HomeMechanicsforAmateurs 10082214

P R E F A C E
E C I AL I N TE R E S T l w ys tt ch s
post
55
F a a a a e to a
humous o k It is not l y ho v r t h t w r . a wa s, we e ,
a
o k f this ch ct poss ss s qu l m rit

a w r o a ra er e e e a e
w ith nti ly compl t d b fo t h d ath of t h

on e e re e e e re e e e
a utho A s ul such o ks h v t h d t h d
r . a r e w r a e n o a e a
vant g f t h fin l p us l and cor ction by t h

a e o e a er a re e
a uthor S uch h not ho v b n t h c s in t h

. as ,
we e r, ee e a e e
p s nt inst nc f t h follo ing ork by t h l t

re e .
a e ,
or e w w e a e
G org M H opkins
e e compl t d b for his d th w as e e e e ea
Tl is no doubt ho v th t this volu m ill com

. .
,
e re ,
we e r, a e w e
as surp is t thous nds h h v clos ly follo d

a r e o a w o a e e we
M H opki s o k d h h v njoy d m king ’

r . n w r ,
an w o a e e e a
t h m ny xp im nts d sc ib d by him
e a eTh pr s nt er e e r e . e e e
volum cont ins much m tt hich h

e v r b for
a a er w as n e e e e
a pp d in p int d som ticl s hich h v l

e a re r ,
an e ar e w a e a
re a dy b n publish d i t h S ci ntific Am ic n Th
ee e n e e er a . e
obj ct of t h o k is to fu nish food for thought to t h

e e w r r e
a m t ur d to giv him sugg stions h by h m y

a e ,
an e e w e re e a
p ss m ny pl s nt hou s in his o k shop M H p

a a ea a r w r -
. r . o
kins xp t m ch nic O of his chi f pl s

w as an e er e a . n e e ea
ur s e to m k xp rim nts t his hom in his ll

w as a e e e e a
'
e we
e quipp d o k sho p d l bo to y d t h o k
e w r -
an a ra r ,
an e w r
d sc ib d in t h p s nt volum is n
e r e ly ll t h r sult e re e e e ar a e e
o f xp im nts m d by him during such idl

e er e hou s a e
“
e
”
r .
It h b n t h int nt of t h uthor to m k t h p s nt
as ee e e e a a e e re e
P R E F AC E .
w o k sugg stiv
r as possibl N complic t d p
e e as e . o a e a
p r tus is qui d in c r ying t t h xp im nts

a a re re a r ou e e e r e
d scrib d Any
e e ith o dinary m ch nic l ing
. on e w r e a a e
nu it d h ving
v an l th d f tools m k most
a a a e an a e w c an a e
of th xp im nts d sc ib d in th s p g s
e e er e e r e e e a e .
A f a ticl s b oth r utho s h v b n includ d

ew r e v e a r a e ee e
as th y eg m n to t h scop f t h book It is
a re er a e e e o e .
hop d th t H om M ch nics for Am t urs ill prov

e a
“
e e a a e
”
w e
h lpful to many thous nds as has E xp im nt l

e as a
“
er e a
S ci nc e e .
T AB L E OF C ONT E NT S
PA R I T .
W OO D- W IG OR K N
An I x
ne p e n s i ve T u rn i n g L a th e T u rn i n g W oo d - W k or in g on a
L W kB W k W
. .
at h e or e nc h an d T o ols fo r oo d w o r h i t t li n g
D ff
. . .
i e re n t S h a pe of S aw Te e th d th e Wa y t h e y Cu t A
W k C
s an
W
.
ri n le in S aw i n g . oo d a rv i n g
PA R T II .
H ow TO M A K E H O U S E H O LD O R N A M E N T S
H om e ma d e G i ll r e s an d G ra t i n gs W a ll O rn a m e n t s Pse udo
C Im t j Gl
-
. .
e ra m i c s i a t i on of Ma oli c a S tain e d ass an d Oh

W C C
. .
je c ts of i re lot h Ja p a n e se P o rt i e re or u rt a i n
R f
. .
e p ou s s e An E asy M e t h od of P ro d u c i n g Ba s re li e s
I W k
-
. .
O rn a m e n t a l ro n or fo r A m a t e u rs S om e Th i n g s in
W B B F
.
i re S om e T h i n g s i n u rn i sh e d ra s s orm i n g P la s t e r
bj
. .
O ec ts
PA RT I I I .
M E T AL -
W IG OR K N
S a w i n g M e t a ls S old e ri n g G ri n din g an d P oli s h i n g S i lve r

W k L D D C
. . .
M e t a I F oot
’
or ath e ri lls d ri lli n en te ri n g

C k C
. . an g .
d S te a dyi n h uc in g M e t a l T u rn i n g h asin g an d
K C
an g
R R
. . .
n u rli n g ot a ry u t t e rs E a s i ly m a d e S li d e e st In
G C G C
. . .
de x P la t e s fo r e ar ut t i n g e ar utt in g A pp a ra t u s
M k
. .
H in ts on M d o e l a in g . M e t a l S pi n n i n g
TA BLE OF C ON T E N T S
PA RT I V .
M O DEL E N GI N E S AN D BO I L E R S
A H om e m a d e S t e a m E n g i n e A Sa f Wa y of R un n in g S m a ll
C I x
-
. e a
E n gin e A M i n i a t u re a lo ri c En gin e An ne pe n s i ve
W
. .
at e r M ot o r
PA RT V .
M E TE OR OL O G Y
Sel fR e c o rd i n g I n s t ru me n t s W h a t m a y b e le a rn e d b y t h e Us e
I W V
-
.
of the M e t e o ro log i c a l n s t ru me n t s A e at h e r an e
W G R G
. .
d P re s s u re auge ain aug e A M e t a lli c Th e r
B
i n . .
m om e t e r . A S i m p le H y g ros c op e . A M e rc u ri a l a ro m e te r . 1 87
PA R VI
T .
T E LE s c or E s AN D M I CRO S CO P E S
H ow t o ma k e a T e le s c op e . Th e M i c ro s c op e
PA R VI I
T .
E L E CTR I CI T Y
A P ra c t i c a l P ri m a ry B a t t e ry E le c t ri c L i g h t i n g for A m a t e u rs
C m L
. .
Th e E le c t ri c hi e H om e
m a d e E le c t ri c N i g h t a mp
l C b
-
. .
An E le c t ri c a a in e t S i m p le E le c t ri c M ot o r S m a ll
k
. .
E l e c t ri c M ot o r fo r A m a t e u rs H ow t o m a e a S e w i n g
C D
.
Ma c h i n e M ot or w i t h ou t a st i n gs A e si g n fo r a n E le c t ri c
L k D
.
h M ot or H ow to ma E d i s on yn a m o an d
C
a un c e an
V
.
M ot or Th e Ut i li z a t i on of 1 1 0 olt E le c t ri c i rc u i t s for
F W k R
.
S m a ll u rn a c e or e c o rd i n g T e le g ra p h for A m a t e u rs
k
.
H ow to ma e 8. T e le p h on e
P A R T I .
WO O D - WOR K I N G
AN I N E X P E N S I V E T U R N I N G L AT H E
r ‘ has a turning l th
H E BO Y w h o r adily
]
a e c an e
mak m ny things hich h might not f l

e a w e . ee
dispos d to buy ; f x mpl h m k tops

e or e a e ,
e c an a e ,
nin pins and orn m ntal and us ful obj ts

e ,
a e e ec
w ithout much troubl d w ith v ry littl xp ns e an e e e e e .
Th nci nt l th consist d f t conical points sup

e a e a e e o wo ,
port d i position by suit bl st ndards d t h o k

e n a e a ,
an e w r
t b don
o e hirl d on th s points by m ans f
e w as w e e e e o a
strong cord rapp d onc around t h stick to b turn d

w e e e e e ,
w ith t h upp r d att ch d to a sprin g pol and

e e en a e e
t h lo e r d s cur d t a tr adl Th l th
we en e e o e e . e a e w e a re
about to d scrib is r mov from this primitiv

e e on e e e e
lath f t h old n tim It h t h t stand rds ith

e o e e e . as e wo a w
points or d ad c nt s as th y ould b call d by ma

e e er ,
e w e e
c hi i t but
n f t h points proj cts far nough from
s s, on e o e e e
th st nda d to r c iv hard ood pull y h ving

e a r e e e a w e ,
a
ins rt d in its sid t diam tric lly Opposit points

e e e ,
a e a e ,
t wo Spurs hich nt r t h d of t h pi c f oo d
, w e e e en e e e o w
t b o turn d th t h n t h pull y is r volv d by

e e ,
so a w e e e e e
a b lt t h ood ill b turn d t h c nt rs

e , e w w e e on e e e .
This l th is mad lmost nti ly from strips f

a e e a e re o
hard ood 1 inch thick and 25 inch s id Th s

w , e w e . e e
strips b asily furnish d by y c rp nt r c bin t

c an e e e an a e e ,
a e
mak r gon m k r and

e or w a ld t bl m y b us d a e ,
an o a e a e e
f th f
or m e ra e .
Th b d pi c is m d
e eft such st ips 2 f t long
-
e e a e o wo r ,
ee ,
and a block f t h sam m t i l inch squar and 2 o e e a er a ,

e
[ ] 1
H O ME ME CH AN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
i nchlong t es d is pl c d b t
,
n t h strips
a on e en a e e wee e
and h ld in pl c by
e ood scr s A pi c of thick
a e w ew . e e
p p r is pl c d b t n t h block d of t h strips
a e a e e wee e an on e e ,
FIG . 1 . An E a s i ly C on s t ru c te d W ood L ath e .
to mak t h sp c b t n t h strips a littl w id r tha

e e a e e wee e e e n
t h thickn ss of t h block
e e e .
To ch d of t h b d is s cur d foot consistin g

ea e n e e e e a
pi c of t h s m st ip 6 inch s long Th s
,
o f a e e e a e r , e e e a re
s cur d by w ood sc s passing up d through h ol s

.
e e re w w ar e
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 3
i
n t h lo edg of t h foot t h hol s b ing d ply
wer e e e , e e e ee
count rsunk to l t in t h h ds f t h sc s
e e e ea o e re w
h d stock d tail s t ock n rly lik in
.
Th e ea an a re ea a e
so f ood ork is conc rn d E ch is form d

,
th
ar as e w w e e a e
f thr pi of t h st ip from hich t h b d is
.
o ee ec es e r w e e
m d To opposit sid s of a c ntral pi c 7 5 inc h s

a e . e e e e e e
long s cur d sid pi c s 4 inc h long by m ns

,
,
a re e e e e e es ea
f scr s Th s sid pi c s must f cou s b squar

,
o ew . e e e e e o r e e e
on th d so th t th y
e en ill t squ l y on t h b d a e w se a re e e
w h n t h proj cting
e d f th c
e tral pi c is ins rt d e e n o e en e e e e
F IG . 2 . W k or i n th e L at h e .
in t h slot of t h b d Th lo r d f t h c nt r pi c
e e e . e we en o e e e e e
is m o tis d to r c iv
r ood n k y
e dg hich e e e a w e e or w e e w
cl mps t h t il stock t t h b d In t h t il stock 5
,
a e a o e e . e a
inch f om t h top is bor d hol in hich is ins rt d

,
r e e a e w e e
,
a l rg ood sc t h point of hich is fil d conic lly

a e w re w ,
e w e a
sho n In t h h d stock is lso bor d a hol

,
as w . e ea a e e
cor spondi g ith th t of t h t il stock to r c iv

re n w a e a e e e a
l g ood sc
,
ar e w 5 1 6 inch i di m t Th h d re w ,
1
3; or
-
n a e er e ea
f this sc is cut ff d t h h d d is fil d ff
.
o re w o an e ea en e o
,
conic lly This point should p oj ct bout

a . inch r e a an
from t h h d stock d to t h plain smooth p

e ea ,
an e , ro
4 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
j ec p rt of
ti n gt h sc is fitt d a sm l l groov d e re w e a .
a e
pull y bout 1 5 inch s in diam t r t t h bottom f

e a e e e a e o
th groov Th pull y should b f Babbi t t m t l

e e . e e e o e a
or typ m t l In t h sid of t h pull y bou t {

e e a . e e e e ,
a t
inch from t h hol ins rt d t sm ll scr s bout e e ,

a re e e wo a ew ,
a
5
‘
3
inch long hich allo d t proj ct ; th s sc
‘
,
w a re we o e e e re w s
a re fil d to form chis l dg d spurs f driving t h

e e -
e e or e
w ork in t h lath Th points should p oj ct as f e e . e r e ar
as t h p oint f t h conical
e d of t h l g scr o e en e ar e e w .
Th lo r d f t h h d stock hich is bout 2

e we en o e ea —
w a .
— 1
4
inch s long is ins rt d b t n t h strips forming

e —
e e e wee e
th b d e d fast n d e ith scr s ; pi c f p p r

,
an e e w ew a e e o a e
b ing ins rt d t incr as t h spac b t n t h strips

e e e o e e e e e wee e ,
so that t h tail st ock b mov d e il c an e e e as v .
Th ood t b t d he w sm ll hol say g inch o e u rn e

'
as a a e —
, ,
bor d in t h c nt r t ch d and is pl c d b
e e e e a ea en ,
a e e
t n t h c nt rs ; t h tail stock h vi g b n cl mp d
we e e e e e a n ee a e
in t h prop r position t h tail scr is turn d ith

e e ,
e ew e w
a sc d riv r until it is fo c d sho t dist nc into

re w e r e a r a e
th d ef th stick Th n t h stick is driv n f

en o e . e e e or
w ard t t h c nt r d spurs f t h h d stock d

ou o e e e ,
an o e ea ,
an
t h scr ein t h tail stock is turn d so to hold t h

e w e e as e
stick but not nough t cr t friction A drop of i l

,
e o ea e . o
should b put ach c nt r and t h pull y should

e on e e e ,
e e
b oil d e e .
Th r st hich t h goug chis l is plac d hil

e e on w e e or e e w e
th turning is b ing don consists f pi c f t h

e e e o a e e o e
w ood n strip ith slot in it to allo

e 55 i nch w a w a -
c ar
i g bolt to pass through

r a e This bolt xt nds through . e e
t h slot f t h b d
e d through o block sh r b
e e ,
an a or w a e e
l A in g nut is pl c d t h bolt so th t t h r st
ow . w a e on e a e e
m y b clamp d in
a ye d si d position To t h ed of an e re . e en
t h slott d pi c is s cu d
e sho t pi c of t h ood n
e e e e re a r e e e w e
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 5
strip by t sc passing through t h slott d pi c

wo re ws e e e e
d into t h ood Th ood n r st should b b v l d

,
an e w e w e e e e e e
sho n
.
as w .
I t must b frankly admitt d this l th is not an

e e a e
l g nt m chin to look t but it is capabl of tu ning

e e a a e a ,
e r
ou t quit put bl sm ll ork e re a e a w .
H vi g mad t h l th
a n it ill b n c ss ry to pro e e a e ,
w e e e a
vid som m ans to driv it In almost v ry city d

e e e e . e e an
to n m y b found ld s ing machin tabl s hich

w a e o ew e e ,
w
h v b n t k in trad old iron O f th s can

a e ee a en
-
e as . ne o e e
b e bought ch ply d h n t h tr dl is turn d ea ,

an w e e ea e e
a round d round l th r b lt ppli d to t h l th

an a ea e e a e e a e
pull y d t h s ing machin h l t h arr ng m nt

e an e ew e w ee ,
e a e e
is compl t e e .
S om m y b found good nough to lo n

e on e a e e a a se w
ing tabl for t h purpos In this cas an ssist nt

e e e . e ,
a a
w ill b oblig d to ork t h tr adl hil t h turning

e e w e e e w e e
is b ing done e .
As t h fly h l sho ld b h avy t l ss th n 2 0
e w ee u e e ,
no e a
pounds d it should b bout 20 inc h s in di m t r

,
an as e a 2 e a e e
t os cur t h d sir d sp d it is p rhaps b tt r to fit

e e e e e ee ,
e e e
up t h lath ith e h l d t bl b tt r dapt d

e w a w ee an a e e e a e
t it t h n a s
o ing machin h l d t bl ould b
a ew e w ee an a e w e .
Th lath sho n in t h illustr tion is mount d

e e a w e a e on
com mon kitch n t bl of t h small st siz In this e a e e e e .
c s an ld h l is s l ct d at t h junk shop ;
a e ,
o w ee e e e e on e
w ith a groov in t h dg is t b pr f r d but fl t e e e e o e e er e , a a
r im ill ns r Th
w h r sho n h
a wefl t fac . e on e e e w as a a e
an d is p ovid d ith a sh ft a crank and st nd rds

r e w a ,
a a .
Th st nd r d s
e inv rt d d f st n d ith scr s
a a a re e e an a e e w ew
to t h und sid of t h tabl top

e er e e e .
A strip f bo rd xt nding l ngth is of t h t bl

o a e e e w e e a e
is att ch d to t h a r l gs ith scr s and t h pi c

e e re a e w ew ,
e e e
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
of bo d forming t h t dl is hing d to it i positio
ar e re a e e n n
t
o re c iv t h scre hich p ss s through t h lo r
e e ew w a e e we
en d f th pitman rod or conn cting d t h upp r

o e e ro , e e
en d b ing ap rtur d t r c iv t h c
e nk pin A round
e e o e e e e ra .
l ath b lt is us d in this cas

e er e e e .
Th tools for turning

e not xp nsiv ; ith a re ve rv e e e w
t
wo goug s and t fl t chis ls a gr t vari ty
e on e or wo a e ea e
o f ork may b don

w e e .
T UR N I NG
Th r is no s cr t in turning It r quir s gr at
e e e e . e e a e
d l f practic to b com
ea o xp rt but b yond q i
e e e an e e ,
e ac u r
i g t h firs t principl s nothing furth r than practic

n e e e e
is r quir d Wh n r ducing a pi c of ood t t h

e e . e e e e w o e
F IG L . 3 . at h e T u rn i n g T ools .
d sir d pproximat siz t h goug is h ld

e e a th e e ,
e e e on e
r st ith its h ndl d inclin d do n d t

e w ngl
a e en
-
e w w ar a an a e
of about 6 0 ith t h ho izont l t h r t b ing n ar

°
w e r a ,
e es e e
th o k d t h goug is mov d b ck d forth t h

e w r ,
an e e e a an on e
r st t king ff slight sh ving ch tim i t is mov d

e ,
a o a a ea e e .
Th h ndl is h ld in t h right h nd
e a hil t h bl d
e e e a ,
w e e a e
of t h goug is h ld in t h l ft h nd ith t h thumb

e e e e e a ,
w e
pr ssing t h conc v sid If a pl in cylind r is

e on e a e e . a e
r q ir d it m b m d by using t h fl t chis l l y
e u e av e a e e a e ,
a
ing t h b v l d dg on t h ork in such m nn r

e e e e e e e w a a e as
t produc
o d ing cut t h ood p ss s t h dg e a ra w as e w a e e e e .
If t h ork is t b cut into t right angl s or at y

e w o e a e an
oth r ngl t h chis l is pl c d its dg

e a the st ,
e e a e on e e on e re
and h ld firmly h i l m i g it for rd

e w e
l
ov n wa
In cutting conc v for m s t h go g is m d to mak

.
a e e u e a e e
a dra ing cut by pl cing it p tly on its dg

w th .
a ar e e on e
r st It ill b found n c ss y in ith r f th s

e . w e e e ar e e o e e
c s s t hold t h tool v y fi ml on t h st to p
a e o e er r v e re re
v nt t h dg from d ing its lf for rd on t h ood

e e e e ra w e wa e w
and spoilin g t h ork By pr ctic t h t of ood '
e w . a e e ar w
turning can b r dily cquir d v n by t h f e ea a e e e e use o
th S impl Lath
e
“
e e .
”
F or h rd ood and ivo y di ff nt cl ss f tools

a w r a e re a o
is r quir d Th chis ls
e ll flat t obliqu ; som
e . e e a re a ,
no e e
o f th m ha dg s that e squ r across ; som h v ve e e a re a e e a e
V sh p d points d oth rs ound nos d F

‘
-
a e an e a re r -
e . or
und r cuts and odd ork sp ci l tools

e -
b nt t w ,
e a a re e a
di ff r nt ngl s F lat o k such

e e os tt s t is
a e . w r ,
as r e e ,
e c .
,
chuck d upon t h fac pl t e att ch d ith scr e e a e ,

or a e w ews
to a board fix d to t h f c pl t e e a e a e .
In finishing ork t h of fi s ndp p r is d mis w e use ne a a e a
sibl b t t n v r should b us d to corr ct poor turn

e ,
u I e e e e e
ing Wood ork h n smooth d a littl ith fi

. w , w e e e w ne
s ndp p r m y b finish d by pplyi g to it ith a

a a e ,
a e e a n w
cloth mixtur of sh llac v rnish d lins d i l in

a e e a an ee o ,
p roportion f bout p rt f oil to t of sh llac o a on e a o wo e .
O nly a littl is ppli d to t h cloth t tim t h pol e a e e a on e e , e

8 H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
ish b ing ll sh k n b for it is appli d Th ork in
e we a e e e e . e w
t h l th is r pidly r volv d until it is brightly polish d

e a e a e e e
and t h sh ll c v rnish is h rd If d sir d t h ork

e e a a a . e e ,
e w
may b stain d b for it is polish d Th stains

e e e e e . e a re
r adily obtain bl
e d d scrib d in t h S ci ntifi
a e ,
an a re e e e
“
e c
Am rican Cycl op dia f R c ipts N ot s and Qu ri s

e
”
e o e e ,
e e e .
W O O D WO R K I N G O N A L AT H E -
Is n o t t h i nt ntion f t h rit r to nt r larg ly

e e o e w e e e e
th subj ct of ood orking but simply to sug

e e w -
w ,
a f h ndy tt chm nts to t h foot l th hich

ew a a a e e a e w
g r atly
e facilitat t h op rations f th amat u e e e o e e r
S aw b
T a le .
w ood ork r and ill b found v ry us ful by almost

w e , w e e e
any orking in ood It is not an sy matt r

on e w w . ea e
to split v n thin lumb r into strips f uniform idth

e e e o w
by m ans f a handsa but by using t h circul r

e o w ,
e a saw
att chm nt sho n in F ig 4 t h op ration b com

a e , w .
,
e e e es
r pid and
a d t h stu ff m y b s d slit at
e a s v, a n e a e aw e or
an y d si d angl e b v l Th tt chm nt consists

re e or e e . e a a e
of m ndr l of t h usual form and ood n t bl

a saw a e e , a w e a e
support d by a right angl d pi c A f round iron

e e e e , ,
o
H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 9
fitt ed to t h t lp t d cl mp d by ood n cl at e oo os an a e a w e e ,
B which is s cur d to t h und r sid of t h t bl

,
e e e e e e a e ,
split from t h ap rtu to d and provid d i the e re on e en , e w
a thumbscr f d ing t h parts tog th r By ew or ra w e e e .
m ans f this r ng m nt t h t bl m y b inclin d

e o a ra e e e a e a e e
to a limit d ngl in ith r di ction t h slot through

e a e e e re ,
e
w hich t h p oj cts b ing l rg d b lo t admi t

e sa w r e e en a e e w o
of this djustm t a en .
Th b ck of t h tabl is st adi d by a scr

e a hich e e e e ew w
r sts upon t h back d f t h tool r st support and
e e en o e e ,
ent s block ttach d to t h und r sid f t h tabl

er a a e e e e o e e .
Th g ug e t t h top of t h t bl is us d in slitting
e a a d e e a e e an
f oth r pu pos s hich ill b pr s ntly m ntion d

or e r e w w e e e e e ,
an d i t is djust d by i d f lin s m d across t h t bl

a e a o e a e e a e
pa l l l ith t h
ra e w e saw .
FIG 5 F IG 6 FIG 7
b b W K
. . . . . .
S aw e tw e e n e ve le d a s h e rs . M ou l d i n g n i ve s .
purpos
F or t h e cros cutting or cutting on e of s -
a
b v l a thin sliding tabl is fitt d to slid upon t h

e e e e e e
main t bl and is provid d ith gaug hich is

a e ,
e w a .
e w
c p bl of b ing djust d at y d sir d ngl F

a a e e a e an e e a e . or
cutting slots for p n ls t thick s s m y b us d a e , e c .

,
aw a e e ,
or th may b m d te bbl by pl cing i t b

saw e a e o wa e a e
twee n t b v l d ash rs as sho n i F ig 5

wo e e e w e ,
w n . .
Th tabl h e ins rt d portion C h ld in

saw e as an e e , ,
e
plac by t scr s hich m y b r mov d h n i t

e wo e w w a e e e w e
is d sir d to t h
e m ndr l f c rrying stick r
e use e saw a e or a a e
h ad f planing small strips f moulding or r din g

e or o ee .
10 H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
(F igs 6 d T ) Th h d for holding t h moulding
an . e ea e
kniv s i b st m d of good tough br ss or st m m tal

.
e s e a e a ea e .
Th kniv s
e b m d of good st l about inch
e c an e a e sa w ee
thick Th y m y b fil d into sh p d ft r rd
. e a e e a e an a e wa
t mp d Th y
e e reslott d d h ld to th ir plac s
. e a re e an e e e
on t h h d by m ns of f inch mac h in sc s It is
e ea ea e re w .
n ot bsolut ly n c ss ry to
a t kniv s but h e e e a use wo e ,
w en
only is mploy d count rb l nc should b fas

on e e e a e a a e e
t n d to t h h d in pl c of t h oth r All kinds f

e e e ea a e e e . o
moulding b ding tonguing d g ooving m y b don

,
ea ,
an r a e e
w ith this tt chm nt t h gaug b ing us d to guid t h

a a e ,
e e e e e e
F IG . 8 . T u rn i n g F lu t e d W k or .
edg f t h stuff If t h bo rds

e o too thin t sup
e . e a a re o
po t th ms lv s g inst t h ction f t h kniv s th y

r e e e a a e a o e e e
must b b ck d up by thick strip f ood pl n d

e a e a o w a e
tru Th sp d f this cutt r h ad should b gr t

e . e ee or e e e as ea
as possibl e .
F ig 8 sho s att chm nt t b us d in conn ction

. w .
an a e o e e e
w ith t h cutt r h d d t bl f cutting straight

e e ea an sa w a e or ,
spi l i r gul flut s turn d ork It consis

ra or r e ar e on e w . ts
of b D c r ying c ntr l fix d m d t ith r

a a r, ,
a r a e a e ar . an a e e
en d djust bl m t h pu pos f t h l tt r b ing

an a a e ar ,
e r e o e a e e
to d pt t h d vic to ork f di ff r nt l ngths Th

a a e e e w o e e e . e
ar m p oj cting from t h c nt r f t h b
r eD sup e e e o e a r, ,
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 1
po tsr rbo h v i ng t
an a d soc k t f c iving
r a a on e e n a e or re e
t h t ist d i on b
e w E d t t h oth
e r d c nt a r, ,
an a e er en a e er
a d
n sho t fing a pin A m t l disk h ving th
r e r or . e a a re e
spurs c nt l p tu ,
a d s i s of hol s q ll
e ra a er re an a e r e e e ua v
dist nt from t h c nt
a d f om ch oth r is te e er an r ea e ,
a
tac h d by its spu s to t h

e d f th li d to b r e en o e c v n er e
flut d and t h c nt r f t h rbor in t h m D nt r

e ,
e e e o e a e ar , ,
e e s
th c ntr l hol in t h disk hil its fing r nt rs

e e a e e w e e e e
F IG 9 FI G 1 0
I W k
. . . .
M ou ld i n g rre g u la r or .
on e of t h oth hol s Th opposit d of t h yli

e e r e . e e e n e c n
der is suppo t d by c nt sc A fork tt ch d

r e a e er re w . a a e
to t h b ck of t h t bl mb c s t h t ist d i on E
e a e a e e ra e e w e r , ,
so that t h ood n cylind r is mov d di gon lly

as e w e e e a a
ov t h cutt r it is slo ly rot t d m king spi l

er e e w a e ,
a a ra
cut Aft t h first cut is m d t h fing r f t h bor

. er e a e e e o e ar
i
s remov d from t h disk d pl c d in an djoining
e e an a e a
hol w h n t h s cond cut is mad

e ,
e d e e e , an s o on .
1 2 H OM E ME CHA N I CS F OR A MAT E UR S
igs 9 d 1 0 sho
F conv ni nt d sily mad
. an w a e e an e a e
att chm nt f moulding t h dg s of i gul r w or k

a e or e e e rre a ,
such brack ts fr m p rts f patt rn t It

as e ,
a e s, a .
o e s, e c .
consists f a br ss fr m F supporting a small man

o .
a a e , ,
.
dr l tu ning t t h t p in conical b ing in t h

e r a e o a e ar e
fr m d t t h bottom pon conic l sc

a e ,
an a A v ry e u a a re w . e
sm ll g oov d pull y i f st n d to t h m ndr l and

a r e e s a e e e a e
su round d by rubb ring hich b rs g ins t t h

r e a er w ea a a e
f c pl t f t h lath as sho n in t h ngraving Th

a e a e o e e ,
w e e . e
fr m F is l t into ood n tabl support d by

a e, ,
e a w e e e an
F IG . 1 1 . S c roll S a w .
iron rod hich is r c iv d by t h tool s t hold f

w e e e e re er o
t h lathe Th cutt r G is m d by tu ning upon

e . e e , ,
a e r a
pi c f st l t h r v rs of t h r q ui d moulding and
e e o ee e e e e e e re ,
slotting it tr nsv rs ly to form cutting dg a Th e e e es . e
sh nk f t h cutt r is fitt d t hol in t h m ndr l and

a o e e e o a e e a e
s cur d in plac by small t scr

e e Th dg of t h
e a se ew . e e e e
w ork is p rmitt d t b ar g ins t t h shank f t h cut

e e o e a a e o e
t er S hould t h f c pl t
. f t h l th b t sm ll to
e a e a e o e a e e oo a
g iv t h e quir d spe red ood n disk m b a t t

e ch d ee ,
a w e av e a e
t it by m ns f scr s nd tu n d ff .
o ea o ew a r e o .
H O ME ME CH AN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 3
F ig 1 1 12 s pr s nt ch ply and i l an d 1 3 re e e a .
ea e as v
m d scroll tt chm nt f t h foot l th I t i

.
, ,
e sa w a a e or e a e s
a .
m d ntir ly f ood d p t i ll nois l ss Th

a e e e o w an i s ra c ca v e e . e
bo rd H supports t u p ights I b t n hich is

.
a wo r , ,
e wee w
pivot d t h arm J hos und r id is p r ll l i t h

, ,
e e w e e s e a a e w
, ,
th ed g f th
e b d A block
e isopl c d b t n t h e oa r .
a e e wee e
uprights I t limit t h do n rd mov m t of t h ,

o e w wa e en e
arm d t h arm is clamp d by a bolt hich pa s

,
an e e w s es
through it d through t h t uprights and is p

,
an e wo ro
vid d eith ing nut w a w .
A ood n t bl s cur d to t h upp r dg f t h

w e a e ,
e e e e e e o e
board H is p rforat d to llo t h

, ,
to pass e e a w e sa w
F IG 1 2 FIG 1 3
D
. .
. .
e t a i ls of S aw .
through and is provid d ith ins rt d hard e w an e e
ood strip hich supports t h back f t h

,
w w e o e saw ,
an d hich may b mov d for ard from tim to

w e e w e
tim and cut off

e it b com orn Th upp .
as e es w . e er
guid f t h e consists f round pi c f

o e saw o a e e o
h rd oo d ins rt d in hol bor d in t h

a w d e e a e e e en
o fth m J T h upp r
e ar d of t h is s cur d in e e en e saw e e a
sm ll st l cl mp pivot d in slo t in t h d f
,
.
a ee a e a . e en o a
w ood n spring s cu d to t h t p of t h m J d t h
e e re e o e ar , ,
an e
lo r d of t h
we is s cu d in simil r cl mp
en e sa w e re a a a
pivot d to t h d f t h ood n sp ing K F i g 1 3

e e en o e w e r ,
. .
is nl rg d vi sho ing t h construction of cl mp

an e a e - e w w e a .
Th l tion of t h sp
e re ing K to t ha bo d H d to e r , ,
e ar , ,
an
1 4 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S
the oth pa t is sho n in F i g 1 2 It is tt ch d to t h
er r .
w . .
.
a a e e
sid f t h bo rd d is p ss d up ard by
e o e dj ta an re e w an a us
ing sc n r its fix d d re w ea e en .
Th is d iv n by ood n cc nt ic pl c d on t h
e saw r e a w e e e r a e e
sa w m ndr l sho n in F igs 4 and 5 d t h sp ing K

a e w .
,
an e r , .
l ys pr ss d up a d ag inst t h cc ntric by its

a wa e e w r a e e e ow n
e l sticity d it is lso d n in up d dir tion

a ,
an a ra w an w ar ec
by t h upp r spring This rr ng m nt insur s con

e e . a a e e e a
ti cont ct b t n t h sp ing K and t h

n u ou s a e wee e r , ,
e e c c en
t ic d cons qu ntly avoi d s nois Th friction sur

r ,
an e e e . e
f c s f t h cc nt ic d sp ing m y b lub ic t d
a e O e e e r an r a e r a e
w ith t llo d plumbago

a Th cc tric m y i t h
w an . e e en a ,
w
a dv ntag b mad of m t l
a e ,
e e e a .
Th t nsion of t h upp spring may b v ri d by

e e e er e a e
putting und r it blocks of di ff nt h igh t s th

e e re e ,
or e
sc rehich holds t h b ck d m y b us d for this

w w e a en a e e
pu pos r e .
Th is ttach d t t h l th by m ns f iron
e saw a e o e a e ea o an
b nt t ic t right ngl s tt ch d to t h bo d H and

e w e a a e ,
a a e e ar , ,
fitt d to t h tool r st suppo t Th r r d f t h

e e e r . e ea en o e saw
ing pp r tus m y b support d by b c running t

a a a a e e a ra e o
t h lo e p t of t h l th to t h floor
w er ar e a e or e .
Th e simpl tt chm nts abov d scrib d ill n ble a a e e e e w e a e
t h poss sso to m k m ny sm ll rticl s of furnitu

e e r a e a a a e re
w hich h ould not und rt k ithout th m and f

e w e a e w e ,
or
m k ing mod ls of sm ll patt rns th y

a lmost i
e a e e a re a n
v lu bl
a a e .
W O R K B E NCH AN D T O O L S F O R W O ODW O R K
T h first thin g q ui
e d by t h m t u o k m n i re re e a a e r w r a s
ab nch ith f tools f ood o king Th b nch

e w a e w or w w r . e e
n d not n c ss ily b long d h vy structur lik

ee e e ar e a an ea e e
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 5
a c rp nt r s b nch t h ork to b don by t h m

a e e
’
e ,
as e w e e e a a
te ur i mostly sm ll s qui ing but littl m t i l d a ,

re r e a e r a an
sm ll room A t bl lik th t sho n in conn ction

a . a e e a w e
w ith t h simpl l th ill ns r t h

e r portion e a e w a we ,
or e re a
o f t h l th t bl m y b
e us d as b nch A sm ll
a e a e a e e a e . a
w ood n vis is s cur d t t h sid of t h t bl n a t h

e e e e o e e e a e e r e
l ft h nd d d in t h top f t h t bl is ins rt d
e a en ,
an e o e a e e e a
common flat h ad d ood scr hich may b sc d e e w e w, w e re we
do n v w ith t h t p of t h t bl or rais d or
e en w e o e a e ,
e
inch h ,
ork may q uir This scr t k s t h
as t e w re e . ew a e e
pl c of t h usu l b nch d g and holds t h d of

a e e a e o ,
e en a
pi c f ood hil it is b ing pl n d T pl n s

e e o w w e e a e . wo a e a re
re quir d to b gi n ith a jack pl n d s mooth pl n

e e w ,
a e an a a e .
A good fi c oss cut ill p ob bly ns r for

ne r -
saw w r a a we
a ll ordinary sa ing d i t m y b us d a ip w ,
an a e e as .
r sa w
w h n only littl f this kind f ork is r quir d T

e a .
e o o w e e . wo
chis ls einch t h oth inch and t goug of

,
on e ,
e er 1
1
,
wo es
about t h s m idth ill b n d d A h mm r d

e a e w ,
w e ee e . a e an
a scr driv r tog th r ith br d l d foot rul

ew e ,
e e w a a aw an a e
compl t outfit th t ill n bl t h o n r t do

e e an a w e a e e w e o a
gr at d l of w ork
e ea .
O f cours a good oil ston should b t hand for

e e e a
sh p ning t h tools d th y should b k pt sharp

ar e e ,
an e e e .
Chis ls and plan irons must b h ld t

e ngl f e e e a an a e .
o
a bout 6 0 t t h surf c of t h ston d mov d b ck

°
o e a e e e an e a
an d fo th t h ston until
r dg is produc d Th
on e e an e e e . e
str ight sid of t h tool must b k pt from t h oil ston

a e e e e .
e e .
“mil t h tool is b ing sh rp n d t h oil ston must

e e e a e e e e
b lub ic t d
e ith f drops of s ing m chin i l or
r a e w a ew ew a e O
bicycl i l Wh n t h tools n d g inding it d i

e o . e e ee r Is a v s
a bl t h v t h ork don b c mp t nt o km n
e o a e e w e v a o e e w r a .
Th plan i ons e t so th t t h dg is s n ll t h
e r a re s e a e e e ee a e
w ayacros t h ood of t h plan and s cur d by d i

s e w e e e e r v
1 6 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
ing in t h dg If t h tool proj ct so to mak a
e we e . e e s as e
thick shaving t h d g is loos n d slightly d t h ,

e we e e e an e
i ron is m d to ris slightly by t pping a ith h mm r

e e a w a . a e
on t h top f t h pl n Th iron m y b djust d l t

e o e a e . e a e a e a
e ra lly by t pping t h iron dg or t h oth r n

a e o n on e e e e e e ar
t h top and it m y b forc d do n

e ,
rd by a f light .
a e e w wa ew
t ps t h upp r d
a on e e en .
Aft som Obs rv tion v ry boy h opportuniti s

er e e a —
e e as e
for obs rv tion and aft r pr ctic t h am t ur ill

e a —
e a e ,
e a e w
b bl to do an ordin ry j b of p t
e a e d h ill a o c ar en rv , a n e w
s k aft r a f mor tools such for x mpl as a t

ee e ew e ,
e a e rv
squar bit stock d a f bits a f cl mps d

e ,
a .
-
an e w ,
ew a an a
glu p t H e th n nt r into t h ork h tily d

o . e c an e e e e w e ar ,
an
no t only m k n d d r p i s but const uct m ny plain

a e ee e e a r ,
r a
littl articl S uch as box ith hing d cov rs c b i

e .
es es w e e ,
a
n ts scr n fr m s t Th m in r qui m nts to

e ,
ee a e , e c . e a e re e a re
construct ach part c r fully possibl to ss me

-
as a e as e ,
a e
b l t h p ts
e ith qual c r and to n v r plugs
e ar w e a e ,
e e use or
putty i oth r ys patch up f bad orkm nship

, or n e wa or w a .
If a mist k is m d it is g n r lly b tt r to thro t h

a e a e ,
e e a e e w e
part a ay and b gin gain rath r than t p tch

w e a e o a .
WH ITT LI N G
Th e b oy w h is good w hittl
ill m k good m o a er w a e a .
e
chani ill at l st und rst nd m ch nics ll

e ,
or w ea e a e a we
e nough to kno good job from a poor d ill w a on e ,

an w
b ebl to h lp hims lf in m ny
a e m rg ncy R l
e e a an e e e . ea
profici cy ith jack knif impli s kno l dg f

en w a -
e e a w e e o
m chanics and xhibits

e ptitud for m ch nic l e an a e e a a
w ork hich only ds oppo tunity d ncou g m n t

w nee r an e ra e e
to r ach us ful st g of d v lopm nt

e a e a e e e e .
A j ck knif is a v ry simpl tool but ithout doubt

a -
e e e ,
w
H OME ME CH AN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 7
it is mor g n lly us ful th n y oth F hit

e e e ra e a an er . or w
tlin g o din ry t or four bl d d knif should b

,
an r a wo -
a e e e
s l ct d It should hav a good siz d h ndl d its

e e e .
.
e .
-
e a e an
bl d s should b fi
a e d ll t mp d I Vi t h t h e ne an we e e re . e
knif should b purch s d fi sh p oil ston

e d e a e a ne ,
ar e ,
an
t h knif should b k pt sha p as it is impossibl

e e vn e e r , e e e
F IG K W . 1 4 . n i ve s a d a pt e d for h i t t li n g .
for an xp t o km n to do good ork ith

e er w r a w w a dull
In sharp ning t h knif t h bl d should b k pt t
e e e , e a e e e a
an angl of about 2 0 ith t h f c f t h

e
°
w e a e o e
ston d rubb d b ck and forth t h full l ngth f t h

e an e a e e o e
ston about qual numb r f tim s for opposit sid s

e an e e o e e e
of t h blad until it pp s to b sh rp t h ston

e e ,
a e ar e a ,
e e
m antim b ing lubric t d ith t r

e e i l th n it
e a e w wa e or o e
m y b stropp d lik
a r zor on st ip of l ath r until
e e e a a a r e e
it is lit r lly sh rp as r zor

e a as a a a .
In hittl ing cu ious d orn m nt l obj cts

w r an a e a e ,
se a
s on ed straight gr in d hit pin should b s l ct d -

a e w e e e e e e .
Th e pi c should b a littl l rg r th n t h finish d
e e e e a e a e e
w o k d t h d sign should b l id out in p ncil on

r ,
an e e e a e on e
sid f t h block h n it can b s w d out ith a scroll

e o e ,
w e e a e w
sa w If t h form can b trac d t h dg f t h o k

. e e e on e e e o e w r
much hittling may b avoid d by doing mor s ing

w e e e aw .
T h knif e ork m y proc d It is ll to b gin

e w a n ow ee . we e
w ith t h h avi r portions and finish ith t h light r

e e e w e e
po tion r s .
As much should b don possibl ithout t h e e as e w e use
o f sand p p r If it ll b don a ith ut s nd p p r

e . c an a e e w o a a e
S much t h b tt
o It ill som tim s b found e e er . w e e e ne c
e ss ary to put on t h finishing touch s ith a pi c f e e w e e o
v ry fi s nd p p
e Bl d s f diff r nt forms
n e a a er . a e o e e a re
found s ful and in som kinds f ork p n k nif

u e ,
e o w a e e
blad hich h b n b ok n ff r th short ill p ov

e w as ee r e o a er w r e
e xc dingly us ful h n t h bl d has b n r point d

ee e w e e a e ee e e .
Th us d f sh ping t h ork m y b lik t h

e sa w e or a e w a e e e
o n e on p g s 12 d 13 of t h sm ll scroll
a e an ,
or o n e e a saw
i g machin s so much in
n t tim ould b still
e use a on e e w e
b tt r
e e .
A v ry pr tty ampl f hittling is t h chain hos

e e ex e o w e w e
l i nks form d f om singl b of ood of O shap d

a re e r a .
e ar w -
e
cross s ction To m k a good job t h b should b

e . a e e ar e
e v nly sp c d d t h links d n t h sid s f t h

e a e ,
an e ra w on e e o e
bar Th n hol s bor d di gonally through t h bar

. e e a re e a e .
A t t h ngl t h cutting proc ds slo ly d cautious

e a e e ee w an
ly finishing t h link as far

,
possib l b for it is cut e as e e e
loos If any sandp p ring is to b don it should b

e . a e e e e
don far possibl b fo t h link is cut loos In

e as as e e re e .
e .
th xampl sho n only portion f t h ood n bar

e e e w ,
a o e w e
h as b n form d ith links t h r m ind r b ing l ft

ee e w ,
e e a e e e
to giv id of t h m thod e an ea e e .
It is mor di fi i lt to hittl pair f pli rs f om

e
‘
cu w e a o e r a
singl pi c of ood so th t t h j s ork fr ly

e e e w ,
a e aw w ee ,
an d
at t h sam tim
e t h joints e at e e a re ne .
F IG . 1 5 . E x a m ple s of W h i t t le d W k
or .
Th bl nk f
e th a or e p li rs is s d
e
fromaw einch pin 4
2
- e .
Th sid s of t h pli e e rs h r t joint is to form d

w eh e be e e
e
fi ish d d t h
a re n
e
e an e joint is c r fully l id
a out ie fi a n ne
lin s Th n ith a v ry thin knif bl d ins rt d from
e . e w e e a e e e
e ach sid t h c ntral po tion of t h joint is cut through ;

e e e r e
thin incisions m d in t h sid s t int rs ct t h a re a e e e o e e e
oth cuts Th j s f t h pli rs

er car fully p
. e aw o e e a re e se
t d by cutting from ith r sid

a ra e d t h cuts hich e e e , an e w
s pa t t h insid pi c
e ra th n m d ith gr at car
e e e e e a re e a e w e e .
T h outsid of t h j
e s and t h h ndl s e fi e aw e a e a re n ow n
i h d
s In cutting t h joint t h ood is som h t com
e . e e w ew a
p ss d by t h ins rtion f t h knif and t h joint p

re e e e O e e ,
e a
p a s b dly m d By so king t h ood in t r f

e r a a e . a e w wa e or
a h lf hour so t h ood sum s its no m l condi

a -
or e w re e r a
tion and t h joint b com s tight Wh n t h ood is

,
e e e . e e w
d t h finishing m y b
rv don ith knif and ith
e a e e w a e w
fi s nd pap r
ne a e .
Th to r cont ining t h b ll d t h volving

e we a e a s an e re
spindl is cut from singl b f ood ith t h b lls

e a e ar o w ,
w e a
an d ph roid form d S ith knif in t h pl c s t h y

e e w a e e a e e
-
n ow occupy Th e d sign is c r fully dra n t h b . e a e w on e a r,
an d th ork b gins by m king a diagon l cut across

e w e a a
ea ch corn r f t h co n r posts t cutting through

e or e r e ,
no
th floors f t h di ff r nt sto i s Th n t h inn r

e o e e e r e . e e e
post rn is cut roughly in t h form f a cylind r Th

e e o e . e
cross cuts th n mad and t h pi c s sh p d into a re e e e e e a re a e
b lls Th spindl in t h lo story is fo m d in t h

a . e e e wer r e e
sam y but it is cut loos by running t h point of

e wa ,
e e
th k nif into t h ap x s
e f th con s form d bov
e e e e o e e e a e
an d b lo t h sph roid thus at

e op ration fo ming
w e e ,
on e e r
th points f t h spindl d t h b arings f th m

e .
o e e an e e or e .
Th posts t t h corn s
e l ft l rg possibl
a e er a re e .
as a e as e
an d finish d fin lly by t king ff only nough w ood to

e a a o e
mak th m str ight d squ r

e e a an a e .
An anchor w ith its cross bar d ring i mad of a an s e
singl pi c of w ood a littl t h ick r t h n t h w idth f

e e e . e e a e o
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S 21
the cross bar is hittl d t p r ll l ith

flu ke s . Th e w e ou a a e w
t h e sh nk f th nchor d t h curv d d is cut

a o e a ,
an e e en
a c os t h g in Th hol in t h sh nk is fo m d t
r s e ra . e e e a r e a
t h sam tim t h curv d

e e d is cut loos eTh should r e e en e . e e
on t h bar is thus form d and t h b

e is push d th ough e e ar e r
t h e hol in t h sh nk e A sm ll mortis is mad in t h

e a . a e e e
bar to r c iv t h k y hich k ps it in plac Th r i ng

e e e e e w ee e . e
a t th t p f th e nchor is m d in t h s m m nn r as
o o e a a e e a e a e
t h first link f t h ch in
e Th ncho looks v ry i m
o e a . e a r e s
p l but it is in r lity quit di ffi cult

e ,
ea e .
In all th s x mpl s t h ood should not b cut

e e e a e e w e
aw a y mor th n is n c ss ry xc pt t finish
e a e e a ,
e e o .
Th puzzl sho n ss mbl d and s par t d cannot

e e w a e e e a e
r adily b d sc ib d Th pi c s
e e notch d th t
e r e . e e e a re e so a
th y ill g tog th
e w d form t h symm trical
o hol e e r an e e w e ,
as sho n in t h ngraving
w e e .
DI F F E R E N T S H AP E S O F S AW T EE T H AN D TH E
WAY T H E Y C UT *
accompanying sk tch s sho t h di ff r nt shap

Th e e e w e e e es
o f t th d t h y that th y cut t h timb r F ig

saw ee an e wa e e e . .
1 6 sho s t h dr ss f shingl
w tooth By mie e o a e saw . e xa n
FIG D . 1 6 . Th e re s s of a S h i n g le S a w T oot h .
i g it it
n ill b s n that it is a sprung tooth
,
w d e ee
”
an
t h t th cut
e ee alt rn t sid s f k f t king t t th
on e a e e o er ,
a wo ee
t
o cl ar out t h k rf both sid s Th b v l f t h
e e e on e . e e e o e
t th giv s it a sh r cut t h timb r Th ood ill

ee e ea on e e . e w w
slip t h dg f t h t th
on ring th m t h insid
e e e o e ee ,
wea e on e e
and l aving t h out r corn r full and sharp and a

e e e e c or
F m Gz
,
M ro th e S aw i ll a e tte .
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
ner to cl ar p t h sid f t h k f thus making smoot h
e u e e o e er ,
lumb r e .
F i g 1 7 sho s squa d ss d tooth Th ood

. w a re re e . e w
F IG 1 7 A S q u a re F IG 1 8
D V
. . . .
re s s e d T oot h . A e rt i c a l S a w w i t h S q u a re T e e t h .
we ars ff t h corn rs l ving th m dull d th y ill

o e e ,
ea e ,
an e w
fly from timb r to t h oth sid if t h ood is not e e er e e w
equal in h rdn ss d l d t h to th t sid f t h

a e ,
an ea e saw a e o e
l g o This troubl is found in ood ith a hard d

. e w w an
soft grain in knots but ith t h b v l d t th t h or ,

w e e e e ee e
sharp corn r ill l ad t h str ight e w e e sa w a .
F i g 1 8 sho s a v tic l
. ith squ r t th v ry w er a saw w a e ee ,
a .
e
common dr ss Th ood rs t h out co n r ff e . e w wea e r e o ,
l ving it round
ea blunt d th r is nothing to sup or ,
an as e e
port t h insid f t h t th th y ill fl from t h ood

e e o e ee ,
e w v e w .
F IG . m K 1 9 . A S w a g e d T oot h of th e Sa e in d as Fig . 1 8 .
an d in t h up strok of t h g inst t h sid of

e e e sa w w e ar a a e e
t h k f until
e orn in t h sh p sho n in cut
er w e a e w .
F i g 1 9 is s g d tooth of t h s m kind f and

. a wa e e a e o saw
is v y good dr ss for sash mul y g ng d oth r

a .
er e ,
e ,
a ,
an e
H OME ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 23
s s using ligh t f d but for h vy f d it is b tt r to

aw ee ,
.
ea ee e e
s g t h t th t on both sid s d joint ff for t

wa e e ee ou e an o se .
By r f ing t F ig 2 0 it is s n th t ll t th of this
e e rr o . ee a a ee
shap cut ith scrap cut not ith dg cutting lik

e w a .
e , w e e ,
e
F IG . 20 . Te e t h t h a t Out w i t h a Sc ra p e .
a chis l but ith t h dg t t right ngl ith t h

e w e e e se a a e w e
lin f cut F soft ood such

e o . hit pin ham
or w ,
as w e e ,
m t h t p of t h t th turning t h
er e o dg do n noughe ee ,
e e e w e
to giv a cutting dg do n ard F igs 2 1 d 22

e e e w w . . an a re
circular l g sa s o w .
F ig 2 1 sho s sid vi
. f tooth I t is s n that
w a e ew o a . ee
th eback of t h tooth l i s clos t t h w ood and t h

e e e o e ,
e
F I G 21. . S i de V ie w -
of Ci rc u la r S a w T oot h .
tooth may b fil d thin ithout d ng of br aking

e e w a er e .
This dr ss f sa s cut ith a chis l cut i ll carry mor

e o w w e ,
w e
f d th n any oth r and t t h s m tim d t h b st f

,
ee a e ,
a e a e e o e e o
w ok r .
24 H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
F ig
sho s t h sh p f t h dg f t h sam toot h
. 22 w e a e o e e e o e e .
It b ing hollo e th dg w ith t h corn rs sharp w on e e e ,

e e ,
th ood ill fly slip from t h corn rs not a ing

e w w or e e , we r
th m as much as squar tooth l aving a good corn r

e a e ,
e e
F IG 22 FIG 23
Ci D
. . . .
E dg e of rc u la r S a w T oot h . A S q u a re re s s e d T oot h .
to cl ar t h sid s f t h k rf It ill b s n b y r f r
e e e o e e . w e ee e e
ring t F ig 22 that it t k s t t th
o . ach a e wo ee ,
on e on e
sid f t h e t
o cut both sid s f k rf but in this
e saw ,
o e o e ,
dr ss ch tooth cuts both sid s and ag in if b v l d

e ea e ,
a ,
a e e e
s prung tooth i forc d t d mor th n m dium s e o o e a a . e
a mount f duty it ill fly into t h ood d b in dan

o , w e w an e
g f
er ot aring ff t h t th
e o e ee .
In F ig 2 3 is s n a squar dr ss d tooth All t th

. ee e e e . ee
s g d ith a squar dr ss l av t h corn rs r th r

wa e w e e e e e e a e
we ak d not much t joint ff t h sid in s tting

an o o e e e .
This sho s such tooth cutting through cross

w on e
grain d t ist d timb r sh rp corn r but nothin g

e or w e e ,
a a e
to cl ar t h sid f t h k rf t h cross grain fillin g so

e e e o e e ,
e
much f t h k rf as to rub t h plat f t h

o e and
e on e e o e saw
h at it
e .
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 25
F i g 24 . r f rs to a dr ss for hand
e e e an d oth r sa s tha t
e w
S in / mm ??
F IG D . 24 . re s s for H a n d an d ot h e r S aw s .
is us d for cross cutting soft ood that is to b cut v ry

e -
w e e
smooth .
A VVR I N K LE I N S AV I N G V
A try squ r is not l ays at hand h n i t is d sir d

-
a e a w w e e e
to a stick d h it i h ndy som m chanic

sa w ,
an w en s a e e s
pr f r t ork by gu ss th n oth r is Wh n a
e e o w
“
e
”
a e w e . e
bright straight is plac d upon a stick th dg sa w e or on e e e
F IG Rfl . 25 . e e c t i on S ub s t i t ut e d for t h e Try S q u are .
of a bo rd t h r fl ction f t h stick or board in t h

a ,
e e e o e e
sa w is su ffi ci ntly ll d fin d to p rmit f pl cing t h

e we e e e o a e
sa w so that t h r fl ct d im g coincid s ith t h obj ct e e e e a e e w e e
re fl ct d forming continuous straight lin If t h

e e , a e . e
s ing is don hil t h i m g d t h stick in lin

aw e w e e a e an e a re e ,
t h stick
e ill b cut t right angl s w e a e .
It is obvious that lin may b dra at right angl s a e e wn e
to t h stick by arr nging t h

e as sho n in F ig 2 6 a e sa w w . .
If aft r forming this lin t h

,
e b plac d across t h e ,
e saw e e e
stick so th t t h lin and its r fl ct d imag and t h

a e e e e e e e
stick d its fl ct d im g fo m squar ith t h
an re e e a e r a e ,
w e
refl ct d im g and t h stick lying in t h sam plan

e e a e e e e e ,
F IG . 26 . L a yi n g ou t W k or by R e fle c t i on .
F IG F D
. 27 Rfl. o rt y- fi ve e g re e An g le b y e e c t i on .
as sho n in F i g 2 7 t h stick m y b s d t angl

w .
,
e a e aw e a an e
of fo ty fi d gr s p ovid d t h
r -
ve is h l d i t h
e ee ,
r e e saw e n e
sam position r lativ to t h stick

e e e e .
A R VI N G WOO D C
To having an id of fo m d proportion w ood

on e ea r an ,
mg
c a rv not v ry di fficult v n though practic l
Is e ,
e e a a
kno l dg of d ing d mod ling b nting Cr d

w e e ra w an e e wa . e
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR AMA E T UR S 27
it bal sp cim ns
e of c ving h
e v b n produc
e d b ar a e ee e v
m e an s f th pock t knif lon by p rsons having

”
o e e e a e ,
e
d xtrous h nds d good y s ; but it t k s good

e a an e e a e a
w o km n to produc fi job ith poor tools non

r a e a ne w ,
or e
a t ll ath r for t h v g e ood ec v ill b oblig d

e e a e ra e w ar er w e e
to r ly som h t upon tools d ppli nc s In f ct

,
e ew a an a a e . a ,
t h more compl t t h t
e of tools d t h mo p rf ct e e e se an e re e e
th cc
e sso i
a s t h mo e r dily r e t h ork b don
,
e re ea c an e w e e
an d t h mor ti f t e t h r sult e sa s ac orv e e .
F IG V . 28 . i ole t Pa n e l .
Th princip l tools e goug s chis ls p ting tools a a re e ,

e ,
ar
curv d d st ight h vy m ll t a light m ll t

e an ra ,
a ea a e ,
a e ,
a
solid b nch d som cl mps As to m t ri ls F

e an e a . a e a : or
b ginn r soft oods b t such pin hit

,
th e e e w a re es ,
as e . w e
w ood c d r Aft littl xp i nc p r bl ck

or e a er a e e er e e ,
ea ,
a
lnut d k m y b t i d N in t nths f t h dif

.
a e r e e -
e o e
wa an oa .
in c ving is in o king on s s lf up
,
fi lt y
cu t t h
ar w r e
’
e o e
28 H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S
point f s tting out in t h ork Th chanc s th t
o e e w . e e a re a
in t h b ginning t h t y ill not succ d in producing

e e e re w ee
th x ct forms d i d ; but progr ss ill b m d ith

e e a e s re e w e a e w
e v ry succ ssiv trial

e e e .
It is ind d di ffi cult to giv any xplicit dir ctio s

,
ee ,
e e e n
f orc rving W might almost y h r

a . th ma e sa ,
e e a re e
t i l t h tools
e r a s, d t h d sign Th
e hol f carving ,
an e e . e w e o
is t tak th s tools and cut this d sign from thi pi c

o e e e e s e e
o f m t rial using your

a e judgm nt t t h sam
,
ow n e , a e e
t i m m king hast slo ly

e
“
a e w .
”
F IG . 29 . C a rv i n g T ools .
tools quir d
Th e sho in 2 9 1 b ing re e a re wn ,
e a
firm 2 a st ight goug 3 curv d goug 4 b nt

er ra e ,
a e e ,
a e
chis l 5 a front b nt goug 6 a back b nt goug 7

e ,
-
e e ,
-
e e, a
p rting tool 8 a curv d p rting tool and 9 a m caroni

a ,
e a ,
a
tool Th s tools can b purchas d ith r S parat ly

. e e e e e e e e
or in s t Th r oth fo m d m ny di ff r nt
e s . e e a re er r s an a e e
si z s It is ll t b gin ith h lf do z n m dium

e . we o e w a a e e
i d t
s ze l and th n l arn by xp i nc
oo s , h t furth r e e e er e e w a e
tools r quir d A fl t d curv d chis l d a fl t

a re e e . a an e e an a
an d curv d goug ch half inch id a n rro

e e ,
ea on e -
w e ,
a w
d p goug and a parting tool

ee fli ie t f
, th a re su c en or e
first ffort e .
Th d sign is m rk d upon t h
e e ood to b carv d a e e w e e ,
an d t h outlin is shap d by m a s of a scroll

e if e e e n saw ,
t h d sign is to b
e e high r li f and t h most promi e In e e , e
n nt i is l t d from t h r st Av id cut t ing t

e s o a e e e . o oo
d ply r ising sliv s that run into t h ood and

ee ,
or a er e w
spoil t h ork Wh r t h ca ving is d on

e w flt . e e e r e on a a
surf c in l r li f goug s having littl curvatur

a e ow e e ,
e e e
a re r quir d e e .
Th tools should b k pt as sharp as possibl

e t e e e ,
o se
cur smooth ork d t conomiz l bor C rving

e w an o e e a . a
tools usu lly sh rp n d from both sid s by m ns

a re a a e e e ea
o f suitabl oil ston slips and by l ath r strops ch rg d

e e e e a e
w ith crocus .
Th ood hil b ing carv d is h ld in plac

e w thw e e e e e on e
b nch by m ns of scr cl mps by point d scr s

e ea ew a ,
or e e w
p ssing up ard through t h b nch into t h back f
a w e e e o
th eork w .
I F ig 2 8 is sho n pan l f viol ts hich may b

n . w a e o e , w e
copi d aft r som xp i nc is g in d It is asi r

e e e e er e e a e . e e ,
ho v r t copy oth r carvi gs than t prod uc t h

we e ,
o e n o e e
w ork from ngravings e .
S impl subj cts should b chos n and

e ok e e e ,
no w r
should b p ss d until it has b n m d as p rf ct as

e a e e e a e e e
t h tools mat rials and ability f t h carv r

e ,
ill p e , o e e w er
mit A final finish impart d ith fi s ndp p r is d

. e w n e a a e a
missibl ; but n ith r sandpap r pu t ty should b d

e e e e n or e e
p nd d upon mat rial aids i this kind f w ork

e e as e n o .
P AR T I I .
H O W T O MAK E H O US E H O L D
O R N A ME N T S
A G R I L L E S AN D G R A TI N G S
H O ME M DE
DIV E LLI N G H O US E ithout orn m nt tion w a e a
f t h cl ss m ntion d bov indic t s

o e a f e e a e a e on e o
thr things ith r t h o n r occup nt

ee —
e e e w e or a
do t appr ci t t h v lu
es f this kind f
no e a e e a e o o
hom d cor tion h do s not poss ss t h skill t
e e a or e e e e o
mak the po r to pu ch s it It is tru t h

or e we r a e . e ,
e
b autiful m t l d ood ork

e e manuf ctur d for
a an w w n ow a e
this pu pos is v ry xp siv ; but it is lso tru th t

r e e e en e a e a
som thin g qu lly b utiful may b had ithout

e e a as ea e w
much troubl xp ns e or e e e .
Th grill sho in F igs 3 1 32 d 33 mad f

e es wn .
, ,
an a re e o
rop siz d b nt into shap dri d glu d in ood n

e ,
e ,
e e ,
e ,
e a w e
fr m and finally p int d

a e ppropri t color a e an a a e or
gild d or bronz d Th s orn m nts h n pl c d in a

e e . e e a e w e a e
door ay w indo across a h ll from t h t i

or w w or a e s a rw a v
to t h all in som corn in t h libr ry add

e w ,
or e er e a , w on
d f lly to t h app aranc

er u f t h room e e e o e .
Th mat rials r quir d

e e som i inch sash co d e e a re e s r ,
glu round sticks do ling fi inch in di m t

e , or we r
a e e r,
pa ra ffi ( p fli nec ndl a ill do ) som

a ra strips f ne a e w ,
e o
w ood d p int,
v rnish
an a or a .
Th in t h p s nt cas only t fundam t l

e re a re e re e e wo en a
forms f t h spindl s b s but th s

or e combin d e or ar ,
e e a re e
in s v ral diff r nt ays as sho n in F i g 3 6 Th spin

e e e e w ,
w . e
[ 31 ]
d lemost us d i sho n in F ig 3 4 H i form d b y e s w . . s e
w inding t h sash cord hich has b n pr viously e —

w ee e
st p d in t h glu siz upon t h ood n d Th

ee e e e e —
e w e ro . e
rod is co t d ith m lt d p ffi b for a e to p w e e a ra ne e e use ,

re
v nt t h siz f om dh ring d quidist nt marks

e e e r a e , an e a a re
mad upon t h rod as guid s for t h inding Th s

e e e e w . e e
marks 1 5 inch s part Th inding a re b asily e a . e w c an e e
don by placing
e d of t h oo d n d in vis on e en e w e ro a e ,
driving a tack through t h d f t h rop into t h rod e en o e e e .
If v ry turn of t h op around th d is mad to

e e e r e e ro e co
incid ith f t h marks t h spindl

e w ill b tru on e o e ,
e e w e e
enough f all purpos s A t ck should b driv

or e . a e en
F IG . 31 . G ri lle for D b D
ou le oors .
t hrough t h d of t h finish d spi l into t h d t e en e e ra e ro o
p r v nt
e t h rop
e from un inding A numb e f rods e w . er o
w ill b r quir d Part f t h pindl s should b ound

e e e . o e S e e w
i n a right hand d dir ction and t h r m ind r in

-
e e e e a e a
l ft hand d dir ction

e -
Th rop should b llo d
e e . e e e a we
t o stand for a day or to d y It is ll sp so r . we ,

e e
c i lly in
a rm w ath r t add t t h siz som oil f
wa e e ,
o o e e e o
c lov s carbolic acid to pr v nt it from souring hil

e or e e w e
d ryi g n .
Th oth r form f spindl is sho n in F ig 3 5

e e Thi o e w . . s
i mad by b nding t h siz d rop around pins driv n

s e e e e e e
i to a bo rd in t ro s t h pins f
n a alt rn t wo w ,
e o on e row e a
FIG R G . 32 .W D
op e ri lle for i n d ow , o or, or H a ll .
i g in position
n ith thos of t h oth r
w Th boa d e e e row . e r
and pins cov r d ith p ffi

a re e in t h oth r c s
e w a ra ne ,
as e e a e .
Th spi l pindl s may b combin d ith c h

e ra S e e e w ea
oth r sho w n t b d d i F i g 3 6 and w i t h

e ,
as a a, ,
c , , an e n .
,
FIG . 33 . G ri lle for W i n d ow .

a s tr ight rod sho n at f At 9 th y sho n in
a ,
as w . e a re w
combin tion ith t h zigzag rop A t I t h z igzag rop

a w e e . t e e
is sho n in c mbin tion ith str ight rods

w o a w a .
Th circl and s gm nts of circl s sho n in F igs 32

e es e e e w .
an d 33 m d by inding t h siz d rop around tin

a re a e w e e e a
p il a can som oth r cylindrical body and llo ing

a , ,
or e e a w
it t d y To form a compl t ring

o r . turn f t h rop e e ,
on e o e e
is cut ff i t nd o cut ff diagonally and fast n d

,
s e s a re o e e
tog th r ith stro g glu

e e w n e .
Th spindl s e cut by m ans f a sharp knif Th

e a re e o .
e . e
various p ts f t h ork fast n d tog th r and t

ar o e w a re e e e e a
tac h d to a light w ood n fram

e and a rul f e e , ,
as . e ,
no as
t ning oth r th n glu w ill b r quir d If ho v r

e e a e e e e .
,
we e ,
a
strong fast ning i er y at som points small

e s n e c e ssa r
x
e ,
br ds w i
a i l or v n scr
or s may b us d ‘
re n a s, e e ew , e e .
In F i g 33 t h ros tt d is form d f circular ri g

.
,
e e e , ,
e o a n
fill d w ith s gm nts of a imilar ring in t h mann

e e e S e er
sh o w E ach pair f spirals

n . consi t f righ t o ,
a, s s o on e
F I G 34 . . S pi ral S pi n dle .
F I G 35 . . $ ig z ag Ba r .
hand d e on e an d on e l ft h d d
e -
an e . Th e spindl s e ,
b, c ,
spir ls
a re a .
G rill m d es a e in this w a
y m ay be finish d in t h sam e e e
mann ood Th y m y b stai d paint d to

e r as w . e a e ne or e
m t Ch t h
a ork into hich th y fitt d th y m y
e w w e a re e ,
or e a
b p int d
e hit d r li v d by littl gil t O t h p
a e w e an e e e a e n e ro
j
e c t i g p rt n a .
It is obvious tha t a larg numb r f p tt rns may b e e o a e e
w o k d out by t h aid f th s sugg stions Di ff r t

r e e o e e e . e en
1 a d 6 J 3
F IG F m B . 36 .
”
or s of S p i n d le s an d a rs .
k inds d siz s of rop m y b us d lon

an in combi
e e a e e a e or
na tion .
Th s grill m y b pl c d in indo s door ays

e e es a e a e w w ,
w ,
ac oss h lls bov mant ls c oss nich s b t n i

r a ,
a e e ,
a r e ,
e wee w n
do s d in many oth r pl c s hich ill sugg st

w ,
an e a e w w e
th ms lv s Lik many oth r hous hold orn m nts if

e e e . e e e a e ,
we ll and f ll mad th y ill r pay t h l bor and

c a re u v e, e w e e a
troubl of m king e a .
A ME N T S WA LL OR N
Th is g t d al of satisfaction in t h poss ssion

e re a re a e e e
of hom m d o n m nt l obj cts b c us t h

e a th
e r a e a e ,
e a e e v a re e
w o k of on s
r h nd d b sid s this th y not
e
’
ow n a ,
an ,
e e ,
e a re
obt in d by t h xp nditu f mon y th t might p

a e e e e re o e a er
h ps b n d d f oth pu pos s
a ,
e ee e or er r e .
O rnam nts b longing to t h e ll go long y in e e wa a wa
fu nishing d b autifying t h hous Pictur s car

r an e e e . e ,
e
fully s l ct d highly ff ctiv Many f t h m d
e e e ,
a re e e e . o e o
e rnphotog phs photo gr vu s d photo ngr vings

ra ,
-
a re
,
an -
e a
w hich r lly m itorious

a re b obt in d f
ea fifty er c an e a e or
c nts or dollar ch S om f irly good tchings d

e a ea . e a e an
imit tions f t r colo s

a ls sold t r son bl
o wa e r a re a o a ea a e
pric s Th g t it m in conn ction ith a l p ic d

e . e re a e e w ow -
r e
pictu is t h f m ; but
re ith such tools as
e ra e a n v on e w a re
commonly found bout t h hous d ith sm ll a e e an w a a
qu ntity of m t i l
a dily m k a v ri ty of a er a c an re a a e . a e
fr m s o thy of y pl c in t h hous
a e w r an a e e e .
Th simpl st fr m to m k is th t sho w n in F i g 3 7
e e a e a e a
Thi is mad from na ro fl t bo rd f ch stnut

.
s e a r w a a o e ,
F IG W F m . 37 . ood e n ra e .
butt rnut e v n h or k having i t inn r dg

or e e as oa , s e e e
r bb t d to r c iv t h g l ss m t d b cking This
a e e e e e e a , a ,
an a
st ip is st in d d finish d b fo it is mit d Th
.
r a e an e e re e re e
staining i don by b us h ing t h st ip v nly ith a

.
s e r e r e e w
thin co ting of sph ltum or ith thin st in f log

.
a a a , w a a o
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
w ood or ith st in fo m d of ith r f t h follo i g
,
w a a r e e e o e w n
d rv pgi m nts b nt umb bu nt ore si nn mix ,

d ur e r, r ra w e a, e
w ith tu p ntin d sm ll propo tion f boil d

r e e an a v e rv a r o e
lins d oil Ch mic l ink

ee riting fluid r duc d
. e a or w ,
e e
w ith t r so to p oduc
wa e gr nish gray tint as r e a ee ,
a ns rs good purpos
we a e .
Aft r t h st in is d y t h tint is light n d along t h

e e a r ,
e e e e
inn r or out d g of t h strip t st mav dictat

e e r e e e ,
as a e e ,
by scr ping t h ood by m ns of ordinary w ood

a e w ea an
sc p r by rubbing t h su f c do n by m ns f
ra e ,
or e r a e w ea o
fi ne s ndp p r It is obvious th t t h stain may b

a a e . a e e
a ppli d to t h ood in such

e y to gr duat t h
e w a wa as a e e
t i nt ithout t h n c ssity f scraping or s ndpap rin g

w e e e o a e ,
but this r quir s pr ctic

.
e e a e .
Th tint hou ld b so gr duat d as to b v ry light

e S e a e e e ,
or n rly t h natur l colo of t h ood t

ea dg of
e a r e w a on e e e
th st ip hil t h oth r dg should b quit dark

e r ,
w e e e e e e e .
Th st ip m y b finish d by flo in g ov r it t hr
e r athin e e w e ee
co ts f sh ll c varnish llo ing ch co t to d y thor

a o e a ,
a w ea a r
oughly b for pplying t h n xt Th first t co ts

e e a e e . e wo a
s h ould b rubb d do n ith v ry fi m ry p p r

e e w w e ne e e a e
a ft t h y b com thoroughly d y and h rd Th l st

er e e e r a . e a
co t m y b l ft bright
a aits lust r m y b ton d
e e ,
or e a e e
do n by m ns of t h fi m y pap r Th mould
w ea e ne e er e . e
ing or st ip thus pr p d is mit d in t h usual y

r e a re e re e wa
by t h i d f mit box and nail d d glu d to
e a O a er ,
e an e
g th r t t h corn rs
e e a e e .
Th m t in this c s consists f pi c
e a f thick past a e o a e e o e
bo d in hich is cut Op ning f t h d si d fo m

ar w an e o e e re r .
Th e dg s f t h p st bo rd
e e b v l d around t h
o e a e a a re e e e e
op ning d c nv s cr sh to ling
e ,
an hit tint d a a ,
a we ,
or w e or e
cotton v lv t is s cur d t t h past board by m ans

e e e e o e e e
of bookbind s past (flour past ith glu add d ) er

’
e e w e e .
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR AM AT E U R S
Aft r t h p st b com s dry if d si d d sign m y
e e a e e e ,
e re ,
a e a
b p int d
e th m t
a ith t r colors
e on e a w wa e .
Th fr m sho n in F i g 3 8 is m d
e a a di ff r nt
e w . a e on e e
plan In this cas t h w ood n m ulding is half round

. e e e o
on its f c A k rf is m d at t h inn r sid f t h

a e . saw e a e e e e o e
ra bb t Th dg of strip f hit
e . ivory yl
e e e a o w e or
“ ”
z on
i t is ins rt d in t h
e k rf and h ld th r by a thin
e e e saw e , e e e
F I G 38 . . $ y lon i t e F ra me .
st ip of ood glu d in A sm ll p rc ntag f gly

r w e . a e e e o cer
i
ne or v n common mol ss s should b add d t t h
e e a e e e o e
glu us d f this purpos Th zylonit is rapp d

e e or e . e e w e
a round t h moulding and f st n d b m ns of thin

e a e e v ea a
st ip f ood l id ov r it d s cur d by sm ll nails

r o w a e an e e a or
b ads Th corn rs of this f am

r . form d by m ans
e e r e a re e e
o f r ctangular blocks of
e ood paint d hit th i w e w e on e r
sid s and fu nish d O t h fron t ith squ r f l

e r e n e w a a e o z v on
i t h ld in plac by an orn m ntal br ss n il

e e e a e a a
If a larg r fram is r quir d th t b mad ith

.
e e e e a c an e e w
,
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR AMA E T U RS 39
a singl st ip f zylonit t h joint m y b cov r d b

e r o e ,
e a e e e \
m ns of curv d h lf ound st ip f br ss ll pol

ea a e a r r o a we
i h d and lacqu r d and ppli d

s e ho n in t h e e ,
a e as S w e en
graving .
This fr m may hav a gilt lining as ll t h m t

a e e we as e a .
I t has a v ry ch st app r nc
.
looking much lik
e a e ea a e , e a
fr m f i
a e d it is
o ithal durabl
vorv , a n w e .
F IG F m . 39 . e ath e r O rn a en t .
A v ry pr tty and asily m d

e ll ornam nt is
e e a e wa e
sho n in F i g 39 I t consist of numb r f p cock

w . . s a e o ea
f th rs r ng d r dially in t h fo m f f ith
ea e a ra e a or e r o a an w
t h quills ttach d t
e lliptic l pi c of p st bo d
a e o an e a e e a e ar
by m ns f s ling
ea Th past bo rd is fitt d to
o ea w ax . e e a e
an i id sc nt sh ll and fast n d in ith s ling

r e e e e e w ea w ax .
A ir loop ins t d in t h p st board s rv s for h ng

w e er e e a e e e a
ing t h ornam nt It m y b pl c d b t n indo s

e e . a e a e e wee w w ,
abov b lo pictur s d in m ny oth r plac s w it h
e or e w e ,
an a e e
good fl t e
‘
ec .
In F i g 4 0 is s h o n. ll c bin t w hich is not only

w a wa a e ,
highly o n m nt l but v y us ful Th body f t h

r a e a ,
er e . e o e
c bin t is f pin
a e oth r soft ood Th doo s
o e or e w . e r a re
F IG W Cb . 40 . A a ll a in e t .
r ng d t r c i v t h b autiful zylonit bas r li f

ar a e o e e e e e e -
e e s
sold by t h m nufactu rs f thi sup b m t ri l In

e a re o s er a e a .
op nings in t h back f t h cabin t

e ins t d orn
e o e e . a re er e a
m nts f t h s m ch r ct r Th y r s mbl ivory

e o e a e a a e . e e e e
an d v ry s rvic bl
a re e e ea e .
Th body f t h c bin t is n
e tly cov d ith
o e a e ea e re w c an
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S
va s , to ling lightly tint d cotton v lv t on hich
we , or e e e ,
w
a re p int d d signs in t r oil colo s Th dg s

a e e wa e or r . e e e
of t h sh lv s p f bly cov r d ith sh t yl

e e e a re re e ra e e w ee z on
it e lthough th y may ith good ff ct b cov d ith

,
a e w e e e e re w
t h m t ri l us d
e a e t h oth r p rts of t h cabin t
a eO on e e a e e . r
na m t l brass hing s
en a d t immings hould b appli d e an r S e e
to t h doors sho n in t h ngraving

e , as w e e .
P S E U DO CE R A M I C S -
Th c mic t is g n rally pr ctic d und r condi

e e ra ar e e a e e
tions hich nd r it x c dingly di ffi cult f

w re m e e ee or a n a a
F IG V . 41 . S q u a re ase .
t e ur to m k prog ss in it v n so f as to prod
a e re ,
e e ar uc e
w o k f t h most mod st d un ssuming ch ct

r o e e an a a ra er .
In t h first pl c it is di fficult to obt in t h prop
e a e a e er
qu lity f cl y unl ss
a o t h vicinity f pott y
a ,
e on e 1 8 I n e o a er
or clay b d ; in t h s cond plac v n though

e has e e e , e e on e
t h skill
e d pr ctic hich w ill n bl him to h p
an a e w e a e S a e
t h cl y into t h d si d forms still it is di fficult if

e a e t e re , ,
n o
impossibl t bak t h o k ft r it is don in oth r

e o e e w r a e e e
r sp cts d i t can scarc ly b xp ct d th t pott r

e e ,
an e e e e e a a e
w ill b k th s odd rticl s Th s d oth r d i ffi l

a e e e a e . e e an e cu
F IG V . 42 . T ri a n g u la r a se .
t i s pr
e nt t h ould b am t ur pott r from tt mpt
e ve e w -
e a e e a e
ing hat und r mor f vor bl ci cumst nc s migh t

w ,
e e a a e r a e ,
b productiv
e f orks cr ditabl to both t h
e t and
o w e e e ar
t h artis n
e a .
R c ntly som
e e xc dingly pl in ticl s f pott ry e e ee a ar e o e ,
w ith xtr m ly simpl orn m nt tion consisting

e e e e a e a ,
m r ly f a littl p int d littl glaz h v b com

e e o e a an a e e ,
a e e e
v ry f shion bl and h v b n cc pt d
e a a orks f e ,
a e ee a e e as w o
art .om of th s rticl s

S handsom oth rs
e e e a e a re e ,
e a re
no t In smuch as th s rticl s hav no practical

. a e e a e e
utility th y do not r quir to b mad of m t ials

,
e e e e e a er
eith fir proof or t rproof Th r quisit s

er e wa e . e e e a re
simply shap str ngth and a r mb lanc t pott ry e ,

e ,
. ese e o e .
Th m t i ls r quir d for making imitation pott ry

e a er a e e e
a re junk bo d st ong thick bo rd h ving a smooth

-
ar a r ,
a a
surf c glu a d sm ll
e ir nails Th orn m nt
—
e ,
an a w e . e a e a
tion m y consist of such flor l l ndsc p d cor tion

a a or a a e e a s
th m k r is bl to produc if h
e a h b e rtist a e e e or s e e a
F IG C V . 43 .
y li n d ri c a l ase .
enough to paint in i l colors Without this ability t h o . e
ai d of chromos must b invok d This ill c rt inly e e . w e a
affo d v ry s tisfactory r ults d t h x p ns ill b

r e a es ,
an e e e e w e
slight v y p ss bl G m n chromos m y b b
,
as er a a e er a a e o
t i d for
a ne nty fi c nt ach Th ngravings hotwe -
ve e s e . e e S w
s v ral x mpl s f ps udo c r mics hich

e e e a d e o e -
e a w a re e
sign d ith f nc t t h mat rial to b mploy d

e w re e re e o e e e e e ,
an d compa favor bly ith t h high pric d rticl to

re a w e -
e a es
b found in t h shops
e e .
of t h v s sho n i F i g 4 1 consists f
Th e b od v e a e w n . o
r ct ngul r pi c s f junk bo d n il d d glu d t

e a a e e o -
ar a e an e o
g th r t t h corn rs ft t h f shion of ordinary

e e a e e ,
a er e a an
w ood n box Th nails us d

e t h sm ll
. i n ils e e a re e a w re a
us d in br ck t ork Th y
e aabout thr ighths
e -
w . e a re ee e -
of inch lon g and b ou t t h iz f o dinary pin

an ,
a e S e o an r .
F IG V L B . 44 . ase w ith att i c e d a se .
In t h bs nc of such n ils common pins m y b cut ff

e a e e a a e o
an d us d to goo d adv nt g
e H ol s for th s nails a a e . e e e
must b m d ith fi point d l Th bottom f

e a e w a n e -
e aw . e o
t h v s consists of a singl pi c
e a e f junk bo d ith . e e e o -
ar ,
w
V sh p d notch s cut f om t h corn rs to giv it t h
-
a e e r e e e e
bvl
e e
Th concav sid s of t h top consist of s ctions of

e e e e e
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 45
p p r tub such is mploy d f m iling pictur s

a e e as e e or a e .
Th b e d ound t h top is of ood Any i m p f

ea ar e w . er ec
tions in t h joints m y b fill d ith mixtu of glu

e a e e w a re e
siz d hiting fo m d into putty

e an w r e a .
F i g 4 2 sho s v s hich
. dil b m d ft r
w a a e w c a n re a v e a e a e
th bov hints It is t i ngul in fo m d h thr

e a e . r a ar r ,
an as ee
w ood n b lls for l gs Th b nd ou d t h top is

e a e . e a ar n e
m ly n r o strip f p st bo rd glu d
e re a a r w o a e a e on .
F i g 4 3 sho s cylind ic l v s m d of strip of

. w a . r a a e a e a
junk bo d sc f d b v l d on t h dg s d l pp d
-
ar ar e or e e e e e e an a e
F IG V . 45 . E lli p t i c a l ase .
and glu d To f cilit t b nding t h junk bo rd t h

e . a a e e e -
a ,
e
sid hich is to b out most in t h

e w i t Th e er e va s e s we . e
bottom is glu d d n il d in d t h corn rs e an a e ,

an e e a re
round d ith mod t ly co s fi l d ndp p

e w a e ra e ar e e an sa a er .
A b nd of p st bo d finish s t h top d thr or fou

a a e ar e e ,
an ee r
w ood n b lls fo m t h l gs Th inn corn of this

e a r e e . e er er
v s t t h bottom m y b fill d in li gh t l ith glu

a e a e a e e s v w e
an d hiting to st ngth n it
w re e .
v s sho n in F ig 4 4 is mad in t h sam
Th e a e w . e e e w av
as tha t las t d scrib d Th bottom is pl c d abov t he e . e a e e e
l ttic ork Th latt r is form d by cutting t t h

a e w . e e e ou e
hol ith a chis l Th ring and i t fi x tur

es w .
m d e . e s e a re a e
of ood w .
F igs 4 5 4 6 and 4 7
. x ampl f pilgrim vas s
, ,
a re e es o
“
e
of di ff r nt hap s e That sho in F ig 4 7 is circula

e S e . wn . r,
an d has conv x sid s h ds Th hoop is b nt in t he e or ea . e e e
m nn r l dy d sc ib d i
a e ft r fi st tting t h
a re a e r e ,
. c .
,
a e r we e
F IG . 46 . P i lg ri m V ase .
out r sid Th b d
e m d conv x by tting t h
e . e ea s a re a e e we e
junk bo rd and h mm ring it in t h middl in t h s m

-
a a e . e e ,
e a e
wa y that a sho m k r h mm rs a
.
sho sol t p to e a e a e e e ,
or a ,
mak it conv x th t is i t is plac d upon ordin y

e e ,
a ,
e an ar
fl t iron
a -
d iron and h mm r d ith round f c d
or s a -
,
a e e w a -
a e
h mm r until it cqui s t h d sir d conv xity Th

a e a re e e e e . e
sid s nail d d glu d t t h h p d thin p st

e a re e an e o e OO ,
an a a e
boa d circl is glu d to ach f t h conv x su f c s of

r e e e o e e r a e
t h vas to form
e bord r Th mouth of t h vas i
e a e . e e e s
mad f fou pi c s of junk bo d glu d d n il d t

e o r e e -
ar ,
e an a e o
g th
e d s cur d to t h v s by glu
e r an e Th l gs of this
e e a e e . e e
v s consist of t pi c s of p p r tub clos d t t h

a e wo e e a e e e a e
en ds ith tu n d pi c s of ood Th co n rs f t h
w r e e e w . e r e o e
v s m y b fil d d s ndp p d to m k it dy for
a e a e e an a a e re a e re a
furth r op tions e e ra .
Aft h t h l dy b n s i d t h construction of
er w a a s a re a ee a e
t h v s s sho n in F igs 4 5 and 4 6

e a e ill n d no d i p
w . w ee e sc r
F IG . 47 . Ci rc u la r V ase .
tion xc pt th t t h v s ho n in F ig 4 6 h ood
,
e e a e a e S w . as w en
l gs d ood n st ips t t h sid s of t h mouth

e an w e r a e e e .
Th body f t h v s sho n in F i g 4 8
e b
o con e a e w . c an e
struct d ithout sp ci l d sc iption Th orn m nt

e w e a e r . e a e a
tion consists f ordina y tifici l flo rs d vin s

o r ar a we an e ,
se
cu d to t h body of t h v s it h common glu Th y

re e e a e w e . e
a re stiff d by spr ying or sp tt ing sh ll c

en e a a er e a va r
n ish on th m from an old tooth or n il brush Th y

e a . e
should b sp y d s v l tim s to giv th m good
e ra e e e ra e e e a
h vy co ting of v rnish I Vh this b com s dry t h

ea a a . en e e e
l v s and flo
ea e rs m y b p int d in t h s m m nn r
we a e a e e a e a e
as t h oth r p rts f t h vas Th s vas s should b

e e a o e e . e e e e
smoothly finish d and thoroughly d i d b fo e y t r e e re an a
t mpt t finishing is m d Th fi st op r tion in t h

e a a e . e r e a e
wa y f finishing
o is to giv t h v s t co ts of sh ll c e e a e wo a e a
v rnish insid and t a e ou ,
allo ing co t to b w on e a e
com dry b for t h e e e e
oth r is ppli d Wh n e a e . e
both coats of varnish a re
d y d h rd w hich ill r an a , w
r quir bout t days e e a wo ,
th painting m y b e a e
d on e .
It is t t h d sign f no e e o
this s ction t nt r into e o e e
all f t h d t ils f o e e a o
p inting to a n e c e s s a rv
n bl t h tyro to p int e a e e a
l ndscap s flo rs a e or we ,
but a sugg stion t e or wo
in r gard to t h pain t e e
ing ill not b t f w e ou o

FIG V 48 L plac Th b st r sults
w i th
F R f
a se e a ve s
. .
e . e e e
Will b Obt in d b g ,
an d low e rs In e li e .
e a e V “
ing t h vas t coats f w hit paint b for att mpting
e e wo o e e e e
t l y
o a t h color
on Th sid s and bord
e f th v s
. e e er o e a e
should b f a n ut l tint slightly mottl d An oliv

e o e ra , e . e
gr een gray looks ll and giv s r li f t any d

or a we e e e o e
sign tha t m y b chos n a e e .
N o t t mpt hould b m d t pply t h colo s

a e s e a e o a e r
smoothly . Th e w hol should b don in bold d shing

e e e a ,
a
p inting is out of t h qu stion som f t h h

If a e e ,
e o e c ro
mos b fo m ntion d m y b us d ith good ff ct

e re e e a e e w e e .
Th dg s of t h ch omos m y b conc l d b n th t h
e e e e r a e ea e e ea e
p st bo d bo d r In ith c s ft t h p int on
a e ar r e . e er a e a er e a
th e ticl h b com tho oughly d y d h rd hich

ar e as e e r r an a ,
w
w ill prob bly quir fou six ks it m a c ivre e r or wee ,

a v re e e
a co t f pott ry v rnish to b obt in d t y of t h

a .
o e a ,
e a e a an e
colo sto s r re .
In t h c s of t h ppli d rtifici l flo s th y
e a e e a e a a wer ,
e
should b h vily p int d ith y fou or fi co ts of

e ea a e w ,
sa r ve a
w hit p int b fo pplying t h colo

e a e re a e r
O n m nt l ticl s of this kind cost littl s v t h

.
r a e a ar e e a e e
l bor d ill ll p y t h t oubl of m king

a ,
an w we re a e r e a .
I M ITATI O N O F M AJ O LI C A
C m nts e d s ling
e us ful f giving to
an ea w ax a re e or
pap r d ood n ticl s h rd gl z s mbling th t

e an w e ar e a a a e ,
re e a
o f m jolic a Th cylind ic l v s sho n in t h

a w a re . e r a a e w e
follo ing ng ving consists f p p r mailing tub

w e ra o a a e e
3 inch s in di m t e d 6 inch s long furnish d a e e r, an e ,

e
w ith p st bo d bottom hich is glu d in Th

a a e ar ,
w e . e
insid d bottom of t h v s
e an provid d ith t or e a e a re e w wo
thr co ts of asph ltum sh ll c v rnish to r nd r
ee a a or e a a e e
it t proof Th outsid is cov r d ith j l r s

wa er . e e e e w ewe e
’
c m nt of di ff nt colors or ith s ling

e e or e re ,
w ea w a x,
b oth Th b. of c m n t eis m lt d t t h d
ar e e or w a x e e a e en ,
an d ppli d to t h p p r cylind
a e in t h s m m nn r e a e er e a e a e
as it is ppli d in s ling p ck g s N p rticular c

a e ea a a e . o a a re
is r quir d in applying t h
e e It is ho v r e w ax .
, we e ,
n eces
s ry th t t h dg s f dj i i g p t h of
a a e b e e o a o n n
'
a c es w ax e
5 0 H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
brought into contact ith ch oth r to insur t h com w ea e e e
p l t cov
e ing of t
e h p p r In t h erxampl sho n in e a e . e e e w
th ngr ving oliv gr n j l r s c m nt forms t h

e e a , e ee ewe e
’
e e e
cov ring f t h lo r p rt of t h vas This is bl nd d

e o e we a e e . e e
into c m nt colo d ith V n ti n d Indi n d

e e re w e e a re or a re ,
and t h c m nt t t h t p is fl k d ith y llo

e e e a e O ec e w e w .
Th m ss of c m nt is l id on in spir l lin s d
e a e e a a e ,
an
w h n th cov ing is compl t t h v s is h ld ov r a

e e er e e ,
e a e e e
smok l ss fl m such e e a e ,
as
that f a Buns n burn o e er
lcohol l mp or i t or a a ,
m y b h ld ov r a coal a e e e .
fi until t h c m nt re e e e
fus s Th vas should e . e e
b tu n d in such w y e r e a a
t c us t h v iously as o a e e ar
colo d c m nts t re e e o ru n
into ch th Th ea o er . e
v s is h ld by m ns of a e e ea
a p p r tub a stic k a e e or
ins rt d i its Op n d e e n e en .
O rnam nt tion may b e a e
appli d by cutting e
l v s st ms p t ls ea e ,
e ,
e a ,
t from pi c s f thick e c .
,
e e o
pap r dipping th m in e , e
m lt d c m nt of ppro e e e e a
FIG Im 49 M j p i t color allo w

i t a t i on
ing of a oli c a
r a e ,
th m to cool ft r rd
. . .
e ,
a e wa
a rr nging th m upon t h v s ; finally soft ning t h
a e e a e e e
c m t of t h v s d t h o n m nt by holding a fl am
e en e a e an e r a e e
or a hot iron ov r th m until t h c m nt soft ns d e e e e e e ,

an
t h o n m nts
e att ch d Ca is r quir d at thi
r a e a re a e . re e e s
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 5 1
point to void t h compl t fusing f t h c m nt as

a e e e o e e e ,
th i sld spoil t h
w ou job C a is lso quir d to e . re a re e
avoid i gniting t h c m nt or i t is n rly i mp e e e w a x, a s ea os
sibl to xtinguish it
e e .
S TAI N E D G L A S S AN D O BJ E CT S OF WI R E
L TH C O
A littl st in d gl ss or k judiciously distribut d

e a e a w e
imp rts bright d ch ful i to t h hous by intro

a a an eer a r e e
d i g
uc n f brilli n t colo s in l gitim t y h r
a ew a r a . e a e wa ,
w e e
th y ould b ntir l y out of pl c if introduc d in

e w e e e a e e
d p i s ca p ts fu nitur
ra er e ,
r e ,
or r e .
It is sy m tt to m k st in d gl s ork aft
an e a a er
-
a e a e a s w er
t h mo
e simpl d signs I t only r qui a kno l dg
re e e . e re s w e e
o f th of t h gl zi r s di mond or t h v y ffi n t
e use e a e
’
a ,
e er e c ie
FIG . 5 0 . D e t a i ls of th e L e ad W k or .
substitut for t h s m kno n t h roll r glass cut

e e a e w as e e
t e r,d som p ofici ncy in t h

an of t h sold ing
e r e e u se e er
i on
r .
Th colo d gl se b procu d f om lmos t

re y a s c an e re r a an
d l r d for t h g oov d l d st ip in hich t h

ea e ,
an e r e ea r s w e
gl s is t t h m t ur ill h v to d p nd on t h
a s se ,
e a a e w a e e e e
t in d g l ss o ks S om manufactur rs
s a e a illin g
w r . e e a re w
to furnish it in sm ll qu ntiti s hil oth rs r lu a a e ,
w e e a re e e
t nt It is to b g tt d th t th is no simpl y
a . e re re e a e re e wa
of m k ing th s strips
a E v y st in d gl ss m f e e . er a e a an u ac
tu r is provid d ith a m chin by m ns f hich h

re e w a e ea o w e
rolls th m f om l g r st ips of about t h s m form

e r ar e r e a e ,
m d t t h l d orks d kno n c m s
a e a e ea w ,
an w as a e .
F IG G W k C z . 5 1 . S tai n e d la s s or ra y P att e rn .
T kinds of l d st ips
wo g n r lly us d in thi ea r a re e e a e s
kind of o k of hich is sho n t in F ig 5 0

w r ,
on e w w a a, . .
This is n ro d conv x d ll d pt d for s mall

ar w an e , an we a a e
cu v s circl s t Th oth r sho n at b in t h s m

r e ,
e ,
e c . e e ,
w ,
e a e
figur is id r d thinn r d b tt d pt d f
e ,
w e an e an e er a a e or
st ight o k A t in t h sam figu is sho n t h

ra w r . 0, e e re ,
w e
m tho d f tt ching opp r ir s to t h l d f t ist

e o a a C e w e e ea or w .
i g round t h rods
n a hich support t h o k sho e w e w r ,
as wn
at d .
A dr in g aw of the p tt rn is m d upon stout p p r

a e a e a e
,
an o k is b gun b cutting t h gl ss cco ding

d the w r e v e a a r
to t h p tt n fittin g t h l d st ips d ld i g
e a er ,
e e a r an so er n
it
th m t th i junction Aft ll of t h gl ss pi c s
e a e r . er a e a e e
h v b fitt d d s cu d t h o k is tu n d ov
a e ee n
-
e an e re ,
e w r r e e r
an d sold d upon t h oth sid Th i

e re th n e e r e . e w rc s a re e
att ch d b fi st tinning th m d th n s cu ing th m

a e v r e an e e r e
by m ns of sold Th s i s
ea t ist d round er . e e w re a re w e a
F IG . 5 2 . A L e ade d Gl ass B ut t e r fly .
i on ods hich so r ng d to suppo t t h ork

r r ,
w a re ar a e as r e w .
S m ll pi c s
a ill not r qui t h on ods but l rg r
e e w e re e Ir r ,
a e
o ns e li bl to g d buckl of th i
a re a ight e sa an e e r ow n we .
Th y e lso pt to b blo n out of sh p by h vy

a re a a e w a e a ea
w ind Th si st p tt n t p oduc on st in d gl ss
. e ea e a er o r e a e a
is th t sho n in F ig 5 1 It is h dly o thy of cl ssi

a w . . ar w r a
F o r t h e s o ld e ri n g a n o rd i n a ry s old e ri n g i ron i s e m p loy e d a n d

c o mm o n t i n n e r s s o ld e r i s u s e d i n
’
a st e n in g t h e
,
oi n t s T a llo w i s f j .
,
u s e d a s flu x A t a llow c a n d le i s c o mm on ly e m p loy e d fo r t h i s p u r
j bb
.
Th e oi n t t o b e s o ld e r e d i s ru e d w ith th e e n d of t h e
’
p os e .
O f c o u rs e t h e i ron m u s t b e w e ll
k
c a n d le a n d t h e s ol d e r i s a p p li e d
, .
mu st b e
k x
t i n n e d a n d h ot a n d t h e t o u c h o f t h e i ron u p o n t h e w or
,
v e ry q u i c ly a n d d e t e ro u s ly d on e .
fi c a t i onamong p tt rns b it is pl sing i f prop r y a e ,
ut ea e l
don S om c r is n c ss ry to s cur h rmony f

e . e a e e e a e e a o
color but th is littl ch nc f f ilu in this kind of

,
.
e re e a e o a re
w ok r .
It is a common pr ctic to gild ov r t h l d st ips a e e e ea r
aft r t h o k is d on by m ans of gold p int but it is

e e w r e ,
e a ,
a qu stion h th r it is y imp ov m nt ov r t h t
e w e e an r e e e e na
ur l color f t h l d sp ci lly in ork xpos d to t h

a o e ea ,
e e a w e e e
action of t h l m nts F or som indoor ork such e e e e . e w ,
as fi scr ns s sh scr ns l nt rns l mp sh d s t

re ee ,
a ee ,
a e . a a e ,
e c
t h gilding is
e t obj ction bl no e a e .
Th scr n sho n i n F ig 5 2 is
e t di fficult
ee All f w . no . o
t h glass pi c s
e f such fo m t b e sily cut d
e a re o r as o e ea ,
an
th e work f joining t h l d st ips is quit simpl As

o e ea r e e .
to colors it ould b ll to follo t h x mpl f

,
w e we w e e a e o na
tur in any c s to s l ct such as ill h rmoniz It

e ,
or a e e e w a e .
is h rdly possibl t produc m or gorg ous colo ing

a e o e e e r
than is found among t h butt rfli s G r n blu e e e . ee ,

e ,
gr nish blu
ee d y llo bro n blac k and hit
-
e ,
re ,
e w , w ,
w e
(op l sc nt
a e colo s frome hich to s l
i ct for this
a re r w e e
obj ct e .
Th ir fram hich support t h gl ss is c ri d

e w e e w s e a ar e
a long t h l ad st ips d s cur d by sold Th

e e r an e e er . e an
te n n ae a re o f i Th b s is of ood n atly st in d
w re . e a e w ,
e a e
an d polish d e .
A cl ss of o nam nt l obj cts m y b m d f om i

a r e a e a e a e r w re
cloth hich iv l in b uty y kind f st in d gl ss

w r a ea an o a e a
w o k F igs 5 3 d 5 4
r . x mpl s f this kind f
. an a re e a e o o
w ork .
Th ir cloth for this pu pos should b m d of

e w e r e e a e
fi ne ir t h m sh should b co s y 1 0 to t h inch
w e ,
e e e ar e ,
sa e ,
an d mo ov r t h cloth should b p int d

,
re e d llo d,
e e a e an a we
to dry b for t h orn m nt l o k is ppli d Th
e e e a e a w r a e . e
H O ME ME CH AN IC S F OR AMAT E UR S 5 5
w ir cloth i suppo t d sho t dist nc f om d sign

e s r e a .
r a e r a e
d n pp
ra w d t h di ff r nt colo s
on int oduc d
a e r an e e e r a re r e
int ot h m sh s by m ns of an o din y iting p

e e e ea r ar wr en .
A g l tin solution is us d for this pu pos It should

e a e e r e .
not b v ry thick d it must b k pt rm O rdi

e e ,
an e e wa .
n y t nsp nt g l tin m y b colo d for this pur

ar ,
ra a re e a e a e re
pos by adding anilin Color d l cqu rs s

e d e . e a e an wer a
FIG 5 3 L mp S h a de H an g i n g L
W C
. . a . a n t e rn
of i re lot h .
filling t h squ r s C ommon hit glu

m i ra b ly for e a e . w e e
a ns rs v ry ll f filling t h body f t h d sign

we e we or e o e e .
Th b uty of this kind of ork d t h simplicit of

e ea w an e y
t h m thod by
e hich it is produc d comm nd it for
e w e re e
many purpos s e .
Th const uctione f th f m s for t h l mp sh d

r o e ra e e a a e
an d hanging l ant n r quir s som m ch nic l skill er e e e e a a .

P ob bly t h i d f t h tinsmith ill h v to b i
r a e a o e w a e e n
vo k d in th s c s s
e It ill p y ho v r t h tie e a e . w a ,
we e ,
as e ar
cl s ill ll r p y t h troubl d xp ns
e w we e a e e an e e e .
T h h nging l nt n F i g 5 4 is d sign d for

e a h ll a er ,
.
,
e e a a .
It m cont in k oav l mp or t h d vic kno na a er se n e a ,

e e e w
as th f i l mp
e in hich l g c ndl is m
“
a rv a ,
”
w a ar e a e e
ploy d sourc of light

e as a e .
Th c lo d ch cks in t h
e ir cloth pp lik g ms
o re e e w e a e ar e e
w h n illumin t d
e a e .
An xp im nt sho ing a ph s of c pill ity is illus

e er e w a e a ar
t t d by t h ann x d ngravings
ra e hich giv patt ns
e e e e , w e er .
F IG M . D 5 5 W C
. e t h od of p ro d u c i n g e sign s on i re lot h .
This xp rim nt e originally int nd d f illus

e e w as e e or
t t i g t p st y
ra n d oth d sig s fo m d of sm ll
a e r an er e n r e a
squ s in colors upon t h scr n ; but it h noth r

a re , ,
e ee as a e
p ctic l pplic tion hich is c p b l f consid abl

ra a a a ,
w a a e o er e
e xpansion F proj ction pi c of brass ir cloth

. or e ,
a e e w e ,
of y d si d m sh y f om 1 2 to 2 0 to t h inch
an e re e ,
sa r e ,
i mount d in
s m t llic f am to ad p t it to t h slid
e a e a r e a e e
hold r f t h l nt n d t h i cloth is co t d
e o e a er ,
an e w re a e
lightly ith lacqu r d llo d to d

w e an a we rv .
Th slid thus pr p r d is pl c d in t h l nt n
e e d e a e a e e a er an
focus d Th r quir d d sign m y n b tr c d by

e . e e e e a ow e a e -
H OME ME CH AN IC S F OR AM AT E I R S
'
5 7
me a n f m ll m l h i b u h l d inks
s o a s a c a e
‘
s a r r s
,
c o o re or
a qu ous solutions of nilin d s b in g us d Th

e a e ye e e . e
s m ll squ s of t h i cloth
a a re fil l d ith t h col e w re a re e w e
o red li q uid d sho colo d squ s upon t h

, an w as re a re e
s n Di ff nt c lo m b pl c d i j t p i
c re e . e re o rs av e a e n ux a os
tion ithout li b i li t to mixing d d sign t c d

w a v ,
an a e ra e
w ithout sp ci l c ill pp r gul

e a th a re w a ea re ar as e re c
t an
g l p tu s
u ar aof t h ir cloth control
er t h redi ff r e w e e e
e nt p ts f t h d i n
ar o e es g .
Th colo d liquid squ

e s ret in d in t h m sh s a re a re r e a e e e e
of t h i cloth b c pill it A d mp spong ill

e w re v a ar y . a e w
re mo t h color so th t t h xp rim nt m b
ve e ,
a e e e e av e re
p t
ea ed oft n d sir
as d In this xp
e im ntast h e e . e er e .
e
colo r d squ s h t h pp r nc of g ms
e a re a ve e a ea a e e .
Th d s i gns m b m d p m n nt b mploy
ese e av e a e er a e v e
i g solutions of colo d g l tin

n but in this c s t h re e a e ; a e e
squ s a re so sm ll th t th
a re not ff cti a a ey a re v e rv e e ve
w ithout m gnific tion R ll l g nt d signs m b

a a ea y e e a e av e
p oduc d in this for l mp sh d s indo d fi

.
r e w av a a e . w w an re
sc ns signs t
re e ,
d scrib d bov ,
e c .
,
as e e a e .
JAPA N E S E P O R TI ER E O R CUR TA I N
Th is c t in d lic c in curt in m d f
e re a er a e a y a a a e o
l ong l sh s fo m d of st
a or b mboo d h d
e r e ra w a an ea s
w hich is not found in a f bric of kind C a an y . ur
t ins of this sort h v b n l g l introduc d into

a a e ee ar e y e
this count of l t som of th m b ing simpl pl in

ry a e . e e e e . a
an d ch p hil oth s ea ll , w l bo t d e er a re re a y v e rv e a ra e an ,
of cou s cor spondingl xp n iv It is v ry

r e . re y e e s e . a e
simpl m tt to m k cu t in of this cl ss p
e a er a e a r a a ,
ro
v id d the m t i ls t h nd ; but
e h r n ith r
a er a a re a a w e e e e
b mboo nor t
a b ds avail bl it b com s
s ra w n or ea a re a e , e e
5 8 H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR AMA E T UR S
mor d i ffi cult B t a v ry pr s nt bl cu t in m y
e . u e e e a e r a a
b m d f om p p r
e a hich is obt in bl
e h r a e ,
w a a e e ve rvw e re .
Th l g ng ving sho s a v y simpl patt rn

e ar e e ra w er e e
mad f st s of di ff r nt l ngth d gl ss b ds
e o ra w e e e ,
an a ea
of di ff r nt colors strung on strong thr ad fi

e e , e or ne
strong t in w e .
Th fi st thing t b don to ard making t h cur

e r o e e w e u
t in is to d a d sign oughly on a sh t of p p r
a r w a e r ee a e ,
th n t i th d in b d hich is to fo m t h fi
e e a re a a ea w r e n
ish f t h lo r d of t h l sh Th n t h b ad is
o e we en e a . e e e
F IG . 5 6 . M e t h o d for m a i n g P a p e r k R olls .
fast n d in its pl c
e e th p tt n by d iving a e on e a er r an
o din y pin th ough it into t h bo d t bl b

r ar r e ar or a e e
n th Th str ng ng of t h str s d b ds is thu

ea . e i i e aw an ea s
p oc d d ith according t t h r quir m nts f t h

r ee e w o e e e e o e
patt rn e .
I Vh l sh is finish d its upp r d is f st n d

en on e a e ,
e en a e e
on t h d sign by an o din y pin d iv n through a

e e r ar r e
knot ti d in t h thr d Th xt l sh in ord is p

e e ea . e n e a er ro
cee d d ith in t h s m m nn
e w d so on until t h e a e a e r, a n e
enti s ri s f l sh s is don A stou t st ing i

re e e o a e e . r s
H OM E ME CH AN I C S F OR A MA TE UR S
st tch d long t h s i s of pins by h ich t h upp r
re e a e er e w e e
e nds of t h l sh s s cu d E ch th d is th n
e a e a re e re . a re a e
ti d round t h t
e a string If d si d t h thr ds e
‘
ra n s ve re . e re ,
e ea
m y b sp c d by b ds rrang d on t h st ing b
a e a e ea a e e r e
t n t h l sh s As ll t h knots
wee e n c ss rily
a e . a e a re e e a
t imm d clos it is ll to touch ch knot ith muci

r e e , we ea w
l g Wh n this is d y t h curt in is finish d

a e . e r ,
e a e .
A v ry h ndsom curt in mav b m d f om b ds

e a e a e a e r ea
a lon from b ds d pl in uncolor d str s

e ,
‘
or ea an a e aw ,
or
th st s m y b d d di ff nt colors b m ns
e ra w a e ve e re v ea
o f nilin d y s
a by dipping th m into thin colo d
e e ,
or e re
l cqu s
a er .
A curt in port r of b mboo d b ds is m d a or ie e a an ea a e
i nth s m y but
e l g ar scal e wa ,
on a ar e e .
It is sy t m k a good imit tion f th s curtain

ea o a e a o e e s
w ith p p r tub s d b ds t h tub s alon Th

a e e an ea ,
or e e e . e
m nn of m king th s tub s is sho n in F i g 5 6 Th

a er a e e e w . . e
p p from hich t h tub s

a er mad should not b w e e a re e e
thick th n common iting p p r It m y b ith r

er a wr a e . a e e e
color d hit Th b st r sults ill b s cu d by

e or w e . e e e w e e re
using common hit iting p p r d colo ing t h w e wr a e an r e
tub s ft th y fo m d d d y by m ns f thin
e a er e a re r e an r ,
ea o
bo nr whit sh ll c varnish colo d ith pigm nt

or w e e a ,
re w e s
or t h nilin e a es
-
.
T h pi c s f p p r f om
e hich t h tub
e e mad o a e r w e es a re e
a re p f bly cut in t p zoid l sh p

re e ra sho n t ra e a a e ,
as w a
1 d 2 so that
an h n t h tub is finish d it ill h v
,
w e e e e w a e
conic l nds sho n t 5 6 d 7 Th ir sho n

a e ,
as w a , ,
an . e w e w
a t 3 is us d m ndr l upon hich t roll t h p p

e as a a e w o e a er .
Th l rg r e d of t h pi c
a f p p is ppli d to t h
e en e e e o a er a e e
w ir h n t h p p r is roll d up i t h m nn r illus
e w e e a e e n e a e
t t d t 4
ra Th n
e o r d f t h p p is gumm d
a . e a rr we en o e a er e
an d pr ss d do n clos ly eh n t h ir is r mov d
e w e ,
w e e w e e e
F IG . 5 7 . C u rt a i n f orm e d of S t ra w ,
B mb
a o o, or P a pe r, a n d B e a ds .
an op tion is p t d It is not dv t g ous

d the e ra re ea e . a an a e
to gum t h nti su f c f t h p p F st ning t

e e re r a e o e a e r . a e a
th d is su ffi ci nt T h
e en i us d m nd l should e . e w re e as a a re
not b m or t h n e sixt nth inch in di m t

e a on e -
ee a e e r, as
too l g hol through t h olls llo s th m to

ar e a e e r a w e ar
ra n g th ms lv s irr gul rly At 7 is sho n p t of

e e e e e a . w a ar
a lash fo m d of long t b a b d and short tub

r e a u e ,
ea ,
a e .
In stringing both t h st s d t h p p r tub s e ra w an e a e e a
long sli m n dl ill b r quir d If this is not h ee e w e e e . o
t i
a na bl a good substitut f it m y b m d by
e ,
.
v e rv e or a e a e
fo ming r or Ioop on t h d of a thin ir f

an e ve e en w e o
suit bl l ngth a e e .
Th is sc rc ly y limit to t h mount of l b o
e re a e an e a a r
th t m y b xp nd d upon
a a ticl of this kind ;
e e e e an ar e
but v y pl sing sults ill b s cu d b t h dop

er ea re w e e re v e a
tion of simpl d signs hich m y b i lv c ri d

e e ,
w a e e as ar e
ou t .
This t p c t ic d by t h ilv smith d t h t

ar ,
as ra e e S er an e ar
ist is lmost nti ly d p nd nt upon t h m nu l d

,
a e re e e e e a a ex
ter i t y of t h op ator A kind of r pouss é is h r sug

e er . e e e
g st d hich d p nds mor upon ppli nc s than skill

e e w e e e a a e .
It is not ho v r ssum d th t any t f d vic s can

,
we e ,
a e a se o e e
b m d to s rv in li u of t ast and judgm nt

e a e e e e e e .
To c rry out this m thod a pi c of h

a cotton e ,
e e e a vv
lac or h vy op n ork fabric

e ,
ea pi c of b sk t e w ,
or a e e a a e
m y b glu d to a block f h rd ood to s rv as

a e e sort o a w e e a
o f d i for producing t h impr ss i on in t h m t l Th

e e e e e a . e
f bric b sk t ork i not l tt ch d t th

a or a e
‘
w s on v a a e o e
block by m ns of glu but its fin r int rstic s ea e ,

e e e a re
fill d ith glu so to p s t s f c r s mbling

e w e as re en a ur a e e e
th o igin l f b ic only in t h most g n l

e r a a r e e e ra w av .
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
Wh n t h glu is p rf ctly dry d hard t h d i is
e e e e e an , e e
l id u p on a solid found tion d pi c of v ry

a .
a ,
an a . e e e
thin soft copp r or b ss i s cur d to t h block

,
.
e ra s e e e so
F IG . 5 8 . Em b os s i n g Th i n Me t a l .
F IG B k . 5 9 . as e t Patte rn .
as to cov r t h l c
e sho n i F i g 5 8 A pi c f
e a e as w n
'
. . e e o
cork about 4 inch thick d about thr inch s id

, ,
an ee e w e
and 6 8 inch s long is laid ov r t h m t l d

or e ,
e e e a an
st uck ith m ll t sho n Th co k i ld suf

r w a a e ,
as w . e r v e s
fi i
c ent ly t push t h m t l do n upon t h d i
o d e e a w e e ,
an
c us it to t k t h p tt n of t h l c
a e a h tvr
e e a er e a e or w a e e
is us d in forming t h d i A pi c of r th h rd
e e e . e e a er a
rubb p cking ill ns

er a this pu pos qu lly w a wer r e e a as
we ll t h cork
as e .
F IG f m b . 60 . Di e or e d of Pa st e o a rd .
D igns may b cut from strong p p

es p st bo
e d a e r or a e ar ,
and glu d t t h block

e F ig 6 0 sho s d sign hich
o e . . w a e w
m y b r produc d in this m nn r
a e e e a e .
In F i g 6 1 is r p s nt d st ncil d sign to b s w d
. e re e e a e e e a e
F IG . 61 . S t e n c i l P a t t e rn .
from h d ood Th lin s d scrolls

ar w . discon e e an a re
ti d i
n ue pl c s so to c us t h ood t hold to
n a e as a e e w o
g th
e r Ife it is d
. sir d to n d t h lin s continuous
e e re er e e
a t th s points t h
e e m y b through ith V
,
ev a e ru n w a
tool Th dots
. pick d out ith sm ll goug
e a re e w a a e or
F IG . 62 . R op e P a t t e rn .
the point of volving d ill In all th s c s s t h

a re r . e e a e e
m t l is tt ch d to t h block d t t d sho n
e a a a e e an re a e as w
in F i g 5 8 . .
In F ig 62 is r p s nt d in sid l v tion d in
. e re e e e e e a an
s ction d i fo m d of sm ll rop glu d in s mi

e a e r e a a e ,
e a e
circular groov i b of h rd oo d Th mbossing e n a . ar a w . e e
is don in t h m nn r b for d sc ib d In this c s

e e a e e e e r e . a e
a thic k pi c f soft rubb r i p f r bl t cork f

e e o e s re e a e o or
forcing t h m tal into t h d pr ssion of t h di

e e e e e e e .
F IG V f m mb . 63 . ase or e d of E os s e d P la t e s .
E ith r pan ls continuous strips m y b mboss d

e e or a e e e
in t h m nn r d scrib d d th s
e a t b us d in
e e e ,
an e e a re o e e
m king fr m s v s s d v ious orn m nt l obj cts

a a e ,
a e ,
an ar a e a e .
If t h m t l is too thin for a c rt in c s it m y b

e e a e a a e a e
str ngth n d by flo ing soft sold r ov r t h b k of t h

e e e w e e e
'
ac e
pl t b m ns of sold ing i on
a e v ea a er r .
Th vas sho n in F i g 63 is fo m d f four mboss d

e e w . r e o e e
pl t s f copp r f st n d to t h b ck of fou v tic l
a e o e ,
a e e e a r e r a
b ss strips by sold r t h hol b ing s cur d to t h

ra e ,
e w e e e e e
bottom p c t h s m m nn Th bottom consists

ie e In e a e a er . e
of disk of copp r sold r d in

a Th b s is form d f e e e . e a e e o a
br ss stov pip coll r sold r d to t h lo r p rt f t h

a e -
e a e e e we a o e
body f t h v s Th rim round t h t p consists f

o e a e . e a e o o a
strip mboss d t h rop d i

e e on e e e .
F IG f L C
. 64B . A Ba s -
re li e in e ad . o pp e r, or ra s s .
As t finish y of t h usu l m thods of brass fi i h

o ,
an e a e n s
ing should b mploy d This v s is sp ci lly e e e . a e e e a
ad pt d f cont ining p lm oth r l rg foliag

a e or a a a or e a e e
plan t Th . th d roots m y b pl c d dir ctly

e e ar an a e a e e
in t h vas th y mav b contain d by a p t hich is

e e or e e e o w
enclos d by t h v s
e e a e .
H OM E ME CHAN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 67
It is Obvious that v s s f oth r fo ms and oth r m a e o e r e e
boss d d signs m b m d on this pl n

e e av e a e a .
B li fs m y sily b m d by m thod hich

a s re -
e a ea e a e a e w
is modific tion of t h
a d sc ib d F i g 6 4 sho w
a e on e e r e . . s
such r li f d F igs 6 5 d 6 6 illustr t t h tool

a e e ,
an . an a e e s
r q ir d f m king it
e u e or a .
To t h ood n fr m A is fitt d bo rd B upon

e w e a e , ,
e a a , ,
F IG . 65 . F ra me an d F orm for k
m a i n g t h e Ba s -
re li e f s .
w hich is dra n in outlin t h d sign hich is t b w e e e w o e
produc d in li f Th board m y b f pin

e re e . e a e o e or a n v
clos gr in d soft ood for l ad ork ; but f b rass

e -
a e w e w or or
copp t h ood should b h rd To t h fram A is

e r, e w e a . e e , ,
att ch d t h pl t f m tal by m ns f scr s

a e e a e o e ea o ew .
Th bo d B is r m ov d from t h fram
e ar d th
, ,
e e e e ,
an e
portion f t h d sign hich is to form t h most promi
o e e w e
ne nt f atur f t h r li f is sa d out f t h board

e e o e e e we o e ,
w h n t h l tt r is r plac d in t h fram and t h m t l

e e a e e e e e ,
e e a
i forc d into t h Op ning f t h bo rd by pr ssing upon

s e e e o e a e
t h surf c
e f t h l ad opposit t h hol in t h bo rd
a e o e e e e e e a ,
or
by pounding it by m ans f t h m ll t C sho n in F ig e o e a e , ,

w .
66 . As soon as this f tur is compl t t h n x t in ea e e e ,

e e
ord r is s d t f t h board d t h op r tion i

e aw e ou o e ,
an e e a s
F IG R . 66 . T ools for e p ou s s é .
r p t d until ll of t h g n r l f tur s d v lop d

e ea e a e e e a ea e a re e e e .
Th prog ss of t h
e ork can b obs rv d t any tim
re e w e e e a e
by r moving t h board B
e e ,
.
Th f tur em y b corr ct d or modifi d b

ea es or k a e e e e v w
ing f om ith r sid f t h pl t b y m ans f t h

r e e e o e a e e o e c on
ve x m ll t d t h ood n punch s d chis ls D

a e an e w e e an e ,
(F i g . If sup po t is d si d for y p rt hil a r e re an a w e
th e ork is p og ssing stout b g fill d ith s nd

w r re ,
a .
a e w a
m y b pl c d und r t h part
a e aA f v ry small bags
e e e . ew e ,
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR AMA E T UR S 69
say 1 } inch
inch s in di m t ill
or b found1con7 e a e e r, w e
i t
ve n e n If d si d t h drap ry t h b ckg ound
. e re ,
e e or e a r
m yb chas d by m ans of h rd ood m t l punch s

a e e e a w or e a e ,
b ring th i f c s t h d sir d figur s

ea on e r a e e e e e .
Th r li f if f l ad looks
e e ll ith an ntiqu fi
e ,
o e , we w a e n
ish .
A N E A S Y M E T H O D O F P R O D U C I N G BA S
B E LI E F S
production of patt rns from h i ch to c st orna

Th e e w a
m nt l articl s is confin d t a cl ss f rtis ns h

e a e e o a o a a w o
by long xp i nc in c rving and mod ling h v t

e er e e a e ,
a e a
t i
a ned g t xc ll nc in orkm nship An m t ur
re a e e e e w a . a a e ,
w hil h m y t hop to att in such xc ll nc and

e e a no e a e e e e ,
F IG 67 F IG 68
f
. . . .
Ba s -
re li e s in Wa x .
cannot xp ct to produc by t h usu l proc ss s d

e e e ,
e a e e an
w ith limit d pr ctic such xquisit ticl s may b

e a e ,
e e ar e as e
s n in m ny f t h city shop indo s m y if h pos

ee a o e -
w w ,
a ,
e
s ss s v n modicum of artistic t st and skill d

e e e e a a e ,
o
som thing in that dir ctio

e e n .
70 H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
articl r quir d t carry out t h proc ss
Th e es e e o .
e e a re
som thi h ts f s mi transp nt

e n S ee knif h o e -
a re w a x, a e av
ing a narro dull blad and t h print d dr n

w, e ,
e e or aw
d sign f t h form t b produc d Th backing sur

e o e o e e . e ,
or
fac e hich t h r li f is mad may b f any f t h

on w e e e e ,
e o o e
mat rials f w hich patt rns

e o commo ly mad e a re n e .
FI G . 69 . A S c roll D e si gn .
aving giv n t h backing t h r quir d form and

H e e e e e
locat d th r on t h position f t h r li f a sh t of a x
e e e e o e e e ,
ee v
is laid ov r t h d ign and t h xtr m outlin f t h

e e es e e e e e o e
figur is trac d t h surfac of t h

e e ith a dull
on e e e w ax w .
point Th . is l id upon smooth bo rd d

e w ax n ow a a a an
cut upon t h lin jus t mad ith t h knif t h blad

e e e w e e ,
e e
b ing slightly rm Th
e thus t is wa pl c d . e w ax cu n ow a e
on foundation or b cking d f st n d by h ating

th e a ,
an a e e e
t h knif bl d quit h t and touching t h

e e a e e o at e w ax se v
e r l points
a to caus it t m lt d adh r t t h
,
so as e .
o e an e e o e
F I G 70
. .
F IG . 71 .
FIG . 72 .
P a t t e rn s for Ba s -
re li e f s .
b cking S upposing this pi c f
a . to h v t h e e o w ax a e e
thickn ss r qui d in t h thinn st portion f t h r li f

e e re e e o e e e ,
a noth r sh t is l id upon t h d sign d trac d ithin

e ee a e e an e w ,
and sm ll dist nc from t h outlin f t h d sign I t

a a a e ,
e e o e e .
is cut and l id upon t h fi st pi c and mad to adh r

a e r e e e e e
by p sing it do n slightly
re s w .
Anoth r sh t f is trac d ithin t h outlin f

e ee o w ax e w e e o
t h s cond and
e e t and plac d upon t h ,
t lr dy cu e e wo a ea
s cur d t t h backing d so on until t h d sign is

e e o e ,
an e e
produc d in h t migh t b t rm d t h
e g h w Thi a e e e e r ou . s
st g is illustr t d in F igs 6 7 and 6 8 hich

a e a e .
, w a re re
s p t i
ec ly front and
ve dg vi s hich giv t h id a f e e ew ,
w e e e o
t h arr ng m nt f t h s v r l sh t
e a e e .
o e e e a ee s .
Aft r t h sh ts e plac d upon eanoth r in t h ee a re e on e e e
mann r first obs rv d t h dg s may b burnish d

e e e ,
e e e e e
do n by t h round d b ck of t h knif
w e by any e a e e ,
or
smooth round d impl m nt hich must b slightly

,
e e e ,
w e
w rm d a e .
S p fl u m y b r mov d by scrapin g
er u ou s w a x h a e e e w en
cold and ind nt tions and int stic m y b fill d by

,
e a er es a e e
a dding a littl A scroll d sign is sho n in F ig 6 9

e w ax . e w . .
Wh n t h mod l is to b r produc d in m tal cas t in

e e e e e e e
sand moulds t h should b slightly v rnish d ith

,
e w ax e a e w
p tt rn va nish ; but h n t h d sign is to b produc d
a e r .
w e e e e e
in plast r a mould f pl st r may b tak n from t h

e ,
.
o a e e e e
mod l aft r it h b oil d

e e .
as een e .
A h r li f m y b mad in this
as -
e from profil
e a e e w av a e
photogr ph from an ngr ving a or e a .
Th proc ss m y b
e mploy d to dvant g in orna
e a e e e a a e
m t i g p tt rns for t h co rs r and h avi r kinds of

en n a e e a e e e
w ork .
F igs 7 0 7 1 and 7 2 r pr s nt surf c orn m nt d i

.
, ,
e e e a es a e e n
this m nn a er .
OR N A ME N TAL I R O N W O R K F O R :A M AT E UR S
Alt h ough artistic rought iron ork dat s from v ry w w e e
early tim s it n v r mor popul r than it is at

e ,
w as e e e a
pr s nt This r mark appli s sp cially t movabl

e e . e e e e o e
F IG . 73 .
I L
F IG . 74 .
ron a mp S u pp ort s .
a ticl s such as tabl s stands rac ks f various kinds

r e e , ,
o ,
fu l bask ts lamp supports t Many f th s arti

e e , ,
e c . o e e
cl s f r c nt m nuf ctur
e o e e copi s f antiqu h a a e a re e o e o
j tec hil oth

s, w rs of mod rn
e d sign A orks
e f a re e e . S w o
74 H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT EU R S
art th y .
fully qual if t sup rior t t h sp i
e a re e ,
no e , o e ec
m ns f rli r w o k
e o ea e r .
N hil ow imitation can v r qual t h origi nal

, w e no e e e e
articl it must b admitt d that imitations oft n prov

e , e e e e
v ry satisfacto y t thos h
e n ith r mak r o e w o c an e e e n or
purchas t h r l rticl e e ea a e .
Th xampl s f iron ork h r illustrat d s t yl d

e e e o w e e e
-
a re e
imitations as th y mad ithout forging i t h ,

e a re e w ,
. e .
, e
iron is b nt ith r cold hot ithout t h e f a e e or w e use o
hamm r hil t h iron bars rods maintain th ir

e ,
w e e or e
origin l cross s tion Any

a us d to t h hamm r ec . on e e e e
an d nvil can in ddition t t h curv s apply forg d

a ,
a o e e ,
e
portions t ist and forg t h bars us d in t h scroll

,
or w e e e e s .
F IG . 75 . Ja w for B en di n g .
only sp cial tool us d in m king articl s f thi

Th e e e a e o s
cl ss t h st l j sho n in F ig 7 5 Its slot

a Is e ee aw w . . re
i
c e ve s th b t b b nt and its flatt n d sh nk i
e ar o e e ,
e e a s
d sign d t b h ld in an iron vis A scroll is form d

e e o e e e . e
b y pl cing t h d of a b ar in t h j w and inding t h

a e en e a ,
w e
b ar a ound t h j and upon its lf aft r rd un in d

r e aw e ,
e wa w
ing t h bar t Op t h sp r l as much as mav b

e o en e i a e re
quir d Aft r t h scroll is compl t t h inn r straigh t

e . e e e e , e e
en d f th b oi cut ff by m ns of h ck
e ar Th s o ea a a saw . e
S harp angl s m y lso b b n t b t h ef th j w It a a e e v e use o e a .
w ill f cilitat t h Op ration if t h bar is h at d

a e d hot e e e e e re
a t t h point f b nding
-
e A hamm r may prov us fu lo e . e e e
i this par t f t h op ratio

n o e e n .
st ndard f t h lamp support consists of pi c

Th e a o e a e e
of g pip Th f t as ttach d by m ans f scr s

e . e ee
-
a re a e e o ew ,
an d t h di ff r nt p rts f t h iron
e ork fast n d e e a o e w a re e e
tog th r by m ans f small scr s bolts

e e e o ew or .
A d is fitt d t t h gas pip and h t its upp r

ro e o e e as a e
en d a fram cup f r c iving t h lamp A clam p e or or e e e .
ing scr p ssing through t h gas pip hol d s t h rod t

ew a e e e a
t h d sir d h ight
e e e e .
An sy and satisfactory w y f blacking t h ork

ea a o e w
aft r it is finish d is to coat i t ith thin varnish

e e w a
o f stick or s d lac cut i lcohol ith r fin d lamp ee n a , w e e
black stirr d in to giv it t h r quir d color The e e e e . e va r
nish sh ould b m d quit thin t void any glos d e a e e o a s, an
should b strain d through ch s cloth or imilar

e e ee e S
m t ial a er .
It is obvious th t grill s gat s scr ns doors and a e ,

e ,
ee , ,
oth r obj cts mav b mad from iron in this y ith

e e e e wa w
littl troubl e xp ns e or e e e .
TH INGS I N I I R E S O ME V
Th r is sc rc ly limit t t h numb r f us ful and

e e .
a e a o e e o e
orn m nt l thing that can b mad fro m ir T

a e a s e e w e . wo
exampl s sho n in t h ngravings F igs 7 6 and 7 7

e a re w e e ,
.
,
r pr s nting r sp ctiv ly front and dg vi s f a

e e e e e e .
e e ew o
n sp p r d m gazin hold form d f a ood n

ew a e an a e er e o .
w e
back and ir scrolls ; F ig 7 8 sho ing a small ir

w e . w w e
stand card r c iv r h ving a z ylonit t p

or e e e a . e o .
Th scrolls of t h e n spap r hold r form d f e ew e e a re e o
thr i t t h inch squar brass ir ; t h s v r l

ee s x ee n
- -
s e w e e e e a
pi c s b ing b nt in t h form sho n and h ld in plac

e e e e e w e e
by clips of t h sam m t rial soft sold r d by m ans f e e a e - -

e e e o
a blo pip Th ov rlapping po tions f t h scroll

w e . e e r o e s
a re sof t sold r d Th lo r part f ach mai n
a ls o e e . e we o e
scroll is h ld by a strong st pl passing ov r t h ir

e a e e e w e
o f t h scroll and through t h cl at and backboard

e d e e an
clinch d t h back f t h board Th thr ir s t

e on e o e . e ee w e a
t h c nt r f
e e ch scroll prolong d b lo t h cl at
e o ea a re e e w e e ,
as sh o n t form a stop f limiting t h s in g f t h

w ,
o .
or e w o e
scroll .
F I G 76 N e w s p a p e r H old e r
FIG . 77 . E dg e V i e w of
N e w spap e r
. .
H old e r .
If car is ta k n in sold ring t h clips t h bra s w ork

e e e e , e s
w ill r quir littl pr p r tion for l cqu ring A sti ff

e e e e a a a e .
brush charg d ith fin ly po d r d pumic w t ith

e w e w e e e e w
wa et r and ppli d g ly t t h a ork ill quickly
e v1 orou s o e w w
r mov ll st ins and w ill giv t h ork a uniform p
e e a a , e e w a
pe a ra n c e b ckboard hich may b of alnut

. Th e a , w e w
m hog ny ch ry k ash m pl should b
a a ,
er ,
oa , ,
or a e, e va r
ni h d and
s ll rubb d do n b for t h cl ts
e we e w e e e ea a re
appli d e .
A hold r f this kind ill r c iv a larg numb r of

e o w e e e e e
p riodic ls
e a .
Th ir stand or card r c iv sho n in F i g 7 8 is

e w e e e e r, w .
,
F IG . 78 . Wi re S t an d or C a rd R ece i ve r .
mad f quart r inch thr ighths inch round

e o on e -
e or ee e -
br ss ir It m y b mad of br ss tubing th
a w e . a e e a re e
eighths inch or h lf inch outsid di m t r and on e -

a e a e e
rath thick In this c s t h tub s ann al d and

er . a e e e a re e e
fi ll d ith l d b for b nding Th l ad is m lt d t

e w ea e e e . e e e e ou
of tub s aft r b nding Th spirals
the e form d e e . e a re e
s p r t ly by rappi ng t h tub
e a a e ir around a w e e or w e
cylindrical bar f ood iron in a clos h lical coil o w or e e ,
th n str tching t t h coils placing th m tog th r

e e ou e ,
e e e ,
as sho n Th y th n clamp d a small r yli

w . e a re e e on e c n
d i l b
r ca and th ir upp r nds
ar t ist d tog th e e e a re w e e er .
T wo rings surround t h lo r part f t h piral d e we o e S an
to th s rings es cur d t h l gs by m ans f sold r

e a re e e e e e o e
or scr s ew .
Th small rings surrounding t h l gs may b pur

e e e e
ch s d and s cur d in plac by sold r

a e e e e e .
Th top f t h e stand consists f a dis k f ood

e o o o w , c on
cav d at t h top and furnish d ith an m b oss d disk

e e e w e e
o f z ylonit e .
Th und r surf c e f t h stand t p provid d w ith

e a e o e o Is e
a p rfor t d block hich fits ov r t h clos ly t ist d

e a e ,
w e e e w e
en d on t h st nd rd This r c iv r m y b mad so
e a a . e e e a e e
small t stand upon a tabl

as it may b m d f
o e ,
or e a e o
t h usual tabl h ight

e e e .
T H I N GS I N BU R N I S H E D BR A S S
S O ME
$
Th ld and comm ndabl fashion

e o f ma k ing or a e e o n
m ntal obj cts from solid h nd rought m t l is b ing

e e a -
w e a e
r viv d t a ond rful x t nt S t l iron brass d

e e o .
w e e e . ee , , ,
an
copp r rought into thousand b utiful d

e a re w a ea an use
ful forms d t h gild d and tins l obj cts f r c nt

,
an e e e e o e e
d ysa t asid for substanti al and l gant solid

a re n ow s e e e e .
cast d hand rou g ht Ornam nts It i ll q only

an -
w e . w r e u i re
a sugg stion to t t h m t m chanic t ork t

e se e a a e ur e a w a
thi sort f thin g h n h i d lling ill soon b

s o ,
w e s we w e
adorn d ith articl s that ill b t h mor v luabl

e w e w e e e a e
for h ving b n produc d t hom

a ee e a e .
FIG . 79 . A B ra s s E a se l
.
rass tubing and rods f round h xagonal d
B o ,
e an oc
t g
a l s ction plain and p rforat d strips of di ff r nt
on a e ,
e e e e
w idths d thickn ss s half round and s mi h x agon l

an e e ,
e -
e a
strips and br ss buttons knobs and nails f various

,
a , , o
sh p s may b purch s d so that t h mat ur w ill

a e ,
e a e e a e
F IG . 80 . A B ra s s F ra me .
r adily find v il bl m t ri ls for t h kind f ork

e a a a e a e a e o w
sugg st d H lf inch squ tub s st ips f br ss h lf

e e . a -
a re e ,
r o a a
an inch by sixth of inch a f br ss button

on e -
an ,
ew a s,
and a f knobs r quir d f t h s l sho n i

ew , a re e e or e ea e w n
F ig .tub m y b d fi l d th n finish d
79 . Th e es a e ra w -
e ,
e e
w ith t h di ff r nt gr d of m e ry p p r ith i l
e e e . a es e a e w o ,
or
th y may b polish d on
e m ry h l and t h fin l
e e an e e w ee ,
e a
fi nish m y b imp rt d by using t h fin s t F r nch

a e a e e e e
em ry pap w ith oil

e er .
Wh n t tub cross ach oth r th y may b h lv d

e wo es e e e e a e
F IG . 81 . A N a u t i lu s C a rd R ece i ve r .
tog th r pr cis ly in w ood ork and may b f

e e e e as w ,
e as
t n d by sold ring ith soft sold r

e e e w e .
Wh n t h d f a tub abuts agains t t h id f

e e en o e e S e o an
oth r tub i t m y b f st n d solid nough f all

e e a e a e e e or
pr ctical purpos s by soft sold ring by m ns f

a e e ea o a
blo pip O f cours t h joint m y b br z d

w e . l e e a e a e or s o
d r d ith silv r sold r but g t str ngth is t
e e w e e ,
as re a e no
r quir d it is unn c ss y t t k that amoun t f

e e ,
.
e e ar o a e o
t roubl e .
A v ry good e y of f st ning is t so ld r a plu

wag in a e o e
th ed f then tub th t buts g ins t t h sid f

o e e a a a a e e o
anoth r tub d to put a scr l t r lly through

e e ,
an ew a e a on e
i nto t h plug in t h oth r In this c s it is

e ll to l av e e . a e we e e
a slight f ath r opposit sid s of t h abu ting tu b

e e on e e e t e
F IG . 82 . A Bra s s C loc k .
to e ngag e th e corn rs of e the tub e to w hich i t is at

tac h e d .
sc olls should b tt ch d by m ns f small

Th e r e a a e ea o
scr s Th p n ls consist f thin pi c s of bo rd

ew . e a e o e e a c ov
er d ith v lv t or plush of
e w suit bl color Th y
e e an v a e . e
a reins rt d from t h b ck d
e e p ovid d ith e a ,
an a re r e w a
numb r of larg conv x n ils Th suppo t f t h pic

e e e a . e r or e
tur is mov bl up d do n t h sid pi c s f t h

e a e an w on e e e e o e
eas l d m y b s cur d at any d sir d point by t h

e ,
an a e e e e e e
mill d sc s e re w .
Th f m sho n in F ig 8 0 ill r quir no sp cial

e ra e w . w e e e
d scription Th m in po tion of it i m d of squar

e . e a r s a e e
brass tubing Th sid b rs m d f round b s

. e e a a re a e o ra s
F IG . 83 . A B ra s s Ta leb .
rod ith turn d d pi c s

s w sho n Th m t f e en e e ,
as w . e a o
thi ood is cov r d ith v lv t plush Th pict r

n w e e w e e or . e u e
and gl ss pl c d b hind t h mat ; t h l tt r is p

a a re a e e e e a e ro
vid d ith small br s r hich

e w fast n d to t h a s ea s w a re e e e
back of t h f m by scr s Th knobs at t h t p

e ra e ew . e e o ,
b ottom and sid s of t h fram and s l
,
e e e ea e a re turn d e an d
attach d ith sold r e w e .
F ig 8 1 sho s a tripod st nd f nautilus sh ll ith

. w a or a .
e , w
an ornam tal sh ll pl c d b l o it in t h c nt r f t h
en e a e e w e e e o e
plat forming t h t i ngul r b s F ig 8 2 sho

e ,
e r a a a e . . ws a
clock cas consisting f an ordinary b f suitabl

e ,
o ox o e
si z cov r d ith plush v lv t a d inclos d in a

e e e w or e e ,
n e
fram f br s e o as .
Th fr m is buil t up in t h mann alr ad d

e a e e er e y e
sc ib d from squar brass tubing split l ngth is

r e e e w e
through diagonally opposit corn rs Th lo r p e e . e we or
F IG xm . 84 . E a p le s of P a n e li n g .
t io f t h fram consists f a w id band f brass hav

n o e e o e o ,
ing a light b d sold r d to its upp r dg and a h vy

ea e e e e e ea
b ad sold r d t its lo r dg A numb r f t h brass

e e e o we e e . e o e
n ails pl c d at r gul r int rval and sold r d at

a re a e e a e s e e
t h back f t h brass bas

e oTh r il at t h t p is m d
e e . e a e o a e
o f h xagonal br ss tubing and t h small balust rs

e a ,
e e a re
turn d from brass rods Th p l tt and brush s

e . e a e e e a re
sa d from plat f brass and attach d by tacks

we a e o e
sold r d t t h b ck Th patch s f color

e e o e p a . e e o a re ro
d uc ed by di ff nt colors f s ling F our br ss

e re o ea w ax . a
n ai ls ins rt d around t h di l t r li v t h blank

a re e e e a o e e e e
sp c s t h plush Th clock and its plush cov d
a e on e . e -
e re
cas m y b r m ov d from t h brass fr m h n it i

e a e e e e a e w e s
d sir d to cl an t h l tt r
e e e e a e .
Th tabl sho n in F ig 8 3 is f t h sam g n r l

e e w . o e e e e a
char ct r t h oth r articl s and ill not th r for

a e as e e e , w ,
e e e ,
n d particul r d scription Th c ntral portion is f

ee a e . e e o
thr qu rt rs nch round bras tubing Th l gs

ee -
a e I s . e e a re
of fi ighths squar bra s tubin g Th t p is f

ve e -
e s . e o o
w ood plush cov r d d fring d and provid d ith a

,
-
e e an e ,
e w
bord r f p rforat d b ss
e o e e ra .
F ig 8 4 sho s diff r nt kinds of pan ls Th balus

. w e e e . e
t rs in t h upp r
e turn d ; in t h t lo r on s
e e o n e a re e e wo we e
th y e cut from h t m t l
a re S ee e a .
All f th s articl may b l c q u r d but th y p

o e e es e a e e , e re
s nt a mor l gant pp ar nc if t h m tal is l ft

e .
e e e a e a e e e e un s
prot ct d and cl an d occasionally ith rott nston

e e e e w e e
an d oi l .
Th r is h rdly any limit to t h numb r f pr tty

e e a e e o e
and us ful articl that m y b mad f such mat rials

e es a e e o e ,
with t h x p nditur f littl thought and l bor

e e e e o e a .
F O R M I N G P L A S T E R O BJ E CT S
It is som tim s co v ni nt t form obj cts f i e e n e e o e o c r
l
c u ar s ction from plast r of Paris This is a v ry sim
e e . e
pl Op eration r quiring onlyev ry simpl tools and ,

e e e
appar tus An iron d b nt at a d t . form ro ,

e on e en o a
crank and carrying a conical ood n roll r t w

,
w e e ,
o
notch d bars f ood f supporting t h iron d d

e o w or e ro ,
an
a patt rn mad from a thin pi c f h rd ood com

e e e e o a w .
pris t h outfit for making th s articl s Th rod i

e e .
e e e . e s
h ld in its b rings in t h b rs by pins ins rt d

e ea e a e e
obliqu ly in hol s in t h ood so t proj c t ov

e e e w ,
as o e er
the patt rn is cut so th t its dg is a pro fi l
rod . Th e e a e e e
of sid f t h rticl to b mad Th ood should

on e e o e a e e e . e w
b mad thin
e th orking dg Th p tt rns m y
e on e w e e . e a e a
b mad to advantag
e f m tal back d by
e ood e o e e w .
Th conical ood roll r should b flatt n d

e w en e e e e on
thr four sid s to pr v nt t h pl st r from turning

ee or e e e .
e a e
around it Th roll r is oil d sm r d ov r w ith

on . e e e or ea e e
gr as e d batt r of pl st r f P ris is pr par d by

e ,
an a e a e o a e e
mixing t h dry plast r ith t r t t h consist ncy f

e e w wa e o e e o
cr am A soon as t h plast r b gins t t it is ppli d

e . s e e e o se a e
pl t ously t t h roll r and hil t h d is turn d

en e o e e ,
w e e ro e
F IG . 85 . F or m i n g Pla s t e r O bj ec ts .
by m a s f t h cra k t h patt rn is mov d for ard

e n o e n e e e w
to ard t h d and t h surplus plast r is r mov d by

w e ro , e e e e
t h patt rn
e hich cts scrap r Any d fici nci s
e w a as a e . e e e
a re supp li d by a application of t h batt r

e n e w e e .
Wh n t h obj ct is f t h right siz and form t h

e e e o e e ,
e
patt rn is r mov d and cl n d and again appli d to

e e e ea e , e
t h obj ct t h latt r h aving b

e e brush d ov r f l
, e e een e e re e v
w ith at r This giv s t h finishing touch

w e . e e .
Aft r t h plast r b com s p rf ctly dry and h d

e e e e e e e ar ,
t h roll r is knock d out and t h obj ct is subj ct d t

e e e , e e e e o
a dry h t at t mp r tur f about 2 1 2 d gr F hr
ea a e e a e o e e es a
for hour so It is th n brush d ov r ith thin

an or . e e e w
glu siz until it h bso b d much possi b l

e e as a r e as as e ,
w h n it i llo d to d y for s v r l d ys Th l tt r
e s a we r e e a a . e a e
tr tm nt r nd rs t h pl st r h d d st ong
ea e e e e a e ar an r .
Th fin l op r tion consists in p inting l cqu rin g

e a e a a ,
a e
or bron z ing t h obj ct tas t may dict t

e e ,
as e a e .
PA R T I I I .
ME TA L WO R K I N G
AWI N G M E TAL S S
GR E A T D E A L f h d l bo i w or king o ar a r n
m tals may b avoid d by t h e f h ck e e e use o a
s s and j l r s s s Th larg hack aw e we e

’
aw . e e
has a mall abl i on fram d a handl

sa w e e r e an e
and tail pi c hich ill r volv so eto adjust e w w e e as
th e t sawy d sir d angl T h t

o an il pi c h e e e . e a e e as an
adjusting sc by hich t h t nsion f t h re m y w w e e o e sa w a
b e r gulat d S v l kinds f s s
e e b us d in
. e e ra o aw c an e e
this fram 4 s s it h co s and fi t th h i ch

e ,
. c .
,
aw w ar e ne ee ,
w
a re t mor se l ss acco ding to t h kind f m t l

e or e r e o e a on
w hich th y us d Th s s s ll h v v ry hard
e a re e . e e aw a a e e
t th but t h main portion is soft so that t h

ee ,
e .
, e sa w
do s not d i l br k Th s s s
e re a ch p d v ea . e e aw a re ea ,
an
w hn e b com s dull or is brok n it is r plac d b y

on e e e e e e
anoth Th erso h rd th y c nno t b fil d

. e v a re a e a e e .
Th n xt e in siz h a h avy ir fr m S lits

e saw e as e w e a e .
a re cut in opposit nds f t h fr m to s cur t h e e o e a e e e e sa w ,
and small pins xt nding th ough hol s in t h nds of e e r e e e
th e r st in notch s t in t h f am Th pring
sa w e e cu e r e . e S
o f t h fram holds t h
e und r t nsio n To put in
e e saw e e . a
ne w w th sa nds f t h fram
,
sp ung in ardly
e e o e e a re r w
w ith consid rabl pr ssur Th sa for thi fr m e e e e . e ws s a e
a re lso hard n d t h tooth d dg t h r m ind r

a e e on e e e e , e e a e
b ing soft Th y much thinn th n t h l rg s s

e . e a re er a e a e aw .
Th sm ll r e fram is adjust bl as to l ngth d

a e saw e a e e an
is d sign d to r c iv v y small s s m d from mat

e e e e e er aw a e e
rial lik atch springs e w .

90 H OME ME H N CS C A I F OR A MAT E UR S
This is for mor d lic t ork th n t h oth rs
saw e e a e w a e e .
N tt mpt is m d t sharp n th m ith a fi l A dull

o a e a e o e e w e .
on eis thro n ay d r plac d by a w aw an e e n e w on e .
Th r m any kinds f ork in hich gr at d al

e e a re o w w a e e
of tim and labor may b

e sav d by t h f th e e e use o ese
sa s ; for xampl cutting ff iron st l d br ss bars

w e e , o ,
ee an a
and tub s cutting various str ps t f thick sh t

e ,
a ou o ee
b ss ; cutting slots in ork h n r quir d Th y

ra w w e e e . e
m y lso b us d in plac
a a f fil s in plac s
e h r file e o e e w e e a e
cannot b introduc d e e .
S O LD E R I N G
N othing is mor us ful f th mat ur than a kno l e e or e a e w
edg f t h art f sold ring It is a

e O e simpl o e . ve rv e on e ,
F IG . 86 . A rt i c le s us e d i n S old e ri n g .
the tools r quir d in xp nsiv d th r is r l

e e a re e e e ,
an e e ea
s tisfaction in doing it r th r than b ing d l y d t

a a e e e a e o
employ a r gular tinsmith oth r m ch nic e or e e a .
Th sold ring iron consists f a sm ll oblong block

e e o a
of copp r point d t d and havi g a larg

e ,
ir e a on e en n e w e
scr d into t h oth r d t h ir b ing provid d

ewe e e en ,
e w e e e
w ith w ood n handl S om soft sold r ill b

a e e . e e w e re
quir d say a quart r half pound It is b tt r t buy

e ,
e or . e e o
H OME ME C HA N IC S FOR AM AT EUR S
this in t h form of sold i but it e b dil e r w re ,
c an e re a y
m d by m lting tog th qu l p ts of pu tin d

a e e e er e a ar re an
pur l d e ea .
To c r y on t h ork sm ll box of pulv riz d rosin

a r e w a a e e
and bottl of sold ing fluid ill b qui d

a e er w e re re .
Th sold ing fluid e b purch s d It is d i l

er c an e a e . re a v
m d by filling sm ll bottl h lf full of h d h l i

a e a a e a v ro c or c
a cid (This cid must b h ndl d ith c

. it isa e a e w a re as
poisono s d corrosiv ) Into t h cid d op lit

u an ve rv e . e a r
t l st ips of zinc
e fr t tim until it ill dissolv ,
a e w a a e ,
w e
no mor This op r tion must b don in t h op n i

e . e a e e e e a r,
as t h fum s fie ti g d injurious e Wh n t h a re su oc a n an . e e
boiling of t h cid c s s t h bottl should b fill d up e a ea e e e e e
w ith t d clos d ith rubb r stopp In ddi

w a e r an e w a e er . a
tion to th things l d m ntion d sm ll tin es e a re a v e e a a
bo x cont ining a t cloth ill b quir d

a w e w e re e .
B for sold ing

e b don t h copp r must b
e er c an e e e e e
h at d th t it ill m lt t h sold r di l Th n
e e so a w e e e re a v . e
t h point d
e d must b cl n d ith a fi l d a pi c
e en e ea e w e an e e
of t h sold r i is dipp d in t h sold ng fluid

e e w re e e e ri .
\Vh n t h d of t h
e ir t ith t h fluid is plac d i
e en e w e w e w e e n
cont ct ith t h sid of t h hot sold ring iron it ill

a w e e e e w
m lt and t h sold ring fluid ill c us t h sold r to d

e e e w a e e e a
h to t h copp r This m b r p t d until t h fou

e re e e . ay e e ea e e r
sid s of t h p int d d
e cov r d ith sold r
e o e en a re e e w e ,
or
“
tinn d th smiths hav it
e
$
as e e .
To sold t h joint to b mad is crap d cl an ; th n

e r, e e e s e e e
a v r sm ll mount of t h sold ring fluid is ppli d

e y a a e e a e
if t h o k to b sold r d is iron or copp r br ss

e w r e e e e ,
or a .
b t if it is bright tin a littl of t h rosin

u ill ns r e e w a we
r th r b tt than t h cid Th i on is to b h t d
a e e er e a . e r e ea e .
not too hot ho r th n quickl ip d on t h d mp ,

w e ve , e y w e e a
cloth d ppli d to t h sold to t k up a drop th n

an a e e er .
“
a e ,
e
plac d t h joint d mov d slo ly long allo ing
e on e an e w a ,
w
t h sold r t
e follo If t h tinning is bu n d ff t h
e o w . e r e O e
sold ring iron it must f cours b r tinn d Th

e ,
. o e e e e . e
s cr t of succ ss in sold ring is t hav t h iron just h t

e e e e o e e o
e nough d to hav t h surfac to hich t h sold r is

,
an e e e w e e
appli d v ry cl an e e e .
I I I I
GR N D N G AN D P O L S H N G
R moving surplus m tal b y grinding shar p ning

e e ,
e
tools and smoothing and finishing ork most d i

,
w a re re a
ly accomplish d by t h mat ur by m ans f m ry e e a e e o e e
w h ls f various d gr s f fin n ss corundum
ee o e ee o e e ,
or or
carborundum h ls us d in t h l t h If a fi lath w ee e e a e . ne e
is availabl t h h ls may b carri d by suit bl s t l

e ,
e w ee e e a e ee
mandr ls mount d b t n t h lath c nt rs by

e e e wee e e e e ,
or a
singl mandr l h ld b a chuck ; but h n th s thi gs

e e e v w e e e n
a re n o t availabl th h ls may b mount d hard e ,

e w ee e e on a
w ood mandr l Th mand l has a should r gains t e . e re e a
w hich t h h l is clamp d by a ood n coll r and a

e w ee e w e a ,
pin k y pa sing through a hol in t h mandr l

or e s e e e .
lV h as f l ath r
e rs o
p st board may b us ed t adapt e or a e e e o
t h mandr l t
e m ry h ls f di ff r nt thickn ss s
e o e e w ee o e e e e .
In S l cting an m ry h l
e e should b chos e e w ee ,
on e e en
w hich ill cut fr ly ithout gl zing S uch h ls

w ee w a . w ee
r volv d in l th cut rapidly and s rv ll f

e e a a e e e we o r re
moving sur plus m tal d f sharp ning to ls A e an or e o .
rath r fi e h l is pr f rabl t a coars

ne w f th
ee e e e o e on e or e
latt r purpose e .
F polishing h l may b m ad f a disk f ood

or ,
a w ee e e o o w
tu n d in t h l th and cov r d its p riph ry sid

r e e a e e e on e e or e
or both ith l ath r S ol l ath r hich contains

w e e . e e e w no
o i l or gr as is t h b st f t h purpos
e If t h l ath r
e e e or e e . e e e
c o ve d h l is not tru i t m y b turn d ff in t h

re w ee e a e e o e
l th and smooth d ith fi s ndp p Th l th r

a e e w n e a a er . e ea e
on t h dg f t h h l should b sc rf d d l pp d
e e e o e w ee e a e an a e
so as t mak a smooth joint

o e .
Aft r t h l ath r p op rly finish d it shoul d b

e e e e is r e e e
coat d it m y f t h d g
e w f fin n ss r quir d
h e er o e e re e o e e e e .
This is don by m g th h l coating i t ith

e w ar In e w ee ,
w
strong glu d rolling it i t h po d r d m ry T
e an n e w e e e e . o
in r e good job t h m ry its lf shoul d b arm

su a ,
e
”
e e e e w .
Probably t h b st y t s cur good r sults i t e e wa o e e e s o
spr d t h m ry t
ea fl t m tal p l t
e e hich has e ou on a a e a e w
b n h at d Th l ath r cov r d h ls v y
ee e e . e e e -
e e w ee a re $
er u se
ful Th y m y v n b us d i pl c of t h solid m y
e a e e e e n a e e e er
w h l in m ny kinds of ork If th y
ee aus d car w . e a re e e
full y t h y ill l st long tim Aft r

e w is p rtly a a e e on e a
w orn it is v n mor us ful than it is ehn w F e e e w e ne . or
polishing st l a l ath r cov d h l f t h kind d

ee e e -
e re w ee o e e
scrib d ch g d ith crocus inst ad of m ry ill b

e ar e w e e e w e
r quir d also anoth charg d ith fi roug putty

e e ,
er e w ne e or
po d r for a v y fi finish F bu ffi ng silv and

w e er ne . or er
oth r soft m tals

e h l f chamois kin buck e a w ee o .
S or
skin dra n ov r a p dding f soft f lt and tack d t

w e a o e e a
t h sid s of t h
e h l ill b found valu bl Th ski
e e w ee w e a e . e n
w ill hav to b l pp d t h p riph ry f t h h l

e e a e on e e e o e w ee ,
b t it c nnot b glu d
u F in roug is t h b st to apply
a e e . e e e e
to this h l F polishing irr gular s urf c s bristl

w ee . or e a e e
brush s must b us d co rs brush ch rg d it h

e e e ,
a a e a e w
po d r d pumic ston f doing t h rough
w e e o k; e e or e er w r
this t b follo d by fin r brush cha g d w ith tripoli

o e we a e r e
or w hiting and tr wa e .
Th brush s ehich h v ood n hubs c rri d b y

e ,
w a e w e a re a e
t p ing scr s h ld in t h l th chuck ins rt d i

a er ew e e a e or e e n
t h m nd l i
e pl c f
a f t h c nt rs
re n a e o on e o e e e .
I V E R i VO R K S L
S ilv r is not a v ry xp nsiv mat ri l for t h m nu

e e e e e e a e a
factur f small obj cts d it is asily o k d d

e o e ,
an e w r e an
finish d Th obj cts w h n finish d h v

e . e intr ns c e e e a e an i i
valu and if t h ffor t to produc fi a ticl r sults

e ,
e e e a ne r e e
in failur t h mat rial is not lost ; it can b sold as ld

e, e e e o
silv ith littl loss

e r, w e .
Th ngraving sho s articl s hich an am t ur can

e e w e w a e
mak Th bonbon dish and spoon sho n in t h illus

e . e w e
fration r quickly mad by an amat ur ilv rsmith

we e e e S e .
F IG . 87 . E x a m p le s of S i lve r W k or .
It is firs t fold d in t h c nt r th n op n d and fold d

e e e e ,
e e e e
at right angl s t t h first fold ; th n op n d d fold d

e o e e e e an e
again p rall l ith t h fi rst fold d so until t h

a e w e ,
an on e
entir surfac is c oss d ith folds about thr fourths

e e r e w ee -
of an inch apart Th dg turn d up ll around . e e e s a re e a
f or bout g f
a inch and t h corn rs o an ,
e: e a re
crimp d littl and small folds m d Th hol

e a e , a re a e . e w e
w o k up to this point can b don ith t h fing rs

r e e w e e
a lon Th folds at t h corn rs

e . e h mm r d do w e e a re a e e n
w ith od n m ll t hil t h sh t r sts t t h co n

a wo
-
°
e a e w e e ee e a e r er
on round suppo t F rom tim t tim t h silv

a r . e o e e er
should b nn l d h tdt l e d h at d ea e , a ,
ea e o a ow re ea ,
an
plung d into cool t r This ill p rmit f b nding

e wa e . w e o e
t h silv r
e ithout br king it e w ea .
L ittl folds should b mad in t h sid

e at t h upp e e e es e er
e dg s if n c ss y t llo t h sid t b str ight n d ;

e e e ar ,
o a w e es o e a e e
th n t h upp r dg should b trimm d ff ith sh rs

e e e e e e e o w ea ,
so that t h dish is t h s m h ight all around Th n

e e a e e . e a
pi c f hollo silv r ir hich has t b n sold d

e e o w e w e w no ee e re
is op n d slightly at t h s am by dra ing a knif

e e e e w e
th ough t h s m A pi c f this ir long nough

r e ea . e e o
‘
w e e
t or ch round t h upp r dg f t h dish is slipp d

ea a e e e e o e e
ov t h upp r dg of t h dish d sold r d t di ff

er e e e e e an e e a er
en t points ith silv r sold r If this is t ithin t h

, w e e . no w e
po r of t h m t ur h m y att ch i t at fr qu nt i
we e a a e ,
e a a e e h
t l by m ans
e rva s f v ry sm ll pi c s f sof t sold r e o e a e e o e
m lt d ft r t h applic tion of a v y minut quantity

e e a e e a er e
o f sold ring fluid by holding t h

e dg f t h dish ith ,
e e e o e w
a pair f pli r ov r a gas fl m t o th inch s e s e a e w o or re e e
a bov t h t p of t h fl m If this is c fully don t h

e e o e a e . a re e e
sm ll particl Of sold r ill soak into t h join t d

a es e w e an
b com invisibl Across t h corn r f t h dish is

e e e . e e o e se
cur d a tr limb m d f silv r and th i s s cu d

e ee a e o e ,
on a re e re
th birds Th silv r limb is m d by h mm ring

e . e e a e a e a
stout silv r ir into h lf round notch in t h d f

e w e a a -
e en o a
pi c f st l groov b ing form d in t h notch to giv

e e o ee ,
es e e e e
t h fl tte d i t h pp r nc e f having ba k it
a en e w re e a ea a o r on .
Th bi ds e of sp ci l m k us d for oth r pu po
r a re e a a e ,
e e r se s .
If t h m t ur ilv smith d sir s to

e a t h birds h
a e S er e e use e e
w ill b oblig d t purchas th m th y c nnot r dil y

e e o e e ,
as e a ea
b mad by
e h ving no xp ri nc in this lin Th y
e on e a e e e e e . e
a re of bron z and color d e a re e .

This particul r dish oxidiz d b for t h b i rds a w as e e e e
we r ppli d Th d ish
e a oxidiz d by imm rsing i t
e . e w as e e
f a f minut s in a solution of bisulphur t f soda

or ew e e o
It th n sh d and d i d and t h oxid

was e wa e r e e e w a s re
m ov d from t h proj cting portions by m ns f

e e e ea o a
chamois skin ch rg d ith roug This dish m r ad a e w e . av e
ily b mad round lliptical

e triangular as tast e ,
e ,
or ,
e
m y indicat
a It is ll in a cas lik this to try t h e . we e e e
exp rim nt f making t h dish in copp r sof t bra

e e o e e or ss
b for trying silv r

e e e .
TA L F OO T L AT H E ME
Th amat ur ft r using t h simpl
e ood n lath ill
e a e e e w e e w
no doubt ask for som thing mor pr t ntious a l th e e e e ,

a e
t hat can b us d f orking m tals in various ays

e e or w e w ,
an d drilling and turning hard ood horn ivory rub w , , ,
b t
e r, e L th s vary in pric from $ 1 5 t $ 5 0 and p
c . a e e o u
w ard I fact almost any amount f mon y may b

. n ,
o e e
inv st d in a foot l th and t h acc ssori s hich can

e e a e e e e w
b us d in onn ction
e e ith i t t gr at advantag c e w o e e .
Th b tt r y to proc d is to purchas a lath

e e e wa ee e e
compl t ith fly h l tr adl b lt chucks f turn

e e ,
w -
w ee ,
e e ,
e ,
or
ing ood c nt rs f turning m t ls fac plat

w ,
e e or e a , a e e ,
on e
or t l th dogs a drill chuck thr

wo a fou han d
e , ,
ee or r
tools f turning b ss and oth r m t ls d thr

or ra e e a ,
an ee or
four tools f turning w ood or .
N t gr at d al
o be s id in r g rd t t h various
a e e c an a e a o e
k inds f ork to b don o a foot l th f this kind

w e e on a e o .
Mo reb l arn d in
c an h lf hour by t h obs rv tion
e e e a a e e a
o f skill d orkm n th n
a b cquir d by day s
e w a a c an e a e a
’
pr ctic a by a tudy of books H o v r any

e ,
or s . we e ,
on e
h ving m ch nic l turn f mind

a a tak t h v rious
e a a o c an e e a
tool d ith t h i d f littl commo s ns can

s, a n w e a o a e n e e
soon m t r t h t f hand tur ing as e e ar o n .
Aft r p ctic ith t h lath t h amat ur soon fi nds

e ra e w e e e e
that oth r tools r quir d and h ill ith r mak

e a re e e , e w e e e
th m buy th m d thus gr dually d d t his ou t fit

e or e ,
an a a o
until h is bl to und rtak y ork tha t may com

e a e e e an w e
a l ong .
T tur long r pi c
o of m tal th n can b h ld d
n e e es e a e e a
va n t g ly in t h
a chuck t h pi c
e ou s c nt r d e ,
e e es a re e e e ,
drill d d th n c unt rsunk t fi t t h c nt rs f t h

e ,
an e o e o e e e o e
lath f hic h is in t h mand l t h oth r in t h

e ,
on e o w e re ,
e e e
tail stock spindl A lath dog is pl c d

-
d e . e a e on on e en
of t h pi c f m tal and ins rt d in t h slot in t h

e e e o e e e e .
e
f c plat f t h l th hil t h lath c nt r is ins rt d

a e e o e a e ,
w e e e e e e e
in t h count rsunk d ill hol in t h d f t h bar to b

e e r -
e e en o e e
turn d Th c nt r carri d by t h tail stock is brough t

e . e e e e e -
for rd and ins t d Th tail stock is th n mad fast

wa er e . e -
e e
to t h l th b d d t h c nt r is djust d by turning
e a e e ,
an e e e a e
t h t il stock scr
e a ; t h -
ork should turn asily it h ew e w e w
out chatt ing d t h c nt r should b oil d
er an e e e e e .
It is good pl n t finish t h o k ithout filing

a a o e w r w ,
but t h fi l d m y p p r m y b us d ; th y should
e e an e er a e a e e e
b us d
e ith c r ho v r as th y liabl to injur
e w a e ,
we e ,
.
e a re e e
th ngl s and fin r f tur s of t h ork A tool ill

e a e e ea e e w . w
giv a fi finish st l ork if i t is sharp n d

e ne on ee w e e on a
fi ne i l ston o d th ork i t ith Oil som

e an e w s we .
w or e
oth r liquid ; v saliv is oft n m d

e of ith good
e en a e a e use w
e ff ct e Brass d oth r mat ri ls soft r th n st l

. an e e a e a ee a re
r adily turn d in any fo m d si d d of cours hard

e e r e re
-
,
an e
rubb r d hard and sof t oods

e an still mor sily w a re e ea
w ork d e .
Turning br ss B bbi t t m tal typ m tal is t a ,

a e ,
or e e no
mat rially di ff r nt from tu ning hard ood Th tools

e e e . r w . e
a re p ractically t h sam and t h m thods t h s m e e ,
e e a re e a e ,
but t h m tal turning i don at a som hat slo r

e e s e ew we
sp d In t h cas f m tals t h fi nishing f t h har p
ee . e e o e ,
e o e s
eh ing f t h turning tools is don

o an i l st n t
e e on o o e o
insur t h smoothn ss f t h ork Th or k should

e e e o e w . e w
be so smoothly don that final finishing ill b e no w e
re quir d If ho v r brass ork is t b finish d i t

e .
, we e , w o e e
may b don by m ans f v ry fi m ry pap r

e e e o e ne e e e or
cloth This may b appli d by t h hand strips of it

.
.
e e e or
m y b glu e d
a flat conv x strips f ood hich
e on or e o w w a re
us d i t h sa m mann r as a fi l
e n e e e e .
Th amat ur cannot xp ct t cut scr

e thr ads w ith
e e e . o ew e
chas r as r adily as a s kil l d m chanic b t h

e s e e e ,
u e c an
m k som h ad w ay ith practic

a e br ss and hard
e e w e : on a
w ood Chas rs m y b purchas d f cutting insid

. e a e e or e
and out id thr ds Th ch s r is mov d along t h

s e ea . e a e e e
lath r st at hat is judg d t b t h sp d t h thr ad

e e w e o e e ee e e
w ould c rry it along if alr dy cut in t h brass

a ea e or
w ood Th chas r is at t h sam tim pr ss d firml y

. e e e e e e e
on t h r st ed brought int ngag m nt ith t h m

e an o e e e w e a
t i l r volving in t h lath
er a e e e .
M ak shift t t
e-b g rally approv d but s a re no o e e ne e ,
th e w rit r ill r l t a circ mstanc hich cam t h i

e w e a e u e w e o s
kno l dg som y ars g th t may b h lpful t som

w e e e e a o a e e o e
on e caught in imil r pr dicam nt a S a e e .
A lath vailabl but scr cutting tools f

e w as a e no ew -
o
any kind r t hand It n c ssary t mak

we e a .
. w as e e o e on e
or t fittings f a half inch gas pip T old fil

wo or -
e . wo es
we r found and nn l d and in t h d f w r

e a ea e , e en o on e e e
fil d ith an ordin ry triangular fi l t h t th t fit t h

e w a e e ee o e
thr ds f t h g pip In t h sid f t h oth r fi l

ea o e as e . e e o e e e
we r fil d t th t fit t h t th f t h first ch s r
e e ee o .
e ee o e a e .
Th s t th r fi l d at sligh t i clinatio t
e e ee we e e a n n o c or
r spond roughly w ith t h pitch f t h scr thr d

e e o e ew ea .
Th s ch s s r h d n d d t mp r d d us d to
e e a er we e ar e e an e e e an e
good adv nt g in finishing o k hich ould oth r

a a e w r w w e
w is hav b n d l y d t consid rabl inconv ni nc

e e ee e a e a e e e e e .
M E TA L -
WO R K I N G O N A LATH E
I N S T R UC TI O N S AB O U T DR I LLS A N D
DR ILLI N G
An ordinary fl at drill for mos t purpos s ill ans e w wer
n rly if not quit as ll as a t ist d ill It is t

ea ,
e ,
we w
'
r . no
a di fficult matt r to mak th m sinc h v such e e e ,

e we a e
r li bl m t i l S tubs st l ir f v ry siz Th
e a e a er a as
’
ee w e o e e e . e
b st form f fl t d ill for g n ral purpos s is sho n in

e o a r e e e w
F igs 8 8 8 9 and 9 0 It is mad by milling filing t h

.
, ,
. e or e
Opposit sid s f t h ir so as t form a bit bl d

e e o e w e, o or a e
h ving a thickn ss qu l t abou t

a fourth f t h e e a o on e -
o e
di m t r of t h ir Th angl f t h point should b

a e e e w e . e e o e e
90 d g s d t h ngl f its cutting dg bout 4 5

e re e , an e a e o e e a
d gr s for mos t us s F or a drill f v ry h rd sub

e ee e . or e a
st nc s th s angl s m b mor obtus

a e e e e av e e e .
H ving form d t h d ill it should b h rd n d b

a e e r ,
e a e e v
h ating it to a l
e d d plung ng it str ight do n ow re an i a w
into cool ( t cold ) at r In c s f v y small no w e . a e o a er
drill it m b h ld in t h fl m f a g burn r
, av e e e a e o as e or
l mp in a p ir f spring nipp rs ov r v ss l of at r
a a o e e a e e w e .
I Vh it att ins t h r quir d d gr f h t it may b

en a e e e e ee o ea e
dropp d into t h t r e e wa e .
To t mp r for most c s s t h drill aft r b ing

e e a e ,
e ,
e e
bright n d an m ry h l pi c of m r p p r
e e on e e w ee or e e e e y a e ,
is h at d ; if it is sm ll
e e in alcohol g flam a a on e , an or as e ,
u til i t color t t h point runs do n t a bro nish

n s a e w o w
L oi C .
y llo v rging a purpl If t h drill is v ry l rg
e w e on e . e e a e
i t may b h t d ov r a forg fi O ov r a h vy pi c
e ea e e e re ,
r e ea e e
o f d h t iron
re If t h drill is a v ry small
-
o it m y
. e e on e ,
a
b hard n d
e d t mp r d at
e e op ration by h ating
an e e e on e e e
to al d h a t and plunging it imm di t ly into

.
ow re e e a e a
pi c f b s a x
e e o ee w .
Te mp e ri n g .
If it is d sir d to hav t h point f t h d ill v ry hard

e e e e o e r e
w ithou t b ing liabl to br k g its t m p r m y b

e e ea a e ,
e e a e
dra n by holding its point in pli rs as sho n in F ig

w e ,
w .
88 hil t h main portion is h ld ov r a gas fl am

, w e e e e e .
Th cool j e s f t h pli rs pr v nt t h point from b

aw o e e e e e e
coming h t d ea e .
Anoth r m thod pplic bl to l rg r drills is t m

e e ,
a a e a e ,
o e
ploy notch d block f l d sho n in F i g 8 9 Th

a e o ea ,
as w . . e
d ill in this c s is driv n a shor t distanc into t h

r a e e e e
l ad b for it is hard n d ; th n it is t mp r d it i
e e e e e e ,
as e e e ,
s
r plac d in t h l d to pr s rv t h hardn ss f t h
e e e ea e e e e e o e
cutting dg s w hil t h t mp r is dra n in t h oth

e e e e e e w e er
p ortions .
H OM E ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 01
Wh n a drill is h d n d by imm rsing its point in

e ar e e e
m rcu y inst ad f at it acqui s di mond lik

e r e o w e r, re a a -
e
h rdn s Th point f t h d ill just d scrib d is

a e s . e o e r e e
sho n in p rsp ctiv and i s ction at D in F ig 9 0

w e e e n e . .
Th drill F is similar to t h drill D t h point of dif

e e ,
e
f r nc b ing a h lf round groov long ch f c d

e e e e a -
e a ea a e a
j c nt to t h cutting dg This d vic giv s t h cut

a e e e e . e e e e
tin g d g mor cut angl hi h is d sirabl f

e e a e a e e ,
w c e e or
som kind of ork G is tr ight d rill h ving con

e s w . a s a a
cv
a e flut d sid s and E is t h
or ll k no n t is t
e e , e we w w
d ill Th drills G E
r . sho n in cross s ction in
e , ,
a re w e
t h c ntr l figur
e e T ist d ills f r c nt m nuf ctur
a e . w r o e e a a e
hav a c ntral longitudinal li h i h locat s t h poin t

e e ne , w c e e
in grinding .
Th b s t rul f e grinding t ist d ills is t pr s rv

e e or w r o e e e
as n arly as possibl t h o igin l form Th ordinary

e e e r a . e
pin drill H is us d for count rboring a hol b in g

, ,
e e ,
e e
fi st drill d to r c iv t h pin Th drill I is mploy d

r e e e e e . e e e
to giv orn m nt l app r nc to p lat s in hich

e an a e a ea a e e w
pivots small sh fts journ l d in clock ork
or a a re a e ,
as w .
Th bottoming d ill J h thr cutti g dg s

e r , ,
as ee n e e ,
on e
upon ach sid and a c ntral transv rs

e conn cting
e ,
e e e on e e
t h oth r t
e This d rill as its nam indicat s is d
e wo .
, e e ,
e
sign d t mak a flat bottom in a drill hol

e o e . . e .
Th pin d ill K hic h i ho n in sid and d

e r , ,
w s S w e en
vi s in F ig 93 is first car fully turn d and aft rd

ew .
.
e e e rw a
mill d ith t h ros bit L producing t h cutting points

e w e e , ,
e
or lips hich ft r d b v l d ith a fi l Thi

,
w a re a e w ar e e e w e . s
drill is us d f bo ing l rg hol s in sh t m tal a

e or r a e e ee e .
sm ll hol b ing d ill d fi st to r c iv t h pin M i

a e e r e r e e e e . s
an xpansion d ill for t h s m pu pos ; its constru

e r e a e r e e
tion ill b dil

w und stood f om t h ngr ving
e re a v er r e e a .
Th spindl i mortis d t c iv t h tool carrying

e e s e o re e e e
1 02 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S
arm w hich is s cur d in t h mortis by k y Th
, e e e e a e . e
lo r d f t h pindl is bor d to r c iv t h drill

we en o e S e e e e e e ,
w hich a l so forms t h pin for guiding t h cutt r e e e .
Whil univ rsal chucks

e r comm nd d for holding
e a re e e e
drills anoth r form f chuck sho w n in F ig 9 1 may

,
e o , .
,
b us d
e ith qual dvantag I t consists f m i
e w e a e . o a a n
F m D FIG . 90 . or s of ri lls .
portion A hich scr s t h lath spindl and h

, , w ew on e e e ,
as
a tap ring thr ad d d for r iving t h mill d nut B

e e e en ec e e e ,
.
Th thr e d d d is spli t t admit of i t contr ction as

ea e en o s a
t h nut B is scr d Th p rt A is bor d longi

’
e , ,
ewe on . e a , ,
e
t di
u lly t r c iv s ctions C
na o f iron e st l d T
e e e , ,
o or ee ro . o
pr par this chuck for holding drills t h pi c s C

e e ,
e e e , ,
H OME ME H C A NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 03
a re ins rt d in t h chuck c nt r d ith a point d tool

e e e ,
e e e w e ,
an d drill d ith t h drill w ith hich th y

a re e w e w e a re
int nd d t b us d Th y th n split g
e e o l i
e t d i lle . e a re e on u na v
w ith a for bout th fourths th ir l ngth Th

sa w a re e -
e e . e
pi c s C h n onc pr p r d ill al y ans r for

e e w e e e a e ,
w wa s we
s m siz d d ill th y also us d ith an

, ,
t h e a ; e m y b e w r e a e e
ordinary chuck having t scr w a se e .
F IG . 91 . D ri ll Ch k uc .
Th e fl ut d count rsink
may b class
e d among t h e ,
0 ,
e e e
drills ; its sp ci l pplication is to form t h c nt rs f

e a a e e e o
articl s t b turn d It has t h s m form t h l th

e o e e . e a e as e a e
c nt rs d m k a truly circul r conic l hol p i d

e e an a es a a e ,
rov
ing t h numb r f fl k cutting dg s is odd

,
e e o u e s or e e .
E v ry lath should b p ovid d

e ith pl t edrill e r e w a a e ,
or
r st P fitt d to t h t il spindl f supporting pl i

e e e a e ,
or a n
ork hil drilling it Th lath should also hav a

, ,
w e e e
w e .
hing d pivot d r st Q hich m y b cl mp d t any

e or e e , , w a e a e a
d sir d angl for drilling irr gul r

e e ork This plat
e e a w . e
should h v s v ral p rfor tions for r c iving pins

a e e e e a e e ,
f p v nting t h ork from slippi g F or suppo ting

or re e e w n . r
cylindric l obj cts to b d rill d tr nsv s ly fo k

a e e e a er e ,
a r
R is ins rt d in t h tail spindl

,
e e e e .
FIG . 93 . D ri lls an d a R os e Bi t .
As to t h matt r f drilling littl n d b said

e e o ,
e ee e . as
n ly v rything must b l rn d by xp ri nc ; h
e ar e e e ea e e e e e ow
e v r f points may b m ntion d Th ork should

e ,
a ew e e e . e w
b car i d for ard

e r e ith a gul r d not too h avyw w . re a an .
e
pr ssur Th sp d f t h drill ill vary ith t h m

e e . e ee o e w w e a
t i l b ing
er a ork d F st l rought iron d p
e w e . or ee , w ,
an co
p e r,t h sp d should b slo ; f

e eeb ss and c st iron it e w or ra a ,
m y b quit r pid
a e In drilling st l or rought iron
e a . ee w ,
o i l is t h b st lubricant for t h d ills ; in drilling glass

e e e r
,
t h drill should b w t w ith turp ntin

e e e e e .
1 06 H OME ME CH N CS F OR A I A MAT E U R S
H N I TS I G CE N T E R I N G A N D
C O N CE R N N
S T E A D YI N G
T c nt r a cylindric l pi c
o e e f m t al r dil and a e e o e ea y
accur t ly is a v ry simpl m tt r h n t h orkman

a e e e a e w e e w
is provid d ith tools sp ci lly d sign d f t h pur

e w e e a e e or e
pos and it is not d i fficult h n ngin lath

e ,
vn w e an e e e or e e
an gin r st is v il bl ; but t do it i l and prop

en e e a a a e o e as v
erly in ordinary plain foot lath may puz z l som f

an e e e o
F IG C F k . 94 . en te ri n g w ith a or e d T ool .
th e amat ur m chanici ns Although som f th s

e e a . e o e e
m thods
e ll kno n th y ill n v rth l ss b d
a re we w ,
e w e e e e e e
scrib d for t h b n fi t f som h may r quir t h i

e e e e o e w o e e e h
formation Th m thod f c nt ring sho n i F ig 9 4

. e e o e e w n .
is f t h most common
on e o h t h lath is p d d
e w e re e e rovI e
w ith ngin r st A fork d tool A is cl m p d in

an e e e . e , ,
a e
t h tool post in such

e position that a lin dra n from a .
e w
th e poin t f t h tail c nt r w ill b is ct t h

o e e e e e
H OME ME H N C A IC S F OR A MAT E U R S 1 07
a ngl fork A squar point d c nt r

e of the . e e e e ,
G is ins t d in t h t il spindl
,
d mov d
er e e a e an e
ag inst t h
a d of t h d b ing c nt r d
e ith en e ro e e e e w
I]
F IG . 95 . C en te ri n g .
a slight pr ssur t h tool A b i g t t h s m

.
e e , e , ,
e n a e a e
tim m ov d fo d by t h scr f t h ngin r st

e e rw a r e ew o e e e e un
til t h d turn smoothly in t h fork d t h squ r

e ro s e an e a e
F I G 96. . C en t e ri n g w i t h a H a n d T ool .
point d c nt h foun d t h c nt of t h d ; t h t il
e e er as e e er e ro e a
Spindl is th n mov d for rd unt i l t h cavity

e e ffi e wa e i s su
ci t ly d p t p rmit f st rting t h c nt r drill

en ee oTh e o a e e e . e
a ngl f sq uar c nt G for v y hard mat ri l
e o e e e r, ,
er e a ,
should b a littl mo obtus than that sho n in F ig

e e re e w .
97 In any c s i t should b of good mat rial and ll

. a e ,
e e we
t mp r d
e e e .
In F ig 9 5 is sho n a c t ring tool hich is d sign d

. w en e w e e
t tak t h plac of t h
o e ngin r st and fo k in F ig 9 4
e e e e e e r . .
Th part B is fitt d in plac

e f t h ordin ry tool r st e e o e a e ,
FIG . 99 . FIG . 1 00 .
and j C thehich h in it a V hap d not ch is

aw , , w as -
S e ,
hing d to t h p rt B at D A scr E pass s through

e e a . e w, ,
e
t h upp re d f t h part B and b ars gainst t h j

e en o e ,
e a .
e aw ,
C .A ft r hat has alr ady b n said in conn ction

e w e ee e
w ith t h ngin r st t h mann r f using this

e e e e ,
e e o c on
t i
r va n c e ill b r dily und rstood w e ea -
e .
In F i g 9 6 t h h nd tool F mploy d for st adying

‘
. e a is e e e
the sh ft d bringing it to a c nt r This tool is b nt

a an e e . e
to form a right angl d notch f r c iving t h sh ft

-
e or e e e a ,
and h n in w it is support d by t h tool r st aft r

e use e e e e
t h m nn r f an ordinary h nd turning tool

e a e o a .
Work t h t is t larg to b r adily c nt r d in this

a .
oo e e e e e e
mann r is oft n c nt r d pproximat ly by m ns f

e e e e e a e ea o
t h univ rsal squar

e esho n in F m 9 8 A di m t e , as w . a e
F IG . 1 01 . F IG . 1 02 .
S t e a d yi n g D e vi c e s .
lin i dra n long t h tongu f t h squ

ri c a l e s w a e e o e a re ,
th e work is th n tu n d through a qu rt r f e l r e a e o a re vo u
t ion and, noth lin i dr n Th int s ction f

a er e s aw . e er e o
th s lin s ill b t h c nt r t l as t pproximat ly

e e e w e e e e , a e a e .
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 1 1
This point m y b m rk d ith c nt r punch a n ow e a e w a e e ,
an d th o k m y b t st d in a lath If it is found to
e w r a e e e e .
l t ly t h c nt s it m y b d ill d oth r is
‘
re vo ve ru on e e er a e r e ,
e w e
t h c nt e must b co r ct d ith t h c nt r punch and

e er e r e e w e e e ,
th ork g in t st d in t h lath
e w a a e e e e .
Aft r c nt ing by any f th s m thods t h c nt r

e e er o e e e ,
e e e
must b d ill d and count rsunk ith suit bl too l

e r e e w a a e ,
so that it ill fit t h l th c nt r as sho n in F ig 9 9

w e a e e e ,
w . .
Th ngl f t h lath c nt rs should b sixty d gr s

e a e o e e e e e e ee .
T insu
o i f mi t in v ything p rt ining to t h
re un or v e er e a e
c nt s t h c nt g ug sho n in F i g 1 00 should b
e er ,
e e er a e ,
w .
,
e
us d for g tting t h r quir d angl t h l th c nt rs

e e e e e e on e a e e e
an d on t h drills us d in c nt ring e e e e .
Th m tt r f st dying t h long sl nd r rods

e a hil
e o ea e ,
e e w e
b ing tu n d in t h e l th is oft n p pl xing

e r e a e e er e .
In som c s s it m y b don tol r bly ll in h

e a e a e e e a we t e
m nn r illustr t d in F i g 1 0 1 Th fo k H is sup
a e a e . . e r , ,
port d by t h stand d I hich is ins t d in t h

e e ar , ,
w er e e
sock t of t h st suppo t J Th d vic sho n in F ig

e e re r ,
. e e e w .
9 5 m y b us d in a simil r y e e a a wa .
F ig 1 02 pr s nts t d r st t h construction of
. re e e a s ea v e ,
e
w hich ill hardly n d xpl n tion F light o k i t

w ee e a a . or w r
m y b m d of ood ; t h up ight b ing s cu d to t h

a e a e w e r e e re e
cross pi c L hich r ts upon t h l th b d Th

e e , ,
w es e a e e . e
slott d pi c s M e djust bl l ngth is to

e e m , ,
a re a a e e w e ac co
m d t t h siz and position of t h sh ft W

o a e eVh it is e e a . en
re quir d to support b hich is not ound t h sl v

e a ar w r ,
e ee e ,
N sho n in F ig 1 03 is mploy d
,
w It slips ov r t h .
,
e e . e e
shaft and r volv s in t h st ady r t Th bar is e e e e es . e cen
te red by t h scr s O e ew ,
.
Th d vic sho n in F i g 1 0 4 is us d
e e h r hollo e w . e w e e a w
m nd l l th is not t h nd A p c f g pip Q
a re a e . a a . ie e o as e , ,
is h ld by t h chuck P d is s cu d by t sc in
e e , ,
an e re a se re w
the sl v B ee e , ,
w hich is journ l d i t h st ndard S a e n e a , ,
and c rri s t h a e e chuck T This arr ng m nt m y also

,
. a e e a
b mploy d f
e e e or turning t h nds f long rods h r it
e e o w e e
is t d sir bl
no e a e to put th m r gul rly t h c nt rs f
e e a on e e e o
t h lathe e .
CH U CK I N G
In spit f ll possibl ap pli nc s t b us d i
e o a e a e o e e n a
g n r l y f chuckin g ork in t h lath d gr f

e e a wa or w e e , a e ee o
inv ntiv skill is oft n r quir d t ccomplish it quickly

e e e e e o a
F IG C k M D k . 1 05 . h uc in g a e t a lli c is .
and s cur ly Th ccompanying cuts d ign d t

e e . e a a re es e o
aid t h am t ur in chucki n g but aft r ll is said th r

e a e ,
e a ,
e e
is a orld f kno l d g th t can b gain d by p i

w o w e e a e e ex er
enc only e .
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 1 3
arr ng m nt of m t l disk in t h l th th t
Th e a e e a e a e a e so a
it b turn d on its f c
c an e d upon its dg
e c nnot a e ,
an e e . a
we ll b accomplish d by m ns of chucks ; f this pur

e e ea or
pos r cours is f qu ntly h d to c m nt A good

e e e re e a e e .
FIG C k . 1 06 . h uc ing a S p i n d le .
c m nt for this purpos consists of Burgundy pitch 2

e e e
pounds ; r sin 2 pounds ; y llo

e , 2 ounc s ; dri d e w w a x, e e
w hiting 2 pounds ; m lt tog th r t h pitch r sin

,
e e e e ,
e ,
w a x,and stir in t h hiting e w .
F IG . 1 07 . Ch ki uc n g W k or on F ac e Pla t e .
T chuck w ork
o w ith this c m nt pply sm ll p e e ,
a a a or
tion f it to fac
o a e plat d vot d sp ci lly t this pur
e e e e e a o
pos ; h at t h pl
e e e a e t so th t t h c m nt ill cov r t h
a e e e w e e
H OME ME CHA NIC S AMAT E U RS
“ “
1 14 F on i
gr at r portion f i t surfac Th pl at may b l

e e o s e . e e e a
lo d to cool Wh n v r it is d sir abl t chuck a

we . e e e e e o
m t lli disk it h at d and pla ced g ainst t h c m n t

e a c , Is e e a e e e
on t h f c p lat nd allo e d t r ma i n until t h

e a e e ,
a w . o e e
c m nt b gins to sti ff n h n a t L having a right

e e e e ,
w e . oo
a ngl d notch is appli d t t h d g f t h disk as sho n

e e o e e e o e ,
w
in t h cut t h l th b ing rotat d until by t h m

e , e a e e e ,
e co
pound action f t h tool pr ssur and t h rotary m o e e e e o
tion t h disk b com s p rf ctly tru

,
e e e e e e .
T chuck a spindl
o any simila obj c t a c m nt e or r e e e
chuck lik that sho n in s ction e 1 06 is som w e e
tim s us d Th larg r portion is scr d t h l th

e e . e e ewe on e a e
mandr l and t h inn r d f t h hol i n t h out r p

e , e e en o e e e e or
t io t minat s conicall y Th e h ole is fill d ith ‘
n er e . e w
c m nt d t h articl to b h u k ed i s arm d and

e e ,
an e e e c c
'
'
w e
i ntroduc d It mav som ti mes b e t h t th e e n e c e s s a rv

—
o ea e
gas fl m Th lath is
.
chuck ith an alcohol w or a e . e e
rotat d d t h spindl is h ld l i ghtly until it b com

e ,
an e e e e es
tru d t h c m nt b gins to ha r d n
e an e e e e e .
T r mov t h o ork from c m nt chuck it must b

e e e w a e e ,
e
w ai m d by m ans of a lamp
e th e W M ost f t h e or o r 1 se . o e
c m nt adh ring t t h ork m y b ip d ff ft r

e e e o e w a e w e o a e
h ting it ; hat v r r mains may b r mov d w ith a

ea w e e e e e e
littl turp ntin e e e .
A common m thod f chucking ork t h fac plat e o w on e e e
is sho n in F ig 1 0 7 t h h l is t mporarily r tain d

w . e w ee e e e
in plac by a point d d A hich i forc d against t h

e e ro , ,
w s e e
w h l by t h tail spindl A littl rapping

ee w y
e e . e on e a or
t h oth r r adily c nt rs t h
e eh l A pi c f crayon
e e e e w ee . e e o
h ld in a
e hold r support d by t h t ool r s t m y
c ra von e e e e a
b us d t discov r
e e hich sid f t h h l is t
o e w e o e w ee
“
ou .
Aft r t h h l is tru d it is f st n d b t h short b s

e e w ee e ,
a e e v e ar ,
B hos out r nds r s t upon any conv i t b l cki n g

,
w e e e e en en o
H OME ME CHA NI C S ? “
F OR
$
A MAT E UR S 1 1 5
w hil t h e dr n by t h bolts so to clamp t h

-
“
e v a re aw e , as e
w h l firmly t t h f c plat
ee o e a e e .
It i som tim s pr f rabl t

s th ok sho n i
e e e e e o use e v e w n
F i g 1 0 8 inst
. d of t h bars sho n in F i g 1 07 ; it is
ea e w .
plac d d i m t i ll cross t h h l and s cur d by

e a e r ca v a e w ee e e
t
wo bolts .
F IG Y k . 1 08 . o e .
F ig 1 09 r pr s nts a chuck consisting f a ood n

. e e e o w e
disk bor d to r c iv t h ood n hoop d hich m y

, 0 e e e e e w e , , w a
b forc d in
e rd b t h common ood scr s
e wah i ch v e w ew e , w
b r up n it This chuck is us ful h r a consid r

ea o . e w e e e
abl numb r f simil r pi c s to b turn d bor d

e e o a e e a re e e or e .
F IG W C k D W k . 1 09 . ood h uc for u p li c a t e or .
F i g 1 1 0 r pr s nts
. simpl d ll kno chuck
e e e a e an we wn .
It is simply block f ood s cu d to f c plat ba o w e re a a e e y
a scr c nt r d turn d t t fi t t h ork

ew e e an e ou o e w .
1 1 6 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
F ig pr s nts
1 1 1 sily m d chuck hich is
re e e an ea a e ,
w
us ful f holding plugs f ood t b turn d bor d

.
e or o w o e e or e .
It consists f pi c of hard ood fitt d t t h m nd l

o a e e w e o e a re ,
turn d bor d and split lo gitudinally as sho in t h

e ,
e ,
n ,
wn e
F IG . 1 1 0 .
F IG . 1 1 1 .
F IG . 1 1 2 .
F IG . 1 1 3 .
Ch k
uc in g D e vi c e s .
w hic h m ith r f m t l ood cco ding to t h

ay be e e o e a or w a r e
D ur
p to hich
os eit is t b ppli d Th p rt F w is o e a e . e a
bor d conic lly t t h sm ll r d b for splitting d

e a a e a e en e e , an
t this hol is fitt d t h conic l plug G hich b ing

o e e e a , ,
w e
forc d in xp nds t h m ndr l

e e a e a e .
In F i g 1 1 3 t h m ndr l C has p rman ntly attach d

. e a e , ,
e e e
to it t h con D d upon it is plac d t h movabl

e e , ,
an e e e
F IG 1 1 4 F IG 1 1 5
C h uc k i F
. . . .
n g on A n g le P la t e . ac e P la t e Ja w .
con hich is forc d gainst t h ork h ld b t n

e, E, w e a e w e e wee
th t econ s by a nut hich turns on t h th d d d

wo e w e re a e en
of t h mandr l e e .
In F ig 1 1 4 t h mann of chucking ork t h

. e er w on e
angl plat H is sho n so cl arly to r qui no

e e , , w e as .
e re
expl n tion It m y b ll ho v t st t that

a a . a e we ,
we e r, o a e
w h n t h ork is ot t d rapidly a count rbal nc

e e w r a e e a e
should b attach d t t h fac plat
e th sid d i e o e e e on e e a
m trically opposit t h angl plat

e e e e e
F ig 1 1 5 sho s a j for attach m t t t h fac plat

. w aw e
n o e e e ,
w hich consists f a right ngl d pi c I a j J hich o -

a e e e , ,
aw , , w
has t guid pins nt ring hol s in t h pi c I and

wo e ,
e e e e e e , .
t h scr
e K hich pass s through a tapp d hol in
ew , ,
w e e e
t h pi c
e I and b rs against t h j J Th pi c I
e e , ,
ea e aw ,
. e e e ,
,
has a do l that k ps it from turning and a scr

we ,
a, ee ,
e w,
b by
,
hich it is s cur d to t h fac plat
w e e e e e .
F IG . 1 1 6 . F IG . 1 1 7 .
In F igs 1 1 6 and 1 1 7 t h pin L is fitt d to t h fac

. e , ,
e e e
p lat ed h,
fo man d its proj cting d as r e on e en an eccen
tric hich fits t h j M It has also a h xagonal h d

w e aw ,
. e ea
for r c iving t h r nch by hich it is turn d Thr

e e e w e w e . ee
pins L ,
fitt d to t h fac pl t hich is quit thick
,
a re e e e a e ,
w e .
T f t h pins n d not b tu n d ft r b ing djust d

wo o e ee e r e a e e a e
for a c tain kind f ork ; t h third is loos n d d

er o w e e e an
turn d h n o k is put in and t k n t f t h lath

e w e w r a e ou o e e .
Aft e r t h o k is cl mp d tightly by tu ning t h

e w r a e r e ec ce n
tric t h nut on t h b ck f t h f c pl t is tight n d

e e a o e a e a e e e .
In F i g 1 1 8 is sho n typ f t h most conv ni nt

. w a e o e e e
and most univ rsally us ful chuck i x ist nc Its e e n e e e .
F IG . 1 18 . S c roll Ch k uc .
construction and so ll kno n as t n d no use a re we w o ee
d scription
e Th j s simultan ously mov d to
. e aw a re e e
or from t h pi c f m t l hich is b ing machin d b

e e e o e a w e e v
t h aid f a k y
e S uch chucks hold drills admirably
o e . .
TA L T UR N I N G ME
In s l cting a l th
e e m t ur may x rcis mor a e an a a e e e e e or
l ss t st
e d h m y b gov n d s om
a e ,
an h t by t h e a e er e ew a e
l ngth f his purs ; t h sam is tru in t h matt r f

e o e e e e e e o
chucks ; but h n h com s to t h s l ction m king w e e e e e e or a
of turning tools h mus t confo m to fund m ntal prin e r a e
ci pl ; h must p ofit as f
es e possibl b t h p i r ar as e v e ex er
enc f oth rs d ill ft r ll find nough to b

e o e ,
an w ,
a e a ,
e e
l arn d by practic
e e e .
Tools f lmost v y d sc iption m y b purch s d

o a e er e r a e a e
at asonabl pric s b t t h pr ctic f m king on s

re e e ,
u e a e o a e
’
ow n tools cannot b too strongly r comm nd d I t e e e e .
a ffords a y t of m ny an m
warg ncy and h rou a e e e ,
w e e
tim is t too valu bl a saving ill b r liz d A

e n o a e ,
.
w e ea e .
few bars of fi tool st l hamm r and a small nvil

ne ee ,
a e ,
a ,
a re ll that a r q uir d sid from fi and at r

a re e e ,
a e re w e .
T h st l should b
e h t d to l
ee d and shap d e ea e a ow re ,
e
w ith littl h mm ring possibl ; it m y th n b l

as e a e as e a e e a
lo d t cool slo ly h n it may b fil d ground t

we o w ,
w e e e or o
FIG . 1 20 .
F IG . 1 1 9 . FIG . 1 21 .
Me t al L ath e T ools .
giv it t h r quir d form It m y

e e eb hard n d by e . a n ow e e e
h ating it to h
e d and plunging it str ight do n
a c e rrv re a w
into cl n cool (not t cold ) at r It should th n b
ea oo w e . e e
polish d on t f its sid s

e h n t h t mp r m y b
wo o e ,
w e e e e a e
dr n in t h flam of
aw lcohol l mp Buns n gas
e e an a a or e
burn r ; if th se not conv ni nt a h at d b f

or, e e a re e e ,
e e ar o
i ron may b us d inst d t h tool b ing pl c d i

e e ea ,
e e a e n c on
tact ith it until t h r quir d colo pp rs This for

w e e e r a ea
tools t b us d in turning st l i on d br ss m y b
.
o e e ee r an a a e
, ,
a str colo F turning ood it m b soft r Th

aw r . or w av e e e
main point to b obs rv d in t mp ing a tool is to hav

.
e e e e er e
it as hard as possibl ithout d ng r of its b ing e w a e e
brok n hil in
e By a littl xp im nt t h m
w e use . e e er e e a a
t w ill b
e ur abl t suit t h t m p r f his tools t t h
e e o e e e o o e
w or k i hand n .
FI G . 1 22 . F IG .
-
1 23 .
Me t a l L at h e T ools .
In t h ngravings ccomp nying t h p

e e t ti a a e re s e n
'
se c on
a numb r f hand tur ing tools

e o sho n lso a f n a re w ,
a ew
tools f t h slid r st Th s tools f mili r to ma

or e e e . e e a re a a
c h i i t and may b w ll kno n t m ny m t u s ; but

n s s e e w o a a a e r
we giv th m f t h b n fit of thos h
e e unac or e e e e w o a re
q i
ua nt d ith th m and for t h s k f compl t n ss in
e w e e a e o e e e
t h is volum e .
No is t h ordin ry di mond
. 1 ,
F ig . 1 1 9, e a a tool
m d from a squ r b
a e f st l ground a e ar o ee di a
lly so
on a t giv it t simil r cutting as o e wo a e dg s e .
This tool is p rh ps m or g n r lly us ful e a e e e a e than

any f t h oth rs Th mann r f using
o e e . e e o it is
.
F IG . 1 24 . Me t a l L ath e T ools .
sho n in F ig 1 2 ; it is pl c d
w th tool r t . 1 a e on e es
an d d xt rously mov d on t h
e r s t as a pivot caus
e e e e ,
ing t h p int to trav l in circul path long t h

e o e a ar a e
m tal in t h l th O f cours only small dist nc is

e e a e . e a a e
trav l d ov r b for t h tool is mov d along t h

e e e e e e e on e
F IG D . 1 25 . ri ll a n d H old e r .
r st A ft a littl xp ri nc it ill b found that by

e . er e e e e e w e
ex rcising c r a good job in pl in turning may b

e a e a e
don w it h t h tool
e e .
N 2 F i g 1 2 0 sho s a sh rp V shap d tool

o .
,
hich.
, w a -
e w
w ill b found us ful f many purpos s N 3 is

e e or e . o . a
V shap d tool f
-
finishing scr thr ds N 4 and
e or ew ea . os .
H OME ME CHA NI CS F OR A MAT EUR S 1 23
5 round nos d tools f concav surf c s N 6

a re -
e or e a e . o .
a squar tool for turning conv x d pl n surf c s

e e an a e a e .
Th tool sho n in N
e 7 should b mad right
w d l ft o . e e an e
it is us ful in turning br ss ivory h rd ood t N

e a , ,
a w ,
e c . o .
8 is a s p r ting tool N 9 is
e insid tool hich
a a . o . an e , w
should b m d both right d l ft d its point may

e a e an e ,
an
b ith r round V sh p d or sq ar
e e e ,
a e u e .
F i g 1 2 8 sho s t h mann r f holding an insid tool

. w e e o e .
N 1 0 is a tool f
o . making curv d und rcuts N 1 1 or e e . o .
F IG B D . 1 26 . ori n g w i th a ri ll .
is a r pr s ntativ f a larg class of tools f d pli t

e e e e o e or u ca
ing giv n form a e .
Th s figu s r pr s nt s ri s of tools hich m y b

e e re e e e a e e w a e
v ri d infinit ly to d pt th m t di ff r nt purpos
a e e a a e o e e es .
Th us r if h is
e id a k is not long in discov ring
e ,
e w e wa e ,
e
w h t ngl t giv t h cutting dg hat shap t giv

a a e o e e e e ,
w e o e
t h point
e d h t position t giv t h tool in r lation
,
an w a o e e e
t t h w ork t b don
o e o e e .
1 24 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT EUR S
avin g had x p ri nc ith h nd tools it quir
H e e e e w a re es
only a littl pr ctic d obs rvation to apply t h s m

e a e an e e a e
p incipl s t slid r st tools

r e o e e .
Af ampl s f this class f tools giv n N

ew ex e o o a re e . o .
1 2 is t h di di mond point d tool hich should

e or n a rv a e ,
w
b mad right and l ft

e e Th cutting dg m y h v e . e e e a a e
a mo l s acut angl according t t h ork t b

re or es e e ,
o e w o e
F IG U D m . 1 27 . sin g the ia on d T ool .
d on and t h inclin d f ont d f t h tool m y b

e ,
e e or r en o e a e
slightly squ r d round d acco d ng t t h w ork

a e or e ,
r i o e .
F ig 1 3 is a s parating tool hich is a littl id r at

. e ,
w e w e
th cutting dg th n
e h ls
e that i t w ill
e a a n vw e re e e ,
so
cl ar its lf it is forc d into t h ork

e e as e e w .
F or brass this tool should b b v l d do n ard e e e e w w

s lightly By giving t h point t h fo m sho n in N
. e e r w o .
3 it w ill b ad pt d t scr e cutting a e o ew .

N 1 4 sho s an insid tool f
o . th slid r st ; its w e or e e e
point m y b modifi d according t t he ork t b

a e e o w o e
don N 1 5 is a sid tool for squaring t h nds f

e . o .
.
e e e o
shafts ; N 1 6 1 7 1 8 d 1 9 r pr s nt tools for br ss ;

os .
, ,
an e e e a
N o1 6 is a round nos d tool f brass N

. 1 7 a V sh p d -
e or ,
o .
-
a e
tool N 1 8 scr thr d tool d N 1 9 a sid tool

,
o . a .
ew ea ,
an o . e .
In boring h th r t h obj ct is cor d not it is d

, w e e e e e or ,
e
sirabl h r t h hol is not t larg to t k t t h

e ,
w e e e e oo e ,
a e ou e
first t ith drill Th drill d t h drill hold r

cu w a . e an e e
FIG M I . 1 28 . e t h od of H old i n g an n si de T ool .
for t h purpos is sho n in F i g 1 2 5 and t h m nn r

e e w .
,
e a e
o f using in F i g 1 2 6 Th drill hold r B is h ld by . . e e , ,

e
a mortis d post pl c d in t h r st support Th slot of

e a e e e .
$
t h drill hold r is plac d xactly opposit t h tail

e e e e e e cen
ter and mad s cur Th drill hich is fl t is drill d e e e . e ,

w a ,
e
t r c iv t h t il c nt r
o e e d it is k pt from urning
e e a e e ,
an e t
by t h hold r d is k pt from l t l mov m nt and

e e ,
an e a e ra e e
ch tt rin g by
a r nch C hich is turn d so as to
e a w e , ,
w e
bind t h drill in t h slot of t h hold

e e e er .
Th l tiv position of t h tool d o k is sho n

e re a e e an w r w
1 26 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR
’
A MAT E UR S
in F ig 1 2 9 Th upp r cut sho s t h position f brass ;
. . e e w e or
t h n xt f
e iron and st l ; t h third t h r lativ p si
e or ee e ,
e e e o
tion f t h ngin r st tool d its ork d t h fourth

o e e e e .
an w ,
an e
t h position of t h tool for soft m t l

e d ood e e a an w .
In ll f th s cas s t h point f t h tool is bov

a o e e e e o e a e
FIG . 1 29 . P os i t i on of C ut t i n g T ools .
th e c nt r f t h ork In t h m tt r of t h djustm nt
e e o e w . e a e e a e
o f t h tool e ll in ll oth r Op rations r f r d

,
as w e as a e e e e re
to, xp rim nt is comm nd d t h b st m ns f

e e e re e e as e e ea o
g i ning valu bl kno l d g in t h matt r f turning

a a e w e e e e o
m t ls
e a .
C H A S I N G AN D K N U R LI N G
Among t h multitud f op r tio s possibl ith a e e o e a n e w
foot l th p rh ps non is mor v x tious to t h m

a e e a e e e a e a a
te ur than that of cutting good sc thr d d no a re w ea ,

an
a cquir m nt is mor v lu bl th n t b bl to ch s
e e e a a e a o e a e a e
a scr thr d i l d ccur t ly

e w ea e as v an a a e .
Th di e ch s r N 1 F ig 1 3 0 is simpl
or n a rv a e , o .
,
.
,
a e
tool hich is sily m d h n

w h th hubs f
ea a e w e on e as e or
t h di ff r nt siz s ; but
e e anting th s
e r comm nd e w e e , we e e
t h pur h s
e f chas rs c A bl nk for outsid ch s r
a e o e . a an e a e
is sho n in N 2 d t h hub us d in cutting t h

w o .
,
an e e e
t th is r pr s nt d in F ig 1 3 1 Th l tt r consists
ee e e e e . . e a e
H OME .
ME H N C A IC S ,
FO R L
AM AT E UR S 1 27
of pi c f good st l havi ng thr d of t h d si d

a e e o ee a ea .
e e re
pitch hich is tr v s d b y pi l g oove s to form

, w a er e S ra r
cutting dg s This tool must h v bout t h sam

e e .
.
a e a e e
t em p r as th t f t p Wh n use d it is plac d b
e a o a a . e e e
t n t h lath c nt rs and r volv d t slo sp d

wee e e e e e e a a w ee ,
No 1 . . No 2 . .
FIG . 1 30 . Ch ase r an d B k lan .
F IG . 1 31 . H ub .
F IG . F IG
1 32 B k C
. I n s i de Ch ase r . . 1 33 . la n for h ase r .
w hil t h d f t h chas r bl nk is h ld agains t it

e e en ‘
o e e a e ,
b ing at t h s m tim support d by t h tool r st Th

e e a e e e e e . e
hub should b oil d duri g t h e cutting proc ss Aft

'
e e n e . er
cutting t h tool is h rd n d and t mp r d d ground

,
e a e e e e e , an
on th l v t d po tion hich is t h f c d smooth d

e e e a e r , w e a e ,
an e
on t h b ck ehich slid s upon t h tool r t

a w e e es .
Aninsid chas is s h o n in F ig 1 32 t h blank
e er w .
, e
from w hic h it is m d in F ig 1 33 F conv ni nc

.
a e . . or e e e
i cutting t h t th t h bl nk is b nt at right angl

n e ee ;
,
e a e es
aft r cutting and b for hard ing it is straight n d

e e e en e e .
F IG . 1 34 . S t a rt i n g a T h re a d .
Th mann er f st rting thr ad

e f chasing
o is sho
a w a e or n
in F i g 1 3 4 t h tool us d b ing sho n Th r st is

,
e e e w . e e
plac d short dist nc from t h ork t h tool is h ld

.
e a a e e w e e
,
F IG . 1 35 .
firmly upon it and hil t h w ork r volv s w ith

,
w e e e e a
uniform sp d t h tool is mov d d xt rously so to

ee e e e e as
m k spir l lin on t h ork hich is n arly if

a e a a e e w ,
w e ,
not x ctly
e f t h sam
a pitch as
,
t h thr
o d t b cut
e e .
e ea o e .
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 29
If t h op rator is fortunat in t h tt mpt it ill b

e e e e a e ,
w e
a simpl matt r t start t h chas r d mov it along

e e o e e an e
as indicat d in F ig 1 3 6 Aft r a littl pr ctic it ill

e . . e e a e w
in most cas s b found asy matt r to ch s thr ds

e e an e e a e ea
w ithout first starting th m ith point d tool It is e w a e .
much si r t chas ea insid thr ad than outsid

e o e an e e an e
on e A chas r s ldom go s rong h n w orking

. e e e w w e on
t h insid
e e .
FIG . 1 36 . C h asi n g a T h re a d .
A m thod f ch sing thimbl s is sho n in F ig 1 3 7

e o a e w . .
Th thr d d thimbl
e hich forms t h guid scr is
ea e e w e e ew
d iv n on t h l rg r d f t h t p rin m nd l ; t h
r e e a e en o e a e g a re e
thimbl on hich t h thr ad i to b cut is pl c d

e w e e s e a e on
t h sm ll r
e d f t h m ndr l
a O
e m of t h fo k d
en o e a e . ne ar e r e
tool h a v rtic l chis l dg hich ngag s t h guid

as e a e e e , w e e e e
scr ; t h oth r m h a ch si g point w hich cuts

ew e e ar as a n
1 30 HO ME ME C H A N IC S F O R A M AT E UR S
th
e thr ad Th e
chis el dg is first brought
e into e e en
ith guid scr point th n

.
t h t h i e w, e s e
g g
a me t w en e e
quickly b h t again t
rou t
fl h ork ith mor l sss e w w e or e
sc proj c t in g
re w
from th c nt
e
r f t h chuck d e e e o e ,
an a
cutting point that forms t h thr d F ig 1 3 9 sho s e ea . .

w
th tool in d tail e
ithout som kind a
e .
Thr ds cut by a
ea ch s r f a e w e o
guid to st r t th m
e oft n mor a el ss croo k d
a re e e or e e or
drunk n To corr ct such

e
th ads and in cutting
e larg re e
sho n in F ig is som tim

.
thr ads t h doctor

e ,
e
1 4 0
,
w .
,
e es
empl oy d Th follo r opposit t h ch s r is mov d

e . e we e e a e e
up by t h thumbscr t h thr
e d d p ns e w as e ea ee e .
Th mos t xp nsiv
e d t t h s m tim t h mos t
e e e ,
an a e a e e e
d sir bl contriv nc f chasing scr thr d is

e a e ,
a e or e w ea s
sho n in F ig 1 4 1 A c sting fitt d to t h l th b d

w . . a e e a e e
h t
as rs w hich
wo ea bor d to r c iv t h round
,
a re e e e e e
F IG . 1 38 .
Fig
—
1 39 . Ch asi n g I n si de T h re a d s .
sliding d c ying t h tool hold r and tr c r Th

ro a rr e e a e . e
tool hold r is pl c d t h sliding d b t n t h t

e -
a e on e ro e wee e wo
e ars d it car i s
,
an ll fi t t d scr e hich b rs r e a we -
e w, w ea
a g inst t h horizont l b suppo t d by t squ r

a e a ar r e wo a e
posts hich fo m part of t h m in c sting Thi

,
w r a e a a . s
b forms guid hich m y b djust d ithin nar

ar a e w a e a e w
ro w limits by t h sc s n i t h ight h nd post e re w ee n e r .

a .
1 32 H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
th is p ovid d ith a f c pl t h ving long
Th e la e r e -
w a e a e a a .
boss ng d to r c iv thimbl s h ving l ding

a rra e e e e e a ea
thr ds of di ff r nt pitch s cut on th m Th tr cing

ea e e e e . e a
ar m ca ri s a thin tr cing hich ng g s t h thr d d

r e a w e a e e ea e
thimbl s d is cap bl of yi lding t admit f mov

e ,
an a e e o .
o
i g t h cutting tool for

n e rd g inst t h obj ct b ing wa a a e e e
thr d d ; but b ing ll fitt d to t h mortis in t h

ea e e we e e e e
ar m it c nnot mov l t r lly aithout c r ying t h e a e a w a r e
sliding d d ll tt ch d to it T h tr cing tool is

ro an a a a e . e a
slott d to r c iv a pin w hich pass s transv rs ly

e e e e e e e
F IG . 1 40 . A D oc t or for C ut t i n g L a rg e Th re a ds .
through t h h ad of t h tracing arm d in t h slot i

e e e ,
an e s
pl c d spiral spring hich t nds to th o t h tr c r

a e a w e r w e a e
for rd wa .
Th op ration f this d vic n ds no sp ci l

e e o e e ee e a ex
planation Th arm th t c r i s t h cutting tool is

. e a a r e e
mov d for rd until its djusting scr strik s t h

e wa a ew e e
ho izont l guid b ; t h t cing tool t t h s m

r a e ar e ra a e a e
tim ng g s t h l ading scr

e e a d c ri s ll for rd
e e e e w an ar e a wa .
I Vh then tool h tr v l d f e d si bl it is as a e e as ar as e ra e
dr n back d r tu n d t its origin l position I Vi t h

aw an e r e o a .
this tool th ads m b cut on ith cylindric l

re av e e e r a or
t p ing ork
a er w .
H O ME ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 33
1 34 H O ME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
It is om t i m s d s i bl to fo m spir l g oov s i
s e e e ra e r a r e n
th f c
e f a disk ; this m y b
a e o ccomplish d in x ctly a e a e e a
t h s m mann r as in t h cas
e a e f th li d i l e ork e e o e cv n r ca w .
Th m thod f doing it is illustr t d by F i g 1 4 2

e e o a e . .
K nurls f va ious patt ns o sho n in F ig 1 4 3r er a re w . .
Th s e employ d in b ding milling

a re e knurl e
“
ea ,
” “
,
”
or
ing t h h ads f scr s t h handl s f small tools t

e e o e w ,
e e o , e c .
Th mann r
e f using this tool is sho n in F ig 1 4 5
e o w . .
F IG C G . 1 42 . ut t i n g S p i ra l roove s .
Th knurl is plac d b t
e t h forks f a hold and e e ween e o er
up n pin th t p ss s through t h fork and is h ld

o a a a e e ,
e
w ith consid r bl pr ssur against t h w ork it

e a e e e e as .
re
volv s e .
Th knurls sho n in F ig 1 44
e il md w . a re e as v a e .
All that is r quir d is a hub som thing lik th t e e e e a
sho n i F ig 1 3 1 This is pl c d b t n t h c nt rs
w n . . a e e wee e e e
of t h lath and t h knu l bl nk is b ough t in cont ct

e e ,
e r a r a
w ith i t and llo d t r volv in a hold r support d

a we o e e e e
by t h tool st Th st ight b l nk is mov d up d
e re . e ra a e an
do wn until v y p rt of t h surfac is cut in t h s m

e er a e e e a e
wa y . T h conc v
e blanks c nnot b mov
a d eb t t h a e e ,
u e
F IG . 1 43 . K n u rls .
F I G 1 44
. . E x a m p le s of K n u rli n g .
F IG K . 1 45 . n u rli n g .
hub should fit t h hollo f t h e w o e f c f t h bl nk Th

a e o e a . e
f ncy knurl sho n in F ig 1 4 3

a w . must b m d by a d i e a e .
e
sink r F ig 1 4 4 r pr s nts
e . . e e e ex mpl s f knurling
a e o
don w ith knu ls sho n in t h

e r w e pr c ding figur
e e e .
R O TA R IY C U TT E R S
s ving of fil s tim m t i ls d p ti nc b
Th e a e ,
e ,
a er a an a e e v
t h mploym
e nt of
e such rot y cutt rs m y b e ar e as a e
profitably us d in conn ction ith a foot l th e e w a e ,

c an
h dly b ppr ciat d b

ar h h n v r att mpt d
e a e e v on e w o as e e e e
to this cl ss of tools It is stonishing h much

use a . a ow
v y hard labor may b sav d by m ns f a sm ll

er e e ea o .
a
F IG M C . 1 46 . e tal i rc u la r S a w .
circular lik that sho n in F ig 1 4 6 This tool

sa w e w . .
,
lik m ny f t h oth rs d scrib d in this s ction

e a o e e e e e ,
c an in mos t instanc s b purch s d ch p r th n it

,
e , e a e ea e a
c an b mad d t h ch nc s
e in f vor f its b ing
e ,
an e a e a re a o e
a mor p rf ct a ticl H o v r it is not so di fficult

e e e r e . we e ,
to m k might suppos A pi c f sh t st l
a e a s on e .
e . e e o ee ee
m y b chuck d up n t h f c pl t
a e on ood n e o e a e a e ,
or a w e
block att ch d to t h fac pl t h r it m y b bor d

a e e e a e ,
w e e a e e
to fit t h m nd l d cut in circul r form b

e saw a re ,
an a v
m ans f suit b l h nd tool It m y th n b plac d

e o a a e a . a e e e
upon t h m nd l and turn d t u e d it is a ll re e r e ,

an we
enough t m k it littl thinn r in t h middl th n

o a e a e e e e a
at t h p riph ry e e e
Th r s v r l m thods of forming t h t th
.
e e a re e e a e e ee on
a circul r It m y b sp c d d fil d it m y
a saw . a e a e an e ,
or a
H O ME M E CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 37
b knu
e l d sho n
r ein F i g 1 4
as7 d th n fil d l ing w .
,
an e e ,
e av
v y thi d fou th tooth form d by t h knu l ;

,
r or r e e r or
e e r
it for som purpos s b knu l d d not fil d e e ,

e r e an e
F IG K D k . 1 47 . n u rli n g t is .
at ll Anoth
a .
y of fo ming t h t th is to
er w a mploy r e ee e
a hub som thing lik th t us d in m king ch s s

e e a e a a er ,
as
sho n in F ig 1 4 8 Th di ff nc b t n this hub

w . . e e re e e wee
and t h oth r e f rr d to is that t h thr d h

e on e re e e ,
e ea as
on estraight sid co sponding ith t h radial sid f

e rre w e e o
F IG . 1 48 . H u b fo r S a w Ma i n g k .
1 38 H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
the tooth bl nk f om hich t h
. is m d i
Th e a r w e sa w a e s
pl c d
a estud proj cting from h ndl m d p
on a e a a e a e s e
ci ll f
a t h purpos
v d hav i ng
or ound d d hich
e e ,
an a r e en w
supports t h dg f t h bl nk t h t th fo m d e e e o e a ,
as e ee a re r e
by t h cutt rs on t h hub
e e e .
F IG m . 1 49 . S a ll S aw .
Th aft r t h t th fo m d m y b h rd n d
e sa w ,
e e ee a re r e ,
a e a e e
an d t mp r d b y he ting it slo ly until it tt ins a

e e ea w a a
ch rry d d plunging it str ight do n dg is into

e re ,
an a w e ew e
cool cl n t r O r movi g i t from t h

,
ea wa e tr . n e n e wa e
it should b dri d d cl n d ith pi c f m rye e an ea e w a e e o e e
p p r d its t emp dra n to a purpl ov r a Bun

a e ,
an er w e e
se n g fl m ov
as r t h fl m f
a lcoholel mp ,
e e a e o an a a or
ov r a hot pl t of iron Th sm ll
e sho n in F i g
a e . e a sa w w .
1 4 9 is sily m d f om a rod of fi st l It is v ry
ea a e r ne ee . e
us fu l f slitting sh t br ss d tub s slotting sm ll

e or ee .
a an e , a
sh fts nicking scr s t B ing quit sm ll it has

a ,
ew ,
e c . e e a
FIG C
FIG 1 5 0 . . M a n d re l . . 1 5 1 . ut t e r .
th dv nt g of h ving f t th to k p in ord r d
e a a a e a e w ee ee e , an
it m y b m d h d th n thos f l rg r di m t r
a e a e ar er a e o a e a e e .
A s i s of th m v ying in di m t r from
er e ighth e ,
ar a e e on e e -
to th ighths of inch d v rying consid bly

re e e -
an ,
an a e ra
in thickn ss ill b found v ry conv ni nt

e ,
w e e e e .
Th s cutt s s s ith t h xc ption f t h

e e e r or aw ,
w e e e o e
sm lla m y b us d t t h b st dv nt g in
e r on e ,
a e e o e e a a a e c on
nec ti onith t bl lik th t sho n in F i g 1 5 3

w a saw a e ,
e a w . .
This is a pl n i on t bl h ving a longitudin l groov

a e r a e a a e
i
n i t fac to r c iv t h guiding rib f t h
s e cri g e e e e o e a r a e ,
sho w n i F ig 1 5 4 and t nsv rs groov running

n .
,
a ra e e e
half w y across to r c iv slitting g ug

a sho n ,
e e e a a e ,
as w
in F ig 1 5 3 Th tabl is support d b stand d

. . e e e v a ar or
sh nk hich fits into t h tool r st sock t Th w

a , w e -
e e . e sa
FIG . 1 5 2 . Ma i n g k a C ut t e r .
mandr l is support d b t n t h c nt s of t h l th
e e e we e e e er e a e ,
an d th w proj cts mo
e sa or l ss th ough slo t form d e re e r a e
in t h t bl Th gaug s rv t guid t h w ork t

e a e . e e e es o e e o
be slott d and oth r kinds f o k may b plac d

e ,
e o w r e e
on or against t h carri g sho n in F i g 1 5 4 e a e ,

w . .
It i v ry simpl m tt r to arr ng guiding pi c s

s a e e a e a e e e
for cutting at any angl d th t bl m y b

.
e ,
an e sa w a e a e
us d f ith m t l
e or e ood Th s s f ooder e a or w . e aw or w
di ff from thos us d for m tal ; t h l tt r
er fil d e e e e a e a re e
straigh t t h form r di gonally fl m i g Among

,
e e a or ea n .
1 40 H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MA E T UR S
the m ny us s to hich m t l s s m y b ppli d
a e w e a aw a e a e we
m ntion t h slitting of sh t m t ls splitting ir s d

e e ee e a ,
w e an
rods slotting d grooving nicking sc s t F ig

,
an ,
re w ,
e c . .
1 5 5 sho a hold f r iving scr s to b nick d

ws er or ec e ew e e .
It is us d in conn ction ith t h

e t bl d is e w e saw a e ,
an
mov d ov r t h
e ag inst t h g ug
e e saw a e a e .
T facilit t t h
o r mov l of t h scr s t h hold r
a e e e a e ew e e
m y b split longitudin lly

a e d hing d tog th A a an e e er . n
oth r m thod f nicking scr s i illustr t d by F i g

e e o ew s a e .
FIG b . 1 5 3 . S a w T a le .
1 5 6 A simpl l v r fulc um d on bar h ld b t h

. e e e ,
r e a e v e
tool post is drill d d t pp d in t h d to r c iv

,
e an a e e en e e e
t h scr
e Aft r djusting t h tool ll th t is quir d
ew . e a e a a re e
is t ins t t h scr
o er d p ss do n t h e h ndl so ew an re w e a e
as t bring t h scr h d into cont ct w ith t h

o e ew ea a e saw .
Wh r l th is provid d ith
e e a a ngin r st t h
e e w an e e e e
cutt r sho n in F ig 1 5 1 mount d

e w th m ndr l .
,
e on e a e
sho n in F i g 1 5 0 is v y us ful ; it is us d by cl mp
w .
,
er e e a
ing t h ork t t h slid r st d moving it und r t h

e w o e e e an e e
cutt r by orking t h slid st sc

e w e e re re w .
H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 41
m k cutt of this kind is mo di ffi cult th n

To a e a er re a
to m k ad t do it r dily
e milling m chin
a sa w ,
an o ea a a e
w oul d b r qui d It m y b don ho v on

e e re . a e e ,
we e r, a
pl in foot lath by mploying V sh p d cutt

a d e ,
e a -
a e e r an
F IG . 1 5 4 . S aw C a rri a g e .
using hold r (F i g 1 5 2 ) h ving

a ngul groov
e . a an a ar e
f orr c iving t h cylind on hich t h cutting dg s

e e e er w e e e
a re form d Th bl nk b sp c d ith su ffici nt

e . e a c an e a e w e ac
cur cy by m ns f a fi p ir f divid rs d aft r

a ,
ea o ne a o e ,
an e
th fi st g oov is cut th r ill b no di ffi culty in

e r r e e e w e
g tting t h st suffici ntly accur t as nib ins rt d

e e re e a e ,
a e e
in t h sid of t h guid nt rs t h first groov and ll

e e e e e e e e a
of t h oth s in succ ssion and r gul t s t h sp cing

e er e e a e e a .
O of t h b st pplic tions of this tool is sho n

ne e e a a w
in t h sm l l ng aving In this c s a t bl simil

e a e r . a e a e ar
to t h t bl b fo d scrib d is suppo t d in
e saw a e e re e e .
r e a
v rtic l position d arr ng d t ight ngl

e a ith ,
an a e a r a es w
F IG . 1 5 5 . H old e r fo r S c re w s .
t h cutte m ndr l Th m nd er a e . e a re l is of t h s m di m e a e a
e t e t h cutt
r as d s v s e e r, a n er e as a guid to t h p tt n e e a e r
w hich c i s t h o k to b op
a rr e e w r e e ra t d u pon Th p in
e . e r
c ip l of this cont iv nc is
a use r a e to sh p t h dg s of a e e e e
curv d i gul r m t l or k Th c sting t b
e or rre a e a w . e a o e
finish d i f st n d b y c m nt if sm ll d by cl mps
e s a e e —
e e a ,
an a ,
if l g to p tt n h ing x ctly t h sh p r quir d

ar e —
a a e r av e a e a e e e
in t h finish d ork
e e w .
F IG k . 1 5 6 . Ni c in g S c re w s .
By moving t h p tt rn in cont ct ith t h t bl and e a e a w e a e
th mandr l hil t h l tt r r volv s t h dg f

e e ,
w e e a e e e ,
e e es o
th ork ill b sh p d d finish d at t h sam tim

e w w e a e an e e e e .
By substituting conic l cutt r for a cylind ic l a a e . r a on e ,
th ork m y b b v l d ; by using both t h dg m y

e w a e e e e , e e e a
b mad smooth and squ r

e e hil t he corn r is b v l d a e ,
w e e e e e .
Th tool sho n in F ig 1 5 7 might prop rly b c ll d

e w . e e a e
a ba r l r I t is mad by drilling i
e sa w .th d of e n e en a
F IG . 15 7 . B a rre l S aw .
st l d d fo rming t h t th ith fi l T avoid

ee ro an e ee w a e . o
cr cking in t mp ring sm ll hol should b d ill d

a e e a a e e r e
through t h sid n ar t h bottom of t h larg r hol

e e e e e e e .
T insu
o th f orking of t h tool it should b
re e re e w e e
tu n d so th t its cutting dg ill b r th r thick r

r e a e e w e a e e
th n t h portion b hind it This tool sh ould b m d

a e e . e a e
in v rious siz s
a e .
A S ILY M A DE S L I DE R E S T
E
Whil t h most f t h eo k to b don e t h foot o e w r e e on e
lath m y b accomplish d
e a xp d itiously d quit
e e as e e an e
as ll w ithout slid r st as ith it y t th r

we a e e w ,
e e e a re
som op r tions th t
e gr tly f cilit t d by m ns
e a a a re ea a a e ea
of this tool Boring for x mpl v ry di ffi cult thing

.
,
e a e— a e
t d w ith h nd tools
o o m y b don quickly d
a —
a e e an ac
t ly by using a slid r st
c u ra e In g cutting d e e . e ar —
e
scrib d in anoth p rt f this s ction slid r st is

e er a o e —
a e e
ess nti l e a .
FIG Cm R . 1 5 8 . Th e o p le t e S li d e e st .
In t h c s f this to l e ll oth s p i l
a e o o ,
as w e as er re v ou s v
d sc ib d t h pu ch s of
e r e ll m d ticl is m
,
e r a e a w e -
a e ar e re c o
m nd d Y t i f h tim d f ls so inclin d h
e e . e on e as e an ee e ,
e
may m k r lly ffici nt slid r st ith no oth r

a e a ea e e e e w e
tools th n his l th d o din y tu ning tools F igs

a a e an r ar r . .
1 5 8 to 1 6 0 inclusiv r p s nt a slid r st th t m b e e re e e e a av e
m d in this y F i g 1 5 8 b ing p sp ctiv vi

a e wa ,
. e a er e e ew,
an d F igs 1 5 9 d 1 60 p t i l longitudin
. l and an re s ec ve v a
t nsv rs s ctions of t h tool c rri g

ra e e e e a a e .
1 44 H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
Th T sh p d c sting A h
e -
a longitudinal slot
e a , ,
as a ,
w hich is m d T shap d in cross s ction to c iv t h

a e -
e e re e e e
h d f t h bolt th t confin s it in position upon t h

ea o e a e e
pl t fitt d to t h l th b d Th v rtical s at p
a e e e a e e . e e e ar o
p i
ost d e f t h
en c sting s obo d to c iv t h nds e a a re re re e e e e
of t h rods B upon
e hich t h tool c rri g C slid s
, ,
w e a a e , ,
e .
Th first Op tion in making t h slid r s t is to

e e ra e e e
mak sid of t h c sting C p rf ctly plan It is

e on e e e a , ,
e e e .
F IG . 1 5 9 . L on g i tu d i n a l S e c t i on of S li d e R e st .
FIG .R 1 60 . T ra n s ve rs e S e c t i on of S li d e e st .
th n chuck d in t h l th ith t h pl n sid n xt

e e e a e w e a e e e
t h fac pl t
e Th hol s
e bor d through it t
a e . re e e a re e , wo
for th ods B d a sm ll r
e r for t h sc
,
G ,
an a e on e e re w ,
.
It is th n chuck d e ngl pl t so th t t h hol s e on an a e a e ,

a e e
for t h ods B e r qu lly dist nt f om t h c nt r lin

, , a re e a a r e e e e
o f t h l th e d t h hol for t h rod D is bor d v y

a e an e e e ,
e e r
c r fully to insu t h p ll lism f its sid s Th

a e re e a ra e o e . e
c sting A is
a pl c d upon pl n su f c and t h
, ,
n ow a e a a e r a e ,
e
c sting C is cl mp d to t h
a ,
t of its nds d
,
a e e e ar a on e e ,
an
a djust d so th t lin d n th ough t h c nt of

e a a e ra w r e e er
th hol s is x ctly p ll l ith t h bottom f t h

e e e a a ra e w e o e
c sting Th c sting C is us d in this m nn r a

a . e a , ,
e a e as
t mpl t for drilling b oth of t h a s f t h r c ption

e a e e e r or e e e
o f th ods B It ill b n c ss y to x rcis g t

e r . w e e e ar e e e re a
c in d illing th s hol s it is of vit l impo t nc

a re r e e e ,
as a r a e
to h v t h rods B p rf ctly p ll l
a e e , ,
e e a ra e
Th c sting C m y
e b at pp d to r c iv t h , ,
a n ow e a e e e e e
sc G d t h tool car ying b D m y b fitt d

re w , ,
an e -
r a r, ,
a e e
to its pl c d turn d do n d thr d d to r c iv

a e ,
an e w an ea e e e e
th int n lly thr d d boss of t h h l E This

e er a ea e e w ee ,
.
boss i fitt d to t h b s f t h c sting C d is groov d

s e e a e o e a , ,
an e
ci cumf nti lly to r c iv split ring F t h l tt

r e re a e e e a , ,
e a er
b ing drill d to r c iv t h nds f th sc s th t

e e e e e e e o re e re w a
p oj ct th o g h t h c sting into it d pr v nt t h
r e r u e a an e e .
e
boss of t h h l E f om moving l ngth is of t h e w ee , ,

r e w e e
h ol hil t h r ng m nt p mits of t h fr rot tion

e ,
w e e a ra e e er e ee a
o f th h l Th b D h a h d hich is drill d
e w ee . e a r, ,
as ea w e
v tically to r c iv t h tool post d is provid d

er e e e e ,
an e
w ith h f th r t t h top hich is r c iv d by

a e a vv ea e a e , w e e e
t h s lot for m d by s
e ing into th upp r portion of t h e aw e e e
c sti g C To nd r t h b a i g of t h b D som
a n , . re e e e r n e a r, , e
w h t djust bl t scr s p ss th o gh t h c sting

a a a e ,
wo ew a r u e a
a bov t h f ath r Th tool post is of t h usu l d

e e e e . e e a e
sc iption h aving a loos coll r bov t h h ad of t h

r ,
e a a e e e e
b D
a r, d nut b lo it Th mo tis f r c iving
,
an a e w . e r e or e e
t h tool xt nds
e littl b lo t h loos coll r so th t
e e a e e w e e a ,
a
w h n t h tool i cl mp d t h post and ring ill lso

e e s a e e w a
b cl mp d
e A slot is cut thro gh t h bottom of t h
a e . u e e
c sting C into ch of t h gui d d h ol s to p rmi t

a , ,
ea e e ro e ,
e
o f djust m nt in c s
a f r b m n of t h scr s e a e o wea v ea s e e w
w hich p ss t ansv s ly th ough t h slot Th n d s of

a r er e r e . e e
the rods B f st n d by a similar d vic Th scr
, ,
a re a e e e e . e ew ,
G is pr v nt d from d motion by should r t h

,
e e e en a e on e
outsid f t h e ot th crank d and a collar

e e ar a e en , on
t h insid
e Th rods B e d D m y b m d of st l
. e ,
an ,
a e a e ee
or o f cold roll d iron ; t h latt r ill b tru nough

e e e w e e e
w ithout turning Th c sting m y b ith r of brass . e a a e e e
or iron ; good qu lity f i on ill p rhaps prov t h

a a o r w e e e
m ost satisfactory Th slot may b cut ith t h . e s e w e
F IG B m . 1 61 . o ri n g At t a c h en t .
sa s d scrib d in fo m r rticl Th tools t b

w e e a r e a e . e o e
u es d ith t h slid r st h v lso b n p viously

w e e e a e a ee re
d scrib d
e e .
In F ig 1 6 1 is r pr s nt d a boring d vic hich ill

. e e e e e e w w
be re adily und rstood ithout sp cial d sc iption Th
e w e e r . e
casting A is fitt d t t h too l r st sock t d pro id d

, , e o e e e an v e
w it h a sliding bar B hich is lik t h bar D in t h , , w e e , ,

e
s lid r st abov d scrib d xc pting tha t its back d

e e e e e ,
e e en
is round d d p ovid d ith pin hich slid s in t h

e an r e w a w e e
slott d m tt ch d to t h t il spindl f t h l th by
e ar a a e e a e o e a e
w hich it is mov d inst d of h ving moving d vic of e ,

ea a a e e
its With this tool boring d som kinds f out

ow n .
,
an e o
sid turning m y b don It is l ss xp nsiv th n

e a e e . e e e e a
t h slid r st
e d ns rs a good pu pos It is prob
e e an a we r e .
a bl th t i m king both th s tools t h s rvic s of a

e a n a e e e e e
m ch nic provid d w ith pl n r shap r w ill b

e a e a a e or e e re
quir d e .
I N DE X P L AT E S F O R G E A R C U TTI N G
Th many m t urs h ould m k th i
e re a re a a e w o w a e e r
ow n g r h l it t for t h xp ns f p
ea w ee s w e re n o e e e e o ur
ch sing t h troubl f divi d ing d drilling t h

a or e e o an e
ind x plat hich is t h princip l it m in t h p

e e , w e a e e a
p tus r q uir d in cutting sm ll g rs

a ra e e a ea .
O f cou s an ind x pl t m y b r epurch s d but t h e a e a e a e ,

e
mon y thu l id t ould go a long y to d p y

e s a ou w wa w ar a
ing for cutting ll t h g ars th t ould v r b a e e a w e e e re
qui d by most am t urs

re a e .
It is dmitt d th t it is di ffi cult to obtain bsol t

a e a a u e
accur cy by ordinary m thods but t h pl ns h sug

a e ,
e a e re
g st d ill prob bly giv as n arly p f ct sults as

e e w a e e er e re
c an b obtain d ithout copying noth r ind x pl t

e e w a e e a e
or using dividing ngin a e e .
Th ind x pl t b fo b ing divid d should b

e e a e ,
e re e e e
nic ly tu n d d fitt d to t h pl c it ill occupy

e r e an e e a e w on
t h l the This ill g n lly b

a e . t h l rg r sid f w e e ra e on e a e e o
t h con pull y
e e e .
T m thods of g du ting ind x pl t

wo e il ra a an e a e a re
lustr t d by t h accomp nying ng vings O con

a e e a e ra . ne
sists in loc ting t h hol s by using p p sc l s hich a e e a er a e w
a re p int d f om ngin divid d pl t s d

r e th r e e e a e ,
an a re ,
e re
fo v ryre ,
l ccur t Th oth consists i divi d
e n e ar v a a e . e er n
ing t h pl t by aid of a l rg p p r disk gr duat d by

e a e a e a e a e
h nda .
F th ormos t f pu pos s four o s f hol s w ill

e o r e r w o e
a ns r Th b st numb of h ol s f t h di ff r nt
we . e e er e or e e e
r o s is follo s 2 4 0 2 00 1 44 1 32 2 4 0
w as b w : , , ,
. c an e
divid d follo s 1 2 0 6 0 4 8 4 0 30 2 0 1 5 1 2 6
e as w : , , , , , , , ,
.
I Vi t h 2 0 0 divisions 1 00 5 0 4 0 2 5 20 1 0 d 5 m y : , , , , ,
an a
b m d
e 1 4 4 divid s into 7 2 4 8 36 2 4 1 8 1 6 1 2
a e . e , , , , , , ,
9 8 6
,
1 3 2 into 6 6 44 33 2 2 1 1
,
.
, , , ,
.
T h b st m thod f dividing
e e ind x plat of hich e o an e e w
th erit h w y kno l dg er sid from duplic ting

as an w e e ,
a e a
a noth r sing a dividing ng i n is sh o n t h

e ,
or u e e ,
w on e
n xt p g A ood n block A is tt ch d to t h f c
e a e . w e , ,
a a e -
e a e
plat of t h l th by m ns of scr s d tu n d do n
e e a e ea ew ,
an r e w
t uly t h f c d upon t h d g A po tion of t h

r on e a e an e e e . r e
e dg is turn d to suit bl di m t r for r c iving

e e a a e a e e e e a
c rt in l ngth f p p r sc l C Th oth r portion f

e a e o a e a e ,
. e e o
th dg is p ss d by b k sho F hich is k p t
e e e re e a ra e e , ,
w e
u p by sc in t h st
a nd rd D An ind
re x E wis e a a ,
. e , ,
slott d d s cur d to t h t p of t h st nd d D by
e an e e e o e a ar , ,
a sc To t h f c of t h b lock A is s cur d t h
re w . e a e e , ,
e e e
ind x pl t B d in f ont of t h p l t th r is drill

e a e , ,
an r e a e e e a
suppo t hich t k s t h pl c of t h ordin y tool r st

r w a e e a e e ar e .
T h d ill is c p bl
e r f longitudin l ll rot y a a e o a as we as ar
motion in its suppo t ; it is d i n b b lt fr m t h r r ve v a e o e
d ivr h el of t h l th
w d is push d fo
ee ard a lim e a e ,
an e rw
i t d dist nc b
e t h h ndl s iv l d to t h
a ed of t h v e a e w e e e en e
d ill spind l
r Th siz of t h d ill ill b gov n d e . e e e r w e e r e
a ltog th b t h siz of t h pl t ; but in

e e r vc s e e e a e an v a e
it should b l g possib l l e b ing i as ar e as e ,

a w a vs e ar n
H OME ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 49
mind th t t h sp c b t n t h hol s sho ld b of suf

a e a e e wee e e u e
fi i ct idth to insu t h r qui d st ngth
en w re e e re re
Th t po tion of t h ood n block A hich r c iv s

.
a r e w e
, , w e e e
th p p e sc l C i c fully tu n d
a er to p mit
a e , , s a re r e so a s er
th nds of t h sc l to but ; t h sc l b ing v ry c
e e e a e a e a e e e a re
fully cut so th t its nds ill join accurat ly and r nd r

a e w e e e
F IG M G .
I x
1 62 . e t h od of ra d u a t i n g n de Pla t e s .
t h g du tions of t h sc l unifo m th oughout

e ra a Th e a e r r e
scal is b st tt ch d to t h block by m ns of p p r
.
e e a a e e ea a e
t cks or sm ll sc s F t h g t st numb r of
a a re w . or e re a e e
gr du tions giv n bov

a a t foot p p sc l e a e , a wo a er a e or
pi c s of sho t sc l s ill b qui d Th

,
t
wo e e r er a e w e re re e
,
inch s should b divid d into t nths Th block should

.
e e e e . e
be inch s in di m t h r it is surround d by
e a e er w e e e
1 5 0 H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
t he scal Th diam t r f that p rt ng g d b y t h
e . e e e o a e a e e
br k sho is t limit d t any particul r siz

a e e no e o a e .
It is obvious th t f drilling 2 4 0 hol s v ry mark a or e e e
on th sc l must b brought opposit t h ind x E

e a e e e e e , ,
an d t pp d by m ans f t h b ak
s e F w hile hol is e o e r e , ,
e a e
drill d Aft r d illing this

e . f hol s t h e r ro w o e ,
e row c on
t ining 1 4 4 hol should b drill d l aving a spac

a es e e ,
e e
b t n it and t h 24 0 w for t h 2 00
e wee F th e ro e row . or e
1 44 th op r tion t h sam as that alr ady

row e e a is e e e
d scrib d xc pt that a scal d i vid d into t lfths i

e e ,
e e e e we s
us d and alt rnat graduatio o ly

e ,
otic d Th e e ns n a re n e . e
i nt rm di t on s should b
e e cross d t a e that t h e e e ou ,
so .
e
scal ill r ally b a scal f inch s d ivid d into sixth

e w e e e o e e s .
F ort h 1 32 t h block is turn d do n t 7 inch

e row e e w o es
diam t r d t h sc l last us d is short n d to 22

e e ,
an e a e e e e
inch s and agai appli d t t h b lock and us d

e n e o e e as
b for
e e .
Aft r compl ting th s ro s f hol s t h drill i

e e e e w o e e s
mov d to t h sp c b t n t h first and s cond ro s

e e a e e wee e e w ,
t h block is turn d do n to
e inch s d 2 0 inch e w e an es
o f th p p r sc l first us d (inch s divid d into

e a e a e e e e
t nths ) is mploy d E v ry g adu tion t h p p r

e e e . e r a on e a e
scal is us d i this cas as in t h first instanc This

e e n e e e .
giv s 2 00 divisions
e .
Th pap r scal s r comm nd d for this purpos

e e e e e e e a re
thos us d by ngin rs d dr ughtsm n Th y may

e e e ee an a e . e
b obtain d f
e f c nts from any d al r in math
e or a e w e e e e
m t i l instrum nts
a ca e .
I F ig 1 63 t h l rg r circl r pr s nts a d isk f

n . e a e e e e e o
p ap r hich
e is car fullywdivid d into l g sp c s by e e ar e a e
m a s f ordinary d ivi d rs and t h larg spac

e n o e ,
e e es a re
subdivid d in t h sam y e e e wa .
In t h c nt r f t h pap r d i sk is plac d t h plat t

e e e o e e e e e o
H OME ME CH A NIC S F OR A MAT EUR S 1 5 1
b d ivid d
e d from t h
e c nt r of t h pl t ris s
,
an e e e e a e e a
stud t hich is accur t ly fitt d t h sl v ttach d

,
o w a e e e ee e a e
to t h d f t h r diu bar Th radius b x t nds

e en o e a s . e ar e e
b yond t h out r circl

e t h pap r disk
e d c rri s
e e on e e ,
an a e
an djust bl sl v to hich is ccur t ly fitt d

a a e ee e ,
w a a e e a
FIG I x G C. 1 63 . n de P la t e s for e ar utt in g .
d ill hich may b otat d by m ns f sm ll d ill

r w e r e ea o a a r
stock Th sl v t h t fo ms t h b ing Of t h r dius

. e ee e a r e e ar e a
bar is sho n in d t il in t h lo l ft h nd corn Of

w e a e wer e a er
th eng ving d t h sl v th t r c iv s t h drill is

e ra ,
an e ee e a e e e e
sho n in t h Opposit corn r

w e e e .
Whil drilling t h r dius bar is h ld in plac by a

e ,
e a e e
we ight or by m ans of a cl mp Aft r d illing ach hol e a . e r e e
th b eis mov d for ard

ar sp c d s cur d by t h e w on e a e an e e e
we ight or clamp Wh n of hol s is comp l t d . e on e row e e e ,
t h sl ve hich guid s t h d ill is mov d to rd t h

ee e w e e r e wa e
c nt r of t h disk d t h Op r tion Of d illing is

e e e ,
an e e a r c ar
ri d e b for By this m thod h t v r rrors m y

on a s e e . e w a e e e a
e xist in t h gr du tions t h p p r disk e gr tly a a on e a e a re ea
r duc d in t h ind x pl t d t h pl t produc d ill

e e e e a e ,
an e a e e w
b e ccurat nough for most purpos s if t h ork

a e e e e w on
t h pap r disk has b n car fully don

e e Th sm ll st ee e e . e a e
plat should b at l st thr sixt nths Of an inch

e e ea ee -
ee
thick and t h hol s should t b d ill d quit through

,
e e n o e r e e .
E ith r iron ebr ss m y b us d for t h disk Th l t

or a a e e e . e a
t orks t h asi st and ill ans r v ry purpos

er w e e e w we e e e .
A R CU TTI N G APPA R A T U S GE
Th ind x pl t e A is att ch d to t h l rg r f t h
e a e, ,
a e e a e o e
pull ys t h mand l Of t h l th by m n Of thr

e on e re e a e ea s ee
or four scr s d t h stop C p ovid d ith poin t ew ,

an e , ,
r e w a
we ll fitt d to t h hol in t h pl t is h ld in position

e e es e a e ,
e
on t h b d pl t B by scr p ssing through slot in

e e a e , ,
a ew a a
t h foot into t h b d pi c
e Th stop C is cap bl Of e e e e . e , ,
a e
sp inging su ffici ntly t dmit f ithdr ing t h pin

r e o a O w aw e
from t h hol t h pl t and it is strong nough to

e e In e a e ,
e
hold t h pl t ithout vibration T st nd rds G

e a e w . wo a a , ,
mount d t h pl t B suppo t pull ys ov r hich

e on e a e , ,
r e e w
t h driving b lt runs
e Th g ar cutt r h d consists Of
e . e e e ea
a casting D fitt d t t h tool post f t h slid r st

, ,
e o e O e e e ,
and t h mandr l E provid d ith pull y d

e e , , e w a e an
mount d c r fully fitt d c nt rs in t h c sting Th

e on a e e e e e a . e
c sting D h upon opposit sid s n r t h upp r d

a , ,
as e e ,
ea e e en ,
ea rs ( sho n in F i g 1 6 5 ) for r c iving t h pull ys

as w . e e e e ,
I I OM E ME CH AN I C S A MATE UR S 1 5 3
1 5 4 H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
a hich guid t h d iving b lt so th t t h cutt r
b , w e e r e ,
a e e
m yba mov d c oss t h fac of t h h l b ing cut

e re e a r e e e w ee e
without changing t h t nsion of t h b lt Th e e e e . e ex
t m d f t h loop form d by t h b lt is support d

re e en O e e e e e
F IG . 1 65 . D e t ail of G e ar C ut t e r .
by pull y H mount d
the st nd d ising fro m
e , ,
e on a a ar r
t h l th b d
e Th st nd rd m y b pl c d f
a e e . nough e a a a e a e ar e
f om t h slid r st to admit f putting t h t il stock

r e e e o e a
b t n it d t h slid r st in c s it should b
e wee an e e e a e e nece s
to t h t il stock f suppo ting t h o k

use e a or r e w r .
F I G 1 66
. .
De t a i l of P u lle ys . C u t t e rs .
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 5 5
m ndr l E is p ovid d ith coll

Th e a d nut e , ,
r e w a ar an a
for cl mping t h cutt r F It ill b notic d th t t h

a e e ,
. w e e a e
cutt r com s x ctly Opposit t h lin Of t h l th

e e e a e e e e a e cen
t rs d th t it occupi s bout t h s m position in

e ,
an a e a e a e ,
r l tion to t h tool post th t t h point f o din y

e a e ,
a e o an r ar
turning tool do s Th cutt r F is sho n in F ig 1 6 6 e . e e , ,

w .
,
enlarg d Th upp r Vi r pr s nts t h sid t h

e . e e e w e e e e e , e
lo r vi t h dg f t h cutt It h but singl

we ew e e e o e er . as a e
tooth d is adapt d to b ss d simil r lloys only

an e ra an a a .
It m y b sh rp n d by grinding I Vh iron st l
a e a e e . en or ee
i to b cut t h cutt r should h v s v r l cutting dg s

s e e e a e e e a e e ,
and t h m ndr l E should h v la g r pull y

e a e , ,
a e a r e e ,
as
mor po r ill b r quir d and t h sp d must b

e we w e e e e ee e
slo r By s tting t h slid r st t

we . angl b v l e e e e a an e e e
g ars m y b cut
e a e .
I T S O N M O DE L M A K I N G H N
It is simpl m tt f a xp ri nc d instrum nt e a er or a n e e e e e
m k a m chinist to p oduc fi mod l ith tu n d

e r or a r e a n e e w r e
sh afts cut g ing t u pull ys d smooth orking

,
e ar ,
r e e ,
an w
c ms , but it is quit noth r thing for

a inv ntor e a e an e ,
w ithout tools m t i ls t mbody his id s in or a er a ,

o e ea a
w o king mod l v n though h m y hav a m ch nic l

r .
e e e e a e e a a
t sta e .
It is f ir t suppos th t v y m ch nic l inv nto

a o e a e er e a a e r
in t h s d ys f ch ap m chin y poss ss s som so t

e e a o e a er e e e r
o f a l th th s indisp ns bl m chin s
a e ,
as e e e a e a e a re n ow
m d f pric s ithin t h r ch f almost

a e or y e w e ea o an on e .
It is quit vid nt from an insp ction Of t h mod l

e e e ,
e e e s
o f t h Pat nt O ffi c
e that most inv ntors h und
e e ,
e w o er
t ak t m k th ir
e o mod ls xp nd gr t d l f
a e e ow n e e e a ea ea O
labor ithout corr sponding r sults In t h matt r f

w e e . e e o
1 5 6 H OM E ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S
g ing f inst nc
e ar i ll hittl his h ls in
,
or a e ,
on e w w e w ee
w ood noth ill bo o his g ing f om som d

,
a er w rr w e ar r e e
f t clock
un c hil still noth r ill purchas r ady
,
w e a e w e e
m d h ls from
a e f our
w ll kno n firms making
ee on e o we w
a busin ss of furnishing p rts of mod ls

e a e .
O f t h thr m thods Of obt ining t h g ring t h

e ee e a e ea e
l tt r i d b t d l t h b st
a e s un ll th t is n c ss ry
ou e v e e ,
as a a e e a
to b do in c s f t h c st g r h ls is t bor
e ne ,
a e O e a ea w ee , o
:
d fi l up t h t th
an d t h cut g ar
e h ls e ee ,
an as e e w ee
F IG F G . 1 67 . ri c t i on e a ri n g
a re g n lly bo d t h sh ft m y b fitt d ithout

e e ra re ,
e a a e e w
fu th o k on t h h ls It is ho v r s ldom
r e r w r e w ee .
,
we e e
a bsolut ly n c e ssary to e tooth d g ring as rot y

e use e ea ,
ar
m otion m y b dily tr nsf r d by suit bl f iction

a e re a a e re a e r
w h ls by groov d sprock t h ls and a roun d

ee or e or e w ee
b lte .
F ig 1 6 7 sho s a form f friction g ring hich is

. w o ea w
b oth simpl and ff ctiv Th l g r h l is simply
e e e e . e ar e w ee
a disk Of sh t bras h vin g round d dg eed boss s a e e es, an

H O ME ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 5 7
spun sold r d on d small h l consis t s f t

or e e ,
an a e r w ee O wo
s g d disks Of st l h ving th ir conv x f c s s p

wa e ee a e e a e e a
ra t d by m t l sh littl thinn r than t h l rg

e a e a wa er a e e e a e
w h l Th s th m mb s s cur d to common
ee . e e re e e er a re e e a
boss by spinnin g t h d f t h boss p rtly ov r f e en o e a e on e O
t h d isks
e sho n in t h s ctional vi N 2 This
,
as w e e ew ,
O . .
fo m f friction g ring is nois l ss and runs strong

r O ea e e
e nough f t h r quir m nts f lmost y mod l

or e e e e o a an e .
F igs 1 6 8 d 1 6 9 sho
. fo m of sp ock t h l
an w a r r e w ee
FIG 1 68
k Wh
. .
S p roc e t e e ls .
w hich is r dily m d d is lmost positiv in its

ea a e an a as e
action g ing In this c s t h t as h ls

e ar . a e e wo w ee a re
alik ; t h consist f disks of sh t m t l nick d to a

e e v .
o ee e a e
uniform d pth from t h dg d t h arms thus fo m d

e e e e ,
an e r e
a re b nt alt rn t ly in Opposit dir ctions fo ming

e e a e e e ,
r a
g oov f r c iving t h round b lt us d in transf rring

r e or e e e e e e
motion from h l t t h oth r It is vid nt th t

on e w ee o e e . e e a
a b lt cannot slip
e h l f this construction on a w ee o .
F i g 1 7 0 sho s fo m f f iction g a ing f trans

. w a r o r e r or
f rring motion t i gh t ngl s d f impa ting

e a
'
r a e ,
an or r a
v i bl sp d to a shaft f o m anoth r h ft runnin g t

ar a e ee r e s a a
a uniform r t Th larg h l i this inst nc is a e . e e w ee s
n a e
m ly a plan disk f m t l mount d in t h m nn r

e re e o e a e e a e
alr ady d scrib d Th small r h l is groov d

e e e . e e w ee a e
m tal pull y sur ound d by an lastic rubb r ring

e e r e e e .
This is pr ss d ith mor l ss forc against t h m

e e w e or e e e e
t lli
a disk d its sp d m y b v ri d by moving i t
c ,
an ee a e a e
to rdwa ay from t h xis f t h disk

or a w e a o e .
As to t h m tt r f irr gular motion usu lly i m

e a e o e a
p t d by cams it is difficult t mak a cam in t h ordi

ar e ,
.
o e .
e
FIG . 1 70 . T ra n s f e rri n g M ot i on at Ri gh t An g le s .
n ary y ith t h milling m chin

wa w d th r pp s e a e ,
an e e a e ar
no v ry simpl y f cutting th m f om solid c stings

e e wa o e r a .
Th r is ho v r a simpl w y f building th m up
e e ,
we e ,
e a o e
from r adily Obtain d mat rials

e e e .
F ig 1 7 1 sho s a cam consisting f a cylind r f brass

. w o e o
or a s hort s ctio f brass tubing provid d ith t

e n o e w wo
h ds and mount d a haft Th cam groov is laid

ea e on S . e e
out on this surfac and t p r ll l pi c f squ r e , wo a a e e es o a e
b ss ir
ra sold d t t h surf c Of t h cylind r
w e a re e re o e a e e e ,
or f st n d by m ns f scr s Th y pl c d uni
a e e ea o e w . e a re a e
fo mly dist nt throughout t h ntir circumf r nc f

r a e e e e e e o
t h cylind r
e e .
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 5 9
F i g 1 72 . sho s m built up in t h s m y on t h
w a ca e a e wa e
f c of
a e a disk .
As t o sh fts t h mod l m k r m y s v hims lf much

a ,
e e a e a a e e
l bor
a an d xp ns by using S t ubbs st l f small
e e e
’
ee or
sh fts
a ,
an d cold oll d iron for la g r on s E ith r r e r e e . e
t h st
e ee l iron m y b bought in
or and thr foot a e on e ee
l ngths
e .
Almost nything in t h y of p rts of mod ls m y

a e wa a e a
b pu ch s d r dy f
e r so th t ll t h inv nto n d
a e ea or u s e ,
a a e e r ee
do is t combin th m d mount th m on suit bl

o e e an e a a e
F I G 1 71 . . D ru m Ca m . FIG . 1 72 . D k is Ca m .
f m ; but v n so simpl m tt r
ra e ood n f m e e e a a e a s a :w e ra e
f
or a mod l som tim prov s troubl som e e e e e e .
Th sm ll t nons e d mortis s di fficult t m k

a e an e a re o a e ,
an d t h fr m t b strong nough to b ar h ndling

e a e o e e e a
must b m d so h avy as to b t i l out f propor

.
e a e e e en re v o
tion A simpl and

. m thod f s curing t h joints e e a sv e o e e
of sm ll fram s is to cl mp t h p
a ts in t h position e a e ar e
th y t occupy in r l tion to ch oth r d th n

e a re o e a ea e ,
an e
d ill
r ith a sh rp t ist d ill t hol s th rough
, w a w r ,
wo e on e
pi c from sid t id d into t h d of t h butting

e e e o s e an e en e a
pi c th n ins rting t h rd ood pins h ving pr vi

e e ,
e e wo a w ,
a e
l co t d th m
ou s v ith glu This m k s a joint f
a e e w e . a e ar
st ong r th n t h m ortis d t non and i t is

r e a e e an e ,
ve rv
quickly don e .
1 60 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR . A MAT E UR S
PI N N I N G ME TA L S
Th Op r tion e f spinnin g m t ls
e a lthou g h xc d O e a ,
a e ee
i g ly sim pl
n d c p bl f b ing p
e c t ic d t d
an a a e o e ra e o a va n
t g in almost
a e shop d lso b t h mat ur m
e ve rv ,
an a v e a e e
ch ni upon t h foot lath is t g n ally und rstood

a e e e ,
no e er e .
O ne r son for this is th t t h rtis ns h follo this

ea a e a a w o w
F I G 1 73 . .
‘
Me t a l S pi n n i n g .
b nch f m ch nics
ra busin ss usu lly conduct it
O e a as a . e a .
und lock d doo s d it is ith consid bl d i ffi

er e r
,
an w e ra e
culty th t t h m t u in s ch of info m tion this

a e a a e r ear r a on
and kindr d subj cts can Obt in nt nc to

e f e a e ra e on e o
th s st blishm nt Th r son of this s c cy is

e e e a e s . e ea e re
pl in nough t h kink
a e
”
inkl ,
in pl in
as e
“
or
“
wr e ,
”
o r, a
E nglish t h kno l dg r quir d to do t h m ch nic l

,
e w e e e e .
e e a a
part Of spinning is so slight that is t h only s e c re c v e
prot ction e .
Th tools r quir d
e f Th y consist Of l th ;
e e a re ew . e a a e
a form mould on hich to sh p t h rticl ; tool

or w a e e a e a
r st ith s ri s f hol s f c iving pin to k p t h

e w a e e O e or re e a ee e
FI G 1 7 4
. .
FIG . 1 75 . S p i n n i n g T ools .
tool from slipping d f pinning tools burnish ,

an a ew s or
e rsOf diff r nt siz s d sh p s

e e e an a e .
T h l th t h
e am t ur is suppos d to poss ss ; t h
a e e a e e e e
tool r st h m y sily m k ; d t h only oth r ddi

e e a ea a e an e e a
tion to t h lath ill b b ck c nt r f t h fo m sho n

e e w e a a e e o e r w
in F ig 1 7 4 This fo m Of c nt r ans rs
. . st p to r e e we as a e
th ork ho ld r d ill b r consid r bl p ssu

e w e ,
an w ea e a e re re
w ithout undu friction e .
Th tools e quir d ho n in F i g 1 7 5 Th s e
re e a re S w . . e e ar
1 62 H OME ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S
simply h d st l burnish s f t h fo m sho n and
ar ee er O e r w ,
v rying in siz ith t h siz d kind Of ork t b

a e w e e an w o e
d on Th siz giv n in t h
e . ngr ving is bout righ t for
e e e e e a a .
am tu oka e foot l th N 1 sho s in t w

r w r on a a e . O . w o
F IG F IG 1 77
F L
. 1 76 .
.
Th e ms
or th e at h e .
F IG U B . 1 78 . Th e se of th e olt .
vi s ball tool N 2 sho s both sid d dg vi s

ew a . O . w e an e e ew
of curv d tool
a N 3 sho s
e pl in round burnish r
. O . w a a e .
In som inst nc s it may b n c ss ry to m k tools of

e a e e e e a a e
diff r nt forms Th Op r tor ill b guid d in t h

e e . e e a w e e e
s l ction of his t ools b t h p ticul r ork in h nd

e e v e ar a w a ,
an p ctic ill bring

d ra sugg stions to t h tool
e w new e as e s
and t h m nn r of using th m
e a e e .
Th m t rials g n r lly us d in spinning

e a e brass e e a e a re ,
copp zinc brit nni m t l d l d All Of th s

e r, , a a e a an ea . e e
m yb aork d t h foot lath but p h ps t h m

e w e on e e ,
er a e a a
F IG . 1 79 . FIG . 1 80 .
Th e Move me n t of t h e T ool .
ill d riv t h most s tisf ction t first b using

t e ur w e e e a a a v
britanni m tal it o ks sily d do s not r quir

a e ,
as w r ea an e e e
ann ling Articl s in this m t l also pr s nt h nd

ea . e e a e e a a
som pp r nc h d on h th r simply polish d

e a ea a e w en e , w e e e
F IG . 1 81 . F IG R
S p i n n i n g w i t h ou t a F or m . . 1 82 . S pi n n i n g a in g .
orpl t d $ inc must b spun quit h t A ticl s Of

a e . e e o . r e
b ss i f of con id bl d pth must b nn al d h

ra ,
s e ra e e ,
e a e e w en
form
Th e hich t h m tal is spun may b ith ron w e e e e e
hard soft ood m t l A good clos grain d pin

or w or e a . e e e
a ns rs as ll as nything f most purpos s d i

we we a or e ,
an s
ve rv r dily turn d t t h r quir d form It m y b

ea e o e e e . a e
a ttach d to t h fac plat B and t h disk t b spun

e e e e, , e o e
may h h ld gainst it at first by a hard ood m t l

e e a .
w or e a
pi c C as sho n in F igs 1 7 6 and 1 7 7 hich is forc d

e e , ,
w .
,
w e
against t h disk by t h tail c nt r Aft r t h spinning

e e e e . e e
is a littl dvanc d cup sh p d hold r is appli d as

e a e , a -
a e e e ,
sho n in dott d lin s i F ig 1 7 7 S om tim s t h

w e e n . e e e
F IG C .Rfl 1 83 F IG
. on c a ve e ec t or . . 1 84 . Cu p .
hold r is s cur d by bolt that runs through both it

e e e a
an d t h form or m ould as sho n at D F ig 1 7 8

e In , w , . .
som cas s a littl rosin is appli d t t h form t i

e e e e o e o h
cr as t h friction but this is r r ly n c ss ry Th

e e e ,
a e e e a . e
m otion f t h lath should b quit rapid and t h disk

o e e e e , e
should r c iv coating f g as (lard h avy i l )

e e e a o re e or e o
b for applying t h burnish r A v ry strong solution

e e e e . e
Of soap m b us d inst d f Oil Th position of t h

av e e ea o . e e
w orkman d t h m nn r f holding t h tool may b

an e a e o e e
s in F i g 1 7 3 It ill b notic d that t h pin in t h

een . . w e e e e
tool st s rv s as fulcrum for t h tool hich must

re e e a e ,
w
b brought
e ith consid r bl pr ssur g inst t h sur
w e a e e e a a e
fac e o f disk This pin is mov d for rd f om tim

the . e wa r e
to tim th o k dv nc s Th mov m nt f t h
e as e w r a a e . e e e o e
tool m y b s n in F igs 1 7 9 d 1 8 0 Th sh p t k n
a e ee . an . e a e a e
by t h m t l in front of t h tool ill lso b s n In

e e a e w a e ee .
sw m g g t h tool to
in rd t h form it is mov d in t h
e wa e e e
F IG . 1 86 . B a ll
F IG V . 1 85 . F IG ase . . 1 87 . Pit c h e r .
di ction f t h arro as sho w n in F ig 1 7 9 d it is

re o e w .
,
an
car i d back sho n in F ig 1 8 0 This l st op ration

r e as w . . a e
is v ry ss ntial t t h prop r fitting f t h mould d

e e e o e e o e ,
an
it also thick ns t h m tal T much should t b e e e . OO no e
a tt mpt d t a tim A succ ssion Of quick mov m nts

e e a e . e e e ,
as indicat d in F igs 1 7 9 d 1 8 0 und

e mod r t . an ,
er a e a e
pr ssur is much b tt r th n t d gr at d l f
e e e e a o o a e ea o e xe
cu ti at a singl st ok S hould t h m t l t nd t
on e r e . e e a e o
vib t buckl , pi c f ood m y b ppli d t t h
ra e or e a e e O w a e a e o e
b ck ith t h l ft h nd sho n i F i g 1 7 8
a w e e a ,
as w n . .
T h m thod Of spinning
e e cup pot ithout form a or w a
i illustrat d in F ig 1 8 1
s H t h m t l is support d
e . . e re e e a e
by a plain cylindrical mand l and is first spun into re

,
F IG C R . 1 88 . F IG
a rd V e c e i ve r . . 1 89 . as e .
t h fo m indicat d by t h dott d lin s

e r d th n bring
e e e e ,
an e
i g th
n burnish r on t h r turn strok only t t h
e e e e e o e
should hich forms t h l rg p t f t h

er w e a er ar .
o e ve s
se l . F sm ll o k on t h foot l th t h h ndl s
or a w r e a e e a e
Of t h tools n d t b
e long r p s nt d
ee no e as as e re e e ,
in F i g 1 73 Th l ngth commonly mploy d for ood

. . e e e e w
turning tools ill ns r w a we .
T spin
o ring a mandr l lik that sho in Fi g
a , e e wn .
ill b qui d A pl in fl t ing pl c d b t n

w e re re . a a r a e e wee
t h should s Of t h
e m nd l is p ss d upon by t h
er e a re re e e
roll r s n bov t h m ndr l until t h ring ssum s

e ee a e e a e e a e
t h d sir d fo m
e e N pkin rings
e m d in this y
r . a a re a e wa .
F IG . 1 90 . B as e .
F IG V . 1 91 . a se .
F i g 1 8 3 sho s
. conc v r fl ctor F ig 1 8 4 r pr s nts
w a a e e e . . e e e
a simpl cup form d of t pi c s F ig 1 8 5 r pr s nts

e e wo e e . . e e e
a small vas mad of thr pi c s t h sm ll r d Of

e e ee e e e a e en
t h upp conic l pa t and t h upp r portion f t h '
e e r or a r e e o e
1 68 H OME ME CH AN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
ba s pi c b ing sold d in sph rical conn cti g
e e e e e re a e e n
pi c Th t h lv s Of t h ball F ig 1 8 6
e e . e mad wo a e e ,
.
,
a re e
upon t h sam form Th dg s e bvld d l e . e e e a re e e e an so
d d tog th r Th pitch r F ig 1 8 7 i m d f fi
e re e e . e e ,
.
,
s a e o ve
spun pi c s a short cas t d turn d pi c tha t unit

e e ,
an e e e es
it t its b so d h ndl mad f squar ir Th

a e ,
an a a e e o e w e . e
card r c iv r F ig 1 8 8 has spu top and bas and

e e e ,
.
,
a n e ,
a cas t standa d Th vas F ig 1 8 9 consists f four r . e e ,

.
,
o
spun pi c s d thr l gs Of squar ir uniting t h

e e an ee e e w e ,
e
body ith t h bas F ig 1 9 0 sho s a bas f mag

w e e . . w e or a
n tic n dl or o t h r small appar tus F ig 1 9 1 p

e ee e e a . . re re
s nts vas compos d f s v n spun pi c s and t w

e a e e o e e e e o
h ndl s of squar ir M or compl x x ampl s f

a e e w e . e e e e o
w ork don by t h proc ss f spinning might b f

e e e O . e ur
n i h d s Th on s giv n
e . undoubt dly fi i t t e e e a re e su c en o
enabl t h mat ur to g t an id a f t h ndl ss vari ty

e e a e e e o e e e e
of articl s tha t may b mad by this simpl d asily

e e e e an e
acquir d art e .
P AR T I V .
M ODE L E N GI N E S AN D BOI LE R S
A H O M E M A DE S T E A M E N G I N E -
S TE A M E N G I NE ar fully mad is pi c c e e a e e
Of m ch nism t b proud f no m tt e a o e o ,
a er
ha t its p rticula d sig m y b A

w a r e n a e .
doubl acti g ngin f good proportio e -

n e e o n ,
w ith a b or d cylind r and forg d crank and cr nk

e e e a
sh ft and oth r parts mad in k ping is f

a , e e ee , ,
o
cou s t h b tt r form of st am ngin t mak but

r e ,
e e e e e e o e , ,
as we pr suming th t t v y mat ur h t h
a re e a no e er a e as e
f ciliti f building such

a es ngi n d scription of
or an e e ,
a e
a simpl singl acting ngin hich could b m d by

e e -
e e w e a e
an y boy h ndy ith tools is giv n

a It b mad ith
w e . c an e e w
an ordin ry light foot l th a bo ing is r quir d a e ,

as n o r e e ,
nor is th r y tu ning to b don th t do s t com

e e an r e e a e n o e
w ithin t h rang f such a l th e e o a e .
A vi Of t h ngin and t h boil r and ngin i

ew e e e e e e e s
giv n and also a s ctional vi sho ing t h constru

e ,
e ew w e e
tion f t h valv and valv op rating cam and t h

o e e e -
e ,
e
st am p ss g s in t h bas
e a a e e e .
Th cylind r consists Of a pi c A Of m ndr l dr

e e n e e , ,
a e -
aw
st l tubing ( hich n ds no boring ) 2 inch s long

ee w ee
1
7, e
an d 5 inch int rn l di m t r Th thickn ss f t h

e a a e e . e e O e
m tal forming t h tub is inch This pi c f tu b

e e e Ts
‘
:
. e e o
ing is fitt d to boss bout 4 inch high fo m d

e a ,
(
1, a ,
r e
b ass block n a This block is 1 9

,
on th e r d ,
e r on e en .
,
inch s long and inch thick and i provid d ith

e ,
s e w
lugs f r iving scr s by hich it is att ch d t
or ec e ew , w a e o
t h b as pl t
e I this block
e fo m d t h st m
a e . n a re r e e ea
[ 1 69 ]
1 70 H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR .
A MAT E UR S
p ss g s 1
a a d v lv chamb r
e This hol drill d
,
1 O, an a e e . e e
f om t h f ont b ck d d fo ming t h p ss g 1
r e r a w ar an r e a a e ,
1 ,
c iv s t h st m supply pip B A hol is drill d

re e e e ea e ,
. e e
f om t h r r d f t h block for rd to poin t

r e ea en o e wa a
a bout opposit t h c nt r of t h cylind forming ith e e e e e e r, w
t h hol e I t h st m duct d N ar t h r ar d f
e ,
(, e ea ,
0 . e e e en O
t h block is drill d a n inch hol

e from b n th hich e e ,
e ea , w
fo ms t h v lv s t just b d t h p ss g 1 A
r e a e ea ,
0 , e von e a a e ,
1 .
inch hol is st t d t t h v lv s t
3
1 g d con
e ar e a e a e ea , 6, an
tinn d t t h top f t h block This sm ll r hol is

e o e o e . a e e
count r bor d from t h top ith

e -
i nch drill l av
e e w a “ 5
1 3
“
,
e
ing t h v lv ch mb r Th count r bor d por t ion of

e a e a e . e e -
e
this hol r c iv s t h plug f hich is bor d l gi t d i

e e e e e , ,
w e on u
nally to r c iv t h v lv st m 9 f t h conic l valv

e e e e a e e ,
1
,
o e a e ,
c
’
Th. v lv st m is bout 3 } inch s long d is
e a e e a 3 e ,
an
provid d ith t h djust bl coll r 7 b t n hich

e w e a a e a ,
1 ,
e wee w
an d t h plug f is pl c d a spir l s pring

e hich t nd , ,
a e a w e s
t k p t h v lv normally clos d Th st m p
o ee e a e e . e ea as
sgs a de clos d ith scr plugs sho n

,
an O a re e w ew ,
as w .
T t h st l tub O hich forms t h cylind r is fitt d a

e ee e w e e e
piston of c st iron It is bout 1 4 inch s lon g d is a . a , e an
p ck d b t h st m
a e t contain d in t h groov
v e e a or w a e r e e es
i t h piston
n Th upp r
e d f t h piston is slott d . e e en o e e
t c iv t h lo r d of t h conn cting rod hich

o re e e e we en e e ,
w
is pivot d th in upon {t inch pin passing th ough

e e re a -
r
th piston d lo
e d f th conn cting rod an wer e n o e e ,
as
sho n in dott d lin s in t h s ction l vi

w e e e e a ew .
Th br ss block hich supports t h cylind r h

e a w e e as
lug on opposit sid s c iving scr

s hich pas e e re e ews w s
th ough th m into t h b s pl t This plat is 4

r e e a e a e . e
inch s id 5 inch s long and 3 inch thick At t h

e w e ,
e . e
r f t h v lv ch mb r is
e ar o post form d Of a inch
e a e a e a e -
squ br ss d 4 g inch s long s cur d to t h bas

a re a ro e ,
e e e e
pl t a e bv scr p ssing up d through t h plat

a e w a w ar e e
into th d of t h post
e en A simil r post is pl c d n r
e . a a e ea
the r r d of t h b s pl t Th nds f t h posts

ea en e a e a e . e e O e
a re squar d in t h lath Both posts bor d trans

e e e . a re e
F IG . 1 92 . S i m ple S te am E n g i n e .
ve rs e n r t h top t r c iv t h sh f t hich i 4
ly ea e o e e e e a , w s
inch in di m t r d 5 inch s long Th sp c b

a e e an e . e a e e
t n t h posts is 2 inch s d t h dist nc b t n

wee e e ,
an e a e e w ee
th s h aft d b s pl t is 3 5 inch s O t h sh ft
e an a e a e e . n e a ,
b t n t h posts is pl c d t h i on fl h l hich in
e wee e ,
a e e r v w -
ee ,
w
the pr s nt c s consists of ld valv h l 4 4 inch
e e a e an o e w ee e s
in di m t r bush d to fit t h sh ft d f st n d it h
a e e ,
e e a an a e e w
a se t scr e w .
Th d f t h shaf t
e en hich proj cts b yond t h post
o e w e e e
ov r t h cylind r c ri s
e e inch crank on hich is e ar e a
i
T
-
w
pl c d a conn cting rod This d m sur s 1 3 inch s

a
a e e . ro ea e -
e
b t n t h c t rs Of t h hol for t h cr nk pin and

e wee e en e e es
-
e a
t h pin in t h piston
e e .
In t h sid of t h cylind r e d rill d thr einch e e a re e ee 7 1;

1
h ol s in a hori z ontal lin

e d clos tog th r t form e ,
an e e e o
th xh us t port Of t h ngin hich is ntir ly

e e a e e e , w .
e e un
cov r d b y t h p ston h n it is in t h position sho n

e e e i w e e w
in t h ngraving Th xhaust r mains op n for abou t

e e . e e e e
a quart r f t h r volution This p rt is l ft xpos d

e o e e . o e e e
for cl n ss but it may b cov r d by hollo ring

e ar e ,
.
e e e a w
w hich circl t h cylind r and r c iv s an xhaust

en es e e e e e e
pip e .
O th l ft shaft is plac d cam in hos bos

n e e .
e a , w e s
t h r ise circumf r nti l groov and upon t h upp r

e a e e a e ,
e e
en d f t h valv st m is plac d a fork t h upp r

o e d e e e , e e en s
o f hich slid in t h groov in t h boss f t h cam

w eA e e e o e .
stu d in rt d i t h fork has upon it roll r hich

se e n e a e w
rolls t h high r part Of t h cam and op ns t h valv

on e e e e e e
at t h prop r instant Th s cam op ns t h v lv just

e e . i e e a e
b for t h piston ch s t h lo r limit Of its s trok

e e e re a e e we e ,
and allo s t h valv to clos just b for t h xhaust i

w e e e e e e e s
op n d by t h pisto
e e e n .
Th boil r f this n g in consists Of

e e copp r fl o t t
o e e a e a o
b found in t h mark t mad by

e l t l ti d e e ,
e an e ec ro v c e
posit f copp S uch fl o t fo ms a s aml ss boil r

O er . a a r .
e e e
cap bl f w ithstandin g g t pr ssur say 1 00

a e o a re a e e ,
pounds Th boil is mount d in tripod mad Of

. e er e a e
band iron d is fu nish d ith saf ty valv 4 inch an r e w a .

e e
in di m t t h l v r of hich is bout 2 inch s long
a e e r, e e e w a e ,
an d g du t d dra ight d so th t it ill blo ff t

a e an we e a w w O a
3 5 pounds thus insuring p f ct s f ty

, (T h ordina y er e a e . e r
Copp r flo t is not r comm nd d ) A b ss st m pip

e a .
e e e . ra ea e ,
inch int rn l di m t r is scr d into t h s f ty

e a a e e ,
ewe e a e
F IG . 1 93 . S i m p le S t e am En gin e .
v lv c sing b lo t h v lv t d h t its d
a e a e w e a e sa ,
an as a en a
mini tu ngl v lv hich is conn ct d to t h ngin

a re a e a e w e e e e e
by t h inclin d pip e d by lbo d nippl

e hich e ,
an e w an e w
ext nds into t h b s As t h ngl v lv is t oubl

e e a e . e a e a e a r e
som pi c of o k
e o din y stop cock is
e e m w r ,
an r ar re c o
m nd d in its st ad It should b plac d in t h i
e e e . e e e n
cli d pipne e .
Th b st burn r f this boil r is

e e Arg nd g e or e an a as
Buns n burn r lik that sho n Of cou s

e alcohole e w . r e an
l m p w ill ans r but it is not s f

a th gas we ,
as a e as e
bu n r r e .
F IG V . 1 94 . S e c t i on a l ie w of E n gin e .
Both ngin d boil r hould b mount d on

e e an e S e e a
suit bl b s boa d
a e a e r .
Th ngin is c p bl of m king thous nd

e e e a a e a a a or
t lv hu nd d r volutions p minut I t must b

we e re e er e . e
we ll balanc d for this sp d e ee .

boil is fill d h n cold through t h s f ty

‘
Th e er e w e e a e
v lv op ning by m ns of funn l h ving slim cor

a e e ea a e a a
rugat d tub Th boil r should b about t thirds

e e . e e e wo -
full f at r at t h st rto w e e a .
It is obvious a l rg ngin e could b m d on t h a er e e a e e
s m principl ; but t h front suppor t f t h sh ft

a e -
e e or e a
should b m d A sh p d and plac d n xt to t h

e a e -
a e e e e
c nk d t h m should b pl c d b t n t h sup
ra ,
an e ca e a e e wee e
port and t h fly h l ; t h sh f t suppo t ould th e -

w ee e a r w en
ext nd ov r t h cylind r bas

e e e e -
e .
A F E WAY TO R UN A S M A LL E N G I N E
A S
Almost v ry youth t som tim in his lif h e e a e e e as
cov t d st m ngin
e e som oth r motor h ving
a ea e e ,
or e e a
e n rgy d ability t mov f its lf d t imp rt m

e an o e o e an o a o
tion to oth r machin s but through f ar of fi from

e e ,
e re
t h lamp us d to g n rat st
e m nticip ting pos
e e e e ea ,
or a a
sibl xplosions h b n oblig d to for go t h pl sur

e e ,
as ee e e e ea e
o f b ing a b y ngin r and s k amus m n t in oth r

e o e ee ,
ee e e e
dir ctions E v ry b y
e a st am n gin sinc
. e o c an ow n e e e ,
e
on e can b purch s d f 5 0 c nts $ 1 $2 mor and

e a e or e , ,
or e ,
th n g in
e b e ith s f ty by m ans Of com
e c an e ru n w a e e
p ss d i Any ngi th t ill run by st am ill

re e a r . e ne a w e w
run qu lly ll ith compr ss d i
e a we w e e a r .
But h is t h compr ss d i to b furnish d d

ow e e e a r e e an
sto d f re Th r v y f famili s ithout

or u s e ? e e a re er ew e w
bicycl s and v ry bicycl r quir s a pump f i

e ,
e e e e e or n
fl t i g t h tir ; h y not
a n th s m pump t m
e e w use e a e o co
pr ss i for ngin Th boil r constitut a sm ll

e a r an e e ? e e es a
r s rvoi
e d an uxili ry r s voir m y b conn ct d
e r, a n a a e er a e e e
w ith t h boil by m ns of sm ll ubb tub Th

e er ea a a r er e . e
auxili y r s rvoir m y consist of pi c of strong

ar e e a a e e
3 inch galvani z d iron l ad r w ith caps sold d t h
-
e e e ,
e re on e
e nds ith a small tub ins rt d at any conv ni n t

,
w e e e e e
point t c iv a bicycl valv and anoth r small

o re e e e e ,
e
tub to r c iv t h pi c Of small rubb tubing w hich

e e e e e e e er
forms t h conn ction b t th e r s rvoir d t h e e ween e e e an e
e ngin t h boil r b longing t

e or th ngin e e e o e e e .
This boil r d r s rvoir w h n pump d up as muc h

e an e e e e
as possibl by ordinary x rtion ill run t h n g in

e e e , w e e e
w hil driving t h boat for about 1 5 minut s Th c p

e e e . e a s
to t h r s rvoir m ntion d
e e mad conical so tha t
e e e a re e
t h r s rvoir may b dra n in t h

e e e at r ft r t h bo t e w e w e a e e a ,
t h conn cting rubb r tub forming t h ha w s r for t

e e e e e e ow
i g t h r s rvoir
n e e e .
If it is d sir d t run a stationary ngin w ith m

e e o e e co
pr ss d i t h r s rvoir m y consist f a tin can A

e e a r, e e e a O .
1 gallon varnish can

-
ns rs v ry ll but it b a we e we , c an e
forc d t of shap and v n xplod d unl ss it is

e ou e e e e e e en
cas d i strong ood b fi tting it clos ly and p t

e n a w en ox e u
tog th r w ith scr w s

e e e .
A M I N I A T U R E CALO R I C E N GI N E
Th hot air ng n e t a v ry r c nt inv tio A e i e IS no .
e e e en n .
numb r f ngin s f this cla s f d i fi t siz w r

e o e e o s ,
o e re n es, e e
d vis d d us d i t h arly part f t h pr s nt

e e an e n e e o e e e cen
tury and in t h latt r part f t h l st c n t ury th r

, e e o e a e e e
we r in xist nc ngin s co struct d t b op rat d by

e e e e e e n e o e e e
th xp nsion f air
e e a o .
N othing i t h w y f a motor asid from a w ind

n e a o e
mill at r Wh l can b mor simpl than this and

,
or w e ee e e e
,
it is a pity that it is t capabl f mor g n ral p

‘ ,
n o e o e e e a
plic tion Motors of this kind hav b n us d t som

a .
e ee e o e
e xt n t f driving light machin ry d th y hav b
e or e an e e een
l rg ly mploy d in pumping t
,
a e e e wa er .
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S 1 77
it r c ntly c loric ngin s h v b n m d in t h

Qu e e e a e e a e ee a e e
form Of a toy illustr t d in t h follo ing g

,
as a e e w en ra v
ing In t h motor h r sho n t h air contain d in

. e e e w e e
th xp nsion cylind r is lt n t ly h at d and cool d

e e a e a e r a e e e e ,
an d no fr sh i is introduc d
e a r This ction is so pid e . a ra
F IG . 1 95 . S m a ll C a lori c E n gin e .
in sm ll ngin th t t h cr k sh ft can m k 6 00
a a e e a e an a a e or
7 00 volutions minut By x mining t h s ction l

re a e . e a e e a
vi s (2 3 d 4 F ig 1 9 6 ) a good id Of t h constru
ew ,
an ,
. ea e e
tion d op r tion of t h motor m y b Obtain d In

an e a e a e e .
F IG . 1 96 . S e c t i on a l V iews Of S m a ll C a lori c E n gin e .
bri f t h l rg r d long of t h t cylind rs (t h

e ,
e a e an er e wo e e
exp nsion cylind r ) cont ins long hollo piston

a e a a ,
w
c ll d t h transf piston hich fits t h li d v y

a e e
“
er
”
w e cv n er er
loos ly To this piston is tt ch d rod xt nding

e . a a e a e e
through a clos fitting sl v in t h top f t h cylind

e ee e e o e er
,
the p iston d b ing p ovid d ith conn cting rod ro e r e w a e
fitt d to t h c nk t t h middl of t h sh ft Th p
e e ra a e e e a . e u
p er p t f t h xp
ar nsion l i dO is fu nish d ith
e e a c v n er r e w a
w id fl ng fo ming p hich fits ov r t h sh t iron

e a e r a ca w e e ee
fi re box d to t h t p f t h xp nsion cylind

,
an e o o e e a e r a re
s cur d t h st ndards in hich is journ l d t h cran k

e e e a w a e e
sh ft a .
To t h fl ng is attach d t h po r c ylind r hich

e a e e e we e ,
w
is sho t d sm ll r in di m t
r e r an than t h xp nsion a e a e er e e a
cylind r This cylind r is p o id d ith piston to

e . e r v e w a
w hich is pivot lly conn ct d t h lo r d Of conn ct a e e e we en a e
ing d t h upp r d of hich c iv

ro ,
e cr nk pin e en w re e es a a
proj cting f om e f t h fly h ls t right ngl s to

r on e O e w ee a a e
t h tr nsf r piston cr nk
e a A hol bor d in t h fl g
e a . e e e an e
conn cts t h xp nsion cylind r d t h bottom Of t h

e e e a e an e e
po r c ylind
we sho n in N 2 F ig 1 9 6 d t h e r, a s w O .
,
.
,
an e
out d of t h hol is stopp d by scr

er en plug hich e e e ew w
c an b mov d for cl ning t h hol should it b com

e re e ea e e ,
e e
stopp d by oil or oth r is

e e w e .
An lcohol l mp is p ovid d for h ting t h p

a a r e ea e ex an
sion li d it b ing pl c d in posit i on to h t t h

c v n e r, e a e ea e
lo r d f t h cylind r sho n in t h l g r vi
we en o e e ,
as w e ar e e w .
Th t p f t h l mp is provid d
e o o ith h misph ic l
e a e w a e er a
c vity t t h bottom f hich is t h p rtur f fillin g

a ,
a e o w e a e e or .
Th stopp r consists Of m rbl dropp d into t h

e e a a e e e
h misph ric l c vity and s rving t h doubl purpos f

e e a a e e e e o
stopp r d s f ty v lv e an a e a e .
Th xpansion d po r cylind s cont in c rt in

e e an we er a a e a
a mount of i h ich is n v r ch ng d du ing t h p a r w e e a e r e o
e ra ti f th n g in xc pt by xp nsion d contr
on o e e e ,
e e e a an ae
tion H t h ving b n ppli d to t h lo r d of

. ea a ee a e e we en
th xp nsio li d t h ngin is start d by givin g

e e a n cv n e r, e e e e
t h crank sh ft
e t turns in t h dir ctio indi
a on e or wo e e n
c ate by t h arro s t h rims f t h fly h ls Th
d e w on e O e w ee . e
air t t h top f t h xpansion cylind r is tr nsf rr d

a e o e e e a e e
t t h lo
o r d Of t h cylind r by t h t nsf r piston
e we en e e e ra e
as it ris ; t t h sam tim t h p r piston d sc nds

es a e e e e ow e e e ,
and by this tim t h air is h at d in t h lo r part f e e e e e we O
th e xp nsion cylind r d b gins to xp nd Th

e a e an e e a . e
po r piston is in position t b push d up by t h air

we o e e e
pr ssur As t h po r piston r ch s t h upp r d

e e . e we ea e e e e n
of its strok t h transf piston d sc nds d t ansf rs

e ,
e er e e an r e
t h h at d air t t h upp r
e e e d of t h xpansion yli o e e en e e c n
d e r, h r it is cool d thus r ducing t h pr ssur d

w e e e ,
e e e e an
a llo ing t h po r piston t d sc nd g in This p

w e we o e e a a . o
e ra ti is r p t d at v ry strok It is almost i m p
on e ea e e e e . os
sibl to b li v that t h air can b h t d and cool d

e e e e e e ea e e
so r pidly a .
Th ffi ci ncy f t h motor can b

e e ncr s d by sur
e o e e I ea e
rounding t h upp portion f t h xp nsion cylind e er o e e a er
by a at r j ck t provid d ith
.
w e at r supply pip a e e w a w e e
a t th bottom and a discharg pip t t h top

e e e a e ,
as
sho n in N 5 F i g 1 9 6 and k ping continual fl

w O .
,
.
,
ee a ow
o f cool at r through t h jack t Wh n t h motor i

w e e e . e e s
us d for pum ping t h w at is forc d through t h

e ,
e er e e
jack t e
This littl motor is only a toy but it v ry compl t ly

e ,
e e e
ll t t
u s ra e s t h principl f f t h most succ ssful e e o on e o e e
h t i
o ngin s v r d vis d If t h r d r is m chan
a r e e e e e e . e ea e e
ica lly inclin d h may mak motor this pl n e , e e a on a on a
much larg r cal and it for driving machin ry

e s e ,
use e .
Th r can b
e e d oubt bout its succ ssful constru
e no a e e
t i on op r tion if it is m d irtight and t h b ar

or e a ,
a e a e e
ings d friction surf c s

an m d t run fr Th a e a re a e o ee . e
proportions m y b abou t t h sam as sho w n i t h a e e e n e
cut .
H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 1 81
T he dim nsions of t h moto from hich

e e r w th e vi s ew
w e re md follo s
a e a re a s w
:
I NC H E S
L ngth f xp nsion cyl nd

e O e a i er
Int rn l di m t r of xpansion cylind

e a a e e e er
L ngth f transf r piston

e O e .
Di m t f transf r piston
a e er o e
L ngth of po r cylind r
e we e
Di m t r f po
a e r cylind
e o we er
L ngth f c nks
e o ra .
Diam t r f fly h ls
e e o w ee
H ight Of fir box f om b s
e e r a e
I N E X P E N S IV E I VATE R M O T O R
AN
A simpl but ff ctiv e at r motor can b ve rv e e e w e e
m d by any
a e ccording t t h pl n h r sho n on e a o e a e e w ,
w ith littl troubl xp ns It m y b n c ssary t

e e or e e e . a e e e o
h v a f minut s ork don by a tinsmi t h Th

a e ew e
’
w e .
. e
m k r may d this if h und rst nds sold ring

a e o e e a e .
In a pin board 7 inch s squ r d 1 inch thick

e e a e an ,
mak a round hol 5 inch in di m t r by t h

e f e es a e e ,
e use o
a scroll in y oth conv ni n t

saw ,
T th
or an er e e w av . o e
sid s Of t h board fit t thin bo rds inch thic k

e e wo a ,
on e ith r sid In small h ol in t h c nt r f

on e e e . a .
e e e e o
e ach sid d iv a short pi c Of b ass tub Of bout 4

e r e e e r e a
i nch int rn l di m t r e d t th s tub s fit

a str ight a e e ,
an o e e e a a
st l ir so th t it ill volv fr ly This i is

ee w e a .
w re e ee . w re
t h shaft f t h motor
e h l It should b f su ffici nt
O e w ee . e o e
l ngth t proj ct inch b yond its b arings t r c iv

e o e an e e ,
o e e e
a sm ll pull y a e .
To t h c nt Of t h sh ft is sold r d a sh t brass
e e er e a e e .
ee
disk 3 inch s in diam t r so th t it ill run tru

e e e , a w e as
the sh ft r vo lv s and to t h disk is sold r d disk of
a e e ,
e e e a
b ss i g uz 3 0 m sh Th dg s f t h brass w ir
ra w re a e e . e e e O e e
gauz must t h l di s ould y b s d ov r d

e ,
as e a e w sa ,
e ewe e an
ov r ith a fi copp r ir to pr v nt it from r v ling

e w ne e w e ,
e e a e
w h n t h h l r volv s rapidly If t h orkman is

e e w ee e e . e w
an ad pt h m sold r a ring f brass ir say N

e e ay e O w e, O .
1 8 or N 2 0 to t h dg f t h w ir cloth
O .
,
e e e o e e .
F IG . 1 97 . M ot or D ri v i n g S e w in g Ma c h i n e .
simpl st
Th e t s cur a nozzl for t h h l is
e w av o e e e e w ee
t b y ch ap sm ll Oil
o u having long nozzl ith
a e ,
a -
c an a e , w
an Op ning i t h sm ll r d of bout t inch Th s
e n e a e en a i
:
. i
nozzl is ins rt d into t h dg Of t h ood n h l

e e e e e e e w e w ee
c s as sho n d its sm ll r d is b nt so th t it
a e , w ,
an a e en e a
fo ms a small ngl i t h t h h l w ith t h point f

r a e w e w ee , e o
t h nozzl n r t h ir cloth possibl ithout

$
e e as ea e w e as e w
touching T caus t h h l thus mad t k p a n

. o e e w ee e o ee ce
found di fficul t t s cur p ffi in bulk pound f o e e a ra ne ,
a o
p f
a rafi c ndl s ill
ne furnish nough for athis purpos e w e e .
Th inflammabl natur of p
e ffi should b k pt in e e a ra ne e e
mind and a cov r should b provid d f t h v ss l in

,
e e e or e e e
w hich it is m lt d so th t it may instantly b t i

.
e e ,
a e ex n
g i h
u s d by teh cov r should it b com ignit d Th e e e e e . e
m tal us d in t h construction f this h l should b

e e e o w ee e
o f b ass r xc pting t h h ft Th scr s ith w hich

,
e e e S a . e ew w
t h c sing is put tog th r sh ould b br ss

e a Th t p Of e e e a . e o
t h Oil can is cut ff to form

e -
p t Of t h coupling for O a ar e
r c iving t h rubb r pip l ading from t h w sh bo w l

e e e e e e e a -
fauc t to t h moto
e e r .
- fi
F IG D m . zz 1 99 . i a g ra S h ow i n g P os i t i on of No le .
T p v nt t h ch cking Of t h
O re ood n p ts f t h
e e e e w e ar o e
m otor t h p ts should b arr ng d

,
ith t h grain
e ar e a e w e
lying in t h sam dir ction e e e .
With su ffici nt at r p ssur this motor ill m k e w e re e ,

w a e
from t r volutions p minut With o e er e . a
v y fl xibl cord b lt l ath r sho string f

er e e e —
a e e e ,
or ex
ampl i t may b mad to d iv light s ing machin

e —
e e r e a ew e ,
fan ,
any oth r machin r quiring sm ll moun t
or e e e a a a .
of po r we
If mor po r is r quir d th n can b s cur d by

e we
:
e e a e e e on e
wa et r j t ddition l nozzl s m y b dist ibut d roun d

e , a a e a e r e a
th e h l mor h ls m y b pl c d on t h s m
w ee ,
or e w ee a e a e e a e
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S '
1 85
sh ft b ut nothing ill b gain d unl ss t h

a .
t w e e e e wa er
pr ssu is m int in d This p ssu should b f om

e re a a e . re re e r
2
5 to 4 0 pounds p squ r inch er a e .
In small hi gh sp d motor f t h cl s h d
a -
ee o e a s e re e
sc ib d t h full po r is r liz d only h n it is p

r e ,
e we ea e w e ro
vid d ith a v ry sm ll pull y conn ct d by a v y

e w e a e e e er
fl xibl b lt w ith a larg pull y on t h m chin to b

e e e e e e a e e
driv n e .
It is Obvious a corrosiv m t llic c s ould b n on -

e e a a e w e
b tt r th n ood n
e e d t h m tal
a is dvis d
a w e on e ,
an e e on e a e
w h n t h build r h conv ni nc s f making c ing

e e e as e e e or a as
of that ki d n .
P AR T V .
M E T E O R O L O G Y
L F R E CO R D I N G I N S T R U M E N T S
SE
F th s instrum nts r const uct d

e e tha t e we e r e SO
ch ould p oduc a p m n n t co d Of
ea w r e er a e re r
its mov m nts it ould c t inly add to e e ,

w er a
th ir us fuln ss as ll
e th ir conv ni nc
e e we as e e e e
b t it i
u thought b st to confin t h construction
s e e e
to th s simpl forms f pp r tus t usting to

e e e o a a a ,
r
t h ing nuity of t h r
e e d r to pply clock m ch nism e ea e a e a
for k ping t h r co ds O ight d clock could b

ee e e r . ne e -
av e
mad to do duty f all t h instrum nts It cou ld b

e or e e .
.
e
g r d to a d rum so th t it ould m k
ea e r volution a .
w a e on e e
in d y
on e in ak d ch instrum nt could
,
or on e wee ,
an e a e
b m d to mark on
e a e pi c of p p r c r i d by t h a e e a e a r e e
d rum Th p p r. ould n d to b g du t d so th t
e a e w ee e ra a e a
th pe c i d
en b ch inst um nt
a rr e could b r dily v ea r e e ea
tr c d Th r should b divisions for d ys d hours

a e . e e e a an .
Th p by e hich t h r co
en d is m d is simply
w e e r a e a
sm ll gl ss tub bout 4 inc h in int n l di m t r

a a e a er a a e e ,
w ith t h d hich b rs upon t h p p r dr n t to

e en w ea e a e aw ou
a lmost c pill ry tub d cut ff d m d ound d

a a a e an O an a e r an
smooth by h ting in a g or lcohol fl m Th ink ea as a a e . e
us d in this p is drop f d i k mix d ith an

e e n a .
o re n e w
e qu l amount f glyc in This ink r m ins in t h

a O er e . e a e
n arro r d of t h tub d do s not v por t

we en e e an e e a a e .
ME T E O R O L O G Y
Th subj ct f m t orology h cl im d t h tt n
e e o e e as a e e a e
tion f m t g t O l ss xt nt doubtl ss sinc

en o a re a e r or e e e e e
[ 1 87 ]
t he th b gan to b inh bit d by hum n b ings Th
e ar e e a e a e . e
ph nom n f t h i must h v rly tt ct d tt n

e e a o e a r a e ea a ra e a e
tion d caus d t h obs rv rs t r son from caus to

an e e e e o ea e
e ff ct until th r
e c m g dually to b an und e e a e ra e er
st nding f arth i and at r not al ys corr ct

a O e ,
a r w e —
wa e
but in t h main pointing to t h pr s nt d v lopm nt

e e e e e e e
o f t h sc nce so that aft r t h l ps f many c nturi s

ie e ,
e e a e o e e ,
clos stud nt Of n t r is abl t xpl in various

.
th e e e a u e e o e a
ph nom na and to pr dic t ith mo

e e . l ss c rtainty e w re or e e
w hat ill happ n sp ci lly in t h imm diat futur

w e ,
e e a e e e e .
T b abl to pr d ict t h
O e ath r ith a littl mor
e e e we e w e e
c rtainty than t h ordin y

e th proph t can do
”
e ar
“
wea er e ,
t h stud nt should b in communic tion

e e ith t h G ov e a w e
e rn m t W th r Bur au so as t avail hims lf f

en .
ea e e ,
o e o
th Obs v tions of oth rs ; but v n ithout such

e er a e e e w
faciliti s th s m ny int r sting Obs vations m y

e as e e a e e er a
b e m d ith t h simpl pp r tus h r inaft r d

a e w e e a a a e e e e
scrib d d not s m b k pt f futur r f r nc

e ,
an e av e e or e e e e e .
This kind f obs rv tion is instructiv in s v ral O e a e e e
wa ys Th v ry t f m king fr qu nt obs rvations

. e e ac o a e e e
induc s a m thodic l h bit hich ill b v lu bl

e e a a w w e a a e
through lif and t h obs rvations eint r sting and

,
e e a re e e
inst r uctiv in th ms lv s B sid s all this t h r cord

e e e e . e e , e e
form d is lik ly t b valuabl f bot h pr s nt d

e e o e e or e e an
futur e us e .
I VH AT A R N E D BY T H E US E O F TH E
MA Y B E LE
ME T E O R O L O G I C A L I N S T R U M E N T S
Wh n find t h
e we th r van pointing to rd t h e wea e e wa e
we st look f cl r th
we d rul
or ea wea e r, an as a e we a re
no t dis ppoint d ; but

a h n t h v n indic t s th t t h
e w e e a e a e a e
w ind is blo ing from t h ast storm is xp ct d

w e e ,
a e e e .
I Vh e nit blo s from t h north cool ath r may b w e ,

we e e
look d f de h n it blo s from t h south it h dly

or, a n w e w e ,
ar
ev r f ils t b ing sultry d ys in summ r d th

e a o r a e an aw s
in int r w e .
Wh n t h ind b lo strong fro m any dir ction

e e w ws e ,
i it
c u r os is rous d as to t h pr ssur it is x rting
v a e e e e e e .
This m y b sc rt in d by obs rving t h ind pr s

a e a e a e e e w e
su g ug ; 1 5 pounds pr ssur sho s that t h ind is

re a e e e w e w
blo ing fift n mil p hour ; 44 pounds pr ssur p
w ee es er e e er
squ r foot r p r s nts v locity f thirty mil s p

a e e e e a e o e er
hou ; 1 8 pounds pr sur indic t s v locity Of sixty

r es e a e a e
mil s hou and 5 0 pounds pr sur is r gist r d

e an r, es e e e e
d u ing r torn do hundr d mil s

a hour In a on e e e an .
c lcul ting t h p ssur

a a indic t d by this g ug e re e as a e a e
it must b r m mb r d that t h bo rd hich O ff rs

.
e e e e e e a w e
r sist nc to t h ind h only a h lf squar foot

e a e: e w as a e
a re a .
v locity of t h ind is sho n by t h n mom t r

Th e e e w w e a e e e .
Wi nd is h d l notic bl h n it blo s a mil

ar v ea e w e w e an
hour I Vh it b lo s fi mil s hour it is a pl s

. en w ve e an ea
an t br z ; h n i t blo s t mi l s hour it is
ee e w e w en e an a
b isk br z ; h n it blo s t a t nty mil r t it is

r ee e w e w a we -
e a e
a sti ff br z ; t thi ty mil s it is high ind d t

ee e a r e a w ,
an a
forty mil s it is v ry high ind At ighty mil s i t

e .
a .
e w . e e
is hu rican and t hundr d mil s p hour it is

a r e ,
a a e e er
a tornado .
TH E W E AT H E R VA N E
Th th r v n h rdly n ds xpl nation t m k

e wea e a e a ee e a o a e
it und stood In t h top of stout pol is ins rt d

er . e a e e e
a i inch d hich is bluntly point d t its upp r

-
ro w e a e
en d O .this is pl c d v n consisti g f a dg
n a e a a e n O we e
sh p d pi c f ha d ood w ith a hol throu gh it

a e e e o r w e , a
pi c f hoop iron b ing f t d
e e o th hol d e as e n e ove r e e an
r sting on t h upp r d f t h blunt poi nt d d

‘
e e e en o e -
e ro .
To Opposit sid s of t h dg s cur d pi c s e e e we e a re e e e e
of f inch bo rd 4 inch s id d 2 0 inch s long a e

:
w e an e .
Th s pi c s e l t into t h
e f c s f th
e edg so a re e e a e o e we e
FIG . 2 00 . W e ath e r V an e .
as to fo m continuous surf c s Th boards div g

r a e . e er e
so th t th ir f nds
a bout inch s p rt
e re e e a re a e a a .
This construction insur s st din ss e ea e .
Th thin d f th
e dg h an rro h d d m e n O e we e as a w -
ea e ar
p oj cting f om it to indic t t h dir ction of t h

r e r a e e e e
w ind In t h s i d s Of t h pol n ar t h upp r d

. e e e e ,
e e e en .
a re ins t d four { inch rods rr ng d t 9 0 d gr s

er e a a e a e ee
w ith ch Oth d in slots s

ea d in t h nds Of t h e r, a n aw e e e e
rods iv t d l tt r s hich indic t t h points Of

a re r e e e e w a e e
comp ss N S E d W Th s in conn ction ith

a ,
.
,
.
,
. an . e e ,
e w
th o h d d m nabl t h Obs rv r t t ll w hich

e a rr w -
ea e ar ,
e e e e e o e
wa y t h ind blo s e w w .
P R E S S UR E G A U G E I VI N D
Th const uction of
e ind pr ssur g ug is r a w e e a e as
s
i m pl th t f t h ordin
e ry
as indmill hich vary o e a w , w e e
bov kno s h to mak A ind van 6 inch s w id

w ow e . w e e e
and 24 i ch s long is mad of a g i ch bo d on t h

n e e i -
n ar ,
e
e dg of hich is s cur d pi c f b nd iron hich p

e w e e a e e O a w ro
j t
ec ov tsh d f t h boerd bout inch
e e ns In t h o e ar a e . e
en d f t h bo rd
O ins rt d t sc
e y s for i
a a re e e wo re w e -
e re c e v
i g t h rod upon
n ehich t h v n s ings Th upp r w e a e w . e e
en d f t h rod is point d bluntly so th t t h pi c

O e f e ,
a e e e O
b nd i on hich r sts upon i t ll t h v n to s ing

a r w e a ow s e a e w
fr ly in any di ction
ee re .
Th middl portion of t h bo
e d is cut y f om t h
e e ar aw a r e
upp r dg t dmit f pl cing spring sc l for t h

e e e o a o a a a e e
m sur m nt f t h ind p ssur In t h upp

ea e e o e w re e . e er
e dg of t h bo rd t opposit nds of t h sc l notch

e e a a e e e a e -
a re ins t d ir scr y s t c iv t h ho izont l

er e w e ew e -
e o re e e e r a
w ood n rod hich c i s t h ind pr ss r board 8

e w a rr e e w -
e u e ,
by 9 inch s long d inch thick e an

1
4 .
Th bo rd is sti ff n d by
e cl t on t h b ck hich
a e e a ea e a ,
w
is bor d to c iv t h rod A sc hook is ins rt d

e re e e e . re w e e
in t h d and noth r is ins rt d in t h upp r dg

e ro ,
a e e e e e e e
FIG . 2 01 . Wi n d P re s s u re G a ug e .
of th e vn
c iving sp ctiv ly t h y d
a e for re e ,
re e e , e e e an
hook f t h sc l Th pring sc l is djust d so

o e a e . e S a e a e as
to hold t h thin bo d littl mor th n t h l ngth

e ar a e e a e e
of th slot in t h sp ing sc l
e y f om t h pivot e r -
a e aw a r e
of t h van h n t h ind is light nil I Vh t h

e e w e e w or . en e
w ind blo s t h v n k ps t h i str m n t h d d

w e a e ee e n u e ea e
to ard t h ind d t h sc l indic t s t h pr sur
w e w ,
an e a e a e e es e
on a half squar foot so th t t h ding must b e ,

a e re a e
multipli d by 2 t s cur cor ct p ssur e o e e a re re e .
Th d should b ins t d in a rigid pos t

e ro d must e er e an
b e xactly v rtical
e e .
Th amoun t of r in falling in giv n tim

e a a e e c an
b e sc rtain d app oxim t ly by placing y k ind f

a e e r a e an o
v ss l having par ll l sid s t f doo s in

e e op n a e e ou o r an e
plac h r it m y r c iv ll t h r in and th n
e w e e a e e e a e a ,
e
m asuring t h d pth f t h at r ft r t h r in by
e e e o e w e a e e a
m ns Of a sm ll stick plung d into it ; t h d pth

ea a e e e
b ing r gist r d by t h t portion Of t h stick This

e e e e e we .
e .
m thod ho
e v is crud d Op n to obj ctions
,
we e r, e an e e
:
som f t h at r ill spatt ov r som ill b lost

e o e w e w er e ,
e w e
by v poration and som w ill b displac d by t h

e a , e e e e
stick .
If t h Obs rv r is r lly in rn t h should m ak

e e e ea ea es e e ,
or hav mad a copp r v ss l lik t h

e sho n in e ,
. e e e e e on e w
th i llustration
e It is 4 inch s in diam t r d 6 . e e e an
inch high ith t h bottom t in 1 inch as to

es ,
w e se .
so
r c iv t h copp r tub hich is b n t t ic t right

e e e e e e , w e w e a
a gl s ith its inn r d ins rt d in t h r c ss d b t

n e ,
w e en e e e e e e o
t m
o d its out r
an d xt nd d up outsid t h v ss l e en e e e e e e e ,
and v n ith t h bottom t r c iv a i nch glass

e e w e o e e e -
tub hich is c m nt d th r in ith a c m nt consist

e ,
w e e e e e w e e
ing of hit l ad paint and litharg form d into a soft

w e e e e
putty .
Th gl ss tub is 7 inch s long d furnish s

e a e e ,
an e a
r dy m ns f asc rt ining t h d pth f t r in

ea ea o e a e e o wa e
th v ss l h n vi d in conn ction ith t h sc l

e e e w e ewe e w e a e
o f inch s att ch d t t h v ss le a e o e e e .
In t h t p of t h v ss l is ins rt d funn l 35 inch s

e o e e e e e a e e
long ith a cylind ic l portion t t h t p 2 inch s

,
w .
r a a e o e
de e p upp $
d lo r dg s Of t h m in v ss l
Th e e r an we e e e a e e
a re i d to giv th m igidity but t h cylindric l

w re e e r , e a
top of t h funn l is not ir d e e w e .
A ubb b nd m y b str tch d round t h funn l

‘
r er a a e e e a e e
at t h junction of t h cylindric l
e d conic l po tions e a an a r
to p v n t ast by v por tion at this point T

re e w e e a a . O
F IG . 2 02 . R ain G a ug e .
in ur ccu cy t h opp r pip hich holds t h gl ss

s e a ra e C e e w e a
tub should b fill d it h t r b fo t h obs v

e e e w wa e e re e er a
tion b gins e .
“h t h g ug is us d in
7
en indy pl c it should
e a e e a w a e
b cl mp d to som fix d Obj ct by th sc s
e a e e e e re e re w en
g ging t h ir rim t t h b otto m of t h v ss l

a e w e a e e e e .
A ME TA LL I C T H E R MOME T E R .
A m rcuri l th rmom t r c lls f manipul tions

e a e e e a or a
w hich not ithin t h scop f t h m t u but

a re w e e o e a a e r, .
r qui t h skill d xp ri nc Of t h r gul r m nu

e re e an e e e e e e a a
f ctur r A m t lli th rmom t r ho v r is v ry

a e .
‘
e a c e e e ,
we e ,
e
easily m d d s v s t h purpos fully

a e, an ll er e e e as w e as a
m rcurial th rmom t r It can b mad

e e s nsitiv e e . e e as e e
to t h variations of t mp ratur as m y b d sir d

e e e e a e e e .
It is m d by pl cing tog th r a strip f st l d

a e a e e o ee an
on e f br ss 6 inch s long 4 inch

o a id d inch e ,
w e an 3 9
1
thick Th nds f t h st ip
. tinn d for about 4
e e O e r s a re e
Of inch t ch d f th i adj c nt fac s and

an a ea en o e r a e e ,
th n put tog th r d h t d first t

e de d th n e an ea e a on e en an e
a t th oth r so t sold r th m to geth r t t h

e e ,
as o e e e a e
ends .
Th b ss strip is m d bout 4 inch long r th n

e ra a e a e a
th st l st ip d is b nt ov
e ee d p rfor t d t
r ,
an e e r an e a e o re
c ei silk th d
ve a ill b pr s ntly xpl in d C mre a as w e e e e a e . o
m ly on h n strips f st l d br ss
,
w e us d in o ee an a a re e a
compound bar th y riv t d at short int rv ls to,

e a re e e e a ,
k p th m f om buckling
ee eIn t h pr s nt cas t h
r . e e e e e
compound b is provid d ith a inding f soft ir ar e w w o w e
( N 3 0 )
O hich
. k ps t h strips clos
w tog th r To i ee e e e e . n
sur p rm n ncy t h bars drill d and riv t d ith

e e a e e a re e e e w
a singl riv t t ch d e e a ea en .
Th compound b e thus m d is ins rt d in a round ar a e e e
hol in t h middl f h rd ood block 2 4 inch s

e e e o a a w e
long d h ld th r by ordin ry ood sc

,
an e i e e an a w re w n
t d in t h
se r e d f t h block d cl mping t h
e d f
en t
o e an a e en o
th b e Th ood n block is s cur d to b s pi c

ar . e w e e e a a e e e ,
4 inch s squ r d 4 inch thick h ving att ch d to

e a e an ,
a a e
it back board 4 inch thick 4 inch s id

a d bout ,
e w e , an a
1 0 inch s high A ir n il about inch in diam t r

e . w e a 44
1
e e
and 1 4 inch s long i driv n th ough t h b ck ith its e s e r e a w
point d d p oj ting bout 1 4 inch s Th n il i

e en r ec a e . e a s
a bout 4 inch from t h upp fr d of t h compound e er ee en e
b ar A p p r roll is f m d p noth r n il
. a e or e u on a e a or a
pi c of ir a t ifl l rg r th n t h
e e w us d in t h
e r e a e a e on e e e
construction f t h th rmom t r Th strip f rit o e e e e . e o w

i g p p r us d for this roll r should b
n a e 1 inch id e e e w e
an d about 8 inch s long E nough f t h p p is ound e . o e a er w
to m k t h roll r 4 inch in diam t r Th pap r

a e e e e e . e e ,
e xc pt t h first l y r is p st d as it is roll d so th t
e e a e ,
a e .
e ,
a
i t forms a solid p p roll h n it is d y

. a er w e r .
This roll h n d y is transf rr d to t h n il pro ,

w e r ,
e e e a
j t
ec i g f om t h b
n ck pi c d r point r ind x e a e e ,
an a e ,
or e ,
a bout in c h s long is cut from thick iting pap r e wr e
an d glu d to t h d of t h roll
e Th n a silk thr d e e n e . e ea
i ti d in t h
s ey in t h fr d f t h compound e bar e e e ee en o e ,
an d p ss d ov r t h roll r on t h n il d ound
a e e e e e a ,
an w
thr tim s round t h roll d it h tt ch d to it
ee e a e ,
an as a a e a
small ight In t h p s nt c s this ight consists

we . e re e a e we
o f l d bull t plit half Op n ith a knif and

a ea e S e w .
e ,
clos d do n upon t h thr d by pli s or by h mm r

e w e ea er a e
ing With v y chang in t mp ratur t h compound

. e er e e e e e
b ar s ings as to caus a mov m nt f t h ind by

w ,
so e e e o e ex
t h pulling
e r l asing Of t h thr d and t h r ising or e e e ea e a
or lo ring f t h ight we o e we .
Th ind x should b pl c d in a v rtic l position

e e e a e e a
w h n t h t mp r tur is bout
e e th n t h inding
e e a e a e e w
o f th silk should b s p r t d a littl and sm ll

e e e a a e e ,
a a
d op Of mucil g should b pl c d on t h middl

r a e e a e e e c on
volution of t h thr d t t h top f t h roll r so e ea a e o e e , as
to c m nt it to t h roll r d pr v n t any chang Of

e e e e an e e e
a djustm nt e .
A s micircular pi c f bristol board about 6 inch
e e e o , es
in di m t r is t mpor rily support d b hind t h ind x

a e e ,
e a e e e e
by block glu d t t h b ck pi c Th bristol board

a e o e a e e . e
is t form t h th rmom t r scal d is fast n d t

o e e e e e an e e o
F IG . 203 . A Me t a lli c T h e rm om e t e r .
the block by t ck s oth r is so th t it a b or e w e , a c an e
mov d and ccu t ly pl c d A p ncil m rk is

e a ra e re a e . e a n ow
m d t h sc l t t h point of t h ind x hich indi

a e on e a e a e e e w
c t s t h t mp r tu
a e e sho n by m rcuri l th
e e a re as w a e a er
m m t
o at t h tim If it is
e er th m k th
e e . e ar on e new
sc l pr s nts this t mp tu
a e -
$
re d h n v th
e e e e ra re ,
an w e e er e
ind x points t this m k t h obs v kno s t h

e o ar e e r er w e
th rmom t r is
e e e
N th th mom t r is pl c d in r f ig tor
ow e er e e a e a e r e ra
a long ith a m rcu i l th rmom t r Th y l ft in

w e r a e e e . e a re e
t h r frig r tor for

e e hour and th n p ncil m rk
e a an , e a e a
is m d t t h point f t h ind x This ill p rh ps

a e a .
e O e e . w ,
e a ,
b e Th sp c b t n th s t m rks is divid d e a e e wee e e wo a e
i nto thirty v n sp c s r pr s nting as m ny d gr s e e a e ,

e e e a e ee ,
or it m y b divid d into fift n sp c s ch Of hich

a e e ee a e ,
e a w
w ill pr s nt reThi gr du t d sp c s rv s
e e s a a e a e e e as a
guid for constructing t h b l nc Of t h sc l If

e e a a e e a e .
2 sp c s us d t t such sp c s l id ff on t h
°
a e a re e ,
wen v a e a o e
l ft h nd sid f t h sc l Will xt nd t h scal to

e -
a e O e a e e e e e
z ro T nty mor such spac s ill xt nd t h sc l

e . we e e w e e e a e
to 4 0 b lo z ro hich is lo than y t mp r tur

°
e w e ,
w wer an e e a e
e xp i nc d in this clim t Th sp c b t n 4 0
er e e a e . e a e e wee
°
d 7 0 is al dy g duat d d t h sp c bov t h
°
an re a ra e ,
an e a e a e e
7 0 m rk is g duat d d scrib d for t h lo r d

°
a ra e as e e e we en
o f th sc l A s ch lin r p s nts
e a e1 0 ould . ea e e re e
°
w
b r pr s nt d by fi
e e lin s so th t t h fifth lin could
e e e ve e ,
a e e
b e xt nd d b d t h o h lin s f t h s k Of con
e e e e von e t er e or e a e
i
ve n e n c e in r ding F igu f om 0 pl c d p ea . re s r
°
a re a e o
p itos th long lin so

e to r ad e 30 es as e
°
d so in ordinary th rmom t r sc l
°
40 an on ,
as an e e e a e .
Th mat u r fin this t h m m t
e a much e r c an e e er o e e r as
‘
as
h pl s
e H m if h d si pl c t h ntir d
ea es . e a v, e e re s , a e e e e e
vic i c s d co t h di l ith gl ss provid d

e n a a e an ve r e a w a a ,
e
h furnish s s v r l p rtu s t
e n bl t h air to i e e e a a e re o e a e e c r
culat d thus k p t h t mp tu t h s m th t
e an ee e e e ra re e a e as a
o f th xt n l i Th fr
e e d Of t h compound b
er a a r . e ee en e ar
m y h v a sp i g iv t d to it sho n in t h d
a e a r n r e e ,
as w e e
t h d Vi
ac d e djusting scr m y b ins t d in
ew ,
an an a ew a e er e
the compound bar so to b ar g inst t h p ing as e a a e S r .
With this const uction t h silk thr ad m y b ti d in r ,

e e a e e
a hol in t h fr d f t h spring and t h d sir d

e e ee en o e ,
e e e
adjustm nt may b mad by turning t h scr w

e w y e e e e on e a
or t h oth e er .
By making t h compound bar long r diminishing e e ,

or
t h diam t r Of t h cylind r round

e ehich t h thr ad
e e e a w e e
e xt nds both t h s nsitiv n ss Of t h instrum nt

e ,
or ,
e e e e e e
may b gr atly incr as d e e e e .
I MPL E H Y G R O S CO P E S
N instrum nt is r quir d t indic t a

O p b e .
e e o a e su e ra un
d anc f humidity in t h air

e o E v ryon k no s t h dis e . e e w e
comfort f a moist hot day in t h summ r w ithout

s o .
,
e e
re quiring a hygroscop S till to sci ntifically

.
e .
, on e e
inclin d it is som satisfaction to kno t h hygrom tric

e e w e e
stat f t h air and t compar

e o day w ith anoth r
e ,
o e on e e
Of t h me y e pr vious y ars
sa e a r or e e .
A v ry simpl hygroscop hich is accurat nough

e e e w e e
for all practic l purpos s is illustrat d b y t h g a e e e en ra v
ing Its construction

. sugg st d by a pan l mad w as e e e e
Of t pi c s Of ood glu d cross is t k p it straight

wo e e w e w e o ee
—
t h v ry b st arrang m nt
e e f t h grain f c using
e e e o e or a
it to ssum conc vo conv x form und r all condi

a e a .
a -
e e
tions Of t h atmosph xc pt that in hich i t

e e re e e w w as
glu d tog th r It h a bas bo rd 4 inch squar
e e e . as e a es e
and 4 inch thic k ith a bac k pi c 4 inch w id and

8 ,
w e e es e
1 3 in ch s high d 4 inch thick attach d to

e dg an ,
e on e e e .
N ar t h right hand dg
e f t h b s is s cur d
e block e e o e a e e e a
t hich is tt ch d a h y
o w p i strip mad aup f a e g
ros c 0 c e O
a longitudin l pi c of y lastic ood (such as w hit

a e e an e w e
v d ) 1 2 inch s long 1 inch

VO O id d in h thick e ,
w e an
—
re e ,
and a transv rs pi c of hit ood of t h s m thick

.
e e e e w e w e a e
n ss 1 inch long d 1 2 inch s id c r fully glu d to

e an e w e ,
a e e
it so that t h gr in Of
,
st ip is t righ t ngl s to
e a on e r a a e
th t f t h oth r Th s strips f ood should b ll

a o e e . e e O w e we
F IG . F IG 20 4 . H yg ros c op e . . 2 05 . H yg ros c op e S t ri p .
s son d This compound stri p is s cur d t t h small

ea e . e e o e
block t h b s f t h inst um nt d pi c of pl in
on e a e o e r e ,
an a e e a
c rdbo rd is attach d by t tacks t t h ood n b ck

a a e wo o e w e a
at t h c nt r of t h bo rd l aving t h
e e nds Of t h c rd
e e a ,
e e e e a
fr Th conc v sid f t h strip should b arr ng d

ee . e a e e o e e a e
20 0 H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S
to fac t h l ft hand sid f t h instrum nt d short
e e e -
e o e e ,
an a
pi c f sm ll ir y N 2 4 a h adl s pin should

e e o a w e ,
sa o .
,
or e es
b ins rt d point out

e e rd in t h fre d Of t h strip wa e ee en e
t s rv
o e ind x e as a n e .
Th sc l is construct d by first placing t h i

e a e t e e n s ru
m nt und r a b ll gl ss ith s v r l pi c s f t
e e e a w e e a e e o we
blotting pap r n r but not touching t h strip Th e ea e . e
long n rro strip d ,

t ch ng its l ngth but is
a w oe s -
no a e e ,
b nte y or t h
on e oth r by t h s
wa lling shrink e e e we or
ing Of t h pi c hich is glu d cross is Th h yg

e e e w e w e . e ro
sc 0p i strip ill str

c ight n t or v n cu v in wt h a e ou e e r e e
opposit dir ction h n submitt d to t h influ nc f

e e w e e e e e O
moistur d aft r t h l ps of six

e ,
an ight hours e e a e or e
t h gl ss i r mov d and a p ncil m rk is m d

e a s th
e e e a a e on e
card t t h p i t Of t h ind x hich ill p

a e o n e e , w w re
r s nt 1 00 d gr s
e e th point f satu tion Th e ee ,
or e o ra . e
instrum nt is llo d to ssum t h norm l position

e a we a e e a
by drying it in t h op n i ft r h ich it is gain e e a r, a e w a
plac d und t h b ll gl ss ith dish f c lcium chlo

e er e e a w a o a
rid and llo d to m in fi or six hours Th l

e a we re a ve . e ca
c i m chlorid
u mov s t h moistur d caus s t h e re e e e an e e
cross grain d sid to shrink and thus curv t h strip

-
e e e e
consid rably It indicat s t h m ximum d

e . n ow e e a rvn e s s
of t h i and m rk is m d t t h point of t h ind x

e a r, a a a e a e e e ,
indic ting z ro Th spac s b t n z ro d s tura

a e . e e e wee e an a
tion should b divid d into t qu l spac s and

n ow e e en e a e ,
ea ch sp c m y b subdivid d into t spac s ch

a e a e e en e ,
ea
re pr s nting e d gr e on e e ee .
Th s lin s should b e e tl m d ith d ing

e e n ea v a e w a ra w
p en E v ry .t nth g du tion should

e b xt nd d e ra a e e e e a
littl d numb r d ; t h ntir sc l b ing numb r d

e an e e e e e a e e e e
f om 0 to 1 00 3 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 t
r ,
1 . a , , , , ,
e c .
This inst um nt is not int nd d to ccurat ly sho r e e e a e w

the x ct mount of moistur

e is t h c s ith t h
a a e ,
as e a e w e
mo l bo t hygrom t rs but t ffo d simpl

re e a ra e e e ,
o a r a e
m ans f sho ing t h v r varying stat Of t h i

e o w e e e -
e e a r .
BA R O ME T E R ME R CUR iI A L
Th variations f tmosph ric p s ur

e sho n o a e re s e a re w
by t h b rom t Th pr ssur f t h i in round

e a e er . e e e o e a r
numb rs is 1 5 pounds p squ r inch ; that is col

e er a e , a
u m f air 1 inch squ r

u o t h h ight f t h atmosph r a e ,
e e O e e e
( which is not positiv ly kno n ) ighs 1 5 pounds e w , we ,
an d ill bal nc column f t r 1 inch squ r and

w a e a o wa e a e
3 4 f t high or eecolumn f m cury 1 squ r inch in

,
a o er a e
ar a and 30 inch s high

e e .
A m rcurial b rom t r is h sho ne ccount of a e e e re w on a
facili y of construction d t h
t f its op r an e a c c u ra c v o e a
tion To m k t h simpl st fo m Of m rcuri l b rom

. a e e e r e a a
et trong gl ss tub littl mor th n 3 3 inch s

e r, a s a e a e e a e
long and about 4 inch int rn l di m t r is r quir d 1 , e a a e e e e .
It must b s l d at
.
d d l ft op n and con
e ea e on e en ,
an e e
tr ct d t 4 inch t t h oth This ork is r adily

a e o a e er . w e
don by a gl ss blo r Th op n d is fus d to

e a we . e e en e
r mov t h sharp dg s A sm ll glass bottl is pro

e e e e e . a e
v i d d t h body Of
e hich is about 1 inch int rn l di m
,
e w e a a
e t r d 1 4 inch s high Th n ck is short and

e an e . e e a
littl l rg r int n lly th n t h outsid f t h tub

e a e er a a e e o e e .
A board 4 inch thick 3 inch id d 3 9 inch s long ,

es w e an e
has a sh llo h lf round groov to c iv t h glass

a w a -
e re e e e
tub and t brass str ps xt nd ov r t h tub d

e , wo a e e e e e an
a re cl mp d to t h bo rd b m ns f scr s N r
a e e a v ea o ew . ea
th bottom f t h bo d hol is cut for t h gl ss

e o e ar a e e a
bottl cist rn as it is call d ; small sh lf is s cu d

e or e ,
e a e e re
by sc s to t h b ck bo rd v n ith t h lo r
re w e a a ,
e e w e we
sid ofe hol in t h bo rd A sm ll hol i m d
th e e e a . a e s a e
in the b ck bo d n t h t p to r c iv t h nail
a ar e ar e o e e e e or
scr ew upon hich t h instrum nt hangs

w e e .
FIG . 2 06 . S c a le an d I n di c a t or . F IG . 207 . M e rc u ri a l B a ro me t e r .
Ofcours ll t h parts ill b tri d in plac b for

e a e w e e e e e
att mpting to fill t h tub ith m rcury

e e e w e .
Th tub must b p rf ctly cl n d only dis

e e e e e ea ,
an re -
till d m rcury should b us d In t h bottom f t h

e e e e . e o e
gl s bottl is pl c d l v r f pu b s x inch
a s e a e a a e O re ee wa 1 6
1
thick Th is m d smooth d l v l by m lting

. e w ax a e an e e e
it by g ntly h ting t h gl ss bottl ov

e lcoh ol ea e a e e r an a or
Buns n g fl m Wh n t h e is cold t h fill i ng

as a e . e e w ax e
of t h tub ith m rcury m y b proc d d ith Th

e e w e a e ee e w . e
t b
u d th
e m cu y anfirst m d by p ssin g e er r a re w ar e a
th m ov e lcohol g fl m ; th n m rcu y is
e r an a or as a e e e r
pou d into t h tub through sm ll p p funn l

re e e a a a er e .
Th tub should b fill d to ithin 4 inch f t h

e e e e w O e
en d ith m rc ry Th t h cl n dry for fing r is

w e u . en e ea ,
e e
h ld ov r t h op n d f t h tub d t h tub is
e e e e en o e e an e e
plac d in ho izont l position d tilt d

e a y d r a an e on e w a an
th n t h oth r to llo t h bubbl Of i to gath r

e e e ,
a w e e a r e
up much possibl f t h air contain d in t h tub

as as e O e e e e .
Th tub is th n plac d op n
e d upe d ntir ly fill d e e e en an e e e
w ith m rcu y It is th n inv rt d hil i t is k pt

e r . e e e w e e
clos d by t h fing r Th d f t h tub is pl c d b

e e e . e en o e e a e e
l w
o body f m rcury in a suitabl v ss l and a littl
a .
o e e e e e
Of t h m rcury is l t t so to produc p rti l

e e e ou as e a a a
v cuum at t h top Th n t h tub is clos d d ag in

a e . e e e e an a
turn d into ho izont l position d tilt d in

e a y r a an e on e wa
an d th n t h oth r d t t h sam tim turn d

e e e ,
an a e e e e or
roll d ov r so as to caus t h bubbl to g th r up y

e e e e e a e an
i th t m y r main
a r Th tub is gain inv rt d
a a d e . e e a e e an
fill d until it is ntir ly full f m rcury Th fing r

e ,
e e O e . e e
i
s a g in appli d and v cuum is produc d by allo
a e ,
a a e w
ing small mount f m rcury t sc p h n t h

a a o e o e a e ,
w e e
tub is v rtical as b for It i clos d and tilt d llo

e e e e . s e e ,
a w
ing t h bubbl to ag in g th r i This op ration is

e e a a e a r . e
re p tdt ea e thr tim s Th tub is fin lly i

w o or ee e . e e a n
v rt d d fill d ith m rcury so as t pr s nt

e e an e w e ,
o e e .
a
conv x surf c bov t h Op n d of t h tub Th

e a e a e e e en e e . e
gl ss bottl containing t h
a is pl c d ov r t h
e e w ax a e e e
2 0 4. H OME ME CH AN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
op n e tub d pr ss d do n causing t h
en d Of the e an e e w ,
e
w ax t m k a good contact o a ith t h d f t h tub

e w e en o e e .
Th bottl is h ld fi mly in plac by t h fing r and

e e e r e e e ,
t h bottl
e d t h tub m y e an b inv rt d tog t h r e e a n ow e e e e e ,
an d aft r putting a littl m rcury in t h

e bottl t h e e e e ,
e
latt r may b pl c d
e t h sh lf pr p r d for it
e d a e on e e e a e ,
an
t h tub may b r is d
e e littl to cl r its op n
e a e a e ,
so a s ea e
en d from t h d t h tub is fast n d in pl c

e w a x, a n e e e e a e
by clamping it ith t h brass strips and scr s Mor w e ew . e
m rcury is add d t that in t h bottl so as t mak

e e o e e o e
th d pth about 4 inch bov t h lo r d f t h

e e a e e we en o e
tu b A qu ntity f cl n cot ton ool is pl c d in t h

e . a o ea w a e e
mouth f t h bottl around t h tub t xclud dust

o e e e e o e e ,
at t h s m tim to admit air fr ly Th barom t r

e a e e ee . e e e
is finish d ith t h xc ption f t h scal

n ow e w e e e O e e .
A cal of inch s 4 inch id and 4 inch s long i

S e e w e e s
l ida t in t h c nt r Of c rd 2 4 inch s id d
ou e e e a a e w e an
6 4 inch s long E ch inch is divid d into t nths

e . d a e e ,
an
t h divisional l in s f
e t h inch s and h lf inch s e or e e a e a re
e xt nd d b yond t h 4 inch limit Th b ginning f

e e e e . e e o
th sc l is numb r d 2 7 Th upp r d f t h first

e a e e e e e en o e
inch is numb r d 2 8 t h s co d inch is numb r d 2 9 e e , e e n e e ,
t h third inch 30 and t h

e fourth inch 3 1 Th sc l ,
e . e a e
i pl c d b hind t h tub and t h division lin corr

s a e e e e e e e
s p d i
on g ith t h lin
n at t hw top of t h m rcury in a e e e e e
st nd d barom t r is pl c d in t h s m position l
a ar e e a e e a e re
ativ t t h m e o and f st n d b sm ll tack

e e rc u rv, a e e v a s .
T nabl t h Obs rv r to m rk t h h i ght f t h l

O e e e e e a e e o e co
u m f m rcury so th t h m y comp
n o e t h pr s nt ,
a e a a re e e e
Obs rvation ith t h pr vious

e an indic tor is pro
w e e on e ,
a
v id d ehich consists of
,
w d support d by posts t a ro e a
t h d to t h
ac ebo rd d sho t s ction f spir l e a ,
an a r e o a
spring plac d t h d ith t h upp r xtr mity e on e ro , w e e e e

stra i ght n d d xt nding ov t h barom t r tub

e e an e e er e e e e .
This d of t h i is fl tt n d b h mm ing to m k
en e w re a e e y a er a e
a mo d lic t ind x
re e a e e .
In g n r l y t h ch n g s of t h b rom t
a e e a wa e a e e a e e r a re
giv n but th y must b tak n ith som llo nc

e ,
e e e w e a wa e .
H igh inds d storms usu lly follo t h sudd n drop

w an a w e e
Of t h m rcu y Th rising of t h m cury g n lly

e e r . e e e r e e ra
indic t s f ir ath r ; t h drop f t h m cury indi

a e a we e e o e er
c t s b d ath r Th f ll Of t h m rcu y i sult y

a e a we e . e a e e r n r
wea th r is follo d by thund r ; t h ris f t h m rcury

e we e e e o e e
in int r indic t s f ost In frosty

w e th t h fall
a e r . wea er e
Of t h m rcury pr c d s th
e e d th is is follo d e e e a aw ,
an e r e we
b vsno S udd n ch ng s in t h ba om t r indic t

w . e a e e r e e a e
similar ch ng s in t h tha C ontinu d foul

e e wea er . e
wea th r may b xp ct d if t h m rcury f lls slo ly ;

e e e e e e e a w
on t h contr e y if it ris s slo ly continu d f i

ar th r e w e a r wea e
m y b look d f
a e C h ng bl ath r is indic t d by
e or . a ea e we e a e
an uns ttl d b rom t re e a e e .
It is p rhaps unn c ss ry to caution t h mak r Of

e e e a e e
th barom t r to conduct t h various Op rations f

e e e e e o
filling d djusting bov l rg platt r pi c f

an a a e a a e e or e e o
smooth p p r ith t h dg s turn d up t avoid

a e ,
w e e e e o uh
n c ssary ast f m rcury

e e w e O e .
P AR T VI .
TE L E S C O P E S AN D M I CR O S C O P E S
A K E A T E LE S COP E
H O W TO M
O O N E can look into t h starry d pths at e e
night w ithout f ling of ond r d a ee w e an aw e ,
nor is this f ling l ss n d w h n t h mind ee e e e e e
gr ppl s t h qu stion f p c and con

a e e e o S a e
t mplat s t h a ful abysm that s par t s us from

e e e w e a e
e v n t h n r st star t y nothing f t h points

e e ea e ,
o sa o e
o f light f intly visibl t tha n kd y f th e o e a e e e ,

n or o e
t l scopic st rs mov d t such d istanc s to b

e e a re e o e as e
w ild r t h mind d ba ffl t h imagination in t h

e e an e e e
att mpt to r liz th ir r mot n ss

e ea e e e e e .
Wh do s t d sir to b com mor familia

o e no ith e e e e e r w
th s distant bodi s and to poss ss all t h kno l dg

e e e e e w e e
th t can b Obtain d by obs rvation Much can b

a e e e ? e
don by t h un id d y s and a gr at d al mor can

e e a e e e , e e e
b accomplish d by m ns f
e t l scop f v ry mod
e ea o a e e e o e
t proportions
e ra e d po r An ordinary Op ra glass an we . e
is t to b d spis d but of cours

no e instrum nt ith
e e , e an e w
a larg r Obj ctiv and long r focus is much mor

e e e a e e
e ffici nt and d si bl
e e ra e .
O ngr ving r pr s nts t h t l scop its standard

ur e a e e e e e e e , ,
and t h various parts in s ction and in d tail Th b

e ,
e e . e o
j t
ecglass A sho n in t h graving is a m niscus
, , w e en ,
e
l ns 24 inch s in d iam t r d 3 6 t 38 inch s focus It

e e e e an o e .
is mount d in ood n c ll B h vi g int rnal

e a w e e , ,
a n an e
fl nga fill t abou t i nch w id forming a tru sup

e or e
’
Te e , e
port f t h l ns and b aring g inst t h d f t h

or e e e a a e en o e
p pa r tub e D hic h fo ms
e, t h body f t h,t l scop
w r e o e e e e .
[ 20 7 ]
Th e l ns is r tai d i its c ll b y a fl at strip E f brass
e e ne n e , ,
O
w hich is sprun g into t h c ll and is push d do n e e e w
a gainst t h l ns Th c ll is fast n d t t h tub by

e e . e e e e o e e
F IG m . 2 08 . A Si p le T e le s c op e .
commo ood scr s hich pass through t h col lar

n w ew ,
w e
into t h pap r formi g t h tub It is p rhaps n dl s

e e n e e .
.
e ee e s
to say th t t ha c ll should b mad of som thoroughly

e e e e e
H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 209
s aso d h rd ood hich is not li bl to tmosph ic

e n e a w ,
w a e a e r
influ nc s H rd m pl ns s good pu pos but

e e . a a e a wer a r e ,
m hog ny is to b p f rr d
a a e re e e .
T prot ct t h Obj ctiv

O h n not in a p F Of
e e e e w e use ca , ,
tin or p st board n tly cov r d ith morocco or

a e ea e e w
v lv t is fitt d to t h c ll
e e e e e .
Th p p r tub e f hich t h t l scop b d is form d

a e e o w e e e e o v e
is such is mm l us d f rolling ngravings f

as co on v e or e or
mailing It is 3 inch s xt rnal diam t r and 32 inch s

. e e e e e e
long (about 4 inch s short r than t h focus f t h e e e o e
obj ct i v ) Th xt rior f t h tub is cov r d ith

e e . e e e o e e e e w
J va canva att ch d by m ans f bookbind r s past

a s a e e o e
’
e
(flour p st ith glu add d ) and varnish d h n d

a e w e e ,
e w e rv
w ith t or thr thin coats f sh ll c varnish This

wo ee o e a .
giv s t h tub
e l g nt and durabl finish
e e an e e a e .
Th focusing tub e G hich is f brass 1 4 inch s e , ,

w o ,
e
i t rnal diam t r and 1 2 inch s long is guid d by

n e e e ,
e
‘
, e a
turn d ood n pi c H fitt d t t h d Of t h past

e w e e e , ,
e o e en e e
bo rd t ub D d h ld by thr
a four ordinary
e , ,
an e ee or
round h d d ood scr s -

ea e w ew .
Th pi c H h e should against hich t h

e e , ,
as a e r, 1 ,
( w e
en d Of t h past board tub abuts and only about thr

e e e , ee
quart rs f an inch f t h pi c H actually fits t h

e o o e e e , ,
e
tub t h portion f m b to b ing t p r d as indic t d

e ,
e ro
’
0 e a e e a e
i
n th ngr ving d n a t h xtr m inn r d
e e a ,
an e r e e e e e en ,
a bout 34 inch s from t h should r th r thr e e e ,

e e a re ee
scr s d us d in collimating t h focusing tub G

ew , ,
e e e , .
Th bor Of t h pi c H is som hat l rg r th n

e e e e e , , ew .
a e a
t h focusing tub
e G and is provid d ith cloth lin e , , e w a
ing t
, ach d to insur t h smooth orking f
a, a e en e e w o
t h tub e e .
A sho t distanc from t h should r r a mo tis e e e , a, r e
about th qu t s of an inch squ r is m d th ou g h

re e -
ar e r a e a e r
the sid Of t h tub D and t h pi c H and a trans
e e e , ,
e e e , ,
v s slot f is form d t r c iv t h ood n spi dl I

er e , ,
e o e e e e w e n e ,
w hich is nlarg d in t h middl t r c iv t h ubb

e e e e o e e e e r er
thimbl J and has e, d mill d h ad by w hich

,
on on e e n a e e
it m y b turn d Th spindl I i h ld in plac by

a e e . e e, ,
s e e
concav pi c s 9 w hich in turn

e r tain d b y t h
e e , , a re e e e
curv d plat 1 attach d t t h tub D by scr w s

e e ,
0, e o e e , ,
e .
Th rubb r thimbl
e J must b f su ffici nt di m t r t
e e , , e o e a e e o
r ch t and p ss upon t h focusing tub and t h

ea o re e e ,
e
l tt r h
a e s ri s Of tr nsv rs groov s fil d in it
as a e e a e e e e .
This ill insur su ffici nt friction t mov t h tub

w e e o e e e ,
G in and out h n t h spindl I is turn d This sim

,
w e e e , ,
e .
p l de vic r plac s
e t h usu l focusing
e m ch nism
e and e e a e a ,
is to b pr f rr d t a r ck d pinion unl ss t h l t t r
e e e e o a an ,
e e a e
b p rf ctly mad
e e and it is c rtainly sup rior on t h
e e, e e e
scor Of ch pn ss e ea e .
Th c ll B pi c H d spindl I should b
e e , ,
e e, ,
an e, ,
e
bl ck d and polish d t h outsid and t h c ll should

a e e on e e ,
e e
b l ft d d bl ck
e e th insid Th int io Of t h
ea a on e e . e er r e
tub s should also b d d blac k This surf c m b

e e ea . a e av e
s cur d by adding l mpbl c k t a littl v ry thin sh l

e e a a o e e e
lac varnish and applying it t t h insid Of t h tub by

,
o e e e e
m ans f a s b Th foc l l ngths Of t h l ns s Of

e o wa . e a e e e e
th stronomic l y pi c should b to ach oth r as

e a a e e e e e e e
thr to ; t h fi ld l ns hich is n ar st t h Obj c t

ee on e e e e , w e e e e
glass h ving t h gr t st di m t r and t h long st

,
a e ea e a e e e e
focus and t h conv x sid f ach l ns should b turn d

,
e e e o e e e e
to ard t h obj ct gl ss Th ir dist nc apart hould

w e e a . e
$
a e .
S
b e on e h lf t h sum f th ir focal l ngths Th s l ns

-
a e o e e . e e e es
a re mount d in a w ood n c ll L w hos xt rior ise e e , , e e e
fitt d to t h focusing tub G d groov d circumf r

e e e , ,
an e e
en t i lly to r c iv a st ip f cloth
a hich is glu d in
e e e r o , w e ,
an d insur s a good fi t Th c ll is bor d in di ff r nt

e . e e e e e
di m t rs t r c iv th fi ld l ns h t h di phr gm
a e e o e e e e e e , ,
e a a , $,
an d th l ns j all of hich h ld in pl c g inst

e e ve e , ,
w a re e a e a a
t h should rs fo m d in t h c ll by circul
e e sp ings Of r e e e ar r
br ss hich sprung in in t h c s f t h Obj ct

a ,
w a re as e a e o e e
gl ss Th y ap tur should b bout 4 inch and

a . e e e er e e a ,
th ap rtur f t h diaphragm should b about t h

e e e o e e e
sm a e .
It is ll nough t m k t h diaphr gm d just bl

we e o a e e a a a e ,
so th t it m y b mov d back d forth t s cu t h

a a e e an o e re e
b st position It ill b found ho v r th t if pl c d

e . w e , we e ,
a , a e
just b yond t h focus of t he l ns it ill giv t h e e e ve e ,

w e e
b st r sults
e e .
A circul r r c ss 1 is form d in t h fac Of t h y

a e e ,
5 ,
e e e e e e
pi c to r c iv a sun gl ss hich is r t in d in pl c
e e e e e a ,
w e a e a e
w h n in e by short cu v d sp ing I Th sun gl ss

use , a r e r ,
. e a
is simply a disk Of v y d rk gl ss It must in f ct er a a .

,
a ,
b n e rly op qu ; som of t h gl ss kno n as blac k

ea a e e e a ,
w
glass ns rs t h pu pos v y ll
,
a we e r e er we .
If but stronomical y pi c is m d p b b l
on e a e e e e a e ,
ro a v
th most satisf ctory combin tion ould b F i ld

e a a w e : e
l s 1 4 inch s focal l ngth ; y l ns 4 inch ; dist nc

en ,
e e e e e ,
a e
a p rt 1 inch It is dvis bl h o v r to h v thr

a ,
. a a e ,
we e ,
a e ee
e y pi c s for di ff r nt purpos s
e e e Of high r po e e e —
on e e wer
and of lo po r th n t h
on e d sc ib d wer we a e on e e r e .
In this conn ction I ill d scrib t r stri l y e , w e e a e re a e e
pi c r f rring to t h s ction l vi F ig 2 09 l
e e ,
e e e e a ew ,
.
,
a
though i t is Of littl t ad pt such an y pi c t e use o a e e e e o
this instrum nt unl ss it is first p ovid d ith e e r e w an
a chrom tic Obj ctiv It is th n a po ful t l scop

a e e . e wer e e e ,
w hich ill n bl tow ll for m ny mil s Th

e a e on e se e w e a e . e
m thod f mounting t h l ns s d sc ib d in conn ction

e O e e e e r e e
w ith t h stronomic l y pi c s ill b follo d h r

e a a e e e e w e we e e
th r fo littl mor t h n t h di m t d f c
,
e e re f e e a e a e e r an o us o
the l ns s d th ir dist nc apar t n d b giv n
e e an e a e ee e e .
Th r f
e pl n conv x l ns s A B C D
e a re ou r a e -
e e e ,
’ ’
,
’
,
’
mount d in t p irs in ood n c lls E F fitt d to

e wo a w e e ,
’
,
e
th tub G hich in turn is fitt d to t h focusing

e e ,
’
,
w e e
tub G Th c ll E has a 4 inch p tu f t h y

e ,
. e e ,
’
,
-
a er re or e e e
and b d w hich proj cts b yond t h tub G

a ea e e e e ,
’
Th l ns A is abou t {
e e inch in di m t r and 1 inch
,
’
,
l
g a e e
FIG . 2 09 . D e t a i ls of T e le s c op e an d T e rre s t ri a l E y e p i e c e .
focus Th l ns B is 4 inch diam t r d 1 4 i ch

. e e ,
’
, e e an n
focus Th l ns C is inch di m t r 1 4 inch foc s

. e e ,
’
, 1 6
1
a e e ,
u .
T h l ns D is 4 inch di m t r d 1 4 inch focus

’
e e ,
Th
,
a e e an . e
plan f c of A is 1 4 inch s from t h pl n f c of

e a e
’
e e a e a e
B d a t p H h ving
’
,
an inch p tu is plac d
s e
,
’
,
a a . a er re ,
.
e
1 4 inch s f om t h f c of
e t h l ns A F rom
r t h pl n e a e e e ,
’
. e a e
f c Of t h l ns B to t h pl n sid f t h l ns C
a e e e ,
’
,
e a e e O e e ,
’
it is 34 inch s Th dist nc b t n t h pl n sid of e . e a e e wee e a e e
th l ns C and t h pl n f c Of t h l ns
e e ,
’
is 1 4
,
e a e a e e e ,
inch At dist nc f f inch f om t h f c of t h

es . a a e O
‘
g r e a e e
l ns C th r is diaphr gm I h ving 4 inch ap r

e ,
’
,
e e a a ,
’
,
a a -
e
tur It ill b Obs rv d th t t h conv x sid s of t h

e . w e e e a e e e e
l ns s
e D e turn d to ard ach oth r
, ,
a re e w e e .
FIG D . 21 0 . e t a i ls of T e le s c op e .
At t h xtr m inn r d Of t h tub G th is

e e e e e en e e ,
’
,
e re a
di ph gm K of 44 p rtu
a ra hich is h ld in pl c
,
’
, a e re , w e a e
by t circul r sp ings Th int rior surf c s must

wo a r . e e a e
b w ll bl ck d to p v nt r fl ction
e e a e re e e e .
I h v giv n ch p y t ffici nt m thods of holding
a e e ea e e e e
t h l ns s
e If d sir d t h
e ed r m y f cours ma k
. e e e re a e a ,
o e ,
e
t h mountings f br ss and fit t h instrum nt up

e o a ,
e e ac
cording t h i t st d ability O s a e an .
Th arrang m nt f t h various parts is cl rly

e e e o e ea
sho n in t h s ctional i N 3 F ig 209 and t h

w e e V ew, O .
,
.
,
e
focusing d vic is sho n in N 3 F ig 2 1 0 e e w o .

,
. .
In r g rd t t h m tt r f collim tion I hav found

e a o e a e o a e
th t by cutting ff t h nds Of t h pap r tub truly in

a o e e e e e
a l th t h c ll B d t h pi c H ill b m s
a e ,
e e , ,
an e e e , ,
w e ea
u ra b ly tru T d t min h th r t h focusing tub

e . o e er e w e e e e ,
G d c ll B
,
an axially in lin truly cut c rdboard
e , ,
a re e ,
a a
disk ith a pin hol x ctly in t h c nt r m y b

w e e a e e e ,
a e
plac d in t h c ll B A simil r d isk may also b plac d

e e e ,
. a e e
in ach d f t h focusing tub G

e en o e e ,
.
N by djusting t h pi c H by m ans of t h
e w ,
a e e e , ,
e e
thr sc s d t h thr pin hol s in t h disks m b

ee re w , ,
e ee e e av e
r dily brought p t h sam xial lin ; th n if t h

ea u on e e a e e ,
e
l ns s h v b n
e e f ll c nt r d by t h m f
a e ee c a re u v e e e e an u ac
tur r t h t l scop ill b found su ffi ci ntly ll

e ,
e e e e w e e we
collimat d If ho v r it is d sir d to asc t in

e .
,
we e ,
e e er a
w h th r t h l ns is truly c nt r d it m y b tu n d in
e e e e e e e ,
a e r e
its c ll hil t h t l scop is in fi d position and

e , w e e e e e a xe ,
dir ct d at som immovabl obj ct If t h im g mov

e e e e e . e a e es
as t h l ns is turn d it sho s t hat t h

e e k has b n e ,
w e w or ee
car l ssly d
e e on e .
If th r doubts as to h th r t h axis f t h
e e a re w e e e o e
Obj ctiv coincid s ith t h x is of t h tub t h tub

e e e w e a e e , e e
may b suppo t d in V shap d supports adapt d t t h

e r e -
e e o e
truly turn d nds Th n by placing a candl t som

e e . e e a e
distanc from t h f c f t h l ns d tu ning t h

e e a e o e e ,
an r e
tub in its V suppo ts t t h sam tim vi ing t h

e r ,
a e e e ew e
r fl ction Of t h candl in t h l ns it ill t onc b

e e e e e e ,
w a e e
kno n by t h mov m nt of t h fl ction th t t h c ll

w e e e e re e a e e
re qui s djustm nt t r nd t h xis of t h Obj ctiv

re a e o e er e a e e e
an d tha t f t h tub coincid nt o e e e .
With t l scop of this d scription l g numb r

a e e e e a ar e e
of c l sti l obj cts m y b xamin d ith g t s tis

e e a e a e e e w re a a
faction Th Moon furnish s an un nding sourc f d

. e e e e o e
light sho ing as i t do s f c th t is v r cha ging

,
w ,
e ,
a a e a e e n
throughou t t h lun month Jupit r may b coming e ar . e e
i t n good position d ffords

o int r sting study an a an e e
of hich w d not soon ti Th t l scop d

on e oe s re . e e e e e
sc ib d ill sho t h s t llit s in th i v rying posi

r e w w e a e e e r a
tions f om night t night It ill sho t h d rk band

r o . w w e a
a cross t h f c f t h pl n t d ill ffo d r lizing

e a e O e a e ,
an w a r a ea
s n f t h m gnitud f this gr t body

e se o e a e o ea .
S aturn m y b in g d position f Obs rvation

a e a oo or e ,
an d his ring m y b cl rly s n Th m niscus l n a e ea ee . e e e s
w ill sho littl l d its d finition

w a ill b quit e c o or, a n e w e e
d f ctiv h n dir ct d t such b ight Obj cts t h

e e e w e e e o r e as e
M oon Jupit S turn

,
M rs V nus ith t h e r, a ,
a ,
or e w e
full ap rtu th r for t h p rtur should b

e re ,
e e e e a e e e re
d d by
uc e di ph gm f cardbo rd A littl p i
a a ra o a . e ex er
m n t ill d t rmin t h b t siz d p tur F n bu

e w e e e e es e a er e . or e
l st r groups d doubl st rs t h full p rtur

ae , a ,
an e a ,
e a e e
should b us d Th gr at n bul f O ion is int r

e e . e e e a o r an e
e sting Obj ct ; ma y f t h st r groups e pl s n o e a a re v e rv ea
ing t h Pl iad s f inst nc Th sun also h n t h

,
e e e or a e . e ,
w e e
spots visibl is satisf cto y Obj ct f this i t

a re e ,
a a r e or n s ru
m nt O f cours t h sun gl ss ill b ppli d b for

e . e , e a w e a e e e
t h obs rv
e tt mpts to vi t h S oth is t h
e er a e ew e un ,
e rw e e
e y m ey b inju d or d t
a d It m y b th t som
e re e s re ve . a e a e
r d Of this articl m y hav a doubl

ea er plan con e a e e or e -
ve x l ns f long focus hich h migh t d sir t pr ss

e e
,
w e e e O e
into t h s vic E ith r of th s m y b us d but t h

e er e . e e e a e e , e
m niscus is b tt r If good job is m d of t h mount
e e e . a a e e
ings it ill not b long b for t h m niscus

w th .
e e e e e ,
or e
pl n a doubl conv x l ns ill b supplant d by

e or e e e w e e a
good achrom tic Obj ctiv hich ill incr as t h a e e ,

w w e e e
e ffici ncy f t h instrum nt m ny fold

e o S uch a l ns e e a . e
is t v ry xp nsiv It m y b procu d fro m almost

n o e e e e . a e re
any Optici n a .
As to t h t l scop sta nd littl n d b said as its

e e e e e ee e ,
construction is so cl a ly sho n in t h ngraving I e r w e e .
w ill y ho v r in t h b ginning t h t th r is no
sa ,
we e ,
e e ,
a e e
dang r f g tting it t solid If it is v y clumsy it is

e o e oo . er
no m tt If it is sl nd it ill b lik r d sh k n
a er . e er w e e a
“
ee a e
by t h ind only mor so as v ry tr mor h t h

e w ,
” “
e ,
”
e e e as e
b n fit of t h m gnifying po s of t h t l scop and is

e e .
e a wer e e e e
amplifi d to a ond rful xt nt e w e e e .
Th r undoubt dly b tt r st nds th n t h

e e a re e e e a a e on e
re pr s nt d but it is i l construct d and ns rs an

e e e ,
e as v e a we
e xc ll nt purpos F rom t h ground to t h t p f

e e e . e e O o
t h h x gonal hub M it is four f t

e e a Th r f th l , ,
ee . ee o e a
t rnat sid of t h hub

e e id r than t h int rm diat
es e a re w e e e e e
on s to c iv t h rought i on hing s b hich t h

e ,
re e e e w r e v w e
l gse tt ch d To ttach t h hing s t h pin is first

a re a a e . a e e ,
e
driv n t ; half f t h hing is th n tt ch d t

e ou on e -
o e e e a a e o
th l g e d t h oth r half t t h hub M

e ,
an h n t h pin e e o e , , w e e
is r pl c d e a e .
N 1 F ig 2 09 is t p vi
o .
,
f t h hub d t h upp
.
,
a o ew o e an e er
po tion of t h l gs N 4 F i g 2 1 0 is v rtical s ction

r e e . o .
,
.
,
a e e
on t h lin 9 g ein F ig 20 9 A 1 4 inch

e ,
hol is bor d , ,
. .
-
e e
through t h hub to r c iv t h st ndard N hich sup

e e e e e a , ,
w
ports t h t l scop and is clamp d t y d sir d

e e e e e a an e e
h ight by t h thumb sc
e m To p v nt m rring t h e re w ,
. re e a e
st nd rd pi c of sol l ath r is int rpos d b t n

a a a e e e e e e e e wee
t h scr e d st nd rd An m is hing d to ch
ew an a a . ar ,
n ,
e e a
of l gs d folds do n upon t h st nd r d
th e e an w e a a ,
so as
to spring t h l gs out rdly d thus r nd t h stand e e wa , an e er e
v y rigid Th lo r nds f t h l gs t rmin t in

er . e we e o e e e a e
spik s d stra p is attach d to

e ,
an of t h l gs t a e on e e e o
f st n th m all tog th h n t h instrum nt is not

a e e e er w e e e
in use .
upp r d f t h stand rd N is r duc d in

Th e e en o e a , ,
e e
siz and mad li gh t l conical for r c iving sock t

e ,
e s v e e a e ,
0 t t h upp r
,
o d of hich is joint d arm attach d
e e en w e an e
to t h V shap d trough P in hich t h t l scop is

e -
e , ,
w e e e e
s cur d by str ps Th form f t h joint is sho n in

e e a . e o e w
Fi g 2 1 0 hich i v rtical transv rs s ction ta k n

.
,
w s a e e e e e
through t h sock t O trough P and body of t h t l

e e , , , , e e e
s CO p A stro gebolt
. form t h pivot f t h join t n ,
0, s e o e
b t n t h sock t 0 and trough P and is pro id d

e wee e e , , , , v e
w i th ing nut b y hich it may b tight n d Th

a w w e e e . e
surfac s f t h joint as ll as t h upp r d f t h

e o e we e e en o e
standard should b coat d ith black l ad to insur e e w e e
smooth orkin g A p st t fi rmly in t h ground

w . o se e ,
w hil it cannot b mov d f om plac to plac h t h

e e e r e e , as e
adv ntag f b ing rigid and forms

a e f t h b st of
o e ,
on e o e e
ch p stands A fixtur scr d in t h indo casing

ea . e ewe e w w
of a south indo d anoth r att ch d t wa orth w , an e a e o n
w indo fford solid supports for t h instrum nt and

w, a e e ,
h v t h dd i t l adv ntag f p rmitting t h b

a e e a I On a a e o e e O
s rv t r main und r cov r

e er o e e e .
I P TH E M CR O S C O E
Th man h he p ss d boyhood ithout kno ing w o as a e w w

som thing f h t is r v l d by t h microscop h
e o w a e ea e e e ,
as
miss d f t h pl asur s f lif

e on e d h f il d to
o e e e o e ,
an as a e
look into f th most int r sting and profitabl

on e o e .
e e e
studi s op n t t h s k r ft r kno l dg
e e o e ee e a e w e e .
Probably t h b st form f simpl microscop f t h e e o e e or e
b ginn r is a Doubl t f hich thr forms sho

e e e ,
o w ee a re wn
in t h ngraving If this cannot b h d a cloth t st r

e e . e a ,
e e ,
or a j l r s y gl ss ill sho much hich t h y

ewe e
’
e e a , w w w e e e
cannot distinctly Th doubl t consists f t

se e . e e o wo
plan conv x l ns s mount d in a short tub ith th i

e -
e e e e e w e r
conv x su fac facing ch oth r and s parat d by

e r es ea e ,
e e a
dist nc qual t a half t h sum f th ir focal

e e o on e -
e o e
l ngths
e .
Th habi t f using t h l ns cr at s t h habit f b

e o e e e e e o o
s rv tion and this rapidly incr as s on s fund f

e a ,
e e e
’
.
o
g n ral information
e e .
Th doubl t is conv ni nt and in xp n iv

e Its e . .
e e e e s e .
po r ho v r is fi x d If di ff r n t po r is
we , we e ,
e . a e e we re
quir d anoth r d oubl t ill b n d d Probably

e e e w e ee e .
thr fourths inch is t h most us ful focus

ee -
e e .
B t t f r al w ork i t h micr p sho w i

e er or e s e os c o e n n
F ig 2 1 2 It has glass plat

. . hi ch t plac a e on w o e
th obj c t t b xamin d and is provid d ith

e e o e e e ,
e w a
mirror t r fl ct light from b lo up through trans

o e e e w
par n t tr nsluc nt Obj cts Th arm hich carri
e or a e .
e . e w es
t h l ns s ings so as t bring t h l ns ov r any part f

e e w o e e e o
t h pl te d slips r adily up
a e an d o n t bring y part e or w o an
o f t h obj ct into focus

e Th l ns s e d ubl t Th y . e e e a re o e s . e
may b h d f 1 4 inch 1 i 4 ie d 4 in focus

a o ,
n .
,
n .
,
an . .
Probably t h 4 inch and 4 inch ill prov t h mos t e w e e

s vic bl Th ood n b s is b v l d t ith r d

er ea e . e w e a e e e e a e e en
to fo m r sts f t h h nds in m nipul ting t h obj cts

r e or e a a a e e
an d l ns e .
In a slid und r t h b s is plac d a m t l plat

e e e a e e e a e
e n m l d black
a e e sid and hit th oth on on e e w e on e er .
This is to b pl c d on t h gl ss st g h n opaqu e a e e a a e w e e
obj cts und r xamin tion

e a re e e a .
This instrum n t ill t tak t h plac f a com e w no e e e o
pound microscop but it ans v ry ll h only e ,

w e rs e we w en
F IG D M . 21 1 . i s se c t i n g ic ros c op e .
a l po is n d d If t h us r d v lops a tast
ow wer ee e . e e e e e
f microscopy and purch s s a r gular microscop t h

or a e e e ,
e
diss cting mic oscop ill still b of v lu to him in

e r e w e a e
t h pr p r tion
e e d pr limin ry x mination f obj ct
a a an e a e a o e s
to b x min d by t h high r po r f t h compound

e e a e e e we o e
m i croscop that t h pu chas f diss cting micro

e ,
so e r e o a e
s cop is only introductory to t h study of microscopy

e e
Int sting obj cts f t h diss ctin g microscop

.
e re e or e e e a re
plant h i s on t h b ck f t h l f f t h D utzi
a r .
e a o e ea o e e a
2 20 H OM E ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
gracilis pi and m ny oth r l v s it h sur
,
or S rae a , a e ea e w
f c s rough to t h touc h Many f t h mints and fi

a e e . o e
w orts h v hairs ond rfully branch d Poll n

a e w e e . e ,
s ds ings and ant nna of butt r fl i s moss s spor

ee ,
w e e e e ,
e ,
e
cas s f f rns ins cts p r sit s hair f ath rs min

e o e ,
e ,
a a e ,
s, e e ,
l crystals all
e ra s , int r sting and instructiv ,
-
a re e e e .
Th form tion f crystals on t h glass stag is v ry i

e a o e e e n
t e re s t i n g .
rop a small q t i t f a l t i f alum m

Q
D uan v o so u on O , co
m salt sulphat f copp r

on ,
oth r ch mical s lt e o e , or e e a ,
sal mmoniac for xampl upon t h glass stag and

a e e ,
e e
allo it t vaporat hil t h op ration is atch d

w o e e w e e e w e
through t h l ns F b st r sults spr d t h drop

e e . or e e .
ea e
of solution ith t h dg f a pap r cutt r card into

w e e e o e e or
a thin film A littl practic ill nabl . t m k e e w e e on e o a e
a v ry uniform film in hich t h crystals form v ry

e w e e
b autifully
e .
O f cours t h glass s must b p rf ctly cl an

e P e e e e e e . er
f t cl anlin ss is b l t l ss nti l in v ry part

ee e e a so u e v e e a e e
o f microscopic ork D ust sp cially is t h orst f w . e e e w .

e e
of t h microscopist It is ll nigh impossibl t b

e . we e o e
entir ly rid f it and

e mot hich r mains is o ,
e ve rv e w e
magnifi d by t h high r po r into b am

e e e we s a e .
A b furnish s a good obj c t f diss ction d

ee e e or e an
pr par tion Th ing and t h sting

e a . sp cially e w s e a re e e
int r sting Th ings

e e provid d ith hook d
. e w a re e w s e
sign d t ngag rib t h oth r h lf It is st t d

e o e e a on e e a . a e
that human b ing h v r b n bl t fast t h

no e as e e ee a e o en e
w ings tog t h r Th f t and r spiratory pp r t s

e e . e ee e a a a u
a re lso int r sting

a e e .
By a littl labor m y diss ct from a fl o r i

e on e a e we or n
s ct int rior p rts f gr t int r st Ind d it is by

e e a o ea e e . ee ,
diss ction th t most obj cts

e pr par d f p rm
a e a re e e or e a
n t p s v tion d
en re e r Th tools f
a this o k an use . e or w r a re
fe w d simpl
an d lthough t h sold by d l s
e ,
an a e se ea er
a reto b p f r d y t
e m y p par for hims lf
re er e ,
e on e a re e e
such substitut s as w ill nabl him to do r ally good

e e e e
F IG M . 21 2 . A P ra c t i c a l ic ros c op e .
w o k O sp c d o s not llo much t b s id upo

r . ur a e e a w o e a n
this point Th indisp nsabl a ticl

. e n dl s e e r es a re ee e
an d kniv s Diss cting n dl s

e . imply s ing e ee e a re S ew
nee dl s et i h nd l s
se Ev n ns plint r f w ood
a e . e a e o or
w ood n p nhold r ns s ll purpos s of a handl
e e e a wer a e e ,
an d th y d of n del m eb pushe d into it

en so a ee e av e e
as t b fi ml o t in its s e t S v r l siz s f n dl s
r v se ea . e e a e o ee e
should b mount d dy for e A small point d e re a u se . e
bl d of p nknif ill ns for cutting A v ry

a e a e e w a wer .
‘
suit bl knif m y b m d by grinding t h d f

a e e a e a e e en o a
n dl to d g and sh rp ning it on ston Th s

ee e an e e a e a e . e e
tools though simpl s vic bl e ,

a re er ea e .
To diss ct a fl o r for x mpl plac it upon t h

e we ,
e a e ,
e e
st g f t h microscop d b ing into focus ith t h

a e o e e an r w e
l ns so th t it is distinctly visibl At first

e a th .
e .
.
u se e
l s of long st focus
en Th n tak a dl in ach h nd
e . e e n ee e e a
and op n t h flo r hil you look into it O bs rv

e e we ,
w e . e e
i t p t ls th ir colors m kings
s e a , d h irs if ye ,
ar an a ,
an a re
pr s nt its st m ns th i sh p s and poll n its s d

e e ,
a e ,
e r a e e ,
ee
v ss l d y p culi rity M ny
e e an xquisit vi
an e a . a an e e ew
into N tur s most b utiful r c ss s is to b h d in

a e
’
ea e e e e a
this y S b utiful m ny flo rs th t f ls
wa . o ea a re a we a on e ee
it to b lmost a prof n tion of s c d sh in t

e a .
a a a a re r e o ex
p l fu
ore th r But still t h runlocking f t
e h shrin . e o e e
m y disclos mor p ofound myst i s so

a proc d t
e e r er e ,
we ee o
cut it h wf ti kniv s cross t h s d v ss l

on e o ou r nv e a e ee e e
w hich occupi th c nt r f t h flo r N otic t h es e e e o e we . e e
symm try f its rang m nt p rh ps in thr s ctions

e o ar e e ,
e a ee e ,
e ls in four fi ; som tim s m ny t ro s of

e or ve e e as a as en w
s ds m y b found It is v ry int r sting p oint t

ee a e . a e e e o
study t h rrang m nt d pl c of ttachm nt of t h

e a e e an a e a e e
s ds in t h v ss l This mod of o king is t h mod

ee e e e . e w r e e
us d by ll bot nists in th i pr limin y study f a

e a a e r e ar o
pl nt An ntomologist studi s ins ct in t h s m

a . e e an e e a e
w ay .
Aft er th e limit of vision ith t h long focus d w e e
l s is
en re a ch d high po i t k n d t h arch
e ,
a er wer s a e an e se
is continu d to t h short st focus t h stud nt may h v

e e e e e a e .
All f t h co s o t m of obj ct is studi d

e
“
ar e an a o v
”
an e e
by m ns f t h d iss ctin g mic oscop

ea o Th com e e r e . e
pound microscop inv rts t h vi of obj ct so th t e e e e w an e a
a motio n to t h right s ms t b to d t h l ft d e ee o e w ar e e an
to ards s ms to b from
w ,
It is v ry d i ffi cult to
ee e on e . e
b com accustom d t this inv rsion in diss cting d

e e e o e e ,
an
f orthat r son t h compound microscop is r r ly us d

ea e e a e e
e v by t h most xp rt Th n t its fi ld f vi
en e e e . e ,
oo, e o e w
is small and high po rs not n d d in diss cting

,
we a re ee e e .
Th b ginn r is e n stly advis d to st dy ll sorts

e e ear e e u a
o f minut things hich h m y find sinc discov i s

e w e a ,
e er e ,
sur p is s d most sublim vi s into t h hidd n

r e an e ew e e
things of N tur a it him t v y tu n A m ost a e wa a e er r .
us ful book for this lin of o k is Common O bj cts

e e w r
“
e
f h
or t M icroscop ”
hic h t h stud nt is dvis d to
e e ,
w e e a e -
b uy .
But ith v n t h high st skill th r is limit to t h

w e e e e e e a e
use o f simpl magnifying gl ss s Th d sir to k no

e a e . e e e w
w h t li s b yond must b gratifi d in oth r ys A

a e e e e e wa .
compound microscop is t h only instrum nt hich e e e w
w ill m t this condition and disclos ll th t

ee b e a a c an e
s n by l ns s This consists f t l ns s
ee e e t . ch o wo e e ,
on e a ea
en d f a tub hich is in t parts

o sliding ithin
e ,
w wo ,
on e w
t h oth r
e Th l ns n ar st t h obj ct is t h obj ctiv
e . e e e e e e e e e
and is r lly a v ry fi simpl microscop in its lf

ea e ne e e e .
Th upp r l ns t h
e p i incr
e s s t h me g i fi ,
e e ve ece ,
ea e e a n ca
tion f t h obj ctiv d n bl s t h y h n in t h

o e e e an e a e e e e w e e
prop r position t t k in at onc t h ntir pictur

e o a e e e e e e
produc d by t h instrum nt and to study it in d t il

e e e , e a .
Th p rticular instrum nt sho n in F ig 2 1 1

e a e w .
,
although v y plain d simpl is xc dingly ll er an e ,

e ee we
mad and v y us ful It ill r c iv t h st nd r d

e ,
er e . w e e e e a a
obj ctiv s and y pi c s It has a v ry smooth rac k
e e e e e e . e
m otion hich admits of v y fi djustm nt Th

,
w e r ne a e . e
m gnific tion f compound microscop i v i d by

a a o a e s ar e
using Obj ctiv s f di ff r nt focal l ngths y pi c s f e e o e e e ,

e e e e o
di ff r nt po rs d by changing t h l ngth f t h
e e we ,
an e e o e
tub This microscop is usually p ovid d ith a half

e . e r e w
inch obj ctiv hich m y b s p rat d to form a e e w a e e a e on e
an d half inch obj ctiv also and an inch and half

a e e ,
a
ey pi c e e e .
If w ish t put mor mon y i to t h micro

on e es o e e n e
scop h ill xt n d e h alf inch y pi c

e w d n e ee a on e -
e e e e an a
on e fourth inch Obj ctiv With th s h ill h v si x

-
e e . e e e w a e
d gr s f m gnific tion t his comm nd varying from

e ee o a a a a ,
2 5 di m t rs t bou t 4 00 di m t rs By diam
a e e o a a e e . e
t rs is m ant t h numb r f tim s bro d r an obj ct

e e e e o
'
e a e e
a pp s This is t h usual mod f stating m g i fi

e ar . e e o a n ca
tion Th numb r f tim s Obj ct is magnifi d is

. e e o e an e e
found by multiplying t h diam t r by its lf Thus e e e e .

,
if s d is m gnifi d fifty di m t rs it is m d t p
a .
ee a e a e e a e o a
p ar t nty fi h und d tim s its r l si z

e we -
ve re e ea e .
A microscop f t h lu f this should b e o e va e o on e e
h ndl d ith xtr m c r Th r

a e c rtain sim pl
w e e e a e . e e a re e e
points to b obs rv d in t h d c r ffi glass s

e e e e use a n a e o ne e .
N v r touch th m
e e ith t h b r fing rs It gr s e w e a e e . ea es
th m d injur s th ir tr nsp r ncy Wip th m only

e an e e a a e . e e
w ith v ry soft cl an cloth a . bit of chamois skin

e e ,
or .
Th glass of e hich t h l ns s m d is v ry sof t d w e e e a re a e e an
e as il sc tch d Th fin st dust may b compos d

v ra e . e e e e
o f hard grit hich ill l v its m rk upon t h l ns if , w w ea e a e e
rubb d cros it It is ll to blo t h dust ff b

e a s . we w e o e
for ipin g t h l ns L ns s
e w asily brok n if e e . e e a re e e
dropp d Th most common ccid nt is t h d ropping

e . e a e e
of t h obj ctiv hil scr in g it i nto its p lac or

e e e w e ew e re
movi ng it E v n ith car this som tim s h pp ns

. e w e e e a e .
Th r is but e e of sc ing or unscr ing t h on e w ay re w ew e
l ns from t h tub hich is c rtain to pr v nt accid nt

e e e w e e e e .
Tak t h l ns b t n t h firs t and s cond fing rs of

e e e e wee e e e
t h l ft hand just as
e e ould a cork a l ad p ncil ,
on e w or e e .
N hold it in t h position t b scr d into t h tub

e w e o e ewe e e
and turn it in holly by t h right h nd Proc d in w e a . ee
t h sam mann r in unscr

e e ing t h l ns N ccid nt e ew e e . o a e
can happ n e .
With this microscop fitt d w ith t h half inch s para e e e e
bl bj ctiv and t h
e o e and a half inch y pi c an
e e on e e e e e
e xhaustl ss fi ld f study and d light is op n d t its

e e o e e e o
poss sor es .
PA R T VI I .
E L E C T R I C I T Y
A P R A C TI C A L P R I M A R Y BATT E R Y
V E R Y am t ur h d lights in m king things a e w o e
“
a
d abbl s mo l ss ith l ctricity Most f

e re or e w e e . o
th situat d that th y h v
es e acc ss
a re so e e a e no e
t t h l rg sourc s f supply f t h
o l ctric
e a e e o o e e e c ur
r nt such lighting st tion

e ,
fu nish d if th y
as a s c an r ,
an e
w ould do any r al ork mus t mak th ir gnr e w e e ow n e e a .
t ors d pparat us It is t t h ssistanc f such

an a .
.
o e a e o
t h t t h pr s n t s tion i d vot d
a e e e ec s e e .
Th ba t t ry r pr s nt d by F i g 2 1 3
e e b mad at ,
e e e e .
,
c an e e
a mi imum cost d h n m d ill giv m ximu m

n ,
an w e a e w e a . a
o f output Th mat rials t b purch s d

. gl e e o e a e a re as s
jars porous cups carbons i

,
burrs scr s bind , ,
z n e s, ,
e w ,
ing p sts and som sh t copp r

o e ee e .
All t h pi c s f t h c ll com r dy f
e e xc pt e or e e e ea or u s e ,
e e
t h carbons
e hich p culiar t t h sp ci l f rm f
,
w a re e o e e a o o
c ll As t h cut sho s th r is a ring f c rbon t b

e . e w ,
e e o a s o e
pl c d in t h gl ss jar d t fi t in t h jar as clos ly as

a e e a an o e e
m y b a ithou t x rting pr ssur up n t h jar S i

e w e e e e o e . x
plat s f c rbon e r quir d for ach ring E ach

o a a re e e e .
pl t has t hol s f a siz to fi t t h scr s Th

a e wo e .
o e e ew . e
hol m y b mad most sily by a ls and r am rs

es a e e .
ea w e e ,
such as t b found in a t f tools in

a re wl
o e se o an a
h ndl A littl p ti nc and xp i c ill n bl

a e . e a e e e er en e w e a e
an y t mak
on e t h hol s n atly
o C arbon i v ry h rd e e e e . s e a
an d ill wdrill v ry f st H nc it is b tt
w e ar a t .
e a . e e ,
e er no
to att mpt drilling hol s in a c rbon pl t O f cours

e .
e .
a a e . e
t h h ole should b qu lly sp c d if t h app aranc

es e e a a e ,
e e e
o f t h finish d e o k is t b consid r d e w r o e e e .
[ 227 ]
copp r should b a b out 1 32d f an inch in thic k
Th e e e -
o
ne ss d bout 4 i nch id It
an a b bought f w e .
.
c an e o
this idth cut by t h d l

w by a smith w ith l rg
,
or e e a e r or a e
sh s A st ip must b b nt into si x sid d ring f

e ar . r e e a -
e o
such siz that h n t h c rbonse fa t d to it t h

.
w e e a a re s en e e
w hol ill slid snugly into t h gl ss jar It ill b

e w e e a .
.
w e
b t t r aft r
e e stri p h b n fitt d to its plac to
e on e as ee e e
straight n it t and it a patt rn t mplat

e ou us e as e ,
or e e
F IG m B . 21 3 . A P ra c t i c a l P ri a ry a t t e ry .
by hich to drill t h hol in t h r s t f t h copp r

w e es e e o e e
strips Th y ill th n b all alik d int rch ng

. e w e e e an e a e
abl A t mplat should al o b us d for m king t h

e . e e s e e a e
h ol in t h c rbons though all hol s m y b r am d

es e a ,
e a e e e a
littl sid t h oth r to llo t h scr to pass

e on on e e or e e a w e ew
through If t h ork h no m ns f tapping a

. e w er as ea o
thr ad for t h sc
e h should buy nuts f t h scr
e s re w ,
e or e ew
a lso Th hol s in t h copp r st ips m y b punch d

. e e e e r a e e
w ith a n il punch if h no m ns of drilling th m

a , on e as ea e .
F or punch in g hol s in this y t h d of a stic k f e wa e en o
h d ood should b us d
ar w b d to r st t h copp r e e as a e e e e
upon h n punch d Th strip f copp r hich l ds

w e e . e o e w ea
up t t t h binding post m y b riv t d to t h ing

ou o e a e e e e r ,
o r on e e nd f t h ring m y b l ft long nough t b nd

o e a e e e o e
up coupl f inch s abov t h top of t h jar Th

a e o e e e e . e c ar
b ns should b long nough to r ach bov t h j so

o e e e a e e ar
th t t h m t l p rts sh ll not touch t h gl ss In this

a e e a a a e a .
bat t ry t h fluid mploy d ill corrod m t l v ry rap

e e e e w e e a s e
idly T pr v n t t h fluid from cr ping up through

. o e e e ee
th por s of t h c rbo d r ching t h copp r t h

e e e a n an ea e e ,
e
e nds f t h c rbon should b dipp d in hot m lt d

o e a s e e e e
p ffi
a ra and saturat d
ne by it b for clamping th m to e e e e
t h copp r ring
e e .
Th binding posts may b

e f any avail bl form e o a e ex
ce pt thos ith ood scr s A m chin scr ise w w ew . a e ew nec
e ssary b caus t h binding post is to b cl mp d to t h

e e e e a e e
copp r t i p b y it t
e th s p rts
s r scr d t . en e e a a re ewe o
g th r t h batt ry is r dy to b ass mb l d
e e e e ea e e e .
N othing h b n s id bout t h z s f jars d t h

as ee a a e Si e o an e
r st sinc t h c ll m y b mad f a siz to fit any j

e ,
e e e a e e o e ar
into hich t h porous cup d carbons ill go R ound

w e an w .
porous cups may b had from 1 4 inch s up to 5 inch e e es
in out id diam t r and round gla s j rs m y b h d

s e e e ,
s a a e a
from 2 4 inch s up to 7 inch in insid d i m t r Th re es e a e e . e e
i thus mpl r ng
s f siz f
.
a y to consult
e both a e o e or a n on e
t h d pth of his pock tbook

e e d t h qu ntity f cu r nt e an e a o r e
w hich h ish s t h b tt ry to giv This is a point

e w e e a e e .
not und stood by m ny m t urs Th volt g hich

.
er a a a e . e a e w
a c ll giv s is d t rmin d by t h kind f ch mic ls us d

e e e e e e o e a e
in it and not by t h quantiti s f ch micals consum d e e o e e .
Th curr n t in mp r s
e hich t h volt g b ing fix d
e a e e ,
w ,
e a e e e ,
t h c lle ill g iv and t h ork it can th r fo do

e w e ,
e w e e re ,
a re
230 H OME ME H N C A IC S F OR AM AT EU R S
d t min d by t h q t i t of ch mic ls consum d by
e e r e e uan v e a e
t h c ll i n its ction
e e I t m y b st t d fi vr
a . a e a e as a a r a e
a g r
e sult th t e pound f zinc ill giv a3 2 0 mp r
on e O w e a e e
hours in a c ll such t his e as .
C rbon plat s
a b h d in gr at i t y of si z s
e c an e a a e va I e e
an d sh p s Th b st a y is
e f t h . cont mplating e e wa or e on e e
making t h b tt ry t rit to d l r in l ctric l e a e o w e a ea e e e a
suppli s d k for a cat logu hich h ill b glad

e an as a e ,
w e w e
to furnish All t h parts th n b s l ct d f prop r

. e c an e e e e e o e
proportion to ch oth r so th t th y ill go tog th r ea e ,

a e w e e .
E ith r t h D ni ll bottl
e F ull r zinc should b u d
e a e ,
e or e e se .
Th cut sho s t h Dani l ] zinc

e It is good form b
w e e . a e
caus f t h larg surf c xpos d to t h action of t h

e o e e a e e e e e
fluid .
Th b st solution f this c ll is t h chromic cid

e e or e e a
fluid It should b mad by ight taking h

. e e we , c ro
mic acid 1 8 parts at r 6 0 parts sulphuric acid con ,

w e , ,
cen t t d 9 parts
ra e A pint f at r m y b t k n as
, . o w e a e a e a
pound d a pint f t h sulphuric acid

,
an pounds o e as .
Th chromic cid is a solid and can b most asily

e a e e
we i gh d dir ctly Put t h chromic acid into t h at r

e e . e e w e .
It dissolv s r adily Th n pour t h sulphu ic acid into

e e . e e r
t h mixtur
e slo ly a littl at a tim stirring it
e ve rv w ,
e e ,
in thoroughly ls a dis gr bl accid nt m y b had , e e .

a eea e e a e
from t h h at produc d It is consid r d by many that

e e e . e e
this solution is imp ov d by dding 1 part f chlorat r e a .

o e
of pot sh Wh n it i cold it is r ady f

a . e s e or u s e .
Th z inc in all c lls f this charact r must b amal

e e o e e
g m
a t d ; that
a e is co t d ith m rcury This may b ,
a e w e . e
don dir ctly by dipping t h z inc into t h solution f

e e e e or
a short tim and th n rubbing m rcury upon it or b t

e e e , ,
e
t e r,by putting ounc f m rcury into t h bottom f an e o e e o
e ach porous cup Anoth r y is to add to t h solu . e wa e

tio in ch po ous cup much bisulph t of m

n ea r ,
as a e er
cury ill li qu t r of doll

as w Th z incs e on a ar e a ar . e
w ill th n b m lg m t d dir ctly fro m t h solu t ion

e e a a a a e e e .
Th c ll m y b t up in v rious ys ith only

e e a e se a wa w
slight di ff r nc s in t h r sulting cur nt dur bility

e e e e e re ,
a
an d const cy of ction W w ill giv four m d f

an a . e e o es o
a rr nging t h c lls
a e e :
F irst F ill t h gl ss jar t ithin an inch f t h t p

—
e a o w o e o
an d t h porous cup to t h s m l v l
e ith t h solution e a e e e w e
d sc ib d abov
e r e e .
S cond e F ill t h porous cup ith a mixtur f at r

—
e w e o w e
1 0 parts and sulphuric acid 1 p rt d t h glas jar a ,

an e s
w ith t h chromic cid mixtu giv n bov

e a re e a e .
Thi d F ill t h gl ss j ith t h chromic acid solu

r —
e a ar w e
tion d t h po ous cup ith at r to hich tabl s lt

an e r w w e w e a
has b n add d t t h r t of 4 oz t t h pint S l

ee e a e a e . o e . u
phat f z inc m y b us d in plac f s lt 6 t t h

e o a e e e o a ,
oz . o e
pint .
Fl ur eF ill t h gl ss j ith chromic acid solutio

—
e a ar w n
and t h porous cup ith cl ar t r This ill st t

e w e wa e .
.
w ar
slo r th n any f t h oth r mod s of filling but ill

we a o e e e ,
w
w ork b caus nough f t h chromic acid solution

,
e e e o e
p ss s through t h por s f t h cup to t upon t h

a e e e o e ac e
z inc .
Th adapt dn ss f this c ll f
e many us s is sho ne e o e or e w
by t h fact th t it e b arrang d fluid c ll a c an e e a s a on e e
a lso R moving t h porous cup hang t h zinc in t h

. e e e e
c nt r of t h gl ss j b m ns of bo rd cov of t h
e e e a ar v ea a a er e
j
ar through hich hol is m d to r c iv t h d f w a e a e e e e e en o
t h zince Th fluid us d ill b t h chromic cid solu

. e e w e e a
tion Th zinc must b fully m lg m t d b for p t

. e e a a a a e e e u
ting i t into s rvic and t h bisulph t of m rcury

.
e e , e a e e
should b us d to maint in t h z inc in condition In

e e a e .
this form t h c ll g iv s its strong st cu r nt but ill e e e e r e ,
w
only last bout half as long a .
Wh n v r this c ll is t b out f t h z inc should

e e e e o e o use e
b r mov d from t h liquid

e e Th porous cup should
e e . e
b tak n
e t and t in e dish f t h sam solution
ou se a . o e e
as it contains In this y all ast f t h ch mi . wa w e o e e
cals is pr v nt d e e e .
Th batt ry as d scrib d is
e f t h strong st and
e ,
e e , on e o e e
most r liabl p imary b tt ri s With its strong st

e e r a e e . e
curr nt it r dily h ts fi iron and platinum ir s

e ea ea ne w e .
With t h porous cup it is adapt d to driv motors fans

e e e , ,
an d xcit l ctromagn ts A l rg batt ry ill light

e e e e e . a e e w
small incand sc nt lamps E ight t c lls holding e e . or en e ,
t wo quarts ach ill driv t h motor f S i t i fi e , w e e o c en c
Am i S pp l m t N
e r c an 6 4 1 t full po r and
u e en ,
o .
,
o we ,
ru n
a s i g machin turn a small lath

ew n do any oth r e or e ,
or e
e qual ork Th x p ns of maint nanc is not gr at

w . e e e e e e e .
Th liquid h n it b com s gr n is xhaust d d

e w e e e ee e e an
must b r plac d by fr sh solution Th zincs can b

e e e e . e e
us d till th y
e ntir ly dissolv d This b tt ry is
e a re e e e . a e
no t a t y but a s rvic abl pi c

o ,
f orking appar tus e e e e e o w a .
E L E C T R I C L I GH TI N G F O R A M AT E U R S
It is possibl f any t procur small incan

n ow e or on e o e
d sc nt lamps from t h E dison Lamp C

e e d from e o . an
most d l rs in l ctric l goods Th s littl lamps

ea e e e a . e e e
c an b op rat d quit succ ssfully by m ns of asily

e e e e e ea e
construct d batt ri s It is f cours a littl troubl

e e e .
,
o e , e e
s om and t h x p s f t h l ct i light produc d in

e , e e en e o e e e r c e
this y is som hat gr t r than oth r lights but

wa ew ea e e ,
a mat urs can d riv a gr t d al f s tisfaction from

e e e ea e o a
th s xp rim nts in l ctric lighti g

e e e e e e e n .
Th batt ry may b e mad at hom from mat rials

e e e e, e
th t m y b purch s d f om t h m nuf ctu s f t h

a a e a e r e a a re r o e
l mps f om y d al in l ctric l suppli s E ach

a or r an e er e e a e .
c ll of batt ry consists of t pl t s of c bon 2 in

e e wo a e ar .
w id 44 in long and 4 in thick

e ,
zinc plat 2
.
,
.
,
on e e
in id 4 in l g d 4 in thick t strips of ood

. w e ,
. on ,
an .
,
wo w
4 in id 4 in. thick w d 4 in
e long
,
t strong .
,
an .
, wo
rubb r bands and an ordina y tumbl r

e ,
r e .
Th z inc amal g m t d by dipping in dilut sul

e is a a e e
F IG m B . 21 4 . A Si p le a t t e ry .
ph i acid ( acid
ur c part at r t lv part ) th n on e , w e we e s e
S prinkling on a f w small drops of m rcury rubbing it e e ,
about ith s b fo m d of pi c f cotton cloth

w a . wa r e a e e o
t i d around t h
e d of stick E v ry portion f t h
e en a . e o e
surf c f t h zinc should b cov r d ith m rcury If

a e o e e e e w e .
t h am lgam tion is p rf ct it n d not b r p t d

e a a e e ,
ee e e ea e .
Th carbon plat s b for

e should ch b h t d e e e use ea e ea e
I f on e s tu t d ith p ffi f dist nc
e n d an d a ra e w a ra ne or a a e
of 1 4 in from t h upp d ( d no mor ) to p

. e er en an e re
v nt t h solution from sc nding t h pl t by pi ll

e e a e e a e ca ar
ity This is accomplish d b h ating t h d f t h

. e v e e en o e
pl t ov r a lamp d pplying a pi c f p ffi
a e e an a e e o a ra ne or
a p ffi c ndl
a ra until it is fill d
n eN fr p ffia e e . o ee a ra ne
should b llo d to main t h surfac f t h

e a we re on e e o e c ar
bon it ill int rf

, as ith making a good l ctrical
w e e re w e e
conn ction ith t h pl t

e w e a e .
F IG mb B . 21 5 . A Tu le r a t t e ry .
Th zinc pl t is plac d b t n t h t
e ood n a e e e wee e wo w e
strips Th c rbon pl t s
. pl c d outsid f t h
e a a e a re a e e o e
st ips and h ld by t h t rubb r b nds as sho n in

r e e wo e a ,
w
F i g 21 4 . .
conn ction b t n t h c rbon plat s d t h

Th e e e wee e a e an e
w ir l ading a y f om t h c bon pol is m d by a

e e wa r e ar e a e
doubl d st ip of copp r t h nds f hich

e
-
r i ,
a, e ,
e e o w a re n
t d b t
se r e n t h ood n strips d t h carbon pl t s
e wee e w e an e a e .
In simil r ya copp r st ip is ins rt d b t n

a a wa e r ,
e e e wee
H OME ME C HA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 2 35
the inc pl t d
z of t h ood n strip Th
a e an on e e w e s . e
tumbl r forming t h b tt y j should b d p nough

e e a er ar e ee e
to llo t h ood n strips to r st upon its rim so as

a w e w e e ,
t support t h pl t s
o short distanc from t h bottom
e a e a e e
of t h tumbl r
e e .
Th o din ry bich omat

e r f pot sh solution is us d
a r e o a e
in t h b tt ry It is pr pa d by m king s tu t d
e a e . e re a a a ra e
F IG C B k . 21 6 . A on v e n i e n t ra c e t
solution of common bichrom t of pot sh in arm a e a w
wa et r ; th n ft r cooling dding v y slo ly qu n

e a e ,
a er w a a
tity f common sulphuric cid qu l to bout fi ft h

o a ,
e a a on e -
o f t h bulk of t h bichrom t solution

e It is dvis bl e a e . a a e
t
o a d d t t h solution
o v y sm ll qu ntity f b i l
e a er a a o su
ph t of m cu y y
a e ighth ounc t t h qu rt f
er r ,
sa on e e -
e o e a o
solution to m int in t h m lg m tion of t h zinc

,
a a e a a a a e .
s lts kno n t h C C b tt ry compound
Th e a w as e . . a e a re ,
exc ll n t d v ry conv ni nt f
e e an in b tt ri s f e e e or u s e a e e o
this class It is only n c ssa y to dissolv this m

. e e r e co
pound i t to fo m t h xciting solution

n wa er r e e .
This m t ri l is sold in tin c ns cont ining t

a e a a a w o or
thr pounds It bso bs moistur r pidly so th t

ee . a r e a ,
a
w h n it is to b us d in small qu ntiti s i t should b

e e e a e e
tr nsf r d to stopp r d gl ss j
a er e a e e a ar .
It is p haps n dl s t say th t gr t c r should

,
er ,
ee e s o a ea a e
F IG 2 1 7 . . A S e ri e s of C on n e c te d L a mps .
be x rcis d in h ndling t h solution i t is poisonous

e e e a e ,
as
an d d structiv t clothing c rp ts
e t Th sam e o ,
a e ,
e c . e e re
mark appli s t t h batt ry compound e e e e .
O c ll f this b tt ry should b llo d for ch

ne e o a e e a we ea
c ndl po r f t h lamp Th zinc of

a e we c ll should
o e . e on e e
b conn ct d
e ith t h ca bon f t h n xt F i g 2 1 5 Th
e e w e r o e
-
e ,
. . e
b tt ry may b arrang d as plung Dir ctions f

a e e e a er . e or
m king batt y of this kind r giv n on p g 1 1 6

a a er w e e e a e ,
of volum 5 7 f t h S i t i fi Am m
e ,
o e c en c e
'
c an .
In F i g 2 1 6 is sho n conv ni nt br ck t for sup

. w a e e a e
porting sm ll l ctric l mps It consists of t cu v d

a e e a . wo r e
w ir s tt ch ed to sm ll pi c f bo rd by m ns f
e a a a a e e o a ea o
sc s hich lso s rv binding sc s f tt ching

re w ,
w a e e as re w or a a
th i Th l m p is susp nd d from y s form d in

e w re s . e a e e e e e
th nds of t h ir s This d vic m y b us d

e e e w e . e e a e e as a
stand rd sho n t 1 as h ng r as sho n t 2

a ,
as w a a a e ,
w a .
,
or
as a b ck t t 3
ra e ,
as a .
In F ig 2 1 7 is sho a s ri s f thr sm ll l mps

.
‘
wn e e o ee a a
conn ct d ith thr c lls of b tt y

e e w ee e a er .
Th lamps in this c s e
e conn ct d in p ll l.
a a re e e a ra e or
multipl e t binding sc of ch l mp i
e ar ,
. e .
,
on e re w ea a s
conn ct d ith e ir from t h batt y Th oth r

e w on e w e e er . e e
binding sc r s of t h l mps all conn ct d ith t h ew e a a re e e w e
r maining pol of t h batt ry

e e e e .
C opp r ir N 1 8 l rg r hould b us d f
e w e ,
o . or a e ,
S e e or
making t h conn ctions Th b tt ry ill run continu

e e . e a e w
l
ou s v w ith g l charg of t h solution for
a about SIn e e e
thr hou s S hould t h solution b com

ee r .rm d e e e wa an
giv Off hyd og n t h zinc should b r m lg mat d t

e r e ,
e e ea a a e a
t h points
e h r i t is viol ntly ttack d w e e e a e .
T R I C C H I ME T H E E LE C .
To s cur pr ctic in m ch nics in l ctric l ork

e e a e e a or e e a w
th am t ur may
e ll const uct som th i ng f
a e as we r e or
a ctual A v ry us ful and pl asing l ctro m

use . e e e e e -
e
ch i l d vic
an is l ctric ch im t b us d
ca e e an e e e o e e as a
door b ll or c ll b ll in conn tion ith clock It

e a e ,
or ec w a .
s rv s its pu pos
e e c ll and giv s an v r cha g ng r e as a a e e e -
n i
s ri s f h monic not s
e e o ar e .
T h fi st st p to e d t h construction of this d vic

r e w ar e e e
is to purch s t h tov kno n t h t b ph a d e e w as e u o on e ,

an
s l ct thr f t h tub s hich produc chord if
e e ee o e e w e a ,
or
th m k pr f rs it h m y buy a pi c f m ndr l
e a er e e ,
e a e e o a e
dr n brass tubing 4 inch xt rn l diam t r w ith

aw ,
e e a e e ,
w alls inch thick d cut ff thr pi c s r sp ctiv ly

1
34 ,
an o ee e e e e e
7 4 8 4 and 9 4 inch s in l ngth ;

, ,
ch f th s should b e e ea o e e e
laid upon t short pi c s f soft ool n cord w ith

wo e e o w e ,
F IG C m . 21 8 . E le c t ri c hi e .
t h cord touching t nodal points th t is at x ctl y

e a ,
a ,
e a
on e qu rt f t h l ngth from t h d Arr ng d i

a er o e e e en . a e n
this y t h tub s giv t a cl r not h n struck

wa e e e ou ea e w e
w ith sm ll ood n m ll t By comp ing th s not s

a a w e a e . ar e e e
w ith thos of pi no oth r musical instrum nt t h

e a a or e e ,
e
tub s m y b tun d Th pitch is rais d by sho t nin g

e a e e . e e r e
the tub b t th r is no p ctic l y f lo ring

e ,
u as e e ra a wa o we
th pitch ft t h tub h onc b n short n d it

e a er e e as e ee e e ,
wo uld b advis bl to cut t h tub s a littl long r

e a e e e e e
tha t h m su m nts giv n A b s bo rd h ving a

n e ea re e e . a e a a
short st nd d is p ovid d d t t h upp r po tion of

a ar r e ,
an o e e r
t h st nda d is s cur d
e a bo rd into hich driv n
r e e a a w a re e
thr p i s f ir n ils t h n ils in ch p ir co r

ee a r o w e a ,
e a ea a r e
sp nding in position ith t h nod s of of t h tub s

e w e e on e e e .
Th tub s
e susp nd d f om th s n ils by soft
e .
a re e e r e e a
cord p ssing around t h tub s t t h nod s point

s a e e a e e or s
of no vibr tion l ving t h tub s fr t vi b r t t t h

a ,
ea e e ee o a e a e
c nte d at t h
e r an nds e e .
N i t r m ins t construct t h
ow l ctro m ch nic l
e a o e e e -
e a a
d vic for striking t h tub s T t h bas bo d

e e e e . o e e ar a re
s cur d t h angl d nds of thr st ips of spring br ss

e e e e e ee r a ,
{ a inch id d 4 inch thick hich x t nd bov

w e an 32 ,
w e e a e
t h tub s and
e small ood n m ll ts in position to
e c a rrv w e a e
st ik t h middl portion f ch tub Th mall ts

r e e e o ea e . e e a re
se cur d t t h spri gs by m ns of ordinary ood

e
-
o e n ea w
scr s passing through t h springs into t h mall ts

ew e e e .
B hind t h prings at
e r th ir mid l n g th is
e S ,
or n e a e -
e ,
pl c d a di gon l strip of ood h ving s cur d to its

a e a a w ,
a e e
out r dg a st ip of f lt chamois skin Th spring

e e e r e or . e
strik s this pi c d llo s t h m ll t t st ik t h

e e e an a w e a e o r e e
tub and p ing b ck ithout j ing B hind t h

e S r a w a rr . e e
sp ings is support d a sm ll sh ft on hich is pl c d

r e a a w a e
a ood n cylind r bout 1 inch in di m t r and 2 4

w e e a a e e
inch s long In t h cylind r d opposit t h spring

e . e e an e e s
a re ins rt d i n ils rr ng d to strik sho t i

e e w re a ,
a a e e r .
n
c li d strips riv t d to t h
ne springs Th n ils e e e . e a a re
pl c d so th t th y ill st ik t h inclin d strips in

a e a e w r e e e
d i ff n t ord rs ; for xampl 1 2 3 ; 3 2 1 ; 2 3 1 ;

e re e e e : , , , , , ,
1 ,
3, 2 .
A toy l ctric motor having a thr pol armatur
e e ee -
e e
i us d for turning t h cylind r

s e d t clock h ls e e ,
an wo w ee
and pinion a mploy d for r ducing t h sp d A a re e e e e ee .
w orm is plac d t h rmatur sh ft of t h motor e on e a e a e ,
w hich ngag s t h fi st f t h clock

e h ls This orm
e e r o e w ee . w
may b cut in a l th but if this is inconv ni nt a

e a e ,
e e ,
w ir m y b e ound spirally around t h rm tur shaft

a e w e a a e
an d sold r d It ill f cours b n c ss ry t w ind

e e . w ,
o e , e e e a o
th pir l so th t it ill fit t h t th f t h clock h l

e S a a w e ee o e w ee .
an d t h surplus sold r should b scr p d from t h

e ir e e a e e w e
t diminish f iction
o Th motor is provid d ith bind
r . e e w
i g posts to r c iv t h b tt ry
n ir s O t e c lls e e e a e w e . n e or wo e
o f dry batt ry ill run t h chim Th chim is us d

e w e e . e e e
in pl c f an o dinary c ll door b ll it m y b
a e o r a or e ,
or a e
us d in conn ction ith a cloc k sho n for making

e e w ,
as w ,
calls at c r t in hours e a .
Th push button sho n in t h s ctional vi

e is mad w e e e w e
t clos t h circuit
o h n t h chim is us d in plac f
e e w e e e e e o a
c ll b ll d oor b ll Th button i r adily mad b y

a e or e . e s e e
boring a small block A f h rd ood i t w diam t rs , ,

o a w n o e e
to r c iv t h h ad d back of t h p rl collar button

e e e e e an e ea ,
B t h back f hich is h ld in plac by t h ap rtur d

,
e o w e e e e e
pi c f v n ri g s cur d to t h f c of t h block by
e e o e ee n e e e a e e
small scr s hil t h h ad of t h button r sts a

ew ,
w e e e e e on
curv d brass spring 0 s cur d in a slot i t h bac k f

e , , e e n e o
t h block A by
e scr Th out r,
d of t h spring
, a ew . e e en e
proj cts b yond t h sid f t h block t r c iv

e e f e e o e o e e e on e o
t h circuit e ir s This slot is fill d b lo t h spring

w e . e e w e
w ith in ul ting mat ri l d a br s

s plat D is
a e a ,
an a s e , ,
s cur d t t h b ck of t h block A d h upon

e e o e a e , , an as on e
e dg ap rtur d
e for r c iving t h oth r ci cui t
an e e e ar e e e e r
w ir Th pl t D is s cu d to t h b ck of t h block
e . e a e , ,
e re e a e
by small scr s Th fr d f th sp ing 0 is ew . e ee en o e r

, ,
curv d ov r to a poin t n r t h brass pl t D that

e e ea e a e , , so
wh n t h spring is d pr ss d by pr sing t h button

e e e e e es e .
B it,
ill touch t h pl t d clos t h circuit
w e a e an e e
Th nn x d di gr m sho s an applianc w hich

e a e e a a w e en
abl s t h chim to b us d in conn ction w ith clock

e e e e e e a .
F IG B . 22 0 . P us h u t t on .
In front f t h di l of ordin y clocko s cur d e a an ar a re e e
th erings A B m d of inch squ r br ss w ir

, , ,
a e 44
1
a e a e .
Th supports
e of insulating m t rial d t h rings a re a e , an e
a reconc ntric ith t h rbor ca rying t h h nds Th

e w e a r e a . e
h nds b n t out ardly to p rmit f xt nding ov r

a a re e w e o e e e
th erings ithout touching th m d to insur t h

w e ,
an e e
h d g inst l ctrical cont ct ith t h rings thin

an s a a e e a w e a
short sl v f pap r is slipp d ov r ach h nd n r t h

ee e o e e e e a ea e
fr ee d E c h ring h
en s v l small r di l hol s
. a as e e ra a a e
bor d in it to r c iv t h br ss n ils t h h ads of hich

e e e e e a a ,
e e w
proj c t su ffici ntly b yond t h front surf c f t h

e e e e .
a e o e
rings to nabl t h h nds t touch th m th y pass

e e e a o e as e .
Th circuit ir s co cting t h b tt ry d t h
e .
w e nn e e a e an e
chim conn t d
e a re ith t h out r ring A t h ec e on e w e e , ,
e
oth ith
er f th
w sp ings of t h cut t s itch
on e o e r e -
ou w
sho n in t h Op nin g form d by t h br aking a y of

w e e e e e wa
t h dial
e Th oth r spring is con
. ct d ith t h inn r
e e ne e w e e
ring B Th springs
, . insulat d from ch oth e a re e ea er .
O t h sl v
n hich c rri s t h hour h nd is mount d
e ee e w a e e a e
t h cross d slott d
e m 0 lso sho w d tach d in t h
e e ca
, ,
a n e e e
l rg r figur In t h slot f this cam is a bo t sh p d
a e e . e o a -
a e
follo hich slid s sily in t h slot d is long r

w e r, w e ea e an e
th n t h idth f t h slot so th t it
a e w in follo ing
o e ,
a c an , w
F I I G 21 9
. . C hi m e w i th C k
loc c on n e c t i on .
the slot t k t h inn r d out portions of t h slo t

a e e e an er e
in lt n tion Th follo r is pivot d to t h ngl d

a er a . e we e e a e
lvr
e e hich is push d by t h m b t n t h p
,
a, w e e ca e wee e ar
all l spri gs d ithdra n from th m in alt nation

e n an w w e er
onc in 1 2 hou s Th obj c t of this rr ng m n t is

e r . e e a a e e
to cut out t h chim t night d put i t in ci cuit in t h

e e a an r e
d ytim Th m C d t h ngl d l v
a e . e ca , ,
an e a e e e r, a, a re
insul t d f om t h clock mov m n t

a e r e e e .
A s itch D is p ovid d for thro ing t h d vic t

w , ,
r e w e e e ou
of ction t
a tim a an v e .
It ill b s n that t h hour h nd must com into

w e ee e a e
cont ct ith t h n il on t h inn r ci cl d t h minut

a w e a e e r e an e e
h nd must t h t h n il in t h out circl t m

a ou c e a e er e o co
pl te t h circuit
e and caus t hechim to sound Th ,
e e e . e
du tion f t h chiming is limit d b t h tim t h

ra o e e v e e e
minut h nd is in contac t ith t h n il Th clock

e a w e a . e
w h n rr ng d h r sho n s ts ff t h chim t 8
e a a e as e e w e o e e a
o clock 1 2 o clock and 5 o clock It is

’
, bout t ’ ’
.
.
ne w a o
ring t h chim for 1 2 O clock

e e
’
.
A E LE C T R I C N I G H T L A M P
H O ME -
M DE
A v ry simpl d vic hich ill p oduc t mp

e e e e , w w r e a e ora rv
light f h lf of o c ndl p
on e is sho n in t h
-
a on e a e -
o w e r, w e
illust ation It ill b found conv ni nt f obs rving

r . w e e e or e
t h tim at night
e for mom nt ily lighting clos t
e ,
or e ar a e
or a n h r t h light of candl
a re a w i l l mpe e e a e or a n o a
w ould b Obj ctionabl e e e .
Th mini tur l ctric l mp and t h d y b tt ri s

e a e e e a ,
e r a e e
us d f lighting it
e or b purch s d lmost an hr ,
c an e a e a yw e e ,
an d t h l bor f putting th s things tog th

e a it h a o e e e e r, w
s itch and suit bl conn ctions is

w slight ind d a e e ,
ve rv ee .
A half c ndl lamp qui ing

on e - amp r s ta e re r e e a
volts is t h fi st quisit ; th n t c lls of d y b t t ry

e r re e e wo e r a e ,
giving curr nt ith p ssu of bout 3 volts ill

a e w a re re a .
w
b n d d
e ee d l st of ll e sm ll p cking box th t ill
,
an a a a a a ,
a w
just c iv t h b tt i s should b s l ct d I f
re e e e a er e ,
e e e e . a
l mp f high r volt g is chos n mo c lls f b t t ry
a o e a e e ,
re e o a e
w ill b n d d A 4 vol t l m p ill r q ir th c lls

e ee e .
-
a w e u e re e e
of batt ry A littl mor light ill b s cur d ith this

e . e e w e e e w
F IG . 221 . B a t t e ry Box , c ove r re move d .
F IG m L . 2 22 . Te p ora ry igh t .
combin tion but it is t d si bl to incr as t h num

a ,
n o e ra e e e e
b of c lls b d this t h app tus b com s t

er e e von ,
as e a ra e e a
o c t bulky d too xp nsiv Th b st co mbina

n e oo an e e e . e e
H OME
CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 24 5 ME
tion is t h h lf c ndl l mp i h t c lls of b t

e on e -
a a e a w wo e a
t y Aft t h l mp is p ocu d it should b t st d mo

or . er e a r re e e e
m t i ly by m ns of t
en ar c lls of d b tt y con ea wo e rv a e r ,
nec t d in s i se If t h l mp is prop rly light d

er e . e a e e ,
a
p cking b
a hich r c iv s t h batt ri s sily is
ox w e e e e e e ea se
F IG D m C . 22 3 . i a g ra of i rc u i t .
l t d
ec d t
e sm ll br ss hooks f g
an s t raight n d
wo a a , ,
a re e e
an d sc d into t h b n r t h t p S m ll copp r
re we e ox ea e O . a e
w ir s pl c d in l ctric cont ct ith t h hooks fg

e a re a e e e a w e , ,
as sho n in t h di g m At t h t p f t h box is
w e a ra . e o o e
plac d a s itch consisting f pi c f spring br ss 3

e w ,
o a e e o a
inch s long d 4 inch id h ld in pl c by pivot l

e an w e e a e a a
scr w p ssing through c ntral hol in t h sp in g

e ,
6, a a e e e r
into t h b ox e .
In of t h vi s t h l mp is pr s nt d as b ing
on e e e w e a re e e e e
support d by hollo ood n column in f ont of

e a w w e r a
clock In this c s . f t h l mp ir s is inc s d in a e on e o e a w e a e
a v y sm ll ubb r tub to insur insul tion ; oth r

er a r e e ,
e a e
w is t h construction is similar to th t d sc ib d
e e a .
e r e .
T c lls of dry b tt y ill light t h l mp occ

wo e a er w e a a
i
s on a lly for long tim if us d only inst nt ch a e ,
e an a ea
tim ; but if t h l mp is us d continuously it uns t h

e e a e ,
r e
b tt y do n th t it ill quir fr qu nt r n l
a er w ,
so a .
w re e e e e ewa .
Th i f om t h b ss hook f is pl c d in l ctric l
e w re r e ra , ,
a e e e a
cont ct ith this scr
a d tw br ss scr s b e w ,
e , an wo a ew ,
c ,
a re ins rt d in t h top of t h box to s rv as contact

e e e e ,
e e
points f t h s itch Th s scr s or conn ct d t

e w . e e ew a re e e o
g th r d ith t h zinc pol f t h c ll by ir

e e an w e e o e e ,
a
’
,
a w e .
Th c rbon pol f t h c ll is conn ct d l t i ll

e a e o e e e e e ec r ca v
w ith t h hook g Th hooks e curv d do n ardly ,

. e a re e w w
and t h t rmin ls f t h l mpe e ound thr a o e a ,

n, a re w ee or
four tim s round t h nds f t h hooks f 9 p

e a e e o e , ,
re s ec
ti ly so as to suppo t t h l mp bov and in front f

ve ,
r e a a e o
t h fac of t h
e atch hanging upon t h hook proj ct
e e w ,
e ,
e
ing from t h front f t h b e o e ox .
Th long r arm f t h s itch is turn d up t

e e form o e w e o
a thumb pi c d is h ld normally t of contact

e e ,
an .
e ou
w ith t h scr 1 By pr ssing t h d f t h s itch

e ew ,
1 . e e en o e w
do n into contact ith t h scr 5 an l ctrical
w w e ew , ,
e e c on
t ct is form d hich lights t h lamp By turning t h

a e w e . e
s itch on its pivotal scr

w it is brought into contact ew ,
c ,
w ith t h scr thus forming

e l ctrical contact
ew ,
c , an e e ,
w hich is prolong d until t h s itch is r turn d to its e e w e e
o igi nal position Th mov m nt f t h s itch is

r . e e e o e w
limit d by t h scr s d 1
e e ew ,
( .
T I A L C A BI N E T
A N E LE C R C
An l ctric l c bin t i e e ass mblag f articl a a e s an e e o es
w hich m y b combin d in rious ys t prod c

a e e va wa o u e
pi c s f apparatus By th s a larg numb r f

e e o . e e e e o ex
p i
erm t mad cc
en ssibl t t h
s a reamat ur t com e a e e o e e a
p t
a ra i l y slight xp ns ve e e e .
In F ig 22 4 s ctional dra ings f t h ss nti l parts

. e w o e e e a
a re sho n dra n v ry n arlyw third sc l A 2

,
w e e on a a e . a re
coils ound ith 8 l y rs f N 2 0 singl cotton

,
w w a e o o .
, e c ov
er d magn t ir both b ing ound in t h sam di

e e w e, e w e e re c
tion B t h . d yok of
,
e l ct om gn t t h
c ore s an e an e e r a e e
cor s of 4 in c h soft i on b C t h f m for support

,
e r ar . e ra e
,
ing t h l ctrom gn t h n us d t h fi ld coils of

e e e a e w e e as e e a
dynamo moto as in or 2 37 D rood n stand 4

1 0
:
.
,
a w e ,
turn d in a lath to b us d
e s ppo t for t h com
e ,
e e as a u r e
E a
S I $ E
F IG G V . 224 . e n e ra l ie w of P a rt s .
pass E t form g lv nom t

,
o in F ig 2 2 9 F
a a a e e r, a s . .
, a
p rm n nt hors sho m gn t G soft iron ir s

e a e e e a e .
, w e .
H st ips of copp r
,
r K fr m s f t l gr ph sound rs
e .
,
a e or e e a e .
By t h aid of t h F igur s f t h s v r l xp im ts
e e e or e e e a e er en
t h pr ctical amat ur
e a ill h v littl d i ffi lt y i w
'
e a e e cu n se e
ing h t h mad and put tog th r Th p rma
ow e v a re e e e . e e
n t magn t and t h comp ss can b purch as d t b t

en e e a e e o e
t advantag Th r st can b m d ith a lath

er e . e -
e e a e w e
and tools S om N 2 8 spring brass w ir w ill b

. e o . e e
n d d f th p i g h w
ee e t h t l graph sound
or e s r n s s o n on e e e er
F IG 2 25
f f I F IG D W
. .
E fe c t o ron on a Ma g n e t . . 22 6 . e c omp os i t i on of at e r .
at t h l ft and som N 1 8 spring brass w ir t b

e e ,
e o . e o e
w ound into a clos piral a littl l ss than half inch e S e e a
in dia m t r and cut up into pi c s f about 3 turns

e e ,
e e o
e ach to b us d as conn ctors in plac f binding posts

e e e e o .
In d scribing t h s v ral x p rim nt such addi

e e e e e e e s
ti l instruction w ill b giv n

on a t h cas may s m e e as e e ee
t or quir e e .
Th actio ef iron m ag t is sho w n in F ig 2 2 5

n o on a n e . .
P r s nt t h
e ed of an iron d t t h compass
e en Th ro o e . e
nee dl is dra n to ards t h iron and s ings till it

e w w e w
points dir ctly to ards it Th magn t F may b us d
e w . e e e e
for this x p rim nt Th north mark d d of t h

e e e . e or e en e
magn t r p ls t h north d f t h n d l and attract

e e e e en o e ee e s
its south d As say lik pol s r p l unlik t

en . we ,
e e e e , e a
tract Th brass and gl ss cannot stop t h ttraction

. e a e a .
Pap r w ood anythi g x c pt iron may b int rpos d

e , ,
n e e ,
e e e
H OME ME CH AN I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 249
bt e wee n
magn t d t h n dl ithout d stroy
the e an e ee e w e
ing t h tt r ction ande r pulsion

a a e .
Th d composition f
e at r into t gas s o xyg n
e o w e wo e ,
e
and hyd og n by l ctricity is a v ry int r sting

r e ,
e e e e e ex
p i
erm t F or its b st
en xhibition platinum
. is r quir d e e e e ,
but as this is a v ry xp nsiv m tal a m thod is giv n e e e e e e e
by hich w gas can b produc d F i g 2 2 6 giv s t h

on e .
e e . . e e
arrang m nt f t h app ratus Th light and h vy

e e o e a . e ea
p rall l lin s indicat c lls f batt ry T at l as t

a e e e e o e . wo e
a re r quir d A good form f c ll is r pr s nt d i

e e . o e e e e e n
F ig 2 2 9 Th glass is a common tumbl r T plat

. . e e . wo es
of b tt ry c rbon
a d e of zinc clamp d tog th r
a an on e a re e e e
by t bolts hich p ss through t h four strips f

wo w a e o
w ood S trips f sh t copp r or br ss d d

. o ee e a ,
an e , a re
includ d b t w t h trips ; d is t long nough to

e e een e s cu e
F IG G .m 2 27 F IG. a lva n o e te r . . 228 . E le c t rop la t i n g .
conn ct ith both ca bon plat s T f t h pir l

e w r e . wo o e S a s
d scrib d abov
e push d th s strips t r c iv
e e a re e on e e o e e e
th copp r ir s us d in forming t h circuits This

e e w e e e .
sort f conn ctor is n arly good as a r gular binding

o e e as e
post and costs a m r trifl e e e .

25 0 H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E U R S
fluid f t h c lls is m d by dissolving in cold
Th e or e e a e
t r as much bichrom t of soda as t h

wa e t r ill a e e wa e w
tak up and adding slo ly and ith constant stirring

e ,
w w
on et nth f t h volum f sulphuric acid Th plat s

-
e o e e o . e e
should only r main in t h solutio hil th y ein e n w e e a re
actual us e .
F IG G m . 22 9 . De t e c t or a lva n o e te r .
Th tumbl r sho n in F ig 2 2 6 is t
e b fill d
e ith w . o e e w
t r d a littl sulphuric acid dd d Lacking t h

wa e an e a e . e
acid vin gar may b us d in its st ad

, e e e e .
With t c lls fi bubbl s f hydrog n gas com ff

wo e ne e o e e o
slo ly f om t h copp r hich is attach d t t h ir

w
“
r e e w e o e w e
l adi ng f om t h zinc of t h b t t and ris to t h

e r e e a e rv e e
Surfac Th oxyg n combin

e . ith t h copp r and
e e es w e e
do s t pp ar a gas at all If pl tinum w r us d

e no a e as . a e e e
oth r st ip oxyg n ould b giv n off f om its

for t h e e r e w e e r
surf c sinc oxyg n do s t combin ith pl tinum

a e ,
e e e no e w a
und th s conditions This most int r sting p i

er e e . e e ex er
m n t w fi rst p rform d by S i H umphry Davy many

e as e e r
y ar g
e s a o .
F ig 2 27 sho w s h t arrang
. f th coils A ow o e on e o e ,
th comp ss E t h support D and t h b tt ry

e a ,
e ,
e a e as a
galv nom t r Pl c t h coil that its l ngth is ast

a e e . a e e so e e
and st and pl c t h comp s ov r t h coil Th

we a e e a s e e . e
n dl ill li cross is f t h coil Wh n t h curr nt

ee e w e w e o e . e e e
F IG . 2 30 F IG L . M F
S uc ki n g C oi l . . 231 . in e s of ag n e tic orc e .
fl ow s th n dl i turn d from its north d south

o
e ee e s e an
position Th la s and m aning f this is xpl in d

. e w e o e a e
fully in t h t xt books f l ctricity e e o e e .
E l ctropl ting has b com

e f t h most important a e e on e o e
industri s It can b p rform d ith t h app r tus f

e . e e e w e a a o
F i g 2 28 .Th rr ng m nt is t h sam as that f F i g

. e a a e e e e o .
22 6 xc pt that t h tumbl r is
,
e e t b fill d ith a e e n ow o e e w
liquid containi g t h m tal ith hich t h articl is n e e w w e e
to b pl t d T plat it h copp r solution of copp r

e a e . o e w e a e
sulphat may b u d though carbonat f copp r is

e e se , e o e
b tt r ; f nick l a doubl c rbonat f ni ck l and

e e or e .
e a e o e
a mmoni is us d Th m tal ill b d p sit d t h

a e . e e w e e o e on e
stri p ttach d to t h w ir from t h zinc tha t
a e e e e , on e on
w hich t h hydrog n app ar d w h n t r

e dcm e e e e wa e w as e e
pos d Th oth r strip mus t b f t h m tal w ith hich

e . e e e o e e w
th plating i t b do
e s o e ne .
F IG . 2 32 . M od e of I n du c i n g an E le c t ri c Cu rre n t by a Ma g n e t .
or instruction and much xp ri nc w ill b

M e e e e e e re
quir d f r l or k ; but much pl sur

e or b d
ea w ea e c an e e
riv d b y w atching t h proc ss in this simpl mann r

e e e e e .
Thr four c ll should b us d f d positing nick l

e e or e s e e or e e .
If a copp r w ir is pass d straight through t h fi

e e e e x
tu D and t h parts
re t up as i
,
F ig 2 2 9 it ill
e a re se n .
, w
constitut a d t cto galvanom t r suitabl for l rg

e e e r e e ,
e a e
curr nts as t h arrang m nt in F ig 2 7 i adapt d f

e , e e e . s e or
F IG M k . 233 . od e of g i vi n g a n E le c t ri c S h oc .
f bl cur nts Th w ir in all cas s must b pl c d

ee e re . e e e e a e
north and south l ngth is f t h dl h n at ,

or e w e o e nee e w e
r st
e .
Th us s f l ctromagn t in xp rim nting

e e or a n e e e e e e a re
v y m ny It is t h most import n t pi c f l c t ric l

er a . e a e e o e e a
app r tus d a inv nt d by S tu g on of E ngl nd

a ,
an w as e e r e a
d lso by Prof Jos ph H nry in Am ric Probably

-
an a . e e e a .
n ith r kn t h ork of t h oth H nry s i

e e ew e w e er . e
’
n ve n ~
tion l d dir ctly to t h l ctric t l g ph F i g 2 30 is

e e e e e e e ra . .
giv n illustr tion f t h po r of h li x to dr

e as an a o e we a e aw
iron or st l into its lf If a st ong b tt ry is us d

ee e . r a e e
th p is suck d into t h coil ith consid rabl forc

e en e e w e e e .
A l g numb r f sm ll ir nails may lso b h ld

ar e e o a w e a e e
up in t h coil w ithout visibl support It

e izard e . 1 s w
FIG . 2 34 . M i c roph on e .
li k to e pi c f h vy m t l han g ing in t h i
se e a e e o ea e a e a r
upon nothing N um us modific tions f this curiou . e ro a o s
e xp rim nt w ill sugg s t th ms lv s to an ing nious

e e e e e e e
p rson
e .
With t h t coils A put upon a U sha p d iron

e wo ,
-
e
ro d 4 inch thick in F ig 2 3 1 t h b autiful m g as .

, e e a
n tic ph ntom m gn tic fi ld of forc

e a b mad or a e e e c an e e
visibl Th ir f om t h spools
e . conn ct d to
e w es r e a re e e
t h b tt ry
e hich is not sho n Join t h t spool
a e , w w . e wo s
tog th r th t t h outsid f t h inding f

e e so is a e e o e w o on e
conn ct d to t h insid f t h inding of t h oth r A
e e e e o e w e e .
thin bo rd is l id ov r t h pol s d iron filings sift d

a a e e e an e
ov r t h boa d Th n tap t h bo d g ntly ith t h

e e r . e e ar e w e
tip f fing r Th filing jump ith sudd n alac

o a e . e s w e
rity into lin s d finit d x act Th figur sho s e ,

e e an e . e e w
th s li s I t m ans m gn tic attraction N w

e e ne . e a e . o
ch ng t h conn ctions Join t h t outsid ir of

a e e e . e wo e w es
t h spools t t h batt ry and t h insid

e ir s t ch o e e e e w e o ea
oth r Th fi gur ch ng s to
e . xhibiting r pulsion
e e a e on e e e .
Th lin e shun ach oth r es e e .
If b lu p int pap r b pinn d t h bo rd d t h

e r e e e on e a an e
w hol xpos d in t h sunlight fi photog phs m y

e e e e ,
n e ra a
F IG m Lf . 2 35 . E le c t ro ag n e t fo r i tin g .
b m d
e f th s ab autiful figur s By us ng hors
e o e e e e .
i e
sho and bar m gn ts nd is d fl t i

e gr a t a e ,
e w e an a w se ,
a e
v ri ty f m gn tic fi lds may b m pp d

a e o a e e e a e .
N xt arr ng t h
e pp ratus as in F ig 2 32 Th
a e e a a . . e
compass n dl is strongly d fl ct d from its north d

ee e e e e an
south position N r mov t h batt ry and clos t h . e w e e e e e e
circuit Plung bar ma g n t into t h right han d coil

. e a e e .
Th n dl s ings though not so strongly b for

e ee e w ,
as e e .
A n l ct ic curr nt is g n rat d long t h m gn t

e e r e e e e so as e a e
is in motion ith in t f t h coil ,

e er or o u o e .
If t h cor s f t h coils in F ig 232

e fill d w ith
e o e . a re e
i o w i s c rr nt m y b g n t d by sim ply t k
r n re a u e a e e e ra e a
i n g th e ight h nd coil in t h h nds holding it no th

r a e a ,
r
d south d turning it v r quickly Th s ff cts

.
an an e e . e e e e
w e re discov r d by Amp for hom t h unit f cur e e e re ,

w e o
r nt is n m d Th stud nt hould look up t h subj ct

e a e . e e S e e
in t xt b ooks f l t i i t y
e .
o e ec r c .
Th giving f l ct ic shocks to on s fri nds is l

‘
’
e o e e r e e a
wa vs pl s nt p stim O mod of doing this is

a ea a a e . ne e
il lustr t d in F i g 2 3 3 O f cours no s v shock

a e . . e e e re c an
b giv n in this
e ey T h m t l h ndl s f F wa . e e a a e o IG 2
should b conn ct d to t h Op n nds of t h i s to

e e e e e e e w re
FIG . 2 36 . E le c t ri c T e le g ra ph .
the l ft S cr p t h ring long t h fi l d slight

e . a e e a e e an a .
shock ill b f lt by w h gr sps t h h ndl e ith e on e w o a e a es w
moist h nds Th shock is produc d ba induc d. e e v an e
cu r nt Th arr ng m nt is v ry simpl form f

r e . e a e e a e e o
induction coil As t h m king f a strong coil is a . e a o
di ffi cul t m tt r sp cial and full d scription f t h

a e ,
a e e o e
coil t b mad should b obtain d b fo und rt king

o e e e e e re e a
such a pi c f w ork .
e e o .
F i g 2 34 i microphon T bits f i on i
. s a e . wo o r w re ,
or
bright ir n ils p co n ct d to t h i s d l id
w e a , ,
a re n e e e w re an a
on t h t p f box m d of thin ood as sho n Pin
e o o a a e w w . e
i to b pr f rr d
s A sh t of iron i laid upon t h t p
e e e e . ee s e o
of t h l ctromagn t O t pping t h box g ntly a

e e e e . n a e e
much loud r sound ill b h ard from t h sh t f

e w e e e ee o
i on h n all is orking ll This ff ct is t h basis

r ,
w e w we . e e e
F IG m M . 23 7 . s D yn a o or ot or .
of t h inv ntion of t h transmitt r of t h t l phon

e e e e e e e e .
If a t l phon r c iv r is us d in plac f t h l ctro

e e e e e e e e o e e e
magn t and sh t f iron t h f bl st sounds produc d

e ee o ,
e ee e e
on t h top f t h box e gr tly int nsifi d Th

o e a re ea e e . e
microphon box m y v n b us d e t l phon trans a e e e e as a e e e
mitt r if t h ir s
e long nough t p rmit it to b
e w e a re e o e e
pl c d in anoth room and all t h parts

a e ffi
er ,
e a re su
c i t ly d lic t
en e a e .
Th arrang m nt f
e l ctrom gn t f lifting pur
e e o an e e a e or
pos s i sho n in F ig 2 3 5 By m ans f spring

e s w . . e o a
b l nc
a a may find t h pull n c ss ry t r mov t h
e on e e e e a o e e e
arm tur h n t h numb of c lls f t h b tt y is

a e w e e er e o e a er
v i d f om
ar e c ll up to i t full c p city Th iron
r on e e s a a . e
b us d an rmatur should l ys b
ar e as la g e i
a e a wa e as r n
cross s ctio th i oe cor f t h m agn t

n as e r n e o e e .
F ig ill guid . in s tting up t l g ph lin

2 36 w e on e e a e e ra e ,
w ith st tion t ch d Th k y is simply a strip

a a a ea en . e e
of pring sh t b ass Wh n not in

S it is pr ss d
ee r . e use e e
do n d c ught und r t h h d of t h scr b yond

w an a e e ea e ew e
it so to clos t h circuit Th construction f t h

as e e . e o e
sound r is so simpl th t it ill not b giv n in d tail

e e a w e e e .
Th most di fficult p
e t to djust is t h vibrating m ar a e ar ,
m hos blo s gainst t h slot in t h post to t h right

,
w e w a e e e
p oduc t h sound hich giv s t h nam to t h i t

r e e w e e e e n s ru
m nt Th vibr ting bar should not strik t h l ct o

e . e a e e e e r
m gn t h n it is pull d do n r h v
a e w e id e w ,
n o a e a ve rv w e
r ang f motion Th b must ith b holly of

e o . e ar e er e w
iron or b tt r h v a block f iron riv t d to it sinc

,
e e ,
a e .
o e e ,
e
brass is not tt ct d by a m gn t Th t nsion f t h a ra e a e . e e o e
fi neir spring on t h l ft d t rmin s t h forc

w e e e e e e e e neces
s ry to pull t h bar do n
a e w .
FIG k R C . 238 . S h oc s by ot a t i n g oi l .
To 1 t h t l gr ph s ing t h k y from und r t h

“01 e e e a w e e e e
h d f t h scr
ea hich holds it do n This op ns
o e e w w w . e
th circuit Th bar f t h sound r fli s up N

e . e o e e e . e w ,
pr ss t h k y do n till it touch s t h ir s b lo it
e e e w e e w e e w .
Th cu r nt from t h b tt ry flo s
e r e d th rmatur e a e w an e a e
is j k d do n g iving sh p blo on t h post hich

er e w ,
a ar w e w
d tains it As t h k y is mov d do n d up t h arma

e . e e e w an e
tur mov s do n and up producing t h clicks hich
e e w ,
e w
a ll hav h d in a t l gr ph o ffi c
e e ar e e a e .
By g tting Mors lph b t d m st ring t h art

e a e a a e .
an a e e
of p oducing dots d d sh s t p rsons may soon

r an a e wo e
l arn to s nd m ssag s to ch oth r

e e e e ea e .
A mod l f dyn mo may b built from t h parts

e o a a e e ,
A B d C f t h cabin t This is sho n in F ig 2 3 7

,
an ,
o e e . w . .
Th l ctro magn t form d by A and B is fix d upon C

e e e -
e e e ,
an d th circuit compl t d b short pi c of m gn t

e e e v e es a e
w ir Th Op n nds to t h l ft m y b conn ct d to
e . e e e e e a e e e
t h g lvanom t r D and E to d t c t t h curr nt

e a e e , ,
e e e e .
Th rot ting coil H d t h commutato J

e a , ,
an e r ,
a re
som ha t difficult f construction Th coil consis t

ew o . e s
o f about 1 00 turns f N 2 0 singl co t ton cov r d o o . e -

e e
magn t ir Th inn r d of t h ir is sold d to

e w e . e e en e w e e re
on e f t h half rings of t h commut tor t h out r

o e d e a ,
e e en
to t h oth r h lf ring e e a .
O hirling t h coil rapidly a f bl curr n t ill b

n w e ee e e w e
produc d Th curr nt ill b r v rs d if t h coil i

e . e e w e e e e ,
e s
w hi l d i t h Opposit dir ction

r e n e e e .
Thi tiny dynamo m y b t nsform d into s ri

s a e ra e a e es
w ound motor by co n cting t h b tt ry in plac of t h n e e a e e e
galvanom t r e e .
By changing t h conn ctions as sho n in F i g 2 38 e e w . .
th l ctric curr nt m y b f lt in t h h ndl s h n t h

e e e e a e e e a e w e e
a rmatur is w hirl d r pidly e e a
Though t h xp rim nts d scrib d by no m ans e e e e e e e ex
haus t t h subj ct nor t h r sourc s f t h l ctric l

e e ,
e e e o e e e a
cabin t still th y pl c b for t h studious mat ur

e ,
e a e e e e a e
e nough to mploy m ny an hour most profit bly ande a .

a ,
to incit him to furth r s t udy d to high r ork

e e an e w .
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S 25 9
I M P LE E L E C T R I C M O T O R S
Almost young m t ur m ch nic i d si ous

e ve rv a a e e a s e r
o f m king som thing h ving t h

a bility to mov d e a e a e an
S ho ction An l ctric motor do s this ; d hil

w a . e e e an w e
th em chanic is m k ing good pi c f machin ry

e a a e e o e ,
h is also l
e ning t h principl s f l ctricity e ar e e o e e .
Th motor e sh ll d scrib is int nd d t turn a fan we a e e e e o
or light m chin ry by m ans of cu r nt d riv d from

a e e a r e e e
a b tt ry It ill driv a light s ing m chin

a e . w e .
ew a e or
oth m chin y quiri g simil r mount f po r

er a er re n a a a o we ,
and it is so simpl as to dmit of b ing construct d e a .

e e
w ith t h tools ordin rily poss ss d by am t ur

e a e e an a e .
To b gin moto t t h right point is v y import

e a r a e er
an t Th. first thing to b don is to construct t h

e e e e
a rmatur t h p t hich volv s O ccount f its

e —
e ar w re e . n a o
s i m pli i t h v s l ct d t h G ramm rm tur

c v we a e e e e e e a a e .
Th co of this rmatur consists of ring form d

e re a e a e
o fN 2 4 sh t iron
o . A st ip 4 inch id d 8 f t ee . r w e an ee
long (t h l ngth of sh t ) is c r full cut f om t h

e e a ee a e y r e
sh t d ound upon cylind ical pi c f ood in

ee an w a r e e o w
t h lath or by hand
e Th eood cylind r is 1 4 inch s . e w e e
in diam t r d 1 inch thick d in t h dg is cut

e e an , an e e e a
sh llo notch f a d pth qu l to t h thickn ss f t h

a w o e e a e e o e
sh t iron as sho n in F ig 2 4 0 In t h iron 4 inch

ee , w . . e ,
from t h d is drill d a hol count rsunk to r c iv

e en e e ,
e e e e
a ood scr
w hich p ss s through t h sh t iron
ew ,
w a e e ee
‘
into t h ood and f st ns t h d in t h notch in t h

e w ,
a e e en e e
ood Th h t iron thus tt c h d to t h ood m y

°
w . e S ee a a e e w a
b e ound clos ly round t h ood n m ndr l ithout

w e a e w e a e w
a k i nk b ing form d b t h inn r d f t h strip

e e v e e en o e ,
w hich is in t h notch e .
B fo b ginning t h inding pi c of strong

e re e e w ,
a e e an
n al d ir stov pip ir for xampl is pl c d in
e e w e ,
e -
e w e e e ,
a e
a h ndy position and h n nin lay rs of t h iron

a , w e e e e
h v b n ound t h strip is cut ff d t h binding

a e ee w e o an e
w ir is rapp d round t h coil d t ist d tog th r

e w e a e an w e e e
at t h nds to k p t h sh t iron from un inding

e e ,
ee e ee w .
F IG . 2 39 . E le c t ri c Me t e r .
ood d t h coil d sh t iron

Th e w an tog th r e e ee .
a re e e
remov d from t h lath ( vis if it is b ing don by

e e e or e e e
h nd ) and pl c d i fi
a ,
hich ill h t t h iron
a e n a re ,
w w ea e
to a ch rry d and burn t t h ood Th ring is

e re ou e w . e
HOME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 26 1
the n ith sh e
c ove re d w a e s an llo d to cool slo ly

d a we w .
This nn ls t h i on a ea e r ,
an d imp ov s its m gn tic p
r e a e er
m e a b i li t y .
Aft r r mov l from t h sh s d hil t h binding

e e a e a e ,
an w e e
w ir is still in pl c t h nds
e s cu d by p ssing a e ,
e e a re e re
-
a
riv ts through th m ; t h inn r d hich

e b nt is e e e en ,
w w as e ,
cut ff d t h nds
.
o b v l d ith a fi l and ll
,
an e e a re e e e w e ,
a
t h sh rp co n r
e r duc d by t h s m m ans
a r e s a re e e e a e e .
Th cor f t h arm tur is th n cov r d w ith adh

e e o e a e e e e e
siv tap (ith r l ctrical or b i l tir tap ) w h n it

e e e e e e c vc e e e ,
e
is r dy to r c iv t h magn t ir ith hich it is to

ea e e e e e w e w w
b e ound Th ring is divid d into fi qu l

w . e e ve e a se c
tions d m rk d ith p ncil to ho h much

,
an a e w a .
e S w ow
sp c ch coil of t h rm tur is to occupy Th r

a e ea e a a e . e e
a re fi coils on t h rmatur ith fi l y s in ch

ve e a e ,
w ve a er ea
coil N 2 1 singl
. doubl cotton or silk cov r d
o . e or e e e
w ir i us d It r quir s bout 2 8 f t of i for ch

e s e . e e a ee w re ea
coil Th inding is a slo

. d ath r l borious
e w . w an r e a
proc ss Th l ngth f ir for a coil is ound on

e . e e o w e w a
sort of shuttl stick 4 i nch id 1 2 inch s long i th e -

w e ,
e ,
w
a notch in ch d Th d f t h i is r pp d ea en . e en O e w re w a e
t ic
w thr tim s a ound t h ring ov r pi c f
e or ee e r e e a e e o
stout thr ad hich is ti d round t h ir s to f st n

e ,
w e a e w e a e
th m tog th r to b gin coil O f cours t h b gin

e e e ,
e a . e ,
e e
ning is at of t h m ks t h ing on e e ar on e r .
N th shuttl is p ss d through t h ring and

ow e e a e e
b ought back ov r t h outsid until

r l v r cov rs e e e on e a e e
on e sp c ; th n com m ncing t h inding ov r t h

a e e e e w e e
first l v r t h s cond is l id on th n t h thi d fourth

a e e e a e e r , ,
an d fifth ; all t h l y s ound in t h s m y e a er a re w e a e wa .
Th l st th or four tu ns
e a m d ov stout re e r a re a e er a
thr d hich is ti d w h n t h last convolutio is

ea ,
w e e e n
mad e .
Th e coils of t h rm turoth mad in t h
er e a a e a re e e
s m y d h n t h inding is ll on t h d of
a e wa ,
an w e e w a ,
e en
on e coil is t ist d ith t h b ginning of t h djac nt w e w e e e a e
coil A pi c of ll s son d h rd ood hard m pl

. e e we ea e a w ,
a e ,
xampl is bor d to r c iv pi c of inch drill

]
3
f or e e ,
e e e e a e e 44
rod S tubs som thing qu lly good hich consti

—
or e e a —
w
t t u es t h sh ft This d is 4 inch s long A inch

e a . ro e .
1 4
1
hol is drill d t
e l through it at n ar t h
e ra n s ve rs e v or e e
c nt r to r c iv short p hich nt rs a slot in t h

e e e e e a i n w e e e
en d f th oo d n hub
o e w e .
This p i c f ood is turn d to fit t h int rior f t h

e e o w e e e o e
armatur d is cut ff bout t h

e ,
sam l ngth as
an o a e e e
th armatur Th coils f t h armatur and t h

e e . e . o e e e
w ood n hub e v rnish d ith thin sh llac var a re n ow a e w e
n ish and allo d to dry thoroughly Th armatur

, we . e e
ring is th n slipp d into its p l c on t h ood n hub

e e a e e w e ,
an d t h hub d t h ring e co t d ith t coats of an e a re a e w wo
sh llac varnish
e co t b ing allo d to dry b for ,
on e a e we e e
a pplying t h oth r e e .
Th n xt thing to claim att ntion is t h commutator

e e e e .
This i a cor f ood fitt d to t h rmatur shaft and

s e o w e e a e
turn d to fit pi c f brass copp r tub 4 4

e a e e o or e e or
inch in di m t r and 4 inch long This tub is divid d

a e e . e e
into fi divisions d par ll l lin s pr f r bly slightly

ve ,
an a e e ,
e e a
S piral dra n from t h division l points m rking

,
a re w e a a
t h place h r t h tu b is to b sa d to form t h
es w e e e e e we e
commutator bars B t b for sa i g ach d f . u e e w n ,

e en o
e ach spac hich is t form a bar is drill d d t h

e w o e ,
an e
ho l i cou t rs n k to r c i a small ood scr

e s n e u e e ve w e w ,
w hich p ss s i nto t h ood d holds t h b in

a e e w an e ar
plac h n t h br ss tub is sa d t h lin s t

e
“
w e e a e we on e e o
se parat t h bars Aft r sa ing t h commutator i

e e . e w , e s
t urn d smooth and round

e fi l d in t h lath w ith ,
or e e e a
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 263
smooth fi l Th scr s us d in f st nin g t h mm

e . e ew e a e e co u
tato r b s must not touch ch oth

ar t h sh ft ea e r or e a .
Th t ist d t min ls of t h coils

e w e st ipp d er a e a re n ow r e
of t h inding t t h ds d sold r d to t h mm
e w a e en an e e e co u
tato ba s h ving b n cut ff t h prop r l ngth t

r r ,
a ee o e e e o
r ach to t h commut tor

e e a .
B for sold ing ho v r t h nds f t h t rminals

e e er ,
we e ,
e e o e e
and small po tion of ch commutator b

a tinn d
r ea a r a re e
to facilitat t h or k f sold ring To tin t h copp r

e e w o e . e e
FIG . 2 40 . T h e A rm a t u re C ore .
a littl pulv riz d i i bb d on t h nds f

e e e re s n s ru e e e o
the w ir s and t h sold r is ppli d ith sold ring

e ,
e e a e w a e
iron .
commutator bars
Th e tinn d for 4 inch at t h a re e .
e
e nds n r st t h armatur ring in t h s m m nn

ea e e e e a e a er .
Th t rminals of t h
e earm tur coils b nt so as e a e a re e
to touch t h commutator b rs at t h tinn d surf c ;

e a e e a es
t h b ginning of
e e coil d t h d f t h dj c nt on e an e en o e a a e
coil b ing thus b rought nto cont ct ith a commutator

e i a w
b ar Th y . th n sold d by pplying drop f

e a re e e re a a o
sold r by m ans f t h sold ing iron Th ir s

e e o e er . e w e a re
thus m d to ns r t h doubl pu pos of conv ying
a e a we e e r e e
t h curr nt to t h commut tor b rs and of causing t h

e e e a a e
commutator to volv ith t h armatur A cid must re e w e e .
not b us d in sold ing l ctric l conn ctions

e e er e e a e .
To run smoothly t h arm tur must b in bal nc ,

e a e e a e .
T a c rt in
o h th r it is in bal nc plac t h rm
s e a w e e a e ,
e e a a
tur shaft t h dg s of t l v l straight dg s sup

e on e e e wo e e -
e e
port d about 4 inch s ap rt I f t h arm tur ill

e e a . e a e w
s tand in any position it is b lanc d If it rolls so that ,

a e .
on e sid aft r a f oscill tions of t h a m tur go s to

e e ew a e r a e e
t h bottom t h top must b m d h

e vi r to count r
,
e e a e ea e e
balanc t h bottom Prob bly t h b st y to dd

e e . a e e wa a
w ight to
e sid f t h m tur is to apply it in t h
on e e o e ar a e e
form of sold r to a b nd of ir bout 4 inch id e a w e a w e
w ound round t h arm tur B for this w inding is

a e a e . e e
appli d a strip f mica 4 inch id must b w rapp d

e ,
o w e e e
around t h armatur and s cur d in plac by h llac

e e e e e S e
varnish appli d to both t h rm tur and t t h mic e e a a e o e a
and llo d t b coma l d weI t is t n c ssary o e e n e ar v rv . no e e
t a continuous pi c of mic ; it m b in s v ral

o use . e e .
a av e e e
pi c s Wh n t h arm tur com s to r st aft r oscilla

e e . e e a e e e e
tion sold r should b appli d to t h upp r sid of t h

,
e e e e e e e
w ir b nd until t h rm tur ill st nd i any posi

e a e a a e w a n
tion If t much old r is ppli d t h surplus mav b

. oo s e a e ,
e e
re mov d by a co rs fi l It is importan t t hav t h

e a e e . o e e
a rmatur as l in balanc possibl It ill th n

e n e ar v e as e . w e
hav v ry littl vibration non at all hil running

e e e ,
or e , w e
a t any r sonabl sp d ea e ee .
Car should b us d in l l t h op rations conn ct d

e e e a e e e e
w ith this motor t insur nti succ ss o e e re e .
Th n xt thing to b don is t
e e construc t t h fi ld e e o e e
m gn t
a hich in this motor is in t h form f a ing
e , w e o r ,
as sho n in F i g 2 4 1 Th cor of t h fi ld m gn t i
w . . e e e e a e s
fo m d by inding fou stri ps of N 2 4 sh t i on 4

r e w r o . ee r
inch id d 8 f t long upon ood n cor

w e an in t h ee a w.
e e ,
as e
c s of t h armatur cor Th form

a e e hich t h e e . e on w e
fi ld m g t is ound b ing inch larg r in diam t r

e a n e w e 44
3
e e e
th n t h r m tu
a d e this is v riabl i t must b
a a re ,
an as a e, e
asc rt in d ft r t h armatur is ound and ba lanc d

e a e a e e e w e ,
on account f t h variatio in t h inding d p nding

o e n e w e e
on t h cov ring f t h w ir
e d t h car eith hich it o e e an e e w w
FIG . 241 . F i e ld Ma g n e t C ore .
is ound In t h motor i llustr t d t h fi ld m gn t

w . e a e ,
e e a e
ring is 2 4 inch s int nal di m t r d 4 4 inc h s e er a e e an e ex
t rn l diam t B for inding th fi ld magn t cor

e a e er . e e w e e e e ,
th nds f t h 8 foot strips

e e o sc f d or b v l d ff
e -
a re ar e e e e o
and tinn d d th n sold r d tog th r and coil ed f

e ,
an e e e e e or
conv ni nc e e e .
Th strips should b
e ound upon t h form as tightly e w e
as possibl d h n t h l st l y r is e , stout ir
an w e e a a e on , a w e
is rapp d ound t h outsid d t i st d tog th to

w e ar e e an w e e er
266 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E U R S
k p t h h t i on st ip f om un inding
e e e s in t h
ee r r r w ,
as e
c s of t h m tu co
a e e ar a re re .
As it is not n c ss y to nn l t h fi ld m gn t t h e e ar a ea e e a e ,
e
w ood n form is r mov d by bori g hol th ough it

e e e n a e r
an d th n plitting t h e ood so th t it S b mov d e w a c an e re e
pi c m al Th coil f sh t iron forming t h fi ld

e e e . e o ee e e
m gn t cor is compos d of thirty th l v rs

a e e e -
re e a e .
Th ring is divi d d into four quart rs by r dial lin s

e e e a e ,
and mid y b t n t f th s lin s

wa opposit e wee wo o e e e ,
on e
sid s f t h ring
e o drill d hol s for riv ts i nch in
e ,
a re e e e 4 3
3
diam t r t h hol s b ing count rsunk slightly

e e ,
ach
e e e e on e
sid Th s riv ts ith slight h ds

e . e ins rt d in
e e w .
ea a re e e
th hol s ith t h h ds insid t h ring Th y

e e ,
w e ea e e . e a re
th n n tly riv t d t t h outsid l ving t h inn r

e ea e e a .
e e ,
ea e e
sid as smooth as possibl To ccomplish this i t is

e e . a ,
'
n c ssary to mov t h binding ir a y from t h

e e e e w e wa e
c nt r f t h fi ld magn t ri g
e e o e e e n .
I Vh th t riv ts
en in plac t h binding ire wo e a re e ,
e w e
m y b r mov d ; th n in t h sam s ctions

a e e ar t h e e e e e ne e
e nds pl c d riv ts a re t ach d f ch s ction

a e e ,
on e a e en o ea e .
Th s ctions riv t d in this m nn r fo m in rdly

e e e e a e r wa
proj cting pol pi c s I Vh i l drilling t h hol s for
e e e e . e e e
t h riv ts it is
e e t cl mp t h strips fi m l t
,
n e c e s s a rv o a e r v o
g th r to pr v nt t h drill chips from o king i b

e e e e .
e w r n e
t n t h l y rs f t h magn t E l v n l y rs f t h
wee e a e o e e . e e a e o e
m agn t ring sa d t b t
e t h pol pi c s t a re we ou e tve e n e e e e o
mak a pac f t h inding f t h fi ld m gn t ; t h

e S e or e w o e e a e e
e nds f t h pol pi c s o b v l d sho n to facili

e e e e a re e e e as w
t t w inding Th s sp c s
a e cov r d ith dh siv . e e a e a re e e w a e e
ta p and e ound ith four lay s (about 4 5 f t ) of

a re w w er ee
N o 1 8 magn t w ir
. ith r singl doubl cotton e .
e, e e e or e ,
or
S il k cov r d e e .
O of t h pol pi c s ill b at t h bottom f t h

ne e e e e w e e o e
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E U R S 267
fi ld m gn t d t h oth r t t h top h n t h motor

e a e an e e a e w e e
is compl t ; th fo t h ind i ng on ch sid of

e e e re re e w ea e
t h fi ld m gn t b gins
e e t opposit sid e s of t h s m
a e e a e e a e
pol pi c d is ound in t h s m d i ction to b ing

e e e ,
an w e a e re r
th eir t rm n ls n ar t h b s of t h machin
w e e i d a e e a e e e ,
an
FIG . 242 . E le c t ri c a l C on n e c t i on s of M ot or .
to cau t h curr nt in t h t
se indings t u it in
e e e wo w o n e
producing orth pol t t h t p of t h m gn t and a

a n e a e o e a e
south pol at t h bottom vic v rsa If mistak

e e ,
or e e . a e
i mad in t h
s inding this b corr ct d in m king
e e w ,
c an e e e a
th conn ctions It is t n c ssary to un w ind d

e e . no e e an
r in d
ew .
construction f this m gn t is op n t criticism
Th e o a e e o
on ccount f t h disposition of t h l min but this

a o e e a ae ,
construction is p rtly or holly comp nsat d for by t h a w e e e
l g riv ts
ar hich bind th pol pi c s and t h body
e e w e e e e e
of t h m gn t tog th r
e a e e e .
Th hol s drill d in t h lo r sid of t h magn t

e e a re e e we e e e
an d tapp d to r c iv machin scr e s hich pass p e e e e ew ,

w u
w ard through t h b s f t h machin to hold t h e a e o e e e
magn t hich l tt r sits upon small ood n s d d l

e ,
w a e a w e a e
about 4 inch thick in t h middl Th fi ld m gn t e e . e e a e
w inding as ll t h iron cor is cov r d ith

,
we as e e ,
e e w se v
eral coats f sh llac varnish for insulation and prot

o e , eo
tion .
Th journal box s f
e th sh ft simply 4 brass e or e a a re
balls a x ially bo d t r c iv t h sh ft d having an re o e e e e a ,

an
oi l hol in t h top T h s box s

e ach h ld in plac
e . e e e a re e e e
by t br ss plat bor d to r c iv t h sid s of t h

wo a es e e e e e e e
b lls as sho n and att ch d t t h sid s of t h squar

a w ,
a e o e e e e
w ood n st ndards by scr s Th haft is al lo d t

e a ew . e S we o
proj ct at eor both nds ffi i t l to r c iv a

on e e su c en v e e e
pull f
ey Th rmatur is rapp d around t h
or an . e a e w e e
sid s ith nough firm p p r to caus it to fit tightly

e w e a e e
into t h fi ld m gn t d ft r t h shaft is m d l v l
e e a e ,
an a e e a e e e ,
th ejournal box s plac d th shaft and t h e a re e on e ,

e
st ndards hich support th m

a sa d ff t h prop
w e a re we o e
er l ngth and s cur d to t h b s by scr s

e for e e e a e ew ,
on e
each standard passing up rdly thro gh t h bas and , wa u e e
into t h lo r nds f t h stand rd To t h b s d

e we e o e a . e a e a
joining t h stand rd t t h commut tor d is att ch d

e a a e a en a e
a ood n block to t h nds f hich s cur d light

w e ,
e e o w a re e e
copp r springs hich b ar

e opposit sid f t h ,
w e on e es o e
commutator and act as brush s f conv ying t h cur e or e e
re nt t t h arma t ur
.
o e e .
scr w s hic h hold t h lo r nds of th s

Th e e w e we e e e
b rush s lso clamp t h e ir s hich xt nd do n rd

a e w e w e e w wa
through t h b s b ing conn ct d ith e of t h a e ,

on e e e e w on e e
binding posts hich r c iv t h b tt ry i s t h w e e e e a e w re

,
e
oth r brush b ing conn ct d ith t h outsid t rminal

e e e e w e e e
of of t h fi ld m gn t coils Th outsid t rminal

on e e e a e . e e e
o f t h oth r fi ld m gn t coil is conn ct d

e e ith t h e a e e e w e re
maining bindi g post Th insid t rmin ls of t h n . e e e a e
fi ld m gn t coils
e conn ct d tog th r Th con
a e a re e e e e . e
nec ti cl arly sho n in t h diagram (F ig

on s a re e w e .
Th upp r scre s in t h commut tor brush s

e us d ew e a e a re e
for v ying t h pr ssur f t h b ash s t h com

ar e e e o e r e on e
mut tor m y b r quir d ; t h brush s b ing b n t

a as a e e e e e e e
t
ou w a r d l to dmit of this adjustm nt v a e .
If t h motor is to b us d for d iving f t h bas

e e e r a an , e e
w ill n d to b t upon l gs of som kind In t h

ee e se e e . e
moto illustrat d t h b s is support d upon four i

r e ,
e a e e n
v rt d cloth s hooks hich support it 2 inch s from t h

e e e w e e
t bl
a e .
Th oil cups mad of ood (soft m pl or birch )

e a re e w a e ,
w ith st ms xt nding do n into t h { hol s in t h

e e e w e
5
4 e e
sp h ric l box s ; d in t h portion f t h ood bov

e a e an e o e w a e
t h journal box is form d a cavity

e hich ill cont in e w w a a
f
ew drops of oil Th utsid f t h oil cup is varnish d . e o e o e e
w ith h ll c xc pt at t h d f t h st m b for
s e a e e e en o e e ,
e e an v
oil is put in This confin s t h oil to t h c vity and . e e e a
t h int rior f t h st m
e ed caus s it to l l f d to
o e e an e s ow v ee
t h journ l
e hich t h st m r sts Th f can b
a on w e e e . e an e
purchas d f a sm ll sum It m y b n c ss ry to
e or a . a e e e a
bush it to fit t h shaft E ith r an 8 inch a 1 0 inch .

e . e -
or -
fan m y b us d a e e .
O f cou s a small pull y ill b substitut d f t h

r e
, e w e e or e
fan h n t h motor is us d to driv machin

w e e e e a e .
If t h motor h n finish d do s t run in t h d
e w e e e no e e
si d dir ction this m y b ch ng d by transposi g t h

re e ,
a e a e n e
w ir conn ctions at t h brush s so as to chang t h

e e e e ,
e e
dir ction f t h curr nt in t h armatur

e o e e e e .
SM A LL E LE C T R I C MO TO RIS F O R A M AT E U R S
E v ry pi c f l ctric
e ork don by a stud nt e e o e e w e e or
a m t ur is f v lue not only as an addition to h i

a e o a ,
s
coll ction f app ratus but as a m ans f cquiring a

e o a ,
e o a
positiv kno l dg of l ctricity and of l ctrical appa

e w e e e e e e
ratus Th follo ing ngravings sho a simpl and

. e w e w e
e asily construct d motor hich v ry fully illustrat s e , w e e
t h construction
e d op ration f t h G ramm motor an e o e e ,
and is ll adapt d to various us s r quiring only a

we e e e
small amount f po r o we .
This motor built by M I V S Bishop of N w w as r . . .

,
e
H v n C onn
a aft r t h g n r l plans f t h simpl
e ,
.
,
e -
e e e a o e e
l ctric motor alr ady illustr t d d d scrib d in a

e e e a e an e e re
c nt S i t i fi Am i
e b t th
c construction h r
en c e r c an ,
u e e e
S ho n is mor simpl d mor sily c rri d t

w e e an e ea a e ou .
Th p rsp ctiv vi h r giv n is t thirds t h

e e e e e w e e e wo -
e
actu l siz Th front d sid l vations and t h

a e . e an e e e e
small r d t il vi e f ll iz e a ew a re u S e .
T h fi ld m gn t A is form d of a yok
e e fN a e , ,
e e o orw a v
i ron inch thick 4 inch id d 2 4 inch s long

1 7;
5
,
w e an e .
In t h yok it e nds d 1 inch s apart e ,

n e ar s e an 4 6
5 -
e ,
a re
d ill d hol for c iving t h quart r inch N or ay

r e es re e e e w
i on cor s f t h magn t w hich
r edriv n into t ho e e ,
a re e e
vok e .
Th pol r xt miti se f th fi ld m g n t
a e re e ,
a , o e e a e a re
curv d t form circu la op nin g

e o i ch s i d i m a r e n e n a
e t r Th inding of t h fi ld magn t may b appli d

e . e w e e e e e
to t h m gn t cor s sho n in t h ngr ving or t h

e a e e , as w e e a ,
e
w ir m y b ound upon spools fitt d to t h cor s

e a e w e e e .
Th spools e 1 inch in diam t r d 1 4 inch s long b

a re e e an e e
t n t h h ds U pon ach spool is ound 1 ounc of

wee e ea . e w e
N 2 4 doubl
o . ound cotton cov d m gn t ir Th e w ,
e re a e w e . e
yok of t h fi ld m gn t is f st n d to t h ood n
e e e a e a e e e w e
b s pi c of t h motor by scr s p ssing up dly

a e e e e ew a w ar
through t h bas into thr d d h l in t h yok e e ea e o es e e .
Th rm tur B consists of sm ll G r mm ring

e a a e , ,
a a a e
mount d upon a ood n disk s cu d to t h rmatu

e w e e re e a re
shaft Th arm tur cor is a ring form d f pi c

. e a e e ,
0, e o a e e
o f ann al d iron W e N 1 3 B e S g ug having its I re ,

o . . . a e ,
ends b v l d d drill d t nsv rs ly to r c iv pin

e e e an e ra e e e e e a ,
as sho n in F i g 2 4 6 A cor of this kind lthough

w . . e ,
a
th or tic lly not as ffici nt

e e a l minat d cor e e as a a e e ,
ans rs v ry purpos i this v ry s m ll motor d

we e e e n e a , an
gr atly f cilitat s t h construction f t h a m tur

e a e e o e r a e .
Th cor has outsid di m t r f 1 4 inch s Th

e e an e a e e o e . e
outsid d m t of t h armatu is 2 inch s d t h

e 1a e er e re e ,
an e
insid diam t r 1 4 nch s Upon t h rmatur co

e e e I e . e a e re
a re plac d 1 2 coils b f si lk cov r d singl ound mag

e , ,
o e e ,
e w
ne t ir N 2 5 B S g ug s p r t d by rings t of
w e ,
o . . . a e ,
e a a e a
soft i on ir N 1 3 t h rings forming polar xt n

r w e o .
,
e e e
sions hich d d to t h ffici ncy of t h motor Th

w a e e e e . e
arm tur coils a form d in a lath

e a m ndr l a re e e on a e ,
s par t ly sho n in F ig 2 4 7 This m ndr l con

e a e ,
as w . . a e
sists of pi c of N 1 1 ir h ving t coll s 4 of

a e e o . w e a wo ar an
inch part a f t h collars b ing fix d

, d t h oth
on e o e e e an e er
b ing r mov bl E ach coil cont ins 4 f t 4 inch of

e e a e . a ee es
w ir ound in fi l v s
e w ve a er .
T f cilit t t h r mov l of t h coil f om t h m

o a a e e e a e r e an
d r l t h first l y r is
e ,
e ound loos ly Aft indin g a e w e . er w ,
an d b fo r moving t h coil from t h m dr l t h ir

e re e e e an e , e w e
2 72 H OM E ME CHA N IC S FOR A MAT E UR S
is c m nt d ith p ffi
e e e m lt d t h coil
w a ra ne or w a x e e on e
w ith a rm i on Aft r t lv coils h v b com

wa r . e we e a e een
p l et d th y
e strung
,
upon teh rm tur cor
a re in e a a e e ,
0,
alt rnation w ith t h iron ir rin g s d d h t h

e e w e , ,
an w en e
FIG . 24 3 . P e rs p e c t i ve Vi ew of a S mll G
a ra m me R i n g Mot or .
cor is fill d its nds brought tog th r and s cur d

e e ,
e a re e e e e
by m ns of t h pin sh n
ea e ,
as ow .
Th ood n hub of t h m tur is

e w e fitt d to t h e ar a e n ow e e
ring but b for t h ring is s cur d on t h h b t lv e

,
e e e e e e u , we
equidist nt ho l s drill d tr nsv rs ly through t h

a e a re e a e e e
hub n its c nt r and in ach hol is ins t d pi c

,
e ar e e ,
e e er e a e e
of N 1 2 copp i
o . h lf inch long Th nds
er w re on e -
a an . e e
of t h pi c s of copp ir
e e eallo d t proj ct er w e a re we o e on e
FIG . 2 43 A . P e rs p e c t i ve Vi ew of S ma ll G ra m me Ri n g M ot or .
sixt nth f an nch b yond t h id s of t h hub Th

ee o I e e S e e . e
ring is plac d t h hub d t h n ds of t h i pro

e on e ,
an e e e w re
j t i g f om dj c nt coils b
ec n r t ist d tog th and
a a e , ,
a re w e e er
att ch d by m ns of sold to t h copp r ir pin

a e ea er e e w e s
ext nding through t h hub d forming t h mm
e e an e co u
t tor ba s t h cov ring b ing r mov d from t h

a r , e e e e e e ex
t mi t i
re of t h ir It ill thus b s n that t ch
es e w e . w e ee o ea
commutator b is conn ct d t h b ginning of arcoil e e e e on e
and th d of t h dj c nt coil so that b m ans of

e en e a a e ,
v e
F I G 2 44
. . S e c t i on a l S i d e E le va t i on of a S m a ll M ot or .
th s conn ctions t h inding f t h rm tur b com

e e e e w o e a a e e es
continuous .
Th posts in hich t h rmatur s h aft is journal d

e w e a e e
a rep rforat d n ar th ir upp r nds ith hol f

e e e e e e w a e o a
siz d pt d to c iv t h rm tur shaft d th s

e a a e re e e e a a e ,
an e e
hol s count rbo d from t h inn r surf c s f t h

e a re e re e e a e o e
posts and a ir of t h s m di m t as t h shaft

,
w e e a e a e er e
is pl c d in t h position of t h m tur shaft and

a e e e ar a e ,
B bbitt m t l or typ m tal is pou d into t h op n

a e a e e re e e
ings round t h sh ft forming t h journ l box A

a e a ,
e a es .
hol i s bor d in t h t p of ach post b for c stin g t h

e e e O e e e a e
m tal to form
e ,
nchor g for t h journal box and an a a e e ,
aft r t h casting t h anchorag is drill d through t

e e ,
e e e o
F IG . 24 5 . F ron t E le va t i on of S ma ll M ot or .
the op ning f t h journal box t form

e i l hol f
o e o an o e or
t h arm tur shaft

e a e .
Th journ l box t h sid of t h commut tor is

e a on e e e a
mad to proj ct b yond t h inn f c f t h post to

e e e e er a e o e
r c iv t h disk f hich c i s t h commut tor

e e e e , ,
w a rr e e a
springs g This proj ction is m d by clamping to t h

,
. e a e e
post pi c f ood h ving in i t hol cor sponding

a e e o w a a e re
w ith that in t h post A ft r t h journal box is c st e . e e a ,
th e xtra pi c f ood is r mov d l ving sl v

e .
e e o w e e ,
ea a ee e
upon hich to pl c t h disk f This disk is inch

w a e e ,
. an
and half in diam t r and

a f an inch thick e e o .
FIG . m 2 46 m . M Ar C a t u re o f S a ll ot or i n P roc e s s of on s t ru c t i on .
To t h inn r f c f t h disk f
e clamp d t h m
e a e o e , ,
a re e e co
mutator sp ings g by m ns of sm ll blocks

r ho n , ,
ea a ,
as S w
in t h p rsp ctiv Vi th s blocks b ing h ld in pl c

e e e e ew ,
e e e e a e
by scr s passing through t h disk into thr ad d hol s

ew e e e e
F IG W . m C
2 47 . App a ra t u s for i n d i n g Ar a t u re oi ls .
in t h block s Th co m mut to sp ings

e curv d
. e a r r a re e
out rdly d th ir nds

wa turn d b ck d to
an e e a re e a w ar
w ard t h disk f d th ir xt miti s s t upon t h

e , ,
an e e re e re e
commut tor ba s sho n i F igs 2 43 and 2 4 4

a r ,
as w n . .
disk f d t h cl mping blocks

Th e m d f
, ,
an e a a re a e o
vulc niz d fib r hich is st ong d t t h s m tim

a e e ,
w r an a e a e e
a good insul to Th commut tor sp ings 9 a r . e a r , ,

a re
m d of h d roll d copp
a e d th i inn
ar nds e e r, a n e r er e a re
a djust d so to touch di m t ically opposit mm

e as a e r e co u
t tor b rs Th b st djustm nt for t h commut tor

a a . e e a e e a
springs is found by moving t h disk f in dir ction e , ,

on e e
or th th It ill b found that t h m ximum f

e o er . w e e a e
f t is s cu d h n t h cont ct su f c s of t h com
ee e re w e e a r a e e
mut to sp ings n ly in v rtic l lin

a r r a re e ar a e a e .
Th disk f is l m p d i
e y d sir d position
,
by ,
c a e n an e e an
ordin y ood scr h hich p ss s loos ly through

ar w e w, , w a e e
t h poste d is scr d into ood n thumb nut b r

an ewe a w e ea
ing gainst t h out r su f c of t h post Th t

a e e r a e e . e er
mi l
na sf th fi ld m gn t Ao conn ct d dir tly e e a e , ,
a re e e ec
w ith t h binding post d lso ith t h out r nds of

e an a w e e e
t h commut tor springs g

e sho n in F igs 2 43 d a , , as w . an
24 5 .
\ Vith
c ll f d y b tt ry t h motor mak s bou t
on e e o r a e e e a
volutions p minut but it do s not d v lop

re er e ,
.
e e e
its maximum po r until or t c lls dd d in we on e wo e a re a e
p ll l Any f t h dry b tt i s ill run it f shor t

a ra e . o e a er e w or
p riods
e but if it is r q uir
,
d to run it continuously f e e or
an y l ngth f time t c ll of Buns n

o e ,
on e or wo e s e or a
F ull r b tt ry should b us d
e a e e e .
Th motor b ing shunt ound is p t i ll s lf

e e w ,
ra c ca v e
r g lating Its sp d ith y mou nt of b tt ry

e u . ee w an a a e
po r do s t much xc d
we e r volution p no e ee e s er
minut e .
HO W A K E A S E WI N G M A C H I N E M O T O R
TO M
WIT H O UT C A S TI N G S *
Th accompanying d a ings tog th

e ith t h f l r w ,
e er w e e
lo ing instructions
w ill n bl y m ch nic of av r , w e a e an e a e
ag ability
e to build a highly ffici nt motor th t ill e e a w
op rat t h h avi st f family s ing machin s ith a
e e e e e o ew e w
F IG .M 2 48M . M m
S e w in g ac h in e ot o r a de by an A at e ur .
consumption f l ct ic l n rgy l a trifl g t r

o e e r a e e on v e re a e
th n that qui d to m int in an inc nd sc nt l mp

a re re a a a e e a .
All t h mat i ls nt ing into t h construction f t h

e er a e er e o e
motor m y b procur d in lmost

a e to n or small e a an v w
Ry C ec il P . P oole .
city tot l cost of t h m chin xc pting f

,
an d th e a e a e ,
e e ,
o
cours t h l bo should not xc d fi doll s

e e a r, e ee ve ar .
first op tion is th t f m king t h m gn t

,
Th e e ra a o a e a e ,
w hich consists f b f o din y ought i on 1 4 o a ar o r ar wr r ,
inch s squ r d 1 9 inch s long b nt ( hil d hot )

e a e an e ,
e w e re
into U sho n by F i g 2 4 8 Aft b nding t h i on

a as w . . er e e r
into sh p t out t conc viti s in t h limbs as indi

,
a e ,
cu wo a e e ,
t d by t h dott d lin s to a circl of 4 4 inch s di m

ca e e e e ,
e e a
F I G 25 0
. .
F i e ld Ma g n e t e a d y fo r R
F M F IG . 24 9 . i e ld ag n e t . A rm a t u re .
e t Th c nt of t h circl f hich t h concav sur

er . e e er e e o w e e
f c s form rcs must b 5 4 inch from t h short part

a e a e es e
o f t h U kno n t h m gn t yok
e ,and x ctly mid w as e a e e ,
e a
wa y b t n t h m gn t limbs
e th
weet an qu l mount e a e , se a e a a
w ill b cut out of ch limb This cutting b don

e ea . c an e e
by y blacksmith it do s t n d to b pr cis in
an ,
as e no ee e e e
t h m att
e of t h surf c s of t h conc viti s t h only
er e a e e a e ,
e
obj ct b ing to mov t h bulk f m t l th t i to b

e e re e e o e a a s e
cut a y i o d r to form t h rmatur ch mb r

wa n r e e a e a e .
N xt smooth up t h sid s of t h m gn t on t h flat f

e e e e a e e o
an m ry h l rounding ff t h corn rs so th t f c
e e w ee ,
o e e a a a e
28 0 I I OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
vi ew nds f t h limbs ill b as sho n in F ig
of the e o e w e w .
25 4 ; t h f c s f f should also b smooth d ff ith t h

e a e , , , e e o w e
e m y h l th s form t h bas f t h machin

er w ee ,
as e e e e o e e .
Th n bolt t h m gn t to t h f c pl t of t h lath so
e e a e e a e -
a e e e
that t h c nt r f t h c ircl e to hich t h m gn t

e e o e e ,
a, w e a e
limbs r cut ay coincid s ith t h l th c nt rs

we e aw e w e a e e e ,
and bor out t h arm tur ch mb to 4 4 inch s in

e e a e a er e
diam t r l ving t h m gn t as sho n by F i g 2 5 0 ;

e e ,
ea e a e w .
t h curv d surfac s forming t h

e rm tur chamb r
e e e a a e e a re
kno n as pol fac s If t h sid s f t h magn t (by

w e -
e . e e o e e .
sid s m ant t h part faci n g t h ad r in F igs

e
”
a re e e e re e .
2 48 25 0 , d 25 3 d t h corr sponding p rt
,
an th ,
an e e a on e
oth r sid f t h magn t ) r t ground to a tru

e e o e e we e no e
p ar ll l tah m ry eh l nd as it
on is highly probabl e e e w ee ,
a e
th t th y w r t it is dvisabl t ta k a slight cut

a e e e no ,
a e o e
ov r t h hol sid xpos d hil t h magn t is t h

e e w e e e e w e e e on e
fac plat as to h v it p rf ctly plan and also ta k

e -
e so a e e e e ,
e
a cut ov r t h opposit sid to insur parall lism

e e e e e e .
Th jour al yok s e d box s com n x t Th r ill

n e an e e e . e e w
b twe b arings and yok s

o for ach sid of t h
e e ,
on e e e e
machin F ig 2 5 1 sho s t h parts n c ssary f

e . . w e e e or on e
yok d b aring ; y y brass strips 6 4 inch s long

e an e , a re e ,
1 inch id and inch thick ith round d nds ; I

w e ,
3—
4 4 ,
w e e )
is t h b mad f a pi c of round brass d 1 inch

e ox , e o e e ro
i di m t r and 2 inch s long ov r ll

n a e e d b ing e e a ,
on e en e
turn d do n to 4 inch d i m t r f
e dist nc f 4
w a e e or a a e o
inch a 4 inch hol b ing drill d through t h c nt r

,
-
e e e e e e
an d a 4 inch hol b ing drill d in -

sid far nough e e e on e e e
t l t t h point f t h drill through into t h bor

o e e f o e e e o
t h box ;
e is t h i l r s voir consisting f a pi c f
0 e o e er ,
o e e o
brass tubing 1 inch long 4 inch in diam t r outsid ,

e e e
and 4 inch diam t r insid ith d p rman ntly e e e ,

w on e en e e
stopp d by a plug sold r d in and t h oth r d

e e e e e en
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR AM AT E UR S 28 1
th d re a dist nc of inch Th hol in t h

ed for a a e
“
5
1 3
“
. e e e
f t h box I is th d d to m tch t h thr d on

’
sid e o e ,
) ,
re a e a e ea
th e d of t h
e n tub hich is p ck d ith l mp e e ,
c ,
w a e w a
w ick fill d ith oil d sc d in t h box h n t h

,
e w ,
an re we e w e e
m chin is compl t d d dy to
a e Th yok e e an re a ru n . e e
strips y h v ch 4 inch hol d ill d x ctly in

, ,
a e ea a -
e r e e a
th ec nt r s v r l nicks b ing fil d in t h dg s of
e e ,
e e a e e e e e
th s hol s B for putting t h yok tog th r tin t h

e e e . e e e e e e , e
edg s of th c tral hol

e d tin t h small d of ese en ,
e s an e en
FIG . 25 1 .
FIG 25 2 F IG 2 3 5 F IG 25 4
k k k
. . . . . .
P a rt s of Yo e . P la c i n g Yo e s i n Ma g n e t w i th Yo es .
P os i t i on .
th mount t h strips t h d f t h
t h e b ox , I) ; en e
$
on e en o e
box so th y ill b t ight ngl s ith ch oth r d

e w e a r a e w ea e an
so that t h hol in t h sid of t h box com s b t n

e e e e e e e wee
t f t h l gs form d by t h
wo o st ips d sold r t h
e e e e r ,
an e e
w hol t t h c nt r B sur to fill t h nicks in t h

e a e e e . e e e e
e dg s f t h hol s ith sold r

e o e e w e .
Wh n both yok h v b n ss mbl d turn up

e es a e ee a e e ,
a
block f ood 1 4 inch s thick t fit clos ly t h rm tur

o w e o e e a a e
ch mb in t h magn t limbs ithout p ding t h

a er e e w S re a e
l tta This block should h v 4 inch hol in t h
e r . a e a -
e e cen
t d it
e r, a n ill b b tt r to d ill t h h l fi st mount
w e e e r e o e r ,
t h block on
e 4 inch m nd l d tu n it up t ua i t h -
a re an r r e w
t h c ntr l hol
e e Put this block in t h rm tu ch m
a e . e a a re a
b ith its 4 inch m nd l in t h c nt l hol thr d

er w -
a re e e ra e ,
ea
on e yok on d f t h mand le d t h oth r

on e e nth o e re an e e on e
oth r d turning t h l gs f ach vok to t h position

e en ,
e e o e e e
sho n by F ig 2 5 3 Cl mp t h hol tog th r s cur ly

w . . a e w e e e e e
an d d ill four 4 inch hol s h h h h through t h m g

r -
e , , , , ,
e a
ne t limbs and both yok s ; punch m k yok d t h e -

ar on e e an e
f c of t h m gn t limb on hich it r sts so th t in

a e e a e w e a
r ss mbling t h m chin t h v ious p rts ill com

ea e e a e e ar a w e
b ck to t h o iginal position in hich th y

a e d ill d ;
r w e w e re r e
th n t k ff t h cl mps d t k off t h yok s mov

e a e o e a an a e e e ,
re e
t h yok s and
e ood n block d nn l t h m gn t by
e w e an a ea e a e
h ting i t to b ight d d llo ing t h fi to d i

ea a r re an a w e re e
ou t ith t h iron cov r d up in t h co ls

w e e e e a .
F or mounting t h vok s p m n ntly t h magn t e e er a e on e e ,
fo st l m chin sc s d ight dist nc pi c s

ur ee a e re w an e a e e e
w ill b r quir d Th sc se e 4 inch in di m t r e . e re w a re a e e
an d 6 4 inch s long und th h d d th h d e er e ea ,

an e ea
should b slott d Th d istanc pi c to hold t h

e e . e e e es e
yok s a y from t h m gn t
e wa m d f om round e a e a re a e r
br ss d 1 inch in di m t r ; t of th m 1 inch s
a ro a e e wo e a re 1 4
3
e
long t ,
1 4 inch s long t
w o a re 2 44 inch s long e ,
w o a re e ,
an d th m ining t e2 4 i nch s long

re F ig 2 5 4
a w o a re e . .
sho s w yok mount d ith its dist nc pi c s

on e e e ,
w a e e e ,
a, e ,
e , and
e ,
r pr s nt t h thr d nds f t h
s, c, s, 8, e e e e ea e o e
scr s Th yok s should b c fully fitt d or t oubl

ew . e e e a re e r e
m y r sult from non lignm nt of t h b

a e ings -
a e e e ar .
Th matur st uctu com s n xt F om som

e ar e r re e e r e
d l r in rmatu st mpings p ocur

ea e a hundr d re a r e on e e
rings of ch rco l iron 4 inch s in d i m t outsid d

a a e a e er e an
3 inch s in di m t insid Th s rings must not b

e a e e r e . e e e
ov inch thick d pr f r bly bout 4 inch thick

e r 44
1
an e e a a 4 ; .
N t ll of t h
o ahund d ill b n d d but m ny e on e re w e ee e ,
a
w ill b spoil d in drilling F om d l in l ctric l

e e . r a ea er e e a
suppli s procur t ings f vulc niz d fib t h

e e wo r o a e e r, e
sam di m t r outsid d insid t h iron i g d

e a e e e an e as e r n s, an
4 inch thick O t h f c f ring spac ff t lv . n e a e o on e e o we e
e quidist nt points a circl scrib d a ound t h

a 0 11 e e r e cen
t erof t h ring s fac mid y b t n dg s as sho

e
’
e wa e wee e e , wn
by F i g 2 5 5 in hich t h points . indicat d by ,
w e a re e
F IG 25 5 F I G 25 7
L
. . . .
B
ayi n g Ou t t h e P os i t i on of H ole s
A rm a t u re . for olt s .
F IG . 25 8 F IG. A T ra p e z oi d . . 25 9 . Ti e R od .
e ,
g e
g , g , 9 thos m erk ,
d 9
e b ing 90
,
d ,
e ,
e , ,
c ,
e, ,
e a e e e
g s p t T k t br ss disks 4 inch s in di m
re e a ar . a e wo a e a
et r 4 inch thick ith 4 inch boss 1 4 inch s in di m

e ,
w a -
e a
et r on e sid sho n by F i g 2 5 6 hich m y b

on e e ,
as w .
,
w a e
obt in d f om a mod l making st blishm nt d

e r an v e e a e ,
an
drill through t h c nt a 4 inch hol i n d ic t d by e e er -

e ,
a e
d ott d lin in t h sk tch

e C l mp th smooth sid
e e e . a on e e
of f th s disks t h fib r ing th t h
on e o b n scrib d e e e e r a as ee e ,
l tting t h m rk d f c m upp rmost d d ill

e e a e a e co e e ,
an r
four 4 inch hol s t t h points mark d g 7 g g on t h

-
e a e e , L
(, , ,
e
f c of t h ing th ough both t h ring d t h br ss
a e e r ,
r e an e a
disk N xt mount
.
4 inch em nd l .
block of on a -
a re a
w ood 2 4 inch s thick d l rg nough to p mit turn e an a e e er
ing it do n t a roll 3 inch s in di m t ; inst d of

w o er e a e er ea
turning it t m sur m nt ho v r m k it fit snugly o ea e e ,

we e ,
a e
into t h int rior f t h iron d fibr ings \Vh n this

e e o e an e r . e
block is turn d to siz thr ad d of t h m ndr l

e e ,
e on on e e n e a e
th b e ss disk th t h only c nt l hol n xt put t h

ra a as a e ra e ,
e e
u nm rk d fib disk t h ood n block do n to t h

a e er on e w e ,
w e
b ss disk d follo ith t h iron ri gs putting

ra ,
an w w e n ,
on
l st t h fib r ri g th t h b n d ill d d th n thr d
a e e n a as ee r e an e ea
ing t h m ndr l t h br ss d isk th t

on e lso d ill d
a e e a a w as a r e
w ith t h fib r d isk Tu n t h disk so th t t h hol

e e . r e a e es
n r i t dg gr ith thos in t h fib r ring und r

ea s e e a ee w e e e e
it d compr ss t h hol ar ang m nt ith cl mps

an e e w e r e e w a .
If th r so m
e iron disk th t t h fib r ring
e a re an v s a e e
c nnot b dra n do n ov t h d f t h ood n

a e w w er e en o e w e cen
t ring block t k ff nough to l t this b don

e ,
it
a e o e e e e ,
as
is imp rativ th t ll t h rin gs d disks should b

e e a a e an e
accu at ly c nt r d ith ch oth r Th n d ill 4 inch

r e e e e w ea e . e r -
hol s th ough t h hol m ss nt ing t h d ill in t h

e r e w e a ,
e er e r e
hol s l ady bo d in t h top brass disk d fib r ing

e a re re e an e r .
Th s four 4 inch hol s

e e for t i bolts t hold t h -
e a re e -
o e
armatur cor tog th r e e e e .
Wh n t h d illing is finish d punch m k ch br ss

e e r e ,
-
ar ea a
disk and fib r ring n r f t h 4 inch hol s (

e th ea on e o e -
e e
sam in ch c s of cou s ) r mov t h cl mp

e on e ea a e ,
r e ,
e e e a s
an d t h brass and fib r pi c s run

e i th ough t h e e e ,
a w re r e
hol in t h on rings co r sponding to t h

e e Ir m kd r e e on e ar e
on th fib rs d disks d t i th m loos ly tog th r

e e an an e e e e e
until tim to ss mbl t h co Th n cl mp t h t

e a e e e re . e a e wo
fib r rings tog th r ith t h m k d hol s in lign

e e e ,
w e ar e e a
m nt and drill through both rings a inch hol t

e , 44
1
e a
ea ch point m k d ar e e, l ving ch ing

ea ea r as sho n by w
Fig 25 7 . .
xt cut t f h rd ood t nty four tr p zoid l

Ne ou o a w we a e a
blocks (F i g inch thick 4 inch id t . d 4 8 w e a on e en ,
4 inch id t t h oth r d
w 4 inch long In
e t h a e e ,
an . e
c nt r of sixt n f th s d ill { i nch hol ; in t h

e e ee o e e r a 4 e e
c nt f t h oth r ight d ill 4 inch hol Pin t h

e er o e e e r a -
e . e
sixt n tr p zoids h vin g sm ll hol s to t h f c s of

ee a e a a e e a e
th t e fib r rings putting t h pins through f om t h

wo e ,
e r e
b ck through t h
a inch hol s i t h rings ; t h pins e
—-
6 e n e e ,
w hich must b of brass should b tight d iving fit so e , e a r
th t t h tr p zoids ill not t nd to slip off d t h

a e a e w e ,
an e
f c s of t h l tt r should b co t d ith sh llac varnish

a e e a e e a e w e
to p v nt th ir turning on t h pins
re e e e .
Th t i bolts m ntion d bov

e e -
f bras inch ,
e e a e , a re o s,
3
1 6
in di m t r and 3 4 inch s long thr d d t ach d

a e e e ,
ea e a e en
for a dist nc f inch Th y must b insulat d h r

a e o
—— 5
1 6 . e e e w e e
th y pass through t h cor by r ppi ng pap r

e e e w a e on
th m glui g ch lay r d putting

e ,
nough t
n ea e an on e o
m k t h insulat d portion fit snugly in t h 4 inch hol

a e e e e -
es
d ill d through t h rings C t strip f manil pap r

r e e . u a o a e
2 4 inch s id d r p it tightly t h bolt l aving

e w e an w a on e ,
e
an e qu l l ngth f uncov r d m t l t ach d Wh

a e o e e e a a e en . en
th ight thickn ss of insulation is obt in d d ill t

e r e a e , r wo
1
1 4 inch hol s t h bolt x ct ly 2 inch s f om c nt r
e 1n e ,
e a -
1 4
1
e r e e
to c nt r d qu l dist nc s from ch d (this dis

e e ,
an e a a e ea en
t nca if t h bolt has b n accur t ly cut t ot h l ngth

e ,
e ee a e e e
s p cifi d ill of cou s b 44 inch ) T nuts must

e e , w ,
r e ,
e . wo
b also provid d for

e ch bolt d t st l pins hich e ea ,
an wo ee w
a re d iving fits in t h 4 i nch h l

r d lightly t p r d e 3 6 o e s,an S a e e .
O f th s
ne t i rods
o ithout its nuts and pins is
e e e -
, w ,
sho n by F i g 2 5 9
w . .
Th n ass mbl t h arm tur cor on its ood n

e e e e a e e w e cen
t ring block using nough iron disks to m k t h iron
e ,
e a e e
p rt m sur 1 4 inch s in thickn ss h n compr ss d

a ea e e e w e e e
an d b ing car ful to h v thos of t h { inch hol s that

e e a e e e .
e
we r m rk d t h fibr pi c s com i n lin ith t h

e a e on e e e e e: e w e
hol through hich t h W r holding t h iron disks

e w e i e e
tog th r e eL av off t h br ss disk for t h

w as ru n . e e e a s e
pr s nt Through ch { inch ho l put t i rod cla m p

e e . ea e a e -
ing t h structur until t h st l pins

e b put in t h e e ee c an e e
hol s in t h t i rods ; nough iron disks should b put

e e e -
e e
in to pr v nt any loos n ss h n t h clamps

e e e e w e e a re re
mov d F ig 2 60 sho w s t h compl t structur Aft r

e . . e e e e . e
F IG 260 F IG 261 F IG 2 62
R b C
. . . . .
.
A rm a t u re om m u t a t or
W
e a dy for T h e S li t t e d T u e for .
i n di n g .
the tie ods pinn d in p l c t h m ining t p

-
r a re e a e e re a ra e
zo id put ov t h nds of t h ods ; a littl

s a re on er e e e r e
groov ill h v t b cut in t h b ck of t h tr p zoid

e w a e o e e a e a e
to accommod t t h st l pin i t h d f t h t i d a e e ee n e en o e e ro -
.
Th commut tor com s n xt

e d hil it ould b a e e ,
an w e w e
a dvis bl to buy compl t commut tor v ry s rv

a e a e e a ,
a e e
icea bl b m d e ith p op c r in follo ing

on e c an e a e w r er a e w
out t h inst uctions g iv n If t h bui ld r pr f rs to

e r e . e e e e
buy t h commut to t h dim nsions ccomp nying t h

e a r, e e a a e
ord must b th s Di m t r of b ush surfac 1

er e e e : a e e r e ,
inch ; l ngth long t h sh ft 1 4 inch s ; numb r f

e a e a ,
e e o
s gm nts 1 2 If t h commu tator is to b built long

e e ,
. e e a
w ith t h r t of t h machin p oc d follo s

e es e e ,
r ee as w :
T k pi c of br ss tubing 1 inch in diam t out

a e a e e a ,
e er
sid ith e ,
ll bout 4 inch thick d m suring
w a wa a ,
an ea
2 4 inch s long S lit it t t lv quidist nt points

e . a we e e a
f ora dist nc of 1 4 inch s from d a sho n by e e on e en ,

as w
F ig 26 1 d ins t t h
. li t t d po tion in
,
an hol in er e un s e r a e a
block of ood th t j st fits t h tubing ; t h block w a u e e
should b 1 inch thick d n il d t b nch oth e an a e o a e or e r
support Th n b nd out rdly t h n rro strips m d

. e e wa e a w a e
by slitt i ng t h tubi g until i t looks lik F ig 2 6 3 ; t h e n e . e
w ings should b brought t a right ngl ith t h b d e o a e w e o v
of t h tubing t slitt d and h mm r d t fi t

e no e ,
a e e ou a .
N umb r t h ings by m ns f punch marks from

e e
“
w
”
ea o ,
on e up to t lv and t h n c ry t h slits long t h we e ,

e ar e a e
l ngth f t h uncut portion f t h tub cutting it up

e o e o e e ,
into t lv pi c s lik F i 2 6 4 N xt turn up t

we e e e e g . . e wo
rings f vu lcani z d fi b r 2 i nch s in diam t r outsid

o e e e e e e ,
1 inch i dia m t insid d 4 inch thick and fit

n e er e an ,
a round t h circumf r c f ch t lv st l scr s e e en e o ea we e ee ew ,
4 inch in diam t r and 4 inch long ov r all ithout e e e ,

w
h ads as sho n by F i g 2 6 5 t h scr hol s b ing car

e , w .
,
. e ew -
e e
ri d cl ar t h rou g h so that t h point of t h scr m

e e e e ew av
em rg on t h insid of t h
e e in g C t t h i t six strips e e e r . u r v -
of oil pap r (t h kind us d ith copying books to p e e e w ro
t t th
ec l v s from moistur ) 6 inch thick 4 inch
e ea e e 1 ,
w id d 1 4 inch s lon g
e ,
Ass mbl t h pi c s of t h
an e . e e e e e e
commut tor in n m ric l ord r ithin t h t fib r

a u e a e w e wo e
rings ing t t h i g d d
,
on e t thr oth r a e w n en an on e a e e
en d of t h tubu l p t put thr slips f oil p p b

e ar ar ,
ee o a er e
t n ch p ir f n igh bo ing pi c s of tub

wee ea d a o e r e e e , an
d a r t h s g m nts to
w r d t h c nt b m ans of t h
e e e wa e e er v e e
li ttl scr s until t h oil pap r slips

e ew cl mp d so e e a re a e
28 8 H OME ME CHAN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
tightly b t n t h br s s gm nts that th y c nnot b
e wee e a s e e e a e
pull d out ith t h fing rs In ord r to h v t h com

e w e e . e a e e
mut tor com tog th r and fo m

a approxim t ly
e e e r an a e
tru circl
e bl d inch thick should b us d in
e ,
a saw a e §§
1
e e
cutting t h s gm nts out of t h tub Th b y judi

e e e e e . en
FIG . 264 . On e S e g m e n t .
F IG 2 63
C b Bf
. .
omm u t a t or Tu e e ore it is
C u t i n t o S e g me n t s .
F I G 2 65 F IG 2 6 6
Fb R C mm t
. . . .
i er i n g w i t h S c re w s . Th e o u a t or .
cions s tting up th
e scr s t h surfac can b on e ew e e e
brought su ffici ntly n ar t a tru circl as to r quir

e e o e e e e
no truing up in t h l th Th p ot uding dg s of e a e . e r r e e
th e i l pap r slips
o -
b cut ff v ne ith t h b ss c an e o e e w e ra
w ith sh rp knif
a a e .
Th cor f t h commut tor m y b m d

e e o f ood ; e a a e a e o w
H O ME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 289
mount block a 4 inch mandr l and turn it up to

a on -
e
th xact di m t f t h int io of t h commut tor ;

e e a e er o e er r e a
th n t p r it slightly so th t it ill p ss through t h

e a e a w a e
commutator b for binding d driv it hom tight e e ,

an e e as
as possibl ithout str ining t h fib rings th t holde w a e er a
th s gm nts C t ff t h bloc k 4 inch b yond t h

e e e . u o e e e
w ing d f t h commut tor and flush ith t h oth r

en o e a w e e
en d Th compl t commutator is sho n by F ig 2 6 6

. e e e w . .
Th n xt pi c f m chin
e ork is t h sh ft sho n
e e e o a e w e a ,
w
by F i g 2 6 7 It is turn d up from a pi c f 4 inch b

. . e e e o -
ar
st l 1 04 inch s long Th dim nsions as follo s

ee e . e e a re w :
A 4 inch diam t r 2 9 inch long ; B 4 inch di

,
e e , 4 ,
a m t 1 4 inch s long ; 0 4 inch di m t r 8 4 inch s

e e r, e ,
a e e ,
e
long ; D 4 inch di m t r 8 inch s long L st in t h

,
a e e , 46
3
e . a e
list f m chin o k t h motor prop r t h brush

o a e w r on e e a re e
hold rs f hich is sho n by F i g 2 68 t h dra ing

e ,
on e o w w .
,
e w
sho ing t vi s Th hold r is pi c f br ss

w wo e w . e e a e e o a
tubing 4 inch int rn l di m t r d 1 4 inch s lon g

,
e a a e e an e .
mount d pi c f strip brass 4 inch id and

e on a e e o w e
3
4 ;
inch thick t h oth r d f hich i b nt into loop ,

e e en o w s e a ,
as sho n and provid d ith insul ting bushing t

w ,
e w an a , ,
of f inch fib r r
; Th int rn l di m t r f t h bushing e . e e a a e e o e
is a trifl ov r an inch h n t h cl mping scr is e e w e e a ew
loos d t h diam t r f t h l p in t h brass strip is

e ,
an e e e o e oo e ,
th r for 1 4 inch ma x imum This loop is int nd d to

e e e , . e e
fi t around f t h dist nc pi c s F ig 25 4 fro m

on e o e a e e e ,
2, .
,
w hich it is insulat d by t h bushing t e e ,

.
Th brush is pi c of round c rbon 4 inch in di

e a e e a ,
a m t ed 1 inch long ; it should fit snugly

e r an ithin t h w e
tub fo ming t h hold r d spir l sp ing 4 inch

e r e e ,
an a a r ,
in di m t r mad of N 1 6 br ss i mus t b pro

a e e ,
e o . a w re , e
v i d d to forc
e th b ush out rdly to t h com e e r wa on e
mutator O brush hold r is attach d t t h lo r

. ne e e o e we
l ft h nd d stanc pi c
e -
a d t h oth r to t h upp r
i e -
e e an e e e e
right h nd pi c t h tubular p rt f t h hold r t

-
a e e , e a o e e se
ting v rtic lly b t n t h m gn t pol s ith its i

e a ,
e wee e a e e ,
w n
ner en d t mor than 4 inch from t h su fac of t h

no e e r e e
commutator E l ctrical conn ction is m d ith t h . e e a e w e
b rush m by m ans f pi c f fl xibl cord such

ar e o a e e o e e ,
as is us d in h nging inc nd sc nt l mpse d f a a e e a ,

on e en o
th cord b ing sold r d to copp r ash r hich is

e e e e a e w e , w
cl mp d und r t h h d f t h scr
a e t h brush arme e ea o e e w on e .
This cord is kno n N 1 8 cotton cov r d l mp w as o .

-
e e a
cord and may b procur d from any d al r It should

, e e e e .
b unt ist d and

e l ngth us d ach brush hold r ;
w e on e e e on e e
t h cord n d not b mor th n 6 inch s lo g

e ee e e a e n .
W r ady to ind t h m gn t and arma ur

e a re n ow e w e a e t e
cor Th es rmatur co must first b cov d ll

. e a e re e e re a
around t h outsid surf c ith muslin ; cut a strip 2

e e a e w
inch s id and 2 5 inch s long d aft r varnishing

e w e e an ,
e
t h p iph ry
e f th cor ith sh llac ind this
er e o e e w e ,
w on
muslin strip b ing sur t h at it is tightly ound If it

,
e e w .
is pull d tight it ill m k t l y rs ; h n t h

e ,
w a e wo a e w e e
strip has b n carri d onc round v rnish t h surfac

ee e e a ,
a e e
o f hat is t h co and th n ind on t h oth r

w on e re ,
e w e e
l y r f muslin Th n varnish t h hol outsid sur

a e o . e e w e e
fac C t t 2 4 strips f oil p p r ach 1 i nch s

e . u ou o a e ,
e e
w id and 2 inch s long and b nd up t h dg s making

e e ,
e e e e ,
t h cr e 4 i ch from ach dg
e as eso to for m shallo
n e e e ,
as w
troughs t h idth of hich ill b t h s m as t h e w w w e e a e e
sp c b t n t h trap z oids on t h d f t h cor ;

a e e wee e e e en o e e
a pply t of t h troughs t t h i sid and outsid

wo e o e n e e
circl s f t h cor as sho n in F ig 27 0 d t i th m in

e o e e ,
w .
,
an e e
plac ith N 4 0 N 5 0 s ing cotton

e w strand
o . or o . ew ,
on e
at ach sid f t h trough Th n ind an ld t

e e o e . e w on o co
t
on spool 6 8 f t f N 26 d oubl cotton cov r d m g
-
ee o o . e -
e e a
ne ir hook t h out r d ar ound

t w e trap zoid
,
e e en on e e ,
as
in F i g 2 7 1 d ind into t h iring sp c b t n

.
,
an w e w a e e wee
this tr p zoid d its right h nd n ighbor coil t h

a e an -
a e a e
full idth f t h spac hich should tak 2 6 turns in

w o e e ,
w e
FIG f . 26 7 . Th e S h a t .
w idth putting fi lay rs in 1 30 turns t ach coil

,
ve e ,
or ,
o e .
Wh n t h first coil is don t ist to t h final d t h

e e e w e en e
b ginning d f t h ir hich is t ind t h n xt

e en o e w e w o w e e
coil and proc d ith th t in t h sam y Car

,
ee w a on e e e wa . e
must b obs rv d to put xactly t h s m numb r f

.
e e e .
e e a e e o
turns in ach coil and t t ist t h nding f ach coi l

e o w e e o e
to t h b ginning f its n ighbor t h right Wh n

e e o e on e . e
th armatur is ound put on t h brass disks that

e e w ,
.
e
we r l ft ff h n t h cor w ss mbl d thr ding

e e .
o w e e e as a e e ,
ea
th t i rods through t h
e hol s ar t h dg s f t h
e -
e e ne e e e o e
F IG S 2 68 an d 2 69 F IG 270 F IG 27 1
B B
. . . . . .
ru s h H old e S e c t i on P re p a re d for
W Wi
rs . e gin n in g th e
i n di n g . n din g .
disks and putting t h boss ach disk outsid ; clam p

, e on e e
t h disks h rd ag inst t h
e ood n tr p zoids by m na a e w e a e ea s
o f nuts th t i rods Th hol s in t h disks must

on e e -
. e e e
b bush d
e ith littl pi c s f fi b r tu b in g and a fib
e w e e e o e er
wa sh r must go und r ch nut in ord r t insulat
e e ea ,
e o e
th et i rods from t h
e -
disks ; oth r is t h armatur e e w e e e
w ould run d structiv ly h t e e o .
Ins rt t h shaft in t h c nt r f t h structur l tting

e e e e e o e e ,
e
that p rt mark d B in F ig 2 6 7 com

a t h sid hr e . e on e e w e e
th e nds f t h rm tur inding

e o d pin t h e a a e w a re ,
an e
br ss disks to t h sh ft through t h boss s Th com

a e a e e . e
mut tor go s on t h p rt of t h sh ft just r f rr d to

a e e a e a e e e ,
an d it should b a driving fit so as to obvi t pinning e , a e
or k ying it to t h sh ft Th n conn ct up t h nds

e e a . e e e e
of t h armatur coils t t h lugs f t h commut tor

e e o e o e a ,
l ading ach d strai g ht out parall l ith t h shaft

e e en , e w e ,
to t h n ar st lug If t h nds r t ist d tog th r

e e e . e e we e w e e e
in accord c ith t h dir ctions t h r sul t ill b

an e w e e ,
e e w e
as sho n di gr mm tic lly by F i g 2 7 2

w a a a a . .
Pr pa f inding t h m gn t coils by making a

e re or w e a e
w inding bobbin as follo s O a pi c f bo rd an w : n e e o a
inch thick d 4 inch s squar lay t a squar m s

an e e ou e ea
uring 1 4 inch s on si d t h scrib d squar b ing e a e ,

e e e e
symm trical ith t h dg s f t h bo rd ; cl mp

e w e e e o e a a an
oth r simil r pi c f bo d t t h
e a m rk d and at e e o ar o e on e a e ,
th ecorn rs f t h scrib d squar drill 4 inch hol s

e o e e e -
e
through both boards ; in t h c nt r f t h squ r d rill e e e o e a e
a 4 inch hol Th n m k m ndr l of 4 inch round

-
e . e a e a a e -
iron t h c ntral p rt b ing full diam t r and 24

, e e a e e e
inch s long d t h nds b ing turn d do n t p ss

e ,
an e e e e w o a
th ough t h c ntr l hol in t h bo rd Mount t h

r e e a e e a . e
bo rds on t h nds f t h mand l and run 4 inch iron

a e e o e re -
rods through t h corn r hol s forming a sort f r l e e e ,

o ee ,
as sho n by F i g 2 7 3 Jam th boards ag inst t h

w . . e a e
should rs f t h m ndr l by m ans f l th dogs

e o e a e e o a e on
th out r nds f t h latt r and driv a nail in t h

e e e o e e ,
e e
fac f ach bo rd so that t h d g ill driv t h board

e o e a .
e o w e e
w ithout slip dogs must b so djust d of cou s

. Th e e a e ,
r e ,
as t od i both bo ds in th ir p op ngul pos i

r ve ar e r er a ar
tions m int ining t h p r ll lism b t n t h 4 inch

,
a a e a a e e wee e -
rods d t h m andr l th t is
an to form a p
e e a n e c e s s a rv er
f t coil
ec .
Mount this inding fr m in t h l th d ind a w a e e a e an w
coil on it f N 2 1 doubl cotton cov r d m gn t i

o o . e -
e e a e w re ,
putting m ny turns possibl (it should t k sixty

as a as e a e
six ) b t n t h f c of t h ood n blocks and mak

e wee e a es e w e
ing t h coil t t s v n lay rs d p Th st rting

e wen v -
e e e ee . e a
en d may b s cur d t t h proj cting e d of of t h

e e o e e en on e e
4-
inch rods to giv t h n c ssary t nsion to t h first e e e e e e .
F IG 27 2 F IG 2 7 31
W R W F
. . .
i n di n g
C
Th e . e e l fo r in din g i e ld
M a g n e t oi ls .
l y r of i
a e d t l st foot of t h st ting d
w re , a n a ea a .
e ar en
should b l ft f Wh n t h coil is finish d t i it t

e e re e . e e e ,
e a
ea ch of t h four corn s ith st ong lin thr d

e er w r en
-
ea ,
b nding t h
e final d h pl b ck rd ov r e f en s ar v a wa e on e o
th s corn r th ds to k p t h top l y r snu g ; tak

e e e re a ee e a e e
th einding f m p rt d varnish t h coil ll ov r

w ra e a a an e a e
w ith sh ll c s tting it sid to d y hi l t h s cond

e a ,
e a e r w e e e
coil is ound This is x ctly lik t h

w al dy . e a e e on e re a
w ound .
Th n t k t h journ l yok s d th ir bolts d

e a e e a e an e an
dist nc pi c s ff t h m gn t d r p t h magn t
a e e e o e a e an w a e e
limbs ith muslin from 4 inch bov t h bolt hol s

w a e e e
up t t h b nd putting t l y s on ch limb and

o e e ,
wo a er ea
29 4 H OME ME H N C A IC S F OR A MAT EURS
va rnishing it t h outsid f ch lay r Wh n thi on e e o ea e . e s
is d y turn t h magn t upsid do n thr ad on c h

r , e e e w ,
e ea
limb a fib r w ash r 3 4 inch s squ r and 4 inch thick

e e e a e ,
t h hol in t h
e ash r fitting t h magn t limb snugly ;
e e w e e e
varnish t h fac s of t h ash rs upp rmost and

e e e w e n ow e
slip t h coils t h limbs do n on t h sh rs hil

e on e w e wa e w e
t h v rnish is
e t so that t h latt r
a ill stick t t h we ,
e e w o e
coils In putting t h coils

. th t t h b ginning on e , se e a e e
en d f ch coil go s first th t h n t h m chin

o ea e on ,
so a w e e a e
is t righ t sid up t h final d f ch coil ill b

se e e en o ea w e
ne ar st t h armatur F ollo
e ch coil ith anoth r
e e . w ea w e
fib r e ash lik thos first put t h magn t and

w er e e on e e ,
th n r ass mbl t h journal yok s d distanc pi c s

e e e e e e an e e e
on t h m gn t this tim putting in t h

e a matur as y
e ,
e e ar e ou
g o along and also putting t h brush hold rs and on e e
b rush s Th hold rs should b

e . so adjust d that t h e e e e e
e nds f t h brush tub s o to 4 inch a ay from t h

e e a re 46
1
w e
surfac f t h commutator e o e .
Th fr nds f t h m gn t coils n ar s t t h arm

e ee e o e a e e e e a
tur conn ct d t t h brush s by m ns f fl xibl

e a re e e o e e ea o e e
l mp cord as d scrib d in t h instructions f making

a ,
e e e or
th brush hold rs t h d of t h fl xibl cord b ing

e e , e en e e e e
sold r d t t h d f t h m gn t ir clos up t t h
e e o e en o e a e w e e o e
coil Th upp r nds f t h m gn t coils g t t h t

. e e o e a e o o e er
mi al block hich is block f ood 1 4 inch s squ r

n , w a o w ,
e .
a e
and 4 inch long bolt d t h t p of t h m gn t es ,

e on e o e a e
yok and carrying t binding posts hich form t h

e, wo ,
w e
t rmin ls f t h machin Th motor is bolt d to t h

e a o e e . e e e
tabl f t h s ing m chin W th

e o l g righ t
e thew a e ,
i on e e on e
edg f t h tabl d in such position that t h pull y

e o e e an e e
o f t h motor hich must go t h d f t h shaft

e ,
w on e en o e
a ay from t h commut tor is in lin w ith t h b l t

w e a ,
e e e
pull y f t h machin Th motor pull y should b

e o e e . e e e
on eh lf t h di m t r of t h pull y t h s ing m
-
a e a e e e e on e ew a
chin , d b of t h s m idth d d pth f g oov

e an e e a e w an e o r e .
Th r gulator is sho n by F igs 2 7 4 d 2 7 5 t h

e e w . an ,
e
form r b ing t h front i and t h l tt r t h b ck

e e e v ew e a e e a .
R f ring to F i g 2 7 4 A is a
e er ood n arm 9 4 inch s .
,
w e ,
e
long 4 inch thick and tap ring from 4 inch t 1 4 inch s

, ,
e o e
in w idth Th narro d is f c d ith thin strip of

. e w en a e w a
copp r to m k cont ct ith t h buttons

e hich a e a .
w e ,
0, w a re
simpl brass bolts ith fl t h ds ; t h id d f t h

e .
w a ea e w e en o e
w ood n m is split to str ddl t h shaft t hich it is

e ar a e e ,
o w
pinn d as w ll as cl mp d L is t h l v r controlling
e e a e . e e e
FIG 27 4 F I G 27 5
F V R B kV
. .
. .
R e g u la t or —
ron t ie w .
e g u l a t o r—
ac ie w .
th e is mad of 4 inch round iron rod b nt

ar m, A ; i t e -
,
e
to form right ngl ; t h l v r p rtion is 6 inch s

a a e e e e o e
long ; t h l ngth of t h ho izont l portion

e hich
e e r a on w
th l v r A is mount d is t h s m
e e e ,
th w idth f,
e e a e as e o
th s e ing m chin t blew hich t h motor is t b a e a e on w e o e
us d Th b ck d f t h sh ft is jou n l d in t h
e . e a en o e a r a e e
b s boa d 0 d t h front pa t in a ood n b ring

a e r , ,
an e r w e ea ,
B ,hich is bolt d to t h und r sid f t h s ing m

w e e e e o e ew a
chin t bl b t n t h n rro d a r and t h p

e a e e wee e a w r we e an .
Th b s bo d 0 is 6 inch
e a id (v rtic lly ) d 1 04
e ar , ,
es w e e a an
inch s long It is f st n d t t h und r sid f t h ma

e . a e e o e e e o e
chin t bl flush ith t h b ck dg Th l v r L is

e a e , w e a e e . e e e , ,
t b mov d by t h right kn
o e f t h machin op rat r
e e .
ee o e e e o .
Th e arm, A, is norm lly h ld in its high s t position a e e
by t h coil sp ing sho n in hich position t h curr nt

e r w ,
w e e
is cut ff t h moto ntir ly Th cont ct buttons

o e r e e . e a ,
0,
a re 4 inch in di m t r ; t h bolts f w hich th y a e e e o e a re
th h e ds ea inch in diam t r d long nough t

a re 46
3
e e an e o
protrud 4 inch on t h r v rs sid of t h bas board

e e e e e e e e .
This sid is sho n by F i g 2 7 5 Th r sist nc coils

e w . . e e a e
cons st f G rm n silv r i N 2 0 B and S gaug

,
i o e a e w re
,
o . . . e ,
w ound into coils on a 4 inch rod (t h d b ing -

e ro e re
mov d f cours e ,
oh n t h coil is form d ) Th pi c e , w e e e . e e e
o f ir forming t h upp r coil should b 1 00 f t long ;

w e e e e ee
th x t coils cont i n 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 d 5 0 f t f ir
e ne a , , ,
an ee o w e ,
r sp ctiv ly in t h ord r n m d Th binding posts

e e e ,
e e a e . e ,
T and T
1 conn ct d as sho n t h conn ction b
2, a re e e w ,
e e e
t n T d t h i on shaft b ing mad by m ns f

wee 1 an e r e e ea o
fl xibl co d hich ill follo t h mov m nts of t h

e e r w w w e e e e
shaft O t h f ont t h shaft is conn ct d t t h p

. n e r e e e o e co
p erf cing t t
a h sm ll d ofat h m A by m ns
e f a en e ar , ,
ea o
N 1 6 copp r
o . ir All t h conn ctions t h back
e w e . e e on e
a re mad ith N 1 6 copp r ir pr f rably b t t

e w o . e w e ,
e e u no
n c ssarily insul t d
e e a e .
Th b ck su f c of t h bas bo rd must b cov r d

e a r a e e e a e e e
w ith a sh t f sb stos ov r a thin sh t f fib r Th

ee o a e e ee o e . e
ends of t h r sist nc coils e t ist d tog th r and

e a e a re w e e e
sold r d d t h conn cting i s should b sold r d

e e ,
an e e w re e e e
on at t h s m tim Th coils e a h ld ordinary

e e . e a re e on
porc l in knobs f st n d to t h bo d by ood scr s

e a ,
a e e e ar w ew .
Th conn cting
e ir s should b b nt into loops h r
e w e e e w e e
th y conn ct ith t h bolts

e e d copp r sh r
w e ,
0, an a e wa e
should go und r ach nut d on t p f t h loop f t h e e an o o e o e
conn cting ir e w e .
Th conn ctions b t
e n t h mot r d t h r gul tor
e e wee e o an e e a
and t h sourc of curr nt supply

e e follo s F rom e a re as w :
T1 t o binding post t h mot or f om T to sid

on e on e ,
r 2 on e e
o f t h e supply circuit d f om t h oth r binding post ,

an r e e
on t h motor to t h oth
e sid f t h supply ci cuit e er e o e r .
Th motor abov d scrib d

e ill run s tisf ctorily on e e e w a a
an y dir ct cu nt inc nd sc
e nt l mp ci cuit
-
of 1 00 to rre a e e a -
r
1 20 volts p ssu If it is d sir d t build t h m

.
re re . e e o e a
chin f e in conn ction ith a b tt ry t h indings

or u s e e w a e ,
e w
w ill h v to b ch ng d follo s Armatu coils

a e e a e as w : re ,
N o 1 3
. ir 8 turns id and 1 d p ch coil ; fi ld
w e ,
w e ee , ea e
magn t coils N 8 ir 5 l y rs d p 1 8 turns p

e ,
o . w e ,
a e ee ,
er
l y r ch coil ; r gul r N 1 3 ir t h coils h ving

a e , ea e a ,
o . w e ,
e a
on e t nth t h numb r f f t sp cifi d bov

-
e e e o ee e e a e .
Th batt ry t e run such a motor must giv 8 volts

e o e
and from 1 0 t 2 0 amp r s according to t h load t h o e e ,

e on e
motor ; cons qu ntly four c lls ill b quir d e e e w e re e .
S hould t h r d r d sir t build a st nd d shunt e ea e e e o a ar
w ound motor of 4 hors po r inst ad f t h s ri s e we e o e e e
w ound typ sp cifi d t h sam f m m y b us d e e e , e e ra e a e e ,
th e l variation b ing in t h m nn r f inding

on v e e a e o w .
In ord r t ind t h m chin e 4 ho s po

o w mo e a e as a r e wer
tor to ork a 1 1 0 volt circ it t h rm tu coil

,
w on u ,
e a a re s
must consist f N 2 7 ir doubl cotton cov d o o . w e ,

e -
e re ,
ea ch coil b ing 9 l y rs d p d 2 8 tu ns in idth e a e ee an r w
25 2 turns tot l p coil Th m gn t coils ill con

,
a ,
er . e a e w
sist f N 2 5 ir w ound to a d pth f 3 9 l y rs ith

.
o o . w e e o a e ,
w
as m ny tu ns l ngth is as b g t i t h sp c f
a r e w e c an e o .
n e a e o
2 4 inch allott d f t h coil l ngth ; ith c ful

es e or e e w a re
w inding 9 2 turns b put in ach l y r giving ch

,
c an e e a e ,
ea
m g n t coil a total f
a e turns o .
In ord r t ch ng t h d sign into a 4 hors po r

e o a e e e e we
motor t h magn t mus t b m d f i on 2 4 inch s

,
e e e a e o r e
squa inst d f 1 4 inch s d t h rm tu sh ft

re ,
ea o e ,
an e a a re ,
a ,
journ l yok bolts t must b mad x ctly 1 inch

a -
e ,
e c .
,
e e e a
29 8 H OME ME H N C A IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
long r xially th n t h bov m asur m nts sp cify
e ,
a ,
a e a e e e e e .
Th indings ill b N 24 ir t h m tur c h

e w w e o . w e on e ar a e ,
ea
coil 5 l y s d p and 2 1 turns id ; N 22 ir t h

a er ee w e o . w e on e
m gn t ch coil b ing 3 7 l y s d p and 7 4 turns

a e ,
ea e a er ee
long (or as many as t h 2 4 inch sp c ill tak ) e a e w e
Th numb r f arm tur coils and ll oth r data

e e t
o a e a e no
sp cifi d in this p r gr ph ill r main pr cis ly as in

e e a a a w e e e
t h original instructions abov

e e .
A DE S I G N F O R A N E L E C T R I C L A U N C H M O T O R
F th propulsion f an l ctric launch a motor
or e o e e
mus t unit l m nts of ffi ci ncy compactn ss d

e e e e e e ,
e ,
an
str ngth t a d gr sc rc ly n c ssary in any oth r

e o e ee a e e e e
situation Th d sign giv n h r is for a motor f

. e e e e e o un
usu l simplicity f construction hich

a sily b o ,
w c an ea e
buil t by am t ur t small cost It is int nd d f

an a e a . e e or
a bo t f bout 2 4 f t ov r ll d 4 f t 6 inch s
a o a ee e a an ee e
b m d ing 1 8 inch s d is c pabl f prop lling

ea ,
ra w e ,
an a e o e
such a c ft at a sp d of 7 mil s p hour G ing of

ra ee e er . e ar
a ll sorts h b n disp ns d ith t h motor b ing

as ee e e w , e e
a dapt d f dir ct tt chm nt to t h prop ll r shaft

e or e a a e e e e .
Whil t h d scription b lo r f rs prima ily t motor

e e e e w e e r o a
for craft of this siz dim nsions

a also giv n f e ,
e a re e or
t h const uction of moto s for sm ll r l unch s

e r r a e a e .
Without going into t h d t ils f c lcul tion it m y e e a o a a ,

a
b st t d th t for such
e a e bo t t h most ffici nt s rvic
a a .
a e e e e e
w ill b h d f om four bl d d scr

e a bout 1 4 inch s
r a -
a e ew ,
a e
i ndi m t r 1 2 inch s pitch 3 5 p c nt bl d r

a e e , e ,
er e . a e a ea .
by hich is m ant ith bl d s h ving tot l proj ct

w e w a e a a a e
e d a qu l to 3 5 p c nt of th t f 1 4 inch disk )
a re e a er e . a o a -
,
C A I
H OME ME H N CS F OR A MAT EU R S 2 99
running at 8 8 0 r volutions p minut S uch scr w e er e . a e
w ill absorb about 4 ho s po r N v ry d finit fi g r e we . o e e e
ur s f sp ds and po rs can b giv n as th s d

e o ee we e e , e e e
p d v ry larg ly upon t h shap f t h bo t i t full

en e e e e o e a ,
s
ne ss for d aft t h moulding f t h runs t Th

e an ,
e o e ,
e c . e
moto d crib d b lo ill giv sp d f mil p

r es e e w w e a ee o 1 es er
hour to a r th r full mod l d bo t f t h siz indicat d

a e -
e e a o e e e ,
w h n fully load d t a displac m nt f

e pounds e o e e o .
This m ns assuming th t t h boat its lf ighs about

ea ,
a e e we
pounds a carrying capacity f about t ,

or en or
t lv pa s ng rs
we e s e e .
Th storag batt ry consists f 2 4 l m nts arr ng d

e e e o e e e ,
a e
in t s ri s of 1 2 c lls ch ach c ll b ing f bout

wo e e e ea ,
e e e o a
8 0 pounds ight Th s c lls contains 1 3 plat s ach

we . e e e e e ,
a bou t 7 4 inch s squar d about 7 4 8 4 inch s e e ,

an a re x e
squar by 1 1 inch s in h ight th s m asur m nts b

e e e ,
e e e e e e
i g out id
n f t h rubb r containin g jars
s e o Th y should e e . e
b e mount d in t ood n box s about 8 4 inch s

e wo w e e ,
e
w id by 1 4 inch s d p insid and about 7 f t 6 inch s

e e ee e ee e
long Th s m k conv ni nt s ats in t h boat and

. e e a e e e e e ,
th ir lids may b cov r d ith cushions Th y should

e e e e w . e
b eplac d sid by sid amidships as l as possibl

e e e ,
ow e
an d a littl for a d f t h c nt r f gr vity f t h boat

.
e w r o e e e o a o e
to comp ns t for t h igh t f t h m otor hich is

e a e e we o e , w
i ns t ll d ll ft S uch c lls may b bought from

a e we a . e e
any f s v r l ll kno n Am rican mak rs f

on e o e e a we -
w e e o
a ccumulators E l m nt in glass jars should t b . e e s no e
us d account f t h dang r f br ak g
e ,
on o e e o e a e .
F or t h sm ll r siz s f motor d scrib d b lo

e in
a e e o e e e w ,
or,
oth r ords for sm ll r boats f t h sam g n ral

e w ,
a e o e e e e
typ t h numb r f c lls r m ins t h s m but th ir

e ,
e e o e e a e a e ,
e
siz m y b propo tionat ly r duc d With c lls f

e a e r e e e . e o
t h sam typ
e h ving pla t s f t h siz giv n 3 hors
e e ,
a e o e e e ,
a e
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MATE UR S 30 1
po bo t ill r quir thos having 9 pl t s d a 2

wer a w e e e a e an
hors po r bo t thos having 7 pl t s

e we a e a e .
T rminals f charg i ng should b tt ch d to t h

e or e a a e e
box s cont ining t h c lls It is by ll odds t h b t

e a e e . a e es
pl n t ch rg t h c lls in t h bo t and t t t
a o a e e e e a ,
n o o a
t mpt t r mov th m f t his purpos

e o e e e or e .
Th capacity of th s outfits
e ch rg is bout e e on on e a e a
3 hours run at full sp d about 7 hours run t

’ ’
ee ,
or a
about 44 mil s p hour thus giving t h boa t in ach

e er , e e
cas a cruisin g radius f bout 30 mil s If larg

e o a e . a er
-
F I Gs . 277 an d 27 8 . S e c t i on of C ou p li n g .
cruising r dius is d sir d it m y b ttain d by t h

a e e a e a e e
us e f l rg r c lls but
o ath s h vi r th ir
e e , ,
as e e a re ea e ,
e use
m ans corr ponding d cr as in t h pass ng r carry

e a es e e e e e e
ing c pacity f t h boat

a o e .
Th m tor illustr t d h r
e ith is f a four pol i
o a e e ew
-
o -
e n
clos d typ e t rproof and int nd d t b att ch d

'
e ,
wa e e e o e a e
dir ctly to t h scr shaft S om form f fl xibl

e e ew . e o e e
couplin g is r comm nd d th t sho n in F igs 2 7 7 d

e e e ,
a w . an
2 7 8 b in g v ry simpl
e d asily m d It consists f
e e an e a e . o
two cas t iron fl ng s t h l rg r bout 1 2 inch s in d i a e ,

e a e a e a
m t for t h motor to b d scrib d and proportion

e er e e e e
t ly small r for t h small r motors Th s fl ng s
a e e e e . e e a e a re
mount d t h motor sh ft and t h oth r

e ,
on e th on e a e e on e
prop ll r shaft so th t t h sm ll r run insid t h

e e ,
a . e a e s e e
larg r ith a cl aranc f bout 1 inch all round

e ,
w e e o a .
In t h cylindrical surfac s f ach

e t igh t i e o e a re cu e w n
do s t h d g s f hich
w ,
eround d ff as sho n in
e e o w a re e o w
F ig 2 7 8 Through th s indo s a pi c f cotton

. . e e w w e e o
b lting 1 inch id is lac d as indicat d in t h figur

e ,
w e ,
e e e e ,
its nds b ing c m nt d tog th r Th hol form

e e e e e e e . e w e s an
in xp nsiv and satisfactory coupling hich w ill

e e e ,
w
l rg ly pr v nt
a e strain f t h shaft d t t h fl
e e .
an v o e ue o e ex
u re of t h boat und r lo ds in a s a aye e a .

e w .
A thrus t b aring t tak up t h for ard thrus t f e ,

o e e w o
t h scr
e shaft is lso n c ssary A simpl d satis
ew ,
a e e . e an
factory typ is illustrat d i F igs 2 7 9 2 8 0 d 2 8 1

e e n .
, an .
U pon t h scr sh ft mount d four st l coll rs

e ew a a re e ee a ,
ea ch abou t thr tim s t h di m t r of t h shaft d ee e e a e e e an
about 1 inch thick Th s provid d ith t . e e a re e w se
scr s A c st i on bo x cont ins t h br ss s g inst

ew . a r a e a e a a
w hich th s coll rs ork This box i t must b

e e a w .
,
e re
m mb r d r c iv s t h hol for ard th ust of t h

e e e ,
e e e e w e w r e
scr ew d must ,
t only b mad strong nough to
an no e e e re
sist this but lso ar ng d t communicat t h pr s

,
a ra e o e e e
sur t t h fram f t h boat A good pl n for mount

e o e e o e . a
ing it is t pl c in t h bottom of t h bo t stout tim

o a e e e a a
be r, long nough to b scr d t s v r l f t h aft r

e e ewe o e e a o e e
fr m s and arr ng t h thrust b ring ith lugs for

a e ,
a e e ea w
four si x lag scr s so that it may b

or ély t ew e se c ur a
tac h d to this
e In t h siz f bo t d scrib d abov at . e e o a e e e ,
full sp d t h for rd push f t h scr

ee ,
ill b bout e wa o e ew w e a
2 2 0 pounds but in a if th r is any obstructio

,
s e a , or e e n
in t h y this m y b asily doubl d

e wa , a e e e .
Th b fr m f t h thrust block as t h illustra

e ox a e o e , e
tions v y cl arly sho is groov d to r c iv thr

er e w ,
e e e e ee
h ors sho sh p d b ss s
e e ch bout a inch thick
e
-
ra e ,
ea a an .
Th s st ddl t h sh ft b t n t h coll s hich

e e ra e e a e wee e ar ,
w a re
a djust d to b ar qu lly on t h b ss s Th box is fill d

e e e a e ra e . e e
w ith oil t l v l so th t t h coll r run in i t con

o a .
e e a e a s ,
t
s an t ly lub ic ting t h b aring surf c s of t h coll rs
r a e e a e e a
FIG S 28 0, 281
C B
. .
E le va t i on , Pla n ,
an d ros s S e c t i on of T h ru s t e a ri n g .
and b ss s If ra of t h bras s h ats it m y b

e . on e e se e ,
a e
lift d out d tu n d round r pl c d ith noth r

e an r e a or e a e w a e
w ithout stopping t h bo t A light hing d cov r m e a . e e co
pl t s t h thrust block F t h m ll r siz s of motors

e e e . or e s a e e
indic t d th coll rs on t h h aft d t b ss

a e re e a e s an wo ra es
w ill b su ffi ci nte e .
Th sh ll of t h motor F igs 2 8 2
e e d 2 8 3 is yli e , . an a c n
iron c sting c rrying t h four polar proj ctions
d ri c a l a a e e ,
A It is sho n in t h dra ings ith a p rf ctly pl in

. w e w w e e a
e xt rior but it should b provid d ith f t Th s

e ,
e e w ee . e e
a re not sho n in t h dra ing th y shoul d b mad w e w ,

as e e e
to fit t h sh p f t h hull e a e o e .
At ach d f t h h avy fi ld ring is a cylindrical

e en o e e e
proj ction O sti ff n d ith four columnar ribs R t

e , ,
e e w , ,
o
r c iv t h cap scr s hich f st n t h d plat

e e e e ew w a e on e en e .
T h fi ld casting m y b finish d on t h lath in t

e e a e e e e wo
op tions It s h ould b chuck d and t h fi ld bor d

e ra . e e e e e
ou t to a diam t r f xactly 6 inch s U pon t h e e o e

3
1 6 e . e ac
curat boring f t h fi ld d turning f t h arm tur

e o e e an o e a e ,
or, in oth r ords upon k ping t h i sp c s as small

e w ,
ee e a r a e
as possibl ill d p nd much f t h satisfactory p e ,

w e e o e er
f m or f t h motor
an c e o e .
Th d surfac s fe t h r c ption f t h
en d pl t e or e e e o e en a es
a re tru d ff at t h sam tim t h fi ld is bor d d

e o e e e e e e , an
th s t for t h brush hold r ring B is also turn d

e ea ,
e e , , e .
Th r is no n c ssity f any finish t h xt rior f

e e e e or on e e e o
t h fi ld cylind r
e e y oth r m chin ork upon i t e or a n e a e w
e xc pt drilling and tapping four hol s in ach d to

e e e en
t k t h cap scr s holding t h d p l t s Aft r

a e e e w on e en a e . e
t h fi ld is bor d all sharp dg s and corn rs l ft

e e th e e e e e on e
polar proj ctions should b n atly round d ff ith a

e e e e o w
fi le .
plat s
Th e t w o t l alik ch i g en d e a re e xa c v e ,
ea c a rrv n
a b ring 1 4 inch s in di m t r by 3 inch s long for

ea e a e e e
t h a m tur sh ft
e Th y should b cast f bron z
r a e a . e e o e or
gun m tal d n d t b mor than 4 inch thick

e ,
an ee no e e .
I th
n t t h commutator
e on e a d four indo s sho ld e en w w u
b cut opposit t h normal position f t h brush s so

e ,
e e o e e ,
th t th s m y b obs rv d hil t h mach n run

a e e a e e e w e e i e is
ning .
FG
I S . 28 2 an d 283 . L on g it udi n al an d C ro s s S e c t i on s of
Mot or S h e ll .
brush hold r ring B F igs 2 8 3 d 2 8 5 is f
Th e e , ,
. an , o
brass or bronz 9 4 inch s outsid di m t r and 4 inch e ,

e e a e e
th i ck It carr i s t h four brush hold rs

. f hich e e e ,
on e o w
is sho n s ction in F i g 2 8 5 and in l vation in

w In e . e e
F i g 28 6 . Any d sign f radi l brush hold r m y b

. e o a e a e
us d but t h simpl for m sho n is a y to mak and

e , e e w e s e
v ry s tisfactory Th body f it consists f brass

e a .
$
e o .
o a
b ca t in
ox , pi c ith t h stud going through t h
s . on e e e w e e
ring B This is finish d out t llo t h copp r d

,
. e o a w e e e
c rbon brush 1 4x1 4 4 inch s in si z to slid asily

a ,
x e e ,
e e
through it A fork d pi c straddling t h upp r cor . e e e e e
ner o f this box c rri s a fing r hich is p r ss d upo a e e w e e n
th but t f t h brush by t h st l spri g d thumb

e o e e ee n an
scr arra g m t sho n

ew n e en w .
T h dim nsions f t h sh ft
e cl arly indic t d in
e o e a a re e a e
t h dra ing
e Th commut tor is by f
w b st bought . e a ar e ,
though t h dra ing furnish s a su ffici nt indic tion f

e w e e a o
a simpl form to nabl em t ur t mak it him e e an a a e o e
s lf i f h d sir It h 4 8 s gm nts and should b

e e so e e . as e e e
4 i ch s in diam t r 2 inch s f c
n e and bor d f a 1 4 e e ,
e a e ,
e or
inch sh ft a .
Th cor f t h armatur is 6 inch s diam t r and 8

e e o e e e e e
inch s long Th d pl t s f st l 4 inch thick hold

e .
. e en a e o ee , ,
tog th r t h mass f soft iron disks f hich it is com

e e e o .
o w
pos d Th s should b a littl larg r than 6 inch
e . e e e e e es
diam t r in t h rough as t h cor must finish xactly

e e e ,
e e e
t this figur
o If it com s t a littl small t h fi ld e . e ou e , e e
bor hich should ait upon t h construction f t h

e ,
w w e o e
a rm tur mus t b mad as n arly as possibl

a e ,
nch e e e e 1 6
3
i
l rg r
a e .
It is us l ss to japan i nsul t t h disks P t e e or a e e . u
th m tog th r as th y
e tight n up t h nut N F ig
e e e a re ,
e e , ,
.
28 5 t h sh ft
,
on d pin it in plac Th tru ff t h
e a an e . en e o e
surf c in t h l th by v ry light cuts ith shar p t ool

a e e a e e w a
at rath r high sp d using

e bund nc f soapy ee ,
an a a e o
w t r t h tool A mirror lik surfac m y b t

a e on e .
-
e e a e a
t i
a ne d in this y wa .
Whil t h armatur is in t h l th i t should b scor d

e e e e a e e e
for t h binding e ir s hich ill hold t h coils in pl c w e w w e a e .
Th g roov s for th s shou ld b turn d

e e ach bou t 4 e e e e ,
e a
inch id by scant d p
w e n ar ch d and a ee ,
on e e ea en
on e in t h middl e e .
F IG m C . f
28 5 C mm. Ar a t u re ore , S h a t, an d o u t a t or .
Th n xt op r tion i milling
e e t t h slots for t h
e a s ou e e
w inding Th r . 4 8 f th s ach 4 inch id d

e e a re o e e ,
e w e an
{ 4 inch d p quidistantly s pac d around t h cor

ee , e In e e e .
milling t arm tur slots t h tool should turn at

ou a e , e a
f irly high sp d t h f d b v ry slo and t h cut

a ee ,
e ee e e w e
light d an bundanc f i l should b us d If no

,
an a e o o e e .
milling m chin is at h nd t h slots may b plan d

a e a ,
e e e ,
gr at pr caution b ing tak t k p t h cut v ry ligh t

e e e en o ee e e
ind d ee .
Th b st e y t lin
e
p t h fram
wa f t h motor d o e u e e o e an
to b ur th t t h a mat r is prop rly c nt r d in t h

.
e s e a e r u e e e e e e
fi ld bor is to rap t h arm tu cor ith or t
e e, w e a re e w on e wo
lay rs f thin p p r until i t fits n atly in t h fi ld

e o a e ,
e e e
b or put t h h ds t t h nds of t h m chin

e ,
.
on d e ea a e e e a e ,
an
cast Babbitt m t l in t h bushings If t h d plat s e a e . e en e
a re mark d so th t th y can b put b ck in t h sam

e a e e a e e
wa y t h armatur
,
ill befound to b cor ctly e w e e re cen
t d
e re U nl ss this is do t h l ctrical b l nc f t h
. e ne e e e a a e o e
motor ill b disturb d d t h brush s ill probably

w e e ,
an e e w
sp rk and giv troubl

a e e .
Th inding to b d scrib d is f t h sort kno n as

e w e e e o e .
w
a four pol l p inding d is -

f t h simpl st and
e a w ,
an on e o e e
e asi st to m k f t h various form f int rlock d

e a e o e s o e e
w indings E ch of t h forty ight coils us d is sh p d

. a e -
e e a e
in t h forming app ratus sho n in F igs 2 8 7 2 8 8 and

e a w .
,
289 This is in t parts a fram f inding t h

. wo ,
e or w e
coils d a form for b nding th m Th fr m is

an er e e . e a e
simply p i c of board ith t 4 inch round m tal

a e e w wo e
pins d iv n in it th s b ing 1 04 inch s part t t

r e ,
e e e e a ,
ou o
ou t Around th s as cl arly sho n in F igs 2 8 8 and

. e e ,
e w .
2 89 ,
ound six turns f N 1 4 B S gaug doubl
a re w o o . . . e e
cotton cov r d i t h st rting d f t h coil b ing

-
e e w re ,
e a en o e e
mark d by t isting a loop in it as sho n in F i g 2 8 9

e w ,
w . .
Th ds f t h ir should b l ft long r th n t h illus

e en o e w e e e e a e
t ti
ra sho s th m y about 6 inch Wh n t h i
on w e ,
sa es . e s
coil is compl t d i t should b ti d in at l st fou e e ,

e e ea r
plac s ith small thr d to k p it in position h n i t

e w ea ee w e
is r mov d from t h t pins and it should b

e e ll e wo , e we
sh ll ck d ith rath r thin varnish I t is x tr m ly

e a e w e . e e e
advis bl to mak up at l ast fi

a e si x f t h boards e e ve or o e
sho n in F igs 2 8 2 and 2 8 3 this nabl s t h i nd r

w .
,
as e e e w e
to llo w t h coil t dry to t h prop r consist ncy f

a e o e e e o
“
tackin ss b for it is r mov d from t h fram
”
e d
e e e e e e ,
an
a lso p rmi t s t h coils t b m d much mor rapidly

e e o e a e e
th n if it
a n c ss y to it ch tim for t h w ir
w e re e e ar wa ea e e e
to d y t b fo inding t h n xt
r ou e re w e e .
Th cor ct st t f dryn ss f t h sh ll c f t h
e re a e o e o e e a or e
n xt op r tion must b l a n d by xp ri nc It i
e e a e e r e e e e e . s
w h n it is at i t sticki st Wh n this condition is

e s e . e
r ach d t h coil is r mov d from t h fr m d pl c d

e e , e e e e a e an a e
in t h appar tus sho n in F ig 2 8 7 to b form d This

e a w . e e .
machin is m d f a ood n bas boa d on hich is

e a e o w e e r , w
scr d h d ood shaping pi c f t h dim nsions

ewe a ar w e e o e e
sho n and bout 4 inch thick T hing d pi c s

w a . wo e e e ,
as
sho n provid d so that h n t h straight coil

w , a re e ,
w e e as
F IG
F IG 28 6 S
B B F m B C
. . .
ru s h H old e r . oa rd for or in g an d en di n g oi ls .
it com s from t h inding board is laid c ntrally upon

e e w e
th forming pi c and both t h hing d pi c s b nt

e e e ,
e e e e e
ov r it ill b b nt into form som h t lik a id

e ,
w e e a ew a e w e
inv rt d U Th illustr tion sho s coil of only

e e . e a w a on e
lav r b ing b nt Th r ill b f cours si x ir s in

e e e . e e w e ,
o e, w e
each sid f t h coil t lv in all t b b nt

e o e ,
or we e o e e .
Wh n this b ndin g op ration is co m pl t d and b

e e e e e ,
e
for t h sh llac is fi ll hard t h b nt coil must b

e e e na v , e e e
pull d apart that

e f it ir s thos ti d t so Si x o s w e ,
e e o
g th r
e sid may b laid in a slot f t h armatur
e on on e e ,
e o e e ,
an d t h r mainin g si x ir s forming t h oth r long

e e w e ,
e e
31 0 H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT EUR S
straight sid of t h b nt coil l id in t h slot 9 0 d gr
e e e ,
a e e ees
aw ay In oth r ords t h coil h n it is put on t h

. e w ,
e ,
w e e
armatur must r ch f om slot 1 t slot 1 3 ssuming

e, ea r o ,
a
that th y cons cutiv ly numb d Th pp r

e a re e e e re . e a ea
anc f t h finish d coil r dy to put t h rm tur

e o e e ,
ea on e a a e
i indic t d by F ig 29 0
s a e . .
A glanc t F ig 2 9 1 hich sho s t h d of t h m

e a .
,
w w e en e ar
atur partially ound ill mak this cl r r Th

e w , w e .
ea e . e
F IG . 2 90 . C om p le te d C o i ls , R e a dy to be M ou n t e d on A rm a t u re .
F IG . 291 . En d of C ore , S h ow i n g Arra n g e m e n t of C oi ls .
coils if prop rly b nt ill li clos tog th r t h

,
e e ,
w e e e e on e
h ads of t h armatur and produc t h v y n t d

e e e e e er ea an
simpl int rlock d d arr ng m nt sho n in t h i l

e e e en a e e w e
lustration .
Wh n all t h forty ight coils in pl c t h arma

e e -
e a re a e ,
e
tur i ady for b nding In t h sh llo scor

e s re a . e a w es on
t h surf c
e l id thin strips f mic t h matur
a e a re a o a, e ar e
b ing in c nt rs
e th l th f this op r tion
e e on e a e or e a ,
or
oth is mount d so th t i t can b turn d roun d

e rw e e a e e a .
It is b tt r to catch t h mic strips und r cord

e e e a e a
w ra pp d a ound t h co a f turns th n t tt mpt

e r e re e w a o a e
to stick th m on ith sh ll c O t h mic is ound

e w e a . n e a w
t h band consisting f bout N
e ,
2 4 gaug G rman sil o a o . e e
ve r or h d b s ir ound und r t h strong st t

ar ra s w e w e e e en
sion it ill st nd Th band should t b mor th n

w a . e no e e a
3
4 6 inch id t h numb r f turns d p nding f cou s
w e ,
e e o e e ,
o r e
,
on th g ug of t h b d i Abov ll car mus t

e a e e
'
an w re . e a ,
e
b t k n not to h v this
e a e l rg t h mic thick a e so a e or e a so
th t t h b nds proj c t bov t h matur surf c

a e a e a e e ar e a e ,
as
th ecl r nc spac is v ry m ll and t h bands

ea a e e e s a e a re
li bl to injury in putting t h arm tur in pl c

a e e a e a e or re
movi g it n .
Wh n t h band ir is ound it is sold r d ith

e e w e w on ,
e e w
fi veor six littl d bs f sold r t continuously d e a o e ,

no ,
an
th e nds cut ff Thr b nds ill b r quir d

e o . ee a w e e e ,
on e
w ithin bout 4 inch f ach d f t h arm t ur cor

a o e e n o e a e e
an d t h oth t t h middl
e er a e e .
Th commut tor is h ld f om turning

e th sh fta e r on e a
by f th ( t h O
a ea th illustr tions ) d is
er no s wn i n e a ,
an
su ffici ntly h ld nd w is by t h nin ty six ir s sol

e e e e e e -
w e
d d into it To conn ct th s t k t h b ginning

e re . e e e ,
a e e e
en d of y coil mark d
an by t h littl loop t ist d in it, e e e w e ,
an d sold r it d th nding d f t h n xt coil i

e an e e en o e e . n
re gul r o d r ith r y into t h slot in t h t i l of

a r e ,
e e wa , e e a
th ecommut to b n a st in lin Proc d round a r ar e re e . ee a
th e rm tu in this r gul r ord r b ing v y car ful

a a re e a e ,
e er e
to b ing t h nds t n tly d not to pull t h h d

r e e ou ea an e ea
of t h inding t pi c s in doing N cid should

e w o e e so . o a
b us d
e flux in sold ing commutator conn ctions
e as a er e .
Th only s f thing is osin

e A n o dg d sold r
a e r . a rr w e e e
ing i on th t ill go into t h slot i t h commutator

r a w e n e
b ar w ill b found v ry conv ni nt for this ork It is
e e e e w .
we ll t ind som t p round t h inn r hub f t h

o w e a e a e e o e
commut tor b fo b ginning t h sold ing ‘Vh n it

a e re e e er . e
is finish d lay r of stout cord should b ound

e ,
a e e w on
ov r t h bunc h f nds going to t h commut tor t k p

e e o e e a o ee
th s from spr ding from c ntrifug l ction h n t h

e e ea e a a w e e
arm tu is running Th s commut tor conn ctions

a re . e e a e ,
r dy f t h cord rapping
ea or sho n in F ig 2 92
e w ,
a re w . .
Th armatu is compl t d by b ing r turn d t t h

e re e e e e e o e
l tha h r a light cut is tak n ov r t h commut tor

e ,
w e e e e e a
F IG 2 92 En d of C om p le t e d A rm a t u re S h ow i n g
C C
. .
,
omm u t a t or on n e c t i on s .
to tru it d cut ff any straggling ir nds Th

e an o w e e . e
a matur should b bak d ov r night in

r e ov n t e e e an e o
tho oughly d y it out b for it is tt mpt d to it i

r r e e a e e use n
t h motor
e .
O ach f t h four pol s f t h fi ld is f st n d ith

n e o e e o e e a e e ,
w
small br ss ngl pi c s cl rly sho n in F igs 2 8 2
a a e e e ,
as ea w .
and 2 8 3 i l consisting f t,
nty fi turns f N
a co o we -
ve o o .
6 B & S gaug. ir rrang d in fi lay rs f fi turns

. e w e ,
a e ve e o ve
e ach Th s coils. ound eood n form r d e a re w on a w e e an
tap d Th ir inn r nds should b mark d in som

e . e e e e e e
conv ni nt y and th y should b conn ct d t

e e wa ,
e e e e o
g th r so that th y m gn tiz t h fi lds lt nat ly

e e e a e e e e a er e
no th d south h n cu nt is s nt th ough t h
r an w e a rre e r e
four in s ri s C lling th m A B O d D this is

e e . a e , , ,
an ,
d on thus e Bring t t h out r d of A through

: ou e e en a
h rd ubb r bushing in t h commut tor

a r e d pl t (th e a en a e e
en d pl t at t h commut tor
a e d f t h moto ) th n e a en o e r ,
e
conn ct t h inn r d of A to t h inn r d f B t h

e e e en e e en o ,
e
out d of B t t h out r
er en d f O t h inn r d f o e e en o ,
e e en o
(7 to t h inn d fD e d bring t t h out r d f

er en o ,
an ou e e en o
D th ough noth r b hjp g

r a e us .
T oth r bushings
wo provid d for bringin g t
e a re e ou
th nds f t h ir s to t h b ush s Th four b ush s

e e o e w e e r e . e r e
a re conn ct d in t p irs opposit brush s b in g con

e e wo a ,
e e e
nec t d tog th r and to

e f th l ding t ir s
e e on e o e ea -
ou w e .
Th s conn ctions should b m d ith N 8 ir and

e e e e a e w o . w e
th l e ding t ir s should b N 6 fl xibl rubb r

ea -
ou w e e o . e e e
insul t d cabl a e e .
S hould it b d sir d to co struct motors f this typ e e e n o e ,
but of l ss po r t h sam g n r l instructio s should

e we ,
e e e e a n
b follo
e d t h diam t r f t h rm tur d casing
we ,
e e e o e a a e an
b ing t h s m but th i l gths di ff r nt B lo

e e a e, e r en e e . e w a re
giv n dim nsions and sp ds f motors f t and

e e ee or o wo
th hors po r ; h r dim nsion is not giv n it

re e e we w e e a e e ,
is t h s m eth t d sc ib d bov for t h motor f

a e as a e r e a e e o
four ho s po r Th slots for t h thr hors po r

r e we . e e ee e we
arm tur should b 4 inch id d 4 inch d p ; for

a e e w e an ee
th t e hors po r rmatur 4 inch id d inch

wo e we a e ,
w e an
7
44
d p
ee .
Th motor e b ing compl t t h n xt p rt f t h n ow e e e ,

e e a o e
bo t s quipm nt is t h controll r Th d sig sho wn

a
’
e e e e . e e n
is x c dingly simpl and asy t ma k R f rrin g to

e ee e e o e . e e
F igs . d 295 hich sho it i s ction an ,

w w n e ,
an d F ig 2 9 6 h ic h I diagr m of its conn ctio s its

.
,
w s a a e n ,
31 4 H OME ME H N C A IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
construction d op ration ill b r adily und stood
an e w e e er .
It has b n thought b st not to complicat its

ee e e c on
struction by tt mpting t combin t h ah d and

a e o e e ea
ast rn controlling mov m nts ith thos for sp ds so

e e e w e ee ,
two h ndl s a p ovid d e giving h lf t h full

a re r e ,
on e a e
sp ds d t h oth r for r v rsing t h boat s dir ction

ee an e e e e e
’
e .
Th s e e ho v r for conv ni nc mount d at t h

a re ,
we e ,
e e e ,
e e
two e nds of t h cylindric l cas of t h controll r Th

e a e e e . e
b st m t rial f this is ood It should b bout 1 0

e a e or w . e a
or 1 2 inch s in diam t r outsid

e d a b out 1 i ch thic k e e e ,
an n
F IG 2 93 F IG 29 4
L C
. . . .
C ros s ro s s S e c t i on
C C
S e c t i on of S p e e d E n d on g i t ud i n a l
of on t rolle r . of on t rolle r .
by about 9 1 0 inch s long and i conv ni ntly built

or e ,
s e e
up in t h y d scrib d bov f t h patt rn f t h

e wa e e a e or e e or e
fi ld c sting It should b f od account f t h

e a . e o wo on o e
insul ting prop rti s f that mat rial

a e e o e .
In this ood n cylind r wmount d t w ood n e e a re e wo e
disk s bout inch l ss in di m t r than t h int r l

,
a an e a e e e e na
m sur m nt of t h cont ining cylind r Th s t

ea e e e a e . e e wo
disks tu n d by t h t h ndl s t h sp d and

a re r e e wo a e —
e ee
dir ction handl s and carry th ir sur fac s copp r

e e —
on e e e
H OME ME H N CS F OR C A I A MAT EUR S 31 5
s ctor hich
e t into t h
s w ood so to l v a re se e w as ea e a
smooth surf c for running und r t h conn cting a e e e e
points Th s ll sho n in cross s ction in F i g

. e e a re we w e .
2 93 hich is a p rti l cross s ction f t h sp d con

,
w a a e o e ee
trolling d f t h pp ratus Th y consist f bras

en o e a a . e o s
tub s bout 1 inch in diam t r 4 inch s long d

e a e e ,
e ,
an
1
4 6
inch thick containing spring and contact pi c,

a a e e
(br ss copp r ) fitting t h tub n tly d pr s d

a or e ,
e e ea an es e
b y t h spring into cont ct

e ith t h surfac f t h dis k a w e e o e .
N in f th m w ill b r quir d
e o e e e e .
FIG . 2 95 . C ros s S e c t i on of R e ve rs i n g En d of C on t rolle r .
At t h sp d control d f t h pp ratus t h turning

e ee en o e a a e
d isk c rri s t sho t s ctors opposit sid s th s

a e wo r e on e e ,
e e
b ing conn ct d tog th r sho n d t long

e e e e e as w ,
an wo e r se c
tors xt nding through bout 8 0 d gr s f t h cir

e e a e ee o e
cu mf Th s lso fold d ov r on to t h b c k
e re n c e . e e a re a e e e a
o f t h disk as sho n by dott d lin s in F i g 2 8 6 so that

e , w e e .
,
.
two o f th pring cont cts m y lso b r upon this sur

e S a a a ea
f c Th si st y to m k th s s cto s is to cut
a e . e ea e wa a e e e e r
t h parts
e t f inch sh t copp ou d mount th m o
1
1 6 ee e r, a n e
on ood ith sm ll count rsunk ood scr s
the w w a e w ew .
Th ci cumf r ntial d fl t p rts f t h s ctors l st

e r e e an a a o e e a
d sc ib d may ll b sold r d tog th r ft r th y

e r e we e e e e e a e e a re
in plac t h disk In ll c s s t h s ctor should b

e on e . a a e e e e
l t into t h
e ood that th ill b e should r to
w so e re w e no e
catch gainst t h spring contact h n t h disk is

a e w e e
turn d e .
At t h sp d control d f t h appar tus four f t h

e ee en o e a o e
spring cont ct tub s mount d b aring upon t h

a e a re e ,
e e
e dg f t h disk sho n t h four b ing in opposit

e o e as w e e e
p irs 60 d gr s apart In t h int rior f t h yli

a e ee . e e o e c n
d i l cas
r ca of t h contro ll r t e partitions as e e a re wo
sho n in F ig 2 9 4 t h
w n ar st t h p d control .
,
e on e e e e S ee
disk just d scrib d c rrying t f t h spring contacts

e e a wo o e
b aring t h flat s ctors sho n by t h dott d lin s

e on e e as w e e e
i F ig 2 93 Th s b ar t points
n . t h s m diam t r
. e e e a on e a e e e
conn cting t f t h dg b aring contacts

e wo o e e e e .
A t t h oth r d f t h controll r is mount d t h

e e en o e e e e
m chanism for r v sing hich is sho n in p rtial

e e er ,
w w a
s ction in F ig 2 95 This consists also f a disk c rry

e . . o a
ing its dg thr s ctors t of th m o ly long

on e e ee e ,
wo e n
e nough t b nti ly in contact ith t h springo e e re w e c on
tacts as sho n d t h oth r long nough to bridg w , an e e e e
t wo of th m about fifty d gr s Thr f t h spring

e ,
e ee . ee o e
contacts mount d b ring th s 3 0 d gr

a re e ea on e e ,
e ee s
a p t Th long s ctor is conn ct d t t h furth r f

ar . e e e e o e e o
th t e short on s hil t h middl s ctor is conn ct d

wo e ,
w e e e e e e
to t h pivot f t h disk d thus to t h bushing in hich

e o e an e w
it tu ns As F ig 2 9 4 sho s this is m d quit long

r . . w ,
a e e ,
as this contact h to c y l rg curr nts It should as a rr a e e .
no t b l ss th n th inch s long t h pivot b ing a

e e a re e e , e e
pi c f inch sh fting
e e o on e a .
R f ing e to F ig 2 9 6 t h op r tions f t h
e rr n ow .
,
e e a o e c on
troll r ill b sily und stood It sho s t h conn c

e w e ea e r . w e e
tions for h lf sp d h d Th di gr m sho s t h

a ee a ea . e a a w e
t
wo S id f t h controll r s p r t d for t h s k of
es o e e e a a e ,
e a e
cl rn ss but i t is f cours und rstood th t t h

ea e , ,
o e ,
e a e v a re
no furth r part th n t h t nds of t h ood n box

e a a e wo e e w e
in hich th y op r t Th fus ho n in t h circuit

w e e a e . e e S w e
b t n t h pivot f t h r v rsin g controll

e wee e d th o e e e e r an e
inn r sprin g cont ct is mount d in t h middl division

e a e e e
o f th b hich should hav a door for acc ss It

e ox , w e e .
should b an ordin ry single pol orc lain fus block

e a -
e p e e
F I G 29 6. . D i a g ra m of C on t rolle r C on n e c t i on s .
carrying a fus blo ing t abou t 7 5 amp s F e w a e re . or
t h 3 hors po
e r motor it should blo t 6 0 mp r s
e we w a a e e ,
and at 4 0 amp r s for t h 2 ho s po r motor e e e r e we .
Th controll r b eis si st m d f som soft ood e ox ea e a e o e w ,
such as hit pin It should b lib r lly v rnish d

w e e . e e a a e
outsid d lin d insid ith asb stos p p r glu d or

e an e e w e a e ,
e
t ck d in plac Th t disks should b f hard

a e e . e wo e o
w ood O t h xt rior f t h box should b mark d

. n e e e o e e e
t h positions f
e th v ious sp ds d dir ctions or e ar ee an e ,
or,
if t h constructor f ls dispos d h
e mount ee so e ,
e c an a
p sition m d roll
o ch pivot
ca an e r on ea .
31 8 H O ME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
controll r m y b pl c d ny h r in t h boat
Th e e a e a e a w e e e ,
but pr f r bly h r it e b em nipul t d by t h

a w e e c an e a a e e
pilot s l ft h nd hil h st rs ith his right All t h

’
e a w e e ee w . e
w iring b t n t h batt i s motor d controll r

e wee e er e , ,
an e
S hould b run ith good qu lity ubb r cov r d ir

e w a r e e e w e ,
N 4 g ugo . d p f r bly in iron rmor d conduit so

a e ,
an re e a a e ,
th t it m y not b disturb d by pass ng rs lking

a a e e e e wa
on it .
T h 2 4 c lls f batt ry may b conv ni ntly ch rg d

e e o e e e e a e
from olt sourc f supply by t h

a of a r sist
v e o e use e
a nc This should b f bout 3 ohms and is

e . e o a c on ve n
i t ly m d
en f iron ir bout N 1 4 g ug Abou t
a e o w e ,
a o . a e .
35 0 f t f it ill b r quir d and this m y b

ee o w e e e ,
a e c o n ve n
i t ly coil d up in loos
en coils d hung in fr m
e e an a a e .
It should t b confin d b t llo d to h v f cirno e e ,

u a we a e re e
cul tion f ia it ill rm up consid r bly Th

o a r, a s w wa e a . e
ch rging curr nt should b about 2 0 amp r s F u ll

a e e e e .
ch rg is d t min d ith r by t h voltm t r w hich

a e e er e e e e e e ,
w ill th n r d voltse by t h boiling f t h

ea . or e
“ ”
o e
c lls It is a w st f cur nt to tt mpt to furth r

e . a e o re a e e
cha g a c ll ft r it b gins to boil

r e e a e e
“
.
If t h am t ur so d sir s h m y mak h i
e a e c lls e e e a e s ow n e ,
but h is lik ly t h v mor satisfaction w ith thos

e e o a e e e
h buys
e F or t h l rg r siz f motor d scrib d th s
. e a e e o e e e e
c lls should b m d ith pl t s 8 inch s squar 1 5

e e a e w a e e e ,
l d plat s and 1 6 zinc plat t ach c ll

ea e es o e e .
I Y N A MO O R MO T OR
TH E E D S O N D
It is thing t mak a dyn mo moto from

on e o e a or r
explicit instructions and quit anoth r thing t d sign e e o e
a machin d pt d to g n r t
. e a ba op r t d by
e e e a e or e e a e a
p rticular curr nt Th form r is pur ly m chanic l

a e . e e e e a
FIG . 2 97 . S m a ll E d i s on Dyn a m o or M ot or .
and ithin t h r ng f most m chinists and m t u s

w e a e o a a a e r ,
w hil t h latt r is ntir ly

e e ithin t h p ovinc of t h
e e e w e r e e
el ctrical ngin r
e l ctrici n fl h n t h o k f
e ee or e e a .
’
e e w r o
m chi b uildin g p oc ds simul t n ousl y it h t h

a ne r ee a e w e
study fundam nt l principl s r al progr ss is mad
of e a e ,
e e e .
F t h b n fit f thos
or e h proc d in t h is
e y and
e o e w o ee wa ,
in ns r t m ny inquir rs giv a d t il d d i p
a we o a e ,
we e e a e e sc r
tion f E dison o kilo tt m chin d sign d f

an wa a e , e e or
use as a dyn mo f supplying a curr nt f fi E diso a or e or ve n
standard lamps f t h E dison circui t ,

or or u s e on e as a
quart r hors po r motor

e e we .
B for b ginning t h d scription of t h machin it is

e e e e e e e
but fair t y th t it is thoroughly ll mad in v ry

o sa a we e e e
particular Th insulation in v ry p rt is v ry p
. e e e a e er
f t and t h
e c ,
hol is ll mad th t any singl e w e so w e e a e
machin built by a m chanic amat ur could but

e e or e
su ff r by comparison ith it ; and furth rmor w

e w e e ,
e
doubt if y mak r f a singl m chin could v

an
-
e o e a e e en
purchas t h mat rials r quir d f t h pric ask d f

e e e e e or e e e or
t h machin by t h r gular manufactur rs

e eTh r for e e e . e e e,
if t h machin is ant d
e advis purchas I f e w e , we e a e .
e xp ri nc is ant d t h mak ing f t h machin com s

e e e w e , e o e e e
first in ord r ith a prob bl purchas t follo w e ,

w a e e o .
Th bas hich is f brass is mad hollo w

e e ,
w o , e ,
as
sho It is 1 4 in long 7 4 in id 1 4 in d p at
wn . .
, . w e , . ee
th nds ith t 1 4 in l vations at t h middl f

e e , w wo . e e e e or
r c iving t h cast iron pol pi c s f t h fi ld mag t

e e e e e e o e e ne ,
w hich ach s cur d t t h bas by t small tap

a re e e e o e e wo
b olts x t nding up ardly through t h b s

e e d i to w e a e an n
t h pol pi c s
e e e e .
Th upp r surfac s f t h pol pi c

e truly fac d
e e o e e e e s a re e
f r c iving t h cylindrical fi ld magn t cor s w hich

or e e e e e e ,
a re mad f S dish iron 2 4 in in diam t

e o d 44 we ,
. e e r an
in long Th s magn t cor s

. . ach h ld i positio e e e e a re e e n n
by a thr d d stud scr d into t h p l pi c and

ea e ewe e o e e e
e nt ring ma g t cor E ch cor i provid d w ith

e ne e . a e s e a
vulcaniz d fib r collar at ach d hich is 4 in thic k

e e e en , w .
and 4 in id U pon ch cor and b t n t h

. w e . ea e , e wee e
fib r coll rs is ound 5 4 lb f N 24 il k cov r d

e a , w . o o . S -
e e
copp r i eith a r pping of thin v rnish d p p r

w re , w w a a e a e
b t n t h l y s Th co s b for indin g
e wee e a er . e re ,
e e w ,
a re
thor ughly insulat d ith t h s m m t rial

o e w e a e a e .
F I G 298 . . S i d e S e c t i on a l E le va t i on of D yn a m o .
fib r collars
e ch h ld in pl c by thr conic l
a re ea e a e ee a
h ad d scr s nt ing t h d of t h co
e e ew ith th i
e er e en e re ,
w e r
h ad proj cting b yond t h body of t h cor To t h

e s e e e e e . e
i nn r d out r nds of t h
e an inding f ch arm of t h
e e e w o ea e
m gn t
a attach d pi c s of l g r ir to void
e a re e e e ar e w e a
br k g
ea d th ainn r nds e ,
l d t through
an e e e a re e ou
groov s in t h fib r coll rs Th yok f S dish

e e e a . e e ,
o we
iron is 2 4 in id 2 4 in thick d 7 4 in long I t

,
. w e , . an . .
is h ld in position on t h cor s by t 4 in bron z

e e e wo . e
studs ach thr d d t t h upp r d lo r nds and

,
e ea e a e e an we e ,
furnish d ith collar hich fits into t h count r

e w a w e e
F I G 29 9F M
. . S i de Vi e w of i e ld ag n e t , P a rt ly i n S e c t i on .
bor d par t f t h hol in t h yok Th studs

e o e e e e . e a re
squ r d t t h upp r d to r c iv
a e a r nch d e e en e e e a w e ,
an a
nut is pl c d ch stud bov t h yok f cl mp

a e on ea a e e e or a
ing it s cur ly ft r adjustm nt Th m chin is r gu

e e a e e . e a e e
l t d ad pt d t y ork r qui i g l ss th n its

a e or a e o an w e r n e a
full po r b y r ising t h yok mor or l ss Th yok

we a e e e e . e e
HOME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MAT E UR S 323
is provid d ith y by m ns
e f hichwt h m an e e ,
ea o w e a
chin m y b lift d
e
“
a e e .
F ront and r r bo rds f m hog ny ng d on ea a o a a a re a rra e
opposit sid s f t h yok e d h ld in pl c by br ss

e o e e ,
an e a e a
plat t t h nds
es a e e .
Th outsid nds of t h fi ld magn t coils

e e e e e e a re c on
nec t d ith binding posts t h r r bo rd

e w on e ea a .
A vari bl r sist nc f t a fift n ohms is i

e e a e o en or ee n
t d b t
se r e n th s posts h n t h machin is us d
e wee e e w e e e e
as a dynamo In t h fr nt bo rd at t h right hand . e o a ,

e
sid is s cur d bronz c sting kno n as t h right

e ,
e e a e a w e
h nd motor h ad fi ld m gn t t rminal This is

a e e a e e .
F IG . D m M 300 . Sw itc h on t h e E d i s on yn a o or ot or .
ad pt d to r c i t h lin ir also
a e f t h l ads
e e ve e e w e ,
on e o e e ,
t h upp r
e d f hich is scr
e d to t h casting Th
e n o w e we e . e
lo wer en d of t h l d is s cur d to l ad t rmin l e ea e e a e e a
a tt ch d to block f ood s cur d t t h right hand

a e a o w e e o e
pol pi c At t h right h nd sid f t h machin a

e e e . e a e o e e
simil rr ng m nt f t h l d is found but t h p

ar a a e e o e ea ,
e u
p l ad t rminal is mad in t s p r t parts

er e e e wo e a a e ,
on e
att ch d to t h l d t h oth r b ing conn ct d ith

a e e ea ,
e e e e e w
th elin ; both b ing furnish d ith copp r s itch
e e e w e w
tongu s Th s itch m turns a stud proj cting

e . e w ar on e
from t h f ont bo rd d c rri s a loos triangular

e r a an a e e
s itch pl t of copp r h ving k if dg hich

w a e e ,
a a n e e e w
r dily nt rs b t n t h s itch tongu Th s itch
ea e e e wee e w es . e w
h as aT h ndl f h rd rubb r by m
-
a ns f hich i t
e o a e ,
ea o w
is turn d A stop pin proj cting f om t h front b oard

e . e r e
limits t h r r rd mov m nt of t h s itch m

e ea wa e e e w ar
Th insid e d of t h righ t magn t coil i conn ct d

e en e e s e e
w ith t h right hand l ad and t h insid

e d f t h l ft e ,
e e en o e e
F IG D m W . 301 m
. i a g ra of i n di n g of E d i s on Ar a t u re .
h nd magn t coil is conn ct d ith t h lo r hal f f

a e e e w e we o
t h l f t hand l
e e d t rminal ea e .
At opposit nds f t h bas th r plan surfac s

e e o e e e e a re e e
to hich
w s cur d t h s lf oiling b arings f t h
a re e e e e -
e o e
a rmatur shaft E ach b aring h a hollo st ndard

e . e as w a
f urnish d ith cap hich tog th r ith cross

e w a , w ,
e e w a
pi c in t h hollo stand rd forms a suppor t f t h

e e e w a ,
or e
sph e ical c ntr l portion f t h bro z sl v formin g

r e a o e n e ee e
t h journal box prop r

e e .
This sl v is short th n t h out r portion f t h

ee e e r a e e o e
b ring d is slott d across t h t p t llo t

ea ,
an e e o o a w wo
b ss rings to rid upon t h rm tu shaft Th s

ra e e a a re . e e
rings dip in t h i l in t h holl w st ndard and as th y

e o e o a ,
e
F IG . 302 . Th e F i rs t T w o C oi ls an d C ommu t a t or C on n e c t i on s .
r volv carry i l to t h shaft in quantiti s mor th n

e e o e e e a
su ffi ci nt f t h purpos f lubrication Th i l is
e or e e o . e o
distribut d throughout t h b aring by m ans f spiral

e e e e o
groov s form d in t h inn r surfac f t h journal bo x

e e e e e o e .
Th surplus i l d p bac k into t h hollo

e standard
o r0 s e w .
A scr w plug in t h lo r portion f t h st dard

e e we o e an
allo s f t h r n al f t h i l Th b ari g t
w o e e ew o e o . e e n s a
32 6 H OME C A I
ME H N CS F OR A MAT EUR S
opposit nds f t h machine e lik xc pt tha t t h
o e e a re a e ,
e e e
cast iron support f t h b onz journ l box t t h o e r e a , a e
commutator d of t h armatur is turn d its i n r

en e e , e on n e
en d t r c iv t h brush yok
o e e e e e .
Th st l armatur shaf t is 1 6 4 inch s long and 4

e ee e e
i nch in diam t r at t h journals and 44 inch in di m

e e e , a e
t bt
er t h journals
e ween Th larg r part f t h shaft
e . e e o e
FIG . 3 03 . Arra n g e m e n t of th e L a y e rs at End of A rm a t u re Co re .
is 94inch s long S uffi ci nt d ch s is allo d in

e . e en a e we
th armatur journal t c us t h surfac to ar
e e s o a e e es we
smoothly .
O th c ntral portion f t h arm tur sh f t is

n e e o e a e a
plac d ood n sl v 1 4 inch in diam t r ;

e a w e ee e , 6 e e on
this mount d t h thin h t iron disks forming t h

a re e e S ee e
armatur cor Th s disks 2 4 inch i diam t r

e e . e e a re es n e e .
Th y e rr ng d in s ri s f fi
a re ith tissu pap r
a a e e e o ve , w e e
b t n t h disks d b t n t h s ri s f fi
e wee e ,
an e w ee e e e o ve a re
plac d s v r l thickn ss s of p p r E nough disk

e e e a e e a e . s a re
clamp d tog th r t h sh ft to m k this portio

e e e on e a a e n
o f th cor 34 inch s long Th c st iron disk b

e e e . e a s e
t hich t h sh t iron disks plac d 4 inc h

ween w e ee a re e a re
in thickn ss and 2 4 inch in diam t r O f th m

e es e e . ne o e
is fix d t h shaft t h oth r b ing h ld in plac by

e on e ,
e e e e e a
h xagon l nut scr d t h sh ft Th cast iro

e a ewe on e a . e n
disk hav th ir out r corn rs round d and i t h

s e e e e e ,
n e
F IG m C. 304 . Th e E n ds of t h e Ar a t u re ore .
edg f che form d thirty t

o ea quidi t n t radi l
a re e -
wo e s a a
slits i nch id In th s slits ins rt d lip f

w e . e e a re e e s s o
vulc niz d fib r for s parating t h d i ff r nt pair f

a e e e e e e s o
coils during t h op r tion f inding e e a o w .
It is impossibl t d scrib t h E diso indin g w ith e o e e e n w

ou t d p nding mainly
e et h di gr ms F ig 3 01 d on e a a ,
s . an
3 02 Th r . t s ri s f coils ; that is to say th r

e e a re wo e e o ,
e e
a re t coils in ach division f t h arm tur Th r

wo e o e a e e e
a re thirty t b rs in t h commut to hich

-
wo m a e a r, w a re n u
b r d cons cutiv ly from 1 to 32

e e e e .
328 H O ME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S
Th e rmatur co and sh ft
a thoroughly insu
e re a a re
lat d by m ans f pap r co t d ith an dh siv

e e o e a e w a e e va r
n ish Jut string ibbon is ound on t h fac f t h

. e r w e e o e
cor as furth r prot ction

e a e e .
Th ir us d on t h rmatur is N 2 1 copp r w ir
e w e e e a e o . e e ,
doubl cov r d ; t h inn r cov ring b ing f sil k t h

e e e e e e e o ,
e
o ut r f cotton
e o .
L aving an
e d t for conn ction ith t h mm
en ou e w e co u
t ator coil N 1 is b gun at 1 , d oound in four lay

. e .
an w
e rs , w ith six convolutions in ach lay r t h out r t e e ,

e e er
m inal coming t t Th s nds oumark d a e e e a re e re
s p ect i ly 1 and
ve 1 in such a mann r as t avoid y
’
. e o an
possibility f t h d tachm nt f t h marks If this

o e e e o e .
caution is obs rv d much troubl m y b avoid d e e ,

e a e e .
A good y to mark th m is to pl c a tag f p rch

wa e a e o a
m nte parchm n t p p r
,
or ch d f t h w ir e a e ,
on ea en o e e ,
w ith t h numb r m rk d e e a e on .
Aft r inding coil N 1 t h armatur is tur d half

e w o . e e ne
w y ov r and coil N
a e 2 is ound and m rk d in t h o . w a e e
sam y ith 2 on t h inn r d f t h coil and 2

e wa ,
w e e en o e
'
on
t h out r
e d Th coil is th n r v rs d
e en . d coil N e e e e e an o .
3 is ound and its nds

w mark d in t h sam y e a re e e e wa ,
an d so until t h fir t s ri s f coils is finish d t h

on e s e e o e ,
e
last coil f t h s ri s b ing mark d 1 6 and

o e e e e e
Th first coil f t h out r s ri s is N

e 17 1 oThis e e e e o .
-
4
is ound t h t p f coil N 1 Th armatur is

w on e o o o . . e e
turn d ov r d N 1 8 is ound t h t p f N 2
e e an o . w on e o o o .
,
and so until all f t h ut coils

on in plac o e o er a re e .
B for inding t h i nn r d f ach ir is

e e w ,
e e en o e w e
w r pp d in jut
a e string ribbon t a point ithin t h e o w e
en d f t h armatur cor
o e d it is furth r prot ct d e e ,
an e e e
by w apping f thin adh siv t p Th out

a r o d f e e a e . e er en o
t h coil is cov r d in t h s m
e
y e e e a e wa .
A b ou t thr pound f N 2 1 i r quir d f

ee s o o . w re a re e e or
th rmatur Th l ngth f ir in t h first inn r

e a e . e e o w e e e
coil is 2 6 f t 6 inch s Th l ngth f ir in t h l st

ee e . e e o w e e a
ou t r coil is 35 f t
e ee .
Th commutator cylind r is form d f 3 2 bro z

e e
*
e o n e
bars h ving b v l d nds d radial arms f

a i e e e e an or re c e v
i g t h w ir s
n Th s bars
e clamp d i positio
e . e e a re e n n on
a sl v havi g an und r cut fl ng by count rsun k

. ee e n e -
a e ,
a e
w ash r and t scr

e d th sl v Mic is a nu ewe on e ee e . a
ins rt d b t w t h commutator bars b t

e e e th een e ,
e wee n e
bars and t h sl v d b t n t h nds of t h bars

e ee e ,
an e wee e e e
F IG . 30 5 . T h e A rm a t u re w i t h P a rt s B k ro en Aw a y .
an d the fl ang and

ash r Th radi l arms e the w e . e a ex
t nding from t h commut tor bar ch h v a slo t i

e e a s ea a e n
th d f
e r c i ing t h t rminals f t h coils
en or e e v e e o e .
Th coil t rminalse arrang d in groups f 1 6 t h

e a re e o ,
e
w ir s f ach group b ing parall l Th t rminals

e o e e e . e e a re
carri d aroun d d attach d t commutator b rs

e an e o a
w hich about 9 0 from t h plan s f t h coils t

a re
°
e e o e o
w hich th y b lo g thus mak ing t h inding mor

e e n , e w e
symm trical and at t h sam tim p rmitti g f b t

e .
e e e e n o a e
t arrang m nt f t h brush s
er e e o e e .
Th coil t rminalse ins rt d in t h slots f t h

e a re e e e o e
arm f t h commutator b s d sold d ith sof t

s o e ar an e re w
F or f u rt h e r p oi n t s on C om mu t a t ors , s e e S u pp le m e n t 600 .
330 H OME ME H N C A IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
sold r t h conn ctions b ing mad i accorda c w ith
e ,
e e e e n n e
t h di gram F i g 30 1
e a ,
. .
Th ir s h r th y cross at t h bac k and front

e w e ,
w e e e e
en d f th ormatur s p at d by sh ts of mica
e a e ,
a re e ar e ee .
Wh r t h indi g cross s at t h r ar d f t h arm

e e e w n e e e en o e a
tur t h w ir s
e spr d t that th y
e only
e a re ea ou so e a re
on e lay d p er ee .
F IG . 306 . Th e B ru s h Yo k e .
Wh e n i ding f coil is finish d t h t rmi al

the w n o a . e e e n
is fast n d by stout thr ads ins rt d in t h coil b for

e e e e e e e e
w in di ng t h last thr co volutio s d ti d aft r t h

e ee n n ,
an e e e
coil i co mpl t s e e .
A vulcani z d fib r colla littl la g r in diam t r

e e r, a e r e e e
than t h commutator is slipp d ov r t h commutator

e ,
.
e e e
ba s and plac d gainst t h radial arms f t h bars

r e a e o e
as sho n Th dg f t h collar is groov d and

w . e e e o e e a
ca va cov r is f st n d t t h collar by tying i t i

n s e a e e o e n
th egroov I t is th n dra n ov r t h t rminals and

e . e w e e e
H OME ME CH N CS A I F OR A MAT E UR S 331
f st n d by t h first ri ng f binding ir
a e e th rma e o w e on e a
tur At t h opposit d of t h matur similar

e . e e en e ar e a
colla and cov r provid d

r e a re e .
B for cov ring t h t rminals

e e ith t h canvas th y
e e e w e e
a rew und ith t i n t giv t h d of t h r m tur

o w w e o e e en e a a e
F IG 307 D e t a i ls of t h e B ru s h H old e r, th e C o mmu t a t or C yli n d e r,

B
. .
an d ru s h - h old i n g Ji g .
a symm tric l shap Th inding is v rn i sh d ith

e a e . e w a e w
sh llac b for its cov r i appli d and t h cov r is

e e e e s e ,
e e
varnish d ft r it i s cur d i plac

e a e s e e n e .
Th binding rings e form d f br ss ir ound a re e o a w e ,

w
tightly ov r a lay r f mica int rpos d b t n t h

e .
e o .
e e e wee e
w ir and t h binding Th binding ir is s cur d by

e e . e w e e e
clips and soft sold ring e .
Th brush yok is provid d w ith

e ood n handl by e e w e e
w hich it m y b mov d and a binding scr by w hich
.
a e e e w
it is cl m p d i t h position f
a In mortis s in t h
e n e o use . e e
ends f t h yok pl c d insul ting blocks in hic h

o e e a re a e a ,
w
a re ins rt d t h brush holding studs Th s studs

e e e -
. e e a re
each provid d ith nut f cl mping t h b rush e w a or a e
hold cabl s hich communicat it h t h l ad t t h

er e w e w e e s a e
sid f t h pol pi c
e o e e e es .
O ach brush holding stud is plac d a sl v f

n e -
e ee e as
t n d ith
e e t scr w lso loos l v co ct d a se ew ,
a a e s ee e nne e
w ith t h fast l v by a spiral s pring conc l d w ith

e S ee e ea e
in it Th loos l v is fur ish d ith a brush clamp

. e e S ee e n e w
for holding t h brush hich b ars t h commuta e ,

w e on e
tor cylind r ith yi lding pr ssur Th b rush s

e w a e e e . e e a re
fo m d f pring copp r ir s fast n d tog th t

r e o s e w e e e e er a
th ir out nd w ith soft sold r

e er e s e .
A j g go ith ach machin for clam ping t h b sh

1 es w e e e ru
and guiding t h fi l hil r n ing t h brush nds e e w e e ew e e .
Th sp d f t h motor e a 1 2 5 vol t circuit i

ee o e on s
r volutions p minut Th p d t hich t h arm

e er e . e S ee a w e a
tur is t b driv n in ord r t g n rat a curr nt h

e o e e e o e e e e av
i g an E M F
n f 1 2 5 volts is . r volutions p
. . o e er
minut e .
According to t h rating t h machin h r d e ne w e e e e e
scrib d is kilo tt m chin hich h n us d as

e a wa a e , w ,
w e e
a g n rator f supplying lights ill g n rat ffi

e e or ,
w e e e su
ci nt cu r nt to bri g t full candl po r in 1 6 C

e r e n o e we n e .
P 1 1 2 volt lamps and h n us d f po r it is a 4

. w e e or we
ho s po motor t a rat d volt It is g arant d t

r e wer a e . u ee o
giv hors po r at 4 f its rat d volts

e e we o e .
TH E U TI LI $ ATI O N O F 1 1 0 V O LT E LE C T R I C
C I R C U IT S F O R S M A L L F UR N A C E W O R K I -
*
It occurr d to t h rit r in iring p coupl f

e e w e w u a e o
e xp rim ntal
e lamps across t h f d rs f an i
e a re e ee e o n
ca d sc nt lighting syst m that a laborato y l ctric

n e e e ,
r e e
furnac could b Op rat d e a s ri s carbon pla e e e on e e n,
w ithout disturbing t h prot cting fus s f t h circuit e e e o e .
This id a f conc ntrating a pai of arcs ithin a

e o e r w
small crucibl furnac using only t h amount f e or e ,

e o
r istanc ir loc t d i n t h tops f t h lamps prov d

es e w e a e
l
e o e ,
e
t ob crud t h curr nt t k n b ing x c ssiv upo

e e, e e a e e e e e n
in troducing a charg f fusio h n its ch ract r e or n ,

w e a e
e mbodi d fair l ctric l conductivity In ord t

e e e a . er o
obviat this di fficulty e ll as t comp ns t f t h , as w e o e a e or e
lo w ring f r istanc d t ddy curr nts b t

e o es e ue o e e e ween
th carbons a tripl s ri s
e form d r quiri g
, e e e a re w as e e n
only short l ngth f G rman silv r ir to st ady

a e o e e w e e
its action Wi t h this arrang m nt t h most succ

. e e e .
e ss
ful r ult r attain d and ith t h furnac

es s we e e ,
w e e ,
as
finally construct d upon this plan , many m tallurgic l e e a
p O r
r c e ss e s w ec rri d a 1 2 mp r fus plac
e d i a e on ,
a e e e e n
e ach l g f t h curr nt supply b ing su ffici n t Th

e o e e e e . e
littl furnac illustr t d in F ig 308 i capabl f p

e e a e . s e o ro
d i g calcium carbid
uc n in t nty minut s from t h e we e e
tim t h curr n t is s itch d

e e th fus s r mai ni g
e w e on , e e e n
int ct throughout t h Op r tion if a h O t l n gth f

a e e a , s r .
e o
r sistanc ir is introduc d into t h circuit With

e e w e e e .
this ar r ng m nt it is possibl to s p rat t h carbon

a e e e e a e e
e l ctrod s 34 inch s w ithou t x tinguishing t h tripl

e e e e e e
a re It is t h int ntion f t h
. it r t d c ib i
e e o e wr e o es r e n
d tail t h construction f this littl plant and fur

e e o e ,
* By N e v i l M on roe H op i n s k .
334 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR AT E UR S
AM
nish c f lly pr p d dir ctions f m king small

-
a re u e a re e or a
qu ntiti s f c alcium c rbid Thi compound i

a e o a e . s s
chos n b c us f its xc dingly us ful d int r st

e e a e o e ee e an e e
ing ch r ct ristics d b caus f t h num rous i

a a e ,
an e e o e e n
q i i
u r est h rit h r c iv d in r g rd to its
e form w er as e e e e a a
tion small sc l Calcium ca bid is highly

on a a e . r e a
re fr ctory body its pr p r tion r qui ing t h high s t

a ,
e a a e r e e
t mp r tur s and its succ ssful production by m ns

e e a e ,
e ea
o f this small l c t rical quipm nt urg s xp rim nt e e e e e e e e a
tion ith oth r compounds r quiring l ss n rgy d

w e e e e e an a
lo t mp r tur
wer e e a e .
F ig 3 09 ill nabl us to und rstand t h mounting

. w e e e e
and conn cting f t h c rbons b ing a plan vi w f e o e a ,

e e o
t h syst m e Th st ps i putting tog th r this littl

e . e e n e e e
e quipm nt should consist in forming and lining t h

e e
furn c prop r Th sh ll is mad from sh t iron

a e e . e e e ee ,
cut to xactly inc s f th e common si z s f fi a e on e o e e o re
clay slabs Th xact si z and shap f this furnac . e e e e o e
is f cours immat rial provid d t h l ngt h is t

, o e ,
e ,
e e e no
ov r 1 3 inch from d t d sho n in F ig 31 1

e es en o en ,
as w . .
S hould t h l ngth x c d 1 3 inch s stand rd l ctric e e e ee e ,

a e e
ligh t ca bons ould t prov long nough t m t at

r w no e e o ee
t h c nt r e As t h fi clay slabs dapt d t our p

e e . e re a e o ur
pos vary som h t i l ngt h d finit dim nsions

e ew a n e ,
e e e a re
no t g iv n b t thos sho n i F ig 3 1 0 ill b found

e ,
u e w n . w e
us ful as guid s d
e pproximat ly sui t d t t h
.
e ,
an a re a e e o e
av r g si z d slab sold for back ing up fi pl c s and

e a e e re a e
stov s hich e pla , sid d fl ut d t h

w a re n e on on e e an e on e
oth r H ving procur d four f th s labs t h sh t

e . a e o e e s , e ee
iron (N 1 8 or 2 0 gaug ) m y b m rk d ff car fully

o . e a e a e o e
and b nt to form t h sh ll Th ov rlapping sid s

e e e . e e e a re
drill d through and s cur ly riv t d tog th O f

e e e e e e er . ne o
th fi clay pi c is
e repl c d in t h sh ll ith r e es n ow a e e e on e e
side t h
( e fl ut d surf c n xt to
i on ) d l rg e a e e . the r an a . a e
brick dropp d in b t n th m Th s larg fi

e
_
fi re e e wee e . e e e re
b ick com ith r c ss in t h top

r s r pr s nt d e w a e e e ,
as e e e e
in F ig 3 08 hich is d sir bl f coll cting small

.
, w e a e or e
q If t h thr pi c f fi clay fi t nic ly in

I on s . e ee e es o re e
th sh ll t h fi brick i r mov d t m porarily and

e e ,
e re s e e e ,
ou r a tt ntion giv n to cuttin g e f t h sl bs in half e on e o e a
t form t h
o nds f t h lining e e o e .
In F ig 3 1 0 a s ction f t h sh ll i sho w n w h r A
. e o e e s ,
e e
r pr nt
e e sef th sid sl bs in position ru ni g
s on e o e e a ,
n n
from d t d illus t t d by t h hori z ontal sh d

en o en ,
as ra e e a
ing Th s sl b may b h d about 1 2 4 inch in

. e e a s e a es
l ngth by abou t 8 inch s in idth and 2 inch s thick

e e w e ,
w hich s rv for thi lining nic ly Th d pi c

e e s e . e en e es
-
mus t b t ff at an angl to form t h bottom f t h

e cu o e e o e
inclin l adin g into t h furnac Th s

e e p e e . e e a re re re
se nt d i t h dr ing by s ction in obliqu lin s Th

e n e aw e ,
e e . e
fi recl y i cut ith a cold chis l and hamm r or k

a s w e e , w
ing lo ly ith uniform blo s x rcising som littl

S w w w ,
e e e e
p t i nc until t h pi c s hav t h prop r shap Th

a e e ,
e e e e e e e . e
a ngl must b d t rmin d by t r i l ith t h sh ll hich

e e e e e a w e e ,
w
is t do n by m ns f h vy sh rs ithin 5 inch s
cu w ea o ea ea , w e
o f t h bottom b ing about 5 4 inch s in

e idth Th ,
e e w . e
m tal fl ap r ultan t f this cutting do n i sharply

e ,
es o w , s
b nt ov r and cut ff t h dg b ing smooth d ith

e e o ,
e e e e e w
a larg fl t fi l A ban d f iron riv t d round t h

e a .
e . o e e a e
t p
o illustr t d cro s t h p ning and must b
,
as a e ,
wn e o e ,
e
adjust d t h ight by t h siz and thic kn s f

e as o e ,
e e e s o
th fi e cl y lining hich h b n procur d

re a w as ee e .
T compl t t h furn c prop r it i only n c ss ry

o e e e a e e ,
s e e a
t put in plac t h angl pi c s and s cur i

o posi t ion e e e e e ,
e e n
t mpor rily fou pi c s of gl ss i rd r to form t h

e a r e e .
a ,
n o e e
t p f th
o incli d tra c Th ood brac B
o e ne en n e . e w en e , ,
is c utprop r l ngth t p ss t h v rtical glass
to the e e o re e e es
sho n in simpl uling ag inst pi

.
( w ) t h d f fi e r a e en ec es o re
cl y and sm ll ood n bl cks mad t support t h

a ,
a w e o e o e
glas plat s s th inclin as illustrat d l aving a

e on e e, e ,
e
2 inch sp c
-
Th h ight of t h v rtical gl s pl t s
a e . e e e e as a e
must b jus t qual to t h h ight of t h id slab

e e e e .
e s e ,
A and t h
, inclin d pi c s mus t com nic ly in e e e e e e
contact it h th m Th t spac s form d 0 d

w e . e wo e e , an
D , fill d in ith stov fix

a re n ow oth r fi cla y e w
“
e
”
or e re
compoun d mad pla tic by t h ddition f littl e s e a o a e
w at r This compound may b had r ady t mi x d

e . e e o .
, an
is ppli d w ith tro l Th gl ss plat s mus t b

a e a we . e a e .
e
l ft in position ov r night in ord r th t t h mat ri l

e . e ,
e a e e a
w hich th y upport may t Th y e th w ith s se . e a re en

-
dra n t og th r ith t h ood n brac and t h fi

w e e w e w e e ,
e re
b ric k d ropp d in t o t h bottom t stay A additional e e o . n
quantity f t h stov compound is mad p and ll

o e e e u ,
a
cra k s and cr vic s pl t r d in Wh n this fi nall y

c .
e e as e e . e
se ts a strong and durabl fu n ac is produc d I t

,
e r e e .
s hould b h at d up slo ly f th first tim uncov r d

e e e w or e e e e ,
in ord to xp el all moistur Th top hich

er e e . e ,
w c on
sist f t h fourth pi c f sl b is cut through by m a

s o e e e o a ,
e ns
o f t h cold chis l and is aft r ard smooth d w it h

e e ,
e w e a
larg rasp e .
Th m thod f susp nding t h cov r is illustrat d in

e e o e e e e
F ig 3 1 1 t h iron b nds coming ov r t h fi clay alls

.
, e a e e re w ,
on t h i nsid b ing thus prot ct d from t h h at f

e e ,
e e e e e o
t h arcse H aving compl t d this portion f t h w r k

. e e o e o ,
th bas pl tforms d scr f d must b p t t

e e ,
a ,
an ew ee e u o
g th Th bas upon w hich t h ntir pl nt r sts

e er . e e , e e e a .
e ,
consists f h vy pin bo rd 4 f t in l ngth by 8

. o a ea e a ,
ee e
i ch in idth Th furnac is mount d upon thr

n es w
’
. e e e ee
common bricks (2 4 inch s in h ight ) and p l c d t ‘
e .
e a e a
H O ME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E UR S 33 9
th e c nt r of t h bo d to f cilit t t h d sign and

-
~
e e e ar a a e e e
construction f t h inclin s hich must b v ry o e e w e e ac
t ly pitch d in ord r that t h carbons may b f d

c u ra e e ,
e e e e
in t o t h furn c ithout coming in cont ct ith t h

e a e w a .
w e
op nings S hould th y touch ho v r a coupl of

e . e ,
we e , e
mi ca sh ts must b ppli d a pr c ution against

ee .
e a e as e a
short circuits Th s inclin s m d fr m 1 inch . e e e a re a e o
pin boards 6 inch s in idth and 1 6 in ch s in l ngth

°
e ,
e w e e .
Th s bo rds mount d upon upright pi c s f ood

e e a a re e e e o w
of t h s m igh t for trial but

e a not scr d
e we ,
a re ewe on
until t h scr f d is put in pl c hich is attach d

e ew ee a e ,
w e
F IG C m . 31 2 F . S e c t i on s of la p a s a p p li e d to S c re w ee d .
from und n th Of cours t h inclin s must b car

er ea . e e e e e
fully djust d to any sp cific fu n c but t h h ight

a e e r a e ,
e e
of t h front d bac k supports

e ill b about 8 and 34 an -
w e .
inch s r sp ctiv ly Th s m y b ttach d at onc b

e e e e . e e a e a e e v
m ns f strong ngl irons as illustr t d in F ig 308

ea o a e a e . .
T form t h scr
o f d s l ct l rg i z d furnitur
e ew ee ,
e e a a e S e e
mak r s cl mp ith ood n scr s at l ast 1 8 inch s

e
’
a ,
w w e ew e e
long F ig 3 1 2 illust at s uch a clamp t h s ctions

. . r e s ,
e e
to b s n t hrough t mak t h b arings and scr w

e aw o e e e e
coll s b ing m rk d in dott d lin s Th s ctions

ar e a e e e . e -
e
mark d S S ill b found to cont in t h scr thr ds

e w e a e ew ea ,
and s rv f t h c nt r trav ling pi c s up n hich

e e or e e e e e e o w
the bloc ks and l ctrod s mount d Th s ctions e e e a re e . e e
1 2 3
, d 4 s v f
,
simpl b rings aft r b ing
,
an er e or e ea ,
e e
car fully d ill d through ith bit d brac

e r e w a an e ,
ex
i i g gr at car in boring t s cur c ntrally locat d

e rc s n e e ,
o e e e e
straight hol s Th s scr d t th bo rd e . e e a re ewe on o e a
from und rn ath and as t h ood from hich t h e e , e w w e
furnitur clamps mad is v ry h rd giml t hol s

e a re e e a ,
e e
mus t b provid d f t h r c ption f t h scr s to p

e e or e e e o e ew re
v nt splitting Th s giml t hol s must hav consid r

e . e e e e e e
abl d pth U pon t h tr v ling pi c s

e e mount d
. e a e e e a re e
t wo blocks 6 inch s long 4 inch s id and abou t 1 4 e , e w e ,
inch s in thickn ss Thr brass tub s

e car fully e . ee e a re e
mou t d upon ach f th s f t h right iz t r c iv

n e e o e e ,
o e S e o e e e
e l ctric light c rbons (t h long st kind c opp r coat d )

e a e e ,
e e
w ith tight fit Th s tub a s cur d as sho n i . e e e s a re e e w n
F ig 309 by m ans f h avy brass straps Th

. e o e . e c ar
bons p l l in position
a re about inch f t h d
ac e ,
an o e en
l ft p otruding t allo brass pring clips to b push d

e r o w S e e
und rn ath With this spring adjustm nt t h car

e e . e ,
e
bons b quickly ithdr n

c an asily r gulat d e w aw or e e e .
Th conn ctions hich should consist f doubl i

e e ,
w o e n
l t d
su a e ir s (N 1 6 g ug ) wsold r d t th s e o . a e ,
a re e e o e e
clips in t h mann r indic t d It ill b obs rv d by e e a e . w e e e
r f rring gain t F ig 3 08 that t h carbons may b

e e a o . e e
S lo ly ithdra n by turning t h scr

w w th y may w e ew ,
or e
b pull d
e t f t h furnac by t h handl
e f th
ou cr o e e e e o e s ew
w h n it is n c ssary to r mov t h furn c from t h

e .
e e e e e a e e
b as e .
Th furnac is r ady for conn cting up d

e e .
n ow e e an a
t ial Adjust ll six carbons car fully making sur

r . a e ,
e
that th y all in contact Wh n t h tripl

e a re onc . e e e a re e
forms th y r quir v ry littl att ntion d st t d

,
e e e e e e ,
an ,
as a e ,
w ill co tinu to b ur wh t h distanc b t

n th i e n en e e e ween e r
H OM E ME CHA N IC S F OR AM AT E UR S 341
ends xc ds 3 inch s ith ch rg of cok and lim

e ee e ,
w a a e e e
as t h conducting m dium
e F i g 3 1 3 sho s t h sch m e . . w e e e
of prop r conn ctions ith 1 1 0 volt l ctric lighting

e e w a -
e e
syst m Th m in conductors
e . f d rs p
e a ,
or ee e , a re re re
s nt d at t h bottom by h avy horizontal lin s and

e e e e e a re
join d as indicat d dir ct to porc l in fus block F

e e e a e a e ,
.
This conn ction should b mad n r th m t r

e e e as ea e e e as
possibl in ord r to avoid annoyanc from int rm di

e ,
e e e e
t fus s
a e In addition to this t h cap city of t h m t
e .
,
e a e e er
F IG D
i a g ra m of C
w i t h Am m e t e r a n d olt m e t e r V
C
31 3
B
. . on n e c t i on s ,
a rra n g e d fo r s t u d y i n g t h e e h a v i or o f om p ou n d s
w i t h i n t h e A rc .
should b asc rt in d hich should llo f a 2 5 m

e e a e ,
w a w o a
p r load In oth r ords a 4 5 ligh t m t r ill b

e e . e w ,
-
e e w e
larg nough st nd rd 1 6 c ndl po r lamp taking

e e ,
a a a a e we
about mp Plac 1 2 mp r fus in ch sid
a -
e re . e a -
a e e e ea e
of th fus block as sho n d join t h sam to a

e e , w ,
an e e
small knif s itch S S hould t h r ad r poss ss an

e w , . e e e e
amm t r ( f fully 5 0 amp r c p city ) it should b

e e o e es a a , e
includ d in t h circuit and a voltm t should b

e e ,
e er e
join d across t h conn ction f t h rc if possibl
e e e s o e a s e .
Th r sistanc
e R consists of 2 0 f t of doubl d G
e e , ,
ee e er
man silv r ir N 22 gaug Bro n S h rpe w e ,

o . e , w a e .
*
To mak this r sist nc in conv ni nt shap t h

e e a e e e e ,
e
w ir should b ound bout larg fi clay slab

e e w a a e re ,
w hich s rv s f su ffici nt insulation and r sists t h

e e or e e e
e fi t of t h h ating up
ec This sl b ith its ir must
e e . a w w e .
no t b pl c d n ar e ood ork Th furnac should b

a e e w w . e e e
ru n for fift n t nty minut s f t h first tim ee or we e ,

or e e
w ithout its cov r and ithout a ch rg moving t h e w . a e ,

e
carbons b ck and forth and t sting th ir c nt ring t

a e e e e ,
e c .
S hould t h arc g out t h f d is scr e d do n until o ,

e ee ewe w
contact is again m d and t h inclin rapp d ith a e e e e w a
mall t in ord r to c us t h points f t h carbons to

e e a e e o e
vibrat rub tog th r In doing this ork w ith t h

e or e e . w e
cov r ff e strongly smok d gl ss s t prot ct t h

o ,
use e a e o e e
e y s from unn c ssary strain H aving mast r d t h

e e e . e e e
handling f t h quipm nt w o r ady f e e e e a re n ow e or
e x p rim ntation and ill proc d dir ct ith t h pr p

e e ,
w ee e w e e
aration f calcium carbid To produc a laboratory

o e . e
quantity f this compound follo clos ly t h d i

o , w e e re c
tions giv n W igh t 1 8 ounc s f good unsl k d

e . e ou e o a e
l im ( calcium oxid C O ) and r duc to a gr nulat d

e e, a e e a e
form in a larg iron or porc l in mort r Pl c this e e a a . a e
portion f t h charg larg sh t f manila pap r

o e e on a e ee o e
and pr par f t h grinding f t h cok D not t

e e or e o e e . o a
t mpt t
e charcoal as it is t light and fl y
o use ,
oo ou r ,
o x idi z ing a ay in t h air ithout combining ith t h e

w e w w
lim e .
S l ct ith r good cok

e e procur a l t f brok
e e e or e o o en
l ctric light carbons and igh t 1 6 ounc s f t h

e e ,
we ou e o e
T h i s w i re muc h a llow e
k k b k q u i re s
b
re c a re i n h a n d li n g ,
an d ,
if d to
t a n g le or i n , re a s ve ry e a s i ly . I t i s v e ry ri t t le .
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MA TEUR S 34 3
fr gm nts Th s must
a e b pound d to small
. e e .
n ow e e
pi c s d aft r ard granul t d in t h iron mortar t

e e an e w a e e o
about t h s m siz as t h pi c s f lim Th co k

e a e e e e e o e . e e
and lim hould b thoroughly mix d tog th r

e S n ow e e e e on
t h larg sh t f p p r pr par tory t grinding in an

e e ee o a e e a o
iron co ff mill Th s mills com all f iron d ign d

ee . e e e o ,
es e
t scr
o up against t h all d
ew quipp d ith a .
e w ,
an a re e e w
r gulating d vic f grinding coars
e fi Th e e or e or ne . e
m on y put in a mill of substantial charact r

e ill b e w e
w ll inv st d as i t
e ill prov f gr at valu in
e e , w e o e e a
labor tory xp rim nt al shop f r ducing ma y

a or e e e or e n
subst nc s to po d Th granulat d lim and co k

a e w er . e e e e
a re pou d into t h mill and ground to t h fin s t m al

re e e e e ,
passing t h mixtur t hrough s v r l tim s t insur

e e e e a e o e an
intimat mixing ll as fi po d r S hould a

e as we a ne w e .
mill t b t hand t h charg may b r duc d t t h

no e a ,
e e e e e o e
prop r fin n ss lthough r quiring much mor labor

e e e ,
a e e ,
by m ns f t h l rg iron mo tar Th p stl f t h

ea o e a e r . e e e o e
mortar is ground to t h right and t h mort r rotat d e e a e
t t h l ft
o ith t h palm f t h l ft hand Th r is
e e w e o e e . e e a
littl knac k in doing this and ith a littl practic

e ,
w e e ,
but ith consid r bl ork t h lim and co k may b

w e a e w , e e e e
suitably pr p r d for fusion e a e .
Th po d r d charg must b put a ay in irtigh t

e w e e e e w a
r c p t cl s if it is not int nd d f imm diat

e e a e ,
as e e or e e use ,
t h lim in t h fin ly po d r d stat quickly slak s if

e e e e w e e e e
l ft in contac t ith t h i S hould

e th mi x w e a r . we u se e
tur ithout thoroughly grinding hich is v ry

e w ,
w .
a e
d ark sl t color it ill b found a v ry light gray

a e ,
.
w e .
e
upon shutting do n t h furnac ft r a run sho i g w e e a e ,

w n
that most f t h c rbon h gon ff as carbon dioxid

o e a as e o e
and c bon monoxid l ving t h unfus d lim b hind

ar e ,
ea e e e e .
W can e start t h furnac for actual w ork d

n ow e e an
f d four or fi ounc s of t h charg in t h
ee as ve e e e e a re
soon as ll st rt d Obs ving t h voltm t r d m

we a e ,
er e e e an a
m t r i f study f t h r sistanc of furnac fusions

e e ,
a o e e e e
is to b mad Th carbons dra n gradually part

e e . e a re w a ,
an d additional quantiti s f th charg add d from e o e e e
tim to tim Th cov r is k pt

e much as possi
e . e e e on as
b l only r moving it to add mor mat ri l and to h a p

e ,
e e e a e
F IG . 31 4 . F u rn a c e for m a k
i n g S old e rs a n d ot h e r Alloy s h a vi n g
L ow M e lt i n g P oi n t s .
the compound about t h tripl by m ans f e e a re e o a
spatula Aft r a t nty minut s run during hich

. e we e
’
, w
tim t h compound is fr qu ntly h p d about t h
e e e e ea e e
points f t h l ctrod s t h s itch may b op n d

o e e e e , e w e e e
and t h furnac llo d to cool S hould

e f th e a we . on e o e
fus s blo e t d uring t h it hould b i mm d i

w ou e ru n ,
S e e
at ly r plac d by
e f t h s m cap city and
e e small on e o e a e a a
a mount f addition l G rm n silv r ir dd d t t h

o a e a e w e a e o e
circuit lthough t h 2 0 f t f t h doubl m t rial ill

,
a e ee o e e a e w
probably a fford ll t h prot ction n c ssary d st ady a e e e e an e
t h arcs in
e v ry satisfactor mann r a e y e .
A v riabl rh ostat f l r sistanc includ d in t h

a e e o ow e e e e
circuit ould b a gr at conv ni nc llo ing t h

w e e e e e ,
a w e c ur
r nt fl t b adjust d to t h c p city f t h fus

e ow o e e e a a o e e
w ir s t ea nic ty A f runs ith t h furnac ill

o e . ew w e e w
e nabl to b com quit xp rt in forming c lcium

e on e e e e e e a
carbid orking it h a 3 inch

e, w ithout llo ing it w -
a re w a w
t goo t Wh n t h fu nac h cool d numb r f
ou . e e r e as e , a e o
larg mass s f t h carbid ill b found in t h bot

e e o e e w e e
t m o f th fi Obrick h arth hich m y b thro n

e re e ,
w a e w
imm diat ly upon at r to obtain ac tyl n gas

e e w e e e e or
stor d a ay in irtight cans j rs for futur

e w If a or a e use .
l f t op n in t h air i t is slo ly att ck d by moistur

e e e ,
w a e e
and is d compos d B for sugg sting oth r ork f

e e . e e e e w or
small pr parations t h introduction f v ry sm ll

e ,
e o a e a
crucibl furnac may b f int r st F ig 3 1 4 illus

e e e o e e . .
trat s t h simpl st form f crucibl quipm nt d

e e e o e e e e
sign d f op ration t h 1 1 0 vol t circuit with si x

e or e on e -
or e ight 32 candl po r lamps arrang d in bridg e we .

e a e
in multipl as indicat d A larg sand crucibl or

e e . e e or
di fl
n ar
y o r p t is fill d ith granulat
we d fi clay o e w e re or
oth r poor conductor f h at and a small r crucibl

e o e ,
e e
plac d insid Th hol is stood a fi brick d

e e . e w e on re an
t h larg p t
e crucibl is provid d ith clay cov
e o or e e w a e r
having hol s f t h r c ption f t c bon l ctrod s

e or e e e o wo ar e e e .
Th st nds sold f
e a supports in ch mical laboratori s or e e
mak t h most conv ni nt hold rs f t h carbon rods

e e e e e or e .
Th furnac d pict d in F ig 3 1 5 is c p bl of doing

e e e e . a a e
mo ork in f ct much m y b ish d for

re w ,
a , as as a e w e on a
small scal if t h xp rim nt r is so situ t d th t h

e ,
e e e e e a e a e
34 6 H OME ME H N CS C A I F OR A MAT EURS
may hav as much curr nt as h ants Th small
e e .
e w . e
crucibl i d ill d through t h bottom and

e s r f th e e , on e o e
el ctric ligh t carbons c m nt d in plac

e simply h ld e e e e ,
or e
in positio b y tigh t fit Th out r incas m n t i

n '
a . e e e e n
F IG 31 5 F for m e lt i n g B C
for H a rd e r Alloy s ,
x
. . u rn a c e ra s s opp e r e t c , ,
a n d re d u c i n g S m a ll Qu a n t i t i e s o f M e t a lli c O i d e s
t o t h e i r R e s p e c t i ve M e t a ls .
this d sign consists f a larg fl o r pot support d

e o e we ,
e
on small iron ring stand ls t b had from ch mi

a ,
a o o e e
cal d al rs This is cov r d by a h avy plat f mic

e e . e e e e o a
w ith c ntr l hol for t h carbon By putting i

a e a e e . n
s ri s t
e e thr rh ostats t h curr nt may b asil y
w o or ee e e e e e
H OME ME CHA NIC S F OR A MAT E URS 34 7
controll d d if h vy fus s e inst ll d d if

,
an ea e a re a e ,
an
th r is no f r f injuring any m t r a v ry fi rc
e e ea o e e ,
e e e
an d int ns arc may b maintain d

e U only t h
e p e e . se e co
p r d c rbons d sold r th ir con ctions to th m

e e a ,
an e e ne e .
Th rit r sugg sts xp rim ntation ith all y in

e w e e e e e w o s,
conn ction w ith th s sm ll crucibl s (s nd crucibl s

e e e a e a e ,
plumbago gr phit ) using borax in som cas s and

,
or a e ,
e e
charcoal in oth rs (h r t h light fl y charcoal is e e e e ou r
t b pr f rr d ) i
o e ord r to fus t h b di s in n utral
e e e ,
n e e e o e a e
atmosph r e e .
By using an x c s f c harcoal constantly in t h e e s o e
crucibl t h in rt carbo ic acid g hich is form d

e ,
e e n as w e
w ill xp l t h oxyg n from t h crucibl and pr v n t

e e e e e e e e
oxidation of t h m tals xp rim nt d ith N rly e e e e e e w . ea
a ll t h m tallic o x id s may b r duc d in t h pr s nc

e e e e e e e e e e
o f c rbon ith a su ffi ci ntly high t mp r tur p i d

a w e e e a e ,
rov
ing int sting fi ld f ork S m ll m ss s f

an e re e or w . a a e o
a luminum and luminum b onz may b form d in a r e e e
t h crucibl furnac illustrat d in F ig 3 1 5

e e in t h e e .
,
or e
larg tripl arc quipm nt although only a v ry

e e e e , on e
small sc l Aluminum oxid (Al ) may b dir ctly

a e . e g e e
r duc d in t h
e in t h pr s nc f carbon by intro
e e a re e e e e o
d i g an intimat mixtur
uc n f t h oxid and po d r d e e o e e w e e
graphit Th aluminum oxid may b bought may

e . e e e ,
or
b epr par d a v ry sm ll scal from clay alum

e e on e a e or
as follo s Dig st 8 ounc s f clay in mixtur f

w : e e o a e o
hydrochloric and sulphuric cids in a glass fl ask (H Cl a
3 parts H S O 1 p r t ) f ,
about an hour Th fl uid
2 1
. a or . e
is mix d ith four fi ounc s f at r and filt r d

e w or ve e o w e e e .
An xc ss f ammoni ( mm nium h ydro x id ) i

e e o a a o e s
add d and t h hit pr cipit t coll ct d a larg

e ,
e w e e a e e e on e
filt r and allo d t dry I t is th n mix d ith t h

e we o . e e w e
graphit and t h t ground tog th r F rom lum i t

e e wo e e . a ,
is only n c ssary t dd t h ammonia t a strong sol
e e o a e o u
tio f alum in at r d tr at t h r sultan t p i pi

n o w e ,
an e e e re c
tat in a lik m nn r O f cours this proc ss is only

e e a e . e e
a littl ch mical x rcis and is only giv n for t h

e e e e e, e e
b n fit f thos h ish to att mp t t h ntir proc ss

e e o e w o w e e e e e ,
a lthough f comm rcial valu t h manufactur fo no e e ,

e e o
aluminum mbodying ntir ly unlik m thods e e e e e .
F or t h b n fit f thos h hav n v r xp rim nt d

e e e o e w o e e e e e e e
w ith t h l ctric th rit r includ s in t h sug

e e e a re ,
e w e e e
g stions o ff r d a pair f strongly smok d glass s t

e e e o e e ,
o
b w orn
e h n v r t h arc is xpos d T ork ith
w e e e e e e . o w w
ou t glass s is t xpos t h y s to s v r str in and
e o e e e e e e e e a
poss ibl injury e .
R E C O R D I N G T E LE GR AP H F OR AMATE U R S
If t h qu stion f utility controls i mak ing and
e e o on e n
trying a pi c f app ratus it is us l ss t x p ct t e e o a ,

e e o e e o
r liz anything in t h y f profit from t h r cord

ea e e wa o e e
ing t l graph illustrat d d d scrib d ; but f i

e e e an e e a ew n
t t d am t urs
e re s e c op rat d ith a ir d a e c an o e e , an w w e an
transmitt r f ach can s cur a pr ctical kno l d g

e or e e e a w e e
o f th orkings f som f t h larg t l graph syst ms

e w o e o e e e e e
and f som f t h applications f l ctricity hich

o e o e o e e , w
could t b s cur d in any oth r y Th x p ns

no e e e e wa . e e e e
w ould b slight h n th r is a joining f amat ur

e ,
w e e e o e s
for pur pos on e e .
It is assum d that an ordinary sound r is availabl e e e
for th c ntral o ffic r cord r and that v ry sub

e e e e e , e e
sc ib r ill furnish a tr nsmitt r a ir t communi

r e w a e ,
w e o
cat ith t h c ntr l o ffic r cord r and batt ry ffi

e w e e a e e e , e su
ci nt t op rat
e branch f t h c ntral o ffic syst m
o e e on e o e e e e .
In making t h c ntr l o ffi c r cord r commo e e a e e e , a n
sound r is pr ss d into s rvic It is provid d w ith a

e e e e e . e
stylus hold hich is cl mp d to t h f

-
er w d f th a e e re e en o e
a rm tur l v Th stylus is pi c of st l ir
a e e er . e a e e ee w e
1 1 6 inch in di m t
-
and 1 inch long ith a round d
a e er ,
w e
an d h rd n d point It is clamp d in plac by

a e e t . e e a se
S CI CW
‘
.
F IG 31 6
I
. .
Th e R e c e i vi n g n s t ru m e n t of t h e R e c ord i n g T e le g ra ph .
U nd r t h fr e arma t ur l v r is journal d
e e e e n d of t h e e e e e
an rbo c rrying a ood n roll r h ving V shap d

a r, a .
w e e a a -
e
p riph ral g oov at t h c nt r x actly und r t h

e e r e e e e ,
e e e
stylus ; so that h n a p p strip p ss s ov r t h .
w e a er a e e e
roll r t h stylus
e ,
mak slight d pr ssion in t h
e c an e a e e e
pap r h n t h sound r m gn t is actuat d

e , w e e e a e e .
Th princi pal f tur s of this t l graph

e a sim ea e e e a re
p l etransmitt r for giving fix d c lls lik call b e e a , e a ox ,
and t h m ch nism f e i g t h pap r tap ov r

e a or c a rr v n e e e e
t h groov d spool and und r t h

e stylus Th roll f
e e e . e o
tap e purch s d from t h d l r is carri d

as a a e e ea e e on
w ood n r l support d by a st nd rd at t h r ar f
e ee ,
e a a e e o
t h sound r
e B t n t st ndards in front f t h
e . e wee wo a o e
sound r journ l d t roll rs b Th ll

e a re a e wo e ,
a . e ro er a
is flang d and provid d its p riph ry ith thr

‘
e e on e e w ee or
four rubb r bands to giv it frictional contact w ith

e ,
e
t h p p r tap
e aTh lo r roll r 1 is cov r d ith
e e . e we e ) e e w a
pi c f rubb r tub d t h shaft f this roll r carri s

e e o e e an e o e e
a small gov rnor for r gulating t h sp d f t h e c ,

e e ee o e
tap Th t p xt nds ov r t h roll r b th nc do

e . e a e e e e e e ,
e e wn
w a d und r t h flang d roll r d th n up rd to

r e e e e ,
e wa a
fast n r Th roll e r d is provid d ith a igh t w hich

e e . e e w we
actuat s t h m chanism e e e .
It ill thus b w n th t t h pap r tap is c rri d e Se e a .

e e e a e
th ough t h machin by t h action f t h

r eigh t d e e o e we e
roll r d d its motion is r gulat d by t h gov rnor

e ,
an e e e e c .
Th gov rnor
e consists f slott d hub f links 9 g
e c o a e , ,
pivot d in t h slots f t h hub a slott d sliding bloc k

e e o e ,
e
1 plac d loos ly
1, t h shaft of t h roll r b
e i ght d e on e e e , we e
arms 4 i pivot d in slots in t h block h and pivotally e e ,
conn ct d t t h out r nds f t h links 9 g and a light

e e o e e e o e ,
S pring t nding t dr t h ight d ms i 2to ard

, e o aw e we e ar 7 w
e ach oth Th block h is provid d ith a l ath r

er . e e w e e
w ash r l hich produc s n c ssary frictional cont ct

e ,
w e e e a
w ith t h standa d h n t h ight d rms thro n

e r ,
w e e we e a a re w
ou t by c ntrifugal action Th t p r l is provid d

e . e a e ee e
H OME ME CHA NIC S FOR A MAT E UR S 35 1
w ith slight spring f ch cking its motion h n t h

a or e w e e
p p r f d stops In t h sid f t h block hich

a e ee . e e o e w c ar
ri s t h stylus is ins rt d small stud in hich is

e e e e a ,
w
cl mp d ir m h ving its fr
a e a w ed n r t h sid
, f a ee en ea e e o
F IG D m R . 31 7 . i a g ra of th e e ce i ve r .
t h roll
e fl tt n d d tu n d up t right ngl s
e r a, a e e an r e a a e .
Th fl tt n d
e ad f thise ir m li s in t h p th of a
e en o w e e e a
s m ll pi proj cting from t h roll r so that w h

a n e e e a, en
e v r t h arm tur l v r is dra n do n by t h magn t
e e a e e e w w e e ,
t h pin is r l as d
e d t h roll r is llo d t turn
e e e ,
an e e (
1 a we o
b t u h n no curr nt p ss s t h m gn t t h armatur
w e e a e e a e ,
e e
l v r ris s and brings t h e flatt n d d f t h ir m

e e e e e en o e w e
into t h path f t h sm ll pin d t p t h mov m n t

e o e a ,
an s e s e e e
o f t h roll r d cons qu ntly arr sts t h progr ss

e e a, an e e e e e
o f t h pap r until t h pin is r l

e s d by anoth r
e , e e ea e e ac
tion f t h armatur l v r Binding posts plac d at

o e e e e . e
t h r ar f t h sound r
e e conn ct d ith t h magn t
o e e a re e e w e e
e l ct ically in t h usual y To tr nsmit a signal

e r e wa . a
v r a lin conn ct d ith this i nstrum nt it is t

o e e e e w e ,
no
n c ss ry to und rstand t h t l graph lphab t

e e a t e e e e a e ,
n or o
k no anything in r g rd to t l graphy Th signal

w e a e e . e s
a re pr rrang d so tha t t h op ration f s nding is

e a e ,
e e o e
pur ly m chanical e e .
Th signal bo rd ho e in d tail in F ig 3 1 8 a S wn e . w as
inv nt d and p t nt d y r ago by William H add n

e e a e e ea s e ,
but t h p t nt has long xpir d This simpl d vic

e a e e e . e e e
consists f a board f inch s id o d p rhap ,

a ew e w e ,
an e s
t ic t h l ngth d p nding t h numb r and l ngth

w e e e ,
e e on e e e
o f t h m ssag s s nt T h board h r sho n is 4 4 inch s

e e e e . e e e w e
w id 7 inch s long and 4 inch thick

e ,
ith many e , ,
w as
longitudinal groov form d in it th r signals es

-
e ,
as e e a re
to b giv n Th ignal board must b f v ry hard

e e . e s e o e
w ood and t h dots d dash s f t h sign ls

,
form d e an e o e a a re e
by s ing N 30 pl in opp r ir through hol s

ew o . a C e w e e ex
t nding through t h board from t h groov s i fron t

e e ,
e e n
t t h groov
o in t h r ar As t h ignal transmitt r
e es e e . e S e
is t pr s nt construct d t h copp r ir s w d
a e e e ,
e e w e e e
through t h fi st t of hol s r pr s nt t h l tt rs f e r se e e e e s e e e o
t h M ors alph b t f om A to F
e ith a dash b t
e a e r , w e ween
e ach l tt r Th s ing in t h s cond groov p

e e . e ew e e e re re
s nts t h l tt rs from G to J Th s in g in t h third

e e e e . e ew e
H OM E ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S 35 3
g ov p s nts t h l tt s f om K to ll d so
ro e re re e e e er r i , an on .
All of t h i s fo ming th s l tt rs
e w re conn ct d r e e e e a re e e
tog th t t h top of t h bo d by i on t h b ck
e er a e e ar ,
a w re e a ,
w hich is in l ct ic l conn ction ith t h binding pos t

e e r a e w e
s n to t h ight in
ee vi of t h sign l pp tus
e r ou r e w e a a a ra .
T h binding post
e t t h opposit dg f t h bo d a e e e e o e ar is
FIG V m . 31 8 . ie w of t h e T ra n s i t t i n g A p p a ra t u s .
conn ct d on t h b ck of t h bo rd ith thi d bind

e e e a e a w a r
ing post t t h lo r d of t h bo d Th thi d

,
a e we en e ar . e r
binding post is conn ct d by fl xibl co d ith e e a e e r w a
i h ving fl tt n d d d p ovid d ith a

w re , a a a e e en ,
an r e w
w ood n h ndl S ndin g sign l consists simply in

e a e . e a a
d ing t h fl tt n d d of t h ir ith unifor m

ra w e a e e e n e w e w a
sp d do n
ee of t h g oov s Th first t binding
w on e e r e . e wo
posts b ing conn ct d ith t h binding posts of t h

,
e e e w e e
r cording inst um nt d ith b tt ry h n sign l

e r e an w a a e , w e a a
is s nt t h r cord r is l s d automatic lly d t h

e ,
e e e re ea e a ,
an e
d t nt is constantly
e e ithd n from t h pin in t h w ra w e e
rol l so lon g t h sign l is b ing s nt d t h m

e r, as e a e e ,
an e es
F IG . B 31 9 W . M b
H ow t h e oa rd is i re d fo r t h e o rs e A lp h a e t .
s g is thus r cord d I Vh t h sign ling stops t h

a e e e . en e a ,
e
reco d r is stopp d by t h ction f t h d t nt

r e e e a o e e e .
S v l tr nsmitt rs m y b conn ct d ith t h

e e ra a e a e e e w e
record r d ei in ch c s may b disp ns d

,
an on e w re ea a e e e e
w ith by g ounding t h oth r t ach d

,
r e e a e en .
Th r co d eill elong nough to r cord lo g

r er w ru n e e a n
sign l s v r l sho t on s ith

a or aising f t h
e e a r e w on e r o e
we i ght c r i d by t h p p r t p
a r e e a e a e .
H O ME M E CH AN I C S F OR AMA E T UR S 35 5
HO W T O M A K E T E L E P H O N E S A N D T E L E
P H O N E C A LL S
O J nn ary 30 1 8
ua9 4 t h B l l t ,
l phon pat nt
,
e e e e e e ex
p i
re d d t
anh inv ntion e b c m t h e prop rty of t h e a e e e e
public ; so th t ho v r d s s to do soa w e mak

e e i re c an e ,
buy or s ll t l phon s ithout f ar of infringi g t h

e e e e w e n e
F IG D .
C 3 20 .
B e t a i ls of on s t ru c t i on of t h e e ll T e le ph on e .
rights of any This ppli s only to t h h nd i

on e . a e e a n
st um nt
r eus d a r c iv r P t nts for oth r
n ow e as e e e . a e e
t l phon pp r tus still r m n fo c ; but nough

e e e a a a e ai In r e e
is avail bl f ctu l s vic With

a e t h nd
or a
i t a er e wo a n s ru
communic tion
.
m nts d suit bl c ll t l phonic

e an a a e a e e a
conditions ov r
,
m y b m int in d und r f vor bl

a e a a e ,
e a a e ,
e
35 6 H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR A MA TE UR S
a lin ight t mil s long
e e batt y b ing or en e ,
no er e re
quir d e .
To void t h ff cts f induction and t s cur t h

a e e e o o e e e
b st r sults m t llic ci cuit is r quir d It has b

e e ,
a e a r e e . een
s id on good authority th t ith hand t l phon

a , ,
a w e e es
us d as tr nsmitt
e d r c iv r conv rsation hasa er an e e e ,
e
b n ca i d b t n N York and Chicago using

ee rr e on e wee ew ,
a m tallic circuit form d f h vy copp r ir and

e e o ea e w e
h ving v y l
a r si t nc Th ords it is said
er ow e s a e . e w , .
we r distinct
e as h r a tr nsmitt r is us d but t h as w e e .
a e e ,
e
volum f sound som h t l ss

e o w as ew a e .
F t h b n fit of thos
or h d sirous f mak i n g
e e e e w o a re e o
t l phon s for th ir
e e for s l
e pr s n t e ow n use ,
or a e , we e e
p sp ctiv d s ctional vi s of t h lat st and mos t

er e e an e ew e e
i mprov d fo m f t l phon e all f t h p ts f hich r o e e e ,

o e ar o w
a re sho n in r duc d siz w e e e .
Th h ndl i mad f h rd rubb r and t h cap

e a e s e o a e e ,
w hich is also t h mouthpi c is f ha d rubb r Th e e e ,

o r e . e
di phr gm A is cl mp d t t h dg b t n t h cap
a a , ,
a e a e e e e wee e
or m outhpi c and t h body of t h h ndl V ry thin

e e e e a e . e
f rrotyp plat h g
e ll b n us d for t h d i
e e as e n e ra v ee e e a
p h g m
ra but thin t gg s i on
,
h n prot ct d by a er r , w e e e a
co t f sh ll c oth r suitabl varnish is said t

a o e a or e e ,
o an
sw e r b tt r e e .
Th compound m gn t B us d in t h t l phon
e i a e , ,
e e e e e ,
s
compos d of four thi fl t b m gn ts

e rrang d n ,
a ar a e ,
a, a e
in pairs opposit sid s f t h fl t d f t h soft i o

on e e o e a en o e r n
pol pi c e t d and t h
e soft i on dist nc
e ,
0, a on e en ,
e r a e
pi c d t t h opposit
e e ,
d th
,
m gn ts b ing
a e e en ,
e a e e
cl m p d to th s pi c s ith lik pol s ll in

a e di e e e e ,
w e e a on e
re ction Th sp c in t h c nt f t h m gn t b
. e a e e e e r o e a e e
t n t h pol pi c d dist nc pi c is fill d ith

wee e e e e an a e e e e w a
st ip 9 f ood
r , ,
o w .
H O ME ME CH AN IC S F OR AM A T E UR S 35 7
Th e cylin d ic l d f t h dist nc pi c hich r a e n o e a e e e w ex
t nds b yond t h m gn t is bor d d t pp d t

e e e a e e an a e o re
ce i th
ve scr by hich t h m gn t is h ld in pl c
e ew w e a e e a e
in t h h ndl Th cylind ic l p oj cting d f t h

e a e . e r a r e en o e
pol pi c xt nds to ithin 1 1 0 0 or 2 1 00 of inch f

e e e e e w -
an o
t h di phr gm
e aIn oth o ds it is pl c d n r t h
a . er w r ,
a e as ea e
d i ph
a gm as possibl ithout b ing touch d by t h
ra e w e e e
d i ph
a gm h n t h latt r vibrat s
ra w e e e e .
O t h pol pi c
n is pl c d a ood n spool on
e e e e ,
0, a e w e ,
c ,
w hich is ound N 34 (Am I V G ) silk cov d cop

w o .
-
4
. . .
-
e re
p er w ir Th i fills
e t.h spool d itse nds l
w re e ,
an e a re a
lo d to proj ct
we t inch s Th ir m y b
e on e or wo e . e w e a e
w ound on t h spool in ith di ction d it is i m e e er re ,

an
mat i l hich pol of t h compound m gn t djoins

er a w e e a e a
t h di ph
e gm a ra .
Th r sist nc of t h inding v i s from 7 0 ohms

e e a e e w ar e
as minimum to 2 00
a m ximum I Vh t h i as a a . en e n
s t um nt is to b us d both t nsmitt r d c iv r
r e e e as ra e an re e e ,
an d p i
esll h n it is
ec on long
a lin s t
v w h r sist nc e e ,
e e a e
should b 1 00 ohms or mo N 36 i is us d for

e re . o . w re e
th e inding h t h sist nc is gr t O f N 34
w w e re e re a e ea . o ,
i 2 6 3 f t ill b qui d for 7 0 ohms r sist nc

w re , ee w e re re e a e .
F or1 00 ohms 3 73 f t qui d F or 1 5 0 ohms

,
ee a re re re .
3 4 3 f t of N ee 36 r qui d o . a re e re .
In t h d f t h h ndl e en ins rt d t binding

o e a e a re e e wo
posts t hich ,
tt ch d insul t d i s (N 1 8 )
o w a re a a e a e w re o .
w hich xt nd to ard t h di phr gm th ir fr nds

e e w e a a ,
e ee e
b ing sold r d to t h t rmin ls f t h fi w i on t h

e e e e e a o e ne re e
spool so th t h n t h t l phon is conn ct d up in

,
a w e e e e e e e
ci cuit i t h oth t l phon s t h curr nt ill p ss from

r w er e e e e e w a
on e of t h binding posts through e of t h co rs on e e a e
w i s th ough t h fi
re , i coil th ough t h oth
r e ne w re ,
r e er
co s ir t t h oth r binding post

ar e w e o e e .
B ll t l phon has a disk of fl xibl ubb
Th e e e e e e e r er
slipp d ov r t h pol pi c and ov r t h nds of t h

e e e e e e e e e e
co rs ir s
a e gu rd ag inst sho t ci cuiting A
w e as a a a .
r r .
scr y is ins t ed in t h d of t h t l phon handl

ew e e er e en e e e e e
for susp ndi g t h instrum nt h n not in

e n e e w e u se .
This t l phon h n us d in t h m nn r sugg st d

e e e ,
w e e e a e e e ,
re quir s n ith r b tt ry
e induction coil It is
e e a e n or .
th for sily conn ct d up f

e re e ea by l ctrically e e or use e e
conn cting t h binding posts of

e inst um nt ith
e on e r e w
t h bindin g posts of anoth r

e Wh n numb r of t l e . e a e e e
phon s conn ct d in t h sam lin t h m tt

e a re e e e e e ,
e a er
F IG . 3 21 .
W Ci
F IG . 3 22 .
S i n g le i re rc u i t .
is quit so Simpl Th r
n ot emany ys of ar e . e e a re wa
ra nging t h circuit ; giv di g ams f t

e f we e a r o w o, on e or
on e lin ir ith ground conn ctions t h oth r f

e w e w e ,
e e or
l m t llic ci cuit ith a s parat ci cuit for callin g

e a r ,
w e e r .
In t h singl ir ci cuit ach inst u m nt t h lin

e e w e r e r e on e e
is p ovid d ith a d oubl s i tch cut into t h lin as

r e w e w e e
sho n in F ig 32 1 t h pivots of t h s itch m

w .
b ,
e e w ar a a
’
,
e
i g conn ct d
n ith t h lin ir Th s itch ms
e e w e e w e . e w ar
a re p i t ll conn ct
vo a d ith bar f insul
v ting m t e e w a o a a e
i l so th t th y ill mov tog th r Th arms

r a ,
a e w e e e . e ,
a a
m b b ou g ht i nto cont ct
av e r ith t h points d a w e , ,
c .
c
I
f
, A mang tod c ll box .i s conn ct d ith t h a n e a e e w e
points d l d t h rms ,
l ft no m lly on
c
’
,
an e a ,
a d
’
,
a re e r a
th s points e e sho n in dott d lin s so th t h n ,

as w e e , a w e
an
y magn to in t h lin is op t de t h oth rs ill e e e ra e e e w
ring All on t h ci cuit h v sp ci l c ll

. e r a e a e a a .
Th c ll d ill kno h th r t h si g l com s

e on e a e w w w e e e n a e
from t h st st north or south S uppos it to

e ea ,
we ,
. e
com from t h st t h s itch is pl c d in t h position

e e ea ,
e w a e e
sho n in full lin s Th is cuts t t h m gn tos

w e . ou .
e a e ,
g ou ds t h
r st rn s ction f t h lin through t h
n e we e e o e e e
point d ,
t th e, ast n s ction ith
an c on n e c
\
s e e er e w on e
F IG . 323 . Me t a lli c Ci rc u i t .
en d of
t l phon co d th ough t h point
the th e e e r r e ,
e
oth t l phon conn ction b ing g ound d th ough

er e e e e e r e r
th points f and ground ir If t h c ll is from

e ,
e ,
w e . e a
th st t h s itch rms
e we , brough t into con
e w a ,
a a
’
,
a re
tact ith t h points f Th arms

w l ys e ,
6
’
. e ,
a a
’
, a re a wa
l ft on t h points d
e O utsid t h t rmin l st tions
e , , e e e a a
t h lin is conn ct d
e ith t h ground or rr ng d as
e e e w e a a e
S ho n in F i g 32 2 ith t h lin g ound d through t h

w .
,
w e e r e e
m gn to t l phon
a e or e e e .
In t h m t llic circuit sho n in F ig 323 t h t mi

e e a w .
,
e e r
na l t l h on s econn ct d ith t h nds of t h li

ep e a re e e w e e e ne
3 60 H O ME ME CH AN IC S F OR A MAT E UR S
i s Int rm di t t l phon s
w re . cut into t h lin
e e a e e e e a re e e
by m ns of a doubl s itch sho n in t h cut in

ea e w ,
as w e ,
w hich g s h o s t h int m diat t l ph n cut out h w e er e e e e o e
sho s it conn ct d ith t h st d i i th t h st

w e e w e ea an w e w e .
A thi d ir ground d t t h nds and including a

r w e e a e e ,
m gn to for ch t l phon runs p r ll l ith t h

a e ea e e e ,
a a e w
m t llic ci cuit In this c s ll of t h b lls ring at

e a r . a e a e e
onc d individu l sign ls m ust b ag d upon

e ,
an a a e re e .
It is Obvious th t t h inform tion h giv n in a e a e re e re
g rd to t h const uction f t h t l phon m y b d

a e r o e e e e a e e
p rt d f om in mino points such t h construction

a e r r , as e
o f t h h ndl ed mout h pi c but v ything r l ting

a e an e e ,
e er e a
to t h magn t t h coil d t h r l tion of t h m gn t

e e ,
e , an e e a e
'
a e
and di ph gm hould b st ictly follo d

a ra ,
S e r we .
N t l phon lin is compl t ithout a signal f

o e e e e e e w o
som kind hich ill s rv to ttr ct t h att ntion of

e w w e e a a e e
a p son in t h vicinity of t h instrum nt A b tt ry

er e e e . a e
c ll ns s v y ll f short dist nc s but f dis

a a wer er we or a e ,
or a
t nc of f om
a e to t lv mil s mo t h b tt y
r on e we e e or re ,
e a er
h as b n found i mp ctic bl d t h m gn to c ll is
ee ra a e an e a e a
g n lly m pl d This inst um nt not only s v s

e e ra e o ve . r e er e
a good pu pos in conn ction ith t h t l phon but

r e e w e e e e ,
it ans rs ll ind d for g r l sign ling pur

we v e rv w e ee ene a a
pos s I t is l ys r dy for ction d do s not i

e . a wa ea a ,
an e n
volv t h c of b tt y
e e a re a a er .
Th lin d em g pr s nt d h r ithe thi d ra w s e e e e ew a re on e -

r
th ctu l siz (lin r m su m nt ) f t h i t

e a a e ea ea re e o e n s ru
m nt d t h p sp ctiv vi is lso
e ,
an thi d of t h e er e e ew a on e -
r e
a ctu l siz ; t h only d im nsion not obt in bl from

a e e e a a e
th d e ings is t h d pth of t h sig l box hich is 3

ra w e e e n a ,
w
inch s A s ll of t h dim nsions m y b obt in d f om

e . a e e a e a e r
th eg ving s it ill b unn c ss ry t r p t th m

en ra ,
w e e e a o e ea e
in t h d sc iptiv m tt r
e e r e a e .
H O ME ME CHA N IC S F OR AMAT E UR S 361
pol pi c s A A b t n hich m tu B
Th e e e e ,
'
, e wee w ar a re
volv s form d f soft g y c st i on ith s

, ,
re e a re e O ra
, a r w e ar
t t h top nd t h s I t t h bottom s p t
,
a a, a e a e e ar )
, , a e e a ra
d by b rs C C of non m gn tic m t i l such vul
,
’
e a a e a e r a
-
, , as
i d fib r h d ubb th y m y b m d from
,
c a n ze e ar r e r, or e
, a e a e
h d ood ll v nish d or s tu t d ith p ffi
ar w , we ar e a ra e w a ra ne
to p v nt th m from sh inking or s lling Th pol

re e e r we e e
pi c s A A cl mp d to t h b rs C C b fo th y
.
’
e e a re a e e
’
, , a , e re e
bor d out Th y bo d out to loos ly fit t h

,
a re e e a re re
.
e e
36 2 H OM E ME CHA N I C S F OR A MAT E UR S
n e is s cu d i pl c in t h c sing In t h pol p c s
t e re n a e e a . e e ie e ,
A A bov t h rs I’
,
a d ill d d t pp d hol s
e e ea ,
) ,
a re r e an a e e ,
c ,
f c iving t h st ds f by hich t h ho s sho m g

o r re e e u , ,
w e r e e a
n tse s cur d to t h pol pi c s Th studs f

a re e e e e e e . e , ,
a re
d ill d for c iving k ys 9 by hich t h magn ts

r e re e e , ,
w e e a re
cl mp d in pl c
a e a e .
Th compound magn t 2 is comp s d of thr

e flt e , ,
o e ee a
st l b s fo ming U sh p d m gn ts h h
ee ar ith r -
a e a e , ,
’
. w
t h sp c b t
e n t h pol s d pt d to c iv t h pol
a e e wee e e a a e re e e e e
pi c s A A Th magn t h fits ov r t h djoining

e e ,
’
. e e
z
,
e e a
e d g s of t h m gn ts h h d t h thr m gn ts
e e a e ,
’
,
an e ee a e a re
d ill d to r c iv t h studs f hich xt nd th ough

r e e e e e , ,
w e e r
th m gn ts d into t h pol pi c s t h p rts b ing

e a e an e e e e ,
e a e
cl mp d tog th by k ys d iv n th ough t h hol s in

a e e er e r e r e e
t h studs
e sho n in t h p sp ctiv vi ,
as w e e r e e ew .
Th m tu B is t h ll kno n H t p f S i
e ar a re , ,
e we w v e o e
m ns m d of soft g y c st i on t h sh ft b ing
e ,
a e ra a r ,
e a ,
e
c st int g lly ith t h body of t h rm tu

a e ra Th w e e a a re . e
p t j hich c iv s t h i is nar o r d sho t r

ar , ,
w re e e e w re r we an r e
th n t h pol r xt miti s of t h m tur Th rm

a e a e re e e ar a e . e a a
tur is tu n d so th t its conv x sid s ill r volv

e r e a e e w e e ve rv
n r but not in cont ct ith t h pol pi c s Th

ea a w e e e e . e
sh ft t t h nds of t h matur is turn d d to

a a e e e ar e e ,
an on e
en d is fitt d sl v f insul ting mat i l (

e vul a ee e ,
o a er a
c an i d fib ze h d ubb ) hich is pl c d a
er or ar r er ,
on w a e
b ss ri g $ In t h inn r sid of t h m t llic ing l

ra n ,
. e e e e e a r , , .
is i ns rt d stud to hich is sold d

e e t rmin l
a ,
n , w e re on e e a
of t h m tu coil t h oth t min l f hich i

e ar a re ,
e er er a o w s
sold d to sc e re ns t d in t h sh ft Th a re w 11 I er e e a ,
e
ar m tu i a ound in t h s m m nn r
re l ctro
s w e a e a e as an e e
m gn t t h
a i b in g c i d ound
e ,
m f th
e w re e a rr e ar on e ar o e
a m tu ntil
r a h lf f t h i is in pl c It i
re u on e -
a o e w re a e . s
th n c rri d c oss t h c ntral po tion f t h m

e a e a r e e r o e ar a
H OME ME CHA N IC S F OR AMATE UR S 36 3
tu re ound upon t h oth

an d w m of t h m tu e e r ar e ar a re .
Th e i us d i N 3 4 silk cov d i th r b ing

w re e s o .
-
e re w re ,
e e e
abou t 1 4 ounc s of i upon t h rmatur e nough w re e a e ,

or e
to giv it e ist nc f 2 00 ohms

a re s a e o .
FIG . 325 . D e t a i ls of Ma g n e t o -
C a ll —
th e G e n e ra t or .
To t h b e a r, is s cur d br s pl t
C, e e a a s a e ,
E, by m ns ea
o f sc re ws w hich p ss through t h pl t a e a e an d into t h e
b ar In t h
. e pl t E opposit t h c nt r
a e , , e e e e o f t h bor e f e o
t h pol pi
e e e c s th r i a b ring f
e ,
e e s ea or on e d of t h
en e
sh ft f t h
a o e ar m tur d in t h opposit
a e ,
an e e or upp r d e en
of t h b ss pl t E th is b ring for t h driving
e ra a e , ,
e re a ea e
sh ft F To t h opposit d of t h bar C d to
a ,
. e e en e , ,
an
C is s cu d pl t E hich is also pro’ ’

th b e a r, ,
e re a a e , ,
w
vid d ith b rings f t h rmatur shaft d f

e w ea or e a e an or
t h d iving h ft
e T t h bar C is s cur d a curv d
r S a . o e , ,
e e e
spring hich b ars upon t h insul t d ring l and

,
6, w e e a e , ,
this spring is conn ct d by a ir p ith binding e e w e , ,

w a
post 1 at t h top of t h casing

,
(, e e .
Upon t h d of t h rm tur shaft outsid t h e en e a a e 4 e e
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P R E F A C E

o k f this ch ct poss ss s qu l m rit

w ith nti ly compl t d b fo t h d ath of t h

vant g f t h ﬁn l p us l and cor ction by t h

a uthor S uch h not ho v b n t h c s in t h

p s nt inst nc f t h follo ing ork by t h l t

Tl is no doubt ho v th t this volu m ill com

as surp is t thous nds h h v clos ly follo d

M H opki s o k d h h v njoy d m king ’

volum cont ins much m tt hich h

a pp d in p int d som ticl s hich h v l

obj ct of t h o k is to fu nish food for thought to t h

a m t ur d to giv him sugg stions h by h m y

p ss m ny pl s nt hou s in his o k shop M H p

kins xp t m ch nic O of his chi f pl s

ur s e to m k xp rim nts t his hom in his ll

o f xp im nts m d by him during such idl

p r tus is qui d in c r ying t t h xp im nts

A f a ticl s b oth r utho s h v b n includ d

hop d th t H om M ch nics for Am t urs ill prov

h lpful to many thous nds as has E xp im nt l

e ra m i c s i a t i on of Ma oli c a S tain e d ass an d Oh

S a w i n g M e t a ls S old e ri n g G ri n din g an d P oli s h i n g S i lve r

or ath e ri lls d ri lli n en te ri n g

d P re s s u re auge ain aug e A M e t a lli c Th e r

mak m ny things hich h might not f l

dispos d to buy ; f x mpl h m k tops

nin pins and orn m ntal and us ful obj ts

w ithout much troubl d w ith v ry littl xp ns e an e e e e e .

Th nci nt l th consist d f t conical points sup

port d i position by suit bl st ndards d t h o k

strong cord rapp d onc around t h stick to b turn d

w ith t h upp r d att ch d to a sprin g pol and

about to d scrib is r mov from this primitiv

lath f t h old n tim It h t h t stand rds ith

points or d ad c nt s as th y ould b call d by ma

th st nda d to r c iv hard ood pull y h ving

ins rt d in its sid t diam tric lly Opposit points

t b o turn d th t h n t h pull y is r volv d by

a b lt t h ood ill b turn d t h c nt rs

This l th is mad lmost nti ly from strips f

hard ood 1 inch thick and 25 inch s id Th s

strips b asily furnish d by y c rp nt r c bin t

mak r gon m k r and

and a block f t h sam m t i l inch squar and 2 o e e a er a ,

FIG . 1 . An E a s i ly C on s t ru c te d W ood L ath e .

to mak t h sp c b t n t h strips a littl w id r tha

To ch d of t h b d is s cur d foot consistin g

s cur d by w ood sc s passing up d through h ol s

so f ood ork is conc rn d E ch is form d

m d To opposit sid s of a c ntral pi c 7 5 inc h s

long s cur d sid pi c s 4 inc h long by m ns

f scr s Th s sid pi c s must f cou s b squar

inch f om t h top is bor d hol in hich is ins rt d

a l rg ood sc t h point of hich is ﬁl d conic lly

sho n In t h h d stock is lso bor d a hol

cor spondi g ith th t of t h t il stock to r c iv

conic lly This point should p oj ct bout

from t h h d stock d to t h plain smooth p

pull y bout 1 5 inch s in diam t r t t h bottom f

th groov Th pull y should b f Babbi t t m t l

or typ m t l In t h sid of t h pull y bou t {

inch from t h hol ins rt d t sm ll scr s bout e e ,