ROME: I SE AND F

'

TS RI ALL

A TE X T— B O OK FOR H IG H S CH O OL S
AND C OL L E G E S

I I
P H L P V AN N E S S M Y ERS L H D ,
. . .

A UT H O R O F A H IS T O R Y OF GR EE C E ,
” “
M E D E/E V A L AND MOD ER N

R GE ER R
” “
H IS T O Y, A N AL H IS T O Y,
”
E TC .

BO S T O N , U S A . . .

G IN N C O M P A N Y , P UBL IS H E R S

GU
) : g t b m mu m m a ze

1 9 00
 C O PY R IG H T , 1 900 , BY

P H IL IP V A N N E S S M Y E RS

A LL R IG H T S RE ERS V E D
 P R E FA C E .

has b n writt n in r spons to r qu sts from

T H IS b oo k ee e e e e e

ma y t ach rs that t h author sho ld xpand his littl t xt

n e e e u e e e

book Roman history into a mor xt nd d acco nt of

on e e e e u

Roman a ffairs Although h ntir narrativ has b n. t e e e e ee

laid on t h lin s dra n in t h arli r book still t h pr s nt

e e w e e e , e e e

vol m is practically a
u e work Th d v lopm t of h ne w . e e e en t e

Roman constitution d ring r publican tim s has b n trac d u e e ee e

car f lly st p by st p ; whil sp cial mphasis has b n laid

e u e e e e e ee

u po h caus s that nd rmin d t h instit tions of t h

n t e e u e e e u e

r public and which lat r bro ght abo t t h fall of t h

e ,
e u u e e

e mpir A som what larg r spac than usual has b n

e . e e e ee

giv n to t h d cay f paganism and to t h ris and progr ss

e e e o e e e

of C hristianity in t h mpir T h r chapt rs at t h d e e e . ee e e en

o f t h vol m e d vot d to an acco nt f Rom n civiliza

u e a re e e u o a

tion T h whol work is bound tog th r with n m ro s

. e e e e u e u

cross r f r nc s from paragraph to paragraph d t h t x

-e e e e , an e e t

suppl m nt d by maps illustrations chronological tabl s

e e e , , e ,

lists of coloni s and provinc s c nsus rolls and tabulat d

e e , e e

stat m nts which it is b li v d will b found sp cially

e e , , e e e , e e e

s rvic abl to both t ach s and st d nts

e e e e er u e .

T h titl f h work has d sign dly b n giv n a form

e e o t e e e ee e

calc lat d mak promi nt t h nity f t h history f

u e to e ne e u o e o

2 8 4 291 6
iv P RE FA CE .

Rom som thi g that is apt to b obsc r d by h way

e, e n e u e t e

in w hich h tra sitio from h r p blic to h mpi is

t e n n t e e u t e e re

of n r pr s nt d It is worth whil
te e think to impr ss
e e e . e, we , e

upo h mind of h st d nt that t h mpir simply carri d

n t e t e u e e e e e

to compl tion h work b g n by t h r p blic t h mak

e t e e u e e u e

ing of t h whol world Roman ; and that h ss nc of

e e t e e e e

th history f Rom as is so admirably shown by Thi r y in

e o e, e r

his T b l Z E mpa R m i is t h int rr pt d sto y

ea n d e
’ ’
zre
'

o a n, e un e u e r

of ho w h act d pon t h world abo t h and h that

s e e u e u er ow

world r act d pon h e e u e r.

From t h pr fac of t h original work I transf r to this

e e e e e

plac my acknowl dgm nt of sp cial ind bt dn ss i t h

e e e e e e e n e

pr paration of t h arli r slight k tch which fo ms h

e e e e S e ,
r t e

n cl s of t h pr s nt volum to t h follo w ing a thors d

u eu e e e e, e u an

wo ks Arnold s M omms s N i b hr s M i l L id
r :
’
,
en
’
, e u
’
, e r v a e s,
’

d ll s G ibbon s and L ighton s histori s of Rom ; L ong s

e
’
,
’
,
e
’
e e
’

B li F ll f t b R m R p b li S mith s R m d
’ ’
ee ne a na a o e o an e u c, o e an

C tn g
ar Fro d s Ca G hl and K on r s L if f /
e ; n e
’
a sa r ; u e
’
e o t ze

dR m H adl y s I t d t i t R m
’
G k
r ee s an L o a ns ; e n ro u c on o o an aw ;

D nlop s and C ll orks Roma lit rat r and

’ ’
u ru ttwe s . w on n e u e ;

L i i
a n c anadmirabl work A i t R m i t/ n at f
’
s e ,
nc en o e n ze o

R et en t D iscover ies .

works that I hav s d in t h pr s nt r visio and

The e u e e e e e n

expansion m ntion d i h f r c lists which follow

a re e e n t e re e e n e

th chapt rs thro gho t h book

e In t h cas of impo
e u u t e . e e r

tant w orks that hav app ar d i di ff e t ditions as for e e e n er n e , ,

instanc G ibbon s and M omms n s t h ditio s s d hav

e,
’
e
’
, e e n u e e

b n i dicat d in conn ction wi h h fi st m ntion of th s

ee n e e t t e r e e e

p blications and as a f rth r aid to t h s arch r aft r t h

u ,
u e e e e e e
 P R E FA CE .

passag s r comm nd d for parall l r ading t h r f r nc s

e e e e e e , e e e e e

hav b n mad to chapt r and subj ct as w ll as to pag

e ee e e e e e.

Th maps and illustrations that nrich d t h arli r

e e e e e e

vol m w r in h main s l ct d from vario s sourc s by

u e e e, t e , e e e u e

th e lat P rof W illiam F All n my associat in t h pr pa

e . . e ,
e e e

ration f All n and M y rs A i t f f i t y for his part f

o e e
’
nc en s or ,
o

that work It was through t h kind p rmission of his p

. e e re re

t ti
se n a that th y a ft rward r app ar d in my littl his
ve s e e e e e e

tory of Rom In t h pr s nt vol m a larg part of t h

e . e e e u e e e

ill strativ mat rial is

u ; in
e cas s wh r t h old
e c ts d new e e e e u an

maps hav b n r tain d th y hav in almost v ry insta c

e ee e e , e e e e n e

b n drawn and r engrav d A consid rabl n mb r of

ee re - e e . e e u e

th e maps in color bas d on t h charts accompanying a re e e

Fr man s fifi t i l G g p /y f E
ee
’
p A fair
s or ea propor eo r a z o u ro e.

tion f t h c t o from photographs ; t h r maind r

e u s are e e e ar e

chi fly a s l ction from Ba m ist r s D n l

e e e M i u e e
’
en nz a e er a es
’
a ss s

l A lt t m O scar Ja g r s W ltg l i l t and S chr ib r s

’ ’
e z en er u s, e e e ese i e z e, e e

A tla s f
o Cla ssica l A n t igu it ies .

It r mains for m to xpr ss to my fr i nds D E W

e e e e e r. . .

C y P rincipal of H ugh s H igh S chool C incinnati D

o , e , ,
r.

G org
e B W ak man Instr ctor l ct in H istory in t h
e . e , u -
e e e

Univ rsity of C alifornia and M Jos ph E W hit of

e ,
r. e . e,

th e Franklin S chool C i cinnati my grat ful appr ciation ,

n , e e

of h kindly int r st th y hav tak n in t h progr ss of

t e e e e e e e e

this work and t h g n ro s aid th y hav giv n m in its e e e u e e e e

pr paration
e .

P V N
. . . M .

C O L L E G E H IL L , O H IO ,
J u ne , 1 900 .
 T A BL E O F C O N T EN TS .

P R E F AC E

L IST OF IL L UST RAT IO N S

L IST OF MAPS
T A BL E S A N D C H R O N O L O G IC A L S U M M A R IE S .

P A RT I .
—
R O M E A S A K IN G D O M .

(7 5 3 -
5 09 B C )
AT
. .

CH P ER

I . It a ly an d it s E ly I h bit t s ar n a an

II . Th e S o ci ty d G v m t f
e an o ern en o Ea r ly R ome

R ligi
,

‘
III T h e Ro m an e on

K i ng s
.

IV . Ro m e u nd th
er e

P A R T II .
—
R O M E A S A R E P U BL IC .

( - 1
5 9 3
0 8

V . ly R p blic Pl b i b c m C iti
Th e E a r e with F ll
u e e a ns e o e z ens u

Right - 6 B
(5 9 3 7 ) s 0 C.

s t f I t ly (367 64 B )
. .

T h C nqe o ue o a —2 C

T h Fi s t P
. . .

e ic W
r
( 64 u n
4 B C ) ar . 2 —2 1

th g b tw n t h Fi s t d t h S c d
. .

R m o nd C e a ar a e e ee e r an e e on

P ic W (
u n 4 8 B ) ar . 2 I— 2 1 C

N
. .

S E C T IO I — Ro m e
N
.

S E CT IO II .
— C ar th g a e

c nd P ic W
Th e S e o ( 8 B C ) un ar 21 —2 0 1

t s b tw
. . .

Ev en th S c n d nd t h
e T hi d P
een ic W e e o a e r u n ar

C n q s t f t h E s t by R m
o u e
( 46 B C )
o e a o e z o r— I

W s
. . .

T h T hi d P nic
e d N m n ti
r u an u a ne ar

S C N I T h T hi d P nic W ( 49 46 B C )
E T IO - e r u ar 1 -1

N II Th N m ti W ( 43 33 B )
. . . .

S E C T IO . e u an ne a r. I —I . C .

vii
 TA BL E OF C ON TE N TS .

CH AT
P ER P A GE

X II T h e P e r i d
o of t h e Re o v l ti u on
( I3 3— 98 BC ) 2 07

III
. . .

X . T h e Pe r i d
o of th e Re v l ti
o u on
( Con t i n u ed) .
(98 —
7 8 B C . .
) 235

X IV . Th e Per i d
o of th e Re v l ti
o u on
( Con c lu ded) . 8
(7 3— 1 BC . .
) 2 64

P A R T III .
— R O M E A S A N E M P IR E .

(3 I B C -A D
. . . .

Th e E st
bli h m t f t h E m pi
a s d th
en R ig f o e re an e e n o

A g st s C s u u
(3 B A D 4)
u ae ar I c — I

F m T ib i s t M c s A li s (A D 4 8 )
. . . . .

ro er u o ar u u re u 1 —1 0

d C m m d s nd Th B ck Em
. . .

Th E m pi
e re u n
“ er o o u a e a rra

p s (A D S 84) e ro r .
”
. . I O— 2

Th R ig
e ef D i cl ti n o
(A D 84 3 5 ) o e an . 2 — 0

t ti n t h G t d Es t blis h m t f
. .

R ign f C
e o o n s an e e re a an a en o

C h i s ti nity th
r Fv a d R ligi n f t h Em
as e a o re e o o e

pi (A 3 6
re .
3 3 7) D 0 -

J li n t h A p s t t nd t h P g R t ti
. .

u a e o a e a e a an e s o ra o n.

6 3 3)
1 — 6
3
X X I T h e L as
. t Cen t u r
y of the Em pi re in t h e We st .
( A D . .

3 76
X X II . S u m m ar y of t h e C a u se s of th e Fa ll of th e Em p re i

P A RT IV .
— A R C H ITE C T U R E , L ITE R A T U R E , LAW ,

AN D S O C IA L L IFE .

XXII I Ar chit ct e u re

XXI
.

V L it t P hil
e r a u re ,phy d L w o so an a

S ci l L if
.
,

X XV . o a e

IN D E x AN D P R N U N C N
O V C A BU A RY
O I G O L
 LI S T O F I L L US T R A T I O N S .

Af t er p ht o ograp h s a nd f r o m c u t tks a en f ro m Bau m e it

s er s
’
D e n k m a e le r de s kla s s isc lze n
A lt e r t u m s , O sc ar J ae ge r s
’
Sc h ib re
’
er s A t la s of
Cla ssic a l A n t iq u it ie s , an d o th e r re li b l
a e so u r c e s .

P A GE

I . T h e Ro m a n Fo ru m
2. S c e ne o n the T ib er

3 . ci t E t s c T m b
An An en ru an o

4 W ll P i ti g f a - Et a n c B q tn o an ru s an an u e

s
.

5 R i d T m pl
u ne t P t m e es a ae u

ifi i l V icti m s
.

1
6 S ac r c a

s
.

7 H d f J
. ea o anu .

8 V t l V i gi es a r n

s c f t h E t ils f
.

9 D ivi
. i g by M n n f t h A pp e an o e e a ra n e o e n ra o a

S ifi i l V icti m ac r c a 3 1

1 0. Th S it f T ib
e th M d
e o T iv li u r, e o e rn o 40
II. A A ci t R m C i b i g t h P w f S hip
n n en o an o n e ar n e ro o a 46
1 2. A S cti f t h S vi
e on o W ll e er an a 47
13 T h C l c M xi m
. e oa a a a 48
14 V i w f t h C pit li
. e o e a o ne 49
15 R m S ldio an o er
53
W lf
.

16 Th C pit li
. e a o ne o
5 8
I7 L ict. o rs 63
18 S m it W
. a i n e a rr o r 1 1 6
1
9 V i. w t h A
e ppi W
on
y e an a 1 2

20 Th P w f
. e R m ro W S hip o a o an a r- 1 45
2 1 Th C l m e f D illi o u n o u us 1 47
Bi d s
.

A g
’
22 . u ur s r 1 51
2
3 H ib l an n a 1 62

f M c di
.

24 Philip V
. . o a e on a 1 75

F m ph t g ph
1 ro a d R m b y M i L y M Bl
o o ra h d h th
sec u r e at o e ss uc . an c ar t e au or s
’
f or
d k i dl y l
,

m p p il
er u , db y h
an f np d ti o an e er o r re ro u c on .

ix
 L IS T OF IL L US TR A TION S .

Pu bli us C o r ne li s S cipi ( Af ic
u o r a nu sM j
a or )
Co i n of An ti ch s t h G t
o u e re a

P e r se u s of M c d i
a e on a

Mari u s
Co i n of th e t li
Ia an Con fd e e ra cy
Mit h ra da t e s t h e G re a t
Pom p y th e e G re a t
R o m a n T ra di g V
n e ss l e

J li
u us Ca s ar

M ar c u Bru t u s s
M a rk A n t o n y
O ct vi s a Y u th as a ou

C ic e ro

A g st s
u u u

M c a s e na

Th P e th ( xt i )
Ean eo n er o r

T ib i er u s

G lba a

V p i
es as a n

J d C pt
u ae a a a

T i m ph l P c
r u i n f m t h A ch f T it
a ro e ss o ro e r o u s
T h C l ss
e m ( Ext i )
o o eu er o r

A St t i P m p ii
re e n o e

T j ra a n

B idg
r v t h D b b ilt by T j
e o er e an u e, u ra a n

T j ns C l m
’
ra a o u n

B ttl S c
a f m T j s C l mn
e e ne ro ra a n
’
o u

B s i gi g D ci n C ity
e e n a a a

Th R m n W ll i N
e o th B it i
a a n or e rn r a n

H d ia r an

R m o S ldi an tt cki g G m F t
o e rs a a n a er an o r re s s
C mm d s (
o H c l )
o u as er u es

C c ll
a ra a a

T i m ph f S p
r u v Vl i o a or o er a e r an

D i cl ti n
o e a

A ch f C ns t
r o ti it pp s t d y
o an ne , a s a e ar o- a

J li n t h A p s t t
u a e o a e

G m er s c ssi g t h Rhi
an ro n e ne

R m o S ig l -T w s S
an t i s dS t h
na o er en r e an o re o u se o n the D a nu b e

th n (I nt i )
, ,

Th P e an eo er o r
 L IS T OF IL L US TR A TION S . xi
Ru i ns of T h t e a re a t A sp e ndo s
Th e C o l o ss eu m (I t i
n er o r )
G ro tt o of P o silipo
t d G d n Ni m
Th e P o n u ar , ear es

Th C l edi n A q d ct
au a u e u

G t H ll f t h B th s f D i c lti
re a a o e a o o e an

B thi g C h i
a n a r

P i t yl
er s f P mp i n H
e o a o e a o u se

R i s f th P l c
u n o f th C s e a a e o e ae sa r

M s l m f H d i
au o eu o a r an

V gil
er

Th O t e Qit H t is
ra o r u n us o r e ns u

S c
e ne a

C h i t R ci g
ar o - a n

G l di t
a a o rs

S m ici c l
e Di i g C
r u ch ar n n - ou

R m n L m n t ti n f
o a th D a d e a o or e ea

L STI O F C O L O RE D M AP S .

It ly b f
a e o re t h e G ro wth of th e Ro m an P o w e r t
af e r

Th e M e dit e r ra n e a n L a n d s at th e Be gi n n i ng of th e Se c d
on

Pu n ic War 21 8 BC
s
. .
,

T h e Ro m a n D o m i i n on at t h e E nd of t h e M ith ra d a tic W a r ,

64 B C . .

pi t t h D th f A g t A D 4
Th e Ro m a n E m re a e ea o u u s u s, . 1

Th R m n E m pi
e o d T j AD 7
a re u n er ra a n , 1 1

divid d i t P f ct s
. .

Th R m n E m pi
e o a re e n o re e u re

B b i
ar I d s n t h F ll f t h R m E m pi
ar a n nro a o e a o e o an re

G l R f c M p f t h R m E m pi t it s G
e n e ra e e re n e a o e o an re a t t
re a e s

E xt t en

I
L ST O F S K ET C H MA PS .

I. Th e Mo u n t a i n S ys t em o f Ia t ly
2. Ro m e u n d er the K i g
n s

3 . Th e A g er Ro m a nu s ( C
B .
4 50 )
 L IS T OF IL L US TR A TION S .

a Th e A g er Ro m a n u s( B C 3 38)
. .

n Ro ut f H nnib l
e o a a

C n t l I t ly t t h T i m
u
a
s e ra a a e e of the Se c d on Pu n ic W ar
w Plan of t h B ttl f C n e a e o a n ae

a R m n B it i n
o a r a

P R m
o nd e uth E m pi er e re

T A BLE S AN D C H R O N O L O G IC A L S UM M A R E S I .

T h e S e na t e, th e As s em s d
bli e , an the M agis t ra t e s of the Re

Ta bl f L ti n C l
e o a o on e i s i I t ly n a

T bl
a e of C ivic [
R m n C i It ly o a ] l is o on e n a

C h n l gic l S m m y f R m n H i t y t t h E d f t h
ro o o a u ar o o a s or o e n o e

R p blic e u

L i t f R m n P vi c s ch n l gic ll y
s o o a gd
ro n e ro o o a a r ra n e

I P ih O g
ro vi d d t h R p blic
ces r an z e u n er e e u

P vi c s O g
.

II i d d t h Em pi
ro n e r an z e u n er e re

h wi g t h N m b f R m C iti s t D i ff t
.

T bl
a e s o n e u er o o an z en a e re n

P i d s f t h R p blic
er o d t h E m pi
o e e u an e re

T bl
a f R m n Em p
e o f m A g t t M c s A li
o a e r o rs ro u us us o ar u u re u s

T bl
a e f R mo Em p s f m C mm d s t R m l s
o an e ro r ro o o u o o u u

A g st s u u u

Fi l P titi
na ar f th R m Em pi
on o e o an re
 RO M E '

IT S RI S E AN D FA L L .

P ART I . RO M E AS A KI N G D O M .

(7 5 3 —
5 09 13

C H A PT E R I .

I A D TA L YR I H B N IT S EA LY N A IT A N T S .

Divi i n
I . f t h It li P ni u l
s o s o B for Rom ros e a an e ns a. — e e e e

to gr atn ss t h nam It li was limit d to a small district

e e , e e a a e

in h so thw st rn part f mod rn Italy By h b gin

t e u e e o e . t e e

ning of t h C hristian how v r it had com to mbrac

e e ra , e e ,
e e e

th whol
e of t h p nins la from t h Alps to h S icilian
e e e u e t e

st aits W hall from t h outs t

r . e th
S nam in its , e e ,
u se e e

lat st and wid st application

e e .

As a matt r of co v ni nc t h Italian p nins la is

e n e e e, e e u

g n ally conc iv d as consisting f thr s ctions

e er e e o ee e ,

N orth rn C ntral and S o th rn Italy

e ,
e Th first com ,
u e . e

pris s t h g at basin f t h riv r P (P d ) lying b tw n

e e re o e e o a us , e ee

th Alps e d t h Ap nnin s an In anci nt tim s this part

e e e . e e

of Italy includ d thr districts nam ly L iguria G allia

e ee , e , ,

C isalpina and V n tia L iguria mbrac d h southw st

, e e . e e t e e

e rn and V n tia t h north ast rn part of N orth rn Italy

e e e e e e .

G allia C isalpina lay b tw n th s two districts occ pying e ee e e , u

 ‘

1
ji AJN GD OM
'

2 t .

the fin st portion of h vall y of t h P It c iv d its

e t e e e 0 . re e e

na m w hich m ans G a l this ( h Italian) sid of h

e, e
“
u on t e e t e

Alps from h G allic trib s that abo t h fi fth c nt ry

,
”
t e e u t e e u

b for
e f ound th ir way ov r h
e ou r mo ntains d
e ra e e t e u an

s ttl d po th s rich lands

e e u n e e .

Th cou tri s of C ntral Italy w r Etr ia L ati m

e n e e e e u r , u ,

an d C ampania facing t h W st rn or Tyrrh nian S , ; e e e , e ea

Umb ia and P i m looking t ov r h East r

r c e nu , ou e t e e n, or

Adriatic S and Samni m and t h co ntry of h S abin s

ea u e u t e e ,

occ pyi g t h ro gh mo tai districts of h Ap n in s

u n e u un n t e e n e .

S o th rn Italy compris d t h districts of Ap lia L ca

u e e e u , u

i C alabria and B t i m
n a, C l b i form d h h l
,
ru t u . a a r a
l
e t e
“
ee ,
”

and B t t i m t h t of h boot lik p ins la T h

ru u e
“
oe,
”
t e -
e en u . e

coast r gion of So th Italy was call d M g G i

e u er n e a na ra c a,

or G r at G r c on account of h n mb r and impor

“
e ee e,
”
t e u e

ta c of t h G k citi s that d ring t h p riod f H l

n e e re e e u e e o e

l mic supr macy w r stablish d th s shor s

e e e e e e on e e e .

Is l nd
2 . Th larg island of S icily lyi g j st ff
a s. — e e ,
n u o

th m inland t h south may b r ga d d simply a

e a on e , e e r e as

d tach d fragm t of Italy so intimat ly has its history

e e en , e

b n con ct d w ith that f h p ni s la In anci nt

ee ne e o t e e n u . e

tim s it was h m ti g plac and battl gro nd of h

e t e ee n - e e- u t e

C arthaginians G r ks d Rom ns , ee , an a .

This island had som s ch infl c pon Roman histo y e u u en e u r

as h islands of t h [Eg S x t d pon h histo y

t e e e an ea e er e u t e r

of G r c As t h islands w hich st d that

ee e. w r i e u se a e e, n

e ff ct st pping ston s that dr w t h

e , e i habitants of co ti - e e e n n

ne n at l Gr c to t h sho s of Asia M inor d h s mad

ee e e re an t u e

1 i g
Du r Middl g s this
n t sf d
th e s th e A e na m e w a s ra n e rr e to the ou

w s t p t I t ly th t i s
e e rn ar p i s l
of d thi s f
a s , a ,
t o t h e t o e o f th e en n u a , an o rm

t h e C a ab l i
r a of t o -da y .
 ITA L Y A N D ITS E A R L Y IN H A BI TA N TS .
3

thos lands a part of t h G r k w orld so was S icily a

e e ee ,

st pping ston that as

e - sh ll l a n (par
e tic d ,
we a e r . en e

th Romans to t h
e African shor and th s start d th m
e e, u e e

on a car r of for ign conq st which did not d ntil

ee e ue en u

th ir armi s had mad not only N orth Africa b t all h

e e e u t e

o t h r M dit rran an lands a part f t h mpir of Rom

e e e e o e e e e.

gr at islands of C orsica and Sardinia lying to h

Th e e ,
t e

w st f Italy w r arly tak n poss ssion of by t h Romans

e o , e e e e e e

( par y. t th y x rt d no spe cial infl nc

e as S icily
e e e e ue e,

did pon t h co rs of th ir fort s

, u e u e e u ne .

3 M unt in
. d R iv r
o Italy lik t h oth r t w o
a s an e s. , e e e

p nins las of So th rn E rop G r c and S pain h a

e u u e u e, ee e ,
as

high mountain barri r h Alps alo g i o th rn fronti r e , t e ,

n ts n r e e .

C ic ro onc said that t h gods had ais d this w all to pro

e e e r e

t ec tth p ninsula from t h north n ba barians If such

e e e er r .
4 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

was t h p rpos of h c l stial mo ntain build rs it was

e u e t e e e u - e ,

a strang ov rsight on th ir part that th y sho ld hav

e e e e u e

l ft a gr at gap in h East rn or J lian Alps ; for h r is

e e t e e ,
u e e

a low pass thro gh which t h barbarians as shall l arn u e ,

we e ,

oft n pour d lik d vastating floods in o Italy

e e e e t .

C orr spondi g to h P indus rang in G

e c t h Ap n
n t e e re e e, e e

nin s run as a gr at c ntral ridg th o gh Italy East

e e e e r u .

ward f t h anci nt L ati m th y spr ad

o e i to broad e u e e ou t n

u plands which in arly tim s nourish d a rac of hardy

, e e e e

mo ntain rs who inc ssantly harri d t h t rritori s of h

u ee , e e e e e t e

mor civiliz d lowland rs f L ati m and C ampania Th s

e e e o u . u

th physical conformation f this part f t h p nins la

e o o e e u

shap d la g s ctions f Roman history ( par

e r e ej st as o . u

in h cas of S cotland h physical co trast b t w n

t e e
'

t e n e ee

t h north and h
e so th was r fl ct d for c nt i s in t h
t e u e e e e ur e e

antagonisms of highland rs and lo w land rs e e .

Italy has o ly r ally gr at riv r h P which n o ne e e e , t e o,

drains h la g north rn vall y alr ady m ntion d lying

t e r e e e , e e e ,

b tw n t h Alps and t h Ap nni s Th str ams

e ee e e e ne . e e ru n

ning down t h ast rn lop of t h Ap nnin s e horte e S e e e e are S

and of littl vol m Among th m t h A fid t h e u e . e e u u s, e

M taur s and t h
e R bicon
u ,
conn ct d w ith gr at e u are e e e

matt rs of history O t h banks of t h A fid was

e . n e e u us

fought t h gr at b ttl of C an (par e pon t h

e a e n ae . u e

M taur s H asdr bal h broth r of H annibal was d f at d

e u ,
u , t e e , e e e

i
n h S co d P nic W
t e ( par
e nd into h R bicon
u ar . an t e u

it w as that C sar pl ng d w h n h cast t h di for t h

a
e u e e e e e e

e mpir of t h world ( par

e e .

Among t h riv rs draining h w st rn slop s of t h

e e t e e e e e

Ap nnin s t h
e poss ssing t h gr at st histo ic int r st
e , e o ne e e e e r e e

is t h Tib r on t h banks f which Rom aros N orth

e e , e o e e .
 I TA L Y A N D I TS E A R L Y IN H A BITA N TS .
5

of this str am is h A no ( A ) which wat r

e t e r r nu s ,
e e d a part
o f ht old Etruria ; d so th f it t h L iris
e an u o ,
e , o ne of the

chi f riv rs of C ampania

e e .

4 T h. F r nt d t h B
e k fot h L dan T h e ac o e an .
- e physical
str ctur of a country that is t h position and h
u e , , e t e tr nd ofe

its mountain chains t h cours f its riv rs t h , e e o e ,

e slop of e

SCE N E ON THE T IBE R .

( Af t e r an o ld e ngr a vi n g. )

its plains and vall ys and t h distrib tion of its s aports

e ,
e u e ,

d t rmin s which sid shall b t h front and which t h back

e e e e e e e

of t h country a matt r oft n f v ry gr at importanc

e e e o e e e .

N N orth n Italy fronts h

ow ast This ci cumstanc
er t e e . r e

bro ght it abo t that t h fi ld f m rcantil and political

u u e e o e e

e nt rpris f t h gr at city of V nic w hich in m di val

e e o e e e e, e ae

tim s gr w p ar t h mo th of t h P should b t h
e e u ne e u e o, e e

countri s f t h E ast rn M dit rran an

e o e e e e e .

B M iddl and S o th rn Italy on t h oth r hand front

u t e u e , e e ,
6 R OM E AS A K IN G D OM

the w e st
Ap nnin s h r h g h s sho of
. Th e e e e e u t e ea tern re

t h p eins la and th s r nd r tha coast pr cipito s with

en u , u e e t e u ,

f ewgood hav s for ships O t h w st ho w v r h en . n e e , e e , t e

mo tai s r c d f om h
un n d s v r l w id
e d rich e e r t e se a , a n e e a e an

plai s st tch from th ir f t to t h at rs of t h T y h

n re e ee e w e e rr e

ni n S
a O this id also
e a. s v ral fi harbors h
n S e a re e e ne , t e

most c l brat d of which is that of N apl s ( M p li )

e e e e a o s .

Th s as hav said this part of h p i s la turns

u ,
we e , t e en n u

its fac w st w ard W hat mak s i importa t for

e e to . e t n u s

notic this circ mstanc is t h f ct that G r c fac s t h

e u e e a ee e e e

e ast and t h at th s th s t w o p i s las as t h histo ian

,
u e e en n u , e r

M omms n xpr ss s it t r th ir b cks to ach oth r

e e e e , u n e a e e .
2

This b o ght it abo t that Rom dth citi s of G r c had

r u u e an e e ee e

almost no d ali gs with a oth r for ma y c t ri s

e n one n e n en u e .

H d t h two la ds fac d ach oth r th ir fort n s might

a e n e e e ,
e u e

e a ly hav b n nit d and th s h whol co rs of h

r e ee u e ,
u t e e u e t e

histo y of antiq ity might hav b n chang d

r u e ee e .

5 E rly Inh b it nt
. a f Ita ly Th r w i arly tim s a a s o . e e e re n e e

thr chi f rac s in Italy t h Italians h E tr sc ns and

ee e e : e , t e u a ,

h G r ks Italia s a branch of h Ary n family

3
t e Th ee . e n , t e a ,

e mbrac d two p i cipal stocks h L ati d t h Umb o

e r n , t e n an e r

S b llia ( Umb ia s S abin s S amnit s L

a e n i r n , e , e , u c a n a n s,

th eva io s trib s or atio s of which occ pi d n a ly

r u e n n u e e r

2 W h il e
gi which t h hi t ic l d v l p m n t f G c
th e re o ns o n e s or a e e o e o re e e

h b n m in ly d p d t A ttic d M c d i l k t t h
as ee a e t
en en — a an a e on a — oo o e eas

i L ti m d C m p i l k t t h w s t In thi w y t h t w
,

Et ru r a, a u an a an a oo o e e s a e o

p i s l ighb s d l m t i s t s s t d
.
,

en n cl
u as , so it w
o se ne or an a os s er an as e re

M MM N H i t y f R
,

a v t d f m ch th
er e ro ea l i p o 7 er
”
O SE s or o onz e , v o 2

B s id s th s p i cip l c s th w t h I pygi s in C l b i
. . .
.
, .

3 r n an r a,
e e e e a ra e e re e re e a a a

an d th V ti s d t h L ig i s i t h n t h f t h p i l
e e ne an an e u r an n e or o e e n n su a

c b t t h th w s m i gly
.

Th L ig i
e w f A y
u r ans e re o n o n- r a n ra e, u e o e rs e re ee n

of A y n rl ti hip
a re a o ns .
 ITA L Y A N D I TS E A RL Y IIVH A BI TA N TS .
7

all C ntral and a consid rabl part of South rn Italy

e ,
e e e ,
.
"

M ost important of all t h Italian p opl s w r t h e e e e e e

L atins who dw lt
,
in L atium b tw n t h
e Tib r and h ,
e ee e e t e

L iris Th
.
s p opl lik all
e et h Italianse w e,k i e e ,
e re
'

n e ar n

dr d of t h G r ks and brought with th m into Italy thos

e e ee ,
e e

c stoms mann rs b li fs and institutions that form d t h

u ,
e , e e ,
e e

AN A N N C IE T ET RU SC A N TO M B .

(T hi ll d T m b
s is t h e so —ca e o of Re li f e s,C ”
at e r v e t ri , i tC
the an c e n a re , t i
in E ru r a .

Th ll d p ill
e wa s an a r s a re de c ora t d ith
e w ar m d t
s an il i u e ns s n pa i t d li f
n e re e ,

d b tlou i t dde ss n en e as a su b s tit t f h

u e or t i l th m lv
e art c e s e se e s. S C H R E IBE R ,
A t in s f
o Cla ss ic a l A n t iq u it ies ) .

common poss ssion of h vario s b anch s of t h gr at

e t e u r e e e

Aryan rac Th ir lif was for t h most part that of

e . e e
‘

sh ph rds d farm rs T h l adi g p s ntativ s of

e e an e . e e n re re e e

4tic c f lly
No l g e c v d by
a re u I t li c l the ar e a re a o e re th e a an o o r on th e

acc p yi g
om
( p
an t li
n c f d m ap b t p t Th e I a a n ra e o rm e the es ar of t he

f d
.

m t i l
a er a which lR
o u t of ti t h e re a o m an n a on w as o rm e .
8 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

this branch of t h Italia s w r h Romans of whos e n e e t e , e

social d r ligio s lif and political arr g m nts w

an e u e an e e e

shall com to sp ak in s bs q nt chapt s

e e u e ue er .

Among t h Umbro Sab llian folk t h S amnit s

e f - e , e e a re o

sp cial i t r st to t h stud nt f Roman history for h

e n e e e e o , t e

r ason that th y w r
e of t h most formidabl of t h
e e e o ne e e e

en mi s of arly Rom d w conq r d by t h Romans

e e e e, an e re ue e e

only aft r lo g and st bborn fighting

e n u .

Th E tr scans
e a w althy c ltur d and
u faring , e ,
u e , se a -

p opl of nc tai ac and o igin d w lt in Etr ria

e e u er n r e r , e u ,

no w c ll d T scany aft r th m Th ey h form d a

a e u e e . e re e

l ag of tw lv citi s promin nt amo g w hich w r

e ue e e e , e n e e

V l i T q i ii V ii
o s nn , C r C l si m
ar nd A
u ti m
n , e , se e , u u , a r re u .

B f or t h ris of t h Roman p opl th y w r t h l ad

e e e e e e e e e e e e

W A L L-P A I N N
RU SCA N BAN Q U ET
TI G O F AN ET .

(F m Et
ro an t m b f h fifth t y
ru scan o Thi ill t t m g th
o t e cen u r BC . . s cu t u s ra e s , a on o er

thi g h t t f m g h Et
n s, t e s a e o th t ly d t B q ti g
a rt a on t e ru scan s at a e ar a e . an u e n

f it p t ti
sce n e s ar e Et
a vo r t mb
e re p h gi df
re se n al on s o n ru scan o s , sa rco a an u n e ra

T h p t i ip t t d i h h igh t f i l j ym t“
u rn s. e p ar c a or s w e re re r e se n e n t e e o so c a en o en

ym b l i h b li hi h h i p i it h d t d D NN Cit i ” -
to s o z e t e ss o n w c t e r s r s a e n e re . E IS , es

dC m an i f Ee i l i p
et er e s o tr u r a , vo . . .

in g rac i h p nins la N m o s art r mai s rock

e n t e e u . u er u e n ,

cu t tombs fr gm nts of walls massiv dik s to k p back

,
a e , e e ee

th e and long d ainag t nn ls pi rcing h sid s of

se a , r e u e e t e e
IO R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

r ks b gan th ir s ttl m nt i lo w r Italy d i g

Th e G ee e e e e e n e ur n

th g of G r k colo ial xpansio

e a e that is to say towards ee n e n, ,

th d of t h
e en ighth c nt ry Among h citi s that e e e u BC . t e e

th y fo nd d h r
e Ta t m ( Taras ) w hich at
u e e e w as re n u , o ne

tim h d a s v r fight w ith Rom ( par

e a T h G r ks e e e e . e ee

also stablish d many coloni s in h ast n po tion of

e e e t e e er r

S icily Of t h citi s h r Syrac s

. h of most e e e e, u e w as t e o ne

importa c for Roman history (par n Thro gh h

e . u t e

m di m of th s vario s G k citi s h Romans w

e u e e u re e e t e e re

ta ght hu of l tt s d giv n v l bl s gg stio s

t e u se e er an e a u a e u e n

in matt s of la w d co s itutio l gov rnm nt

er an n t na e e .

RE FRN E b k th t t t h d f t h di ff t ch pt
E C ES [
T h e oo s a a e en s o e e re n a e rs

ly s l cti
.

h v b
a egg t d f p ll l di g
ee n su f ces e or ara e re a n are , o o u rse , o n a e e on

v s t lit t f c
,

ou t f o a W ith v y f w xc pti
a th
e ra u r e . er e e e o n s, e re e r e n e s

h v b
a e t ict d t w k s i E gli h Th p tic l b k s d
e en re s r e o or n n s e ar u ar oo an

th ght w ld p v m t h lpf l d
.

ch pt which it h b
a ers as een ou ou ro e os e u an

sti m l ti g t y g d h v b i dic t d by s t isk Th

u a n o ou n re a e rs a e een n a e a er s e

t f t h b k s th m k d id f m t h xt d d hi t i s
.

m os o e oo u s ar e as e ro e e en e s or e

f M m ms
,

o Ih
o M iv l d G ibb
en, m g ph
ne , er a e, an o n, a re o no ra s or o ne

v l m w k
o u e s p ci l s bj ct d c q tly
or s on t m ll e a u e s, an o ns e u en c an , a s a

exp n b dd d t t h s ch l lib y h ld it h pp n th t th y
e se , e a e o e oo ra r s ou a e a e

h v t l dy f d pl c th F f th f c df
,

a e no a re a ou n a a e e re . or ur e r r e e re n e s, a n or

v l bl hi ts d s gg s ti s i g d t c
a ua e n an s f st dy d d u e on n re ar o o u rs e o u an re a

i gi R m
n hi s t y t h s t d t s h ld c
n o an l t t h l t s t diti f
or e u en ou o n su e a e e on o

C K Ad m s M
,

l f H i t i l L it ]
’
a t anu a o s or c a er a u r e

M MM N s by W P D ick s ) l i
. .

O s t y f R m (t
SE * oi o o e ra n on vo

ch p i d FR M A N (E
. . . .
.
,

a s. . an T/ H i t i l G g p /y f E
II. EE p . ze s or ca eo ra z o u ro e,

vo l i ( t xt ) pp 7 9 43 49 e T R (H Cl i l G g pn
—
y ( L it
— OZ E a ss c a eo ra

P im s dit d by J h R ich d G ) ch p s ix d x
. . . .
.
,

t
e ra u r e r er , e e o n ar ree n , a . . an .

M R V E H i t y f fil R m
I ALE d t/ E mpi l iv
s or o e o a ns u n er ze r e, vo

pp 4 4 4 6 ; f s m i t s ti g b v ti s
. .

1 — 1 or th vid c o e n e re n o se r a on on e e en e

ff d d by
.

a or ci t g g phic l m
e an f th w d d ch ct i
en eo ra a na es o e oo e ar a er n

e ar ly ti m s f t h di t ict s b t R m D NN (G ) T/ Cit i
e o e s r a ou o e . E IS PO , ze es

an dC m t i f eE t i l i I
e e r es o t d cti T h th p b bly r u r a , vo . . n ro u on .
”
e au or ro a

ex gg t t h d bt which t h
a e ra e s ly civili ti e f R m e w d t th e e ar z a on o o e o e o e

p c di ng c lt
re e f Et i u u re o r u r a.
 C H A PT E R II .

TH E S O C ET Y I AND G O VE RN M E N T O F E A RL Y RO M E .

6 . n F m ily O g t diff
Th e R om a b tw n
a .
— ne re a . e re n c e e ee

mod rn d anci nt soci ty is that mod rn soci ty is mad

e an e e e e e

u p of individ als whil anci nt soci

u ty was mad
, p of e e e e u

g o ps of individ als Th s i arly Rom and Rom

r u u . u n e e — e

i this r sp ct is r pr s ntativ
n e e f all t h p imitiv citi s
e e e e o e r e e

of G c and Italy of which poss ss any k o w l dg

re e e we e n e e

we find composing h comm nity vario s gro ps bodi s t e u u u , e ,

or associa io s of p rsons t n e .

Fi st at t h bottom as it w r of Roman soci ty and

r ,
e e e e

formi g its ultimat nit was t h family ; a gro p how

n e u , e u ,

e v q it di ff r nt in its compositio and in t h r l s

e r, u e e e n, e u e

and sag s d t mining t h m t al d ti s and lations of

u e e er e u u u e re

its m mb rs f rom th gro p that among b a s h sam

e e , e u us e r t e e

n am e .

T h typical Roman family consist d of h fath r ( p t

e e t e e a e;

f m
a i li ) and moth
as r t h sons tog th r with th ir w iv es , e ,
e e e e

an d sons and t h nmarri d da gh s W h n a daught r

,
e u e u t er . e e

marri d h b cam a m mb r of h family to whic h h

e S e e e e e t e er

h sband b long d M arriag i arly im s was s ally

u e e . e n e t e u u

sol m iz d by a sacr d r ligio s c r mo y for t h r ason

e n e e e u e e n ,
7
e e ,

M 7 i g h wv
a rr a ss d di t s
e, o e g e r, R sa u me ff e r e n f o rm am o n th e o m an

b ght b t by di f t c is st f l d
,

an d w as ro u a ou f e ren e re m o n e Th e m o o rm a an

s c d it f
.

a re th t k w
r e
f
w as a c k no l n as c o n a r r ea t io, ro m th e a e of m ea

(f p
a r r en s
) th t c s tit t d
a n ts f i g l t ti s i g
a on u e the of er n In a er me m a rr a e

l s t it s s c d
.

o d a re it l b c v y
ne s s a n ( t h e m ar a t ie e am e er lax p ar .

II
12 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

as shall in a mom nt that h family was a gro p

we se e e , t e u

of worshipp rs as w ll as a gro p of ki sm n and t h

c o- e , e u n e , e

bringing in of a m mb r lik t h yo g wif ne w a e e , e e un e, w as

matt r that conc rn d h g ardian spirits of t h association

e e e t e u e .

Th most important f at r or l m nt of this family

e e u e e e e

gro p was t h a hori y of t h fath r H i pow r ov r

u e u t t e e . s e e

e ach d all of its m mb rs was l gally absol t H

an e e e u e .
8
e w as

t h propri tor of h family in almost t h sam s ns that

e e t e e e e e

h ewas h propri tor of its goods and lands H co ld

t e e . e u

s ll his wif or his son j st as h co ld s ll

e e f his u e u e o ne o

slav s H was h sol j dg f t h m mb rs of h

e . e t e e u e o e e e t e

family and co ld p t to d ath witho t app al v n a son

,
u u e u e e e

grow to man s stat F t h

n tho gh marri d and
’
e e . or e so n , u e

livi g in his o w n ho s and holding p rhaps high o ffic

n u e, e e

i h stat r main d nd r h po r of t h fath r d ring '

n t e e, e e u e t e we e e u

t h f th r s lif tim L at in t h p riod of t h p blic a

’
e a e e e . e e e e re u

fath r act ally p to d ath his w ho was at h tim a

e u u t e so n t e e

s nator
e .
9

B t altho gh this pow r of h fath r w as in arly Rom

u u e t e e e e

th s wholly nlimit d by t h constit tion and laws of h

u u e e u t e

stat still it was r strict d by c stom and r ligion j st as

e, e e u e ,
u

among o rs lv s many acts u l gal which how v r

e e a re e , e e , a re

disapprov d by consci nc and p blic pinio C stom

e e e u O n . u

r q ir d that t h fath r in x rcising his t h it y

e u e e e e e au or as

j dg sho ld s k h advic of t h ar st r lativ s of h

u e u ee t e e e ne e e e t e

8 h sb d s th ity v hi s wif h w v
Th e u an
’
au b l t or o er e, o e e r, w as n o t a so u e

l s hi s
u n es i g db c l b t d m a rr a e th w ys (
ha een e e ra e in o ne of th e re e a c on

f d
a r r ea t io, c oe m
p ) which l c ld t
t io, f an d ght u su s a o ne ou ra n s e r the au er

ou f th s p w i t th t
t of t h e a h sb d
er
’
hi b ch
o er n o a of h er u an T s ra n of th e

s
.

p w o er p of
f d
th e ig t d by t
a te r - a m d ilia r w as e na e the e rm m a nu s,
’
an

th t which c c d his child

a k w
o n e r ne p p re n w as no n as t h e a t r ia ot esta s .

9 Th e i plic t d
so n c spi cy
w as tili (
m a e in t h e on ra of Ca ne p a r.
 S O CIE T Y A N D G O VE R N M E N T 1 3

accus d altho gh h w as not bo nd to follow t h co ns l

e ,
u e u e u e

th y might giv And r ligion d t h p blic consci nc

e e . e an e u e e

also laid th ir r straints upon t h f ath r Th fath r who

e e e e . e e

e x rcis d his a thority with flagrant injustic or tyranny

e e u e

was x crat d by his f llow citiz ns and was r gard d as

e e e e - e e e

acc rs du e .

Th f ath r was t h
e high pri st of t h f amily ; for t h
e e e e e

family as hav said had a common worship This

, we e ,
.

was t h c lt of its d ad anc stors Th spirits of th s

e u e e . e e e

w r b li v d to ling r n ar t h old h arth If provid d

e e e e e e e e e . e

with fr qu nt o ff rings of m at and dri k th y wo ld it

e e e e n , e u ,

w as hought watch ov r t h living m mb rs f t h family

t , e e e e o e

and aid and prosp r th m in th ir daily work and in all e e e

th ir nd rtakings If th y w r n gl ct d how v r th s
e u e . e e e e e e , e e , e e

spirits b cam r stl ss and su ff r d pain and in th ir ang r

e e e e e e , e e

would bring troubl in som form pon th ir undutiful e e u e

kinsm en .

It was this worship of anc stors that as hav inti e ,

we e

mat d mad t h Roman family a r ligious body and

e , e e e ,

which caus d it to b so xcl siv and to clos its doo s

e e e u e e r

against all strang rs ; for t h spirits of its d ad m mb rs e e e e e

co ld b s rv d only by th ir own kith and kin It was

u e e e e .

sac il g f a strang r to sacrific at a family altar not

r e e or e e

his own B t by a c tain r ligio s c r mony such a p

. u er e u e e er

son could b adopt d into a f amily and th s co ld acq ir

e e , u u u e

th esam rights as its m mb rs by birth or by marriag to

e e e e

participat in its worship and f stivals

e e .

Wh n t h fath r di d t h sons b cam f r

e e and ach in e e , e e e ee, e

his own ho s hold now cam to x rcis t h f ll a thority

u e e e e e e u u

that t h f ath r had h ld Th moth r and unmarri d

e e e . e e e

da ght rs b cam t h wards f t h ir n ar st mal r la

u e e e e o e e e e e
I4 R OM E AS A K IN GD O/ll .

so that fr q ntly h moth r cam nd r h t t lag

t ive s, e ue t e e e u e t e u e e

of h sons d h da ght
er d r that of h broth rs
, an t e u er u n e er e .

7 D p nd nt . f h F m ily Cli nt
e e d Sl v
e B sid s
s o t e a e s an a es — e e

thos m mb rs co stituting t h fa m ily prop th w r

e e e n e er, e re e e

attach d to it s ally a n mb r of d p nd nts Th s

e u u u e e e e . e e

w r h cli nts and lav s T h cli nt was a p rso sta d

e e t e e S e . e e e n n

ing to h h ad of h family who was call d his patro

t e e t e , e n,

in a r lation which in som r sp cts w as lik that of

e , e e e , e

th m di val s rf to his lord and in oth s lik that of t h

e e ae e , er e e

f d l vassal to his s z rai H h ld a position b tw n

eu a u e n . e e e ee

th slav and h son

e T h class of cli
e ts was probably
t e . e en

mad p of hom l ss r fug s or strang rs from oth r citi s

e u e e e ee e e e ,

or of man mitt d slav s dw lli g in th ir form r mast r s

u e e ,
e n e e e
’

ho s Th y w r look d pon as m mb rs of t h family

u e . e e e e u e e e

to t h xt t that th y w r allow d participat i its

e e en e e e e to e n

worship d its f stivals Th y w r fr to ngag in b si

an e . e e e ee e e u

n ss at Rom and to acc m lat prop rty tho gh what v

e e, u u e e ,
'

u e er

th y gath r d was l gally t h prop rty of h patron

e e e e e e t e .

T h d ty of t h patro
e in g n ral to look aft r h
u e n w as e e e t e

i t r sts of his cli nt sp cially to r pr s nt him b for

n e e e , e e e e e e e

th l gal trib
e eals Th d ty of t h cli t on t h oth r
u n . e u e en , e e

h nd w as faithf l ss to his patron and t h making of

a ,
u ne , e con

t ib t i
r of mon y to aid him i m ting n s al xp ns s
u on s e n ee u u u e e e .

T h cli ts as shall
e w r an in fl ntial class i
en , we se e , e e ue n

early Rom whil t h us g or principl of cli tag con

e, e e a e e en e

stit t d at all p iods of Roman history a most important

u e er

f at of Roma lif and soci ty A larg cli tag was

e u re n e e . e en e

r gard d as t h crown and glory of a patrician ho s

e e e u e.
10

h w
10 T l s cli ts
e re g s d e re ast t B g o en of th e en an of th e a e u t e ne r

cli t s t d d p d ts
.

ally the p en p ci l p t ici

ar e r e r e se n e as e en en of s e a a r an f am
ilie s li t hip di s pp d v y ly
. C en s l g l s ys t liv da e ar e er e ar as a e a em , b u t e

on as a so ci l i tit ti
a ns u o n.
 S O CIE T Y A N D G O VE RN M E N T 1 5

slav s w simply adj ncts of t h family Th y

Th e e e re u e . e

co stit t d m r ly a part of its prop rty Th r w r

n u e e e e . e e e e

only a f slav s in t h arly Roman family and th s

ew e e e , e e

w r h ld for s rvic chi fly within h hom and not in

e e e e e e t e e

th fi ldse Th y r li v d h moth r and da ght rs of h

e . e e e e t e e u e t e

family of t h coars r w ork of h ho s hold It w as not il

e e t e u e . u nt

lat r tim s wh l x ry c pt into Rom that t h mb

e e ,
en u u re e, e nu er

of dom stic slav s b cam xc ssiv ly gr at (par

e e e e e e e e .

8 Th P l . f h F m ily in R m n Hist ry
e ace o S uch in t e a o a o .
—

bri f st o tlin was h arly Roman family It wo ld b

e e u e t e e : u e

di ffic lt to ov r stimat h infl c f this gro p pon

u e e e t e u en e o u u

th history d d sti yof Rom It was t h cradl of at

e an e n e . e e

l ast som of thos pl ndid virt s of t h arly Romans that

e e e S e ue e e

contrib t d so m ch to h str ngth and gr atn ss of Rom

u e u t e e e e e,

and that h lp d to giv h t h dominion of t h world

e e e er e e .

It was i h atmosph r of h family that w r no r

n t e e e t e e e u

i h d in t h Roman yo th h virt s f ob di
s e e c and of u t e ue o e en e

d f r nc to authority W h n h yo th b cam a citiz n

e e e e . e t e u e e e ,

ob di c to magistrat s and r sp ct for law was with

e en e e e e

him an instinct and ind d almost a r ligion A d on ee e . n ,

th oth r hand h x rcis of t h par ntal a thority in

e e , t e e e e e e u

th family taught t h Roman how to command as w ll

e e e

as how to ob y ho w to x rcis h O it y w ith w isdom

e e e e au t r ,

mod ration d j stic

e ,
an u e .

9 Th Cl n. G ns H aving gain d som id a f t h

e a or e . e e e o e

Roman family may pass wi h bri f r notic t h oth r, we t e e e e e

gro ps or bodi s in t h Roman comm nity for h r ason

u e e u , t e e

that ch of h s la g r associations s ms to hav b n

ea t e e r e ee e ee

mod ll d po h family d cons q ntly r p at d many

e e u n t e ,
an e ue e e e

of its charact is ic f at r s er t e u e .

First abov t h family stood h cl n eg ns This was

e t e a or e .
I6 R OM E AS A K IA/GD 0M .

probably in t h arli st tim s simply h xpand d family

e e e e t e e e ,

th m mb rs of which had o tgro w n h r m mbranc f

e e e u t e e e e o

th ir xact r lationship Y t th y all b li v d th ms lv s

e e e . e e e e e e e e

to hav had a commo anc stor and call d th ms lv s by

e n e e e e e

his nam as f instanc in t h cas of t h F b ii t h

e —
, or e, e e e a , e

C l dii h J lii and so on

au , t Th eg ns lik h f amily
u ,
. e e , e t e

had a h ad or chi f tho gh h did not poss ss h xt n

e e , u e e t e e e

siv a thority of h p t f m ili and its m mb s par

e u t e a er - a as; e er

ti ip t d in a common worship
c a e .

As t h family circl could b nlarg d by t h adoptio of

e e e e e e n

individuals into h gro p so co ld t h clan b a gm nt d t e u ,

u e e u e e

by t h adoption in a similar way of famili s Ev n

e , , e . e en

tir clans co ld b and oft n w r form d artificially t h

e u e, e e e, e , e

nat ral clan of kinsm n b ing tak n as a mod l In such

u e e e e .

a cas h a c stor worshipp d by t h clansm n was of

e t e n e e e e

co rs a factitious p rsonag
u e e e .

Th Curi
1 0. Th family and h g ns f which
e a. - e t e e o we

hav b n sp aking w r imply at h tim wh n Rom

e ee e e e S ,
t e e e e

first app ars b for as a city social and r ligio s groups

e e e u s , e u ,

and not political divisions of t h stat If th y v r had e e . e e e

b n political ni ts or bodi s th y had now lost all politi

ee u e , e

cal significanc B t it was di ff r nt with h n xt high st

e. u e e t e e e

g o p or division f t h comm nity nam ly t h

r u i o e u , e , e cu r a ,

which has b n compar d to h w a d of t h mod rn city

ee e t e r e e .

This was t h most importa t political division of t h

e n e

p opl as t h family was h most important social gro p

e e, e t e u .

S important was it that according to som

o uthori i s it e a t e

gav a sp cial nam to h Romans Q i it that is

e e e t e u r es, ,

“
m of t h c ri s
en e u e .
” 1

M
1 s h w v d iv s thi
om m f
e n, o l c
e e r, er e s nam e ro m
g u ir is o r c u r is , “
an e ,

an d ir e . H istory o
f R om e, vo l . i p
. . 1 07 .
1 8 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

c e e d, paragraphs mm diat ly follo w ing to giv a

in t h e I e e , e

short acco nt u .

Th K in g At h h ad of t h arly Roman stat

‘

3 1 . e . t e e e e e

stood a king t h fath r of his p opl holding ss ntially

, e e e e, e e

th sam r lations to th m that t h fath r of a family h ld

e e e e e e e

to his ho s hold H was at onc r l r of h nation

u e . e e u e t e ,

command r of h army and judg and h igh pri st of his

e t e , e e

p opl In th ory his pow r was absolut H was p

e e . e e e . e re

c d d by s rvants call d lictors ach b aring a b ndl of

e e e e , e e u e

rods ( h f ) with an ax bo d th r i t h symbol of h i

t e a sces un e e n, e s

pow r to p ish by flogging and by p tting to d ath (par

e u n u e .

4 Th S n t
1 . N xt to t h king stood t h s nat
e e a e or .
— e e e e e,

“
co nci l of h old m
u compos d of t h fath s t e e n, e e
“
er
”
or

h ads of t h famili s of t h comm nity It consist d of

e e e e u . e

thr h ndr d m mb rs a numb r corr spo ding to t h

ee u e e e , e e n e

traditional n mb r of g nt s composing t h arly city u e e e e e .

This n mb r r main d nchang d ntil t h lat r p iod

u e e e u e u e e er

of h r public ( par
t e Th e s nators w r appoint d . e e e e e

by t h king and h ld th ir position for lif

e e e e .

O p cial d ty of t h s at was t h l ction of a

ne S e u e en e e e e

king in cas s wh r t h king di d witho t having nam d

e e e e e u e

a s cc ssor This was don in h followi g w y O of

u e . e t e n a : ne

th s nators was chos n as a b t w n king or king

e e e
“
e ee - ” “

for an int rval ( i t ) O or b for t h xpiration

e
”
n er r ex . n e e e e

of fi days this t mporary king chos anoth r of his

ve e e e

coll ag s as Int rr x And th s t h kingly o ff c con

e ue e e . u e i e

tin d to b fill d by this syst m of rotation ntil t h

ne e e e u e

p rman nt king was nam d

e e e .

Anoth r v ry important f nction of t h s nat was its

e e u e e e

right and d ty acting rath r in a j dicial than in a l gisla

u , e u e

tiv capacity to xamin car f lly v ry law or r sol tion

e , e e e u e e e u
 S O CIE T Y A N D GO VE R N M E N T . 1 9

pass d in t h p blic ass mbly ( par

e and if it was
e u e .

found to violat t h constitution of t h stat or any tr aty e e e e, e

Rom had nt r d into with anoth r city or t h rights f

e e e e e , e o

any citiz n to n llify it by r fusing to giv to t h m as

e , u e e e e u re

t h vot of ratification r q ir d to r nd r it l gal and

e e e u e e e e

binding .

A third f nction of t h s n t w as to giv co ns l to h

u e e a e e u e t e

king wh n v r h d sir d i Esp cially was t h opinion

e e e e e e t . e e

of t h s nators so ght by t h king on r sol tions which h

e e u e e u e

w as proposing to lay b for h ass mbly of citiz ns Th e e t e e e . e

king th s l arn d b for hand w h th r th y w r e lik ly to

u e e e e e e e e e

r atify t h proposal aft r its approval by h p opl

e e t e e e .

u r pop lar ass mbly

.

5 1 Th . P p l A m b ly e T h o a sse . e u e

( m
co it i i t ) compris
a cu r a a d all t h citiz ns of Rom ; that e e e e

is all t h m mb rs of t h patrician famili s ( par 6 ) old

, e e e e e . 1

e no gh to b ar a ms It was this body that acting pon

u e r .
, u

proposals laid b for it by t h king nact d t h laws of e e e , e e e

t h stat
e d t rmin d pon o ff nsiv w ar and also l ct d
e, e e e u e e , e e e

h king or at l ast ratifi d t h king s nomination of his

’
t e , e e e

succ ssor I t also confirm d t h wills of citiz ns and

e .
2
e e e

sanction d t h adoption f a stra g r by a family or t h

e e o n e , e

admission of a clan among t h clans of a trib ( pars

new e e .

6 an d E v ry r sol tion or m as r of this ass mbly e e u e u e e ,

how v as has alr ady b

e e r, xplain d ( par r q ir d e e en e e . e u e

for its validity h confirming vot of t h s nat t e e e e e .

Th mann r of taking a vot in this ass mbly sho ld b

.

e e e e u e

notic d for h usag h r was follo w d in all h lat r

e ,
t e e e e e t e e

l gislativ bodi s of t h r p blica p riod T h voti g

e e e e e u n e . e n

M 5’
~
s s pp s s th t
om m ss bly si ply c c d
en u o e a th e a em m on u rr e in t h e
i ti
no m na d by on li g ki g ma b f h d th th s
e the ru n n wh o e o re is ea u p ro

s csi
,

v id d e fo r th e uc e s o n.
20 R O/V
IE AS A K IN GD OM .

was not by individuals b by c ri s that is ach c ria ,

u t u e ; , e u

had vot d t h m as r b for h body was ca ri d

o ne e, an e e u e e e t e r e

or lost acco ding as a majority of t h c i s vot d for

r e ur e e or

agai st it n .

It ho ld b f rth r notic d that this ass mbly was not

S u e u e e e

a r pr s ntativ body lik a mod rn l gislat r b a

e e e e ,
e e e u e, u t

primary ass mbly that is a m ting compos d of all h

e , , ee e t e

citiz s of Rom ach b ing pr s nt in his own p rson as

en e, e e e e e

a m mb r f t h comm nity and t as a d l gat p

e e o e u ,
no e e e re re

s nting som divisio or som class of t h stat All of

e e n, e , e e .

t h lat r ass mbli s at Rom w r lik this primitiv

e e e e e e e e e

ass mbly of patricians T h Romans n v r l arn d or

e . e e e e e ,

at l ast n v r mploy d t h principl of r pr s ntation

e e e e e , e e e e e ,

w hich constit t s t h v ry basis of mod rn d mocratic

u e e e e e

gov r m nt and witho t which d vic gov rn m nt by

e n e ,
u e e e e

th p opl in t h g at stat s of t h pr s nt day o ld

e e e e re e e e e w u

b eimpossibl H w important t h b aring of this was

e. o e e

u pon t h political fort s of Rom

e shall l arn lat r u ne e, we e e

( p a n

1 6 tri i n d h R igh t f h R m n Cit iz n

. Th e P a c a s an t e s o t e o a e .

Th b d of t h famili s at Rom w r call d p

e ea s e e e e e e a t r es,

or fath rs ; f om this it cam that all h m mb rs f

“ e
”
r e t e e e o

th s f amili s w r call d p t i i that is childr n

e e e e e e a r c a n s, ,
“
e

of h f ath rs Th s patricia s fo m d t h arly p p l

t e e . e e n r e e e o u us

R m o th Roman p opl
a n u s,
“
e e e .
”

By virt of his plac in t h family gro p ach patri

u e e e u , e

i
c an was also a m mb r of a g ns of a c ria and of a e e e ,
u ,

trib H i m mb rship i h family also mad him full

e . s e e n t e e a

citiz n of Rom wi h all h rights and privil g s of t h

e e, t t e e e e

city .

And h r m st ac q aint o rs lv s with what t h

e e we u u u e e e
 S O CIE T Y A N D G O VE R N M E N T . 2 1

rights and privil g s f f ll Roman citiz nship mbrac d e e o u e e e .

Th rights f t h Roman citiz n w r divid d first in o

e o e e e e e , ,
t

privat rights and p blic rights

e u .

Th chi f p ivat ights w r two nam ly t h right of

e e r e r e e , e , e

trad (j e mm ii ) and h
us right f marriag (j
co er c t e o e us con

nu oii ) Th .right f trad e comm rc w as t h right to o e or e e e

acq ir to hold and to b q ath prop rty ( both p rsonal

u e, , e ue e e

and land d ) according to h fo ms of h Roman law

e t e r t e .

This in t h anci nt city h r b sin ss d prop rty both

e e ,
w e e u e an e

t d d t ow ards a monopoly in t h ha ds of h citiz ns

en e e n t e e ,

was an important right and privil g e e .

3

Th ight of marriag w as t h ight f contracting a

e r e e
“
r o

f ll and r ligious marriag

u e S ch a marriag could tak e.
”
u e e

plac only b t w n patricians M arri g b tw n clans

e e ee . a e e ee

m and
en clansm n was co t a y to t h la w of h
n on- e n r r e t e

anci nt city ; d it was only aft r a lo g str ggl as

e an e n u e,

we shall l arn (par e that t h non clansm n at Rom . e -

e e

acq i d this important right of i t rmarri g with t h

u re n e a e e

m mb rs f t h xcl siv social d r ligio s organiza

e e o e e u e an e u

tio s w hich hav d scrib d in h arli r pa t of his

n we e e e t e e e r t

chapt r e .

T h thr chi f p blic or political rights of h Roman

e ee e u t e

citiz n w r h right of voting in h p blic ass mbli s

e e e t e t e u e e

j( fi g )
u s su ii h right
'

ra to hold o ff
i c (j l
, t m ) and
e e us z on or u ,

t h right f app al from t h d cision of a m gistrat to

e o e e e a e

th p opl (j p
e e ti i )
e us r oo oca on s .

Th s rights tak n tog th r co s it t d h most highly

e e e e e n t u e t e

val d right and pr rogativ s of h Roman citiz n What

u e s e e t e e .

3 s In d omet t li s mo ll w d
e rn cq i l d d
s a es a en ar e no t a o e to a u re an e

p p ty i R
ro er ;t s th n withh ld f
o m an th p t e rm e re is e ro m em a ar of th e

j u s c om m e r c ii .
 22 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

we should particularly notic is that t h Romans adopt d e e e

th practic of b stowing th s rights in instalm nts so

e e e e e e ,

to sp ak F instanc t h inhabitants of vanq ish d

e . or e, e o ne u e

city wo ld b giv n a part of t h privat rights of citiz n

u e e e e e

ship thos f anoth r p rhaps all of this class of rights

, e o e e ,

whil pon t h inhabitants of a third plac wo ld b

e u e e u e

b stow d all t h rights both privat and p blic This

e e e , e u .

u sag cr at d many di ff nt class s f citiz ns in t h

e e e e re e o e e

Roman stat ; and this as w ill app ar lat r was

e of , e e ,
o ne

th e most importa t matt rs con ct d with t h i t r al n e ne e e n e n

history of Rom e .

N w in primitiv
o Rom t h patricians alon that is e e e e, ,

th e clansm n poss ss d all th s rights of citiz nship

e , e e e e e .

S om of t he p iv t rights th y shar d with an inf rior

e r a e e e e

class in t h stat as will app ar in t h following para

e e, e e

gr ph b t t h political rights th y j alo sly g ard d as

a ,
u e e e u u e

th e sacr d patrimony of h ir own ord r

e t e e .

7 1 T h .P l b i n t heN Cit iz nse e aW h n Rom s or e on- e .

— e e

first app ars in history e notic a larg class of non , we e e

citiz ns among h inhabitants W cannot b q it

e er . e e u e c er

tain as to how this class of r sid nts was first fo m d e e r e ,

but it s ms to hav mbrac d ( ) r fug s from va io s

ee e e e 1 e ee r u

quart rs ( ) t h inhabitants of s bj gat d L atin to w ns

e ,
2 e u u e

and oth r plac s ( 3 ) immigrant trad rs from oth r citi s

e e , e e e

who had tak n up th ir p rman nt r sid nc at Rom and

e e e e e e e e

e nt r d into b sin ss th r and (4) fr dm n and oth r

e e u e e e, ee e e

cli nts ( par

e
“
.

4 his l tt cl s s
T a ly g d lly h v d t ch d th s lv s
er as eem o n ra ua to a e e a e em e e

f
ro m i t sts
the p t ici
n e re d d h v c t th i
of the a r an o r e r, a n to a e as in e r for
t s with
u ne th pl b i s the y v
o t hi t ic
er l ti s th y
e e an At an e en in s or a me e

f d st i p t t l t
.
, ,

o rm e a mo l w m d o r an e e m en of th e o er or er .
 S O CIE T Y A N D G O VE RN M E N T . 2 3

gr at r n mb r of t h pl b ians w r p tty land

Th e e e u e e e e e e e

own s holdi g and tilling with th ir o w n ha ds farms

er ,
n e n

of a f w acr s in xt nt in t h n ar n ighborhood of
e e e e e e e

Rom e .

From what has alr ady b n said of th m it will b e ee e , e

s n that t h s pl b ians poss ss d

ee e e f th most im
e e e e o ne o e

portant rights of Roman citiz nship am ly t h privat e ,

n e , e e

right of ngaging in trad B t from t h oth r rights and

e e . u e e

p rivil g s f et h citiz
e n as numo rat d in t h e pr c di g e e e e e e e n

paragraph th y w r w holly sh t t Th y co ld not

,
e e e u ou . e u

co tract a l gal marriag with

n of t h patrician ord r
e e o ne e e .

Th y w r wholly witho t political rights b i g allow d

e e e u , e n e

n ith r to vot nor to hold o ffic nor to app al from t h

e e e e, e e

d cision of a magistrat Th y w r practically strang rs

e e . e e e e

and ali s in Rom holding som such position i t h

en e, e n e

comm nity as u at raliz d immigrants lik t h C hin s

u nn u e , e e e e,

hold i own stat s A la g part f t h arly history

n ou r e . r e o e e

of Rom i mad p of t h str ggl s of th s pl b ians to

e s e u e u e e e e e

s cu for th ms lv s social and political q ality with t h

e re e e e e u e

patricia s n .
5

5 st d t
Th e c s lt s diff t th iti s i s
u en who b on u e re n au or e ap t to e co n

fu s d by f ct th t s w it lik
e th e
'

a hi t i h a f om e r e rs, e the s o r an I ne , r e e r t o

the pl b i s e ly R
e an citi whil th
of lik M
e ar s
om e as z e n s, e o e rs , e omm e n,

c ll th
a b g s
em t l t d li s
n o n- u r hi s i ply
e ss e or
“
o e ra e a en
”
T is S m a m at
d fi iti st d t
.

ter of eth t n c yon p t A ll a is n e e s s ar on the ar of the u en in

t l c f i is b i d wh t i s id
.

or d er v id to a o m en a on u s on to e ar in m n a sa i n par
ights citi hip b i g b s t w d
.

1 6 b at ou R t he r of i t l o m an z e ns e n e o e in ns a

m en t d c ti th by
s , an the y di f t g d s re a on iti s e re of m an f e re n ra e of C z en

b st w l p s s s s
.

W h th e er th e y cl e th o v al ight
u o n an as o f o ne o f e e e e ra r a s,

pl b i p ss d s h ll
,

for i t c ns a n e , t h e
j which u s c om m e r c ii , the e e an s o e sse a b e

th gh c s citi s with ly
,

all w d c tit t th citi

o e to o ns u e em z e ns, ou of our e z en on

p ti l ight s
ar a r h v id , is, tt d fi iti
as we a e sa , a m e re m a er o f e n on .
24 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

RE FRN E E C ES MO MM N SE H ist ory f

o R om e, vo ] i ch p v a pp
st t
. . . . . .

88— 1 2 2 , “
Th e O r igi na l Con i u ti on of Ro m e
”
T IG H E H T/z e
s
.

D evelop m en t f o ch p d
t ae R om a niii pp 8 5 8 Con st it u t ion , a II. an 2 —

T hi s littl b pid b t d m i bl s v y f t h g wth f t h

. . . .

k giv e oo e s a ra u a ra e ur e o e ro o e

c s tit ti
on p t t h ti m
u on u f th m pi Th st d
o t w ld d w ll
e e o e e re . e u en ou o e

to rea d it c f lly b f t ki g p M m m s s hi s t y Ih n l g
ar e u e o re a n u o en
’
or or
’
e s ar er

w k C O U AN (PUS
or D ) L r/ A i t Ci y (f m t h F
G ES ch )
T EL E er
2,3 n c en t ro e re n

bk ii ch p i R ligi w t h C s tit t P i cipl f t h A ci t

.
, ,

“
a e on as e on u en r n e o e n en

G s t R m IH N
. . . .
,

F m il y ;
a d ch p”
Th
an di G
a x c “
e en a o e an n re e e.
”
E

ly R m ( E p ch S i s) ch p
. .
,

E al
i
ar ovii viii d ix pp 4 6
e o er e a s an 10 —10

ch p ii d iii ; d l s s gg s tiv ly
. . . . . .
,

FO W R ( W LE l City S t t e -
a e, a s an ea u e e

with t h g s is d n t
. . . .

e e ne f t h city t t i G an c w ll i
a u re o e -s a e n re e e as e as n

I t ly M R Y ( W M
a . O M O t li
E
f R m L w ch
. p i Th e
u n es o o an a , a . .
,
“
e

O g i ti f E ly R m S ci ty
”
r an z a on o ar o an o e .
26 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

of h Romans is clos ly int rwov w ith th ir r ligion

t e e e en e e .

Th r for in ord r to und rstand h transactions of t h

e e e, e e t e e

p riod upon which

e abo t to nt r m st first we a re u e e ,
we u

acquaint o rs lv s with at l ast t h promin nt f at r s f

u e e e e e e u e o

th r ligious instit tions and b li fs of t h Romans

e e u e e e .

9 T
1 h N tur f h R m n G d T h Roman id a
. e a e o t e o a o s. — e e

of t h gods was v ry di ff r nt from t h G r k conc ptio

e e e e e ee e n .

Th G r ks poss ss d a liv ly mag nation and pict r d

e ee e e e I i , u e

to th ms lv s t h diviniti s of O lymp s nd r cl ar t
e e e e e u u e e -c u

h ma form d fig r S vivid was this pict ring that

u n an u e. o u

oft n t h shining forms of h gods app ar d to t h pio s

e e t e e e e u

G r k in his dr ams
ee and som tim s in his waking ho se e e u r .

S r al w r th y and so lik m
o e in all th ir f lings and
e e e , e en e ee

passions that h G r ks inv nt d a tho sand sto i s abo t

,
t e ee e e u r e u

th ir lov s d hat s th ir occ pations and adv nt r s

e e an e , e u e u e .

H nc t h b a tif l mythology and art too of h G r ks

e e e e u u , ,
t e ee .

N w t h Romans poss ss d littl or non of this vivid

o e e e e e

G r k imagination
ee Th ir gods w simply vag p . e e re ue er

so nifi t i of t h pa ts pow s d proc ss s of nat r

ca o ns e r , er ,
an e e u e,

an d of v ry thought act and r lation of m

e e Th arly , ,
e en . e e

Roman t mpl s said to hav co tain d no imag s or

e e are e n e e

statu s of t h gods b t m r ly som symbol of divinity

e e ,
u e e e ,

as for instanc a ston for J pit r h holy lanc for

,
e,
“
e u e , t e e

M a s h fi for V sta
r , t Th
e Roma s first l rn d to
re e .
” 7
e n ea e

repr s t th ir gods nd r h man form from t h G r ks

e en e u e u e ee ,

eith r dir ctly or thro gh t h m di m of t h Etr scans

e e u e e u e u .

B t this dim world of spirits form d n v rth l ss a v ry

u e e e e e e

positiv factor in t h lif of h anci nt Roma H con

e e e t e e n . e

i d t h two worlds this visibl wo ld of m

c e ve e d that , e r en an

invisibl world of spirits to b v ry clos ly r lat d H

e , e e e e e . e

7 Le ight o n, H ist o ry of R om e , p .
37 .
 TH E R OM A N R E L IGION 2 7

tho ght of t h gods as watchf l of t h cond ct of th ir

u e u e u e

w orshipp rs and as int r st d in th ir a ff airs H nc t h

e , e e e e . e e e

Roman was in his way v ry r ligio s and xc dingly e e u , e ee sc ru

p l i
u ou sr nd ri g to t hndiviniti s t h w
e o ship d th
e m n e e e r ue e .

Th Ut ilit r i n Ch r t r f t h R ligi n
2 0. e T h Roman a a a ac e o e e o .
—
e

did not how v r s rv his gods f na ght ; h xp ct d

, e e , e e or u e e e e

NM A RF I ALS U RU
FO R T H E S A C I IC E : S US — O v Is —T A S.
8

from th m a f ll q ival nt for t h sacrificial victims that

e u e u e e

h o ff r d th m for t h inc ns that h bu n d upon th ir

e e e e ,
e e e e r e e

altars for h gi fts h hung p in th ir t mpl s d for

,
t e e u e e e ,
an

8 i l h sh
Th e anwi sh p d b ll w
ma s e re o wn — a s ne , a ee an a u — e re

ff d l s t t y s c fic which d d f s tiv l
,

o ere as a u ra o r a ri e en e th e Am b ar v alia n e a s

(
par . 3 2which fi ld s
n w p i i d d blin d hi s the e e re ur f e an e s se T
i t s ti g pi c l s c lpt c tl y di s c v d
. .
,

n e re n e e of g t
re ief - u u re w as re en o e re in t h e re a

f
o ru R m at o m e.
2 8 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

the costly gam s and sp ctacl s h p ovid d for th ir e e e e r e e

e nt rtainm nt in t h circ s and t h amphith atr

e e e u e e e .

A d h gods on th ir part w r
n t r ady to m t this
e , e , e e e ee

e xp ctation Th y gav co ns l and h lp th ir faithf l

e . e e u e e to e u

follow rs d s c r d th m good harv sts and a s cc ssf l

e , an e u e e e u e u

iss of th ir nd rtaki gs O t h oth r hand n gl ct

ue e u e n . n e e , e e

ang r d t h gods and a s d th m to bring pon th i

e e e c u e e u e r

u faithf l worshipp rs all ki ds of tro bl s and cal m

n u e n u e a

iti s diss nsions within t h stat d f t of th ir armi s in

e — e e e, e ea e e

t h fi ld dro ght fi
e eand flood p stil nc and famin
,
u , re , e e e e .

B th ir ang r co ld b t rn d as id or app as d by
u t e e u e u e e e e

e xpiatory sacrific s and o ff rings T h profo nd and e e .

“
e u

f arf l id a f s bstit tion also m ts us h r wh n h

e u e o u u ee e e : e t e

gods of t h comm nity w r angry and nobody co ld b

e u e e u e

laid hold of as d finit ly g ilty th y might b app as d e e u , e e e e

by who vol ntarily gav hims lf p (d

one
); u e e u eu or er e se

noxio s chasms in t h ground w r clos d and battl s

u e e e e ,
9
e

half lost w conv rt d into victori s w h a b av e re e e e , en r e

b rg ss thr w hims lf as an xpiatory o ff ri g into h

u e e e e e n t e

abyss or upon t h f e oe .
” 1°

Th L g l Ch r t r f t h R ligi n
21 . e A oth r not
e a a ac e o e e o . n e e

worthy f at of t h Roman r ligion was its l gal cha

e u re e e e r

act r ; for t h Roman r ligion was a sort of co ract

e e e nt

b t w n h gods and th ir worshipp rs If t h

e ee t e e e . e w or

shipp rs p rform d th ir part of this contract th n t h

e e e e , e e

gods w r bo nd to f lfil th irs e e u u e .

9 f c is
Th e l g d M c
r e e re n ti s e
y to th e e en of ar u s Cur u In t h e e ar

f s
.

359 g t
BC ch h vi g p
a d re athi h ic y th
a sm a n o e ne in t h e o ru m, e ro ou

ti g h s pl g d i t g l f d th gh s ch s l f c i
.
.
, ,

m ou n n h is or e, u n e n o the u , an ro u u e -s a r

fi pp d
ce a g d d cl d
e ase c vic ivy vii 6
th e o s, a n o se th e re e See L
i pp 3 3 3 F i s t c s
. .
, .

M
1° H f o m m s e n, ist ory o R om e , v ol 2 2, 2 or n an e of

lv s d th p s
. . . .

com d v l t ily d v ti g th
m an e rs o u n ard8 e o n e m se e to ea , se e ar .
7 7 an 1
 TH E R OM A N R E L IGION 29

Bu t Roman w as v r r ady to tak advantag of

the e e e e e

a fl in a contract and to ov rr ach in a bargain and

aw e e ,

making his gods lik unto h ir lf h imagin d that th y e n se ,

e e e

wo ld act in a lik mann r If t h w orshipp r thro gh

u e e . e e u

ignoranc inadv rt nc or accid nt had f ail d to carry t

e, e e e e e ou

his pa t of t h contract in v ry partic lar and to t h

r e e e u e

v ry l tt r t h gods w r s ppos d to b r ady and dis

e e e , e e e u e e e

pos d to tak advantag f this in ord r to avoid carrying

e e e o e

ou th ir part of t h ngag m nt H nc t h anxio s ca

t e e e e e . e e e u re

w ith which h Romans p rform d all h p scrib d r li

t e e e t e re e e

g i rit
ou s s and c r moni s eIf th r w as any mistak e e e . e e e

mad in t h r cital of t h giv n form las or any int

e e e e e u , er

r ption of t h sacr d C r mony th h whol m st b

u e e e e , en t e e u e

r p at d in ord r to ins r that th r b

e e e flaw in t h pro
e u e e e e no e

c eedi g which might b tak

n s adva t g of by t h gods e en n a e e .

Th Chi f R m n D it i
22 . ; th
e L r s dP n t s
e o a e es e a e an e a e .

At t h h ad of h Roman panth on stood Jupit r id n

e e t e e e , e

tical in all ss ntial attribut s e e e

with t h H ll ic Z s H e e en eu . e

was t h sp cial prot ctor e e e

of t h Roma p opl Toe n e e .

him tog th r with J no and

,
e e u

M in rva was cons crat d a

e , e e

magnific nt t mpl po t h e e e u n e

s mmit of t h C apitolin hill

u e e ,

ov rlooking t h for m and

e e u

th city
e .

ing n xt in ra k was t h
e F i ) n , e ( ro m a R om an co n .

f avorit d ity and h fabl d f ath r of t h

e e Roman rac t e e e e e,

w ho w r fond of calling th ms lv s t h
e e C hildr n of e e e e
“ e
30 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

M ars Th y prov d th ms lv s worthy o ff spring of h

. e e e e e t e

war god M artial gam s d f stivals w r c l brat d in

- . e an e e e e e e

his honor d ring h fi mo th of t h Roman y ar

u t e rst
~
n e e ,

w hich bor and still e,

b ars i his honor e ,

n ,

h nam of M arch t e e .

Jan s was a do bl u u e

fac d d ity h god e e , t e

f t h b ginning and o e e

h d of v ry t e en e e

thing T h month .
”
e

f January was sacr d o e

him as w r also to , e e

all gat s and doors e .

Th gat s of his t m e e e

p l w r always k pt e e e e

op n in tim of war e e

and sh t in tim of u e

p ac e e .

Th fi pon t h e re u e

ho s hold h arth was u e e

V R N
r gard d as th symVI
e e e

bol of h godd ss
E ST A L GI .

t e e

V sta H worship w as a favorit

e . er with t h Romans e o ne e .

Th nation too as a si gl gr at f amily had a common

e , ,
n e e ,

national h a th in t h T mpl of V sta wh r t h sacr d

e r ,
e e e e ,
e e e e

fir s w r k pt burning from g n ration to g n ratio by

e e e e e e e e n

six virgins da ght rs of t h Roman stat

,
u e e e.
1

F
1 i t s ti g cc t
or an n e rei H sn a ou n of th e re m a ns of th e ou e of th e

V st l b ght light by c t xc v ti i i
’
e a s, ro u to re en e a a o n s , se e L anc an s A n c ie n t
R o m e i n t /z e n f /z t o
f R ec e n t D isc ov e r ies, ch p vi a . .
 TH E R OM A N R E L IG ION .
3I

ar s and P nat s w r ho s hold gods T h ir

Th e L e e e e e u e . e

imag s w r t in t h ntranc of h d w lling T h

e e e se e e e t e e . e

L ar s w r t h spirits of anc stors which w r thought to

e e e e e ,
e e

ling r about t h hom as its gua dia s

e e e r n .

This worship f anc stors was of h most importa t

o e o ne t e n

l m nts i t h ligi f t h anci nt Romans It was

e e e n e re on
'

o e e .

this r ligion of t h dom s ic h arth that h lp d gr atly to

e e e t e e e e

DI V NN
I I G BY M EA N S O F THE A PPEA RAN CE O F TH E E N T R A IL S OF

A SAC R F
I IC IA L V IC T I M .

(T hi s w as w ith the R o m an s a u su a l w ay of f o re t lli

e ng fu t u re e v e n st . )

mak t h Roman family w hat it was that gav t h f ath r

e e , e e e

his pri stly a thority ( par

e d that o ganiz d many
u . an r e

of t h i stit tio s f t h Roman stat T h st d nt

e n u n o e e .
2
e u e

Sho ld b ar this f atur f t h arly Roman r ligion car

u e e e o e e e e

f lly i mind for h r ason that it fo m d to t h v ry last

u n , t e e r e e e

th most vital l m nt in it and for t h furth r r ason

e e e e , e e e

that it w as t h g rm out of w hich lat r gr w important

e e e e

R d gs 2 ea C o u lan e , Tlz e A n cie n t City .

3 2 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

r ligio s d v lopm nts as for i sta c h str g c lt

e u e e e , ,
n n e, t e an e u

of h C sars (par
t e ae .

3 2 Or l . d Div in t i n
ac es Th Romans lik t h
an a o . e , e e

G r ks tho ght that t h w ill of h gods was comm

ee , u icat d e t e un e

to m by m ans f oracl s and by strang sights nus al

en e o e ,
e ,
u u

e v ts or si g lar coincid nc s Th r w r no tru ora

en ,
n u e e . e e e e e

cl s at Rom Th Romans th r fo oft n had r cours

e e. e , e e r e, e e e

to thos amo g t h Gr ks P artic larly in gr at m r

e n e ee . u e e e

g i
en c es did th y s k advic from t h c l
e brat d oraclee e e e e e e

of Apollo at D lphi e .

From Etr ria was introd c d h art f t h har spic s

u u e t e o e u e ,

or soothsay rs which consist d in discov ring t h will of

e , e e e

t h gods by t h
e app aranc of t h ntrails of victims slai
e e e e e n

for h sacrific s
t e e .

4 2 T h S r d C ll g
. e T h four chi f sacr d coll g s
ac e o e es . — e e e e e ,

or soci ti s w r h K p rs of t h S ibyllin Books t h

e e ,
e e t e ee e e e , e

C oll g of A g rs h C oll g of P onti ffs

e e u u d h C oll g
, t e e e ,
an t e e e

of h H ralds
t e e .
3

A c rio s l g nd is told of t h S ibyllin Books An old

u u e e e e .

woman ca m to T q i i S up rb s (par 3 9) and o ff r d

e ar u n us e u . e e

to s ll him b t at an xtravagant pric nin vol m s As

e ,
u e e, e u e .

th king d clin d to pay t h m d mand d t h woman

e e e e su e e , e

d part d d stroy d thr of t h books and th n r turning

e e , e e ee e ,
e e ,

3 g
Am on i c ll g s p i th ds th w
t h e m no r c p is
o e e or r es oo e re e re tw o om an e

or g ild s u l p
of d
the S a lii ,
p or
“
ea e rs , an t wo of the Lu e r c i, or
“
w lv s o e d plic ti
.
”
th s g ild s
Th e s p b bly th gh
u a on of e e u a ro e ro a ro u

th e i p i itiv c
u n on iti
of r m th f M ch e om m u n es In t h e m on o ar the

m p f f M s
.
,

Sa “
d d c
e r o rm e h a d cc p i d it
w ar - an e in o no r o ar an a om an e

by s g f s tiv l k w
,

a on p ci c l b t d ch y
”
Th e L u er e e ra e ea e ar a e a no n as t h e

s
.

Lu p h
e r ca lia , d F
in R
o no r o f c t p t t h e go a u nu , the o m an o u n er ar of

t h e G re ek d h Fgo P an fi ld b th T tw lv e r a t r es A r va les , or
“
e ro e rs ,
”
e e

b c s tit t d g i d
.

in nu m e r, c p y wh
on d t y it
u e a u l or om an o se u w as to

c l b t c t i f s tiv l s k w
e e ra e er a n e a no n as t h e A m b a r v a lia .
34 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

us d corr ptly for political nds At first all t h m mb rs

e u e . e e e

of t h coll g w r patricians and v ry fr q ntly th y

e e e e e , e e ue e

w o ld pr v nt t h pl b ians from holding a m ting by

u e e e e e ee

giving t that t h a spic s w r not favorabl ; and som

ou e u e e e e e

tim s w h n matt rs w r not taki g such a cours in t h

e ,
e e e e n e e

pop lar ass mbly as s it d h nobl s d som m asur

u e u e t e e , an e e e

obnoxio s to th ir ord r was on t h point of b ing carri d

u e e e e e ,

th y wo ld s c r an anno nc m nt from t h a gurs that

e u e u e u e e e u

J pit r was th nd ring or manif sting his displ as r in

u e u e , e e u e

som oth r way ; and t h p opl w r oblig d to br ak p

e e e e e e e e e u

th ir m ting on t h instant O of h privil g s con

e ee e . ne t e e e

t nd d for by t h pl b ians w as admission to this coll g

e e e e e e e,

that th y might assist in w atching h om s and that

e t e en ,

th s his important matt r might not b l ft ti ly in

u t e e e en re

th hands f th ir n mi s
e o e e e e .

Th C oll g of P ontiff s w as so call d probably b caus

e e e e e e

o ne of t h d ti s of its m mb rs was to k p in r pair t h

e u e e e ee e e

B idg of P il s ov r h Tib r
r e This g ild w as t h most
e e t e e .
4
u e

important of all h r ligio s instit tions of h Romans ; t e e u u t e

for to t h ponti ffs b long d t h s p rint d nc of ll

e e e e u e en e e a

r ligio s matt rs In th ir k pi g too was h cal dar

e u e . e ee n , ,
t e en ,

and th y co ld l ngth n or short n h y ar w hich po w r

e u e e e t e e , e

th y som im s s d to xt d t h t rm of o ffic of a favorit

e et e u e e en e e e e,

or to short that of who had i d d th ir di pl

cu t o ne n u rr e e s e as

u re . T h h ad of h coll g was call d P

e e if M im t e e e e on t ex ax u s,

or C hi f Bridg b ild r w hich tit l was ass m d by h

e e- u e ,
”
e u e t e

4 T h e P on s S u élic iu s it d t h city t t h J ic l m T hi s b idg r e un e e o e an u u a

f tifi d hill th t f m d t h R m tp s t g i s t t h E t c s
.
,

or e a or e e o an ou o a a n e ru s an on

th i s id f t h T ib
e r e It i p s ibl
o e cc di g t M m m s th t
er. s o s e, a or n o o e n, a

p on sigi lly s ig
or ifi d tna b idg b t wn y g lly
e n d th t
no
“
r e,
”
u
“
a e ne ra a a

f
,

p t
on
f
i th ex m t c t ct
e re o r e f w y e an
“
o ns r u or o a s .
 TH E R OM A N R E L IGION .
35

Roma Emp rors and a ft r th m by t h C hristia bishops

n e ,
e e e n

of Rom ; and th s t h nam has com down to tim s

e u e e e ou r e .

C oll g of H ralds (I i l ) had t h car of all '

Th e e e e et a es e e

p blic matt rs p rtaini g to for ig n tions Its m mb rs

u e e n e n a . e e

w r h k p rs of t h tr ati s which Rom had mad

e e t e ee e e e e e e

with oth r p opl s and t h int rpr t rs of i t rnational

e e e , e e e e n e

law If t h Roman p opl had s ff r d y wro g from

. e e e u e e an n

a oth r stat it was h d ty of t h h ralds to d mand

n e e, t e u e e e

satisfaction If this was d ni d and war d t mi d pon

. e e , e er ne u ,

th n a h ald proc d d to t h fronti r of h n my s

e er ee e e e t e e e
’

co ntry and h rl d ov r h boundary a sp ar dipp d in

u u e e t e e e

blood This was a d claration of war Th Romans

. e . e

w v ry car ful in t h obs rvanc of this c mo y

e re e e e e e e re n .

5 S
2 r d .G m d F t
ac eiv l Th Romans had a es an es a s. — e

ma y r ligio s gam s and f stivals P omin t among

n e u e e . r en

th s w r t h
e e call d C irc nsian G am s or G am s of
e e e so -
e e e , e

th C irc s which
e r v ry simil r to t h sacr d gam s
u ,
we e e a e e e

of h G r ks Th y co sist d in h mai of cha iot

t e ee . e n e , t e n, r

racing wr stling f oot racing and v rio s oth r athl tic

, e ,
-
, a u e e

cont sts e .

Th s f stivals as in h cas of thos of h G r ks

e e e ,
t e e e t e ee ,

had th ir origin i h b li f that h gods d light d in

e n t e e e t e e e

th xhibition of f ats of kill str ngth or nd ranc ; that

e e e S , e , e u e

th ir a g r might b app as d by s ch sp ctacl s

e n e that e e e u e e ; or

th y might b p rs ad d by h promis of gam s to l nd

e e e u e t e e e e

aid to mort ls in gr at m rg nci s At t h op ing of

a e e e e e .
5
e en

th y ar it was c stomary for t h Roman magistrat in

e e u e e,

5 Th e g am e sw
t ff d t t h g s t s [t h g d
e re a n e n e r ai nm e n t t o e re o e ue e o s,

wh w o th f h
e re which w
“
e g s ts
c t i ly b li v d t b
u e o o no r er e a s er a n e e e o e

g tifyi g t th i ight
ra n vi w f t po d h tt m d n
e r s as a r e e o ro o s or a eer u n o a o er

E p a v ig
u ro e WHEELER D i y
n so nd Im m
e re t lity p n. ,
on sos a or a ,
. 1 1 .
36 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

b half of t h p opl to promis to t h gods gam s d

e e e e, e e e an

f stivals provid d good crops p ot ction from p stil nc

e , e ,
r e e e e,

and victory w r grant d t h Romans d ring t h y ar e e e e u e e .

So, too a g n ral in g at straits in t h fi ld might in h

, e e re e e , t e

nam of t h stat vow plays to t h gods d t h p opl

e e e, e ,
an e e e

w sac dly bo d to fulfil t h p omis P lays giv n in

e re re un e r e. e

f lfilm nt of vows th s mad w r call d votiv gam s

u e u e e e e e e .
6

Towards t h clos of h r p blic th s gam s lost m ch

e e t e e u e e e u

of th ir r ligious cha act r and at last b cam d grad d

e e r e , e e e e

into m r br tal shows giv n by ambitio s l ad rs for t h

e e u e u e e e

p rpos of w inning pop larity

u e u .

Th S t e li w a f stival h ld in D c mb r in
a u r na a e re e e e e e

ho or of S at rn h god of sowing It was an occasio

n u , t e . n

on which all class s i cl ding h slav s who w r allow d e ,

n u t e e , e e e

th ir fr dom d ring h c l bratio gav th ms lv s p

e ee u t e e e n, e e e e u

to riotous am s m nts ; h nc t h significa c u attach e e e e e n e we

to t h word t li T h w ll known Roman C arnival

e sa u r n a a n. e e -

of t day is a s rvival of t h anci nt S at rnalia

o u e e u .

6 D f t
2 . f th R ligi u Sy t m
e ec s W hat w hav o e e o s s e .
- e e

al ady s id has r v al d som of t h most s rio s d f cts

re a e e e e e e u e e

of h Roman r ligio ; b t additional obs rvation or

t e e n u an e

t w o at this point r sp cting th s will h lp all h e e e e e us t e

b tt r to d sta d som facts in t h r ligio s lif of t h

e e un er n e e e u e e

Roma s w hich will lat r com nd r our notic

n e e u e e .

Fi st h charact r of h Roman diviniti s

r , t e d th i e t e e an e r

r lation to th ir worshipp rs w r s ch that h syst m

e e e e e u t e e

did not a w ak n or no rish d votional f ling as did for

e u e ee , ,

instanc h r ligion of t h a ci nt H br ws Th is
e, t e e e n e e e . e re

nothing in t h r mains of Roman lit ratur corr sponding

e e e e e

to t h d votional P salms of t h Bibl

e e e e .

6 F f s tiv l f
or th e p c li d be 4
a s o
3 th e Lu er a a an Am arv alia, s e e par . 2 ,
n . .
 TH E R O MA N R E L IGION 37

Again in this r ligion so l gal and formal ( par

,
e ,
e .

th r was an almost ntir s paration f morality and

e e e e e o

worship Th stat f t h h art of t h worshipp r was

. e e o e e e e

a matt r f no conc rn if only t h pr scrib d acts w r

e o e ,
e e e e e

p rform d and t h pr scrib d words pronounc d pr cis ly

e e ,
e e e e , e e

in accordanc w ith h giv n form las S ch a r ligio se t e e u . u e u

b li f co ld of co rs a fford b t f bl s pport to tr
e e u ,
u e, u ee e u ue

morality or d littl in t h way of a w ak ning and fost r

,
o e e e e

ing t h s ntim nts f lov gratit d and r v r nc towards

e e e o e, u e, e e e e

t h godse .

Th s tog th r with oth r d f cts f th ir r ligio s

e e, e e e e e o e e u

syst m S ch as its vag and nsatisfactory t achings i

e ,
u u e u e n

r gard to t h f t r lif ca s d t h Romans at an arly

e e u u e e, u e e , e

p iod to b gin to s ppl m nt it by borrowings from t h

er ,
e u e e e

r ligio s syst ms f t h vario s p opl s with whom th y

e u e o e u e e e

cam in contact To m t t h lack of companionabl

e . ee e e

gods th y borro d t h attractiv diviniti s of G r c

,
e we e e e ee e,

or transf rr d t h att ibut s of th s to th ir own gods

e e e r e e e e .

To s pply thos motional l m nts that w r so

u pi
e e e e e e e c o ns cu

ou s ly wanting in th ir o w n syst m h Romans introd c d e e , t e u e

into it t h v r bl myst rio s and e i spiring c lts

ene a e, e u , aw e - n u

o f th O ri nt s ch as t h
e w orship of h G r at M oth r
e ,
u e t e e e

( C yb l ) of P hrygia
e e f Isis f Egypt and of M ithra of , o o ,

P rsia
e To supply h lacki g moral l m nt th r w as
. t e n e e e e e

a lat ff ort mad to bo row t h morality of C hristianity

e e e r e

( par .

B non of th s additions or borro w ings chang d f

u t e e e e u n

dm a t lly t h
en a syst m as it stood at first Th r cam a
e e . e e e

tim wh n it no long r satisfi d h r ligio s wants and

e e e e t e e u

cravings of m and it gav plac to anoth r r ligion e n, e e e e

which had b n work d out by J d a and w hich ta ght ee e u ae , u

38 R OM E A S A K IN GD OM

n ew vi ws of G d and his lations to m and

e o con re an , ne w

cep i of d ty and f t h fut r lif

t o ns u o e u e e .

R F R N E M MM N
E E CES H f R i bk i ch p
O SE ist ory o om e , v o l. a

N s
. . . . .

pp 8 5
x 11 . 21 —2
4 ( p ch S i
IH ) chEp vi le le
a
E a r ly R om e E o er e a

ligi s I s tit ti s i K i gs IN
. . .
, .

pp 9 2— 1 0 4,
“
Re i ou n u on n th e T m e of the n
”
GE

d l s with
. .

(W d ch p i pp
S oc iety in R o m e u n er t/
z e Caesa r s , a 1 — 8 ea

s U N (F
. . . .

th e ligi re ly R
on of th e e ar
) o m an CO LA G ES US T E L D E * T/
ze

bk i ch p s iv A ci t B li fs
.
,

”
A n c ie n t City , . . a . i.
— .
, n en e e .
 C H A PTE R I V .

I R O M E UN D E R T H E K N GS .

72 L t iu
. m b f R m a W hat was t h origin of h
e or e o a — e t e

city f Rom What was h g n sis of that r ma kabl

o e ? t e e e e r e

social and political co stit tio with w hich it first app ars n u n e

in history and which w hav nd avor d to d scrib in a

,
e e e e e e e

pr c di g chapt r
e e n e ? 7

W shall b st find answ rs to th s q stions by first

e e e e e ue

noticing what t h condition of L atium was b for Rom e e e e

aros W ith t h aid of tradition and t h sci nc f primi

e . e e e e o

tiv c ltur or comparativ thnology w can f orm som

e u e, e e , e e

sort of a pict r of t h land and its p opl in pr his o ic

u e e e e e t r

tim s pict r which tho gh som w hat dim d bl r d

e — a u e ,
u e an u re

in its d tails may ly pon with a good d gr of

e ,
we re u e ee cer

tainty as cor sponding in its broad outlin s v ry n arly

re , e ,
e e

with act al fact u .

In v y arly tim s L ati m t h flat co ntry

er e h e u , e
“
u ,
as t e

nam probably signifi s lying so th of h lo w r co s of

e e ,
u t e e u r e

t h Tib r was dott d with s ttl m nts f t h L atin p opl

e e , e e e e o e e e.

Th s s ttl m nts w r m r ly gro ps of clans ( par or

e e e e e e e e e u .

villa g comm niti s to which has b n giv n h nam f

e u e , ee e t e e o

cantons T h villag s constit ting any giv n canton w r

. e e u e e e

g n rally it would s m scatt r d ov r t h littl canto al

e e , ee , e e e e e n

t ritory in ord r that t h villag rs who w r p tty farm rs

er , e e e , e e e e

7 C h p a . ii .

39
4 0 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

and sh ph rds might b n ar t h land th y c ltivat d or

e e ,
e e e e u e

th common past r s
e pon which th y drov th ir
u e ou t u e e e

sh p and cattl ; b t som tim s t h villag s app ar to

ee e u e e e e e

hav b n h ddl d tog th r on som ligibl spot s ch

e ee u e e e e e e , u

as a low hill might a ff ord W h th r or not t h clans form . e e e

i g a canto w r unit d by blood or d sc nt is unknown

n n e e e e e

b t at any rat
u th y had a common worship and th s
e e , u

w r clos ly nit d by h t i of r ligion if not by that

e e e u e t e e e ,

of r latio ship
e n .

T H E S ITE OF T IB UR , T HE MO D E R N TI V LI O .

( Af t e r a n o ld e ngra vi ng . To t h e l fte , t h e ru ins o f an a n c ie n t t mpl

e e of V es a . t )

ach canto had a c ntral stronghold w hich s rv d as

E n e , e e

a r f g for t h villag rs in tim s of dang r and a

e u e e e e e ,
as

common m ting plac for th ir mark ts and r ligious f

ee - e e e e es

ti lva sTh sit chos n for this canton c ntr was wh n

. e e e - e e , e

ev r practicabl som asily d f nd d rock or hill f which

e e, e e e e e ,
o

th sit ation of Tib r b ilt on a spur f t h Ap nnin s

e u u ,
u o e e e
4 2 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

m nt M od rn xcavatio s hav r v al d portions of h

e . e e n e e e e t e

fo ndations of h anci nt walls tog th r with r mains of

u t e e , e e e

two of t h gat s Th nclos s ms to hav b n la g

e e . e e u re ee e ee r e

en ough to allow at l ast many of t h villag rs to r sid e e e e e

within its walls This littl P alati s ttl m nt was call d .

9
e ne e e e e

R m
o Q ad t or S q
ua a Rom ra a,
“
u re e.
”

This littl fortr ss to w n may r gard as t h n cl s

e e - we e e u eu

aro nd which gr
u p th Rom of history It w as ew u e e .

int d d do btl ss to s rv as an outpost to prot ct t h

en e u e e e e e

n orth rn fronti r of L ati m against h Et scans t h

e e u t e ru ,
— e

most po w rf l and aggr ssiv n ighbors of h L atin

e u e e e t e

p opl
e d th s its inhabitants
e, — an arly b cam in r d u e e e u e

to military disciplin and l arn d thos military vi t s e e e e r ue

which mad th m pr eemin nt among th ir n ighbors i

e e e e e n

t h art of war v n in a warlik g

e e e e a e.

92 H w Gr. t r R m
o f r m d I t h
ea e n ighbo o e w as o e .
— n e e r

hood f t h littl P alatin s ttl m nt w r t oth r

o e e e e e e e e wo e

ca ton comm niti s O of th s s ms to hav b n

n - u e . ne e e ee e ee

a s ttl m nt stablish d on t h Q irina ] a hill clos to

e e e e e e u , e

th e P alati by h S abin s a st rdy p opl of n a

n e, t e e , u e e e r

kin to t h L atins R sp cting t h xact location of h

e . e e e e t e

oth r comm nity

e kno w nothing nor
u inform d ,
we , a re we e

as to th ir r latio ship to t h Ramn s b t

e e may con n e e ,
u we

j t
e c u re that th y w r of h L atin stock e e e t e .

In tim s b for history th r took plac b tw n th s

e e e e e e e ee e e

thr ee t m h i g which so far as

c an o n s
'

knowl dg
so et n , ou r e e

go s n v r occ r d in h cas of y oth rs f t h clan

e , e e ur e t e e an e o e

cl st rs of L ati m Aft r hostil r lations had b n long

u e u . e e e ee

maintain d and m ch hard fighting had tak n plac

e u e e

b tw n t h rival comm iti s for in this way may

e ee e u n e ,
— we

9
S ee ch t ar on p g a e 50 .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS .
43

S mmariz t h l g nd of th s pr historic tim s th y 1° -

u e e e e e e e e , e

accommodat d th ir di ff r nc s nit d on q al t rms to

e e e e e ,
u e e u e

form a singl nation and l arn d to call th ms lv s bye ,

e e e e e

t h sam nam T h C apitolin hill was chos n for t h

e e e . e e e e

location of h stronghold f t h t eand nlarg d city o e ne w e e .

Each of t h old cantons constitut d a trib (t ib ) or

e e e r us

division f t h w stat Each trib was compos d of

o e ne e . e e

t en c ri s Th r w r th s in t h w city thr trib s

u e . e e e e u e ne ee e ,

known as t h R m t h Titi and h L e a thirtynes, e es, t e u cer es,

11

curi s and if w
e ,
to follow t h numb rs giv n by tra
,
e are e e e

dition thr h ndr d g nt s or clans Th c l s and

,
ee u e e e . e u t

oth r instit tions of t h niting comm niti s w r com

e u e u u e e e

mingl d and grad ally modifi d to m t t h n ds of

e u e ee e ee

th e w nation
ne Th s cam into xist nc t h Rom f . u e e e e e e o

th kings with thos social f at r s and thos political

e , e e u e e

arrang m nts that w hav alr ady d scrib d

e e e e e e e .
1

3 Im
0. p r f t h i P h i t ri U
o t ance on i n This conf d s re s o c o .
— e

e ra ti of t h thr littl comm niti s by t h Tib by

on e ee e u e e e r,

whatso v r m ans ff ct d wase e of h most important

e e e e ,
o ne t e

matt s not only in t h history of Rom b t in t h

er , e e, u e

10
S p s ee whichar s 0i d
—
4 44, cc t s which
in a re u m m ar z e th e a ou n th e

s th s lv s g v th s tt s
.

R o m an em e e a e of e e m a er

d his t i
.

11 Som e mo pi i th t
e rn t ib b g
o r a ns a r e o f th e o n on a the r e e a rin

iti s c f d t d with s
[

t h e nam e o f T e w as l tdon e e ra e the Ra m n e

in t h e w a y re a e

i n d
p ar 4 1 , c an th e Lu th s e re s in t h e m ann e r se t o u t in p a r 4 2 O er

bi s d lb s
. . .
,

h w v c c iv b th
o e e r, on e e h v b
o th e Sa ne an th e A an to a e ee n

i c p t d with
n or o ra e R s t t s bs q t th ef ti o m an a e u e u en to th e
,

o rm a on of th e

th f ld c
re e o ity by igi l c f d ti
om m u n f ct d li s t
an o r na on e e ra on ef e e in t h e e ar e

ti s d which v t diti
me an of d l st b c e en ra on ha o a ll r e m e m ran e.

li cl s d
,

S1
ch p ii ee a l g d city ”
In t h e ne w e n ar e t h e e ar er an an c an

t s c s g d lly l s t th i p litic l s ig ific c

. .
,

on of c o u r e at o n e o r d ra u a o e r o a n a n e , an

s k an p siti
to the divisi s o l g gg g t
o n of l st
m e re on of th e ar er a re a e, or o

all c cti wh ts v with

o nn e on p litic l lif a st t d
oe er th e o a e of th e new a e , an

t i d th i d g i ti
re a n e s ci l ligi s p p s s l
e r Ol or an z a on fo r o a o r re ou ur o e a o ne .
44 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

history of civilization It laid t h basis of t h g t S . e e r e a ne s

of Rom and for shadow d h marv llous political for

e, e e er e

t n s just as t h nion of t h thirt n E nglish coloni s

u e , e u e ee e

on t h Atlantic s aboarde ov r hundr d y ars e ,

now e o ne e e

ago laid h basis f

, gr atn ss as a nation and d t r
t e o ou r e e , e e

min d w hat sho ld b t h political fort n s f h Am rican

e u e e u e o t e e

p opl F in ach cas it was not h m r fact of t h

e e . or e e t e e e e

cr ation f t h wid r nion that was significant b t rath

e o e e u , u er

th natur f that union and t h mod f its formation

e e o e e o .

In ach i stanc what sho ld b t h p incipl of national

e n e u e e r e

e xpansion or growth in all aft r tim was stablish d e e e e .

In t h cas of arly Rom h principl f national

e e e e t e e o

e xpansion adopt d was what may call h principl of e we t e e

incorporatio N t h anci nt city w as a v ry xcl siv

n . ow e e e e u e

association O r ligio s and oth r gro nds it clos d its

. n e u e u e

gat s against strang rs T h rights and privil g s of t h

e e . e e e e

citiz s w r not shar d with ali ns Th vanq ish d

en e e e e . e u e

w r mad subj ct s or t ib tari s B t Rom at t h v y

e e e e r u e . u e e er

o ts t of h car r adopt d a mo lib ral policy than

u e er ee e re e

that adopt d by any oth r anci nt city stat And f

e e e - e . or

s v n h ndr d y ars d mor t h Roma s follow d mor

e e u e e an e e n e , e

or l ss st adily d consist ntly this good pr c d nt t

e e an e , e e e se

t h m in pr historic tim s and b stow d t h fr dom of

e e e ,
e e e ee

th ir city that is t h rights d privil g s of Roman

e , ,
e an e e

citiz nship pon t h p opl s th y s cc ssiv ly conq r d

e ,
u e e e e u e e ue e ,

u ntil at last t h roll of Roma citiz ns had incr as d e n e e e

from a f thousand to s v ral million nam s Th way

ew e e e .
2
e

in which th y did this t h r l ctanc at tim s with w hich

e , e e u e e

th y grant d t h boon to t h vanq ish d this mak s

e e e e u e ,
— e

u p a v ry larg part of
e t h i t rnal history ofeRom and e n e e,

t b c s s lis t s p g 3 3 3
2
S ee th e a le of th e en u on a e .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS .
45

constitut s also a chi e ef e e l m t of en it S int r st and i s r

e e n t u o

3
t ive ne ss .

3 1 . Th e I fl u p nnunh E r ly H t
e ce of
i ry f Geogr aph y o t e a s o o

R m o It e. witho t do bt clos igh b h d h ip

— w as, u u ,
e ne or oo s

that bro ght abo t t h nion f h cantons which call d

u u e u o t e e

th Rom of history i to xist nc

e e that forc d po t h n e e e, — e u n e

city at t h v ry o ts t f h car r that policy of xpansion

e e u e o er ee e

through incorporation nd r which h city n v r c as d u e t e e e e e

to grow or t h list of h citiz s to incr as

,
e til er en e e, u n

“ Ro m was t h whol world and all h wo ld was Rom

e e e t e r e.
”

This is t h g d f t h d claration mad by h hise ro u n

'

o e e e t e

torian Fr man to t h ff ct that h co rs of all history

ee e e e
“
t e u e

has b n d t rmin d by h g ological fact th t c tain

ee e e e t e e a er

hills by t h Tib r w r low r and n ar r tog th r than

e e e e e e e e e

th e oth r hills of L ati m e Th tho ght in t h mind u .

” 4
e u e

of t h historian Ihn is t h sam w h n h assig s as a

e e e e e e n

chi f ca s of Rom s gr at ss t h p oximity of t h

e u e e
’
e ne
“
e r e

S v n H ills to ach oth r ” 5

e e e e .

3 In fl u n
2 . f C mm r u p n h Gr w h f E rly R m
e ce o o e ce o t e o t o a o e.

id s t h primary ca s giv in pr c ding para

e e u e en e e

f th r ma kabl fort n s of Rom vario s

o e e r e u e e, u

y ca s s contrib
r t d witho t dou bt e to t h arly u e u u e e

1 rapid gro w th of t h city

( e .

Among th s a promin nt plac m st b giv n to t h

e e e e u e e e

vantag s in t h way of t ad and comm rc a fford d by t h

e e r e e e e e

ituation of h city pon t h Tib r Its distanc

t u na t e S t e u e e . e

m th p rot ct d
e it against
se at h d pr datio s of t he e e e e n e

at s w h i arly tim s swarm d in t h M dit rran an

e o
3
n e e e e e e e

3
lt p tic l ly ch p v d p s
C o nsu ar
9 d 33
u ar a . . an ar .
7 7, 1 64, 2 1 , an 2 .

4 Cnief P e r iods o
f H ist ory , p .
41 .

5 E a r ly R om e, p . 6 .
 46 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

and s w pt a w ay t h c a ttl d t h crops from t h fi lds of

e e e an e e e

th coast s ttl m nts whil its location

e e e h chi f str am
e , e on t e e e

of C ntral Italy nat r lly mad it t h c ntr of t h lucra

e u a e e e e e

tiv trad f a wid r ach of i land t rritory bo d ring

e e o e e n e r e

po t h Tib r d its trib u n e e an u

tari s T h arly fo nding e . e e u

by h city f t h s aport of t e o e e

O stia at t h mo th of t h e u e

Tib r and h adoption f e , t e or

its a ly coinag of h d vic e r e t e e e

of a ship s prow cit d as ’

,
a re e

vid nc s of t h importa t e e e e n

plac that comm rc h ld i e e e e n

h a ly lif of h Romans t e e r e t e .
6

N N RMN N
AN A C IE W ithout do bt it was this
T O A CO I u

RN
,

BE A I R G TH E
comm rcial l m nt in t h
P OW OF A S H IP ‘

e e e e e

(F ti
ro m t h e u se o fl it lif of t h i habit nts of arly
h s sym b o the
’
0 11 c y s
n
m o ne y w e m ay t as s u m e tha c om m e rc e
e e a e

lhe d
l
i t t l an li
mpor Rom an that hp lp d
ac e to form
in t h e fe of e e e
e ar y Rom e .
)
th t mp and b nt of t h e e er e e

Roman mind d that contrib t d to giv h city that ,

an u e e t e

pl c of i fl nc and a thority it h ld among h to w ns

a e n ue e u e t e

of L ati m wh n first it pp ars in h light of history

u e a e t e .

33 Th L g n d ry K in g
. e F e n arly two and a half
e a s. —
or e

c nt ri s aft r t h l g dary fo nding of Rom ( from 7 5 3

e u e e e e en u e

to 5 9 ) t h gov rnm t was a monarchy To span this

0 BC
. . e e en .

p riod h l g nds f t h Romans t ll of t h r igns of s v

e , t e e e o e e e e e en

kings Rom l s t h fo nd r of Rom ; N ma t h lawgiv r

,
—
u u , e u e e u ,
e e

Tullus H ili and An s M arti s q

o st us
sp h Tar ou u ,
c on u e ro r ot

R6 “
f ct c
ome ci l city which
w as in i d bt d
a a om m er a w as n e e

it s i p t c
,

th e c c t
o m m en e m e n i t ti l c of c m o r an e to n e rna o na om m er e
’

M MM N H
.

O f R
SE , i p 8ist ory o oIn e , vo l . . . 1 2 .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS .
47

qu gr at b ild r ; S rvi s T lli s t h

in iu s P r isc u s, t h e e u e e u u u , e re o r

g i f h
an z e r o gov rnm nt andts cond fo
e nd r of th
e stat e e u e e e ;
and T q i i Sup rb s t h ha ghty tyrant whos pp
ar u n us e u , e u e o re s

Sions l d to t h abolition by t h p opl f t h o ffic of king

e e e e e o e e .

T h traditions
e f t h doings f th s monarchs and of
o e o e e

what h plp d to th m bl nd hop l ssly fact and fabl

a e ne e e e e e .

W cannot b quit sur v n as to th ir nam s R sp ct

e e e e e e e e . e e

ing Roman a ff airs how v r nd r t h last thr r l rs ( t h

, e e , u e e ee u e e

N
A S E CT IO RV N W ( t it )
O F T HE SE IA A LL . P re s e n c o nd ion .

Tarq ins ) who w r f Etrusca origin som important

u , e e o n , e

things r lat d t h substantial truth f which w may

ar e e e , e o e

r ly pon with a fair d gr of c rtai ty ; and th s

e u e ee e n e e

matt rs Sh all notic in t h fol lowing pa agraphs

e we e e r .

Gr wt h f R m un d r h T r qu in
o T h Tarq ins
o o e e t e a s. e u

d th ir a tho ity ov r t h whol of L ati m

e e u Th r e e e u . e
48 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

position of supr macy thus giv n Rom was nat rally e e e u

att nd d by t h rapid gro w th of t h city in population

e e e e

an d importanc Th original walls soon b cam too

e. e e e

strait for t h incr asing m ltitud s ; w ramparts w r

e e u e ne e e

built traditio says nd r t h dir ction f h king

— n u e e e o t e

S rvi s T lli s
e u which with a gr at circ it of s v n
u u —
, e u e e

mil s sw pt around t h ntir clust r f s v n hills on

e , e e e e e o e e

TH E C LO A CA MA X I M A .

the so th bank of t h Tib r wh nc t h nam that Rom

u e e , e e e e e

acq ir d of h C ity of h S v n H ills

u e
“
t e t e e e .
”

A larg tract of marshy gro nd b tw n h P alatin

e u e ee t e e

and C apitolin hills was drain d by m ans f t h Cl

e e e o e oa ca

M im t h G r at S w r which was so admirably con

“ ”
ax a, e e e e ,

str ct d that it has b n pr s rv d to t h pr s nt d y

u e ee e e e e e e a .

It still discharg s its wat rs through a gr at arch into h

e e e t e

Tib r Th land th s r claim d b cam t h F m t h

e .
7
e u e e e e e or u , e

7h i s d bt th t w k i s si ply w d f l
T e re no i
ou s a th e or m on er u An m m e n e

w b ilt tw ty fi c t i s s t bl g d d
.

se e r, u en - ve en u r e a go , o n u n a e ro u n u n er e no r
so R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

th epolitical t h r lig ous and t h b sin ss lif of Rom

, e e i , e u e e e .

H r mor was said r solv d pon and don tha

e e e pon , e e u , e, n u

any oth r spot in t h a ci nt world

e e n e .

T h S nat ho s occ pi d
e e sid of h for m ; and
e- u e u e o ne e t e u

facing this on t h pposit sid w r h T mpl of V s a e O e e e e t e e e e t

RO M UNE DE R THE KI N GS .

1 . S q u a re R o m e ”
( R o m a Q u a dra t )
a , the C y it of Ro m u l u s. 2 . T h e C o m i iu mt .

3 . T h e S ab ine C y it .
4 . T he Wa ll of S e r v iu s T u lin s l .

and t h palac of h king O v rlooking all from h

e e t e . e t e

s mmit of t h C apitolin was t h famo s s nct ary call d

u e e e u a u e

th C apitol or t h
e C apitolin T mpl ,
w h r b n ath h e e e e, e e e e t e

sam roof w r t h sh i s of J pit r J o and M in rva

e e e e r ne u e , un , e ,

th th eg t ational d iti s
ree re a n e e .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS .
5 1

Upo h l v l gro nd b tw n h Av ti and t h

n t e e e u e ee t e en ne e

P alatin was locat d t h Ci

e M im m t h G r at e e r cu s ax , e
“
e

C ircl wh w r c l brat d t h Roman gam s T h

”
e, e re e e e e e e e . e

most ot d of h str ts of Rom was t h Vi S

n e t e or ee e e a a cr a ,

S acr d W y which trav s d t h forum d l d p th

“ ”
e a ,
er e e an e u e

C apitolin hill to t h t mpl of J pit r This was t h e

e e e e u e .

s t along which pass d t h tri mphal proc ssions of

tree e e u e

th Roman conqu rors

e e .

35 T h R. f r m f S r ieu Tu lliue ot h Fiv Cl s o d e v s s : e e asses an

th F ur N w Tr ib
e o It was t he s cond ki g of t h es . — e e n e

Etr scan ho s
u S vi s Tulli s by namu to w hom t adi
e, er u u e, r

tion att ib t s a most important cha g in t h co stit tion

r u e n e e n u

of t h Roman stat H mad prop rty inst ad of birth

e e .
9
e e e e ,

or m mb rship in t h patrician clans (par t h basis of

e e e . e

th constit tio
e u n .

Up to this tim s rvic in t h army had b n t h d t y e e e e ee e u

and t h privil g of t h patricians ach of h thr trib s

e e e e , e t e ee e

( par ) f. nishing
1 1 to h armyur tho sand foot sol t e o ne u

di s d h ndr d hors m n B t h growing stat

er an o ne u e e e . u t e e

had com to n d a la g r military forc tha t h patrician

e ee r e e n e

ord r alo could maintain S rvi s T llius incr as d h

e ne . e u u e e t e

army by r q i ing all landown rs wh th r patricians or

e u r e , e e

pl b ians b t w n s v t n and sixty y ars of g to

e e , e ee e e n ee e a e,

ass m a plac in h ranks

u e e t e .

T h whol body of p rsons th s mad liabl to military

e e e u e e

s rvic w as divid d i to fi clas s s acco ding to t h

e e e n ve e ,
r e

amo nt of land ach poss ss d Th larg st lando w n rs

u e e e . e e e

w r nroll d in t h first thr class s and w r r q ir d

e e e e e ee e , e e e u e

9 f it lf is hist ic l f ct b it is p ssibl th t it
Th e re o rm se an or a a u t o e a w as
f ts
,

no t ct d by
e ff e e
y p tic l ki g
th e y h v b
ef o r of an ar u ar n It m a a e een

s lt l g p i d f sl w c tit ti l d v l p t
.

th e re u of a on er o o o o ns u o na e e o m en .
5 2 R OM E AS A K INGD OM

to provid th ms lv s with compl t armor ; h small r pro

e e e e e e t e e

p i t w ho mad p t h r maining two class s w r call d

r e o r s, e u e e e , e e e

u pon to f r ish th ms lv s with only a light q ipm nt

u n e e e e u e .

F th p rpos of facilitating t h l vy or
or e u ip e e e c o n sc r

tion f t h army S rvi s T lli s divid d t h city and

o e , e u u u e e

it t rritory into fo
s e districts which w r lik wards ur , e e e ou r

and to w nships All of t h landown rs r sidi g in any .

10
e e e n

o ne of th s r gions f orm d a trib Th r w r th s

e e e e e . e e e e u

cr at d fo r w t ib s mad p of fr hold rs Th s
e e u ne r e , e u ee e . e e

trib s s p rs d d h thr origi al pat ician t ib s (par

e u e e e t e ee n r r e .

Tho gh th y bor t h sam nam still th y w r

u e e e e e, e e e

v y di ff r nt in charact r M mb rship in
er e e of h e . e e one t e

old trib s was d t rmin d by birth or r elatio ship hil

e e e e n ,
w e

m mb rship in
e f th
e t ib s was d t rmin d by o ne o e new r e e e e

r sid nc in a partic lar district altho gh aft r a p son

e e e u , u e er

had onc b n nroll d in a c rtain t ib h r m in d

e ee e e e r e e e a e

a m mb r f that t ib notwithsta di g h chang d his

e e o r e, n n e e

dw lling pl e O nc a m mb r of a trib always a

- ace .
ll
e e e e,

m mb r was t h r l in both cas s

e e , e u e e .

T h formation of th s
e w trib s w as a matt r of v ry e e ne e e e

gr at importanc for t h int rnal history of Rom S ch

e e e e e. u

a gro pi g of h patricia and t h pl b ian landown rs

u n t e n e e e e

t d d f co rs to br ak do w n h w all of s paratio
en e o u e e t e e n

b tw n t h two ord rs and to nit th m in a singl body

e ee e e u e e e .

Th s tribal divisions too as shall l arn b ca s th y

e e , ,
we e , e u e e

b cam voting nits in t h lat r l gislativ ass mbli s of

e e u e e e e e e

th p opl acq ir d gr at political importanc As fr sh

e e e, u e e e. e

10T h s
e e re gi on sb o re th e f llo o wi ng n am e s : the P a la t in e , t h e S u a
u r an, th e E s qm line ,
’

an d th ech dis t ict Collin e Ea r em b cd t

ra e no

city p p b t l l d t sid city w ll s

.

on ly p ti a or on o f th e ro e r, u a so an s ou e the a

T hi s w l t t h v y fi s t b t it
.

11 as no t th e ru e a e c m er r , u so o n a e to b e t h e law .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E R IN GS .
53

t rritory was acq ir d by t h Romans through conq st

e u e e u e ,

ne w trib s w r cr at d e ntil th r w r finally thirty fi

e e e e , u e e e e - ve
,

which numb r was n v r xc d d e e e e ee e .

3 6 T h . A rm y ; t h L ge i n T h unit f t h military e e o .
— e o e

organization was h c nt ry probably containing at this t e e u ,

tim as t h nam ( t i ) indicat s

e, e h dr d m e cen u r a e ,
o ne un e en .
1

Forty two c nt ri s w r
- nit d to
e u e e e u e

form t h l gion which thus t this

e e ,
a

p riod probably numb r d fo r

e e e u

tho sand two h ndr d m

u its u e e n,

normal str ng h Th tactical forma e t . e

tion f t h l gion was t h old G r cian

o e e e e

phalanx which s ms to hav b n

, ee e ee

borrow d from t h D orian citi s f

e e e o

M agna G i This l gion phalanx

rae c a . e -

had probably a front of fi h ndr d ve u e

m and a d pth f six ranks Th

en, e o . e

h avy q ipp d citiz ns mad up t h

e -
e u e e e e

front t h light q ipp d h r ar

, e -e u e t e e ,

ranks Attach d to t h l gion y t

. e e e ,
e

without constit ting an organic part

R M N
u

of it was a co sid rabl body f

,
n e e o
O A S O L D IE R

carp nt rs m sicians and common workm mad p of

e e ,
u , e n, e u

non fr hold rs
- ee e .

Th r w r at t h p riod of t h S i r form fo r
e e e e e e e
'

e rv a n e u

l gions Two compos d of h yo ng r m w r for

e .
, e t e u e e n, e e

s rvic in h fi ld ; h r maining two mad p f h

e e t e e t e e , e u o t e

old r citiz ns form d a sort of hom guard B sid s t h

e e ,
e e .
2
e e e

1
t hLa b
er t b dy
e nu i c sd
m th t ert of th e o w as n re a e so a the e rm

cent u rl st
y ic l sig ific c
o all n u mer a n an e .

2
fi s t cl ss k w
Th e r
j a c p i s d p s s b tw
, no n as th e u n i or e s , om r e a ll er on e ee n
54 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

four l gions th r was a cavalry forc of ight n hundr d

e e e e e ee e

m en
( ight n ce nturi s ) mad
ee p of t h rich steland e , e u e e

o w n rs This brought h total str gth of t h army up

e . t e en e

to abo t tw nty thousand m

u e e n.

3 7 Th . C m it i C ntur i
e Tho ass mbling plac of
a e at a. — e e - e

thos liabl to military s rvic th s orga iz d into

e e e e, u n e c en

tu ir esand class s was on a larg plain j st o tsid t h e ,

e u u e e

city walls call d h C mA M ti or Fi ld of M ars

, e t e a us ar ns ,
“
e .
”

Th m e ting of th s military ord rs was call d t h m i i

ee e e e e e co t a

t i or t h ass mbly f hundr ds

cen u r a t a , This body
e
“
e o e .
” 3
,

w hich of cours w as mad p of patricians and pl b ians

e e u e e ,

cam in t h co rs of tim to absorb h most f t h

e e u e e t e o e

pow rs of t h arli r patrician ass mbly ( m i i i )

e e e e e co t a cu r a t a .

As t h voting in t h m i i i was by c ri s ( p
e e co t a cu r a t a u e ar.

so was t h voting in t h m it i t i t by c nturi s

e e co a cen u r a a e e .

S inc t f t h total n mb r of
e ou o h ndr d d i
e u e o ne u e an n ne t v

thr c nt ri s ighty w r mbrac d i t h first class and

ee e u e e e e e e n e

e ight n in t h cavalry this mann r of voting thr w t h

ee e , e e e

pr pond ranc of pow r in h ass mbly i to h hands of

e e e e t e e n t e

th w althy citiz ns
e e e .

3 8 Im p r n
. f h S rv i
o R f rm
t a ce o T h r forms of t e e an e o s. e e

S rvi s T lli s
e u r an important st p to w ards h stab
u u we e e t e e

li h m
s t of social and political
en q ality b tw n h t w o e u e ee t e

gr at ord rs f t h stat
e e h patricia s and pl b ians
o e e — t e n e e .

Th w constit tion ind

e ne d as M omms n says ssig d
u , ee ,
e ,
a ne

to t h pl b ians duti s only and not rights b t b ing

e e e e ,
: u e

call d to discharg t h duti s f citiz ns it was t long

e e e e o e ,
no

th e a g s sv t
e of e en een an d f
t y s ix ; t h s c d cl ss k w
or - th e e on a no n as e

m i i g p s s li bl t m ilit y d ty
,

se n ior es , b c d em ra e the re a n n er o n a e o ar u

his ss bly g ni d by S vi s T lli b t it g w

.

8 T em
a w as no t or a z e er u u u s, u re

ou t o f th e m ilit y ar or g i ti h c t d
an z a on e re a e .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS .
55

b for th y d mand d t h rights of citiz ns ; and as t h

e e e e e e e e

b ar rs f arms th y w r abl to nforc th ir d mands

e e o , e e e e e e e e .

Ind d so chang d was th ir position in t h stat by th s

ee ,
e e e e e e

S rvian r forms that from this tim on

e e shall in r f r,
e we e e

ring to th m call th m citiz ns though f cours th y w r

e e e ,
o e e e e

as y t only passiv citiz ns or p rsons in t h way to

e e e ,
e e

acq ir t h rights f f ll and activ citiz nship

u e e o u e e .

Vi w d from a oth r standpoint t h sta dpoint f t h

e e n e , e n o e

sociological st d nt t h r fo ms attribut d to S rvi s u e , e e r e e u

T lli s mark simply

u u st p in h tr nsition of Roman o ne e t e a

soci ty from t h clan stag of organization to h t r i

e e - e t e e r

t
or ai l That is to say th y mark t h e tra sition from that
.
, e n

primitiv fo m of soci ty in which t h nit is a gro p of

e r e e u u

ki sm n (par 6) and t h political stat s of t h individ al

n e . e u e u

is d t rm in d by t h fact of his m mb rship or lack of

e e e e e e

m mb rship in s ch a g o p to that form of soci ty in

e e u r u , e

which t h individ al is h it and h poss ssion of a

e u t e u n , t e e

c rtain amo nt of prop rty or mor g n rally r sid nc

e u e , e e e e e e

alo d t rmin s his stat s and his p blic rights and

ne, e e e u u

d ti s
u e .

This r form mov m nt at Rom was pa of a r vol tion

e e e e rt e u

which was pa ticip t d i by all h p opl s of G r c r a e n t e e e ee e

and Italy who had r ach d t h city stag of d v lopm nt e e e e e e e .

Th s for i stanc at j st abo t t h tim that tradition

u ,
n e, u u e e

r pr s nts S rvi s T lli as ff cti g his r form at Rom

e e e e u u us e e n e e,

S olo th gr at Ath nian l gislator was instit ting a

n, e e e e , u

similar r form in t h constit tion of Ath ns Th r also

e e u e . e e, ,

th er l that nou co ld b a citiz n nl ss h was a

e o ne u e e u e e

m mb r f
e of t h a ci t clans of t h city was abro
e o o ne e n en e

gat d and h
e , d mor d mocratic r lt which mad
e new an e e u e, e

th eown rship of a c rtain amo nt of p op rty and not

e e u r e
5 6 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

birth in som family or clan t h gro nd of participation in

e e u

t h rights and d ti s of citiz

e ship was stablish d u e en ,
e e .

3 9 Th E pu ls i n
. f th
e Kin g Th
x l g nds mak o o e s. - e e e e

T q i i Sup rb s or Tarq in h P roud t h last

ar u n us e u ,
“
u t e ,
”
e

king of Rom H is r pr s nt d as a m onstrous tyrant e. e e e e e ,

whos arbitrary acts ca s d both patricians and pl b ians

e u e e e
“

to nit and driv him and all his ho s into xil This
u e e u e e e .

e v nt according to t h Roman annalists occ rr d in t h

e , e ,
u e e

y ar 5 9 B only
e 0 y ar lat r than h xpulsion of
. C .
, one e e t e e

th tyrants from Ath ns

e e .
5

S bitt rly did h p opl hat t h tyranny th y had

o e t e e e e e e

abolish d that th y all it is said t h nobl s as w ll as h

e e , , e e e t e

commons bo nd th ms lv s by most sol mn oaths n v r

,
u e e e e e e

again to tol rat a king nacti g that sho ld any

e e so , e n ,
u o ne

m ch as xpr ss a wish for t h r storation of t h mon

u e e e e e

archy h should b consid r d a public n my and b p t

, e e e e e e , e u

to d ath e .

F 4 s it ti xi ti g i di t ly ft
ro m th e ua s t blish t
on e s n mm e a e a er the e a men of

th e p blic
re s t d spit wh t t diti s ys
u we mu tt e g d e a ra on a of th e m a e r , re ar

f ct d by p t ici s d
,

th e v l ti re h vi g b
o u on as a n een ef e e the a r an an in t h e
i t t th i
n e re s ofd xcl s iv l ye r own or er e u e

sixth d fifth c t i s
.

5 Th e an ci t hi t y c p d en u r e BC in an en s or o r re s on

d his t y
. .

p litic lly
o a ight th d i t th
to th e e een an n ne e e n in m o e rn or As t h e
l t p i d i s ch ct i d s
.

a er er o p litic l ph ar a
y b tit
er z eti in t h e o a S e re b th e u s u on

of d c cy em o chy
ra li
fo r m onar k d by d c y so w as t h e e ar e r e r a m a r e th e e a

p p l f s
,

of chic l d
m o nar g wth a an g v th e t ro of o u ar o rm of o e rnm e n

sy
.

S p ki g
ea n b liti of ch y R
the Ma o on of m o n ar at o m e, o m m se n a s

H c s ily thi s
ow n e e s ar lt t l dvl p t w as t h e re s u of t h e na u ra e e o m en of

thi gs i s t iki gly d

n s t t d by f ct th t s ch g
s r n em on ra e th e a a th e am e an e of

c s tit ti t k pl c
on u on l g s
oo th gh a e wh l in an a na o ou m ann e r ro u the o e

ci c it
r u t l G ci w ld N
of th e I a ly o- lik i
re an or ot on in R o m e , b u t e w se

ti s w ll b lli s t s c
.

am on g th the o g
er La n as e as a m o n th e Sa e an E ru ans ,

d p li s i f ct i iti j s t
,

an A u an t li c
— n a th n all t h e Ia an om m u n e s, u as in o se

l s lif li p ch p s d d
, ,

of c
G re e fi d e, — we n th e ru e r for e of an e ar er e o su er e e

in ft ti s by
a er l gis t t
me a nn u a ma ra e s .
”
5 8 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM

to b ild ci ty h s p o wh th y h d b xp os d d
u a on t e t e re e a een e e an res

c d A sh m f l co t s t how v os b tw h b o th s
ue a e u n e e e r , ar e e e en t e r er
t o wh ich of h s h o ld gi v m t o h i ty I t
. ,

as t e t wo u e na e t e ne w c w as
d t m i d t h t h m tt sho ld b d cid d b y g y ( p
.

e er ne a t e a er u e e e au ur ar .

R o m l s h os u u h P l ti c d R m s h A v ti e hi ll f o
t e a a ne an e u t e en ne r m
which t o w t ch f o m s T R m s fi s t pp d i ,

h a or t e en . o e u r a e ar e s x

T H E C A P ITO L I N E W OL F .

v ul s f t w ds tw l v pp d t o Ro l s H p
tu r e ; a er ar e e a e ar e mu u e re u on

h p o l i d k i g by h i f llo w s R m s
.

e ac w as r c a me h n s o er — e u on t e
o d h bi ds s h s l s o s
, ,

g r un t h t h a d h tw t e v t
r h im fi t R a o n em e e r ; om u

lu s, o n h go t d th t h g t
e r un b h d pp d h im
a t e r e a er nu m er a a e ar e to
A q l s i g R s ki ll d A th cco t h ow v
.

u arr e en u n em u w as e no er a u n e e r,

s ys th t R m s wh h w lls of h ci ty h d b is d
.
, ,

a a e u en t e a t e ne w a e e n ra e

t o ly li ttl h i gh t l p d o v t h m i d isio wh po
,

on a e e ea e er e n er n ; e re u n

Ro l s i g sl w h i s m t i tt i g th s
,

mu u n an h er e m, at t e a e me u er n e e

w o ds S p ish v y
r :
“
o t h t s h ll h f t l p o v m y
er e er o ne a a ere a er ea er

w lla Th
”
i ty l gth b i l t d c ll d Ro m f o
e c w as at en u an w as a e e, r m
of i t s fo d
.
,

h
t e n am e un e r.

4 T
1 h R m n e p tur t h So b in a W m
s n f W iv
ca e e a e o e or es .
ci ty h v i g b m d by Ro m l s so t of asyl m
.

Th e new a n ee n a e u u a r u or
f g f h disco t t d d h o tl w d f ll h s o d
,

re u e or t e n en e an t e u a e o a t e u rr un

i g s t t s soo b c
n a e v y p o p lo s d m o p o w f l t h
n e am e er u u an re er u an

i th L i i m Alb Lo g B th w f wo
, ,

e er av n u or a n a. ut e re e re ew m en
a m o g i t s i h bi t
n t s R o m l s t h fo s t m b ssi s t o h
n a an u u ere re en e a e t e
i gh bo i g ci t i s t o k t h t h i p o p l m igh t t k w i v s f o m
.

ne r n e as a s e e a e e r

a m o g th mn B he dj i i g t i s w v s t o t i g
. u t t e a o n n na on ere a er e en er n
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS .
59

i to m i g lli c s w i th h m of h
n arr a e a ci ty Th p o
an e t e en t e n ew ere u n

yo th d t m i d t o s c by v i l c wh t th y ld
.

t h R e o m an u e er ne e u re o en e a e c ou

no t ob t i by th m s Ro l s pp oi t d g t f s ti v l
a n o er e an mu u a n e a re a e a

d i v i t d t o h c l b t io ll h s o di g p o p l s Th
.
,

an n e t e e e ra n a t e u rr un n e e e

S bi s s p i lly c m i g t m b s w i t h t h i wi v s d
.

a ne e ec a a e n re a nu er e r e an

d gh t s
au I h m i ds t of h g m s
er h Ro m
n t yo th
e t e a e t e an u at a

p co c t d s ig l sh d m o g h s p c t t s d s i d d
.
, ,

re n er e na ru e a n t e e a or an e z e an

c i d off t o th i hom s h d gh t s of t h i g s ts This

, ,

arr e e r e t e au er e r ue

v i l t i of h l w s of hos p i t l ity l d t o h p t of h
.

o a on t e a a e a w ar on t e ar t e

i j n u red S bi s g i s t h R o s P c h w v
a ne a m d
a n t e m an ea e, o e er, w as a e

b tw h o b t s by h yo g wom th s l v s wh o
.

e een t e c m a a nt t e un en em e e as

w i v s of t h i pto s h d b co co cil d t o th i lo t
, ,

t h e e e r ca r a e me re n e e r

T h tw o t io s w com bi d i to h S bi s
.
,

e na n mer e n o w ne n o n e, t e a ne re ov

i g n of h S v H ills E ch p o p l h ow v t i d
t o o ne t e e en a e e, e e r , re a n e

i ts ki g b p o h d t h f h S bi k i g Ti t s
.

ow n n ; u t u n t e ea o t e a ne n u

T ti s Ro m l s l d o v b th h Ro m s d h S bi s
,

a u u u ru e er o t e an an t e a ne

D i g th d s to m R m l s c gh t p h s k i s d
.
,

ur n a un er r o u u w as au u to t e e an

N m P o p ili s l d i his s t d
,

u a m u ru e n ea

Th C mb t b t w n t h H r t d h Cu i t ii
.

4 2 e o a I e ee e o a u an t e r a n
p o ss of t i b ok bt Ro m d Alb L o g
. .

r ce me a w ar r e ou t e ween e an a n a.

I m igh t b c ll d
t ci vi l f eh Rom a s d Alb s w
e a w ar , or t e an an an e re

a li k d sc d t s of h T oj xil s T h
e e en an isw t e r an e e e two arm e e re

dy to g g i b ttl wh i t p o p os d th t h co t o
.

re a en a e n a e en w as r e a t e n r
v e rs
y o ld b d cid d by
s h u om b t b t th Alb b o th s
e e e a c a e ween r ee an r er

na m d h C i t ii
e dt h
t eRo b o th s k ow h Ho t i i
ur a an re e m an r er n n as t e ra

tio whos ch m p i s g i d h v ic t o y to l ov
.
,

Th e na n e a on a ne t e r w as ru e er

t h o the O h sig l b i g giv

er h co m b t b g
n t e T of na e n e n, t e a e an wo
h Ro s soo f ll lif l ss d h th C i ti i w w o d d
. .

t e m an n e e e an t e re e ur a e re un e

m i i g Ro m w ho w h t s o d d by
.
,

Th e re a n n an , as u n ur w as n o w u rr un e
h th Alb s T v id th i i t d tt k h t d d
,

t e r ee an o a o e r un e a ac e u rne an

fl d th i ki g t h t th y b i g wo d d w ld l m os t t i ly
.
,

e n n a e e n un e ou a c er a n

b co s p t d i f llowi g h im This did t lly h pp

, , ,

e me e ara e n o n ac u a a en ;

t i s loo k i g b k h fl d C i tii
. .

an d wh H en o ra h u n ac as e e saw t e ur a to
foll wi g h im diff t i t v ls h t d h i m s lf bo t
, ,

b e o n at e re n n er a e u r ne e a u

d f ll po his p s s f h o th d d s p t ch d
,

an e u n u r u er , o ne a t er t e e r, an e a e
th m e

cc d c w i th h t m s of h t ty wh i h h two
.

S i o n a or an e t e er t e re a c t e
c it i s h d m d co di t io d
e a h iss of h figh b tw h
a e, n ne on t e ue t e t e een t e
c h m p io s Ro m h ld do i io o v Alb L g B h
a n e e m n n er a on a. u t t e
l g b tw h Ro s d h Alb s soo b o k
,

ea ue e e en t e m an an t e an w as n r e n,
an d th h Ro s d l i s h i g h h o s s f Alb Lo g
en t e m an em o n t e u e o a n a,

i d off ll h i h bi t ts Ro d i c p o t d th m
,

c arr e a t e n a an to m e, an n or ra e e

w i t h h Ro m s t t t e an a e .
8

F s q l thi s s t y 8
ivy i 6
or th e e u e of or , se e L , . 2 .
60 R OM E AS A K IN GD OM .

43 t f H r
Th e Exploit iu C l Af h xp lsio
o of o a s oc es . t er t e e u n
h T q i s f om R t h y b so gh t P o s ki g of C l
.

t e ar u n r om e, e e u r e n na , n u

si m pow f l i ty of E t i to s p o s th i c s d h l p
u a er u c r u r a, e u e e r au e , an e

th m t o g i h k i gly p o w Rom Po s l t
,

e re a n t e n er at e r e nna en a

f v o bl t o t h i sol i i t ti o s d m d p o h Rom
.

a ra e e ar e r c a n an a e w ar u n t e an

s t t As his y d w t o R m ll h p o p l f om h
,

a e. ar m re n e ar o e, a t e e e r t e
s o di g o t y h s t d wi thi h i ty g t s T h b v y
u rr un n c un r a e ne n t e c a e e ra er
of si gl m Ho ti s Co l s l p v t d h my
.

a n e a n, ra u c e a o ne re en e t e e ne
f o ff c ti g i t o h ci ty T his m pos t d
,

r m e t e n an e n r anc e n t e an w as e
d id i h oss ib
.

as a
g h S b
u ar li i B on
g w h t l d e h T
u c an r e, c e ac r t e er
f om h ci t d l of h J i l m Th J i l m h vi g b
r t e a e t e an c u u e an cu u a n e en
t k by h m y i ts d f d s w t t i g i g t dis
.

a en t e e ne e en er e re r e re a n n re a

o d c oss h b idg d h v ic to s followi g clos f t

,

r er a r t e r e, an t e r n er a er .

Ho t i s C ocl s c ll d f t
ra u h i fl i g co p e io s t o b k
a e a er s ee n m an n rea

dow h b idg wh il h h ld h p s s b y T k i g h i s
n t e r e, e e e t e u r u er at a a n
s t d h f th t c of h b idg b w i th h h lp of
.

an at t e ar e r e n ra n e t e r e, e, t e e

tw o co d s h ld h m ra m y i ch k w h il
e h st
e tt e ene n ec e t e r u c u re w as
b i g d s t oy d As h b idg f ll w i th c sh i to h s t m
, ,

e n e r e t e r e e a ra n t e re a

C ocl s l p d i t o h w t d m ids show of d t s sw m

.
,

e ea e n t e a er, an a t a er ar a

i s f ty to h R m
n a e sid Th o gh h i b v y h h d s v d
t e o an e. r u s ra er e a a e

Ro m H i g t f l co t y m
e s c t d s t t t o his ho i
ra e u un r e n e re e a a ue nor n
om i ti m d v o t d h im plo of l d l g h co l d
.

th e c u an e a t an as ar e as e u

p lo gh i s i gl d y
,

u n a n e a

44 Th F rt itu d f M i F ili g t o t k Ro
.

e S o l e o uc u s ca vo a. a n a e me
by ss l t P o s d v o d to d c i t by g l si g
.

a au r e nn a en ea re re u e a re u ar e e

Af t h i v s t m t h db m i t i d f co sid bl t i
, .

er t e n e en a ee n a n a ne or a n e ra e m e,
a Ro m yo th G i s M i s by m sol v d t o d li v h
an u a u uc n na e , re e e er t e

ci ty f o m h p s c of h b si g s by goi g i to h c p of
,

r t e re en e t e e e er n n t e am

th e my d k illi g P o s
e ne anT h o gh m is t k how v
n r e nn a r u a a e, e e r,

h sl w h s c t y of h k i g i s t d of h k i g h i m s lf
.

e e t e e r e ar H t e n n ea t e n e e

s i d d b gh t i to h p s c of Po s
.

w as e z e an ro u h n t e re en e r e nna , w o

t h t d h im wi th p ish m t by fi
re a e ne l ss h m d f ll un en re un e e a e a u

di s los of h Rom p lo ts M i s to sh ow h k i g h
c u re t e an uc n t e n ow

li tt l h o ld b m ov d by t h t s th s t h i igh t h d i t
.
,

e e c u e e re a ru s r an n o a

d h ld i t t h t il i t
,

fl am e th t a w as n e ar ,fli h i gly an e er e un nc n un w as
co s m d P o s
n u e so i p ss d by h fo ti t d of h
r e nn a w as m re e t e r u e t e

yo th th t h dism iss d h im w ith o t p ish m t F om h loss

.

u a e e u un en r t e

of h i igh t h d M i c i v d h s m of S l
.
,

s r an uc us re e e t e u r na e ca r/O a ,

L ft h dd
,
“ Th - an e
e e

Th s q l f h s to y i t h t P o s h vi g l d f om
.

e e ue o t e r s a r e nna, a n e ar n e r

M i s th t th
uc n h d d Rom yo t h h d t d i to v ow
a re e un re an u a e n e re n a

t o s c i fi c t h m s l v s i f d b i o d t o c p ss his d th
a r e e e e ne e e, n r er om a ea

m d t ty f p c w it h h Ro s d wi thd w h i m y
, ,

a e a re a o ea e t e m an an re s ar

f o m b fo th i city
r e re e r .
 R OM E UN D E R TH E K IN GS . 61

RE FRN E U TA R C H Liv s f R m l nd N m ( S t w
E C ES — PL e o o u u s a u a. e

dL gs t sl ti 4 v l s is c m m d d ) I t h c s f
.
,

’
ar t an on ra n a o n, o re o en e n e a e o

th s p tic l liv s t h s t d nt w ill f c s b i m i d th t h

. .
,

e e ar u ar e e u e o ou r e e ar n n a e

i s di g R m f lkl ; b t it is w th whil f t h s t d t f
,

re a n o an o o re u or e or e u en o

R m o hi t y t k w wh t t h R m s f l t ti m s th m s lv s
an s or o no a e o an o a er e e e e

b li v d p cti g th i
e e e re s ly ki gs
e n e r e ar n .

L VY ( B h ) i F w d i g d t t h w y i which L i y ’
I o n or a or n re ar o e a n v s

cc t f t h ff i s f t h l y R m s s h ld b
.
,

a ou n o e a a r o d p 3e e ar o an ou e rea se e ar . 01

M MM N (T ) H i t y f R m l i bk i ch p s vi
, .

O SE s or od vii pp o e, vo a an

I N s s
. . . . . . .
, .

1 2 3 59
—1 H E ly R Em ( E p ch S i ) ch**p i pp
ar o e o er e a — v.

d ch p s vii ix pp d th s m th s H i t y
. .
, .
.

’
1— 9 1 an a 4 6 ; — 10 —1 1 an e a e au or s or

s
. . . .
,

o
f R m ( Eo gli eh diti ) n l i bk i chep xiii pp 8
on 4 Th vo a 10 —1 2 “
e

P pl in t h T i m s f t h K i g s
. . . . . .
, .
,

R m o an eo e M AC A U A Y
e L y fe o e n .
”
L a s o

A n cien t Rom e .
 P ART I I . Ro M E AS A R E P U BL I C .

( —
5 9 31
0 BC
. .
)

C H A PTE R V .

T H E E A RL Y R E P UBL IC ; P L E BEIA N S BE C O M E C IT I Z EN S

W IT H FU L L R IG H T S .

( 5 9 3 67
0 — B ch )
o

45 u i n M gi tr t h C nsuls d h Di t t
. R ep b l ca a s a es t e o an t e c a or .

W ith t h mo archy ov rth own and t h last ki g and his

e n e r e n

ho s b i h d f m Rom (par
u e an s e h p opl t to
'
ro e . t e e e se

w ork to orga iz h gov rnm nt In plac of h ki g

re n e t e e e . e t e n ,

th r w r l ct d ( 5 9
e e e e by t h m i i t i i
e e e 0 e co t a cen u r a t a , n

which ass mbly t h pl b ians had a vot two pat ician

e e e e e, r

magistrat s call d at first p t or l ad rs but lat

e , e ra or s,
“
e e ,
”
e r,

l
consu s, or coll ag s Th s magistrat s w r chos
“
e ue .
’2
e e e e e en

for y ar d w r inv st d with all t h pow s sav

o ne e ,
an e e e e e er , e

som p i stly f nctio s that had b n x rcis d by t h

e r e u n ,
9
ee e e e e

ki g d ing t h r gal p riod In p blic ach co sul w as

n ur e e e . u e n

att nd d as h ki g had b
e e ,
by t w lv lictors ach
t e n ee n, e e , e

b aring h d ad fasc s (par

e t e
“
re e .

E ch co s l had h
a po w r of obstr cti g h acts or
n u t e e u n t e

v toi g h commands of h oth r This w as call d t h

e n t e t e e . e e

“ right of int rc ssion This division of a thority w ak

e e .
’7
u e

h s w d v lv d p
9 T e e gi t t k w
e re e o e u on a ma s ra e no n a s r ex sa c r o r u m,
or ki g
“
s c i fic s
n of th e a r e .
”
 TH E .
E AR L y R E P UBL IG . 63

en d t h x cutiv so that in tim s of gr at p blic dang r

e e e e e, e e u e

it was n c ssary to s p rs d h co s ls by h appoint

e e u e e e t e n u t e

m nt f a sp cial o ffic r b aring t h titl of

e o e e whos e e e e

L IC TO R S .

of o ffic was limit d to six months b whos pow r

e e ,
u t e e

g this tim w as as nlimit d as that of t h king had

e u e e

H was nominat d by
e f h cons ls acting
e on e o t e u

an ord r of t h s at which must b ob y d and

e e en e e e e ,

h his sov r ign a tho ity (imp i m ) by h

e e u r er u t e
64 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

com it ia cu r ia t a was pr c d d by tw nty four lictors

.
1"
He e e e e - .

Th dictator always am d as his li t nant and p

e n e eu e re re

t ti
se n a a magistrat known as h mast r of t h hors
ve e t e
“
e e e
”

( g
m i t a o it m )
s er S om tim
e u s dictator u w as appoi. t d e e a n e

m ly to hold an l ctio or to p form som r ligio s

e re e e n, er e e u

c r mo ial act
e e n .

A cons l co ld not b imp ach d or r ach d by any

u u e e e , e e

l gal or constit tional proc ss whil in o ffic ; b t aft r

e u e , e e u e

t h xpiration of his t rm h co ld b p os c t d for y

e e e e u e r e u e an

misco d ct or ill gal act of w hich h might hav b

n u e e e een

g ilty w hil holdi g his magistracy This r l was appli d

u e n . u e e

to ll t h oth r magistrat s of t h r p blic

a e e e e e u .
11

L uci s J ni s B t s u d T q i i
u u C ll t i wr
ru u an ar u n us o a nu s e e

t h first cons ls nd r h w constit tio B t i is

e u u e t e ne u n . u t

s id tha h v ry nam of T q i i w as so i tol abl

a t t e e e ar u n us n er e

to h p opl that h was forc d to r sign t h cons lship

t e e e e e e e u ,

and that h and all his ho s w r driv e t of Rom u e e e en ou e.

12

A oth r cons l P bli s Val ri s was chos n in his

n e u ,
u u e u , e

st ad e .

46 C n p ir y t
. t r h T rqu in ; h C n u l Br tus
o s ac o r es o e t e a s t e o s u

co nd m n h i S n D t h ( 5 9
e s s Tho s xil d ki g had
to ea 0 — e e e n

1° th iti s lly p
Ou r au t
or dict t es ub i g pp i t d
ua re re se n the a o r as e n a o n e

by t with t y f c
t h e se na e c l ou ctic llyan r e e re n e to th e o ns u s P ra a th e

s t did pp i t v s t bli s h d
.

e na e cc di g
a o n g h im :
“
A or n to an u sa e ne er e a e

by v vi l t d i p ctic
la w b u t ne c ti
er dict t hip
o a e n ra e, the re a on of a a o rs

d p d d s i pl y p
e en e s l ti
m s t d fixi g
u on th e re o u on of th e e na e , a n th e n of

th e p s b
er o n i t d lth gh c s tit ti lly v s t d
to e n o m na e a ou on u o na e e in t h e
i ti g c s l s di y ci c s t c s y with
,

no m na lly d
n on u re a un er or nar r u m an e la th e

M MM N H
,

t
se n a e
”
f R O i bkSEii p ist ory o om e, vo l 40 2
cc s ti v b ght g i s t
. . . . . . .
,

11
N o a u a ct l gi t t
on w as e er ro u a a n an a ua ma s ra e
”

I N
.

— H f R
E, iv p 8
f l ist ory o o m e , vo l 2

t th i s xil d y l f ily d
. . . .

12 Th e l t d
ru h e w as re a e to th e e e ro a am an th e

p pl w di s t s tf l
, ,

eo e e re l y lty p blic
ru u of h is o a to the re u .
66 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

47 .tri t nt r R m b y F r (5 8
Tar qu iniu s es o r ee e o e o ce 0

49 6 Th conspiracy having miscarri d T q i i

— e e , ar u n us

so ght to r instat hims lf in Rom by op n war H

u e e e e e . e

had various Etr scan alli s and h lp rs and particularly u e e e ,

L ars P ors nna king of C lusi m It is t h annals of this

e , u . e

war that t h Romans mb ll ish d w ith h stori s of e e e e t e e

H orati s C ocl s and M cins S c vola (pars 4 3 and 4 4 )

u e u ae .

Taking advantag f t h distr ss of h Romans h e o e e t e , t e

L atin towns which d ri g t h r gal p riod had b n

,
u n e e e ee

f orc d to ackno w l dg
e h s pr macy of Rom ( par e e t e u e e .

ros in r volt with t h r s lt that almost all h

e e , e e u t e con

q sts that had b n mad d r t h ki gs w r lost

ue ee e u n e e n e e .

Th sit ation gr w so s rious that h Romans plac d

e u e e t e e

th ir a ffairs in t h ha ds of a dictator ( par

e A ls e n . u u

P t mi
os u by nam h fi st according to som of
u s e, t e r , e ou r

a thoriti s of a lo g lin of s ch command rs for t h mili

u e ,
n e u e , e

tary or h political sit ation at Rom oft n b cam critical

t e u e e e e .

Tradition t lls of a gr at battl fo ght at L k R gill

e e e u a e e us

in 4 9 6 B in which t h Romans gain d a d cisiv victory

. C .
,
e e e e

ov r both t h Et scans and t h L atins This victo y

e e ru e . r

e nd d t h war and s c r d t h f t r of Rom

e e e u e e u u e e.

48 Th R igh t f App l
. ur d b y t h I V l ri 5 9
e o ea sec e e R !: a e a 0

W hav s n that vi t ally all h a thority

— e e ee r u t e u e xe r

i d by t h king w as transf rr d in undiminish d m as

c se e e e e e u re

to t h cons ls (par
e B t t h v ry y ar of h ov r
u . u e e e t e e

th ow f t h r gal pow r h a thority of h cons ls

r o e e e , t e u t e u

was r strict d in a most important r sp ct Th cons l

e e e e . e u

P blius Val ri s mov d doubtl ss by a d sir

u e to il
u ,
e e e e c on c

iat t h pl b ians s cur d t h passag of a law co c r

e e e e , e e e e n e n

ing app als kno w as t h Val rian l which forbad any

e n e e aw ,
1
e

1 [ ex Va le r ia
’
ao p r ovoc a t io n e .
 TH E E A RL y R E P UBL IC . 67

magistrat sav a dictator to p t y Roman citiz n to

e, e , u an e

d ath w itho t t h conc rr nc on app al of t h p opl in

e u e u e e e e e e

th e c n t uriat ass mbly This la w how v r did not bind

e e e .
,
e e ,

th e co s ls w h n th y w r at t h h ad of t h army
n u e e e e e e e ou t

sid t h city From this tim on t h co s lar lictors

e e . e , e n u ,

wh accompanying t h cons ls w ithin t h city r mov d

en e u e , e e

th e from h fasc s ( p
ax e as a symbol that t h
t e e ar . e

po w r to x c t th r t h d ath s nt c pon any citiz n

e e e u e e e e e e en e u e

had b tak away e en en .

This right of app al from h s nt nc of a magistrat in e t e e e e e

cas s involvi g lif and d ath was aft wards xt nd d to

e n e e er e e e

cas s of flogging and th s it b cam a v ry gr at s c rity

e ,
u e e e e e u

to th citiz n agai st njust and cr l tr atm nt at h

e e n u ue e e t e

hands of arbit ary magistrat s Th law s c ring this r e . e e u

right has b n w ll call d t h H ab as C orp s Act of t h

ee e e
“
e e u e

Romans M or than fi h dr d y ars aft r h

” 2
e nact ve un e e e t e e

m t of this law P a l t h Apostl having b n flogg d by

en u e e, ee e

his jail r ca s d him to fall into gr at f by s nding

e ,
u e e e ar e

him word that h had b at n op nly and ncond mn d a e e e e u e e

Roman citiz n e .
8

Val ri s carri d oth r la w s in t h int r sts of h p opl

e u e e e e e t e e e.

B ca s of his d votion to t h pop la ca s h w as giv n

e u e e e u r u e e e

th s e am f P p li l or t h fri nd of t h p opl
u rn e o o co a ,
“
e e e e e .

49 First S . i n f t h P l b i ns ( 4 9 4
ecess o Tro bl s o e e e a — u e

witho t bro ght tro bl s w ithin T h poor pl b ians dur

u u u e . e e e ,

ing this p riod f disord r d war f ll in d bt to h

e o e an , e e t e

2 H b s
Th e p s Aa ea s t t t p ss d by
Cor gli hu ct w as a a u e a e the En s

Pa rli t a m en ig h l
in t h e d d sig d p t ct
re n of C ar es II , an w as e ne to ro e

g i s t ill g l i p is
.

th e citi zen a a n t e a m r o nm en

cts xxii 5 9 ls d thi s s vis d

.

3
A 2 —2 It w as a o un er am e law , as re e

l c s d b f F t s pp l d t s cts
, . .

l t th t
a e r, a Pa u , ac u e e o re es u , a ea e un o C ae ar : A ,

XV O I I.
68 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

w althy class and paym t was xact d with h artl ss

e , en e e e e

s v rity A d btor b cam t h absol t prop rty of his

e e . e e e e u e e

cr ditor w ho might s ll him as a slav to pay t h d bt

e , e e e e ,

and in som cas s v n p t him to d ath e e e e u e .

L ivy draws t h following pictur of t h condition of e e e

th poor d btor O day an old man pal and m

e e . ne , e e a

i
c at ed and cloth d in rags tott r d into t h forum
, To e , e e e .

thos that cro w d d abo t him to inq ir t h ca s of his

e e u u e e u e

mis ry b r lat d this tal Whil h had b n away

e , e e e e : e e ee

s rving in t h S abin war t h crops on his littl f arm had

e e e , e e

b n d stroy d by t h n my his hous b rnt and his

ee e e e e e , e u ,

cattl driv n ff To pay his tax s h had b n forc d

e e o . e , e ee e

to in d bt ; this d bt growing contin ally by sury

ru n e e , u u ,

had cons m d first his farm a pat rnal inh ritanc th

u e , e e e, en

th r st f his s bstanc and at l ngth had laid hold of

e e o u e, e

his own p rson H had b n thrown into prison d

e . e ee an

b at n with strip s H th n show d t h bystand rs t h

e e e . e e e e e e

marks f sco rging pon his body and at t h sam tim

o u u , e e e

display d h scars of t h wo nds h had r c iv d in battl

e t e e u e e e e e.

Th upon a gr at tum lt aros and t h p opl fill d with

e re e u e, e e e, e

indignation ran tog th r from all sid s i to t h forum

, e e e n e .
4

Th sit ation was intol r bl Th pl b ians r solv d

e u e a e. e e e e e

to s c d from Rom and build a

e e e city for th ms lv s e, ne w e e e

on a n ighboring min nc known a ft rwards as t h

e e e e, e e

S acr d M o nt e H aving b n call d to arms und r t h

u . ee e e e

pr t xt that t h q i
e e hostil p opl dw lling e u an s — a e e e, e

east f Rom who w r constantly making forays into t h

o e, e e e

Roman t rritory w r thr at ning t h land th y r f s d

e — e e e e e ,
e e u e

to march t against t h n my b t inst ad march d

ou e e e , u e e

away in a body f rom Rom to t h spot s l ct d b for e e e e e e e

4 n. 2
3 .
 TH E E A RL Y R E P UBL IC . 69

hand and b gan to mak pr parations f r cting w

, e e e or e e ne

hom s (4 94 e

Th C v t d t h T ib T h patricians saw
‘

5 0. e o ena n an e r u nes . e

cl arly that s ch a division wo ld prov r inous to t h

e u u e u e

stat and that t h pl b ians m st b p rsuad d to giv

e, e e e u e e e e

u p th ir nt rpris
e and
e com backe to Rom T h cons
e l e e . e u

Val ri s was s nt to tr at with h insurg nts Th pl

e u e e t e e . e e

b i e ans w r at fi t obst inat b t at last w r p rs ad d

e e . rs - e, u e e e u e

to yi ld to t h ntr ati s of t h mbassy to r t rn b i g

e e e e e e e e u , e n

won to this mind so it is said by f t h wis s nators

, , o ne o e e e ,

who mad of t h w ll known fabl of t h Body d

e u se e e - e e an

th eM mb rs e e .

T h following cov nant was nt r d into and bound by

e e e e e ,

th emost sol mn oaths and vows b for t h gods Th

e e e e : e

d bts f t h poor pl b ians w r to b canc ll d and thos

e o e e e e e e e e , e

d btors h ld in slav ry t fr ; and two pl b ian magis

e e e se ee e e

trat s ( t h n mb r was soon incr as d to t ) call d

e e u e e e en , e

trib whos d ty it sho ld b to watch ov r t h pl

u nes, e u u e e e e

b i e a n s,and prot ct h m against t h injustic harshn ss e t e e e, e ,

and partiality of t h patrician magistrat s w r to b e

,

e , e e e

chos n in an ass mbly f t h pl b ians

e e o e e e .
5

That t h tribun s might b t h prot ctors f t h pl

e e e e e o e e

b i e ans in som thing mor than nam th y w r i v st d

e e e, e e e n e e

with an xtraordinary pow r known as t h j

e ilii e e us au x ,

“
th right f aid ; that is th y w r giv n h right
e o
”
, e e e e t e ,

sho ld any patrician magistrat att mpt to d al wrongf lly

u e e e u

with a pl b ian to annul his act or st p his proc ding

e e , 0 ee .
“

hi s
5 T s bly v ti g by c i s
w a s an as e m s g i d o n ur e It w as o o n re o r an z e

his t ic lly i p t t
.
,

an db c e am e th e por
( a m o r an c on c iliu m t r iOu t u m leOis pa r
c s l wh
.

t ib
6
A h wv r d
u ne , th ity v o e e r, ha no au or o er a on u en h e w a s

at h d
th e eay w yf of R b
th e d th ci c
a rm a a ro m o m e, u t un er all o er r u m
t c s c ld
s an e dis b di c v
he ou s t d i p is
for o e en e e e n arr e an m r on h im .
7 o R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

p rsons of t h trib n s w r mad sacrosanct that

Th e e e u e e e e ,

is inviolabl lik h p rsons of h ralds or ambassadors

, e, e t e e e

of a for ign stat Any int rr pting a trib n in h

e e . o ne e u u e t e

discha g of his d ti s or doi g him y viol nc was

r e u e ,
n an e e,

d clar d an o tlaw whom any

e e might kill Th t h
u ,
one . a t e

trib n s might b al w ays asily fo nd th y w r t

u e e e u , e e e no

allow d to go mor than e mil b yond t h city walls e o ne e e e .

Th ir ho s s w r to b op night d d y that any

e u e e e e en an a ,

pl b ian nj stly d alt with might fl thi h r for p t

e e u u e ee t e ro ec

tion d r f g an e u e .

T h tribun s w r att nd d and aid d by s rvants call d

e e e e e e e e e

aa il
’
who w
’
es, l ct d from t h pl b ian ord and e re e e e e e e e r, ,

lik h trib n s inv st d w ith a sac osanct cha act

e t e u e , e e r r er .
7

Among th ir d ti s was t h car of h st ts and mark ts

e u e e e t e re e e

and f t h p blic archiv s

o e u e .

W cannot ov r stimat t h importanc of t h chang

e e e e e e e e

e ff ct d in t h Roman constit tion by t h cr ation of h

e e e u e e t e

pl b ian trib nat U d r t h prot ction d l ad rship

e e u e . n e e e an e e

of th ir inviolabl trib n s h pl b ians carri d on a

e e u e , t e e e e

struggl for a shar in t h o ffic s d dig iti s of h stat

e e e e an n e t e e

that v r c as d til t h Ro m an gov nm nt as y

ne e e e u n e er e ,
et

r p blican only in n m b cam i fact a r al d mocracy

e u a e, e e n e e ,

i
n which pat ician d pl b ian shar d q ally i all r an e e e e u n

e mol m nts d privil g s

u e an e e .

Th r w r ho w v r g ms of mischi f in this offic as

e e e e, e e ,
er e e,

we shall l arn It i ff ct cr at d a s at w ithi h

e .
8
n e e e e t e n t e

w ld s
7 It h w v th t th y did
ou p ss thi s i vi l bility
eem , o e e r, a e no t o sse n o a

u n til f t p ss g
a er V l i Hthe ti l ws ( a a e of th e a er o- o ra an a par
t ib s igi l d i pl gh t i t c ss i b h lf
.

8 The of
e ri of
’
r u ne or na an s m n er e on on e a

o pp d pl b i s
r e s se ti g tly xt d d d cl i d d
e e an w a s in me re a e en e , an he a me an

e x ci der th ity bl ck y d i i t tiv

se th e au j dici l or to o an a m n s ra e or u a ac t of

the gi t t sma city s lt

s ra e
5 of the . Co n u
par . 1 1.
 TH E E A RL Y R E P UBL IC .
7 1

stat for t h pl b ians organiz d as th y now w r with

e, e e e ,
e e e e

th ir own ass mbly pr sid d ov r by o ffic rs w hos inviola

e e e e e e e

b ilit y had b r cogniz d by a sol mn compact stood

ee n e e e ,

ov r against t h patricians almost as

e e ation stands o ne n to

anoth r e .

5 T h1 R .é t b li h m t
e f t h L
e s at i n L gu (4 9 3 s en o e a ea e

T h y ar f ollo w ing h
e e cr ation of t h pl b ian tribunat t e e e e e e

marks a most importa transaction in h xt rnal histo y nt t e e e r

of t h yo ng r p blic W hav s n ho w t h L atin

e u e u . e e ee e c an

tons to w ns improving h opport nity a fford d by h

,
or , t e u e t e

ov rthrow of t h mo archy at Rom had r cov r d th ir

e e n e, e e e e

lost ind p nd nc (par e e In t h y a 4 9 3 B h

e e . e e r . C .
, t e

Roman cons l S p ri s C assi s r n w d with th m h

u u u u e e e e t e

anci nt allianc (par

e which was a d f nsiv l ag
e . e e e e ue

of h L atin comm niti s against h n m ro s n mi s

t e u e t e u e u e e e

which s ro nd d L ati m on almost v ry sid A littl

ur u e u e e e . e

lat r h allianc was join d by t h H i

e t e e a hill e e e r n c a n s,

p opl on t h ast rn f onti r of L at ium

e e e e e r e .

Th formation of this tripl allia c was a matt of

e e n e er

gr at mom nt to Rom It bro ght h good alli s at

e e e . u er e a

critical p riod of h d v lopm t and stablishi g a b lt

e er e e en , e n e

of fri ndly fortr ss s all along h so th rn and ast rn

e e e t e u e e e

bord rs of h o w n t rritory l ft o ly h north rn fronti r

e er e , e n er e e

dir ctly xpos d to t h incursions of an n my

e e e e e e .
9

5 2Th P b li
. L nd e As u hav alr ady l arn d
c a s — we e e e e

( par .th r was v n at this e e rly p iod in h history e e ea er t e

of Rom a larg n mb r f p rsons in h city includ d in

e e u e o e t e e

th e class of t h wr tch dly poor A chi f ca s of this

e e e . e u e

s at of things was t h nfair m n g m t of t h public

t e e u a a e en e

land ( g p b li ) As t h cont ntion ov r this land

a er u cu s . e e e

s lt pp s it p g 9 C on u m ap o o e a e 78 .
7 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

was almost constant thro gho t t h p riod of t h r p blic u u e e e e u ,

we m st nd avor h r at t h outs t of
u e e st dy to e e, e e ou r u ,

u nd rstand h matt r
e t e e .

According to t h r l s of war in antiq ity t h prop rty e u e u , e e ,

th lib rty and v n t h

e e liv s of t h vanquish d w r at
,
e e e e e e e e

th efr disposal of t h conq or B t t h Romans

ee e u er . u e ,

actuat d probably by consid rations of policy rath r than

e e e

by motiv s f h manity did not s ally x rcis all th s

e o u , u u e e e e e

harsh rights of t h victor Th y g n rally l ft t h con e . e e e e e

q d p opl s not o ly lif and lib rty b t also a la g

u e re e e n e e , u r e

part of th i la ds T h r maind r amo nting to a third

e r n . e e e , u

or mor th y confiscat d and add d to t h p blic la ds f

e, e e , e e u n o

th Roman stat
e e .

This gov rnm nt land was dispos d of in t h following

e e e e

ways ( ) A pa t was grant d in small holdings und r

: 1 r e , e

what sho ld t rm hom st ad la s to discharg d t

we u e e e w ,
e ve

e rans or poor citiz ns who w nt t as soldi r s ttl rs or e , e ou e -e e

colonists to h t rritory ; ( ) anoth r part of t h

t e new e 2 e e

land was o ff r d at public sal d was purchas d by t h

e e e, a n e e

patricia s or t h rich pl b ians ; (3 ) still anoth r portion

n e e e e

was l as d at a fix d r ntal to b paid in mon y L a ds

e e e e e e . n

allott d or sold b cam of co rs privat prop rty ; with

e e e u e e e

th s as w ll as with t h r g larly l as d lands t h

e e, e e e u e e ,
e

agrarian disput s had littl or nothing to do e e .

B t th s s v al m thods f disposing of t h p blic

u e e e er e o e u

la d l ft still r mai ing in t h hands f t h stat larg

n e e n e o e e e

u ns rv y d tracts s ally h mor r mot and wild r

u e e ,
u u t e e e e e

portions of t h co fiscat d t rritori s N w r sp cting e n e e e . o e e

th s c stom or h law p rmitt d p rsons to nt r pon

e e, u t e e e e e e u

and c ltivat th m or to t rn th ir flocks and cattl out

u e e ,
u e e

upon th m In r t rn for such of t h p blic land h

e . e u u se e u t e
74 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

r form rs of Rom H was a patrician and a man h ld

e e e . e , e

in gr at distinction account of his mi t p blic s v

e on e ne n u er

ic s H had r establish d t h allianc b t w n Rom

e . e e e e e e ee e

and t h L atin towns ( par

e and thro gh t rritori s . u e e

acq r d in s c ssf l wars had add d larg ly to t h com

u i e u ce u e e e

mon lands f t h Roman stat o e e .

This patricia with a vi w to r li ving h distr ss of

n, e e e t e e

th poor pl b ians now bro ght forward as cons l t h

e e e fol , u u e

lowing proposals ( ) That t h lands r c ntly acq ir d in 1 e e e u e

war i st ad f b ing sold or l as d b allott d in small

,
n e o e e e , e e

holdings to n dy Romans and to t h L atins ; ( ) that h

ee e 2 t e

amo t of land for s ch distrib tion b incr as d by tak

u n u u e e e

ing away from t h rich patricia s thos public lands which

e n e

th y w r occupying as t nants at will ( p

e e e e a r.

Th s proposals sti r d p a fi rc d bat T h patri

e e r e u e e e e . e

i
c ans v ry at rally d no nc d t h proposal touching h
e n u e u e e t e

common lands th y w r occupying as do w nright obb ry e e e r e .

Th y had occ pi d th s lands so long i som cas s

e u e e e ,
— n e e

th y had probably inh rit d th m and had sp t so

e e e e ,
— en

m ch mon y in improving th m that th y now look d

u e e , e e

u pon th m as th ir own T h rich pl b ians whom t h

e e . e e e e

patricians had admitt d to t h joym nt of th ir privil g s e e en e e e e

sid d with th m M any f t h poor r pl b ians w r also

e e . o e e e e e e

luk warm i th ir s pport of h m as s for t h r ason

e n e u t e e u re , e e

that t h L atins w r to b giv n a shar in t h allott d lands

e e e e e e e e .

Th proposals notwithstanding t h opposition w r

e ,
e , e e

finally carri d B t t h provisions f t h law w r n v r

e . u e o e e e e e

carri d i to ff ct Th law how v r s rv d as t h i pi

e n e e . e , e e , e e e ns

ration and t h mod l f lat r agrarian m as s and for

e e o e e ure ,

this r ason it co stitut s a gr at landmark in t h history

e n e e e

of t h land probl m at Rom

e e e .
 TIIE E A RL Y R E P UBL IC .
75

purius C assius su ff r d t h fat f many of t h oth r

S e e e e o e e

social r form rs who aros aft r him at Rom Upon t h

e e e e e . e

expiration of his t rm as consul ( par h was bro ght e . e u

to trial by his patrician n mi s t h charg f nd avor e e e on e e o e e

ing to mak hims lf king thro gh p rchasing with dona

e e u u

tio s of land t h favor of t h p opl H was d clar d

n e e e e. e e e

g ilty d was put to d ath

u an e .

W may r gard S puri s C assi s as a martyr to t h ca s

e e u u e u e

of t h Roman poor ; for w

e not at lib rty to acc pt e ar e e e

th int rpr tation of his n mi s as to what w r his r al

e e e e e e e e e

motiv s in spo sing t h ca s f t h pl b ians W may

e e u e u e o e e e . e

no mor imp gn t h motiv s of t h social r form rs f

e u e e e e e o

Rom than thos of h social r form rs of

e own day e t e e e ou r .

T h b st of h Romans w r q it as capabl as o rs lv s
e e t e e e u e e u e e

of disint r st d d s lfish s rvic not o ly for h stat

e e e an un e e e, n t e e,

b t for t h
u poor and t h disinh rit d class of citiz ns
e e e e e

w ithin its bord rs e .

5 4 B rd r W r
. d B rd T l
o Th
e chi f n mi s a s an o er a es . e e e e e

of Rom and h L atin alli s w r t h Volscians t h

e er e e e e , e

E q i th
u S abin s
a n s, d th Et eF mo e ,
an e ru sc a n s.
I
or re

than a h ndr d y ars aft r t h fo nding f t h r p blic

u e e e e u o e e u ,

Rom ith r alon or in con ction w i h h con f d rat s

e, e e e ne t er e e e ,

was almost constantly fighti g or anoth r or all of n o ne e

th s p opl s B t th s op rations cannot b r gard d as

e e e e . u e e e e e e

r al wars Th y w r on t h sid of both parti s for t h

e . e e e, e e e , e

most part m r pl nd ri g forays or cattl raising xp di

, e e u e n e- e e

tions into h n my s t rritori s W sh all probably not

t e e e
’
e e . e

g t a wrong id a of th ir r al charact r if w
e lik n th m
e e e e e e e

to t h arly call d bord r wars b tw n E gland and

e e so - e e e ee n

S cotland L ik th S cottish wars th y w r

. mb llish d
e e ,
e e e e e e

F 1l c ti th s p pl s
or the pp it p g 7
o a on of e e eo e , se e m ap o os e a e 8 .
7 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

by t h Roman story t ll rs with t h most xtravaga t and

e - e e e e n

pict r squ tal s Thr of t h b st known of th s

u e e e . ee e e e e a re

thos f C oriolanus t h F b ii and C incinnatus

e o , e a , .

In t h following paragraphs shall r p at th s stori s

e we e e e e e

a ft r L ivy but t h r ad r m st b ar in mind that th y

e , e e e u e e are

not to b r gard d in th ir d tails as historically tr

e e e , e e , u e,

altho gh th r is doubtl ss a n cl s of f act in ach

u e e e u eu e .

N v rth l ss th y
e e historically val abl as casting a
e e e a re u e

strong sid light pon t h sit atio of things at Rom d

e u e u n e ur

ing a tro blous p riod in t h history of h yo ng r p blic

u e e t e u e u ,

an d as furth r bringing t in strong r li f c rtain admi

e ou e e e

rabl qualiti s f t h Roman charact r

e e o e e .

5 5 Th L g nd f C r i l nu
. Th
e tal of C oriolanus
e e o o o a s. — e e

is conn ct d not only with t h Volscian bord r wa s b t

e e e e r u

also with t h matt r f t h stablishm nt of h pl b ian

e e o e e e t e e e

tribunat e.

According to t h tradition d ring t h pr val nc f a e ,

u e e e e o

s v r famin at Rom G lon king of Syracus s nt

e e e e e,
2
e , e, e

a larg q antity of grain to t h capital for distribution

e u e

among t h s ff ring poor A c rtain patrician C orio

e u e . e ,

lan s by nam mad a proposal that non f t h grain

u
3
e, e e o e

sho ld b giv n to t h pl b ians sav on condition that

u e e e e e e

th y gav up th ir trib s Th s o fficials straightway

e e e u ne . e e

s mmon d him b for t h pl b ian ass mbly on t h charg

u e e e e e e e ,
e e

of having brok n t h sol mn cov nant of t h S acr d e e e e e e

M ount ( par and so bitt r was t h f ling against him

. e e ee

that h was oblig d to fl f rom Rom

e e ee e.

2 In t h e y e ar 49 2 B C
hi s w
hi s s n m f s M ci s i
. .

3 T as ur a e. H is u ll n am e w as G a i u ar u Cor o

lan u s H c iv d his s e re e e u r nam e , to sp

k i ea n mo d e rn ilit y ph s
m ar ra e,

c ns pic s b v y st m i g V l s ci
.

fo r o u ou ra er in th e or n of th e o city an of

C o rio li .
 TH E E A RL y R E P UBL IC .
77

Henow alli d hims lf with t h Volscians n mi s ofe e e , e e e

Rom and v n l d th ir armi s against his nativ city

e, e e e e e e .

An mbassy fro m h s nat was s nt to him to

e f t e e e e ,
su e or

p ac B t t h spirit of C oriolan s was bitt r and r s nt

e e . u e u e e e

f l and h wo ld list n to non

u ,
e f th ir proposals
u Th n e e o e . e

t h pri sts of t h
e e city cloth d in t h sacr d v stm nts of e ,
e e e e e

th ir o ffic app ar d as int c ssors b for him b t th ir

e e, e e er e e e , u e

s pplications h also r j ct d Th n cam to him at last

u e e e e . e e

his moth r and his wif with h two sons and a band f
e e er o

Roman matrons C oriolanus amaz d and dist rb d has

-
.
, e u e ,

t d to mbrac his moth r B t h r p ll d him and

ene e e e . u s e e e e ,

addr ss d him with words at onc of ntr aty and com

e e e e e

plaint D y
: com “as my sono or as an n my ou f e e e o

Rom to m t m ? D o s not t h sight of your nativ city

e ee e e e e

r mind you that th r is yo r family altar d th r your

e e e u , an e e

moth r yo r wif and yo r childr n ? Alas that I w r

e ,
u e, u e , e e

e v r a moth r had I n v r born a son th n Rom wo ld

e e e e e , e e u

not now b h ld in si g ! e e e e

Th moth r s ntr ati s and t h t ars and pray rs of

e e
’
e e e , e e e

th wif and childr n finally pr vail d Embracing his

e e e e e .

moth r C oriolanus xclaim d M oth r thou hast sav d

e ,
e e : e , e

Rom b t lost thy son H th n withdr w his army

e, u .
’
e e e

from t h Roman soil According to

e account h soon . one e

aft r this p rish d at t h hands of t h Volscians

e e e e e .
4

5 6 T h L g nd f t h F b ii
. e This tradition conn cts
e e o e a .
- e

its l f w ith t h incursions into Roman t rritory of h

e e e t e

Etruscans who f rom t h first w r t h most tro bl som

, e e e e u e e

e n mi s of Rom Just at this tim it was t h city of

e e e. e
5
e

ivy 33 3 39 d
4 L n l st ch pt s f h
4, i an 40 th e a t wo a er or t e ma n

s t y l s l t ch if f
.
, , ,

p tar of the or a o P u ar L e o Cor iola n u s

t p is t diti d ls b l gs
.
,

5 Th e F b i with which
en er r e of th e a i the ra on ea e on

b ta ou
y s 7 4 5 th e e ar 4 7
—
7 BC . .
7 8 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

V ii that was fitting t th s marauding xp ditions and

e ou e e e e ,

th r by k ping h Romans in a stat of constant

e e ee i t e e u ne as

n ss and pr v nti g th m f rom using th ir f ll str ngth

e e e n e e u e

against th ir oth r n mi s It was nd r th s circum

e e e e e . u e e e

stanc s that according to t h tradition t h Fabian g ns

e , e , e e
6

at Rom mad to h s nat t h following proposal That

e e t e e e e :

th y wo ld und rtak to carry on t h war against h

e u e e e t e

V i i with th ir o w n m and at th ir
e e n t an s xp ns e en e own e e e,

th s l aving h st t f to th ow its whol r maini g

u e t e a e re e r e e n

str ngth against t h Volscians and t h oth r n mi s of

e e e e e e e

th city
e .

This patriotic action of t h F b ii aro s d h gr at st e a u e t e e e

e nth siasm thro gho t t h city and caus d t h m mb rs

u u u e , e e e e

of h clan to b ov h lm d by th ir f llow citiz ns with

t e e erw e e e e -
e

e xpr ssions f admiration and gratit d

e o u e.

T h v ry n xt day aft r this o ff r had b n acc pt d by

e e e e e ee e e

t h s nat all t h m of t h Fabian g ns abl to b ar

e e e, e en e e e e

arms thr h ndr d and six in n mb r and v ry man

,
—
ee u e u e , e e

capabl of taking h s pr m command of an army

e t e u e e ,

tog th r with h thr or fo r tho sand cli nts of t h

e e t e ee u u e e

g s march d in pro d array and amidst t h pray rs of

en ,
e u ,
e e

t h p opl for h s cc ss of th ir nd rtaking

e e e t through
t e u e e u e ,
ou

o ne of h city gat s and proc d d to t h n ighborhood

t e e , ee e e e

of V ii O t h littl str am f t h C r m ra th y b ilt a

e . n e e e o e e e e u

fort and by constant forays for t w o y ars k pt t h V i

,
e e e e en

t ans b sily mploy d in d f nding th ir own t rritory

i u e e e e e e

In all nco nt rs in t h op n fi ld t h F b ii w r
e u e e e e e a e e

invariably h victors At last how v r t h V i t i

t e .
, e e , e e en ans

e nsnar d th ir n mi s Th y drov som cattl into a

e e e e e . e e e e

fi ld som distanc from t h fort y t in full vi w from its

e ,
e e e , e e

hi s l g d i s g d c t y
6 T
9 e en a oo o m m e n ar on pa r . .
 Lau r e nt u

ROMANUS

THE LATIN CONFEDERACY

in T HE T A
IME o r T HE E R LY R E PUBLI
C,

SC ALE O F MILES
.

l Th e P ass of Alg idu s .

2 Th e Alb an Mou n t .

D Th e or igi nal do m a in of the ci t

y of R
om e . 3 Mo u n t So rac t e .
80 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

walls S ing t h cattl and p rc iving no

. ee of t h e e, e e one e

e n my b tw n th m and t h fort t h F b ii t t on a
e e ee e e , e a se ou

f ll to captur t h h rd Whil th y w r ngag d in

u ru n e e e . e e e e e e

rounding up t h a ffright d cattl t h V i i who e e e, e e e n t a n s,

w r lying in ambush sprang up and surrounding th m

e e , , e ,

sl w th m to a man T h only r pr s ntativ f t h cla

e e . e e e e e o e n

r m aining aliv was a boy who on acco nt f his t nd r

e e , u o e e

y ars had b n l ft b hind in t h city From him t h

e ee e e e . e

Fabian rac sprang up an w and in lat r g n rations f

e e , e e e ur

n si h d th Roman stat with many co ns llors and com

e e e u e

mand rs m who worthily sustain d t h honor and fam

e , en e e e

that th ir anc stors had won for t h Fabian ho s

e e e u e .
7

5 7 Th L g n d f Cin inn tu
. Th third and b st known
e e e o c a s. — e e

tal that of C incinnatus brings b for t h E q i who

e, ,
8
e e u s e I
’
u a n s,

e q ally with t h Volscians t h S abin s and t h Etr scans

u e , e- e , e u

w r dist rb rs of t h p ac f Rom and of h alli s

e e u e e e e o e er e .

In t h y ar 4 5 6 B t h q i whil
e e of h con . C . e u a n s, e o ne t e

su sl was away fighting t h S abin s d f at d h f orc s of e e ,

e e e t e e

th oth r d sh t th m p in a narrow vall y n ar

e e , an u e u e , e

M ount A lgid a sp r of t h Alban H ills wh nc scap

u s, u e , e e e e

s m d imposs ibl Th r was gr at t r or in Rom wh n

ee e e . e e e e r e e

n ws f t h sit ation of h army was bro ght to h city

e o e u t e u t e .

T h s nat imm diat ly appoint d C incinnatus a grand

e e e e e e ,

old patrician dictator Th commission rs who carri d to, . e e e

him t h m ssag f rom t h s nat fo nd him pon his littl

e e e e e e u u e

f arm across t h Tib r at work ploughing Wh n h e e ,

. e e

l arn d that his call rs bor him som o fficial m m i

e e e e e co u n ca

7 L iv y 11 48 an d 49

s s siply s n m Th
. .
,

3 A s in t h e c a e of Cor i l
o an u we h v h a e ere m a ur a e e

f s C i ci nn t s
.

u ll n a m e w as Lu ci u Q u in c t iu s n a u . Th l g d b l ng t
e e en e o s o

the y e ar 4 56 B C . .
82 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

58 . C r ti n
n A m b ly f Trib b y t h P b
ea o of t h e P leb eia s se o es e u

lili L w (4 7
an a W hil th s p tty bord r wars w r
1 — e e e e e e e

furnishing t h mat rial for th s tal s of adv nt r and

e e e e e e u e

h roism h cont st b tw n t h patricians and pl b ians

e , t e e e ee e e e

was going on nc asingly in t h v ry h art of h com u e e e e t e

m nity its lf As a cons q nc f this str ggl th r

u e . e ue e o u e, e e

w as call d i to xist nc a e l gislativ body which was

n e e e ne w e e

d stin d to x rt a gr at i fl nc upon h history f t h

e e e e e n ue e t e o e

city .

This constit tional chang cam abo t in his w ay u e e u t .

Aft r h c atio of t h trib nat o ffic (par

e t e re th n e u e e . e

trib s as t h l ad rs d pa o s of h pl b ians oft n

u ne ,
e e e an tr n t e e e , e

call d th m tog th r in m tings of t h c ri s (par

e e for
e e ee e u e .

th e p rpos f addr ssing th m or of holding l ctions

u e o e e e e .

I th s ass mbli s h
n e e patricians w r abl to infl nc
e e t e e e e ue e

t h e proc di gs thro gh th ir cli nts who as pl b ian

ee n u e e , e e

m mb rs of t h c ri s had a plac in t h m tings

e e e u e e e ee .

T h trib n Vol o P b lili

e r solv d to p t an d to
u e er u u s e e u en

this stat of thi gs H b o ght forward a p p l to

e n . e r u r0 o sa

t h e eff ct that h voting in t h

e pl b ian ass mbly sho ld
t e e e e e u

b eby trib s i st ad of by c ri s e n e u e .

N it w ill b r call d that in t h trib s o ly f hold rs

ow e e e e e n re e e

had a plac (par T h propos d arra g m nt th

e of . e e n e e en

voti g by trib s inst ad of by c ri s w o ld throw of t h

n e e u e u ou t e

ass mbly most f t h fr dm

e d cli ts sinc not many
o e ee en an en , e

of th s w r la dow rs Th s h i fl nc of t h
e e e e n ne .
‘
u t e n ue e e

patricians i h m tings of t h ass mbly wo ld b n t e ee e e u e

d stroy d
e e .

Th proposal was carri d aft r m ch opposition on t h

e e e u e

pa t of h pat icia s ; and th s cam into xist nc as an

r t e r n u e e e e,

h y w cl k s ch t s 1 T e e re er , m er an ,
etc.
 TH E E AR L y R E P UBL IC . 83

o tgrowth of h original pl b ian ass mbly of h c ri

u t e e e e t e u e s,

t h pl b ian ass mbly of h trib s (

e e e ili t ib t m p l e t e e con c u nz r u u e

Oi ) ma d p xcl siv ly of pl b ian fr hold rs

s , e u e M omms n u e e e ee e . e

prono nc s h law that cr at d this sp cial pl b ian

u e t e e e e e e

ass mbly e of t h most important in its cons qu nc s

“
o ne e e e e

with which Roma history has to d al n e .

” 2

At this sam tim t h n mb r of trib s was rais d to e e e u e e e

tw nty by t h addition of a w trib This addition

e -o n e e ne e .
3

w as mad p obably m r ly f h p pos of cr ati g an

e r e e or t e ur e e n

odd mb r of trib s d th s pr v nting a d adlock in

nu e e an u e e e

h voti g in h tribal ass mbly 4

t e n t e ne w e .

59 T h D m v
. i r d h T we lv T b l f
eceL w (4 5 s an t e e e a es o a s 1

45 B 0
) T h n . xtC ph. s of —t h st ggl b t w e h e a e e ru e e een t e

ord rs constit t s a g at landmark i h histo y of t h

e u e re n t e r e

Roman p opl It consist d i t h r vision and r d ction

e e . e n e e e u

to writing of t h c stoms and laws of t h stat e u e e .

Writt n laws always a gr at saf g ard against pp

e a re e e u o re s

sion Until what shall constit t a crim d what shall

. u e e an

b its p nalty cl arly w itt n do n and w ll k own and

e e a re e r e w e n

u nd rstood by all j dg s may r nd r fair d cisions or

e ,
u e e e u n e ,

inflict nj st p nishm nt and y t

u u littl risk l
u e , e ru n e — u n essfi

th y go altog th r too far f b i g call d to an acco nt ;

e e e — o e n e u

for no b th ms lv s k o w s w hat ith r h l

o ne u t e e e n e e t e aw . or

th p alty r ally is H nc in all str ggl s f t h mass s

e en e . e e, u e o e e

2 H ist ory i p 36 f
O R om c , vo l . . . 1 .

Th 3 mb h db i c
e nu d t tw ty p b bly b t 49 5 B C
er a een n r e ase o en ro a a ou

w t ib s w f md
. .
,

b t p
u ibly t n li d t Th i xt
o ss a a e ar er a e. e s ee n ne r e ere or e

out f th c o t y di t ict s f t h i c rp t d l d s f t h city whil

e ou n r s r o e n o o ra e an o e e

th f
,

e S vi n t ib
ou r
(p 35) w
er t ict d t t h city p p
a rd es ar e re r e s r e o e ro er an

d i t h i m m di t n ighb h d f t h w ll T h s l tt w
.

th le an s n e e a e e or oo o e a s. e e a er e re

h c f th k w
en e o r th city t ib nd t h
no f m t h l t ib s
n as e r es , a e or e r as e ru ra r e .

M mm n M t y f R m
4
l i pp 3 6 3 6
'

o se , s or o o e, vo . . . 1, 2.
84 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

against t h tyranny of a r ling class t h d mand for

e u , e e

writt laws is en of t h first m asur s tak n by t h p o ne e e e e e eo

p l efor t h prot ction of th eir p rsons and prop erty Th s e e e . u

th e commons at Ath ns arly in th ir struggl with t h e , e e e e

nobl s d mand d and obtain d a cod of writt n laws

e , e e e e e .
5

T h sa m thing now took plac at Rom

e e Th pl b ans e e . e e e1

d mand d that a cod f laws b drawn p in accordanc

e e e o e u , e

w ith which t h patrician magistrat s in t h administration

e e , e

o f j stic u sho ld r nd r th ir d cisions T h patricians

e, u e e e e . e

o ff r d a st bborn r sista c to th ir wish s b t finally

e e u e n e e e , u

w r forc d to yi ld to t h pop lar clamor

e e e e e u .
6

A commission so tradition says was s nt to t h G r k , , e e ee

citi s of S o th rn Italy and to Ath ns to st dy t h G r cian

e u e e u e e

laws and c stoms Upo t h r t rn of this mbassy a

u . n e e u e ,

commission of t magistrat s w ho w r known as d c m en e , e e e e

virs was appoint d to f am a cod f laws (4 5

,
e r e e o 1

Th s o ffic rs whil ngag d in this w ork w r also to

e e e ,
e e e ,
e e

a dm i t th
n 1 s erntir gov rnm nt and so w r inv st d
e e e e e , e e e e

with t h supr m pow r f t h stat T h patricians gav

e e e e o e e . e e

u p th ir cons ls
e and t h pl b ians th ir
u tribu s , At t h e e e e ne . e

en d of t h first y ar t h task f t h board was q it f

e e , e o e u e ar

from b ing finish d so a w d c mvirat was l ct d to

e e ,
ne e e e e e e

compl t t h ork Appi s C la di s was t h only m mb r

e e e w . u u u e e e

of t h old board that was r t rn d to t h

e e u e e ne w .

Th cod was soon finish d and h laws w r writt n

e e e , t e e e e

on tw lv tabl ts of bronz which w r f ast n d to t h

e e e e, e e e e e

5 D ra c o in 62 1 B C an d S o o n l in 5 9 4 B C r e se vi d a nd p bli h d t h
u s e e

l ws th s i s m s ch m m i ss i
. . . .

a of A en c n o e u w ay a s t h e R o m an o c difi d
on o e

p blic t h l ws f R m
,

and m d a e u e a o o e.

Th 6 c ll d T t ili R g ti n p p s d by t h t ib n G
e so - a e ere n an o a o ro o e e r u e a ins

H s i 46 B C m k s t h b gi i g f t h s t ggl
,

T nt ili
e re us ar a, n 1 . .
, ar e e nn n o e ru e.
 86 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

ov r his sons provid d that during th ir whol lif h

e e
“
e e e e

shall hav t h right to imprison sco rg k p to r stic

e e ,
u e, ee u

labor in chains to s ll or to slay v n tho gh th y may , e , e e u e

b in t h njoym nt of high stat ffi

e e e e e o c es .
” 10

If h son sold into slav ry w r mad a fr man by his

t e e e e e ee

mast r t h fath r co ld s ll him again b t aft r t h third

e , e e u e , u e e

sal d third nf anchis m nt h son scap d for v r

e an e r e e ,
t e e e e e

from his fath r s cont ol e

’
r .
11

Anoth r of t h laws had for its aim to t a ch ck to

e e se e

s l ss and xtravagant xp ditur s on f n rals This

u e e e e en e u e .

r g lation nacts as follo w s T h d ad

e u e t to b :
“
e e a re no e

b ri d nor b rn d in mor than thr fill ts of p rpl ;

u e u e e ee e u e

sha ll h f n ral b att nd d by mor than

no r t e fl t
u e e e e e ten u e

play s er .
”

Th p val nc of popular sup rstitions is r v al d

e re e e e e e e

by of t h la w s which provid s for t h p nishm t of

o ne e e e u en

an
y w ho by nchantm
o ne nts sho ld blight h crops of e e u t e

anoth r e .

Th t w o following provisions show what mi or r g la

e n e u

tions w r tho ght w orthy a plac in h cod and f

e e u e t e e, ur

h r ill strat how n arly in th s partic lar matt s t h

t e u e e e e u er e

Roman s ns of w hat is p rmissibl and r asonabl corr

e e e e e e e

p s d d w
onith own
e A y committing a robb ry
ou r :
“
n one e

b y night may b
/
la w f lly kill d e u e .
” 12

A prop i tor may go on to adjoi i g la d to pick p

r e n n n u

h fr it that has fall n f rom his tr

”
t e u e ee .

Th s L a s of t h T w lv Tabl s w r to Rom n
e e
“ w e e e e e e a

10 S e e par 6
s
. .

11 H e re a gi a n the t xt
e of th e c do e h as c ome d w
o n to u s It ru n

s
.

th u : S i p a t er fili u m t er u en u m au
’
it , fili u s a
p a tr e lib e r est o .

12 Si n ox f u r tu m f a c t u nz s i t , s i in: oc c isi t ,
j u r e cce su s e st o .
 TH E E A R L Y RE P UBL IC . 87

j rispr d nc what t h good la w s of S olon w r to t h

u u e e e e e e

Ath nian constit tion Th y form d h basis of all

e u . e e t e ne w

l gislation for many c nt ri s and co stit t d a part of

e e u e ,
n u e

th d cation of t h Roman yo th v ry schoolboy

e e u e u — e e

b ing r q ir d to l arn th m by h art

e e u e e e e .

E sp cially i fl ntial w r t h L aws of t h T w lv

e n ue e e e e e e

Tabl s in h lping to stablish social and civil q ality

e e e e u

b tw n t h patricians and pl b ians Th y t nd d to

e ee e e e . e e e

e ff ac th l gal distinctions that had hith rto xist d

e e e e e e

b tw n t h t w o ord rs d h lp d to dra w th m tog th r

e ee e e ,
an e e e e e

into a singl p opl ; for p to this tim t h r lations

e e e u e e e

of h pl b ians to t h patricians ot w ithstandi g t h

t e e e e ,
n n e

r forms of S rvi s T lli s had b n rath r thos of

e e u u u , ee e e

for ign s than f f llow citiz s

e er o e - en .

6 Mi ru l
0. dO r h w f h D s m i ; S nd S
e an ve t ro o t e ece v rs eco e

i n f th
ces s o Pl b i n ( 5
o
4 T h first
e d c mvirse e a s 0 — e e e

u s d t h gr at pow r lodg d in th ir ha ds with j stic

e e e e e e n u e

and pr d nc ; b t t h s cond board nd r t h l ad rship

u e e u e e , u e e e e

of Appi s C la di s instit t d a most infamo s and tyran

u u u ,
u e u

i l r l N man s lif was saf b h patrician or ’

n ca u e. o e e, e e

pl b ian An tribun daring to d no nc t h co rs

e e . e x-
e, e u e e u e

of h d c mvirs was ca s d by th m to b assassinat d

t e e e , u e e e e .

Anoth r act v n mor outrag ous than this fill d to

e , e e e e , e

th brim t h p f th ir iniq iti s Virginia was t h

e e cu o e u e . e

b a tif l daught r of a pl b ian and Appi s C la di s

e u u e e e , u u u ,

d si ing to gain poss ssion of h mad

e r of his a thor e e r, e u se u

ity as a judg to prono c h a slav Th f t h f e un e er e. e a er

'

th maid n pr f rring t h d ath of his da ght r to h

e e , e e e e u e er

dishonor kill d h with his own hand Th n drawing

, e er . e ,

th w apon from h
e e b ast h hast n d to t h army er re , e e e e ,

which w as r sisti g a unit d invasion of h S abin s and

e n e t e e
88 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

IEqu ian s, and xhibiting h bloody knif told t h story

, e t e e, e

of h outrag t e e .
1

T h soldi rs ros as a singl man and hurri d to t h city

e e e e e e .

Th xcit m nt r s lt d in a gr at body f t h Romans

e e e e e u e e o e ,

probably chi fly pl b ians s c ding from t h stat and e e e ,

e e e e,

marching away to t h S acr d H ill This proc d r e e . e u e,

which onc b for had prov d so ff ct al in s c ri g

e e e e e e u e u n

j stic to t h oppr ss d (par

u e had a similar iss
e e e . ue

now Th sit ation was so critical that t h d c mvirs

. e u e e e

w r f orc d to r sign Th co s lat and t h trib nat

e e e e . e n u e e u e

w r r stor d E ight of t h d c mvirs w r forc d to go

e e e e . e e e e e e

into xil ; Appi s C laudius and

e e oth r having b n
u o ne
’
e , ee

1mp d committ d suicid (4 5

r 1 so n e , e e 0

6 Th 1 V l i H r ti L w ; h R m M g
. e a er o- o a an a s “ t e o an a na

Ch t ar a
( 9
4 4
”
T h consuls chos n w r L uci s —
e e e e u

Val ri s and M arcus H oratius who s cur d t h passag

e u .
, e e e e

of c rtain laws known as t h Val io H oratian laws

e , e er -
,

which of s ch constit tional importanc that th y

a re u u e e

hav b n call d t h M agna C harta of Rom

e ee e L ik “
e e .
”
e

th gr at English chart r th ir p rpos was not so much

e e e ,
e u e

th cr ation of w saf g ards of lib rty as t h r a ffirmi g

e e ne e u e e e n

and str ngth ning f t h old s c riti s Of t h rights and

e e o e e u e e

privil g s f t h h mbl r citiz ns of Rom Among t h

e e o e u e e e . e

provisions of t h laws t h following w r t h most impor e e e e e

tant
That t h r sol tions (pl Oi it ) pass d by t h pl b i
1 . e e u e sc a e e e e an

ass mbly of trib s should in t h futur hav t h forc of

e e
2
e e e e e

laws and should bind t h whol p opl t h sam as h e e e e e e t e

iv y iii
1 L 5 hi s t l i s p ss ibly
44
- 0.
ythic l b it l t givT s a e o m a u t at e as e

vivid d d btl ss t th f l pict ti s

,
.
,

a ,
an ou e ru u , u re o f the me .

2
Con ciliu nz t r iOu t u m p leb is . S e e par 58 . .
9 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

gr at significanc for t h pl b ians W may summariz

e e e e e . e e

th ir ff cts by saying that th y mad t h tribu s d

e e e e e e ne an

t h oth r pl b ian magistrat s as w ll as t h pl b ian

e e e e e , e e e e

ass mbly a r cogniz d part of t h constit tional arra g

e , e e e u n e

m nts of t h Roman commonw alth Th y mark a long

e e e . e

st p tak n towards h q alization and nion of t h two

e e t e e u u e

o d rs within t h stat
r e e e .

6 Th 2 N w P tri i P l b i n A
. e m b ly (C m it i T ib ut )
e a c o- e e a sse o a r a .

In conn ction with t h l ction of h military q m

e e e e t e u st o r s

m ntion d in t h fo rth of t h Val rio H oratian la w s

e e e u e e -

( par hav
. bro ght to wenotic for t h e first tim u ou r e e e

a fo rth l gislativ body mad p f t h ntir p opl

u e e e u o e e e e e,

patricians and pl b ians in which voti g took plac by e e ,

n e

trib s ( h m iti t iO t ) O authoriti s t ll us othing

e t e co a r u a . ur e e n

about its origin ; b t from this tim (44 9 B ) on it con u e . C .

stitut d of t h m ost important l gislativ bodi s f t h

e o ne e e e e o e

s t at It was pr sid d ov r by cons ls and p t

e. . e d e e u r az o rs, a n

its r sol tions had t h sam binding forc pon t h whol

e u e e e u e e

p opl as thos of t h oth two chi f l gislat r s

e e e e er e e u e .
6

63 M r i g b tw
. P t i i n
a r a dPl b i n m d L g l
es e ee n a r c a s an e e a s a e e a

( 5
44 U p to this tim t h pl
— b ians had not b n e e e e ee

a llow d to contract l gal marriag s with t h patrici a s

e e e e n
7

( par B. t o ly thr or f o r y ars

u aft r t h n passing ee u e e e

o f t h Val rio H oratia laws t h trib n G aius C

e e - l i n ,
e u e anu e u s

carri d in t h m iti t ib t a r sol tion kno w n as t h

e e co a r u a e u e

C l i l
a n u e an wh r by marriag s b tw t h pl b ians
aw , e e e e een e e e

and t h patricians w r l galiz d

e e e e e .

3 Th e c om it ia c e n t u r ia t a a n d th e c on c iliu m t r ib u tu nz p leb is . C on s u lt
p ar s 3 7 an d 5 8
l ws
. .

7 Th e a of th e T w lv T bl
e e a es (
p ar c fi mi g
on r n t h e an ci en

st i g s b tw d s
.

c u om ,
p hibit d
ro e m arr a e e een th e two or er .
 TIIE E A RL y R E P UBL IC .
9 1

This law stablish d social quality b tw n t h two e e e e ee e

ord rs Th pl b ians w r now in a mor advantag o s

e . e e e e e e e u

position for contin ing th ir struggl f additional civil u e e or

rights and for p rf ct political q ality with t h patricians e e e u e .

64 Milit ry Trib un w it h C n u l r P
. r (4 4 4
a es o s a ow e
8

This sam tribun C l i also brought for ard anoth r

e e a nu e u s w e

proposal which provid d that pl b ians might b chos n

,
e e e e e as

cons ls This sugg stion l dto a viol nt co t ntion b t w n

u . e e e n e e ee

t h two ord rs
e T h iss of t h matt r a compromis
e . e u e e e w as e .

It was agr d that in plac of t h t w o patrician cons ls

ee ,
e e
°

u ,

t h p opl might l ct f rom

e e ith r ord r magistrat s that
e e e e e e e

sho ld b known as military trib n s w ith cons la

u e u e u r

po w rs Th s offic rs whos n mb r vari d di ff r d

e . e e e , e u e e , e e

f rom consuls mor in nam than in f nctions or a thority e e u u .

In fact t h pl b ians had gain d t h co s lar o ffic b t

, e e e e e n u e, u

not t h consular nam e e.

Th pat icians w r sp cially n w illing that any pl

e r e e e e u e

b ian sho ld b ar t h titl of cons l for t h r ason that an

e u e e e u , e e

e x-cons l njoy d c rtain digniti s and honors s ch as t h

u e e e e , u e

right to w ar a partic lar kind of dr ss d to t up in

e u e an se

his ho s imag s of his anc stors (j im gi m ) Th s

u e e e us a na . e e

honorary distinctions t h high r ord r wish d to r tain e e e e e

e xcl siv ly for th ms lv s O wi g to t h gr at i fl c

u e e e e . n e e n u en e

of h pat icia s i t h l ctions it was not ntil about

t e r n n e e e ,
u

4 00B that a pl b ian was chos n to h

. C . fli e e e t e new o ce .

65 Th C n r (4 4 4
. N soon r had h pl b ians
e e so s o e t e e e

s c r d t h right f admission to t h military tribunat

e u e e o e e

with cons lar pow rs than t h j alo s and xcl siv p tri
u e , e e u e u e a

i
c an s b gan sch ming to rob th m of h fr it of h e
e e e t e u t

victory th y had gain d) Th y ff ct d this by t ki g

(

e e . e e e e a n

3
Tr ib u n i m ilita nt c on s u la r i p ot est a t e .
9 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

f rom t h consulat som of its most distinctiv duti s

e e e e e

and pow rs and conf rring th m upon two e , patrician e e new

o ffic rs call d e e censor s.

T h f unctions f th s magistrat s which w r grad ally

e o e e e , e e u

e xt nd d as tim pass d w r many and important Th y

e e e e , e e . e

took t h c nsus of t h citiz ns and th ir prop rty and

e e e e e e ,
9

thus assign d to ev ry man his position in t h di ff r nt

e e e e e

class s Th y could for immorality or any improp r con

e . e , e

duct d grad a knight from his rank xp l a m mb r from

, e e , e e e e

th s nat or d priv any citiz n f his vot by striking

e e e, e e e o e

his nam from t h roll f t h trib s It was th ir duty to

e e o e e . e

r buk ost ntation and xtravaganc in living and in par

e e e e e ,

ti l
c u ar to watch ov r t h morals f t h young Thus w e e o e . e

a re told of th ir r proving t h Roman yo th sfor w aring e e e u e

tunics with long sl v s an ori ntal and ff minat ee e , e e e e cu s

tom and f n gl cting to marry upon arriving at a

,
— or e e

prop r g From t h nam of th s Roman o ffic rs com s

e a e . e e e e e e

our word i m aning f ault fi di g

censor ou s, e - n n .
10

Th first c nsors w r l ct d pro b ably in t h y ar

e e e e e e e e e

44 4 B ; about . C . hundr d y ars aft rwards in

o ne 35 B e e e ,
1 . C .
,

t h pl b ians s cur d t h right of holding this o ffic also

e e e e e e e .

9h c s sT e t k v y fi y s df
en u w as ci c s t c
a en e er ve e ar an ro m th e r u m an e

wh l b dy citi s d
,

th t h d f
a at t ti
e en o t h e e nu m e ra on th e o e o of z en u n er

w t c t i
en a y p ific ti
e r a n c e re m o n l s t ti p i d fi of ur a on o r u ra o n, th e er o of ve

y s
e ar b ll
c am e t o d e ca e a lu st r u m
f thi c s s hip
.

1° xi t c
Th e R e s e n e at d wid g
om e o s en or an th e e ra n e of

au th ity whichor c s x cis d v p iv t lif

the en or e citi er e o er th e r a e e of th e z en

s h ow h ss f i divid l f d
h ow mu c th le g h
o n ua ree om e re w as am o n t e

R o m ans th g s lv s hi s
an a m o n b c s i ti q ity
ou r e e T w as so e au e n an u a

st t d
.

m an w as g d d b l gi g p i ily
re ar e as e on i n r m ar to the a e , an no t to h m

se l fF s t t liv d d
or th e d b di d a e he thi s vi w e an if ne e e e It w as e as

hi f d s pti
. .
,

to wh t a citi
w as th e c th t d e en of the zen a ma e t h e as u m on

by s t t s ch th ity v
th e a e of pp p f ctly s bl
u au or o er h im a e ar er e re a o n a e .
94 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

thro gh h sid of t h mo ntain in t h xtinct crat r of

u t e e e u e e e

which it lay .

Th s things b ing don t h si g was pr ss d with

e e e e, e e e e e

r n w d n rgy and in a spirit of confid nt hop fuln ss

e e e e e e e e .

Th city was finally tak n by m ans of an gi ring

e e e en nee

d vic s gg st d possibly by t h xp ri nc of t h
e e — u e e e e e e e e

Romans in c tting h Alban m issary A t nn l was u t e e . u e

d g that r nning b
u ath t h city walls t rminat d
, u e ne e , e e

dir ctly nd r t h citad l withi Through this s bt rra

e u e e e n . u e

n n passag t h Romans ff ct d an ntranc into t h

ea e e e e e e e e

it y d h plac w as tak n t
'

c , an e e e .

That part of t h l g d w hich d als with t h circ m

‘

e e en e e u

stanc s att nding h sac k of t h ci y t lls how t h

e e t e
-
e t , e e

Ro m a s acti g nd r h b li f of thos tim s that t h

n ,
n u e t e e e e e e

poss ssion of t h stat of a god s c r d to t h poss ssor

e e ue e u e e e

t h favor
e d prot ction of t h god hims l f carri d ff to
an e e e , e o

Rom t h imag of J no h chi f d ity f V ii It is

e e e u , t e e e o e .

r lat d that w hil h victors w pr pa i g in r v t

e e e t e e re e r n ,
e e re n

mood to r mov h stat ,

f th m ask d h god
e e t e u e, o ne o e e t e

d ss W ilt tho go to Rom and that a voic from h

e ,
“
u e e t e

stat gav ass t T h imag was tak n to Rom and

u e e en . e e e e

th r plac d in a t mpl r ct d xpr ssly for it on

e e e e e e e e e e o ne

of h s v n hills
t e e e .

V ii was t h most p l nt city that t h Roma s had p

e e O u e e n u

to this tim capt r d and t h spoils w hich w r divid d

e u e , e ,
e e e

amo g h soldi rs w r imm ns T h dictator M arc s

n t e e , e e e e . e u

F i ur usC amill s whos g i s was d h happy iss u , to e en u ue t e ue

o f t h w ar njoy d a pl ndid tri mph in which h rod

e , e e S e u ,
e e

in a chariot dra w n by fo r whit hors s u e e .

67 Eff t f t h L ng S i g
. f V ii u p t h R m n Mili
ec s o e o e e o e on e o a

ta ry S y t m ; t h R m i t i f Et ri Th i g f
s e e o an z a on o ru a. — e s e e o
 TH E E A R L Y R E P UBL IC .
95

V ii f orms a sort of landmark in t h military history f

e e o

Rom for t h r ason that t h circ mstanc s of t h inv st

e, e e e u e e e

m nt l d to som important innovations in h military

e e e t e

syst m of t h Romans Thus h l ngth of h si g and

e e . t e e t e e e,

th en c ssity f maintaining a forc p rman ntly in h

e e o e e e t e

fi ld w int r and s mm r alik l d to h st blishm nt of

e ,
e u e e, e t e e a e

a paid standi g army for hith rto t h common soldi r had

n e e e
l

not o ly q ipp d hims lf b t h d s rv d w itho t pay

n e u e e , u a e e u .

Thus was call d into xist nc t h prof ssional soldi e e e e e

-
e er

as disting ish d from t h it i u ldi e and th s w as laid e c z e n so ~

e r, u

th efo ndatio f that military po w r bas d on martial

u n o e e

cli ntag (par 7) which aft r ff cting t h co q s t of h

e e .
, e e e e n ue t e

world was d stin d in t h hands of ambitio s g n r ls to

,
e e , e u e e a ,

ov rth o h r p blic its lf It is this transformation in

e r w t e e u e .

th Roman army that h histor an M rival

e has in mind t e i e e

w h n h mak s h d claration that t h

e e e si g of V ii for
t e e e e e e e

shado w d t h fall f h r p blic

e e o t e e u .
” 2

T h cap e of V ii was follo w d by that of many oth r

t u re e e e

Etr scan to w ns
u Rom w as nrich d by th ir spoils d. e e e e , an

b cam t h c ntr of a larg and l cra iv trad All hat

e e e e e e u t e e. t

was lost by h r vol tion that ov thr w h mon chy t e e u er e t e ar

1 k ight s w
Th e ll w d c t i
n f p blic t s y
e re a o e a er a n su m ro m th e u re a u r

p ch s d
fo r th e ur i t c a e an h s th e m a n e nan e o f a or e

b t this ti
.

H 3
f p
ist ory 8 6 o ch g
R om e, d A ou me a an e w as m a e in t h e
f ti ts t citi s
. .

orm a l gi on of W h v th e e on. e a e seen how at th e ou e th e z en

w g p d cl s s d c t i s cc di g th i w lth d
e re ro u e in as e an en u r e a or n to e r ea an

w f
,

e re d d
o rm e d i ph l x (
in t h e or ber of th e ol D or an a an
pa r P ro
s
.

ably t i c p ig i g th t d v l d
it w as m o u n a n R am a n n a ha re ea e t o th e o ma n

the d f ct s this wi ld y f
e e ti
of b unks e o rm a o n. Th e nu m er of ra n w as
d c d th
n o w re u d esp c b tw
to i c sd
re e , a n th e a e e ee n th e m en n re a e so as t o
giv ch ldi
e ea pl so hi s w p s M v
er a m e ro o m fo r th e u se of ea on o re o e r,

li s
.

the pl c a e of l g d t i d by th i
th e m e n in t h e ne w as n o on er e e rm n e e r

w lth
ea by l gth s vic d s ldi ly ci cy
, b u t en of er e an o er e ffi en .
9 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

( par 4 7 ) had
. now b n r gain d and much b sid s had ee e e , e e

b n won Th s conqu sts r s lt d in h addition of

ee . e e e e u e t e

the south rn portion of E tr ria to h Roman domain

e u t e .
8

This w t rritory was divid d into fo r trib s w hich

ne e e u e ,

incr as d t h whol numb r to tw nty fi ( par

e e e By e e e - ve .

this act of incorporation all t h Etr scan fr m n living e u ee e

in th s r gions and poss ssing t h l gal prop rty q lifi

e e e e e e e u a

cation w r mad citiz ns f Rom and w r inv st d

“
e e e e o e, e e e e

with that m asu of h rights and privil g s of Roman

e re t e e e

citiz nship that p to this tim had b n s c r d by t h

e u e ee e u e e

pl b ians
e e .

Into this rich and i viting r gion thus op n d up to n e e e

Roman nt rpris Roman immigrants now crowd d in

e e e, e

gr at numb rs and soon all this part of Etr ria b cam

e e , u e e

Roman in mann rs c stoms and sp ch Th Romani e , u , ee . e

z ati of Italy was w fairly b g n

on no e u .

At this mom nt th r brok upon t h city a storm from e e e e e

the north which all but t short t h story cu e we ar e n ar

rating .

68 S k f R m b y t h G l ( 3 9
. ac o W hav o e e au s 0 — e e

alr ady m ntion d how in v ry r mot tim s trib s

e e e , e e e e , e

f rom G a l cross d t h Alps and stablish d th ms lv s in

u e e e e e e e

N orth rn Italy ( par e W hil t h Romans w r con . e e e e

qu ring t h towns f Etruria th s barbarian hord s w r

e e o , e e e e e

moving so thward and ov rrunning and d vastating t h

u ,
e e e

countri s f C ntral Italy In t h y ar 3 9 B th y laid

e o e . e e 0 . C. e

3 g d l g wth f t h R m n d m i n ( g R m
T rac e t h e ra ua ) ro o e o a o a a er o a nu s

by c m p tiv s t dy f t h k tch m p n pp 7 9 nd 8
a o ar a e u o e s e - a s o a 1 1 .

t s t nly l d wn s w
.

It will b
4 c ll d th t t t h
e re a e n ll d a a e ou e o an o er e re e ro e

in t h t ib s (p
e r this w s till t h l It w n t ntil t h
e ar as e ru e as o u e

f
. .

ye ar 3 B C th t l
1 2l m with t ag d t wh th
a th y w re e en, ou re ar o e er e e re

h ld s n t w giv
. .

f
re e o er or pl c in t h t ib
o , e re en a a e e r es .
9 8 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

th m hast n d across t h Tib r and sought saf ty b hind

e e e e e e e

t h walls of V ii which w r still sta ding Th G a ls

e e , e e n . e u

follo d t h f gitiv s clos ly and sla ght r d gr at num

we e u e e , u e e e

b rs of th m at t h riv r bank T h r maind r of t h

e e e e . e e e e

Roman a my r tr at d in g t disord r to Rom R ach

r e e e rea e e . e

ing th th y c o w d d thro gh t h gat s and witho t

e r e, e r e u e e , u

stopping to sh t th m h rri d to t h citad l as h only u e ,

u e e e t e

plac of r f g e e u e.

It wo ld b imp ssibl to pict r h const rnation d

u e o e u e t e e an

d spair that s iz d h inhabitants f t h city as h int l

e e e t e o e t e e

lig of t h t r ibl disast r spr ad amo g th m It

e nc e e e r e e e n e .

w as n v r f orgott n and h day of t h flight of h army

e e e , t e e t e

f om t h Allia w as v r aft r a black day in h Roman

r e e e e t e

c l ndar T h v stal virgins hastily b ryi g s ch of h

a e . e e ,
u n u t e

sacr d things as th y co ld not car y away fl d with t h

e e u r ,
e e

r maind r into Etr ria d fo nd a kind r c ption at

e e u ,
an u e e

t h hands of t h
e p opl of C r A larg part of h p p e e e se e . e t e o u

la io of Rom follow d th m across h riv r and thr w

t n e e e t e e e

th ms lv s i to s ch plac s of saf ty as th y co ld fi d
e e e n u e e e u n .

N att mpt w as mad to d f nd any portion of t h city

o e e e e e

sav t h citad l
e e e .

W h n h G a ls e t r d h city th y fo d v rythi g
t e u en e e t e e un e e n

abandon d to th m T h ag d s nators so h Romans

e e . e e e , t e

aft r ards pro dly r lat d thinking it n w orthy of th ir

e w u e e ,
u e

o ffi c to s k saf ty in flight r solv d to m t d ath in a

e ee e ,
e e ee e

b fitti g way A ay d in th ir spl did rob s of o ffi c

e n . rr e e en e e,

e ach w ith his ivory h ad d wand in his hand th y s at d - e e ,

e e e

th ms lv s in th ir chairs of stat at t h doorways of th i

e e e e e e e r

palac s and n ar t h for m and th r sat lik stat s

e on e e u , e e e ue

w hil t h barbarians w r carrying on th ir wo k of sack

e e e e e r

and pillag abo t th m T h rud G a ls arr st d by t h

e u e . e e u ,
e e e
 TH E E A RL Y R E P UBL IC .
99

v n rabl asp ct of t h w hit h ir d s ato s gaz d in

e e e e e e- a e en r , e

aw e u pon th m and o ff d th m viol nc B t finally

e e re e no e e. u

o ne of t h ba ba ia s laid his hand pon h b ard of t h

e r r n u t e e e

v n rabl P pi i to strok it probably und r an imp ls

e e e a r u s, e , e u e

of childlik r v r nc Th g d s nato i t rp ti g t h
e e e e e . e a e e r, n e re n e

mov m nt as an i s lt st ck t h G aul with his sc ptr

e e n u ,
ru e e e .

Th esp ll w as i stantly brok n T h nrag d barbarians

e n e . e e e

str ck P pi i from his s t and th n falling po t h

u a r us ea , e , u n e

oth r s nators sl th m to a m
e e , ew e an.
6

Th littl garrison within h C apitol d r h com

e e t e , un e t e

ma d of t h h ro M arc s M anli s for s v n months

n e e u u , e e

r sist d all t h fforts of h G a ls dislodg th m A

e e e e t e u to e e .

tradi ion t lls how wh h ba ba ians nd r cov r f

t e , en t e r r ,
u e e o

the da k ss of night had climb d h st p rock and had

r ne ,
e t e ee

almost ff ct d tr nc to t h citad l t h d f nd rs
e e e an en a e e e , e e e e

w r awak n d by h cackli g of som g s which t h

e e e e t e n e ee e, e

pi ty of t h famishi g soldi rs h d spar d b ca s th s

e e n e a e , e u e e e

birds w r sac d to J o e e re u n .

N w s was now bro ght t h

e G a ls th t t h V tia s u e u a e e ne n

w r ov rr ni g th ir poss ssions in N o th rn Italy

e e e u n n e e r e .

This l d th m to op n gotiatio s with h Romans

e e e ne n t e .

F or tho sand po nds of gold h G a ls ag d to

o ne u u t e u re e

r ti f om h city As h story r ns whil t h gold

e re r t e . t e u , e e

w as b ing w igh d t i h fo m t h Romans com

e e e ou n t e ru , e

plain d that t h w ights w r fals wh n B

e the e e e e, e r e n n u s, e

G allic l ad r thr w his sword also into h scal s xclaim

e e , e t e e , e

ing V i ti l W to t h vanquish d ! Just at

,
a u c s
” “
oe e e
”

this mom nt so t h tal conti s C amillus t h b av

e ,
e e nu e , ,
e r e

pat icia g n ral who had b n appoint d dictato

r n e e ,
ee e r,

app ar d upon h sc n w i h Roman army that had

e e t e e e t a

3 L ivy v ,
.
41 .
IO O R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

b n g th r d f om t h f gitiv s As h scatt r d t h
ee a e e r e u e . e e e e

barbarians with h avy blows h xclaim d Rom is e , e e e :

“
e

ransom d with st l and not with gold Accordi g to

e ee , .
”
n

o ne acco nt B hims lf was tak n prison r ; b t

u ,
re n n u s e e e u

a oth r tradition says that h scap d carrying with him

n e e e e ,

not only t h ransom b t a vast booty b sid s C amill s

e ,
u e e . u

w as hail d as a s cond Rom l s

e e u u .
7

69 Th .R b u ildin g f R m
e W h n t h f gitiv s
e o o e. — e e u e re

t rn d to Rom aft r t h withdrawal of h G ls th y

u e e e e t e au , e

fo nd h city a h ap of r i s Som of h poor r class s

u t e e u n . e t e e e ,

shrinki g from h labor of r b ildi g th ir old hom s

n t e e u n e e ,

and i cit d by th ir trib n s propos d to abando h

n e e u e , e n t e

sit d mak V ii th ir w capital

e an e e e ne .

C amill s who still h ld t h

u dictatorship r sist d t h
,
e e , e e e

proposal T h gods h d clar d had allow d disast r

. e , e e e ,
e e

to b fall h city b ca s t h Romans had violat d t h

e t e e u e e e e

sacr d law of nations ( par

e and had b n inatt ntiv . ee e e

to t h divi om ns B wh n t h Roma s
e ne i h e . u t e e n ,
not w t

standing that th ir own a ffairs w r in r ins and th y e e e u e

th ms lv s W r s mingly d s rt d by t h gods had

e e e e e ee e e e e ,

pio sly car d for t h sacr d thi gs of h t mpl s ( p

u e e e n t e e e ar .

th n t h right o s wra h of t h gods was app as d

e e e u t e e e ,

an d thro gh th i g acio s aid it w as that h d com t h

u e r r u a e e

happy t rn in h a ff ai s of h Romans w hich had

u t e r t e

r stor d to th m th i city
e e e e r .

C amill s th n d mand d of h
u p opl why th y had
e e e t e e e e

r d m d t h city by h sword if th y int nd d to aban

e ee e e t e e e e

don it H r call d to th ir minds t hat h city had b

. e e e e t e een

fo nd d und r t h a spic s of t h patron gods with om ns

u e e e u e e e

that p omis d to it h h adship of h world and that

r e t e e t e ,

7
L ivy v ,
. 8—
3 49 .
1 02 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

city was quickly stor d and v ry soo was njoy

Th e re e , e n e

ing its old positio of s pr macy among h s rro nd n u e t e u u

ing stat s Th r w r som thi gs how v r which v n

e . e e e e e n ,
e e , e e

Roman r sol tion and n gy co ld t r stor Th s

e u e er u no e e . e e

w r h a ci nt cords and doc m nts thro gh w hos

e e t e n e re u e , u e

irr parabl loss t h arly history of Rom is involv d in

.

e e e e e e

gr at obsc rity and nc rtainty

e u . u e .

7 S i l R f rm g in
0. C nd m n t i n f M r u M nliu
oc a e o a a o e a o o a c s a s

C pit li
a
(3o8 4 nu sF n arly half a c nt ry a f t r t h - or e e u e e

gr at misf ort n of 3 9 B t h most important matt rs i

e u e 0 . C .
, e e n

th e history of Rom con ct d with t h fforts of h e are ne e e e t e

distr ss d pl b i ns to s c r ( ) r forms in h la w of
e e e e a e u e 1 e t e

d bt and in t h manag m nt of t h p blic land and ( ) to

e e e e e u ,
2

gai admission to t h cons lat and oth r o ffic s from

n e u e e e

which th y w r xclud d by h j alousy of t h patri

e e e e e t e e e

i
c an s First a word in r gard to t h
. fforts of M arc s e e e u

M a li s to aid h pl b ian d btors

n u t e e e e .

T h rav g s of h G a ls had l ft h poor pl b ians in

e a e t e u e t e e e

a most pitiabl co dition In ord r to r b ild th ir d w ll

e n . e e u e e

ings and r stock th ir farms th y had b n oblig d to

e e , e ee e

borrow mon y of t h rich patricians and co s q tly had

e e ,
n e u en

soo com again to xp ri n h ins lt and oppr ssion

n e e e e ce t e u e

that w r v r i cid t to t h condition of h d btor class

e e e e n en e t e e

a t Rom e .

Th patrician M arcus M anli s h h ro of t h br v

e u , t e e e a e

d f c of t h C apitol ( par
e en e now cam fo ward as h
e . e r t e

champion of t h pl b ians H sold t h larg r part of his e e e . e e e

estat and d vot d h proc ds to t h r li f of t h

e, e e t e ee e e e e

class It was b li v d that in th s nd rtaki g h

. e e e u u e n t e

of h commons h had p rson l aims d amb

t e e e a an

T h patricia s d t mi
e d to c sh him H was
n e er ne ru . e
 TH E E A R L Y RE P UBL IC . 1 03

bro ght to trial in an ass mbly of t h p opl on h charg

u e e e e, t e e

of conspiring to r stor h o ffic of king e e t e e .

From t h forum wh r h p opl w r gath r d h

e ,
e e t e e e e e e e , t e

C apitol which M anli s had so brav ly d f nd d against

,
u e e e e

t h barbarians w as in f ll sight
e P oi ting to t h ,
t mpl s u . n e e e

h had sav d h app al d to h gods and to t h gratit d

e e , e e e t e e u e

of t h Roman p opl Th p opl r spo d d to t h app al

e e e . e e e e n e e e

in a way altog th natural Th y r f s d to cond m him e er . e e u e e n .

B t bro ght to trial a s cond tim and

u u in a plac e e, n ow e

wh nc t h citad l co ld t b s h was s n nc d to
e e e e u no e e e n, e e te e

d ath and w as t h
e ,
f m th Tarp ian Rock This ro w n
'

ro e e .
9

e v nt occ rr d 3 84 B W may r g rd M arc s M anli s

e u e . C . e e a u u

as t h s co d of t h martyrs at Rom in t h caus of

e e n e e e e

social fo m (par re r .

7 Th Li in i n L ws ( 3 6 7
1 . e h Fin lc E qu li z
a a t e a “ a a

t i n f t h Ord r
o o A v ry gr at a m lio ation in h
e e s.
”
e e e r t e

social condition of t h pl b ians d a long a dva c e e e an n e

to w ards th ir political q ality with h p i i w r

e e u t e
'

a t r c an s e e

e ff ct d thro gh
e e h passag of h L ici ian la w s sou t e e t e n ,

call d from e of th ir propos s h trib o ne Ga s e er , t e u ne 1u

L icini s Th s la w s provid d
u . e e e
:

That int r st alr dy paid on d bts sho ld b

1 . e e ea e u e

d d ct d from t h principal and that t h r maind r

e u e e , e e e

should b paid in thr ann al instalm nts e ee u e .

That t h pl b ians sho ld njoy w ith h patricians

2 . e e e u e t e

th right to occ py t h
e p blic lands ; b t that no p rson u e u u e

sho ld hold mor than fi h ndr d j g ra (par

u e ve u e u e
1
.

3
p i R ck
Th e T a r giv e an cli f which o pi w a s t h e n am e en to th e f th e C a

t li hill f
o ne d it s s id s c iv d it s
o rm e f
on o ne of e It re e e n am e ro m

l g d y k p s
.

Ta r pi d ght e a, a au cit d l
er of o ne of the e en ar ee er of th e a e

t t c i i l s w f q tly x c t d y b i g th w f this ck
.

S a e r m na e re re u en e e u e b e n ro n ro m ro

b t h lf
.

j g 1 A u c e ra w as a ou a a n a re .
IO 4 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

That t h fli of military tribun with co s lar

3 . e o ce e n u

pow r (par 64) sho ld b abolish d that t w o cons ls

e . u e e , u

sho ld b chos n y arly as at first d that

u e f th s e e , an o ne o e e

sho ld b a pl b ian
u e e e .

4 That in plac
. of t h two k p rs of t h S ibylli e e ee e e ne

B k (p
oo 4) th r should in t h f t r
s a r. b 2 and that e e e u u e e t e n,

fi of th s sho ld b pl b ia s
ve e e u e e e n .

Th importa c of th s proposals is obvio s with

e n e e e u

out comm nt F t y ars t h patricians r sist d t h

e . or en e e e e e

d mands f t h commons B t t h pl b ians ach y ar

e o e . u e e e e e

r el ct d t h sam trib n s and d r th ir l ad rship

e e e e e u e ,
un e e e e

carri d on h str ggl Fi ally wh n h patricia s sa w

e t e u e . n , e t e n

that it wo ld b impossibl long r to r sist t h pop lar

u e e e e e u

d mand th y had r co rs to t h old d vic Th y l ss

e , e e u e e e e . e e

en d t h pow rs f t h cons lship by taking away from

e e e o e u

th cons ls th ir j dicial f nctions and d volving th m

e u e u u e e

upon a w patrician magistrat b aring t h nam p t

ne e e e e ra on

Th pr t xt f t h i was that t h pl b ians h d no knowl

e e e or
‘

s e e e a

edg f t h sacr d form las of t h la w Th s nat th n

e o e e u e .
2
e e e e

approv d t h rogatio s and th y b cam laws (3 6 7

e e n
3
e e e

T h son of a p asant might now ris to t h

e high st o ffic e e e e e

in t h stat e e .

Th q alizatio of t h two ord rs was now practically

e e u n e e

eff ct de Th pl b ians gain d with comparativ as

e . e e e e e e e

admissio to t h r maining o ffic s from which t h j alo sy

n e e e , e e u

f t h patricians still xclud d th m

4
o e e e e .

littl l t (i 3 6 5
3 A th w c t d wh t w k w
e a er n e re as re a e a as no n as

th c l dil ship t di ti g i s h it f m t h pl b i n dil ship

e u ru e ae e , o s n u ro e e e a ae e ,

which h d b c t d li (p
a e en re a e e ar er ar .

P p s d l ws b f
3 ro p ss d by t h p pl w
o e a c ll d f m, e o re a e e eo e, e re so a e , ro

“ ”
r oga r e , to ask

sc d d m is i
.

4 T h y e e u re a s on to the dict t a o rs hip in t h e p e rs o n of th e

Io 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

pl b i ns ; and this
e e a aristocracy as shall l arn new , we e ,

b coming co r pt l x rious and npatriotic contribut d

e r u ,
u u , u , e

gr atly to t h undoing of t h r p blic B t d ring t h

e e e e u . u u e

c nt ry of f or ign wars and conq sts now imm diat ly

e u e ue e e

b for us th r was such a d gr of unity and concord

e e , e e e ee

in t h body of Roman citiz ns as to ins r t h triumph of

e e u e e

t h arms and t h
e polici s of t h city and to giv it first
. e e e , e

th sov r ignty of Italy and th n f t h whol M di

e e e , e o e e e ter

r a ne a n wo ld r .

FRN
RE E U R E iv s CES — p d PL M TA CH, L e of P o licola , an Ca iu s a r c iu s

st y
. .

Cor iola n u s VY ii 3 3 3 3 9 d.
*L I
, i l
.
, 4, , an 40 , f o r t h e or of Cor o a nu s ;
ii 8 d 9 4 an lg d 4 Fb d iii
for th e 6 th t e en of th e a ii ; an 2 —2 8 for a of

i ci t s (f th w it s s d t ils itt d y ivy)

.
.
, ,

C n n na u ro m o er r er w e ge t om e e a om e b L ;
v 35 9 — t ki g R
4 on by ‘
th e ls v 5 5a n db t of ome t h e Gau ; o— 4, on the e a e

s g d l t f c
.
, .

am o n g R th e vi g V ii
o m an in re ar to re m o n to e Th e as r e e re n e

i s p tic l ly v bl s i c p ss g h c v ys id
.

ar u ar al u a e n e the a a e e re on e an ea o f the

f li g
ee n ci t s sp cti g
s of the s c d ss an en city d re e n th e a re ne of the an th e

l ti s it its p t
re a on g ds M MM N
to of H f R a ro n o . O SE ist ory o om e,

vo l bk ii ch p i iii pp 3 9
1 a s p — 1 —
41 2 T IG H E ** Tb c D evelo
I N
. . . . . . . . .

m en t f R o t il e pp 6 3 6 om a n C on st it u t io n , —
7 H E ” E arl
y
s s s
. .

R (
om ep ch i ) E l to ch pt thi
Ser v le Th e a er a er of o ume a re p rac t i
c lly c iticis f h cc t which lis t s giv
.

a a r R m o t e a ou n the o m a n an n a e o f th e

fis
af a r ly p blic W
of N (W R )
t h e e ar re upp IL S O OOD OW * T/z e S ta t e, 94
s gg s tiv N N
.
.
,

1 04 A y S u e e su dm m ar T E PH E SO P u b lic L a n ds an

( J h s H pki s U iv sity
. .

Agr a r ia n L a w s f Rp o t lz e R om a n e u é lic o n o n n er

S t di s)
u e f o r allq s ti s l ti g p u e d f on re a n to th e ager u b lic u s an th e re o r m

p p sl
ro S p i s C ss i s
o a s of d th s ur u a u an o er .
 TH E E A RL Y R E P UBL IC . 1 07

TH E S E N A T E, TH E A S S E M BL E S , I AN D TH E MAG S I
T RA T E S O F TH E R E P UBL IC .

THE SE N A TE .

his body d t s f om h t i m of h k i gs ( p
T a e rI t e e t e n ar t
om p is d th h d d m m b s T h s w fi st m d
.

c r e re e un re e er e e e re at r na e

by h ki g th by h o s ls Af t 444 ll of h
.

t e n en h t e c n u er BC t e ro t e

body v is d by h c so s ( p F o m bo t h
. . .
,

w as re e t e en r ar r a u t e

m i ddl of h f th c t y s l t to h s t
.

e t h e ou r en u r BC t e u u a e n ra nc e t e e na e

t h gh h m gis t ci s f h ci t y t h t i th is ti
. .

w as ro u t e a ra e o t e ; a s, at me
w as of d c h
n e rr e high m gi s t t s d on som wh t
t e er a ra e an at a e a

l t ti m p o h low m gi s t t s ls h i gh t h d
,
‘

a er e u n t e er a ra e a o, t e r at t e en

f t h i t m of o ffic to t k s t i h body D i g h
,

o e r er e, a e a ea n t e ur n t e

p iod of h P ic w s h s t ch i f p ow i
.

er t e h un ar t e e na e w as t e e er n

t h st te Tha e mb of s to s eis d by S ll to si x
nu er e na r w as ra e u a

h d d (p
.

un re ar

T h foll w i g s cci c t cco t g di g h o m p t c f

.

e o n u n a un re ar n t e c e en e o

t h s e t d f i ts
e na e , a n l tio s d iff t p i ds h p p l
o re a n at e re n er o to t e o u ar

a ss bl i s d to h t ib s w ill b fo d of s p i l i t s t
em e an t e r u ne e u n ec a n er e

dv l Th pow of h s t s s h v b diff
,
“
an a ue e er t e e na e ee m to a e e en er

e nt a t diff t t i s A t fi s t i ts l gisl t i v c tio

er e n me lim i t d r e a e a n w as e

t o h igh t ss t d f m h m os t o t tim s to g t
.

t e r a er e ro t e rem e e r an or

f s i p p ob ti o t o l w s v t d by h p o p l D i g h
, ,

re u e ts a r a n a o e t e e e u r n t e

p blic h s p p o w b lo g d t o h p p l b t h y
.

re u t e u re m e er e n e t e eo e ; u t e

s ldom p ss d c t s wi th t h th o i ty of h s t I
e a e a ou t e au r t e e na e n

w igh ty ff i s i t com o f h s t d l ib t d
.

e a a r w as m n or t e e na e to e e ra e an

dc e re e , an df h p o p l t o i t p os t h i s
or t ti e B th e e n er e e r anc o n. u t e re

w e re m y thi gs which h s t d t m i d by i t s
an n t e e na e e er ne ow n
au t ho i ty v d i g h f
r e p blic if
en by xp ss l
ur n t e re e re u no t e re aw ,

l s t by h c s t m of i ts c s to s W h h p p l c s
, ,

at ea t e u o an e r en t e o u ar au e

d o d ib s ss d of i g
.

g i
a ne g h tr un m h ig h t t p tt
e r
g u ne a u e t e r u n a ne a

tiv d c s of h s t which d d th m of
,

e h on t e e re e t e e na e re n e re e no
e ff t d h o th h d c t s w p ss d i h ss bly
ec an on t e er an a e re a e n t e a em

of h t ib s which did q i h co c c
, ,

t e r e
pp b no t r e u re t e n u rr e n e o r a ro a

t io of h s t U d m pi wh
,

n t e h e na e h iti h d n er t e e re , en t e c om a a

di s pp d h s t h d f ti do b t d tho i ty
.

a e ar e t e e na e a or a m e, un u e au r to
m k dc s whi h h d h fo c of l b s bj t h v to
, ,

a e e r ee c a t e r e aw , u t u ec to t e e
o f h t p o
e d h i t ib i ti p ow
em er r M K N
un er s r un an e r.
”
— AC E Z IE ,
Ro m a n L a w , pp .
9 a nd 1 0 .
 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

TH E ASSE M BL IE S .

T hess m bl i s of h R s w ll p i y bodi s t h t i
a e e t e o m an ere a r m ar e a s,

th y w p s t ti i h
,

e e re no n-r e t (p re Th m
en a t ve n c a ra c e r ar . e ee
i gs w h i ch w
n s m d d p s i d d o v by c t i of h
e re u m one an re e er er a n t e

is s o d i h s i c s y o i
,

ma g t t w ra e p w t fi
ere d p T h
e ne v t g ac r e an ra er. e n
l w ys by g o p s i th by i s by t i s by
,

w as a a r u e er cur e or ce n u r e or

t ib s Th m b s of h g o p s v o t d so m ti s o lly s m
, , ,

r e e me er t e r u e e me ra o e

ti s by b llo t d g i by o t th y fi l d p s t gi v p i t
.
,

me a an a a n c un as e e a a en o n

Th f c ti s of h ss m bli s w t s t l t l l gis
.
,

e un on h t e a e e e re at t e ou e e e c ora e

l t i v dj di ci l M y of th i j di ci l d ti s h w v w
,

a e, an u a an e r u a u e o e er, e re

d lly d ol d po y co s Af hi c y
.
,

g ra ua v v je t e t h tu d t n ur ur er t e r en u r BC
ss bli s b c m s c ly m o th h p l i t i
. . .

a ll h t e a em e e a e c ar e re an t e an ns t r u

t s f t h i p sidi g m gis t t s t i g i t h i i t st
.

m en o e r re n a ra e ac n n e r ow n n e re
h i t s t of s m cl iq d m go g
, ,

or i n t e n ere o e u e or e a ue

Th f ss bli s d h p bli w h followi g

.

e ou r a em e un er t e re u c e re t e n

C 1 i i C i om bt aC i A b ly
u r a t a , or T h is h t e u r a te s se m w as t e

m os t ss bli s ( p o igi lly

. .

i t f ll h
anc e n o a I t e a em e ar . t w as r na a

p ly p t i i b dy b l t h p l b i s g i d d issi t o
u re a r c an o u t a er t e e e an a ne a m on

i t I m ti g pl c m m o ly h o m it i m T h v o ti g
,

ts ee n -
ac e w as o n t e c u e n

by c i s Th ss bly v y li s t ti m s
. .

w as ur e i h e a em w as n t e er e ar e e

s p s d d by h C m i t i C t i t ( p D i g h
.

u er e e t e o a en u r a a ar . ur n t e

h ist i l p i d i t
or c a s c ly o t h
er o ,
s v iv l
w as c ar e m re an a ur a .

2 C i i Com i t a h A nb ly f
en t u r a t a , l C i or t e ss e r o t ze e n t u r es

Thi s fi st ss m b ly f h p o p l g i d y
. .

w as a t r an a e o t e e e or an z e a s a n ar m

o t o of h f s f S vi s T lli s ( p
.

I t w as an u c me t I
e re or m o er u u u ar . t
w as m d p f bo t h p t i i s
a e u o d pl b i s d p si d d
a r c an an e e an an w as re e

o v by h s ls T h m ti g p l of h b dy
,

er t e con u e ee n - ac e t e o w as c om

m o ly h C p sM i T h sig l f
.

u t e am u m ti g a r t ns. d e na or a ee n w as a re

fl g hois t d
a h J i l
e onTh v o ti g
t e by c t i san c u u m e n w as en u r e

ss m bly o s ti t t d co t of pp l i s s i v ol vi g
. .

Th e a e c n u e a ur a ea n ca e n n

s t s of d th fl ggi g d b ish m t Th body

e n e nc e ea o n an an en e w as
o g i d b tw h Fi s t d h S co d P ic W i s h
.
, ,

re r an z e e e en t e r an t e e n un ar n uc

a wa
y t o t k as h p w of
a h eh ds t of h e w l t h
o y er ou t t e an t e ea

l ss s wh i t
c a e , fi s t l dg d
e re w as at r o e .

3 C i li T
on c i b P l b
u nzi b Pl b i
r A u b ly f
tu m e s, or t e e e an ss em o

T h is ss m bly f h p l bs v ti g by t i b s
.

T ibr es . — w as an a e o t e e o n r e

ti g p l lly f c ll d
.
,

I ts m e e n g
- iac eh g t w as I e ne r a n t e re a oru m t w as a e

t g th d p si d d o v by h p l b i t ib s d dil s
.

o e er an re e er t e e e an r u ne an a
e e

E y th V l i H ti l ws ( p 6 ) i ig v p w wi th t
.

e a e r o- ora an a ar . 1 t w as en o e r, ou

h c c s of h s t m k l w s t h t sho ld bi d
’

t e o n c u rr e n e t e e na e to a e a a u n

t h wh l p
e pl o e I t b m i ti h h i f l
eo e k i g bo dyec a e n me t e c e aw -m a n

h st t
.

i n t e a e .

4 . Co m it ia Tr ib u t a , or tb c P a t r ic i o-P leb e ia n A ssem b ly o

f
I IO R O /lIE AS A R E P UBL IC .

Tb e i cicl es — T h e re w e re two dil es h os n f o m t h e p l bs

ae c e r

k no w n l e di l e s c h os e n f pp o d
e ,

and two as c u ru e a m th ro e u er r e r.
T h p l b e i n ze dil sh ip w s c e t d t t h e tim e f t h e e s t blish
,

e e a e a r a e a o a

m e n t of t h p l b i n t ib e e e a r u n te 4 6 B C
a
9 (p T h c l e ar. e u ru

ae dil shi p w c e t d in 3 65 B C ( p 7 1 n A m o ng t h
. .
,

e as r a e ar . e

d tie s of thes e o ffic s w e t h e s p i nt e nd nce of th e p bl i c

. . .
,

u er re u er e u

g m
a s et h e c h ge f t h e p bl i c
ar a rchi v e s n d t h e c ar e of t h e
o u a

s t e t s nd m a k e ts of t h e c i ty
, ,

r e a r

O igi n lly t h e e w e e o nly tw o q m t o

.

Th Q w to
e u s r s. — r a r r u s rs

( p 6
ar.1 n b t b e fo t h nd of t h e e p ublic t h e n m b
u h d
re e e r u er a

b n i nc s ed t o fo ty The i chi e f d ti s w e f fi n nc i al
.
,

ee re a r r u e re o a a

T h ey c t e d s t e s s f t h s t t nd a assis t nt s
.

n t a ure a a r a u re r o e a e a s a
n d p ay m s t s of ge n als and s p io m agis t t s
.

a a er er u er r ra e

T h e n m be f t h e s e ffi c e s w s t w o
.

Tb C n o
e e s rs Th u r o o r a e

fi s t c nso s w e e e l t d bo t 444 B C ( p O ne of t h
. .

r e r r ec e a u ar . e

d t i e s of t h e s e m gis t t s w t o t k e t h c e ns s of th c it i ns
. .

u a ra e as a e u e ze

a nd t h e i p o p er ty T h e y w e also t h e g a d i ns of t h e p bl i
r r er u r a u c

m o ls Th y f th c t d o v e se e s of th e wo k o n t h e m il i
.

ra e ur er a e as r r r

t y o ads t h e aq d c t s nd t h e p blic b il di ngs s e e i ng t o it

.
_

ar r ue u a u u

t h t all c o nt ac t s w e f i thf lly p e fo m ed

, , ,

a r re a u r r .

co s ls h p m
Th e h p t i i
n u dil s d ht eso s r t o r s, t e a r c an a
e e an t e c en r

l m gis t t s th t is m gi s t t s tit l d t o
, ,

w e re c u r u e a ra e a a ra e en e u se an

fli i l s t ool ll d h l c h i A l offic f d
, ,

o c a ca e t e c u ru e a r c u ru e e c o n e r re

bili ty p o h h ol d of i t d ll h i s d s d t s F s m
.

no u n t e er an a e ce n an or o e

t hi g s p c t i g h fo t of ll th s ss bli s d m gi s
.

n re e n t e r u ne a e e a em e an a

t ci s d h m p i
ra e u n p s 8 7 d 39
er t e e re , se e ar . 20 ,
2 1 , an 2 .
 C H A PTE R VI .

THE CON QU E ST O F IT A L Y .

( 3 6 7
—2 6
4 B C . .
)

73 . r t i n
Th e C f N w Cl f
ea Ci t i
oz n C m
o i R i
ag h t e ass o e s r t an s

( 5
3 3 B ) It . will
C .b fitti
— g if w b gin t h p s e t n e e e re en

chapt r in which e ,
shall amidst t h r citals of w ars we ,
e e

o f conqu st hav m ch to say r sp cting t h matt r of

e , e u e e e e

Roman citiz nship with a notic of h cr at ion by t h

e ,
e t e e e

city of a class of citiz nsne w e .

W hav s n how aft r t h taking of V

e e ee th Romans
, e e e i l, e

incorporat d with t h t rritory f th ir stat a gr at part

e e e o e e e

of So th rn Etr ia (par
u e T h Romanization of th s
u r . e e e

l nds and t h thr at ning adva c of t h Roma po w r

a ,
e e e n e e n e

in th s r gions ca s d an prising f h Etr scan citi s

e e e ,
u e u o t e u e

of T q i ii C r d Fal rii
ar u n , a e, a n e .

Th mov m nt was s ppr ss d T h T q i i who

e e e u e e . e ar u n a n s,

d ri g t h war had sacrific d to th ir gods ov r th h

u n e e e e re e u n

dr d Roman prison rs w r harshly d alt with s v ral

e e , e e e ,
e e

h ndr d of th ir most disting ish d citiz ns b i g tak n

u e e u e e e n e

to Rom and first flogg d and th n b h ad d in t h fo m

e e e e e e e ru

( 5
3 1 B t t h C i b cau s th y at
e h tim ae r t a n s, e u e e ,
t e e

s d stroy d by t h G a ls had giv n an asyl m to

e e e u , e u

v stal virgi s and t h sacr d things of t h Roman

‘

e n e e e

( par
5 w r sho
. w n mor co sid ratio
e e Th ir e n e n . e

olit i l ind p nd nc was ind d tak n a w ay from th m

ca e e e e , ee , e e ,

ut th y w r l ft in control of th ir o w n local a ff irs and

e e e e e a ,

III
I IZ R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

w e re giv n all t h privat rights of Rom n citiz ns

e e e a e
(civit a s

s ine su
f r agio
)
This w as probably h first instanc in w hich Rom had t e e e

co f rr d th s rights po h i habitants of a conq r d

n e e e e u n t e n ue e

city T h sp cial instalm t of rights h r b sto w d

. e e en e e e e

cam to b kno w n as t h C it f /i and was aft r

e e e ar an r a n c r se, e

w a ds grant d to oth r comm niti s C iti s th s d priv d

r e e u e . e u e e

of sov r ignty and incorporat d s lf gov rning to w ns

e e e as e - e

w ith t h Roma stat w call d m i j oi Th gov

e n e e re e u n cz a .
5
e

ern m t of s ch tow s was mod l d as n arly as possibl

en u n e e e e

on that of h capital city Rom t e e .

74 T h B ginnin
.
g f h R m n Mun i ip l S yst m
e e B o t e o a c a e . u t

th Roma stat sm n in d t rmining t h r lations of C

e n e e e e e e ae r e

to Rom had don som thing mor than to cr at a

e e e e e e ne w

class or grad f Roman citiz s Th y had conscio sly e o en . e u

or nco scio sly cr a d a

u nsyst m of gov rnm n
u e te new e e e t .

F Rom had
or v r b for sav p rhaps in
e insta c ne e e e, e e o ne n e,

5 w it
Th e R o m an d thi t m with littl p ci i
r dm d
e rs u se s er e re s o n , an o e rn

hi s t i h v giv it wid ly di ff t pplic ti s I d t

o r a ns a e en e e re n a a on n or er o

v id c f i w h ll pply t h t m xcl iv ly t citi s

.

a o o n u s o n, e s m a a e er e us e o e or co

m it i
un ct lly i c p t d with t h R m
es a ua t t y t j yi g t
n or o ra e e o an s a e, e en o n a

l st m m
ea so f l c l s lf g v
e m t Wh v w
e asu re o th o a e - o e rn en e ne er e u se e

t m i s n d iff t f m this w s h ll t t c f lly with j t

.

er n a e se e re n ro e a s a e a re u us

wh t sig ific c w T h s w s h ll p k
,

a n m pl yi g it
an e e f tha re e o n u e a s ea o e

c l i s (p 84) m i ip i ; b t w s h ll t pply t h
.

R m o an o on e ar as u n c a u e a no a e

ith t L t i c l i s (p 84) t p f ct s (p 63
.

na m e e er o a n o on e ar or o re e u re ar . 1 n

s th t s ti l l m t f t h m icip l sys t m w
.
.
,

f
or th e rea o n a an es e n a e e en o e un a e as

l cki g i ch i t c T h s i t h c
a n n ea f th L ti
ns a n e c l y th u n e ase o e a n o on e

c m m ity did n t f m p t f t h R m s t t p p b t w
.

o un o or a ar o e o an a e ro e r, u as

s i m ply lli d c m m ity ; d i t h c

an a e f th
o p f ct e t h un an n e a se o e re e u r e

ss ti l f t f l c l l f g v n m t w w ti g S m w it
,

e en a e a u re o o a se - o er en as an n o e r e rs ,

h w v cl s ify p f ct
.

o e e r, m
a s i ip i f t b dg d
re e u re s a s u n c a o c secon ra e

th iti s m i t i th t T c l m w hich w s bj ct d i
.

5
S m o e au or e a n a n a u s u u as u e e n

s m w y t R m i 38 B C w t h m t ci t f R m n m i
,

o e a o o e n 1 . .
, as e os an en o o a u n
I1 4 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

arrang m nt is local s lf gov rnm nt carri d on und r t h

e e e -
e e , e e e

paramount authority f t h stat Th city witho t its o e e . e , u

local political lif having b n stifl d has b n mad a e ee e , ee e

constit nt part f a larg r political organism It is only

ue o e .

w h n t h citi s in a stat sustain this r lation to t h

e e e e e e

s p rior gov rnm nt that hav w hat may prop rly b

u e e e we e e e

call d t h m nicipal syst m

e e u e .

N w as ohav said wh n Rom incorporat d C m

,
we e , e e e re

into h t rritory and mad h inhabitants f t h plac

er e e t e o e e

Roman citiz ns altho gh citiz s poss ssing as y t only

e u en e e

a part f h rights of t h city h laid t h corn r ston

o t e e — s e e e e

of this municipal syst m w hich r nd r d possibl h e e e e e er ow n

gr atn ss d which transmitt d by h to lat r tim s as

e e ,
an , e er e e

a principl of gov rnm nt was to f orm t h v ry basis of

e e e , e e

th struct r f t h mod rn fr stat

e u e o e e ee e.

W must not thi k that t h probl m h r solv d by

e n e e e e e

Rom was e asy of sol tion and that cons qu ntly no

o ne e u , e e

gr at m as r of cr dit n d b giv n t h Romans for

e e u e e ee e e e

having solv d it T h di ffic lti s m t and ov rcom by

e . e u e e e e

th m in working
e this syst m w r v ry much lik ou t e e e e e

thos m t and ov rcom by our stat sm n of a c nt ry

e e e e e e e u

and mor ago wh n th y d vis d t h f d ral syst m and

e , e e e e e e e e ,

d t rmin d what sho ld b t h r lations of t h stat s f

e e e u e e e e e o

ou r nion to t h g n ral gov rnm nt at W ashi gton

u e e e e e n .

Ind d this w hol f d ral syst m is nothing mor than

ee , e e e e e

th application to stat s of h principl s f gov rnm nt

e e t e e o e e

that Rom appli d to citi s Th f d ral syst m xist d

e e e . e e e e e e

in g rm in t h m nicipal syst m f Rom

e e u e o e.

H w this form of gov rnm nt fost r d among t h

o e e e e e

Italians at d t h sam tim

,
local patriotism and
o ne an e e e,

national patriotism lov for on s ativ city and int r st , e e

’
n e e e
 TH E C ON QU E S T OF ITA L Y 1 1 5

and prid in h a ff airs of t h gr at r commonw alth f

e t e e e e e o

which that city was only a part is w ll ill strat d by , e u e

th s m morabl words onc s d by C ic ro Ev ry

e e e e e u e e :
“
e

b rgh r f a corporat tow h says has I tak it

u e o e n,
”
e ,
“
,
e ,

two fath rla ds that of which h is a nativ and that

e n ,
e e,

of which h is a citiz n 1 will n v r d ny all gianc to

e e . e e e e e

my nativ town only I will n v r forg t that Rom is my

e , e e e e

gr at r Fath rla d and that A pi m is b t a portion

e e e n ,
r nu
7
u

of Rom e .
” 8

W hat w hav now said will conv y som id a of h

e e e e e t e

important plac which t h municipal syst m of Rom holds

e e e e

in t h d v lopm nt f f r s lf gov rnm nt amo g m

e e e e o ee e - e e n en .

This was Rom s gr at and almost h only contrib tion

e
’
e , er , u

to political history and aft r h law syst m h b st gift , e er e er e

to civilization ( par .

7 5 Th F ll f h E tr
. e n P w r T h suppr ssion
a o t e u sca o e .
— e e

of t h E truscan uprising and t h incorporation of t h city

e , e e

o f C with t h Roman stat marks a t ni g point in

ae re e e, ur n

th f ortun s of t h
e E tr scan rac
e In t h words f t h e u e . e o e

historian M omms n Th ir s ason of pow r and aspira e ,

“
e e e

tion had pass d away W shall find th m in arms e .

”
e e

against Rom again and again aft r this b t th ir attacks

e e , u e

w r no long r formidabl Th ir po w r had b n brok n

e e e e . e e ee e ,

not alon by t h blo w s th y had r c iv d from t h Romans

e e e e e e e ,

b t also by t h attacks of t h G a ls from t h N orth and

u e e u e ,

of h G r k citi s of t h S o th by t h way of t h
t e ee e e u e e se a .

F rth rmor gr at in q ality in w alth had aris n among

u e e, e e u e e

th m and l xury had cr pt into th ir citi s as lat r it

e , u e e e ,
e

ent r d Rom and soci ty had b com ff minat and

e e e, e e e e e e

C ic
7 s bi thpl c
e ro
’
r a e

q t d b y S t h D vid s
.

D L3 eii 5 egib u s, . 2,p 6 ; as uo e ra c an- a o n, Cicer o, . .

1 1 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

co r pt W hat l m nts th r w r r maining in h rac

r u . e e e e e e e e t e e

of vitality and str ngth w r grad lly absorb d by Rom

e e e u a e e,

and t h Etruscan p opl and t h Etruscan civilization as

e e e e

distinct factors in history disapp ar d from t h world e e e .

7 6 Th Fi t S m . e rs a

it W (3 4 3 n e ar

T h po w r of — e e

h E tr scans having t e u

b n bro k n t h ee e , e

m o s t for m idab l e

c o m p t i t o r s of t h e e

Romans for s pr m u e

acy in Italy w r t h e e e

S amnit s ro gh and e ,
u

warlik mo tain rs e u n ee

who h ld t h Ap n e e e

nin s to t h so th e e u

ast of L ati m Th y e u . e

w r worthy rivals of e e

th C h ildr n of e
“
e

M ars Th s cc s e u e

s iv e st r u ggle s b etween

th s ma tial rac s e e r e

MN W RR R
SA
k n o wn as th are e

F r s t S c o n d and
IT E A IO .

i e
F v ) , ,
( ro m a

Third S am it wa s
as e .

n e r .

Th y e e xt d d ov r a p riod of half a c t ry and i th i

en e e e en u ,
n e r

co s
ur e i volv d almost all t h stat s of Italy
n e e e .

Th e b gin i g of h st ggl
e n n bro ght abo t in his
t e ru e w as u u t

way . Th S am it s w
e tro bli g h p opl of C m
n e e re u n t e e e a

pani a. T h C ampania s appli d to Rom for h lp agai st

e n e e e n
 TH E C ON QU ES T OF ITA L Y . 1 1 9

by Roman s nators with amaz m t and indignation

the e e en .

O ne of t h cons ls Titus M anli s by nam voic d th ir

e u ,
u e, e e

ang r in d claring that sho ld L atins by any chanc gain

e e , u e

admission to t h s nat ho s h would nt r th r with e e e u e, e e e e e

his sword and put th m all to d ath with his own hand e e .

Th n t rnin g and addr ssing t h stat f J pit r h

e u , e e ue o u e , e

e xclaim d O J pit r canst thou ndur to b hold in thy

e : u e , e e e

own sacr d t mpl strang rs as consuls and as s nators

e e e, e e ? ”

T h d mands f t h L atin alli s w r

e e r f s d and war
o e e e e e u e ,

f ollow d a war in which t h

e ,
Romans w r fighting th ir e e e e

form r comrad s of t h camp and t h fi ld T h C m

e e e e e . e a

p i
an an sl nt aid to t h L
e ati s whil t h S amnit s h lp d e n , e e e e e

th e Romans against t h commo n my e n e e .

Th f ollowing tal
e f t h war giv n by L ivy is of e o e e u s

val as xhibiting t h quality of st rnn ss in t h Roman

ue e e e e e

charact r In of t h arly campaigns of t h war t h

e . o ne e e e e

cons l Tit s M anli s had giv n strict ord rs that no

u u u e e o ne

sho ld ngag in singl combat with any f t h n my

u e e e o e e e .

Th e cons l s own son Tit s imp ll d by t h ardor of

u
’
u , e e e

youth disob y d his f ath r s comma n d and acc pt d a

,
e e e
’
, e e

chall ng from
e eof t h f H sl w his antagonist
o ne e o e. e e

and brought t h spoils stripp d from t h body to his e e e

fath r s t nt Th fath r turn d from his son in ang r

e
’
e . e e e e ,

and ord r d t h lictors to lay hold of him to bind him to

e e e ,

t h stak
e and to strik his h ad from his body This was
e, e e .

don t h consul standing by and looking on Through

e, e .

such sacrific f par ntal f ling did Tit s M anli s maintain

e o e ee u u

military disciplin t ach a n d d l sson in ob di nc e, e ee e e e e e,

and caus his ord rs as L ivy says to b transmitt d as

e e , ,
“
e e

a mod l of aust rity to all aft r tim s

e e e e .
” 1°

1° L ivy vii ,
.
7 . Com p ar e
p ar. 46 .
1 20 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Th is also pr s rv d to from this war h following

e re e e e u s t e

l g nd of t h cons l P bli s D ci s M
e e A dr am hav
e u u u e u u s. e

ing r v al d to him and his coll agu that victory would

e e e e e

r st with t h army whos l ad r sho ld o ff r hims lf as a

e e e e e u e e

victim to t h gods of h nd rworld th y agr d that t h

e t e u e , e ee e

o ne whos soldi s first sho w d signs of w v ring in t h

e er e a e e

fight sho ld d vot hims lf for t h army and t h Roman

u e e e e e

p opl ( par
e e .

T h troops of D ci s M
e w r t h first to yi ld gro nd e u u s e e e e u

to t h n my T h r pon D ci s r p ating t h fo mula

e e e . e eu , e u , e e e r

u s d on s ch occasions fl ng hims lf into t h midst of t h

e u ,
u e e e

e nemy and f ll pi c d with darts T h Romans now

, e er e . e , cer

t in of victory r n w d h battl with fr sh ardor d

a , e e e t e e e an

co rag and soon p t h

u e, my to flight u t e e ne .

Aft r abo t thr y a s hard fighting t h b llion was

e u ee e r
’
, e re e

s bd d
u ue .

T h L tin L ag e as a political body was

a dissolv de ue now e ,

th organization b ing r tain d m r ly for r ligio s pur

e e e e e e e u

pos s Fo r of h tow s Tib r P st C ora and

e . u t e n ,
u ,
r aen e e, ,

L m r tain d th ir ind p d c ; t h oth rs w ith

a u re n t u ,
11
e e e e en en e e e

th ir t rritori s w r mad a pa t of t h Roman domain

e e e e e e r e ,
12

and b cam m i ip i of di ff r nt grad s (par 73 n

e e un c a e e e .
,
.

Th inhabita ts of som of th s municipaliti s w r

e n e e e e e e

admitt d at o c to f ll Roman citiz nship whil thos of

e n e u e , e e

oth rs w r giv n o ly a part of t h rights and p ivil g s

e e e e n e r e e

of citiz ns h political rights of voting and holding o ffic

e , t e e

b ing w ithh ld
e e .

11 Th e st u d t h ld
en s ou no t f ila to l c t th
o a e e s e pl c a e s on t h e m ap

o pp s it p g
o e a e 1 19
ps f lly
.

C mp
13 o are th e m a on p g 79 d 8
a es an 1 1 , an d no e t c a re u

h o w th e a
g er R om a n u s w as e xt d d t thi ti m
en e a s e .
1 22 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

gu e re d plac
long b t f t h oth r short but dan
e , o ne u
‘
sa e, e e

g ro s T h cons ls in th ir anxi ty to carry h lp to th ir

e n . e u , e e e e

alli s b for it should b too lat unwis ly chos th

e e e e e, e e e

short r rout At a point call d t h C audin Forks this

e e. e e e ,

road l d t h Roman forc s thro gh a narrow mo ntain

e e e u u

wall d vall y ntranc to which was gain d by a d p

e e , e e e ee

cl ft in t h rocks d xit by a similar di fficult ravin

e e an e e .

Th cons ls car l ssly l d th ir troops into this p nt p

e u e e e e e -u

vall y only to discov r wh n it was too lat that th y

e , e e e e

w r in a trap with t h n my who had plann d an amb sh

e e , e e e , e u

h r h mming th m in To att mpt to xtricat th m

e e, e e . e e e e

s lv s would hav b n idl and cons q ntly t h Romans

e e e ee e, e ue e

w r forc d to capit lat

e e e u e.

Th l ad r of t h S amnit s G avi s P o tius is said to

e e e e e , n n ,

hav s nt m ss ng rs to his ag d fath r for advic as to

e e e e e e e e

what h sho ld do with his prison rs Th fath r is

e u e . e e

r port d to hav co ns ll d his son ith r to l t th m all

e e e u e e e e e e

go back to Rom ni jur d and th r by mak t h Romans e u n e , e e e e

t rnal fri nds of t h S amnit s r to slay v ry man of

e e e e e , o e e

th m and thus r nd r t h Romans f a long tim at l as t

e ,
e e e or e e

incapabl f doing harm to anybody P onti s adopt d a

e o . u e

middl co rs H f orc d t h consuls to agr to atr aty

e u e . e e e ee e

of p ac t h t rms of w hich w r that t h Romans sho ld

e e e e e e e u

giv up all t h t rritory th y had tak n from t h S amnit s

e e e e e e e ,

and withdraw th ir coloni s from t h sam This tr aty e e e e. e

was s cur d by t h oaths of t h cons ls and of all h chi f

e e e e u t e e

o ffic rs of t h Roman army and furth r by six h ndr d

e e ,
e u e

Roman knights giv n as hostag s e e .

Th t rms of t h tr aty having b n arrang d t h

e e e e ee e , e

Romans w r d priv d of th ir arms d th all w r s nt

e e e e e ,
an en e e e

b n ath t h yok (par 5 7 n

e e w hich was t h
e d p st e .
, . e ee e
 TH E C ON QU E S T OF ITA L Y . 1 2 3

h miliation that co ld b inflict d pon a vanquish d

u u e e u e

e ne my Th disgrac d consuls and l gions mad th ir

. e e e e e

way back to Rom To scap h obs rvation of t h e . e e t e e e

citiz ns th y slipp d into t h city aft r nightfall and con

e , e e e e ,

l d th ms lv s in th ir hom s for days b f or v

c ea e e e et ring e e e e en u

to show th ir fac s pon t h str ts or in t h forum

e e u e ee e .
1

Th cons ls had xc d d th ir pow rs in concl ding

e u e ee e e e u

such a tr aty as th y had agr d to Th s nat r f s d

e e ee . e e e e u e

to confirm it and tho ght to m t all h r q ir m nts

,
u ee t e e u e e

o f honor by s ndi g back to t h S amnit s t h consuls who

e n e e e

had mad it P onti s how v r r f s d to r c iv th s

e . u , e e , e u e e e e e e

m and insist d that t h Romans if th y had any r gard

e n, e e , e e

for honor or any f ar of t h oath witn ssing gods sho ld e e - e ,

u

e ith r ratify what th ir consuls had don or p back t h

e e e, u t e

r l as d army in t h C a din vall y i xactly h sam

e e e e u e e n e t e e

position it occ pi d b for t h tr aty was mad This u e e e e e e.

th s nat r f s d to do
e e e e u e .

From t h day of this m morabl transaction at t h

e e e e

C audi Forks it has b n a matt r of d bat wh th r

ne ee e e e e e or

not in this a ff air t h Roman s nat did all that fairn ss e e e e

and honor d mand d e e .

T h war w nt on
e S oon t h tid of fort n t rn d in
e . e e u e u e

favor f t h Romans T h consul L uci s P pi i C rsor

o e . e u a r us u

r took t h city of L i Which arli r in t h war had

e e u c e r a, e e e

b n capt r d by t h S amnit s and r cov r d all h spoils

ee u e e e , e e e t e

tak n by t h n my at C di m tog th r w ith t h hostag s

e e e e au u , e e e e

giv n by t h Romans at that tim In r q ital f t h

e e e . e u or e

humiliation which t h S amnit s had inflict d upon t h e e e e

Romans P pi i s nt all his prison rs s v n tho sand in

, a r us e e ,
e e u

n mb r und r t h yok ( 3 9
u e , e e e 1

1 L ivy ix , .
7 .
12 4 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

at r in h str ggl h Etr scans app ar d in t h fi ld

L e t e u e t e u e e e e

as alli s of t h S amn t s w ho
e had ra g d on th ir
e i e ,
now n e e

sid ma y of h oth r I alian p opl s B t t h Etr sc s

e n t e e t e e . u e u an

s ff r d a d cisiv d f t at h h nds of t h bl Roman

u e e e e e ea
2
t e a e a e

g n ral Fabi s M axim s R lli

e e w hich forc d th m to
u u u a n u s, e e

withdra w from t h war ; and a f y ars lat r ( in 3 5 B )e ew e e 0 . C .

V IE W ON THE A P P IA N W AY .

( Th e t ti
c o ns r u c on of th i s Q u e e n o f R o m an Ro ads
”
w as b e gu n in t h e ye ar 3 1 2 D C
. .

b y the c e n so r App i us C l au diu s ) .

the Romans capt r d B i m t h capital city of t h u e o v a nu , e e

S am it s and th s bro ght h

n e ,
war to an d Th u u t e en . e

S am it s g v
n p all t he co q sts h y had mad and
a e u e n ue t e e

th old t ty r latio s w i h Rom w r r establish d

e re a e n t e e e e e .

Th war had last d t w nty t w o y ars

e D ri g i co s e e -
e . u n ts ur e

Rom had dd d xt nsiv t rritori s to h dom i

e a e d e e e e e er a n, an

3 At t h e b ttl
a e of V a dim o n ia n L a k e
(3 10
1 26 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

m en to fight in Asia h had b n fighting wom n And e ee e .

in addition t h command rs d t h soldi s th r to e e an e er , e e

w as th Roman military syst m syst m that had b n

e e , a e ee

w ork d ed improv d by h Roma s d ring fi

ou t an e t e n u ve cen

i
t u r es of constant xp i nc in war I h matt r of e er e e . n t e e

discipli in h handling of troops in t h forming of t h

n e, t e , e e

battl lin in h constr ction of ntr nch d camps t h

e e, t e u e e e , e

Roman g rals w r unsurpass d mast rs of th ir art

e ne e e e e e .

F rth rmor
u C arthag and Rom wo ld hav join d
e e, e e u e e

forc s against h M ac donians as against a common

e t e e

e n my And so had Al xa d r co m t h iss co ld not

e .
, e n e e, e ue u

hav b n do btf l
e ee sp cially si c t h invad rs wo ld
u u , e e n e e e u

hav had b t Al xa d r w hil t h Roma s had many so

e u o ne e n e e e n ,

that if t h accid nts of war had car i d ff

e that wo l d
e r e o o ne , u
.

hav had no mat rial ff ct pon t h final o tcom f t h

e e e e u e u e o e

co t st Al xand r ow d his fam to ha i g di d young

n e . e e e e v n e ,

b for fickl fort had had tim to r in his p osp ro s

e e e u ne e u r e u

a ff airs as th y wo ld hav b n r in d in Italy

— e u e ee u e .
3

8 Tw0. N w Tr ib Cr t d ( 9 9o S ho tly aft r

e es ea e 2 — r e

th e clos f t h S cond Sam it W ( in 99

e o e th e n e ar 2 e

IEq i uhaving agai b com tro bl som Rom took

an s n e e u e e, e

a ay from th m som of th ir t rritory and mad it a part

w e e e e , e

of t h Roman domai Th inhabitants s ttl d in t h

e n . e e e e

districts w r form d i to two trib s and th s admitt d

e e e n ne w e u e

to t h Roman f anchis
e r e .
4

8 Th Th ir d S m nit W
1 .
( 9
e 8 9 Altho gh a e ar 2 — 2 0 — u

th S amnit s w r so thoro ghly d f at d in th ir s cond

e e e e u e e e e e

3 L ivy ix 1 7
—1
9
s
. .
,

Th 4 mb t ib
e nu er of r e w as no w thi ty th r - re e . Tw o t ib r es h ad b een

f m d
or b t 33 B C
e a ou 0 . . ou t o f Vo l ci n t it
s a e rr or
y
, which b ro u
ght th e

nu mb t o thi ty
er u r -o n e .
p
 TH E C ON OUE S T OF I TA L Y . 12 7

cont st with Rom still it was o ly four y ars b for th y

e e, n e e e e

w r again in arms and ngag d in th ir thi d str ggl with

e e e e e r u e

h er f s pr macy in Italy This tim t h y

or u e d d in . e e ~
su c c e e e

fo ming against th ir old n my a pow rf l coalition which

r e e e e u

e mbrac d t h Etr scans t h Umbrians t h G a ls and

e e u , e , e u ,

oth r nations It w as asy f th m to accomplish this for

e . e or e ,

th rapid advanc of t h pow r of Rom had ca s d all t h

e e e e e u e e

p opl s of t h p nins la f lly to r aliz that nl ss h

e e e e u u e e u e er

e ncroachm nts w r sp dily ch ck d th ir ind p nd nc

e e e ee e e e e e e e

w o ld b lost for v r
u e e e .

Th dang r that thr at n d Rom from t h l ag

e e e e e e e e ue

against h was gr at ; b t Roman co rag ros in propor

er e u u e e

tion to t h thr at ning p ril Two cons lar armi s m t

e e e e . u e e

th e combin d forc s f t h S amnit s and th ir alli s at

e e o e e e e

S i m in E tr ria ( 9 5
e n t nu In t h midst f t h fight
u 2 e o e ,

th cons l D ci s M
e u s ing his soldi rs yi lding gro nd
e u u s, ee e e u

to t h n my r solv d to follo t h xampl of his fa h r

e e e , e e w e e e t e

in t h L atin war ( par 77 ) and o ff r hims lf as an xpia

e . e e e

tory sacrific for t h Roman army and h Roman p opl

e e t e e e .

Accordingly having d vot d hims l f and h army of t h

, e e e t e e

e n my with sol mn impr cations to h inf rnal gods h

e e e t e e , e

pl g d into t h hostil ranks and th r found d ath

u n e e e e e e .

H i soldi rs s ing what h had don t rn d again with

s e , ee e e, u e

mor than h man co rag pon t h n my and soon h

e u u e u e e e , t e

v ictory r st d w ith th m e e e .
5

This battl brok t h pow r f t h coalition against Rom

e e e e o e e .

O ne a ft r a oth r t h stat s and trib s that had join d t h

e n e e e e e e

allianc w r chastis d and h S amnit s w r forc d to gi

e e e e , t e e e e e ve

u p t h str ggl Rom l ft th m th ir ind p nd nc b

e u e. e e e e e e e e, u t

stripp d th m of all th ir conq sts Th brav Samnit

e e e ue . e e e

5 L ivy x , . 2 8, 2 9 .
1 2 8 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

g al G i P onti s who s nt h Roma army b n ath

e ne r , av u s u , e t e n e e

t h yok at t h C a din Forks ( par

e e aft r having
e u e . e

b n l d i t h tri mphal proc ssio of h co s l F bi s

ee e n e u e n t e n u a u

M axim s G g s was ng n ro sly cast into h d g on

u ur e , u e e u t e un e

b n ath t h C apitolin hill and th r b h ad d

e e e e e e e e e .

8 Th W 2 w it h T r ntum
. e d P yr h u ( 8
ar
7 a e an r s 2 2— 2 2

Th - p riod of ight y ars which follow d t h d of

e e e e e e en

Rom s str ggl with h S amnit s and t h b gi ni g of

e
’
u e t e e e e n n

h erm mo bl war with Tar nt m d P yrrh s w as fill d

e ra e e u an u , e

by t h Roma s in p tty wars with t h Etr sca s t h

e n e e u n , e

G a ls t h Lu ia,
and vario s G k citi s of M ag a
e u c an n s, u r ee e n

G i and in t h fo nding f coloni s t h b ildi g of

raac a ; e u o e , e u n

fortr ss s d h xt sion of h milita y roads B fo

e e , an t e e en er r .
6
e re

th d of this p riod lmost all h G r k citi s of S o h rn

e en e ,
a t e ee e u t e

Italy sav Tar nt m had fall n d r h growing po w r

,
e e u , e u n e t e e

of h imp rial city

t e e .

Tar nt m was e of h most no d f h citi s of

u o ne t e te o t e e

M ag a G cia n It was a s aport on t h C alabrian coast

r as . e e ,

and had gro w n op l nt thro gh h xt nd d trad of its u e u t e e e e e

m rcha ts Its inhabita ts w l x rio s in th i habits

e n . n ere u u u e r ,

idl d frivolo s nt ring into and b aking gag m nts

e an u ,
e e re en e e

with ca l ss l vity Th y sp nt h most of h ir tim in

re e e . e e t e t e e

f asting and dri king in lo ngi g i t h baths in att ndi g

e n ,
u n n e , e n

th th atr and in idl talk on h str ts

e e e, e t e ee .

B tw n Tar nt m
e ee d Rom th xist d a tr aty
e u an e e re e e e ,

5 chi f tt
Th e c s tit ti l i p t c d i g thi s p i d
e ma er of on u o na m o r an e ur n er o

w as t h ep sg H t i
as a p b bly
e of 86 hi s
th e o r e ns a n law , ro a in 2 BC T
s c ssi pl b i s
. .

la w w a s t h etc ou o m e of thi d d a e e o n of the e e an th e r an

l st s t i p t t p visi
,

a J ic l hill
to th e an u u m ly th t It s m o m or an ro o n, nam e a

dc s ss bly bi di g
,
.
,

which d ma pl b i
e the e re e of the e e an a em n n on a ll th e

citi s pp
z en h v b a i ply e ars ct t
to si il p vi
a e een s m a r e en a m en of a m ar ro

si li V l i H ti l ws
,

o n of the e ar erp 6 a er o- o ra an a . C om ar e
p ar . 1 .
1 3 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

th ir lin s of battl h xclaim d in admiration In war

e e e, e e e : ,

at l ast th s m
e , not barbarians Th battl was
e e en a re .
”
e e

won for P yrrhus by his war l pha ts t h sight of which e e n , e ,

b ing
e to t h Romans caus d th m to fl from h
ne w e , e e ee t e

fi ld in dismay B t P yrrh s had lost thousands of his

e . u u

brav st tr ps Victori s gain d by s ch loss s in a

e 00 . e e u e

co ntry wh r h co ld not r cr it his army h saw cl arly

u e e e u e u , e e ,

m ant final d f at As h look d ov r t h battl fi ld h

e e e . e e e e e e e

is said to hav turn d to his companions and r mark de e e e

“
Anoth r such victory and I shall b ruin d H notic d
e e e .
”
e e

also and not without appr ciating its sig ificanc that t h
, e n e, e

wo ds of t h Roman soldi rs kill d in t h action w r all

u n e e e e e e

in front H d I such soldi rs h said admiringly I

.
“
a e ,
”
e ,
“

sho ld soon b mast r of the world

u e e .

T h pr d nc e f th i t u P yrrhus l d him to s nd to
e e o e v c o rl o u s e e

th Romans proposals of p ac Th mbassy was h ad d

e e e: e e e e

by his chi f minist r C i of who m P yrrh s hims lf

e e ,
n e a s, u e

oft n said Th loq nc of C i

e : wins m mor vic
“
e e ue e ne a s e e

tori s than my sword W h n h s nat h sitat d its r so

e . e t e e e e e , e

lu t i was fix d by t h loqu nc of t h now old and blind

on e e e e e e

Appi s C la di s Rom h xclaim d shall n v r

u u u
“
e,
”
e e e , e e

tr at with a victorio s f
e Th ambassadors w r s nt u oe.
’7
e e e e

back to P yrrh s with h r ply that if h want d p ac h

u t e e e e e e e

m st first q it t h soil of Italy It was at this tim that

u u e . e

Ci in answ r to som inq iri s of his mast r r sp ct

n e as, e e u e e e e

ing t h Romans dr w t h c l brat d parall ls that lik d

e ,
e e e e e e en e

th ir s nat to an ass mbly f kings and war against such

e e e e o ,

a p opl to an attack pon t h L n a H ydra

e e u e e e u .

P yrrhus according to t h Roman story t ll rs who most

, e - e e ,

lavishly mb llish d this chapt r of th ir history was not

e e e e e ,

mor s cc ssful in att mpts at brib ry than in h arts f

e u e e e t e o
 TH E C ON QU E S T OF ITA L Y . 1 3 1

ne gotiatio Att m pting by rich pr s nts to win h c l

n . e e e t e e e

b t d stat sman Fabricius who had b

ra e e int st d by h ,
een ru e t e

s nat with an important mbassy t h st rling old Rom n

e e e , e e a

r pli d If I am dishon st I am not worth a brib ; if

e e :
“
e , e

hon st you m st kno I will not tak

e ,
u w e o ne .
”

Anoth r story r lat s how wh n t h physician f P yrrh s

e e e ,
e e o u

w nt to Fabricius and o ff r d to poison his n my F

e e e e e , a

b i i instantly p t t h p fidi man in chains and s t

r c us u e er ou s , en

him back to his mast r for p nishm nt Th s q l of e u e . e e ue

this story is that P yrrhus conc iv d s ch an xalt d opi e e u e e n

ion f t h Roman s ns of honor that h p mitt d t h

o e e e e er e e

prison rs in his hands to go to t h capital to att nd a

e e e

f stival with no oth r s c rity for th ir r t rn than th ir

e , e e u e e u e

simpl promis and that not a singl man brok h i w ord

e e, e e s .

Aft r a s cond victory (t h battl f A l m 7 9

e e e e o sc u u ,
2

as disastrous as his fi st P yrrhus cross d ov r i to S icily r , e e n ,

to aid t h G r ks th r who at this tim w r b ing

e ee e e, e e e e

hard pr ss d by t h C arthaginians At first h was v ry

e e e . e e e

wh r s cc ss f l ; b t finally fort n turn d against him

e e u e u u u e e ,

and h was glad to scap f rom t h island R crossing

e e e e . e

t h straits into Italy h onc mor

e ngag d t h Romans , e e e e e e

b t at t h battl of B
u e t m h su ff r d a disastro s
e e ne ve n u e e e u

and final d f at at t h hands of h cons l C i D ntat s

e e e t e u u r us e u

( 572 L aving a s ffi ci nt forc to

e garrison Tar nt m u e e e u ,

P yrrh s t sail for E pir s

u n o w se H had scarc ly mbark d u . e e e e

b for Tar nt m surr nd d to h Romans ( 7

e e e u e e re t e 2 2

Th s rr nd r f Tar ntum nd d t h str ggl for t h

e u e e o e e e e u e e

mast ry of Italy Rom was now mistr ss f all t h

e . e e o e

p ninsula so th of t h A
e and t h R bicon
u e r nu s e u .
8

F 3
i fl c
or c q d citi s f M g G i p
th e n u en e of the on u e re e o a na r ae c a u on

Ro m an lif e and c u lt u re , se e p ar .
3 0 2 .
1 3 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

83nit d It ly . F U
th first tim Italy w as no w
e a .
“
or e e

u nit d into e stat nd r h sov ignty of t h Roman

o ne e u e t e e re e

comm nity W cannot mak

u t with p rf ct cl a
.
” 1
ss e e ou e e e rne

j st what rights and po w rs Rom x rcis d ov r h

u e e e e e e t e

vario s citi s trib s d natio s w hich h had bro ght

u e , e ,
an n s e u

u nd r h r l e er u e .
2

This m ch ho w v is cl ar Rom took a w ay from all

u , e e r, e . e

th s hith rto ind p d t stat s h right of making

e e e e en en e t e w a r,

an d th s p stop to h bloody cont ntio s w hich f om

u u t a t e e n r

tim imm mo ial had ag d b t w n h t ib s and ci i s

e e r r e e ee t e r e t e

of h p nins la S h thus gav I aly w hat aft r h

t e e u . e e t , e s e

had imp ss d h r st ai ing a tho ity pon all h p

re e er e r n u r u t e eo

pl s of h M di rran an la ds cam to b call d h

e t e e te e n , e e e
“
t e

Roman P ac Sh did for Italy what in th s lat r

e e
” 3
e e e e

tim s England has do for I dia R ssia for C ral Asi

e ne n , u en t a,

an d di ff r nt E op a po w s hav don for Af ica

e e ur e n er e e r .
‘

B t this political
u ion of Italy wo ld poss ss no his u n u e

i l significanc w
tor ca it not for h fact tha it pav d e e re t e t e

th way for t h social

e d aci l ification of t h p i e an r a u n e en n

s la T h gr at st ma v l of all history is h Rom

u . e e e r e . ow e,

e mbraci g at first m r ly a ha df l f p asants co ld

n e e n u o e ,
u

hav mad so m ch of h a ci nt world lik nto h rs lf

e e u t e n e e u e e

1 M o m m se n H ist ory of R onz e i p 5 34 v o l.

f h th s t it i s d c m m iti which
. . .
, ,

3 We re e r t t e re , no o o e err or e an o u n es

Ro m e h a d ct lly i c p
a ua t d w ith t h R m d m i ( m p
n or o ra e e o an o a n se e a

t t th s ec m m iti s t which w giv t h m f It li

,

p . 1 b u o o o u n e o as en e na e o a an

(
’
a llie s , s oc i i , o r c iv it a tes
f ce a e r a t e
p ar .

3
P a x R om a n a
sy
v ig ty th s s t bli h d i I t ly w
.

4 A m b l
o of th e Ro m a n so e re n u e a s e n a as

th silv m y f R m which w b c m c t th gh t t h
e er o ne o o e, no e a e u r re n ro u ou e

p i s l Th
en n u a bj ct d t t s w l ng ll w d t x ci
e su e e s a e e re no o er a o e o e er se

s v ig ight f c i ing m n y M MM N H i t y of R m
.

—
th e o e re n r o o n o e . O SE ,
s or o e,

vo l i p 53 5
. . . .
1 34 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

a s bj ct condition lik that of h pl b ians at Rom

u e , e t e e e e

b for h r volt and s c ssion of t h y ar 4 94 ( par

e e t e e e e e e .

Th colonists in th ir
e hom s organiz d a gov rn e ne w e e e

m nt which was almos an xact imitation of that f Rom

e t e o e,

and thro gh th ir o w n ass mbli s d th i o w n magis

u e e e an e r

trat s manag d all th i local a ff airs Th s coloni s w r

e e e r . e e e e e,

in a word vi d as to t h political stat s of t h s ttl rs

,
ewe e u e e e ,

simply s b bs of h moth r city Th y w in ff ct

u ur t e e . e e re e e

j st so many mi iat r Rom s c ntr s from w hich

u n u e e — e e

radiat d Rom c lt e into all h r gio s ro nd

an u u re t e e n u

a bo t th m u e .

T h L ati coloni s w r so call d not b ca s th y w r

e n e e e e , e u e e e e

fo d d by L atin s ttl rs for t h lat r coloni s f this

u n e e e ,
— e e e o

typ w mad p almost xcl siv ly of citiz s of Rom

e e re e u e u e en e

who had giv n p th ir political rights at t h pit l f

e u e e ca a
'

or

th sak of improving in t h
e e s t l m t th ir conomic e ne w e t e en e e

co dition b t b ca s th ir inhabitants poss ss d

n, u b e u e e e e su

i lly t h
st ant a sam ights as t h old L atin towns njoy d
e e r e e e

that had r tai d th ir ind p nd nc at t h d of h

e ne e e e e e e en t e

gr at L ati war ( par

e n .

T h L ati colonist poss ss d som of h most valuabl

e n e e e t e e

of t h privat rights of Roman citiz ns tog th r w ith t h

e e e ,
6
e e e

capacity to acq ir h s ff rag by migrating to h capit l

u e t e u e t e a

and taking p a p rman nt sid nc th r provid d h

u e e re e e e e, e e

l ft b hind in h to w n w h nc h cam sons to tak his

e e t e e e e e e

plac e.
7

5
He p s sd
o s es e th e c om m er c iu m a nd p b bly
ro a th e c on n u b iu nz

(p ar
ft in f di g w L ti c l ni s
.

7 A er the y 68 B
e arR m 2 C o e ou n n ne a n o o e

c f d p this cl s f
. .
,

c u r at il d e th e p ivil g which h d b
r e es a een o n e r re u on a s o

c l i ts
o on s u p t th t ti m
o ad th s c t d di ff t g d f L ti
e , an u re a e e re n ra es o a n
 TH E C ON QU ES T OF ITA L Y . 1 35

Th r is an analogy b tw n t h stat s of a s ttl r in an

e e e ee e u e e

anci nt L atin colo y and of a settl r in a t rritory of

e n e e ou r

Union W h n a citiz n f any S tat migrat s to a t rri

. e e o e e e

tory h los s his right of voting in f d ral l ction j st

e e a
'

e e e e , u

as a Roman citiz n in b coming a L atin colonist lost his e e

right f voting in t h ass mbli s at Rom Th n again

o e e e e . e

th r sid nt of a t rritory has t h privil g of changing h i

e e e e e e e s

r sid nc and s ttling in a Stat th r by acquiring t h

e e e e e, e e e

f d ral su ff rag just as t h inhabitant of a L atin colony

e e e, e

co ld migrat to Rom and thus acq ir t h right to vot

u e e, u e e e

in t h public ass mbli s th r

e e e e e.

Th L atin coloni s n mb r d abo t tw nty at h

e e tim u e e u e t e e

of t h S cond P nic W Th y w r scatt r d v ry

e e u ar . e e e e e e e

wh r thro gho t Italy and form d in t h words of t h

e e u u , e , e e

historian M omms n t h r al b ttr ss f t h Roman rul e ,

“
e e u e o e e .
”

Th y w r v n to a much gr at r d gr than t h Roman

e e e, e e e e e ee e

coloni s activ and pow rf l ag nts in h diss minatio

e , e e u e t e e n

of t h Roman lang ag law and c lt r Th y s ppl

e u e, , u u e . e u e

m t d admirably t h
en e work of t h Roman l gions in h e e e t e

fi ld and w r Rom s chi f a xiliary in h gr at task

e , e e e
’
e u er e

of making all t h world Roman e .

All th s coloni s w r k pt in clos to ch with t h

e e e e e e e u e

capital by m ans of spl ndid military roads t h con

e e ,
e

struction of which as w hav s n was b g n during t h ,

e e ee , e u e

S cond S amnit W
e
( par e ar .

right hi s di i ti
s. T igh ts c s is t d
m nu withd w l
on of r on e in t h e ra a of th e

y ls s t icti g
.

li ght c i
e ar e r ri to o n d
m o ne a o of the c on n u b iu nz , an in re r n th e

p ivil g f c q i i g p litic l ights R th s b s

,

r e e o a u r n o a r at om e to o e m em er of

th e ti cLa iti s n d h ld p blic

ommu n gis t ci s
e who h a e u ma ra e in t h e col

isf
ou e which th y c
ro m his s h t f e f d am e T u ou t ro m the re e om of the

s t i fl ti l ti s f dd
.

c pit l
a av all sa e the m o i i n u en a of th e L a n . Ar m nu m, ou n e

in 2 68 BC . .
, w as t h e fi t rs La ti c l ny wh
n o o ose r ight w s e re th u s re s r t ict d e .
1 3 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

RE FRN E E CES LI VY
cc t f t h vn . 2
9
—
42 , an d vii i —x L ivy s
’
a oun o e

S m it w s i s b k by t h l s f
. .
,

a n e ff b ptly t
ar ro
9 B en o a ru a th y
e e ar 2 2 C e os o

k s f h i hi t y Th g p xt d t t h b gi i g f
. .

t
en o f th b e oo o s s or e a e en s o e e nn n o

f m c xxiii
.

th e S c d P ic W
e on P U A RC H L if
un
f y /
P ar L T * e o r r z u s, ro

d M MM S N
.
, . .

on t th
o e en Hi t y f R m
. O l 1 bk ii ch p E le
a
s or o o e, v o . . . . a s .

i
v. ix pp 4 3 6
— T GH 1 Tb— D l pm
1 2 t f t/ R m I E ** e e ve o en o ze o an

ch p v FR M A N ( E
. . .

C t it t i
on s u on , a T/ S t y f S i ily ( S t y f EE ze or O c or o

s) ch p xiii pp 65 7 Py h s i I t ly B U C H E
. . .

N ti
”
th e a on , a . . . 2 —2 1 , rr u n a . O

L C E RC Q
LE M l l I t it t i R m i
anu e pp 7 86 A c es ns u on s o a n es, 1 1—1 n

xc ll t cc t f t h R m n m icip l s y t m IH N
. .
,

e e en a ou n o e o a u n a s e . E

IIi t y f R m
s or l i bk iii ch p xviii pp 5 5
o o e, 5 5
7
vo C diti f a 2 on on o

pl b f t h B gi i g f t h W with C th g
. . . . . . .
‘
,

”
th e R m oP an eo e e o re e e nn n o e a rs ar a e .
 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

T A BL E OF C IV IC [R OMAN
] C o L O N IE s IN I TA L Y .
1

C o L O N IE s . L OC AT IO N .

O s ti a

L ab ic i
A n t iu m
A nxu r

M in t u r n ae
S in u e ssa
Se na G a llic a

Ca st ru m No v u m

[E siu m
li
A s um

Fre ge n a
Py gi r

P t li
u eo

V o lt u r n u m
L it u r nu m
S ale r nu m
Bu x e n t u m
S ip o nt u m
T e m p sa .

C ro o n t
Po e n a t ti
P isa u r u m
Pa rm a .

M u ti n a
t
S a u rn a i
G ra visc ae
L u na
A u xim u m
Fa b ra t e ria
M in e r via

N e p t u n ia
Be r t o n a
E p o r e dia
N ar b o M art Iu s

1 F ro m St e p h e n so n 5
’
P u b lic L a n ds a nd A g r a r ia n L a w s o f t li e R o m a n R epu b lic
Jh
o ns k
H o p in s Un iv t t
e rsi y S u d it i vii vi i
ies, N n h S e r e s, — i .
 C H A PTE R V II .

TH E FI R UN W ST P IC AR .

( 2 64— 2 4 1 BC . .
)

85 . r t
Car h age For most
and t he Ca t h aginian Em pire .
— e

among t h citi s fo nd d by t h t i i upon t h dif

e e u e e n c an s e

f shor s f t h M dit rran an was C arthag upon

e re n t e o e e e e e,

t h no th rn coast of A f rica
e r T h city is tho ght to hav
e . e u e

had its b g g a small trading post stablish d lat

e i nn In s In -
, e e e

in h ninth c nt ry B about
t e h ndr d y ars b for
e u . C .
, o ne u e e e e

t h l g ndary dat
e e f t h fo nding of Rom
e T h f avor e o e u e . e

abl location f t h colony pon

e f t h b st harbors
o e u o ne o e e

of t h African coast gav t h city a vast and l crativ

e e e u e

comm rc At t h p riod which w hav now r ach d it

e e . e e e e e e

had grown i to an imp rial city cov ring with its gard ns
n e , e ,
e

and s burbs a district tw nty thr mil s in circ it It

u , e - ee e u .

is said to hav contain d inhabitants A com

e e .

m i l nt rpris
e rc a lik that f its moth r city Tyr
e e d
e e o e - e, an

e xactions from h ndr ds of subj ct citi s and trib s had u e e e e ,

r nd r d it normo usly w althy In t h third c nt ry

e e e e e . e e u

b f or
e e it was probably t h rich st city in t h
ou r era e e e

w orld .

By t h tim Rom had xt nd d he a thority ov r

e e e e e er u e

Italy C arthag h ld sway thro gh p ac ful colonizatio

, e e ,
u e e n

or by forc of arms ov r t h north rn coast of Africa from

e , e e e

t h G r at r S y
e rtis to t h P illars of H rc l s and pos
e e e e u e ,

s ss d h la g r part of S icily as w ll as S ardinia Sh also

'

e e t e r e e . e

1 39
I4 o R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

coll ct d trib t from t h nativ s of C orsica dof So th n

e e u e e e an u er

S pai W ith all i shor s dott d with h

n colo i s and ts e e er n e
.

fo tr ss s and sw pt in v ry dir ction by h

r e e , gall ys e e e e er w a r- e ,

th W st rn M dit rran an had b com a

e e e P h nicia e e e e e “ oe n

lak i which as h C a thaginians boast d no

e, n , t e r e , o ne

dar d w sh his hands w itho t th ir p rmissio

e a u e e n .

86 C rt h gini n G v rnm nt
. dR ligi n
a T h G ov r
a a o e e an e o .
-
e e n

m nt of C arthag w as r p blican in form b oliga chical

e e e u , u t r

i fact
n C orr sponding to h Rom n cons ls two m gis
. e t e a u , a

t at s call d s ff t s stood at h h ad of h stat

r e , e
“
u e e ,
”
t e e t e e .

Th s at was compos d of h h ads of h l ading fam

e en e e t e e t e e

ili ; its d ti s and po w rs w r

es v ry lik thos of h
u e e e e e e e t e

Rom n s nat a e e .

Th r ligion of t h C a thagi ians w as h

e e old C i e r n t e an a a n

t ish w o s h ip of Baal or h S r To M oloch ano h ,

t e un .
, t er

n am for h fi god th y o ff r d h man sacrific s

e t e re - , e e e u e .

87 R m . d C rt h g m p r d Th s t g at
o e an a a e co a e —
e e wo re

r p blics which for mo than fi c nt ri s had b

e u ,
re ve e u e een

slowly xt ding th ir limits d mat ring th ir pow s

e en e an . u e er

u po h opposi sho s of h M dit rra an w r no w

n t e te re t e e e ne , e e

abo t to b gin
u of t h most m morabl str ggl s of all
e o ne e e e u e

anti q ity d l that

u to last w ith v ry vicissit d
—
a ue w as ,
e e u e

of fort n for ov r u h nd d y ars e, e o ne u re e .

I mat ial pow r d r so rc s t h two rival citi s

n er e an e u e e e

s m d w ll match d as a tagonists ; y Rom had imm

ee e e e n et e a

t i l l m nts of st ngth hidd

er a e e i h charact r of h
e re ,
en n t e e er

citiz s and mbodi d in t h principl s of h gov rnm t

en e e e e er e en ,

w hich C arthag did not poss ss e e .

First h C rthagi ian t r i o i s tho gh of g at

,
t e a n e r t r e ,
u re

e xt nt w w id ly scatt d mb aci g r mot coasts

e , e re e e re , e r n e e

and isol d isl nds w hil h Rom n domains w r

at e a , e t e a e e
 M E DITERRANE AN LAN DS
AT THE BEG I NN NG O F THE
I

SECOND PUNIC WAR

R o ma n P ossessi o ns a n d A lli es
D
Ca rt h a gin ia n

Ma c edo nia n
1 4 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

at M arathon and at S alamis ; t h armi s f C arthag w r e e o e e e

armi s of m rc nari s lik thos that X rx s l d against

e e e e e e e e e

th G r k ci i s
e And th n t h Romans in th ir long
ee t e . e e , e

cont sts with h di ff r nt rac s f Italy for t h mast ry

e t e e e e o e e

of t h p nins la had s c r d s ch a training in war as

e e u , e u e u

p rhaps no oth r p opl b for th m v r had

e e e e e e e e e .

As to t h naval r sourc s of t h two stat s th r xist d

e e e e e e e e e

at t h b ginning of t h struggl no basis for a comparison

e e e e .

Th Romans w r almost d stitut f anything that co ld

e e e e e o u

b ecall d a war navy and w practically without p i

e ,
9
e re ex er

e nc in naval warfar ; whil t h C arthaginians poss ss d

e e e e e e

t h larg st t h b st mann d and t h most spl ndidly

e e , e e e , e e

e q ipp d fl t that had v r patroll d t h wat rs f t h

u e ee e e e e e o e

M dit rra an
e e ne .

And in anoth r r sp ct C arthag had an imm ns d e e e e e e a va n

t ag ov r Rom Sh had H annibal Rom had som

e e e. e . e e

gr at command rs b t h had non lik him

e e , u s e e e .

88 Th B ginnin g f t h W
. e L ying b tw n Italy
e o e an — e ee

and t h coast of Africa is t h larg island of S icily It is

e e e .

in asy sight f t h form r and its so th rnmost point is

e o e e , u e

only nin ty mil s f rom h latt r At h comm c m nt

e e t e e . t e en e e

of h First P unic W t h C arthaginians h ld poss ssion

t e
1
ar, e e e

of all t h island sav a strip of t h ast rn coast which

e e e e e ,

was nd r t h sway of t h G r k city f S yracus T h

u e e e ee o e . e

G r ks and t h
ee C arthaginians had carri d on an almost
e e

u n int rrupt d str ggl through two c nt ri s for t h con

e e u e e u e e

trol of t h island e .

lybi s i
9 Po s ys th t th y did h v si gl g ll y wh
u 2 0, a a e no t a e
'

a n e a e en

th y fi s t c ss d v H s y s th y f
.
,

e r S icily (
ro e i d th i
o er to p a r. e a e e rr e e r

a rm y c ss b t s b w d f
a ro in G k citi s S th I t ly
oa o rro e ro m th e re e e of ou e rn a

h ici s d h c ppli d by
.

F 1 ro m ti f P ce n i, La n or P oe n an an en e a e th e

s C th gi i s h i i c l ist s
,

R o m an to th e th y w ar a n an , as e e re P oen c an o on .
 TH E FIRS T P UN IC WA R . I4 3

A f aint cho of this lo g conflict r ach s from t h

e n e e us e

battl fi ld of H im ra d mingl s with a lik cho from

e e e
2
an e e e

t h straits of S alami s
e A lat r phas f t h str ggl w . e e o e u e e

hav j st had call d to

e u att ntion w hil following t h e ou r e e e

car r f P yrrhus ( par

ee o .

B t h Romans had not y t

u t t foot
e pon t h island e se u e .

It was d stin d how v r to b com h sc n of t h most

e e , e e , e e t e e e e

t rribl co nt rs b t w n h armam nts of Rom and

e e en u e e ee t e e e

C a thag r P yrrh s had f or s n it all

e. As h w ithdr u e ee . e ew

from t h island h r mark d W hat a fi battl fi ld

e , e e e ,
“ ne e e

we l aving for t h Romans and C arthaginians

a re e e .
”

In t h y ar 64 on a flimsy pr t xt of givi g pro

e e 2 BC . .
,
e e n

t i to som fri nds t h Romans cross d ov r to t h

ec t on e e ,
3
e e e e

island That act committ d th m to a car r of for ig

. e e ee e n

conq st d stin d to continu till th i r armi s had mad

ue e e e e e e

t h circ it of t h M dit rran an lands

e u e e e e .

3 Th e b ttl
b tw n t h S icili n G k nd t h C
a e of i
H m e r a, e ee e a re e s a e ar

t h gi ia n a n s, is
s id t h v b n f ght n t l y i t h s m y
a o a e ee ou o on n e a e ear

( 4 8 B C0
) b t l n t h v y s m
u d y t
a so o h n v l b ttl f S l m i e er a e a as e a a a e o a a s

t n G k d t h P si s
. .

b t w th
e e en e e as e r re e s an e er an

with P y h s (p s m C m p ni n w h h d
.

D i ng t h w
3 u r e ar rr u ar . o e a a a s, o a

b n s vi g m c i s in t h m y f t h ki g f S y c
ee er n as e r e na r e whil e ar o e n o ra u se , e

t i g t I t ly c c iv d t h p j ct f s i i g t h t wn f M s n
re u rn n o a on e e e ro e o e z n e o o e sa a,

s t its Th y kill d t h citi ns i nt ch d th m s lv s i

,

on t h S icilie an ra e e e z e re n e e e e n

s
.
,

th pl c
e d c m m nc d t
a e, an n y th o di g c nt y with th i
e e o an o e u r ro u n n ou r e r

m a ra udi ng b d H i king f S y c b s i g d t h fli in th i
an s e ro , o ra u s e , e e e e ru a ns e r

s t gh ld Th M m ti s S ns f M s f th s th y c ll d
.

ro n o e a er ne or o o ar or u e a e

th m s lv pp l d t t h R m ns f id b s i ng th i cl i m s t
.
, ,

e e e s, a ea e o e o a or a a e r a o as

p n t h ll g d f ct f c m m d c t f m t h w g d N w
,

i t
s s an c e u o e a e e a o o on es en ro e ar- o o

s h d j s t p i h d si m il b d f C m p i bb s w h
.

th R m
e o an a u un s e a ar an o a a n a n ro er o

h ds i d Rh gi m
a e ze t h I t li n s id
e f th u h nn l F th m t t n
on e a a e o e c a e or e o u r

b t w nd l n d id t t h S icili n b nd w ld b t h g t s t in
, .

a ou no a e a o e a a ou e e re a e con

i t cy B t in c s th y did n t giv t h ssis t nc s k d it w c t i

s s en u a e e o e e a a e a e as er a n

th t t h M m ti s w ld l k t t h C th gi i ns f s cc ; d
.
,

a e a er ne ou oo o e ar a n a or u or an

so M ss n w ld c m i nt t h h ds f th i iv l
e a a ou o e o e an o e r r a s.
1 44 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

yrac sa s and C arthaginia s old n mi s and

Th e S u n n , e e e

rivals tho gh h y had b n join d th ir fo c s agai st

u t e ee , e e r e n

th e com s T h alli s w r co m pl t ly d f at d i
new- er . e e e e e e e e e n

th first battl
e and t h Roman army obtain d a s r foot
e, e e u e

hold i h island n t e .

I th following y ar both co s ls w r plac d at h

n e e n u e e e t e

h ad of fo midabl armi s for t h conq st of S icily A

e r e e e ue .

larg portion of h island was q ick ly ov rrun and ma y

e t e u e ,
n

of t h citi s th w ff th ir all gi anc to S yrac s and to

e e re o e e e u e

C arthag d b cam alli s of Rom H i ro ki g of

e, an e e e e . e ,
n

S y ac sr s i g that h was pon h losi g sid forsook

u e, ee n e u t e n e,

th C arthaginia s form d
e allianc with t h Roma s n ,
e an e e n ,

and v r aft r r mai d th ir firm f i nd

e e e e ne e r e .

89 Th R m n b ui ld t h ir Fir t Fl t f Quinqu r m s
. e o a s e s ee o e e e .

Th ir xp i nc d ing t h past campaig s had shown

e e er e e ur e n

th Romans that if th y w r to
e p s cc ss f lly with t h e e e co e u e u e

C arthaginia s th y m st b abl to m t th m pon t h

n e u e e ee e u e

se a as w ll as pon h la d N t only did h C t h

e u t e n . o t e ar a

gi ia ships a oy t h S icilian coast to w ns which w r

n n nn e e e

alr ady in h ha ds of h Roma s b t th y v m d

e t e n t e n , u e e en a e

d sc nts pon t h shor s of Italy ravag d t h fi lds d

e e u e e , e e e an

villag s and sail d away w ith th ir booty b for p rs it

e ,
e e e e u u

was possibl To gua d th ir sho s d ward ff th s

e . r e re an o e e

attacks t h Romans had war ships Th ir G r k d

, e no - . e ee an

E t scan alli s w r
ru i d d ma itim p opl s and pos
e e e, n ee ,
r e e e ,

s ss d consid rabl fl ts which w r at h disposal of

e e e e ee , e e t e

th Roma s B t th s ss ls w r m r ly t i m s that
e n . u e e ve e e e e e r re e ,

is gall ys with thr banks of oars ; whil h C arthaginia

e ee e t e n

ships w r q inq r m s or v ss ls w ith fi rows of oars

e e u ue e e ,
e e ve .

Th form r w r wor hl ss to cop w ith t h latt r s ch

e e e e t e e e e ,
u

an advantag did th s hav i th ir gr at r w ight d

e e e e n e e e e an
1 46 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

b li v row rs t h sc n m st hav b n a som what

e e e e , e e e u e ee e

animat d as w ll as l dicro s
e Y t it all m a t v ry
e u u one . e e n e

s rious busin ss
e e .

9 T h R
0. m n g i n t h i r F
eir t N v l V
o i t ry (
a 6 s a e s a a c o 2 0

T h consul G i
— D illi was intr st d with t h com
'

e a ns u us u e e

mand of t h fl t H m t h C arthaginia squadron

e ee . e e t e n

n ar t h city and promontory of M yl on t h north r

e e ae, e e n

coast f S icily A singl pr ca tion gav t h victory to

o . e e u e e

th Romans D istr sting th ir ability to match t h skill

e . u e e

of th ir n mi s i man vring th ir ships t h Romans

e e e e n oe u e , e

had provid d ach gall y with a drawbr idg ov r thirty

e e e e, e

f t in l ngth and w id no gh for two p rsons to pass

ee e e e u e

ov r it abr ast This bridg was rais d and lo w r d by

e e . e e e e

m ans of p ll ys attach d to a mast

e u e e .

T h e C arthaginians bor down swiftly with th ir gall ys e e e

u pon t h Roman ships thinking to pi rc and sink with

e , e e .

th ir braz n b aks t h cl msy looking str ct r s Th

e e e e u - u u e . e

bridg s alo sav d t h Roman fl t from d str ction As

e ne e e ee e u .

soon as a C arthaginian ship cam n ar nough to a Roman e e e

v ss l t h gangway was allo w d to fall upon t h approach

e e ,
e e e

ing gall y T h long spik w ith which t h d was arm d

e . e e e en e ,

pi rcing t h d ck instantly pinn d t h v ss ls tog th r

e e e ,
e e e e e e .

Th Roman soldi rs r shi g along h

e bridg w r soon e ,
u n t e e, e e

engag d in a hand hand conflict with th ir n m s

e -t o - e e e ie , In

which sp ci s of nco nt r h fo m r w r s r of an asy

e e e u e t e r e e e u e e

victory Fifty of t h C arthaginian gall ys w r captur d

. e e e e e

th r maind r
e e th r w r h nd d and hirty ships
e e e e e on e u re t

in t h fl t wis ly r f sing to r sh into h t rribl and

e ee e e u u t e e e

fatal mbrac i w hich th y had s n th ir companions

e e n e ee e

lock d t rn d th ir prows i flight

e ,
u e e n .

T h Romans had gain d th ir first gr at naval victory

e e e e .
 TH E FIR S T P UN IC WA R . 1 47

Th e joy at Rom was nbo nd d It inspir d in h e u u e . e , t e

mor sang in spl ndid visions f maritim command

e u e, e o e

and glory Th M dit rran an should sp dily b com a

. e e e e ee e e

Roman lak in which no v ss l might float witho t t h

e, e e u e

cons nt of Rom D illi was honor d with a m g ifi

e e . u us e a n

c nt t i mph and t h s nat

e r u , e e e or

dain d that in passing thro gh

e ,
u

th city to his hom at night h

e e , e

sho ld al w ays b scort d with

u e e e

torch s and m sic In t h f orum

e u . e

was rais d a spl did m morial e en e

col mn adorn d with t h braz n

u ,
“
e e e

b aks of h v ss ls which his wis

e t e e e e

ignoranc and his clumsy skill hade

enabl d him to capt re u e.

Th R m
I. ry h W e o ans ca r t e ar

Af ri Th r s lts f h
ca . — e e u o t e

l ngag m nt at M ylm
a e e e eu

c o u ra
g d h Romans e to push t h
t e e

war with r doubl d n rgy Th y e e e e . e

r solv d to carry it into Africa

e e .

F orthis p rpos th y gath r d U MN D

u e e e e
T HE C OL OF UIL L IUS
an imm ns fl t f thr hundr d ( t ti
.

e e ee o ee e
A r e s ora on . Th e c o lu m n w as

and thirty ships carrying n arly t

t
th
hi ) , e
de cora e dw i
ca p u r e d s
t h e p r ow s of

a h ndr d and for y tho sand ps .

u e t u

C arthaginia s disp t d h passag of h

4
m Th
e n. e n u e t e e t e

Romans with a fl t f q al str ngth b aring a h ndr d ee o e u e , e u e

and fifty tho sa d m W ith P olybius vi w with

u n en .
‘

we e

astonishm nt th s normo s armam nts h most pow r

e e e e u e ,
t e e

lybi s i 6
4 Po hi t i s ti t
u v g 4 2 Th e s o r an e ma es a n a e ra e of 20 m en t o
ch s hip 3 w s d s ldi s
. .
,

ea , o o ro er an 1 20 o er .
1 4 8 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

fu l c rtainly that had v r cont nd d for

e e e e e the mast ry e

5
of t h e se a .

hostil fl ts m t n ar t h S icilian promontory of

Th e e ee e e e

E m
c no Th C arthaginians s ff r d a s v r
u s. d f at e u e e e e e e e ,

n are h ndr d of th ir ships b ing s nk or capt r d

o ne u e e e u u e

( 2
5 6
Roma s
Th e continu d th ir voyag to t h African
n n ow e e e e

coast ddis mba k d ar C arthag At first t h Romans

, an e r e ne e . e

w s cc ssf l i all th ir op rations so m ch so that h

e re u e u n e e ,
u t e

co s l A t ili R g l s who thro gh h r call of his col

n u ,
us e u u ,
u t e e

l ag
e had b n l ft in sol command of h xp dition of
ue ee e e t e e e

i vasion s t word to Rom that h had s al d p t h

n , en e e
“
e e u e

gat s of C a thag with t rror

e r e e .

Fi lly ho w v r R g l s s ff r d a crushi g d f at and

na ,
e e , e u u u e e n e e

was mad priso A fl t w hich w as s t to b ar a w ay

e ne r .
5
ee en e

th r m ants of t h shatt r d army w as wr ck d in a

e e n e e e e e ter

rifi storm
c ff t h coast of S icily and h sho s of h
o e , t e re t e

island w r st wn with h wr ckag of b t w n t w o and

e e re t e e e e ee

thr h ndr d ships and w ith t h bodi s of almost a hun

ee u e e e
‘

dr d tho sand m
e u en .

Undismay d at h t ribl disast r that had ov rtak n e t e er e e e e

th tra sport fl t t h Roma s t to w o k

e n build ee ,
e n se r to

anoth r and mad a s cond d sc t pon h Africa

e , e e e en u t e n

coast Th xp dition ho w v accomplish d nothing of

. e e e , e e r, e

importanc d th fl t its r t n voyag was almost

e an e ee on e ur e

d stroy d j st ff h coast of Italy by a tr m do s

e e ,
u o t e , e en u

sto m T h visions of aval s pr macy awak n d among

r . e n u e e e

5 Po lybi u s , i 63 . .

5 Th e C a r th gi i a n an s w e re at thi ti m c m m d d by
s bl S p t
e o an e an a e ar

g e n e ra l , X a n t h ipp u s, w h o , with m ll b t w ll -
a di cipli d b nd
s a u e s ne a

G re e k m er c e nar es, i h ad t d th i
e n e re vic e r se r e .
1 5 0 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

Aft r having b n l d thro gh h for m and along h

e ee e u t e u t e

Via S acra th y w r cond ct d to h C irc s and th r

, e e e u e t e u , e e

slain in t h pr s nc of t h ass mbl d m ltit d s

e e e e e e e u u e .

9 3 R g lu .d t h C rt h
e u gin i E m b y Th
s anr s lt e a a an ass . e e u

o f th battl of P anorm s dispirit d t h C arthagi ians

e e u e e n .

Th y s nt an mbassy to Rom to n gotiat for p ac

e e e e e e e e,

or if that could not b r ach d to ff ct an xchang of

, e e e , e e e e

prison rs Among h commission rs was R g l s who

e . t e e e u u ,

si c his captur fi y ars b for ( par had b n h ld

\

n e e, ve e e e . ee e

a p ison r in Af ica B for s tting t from C a thag

r e r . e e e ou r e

h e had promis d to r t rn if t h mbassy w r e e u e e e e u n su c

f l
c e ss u F t h sak of his own r l as t h C arthaginians
. or e e e e e, e

s ppos d h wo ld co ns l p ac or t l ast rg
u e e u u e e e, a e u e an

e xchang of prison rs B t it is lat d th at po a rival

e e . u re e ,
u n r

at Rom h couns ll d w ar i st ad f p ac at h sam

e, e e e n e o e e, t e e

tim r v ali g to h s nat t h nf bl d condition of

e e e n t e e e e e ee e

C arthag As to t h xcha g f p iso rs h said L t

e . e e n e o r ne , e :
“
e

thos w ho hav s r nd d wh n th y o ght to hav di d

e e ur e e re e e u e e ,

di in h land which has w itn ss d th ir disgrac

”
e t e e e e e .

Th Roman s nat follo w ing his co ns l r j ct d all

e e e, u e , e e e

t h e proposals of t h mbassy ; and R g lus in spit of t h e e e u ,

e e

t ars and ntr ati s of his wif and f i nds t r d a w y

e e e e e r e , u ne a

from Rom and t t for C arthag to m t w hat v r

e, se ou e, ee e e

fat h C a thagi ians in th ir disappointm nt d ang r

e t e r n ,
e e an e ,

might plan f him or .

Th t adition go s on to t ll how pon h arrival of

e r e e , u t e

R gul s at C arthag h was confi d i a cask driv n f ll

e u e, e ne n e u

of spik s and th n l ft to di of starvation and pai This

e , e e e n .

part of t h tal has b n discr dit d and h fi st to ch s

e e ee e e ,
t e ne u e

of t h oth r portions
e s ppos d to hav b n add d by
e are u e e ee e

y t ll rs
‘

th t
e s or - e e .
 TH E FIRS T P UN IC WA R . 1 5 1

9 4 . r R
Loss m n F l t of Aft r h
Tw o
t failur Mo e o a ee s . — e e e

of h C arthaginian mbassy t h war w t on for s v ral

t e e , e en e e

y ars by la d and by with many vicissit d s At last

e n se a u e .
,

on t h coast of S icily
e f th cons ls C laudius m t ,
o ne o e u , , e

with an ov rwh lming d f at Almost a hundr d v ss ls

e e e e .
7
e e e

of his fl t w r lost T h disast r caus d t h gr at st

ee e e . e e e e e e

a larm at R m Sup r o e . e

st it i i n c r a s d th
on e e e

f ars of h p opl It
e t e e e.

was r port d that j st

e e u

b for h battl wh n
e e t e e, e

th a spic s w r b ing
e u e e e e

tak n and t h sacr d

e e e

chick ns w o ld not e u e at ,

C l a d i u s h a d giv n
u e

ord rs to hav th m
e e e

thrown into t h e se a ,

irr v r ntly r marking

e e e e ,

“
At y t th y shall
an ra e, e

d r i n k Imagination .

A BR u G UR s
’

was fr to d pict what t

I DS .

ee e
i i t l ( Af draw b a se d o n an an c e n ie f Th e
f th r ll t h ff nd k l
er a ng re .

ur e Cv S t e O i e ‘

n ow e dge s ou gh w as gain e d b y o b se rv n g the

d gods might inflict

i t k i h i b r ds m anne r
’
of a in g t h e r fo od . T e r re
e
l k f u sal t o e at w as an u n uc y om e n .)

upon t h Roman stat e e.

Th gloomi st for bodings might h v fo d j t ifi

e e e a e u n us ca

tion in s bs q nt v nts Th oth co s l j st now m t

u e ue e e . e er n u u e

with a gr at disast r H was proc ding long t h so th

e e . e ee a e u

e rn coast of S icily with a sq adron of ight hundr d m u e e er

ch m
an t and ov r enh ndr d war gall ys t h form r e o ne u e - e , e e

load d with grain f t h Roman army on h isla d A

e or e t e n .

7 In a se a fight at D re p a n a , 24
9 B C . .
1 52 R OM E {4S A RE P UBL IC .

s v r storm arising t h sq adron was b at n to pi c s

e e e , e u e e e e

upo h rocks N t a singl ship scap d T h coast

n t e . o e e e . e

for mil s w as str wn with corps s and wr ckag and ridg d

e e e e e, e

with vast w indrows of grain cast p by t h wav s u e e .

Cl s f t h Fi r t P un i W war
95 .
( 4
o e o B ) T h e s c ar 2 1 . C .
— e

had last d for fift n y ars Four Roman fl ts had

now e ee e . ee

b n d stroy d thr of which had b n sunk or brok n to

ee e e , ee ee e

pi c s by storms Of t h fo rt n hundr d v ss ls which

e e . e u ee e e e

had b n lost s v n h ndr d w r war gall ys all larg

ee , e e u e e e - e ,
— e

and costly q inq r m s O ly hundr d of th s had

u u e e e .
8
n o ne e e e

fall n into t h hands of h n my ; t h r maind r w r a

e e t e e e e e e e e

sac ific to t h malign and hostil pow r f h wav s

r e
'

e e e o t e e .

S ch succ ssiv blows f rom an invisibl hand w r

u e e nough e e e e

to blanch h fac s v n of t h st rdy Romans N pt n

t e e e e e u . e u e

manif stly d ni d to t h C hildr n f M ars t h dominion

e e e e
“
e o e

of h t e se a .

It was impossibl d ring t h six y ars following t h last e u e e e

disast r to inf s any spirit into t h str ggl In 4 7 B

e u e e u e . 2 . C .
,

H amilcar Barca h fath r of t h gr at H annibal ass m d , t e e e e , u e

th command of t h C arthaginian forc s and for s v ral

e e e , e e

y ars cond ct d h war with gr at ability on t h island of

e u e t e e e

S icily v n making Rom tr mbl f h saf ty f h

, e e e e e or t e e o er

Italian poss ssio s e n .

O nc mo t h Roma s d t rmin d to commit th ir

e re e n e e e e

fort n to t h l m nt that had b so nfri ndly to th m

u e e e e e ee n u e e .

A fl t f two h dr d v ss ls was b ilt and q ipp d b t

ee o u n e e e u e u e ,
u

entir ly by privat s bscription ; for t h s nat f ar d that

e e u e e e e e

p blic s ntim nt wo ld not sustain th m in l vying a tax

u e e u e e

for fitting p anoth r costly armam nt as o ff ring to t h

u e e an e e

lybi i 3
3 Po hi th ity giv s
u s, b f q i q
. 6 . s T s au or e t h e nu m er o u n u e re m e

l t by t h
os e C ar th gi i a n an s as five h d d
u n re .
 C H A PT E R VIII .

RO M E A N D C A RT H A G E BE T W E E N T H E FIR S T A N D
TH E S EC O N D P UN C I W AR .

( 2 4 1 —2 1 8 BC . .
)

S E C T IO N 1 . R OME .

9 6 . r t R m n P r v in d t h B gi ing f t h
Th e Fi s o a o ce an e e nn o e

P r vi i l Sy t m ( 4
o nc a F t h tw nty thr
s e y ars
2 1 or e e - ee e

that f ollo w d t h clos of t h first str ggl b tw n Rom

e e e e u e ,
e ee e

and C arthag t h two rivals strain d v ry pow r and

e, e e e e e

tax d v ry r so rc in pr paration for a r n wal f h

e e e e u e e e e o t e

cont st e .

T h Romans s ttl d h
e a ff ai s of S icily organizing all
e e t e r ,

of it sav t h lands in t h ast rn part b longing to

,
e e e e e e

S yrac s as a provinc of t h r public

u e, This was t h first e e e . e

t rritory b yond t h limits f It ly that Rom h d con

e e e o a e a

qu r d and t h S icilian t h first f Roman provinc s

e e ,
e e o e .

B t as t h imp rial city xt nd d h

u e conq sts h pro
e e e e er ue , er

i i l poss ssions incr as d

v nc a eumb r and siz until th y e e In n e e e

form d at last a p rf ct cordon abo t t h M dit rran an

e e e u e e e e .

E ach provinc was gov rn d by a magistrat e at first e e e, o ne

o f t h pr tors ( par
e s nt out f rom t h capital This
ae
9
. e e .

o fli x rcis d both civil and military authority Each

cer e e e .

provinc also paid an annual tribut or tax to Rom som

e e, ,
e, e

thing that had n v r b n xact d f t h Italian alli s e e ee e e o e e .

ft
9
A hi der ic W i s t d p t s p p t
th e T r Pu n d a r, n ea of rae o r , ro r ae o rs an

p c ro o ns u s l w e re se n t ou t .
 R OM E A N D CA R TH A GE . I5 5

hav h r t h b ginning of t h Roman provincial

We e e e e e e

syst m It pr s nt d a sharp contrast to that lib ral sys

e . e e e e

t m of f d ration and incorporation that f orm d t h

e e e v ry e e e

corn r ston f t h Roman pow r in Italy Th r Rom

e e o e e . e e e

had mad all or s bstantially all f t h conqu r d p opl s

e ,
u , o e e e e e

e ith r citiz ns or clos conf d rat s Against t h pro

e e e e e e . e

i i l
v nc a s h not only clos d t h gat s f t h city b t
s e e e e o e ,
u

d ni d to th m h rank and soothing titl f alli s Sh

e e e t e e o e . e

mad th m h subj cts and administ r d th ir a ff airs

e e er e , e e e ,

not in th ir int r st but in that f h own This illib ral

e e e , o er . e

imp rial policy contribut d larg ly as shall l arn to

e e e ,
we e ,

th u doing f t h Roman r public

e n o e e .

97 R m q
. u ir S r
o di n i d C
e ac r i ; t h S d P
es v i a a an o s ca e econ ro nce .

( 7 22 T h first acquisition by t h Romans

e of lands e

b yond t h p ninsula s ms to hav cr at d in th m an

e e e ee e e e e

insatiabl m b it fo f or ign conqu sts Th y soon

e a IO n r e e . e

found a pr t xt for s izing t h island f Sardinia t h

e e e e o , e

most anci nt and a ft r Sicily t h most priz d of t h pos

e , ,
e , e e e

s ssions f t h C arthaginians An insurr ction br aking

e o e . e e

ou t upon h island t h C arthaginians w r moving to

t e , e e e

suppr ss it wh n h Romans command d th m not only

e ,
e t e e e

to d sist f rom th ir military pr parations ( pr t nding that

e e e e e

th y b li v d th m a thr at against Rom ) b t to

e e e e e e e , u su r

r nd r S ardinia and mor ov r to pay a fi f

e e , , e e , ne o 1 2 00

tal nts ( abo t

e C arthag
u xhaust d as h e, e e s e

was could do nothing b t comply with th s d mands

,
u e e e ,

unjust tho gh th y w r T h u ng n rous and dishonor

u e e e . e e e

abl conduct f t h Romans in this matt r mad mor

e o e e e e

bitt r and implacabl if that w r possibl t h C t h

e e, e e e, e ar a

ginian hatr d f t h Roman rac S ardinia in conn c

e o e e .
, e

tion with C orsica which was also s iz d was form d into , e e , e

1 5 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

a Roma provinc ( 7 n W ith h ha ds pon

e 2 2 er n u

th s islands t h a thority f Rom in t h W st rn or

e e , e u o e e e e ,

Tyrrh nian S was s pr m

e ea u e e .

9 8 Th Illy i n C r ir
. e pun i h d
r a In a mor l git i
o sa s are s e . e e

mat way t h Romans xt nd d th ir infl nc ov r t h

e e e e e e ue e e e

s as that wash h st n hor s of Italy F a long

e t e ea er S e . or

tim t h Adriatic and Ionian wat rs had b n inf st d ith

e e e ee e e w

Illyrian pirat s who iss d fro m t h roadst ads f t h

e , ue e e o e

north ast rn coasts of t h form r

e e Th s b ccan rs e e se a . e e u ee

not only sco r d t h s as for m rc h antm n b t tro bl d

u e e e e e , u u e

th towns along t h shor s of G r c and w r v n so

e e e ee e, e e e e

bold as to mak d sc nts pon t h Italian coasts T h e e e u e . e

Roman fl t chas d th s corsairs from t h Adriatic and

ee e e e e ,

capt r d s v ral of th ir strongholds Rom now ass m d

u e e e e . e u e

a sort f prot ctorat ov r t h G r k citi s of t h Adriatic

o e e e e ee e e

coast .

Th s citi s w lcom d Rom as a prot ctor for th y had

e e e e e e e ,
e

b n gr atly tro bl d by t h north rn pirat s As a mark

ee e u e e e e .

of th ir gratit d th y gav t h Romans p rmission to tak

e u e e e e e e

part in c rtain f th ir r ligio s myst ri s and to s nd

e o e e u e e
1
e

cont stants to t h Isthmian gam s

e e e .
2

Rom th s acq i d a foothold on t h ast rn shor f

e u u re e e e e o

th Adriatic Sh had tak n t h fi st st p in t h path

e . e e e r e e

that was to l ad h to absol t s pr macy in G r c e er u e u e ee e

and thro ghout all t h East u e .

99 W w i
. t h t h G u l
ar I t h north du ing this sam
e a s. n e ,
r e

p riod Roman authority was xt nd d f rom t h Ap nni s

e ,
e e e e e ne

and t h Rubicon to h foot of t h Alps Alarm d at h

e t e e . e t e

advanc of t h Romans who w r p shing northward th ir

e e , e e u e

1 l si i
Th e E ys t i s c l b t d
eu n an l is m th s er e e e ra e at E eu s n e ar A en

sc l b t d h s id i th s
.
,

G 3
am e e e ra e in i th o no r of Po e on on th e s mu of Cor n .
1 5 8 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

and xt nd d th ir authority to t h foothills of t h Alps

e e e e e e .

To guard h w t rritory two military coloni s P lac ntia

t e ne e , e , e

and C r mona w r stablish d pon t h pposit banks

e , e e e e u e O e

of th P whil t h Vi Fl m i i was c rri d across t h

e o, e e a a n a a e e

Ap nnin s and xt nd d to Arimin m on t h Adriatic

e e e e e u , e .
3

Th G a ls th s r d c d to subj ction w r
e u of co rs
,
u e u e e , e e u e

r stl ss and r s ntful and as w shall w r v ry r ady

e e e e , , e se e , e e e e

to mbrac t h ca s of H annibal wh n a f y ars aft r

e e e u e e ew e e

this h d sc nd d from t h Alps and app ar d among th m

e e e e e e e e

as a d liv r r ( par e e e .

S E C T IO N II . C A RT H AG E .

1 00 . ru l W S carc ly had p ac b n
Th e T ce es s ar .
— e e e ee c on

cl d d with Rom at t h d of t h First P nic W b for

u e e e en e u a r, e e

C arthag was pl ng d into a still d adli r struggl

e which u e e e e,

for a tim thr at n d h v ry xist nc H m rc nary

e e e e er e e e e . er e e

troops pon th ir r turn f rom S icily r volt d on acco nt

, u e e , e e , u

of not r c iving th ir pay Th ir app al to t h nativ

e e e . e e e e

trib s of Africa was answ r d by a g n ral uprising

e e e e e

thro gho t t h d p nd nci s of C arthag Th xt nt of

u u e e e e e e . e e e

th r volt shows how hat ful and hat d was t h rul f t h

e e e e e e o e

gr at capital ov r h subj ct stat s

e e er e e .

T h war was nsp akably bitt r and cr l

e It is knownu e e ue .

in history as Th Tr c l ss W At tim C“
e u e e a r.
”
o ne e ar

t h g was t h
a e only city r maining i h hands f t h gov
e e n t e o e

e rnm t B t h g nius f t h gr at C arthaginian g n ral

en . u t e e o e e e e ,

H amilcar Barca at last triumph d and t h authority of , e , e

C arthag was v rywh r r stor d

e e e e e e e .

3
his d T d ro a V mil littl l t
u n er th e n am e of ia ( E ia , was a e a er

l
,

(
in 87 1 ) xt d dBCP . ti . e en e to acen a, o n t h e Po .
 R OM E AN D CA R TH A GE . 1 59

1 01 . n i Sp iTh e Ca rt h
Aft r t h disastro s aginia s n a n. - e e u

t rmination of t h First P nic W t h C arthaginians

e e u a r, e

d t rmin d to r pair th ir loss s by w conq sts in

e e e e e e ne ue

S pain H amilcar Barca was s nt ov r into that country

. e e ,

and for nin y ars h d vot d his commanding g nius to

e e e e e e

organizing h di ff r nt Ib rian trib s into a compact stat

t e e e e e e,

and to d v loping t h rich gold and silv r min s of t h

e e e e e e

south rn part f t h p ninsula H f ll in battl 8 B

e o e e . e e e 2 2 . C .

H amilcar Barca was h gr at st g n ral that up to this t e e e e e

tim t h C arthaginian rac had produc d As a rul g ni s

e e e e . e, e u

is not transmitt d ; but in t h B i family t h rul was e e arc n e e e

b ok n and t h rar g nius of H amilcar r app ar d in his

r e , e e e e e e

sons whom h hims lf it is said was f ond f calling t h

,
e e , , o e

“
lion s brood H annibal h old st was only nin t n
’
.
”
, t e e , e ee

at t h tim f his fath r s d ath and b ing thus too young

e e o e
’
e , e

to assum command H asdrubal t h son i law of H amil

e , ,
4
e - n-

car was chos n to succ d him H carri d t t h

, e ee . e e ou e

u nfinish d plans of H amilcar xt nd d and consolidat d

e , e e e e

th C arthaginian pow r in Spain and upon t h

e ast rn e , e e e

coast fo nd d N C arthag as t h c ntr and capital of

u e ew e e e e

t h n wly acquir d t rritory

e e Th nativ trib s w r con e e . e e e e e

ciliat d rath r than conqu r d T h B i family kn w

e e e e . e a r c ne e

how to rul as w ll as how to fight e e .

H nib l
1 02 . V w Upon t h d ath of H asdrubal
an a
’
s o .
— e e ,

which occ rr d B H annibal now tw nty six y ars

u e 2 2 1 . C .
, , e - e

o f g was b y h
a e, nanimo s voic f t h army call d to t e u u e o e e

b eth ir l ad r W h n a child of nin y ars h had b n

e e e . e e e e ee

l d by his fath r to t h
e altar ; and th r with his hands e e e e,

upon t h sacrific t h littl boy had s w orn t rnal hatr d

e e, e e e e e

4 c d d with H ib l s
N o t to b eb th H d b l
o nf o u n e a nn a
’
own ro e r, as ru a .

S e e pa r . 1 17 .
I6 o R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

to h Roman rac H was driv n on to his gigantic

t e- e . e e

u nd rtakings and to his hard f t not only by t h r stl ss

e a e, e e e

fir s f his warlik g ni s b t as h hims lf d clar d by

e o e e u , u , e e e e ,

t h sacr d obligations of a vow that could not b

e e brok n e e .

3 H nn ib l tt k S guntu m
1 0 . I two y ars H annibal
a a a ac s a .
— n e

e xt nd d t h C arthaginian pow r to t h Ebro S agunt m

e e e e e . u ,

a G k city upon t h ast coast of S pain alon main d

ree e e , e re e

s bdu d T h Rom ans who w r j alously watching

u n u e . e , e e e

a ffairs in t h p nins la had nt r d into an allianc with

e e u , e e e e

this city and tak n it with oth r G r k citi s in tha

, e , e ee e t

q art r of t h M dit rran an und r th ir prot ction

u e e e e e , e e e .

H annibal altho gh h w ll kn w that an attack pon this

,
u e e e u

plac would pr cipitat hostiliti s with Rom laid si g to

e e e e e, e e

it in t h spring of 9 B H was ag r for t h r n wal

e 2 1 . C . e e e e e e

o f t h old cont st
e Th Roman s nat s nt m ss ng rs to
e . e e e e e e e

him forbidding him to mak war pon a city that was an e u

ally of t h Roman p op l but H annibal disr garding

e e e : ,
e

th ir r monstranc s co tin d t h si g and aft r an

e e e ,
n u e e e e, e

inv stm nt of ight months gai d poss ssio f t h tow

e e e ne e n o e n .

Th Romans now s nt commission rs to C arthag to

e e e e

d mand f t h s nat that th y giv up H annibal to

e o e e e e e

th m and by so doing r p diat h act of th ir g n ral

e ,
e u e t e e e e .

T h C arthaginia s h sitat d
e Th n Q int s Fabi s chi f n e e . e u u u ,
e

of t h mbassy gath ring p his toga s id I carry h r

e e , e u ,
a , e e

p ac and war ; choos m of C arthag which y will

e e e, en e, e

hav G iv
e which v r y will was t h r ply W
“
e u s e e e ,
”
e e . a r,

th n said Fabi s dropping his toga T h di was

e , u ,
. e
“
e

now cast ; and t h ar na was cl ar d for t h fo most e e e e e re ,

p rhaps h mighti st military g ni s of y ac and of

e t e e , e u an r e

any tim e .
” 5

ith s d p 5
Sm
’
Ca r t b age an R om e , . 1 1 4 .
 C H A PT E R IX .

TH E S EC O N D P UN C I W AR .

( 21 8— 2 0 1 B C . .
)

nnib l b gin h i M h Th C arthaginian

1 04 . Ha a e s s arc .
— e

empi was now all astir with pr parations for h imp d

re e t e en

ing str ggl H an ibal was h lif and so l f v ery

u e. n t e e u o e

mov m nt H pla n d d x c t d T h C arthaginian

e e . e n e an e e u e . e

s nat t rdily confirm d his acts H i bold pla

e e a to e . s n w as

c oss h P y
r s d h Alps and d sc d pon Rom
t e re ne e an t e e en u e

f om h north H s c r d t h provinc s in Spain and

r t e . e e u e e e

Af ica by placi g ga isons of Ib ri ns i Af ica d of

r n rr e a n r an

L iby ns in t h p nins la A m a e e u .

b d w s nt mong h a ssa ors e re e a t e

G allic t ib s on both sid s f h r e e o t e

Alps to invit th m to b r dy ,
e e e ea

to join h a my that wo ld soon t e r u

t t from S p i se ou a n .

W ith th s pr parations com e e e

p l d H annibal l ft N C thag ete , e ew ar e

a ly i h sp i g of 8 e r n t e r n 2 1 BC . .
,

w ith an a my n mb ri g abo t a r u e n u

h nd d tho sa d m and i u re u n e n, n

cl di g thirty s v n w ar l phants
IIA N N IBA L
u n - e e e e .

A hostil co ntry lay b tw n

.

e u e ee

him d h P y an s Th o gh h wa lik t ib s that

t e re ne e . r u t e r e r e

resist d his adv c h forc d his way to h foot of h

e an e e e t e t e

1 62
 TH E S E C ON D P UN IC WA R . 1 63

mo tains that g ard

un u the n o th r fronti r of S pain M or
r e n e . e

than tw nty tho sand e u of his soldi rs w r lost in this pa t

e e e r

of his march .

1 05 . P assage aving aof t h e P yr e ees n and t h e Rh o e n . Le

st o g forc to garrison h n wly conq d lands and
r n e t e e u e re ,

discha ging t tho sand mor of his m who had b g n

r en u e en e u

to m rmur b ca s of th ir hardships h p sh d on with

u e u e e ,
e u e

th m ind r across t h P yr n s and l d th m down into

e re a e e e ee , e e

the vall y of t h Rho e Th G a ls att mpt d to disp t

e ne. e u e e u e

th e passag of h riv r b th y w r ro t d d t h
e t e e , u t e e e u e ,
an e

army f rri d ac oss t h str am in ativ boats d

w as e e r e e n e an on

rud ly constr ct d rafts

e u e .

106 P g
. f h Alp H annibal no w follo w d p
as sa e o t e s. — e u

th co rs
e f t h Rho
u d th n
e o of its st t ib
e ne , a n e o ne ea e rn r u

tari s t h Is r ( Isar ) until h r ach d t h foothills of

e ,
e
‘

e e , e e e e

th e Alps probably nd r h pass known to day as t h

,
u e t e -
e

L ittl S B r ard
e N t r
t . dme n joi d to oppos h . a u e an an ne e t e

pa sag Th s ason was alr ady far advanc d it was

s e. e e e e ,
—
1 64 R OM E AS A R E P U L IC B .

O ctob r and sno w was falling pon t h high r portio s

e ,
— u e e n

of t h trail D y aft r day h army toil d painf lly p

e . a e t e e u u

th dang ro s path In plac s h narrow way had to b

e e u . e t e e

cu t wid r for h monstro s bodi s of t h

e l phants O ft n
t e u e e e e . e

avala ch s of ston w r h rl d pon t h trains by t h

n e e e e u e u e e

hostil bands that h ld poss ssion f t h h ights abov

e e e o e e e .

At last t h s mmit was gain d and t h shiv i g army

e u e , e er n

look d down into h w arm haz of t h Italian plains Th

e t e e e . e

sight tog th r w ith co raging words f om H annibal

, e e en u r ,

som w hat r viv d t h d ooping spirits of t h soldi rs

e e e e r e e .

Th ir d sc nt of h mo ntains was accomplish d only

e e e t e u e

aft r s v toil and loss s At l ngth t h thinn d col mns

e e e re e . e e e u

iss d from t h d fil of h foo hills pon t h plains of

u e e e es t e t u e

th P
e Of t h o. fifty tho sand m and mor w ith whome u en e

H a nibal had
n ba ly t w nty ho sa d h d s rviv d
se t o u t, re e t u n a u e

th hardships and p rils of t h

e march and th s look d e e , e e
“
e

mor lik phantoms than m

e e en .
”

Y this w as h pitiabl forc with w hich H an ibal pro

et t e e e n

pos d to attack h Ro m an stat a stat that at this tim

e t e e e e

had on its l vy lists ov r s v n h ndr d tho sand foot

e e e e u e u

soldi rs and s v ty tho sand hors

e e en u e .
“

7
10 B tt l .f h T i i
a t h T bi d f L k T
es o im t e c nu s , e re a , an o a e r as e

T h Romans had not h r m ot st id a of H a nibal s

’
nu s — e t e e e e n

plans W ith w ar d t rmi d pon h s at had s nt

. e e ne u , t e en e e

o ne of t h cons ls Tib ri s S mp onius with an army into

e u , e u e r ,

Africa by h way of S icily ; whil t h oth r P bli s C orn li s

t e e e e ,
u u e u

S cipio th y had dir ct d to l ad anoth r army into S pain

, e e e e e .

W hil t h s nat w r watching t h mov m ts of th s

e e e e e e e e en e e

exp ditions th y w r startl d by t h int llig nc that

e ,
e e e e e e e e

5 lybi s
Po hi s
u ti i cl d s c
II 2 4 lli T e nu m e ra on n u e of o u r se a ll th e a es

lli s f h ti I t li fd ts
. .
,

of R om e th e d a e o t e La n na m e an th e a an c o n e e ra e .
1 66 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

troops against t h walls of Rom C rossing t h Ap nnin s e e . e e e ,

h epr ss d astward to t h Adriatic S wh nc h s nt

e e e e e a, e e e e

m ssag s to C arthag f his w ond rf l achi v m nts

e e e O e u e e e .

H r h e e st d his army aft r a march that has f paral

e re e e ew

l l in t h a nals of war
e s e n .

In r sp ct only had v nts disappoint d H annibal s

one e e e e e
’

exp ctations H had tho ght that t h Italian alli s lik

e . e u e e ,
e

th G a ls w r r ady at t h first opport nity to r volt from

e u , e e e e u e

Rom and to induc th m to do so h had tr at d with t h

e e e , e e e e

gr at st consid ration thos Italians who chanc d to fall

e e e e e

into his hands as p ison s B t th s far not a singl city r er . u u e

or trib of t h Umbro S ab llian folk (par 5 ) had prov d

e e -
e . e

u nfaithf l to Ro m u e .

9 F b iu th D l y r Th dictator Fabi s at h ”
1 0 . a s e e a e . e u ,
t e

h ad of four w l gions start d in p rs it of H annibal

e ne e ,
e u u ,

w ho was again on h mov T h fat f Rom was i t h t e e . e e o e n e

hands of Fabius S ho ld h risk a battl and los it . u e e e ,

ev ry hing would b lost H d t rmin d to adopt a mor

e t e . e e e e e

p d nt policy to follow and annoy t h C arthaginian

ru e e

army b t to r fus all pro ff rs f battl Th s tim w o ld

, u e e e o e. u e u

b g in d for raising a
e a e army and p r f cting m as r s new e e e u e

for h p blic d f nc
t e u e e e .

In v ry possibl way H annibal nd avor d to draw his

e e e e e e

en my into an ngag m nt H ravag d h fi lds far and

e e e e . e e t e e

w id and fi d h hom st ads of t h Italians in o d to

e re t e e e e ,
r er

forc Fabi s t fight in th ir d f nc T h soldi s of t h

e u o e e e e. e er e

dictator b gan to m rm r Th y call d h im C t t

e u u . e e u nc a or , o r

th d lay r Th y v n acc s d him of tr ach ry to

e e e .
”
e e e u e e e

th eca s of Rom B t nothi g mov d him from t h

u e e . u n e e

st ady p s it of h policy which h cl arly

e ur u w as t h t e e e sa w e

onl ypr d nt to follow

u e o ne .
1 68 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

an ibal now march d thro gh S amnium d sola ing

H n e u , e t

th co ntry as h w t and th n d sc d d po h ich

e u e en , e e en e u n t e r

plains of C ampania Fabius follow d him clos ly From . e e .

th mo tains which th y w r not allow d to l av h

e u n , e e e e e e, t e

Rom n soldi rs w r oblig d to watch w ith s ch pati nc

a e e e e , u e e

as th y might comma d t h d vastations of t h n my

e n ,
e e e e e

goi g on b ath th ir v ry y s Th y b so ght Fabi s

n e ne e e e e . e e u u

to l ad th m do w n pon t h plain wh th y might at

e e u e , e re e

l ast strik a blo w in d f nc of th ir hom s Fabi s was

e e e e e e e . u

u nmov d by th ir clamor H plann d how v r to ntrap

e e . e e , e e , e

H nnibala K o w ing that t h . n my co ld not support

n e e e u

th ms lv s i C ampania thro gh t h approachi g wint r

e e e n u e n e ,

b t must
u c oss t h mo ntains into Ap lia h plac d a
re r e u u , e e

strong g a d in t h pass by h iph th y m st r tr at and

u r e w e u e e ,

th n q i tly await d th ir mov m nts

e u e e e e e .

H annib l told r sort d to a stratag m to draw

a ,
we are , e e e

th g ards w ay from h mo ntain path

e u a To t h horns f t e u . e o

two tho sand ox n b rning torch s

u ight w r fast n d e u e o ne n e e e e ,

and th n th s animals w r driv n p a m ong h hills

e e e e e e u t e

that ov rh g t h pass Th s cr at r s f antic with pain

e un e . e e e u e ,
r

and f ight r sh d alo g h rang s that bord r d t h pass

r ,
u e n t e e e e e ,

an d l d h watch rs th r to b li v that t h C arthaginians

e t e e e e e e e e

w r forcing th ir way ov r t h hills in a grand rush

e e e e e .

S traight w ay t h g ardians of t h pass l ft th ir position in

e u e e e ,

ord r to i t c pt h fl ing my Whil th y w r p

e n er e t e ee e ne . e e e e ur

s i g h cattl H annibal march d q i tly with all his

u n t e e, e u e

booty thro gh t h g ard d d fil and scap d into

u e u n u e e e, e e

S amni m u .

Th P li y f F b iu
1 1 0. in di t d e Th scap of t h
o c o a s v ca e .
— e e e e

C ar hagi ian army c

t s d h smoth d discont nt with
n au e t e e re e

Fabi s and his policy to br ak

u into op n pposition e ou t e O ,
 1 7 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

not mor th n half that n mb at C an in Ap li It

e a u e r, na
e, u a .

was h la g st my h Romans had v r gath r d any

t e r e ar t e e e e e on

battl fi ld B it h d b n coll ct d o ly to m t t h
e e . u t a ee e e n ee e

most ov w h lming d f at th t v b f ll h forc s of

er e e e a e er e e t e e

th r p blic Thro gh h skilf l man vr s of H annibal

e e u . u t e u oe u e ,

th Romans w r compl t ly s ro nd d and h ddl d

e e e e e ur u e ,
u e

tog th r in a h lpl ss mass pon h fi ld ; th n th y w r

e e e e u t e e e e e e

cu do w n by t h N midia caval y From forty to s v nty

t e u n r .
“
e e

tho sa d u said to hav b slain ; a f tho sa d

n a re e ee n
9
ew u n

w r tak n prison rs ; o ly t h m r st handf l scap d

e e e e n e e e u e e ,

incl ding t h cons l Varro T h sla ght r was so g at

u e u . e u e re

that according to L ivy w h n M ago a broth r of H annibal

, , e ,
e ,

carri d t h n ws of t h victory to C arthag h in fi m

e e e e e, e, c on r a

3 Th e R o m ans w e re w k ea in c v l y ; th y
a a r e h ad on ly 6 0 00 , th e C ar
t h agin ian s
9 Po lybi s iii
u 1 1 7 pl c s t h kill
a d
e e e at a nd the p is
r o ne r s at

49 p t s t h
, .
,

L ivy xxii
, .
,
mb
u e nu er of th e s l in
a at
 TH E S E C ON D P UN IC WA R . 1 7 1

tion of t h int llig nc po r d t on h floor of t h

e e e e, u e ou t e e

s nat hous n arly a p ck of gold ri gs tak n f om h

e e- e e e n e r t e

fi g rs f t h Roman knights
n e o e .
10

1 12E v nt . f t r h B tt l
e f C nn s a Th a w f l n ws
e t e a e o a a — e u e

fl w to Rom
e C onst rnation e d d spair s iz d t h p
. e an e e e e eo

p l e .T h city w o ld
e hav b n mpti d of its pop u latio e ee e e u n

had t h s nat ord r d t h gat s to b clos d N v

no t e e e e e e e e e . e er

did h s nators display gr at r c lmn ss w isdom pr d c

t e e e e a e , ,
u en e,

and r solution Th y p blicly thank d t h co s l Varro

e . e u e e n u ,

although h was t h bitt r n my f th ir body and h

e e e e e o e , t e

o ne w hos incomp t ncy and rashn ss had ca s d h t rri

e e e e u e t e e

b l disast
e b ca s h had d spair d of t h r p blic
e r, e u e e not e e e e u .

L ittl by litt l t h panic was all y d M asur s w r

e e e a e . e e e e

conc rt d for t h d f c of h capital as it was xp ct d

e e e e en e t e , e e e

that H annibal wo ld imm diat ly march pon t h city u e e u e .

S wift hors m n w r s nt e t alo g t h

e Appian W y to
e e e ou n e a

gath r information f t h conq ror s mov m nts and to

e o e ue
’
e e ,

l arn as L ivy xpr ss s it if h immo tal gods t of

e , e e e ,
“
t e r ,
ou

pity to t h mpir had l ft any r m ant of h Roman

e e e, e e n t e

nam e .
”

Th l ad r of t h N midia cavalry M h b l urg d

e e e e u n ,
a ar a , e

H ann ibal to follow p his victo y clos ly L m d u r e .

“
et e a

vanc w ith h ho s h said and in fi d ys you shall

e t e r e,
”
e ,
“
ve a

banq t i Rom ue B t H a nibal r f s d to adopt t h

n e .
”
u n e u e e

co s l of his imp t o s g n ral M h b l t rn d a w ay

u n e e u u e e . a ar a u e ,

and with mingl d r pro ch d impati c xclaim d e e a an en e e e ,

“
Alas !y k ow how to gain a vic o y b not h to
ou n t r ,
u t ow

u se Th
o ne . g at command r whil h kn w h w as
e re e , e e e e

g
10 Am o n sl i w thec l q t tw tya n e re o ne o nsu tw o u ae s o r s , en -o n e m il
t ib s d ighty t s s ligibl ts
,

it a ry r u ne anp e se n a o r or e rs o n e e to se a in t h e
s t
, ,

ena e. VY LI , m m 49 . .
1 7 2 R OM E AS A REP UBL IC .

invincibl in t h op fi ld did not think it p d nt to

e e en e , ru e

fight t h Romans b hi d th ir w alls

e e n e .

H a nibal now s nt an mb ssy to Rom to o ff r t rms

n e e a e e e

o f p ac Th e s at tr to t h Appian policy n v r to
e. e en e, ue e e e

tr at with a victorio s n my (par

e wo ld vn u e e . u no t e e

p rmit t h ambassadors to nt r h gat s H ardly l ss

e e e e t e e . e

disappoint d was H annibal i t h t mp r f h Roman

e n e e e o t e

conf d rat s All t h alli s of h L atin nam ( par 63 )

e e e . e e t e e . 1

adh r d to t h ca s of Rom thro gh all th s tryi g

e e e u e e u e e n

tim s with unshak n loyalty

e e .

S om trib s in t h so th of Italy ho w v r among which

e e e u , e e ,

w r t h L i t h Apulians and t h B t i now

e e e u c a n a n s, e , e ru t a n s,

w nt ov r to t h C arthaginians Th importa t city of

e e e . e n

C ap a also s c d d f om Rom and nt r d into an allianc

u e e e r e e e e e

with H a ibal A littl lat r S yrac s was lost to Rom

nn . e e u e e ;
for it so happ d that shortly aft r h battl of C a n
ene , e t e e n ae ,

H i ro t h ki g of h S yrac sa s w ho lov d to call him

e ,
e n t e u n , e

s lf t h f i nd and ally of t h Roma p opl had di d

e e r e e n e e, e ,

and t h gov rnm t had f ll n i to h hands of a party

e e en a e n t e

u nfri ndly to t h r p blic This party no w nt d into an

e e e u . e e re

allianc with C a thag d th s S yrac s with a l rg p t

e r e, an u u e, a e ar

of S icily was ca ri d ov r to t h sid of h n mi s of

,
r e e e e t e e e e

Rom e.

F rth rmou P hilip V of M ac donia who appr h nsiv

e re , . e , , e e e

of t h gro w i g pow r of Rom had b n w tchi g w ith

e n e e, ee a n

fri ndly i t st h s cc ss s of H annibal in Italy

e n e re t e u e e ,
now

form d an allia c wi h him d promis d him h lp H d

e n e t an e e . a

P hilip act d g tic lly d b o ght promptly to H anni

e e ne r e a an r u

b l t h r li f promis d and xp ct d
a e e e h war might hav e e e e , t e e

ta k n a v ry di ff r t t n from w hat it did and t h w hol

e e e en ur ,
e e

co s of h w orld s histo y h v b n cha g d

u r e t e
’
r a e ee n e .
1 74 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

yrac s was at this tim

S u e f th larg s and rich st e o ne o e e t e

citi s of t h G r cian w orld Its w alls w r strong d

e e e . e e , an

e nclos d an ar a ight mil s in circ it F thr y a s

e e e ee n e u . or ee e r

it h ld e against h Roman fo c s It is said that

ou t t e r e .

Archim d s h gr t math matician r nd r d valuabl

e e ,
t e ea e , e e e e

aid to t h b si g d with c rio s and pow rf l ngin s con

e e e e u u e u e e

tr i d by his g
ve i s B h ci y f ll at last and was giv
en u . u t t e t e , en

ov r to sack d pillag (
e Rom was adorn d with
an e 2 I2 e e

th mast pi c s of G r cian art that f c nt ri s had b n

e er e e e or e u e ee

acc m lati g in t h city

u u nf th old st and most e , one o e e

r nown d of t h colo i s of anci nt H llas Syrac s

e e e n e e e . u e

n v r r cov r d from t h blow inflict d pon it at this

e e e e e e e u

tim by t h r l ntl ss Romans

e e e e e .

5 Th F ll f C pu ( C apua m st n xt — 2
1 1 . e a o a a 2 1 1 u e

b e p nish d for op ning its gat s and xt nding its hos

u e e e e e

p i li
tai to t h
t es n mi s of Rom A lin of i
e e m ll e e e . e c rc u va a

t io w as drawn abo t h city and two Roman armi s h ld

n u t e , e e

it in clos si g H annibal v r faithf l to his alli s and

e e e .
, e e u e

fri nds hast n d to t h r li f of t h C ap a s Unabl to

e ,
e e e e e e u n . e

br ak t h n my s li s h march d dir ctly pon Rom

e e e e
’
ne , e e e u e,

as if to mak an attack pon that city hoping th s to d aw

e u , u r

o ff t h l gions abo t C apua to t h d f

e e c of t h capital u e e en e e .

Th dr ad H annibal hims lf rod alongsid h walls of

e
“
e
”
e e e t e

t h hat d city and tradition says v n h rl d a d fiant

e e , , ,
e e u e e

lanc against e of t h gat s T h Romans c rtainly

o ne e e . e e

w r tr mbling with f ar ; y t L ivy t lls how th y ma i

e e e e e e e n

f t d th ir confid nc in th ir a ff airs by s lli g at public

es e e e e e e n

a ctio h la d pon which H annibal was ncamp d H

u n t e n u e e . e

in t rn in t h sam mann r dispos d of t h shops fronting

u , e e e , e e

Bf3 it s d f cti C p
e o re f th s citi
e e which j y d o n, a u a w as o ne o o e es en o e

C ight s (
ae rit a n r p a r.
 TH E S E C ON D P UN IC W A R . I7 5

the f or m Th story is that th r w r ag r purchas s

u . e e e e e e e er

in both cas s e .

Failing to d aw t h l gions from C ap a as h had hop d r e e u e e ,

H annibal now r tir d from b for Rom d r tr ating e e e e e, an , e e

into t h south rn part of Italy abandon d C ap a to its

e e ,
e u

fa It soon f ll and paid t h p alty that Rom n v r

te . e ,
e en e e e

fail d to inflict pon an nfaithf l ally Th chi f m of

e u u u . e e en

t h city w r p t to d ath and a larg part f t h i h b

e e e u e , e o e n a

i t sold as slav s (
t an s Th privil g of local s lf e 2 1 1 e e e e

gov rnm nt was tak n away from h comm nity and h

e e e t e u , t e

whol C apuan district r d c d practically to t h s rvil

e e u e e e e

conditio f a provinc b yond t h s asn o e e e e .

6 Th Fi t M
1 1 d ni
. W ( 5 6 B )
e At t h
rs ace o an ar 2 1 - 20 . C .
— e

sam tim that t h Romans w r m ting t p ishm nt to

e e e e e e ou un e

S yrac s and to C apua fu th ir disloyalty th y w r carry

e or e , e e e

ing on op rations against P hilip king f e , o

M ac donia w ho aft r his allianc with

e , , e e

H annibal ( par had attack d t h . e e

citi s ith r b longing to t h Roman

e e e e e

stat or nd r its prot ction on t h

e u e e e

e ast rn coast of t h Adriatic Th y

e e . e

e asily p rs ad d t h IEt li ( par 7 ) M

e u
V e e o an s . 1 2
P H IL IP : CF

to aid th m ; b t aft r th y had onc gote u e e e

A C E D O N IA

th m nlist d in t h nt rpris th y l ft th m to pros c t

e e e e e e e, e e e e u e

it with th ir o wn r so rc s Th Romans i d d w r
e e u e . e ,
n ee , e e

too m ch gag d in watchin g H annibal and in pros c ting

u en e e u

th ir military op rations at hom to giv m ch att ntion

e e e e u e

to o tsid ff u e a aIIS .

C ons qu ntly t h Et li e b coming w ary of h

e , e I
’
o a n s, e e t e

str ggl co cl d d a p ac with P hilip in t h y ar 6

u e, n u e e e e e 20

B . and h follo w ing y ar h Roma s at also nt d

C .
, t e e t e n en e e ere
1 76 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

into a tr aty with him T h cont st th s nd d witho t

e . e e u e e u

any practical r s lts s v tha f d t rring P hilip f om e u ,

a e t o e e r

op nly taking any f rth r part in h H annibalic war

e u e t e .

7 H dru b l i S p in
1 1 . D ring all t h y ars H annib l
as a n a .
- u e e a

w as waging war in Italy his broth r H asdr bal w as car yi g , e u r n

on a d sp r t str ggl w ith h Rom ns in S pain H i

e e a e u e t e a . s

plan w as to g th r and l d an army into Italy to t h aid

a e ea e

of his broth r This t h Rom s mad v ry ff o t toe . e an e e e e r

pr v nt H c v n whil H annibal was th at ning

e e . en e, e e e re e

Rom its lf find h s nat s di g its b st l gions and

e e ,
we t e e e en n e e

g rals across t h
e ne i to Spai e se a n n .

B H asdr bal poss ss d m ch of h ma tial g ni s of

u t u e e u t e r e u

his broth r and p ov d mor than a match for h S cipios

e ,
r e e t e

w ho comma d d t h Roma l vi s Y n h fo t s of
e e n e e . et t e r u ne

war w r mo fickl h than in Italy At

e e re tim h e e re . one e t e

C arthaginians w r almost d iv of t h p ins la ; e e r en ou t e en u

and th t h whol was r gai d by h g ni s of H

en e e e ne t e e u as

d b l and t h two S cipios w

ru a ,
slain Anoth r Roman
e
3
e re . e

army d r t h comm nd of P bli s C orn li s S cipio w as

,
u n e e a u u e u ,

s nt to r t i v th s disast rs and to k p H asd bal

e e r e e e e e ee ru

eng g d Th w ar
a e .r n w d b witho t d cisiv
e w as e e e ,
u t u e e

r s lts on ith r sid d H asdr bal d t rmi d to l av

e u e e e , an u e e ne e e

its co d ct to oth rs d go to t h r li f of his b oth

n u e ,
an . e e e r e r,

who w as sadly i d of aid for h calamiti s of w ar n nee , t e e

w r consta tly thinning his nks L ik P yrrh s h had

e e n ra . e u ,
e

b n bro ght to r aliz that v constant victori s won by

ee u e e e en e

th loss of soldi rs that co ld not b r plac d m a t final

e e u e e e e n

d f at (par
e e .

8 B tt l
1 1 f h M t uru (
. a7 e H asdo bal fol
t e e a s 2 0 — ru

bli
3 Pud s cipi b th
u s an bli s li cipi e
G n ae u S o, ro e rs Pu u C o r ne us S o m n

bli s cipi
.
,

dj
t io n e tbl w u s e o , w a s t h e so n of Pu u S o.
1 78 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

him t h h ad of H asdr bal This bloody t ophy h ca s d

e e u . r e u e

to b h rl d into t h C arthaginian camp Upon r cog

e u e e . e

i i g th
n z n f at r s of his broth r H annibal it is said
e e u e e , , ,

exclaim d sadly C arthag I b hold thy doom !

e ,
“
e, e
”

9 T
1 1h R m n. rr y h W i nt Af i ; B ttl f
e o a s ca t e ar o r ca a e o

Z m (
a a T h d f at and d ath of H asdrubal gav
2 02 — e e e e e

a di ff r nt asp ct to t h war H annibal w dr w back

e e e e . no e

into t h rocky p nins la of B t t i m t h south rnmost

e e u ru u , e e

point of It ly Th r h fac d t h Romans lik a lion at

a . e e e e e e

bay N . dar d attack him It was r solv d to car y

o o ne e . e e r

th war into Africa in hop s t h t h C arthaginia s w o ld

e , e a . t e n u

b forc d to call th ir gr at command r out of Italy to t h

e e e e e e

d f nc of C arthag P bli s C or li s S cipio who aft r

e e e e . u u ne u , e

th d part r f H asdr bal from S pain (par 7) had

e e u e o u . 1 1

q ickly bro ght t h p nins la nd r h po w r of Rom

u u e e u u e t e e e,
4

l d t h army of invasion
e e H had not b n long in Af ica . e ee r

b for t h C arthaginian s nat s t f H annibal to con

e e e e e en or

d ct t h war At Zama not far from C arthag t h hostil

u e .
, e, e e

armi s m t Fort n had d s rt d H an ibal h w as figh t

e e . u e e e e n ; e

ing against fat H h r su ff r d his first dfinal d f at e . e e e e e an e e .

H i army in
s hich w ma y of t h v t rans that had
,
w e re n e e e

s rv d thro gh all his Italian campaig s w as almost a ni

e e u n ,
n

h ila t e d ( 2 02 BC .

1 2 0. )
Th e Closea thag was of t he W ar ( 2 0 1 BC . .
— C r e

now compl t ly xha st d and s d for p ac Ev n H

e e e u e ,
ue e e . e an

nibal hims lf co ld long r co ns l war T h t ms of

e u no e u e . e er

th tr aty w r m ch s v r r than thos impos d pon t h

e e e e u e e e e e u e

4 A f ew y e ar sl t
a e r, in 9 7 B C
1 t h e o u n r w as m a e n o t w o c ty d i t p v ro

s
. .
,

in c e s which b o re the n am e o f H isp a n ia C ite r ior , o r

“
N e a re r S p i a n,
”

a nd IIisp a n ia Ult er ior , or Fa r th S p ier a n.

”
Th e nu m b er of p t s
r ae o r

( par .
71 ) w as at th e s am e t mei ra is d t s ix
e o .
 TH E S E C ON D P UN IC WA R . 1 79

city at h d of t h First P ic W ( par

t e en Sh was e un ar . e

r q ir d to giv p all claims to Sp in and t h islands of

e u e e u a e

th M dit rran an ; to s rr nd r h
e e ewar l phants d e u e e er e e , an

all h ships of war s v t gall ys ; to pay an ind mnity

er a e en e e

of f o r tho sand tal

u ts at u en
5

o n c e , a n dt w o h u n dre dt ale n t s
ann ally for fifty y ars and
u e

d any circ mstanc s

n o t ,u n er u e ,

to mak war pon an ally of

e u

Rom Fiv h ndr d of t h

e . e u e e

costly P h nician war gall ys oe - e

w r tow d t of h harbor
e e e ou t e

of C arthag d b r d in e an u ne

full sight of h citiz ns t e e .

S ch w as t h
u d f th e en o e

H annibalic W as call d by ar , e

th Romans t h most d e es
N
e ,

p rat str ggl v r m U U R U S P BL I S CO EL I S C IP IO

(A F R NU )
e e u e e e a In
IC A S

d by rival po w s for
.

t i
a ne er
F t l ) ( ro m a b m the M u se u m N ap
mpir S cipio w as acco d d
us at es .

e e . r e

a grand triumph at Rom and in ho or of his achi v e, n e e

m nts giv n h surnam Af i

e e t e e r ca n u s.

Eff t
1 21 f th W
. It ly Italy n v r ti ly
ec s o e ar on a .
-
e e en re

r cov r d from t h calamito s ff cts of t h H an ibalic

e e e e u e e e n

W D ring its long conti uanc t h

a r. u Roman stat w as n e e e

almost drain d of its yo ng m of military g Thr e u en a e . ee

h ndr d tho sand Roman citiz ns

u e u said to hav b n e a re e ee

slain in battl d fo r h dr d towns and haml ts act

e, a n u un e e u

ally sw pt out of xist nc As a p nishm nt for joi ing

e e e e. u e n

Ab 5 t ou th iti s di ff x ct t Ou r au or e er as to th e e a am o u n

of thi i d s n em n it y .
1 80 R OM E A S A R E P UBL IC .

t he invad rs Rom h rs l f had d stroy d many citi s b

e , e e e e e e e

longing to h alli s and turn d th ir t rritori s into w ast

er e e e e e e

land Agric ltur in som districts was almost r in d

. u e e u e .

Th p asantry had b n torn from t h soil and driv n

e e ee e e

withi t h wall d to ns T h slav class had incr as d

n e e w . e e e e ,

and h stat s of h gr at landown rs had constantly

t e e e t e e e

g o w i siz and absorb d t h littl holdings of t h

r n n e, e e e e

r i d p asants In th s d stroying t h Italian p asantry

u ne e . u e e e ,

H an ibal s invasion and long occ pancy of t h p nins la

’
n u e e u

did v ry m ch to aggravat all thos conomic vils w hich

e u e e e e

e v b fo this tim w r at work nd rmining t h arli r

en e re e e e u e e e e

so nd ind strial lif of h Roma s and filli g Italy w ith

u u e t e n ,
n

a n m ro s and dang ro s class of hom l ss and discon

u e u e u e e

t nt d m
e e en .

FRN
RE W hit s
E EN F i CE S W bk ch p e
’
A P P IA vo l i or e
gn a r s, vu a s.

p ti s I t ly bk viii ch p s ii ix p ti s
. . . . .
, ,

i— ix for o e ra on in a ; a —
fo r o era on in
f ic d bk vi ch p s ii vii
. . . . . .
.
, ,

A r a ; an p ti p i U R a — for O era o ns in S a n PL TA C H,

iv s
. . . . .
, .

L Fe M of d M
35 35 VY xxi xxx
a b iu s Y a x im u s a n 3 35 a r c ellu s . LI — PO L B
f cs s s t d t s h ld c s lt I d x
.
,

IUS : the re e r e n e a re nu m e ro u ; th e u en ou on u n e

in S h u c k b diti N H
u r
gh
f
’
s ii bk
e iv o n. IH E ist ory o R om e , vo l

ch p s vii ix pp 3 8 M MM N
. . . .

a i— H f R ii1 4
—
4 4 O SE ist ory o om e , v o l.

bk iii ch p iv vi pp 3 9 A R N
. . . . .

a s H f
— Io — 22 OLD 3 35 ist ory o R om e,
ch ps xliii xlvii h ch pt s b st
. . . . . . .

a . g.
— lly g d d . T e se a er a re e n e ra re ar e as th e e

a cc t v w itt
ou n ec d er ic W rd th en of th e Se on Pu n ar Th e ea of the

tiv j t th y s b f
.

au th b k ff or ro e o b ttlt h e n arra e u s re e e ar e o re the a e of Z am a

s s
.

M RR ( WO H IS
( H .N ti ) D ( a n n ib a l e ro e of th e a on . O DGE T .

le
a
H a nni b a l ( G re a tpt i ) ch p xliii pp 6
Ca a ns , a . . . 1
3 64
—1,
“
Th e M an and

t h e S ol di er
”
; an d ch p xliv pp 64 6 53
a H 2,
“
ann ib l
a a nd A e l x d an er

M
. . .
.
,

S IT H (R Ca r t b age a n d t il e Ca r t /t agi n ia ns , an d R om e a n d Ca r t nage .

N
.

MA H A (A . l e Influ e n ce of S ea P ow er u p on H ist o ry, 1 —

4 21 pp . .

CR A Y (E E S H p m
'

u
'

w Ba t tles of tb e Wor ld ch p iv
a
“
Th e
s
. .
.
, ,

B ttlaf th e o e Me t au ru , 2 07 BC .
”
.
1 82 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

a ge of thirty two y ars and l ft his imm ns domi ions to

- e , e e e n

b com t h pr y of rival aspirants for his plac

e e e e e .

F our pr s nt purpos
or n d not follow t h c nt ry
e e e we ee e e u

and mor of wars and intrig s of divisions and r divisio s

e ue , e n

of t rritori s that f ollow d It will b s ffici nt if w

e e , e . e u e e

notic what was t h situation of thi gs at t h p riod say

e e n e e ,

abo t u B to which hav now bro ght

2 00 . C . acco t
, we e u ou r u n

o f t h a ff airs of t h W st rn M dit rran a

e e e e e e e n .

At this tim th r w r in t h E ast thr monarchical e e e e e e ee

stat s M ac donia Syria d Egypt d thr l ag s of

e ,
e , , an , an ee e u e

G r k cit i s or trib s whos histori s w r d stin d soon

ee e e ,
e e e e e e

to b com m rg d with t h history of Rom

e e e e e e .

41 2M d ni . Th first of t h monarchical stat s

ace o a — e e e ,

M ac donia had alr ady had r lations with Rom ( par

e ,
e e e .

It poss ss d at this p riod abo t t h limits it hade e e u e

wh n Al xand r t h G r at cam to t h thron and b for

e e e e e e e e, e e

h ehad mad it h nucl us f a world mpir Its kings

e t e e o e e .

claim d d x rcis d s z rainty ov r a gr at part of t h

e an e e e u e e e e

citi s of contin ntal G r c Th ir garrisons h ld t h chi f

e e ee e . e e e e

strat gic positions in t h land Th thro was now fill d

e e . e ne e

by P hilip V h sam who aft r t h battl of C

.
, t e e e e e a n nze

form d an allia c with C arthag (par

e m n e e .
— an a

bitions and abl b nscr p lous m T h p opl ov r

e, u t u u u ,
a n. e e e e

w hom h r l d still r tai d that lov of war and aptit d

e u e e ne e u e

for it which had distinguish d th m in h days of P hilip e e t e

I I and Al xa d r S far as th ir soldi ly q aliti s

. e n e . o e er u e

w t th y w r h Romans of t h E ast B t n ith r

en , e e e t e e . u e e

th y nor th ir r l rs had y c pacity for civil a ff airs

e e u e an a .

51 2S y ri . A i S yri or Asia t
a or h dominion of t h s a. — a ,
e e

S l ucid
e e was in t h words of h historian M omms
ae,
7
,
e t e e n,

7 ll d f
So Cal c e l x d sg
ro m ls d Se eu us N ic a t o r , o ne o f A e an er
’
e n e ra an

f d
,

the ou n dy ty (
er o f th e na s 3 1 2
 C ON QU ES T OF TH E E AS T B Y R OM E . 1 83

“
nothing but P rsia s p rficially r mod ll d d H ll n e u e e e e an e e

i d z e Its kings claim d that th ir dominion r pr s t d

. e e e e en e

th eG P rsian mpir f Al xand r and t h mor

r ae c o - e e e o e e , e e

e n rg tic and ambitio s amo g th m w r stirr d by h

e e u n e e e e t e

m mori s and traditions of that mpir to p t fo th ff orts

e e e e u r e

f its storation This will find ill stration in t h his

or re . u e

tory of h r ign of Antioch s h G r at who at this im

t e e u t e e , t e

h ld h thron and whos ambitious plans of conq st it

e t e e, e ue

was that brought t h monarchy as shall in fatal e , we se e ,

collision with Rom e.

6 E gyp t
1 2 . Th thi d monarchical stat was Egypt
.
— e r e .

Its r l r at this tim w as P tol my V ( 5 8

u e Its e e . 20 —
1 1

capital Al xandria was h int ll ct al c ntr f h H l

, e , t e e e u e e o t e e

l i t i E ast
en s B t what mad Egypt an impo tant factor
c . u e r

in t h political complicatio s of t h M dit rran an w orld

e n e e e e ,

and its a ff airs a matt r f s rio s conc r to Rom w as e o e u e n e,

th fac th at no w as in t h days of t h P haraohs it was

e t , e e ,

o ne of t h chi f cor prod cing co ntri s of h E ast and

e e n- u u e t e ,

t h c ntr as w ll of gr at g n ral comm rcial and trading

e e e e e e e e

i t r sts
n e e .

7 12L g . f G r k Ci t i s
ea u es T h thr l ag s of o ee e .
— e ee e ue

G r k trib s and citi s which w r at this p riod

ee e e e e e exe r

cisi g an impo tant i fl c pon t h H ll nistic E ast

n r n u en e u e e e ,

w r t h IEt li
e e h Acha an and t h
e o Rhodian Th s
an , t e e , e . e e

l agu s had b n call d into xist nc among t h G r k

e e ee e e e e e ee

citi s by t h common dang rs to which th y w r all b

e e e e e e su

j d
ecte by t h mona chical stat s partic
e larly M ac donia r e , u e

and Syria which h mming th m in on v ry sid cramp d

, , e e e e e, e

th ir n rgi s and ncroach d pon th ir i d p nd nc

e e e e e e u e n e e e e .

T h IEt li e l ag was form d abo t 8

o an It was
e ue e u 2 0 BC . .

mad p for t h most part of h half civiliz d pr datory

e u e t e - e , e
1 84 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

trib s f C ntral G r c It was animat d by an int ns

e o e ee e . e e e

hatr d of M ac donia
e e .

Th A hm l agu had sprung into importanc only

e c an e e e

aft r h gr at days of G r c w r alr ady past It w as

e t e e .
ee e e e e .

th emost promising of all t h att mpts v r made among e e e e

th G r k citi s to form a tr
e ee f d ral nion It cam in
e ue e e u . e

tim to mbrac all h citi s within t h P lopo n sus as

e e e t e e e e n e

w ll as som o tsid its limits It was at t h tim which

e e u e .
, e e

we hav now r ach d d p nd nt upon M ac donia and

e e e ,
e e e e ,

M ac donian ga risons w r
e stablish d in all t h chi f
r e e e e e e

citi s of t h conf d racy

e e e e .

T h third l ag e h Rhodia w as form d by a larg

e u e, t e n, e e

n mb r of t h G r k islands and coast citi s f t h P

u e e ee e o e ro

pontis and t h IEg a nion of citi s that M omms n

e e an , u e e

lik ns to h H ans atic l ag of t h M iddl Ag s At

e t e e e ue e e e .

its h ad stood Rhod s whos l d rship r st d not so m ch

e e , e ea e e e u

u pon h military or naval str ngth as pon h w alth d

er e u er e an

h wid comm rcial r latio s for h had in h hands a

er e e e n , s e er

chi f part of t h carryi g trad of h East rn M dit

e e n e t e e e er

ran e a n .Rhod s was also som thing mor than a gr at

e e e e

trad mpor ium Aft r Al xa dria t h city w as t h most

e e . e e n , e e

impo tant c ntr of c lt in h H ll nistic wo ld H

r e e u u re t e e e r . er

schools f rh toric and orato y w r alr ady c l brat d

o e r e e e e e e ,

and h l ct r rooms f h t ach rs w r soon to b

t e e u e o er e e e e e

crowd d with t h youth of t h l ading famili s of Rom

e e e e e e.

8 Min r S t t
1 2 . B sid s th s gr at stat s and
o a es — e e e e e e

l agu s th r w r a numb r of small r stat s and among

e e e e e e e e e

th m partic larly P rgam s Bithynia and P on t us which

e u e u , ,
—

had aris n t of h br ak p f t h P rsian Al xand ian

e ou t e e -
u o e e - e r

empir and which w r d stin d to play mor or l ss

e, e e e e e e

important parts in t h drama now op ni g ; b t r sp cting e e n u e e

1 86 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

G r k citi s In t h co rs of his aggr ssions h fo nd

ee e . e u e e , e u

a pr t xt for attacking Ath ns N Ath ns was nd r

e e e . ow e u e

t h prot ction of Rom

e e T h Romans straightway d cla d e . e e re

war This in h j dgm nt of t h histo ian M omms n

.
8
, t e u e e r e ,

was of t h most right o s wars which t h city v r

“
o ne e e u e e e

wag d e .
”9

An army nd r Flaminin s was s nt into G r c and

u e u e ee e, on

th plains of C y
e p h l i Th ssaly h Roman
n o sc e l gion a az, n e , t e e

d monstrat d its s p riority ov r t h nwi ldy M ac donian

e e u e e e u e e

phalanx by s bj cti g P hilip to a most dis a stro s d f at

u e n u e e

( 971 T h king was forc d to giv

e p all his con e e u

q sts and t h G r k citi s that had b n b o ght i to

u e ,
e ee e ee r u n

s bj ction to M ac do i w r d clar d fr
u e e n a e e e e ee .

Fl m i i r ad t h dict of ma cipation to t h G r ks
a n nu s e e e e n e ee

ass mbl d at C ori th for t h c l bration of t h Isthmian

e e n e e e e

gam s T h d c e . r c iv d with t h gr at st t h i
e e r ee w as e e e e e e en us

d r joici g and Flami i s was call d by t h grat

'

as m an e n ,
n nu e e e

f lGu ks t h R sto r of G r k lib ti s Unfort at ly

re e e e re ee er e . un e

t h G r ks had lost all capacity for f

e ee dom and s lf gov re e e -

e rn m t and t h enanarchy i to w hich th ir a ff airs soon f ll

,
e n e e

a ff ord d h Romans an xc s for xt nding th ir r l

e t e e u e e e e u e

ov r all G c ( par
e re e e .

3 W1 g i n
0. t A nt i h u I
ar aI I f Say ri ( 9 s 8 9 ) oc s . o a 1 2— 1 BC . .

t h B tt l f M gn i ( 9
e a e o Antioch s h G r at of
a es a 1 0 - u t e e ,

S yria had at this tim not only mad important conq sts
,
e e u e

in Asia M inor b t had v n carri d his arms i to E rop

,
u e e e n u e.

3 s d still th g d c pl i t g i t hilip
Th e Ro m a n ha o er ro u n s of om a n a a ns P
g s fi st M c
.

H d tt ck d
e ha tt l ki ga a e A i c a u s, n of Per am u wh o s n e th e r a e

d st f i d d lly
,

d o n ia n d w ar h a l ti oo R
in t h e re a on of r en an a t o th e o m an

p pleo hilip e. f th b li v d h v c tly giv

P w as ur th
er e e e to a e se re en t h e Gar a

gin ia n s d b ttl ai at ( th e a e of Z am a p a r 1

s H
.

M 9 om f m en, ii p ist ory o R om e , vo l . . . 2 72 .

 C ON QU E S T OF TH E E AS T B Y R OM E . 1 87

He was at this mom nt in G r c Th obj ct of his pr s e ee e. e e e

enc in th s r gions h d clar d was to giv lib rty to

e e e e , e e e , e e

th G r k citi s
e B t t h G r ks as P lutarch r marks
ee e . u e ee , e ,

w r in no n d of a lib rator sinc th y had j st b n

e e ee e , e e u ee

d liv r d from h M ac donians by t h Romans (par

e e e t e e e .

N AN U RC OI OF T IO C H S THE G E AT .

J st as soon as int llig nc was carri d to Italy that t h

u e e e e e

S y ian king was in G r c

r at t h h ad of an army h ee e, e e , t e

l gions of h r p blic w r t in motion S om r v rs s

e t e e u e e se . e e e e

ca s d Antioch s to r t at in hast across t h H ll spont

u e u e re e e e e

into Asia whith r h w as follow d by t h Romans l d by

, e e e e , e

S cipio a broth r of African s

,
e u .

At M agn sia Antioch s was ov rthrown and a larg

e , u e , e

part f Asia M i or f ll i to t h hands of t h Romans

o n e n e e

( 9 1 0 N t y t pr par d to maintaioprovinc s so e e e n e

r mot from t h Tib r t h s n t co f r d t h

e e e t rri e , e e a e n e re e n ew e

tory with t h xc ptio of L ycia d C aria which w r

, e e e n an ,
e e

giv n to t h Rhodians pon h ir fri nd d ally Eum n s

e e ,
u t e e an .
, e e ,

ki g of P rgam s This K i gdom f Asia as it was

n e u .
“ n o ,

call d was r ally nothing mor than a d p nd cy of

e , e e e e en

Rom and its nominal r l r only a p pp t ki g in t h

e, u e u e n e

hands of t h Roman s nat e e e .

S cipio njoy d a mag ific nt tri mph at Rom

e e d in n e u e, an ,
1 88 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

accordanc with a custom that had now b com pop lar

e e e u

with s cc ssf l g n rals r ct d a m morial of his d ds in

u e u e e , e e e e ee

his nam by ass ming t h titl f A i ti

e u e e o s a cu s.

Th i d M d ni n W
1
Th
3 1 1 .
( 7 e 6 8 B ) h r ace o a ar 1 1 — 1 . C . t e

B tt l f Pydn ( 68
a e o I a f y ars M ac donia
a 1 - n ew e e ,

u nd r t h l ad rship of P rs s
e e of P hilip V was again
e e e eu , so n .
,

in arms and o ff ring d fianc to Rom ; b t in t h y ar e e e e u e e

1 68 B th Roman cons l [Em ili P a l s c sh d h

. C . e u , us u u ,
ru e t e

M ac donian po w r f or v r pon t h m morabl fi ld of

e e e e u e e e e

P ydna T w nty two y ars lat r (i . e - e e n

46 t h country was org niz d 1 e a e

as a Roman provinc e .

Th gr at part which M ac donia e e e

as an ind p nd t stat had play d e e en e e

in history w as nd d It b cam e e . e e

trib ta y to Rom and so larg was u r e, e

t h str am of trib t that now b gan

PE R U M N S OF
e e u e e

to pour i to h tr as ry of h city
SE AC EDO IA .

n t e e u t e

from this and oth r s bj gat d co tri s that h la d tax e u u e u n e t e n ,

hith rto paid by Roman citiz s was don away w ith ( 6 7

e en , e 1

d was not r sort d to again til t h vil days ‘

an e e u n e e

w hich mark d h approachi g d of t h r p blic e t e n en e e u .

B h battl f P yd a constit t s a g at la dmark

u t t e e o n u e re n

not simply in t h history of M ac donia it fo ms a l d e e ; r an

ma k in niv sal history as w ll It was

r u of h d ci
er e . o ne t e e

siv battl s fo ght by t h Romans in th ir str ggl for h

e e u e e u e t e

dominio of h world T h last gr at po w r in t h East

n t e . e e e e

was h r b ok n T h Roman s nat was h nc forth

e e r e .
2
e e e e e

1 c d
Fo r t h e S e o n M a e o n a n W a r, s e e p ar 1 2 9 c d i . .

3
M it h ra da t e s t h e G re a h ad n o t ye t a e a re t o t pp d di p t with
s u e Ro m e
th e s o v e re ig ty
n of th e O i t (p
r en ar.
1 9 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Rom did not r ach H i e fri nd could not shi ld e . s ne w e e

him ; and d t min d not to fall into h h nds of his

, e er e t e a

en m i s H annibal took his own lif by m a s of poiso

e e , e e n n,

and di d faithf l to his of t rnal hatr d to t h Roman

e u vo w e e e e

rac (abo t 8 3
e u 1

Almost q ally bitt r was t h p which h ngrat f l

e u e e cu t e u e u

Romans pr ss d to h lips of t h co q ror of H an ibal

e e t e e n ue n .

Aft r t h battl of Zama S cipio Af ican s turn d to poli

e e e ,
r u e

tics but soon rais d abo t hims lf a p rf ct storm of

, e u e e e

u nm rit d ab s and p rs c tion L aving Rom h w nt

e e u e e e u . e e, e e

into a so t of vol ntary xil at his co nt y s at n ar L it r

r u e e u r e e e

num in C ampa ia H di d abo t t h sam tim that

,
n . e e u e e e

w itn ss d t h d ath of H annibal Upon his tomb w as

e e e e .

plac d this insc iption which h hims lf had dictat d

e r , e e e
:

“ Ungrat f l co ntry thou shalt not poss ss v n my

e u u , e e e

’
ash e s f

1 33 . tru t i n f C rin h ( 4 6
Th e Ach azan W ar and t h e Des c o o o t 1

B ) . CD ring t h
. third war b tw n Rom and M ac
— u e e ee e e

do ia which nd d with t h battl of P ydna (par

n ,
e e e e .

th citi s of t h Ach an l agu had sho w n th ms lv s l k

e e e ae e e e e e u e

warm in th ir fri ndship for Rom C ons q ntly aft r

e e e. e ue , e

that battl t h Roma s coll ct d a tho sand f t h chi f

e e n e e u o e e

citiz s of th s conf d rat d citi s and transport d th m

en e e e e e e e e

to Italy w h r th y w r h ld for s v nt n y ars as hos

, e e e e e e e e ee e

tag prison rs for t h good cond ct f th ir co ntrym n at

e e e u o e u e

hom Among th s xil s was t h c l brat d histori a n

e . e e e e e e e e

P olybius who wrot an account of all th s

,
v nts which e e e e e

w enow arrating and which mark t h advanc of

a re n ,
e e

Rom to t h sov r ignty of t h world

e e e e e .

At t h d of t h p riod nam d t h Roman s nat in

e en e e e , e e e,

an indulg nt mood gav t h survivors p rmission to r turn

e , e e e e
 C ON QU E S T OF THE E AS T B Y R OM E . 1 9 1

hom Th y w nt back inflam d by hatr d towards Rom

e . e e e e e,

and b cam activ in t h citi s of t h l ag in stirring p

e e e e e e e ue u

f ling against h
ee In C orinth particularly t h p opl er . e e e

display d t h most nr asonabl and v h m nt hostility

e e u e e e e e

towards t h Romans Th y r fus d to list n to t h nvoys

e . e e e e e e

that h s nat had s nt to r ason with th m and in a

t e e e e e e ,

t m ltuous ass mbly ndors d with ass nting pla dits

u u e e e e u o ne

of th ir sp ak rs wh n h d clar d that t h G r ks want d

e e e e e e e e ee e

“ h Romans as fri nds b t not as mast s

t e Th l ag e u er . e e ue

e v w nt so far as to mak war on S parta in spit of t h

en e e , e e

prot st of a Roman mbassy Th r co ld b b t

e e . e e u e u one

iss f this foolish cond ct and that was war with

ue o u ,

Rom e .

This cam in h y ar 4 7 B Th manag m nt of

e t e e 1 . C . e e e

th c mpaign soon f ll to t h cons l L ci s M m m i

e a e e u u u u u s.

H i flict d pon t h Ach an army a d cisiv d f at j st

e n e u e ae e e e e u

o tsid t h walls f C orinth T h city f ll into his hands

u e e o . e e

witho t f rth r r sistanc In ob di c to t h commands

u u e e e . e en e e

of t h Roman s at M m m i d stroy d h plac tt rly

e en e, u u s e e t e e u e .

Th m e w r kill d and t h wom n and childr n sold into

en e e e , e e e

slav ry e .

T h city was sack d and t h booty much of it sold on

e e ,
e , ,

t h spot at public auction

e N um rous works f art i l . e o ,
n va u

abl statu s and painti gs with which t h city was crowd d

e e n , e e ,

w laid asid to b transport d to Rom B t a larg

e re e e e e. u e

part f t h rich art tr as r s of t h city must hav b n

o e e u e e e ee

d stroy d by t h r d and nappr ciativ soldi rs P lyb

e e e u e u e e e . o

i
u s, who was an y witn ss of h sack of h city hims l f e e e t e t e , e

saw groups f soldi rs using pric l ss paintings as boards

o e e e

on which to play th ir gam s of dic e e e .

3

3 xxxix . I3 .
1 9 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

It is furth r told of M m m i as ill strating how f

e u u s, u ar

b hind t h G r ks th ir conq rors w r in all matt rs p

e e ee e ue e e e er

taining to t h fi r sid of lif that in t h contracts w hich

e ne e e, e

h mad f
e h transportation f h stat
e or s and pai tings
t e o t e ue n

to Italy h ins rt d a claus to t h ff ct that if any of h

, e e e e e e e t e

pi c s w r lost at
e e th y sho ld b r plac d
e e se a, e u e e e .
4

Th city mpti d f its inhabitants d spoil d of its

e , e e o , e e

rich s and d n d d of its w rks f art was giv n p to

e , e u e o o , e u

th flam s its walls w l v ll d and t h v ry gro nd on

e e , e re e e e ,
e e u

which t h city had stood w as acc rs d Thus f ll t h

e u e . e e

brilliant city of C orinth h y of H llas as C ic ro ,

“
t e e e e ,
”
e

call d it t h last pr cio s ornam nt of t h G r cian land

e , e
“
e u e e e

onc so rich in citi s

e e .
”

Th cons l M m m i njoy d a pl did tri mph

e u u u s e e S en u .

N v r b for nor a f t r says t h historian L o g was

“ ” “
e e e e e , e n ,

such a display of G r cian art carri d in tri mphal p e e u ro c e s

sion through t h str ts f Rom e ee o e .

”

3 4 W h y C r int h w
1 . d str y d C orinth was d alt
o as e o e .
— e

with in this harsh way harsh and c l v n for t h — ru e e e e

tim s in which th s thi gs w r don not simply b ca s

e e e n e e e e u e

th C o inthian mob had ins lt d a Roman mbassy

e r A u e e .

n ew spirit was b ginning to r l t h Roman s nat and to e u e e e e

dictat h polici s of Rom

e t e m rcantil spi it a spirit e e — a e e r ,

narrow s lfish and j alous Th Roman m rchants tr d

, e ,
e . e e ,
a

e r s, and sp c lators w r coming to b t h po w r b hind

e u e e e e e e

th thron at t h capital as is oft n h cas i mod r

e e e — e t e e n e n

s nat s C orinth was h comm rcial rival of Rom It

e e . t e e e .

was this that at l ast contrib t d to h r in D los in e u e er u . e

M 4 s thi k th t this y
om m t
en b y th t cln s s a ma a ll b e ru e , u t et a the au e

in q s ti ue si plyon l w as c v i g m t h e f o rm a c o n t r ac t ~

p ro v isio n o er n all th e

ar ticl s c ig de c i s
o ns ne to th e a rr e r .
1 94 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

b n sav d
ee Th Romans h m ans had sav d his
e .
” 5
e , e e , e

co ntrym n from th ms lv s
u e e e e .

And y t t h salvation which t h Romans bro ght to t h

e e e u e

G r ks do s not s m to hav b n a v ry gr at salvation

ee e ee e ee e e .

P blic
u d privat lif which had alr ady s nk so low
an e e, e u ,

d clin d to a still low r l v l G r c v r b cam mor

e e e e e . ee e ne e e e e

than a shadow of h form r s lf H gr at days lik er e e . er e , e

thos of M ac donia had pass d away for v r Wh n t h

e e , e e e . e e

c l brat d trav ll r P a sanias in h s cond c nt ry of

e e e e e u , t e e e u

ou r mad a to r of G r c h fo d v rywh r
e r a, e u ee e, e u n e e e e

unroof d t mpl s n gl ct d shrin s d t h ruins of onc

e e e ,
e e e e ,
an e e

larg and flo rishing citi s Evid ntly r in had av rt d

e u e . e u e e

r i only for a tim

u n e .

3 6 Th G n r l Eff t u p n R m
1 . f h
e C nqu t f h
e e a ec o o e o er o es o t e

E t as I nt ring G r c t h Romans had nt r d h

.
— n e e ee e e e e e t e

hom land of G r k c lt r with which th y had first com

e ee u u e, e e

in clos contact i M agna G i a c nt ry a li r (par

e n raec a e u e r e .

This c lt r was in many r sp cts vastly s p rior

u u e ,
e e , u e

to th ir own and for this r aso it x rt d a p ofo d

e ,
e n e e e r u n

infl nc pon lif and tho ght at Rom M any among

ue e u e u e .

th Romans s m d to hav conc iv d a s dd n cont mpt

e ee e e e e u e e

for v rything Roman as som thing provincial and old

e e ,
e

fashio d and as s dd nly to hav b com infatuat d w ith

ne ,
u e e e e e

ev rything G r k G r k mann rs and c stoms G r k

e ee . ee e u , ee

mod s f d cation d G r k lit rat r d philosophy

e o e u , an ee e u e an .

b cam t h fashion at Rom so that Roman soci ty s m d

e e e e, e ee e

5 xxxix his p v b h b n tt ib t d t t h Ath ni Th

2 T ro er as ee a r u e o e e an e

xil d f d li f
. .

m is t o c le s,wh h vi g b o, a n P i c ti een e e ou n e as a e rs a n ou r e r so

cc i f licit t d hi m s l f d hi s f i d s i
,

pl e a sa n t th t h a e o n o ne o as o n e a e e an r en n

th w ds H w m ch w h ld h v l s t h d w t b
5

“
e se or o u e S ou a e o a e no e en

r u ne i d
 C ON QU ES T OF TH E E AS T B Y R OM E . 1 95

in a fair w ay of b coming H ll niz d And to a c rtain e e e e . e

d gr th is did tak plac G r c captiv l d nthrall d

e ee e e : ee e e e e e

h ercaptor S ma y and so important w r t h l m nts

. o n e e e e e e

of G r k c lt r w hich in t h proc ss of tim w r tak n

ee u u e e e e e e e

up and absorb d by t h Romans that th r c as d to b e e , e e e e e

s ch a thing in h world as a p L tin civilization W

u t e u re a . e

r cogniz this i timat bl ding of t h c l r s of t h t w o

e e n e en e u tu e e

gr at p opl s of classical antiq ity by al w ays sp aki g of

e e e u e n

th civilization f t h lat r Roman mpir as G r co

e o e e e e ac

Roman .

B t along with t h many h lpf l l m nts of c lt

u e e u e e e u u re

which t h Romans r c iv d from t h H ll niz d lands of

e e e e e e e e

t h East which th ir arms had op

e d p th y r c iv d e e ne u , e e e e

also ma y g rms of gr at social and mor l vils L if

n e e a e . e

in G r c and t h O ri nt had b com d g n rat and

ee e e e e e e e e e

corr pt C los comm nication with this soci ty in nion

u . e u e , u

w ith oth r infl nc s which ehall otic lat r corr pt d

ue e we S n e e , u e

lif t R m Th simplicity and f gality f t h arli r

'

e a o e . e ru o e e e

tim s w r r plac d by ori ntal x ravaganc l x ry d

e e e e e e e t e, u u , an

dissol t n ss E vid nc s of this d clin in t h moral lif

u e e . e e e e e e

of h Romans t h pr sag of t h dow fall f t h r public

t e , e e e e n o e e ,

will m ltiply as advanc in h history f t h y ars

u we e t e o e e

follo w ing t h d str ction of C orinth e e u .

37 C t th C n r
1 . O of h most not d of all t h
a o e e so .
— ne t e e e

Romans was M arcus P orci s C ato ( 3 4 7 sur u 2 2— 1

nam d t h C nsor H i activ lif cov r d t h whol of

e e e . s e e e e e e

t h long p riod t h impo tant v nts of which

e e hav j st e r e e we e u

b n narrati g and which mak s p t h int val b tw n

ee n , e u e er e ee

th S cond and t h Third P unic W

e e Ind d C ato as a e a r. ee ,

yo ng man fought in t h H annibalic war and as an old

u e ,

couns llor did mor than any oth r

e to bring on t h e e one e
1 9 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

thi d w ar which r s lt d in h d str ctio of C a thag

r , e u e t e e u n r e .

H i lif is a sort of mirror in w hich is

s e fl ct d h lif of re e e t e e

thr g n r ions at Rom

ee e e at e .

C ato was born h son of a p asant at T sc l m in t e e u u u ,

L ati m From his fath r h r c iv d as an i h itanc a

u . e e e e e n er e

scanty fa m in h S abin co ntry N ar by w r h cot

r t e e u . e e e t e

tag d farm of h c l brat d Roman command r M ani s

e an t e e e e e u

C ri s D ntat s
u n of t h pop lar h ro s f t h S am it
e u , o ne e u e e o e n e

wars of w hom tradition lat d that wh n t h S amnit s

,
re e , e e e

on occasion so ght to brib him th y fo d him cook

o ne u e , e un

ing t nips d wanting nothi g that th y co ld giv him

u r ,
an n e u e .

This w orthy old Roman C ato took as his mod l e .

C to s ho s was small with h rooms whit wash d

’
a u e , t e u n e e .

H i dr ss w as t h plain st possibl
s e his di t was simpl e e e, e e,

and his xp ndit r s w r fr gal H a os b for it

e e u e e e u . e r e e e w as

light d work d along with his s rva ts in h fi lds and

an e e n t e e ,

aft rwards with th m th ir sl nd r m al

e at e e e e e e .

Thi ssimplicity of t h hom lif of C ato as in h cas e e e , t e e

of so many oth r typical Romans of t h arli r tim s e e e e e ,

att acts and int r sts for t h r ason that it forms h

r e e u s e e t e

backgro nd of a p blic lif of gr at forc promi nc d

u u e e e, ne e , an

infl c L if at Rom as in all h oth r gr at citi s of

u en e . e e, t e e e e

Italy d G r c was many sid d M w r not sp cial

an ee e, - e . en e e e

i t t h n as th y
s s now A gr at man w as almost s r
e e ar e . e u e

to b g at in many fi ld as a soldi r as a stat sm

e re e s— e , e a n,

an d as a man of l tt rs C ato was no xc ption to this e e . e e

r l H i military r cord was a brilliant

u e . s As a yo g e one. un

man of s v nt n h s rv d as hav alr ady notic d

e e ee e e e ,
we e e e ,

in h S cond P nic W ; h command d with ability an

t e e u ar e e

army in Spai ; and in t h war with Antioch s t h G r at

n e u e e

( par 3 ) h r.nd r d1 t t h0 battl f Th rmopyl

e servic s e e a e e o e ae e e
1 9 8 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

e no gh h talk d to th m in L atin simply in ord r P l

u , e e e , e , u

tarch says to r b k thos of his co ntrym n who a ff ct d

, e u e e u e e e

to r gard t h G r k languag as b tt r than h Roman

e e ee e e e t e .

H told t h Romans that G r k d cation and G r k lit r

e e ee e u ee e

at r and philosophy wo ld bring th ir co try to i

u e u e un ru n .

H r f s d to allow his littl son to b ta ght by a G r k

e e u e e e u ee

slav as was comi g to b h c stom in h l ading Roman

e, n e t e u t e e

famili s b t h hims lf att nd d car fully to t h d cation

e , u e e e e e e e u

of t h boy e .

C ato sp nt m ch of his tim in h co rts for h was a

e u e t e u , e

good pl ad r M ost of t h cas s in which h was int r st d

e e . e e e e e e

w r cas s that co c r d his fri nds and cli ts B t

e e e n e ne e en . u

C ato had many cas s f his own for h was consta tly e o , e n

pros c ti g som body or b ing pros c t d H is said to

e u n e e e u e . e

hav b n bro ght i to court fifty tim s for all g d mis s

e ee u n e e e u e

of a thority or on oth r charg s s gg st d s ally by p

u e e ,
u e e u u er

so al r s ntm nt In v ry cas h was acq itt d

n e e e . e e e e u e .

O of h m ost unattractiv and ind d to r p l

ne t e e, ,
ee , u s, e e

l nt sid s of C ato s charact r is r v al d in his tr atm nt of

e , e
’
e e e e e e

his slav s H look d pon th m pr cis ly as so m ch liv

e . e e u e e e u e

stock raising th m and disposing of th m j st as tho gh

,
e e u u

th y w r cattl W h n a slav b cam old or w o n h

e e e e. e e e e r -o u t e

sold him and r comm nd d s ch a co s to oth rs on

,
e e e u ur e e

th egro d f its co omy u n o e n .

B t notwithstanding all of C ato s fa lts

u d h m
’
u an s o rt c o

i gs for h w as a row parsimonio s litigio s ir itabl

n — e n r ,
u , u ,
r e,

r s ntf l and in som r lations nf ling still his cha

e e u ,
e e u ee — r

act r was according to Roman id als nobl and admirab l

e ,
e ,
e e,

and his lif and s rvic s sp cially thos which h r d d

e e e , e e e e en e re

t h stat as c nsor w r approv d and appr ciat d by his

e e e ,
e e e e e

f llo w citiz s h t p in his honor a stat i h

e - en ,
w o se u u e n t e
 C ON QU ES T OF TH E E AS T BY R OM E . 1 99

t mpl of H alth ( Hyg i ) with this inscription This

e e e e a :
“

stat was r ct d to C ato b caus wh n C nsor finding

ue e e e e e e e ,

th stat of Rom corr pt and d g n rat

e e he by i t d u e e e e, e, n ro u

cing wis r gulations and virtuous disciplin r stor d it

e e e, e e .
”

FRN
RE E W hit s E N
CES F i W bk xi ch p s
e
’
A P P IA vol i or e gn a r s, a

ti ch s iv s
. . . . .
.
, ,

i- vii with
f o r t h e w ar t U R An o u th e G re a PL TA CH, L e of

I N
. .
.
,

Ti t u s F dM
la m in in u s, E m iliu s , H f an a r cu s Ca t o H E ist ory o

bk v ch p s iv pp 3 3 9
.

R om e , v o l. iii Y U xxxviii 3 a i— — 1 P O L BI S, —1 1

M MM N
. . . . . . . . .

xxxix 7 7 .
—
1 . H fO R ii
SE ch p viii pp 3 5 16 ist ory o om e , vo l . . a . . .

25
—
5 c
4 2 6 ; o n th e diti H ll i tic on t b gi oni g of th e e en s E as at th e e nn n of

th e S e c dM c d i Won M FFY (J
a e o n an W d ar AH A 35 3 Tb e Gr eek or l

di t f ct s
. .

u nd er ch p ii
R o m a n S w ay , a R “
Th e Im m e a e Ef e of th e o m an

q s t p H ll is Ibid
. .
,

”
Con ue u on
if e d en f m Gr eek L e an Tb ou
glz t r om t lz e

s
.
.
,

Age f o R
A lex a n der t o t b R d ch p xxiie lybi
om a n C on qu est ea a Po u

dhi s G R N R ( )
. . .
,

an A ge
”
p A D H E ch p xv R N ew Cb a t er s i n G r eeb ist ory , a

S cc ss s st
. .
.
, ,

Th e u l x d e dG or k ivili tiof A e an e r an re e C za on in t h e Ea
”
fo r
s t dy H ll is tic w ld th t i s s
,

a u li d c lt
of th e fe an u u re of th e e en or a oo n to

b c e o me p at a R pir FR M N (
of the H o m an f em re . EE A E . ist ory o

Fd e er a l
( diti
Gover n m en t ch p ix ne w hi t ey o n, a s v — fo r th e s or

g s Al th s
. . .

of ch
the A d aea n an IE t o lia n L e a ue so th e sa m e au or
’
T/z r ee
p bf
.

Cb ie P e r io
f d f p H s o pp 3 8
Eu ro ea n ist ory , L e c 1 . . . 1— , E u ro e e o re th e

Ro m an Po w MY R ( V er H ”
f ch p xxvii pp
E S P ist ory o Gr eec e , a

f
. . . . . .

45 6 —
9 46 G “
i t
Th el W ld D th f
rae c o -O r e n a l x d or ro m the ea o A e an er to

s
,

th e Con q t G c by u es R of re e e th e o m an .
”

5 P l t ch
u ar ,
L if e f
o Ca t o, c . 29 .
 C H A PTE R X1 .

T H E T H IR D P UN IC A N D N UM A N T IN E W A RS .

S E C T IO N I .
— TH E T H IR D P UN IC WA R ( 1 4 9— 1 4 6

1 rt h g h uld b d tr y d T h s m y ar
38 .
“ Ca a e s o e es o e . e a e e

that Rom d stroy d C orinth ( pare e h also blott d e . s e e

h ergr at rival C arthag from t h fac of t h ar h It

e e e e e e t .

w ill b r call d thate of h conditions impos d upon

e e o ne t e e

th last nam d city at h clos of h S cond P nic W

e -
e t e e t e e u ar

was that h sho ld nd r no circ mstanc s ngag in

s e u , u e u e , e e

w ar with an ally of Rom ( par Taking advantag e . e

of t h h lpl ss co dition f C arth g M asinis ki g of

e e e n o a e, sa, n

N midia and an ally of Rom b gan to mak d pr datio s

u e, e e e e n

u pon h t rritori s C arthag app l d to Rom f p

er e e . e ea e e or ro

t ti
ec Thon. voys s nt to Africa by h s nat to s ttl
e en e t e e e e e

t h disput
e fairly adj dg d v ry point in favor of h
e, u n u e e e t e

robb r M asinissa In this way C arthag was d priv d f

e . e e e o

h lands and to w ns
er .

C hi f of eof h mbassi s s t t was M arc s C ato

o ne t e e e en ou u ,

th C nsor
e W h n h saw t h prosp rity of C arthag
e . e e e e e,

h erimm ns trad which crowd d h harbor with ships

e e e, e er ,

and t h co ntry for mil s back of t h city a b a tif l land

e u e e e u u

scap of gard ns and villas h was amaz d at t h grow

e e , e e e

ing pow r and w alth of h city and r t rn d hom

e e t e , e u e e

convinc d that t h saf ty of Rom d mand d h d

e e e e e e t e e st r u c

tion of h rival At h concl sion of his r port to h

er . t e u e t e

s at h is said as an obj ct l sson to t h s nators to

en e, e , e e e e ,

2 00
2 02 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

th ir arms S till h pi g to win th ir n my to cl m ncy

e . O n e e e e e ,

th y compli d with this d mand also Th n h co suls

e e e . e t e n

mad kno w n h final d cr f t h Roman s nat

e t That
e e ee o e e e,
“

C arthag m st b d stroy d but that h inhabitants

e u e e e , t e

might b ild a w city provid d it w r locat d mil s

u ne , e e e e ten e

f rom t h coast
”
e .

W h n this r solution f t h s n t was announc d to t h

e e o e e a e e e

C arthagi ians and th y r ali z d h bas n ss and p fidy

n , e e e t e e e er

of th ir n my a cry of indignation and d spair b rst from

e e e , e u

th b tray d city
e e e .

4 1 Th C t
0. h i
g i p p r t d f n d t h ir Cit y
e ar It a n ans re a e o e e e .

was r solv d to r sist to h bitt r d t h x c tion f t h

e e e t e e en e e e u o e

cr l d cr Th gat s of t h city w r clos d M

ue e ee . e e e e e e . e n,

wom n and childr n t to work and labor d day and

e ,
e se e

night manu f act ri g arms T h ntir city was co v rt d u n . e e e n e e

into gr at workshop T h t nsils of t h hom d

o ne e . e u e e e an

th sacr d v ss ls of t h t mpl s statu s and vas s w r

e e e e e e e , e , e e e

m lt d down for w apons M at rial was torn from t h

e e e . e e

b ildings of t h city for t h constr ction f military

u e e u o

e ngin s T h w om n t ff th ir hair and braid d it

e . e e cu o e e

into strings for t h catap lts By such labor and through e u .

,

s ch sacrific s t h city was soon put in a stat to withstand

u e , e e

a si g e e .

W h n t h Romans advanc d to tak poss ssion of t h

e e e e e e

plac th y w r astonish d to find t h p opl th y had

e, e e e e e e e e

just tr ach rously disarm d with w apons in th ir hands

e e e , e e ,

man ing t h walls of th ir capital and r ady to bid th m

n e e , e e

d fianc
e e .

4 1 T h D1 tru.t i n f C r t h g ( 46e 1 t is im
es c o o a a e 1 —

possibl for h r to giv t h circumstanc s of h si g

e us e e e e e t e e e

of C arthag F fo r y ars t h city h ld out against t h

e . or u e e e e
 TH IR D P UN IC A N D N UM A N TIN E WA RS . 2 03

Roman army At l ngth t h cons l S cipio IEm ili . e e u a nu s

8

s cc d d in taking it by storm W h n r sistanc c as d

u ee e . e e e e e ,

only fifty thousand m wom n and childr n t f a e n, e , e , ou o

pop lation f s v n h ndr d thousand r main d to b mad

u o e e u e , e e e e

prison rs Th city was fir d and for s v t n days h

e . e e , e en ee t e

spac within t h walls was a of flam s Ev ry trac of

e e se a e . e e

b ildi g w hich fi cou ld not d stroy was l v ll d a plo gh

u n re e e e e , u

w as driv n ov r t h sit e d a d ad f l curs invok d upon

e e e, an re u e e

any who sho ld dar att mpt to r build t h city

o ne u e e e e .

S ch was t h ha d f at
u f C arthag P olybius who was
e r e o e .
,

an y wit ss of t h d str ction of t h city r cords h

e e ne e e u e , e t e

e motions of S cipio in th s words At h ight of t h e e :

“
t e S e

city utt ly p rishing amidst t h flam s S cipio b rst into

er e e e , u

t ars and stood long r fl cting on h in vitabl chang

e ,
e e t e e e e

w hich awaits citi s nations and dynasti s and all as e , , e , o ne ,

it do s v ry of m
e e e This h tho ght had b fall n
o ne u s en .
, e u ,
e e

Ili m onc a po w r f l city and h onc mighty mpir s

u , e e u , t e e e e

of h Assyrians M d s P rsians and that of M ac donia

t e , e e , e , e ,

lat ly so spl ndid And nint ntionally or p rpos ly h

e e . u e u e e

q ot d t h words p rhaps scapi g him nconscio sly

u e ,
— e e e n u u ,

T h d y sh ll b w h h ly T oy s h ll f ll
e a a e en o r a a

A d P i m lo d of s p n s d P i s fol k
r a ,
r e ar ,
an r am
’
.
’ 9

And on my asking him boldly (for I had b his t to ) e en u r

w hat h m ant by th s w ords h did not nam Rom dis

e e e e , e e e

ti nctly b t w as vid , tly f aring for h from this ight

u e en e e r, S

of t h m tability of h man a ff airs

e u u .
” 1“

Th C arthaginian t rritory in Af ica was mad

e into a e r e

bli s
3 Pu li S cipiu g d s by d pti
C o r ne u s o IEm ilia n u s , ra n on a o on of

S cipi f ic s
o c q
A r H
an u ib l ft his c q s t
, the on u e ro r of a nn a . A er on u e of

C ar th g a k w e,
f h e w as no n as A r ic a n u s Al i n o r
lybi s xxxix 5 [
.

H 9
vi
o m e r, 11 .
b .
448 ] .
1°
Po u , . Sh u ck u r h s
g
’
T ra n s .
2 04 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Roman provinc with Utica as t h l ading city ; and e, e e

by m ans of trad rs and s ttl rs Roman civilization was

e e e e

spr ad rapidly thro gho t t h r gions that li b tw n

e u u e e e e ee

th rang s of t h Atlas and t h

e e e e se a .

4 1 Th S2ign ifi n f R m Triu m ph v r Cart h g

. e ca ce o o e s
’
o e a e.

Th tri mph of Rom ov r C arthag may p rhaps b

e u e e e e e

rightly giv n as promin nt a plac in history as t h

e e e e

tri mph mor than thr c nt ri s b for of G r c ov r

u , e ee e u e e e, ee e e

P rsia
e In ach cas E rop
. sav d from t h thr at n d
e e u e w as e e e e e

da g r of b comi g a m r d p nd ncy or xt nsion of

n e e n e e e e e e e

Asia .

T h S mitic C arthaginians had not t h political aptit d

e e e u e

and moral n gy that charact riz d h Italia s and h

e er e e t e n t e

oth r Aryan rac s of E rop Th ir civilization was as

e e u e . e

lacking as t h P rsian i pot ntial forc s of g owth de e n e e r an

expansion H d this civilizatio b n spr ad by co q st

. a n ee e n u e

thro gho t E rop h g rms of political lit ra y artistic

u u u e, t e e , e r , ,

and ligio s lif amo g t h A yan rac s of t h conti nt

re u e n e r e e ne

might hav b n smoth r d and t h history of th s p opl s

e ee e e ,
e e e e e

hav b n r d r d as bar in political and int ll ct al

e ee en e e re n e e u

int sts as t h history of h rac s of E ast rn lands

e re e t e e e .

It is th s co sid rations which j stify t h giving of h

e e n e u e t e

battl of h M ta r s (par
e tw hich marks t h r al
e e u u . e e

t rning point in h long str ggl b tw n Rom and

u t e u e e ee e

C arthag a plac along with t h battl of M arathon in t h

e, e e e e

short list f t h r ally d cisiv b ttl s of h world bat

o e e e e a e t e —

tl s w hich hav s mingly d cid d h fat of rac s of

e e ee e e t e e e ,

co in ts d of civilizatio s
nt en , an n .
‘

1 S e e C re a sy s D ec isiv e
’
Ba tt les .
2 06 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

aft r almost all t h inhabitants had m t d ath ith r in

e e e e e e

d f nc of t h walls or by d lib rat s icid T h mis r

e e e e e e e u e . e e

abl r mnant which h ravag s f battl famin p stil nc

e e t e e o e, e, e e e,

and d spair had l ft aliv w r sold into slav ry and h

e e e e e e , t e

city was l v ll d to h gro nd ( 3 3 e e e t e u 1

T h capt r of N mantia was consid r d q it as gr at

e u e u e e u e e

an achi v m nt as t h taking of C arthag S cipio c l

e e e e e. e e

b t d anoth r tri mph at Rom

ra e and to his s rnam
e u e, u e

ca n u sadd d that of N m i e u a nt nu s .

45 1S p in b m. R m n iz d Tho gh v r sinc t h
a eco es o a e .
— u e e e e

S cond P nic W
e S pain had b n r gard d as formi g a
u ar ee e e n

part of t h Roman mpir still now for h firs tim it

e e e, t e t e

r ally b cam a Roman poss ssion

e e e e .

Roman m rchants and trad rs crowd d into h co ntry

e e e t e u ,

and many coloni s w r stablish d in di ff r t parts of t h e e e e e e en e

p ni s la As a r s lt of this gr at infl x of Italians t h

e n u . e u e u , e

laws man rs c stoms lang ag and r ligion of h con

,
ne , u ,
u e, e t e

q w
u e ro rsr introd c d v rywh
e e r and t h p ni s la u e e e e e, e e n u

b cam in tim thoro ghly Romaniz d Th s was laid

e e e u e . u

th basis of two of t h Romanc nations of mod rn tim s

e e e e e

t h S panish and t h P ortug

e s e ue e .

R F R N E E Y U xxxviii
E CES xxxix 3 5 sh ld
P O L BI S, I, 2 ;
— It ou

b d th t lybi s h w it s y wit s sc s
. . . .

b e re m e m e re a Po u e re r e a s an e e ne s of th e e ne

th t d s c ib s M MM N
a he e H r
f R
e iii pp 9 5
O SE is t ory o om e , v o l 3
—
7
M (R
. . . . .

S IT H d d
Ca r t/t age an t il e Ca r t /
z a in ia n s
g an R om e a nd Ca r t b age
N
. .

3 3 IH H E f iii bk v ch p v pp 3 3 66
ist ory O R om e, v o l. . . . a . . . 2 0- , fo r

the thi d r war w ith C ar th g a e an d ch p vi pp

a . . . 6
3 7
— 0
4 7 , f o r t h e N u m an o

ti ne W ar .
 C H A PTE R X II .

TH E P ER O D I O F TH E RE V O L UT O N I .

( 33 98 B C )
1 — . .

1 46 t du t ry W hav now trac d in broad t

. In ro c o .
— e e e ou

lin s h d v lopm nt of t h gov rnm nt and instit tions of

e t e e e e e e e u

r p blican Rom and hav told bri fly t h story of that

e u e, e e e

w ond rf l car r of conqu st which mad t h littl P alatin

e u ee e e e e e

city first t h mistr ss f L ati m th n f Italy and finally

e e o u , e o ,

of t h g at r part f h M dit rran an world

e re e o t e e e e .

It is now l ss pl asant task to follow t h d clining

ou r e e e e

fortun s of t h r public thro gh t h last c nt ry of its

e e e u e e u

exist nc This was a p riod of transition d vol tion

e e . e an re u .

D ring this tim many ag nci s w r at w ork und rmining

u e e e e e e

th institutions of h r p blic and paving t h way for h

e t e e u e t e

empir W hat th s ag nci s w r will b st b mad

e . e e e e e e e e e

appar nt by a simpl narration of t h v nts and

e e e e e t r a n sa c

tions that crowd this m morabl p riod of Roman history e e e .

This narrativ of t h fail r of pop lar gov rnm nt at

e e u e u e e

Rom w shall now proc d to giv in t h thr following

e e ee e e ee

chapt rs It is e .of h most m lancholy and y t one t e e e

instruc iv passag s in t h r cords of h anci nt p opl s

t e e e e t e e e e .

471 T h F i .t S il W i
e S i ily ( 34 rs
3 er v e ar n c 1 —4 2

W ith t h op ning f this p riod w find a t rribl str ggl

e e o e e e e u e

going on in S icily b tw n mast rs and slav s w hat is e ee e e —

known as Th First S rvil W “ Th condition of

e e e ar .
’
e

a ff airs in that isla d was h l gitimat r s lt of t h Romann t e e e e u e

2 07
208 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

syst m of slav ry which was its lf a chi f ca s of h

e e , e e u e t e

e conomic d social d clin of r p blican Rom

an e e e u e .

T h captiv s that h
e Romans took in w ar th y s ally
e t e e u u

sold into s rvitud Th gr at umb r of priso s f rnish d

e e . e e n e ner u e

by th ir n m ro s co q sts and partic larly by th i b

e u e u n ue , u e r su

j gation of t h E ast had ca s d slav s to b com a drug in

u e ,
u e e e e

t h slav mark ts of t h M dit ran an world Th y w

e e e so e e er e . e e re

ch ap that mast rs fo nd it mo profitabl to w ar th i

e e u re e e e r

slav s by a f y ars of nm rcifully hard labor dth n

e ou t ew e u e ,
an e

to b y oth rs than to pr s rv th ir liv s fo a long r p riod

u e ,
e e e e e r e e

by mor h man tr atm nt In cas of sickn ss th y w r

e u e e e . e e , e e e

l ft to di witho t att ntion as h xp ns of n rsi g

e e u e ,
t e e e e u n ex

c ee d d h cost of
e p rchas s Som S icilian stat s w r
t e ne w u e . e e e e e

w ork d by as many as tw nty thousand slav s That ach

e e e . e

o w n r might know his o w n h poor cr at s w brand d

e , t e e u re ere e

lik cattl What mak s all this h mor r volting is h fact

e e . e t e e e t e

that many of th s slav s w in v y way t h p rs of th ir e e e e re e er e ee e

own rs d oft n w th ir s p riors Th fort n s of war

e , an e e re e u e . e u e

alo had mad t h

ne s rva t and t h oth r mast r e e o ne e n e e e .

A consid rabl portion of h stat s in S icily w r

e e t e e e e e

simply grazi g farms th ir prop i to s finding t h raising

n , e r e r e

of wool for t h l h i g f t h Roman l gions mor p fi e c ot n

'

o e e e ro t

abl than t h c ltivation of grai T h slav s that t nd d

e e u n . e e e e

t h flocks on th s farms r c iv d from th ir mast rs

e e e e e e e e

n ith r pay food nor clothing Th y w r xp ct d to

e e , ,
. e e e e e e

s pply th ir n ds from h h rds th y t nd d and by rob

u e ee t e e e e e ,

bing t av ll rs on h highways d pl nd ring t h d w ll

r e e t e an u e e e

i gs of t h p asa ts Th y w r w ll arm d and w r

n e e n . e e e e e ,
e e

always accompani d by fi rc dogs T h magistrat s e e e . e e

dar d not p nish th m for th ir misd ds thro gh f ar

e u e e ee ,
u e

of th ir mast rs who w r all pow rf l at Rom

e e , e e - e u e.
2 10 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

h r was t h p blic land syst m to w hich hav had

e e, e u e , we e

occasion alr ady to r f r as h ca s of nr st and bitt r

e e e t e u e u e e

complaint on t h part of t h poor r class s at h b ginning

e e e e t e e

of t h first c nt ry of h r p blic ( par

e e u t e e u .

S inc that tim matt rs inst ad of m nding had con

e e e , e e ,

t
s an t ly grown wors T h wid co q sts of t h Romans e . e e n u e e

and t h accompanyi g confiscation of larg tracts f t h

e n e o e

lands of h s bjugat d p opl s had incr as d normo sly

t e u e e e e e e u

th ep blic domains of t h Roman stat B t th s fr sh

u e e . u e e e

acquisitions of la d b n fit d for t h most part only t h n e e e , e , e

rich class at Rom Th y alon had t h capital n c ssary e. e e e e e

to stock with cattl d slav s t h lands and h nc e an e e ne w , e e

th y w r t h sol occ pi rs of th m T h small farm

e e e e e
“
u e
”
e . e

e rs e v rywh r too w r b ing r in d by t h u fair com

e e e, , e e e u e e n

p tition of slav labor as in S o th rn S tat s b for t h

e e , ou r u e e e e e

C ivil W and th ir littl holdings w r passi g by p

a r, e e e e n u r

chas and oft n by fra d or bar fac d robb ry i to t h

e, e u e- e e ,
n e

hands of h gr at propri tors t e e e .

Th L icinian la s (par 7 ) ind d mad

e it ill gal for w . 1 ee e e

any p rson to occ py mor than a pr scrib d amo nt of

e u e e e u

th ep blic lands ; b this law had long si c b com a

u u t n e e e

d ad l tt r T h gr at r part of h lands of Italy abo t

e e e . e e e t e , u

th b ginning of h first c
e e t yB said to hav b n
t e en u r . C .
,
are e ee

h ld by not mor than two tho sand p rsons Th s gr at

e e u e . e e e

landown rs fo d stock aising mor profitabl than work

e u n -r e e

ing t h soil H nc Italy had b n mad into a gr at

e . e e ee e e

sh p past r T h disposs ss d p asants l ft w itho t

ee u e. e e e e ,
e u

hom or mploym nt cro d d into t h citi s congr gati g

e e e ,
w e e e , e n

esp cially at Rom w h th y liv d in vicio s indol nc

e e, e re e e u e e .

Th s larg ly through t h workings of h p blic la d

u ,
e e t e u n

syst m h Roma p opl had b com divid d into two

e ,
t e n e e e e e
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 2 1 1

g at class s which
re variously d signat d as t h Rich
e ,
ar e e e e

and t h P oor h P oss ssors d t h N P oss sso s h

e , t e e an e o n- e r , t e

O ptimat s B st and t h P op lar s t h P opl

“ ” “ ”
h e , t e e , e u e , e e e .

W h ar nothing mor of patricians and pl b ians Th

e e e e e . e

clan ristocracy of t h arli r stat (par 6 ) had giv n

-a e e e e . 1 e

plac to a w alth aristocracy or rath r had b n absorb d

e e -
, e ee e

by it This lat r aristocracy was i som r sp cts p t i

. e ,
n e e e ,
ar c

l ly in t h
u ar l m nts that compos d it lik t h English
e e e e e , e e

aristocracy of t h pr s nt day e e e .

49 1 Tib r iu Gr. hu As t h wr tch d condition of

e s acc s. —
e e e

th poor in
e arli r tim s had call d e obl champio s e e e ou t n e n

of th i ca s in a Sp ri s C assi s and a M arcus M anli s

e r u e u u u u ,
2

so now did h sam condition of a ff airs call t w o m

t e e ou t en

of lik spirit d t mp r as champions of h ca s of h

e an e e t e u e t e

common p opl Th s w r t h c l br t d broth rs

e e. e e e e e e e a e e

Tib ri s and G i G racch s sons of C orn lia h d gh

e u a ns u ,
e , t e au

te f S cipio African s h d stroy r of C arthag

r o Th y u ,
t e e e e . e

w r th s of nobl birth as w r most of t h social r form

e e u e , e e e e

e rs that app ar d at Rom Th y w r car f lly n rt r d

e e e. e e e e u u u e

by a moth r not d not alon for h acq aintanc w ith t h

e e e er u e e

new G r k l ar i g b also for t h nobility f t h nativ

ee e n n , u t e o e e

qualiti s of h mind and h art

e er e .

It was Tib ri s t h ld r of t h b oth rs who firste u , e e e e r e ,

u nd rtook t h ca s f r form H was an orator of gr at

e e u e o e . e e

forc and p rs asiv n ss his ma n r of sp aki g b ing

e e u e e ,
n e e n e

d lib rat and impr ssiv H was a brav soldi r having

e e e e e. e e e ,

b n ee of h first it was said to mo nt t h walls of

o ne t e , , u e

C arthag w h n that city was tak n and d stroy d

e e By t h e e e . e

tim h had r ach d his thirti th y ar h had h ld many

e e e e e e e e

offic s civil and military and in th m all had acq itt d

e , , e u e

S p s 53 d 3 ee ar . an 70 .
2 12 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

hims lf in such a w ay to hav acq ir d gr at distinction

e as e u e e

and won g n ral admi ation e e r .

T h r sol tion to cons crat his lif to t h all viation of

e e u e e e e e

t h distr ss among t h
e poor and disinh ri d citiz ns of
e e e te e

Rom is said to hav b n tak n by him whil trav lli g

e, e ee e e e n

thro gh E tr ria wh r h saw t h mischi f and distr ss

u u ,
e e e e e e

ca s d by t h s rpation of t h soil by h gr at land

u e e u u e t e e

o w rs and h displac m nt of h p asant farm rs by

ne , t e e e t e e e

s w a ms of barbarian slav s
r e .

5 1 Tib r iu 0 Ag r i n L w
. In h y ar 3 3 B
e s
’
ra a a . t e e 1 . C .

t h p opl
e l ct d Tib ri s to t h trib n ship As trib n
e e e e e e u e u e . u e

h ebro ght forward a proposal in r gard to t h p blic

u e e u

lands which was in its ss nc a r enactm nt of h e e e e e t e

L ici ian la w for that law as

n hav s n had long b n
, ,
we e ee , ee

a d ad l tt r (par
e This proposal took away from
e e .

t h gr at propri tors all t h p blic lands th y w r occ py

e e e e u e e e u

ing ov r and abov t h amo nt nam d in that old act

e e e u e en

m nt T h lands th s r s m d by t h stat w r to b
e . e u e u e e e e e e

allott d in small holdings to poor citiz ns To p v nt

e e . re e

th s holdings fro m passing by any proc ss into t h hands

e e e e

of h rich th y w r mad inali nabl that is t h right

t e , e e e e e e, , e

to s ll t h land was tak n away from t h

e e who r c iv d it e e o ne e e e .

Th aim f Tib ri s w as to p t h p opl into poss s

e o e u u t e e e e

S IO n of th ir own As t h barbarian lav s had displac d

e . e S e e

th fr cultivators of t h soil so now h wo ld displac

e ee e , e u e

t h s slav s by fr p asant propri tors and thus r stor

e e e ee e e , e e

th rli r ord r of things

e ea e e .

Tib ri s brought to t h s pport of his proposal all t h

e u e u e

r so rc s of his loq nc P l tarch giv s us h follo w ing

e u e e ue e . u e t e

as ill stration of t h mann r in which h addr ss d h

an u e e e e e t e

p p eOl T h wild
e : b asts of
“ Italy h wo ldesay had e ,
”
e u ,
“
2 14 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

1 51 . Tib e i ru
n t itut i l M n ; s r
ca ries h is Law b y U cons ona ea s

th B gi nin g f t h E d
e e Th
n s natorial party in th ir
o e n .
— e e e

opposition r sort d to an old d vic for thwarting a trib n

e e e e u e

whos proposals w r obnoxio s to th m Th y p rs ad d

e e e u e . e e u e

o ne of t h coll agu s of Tib i s t h trib n O ctavi s to

e e e er u , e u e u ,

int pos his v to O ctavi s did this and th s pr v nt d

er e e . u , u e e e

th proposals from b i g bro ght to a vot in h pop lar

e e n u e t e u

ass mbly e .
4

Tib ri s m t th s tactics of his n my by putting a

e u e e e e e

stop through t h x rcis of his v to pow r to all p blic

, e e e e e e ,
5
u

b sin ss whatso v r H forbad t h magistrat s to

u e e e . e e e e e xe r

cis any f t h f nctions of th ir s v ral o ffic s and v n

e o e u e e e e , e e

s al d p t h doors of t h tr asury Th s all busin ss was

e e u e e e . u e

bro ght to a standstill

u .

T h d adlock was brok n by Tib ri s and in this way

e e e e u ,
.

Through t h vot s f his partisans in an ass mbly of t h

e e o e e

p opl h d pos d his coll agu O ctavi s B t O ctavi s

e e e e e e e u . u u

r f s d to acknowl dg t h validity of s ch a vot ; th

e u e e e e u e en

Tib ri s caus d him to b dragg d by fr dm n from h

e u e e e ee e t e

rostra .

Tib rius had act d nconstitutionally N v r b for

e e u . e e e e

sinc t h first y ar of t h r p blic had t h Romans

e e e e e u e

d pos d
e of th ir magistrat s in this way from t h
e o ne e e e

o ffi c to which th y had l ct d him T h sanctity of t h

e e e e e . e e

constit tion t h inviolability f which had b t h saf

u , e o een e e

g ard f h stat f a p riod f almost fo r c nt ri s

u o t e e or e o u e u e ,

w as d stroy d It was t h b ginning of h

e e d . This e e t e en .
“

4 Ea ch m em b er of th e b t ib
o ar d of r u ne s h ad t h e r ight th u s tov t e o

the ac t of an
y o r of all o f hi s c ll g o ea u e s, j stu as o ne of th e c s l
on u s

c ld b t ct t h
ou o s ru e ac t o f hi s c ll g o ea u e (p a r .

C mp 5
p o a re ar .
5 0 ,
n . 8 .
 TH E P E R IO D OF TH E R E VOL U TION 2 1 5

w as t h e first dir ct st p towards t h ov rthrow of

e e e e the Roman,
Tib ri s in a sp ch to h p opl d f nd d his action
e u ee t e e e e e e

in d posing his coll ag

e A to t h charg that h had e u e . S e e e

violat d t h sacr d charact r of a trib n h maintain d

e e e e u e, e e

that t h p rson of a trib n was i violabl only so long

e e u e n e

as h fa ithf lly discharg d t h d ti s f his o ffic ; that

e u e e u e o e

wh h s d t h pow r giv n him by h p opl to wrong

en e u e e e e t e e e

th m h by s ch wrong ful act d pos d hims lf and c as d

e , e u e e e e e

to b a trib n
e u e .

D isc ssing t h pow r and right of t h p opl to d pos

u e e e e e e e

a magistrat h xclaim d S hall h p opl hav t h

e, e e e ,
“
t e e e e e

po w r to mak a magistrat and not t h pow r to nmak

e e e, e e u e

him wh n h mis s s t h a thority with which th y hav

e e u e e u e e

inv st d him
e e Tarq in h said was d pos d and j stly u , e , e e ,
u ,

b y t h p opl e And t h v stal virgi than whom th r

e e. e e n, e e

was no mor sacr d in t h Roman stat if u faithful

o ne e e e e, n

to h vow lost h sanctity and was rightly p nish d

er , er u e .
7

B t Tib ri s with all his arg m nts co ld not p rs ad

u e u , u e , u e u e

e v n all of his own party that an nconstit tional act had

e u u

not b committ d and many of his fri nds and t h

ee n e , e e

fri nds of t h r public w r fill d with for bodings for h

e e e e e e e t e

ftr
u u e .

Aft r t h d position f O ctavi s a cli nt f Tib ri s

e e e o u , e o e u

was chos n to fill his plac Tib rius proposal was now
e e. e
’

mad a law and a board of commission rs was appoint d to

e , e e

carry t its provisions and to pr v nt t h law f rom b m

ou e e e eco

ing a d ad l tt r as had happ n d in t h cas of h arli r

e e e , e e e e t e e e

law of L icini s Th commission rs chos n w r Tib rius

u . e e e e e e

5 Lo n g D , ec li n e o f tb R om a n Rep u b lic ,
e vo l . i p
. . 1 86 .

7 P l t ch
u ar , L if e of Tib er iu s Gr a cc /z u s , c . 1
5 .
2 16 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Gr acch s hims lf Appius C la di s his fath r i la w and

u e ,
u u , e - n- ,

G i a ns G racch s his broth r u , e .

5 1 Th Vi l nt D t h f Tib r iu ( 3 3
2 . e Upon t h
o e ea o e s 1 - e

expiratio of his y ar as tribun Tib rius b cam a ca di

n e e e e e n

dat for a s cond t rm This was nconstitutional for at

e e e . u ,

this tim a trib n co ld not hold his o ffi c for two

e u e u e c o n se c

utiv y ars In ord r to r tain his hold upon t h p opl

e e . e e e e e,

Tib ri s promis d if again mad trib to carry vario s

e u e , e u ne, u

r forms both of a civil d a military charact r

e ,
an e .

N aturally t h n mi s of Tib rius ppos d his r l ct ion

e e e e e O e ee e .

Rom was in a s thing t m lt A crowd n mb ring f om

e ee u u . u e r

thr to fo r tho sand is said to hav accompani d Tib

ee u u e e e

ri s as h mov d abo t t h city from plac to pl c W h n

u e e u e e a e . e

th l ction day cam t h voting had hardly b g n b for

e e e e, e e u e e

it was viol ntly i t rrupt d by t h s natorial party who

e n e e e e ,

d clar d that t h w hol proc ding was nconstit tional

e e e e ee u u .

Th l ction was postpon d ntil t h follo w ing day

e e e e u e .

That night t h partisans of Tib ri s watch d b for his e e u e e e

ho s for th y f ar d that an att mpt wo ld b mad to

u e, e e e e u e e

assassinat th ir champion In t h m antim th r w r

e e . e e e e e e e

many npropitio s m ns Th sacr d fowls w o ld not

u u O e . e e u

ea t ; Tib ri s in going t of his hous

e u st mbl d ov r t h ou e u e e e

thr shold ; and on his way to t h C apitoli wh r t h

e e ne, e e e

voting was to tak plac som crows fighting on a roof e e, e

ca s d a loos n d til to f all j st at his f t D isr garding

u e e e e u ee . e ,

how v r all th s sinist r om ns Tib ri s insist d on

e e ,
e e e e , e u e

going to t h voting plac e - e .

It would s m that Tib ri s had r solv d to m t t h

ee e u e e ee e

viol nc of his n mi s with viol nc It is impossibl

e e e e e e e . e,

how v r to follow t h xact co rs f v nts and to divid

e e ,
e e u e o e e ,
e

th blam for w hat follow d by y j st m as r b tw n

e e e ,
an u e u e, e ee
 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

tag s of st rdy p asants Italy s m d in a fair way of

e u e . ee e

b ing r d m d from t h blight that slav ry and t h

e e ee e e e , e

monopolization of t h soil by t h rich had bro ght pon it e e , u u .

B t s ch a r form as this co ld not b carri d

u u t with
e u e e ou

out many v st d int r sts b ing int rf r d with and ma y

e e e e e e e e , n

h rdships inflict d pon a larg class Th was

a e u e . e re c o n se

q ntly g at pposition to t h whol mov m t d finally

ue re O e e e en ,
an

it was ch ck d and h law of Tib rius mad practically a

e e ,
t e e e

d ad l tt r by t h transf r nc of t h d ti s of t h com
e e e e e e e e u e e

mission to h cons ls This was t h work f t h s natorial

t e u . e o e e

party and it m ant of co rs t h d of t h r form

, e u e e en e e .

54 G i
1 Gr hu
. hi M t iv
a ns d Aim G ai s acc s : s o es an s. - u

G racch s now cam forward to ass m

u h position mad e u e t e e

vaca t by t h d ath of his broth r Tib ri s H was actu

n e e e e u . e

at d by two motiv s a b i g d i to av ng pon h

e e : u rn n . e s re e e u t e

s natorial party t h m rd r of his broth r d to ca ry

e e u e e ,
an r

ou t h forms that t h latt r had b g n H h brood d

t e re e e e u . ow e e

ov r his broth r s fat is sho w n by t h story that t lls how

e e
’
e e e

h had a dr am in which t h spirit of Tib ri s s m d to

e e e e u ee e

addr ss him th s G i why do you d lay ? Th r is

e u :
“
a ns, e e e

no e scap t h sam lif for both of and t h sam d ath

e ; e e e u s, e e e

in d f nc f t h p opl is our d stiny

e e e o e e e, e .
”

I th ny ar 4 B G ai s was l ct d trib n As
e e 1 2 . C . u e e e u e.

q stor in S ardinia h had prov d that h was of a diff r

u ae e e e e

en t mold from t h ordinary Roman magistrat H had e e . e

“
l ft Rom as P l tarch p ts it with his p rs f ll of
e e,
”
u u ,
“
u e u

mo y and had bro ght it back mpty ; oth rs had tak n

ne u e e e

ou t j ars f ll of win and had brought th m back f ll of

u e e u

mon y e .
”

O nc in h trib n ship G i
e nt r d straightway with
t e u e ,
a ns e e e

ma v llo s
r e gy and r so rc f ln ss pon t h work of
u e ne r e u e u e u e
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL U TION 2 19

r form H i aim was to d stroy t h gov rnm nt f t h

e . s e e e e o e

s nat now hop l ssly incapabl and corr pt and to t

e e, e e e u , se

up in its plac a w gov rnm nt with hims lf at its h ad

e ne e e e e .

In aims as w ll as in capacity G ai s was a C sar b for

e , n ae e e

Cm B t in t h lofty disint r st dn ss of his motiv s

sa r . u e e e e e e

h was infinit ly t h s p rior of his mor fort nat

e e e u e e u e su c

c ssor in t h Ol of r form r and r vol t ionist

e e r e e e e u .

5 5 Th R f rm M
1 . ur f G i Gr h u
e e o
3 eas es o a ns acc s 1 2 — 1 2 1

If b ar in mind t h aims of G i all of his

— we e e a ns,

m as s b com s l f xplanatory H first s cur d t h

e u re e e e -e . e e e e

passag f a law by t h p opl which mad i constit tional

D
t
(
e o e e e e u

for a trib n to hold his o ffi c two y ars in succ ssion if

u e e e e ,

s ch a continuanc in o ffic was n c ssary to nabl him

u e e e e e e

to carry into f ll x cution his plans This m ant of

’

u e e .
1
e

co rs t h virt al t ansformation f t h trib n ship into a

u e e u r o e u e

possibl lif t n r o ffic or in oth words t h r vival of

e e— e u e e, , er ,
e e

t h monarchy
e .

G aius n xt won t h a ff ction f t h poor f h city by

e e e o e o t e

carrying law which provid d that v ry Roman citiz n

a
2
e e e e ,

on p so al application sho ld b giv n corn from h

er n ,
u e e t e

public granari s at half or l ss than half h mark t pric

e e t e e e.

G i co ld not hav for s n all h vils to which this

a ns u e e ee t e e

l which was in ff ct what kno w as a poor la w w as

aw , e e we ,

d stin d to l ad It l d v nt ally to t h fr di ib
e e e . e e e u e ee st r u

tion of corn to all citiz ns w ho mad application for it e e .

V ry soo a larg proportio of h population of Rom

e n e n t e e

was l m g Iv ndol c and f di g at h p blic

In V IC IO u s I en e ee n t e u

c ib (par
r .

1 A cc di g t
or n o a la w p a sse di n 1 80 BC no citi z en c ld b
ou e ree e l ct d e

y m gi s t cy til f t s
. .
,

to an a ra un a er an i t v l
n er a of te n y e ar .

3 T h e lex f r u m e n t a r ia .
 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

his n xt law G i w on h favo of h q strian

By e ,
5
a ns t e r t e e ue

ord r At this tim t h rich class of Roman citiz ns w as

e . e e e

divid d into two ord s ( ) Th s nators whos prop rty

e er
4
I e e , e e

w larg ly in land and who h ld almost xactly t h posi

as e , e e e

tion in t h Roman stat that t h p rs of t h H o s of

e e e ee e u e

L ords hold i h soci ty and gov rnm t of E ngland ; and

n t e e e en

( ) t
2 h knights ( q i
et ) t h rich m rchants ba k rs d e u es , e e ,
n e , an

sp c lators who w r liabl to s rvic in t h cavalry This

e u e e e e e e .

eq strian ord r is r pr s nt d in English soci ty by t h

ue e e e e e e e

w althy m rcantil and trading class B tw n h

e e e . e ee t e se n

t i l
a or a d th q strian ord r th r was much j alo sy
an e e ue e e e e u

and ill w ill - .

N G iow by t h law just m ntio d provid d that in

a n s, e e ne , e

th f t r t h j dg s constit ting h co rt b for which

e u u e e u e u t e u e e

provincial magistrat s acc s d of xto tio or oth r wrong e u e e r n e

doing w r tri d sho ld b chos n only from t h qu strian

e e e ,
u e e e e e

ord r This m ant h transf r nc of this br nch of t h

e . e t e e e e a e

administration of j stic from h hands of h s nato s u e t e t e e r

into h hands of h k ights This was a matt r of v ry

t e t e n . e e

grav conc r for h s natorial ord r for it m ant that

e e n t e e e , e

h nc fo th h acc s d of this class w to b tri d b for

e e r t e u e e re e e e e

j dg s s l ct d
u e f om th ir o w n b fro m a rival ord r
e e e not r e u t e .

P r s mably th s
e u j dg s wo ld not b lik ly to l any
e e u e u e e et

guilty man scap e e.

Th s m as r s f G i rais d up for him f i ds

e e two e u e o a ns e r en

and s pport rs among both t h poor and h ich H i

u e e t e r . s

n xt m as r was an agrarian l w hich was imply a

e e u e aw, S

r vival of t h law of Tib ri s which had b n mad of no

e e e u ,
ee e

eff ct by t h s atorial party ( par

e e en .

3 L ex j u st ic ia r ia

s
.

4
Mo m m e n, H ist ory f
o R om e , vo l . iii . p . 1 41 .
222 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

hims lf had don Th ir tool in carrying t this sch m

e e. e ou e e

was t h trib n M arcus L ivi s D r s s This man back d

e u e u u u .
, e

by t h s nators o tbid G i in v ry matt r Th

e e , u a ns e e e . e

u ngrat f l and fickl m ltit d t rn d from th ir ld d

e u e u u e u e e O an

tri d fri nd to t h w and ntri d

e e Th y might w ll e ne u e o ne . e e

hav f ar d th ir old mi s t h nobl s bringing gifts

e e e e e ne e e e .

Th d was no w drawing n ar
e en Wh n G i ( in e . e a ns 1 2 1

BC .
) stood
. t h third tim for r el ction as trib neh w as e e e u e e

d f at d W itho t t h prot ction of his offic (par

e e e . u e e e .

his lif was in dang r H i fri nds ralli d aro nd him

e e . s e e u .

Fighting took plac in t h str ts b tw n t h cont nding e e ee e ee e e

factions and h partisans of G i ntr nch d th ms lv s

, t e a ns e e e e e e

on h Av ntin Yi lding to t h import ity of his f i nds

t e e e. e e un r e ,

G i mad an ff ort to scap from h city H fl d

a ns e e e e t e . e e

across h Tib r and th r in a sacr d g ov a faithf l

t e e , e e e r e u

slav kill d him with a fri ndly thr st and th n sl w

e e e u , e e

hims lf e .

T h cons l L cius O p im i
e had o ff r d for t h h ad of
u u us e e e e

G i and that of
a ns of his partisa s th ir w ight i gold one n e e n .

Th p rsons who bro ght in t h h ads app ar to hav

e e u e e e e

r c iv d t h promis d r ward This is h first instanc

e e e e e e .
“
t e e

in Roman history of h ad mon y b ing o ff r d and paid e e e e e ,

b u it w as not t h last
t e .
” 7

Th follo w rs of G i w r h nt d v rywh r to t h
e e a ns e e u e e e e e e

d ath Thr tho sa d said to hav b n strangl d in

e . ee u n a re e ee e

prison W h n h wr tch d busin ss was ov r t h cons l

. e t e e e e e , e u

O p im i who was larg ly r sponsibl f t h infamy of it

u s, e e e or e

7 Lon g D ecli n e o f tb c R o m a n R ep u b lic , v o l i p 2 86 th

So me au or

s c s v p id b c s
. . . .
,

iti e sa
y th t a in t h e a e o f G a in s , t h e m o n e w as y ne er a e au e

s
,

t h e m an w h o b ro u
ght in th e h e d h pp
a a e ne dto b e a
p so n f n
er di o o

ti n ti c o n.
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 22 3

all r ct d in t h forum in comm moration of t h tri mph

, e e e e , e e u

of his party a t mpl d dicat d to C oncord , e e e e .

T h common p ople v r r gard d t h G racchi as mar e e e e e e e

tyrs to th ir ca s and th ir m mory was pr s rv d in lat r

e u e, e e e e e , e

tim s by stat s in t h p blic squar To C orn lia th ir

e ,
ue e u e . e , e

moth r a monum nt was r ct d b aring t h simpl

e , e e e e , e e e

inscription Th M oth r of t h G racchi ,

“
e e e .
”

57 R t
1 t i n f t h S t ri l P rty L ndGr b b i g
. es or a o o e ena o a a : a - a n

A t c Th r moval f G i
.
— mad t h pow r of h nobl s
e e o a ns e e e t e e ,

that is of t h s nat S pr m Th y at onc t th ms lv s

e e e, u e e . e e se e e e

at work to undo all that G i and his broth r Tib ri s a ns e e u

had don which t nd d to nd rmin th ir a thority or to

e e e u e e e u

int rf r with th ir w alth g tting T h G h agrarian

e e e e e - e . e r ac c an

law which forbad thos r c iving allotm nts of land to s ll

, e e e e e e

t h sam ( par
e was r p al d S traight w ay t h b p
e . e e e . e a so r

tio of t h land by t h rich b gan an w Th small farms

n e e e e . e

disapp ar d in h gr at l tif di lik drops of wat r in

e e t e e a un a
8 “
e e

t h oc an S lav gangs incr as d and t h fr p asantry

”
e e . e- e e ,
e ee e

that had b gun to fill t h land nd r t h workings of h G rac

e e u e e t e

chan law disapp ar d Amidst t h rapidly growing w alth e e . e e

o f t h f w h pov rty and mis ry of h mass s incr as d

e e , t e e e t e e e e .

Extravaganc and l xury gr w apac Th s was t h g lf

e u e e. u e u

b t w n t h rich and t h poor which h G racchi had di d to

e ee e e , t e e

clos mad wid r and d p r and Italy push d on towards

e, e e ee e , e

r in B t t h cro w ning pi c of l gislation of t h s lfish

u . u e e e e e e

and gr dy aristocrats was a law t h c l brat d L T/ i

ee , e e e e ex z or a ,

which conv rt d all h public lands in t h poss ssion of

e e t e e e

th rich into t h privat prop rty of thos occ pying it

e e e e e u ,

fr of r nt to h stat This was a m as r som what

ee e t e e . e u e e

lik that of h gr at la do w n rs of Engla d wh n aft r

e t e e n e n e , e

g f l d d et t s 3
L ar e a rm s o r an e s a e .
224 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

th e R storation of t h S t art king C ha l s h S cond ( in

e e u r e t e e

th y by act of P arliam nt r li v d th ir lands of

e , e , e e e e

th f dal burd ns w hich p to that tim had r st d

e eu e u e e e

upon th m and th r by conv rt d what w r act ally s mi

e , e e e e e e u e

p blic lands into privat prop rty fr from all r nts

u e e , ee e ,

f udal d s or s rvic s to h English crow

e ue , e e t e n .

As this m as r of t h English landlo ds gav a g at

e u e e r e re

part of t h soil of England p man ntly into h hands of

e er e t e

a comparativ ly f w famili s so did t h L T/ i giv

e e e , e ex z or a e

vast tracts of Italy for many c nt i s til h do w n e u r e —u n t e

f all f t h o mpir i to h hands of a f h nd d ov r

e e e n t e ew u re e

grown propri tors Italy lik S o th r

e S tat s b for .
, e ou r u e n e e e

th C ivil W
e was block d into imm ns slav stat s
a r, e ou t e e e -e e .

It r quir d a r vol tion that ov rt d soci ty from t h

e e e u e u rn e e e

v ry bottom to r gain t h soil for h p opl

e e e t e e e.

T h corn law of G ai s was allow d to r mai

e i forc u e e n n e,

b ca s t h nobl s co ld not a ff ord to o ff nd h Roman

e u e e e u e t e

rabbl in an att mpt to r p al it B sid s h ann lling

e e e e . e e , t e u

of this law wo ld not hav advanc d i any w ay h i t ru e e n t e n e

es t f t h aristocrats and that was r ason

o e o gh why th y ,
e en u e

sho ld l t it alon
u e e .

5 81 Th W . w i t h Ju g rteh ( 6 Aft
ar r t h u a 1 1 1 — 1 0 — e e

d ath f t h G h i th r s m d no
e o e ,
l ft to r sist
r ac c e e ee e o ne e e

th h artl ss oppr ssions and to d no nc t h scandalo s

e e e e e u e e u

e xtravaganc s of t h aristocratic pa ty Th vot s of s na

e e r . e e e

tors and t h d cisions f j dg s t h fli at Rom and h

e e o u e , e o c es e t e

plac s in h p ovinc s v rything p rtaining to t h gov

e t e r e — e e e e

e rn m had its pric and was bo ght d sold lik m

ent e, u an e er

c h di
an A ff airs i Africa at this tim ill strat how
se . n e u e

Roman virtu and int grity had d clin d sinc Fabrici s

e e e e e u

indig antly r f s d t h gold of P yrrh s ( par

n e u e e u .
2 26 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

sav by ord ring h king to l av Rom at onc As h

e e t e e e e e. e

pass d t h gat s it is said that h look d scornf lly back

e e e , e e u

u pon t h capital and xclaim d O v nal city ! tho

e , e e ,
“
e u

wo ldst s ll thys lf if thou couldst find a purchas r !

u e e e
”

Upon t h r n wal of t h war anoth r Roman army was

e e e e e

s t into Africa b t was d f at d and s nt b n ath t h

en , u e e e e e e e

yok Finally in t h y ar 6 B t h war was bro ght to

e. , e e 1 0 . C .
, e u

a clos by G a s M ari s a man who had ris n to t h con

e 1u u , e e

l h ip from t h low st ra ks of t h p opl

su s Und r him e e n e e e . e

fo ght a yo g nobl man nam d S lla of whom shall

u un e e u , we

h ar m ch h r aft r M ari s c l brat d a grand t iumph

e u e e e . u e e e r

at Rom J g rtha aft r havi g grac d t h tri mphal

e . u u , e n e e u

proc ssio in w hich h walk d with his hands bo d with

e n, e e u n

chains was thrown into t h M am rtin d g on b n ath

, e e e u n e e e

th C apitolin hill wh r h di d of starvation

e e , e e e e .

T h war had wholly discr dit d t h

e gov rnm nt of t h e e e e e e

s nat by r v aling its hop l ss incapacity and by showi g

e e, e e e e ,
n

into what d pths of infamy and corr ption t h ntir oli

e u e e e

g h
arc i l party s nators
ca j dg s d g rals had — e , u e ,
an e ne —

s nku .

5 9 Inv i n f t h Cimb ri
1 . d T ut n ( 3as o o e an e o es 1 1 —
1 01

— Th war was not y t nd d in Africa b for t rribl

e e e e e e e e

tidings cam to Rom from t h north Two mighty e e e .

nations of horribl barbarians thr h ndr d tho sand

“
e , ee u e u

strong in figh t i g m coming wh nc no co ld t ll n - e n, e e o ne u e ,

had invad d and w r now d solating t h Roman provinc

e e e e e e

of G a l and might any mom nt cross t h Alps and sw p

u , e e ee

down into Italy .

Th myst rio s invad rs prov d to b w G rma ic

e e u e e e t o e n

trib s h T ton s and C imbri t h vang ard of that gr at

e ,
t e eu e , e u e

G rman migratio
e w hich was d stin d to cha g h fac n e e n e t e e
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL U TION 22 7

an history of E rop Th s intr d rs w r s king w

d u e . e e u e e e ee ne

hom s and w r driv n on it would almost s m by a

e ,
e e e , ee ,

blind d ins inctiv imp ls Th y carri d with th m

an t e u e. e e e

in r d wagons all th ir p op rty th ir w iv s and th ir

u e e r e , e e , e

childr n T h C ltic trib s of G a l w r no match f

e . e e e u e e or

th n wcom rs and fl d b for th m as th y advanc d

e e e ,
e e e e e e .

S v ral Roman armi s b yond t h Alps w r

e e t to pi c s e e e e e cu e e .

In battl mor than h ndr d tho sand Romans

on e e e o ne u e u a re

said to hav b n sla ght r d Th t rror at Rom was

e ee u e e . e e e

on ly q ll d by that occasion d by t h invasion of t h

, e u a e e e e

G a ls thr
u c nt i s b fo ( p ee Th G a ls w
e ur e e re ar . e u e re

t rribl no gh ; b t w h conq rors of t h G a ls w r

e e e u u no t e ue e u e e

comi g n .

M arius t h conq ror of J g rtha was look d to by ll

, e ue u u ,
e a

as t h only man who co ld sav t h stat in this crisis

e u e e e .

H was r el ct d to t h cons lship and intr st d with h

e e e e e u , u e t e

command of h armi s Accompani d by S lla as t eof e . e u one

his most skilf l li t nants M ari s hast n d into N orth rn

u eu e ,
u e e e

Italy T h barbaria s had divid d into two bands T h

. e n e . e

C imbri w r to cross t h E ast rn Alps and join in t h

e e e e ,
e

vall y of t h P h T uton s who w r to forc t h d fil

e e o t e e e , e e e e e es

of t h W st rn or M aritim Alps M ari s d t rmin d to

e e e , e, . u e e e

pr v nt t h nion of h barbarians and to cr sh ach

e e e u t e ,
u e

band s parat ly e e .

Anticipating h march of h T ton s M ari s h rri d t e t e eu e ,

u u e

i to So th rn G aul d at t h j ctio of t h Rho

n u e d ,
an , e un n e n e an

th Isar sat do w in a fortifi d camp to watch t h mov

e ,
n e e e

m nts of t h barbarians Unabl to storm t h Roman

e e
;
e e

position t h T uton s r solv d to l av th ir n my in th ir

, e e e e e e e e e e e

r ar and p sh on into Italy F six days and nights t h

e u . or e

e ndl ss train of m and wagons roll d past t h camp f

e en e e o
22 8 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

M arius T h barbaria s j r d t h Roman soldi s

. e n ee e a t e er ,

and ask d th m if h y had any m ssag s th y wish d to

e e t e e e e e

s nd to th ir wiv s ; if so th y wo ld b ar th m as th y
e e e ,
e u e e , e

wo ld b in Rom shortly M ari s allow d th m to pass

u e e . u e e

by and th n br aking camp follow d clos ly aft r Fall

,
e ,
e , e e e .

ing pon th m at a favorabl mom t h almost ih i

u e e en , e ann

lat d h ntir host T h ndr d tho sand barbarians

e t e e e .
1
wo u e u

are said to hav b n lai M ari s h ap d tog th r and e ee S n . u e e e e

b rn d h spoils of h battl fi ld W hil gag d in this

u e t e t e e e . e en e

w ork t h w s w as bro ght to him of his el ction as

,
e ne u re e

cons l for h fifth tim This w as ill gal b h p opl

u t e e . e
2
u t t e e e

f lt that M ari s m st b k pt in h fi ld
e u u e e t e e .

M arius no w r cross d h Alps and aft r visiting Rom e e t e , , e e,

hast d to m t h C imbri w ho w r nt i g t h north

e ne ee t e , e e e er n e

e ast r corn r of Italy H was not a day too soon

e n e . e .

Alr ady h barbarians had d f at d t h Roman army nd

e t e e e e e u er

t h patrician C t l
e and w r ravaging t h rich plains ofa u u s, e e e

th Pe Th C imbri u inform d as to t h
o . fat of h
e ,
n e e e t e

T uton s now s nt an mbassy to M arius to d mand that

e e ,
e e e

th y and th ir kinsm b giv n lands in Italy M ari s

e e en e e . u

s nt back in r ply Th T ton s hav got all h land

e e ,
“
e eu e e t e

th y n d on t h oth sid of t h Alps Th d vot d

e ee e er e e . e e e

C imbri w r soon to hav all t h y n d d on this sid

e e e e ee e e.

A t rribl battl almost imm diat ly follow d at V ll

e e e e e e e rc e ae

( 1 01 T h barbarians w r drawn up i an normo se e e n e u

hollow sq ar t h m forming t h out r ranks b ing fas

u e, e en e e e

t n d tog th r with rop s to pr v nt th ir lin s from b ing

e e e e e ,
e e e e e

brok n This prov d th ir r in M or than

e . hundr d e e u . e o ne e

thousand w r kill d and sixty thousand tak prison rs to

e e e ,
en e

b ttl q S f ght
1 In t h e a e of A u ae e x t im, ou 1 02 BC . .

2
C o nsu l par t . 1 55 , n . 1 .
2 3 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

gav p rmission to citiz ns witho t prop rty to nlist

e e e u e e .

From this tim on t h ranks of t h Roman armi s w e , e e e e re

fill d almost ntir ly as in h cas of

e e own standing
e , t e e . ou r

army by vol ntary nlistm nts This t nd d f cours to

, u e e .
4
e e , o e,

c at a class f poor prof ssional soldi rs who b cam i

re e o e e , e e n

e ff ct t h cli nts of th ir g n ral look d to him to s c

e e e e e e , e e u re

th m w a r booty and at t h xpiration of th ir t rm of

e -
, , e e e e

e nlistm nt grants of public lands ; d who w r r ady to

e , an e e e

follow him in all kinds of nd rtakings v n i d t k u e , e e n un er a

ings against t h commonw alth e e .

6 1 S nd S r il W i S i ily ( 3 9 9
1 . eco e v In h e ar n c 1 0 —
t e

e a li r part of this chapt r gav an acco nt of an i

r e e we e u n su r

r ction of h slav s in S icily w hich took plac abo t a

e t e e , e u

g n ation b for t h tim at w hich hav now arriv d

e er e e e e we e e

( par . S inc t h s ppr ssion of that o tbr ak

e t h e u e u e , e

co dition of things in t h island inst ad f gro w ing b tt r

n e e o e e

had rath r gro w n wors Th co ntry had b com so fill d

e e . e u e e e

with barbarian slav s that it had r v rt d almost to a stat e e e e e

of savag ry Thro ghout larg s ctions of t h island

e . u e e e

soci ty had f all n back f rom t h agricult ral and comm r

e e e u e

i l stag of c lt r into t h pastoral

c a e u u e e .

Amo g t h cro w d of slav s w r many fr born m who

n e e e e e e- en

had b n kid app d i t h vario s r gions f h East that

ee n e n e u e o t e

had com nd r Roman s pr macy Wh n an att mpt was

e u e u e . e e

mad to r stor th s m to fr dom th ir ow rs mad a

e e e e e en ee , e ne e

gr at outcry d t h magistrat s b for whom th ir cas s

e , an e e e e e e

had b n brought w r oblig d to giv p all ff orts in th ir

ee e e e e u e e

h w i t d c d b t thi s ti it i s th ght by M i s
4
T e re e re n ro u e a ou m e, ou ar u

hi f ch g s
m se l f ti an e l gi q ip t
in t h e o rm a on of th e e o n, th e e u m en of th e

s ldi d t ctic l c h t s B th s
,

o e r, a n g thet a a a r ra n em en of the o or . u t e e m at
t
e rs ar e o f t ch ic l ch cttoo giv e pl c n t xt
a a a ra er to b e en a a e in t h e e See
s
.

M omm
f en, iii
IIi pp
s t or
y o R o m e , v o l. . . 2 4 1 — 2 47 .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 2 3 1

b half Th gov rnm nt was too w ak too compl t ly

e . e e e e , e e

und r t h infl nc of t h m who w r profiting by out

e e ue e e en e e

rag and wrong to giv prot ction d justic to y class

e , e e an e an ,

fr or bond that th s inh ma cr at r s had s l ct d as

ee , e e u n e u e e e e

th ir victims
e .

Th disappoi tm nt cr at d among t h slav by t h

e n e e e e es e

miscarriag of this mov m nt in th ir b half l d to an t

e e e e e e ou

b ak which spr ad ntil larg part of t h bondsm n in

re ,
e u a e e e

th island w r in arms against th ir mast rs

e e e e e .

T h story of h str ggl that follow d is simply a r p

e t e u e e e e

tition of that of h first s rvil war in t h island It took t e e e e .

th Roman armi s fi
e y ars to s ppr ss h r volt which e ve e u e t e e ,

was finally bro ght to an d by t h consul M ani s u en e u

A q illiu Th favo it p nishm nt m t d

u s. t to t h
e cap r e u e e e ou e

ti in t h first war had b n crucifixion (par 4 7) It h

ve s e ee . 1 e

prison rs tak n at this tim w r carr d to Rom that th y

e e e e e ie e e

“
might mak a holiday for h Romans by fighting w ith
e t e

wild b asts in t h amphith atr B t t h lav s di p

e e e e . u e S e sa

poin d th ir captors by committing whol sal s icid

te e e e u e

b for t h tim for t h sp ctacl s arriv d

e e e e e e e e .

6 1 G i M riu
2 . t t m pt R v lut i n (
a ns a s a e s e o o 1 00

B f or t h slav tro bl in S icily was ov r th r w as tro bl

e e e e u e e e e u e

of a di ff t sort in Rom its lf M ari s so r c ntly

e re n e e . u , e e

hail d by all as h savior f t h stat ( par

e and now
t e o e e .

thro gh t h favor of t h p opl njoying his sixth consul

u e e e e e

ship a thing nkno w n b for in t h history of Rom

,
u e e e e,

had nt r d into an allianc and conspiracy with two d m

e e e e e

a g g o G la cia and
u e s,S t i by nam uwhos aim was a u r n nu s
5
e, e

th ov rthrow of t h s natorial gov rnm nt and t h stab

e e e e e e e e

li h m
s t of a w ord r of things
en ne e .

5 C . S e r v iliu s G l ci
au a a nd L A pp u le iu s S a t u
. rnin u s.
2 3 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

ari s by joining t h conspiracy vid ntly hop d to

M u , e , e e e

g te in his hands t h supr m pow r H i h adehad b n e e e . s e ee

turn d by his military s cc ss s and his civic triumphs

e u e e .

H lik n d his victorious march s in Africa and Europ

e e e e e to

th etriumphal proc ssions of Bacchus and had a drinking e ,

cu p mad for his e lik t h p fabl r pr s u set d th e e cu e e e en e e

jovial god as wont to H was u se . e

not only willing that h p opl t e e e

should tak him and mak him e e

king b t h was r ady to aid i , u e e n

his own crowning .

S t i having r ach d t h a u r n n u s, e e e

tribu at thro gh viol nc and n e u e e

assassi ation manag d a ff airs in n , e

h int r st of h cliq In t e e e t e ue .

ord r to pl as h mob a e e e t e , new

corn law was carri d which e , re

d d t h pric of corn to Roma u ce e e n

M R U citiz ns to a m r ly nominal m
A I S . e e e su

(F t
ro m a b
(
uspar Th r
in t h e Uffiz i was also carri d . e e e
ll ) Ga
a m asur which gav t h v t rans
e ry
e e e e e e

of M ari s allotm nts of land in S icily M ac donia and

u e , e ,

Gr c ee Th s gifts of land w r h nc forth

e . e e of t h e e e e o ne e

usual m ans mploy d by s cc ssf l g n rals to attach

e e e u e u e e

th ir soldi rs to th ir p rsons and t h ir int r sts

e e e e e e e .

Th s corn and land allotm nt laws m t of co s with

e e e e , ur e,

opposition and w r carri d in t h ass mbli s only by

,
e e e e e e

viol nc Ind d rioting and m rd r w r b coming t h

e e . ee ,
u e e e e e

us al accompanim nt of v ry ass mbly of h p opl

u e e e e t e e e,

eith r for t h p rpos of an l ction or for l gislation

e e u e e e e .

T h spirit and t mp r
e which S t i pr sid d ase e In a u rn n u s e e
2 34 R OM E AS R E P UBL IC .

d stin d that anoth r t rn of h wh l of fo t n sho ld

e e e u t e ee r u e u

again bring him to h top t e .

FRNRE E W hit s E NC ES W bk i
— e
’
A P P IA vo l. T/z e Civil a r s,

ch ps iv iv s
. .
, .

a . U R
i
.
- . PL TA C H, L e of 3f Ti b er i u s G r a c e /i u s , 3GCa iu s Gr a c c /z u s ,
and M
* Ca i u s B ( M
a r iu s . EE S L Y A Tb e i i,
Gr a c e/ a r iu s a n d S u lla
s s
.

(Ep ch oi ) ch p i ii
S er d iiiepp 6 5 M,R V a . . . an . . 1— . E I A LE * Tb c

Fa ll of tb c ch p i pp 3 Th G cchi F
R om a n R ep u b lic , a . . . 1— 1 ,
“
e ra .
”
REE

M N (E
A ( t y t h N ti
Tne S t ory of S ic ily
S f ) ch p xvi or o e a o ns a

; fi st p
.
,
. .
,

S icily R m n P vi c t f t h ch pt S vil
”
a o a ro th n e r ar o e a e r, o n e er e

W ar . L O N G ( G ) Tb D li f tb R m R p b li 5 v l s ; f
c ec ne o e o an e u c, o or

c s lt ti d f c IHN
, .

on u a on an Hi t y f R m
r e e re n l iv T h e E s or o o e, v o e

g t p t f t h v l m is d v t d t
. . .

re a e r ar o cc t f t h
e o u n t it e e o e o an a ou n o
“
e co s u

ti l w ligi
o n, a d m gi t t s f t h R m
s, r e on an p pl a s ra e o e o an eo e.
 C H A PTE R XI I I .

THE P E R IO D O F H T U I E REV O L T ON ( C on t i n u ed
) .

BC . .
)

1 63 n Cit iz n L t in dIt li n Alli

. Rom a Th n xt e s, a s , an a a es .
- e e

important act in t h history of Rom had for its stag not e e e,

th Roman f or m but all Italy

e Th matt r to which
u ,
. e e we

r f r was a str ggl on t h part of h Italian all i s of Rom

e e u e e t e e e

for admission to t h city as citiz ns e e .

At this tim all h fr i habitants f Italy w r divid d

e t e ee n o e e e

into thr class s R m iti ee L ti and It li

e ,
— o an c z ens, a ns, a an

a lli Th
es. Ro m an citiz ns incl d d t h inhabitants of
e e u e e

th ecapital of t h towns call d m nicipia ( par

, e and of e u .

th e Roman coloni s pla t d in di ff r nt parts f t h e n e e e o e

p nins la ( par
e u b sid s t h dw ll rs isolat d farms
. e e e e e on e

an d h inhabitants f villag s scatt r d v rywh r

t e o e e e e e e e

thro gho t Italy Th c ns s f t h y ar 5 B giv s

u u .
“
e e u or e e 1 1 . C . e

th en mb r f citiz ns capabl f b aring arms as

u e o e e o e

Th s cond class t h L atins was mad

e e p of h i h b ,
e , e u t e n a

i t
t an s of h L atin coloni s (par t e and of som of t h e . e e

a ci nt and now q it thoro ghly Romaniz d tow s of

n e u e u e n

L ti m
a Th
u nam had by this tim lost all racial m an
.
T
e e e e

ing and d not d m r ly t h political status f thos b ar

, e e e e e o e e

ing it What instalm nt of t h rights of h city this class

. e e t e

M 5
s H om m
f i
e n,p 5 3 6 thi s
is t ory ti o R om e, vol In e n u m e ra on,

p f ct s
. . . .

re e i cl d d
u re icipi S
a re n 3 u 5 e in t h e m u n a. ee par 7 n

st d s th pl c s l ss i p t c
. .
.
,

ib
7 T u r, P rae n e e , an om e o er a e of e m o r an e .

23
5
2 36 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

e njoy d hav alr ady l arn d ( par

e we W n d h
e e e e . e ee e re

simply r call to mind that th y poss ss d som of h

e e e e e t e

most val abl f t h privat rights of t h city and had a

u e o e e e ,

sp cial capacity thro gh m ti g c rtain conditions of

e ,
u ee n e ,

acq iring f ll Roman it i lfip It sho ld b car f lly

u u c z e ns . u e e u

r m mb r d that th y w r non citiz ns although th ir

e e e e e e e - e ,
e

status was pr f rabl to that of t h low st grad of thos e e e e e e e

b aring that cov t d itl

e Th y w r call d alli s e e t e .
8
e e e e e ,

“
alli s of h L ati am
e and w r not incl d d i
t e n n e, — e e u e n

th c nsus lists As individuals th y w r not liabl to

e e . e e e e se r

vic i t h l gions b
e n comm iti s th y w r oblig d
e e , u t as u n e e e e e

to s nd conting ts to h Roman army wh n call d pon

e en t e e e u .

T h third class t h Italian alli s w as mad

e p of thos
, e e ,
9
e u e

conq r d p opl s whom Rom had xcl d d wholly from

u e e e e e e u e

th rights of t h city
e T h r lations to Rom of h di ff
e . e e e t e er

en t citi s and t ib s of this class w r not xactly h sam

e r e e e e t e e

in all cas s inc th s w d t rmin d by h provisions

e ,
S e e e e re e e e t e

o f h sp cial t aty that Rom had mad w i h ach com

t e e re e e t e

m nity u .

If sho ld say that th s call d alli s w r h

we u e e so - e
“
e e e t e

s bj cts of h Roman b rg ss body

u e t e sho ld d scrib u e ,
we u e e

in a word v ry a ly th ir act al stat s Th y w r e ne r e u u . e e e

oblig d to f rnish conti g ts to h Roman army wh n

e u n en t e e

ev call d pon to do so b altho gh th s forc d to b

er e u u t u u e e ar

h s w
3
T i h bit t s
e e e re c ll d p f ct s which w
the n a an of the so - a e re e u re e re

iti s f which s l f g v
,

citi c
es o r om mun t db t k w y
e ro m e - o e rnm e n ha een a en a a

d wh s l c l ff i s w d i i t d by gis t t s c
,

an o e o a a a r ly e re a m n s e re ma ra e om m on

p f ct s s t f R
,

b ige ar n t h e nam e ch c
of iti
re e en ou t ro m om e Su ommu n es

li it s
, .

w e re , w d p in a withi or t ly p
r ov in c es n th e m of Ia Ca ua w as t h e

l g es t s d c d thi c diti (
, .

ar citi th t of the es a t h e Ro m a n re u e to s on on p ar 1 1

M y di t ict s d is lpi ls
.

an c i s r i in L u lw a n a, S am n u m, an C a ne Gau e re a o

t t d by th
re a e s i il em in a m ar w ay .

9
S oc ii , or c iv it a t es f ce der a t a ’
.
2 3 8 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

s iz d and b at n to d ath pon t h spot with str ps tak n

e e e e e u e a e

from t h litt e e r.

64 Th It li n d m n d h R igh t
1 . e f t h Cit y ; Dr u
a a s e a t e s o e us s

b m
eco t h ir Ch m pi n N aturally t h It lians complain d
es e a o . e a e

bitt rly of having to fight for h maint nanc of an mpir

e t e e e e e

i
n h manag m nt of which th y had no voic
t e e and u d r
e e e, n e

th laws f which th y co ld find no prot ction Th y

e o e u e . e

now d mand d t h Roman franchis d all h imm niti s

e e e e , an t e u e

and privil g s of Roman citiz ns e e e .

Th ir d mand was st bbornly r sist d by both h

e e u e e t e

aristocratical and t h pop lar party at Rom Roman . e u e.

citiz nship had now b com a val abl thi g and it was
e e e u e n ,

b stow d pon o tsid rs v ry grudgingly by thos alr ady

e e u u e e e e

en joying it T h lib ral policy of arli r tim s w h n ntir

. e e e e e , e e e

cla s or comm iti s had b n admitt d to t h f ranchis

n u n e ee e e e,

had giv n way to a narrow s lfish policy of xcl sio I

e ,
e e u n . n

t h y are 6 e d again fo r y ars lat r h s nat had

1 2 BC . .
, an u e e , t e e e

e xp ll d f om Rom all non citiz ns In t h y ar 9 5

e e r e - e . e e BC . .

th cons ls carri d a la w w hich mad it a p nal o ff nc for

e u e e e e e

any non burg ss to lay claim to t h Roman s ff rag It

- e e u e .

was t h passag of this la w r v aling as it did to h Ital

e e ,
e e t e

ians t h hop l ssn ss of th ir claims v n b ing g n ro sly

e e e e e e e e e e u

co sid d by h body of Roman b rg ss s that did m ch

n e re t e u e e ,
u

to push h stat on to ards t h bri k of civil war

t e e w e n .

At this j nct r of a ff airs th r aros at Rom from h

u u e e e e e, t e

ranks of t h aristocrats th ms lv s a champio of h Ital

e e e e ,
n t e

ian caus This was M arc s L ivi D r sus Tho gh a

e. u us u . u

nobl ma by birth and association still h was op mind d

e n ,
e en- e

and g n ro s and was abl to r cogniz h l m nt of

e e u ,
e e e t e e e e

j stic in h claims of h Italians

u e t e t e .

Animat d by t h motiv s of t h patriot ra h t h n by

e e e e t er a
 TH E P E R IOD O F TH E R E VOL U TION 2 39

thos partisan D rusus brought forward in t h y ar

e of the , , e e

9 B
1 b ing th
. nCtrib
. n, proposalselooking towards t h e u e, e

r form of h q strian l w co rts and providing for

e t e e ue a u ,
1

f rth r distributions of corn fr sh assignm nts of land and

u e , e e ,

th fo nding of
e coloni s Th aim of D r s s in th s
u ne w e . e u u e e

proposals was to conciliat t h di ff r nt class s f Roman e e e e e o

citiz ns and g t h m to work tog th r harmonio sly for

'

e , e t e e e u

th common int r sts of t h stat

e e e e e .
2

B t h plans of D r s s r ach d b yond t h burg ss

u t e u u e e e e e

body and mbrac d t h gr at privil g d ord r in

e e e e no n- e e e

Italy nam ly t h Italians In ord r to av rt t h civil

, e , e . e e e

war which h saw to b imp ndi g h propos d that h e e e n , e e t e

f ll Roman franchis should b b stow d pon all t h

u e e e e u e

Italian a lli s e .

This proposal arous d bitt r opposition at Rom among e e e

all class s f citiz ns t h pop lar party b ing almost or

e o e ,
e u e

q it as un illing as t h aristocratic party to shar y of

u e w e e an

th ir privil g s with outsid s D r s s was acc s d of

e e e er .
“
u u u e

b ing in tr asonabl communication with t h Italians O

e e e e . ne

day whil i his own ho s surro nd d by his fri nds h

, e n u e u e e , e

1 T h e s e ts w
h nd s f t h k night (p
c ou r e re th t i in t h e a o e s ar a s,

c ntil cl ss
b i g c ptly s d t f v this cl ss
.

o f th m e dwer a e a an e re e n o rr u u e o a or a

d m i n t h s t i l p ty It w i m p ssibl
,

an dt i j nd
o n u re a un er e e e na o r a ar as o e

f th s t i l p ty t s c j s tic i th s t ib l s
.

f or am mb e er o e ena o r a ar o e u re u e n e e r u na

Th s p p s l s w l w b t thi s w
.

3 e ct d i t
e ro o a d cl d e re e na e n o a a u as e a re

i v lid by t h s t b c s i c flict with

,

n a e li l w which f
e na e , e au e n on an e ar er a or

b d t h m i ngli ng f di ff t m tt s in si gl p p s l
a e e o e re n a er a n e ro o a

It s h ld b c f lly n t d th t t h pp s iti t t h d m iss i

.

3 on
ou e are u o e a e o o on o e a

o f st g s t t h ight s f t h city w
ran er o l ng b s d
e r ligi s o e as n o o er a e on re ou

g nd s w t h c s i t h v y li s t d ys f p t ici n R m
ro u as as e a e n e er e ar e a o a r a o e

s s s f s s
,

(p a r. T h pp iti n w i m ply
e o m t h lofi h d t m ion o aro e ro e e e er na

ti on of p ivil g d cl ss i t h R m n s t t t t i n its m n p ly
a r e e a n e o a a e o re a o o o

r ight s d i m m iti s an un e .
2 40 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

was struck down by an assassin H i dying w ords w r . s e e

“
W h n w ill t h r p blic hav anoth r citiz
e lik m ? e e u e e en e e
”

D rus s was a v ry di ff r nt man from ith r S t

u i e e e e e a u r n nu s

or G laucia (par H was h s cc ssor of S p ri s . e t e u e u u

C assius and t h G racchi H was a stat sman and e .

4
e e a

patriot a tr social fo m r H saw w hat w as fair and

,
ue re r e . e

j st tri d to p rs ad t h Roma s to d it and di d

u , e e u e e n o ,
— e

a martyr for t h ca s of right d j s ic that h had e u e an u t e e

espo s d u e .

1 65 . Th e S ocial or Mar sic W ar (9 1 4 8 9 5 — Th e m u r

de r th ir champion D r s s lash d h last hop of t h

of e u u c e t e e e

Italian alli s of s c ring thro gh an app al to t h Roman

e e u , u e e

s ns of justic a g it i p f th ir claims Accordingly

e e e, re c o n on e .

th y now fl to arms T h M arsians and h S amnit s

e ew . e t e e ,

th latt r t h anci nt and st bbor n mi s of Rom w

e e e e u n e e e e, e re

for most in t h r volt

e e e .

T h conf d rat s d t rmin d upon h

e stablishm t of
e e e e e e t e e en

a rival stat A to n c ll d C fi i m amo g h Ap n

e . w a e or n u ,
n t e e

nin s was chos n as t h capital of t h e ,

e e e ne w

r p blic and its nam chang d to Italica e u ,

e e .

Th gov rnm nt of t h stat w as e e e e ne w e

m od ll d aft r hat at Rom Two co s ls e e e t e. n u

w r plac d at h h ad of t h r p blic e e e t e e e e u ,

C m o and a s at of fi h nd d m mb rs was
OF TH E en e ve u re e e

I N
T A L IA form d Thus i a singl day a larg
CON “

e n e e
F R Y part of Italy so th of h R bicon was lost
.

EDE AC '

u t e u

lli B ll to Rom
( Th e Sab T h E tr ria s
e an
d h Umbrians
u
n an t e
i ng t h e R o m an
e. e u

co tin d loyal T h L atin coloni s

go r
W l ) o f .
n u e . e e or

4
S ee p 5 3 49 a rs .
, 1 , an d 1
54 .

5 S c ll d
o cc
a e on a ou n t of the p ro m nen i tp tt k ar a en in t h e in s u rre c
ti on by t h w lik M e ar e i
a rs a n s .
2 42 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

q u e n ceof it t h rights that had p to this tim b n

, e u e ee

e njoy d by t h L atin towns w r conf rr d pon all t h

e e e e e e u e

citi s b t w n t h P and t h Alps

e e ee e o e .
9

66 C m m nt
1 . th R su lt o f th S i l W e Th s on e e s o e oc a ar . — e

str ggl had b n xtr m ly disastro s to t h r p blic It

u e ee e e e u e e u .

is stimat d that thr hundr d tho sa d m in h vigo

e e ee e u n en t e r

of lif had b n slain M any towns had b n d stroy d

e ee . ee e e

and wid districts mad d solat by thos avag s that

e e e e e r e

n v r fail to charact riz civil cont ntions

e e e e e .

T h chi f political o tcom

e f h war has al ady b n
e u e o t e re ee

n otic d P ractically all t h fr m n th o gho t Italy

e . e ee e r u u

prop r w r mad q al i civil and political rights This

e e e e e u n .

w as a matt r of gr at significanc Th
e ollm nt of e e .
“
e e nr e

th Italians amo g h own citiz ns d s rv s to b

e n er e e e e e

r gard d d clar s t h historian M riv l as t h gr at

e e ,
”
e e e e a e,
“
e e

t strok f policy in t h whol history of h r public

” 10
es e o e e t e e .

This w hol sal nfranch is m nt of L ati d Italian alli s

e e e e e n an e

mor than do bl d t h n mb r of Roman b rg ss s Th

e u e e u e u e e . e

c s s for t h y ar 7
en u giv s t h mb r of citiz ns as
e e 0 BC . . e e nu e e

as against abo t a g n ration b for h u e e e e t e

w ar .
11

This qualization of t h di ff r nt class s of h Italian

e e e e e t e

p ins la was simply a lat r phas of that mov m t in

en u e e e en

ea ly Rom which r s lt d in h q aliza ion of h t w o

r e e u e t e e u t t e

ord rs of h patricians and pl b ians ( chap

e t e B h e e . u t t e

pur ly political r s lts f h arli r and thos of t h lat r

e e u o t e e e e e e

r volution w r v ry di ff r nt At t h a li r tim thos

e e e e e e . e e r e e e

who d mand d and r c iv d h franchis w r p rso s

e e e e e t e e e e e n

9
By t h e [ex P om p eia , 8 9 B C . .

1“ Fa ll of t b c R om a n E mp i r e, p 98
s
. .

11 C on u lt T ab le on p g
a e 3 33 .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION . 2 43

living ith r in Rom in its imm diat vicinity and con

e e e or e e ,

s q ntly abl to x rcis t h acq ir d right to vot and

e ue e e e e e u e e

to hold o ffic e.

B it w as v y di ff r nt Th s
u t no w mad citiz ns er e e . e e ne w - e e

w r living in towns and villag s or on farms scatt r d all

e e e e e

ov r Italy and of co rs v ry f w of th m could v r go to

e ,
u e e e e e e

Rom ith r to participat in t h l ctions th r to vot

e, e e e e e e e e, e

on propos d l gislation or to b com candidat s for h

e e , e e e t e

Roman magistraci s H nc t h rights th y had acq ir d e . e e e e u e

w r aft r all politically barr n B no

e e, e was to blam
,
e . u t o ne e

for thi s stat of thi gs Rom had simply outgrown h

e n . e er

city constitution and h syst m of primary ass mbli s ,

er e e e

( par S h. n d d for h wid ning mpir a pe ee e er e e e re re

t ti
se n a syst m lik o rs ; b t r pr s tation was a politi
ve e e u u e e en

cal d vic far away from h tho ghts of h m of thos

e e t e u t e en e

tim s e .

As a r s l of t h impossibility of t h Roman citiz ns

e u t e e e

o tsid f Rom taki g part as a g ral thi g in h

u e o e n , ene n , t e

m tings f t h pop lar ass mbli s at t h capital h o ffic s

ee o e u e e e , t e e

of t h stat f ll i to h hands of thos act ally living in

e e e n t e e u

Rom or s ttl d in its imm diat n ighborhood Sinc t h

e e e e e e . e e

f or practically f distrib tion of corn and h p blic

re e , re e, u , t e u

shows w r dra w ing to h capital from all q art rs cro w ds

e e t e u e

of t h poo t h idl and h vicio s th s ass mbli s

e r, e e, t e u , e e e e

w r apidly b coming simply mobs controll d by noisy

e e r e , e

d magog s and scr p lo s military l ad rs aiming at

e ue un u u u e e

t h s pr m pow r in h stat
e u e e e t e e .

This sit a ion bro ght abo t a s rious division in t h

u t u u e e

body of Rom n citiz ns Thos of t h capital cam to a e . e e e

re g rd th ms lv s as t h r al r l rs of t h mpir as th y
a e e e e e u e e e e, e

act ally w r and look d w ith disdain pon thos living in

u e e, e u e
2 44 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

the oth r citi s and t h r mot r districts of t h p ins la

e e e e e e en u .

Th y alon r ap d t h fr i s of t h conq r d w orld At

e e e e e u t e ue e .

th sam tim h mass of o tsid passiv citiz ns as

e e e t e u e e e , we

may call th m cam to look with j alo sy pon his body

e , e e u u t

of pamp r d aristocrats rich sp c lators and ragg d dis

e e , e u , e ,

sol t cli nts and ha g s at Rom Th y b cam q it

u e e n e r -o n e . e e e u e

r concil d to h tho ght of po w r passi g t of h

e e t e u e n ou t e

hands of s ch a c owd d into t h hands of a si gl man

u r an e n e .

Th f lings of m v ry w h r w r b ing p p d for

e ee en e e e e e e e re a re

th r vol tio that was to ov throw h public and bring

e e u n er t e re

in t h mpir e e e .

67 Eff t f h R v lut i n u p n h Mun i ip l S yst m

1 . ec s o t e e o o o t e c a e .

In arli r paragr phs xplain d t h o igin of h call d

e e a we e e e r t e so - e

i pi and of h m icipal syst m Th incorporation 1

m u n ci a t e un e . e

with t h Rom n stat of all t h L atin and h Italia alli d

e a e e t e n e

citi s incr as d vastly h n mb r of m i pi for w hil

e e e t e u e u n ci a, e

th efr m mb s of th s communiti s w r giv f ll

ee e er e e e e e en u

Roman citiz nship th y w allow d to tain as h r tofor

e , e e re e re e e e

13 Th e gif t
v alu e o f f chis th e t li s of the Ro m a n ra n e to the I a an w as

s till f th di i i h d by
u r er m citi s b i g
n s ll d
e ly a ll t h e ne w z en e n e n ro e in on

e ight or thi ty fi t ib wh v t s w
t en of t h e t k ft
r - ve r e s, o se o e e re to b e a en a er

th e o th s d v t d er h gh thi s
ha o eg t d citi sw T ro u a r ra n e m en th e ol z en e re

bl p ctic lly v th gh g t cc i b ght c wds

.

a e ra a e en ou a re a o as o n ro u ro of t h e new

citi s R s bli s
,

z en c t l
to o m e, to o n ro t h e a se m e

t ib s
.

A w d p cti g
or b
re s e nb d ch d
t h e nu m er of r e Th e nu m er ha re a e

s s
.

thi ty th i 99
r - re e( n 2 cl BCFi t ic w
pa r a A t th e o e of th e r Pu n r

i s d thi ty fi by
. . .

(2 41 b db
th e n u m erc ti ha e e n ra e to r - ve the re a on of

t wo n ew t ib s r p t e oubi l d s t hisof b a ar of th e Sa ne an T nu m er w as
p b bly v f t w d i c s d lth gh
.

ro a ne er a er th iti
ar s n re a e a ou so m e o f ou r au or es

I t li s w f d i t ight
,

ma i t i th t
n a n a th e a t ib
an ere o rm e n o e or t e n ne w r e s,

i t d f b i g di t ib t d
ns e a o e n g t ib l dy xi ti g s r u e am o n r e s a re a e s n S o far as

th i v ti g p ivil g s w c c
.

e r o n r d it d p ctic ll y v y littl
e e e re on e rn e ma e ra a er e

di f c
f e re n eth y w h owll d e e re e n ro e

p s 73 d 7
.

1
S ee ar . an 4 .
 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

condition f things in that part of t h M dit rran an o e e e e

b for t h app aranc upon h stag of M it h d

e e e e e t e e ra a t e s.

W hav alr ady s e how Rom xt nd d h a thority

e e een e e e e er u

ov r M ac donia d G r c (chap
e
-
e In t h y ar 3 3 an ee e . e e 1

B . K ing Attal s I I I of P rgam s a stat in W st rn

C . u . e u , e e e

Asia M inor (par di d having ill d his kingdom to . e ,

w e

th Roman p opl T h Romans acc pt d h b q st

e e e . e e e t e e ue ,

and mad t h t rritory into a provinc und h nam of

e e e e er t e e

Asia .

This provinc of Asia mbrac d probably h rich st e e e t e e

r gio as it was c rtainly

e n, of t h old st in its civiliza e o ne e e

tio that Rom had th s far acq ir d T h G r k citi s

n, e u u e . e ee e

of t h co ntry had histori s r aching back i to pr histo ic

e u e e n e r

tim s Th ir trib t had swoll n t h f b l w alth of

e . e u e e e a u ou s e

th L ydian C r s s
e This xc ptional prosp rity f t h oe u . e e e o e

e arli r tim had now ind d pass d away but t h w alth

e e ee e , e e

and trad of t h r gion w r still gr at d important so

e e e e e e an ,

that t h provinc pr s nt d an attractiv fi ld for t h op r

e e e e e e e e e

i
at o ns of Italian trad rs sp c lators and mon y l nd rs e , e u , e - e e .

T h cou try b cam cro w d d with h s immigrant class s

e n e e e t e e e ,

who pl nd r d h nativ s d carri d th ir ill gott n

u e e t e e ,
“
an e e - e

booty to Rom to sp nd it th r in g oss and ost ntatio s e e e e r e u

living .

Th Roman magistrat s of h provinc w as a l

e e t e e e re, ru e,

m who w r w illi g to acc pt a shar of h pl d r and

en e e n e e t e un e

hi pl d i g w t n l g ly i c
5 T s u n cti with t h c ll cti
er n en o ar e n o n ne on e o e on

of th t x d p blic
e nt aTh tiv s p id t th i ki d f t h
es a n u re s e na e a a en n n o e

s
.

p d c f t h till d l d d nt f t h f t h p blic p t
i

ro u e o e e an an a re or e u se o e u as u re

ls c s t m d ti s i m p ts U d
, .

Th we re e re a o l w
u f G i
o u e on or n er a a o a ns

G cch s (l ts t x s
.

ra S mp i 3u t h c ll cti
ex fe th r on a , 1 2 e o e on o e s e re n or a e

w f m d t t h c s v y fi y s s lli g t h p ivil g s t
as ar e ou , e e n o rs e er ve e ar e n e r e e a

p blic cti
u au o n.
 TH E P E RIOD OF TH E R E VOL U TION 2 47

in r t rn to conniv at h wick dn ss going on all around

e u e t e e e

th m O f cours th r w r among t h Italian r sid nts

e . e e e e e e e e

many honorabl m rchants ; b t t h dishon sty xtortion e e u e e , e ,

and cr lty of t h majority w r so odio s and so gallin g

ue e e e u

that th y all alik b cam t h obj cts f t h utmost hatr d

e e e e e e o e e

and d t station of t h nativ s

e e e e .

B ari g i mi d this f ling of t h nativ s towards t h

e n n n ee e e e

Italians shall nd rstand how it was possibl for M ith

,
we u e e

ra dt to ff ct s ch ov rt rning f things so quickly

a es e e u an e u o

as h did e .

Mi h d VI E p t surnam d t h G r at cam to
t ra at e s . u a o r, e e e ,
e

th th on of t h littl ki gdom of P ontus in t h y ar

e r e e e n e e 1 20

BC . H i xtraordinary car r impr ss d d ply t h imagi

. s e ee e e ee e

nation f his tim s and his d ds o e , ee

an d fam hav com down to us e e e

disg is d d disto t d by l g nd
u e an r e e e .

H i bodily fram and st ngth w r

s e re e e

imm ns d his activity ntiring

e e, an u .

H co ld carry
e conv rsation it
u on e ,

is said in tw nty two of t h di ff r

, e - e e

en t lang ag s f his subj cts Bt M

u e o e . u IT H RA D AT E S T H E

M it h d t notwithstanding t h
ra
G
a e s,
R e
E AT '

fact that his moth r was a S yrian G r k and h hims lf e ee e e

was familiar with G r k c lt r was in his instincts and ee u u e, ,

imp ls s a typical ori ntal barbarian

u e , e .

In t h co s of a f y ars M it h d t by virtu f
e ur e ew e ,
ra a es e o

his r so rc f ln ss and marv llous activity had push d

e u e u e e e

ou t by conq ,st d n gotiations t h bo ndari s of his ue an e , e u e

littl h r ditary kingdom ntil it almost ncircl d h

e e e u e e t e

E xin u w hich b cam p actically a P ontic

e, H no w e e r se a . e

a dacio sly ncroach d pon h Roman poss ssions in

u u e e u t e e
2 48 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Asia inor took prison r a Roman magistra and b

M , e te, su

j
ec te d him to h most ignominio s tr atm nt Tth nativ
e s u e e . e e

of t h Roman provinc of Asia incl ding h G r k citi s

e e , u t e ee e ,

hail d him as th ir d liv r r

e e e e e .

69 Mit h d t
1 rd r G n r l M r f It li n i
. ra a e s o e s a e e a assac e o a a s n

A i ( 88
s a Awar that a Roman army wo ld soon b— e u e

in Asia M it h d t now took t h r solv to d stroy at a

,
ra a es e e e e

S ingl blow all t h Ita lians in t h country so that t h

e e e , e

Romans ho ld not hav th ir aid in t h str ggl that h

S u e e e u e e

for saw to b n ar at hand H accordingly s nt o d rs to

e e e . e e r e

th e magistrat s thro gho t t h co ntry that on a c rtain

e u u e u e

day v y Italia witho t distinction of g or

e er sho ld
n, u a e se x , u

b p t to d ath and th ir bodi s thrown

e u e w itho t b rial e e ou t u u .

S lav s w r e njoi d and nco rag d thro gh pro m is d

e e e ne e u e u e

r ards to kill th ir mast s and thos in d bt to slay

ew e er , e e

th ir d btors
e e .

This savag ord r was lm t y h carri d to h e e a o s e ve r w e re e ou t t e

l tt r M wom n and childr n all of h Italian nam

e e . e n, e , e , t e e,

w r massacr d T h n mb r of victims of t h whol sal

e e e . e u e e e e

sla ght r is vario sly stimat d at from ighty tho sand to

u e u e e e u

a h dr d and fifty tho sand T h hatr d w hich t h

u n e u . e e e

oppr ssions f t h Roman magistrat s and h robb ri s

e o e e , t e e e

of t h Italian p blicans and s r s had inspir d in h

e u u u er , e t e

nativ pop lation xplains though without xt n ating t h

e u e , e e u , e

awf l c im u r e .

7 1 Mit h d
0. i E ur p Mi h d now t rn d his
ra at es n o e. t ra at e s u e

att ntion to E rop d s t his army into G r c Ath s

e u e an en ee e. en ,

hoping for t h r vival of h old mpir and t h most of e e er e e, e

th oth r G r k citi s r no nc d h a tho ity of Rom

e e ee e , e u e t e u r e

and hail d M it h d as t h prot cto of H ll nism agai s

e ra ate s e e r e e n t

th barbarian Romans
e .
2 5 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

had drain d tr as ry and impov ish d all Italy (par

e the e u er e .

Th mon y n d d for q ipping t h xp dition

e e ee e e u e e e

co ld b rais d only by t h xtraordina y m as r of s lling

u e e e e r e u e e

at public a ction som land b longing to h stat w ithin

u e e t e e

t h city limits
e .

A cont st straight w ay aros b tw n M ari s and S lla

e e e ee u u

f th
or command of t h forc s T h form r was no w an
e e e . e e

old m of s v ty y ars w hil t h latt r w as but forty

an e en e , e e e

nin M ari s co ld not ndur h thought of b i g p sh d

e . u u e e t e e n u e

asid by his f orm r li t nant T h v t ran g n ral joi d

e e eu e . e e e e e ne

with t h yo ng m in h gam s and x rcis s of t h

e u en t e e e e e e

gymnasium to how that his f am was still animat d by

, S r e e

t h estr ngth and agility of yo th T h s nat how v

e u . e e e, e e r,

co f rr d t h command pon S lla w ho at that tim was

n e e e u u , e

c o n su L
Marius was f rio s at t h succ ss f his rival In conu u e e o .

ne cti with t h trib n P bli s S lpici s R f s h

on e u e u u u u u u ,
e su c

cee d d by m ans of viol nc

e ,
in carrying a m as r i
e e e, e u e n an

ass mbly of t h p opl w h r by t h command of h army

e e e e, e e e t e

i t nd d for h East was ak n away f om S lla and giv

n e e t e t e r u en

to hims lf e .

Two trib n s w r s nt to d mand of S lla who was

u e e e e e u ,

still i Italy t h ra sf r f t h command of t h l gio s

n , e t n e o e e e n

to M ari s ; b h m ss ng rs w r kill d by t h soldi rs

u u t t e e e e e e e e e ,

who w r d vot dly attach d to th ir command r S lla

e e e e e e e . u

no w saw that t h sword must s ttl t h disp t H e e e e u e . e

march d at t h h ad of his l gio s pon Rom nt r d t h

e e e e n u e, e e e e

gat s and for t h first tim i t h annals of t h city a

e ,
“
e e n e e

Roman army camp d within h walls T h party of en e t e .

”
e

M a i s was d f at d and h
r u d t of his companions
e e e ,
e an en

w r proscrib d M ari s scap d and fl d to Af ica

e e e . u e e e r .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VO L UTION 2 5 1

lla aft r maki g som chang s i t h constit tion in

Su ,
e n e e n e u

th i t r st of h oligarchy among which was a provisio

e n e e t e ,
n

w hich pr v nt d t h popular ass mbli s consid ring any

e e e e e e e

m asur nl ss it had b n first approv d by h s nat

e e u e ee e t e e e,

embark d with h l gions to m t M it h d t in t h

e t e e ee ra a es e

E ast (8 8

7 1 Th W n d ri n g f M i
2 . L aving S lla to carry
e a e s o ar u s . e u

on h M ithradatic W
t e must fi st f ollow h fort n s a r, we r t e u e

of h xil d M ari s Th ship in which h fl d from Italy

t e e e u . e e e

w as d iv n a shor at C i ii H r M ari s and h com

r e e rc e . e e u t e

pa ions of his flight wand r d abo t s stai d by h

n e e u ,
u ne t e

hop i spir d by t h good om n of t h s v n agl ts As

e n e e e e e e e e .

h story r ns M a i s wh n a boy had capt r d agl s ’

t e u ,
r u ,
e , u e an e e

n st with s v n yo ng and t h a g rs had said that this

e e e u , e u u

sig ifi d that h sho ld b s v n tim s co s l H had

n e e u e e e e n u . e

alr ady h ld t h offi c six tim s and h firmly b li v d

e e e e e ,
e e e e

that t h proph cy wo ld b fulfill d as to h s v nth t m

e e u e e t e e e er .

Th p rs rs of M iU at last fo nd him hidi g in a

e u ue ar s u n

marsh b ri d p to his n ck in m d and wat r H was

, u e u e u e . e

d agg d b for t h a tho iti s f h town of M i

r e e e e u r e o t e n t u r n aa .

T h magistrat s i
e ob di nc to t h commands that had
e ,
n e e e e

b n s nt v ry w h r d t rmin d to put him to d ath A

ee e e e e e, e e e e .

C imb ian slav was s nt to d spatch him

r T h c ll wh r
e e e . e e e e

M ari s lay was dark and h

u y s of t h old soldi r , t e e e e e

“
s m d to flash fi
ee e As h slav advanc d M a i s re .
”
t e e e ,
r u

sho t d M do y d r kill G ai s M a i s
u e ,
“
an, Th ou a e n r u ? ” e

fright n d slav dropp d his s w ord and fl d from h

e e e e , e t e

chamb r half d ad w ith f ar

e ,
e e .

A b tt r f li g e took poss ssion of h m of

e ee n now e t e en

Mi d th y solv d that h blood of h S avio

n t u r n ae , a n e re e t e t e
“
r

of I aly sho ld t b po th i ha ds Th y p t him

t
”
u no e u n e r n . e u
2 5 2 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

aboard a v ss l which bor him and his fri nds to an isla d

e e , e e n

j st ff t h coast of Africa Wh n h att mpt d to foot

u O e . e e e e se t

u pon t h mainland n ar C arthag S xt s t h Roman gov

e e e, e u , e

e rno r of t h provinc s nt a m ss ng r to forbid him to

e e, e e e e

land Th l g nd says that h old g n ral almost choki g

. e e e t e e e ,
n

w ith indignation sim ply r pli d G t ll yo r mast r , e e :

“
o, e u e

that y hav s n M ari s a f gitiv itting amidst h

ou e ee u , u e, S t e

r ins of C arthag
u e .
”

7 3 Th R t r
1 f M r ius
. It ly T h xil at l ngth
e e u n o a to a . e e e e

fo nd a t mporary r fug on t h island of C m ff h

u e e e e e rc a, o t e

coast of Tunis H r n ws was brought to him that his . e e e

party und r h l ad of t h consul L ci s C orn li s C inna

, e t e e e u u e u ,

was in s cc ssf l r volt against t h optimat s and that h

u e u e e e , e

w as n d d H imm diat ly
ee esail for Italy and land
. e e e se t ,

ing in Etr ria join d C inna Tog th r th y hop d to

u , e . e e e e

crush and xt rminat h op posing faction Rom was

e e e t e . e

cu t ff from h
o food suppli s and starv d into s bmission
er e e u .

M arius now took a t rribl r v ng pon his n mi s e e e e e u e e e .

Th cons l G n
e s O ctavius who pr s t d t h aristocrats
u aeu ,
re e en e e ,

was assassinat d and his h ad t p in front of t h rostra e , e se u e .

N v r b for had s ch a thing b n s n at Rom

e e e e u ee ee e — a

consul s h ad xpos d to t h p blic gaz T h s nato s

’
e e e e u e . e e r ,

e qu strians and l ad rs of t h a istocratical party fl d

e , e e e r e

from h capital F fi days d ights a m rcil ss

t e . or ve an n e e

sla ght r was k pt p T h lif of v ry man in h

u e e u . e e e e t e

capital was in t h hands f t h r v ng f l M ari s If h e o e e e e u u . e

r fus d to r turn t h gr ting of any citiz that s al d

e e e e ee e n, e e

his fat ; h was instantly d spatch d by t h soldi rs who

e e e e e e

await d th ir mast r s nod T h bodi s of t h victims lay

e e e
’
. e e e

u nb ri d in h str ts S lla s ho s was torn down and

u e t e ee . u
’
u e ,

h e hims lf d clar d a public n my D ring t h tum lt

e e e e e . u e u
2 54 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

of th s pl c s Su lla robb d h anci t t mpl s at D lphi

e e a e , e t e en e e e

and O lympia .

Aft r a long si g Ath ns at l gth was t k n (8 6

e e e, e en a e

M assacr and pillag follow d e To c rtain Ath nians e e . e e

e ntr ating that t h city b spa d S lla w ho w ith h

e e e re , u , t e

Ac opolis b for him co ld t b ins nsibl to h sp ll

r e e u no e e e t e e

of Ath s gr at past r pli d that h w o ld spar h living

en
’
e , e e e u e t e

for h sak of t h d ad
t e e e e .

Aft r t h r d ction of Ath ns S lla drov t h fo c s of

e e e u e ,
u e e r e

M it h d t rafi st t of G r c d th n of M ac donia
a es r ou ee e , an e ou t e

back into Asia not ho w v r witho t som ha d fighti g , , e e , u e r n .

In t h y ar 8 5 B h cross d h H ll spon and by h

e e . C . e e t e e e t, t e

followi g y ar had forc d M it h d to

n e for p ac e ra at e s su e e e .

T h ki g gav
e p all his conq
n sts d paid a h vy w ar
e u ue an ea

i d mnity (84
n e

S lla u w m t d t p nishm nt to thos citi s that had

no e e ou u e e e

tak n pa t in t h w ar or h d b n conc rn d i t h gr at
e r e a ee e e n e e

massac (par reS om of th s citi s w r d stroy d

. e e e e e e e e

an d th ir i habita ts sold into slav ry and on thos

e n n e , e

r maining S lla laid an normo s fi of tw ty tho

e u e u ne en u

sand tal nts (abo t e L avi g to his li u e n eu

t nant L uci s L icini s L c ll s t h task of coll cting

e ,
u u u u u , e
:

this fi S lla t ne, on his r t rn to Italy

u se ou t e u .

T h war had b n a most d str ctiv

e in liv s d inee e u e o ne e an

prop rty M any la g citi s had b n tt rly wip d

e . r e e ee u e e ou t

of xist nc d half a million of liv s sacrific d

e e e, a n e e .

75 1 Ci v il W. b tw n S u ll d t h M i n P
ar rt y ( 4
8 e ee a an e ar a a

8 2 W ith h M ithradatic W
— nd d S lla w rott e ar e e ,
u e

to t h s at saying that h w as w comi g to tak

e en e, e no n e

b ttl
Th e h (8
a ) d
e s of ( 5C ) s lt d
ae r o n e a 6 BC an O rc h o m e nu s 8 BC re u e

d is iv vi t i s f h R m s
. . . .

in ec e c or e or t e o an .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL U TIO N 2 55

v g anc po h M arian party his own and t h

en e e u n t e — e

r p blic s fo s
e u
’
e .

T h t rror and const rnation produc d at Rom by this

e e e e e

l tt r w r inc as d by h accid ntal b rning of h

e e e e re e t e e u t e

C apitol Th S ibyllin books ( par

. which h ld t h
e e . e e

s cr ts of t h fat of Rom w r consum d T h i accid nt

e e e e e, e e e .
o

s e

awak n d h most gloomy appr h nsio s S ch an v nt

e e t e e e n . u e e ,

it was b li v d co ld only for shado w t h most dir f l

e e e ,
u e e e u

calamiti s to h stat e t e e .

S lla land d at Br ndisi m i Italy (8 3

u e H was u u n e

straigh w ay join d by many yo ng vol nt rs of distinctio

t e u u ee n,

among whom was a youth f whom sh ll lat r h ar a o we a e e

gr at d al G s P omp y M any gag m nts b t w n

e e n aeu e . en e e e ee

t h a my of S lla and t h forc s of h cons l G n us

e r u e e t e u a
e

P pi i
a C arbo and t h
r u s yo g r M ari s follow d e un e u no w e .

S lla pass d h w int r f 8 B

u in C ap a L at r in this
e t e e o 2 . C . u . e

y ar t h war was virt ally d d by a d sp rat battl in

e e u en e e e e e

f ont of h C ollin G at of t h capital b t w n S lla s

r t e e e e , e ee u
’

troops and h Samnit s who had th own th ms lv s into

t e e ,
r e e e

th str ggl on t h M arian sid b t only of co rs to ge

e u e e e, u ,
u e, t

an opport nity to av ng th ms lv s on Rom S lla

u e e e e e e. u

ca s d b t w n thr and fo r tho sand S amnit prison rs

u e e ee ee u u e e

tak h r to b sla ght r d to a man on t h C amp s

en e e e u e e e u

M ar t ins .

1 76 r s ripti ns f Su ll
. W h n S lla nt r d
Th e P o c o o a — e u e e e

Rom h nt d h city in a f rocio s mood which

e, e e e re t e e u ,

bod d ill f his mi s Th l ad rs of t h M arian party

e or e ne e . e e e e

w r proscrib d r ards w r o ff r d for th ir h ads and

e e e , ew e e e e e e ,

th ir prop rty was confiscat d S lla was implor d to

e e e . u e

mak a list of thos h d sign d to p t to d ath that

e ou t e e e e u e ,

thos h int nd d to spar might b r li v d of t h t ribl

e e e e e e e e e e er e
2 5 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

susp ns in which all w r

e e h ld H mad out a list e e now e . e e

o f ighty w hich was attach d to t h

e , rostra Th p opl e e . e e e

m rm r d at t h l ngth of t h 11 In a f days it was

u u e e e e 10 . ew ex

t nd d to ov r hr h ndr d and th gr w rapidly ntil it

e e e t ee u e , en e u

i cl d d t h nam s of tho sands f h b st citiz s of Italy

n u e e e u o t e e en .

H undr ds w r m rd r d simply b ca s som favorit s of

e e e u e e e u e e e

S lla cov t d th ir stat s

u A w althy nobl coming into
e e e e e . e e,

th f orum and
e ading his own nam in t h list of t h pro re e e e

scrib d xclaim d Alas ! my villa has prov d my ruin

e , e e :
“
e .
”

T h infamo s C atilin
e
( par by havi
u g h am of e . n t e n e

a broth r plac d upon h fatal

e s c r d his prop rty
e t e e u e e .

J lius C m at this tim a m r boy of ight n was pro

u sa r , e e e e ee ,

scrib d on acco nt f his r lationship to M arius ; b t pon

e u o e u , u

th int rc ssion of fri nds S lla spar d him as h did

e e e e ,
u e ; e

so ho v r h said warningly and as h v nt p ov d

, we e , e , , t e e e r e ,

proph tically Th r is in that boy many a M arius

e ,
“
e e .
”

Th n mb r of victims f th s proscriptions has b n

e u e o e e ee

hand d down as forty s v n h dr d Almost all of th s

e - e e u n e . e e

must hav b n m of w alth or of sp cial distinctio on

e ee en e e n

account of th ir activity in p blic aff ai s Ev n h d d

e u r . e t e ea

did not scap T h tomb f M i s w as brok n op n and

e e . e o ar u e e

th ash s thrown into h Anio

e e t e .

S ators knights and w althy lando n rs w r formally

en , , e w e e e

proscrib d by th ir nam s b ing plac d h fatal lists ;

e e e e e on t e

b t t h poor Italians who had sid d w ith h M arian party

u e e t e

w r without any s ch formality simply sla ght r d by

e e u u e e

t s of tho sands S am i m was practically mpti d of

en u . n u e e

inhabitants N did t h provinc s scap In S icily

. or e e e e. ,

S pain and Africa h , mi s of Sulla w r hunt d down , t e e ne e e e e

and xt rmi at d lik noxious animals

e e n e e .

T h prop rty of h proscrib d was co fiscat d and sold

e e t e e n e
2 5 8 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

ing parti s bro ght pon vast r gions f t h p nins la In

e u u e o e e u .

t h wast d districts t h gr at slav farms gr w in siz

e e and e e e e e,

e v ry h r brigandag incr as d As proc d in

e w e e e e e . we ee ou r

narrativ shall hav fr qu nt occasion to call att ntion

e, we e e e e

to h trac s both on t h fac f h land and in t h minds

t e e , e e o t e e

o f t h p opl e of t h t rribly d solating and d moralizing

e e, e e e e

e ff cts of t h wild carnival f crim

e e f which w hav b n o e o e e ee

t h witn ss s
e e e .

7 7
1 S u ll .m d D i t t r w
a i t h P w r t
a er m d l t h C t i
c a o , o e o e o e e ons

tn ti ( 8
on
) T h 2 s nat
BC . now
. pass — d a d cr which
e e e e e ee

approv d and confirm d all that S lla had don and mad
e e u e, e

him dictator d ri g his o w n good pl asur This was t h

u n e e . e

fi st tim a dictator had b n appoint d sinc h war with

r e ee e e t e

H annibal and t h first tim t h dictatorial authority had

, e e e

e v r b conf rr d for a long r p riod than six months

e een e e e e .

T h d cr e f rth r gav S lla t h pow r of li f and d ath

e ee u e e u e e e e

w itho t h righ of app al ov r v ry p rson in h stat

u t e t e e e e e t e e,

and f rth r inv st d him with autho ity to mak laws and
u e e e r e

to r mod l h constit tion in any way that might s m to

e e t e u ee

him n c ssary and b st T h pow r h r gi n S lla w as

e e e . e e e e ve u

lik that with which t h D c mvirs had b n cloth d n arly

e e e e ee e e

fo r c nt ri s b for this tim (par

u e u e e e e .

7 8 Th S ll
1 . C n t itut i n
e T h chi f political aim
n an o s o
1
e e

of t h G h r forms ( par 5 4) had b n t h dimin

e ra c c an e . 1 ee e

i h i g f th
s n po w r of t h s nat and t h placing f all
o e e e e e e o

a thority l gislativ and administrativ in t h ass mbli s

u , e e e, e e e

of t h p opl l d and controll d by h coll g of tribun s

e e e, e e t e e e e .

T h r forms which S lla inv st d w ith t h f ll po w r of

e e u ,
e e e u e

th stat now ff ct d had for th ir chi f aim h t

e e, e e e e e t e r e s o ra

tion of t h a thority of t h s nat which r c nt r vol tions

e u e e e, e e e u

M s H 1
f om m iii pp
e n, 3 9 ist ory o R om e , v o l. . .
4 1 - 44 .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 2 59

and circumstanc s had r d c d almost to a nullity ; and e e u e

th el ss ning of t h po w r f t h trib nat which o ffic

e e e e o e u e, e

d ring t h c nt ri s sinc its stablishm nt had grad ally

u e e u e e e e u

absorb d f nction aft r anoth r ntil it was now t h

e o ne u e e , u e

most important of ll h magistraci s of t h stat Among a t e e e e .

th echang s wro ght in t h constit tion by S lla w r t h

e u e u u e e e

following :

T h s nat whos ranks h d b n gr atly thinn d by

1 . e e e, e a ee e e

th eproscriptio s of t h civil war str ngth n d by h

n e , w as e e e t e

addition of thr h ndr d m mb rs tak n from h

ee u e ne w e e ,
2
e t e

ord r of knights
e .

In h f t r l ction to h q storship was to conf r

2. t e u u e, e e t e u ae e

th eright upon h p rson so chos n at h d of his t rm

t e e e , t e en e

of o ffic to a s at in h s nat As h n mb r of q s
e, e t e e e. t e u e u aa

tors was rais d to t w nty d citiz ns w r ligibl to this

e e ,
3
an e e e e e

o ffic at t h g f thirty this arrang m nt q alifi d a

e e a e o , e e u e

larg n mb r of p rsons for t h s natorial dignity As a

e u e e e e .

matt r of f act t h n mb r of s nators w as abo t do bl d

e , e u e e u u e ,

and h s nat from th is tim app ars to hav mbrac d

t e e e e on e e e e

b tw fi and six h ndr d m mb s

e ee n ve u e e er .

3 T h .n mb r f criminal
e co rts w
u as incr as d
e d o u e e , an

that crimi al j risdiction which p to this tim had b n

n u u e ee

ex rcis d by t h pop lar ass mbli s was transf rr d to th s

e e e u e e e e e e

ne w trib nals Th j dg s j rym of th s co rts

u . e u e or u en e e u

w r in t h f t r to b chos n fro m h s ato s inst ad

e e e u u e e e t e en r e

of from t h knights This pl c d again t h ad m i istra

e . a e e n

tion of criminal justic in t h hands of t h s natorial party e e e e

( p a r

2 C h o se n by t h e c om it ia t r ib u t a
f
.

3
At t h e sa m e ti m e t h e nu m b er of p t
r ae o rs w as ra s e i d ro m six to

e i ght .
2 60 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

4 . c nsorship which had b n s ch an important

Th e e ,
ee u

o ffic hith rto and of t h most niq of all t h Roman

e e , o ne e u ue e

magistraci s was practically abolish d This cam abo t

e , e . e u

larg ly thro gh h provision mad for t h a tomatic filli g

e u t e e e u n

of t h s ats in t h s nat by q m t
e e Th roll of h e e e e x- u s o rs . e t e

s nat had hith rto b n mad up at h d of v y

e e e ee e t e en e er

l str m by t h c nsors (par

u u and this w as of th ir
e e . o ne e

most important d ti s T h taking a w ay from th m of u e . e e

this f nction mad it possibl to disp ns with t h offic

u e e e e e e

altog th r e e .

5 N .m as r was to b o pr s nt d by ea tribun uto anye e e e e e

pop lar ass mbly w ithout t h approval of t h s nat hav

u e e e e e

ing b n s c r d b for hand This gav h s nat t h

ee e u e e e .
4
e t e e e e

initia iv in all l gislation tog th r with compl t control

t e e , e e e e

of all administrativ a ffairs and at h sam tim st ipp d e ,

t e e e r e

th trib ician o ffic of an acq ir d privil g which had

e u n e u e e e

en abl d d magog s lik S

e ie and S lpici s (pars ue e at u r n nu s u u .

1 6 7 )
2, to bring
1 b for1 t h popular ass mbli s all ki ds e e e e e n

of proposals and polici s having to do wi h pur ly e t e e xe c u

tiv d administrativ matt rs with w hich t h p opl

e an e e , e e e

o ght not to hav int rm ddl d

u e e e e .

6 Th pow r f t h coll g of trib n s was still furth r

. e e o e e e u e e

diminish d by t h imposition of a h avy fi for t h ab s

e e e ne e u e

by a trib n of t h right of int rc ssio G r at abus s

u e e e e n . e e

had gro w n up as hav s n in conn ction with this ,

we e ee , e

int rc ssory po r of t h tribun Th v to had b n

e e we e e . e e ee

originally giv n it will b r m mb r d simply for t h p e , e e e e e , e ur

pos of abling t h tribun s to prot ct t h pl b ians

e en e e e e e e

against t h arbitrary and unjust acts of t h patrician mag

e e

his
4 T si ply ct tw as which ll d s c d
m a r e ena m en of t h e law Su a ha e u re

in 88 B C . .
(p a r.
2 62 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Su lla as a man of gr at ability and of stat smanlik vi ws e e e e

and aims It is diffi c lt for to b li v t h Sulla f h

. u u s e e e e o t e

days of proscription and t h S lla of th s days of consti e u e e

i
t u t o n-making to b and h sam m e o ne t e e an.

S lla s co stit tion wis ly as it had b n conc iv d

’
Y et u n u , e ee e e ,

brok down tt rly in almost v ry part within t y ars

e u e e e en e .

B t t h fa lt w as not w ith h consti tion b t w ith h

u e u t e tu , u t e

m en int st d with h working of it M Jam s Bryc in

ru e t e . r. e e,

his comm ta y on instit tions has said of t h Am ri

en r ou r u , e e

can p opl that th y w ould mak any sort of a constitution

e e e e

work w ll J st t h opposit was tr of t h s natorial

e . u e e ue e e

oligarchical party at Rom who w r intr st d w ith h e e e u e t e

worki g of h S llan constit tio Th y w r i t ll ct ally

n t e u u n . e e e n e e u

unabl and morally fit to w ork any kind of a constit tion

e un u .

W n d not th n b s rpris d at t h q ick br akdown f

e ee e e u e e u e o

th constit tion which S lla plac d in th ir hands

e u u e e .

7 9 Th Ab di t i n
1 . d D t h f S u ll
e Aft r having ca o an ea o a - e

e x rcis d h nlimit d pow r of his o ffic for thr y a s

e e t e u e e e ee e r ,

S lla to t h s rpris of v ybody s dd

u ,
e ly r sign d h
u e e er ,
u en e e t e

dictatorship and r ti d to his villa at P t oli H r

, e re u e . e e,

aft r a f months pass d i h soci ty of cong nial com

e ew e n t e e e ~

panio s and fill d with t h gross st dissipations h was

n e e e , e

visit d by a loathsom malady and di d t h y ar follo w ing

e e , e e e

his abdicatio ( 78 n

Th soldi rs who had fo ght nd r t h old g n ral

e e u u e e e e

cro w d d to his f n ral f om all parts of Italy Th body

e u e r . e

was bur d pon a h g f n ral pyr rais d in t h C ampus

ne u u e u e e e e

M tiar T h mon m nt r ct d to his m mory bor this

ns . e u e e e e e e

inscriptio w h ich h hims lf had compos d N on of my

n, e e e
“
e

fri nds v r did m a ki dn ss d non of my mi s

e e e e n e ,
an e e ne e

e v r did m a wro g w i ho t b ing f lly r q it d

e e n , t u e u e u e .
”
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL U TION 263

important r sult of t h r ign of S lla as an absolut

O ne e e e u e

dictator was t h acc stoming f t h p opl to t h id a of e u o e e e e e

t h rul e f a si gl man e o H i short dictatorship was t h

n e . s e

pr l d to t h r ign f t h p rman nt Imp rator

e u e e e o e e e e .

Th parts f t h old actors in t h drama w r now all

e o e e e e

play d to t h d B t t h plot d p ns and

e e en m . u e ee e , ne w en

app ar upon t h stag to carry

e th which
e e on e ne w , a re

r ally t h old parts

e e ,
.

R F R N W hit s N W bk i A P P IA
’
E E E CES e vo l Tb c Civ il a r s,

ch ps ivil W s M i s d
. . .
.
,

a xii S ci l W
v — d fo r th e o a ar an th e C ar of ar u an

ch ps ix
. . .
,

Su ll bk a ; xii Fi t M ith d tic W a U R i — for t h e rs ra a ar PL TA CH,

iv s
. . . . . .
,

L e dM of B
S u lla ( an M a r iu s. E E S LY A * T/z e Gr a c c b i, a r iu s

s s
.

an d ( p ch
S u lla i ) ch p Eiv pp 6 5
o 8 J g thi
S er W e a — 1 Th e u u r ne ar
”
;
t s ch p viii pp
. . .
, ,

ch p v pp 8 9 5
a . . i bi d
. 1— ,
“
Th e C m r an Te u o ne
”
; a . . . 1 12

S ci l W
“
M R V F ”
1 28 Th e o a f ar . E I A LE le
a
Tb e a ll o tb c R om a n
ch p s ii pp 3 65 I N
,

Rp e u b lic , a H f —v
R 2— 1 H E ist ory o om e , v o l. v . ;
N s
. . . . .

l t ch pt
a er a D
e rs
f R LO p 5 v l
G Tb e ec lin e o tb c om a n Re u b lic , o ;
l f c w k FR M N (
. .

ge ne r a re e r e n e H or(S c d EE A E ist or ica l E ssay s e on

ci s C li s S ll
. .

S i ) y titl d ”
er es , e ss a en e Lu u o rne u u a.
 C H A PTE R X IV .

I
TH E P E R O D O F T H E R E V O L UT O N I ( Con clu ded) .

— 1 B C
(7 3
8 . .
)

1 80 n ur t i f L pidu ( 78 7 7
. Th e I s It is a
r ec on o e s —

di ffic lt thi g to stablish p ac by viol nc T h w is

u n e e e e e. e e

S amnit cou s llor nd rstood this w h n h advis d h i

e n e u e e e e s

son victor ov r t h Romans at h C a din Forks ith r

,
e e t e u e , e e

to allo all his prison rs to r t rn hom nharm d or to

w e e u e u e ,

kill th m to h last m ( par

e S lla s proscriptio s
t e an . u
’
n

an d m rd rs had cr at d many mor

u e n mi s of t h oli e e e e e e e

garchy than th y had d stroy d T h provi c s w r e e e . e n e e e

swarming with xil d M arians and Italy its lf was fill d e e , e e

wi t h th ir fri nds d sympathiz rs H ardly w r t h

e e an e . e e e

emb rs f t h f n ral pyr of S lla q ch d b for an

e o e u e e u u en e , e e

ins rr ction b ok out against h gov rnm nt of t h r es

u e r e t e e e e e

tab li h d oligarchy
s e .

Th l ad r of h mov m nt was a d s rt r from t h

e e e t e e e e e e e

oligarchical pa ty M arc s IEm ili L pid s a m with r u us e u , an

n ith r ability nor charact r Th aim of h ins rr ction

e e e . e t e u e

w as h ov rthrow of t h S llan constit tion t h r vival

“
t e e e u u , e e

of h distrib tions of corn t h r instati g of h trib n s

t e u , e e n t e u e

of h p opl in th ir form r position h r call of thos

t e e e e e , t e e e

w h w r banish d co trary to law [and ] t h r storation

o e e e n , e e

of h co fiscat d lands
t e n e .
” 8

M s f
3 iv p 3om m e n, If i sto ry o R om e , vo l . . . 6 .

2 64
2 66 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

th ir admiratio to com to th ir h lp Th invitation

e n, e e e .
1
e

had b n acc pt d and S rtori s was at this mom nt th ir

ee e e , e u e e

l ad r
e e .

S rtori s was a man of positiv g ni s

e u f th f e e u , o ne o e ew

m of gr at parts that t h savag proscriptions of t h

en e e e e

cont ding parti s at Rom had l ft aliv Th attractiv

en e e e e. e e

forc of a stro g p rsonality dr to him h chivalric

e n e ew t e

warrio of L sitania and gav him a bodyg ard of

rs u , e u

tho sands of d vot d and oath bo nd companions H

u e e - u . e

did not h sitat to str gth n his hold pon his wild
e e en e u

adh r nts by taking advantag of th i s p rstitions H

e e e e r u e . e

pr t nd d that a tam w hit fawn which h k pt always

e e e e e , e e

by his sid mad known to him s cr t things which w r

e, e e e e e

a r v lation from D ia a
e e n .

S rto i s was s rro nd d by h

e r u dr ds of Roman f u u e un e re u

g s for his amp w as a sort of Ad llam s cav wh r was

ee ,
c u
’
e,
2
e e

coll ct d a gr at cro w d of t h o tlaw d adh r nts f t h

e e e e u e e e o e

M arian party and m dissa isfi d with t h w ord r of en t e e ne e

thi gs at Rom O t of th s S rtori s form d a s nat ;

n e . u e e e u e e e

for whil fighting h armi s of t h gov rnm nt f t h

, e t e e e e e o e

oliga chy h h ld hims lf t as t h Roman g n ral and

r ,
e e e ou e e e

gov rnor of Spain and t h tru r p s ntativ of t h Roman

e , e e e re e e e

stat H f rth r stablish d a school for t h child n of

e . e u e e e e re

t h nativ
e hi ftains and caus d th m to b taught L atin
e C e , e e e

and G r k and all t h st di s that form d a part of t h

ee e u e e e

instr ction to t h childr n of t h b st f mili s in Rom

u e e e e a e e .

T h plans of S rtori s r ach d b yond S pain

e Acting e u e e e .

1 t i s h d b n s t i t t h p i s l by t h M i g v
S er or u a ee en n o e en n u a e ar a n o em

m en t p p t f F th S p i (83
as ro H h d b n d iv n
r ae o r o ar er a n e a ee r e ou t

of th c t y t Af ic by t h li t n t s of S ll
e ou n r o r a e eu e an u a.
3
S O ld T t meet 1 S m xxii es a en ,
. a . . I, 2 .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E RE VOL UTION 2 67

as tho gh h w r t h r al h ad f t h Roman gov rnm nt

u e e e e e e o e e e ,

h eform d an allianc with M it h d t (par 68) and

e e ra a es . 1

n gotiat d with him r sp cting t h Roman cli nt stat s in

e e e e e e e

th E ast
e H furth r f orm d a l agu wit h t h
. e pirat s e e e e e e

o f th M dit rran an (par 8 5 ) and gav th m stations

e e e e . 1 e e

on t h S panish coasts and stirr d p t h trib s of G a l

e ,
e u e e u

against h authority in h N orth of t h Roman s nat

t e t e e e e.

H i activity his tal nt for military a ff airs and h r ach of

s , e ,
t e e

his plans tog th r with t h fact that h had lost an y in

,
e e e e e e

battl caus d him to b call d t h

e, e H annibal e e e
“
ne w .
” 3

Ind d th r w r thos at Rom who f ar d that h wo ld

ee , e e e e e e e e e u

play t h part f t h C arthaginian and l aving S pain

e o e , e ,

d sc nd f rom t h Alps pon Rom Th r probably was

e e e u e. e e

at no tim any gr at dang r of his att mpting this but

e e e e ,

th xist nc of t h appr h nsion sho s t h panic

e e e e e e e w e

strick n stat f t h public mind sinc t h S llan r ign

e e o e e e u e

of t rror e .

In any v nt fortun n v r op n d h way for S rtori s

e e e e e e e t e e u

to l ad h i follow rs to t h gat s of h capital Th

e s e e e t e . e

g n ral of t h s nat Q int s M t llus P i s w ho had b n

e e e e e, u u e e u , ee

s nt into S pai b for S lla s d ath having fo ght witho t

e n e e u
’
e , u u

s cc ss against S rtorius in t h y ar 7 6
u e G n us P m e , e e BC . . ae o

p y t h rising yo ng g n ral of t h
e , e oligarchy (par u e e e .

upon whom t h titl of G r at had alr ady b n cone e

“
e e ee

f rr d as a r ward for crushing h M arian party in S icily

e e e t e

and Africa was s t to S pain to p rform a similar

, en ou t e

s rvic th r
e e e e .

F s v ral y ars h
or e was c i d on with varying
e e t e w ar a rr e

H 3
ib l l t f phth l i hil t ly l t ch c ll
an n a os an e ye ro m O a m a w e in I a . P u ar a s

Philip of M ac e d o n An tig o n u s ( A l e x a n d e r s
,
’
g e ne ra l) , H ann ib l a , a nd

S t i
er or u s
“
th e o n e -e y dce o m m an d e rs .
”
2 68 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

fort n s At tim s t h pow r of Rom in t h p nins la

u e . e e e e e e u

s m d on t h v rg of tt r xtinction Finally t h brav

ee e e e e u e e . e e

S rtori s a pric
e having b n plac d on his h ad by
u , e ee e e

M t llus was tr ach ro sly

e e pon at a banq t by a
, e e u se t u ue

n mb r of his Roman o ffic rs and stabb d to d ath S

u e e e e .
“
o

e nd d e of t h gr at st m if not h v ry gr at st
o ne e e e e n, t e e e e

man that Rom had hith rto prod c d a man w ho nd r

,
e e u e , u e

mor favorabl circ mstanc s wo ld p rhaps hav b com

e e u e u e e e e

th r g n rator f his country b y t h t ason of h

e e e e o ,
— e re t e

wr tch d band f migrants whom h w as cond mn d to

e e o e e e e

l ad against his nativ land H istory lov s not t h C orio

e e . e e

lani nor has h mad any xc ption v in h cas of

4
s e e e e e en t e e

this t h most magnanimo s most gift d most d s rving

e u , e , e e

to b r gr tt d of th m all
e e e e e .
” 5

Aft r t h r moval of S rtorius t h ins rr ction that h

e e e e e u e e

had organiz d and h ad d was sp dily cr sh d and both

e e e ee u e ,

th S panish provinc s w r r gain d for t h gov rnm nt

e e e e e e e e e

of t h oligarchy P omp y s ttl d h a ff airs of t h country

e . e e e t e e .

Th o gho t h conq r d r gio s h stablish d military

r u u t e ue e e n e e e

coloni s and r organiz d h local gov nm nts p tting in

e e e t e er e , u

po w r thos who wo ld b not only fri nds and alli s of

e e u e e e

t h Roman stat b t also his

e p rsonal adh r ts e, u own e e en .

H h
ow s d th s m as instr m nts f his ambition
e u e e e en u e o ,
we

shall l arn a littl lat e e er .

At t h v ry s mmit of t h P yr s wh r cross d by
e e u e e ne e ,
e e e

t h trail l ading i to G a l P omp y r ct d a comm mora

e e n u , e e e e e

tiv col mn pon which a boastf l inscription old how h

e u u u t e

had forc d t h gat s of mor than ight h ndr d to w ns in

e e e e e u e

S pain and S o th rn G a l u e u .

4
S e e pa r 5 5 . .

5 M o m m se n H ist ory of R om e , , vol . iv p . .

50 .
2 7 0 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

in crowding t h ins rg nts down into Rh gium wh r e u e e , e e

H a nibal had stood so long at bay

n S partac s now . u re

solv d to pass ov r into S icily and stir p h mb rs of

e e u t e e e

t h old s rvil wars pon that island (pars

e e e47 H u . 1 ,
e

bargain d with h pirat s that inf st d h n ighboring

e t e e e e t e e

s as to co v y his forc s across t h straits ; b t as soon as

e n e e e u

th y had r c iv d t h stip lat d pric th y tr ach ro sly

e e e e e u e e e e e u

sail d a ay d l ft S partac s and his follo w rs to th ir

e w an e u e e

fat C rassus thr w p a w all across t h isthm s to p

e . e u e u , re

v nt t h scap f t h ins rg nts ; b t S partacus brok

e e e e o e u e u e

thro gh h Roman lin by night and hast n d north w ard

u t e e e e

w ith his army Follo w ing in hot p rs it C rass s ov rtook

. u u , u e

t h f gitiv s at t h S il
e u and th r s bj ct d th m to a
e e a r u s, e e u e e e

d cisiv d f at S partac s hims lf w as slai ; b t fi

e e e e . u e n u ve

tho sa d of t h ins rg ts scap d d fl d towa ds h

u n e u en e e an e r t e

Alps This flying band was m t and annihilat d by P m

. e e o

p y e who ,
w as r turning from S pain e .

T h slav s that had tak

e part i t h r volt w r h nt d
e en n e e e e u e

th o gh t h mo ntains and for sts and xt mina d lik

r u e u e e er te e

dang ro s b asts T h Appian W y was lin d with six

e u e . e a e

tho sand cross s b aring aloft as many bodi s a t rribl

u e e e , e e

warning f t h fat awaiting slav s who sho ld dar to

o e e e u e

strik for f dom e re e .

83 Th C n u l h ip f P m p y
1 . d t h O rt h r w f t h
e o s s o o e an e ve o o e

S u ll C n t itut i n ( 7
an In r cog i ion of his s rvic s
o s o 0 e n t e e

in h S panish and t h G ladiatorial w ar P omp y was mad

t e e ,
e e

cons l for t h y ar 7 B C assus t h conq ror of

u e e 0 . C . r ,
e ue

S partac s was chos n as his coll ag

u , e e u e.

P omp y did not w h e cons lat to t h s atorial o e t e u e e en

party to which h nominally b long d for th y w r j l

,
e e e ,
e e e ea

ou s o f his growing pop larity and thr w v ry ob tacl u e e e s e

 TH E P E RIO D OF TH E R E VOL UTION 2 7 1

th y co ld in t h way of his advanc H o w d his l c

e u e e . e e e e

tion to h pop lar party w ith t h l ad rs of w hich h had

t e u , e e e e

t d into a political bargain t h t rms of which w r

e n e re
,
e e e e

that in r turn f t h consulat a triumph and lands for

e or e e, ,

PO M PE Y THE G R E AT .

( F rom b us ti
n the S p ada P a l ac e . )

his v t rans h should aid t h p opl in r p aling h

e e , e e e e e e t e

S ll n la w s
u a d r storing t h ss ntial f r s of h
an e e e e e at u e t e

G h
rac c constitution “
an .

T h S llan constit t io had b n in forc now for nin

e u u n ee e e

y ars b d ring all this tim its n mi s had labor d to

e , u t u e e e e e

6 Fo r th e ma i n r
p p0 o s als em b c d by
ra e th e p pl
eo
’
e s p g
ro ram , see

pa r . 1 80 .
2 72 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

ov r hro w it by forc of arms in t h fi ld and by t h tactics

e t e e e e

f t h d mago g in t h for m Alr ady h oligarchical

'
o e e ue e u . e t e

party had b n forc d to yi ld som g ound At t h tim

ee e e e r . e e

of h agitation start d by L pid s ( par

t e th larg ss s e e u . e e e

of co n which S ulla had forbidd n w r again a tho iz d

r , e , e e u r e

(7 8

soon r was P omp y install d in o ffic tha h pro

No e e e e n e

cee d d to mak good his promis s to th d mocra s

e e H e e e t . e

carri d fi st a law which r stor d to t h trib n s t h tim

e r e e e u e e e

hono d pr rogativ s f which S lla had stripp d th m

re e e o u e e .

Th S llan arrang m nts in r ga d to h

e u l co rts e e e r t e aw u

w r n xt sw pt away S lla it will b r call d had tak n

e e e e . u ,
e e e , e

away from h knigh s h control f h j ry co rts and

t e t t e o t e u u

plac d th m in h hands f t h s nat by d cr ing that

e e t e o e e e e ee

all j rym n sho ld b chos n from h s nators Th s

u e u e e t e e . e e

co rts w r
u r constit t d in s ch a way as to giv
e e no w e u e
7
u e

th k ights t h
e virt al control of th m This chang in
n e u e . e

th j dicial syst m was mad asy of acco mplishm nt

e u e e e e

thro gh t h xpos r at j st this tim i conn ction

u e e u e u e — n e

with h pros c tion f h infamo s V rr s of w hom

t e e u o t e u e e , we

shall say som thing p s ntly (par 8 4 ) of h scandal

e re e . 1 t e

ous corr ption of t h s natorial courts

u e e .

S lla had practically abolish d

u h o ffic of c nsor e t e e e .

This was now r stor d and c nsors w again l ct d with e e ,

e ere e e e

th old pr rogativ of co rs of r v s ng t h roll of t h

e e e, u e, e i i e e

s nat T h first act of h n wly l ct d c nsors was to

e e . e t e e e e e e

7 By p p t h e [ex Au r elia , ro o sd
e by the p r ae o r t L A u re 1iu s C o tt a,

which p vid d th t i t h f t
. .

ro e a n e u u re o n ly o ne- thi r d f t h j ym
o e ur en s h ldou

b t k f m th
e a en t s ro e se n a o r an d th e m i
re a n n i g t w thi d s f m t h o- r ro e

q st i d t h cl ss s ti
,

e ue d r an o r e r an e a of citi z en ra n g in p p ty xt b l w
ro er ne e o

th me .
2 74 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

a ff airs f t h provinc s that t h most flagrant ab s s aros

o e e e u e e.

At first t h r l of h Roman gov nors in t h provinc s

e u e t e er e e ,

tho gh s v r was hon st and pr d nt B d ring t h

u e e e, e u e . u t u e

p riod of p flig y and corr ption pon which hav

e ro ac u u we e

now nt r d h administration of th s for ign poss ssions

e e e , t e e e e e

had b com sham f lly dishon st d incr dibly cr l and

e e e u e an e ue

rapacious T h pros c tion of V r s h propr tor of

. e e u e re , t e ae

S icily xpos d t h scandalo s r l of t h oligarchy into

, e e e u u e e ,

w hos hands t h gov nm t had fa ll n F thr y ars

e e er en e . or ee e

V rr s pl nd r d and ravag d that island with imp nity

e e u e e e u .

H sold all h offic s and all his d cisions as j dg

e t e H e e u e. e

d m d d of h farm s t h g at r part of th ir crops

e an e t e er e re e e

w hich h sold to s w ll his al ady

e o mo s fort n e re en r u u e .

Agric lt r w as th s r i d and h fa ms w r bandon d

u u e u u ne , t e r e e a e .

V rr s h d a tast f
e e and wh n his to rs th o gh
a e o r art , e on u r u

t h isl nd co fiscat d g ms vas s st t

e a s paintings and
n e e , e ,
a ue , ,

oth r things that str ck his fancy wh th r in t mpl s or

e u , e e e e

in p ivat d w lli gs
r e e n .

V r s co ld b call d to acco t w hil in o ffic ; d

er e u not e e u n e e an

it w as do btf l w h h r aft r h d of his t rm h co ld

u u et e , e t e en e , e u

b e convict d so cor pt and v l had b com h m m

e
"

,
ru en a e e t e e

b rs f h s at b fo whom all s ch off d rs m st

f

e o t e en e, e re u en e u

b e tri d I d d V s hims l f op ly boast d that h

e . n ee , erre e en e e

i t nd d t w o thi ds of his gai s for his j dg s and la w

n e e - r n u e

y e rs
; t h r maining third
e wo ld satisfy
e hims lf o ne- u e .

At l ngth aft r S icily had com to look as tho gh it had

e , e e u

b n ravag d by barba ian con q rors h infamous robb r

ee e r ue , t e e

was imp ach d T h pros c tor w as M arc s T lli s C ic ro

e e . e e u u u u e ,

t h b illiant orato
e r who was at this tim j st rising into r, e u

promin nc at Rom Th storm of i dig ation rais d by

e e e . e n n e

t h d v lopm ts of h trial c s d V r s to fl into

e e e en t e au e er e ee
 TH E P E RIO D OF TH E RE VOL UTION 275

exil to M assilia w hith r h took w ith him m ch of his ill

e , e e u

n w alth e .

W W it h t h M dit r n n P ir t ( 7 8 66
ar e e e ra ea a es —

Anoth r most sham f l comm nta y h u t r incapacity

e e u e r on t e t e

of t h gov rnm t of h aristocrats was t h gro w th of

e e en t e e

piracy in h M dit rran an wat rs d ring th ir r l It

t e e e e e u e u e.

is tr that this was an vil w hich had b n gro w ing for a

ue e ee

long tim T h Romans thro gh th ir conq st of h

e . e u e ue t e

co ntri s fringi g h M dit rran an had d stroy d not

u e n t e e e e e e

only h gov r m nts that had maintain d ord r on h

t e e n e e e t e

land b at h sam tim had d stroy d h fl ts as in

, u t t e e e e e t e ee ,

th cas of C arthag which si c h days w h h risi g

e e e, ,
n e t e en t e n

G r k ci i s s pp ss d piracy in
ee t e h Ai g an S uhad re e t e e e a,

polic d h M dit ra an d k pt its ship ro s cl a of

e t e e er ne an e u te e r

co sairs In t h mor vigo o s d ys of h r p blic h

r . e e r u a t e e u t e

se a had b n w ll wa ch d by Roma fl s b t aft r h

ee e t e n eet ,
u e t e

clos of h w s with C rthag h Rom s had allow d

e t e ar a e t e an e

th ir war navy to f ll into d cay

e a e .

T h M dit rra e a th s l ft prac ically wi ho t patrol

e e ne n, u e t t u ,

w as s w arming w ith pi a s ; for t h Rom n conq s s i r te e a u e t n

Africa S pain and sp cially in G c d Asia M ino

, , e e re e e an r,

had ca s d tho sa ds of adv nt ro s spi its in thos

u e u n e u u r e

maritim co nt i s to tak to th ir ships d s k a liv li

e u r e e e ,
an ee e

hood by pr ying pon h comm c of h s as Th e u t e er e t e e . e

c lty and xtortion of t h Roma gov rnors in h vari

ru e e e n e t e

ou s provinc s h civil war of S lla and M ari s h pro

e , t e u u , t e

sc ript i d fi i
o ns an of t h days of t rror at Romc on sc a t o n s e e e,

th impov rishm
e t and disposs ssion of t h p asant farm rs
e en e e e e

e v rywh r thro gh t h growth of gr a slav stat s all

e e e u e e t e -e e ,
—

th s things filling as th y did h M dit rran an la ds

e e , e t e e e e n

with hom l ss and d sp rat m had also driv n la g

e e e e e en, e r e
2 7 6 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

nu mb rs f hith rto hon st and ind strious p rsons to h

e o e e u e t e

sam co rs of lif
e u e e .

Th s r i d m of all nat ions no w t rn d pirat s

e e
“
u ne en , u e e ,

had ba d d th ms lv s tog th r in a sort of gov rnm nt

n e e e e e e e e .

Th y had as plac s of r fug n m ro s strong fortr ss s

e e e e u e u e e

fo r h ndr d it is said among t h inacc ssibl mou tains

u u e e e e n

of h coast lands th y fr qu nt d Th y had a fl t of a

t e e e e e . e ee

tho sa d sails with dockyards and naval ars nals Th y

u n , e .
“
e

w r e e,in t h words f M omms

’
no long r a gang of
e o e n,
“
e

robb rs who had flock d tog th r b t a compact soldi r

e e e e ,
u e

stat in w hich t h f m sonry of xil and crim took t h

e e re e - a e e e e

plac of natio al e n

it y This stat .
” 8
e

mad tr ati s w ith e e e

h G r k maritim t e ee e

citi s and form d e , e

l ag s of fri d e ue en

ship with h kings t e

and princ s of t h e e

E ast .

Th h i s t o r y of e

this pirat stat is e- e

as i t r st ing as a n e e

pirat s tal Its e

’
e .

R N V R o MAN T
swift ships sailing
AD I G E S SE L
,

fl ts and sq ad
.

in ee u

rons scour d h wat rs of h M dit rra an so that no

,
e t e e t e e e ne ,

m rchantman could spr ad h sails in saf ty N w r

e e er e . or e e

th s buccan rs cont nt with what spoils h

e e ee might e t e se a

yi ld th m ; lik t h vikings of t h N orth rn s as in lat r

e e e e e e e e

8 Mo m m se n , H istory Of R om e ,
vol . iv p. .
57 .
2 78 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

the m asur B t t h p opl w r n v r mor in arn st

e e . u e e e e e e e e e e

than th y w in r gard to this G b i i law It was

e e re e a n an .

finally carri d in t h patrician pl b ian ass mbly of t h

e e - e e e e

trib s amidst n xampl d nth siasm W h il t h voting

e u e e e u . e e

of t h trib s was proc ding h m ltit d stood d ns ly

e e ee ,
“
t e u u e e e

pack d in t h for m ; all h b ildi gs w h nc t h rost a

e e u t e u n , e e e r

co ld b s n w r cov r d v n on h roofs with m

u e ee , e e e e e e t e en .
” 12

T h s nators did not v nt r aft r s ch a d monstration

e e e u e, e u e ,

to att mpt to th w art t h pop lar will Th law havi g

e e u . e n

b n pass d t h s nators i v s t d P omp y w ith h

ee e , e e n e e e t e e x t r ao r
'

di nar
y command H was giv army of a h ndr d . e en an u e

and t w nty tho sand m and an armam nt of ov r t w o

e u e n, e e

h ndr d ships All h tr as r s of h stat w r p at

u e . t e e u e t e e e e u t

his disposal and all magistrat s and all h r l rs of cli nt

,
e t e u e e

stat s w r o d d to giv him such aid in m and mo y

e e e r e re e en ne

as h might d mand
e e .

P omp y act d with n w ont d n rgy W ithin fo ty

e e u e e e . r

days h had s w pt t h pirat s f om t h W st rn M di

e e e e r e e e e ter

and in forty i mo h nt d th m from all t h

r a n e an , -n n e re u e e e

w at rs ast f Italy capt r d th ir strongholds in C ilicia

e e o ,
u e e ,

and s ttl d t h t w nty tho sand prison rs that f ll into his

e e e e u e e

hands i va io s coloni s in Asi M inor and G r c

n r u e a ee e .

P omp y s vigoro s d s cc ssf l cond ct of this cam

’
)
e u an u e u u

p g
ai agai nst th pirat s gain d him
n gr at honor and e e e e

r p ation
e u t .

86 P m p y b in g
1 . E d h Th ir d Mit h r d t i W
o e r s to an n t e
1
a a c ar

( 74 46 — P omp y had not y nd d h war with h e et e e t e t e

T h e c om it ia t r z é u t a
11
'

12 M
o m m se n H ist o ry of R om e v o l ,
1
3 6 iv p
,
. . . .

c ll d c d
1 T h e so - a e Se o n M ra a W a r (83— 82 B C ) ith d tic w as a s h t or

s
. .

c flict b tw
on e e e n t h e R o m an a n d M it h rada t e s a a ro se j th t us t fta er th e

cl s f t h Fi t (p
o e o e rs ar .
 TH E P ERIO D OF TH E R E VOL UTION 2 79

pirat s b for h was giv by vot of h p pl

e e e e e n, .
a e t e eO e,
2

charg of h w ar against M it h d t who

e t e for s v ral ra a e s, n ow e e

y ars had b in arms against Rom This war w as

e ee n e .

simply a contin ation of t h last cont st b tw n M ithra u e e e ee

dat s and t h Romans which as P l tarch p ts it w as not

e e , ,
u u ,

e nd d b t m r ly stopp d for a tim

e u e e e e.
”

T h circ mstanc s l ading to t h

e u pr s nt cont st w r e e e e e e e e

th s N i m d II I king of Bithynia had di d 74 B

e e : co e es .
, , e . C .
,

and in imitation of Attal s I I I f P rgam s (par

,
u . o e u .

had will d his kingdom to h Roman p opl w ho had at

e t e e e,

onc mad it i to a provinc M i h d whos po w r

e e n e . t ra a t e s, e e

in t h E xi gion w as thr at d by t h app a anc of

e u ne re e ene e e r e

th Romans th r
e had straight w ay invad d h Roman
e e, e t e ne w

t rrito y w ith a larg army Th s t h int rmitt d war

e r e
‘

. u e e e

was r n d e ewe .

T h chi f cond ct of t h war on t h Roman sid was in

e e u e e e

th hands of L ci s L icini s L c ll s w ho had s rv d ably

e u u u u u u , e e

u nd r Sulla i h Fi st M ithradatic W F ight y ars

e n t e r ar. or e e

L c llus carri d on t h
u u war p osp ro sly v n drivinge e r e u ,
e e

M it h d t of his own kingdom of P ont s Th n t h

ra a es ou t u . e e

tid of fort n t rn d against him and h lost to t h

e u e u e ,
e e

e n my almost v rything h had gain d

e e e e e .

Th ca s s of t h r v rs s of L c ll s
e u e worthy a e e e e u u u ar e

mom t s notic sinc th y lik h circumst nc s of h

en
’
e, e e , e t e a e t e

t ial of V rr s (par
r cast a stro g light on h scandal
e e . n t e

ous ma ag m nt of h a ff ai s of h provi c s It will b

n e e t e r t e n e . e

r call d that at t h d of t h first war a gainst M it h d

e e e en e ra a

t e s,S lla impos d u pon h citi s d comm niti s t hat e u t e e an u e

had tak n part in that cont st against Rom a h avy fi

e e e e ne

( par Th
. paym nt of this i d m ity had im pe e n e n o ve r

i h d th
s ep opl and fo c d th m to borro mon y at
e e e r e e w e

2 By t h e M a nilia n la w , 66 B C . .
2 80 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

frightf lly high rat s of i t r st from h Roman mon y

u e n e e t e e

l nd rs M any poor d btors had b n forc d to s ll th ir

e e . e ee e e e

childr n into slav ry and t h citi s to strip t h t mpl s of

e e , e e e e e

th ir tr as r s P l tarch says that aft r t h p opl had

e e u e . u e e e e

paid twic t h amo nt of t h original fi f

e e tal nts u e ne o e ,

th y fo nd th ms lv s still o w ing on account of t h s ri

e u e e e , e u u

ou s int r st th y w r paying
e e tal nts e e e , e .
3

L uc ll s tri d to p
u a st p to this robb ry H limit d
u e u t 0 e . e e

th rat of int st and i stit t d oth r m as r s of r li f

e e ere ,
n u e e e u e e e .

O f co rs t h us r rs sp c lators and farm rs f t h tax s

e e u u e , e u , e o e e

w r highly indignant at this int rf r nc with th ir b si

e e e e e e e u

n ss and thro gh th ir f i nds at Rom b gan a campaign

e ,
u e r e e e

o f misr pr s ntation and sland r against L c ll s with t h

e e e e u u u e

p rpos of bringing abo t his r call

u e u e .

Th clamor rais d at Rom against L c ll s r ach d t h

e e e u u u e e e

e ars of his soldi rs and aro s d in th m a r b llio s spirite u e e e e u ,

which w h n n ws finally cam that h had b n sup rs d d

, e e e e ee e e e

in his comma d by P omp y brok t in op n m tiny n e , e ou e u .

It was this stat f things that had h lp d to paralyz t h e o . e e e e

arm of L c ll s and had robb d him f t h fr it f ight

u u u , e o e u o e

y ars t dious y t succ ssf l campaigning

e
’
e e e u .

S uch was t h sit ation of a ffairs wh n P omp y fr she u e e ,

e

from his tri mphs ov r t h pirat s app ar d pon t h

u e e e , e e u e

sc n In a gr at battl in L ss r Arm ia P om p y almost

e e . e e e e en , e

annihilat d h army f M it h d t Th king fl d from

e t e o ra a es . e e

th fi ld and aft r s king in vain for a r f g i Asia

e e , e ee e u e n

M i or f ound n asyl m b yond h C a cas s M o ntains

n ,
a u e t e u u u ,

whos bl ak barri rs int rpos d th ir fri ndly shi ld b

e e e e e e e e e

tw n him and his p rs rs D sisting from h p rs it

ee u ue . e t e u u ,

P omp y t rn d south e d conq r d S yria P h nicia and

u e an ue e ,
oe ,

l t ch L c 3
P u ar ,
u cu llu s, . 1 2 0.
THE ROM AN DOM I N I ON S
AT THE END OF THE

M ITHRI DATI C WAR

B C 64
. .
2 82 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

1 87 .ru Aft r r g lating t h a ffairs

P om pey ’
s T i m ph .
— e e u e

of h di ff r nt stat s and p ovinc s i h E ast P omp y

t e e e e r e n t e ,
5
e

se t on his r t rn to Rom wh r h njoy d s ch

ou t e u e, e e e e e u

a tri mph as n v r b for had b n s n si c Rom

u e e e e ee ee n e e

b cam a city T h spoils of all th E ast w r born in

e e . e e e e e

t h proc ssion ; thr h dr d and tw nty two princ s

e e ee un e e - e

w alk d as captiv s b for t h tri mphal chariot of h

e e e e e u t e

conq ror ; l g nds upon t h ba rs proclaim d that h

u e e e e nne e e

had conq r d tw nty ki gs c ptur d

u e e tho sand e -o n
e n ,
a e one u

strongholds in h d d to w s and ight h ndr d ships

,
n e un re n , e u e ,

and s bj gat d mo than tw lv millions f p opl

u u e d re e e o e e ; an

that h had p t i t t h tr as ry mor than

e u
.
n o e e u e

b sid s do bling h r g lar r v n s f t h stat H

e e u t e e u e e ue o e e. e

boast d that th tim s h had tri mph d and ach tim

e re e e e u e , e e

f orth co q st of a co ti t , fi for Africa th n for

e n ue n ne n — r st , e

E rop u and now for Asia which compl t d t h conq st

e, , e e e ue

o f t h wo ld e r .

88 Th C n pi y f C t ilin ( 64 6
1 . e W hil t h
o s r ac o a e - 2 — e e

l gio s w r abs nt from It ly with P omp y in h East a

e n e e e a e t e ,

most da ing co spiracy against h gov r m t w as form d

r n t e e n en e

at Rom L ci s S rgi s C atilina a r in d sp ndthrift

e . u u e u ,
u e e ,

had gath r d a larg company f p flig t yo ng nobl s

e e e o ro a e u e ,

w igh d down w ith d bts and d sp rat lik hims lf d

e e e e e e e e , an

had d lib rat ly pla d to m rd r h cons ls d t h

e e e nne u e t e u an e

chi f m f t h stat and to pl nd r d b r h capital

e en o e e, u e an u n t e .

Th o ffic s of t h w gov rnm t w r to b divid d

e e e ne e en e e e e

among h co spirators Th y d p nd d pon c iving

t e n . e e e e u re e

5 which h d b n i R m n h d s i c 7 4 B C w
Bithy n i a , a ee n o a an s n e . .
, as

l g d by t h dditi n f p t f P t
e n ar e d giv p m
e ta o o a ar o o n u s, a n en a er an e n

p vi ci l c s tit ti (65
ro n a Cilici ls w
on xt d d d its u on a a o as e en e an

g v m t g l l y g i d (64
o e rn en re u ar or an z e
 TH E P E RIOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION . 2 83

aid from Africa and S pain and propos d to invit to th ir , e e e

standard t h gladiators in t h various schools of Italy as

e e ,

w ll as slav s and criminals T h proscriptions of S ll

e e . e u a

( par 6
7 ) w
. r to b1 r n w d and all d
e ebts w r to b e e e e , e e e e

canc ll d e e .

Fort nat ly all t h pla s of h conspirators w r

u e , e n t e e e re

v al d to h consul C ic o h gr at o ator T h s nat

e e t e er ,
t e e r . e e e

imm diat ly cloth d h cons ls w ith dictatorial pow r

e e e t e u e

with h s al form la that th y sho ld tak ca that

t e u u u , e
“
u e re

th r p blic r c iv d
e e ha m
u Th gladiators w r
e e e no r .
” 6
e e e

s c r d ; h city walls w r mann d ; d at v ry point

e u e t e e e e an e e

t h capital and stat w r arm d against t h invisibl

e e e e e e
“
e

f oe Th n in t h s nat chamb r with C atilin hims lf

.
”
e e e e e , e e

pr s nt C ic ro xpos d t h whol conspiracy in a f mo s

e e , e e e e e a u

philippic known as Th First O ration against C atilin

,
“
e e .
”

Th s nators shrank f rom h conspirator and l ft t h

e e t e , e e

s ats abo t him mpty Aft r a f bl ffort to r ply to

e u e . e ee e e e

C ic ro ov rwh lm d by a s ns
e ,
f his guilt and h cri s
e e e e e o , t e e

of traitor and parricid from t h s nators C atilin

“ “
e e e , e

fl d from t h
e chamb r and h rri d out of t h city to t h
e e u e e e

camp f his follow rs in Etr ria In a d sp at battl

o e u . e er e e

fo ght n ar P i t i h was slain with many of his follow

u e s o r a, e

e rs
( 6 H i h2ad was born as trophy to Rom
s e e a e .

C ic ro was hail d as t h
e S avior of his C o ntry e e u .

89 C
1 r Cr u d P m p y Altho gh h
. e sa
a , ass s, an o e .
- u t e c on

s p i y of C
ra c atilin had f ail d still it was v ry asy to for
e s e , e e e ee

t hat t h do w nfall of t h Roman r p blic w as n ar at hand

e e e u e .

6
Vz a ecm t
'
’
c o ns u lar no g u za
’
’
r es p b l
u
'
’
zoa a et m m e n t z cup z a t T e re h a d
’ ’ '

h
si
.

b dict t pp i t d xc pt ll
e e n no a or a o n e e e S u a (p ar 1 7 7 ) n e t h e S e o n P u n c c d ic
lth gh t h p w c f d p
.

W ar, a ou e o er o n e r re u on py
Po m e at the ti m f t h w e o e ar

with t h pi t s (p 85 ) m t d p
e ra e ar . 1 a ou n e ra c tic lly t a o ma ki g h im dict t
n a or .
2 84 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Ind d f rom this tim on only t h nam r main d Th

ee , e , e e e e . e

basis of t h instit tions of h r public t h old Roman

e u t e e — e

int grity patriotism and faith in h gods was gon

e , , t e —
e,

having b n s w pt away by t h tid f lux ry s lfishn ss

ee e e e o u , e e ,

and immorality prod c d by t h long s ri s of for ign con u e e e e e

q sts and robb ri s in which t h Roman p opl had b n

ue e e e e e ee

e ngag d T h days of lib rty at Rom w r ov r From

e . e e e e e e .

this tim for w ard t h gov rnm nt

e r ally in t h hands e e e w as e e

of ambitious and pop lar l ad rs or of corrupt combi a u e e ,

n

tions and rings Ev nts gath r abo t a f gr at

“
.
”
e e u ew e

nam s and t h annals of t h p b li b com biographical

e , e e re
'

u c e e

rath r than historical

e .

Th r w r now in t h stat thr m

e e e e C sar C rassus e e ee en ae , ,

and P omp y who w r d stin d to shap a ff airs G ai s

e e e e e e . u

J lius C sar was born in t h y ar

u ae Altho gh d e e 1 00 BC . . u e

sc nd d fro m an old patrician family still his sympathi s

e e , e ,

and an arly marriag to t h da ght r of C inna

e of t h e e u e , o ne e

adh r nts it w ill b r call d of M ari s (par

e e ,
had l d e e e ,
u . e

him to id ntify hims lf wi h t h M arian or d mocratic

e e t e , e

party In v ry way C sar court d p blic favor H lav

. e e ae e u . e

i h d normo s sums po p blic gam s and tabl s

s e e u Hi u n u e e . s

d bts
e said to hav amount d to
are s st rc s e e e e e

( abo t u H i pop larity was nbo nd d A s u u u e .

s cc ssf l campaign in S pain had alr ady mad known to

u e u e e

hims lf as w ll as to oth rs his g ni s as a command r

e , e e , e u e .

M arc s L icini s C rass s b long d to t h s natorial or

u u u e e e e ,

aristocratic party H ow d his infl nc to his normo s . e e ue e e u

w alth b ing of t h rich st m in h Roman world H i

e ,
e o ne e e en t e . s

prop rty was stimat d at 7 tal nts (about

e e e 1 00 e

g t t p t thi s i f
7 “ Th e t t ll
re a e s t th th gh it
ar of o ne mus e th e ru ou be a

t g th [f fi s ] ki g
, ,

c d l
s an t y
a ou s s or d , h e go t o e er ro m w ar an f ro m re , ma n the
2 86 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

It was agr d that C rassus and P omp y sho ld aid C m

ee e u sa r

in s c ring h consulship In r t for this favor C sar

e u t e . e u rn ae

w as to s c r for P omp y a confi mation of his acts in t h

e u e e r e

E ast and allotm nts of land for his v t ra s conc ssio s

, e e e n , e n

which th s far had b n j alo sly withh ld by h

u ee e u e t e se n

i l party
at o r a .

E v rything f lle as t h tri mvirs had plann d C a sa e ou t e u e : e r

got h consulship and P omp y r c iv d t h lands for his

t e , e e e e e

soldi rs T h t w o abl st s natorial l ad rs C ato and

e . e e e e e ,
8

C ic ro w hos i corr ptibl int grity thr at

e ,
d h plans
e n u e e e e ne t e

of h tri mvi s w r got out of t h w ay C ato

t e u giv nr , e e e . w as e

an a ppointm nt w hich s t him into ho orabl xil to t h e en n e e e e

island of C ypr s w hil C ic ro on t h cha g of having u ; e e , e r e

d i d Roman citiz ns h right of tri l i h matt r of

en e e t e a n t e e

t h C atilin
e co spi ators ( par banish d f om
e n r . w as e r

t h capi al his mansion on h

e P alatin
t was raz d to t h
, t e e e e

g o d and h r maind r of his prop rty confiscat d

r u n ,
t e e e e e .

9 1 C r C qu t i G ul d Brit in (5 8 5
1 . aesa
’
s on es s n a an a —
1

At h d of his cons lship C sar had assign d him

t e en u , a
e e ,

as p ocons l t h administration of t h p ovinc s of C i l

r u , e e r e sa

pi ne and Transalpin or N bo s G l tog th r w ith e, ar ne e , au , e e

Illyric m Alr ady h was r volving in his mind plans

u . e e e

for s izi g s p m po w r B yond t h Alps t h G allic

e n u re e e . e e e

an d G rmanic trib s w r in r stl ss mov m nt

e H sa w e e e e e e e . e

th r a grand fi ld for military xploits which should gai

e e e e ,
n

f or him s ch glory and pr stig as in oth r fi lds had

u e e e e

b w on and w r now njoy d by P omp y W ith this

ee n e e e e e .

achi v d and with a v t ran army d vot d to his int r sts

e e ,
e e e e e e ,

8T hi s w as M a rc u s Po r ci us Ca t o the You n g e r, a g tg
r e a - ra n d so n

of M c ar us Po r ci u s Ca t o th e C e n so r (p ar H e h as b een c h ara c
s
.

t e riz e d a s
“
th e p u re s t and n o bl tes o f all t h e Ro m an
”
.
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION . 2 87

he might hop asily to attain that position t t h h ad of

e e a
'

e e

a ff airs to w ards which his ambition was rging him u .

In h sp i g f 5 8 B alarming int llig nc from

t e r n o . C . e e e

b yond h Alps ca s d C sar to hast n from Rom into

e t e u e ae e e

Transalpin G aul N w b gan a s i s of ight b illia t

e . o e er e e r n

campaigns dir ct d against t h vario s trib s of G a l e e e u e u ,

G many and Britai

er In his admir bl C m m t i
,
n . a e o e n a r es

C a sar hims lf has l ft

e a faithf l and graphic acco nt
e e us u u

o f all h m morabl march s battl s and si g s that fill d

t e e e e , e , e e e

th y ars b t w n 5 8 and 5 B
e e e ee 1 . C .

C sar s first c mpaign aft r a iving in G a l w as dir ct d

’
a
e a e rr u e e

against h H lv tians Th s p opl finding h ms lv s

t e e e . e e e e, t e e e

too m ch cro w d d in th ir narrow t r itory h mm d i as

u e e e r , e e n

th y w r b tw n h Alps and t h J ra ang s had

e e e e ee t e e u r e ,

re solv d to s k broad r fi lds in t h x r m w st pa t

e ee e e e e t e e e e rn r

of G a l D isr g rding t h commands of C sar h ntir

u . e a e ae , t e e e

na ion n mb ring with th ir alli s

t ,
u souls l ft th ir
e e e , e e

old hom s and b gan th ir w stward march In a gr t

e e e e . ea

bat l C sar with h aid of h IEd

t e a
e good alli s of
, t e t e u a n s, e

th Romans compl t ly d f at d t h barbarians d

e , e e e e e e , an

forc d th m back i o h ir old hom b t w n t h mo

e e nt t e e e ee e u n

tains now q it larg no gh for t h s rvivors as bar ly

, u e e e u e u , e

a third of thos that had t t r t d e se ou e u rn e .

C sar n xt d f at d t h
a
e S vi a G rmae trib that e e e e ue ,
e n e ,

u nd r th ir gr at chi ftain Ariovist s had cross d h

e e e e u , e t e

Rhin and w r s king s ttl m nts in G a l Th s

e e e ee e e e u . e e

p opl h forc d back ov r h Rhi into th ir nativ

e e e e e t e ne e e

fo sts T h t w o y ars follo w ing this campaign w r

re . e e e e

co s m d in s bj gating h di ff r nt t ib in N orth
n u e u u t e e e r es

e rn and W st rn G a l and in composi g h a ff airs of

e e u ,
n t e

t h co ntry I h war with h V n ti was fo ght

e u . n t e t e e e u
2 88 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

the first historic aval battl pon t h wat rs of h n e u e e t e

Atlantic .

T h y ar 5 5 B
e mark d two gr at é h i m
e . CE arly
. e e a e ve ent s .

in h spring f this y ar C sar constr ct d a bridg

t e o e ae u e e

across t h Rhin and l d his l gions against h G rma s

e e, e e t e e n

in th i nativ woods d swamps In h aut m of h

e r e an . t e u n t e

sam y ar h cross d by m ans of h stily constr ct d

e e e e ,
e a u e

ships t h chann l that s p r t s h mai la d from Bri ai

, e e e a a e t e n n t n,

an d aft r maintaining a foothold pon that island for two

e u

w ks withdr w his l gions into G a l for t h wint r Th

ee e e u e e . e

following s ason h mad anoth r invasion of Britain b

e e e e , u t,

aft r som co nt rs w ith t h fi rc barba ia s r cross d

e e en u e e e e r n , e e

to h mainland witho t havi g stablish d any p rma t

t e ,
u n e e e nen

garrisons in t h island Almost h ndr d y ars pass d

e . o ne u e e e

away b for t h nativ s of Britain w r again mol st d by

e e e e e e e e

th Romans (par
e .

I t h y ar 5
n B ew hil C sar w as abs t in Italy a
e 2 . C .
, e ae en ,

g n ral r volt occurr d amo g t h G allic t ib s It was

e e e e n e r e .

a last d sp rat str ggl for h r cov ry of th ir lost ind

e e e u e t e e e e e

p d
en V rci g
e nc e. torix chi f of t h e Arv rni was nt h e ,
e e e , e

l ad r f t h ins rr ction F a tim it s m d as tho gh

e e o e u e . or e ee e u

t h Roma s wo ld b driv n from h co ntry B t C sar s ’

e n u e e t e u . u ae

d sp tch and g nius sav d h p vinc to h r p blic

e a e e t e ro e t e e u .

V rcing torix and ighty tho sand of his warriors w r

e e e u e e

sh t p in Al sia and w r finally starv d i to s bmission

u u e ,
e e e n u .

All G a l was q ickly r conq r d and pacifi d

u no w u e ue e e .

G r at nth siasm was o s d at Rom by C sar s i t ’

e e u ar u e e a
e v c o

ri s ov r t h G a ls L t t h Alps si k xclaim d
e e e u .
“
e e n ,
”
e e

C ic ro ; th
e gods r is d th m to sh lt r Italy from h
“
e a e e e e t e

barbarians ; th y no long r n d d e a re n o w e ee e .

9 1 R u lt
2 f
. t h G lli W
es O
s goodo s lt of e a c ar s . — ne re u
2 90 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

the Roman stat som s ch s vic as Ir land has r nd r d e e u er e e e e e

the British mpir e e .

T h Romanization of G aul m ant furth r t h adding of

e e , e , e

anoth r to h n mb r of L atin nations that w r to aris

e t e u e e e e

from t h br ak p of t h Roman mpir Th r

e e -u b e e e . e e c an e

littl doubt that if C sar had not conq r d G a l it w o ld

e a
e ue e u u

hav b n ov rrun by h G rmans and wo ld ltima ly

e ee e t e e , u u te

hav b com simply an xt nsion of G rmany Th r wo ld

e e e e e e . e e u

th n hav b n no gr at L atin nation north of h Alps

e e ee e t e

and t h P yr n s It is di ffic lt to imagin what E rop an

e e ee . u e u e

history wo ld b lik if h Fr nch na ion w ith its s mi

u e e t e e t , e

Italian t mp ram nt instincts and traditions had n v

e e e , , , e er

com into xist nc

e e e e .

A final r s lt of C sar s campaigns in G aul and ag i st

’
e u ae a n

the intr ding G rma trib s w as t h ch ck giv n to h

u e n e e e e t e

migratory mov m nts of th s p opl s H d this ch ck e e e e e e .

"
a e

not b n giv n it is possibl that what call t h G a

ee e ,
e we e re t

M igration of t h G rman p opl s (chap xxi ) might hav e e e e . . e

tak plac in h first c nt ry b for inst ad of in t h

en e t e e u e e, e e

fifth c nt ry a ft r t h comi g of C hrist and Rom s gr a

e u e ,
e n ,
e
’
e t

wo k f nriching civilization and stablishi g it v ry

r o e e n e e

w h r thro gho t t h M dit rran an world might hav

e e u u e e e e e

b n int rr pt d whil y t o ly fairly b g n

ee e u e e e n e u .

1 9 3 C r u . C m i
p g n i t h E t
ass g in t h Ps
’
t h i n a a n e as a a s t e ar a s

(5 3 I t h y ar 5 6 —
whil C a sarn was in h e e BC . .
, e e t e

midst of his G allic w ars h fo nd tim to m t P omp y , e u e ee e ,

C rass s and two h ndr d s nators and magistrat s w ho

u , u e e e

co op rat d w ith h tri mvirs at L cca in Etruria wh r

e e t e u ,
u , ,
e e

in a sort of conv ntion arrang m nts w r mad for e e e e e e

4
C s c p ig w ff ct c ti ti th in of of
’
ae ar s am a ns er e , e e a on nu a on o se

M i s (
,

ar u see p ar .
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 29 1

anoth r t rm of fi y ars It was agr d that C sar s

e e ve e .
5
ee a
e
’

command in G a l should b xt nd d fi y ars and that u e e e e ve e ,

C rassus and P omp y should b mad cons ls All th s e e e u . e e

m asur s w r carri d into ff ct t h l ctions at Rom

e e e e e e e , e e e e

b ing s cur d by intimidation d by t h vot s of soldi rs

e e e an e e e

o f t h G allic l gions to whom C sar grant d f rlo ghs for

e e , a
e e u u

this p rpos Th gov rnm nt of t h two S pains was giv n

u e . e e e e e

to P omp y whil that f Syria was assign d to C rass s

e , e o e u .

T h latt r h rri d to t h E ast hoping to rival th r t h

e e u e e , e e e

brilliant conq sts of C m in t h W st At this tim t h ue sar e e . e e

gr at P arthian mpir occupi d h imm ns r ach f t rri

e e e e t e e e e o e

tory str tching from t h vall y of t h Euphrat s to that of

e e e e e

th e Ind s N ot w ithsta ding that t h P arthians w at

u . n e e re

p ac w ith t h Roman p opl C rassus l d his army across

e e e e e, e

t h e Euphrat s and invad d th ir t rritory int nt

e pon a e e e , e u

war of conqu st and booty In t h midst f t h M sopo e . e o e e

tamian d s rt h was tr ach ro sly d s rt d by his g id s

e e e e e u e e e u e ,

an d his army s dd ly attack d by h P rthian cavalry ,

u en e t e a ,

was almost annihilat d C rass s hims lf w as slain and his e . u e ,

h ad so it is said was fill d by his captors w ith molt n

e , ,
e e

gold that h migh t b sat d with t h m tal which h had

,
e e e e e e

so cov t d d ring life e u e .

In t h d ath of C rassus C a sar lost his stanch st fri nd

e e , e e e ,

who had n v r fail d him and w hos w alth had b

o ne e e e , e e een

f r ly s d f
ee his advanc m nt W h n C sar b for his
u e or e e . e ae , e e

con l h ip had r c iv d a command i S p i d h imm ns

su s , e e e n . a n, a n t e e e

sums h ow d at Rom w r mbarrassing him and pr v nt

e e e e e e e e

ing his d part r C rassus had com forward and g n ro sly

e u e, e e e u

paid mor than a million dollars of his fri nd s d bts

e e
’
e .

5 i ti by thi ri g
A no m n a p li i i s dg ls q
on s n of o t c an an e n e ra w as e u iva
l t
en l cti
to an e e o n.
292 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

9 41 v lry b tw . n C r
Ri d P map y Aft r t h e ee a sa an o e .
— e e

d ath of C rass s t h world b lo g d to C sar and P m

e u e e n e a
e o

p y e That
. h insatiabl ambition of th ts twoe rivals e e e

sho ld soon r or lat r b ing th m into collision was in vi

u e e r e e

tabl Th ir allianc i t h tri mvirat was simply of

e. e e n e u e o ne

s lfish co v ni nc not of fri ndship W hil C sar was

e n e e e, e . e a
e

carryi g on his brilliant campaigns in G a l P omp y was

n u , e

at Rom watching j alo sly t h growing r p tation of his

e e u e e u

gr at rival H strov by princ ly lib rality to w in t h

e . e e e e e

a ff ctions of t h common p opl O t h Fi ld of M ars h

e e e e. n e e e

r ct d imm ns th atr with s ats for f orty tho sand

e e e an e e e e e u

sp ctators H gav magnific nt gam s and t public

e . e e e e se

tabl s ; d wh t h int r st of t h p opl in t h sports

e an , en e e e e e e e

of h C irc s flagg d h nt rtai d th m with gladiatorial

t e u e ,
e e e ne e

combats .

In a similar mann r C sar str ngth n d hims lf with t h e ae e e e e e

p opl for h str ggl which h plainly for saw H

e e t e u e e e . e

so ght in v ry way to i gratiat hims lf w ith h G a ls ;

u e e n e e t e u

h inc as d h pay of his soldi rs conf rr d t h privil g s

e re e t e e , e e e e e

of Roman citiz ship pon t h inhabitants f diff r nt en u e o e e

citi s and s nt to Rom ormo s s ms f gold to b

e ,
e e en u u o e

e xp d d in h r ction f t mpl s th atr s and oth r

en e t e e e o e e , e e , e

p blic st ct r s and in h c l bration f gam s and

u ru u e , t e e e o e

shows that sho ld ival in magnific nc thos giv n by u r e e e e

P omp y e .

T h t rribl condition of a ff airs at t h

e e capital favor d
e e e

th ambition of P omp y S s lfish and corr pt w r h

e e . o e u e e t e

m mb rs of t h s nat so d ad to all virt and to v ry

e e e e e, e ue e e

s ntim nt of patriotism w r t h p opl that v n s ch

e e e e e e e, e e u

patriots as C ato and C ic ro saw no hop for h maint e e t e e

na c of t h r p blic P omp y was appoint d as sol con

n e e e u . e e e
2 94 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

and a gr at pa t of t h s nators hast n d from Rom to

e r e e e e e

Br ndisi m and th nc with abo t t w nty fi thousand

u u , e e, u e - ve

soldi rs fl d across h Ad iatic into G c Th xil d

e ,
e t e r re e e. e e e

s nators r conv n d at Th ssalo ica in M ac donia and

e e e e e n e ,

mad that city t h s at f t h gov r m nt W ithin sixty

e e e o e e n e .

days C sar mad hims lf ndisp t d mast r of all Italy

ae e e u u e e .

P omp y and C sar now controll d h Roman w o ld

e Itae e t e r .

was larg b t not larg no gh for both th s ambitio s

e, u e e u e e u

m en As to w hich was lik ly to b com sol mast r it w r

. e e e e e e e

di ffic lt f u watchi g v nts at that tim to for s

or o ne n e e e e ee
'

C sar h ld Italy Illyric m and G a l with t h

ae e r so rc s
,
u , u , e e u e

of his own g ni s and t h idolatro s attachm t of his

e u e u en

soldi rs ; P omp y controll d S pain Afric S icily S ardi ia

e e e ,
a, ,
n ,

Gr c eeand t h provinc s of Asia with t h pr s ig of his

e, e e , e e t e

gr at nam and t h normo s r so rc s of h E ast

e e e e u e u e t e .

C sar s first car was to pacify Italy H i mod ratio

’
ae e . s e n

and pr d nc won all class s to his sid M any had look d

u e e e e. e

to h t rribl sc n s of t h
se e t e days of M ari s and S lla
e e e e e u u

r enact d C m how v r soon gav ass ranc that lif

e e . s ar, e e , e u e e

and prop rty sho ld b h ld sac d H n d d mon y

e u e e re . e ee e e ;
but to avoid laying a tax pon h p opl h ask d for h u t e e e, e e t e

tr asur k pt b ath h C apitol L g d d cla d that

e e e e ne t e . e en e re

this gold was t h act al ransom mon y which B had

e u e r e n nu s

d mand d of t h Romans and which C amill s had sav d by

e e e u e

his tim ly app aranc ( par

e It was st m d s cr d
e e . e ee e a e ,

an d was n v r to b s d sav in cas of anoth r G allic

e e e u e e e e

invasion Wh n C sar a t mpt d to g t poss ssion of t h

. e ae t e e e e e

tr as r t h trib M t ll s pr v t d him ; b t C sar

e u e, e u ne e e u e en e u ae

impati ntly br sh d him asid saying Th f ar of a G allic

e u e e, , e e

invasion is ov r ; I hav s bd d h G a ls e e u ue t e u .

W ith o d r stor d in Italy C sa s

r e xt mov m t w as
re e , ae r
’
ne e en
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 295

to gain control of t h wh at fi ld f S icily S ardinia and e e - e s o , ,

Africa A si gl l gion bro ght ov r S ardinia witho t

. n e e u e u

r sistanc to h sid of C sar C ato h li t nant of

e e t e e ! .
,
t e eu e

P omp y fl d from b for C sar s l gat C rio of ’ 6

e ,
e e e ae e e, u ,
ou t

S icily I Africa ho w v r C rio s stai

. n d a s v r d f at , e e , u u ne e e e e e ,

and h P omp ians h ld th ir ground th r ntil h clos

t e e e e e e u t e e

of t h war C sar m an w hil had subj gat d Spain

e . ae , e e, u e .

Th ntir p nins la was bro ght und r his autho ity in

e e e e u u e r

forty days M assilia had v nt r d to clos h gat s

. e u e e er e

against t h conq ror b t a bri f si g forc d t h city to

e ue ; u e e e e e

capitulat C sar was now fr to t rn his fo c s against

e . ae ee u r e

P omp y in t h E ast
e e .

97 1 T h B t l .f P h lu ( 48 e Fro m B
a di t e o ar sa s — ru n s

ium C sar mbark d his l gions for Epirus T h passag

a
e e e e . e e

was an nt rpris att nd d with gr at dang r for Bib lus

e e e e e e e , u ,

P omp y s admiral sw pt t h with his fl ts It was

’
e , e e se a ee .

not w itho t having sustain d s v r loss s that C sar

u e e e e e ae

eff ct d a landing pon t h shor s of G r c

e e H i l gions u e e ee e . s e

must r d bar ly tw nty tho sand m

e e P omp y s forc s
e e u en. e
’
e

w r do bl this n mb r C sar having fail d in an att mpt

e e u e u e . ae e e

to capt r h camp of his rival at D yrrachi m h slowly

u e t e u ,
e

re tir d into Th ssaly and dr w p his army upon h plains

e e , e u t e

of P harsal s H ith r h was follo w d by P omp y T h

u . e e e e . e

adh r ts of t h latt r w r confid nt of asy victory

e en e e e e so e an e

that th y w r alr ady disp ting abo t t h offi c s at Rom

e e e e u u e e e,

and w r r ting h most ligibl hous s fronting t h

e e en t e e e e e

p blic sq ar s f t h capital T h ba tl w as at l ngth

u u e o e . e t e e

join d P omp y s army was t to pi c s H hims lf

e . e
’
cu e e . e e

fl d from t h fi ld and scap d to Egypt

e e J st as h was e e e . u e

landing h was stabb d by, of his form r li ut nants

e e o ne e e e ,

6 G S c rib
. o niu s Cu r i o.
2 96 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

now an o ffi c r at t h Egyptian court Th r igning P tol my

e e . e e e

had ord r d P omp y s assassination in hop s of pl asing

e e e
’
e e

C sar If w r c iv him h said shall mak

“ ” “
a . e e e e ,
e , we e

C sar
ae n my and P omp y our mast
ou r e e e er .

T h h ad of h gr at g n ral was s v r d from his body ;

e e t e e e e e e e

and w h n C sar who was pr ssing aft r P omp y in hot

e ae , e e e

p rsuit land d in Egypt t h bloody trophy was bro ght to

u , e , e u

him B t it was no long r t h h ad of his rival b t of his

. u e e e , u

old associat and son i l w Turning f om t h sight with

e - n- a . r e

g n ro s t ars h ord r d that t h assassins b x c t d

e e u e , e e e e e e e u e ,

and that fitting obs q i s b p rform d ov r t h mutilat d e u e e e e e e e

body .

9 8 Cl
1 f t h Ci il W
. ; B tt l
ose o f Th p u ( 4 6 e v ar a e o a s s

C sar was d tain d at Al xandria nin months in s ttling

ae e e e e e

a disp t r sp cting t h thro of Egypt Aft r a s v r

u e e e e ne . e e e e

cont st h ov rthr w t h r igni g P tol my and s c r d t h

e e e e e e n e , e u e e

kingdom to t h c l brat d C l opatra and a yo ng r broth r

e e e e e u e e .

Int llig nc was now bro ght from Asia M inor that P har
e e e u

nac s son of M i h d t t h G r at was inciting a r volt

e ,
t ra a es e e , e

among t h p opl s of that r gion C sar m t h P ontic

e e e e . ae e t e

king at Z l d f at d him and in fi days p t an d to

e a, e e e , ve u en

th ewar ( 4 7 H i laco ic m ssag to h s nat s n e e t e e e,

anno nci g his victory is f amo s It ran th s V t

u n ,
u . u : en ,

I cam I saw I co q r d
“
e, ,
n ue e .
”

C a sar now h rri d back to Italy and th

e c proc d d
u e , en e ee e

to Africa which t h fri nds of t h old r p blic had mad

, e e e e u e

th ir last chi f rallyi g plac At t h gr at battl of

e e n e . e e e

Thaps s (4 6 B ) th y w r cr sh d Fifty thousand lay

u . C . e e e u e .

d ad pon t h fi ld C ato who had b t h v ry lif and

e u e e .
,
een e e e

so l of h army r fusing to outliv t h r p blic took his

u t e , e e e e u ,

o w n lif e.
2 9 8 R OM E AS A RE P UBL IC .

the combats of t h amphith atr float d for t h first tim e e e e e e

th a ning of silk t h imm ns v lari m of a tho sand

e w , e e e e u u

colors w ov n from t h rar st and rich st prod cts of t h

, e e e e u e

E ast to prot ct t h p opl from t h sun ibbon ”

, ( G e
) e e e e .

C
2 00 .r St t m n C sar was g at as a g
a sa as a a es a .
— ae re en

eral y t gr at r if possibl as a stat sman H had gr at

,
e e e ,
e, e .
9
e e

plans which mbrac d t h whol world that Rom had con e e e e e

q r d A chi f aim of his was to stablish b tw t h

ue e . e e e e en e

di ff r nt class s of t h mpir q ality of rights to plac

e e e e e e e u ,
e

Italy and t h p ovinc s on t h sam f ooting to bl nd t h

e r e e e , e e

vario s rac s and p opl s into a r al nationality with com

u e e e e

m ni y f int r sts d sympathi s ; in a word to carry to

u t o e e an e ,

compl tion that gr at work of making all t h world Roman

e e e

F9 ly y th cc di gly
ro m e ar st t d p
ou a or n C ae sar w a s a a e sm a n in t h e ee

s
, ,

e st t
e n se o fd high t which
the erm ll w d an h is a im w as t h e es m a n is a o e

p p s hi l f
,

to ro o p litic l ilit y i t ll ct l d
e to m se l — th e o a m ar n e e u a an m o ra
his
, , ,

reg ti
e n e ra d ply d c y d ti
on of d till own ee e a e na o n , an of the s m o re
d ply d c y d H ll ic ti i ti m t ly ki n t h i w
ee e a e e en H na on n a e a o s o n e

w d bt g t t
a s, n o ou th nd g a l b t h b c m ch
re a o ra o r , a u o r, a e ne r a u e e a e ea

c s m m t t t sm n Th ldi
, ,

o f th m ly b c
e se h w e re e a u se e as a on u a e s a e a e so er

y p t d it i s n
.

m p ci lly pl y d i h im lt g th
o re e s e a cc a e n a o e e r an a e ss o r ar an o e

p i cip l p c li iti by which h i di s ti ng i h d f m A l x

,

o f th e r n a e u ar es e s u s e ro e

an d H ib l d N p l
e r, a nn th t h b g n hi s p litic l ctivity t
a an a o e o n, a e e a o a a no

his igi l pl h
,

a s an offic b t d m g g e r, A cc di g t
u as a e a o u e. or n o or na an e

h d p p s d t
a u rch h i bj ct lik P icl
o e o dG i re a G cch s s o e e er es an a us ra u

tf c f m
, ,

w ith ou d th
or gh t ight n y h h d l d
e o ar s, an ro u ou e ee e a rs e a as ea er

o f th p p l e p ty m v d xcl iv ly m id p litic l pl s di t ig
o u ar ar o e e u s e a o a an an n r u e s,

u n til l c t tly c vi c d f t h
re u c ss ity f
an m ilit y s pp t h
on n e o e ne e or a ar u or e,

wh l dy f t y y
, ,

e n a re a f g h d d my
or It w t l th t
e ars o a e, ea e a n ar as n a u ra a

h ld v ft w d s m i n till m s t t m th g
.

h e s ou e er a er l ar re a s o re a es an an e n e ra

j t lik C m w ll w h l t n f m d hi m l f i t
us e ro e ,
m ilit y chi f o a so ra s or e se n o a ar e

an d d m c tic ki g e d wh
o i gra l littl th P it
n h an o n e n e ra e as e u r an e ro

ms t di ss l t R m i y t i hi s d v l p m t
, ,

se e m bl th o r e se e e o u e o an , s e n e e o en as

w lle i th as bj ct s which h i m d t d t h
n e o lt w hich h
e e a e a an e re s u s e

a chi v d f ll t t s m p h p t h m t ki t C s
e e o a s a e M MM N en er a s e os a n o ae a r .
”
O SE ,

Hi t y f R m
s or l iv pp 5 4 5 43
o o e, v o . . . 1— .
 TH E P E R IO D OF TH E R E VOL UTION 2 99

which had b n b g n in t h arli st tim s (par ee To e u e e e e .

this d h stablish d num rous coloni s in h provinc s

en e e e e e t e e ,

an d s ttl d in th me hundr d tho sand of t h p

e e o ne e u e o o re r

citiz ns f t h capital With a lib rality that astonish d

e o e . e e

and o ff nd d many h e e , e

admitt d to t h s nat e e e e

sons f fr dm n and o ee e ,

partic larly r pr s nta

u e e e

tiv m from amo g

e en n

th G auls and conf r d

e , e re

u pon individual provin

i l
c a s, and pon ntir u e e

class s and communiti s

e e

in t h provinc s t h e e ,
e

partial or f ll rights of u

th city H i action
e .
10
s

h r marks an poch in
e e e

th history f Rom
e o e .

T h imm niti s and priv

e u e
JU U R C /ES A
ity had LI S .

il g f th
e es O
M
e
l )C
( Fro m a b u st in t h e u se u m at N ap
v r hith rto b n con
e s.

ne e e ee

f rr d sav in xc ptional cas s pon any p opl s oth r

e e , e e e e , u e e e

tha thos of t h Italian rac C sar thr w t h gat s f

n e e e. ae e e e o

th city wid op n to h
e Italian p opl s f h
e e t e n o n- e e o t e

provinc s Th s w as fo shado w d h day wh n all fr

e . u re e t e e ee

m th ougho t t h whol mpir sho ld b Roma in

en r u e e e e u e n

nam and privil g (par

e e e . 2

O of t h most important of all C sar s la w s was that

ne e ae
’

k ow as h L J li M i io ti (4 5
n n t ew hos aim ex u a un e a s e

s s t sw pi g s
1° C ae ar f chis t
’
m os d i ee n m ea u re o f e n ra n em en w as t h e a m s

si on cityto th ei h bit t i s lpi l of a ll the n a an s o f C a ne G au .

 R OM E A R E P UBL IC
Q

3 00 AS .

w as
to b ing ord r and iformity into t h m nicipal sys
r e u n e u

t m (par e and to d v lop a mo vigoro s civic lif

. e e re u e

in h m nicipal to ns of Italy T h law dra w s a distinct

t e u w . e

lin b tw n t h matt s that shall b l ft i h hands of

e e ee e er e e n t e

th local a thoriti s and thos that shall b r tain d by

e u e e e e e

th g n ral gov rnm nt All t h m nicipal gov rnm nts

e e e e e . e u e e

organiz d aft r this wh th r in towns in Italy or in t h

e e , e e e

provinc s conform d to h principl s mbodi d in this

e , e t e e e e

important constit tional m asur u e e.

As po tif x maxim s C sar r form d h c al ndar so

n e u , ae e e t e e

as to bri g t h f stivals onc mor in th ir prop r s asons

n e e e e e e e ,

and provid d against f rth r conf sion by making h e .

u e u t e

y a co sist f 3 6 5 days with an add d day for v ry

e r n o , e e e

fo rth or l ap y ar This is w hat is call d t h Julian

u e e . e e

C al dar en .
ll

B sid s th s achi v m nts C sar proj ct d many vast

e e e e e e e , a
e e e

nd taki gs w hich h abr pt t rmination of his lif p

u er n t e u e e re

v t d his carrying into x cution H o d r d a s rv y

en e e e . e r e e u e

of t h normo s doma ns of h stat ; h p opos d to

e e u i t e e e r e

l mak a cod or digest of t h Roman la w s w

e hich w ork was e e —

l ft to b p rform d by t h Emp ror J stini n six c nt ri s

e e e e e e u a e u e

(
lat r ( par e h also plann d many p blic w o ks and e e u r

Iim p
.

’ l
m at Rom among which w sch m s for
ro ve ent s e, e re e e

d aini g h P o tin marsh s and for changing h co rs

r n t e n e e t e u e

of t h Tib r H f rth p opos d to t ca l ac oss

e e . e u er r e cu a na r

th Isthm s of C orinth to co str ct roads ov r h Ap n

e u ,
n u e t e e

nin s and to form a lib ary to tak h plac of t h gr at

e ,
r e t e e e e

hi s c l d
11 T g l p
a en til y ar
58 w a s in e n e ra u se in E u ro e u n th e e ar 1 2,

wh it en f d by p g y X I d b c wh t is
w as re o r m e Po e G re or II an e am e a

hi s ti c
.
,

k w no g i l d
n as t h e v g
G re o r an Ca en ar T in me am e in o u e in all

h i ti c t i s v R s i wh l d i s s till
.

C r s an J li
ou n r e , sa e u s a, e re th e u an Ca en ar fo l
l wd
o e .
 3 2
0 R OM E A S A R E P UBL IC
. .

of t h Id f M arch O his way to t h s nat m ti g

‘

e es o .
”
n e e e ee n

that day which was h ld in a hall forming part of P omp y s

‘

’
, e e

gr at ston th atr (par

e e a pap r warning him of his
e e . e

da g r w as th st into n e ru

his hand ; but not , su r

m i i g its urg nt nat r s n e u e,

h did not op n it As e e .

h nt r d h ass mbly e e e e t e e

chamb r h obs rv d h e e e e t e

ast olog r Sp i and r e u r n n a,

r mark d ca l ssly to e e re e

him r f rring to his p , e e re

diction Th Id s of :
“
e e

M a rc h h a v com e e .
”

Y r pli d Sp e s,
”
e e u r i n n a,

but not gon “

e.

N soon r had C sar o e ae

tak n his s at than h e e t e

M R U BRU U A
c o nC
s p i rS
at o r s crowd
T
d S
e

abo t him as if to p
.

u re

s nt p tition Upon a signal from

e a e of th ir numb r
. o ne e e

th ir dagg s w r dra w n F a mom nt C sar d f nd d

e er e e . or e ae e e e

hims lf ; b t s ing Br t s upon whom h had lavish d

e u ee u u , e e

gifts and f avo s amo g h conspirators h is said to hav

r ,
n t e , e e

exclaim d r proac hf lly E t B

e e Tho too
u ,
“
t n, r u te
“
u , ,

Br tus u th n to hav d awn his ma tl ov r his fac and

e e r n e e e,

to hav r c iv d n sistingly th ir f rth r thr sts P i rc d

e e e e u re e u e u . e e

with tw nty thr w o nds h sank d ad at t h foot of

e ~
ee u , e e e

P omp y s statu
’
e e .

Th Romans had kill d many of th ir b st m

e and e e e en cu t

short th ir work ; b t v r had th y kill d s ch a man as

e u ne e e e u
 TH E P E RIOD OP TH E R E VO L U TIO N 30 3

C ae sar . He w as
gr at st man th i rac had y pro t he e e e r e et

d d or
u ce d stin d v r to prod c
w as e e e e u e .

C sa s work was l ft all i compl t W hat l ds to it

’
a r e n e e . en

s ch gr at historical impor anc is t h fact that in his

u e t e e

r forms and polici s C a sar dr w t h broad lin s which his

e e e e e e

s cc ssors follo w d and i dicat d h principl s on which

u e e ,
n e t e e

th gov rnm nt of t h f tur m st b

e e bas d
e e u e u e e .

2 02Fun r l O t i n b y M rk Ant ny
. e aTh conspirators ra o a o .
— e ,

or lib rators as th y call d th ms lv s had tho gh

“
e ,
e e e e e , u t

that t h s nat wo ld co firm and h p opl ppla d

e e e u n ,
t e e e a u ,

th ir act B t both p opl and s nators st ck with con

e . u e e e ,
ru

i w r sil nt M s fac s gr w p l as th y
st e r n at o n , e e e . en
’
e e a e e

r call d h p ip
e e t e r o sc r

tions of S ll (p u a ar.

d sa w in h an t e

a ssassination of C s r ae a

th first act in a simi

e
~

lar r ign of t rror As

e e .

th co spira o s iss
e n d t r ue

f om h ass mbly h ll
r t e e a ,

and t r d t h for m
en e e e u ,

h o l d i n g a l o f t th ir e

bloody d a g g r s i e ,
n

st ad f b i g r c iv d
e o e n e e e ,

as th y xp ct d with
e e e e ,

acclamations th y e

w r m by an omi
e e et
M R K AN
o s l n c Th
A l ONY
' ‘

n u S i e e . e

lib rators hast d for saf ty to h t mpl of J pit r C api

e e ne e t e e e u e

t lio going thith r ost nsibly for t h p pos of givi g

n u s, e e e u r e n

thanks for h d ath of t h ty a t t e e e r n .

3 04 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

Upon h day t for h f ral c r moni s M ark

t e se t e u ne e e e ,

Antony t h tr st d fri nd and s cr t ry of C sa

, e u e e e e a ae r,

mo nt d h rostr in t h for m to d liv r t h s al

u e t e a e u e e e u u

f n ral oration H r co nt d t h gr at d ds of C sar

u e . e e u e e e ee ae ,

th glory h had conf rr d pon t h Roman nam dw lt

e e e e u e e, e

u pon his lib rality d his m ifi t b q sts to t h p

e an un ce n e ue e eo

p l e—v n to som who

e w r
e now his m rd r rs ; d w h ne e e u e e an e

h had wro ght h f lings of h m ltit d to t h high st

e u t e ee t e u u e e e

t nsion h h ld p t h rob of C sar and show d t h

e , e e u e e ae , e e

r nts mad by t h dagg rs of h assassins

e e e e t e .

C sar had always b n b lov d by h p opl

a d idol ee e e t e e e an

iz d by his soldi rs Th y w r now driv n lmost to

o e . e e e e a

f r nzy with gri f

e d i dig ation S izing w apons e d an n n . e e an

torch s th y r sh d th o gh t h str ts vowing v ng a c

e ,
e u e r u e ee , e e n e

u pon t h conspirators T h lib rators ho w v scap d

e . e e , e e r, e e

from t h f ry of t h mob and fl d from Rom B t s and

e u e e e, ru u

C assi s s king r f g in G r c
u ee e u e ee e .

320 Th S o d T riu m v ir t
.
( 4 e
3 A
ec n to y had a e —
n n

gai d poss ssion of t h will d pap s of C sar d

ne e e an er ae ,
an

now nd r color of car ying t h t s am nt of h dic

,
u e r ou t e e t e t e

tator acco ding to a d cr of t h s nat

,
r r d pon a e ee e e e, e nt e e u

co rs of high ha d d s rpation H was aid d in his

u e - n e u u . e e

d signs by M a c s f Em ili L pid s

e of C sar s old
r u us e u , o ne ae
’

li t ants V ry soon h was x rcisi g all h po w rs

eu en . e e e e n t e e

f a r al dictator tyrant is d ad said C ic ro “ ”

o Th
e . e e , e ,

“
b th u tyranny still liv s This was a bitt er omm
t e e . o en

tary pon t h w ords of Br t s w ho as h dr w his dagg r

u e u u , , e e e

from h body f C sar t n d to C ic ro and xclaim d

t e o ae ,
u r e e e e

“
R joic 0 Fath r of yo r C o ntry for Rom is fr
e e, e u u , e ee .

R om co ld not b fr e h r p blic co ld not b

u e b e ee, t e e u u e re st a

li h d b ca s t h vir
s e ,
s of h anci nt Romans h d di d
e u e e tu e t e e a e
3 06 R OM E As A R E P UBL IC .

divid d h w orld amo g th ms lv s O ctavi s w as to

e t e n e e e : u

hav t h gov rnm t of h W st ; An ony that f t h

e e e en t e e t , o e

E ast ; whil to L pid s f ll h control of Af ica A

e e u e t e r .

g n ral proscription s ch as had mark d t h coming to

e e ,
u e e

C ICE Ro .

( F r om t he b us ti n the C ap it o li ne M u se u m ) .

po w r of S lla w as th n r solv d upo It w as agr d

e u , e e e n . ee

that ach sho ld giv p to h assassin s ch fri nds f

e u e u t e u e o

his as had inc r d h ill w ill of ith r of h oth r t i m

u re t e - e e t e e r u

vi s Und r this arra g m nt O ctavi s g v p his fri nd

r . e n e e u a e u e

C ic ro
e who had inc d h hat d of Antony by
,
- u r re t e re
 TH E P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL U TION 3 7
0

opposing his sch m s and allow d his am to b p t e e ,

— e n e e u

at t h h ad of h list of t h proscrib d
e e t e e e .

T h fri nds of h orator rg d him to fl

e e th co nt y t e u e ee e u r .

“
L t m di
e said h in my fath rland which I hav so
e e,
”
e,
“
e , e

oft n sav d ! H i att ndants w r h r ying him half

e e
”
s e e e u r ,

unwilling towards t h coast wh n his purs rs cam p

,
e , e ue e u

and d spatch d him in t h litt r in w hich h w as b i g

e e e e e e n

carri d H i h ad was tak n to Rom d t p in f ont

e . s e e e , an se u r

of t h rostra f om w hich h had so oft n addr ss d t h

e ,
“
r e e e e e

p opl with his loq nt app als f lib ty It is told

e e e ue e or er .
”

that F lvia t h wif of Antony ran h gold bodkin

u , e e , er

thro gh t h tong in r v ng for t h bitt r philippics it

u e u e, e e e e e

had tt r d ag inst h husband T h ight hand of t h

u e e a er . e r e

victim t h ha d that had p n d h loq nt orations

e n e ne t e e u e

was nail d to h rostra

— e t e

C ic ro was b t
e victim among many h ndr ds All u one u e .

th edr adf l sc n s of t h days of S lla w r r enact d

e u e e e u e e e e .

Thr h ndr d s ators and two tho sand knights w r

ee u e en u e e

m rd r d T h stat s of t h w althy w r confiscat d

u e e . e e e e e e e e ,

and co f rr d by h tri mvirs pon th ir fri nds and

n e e t e u u e e

favorit s e .

4 20 L t S.tru ggl f t h R p
asu b li P h ilipp i (4 e o e e c at 2

Th f ri nds of h old r p blic

e e d h n mi s of h t e e u , an t e e e e t e

tri mvirs w r m a w hil rallying in h E ast Br t s

u , e e e n e t e . u u

and C assi s w r h animating spirits T h Asiatic prov

u e e t e . e

i
nces w pl nd r d to rais mon y for t h soldi rs of t h
e re u e e e e e e e

lib rators O ctavi s d Antony as soon as th y had

e . u an , e

dispos d of th i n mi s in Italy cross d t h Adriatic

e e r e e e , e e

into G r c to disp rs t h forc s of h r p blicans th r

ee e, e e e e t e e u e e .

Th lib rators advancing to m t th m pass d ov r t h

e e ,
ee e , e e e

H ll spont into Thrac

e e e .
308 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

g nd t lls h
Le e night a sp ctr app ar d to
e u s ow o ne e e e e

Br t s and s m d to
u u
y I am thy vil g ni s
ee
; shall e sa ,
“
e e u we

m t agai t P hilippi At P hilippi in Thrac t h hos

ee n a .
”
, e, e

til armi s m t (4
e In two succ ssiv ngag m ts
e e 2 e e e e en

th e l vi s of t h lib rators w r
ne w e to pi c s and
e e e e e cu t e e ,

both Brut s and C assi s b li ving t h ca s of h r p blic

u u , e e e u e t e e u

for v r lost committ d s icid It was i d d t h l st

e e , e u e. ,
n ee , e a

e ff ort of t h r p blic Th history of h v nts that li

e e u . e t e e e e

b tw n h action at P hilippi and t h stablishm nt f

e ee t e e e e o

th mpir is simply a r cord of h str ggl s among h

e e e e t e u e t e

tri mvirs for t h poss ssion of h priz f supr m

u e e t e e o e e

po w r Aft r vario s r distrib tions of provinc s L pid s

e . e u e u e , e u

was at l ngth xp ll d from t h tri mvirat d th n again

e e e e e u e, a n e

th Roma world as in t h tim s of C sar and P omp y

e n , e e ae e ,

w as in t h hands of t mast rs Antony in h East

e wo e ,
— t e

and O ctavius in t h W st e e .

5 Ant ny d Cl p tr
20 . Aft r h battl of P hilippi
o an eo a a. e t e e ,

Antony w nt into Asia for t h pu pos of s ttli g h

e e r e e n t e

a ff airs of t h provinc s and vassal stat s th r H m

e e e e e . e su

m d C l opatra h fair q
o ne n of Egypt to m t him at
e , t e u ee , ee

Tars s in C ilicia th r to giv acco nt to him for h aid

u , ,
e e e u t e

sh had r nd r d h lib rators Sh ob y d t h sum

e e e e t e e . e e e e

mons r lying po h po w r of h charms to app as t h

, e u n t e e er e e e

ang r of t h tri mvi Sh asc d d h C yd us in a

e e u r. e en e t e n

gild d barg with oars of silv r and sails of p rpl silk

e e, e u e .

B n ath a w nings wro ght f h rich st man fact r s f

e e u o t e e u u e o

th E ast t h
e b a tif l qu n attir d to p rsonat V n s
, e e u u ee ,
e e e e u ,

re clin d amidst lov ly att ndants dr ss d to r pr s nt

e e e e e e e e

c pids d n r ids Antony was compl t ly fascinat d

u an e e . e e e ,

as had b n t h gr at C sar b for him by h dazzling

ee e e ae e e ,
t e

b auty f t h S r p nt f t h Nil
e o .
Enslav d by h
e
“
e e o e e. e er
310 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

he p opos d mak Al xa d ia t h capital of t h Roman

r e to e e n r e e

w orld and an o nc C
, i son of J li s C sar and
n u e ae sa r o n , u u ae

C l opatra as t h h ir of t h
e mpir All Rom was stirr d
, e e e e e . e e .

It w as vid nt that a str ggl was at hand in hich t h

e e u e w e

q stion for d cision wo ld b wh th r t h W st sho ld

u e e u e e e e e u

r l h E ast or h East r l t h W st All y s w

u e t e , t e u e e e . e e e re

instinctiv ly t rn d to O ctavi s as h d f nd r of Italy

e u e u t e e e e

and h s pport r of t h sov r ignty of t h Et rnal C ity

t e u e e e e e e .

Both par i s m d h most gigantic pr parations for

t e a e t e e

the in vitabl co flict O ctavi s m t h

e e bin d fl ts n . u e t e co m e ee

of Antony and C l opatra j st ff t h p m f j of A ctium e u o e ro o n o i‘

’
'

on h G r cian coast W hil t h iss of h b le that

t e e . e e ue t e att

th took plac was y t nd cid d C l opat a i d h

e re e e u e e , e r ti r ne er

gall y i flight T h Egyptian ships

e n h h u mb r of
. e , tc t e e

fifty follo w d h xampl Antony as soon as h p

,
e er e e .
,
‘ 9
e er

i d h
c e ve withd a w al f C l opatra forgot all ls and
t e r o e , e e,

follo w d in h t ack with a swift gall y O v rt king t h

e er r e . e a e

fl i g q n t h i fat at d man was r c iv d aboard h

ee n u ee , e n u e e e e er

v ss l d b cam h partn r in t h d sgr c f l flight

e e ,
an e e er e e i a e u .

T h abandon d fl t and army s r nd

e d to O ctavi s
e ee ur e e re u .

T h co q ror w as now sol mast r of t h civiliz d world

e n ue e e e e .

From this d cisiv battl ( 3 ) s ally

e dat d h e e 1 BC . . ar e u u e t e

en d of h r p blic d h t b ginning of h mpir

e e u an t e e t e e e .

S om ho w v r m k h stablishm nt of h mpir dat

e, e e ,
a e t e e e t e e e e

from h y ar 7 B as it was not ntil th n that O ctavi s

t e e 2 . C .
,
u e u

was formally inv st d with imp rial pow rs e e e e .

7 D t h f Ant ny
20 . d f Cl p tr ; E gyp t b
ea o m o an o eo a a eco es a

R m n P r v in
o a O ctavi s p rs d A tony to Egypt
o ce - u u ue n ,

wh r t h latt r d s rt d by his army and inform d by a

e e e e ,
e e e e

m ss ng r f rom h fals q
e e e that h was d ad com t e e u ee n s e e ,

mi d s icid
t te This xac ly w hat C l opatra antici
u e . w as e t e
 TIIE P E R IOD OF TH E R E VOL UTION 3 1 1

pat d h wo ld do and hop d th s to rid h rs lf of a now

e e u , e u e e

burd nsom lov r W h n how v r t h dying Antony in

e e e . e , e e ,
e ,

accordanc with his wish was born to h h old lov e , e e r, t e e

r t rn d and h xpir d i h arms

e u e e e e n er .

C l opatra th n so ght to
e nslav O ctavi s with h e u e e u er

charms b failing in this and b coming convinc d that

; u t , e e

h epropos d to tak h to Rom that h might th r e e er e s e e e

grac his tri mph h took h own lif b ing in t h

e u , s e er e, e e

thirty ighth y ar of h g Tradition says that h

-e e er a e . s e

e ff ct d h e rpos by applying a poisonous asp to h

e er pu e er

arm B t . r ally nk o w n in w hat way h kill d

u 1 3 e u n s e e

h rs l f It is ly c rtain that w h n t h chamb r f t h

e e . o n e , e e e o e

ma sol u m in hich h had sh t h rs lf p was

u e day w s e u e e u o ne

e nt r d b t h offi c rs of O ctavi s h
e e y fo nd lying e e u , s e w as u

d ad m g h att ndants with no ma k of i j ry pon

e a o .. er e , r n u u

h erbody .

W ith h d ath of C l opatra h not d dy asty of t h

t e e e t e e n e

P tol mi s cam to e d E gypt was h nc forth a prov

e e an e n . e e

inc of h Roma tat

e t e n s e .

R F R N W hit s N F W bk ch p s A P P IA
’
E E E C ES e vol i or e ig n a r s, x li a

xvii d l s with d d hi d Mith d tic W s d

. . . . .
, , .

x — S c ea th e e on an T r ra a ar an Po m
s
.
.
,

p y e xpl it ’
bid
s e ii W bk
o i ch ps. xiii d xiv I .
, vo l . .
, Tlz e Cir/it a r s, . . a . . an .
;
a nd bk ii ch p . . a s . i— . xxi . PL U RC H TA , L iv es of Lu cu llu s, S er t or i u s ,
P omp eiu s, C r a ssu s, C j u liu s Ca sa r , A n t on iu s , Cic e r o , e
an d Br u t u s
MM N
. .

MO SE W e
H ist o ry of Rom e , v o l ; re a ar iv d p tic l ly ch p u ar a

chy FR M A N
. . .

xi en .e ,
“
titl d
T h e O ld Re u a n d t h e N e w M o na r p blic .
”
EE

(E Tk e l r ee C/z ief P e r iods o

f Eu ro p ea n H ist ory L e c Ro m e
ND N
.
, .

at th e Hea d of E u ro p e
”
ST R AC HA V -
A ID S O H Cice r o a n d t /z e Fa ll
s
.
,

f
o R the p b li c
( H om a n
e ro e o Re u f t h N ti e a o ns
) BO IS S IE R 9”
Cic e r o
f
.

a n d b is Fr ie n ds
( r o m t h e Fr e n ch ) T R . O L LO P E if
T/z e L if e o
f
Cicer o, 2 v l o s FR O U D E ( J if Ca sa r CH UR CH ( A R om a n
s
. . . .

L ife i n tb e D ay s f
o Cicer o ; f o r y ou n g re a d e rs l
a so sa m e a u th or
’
Tw o
T/z ou sa n d Yea r s Ago D O D G E (T Ca sa r ( G re a t pt i ) M R Ca a ns E I

ch p s vi xvii pp 66
. . . .

VAL E Tb e Fa ll o
f t/
ze R om a n R ep u b lic , a . .
— . . 1
3 12 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

55 3 ; a nd t h e s am e au th or
’
s T/z e R om a n Tr iu m vir a te ( E p cho Se r i e s) .

S EE LE ( Y J ” R om a n Im e r ia lism L e e
p I pp 5 3 6,
— T h e G re a t
N
. . .
, .

Ro m a n Re v l ti
o u W AL o n.
”
LO H ist oi r e de l E sc la vage ’
da ns
l A n t igu it e,
’ ’
l ii pp
vo — 8
79 3 4 2 N LO G Tlz e D ecli n e f
o tb e R om a n
f c N
. . . .

Rep u b lic , 5 o s or e v l F gn l e ra r e e re n e MO T E SQ U U
IE Ca u ses f
o tb e

f(
. .
,

G r a n deu r a n d D eca de n ce f
o z e Rom a n s
t/ ro m the Fre n ch ) ch p ix a

FFY
. .
,

MA H A (J T/z e G r ee k Wor ld u n de r R om a n S w ay , ch p iv a

his F i nd
. . .
,

Th e H e ll i e n sm o f C ic e ro a n d r e s .
”

C H R O N O L O G IC A L R E V IE W O F T H E R O MA N R E P UBL IC .

BC . .

Re p blic s t blis h d d fi s t c s l l ct d
u e a e an r on u s e e e
509
Right f pp l c d by t h L V l i
o a ea se u re e ex a er a
5 09
Fi t s c s i
rs f pl b i
e es s d fi t t ib s
on o e e an an rs r u ne of th e p pl
eo e 494
Sp i s C si s c
ur u i s th fi t g i l w
as u a rr e e rs a rar a n a 4 86
C i ci
n t m d dict t
nn a u s a e a or 4 58
E l cti
e f fi s t d c m vi
on o r e e rs 45 1
P s g
a f th V l i H
sa e o ti l w e a er o- o ra an a s 449
Fi t c s s l ct d
r s en or e e e 444
?

C pta f V ii
u re o e 3 96
S ck f R m by G l
a o d B
o e au s u n er r e nn u s 3 90
P s g
a sa f t h L ici ni
e o lw e an a s 6
3 7
S m it w
a n e ars 3 43 90
—2

W with P y h s
ar rr u 2 82 —2 7 2

Fi t P ic W
rs u n ar 2 64- 2 4 1

C ti
re a f t h fi s t p vi c
on o e r ro n e 2 41

S c
e on d P ic W u n ar 21 8- 2 0 1
B ttl
a f P yd e o na 1 68
Thi d P ic W
r un ar 1 49 —1
46
D s t cti n f C i n th
e ru o o or 1 46
f N m n ti on o u a a 1 33
Fi t S vil W
rs er e ar 1
3 4
—1
32
T ib i nd G i
er u s a G cch a u s ra us 1
33
— 1 2 1

J g thi W
u ur ne ar 1 1 1 - 1 04

M i s d f t th T t
ar u e ea snd C i m b i e eu o ne s a r 1 02 - 1 0 1

S ci l
o M s ic W
a or ar ar 9 1 —8
9
Fi s t M ith d tic W
r ra a ar 88—84
 R OM E AS A R E P UBL IC .

11 .
— P R o v 1 N 0E s O R GA N IZ E D UND R
E THE E M PI ER .

[E gypt u s (p a r . 2 07 )
M oe si a (p a r . 2 10
)
it i ] (p
[L u s an a 1 ar . 2 1 0, n . 8)

[ ch i ] (p
A a a ar . 1 3 5)
G l ti
a a a

[C yp ] ru s

A q it i (p
u an a ar . 1 9 2 , n . 2 )
L u gdu n e nsis (pa r . 1 92 , n . 2 )
Be lgic a (p a r 2 1 0 .
, n . 10 )
Raeti a ( pa r 2 1 0) .

Nor ic u m ( p ar 2 1 0
)
s
.

A lp e M a rit im ae

27 . P a nn o n i a
( p ar . 210
)
28 . Ca pp d ci a o a

2
9 G m er i S p i
an a u er or

i I f i
.

3 0 . G m er an a n er o r

31 . M t i Ti git
au r e a n a n a na
40
3 2 . M t i C
a u re a n a i ae s a r e n sis

33 . P m phyli
a d L yci a an a 43
34 . B it
r i (p
a nn a
9) ar . 2 1 43
35 Th cira a 46
A lp s C tti
.

36 e o s
e un d er N e ro
s p si
.

37 .
[E pi ] ru u n d er Ve s a an

38 . A bi (p
ra a 6) a r. 2 2 1 05

39 . D ci (p
a a 6) ar . 22 1 07

40 A m r i (pen a 6) a r. 2 2

M s p t m i (p
.

226
41 e o o a a ar ) 1 1 5
Ass y i (p
. .

42 r a 6) a r. 2 2

sc
.

43 .
[A lp P es i w ] e nn n in t h e e on d c nte u r
y
44 .
[N m idi ]
u a b tw e ee n 1 93 an d 2 1 1

1 Th e na m e s pl ac e d b e w ee n t b ck t ra ic t
e s Ind a e p ro vi c
n es f o r m e d b y su b d ivi is on

of o ld er p ro vi c n e s.
 P ART III .
—
R0 M E AS AN E MP I R E
(3 1 B C —A D
. . .

C H A PTE R X V .

TH E E S T A BL S H M EN T I OF THE E M P RE I AND THE

R E IG N O F A UG US T US C IE S A R .

(31 BC . .
-A D .

2 08 . r f t h Im p ri l G v r m nt Th
Th e Ch a r act e o e e a o e n e . e

h ndr d y ars f strif which nd d with h battl of

u e e o e e e t e e

Acti m l ft t h Roman r p blic xha st d and h lpl ss in

u e e e u ,
e u e e e ,

t h hands
e f wis nough and strong nough to r mold
o o ne e e e e

its cr mbling fragm nts in s ch a mann r that t h stat

u e u e e e,

which s m d ady to fall to pi c s might prol ng its

ee e re e e , o

e xist nc for anoth r fi h ndr d y ars It was a gr at

e e e ve u e e . e

w ork thus to cr at an w as it w r t f anarchy ande e e ,

e e, o u o

chaos a political fabric that ho ld xhibit s ch l m nts

, S u e u e e e

of p rp tuity and str ngth Th stablishm nt of t h

e e e .
“
e e e e

Roman mpir says M rival was aft r all h gr at

e e,
”
e e,
“
, e , t e e

es t political work that any human b ing v r wro ght e e e u .

T h achi v m nts of Al xand r of C sar of C harl magn

e e e e e e , ae , e e,

of N apol on not to b compar d with it for a mom nt

e a re e e e .
”

T h gov rnm nt which O ctavi s stablish d was a mon

e e e u e e

archy i fact b a r p blic i form M indf l of t h fat

n ,
u t e u n . u e e

of J li s C sar O ctavi s car f lly v il d his r ally b

u u ae , u e u e e e a so

ul t pow r nd r h forms of t h old r p blican stat

e e u e t e e e u e .

H did not tak

e h titl of ki g H kn w how hat f l
e t e e n . e e e u

31 5
316 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

to t h p opl that nam had b n sinc h xp lsion of

e e e e ee e t e e u

th Tarq ins and was mindf l how many of t h b st m

e u ,
u e e en

A UG U U S
ST .
( V atican M u se u m ) .

of Rom including t h gr at J li s had p rish d b ca s

e, e e u u ,
e e e u e

th y gav t h p opl r ason to thi k that th y w r a m ng

e e e e e e n e e e i i
 3 8 1 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

l ct d as sual ; but th y w r simply h nomin s d

e e e u
3
e e e t e ee an

cr atur s of h mp ror Th y w r t h ffigi and fig

e e t e e e . e e e e e es u re

h ads to d l d h p opl into b li ving that t h r p blic

e e u e t e e e e e e e u

still i d\ N e x st e did a p opl s m mor cont nt w ith

. e ve r e e ee e e

th shadow aft r t h loss of t h b t g

e e e e su s an c

L ik w is all t h pop lar ass mbli s r main d and w r

e e e u e e e e , e e

conv n d as s al to hold l ctions and to vot on m as

e e u u e e e e

ur s laid b for th m B O ctavi s having b n inv st d

e e e e . u t u , ee e e

with both t h cons lar and t h trib nician pow r had h

e u e u e , t e

right to s mmo th m to plac in nomination p rsons for

u n e , e e

th vario s o ffi c s and to i itiat l gislation

e u T h titulare ,
n e e . e

cons ls and trib n s also it is tr had this right ; b

u u e ,
u e, u t

th y did not dar to x rcis it witho t t h conc rr nc of

e e e e e u e u e e

th e mast r of t h stat C ons q ntly t h d lib ra

new e e e . e ue e e e

tions and b ll t i g of all th s bodi s w r idl forms

a o n s e e e e e e .

Th s at also still xist d b t it was shorn of all r al

e en e e e ,
u e

pow r d ind p nd nc sinc O ctavius havi g b n

e an e e e e, e ,
n ee

arm d with t h c nsorial pow rs co ld r vis its list at

e e e e ,
u e e

will And h x rcis d th s pow rs by r d cing h m

. e e e e e e e e u t e nu

b of s nators which had b n rais d by Antony to

er e ,
ee e o ne

tho sand to six h ndr d and by striking from its rolls

u ,
u e ,

th nam s of un orthy m mb rs and f obstinat r p blic

e e w e e o e e u

ans H wo nd d too its old aristocratic spirit by int o

. e u e , ,
r

d i g into t h body many

uc n m from t h provinc s
e n ew en e e .

\T h body b ing th s mad up wholly f p rsons who ow d

e e u e o e e

th ir plac and dignity to O ctavi s it was of co rs r ady

e e u ,
u e e

to ob y his v ry b h st S compl t ly s bj ct d w r its

e e e e e . o e e u e e e e

m mb rs to t h infl nc f t h imp rator that t h chi f

e e e ue e o e e e e

3 c ls w g
Th e lly i t d by g t s d
o n su de re e n e ra n o m na e Au us u an in or er

hi s f i d d v it
,

th t l g
a a b ar e nu m ight b d w th
er of r en s an fa or es m e a m u se i
the dig ity t nfic , sh t dth e th th s
e rm o f o f e w as o r ene to two or re e m on .
 E S TA BL IS H M E N T OF TH E E M P IR E .
319

fu nctions it actually x rcis d w r h conf rring of ho ors e e e e e t e e n

and titl s and h h api g f abj ct fl t i pon its

e t e e n o e at e r e s u

cr ator and mast r

e e .

W may s mmariz t h
e ff cts f all th s chang s by
u e e e e o e e e

saying that t h monarchy fi h ndr d y ars

e ve u e e

b for this had b n r stor d

e e was what had p t i ee e e . rac

cally tak n plac ; for t h pow rs and pr rogativ s of t h

e e e e e e e

anci nt king which during h r p blican p riod had b n

e ,
t e e u e ee

grad ally brok n p and lodg d i t h hands of a gr at

u e u e n e e

n mb r f m gi t t coll g s and ass mbli s w r no w

u e o
’

a s r a e s, e e , e e e e

onc mor gath r d up in t h hands of a singl man

e e e e e e .

9 T
20 h G v rn
. m nt f t h P
e r v in W hav
o e s n e o e o ces . e e ee

how corr pt and oppr ssiv was t h gov rnm nt of h

u e e e e e t e

provi c s und r t h r l f t h s natorial oligarchy of

n e e e u e o e e

th lat r r p blic T h r volution that brought in h

e e e u .
4
e e t e

emp ff ct d a gr at improv m nt in t h
Ire e e condition of
e e e e e

th provi cials
e n .

T h gov rnm nt of all thos provinc s that w r in an

e e e e e e e

uns ttl d stat and that n d d t h pr s nc of a la g

e e e ee e e e e e r e

military f orc A g st s w ithdr w f om h s nat and

e, u u u
5
e r t e e e
z

Th s w r kno
e e e e st ad f th s e o e e

co ntri s b ing r l d by pr ctically irr spo sibl procons ls

u e e u e a e n e u

and propr tors th y w r h nc forth rul d by l gat s of

ae , e e e e e e e e

th mp or who w r r movabl at his will and answ

e e er , e e e e er

abl to him for h f aithful and ho st discharg of t h

e t e ne e e

d ti s of th ir o ffi c s S alari s w r attach d to th ir posi

u e e e . e e e e e

tions and th s t h scandalo s ab s s which had gro w n

, u e u u e

up in conn ction with t h arli r syst m of s lf paym nt

e e e e e e - e

4 S ee p a rs 1 68 a nd 1 84
sh f ct vi s by thi ys
. .

5 Fro m thi s on we a ll re e r to O a u s h is h o n o ra r u rn a m e .
32 0 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

through f s r quisitions d lik d vic s w r s w pt

ee , e , an e e e e e e

away Th s provinc s w r giv n as sho ld say a

. e e e e e e , we u ,

p r and abl civil s rvic

u e e e e .

T h mor tr e w r still l ft nd r t h con

e e e e u e e

Th s also pro fi t d by h chang sinc h mp ror

e e e t e e, e t e e e

ext nd d his car and watch to th m and as t h j dg of

e e e e , , e u e

last app al right d w rongs and punish d flagrant o ff nd rs

e , e e e e

against right d justic an e.

It was not t h aim of A g st s in th s m asur s to e u u u e e e e

plac t h i habita ts of Italy and thos of h provinc s

e e n n e t e e

on h sam footing y t t h t nd ncy of all h did w as in

t e e e e e e e

that dir ctio d h o tcom of t h imp rial r é gim w hich

e n , an t e u e e e e

h e stablish d was as shall

e to bring abo t an
e ,
we se e , u

e qualizatio in all r sp cts of Italians and provincials s ch

n e e ,
u

an qualization in duti s and p ivil g s as i h tim of

e e r e e n t e e

th arly r p blic had b n ff ct d b w n patricians

e e e u ee e e e et ee

and pl b i \I t h co rs of tim all h provinc s

e e a n s. n e u e e t e e ,

tog h r with Italy cam nd r h dir ct r l of h

et e , e u e t e e u e t e

e mp ror and all t h fr inhabitants of t h mpi w r at

e ,
e ee e e re e e

last r d c d to h sam condi ion th y b cam s bj ct

e u e t e e t ; e e e u e

citiz ns s bj cts of t h mp ror and citiz ns of Rom

e - u e e e e e e .

Au gu tu
2 1 0. und t h Empir A g st s wass s ro s ou t e e — u u u

o ne of h first to try to mod rat t h ambition of t h

t e e e e e

Romans and to co ns l th m not to att mpt to conq r

,
u e e e ue

any mor f t h w orld but rath r to gggggg th ir n r gi s

e o e , e e e e e

to h work of co
t e alr ad y ac q ir d 5 e u e .

H saw h dang rs that wo ld att nd any furth r xt n

e t e e u e e e e

sion of t h bo ndari s of h stat Y t h saw with q al

e u e t e e . e e e u

cl arn ss h n d of finding for t h mpir what sho ld

e e t e ee e e e we u

call sci ntific f ronti rs that is asily d f nd d march s

e e , , e e e e e .
 ROM AN
AT T HE

DEATH OF AUGUSTUS
A D
. . 14
322 R OM E As A N E M P IR E .

trib s which w r a constant thr at to t h p ac f Italy

e e e e e e e o .

A ust s r
u g s bmission all t h hith rto ns bd d
u u e e u u ue

tri b s in th s r gions and, as a bulwark of Italian civili

e e e e ,

R tia N oric m P annonia and M sia which in

in c e s, — ae ,
u , , oe ,
—
,

conn ction with t h district f B lgica str tch d ntir ly

e e o e , e e e e

across t h contin nt f om t h N orth S to h Euxin

e e r e ea t e e .
10

Back d by t h broad str ams of h Rhin and t h D anub

e e e t e e e e,

th s provinc s constit t d a strong lin of d f nc for t h

e e e u e e e e e e

e mpir against t h north rn barbarians

e e e .

Th D f t f V ru b y t h G rm n un d Arm in iu
21 1 . e e ea o a s e e a s er s

( A D . T h
. adoption of t h Rhin
— as a p rman nt
e e e e e

f ronti r w as fo c d
e pon A g st s by of t h most r e u u u u one e

t rribl disast rs that v r b f ll h Roman l gio s It

e e e e e e e t e e n .

was at first h p rpos of A g st s to mak t h Elb and

t e u e u u u e e e,

not t h Rhin t h division lin b t n civilization and

e e, e e e w ee

barbarism Th s c rity of Italy as w ll as that of G a l

. e e u e u

s m d to r quir t h subj gation of t h warlik trib s

ee e e e e u e e e

b tw n th s str ams
e ee e e e .

C ons qu ntly d ring a larg part of t h r ign f A g st s

e e , u e e e o u u u

his st psons D rus s and Tib ri s w r campaigning in this

e u e u e e

r gion T h Roman agl s w r carri d to t h Elb and

e . e e e e e e e e,

for a tim it look d as though that str am wo ld b com a

e e e u e e

f ronti r riv r e e .

B t s dd nly t h whol asp ct of a ff airs in this r gion

u u e e e e e

was chang d Th Roman g n ral Q i t ili Varus who

e . e e e u n us ,

had mad t h mistak of supposing that h co ld r l t h

e e e e u u e e

10 pp it p 3 0 B lgic w n t c t d b y A g s t s
S e e m ap o os e 2 e a as o re a e u u u

i ply l g d nd it ff i dj s t d nd g l t d It w t
. .
,

b ut s m e n ar e a s a a rs r e a u e a re u a e as a

thi ti m si m ply d m i ni s t tiv divi i n f t h m pi nd n t

.

s e an a ra e s o o e e re , a o a

reg l ly g ni d p vi nc
u ar or a z e ro e.
 E S TA BL IS H M E N T OF TH E E M P IR E .
3 2 3

fr dom loving G rma s j st as h had gov rn d t h s rvil

ee - e n u e e e e e e

Asiatics of t h East rn provinc s and had th r by stirr d

e e e ,
e e e

th m to d t rmin d r volt against t h Roman authority

e e e e e e ,

whil l ading an army of thr l gions n mb ring altog th r

e e ee e ,
u e e e

about tw nty tho sand m thro gh t h almost pathl ss

e u en, u e e

d pths f h T t b g W ood was s rpris d by t h

e o t e eu o ur ,
u e e

barbarians l d by th ir brav chi ftai H rmann call d

, e e e e n, e , e

Armini s by t h Romans and his army d stroy d (

u e ,
-
.

e e A D . .

O nly a f w scap d Tho sa ds of h l gionari s

e e e . u n t e e e

lay d ad and nb ri d w h r th y f ll in t h impassabl

e u u e e e e e e e

woods and morass s T h captiv s sp cially t h offi c rs e .

“
e e , e e e e

and h advocat s w r fast d to t h cross or b ri d

t e e , e e ene e ,
u e

aliv or bl d d r t h sacrificial knif of h G rman

e, e u n e e e t e e

pri sts T h h ads t ff w r ail d a k f victory

e . e e cu o e e n e as to en o '

to h tr s f t h sacr d grov
t e ee o e e e .
” 1

T h disast r caus d gr at const rnation at Rom

e e for it e .
e e e ;
w as f a d tha t h G rman trib s wo ld now c ss t h
e re t e e e u ro e

Rhin ff ct e,allianc with t h G a ls and th that

e e an e e u , en

th s nit d hord s wo ld po r ov r t h Alps into Italy

e e u e e u u e e .

A g st s w ari d and worn alr ady w ith advanci g g

u u u ,
e e e n a e,

th ca s of mpir
e and dom stic a ffliction was i
re e l e, e ,
n c o n so

abl H pac d his palac in agony d k pt xclaiming

e. e e e , an e e ,

“
O Var s ! Var s ! giv m uback my l gions ! giv m u e e e e e

back my l gions ! B t Tib ri s so car f lly g ard d t h

e
”
u e u e u u e e

Rhi that h G rmans did not att mpt t h passag and

ne t e e e e e,

Italy w as sav d from h thr at d i vasion e t e e e ne n .

T h victory of Armini s ov r h Roman l gions was an

e u e t e e

1 Mo m m se n P r ov in ces o
f t/
ze R o m a n E mp i r e , v o l. i p 53 Th e
x ct l c lity f t h b ttl i s n t k w Th g t n
. . .
,

e a o a o e a e o no n. e re a u mb er o f Ro m an

c i s d g p i t h di t ict f V nn b tw
o n u u th n W s e s r o e e, e e en e e er an d the

Rhi n ms h w v
e, se e t i ndi t th t th pl c wh
o e er, o ca e a as e a e e re th e
l gi n i p ish d
,

e o ar e s er e .
3 4
2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

ev nt of t h gr at st significanc in t h history of E rop an

e e e e e e u e

civilizatio G rma y w as almost ov rrun by h Roma

n . e n e t e n

army Th T tonic trib s w r on t h point of b ing

. e eu e e e e e

compl t ly s bj gat d d p t in t h w ay of b i g Roman

e e u u e an u e e n

i d as t h
z e ,C lts f G a l had al ady b n
e e H d this o u re ee . a

occ r d t h ntir history of E rop wo ld hav b n

ur e ,
e e e u e u e ee

chang d ; for t h G rmanic l m nt is t h

e that has
e e e e e e one

giv n shap and color to t h important v nts of t h last

e e e e e e

fift h ndr d y a s Among th s barbarians too w r

e en u e e r . e e , , e e

ou r anc stors H d Rom s cc d d in xt rminating

e . a e u ee e e e

or nslaving th m Britain as C r asy says might n v r

e e , ,
e , e e

hav r c iv d t h am of England and h gr at English

e e e e e n e , t e e

nation might n v r hav had an xist nc e e e e e e.

2

212Th E t nt . d th R eu f h Em pi
x e Th an e eso r ces o t e re — e

wid r ach of t h domains ov r w hich A gust s h ld sway

e e e e u u e

has b n r v al d in what hav just said r sp cting his

ee e e e we e e e

eff orts to fix t h fronti r lin s of t h stat Th mpir e e e e e . e e e

str tch d from ast to w st abo t th tho sand mil s

e e e e u re e u e .

Its av rag width from north to so th was q al to

e e u e u o ne

third its l ngth e .

T h army that d f nd d h
e long fro ti r lin s of t h e e e t e n e e e

empir against o tsid ba ba ia s d maintain d ord r

e u e r r n an e e

in t h many provinc s n mb r d thr h d d d forty

e e u e e ee un re an

tho sand m a m r f action of t h n mb r that is

u e n, e e r e u e

r q i d to s c r t h dom stic and int rnational p ac

e u re e u e e e e e e

of h sam la ds to day
t e e n - .

W st d h
2 t i gp i t
e an ti l d ti i H is t y
er e at a u rn n - o n in na o na es n es or

it s ft sw y v
.
,

t o o , h as d h flo w tid R
an it s eb b e re , a er th e e of o m an a o er

the w ld tt i d it s h ight
or h as b b s ts
a thw d
a ne t ly e the e e in N or ar of Ia
y s ch d lb ft
.
,

th e R l d o m an ru e ha f or a few e ar re a e as f ar as the E e a er th e

b ttl
a V s its b ds w
e of Rhi
a ru d D b M ou n e re th e ne an th e an u e .
” — OMM

SEN , P r ov i n ces o
f t ii e R om a n E mp ir e, vol 1 . . p . 65 .
 26 R OM E As A N E M P IR E
3 .

b n clos d so const tly h d h Roman p opl b n

ee e , an a t e e e ee

engag d in ware .

This long r pos from t h strif that had fill d all t h

e e e e e e

P re ce dm g c e n t u r le s
W M
lit t and art Und r h patronag f t h mp ror
e r a u re . e t e e o e e e ,

and that of his favorit minist r M c nas po ts and e e , ae e , e

writ s flo rish d er u e

atin l i t r a t u r L e e.

D ring this r ign u e

V r g i l compos d e e

his immortal pic e

of t h E i fiand e { ne a

H or c his fa m o s a e u

od s whil L ivy e , e

wrot his i im i e n

tabl history and e ,

O vid his fa cy i n - n

spiring M m et a er

p l M any who z oses.

3

M
lam nt d th
IEC E N A S
fall e e e

r p blic
.

f th o e e u

sought solac in t h p rsuit of l tt rs ; and i this th y

e e u e e n e

w r ncourag d by A g st s as it gav occ pation to

e e e e u u u ,
e u

many r stl ss spirits that w o ld oth rwis hav b n

e e u e e e ee

engag d in political i trigu s against his gov rnm nt

e n e e e .

A gustus was also a m ifi patron of archit ct r

u u n c e nt e u e

and art H adorn d t h capital w ith ma y spl ndid

. e e e n e

str ct r s incl ding t mpl s th atr s portico s baths and

u u e , u e e ,
e e , e , ,

F f th
3 tic
or ur w k th s w it
e r no p s3
e of d3
th e or s of e e r e r s, s e e ar . 04 an 07 .
 E S TA BL IS H M E N T OF TH E EM P IR E .
3 7
2

aq d cts H said proudly I fo nd Rom a city f

ue u . e ,
“
u e o

brick I l ft it a city f marbl e Th population of t h o e. e e

city at this tim was probably about million Two

e o ne .
4

oth r citi s of t h mpir Antioch and Al xandria

e e e e e, e , ar e

tho ght to hav had ach abo t this sam numb r of citi
u e e u e e

z ns Th s citi s too w r mad magnific nt with archi

e . e e e , ,
e e e e

t t
e c u ra l and art mb llishm nts e e e .

21 4 S i.l L if t R
oc a m u d r A u g u tu O e af t h o e n e s s. — ne o e

most r markabl f at r s f lif at h capital d ring h

e e e u e o e t e u t e

r ign f August s was t h vast numb r of Roman citiz ns

e o u e e e

who w r r cipi nts f h stat dol s of corn Th r w r

e e e e o t e e e . e e e e

at l ast t w o h ndr d tho sand mal b n ficiari s f this

e u e u e e e e o

p blic charity which m ans that pwards of half a million

u ,
5
e u

of p rsons in t h capital w r nabl or unwilling to arn

e e e e u e e

th ir daily br ad Th purchas f t h imm ns q antiti s

e e . e e o e e e u e

o f corn n d d for th s fr ee distrib tions was

e of t h e e ee u o ne e

h avi st drains pon h imp rial tr asury

e e u t e e e .

Anoth r striking f at r of lif at Rom at this tim was

e e u e e e e

t h growing infat ation

e f t h p opl for t h bloody sp c u o e e e e e

l
t ac es o f t h amphith atr e P r d nt as A gust s g n rally e e . u e u u e e

was in t h matt r of p blic xp ditur s in t h providing

e e u e en e , e

of th s shows h lavish d mon y witho t m asur or

e e e e e u e e

stint Th mp ror hims lf giv s t h following acco nt of

. e e e e e e u

th e sp ctacl s that h pr s nt d
e e e e e e

“
Thr tim s in my own nam and fi tim s in that
ee e e, ve e

4
M iv l ers ti t s p p l ti
a e e ti
ma t s
e th e o u a on in t h e me of A u gu s u of th e

city p p rod it s s b b s
e r an (H f R u d ur at ist ory o t/
ze om a n s u n er

t/
ze E m p v ch p
ir e, p vo l G ibb pp tly l s i cl di g
a x1 on, a are n a o n u n

s b bs pl c s it i s
. . . . .

th e u ur , ig a eH (D in t h e re n of o no r u at eclin e

an dF f a ll R o p h
t lz e p xxxi ) om a n E m ir e, c a

d is g st s p g d
. .

5 Th e b nu m high er hab r e n as as u t Au u u u r e th e

l is t s w th y cl i t s
of u n or a m an .
3 2 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

of my sons or grandsons I hav giv n gladiatorial h i , e e ex

bitions ; in th s xhibitions abo t t thousand m hav e e e u en en e

fo ght Twic in my o w n nam and thr tim s in that

u . e e, ee e

of my grandsons I hav o ff r d t h p opl h sp ctacl s , e e e e e e t e e e

of athl t s gath r d from all q art rs

e e Tw nty six e e u e . e -

tim s in my own nam or in that of my sons or grand

e e,

sons I hav giv n h nts of African ild b asts in h

, e e u w e t e

ci c s h forum t h amphith atr s and abo t thirty

r u ,
t e , e e e , u

fi veh ndr d b asts hav b n kill d

u e e e ee e .

I gav h p opl t h sp ctacl of a naval battl b yond

e t e e e e e e e e

th Tib r wh r
e is t h grov of t h C sars F this
e , e e no w e e e ae . or

p rpos an xcavatio was mad ight n hund d f t lon g

u e e n e e ee re ee

and tw lv h ndr d wid In this cont st thi ty b ak d

e e u e e . e r e e

ships trir m s or bi m s w r ngag d b sid s mor of

,
e e re e , e e e e , e e e

small r siz About thr tho sand m fo ght in th s

e e . ee u en u e e

v ss ls in addition to t h row s
e e e er .
” 6

S till anoth r phas of social lif at Rom w hich arr sts e e e e e

ou r att ntion was h loos ning f h family ti s D ivorc s

e t e e o t e e . e

had m ltipli d and t h family s m d abo t to b dissolv d

u e ,
e ee e u e e ,

as had b n t h larg r gro ps of t h trib and t h g ns

ee e e u e e e e .

A g st s strov to arr st this do w nward t nd cy by dicts

u u u e e e en e

and laws in nco rag m nt f marriag and in r straint f e u e e o e e o

divorc s B t t h tro bl was too d p s at d in h failing

e . u e u e ee - e e t e

moral d r ligious lif f t h tim s to b r ach d and m

an e e o e e e e e re

e di d by any m asur s of stat

e e e e .
’

5 Th R ligi u Lif
21 . Th d cay of r ligious faith
e e o s e. - e e e

6 cc
M on u m en mm A n c vm 3 dit d by W illi m F i l y nu m, 22, 2 e e a a r e

T ns l ti s d R p i t s f m t h O igi l S c s f E
.
, ,

Ph D : ra a on an e r n ro e r na ou r e o u ro

p H i s t y p bli h d by t h D p t m t f H i s t y f t h U iv ity
. .

e an or u s e e e ar en o or o e n e rs

f P ns ylv R f c s p 33
,

o i Sen an a ee e ere n e
”
1

th ph s s f s ci l li f t R m d th C s s
. .
.
,

F 7 or o er a e o o a e a o e un er e a
e ar , se e

ch p xxva . .
33 0 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E ~

21 6 . Th e u tu Th
Dea h t and Apotheosis of A gu s s. e

dom stic lif of A g st s

e cloud d by troubl and
e u u u w as e e

b r av m t H i da ght r J lia b o ght gri f to him

e e e en . s u e u r u e

through h immoral cond ct and h was finally forc d to

er u , e e

banish h from Rom H i b lov d n ph w M arc llus

er e . s e e e e e

( par and
. his two grandsons G aius and L uci s whom u ,

h p rpos d to mak his h irs w r all r mov d by d ath

e u e e e , e e e e e .

Aft r t h d ath of th s f avorit s August s mad his

e e e e e e u e

adopt d st pson Tib ri s (par ) his s cc ssor

e e e u . 2 1 1 u e .

In t h y ar 4 A g st s di d having r ach d t h
e e A D . . 1 ,
u u u e
z
e e e

s v nty sixth y ar of his g H i last words to t h fri nds

e e - e a e . s e e

gath r d abo t his b dsid w r If I hav act d w ll my

e e u e e e e,
“
e e e

part in lif s drama gr t my d partur with yo r appla s

e
’
,
ee e e u u e .

It was b li v d that t h so l f A g stus asc nd d visibly

e e e e u o u u e e

amidst h flam s of his f n ral pyr By d cr f t h

t e e u e e . e ee o e

s nat divin worship was accord d to him and t mpl s

e e e e , e e

w e re r ct d in his honor
e e e .

At first bl sh this w orship of t h d ad C sar s ms to

u e e ae ee

us strang and impious B t it will not s m so if put

e . u ee we

ours lv s at t h point f vi w of t h old Roman It was

e e e o e e .

th nat ral and logical o tcom of anc stor worship which

e u u e e , ,

as hav l arn d was a f avorit cult among t h Romans

we e e e , e e

( par T h
. s ntim nt and b li f which prompt ed t h e e e e e e

o ff rings f gi fts and pray rs to t h guardian spirits of

e o e e

t h family wo ld nat rally l ad to similar o ff rings to h

e ,
u u e e t e

spirit of t h d part d C sar fath r f t h Roman stat

e e e ae , e o e e.

B t anc stor worship

u not t h only root which nour
e w as e

i h d this c lt
s e f th mp ror In t h O ri nt h king
u o e e e . e e t e

was v ry g n rally r gard d as partaking in som d gr

e e e e e , e e ee

at l ast of h divin nat r Thus in Egypt t h P haraoh

e , t e e u e . e

was b li v d to b f t h rac of t h gods It was natural

e e e e o e e e .
,
 E S TA BL IS H M E N T OF TH E E M P IR E .
33 1

th n that t h subj cts f Rom in t h ast rn provinc s

e ,
e e o e e e e e

should look pon t h h ad of t h mpi as u lift d e e e e re o ne e

abov ordinary mortals and poss ss d of divin q aliti s

e e e e u e .

This way of thinking caus d t h provincials f t h O ri nt e e o e e

to b com sinc r and z alous worshipp rs in t h t mpl s

e e e e e e e e e

and b f or t h altars of t h divin C sar

e e e e
“
e a .
”

This cult of t h mp ror it d v lop d into a cult of e e e — e e e

th eliving as w ll as of t h d ad C sar b cam a f avorit

e e e ae — e e e

worship of t h mass s v rywh r Its stablishm nt had

e e e e e e . e e

far r aching cons qu nc s as w shall ; sinc at t h

- e e e e , e se e e e

v ry tim that t h polyth istic r ligion f t h G

e e e- Roman e e o e rae c o -

world was taking on this form th r was springing up in a , e e

r mot corn r f t h mpir a

e e
ye t old r
o ligion with
e e e new e e

which this imp rial cult m st n c ssarily com into viol nt

e u e e e e

conflict .

F it was in t h midst f t h happy r ign of A g stus

or e o e e u u ,

wh n profo nd p ac pr vail d thro gho t t h civiliz d

e u e e e e u u e e

world t h doors of t h t mpl f Jan s having b n

,
— e e e e o u ee

clos d ( par
e that C h ist was born i B thl h m of
.
— r n e e e

Jd
u Th
ee a v nt was unh rald d at Rom ; y t it was
. e e e e e e e ,

as w hav intimat d fill d with pro fo nd significanc t

e e e , e u e no

only f t h Roman mpir but for t h w orld O f h

or e e e e . t e

r lation of C hristianity to paganism and partic larly to

e ,
u

th e new c lt of t h Roman mp ror w shall sp ak lat r

u e e e , e e e

( par .

R F R N
E E E C ES ( R G s t D ivi A n cy m nu m es e ae Au
g s ti ds g st s sl ti s
.

“
u — Th e D e e of Au u u vol V N o 7, of t h e T ran a on

d R p i ts f cs H is t y
. . .
,

an e igi l
r n ro m p th e Or na So u r e of E u ro ean or pu b
p t t H is t y sylv i
,

lish ed by th e U iv
De it y
ar m en of or of th e n e rs of Pe nn an a

hi s f s st i p t t igi l s c
.

T o rm one of th e mo m o r an of th e or na ou r es fo r t h e
re ig g st s
n of Aul g bili g l i s c ipti ( ti d
u u It is k)
a on n ua n r on La n an G re e
dis c v d w ll s
.

o 5 5
e re in i d t pl
r 9 oncy (wh c
the a of a ru ne em e at An ra en e
33 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

t h e n am e ) , in A si
i s c ipti i c py f t bl t whi h
a M i no r Th e n r on s a o o a a e c

f s s s
.

w t
as s e
p in t f t
u h M l m f A
ro n g t t R
o m (p e au o eu o u u u a o e ar.

IN ( W GE S i ty i R m d tfi C *ch p i R ligi n
oo e n o e u n er e aesa r s , a e o
”

d l s with t h d c y f R m n ligi n nd t h s t blis h m t t t h

. . .
, ,

ea e e a o o a re o a e e a en a e

c pit l f i nt l c lts C R A Y (E
a a o or e
H D a imi B ttlu
f 1 1 E S ec zz e a es o 1:

V ict y f A m i ni s v s nd
. .

W ld ch p
or a V th R m L gi or o r u o er e o an e on u er

s AD s
. .
, ,

V ar u C A S (W T/ E ly E mp i ( E p ch
PE S i ) ze ar re o er e

ch p i pp 44 A g s t s T H E RRY (A M EDE ) H T b l
. . .
, ,

” ’
a I— u u u I E a ea u ae

s t d nt s will find this w k

. .
. .
, ,

R m i T ch nd m t
’
IE mp i ro o a n. ea e rs a a u re u e or

v ys gg s tiv Th b k m ight b
er u e titl d R m s P l c i Univ s l
e. e oo e en e o e
’
a e n er a

H is t y M L M A N (H
or T/ H i t y f
I l i (fi s t ze s or o vo r

7 v ls
. . . .

p t) M E VA E
ar H i t y f t/ R m
RI I d t fi E mp i s or o lo o a ns u n er e r e, o

T hi w k c v s t h fi t t w c t i s f th im p i l p i d F
. . .

s or o er e rs o en u r e o e er a er o or

ig f A g s t s l iii ch p s xxx
.

th e re n o u n d xxxi
u ud l iv
, s e e vo . . a . . a . an vo . .
 H A PT E R X V I
C .

FR O M T I B RI U
E M RC U
S TO A S A UR ELIUS .

(A D . . 1 4

21 7 . Reign f Tib riu o 4 Tib rius suc

e s 1 — e

c eedd e to an nlimit d sov r ig ty

u Ih s nat con
e e e n .
‘

e e e

f r d upon him er e

all h titl s th t t e e a

had b n w orn ee

b y Aug s t s u u .

O of h first ne t e

acts of Tib ri s e u

to tak away w as e

f rom h pop lar t e u

ass mbli s t h e e e

right which th y e

t i l l nominally 5

poss s s d of e e

1 c t ing th e e e

y a r l y magis e

t at s dto b r e , an e

stow t h sam e e

upon t h s nat e e e,

which how v r
T IBE RIUs .

,
e e ,

(F t it li M
ro m a b us)
m st l ct f om
in t h e C ap o ne u se u m .

u e e r

candidat s pr s nt d by t h mp ror As t h s nat was

e e e e e e e . e e e

t h cr ation f t h
e e mp ror who by virtu of t h c nsorial
o e e e ,
e e e

33 4
 FR OM TIBE R IUS TO IVA R C US A UR E L IUS .
335

pow rs with w hich h was inv st d mad p h list of its

e e e e e u t e

m mb rs h was now of cours h so rc and fo ntain f

e e , e e t e u e u o

all patronag D ring t h first y ars of his r ign Tib ri s e . u e e e , e u

us d his practically r strain d a thority with mod ration

e un e e u e

d j stic b ing s mingly d siro s of promoting t h b st

an u e, e ee e u e e

int r sts f all class s in his vast mpir

e e o e e e.

Th b ginni g of Tib i s r l was mark d b y r-191

e e n er u
’
u e - e , ,
te1 3

among t h l gions t h most s rio s discont t manif sting

e e ,
e e u en e

its lf amon thos

N

e di g h M fi h d to rais e u ar n t e s e e

to t h thron th ir favorit g n ral G rmanic s n ph w of

c fl

e e e e e e e u , e e

b ri B t G rmanic s st rnly r f s d to tak part in

Si e a . “ u e u e e u e e

s ch an act of tr ach ry r prov d his soldi s and th n

u e e , e e er , e

dr w th ir att ntion from s ch tho ghts of disloyal y by

e e e u u t

l ading th m across t h Rhin to cov r t h lost standa ds

e e e e re e e r

of Var s (par Hu so f s cc ssf l in this b old

. e w as ar u e u

nt p is as to r t k t h lost agl s d capt r h

e er r e e a e e e e ,
an u e t e

w if of Armi i se B t at this mom nt wh n G mani n u .

1
u e , e er

s m d on h poi t of layi g h Roman yok pon

cu s ee e t e n n t e e u

h trib s of G rmany Tib ri s mov d it is co nj ct r d

t e e e , e u ,
e ,
e u e ,

by j alo sy r call d him from h Rh nish f o ti r d

e u ,
2
e e t e e r n e ,
an

s t him into t h E ast rn p ovinc s w h h soon aft r

en e e r e , e re e e

di d having b n poison d as w as charg d by an ag nt

e , ee e ,
e ,
e

of t h j alo s mp ror e e u e e .

D spotic pow r is a da g o s poss ssio

e lik ly to prov e n er u e n, e e

h s c p ig s
1 T e ic s g i s t
e am t ib s c v
a n of G e rm a n u a a n t h e G e r m an r e o er

y
th e 6
e ars A D 1 4
—1

tiv s d btl ss c c d h y [ g s t s d ib
. . .

th 2 O er mo e ou e on u rre T e Au u u an T e

i s] c g i d pl s p tw ty y s
.

r u re o d b y th n ze th e an u rsu e em for en e ar for th e

ch gi g an b d y
n th i c p bl
of the x c ti dou n ar t o t h e nor as n a a e of e e u o n , an

s bj g ti d s t y
the u u gi b tw
a o n an hi d ma er of t h e re on e een th e R ne an th e

lb pp d th
E e a t sc d e are s cs to pi em to ra n en t h e re o u r e of the em re .
”

M MM N O f SER ,p i p 6
P r ov in ces o i b e om a n E m ir e , vo l . . . 2 .
33 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

t rribly harm ful to him who wi lds it as ll as to thos

e e ,
we e

ov r w hom it is x rcis d V ry f nat r s can w ithstand

e e e e . e ew u e

th s d ctiv t mptations h
e e u ep i g i fl e of , t e c o r ru t n
'

n u e n c e s,

u nlimit d and ir spo sibl a thority H nc t h long

e re n e u .
3
e e e

s ri s of xc ss s and crim s which shall now find mak

e e e e e e we

i g p a larg part f h an als of t h Roman mp rors

n u e o t e n e e e .

W hat v r may hav b n t h int ntions with which

e e e ee e e

Tib rius b gan his r ign h soon yi ld d to t h prompt

e e e , e e e e

ings of a nat rally cr l s spicio s and j alo s nat ru ue ,

u u , e u u e,

an d nt r d epon a co rs of t h most high hand d

e e u u e e - e

tyran y H nforc d oppr ssiv ly an old law kno w n

n . e e e e e ,

as h L f M j t which mad it a capital o ff nc

t e aw o a e s a s, e e e

for any to sp ak a car l ss word or v n to t rtain

o ne e e e , e e en e

an nfri ndly tho ght r sp cting t h mp ror It was

u e u , e e e e e .
“

dang ro s to sp ak and qually dang rous to k p sil nt

e u e , e e ee e ,
”

says L ighton for sil nc v n might b constr d into

e ,
“
e e e e e u e

discont nt R w ards w r o ff r d to info m rs and h nc

e .
”
e e e e e r e , e e

sprang p a class of p rsons call d d lators

u e e
“
e

who act d as spi s pon soci ty O ft n fals charg s w r

e e u e . e e e e e

mad to gratify p rsonal nmity ; and m any sp cially of

e, e e , e e

t h w althy class w r accus d and p t to d ath that th r

e e , e e e u e ei

prop rty might b confiscat d

e e e

ib i
3 “ lig l C l di s d N
T e r u s, Caw it s u hi s t i
a, au u an e ro , r e the o r an

wh s s b t th s lv s v i t
,

H dgki
o
[w ] n, e re m en o e n am e u rn em e e f o re er n o

th e m em or y c th s of di f t w ys ll s t t d
th e ra e A ll e e m e n , in f e re n a i u ra e

bs l t w ld d i i p is
.
,

the t ibl fic cy
err e ef a of ch cta o u e or - o m n on to o on th e ara er

an d v ehi g
en i t ll ct
to un wi ld d it S t di g
n e th e n e e of h im w h o e e an n as

ds i g
.

it w M
e re o n t pt ti
th e ou n ki gd of Te m a o n, an ee n a ll the n o m s of

th e w ld d or gl y th s t tch d
an a ll i
th e s bl or of em re e at an m m ea u ra e

di s t c b l w th i f t th y w s i d with di i ss
an e e o e r ee l e e re e ze a z z ne of so u

d p f ss i g th s lv s g d s did d d s i s tig ti
, ,

an ro e n em e e to b e o ee at th e n a on of

th i wild h ts d whi li g b i s s ch
, ,

e r e ar antill h dd r n ra n u as m en s s u er to

thi k n of .
338 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

his tyranny in suicid I car not that t h p opl hat e .

“
e e e e e

m h is r pr s
e, e t d as saying if only th y r sp ct m
e e en e ,
“
e e e e.
”

In addition to this distr ss ca s d t h p opl by t h e u e e e e e

cond ct of th ir mp ror th r was during this r ign a

u e e e , e e e

g at d al of mis ry p od c d by a s i s f calamiti s for

re e e r u e er e o e

which Tib ri s w as in no way r sponsibl In Asia arth

e u e e . e

q ak s d stroy d s v ral larg citi s At Fid m not far

u e e e e e e e . en ,

from Rom an im m ns wood n amphith a r which had

e, e e e e t e,

b n flim ily constr ct d by an nfaithf l or incomp t nt

ee s u e u u e e

contractor f ll b n ath t h w ight of sp ctato s w ho had

, e e e e e e r

cro w d d its b nch s and b ri d in its r ins a vast mb r

e e e , u e u nu e

of p rsons vario sly stimat d fro m t w ty to fifty tho

e u e e en u

sand In Rom its lf th r occ rr d a fl g i that

. e e e e u e con a ra t o n

d stroy d a consid rabl p rt of h city

e e e e a t e .

It is wo thy of 0 that all th s p blic cal miti s

r n te e e u a e

a w ak n d at Rom wid spr ad sympathy d call d forth

e e e e e an e

g n ro s contrib tions of mon y and s rvic for t h f

e e u u e e e e u n or

s ff rs Anci nt soci ty v n t h v ry soci ty

t u n at e u e re . e e — e e e e e

that d light d in t h gl diato ial sp ctacl s p r doxical

e e e a r e e ,
a a

as it may s m was not incapabl of b i g to ch d by

ee — e e n u e

h man s ff ring d w as at tim s mov d by g n in s nti

u u e , an e e e u e e

m nts of sympathy and compassion

e .

Tib ri s di d i t h y ar 3 7 H i d w as prob bly

e u e n e e A D . . . s en a

hast n d by his att ndants who

e e b li v d to hav e ,
a re e e e e

smoth r d him in his b d as h lay dying H i am

e e e , e . s n e

liv s in history as t h sy o ym f cr lty tyranny and

e e n n o ue , ,

sca dalo s d ba ch ry
n u e u e .

It w as in h midst f t h r ign of Tib ri s that in a

t e o e e e u ,

r mot provi c of t h Roma mpir t h S avio w as

e e n e e n e e, e ur

cr cifi d Animat d by an parall l d missionary spirit

u e . e u n e e ,

his follow rs trav rs d t h l ngth and br adth of t h

e e e e e e e
 FR OM TIBE R IUS TO M A R C US A UR E L IUS .
3 39

e mpir pr aching v rywh r t h glad tidings M s

e, e e e e e e
“
. en
’

loss f faith in t h gods of t h old mythologi s t h soft n

o e e e , e e

i g and lib ralizing infl nc of G r k c ltur

n e th ifi ue e ee u e, e u n ca

tion of t h whol civiliz d world d r a singl gov rnm nt

e e e u n e e e e ,

t h wid spr ad s ff ri g
e e d t h in xpr ssibl w arin ss of
e u e n an e e e e e e

th oppr ss d and s rv il class s all th s things had

e e e e e e ,
- e e

pr par d t h soil f t h s d f t h w doctrin s In

e e e or e ee o e ne e .

l ss than thr c nt i s t h pagan mpir had b com

e ee e u r e e e e e e

C hristian not only in nam but also v ry larg ly in fact e, e e .

This conv rsion f Rom is e f th most important o e o ne o e

e v nts in all history A w l m nt is h r introd c d

e . ne e e e e e u e

into civiliz tion an l m nt w hich has giv n color and

a , e e e e

charact r to t h history of all t h s cc ding c nt ri s

e e e u ee e u e .

8 R ign
21 f C ligu l
.
( e 3 7 G aius C o sar a a A D . .
— ae ,

b tt r known as C alig la son of h command r G rmani

e e u , t e e e

c u s,was only t w nty fi y ars of g wh n t h d ath of e - ve e a e e e e

Tib ri s c ll d him to t h thron H i s rnam C aligula

e u a e e e . s u e

was giv n him by t h G rman l gions b ca s wh n a

e e e e , e u e, e

li tl boy h was k pt by his fath r in t h camp and to

t e , e e e e ,

pl s h m dr ss d lik a littl soldi r with military

ea e t e e n, e e e e e

b skins ( l g )
u ea z w .

H i car r w as v y similar to th t f Tib rius

s ee A ft r er a o e . e

a f w months sp nt i ard o s applica ion to h a ff airs of

e e n u u t t e

th mpir d ri g which tim his many acts of kindn ss

e e e, u n e e

an d pi ty w on for him t h a ff ction of all class s t h mind

e e e e , e

of t h yo ng mp ror b cam ns ttl d H i r st was

e u e e e e u e e . s e

f v rish ; and of n h pac d t h halls f his palac t h

e e te e e e o e e

night thro gh with wild and incoh r nt ravings H soon

u e e . e

gav hims l f p to t h most d t stabl dissipations Th

e e u e e e e . e

cru l sports of t h amphith atr poss ss d for him a strang

e e e e e e e

fascination Wh n animals fai l d h ord r d sp ctators

. e e , e e e e
3 40 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

to s iz d indiscriminat ly and thrown to t h b asts

b e e e e e e .

H v n nt r d t h lists hims lf and fought as a gladiator

e e e e e e e e ,

u pon t h ar na e e .

S tori s witho t n mb r
e told ill st ating his insaniti s
u u e are u r e

and xtravaga c s H is said to hav ca s d p rsons to

e n e . e e u e e

b etortur d at his banq ts that th ir cri s and groans

e ue , e e

might add to t h njoym nt of t h m al H lam nt d e e e e e . e e e

that no gr at calamity mark d his r ign s ch as that which

e e e ,
u

had occ rr d in t h r ign of Tib ri s wh n tw nty thou

u e e e e u , e e

sand or mor p rsons lost th ir liv s in t h fall f t h amphi

e e e e e o e

th atr t Fid (par

e e a In a sanguinary mood h
e n a: .
, e

wish d that t h p opl of Rom had b t

e
“ n ck H e e e e u one e .
”
e

b ilt a bridg f rom his palac on t h P alatin to t h t mpl

u e e e e e e e

on t h C apitolin hill that h might b n xt n ighbor

e e , e e e
‘

to Jupit r In ord r to rival t h H ll spontin bridg s

e . e e e e e e

o f X rx s h construct d a bridg ov r t h bay at Bai

e e ,
e e e e e ae .

T h str ct r brok b n ath t h

e u t i mphal proc ssion on
u e e e e e r u e

th day f d dication ; d C alig la d light d with t h

e o e an u ,
e e e

sp ctacl f t h struggling victims f orbad any

e e o e to , e one

att m pt to sav t h drowning

e e e .

It is said that h m lat d h xampl of C l opatra by e e u e t e e e e

dissolving costly g ms and drinking th m at a dra ght e e u .

A singl dinn r cost e As an ins lt to t h official

e u e

aristocracy h gav t that h propos d to mak his favor

e e ou e e e

i tehors I it t cons l and f r q ntly invit d t h

e, nc a u s, u ,
e ue e e

st d from his ivory stabl to t gild d grain at h imp

ee e ea e t e e

rial board H p rsonat d in t rn all t h gods and god

. e e e u e

d ss s arraying hims lf at tim as H rcul s or Bacch s

e e ,
e one e e e u ,

and again as J no or V n s H d clar d hims l f divin u e u . e e e e e,

se t up his statu f worship and v n r mov d t h h ads e or , e e e e e e

of Jupit r s stat s and p his own in th ir plac

e
’
ue u t e e.
3 42 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

e xt d d to h Alps so that not singl individ als b t

en e t e , e u , u

e ntir provinc s and trib s w r giv n t h Roman nam

e e e e e e e e .

Is it a matt r of r gr t to that t h Balbi cam to from

e e e us e e us

S pain That m not l ss disting ish d migrat d to Rom en e u e e e

from G allia N arbon nsis Th d sc ndants of th s immi e ? e e e e e

grants r main among nor do th y yi ld to in th ir

e u s, e e u s e

d votion to t h fath rland What oth r caus was th r

e e e . e e e e

of t h downfall f Sparta and f Ath ns stat s onc pow

e o o e ,
e e

f l in arms sav
er u this that th y clos d th ir gat s, e — e e e e

against t h conqu r d as ali ns O found r Rom l s

e e e e ? ur e u u ,

how v r fol lowi g a wis r policy saw many p opl on

e e , n e ,
e e o ne

and t h sam day his n mi s d citiz ns of Rom

e e e e e an e e .
6

B t it is said that t h S non s wag d war agai st us

u e e e
7
e n .

And did t h Volscians and h [Eq i n v r t rn th ir

e t e u an s e e u e

s w ords against stat I admit t h G a ls onc cap ou r e ?

, e u e

t u red city ; b t w r w not oblig d to giv hostag s

ou r u e e e e e e

to t h Etr scans and was not our army onc s nt by t h

e u ,
e e e

S amnit s b n ath t h eyok All thos instit tions

e e e e e u ,

conscript f ath rs ,which now h ld as sac d b ca s th y

e a re e re e u e e

ar e old w r onc w Th pl b ian magistrat s cam aft r

, e e e ne . e e e e e e

t h patricians t h L atin magist at s aft r t h pl b ian

e ,
d e r e e e e e ,
an

thos of t h oth r p opl s of Italy aft r h L atin This

e e e e e e t e .

inn ovation [h admission of t h G a ls into t h s nat ] w ill

t e e u e e e

also g ow old and a m asur which to day d f nd by

r ; e e - we e e

pr c d nts will in h f t r com to b a pr c d nt

e e e ,
t e u u e e e e e e .
” 8

Th g n rous policy h r d f nd d was act d upon at l ast

e e e e e e e e e , e

as to a part of h G allic nobility t e .

6 S e e p ar 4 1 . .

7 llic t ib th t d
Th e G a r e a u n er t h e le a do f Bre n n u s sa ck e d R o m e (p ar
s with
.

T cit
3 A a l xi 3 u s, n n a s, 2 Com p a re thi s s p chee of C l diau u

th t f Tit s M li s (p
. .

a o u an u ar .
 FR OM TIBE R IUS TO M A R C US A UR E L IUS .
3 43

In t h fi ld of military nt rpris t h r ign of C la di s

e e e e e e e u u

was sig aliz d by t h conqu st of Britain N arly a

n e e e . e c en

tury had now pass d sinc t h invasion f t h island by e e e o e

Julius C sar who as has b n s n simply mad a r con

ae , ,
ee ee , e e

i
n o ssa n c eof t h island and th n withdr w ( par e e e .

C la di s through his g n rals P la ti s and V s pasian

u u ,
e e u u e ,

subj gat d t h so th rn part f t h island and mad it

u e e u e o e e

into a Roman provinc nd r t h nam f B t e u e e e o r i a nn i a

( 3
4 M any coloni s w r fo nd d h r which in e e e u e e e,

tim b cam important c ntr s of Roman trad and l

e e e e e e cu

t r and som f w hich w r t h b ginnings f gr at

u e, e o e e e e o e

English towns f to day Th l ad r of t h Britons w as

o - . e e e e

C aractac s H was tak n c ptiv and carri d to Rom

u . e e a e e e.

G azing in astonishm nt pon t h magnific nc f t h e u e e e o e

imp ial city h xclaim d H w can p opl poss ss d

er ,
e e e ,
“
o e e e e

of such spl ndor at hom nvy C aractacus his h mbl

e e e u e

cottag in Britain e ? ”

Th pr s nt r ign was f rth r disting ish d by t h

e e e e u e u e e e xe

cu i
t f many important works f a tilitarian charact r
on o o u e .

At t h mo th f t h Tib r C la di s constr ct d a mag

e u o e e , u u u e

n ifi t harbor call d t h P
cen i R m T h C laudian
, e e or u s o anu s . e

Aq d ct which h compl t d was a st p ndo s work

ue u , e e e , u e u ,

bringing wat r to t h city from a distanc f forty fi

e e e o - ve

mil s e .

T h d light f t h p opl
e e in gladiato ial sho s had at
o e e e r w

this tim b com almost an insan f r nzy C la di s

e e e e e . u u

d t rmin d to giv an nt rtai m nt that sho ld r nd r

e e e e e e n e u e e

insignificant all similar ff orts Upon a larg lak whos e . e e, e

sloping banks a fford d s ats f t h vast multitud f sp c e e or e e o e

t t h
a o r s, xhibit d a naval battl in which two opposing
e e e e,

fl ts b aring ni t n tho sand gladiators fo ght as

ee , e ne ee u ,
u
3 44 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

tho gh in r al battl till t h wat r w as r dd n d w ith blood

u e e, e e e e e

and litt r d w ith t h wr ckag f t h brok n ships

e e e e e o e e .

Throughout his lif C la di s was r l d by intriguing e u u u e

favorit s and n orthy wiv s F his fo rth wif h

e u w e . or u e e

marri d t h wick d Agrippina who s c r d his d ath

e e
“
e ,
”
e u e e

by m ans f a dish f poison d m shrooms in ord r

e o o e u , e to

mak plac for t h s cc ssion of h son N ro

e e e u e er e .

R ign f N r (
2 2 0. 54 e N ro was f ort nat
o e o A D..
— e u e

in having f his pr c ptor t h gr at philosoph r and

or e e e e e

moralist S n ca ; b t n v r was t ach r mor unfortunat

e e u e e e e e e

in his pupil F fi y ars N ro und r t h infl nc of

. or ve e e , e e ue e

Sene ca and B rrh s t h latt r t h command r of t h

u u , e e e e e

prm itor r l d with mod

a n s,ration and q ity
u e B t his e e u . u

own moth r Agrippina intrig d against him in favor of a

e , ,
ue

yo ng r son and N ro aft r failing in an att mpt to drown

u e e , e e

her whil h was crossing t h bay at Bai s c r d h

e s e e ae, e u e er

d ath by t h hand f an assassin H now brok a w ay

e e o . e e

fro mt h g ida c f his t tor S n ca and nt r d pon a

e u n e o u e e , e e e u

car r fill d with crim s f almost incr dibl normity

ee e e o e e e .

Th edagg r and poison w r in co stant d mand Th

e e e n e . e

u se of h latt r had b com a fi art in t h hands f

t e e e e ne e o

a r g lar prof ssion L ik C alig la N ro d grad d h

e u e . e u , e e e t e

imp rial p rpl by cont nding in t h gladiatorial combats

e u e e e

of t h ar na and in t h gam s of h circ s app aring at

e e e e t e u ,
e

o ne tim as a chariot r and th n again as an actor and a

e ee ,
e

si g r of his o w n v rs s
n e e e .

It was in t h t nth y ar f his r ign ( 64 ) that t h

e e e o e A D . . e

so -call d G r at Fir laid mor than half of Rom in ash s

e e e e e e .

T mpl s mon m nts and b ildings f v ry d sc iption

e e ,
u e ,
u o e e e r

w sw pt away by h flam s that for six days and

e re e t e e

nights s rg d lik a thro g h t h vall ys and abo t h

u e e se a u e e u t e
34 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

n s A larg part f t h b rnt r gion was appropriat d

ue . e o e u e e

by N ro for h b ildi gs and gro nds of

e t e imm ns u n u an e e

palac call d t h G old n H o s As t h mp ror

e, e e e u e . e e e en

sconc d hims lf in its l x io s apartm ts h is s id to

e e u u r u en , e a

hav r mark d N I am ho s d as a man o ght to b

e e e ,
“
ow u e u e .
”

Th mp ro s c r d mo y for his normo s p di

e e e r e u e ne e u ex en

tur s by f sh m rd rs and
e re fi ti N of u e con sc a o ns . o one

w alth kn w but that his e e

rn might com n xt A tu e e .

conspiracy w as fo m d to r e

r li v h stat of t h e e e t e e e

monst r T h plot was dis e . e

cov r d and again t h e e ,

“
e

city w as fill d with f m r e u e

als L can t h po t and . u e e ,

S n ca h p c ptor of e e , t e re e

N ro both f ll victims to e , e

th tyrant s rag e
’
e .

N ro now mad a to r e e u

thro gh t h East d th u e , an e re

plung d d p r and d p r
G A L BA
e ee e ee e

into s s ality d crim

.

en u an e.

T h tyranny and t h
e disgrac w r no long r ndurabl e e e e e e e .

Th el gions in s v ral of t h provinc s r volt d T h

e e e e e e e . e

s nat d clar d t h mp ror a p blic n my and con

e e e e e e e u e e ,

dm
e d him to d ath by sco rging to avoid w hich aid d
ne e u , ,
e

by a s rvant h took his own lif H i last w ords w r

e ,
e e . s e e,

W hat an artist t h w orld los s in my d ath ! e e e

”

N ro was t h
e sixth and last of h J lian lin Th
e t e u e . e

family of t h G r at C sar w as now xtinct ; b t t h nam

e e ae e u e e

r main d and was adopt d by all h s cc di g mp rors

e e ,
e t e u ee n e e .
 FR OM TIBE R IUS TO M A R C US A UR E L IUS .
347

22 1 . Vit lliu ( 68
Galb a , Ot h o, Th s and e s A D . .
— e e

thr nam s ee usually gro p d t og th r as th ir r igns

e are u e e e , e e

w r all hort and un v nt ful T h s cc ssion pon h

e e S e e . e u e ,
u t e

d ath f N ro d t h xtinctio in him of t h J lian lin

e o e an e e n e u e,

was in disp t and h l gions in diff r nt q art rs p

u e, t e e e e u e su

por d t h claims of th ir f avorit l ad rs O aft r

te e e e e e . ne e

anoth r h thr aspira ts nam d w r kill d in bloody

e t e ee n e e e e

str ggl s for t h imp rial p rpl T h last Vit lli s

u e e e u e. e , e u , w as

h l d from t h thro by t h soldi s f V spasian t h

u r e e ne e er o e , e

old and b lov d command r of t h l gions in P al stin

e e e e e e e,

w hich w r at this tim ngag d in war with t h J ws

e e e e e e e .

R i gn f V p i n (
222 . 69
e Th acc ssion
o es as a A D . .
— e e

of Flavi s V spasian marks t h b gin in g f a p riod

u e e e n o e ,

embraci g thr r igns known n ee e ,

as h Flavian A g ( 69
t e e A D . .

V spasian s r ig w as
e
’
e n

signaliz d both by important

e

military achi v m nts abroad e e e

and by st p do s p blic works u en u u

und rtak n at Rom

e e e .

Aft r of h most harass

e o ne t e

ing si g s r cord d in history

e e e e ,

J r sal m was tak n by Tit s

e u e e u ,

son of V spasian Th T mpl e . e e e

was d stroy d d mor than

e e ,
an e

a million J ws t hat w r e e e
V E S P A S ‘A N '

c o w d d i h city b li v d
r e n t e
l ”
ar e
( Fro m a b US t in t h e M u se u m at N ap es
e e e

to hav p rish d G r at m ltit d s s ff d d ath by

e e e . e u u e u e re e

cr cifixio T h mis r bl r mnants of h nation w r

u n . e e a e e t e e e

scat d v ry w h ov r h wo ld Jos ph s h gr at
t e re e e e re e t e r . e u , t e e

historian accompani d t h conq or to Rom In imi

, e e u er e .
34 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

t a t io nof N buchadn zzar Tit s obb d h T mpl f its

e e , u r e t e e e o

sacr d t nsils and bor th m a w ay as trophi s Upon

e u e ,
e e e .

t h tri mphal arch at Rom

e u that b ars his nam may b e e e, e

s n at t h pr s nt day t h sc lp ee e e e e u

t d r pr s ntation of t h gold n u re e e e e e

candl stick which was f th e , o ne o e

m morials of t h war e e .

At this sam tim in h pposit e e, t e O e

corn r of t h mpir th r brok e e e e, e e e

t a dang ro s r volt of t h Bata ou e u e e

vians nd r th ir c l brat d l ad r u e e e e e e e

C laudi s C ivilis Batavians

JU “
DAEA C A PT A
Th u . e
i i Co
w j m d by many G rmans
n of V e sp as an .
e re o e e

b yond t h Rhin by a larg part of t h trib s of G a i l

e e e, e e e r ,

and by s v ral of t h Roman l gions in thos parts F

e e e e e . or

t n for a tim att d d C ivilis ; t h Roman armi s w r

u e e en e e e e e

r p at dly d f at d and h a thority f Rom d stroy d

e e e e e e ,
t e u o e e e

in h whol Rh ish r gion and thro gho t a gr at part

t e e en e u u e

of G a l It look d for a mom nt as though a G allo G rman

u . e e - e

e mpir was to b rais d on h r ins of t h Roman po w r

e e e t e u e e

north of t h A lps B diss nsion aros amo g t h con

e . u t e e n e

f d rat s which w ak n d t h mov m nt and aid d V

e e e , e e e e e e e es

p i
as an s g n ral C i
’
li in creshing teh ins rr ction and er a s u e u e

r storing t h Roma authority

e e n .

V spasian r b ilt h C apitoli t mpl which had b n

e e u t e ne e e, ee

b rn d d ring t h str ggl b tw n his soldi s d h

u e u e u e e ee er an t e

adh r nts f Vit llius ; h constr ct d a w f orum which

e e o e e u e ne ,

bor his own nam ; and also b gan t h ction of h l

e e e e e re t e ce

e b d Flavian amphith atr which was compl t d by his

ra t e e e, e e

s cc ssor Aft r a most prosp ro s r ign of t y ars

u e . e e u e en e ,

V spasian di d
e 7 9 t h first mp ror aft r A g st s
e A D . .
, e e e e u u u
3 50 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

sp ctators is b tt r known as t h C oloss m

e ,
nam e e e eu — a e

giv n it ith r b caus of its gigantic p oportions or on

e e e e e r ,

acco nt of a colossal statu of N ro which happ d to

u e e e ne

stand n ar it (par e .

Th ign of Tit s tho gh so short was signaliz d by

e re u ,
u ,
e

two gr at disast s T h firs was a fl g i at Rom

e er . e t c on a rat on e,

which was almost as calamito s as h G r at Fir i h u t e e e n t e

T H E C O L O SS E UM .

( F rom a ph o t o gra ph ) .

r ign f N ro (par
e o T h s cond was h d str c io
e . e e t e e u t n,

by an r ption of V s vi s of h C ampanian citi s f

e u e u u , t e e o

P omp ii and H rc lan

e m Th citi s w r b ri d b n ath
e u eu . e e e e u e e e

sho w rs of ind s ash s and str ams of volcanic m d

e C er , e ,
e u .

P liny h Eld r t ht gr at naturalist v nturing too n ar

e e , e e , e e

th mo ntain to inv stigat t h ph nom non lost his lif

e u , e e e e e , e .
1

1
y 3 ixt
In t h e c t i s ft d t cti
e ar 1 71 citi s s ee n en u r e a er th e es ru o n of th e e

i w di c v d by s p s s g g d diggi g w ll
, ,

the ru ns e re s o e re ome e r on en a e in n a e

xt s iv xc v ti
,

an d i c th s n e h v b en d whi h h v
e en e e a a o ns a e een ma e, c a e
 FR OM TIBE R IUS TO M A R C US A UR E L IUS .
35 1

2 24 . t n
t of t h Tw lv C r ( 8
Dom i ia — Las e e e ae sa s A D
. . 1

D omitia h broth r of Tit s w as t h last of h lin

n, t e e u , e t e e

of mp rors known as h T lv C sars T h titl

e e
“
t e we e ae .
”
e e,

how v r was ass m d by d is appli d to all h

e e ,
u e ,
an e , t e su c

ceedi g mp rors ; t h sol r ason that h

n e e first t w lv e e e t e e e

ST R EET IN PO M P E II.

( F ro m a p ht
o ograp h) .

princ s group d tog th r is b ca s t h Roman biog

e ar e e e e e u e e

ra p h S toni
er s compl t du eh liv s of that
u n mb r only e e t e e u e .

T h gr at r part of D m it i r ign was xact ’

e e e o an s e an e con

trast to that of his broth r Tit s It was aft r h first e u .

,
e t e

un c v d l g p t
o e re p ad v l d
ar e ar st t h s
of Po m eii, a n re ea e to u s th e re e s, om e

th t s b th s h p t pl s d v i ts
,

e a re a s, o s, ci t
em e an ar o u s m o nu m en of t h e an en

li f
, ,

city — which p t
a ll o f v y vivid pict re se n s to u s a er u re of R o m an e

d i g
ur n th e i m p i l p i d ight
er a er o ,
e ee n h d d y
un re e a rs ago .
35 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

fe w y ars
succ ssion of xtravaganc s tyranni s
e , o ne e e e , e ,

c on fi ti m rd rs and p rs c tions
sc a o n s, u e , e e u .

D uring t h r ign how v r transactio s f int r st and

e e , e e , n o e e

importanc w r taking plac on t h north rn fronti r

e e e e e e e

lin s In Britain t h abl command r Agricola h fath r

e . e e e , t e e

i law of t h
n- historian Tacit s p sh d t h conq sts of
e u , u e e ue

Rom to h tmost limits that th y v r ach d H

e t e u e e e re e . e

e ith r subj ct d or cro d d back h warlik trib s until h

e e e w e t e e e e

had xt nd d h fronti rs of t h mpir far i to w hat is

e e e t e e e e e n

now S cotl and Th as a prot ction against t h inc sions

. en, e e u r

of h C al donians t h anc stors of h S cottish highland

t e e , e e t e

e r s,h constr ct d a lin of f ortr ss s f om t h Frith of

e u e e e e r e

Forth to h Frith of C lyd (par t B hi d this sh lt r

e e . e n e e

Roman civiliz tion d v lop d s cur ly d rapidly in t h a e e e e e an e

ne w -form d provinc e e .

O th D an bia fronti r t h
n e Roman arms w r l ss u n e e e e e

succ ssful than in Britai H r t h D acians d w lling

e n . e e e , e

north of t h D an b w r distr ssing t h provi c of

e u e, e e e e n e

M sia by pl nd ri g aids across h

oe iv r Unabl to
u e n r t e r e . e

r d c t h mara di g trib s to s bmission D omitian n go

e u e e u n e u , e

ti d a p ac with th m by t h t rms of which h Romans

at e e e e e e t e

w r to pay th m a y arly trib t on condition that th y

e e e e u e e

r frain from invading h t rritory of Rom This was t h

e t e e e . e

first tim that Rom purchas d p ac of an n my wi h

e e e e e e e t

gold inst ad of with st l Th practic b cam common

e ee . e e e e

eno gh lat ru e .

Und r this mp ror took plac what is kno n church

e e e e w In

history as t h s cond p rs c tion of h C hristians

“
e e e e u t e .

This class as w ll as h J w s w r t h sp cial obj cts of

, e t e e , e e e e e

D m it io hatr d b ca s th y r f s d to b rn inc ns
an s
’
e , e u e e e u e u e e

b for t h stat s of hims lf wh ich h had

e e e p (par ue e e se t u .
3 54 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

nam of his ni c D omitilla has b n pr s rv d

Th e e e e ee e e e

as of t h victims of this p rs c tion This is ig ifi

o ne e e e u . s n

cant sinc it sho w s that t h w faith was th s arly

, e e ne u e

finding adh r nts among h high r class s v n in h e e t e e e ,

e e t e

royal ho s hold its lf u e e .

Th last of h Tw lv C m
e p rish d in his own
t e e e sar s e e

palac and by t h hands of m mb rs of his own ho s hold

e, e e e u e .

Th s nat orde d his i famo s n m to b as d from

e e e re n u a e e er e

t h p blic mon m
e u ts and to b blott d from h cords u en e e t e re

of t h Roman stat
e e .

5 Th Fiv G d Em p r r ; R ign f N
22 . e
( e
9 6 oo e o s e o er va A D . .

T h fim g mp —
e N rva
e Trajan H adrian d ro rs — e an

t w o Antoni s m
_ , , ,

mifi w r l ct d
i '

th e ne — v an e e e e e

by h s nat which d ri g this p riod ass m d s om thing

t e e e, u n e u e e

f its form r w ight and infl nc i n t h a ffairs of h

-1
'

o e e ue e e t e

er np i Th W s
re d b fi t dm
e of hi e an ene ce n a 1 n i st r a t 1 o n t e
\
g f m
O Ve r i t B y h l r s s
en ec r d for th'

m t h
“

nv abl e se ru e u e e e e i e

distinction of b ing call d h fi good mp rors e e

“
t e ve e e .
”

N va w ho w er a ag d s nator a n d a n
,
cons l r l d
as n e e e x- u , u e

pat rnally H light d t h tax s w hich had g own

e . e e ne e e ,
r

oppr ssiv abolish d h infamo s law f tr aso ( par

e e ; e t e u o e n .

2 1
7) und r w hich so many innoce nt p rsons of promin nc e e e e,

infl nc and w alth had b com t h victims of imp ial

ue e, e e e e er

s spicion j alousy and c pidity ; d bro ght back thos

u , e ,
u an u e

citiz ns whom form r mp rors had s nt i to xil N rva

e e e e e n e e . e

di d aft r a short r ign of sixt n months and t h sc ptr

e e e ee , e e e

pass d into t h strong r hands of t h abl command r

e e e e e e

Trajan whom N rva had pr vio sly mad his associ t in

, e e u e a e

t h gov rnm nt
e e e .

6 R ign f Tr j n (
22 .
9 8
e Trajano w as a a a A D . .
—

nativ of S pain and a soldi r by p of ssio d t l t

e , e r e n an a en .
 P R OM TIBE RIUS TO M A R C US A URE L IUS .
355

He w as first provincial to sit in t h s at of t h C sars

the e e e a
e .

From this tim forward provincials w r to play a part e e e

of v r incr asing importanc in t h a ff airs f t h mpir

e e - e e e o e e e .

Trajan s ambition to ’

achi v m i l i t a r y
e e re

nown l d him to nd r e u e

tak distant and im

e

portant conqu sts It e .

was th polic y f e o

A g stus a p o l i c y
u u

adopt d by most of his

e

s cc ssors to mak
u e e

th D an b in Europ
e u e e

and t h E phrat s in e u e

Asia h limits of t ht e e

Roman mpir in thos e e e

r sp ctiv q a r t s
e e e u e r .

B Trajan d t rmin d
u t e e e

to p sh t h fronti rs
u e e

of his dominions b e

yond both th s riv rs e e e ,

s c o r n i n g to p m i t er

N atur by th s bar
e e e

i
r e rs to mark t h ou t e

confin s of R o m a n e

sov r ignty e e .

R J N T
In t h arly part f
A A .

e e o
F tt l ) ( ro m a s a u e in t h e M u se u m at N ap
r gn Traj an was
es .

h lS e1

b si d in wars against t h D acia s t ib s that as h av

u e e n ,
r e , we e

s n had oft n disturb d h p ac f t h M i prov

ee , e e t e e e o e oe s a n

in Th e troubl at this tim was caus d by Trajan

ce. e e e
35 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

r f sing to mak good h g m nt of D omitian w ith

e u e t e a ree e

th s trib s to pay th m t ib t (par

e e e e r u e .

In his s co d campaign Trajan facilitat d his op rations

e n e e

by constr cting across h D a b a bridg som of h

u t e nu e e, e t e

pi rs of w hich may still b s n This xp dition r s lt d

e e ee . e e e u e

in t h compl t s bj gation of t h tro bl som n my

e e e u u e u e e e e .

D acia was now mad into a provinc Roman migrants e e . e

pour d in crowds into t h r gion gr at citi s sprang up

e e e , e e ,

BR ID G E O V R H DAN U B
E T E E, B U IL T BY T R JA N
A .

( F m li f C l m
’
ro T j re e on ra an s o u n

and t h arts d c lt r of Rom took d p and p rma nt

e an u u e e ee e ne

root T h mod rn n m Ro ma ia is a mo um nt of this

. e e a e u n n e

Ro m an conq st and coloniz tion b yo d h D an b

u e a e n t e u e.

T h Ro manians to day sp ak a la g ag that i its main

e u - e n u e n

l m ts is larg ly of L atin origin

e e en e
?

2
ic p ki g p pl f R m i
T h e R o m an -s ead th nighb i ng eo es o ou an a an e ne or

regi mb
o ns n u b t t m illi s It s m p b bl th t d i g m di
er a ou en on . ee s ro a e a u r n e

m l ti m th w
ya esl g i m m ig ti i t t h p
e re as a tR m i f
ar e ra on n o e re s e n ou an a o

L ti s p ki ng p
a n- pl f m t h di t ict s th f t h D b
ea eo e ro Th c e s r s ou o e an u e, ra e,

M c d i
a e d E pi — which h d b
o n a, a n p tty th
r u s,ghl y R m i d a e en re o ro u o an z e

d i g th im p i l p i d
ur n e er a er o .
35 8 R OM E AS A N E M P IR E .

C t sipho h fl t float d do w n t h Tigris and on in o t h

e n t e ee e e t e

P rsian G lf
e H r t h sight of an Indian m rchan man
u . e e e e t

is said to hav awak n d in Trajan ambitious longi gs to

e e e n

emulat h achi v m nts of Al xand r t h G r at W r

e t e e e e e e e e .
“
e e

I y t you g h xclaim d I would not stop till I had

e n ,
”
e e e ,
“

r ach d t h limits of t h M ac donian conq st

e e e e e ue .

O t f th t rritori s h had conqu r d Trajan mad

u o e e e e e e , e

BATT L E S C E N FR M
E O T RAJA N ’
S CO L U MN .

( On t h e l fte , Part h i an h o rse m e n in arm o r , fle e ing b e f ore Rom an id

r e rs . )

thr ee provi c s which bor h a ci t nam s f

ne w n e , e t e n en e o

Arm nia M sopotamia and Assy ia

e , e ,
r .

To T aj an b longs t h disti ction of havi g xt d d

r e e n n e en e

th bo nda i s of h mpir to t h most distant poi ts

e u r e t e e e e n

to w hich Roman ambi ion and pro ss w r v r abl to t we e e e e e

p sh th m B t in passing b yond h lin of t h E ph

u e . u e t e e e u ra

t e s,Trajan had ov rst pp d t h limi s of mod ratio d e e e e t e n, a n

u n w is ly disr gard d h maxim f A g st s H i

e e e t e o u u u . s con

q sts in th s r gions w r p d ntly abandon d by his

ue e e e e e ru e e
 FR OM TIBE R IUS TO M A R C US A URE L IUS .
3 59

s cc ssor A mor p rman nt acq isition mad by Trajan

u e . e e e u e

in th s ast rn r gions was Arabia P t m w hich was

e e e e e - e r a,

mad a provinc in t h y ar
e 6 e e e A D . . 1 0 .

B t Trajan was som thing mor than a m r soldi r

u e e e e e ;

h had a tast for lit rat r J v nal P l tarch and t h

e e e u e . u e , u , e

young r P liny wrot und r his patronag and nd r his

e e e e, u e

dir ction was fo nd d h call d Ulpian L ibrary which

e u e t e so - e ,

gr w into
e f t h most valuabl coll ctions of books in
o ne o e e e

BE S IE G I N G A D A C IA N C IT Y .

( F ro m T raj a n
’
s Co l u mn .
)

Rom M or ov r as is tr of almost all gr at conq r

e . e e ,
ue e ue

ors Trajan had a p rf ct passion for b ilding W hav

,
e e u . e e

alr ady m ntion d h for m which h laid t d m

e e e t e u e ou an e

b lli h d and w hich bor his nam

e s e ,
and notic d also h e e, e t e

w ond rf l marbl col mn comm morating his D acian vic

e u e u e

to i s And not alo in t h capital b also i va io s

r e . ne e u t n r u

oth r citi s f h mpir w r to b s n many mon m nts

e e o t e e e e e e ee u e

of his m ifi u n ce n ce .

R sp cti g t h rapid spr ad of C hristianity at this tim

e e n e e e,

th charact r of t h
e arly prof sso s of t h
e faith and e e e r e new ,
3 6 0 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

the light in w hich th y w r vi w d by t h r l rs of t h e e e e e e u e e

Roman w o ld hav v ry importa t vid nc in a r ,

we e e n e e e c er

tain l tt r w ritt n by P liny t h Yo ng r to t h mp ror

e e e e u e e e e

in r ga d to t h C hristians of P ont s in Asia M i o of

e r e u , n r,

w hich r mot provinc P liny was gov rnor P li y sp aks

e e e e . n e

o f th w cre d as a contagio s s p rstition that had

ne ee
“
u u e ,

s iz d not citi s only b h l ss r towns also and h p n

e e e , u t t e e e , t e O e

co ntry Y t h co ld fi d no fa lt in t h conv rts to t h

u .
’
e e u n u e e e

ne w doctrin s N ot w ithsta ding this ho w v r b ca s t h

e . n , e e ,
e u e e

C hristians st dily r f s d to sacrific to h Rom n gods

ea e u e e t e a ,

h eo d r d many to b p t to d ath for th ir infl xibl

r e e e u e e
“
e e

obsti acy n .

Tr j n di d a a 7 aft r a ig of nin t n y ars

e A D . . 1 1 , e re n e ee e ,

o ne of t h most prosp ro s and for nat that h d y

e e u tu e a et

b fall n t h lot of t h Roman p opl

e e e e e e .

7 R ig
22 f H dr i n (
. e7 3 )
8 H adrian
n a o a a A.D . 1 1 — I .
—
,

kinsman f Trajan s cc d d him i t h imp rial o ffic

o ,
u ee e n e e e .

H poss ss d gr at ability and display d admir bl mod

e e e e , e a e

cration and pr d nc in t h admi istration of h gov u e e e n t e

e rn m t H abandon d t h
en . thr p ovinc s A m nia
e e e ee r e ,
r e ,

Assyria and M sopotamia that had b n acq ir d by

,
e , ee u e

T ajan b yond t h E phrat s and mad that st m onc

r e e u e ,
e re a e

mor t h ast rn bo ndary of t h mpir H saw plainly

e e e e u e e e . e

that Rom could not saf ly xt nd any farth r in that

e e e e e ,

dir ction h f ro ti rs of h domi ions

e , t e n e er n .

M or than fift n y ars

e f his r ign w r sp nt by ee e o e e e e

H adrian in maki g tours of insp ction thro gh all t h n e u e

di ff r nt provinc s of t h mpir H visit d Britain and

e e e e e e . e e ,

s c d t h Roma poss ssions th r against t h P icts d

e u re e n e e e e an

S cots by r cting a co tin o s wall across t h island from

e e n u u e

th eTy to h S olway Fir h This rampart was con

ne t e t .
 Syr ac u sae

THE ROMAN E M PI RE
UNDER TRAJAN
A D
. . 1 1 7.
36 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

In plac s t h tripl li of ramparts brok n at int rvals

e e e ne , e e

by t h r mains of h old guard tow rs and fortifi d camps

e e t e - e e ,

can still b trac d thro gh t h vall ys and ov r t h low

e e u e e e e

hills Of t h English moorlands Th r xist no h r in

e . e e e w e e

th elands that o c form d h provinc s f t h mpir of n e e t e e o e e e

Rom any mo impr ssiv m morials of h world w id

e re e e e er - e

dominion than th s ramparts along which for thr h e e , ee u n

dr d y ars and mor h s ntin ls k pt watch and ward for

e e e er e e e

civilization against h barbarian mara d rs of C al donia t e u e e .

4

Aft r his visit to Britain H adrian r t rn d to G a l and

e e u e u ,

th n insp ct d in di ff r nt to rs all t h r maining provinc s

e e e e e u e e e

of h mpir M any of t h citi s which h visit d h

t e e e. e e e e e

adorn d with t mpl s th atr s d oth r b ildings Upon

e e e , e e , an e u .

Ath s partic larly h lavish d larg sums in art mb l

en ,
u ,
e e e e e ‘

li h m
s r viving in a m as r t h fading glori s of t h
e n t s, e e u e e e e

P ricl an A g
e e e .

I h y ar 3 t h J ws in P al sti
n t e e 1 who had in a m as
2 e e e n e, e

u re r cov r d from h blow Tit s had giv n th ir atio

e e e t e u e e n n

p ts s h ld
ar f il x i th s i t s ti g
ou no t a i ls
to e a m ne e e n e re n m em or a of th e

R o m an cc p ti o B it i u a on of r a n

c d s th t t p s b y whi h th s
.

4 W k w e w itt no f ro m r e n re or a the ro o c e e

s t gh lds w cc pi d p s t d f tw ty thi ty dis ti ct

ro n o ere o u e re re en e ro m en to r n

na ti o ns l g thi s li A t lc
on ic ti ls d G
ne of mu ua omm u n a on G au an e r m a ns ,

h ci s d b i s M s d S y i s h ld f ti s
.

T ra an an I e r an R oor an r an e th e ro n er of the 0

pi g i s t s thi ty l g g s
,

m an em re a l d i Bt a n H t he Ca e on an ri o n s e re ome r an u a e

s d df y c ps b s s sp ch
.

re ou n e ro m a s m an ti am u t the o no r o u ee of La u m, no t

mu ch d g d d f e ra t s till p s v d it s tiv s il v
e ro m th e i
o ne re er e on na e o e er ma n

d it s s p
,

t ain e cy l g g
u re m a c d d v y fici l
as the an ua e of o m m an an of e er of a

an d p blic d c
u t thi s o w s t ip l d
u m en y d
On n a rro r of an we ma rea an

s d ys l f
.

e pit o m e of hi t y the s or pi of t h e R o m an u n er th e em re ; for m e I

f l th t h v d d w itt this wid d v i d s bj ct
,

ee a all I a e re a an r en on e an ar e u e is
c d sd
on en e it w pict
as li f e re, t in t h e d u re I re a z e, ro m a fe w s o ne s an

thw k s th i cc p ti
,

e ar or , of th e r o ch M R V
u a o n of o u r no r e rn m ar e s.
”
E I A L E,

H ist ory of z e R om a n s
t/ u n der
’
z e E mp ir e, vo l
t/ . viii p . . 2 1 o.
 FR OM TIBE RIUS TO M A R C US A UR E L IUS .
36 3

( par brok
. out in d sp rat r volt b caus f h e e e e e , e e o t e

planting of a Roman colony upon t h almost d solat sit 5

e e e e

of J r sal m and h placing f t h stat of J pit r in t h

e u e ,
t e o e u e u e e

H o lyT e m ple M o re t h a n .

hal f a million of J ws e ar e

said to hav p rish d in e e e

th h o p l s s str ggl
e e e u e,

and t h most of t h e e su r

i
v vo r s w r driv n into e e e

e xil he last di p t e s er

sion of t h rac ( e e A D I
. .

Th latt r y ars of his

e e e

r ign H adrian pass d at

e e

Rom It was h r th t
e . e e a

t h i s princ ly b i l d r e u e

r ct d his most spl n

e e e e

did structur s Among e .

th s w r magnific nt
e e e e a e

t mpl cons crat d to

e e H R
e
N e AD IA .

t h godd ss s V nus and

e e
( F e
t t lie
ro m a b us in t h e C a p i o ne M u se u m ) .

Roma and a vast ma sol um r ct d on h banks f t h

, u e e e e t e o e

Tib r and d sign d as a tomb for hims lf ( par

e , e e e .

W ith all his virt s H adrian was foolishly vai of his ue ,

n

a ccomplishm nts impati nt f contradiction and oft n

e , e o , e

most unr asonabl and imp rio s It is r lat d that h

e e e u . e e e

p t
u to d ath t h archit ct
e Apollodor s for v ntering to e u e u

criticis t h royal tast in som archit ct ral matt r

e e e e e u e .

F i th rh torician w as vid ntly mor j dicio s

a v o r n u s, e e ,
e e e u u ,

for wh n ask d why h s ff r d t h mp ror to sil nc

e e
“
e u e e e e e e e

5 E lia Cap it olin a

st
.

6 Fo r ad c ipti
es r on of the c l b t d vill which
e e ra e a Ha di r an c on ru ct de

at T ib u r, th m d e o e rn T iv li
o , se e par . 29
5 .
3 64 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

him in an arg m nt on a poi t of grammar h r pli d u e n ,

e e e ,

It is ill disputing w ith t h mast r of thirty l gions e e e .

’

8 Th Ant n in (
22 .
3 8 e A li s Antonin
o s es A D . . I — u re u u ,

s rnam d P i s t h adopt d
u e of H adrian and his
u ,
e e so n , su c

c ssor gav t h Roma mpir admi ist ation si gularly

e ,
e e n e e an n r n

p r d par ntal Of him it has b n said hat h was

u e an e . ee t “
e

th first e d savi g his coll ag

, an and succ ssor A r li s
,
n e u e e u e u ,

th only e of h mp rors w ho d vot d hims lf to t h

one t e e e e e e e

task of gov rnm nt w ith a singl vi to t h happin ss of

e e e ew e e ia

his p opl Thro gho t his lo g r ign of tw nty thr

e e.
”
u u n e e - ee

y a s t h mpir was in a stat of profo nd p ac Th

e r , e e e e u e e . e

att ntion of h historian is att act d by no striking v nts

e t e r e e e ,

which fact as many hav t f il d to obs v illustrat s

, e no a e er e, e

admirably h oft p at d pig am H appy is that p opl

t e -r e e e e r ,
“
e e

whos annals bri f

e a re e .
”

Antoni s arly in his ig had nit d with hims lf in

nu , e re n, u e e

th gov rnm nt his adopt d son M arc s A r li s and pon

e e e e u u e u , u

th d ath f t h fo m (
e e 6 ) tho latt r s cc d d
e r er A D . . 1 1 e e u ee e

q i tly to his plac and work A r li s st dio s habits

u e e . u e u
’
u u

w on for him t h titl of P hilosoph r H b long d to

e e
“
e .
”
e e e

th school of h S toics and w as a most tho ghtful w it

e t e ,
u r er.

H i M di i
s b ath h t d st s tim nts of d votion
e ta t on s re e t e en e re en e e

and b vol nc and m k h n r st appro ch to t h

ene e e, a e t e ea e a e

spirit of C hristianity of all h w ritings of pagan antiq ity t e u .

H stablish d an instit tion or hom for orphan girls

e e e u e ,

and fi ding h poor r class s th o gho t Italy b rd d

,
n t e e e r u u u ene

by th ir t x s d gr atly in arr ars in paying th m h

e a e an e e e , e

ca s d all h tax claims to b h ap d i h fo m and

u e t e e e e n t e ru

b rn d
u e .

Th tast s d sympathi s of A lius wo ld hav l d

e e an e u re u e e

him to choos a lif pass d i r ti m nt d st dy at h

e e e n e re e an u t e
3 6 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

of worship among th ir s bj cts still th y r q i d that e u e , e e u re

m of v ry faith sho ld at l ast r cog iz h Roman

en e e u e e n e t e

gods and b rn i c ns b for th ir stat s This t h

,
u n e e e e e ue . e

C hristians st adily r f s d to do Th ir n gl ct of t h
e e u e . e e e e

s rvic s of t h t mpl it was b li v d ang r d h gods

e e e e e, e e e , e e t e

d ndang r d h f y of t h stat bringing pon it ’

an e e e t e sa e t e e, u

dro ght p stil nc d v ry disast r This was a main

u ,
e e e , an e e e .

r ason of th ir p rs c tio by t h pagan mp rors

e e e e u n e e e .

B t th r was also w hat

u may call h social motiv
e e we t e e

of p rs c tion T h C hristians w r acc s d f b ing

e e u . e e e u e o e

u nsocial and f om h Roman point of vi not wi ho t

, ,
r t e e w, t u

r ason ; for t h co sci nc of h C hris ians stood i h

e e n e e t e t n t e

way of th ir p rforming many of t h d ti s r q ir d of

e e e u e e u e

citiz ns sinc th s acts w r oft n conn ct d in som

e ,
e e e e e e e e e

way with t h pagan sacrific s or w orship Again h e e .

, t e

t achi gs of th i r ligion wo ld not allow th m to b sp c

e n e r e u e e e

t at t h inh man gladi to ial gam s nor fr q nt rs

at o r s e u a r e , e ue e

of h th atr b ca s of t h i m mor lity of h stag

t e e e, e u e e a t e e.

N to h Romans w ho did
ow, t shar h b li fs and
e no t e t e e e

convictions of h C h istians th ir cond ct app ar d t e r e u e e

u nr ason bl as w ll as social and patriotic H nc

e a e e u n un . e e

th t m obsti acy w hich was app li d to th m and t h

e er n e e , e

v h m nc of h pop la h t d of t h
e e e e s ct t e u r a re e ne w e .

B t p stil c and p s c tion w r both forgott n

u e en e er e u e e e

amidst t h imp rativ calls for imm diat h lp that

e e e e e e n ow

cam from h no th T h barbarians w r p shi g

e t e r . e e e u n In

th Roman o tposts and po i g ov r h fronti rs A

e u ,
u r n e t e e .

tribe know as h M m i v n cross d h Alps andn t e ar c o an e e e t e

l id si g to Aq il ia N sinc h invasion f h
a e e u e . ot e t e o t e

C imb i and T ton s ( par

r
59) had t h inhabitants of eu e . 1 e

any city f It ly s n h barbarians b fo th ir gat s

o a ee t e e re e e .
 P R OM TIBE R IUS TO M A R C US A UR E L IUS .
36 7

To t h panic of t h plag was add d this w t rror

e e ue e ne e .

Aur li s plac d hims lf at t h h ad of his l gions and

e u e e e e e ,

h rri d b yond h Alps F many y ars amidst t h

u e e t e .
’

or e , e

snows of wint r and t h h ats of s mm r h strov to b at

e e e u e , e e e

back t h assailants of t h mpir

e e e e .

O nc h Roman army w as compl t ly surro nd d and

e t e e e u e ,

th soldi rs w r dying f thirst wh n a viol nt th nd r

e e e e o , e e u e

RO MN A S O L D IE R S AT IA C K IN G
' ‘
A GE R MAN Fo RT RE ss .

(F ro m t h e Co l u mn of T r aj an ) .

storm not only r li v d th ir s ff ri gs b also str ck

e e e e u e n ,
u t u

s ch t rror into t h barbarians as to scatt r th m in flight

u e e e e .

Th C hristians that mad tw lfth l gio maintain d ‘

e
p t h e u e e e n e

that G d had s nt t h rain in answ r to th ir pray rs ; b

o e e e e e u t

th pagan Romans int rpr t d t h v nt as an i t v ntion

e e e e e e e n er e

by J pit r T u on th ir b half Upon t h col mn of

e o n an s e e . e u
 6 8 R OII AS AN E M P IR E
’

3 IE .

A li s at Rom w h r it may still b s n was carv d

u re u e e e e ee e

t h sc n
e i w hich O lympian Jov
e e, h Thn d r r is p e t e un e e re re

s nt d raini g and light i g

e e
“
f h av n n en n ou t o e e .
”

A r li s ch ck d h inroads of h ba ba ians but h

u e u e e t e t e r r , e

co ld not s bd th m so w ak d was h mpir by h

u u ue e , e e ne t e e e t e

ravag s of t h p stil c and so xha st d was t h tr as ry

e e e en e, e u e e e u

from t h h avy and constant drai s pon it At last his

e e n u .

w ak body gav way b n ath h hardships of his n m r

e e e e t e u e

ou s campaig s and h di d i his c mp at Vi dobon (now

n , e e n a n a

Vi n a) in h nin t th y ar of his r ign (

e n , t e e ee n e e A D . .

Th nit d voic of h s nat d p opl prono nc d

e u e e t e e e an e e u e

him a god and divin w orship w as accord d to his st t

,
e e a ue .

N v r was M onarchy so j stifi d of h

e e childr n as in u e er e

t h liv s and wo ks of A to in s P i s and M arc s A r li s

e e r n n u u u u e u .

As M rival in dw lli g pon th i virt s v ry j stly

e e, e n u e r u e ,
e u re

marks Th blam l ss c r of th s ill strio s princ s has

,
“
e e e a ree e e u u e

f rnish d h b st xc s for C sarism in ll aft ag s

u e t e e e u e a
e a e r- e .

R O MA N E MP E RO R S FR O M A UG US T US T O M A R C US
A UR E L IUS .

( Fro m 3 1 B C . . to A D . .

Au g t s ig us u re ns 3 1 B C to A D I4 T it u s
T ib i s
. . . .

er u A D . . 1 4 37
— Dom iti an

C lig l
a u a 3 7 4 1 — N erv a

Cl di au us 41
—
54 T j ra a n

N e ro 54
— 68 H d ia r an

Ga lb a 68— 69 A t in
n on u s P i us

O th o 69 M c ar us A u re li us

V it lli s e u 69 V e ru s a sos ci t d with

a e

V p ies a s an 69 7 9 — A u re li us 1 6 1 — 1 69

Th e fi t l v
rs e e e n, in c o nn e cti on with J li u us C ae s ar, c ll d
a re a e th e

Tw lv C e e s
ae a r s . Th e l t as five (e xcl di g V
u n e ru s
) a re k w no n as th e

Fiv G d e oo Em p e ro r s .
 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

Co l ss m
o eu . P anth eon .

A ch f C
r o t nti o ns a ne . Th t f P mp y
e a re o o e .

A ch f T it
r o u s. P tic
or f P mp y
o o o e

Fl m i i s
.

Vi S c
a a ra. Ci c
r u s a n u .

Vi N v
a o a Th t f M c ll
e a re o ar e u s.

V ic s T
.

u u sc u s . Fo r u m H o lit o riu m .

V ic Jg i
u s u ar u s . Fo ru m Bo a riu m .

A ch f S p t im i
r o S v e us e e ru s l
M au so e u m o f A u g t u s u s.

s
.

C liv C pit li
u s a o nu s l
Mau o e u m o f H a di r an

s t ti
. .

T m pl
e f J pit
e o C pit u er a o lin u s . B th
a f C
s o on an ne

B th s f D i cl ti n
.

A ch
r . a o o e a .

C l m
o u f T j
n o ra an . B th
a f T it
s o us

B th s f C
.

C l m
o u f A t
n o i n o n ne . a o c ll a ra a a .

B th
a f A g ipp
s o r a . A m ph it h t m C
ea ru t as re n se .
 C H A PTE R X V I I .

TH E E M P RE I UN D E R C O M M O D US A N D “
TH E
BA R R A C K E M P E RO R S .

(A . D . 1 80

2 29. u (
Reign 8 Und r h
of Com m od s A D . . 1 0 - e t e

wis and abl admi istration of t h pr c di g fi good

e e n e e e n ve

e mp rors h Roman mpir had ach d its culmination

e , t e e e re e

in pow r and prosp rity

e e ;

now nd r t h
,
f
u e e e n ee

bling infl nc s of vic ue e e

an d corruption w ithin ,

an d h h avy blows of
t e e

th barbarians witho t
e u ,

it b gins e d clin to e e

rapidly to its fall .

C o m m o d s son of u ,

M arc s A r li s and
u u e u ,

th elast of t h Anto e

nin s was most

e ,
a u n

worthy s cc ssor f his u e o

ill strio s fath r F

u u
MM U ( H c l s)
e . or

thr y ars ho w v r F
ee e
t , e e ,
CO OD S as er u e .

s ro nd d by t h abl
u r u e
)
e e
( ro m b us f o u n d in t h e H o rt i La m ia ni, R o m e .

g n rals d w is co s llors that h prud nt admin

e e an e u n e t e e

i t ti
s ra of t h pr c di g mp rors had drawn to t h h ad
on e e e n e e e e

of a ff airs C ommodus r l d with fairn ss and l nity

, u e e e ,

7 I
3
3 72 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

wh n an uns cc ssful conspiracy against his lif s m d

e u e e ee e

s dd ly to kindl all t h sl mb ring passions f a N o

u en e e u e o er .

H s c r d h favor f t h rabbl with h shows of t h

e e u e t e o e e t e e

amphith atr and purchas d t h s pport of t h pr torians

e e, e e u e ae

w ith b ib s and fl ir Th s h was nabl d for

e a t t e r e s. u e e e t en

y ars to r tain h thron whil p rp trating all mann r of

e e t e e, e e e e

cr lti s and staining t h imp rial p rpl with t h most

ue e , e e u e e

d t stabl d bauch ri s and crim s

e e e e e e e .

C ommod s had a passion for gladiatorial combats

u H . e

e v n d sc nd d i to t h ar na hims lf At ir d in a lion s
e e e e n e e e . t e
’

skin and arm d with t h cl b of H rc l s h valiantly

, e e u e u e , e se t

u pon and l w antagonists array d to r pr s nt m y h l gi

S e e e e e t o o

ca l monst rs and arm d with gr at spo g s for rocks

e , Th e e n e . e

s nat so obs q iously s rvil h d that body b com con

e e, e u e e a e e,

f r d pon him h titl f t h Roman H rcul s vot d him

e re u t e e o e e e , e

th additio al s rnam s f P ius and F lix and v n p

e n u e o e , e e ro

pos d to chang t h nam of Rom d call it C olonia

e e e e e an

C o m m o dia n a .

mpir was finally r li v d of h insan tyr nt by

Th e e e e e e t e e a

som m mb rs of h royal ho s hold who anticipat d his

e e e t e u e , e

d signs agai st th ms lv s by putting him to d ath

e n e e e e .

3 2 Th B rr k Em p r r
0. “ F n arly a c nt ry
e a ac e o s.
” —
or e e u

aft r t h d ath of C ommod s ( from

e e e 9 to h u A D . . 1 2 t e

emp rors w r l ct d by t h army and h nc t h r l rs for

e e e e e e e , e e e u e

this p riod hav b n call d t h Barrack Emp rors Th

e e ee e
“
e e .
”
e

charact r of t h p riod is r v al d by t h fact that f t h

e e e e e e e o e

tw nty fi mp rors who mo nt d h thron during this

e - ve e e u e t e e

tim all xc pt fo r cam to th ir d aths by viol nc

e, e e u e e e e e.

To int rnal disord rs w r add d t h t rror of ba barian

e e e e e e e r

invasions O v ry sid savag hord s w r br aking

. n e e e e e e e e

into t h mpir to b to mu d r and to burn

e e e ro , r e ,
.
3 74 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

of first acts of S v r s was to organiz a

the body e e u e n ew

guard f fifty tho sand l gionari s to tak t h plac of t h

o u e e , e e e e

u nworthy pr torians whom as a p nishm nt for t h insult

ae , ,
u e e

th y had o ff r d to t h Roman stat h disband d and

e e e e e, e e ,

banish d from t h capital and forbad to approach within

e e , e

a h ndr d mil s of its walls H n xt cr sh d his two rival

u e e . e e u e

comp titors and was th n ndisp t d mast r of t h mpir

e , e u u e e e e e.

H p t to d ath forty s nators for havi g f avor d his lat

e u e e n e e

rivals and compl t ly d stroy d t h pow r of that body

, e e e e e e .

C ommitting to t h pr f ct of h pr torian guard e e e t e n ew ae

t h manag m t of a ff airs at h capital S v r s pass d

e e en t e , e e u e

t h gr at r part of his long and prosp ro s r ign

e e e pon t h e u e u e

fronti rs At e tim h was chastising t h P arthians

. one e e e

b yond t h E phrat s and at anoth r p shi g back t h

e e u e , e , u n e

C al donian trib s from t h H adrian wall in h opposit

e e e t e e

corn r of his dominions Finally in Britain in his camp

e .
, ,

at York d ath ov rtook him , e e .

33 2 R ign f C r . ll ( e S v r s con o a aca a A D . . 2 1 1 — e e u

f rr d h empir pon his t w o sons C aracalla and G ta

e e t e e u , e .

C aracalla m rd r d his broth r and th o d r d P apinian

u e e e ,
en r e e ,

th c l brat d j rist to mak a p blic arg m nt i vindi

e e e e u , e u u e n

cation f t h frat icid W h n that gr at lawy r r f s d

o e r e. e e e e u e ,

saying that it was asi r to commit such a crim than to

“
e e e

j stify it h p him to d ath Tho sa ds f ll victims to

u ,
”
e u t e . u n e

t h tyrant s s ns l ss rag D riv n by mors d f ar h

’
e e e e e. e re e an e ,
e

fl d from t h capital and wand

e d abo t h most distant
e e re u t e

provi c s At Al xand ia on acco t of som

n e . m p li e r ,
un e u nc o

m tary r marks mad by t h ci iz ns pon his p rson l

en e e e t e u e a

app aranc h ord r d a g ral massacr of h i h b

e e, e e e en e e t e n a

it an t sFinally aft r a r ig of six y ars t h mo st r was

.
,
e e n e ,
e n e

slain in a r mot cor r of Syria e e ne .

 TH E E M P IR E UN D E R C OM M OD US .
3 75

aracalla s sol political act f r al importanc was t h

C
’
e o e e e

b stowal f citiz nship pon all h f inhabitants f h

e o e u t e re e o t e

empir ; and this h did not to giv th m a j st privil g

e e , e e u e e,

but that h might coll ct from th m c rtain sp cial tax s

e e e e e e

which only R Om citiz ns had to pay B for h r ign

an e . e e t e e

of C aracalla it was only partic lar class s f t h provin u e o e

i l or t h i habitants f som partic lar city or provinc

c a s, e n o e u e,

CA RA CA L LA .

( F ro m b us ti n the M u se u m at N ap l es .
)

sal act of C aracalla t h ntir fr pop lation of t h

e
, e e e ee u e

empir o tsid of Italy that did not alr ady poss ss t h

e u e e e e

rights f t h city was mad Roman at l ast in nam

o e , e , e e

an d nominal privil g In h words f M rival Th e e . t e o e e,

“
e

city had b com t h world or vi w d from t h oth r sid

e e e , , e e e e e,

th eworld had b com t h city That vast work t he e e

”
, e
3 76 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

b ginnings of which w saw in t h twilight of Roman his

e e e

to y ( par
r was now compl t d . e e .

It m st not b s ppos d how v r that t h dict f

u e u e , e e , e e o

C aracalla did m ch mor than r gist r an alr ady u m e e e e ac c o

p li h s d facte It s ms probabl that .by this tim a gr eeat e e e

pa t of h f r m n of t h mpir w r alr ady njoying

r t e ee e e e e e e e e

t h Roman franchis
e It will b r call d that J lius C m e . e e e u sa r

was a z alo s champion of a lib ral policy as r gards t h

e u e e e

granting of Roman citiz nship to t h provincials (p e e ar .

H fr ly b stow d t h Roman franchis

e ee e pon individuals
e e e u

and comm niti s o tsid of Italy H i spirit had in g

u e u e . s , en

e ral inspir d t h stat sm n of t h mpi Th mp ror

, e e e e e e re . e e e

C la di s as w hav s n
u u v n thr w op n t h sacr d p
, e e ee , e e e e e e re

i t of t h
c nc s Roman s nat to t h G allic nobl s as a class
e e e e e

( par . V spasian gra t d L ati rights toe all thos n e n e

citi s of Spain that did not alr ady poss ss t h Roman

e e e e

fra chis and H adrian is tho ght to hav giv n th s sam

n e, u e e e e e

comm niti s t h f ll rights of t h city And thus for two

u e e u e .

c nt ri s and mo t h gr at work had go on st adily in

e u e re e e ne e

th provinc s f t h mpir so that wh n C aracalla iss d

e e o e e e, e ue

hi s e dict it is probabl as w hav said that a gr at part e, e e , e

o f th provincials alr ady poss ss d t h cov t d priz f

e e e e e e e e o

Roman citiz ship en .

9

3 4 R ign f El g b lu ( 8 Upon h
2 . e o t a a a s A D.. 2 1 — e

d ath of C aracalla t h purpl was ass m d by M i

e e e u e a c r n u s,

t h o ffic r who had instigat d t h

e e murd r of h mp ror e e e t e e e .

H r main d in t h East wh r t h s v rity of his disci

e e e e , e e e e e

plin ca s d t h soldi rs who had rais d him to pow r to

e u e e e e e

9c s s t k by l di s
A en u y a g ven b C au u in t h e e ar A D 47 a e t h e nu m er of

citi s th s ly
. .

z en ilit y of m i p i lp i dar age , u e ar in t h e m er a er o as

s lt c s s t bl p 3 3 3
,

Con u en u a e, . .
3 78 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

limbs J Rom had no w s nk to t h low st possibl d gra

. e u e e e e

dation W may pass rapidly ov r h n xt fifty y ars f

. e e t e e e o

th mpir
e e e .

3 6 Th Th i rt y Ty nt (
2 .
5 e M aximin was ra s A D . . 2 1

follow d s w iftly by G ordian P hilip and D ci s d th n

e , , e u , an e

cam wh t is call d t h Ag f t h Thirty Tyrants

e a e e
“
e o e .
”

Th imp rial sc ptr b ing h ld by w ak mp ro s th r

e e e e e e e e e r , e e

spr ng p in v ry part of t h mpir comp titors for h

u u , e e e e e, e t e

T R UMI PH OF S APO R V R
O E VALE R IA N .
1

thron s v ral rivals f q ntly app aring in t h fi ld at

e — e e re ue e e e

th sam tim
e T h barbarians pr ss d pon all t h fron
e e. e e e u e

ti rs and thr st th ms lv s into all t h provinc s Th

e ,
u e e e e e . e

empir s m d on t h point of falling to pi c s B t a

e ee e e e e .
1
u

1 d i g thi p i d th t t h m p
It w a s V l i
u r n
(A D 53 s er o a e e e ro r a e r an 2

bf M s p t mi
. .

i
n a b ttl with t h P ia e Ed i e e rs a n s e o re e s sa , n e o o a a, w as

d f t d d t k n p is
e ea e by S p t h P i ki g A l g
an a e r oner a o r, e e rs a n n ar e ro ck
till t b s
.

t bl t (
a et b v ) se e c u th P i n t wn f S hi
a o e s o e e e n n e ar e e rs a o o ra z is
v th f t
, ,

b li v d t c m m m t t h t i m ph f S p
e e e o o e o ra e
‘

e r u o a or o er e u n o r u na e t
e mp e ro r .
 TH E E M P IR E UN D E R C OM M OD US .
3 79

f ort at succ ssion of fi good mp rors C la di s

u n e e ve e e - u u ,

A r lian Tacit s P robus and C ar s (

u e , 68 84 ) u , ,
u A D . . 2 —
2 - re

stor d for a tim h anci nt bo ndari s d again forc d

e e t e e u e an e

tog th r i to som sort of union h f agm nts of t h shat

e e n e t e r e e

t d stat
e re e .

3 7 Th F ll f P lm y
2 .
( The most anot d o a ra A D . .
— e e

o f th s rp rs of a thority in h provinc s d ring t h

e u u e u t e e u e

p riod f anarchy f w hich hav spok n

e o Od o we e e w as e n a t u s,

princ of P almyra a city occupying an oasis in t h midst

e , e

of h Syrian d s rt mid w ay b tw n t h M dit rran a

t e e e ,
e ee e e e e n

an d t h E phrat s In gratit d for t h aid h had

e u e . u e e e re n

d r d h Romans against h P arthians t h s nat had

e e t e t e , e e e

b stow d upon him titl s and honors Wh n t h mpir

e e e . e e e e

b gan to sho w signs of w akn ss and approachi g dissol

e e e n u

tion O d t conc iv d h ambitio s proj ct of r cting

,
e na u s e e t e u e e e

upon its ruins i t h East a gr at P lm y i kingdom n e e a r an .

Upon h d ath of O d his w if Z nobia

t e e e n a t u s, e e su c

c ee d d to his a thority
e d to his ambitions This famo s u an . u

princ ss claim d d sc nt from C l opatra and it is c rtain

e e e e e , e

that in t h charms of p rso al b a ty h was t h rival of

e e n e u s e e

t h Egyptian q
e n Boldly ass mi g t h titl of Q n u ee . u n e e
“
u ee

of h East h bad d fia c to h mp rors f Rom

t e ,
”
s e e e n e t e e e o e .

A r lian march d against h and d f ating h armi s i

u e e e r, e e er e n

th op n fi ld drov th m w ithin t h walls of P almyra

e e e ,
e e e .

Aft r a lo g si g t h city was tak n and in p nishm nt

e n e e e e , , u e

for s cond prising giv n to t h flam s Th advis r

a e u ,
e e e . e e

of h q n t h c l brat d rh torician L ongin s was p t

t e u ee ,
e e e e e u , u

to d th ; b t Z nobia w as spar d and carri d a captiv

ea u e e , e e

to Rom Aft r having b n l d in gold n chains in h

e . e ee e e t e

t i mphal proc ssion of A r lian t h q n w as giv n a

r u e u e , e u ee e

b a tif l villa i t h vicinity of Tib r wh

e u u n e u ,
e re , su r
3 8 0 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

ro nd d by h childr h p ss d h r m ind r of h
u e er e n, s e a e t e e a e er

ch ck r d lif
e e e e.
2

Th r ins of P almyra
e u among h most int r sti g a re t e e e n

r mai s f Roman or G r cian civilization in t h East

e n o e e .

F ora long tim v n h sit of t h city was lost to h e e e t e e e t e

civiliz d world Th B do ins how v r kn w t h spot

e . e e u , e e ,
e e ,

and told strang sto i s of a ruin d city with pl ndid e r e e S e

t mpl s and lo g colonnad s far away in h Syrian d s rt

e e n e t e e e .

Th ir accounts awak n d an int r st in t h wond rful city

e e e e e e e ,

an d to w ards t h clos of t h s v nt nth c ntury som e e e e e ee e e

e xplor rs r ach d h spo Th sk tch s th y bro ght

e e e t e t . e e e e u

back of h r ins of h lo g lost city prod c d almost as

t e u t e n - u e

m ch astonishm t as did h discov ri s at a lat r tim

u en t e e e e e

of Botta d L aya d at N in v h T h principal f at s

an r e e . e e u re

of h r ins t h r mai s of h gr at T mpl of h S

t e u a re e e n t e e e e t e u n,

an d of h colo nad which w as almost a mil in l ngth

t e n e, e e .

M any of h ma bl col m s th t fl k d this mag ific nt

t e r e u n a an e n e

av n e still r ct str tching in a long lin ov r h

ue are e e ,
e e e t e

d s rt
e e .
3

R F R N E M MM N
E E CES f fi —
p O SE T/z e P r ov in ces o t e R om a n E m i r e
M N
.

f r om Ce v l
sa r F R ( H
t o D ioc let ia n , 2 o s. EE A E ist or ic a l E ssay s
I N
.

(T hi d i )
r lly
S er i n p es d th
, i “
d Th e r a Em e ro r s an e r L an s .
”
G IBBO
Tfie D ecli n e an d Fa ll o
f Me R om a n E mp ir e , ch p a s. iv xii
— .

W R IG H T A n A cc o u nt o f P a lmy r a a na
’
Z e n ob ia .

2 Re a dW are s
’
Z e n ob ia a n d A u r elia n .

3 Ha di r an , th e An t i
o n n e s , an th
do er Ro m an em p e ro r s id d t h
h ad a e e

am biti ou s Pa lm yria n s in t h e ar chit ct e u ra l d a o rnm e n t of th i c pit l

e r a a .
3 8 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

is law T h first typ giv s t h fr r p blic t h s cond

. e e e u s e ee e u , e e

th absolut mo archy T h Asiatic p opl s f m h

e e n . e e e ro t e

earli st tim s hav liv d nd r gov nm nts of t h monar

e e e e u e er e e

chical typ h citi s of a ci nt G r c and Italy arly

e ; t e e n e ee e e

d v lop d r p blican constit tio s It was h adoption

e e e e u u n . t e

by th m of pop la gov r m n which think w as

e u r e n e t we one

chi f ca s of th ir s p riority to t h Asiatic p opl s

e u e e u e e e e .

W hav follo w d h car r of t h Romans thro gh h

e e e t e ee e u t e

fo r c nt ri s and mor wh n th y w r a s lf gov rning

u e u e e e e e e e - e

p opl ; and w hav watch d t h transfo mation of th ir

e e e e e e r e

r p blica gov r m nt i to of h Asiatic typ B t

e u n e n e n o ne t e e . u we

hav also no ic d how p to h tim

e hav now r ach d
t e u t e e we e e e

th r ally mo archical charact r of t h gov rnm t was

e e n e e e en

o W
f IR av said w as a TI
HS ,
”

h e ,

M h mp rors to t h f li gs and s nti e e e e ee n e

m nts of t h Roman p opl (par

e efor a p opl w ho e e . e e

hav onc gov rn d th ms lv s cling v ry t acio sly to

e e e e e e e e en u

th f orms at l ast of th ir fr
e i stit tions
, e , e ee n u .

Bt a ly thr c nt ri s of imp rial r l had acc stom d

u ne r ee e u e e u e u e

th Roma p opl to monarchic l forms of gov r m t ;

e n e e a e n en

whil t h intol rabl a archy and distr ss of h las

e e e e n e t e t cen

t y had pr par d all to w lcom y chang that s m d

ur e e e e an e ee e

to g arant p ac d ord
u d s curity
ee e e an er an e .

Dm l t i act d in accordanc with t h r l facts

c e an e e e ea .

R alizing that r p bl can gov rnm nt amo g t h Romans

e e u i e e n e

had pass d away for v r and that its forms w r now

e e e , e e

absolut ly m aningl ss h e e e ,

w h ic h A

or l ss consist cy to r tain
e en , e , an d le t t h e gov rnm nt stand
e e
 TH E R E IGN OF D 1 O CL E TIA N .
3 83

forth nak d in its tr charact r as an ab sglntg Afilfillfi

e ue e
i

mo rc na

ting t h policy of A g st s with that of D i e u u u o

l ti
c e G ibbon says
an , It w as h im f th to dis :
“
t e a o e o ne

g is and t h obj ct
u e, e e
“

now t h forms of t h old classical typ of gov rnm nt

So e e e e e ,

which symboliz d fr pop la d bat s l ctions votings e ee u r e e , e e , ,

d cisions by majoriti s all th s things with all that th y

e e , e e e

r pr s nt d w r s w pt a w ay for v r in t h G r co Roman
e e e e e e e e e e ac -

world and h gov r m ntal p incipl s and id als of Asia

,
t e e n e r e e

b cam dominant in that mpir w hich t h opposit prin

e e e e e e

c ipl d id als had call d into xist nc

e s an e e e e e.

T h si ifi t chan
e ff ct d in t h charact r f h
n c an e e e e e e o t e

gov m nt was mark d b y D iocl tian s ass m ptio of t h

e rn e e e
’
u n e

t tl s f A i
i e
al d his adoption of
s at c th court ro
-
an e

H took t h tit ] ;
. ;15
”
v

c ere m l d t q tt u h
o n ra s a n Eas i ue g o ew t e e
-
.

of D m i L ord which fi st tim b cam

m
! nun c u m

“ ”
o f
n u s, th ,
now or e r e e e

t h d signation of a r l r of t h Roman p opl

e e That this u e e e e.

co ld b saf ly do that it i f act str gth n d D i l

u e e ne, n en e e oc e

tia s position shows what a vast chang had com ov r

n
’
, e e e

th Roman p opl sinc t h tim wh n t h pr d nt A g s

e e e e e e e e u e u u

t usinsist d th t h sho ld b ga d d only as t h first

e a e u e re r e e
“

citiz n of t h commo w alth (p

e e n e a r.

D iocl tian also plac d pon his h ad h diad m of t h

e e u e t e e e

E ast N ith r did this call forth any pop lar prot st
. e e u e ,

which f rth r ill strat s t h i n r r vol tion that had fo nd

u e u e e n e e u u

plac in h pop lac si c h tim w h n h gr at J li s

e t e u e n e t e e e t e e u u ,

thro gh f ar p sh d asid h crown o ff r d him by M ark

u e , u e e t e e e

Antony ( par .
 3 84 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

Along with t h adoption e

m p h m D iocl tian introd

g -
c e

cloth d hims lf in ma b of silk and

e e es

gold All who approach d him wh th r of low or of high

. e , e e

ra k w r r q ir d to prostrat th ms lv s to h ground
n , e e e u e e e e e t e ,

a form f ori ntal and s rvil adoration which t h fr

o e e e e ee

r c s of t h W st had hith rto w ith manly disdain r fus d

a e e e e , ,
e e

to r nd r to th ir magistrat s d r l rs
e e e e an u e .

Th imp rial ho s hold also

e assum d a distinctiv ly
e u e , ,
n ow e e

ori ntal charact r W

e
W e .

-
all h appointm nts of t h palac Its apartm nts w r
t e e e e . e e e

c owd d with ti s f s rvants and o ffic rs of v ry

r e re nu e o e e e e

rank and h p rson of t h mp ror was h dg d aro nd

, t e e e e e e e u

w ith all t h pomp and m j sty f ori ntal monarchy

e
“
a e o e .
”

T h i coming f h absol t monarchy m ant of co rs

e n o t e u e e ,
u e,

th last blow to l g l mg i ip l f dom (p

e Th o a
|
n c a re e ar . e

littl lib ty that still su viv d in h citi s or m nicipaliti s

e er r e t e e u e

of h mp ir was virt ally s w pt a w ay Th w as no

t e e e u e . e re

plac d r t h e un gov nm nt for any d gr of g n in

e e new er e e ee e u e

local ind p nd nc and s lf dir ction Italy was

e e e alsoe e - e . no w

r d c d to a l v l in s rvit d with t h provinc s d was

e u e e e e u e e e , an

tax d and r l d lik h oth r parts of h mpir

e u e e t e e t e e e .

4 2 Ch n g i t h Adm in i tr t iv S y t m
0. a T h c nt y
es n e s a e s e . e e ur

of anarchy which pr c d d h acc ssion of D iocl ian and e e e t e e et ,

th d ath d ring this p iod by assassin tion of

e e , u of er ,
a ,
ten

th t w nty fi w ar rs of h imp rial p rpl had mad

e e - ve e e t e e u e,
5
e

manif st h d of a y m w h i h
e t e ld di
ne e
gag _s st e — f

e \ w ou sc o u e

“
assassination and provid a r g lar mod of s cc ssion to
W W , e e u e u e

h thron D iocl tian d vis d a syst m h aim of which

W ve t —W
W

t e e. e e e e ,
t e
“
5
“

hi s
5 T ti d s i cl d
e nu c ll d hi ty y t
m e ra on oe no t n u e the so- a e T r T ra n s ,

of wh om m an y m t d th by vi l c
e ea o en e.
3 86 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

holding b cam not an honor to b cov t d but a b rd n

e e e e e , u e

to b vad d It was this vicio s syst m of taxation

e e e . u e

which mor than any oth r e caus aft r slav ry con e o ne e, e e ,

trib t d to t h d pop lation impov rishm nt and final

u e e e u , e e ,

do w n fall of t h mpir e e e .

4 2 Th R 1 lt f t h
. P et i G 1 Th mis ry
evo o e easan s n au .
— e e

caus d by t h crushing b rd n of tax s and r nts l d to an

e e u e e e e

ins rr ction of t h p asants ( Baga d ) in G a l W sho ld

u e e e u ae u . e u

notic that this was not an prising f slav s such as that

e u o e ,

in S icily towards t h d of h r p blic ( par b t a e en t e e u . u

r volt of s mi s rvil p asants What it is important to

e e - e e e .

notic is that alr ady Roman slav ry was passing into

e e e

s fdom a syst m of s rvit d which charact riz d t h

er , e e u e e e e

m di e l c nt ri s of E rop an history
ze v a e u This i surr ction
e u e . n e

of t h G allic p asantry may thu look pon as h first

e e we s u t e

of thos dl ss r volts which ch ract riz t h history of

e en e e a e e e

th s rfs of t h M iddl Ag s
e e e e e .

Th prising was finally suppr ss d b h ca s of t h

e u e e , u t t e u e e

w r tch dn ss of t h p asa ts w
e e e t r mov d and th ir e e n as n o e e , e

u nr st and dissatisfaction w as
e thing w hich mad asy o ne e e

t h s izur of h G allic provinc s by h

e e e t G rma invad rs
e e t e e n e

a c nt ry d a half lat r Th poor s mi s rfs look d

e u an e . e e - e e

u pon t h barbarians as d liv r rs

e e e e .

4 2 P t i
2 .f t h Ch ri t i
er secu S om writ rs hav
on o e s ans . - e e e

s ppos d that t h Baga d w r C hristia s and that th y

u e e u ae e e n e

w r stirr d to r volt not only by fiscal ppr ssion b t

e e e e ,
O e ,
u

also by t h p rs c ion to which th y w r s bj ct d by

e e e u t e e e u e e

t h gov rnm t b ca s of th ir r ligion Th r is no

e e en e u e e e . e e

c rtain vid nc that this w as so ; b t it is n v r h l ss

e e e e u e e t e e

tr that towards t h d f his r ign D iocl tian i g

ue e en o e e n au u

rat d agai st t h C h istians a p rs c tion which contin

e n e r e e u
 TH E R E IGN OF D IO CL E TIA N .
3 87

ue dlong aft r his a b dication and which was t h s v r st

e ,
e e e e ,

as it was t h last wag d against t h ch rch by h pagan

e , e e u t e

e mp rorse .
l

W hav alr ady m ntion d som of t h main caus s of

e e e e e e e e

th s constantly r curring p rs c tions of t h C hristians

e e e e e u e

( par . To th s various gro nds of dislik and hatr d e e u e e

of t h w conv rts on t h part of h Roman r l rs th r

e ne e e t e u e e e

was add d in t h cas of D iocl tian anoth r f a som what

e e e e e o e

di ff r nt nat r It w as t h aim and ambition of this

e e u e . e
M

mp or as hav s n unity f h
M
“

e er , th
we e ee ,
0 e s o re e o t e

and disco d to stablish W r , y e on

To D iocl tian it s m d that this d co ld b attain d

e ee e en u e e

only by t h r storation f t h anci nt c lts ; f lik many

e e o e e u or e

stat sm n f t day h was convinc d that r ligion m st

e e o o , e e e u

form t h basis of any p rman nt syst m f gov rnm nt

e e e e o e e .

Accordingly D iocl tian labor d to r v iv in t h mass s e e e e e e

faith in th ir anc st al gods and to l ad th m to r w

e e r ,
e e ene ,

in r v r t spirit t h n gl ct d sacrific s f h altar d

e e en , e e e e e o t e an

th s vic s of h t mpl
e er e t e e e.

t k any part
N owh
W t e

in this r vival mov m nt Th y w o ld not sacrific to t h

e e e . e u
a e

e e

natio al gods or b rn inc ns b for h stat s of h

n , u e e e e t e ue t e

emp ror F rth rmor th y had now com to form a

e . u e e, e e

compact w ll organiz d soci ty that was animat d by a

,
e - e e , e

wond rf l spirit f nity d broth rhood This C hris

e u o u an e .

tian soci ty th s ass m d t h a pp aranc of

e u stat u e e e e
“
a
_
e

within t h stat — and r nd r d impossibl of attainm nt

e e,
”
e e e e e

that nity of id as customs and spirit which was t h aim

W
‘E ‘

u e , ,
e

1hi D i cl ti p s c ti
T s k w o e th p s c ti
an er e u on is no n as t h e Te n er e u on

of C h i s ti
the r a n s.
3 88 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

of D iocl tian s m as r s of political and r ligio s r form

e
’
e u e e u e .
2

B D iocl tian was av rs to sing forc to s cur t h

u t e e e u e e e e

u nity at which h aim d and it is not probabl that h e e , e e

w o ld hav r sort d to p rs cution in ord r to attain it

u e e e e e e

had h not b n urg d to this co rs by t h f anatical

e ee e u e
w
e

Q g ggg
fi d pa tic larly by th pri nsts of h pagan c rlts u e e t e u ,

who p rc iv d that th ir infl nc w as b ing nd rmin d

e e e e ue e e u e e

thro gh h pr ad of t h w r ligion and by thos

u t e S e e ne e , e

c aftsm n who lik t h silv rsmiths of Eph s s in h

r e , e e e e u t e

tim of t h Apostl s saw th ir gains ndang r d Insti

e e e ,
3
e e e e .

gat d by th s pa tisa s of t h anci nt worship D iocl tia

e e e r n e e , e n

in h y ar t e
3 3 iss d t
e h fi st of a s
A Dri
. s of . dicts 0 ue e r e e e

agai st t h C hristia s ct
n e n e .

Th C hristians at this tim w r not n m ro s

e It is e e e u e u .

estimat d that th y did not i cl d mor than

e tw lfth e n u e e o ne - e

of h pop lation in h ast rn p ovinc s of t h mpir

t e u t e e e r e e e e,

an d fif h of that in h w st rn
o ne - t ee nt B t b ca s of t e e e .
4
u e u e

th ir clos association and b ca s of t h pirit which

e e , e u e e S

animat d th m th y form d by far t h most i fl ntial

e e ,
e e e n ue

party in t h Roman stat e e .

Th imp rial d cr s ord r d that h ch rch s of h

e e e ee e e t e u e t e

C hristians sho ld b to n do w n that h prop rty of hu e r ; t e e t e

ne w soci ti s sho ld b confiscat d ; that t h sacr d writ

e e u e e e e

ings f t h s ct sho ld b b rn d d that t h C hristians

o e e u e u e an e

2
W ith
g i ti f t h C th lic C h ch b g n t h
th e or an z a l t g on o e a o u r e a e re a s ru

gl b tw n t h
e e m pi ee d C h i s ti ity which c ld h v ly
e e re f an r an ou a e on o ne o

t w i ss s t h s pp ssi n f t h ligi s g i ti it s cc pt
,

o u e — e u re o o e re ou or an z a on, o r a e

n c by di c p ti n i t h m pi H R D Y Cfi i t i ity ” ’
a e an n or o ra t/ o n e e re . A , r s an a na ze

R m o Gan m t p 65
ov e r n en , . 1 .

A ct xix
3
4 8 s, . 2 —2 .

Uhlh
4
C fli t f H t / i m Cfi i t i ity p 4 Th ’
o rn , on c o ea z en s a na r s an 02 e

s ti m t i p b bly t l w
. .
,

e a e s ro a oo o .
390 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

prosp ro s r ign of tw nty y ars b coming w ary of t h

e u e e e , e e e

car s of stat D iocl tian abdicat d t h thron t h first

e e, e e e e, e

r cord d instanc it is a ffi m d of a monarch voluntarily

e e e, r e ,

st ppi g do w from t h s at of a thority and forc d or

e n n e e u ,
6
e

ind c d his coll agu M im i also to lay down his a thor

u e e e ax an u

ity on h sam day G l i and C onstanti s w r by

t e e . a er u s u e e,

this act advanc d to t h p rpl and mad A g sti ; and

, e e u e e u u

two w associat s w r appoint d as C sars

ne e e e e ae .

D iocl tian having th s ej oy d t h xtr m satisfaction

, u en e e e e e

of s i g t h imp rial a thority q i tly and succ ssf lly

ee n e e u u e e u

transmitt d by his syst m witho t h dictation of t h

e e ,
u t e e

insol nt pr torians or t h int rf r nc of h turb l nt

e a
e e e e e e t e u e

l gionari s now r tir d to his co ntry s at at S alona on

e e , e e u e ,

th ast rn hor of t h Adriatic and th r d vot d him

e e e S e e , e e e e

s lf to r ral p rs its It is r lat d that wh n M im i

e u u u . e e , e ax an

w rot him rging him to nd avor with him to r gain t h

e u e e , , e e

pow r th y h d laid asid h pli d\W y b t to

e e a e, e re e ,
e re ou u

com to S alona and t h cabbag s which I ais in my

e se e e e r e

gard n with my own hands you would no long r talk to

e , e

m of mpir
”
e e e.

R F R N E “ E E dRp CES — iv (U 919

Tr a n sla t ion s an e r in t s , vo l No I ni

v s ity sylv i ) R d dic ts D i cl ti

. . . .
,

er of P e nn d dict
an a ea E of o e an an E of

N(
.

To l ti by e ra Mon G ale riu s

f
”
A SO A T/z e P e r se c u t ion o D i oc let ia n ,
ch p iii M tiv s M M N (H
. .

a c ti o e H of t h e Pe r se u o n. IL A T/z e isto ry
s c ti
. . .
,

o
f fi C ii bk ii ch p ix
r ist ia n it
y , vo l d D a
“
Th e Pe r e u on u n er io
N( ) fi
. . . . . .
,

cl ti
e an .
”
dF
G IBBO f M
E p T e D ec lin e an a ll o e R om a n E m i r e,
RN
,

ch p xiii U
a
fl f H LHO H “ 7 C on ic t o C/z r ist ia n ity w it/i z e n ism
ea t /

l t df
. .

(t ra n s a e by yth d C J H R p ) bk
ro m the G e r m an E C . . Sm an . . . o es , .

iii ch p i pp 3 5 9 B a R d p 8 ch p iii
—
41 O IS S IE R om e an P om e ii, a

t c bs
. . . . . . .

pp 3 9 3. 1 —2 1
, Th e C a a om .
”

D i cl ti
6 “
c q i d gl y givi g
o e w ld
an a fi st x u re th e or of n to the or th e r e am

ple sig ti which

o f a re b v y f q tly i it t d by
na o n, h as not ee n er re u en m a e su c

c eed ch s
ing m o n a r N dF f R .
p
”
G IBBO , D ec lin e an a ll o t/
ze om a n E m ir e,
vo l . i p . .
47 1 .
 C H A PT E R X IX .

R E IG N O F C O N S T A NT IN E T H E G R E A T A N D E S T A BL S H I
MEN T O F C H R ST A N I I I TY AS THE FA V O R E D
R E L G IO N I O F THE E M PIRE .

(A D.
3 06 .

2 44 . n w l f T ub l
Re p t in g t h S u
e a i n
o As ro es r es ec e cce ss o .

we hav just s n D iocl tian s d vic of t h t trarchy

e ee , e
’
e e e e

did s c r for onc t h ord rly transf r of h r ins of

e u e e e e e t e e

gov rnm nt from h hands of

e e of r l rs to thos of
t e o n e se t u e e

anoth r (par e B t h syst m was too complicat d

. u t e e e

to b work d by any hand l ss strong nd skilf l than

e e e a u

that of t h who d vis d it A t h historian G ibbon

e o ne e e . S e

says It r q ir d such a fort nat mixt r f di ff r nt

,
“
e u e u e u e o e e

t mp rs d abiliti s as co ld scarc ly b fo d or v n
e e an e u e e un e e

e xp ct d a s cond tim ; iw mp ro s witho t j alo sy

e e e e o e e r u e u ,

t w o C sars witho t m b it i nm
ae nt
u a o fi
‘
'
r er

e sts invariably pursu d by fo r ind p nd nt princ s e u e e e e .

” 7

G l i and C onstantius who it will b r m mb r d

a er u s , , e e e e e ,

had b com A gusti on t h abdication f D iocl ian and

e e u e o et

M im i
ax had r ig d tog th r only
an, y ar w h n t h
e ne e e o ne e e e

latt r di d at York in Britain H i soldi rs disr garding

e e ,
. s e , e

th e r l of s cc ss ion as d t rmin d by t h syst m of D i

u e u e e e e e e o

l ti
c e proclaim d his son C onstantin mp ror S i
an , e e e e . x

comp titors for t h thron aros in di ff r nt q art rs F

e e e e e e u e . or

e ight n y ars C onstantin fo ght to gain h s pr macy

ee e e u t e u e .

d Fa ll
w
7 D ecli n e R om a n E mp ir e ,
Tb e an
f
o tb e vo

1
3 9
39 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

2 45 . tt l f t h Mil i Bridg (
Th e Ba Ie o e v an e A.D . n

t h i S ign nqu r
s O of h most important of h
co e .
” 8
ne t e t e

battl s that took plac b tw n t h co t nding rivals for

e e e ee e n e

t h imp rial p rpl w as h

e e battl of t h M il i B idg
u e t e e e v an r e,

i nw hich M i who was holding Italy and Africa

a x e n t u s, ,

was d f at d by C o sta ti
e e Th
e circ mstanc s att nd n n ne . e u e e

i g this historic battl

n w r th s C onstantin who e e e e e . e,

w as in t h N orth v nt ro sly cross d t h Alps w ith an

e , e u u e e

army of forty tho sand m D f ating t h f orc s of u en . e e e e

M i in t h b ttl of T ri h march d t h f
a xe n t u s e a e u n, e e so u w arc

an d fi ally ng g d his rival i a d cisiv combat

n e a h e n e e at
'

t e

M il i Bridg on h Tib r o ly fo r m il s from Rom

v an e t e e ,
n u e e .

C onstantin s standard on this c l brat d battl fi ld was

’
e e e e e e

t h C h istian C oss
e r H had b l dto adopt this mbl m
r . e een e e e

thro gh h app aranc as o c h pray d h

u t e god
e e, n e e e to t e su n - ,

of a c oss abov t h s tti g

r with this i sc iption pon
e e e n su n , n r u

it By this sign conq r O b di nt nto h c l stial u e .

” 9
e e u t e e e

vision C onstantin had at onc mad t h C oss his ban

, e e e e r

n e r, and it
10
b n th this mbl m that his soldi rs
w as e ea e e e

march d to victory at h battl f h M il i B idg

e t e e o t e v an r e .

W hat v r m y hav b n t h
e e circ mstanc s or h
a e ee e u e t e

m otiv s which l d C onstantin

e to mak t h C ross his e e e e

standard this act of his co stit t s a t rning poi t in h

,
n u e u n t e

history of t h Roman mpir and sp ci lly in that of h

e e e, e e a t e

C hristian C h rch C hristi nity had com into h world

u . a e t e

6 In I v in c es
z oc si
gn o .

9 In G re e k év r o15q
'
l
u tra .

st c ll d t h L b m (f m t h C ltic l
,

1 0 Th e ne w an d dwar as a e e a ar u ro e e a va r

i s c ib d with
,

m e an in g c om m an d) It c n i t d f b o s s e o a a nne r n r e th e

s fi t b i g y m b l f t h C s d b th f
.

G re e k l tt e er XP , th e rs e n a s o o e ro s an o o rm

T h l tt s
,

in g a m ono g r am of t h w d C/ i te or th i iti l f
zr s . e e er a re e n a s o th e

G re e k C ft r ist os .
394 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

and into t h w r ligion was infus d t h military spirit of

e ne e e e

th imp rial gov rnm nt that had mad that mbl m t h

e e e e e e e e

ensign of t h stat From t h day of t h battl at t h

e e . e e e e

M il i Bridg a martial spirit has ani m at d t h r ligion

v an e, e e e

of t h P rinc of P ac Sinc th n C hristian warriors

e e e e . e e ,

hav oft n mad t h C ross th ir battl standard This

e e e e e e- .

infusion into t h C h rch of t h military spirit of Rom e u e e

was of t h most important cons q nc s of h spo sal

o ne e e ue e t e e u

of t h C hristian ca s by t h mp ror C onstantin

e u e e e e e .

46 Th B tt l
2 . f Adr i n pl e d Ch l d (a es o
3 a o e an a ce on A D . . 2

T h d f at of M
e e e i l ft C onstantin b t r main
ax e n t u s e e u o ne e

ing rival L icini s who was holding t h E ast T h t

— u , e . e en

y a s imm diat ly follo w i g h battl at t h M il i

e r e e n t e e e v an

Bridg wit ss d two wars b tw n t h

e ne r g nts of t h
e e ee e c o- e e e

empir T h last gr at battl s of t h rivals w r fought

e . e e e e e e

at Adrianopl and C halc do ( e O h first fi ld e n A D . . n t e e

C onsta tin with an army of a h ndr d and fifty tho sand

n e u e u

m en m t his adv rsary with a forc

e of a h ndr d and e e u e

sixty fi tho sand Th battl cry of h soldi s of C

- ve u . e e- t e er on

t
s an ti was G d Savio r that of t h n m y O
ne ,
“
o ou r u ,
”
e e e ,
n

ou r S id many gods on th irs only

e a re ,
e o ne .

L icinius d f at d with a loss in kill d of thirty fo r

w as e e e , e - u

tho sand m u H hims lf scap d from t h fi ld rais d

en . e e e e e e , e

anoth r army in Asia M inor and tri d onc mor h for

e , e e e t e

t n s f battl at C halc don H r h s ff r d anoth r

u e o e e . e e e u e e e

crushi g d f at and Soon aft rwards was pt f d d put

n e e , e ca u e an

to d ath C t t i
e . now t h sol r l r of h Roman
o ns an n e w as e e u e t e

world .

47 2 C n t nt i
.n m k Ch ri
o t i n
s ai t y t h R ligi fe t h a es s a e e on o e

C urt
o By a d cr
. iss d at M ilan i 3 3
e t h y ar
ee ue n A D . . 1 ,
e e

aft r t h battl at t h M il i Bridg C onstantin plac d

e e e e v an e, e e
 R E IGN OF C ON S TA N TIN E TH E GRE A T .
39 5

C hristi on an
th r reli ions e na e

of th mpir Th languag f this famo s dict of tol

e e e . e e o u e

e rati th M agna C harta as it has b n call d of t h

o n, e , ee e , e

C h rch was as follows

u , W grant to C hristians and to :
“
e

all oth rs full lib rty f following that r ligion which ach
e e o e e

may choos e .
” 1

B by s bs qu n t dict s C onstantin mad C hristiani ty

u t u e e e e e

y are 3 h had
A.D grant
. d t h
2 1 C hristian soci
e ti s t h e e e e e

right to r c iv gifts and l gaci s and h hims l f nrich d

e e e e e , e e e e

th C h rch with donations of mon y and grants of land

e u e .

This marks t h b ginning f t h gr at poss ss ions f t h e e o e e e o e

C hurch and with th s t h

, ntranc into it of a worldly e e e e e

spirit From this mom nt can b trac d t h d cay f its

. e e e e e o

primitiv simplicity and a d clin f rom its arly high

e , e e e

moral standard .

It is th s d plo abl r s lts of t h imp rial patronag

e e e r e e u e e e

that D ant lam nts in his w ll known lin s

e e e - e :

Ah C o s t t i ! f h m h ill
,
n m o th an ne o ow uc w as er,

N t hy b t h t m i g do w
ot c o nv e rs w n , u t a arr a e er

W hich h fi s t w l t hy F t h t oo k f o m t h
t e
’

r ea a er r ee '2

Anoth r f C onstantin s acts touchi g t h

e o r ligion e
’
n e new e

is f sp cial historical int r st and impo tanc H

o e e e r e . e re c

o g i d h
n z e C hristian
- — —- Stnday e h day of h as a ‘w w
u
w
,
“
t e t e su n
,
”

day of r st forbidding ordinary work on that day and

fl
M v w

e , ,

o d ring that C h istian soldi rs b th n p rmitt d to att nd

r e r e e e e e e

th s rvic s of th i ch rch
e e This r cognition by t h civil
e e r u . e e

1 D a r em u s et C/i r ist ia n is ct om n ié u s lib e r a m p otest a te m se

gu e n a i
’
r eli

gion em gu a m qu isqu e v olu isset

g ll w s
.

2 In
f e r n o, I1 5
—1 1
7 [L o n fxix
e . o
’
3 96 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

authority of t h C hristian S abbath m ant m ch for h e e u t e

slav N for t h first tim i h history of h Arya

e. ow, e e n t e t e n

p opl s h slav had

e e ,
6
t day of r st in ach w k It
e e
-
o ne e e ee .

w as a good aug ry of t h happi r tim coming w h n all u e e e e

t h days sho ld b
e his o w n u e .

48 2 Th Ch ur h C un i l f Ni
. e
( c W ith
o t h c o ca a A D . .
— e

vi of harmo izing t h di ff r nt s cts that had spr ng

ew n e e e e u

u p among t h C hristians and to es ttl t h controv rsy ,

e e e e

b tw n t h Arians d t h Athanasians p g ipg h e

e ee e an e
“
re s e t g
t

nat r f C hrist w
u

u e o g ni dh ii eg alit yw it ll g od
,
m
e e u r fi

th Fath r
e C onstantin call d h first ( E c m nical or
e , e e t e u e ,

G n ral C ouncil of t h
e e C h rch at N ic a a town f Asia e u , ae ,
o

M inor 3 5,
Arianism
A D . was
. d 2 no nc. d and a form la e u e ,
u

of C hristian faith adopt d which is known as t h N ic n e ,

e e e

Cr d ee .

49 2 C n . nt in f un d C n
o st at t in p l t h N
e w R m
o s o s an o e, e e o e , on

t h B p ru
e
(
os o Aft rs t h r
A D.. cognition of C hris - e e e

t i it y t h
an most importa t act f C onstantin was h
, e n o e t e

s l ction of Byzanti m on t h Bospor s as t h

e e u ,
e u , e ne w

capital of h mpir C onstantin was not t h first to

t e e e. e e

en et rtain t h id a of s king in t h E ast a e e c tr for ee e ne w en e

t h Roman world T h ang r f t h Italians was stirr d

e . e e o e e

against t h first C sar by t h m r r port that h int d d

e ae e e e e e en e

to stor anci nt Ilium t h fabl d cradl of h Roman

re e e ,
e e e t e

rac and mak that t h capital of t h mpir ( par

e, e e e e e .

3
itic w ld
In t h e S e m t with i s tit ti or t dy we m ee th e n u on of a re s - a

am o n g ly B byl i
th e e ar g ci t H b ws this s t
a o n a n s. Am o n th e an en e re re

ligi s s y t
,

d y cq i d
a a p i t pl c
u re a ro m n e n d by th a e in t h e re ou s em an w as em

h i s ti ity
,

b q th d
e u ea e to C r an

i sw f ll w s i s p s byt
.

4 Th e A r an e re th e l x di o o er of Ar u a re er o f A e an r a,

i s i s chd c bis h p
,

in E gypt th the Ath an as an dl t , of A a na s u , ar e a o n an a er o

of t h e s am e city .
398 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

n iz e dby t h arly G r ks and in th ir g of colonization

e e ee , e a e

th y had stablish d a colony th r Th pop lar d ig

e e e e e . e u es

natio G ld H appli d to t h harbor is significant

n, o en or n, e e ,

t h c rving shor
e uf t h bay s gg s d t h t rm H or e o e u e te e e
“
n,

w hil th pith t G old was xpr ssiv of t h rich s

e
“
e e e
‘
en
’
e e e e e

which v ry wi d w aft d into h s c r and capacious

e e n e t e e u e

harbor .
” 6

Add d to th s militar y and comm rcial r asons for t h

e e e e e e

r moval of h capital from t h Tib r to t h Bosporus

e t e e e e ,

w r r ligio s motiv s C onstanti had r solv d to mak

e e e u e . ne e e e

C hristianity h basis of his gov rnm nt B t t h r ligio s

t e e e . u e e u

associations clinging to h t mpl s and attach d to v ry t e e e , e e e

S pot of h cons crat d soil f t h old capital stood as

t e e e o e ,

root d obstacl s t h way of his carrying out this r solv

e e In e e e,

so long as Rom r main d t h s at of t h imp rial co rt e e e e e e e u .

Th pri sts f h pagan shrin s partic larly r s nt d t h

e e o t e e u e e e e

action of C onstanti in spo sing t h and hat d ne e u e ne w e

r ligion and r gard d him as an apostat It was t h

e , e e e . e

e xist nc of th s s ntim nts and f lings among t h

e e e e e e ee e

inhabitants of Rom which for thi g l d C onstantin e, , o ne n , e e

to s k ls wh r a
ee c ntr d s at for his co rt and
e e e e new e e an e u

gov rnm nt e e .

B t far o t w ighing all th s military comm rcial and

u u e e e , e ,

r ligious r asons for t h r moval of t h capital w r t h

e e e e e e e e

political moti v s C onstantin lik D iocl tian wish d to e . e, e e , e

e stablish a s yst m of gov rnm nt mod ll d upon t h d e e e e e e es

poti monarchy of t h East N t h traditions t h f l

e e . ow , e ,
e ee

ings h t mp r of t h pop lation of Rom constitut d t h

, t e e e e u e e e

v ry worst basis conc ivabl for s ch a political syst m

e e e u e .

Th Romans co ld not forg t n v r did fo g t that

e u e — e e r e —

6
Gi bb o n, Tb e D ecline and Fa ll of t /z e Rom a n E mp ir e , ch p xvii
a . .
 R E IGN OF C ON S TA N TIN E TH E GR E A T .
399

th y had onc b n mast rs and r l rs of t h world Ev n

e e ee e u e e . e

aft r th y had b com wholly nfit to r l th ms lv s l t

e e e e u u e e e e , e

alon t h r ling f oth rs th y still r tain d t h t mp r

e e u o e , e e e e e e

and us d h lang ag f mast rs C onstanti wis ly

e t e u e o e . ne e

d t rmin d to s k i t h s bmissiv and s rvil populations

e e e ee n e u e e e

of t h East al w ays accustom d to t h r nd ring of b

e ,
e e e e o se

q i
u homag
ou s to th ir r l rs a firm basis for h estruct e u e ,
t e u re

of that absol t monarchy h fo ndations of which had u e , t e u

b n laid by his pr d c ssor D iocl tian

ee e e e e .

Th it for t h
e S capital having b n d t rmin d
e e ne w ee e e e

u pon h artistic and mat rial r so rc s of t h w hol G r co

,
t e e e u e e e ac

Roman world w r call d i to q isition to cr at pon e e e n re u e e u

th Spot a city worthy its pr d stin d fort n s

e O t r e e e u e . u e

walls of vast compass w construct d Th city its lf e re e . e e

r prod c d all t h charact ristic f at r s of O ld Rom

e u e e e e u e e.

E v n lik t h city of t h Tib r it was b ilt on s v n hills

e e e e e ,
u e e .

O n v ry sid aros th atr s baths portico s aq d cts

e e e e e e , ,
e ,
ue u ,

f ountai s and mon m ntal col m ns

n ,
An imm ns hippo u e u . e e

drom construct dwithin t h walls r pr s nt d h C irc s

e e e e e e e t e u

M axim s at Rom A w s nat was organiz d and t h

u e . ne e e e , e

p opl as i O ld Rom w r divid d into c ri s and t ib s

e e, n e, e e e u e r e .

F or h mb llishm nt f t h
t e e capital t h citi s of
e e o e ne w , e e

G r c and of Asia w r d spoil d f th ir art tr s

ee e s e e e e o e e a u re ,

many of w hich w r m morials f t h gr at g of P h idi e e e o e e a e e as .

T h imp rial invitation and t h attractions of t h co rt

e e , e e u ,

ind c d m ltit d s to cro w d into t h w capital so that

u e u u e e ne ,

almost in a day t h ld Byza nt i m gr w i to a g at cit y e O u e n re .

In ho or f t h mp ror h nam was cha g d to C

n o e e e t e e n e on

C ity of C o sta tin O ld Rom “ ”

t i pl
s ant n o h e, Th t e n n e . e e

on h Tib r mpti d of its l adi g i habitants soon sank

t e e , e e e n n ,

to h obsc r position of a provincial municipality

t e u e .
4 00 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

2 5 0. r n z t i n f t h G v rnm nt Anoth r of
Th e Reo ga i a o o e o e e .
— e

C o sta tin s importa t acts was t h r organization of h

’
n n e n e e t e

gov m nt I this gr at r form h s ms to hav fol

e rn e . n e e e ee e

lo w d i t h main t h bro ad lin s d a w n by D iocl tia

e ,
n e , e e r e n,

so hat his work may b r gard d as a contin ation of that

t e e e u

of his pr d c ssor e e e .

To aid in t h administration of h gov rnm nt C onstan e t e e e ,

ti laid
ne th mpir into fo r gr at divisions call d
ou t e e e u e , e

p f ctur s which w r s bdivid d into thir n dioc s s

re e e ,
7
e e u e t ee e e ,

and th s again i to e e h nd d and sixt provinc s n o ne u re een e .

Th p rpos that C onstantin had in vi w in laying t h

e u e e e e

e mpi t in so many and s ch small p ovi c s was to

re ou u r n e

diminish h pow r of t h provi cial gov nors and th s

t e e e n er , u

mak it impossibl for th m to rais s cc ssf lly h

e e e e u e u t e

sta dard of r volt Th r cords of h mpir how tha

n e .
8
e e t e e e S t

d i g h
u r n h dr d and fif y y ars imm dia ly p
t e o ne u n e t e e te re

c di g h acc ssion of C o stanti almost

e n t e h dr de n n e, o ne u n e

gov rnors of provinc s had v nt r d to r b l agai st t h

e e e u e e e n e

imp ial a thority

er u .

W ith an aim imilar to that which h had in vi w in S e e

s bdividing h provinc s C onstan i also d c d h siz

u t e e , t ne re u e t e e

of h l gion ( par 3 6 ) to fift n h ndr d m and dis

t e e . ee u e e n,

trib t d t h l giona i s in s ch a way thro gho t h

u e e e r e u u u t e

provinc s and alo g t h fronti rs as to l ss n t h chanc s

e n e e e e e e

of s cc ssf l co spiracy and r volt

u e u n e .

To giv still f rth r s c rity to t h thron C o stanti

e u e e u e e, n ne

divid d t h civil d military po w rs appoi ting two

e e an e ,
n

7 cc p yi g
See a h s p f ct l divi i
om w an n m ap T e e re e u ra s o ns e re e s se n

f ld divi i
.

t ia lly p p t ti a er e ua pi th t don of the o u rf o s on of the em re a ha

b ee n d by D i cl ti (
ma e o e an pa r 2 40 , n

his p licy d b i iti t d by i cl ti

. .

3
T o U d ha ee n n a e D o e an n er h im t h e nu m
p vi c s
.

b er of b t
ro h d d n e w as a ou o ne u n re .
ROMAN EM PI RE
V N
DI IDED I TO

PREFECTURES
4 0 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

251 r a ur P rhaps
. Th e cannot b tt r
Im pe i l Co t - e we e e

i dicat h
n r lation to h mpir i to w hich t h h d
e t e new e t e e e n e ea

of h Roman st t was bro ght by h innovatio s of

t e a e u t e n

D iocl tia and C onsta ti than by saying that h

e n n ne, t e

empir no w b cam t h privat stat of h sov r ign

e e e e e e e t e e e

an d was manag d j st as any gr at Roman propri tor e u e e

manag d his domai T h imp rial ho s hold and h

e n . e e u e t e

entir civil s rvic f h gov rnm nt w r simply s ch a

e e e o t e e e e e u

p op i to s dom stic stablishm nt d a w n on larg scal

r r e r
’
e e e r a e e,

and giv n an ori n al cast thro gh h infl nc of h

e e t u t e ue e t e

co rts of Asia
u .

This imp rial co rt or stab lishm nt w as n xt aft r t h

e u e e , e e e

body f h Roman law d t h m icipal syst m h

o t e an e u n e , t e

most important historical prod ct that h old Roman u t e

world transmi t d th lat r nations of E rop It t e to e e u e .

b cam t h mod l of h co rt of C harl magn and h

e e e e t e u e e t e

lat r mp rors of t h c ll d H oly Roman Empir ; d

e e e e so - a e e an

in h form that it r app a d h was copi d by all h

t e e e re e re e t e

sov r ig s f mod rn E op T h co rt of L o is X IV
e e n o e u r e. e u u .

of Fr nc d i d d his whol sch m of gov

a e, an m nt n ee e e e e rn e ,

w r a r p od ction of this co rt and gov rnm nt of

e e e r u u e e

1
C o n s t a n t in O ple .

1h v th s l m t c m pl t i t h y t m f g v nm t p
We a e u a os o e e n e s s e o o er en er

f t d by C n t
ec e ti th t m chi y f h s h ld ffic
o s an m ilit y ne a a ne r o ou e o o e rs, ar

c t s d p vi ci l li t
ou n an t s which w t s v ro m d l
n a eu e nan as o er e as a o e

th gh t t h Middl A g s wh v m pi h ld i
,

ro u ou e d d e e e re er e re s ou a r se an nee

org i ti n T h C m p i s ( m it ) f t h T t ic l d
an z a o e
‘
o an o n
’
co es o e eu on ea e rs

bl p iti th did t h d m tic v t s f

.

h ld m ch m h
e a u o re o n o ra e os on an e o es se r an o

th R m
e Em p o d th i dig nity th y t
an sm itt d t t h h
e ro r , a n e r e ran e o e o u se

h ld fli
o f th T
o t ic ki gd m s ; b t t h g i ti
c e rs o e ff ct d eu on n o u e or an z a on e e e

by C t ti ticip t d th t y t m f g v m t which h giv n

o ns a n ne a n a e a s s e o o e rn en as e

p vi ci l g v
u s ou r s d d m i is t tiv c bi t VV O
ro n a o e r no r an ou r a n ra e a ne s
”
OO

N T/ S t t p 36 w d 898
.

R w W
o IL S O , ze a e, . 1 ,
ne e .
,
1 .
 R E IGN OF C ON S TA N TIN E TH E GR E A T .
40 3

252 . t r f C t nt i
Th e C onstantin
Ch ar ac was e o ons a ne . — e

gr atly ulogiz d by cont mporary C hristian writ rs whil

e e e
’

e e , e

th e partisans of t h old pagan r ligion that h had e e e

r no nc d attrib t d to him v ry p rsonal vic d t h

e u e u e e e e e an e

worst of motiv s for almost v ry act of his lif B ca s

e e e e . e u e

of th s di ff r nt portrait r s it is v ry difli lt to form an

e e e e u e e cu

unbias d stimat of his charact r and to judg how i

e e e e e s n

c r w r t h motiv s nd r which h act d B prob

e e e e e e u e e e . u t

ably shall not b far wrong if w concl d that h was

we e e u e e

not always t h sam D ring all h arli r str n o s

e e. u t e e e , e u u

y ars f his lif p to t h tim wh n h b cam ndisp t d

e o e, u e e e e e e u u e

lord of t h Roman world h xhibit d for h most part

e ,
e e e , t e ,

only qualiti s of charact r calc lat d to win a ff ction and

e e u e e

to stir admiration Aft r that t rn in his aff ai s his . e u r ,

charact r app ars to hav nd rgon a chang for h

e e e u e e e t e

w ors s ch a chang as
e, u hav obs rv d in ma y anoth r e we e e e n e

w ar r of t h imp ial p rpl

e e e er u e.

R sp cting his conv rsion to C hristianity it is probabl

e e e , e

that h mbrac d h e e ligion not ntir ly from con

e t e ne w re e e

i ti
v c b t partly at l ast from political motiv s
o n, u A th e e . S e

historian H odgkin p ts it H w as half convinc d of h u ,

“
e e t e

tr th of C h istianity and holly convinc d of h policy of

u r ,
w e t e

embracing it If his co s was dictat d by consid ra

.
”
u r e e e

tions of policy v nts ab nda tly j stifi d his for cast

, e e u n u e e .

C hristianity was h most vital l m nt in t h mpir d

t e e e e e e e, an

th e gov r m nt th o gh t h allianc form d with h

e n e r u e e e t e

C h rch had impart d to it

u , vitality and str gth e new en .

In any v t C onstantin s p sonal r ligion w as a

e en e
’
er e

strang mixt r of h old and t h

e u e O his m dals t e e new . n e

th C hristian C ross is ph ld by h
e paga d ity Victory ; u e t e n e

and on h h ad of t h gr at stat of t h
t e e god e e ue e su n -
4 04 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

Apollo which h t p in his w capital and which

, e se u ne ,

was probably int nd d to r pr s nt hims lf th r r st d a e e e e e e , e e e e

crown t h rays of which w r form d of t h ails of t h

e e e e e n e

sacr d C ross B aring th s things in mind i n d not

e . e e e , t ee

s m strang to that C onstantin sho ld hav d sir d

ee e u s e u e e e

that h sho ld b Worshipp d aft r d ath nor incongruo s

e u e e e e , u

that s cc di g C hristian mp rors should hav gratifi d

u ee n e e e e

his w ish in allowi g t h p opl to o ff r sacrific s to his n e e e e e

stat along with thos of t h pagan mp rors

ue e e e e .

FN Y
R E FE RE N C E s H f i ch— p I LA ist ory o Gr eece , vo l a

s t blish t
. . . .

F ro m q t c the C on t ti pl
u es of G re e e t o the E a m en of C o ns an no e

as pit lCa R pi ( a 6 of the N o m an Em re BC 1 4

—A. D G IBBO
g s
. . .

z e D ec lin e
T/ dF f p ch p xv
an a ll
o t il e R om a n E m i r e , a . .
, T h e P ro res

of h i ti R ligi
th e C d S ti t
r s b
an dC diti e o n, a n th e en m en s, Nu m e r s, a n on on

of i itiv h i ti s
t h e Pr m d ch p xvii di g
e C r s an an a on th e fou n n of Co n
f t M M N (H
. .

d
s t a n t in o p le g v an th e fi o rm of th e o e rnm e n IL A T e

ii bk iii ch p s i iv N Y(
. .

H f
ist ory o C/z r ist ia n ity , vo l . . . . a .
-
. . STA LE A .

* L ec t u r es on tfie H ist ory of Me E a st er n C/z u r c /z , L e c s II , III , IV , . . . .

an dV hi t y fo r t h e cil ic s or of t h e C o u n of N ae a ,
3 5 B C ; a nd Le c
2

v ts c c i g t h C h ch d i g t h ig f t h E m p
. . . .
,

VI f or e en on e rn n e u r ur n e re n o e e ro r

s t ti S Y (J
.
,

C on an neW R m Imp i li m L
EE L E III pp e
o an er a s ec

O M A N (C W
. . . .
, .

L t Em pi Tn S t y f t /
“ ”
65 9 5
— Th , e a er re . . . e or o ce

By ti
z an E mp i ( S t y
ne f th N ti ) pp 3 3 re Th F nd ti or o e a o ns , . 1 —
0, e ou a on

o f C t ti pl
o ns a n C A RR T/ C/ no l d t/ R m
e .
”
E mp i ie zu rc i an ze o an re

( Ep ch f Ch h H i t y ) ch p iv pp 7 4 C t ti “
o s o u rc ds or ,
a . . . 2 — 0, o ns a n ne an

ch p v pp 4 47 Th C cil f N ic
a 0— A th n i “
L N N e ou n o ae a — a as u s
”
A C IA I

N W M A N (J
. . . .
,

P g d C/ i t i
a R m ch p i
an an T/ A i
ir s an o e, a . . E . ze r a ns

f t h F t / C t y ch p iii pp 3 6 7
o e ou r c Th Ec m
en u r ic l C ncil
,
a . . . 2 —2 0, e u en a ou

o f N ic ae a .
”
40 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

the t mpl s had b n aba don d and had fall n into d cay
e e ee n e e e ,

or had b n t rn d into C hristian ch rch s

ee u e u e .

B t t h imp rial patronag to w hich witho t do bt m st

u e e e, u u u

b eattribut d i part at l ast this q ick r ligio s

e ,
nl e ,
u e u r e vo u

tion had not b n an nmix d bl ssing to t h C hurch Th

,
ee u e e e . e

mom nt t h m r prof ssion of t h w faith b cam a

e e e e e e ne e e

passport to t h mp ror s favor and to o ffic that mom nt

e e e
’
e, e

hypocrisy and s lfish ss took h plac of that si c rity e ne t e e n e

and s lf d votion which had mark d t h primitiv and p

e - e e e e er

t d C hristians and w hich had mad

s ec u e th m so pow rf l ,
e e e u

a factor i h soci ty of h arli r c nt ri s of h mpir

n t e e t e e e e u e t e e e .

C ons q ntly b ath h s rfac of h ppar ntly C hris

e ue , ene t e u e t e a e

ti i d soci y of h
an z e mpir th r was a gr at nchang d
et t e e e, e e e u e

mass of h ath nism M ltit d s who call d th ms lv s

e e . u u e e e e e

C hristians w r h ath at h art Th chang in nam had

e e e en e . e e e

had no ff ct what v er pon th i disposition or cond ct

e e e u e r u .

T h imp rial co rt in v rything sav its prof ss d cr d

e e u , e e e e e ee ,

was in no way diff nt from h imm mo ially lic ntio s e re t e e r e u

co rts of Asia aft r which it had mod ll d its lf Through

u e e e e .

ou t t h W est t h emajority f h p opl still cl ng to th ir

, e o t e e e u e

old pagan c lts T h Roman s at was still a stronghold

u . e en e

o f th anc stral r ligion V ry f of t h s nators w

e e e . e ew e e e re

e v n prof ss d follow rs of t h
e e faith
e e e new .

Th C h rch was lso at this tim gr atly w ak

e u d by a e e e ene

int rnal tro bl s H r sy and schism had d st oy d h

e u e . e e e r e t e

primitiv nity f h body f b li v rs and in all t h gr at

e u o t e o e e e ,
e e

citi s f t h mpir t h vario s s ctari s w r p rs c ting

e o e e e e u e e e e e e u

o ne anoth r wit h incr dibl and disgrac ful ra cor S ch

e e e e n . u

was h r ligio s conditio of h mpir wh n h d ath of

t e e u n t e e e e t e e

C onstanti s l ft his rival J lian sol

u r l r f t h Roman
e u e u e o e

world .
 j UL IA N TH E A P OS TA TE .
4 7
0

255 J li . u his anarli r’

y ars
s J lian was
Religio n .
— In e e e u

car fully n rt d in t h doctrin s f t h

e u u re r ligion b t e e o e ne w e ; u

lat r in t h schools f Ath ns and f oth r citi s wh r h

e ,
e o e o e e e e e

purs d his st di s h cam nd r h influ nc of pagan

ue u e ,
e e u e t e e e

t ach rs and his faith in C hristia doctrin s was nd rmin d

e e n e u e e ,

whil at t h sam tim h conc iv d a gr at nth siasm f

e e e e e e e e e u or

t h e t achings
e of t h N oplatonists and an unbound d eadmi e ,
e

ration for t h c ltur f anci nt H llas F t y ars

e u e o e e . or en e ,

how v r h diss mbl d his r al

e e ,
e e e e

r ligio s f lings and pinions d

e u ee O ,
an

in his o t r and public conduct

u e

conform d hims lf nto all h

e e u t e

r quir m nts of t h C h rch

e e e e u .

B w must
ut mak e h m i not e t e s

tak f s pposing that h r ligion

e o u t e e

which t h yo g princ pro f ss d

e un e e e

to hims lf at this tim was h old

e e t e

o fli i l Roman
c a ligion It was t h re . e

r novat d r ligion of Gr c in t h
e e e ee e, e

attractiv form hich it had assum d J U N

e w e
LIA TH E A P O ST A T E
t h hands of t h N oplatonists
.

In e e e .

At t h h ad f this r novat d pagan syst m th r was

e e o e e e e e

plac d a s p m god t h so rc and f ountain f all

e u re e , e u e o

things B n ath this supr m b ing was a hi rarchy f

. e e e e e e o

int llig nc s t h l ss r gods da mons h ro s and m

e e e — e e e ,
e ,
e e ,
en .

It was th spirits int rm diat b tw n t h s pr m god

e e e e e ee e u e e

and h rac f m with whom th s cam into r latio

t e e o en e e e e n

thro gh sac ific s and t h va ious rit s of t h t mpl Th

u r e e r e e e e . e

bright forms f th s gods J lian b li v d oft app ar d

o e e ,
u e e e ,
en e e

to him in his dr ams e .

This r ligio s syst m s m d to J lian to afford a m ch

e u e ee e u u
4 0 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

mor r asonabl vi w of t h world of spirits than that p

e e e e e re

s nt d by C hris ian th ology B sid s this whol sys m

e e t e . e e , e te

root d its lf d p in t h past and was vitally conn ct d

e e ee e , e e

with t h lit rat r t h philosophy and t h art of t h g at

e e u e, e ,
e e re

days f Gr c C hristianity had brok n with this brilliant

o ee e. e

past and had cr at d a vast rift in t h lif of t h G

,
e e e e e raac o

Roman world It had d stroy d t h historic unity of t h

. e e e e

e mpir as w ll as t h ity of xisting soci ty It was this

e e e un e e .

last nity which Julian labor d to r stor by l adi g t h

u e e e, e n e

p opl b ck to t h p rifi d r ligion of th ir anc stors

e e a e u e e e e .
3

5 6 T h
2 M n . d p t d b y Ju
e li n t ff t t
ea sh P g a o e a o e ec e a an

R t r ti
es o a J lian in his fforts to r stor paganism did
on. u , e e e ,

not r sort to di ct p rs cution S v ral things stood in

e re e e . e e

t h way of his doing this

e First his o w n philosophic and .
,

h man disposition fo bad him i s ch a controv rsy to

u e r e n u e

e mploy forc as a m ans f p rs asion S cond h e e o e u . e ,

t e

n mb r of h C hristians was
u e t so gr t t hat m as r s
e no w ea e u e

of co rcion co ld e b mploy d wi hout cr ating dan

u not e e e t e

g ro s disord r and disa ff ction Third r so t co ld not

e n e e .
,
e r u

b ehad to t h old m ans of p rs asion

e h sword h e e u ,
t e ,
t e

fi th
re , lions for eh r ason hat nd
,
r
”
t h so f t ning t e e t ,
u e e e

i fl nc s of t h v ry f aith J lian so ght to xtirpat h

n ue e e e u u e e, t e

Roman wo ld h d alr ady b com imb d with a g n l n ss

r a e e e ue e t e e

and h manity that r nd r d morally impossibl t h r n wal

u e e e e e e e

of t h N ronian d D iocl tian p rs c tions

e e an e e e u .

Julian s first act in t h pursuit f his plans was to a n l

’
e o n u

all laws which prohibit d or which plac d at a di d e ,

e sa va n

lth gh it w t h H ll ic d
3 A ou as e e en an no t t h e Ro m an re lig io n th t a

J liu nd v d t
an viv till t h R m
e ea o re o re e, s e o an w ship
or w as t o find a

pl c i t h s ys t m which i it s ti l l
a e n e e ,
n s e se n a e em e nts w as th e re lig io n o f

t h wh l p g
e w ld o e a an or .
4 0
1 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

of insisti g upon wrongly int rpr ting to t h yo th t h

n e e e u e

mast rpi c s of paganism sho ld co fin th ms lv s to

e e e , u n e e e e

th ir own writings h H br w Bibl and t h gosp ls

e ,
— t e e e e e e .

J lian s r al p rpos in xcl ding h C hristians as

u
’
e u e e u t e

instructors from h schools t h C hristian yo th might t e — e u

still if th y d sir d att nd t h class s of h pagan t ach rs

,
e e e ,
e e e t e e e

was by d privi g th m of h m ans f c lt r a ff ord d

, e n e t e e o u u e e

by classical st di s to r nd r th m narro provincial andu e , e e e w, ,

in ffici nt as t ach rs f J lian w ll kn w that t h gr at

e e e e ; or u e e e e

and pow rful advoc t s f h C h rch in h past w r m

e a e o t e u t e e e en

whos minds had b n broad n d and whos logical skill

e ee e e , e

and ac m n had b n acq ir d by h st dy f this v y

u e ee u e t e u o er

philosophy and lit at r w h ich th y cond m d as pagan er u e e e ne

and immoral Julian was r solv d that t h champions of

. e e e

th e C h rch sho ld no long r draw th ir w apons from t h

u u e e e e

armory of pag nism its lf a e .

As a last m ans f ff cting t h r vival f paganism J lian

e o e e e e o ,
u

labor d for t h moral r novation of h anci nt r ligion

e e e t e e e .

H e end avor d to mak it what pagan c lt had v r b n

e e e no u e e ee

b for nam ly a m ans of instr ction and of mo al q ick

e e, e ,
e u r u en

ing to h p opl H h r borrow d op nly from C hris

t e e e . e e e e e

ti
an iy H
t join d t h pagan pri sts to imitat h
. e en e e e e t e

C hristian cl rgy to b com pr ach rs and pastors Th y

e ,
e e e e . e

w r to t ach th p opl t h xist nc of t h gods h

e e e e e e e e e e e ,
t e

r ality of th ir s p rint nding provid nc

e e d th gr at u e e e e, an e e

truth of immortality Th y w r furth r in th i o w n liv s . e e e e ,

e r e ,

to b for h p opl pa t rns of p r and d vo t and

se t e e t e e e t e u e e u

h o ly living Th y sho ld not att nd t h th at or h

. e u e e e re t e

circ s nor fr q nt h tav rns Th y ho ld hav

u ,
e ue t e e . e S u e no

immoral books in th ir libra i s Th y w r not only to e r e . e e e

t ach b to practis charity and b n vol nc Th y w r

e u t e e e e e. e e e,
 j UL IA N TH E A P OS TA TE .
4 1 1

lik t h C hristians to found hospitals and to car for t h

e e ,
e e

n dy and to s ccor t h distr ss d Th C hristians r

ee u e e e . e we e

not to b allow d to boast a monopoly of th s virtu s

e e e e e .

A w hav j st intimat d w hat Julian h r att mpt d to

S e e u e ,
e e e e

do to ff ct a union of t h t mpl cult and morality had

,
e e e e e ,

n v r b achi v d by paganism T h b sin ss f h

e e een e e . e u e o t e

h ath n pri st had b n to that all t h t mpl rit s and

e e e ee se e e e e e

c r moni s w r obs rv d in accordanc with t h traditional

e e e e e e e e e

and sacr d f orm las H had n v r b n t h instructor f

e u . e e e ee e o

t h p opl
e in sacr d things nor t h pr ach r of individ al
e e e ,
e e e u

and social right ousn ss Julian in nd avoring to mak

e e .
,
e e e

him such was trying to ff ct a r volution oppos d t only

, e e e e no

to all h traditio s of paga ism b t oppos d also to h

t e n n ,
u e t e

v ry g nius of t h most of h ath n cults Th s had littl

e e e e e . e e e

or nothing to do with right conduct And so this part f . o

Julian s r f orm was for doom d to f ailur

’
e e e e .

Ju li R l t i n t t h J
an s w
’
A tt m p t t r b
e au ild t h o s o e e s e o e e

t J ru l m J lian s hostility to C hristianity did ’

T m pl
e e a e sa e .
— u

not incl d t h J ws O t h contrary h was ki dly dis

u e e e . n e ,
e n

pos d towards this s ct and favor d th m in v ry way

e e ,
e e e e .

O bond of ion b tw n t h mp ror and h J w s was

ne u n e ee e e e t e e

a common hatr d of C hristianity B t t h r al gro nd of

e . u e e u

Julian s favorabl disposition towards this p opl was h

’
e e e t e

fact that th ir r ligion as h und rstood it was simply a

e e ,
e e ,

national r ligion and h nc stood on h sam footing as

e , e e t e e

th oth r c lts of t h mpir C ons q ntly h was as

e e u e e e . e ue e

r ady to r stor t h t mpl of h J ws at J r sal m as that

e e e e e e t e e e u e

of any oth r local or national god

e .

B t J lian h d
u u v ry sp cial r ason for r b ilding at
a o ne e e e e u ,

J r sal m th t mpl that his p gan p d c ssors had

e u e ,
e e e a re e e

d stroy d (par
e e H wish d to cast discr dit pon h
. e e e u t e
4 1 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

pr dictio s of h S cript s for t h C h istians cont nd d

e n t e u re ; e r e e

th t t h t mpl co ld n v r b r stor d b ca s of h
a e e e u e e e e e e u e t e

p oph ci s against it J lian invit d h J ws disp rs d

r e e . u e t e e e e

thro gho t h mpir to r t rn to J r sal m and to aid in

u u t e e e e u e u e

r b ildi g th anci nt shrin Th y r spond d to t h i i

e u n e e e. e e e e nv

t ati w ith g at nth siasm T h mp ror f th d h

on re e u . e e e ur ere t e

ent rpris by gif s of mon y from h p blic tr as ry

e e t e t e u e u .

Excavations w r act ally b g b h workm n w r e e u e u n, u t t e e e e

driv n in gr at panic from h spot by t rrific xplosions

e e t e e e

and b rsts of flam Th C hristia s r gard d h occu r c

u e. e n e e t e r en e

as mirac lous ; and J lian hims lf it is c rtain was so dis

u u e ,
e ,

may d by it that h d sist d from t h nd rtaking

e e e e e u e .
4

5 8
2 J u li n . C m i
p g n g in t h
a P ri ’
s At h a a s a a s t e e s ans — t e

sam tim that J lian was busi d wi h his r ligio s r forms

e e u e t e u e ,

h w as
e gag d in making xt siv pr parations for a cam
en e e en e e

p gia against
n t h P rsians H was ambitio s of h ho
e or e . e u t e n

of i flicti g n pon this fo midabl n my a cr shing blo w

n u r e e e u ,

and th by r li vi g h mpir of h co stant th at of

e re e e n t e e e t e n re

attack on i ast n fronti r H was f rth mor prompt d

ts e er e . e ,
u er e, e

to this u d aking by a b rning d si to m la t h d ds

n e rt u e re e u te e ee

of Al xand h G r at and p rhaps

e er ival his achi v
t e e ,
e to r e e

m nts i h la ds of h r mot East

e n t e n t e e e .

A tioch w as mad h plac of t h mp or s r sid nc

n e t e e e e er
’
e e e

w hil h pr parations for t h P rsian xp dition w r in

e t e e e e e e e e

p og ss It was i this city that h follow s of h w

r re . n t e er t e ne

faith had first b n call d C hristians At h e tim of ee e .

5
t e

4 Th ewhich expl i
t ifi d t h w k m o s o ns so e rr e e or en of J liu an a re s u p

p sdt
o e c s d by cc m l ti s f g
o h v b a e een au e a u u a on o a se s — si m il ar to th o se

th t f q tly cc i
a so ccid t i m i —
re u en o as o n a en s n nes in t h e su bt e r ra n e a n

ch m b
a f th T m pl f
e rs d ti o e e e ou n a o ns .

A ct xi
6
6 s, . 2 .
4 14 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

Th s d p iv d of th ir command r and sov r ign t h

u e r e e e e e ,
e

army o c l ct d of th ir g n rals Jovian by nam

at n e e e e o ne e e e , e,

as mp ror Jovian aft r s v ral hard fo ght battl s with

e e .
,
e e e - u e

th e n my concl d d with t h P rsian king Sapor an

e e ,
u e e e

h miliating t aty by t h t rms f which h Romans gav

u re ,
e e o t e e

u
p th ir possessions ast of h Tigris e e t e .

Jovian w as a C hristian and his hort r ign ( 3 63 3 64) ,

S e A .D .
—

was ma k d by t h r moval f ma y of t h disabiliti s nd

r e e e o n e e u er

which J lian had plac d t h prof ssors of t h

u worship e e e e ne w .

In h army t h old pagan standards w r r plac d by t h

t e e e e e e e

L aba m and C hristianity was again mad

ru ,
h r ligion f e t e e o

t h imp rial co rt
e e u .

R F R N E E R N R
E j
CES .
p —* d GA D E u lia n tb e z iloso lz e r ,
P/ an flu
L a st S t r u ggle
f o
( H ti
P aga n ism ) aga in s t Ch r istia n ity e ro e s o f th e N a o ns

M M N (H
.

IL A H f ii bk iii ch p vi
Tb e ist ory o C/z r ist ia n ity , v ol a

N
. . . . . .
,
.

an d iii bk iii ch p vi (c ti d )
vol fi D a on nu e G IBBO T e ec li n e

ch ps xix d RN
. . . . . . .

an d F f fi a ll o p t e U
R om a n E m ir e, a . . an x x ii .
~
xx iv . H LH O
“9 Con ic t
fl f
o C/z r ist ia n ity w itfi H ea t fie n ism , pp 44 5 447 M R I .
— . E

V A LE Ge n e r a l H ist ory f
o R om e , ch p lxxiii pp 6 6 9 A A R D
a 0 0— 0 LL

Th b t s h t cc
. . . .

26 6 L e C /z r ist ia n ism e et
’
l E mp i r e R m i o a n. t e es or a ou n

of the p g a a n re a cti on .
 C H A PTE R XXI .

TH E LA ST C E N T UR Y O F T H E E M P IR E IN T HE W E ST .

(A D . .
3 76

ntr du t ry Th s far i h history of h m

2 60 . I o c o .
— u n t e t e e

pir e hav m d for h most pa t h r igns of t h

we e a e, t e r ,
t e e e

e mp rors t h f ram work of

e na rativ W shall no
e e ou r r e . e

long r follow this plan for d ing t h last c nt y of t h

e ,
ur e e ur e

imp rial p iod v ry f w of t h occupants of h th on w

e er e e e t e r e e re

m en of s ffici nt charact r or forc to x rt any infl nc

u e e e e e ue e

u pon h mov m nt of v nts To s bdivid h p riod

t e e e e e . u e t e e

according to t h l ngth f th ir r igns would b an a bi rary

e e o e e e r t

and m aningl ss proc ding

e e ee .

It will b mor instr ctiv for to t rn

e ey s away u e u s u ou r e e

from h imp rial thron and to notic what w r t h act al

t e e e, e e e e u

forc s that w r giving h v nts f h p iod th ir shap

e e e t e e e o t e er e e

and co s Th s w t h G rman barb i ns and C hris

ur e. e e ere e e ar a

t i iy
an Th s w r h t w o most vit l l m nts in h
t . e e e e t e a e e e t e

G r co Roman world of h fifth c ntury Th y h d

ac - t i t e e . e a ,
c e n u r es

b for this as w hav s n com into c rtain r lations

e e ,
e e ee , e e e

to h Roman gov rnm nt and to Ro m an lif ; b d ring

t e e e e ut u

h
t e p riod lyi g imm diat ly b for
e nth y ass m d an e e e e u s e u e

altog th r e historical int r st and importanc

e ne w e e e .

Th t w o main matt rs th n which will claim our att ntion

e e ,
e ,
e

d ring h c t y y r mai i g for

u t e en u rst dy will b ( ) et e n n ou r u ,
e I

t h str ggl
e b tw n t h dying mpir and h you g G
u e e ee e e e t e n er

man rac s i t h N orth and h grad al ov rr nning of h

e o e t e u e u t e

41 5
4 6 1 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

Roman provinc s by h s ba ba ians d ( ) t h final e t e e r r ; an 2 e

t i mph f C hristianity thro gh h aid of t h t mporal

r u o ,
u t e e e

pow r ov r xpi ing paganism

e ,
e e r .

6 Th M v m nt
2 1 . f h B rb ri e Th r igns of
o e e s o t e a a ans . e e

th e mp rors Val ntinian I and Val ns w r signaliz d

co-
e e e . e
7
e e e

GE R MAN S C R O SSI N G THE RH I N E .

( Af t er a draw i ng by A p lh o nse de N e u vill e .

)

by thr t ni g mov m ts of h ba barian t ib s hat now

ea e n e en t e r r e ,
t

almost h sam mom nt b gan to pr ss with r do bl d

at t e e e ,
e e e u e

en gy against all t h bar i s f h mpi

er e r er o t e e re .

7
Up o n
d th f J vi n (A D
the V l ti i t h c m m d
ea o o a . . a en n an , e o an er

of t h im p i l g
e d w l ct d m p
er a by c cil f t h g
u ar ,
l as e e e e e ro r a ou n o e e ne ra s

of th my d th m i i t
e ar f th can t H pp i t d h i b th
e n s e rs o e ou r . e a o n e s ro er

V l (
a e ns
3 64 3 7 8 )
A D hi c i t i ffic - d ig d t h im t h
as s a sso a e n o e , an a ss ne o e

vi g f hi m lf t h W t
. .

E t p vi c whil
as e r n ro n e s, H t p e re s e r n or se e e s e rn e se u

t bli h d h i sid c t
.

hi w
s o c t t Mil whil h i b th
n ou r a an, e s ro er es a s e s re en e a

C t ti pl
o ns a n no e.
41 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

following t h d ath of Val nti ian an v nt of t h gr at st

e e e n , e e e e e

importanc occ rr d in t h East Th Visigoths (W st n

e u e e . e e er

G oths ) d w lling north f t h L ow r D an b

e who had oft n o e e u e, e

in hostil bands cross d that riv r to war against t h Roman

e e e e

emp rors now app ar d as s ppliants in vast m ltit d s

e ,
e e u u u e

u po its banks Th y said that a t rribl rac w hom th y

n . e e e e, e

w r po w rl ss to withstand had i vad d th ir t rrito i s

e e e e ,
n e e e r e ,

an d spar d n ith r th ir hom s

e th ir liv s Th y b gg d
e e e e no r e e . e e e

RO MN A S IG N A L- TO W E RS SE N TRI S E AN D S TO R EHO US E ON

NUB
,

THE DA E.

( Re li ef on T raj an
’
s C o lu m n .
)

p mission f t h Romans to cross t h ri r and s ttl in

er o e e ve e e

Thrac d promis d ho ld this r q st b g ant d v r to

e , an e ,
S u e ue e r e ,
e e

r main h grat f l d firm alli s of h Roman stat

e t e e u an e t e e .

Val ns it is s id cons nt d to grant th ir p titio on

e ,
a ,
e e e e n

condition that th y sho ld s rr nd r th ir arms giv p e u u e e e ,

e u

th ir childr n as hostag s and all b baptiz d in h

e e e ,
e e t e

C hristian faith Th ir t rror and d spair l d th m to

.
1
e e e e e

is s wh t d bt f l wh th this l s t c diti
1 It ome a lly ou u e er a on on w as re a a

p t ar of the a g re e m e n t .
 TH E L A S T CE N T UR Y OF TH E E M P IR E .
419

ass nt to th s conditions S t h ntir nation umb r

e e e . o e e e ,
n e

ing about million so ls co nting m wom n and

o ne u ,
— u en, e ,

childr n w r allow d to cross h riv r S v ral days

e ,
— e e e t e e . e e

and nights w r consum d in t h transport f t h vast mul

e e e e o e

t it d u Th w it rs of h tim s lik n t h passag to that

e s. e r e t e e e e e

o f h H ll spont by t h hosts of X rx s
t e e e e e e .

Th n my that had so t rrifi d t h G oths w r t h H ns

e e e e e e e e e u ,

a monst ous rac of fi rc nomadic hors m n that two

r e e e e e ,

c nt ri s and mor b f or t h C hristian w r rovi g t h

e u e e e e e e ra e e n e

d s rts orth f t h G r at Wall of C hina M igrating from

e e n o e e .
2

that r gion th y mov d slowly to h W st across t h

e ,
e e t e e ,
e

gr at plains of C ntral Asia and aft r w and ring s v ral

e e , ,
e e e e

c nt ri s app ar d in E rop Th y b lo g d to a dif

e u e , e e u e . e e n e

f t rac
e re n
( h Turanian ) from all
e t h oth tr E rop
e an e e u e

t ib s with which hav b n so far co c rn d Th ir

r e we e ee n e e . e

f at r s w r hid o s th ir nos s b i g flatt n d and th ir

e u e e e e u ,
e e e n e e ,
e

ch ks gash d to r nd r th ir app aranc mor frightf l as

ee e ,
e e e e e e u

w ll as to pr v nt t h growth f a b ard Ev n t h bar

e e e e o e . e e

barous G oths call d th m barbarians e e .

”

S carc ly had t h f gitiv Visigoths b n r c iv d wi hin

e e u e ee e e e t

t h limits
e f th mpir b for a larg company of th ir
o e e e e e e e

kinsm n h O strogoths (E st rn G oths ) also driv n f om

e ,
t e a e ,
e r

th ir hom s by h sam t rribl H ns crowd d to t h

e e t e e e e u ,
e e

banks f t h D an b and pl ad d that th y might b

o e u e, e e e e

allow d th ir co ntrym n h d b n to plac h riv r

e ,
as e u e a ee ,
e t e e

b tw n th ms lv s and th ir dr ad d n mi s B Val ns
e ee e e e e e e e e e . u t e ,

b comi g alarm d at h pr s nc of so many barbarians

e n e t e e e e

within his dominions r f s d th ir r q st wh r pon ,

e u e e e ue ; e eu

g t
2 A p t xt di g
re a b t fift
ra m h d d il s ar g e en n for a ou een u n re m e al o n

th f ti
t h e no r C hi e rn b ilt by ro nhi s t w d
er of na It w as u the C ne e o ar s

b i g st
.

th e d thi d c t y
en of th e ry en u r D C as a ar r e r a ai n t h e f o ra s of the

dic t ib s
. .

H u d th
ns a n o er n o m a r e .
 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E
42 0 .

th y dr ading h fi rc and implacabl f b hind mor

e ,
e t e e e e oe e e

than t h w rath of t h Roman mp ror in front cross d t h

e e e e ,
e e

riv r with arms in th ir hands

e e .

It cam to light that t h c pidity of t h Roman

no w e e u e

o fficials had pr v nt d t h carrying out of t h stip lations

e e e e e u

of h agr m nt b t w n t h mp ror and t h Visigoths

t e ee e e ee e e e e

r sp cting h r linq ishm t f th ir arms Th ba ba

e e t e e u en o e . e r

rians had brib d thos intr st d with t h ed ty f transpo t

e e u e u o r

i g th m across h riv r
n e d p rchas d t h privil g f t e e ,
an u e e e e o

r tai ing th ir w apo s T h p rsons too d tail d to pro

e n e e n . e e , , e e

vid h m ltit d with food till th y co ld b assign d

e t e u u e e u e e

lands trad d on h h ng r of th ir wards and dol d

,
e t e u e e ,
e ou t

t h vil st p ovisio s at t h
e e most xtortion t pric s ( W
r n e e a e e . e

s m h r to b list ning to a r cital f t h nscr p lo s

ee e e e e e o e u u u u

cond ct of own Indian ag nts )

u ou r e .

As was nat ral t h inj r d nation ros in indig ant u ,

e u e e n

r vo lt Joi i g h ir kinsm n that w r j st no w forcing

e . n n t e e e e u

t h passag of t h D a b th y comm nc d nd r h
e e e nu e, e e e ,
u e t e

l d of t h gr at F i ig to ov rr n d rav g t h
ea e e r t ern, e u an a e e

D an bian provinc s
u Val ns d spatch d swift m ss g rs e . e e e e en e

t oG ratian in h W st asking for assistanc ag inst t ht e e , e a e

f oe h had so nfort nat ly admitt d within h

e limits f
u u e e t e o

th mpir M an w hil h ralli d all his forc s and with

e e e. e e, e e e , ,

ou a w aiti g h arrival of h W st rn l gions impr d tly

t n t e t e e e e ,
u en

risk d a battl w ith t h barbarians n ar Ad ianopl Th

e e e e r e . e

Roman a my was almost annihilat d Val ns h ims lf

r e . e e ,

b ing wo nd d so ght r f g in t h cabin of a p asant

e u e ,
u e u e e e ;
b t h b ilding was fir d by h
u t e savag s and t h mp ror
u e t e e ,
e e e

was b rn d aliv ( u Th G oths

e rapidly ov re A D . . e no w e

ran Th ssaly M ac do ia and Thrac ravaging t h country

e ,
e n ,
e, e

to h v ry walls of C onstantinopl
t e e e.
4 2 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

An act gr at r impo ta c was G t i of r moval e e r n e ra an s

’
e

( A. D
3 8 ) from
. t h chamb r
2 of h Roman s at of h e e t e en e t e

statu and altar of t h pagan godd ss Victory This stat

e e e .
3
u e,

si c t h str ggl b tw n C hristia ity and t h h ath n

n e e u e e ee n e e e

c lts had b com s rio s had b n look d pon as t h sym

u e e e u ,
ee e u e

bol of t h pagan mpir and as a sort of palladi m of h

e e e u t e

anci nt r ligion and h nc had nat rally b com a sp cial

e e ,
e e u e e e

obj ct f pagan v n ration and patriotism

e o e e .

T h majority of t h
e s nat w r probably still adh ts e e e e e e re n

of t h pagan faith ; and a littl whil aft r t h r moval of

e e e e e e

th stat
e G ratian having fall n in battl
ue — th y p ti e e — e e

ti d h r ling mp ror ( Val n ti ian II ) for t h

o ne t e u t e e e n . e r e s o ra

tion f h sacr d m mo ial Th l ad r of h pagan party

o t e e e r . e e e t e

was t h c l brat d Symmach s and h b cam th ir spok s

e e e e u ,
e e e e e

man b for h mp ror H i add ss is not worthy as

e e t e e e . s re e

b ing t h last fo mal and p blic prot st mad by h

e e r u e e t e

votari s of t h anci nt c lts agai st h striction of th ir

e e e u n t e re e

worship Each ation so t h add ss r ns has its own

. n ,
”
e re u ,
“

gods and p c liar rit s Th G r at M yst ry c nnot b

e u e . e e e a e

approach d by av n alon B t and wont co nt

e o ne e ue e . u u se u

for m ch in giving a thority to a r ligion L av

u h u e . e e u s t e

symbol on which oaths f all gi nc hav b n sworn ou r o e a e e ee

for so many g n rations L av us h syst m which has e e . e e t e e

so long giv n prosp rity to t h stat A r ligion sho ld b

e e e e. e u e

judg d by its utility to h m who hold it Y ars of

e t e en . e

f amin hav b n h p nishm n of sacril g

e e Th tr as ry
ee t e u e t e e . e e u

should b r pl nish d by h w alth of h sacr d col

not e e e e t e e t e e

l g s but by h poils f t h n my
e e ,
t e S o e e e .
” 4

h y db
3 T ev d b f thi s by
ha p t ti
e e n re m o e e o re the em e ro r C o ns an ne ,

b u t h ad b e e n re pl c d by J li
a e u an .

4 D ill , R om a n S oc ie ty i n t /z e L a st Ce n t u ry o
f t/
ze West er n E mp ir e , p . 2 6.
 TH E L A S T C E N T UR Y O F TH E E M P IR E .
42 3

2 64 . r
Th e Disest ab lish m e th S p nt of t h e Sac ed Colleges e e

ara t i n f S t t d T m pl Th allusion at h d f
o o a e an e e. — e t e en o

th for going sp ch is to t h act of G ra tian wh r by at

e e ee e e e

his acc ssion h had tak n a way f rom t h sacr d coll g s at

e e e e e e e

Rom (par 4) th ir ndowm nts and caus d to c as t h

e . 2 e e e e e e e

paym nt f salari s to h m mb rs of th s bodi s As

e o e t e e e e e e .

plac s in th s associations w r h ld by t h s nators t h

e e e e e e e e ,
e

confisc tion of h prop rty of t h coll g s d alt paganism a

a t e e e e e e

h avy blow by bringing it abo t that t h pagan party in

e u e

t h s nat sho ld no lo g r hav

e e e a p rsonal and mat rial
u n e e e e

int r st in maintai ing t h anci nt r ligion

e e n e e e .

This dis stablishm nt f th s anci nt coll g s mark d

e e o e e e e e e

th s paration of Stat and T mpl which from t h v ry

e e e e e, e e

first had b n unit d at Rom as v rywh r ls in ee e e, e e e e e e an

t iq i yu Tht t w lv c turi s that had pass d sinc t h

. e e e en e e e e

fo ndi g of Rom
u n d r t h a spic s of t h gods had e u n e e u e e

witn ss d a vast r vol tion in t h f lings and b li fs of

e e e u e ee e e

m to r nd r possibl s ch a s paratio of t h things f

en e e e u e n e o

C sar and t h
a
e things f G d e o o .

65 Th P r h ib it i n f t h P g n Cu lt
2 . e S p aking g
o o o e a a s. e en

e ra lly f rom t h acc ssio of C onstantin down to h tim

,
e e n e t e e

which hav w r ch d h pagans had b n allow d

we e no ea e , t e ee e

f ll tol ration of w orship Th r was d ri g this p riod

u e . e e , u n e ,

what call r ligio s lib rty b not p rf ct r ligio s

we e u e ,
u t e e e u

e q ality for som of t h C hristian mp rors favor d th ir

u ; e e e e e e

ow n faith in th ir l gislation and i th ir appointm nts e e n e e

to o ffic O ccasionally how v r th r w r la w s iss d

e .
, e e , e e e e ue

against t h practic f pagan rit s Th s in h y ar

e e o e . u , t e e

A D .
3 4 .t h so s of C
1 onstantin
, C onstans
e and C onstan
n e

ti s h d prom lgat d an dict w hich d clar d that t h

u — a u e e e e
“
e

h ath n s p rsti ion m st c as h madn ss of o ff ring

e e u e t u e e, t e e e
 2
4 4 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

sacrific s must b xtirpat d

e B t s ch laws w r e e e
” 5
u u e e c er

t i ly
a n t long in forcno Although plac d at a di d e. e sa v an

tag in h stat ,still h paga s w r g n rally prot ct d

e t e e t e n e e e e e e

in h right f t h p blic x rcis of th ir r ligion B

t e o e u e e e e e . u t

b for h d f t h -ign of Th odosius th ir position in

e e t e en o e re e , e

th stat was wholly chang d P aganism from b ing a

e e e .
, e

tol r t d b cam a proscrib d r lig on

e a e , e e e , e i .

It was Th odosi s t h G r at w ho by his ff ctiv m as

e u e e , e e e e

u r s against h ath nism arn d h titl of t h D stroy r

e e e ,
e e t e e
“
e e e

of P aganism A first h simply plac d h pagans nd r .

”
t e e t e u e

many disabiliti s ; th n h forbad th m to practis t h e e e e e e e

art of divining thro gh t h xamination of t h ntrails of u e e e e

sacri ficial victims ( par d finally h prohibit d sac . an , , e e

rifi altog th r and mad it a c im for any

ces e to p e ,
e r e o ne ra c

tis any pagan c lt or v to nt r a t mpl In h y ar

e u , e en e e e e . t e e

A D..
39 v n t h privat worship
2 e of t h Lear s and P nat s e e e e e e

was prohibit d Int rdictio of t h h ath n w orship e . e n e e e w as

accompani d by h d str ctio or h confiscation of t h

e t e e u n t e e

anci nt t mpl s and th ir ndo w m nts

e e e e e e .

P aganism did not yi ld witho t a str ggl T h paga e u u e. e n

party t p as mp ror E g i s d att mpt d to r stor

se u e e u en u , an e e e e

th old faith
e Th odosi s d f at d Eug nius i t h battl
. e u e e e e n e e

of A q il ia ( 3 9 4 ) d th n s c r d t h o fficial abolish
u e A D . . an e e u e e

m nt of h pagan worship by a vot of h Roman s nat

e t e e t e e e

its lf Th str ggl b tw n C hristianity and h ath ism

e .
6
e u e e ee e en

was now virt ally nd d And h G alil ans had u e e .

7
t e e

conq red ue .

5
Uhlh o r n , C onflic t f
o Cb r ist ia n ity w i t/
z H ea t /Ee n is m , p .
452 .

6 All d L C/ i t i i m t l E mpi R m i p 7 7
ar e zr s an s e e
’
re o a n, 2

F th s
.
, .

7 Th d b t b tw
e eth C h i ti
a e d th p ge een e r s an a er an e a an p h ilo s o

p h e rs t
asth sp ctiv cl i m f t h iv l ligi s s till w t
o e re e e a s o e r a re on en on . See

p ar . 2 7 4.
42 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

and m rcy forbad him to nt r h sacr d plac until h

e ,
e e e t e e e e

had don public p nanc for his awf l crim Th com

e e e u e. e

mand r of all t h Roman l gions was constrain d to ob y

e e e e e

th narm d pastor In p nit ntial garb and attitud

e u e . e e e

Th odosius mad public conf ssion of his sin and h mbly

e e e u

und rw nt t h p nanc impos d by t h C hurch

e e e e e e e .

This passag of history is not worthy as marking a sta

e e

di m i t h moral progr ss of humanity

u n e It mad manif st e . e e

how with C hristianity a w moral forc had nt d t h ne e e ere ‘

e

world how a sort f w and niv rsal tribunician authority

, o ne u e

had aris n in soci ty to int rpos in t h nam of j stic

e e e e, e e u e

and h manity b tw n t h w ak and t h d f nc l ss and

u , e ee e e e e e e e

th ir s lf w ill d and arbitrary rul rs

e e - e e .

67 Fin l Divi i n f t h Em pir (

2 . a T h Roman
s o o e e A D . .
— e

world was nit d for t h last tim nd r Th odosius t h

u e e e u e e e

G r at From to r l d as sol mp ror 9

e .
39 3 95 h A D . . 2 e u e e e e .

Just b for his d ath Th odosius divid d t h mpir

e e e , e e e e e

b t w n his two sons Arcadi s and H onorius assigning

e ee ,
u ,

th form e who w as only ight n y ars f g t h gov rn

e r, e ee e o a e, e e

m nt of t h East and giving h latt r a m r child of

e e , t e e , e e

l v t h sov r ignty of t h W st This was t h final

e e en, e e e e e . e

partition of t h Roman mpir t h iss of that gro inge e e e ue w

t nd ncy which
e e hav obs rv d i its immod rat ly we e e e n e e

ext d d dom inions to b ak apart T h s parat histori s

en e re . e e e e

of t h East and t h W st now b gin

e e e e .

T h story of t h fort n s f t h E mpir in t h E ast n d

e e u e o e e e ee

not d tain long at this point of

e u S history This ou r .

mo archy last d ov r a thousand y a s from t h acc s

n e e e r — e e

sion to pow r of Arcadi s 395 to

e t h capt r of C u , A D. .
, e u e on

9
i Th ecti d g i s( 65)
n su r r e h dly
on u n g dd er Eu en u p ar 2 c an ar be re ar e

ff cti g divi i
.

as e e i p i l th ity
n a s on of th e m er a au or .
 TH E L A S T CE N T UR Y OF TH E E M P IR E .
4 2 7

by t h Turks
st a n t in O p le 45 3 It will thus b s n e , A D . . 1 . e ee

that t h gr at r part f its history b longs to t h m di val

e e e o e e e a
e

p riod Up to t h tim of t h ov rthrow f t h Empir f

e . e e e e o e e o

t h W st t h
e sov r igns f t h E ast w r ngag d almost
e , e e e o e e e e e

inc ssantly in s ppr ssing prisings f th ir G othic alli s or

e u e u o e e

m rc nari s or in r p lli g invasions f t h H ns Vandals

e e e , e e n o e u , ,

and oth r barbarian trib s Fr qu ntly d ring this p riod

e e . e e u e ,

in ord r to sav th ir own t rri o ri s t h East rn mp rors

e e e e t e , e e e e ,

by dishonorabl induc m nts p rsuad d t h barbarians to e e e , e e e

dir ct th ir ravaging xp ditions against t h provinc s of

e e e e e e

t h W st
e e .

68 Fir t Inv i
2 . f It ly b y Al r i
s O nly a f y ars
as on o a a c. ew e

had laps d aft r t h d h of t h gr at Th odosi s b for

e e e e
'

e at e e e u , e e

th barbarians w r trooping in vast hord s thro gh all

e e e e u

parts f t h mpir First from Thrac and M sia cam

o e e e .
, e oe e

th eVisigoths l d by t h gr at Alaric Th y pour d

, e e e . e e

thro gh t h Pass f Th rmopyl and d vastat d almost

u e o e ae, e e

th ntir p nins la f G r c ; b t b i g driv n f rom that

e e e e u o ee e u e n e

country by S tilicho t h r nown d Vandal g n ral f H , e e e e e

1
o o

i
n o r u s,th y cross d t h Julian Alps and spr ad t rror
e e e ,
e e

througho t all Italy S tilicho f ollow d t h barbarians

u . e e

ca tio sly and attacking th m at a favorabl mom t

u u , , e e en ,

inflict d a t rribl and doubl d f at upon th m at P ll i

e e e e e e e o ent a

and V rona ( 4 e T h captur d camp was fo nd

A D . . 02 e e u

fill d with t h spoils f Th b s C orinth and Sparta G ath r

e e o e e , ,
. e

ing t h r mnants of his shatt r d army Alaric forc d his way

e e e e , e

with di ffic lty thro gh t h d fil of t h Alps and scap d

u u e e es e , e e .

1 Ho dgki n m k s t h a e e f
ll wi g s gg tiv c m p i
o o n S tilich u es e o a r so n : o

[a nd o th s lik h im ] w
er e th p t typ s f t h G m n d E gli s h
e re e ro o e o e er a an n

offi c s w h in
er o ou r o wn d y h v g ni d t h m i s c m m d d
a a e re o r a z e e ar e or o an e

the fl ts f th
ee o e Su lt nd l d t h
an, a xp diti ns f t h K h div
e e e e o o e e e .
”
42 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

2 69 . t Triu m ph t R m ( Las A t ribl a o e A D . .

— er e

dang r had b n av rt d All Italy b st forth in xpr s

e ee e e . ur e e

sions f gratit d d joy Th days of t h C imbri and

o u e an . e e

T ton s w r r call d and t h nam of S tilicho was p

eu e e e e e , e e ro

nou nc e d along with that of M ari s ( p A mag u ar.

n ifi t tri mph at Rom

cen c l brat d t h victory and h
u e e e e e t e

d liv anc T h yo thf l H onori s dhis faithf l g n ral

e er e. e u u u an u e e

S tilicho rod sid by id i t h imp rial chariot It was

e e S e n e e .

t h last tri mph that Rom

e v r saw Thr h ndr d
u e e e . ee u e

tim s s ch is ass rt d to b h n mb r h Imp ri l

e —
u e e e t e u e — t e e a

C ity had w itn ss d h tri mphal proc ssion of h ie e t e u e er v ct o

i
r ou s g n rals c l brating conq sts in all quart rs of h
e e , e e ue e t e

w orld .

7 2 L st Gl di t r i l C m b t f t h Am ph it h tr
0. a Th
a a o a o a o e ea e. —
e

sam y ar that marks t h last military tri mph at Rom

e e e u e

also sig aliz s h l gladiatorial combat i t h Roma

n e
-
t E a st
‘

n e n

amphith atr It is to C hristianity that h cr dit of h

e e . t e e t e

s ppr ssion of t h inh man xhibi io s of h amphith tr

u e e u e t n t e ea e

is ntir ly or almost ntir ly d T h pagan ph il

e e , e e , ue . e oso

p h s ally
e rs u r gard d th m with
u i di ff r nc oft n with
e e e n e e e, e

favor Th s P liny comm nds a fri nd for giving a gladia

. u e e

t i l nt rtainm nt at h f
or a e ral of his w if And w h
e e t e u ne e. en

th pagan moralists did cond mn h p ctacl s it w as

e e t e S e e ,

rath r for oth r r aso s than that th y r gard d th m as

e e e n e e e e

inh man and absol t ly contrary to t h r l s of thics

u u e e u e e .

Th y w d f nd d on h gro nd that th y fost r d a

e e re e e e t e u e e e

martial spi it among h p opl and i r d h soldi rs to

r t e e e nu e t e e

t h sights of t h battl fi ld H c gl diatorial gam s

e e e e . en e a e

w r som tim s act ally xhibit d to h l gions b for

e e e e u e e t e e e e

th y t t on th ir campaigns I d d all cl ss s
e se ou e . n ee ,
a e

app ar to hav vi d t h matt r i m ch t h sam light

e e e we e e n u e e ,
43 0 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

among t h Italians w as v n gr at r than that inspir d by

e e e e e e

t h G othic invasion
e for Alaric was a C hristian whil Rada ; , e

g i h
a su s, l ad r oft t h w hord
e s wase a sup
e rstitio s e ne e , e u

savag who paid worship to gods that r q ir d t h bloody

e, e u e e

sacrific of captiv n mi se e e e e .

By s ch ff orts as Rom put forth

u e th yo ng r and e In e u e

mor vigoro s days of t h r p blic wh n H annibal was at

e u e e u e

h ergat s an army was no w q ipp d and plac d nd r

e ,
e u e e u e

th ecommand of S tilicho M a whil t h barbarians had . e n e e

adva c d as f as Flor c and w r w b si ging that

n e ar en e, e e no e e

plac Stilich o h r s rro nd d t h vast host vario sly

e. e e u u e e — u

e stimat d f om two h ndr d to fo r h ndr d tho sand m

e r u e u u e u en

and starv d th m into a s rr d r Th ir chi f R ada

- e e u en e . e e ,

g i was
a su s, p t to d ath and gr at n mb u rs f t h barba e ,
e u e o e

ria s that h sword and famin had pa d w r sold as

n t e e S re e e

slav s ( e A D . .

7
2 Th R n m f R m (
2 . e S hortly aft r t h
a so o o e A D . . e e

victory of S tilicho ov r t h G rman barbarians h cam e e e , e e

u nd r t h s spicion of t h w ak and j alo s H o o i s and

e e u e e e u n r u ,

was x c t d Th s f ll t h gr at g n ral whos sword

e e u e . u e e e e e e

and co s l had t wic sav d Rom f om t h barbarians

un e e e e r e ,

and w ho might again hav av rt d similar da g rs that w re e e e n e e

now at hand L ist i g to t h rash co ns l of his nworthy

. en n e u e u

a dvis rs H onori s provok d to r volt t h thi ty thousa d

e ,
u e e e r n

G othic m rc nari s in t h Roman l gions by a massacr of

e e e e e e

th ir wiv s and childr n who w r h ld as host g s in h

e e e , e e e a e t e

diff r nt citi s of Italy T h G oths b yo d t h Alps join d

e e e . e e n e e

with th ir kinsm n to av ng t h p fidi act Al ic

e e e e e er ou s . ar

again cross d h mo ntains and pillagi g th citi s in his

e t e u ,
n e e

w y l d his hosts to h
a ,
e v ry gat s of Rom N t sinc t e e e e. o e

t h tim of t h dr ad H annibal ( par

e e 5) emor than
e six . 1 1 e
 TH E L A S T CE N T UR Y OF TH E E M P IR E .
43 1

h ndr d y ars b for this had Rom b n insult d by t h

u e e e e e ee e e

pr s nc f a for ign f b n ath h walls

e e e o e oe e e er .

Th barbarians by th ir vast n mb r w r nabl d to

e e u e e e e e

compl t ly s r ound t h city and thus t it ff from its

e e u r e ,
cu o

s ppli s f food Fami soon forc d t h Romans to

u e o . ne e e su e

for t rms f surr nd r T h ambassadors of t h s nat

e o e e . e e e e,

wh n th y cam b for Alaric b gan in lofty and nb

e e e e e ,
e ,
u e

coming la g ag to wa n him not to r nd r t h Romans

n u e, r e e e

d sp rat by hard or dishonorabl t rms th ir fury wh n

e e e e e : e e

driv n to d spair th y r pr s nt d was t rribl and th ir

e e ,
e e e e e ,
e e, e

numb r normous Th thick r t h grass t h asi r to

e e . e e e ,
e e e

mow it was Alaric s d risiv r ply Th barbarian chi f

,
” ’
e e e . e e

tain at l ngth nam d h ra som that h wo ld acc pt d

e e t e n e u e an

Sp r t h city All t h gold and ilv r in t h city wh th r

a e e e S e e ,
e e

it w r t h prop rty of individ als or f h stat ; all t h

e e e e u o t e e e

rich and pr cio s movabl s and all h slav s that co ld

.

e u e t e e u

prov th ir titl to t h nam f barbaria

e e Th amaz de e e o n.
’
e e

commission rs in d pr cating ton s ask d If s ch 0

e ,
e e e ,
e :
“
u ,

king yo r d mands what do y int nd to l av ?

,
are u e ,
ou e e e u s
”

“
Yo r liv s r spond d h conqu ror
u e ,
”
e e t e e .

Th ra som was aft rwa ds consid rably modifi d and

e n e r e e

r duc d It was fix d at fi tho sand pounds of gold

e e . e
“
ve u ,

thirty tho sand of silv r fo r tho sand silk rob s thr

u e ,
u u en e , ee

tho s nd pi c s of scarl t cloth d thr tho sand po nds

u a e e e ,
an ee u u

of p pp Th last nam d articl was much s d in

e en
’
e - e e u e

Roman cook ry and was v ry xp nsiv b i g import d

e , e e e e, e n e

from India M rival in contrasting t h condition f Rom

. e e, e o e

at this tim with h anci t w alth and grand r stimat s

e er en e eu ,
e e

that t h gilding of t h roof of t h C apitolin t mpl far

e e e e e e

e xc d d t h tir ansom d that it was fo r hundr d

ee e e en e r ,
an u e

tim s l ss than that (fi milliards of francs) d m nd d f

e e ve e a e
“

o
432 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

Fr anc by t h P russia s in 8 7 S mall as it compa ativ ly

e e n 1 1 . r e

was t h Romans w abl to rais it only by h most

,
e ere e e t e

e xtraordina y m as r s Th imag s f t h gods w r first

r e u e . e e o e e e

stripp d of th ir ornam nts of gold and pr cio s ston s

e e e e u e ,

and fi ally h stat s th ms lv s w r m lt d down

n t e ue e e e e e e e .

7 32 S k f R. m b y Al r i (
ac Upon
o r ti ing o e a c A D . .
-
e r

f rom Rom Alaric stablish d his camp in Etr ria H r

.

e, e e u . e e

h was join d by gr at n mb rs of f gitiv slav s and by

e e e u e u e e ,

f sh acc ssions of ba bari ns from b yond h Alps Th

re e r a e t e . e

chi ft ine d m d d for his follow s lands of H onori s

a now e an e er u ,

w h with his co t was s f b hind t h ma sh s of R

o, ur ,
a e e e r e a

v na b t h mp ror tr t d all h proposals of h

en ; u t e e e ea e t e t e

ba ba ian wit h foolish insol nc

r r e e.

Rom paid t h p nalty Alaric t r d pon h city

e e e .
‘

u ne u t e ,

r solv d po its sack and pl nd r Th barbarians brok

e e u n u e . e e

i to h capital by night a n d t h inh bita ts w awak

n t e ,
“
e a n e re

e ne d by h t m do s so nd of t h G o hic tr mp t
t e re en u u e t u e .

P cis ly ight h ndr d y ars had pass d si c its sack by

re e e u e e e n e

th G a ls ( par
e u D ring that tim h Imp i l C ity
. u e t e er a

had carri d its victo io s st ndards ov r thr co in nts

e r u a e ee nt e ,

and had gath r d w ithin h t mpl s f i gods d h e e t e e e o ts an t e

p lac s of its nobl s h pl nd r of h world N it w as

a e e t e u e t e . ow

giv n ov r for a spoil to th fi c t ib s from b yond t h

e e e er e r e e e

Da b nu e .

Alaric command d his soldi s to r sp ct h liv s f h e er e e t e e o t e

p opl and to l av nto ch d h t s s f t h C hris

e e, e e u u e t e r e a u re o e

tian ch ch s b t th w alt h of t h ci iz s h p mit d

ur e u e e e t en e er te

th m to mak th ir o w n F i days and nights h

e e e . or S x t e

ro gh barba ians t oop d th o gh h s r ts f t h city on

u r r e r u t e t ee o e

th ir mission f pill g Th i w gons w r h ap d with

e o a e . e r a e e e e

t h costly f rnit r
e h rich plat and h silk n garm nts
u u e, t e e, t e e e
4 34 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

Italy int nding to cross t h straits of M ssina into Sicily

,
e e e ,

and aft r s bd ing that island ca ry his conq sts into

,
e u u ,
to r u e

t h provinc s
e f Africa H i d signs w r fr strat d by
e o . s e e e u e

his d ath which occ rr d

e , 4 W ith r ligio s car his u e A D
. . 1 0. e u e

follow rs s c r d h body of th ir h ro against mol station

e e u e t e e e e

by his n mi s Th littl r v r B i in N orth rn

e e e . e e i e u se n t n u s, e

B ru i m was t r
tt u d from its cours with gr at labor and
,
u ne e e ,

i t h b d of h st am was construct d a tomb in which

n e e t e re e ,

was plac d h b dy f t h ki g wi h his j w ls and tro

‘

e t e o o e n ,
t e e

phi s Th riv r was th n r stor d to its old chann l and

e . e e e e e e , ,

that t h xact spot might v r b kno w n h prison rs who

e e ne e e ,
t e e

had b n forc d to do t h work w r all put to d ath

ee e e e e e .
2

7 6
2 Th D i i t
.
g r t i n f t
e h E m p i r d
s n e t h B ginn in g a o o e e an e e s

o f t h B rb ri e K in gd m (
a a 4 an W m st now o s A D . . 1 0 e u

turn y s f rom Rom and Italy in ord r to watch t h

ou r e e e e e

mov m nt f v nts in t h w st rn provinc s f t h mpir

e e o e e e e e e o e e e.

D ring t h
u forty y ars f ollowing t h sack of Rom by
e e e e

Alaric t h G rman trib s s iz d h gr at r part of th s

,
e e e e e t e e e e e

provinc s and stablish d in th m what

e e known as t h e e are e

Barbarian K ingdoms .
”

Th G oths who had pillag d Rom

e and Italy aft r h e e , e t e

d ath f th ir gr at chi ftain Alaric (par

e o e end r h e . u e t e

l ad f his succ ssors At lf and Wallia r cross d h Alps

e o e ,
au
4
,
e e t e ,

and stablishing th ir camps in t h south of G a l and t h

e e e u e

north of S pain t p finally in thos r gions w hat is ,

se u e e

known as t h K i gdom f th Visigoths or W st G oths (

e n o e e se e

accompanying map) .

F l t
2 or v t a er V i s ig th
mo 6
em en s of th e o s , se e p ar 27

W ch s th
. .

3 e d t oo e th t th ye se ff i t v l
a es fo r th e r e a so n a e se t o th e n er a

b tw
e ee ng t v ts two ly re a ck R by l ic (
e en , nam e , t h e sa of ome A ar par .

27 3) d an b ttl fi
th e ( a e of C h lo ns pa r
th f s h
.

4 e n am e
d f A d p ol , A ol /z u s , a re o er o rm of t .
 S H O W IN G

BA R BAR IA N IN R O AD S
O N THE

FA LL OF THE ROMAN E MP RE I
RO M AN MILE S
0 5 0 1 00 200 3 00 400 5 00
E N G L IS H MIL E S

0 5 0 1 00 200 3 00 400 5 00
 TH E L A S T CE N T UR Y OF TH E E M P IR E
'

.
43 5

W hil
oths w r making th s migrations and t
e th e G e e e e se

tl m
e a kindr d but l ss civiliz d trib t h Vandals
e n t s, e e e e, e ,

moving from th ir s at in P annonia trav rs d G a l cross de e ,

e e u , e

th Pyr n s into S pain

e d th r occ pi d for a tim a
e ee ,
an e e u e e

larg tract of co ntry which in its pr s nt nam f A

e u ,
e e e o n

d l i pr s rv s t h
a us a m mory of its barbarian s ttl rs
e e e e e e e .

Thro gh t h tr ach ry f C o nt Bonifac h Roman gov

u e e e o u e, t e

e rno r of Africa that land was op n d to th ir conq sts ,

e e e ue .

Th y cross d h straits of G ib alt r ov rthr w h Roman

e e t e r a ,
e e t e

a thority in all N orth rn A frica and mad C arthag t h

u e ,
e e e

s at f a short liv d b t d ad d C orsair mpir (

e o - e u re e e e
5
A D . .

Abo t this sam tim h Burgundians w ho lik h

u e e t e , , e t e

Vandals w r clos kin of t h G oths partly by n gotiations

,
e e e e , e

with h Romans and partly by forc f arms stablish d

t e e o , e e

th ms lv s i S outh ast rn G aul and laid th r t h basis of

e e e n e e e e e

what is call d h K ingdom of t h B rgundians A por

e t e e u .
6

tion of t h r gion occ pi d by th s G rman s ttl rs still

e e u e e e e e e

r tains from th m t h nam f B g dy

e e e e o ur un .

M a whil t h Fra ks who about a c ntury b for t h

e n e e n , e e e e

sack of Rom by Ala ic had mad th ir first s ttl m nt in

e r e e e e e

Roman t rritory w st of h Rhin w r incr asing in

e e t e e, e e e

numb rs d in a thority and w r laying t h basis of what

e an u ,
e e e

aft r h f all of Rom

e t to b com known as t h K ing
e e w as e e e

dom of t h Franks t h b ginning of t h Fr nch nation f

e e e e e o

to d y
— a .
7

B t h most impo ta t of all t h s ttl m nts of t h bar

u t e r n e e e e e

b i
ar an s was b ing mad in t h r mot provinc of Britain
e e e e e e .

5 S e e par 2 79
h y b g th i s ttl m t withi t h
. .

6 T e e an e r e e en s n e em pi b t A D 443
re a ou

t ki g f t h F k s w C l vi s ( D 486
. . .

7 Th fi t g e rs re a n o e ra n as o A b ut

th p s
. .

h is reign li b y nd t h li m it w h v t f
es e o e e a e se or e tw k re en or .
436 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

In his ff orts to d f d Italy against h barbarian invad rs

e e en er e ,

S tilicho ( par 7 ) had withdrawn t h

. last 2l gion from Brit
1 e e

ain and had th s l ft unguard d t h H adrian Wall in t h

,
u e e e e

N orth ( par 7) and t h long coast lin facing t h contin nt

. 2 2 e - e e e .

Th P icts of C al don ia t king advantag of t h withdrawal

e e ,
a e e

of t h guardians of t h provinc swarm d ov r t h

e i e e, e e e u n se n t

m ll d rampa t and pillag d t h fi lds and towns f t h S o th

e e r e e e o e u .

Th half Romaniz d and ff minat provincials

e - no match
e e e e —

for th ir hardy kinsm n who had n v r bow d th ir n cks

e e e e e e e

to t h yok of Rom w r driv n to d spair by t h

e e e — e e e e e rav

ag s of th ir r l ntl ss n mi s and in th ir h lpl ssn ss

e e e e e e e e , ,
e e e e ,

i vit d to th ir aid h A gl s and S axons from t h shor s

n e e t e n e e e

of t h N orth S e Th s p opl cam in th ir r d boats ea . e e e e e e u e ,

drov back t h invad rs and b ing pl as d with t h soil

e e e , ,
e e e e

and climat of h isl nd took poss ssion f t h co ntry for

e t e a ,
e o e u

th ms lv s and b cam h anc stors f t h E glish p opl

e e e e e t e e o e n e e .

7 7
2 Inv i n. f t h H un B tt
as ol f Ch fil ( o e s a e o ons A D . .

T h ba bari ns that w r th s ov rrunning and parc lli g

e r a e e u e e n

ou t h inh ritanc of t h dying

t e e mpir w i t rn
e e e e e re now, n u ,

pr ss d pon and t rrifi d by a f mor hid o s and dr ad

e e u e e oe e e u e

f l in th ir y s than w r th y in t h
u e e e ight of t h p opl s e e e e S e e e

among whom th y had th st th ms lv s Th s w r t h e ru e e e . e e e e e

non Aryan H ns of whom hav alr ady ca ght a glimps

- u ,
we e e u e

as th y d ov h panic strick n G oths across h D an b

e r e t e -
e t e u e

( par . At this tim e h ir l ad r was At ila whom t h t e e e t ,

e

a ffright d inhabitants of E rop call d t h S courg of

e u e e e
“
e

G d o It was d clar d that t h grass n v r gr w again

.
”
e e e e e e

wh r onc th hoof f Attila s hors had trod

e e e e o
’
e .

Attila d f at d t h armi s of t h East rn mp ror and

e e e e e e e e e ,

e xact d trib t fro m h co rt f C onstantinopl Finally

e u e t e u o e .

h t rn d w stward and at t h h ad f
e u e e host numb ring , ,
e e o a e ,
43 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

r d d w llings th r gr w p in tim t h city of V nic

u e e ,
e e e u e e e e,

th e ld st daught r of t h Roman mpir t h C arthag

e e e e e e,
”
e e

o f th M iddl Ag s
e e e .
”

Th C onq ror thr at n d Rom ; but L

e ue th G r at e e e e eo e e ,

bishop f t h capital w nt with an mbassy to t h camp

o e ,
e '

e e

Of Attila and pl ad d f th city H call d to t h e e or e . e re e e

mi d f Attila how d ath had ov rtak n t h impio s Alaric

n o e e e e u

soon af t r h had giv n th Imp rial C ity as a spoil to his

e e e e e

warriors and warn d him not to call do w n u pon hims lf h

,
e e t e

lik j dgm nt f H av n (par

e u e To th s admoni io s
o e e . e e t n

o f th C hristian bishop was add d h

e p rsuasion of a e t e e

gold n brib from t h mp ror Val ntinian and Attila was

e e e e e , e

induc d to par S o th rn Italy and to l ad his warrio s

e S e u e ,
e r

back b yond h Alps S hortly aft r h had cross d h

e t e . e e e t e

D an b h di d s dd nly in his camp and lik Alaric was

u e, e e u e , , e ,

buri d s cr tly H i follo w rs gradually withdr w f rom

e e e . s e e

E rop u into t h wilds f th ir nativ S cythia or w r

e e o e e ,
e e

absorb d by t h p opl s th y had conq r d

e e e e e ue e .
9

79 2 S k f .R m b y t h acV n d l (
o 4 5 Rom
o e e a a s A D . .
— e

had b n sav d a visitation from h spoil r of t h N orth

ee e t e e e ,

9 h i s ch c t i ty p cti g
T e re mu p t which w i s
u n er a n re s e n th e ar th e a rr o r

of ttil
A h v t k a f ti
m ay a l t H g
e a t t
en in t h e o rm a o n of th e a er un ari a n s a e

in E u r o p h t pp s h v w d
e T igi
a a th i v di g
e ar to a e o e it s or n t o a no er n a n

s p pl th t t d p v l c t i s l t
.

b d an of the am e eo e, a e n e re E u ro e se e ra en u r e a e r.

Iti s l s t c t i s ys
at eas y th t M gy s
e r a n, p d”
a C re a a th e a ar of Ar a who

di t c s t s
, ,

are ithe mme b lk d H g i

a e an e d or of the u of th e mo e rn un ar a n s, a n

wh o c q d on c t y which b s
u e re the H g y ou n r e ar th e nam e of u n ar in
A D 889 w s t ck f ki d
e re of H
t h e s am eA ttil o o m an n as the u ns o f a,

i f th y did s s bdivisi
. .
,

e bl g no t th t t ck
e on t o th e am e u on of a s o N o r is
t diti th t f t ttil s d th
.

th e re y i p b bility
an m ro a yin t h e ra on a a er A a
’
ea m an
of hi s w i s i d H g y d th t th i d s c d t s ft
ar r o r r e m a ne in un ar an a e r e en an a er

H s
,

w d j i d
ar s o ne p d th i c th e c q t un of Ar a in e r are e r of on u es . It is
c t i th t
er a n a A ttil a ma d e Hu n g y th ar e se a t of h is em pi re .
— D eci sive
Ba tt les .
 TH E L A S T CE N T UR Y OF TH E E M P IRE .
4 39

but a d str ction was about to b rst pon it by way f

ne w e u u u o

th e from t h South A frica s nt t anoth r n my

se a e . e ou e e e

whos gr d for pl nd r prov d mor fatal to Rom than

e ee u e e e e

th t rnal hat of H annibal Th kings f t h Vandal

e e e e . e o e

empir in N orth rn Africa (par 76) had acquir d as p

e e . 2 e er

f t a supr macy in t h W st rn M dit rran an as C arthag

ec e e e e e e e e

ev r njoy d in t h days of h comm rcial prid Vandal

e e e e er e e.

corsai s sw pt h s as and harass d t h coasts of S icily

r e t e e e e

and Italy and v n pl nd r d h ma itim towns f h

,
e e u e e t e r e o t e

provinc s of h Roman mpir in t h East In t h y ar

e t e e e e . e e

45 5 a Vandal fl t l d by h d ad G i i (G ns ric)ee ,
e t e re e se r c e e ,

sail d up t h Tib
e e er .

Th s barbarians had b n xhort d by t h Roman

e e ee e e e

empr ss E doxia to co m and av ng h m rd r of h

e u e e e t e u e er

h sband Val ntinian and h forc d allianc with a s nator

u e er e e e

nam d M axim s who b ing inv st d with t h purpl had

e u , ,
e e e e e,

forc d t h widow d q n to acc pt t h hand stain d as

e e e u ee e e e ,

many b li v d with t h blood of h own h sband

e e e , e er u .

P anic s iz d h p opl for t h nam Vandal was pro

e e t e e e, e e

d w ith t r or throughout h world

no u n c e Again t h gr at
e r t e . e e

L who had onc b for sav d h i flock from t h f ry of

eo , e e e e s e u

an Attila (par w nt forth to int rc d in t h am of

. e e e e e n e

C hrist for t h Imp rial C ity G i i grant d to t h pio s

e e . e se r c e e u

bishop t h liv s of t h citiz ns but said that t h movabl

e e e e , e e

prop rty of t h capital b long d to his war io s F four

e e e e r r . or

t n days and nights t h city was giv n ov r to t h ruthl ss

ee e e e e e

barb rians Th ships of t h Vandals which almost hid

a . e e ,

with th ir n mb r t h wat rs f t h Tib r w r pil d as

e u e e e o e e , e e e ,

had b h wagons of h G oths b for th m (par

een t e t e e e e .

with h rich and w ighty spoils of t h capital P alac s

t e e e . e

w r stripp d f th ir ornam nts and f urnit r and t h

e e e o e e u e, e
44 0 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

walls f t h t mpl s d nud d of t h trophi s of a h ndr d

o e e e e e e e u e

Roman victori s From t h C apitolin sanctuary w r born

e .
1
e e e e e

o ff t h gold n candl stick and oth r sacr d articl s that

e e e e e e

Tit s had stol n from h T mpl at J r sal m (par

u e t e e e e u e .

Th gr d f t h barbarians was sat d at last and th y

e ee o e e , e

w r r ady to withdraw Th Vandal fl t sail d for C

e e e . e ee e ar

th g a b aring b sid s t h pl nd r f t h city mor than

e,
2
e ,
e e e u e o e ,
e

thi ty thousand of t h inhabitants as slav s C ar hag

r e e . t e,

thro gh h own barbarian conqu rors was at last av ng d

u er e , e e

upon h hat d rival Th mo rn ful -pr s ntim nt f S cipio

er e . e u e e e o

had f ll n t (par a e Th c u l fat of C arthag might

ru e . e r e e e

hav b n r ad again in t h pillag d city that t h Vandals

e ee e e e e

l ft b hind th m
e e e .

8 2 F l l f t h R m n E m pi r i t h W t (
0. a o e o a e n e es A D . .

O ly h shado w of h Empir in h W st
n t e r main d t e e t e e no w e e .

All h provinc s Illyric m G a l Bri ain S pain and

t e e — u ,
u , t , ,

Africa w in h hands of t h G oths h Vandals h

e re t e e ,
t e , t e

Franks h B rg dians t h A gl s and S axons and vari

,
t e u un ,
e n e ,

ou s oth r intr ding trib s Italy as w ll as Rom h rs lf

e u e .
,
e e e e ,

had b com again d again t h spoil of t h barbarians

e e an e e :

Th sto y of th t w nty y ars follo w ing t h sack f t h

e r e e e e o e

capital by G i i affords only a r p tition of t h v nts

e se r c e e e e e

we hav b n narrating e ee .

1 w ld It th t s ou i s t c s l s t ft
se e m cl i g a in om e n an e at ea a er th e os n of

s c d thi g ch
, ,

the t pl em p g w hip es yt o th e a an o rs m an of th e a re n s, s u as w ar

t phi s w l ft di t b d i
,

ro e e re dific wh th y d b
e u n s ur e n the e es e re e ha een

pl c d d i g p g ti s
,

a e u r n a an me
v t k by s t d s ff
.

2 fl t
Th e ee w as d od g b er a en a o rm a n u e re so m e ama e, ut

the m o s t p ci s lic it bre c p d h

ou of g ld th e re s o re es a e a rm Th e o en

f ic c pit l
.

c dl tick ch d
an es re a c v d c t yl t
e the A r an a a w as re o e re a en u r a e r,

s t ti pl by J s ti i d by pl c d f
,

an d l dg d o e in C o n an no e u n an , an h im re a e ro m

p s titi s tiv s J th t ti its hi s t y l t

,

su er ou l F mo e , in e ru s a e m . ro m a me or is os .
”

M E R IV A L E .
44 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

r vol tion bro ght it abo t that f a long tim t h

Th e e u u u or e e

lamp f c ltur b rn d w i h l ss n d light It bro ght in

o u e u e t e e e . u

th call d D ark Ag s D uring this p riod h w rac

e so- e e . e t e ne e

w r slowly lifting h ms lv s to t h l v l of c lt r that

e e t e e e e e e u u e

th G r ks and Romans had attai

e ee d ne .

B t t h r vol tion m ant m ch b sid s disast r

u e e ud e u e e e an

loss It m ant h
. ichm nt of civilization thro gh t h
e t e e nr e u e

incoming of a d spl ndidly ndo w d rac Within

ne w an e e e e .

th mpir duri g s v ral c n ri s thr of h most vi al

e e e n e e e tu e ee t e t

l m nts of civiliza io h G k h Roman and t h

e e e t n, t e re e ,
t e , e

H br w C hristian had b n grad ally bl ndi g

e e - N w ,
ee u e n . o w as

add d a f o rth factor t h G rmanic It is this l m nt

e u ,
e e . e e e

which has had v ry m ch to do in making mod rn e u e

civilization rich r mor myriad sid d and mor progr ssiv e ,

e - e , e e e

tha y pr c ding
n an e e o ne .

Th do nfall of h Roman imp rial gov r m t in h

e w t e e e n en t e

W st was f rth r an v nt of imm ns significanc in h

e ,
u e ,
e e e e e t e

political world for h r ason tha it r d r d possibl ,

t e e t en e e e

t h growth in W st
e E rop of s v ral natio s or stat s e e rn u e e e n e

in plac of h si gl mpir This was a r vol tion f as

e t e n e e e . e u o

gr at import for t h histo y of E rop as h imp nding

e e r u e t e e

br ak p of h C hi s mpir d t h distrib tion of its

e -u t e ne e e e an e u

t rritori s among t h E rop an pow rs promis s to b for

e e e u e e e e

t h history of East rn Asia

e e .

Anoth r cons q nc of h fall of t h Roma pow r in

e e ue e t e e n e

h W st was t h d v lopm nt of t h P apacy I D ant s

’
t e e e e e e e . n e

phras s d in conn ction with t h r moval by C onstan

e — u e e e e

t in f h imp rial gov rnm nt to h Bospor s it gav

e o t e e e e t e u
“
e

h P astor room In t h abs nc of an mp ror in t h

8 ’
t e . e e e e e e

W st t h pop s rapidly gain d infl nc and pow r and

e e e e ue e e ,

6 T h e Ro m a n bi h p s o .
 TH E L A S T C E N T UR Y OF TH E E M P IR E .
44 3

soon b ilt p an ccl siastical mpir that in som r sp cts

u u e e e e e e e

took t h plac of t h old mpir and carri d on its civilizing

e e e e e e

work .

R F R N E U E E s t v l bl igi l
C ES — TA C IT S, H t Ger m a n ia : the m o a u a e or na

cc t th t p ss s m s cs
.

a oun d a we o es o n m an n e r of ou r G e r m an au e

t s
or d K IN It a ly an h er
d d l n nish , a n t h e V an a

i v si s M M N (H
n a on H.
f IL iii A . Th e ist ory o Ch r ist ia n ity , vo l . .

D IL L R H W om a n S oc iety i n t h e L a st Ce n tu r o the est e r n

A b k c tly p bli h d ( 9 ) d f s p s d v l
oo re en u s e 1 8 an o un ur a se a u e e st u

his t y sh ld f il
.

d t en F ll
of the d bk i
or of th e a of Ro m e ou no t a to re a

s t flicts C h i s ti
. .

ch p pp 3 9
a ii g i with 2 —
4 Th e L a C on of Pa a n sm the r an

ch p iii pp 5 6 S A g s ti
. . .
,

Em pi re d i a . . .
0
— 1 , . u u ne a n O ro s u s on t h e C ap
tu re R bk
of 89 3 F il
ome d i i t ti
”
; iii pp
°

1 —2
4,
“
Th e a u re of A m n s ra on

l ss h d si
. . .

an d R i f Middl
th e v l d by
u n o the e C a as re ea e the T eo o an

Co d d bk iv pp 3 3 8
e anB b i s d F t . . . 2 7
— 1 , Th e ar ar a n an th e u u re of

th e Em pi re.
”
C URTE IS ( A . H is t ory of th e R om a n E mp ir e f r om

th e D ea t h o
f Th eodosiu s t h e Gr ea t to t h e Cor o n a t ion f
o Ch a r les t h e G r ea t ,
A D 3 95 — 800,
. . a — ch p s vi ix pp 9 5 7 . . . .
-1 1 . G IBBO N Th e D eclin e an d
Fa ll of t h e R om a n E mp i r e, ch p ix
y till t h a
“
Th e S t t
a e of G e rm a n e

I v si n f B b i s in t h
. .
,

Ti m Em p D ci
”
n a o o th
f th e ar ar a n e e o e e ro r e us

F N AY E ff t f t h S p
.

I L Hi t y f G l 1 ch p 1 § 7 s or o r eec e, v o a
“
ec o e e a

E t n nd W s t n E m pi s
. . . .
,

ra ti f th
on o e th G k N ti
as e r a e er re on e re e a on.
”

C H U R H (R Th B g i
C i g f t h M iddl Ag (E p ch S i ) e e nn n s o e e es o er es

I nt d cti nd ch p i C U (E S i t A g ti
. .

R d th
ea e
“
ro u on a a . . TT S . a n u u s ne

( F tha f E gli h R d
e rs ) C RR
or Th Chn h d th R m
s ea e rs A e u rc an e o an

s s
.

E mp i ( E p ch f
re C h ch H i t y ) ch
o p xiii pp 7 o Th ur or a 10 -1 21 “
e

F ll f P g nis m
.
, . .
,

a o ch p xviii pp 46— 64 A l ic nd t h G th
a a a 1 1 ar a e o s
”

FR M A N ( E
. . .
.
,

EE Th Th Ch i f P i d f E p Hi t y L e r ee e er o s o u ro ea n s or ec.

s KN Y
.
,

III R m.
,
“
nd t h N w N ti o e a Th R m e e a on . I G SL E if e o an

an d th T t L e I II d III C R A S Y ( E
eu on , D i i e c s. .
, .
, an . E .
sleek
ec s ve

B t t l f t h W ld ch p vi
a es o Th B ttl
e f C h il or A D a
“
e a e o
'
z o n s,

ch p s vii nd viii
. . . .
, ,

A L LA R D L Ch i t i i m t l E m pi R m i e r s an s e e
’
re o a n, a a

pp 3 7 87 E M RTO N
. . .

2 —2 A I t d ti t th St d Ey f th
le le
a
n n ro uc on o e u o e

Th s ch pt s c v
. .

M iddl Ag ch p ii d iii pp
e e s, 47 a s. in n an II— e e a er o er a

d m i bl w y t h f ll wi g s bj cts T h Tw R c s Th B k
. . . .

“ ” “
a ra e a e o o n u e e o a e e re a

ti by t h V i ig th s s
,

i g f th F
n o e d Th I v i
ro n f th H
er e s o ,
”
an e n as o n o e un .
”
44 4 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

R O MA N E M P E RO R S FR O M C O M M O D U S T O R O M UL US
A UG US T US .

( A D . . 1 80—47

Com m o d s u D i cl ti
o e an

P ti n x
er a M axim ia n
D idi J li us u a nu s C on st an ti u s I
s
.

S e pt im iu s Se v e ru G ale riu s
C ara c ll st
C on ti n t h e G re a t
It
a a an e

Ge a R ig e ns a s s l
o e ru er l
Mac rin u s C st
on an ti n e II
l g bl s st
.

E a a a u C on a ns I
s s
.

Al x e d S v
an er e e ru C o ns t nti
a u II
igns s
.

M xi m i
a n Re as l
o e ru e r l
G dior III an . J li n t h A p s t t
u a e o a e

P hilip J vi n
o a

D ci s V l n ti i n I

l
e u a e n a .

P i d
er o f th o e T hi ty
r V l n (i t h E t )
a e s n e as

Ty t ran s G ti n
ra a

Cl di
au us M xi m
a us

A li
u re an V l n ti i
a e II n an

T cit s E g ni s
.

a u u e u

P b s
ro u Th d i s th G t
eo os u e re a

C aru s R ig nse l mp as s o e e e ro r

C a rinu

j
s

N u m e ria n

FIN A L PA RT IT IO N O F T H E R O MA N E M P IR E .

(A . D .

E M PE RO RS IN THE E AS T . E M P E R O RS IN T HE WEST .

( F ro m A . D . 395 t o F ll
a of Ro m e ) . A D
. .

A D
. .
i
H o no r us —
39 5 4 2 3
Arc di a us
39 5
—
408 V l
a enti i n an III -
4 5 45
2
5
M xi m s
.

Th d i eo os u s II .
4 08 —
4 50 a u 4 55
M ciar an 45 0—
45 7 A vit u s 4 5 5 4 56
—

Le o I —
4 57 4 7 4 Co u n t c t Ric im e r re a e s

dd p s s mp
.

Z e no — 6—
47 4 49 1 an e o e e e ro r s, 45 47 2
Ro m l s A g st s
u u u u u 47 5 47 6
-
 4 4 6 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

h althy ind strial lif It also m

e u
m e.

h morals gf both mast r

t e l i d i g h f lings e anc ay e, n u ra t n t e ee

of t h and d stroying t h manhood of h o h r In

fi/ w

e o ne , e e t e t e .

all th s ways t h slav syst m t nd d to nd rmin t h

e e e e e e e u e e e

v ry fo ndations of t h stat
e u e e .

A s cond conomic ca s
e f t h d clin of Roman soci ty
e u e o e e e e

of M
” p rsons All h ff orts that had b n mad by t h stat s
w h
as m t i
p lga t i
e on O o g nm ew

e t e e ee e e e

m m lat r r public and by t h mp rors to r m dy

.

e e e e e e e

this vil d to cr at e in h vario s provinc s f t h

e an e t e u e o e

mpir a body f fr p asant propri tors had ff ct d

e e o ee e e ,
e e e

v ry littl In t h fif h c ntury aft r C hrist as in t h tim

e e. e t e e , e e

of h G racchi ( p
t e h gr at mass s who t rn d t h ar . t e e e u e e

soil had not a clod that th y co ld call th ir o w n This e u e .

condition of thi gs for bod d disast r to t h stat Any n e e e e e .

soci ty in which t h soil na r s fr and q al gift to all

e e ,
tu e
’
ee e u ,

is allo w d to b com t h poss ssion of a f w and th r by

e e e e e e e e

t h m ans f nslaving t h
e e many m st i vitably d cay and
o e e ,
u ne e

p rish e .

A third conomic ca s f h fail r of t h

e mpir w u e o t e u e e e e as

fisc al W hav s n wh iff m

—“
o r e ss 1 o n e e ee a

th im
e p rial tax es laid pon
e t h p opl ( par T h u e e e . e

condition f Fr nc j st b for t h M tim j of 1 89 or

o a e u e e e
_
u j 1 ,

th t of t h Turkish mpir t t he p t tim fi fii an

/

’ ‘

a
‘

a e e e r e se n e, a r S

ill stration of h w r tch d condition to which t h Roman

u t e e e e

w orld had b n r d c d by h xactions and h pp

ee e u e t e e t e O re s

sion f h imp rial gov rnm nt

o t e e e e .

S till anoth r conomic caus of t h f all of t h

e e mpir was e e e e e

Th historian S l y says that e ee e

th m pi
e e df lack f m
re This fail r p p
e e o o e n.
4
u e ln O u

4
R om a n Imp e r z a lz sm , p .
54 .
 CA US E S OF TH E F A LL OF TH E E M P IR E .
44 7

lation r s lt d in part from slav ry cr shing taxation and

e u e e ,
u ,

t h practic of c libacy and in part from h

e e wast of lif
e ,
t e e e

ca s d by constant wars by plag s and by t h m r con

u e ,
ue ,
e e e

tact f civilization with ba barism

o r .
5

N oth r industrial syst m d pl t s pop lation so rapidly

0 e e e e e u

as do s slav ry It und rmin s t h family and at t h sam

e e . e e e ,
e e

tim w ars out m with a rapidity and r thl ssn ss not

e e en u e e

e xc d d v n by h military syst m in tim s of war In

ee e e e t e e e .

th s dir ct and in many o h r indir ct ways slav ry h lp d

e e e ,
t e e , e e e

to thin h population of t h mpir and to lay it op n to

t e e e e, e

t h invasions of t h barbarians
e e .

Af t r slav ry h intol rabl burd n f imp rial t t n

e e , t e e e e o e
.
ax a 1 o

was p rhaps h most promin nt caus f t h d pop lation

e t e e e o e e u

o f h tmpir Thousands of h oppr ss d provincials fl d

e e e. t e e e e

across t h fronti s and so ght an asyl m among t h bar

e er u u e

b i L if o tsid t h
a r a n s. pal of civilization had b com
e u e e e e e

pr f rabl to li f within
e e e e .

Anoth r caus of th d clin in pop lation was h singu

e e e e e u t e

lar av rsion that t h b t t _cl f th e Bgm

e vi c d to e e r
e_ ass Q , , ,
an s e n e

mar iag W m t du ing t h p riod f h mpir w ith a

r e . e ee r e e o t e e e

crowd of imp rial dicts d aling with this s bj ct P nalti s

e e e u e . e e

and bounti s d privations and privil g s ntr ati s and

e , e e e ,
e e e

e xpost lations in t rn r sort d to by t h p rpl x d

u ar e u e e e e e e

e mp rors in ord r to discourag c libacy and to fost r a

e , e e e e

p r and h althy f amily lif B t all was in vain Th

u e e e. u . e

marriag stat contin d to b h ld in gr at dis st m

e e ue e e e e ee

( par And
. h
g; ti iam t i
y nst ad f corr cting t h ,
r s
’

e o e e

e vil rath r mad matt rs wors ; f j st now t h t achings

, e e e e or u e e

of t h monks w r p rsuadi g vast m ltit d s f h s p

e e e e n u u e o t e u e

rior sanctity of t h solitary or h mo astic lif and th r by e t e n e, e e

5 I bid p .
, .
58 .
44 8 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

filling t h d s rts of Egypt and t h monast ri s f all lands

e e e e e e o

with m who b li v d that th y co ld b st liv h h igh r

en e e e e u e e t e e

lif by fr ing th ms lv s of all family and social car s and

e ee e e e e

duti s e .

To th s vario s ag nci s of d population must b add d

e e u e e e e e

that of dom stic and for i gn wars Th many bloody e e . e

str ggl s b tw
u h en m rous aspirants for t h imp rial
e een t e u e e e

dignity and t h constant fighting of t h l gions in t h d

,
e e e e e

f nc f h fronti rs had an xha sting ff ct pon h

e e o t e e ,
e u e e u t e

e mpir Th flow r of h Roman rac was sw pt away

e . e e t e e e

by t h accid nts of war and t h gaps in t h ranks of t h

e e ,
e e e

l gions co ld b fill d only by r cruits from among h

e u e e e t e

barbarians .

F rth rmor
u d ring h lat r c nt ri s f h mpi
e e, u t e e e u e o t e e re ,

pla g s f xtraordi ry vir l nc d solat d its provinc s

ue o e na u e e e e e .

Th s visitations can b compar d to no hi g in t h follow

e e e e t n e

ing c nturi s sav t h t rribl p stil nc f t h Black D ath

e e e e e e e e e o e e ,

which in t h fo rt nth c nt ry d stroy d from a third to a

e u ee e u e e

half of h pop lation of E rop What mad th s arli r

t e u u e. e e e e e

visitations so much mor fatal to soci y w h f ct e et as t e a

that t h spri gs f r cup ration had th n b n fatally

e n o e e e ee

impair d e .

W hat part in this p oc ss of d population may b as r e e e

sign d to t h last of h ca s s
e hav n m rat d
e t e u e we e e u e e ,

nam ly t h contact of civilizatio with barbarism it wo ld

e ,
e n ,
u

b di ffic lt to say
e It is a fact that th r
u rac s to day . e e ar e e -
,

lik h A m
e t Indians and t h So th S Island rs
e e r1 c a n e u ea e ,

th ta m lting away from m r contact with a civiliz

ar e e e e a

tion which h y cannot or will not assimilat In t h sam

t e e . e e

way S l y maintains in S pain i Ga l in Britai and in

,
ee e , ,
n u ,
n,

t h D an bian provinc s of h
e u mpir t h barbarian rac s e t e e e, e e
4 50 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

from t h C hurch If any w r comp ll d to nt r t h

e . e e e e e e e

l gions such w r njoin d to fight backwardly

e ,
e e e e
“
.
” 6

Th r s lt of this d clin in t h military pirit among t h

e e u e e e S e

Romans was as w hav s n that h r cr iting ground,

e e ee , t e e u

of t h l gions b cam t h barbarian lands o tsid t h

e e e e e u e e

e mpir Th ranks f t h army w r fill d wi h barba

e . e o e e e e t

ria s and abl m from among th m lik Stilicho and

n ; e en e ,
e

R i im ]c s rp d as command rs t h plac s onc h ld by

er u u e e e e e e

th F b ii and t h S cipios
e a e .

This loss f t h military spirit in a military g and this

o e a e,

transformation in t h armi s f Rom co ld of cours hav e e o e u e e

no oth r outcom than such as hav s n to b t h issu

e e we e ee e e e

of it all t h ntranc into h army f a non Roman spirit

e e e t e o -
,

and t h fi al ov rthrow of t h imp rial gov rnm nt by h

e n e e e e e t e

r volt of h mutino s l gio s

e t e u e n .

85 P lit i l
2 .S i lC u o C hi f among h ca s s
ca or oc a a ses . e t e u e

contrib tory to h fall of t h mp r that may b gath d

u t e e e i e e ere

u nd r this h ad ism
e ni ty 1 h stat M od rn
e , u 11 t e e . e

stat sm n pr dict t h dissolution f t h A stro H g ian

e e e e o e u - un ar

mo archy for h r ason that it is form d of s ch a mixt r

n t e e e u u e

of rac s N t h old Roman mpir was in this r sp ct

e . ow e e e e e

lik this mod rn stat

e e e .

Th r was v ry distinct lin of cl avag w hich divid d

e e one e e e e e

th mpir into an E ast rn da W st rn half W may v ry

ee e e an e e . e e

prop rly h IM e c w R m
a Rom s
o an . e

had Romaniz d t h W st and a larg part of it r mains e e e ,

e e

L atin to this day ; but h co ld not Romaniz h E st s e u e t e a .

It r main d ss ntially G r k to t h last Th b ildi g of

e e e e ee e . e u n

6 Th e g v o er n m e n tg e n e ra lly ll w d t h C h i ti t p vid
a o e e r s a ns o ro e su b st i
t u te s or t o p ay a su m of m o ne y i li f p s l s vic
n eu o e r o na er e.

7
Se e p ar s . 2 68 a nd 2 80 .
 CA US E S OF TH E FA LL OF TH E E M P IR E .
45 1

t h e n ew Rom by C onstantin on t h Bosporus and t h

e e e , e

final division f t h mpir by Th odosius t h G r at ( par

o e e e e e e .

w r vi w d from
e e, sid simply formal
e e
g i o ne e, re c o n

tions of t h f act that t h two halv s f t h mpir could

e e e o e e e

not b mad alik

e e e .

B sid s this gr at ri f t in t h
e e mpir W e e e e S

oth lin s of
z e re er e

cl avag which follow d in t h main t h old bo ndari s

e e e , e , e u e

o f t h trib s or nations that Rom had s bj gat d

e e It was e u u e .

t h still
e nsubd d national spirit in Sp i d G aul and
u ue a n an

B itain
r d among h G rmans and h J ws that f
, an t e e t e e , , or

o ne thing mad n c ssary t h chang of t h r p blic into

,
e e e e e e e u

th e military mpir This national spi it was not so strong

e e. r

in t h lat r days of t h mpir as it was h arli r ; y

e e e e e ln t e e e et

it was by m ans v rywh r d ad Ev n wh it had

no e e e e e e . e e re

practically di d t th had not y t spr ng p to tak

e ou , ere e u u e

its plac a f ling f attachm t for t h mpir Th s for

e ee o en e e e. u ,

i stanc as h his torian St ph ns says G l c as d to

n e, t e e e ,
“
au e e

b e a nation with out b coming in s ntim nt or spi it an e e e r

i t gral m mb r of h mpir
n e e G a l th r for f ll
e t e e e . u e e e e an

e asy pr y to h G rman invad rs

e er e e .

As it w as with t h larg r t rritorial divisions f t h e e e o e

e mpir so was it with t h citi s Th mpir was mad

e, e e . e e e e

up of h ndr ds of citi s but t h citiz ns f th s towns

u e e ; e e o e e ,

w ith v ry f w xc ptions took n ith r prid nor int r st

e e e e , e e e e e

in imp ial a ffairs W may say that Rom d stroy d city

er . e e e e

p triotism i anti q ity but witho t calling into xist nc

a n u ,
u e e e

an
y broad r s tim nt oref ling M w
en r no lo g r
e ee . en e e n e

willi g to di
n to liv ith r for th ir city or for h
e or e e e e t e

e mpir It was this lack of spirit al ti s binding in a vital

e. u e ,

8 L ect u r e: on Me H ist ory of Fr a n ce , p . 686

45 2 R OM E AS AN E M P IRE .

nion t h citi s and comm niti s of t h mpir that t h

.

u e e u e e e e, e

stat sman historian G izot maintains was a chi f ca s of

e - u e u e

its dissol tion W ith t h first blows of t h barbarians it

u
9
. e e

f ll to pi c s
e e e .

B sid s all th s divisions in t h

e e mpir r s lting f om e e e e e, e u r

th gr at numb r of di ff r t rac s and primitiv city

e e e e en e e

stat s which during c nturi s of conq st Rom had

e , e e ue , e

bro ght und r h dominion th r w r thos divisio s of

u e er , e e e e e n

th pop lation into ord rs or class s h rich and h

e u e e ,
— t e t e

p oor £1 3 d ,
th bond t h titl d d t h ntitl d
1
"

e , e e an e u e ,

w hich d stroy d t h homog n o sn ss of soci ty and

e e e e e u e e , re n

d r d impossibl t h stablishm t of a st o g nifi d stat

e e e e e en r n u e e .

T h gr at majority of t h p opl
e e living nd r h Roman e e e u e t e

gov rnm nt had no int r st whatso v r in h lpi g to d f nd

e e e e e e e n e e

and phold it T h oppr ss d class s in h p ovi c s

u . e e e e t e r n e

ev ry w h r w lcom d h ba ba ians as d liv r rs

e e e e e t e r r e e e .

Fi ally amo g t h political ca s s f t h fall of Rom

n ,
n e u e o e e

m st b am d t h lack of a r l or i i
u e n e e u e
_ r nc

to h thro t Th e imp rial crown d ri g t h fi c nt

n e. e e ,
u n e ve e u

ri s with which hav had to do v r b cam h r dita y

e we e ,
ne e e e e e r

or r g larly l ctiv Almost from first to last as hav

e u e e e .
,
we e

s t h mp ror g n rally r ach d h thron by irr g lar

ee n, e e e e e e e t e e e u

and viol nt m ans Th str ngth of t h mpir was wast d

e e . e e e e e e

in co stantly r c rring wars of s cc ssion C o ld a dynasty

n e u u e . u

hav b n stablish d i t h first c t y and had th r

e ee e e n e en u r ,
e e

grown up among t h p opl a f ling of loyalty to w ards t h e e e ee e

imp rial family lik that for instanc of h S cotch to t h

e , e , e, t e e

H o s of S t art this s ntim nt wo ld hav giv n s c ity

u e u , e e u e e e u r

and stability to t h thron and t h history of t h mpir e e, e e e e

might hav b n wholly di ff r nt from what it was

e ee e e .

9 H ist ory of Civiliz a t ion in E u r op e L e c II , . .

4 54 R OM E AS AN E M P IR E .

north rn barbarians j st as t h sam caus s two c nt ri s

e , u e e e , e u e

lat r facilitat d t h conq sts of t h M ohamm dan

e , e e u e e e

Arabs .

H w gr atly t h d cay of t h old Roman virtu s and

o e e e e e

th g n ral d clin in t h standard of morality in h lat r

e e e e e e t e e

empir contrib t d to t h final catastroph has b n mad

e u e e e ee e

plain by our narrativ f t h transactions and r volutions e o e e

of h imp rial p riod As in t h tim of t h lat r r p blic

t e e e . e e e e e u ,

so now t h niv rsal moral d cad nc form d a sort of

, e u e e e e e

q icksand hat r f s d support to social instit tions of v ry

u t e u e u e e

ki d and r nd r d f til ll ff o ts to stay t h downward

n , e e e u e a e r e

t nd ncy f things
e e o .

87 Th Adv n
2 f t h G r m n Trib
. i P lit i l O g n i
e a ce o e e a es n o ca r a

zati d Mili ry Di iplin

on an T h r al ca s s of t h fail
ta sc e. — e e u e e

u re of h Roman mpir m st of co rs b so ght w ithin

t e e e u u e e u

th mpir its lf T h saying f Em rson is v r tr

e e e e . e o e e e u e,

that a thing cannot b cr sh d by a blow f om witho t e u e r u

u til r ady t p ish f om d cay w ithin Tho gh may

n e o er r e . u we

not th r for look f t h primary ca s s of t h fall of

, e e e, or e u e e

Rom any w h r o tsid t h mpir still may look for

e e e u e e e e, we

s co dary ca s s f t h disast r in h condition of h

e n u e o e e t e t e

G rm n barb ian world

e a ar .

N otwithstanding h fact that t h failing civiliz a tion f t e e o

th M dit rran a w orld was s rro nd d on ll sid s by

e e e e n u u e a e

ba barian mi s still as t h v t prov d t h o ly r ally

r ene e , , e e en e , e n e

dang ro s ar a of barbarism in h fifth c nt ry lay h

e u e t e e u on t e

north rn fronti rs of t h mpir H r w r t h G rman

e e e e e. e e e e e e

folk .

S inc h campaigns of Juli s C sar ( par

e t e th s u ae . e e

p opl had gain d m ch in political xp ri nc and had

e e e u e e e e,

form d po w rf l conf d raci s By h Romans too th y

e e u e e e . t e , , e
 CA US E S OF TIIE FA LL OF TH E E M P IR E .
45 5

had b n ta ght t h art of war Th s anci nt civilization

ee u e . u e

arm d ba barism agai st its lf

e r n e .
1

W hat part th s north rn trib s play d in h closing e e e e e t e

sc n s of t h drama of h fall of t h mpir

e e e hav t e e e e, we e

alr ady s n Th y w r t h imm diat or proximat

e ee . e e e e e e e

caus f t h br ak p of t h imp rial gov rnm nt in t h

e o e e -u e e e e e

W st e .

FRN
RE H E N E fi CES d f - pp O DG K I T e In va er s o Ita ly , v o l. 11 .

s s
. .

5 3 2-
3 61 ,F ll “
C auW t pie Yof th e a of th e e s e rn Em re .
”
S EELE

(J p
** pp 3 6
R om a n Im xi t e r ia lism Le c II 7 —
4,
“
Th e P ro ma e

ss
. . .
, .

C au F ll
e R of pi
the BU RY (J
a H
of th e o m an Em re . We A ist o ry
ts
.

f
o t/ R
z e L a t er p i ch p iii pp 5 3 6 l
om a n Em ir e, vol a 2 — “
E em e n of

isi t g ti k sl v y
. . . . .
,

D n e R ra pi on th
in t h e o m an Em re .
”
Th e au or ma es a er

pp s iv t x ti b b i s d h is ti ity
,

o re si p t tie a a o n, the m or a on of ar ar an an C r an the

chi f c s s w k ss d f il
,

fo u r e au e pi F
of R
the ea ne an a u re of th e em re . O W LE

(W W ) N ch p xi pp 3 33 D iss l ti
, T/z e City -S ta t e
, a . . . 0 6— 2,
“
o u on of t h e
C ity S t t - R a e : pi M R V
th e H
o m an
f fi Em re
”
E I ALE ist ory o t e

R om a n s
p n n a erl st’
p g t/ M N
ze E m U U ir e , v o l. vu a f ew a es O T E SQ IE

N R
. .
, ,

T fi e Gr a n a c n r f
’
R ch p xix
a na
’
D eca de n c e o t/
ze om a n s , a . . A D EW S

( E . In st it u t es f
o Ge n er a l H ist o ry , pp .
99
—1 1 1 . S H EPPA R D
(J .

T/z e Fa ll of R om e a nd z e R ise
t/ o
f tb e N ew N a tio n a lit ies, L e c II pp
N
. . .

6 1 - 1 06 FI L A Y . H ist ory o
f Gr e ec e , vo l . i ch p ii
. a . . 1 0, o n De cli n

i ng C o n diti on of the G re e k P p l ti
o u a on in t h e E p n P vi c
u ro ea ro n es of th e

E as t e rn Em pi re .
”

1 M o d e rn
civili ti h za on as d o ne th e thi g ; b t f t t ly n t
s am e n u o r u na e o

an
y f t ho lly b b i e rea ar ar a n a nd w a r- o l vi g c th t w h v m d
n ra e s a e a e ar e

an d t ght t h au t f m d e ar o o e rn w a rf a r e are f m id bl i m bor a e n nu e rs .

P ART IV —
A R C H IT E C TUR E ,
L IT E RATUR E ,

L AW ,
AN D S O C IA L L I FE .

C H A PT E R XX III .

A R C H IT E C T UR E .

88 2 ntr du t ry W p rpos in h pr s nt chapt r

. I o c o .
— e u e t e e e e

to say som thing f rth r r sp cting t h gr at archit ct ral

e u e e e e e e u

wo ks of h anci nt Romans any xt nd d d scription of

r t e e ,
e e e e

w hich b for this tim w o ld hav brok

e e h co tin ity e u e en t e n u

of narrativ An xamination of th s as th y stood

ou r e . e e e e

b fo tim and viol nc laid d facing ha ds pon th m

e re e e e e n u e ,

or as th y app ar now aft r h d cay and spoliation of

e e e t e e

many c t ri s will t nd to r nd r mor r al and to

en u e ,
e e e e e ,

impr ss mor d ply pon

e minds t h story w hav
e ee u ou r , e e e

b n f ollo w ing ( F ti p e )
ee see r on s i ce .

89 Gr k Or igin f R m n Ar h it tur ; t h Ar h
2 . ee o o a c ec e e c .

T h archit ct r of t h Romans was in t h

e e mai an imi
u e e , e n,

t tia of G r k mod ls B t t h Roma s w r not m r

on ee e . u e n e e e e

s vil imitators Th y not only modifi d t h

er e h it. e e e ar c ec

t ral forms th y borrow d b t th y gav th ir str ct r s

u e e ,
u e e e u u e

a disti ct haract r by t h promi nt of t h arch w hich

n C e e ne u se e ,

th G r k and t h ori ntal b ild rs s ldom mploy d tho gh

e ee e e u e e e e , u

th y w r acquaint d with its prop ti s By m ans of it

e e e e er e . e

th Roman b ild rs va lt d t h roofs of t h larg st b ild

e u e u e e e e u

ings carri d st p ndo s aq d cts across t h d p st val

, e u e u ue u e ee e

45 6
458 AR CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , LA W .

almost xclusiv ly Italian Th b st r pr s ntativ of this

e e . e e e e e e

class of sacr d dific s is t h P anth on at Rom which

e e e e e
3
e,

has com down to our own tim s in a stat f wond rful

e e e o e

pr s rvation This structur is abo t

e e . h ndr d and e u o ne u e

forty f t in diam t r Th imm ns concr t dom which

ee e e . e e e e e e

va lts h building is
u t of t h bold st pi c s of masonry
e o ne e e e e

e xe d by t h mast r b ild s of h world

u te T h t mpl e - u
p t
e er e . e e e

is f ront d by a spl ndid portico forming a thick grov f

e e , e o

col mns thro gh which ntra c is giv n to t h shrin

u , u e n e e e e

( par .Th doors w r of bronz and still r ma

e n e e e, e 1 1n

p lac It was
e built
. about 5 B by t h cons l M Agrippa 2 . C . e u .
,

son i law of Augustus Th dific is now a C hristian

- n- . e e e

sanct ary u .

9 2 C i u 1 Th
. t d A m
rc p it h tr
h ses , Th cir ea res , an ea es . e

cus s of t h Romans w r what w sho ld call rac cours s

e e e e e u e e .

Th r w r s v ral at Rom t h most c l brat d b ing t h

e e e e e e e, e e e e e e

Ci M im
r cu s which w as first laid t in t h tim of t h
ax u s, ou e e e

Tarq ins (par u and aft rwards nlarg d as t h p p l

; e e e e o u a

tion of t h capital incr as d ntil finally at h tim f

e e e ,
u , t e e o

C onstantin t h G r at who mad t h last xt nsion it was

e e e , e e e e ,

capabl of holding probably two or thr h ndr d tho sand

e ee u e u

sp ctators It was oblong in shap b ing abo ight n

e .
4
e, e u t e ee

h ndr d f t long and six h ndr d f t wid From t h

u e ee u e ee e. e

cours or track t h s ats ros in ti rs t h sam as in a

e, , e e e e , e e

th atr From t h pp rmost row f s ats ros high

e e. e u e o e e

b ildings with s v ral stori s of balconi s lik h box s

u e e e e , e t e e

ov rhanging h mod r stag T h slopi g sid s of a

e t e e n e . e n e

conv ni nt vall y w r tak n advantag f in t h forma

e e e e e e e o e

F 3 ro mks w d p d fi
t w o Gree divi ( d) or s, a n , a ll, a n t e ion , ne or t/
z eos , a
go
A th iti s di ff gi g f li y ys
.

4 u or e e r, ra n n ro m to P n sa

2
 A R CH ITE C T UR E .
4 59

tion of h s ats T h only r maining trac of this

t e e . e e e

st p ndous str ct r is h t rrac d app aranc of t h

u e u u e t e e e e e e

low nci cling hills

e r .

Th Rom ns bor ow d t h plan of th ir th atr s from

e a r e e e e e

th G r ks
e T h form was that of a s micircl
ee . w ith ie e e, r s

ing ti rs f s ats T h G r ks in t h constr ction of

e o e . e ee , e u

th ir th atr s s ally took advantag of som hillsid ; b

e e e ,
u u e e e u t

th Romans w h n h y t th ms lv s to th atr b ildi g

e ,
e t e se e e e e e- u n ,

r ct d t h ti struct r pon l v l ground raising a

e e e e en re u e u e e ,

gr at s pporting wall
e u

or fram work in plac e e

of t h hill with its e

favoring slop s All e .

of t h th atr s b ilte e e u

at Rom pr vio s to e e u

th y ar 5 5 B w r
e e . C . e e

of wood In that y ar . e

P omp y t h G r at
e
RU N e
R e re
I S OF T H E AT E AT A S PE N D o s
t r d from his cam
.

u ne

p g i
a in nsh E ast wh r h had
t s n
e t h G r k th at at , e e e ee e ee e re

M ityl n and imm diat ly

e e, to w o k to ct in imita ion e e se t r e re , t

of i a sto th tr at Rom that sho ld s at fo ty ho s d

t, ne ea e e u e r t u an

sp ctators This str ct r and t w o oth rs

e . of which w as u u e e ,
o ne

b ilt by A gust s w r t h o ly th atr s at h capital

u u u , e e e n e e t e .

T h fi st Roman amphith atr s ms to hav b n h

e r e e ee e ee t e

o tgro w th of t h rivalry b t w n P omp y and C s r (par

u e e ee e ae a .

Th lib rality of t h form r in h r c ion of his

e e e e t e e e t

sto th atr had so won for him h a ff ctions of h p

ne e e t e e t e eo

p l tha
e h lat r saw
t t h m st do
e som thing totes rpass e u e u

his rival or hims lf ntir ly distanc d in h r c for

, se e e e e e t e a e

pop lar favor C sar was at this tim away in G a l

u . ae e u ,
4 6 0 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A TUR E , L A W .

wh nc h s nt imm ns s ms of mon y gain d by his

e e e e e e u e , e

s cc ssf l wars to his fri d C rio th n tribun at Rom

u e u , en u ,
e e e,

who w as njoin d to r ct with t h m ans th s p t in his

e e e e ,
e e u u

ha ds a struct that sho ld cast P omp y s into t h

n , u re u e
’
e

shad P liny t lls us that C io b ilt two wood n th atr s

e. e u r u e e e

sid by sid in w hich t s parat a di nc s might b

e e, wo e e u e e e

ent rt in d at t h sam tim With things th s arra g d

e a e e e e . u n e ,

and w i h t h p opl in good h mor f om h farcical p

t e e e -
u r t e re re

i that had b n giv n all was r ady for h

se n t a t o n s ee e ,
e t e

mast r strok that was to win h appla s of h giddy

e - e t e u e t e

m ltit d At giv sign l

u u e. of t h th atr s hich a en a , o ne e e e ,
w

h d b
a co str ct d so as to admit of s ch a mov m nt
ee n n u e u e e ,

was s w ung ro nd and bro ght fac to fac w ith h oth r

u u e e t e e ,

in s ch a w ay as to fo m a vast amphith atr wh r from

u r e e, e e,

a c ntral spac call d t h ar na and d sign d for h h i

e e e e e e e t e ex

bitions h s ats ros in r c ding ti rs on v ry sid

, t e e e e e e e e e .

T h first ston amphith atr w as r ct d d ring h r ign

e e e e e e e u t e e

of A g st s B t h u uwhich thr w all oth r d ific s

u . u t e o ne e e e e

of this ki d far into h backgro nd d w hich in som

n t e u , an e

r sp cts s rpass s any oth r monum nt v r r ar d by

e e u e e e e e e e

man w as t h str ct r comm nc d by Flavi s V spasian

, e u u e e e u e ,

and oft call d aft r him h Flavian Amphith atr b

en e , e , t e e e, u t

b tt r known as t h C oloss m Th dific is fi h

e e e eu . e e e ve un

dr d and s v nty fo r f t in its gr at st diam t r and

e e e - u ee e e e e ,

was capabl of s ating ighty s v n tho sa d sp ctato s

e e e -
e e u n e r .

Th ncircli g wall ris s in fo r stori s to t h h ight f

e e n e u e e e o

o ne h ndr d and fif y six f t W ithin h s ats ros

u e t -
ee .
, t e e e

from t h ar na in r t ating st ps to t h mag ific nt por

e e e re e e n e

tico that crown d h pp r circl B n ath t h ar na d e t e u e e . e e e e an

s ats w r larg hamb rs w hich s rv d as d ns for h wild

e e e e C e e e e t e

a imals d d i h sho s S ock ts in t h pp r ston

n n ee e n t e w . e e u e e
46 2 A R CH I TE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W .

y ars and from th m was tak n mat rial for h building

e , e e e t e

of a m ltit d of castl s tow rs and palac s r ct d in

u u e e , e , e e e e

t h capital d ring h M iddl Ag s ; d for s v nt

e u t e e e an e e een

h ndr d y ars h tooth of tim has b n b sy pon v ry

u e e t e e ee u u e e

part of t h gigantic str ct r Y notwithstandi g all

e u u e . e t, n

th s conc rring ag nci s of r i h C oloss m still

e e u e e u n, t e eu

stands gra d and impr ssiv as at first v n mor impr s

n e e , e e e e

siv b ca s of th s marks that it b ars of viol nc and

e e u e e e e e e

of g It ris s b for
a e . th mbodim nt of h e e e us as
“
e e e t e

pow r and spl ndor of t h mpir

e e e e e.
”

M any of h most importa t citi s of Italy and of h

t e n e t e

p ovinc s w r provid d with amphith at s similar in all

r e e e e e re ,

e ss ntial r sp cts to t h C oloss um at h capital only

e e e e e t e ,

m ch inf rior in siz sav t h

u e at C apua which was e, e e one ,

n arly as larg as t h Flavian str ct

e e e u u re .

9 2M il it2ry R ds. F or most among ah works of oa .

— e t e

utility x c t d by t h Roma s and h most xpr ssiv

e e u e e n , t e e e e

of t h practical g ni s f t h p opl w r th ir military

e e u o e e e, e e e

roads Radiating from h c pital th y l gth n d with

. t e a ,
e en e e

t h growi g mpir
e ntil all h co ntri s abo t t h M di
n e e, u t e u e u e e

t rran an and b yond t h Alps w r it d to Rom and

e e e e e e u n e e

to a oth r by a p rf ct n t w ork of highways of s ch

o ne n e e e e u

admirabl co str ction that v now in h ir r in d

e n u e en ,
t e u e

stat th y xci h w o d r of mod n ngi rs

e, e e te t e n e er e nee .

Th most ot d of all h Roma roads w as h Vi

e n e t e n t e a

App i call d by h a ci nts th ms lv s t h Q

a, e of t e n e e e e e
“
u ee n

Roads w hich co n ct d Rom w ith C ap a As hav

,
”
n e e e u . we e

alr ady s ( par

e it w as b ilt by Appi s C la di s at
ee n . u u u u

t h clos of h s cond S am it w ar (3
e e t Aft r w ards
e e n e 1 2 e

it was carri d from C ap a across t h p nins la to E di

e u e e u ru n

sium i m po tant s a por t t h a t f C alabria wh nc

,
a n r e on e co s o , e e
 A R CH ITE C T UR E .
46 3

exp ditions w r mbark d f op rations in t h East T h

e e e e e or e e . e

gr at Flaminian W y ran from h capital to Arimin m

e a t e u

on h Adriatic and th nc was xt nd d nd r anoth r

t e , e e e e e ,
u e e

nam northward into t h vall y of t h P ( par 9 9 n

e, e e e o .
,
.

S v ral oth r roads r aching

e e e t f om Rom i di ff r nt
, e ou r e n e e

dir ctions compl t d h comm ication of h capital

e , e e t e un t e

w ith t h vario s citi s and r gions f t h p ni s la As

e u e e o e e n u .

th limits of t h Roman a thority xt nd d w roads

e e u e e e ,
ne

w r b ilt in t h conq d provinc s i Sicily in

e e u e u e re e — n ,

N orth rn Africa i e S pain ov r h Alps along t h Rhi ,

n , e t e ,
e ne

an d th Da b thro gho t G aul Britain G r c and all

e nu e, u u , ,
ee e,

th E aste .

Th s military roads with charact ristic Roman n rgy

e e , e e e

an d disr gard f obstacl s w r carri d for w a d as n rly

e o e , e e e r , ea

as possibl in straight li s and on a l v l mo ntains

e, ne e e , u

b ing pi rc d with t n ls and vall ys cross d by m ans

e e e u n e ,
5
e e e

5 b i g t
In l or n gi s w k d i lt
u nn e s , sly
the R o m an en ne e r or e s mu aneo u

f b th sid s
ro m o t i e s of th t d
th e m ou n gi a n, in t h e am e w ay a mo e rn e n

sd
me e r 6 o i s c ipti In 1dis c v d which c t i s c i
8 0 an n r on w as o e re on a n a ur

c s t cti
.

o u s rep t gi
or of d an ch g en ne e r w h o ha in ar e the on ru on of an

aq d ct t
ue l u t w u nn e ld lg i
fo r th e i g b c o n of Sa ee , in A er a Du r n h is a se n e

cti s c ld
.

th eb i gw t wy d
or n d en a r b b
an ght th e en s of the se on ou no t e ro u

s t p t s y f d
,

t g th
o e er gi Th e Hen ne e r w as en for is re or a s :
“
I ou n

h p s th t
. .

ev yb dy d d d p d t th y d giv
er o sa an es on en ; e ha en up all o e a th e

two pp sit s cti s

o o t e l w lde t bc
on ch s cti
of th e u nn e ou m ee , e a u se ea e on

ha d l dy b a re a xc v t d b y d e en iddle at i a e d e on the m e of t h e m o u n a n, an

the j cti un d y b on f ct d
ha lw ys h pp s th s
no t et ee n ef e e As a a a en in e e

css f lt
.

a e the tt ib t d au giw as a th gh rd u e to th e en ne e r , a s ou he ha not

p c ti s i s s cc
,

t k a e n all re au on w k W h t c ld
to n u re t h e u e ss o f th e or a ou I
b g by s v yi g d t ki g
.

h v d
a eb tt o ne e er ? I l vl e an ur e n an a n th e e e s of th e

m ou n t i k d s t c f lly
a n ; I m ar xis e t l c ss
mo a re u th e a of th e u nn e a ro th e

ridg d w pl s d cti s
e ; I re wh l w k which pl s
an an se on of the o e or an I
t i s l th g v
,

h d d v
an e o er t o Pe M it i
ro n u d Ce e r, en o e rn o r o f au r an a ; an to
t k xt p c ti
a e e ra s d
re c t ct
au o n, d hi s w k I u m m one the o n ra or an or m en,
an db g xc v ti
e an th i p s c
th e e a W ll d i g
a on f in e r re en e . e ,
ur n the ou r
4 64 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L I TE R A T UR E , LA W .

of massiv viad cts e a N apl s may b s

u . Ne of th sr e e e e n o ne e e

old t ls still inu n ne call d t h G otto of P ilip w hich

u se , e e r os o,

is n arly hal f a mil in l ngth e e e .

It l ads t h anci nt Appian e e e

W y thro gh a promonto y a u r

that at this point ppos s an O e

obstacl to its co rs e u e .

Th s al width of t h e u u e

roadway was from fo r to u

fi yards tho gh i som ve , u n e

ins c s this br adth w as t an e e

gr atly xc d d Th b d e e ee e . e e

was form d f c m t and e o e en

b ok n rock pon w hich r e ,

u w as

som tim s laid in h cas e e ,

as t e e

f th Vi App i a solid o e a a,

pav m nt f ston Foot e e o e .

paths oft along t h en ra n e

sid s f t h m i road w ay ; e o e a n

m il posts told t h distanc e e e

f rom t h capital ; and po e u n

t h b st appoint d roads s ats e e e e

w r fo nd dispos d at prop r e e u e e

GR O TT O
int
OF
rvals for
P o srL IP o
h co .
v ni nc e t e n e e e

( D raw n f ro mv ) y
an ol bs t
d e n gra ing .
e a rs I w as a en at L am b aes e , e x

v yd h g d p ec t ing e er a
y to e ar th e oo

tidi gs n iv lof w t s S d
t h e ar r a ofc t ct
th e d a er at al ae , the o n ra or an th e

s ist t h d c itt d bl d p bl d
a s an a omm e ch s cti
un er u on u n er ; in ea e on of

th e t l th y d div g d f
u nn e e s t ight li ch t w d s his
ha er e ro m the ra ne , e a o ar

right d d w it d littl l g b f c i g
an ha I a e a d w ld h v
e on er e o re om n S al ae ou a e

p ss ss d ls i st d
, , ,

o e t e two u nn e n ea of o ne .
— ’
L A N C 1 A N I S A n c ien t R om e in
tb e
n fif of R ec e n t D is c ov e r ies, p . 61
4 6 6 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T URE , L A W .

t ki gs T h aq d cts of Rom m st b plac d among

a n . e ue u e u e e

th most st p ndo s constr ctions of h Roman build rs

e u e u u t e e .

Th wat r syst m of Rom w as comm nc d by Appi s

e e e e e e u

C la di s ( abo t 3 3
u u who s c d h b ildi g f an u 1 e u re t e u n o

aq d ct which l d w at r into t h city from t h S abin

ue u e e e e e

hills thro gh a s bt ran a chann l l v n mil s i

,
u u er e n e e e e e n

l gth From t h spoils obtai d in h w ar with P yrrh s

en . e ne t e u

( par 8 ) was
. built h Anio
2 Aq duct so nam d b ca s t e ue , e e u e

it bro ght wat r from t h Anio Riv r A s co d aq d ct

u e e e . e n ue u

r nning from t h sam str am d c ll d t h A i N

u e e e , an a e e n o ova ,

to dis ing ish it from t h old r cond it

t u abo t fift y six e e u , w as u -

mil s i l ngth It ran b n ath h gro d ntil within

e n e . e e t e un u

abo t six mil s of h c ity wh n it was tak n p on arch s

u e t e , e e u e

and th s car i d ov r t h d pr ssio s of t h C ampagna

u r e e e e e n e

i to h capital In plac s this aq d ct w as h ld p mor

n t e . e ue u e u e

than a h ndr d f t abov h plai D ri g h r p blic

u e ee e t e n . u n t e e u

f o r q d t w r compl
u fa d nd r h mp rors t h
ue u c s e e et e ; u e t e e e e

n mb r was incr as d to fo rt
u e S v ral of th s i e e u een. e e e e ar e n

u se at t h pr s nt day e e e .

T h Romans carri d th ir aq d cts across d pr ssions

'

e e e ue u e e

an dvall ys on high arch s of masonry not b ca s th y w r

e e ,
‘
e u e e e e

ignora t of h p incipl that w at r s ks a l v l b t for t h

n t e r e e ee e e ,
u e

r ason that th y co ld not mak larg pip s st ong no gh

e e u e e e r e u

to r sist h v ry g at p ss r to which th y wo ld b
e t e e re re u e e u e

s bj ct d I som instanc s t h p incipl of t h i v rt d

u e e .
7
n e e e r e e n e e

sipho w as p in pr ctic
n d pip s (us ally l ad oru t a e, an e u e

7 “ As t o t h e ppli d R m with d ily

ma i n a q d ct which
u e u s, su e o e a a

v l m f
o u e o c bic f t f w t it w ld h v b i m p ibl u ee o a e r, ou a e ee n o ss e

to sub tit t m t l pip s f ch

s uls f m s y b c
e th
e a R m e or ann e o a o nr e a u se e o a ns

pip xc pt f c s t i c ld h v p
,

did t k w c t i
no d no a s - ro n , a n no e e e o a - ro n ou a e su

p t d s ch
or e m s p ss u LA N N A i t R m i M
e no r ou re u re .
” —
C IA IS
’
nc en o e n e

L ig/t f R
z t Di o i p 6 ece n sc o ve r es , . 0 .
 A R CH ITE C T UR E . 6
4 7

earth n ) w r laid down

e sid f a vall y and p t h
e e o ne e o e u e

Opposit m p B t th ir liability to accid nt wh n h

e e . u e e , e t e

pr ss r was h avy as hav i timat d l d s ally to

e u e e , we e n e , e u u

th adoption of t h oth r m thod

e T h lofty a ch s of t h
e e e . e r e e

r i d aqu d cts that

u ne in lo g b ok n lin s ov t h
e u ru n n r e e er e

T H E C LA U D IA N AQ U U ED CT .

( D ra w n f ro m a ph o t ogra p h .
)

plains b yond h walls of Rom

e d sc ib d by ll visit
t e e ar e e r e a

ors to h old capit l as h most s riking f at of t h

t e a t e t e u re e

d solat C ampagna
e e .

‘ 9 4 T
2 h rm
. Bat h T eh gr at
ae,st d ma d
or pon s. —
e e e e n u

th est ams of wat po d i to Rom by h aq d cts

re er u re n e t e ue u

was mad by t h th rm or baths Among h a ci t

e e e ae , .
8
t e n en

V t q
3 titi
as w t w l s b b d by
u an es f ti
of a er e re a o a so r e th e o u n a ns , o f

which Rome is sa id to h v a e
‘

h ad a l g
ar er nu m b ther a n any o th cit yer
4 6 8 A R CH I TE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W .

Romans bathing r gard d at first simply as a tro bl som

, , e e u e e

n c ssi y b c m i tim a l x rio s art D i g t h

e e t ,
e a e n e u u u . u r n e

r p blic bathing ho s s w r r ct d in consid rabl m

e u ,
- u e e e e e e e e nu

b s th
er of w hich co ld b p rch s d by a small
,
e u se u e u a e

e ntranc f q ival nt to abo t e c nt ofee mon y e u e u o ne e ou r e .

To w a ds t h d of t h r p blic w h b thing had alr ady

r e en e e u , en a e

com to b r ga d d as a l x y ambitio s politicians

e e e r e u ur , u ,

a xio s to gain h favor of t h mass s w o ld s c r a

n u t e e e ,
u e u e

fr day f th m at t h baths
ee or e e .

B it w as d ing t h imp ial p iod that thos mag

u t ur e er er e

n ifi st ct s to which h nam T/ m prop rly

c e nt ru u re t e e z er a e

a tach s w
t ct d N ro Tit s Traja C ommod s
e e re e re e . e , u ,
n, u ,

C c lla D cius C o st tin and D iocl tian ll c d

ara a , e ,
n an e, e a e re te

spl ndid th rm which as th y w int nd d to xhibi

e e a , , e e re e e e t

t h lib ality of th ir b ild rs w thro w n op n to h

e er e u e , e re e t e

p blic fr of charg Th s dific s w r v y di ff r nt

u ee e . e e e e e e er e e

a ffai s f o m h bathi g hous s of h r p blica

r r t e n - e t e e u n e ra .

Thos r is d by h mp ro s w among t h most labo

e a e t e e e r e re e e

rat d xp siv of t h imp rial works Th y contain d

e an e en e e e . e e

chamb s for cold t pid hot s datory d s w immi g

er , e , ,
u ,
an n

baths ; d ssi g ooms d gymnasia ; m s ms d libra

re n -r an u eu an

ri s ; cov r d colo nad s for loit ing and conv sation ;

e e e n e er er

e xt nsiv gro nds fill d with s at s and trav rs d by

e e u e t u e e e

pl asant walks and v ry oth r adj nct that co ld add to

e ; e e e u u

t h s ns of l x ry and r laxatio Th pav m nts w ”

e e e u u e n . e e e e re

fr q tly t with h rich st mosaics Th Th rm of

e u en se t e e . e
“
e ae

of w ld i y g M A g ipp t h b ild f t h P th
th e or n an i a e r a, e u er o e an e o n, s

x m pl f d
. .

c dit d with h vi g t p
re e h d d dfi dhi
a n se u o ne u n re an ve , a n s e a e ou n

m y i m it t
an a o rs

i i c ll th s i m p i l th m
.

L 9
a nc a n gi g tic cl bh
a s whith e e er a er ae an u o u se s , er

th v l pt y d t h l g t y th p i d f p ti m d j y
e o u u ar an e e e an ou re a re or as e an en o

m t en .
”
47 0 A R C H ITE C T UR E , L ITE RA T UR E , L A PV .

of t h mpir that w as not p ovid d with its th rm ; and

e e e - r e e ae

wh r v r springs poss ssing m dicinal q aliti s brok from

e e e e e u e e

th gro nd th r aros
e u magnific nt baths d s ch spots
,
e e e e ,
an u

b cam t h favorit w at ring plac s of t h Romans Thus

e e e e e - e e .

Bad Bad n was a not d and l x rio s r sort of h

en- e e u u u e t e

w althy Roma s c nt ri s b for it b cam h gr at m

e n e u e e e e e t e e su

m erhaunt of h G rmans B i m n ar N apl s accou t

t e e . a ,
e e ,
on n

of its warm s lph r sp ings and h b a ty of its

u u r t e e u su r

ro ndi gs b cam crowd d with u n ,

e e e

h pl as r s k rs of t h capital t e e u e- e e e e .

Th s bathing towns as was almost e e -

,

in vitabl acq ir d an n viabl e e, u e u en e

r p ta ion as hotb ds of vice and e u t e

sham l ss i d lg nc e e n u e e.

Th Roma th rm aft r s ff r e n e az,

-
‘

e u e

i g r p at d spoliatio at h hands n e e e n t e

of s cc ssiv obb s hav fo h e e er e, t

N C R
u r , r e
B AT H I G
most part s nk nto h aps of b
HAI .

, u I e ru
)
bish M y f h i b t if l marbl s
( Lo nw e '

. an o t e r e au u e

w r ca ri d ff by di ff r t G r k mp ro s to C onsta
e e r e o e en ee e e r n

i
t no p l C ha
e l.magn d co at d his palac
r e at Aix la e e r e e -

C hap ll w i h col m s torn f om th s imp rial str ct r s

e e t u n r e e e u u e ,

which w r th falling into dilapidation Th pop s

e e en . e e

b ilt oth rs into S t P t r s C ath dral ; d t h masons of

u e . e e
’
e an e

Rom lik t h b ick h nt rs of B bylon and N i v h for

e, e e r - u e a ne e ,

c nt ri s min d amidst h vast h aps of h r in d

e u e e t e e t e u e

st ct r s f marbl blocks and stat s to b b rn d

ru u e or e ue e u e

into lim for maki g c m nt M od rn xcavato s have

e n e e . e e r

r cov d from t h mo nds of r bbish som of h most

e e re e u u e t e

famo s of t h sc lpt r s that nrich h m s ms of

u e u u e e t e u eu

E rop
u e .
 A R CH ITE C T UR E .
47 I

2 95 . Vill T h r sid nc s of t h w althy

P alaces and as . e e e e e e

Romans wh n b ilt w ithin t h city walls w r call d man

e u e e e e

sions or palac s b t wh n locat d in h co ntry w r

e ,
u e e t e u e e

u s ally d sig at d as villas T h P alatin w as t h aristo

u e n e . e e e

cra ic q art r of Rom b ing occ pi d by h hom s of

t u e e, e u e t e e

t h w althy class
e eAft r t h G r at Fir N ro r ct d h r
. e e e e, e e e e e e

PE RI YL ST E OF A PO M P E IA N HO US E .

( F ro m a p ht
o o grap h) .

his G old n H o s (par whos vario s b ildi gs

'

e u e . e u u n ,

co rts gard ns vi ya ds fish ponds and oth r i m

u , e ,
ne r , ,
e nnu er

abl app ndag s spr ad ov r m ch of t h b rnt district

e e e e e u e u .

It was t h most st p ndo s dw lling plac v r b ilt for

“
e u e u e - e e e u

a mo tal man Th c ntral b ilding pon t h P alatin

r .
”
e e u u e e,

sho n of its xt siv gro nds and s l ss adj cts b

r e en e u u e e un , e

c m h r sid nc of most of t h mp rors who h ld t h

a e t e e e e e e e e e
47 2 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A TUR E , L A PV .

thron aft r t h d ath of N

e e e e e ro Th palac s of h w althy
. e e t e e

citiz ns vi d in costly m
e e a gnific nc with thos of h
e e e t e

C sars N v p haps “
says h historian Ing “
’
a
e . e e r, er , t e e, ex

c pt in h palac s of h
e t e e t e Incas has gold b so f ly
, een re e

R—UIN S OF THE P A LA C E O F THE C AZ S A RS .

( F ro m a n o l d dra w i ng .
)

us d in h d co ation of w lls and c ilings as at Rom ;

e t e e r a e e

n v r c rtai ly hav marbl s d ivory b so lavishly

e e , e n , e e an ee n

employ d e .
” l

Among h s mpt o s villas m ntion d by h old writ rs

t e u u u e e t e e

ar ethos of M t ll s L c ll s C ic o H ort sius P liny

e e e u , u u u , er , en ,

1 S oc ie ty i n R om e u n aer
’
t/
z e Caesa r s , p . 2
53 .
4 74 A R C H ITE C T UR E , L I TE R A T UR E , L A W .

the city gat s b ing const ct d with singl and with tripl
e , e ru e e e

arch w ays Two of h most not d mon m nts of this

. t e e u e

charact r d h most int r sting b ca s of th ir b i

e , an t e e e e u e e st o r

ical conn ctions th Arch of Tit s d h Arch of

e ,
are e u an t e

C o stanti
n both of which still standing Upon h
ne , a re . t e

form r r pr s t d t h a ticl s bro ght from J r sal m

e a re e e en e e r e u e u e

by Tit s as h spoils of h war against t h J ws (p

u t e t e e e ar .

T h Arch of C onstantin w as i t nd d to comm m

e e n e e e

orat h victory of that mp ror ov r M x ti s which

e t e e e e a en a ,

e v nt stablish d C hristianity as h favor d r ligion of

e e e t e e e

t h mpir (par
e e e .

9 72 S p u l h r l
. M num nt e T h Romans in hc a o e s -
e t e e ar

li st tim s s m s ally to h v dispos d of th ir d d by

e e ee u u a e e e ea

b rial ; but towards h clos of t h r p blican p iod

u t e e e e u er

c mation or b r i g b cam commo W h n C hristian

re ,
u n n , e e n. e

ity took poss ssion of h mpir t h doctrin w hich i e t e e e, e e t

ta ght of t h r s r ction of h body ca s d inh mation

u e e u re t e u e u ,

or b ryi g again to b com h pr val nt mod

u n , e e t e e e e .

T h favo it b rying plac amo g h Romans was along

e r e u e n t e

th highways ;
e for h d ad w r tho ght of as v r t r “
t e e e e u e e u n

ing towa ds this lif It w as h c stom f thos

r e . t e u or e

who w t by a grav to say T h arth b light pon

en e :
‘
e e e u

th T h Appian W y for a distanc of s v al mil s

’ ” 3
ee . e a ,
e e er e

from t h gat s of t h capital was lin d with s p lchral

e e e , e e u

mon m nts M any of th s

u e still standi g Th s m mo
. e e ar e n . e e e

rial str ct r s w r as vari d in d sign as

u u e th m e e e e a re e on

u m in our mod rn c m t ri s S hafts brok n col mns

e nt s e e e e e .
, e u ,

al ars py amids and hap ls w r favorit forms

t ,
r , C e e e e .

T w o s p lchral dific s of t h imp rial d s rv sp cial

e u e e e e e ra e e e e

notic O of th s was rais d by A gustus as a tomb

e . ne e e e u

3
Uhlh o rn , Conflic t f
o C/z r ist ia n ity w it /z H ea t/z e n ism , p . 67 .
 A R CH ITE C T UR E .
47 5

and mon m nt f hims lf and his s cc ssors It stood

u e or e u e .

clos to t h banks of h Tib r and consist d of an nor

e e t e e ,
e e

mous circ lar tow r rais d upon a massiv squar b t

u e e e e su s ru c

t r A c t ry lat r this s p lchr having b com fill d

u e . en u e , e u e e e e ,

H adrian construct d a similar monum nt which was rich r

e e , e ,

how v r i marbl s and sculpt r s pon t h opposit bank

e e ,
n e u e ,
u e e

MA U SO L E U M OF H AD R IA N , B U IL T BY H I M F SEL AT RO M E .

( N ow t h e C as tl e of S t An
.
g l
e o. F rom a p ht o ograp h)
.

of Tib r This str ct r was call d aft r h mp ror

the e . u u e e ,
e t e e e ,

th M ol e or M a sol m of H adrian (par

e, It is now
u eu ,
.

us d as a military fortr ss d r t h nam of t h C astl

e e u n e e e e e

of St Ang lo T h massiv st ct r batt r d by ma y

. e . e e ru u e, e e n

i g s and assa lts and d cay d thro gh laps of tim

s e e u e e u e e,

pr s nts n xt aft r h C oloss m h most imposing

e e , e e t e eu ,
t e

app aranc of y of h mon m nts of a ci nt Rom

e e an t e u e n e e .
47 6 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W .

RE FRN E E CES -FE RG U S SO N H ist ory f

o A n c ie n t an d M oder n
s
.

A r c/z it ec t u r e an dH a n db ook f
o A r c /z itec t u r e . Con u lt Ind x e e s. BO IS S IE R
* R om e an ch p
d P omp eii , a i on the Fo ru m ; ch p a on the

s Vill
. . .
,

Pa l tia ne ; an d ch p iv n H d i
a . .
, o a r an
’
a . L A N C IA N I A n c ie n t
R om e in t b R e c e n t D isc ov e r ies , H Tli e R u in s
L igh t f
’
c o a na E x ca va t io n s

f
o A n cie n t R om e, a nd Tfie D est r u c t ion of A n c ie n t R om e , li ch pt s e ar er a er

N
.

I G (W
E se“
el
ch p v pp 5
S oc ia l L if e in Rom e n n a er t /z e Ca sa r s,
’
a 10

TH MA
. . . .

I1 8 R mO L if S t/ C ch p iii
o an pp 63 ’
e n n a er ze cesa r s , a I,

d K N R
. . . .

P l ti G U H (E )
“ ” ”
69 Th e ; § 3 C a at yh ne ou n r o u se s L an O E

s f
.
, ,

T/ L if f t fi
ze G i d R
e o m ( T e l t d m t h G
r ee cs a n o a n s. ra n a e ro e er

m )
an C s
. lt I d x O
on un t h m ilit yn d f
e t h. R m th t e ar ro a s o e o a n s, e s u

d t will fi d in T/ N t i f S pt m b 4 899 p 4 ( l lxix

en n ze a on or e e er 1 1 20 vo

h d s ch l ly ticl
. . .
, ,

N o f a re s titl d R m R d d
an o ar ar e en e
“
o an oa s an

M il s t
.

e in A i
o ne s Mi by J R S S t tt
s a n o r, . . . e rre .
47 8 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W .

that w mark d by h lit rary activity and p od ctiv

e re e t e e r u e

n ss of h L tin int ll ct Th first fi c ri s of

e t e a e e . e ve en t u e

Roman history almost barr n of lit rary mo m nts a re e e nu e .

B in h third c
u t ry B und r t h fost ring i fl nc s
t e ent u . C .
,
e e e n ue e

of h p blic lit rat r b gan to spring up and to fl

t e re u , e u e e ou r

ish and by t h tim f t h stablishm nt of t h mpir

, ,
e e o e e e e e e,

had r ch d its f ll st d v lopm nt ; th n pon h fall of

ea e u e e e e e ,
u t e

th r p blic it soon b g n to lang ish and s viv d t h

e e u ,
e a u ,
ur e e

d ath of f dom bar ly a si gl c nt y Th last fo r

e ree e n e e ur . e u

h d d y a s of t h imp rial prod c d v ry f writ rs

u n re e r e e e ra u e e ew e

of vigor d o iginality an r .

W h r l a n how d pr ssi g and with ring

e e e e th
r e e n e ar e e

infl c s of a capricio s d i r sponsibl d spotism

u en e u an r e e e ,

which fo bids all fr dom d tr thf ln ss pon h int l

r ee an u u e , u t e e

l ct al and lit rary lif of a p opl L it rat r is a plant

e u e e e e. e u e

that thriv s b st in h fr air of a r p blic It is t

e e t e ee e u . ru e ,

ind d that som of t h choic st fr it of t h L atin i t ll ct

ee , e e e u e n e e

rip d d ring h first y ars of t h mpir ; b t this had

e ne u t e e e e e u

b n long mat ri g nd r t h i fl c s of h r p blican

ee u n u e e n u en e t e e u

p riod and sho ld prop rly b cr dit d to that

e , u e e e e e ra .

3 R l t i n f R m n t Gr k Lit r tur
00 . e a L ati lit r
o o o a o ee e a e. n e

atu was almost wholly imitativ or bo row d b i g a

re e r e , e n

r prod ction of G k mod ls still it p rfo m d a most

e u re e e ; e r e

impo ta t s rvic for civilization it was h m di m for

r n e e ; t e e u

th diss min tion thro gho t h w orld of h rich lit rary

e e a u u t e t e e

t as r s of G r c
re u e ee e .

In o d r to aliz t h gr atn ss of its w o k and infl c

r e re e e e e r u en e,

we m st b ar in mind that h spr d of h L ati sp ch

u e t e ea t e n ee ,

as a lit rary lang ag was co x nsiv with t h conq sts

e u e, e te e e u e

of Rom In thos co tri s wh r t h s bj ct d p opl s

e . e u n e e e e u e e e e

w r i f rior in civilization to t h Romans wh ich was

e e n e e ,
-
 L ITE RA T URE , P HIL OS OP H Y, AN D LA W
'
.
4 79

the condi ion of ll t h nations in h W st h lang ag

t a e t e e ,
— t e u e

of h conq o s cam to b h dominant sp ch Italy

t e u er r e e t e ee .
,

S pain G a l and N orth rn Af ica b cam so tho o ghly

, u ,
e r e e r u

Roma iz d b f or t h ov rth ow of h mpir th t t h

n e e e e e r t e e e a e

L atin tong much chang d of co rs f om h classical

u e, e ,
u e, r t e

forms f t h c pital cam into g n ral

o e among all
a , e e e u se

class s e .

It was di ff r nt in t h E ast wh r t h H ll nic lang ag

e e e , e e e e e u e

an d c lt had b n spr ad T h sp ch of Rom n v r

u u re ee e . e ee e e e

s cc d d in c o w di g t h G r k lang ag it p sh d
u ee e r n ou t e ee u e as u e

asid and displac d h vario s r d and barbaro s dial cts

e e t e u u e u e

of h t ib s of W st E rop Y t thro gho t all h

t e r e e e rn u e . e u u t e

E ast rn provinc s t h
e Roman tong b cam h sp ch e e ue e e t e ee

o f h ruling class and w as nd rstood and v ry g n r lly

t e , u e e e e a

e mploy d by m of d cation d social position

e en e u an .

W th how v ry xt nd d
e see , he n, a di nc e e e e w as t e u e e

add ss d by t h Roman w rit rs Th w orks of h L ti

re e e e . e t e a n

po ts and historia s w r ad v ry w h r w ithin h limits

e n e re e e e e e t e

of h Roman mpir and th t is q ival t to sayi g that

t e e e, a e u en n

th y ci c lat d h o gho t h civiliz d wo ld And h

e r u e t r u u t e e r . w er

e v r L atin lit r t fo d its way th r w scatt r d

e e a u re un , e e e re e e

b oadcast h s ds of G r k c lt sci c
r t e d phi
ee ee u u re, en e, an

l
o so h
p y T h r lation of
. Rom to G r c wase xactly
e h e ee e e t e

sam as that of P h nicia to Egypt

e xpr ss d by L or oe ,
as e e e en

mant G r c was t h moth r of mod rn civiliza ion

: ee e e e e t ;
Rom was its missionary
e .

3 Lay
01 d B ll d f t h L g n d ry Ag
s an T h p riod a a s o e e e a e. e e

e mbrac d b w n h ighth and fo rth c nt ri s may

e et ee t e e u e u e BC . .

prop rly b call d t h H roic Ag of Rom It co r

e e e e e e e . r e

s p don xactly in its

s lit
e r ry prod cts to h simila
,
ly e a u ,
t e r

d signat d p riod i G r cia history D ring this arly

e e e n e n . u e
4 80 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , LA W .

a ge th r sprang p a gr at n mb r of hym s ballads or

e e u e u e n , ,

lays of which h m r st fragm nts s viv d h varying

,
t e e e e ur e t e

fortun s of h stat and which w r pr s v d in h

e t e e, e e e er e t e

works of h lat r w it rs of h r public Th fab lo s

t e e r e t e e .
“
e u u

birth of Rom l s t h rap of h S abin wom n t h most

u u , e e t e e e , e

po tical combat of t h H ora ii and C ri tii t h prid of

e e t u a ,
e e

Ta q in h misfo t n s d d a h of L cr tia h stab

r u , t e r u e an e t u e , t e e

li h m
s of lib rty by t h ld r Br t s t h wond rf l war
en t e e e e u u , e e u

with P ors na t h st adfast ss of S c vola t h banish

en , e e ne ae , e

m nt f C oriolan s h
e o which h ki dl d agai st his u , t e w ar e n e n

co ntry t h s bs q t str ggl f his f lings and h

u , e u e u en u e o ee , t e

final tri mph of his patriotis m at h all po w rf l int

u t e - e u er

f his moth r
c e ssIO n o th s d h lik circ msta c s e — e e an t e e u n e ,

if th y b xamin d from t h prop r point of vi w can ot

e e e e e e e ,
n

fail to b co sid r d as lics and fragm nts of h anci t

e n e e re e t e en

h roic traditions and h roic po ms of t h Roma s

e e e e n .
” 4

Th s stori s m st b plac d alo g ith h G r cian

e e e u e e n w t e e

tal s f C adm s and Th s s of h Argo a tic Exp di ion

e o u e eu , t e n u e t

and t h Troj a W Th y b long to t h lit ary and t

e n ar . e e e er ,
no

to h histo ical a nals of h Roman p opl Th y may

t e r ,
n t e
'

e e. e

b emad of for h istorical p rpos s b only in t h

e u se u e ,
u t e

sam w ay that t h po ms of H om r
e s d Th r f r e e e a re u e . e e e

e nc es and all sions th y co tain thro light pon t hu e n w u e

mann rs c stoms d mod s of thi ki g of h r mo

e , u ,
an e n n t e e te

tim s in w hich th y gr w p Th f thr ads of fact

e e e u . e ew e

that may b drawn f om th m hav b n w ov into h

e r e e ee en t e

pict r w hich in t h first p rt of

u e book ,
tri d to e a ou r ,
we e

form f h arly Roman stat

o t e e e.

3 Th R m n Dr m t i t
02 . F om h
e a li st tim s
o a a a s s. r t e e r e e

4 S chl g l e e , in L e c t u r es on L it e r a t u r e, a s q t d by D l p
uo e un o , Il z st ory
'

f
o R om a n L it e r a t u r e, v o l . i p . .
41 .
4 8 2 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L I TE R A T UR E , LA W

by h L atin sp ki g rac Of th s
t e may n m for- ea n e . e e we a e,

b i f m n io L ivi s A d o ic s N i En i s P la t s
r e e t n, u n r n u , aav u s, n u , u u ,

an dT c All of th s w rit rs w clos imitato s of

e re n e. e e e e re e r

G r k a thors and most of th ir w orks w r simply adap

ee u , e e e

i
t at o n s or t a slatio s of h mast rpi c s of h G r k
r n n t e e e e t e ee

dramatists .

L ivi s A d onic s w ho liv d abo t h

u middl of t h
n r u , e u t e e e

third c nt ry prob bly a G r k p iso ca ri d

e u BC . .
,
w as a ee r ne r r e

to Rom from som city of M ag G i H

e h e na r az c a . e w as t e

fath r of h Roman drama H transform d t h mimic

e t e . e e e

danc s which had b e n introd c d at Rom by Etr sca

e , e u e e u n

actors abo t a c nt ry b for his tim (i 3 64 u i to a e u e e e n n

r al dramatic r pr s ntation by adding to h p rformanc

e e e e ,
t e e e

di log s to b r cit d by h acto s H was h p

a ue e e e t e r . e t e er

fo m r f his o w n pi c s and was so oft n r call d by his

r e o e e , e e e

admir rs that h ov tax d and lost his voic Aft r this

e e er e e . e

misfo t b f ll him b mploy d a boy to d claim thos

r u ne e e , e e e e e

parts of h dialog w hich q i d to b r nd r d i a

t e ue re u re e e e e n

high ton whil h hims lf play d h fl t cit d h

e, e e e e t e u e, re e t e

l ss d cl matory passag s d accompa i d h whol

e e a e , an n e t e e

w ith t h prop r g stic l tioe This mod of r pr s nta e e u a n . e e e e

tio which L ivi s had b n constrain d to adopt thro gh

n, u ee e u

accid nt aft r w a ds b cam t h fashion in h Roman

e , e r e e e t e

th atr s and t h plays w r usually pr s nt d by t w o

e e ; e e e e e e

p rsons
e r citing h w ords d t h oth
, o ne m e t e an e er ac c o

panyi g th m w ith t h approp iat g st r s

n e e r e e u e .

N i who wrot abo t h clos of h thi d c t ry

ae v u s, e u t e e t e r en u

B. Cw as t h e fi st n tiv born Roman po t of mi nc

.
,
r a e- e e ne e .

H i plays w r
s chi fly tra slations from vario s G r k
e e e n u ee

d amatists H imitat d Aristophan s ; and t h lat r

r . e e e as e te

lash d h co pt politicians of Ath ns so did h fo m r

e t e r ru e ,
t e r e
 L ITE R A T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, AN D LA W . 8
4 3

expos to ridic l and con mpt di ff nt m mb rs f h

e u e te e re e e o t e

l ading patrician famili s at Rom H did not scap

e e e . e e e

w ith imp ity for h w as onc in prison and finally di d

un ,
e e , e

an xil at Utica or C arthag (abo t 4

e e N i e u 20 aav u s

bor part as a soldi r in t h First P nic W

e d h fo nd e e u ar, a n e u

solac d ring h y ars of his xil in writi g in pic v rs

e u t e e e e n e e e

th v nts of that stir ing tim

e e e r e .

E nni s a cont mpora y of N u i

,
was an pic as w ll as e r aev u s, e e

a dr matic w ri r T h gr at st work from his p olific p

a te . e e e r en

was h A l an pic po m r co nting in g ac f l and

t e nn a s, e e e u r e u

vigoro s v s t h story of Rom from h tim s of t h

u er e e e t e e e

kings to his own day H d V rgil v r liv d En i s . a e ne e e ,

n u

m st always hav b
u m d as h gr at st pic po t e ee n
‘

na e t e e e e e

prod c d by t h Roman rac F t c nt ri s ntil

u e e e . or wo e u e , u

th adv nt of t h A g stan po ts t h works of Enni s

e e e u u e , e u

h ld almost s p m sway ov r t h Roman mind H i

e u re e e e . s

v rs s w r co s antly h a s d in h th atr s th y w r
e e e e n t re e r e t e e e ; e e e

committ d to m mo y by t h Roman youth w r q ot d

e e r e , e e u e

by h orator d borro w d by t h po t V rgil k l

t e ,
an e e e . e ac no w

edg d En i s as his mast r by b coming a dilig nt st d nt

e n u e e e u e

of his w orks and by transcribi g word for w ord many ,

n

of his most b a tif l pass g s e u u a e .

P la t s ( abo t 5 4 u 84 B )
u d T r nc ( abo t 9 6 6 u 2 — 1 . C . an e e e u 1 — 1 1

B )
. wC r .writ rs of com dy
e ew ho w on a fam th t hasenot e , e a

y p
et rish d P la t
e s ad pt d vario es G r .k plays to t h u u a e u ee e

Roman stag corr pting all h pi c s h to ch d w ith e, u t e e e e u e

low wit and droll ry in ord r to catch t h of h lo w r e , e e e ar t e e

class s th t throng d h th atr s H i plays r prod c d

e a e t e e e . s e u e

b for t h inhabitants of t h capital t h corr pt lif of h

e e e e e u e t e

East whos d basing infl

,
nc s w r at this tim b gi
e e ue e e e e e n

ning to ff ct a low ring of t h ton of soci ty Rom

e e e e e e at e.
 8
4 4 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A l/V .

T r nc wrot mor for h c lt d class s and did not

e e e e e t e u u re e ,

stoop to mploy thos m ans by which P lautus s c r d t h

e e e e u e e

appla s of his a di c s All of t h six com di s which

u e u en e . e e e

T nc wrot w ith r transl tio s or adaptations from

e re e e e re e e a n

th Gr k
e A P la t s and T r nc borrow d from h
ee . S u u e e e e t e

G r k stag ee so hav all mod writ rs of com dy e, e ern e e

Italian Fr ch and English drawn fr ly from th s

,
en ,
— ee e e

th ir gr at Roman pr d c ssors
e e e e e .
’

3 3 P t 0f t h L t r R pu b li
. E In t h y ar 4 6
oe s o e a e e can ra. e e 1

B . C orinth in G r c was d stroy d t h tr as r s of its

C .
, ee e e e , e e u e

m s ms and t h rolls of its librari s w r carri d to Italy

u eu e e e e e ,

and Roman a thority b cam supr m thro gho t G r c u e e e e u u ee e.

Th imp ls that had b n giv n to t h st dy f G r k

e u e ee e e u o ee

mod ls by t h conq st of M agna G i mor than

e e ue ec a
ra e o ne

h nd d y ars b for was now int sifi d and str ngth n d

u re e e e en e e e e .

B t with t h introduction of h l arning and r fin m nt

u e t e e e e e

of t h co q r d p opl s cam also t h lux ri s and vic s

e n u e e e e e e u e e

7 li t w it s Th e h j s tly be ar m k d t kp ses r er
’
as as u ee n re ar e oo o s se

si f t h m s t s t iki g bj cts f d sc ipti d t h m t p b bl

, ,

on o e o r n o e or e r o n, a n e os ro a e

o cc c s f ficti
u rre n d l ft e thi g t th th t f ll w d b t
or o n, an e no n o o se a o o e u

t s c ipti s f t h s m v n t s d w c m bi ti s f t h m
ran r on o e a e e e an ne o na on o e sa e

i m g s [R l ] T h g t th f m wh m th fl cti s
,

a e a sse a s e re a au or ro o e se r e e on a re

ti m ct ll y p j ct d w k t s h w h w s m ll
.

q t dh d t
u o e a a o ne e a u a ro e e a or o o o a a

q tity f i nv ti n th is in t h w ld nd th t t h s m i m g
u an o en o e re e or a a e a e a es

d i cid t s with littl v i ti h v s v d ll t h th s w h h v

,

an n en e ar a on, a e er e a e au or o a e

p c t d his i nt ti h w ld h v f d
,

e v w itt
er H db r e n. a e ro s e u e en o n, e ou a e ou n

th ti h
e no t t i d f lly c fi m d by t h his t y b th f d
on e e n e r a ne u on r e e or o o ra

m tic a d m tic ficti ; h w ld h v p c iv d t h i c p city f

an ro an on e ou a e er e e e n a a o

th m et ctiv d f til i m gi ti g tly t div if y t h c m m n

os a e an er e a na on re a o e rs e o o

ch ct s d i cid t s f lif w hich

ara er an s p fici l vi w m ight
n en o e, on a u er a e o ne

pp s t b s s c ptibl f i fi it c m bi ti
, ,

su o e o e h w ld h v
u e e o n n e o na o ns e ou a e

f nd th t whil Pl t s d T c s vil ly c pi d f m t h G k
ou a e au u an e re n e er e o e ro e re e

d m ti t s v n A i s t s c c ly div g d i his c m di s f m t h p th s
ra a s e e r o o ar e er e n o e e ro e a

D U N LO P f c
,

o f Pl t au Hi t y f R m
us .
”
L it t p P, s or o o an er a u r e, re a e ,
4 86 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W .

di d at t h g of abo t forty H complains of pov rty

e e a e u . e e ,

y teh k pt t w o
e villas de fo d m ns to i d lg in all ,
an un ea n u e

th xp nsiv and lic ntious pl as r s of t h capital H

e e e e e e u e e . e

has b n call d t h Roman Burns as w ll on acco nt of t h

ee e e , e u e

w aywardn ss of his lif as from h s w tn ss of his song

e e t e ee e .

T h nam of C at llus los s h

e e hort list of t h promin tu C e t e S e en

po ts of t h r p blican p riod f h G old n Ag

e e e u e o t e e e .

3 4 P t 0 f t h Au g
. n Ag Thr po ts hav cast
oe s o e u st a e. ee e e

an nfading l str ov r t h p riod cov r d by t h r ign of

u u e e e e e e e e

A g stus V rgil H orac and O vid S disting ish d

u u ,
— e ,
e, . o u e

hav th s writ rs r nd r d h g in which th y liv d

e e e e e e e t e a e e e ,

that any p riod in a p opl s lit rat r signaliz d by p

e e e
’
e u e e exc e

i
t ona l lit rary tast and r fin m nt is call d in all sion to
e e e e e e , u

th Romane an A g t Ag Aft r h t rrific com

e r a, u u s an e. e t e e

motion that mark d t h d clin and ov rth ow of h e e e e e r t e

r p blic t h long and firm and p ac f l r ign of Aug st s

e u , e e e u e u u

bro ght w lcom r li f and r st to t h Roma world In

u e e e e e e n .

narrating h political history f this p riod

t e spok of o e ,
we e

th ff ct of
e e h f all
e f th r p blic p on h d v lop
t e o e e u u t e e e

m nt f L ati lit rat r ( par

e o M any who if t h
n e u e .
, e

re p blican institutions had conti d would hav b n

u nu e , e ee

absorb d in h a ff airs of t h stat w r l d by h chang

e t e e e, e e e , t e e

of gov rnm t to s k solac f th ir disappoint d hop s

e en , ee e or e e e ,

and mploym nt for th ir n forc d l is r in h grac f l

e e e e e e u e, t e e u

labors of l gant compositio Aug stus nco rag d his

e e n . u e u e t

disposition thinking th s to t rn t h tho ghts of ambitio s

, u u e u u

mi ds from broodings ov r h lost ca s By his princ ly

n e t e u e . e

patronag of l tt rs h p n d a e and worthy fi ld for

e e e O e e new e

th fforts and comp titions of t h activ and t h aspiring

e e e e e e .

H i mi ist r M c nas in whos v ins flo w d royal E

s n e ae e , e e e t ru s

can blood vi d w ith his mast r i h b stowal of m ifi

, e e n t e e u n
 L ITE R A T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, AN D LA W 4 87

c nt r w ards pon fri nds and i t h xt nsion of a h lpf l

e e u e ,
n e e e e u

an d i spiring patronag to lit rary m it

n d th s did e e er , an u

m ch to w ards cr ting t h th siasm for l tt rs that dis

u ea e en u e e

ti g i h
n u this p iod
s es er .

Th vastn ss of h a di nc th y addr ss d also r act d

e e t e u e e e e e e e

u pon h w rit rs of this

t e and nco rag d h g at st
e e r a, e u e t e re e

painstaking i all th ir prod ctio s N v r b for had

n e u n . e e e e

lit rary m spok n to so xt nd d an a di nc to so

e en e e e e u e e —

much of h w orld T h works of V rgil of H orac d

t e . e e , e, a n

of O vid w r r ad and admir d in h camps of G aul and

e e e e t e

i
n h capitals of G r c and S yria
t e P olitical tranq illity ee e . u ,

l gant l isur imp rial patronag t h inspirations of

e e e e, e e, e

G r k g ni s h
ee nco rag m t of appr ciation and wid
e u , t e e u e en e e

att ntion v rything conspir d to cr at an poch in t h

e , e e e e e e e

w orld of lit rat r

I

e u e .

And y t m st not look for g str ngth originality

e we u v1 o r, e , ,

n rvous n rgy i t h prod ctions of t h writ rs of this

e e e n e u e e

p riod Th s q aliti s b long to tim s of gr at p blic

e . e e u e e e e u

e xcit m nt to p iods of activity chang r volution ; to

e e ; er , e, e

thos ras that signaliz h cris s and grand str ggl s of

e e e t e e u e

a p opl s lif Th y mark cr ativ S hak sp ar an pochs

e e
’
e. e e e, e e e e

in lit at r erEl ganc grac fin m t polish tast

u e. e e, e, re e en , , e,

b a ty
e u th charact istics f t h A g stan w it rs
are e er o e u u r e .

O f t h thr po ts whom hav nam d as h p

e ee e we e e t e re re

t i
se n a t v esof t h po try of h A g stan p riod V rgil e e t e u u e , e

do btl ss has b n t h most w id ly r ad and admi d H

u e ee e e e re . e

w as born 7 B in h littl villag of A d s not far from

0 . C . t e e e n e ,

M ant a in h dist ict of h P

u , Upon his f ath s farm
t e r t e o . er
’

h l arn d to lov nat r

e e e d h fr dom of a country lif e u e an t e ee e .

Thro gh t h dilig nt st dy of h philosophy and lit rat r

u e e u t e e u e

of G r c h cam to f l h inspiration of t h gr at po ts
ee e, e e ee t e e e e
4 88 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T URE , L A W

of llas D ring t h disord rs of h S cond Tri mvirat

He . u e e t e e u e

th eM ant an farm was confiscat d and allott d to

u of e e one

th v t rans of t h triumvirs It was aft r w ards r sto d

e e e e . e e re

to t h po t by t h yo ng O ctavius V rgil was laboring

e e e u . e

upon his gr at st work t h E i wh n d ath cam to

e e , e z n e a,
’
e e e

him in t h fift y s cond , e - e

y ar of his g e a e.

Th thr gr at w orks e ee e

of V g il his E l g er are c o u es,

h G gi and t h t e cor e s, e

z E neia ’
. T h e E clogu es a re

a s ri s of p l hi h e e ast o r a s, w c

v ry clos imitations a re e e

of h po ms of h S ici t e e t e

lian Th ocrit s V rgil e u . e ,

ho v r n v r borrow d we e , e e e

witho t a d o r n i n g t h a t u

which h appropriat d by
V E RG II
e e

b l touch s of
..

th m e 1n1 1ta e e
F vi ) ro m an o ld e n gra
(
his own grac f l g ni s
ng

e u e u .

It is t h rar sw tn ss and m lody of t h

e e ifi t i
ee and e e e ve r s ca on ,

t h Arcadian simplicity f th s
e pi c s that hav won for o e e e e ,
e

th m so many admir rs
e e .

In t h G gi V rgil xtols and dig ifi t h h sband

e eor cs e e n es e u

man and his labor This work has b n prono nc d t h . ee u e e

most fi ish d po m in h tir rang of L atin lit rat r

n e e t e en e e e u e.

It was w ritt n at h s gg stion of M a c nas who hop d

e t e u e e e , e

by m a s f h po t s v rs to all r his co ntrym n back

e n o t e e
’
e e u e u e

to that lov for t h art of h sbandry which animat d h

e e u e t e

fath rs of t h arly Roman stat Thro gho t t h work

e e e e . u u e

V rgil follows v ry clos ly t h W k

e D y of t h
e e e or s a na
’
a s e
49 0 A R CH ITE C TUR E , L ITE R A T URE , L A W

r cit d his po ms in h pr s c of s l ct fri nds and also

e e e t e e en e e e e ,

in p blic O u occasion h r p at d t h sixth book of

. n o ne e e e e e

his E i b for his imp rial patron A gust s and his

{ ne a
’
e e e u u

sist r O ctavia w ho w as th n mo rning t h r c nt d ath

e , e u e e e e

of h son M arc ll s h sp cial favo it and adopt d

er e u ,
t e e r e e

child of t h mp or ( par e e In t h part of t h po m

er . e e e

r h ars d by V rgil occ rs h w ll known passag th t

e e e e u t e e - e a

mo r s w ith t h t nd r st pathos h too arly d ath of

u n e e e e t e e e

th f e princ T h closing li s
a vo r 1 t e th s e . e ne ru n u

Ah d l t d b y s t th b b k
, e ar am e n e o , can ou u t re a

Th s t m d s f f t th wi l t th b
e e e c re e o a e, en ou e

O M ll s G i v li li s b o gh t
u r ow n ar c e u e me e ,
r u

I h p i g h df ls L m s tt h
n ea n an u . et e ca er ere

D d p pl fl o s th s off i gs l s t
ea ur e w er e e er n at ea

T y d s d t s s
o h d I f
m i w o l d
e p y cen an
’
a e a n u a ,

Th h l s v il i t ” 8
g ou i g no w , a a an u na a n r e .

It is said that as V rgil r ad th s v s s O ctavia w as e e e e er e

so ov rcom by h f li gs th h faint d d that h

e e er ee n at s e e , an t e

po t was aft rwards pr s nt d w ith

e e s st rc s (abo t e e e e e e u

$ 4 ) for
00 ach of h tw ntye fi li s of t h passag
t e e - ve ne e e .

H o ac th s cond g at po t of h A g stan Ag
r e, e e re e t e u u e,

w as born in t h y ar 6 5 B only fi y ars lat r than e e . C .

,
ve e e

V rgi l w hom h o tliv d by abo t a si gl d cad H

e , e u e u n e e e. e

st di d at Ath ns fo ght with t h r p blicans at P hilippi

u e e , u e e u ,

gai d no glory for h t lls hims lf how h ran a ay

ne e e u s e e w

from t h fi ld b t lost his pat rnal st t at V n sia

e e — u e e a e e u ,

w hich was co fiscat d and nd r h imp rial gov rn n e ,

u e t e e e

m t comm nc d lif an w as a cl rk at Rom Thro gh

en e e e e e e . u

his fri d V rgil h s c r d t h favor of M c as and

en e e e u e e a
e en

gain d introd ction to A g st s d th nc forth l d

e an u u u u ,
an e e e

8
E n e z d,
'

bk vi . .
[C ran c h
’
s
 L ITE R A T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y , AN D LA W 49 1

th e lif of a co rti r dividing his tim b tw n h pl as

e u e ,
e e ee t e e

u s of t h capital and t h sc n s of his pl asant farm

re e e e e e

n ar t h villag of Tib r T h latt r y ars of his lif

e e e u . e e e e

w r shadow d by h d aths of his po t fri nds V rgil

e e e t e e e - e e

and Tib ll s and that of his g o s patron M c nas

u u , ener u ae e ,

w hom h s rviv d only a f w ks H o ac s O S t

e u e ew ee . r e
’ ’
a es, a

i and Ep i tl hav all h lp d w in for him his w id

r es , s es e e e e

spr ad fam ; b t h first b st xhibit his g ni s and his

e e u t e e e e u

subtl grac of xpr ssion

e e e e .

O vid (4 3 B 8 ) is t h third nam in h t i m

. C .
— A D . . 1 e e t e r u

virat f po ts that r l d h A g stan A g H was h

e o e u e t e u u e . e t e

most l arn d of h thr s mi g ind d to b acq ain d

e e t e ee, ee n ee e u te

w ith h whol round of G r k and L atin lit rat r and

t e e ee e u e

sp c lation F som fa lt or misd m anor h pr cis

e u . or e u e e , t e e e

nat r of which r mains a profound s cr t to this day

u e e e e ,

A gust s his f orm r fri nd and pat on banish d t h po t

u u , e e r , e e e

to a small town away on h fronti rs of h mpi t e e t e e re — ou

t h bl ak shor s of t h E xin Th h sp nt t h last

e e e e u e . e re e e e

y ars of his lif b wailing his hard lot in t h mo rnf l

e e, e e u u

v rs s f his T i ti H i most c l brat d w ork is his

e e o r s a . s e e e

M m p/ et a th pr s rv tion of w hich
or z oses, to h e e e a we owe t e

m r st good fort n W h n t h mp o s d cr was

e e - u e . e e e er r
’
e ee

bro ght to him h was at w ork vising h man sc ipt

u ,
e re t e u r ,

w hich i d spair or ang r h fl g i to h fi

,
n e P ort e ,
e un n t e re . u

n at ely som fri nd had pr vio sly mad a copy of h

e e e u e t e

work d th s this lit a y tr as r

,
an sav d to t h
u er r e u e w as e e

w orld T h po m op ns with t h s blim d scription

. e e e e u e e

of C haos and h cr ation of t h world ; th n t lls of t h t e e e e e e

prod ction of monstro s cr at r s by h prolific a th

u u e u e t e e r ,

and of t h cha gi g rac s of m and giants aft r w hich

e n n e en e

th po t p oc ds to d scrib th o gh fift n books h

e e r ee e e, r u ee , e
49 2 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L I TE R A T UR E , L A PV .

tw n two and thr h ndr d m tamorphos s or transforma

ee ee u e e e ,

tions such as h chang of h companions of Ulyss s

— t e e t e e

into swin of C adm s into a s rp nt and of Ar th sa into

e, u e e , e u

a fo ntai s ff r d by vario s p rsons gods h ro s and

u n — u e e u e , , e e ,

godd ss s as r lat d in t h nnum rabl fabl s f t h

e e ,
e e e I e e e o e

G r k and Roman mythologi s

ee e .

W hav alr ady allud d to T ib ll as t h fri nd of

e e e e u us e e

V rgil and H orac H i grac ful l gi s ntitl his nam

e e. s e e e e e e e

to a promin nt plac among t h po ts of t h A g stan

e e e e e u u

Ag P rop rti s too was anoth r honor d and b lov d

e . e u , , e e e e

m mb r f t h brilliant cot ri of po ts that hav r nd r d

e e o e e e e e e e e

t h r ign of A gustus v r m morabl in t h lit rary history

e e u e e e e e e

o f t h world e .

3 5 S t ir
0 d S t iri t
. a S atir thriv s b st in t h
e an a s s. e e e e

r king soil and tai t d atmosph r of an g f lfi h

ee n e e e a e o se s

n ss immorality and vic S ch an g was that which

e , , e . u a e

f ollow d t h A gustan E
e at Rom Th thron was h ld
e u ra e . e e e

by s ch imp rial monst rs as Tib rius C aligula N ro and

u e e e , , e ,

D omitian T h p flig y of f ashionabl lif at t h capi

. e ro ac e e e

tal and t h vario s wat ring plac s f t h mpir was p n

e u e - e o e e e O e

and sham l ss T h d gradation f t h co rt ; t h cor

e e . e e o e u e

r pt and dissol t lif f t h upp r class s ; t h imbr t d

u u e e o e e e e u e

lif of h mass s f d by larg ss s f corn and nt rtain d

e t e e ,
e e e o e e e

with t h bloody sho w s of t h amphith atr ; t h d cay f

e e e e e e o

th e anci nt r ligion ; h tt r loss f t h simplicity and

e e t e u e o e

virt f t h arly Roman fath rs ; and t h almost com

ue o e e e e

p l t
e ed gradation of t h e int ll ct all this gav v nom e e e ,
— e e

and point to t h shafts f thos who w r goad d by th e o e e e e e

sp ctacl into attacking t h immoraliti s and vic s which

e e e e e

w r sil ntly y t rapidly sapping t h foundations f both

e e e e e o

soci ty and stat H nc aros a succ ssion f writ rs

e e. e e e e o e
 A R CH I TE C T UR E , L I TE R A T UR E , L A W
'

494 .

3 0 r t ry m ng h R m n
6 . O a o P blic orato ya as o t e o a s. u r ,

has b n t ly said is h child of political f dom

ee ru ,
“
t e r ee ,

and cannot xist witho t it All t h g at orators of e u .

”
e re

Rom aros u d r t h r p blic As d ing this p riod

e e n e e e u . ur e

almost t h ntir int ll ct al f e f th e nation was e e e u o rc e

'

o e

di ct d to w ards l gal and political st di s it w as nat ral

re e e u e , u

that h most famo s orators of t h

t e sho ld app ar as u e e ra u e

stat sm n or as advocat s Th ology sci nc and b ll s

e e e . e ,
e e, e e

l ttr s did t th as th y hav com to do amo g

e e no e n, e e e n ou r

s lv s s gg st inviting d popular th m s for t h b st

e e ,
u e an e e e e

e ff orts of t h p blic sp ak r e u e e .

Roman oratory was s natorial pop l r and j dici l e ,

u a , u a .

Th s di ff t styl s of loqu c w r r p s nt d by
e e e re n e e en e e e e re e e

th grav and dignifi d d bat s of t h s nat h impas

e e e e e e e e, t e

i
s o ne d and oft noisy and in l gant ha ang s of h en e e r ue t e

for m d h l arn d pl adings or ing ious app als of

u ,
an t e e e e en e

th co rts J ni s Br tus Appi s C la di s C c s t h

e u . u u u ,
u u u ae u , e

S cipios C ato t h C nsor G ai s and Tib ri s G racch s

, e e ,
u e u u ,

G ai s L a li s M arc s Antoni s L ci s L icini s C rass s

u e u ,
u u , u u u u ,

S rvi s S lp ici s H ort nsi s J li s C sar M ark Antony 1

e u u u ,
e u , u u ae , ,

and C ic ro som f h most promin nt nam s hat

e a re e o t e e e t

hav mad t h rost a of h Roman for m d h ass mbly

e e e r t e u an t e e

chamb r of h Roma s nat famo s in h r cords of

e t e n e e u t e e

oratory d loq nc Among all th s orators H ort n

an e ue e . e e , e

si s and C ic ro stand pr emi t

n e e nen .

H ort si s ( 4 5 en ) w as a fa m
u o s la w y r w hos
1 1 —
0 BC
. . u e , e

nam ador s h l gal prof ssio at h capital both as h

e n t e e e n t e , t e

l arn d j rist d h loq nt advocat H i for nsic

e e u an t e e u e e . s e

tal nt w on for him l crativ law practic thro gh w hich

e a u e e u

h gath
e d an imm ns forte re Hi sy ci cumstanc s e e u ne . s ea r e

d f M s t is 1 G ra n so n o ar c u An on u .
 L ITE RA T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, AN D LA W 49 5

and t h lack of a rival to sp r him to his b st s m to

e u e ee

hav ca s d him for a tim to l ad a s lf ind lg nt lif

e u e , e, e e - u e e

an d to n gl ct his art H i fri nd C ic ro r f s to this in

e e . s e e e er

th follo w ing i t r sting passag

e Aft r his cons lshipn e e e :
“
e u

I( suppos b ca s h saw that h was b yond compa ison

e e u e e e e r

th first sp ak r among
e e e

t h cons lars and took

e u ,

no co t of thos who un e

had not attain d that e

dignity) H o t si s ,
r en u re

l d h
a xe fforts which
t e e

h had x rt d from his

e e e e

boyhood p and b ing u ,

e

w ll ff i
e v ry way
o n e e

chos to pass his tim

e e

mor agr ably as h

e ee , e

tho ght or at any rat

u , e

l ss laborio sly Just

e u .

as h b illiancy fad s
t e r e

from t h colori g of an e n

old pict r so t h first u

OR
e,
R QU N U H R N U e ,
THE AT O I T S O TE SI S

h s cond d h th i d
.

t e e an t e r
(F t V ll l i
,
ro m a b in t h e i Ab )
y ar ach robb d him
us a an .

e e e

of som thi g notic abl by a cas al obs v b

e n not e e u er er, u t

which d cat d and disc rning critic co ld d t ct

an e u e e u e e .

As tim w nt he contin d to d t riorat in his

e on , e ue e e e

d liv ry sp ci lly in r adi ss d s stai d flow of

e e ,
e e a e ne an u ne

u tt ra c ntil h b cam v ry day mo nlik his

e n e, u e e e e e re u e

old s lf e By h tim that I

. mad cons l six t e e w as e u ,

y ars a ft r his own cons lship ; H ort nsi s had almost

e e u e u

e ff ac d hims lf
e Th n h b gan again to tak pains ; for
e . e e e e
49 6 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE RA T UR E , L A W .

now that h d I w r q als in rank h w ish d to b

e an e e e u , e e u s e

eq ls i v rything Th s for h tw lv y rs follo w ing

u a n e e . u t e e e ea

my cons lship w two w r ngag d in t h most import t

u e e e e e e an

cas s with nbrok n f i ndlin ss I always consid r d him

e u e r e e . e e

s p ior to mys lf ; h p t m first

u er e e u e .
” 2

Th world has confi m d h j dgm nt of H ort nsi s

e r e t e u e e u .

M arc s T lli s C ic ro ( 6 4 3 B ) is asily t h first of

u u u e 1 0 — . C . e e

Roman orators th most loq n f all t h sons of ,

“
e e ue t o e

Rom l s As a yo th h joy d v ry advantag that

u u .
” 3
u e en e e e e

w alth
e d par ntal ambition co ld co f r
an s gg st e u n e or u e .

H i t ach rs w r t h po t Archias
s e e d h orator C rass s e e e e an t e u .

L ik ma y oth rs of t h Roman patrician yo th f his

e n e e u o

tim h was s nt to G r c to fi ish his d cation in h

e, e e ee e n e u t e

schools of Ath s R t rni g to Italy h soon assum d en . e u n , e e

a positio of comm nding i fl nc at h Roma capital

n a n ue e t e n .

H i pros c tion of V
s s shows his h tr d of h fli i l
e u e rre a e t e o c a

co r ption and v nality that disg ac d his tim s (par 8 4)

r u e r e e . 1

his oratio s agai st C atilin ill st at his patriotism (par

n n e u r e .

1 88) his ssays xhibit h wid rang of his tho ghts and
e e t e e e u

th d pth of his philosophical r fl ctions

e e All his prod c e e . u

tio s vinc h most scr p lo s c r in th ir pr pa a

n -e e t e u u u a e e e r

tion H was a p ist in lang g and is said to hav

. e u r u a e, e

som tim s sp nt s v ral days h nting f a prop r word or

e e e e e u or e

phras H i gr at st fa lt w as his ov r w ing va ity

e . s e e u e e en n ,

which app a s in ll h v r wrot as w ll as i almost

e r a e e e e, e n

e v ry act of his lif B t h tim s in w hich C ic ro liv d

e e. u t e e e e ,

rath r than t h orator hims lf

e r spo sibl for this e e ,
are e n e .

2 Q
t d by S t ch D vids Ci
uo e pp 6 ra a n- a on, c e r o, 2, 63
c itics
. .

C t ll
3 q t d by S t ch D vid
a u u s, Ci uo e ra a n- a so n, ce r o, p I. Som e r

s
.
,

h wvo e willi g t cc d m ch p i t
er , a re u n n o a or u r a se o C ic e ro . Mo m m en

d cle th t h w
a re s thi g b t d xt
a e as no n u a
“
e e ro u s st
ylist .
”
t
49 8 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A TUR E , L A W .

e xt siv and b a tif l gard ns which b cam

en e e of t h
u u e ,
e e one e

favorit r sorts of t h lit ary cha act rs of t h capi al

e e e er r e e t .

T h two works pon which his fam

e r sts u h C p i e e ar e t e ons r

ac y f C o ili and t h f
at g t /i neW B oth of th s pro e u ur z ne ar. e e

d ti
u c r ckon d among h b st p cim ns of p os
o n s are e e t e e S e e r e

writing in t h ti ra g of L atin lit atur and e

.
en re n e er e, a re

fo d in h hands of v ry classical st d nt in h niv r

u n t e e e u e t e u e

siti s of E rop and Am rica

e u e e .

L ivy ( 5 9 B 7) f h
. b ight st ornam ts
C .
—
A D . . 1 w as one o t e r e en

of t h A g stan A g In pop l r st m h holds h first

e u u e. u a e ee e t e

plac amo g L ati historical a tho s H odot s amo g

e n n u r . er u n

th a ci nt and M aca lay among t h mod rn w it s of

e n e ,
u e e ,
r er

histo ical na rativr th m s w ith which his is oft n

r e ar e e na e e

es t compar d H i gr at st work is his A

e . l a histo y s e e nna s, r

of Rom from t h a li st tim s to t h y r 9

e U f
e e r e e e ea BC . . n or

t u n at ely all sav thirty fi

, of h h dr d and forty
e - ve t e o ne u n e

two books of this admirabl prod ction p rish d d i g e u e e u r n

th dist rb d p riod that follo w d t h ov rthrow of h

e u e e e e e t e

e mpir M any hav b n h lam nts ov r h lost books

e e ee t e e e
“
t e

of L ivy Th books w hich main hav b n iv rsally e re e ee u n e

r ad d admi d for h inimitabl grac and as of h

e an re t e e e e e t e

flowing narrativ L ivy lov d a story q ally w ll w ith e . e e u e

H rodotus
e L ik t h G r k historian h was ov r
. e d e ee , e e -
c re u

lo s and r lat s with charming ing n o sn ss s ally

u , e e e u u e ,
u u

witho t t h l ast q stioning f t h ir cr dibility ll h

u e e ue o e e ,
a t e

l g nds and myths that w r xtant in his day sp cti g

e e e e e re e n

th early a ffairs of Rom M od rn criticism has show

e e . e n

that all t h first po tion of his histo y is ntir ly nr liabl

e r r e e u e e

as a chronicl f act al v nts H ow v r it is a most

e o u e e . e e ,

e nt rtaini g acco nt of w hat h Roma s th ms lv s

e n u t e n e e e

tho ght and b li v d r sp cti g h igi f th ir ac

u e e e e e n t e or n o
'

e r e,
 L ITE R A T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, A N D L A 147 .
49 9

the fou ding of th ir city and t h d ds d virtu s f

n e , e ee an e o

th ir for fath rs
e e e .

T h works f Tacit s
e his G m i a tr atis on t h
o u a re er a n a, e e e

mann rs and c stoms of t h G rmans ; t h L if of Ag i l

e u e e e e r co a ,

his H i t y and his A l All of th s

s or most admi nn a s . e e ar e

rabl prod ctions polish d and grac ful narrativ s f ll of

e u , e e e , u

e nt rtainm nt and instruction H i G m i writt it

e e . s er an a, e n,

is tho ght by som t of t h fuln ss of knowl dg d riv d

u e, ou e e e e e e

from p rsonal obs rvation thro gh s rvic or r sid nc on

e e u e e e e e

th Rh nish f ronti r giv s h f ll st information that

e e e , e u s t e u e

w e poss ss r sp cti g t h man rs b li fs and social

e e e n e ne , e e ,

arrang m nts f e barbarian anc stors whil th y w r

e o ou r e e e e e

y te living b n ath th ir nativ e for sts

e Tacitus dw lls e e e . e

with d light pon t h simpl lif f t h nciviliz d G

e u e e e o e u e er

mans and s ts th ir virtu s in strong contrast with t h

, e e e e

immoraliti s of t h r fin d and c ltur d Romans H i

e e e e u e . s

tr atis on t h lif and campaigns of Agricola his fath r

e e e e , e

i law is prono nc d
n- , f t h most admirabl biographi s
u e o ne o e e e

in t h ntir ro d f lit rat r It giv s a most vivid

e e e un o e u e . e

and pict r sq portrayal of t h conq st of Britain and

u e ue e ue

th stablishm nt of Roman a thority in that r mot island

e e e u e e

( par . T h H i t y and A l cov r

e t h .r igns fs or nn a s e e e o

som f t h b st and of som of h worst of h r l rs f

e o e e e t e t e u e o

th arly mpir Th hot indignation of t h virt o s and

e e e e . e e u u

p atriotic historian po r d in scathing inv ctiv,

against u e ou t e e

a Tib rius a N ro d a D omitian has ca s d his nam

e ,
e ,
an u e e

to b fr q ntly plac d with thos of P rsi s Juv nal and

e e ue e e e u , e ,

th oth r Roma satirists

e e n .

Su tonius (born abo t

e 7 ) was h biograph r of h u A D . . 0 t e e t e

first T l C w e ve It is to him that cesa r s. ind bt d for we a re e e

ve ry many of t h d t ils of h liv s of th s arly mp rors

e e a t e e e e e e e .
5 0 0 A R C H ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W

Th e pictur which h draws is paint d in dark colors y

e e e , et

it is do btl ss in t h main a fairly r liabl portrait of

u e e e e u re

som of t h most d t stabl tyrants that v r disgrac d a

e e e e e e e e

thron e .

3 8 S0i n E t.h i d P
c eh il h
p y Und r this h ad
ce , cs , a n os o . e e

may b gro p d h nam s of Varro S n ca P li y h

e u e t e e , e e ,
n t e

E ld r and P liny h Yo ng r M arc s A r li s Epict t s

e t e u e ,
u u e u , e u ,

Q intilian
u d P h drus , an ae .

Varro ( 6 7 B ) b longs to h lat r y a s of h

1 1 — 2 . C . e t e e e r t e

r p blic H i almost niv rsal knowl dg has arn d for

e u . s u e e e e e

him t h titl of t h most l ar d of t h Romans H

e e
“
e e ne e .
”
e

w itn ss d h t rrific sc n s of h days of S lla and

e e t e e e e t e u

M ari s of P omp y u ,
d C sar of O ctavi s and Anto y e an ae , u n .

H hims lf was among t h proscrib d in t h lists of t h

e e e e e e

cr l A to y and his mag ific nt villas for h had im

ue n n ,
n e — e

m ns w alth w r co fiscat d A g st s gav him

e e e — e e n e . u u u e

back his farms b t co ld t r stor his lib ary which ,

u u no e e r ,

had p rish d i t h sack of his villas L ik m ny anoth r

e e n e . e a e

in thos t rb l nt tim s wh n h saw t h hop l ss r in of

e u u e e , e e e e e u

th r p blic and t h stablishm nt of d spotism in its

e e u e e e e

plac h so ght solac in h p rs it of lit rat

e, e u Almost e t e u u e u re .

th etir circl of l tt rs was adorn d by his v rsatil

en e e e e e e e

p en
; h is said to e hav writt n b tw fi and six e e e een ve

h dr d books H i most val abl prod ction how v r

u n e . s u e u ,
e e ,

was a w ork on agric ltur a sort of handbook for t h u e, e

Italian farm r e .

S n ca ( abo t
e e moralist and philosoph r has
u A D . . 1 e ,

alr ady com

e notic as t h t tor of N ro (par
e to .
ou r e e u e .

Th act of his lif which has b n most s v r ly con

e e ee e e e

d m m d was t h d f c w hich h mad of his mast r

e e e e en e e e e

b for t h s nat for t h tyrant s m rd r of his moth r

e e e e e e
’
u e e ,
 5 0 2 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A IV /
.

so lofty d admirabl that it h a b n maintain d h

an e s ee e e

cam und r t h infl nc s of C hristianity ; d s v ral l t

e e e ue e an e e e

t rs addr ss d appar ntly by t h philosoph r to t h apostl

e e e e e e e e

P a l whichu , still xtant w r form rly r f r d to as

a re e , e e e e er e

proof f this fact ; b t th s hav b n shown to b sp ri

o u e e e ee e u

o u s. B sid s his thical and philosophical writings S n ca

e e e , e e

compos d t trag di s d sign d rath r for r ading than

e en e e , e e e e

for t h stag S n c s nam will v r b r m mb r d as

e e. e e a
’
e e e e e e e e

that of a gr at t ach r of virt and morality to a corrupt

e e e ue

a
g w
e,hos infl nc pon hims elf all his philosophy
ue co ld e u e u

not wholly r sist e .

P liny h E ld r ( 3 79)
t is almost
e h o ly
e Roman A D . . 2
,
—
t e n

who won r nown as an inv stigator of t h ph nom na of

e e e e e

nat r H i lif was a marv llo sly b sy

u e . s v y mom t
e e u u o ne, e er en

b i g fill d with p blic s rvic s with obs rvations st dy

e n e u e e , e , u ,

and writing H s ldom walk d b t rod or w as carri d

. e e e ,
u e e

in a litt r that h might not los a mom nt f rom his st di s

e , e e e u e .

At his m als and toil t h had a slav r ad to him

e e e e e .

P liny lost his lif in an ov z alo s p rs it of sci nc e e r- e u u u e e .

H was in comma d of t h Roman fl t at M i

e m wh nn e ee se n u e

occ rr d t h r ption of V s vi s which r s lt d in t h

u e e e u e u u e u e e

d str ction of P omp ii and H c lan m ( par

e u e er u eu .

S bduing t h f ars f his offic rs w ho wish d to fl

u e e from o e , e ee

t h sc ne P liny mploy d h ships of his fl t in r sc ing

e e, e e t e ee e u

t h inhabitants f h
e coast H i v ss ls whil gag d o t e . s e e , e en e

in this work w r cov r d w ith t h hot ash s that dark

,
e e e e e e

e n d h air and f ll inc ssan ly in h avy sho w rs In

e t e e e t e e .

o d r to gain a b tt r vi w f t h mo tain h ph il
r e e e e o e u n , t e o so

ph r ord d his sailors to p him ashor ; b t f

e e re u t e u u n ortu

h at ly h v nt r d too n ar h volcano and was ov

e e e u e e t e ,
er

com d su ff ocat d by h s lph ro s xhalations

e an e t e u u u e .
 L ITE R A TUR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, AN D LA W 5 3
0

only work of P liny that has b n spar d to is his

Th e ee e u s

N t l IIi
a u ra
y mbracing thirty s v n vol m s It is a
s t or , e - e e u e .

mon m nt of ntiring ind stry and xt nsiv r s arch It

u e u u e e e e e .

contains t w nty tho sand citations from mor than t wo

e u e

thousand volum s of vario s authors It was t h Roman e u . e

E ncyclopa dia containing all that t h

e world th n kn w
, e e e

r sp cting astro omy g ography bota y zoology m di

e e n , e ,
n , , e

cin and t h a ts f pai ting and statua y In this work

e, e r o n r .

h d f nds t h th ory of h sph ricity of h arth and

e e e e e t e e t e e ,

d clar s that it is a glob hangi g by w hat m ans p

e e e n , e su

port d h kno w s not in vacant spac

e e , e.

In conn ction with h nam of P liny h Eld r m st b

e t e e t e e u e

m ntion d that of his ph w P li y t h Yo ng r H

e e ne e ,
n e u e . e

s cc d d to t h stat and to som what of t h fam f

u ee e e e e, e e e, o

his c l b at d ncl H was a man of l tt rs b i g a

e e r e u e . e e e , e n

grac f l writ r and orator y was not a nat ralist lik t h

e u e , et u e e

first P li y H was a s rvil co ti

n . d w ot a logy
e e e ur e r, a n r e eu

u pon t h charact r of t h mp ror Trajan w hich is fill d

e e e e e e

w ith t h most f lsom prais e Th larg n mb r of his u e e . e e u e

e pistl s po ms histo i s and trag di s i dicat his ind s

e , e ,
r e , e e n e u

try and his d votion to l tt rs e e e .

5

M a c s A r li s t h
r mp ror and E pict tus t h slav
u u e u e e e e e e

hold h fi st plac amo g t h thical t ach rs of Rom

t e r e n e e e e e.

Th form r wrot his M dit i ( par 8 ) b t h lat

e e e e a t ons . 2 2 u t e

t lik S ocrat s committ d nothing to w riting so that

e r, e e , e ,

we know of t h char ct r of his t achings o ly thro gh e a e e n u

o ne f his p pils Arria m by nam

o E pict t s was for
u , e. e u

ma y y ars a slav at t h capital b s c ri g in som

n e e e , u t, e u n e

way his fr dom h b cam a t ach r of philosophy ee , e e e e e .

D omitian having ord r d all philosoph rs to l av Rom e e e e e e,

p 6 l st p t 5 C om a re
par . 22 , a ar .
5 4
0 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W

E pict t s fl d to E pir s wh r h stablish d a school in

e u e u , e e e e e

which h ta ght t h doctrin s of S toicism H i n m is

e u e e . s a e

ins p rably link d with that of M arcus Aur li s as a

e a e e u

t ach r f t h p r st syst m of thics that is fo nd o tsid

e e o e u e e e u u e

of C h istianity Epict tus and A r li s w r t h last m i

r . e u e u e e e e

n nt r pr s ntativ s d xpositors f t h philosophy of

e e e e e an e o e

t h S toics
e In th m S toicism bo its cons mmat flow r
. e re u e e

and fr it T h doctrin s of t h G alil an w r v n th n

u . e e e e e e e e e

fast taki g poss ssion of t h Roman w orld ; for giving

n e e ,

larg r plac to t h a ff ctions and all t h nat ral instincts

e e e e e u ,

th y r adily won t h h arts f m from t h cold ym

e e e e o en e , u ns

path tic abstractions f t h G r cian sag

e o e e e .

Q intili n ( abo t
u 4 a8) was t h g at gram u A D . . 0— 1 1 e o ne re

marian and rh torician that t h Roman rac prod c d F e e e u e . or

abo t a quart r of a c nt ry h was t h most not d l ct r r

u e e u e e e e u e

at Rom d cational and lit rary s bj cts O of t h

e on e u e u e . ne e

books ll s of h capital aft r m ch p rs asion finally

e er t e , e u e u ,

p r vail
e d pon t h t
e ach ruto publish his l ctur s Th e y e e e e . e

w r r c iv d w ith gr at favor and Q uintilian s I it

e e e e e e ,
’
nst u t es

hav n v r c as d to b st di d and copi d by all s cc d

e e e e e e u e e u ee

ing writ rs on ducation and rh toric

e e e .
6

6 ll i s which
Th e a h v d
u s on p bli s hi g t d gg t we a e ma e t o th e u n ra e su es

a w d p cti g ci t p bli s h s d b k s
or re s e n h w an R en u er an oo T e re ere in om e

s v l p bli hi g h s s which th i d y j y d w d p t
.

e e ra u s n ou e in e r a en o e a i e re u a

d ct d v y xt d d b s i ss Id d
, , ,

ti on d c an on u e ti q
a er e en e u ne n ee th e an u e

b k t d s ys hl c l h dly s p d by
.
,

oo ra e, c i d
”
a Gu “
w as arr e on on a s a e ar u r as s e

d ti s p ss
,

mo e rn pl c
me lit t t k
Th e a e of the re in our e r a u re w as a en

by h l v s h gh p ctic th y g i d s p isi g cility

.

t e s a e T ro u ra e e a ne u r r n fa as

c pyis t s d b k s w
.

o anltipli d with g t pidity A d

oo e re mu e re a ra n as to th e

b k s th s lv s s t b i i d th t b k i
, .
,

oo em e e ci t
we m u e ar n m n a a oo n t h e an en

s s si ply ll
,

en e w as c ipt p ch t d c t i d
m a ro of m an u s r or ar m en , an o n a ne

no thi g lik n t tt h ld b y
e th e di y d v l
am o u n of ma er e an o r n ar mo e rn o u me
s s which k s i gl v l
.

T h us C ae W ar
’
Ga llic d t a r s, ma e a s n e o u me of mo e ra e
5 0 6 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A TUR E , L A W .

at r of his p riod w shall s l ct only two for sp cial

u e t e , e e e e

m n ion S J om and S A gustin

e t , t . er e t . u e.

J rom ( 3 4 4 ) w as a na iv f P annonia H
e e A D . . 2 —
20 t e o . e

studi d at Rom and at C onstanti opl and t av ll d

e e n e, r e e

through all h provinc s f t h mpir from Britain to t e e o e e e,

P al sti e F many y ars h l d a monastic lif at B th

ne . or e e e e e

l h m H is sp cially h ld in m mory thro gh his

e e . e e e e e u

tra slation of h S cript r s into L atin This v rsion is

n t e u e . e

kno w n as h V lg and is t h which with slight

t e u a t e, e o ne ,

chang s is still us d in t h Roman C atholic C h rch It

e , e e u .
“

was for E rop of h M iddl Ag s ass rts M k il u e t e e e , e ac a ,

“
mor than H om r was to G c
e e re e e.
”

A r li s A g stin ( 3 5 4 4 3 ) was born n ar C

u e u u u e A D . .
— 0 e ar

th g ain Africa H was h most min nt writ r of h

e, . e t e e e e t e

C hristian C h rch d ing h lat r Roman p iod H i u u r t e e er . s

n m ro s w o ks s rmons comm ntari s and pistl s

u e u r e , e e , e e

form a p rf ct library of th ms lv s ; but his fam r sts

e e e e e e e

chi fly on his C f i and his Ci y f G t w o of h

e on ess ons t o oa,
'

t e

most r ma kabl productions of all C hristian writi gs

e r e n .

T h la g r pa t
e f th r C f i e is a to chi g narrativ
r o e on ess on s u n e

of his str ggl s of so l that r s lt d in his conv rsion

u e u e u e e .

This work is a classic in C h istian lit rat r and has b n r e u e, ee

translat d into almost v ry la g ag in which h Bibl

e e e n u e t e e

is r ad Th City f G is a tr ly wond rf l w o k Th
e . e o oa
’
u e u r . e

book was writt n j st wh n t h G oths and Vandals w r e u e e e e

taking poss ssion of t h mpir wh n Rom was b coming

e e e e, e e e

t h spoil of t h ba baria s
e It was d sign d to answ r t he r n . e e e e

charg of h pagans that C hristianity t rning t h p opl

e t e ,
u e e e

away f om t h w orship f t h anci nt gods was t h caus

r e o e e ,
e e

of t h calamiti s that w r b falli g t h Roman stat It

e e e e e n e e .

symboliz s Rom as t h city f t h w orld which o ly p

e e e o e ,
n re
 L ITE R A T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, A N D LA W 5 7
0

s mpt o sly can call its lf t h Et rnal C ity whil

u u u e e
“
e e

u nd r t h figur of t h C ity of G d is portray d t h nd r

e e e e o e e e u

ing nat r f t h C hristian C h rch t h N w J rusal m

u e o e u , e e e e ,

t h tr ly Et rnal C ity “ ”
e u e .

3 R m L w
1 0. d L w Lit r tur
o Altho gh h
an a an a e a e. — u t e

L atin writ rs in all t h d partm nts of lit rary ffort which

e e e e e e

we hav so far r vi w d did m ch valuabl work y t as

e e e e u e ,
e ,

we hav had occasion to r p at fr q ntly t h Roman

e e e e ue , e

int ll ct in all th s r alms was und r G r k g idanc ;

e e e e e e ee u e

its work was imitativ and thro ghout all its cours e, u e

u nma k d by any gr at originality boldn ss or cr ativ

r e e , e , e e

e n rgy B t in anoth r d partm nt it was di ff r nt W

e . u e e e e e . e

m an f cours t h fi ld f l gal or juridical sci nc

e , o e, e e o e e e .

H r h
e e Romans c as to b pupils and b com t ach
t e e e e e e e

e rs H r th y
. no long r t h s rvil imitators f t h
e e e are e e e e o e

e xc ll nc s of oth rs altho gh th y do not r f s h lp

e e e e , u e e u e e

ful instr ction b t th y b com cr ators and mast rs

u ,
— u e e e e e .

N ations lik m hav th ir mission Rom s mission ’

, e e n, e e . e

was to giv laws to h world e t e .

O kno w l dg of t h law syst m of t h Romans b gins

ur e e e e e e

with h l gislation f t h Tw lv Tabl s abo t 4 5 B

t e e o e e e e , u 0 . C.

( par Thro
. gho t all h r p blican p riod t h la w s u u t e e u e e

w r gro w ing l ss harsh and cru l l ss invidio s in th ir

e e e e , e u e

disti ctions b t w n t h high r and lo w r class s of h

n e ee e e e e t e

comm nity and w g ad ally ffaci g h marks of th ir

u , e re r u e n t e e

barbaro s origin and b coming mor lib ral and sci ntific
u e e e e .

From B to 5 liv d and

1 00 wrot h m ost
. C . A D . . 2 0 e e t e

famous of h Roman j rists and law w rit rs w ho cr at d

t e u e , e e

th most r markabl law lit ratur v r prod c d by any

e e e e e e e u e

p opl Th gr at nvarying principl s that nd rli and

e e . e e u e u e e

r gulat all social and political r lations w

e e xami d e e re e ne ,
5 0 8 A R CH ITE C TUR E , L ITE RA T URE , L A W .

ill strat d and cl arly n nciat d S m l G ai s Ulpian

u e , e e u e . c v o a,
7
u , ,

P a lus P apinian and P m p

u , i amo g t h most , o on u s a re n e

r nown d f t h writ rs who d ring h p riod j st indi

e e o e e , u t e e u

c at ed nrich d by th ir writings and d cisions this branch

, e e e e

of L atin lit ratur e e.

In t h y ar 5 7 Justinian
e b cam emp ror of h
A D. . 2 e e e e t e

E ast rn Roman mpir

e H almost imm diat ly nt r d e e. e e e e e e

u pon t h w o k of coll cting and arrangi g i a syst matic

e r . e n n e

mann r h imm ns mass of Roma laws and h w itings

e t e e e n t e r

o f t h j rists T h und rtaki g was lik

e u h labor of t h
. e e n e t e e

commission rs who dr w p h co d of t h Tw lv Tabl s

e e u t e e e e e e ,

o ly i fi it ly gr at r Sinc thos tabl ts w r t p in

n n n e e e . e e e e e se u

th for m a tho sand y ars had pass d D ing th s

e u , u e e . ur e e

c t i s h limits of L ati m had grad ally xpand d

en u r e t e u u e e ,

u n til th y had com to mbrac all t h co tri s f i gi g

e e e e e u n e r n n

th M di rran n ;
e e d ov r all th s r gions w ith th ir
te ea an e e e e , e

motl y pop lations Rom had xt nd d h a thority and

e u , e e e e er u

h erla w s Th r possibl r latio of lif th t was

. e e w as no e e n e a

no t cog iz d d d alt with by t h Roman gov r m nt

re n e an e e e n e .

M n s e lations to t h family to t h ci y to t h stat to

’
re e ,
e t , e e,

th gods w cl a ly d fin d and l gislat d pon d

e ,
e re e r e e e e u an

d cr d abo t by t h s nat mp rors and m icipal

e ee u e e e, e e , un

magistrat s D i g all th s c t i s too h b st

e . ur n e e en u r e , ,
t e e

int ll cts of t h nation had b n b sy annotati g and com

e e e ee u n

m t i g po
en all this g owing mass of l gislation d p
n u n r e , an ro

d i g whol librari s of l a n d w k
uc n e h sci c of e e r e or s on t e en e

j rispr d nc and gov r m nt B a ing th s thi gs in

u u e e e n e . e r e e n

mind w can fo m som fai t conc ption of h o mo s

, e r e n e t e en r u

amo of mat ial of a l gal char ct that had b n c t d

u nt er e a er ee re a e

by h tim of t h s bv rsion of t h mpir in t h W st

t e e e u e e e e e e

Q i t M ci s c v s 7 d ti x
u n us u n S ae o la , u rn am e Po n f e .
5 1 0 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE RA T UR E , L A I
/V .

h n h gr a t work was compl t d copi s w r f

W e t e e e e ,
e e e ur

n si h d to h law schools of C onstantinopl

e t e Rom Al x e, e, e

and i B yt C r a, and oth r citi s of t h mpir

er u s, azs a r e a , e e e e e .

It w as t h sol t xt book of h yo th ngag d in t h st dy

e e e - t e u e e e u

of t h law e .

T h Body of t h Roman L
e thus pr s rv d and trans e aw e e e

mi d was t h most import nt contrib tion of t h L atin

tte e a u e

i t ll ct to civilization It has x rt d a profo d i fl

n e e .
9
e e e un n u

e nc pon all t h l gal syst ms of mod rn E rop D

e u e e e e u e . ur

ing t h D ark Ag s its study abat d ; b t arly in t h

e e e u e e

tw lfth c nt y th r was a gr at r vival f int r st in it

e e u r e e e e o e e

in all h law schools of Italy sp cially at Bologna As

t e ,
e e .

a r s lt of this fr sh xamination of t h admirabl syst m

e u e e e e e

of j isprud nc of a ci nt Rom t h Justinian C od h

ur e e n e e, e e e

cam t h gro ndwork f t h pr s nt law syst m f Italy of

e e u o e
’

e e e o ,

S o th rn Franc
u e and f G rmany It also b cam ili
e, o e . e e au x

twith t di g th t R
9
No s d ch p litic l xp i c d
s an n a th e o m an ha mu o a e e r e n e an

d v l p d w d lly c pl x w itt c tit ti

e e o e a on till id f
e rf u om e un r en o ns u o n, s as e ro m

s
,

th i e r icip l d d i i t tiv y t
mu n (p a d 5
an th ya m n s ra e s s em s ar .
74 an 2 1 , n . e

ma d pe t c t ib ti
no e rm ane ng v t on r u on to the art of o e rnm e n or to the

s ci c c tit ti l
e n e of l ft ons gli h p plu o na law . It w as e fo r t h e En s eo e, p ra c
tic lly id ed by
a u na p c d t w k c tit ti Ro m a n re e e n s, to or ou t the o ns u on of

the mo d f st t ernp i y s bli s re e

(
a e
5) Th e r m ar a se m e of th e R o m a ns pa r 1

c ld f d i s t ctiv p c d t s
. .

ou af or d p t t l gi l ti
no n ru e re e en in t h e e ar m en o f e s a on.

Th e p ctic l w ki g
ra d vic f t h d l x c tiv f t h p blic
a or n of th e e e o e ua e e u e o e re u

(p ar . 1 1 17) w n t c lc l t d t
11 c m m d it t l t t t m
as o a u a e o o en o a er s a es en

s
, . .

N orw th t
as y p i d f R m
e re , hi ta y ythi
an g w thy f er o o o an or an n or o

O di t i n f t h l gi s l tiv
,

i m it ti in t h p ti n d t h
a on e se a ra th o an e co r na o o e e a e, e

j dici l d t h x c tiv d p t m t f t h g v m t Th i gl
u a an e e e u e e ar en o e o e rn en e s n e

d m i bl f t in t h c m p iti p blic n s t f
.
,

a ra e e a u re f th l t e o os on o e a e r re u a e na e o

R m o n m ly t h
e, givi ng f s t i th t b dy t
a e , e m gi t t s ( o ea s n a o o e x- a s ra e se e

p g a e h t b n i m it t d by m d
as n o n c tit ti m k th gh
ee a e o er o ns u o n- a e rs, ou

J m B yc in h i c m m nt y
a es r e, th A m ic n C m ms w lth o e ar on e er a o on ea

gg t s th t th y m igh t h v d
,

su es a t dv t g in t h m ki g p
e a e o n e so o a an a e e a n u

o f th pp ch m b s f th i l gi sl t
e u er a er o e r e a u r e s.
 L ITE R A T UR E , P H IL OS OP H Y, AN D LA W 5 1 1

ary law in N orth rn Franc and in S pai whil in England e e n, e

t h laws f
e T utonic anc stors w r by it g atly i fl
o ou r e e e e re n u

d and m difi d
e nc e o e .
10

Thus has Rom giv n laws to h nations th s do s e e t e — u e

t h o c littl P alatin C ity of t h Tib r still r l t h world

e n e e e e e u e e .

T h r ligion of J d
e e th arts of G r c and h laws of u aza , e ee e, t e

Rom thr v ry r al and pot nt l m nts in mod rn

e a re ee e e e e e e e

civilization .

R F R N E C E
(E H CES —
f R . RUTT W E LL C , ist ory o om a n L it e r a t u re .

S EL LAR (W R f p d Th e
'

om a n P oet s o th e R e u Olic a n Th e R om a n P oe t s
M
.

o
f M
t h e A u gu st a n Age ( J . A C K A IL . L a t in L i t e r a t u re. THO AS
“ 5 R om a n L i e
f ch p xiv pp 3 3 3 63
u n der t h e Ca sa r s,
A a . . . 1— .
“

T ypic l R m n a f t h E m pi
o a Pli y t h Y
o g
e d ch p xi pp
re , n e ou n er an a

s s I s
. . .

2
53 7 -2
5 T h R p n t tiv
e f M e l red ie R m a n S ci
e ty o o ra ea n o a o e

[E pict t s M c s A li s d S n c ] L A W R N
,

e u ar u u re u L ti
an e e a E CE a n

s f N N (J
.
, ,

L it t ( H
er a u r e p H l H ar S i
er )
’
S R A C H A
a D -
A V ou r e r es T - ID S O

s s
. .

“Ci
9
( H
c er o f t h N ti
e ro e ) ch
o p iii ( fi t p
e t ) C
a ic on ,
a . . rs ar , e ro as an

A dv c t H ADL Y ”
o a e. I t d ti t
E R m L w L * III
n ro u c on o o an a ec

L w b f J s ti i pp 5 7 6 G BB N
. .
, ,

”
Th R m e o an a e o re u D lin an, 1— I O ec ne

ch p xliv f R m j i s p d c
. .

an d F ll f t h R m
a o E mp i e o an r e, a or o an ur ru en e

f t h m s t n t d f G ibb sg tw k C
. .
.
,

T hi ch pt
’
s i a n er s o e o e o o e o on re a or u TT s

ch F th s S i s)
.

( E . S i tj m (C h
a n er o e u r a er er e .

10 Ha dl ye , In t r odu c t ion t o R om a n L a w , p . 2
5 e t se q .
 H A PT E R XX V C

O I F S C AL LI E .

Edu t i n r p blic th r w r no
i

3 1 1 . U d th ca o .
— n er e e u e e e e

p blic schools in Rom d cation w as a privat a ffair

u e ; e u e .

Und r t h arly mpir a mix d syst m pr vail d th r

e e e e e e e e e , e e

b ing both p blic and privat schools L at r d c tion

e u e . e , e u a

cam mor compl t ly nd r h s p rvision of t h stat

e e e e u e t e u e e e.

In A D
4 5.t h mp rors Th odosi s and Val nti ian for
. 2 e e e e u e n

bad any p rsons sav thos sp cially a thoriz d to op n

e e , e e e e u e , e

schools Th salar s of t h t ach rs and l ct r rs w r

. e le e e e e u e e e

us ally paid by h m icipaliti s but som tim s from t h

u t e u n e ,
e e e

imp rial ch st
e e .

N v r was t h
e prof ssion f h t ach r h ld in s ch
e e e o t e e e e u

est m as amo g h lat r Rom ns T ach rs w r mad

ee n t e e a . e e e e e

ex mpt from ma y p blic b rd ns d d ti s , and w r

e n u u e an u e e e

ev n inv st d with inviolability lik h ralds d t ib n s

e e e , e e an r u e .
1

Th d cation f t h Roman boy di ff r d from that of

e e u o e e e

th G r k yo th in b ing mor practical

e ee T h laws of h
u e e . e t e

Tw lv Tabl s w r committ d to m mory ; and rh toric

e e e e e e e e

and oratory w r giv n sp cial att ntion as a mast ry of

e e e e e ,
e

th eart of p blic sp aki g was an almost indisp sabl

u e n en e

acquir m nt for t h Roman citiz n who aspir d to tak a

e e e e e e

promi nt part in t h a ff airs of stat

ne e e .

Aft r th ir conq st f M agna G m i and f G r c

e e ue o r c a o ee e,

th Romans w r bro ght i to clos r r lations with G r k

e e e u n e e ee

1 D ill , R om a n S oc iety i n t h e L a st Ce n t u ry f
o th e Wester n E mp i r e , p .
3 33 .

5 1 2
5 14 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W

lat r and mor d g n rat t im s h position b cam l ss

e e e e e e e er e e e

honor d and divorc gr w to b v ry common T h h

e ,
e e e e . e u s

band had h right to divorc his wif f h slight st

t e e e or t e e

ca s or for no ca s at all In this disr gard of t h

u e, u e . e e

sanctity of t h family r lation may do btl ss b fo nd e e u e e u

o ne ca s f t h d g n racy and fail r of t h Roman

u e o e e e e u e e

stock .

3 3 L g y Hunt in g
1 . T h d cay of f amily lif at Rom
e ac — e e e e

in t h last c nt ry of t h r p blic and h first of h

e e u e e u t e t e

empir gav birth to a vic so charact ristic of t h soci ty

e e e e e e

of thos tim s that m st not pass it in ntir sil nc

e e we u e e e e .

This was what is known as l gacy hunting e .

Th dis st m i which family lif had com to b h ld

e e ee n e e e e

by t h pp r class s gav ris to t h pr s c in soci ty of

e u e e e e e e en e e

a la g n mb r of h irl ss p sons This stat of thi gs

r e u e e e er . e n

call d into xist nc a d spicabl class who by v ry m ans

e e e e e e , e e e

tri d to insin at th ms lv s into t h favor f t h rich b t

e u e e e e e o e u

childl ss p rson in ord r to ind c him to nam th m as

e e , e u e e e

his h irs Th practic s r sort d to by th s l gacy

e . e e e e e e e

h nt rs w r as sham l ss as th y w r i ng nio s Th y
u e e e e e e e e e u . e

b cam h obs q io s cli nts of t h

e e t ewhos w alth th y
e u u e e o ne e e e

cov t d Th y mad him gifts and show r d pon him

e e . e e e e u

att ntions of v y kind Th y o ff r d pray rs and sacri

e e er . e e e e

fi for his r cov ry wh n h was sick altho gh th y w r

c es e e e e , u e e e

h pi g for his sp dy d ath

O n Th y sat on t h for most ee e . e e e

b nch s w h n h r ad v rs s of his o w n composition and

e e e e e e e ,

tho gh almost d ad with w arin ss appla d d lo dly

u e e e u e u .

Th y w r dilig nt in att ndanc pon his l ct r s C

e e e e e e u e u e . as

u ally th y show d him th ir own w ills drawn in his favor

e e e ,
.

If any of his ho s s chanc d to b rn do w n th y w r h u e e u , e e e t e

first to s bscrib to fu d to mak good his loss A d

u e a n e . n
 S O CIA L L IFE .
5 I5

th s it cam abo t that h childl ss d h irl ss p rson

u e u t e e an e e e

h ld in soci ty a most nvi d plac

e Th man who has
e e e e.
“
e

h irs says a writ r of t h tim s is n v r invit d to y

e ,
”
e e e ,
“
e e e an

f stive gath ring but is l ft to associat with h d gs of

e e , e e t e re

soci ty D id an h ir chanc
e .
H 3
to b born to a p son e e e er

hi h rto childl ss straightway h b cam fri ndl ss and

t e e ,
e e e e e

without infl nc S n ca in a l tt r to a moth r who had

ue e .
4
e e e e e

lost h o ly child conso l s h with h tho ght that no w

er n e er t e u

s h will njoy a social position which h

e e co ld not hav s e u e

s cu d had h h ir liv d
e re er e e .

B t th r w as anoth r sid to t h matt r Th d c iv rs

u e e e e e e . e e e e

w r oft n d c iv d In o d r that th y might b

e e e h e e e . r e e e t e

re cipi nts f t h att ntions d t h gifts b stow d by th s

e o e e an e e e e e

l gacy h nt rs po h h irl ss rich many mad f ls

e u e u n t e e e , e a e

pr t nsions to t h poss ssion of gr at w alth D ing lif

e e e e e e . ur e

s ch p sons njoy d gr at consid r tio and dying l ft

u er e e e e a n, , e

many indignant mo rn rs u e .

3 4 P b li Am u m nt
1 . Th t rtai m nts of h
u c se e s. — e en e n e t e

th atr t h gam s of t h circ s and t h combats of t h

e e, e e e u , e e

amphith atr w r h thr principal p blic am s m nts of

e e e e t e ee u u e e

t h Romans
e Th s nt tainm nts in g n ral incr as d
. e e e er e , e e , e e

in pop larity as lib rty d clin d t h gr at f stiv gath r

u e e e ,
e e e e e

i gs at t h various plac s of am s m nt taki g h pl c

n e e u e e n t e a e

of t h political ass mbli s of t h r p blic T h p blic

e e e e e u . e u

e xhibitio s nd r h mpi w r in a c tain s s

n u e t e e re e e, er en e,

t h comp nsation w hich h

e mp ro s o ff r d t h p opl
e t e e e r e e e e e

t i s q t d by g
3 Pe ro n u d
, u o e In e, S oc iety in R om e u n er the Ce sa r s ,

p 35 t i liv d ti
Pe d w t
ro n u s k e in t h e me of N e ro an ro e a re m a r

s ci ty ly f g t
. .

a bl v l which
e no i e d w as a m rro r o f the o e of h is a
y On ra m en s

w k h v b sp d
.
,

of th e or a e een are to u s.

4 Frie dlande r, D a r s t ellu ngen der S it t engesc h ich te Rom s ,

'

au s v o l. 1 .

p .
41 9 .
5 6 1 A R C H ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W .

for th ir s nd r of t h right of particip tio in p b

e u r re e e a n u

lic a ff airs ; d t h p opl w r cont t to acc p t h

an e e e e e en e t e

e xch ng a e.

Trag dy was n v h ld in high st m Rome h

e e er e e ee at
-

; t e

p opl saw too m ch r al trag dy i t h xhibitions of

e e u e e n e e

th amphith at to c m ch for h mak b li v t g

e e re ar e u t e e- e e e ra e

di s f t h stag Th nt rtainm nts of t h th at s

e o e e . e e e e e e re u su

ally took h form of com di s farc s and pan omim s

t e e e , e , t e .

T h last w r pa tic la ly pop la

e both b ca s h vast
e e r u r u r, e u e t e

siz of h th tr s mad it q it impossibl for t h actor

e t e ea e e u e e e

to mak his voic h a d th o gho t h str ct r d for

e e e r r u u t e u u e, an

th ason th t h lang ag of sig s was t h o ly la guag

e re a t e u e n e n n e

th t co l d b r dily nd stood by an a di nc mad p

a u e ea u er u e e e u

of so ma y di ff r nt ationaliti s as compos d a Roman

n e e n e e

ass mblag e e .

Almost f om h b gin ing t h Roman stag was gross

r t e e n e e

an d immo l It of t h main ag nci s to w hich

ra . w as o ne e e e

m st b ttrib t d h nd rmi i g of t h o igi ally so nd

u e a u e t e u e n n e r n u

moral lif of Roma soci ty S bsorb d did h p opl

e n e . o a e t e e e

b com in h i d c nt pr s ntations of h stag that

e e t e n e e re e e t e e

th y lost ll tho ght and car of t h a ff airs of r al lif

e a u e e e e.

And h vil was t confi d to t h c pit l I all h

t e e no ne e a a . n t e

gr at citi s of t h provi c s t h th atr h ld h sam plac

e e e n e e e e e t e e e

of bad pr emin nc i h social lif of t h inhabita ts

e e e n t e e e n .

Th p opl of C a thag w r sho ting and appla di g in

e e e r e e e u u n

th th atr at h v ry mom t wh n h Vandals w r

e e e t e e en e t e e e

b sting op n t h city gat s T h Roman w orld di d

u r e e e .
“
e e

la ghi g
u n .
”

M or impo ta t e d mo pop lar than h nt rtain

r n an re u t e e e

m ts of h th at w r h vario s g m s sp cially h
en t e e re e e t e u a e ,
e e t e

chariot rac s of h ci c s B t s rpassing i th ir t rribl

e , t e r u . u u n e e e
5 8 1 A R CH I TE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , LA W .

E tr scans to slay prison s pon h w ior s g av it

u er u
_
_
t e ar r
’
r e,

b i g tho ght that h man s of t h d ad d light d in h

e n u t e e e e e e t e

blood of s ch victims 1 1 l t e im h prison s w r

u . 1
,
a ni es t e e-_
r fi
e e

fight a d kill anoth r h i b i g dem d

3
x

n o ne e t s e n e e
,
__
mo h ma than th ir cold blood d sla ght r Th s it
fi

re ne e - e u
u e . u

h app n d th a t s ntim ts f h manity gav ris to an

.

"

e e e en o u e e

i stitutio w hich aft r w ards p rv rt d b cam t h most

n n ,
e e e e , e e e

inh man of any that v r xist d among a civiliz d p opl

u e e e e e e e.

Th fi st gladiatorial sp ctacl at Rom w as pr s nt d

e r e e e e e e

by t w o sons at h f n r l of th ir fath r in t h y ar 64
t e u e a e e , e e 2

BC
. This xhibition was arrang d in
. e of t h forums e o ne e ,

as th r w r at that tim
e e amphith atr s in xist nc
e e e no e e e e e .

From this tim h public tast f this sp ci s of t

e t e e or e e e n er

i m
ta n gr w rapidly d by h b gi ning of t h imp rial
e nt e , an t e e n e e

p ri od had b com a p rf ct i fat ation It was now no

e e e e e n u .

long h m n s of t h d ad b t t h spirits of t h living

er t e a e e e ,
u e e ,

that h sp ct cl s w r int d d to app as At first h

t e e a e e e en e e e . t e

comb ta ts w r sl v s captiv s or co d mn d criminals

a n e e a e , e ,
n e e ;
b t at last knights s nators
u d v n w om n d sc d d ,
e , an e e e e en e

vol ntarily into h ar na Training schools w r stab

u t e e .
- e e e

li h d at Rom
s e C ap a R v n a and oth r citi s
e, Fr u ,
a e n , e e . ee

citiz s oft sold th ms lv s to h k p rs of h s s mi

en en e e e t e ee e t e e e

nari s ; d to th m flock d d sp ra m of ll class s

e an e e e e te en a e ,

an d r i d sp nd hrifts of h
u ne nobl st patrician ho s s
e t t e e u e .

S lav s and criminals w r

e nco ag d to b com p ofici nt e e e ur e e e r e

in h t by h promis f fr dom if th y s viv d t h

e ar t t e e o ee e ur e e

combats b yond a c rtain n mb r of y rs

e e u e ea .

S om im s h gladiato s fo ght in pairs again gr at

et e t e r u ; , e

co mpa i s gag d at onc i h d adly fray Th y

n e en e e n t e e . e

fo ght in chariots ho s back on foot in all t h w ays

u , on r e , e

that soldi rs w r cc stom d to fight in act al battl

e e e a u e u e .
 S O CIA L L IFE .
5 19

Th e co t stants w r arm d with lanc s swords dagg rs

n e e e e e , , e ,

trid nts and v ry mann r of w apon S om w r p

e , e e e e . e e e ro

v id d w ith n ts and lassos with which th y

e e ntangl d ,
e e e

th ir adv rsari s and th n sl w th m

e e e , e e e .

Th lif f a wo nd d gladiator
e e o in ordinary cas s u e w a s, e ,

in t h hands f t h a di c If in r spons to his app al

e o e u en e . e e e

for m rcy which was m ad by o str tching t h fo fing r

e , e u t e e re e ,

t h esp ctators e

w av d th ir e e

h an d k rchi fs e e

or r ach d te e ou

th ir h ands
e

with th mbs u ex

t nd d that i
e e ,
n

di t d that his
ca e

pray r had b n e ee

h ard b if
e u t

t h y xt nd d
e e e e

th ir hands
e
R G L A D IAT O S .

i ll i t
with th mbs u
) ( Po m p e an wa p a n ing
- .

t rn d in that was h signal for t h victor to giv him

u e , t e e e

th d ath s ro k Som tim s t h dyi g w r aro s d and

e e t
’

e. e e e n e e u e

forc d to r s m h fight by b ing b rn d with a hot

e e u e t e , e u e

iro T h d ad bodi s w r dragg d from t h ar na with

n . e e e e e e e e

hooks lik t h carcass s of animals and t h pools of blood

,
e e e , e

soak d p with dry sand

e u .

Th s shows incr as d to s ch an t nt th t th y
e e e e u ex e - a . -
. e ~

nti_r ely ov rsh do w ed t h e e t rt i m nts of h circ s d

-

e e a n e a n e t e u an
_
th th eatr Am b itio s o fficials and command s arra g d
e e . u er n e

s ch p zgc y favor with ass s

i

f
w

u l
s s i d e c t ac e t h m
n or ei t u rr e e ;

magistrat s w g exp ct d to giv t h m _i conn ction w ith

~

e re e e e e _
n e
5 2 0 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A I
/V .

the p blic f stivals h h ads of aspiring famili s xhibit d

u e ; t e e e e e

th m in ord r to cq ir social position ; w althy citi

e
“
e a u e
”
e

z s pr par d th m as an indisp nsabl f at

en e e f a fash e e e e u re o

i
ona b l banq t ; h e childr n ca ght t h pirit of th ir
u e t e e u e S e

e ld rs d imitat d th m in th ir plays Th d mand for

e an e e e . e e

gladiators was m by t h t aining schools ; t h ma g rs et e r - e na e

of th s hir d t bands of trai d m that r v ll d

e e e ou ne e n, t a e e

thro gh h co t y lik p ra tro p s among

u t e and
un r e O e u e u s,

gav xhibi io s in privat ho s s or in t h provincial

e e t n e u e e

amphith atr s e e .

T h rivalri s b t w n ambitio s l ad s d i g h
e e lat r e ee u e er ur n t e e

y a s of h r p blic t nd d gr atly to i c as h n umb r

e r t e e u e e e n re e t e e

o f gladi torial shows as lib r lity in arranging th s sp c

a , e a e e e

t l
ac es w as a s r passport to pop lar favor It was u e u .

r s rv d for t h mp rors how v to xhibit th m on a

e e e e e e , e e r, e e

tr ly imp ial scal Tit s pon t h d dication of h

u er e . u ,
u e e t e

Fl via Amphith atr (p

a n provid d gam s mostly e e ar. e e ,

gladiatorial combats that last d h d d days Traja ,

e o ne u n re . n

c l brat d his victori s with shows that conti d still

e e e e nu e

lo g in h prog ss of w hich
n e r, t thousand gl diators
e re t en a

fo ght pon h a na and mo than t tho sand wild

u u t e re ,
re en u

b asts w r slain
e e e .
5

3 6 Lu ury
1 By l x ry as
. x shall t h word
.
—
u u , we u se e ,
we

m an xtravagant and s lf ind lg nt livi g This vic

e e e - u e n . e

s ms to hav b almost nkno w n in arly Rom T h

ee e ee n u e e . e

primi iv Romans w r m of fr gal habits who lik

t e e e en u , , e

F b icius ( par
a r fo nd co t ntm nt in pov rty d dis
. u n e e e an

dai d rich sne e .

A gr at chang ho w v as hav s pass d ov r

e e, e e r, we e e e n, e e

Roman soci ty af r t h co q st of h East d t h e te e n u e t e an e

F 5 pp ss i or gl di t i l g s
t h e su re o n of the a a or a am e , se e p ar . 2 7 0.
5 2 2 A R CH ITE C T UR E , L ITE R A T UR E , L A W ’
.

charact r of t h xp nditur s of this lat r Roman

Th e e e e e e e

aristocracy was d t rmin d v ry larg ly by h circum e e e e e t e

stanc s of t h tim s Among o rs lv s h gr at r part of

e e e . u e e t e e e

t h incom of t h w althy class s is mploy d i i dustrial

e e e e e e e n n

e nt rpris s At Rom it was not so Th r w r not so

e e . e . e e e e

many opport niti s th n as th r now for t h profitabl

u e e e e are e e

and saf of capital T h fort at poss sso of a larg

e u se . e u n e e r e

incom was sh t up to xp nding it in adding w fi lds

e u e e ne e

to his stat in m ltiplying nlarging or b a tifying his

e e, u , e e u

palac s and villas or i h maint nanc of an xp nsiv

e ,
n t e e e e e e

dom stic stablishm nt M ost of t h la g privat incom s

e e e . e r e e e

of t h imp ial p riod

e d th r w r many gr at land
er e — an e e e e e

o w n rs who njoy d incom s ranging f om

e e to e e r

i mo y w xp d d in n ou r or in all of ne — e re e en e o ne

th s ways w hich w r forms of xp ndit r that s m d

e e , e e e e u e ee e

to good citiz ns l gitimat d asonabl and which

e e e an re e,

o ff nd d n ith r h good tast nor t h consci nc of t h

e e e e t e e e e e e

tim Th
e r al cank r at t h oot of that soci ty was
.
“
e e e e r e

not gross vic b class p id want of p blic spi it b pe, u t - r e, u r , a so r

tion in t h vaniti s of a st ril c ltur c ltivat d lfi h

e e e e u e, u e se s

n sse .
” 6

B t t h most of th s fa lts
u f a lts which hav charac
e e e u a re u e

t eri d v ry aristocracy of w alth that t h world has v r

z e e e e e e e

s n D ing h last fo r c turi s f t h mpir h

ee . ur t e u en e o e e e t e

l x y of h Roma aristocracy was p rhaps littl mor

u u r t e n e e e

e xtravagant or s lfish than that f any of h aristocraci s e o t e e

that si c h fall of Roman civilization hav absorb d

n e t e e e

and xp nd d so larg a part of h w alth f t h di ff r nt

e e e e t e e o e e e

Europ an co ntri s e u e .

6 D ill , Rom a n S oc iety i n t h e L a st Ce nt u ry of th e R om a n E mp ir e ,

p . 1 76 .
 S O CIA L L IFE .
5 3
2

3 7 t1t Di trib.ut i n Sf C rn
a e T h fr distrib tion f
s o o o . e ee u o

corn at Rom has b n charact riz d as h l ading fact of

e ee e e t e
“
e

Roman li f It will b r call d that this p rnicio s p

e .
”
e e e e u r ac

tic had its b ginni gs in t h l gislation of G aius G racchus

e e n e e

( par . Just b for h stablishm nt f t h mpir e e t e e e o e e e,

ov r thr h ndr d thousand Roman citiz ns w r

e ee u ip i
e e e e re c

en ts f his stat bounty In t h tim of h Ant nin s

o t e . e e t e o e

t h numb r is ass rt d to hav b

e e n v n larg r T h corn e e e ee e e e . e

for this normo s distribution was d riv d in larg part

e u e e , e ,

from a grain tribut xact d f h African and oth r corn e e e o t e e

producing provinc s In t h third c nt ry to t h lar e . e e u , e

g ss s of corn w r add d dol s of oil win and pork

e e e e e e , e, .

Th vils that r s lt d f om this misdir ct d stat

e e e u e r e e e

charity can hardly b ov rstat d Idl n ss and all its e e e . e e

accompanying vic s w r fost r d to s ch a d gr that e e e e e u e ee

we probably shall not b wrong in num rating h p e e e t e ra c

tic as e of h chi f ca s s of t h d moralization f

one t e e u e e e o

soci ty at Rom und r t h mp rors

e e e e e e .

3 8 S l v ry
1 Th
. numb r of slav s in t h Roman
a e - e e e e

stat und r h lat r r p blic and t h arli r mpir was

e e t e e e u e e e e e

probably as gr at as or v n gr at r tha h umb r of e , e e e e n, t e n e

fr m n S om larg propri tors own d as many as tw nty

ee e . e e e e e

tho sand Th lov of ost ntation l d to t h m ltiplica

u . e e e e e u

tion of o ffic s in t h ho s holds of t h w althy and h

e e u e e e , t e

e mploym nt of a sp cial slav for v ry di ff r nt kind of

e e e e e e e

work Th s th r was t h slav call d h

. u d li whos
e e e e e t e sa n a o, e

sol duty it was to car for his mast r s sandals d

e e e
’
; an

anoth r call d t h m l
e , whos xcl siv b sin ss
e e no en c a t or , e e u e u e

it was to accompany his mast r wh n h w nt upon t h e e e e e

str t and giv him h nam s of s ch p rsons as h o ght

ee , e t e e u e e u

to r cogniz T h pric of slav s vari d from a f dol

e e. e e e e ew
5 4
2 A R CH ITE C T URE , L ITE R A TUR E , L A W .

lars to t or tw nty tho sand dollars th s last figur s

en e u — e e e

b ing of cours xc ptional G r k slav s w r t h most

e e e e . ee e e e e

val abl as th ir liv ly i t llig nc r nd r d th m s rvic

u e, e e n e e e e e e e e e

abl i positions calling for sp cial tal nt

e n e e .

Th slav class was chi fly r cruit d as in G r c by

e e e e e , ee e,

war and by t h practic of kidnapping S om f t h t

, e e . e o e ou

lying provinc s in Asia and Africa w r almost d pop lat d

e e e e u e

by h slav hunt rs D linq nt taxpay rs w r oft n

t e e e . e u e e e e e

sold as slav s and fr qu ntly poor p rsons sold th ms lv s

e , e e e e e e

into s rvit d e u e .

T h f ling nt rtain d towards this nfort nat class in

e ee e e e u u e

h lat r r p blican p riod is ill strat d by Varro s classi

’
t e e e u e u e

fi tica of slav s as vocal agric ltural impl m nts and

on e
“
u e e ,
”

again by C ato h C nsor s r comm ndation to mast rs to

t e e
’
e e e

s ll th ir old and d cr pit slav s in ord r to sav h

e e e e e , e e t e

e xp ns of caring for th m ( par

e e S ick and hop e . e

l ssly infirm slav s w r tak n to an island in t h Tib r

e e e e e e e

and l ft th r to di of starvation and xposur In many

e e e e e e .

cas s as a m as r of pr ca tion h slav s w r forc d

e , e u e e u , t e e e e e

to work in chains and to sl p in s bt rran an prisons , ee u e e .

Th ir bitt r hatr d towards th ir mast rs ng nd r d by

e e e e e , e e e e

harsh tr atm nt is witn ss d by t h w ll known prov rb

e e , e e e e - e ,

“
As many n mi s as slav s and by t h s rvil r volts
e e e e , e e e e

and wars of t h r p blican p riod e e u e .

Slav s w r tr at d b tt r nd r t h
e e e mpir than und r e e e e u e e e e e

th lat r r p blic
e echang to b attrib t d do btl ss
e u — a e e u e u e

to t h infl c of S toicism and C hristianity From h

e u en e . t e

first c nt ry of t h mpir f orward th r is obs rvabl a

e u e e e e e e e

gro w ing s ntim nt of humanity towards t h bondsman

e e e .

Imp rial dicts tak away f om h mast r h right to kill

e e e r t e e t e

his slav or to s ll him to h trad r in gladiators or v n

e, e t e e , e e
IN D E X A N D P R O N O UN C N G I V O C A BUL A R Y .

N OTE c s f w ds wh c ct p n ci ti n h n t
— In t h e a e o or ose o rr e ro un a o as o

s m d t b cl ly i dic t d by th i cc t ti n ndsyll bic ti t h

ee e o e e ar n a e e r a en u a o a a a o n, e

s d f t h l tt s h v b n d t d th a lik in g dy 5 lik
ou n s o e e er a e ee e no e us : , e a r 1, e

5,
ly l p l g d ; 5 lik i h i m ; a lik i f a ; 6 lik i
on e ss ro o n e 1, e a n , e a n r , e cc n

m t ; 6 lik
ee i e d; d ch lik h ; 9 lik
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 8 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G V0 C A B UL A R Y
5 2 .

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s
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’
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l m t i th i ligi
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se u re e

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u na e s u o e e L ex Va ler ia , 66 ; l w viv d a re e ,

p e ro r , 3 30 . 89 .

An 57 . Appi an W ay . S e e Via App ia .

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’
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d l si
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da l h ’ ’ ”
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,

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53 0 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN C IN G VO C A B UL A R Y .

Ba i ae 3 44 47 0 ,
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r - ’
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.

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g i st
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a an e n z a o n, e s
pirac y a a n C m s a r, 3 0 1 , 3 0 2
p xi m t c s f t h f ll f
ro a e au e o e a o ks f g
see re u e in G re e e , 3 0 4 ; c
th R m m pi
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Barc a S e e H a m ilca r. . S th t G l 43 5
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’
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1 24 . with P m p y 9 ; c o th e , 2 2 ro sses e

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u o b tw , 2 ar e een

Brit a i n i n v a d e d
by C 88 ; aes a r , 2 h im d P mp y an 93 9 5 ; i o e 2 -2 n

c q s t f in ig f C l
, ,

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di s 3 43 A g ic l in 3 5 ;
, ,

n ,
r o a , 2 29 6 ; c w d ki
as a n u ng 97 ro ne n , 2

th H d i e W ll 3 6 3 6 a r an a 0— 2, h i t i m ph 9 7 ;
s r u t t m 2 as a s a e s a n,

t ; l gi s withd wn f
, ,

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f m 436 ; v g d by Pict d
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n s e hi ro e 00 s

s 43 6 ; A gl s dS x s i ti 3 ; h i lit y
, ,

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se ttl i 4 36 e n, . w k 49 7 or s, .
 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO CA B UL A R Y .
53 1

C ae s ’
a -t e a, 5 1 0 Pu nic w s 4 ; T c l W ar 1 2 ru e e ss a r,

5 ; p sp s c diti n j t
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3 0 0, n . 1 1 . 221 ; b c m s c pit l f V e o e a a o an

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a a a .
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ft
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t s f ly L ti m 39—4 l w 7 3 7 5 hi s m
.

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, ,

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f ll f 74 ;
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t M c s P ci t h Y g
, .

2
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C ar a- a c l l
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f s citi t l l s p t 48 5
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f t l C L t ti c s l 53 ;
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4 ; n vy t b gi n i ng f c ti fic
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4 a o or , re a e, 9 1 , 92
53 2 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO CA BUL A R Y .

f cti s nd d ti s 9 ; wid
un on a u e 2 e f o r e, ci fl c i pp s 42 6 ; n u en e n su re s

gl di t i l c m b t s
,

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ff ct s f d ct i
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4 47 e n th
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Cen s ship c
or o ffi e p ctic lly b l
ra a a o m ilit y s pi it 449 ; ar t h civic r on e

vi t s 4 53 ; ff ct s f ct i n
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s ft th f t s f th
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re ligi n by C s t ti 39 4
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an e ro o e, 2 ro

e ff ct ep f im p i l p t
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,

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s cc si 4 5 ; d
, ,

t J li
’
a u an a es o n, 0 e n 5
s t y d t h ity f t h G c
. .

ro e e un o e r ac o C m i bi ’
r t h e , 2 2 6— 2 2 9

sQ
.
,

R m w ld 4 8 ; it m lity
o an or , 0 s o ra Lu ci u u in c
’
t i-u s ,

b w d by J li 4 ; n
o rro e u a n, 10 o e l g d
e en o f, 80
f t h m s t vit l l m ts i t h s
.

o e o a e e en n e Ci ’
n e -a s , m i ni t s e r of P y h rr u , 1
30 .

e m pi 4 5 h y did l t y
re , 1 e re s an o a r Ci nn a . S e e Cor n eli u s
s pp ss d by T h d i s d
.

(
’
u re e eo os u an Ci r-c e i-i c ir 2 51
4 4 ; it s t i m ph i c s g m s f th 3 5 5
.

G ti ra 4 an , 21— 2 r u C r u a e o e, 1 6
d Th d s i Ci c s M x i m
.
, ,

un er d G ti eo o u s an ra an , r
’
l c ti
u a
’
- u s, o a o n,
5 1

4 3 4 5 2 p
— t 2 w m l re re s e n s a n e o ra d c ipti 4 58
es r o n, .
5 34 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO CA BUL A R Y .

Co l i o n e s, R o m an, r ight s an d p ivi r civil ilit y p w s 4 a nd m ar o er , 00,

l g
e e s, 1
33 a nd n
5 ; t bl
a e of, 4 c t 4 ; ch ct
01 our 02 a ra e r,

c ific s ff d b f
.
,

1 3 8 ; in the So ci l W
a a r, 2 4 1 n. 6 4 3 ; 0 sa r e o e re e o re

ss his s t t s 4 4
.
,

Co
’
l o - e” u m, or igi n f n o am e ,
3 50 a ue 0

d s c ipti
.
,

e r o n, 460 C t ti
o ns a n f p c di g 4 5 n e , so n o re e n 0

C ns t ti pl f d d 396 ;
.
, .

C o-m i
’
t i-a ce n t u r i a t a , o u tg wth ro of o an no e, ou n e

f s 5 d 3 f s it
,

Ser vi an re o r m , 4 an n .
; dv t g
a an a ti n 3 9 7 es o ua o ,

m a nne r f v ti g 5 t b o o n in , 4; a u 3 99 ; c pt d by t h T k a u re e u r s,

l t d f ct s p ti g 8
a e a s re ec n 10 42 6
f cti s f 9 st s
.
, .

c u r ia t a , u n on o 1 ; a C on an ti us I, as C ae a r, 8
3 5; as

p s t tiv b dy
.
,

n o n-r e re e n a e o 20 ; em p e r o r, 3 90, 39 ; 1 40 5
t b l t d f cts sp cti g sl s
, .

a u a e a re e n 1 08 C on u s, igi l fi t ch rs o e n, 62 ; or na

p w s 6 ; i m m ity f m p
.
,

p t ici pl b i
t r ib u t a , a r o- e e an as o er 2 u n ro ro s

y fi st th ity s t ict d
,

se m b pp a c 9
l r a e ran e , 0 ; t i n 64 ;
e cu o au or re r e

t b l t d f ct s p cti g
, ,

a u a e a s re e n 1 08 by t h L V l i 66 ; t b l t d
e ex a er a , a u a e

f ct s sp cti g 9 ; cl th d
.
,

’
C m i t i-u m , t h e , 49
o- a re e n 10 o e

with dict t i l p w s 83 d
.
,

C o m m e r e o f e ar c
R o m e , 4 5, 4 6 ly a or a o er 2 an

sh t n d
.
,

Com m er c iu m S e e [u s c om m e r c ii n6; t m f ffic er o o e or e e

by A g s t s 3 8 3
. . .

C o m m o -du s,
’
em p e ro r, re ig n, 371 u u u 1 n

s l hip m d ill g l t h ld
. .
, , .

’
C on c il i-u m
o
t r ib u t a m p lehis, o ri C on u s a e e a o o

it s s s cc ssiv y s 6 S ll p
,

gi n 8 2 ; r e so u l ti on giv n e u e e e ar 2 1 u a ro

f c
, ,

the or e of law , 88 ; t b l td
a u a e vid th t n t nc t h ll b
es a e ra e o, S a e

f cts c c
a i g o n e rn n , 1 08 . th gh q s t s hip d p
ro u u ae or an ra
e

Con c d t m pl f
or , e e o , 1 0 5, 2 2 3 . t h ip
o rs 6 ; g f ligi bility
, 2 1 a e o e

Conf a r r ea tio, 1 1 , n .
7 . t o , 2 61 , n .
7 .

Con n u hiu m S e e [u s c on n u hii C o ra , 1 20

st
. .

Con a n s, e m p e ro r, 40 5 C o r- fin i-u m
’
2 40

st s
. .
,

Con ti t h G t ig 3 9
an ne e re a re n, 1 Cor i th d fi n e e Ro m e , 1 91 ; it s
d s t cti why d s t y d
, ,

4 4; d f t M
0 nt i t th
e ea s ax e u s a e e ru o n, 1 9 1 e ro e ,

Mil i B idg 3 9 ; m k t h
v an r e, 2 a es e 1 92
c s his s t n d d 39 ; d f t s s
.

ro s a ar 2 e ea Co i ’
r -o -la n u s, Ga i u Marci u s
L ici i s t A d i n pl
, ,

n u dC h la r a o e an a l g d e en of, 76
c d n 3 94 ; g nt s t l ti n
.

i li l ci city 7 6 n 3 Vo
’
e o ra o e ra o C o -r o- s an

C h i s ti s 3 94 ; c g ni s f dist ib ti n f 7 in
. .
, , , ,

t o r an re o ze C o rn, re e r u o o 2 2

st d y 39 5 ; ti m f A g s t s 3 7 ; A g s t
, ,

S bb th
a a as a re - a e o u u u 2 u u us

s m m s c cil f N ic 396 ; st icts th m b c ivi g

, ,

u on ou n o ae a , re r e nu er re e n

f d s C s t ti pl 396
ou n on an no e, th d l 3 7 5 ; vils f t h
e o e, 2 n e o e

s s f t n f f th
.
,

re a o n or ra s er o e p ctic 5 3 S C l w
ra e, 2 . ee or n a s.

c pit l 3 97 3 99 ;
a a g i — re o r an z e s C li m th f t h G cchi
o r-n e
’
-a o er o e ra

t 4 ; p ts
, , ,

th g v e m o ern en , 00 se a ra e 21 1 h m m t 3 er o nu en , 22 .
 IN D E X AN D P R O/VO UN CIN G VO CA B UL A R Y .
535

C o rne li a n s, t h e , 2 57 p vi si
ro on s re g di g ar n in T w lv e e

s s s T bl s
.
,

C o r ne li u C i nn a , Lu ci u c on u l a e 85
fi s t b d 8 3 87
, , , .

D e -c e m
’
virs , -
5
2 2 r o ar

l ws s c nd 87 ; th i m is l d
.
,

C o rn a , th e G ra c c h a n , 2 1 9 . e o , e r ru e an

C or p j
’
us u
’
r is Ci -vi lis, 50 9 5 1
’
1 v th w 87 88
o er ro

it s i fl D ci s
, , .

n u en c e, 5 1 0. e mp u
3 78 e e r o r,

It D ci s M P bli s c ns l d
.
,

C o rsic i l d l ti t a, s an re a on o a ly e u u s, u u o u e

v t s hi m s l f f hi s m y
, , , ,

3 ; p vi c 55 ro n e, 1 o e e or ar 1 2 0.

D ci s M
.
,

C c i i th 34
’
o r u n- a
”
n -
e, 1 e u n f p c di g u s, so o re e n

d v t s hi m s l f 7
.
, ,

C tto L A li p t
a, . u re u s, r ae o r , 2 72 , e o e e , 1 2 .

n .
7 . D ec u r ia les, t h e , 3 8 5 , n 8 . .

Cou n cil fi t rs ch ch
of ur
3 9 6 D ela t or es S e e D ela t or s
s s 3 36 c s L ici i f ts
. .
, , , .

C ra ss u M ar u n u s, d e ea D e- al t ’
or

gl di t s 69 l ct d D l s s ck d by pi t s
.
, ,

th e a a or 2 2 70 ; e e e e o a e ra e 2 77 ;
c s l his g t w lth i h it s
, , , ,

on u , t d
2 70 i th
; re a ea , n er th e ra e of Co r n ,

how gi d 8 t a ne 2 4, n 7; e n e rs

5 his c y p ds
.
,

Fi t
th e i vi t D rs Tr chy u m ra e , 2 8 ; em o ra c su e r se e m o na r
thi
Par p ig 9 d th R
an c a m w ld 5 5 a n, 2 0 ; ea in G rae c o - o m an or 6, n

i s 3
, , . .

92 1 . t t M i D e n- a
’
u s, an u s Cu r n , 1 1 ,

Riv 6
’
C re m 8 e -r a 9 e r, 7 1

ict t hi s p w s 63
. .

C l y 58 D
’
C re -m o na o on 1 a o r, o er ; h ow
s s k i g ydi 6
.
, ,

C roe u i t d 63 6n pp l
of L a, 2 4 n o m na e 4, n 10 ; a ea s

his d ci i s 89
. .
, , ,

ph 3 5
C t e s i-
’

3 o n, 7, 41 3 f ro m e s on n ;
c is t b l t d f ct s s p cti g fic
. .
, ,

i 6
Cu r b a, 1 ; nu m e r of u r e in a u a e a re e n of e,

ly R
e ar
3 9 t fi s t d i d fi it
o m e , 1 7, 4 10 ; e rm r ma e n e n e

s s s s
.

- u ’ - ” i-i
! ri a t , 5 9 i S ll c 5 8 c . l n u a
’
a e, 2 ; on u

!
’
u ri-o , G S c rib . o n iu s, 2
9 5 . cl th d with dict t i l p
o e a or a o w e rs ,

C u rr e n cy of Rom e , 1 32, n. 4 28
3 a nd n . 6
ti s M c l g n d s
. .

Cu r u ,
ar u s, e e o f , 2 8, n .
9 . D i c
o e se , 400 , 40 1 .

C l (k fi l) fli
u ru e
’
rg o c e s, 1 1 0 . Di
’
cl ti
o- e mp
”
ig 38 -a n e e ro r , r e n, 1

Gyb l g dd ss 3 7 f s
,

’
e- e, o e
3 9 ; 0 g v m n t l m o e rn e a re o r

3 8 3 84 ; d m i i s t tiv s y t m
.
, ,

Cy ph l
’
n o s-c eb ttl ”
a - ae , a e o f, 1 86 1— a n ra e s e

s
.
,

3 8 4 3 8 6 -
; p c ti f t h er e u on o e

Da ci a re d cd u e to a p vi nc by
ro e C h i s ti ns 3 86 3 89 ; hi s
r a bdi — a

c ti n 389 ; his vill t S l n

,

Tra j an, 3 5 5, 3 56 a o a a a o a,

s is
.
,

Da ci an e x ct p a ro m e of t ib t
r u e 47 3
f ro m Ro m e , 3 5 2 D ivi ti 3 na o n, 2.

f q
.

D an u b
b idg d by T j e, th e, r e ra a n , D iv c o r e, re u en cy of,
3 28.

3 5 6 ; c ss d by t h G th 4 7 ro e e o s, 1 . D mio titl nu s, e a ss u me d by D io
D bt pi t f 68 ;
’
e Li y o r, v s c u re o , c le t ia n, 8
3 3 .
5 3 6 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN O V0 CA B UL A R Y .

D o mi ti an , em p e ro r , re ig n , 35 1 - ’
E t ru s c a ns, th i e r e ar ly civili ti za o n,

3 54 8; d clin f 5; e e o th i p w
e r o e r, 1 1

i til la , 3 5 4 ff d f t t V dim i n
’
Do m - . su er e ea a a on a

D ra c o, 84, n 5 L k a4 dn e, 1 2 an 2.

m p ss 4 39
. . .

D ra m a, Ro m a n , 4 80- 484 E d
’
. u - oxi -a
, e re ,
.

’
D re p a-na , se a fi ght at , 1
5 1 n 7 E g i
u -
mp
’
e n -u s , e
4 4 e ro r , 2

ss s 33
. .
, .

D ru u so n o f T ib i er u 7 E m né s ki g f P g m
u
’
e- 87 n o er a u s, 1

s t ps g st s 3 l d f s l v in S v
.
, , , .

Au
’
D ru u s, s e o n of u u 22 E u n o -u s , ea er o a es er

ss M c s ivi s t ib
.
,

D ru u ar u L u r u ne , ile W ar 2 09

b c s ch pi s
, , , .

222 ; e ome am o n of th e Eu - e
’
bi -
u s, C h chu r Fa th e r, 5 0 5
s 3 his ss ss i ti
.

Ia t li an 2 8; a a na o n,

hi s ch ct
,

2 39 ar a e r , 2 40 . Fa bi-i t h e l e g e n d o f 7 7-80
’

c s s
.
, , ,

D u -il liu s , G i g i l, Fabiu s M a xi m u “

t h e D e l ay e r
’
a u s, on u a ns , ,

vict y or at M ylae 1 46, 1 47 1 6 5— 1 69

s
.
, .

Du -u m
’
v i—r i ,
385 , n. 8 Fabi u s M axi m u ges Gu r
’
1 2 8.

sR
.
,

Dy -r a c
’
hi -u m, 29
5 . Fabi u s M a xi m u l li u
’
-a
”
n u s , I2 4 ;

c om p ar e d with A l x d e an er th e

E
’
b ro R iv e r, 1 60 G re a t 12 5
s Qits ss d
. .
,

Ec -n o
’
m u s, n a v l b ttl
a a e ne ar p ro m Fa bi u u n u am b a a or to

ls 9
, ,

o nt o r o f, 1 48 t h e G au
y 7
ss s Qits b ss d
. .
,

Ed e
’
a,
3 7 8, n. 1 . Fa bi u , u n u , am a a or to

E d c ti u a o n, u n d J li
er u an, 409 ; t h e C ar th gi i a n a ns, 1 6 0

st t m t sp cting st t s
.

a e en re e am o n g Fa -b r ic ’
i -u s Ro m an a e m an ,
pti s
, ,

th e R o m a ns , 5 ; x 12 e em on I3 1

t ch s 5 ; R m s
.

of n y th Fa-l e r i-i E t ru c a n city II1

’
ea er 1 2 o a ou

in s ch
, , , .

l fG c 5 3 oo s o re e e, 1 Fa m ily t h e Ro m a n 1 1 — 1 4 ; it s
hi s t y
.
, ,

E gypt c nditi b t BC o on a ou 2 00 pl c a e in R o m a n or 1 5
83 ; it s g i t d
. . .
, , ,

1 85 ; m d ra n ra e, 1 a e Fa sces th e, 1 8; s ign i fi
R ma p vi c 3o an ro n e, 1 I. c c an e o f the re m o vl a of the axe

El g b
’
l
a- a mp 3 7 6
”
a- u s, e e ro r , . f 6 ro m , 7 .

E lb ( é lb ) Riv F v h t ici
”
3 63
’
e
3 3 e r, 21 22 a o -r i n u s, r e or an ,

E l ph n t s F s tiv l s
, . .

e i w a 49 u se n ar, 1 e a S e e S a c r ed Ga m es
si n i n m y s t i s 5 6 n
. . .
,

El Fet ia les
”
S e e H e r a lds
’
eu - -a er e 1 I

s s
. . .
, , .

6 Fi-d e n ae E t r u c an t ro n gh o ld 9 3 ;
’
E le u sis
’
- n. I
1 5 ,
f ll
, .
, ,

En i p t 483
’
n —u s, oe , . a o f am phith t e a re a t , 33 8 .

E p ic t t t h S t ic- e” u s Fla m i-n els 2 5 n 6

’ ’
, e o , 50 3 .
, , . .

Fl am i n i an W ay S e e Via Fla
’

)
’
Eg u i-t es ( é k w i -t é z S e e If n igh t s
cit y di s t ict
. . .

Es q ili u ne, r , 5 2 , 11 . IO . m i n ia .

l c ti n th Fl a m i Ro m a n g l
’
E t ru ri-a , i
’
- o a o 2 so u e rn -n n u s, e n e ra
, ; ,

p t ar Ro m ni d 9 6
a z e , . 1 86 .
53 8 IN D E X AN D P R O N O UN CIN O V0 CA BUL A R Y .

f
re o r m s s m ea u re , 2 1 9 ; d wnf llo a H a m il c a r
- ’
Barc a , C ar th gi i a n an

an d d th ea 22 1 2 22. g l 5 ; in S p i 59
e n e ra 1 2 a n, 1

cch s ib i s y th 5 9 ; tt ck s
, , , .

G ra u T er u e ar ly lif e, 2 1 1 ; H n ib l
a n a as a ou 1 a a

hi s g i ts t m 6 ; m ch s f m
, , , ,

a r a r an law , 2 1 2 ; re so r S g a u n u 1 0 ar e ro

c s tit ti p ss g f t h Py
,

to u n on u ona l m e ans, 21 4; Sp i 6 a n, 1 2 a a e o e re

d f ds hi s cti
e en a o n, 2 1
5 ; hi s v io n s 63 ; p s g f t h Rh
ee 1 a sa e o e o ne ,

l n t d th 6 ; ff ct s f hi s 63 ; p ss g f t h A lps
,

e ea 2 1 e e o 1 63 ;
a a e o e 1

i I t ly 64 7 8 his s t t g m
, ,

l nd l w 7
a a 2 1 n a 1 -1 ra a e

s ci t wi t s in C p
.
, , ,

G ti n m p
ra a 4 7; e e ro r , 1 as o a es 68
1 73 ; n er a u a, 1

d i with hi m s lf i t h bf
,

Th eo os u s e n e R m
e o re 74 ; t b y i o e, 1 a a n

g v nm nt 4 ; f s t
o er e 21 r e u se o B t t i m 78 ; d f t t Z m
ru u 1 e ea a a a,

s t t m n 89 ; xil
, ,

c iv t h i ign i f t h ffic
re e e e ns a o e o e 78
1 as a a es a , 1 e e

of P o n t if ex M a x im u s 42 1 re d d th
an 89 9 ea 1 1 0

s st t
.
, , ,

mo v e th e a u e of V ict y or H C th gi i n g
a nn o , l 53 ar a n a e n e ra 1

s t ch s pi
.
,

f ro m e na e am b 4 ; di
e r, 22 s H a-r u t
’
f th 3
-c e s ar o e, 2

s t blish s s c d c ll g s
, .

H d b l b th f H nib l
’
e a e the a re o e e as ru - a ro er o an a

s;
, , ,

42 3 in S p i 59 ; t t h M t a n, 1 a e e a u ru

s
.

G re a t Fi t R m re i N a o e n e ro
’
1 7 6—1 8
7
sd
.

re ig 3 44
n, Ha ru b l a so n -ih -la w o f H am ilc ar,

c l ks t w ds t h st
.
,

G re e e, oo o ar e ea I
59
6 ; R m s fi t i nt v n ti n i
.
,

o e
’
rs er e o n He lv ti e 87 a n s, 2

it s ff i s 56 ; b c m s R
.

a a r , 1 e o e a o H
’
e r a- cl b ttl f e
”
a, a e o , 12 9 .

m an p vi c 9 3 ; h w
ro i n e, 1 o
“
ru n H e ra ld c ll g f 3 s, o e e o , 2, 35 .

a v t d i
er e 93 ; cti n p
r u n,
”
1 re a o u H
’
er c u - a l n m 35 ”
e -u 0.

ll s h
,

on R m o 94 n th e, 1 p e ra er ca H er c l Pill
u e s,f a rs o 1
39
ff ct
, .

t o r, f c q t by
e e s o on u es H e r m ann S e e A r m in iu s
f
. .

R m o R m
e on lit t 484 o an e ra u re , H e r nic a ns o rm a lli c with an e

k s ttl m t i S th It ly ti t w s 7
.

G re e s, e e en n ou a , Ro m e a nd the La n o n ,
1 .

89 ; c t d with C t h gini He r li
’
1 0, on en ar a u- t h e , 44 1

m s t y f S icily
.
,

a ns f or 4 ; a er o ,
1 2 H i e -ro , K
’
i ng of S y c ra u se , 1 44,
lib ty f G k citi
er o t d re e es re s o re 1 72
by Fl m i i s 86 ; j i Mith
.

a n nu 1 o n ra i
H m b ttl
’
e r-a , a e of, 1 43 , n 2

st
. .
,

d t 48 H ip p d m ti n pl
’
a e s, 2 . o - ro e at Con an o e,

3 99
Hab eas Cor p u s A c t , 67 , n . 2 . H is a n
-
’
p i -a
, C it e rio r , 1 7 8, n .
4 Ul
H d i
a r an , e mp e ro r , r e ig n, 3 60— 6
3 4; t e rio r , 1 7 8, n 4 . .

vill a at T ib u r, 47 3 M a u so l e u m H p
o -n o r -u s, 4 6;
’
i em e ro r , 2 su p
p s gl di t i l g m
,

47 5 re s e s a a or a a e s, 42 9 .

Ha di r an W a ll in Brit a i n , 3 60— 3 62 H c p t 3 6 49
o ra e, oe ,
2 ,
0 .

l ft
e u n gu a r d d e , 436 . H ti i c m b t w ith C i t
o -ra
’
-
, o a u r a n,
59 .
 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO CA B UL A R Y .
5 39

H o ra ti u s Ma r c u s c on u s l 88 g phic l
ra a l ti t G c 5
re a on o re e e,

si its ly i h bit t s
.
, , , ,

Ho r t en n l w 8 6 a a ,
1 2 , n. . 6 an d n . 2 ear n a an ,

H o r- e n t i j i t 494 ’
s -u s , u r s 6— 1 0 ; un it d d R m 3 ;
e u n er o e, 1 2

til i T ll s ki g f s p vi c f t h E s t
.
,

H o s-
’
-u s
,
u u , n o Ro m e , bc e om e a ro n e o e a

46 e rn e m pi re , 441
s s ttl
. .

Hu n g y ar , Hu n of A ttil a e e in ,
’

43 8, n 9 J -
a n c u- ui l m , t h e , 3 4, n 4
th s c ss s
. . . .

H u ns , - r d iv e Go a ro th e J a nu
’
d ity 3 ; d R o m an e 0 o o rs

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cc ssi 4 5 ; his ligi 407 ;

,

So ci l W 36 a a r, 2 2
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s s s d t ff ct t h p g
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th e ro n o e an , ge o J li i 3 4
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 5 4 0 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN C IN G VO CA BUL A R Y .

J u no , Ro m a n g dd o e ss 29 ; E t ru s
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J pit L t i i 4
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f s
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,

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rem p y on u e o e L ti c l n i
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,

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a ea u e, e ar e e s,

69 ; mm ii d fi
co d erc e ne 21 en 4 ; 1e t bli h d by S p i re s a s e u r u s

j y dby pl b i ns i ly R m C ss i s 7 ; di ss l ti
, ,

o e e e a n e ar o e, a u , 1 o u o n, 1 20 .

23 b ii d fi d
c on n u w ith e ne 2 1 S e e L a t in s
d w f m L ti c l i s 34 ti ight i wh t th s
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.

u e na a r s L ti a n 7; o n n 0 C 1 1

t d by R m f t t h
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p w 8;o e r, 1 na e ra n e La
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by l g d 46 ; xp ll d f m
e en , e e e ro Ro m e , 39 .

Ro m e , 5 6 S e e Ta r qu i n s
’
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- t 20

s
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Kn ight 95 s, n I ch ct f t h a ra er o e L a — in v i l g d y p i nc
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a -r u m , 39 2 , n 10 ; re m o v d e e n ro e 22 a e n, a e

f st d by M i s 3 n 4 ; s i
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ro m t h e a rm y 409 ; re o re ar u 2 0, z e re

d by C ns t
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41 4 . d u ce ti n 4 o an e, 00 .
5 4 2 IN D E X AN D P R O N O UN CIN G VO CA BUL A R Y .

di ff e re n t of fi cs we t d e re e n e re with S ll d g i st
u a fo r c o m m an a a n

g s f ligibility 49 ; i s p
,

2 61 n 7 a e o e M it h d t ra c ib d a e s, 2 ro s r e

d A g t s 5 ; hi s w n d i n g
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53 ea 2

f ct st i g f m m g th R
.
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2 ; ef e s of c q on u e by t h e M a rr a e, or s a on e 0

R o m an s u p on Ro m a n lit t e r a u re , m s
an 7; i t m i g f
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p t ici s d pl b i s p
, ,

48 1 . a r an an e e an ro

M ag i b a ttl e o f 1 87 h ib it d by l w f Tw lv T bl
’
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M a g o br o th e r o f H a n n ib a l 1 70
’

9 0, 7 ; m d nl g l by C a e e a a nu

l w 9 ; h ld i di s t m
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Magy a rs 43 8 n 9 l i
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ti m s 447
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s
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f s s s
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t al, 99 ; ch am pi on of th e l
p e 201 .

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s
.
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d th ea
3 1 02 , 1 0 M a s t e r o f t h e h o r e 64
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d m d f t h L ti M a x-e n ti -u s c o m p e tit o r f o r th e
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i nflict d th p lty p his

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s ea e na u on i m p i l th er a ro n e ,
3 9 2 .

s o n,9 ; c mp d with A l x
1 1 o a re e M ax im i-a h
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3 85 ; a bdi
d th G t 5
an er e re a , 1 2 . c ti 3 9
a o n, 0 .

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s
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u s, e e r o r,

M s p t mi
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,

Ro m an g e ne ra l , 1 73 . e o p vi c c q i d
o a a, ro n e, a u re ,

M a r c o m a n i 3 66
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M a r i-u s G a ins in
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’
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9 ; fi f th
.
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c s l hip f Rm
.

on u s 228; c o n e rs o an M t b ttl f t h 7 7
e a u r u s, a e o e, 1 a

lli s t i g p i t i his t y 4
,

citi hip z e ns p u on
93 a e 22 u rn n o n n or 20

m k s ch c s l 49
.
, ,

a e an g i th m y 9 ;
es n e ar 22 M t ll
e e L C ili u s, ae c u s, on u 1

tt m pts Q i t s C m ili t ib
, . , .

a e re v l ti o u
3 ; p o n, 2 1 su Met ll e u s, u n u c u s, r

p s di
r e sse so r d i R m 33 ; er h o e, 2 u ne, 2
94
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.

v tiv j o e o u r ne o a, 2 Me t e ll u s , u n u i t C ae c iliu s , P i u s,

th S ci l
e o a W 4 ; c nt
a r, 2 d 1 o en s Ro m an ge n era l , 2 67 , 2 68 .
 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN O V0 CA BUL A R Y .
5 43

Migr a ti o n of the G e rm a n t ib
r e s M o rality in e ar ly Ro m e , 1
5 t t
s a e

ch ck d by C s
e 9 e ae ar , 2 0. of m o ra ls in t h e l t
a er e m pi re ,

M ilit y ds c t cti b g
ar ro a o ns r u on e u n, 45 4
5 d s c ipti
,
°

1 2 46 46 5 e r o n, 2— Mu lvia n Bridg e S e e M i lv ia n
Milit y s pi it d cli s s
. . .

ar f m g r e ne o a on Mu m m i-u s L u ci u ’
c o n u l de
s s t ys st
, , , , ,

t h e Ro m a n 449 i th 9 ;
ro y f Co r n 1 1 or o

s ys t his t i m ph 9
, .
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Milit a ry em, Ro m a n , m o difi d e 9 1 2 r u 1 2.

g si g
,

by l on e e of Ve ii 94, 9 5 M n d b ttl
u
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a, a e o 2

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gi n i gs f ct p n
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Milvia n Bridg e b ttla e at , 39 2

5n n f 1 1 2— 1 1 e e s u o

ss
.
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Mi n e rv a g o dd e 2
9 f tho nf n chi m nt f th e e ra se e o e

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, , .

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st s
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M i-nu ci -u s m a’
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n o L au , 2 , . ex

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j u lia mu n ic ip dlif 2 See

s
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,

M isop ogon t h e , , a ti re by the M u n ic ip ia .

Em p
J li 4 3 e ro r u an , 1 M u -u i-c ip i-a m e a ni ng ’
and u se o f

M ith a w s hip f 3 7
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d s m c f 3; l s
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act 47 ;
e r, 2 or er as s a re o red c d t u e o o ne , 45 2 n o e

I t li s i Asi 48 ; i v d s s lf g v
.
,

a an n a, 2 n a e e - o e rn m e n t nd l t m u er a er e

E p 48 ; fi t w g ins t
u ro e, 2 rs ar a a
p e ro rs , 3 84 S ee M u n ic ipa l
s
.

R m o 53 ; f e, p c 2 su e or ea e,

2
5 4 s c d w g i s t R m e on ar a a n o e, Mu s S e e D ec i u s
. .

278 thi d w
, n78 8 ; . I r a r, 2 —2 1 My lae na v a l b a ttl e
’
, ne ar p ro m o n

h i d th s 8 ea 2 1 t y or of, 1 46
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. .
,

Mith d tic Wra a a r, r , 2 ec

nd 78 n ; T hi d 78 vi p t
’
N ae 48 2
o 2 . 1 r 2 -u s oe
, , , , , .

281 . Na pl h b e s, ar o r, 6 .

M oesi a p vi c 3 ; D ci , ro n e, 22 a a ns N ar b o n e n sis . S e e Ga llia .

m k i d i t 35 ic ’
a e nro a s n o, 2. N a-s S e e S c ip io a. .

M o l ch C th gi i
’
o d ity 4 ar a n an e 1 0 N e-ap o-lis S e e N ap le s
’

s ticism ff cts p n t h pl t i t s
, , . . . .

M o na e e u o e N e o a o n s , 40 7
N p s C li s 49 7 n 4
, .

m pi
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e 4 47 4 5 3 re , e o o rn e u

y c i i g f bidd n t
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, , , . .

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p s c ti s
, ,

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c i t k n f m L ti c l nis t
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o n a e ro a n o o s, 3 5
4 ; d th 3 46 ea

G i s Cl di s c s l 7 7
.
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1
3 4, n .
7 . N e ro , a u au u , on u , 1 .

M o n u m e n tu m A ncy r a n u m 3 2 8 , , n . N v
er mp ig 3 5 4
a, e e ro r , r e n, .

6, a nd 33 1 . Ni c ch ch c cil t 3 96
- ac a
,
’
ur ou n a , .
5 44 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN C IN G VO C A B UL A R Y .

N ic m dé sIII ki g f Bithy ni
’
o- e n o a, O pi m i L ci s c n l
-
’
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will his ki gd m t R m O pti m t s t m d fi n d

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s n o o o an a e er e e 21 1

O cl s
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d i g si g f
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f J s ti i
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ra o r , o a ,
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n ti té s t h P
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N u m an tin e W ar , 20
5 .
44 p t t d th 44
1 u o ea , 1 .

’
N u m -t o r, i ki ng of Ro m e , 5 7 . O i nt c
r e diti n f b t , on o o , a ou 2 00

BC 8 1 4 8
-
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si t s
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O ct vi a a, s e r of Au g t us u 490
’
O r i-ge n , C u r h ch Fa th e r 5 0 5
ss t y s f
.
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O ct vi a u Ga i u s, o pp o e An on Os ti a, ou n di g n o f, 46 ; pi t ra e s in
t s
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3 5 0 S c; d en er th e e on T riu m h b f 77
th e ar or o 2

vi t 3 5 c iv s O s t g th s c ss t h D b
.
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ra e , g v 0 ; re e e th e o e rn ro o ro e anu e,

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,

m en t of th e es 0 e 4 9; d c d t b di c by
1 re u e o o e en e

s si s fi d d si s 4
,

u
p t o th e as a s n h is r en Th eo o u , 21 .

C ic 3 6 e ro , b ttl 0 at th e a e of O th
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mp 3 47
o, e e ro r ,

s s
.

A cti 3 l u t m, 10 ; o e ma er of th e O v id p
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his ig
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3 5 33 1 ch ct
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.

e rnm e n t ,3 5 d 1 ; r e o rm s th e a P ae s
’
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i i s t ti p vi c s g i s m ci t c lts s t d
. .

m n f ra on o the ro n e Pa an an en u re o re

by A g s t s 3 9 ; l ti
, ,

3 1
9 pi
; ro u n
3 ; d s ou t th e em re , 20 f u u u , 2 re a on o

p p l ti o f th u m pi ad on o e e re u n er p g c lt t m lity 4
a an u s o o ra 1 0,

h im 3 4 ; it s c s 3 5; s t ti n f d J
,

2 re so u r e 2 4 ; 1 1 re o ra o o u n er u

t d i g his m v l f st t
, , ,

lit t dt h
e ra u re a n e ar s ur n li 4 8 4 a n, 0 — 1 1 re o a o a ue

ign 3 5 ; s ci l li f 3 8 ;
re 2 o a e, 2 re f V ict y f m s
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lif 3 8 ; his d th nd
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ligi ou s e, 2 ea a b 4 ; p
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5 4 6 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO CA BUL A R Y .

69 ; m arr i g with p t ici s a e a r an p t n g 85 ; t s t h

h is a ro a e, 2 en e r e

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,

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3 6 ; lit 0 y tic 5 3 e ra r no e, 0 P on t if ex M a x im u s , 3 4 ; o p w er o f,

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153 ; t t h ck f
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68 ; nnihil t s b n d f gl di
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c m m nd g ins t t h pi t
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 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN C IN O V0 CA B UL A R y .
547

di s s ll t h m pi 3 7 3 ; dis
er e e e re , Public ss m bli s S C a e e ee om it ia
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w as g v d 5 o e rn e 5 l g d his d th 5
, 1 4 . S e e P r ov 1 0 ; e en of ea , 1 0 .

in c es . Re ligi on, R o m an , 2
5 38
— no pi tr es
54 8 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN C IN O VO CA BUL A R Y .

h d oo at Ro m e , 2 5 a ndn 6; pl c a e m ar y of th e c au s es of it s f lla

his t y f R m
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in t h e 5 ; or o o e, 2

R m n g ds co t t d with
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chi f d iti e 9 3 ; d f ct s f e e s, 2 0 e e o a n dn
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55 0 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO CA B UL A R Y

nu b m f m mb er i c sd o e e rs n re a e di b d s an s th e p r m t o ria n g u ar d ,

t o ab t i h d d 59 ; giv nou s x u n re , 2 e 3 74
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 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN O VO CA BUL A R Y .
55 1

u m withd ws l gi s
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S b
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r , 2, . 1 0. Ta cit u , o r an , i 499 .

S t i bi g ph 499
u e - o n -u s,
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S u e vi 87
’
, 2 . T ar e n t m G kc l y u , re e o on , Io ; w ar
C th gi i m gi with R m 8 3 ; ch ct
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, ,

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5
a ; c m p ig 2 g i 1 t a a n a a n T a rq u iniu s Su p b er ki g f
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a e s, 2m e a e Ro m e , 4 7 ; h is e xp l i 56 ; u s o n,

nit y f m citi s f As i
ro 54 ; e o a, 2 a tt em pt s to i t t hi m s l f
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t s t I t ly 5 4 ; w
re u r n o a , 2 ar in Ro m e , 64— 66 .

b tw e h im nd t h
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,

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its p ss s i s t b gi i g f
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o e s on a e nn n o 4 53
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rar
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f ll f 7 3 74 sc f s
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a o , 1 , 1 . e ne of d e ea t of V a ru , 2
3 3 ;
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55 2 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN CIN G VO C A B UL A R Y .

Te n t -né s 6— 9
’
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p e dit io n a a ns t h e P ar an ,

T h p s s b ttl
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Th e a re o an, on ru o n, ar s e er ro n

t t i nm nt s f 5 6 ; sp cti g t h
, ,

4 59 e n er a e o 1 th Y e ng ou er re e n e

i m m lity f t h s t g 5 6 C h i s ti s 3 6 ; d th 36
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o ra o e a e, 1 r an 0 ea 0.

T h m i t cl s T s i m n s L k
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Th eo os u e re a e e ro r, ab li h d 3 54
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re u e o o u o n, T re bi
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51 6 u re e r o e

s t h ll 89 ; t b l t d f cts
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T raj mpan , e e ro r , r e ign 3 5 4 3 60 ;

- e na e a a u a e a

his D ci n c m p ig ns sp cti ng 9 ; th i ight f

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10 e r r o
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5 54 IN D E X AN D P R ON O UN C IN G VO CA B UL A R Y .

V e t u riu s, T c on s u l 1 21 V i- e t l li
’
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3 47
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5 7 ; it s c s 463 ;
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ti f
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,
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5 1 3 ; div c or e,
5 3 1 .

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3 68
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V i gi i pl b i m id 87 X p t g l
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th s L sit i chi f 5 th gi i n s vic 48
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s o ro s e an u e, 1

s b m i si
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4 21 v lt re n d Fo it ig 4 u er r e r n, 20 Yo k e, s ym b l o of u s o n, 81
re d c d t s bm i i b y Th
u e o u ss o n eo and n .
9 .

d i 4
o s u s, i v d It ly 4 7
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s c d i v i 43 433 ;
,

e on n as o n , 0- es Z a
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t b li h
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,

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C h éilo n s , 43 7 . S e e A la r ic . Z e no a, f P lm y u een o a ra,

3 79 .
 TEXT -
BO O KS O N HISTO RY
BY E P H R A IM E M E RT O N ,

P r of essor f
o E c c le s za st ic a l H ist ory in H a r v a r d Un iver s ity .

Int r o du c t io n t o t h e S t u dy of the M iddle A ge s Fro m . the Ba ttl e

of di
A r a no pl e to th e d th f ea o C h a rl e m a g ne ( A D 3 7 8 . . 1 2m o.

C l th
o . 2 68 p g a es . F i t d cti
or n ro u o n,

M e dire v a l Eu r op e Iz mo . C l tho . 60 7 p g a e s I ll s
. u

t ra t e d . Fo r i t d cti
n ro u o n,

Introduction aims to giv in

P R O F E S S O R EM E R T O N
’
S
“
e,

simpl narrativ form account f t h s ttl m nt of h

e e ,
an o e e e e t e

G manic p opl s on Roman soil h

er grad al ris of h
e e ,
t e u e t e

Fr nkish s pr macy t h g t h of C hristian C h ch

'

a h u e , e row t e ur

and its xp ssion in th monastic lif and in h Rom n

e re e e t e a

P apacy and finally t h culmination of all in h Empir of

,
e t e e

C harl magn e e .

M di val Europ
“
is a continuation of h a thor s
e ae e t e u
’

Introduc ion Its im is to call t h att ntion of st d nts

t . a e e u e

to t h most impor ant political social d r ligio s insti

e t , ,
an e u

tuti of C ontin ntal E urop d ring t h M id dl Ag s

o ns e e u e e e

prop r e .

llo s e s Co lt Ty le r , P r of e ssor of A m er Geo rg e P Fis h e r , P r of essor of E c

’
.

ic a n H is t o ry , Co r ne ll Un iv e r sity : E m e r c les ia st i c a l H ist ory , Ya le Un iv e r s ity

ton s M ed
’
vl
i ae a E u r o p e is a re a t o o o t t l k t ti
E m e r t o n s In ro du c o n is t h e f r u
’
of it
i t it
n o is so s c h o ar y an d s a sfac o ry a l l ti t ili t i v t ti it
d ge n n e s iga o n ; is c o n c se , b u t i
k ll h t t k ti l i it ti
,

b oo It is in f u u se e re as a e x -b o o a t t h e sa m e m e u c d an d n e re s ng
w
. .

Ed ar d G Bo u r ne , P r of essor of J W ll o nc r ie f , A ss ist a n t P r of e sso r of

‘

. .

H is t o ry , A de lb e r t C o lleg e , Clev e la n d, Ch u r c h H is t ory , Un iv e r sity of Ch ic ag o

i
O h io : I am u s ng E m e r t o n s In ro du c ion
’
t t hv i i
I a e b e e n r e ad ng t h e M e d ae va E u ro p e l
3 se c o n d ti m ith i i g pp
e w n c re as n a r e c ia wi th g ti t t I m
rea n e re s a s u re th t it ia s

t tb ki
.

ti on. Th e t d t fi d it i t ti g
s u en s n n e r es n an d g i g
o n b th to e e e x - oo n o u r c o u nt ry
on m di l hi t y
e aeva s or .

G IN N COM P AN Y, Pu b li sh e r s ,

Bo s t on . N e w Yo r k . h
C ic a g o . A la n t t a. Da ll as.
LEADING FACTS OFHISTORY SERIES
BY D . H . M O N T G O M E RY .

A ser e s of s i t li n g t xt -b k n h i t
er e oo s o s o ry fo r
s ch oo s, a l c d mi a nd ll g e e s, a co e e s.

Th e Be ginne r ’
s A m e r ica n Hist o ry C l tho 231 p g s F lly
a e u

ps s
. . .

ill t t d with
u s ra e ne w m a a nd pict u re Fo r i t d cti
n ro u o n,

ts
.

6 c 0 diti
en . E o n o f 1 89 9, n u dn i cl i g t h p ni h W e S a s ar.

T h e L ea din g Fa ct s of A m e r ic a n His t o ry C l th 4 + 1 o 02 xxx n

d f ll p g ill s t ti s
. .

p g a e s, b id es es c l o o re d m p a s an u -
F a e u ra on . or

i t
n rodu cti o n, E diti n o of 1 899 i cl di g t h S p
, n i hW
u n e an s a r.

Th e S t u de nt ’
s A m e r ic a n His t o r y F highor ch l s nd c ll g s er s oo a o e e

lvi p g s F
. .

C l tho .
5 42 a e . or i t d cti
n ro u E diti fo n, on o

1 899 , i cl i g t h S p ni h W
n u dn e a s ar .

Th e L e a ding Fac t s of Englis h Hist ory Re w ittr l gd

e n a n d e n ar e

s s
.
,

with ma p s an d t bl
a e . C l tho .
44 5 p g
a e . Fo r i n t d cti
ro u o n,

Th e Le a ding Fa c t s of Fr e nc h Hist o ry l th 3C o 21 p g
a e s with
f n d f ll t bl
. .
,

t
o u r een bl ck a an d c o o re l d ma p s, a u a es . Fo r i nt ro

d cti
u o n,

M R M O N TGO M E RY
. univ rsally k l ’
S h ist orIe s ar e e ac no w

edg d to b in th ir d partm nts n q all d in scholarship

e e, e e e ,
u e u e ,

in tr historic insight and t mp r in int r st and class

ue e e , e e

room availability Th y admitt dly t h l ading t xt

. e ar e e e e e

books on th ir s bj cts Th ir pop larity and wid

e u e . e u e u se

hav b n d ly proportionat to th ir m rits H undr ds of

e ee u e e e . e

schools d coll g s hav introduc d th m and all r por

an e e e e e ,
e t

th gr at st satisfaction
e e e .

In bri f t h attractiv and nd ring q aliti s of M

e , e e e u u e r .

M ontgom ry s books hav prov d th m pr emin ntly s p

e
’
e e e e e u e

rior to all oth r historical t xt books e e - .

G INN COM P ANY P u b lis h e rs , ,

Bo st o n . Ne w Yo r k . Ch ica go . At la nt a. Dallas .
GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF AMERI
CAN
HISTORY .

By EDW ARD CHANNIN G and AL BE RT BUS HNELL HART,

P r of e sso r s o f H is t ory i n H a r r/4 r d Un ive r sity .

1 2 m o. C l tho .
4 7 1 p age s . Fo r i t d cti
n ro u on ,

T H E G UID Eis h joint work of a thors who hav for t e two u e

y ars in clos association carri d on co rs s in H arvard

e e e u e

Univ rsity and hav had long xp ri nc in t aching by

e e e e e e e

l ct r q iz and coop rativ m thods Th y tak joint

,

e u e, u e e e e e

r sponsibility for t h work altho gh it is nd rstood that

.
,

e e u u e

P rof ssor C h ming h paid sp cial att ntion to t h C 1

,

e ar as e e e 0 0

nial fi lds d P of ssor H art to h C ons itutional p iod

e an r e t e t er

T h a thors hav att mpt d to combin thr obj ects

.

e u e e e e ee

( )
1 to d scrib and ille strat m thods of st
e dy and i t u e e u ns ru c

tion ; ( ) to o ff r a s i s of classifi d s l ct bibliographi s

2 e er e e e e e ;
to group principal v ts of Am rican history in o
,

(3 ) h t e e en e t
topics and f rnish ach w ith a panoply of sp cial r f r nc s
u e e e e e e

This m thod f tr ating t h s bj ct mak s it possibl to

.

e o e e u e e e

b ing tog th r in bri f comp ss r f r nc s to many sid s

r e e e a e e e e e

of Am rican history h t rri ori l political social con

, ,

e — t e e t a

d co omic G id also o ff rs f h
, , , ,

i ti l Th
‘

st tu ona an e n e u e e or t e

first tim a co sp ct s f h lit rat r of h whol f

.
,

e n e u o t e e u e t e e o

Am rican history in a singl vol m T h L atin Am rican

e e u e e - e

stat s and C anada sinc h R vol tion not incl d d

.

e e t e e u ar e u e

R cognizing h i t r st in Am rican history f lt by p opl

.

e t e n e e e e e e

of all ag s h G id att mpts to s rv t h n ds of school

e t e u e e e e e ee

childr n and th ir t ach rs as w ll as coll g st d nts and

,

e e e e e e e u e

instr ctors and advanc d inv stigators ; to aid librarians

,

u e e

and book b y rs d to b
- u s rvic abl to all who
e ; an e e e e ar e

int r st d in Am rican history and politics

e e e e

B sid s h s rvic s to t ach rs and p pils t h G uid

.

e e t e e e e e u e e

may b h lpf l to school librari s by taki g h plac of

,

e e u e n t e e

mor xp nsiv bibliographi s and by s gg sti g a choic

e e e e e u e n e

of good books Th book is m ant to b a contribution to e e e

good citiz nship

.

e .

G IN N 8 C O M P A N Y P bli h c , u s ers ,

Bo s t on . N e w Yo r k . Ch i c ago . San F ra n c sc o i . A tl t
an a . Da ll as . Co l u mb u s. Lo n don