7, 6 3 , 6 4 1 2 9 , -
,

Rakh m e re S e e Re k hm ire. .
1 3 01 1 3 7, 1 53: 2 25, 2 2 7: 2 2 9,

Ram e sse um , 1 34, 1 36, 1 3 7 1 39

- 23 0

Ram o s e , 2 39 S abmi, 1 06 , 1 09 Set: 1 6, 21, 71

Ram p , 1 29, 1 3 0, 1 35 , 1 41, 21 9 S acre d lk
a e, 1 02 , 1 35 , 1 3 7, 141, 1 6 0, Set iI , ceno t ap h, Abydo s, 1 1 6, 11 7 -1 1 8
Ram se s I , hyp o s ty l e ha ll ,
Karn a k , 1 63 1 89 hyp o s ty Karn a l e ha ll , k , 1 63
p yl o n, Kar n a k , 1 60 , 1 63 S ac rific ia l
b u ria s , 3 5 , 4 8 4 9 , 1 2 2 2 1 6 l -
,
“
s tro n gho d
”
A bydo s , l , 21 1

Ram s e s II , 1 33 , 1 37 39
-1
, 1 59 S acrific ial i in g 73 k ll , l
t e mp e , A bydo s , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 1 69-

hypo s ty l e hal l Karn a k 1 65 l

S add e c ap ita , 1 7 l m o rtuary , 1 3 2, 1 37

P
, ,

n ao s , 1 16 S ahu re ,
“
o rtico T e m p e , 1 24 1 26 l ,
The be s , 1 39

pa l ac e , Kan tir, 21 6 p yram id, 98 S e ti II , te m p e , l Karn a k , 1 60 , 1 62 , 1 63

T he be s , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 , 2 23 te m p e , l m o rtuary , 1 24 , 1 25 S hab as k a, 1 46
l
te m p e , A bu S im b e , 1 6 8 l , 1 70 , 1 71 , S ai tic ,
’

1 79 k
S he i h S aid, to m b, 1 6
1 72 to m bs, 1 1 2 , 1 1 4- 1 1 5 l
S he te r, 14, 1 5, 1 7, 20

A b ydo s , 67 1 S an ds to n e , 7 l
S he te r - o f —S he p se s k af, ” 9 0 1 01

G G
,

Sh l
“ ”
arf H u se in , 1 68 S aqq ara, m as tab a, P tahho te p , 8 7, 8 8 e t e r- o f th e o ds,
72
-
, 1 -
1 21

L ux o r, 1 58 1 59 , T i, 8 8 8 9 ,
S he p he rd hu ts , 19

S e bu a, 1 72 p yram id, Q ue e n We ze bte n , 1 05 S he ps e s k af , to mb , 9 0 , 1 01

m o rtuary, The b e s , 1 34, 1 36, 1 37 Z 60 8 4

o s e r, - ll k
S hi u , 3 0 , 5 2 , 73
1 39 s e re k h b u i din g, 3 1 l S hrin e s , 1 7, 22, 2 9, 1 2 1 -1 2 2

R am se s I II , Fo rti fidG e ate , 2 2 5 -2 2 7 t o m bs , 8 9 9 0 , A n ubis , 1 6, 21

pa l ac e , Me din e t H abu , 1 4 1 , 2 2 2, 2 23 to m b 2 1 8 5 3 8 3 9 , 4 0 , , Kin g Z e r, 1 6

2 27 to m b , A p is , 1 04 1 07 , Me ydum , 71
te m p e , l Karn a k , 1 60 , 1 63 H e m ak a 6 0 , Min 1 4 , , 21, 57
Kho n s , 1 68 , 1 69 H e sy 4 3 4 4 4 5 . 5 5 . . . Ne gade h, 1 6
Me din e t H abu , 1 39, 1 4 0, 1 4 1 -1 45 Me me s . 34. 39 Ne ith, 1 8 , 24, 29

The be s 2 1 5 t o m b , s haft , 1 1 2, 1 1 5, 1 1 7 Nya an g, k 1 96

O
,

Ram se s I V, 1 71 S he p se sk af , 9 0 , 1 0 1 siris , 2 3

hyp o s ty e ha l ll , Kar n a k
65 , 1 Z o se r, 6 4 6 5 -6 6 , 2 1 8 , Ptah, 1 2 1
te m p e , l m o rtuary, 1 45 146 - S arc o p hagu s , 23 , 38, 1 01 S e t, 1 6 , 21, 71
R am s e s VI , te m p l e, m o rtu ary, 146 S ati, 4 8 Te ll e l- Am arn a, 1 80
Ram se s V, te m p e , l m o rtuary, 146 l
S ca e , 23 3 S ie re n p o w e t I , 1 06, 1 09

Ram s e s IX, 232 S c his t, 1 25 l

S i o -p its , 2 0
to m b, 1 1 0 , 1 14
“
S chun e t -
e z- Z bibe , 38 , 40 lv
S i e r, 1 5 5, 57 1

Ram se s XI , 1 71 S c re e n w ll a , 1 79 , 1 81, 1 82 , 1 8 7, 1 90, S i il

s a, t e m p e , 1 6 8 l
Ram s e s -n a h, k 2 39 1 91. 1 95 S is tru m , 1 3 1 , 1 8 7
Ran o f e r, 3 9 , 2 44 S e at o f Ph arao h, 1 01 k
S in s ,5 1

Re ( s e e als o Am o n -Re ) , 1 3 , 29 , 1 25 S e b e s i, te m p l e, 1 78 S l ght

au er c o u rt , 59 , 1 5 7, 1 77
Re -atu m , 5 8 , 73 S e bua, te mp l e, 1 72 S l yp 7 e, 22
 I N DE X 263

S ac/e r, 53 25 2 -2 S an c tuary f B be n o e n- ,
”
1 77 S aqqara, O s i ri s , 6 9, 72
S n e f e ru , p yram id, B ashur, 9 2 , 93 shrin e , P an e hsy, 1 8 0 S e be si, 1 78

Me y du m 9 2 , 95 , l
t e m p e s , 1 72 -1 78 S o le b, 1 55

te m p e , l m o rtuary, 1 22 to m b, Me ry a , 1 75 S un , 5 6
So b k . S e e S ucho s .
“
v
un i e rs ity,
”
213 T afha, 1 9 1
S o c ia l c o n ditio n s, 8 We b H te n -
, 219 Te ll c l- Am arn a, 1 7 1 78
2 -

S o k n o p aio u Ne s o s , 2 04 w kmor en s
’
to w n, 214, 217 Up w aw e t, 1 9
S o le b , te m p e , 1 5 5 l Te m e no s, 1 53 We p w aw e t , 58
S o m a i an d, ll 20 l
T e m p e , c e re m o n ie s , 23 1 Te m p l e s, m o rtuary, 1 14

l
S o u ho us e s ,
-
14, 18 , 1 9 6, 1 98, 1 99 , co n ce p t, 1 2, 1 3, 57 A bus it , 1 26

2 00 , 20 1 , 2 04 e s tate , 1 61 Am e n ho te p I, 1 33

S p ace , 2 4 7- 2 4 8 vl
f e s ti a s, 1 4 1 A m e n ho te p II , 1 33

S pe o s , 1 0 7, 1 0 8, 1 1 4, 1 15 f o un datio n , 2 3 1 A m e n ho t e p III, 1 35
“
S p e o s Ar te m ido s ,
”
1 72 p e ris ty e 1 2 7 l , A m e n ho t e p , so n o f Hap u , 1 3 2, 1 3 5

S p hin x , 2 4 0, 24 2 p o rtico , 1 26 De ir c l-Ba hari, 1 2 7- 1 3 5

S p hin xe s, 1 20 , 1 23 , 1 29 r it ua l , 2 9, 119 Gi ze h, 1 23

S tair w ay, 1 89 , 1 92, 1 93 , 1 99 s tro n gh o ld 52 , 1 w

Ha ara, 1 1 6 1 2 6 -1 2 7 ,

S te l e . S ee
“
Fa l se - do o r . Te m p e l o f the S phin x ,
1 23, 1 25 L ahu n , 1 2 6
S te pp e d pyram id S e e p yram id l
Te m p e s , A bu sir, 5 6 5 8 , 5 9 L is ht, 1 2 6
O
. .
,

S te p s, ram p e d, 71 A bydo s, s iris 56 58, 1 2 1 , , Me din e t H abu, 1 3 9 1 4 5 -

S to n e , 7- 8 , 3 7 p ro to dyn as tic , 5 6 5 8 , 1 9 9 , Me ydu m , 1 2 2

w k
S to n e o r , 1 6 5 , 1 6 7 S e n w o sre t III, 1 5 1 Ne w Kin gdo m , 1 2 6 1 4 6 -

S to re ho use s , 1 3 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 9, 1 41, 1 43 S e ti I , 1 20 , 1 6 6 1 6 7 1 6 9 ,
- Old Kin gdo m , 1 2 2 1 2 6 -

S to re ro o m s , 20 Am ada, 1 93 Ram s e s 11.

S trabo , 1 2 6, 1 67 A p e r, 1 48 Ram se s III, 1 3 9, 1 4 0, 1 4 1 -1 4 5

S tro n gho d. 3 4 . 4 0 . l 1 3 5. 1 52 . 1 78 . I 9 S. Badari, 5 8 Ram se s IV, 1 4 5- 1 46

21 1 , 2 1 2, 2 1 7, 229 Bige h, 1 9 3 Ram se s V 8: VI , 1 46
S uc ho s, te m p l e, Ko m Om b o ,
1 89 -
191 Bubas tis , 71 S ahu re , 1 24 , 1 25

S udan , 5 1 , 5 2 , 73 kk
Da a, 1 93 S aq q ara, 73 .

S u n S hade o f T yi,
-
1 75 , 1 77, 234 De bo d, 1 9 1 S e ti I , 1 3 2 . 1 3 7
S u n -t e m p l e . S e e T e mp l e . De ir e l Me din a, 1 9 2 1 9 3
-
,
T he b e s , 1 3 7- 1 3 9 , 1 4 5- 1 4 6
S yc am o re , 7, 1 0 5 De n de ra H atho r, 1 87 1 8 9,
,
-
231 T hUtm OS C I II , 1 33

S ymm e try, 2 4 6 I s is 1 8 6 , Z o se r, 1 22

De n du r, 1 9 1 l
T e m p e s , p e rip te ra , 1 4 8 l , 1 49 -1
52
De rr, 1 9 3 Buhn e n , 1 4 8 1 5 1 ,

T af a, 1 9 1 E dfu , H o rus , 1 8 0 1 8 2 1 8 5 , 2 3 1 E l e p han tin e , 1 48, 1 51

il
, ,

T aharq a, bu din g, Karn a k , 1 60 p rim iti e , 6 1 v k

Karn a , 1 5 1 , 1 6 0
k k
io s , Karn a , 1 6 0 k E l Maharra a, 1 9 3 k Me din e t H abu, 1 5 0 , 1 51
l
p y o n , Karn a , 1 6 0 k E s n a, 1 9 1 -1 9 2 S e n w o s re t I , 1 48, 1 49
T a he t S e e De bo d
-
. . l
H e io p o is , 5 8 l l
T e m p e s ro c ,
k -
c u t, 1 71 - 1 72

T am aris , 7, 2 0 , 1 0 5 k Hie rak o n p o lis , 1 2 1 A bu S im be l 1 68 , 1 70 , 1 71

G
,

k
T ar han , s arco p hagus , 4 6 , 101 l
Ka absha, 1 9 3 arf H us e in , 1 68, 1 72
t o m b 2 0 3 8 , 3 8 39 ,
Kar n a k
Am o n Re , ,
-
1 59 -
1 67 S e bua, 1 72
t o m bs , 2 4 , 5 0 , 52 A p e t, 1 60 S is i a,l 1 68

T as ian c u tu re , 1 5 l Kho n s , 1 60 , 1 68 , 1 69 , 1 71 Te n o n e d p o st, 1 7, 1 6 5

ll
T e e l Am arn a aqu ariu m , 2 1 3
-
,
Mo n t , 1 60 T e n t, 1 4 1 5 , 1 7, 1 9 2 0, 2 3 , 1 9 7,
,
-
1 98
“
C as t e o f A te n
”
l
1 78 , 2 1 2 Mu t 1 6 0, 1 67 Thatc h hu t, 1 9 20
Oii
, -
,

c hap e s, 1 4 9 , 2 0 6 l
2 09 s r s, 1 60 The be s c ity, 2 1 5
P h
, ,

c ity , 2 1 2-2 1 3 ta , 1 61 ho u se , 2 0 2
c u s to m ho use , 212 R am se s III, 1 6 0, 1 63 Thutn uf e r, 2 02 , 2 0 3 , 204
Ge m A te n . 73 . 1 74 1 75 . 1 771 .
S e ti II, 1 6 0, 1 62 , 1 63 l
p a ace A m e nho te p III, 2 1 8 -2 1 9,
, 220
“
Ha ll o f Fo re ign T rib u te ,
”
2 12 Kho n s 1 4 4 Ram se s II 2 2 3
O
,
,

H at A te n , 1 73 1 74 1 78
-
, ,
Ko m m bo , 89
1 -
1 91 Ram se s I II, 2 2 3 -2 2 7
ho use s , 2 02 2 05 , 2 0 6 2 0 7 , ,
L ux o r, 1 54, 1 56 , 1 5 7- 1 59 l
t e m p e S e e T e mp e s
. l .

k k
io s , 1 8 0 Ne ith , 1 1 5 t o mb , A m e n m e s, 1 0 4 -

Mam -
A te n , 1 73 , 208 , 213 Ne w Kin gdo m , 1 4 7 1 78 -
Me ke t -
Re , 2 00 , 2 03

l
p a ac e s, 2 1 9, 2 2 0, 2 22 , 23 4 , 2 3 5 Os iris, 1 2 1 , 1 2 7 P abas a, 1 1 2 , 1 1 5
P e r -Hai-A te n , 1 73 , 1 74 1 75 1 77 P l
hi ae , E ri he m s n u fe r, 1 9 5 - -
P e dam e n o p e t, 1 1 2 , 115

i
, ,

py l o n. 5 3 Is s, 1 93 Ram s e s IX, 1 1 0, 1 1 4
“
R iv er T e mp l e, 1 73 p re dyn as tic , 2 7-2 9 Re k hmire , 3
2 64 I N DE X

Thin is , 9, 3 1 Ne gade h. 3 6 3 7. 4 9 . 5 0 5 3 . 5 4 . . tunn e l . 8 5. 1 3 5. 1 44 . 1 4 6 . 2 0 4 . 2 0 .

5
Re qaqn ah . 5 0 . 5 4 . 5 5. 5 6 2 24 , 2 25, 2 26 , 22 7
Tho rn , 7
Tho th, 2 3 1 S ais , A m as is , 1 1 5 Ve n e e r, 8 1
T hro ne ro o m , 221 - S aitic , 1 1 2, 1 1 4 -1 1 5 Ve n til ato rs , 1 99 , 2 0 0 2 0 1 , 2 0 5 , 2 3 5 ,

Thu tm o se I , 1 1 3 S aqq ara, 3 8 , 3 9 , 4 0 , 1 04 , 1 0 7, 1 12 l

Ve stibu e , 2 4 , 5 5, 1 23 , 1 2 6, 1 79 1 8 1 , ,

l
p y o n , Karn a , 1 6 0 , 1 6 1 k 1 1 5, 1 1 7 1 8 5, 1 8 7, 1 91, 1 9 2, 2 0 7, 2 1 9,

t o m b, 1 1 0 1 1 3 ,
He m ak a, 60 22 1 , 2 25

Thu tm o se III, 1 2 6 , 1 3 1 Me n e s . 34. 39 Vill a, 228 , 22 9

l
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