P R E F AC E .

W HEN I be gan this Transl ation , mo re than two y ears

ago I a
, h d n o inten tion of p u bl ish ing it ; b ut as t e h
wo rk p ro gre sse d it o c c u rre d to me tha t Art ian is a
h
, n

Author de se rvin g of more atte n tion f ro m t e E n glish

hhk in g rac es than e as ye t re c e ive d No edition of
h h
sp ea .

is wo rk s as so far a m aware e ver app eare d in

h
, s I a ,

E ngl an d thou m a a u
h h
, g h o n t e Co n ti n e n t n y h ve b e e n
p b
In t e fol lo wing Tran sl atio n I h ave tried to give
h
lis e d .

as lite ral are nd e ring of t e Gre e k tex t as I c o u

h M
l d with
ou t transgre ssin g t e id ioms of ou n u

h h
r own l a g g a e y .

t h eory of t e d u ty of aTran slatoris to give t e ip sissima

h
,

is Au u
h
rl y a

h
v e rba of tho r a s n ea s po ssibl e a

h
n d n ot t
, p
in to is mo u e n e ve r u se d u

h h
th word s wh ic h nd e r t e
,

mis tak e n n o tion of imp rov in g is dic tion or is way of

h is c a It is a c o mp arative ly e asy thing t o
h
s ta tin g se .

a ase of a fo re ign w o rk

h hh
ive a p a r ph r p re se n tin t
g , g e

of t e o rigin a u n o on e u

h
g e n e ral d rif t l ; b t n l e ss, e a s

h imself trie d it c an un derstan d t e d iffic ulty of tran s

,

l atin g a c lassic al Au tho r c o rre c tly witho u t o miss io n or

mutilatio n
h
.

In t e Co mme n tary wh ic h I h av e c o mpil e d c on tin u

h
al
h
,

as b e e n mad e to t e o th er e xtan t au tho ritie s

h
re fe re n c e

o n t e h is to ry of A l ex an d e r s u ch a s D iodoru s Pl u tarc h
h
, , ,

C urtius Justin an d Ael ian so that I t ink I may safel y

, ,
V
 h h ho
h hbo k o m omp h y A d
asse rt t at, taking t e Transl ation and t e N te s t o

M
’

o hm
ac l e xan
h o
ge t er, t e o f r s le te istor of er s

uh o ph
h mH d u, bo y Amm
re ign . c ge gra ical an d t er aterial as als

hu
b een gat ere df ro
hp hh
ero ot s Stra , Plin , an d i
u
h
an s ; an d t e all
om h
o sions to t e l ac es w ic are als
m e n tion e
d min t e Ol d Testa ent are give n fr t e

H b
h o d uy hp
e re w.

A A s drrian l iv e in t e se c n c en t r of t e re sen t

y fi hu d y mo h
d hh o
era, an d n e arl ve n dre ears afte rD e st e n e s , it is
n ot to b e e xpe c te k h t at e wr te c las sic al Gree . T ere

ub k uho
uy h
are,ho we ve r, at l east ad
o zen v al a l e Gree at rs of

r sa

hb h m
t ish ce n to okr w h
se w re still e xtan t, an d of t e se it is
m mk h A
h h
asafe state t at
Ih o
en t to a e, rrian is t e e st of t e

all, wit u
m y h
tp o e sin gl e ex c e ti n of L c ian. ave n tic e d
om A u o
I h
as an d oof is k o eviati n s fr ttic Gree c n str c ti n s

as uh u h k d A mpitab l e to aw r
m hb hqu
t o g t o k s of t is in . co l ete

ho m k d h h h R d
in dex of Pr
op dd der N a e s as ee n a e , an d t e an titie s

hmu p y
ar ea er

h
of t e v wel s e for t e aid of t e Englis .

I
n t e l ti lic it
h h Ih u of re fe re n ce s w ic ave p t in to t e
Note s, I shou l d b e san guin e if Iimagin e d th at n o erro rs
.

will b e f o un d; b u t if suc h oc c ur I mu

h h
s t pl e ad as an ,

exc u se t e pre ssu

h
re of wo rk wh ic h a tea c er in al a rge
-

sc hool exp erie n c e s l eavin g im v ery l ittl e en ergy for

,

literary lab ou r .

E J C
M
. . .

DU PRIEB,

D ecember, 1 88 3 .
 CONTE NTS .

L if e and Writin gs of Arrian

Arrian aPre fac e ’

BOOK I
h ha A
.

Wars of Al e xa —
hhh a
I D eat
. P ilip nd cc e ssion of nder His
.

hh a a
wit t e T rac i n s
Ba
h u h h
II ttl e wit t e Trib lli n s
.

III . A
l e xan de r at t e D an b e an d in t e Cou ntry of t e

hC h h
Ge tae
A T e Am
h
IV l e xan de r de stroy s t e
. ity of t e Ge tae — .

b as sa dors of t e Ce l ts
V Re v ol t of Clitu
. s an d Gl a uc ias
VI D e fe at of Cl itu
h
. s a n d G la uc ias
VII Re v ol t of T e b e s ( S ep tember,
h
. 335)
F
h
VIII all of T e b e s .

IX D e stru
hh
c tion of T eb e s
.

X Ale xan der s D ealings wit At e ns

h
’
.

h M
XI Al e xan der c ros ses t e He ll e sp on t and v isits Troy
h
. .

XII Alexande r at t e Tomb of Ac ill es — em

h
non s a
’
. dvice

h
Rej ec ted b y t e Persian Ge nerals
aXIII attl e of t e G ranic us B
h
. 334)
XIV Arrange me n t of t e Host il e Armies
hB h
.

XV D esc ription of t e att le of t e Gran ic us

h B h
.

h
—
X VI D e f e at o f t e .P e rs ian s L os s on ot S ide s.

h M
XVII Al e xan der in S ardis an d Ep e sus
h
.

XVIII Al e xander marc es to iletus and Oc c up ie s t e

.

M
Island of La de
XIX S ie ge an d Capt u
M
. re of il e tus

XX S iege of l c arnassus Ab ortive Attac on yndus

H
. a i — . k
XXI S iege of Halic arnassu. s . 61
 Contents .

XXII S iege of Halic arnas sus .

X D e stru s su — Ada Q ue en of Cam

h
X III c tion of Halic arna s . .
,

XXIV Al exan der m Lyc iaan d Pamp ylia . .

XXV Treason of Al e xan der S on of Aé ropu

hh
. s ,

XXVI Al e xanderm amp y a Capture of Aspe n du

P — .s and

h aa
S ide
XXVII Al exander l n P rygi . nd Pis idia
XXVIII Operation s 1 n Pisidia .

BOO K II
M h hM
.

I Captu emn on

h h
. re of ityl en e b y t e Pers ian s of
'

.
— D eat
II T e Persian s c aptu
. re Te ne du s — T ey are D e fe ated at .

Sea
III Al exander at Gordiu
. m
IV Con qu A u
h
e st of Ca ad oc ia— l e xa n d r
’
s Ill n es s at Tars
.
pp e s .

V Al e xan der at t e Tomb of S ardan ap al u

. s — Proc ee din gs
in Cil ic ia
VI Al e xan de r a
. dvan c e s to yr ia n d ru s — a riu s arc e s M D Mh
VII D ariu t Iss u Al exander s Speec to is Army hh
h
s a . s — . .
’

VIII Arran geme nt of t e Host il e Armies

h h hF
.

IX Al e xander c an ge s t e D isposition of is orc e s

.

X attl e of IssueB
h
.

XI D efeat an d Flig t of D arius

.

XII Kin d Tre atme nt of D arius 9 amil y F

F h M
’
.

XIII lig t of ac e don ian D e serters in to E gyp t Pro

.
— .

c eedin g s of Agis , Kin g of S pa rta A l e xan de roc c u

h
— ies
p .

P oe n ic ia
XIV D arius 8 Le tte r, and Al e xan er s Re p l y d
h
’ ’
.

XV Al e xan de r 5 Treatment of t e Capt u

.
’
re d Gree Amb a s k
b mis sion of Byb l u
h h h
sa dore — Su s and S idon .

XVI T e Wors ip of He rc ul e s in Tyre T e Tyrians t e

.
—

fu dmit Al e xander
h h
s e to a

XVII S pee c of Al e xande r to is Offic ers

.

XVIII S iege of Tyre Con struc tion of a ol e from t e M h

M h
— . .

h
ain l an d t o t e Is l an d

a
XIX T e S ie ge of Tyre .

XX Tyre e sieged b y S e aas well as L n d

. B
XXI S iege of Tyre .
 Con te nts .

h
CI A) .

XXII S ie ge of 1 y re — N aval D ef e a Tyrians

' ‘
t of t
'
. . e

XXIII S ie ge of Tyre .

XXIV Capture of Ty re
h
.

XXV T Off ers of D ariu s . e rej ec ted — Batis , Govern or

Gaza, re f uses to S ub mit
O XXVI S ie ge of Gaza .

XXVII Capture of Gaza .

BOO K III .

I Con qu u A F
h
e s t of E g
J —
.
yp t o n d a tion of l e xan dria
ou t on of A
F l exan dria Ev en ts in t e Aegean
h
v
II n da. i — .

III Al e xan de r v is its t e Te mpl e of Ammon

h
.

IV T e Oas is of Ammon
h
.

V S e ttl e me n t of t e Afiairs of E gypt

Mh
. .

in to S yriar Al e xan de r s Kindne s s to H arpal u

hh h
VI arc .
— ’
s

an d is ot e r earl y Ad ere n ts
VII Pass age of t e E u . h hp rat e s a n d Ti g r is

VIII D e sc ription of D ariu s s Army a t Arb e l a

hh
’
.

IX Al e xan der s Tac t ic s — H is S pe ec to t e Ofiic ers

’
. .

X Re j ec t ion of Parme nio 8 Advic e

h
’
.

XI Tac tic s of t e Op posing Ge n eral s

. .

XII Al e xan de r s Tac t ic s

hB
’
.

XIII T e att l e of Arb e l a

m B h
.

i
O attl e of Arb el a — lig t of D ar u F
h
v . s .

M Mh
XV D e f e at of t e P ers ians and Pu
. rs u it of D ariu s

XVI E s c ape of D ariu . s in to edia — arc of Al e xan der

ab yl on an d S usa B
h
to
XV II S ub j ugation of t e U xians . .

XV III D ef eat of Ariob arzane s an d Capture of Persepolis

M h
. .

M hh hh
XIX D arius pu rsued in to
. ediaa nd Pa rt ia
XX arc t roug t e Casp ian Gates
.

XXI D ariu s is As s a B
hF
.s s in ate d b y e sa na

XXII Reflec tions on t e ate of D arius

.

hM
XXIII Expe dition into Hyrc an ia .

M hB
XXIV E xp edit ion again st t e ardian s .

Be s s us aide d b y S atib arzan e s

h h
XXV arc to a c t ra.
— .

XXVI P il ot as an d P arme nio p ut t o D e at

h
.

XXV II Tre t me n t o Amyn tas T e Arias p ian s

h h
a f — . .

XXVIII Ale xander c ros se s t e Hin duKoos .

-
 Con te nts .

Con qu ac tria, an d Pu
B rsuit of Be ssu
h
XXIX . e st of s ac ros s

t e Oxu s

XXX . Captu re of e sens B

— Expl oits in Sogdian a
.

BOO K IV
h
.

I. Reb ell ion S ogdian ians of t e

II Cap tu F
h h
re of iv e Citie s 1 n Two D ays
i
.

III S tormin g of Cyropolis

h h h
.
— Rev ol t of t e Sc yt an s .

M h
IV D e f e at of t e S c yt ian s b e yon d t e Tan ais
.

V S pitame n es de stroy s a ac e donian D e ta c me n t

h
.

V I S pitamen es driv en in to t e D es ert

.

VII Treatme nt of Bes s u

hM
. s
-
V III T e u rde r of Clitu
. s

IX Al exan der s grief f or Clitu

h h
’
. s

X D isp ute b e twe en Callis t en e s an d Anaxarc us

h h h
h
.

XI Call is t en es Op p ose s t e Proposal t o on ou

. rAl e xan de r

h
b y Pros tration
XII Call ist en e s re f u rostrate imse lf P
h
. s es t o

h
XIII Cons pirac y of t e Page s
.

XIV E xec ution of Callist en es an d H e rmol au

C)
hh h h
. s

XV All ianc e wit t e Sc yt ian s and C orasmia

.

XV I S ub j ugation of S ogdiana Rev ol t of S p itamen e s

h
.
— .

XVII D efeat an d D e at of S p itamen es

h
.

B k
h k M
XVIII Oxyarte s esie ged 1 n t e Sogdian Roc
.

M
XIX Al exan de r Cap tu
hF
. res t e Roc an d arrie s Roxan a
XX agnanimous Treatment of t e amil y of D arius
h k h
.

XXI Captu
hh h
re of t e Roc
. of C orie n e s

XXII Al e xanderreac e s t e Rive r Cab ul , an d Re c el ves t e

. i
H omage of Taxil e s
XXIII attl es wit t e As pasians B hh
h
.

XXIV Operation s again st t e Aspasian s

h h
.

XXV D e feat of t e Aspas ian s T e Assac e n ian s an

.
— . d
n s At ta k
M
Gu raea c ed

M
XXVI S ie ge of assaga .

h
XXV II S ie ge s of ass agaan d Ora
XXV I I I C p tu
a re o f B azira Adv an c e t o t e Roc k o
— . f
Aorn us
S ie ge of Aorn u
hI u
XXIX s .

XXX Cap tu re of Aorn u s — . . Arrival at t e nd s

 Con tents .

BOOK V .

I Al exan de r at Nysa
.

II Al e xande r at N ya
h h
. a
III In c redulity of E ratost en e s — Pa
. ssage . of t e In dus

M
IV D igre ssion ab ou
. t India .

V ou
. n ta in s an d Rivers of As ia

Mh B
VI Ge n e ral D e script ion of India
.

Mh h ridgin g Riv e rs
h
VII e t od of.

VIII arc from t e In du

. s t o t e Hy da spes

IX Poru s ob s t ruc ts A

h
’
. l exan de r s Pas sage
X Al e xander and Porus at t e Hydaspes
.

XI Al exan de r s S tratagem t o ge t ac ross

h
’
.

h
XII P ass age of t e Hydasp e s
.

hB h
XIII Pas sage of t e Hydas pe s
.

XIV T e att l e at t e Hy daspe s

.

XV Arran ge men ts of Porus

.

XVI Al e xander s Tac tic s

’
.

XVII D e fe at of Porus
h
.

L osse s of t e Comb atant s P oru S

urrenders
h hB h
XV III .
— s .

XIX Al lian c e wit Porus D eat of u

h
.
— c ep a
.l as
XX Con que st of t e Gl ausians E mb assy from Ab isare a
h
.
— . .

— Passa e of t e Ac e sin e s
g
h
hh
XXI Advan ce b eyon d t e Hy draote s
h
.

XXII In vasion of t e Land of t e Cat ae au

. s

XXIII Assaul t upon S angal a .

XXIV Capt ure of Sangal a

h h
.

XXV T e Army re f u ses to Adv a — Al exander s S pee c

h
’
. nc e .

h
to t e Offic ers
XXVI Al exan der s Speec (continued)
h
’
.

XX VII T e An swer of Coe nus .

XXVIII Al exander resol ve s t o Re turn

h
.

XXIX Al exan der rec rosses t e Hydraote s and Acesin es

.

BOO K VI
h
.

I Pre p aration s f or aVoyage down t e Indu

h
. s

h
II Voyage down t e Hydas pe s
.

III Voy age down t e Hydaspe s ( c ontinu

h h
. ed)

IV Voyage down t e Hy dasp e s in to t e Ac e sine s

h
.

hM
V Voyage down t e Ac e sine s
.

VI Campaign again st t e al lian s

.
 Con te nts .

VII Campaign again st t e al l ians ( con ttvmed) hM

hM h
.

hM h
VIII D e fe at of t e allian s at t e riv e r Hydraote s
.

IX S tormin g of t e
. allian S tron g ol d
X Al exan der dange rously Woun de d
.

XI Al e xan de r Wou
h
. n de d
XII An xiety of t e S ol die rs ab ou t Al e xan de r
h
V
.

X III J oy of t e S ol diers at Al e xande r s Re c ov e ry

h h
’
.

XIV Voyage down t e Hydraote s an d Ace sius s in to t e

.

M
In du
hu h
s

XV Voy age down t e In d s to t e Land of u

. s ic anus

M
XVI Campaign agains t Oxyc an us an d S amb us
.

u ic an us E ec u Cap tu
h
XV II s x te d — . re of P a t al a
XV III Voyage down t e In dus
h h
.

hM h h
XIX Voyage down t e In dus in to t e S e a
.

XX Exp l oration of t e out s of t e In dus

h
.

M hh hh
XXI Camp aign again st t e Orit ian s
.

M hh hh
XXII arc t roug t e D e se rt of Gadrosia
.

Mhh h
XXIII arc t roug t e D e se rt of Gadrosia .

XXIV arc t roug Gadrosia

h
.

XXV S ufie rin g s of t e Army

M
.

XXVI Al e xan de r s agn an imous Con d

Mhh h h
’
. uc t .

XXVII arc t roug Carman ia P unis me n t of Vic e

— . .

roy s
XXVIII Al exan de r 1 n
XXIX Al e xan der 1 n Pe rs is —Tomb of Cyr s Re paired
.

XXX P e uce stas appoin te d Vic e roy of Pe rsia

.
Carma ia
.
n

BOO K VII
h h h
.

I A
hh
’
. l exander s Pl an s
T e In dian P il osop ers
— .

II Al e xan de r s D e alings wit t e In dian S age s

h
’
.

M M
III S e lf s ac rific e of t e In dian Calan u s

M
-
.

h
IV arriage s b e twee n a c e don ians a n d Pe rs ia
‘

I . ns

h
V T e S ol die rs Re warde d
.

V I An Army of Asiat ic s Train e u

. n de r t e d
ac edonian

hT
D is c ipl in e

hM
V II N av igat ion of t e igre s
d
.

t Al e xan e r
h
VIII T e ac e don ian s Off e n de d a

h
.

IX Al exan de r s S pe e c
h
’
. .

X Al e xan de r s S p e e c (c on tmue d)
.
’

XI Rec onc il iat ion b e twee n Al e xan de r an d is Army

. .
 Con ten ts .

hua M ha u
GIL ) . PAC !

XII Te n T
. a a H m o s nd c edoni ns se n t o e wit Cr te r s .

A m a
h aa hAma
u
— D is
p t e sa a
b e t wee n n t ip te r nd Ol y p i s

a hH h
XIIIT . T e e N is e n P la
zons in — .

h aa Em a
XIV D e t of e p ae st ion
.

. uj u
XV S b gation of t e Coss e n s — m
b s s ies f ro D is .

h a hha h
t an t N t ions a
XV I xpl oration of t e Caspi n T e C al d e an S oot
. E — .

hA hhl j
sa y e rs

h
XV II T e dv ic e of t e C adee s re ec t e d
. .

. A
XV III Predic t ion s of l e xander s D e at ’

XIX E mb as s ies from Greec e Fl eet pre pare dfor In v adin g

.
— .

—
XX D es c rip t ion of Arab ia Voy age of N earc u h
h h h
. s

XXI D esc rip tion of t e E up rate s and t e Pallac opas

h h
.

XXII An Ome n of Al exan der s Approac ing D eat

h h h
’
.

XXIII T e Army Rec ru ited from t e Pe rsian s

M
.
— He p aes .

e mory H on ou

h h
’
t ion 8 red
XXIV An ot e r Omen of Al exan de r s De at
h
’
.

XXV Al e xan der S eize d wit Fe v e r

h
.

XXVI Al e xan de r 8 D eat

h
’

XXVII Rumour t at Al e xan de r was Poison ed

.

h
.

XXVIII C arac t e r of Ale xan de r

.

XX IX Apol ogy for Ale xan der s E rror

.
’
s.

XXX Eul ogy of Al e xan de r

.

In de x of P rope r N ame s

E RRATA .

Page 3 . Fou h
r lin es from t e b ottom, f or Ana b v 1 , read v 5, 1 . . . .

Page 8 . N ote 1 , f or D iod , xix 93 , 94 ; read xv i 98 , 94

. . . .

N ote 3 , f or D iod , xvi 85 ; read xvii 4

. . . .

For On are s read Omare s

h
Page 48 . .

P age 1 08 ( Note ) f or Z ep i 2 ; read 1 1

. . . .

P age 1 1 6 ( Note ) f or Paradis e Lost, viii 1 8

. .
; read i 446 . .
 LIFE AND WRITIN G S OF ABE IAN .

A Arrian m h
h h h h
LL we kn o w of d e ri v e d f
isro t e n o tice o f
im in t e Bib liot ec a of Pho tiu
h
s w o wa s Pa triarc h
,

n tin opl e in t e n in th c e n tu om a f e w

h
of Co n sta ry a n d fr ,

in c ide n tal re fe ren c e s in is own writings We l earn .

f ro m S u idae that D io n C assiu s wro te a b io gra phy of

Arrian b ut th is work is n ot e x tan t Flavins Arrianas
h h h
.

was bo rn n e ar t e e n d of t e first c en tu
h
ry of t e Ch ristian
t N ic ome dia t e c apita l of B ithy nia He b ec ame a
h
era a, ,
.

m u u
h h
p u p il o f t e f a o s S to ic ph il o s oph e r E p ic te t s a nd ,

afte rwards we n t to Ath e n s wh e re

h h
e,
rec e ive d t e
su rn ame of t e younge r Xe n opho n fro m t e fac t that
”

h e oc c u h
pie d t e same re lation to Ep ic te t us as Xen ophon
,

h
h
did to S oc rate s l
.Not on l y was e c alle d Xe n ophon by
o the rs b ut e c alls h imse l f s o in Cy negetie us (v
h h
.
,

an d in P erip lu e d is tin gu

h h
s (xii 5 ; xx v . . is e s Xe n o
phon by t e addition t e e l der L uc ian (Alexander 56)
h h h ,
.

l ls Arrian simply Xen op on D uring t e stay of t e

h
ca .

e mp eror Ha d rian at Ath e n s A D 1 26 Arrian gain e d is

h , ,
. .

He ac c o mp an ie d is p atron to Ro me whe re
h h
frie n d sh ip .
,

e re c e ive d t e Ro m In c on se q u
h h h
an c itize n sh ip e n c e of
.

s su me d t e name o f Flav ius In t e s ame way

h h h
‘
i
th is ,
e a .

h is to rian Jose ph us ad b e e n all ow

h
t e J e wis , , e d by

Ve s pas ian and Titu r t e imp e ria l name F l av iu

h
8
s to b ea s .

P hotiu s sa y s th at Arrian ad a d istin guish e d c are e r in

,

Ro me be in g e n tru s te d with v ario u

h
, s po l itic al o ffic e s an d ,

at l as t re ac h ing t e su p re me d ignity of c on s ul un d e r
1 Ct Art ian ( Cymgetic us Se e D io Cass iu
h
.
, i
. s , l xix 1 5 . .

Ci J osep
. u(
s iu
Vita ip a a,
 T hA e n abac ic
f
o Alexan de r .

An ton in us Pius h
h
Pre vio u s to th is .
1
e wa s a ppo inte d

h M
(A J ) 1.32 ) by H adr ia n G o v e rn o r o f C ap pado c ia w hi c
, ,

prov inc e was soon afte r inv ad e d by t e Alan i or as

m h W u
,

h
sa a ho d d p d ’ h M a
g e t e w e e fe,ate a n d e x e ll e e n rc s .

Aure l iu me to t e th ro n e Arrie n withdre w in to

h
s ca ,

p rivate life an d return e d to is native c ity N ic ome dia

h
.
,

H e re ac c o rd ing to Pho tius e was appoin te d p rie s t to

, ,

h
Mu
De me te r an d Pers e phon e . He die d in t e re ign of

Aureliu
h
arc s s .

A
h pu o hph o oph
T y o e earlie r lite rar e ff rts of rrian we re phil os oph ic al .

A fro m Ro me by
d h u
ft e r t e ex l si n of t e il s e rs ,

Do m u d
h
p itian, E ic te t s e l iv e re is l ec t re s at N ic opolis ,
in Epiru p rob abl e that Arrian was is p up il
h
s, wh e re it is .

I Th e se l e c tu bl ish e d by Arrian un de r t e
h
. re s we re p u ,

titl e of D is c ou rses of Ep ic te tu s in e ig h t book s t e fi rs t , ,

r o n l y of wh ic h h ave c o me do wn to u He te lls us
h
fo u
h
s . .

h ims el f in t e introd uc tion to th is wo rk that e strove

h ,

h
h
as far as po ssib le to pre se rve t e v e ry wo rd s of is
s me m is me thod of reas on in g an d
h
te ac h e r a e n toe s of

d ic tion G ellius (x ix l ) sp e ak s of a fif t book of the se

. .

D isc ourse s
h h
.

II He als o c o mp il e d T e E n c iridie n of Ep ic te tu
h
. s a n ,

ab strac t of t e ph il o s ophy of E p ic te tus whic h is s til l

Th is man u al of t e S t oic moral ph il o s ophy was h ,

h h
e x ta nt .

v e ry pop u lar bo t among Pagan s an d C ristian s for

, ,

man y c e n t urie s .

III An o th e r wo rk by Arrian in twe l ve book s d is tin c t

h ,

h
.
,

f ro m t e abov e is me n tion e d by Photiu s un d e r t e titl e

h
,

h u
uu Frie ndly Conversationc
'
O; 7 ac
'
of
’
or

Of th is o n ly a fe w fragme n ts s u
h h
wit Ep ic te t s . rvive .

h
IV An o th e r l ost wo rk of Arrian on t e l if e an d deat
.

o f E p ic te t us is me n tio n e d by S impl ic iu

hComm h
s in t e b e ginn ing

of is e n tar y on t e E n c h iridio n .

V . Bes id e s e ditin g th e se phil o s oph ic al wo rk s, Arrian

Ct Luc ian ( Alex a

. nder, S ee D io Cassius, l xix 1 5 . .
 Life an d Writings of Arrian .

many o rigin al book s hmo impo rtan t

h
By far t
hA
wro te . e st

A
h
of th e se is t l exa nder o r t e H is to ry
n ab asi
f e s o ,

of Al e xa t s C amp a
h
’
n d e r t e G re a ig ns Th is is on e of .

t e mo s t au th e n tic an d ac c u
h h
rate of h is toric a l work s .

Tho u g h in s p ire d with a d m ira t io n for is h e ro t e a utho r ,

e v inc e s imp artia l ity an d fre e do m fro m h ero wo rsh ip

h h
He -
.

cu

h
e x h ib its
g rea t li te ra ry a t e n e ss in t e c ho ic e of i s

au
h h h
tho ritie s an d in siftin g e vid e nc e T e t wo c h ie f .

s ou rc e s fro m wh ic h e d re w is n arrative we re t e
h is t o rie s writte n by P tol e my son of Lag us an d Aris
tc u h l as son of Aris tob u lus bo th of who m we re o ffi
, ,

h
, c e rs
,

in Al e xan d e r s army
M h
’
O t e r autho ritie s q uo t e d b y
.

Art ian hims el f we re

h
— E rato s the n es e ga st e n e s , ,

N e arc us Aristas an d Asc l e p iad e s He also made use

h
.
, ,

o f Al e xa e me n tio n s fi ve times ;

h h
’
n d e r s l e tte rs wh ic h I
,

on ly o n c e howe ve r q uo tin g t e e xac t w o rd s of t e

write r T e last au h
, ,

e me n tio n s h h
h
. tho rity wh ic h is t e ,

Royal D iary k e p t by E u me n e s of C ardia t e p rivate

s of A
, ,

h
h
sec r e ta ry of Phil ip as we l l a l e xan d e r an d by t e ,

h is to rian D iodotus of E ryt rae It is use d by Arrian, .

“
on ly on c e as it is by Pl utarc h
h
8
.
,

VI T e work n ame d In dian is a d esc ription of In d ia

h
.
, ,

an d was u su all y u n ite d in man u s c rip ts with t e An a

basis as an e igh t book T o ugh it may b e l ook e d h h

,

h
.

upon as a suppl e me n t to t e An abasis Arrian ofte n

h h
F ro m th is we may
,

h hh
re fe rs in t e on e wo rk to t e o th e r ‘
.

in fe r that t e au
h h
tho r W is e d t e Indic a to b e c o n side re d
a dis tin c t book fro m t e An abasis ; an d fro m t e re mark
in Anab v 1 it is c l e ar th at it was c o mpose d afte r
h h h
. .
,

t e Anabas is
h h
T is book is writte n in t e Io n ic dial ec t
.
,

h
lik e t e History of He rodot u
h h
s a nd t e I n d ic a of C te sia s .

T e lat te r u n tru s t wo rt y book Arrie n wis e d to s u ppl an t

Se e Anab as ts, i 1 0 , 4 ; 11 . 25 , 3 ; v i 1 , 4 ; v1 i 23 , 7
. . . .

h
Anab , vii 25
. . .

L if e of Al exande r, c a p 7 6 . .

S,
e A nab v 5, 1 6
.
, 8 ; vi 2
.8 , 6 ; Indic a , 1 9, 2 1 , 23.
, 3 2, 1 0 c c .
 T hA e n abas is o
f Al exan der .

h ho k
M h h
by is own na
prra p y b d
tiv e , rin c i al l ase on t e w r s of

e gast u
en es an d Ne arc s .

ho u m o mo A
h
’
VII P ti s e n ti n s
. a ng rrian a is t ric al
h o
w r s — T e E ven ts a ter A
hho y A d u o
o k f lerander, in ten book
s,

h h
’
h h
w ic i t e ist r of l e xan ers s c ce ss rs
g ves .

o u ( m m
ho k
P ti s c od 92 as) p
re se rve dan ex trac ts f r
y
. o

B h
t is w r .

q uo d
by u h h o mm h d
VIII it yn ic a in e ig t
. h book o k o s, aw r f te n te
u
ho
E s tat i s in is c e n tarie s to t e Ilia and
Do y u
h h
to i n si s d Pe riege te s . In re gar to t e c nt e n ts

h book Pho u ( B
o m hm h
of t is ) y , ti s c od . 93 sa s T e it yn ic a
omm
h hh
c enc e s fr h o y t e yt ic al e v e n ts of ist r an d
om do m
h hd h b qu h d hk dom h m
c es wn as far as t e deat of t e l ast N ic o ede s,

hh b u d by k h pu o
w o at is eat e eat e is in g to t e Ro an s,
w o ad n e ve r e en r le a in g af te r t e ex ls i n
”
qu
h
of Tar in .

X
I . P art ic a, b ok Pho u in se v e n te e n o s . Se e ti s

(
h
c od .

A u
h h m
X .
fHis tory Se e Pho ti s (oc od t e lan i . .

m
h ok
y h
O n l frag e n ts o f t is an d t e P art fca re ain .

o m Pho u
h h
X B d
I e si e s t e l a
. rge w r s, w e l e arn f r ti s
A
hy u D o u
(c od 93
.
) h
t at o
rrian wr te t e b i gra ie s of t e
o ph
mo o
h h
Co h
rin t ian Ti l e n an d of t e S rac san i n L c ian .

A
ho o ou obb A M o
( l ex als state s t at e wr te t e l ife of Till ib or s,
o. h o u

h
t e n t ri s r e r of sia in r .

X II A va ub o ph
l a l e ge gra ic al w r o k by A rrian as
h
.

o m do u “ ”

o u d ho hu
H ep t rr ove 7 r6v rov E d eivov,
'
c e wn to s , c all ed E '

u d by h
a e sc ri ti n of a v ov age r n t e c as ts of t e E xin e
d p o .

m
hA h
T is n av al e x e iti n was e x e c te
h p d o i o o
as G ve rn r

hM
of C pp do a a Ab
c ia . T e l an i, or, l an i of t e Eas t, a

d hp o hm h oy
t rib e d re l ate hto t e as sage tae , we re t re ate n in g to

hmo mpo
inv a e is r v in c e ,
h an d e ade t is v age wit a

ho F om o hP p u
vie w o of f rtifyin g t po e st i rtan t s trate g ic in ts

u h
on t e c ast . r se c ti n 26 of t e e ri l s we fin d
mu h
hd h
h h
t at t is y vo page st av e take n lac e ab o t t e
y e ar

1 31 or 1 32 A D . Co . ofor td e eat of King ty s n tic e

 Life and Writings of Arrian .

in that p assage as j ust d e ad is prove d by Boc k s ,

h ’

in ves tigation s to have oc c u

h
rre d in 1 31 Two o th e r
h u
h p
h
g ge o r a ph ic al w o rk s T e P er i l s o
f t
, e R e d S e a an d
T e Pe rip l u s o
f t e Erm i ne fo rm e rl y asc rib e d to Arria ,
n ,

are p ro ve d to b e l o ng to al ate r d ate .

XIII A work on Tac tic s c o mpose d 1 3 7

h
. In ,

man y parts th is book agre es n e arl y ve rb ally with t e

large r wo rk of Ae l ian on t e same su h
h ‘
bj e c t ; b ut Le o
Tac tic u s (vii 85 ) e xp re s sl y me n tio ns t e t wo wo rk s a
. s

h
d is tin c t .

XIV An Array of Battle agains t t e Alani is a

'

h h
.
,

f ragme n t d isc o ve re d in t e se v e n tee n th c e n tu

h hh h
ry in t e
D esc rip tion of is B attl e s w it t e Alani w o in vad e d
h h
is pro vin ce p rob ably 1 3 7 A D as Arrian ad p re vio u
, sl y . .
,
,

A m A hCh o m
h m ubj
X V o k
. s all w r by rrian on t e ase , f r s a
upp m
h
’
s le X opho booke nt to en n s on t e sa e s ec t .

u f A
hhAh
It is d e n titl e Cynegetic s o rrian or t e sec ond

X eno
p on t e t e nian .

hb d o hA b ho o
h
T e est e iti n s of
as is are t e f l l win g
t e na

T e editio p rin cep s

by Trin c ave ll i, Ve n ic e , 1 53 5 Ge r e ],
b
S tras sb urg, 1 5 3 9 ; H e nri E stie n n e , 1 5 75 ; N Blanc ardu s, .

Ams te rdam, 1 668 J G ron ovius, Leyd e n , 1 7 04 ; G

h
. .

Rap e l iu s, Ams te rd am, 1 7 5 7 ; A C Borke c k, Le m ovia

g , . .

1 792 ; S c h mie d e r, Le ip zig, 1 798 ; Tau

F . c h n itz e d itio n ,

Leip zig 1 8 1 8 ; J O Elle n dt, Ktin igs b e rg, 1 8 3 2 C W

, . . . .

h
Kriige r, B e rl in , 1 8 3 5 ; F D iib n er, Paris , 1 8 4 6 ; K .
-
.

Ab ic t, Le ip zig, 1 8 7 1 .

1
See P hu (oti s c odex D ie Cassiu
s , l xix 1 5 . .
 ABRIAX S P REFACE
'

my h au
h h hh
I sc ant -e d in t o - narrativ e as stric tl y t e n tic

t e s un men -
'

s re l at in g t o Al ex an r an d P ilip w ic
de

m m a “a A u u Aristo
h hm
Pt ol e y ,
s on of La ,
n d r is t ob l s s on of .

u makin g ; an d from me n u
hh h hh
’

mh
W it s, in t ose e s -

w ic 655 5 ? I e re se l f -
me d t at w app e a
rs to me

h hm um mza u mm ame d S ate

M a h m
b r T b on l y
-
t ore
-
n n . t e co

am
.

as w e Su L a ac e don i l ow b irt Pt ole

'

k ni ts r of of
-
. n . n . y s

h m a h u
h ha
is an s an b eliev e d at Ptol e y w s t oflq ing of
-
rec x
s- . gen y t e
'

t at m a A a Pt ole y w s on e at t e e rlien f rie n ds

-
of l ex n der

h M u m hm m u m
h h
is “ a l -s l g oi is o skilf ge nesfl s nd l os t

ma mm A a
ah h m hhha m
is it On divisi on 1 t - p ire aft er l ex n der s
‘

in ti te e
- t e 0 e

R m
.

a
hM Am A uh h ha
de t . o y
r- E gy p t w ic ed t
e tr n s itte d e kin gdo of

h a hh h u ha h
to :
n fte r a dis t in g is e d re ign of t irty e ig t ye rs
.
-
.

m u
m u h
e ol die
-
ed t e t ron e t o
x i s y o nge st son P tol e y P il de l p s . .

ha a h ha
1 10 a a H a a a
d t is e ven :t wo ye rs n d died n o 283 e w s l ib e r l . . .

mm au a
hh hh uh hhA
1 4 of l ite r t re nd t e rt s . nd wrote c in es y d t -
e w rs of

h a h fi
A a l e l rd e r
-
.
w i c is on e of t e c ie f a t orit ies on w ic rrin n
-

ma
ah
A a (
u ua h
! is narr t ive For is b e n e ren oe e li n Varia -
o »
ng s ee

”um
. .

hh h
A
muh m i h m
a . a
n ii . S at on l y n ion . b t Pl t rc nd S s . de
m m
M
i v ed ation fro Pt ole y s work w ic
inti is g ly oo
‘

r c

m
.

M hh
b y Ai “
An swb u lu
h
s oi Po tida ea a t own in ace donia w ic was a f te r . .

wards cal le d Cas san dra se rve d u

h h
n der A

h
le xan der and wrote a isto r . y .

at is n u wh li ke t at o f Pt ol e my was s ome t imes more pane

h h hh h
ic
h
, . .

arran ted Ne it er of t e se isto ries as su

h h
a
h
n w al t an t e ( c ts w r .

s t e grou ndwork for t e c omp os ition

h
"re d b u t t e y se rv e d A
h h
. n ion a

Lu
h
at is o wn n arran v e c ian in i s treat ise O r e n-ode is
. to ric s it .

u Aris to b ul us of in v e n ting marvell ou

h
rom t cc u

h
n da c 12 a se s
. . . s

v uw l e r s ve l o u Pl uurc b ased fl
hM
A
h
ta
hfl h
f l r fur t e sake of at te ry
'

l
h
e s o .

W
hh
m
hm m a M hA uu
] f
is A : o ad " c ie y on t e work of t is write r . e l earn
i c 22 1 t at m
is is tory at
h
u La ( a n e t
/ n s t ob l s wrote

m au
.
. .

ge at e ig ty tou He was e mp oy ed b y Ale xander to

“w a u h
d u ce d a
‘
r .

estora twuot Cy rus s tom b ( Arn an vi

’
s dt e r
n t-
'

.
,

0
TH E ANABAS IS OF ALE XAND E R .

BOO K I .

C H AP T E R I .

D nrn or Ps mr m A ) c c s ssxo u or ALm N D IB — HIB .

WARB WITH rs : Tn mc rms

h h
.

IT is said that Ph il ip die d w e n Pyt ode mu

h
s was a
1
rc ho n
at Ath e ns, an d th at
’ “
is son Al e xan d e r, be in g th e n

He was mu rdered b y a you med Pausan ias ,

h h h hhh h
8 86 . ng n oble n a

w o stab b ed im at t e festiva
h h h h
l w ic e wa s ol ding to c el eb rate
t e ma is dau
h h
Al exander. king of E pirus It was
h
rriage of g te r w it .

su t b ot Ol ymp ia n der were implic a

h h
er son A

h h j
specte d t a s a nd l exa ted
At t e time of is assassination P ilip was ust ab out
hh h
in t e plot .

h
to sta rt on a n e xpedition a g ain st Persia , w ic is son afterwa rds so
succ e ss ful ly c arried ou t Bee Pl u tarc (A le x a, D iod xix 9 3 94 ;
u
. .
, , .

hAha am h m h
A
a hu m
ristotle
( Po t . v. 8,

h a h a Ah h
It w s t e c sto of t e t eni ns to n e t e years fro t e

hA hm h
pre siden t of t e c oll ege of nin e rc ons t t ens , w o were el ec ted

a u m
mh
nna lly
. a
T e write rs dopted t is
ttic et od of de ter ining
u
ha a h f A
h a ma a
a s D ic tionar
’
d te s . Sec S it y o n tiq ities .

h uhha a u h
A a l ex nder t e Gre t w s t e son of P ilip I I nd Ol y pi s, nd .

ha u hm
a a a
w s b orn t Iell n o 8 56’
. In is yo t
. . e w s pl c e d n der t e

u A flu
u hu hu
a
h
t ition of ristotle , w o c q ired very gre t in ence over is in d

uha
a aa
nd c a a
r c ter, nd retain e d it n til is p pil w s spoil e d b y is n
u
a a h h a u hh
B A a (
ha h
paar l l e l ed s c c e sse s ee . s li n V a r ia H is toric , xii S c w s .

M a h h h huma ha a B a
is b il ity t t t t e ge of 1 6 e w s en tr sted wit t e govern
a.

m
m A h h a a h a
e n t of ac edoni b y is fat er, w en e rc ed g inst yz n
u
h a h h Wh h a mu
ti . t t e age of 1 8 b y is skill nd c o r ge e greatl y ssisted

mm h h a
P il ip in g in ing t e b attl e of C aeron ea en P ilip w s r
.

u
u h hh
A
a h m hm
d re d.
e le xande r asc c-
l l t e t ron e , nd after p ttin g down re
m
hahh
l ll l o n t o e e l vanc v d in to G re ec e to sec re t e p ower w ic
.

a a u A
is f t er d c q ire d Se c D IOd , xvi 8 5 ; rrias , vii 9
. . . . .

l
 A ’
lexande r s Wars wit hhh
t e T ra ans
ca
'

abou t twe n ty y e ars of age , marc h e d in to Pe10 pon n esu

hh h h
s

as s oon as e ad s e c u
h h h
re d t e re gal po we r Th e re e .

asse mb le d all t e Gre e k s w o w e re within t e limits

Pe l opo n ne su an d ask e d fro m th e m t e su p re me h
h h
of s,
’

c omman d of t e ex pe d it io n a

h
a in t t e P e rs ian a
g s s , n

ad alre ady c o n fe rre d upo n Philip

h h
ofic e wh ic h th ey

h
He .

re c e iv e d t e ho no u s k e d fro m a

h
r whic h e a l l e xc e p t t e
“
In c e dae mon ian s, w o re pl ie d that it was an h e re d itary
us to m of th eirs n ot to fo l low o th e rs b ut to lead th e m
h
c , .

T e Ath e n ian s als o atte mp te d to b ring abo u t so me

po litic al c han ge ; b ut they we re so alarme d at t e v e ry h
app roac h of Al e xan de r th at th e y c o n c e d e d to im e ve n h
,

more ampl e p ub lic hon o urs th an tho se whic h ad b ee n h

b e stowe d upo n P ilip h
He th e n re turne d in to Mac e
h
‘
.

do niaan d b usied h imse lf in p rep arin g for t e e x p e dition

in to Asia
h h
.

Howe v er at t e app ro ac h bf sprin g

h h
, e

marc he d to wards Thrac e in to t e l an d s of t e Trib allian s

an d Ill y rian s b ecau h
,

h
‘
se
, e as c e rt aine d th at th e se natio n s
were me ditatin g a c han ge of pol ic y ; and at t e same
h h
.

time a u
h
s th ey we re l yin on i fro n tie r t ho h t it
, g s e g ,

in e xp e die n t wh e n e was abo u t to s tart on a c ampaig n

so fa
,

h
r away fro m is own l an d to le av e t e m b e h in d im,
h h
Bee J u
h u h
c tin, xi 2 . .

h
Art ian speaks as if
hm
a
h
“
t is req est d bee n addressed onl y to
u m m
hhh huh hm u
t e Greeks wit in Pel oponn es s ; oreove r e e n tion s n o asse b ly
u
u h h
a t Corin t w ic is n otic ed, t o g wit
, so e c onf s ion , b y D iodor s ,

u u u a
mu h hh u
a
J s tin , nd Pl tarc a Cities o t of P el opon n es s , s wel l s wit in
.

u u u
hAm h a m hhh
it, a st ve b ee n in c l ded ; nl e ss we s ppose t a t t e re sol tion
u
wa h m h a h a h h
of t e p aic ty o nia
c s se bl y , w ic d b ee n p re vio sl y p ss e d,

s a
el d to c o pre en d ll t e extr Pel oponn es i n -
c ities , w ic

seem — ”
s not p robab le Grote
. .

Ju emonn e t l egem et r e gem c on

h h y s : 8 0 1i La
h
st in (ix 6) sa
. ceda

tsmpseru
h
”

h
nt . T e king ere ref erred to was P ilip .

80 6 J u s tin xi 8 ; A e sc in es , Con tra Ctesip ontc m, p 564

h h h
.
. . .

h h h
b itin g t e part of Se rvia b or
h
T e Trib a l lia n s were a t rib e in a o

h
dot ing on Bu
h
lga ria T e I . llyrian s in ab ite d t e e aste rn c oast of t e
Adriatic Se a, t e distric ts now call ed Nort Al ban ia, Bosn ia, D almatia
 T hA
e n abas is o
f Alexan der .

w itho u b eing e n tire ly subj ugate d S e tting out then

h h h h
t .

f ro m Amph ipol is
h h
e in v a de d t e l an d of t e p e ople w o
,

h h
we re c all e d in d e p e n de n t T rac ian s l
k e e p in g t e c ity of ,

Philippi an d moun t Orb el us on t e le ft C ro ss in g t e

h
.

th e y say e arriv e d at mo u e mu

h
rive r N e s su

h h
8
n t Ha
2
s ,
s

H e re alon g t e de file s up t e
h h h
on t e te n th day .
,

asc e n t to t e mo u s me t by ma

h
n tain e wa ny of t e
,

t rad e rs e qu ipp e d w ith arms as well as by t e ia

hh
d e p e n de n t Th rac ian s w o ad made pre paratio n s to
,

h h
c h ec k t e f u
,

h h h
rth e r a d v an c e of is e x p ed ition by se izin g
t e su mmit of t e Hae mus alon g wh ic h was t e ro ute
h h h
for t e p as sag e of is army Th ey ad c o ll e c te d th e ir
,

wagg on s an d plac e d t h e m in fron t of th e m n ot o n ly

, ,

usin g th e m as aramp art f rom wh ic h th ey migh t de fe n d

t h e mse l ve s in c as e t h e y sho u l d b e f orc e d b ac k b ut al so
,

h ,

h
M
inte n d in g to l e t t h e m l oo se upo n t e ph alan x of t e
h
ac e do n ian s wh e re t e mo un tain was mo s t p re c ip ito us if
h h ,

Th e y ad c ome to t e c on c l u
,

h h h
4
t h e y t rie d to as c e n d . sio n

h
th at t e d e n se r t e ph alan x was w ith wh ic h t e wag go n s
ru me in to c ol l isio n t e more easily wo ul d
h
sh in g do wn c a ,

th e y s c atte r it by t e v iol e n c e o f th e ir fall u

h
pon it .

But Ale xan d e r fo rme d a pl an by wh ic h e migh t c ros s

h h
t e mo u
h
n ta in with t e l e as t d an ge r po ss ibl e ; an d s in c e

h h
e wa s re s o l ve d to ru n a ll risk s k n o win g th at th e re w e re ,

n o me ans of p a

h
s sin l s e wh e re o r d e re d t e h e a vy
g e e ,

arme d sol d ie rs as s oon as t e wag go n s be gan to ru

h ,
sh

h
down t e d e c l ivity to op e n the ir ran k s an d d ire c te d
, ,

t h at tho s e who m t e road was s u ffic ie n tl y wid e to p e rmit

We l earn from T h
u hh
M h
ca

h
c y dides, n . 96, t at t e se p e opl e we re l l e d D ii.
Ne s su Nes tu G re eks , a
hu
3
T e s, or s, is n ow c al le d e sto by t e nd

Karas ub y t
hBa a h m
e T rks .

Arrian are
h
8 No w kn own as t e lk n . T e de fil e s e n tion e d by
p rob ab l y w afterwards c all e d P ortaTraj an i Cf Vergil ( G eorg ,
a a t w s . . .

h h
H orac e ( Carm, i 1 2,
h
ii. . .

n ofte n f orms t e p l u u
h h
4
r n olnrro z— Art ia p erf e c t te n se wit o t t e

u m m T e Attic fu tu
“
u —
h(
ag e n t di a
.axe ddd o re of t is ve rb is b cac xedw .

Cf . Aristop . Birds ,
 hh h
Alexander s Wars ’
wit t e T rac ians .

houd h o mh
h ou h h u h ho h h mm d
to do so s d p h l stan a art, so t at t wagg n s
e ig t
rol l t g r a
g p; b t t a
tt te s e e w o we re e
houd h
h ou d o k h h d omp y
in on all side s s oop o o h
l e it e r s t d wn t ge t e r or e ve n

h o uh do upo h m
fal l flat o n t e gr n , an d l c t e ir s iel s c ac tl
h h
to ge t e r, so t at t e wagg n s r s in g wn n t e ,

an d in all p rob ability by th e ir v e ry imp e tus l eap in g

ov e r th e m, mi h t p a nj u em A
h
n witho u t i rin
g t h nd
g ss o .

it t u ut j ust Al e xan de r ad c o nj e c ture d an d

h h
rn e d o as
For so me of t e me n mad e gap s in t e
h h
e xho rte d .

hh
p alan x an d o th ers l o c k e d th e ir sh iel ds toge th e r T e
,
.

waggon s roll e d o v e r t e s iel d s witho u t do in g mu ch

hM
inj u ry n ot a sin gl e ma n b e in k il l ed u n de r th e m T h en
, g .

ac e don ian s regain e d th e ir c ou s mu

h h hh h
t e ra e in a ch a s
g ,

h
t e wag g o n s w ic h t e y , ad e x ce s sivel y d reade d ad ,

in flic te d n o damage u pon t e m W ith a l o ud c ry th e y

h h
.

as sau Al e xan de r o rde re d is arc h e rs

h h h
l te d t e Th rac ian s .

to marc h fro m t e righ t win g in fro n t of t e re st of t e

hh u
h h
p h a l a nx b, e c a s e t e re t e p as s a ge w a s e asie r a n d to ,

He im
h h
s hoo t a t t e Th rac ian s wh e re th e y adv an c e d .

h h
is own gu
h h
se l f t ook ard t e sh iel d b earin g in fan try and
,
-

t e Agrian iau an d l e d t e m to t e l e ft
hh h
l
s ,
Th e n t e .

h h
arc he rs shot at t e T rac ian s w o sall ie d fo rward an d ,

re p u l s e d the m; an d t e ph alan x c o min g to c l o se fig tin g

h away fro m th e ir pos itio n me n w o we re
, ,

h
e as il y d ro ve

lig h t arme d an d b ad ly e q u
-
ipp e d barbarian s T e c on .

se q u e d to rec e iv e Al e xa

h h
e n c e wa s t h ey n o l o n e r wa it n der
, g
marc hin g again st t e m fro m t e l e ft b ut c ast in g away
h h
th e ir arms t h e y fle d do wn t e mo u
,

man
h
nta in as eac
be s t c oul d About . of t e m we re k il l ed but o nl y
a fe w we re tak e n p rison e rs on ac c o u
h
n t of th e ir s w ift n e ss

c qu

h h
of foo t a nd a ain tan c e with t e c o u n tr y Ho we ve r all .
,

t e w ome n w o were ac c o mp an y in g th e m we re c ap t u re d ,

a s we re a l s o th e ir c h ild re n an d all th e ir boo ty .

hA h h
h hM am h
T e grian es we re atrib e of E aste rn Paeon ia w o l ive d ne art e

fl
h
Triball ian s . T ey se rve d in t e ac e don ian r y c ie y as caval ry
and lig t infan try .
 T hA e nabasis o
f Ale san der - .

CH APTE R II .

BATTLE wrrn ran Ts una mi s

h h
.

Aum mmse n t t e booty away s outh ward to t e c ities

h entru

h h
on t e sea s hore
l
s tin
g ,t o Ly sa n i as a n d Phil o ta s

t e du ty of se ttin g it u u m
h h h
p f or sa l e B t e h i se l f c r o ss ed.

t e su mmit an d advan c in g th ro ugh t e Hae mus in to t e

h ,

lan d of t e Trib allian s
h h
h h
e a rrive d at t e riv e r Lyg in u
, s
’ .

This riv e r is distan t fro m t e Iste r th re e day s marc

h
4 ’

to on e in te n d in g to go to t e Hae mu S yrmu
h
s s k in of
g .
,

t e Trib allian s h e aring of Al e x an d er s e x p e d ition l o n g

h h h
’
,

be fore ad se nt t e wo me n an d c hil dren of t e n ation on

,

h
in ad van c e to t e Is te r ord e rin g th e m to pas s o v e r in to
h h ,

me of wh ic h was
h
on e of t e is l a n d s in th a t rive r t e n a ,

h
Peuc o To this islan d als o t e Th rac ians whose te rri
‘
.
,

t orie s w e re c o n te rmin o u
h h
s with tho se of t e Trib a l lian s ,

ad fle d to ge th e r for re fu c h of Al e x a

h h
g e at t e app ro a n der .

S yrmas h imse l f like wis e ac c o mp an ie d b y is train

h h , ad ,

fle d for ref u m m
h
u
h h g e t o t e sa e p la ce B t t e a in b od
y .

l l ian s fle d b ac k to t e rive r fro m wh ic

h h
of t e Trib a ,

Ale xan d er ad starte d t e day b e fore

h h
.

Wh e n e h e ard of th e ir startin g e wh e el e d ro un d ,

again an d marc h in g again st t h e m s u

, , rp rise d th e m j u st ,

h hh hh a u h a
uh
Pe r ap s Neap olis an d Bion , w ic were t e rb o rs of P ilipp i n d

hm a mma h a h
i
p p olis .

u
hm
3
T is o a H
c er w s c o n der of t e roy l b ody g rd -
. is fat er

m
h
A
h h h
was Par e nio, t e ost experien c e d of l e xan ders ge neral s
’
.

u
h h a h
a (B
T c ydides s y s k ii On t e side of t e Trib a
. . llians , w o

h h hmu m u a h
a w
were lso in depe ndent, t e b order trib e s ere t e Treri ns a nd t e

h a aa h h mh
a
Til te an s , w o live to t e n ort of o n t Sc o b r s, n d str etc to
fl
a h hB h a u h a
wards t e west s f r s t e river Osc ine T is river ows fro t e.

am m u a u
h haa
s e o n t in s s t e Ne st s a nd t e e rns , n nin a b ited n d
j
hh h u u h a
”
e xte n sive ra nge , a
oin in g on to R odop e T e C c i s is n ow c ll ed .

u
a h am h u
a
Isker It is nc ert in w ic river is t e Lygin s ; b t pe r aps it w s
.

h M
n ot e r n e f or t e Osc i s .

m u u
h
A
h
l so na ed D an b e
( (Cf Hesiod T e og ,
. . Ovid et . .

m u
u h a hu
Pin dar Ol y
( iii . .
5
It is n ce rtain in w at p a rt of t e

M
a
u hm (
D an b e t is isl n d w s It c ann ot b e t e Pe c e of Strab o ( vii
. Cf . .

A p o lloni s R odi iv a m( artial.is V a le ri :F l ac c vi ii .

 Battle wit hh t e Tri bal l ian s .

h mp A h up d
h
as t ey were ho e nc a in g . nd t se w o we re s r rise
m
h k h A d d u hph
d re w t e u b se l v e s
y oo y o p in attl e arra in a w d gl e n al ng
t eb an of t e riv e r . l e xan er re w o t is alanx
d p o um
d d h h
in to a ee p c l o n, an d l e d it on in e rson . He als
u o
h o hb b
or e re arc e rst e d an d sl in gers to r n f rwar an d

hoody
disc arge arr ws an d st
o hop ne s at t e ar arian s, ing to
p ok h m by h om u
h u d u umb d h
rov e t e t is to c e o t of t e w g l e n in to

Wh
hm
t e
g ro n ne n c h y e re wit tre e s . en t e we re
u k by h m
h h h ud d d
wit in reac
h h of t e iss il es , an d we re str c t e ,

h y uh u
h h
t e r s ed o t ag ain st t e arc ers, w o we re n e fe n e

h mh d
hd Bu h A d hd h m hu u
by h d s ie l p upo s, h
wit t e r se of fig tin g t e an -
to

h oody ho d d Ph o k h
an . t w en l e xan er ad rawn t e t s o t of

t e w gl e n, e r ere il tas to ta e t e c av alr y

h h m o m upp M do
h y h d
w ic ac e n ia, an d to c arge
c a e fr h h er t e ir
h h
rig t win g w e re t e , d uh
ad a van c e f rt e st in t e ir h
o o mm d d H
h y h h m om B
sally He als c
. an e e rac l ides an d So ol is
p
1
to

Amph h hh m
l ea on t e c aval r w ic
d c a e fr ottiaea an d

d d h h h
p again st t e l e ft wing ; w il e
i ol is h e i se lf

hph h
e xte n e t eph al an x of in f ant r an d t e rest of t e
y
ho o
rse in f r n t of t e h m
alan x an d l e d t e again st t e
my A
h h
’
en e s c e n tre d d
n d in ee o as l n g as t e re was n l
h . o y
k m h
hph
s ir is in g on t si es , t e Trib allian s did n ot ge t t e
bo h d
u
h y upo
w rs t of it ; b t as s n as t e
o oo alan x in e n s e arra
d y
attac k d h m eh ou t e wit v ig r, an d t e cavalr fe ll n

h m ou q u m y h m
h h
t e in vario s k arte rs , no l n ge r e rel s t ri in g t e

u p uh h m h h
h o u h h oody
wit j t e ave l in , b t y ho s ing t e wit t e irv e r rs e s ,

h h y u d
h hfl
th en at l e n gt t e t rn e an d fled t r g t e w

g l e n to t e rive r Th ree t ho u sa n d w e re . s lain in t ig h t

e

fe w of th e m were tak e n p ris o n e rs, bo th

h
b e c ause
h
th e re was

h
a d en s e wood in fron t of t e rive r an d t e approac h of ,

hM
n igh t de p riv e d t e M a c e do n ian s of c e rtain ty in th e ir pur
su it . P tol e my say s that of t e ac e do n ian s th e msel ves ,

e l e v e n ho rse me n and a bo ut f orty foo t s ol die rs we re k ille d .

h ls are me n tion e d (iii 1 1 in fra) as b e in g p re se nt

h
T ese two ge n e ra . at
l so me n tion ed (iv 1 3 and 1 8 in fra)
M hgha hA ua
t e b at tl e of Arb e la S apolis is a . . .

‘
Bottiaeawas adistric t of ac edoniaon t e ri t b nk of t e xi .
 T hA e nabas is f
o Al exan der .

C HAPTER III .

ALm uns a ar Tar D anc e s '

AN D IN ran Co u
s rav or was
G ama
h h h
.

ON t e th ird day afte r t e b attl e, Al e xan de r re ac h e d t e

riv e r Is te r, wh ic h is t e large s t of a ll t e rivers in h h
M
Eu rop e , trave rse s a v e ry gre at trac t of c o u n try, an d

h h h
se p arate s v e ry wa rl ike natio ns o st of th e se bel on g to .

t e C e l tic rac e, in who s e te rrito ry t e s o u

h
1
rc e s of t e

M
Of th e se n ation s t e re mo te s t are
h h
river tak e the ir rise .

t e Qu “ arc o man n i ; th e n t e Iazy gian ns , a

hh h h
’
adi an d ‘

b ran c of t e Sauro matian s ; the n t e Ge tae, w o hol d

5 o

h h h m h — Ce l ts
h m h
1 T e classic al writers a ve t ree na es to de n ote t is race z ,

latians , an d G au
h h
Ga ls T ese na e s were origin al ly giv e n to a
. ll t e
W st of E u

hh
p peo l e of t e Nort an d e r o pe ; an d it was n o t till Cae sar
’
s

t ime t at t e Roma n s ma de any distin c tion b etwee n Ce l ts an d G ermans

ham h fi h hh
.

hh Amm u (
T e n e of Ce l ts was t en con n e d to t e p pl e n ort
e o of t e Pyren ees
a nd west of t eu( R in e . Cf . ian s xv. H erodot s iv . L ivy
u
h a m u h h
(v . 88 , ( P ol yb i iiis .

A a
hh a
A a
hQ ua
n ders own ,
’
rri n is ere sp e kin g, not of l ex ti e, b t of is t e

u
h uh h hh
secon d ce n t ry of a t e C ris ti n era . T e di were race dwe llin g in
ma m
M h ma
t e soast of Ge r ny
t -
e a
T ey are ge ner lly . e n tione d wit t e

a ma m a m
h Mu Au u h A h
rc o nn i an d were for id b l e e n e
, a
ies of t e Ro ns , e spec i ll y in

mh u h hu h u
t e reign of arc s reli s , w e n rrian wrote . T is nation dis

hM hQua hh
a
appe rs fro istory ab o t t e e n d of t e fo rt ce n t ry .

a ma u
h uh
3 T e like t earc o di, werenn i,p owerf l b ran c of t e
m u
u h
u
h hB h u
S evic r c e , origin ally dwell ing in t e so t wes t of Ger any ; b t in
a -

Bh hhQua h
t e re ign of Tib eri s t ey disposse ssed t e a
oii of t e c o n try n ow c ll ed

m ju m a
h ma u mm u u h m h ham
o e ia In c on nc tion wit t e
. di, t ey we re very for id b l e to
t e Ro a
ns a m
n til Co od s p rc sed p e c e fro t e . T e n e

m
ha hm m h
"
den otes b orde r en a a ( Cf C es r Be l G al , i . . . . .

ma a
hB a a h h A h
a
T e I zy gian s were trib e of S ar ti ns , w o igrate d fro t e

a h hh m h
a
c o st of t e a
l c k Se , b e twee n t e D niepe r nd t e S e aof zov, in t e

uu Qu
h h h hfi h
reign of Cl a di s, a n d se ttl ed in D a c ia, n e r t e adi, wit w o t ey
m a a a
for e d c l ose ll i n c e uT ey we re c on q ered b y t e G ot s in t e ft
.

u
h h
ce n t ry C(
f O v.id Tris tia , i
.i .

ama u(
h a h h u u
Calle d l so S r tians
a H ) e rodot s iv 21 says t at t e se peopl e
. .

h a h uh
lived e st of t e D on , nd were allie d to t e Sc yt ians
a S b seq en t .

u ma
h u uh h u
write rs nderstood b y S ar tia t e e as t p rt of Pol an d, t e so t of
u a
h h m
R ssi an d t e c o n try so t ward as far as t e D an b e
h
.
,

h h h
5 T e se pe op l e we re call ed D ac ian s by t e Ro an s T ey were .

a a
T r ci a a H
ns , u u
an d re s id b y e rodot s a nd T c y dide s to ave lived
 hA T e nabasis o
f Alezait der .

A hm de sire se ize d im
time h
b yo d h
in fan try . t t e s a e astron g

h hh
to ad v an c e e n t e I s te r He the re fore wen t on board .

t e fl ee t h ims e lf
h
He al so fill ed with ay t e hides whic h
.

se rve d th e m a n d c oll ec te d fro m t e

h
s te n t c overin gs a -
,

l l t e boats mad e from single tru

h
c ou n try a ro und a n k s of

Of the s e th e re was a gre at ab u us e t e

h h
tree s . n da n c e b ec a ,

s te r u se th e m for fi

h
p e o p l e w o d w e ll n ea r t e I shin
g in

t e rive r so me times a l so forjou

h ,
rn eyin g to e a c h o th e r for

n d mo st of th e m c a

h
t raffic u p t e rive r ; a r ry on p ira cy

with th e m Havin g c oll ec te d as many of th ese as e

h
.

c ou ld u po n the m b e c o n ve yed ac ross as man y of is

,

sol d ie rs a s wa s po ssib l e in s u c h a fa sh io n Those w o . h

c ro sse d w ith A l e xan d e r amo u n t e d in n u mb er to
ca va l ry an d in fan try .

CH APTE R IV .

ALE XAN D ER D s sraov s ran C m or ran Gama Tar

—
Aunassanoas or ms C E LTS
h
.

h
TH sY d o ve r by n igh t to a spot whe re t e c orn
o
c r ss e

n k more

h h
s tood h igh ; a n d in th is wa th e y re a c h e d t e ba
y
At t e approac h of dawn Al e xan de r l e d is
h h
se c re tly .

me n th ro ugh t e fie l d of s tan d in g c orn orde ring t e

in fantry to l e an u h ,

h
l
po n t e c o rn with th eir pik e s h e l d
tran sv e rsel y an d th u d van c e in to t e un tille d gro un d
h h
s to a ,
.

As l o n g as t e phalanx was ad van c in g th ro ugh t e stan d

h t wh e n th ey marc h e d
h
in g c orn t e c aval ry f ol l o we d ; b u
ou h ,

t of t e till e d l an d A l e x an d e r h ims e lf l e d t e ho rse

ro u h n d c o mma
,

h h
n d to t e ri h t win a n d e d N ic an o r to l e a d
g g ,

t e phalan x in a s q u T e Ge tae did n ot ev e n su

h h
are . s tain
t e first c h arge of t e c av alry for Ale x an d e r s au
’
dac ity

h more h
M
T e w i ssa
a , or c orre c tl y sarisa, was a spe ar p e c u liar to t e

It was f rom fou

h
ace donian s . rte e n to sixt e e n fee t l on g Se e G rote
.
'
s

h ha
G reec e , v ol . xi c. . 92, App e ndix .

3
Son of Parme n io and b rot er of P il ot s.
 T hAm e bassadors o f t h
e Cel ts .

in c re d ibl e to th e m, in h aving th u
me d
h h
see s ea s il y c ro sse d

te r, t e large st of rive rs, in a s in gl e n igh t, witho u

h
t e la t
t hro win g a b ridge o v e r t e stre am Te rribl e to th e m
h h
.

hh h y
also was t e c l o se ly lo c k e d o rde r of t e phalan x, an d -

o
vi l en t t arg e of t e caval r
e c At first the y fle d for .

u
re f g e in to t e ir c ity, wh ic h was d is tan t abo u
m h
1
h t ap aras ang
t e Iste r b u t wh e n th e y saw that Al e x an d e r was
hph h
fro
alan x c are fu
h yb h
l ea ing is
d ll y alo n g t e rive r, to pre ve nt
urro un d e d by
h h
is in fan tr g any wh e re
e in s t e Ge tae
amb u
h
ly ing in s h ; wh e re as e was l e ad in g is cavalr y
straig ht on th ey again ab an do n e d t e c ity bec ause it
, ,

was bad ly fo rtifie d Th e y c arrie d off as many of th eir

.

w o me n and c hil d re n as th e ir horse s c o u

h
l d c arry an d ,

b e took the msel ve s in to t e s te ppe s in a d ire c tio n wh ic h

h
l ed as far as pos sibl e fro m t e riv e r Al e xan de r took t e
,

h
h h
.

h
c it y a nd a ll t e boo ty w hic h t e Ge tae l e ft b e hind Th is .

A
h h h
e ga v e to M e l e a e r n d Ph ilip y
2 3
g a to carr off f te r .

raz in g t e c ity to t e g ro u ce u

h h h
nd e o ff e re d s acrfi po
i n ,

t e b an k of t e rive r to Z e u
hh h
s t e p re se rve r to H e r ac l e s 4
, , ,

an d to Is te r h ims e lf b e c au im to
h h
se e ad al lo we d ,

u m
h
cr o ss ; a n d wh il e it wa s s till da b ro h t all i n
y e
g s e

bac k safe to t e c amp

h
.

The re ambassado rs c ame to im f ro m Sy rmas k in g of

h h
t e Trib all ian s an d f ro m t e o th e r in d e p e n d e n t n atio n s
,

h ,

dwe lling n e ar t e Is te r S o me e ve n arrive d fro m t e . h

h m u h
h h h
a a a ain in g t irty
h
l T e p aras an g w s P e rs ian e s re , c on t stade s , n e arly
t re e an d t re e qu It is stil l use d b y t m
ha f
arte rE nglis -
il e s . e Pe rs ians ,

w o c ll it e rseng S e e H erodotu s (vi 42) a n d G rote s H istory of

'

. .

M
h h
G reec e , v ol . viii
p 816 . . .

of Ne optol e mu
After Al e xan de rs de at
h hh h
e le a
2 ’
Son s .
ge r re siste d t e
im of Pe rdic oe s to t e re ge n c y , an d was as soc iate d wi t im in t e
h hh
cla

He was , owe ve r, soon af te rwards p u

h
ofic e . t to de at b y t e orde r of

Mh
is rival .

aa
Son of ac t s, was an e min e nt ge n eral, sl ain in India . S ee

hM h
.a
vi 27 in fr .

T e ac edon ian kin gs b el ieve d t ey were sp ran g from Herc ul es .

See Curt iu
s , iv 7 . .
 T hA e n abas is o
f Ale xan der .

ho u h p op hd
A h
C e l ts we l t nea I n ian g l f
w l
o rt e T e se . e le are
u h u h y d po o
h y h om
of g re at s tat re , an d of a a g t is s it i n . ll t e
k A
h mh p
sa t at t
’
en v oy d h s i d e ad c e to see l e xan er s

frie n d hp s i .m y To all of t e e gave l e dg e s of a it ,

an d
om h m u
hC h h ho d u d h m p
re c e iv e
d p H h k d
l e dge s fr t e in re t rn . e t en as e

h h m h
t e ,
e l ts w at t in g in t e w rl c a se t e s e c ial

m
hC hp
alar p , h
e x e c tin g t at is own gre at fa e ad re ac ed

uh
dh
t e de l ts h
an d h y ad e n e trate s til l f rt e r, an d t at t e

o ud m mo Bu
h hC u d u qu o y h
w h h y
l y t at t sa h e fe are i s t of all t ings . t
t e an swe r of t e el ts t rn e o t ite c n trar to is
ex p ec tatio n for as the y dwe l t s o far away fro m Al e xan
,

de r in h ab itin g distric ts diffic u

h
, l t of ac c e ss an d as th e y ,

w e was abo ut to se t ou
h
sa t in an o th e r d ire c tio n th e y ,

id th e y we re afraid th at t e sky wou l d s o me time o r

h
sa

o th e r fa ll do wn u po n th e m Th e se men als o e s e n t .

b ac k c alling the m frie n ds an d rank in g the m as allie s

,

h
makin g t e re mark that t e C e l ts we re b raggarts 2
$
h ,

.
,

CH APTER V .

r or Cmru
Rs vou s AN D G mu
c us

h hA
.

h
m h
Hr th e n ad van c e d in to t e l an d of t e grian ians an d
me sse n gers re ac h e d
h h h
Pae o n ian s 3
,
wh ere i ,
w o re p o rte d
t at C l itu s , son of Bardylis, ‘
d
a re v ol te d . an d t at

hA a a
l
T e dri tic Se .

A a ( u u A
h h
H Varia S trab o, v 298 ; ristotl e
h
Cf . el i n is toric , x .
p . .

m u m m — ol ov ol Ke rol w ds rd i e rs
h um m A fi Amm mu
( E t ic s , iii 7 ; E de
N ie o . . . Et .
, iii 1 .
p n .

ha u h h a m
dw a dr c3 a 6w e r; ia 12
-
, xv . .

a a M
h h a m
3
T a a a
e P e on ians we re p owe rf l T r ci n e o
p p ,l e w o in e rl y ti es

hh hu h h M h
a
s pre a a a d ove r a g e t p rt of T r c e
r nd ac edon i . In istoric l ti es

M au h h
t a
ey in a a
b ite d t e co n try on t e n ort ern b orde r o f c edon i . T ey

u m u u
h A a hh a hm a h
we re l on g tro b l e s o e to ac e don i , b t we re s bd ed b y P ilip t e

h hA hh m wh
f at e r of le x n de r, w o, owe ve r, ll owe d t e to re t in t e ir own
m
h A hm
c ie fs . T a a
grian ian s we re t e c ie f trib e of P e on i n s , fro
e o

m a au
a a ha a ha h
P i l ip an d l exan der for e d v l ab l e b ody of lig t ar e d troop s ~
.

Ba rd) lis w s u a
c ie ft in of l ll yri w o c rried on fre q e n t w rs wit
 hA f A T e n abas is o lexander .

m h h u
h u hom
arriag e w d P en Bu e arrive at e ll a .
l
t Lan gar s fe l l

h
ill and ie
d d on is re t rn e .

A h A d m h d o
C uh
’

hy
fte r t is, l exan er arc e al n
g t e rive r Erigon ,
um
ho hou
an d p o d d r c ee e to t e c it of Pe li ;
3
for lit s ad

WhA h mp d
d h
se ize y t is c it , as it was t e s tr n g e s t in t e c n tr
y .

h u h o d
en d d l exan
h p e rarriv e at t is lac e , an d ad e nc a e

mk u
upo h h Bu C u h d h
n eart e riv e r E ordaic s,
‘
e re s l ve to a e an as sa l t
mo u
d h y
n t e wall t e n e xt day . t l it s el t e n

h h
tain s w ic o mm d d
e n c irc l e m t e c it , an d c an e it fro
h h mo o
upo h
th e ir e ig h y t; o d h re v e r, t e we re c v e re wit de n se

u d h y Bu
th kic H e ts o
. is in te n ti
M do n s to f e l l
wa n t e ac e n ian s
om u
hu h jo d h
fr d all si
h y assa l te t e c it
e s, if t e . t Gla c ias,
m
ho d hy
king of t e Ta lan tian s, ad n ot y e t in e i .

A
h my
l e xan e r,
d ho we ve r, l e d is f rc es towar s t e c it ; an d
qu umb
h
t e e ne , afte r fi
sac ri c in g t re e
h boy s, a n e al n er

m
hM do
of girl s, an d t ree
h b k lac d o h
ra s, sal lie f rt f or t e
p upo
r se of re c e ivin g t e h d h d
ac e n ian s in a an to an - -

m
hpo o h h h y h o up d o
c n flic t
o Bu .oo h o qu
t as s n as t e y c a e t o c l s e arte rs,
t e l e ft t e
h y s iti ns w ic t e ad c c ie , str n g
uh h
h ou d
as t e we re , in s c
h y 5
fi
as te t at e v e n t e ir sac ri c ial
h h
m p u d
hh u h m u h y
vic ti s we re ca t re s till ly in g on t e r n
g .

mp
h
On t is day e s t t e
h in t e c it , an d e nc a
p
p h m by
h
d
ing n ear t e wal l, b e re sol ve to in te rc e t t e a
um
c irc va o u u k
llati n b t on t e n e x t day G la c ias, in g of

h h h h T is Amyn tas was pu

h h
son of P il ip s e lde r b rot e r, Pe rdicc as t to deat
'
.

s pu

h
b y Al e xande r soon af te r is a
h h
cc e ssion Cyn a wa t to de at by .

Al ce tas , at t e orde r of Perdic oe s, t e rege n t afte r Al e xan der s deat

’
.

u
h M a hm
See D iodor s , xix 5 2 . .

h h A h
l T e c a ita
p l of a a
ac edon i On its site st nds t e odern vil l ge of
.

u
hA a A a u
Neok ori, or Ye n iki y P ilip an d l e xan de r we re b orn e re
. .

A ua u
trib t ry of t e xine, c l l e d gri n s b y He rodot s It is now
ha
3
.

h uh h h
call ed Tsc e rn .

u
hh h
3
T is c ity was sit ate d so t of l ake Lyc n it is on t e we s t side of ,

t e c u ainu of Sc ard s an d Pin d s . T e l oc ality is des c rib e d in L ivy ,

xxxi . 3 9, 40 .

hu h hA
4
Now c all e d D ev ol .

h
T u m wit a partic ip le ins te ad of t
o f xa r ttic sa is
’
e se e irep
frequen t in Art ian and t e l ater writers .
 Re vol t f
o Clitus an d Gl auc ias .

hu
h h
t e Ta l an tian s, arriv e d with agre at fo rc e Th e n, in de e d , .

A
h
le xan e r gav e u u
h
d p t e hop e of c ap t rin
g t e c ity w it h
is p res e n t fo rce , s in c e man y warlik e troop s ad fle d f or
re fu hh my o ud
h d h
o it an d Glauc ias w it is l arge ar w l b e
h
g e in t ,

l ik e l y to f ol l o w im u
h h
p c l o se l if e a s sail e t e w al l y .

But e se n t Ph ilo tas on afo raging e xp e d ition w ith t e

beas ts of b urde n fro m t e c amp an d a suflic ie n t body o f h ,

Wh en Gl auc ias h eard of

h
l ry to se rv e as a g u
h h
ca va ard .

t e e xpe d itio n of Ph il o tas e marc h e d ou t to me e t im

h h
‘

an d se ize d t e moun tains wh ic h s u rro u

h .
n de d t e p l a in ,

f rom w ic h Ph il o tas in te n d e d to p ro c u As
h
re fo rage .

s oo n a s Al e xa n d e r wa s inf orme d th a t is c aval ry an d

h
b e as ts of b urd e n wo u
h h
l d b e in d an ge r if n igh t o v e rtook
t h e m tak in g t e sh ie l d b e arin g t roop s t e arc h e rs t e
h
l
‘

-
, , ,

h h
Agrian ians an d abo ut fo ur h un dre d c av al ry e we n t
h ,

T e re st of t e army e l e ft h ,

h h
w it all s p e ed to th e ir aid .

b e hin d n ear t e c ity to p reven t t e c itize ns fro m h aste n

,

in g fo rth to form aj u uc ias (as th e y w o ul d

h h h
n c tio n with G la

av e don e) if al l t e Mac edo nian army ad withdrawn

, .

D irec tly G lauc ias pe rc eive d th at Ale xander was advanc

h
cu ate d t e mou h h
h
ing e e va
,
n ta ins an d Ph il otas an d is ,

forces re turn ed to t e c amp in safe ty But C litus an d

h
.

Gl auc ias s till imagine d th at th ey ad c au g h t A l e xan de r

in a d isad van tage o u e oc c u

h h
s po sitio n ; for th e y we r pyin g
t e mo u n tain s wh ic h c o mman d e d t e pl ain by th eir
,

he igh t with a large body of c aval ry j av e lin th rowe rs

, ,
-
,

an d slin ge rs b e sid e s a c o n sid e rable n u mb er of h e avy

arme d in fan try
,

More ov e r t e me n w o ad b ee n
.
, h hh
h rers , or gu h
h
T e s ie l d b e a
Hy pa p ts
is — s ards— we re ab ody of infantry
-

ll y fe w in n u mb e r, and e mpl oye d as personal

h
orga n ized b y P ilip , origin a

defe nders of t e king, b u

h h
t a f terwards e n larged in to se veral distinc t
T ey were oplites in te n de d for c l ose c omb at, b u t more
h h hh
b rigade s .

lig tl y armed an d more fit for rapid e vol u

h h uh hh h h h
tion s t an t e p al an x Like .

hh h
t e a
G re ek s, t fo g t wit
ey t e on e n de d p ike a n d s iel d
-
T ey

m
.

u
h h a a h h
oc c a p ie d n in ter ediate position b e twee n t e eav y in fan try of t e

h
p aa a l nx, a nd t e pel t sts n d ot er lig t troops . S ee Orots
’
Greec e,
vol . xi c
. . 92 .
 T hAe n abas is o
f Alex an der

hM
.

hy
b el eague re d in t e c it we re ex pec ted to p ursue t e ac e
donian s c l o se ly if t h e y mad e a re tre at T e gro u h
h
nd a l so .

th ro u g h w h ich A l e xa n de r ad to m arc h wa s e vid e n tl y

h
na rro w an d c o ve re d with wood ; on on e side it was
h e mmed in by a river an d on t e othe r the re was av e ry
,

l ofty an d c raggy mo u in so th at the re wo u

h
n ta , l d n ot b e
roo m for t e army to p a ss e ve n if on ly f o u r s hiel d
,

b eare rs marc hed abreast .

CH APTER VI
.

D ars s r or C ure s AN D Cuv on s

h h
.

Al e xan de r d re w up is army in suc h a way t at

h h
TH EN
t e d e p th of t e phalan x was 1 20 me n ; an d statio n ing
h e o rde re d t h e m to p re se rve

h
20 0 c avalry on e ac h win g ,

s il e n c e in o rd e r t o re c e ive t e wo rd of c o mma

h h
nd qu

h
, ic k l y .

Ac c ordin gl y e gav e t e s ign al to t e h eavy arme d

h
-

h h
in fan try in t e firs t p lac e to hol d th e ir s p e ars e re c t an d ,

th e n to c o u th e m at t e c o n c e rte d s ig n ; at on e t ime
h
c

h h
to in c l in e th e ir s p e ars to t e righ t c l o s e l y l o c k e d ,

t o ge the r an d at an o t e r time to ward s t e l e f t

h ,
He t h e n .

l an x its e l f in to q u ic k mo tio n fo rward an d

h h
se t t e pha ,

marc h e d it to ward s t e wings n ow to t e righ t an d th en

h h ,

Aft e r t h us arrangin g an d re arran ging is

,

h h
to t e l e ft .
-

h
army many t ime s v e ry rap id ly t las t fo rme d
h
e a , is

h hh
p alanx in to a so rt of we d ge an d l ed it to ward s t e l e ft
,

ag ain s t t e e n e my w o ad l on g b e e n in a s tate of
h h ,

amaze me n t at se e in g bo th t e o rd e r an d t e rap id ity

h is e vo l u Co n se q ue n tl y th e y did n ot sustain
h h
of tio n s .

Al e xan d e r s attac k b ut quitte d t e firs t ridge s of t e

h
’
,

mo un tain Upo n th is Al e xan de r o rd e re d t e Mac e

h h
.
,

don ian s t o raise t e b attl e c ry an d mak e a c latt e r wit

h
th e ir s p e ars u pon th e ir s h ie l ds ; an d t e Taulan tian s
h
b e in g s till mo re alarme d at t e n oise le d th e ir army
,

h
b ac k to t e c ity with al l s p e e d .
,
 hA f A T e nab asis o lexander .

h h h my p upo hm h
o dh upo h
w en e saw t e en e ressin g n t e in t e en

o d d h
rear, b e stati ne b k is e n gin e s of war n t e an , an d
r ere t ehoo o m h m
e n g in ee rs o to s t fr t e as far f rward
uu y ho
d h h h
as po b ssio p oj
l e all h h s rt s of are s all s t r e c tile s w ic
om m
h o dh om h
fr il itar e n gine s
y H d
l
e ire c te t e arc e rs , w o .
.

h Bu u d u
ad als e n te re t e wate r, to s
hoo h ot t e ir arr ws fr t e
m dd
hm hM o
i l e of t e rive r t Gla c ias d rst n ot a van c e
.

h m o h
wit in ran ge of t e
h h
issil e s ; s o t at t e ac e d n ian s
uh
h
pas sedo v e r in s c saf et , t at n ot on e of t e
y h l st is

hA d d
l if e in t e re tre at .

h Td y ree a s d h C u
afte r t is, l exan er isc ov e re t at lit s

u mp d h
hh y
an d Gla c ias lay c are l e s sl
y h enca e t at n e it e r we re

h u d
t e ir se n tin el s on g a m
r in yo d ilitar r e r, n or ad t e
d h m mp
d hh hd
p o
r te c te h
t e d h h y
ara art or itc ,
sel ve s wit as if t e
m h ou h
h yh
i agin e e ad wit rawn t r g h fe ar an d t at
ou
o d h h
t e ad e x te n e t e ir lin e to a isa vantage s l e ngt
d d h d d h .

h h m hh d b
He t e re f re c r sse t e rive r again se c re tl , at t e
h o y

hA hh hb d
a r ac of n ig t, l e a ing w it
pp o h h d i t e s ie l earin g -

u d
h
g ar s, t e
g rian ian s , t e arc e rs,
an d t e r iga e s o f
9
u
Pe rdic c as an d Coe n s , af te r aving give n r e rs for t e
h 3
o d

h hm m m h h
hj
i In addition to a is ot er il itary i p rove e n ts , P ilip d organize d
u
h h ha
an e ff ec tiv e siege train wit -
p ro ec til e an d b at te rin g e n gin e s s p erior to

ma
h m a aa h
anyt in g of t e kin d e xistin g b e fore T is rtil l ery was at . once de
u
aM
A
se of b y l e xan de r in t is c a p ign g in st t e Illyrian s .

A a
uh h h h h
9
a
Pe rdic oe s , a a s on Orontes ,
of c e doni n , w s on e of l ex n der s
'

m
h m hfi h
ost distin g is a
ed ge n erals T . e kin g is said on is de at b e d to ve-

hh
taken t e roy al sign e t fro is nger and to ave given it to Perdic oes .

A A u
h ma h
fte r le xanders de at a a e wa
a s a a w
'

pp oin te d re g e n t ; b t n ll i n c e s

m a m A m
ha m h
f or ed ga inst i b y n tipate r, Crate ras , an d P tol e y He rc ed .

m B
h h h h
aa a
in to E gy p t g inst Ptole y e in g defe t ed in . is tte pts to forc e t e
mu ma m
h a au A a
a a
p ss ge of t e Nil e is own troops
, tin ied again st i n d sl e w i

u S e e D iodor s , xviii 3 6 For is pe rson l v l o r see s li n

. .

( V a ria H is tor i c , xii .

Coe n u s , son of Polem w of Parmenio, a

h h
3 oc rate s , was a son in l a nd - -

on e of Al e xa He v iol e n tl y ac c u
h h
n de rs b es t ge n e ra is b rot e r in
’
ls sed
.
-

law P il otas of tre ason , an d personal ly su u

h h
p e rin te n de d t e to rt r in g of
t at famou ic er pre viou is e xe c ution ( Cu rtiu

h
s ofi s to s , vi He .

was p u rmy to dissu ade Al e xan de r from a

h h hh
t forward b y t e a dvan c in g
b eyond t e Hy p a s is ( Arriou , v Soon a fter t is e die d a
. nd wa s
 Revol t f
o h
T ebes .

h my As soo n as e saw a fav our h

h
res t of t e ar to fo ll o w .

abl e opportu c k withou

h
n ity for t e a tta t waiting for all to ,

b e p res en t b e d e sp atc h e d t e arc h e rs an d Agrian ian s

h ,

h
again st t e foe Th e se b e in g arran ge d in ph alan x fe l l
.
, ,

unawares with t e mo st furio us c harge upon th e ir flan k ,

wh e re t he y we re l ik e l y to c o me in to c o n fl ic t with th e ir
w eak e st poin t and sl e w s o me o f th e m s till in t h e ir b e d s
,
.
,

o th e rs b e in g easily c augh t in the ir fligh t Ac c ord ingly .

,

man y were th e re c ap ture d an d k ille d as we re man y also

h
in t e d iso rd e rly an d p an ic stric k e n re treat wh ic h e n su ed -
,

N ot a fe w more ov e r we re tak e n p ris o n e rs Al e xan de r

h h
.
, ,

k ep t u t e pu rsuit a far as t e Tau l an t ian mo u n tains ;

p s

an d as man y of th e m as esc ap e d p re se rv e d th e ir l ive s by ,

t h ro win g away th e ir arms C l itus firs t fle d for re f uge

h h h
.

h h
in to t e c ity wh ic h ho we v er e se t on fire an d wit
, , , ,

d re w to Glauc ias in t e lan d of t e Taulan tiaus , .

CH APTER VII .

Rs vonr or Tas as s ( S ep te mb er,

W HILE th e se e v e n ts we re oc c urrin g so me of t e exile s h
hh
w o ad b ee n b an ish e d fro m Th e b e s c o min g to t e c ity
,

h
b y n ight an d bein g b ro u n by so me of t e c itize n s
,

h
h
, g h t i ,

in o rde r to e ff e c t a c han g e in t e go ve rn me n t appre

h n d sle w o u tsid e t e Cadmea Amy n tas an d h ,

h h h
l
ende d a ,

Timolau s
’
two of t e me n w o h e l d t at fo rtre s s h av in g
, ,

n o su tte mp t was abou

h
sp ic io n t hat an y ho stil e a t to b e
mad e Th e n e n te rin g t e p ub l ic as se mbly th ey in c ite d
.
,

bu ha
ried wit ma fi ha A
ll possib l e
( gn i c e n ce n e ar t t riv e r, 3 27 rrian ,

h a m a a hA h a
vi .

m
a hh m a mu h a h
l T e C d e w s t e c rop ol is of T eb e s, n ov al e inen ce of n o

h a h ha h h
gre t eig t , n a ed af te r C d s, t e l eader of P oe n ic ian c ol ony ,

u
a h h M
w o a is s id to a ve fo nde dSin ce t e b ttl e
it . of C eronea, t is

Am a a aM ha
c it a del a a d bee n el d b y a c e don i n garrison .

m au a a
hM
a a ynat s w s c edoni n ofll cer, nd Ti ol s l e ding T eb n

of a ta ae cedoni n f c tion .
 T/
ze Anabasis qf Al exander .

h
t e Th e ban s to re vol t fro m
h
Ale xan de r hol d in g out to ,

th e m as pre tex ts t e an c ie n t an d gl orio u s wo rd s l ib e rty ,

hM
an d fre e do m of sp ee c h an d u rg in g the m n ow at l a
h , st to

rid th e mse l ve s of t e h e av y yok e of t e

h
ac e don ian s .

By sto utly maintain ing that Al exan de r a

h
d b e e n k il l e d
in Illyria the y ga ine d mo re po we r in p ersu ading t e
mul titud e ; for th is re port was p re vale n t and for man y
hh
1
,

h
re ason s it ga ine d c re dit bo th b e c au se e ad b e e n
,

abse n t a l o ng time an d b e c au
h
se n o n e ws
, ad arriv e d
f rom im Ac c ord ingly as is us ual in suc h c ase s n ot
h
.
, ,

k n o wing t e fac ts e ac h man c o nj ec ture d what was mo st

,

h
p l e asing to h imsel f .

Whe n Ale xande r heard w at was b e in g do n e at

h e tho u s a mov e me n t n ot a

hh
Th e b e s , gh t it w a t all to

b e sl igh te d inas mu ad f or a l on g time s u

h h
ch a
, s e s

e d t e c ity of Ath e n s an d d e e me d t e a

h
u
h
p e c t d ac io u s

ac tio n of t e Th e b an s n o trivial matte r if t e Lac e dae

hh
mon ian s w o ad l o ng be e n d isaffe c te d in the ir fe e ling s
,

h h ,

to im an d t e Ae tol ian s an d c e rtain o th e r State s in t e h

h ,

Pe l opon ne se w o we re n ot firm in their all egian c e t o

h im sho u
,

hh h
h h
,
l d tak e p art wit t e T e b an s in the ir re v o
He th e re fo re l e d is army t ro u
h h
lu tionary e ff ort .
g h
Eordae aan d Elimiotis an dalon g t e p eak s of S tymp ae a
h
’

h h h
an d Paravaea an d on t e se ve n th day arrive d at Fe l in a
3
,
‘

h h
in T e s saly S tartin g th e n ce
. e e n te re d Boe o tia on t e ,

h h
s ix t h da y; s o th at t e T h e b a n s d id n o t l e arn t h at e

ad p ass e d so u th of Th e rmopy lae u

h h h
n t il e was at ,

Onc e s tus with t e whol e of is army

h h
5
E ve n th e n .

t e au t An tip ate rs army

h
thors of t e re v ol t a s serte d t ha
'

ad arrive d ou t of M ac e do n ia s to u tl y affirming th at ,

M
As lian ( VariaH is toric
h h
1
Cf .
, xii .

T were two p rovin c e s in t e we st of

e se ace donia .

Two divisions of E p iru

h
3 s .

A town on t e Pen é u
h h
s in Hestia eotis .

Atown in Boeotia, on t e lake Cop ais, distant 50 stade s

h
5 nort -
we st
of T eb e s.
 Revolt o
f T h ebes .

Ale xande r h imsel f was d ead an d b e in g v e ry an gry with

t ho se w o ann o u h n c e d th a
,

t it was Al e xand e r h imse lf w o h

For t h e y said it mu
h h
l
was ad van c in g . st b e an o th e r
Al exan d er t e son of Aé ropus w o was c o min g “

h h
, , On .

t e fol l o win g day Al e xan d er s e t ou t fro m On c e s tu

h h
s a nd ,

ad van c e d toward s t e c ity al o n g t e te rritory c o u

h
se

o laus ; wh ere in d e e d e e n c amp e d in ord e r

hh
3
c rate d to I ,

to give t e T e b an s fu rth e r time to re p e n t of th e ir e vil

res ol u tio n s an d to se n d a n e mb a ssy to im Bu t s o far h .

we re th e y fro m showin g an y sig n of wish in g to c o me

c com mod atio n that the ir c av alry an d a l arge body
h
t o an a ,

rme d in fan try sa l l ie d f o rth fro m t e c ity as

h h hh
of ligh t a -

far as t e c amp an d s kirmis in g wit t e Mac e do n ian

, ,

o utpo sts sl e w a fe w of the ir me n Al e xan d e r h e re

,

h h
.

upon se n t fo rt a party of is l igh t arme d in fan try and -

arc he rs to re p el th e ir so rtie ; an d th e se me n re p el le d
th e m with eas e j u h
h h h h
st a s th e y we re a
, pp roac hin g t e v e ry
c amp T e n ex t day e t ook t e whol e of is army an d
h
.

marc he d ro un d to ward s t e gate wh ic h l e d to E le uth e rae

an d Attic a Bu t n ot e v e n th e n did e as sau h h
h
. l t t e wall
its e l f b u t e n c amp e d n ot far away fro m t e Cadmea in
,

ord e r that suc c o ur migh t b e at h an d to t e Mac e don ian s h ,

h
w o we re o c c u h h h
h
pyin g t at c itade l For t e Th e b an s ad .

bl oc kade d t e Cadme a with a do ubl e s to c kade an d we re

u n o on e f ro m witho u m
h
g a r d in
g it s o t h at ,
t ig h t b e a b l e

h
t o giv e s u c c ou r to tho s e w o we re b e l e ag u
h
re d an d th at ,

t e garris on mig t n ot b e ab l e by mak in g a sally to do

t h e m any inj u ry wh e n t h e y we re attac k ing t e e n e my
,

h ,

o utside
,

But Ale xan de r re maine d e n c amp e d n ear t e

. h
ms from Pl u hhA l exan der was re all y wou h
h hh
1 It see tar
c t at n de d in t e

h
eab y aston e , in ab attle wit
d t e I ll y rians .

T is Al e xan de r was al so c all ed Lyn ce ste s , from b ein g a native of

M
He was an ac compl ic e in P ilip s h
hu
Lyn c e s tis , a dis t ric t of ce doni a a .
’

murder, b ut was pardon ed by is s c ce ssor He ac c ompan ied Al e xan de r

ha h h
.

Asia b u u
hu
t e Gre t in to , t was p t to deat in 3 3 0 , for a
v in g c arried

h h
on a a tre son ab le c orre s pon den c e wit D ari s . See Arrie n , i 25
. .

T e frie nd and c a u
rioteer of Herc l e s .
 hAT e n abasis o
f Alexander .

Cadmea, for h wish e d rath e r to c ome t o frien d l y

hh b
e st ill

te rms with t an s th an to c o me t o a c on te st with

h h
e T e

th e m
hb hommo h
.
1
Th e n those of t e Th e ba n s w o k n e w wha t was

hm
for t e st intere st of t n wealt we re e a er
e e c g
ut to Al e xan der an d
u h
t o go o ob p do tain for t e c o
ar n

mon alty of Th e b e s for t eir re v

hh
h o l t , b t t e e xil e s an d
mmon ed the m ho me k e p t on in c itin g
h
tho s e w o ad su
t e popu l ac e to war by e v e ry mean s in th e ir po we r sin c e ,

t h e y d e spaire d of ob taining for th e mse l ve s an y in du l

m A m e m w e re

h
e n c e fro l x a d r p ial l y a o f th
g e n e e s e c s s e o ,

However n ot e ve n for this did Al ex

h
als o Boeotarc s ’ .

an de r assau l t t e c ity .

C H AP T E R V III .

FALL or Tam
e rs

h
.

BUT P tol e my, Lag us, t el l s u

h b po d h h
son of s th at P e rd ic oe s, w o
in t e ad van c e d gu ard of t e c amp
h h o m h my
ad e en s te

h
’
wit b d is own riga e , an d was n ot far fr t e en e s

om A
hb h h
o k d
st c a e, did n ot wait for t e si n a
gl fr d l e x an e r to

o mm
u ho k d
c u enc e tattl e ; b t of
e is own ac c
o d r was t e

m
hd d u d hh b
fi rs t to h assa l t t e st c a e , an d, av in g b hade a reac

upo
in it, fel l n t e a v an c e g ar of t e T e an s .
3

hu ha M to de ma
h a h u h h ham u
1 He se nt a nd t e s rren de r of t e n ti -
ace donian le de rs ,

h m h m a h ua h
P oen ix a n d Prot y tes , b t ode rin g ny ot er T eb ans w o c e o t to
i u t e a
te r s ( f g reed p on in t e p re ce din g y e r . S ee Pl t rc Li e

hB a h hhma a hB
of A ) Ble xande r, 1 1 an d iede rns , xv ii 9 . .

h a ua h fi hum a m
3 T e oeot rca s we re t e c ie f gistr tes of t e oe otian c on fe der c y ,

A hm ha h
ll y b y t di S tate s T e n b er ried fro te n
'

c ose n nn e ere n t . v

um
a h hm ha
to twel v e . t t e ti e of t e b ttle of D eli , in t e Pel oponn esian
w r, t um ey were el ev e n in n b er, two of t e b e in g T eb n s. Se e

h
a h hM h a
G rote , H is tory
f c G reec e , v ol . ii p 296
. . .

u
hha u
A
hu
3 rt ia
a n say s a
t t t e ttac k of t e c e donians pon T e b es w s

ma mA
h m a h u h ha
de b y Perdic oe s , wit o t orders fro l exan de r ; an d t at t e c pt re

h h h
w a s e fie c te d in as ort ti e n d wit no l ab o r on tp art of t e c
e p t ors

u u A
a au h a hh
( c B . a a a a
t D iodor s s y s t at l ex n derordered and r r n ge d t e
ss a m a a a
l t, t a tt a e aT eb ns ade b r ve nd despe r te resist nce for
 Fall f
o Th ebes .

Amyn tas son of An dromen es foll owe d Perd ic oe s b e

hh h
l
, , ,

u ad be e n s tation e d with im
h h h
ca se e This g en e ral .

h hh
als o of is own ac c ord led on is b rigad e wh e n e saw

h
Wh e n
h h
that Pe rdic c as ad ad van c e d wit in t e sto c k ade .

Alexan de r saw th is e l e d on t e re st of is army , ,

fearin g t hat u n su ppo rte d the y migh t b e in te rc e p te d b y

h n ge r of d es tru

h
t e Th e b an s and b e in d a c tio n He gave .

in stru rc h e rs an d Agrian ian s to ru

h h h
c tio n s to t e a sh with in

t e s to c k ad e b u t e s til l re tain e d t e g u
, ard s an d sh ie l d
b earin g troop s o u
h hh
tsid e Th e n ind ee d Pe rd ic oe s afte r
.
,

f orc in g is way wit in t e se c o n d sto c k ad e fe ll th e re ,

wo u
h
c k g rie v o u

h
n d e d with a da rt an d was c arrie d b a , sl y

inj u mp wh e re e was with d iffic ul ty c ure d

h h
re d to t e c a ,

is wo u Ho we ve r t e me n of Pe rdic c as in c om
h h
of nd .
,

pany with t e arc he rs se nt by Al e x an de r fel l upo n t e

h
The bans an d sh u t th e m u
,

h
in t e holl o w wa l e a d i
p y n
g
t o t e te mpl e of H e ra c l e s an d f o ll o we d th e m in th e ir

h hh s t e te mp l e itse l f
,

h
re tre at a s fa ra T e T e b an s h avin g .
,

again ad van c ed f ro m th at po sition wit

hM
wh e el e d rou nd ,

t an d p u
h
a s ho u Eu
h h h
, t t e ac e do n ian s to fligh t ry b otas .

abo u
h h h
t e C re tan t e c ap tain of t e arc he rs fe ll wit
, t ,

is me n b u
h h
se v e n ty of t t e re s t fle d to t e M a c e do n ia n

hh
u
'

ar d an d t e ro a l s ie l d b ea rin t roop s N w w h n
g y g o e
-
.
,

Ale xan d e r saw t at is own me n we re in fl igh t an d

O

hh h h ,

hh
t at t e Th e b a ns ad b rok e n th e ir rank s in p u rs u it e ,

attac ke d the m wit is ph alan x d rawn u

h h p in p rop e r

o rde r an d dro ve th e m b ac k with in t e gate s

h h
,
T e .

Th e b an s fle d in s u c h a pa n ic t at b e in
g d riv e n in to t e

l ong time , an d t at h hB u hM a
h uh h
n ot only at e oeotian ll ie s , b t t e ac e doni ns

m mm
h h A auh h
t e sel ves c o itted gre at sl a g ter of t( e b esie ge d D ie d . xv ii . 11
m
m hu h
It is p rob ab l e t t Ptole y, w o was
a rrian s t ority , wis e d to
’

ate Alexander fro t e g il t of de stroying T e be s

h
exone r .

Amyn tas was one of l e x n der s l eadin g o c ers He and is

A a
h h h u
’
fi .

a m
a h
b rot ers we re acc u
m h
sed of b e in g c c o p lic es in t e p l ot of P il otas, b t

were a c qu itte d . He w s a a
owever soon a fterw rds kil l e d in skir is
( Af ric a , iii .
 hA
T e nab as is f
o Ale xan der .

hh h
y thro ugh t e gate s th ey ad n ot time to s ut t em h
h h h
c it

f or t e M ac e do n ian s w o we re c l o se b e h in d t e f u
h
, g itive s ,

ru sh e d w ith th e m w ith in t e fo rtifi s mu

h h
c atio n s in a ch a s ,

t e wall s we re d e s titu te of d e fe n d e rs on ac c o u
h
n t of t e

me ro us p ic k e ts in fron t of th e m Wh e n t e Mac e
h
nu

h
.

don ian s ad e n te re d t e Cadme a so me of th e m marc h e d

ou h h
t of it in c o mp any w ith tho se w o h el d t e fo rtre ss
,

h h h ,

in to t e o th er p art o f t e c ity oppo s ite t e t e mpl e of

,

h
.

Amph io n b ut o th e rs c ro ssin g alo n g t e wall s wh ic h

h hh h
1
, ,

w e re n ow in t e po sse s sio n o f thos e w o ad ru

h
s e d in

to ge th e r with t e fu n c e d w ith a ru

h h h hh g itive s ad va n in t o ,

t e mark e t plac e
h
T o se of t e Th eb an s w o ad b e e n
-
.

drawn up oppo site t e te mpl e of Amph ion s tood th e ir

u h
n d for a sho rt t ime ; u
h
g r o b t w h en t e M a c e do n ia ns

und e r t e c o mman d of Al e xan de r we re se e n to b e p re ss

in g h ard u po n th e m in v arious dire c tio n s th e ir c aval ry
ru h h
sh e d th ro u h t e c ity a
g n d sa ll ie d fo rth in to t e p l a in
,

an d th e ir in fan try fle d for s afe ty as eac h man fo u

h
n d it

h
po ssib le Th en in d e e d t e Th e ban s n o l on ge r de fe n d
.
,

in g th e mse l ve s w e re sl ain n ot so mu
h
ch b t e M ac e
, y ,

h
do nian s as by t e Pho c ian s Pl atae an s an d oth e r ,

Bo e otian s w o by ind is c riminate sl augh ter v en te d the ir

’

h
rage again s t th e m
,

S o me we re e ve n attac k e d in t e
.

ho use s h avin g th e re turn e d to d e fe n d the mse l v e s f rom

h ,

t e e n e my an d o th e rs we re slain as th e y w e re s u
h h h , p p l i
tin g t e p ro te c tio n of t e god s in t e t e mp l e s ; n o t
h h
ca

e v e n t e w o me n a n d c il dre n b e in
3
s a r d
g p e .

l
hm h u T e ha h
y t ic al fo n de r of t e w l ls of T e be s . S ee P ansan iar
(
hha h hm h hB a
ix .

u
hm a uj hh h
T a e T eb ns d in c rred t e en ity of t e ot er oe oti n s by

a h hh m hh
a
h
a
t re tin g t a e s s b ec ts in s te d of ll ie s T e y ad de s troye d t e re
.

hh huj u h
a
h
s tore d P l ataea, nd d b een t e c ie f e n e ies of t e P oc ian s in t e
W
m h
S a c re d ar w ic en de d in t e s b
, gati o n o f t at p p
e o l e b y P il ip .

Mh M h h
S e e S it s H is tory o G reec e pp 4 67 4 7 3 50 6
’
f , .
, , .

a
ore t n 50 0 ac e don ian s we re kill e d w il e T e b an s we re ,

A
h
a
sl in a nd , a
sol d in to sl v e r
( y S e )
e e l ian Va ria H is toric xiii
. 7 , .

u(
D iodor s xvii 1 4
) m ( ) ua
Pa an ias v iii 3 0
( f f A . Pl t rc
) Li e o l exander, l l . .
 hA f A T e nab as is o lexander .

of h
t e sea hu p om
an d in t eir t rn to re serv e fr
l
m e x tre e

mo o md b
h m hh o m
d an ge r t se v e r Lac edae
ho y h nia ns t e n s o f r i a l e to

M
mo ob
hd h mo
t e , w o ad c e a nd a l d h st ylite rate t e ir c it .

M
o o
re ve r, t e e fea t of t e Lac edae u nia ns a t Le c t ra
d h m
hu h h
an d an tin ea fill e t e h o wit c ns te rnati n rat e r
o h by
b u
hp h A h k m
t e n e xp e c tedn c ss of t e dis a h s te r t a n e c a s e of t e

umb
by hBo
’
n e r of t
ho se w o e ris e d n d t e atta c ade .

A d ud p m o d
hy p d oh h
t e e o tians an d rc a ian s n e r E a in n a s

upo
hp p d
n t e c it of S a rta, e ve n t is te rrifi
h e b t t e
mo h m
h o h m h by h
Lac e dae n ia ns t e se l ves a
ho nd t se w o art ic i ate
h h m
h h h by h y hd
wit t e in t e tran sac ti ns at t at t i e , rat e r 3
t e

h p u h y hP
o y
n ve l t of t e sig t t a n t e re alit of t e an ge r .

hm umb h
T e c a t re of t e c it of t e latae an s wa
'

s n ot a reat
g
m y by
h h o o
ca la it , o reas n of t e s all n ho e r of t se w o

mo
h p u Mu
we re ta e n in it ;
k s t of t e c itize ns avin g l n g b e f re
esc a e
p d Ah
to A
t en s ‘
g a i n , t e ca . t r e o f e l s a n d
mp y u
h hp p d hou
S c ion e si l d re late to in s lar S tate s , an d rat e r
h
b ou h d
h
r g t isgrac e to t o se w o e r e trate t e trag e s
h p od u d
t an r ce up
g re at mo
s r r ise a nmg t e G re c ia n co

mu y
Bu hh
n it as aw l e
5
ho .

o udd y
h pu
t t e T e an s avin g e fle c ted t e ir re v l t s
b h h e nl
'

hou
h y b b ou h bo u
and wit p
t an y ou o d
re vi os c n si e ra ti n , t e c a t re
m
hp hp o h uh
of t e c it e in
g r g t a
ho t in so s r t a ti e an d

wit ho u mut di c lty on t e art of t e c a t rs , t e sla g

u om m d by
hm h u h
b
te r, e in g g re at, as wa s na b
t ral, fr its e in g ae
m
ho mp
e n of t e sa e ra c e w o we re gl t tin g t e ir re ve n ge

h m ju m
h
on t e for an c ie n t in rie s , t e c le t e e n slave e nt

of a c it w ic
y h h d mo o e xc e l le h a n
g t se in Gre e c e at t at

at Cn idu
h
By Conon
h
s , ac 3 94
’
s vic tory . .

9 A t Le uc tra t e y l ost 400 S p artan s and ot er Lac e dae monia ns .

hh h h
S ee Ken ( H e l l e n v i
. .
, .

T e Ac ae an s E l e an s At e n ians an d some of t e Arc adia

h
3
, , n s , were ,

allie s of S p arta at t is c risis 3 69 Se e Xe n (H e nn a, vu , . . .

D iodoru
h
s (xv .

u
h
4 26 . S ee T c .
, iii 52, e tc
. .

41 6 and 421 . S ee T u
c .
, v. 3 2, 8 4 , etc .
 f h D es truc tion o T e bes .

m bo h po pu o
h h
ti e t in we r an d warl i e re tati n, all t is was
k h
bu ho u p ob b y
hd y h hb
att ri te d n ot wit t r a il it to t e av e nging wrat
of t e e it md . It see e as if t e T e an s b ad af te r a
m ufi h pu h m
h k hM d h
l ng t i e s e re d t is e tra a
'

o h b y
n is e nt for t e ir l of
u
hu
t e Gree s in t e e ia
h n wa
1
r, for t e ir s e iz re of t e
du mp
hu H
y
c it P
of lataeae rin g t e t r c e , an d f or t e ir c o
h l e te
m
hm hh u d d h d mo
e nsla ve e n t of it, a s we ll a uh
s for t e n e ll e n ic sl a g te r
-

hh hb h h
of t e en w o ad s rre n e re to t e Lac e ae n ian s ,

mm d
hd h oy
w ic ad e e n c o o
itte at t e in stigati n of t e

h h h k h ood h
T e an s ; an d f or t e
h b o e va s ta ti n of t e te rrit r in

M h p dd
w ic t e Gre e s b ad sty in attle arra agains t t e -

m
o h yh d u h
e dea a nd ad re ell e ange r fro
y Gre e c e ; l astl ,
u by h Ah
h
b ec a se t e ir v te t e ad trie to r in t e t e n ian s
mo o b ou h o d mo
h d mo h m Ah
w en a
h ti n wa s r g t f rwa r a n
g t e al l ie s

M
“
hd
of t e La ce a e n ians for t e e n sl a ve e n t of t ens .

m y
om h h
o re ov er it wa
po d h b o
s re rte t at e f re t e isaste r an
po d y h h d d
rte n ts we re se nt fr t e e it , w ic in e e at t e
t ime were tre ate d with n egl e c t, b u t af te rward s wh e n
me n c all e d them to re me mb ran c e they we re c o mp e ll e d to
c on sid e r th a h
t t e e ven ts whic h oc c u rre d a d b e e n l on g h
h
b e fo re p ro gn os tic ate d 8
.

T e se ttl e me n t of Th e ban aflairs was e n tru

h hh h
s te d by
'

Alexan de r to t e allie s w o ad take n p art in t e ac tio n

h h
.

T ey re sol v ed to o c c u py t e Cadmea with a garrison ;

h
to m e t e c ity to t e gro u h ibu te amo n g
h
n d ; to d is t r

t h e mse l ve s a
h h
ll t e te rrito ry, e x c e p t what was de d ic ate d
t o t e god s ; an d to se ll in to slave ry t e wo me n an d
s m any of t e males as su h
h h
c hil d re n , a nd a rvive d , e xc e p t

h
t ho se w o were p rie sts or p rie s te sse s, an d tho se w o
w e re bo u n d to Ph il ip or Al e x a

h h
n d e r by t e ties of ho sp i

t ality or a d b ee n pu bl ic age n ts of t e Mac edon ian s It .

h must h h
av e forgotte n t at Al e xan der s predec essor an d
h hm hhh
T
'
e se persons
m
n a esake a d served in t e a r y of Xerxes a l ong wit t e T e b a ns .

a hh
u
ua h h a h
S ee H erodot s vii . 1 73 .

um
h
a Ah h
Pl t rc( Lya ande r, 1 5) says t t t a e T eb n E ri nt s oved
t t t uens s o l d b e de stroyed .

See Aslian ( l ’
ariaH istoric , m .
 1 7m Anabasis o f Ale xan der .

d that Al exan d er pre se rve d t e ouse and t e hh h

h h
is sai
d e sc e n dan ts of Pin dar t e pos t out of re sp ec t for is
me mory
,

h
h
l
. In addition to th e se t h in gs t e allie s de ,

c ree d th a t Orc omen u s

’ an d Plataeae sho u l d b e reb uil t
an d f ortifie d .

CHAPTE R X.

Auxmns as ’
D s ume s wrrn Amrxs
h h h
.

As mity wh ic h ad befalle n t e
h a h d ho h h h
soon as n e ws of t e cala
T eb an s re c e t e t e r Gre ek s ’ t e Arc ad ian s w o
h u mh t e ir own l an d for t e pu
,

h ,

hh h
ad se t o t fro rpo se of

hh h
i in b aid t t T an s p a e d n te nc e of d ea t
g v
g o e e s s s e ,

ho
on t se w o ad in stigate d th em to ren d e r aid T e .

Elean s als o rec eive d b ac k th e ir e xile s from ban ish men t

h ,

h
b e c ause th e y were Al exan d er s adhe ren ts ; and t e
’

Aetolian s eac h trib e for itsel f se n t e mbassie s to im

,

b egging to rec e iv e p ardon b e c aus e th e y also ad at

,

h ,

h
te mp te d to e ffec t arev ol u
,

h
h h h
tio n on t e re c e ip t of t e re port ,

T e Ath e n ian s
h h h
wh ic h ad b e e n sp re ad by t e Th e ban s .

al so w o at t e time whe n s o me of t e Th e b an s e sc ap
,

h ,

ing from t e c arnag e arrive d at Athe n s w er

,

h M h ,
e e n gag e d ,

in c el e b ratin g t e Gre at s te rie

a ab an do n e d t e sa c red
y s ,

h h h
rite s in great c o n ste rn ation an d c a rrie d th e ir g ood s
,

and c h atte l s fro m t e ru

h
ral d istric ts in to t e c ity T e .

p e opl e c ame tog eth er in p ublic asse mb ly an d on t e

h
mo tion of D e made s el e c te d fro m all t e c itizen s te n
,
, ,

h(APl u u h A
h u hha hhh
tarc
) a a a
lex an de r, 1 3 te ll s s t at l e xan de r w s fte rw rds

h ah u hu h h h
sorry for is a
c r el ty to t e T eb ns . He b elie ve d t at e d in c
m
h u h h
t e wr t of D ionys s, t e t te lary de ity of T e b e s w o to ,
in c ited i
u u m
h
kil l is frien d Clit s , an d in d c ed is soldie rs to ref se i to foll ow

hm u hha a
a
in to t e in te rior of Indi .

m h ( h
2
Orc o e n s was de stroyed b y t e T eb n s c 3 64 Se e D iod , xv . . . .

mm
7 9 D e ost en e s Con tra L ep ti e , p It was restored b y P ilip ,
.

m
h M
a c c ording to P a a nias, iv 27 . .

m u m
h h h hm h
3
T e G reat y sterie s of D e e te r were c el eb rate d at E l e sis , fro
B m u
t e 1 5t to t e 23 rd of t e m on t oe dro ion , o r S ep te b er .
 Alexan der s ’
D eal ings wit h
Ah t e ns .

ambass adors , me n who m the y k ne w to b e Ale xan d e r s

h
’

l adh e re n ts, an d se n t th e m to s ig nify to im,

h h
s pe c ia

t ho u m u A
h h h
g s o e wh at n s e as o n ab l y, t h at t e th e n ian
p e o

e re tu n f ro m t e la

h
l r ejo ic e d a t i a f r n d of t e
p e s s

nish me n t wh ic h

hh
Illyrian s an d Trib all ian s, an d at t e p u
h
ad in flic ted u
h h mb y
e pon t e Th e b ans for the ir re b ellio n .

m
hp op
In re gar
d oh atte rs e to
g a ve t e e
t er a ss a
ou u py u
hu d D mo h
c rte o s re l , b t wr te a l e tte r t o t e
o e l e de
m d y u u
an in g t e s rre n e r of e st e n e s a nd L c r g ,s

M
as w el l as that of Hyp e ride s, Pol ye u c tns, Ch a re s, Ch ari
de mu l te s, D iotimu
h h
1
s, E ph ia s, a nd oe roc l es ; all e gin g
men were t e c ause of t e d isaster wh ic h
h h hh h
t h at t he se
b efel l t e c ity at C aeron ea an d t e aut ors of t e s ub ,

se q u

h
’
e n t ofle n sive p roc e e d in s afte r Ph ilip s d e a
'

g th bo t h ,

again st h imse lf an d is fath e r

h
’

h
He also d e c l are d th at .

h h h
th e y ad in s t igate d t e The b ans to re vo l t n o l e s s th an
ad t ho se of t e Th e b an s th e mse l ve s w o favo u
h
re d a
rev ol u T e Ath e nian s ho we ve r did n ot su
h
tio n . rre n d e r , ,

t e me n b u t se n t an o th e r e mb assy to Al e xan d e r e n
h h h
3
, ,

im to re mit is w rath agains t t e p e rso n s

hh h h
t re ating
w ho m e ad d e man de d T e kin g did re mit is w rath
h
.

ag ain s t th e m e ith er ou t of re sp ec t f or t e c ity of Ath e n s

or fro m a
,

h ,

h h
n ea rnest d e sire to s tart on t e e xp e d itio n in to
As ia n ot wishing to l eave b eh in d im amo n g t e Gre ek s
an y c au
,

s e f or d istru Howe ve r e o rde re d C aride mus h h

h hh
st .
,

al o n e of t e men who m e ad d e mand e d as p riso n e rs

hh
an d w o ad n ot be e n giv e n u n ish me nt

h
t o o in to b a
p g , .

C aride mu s th e re fore we n t a s a n e x il e t o K in
g D a riu s

in As ia ‘
.

All h men were orators e xce pt C ares C aride mus an d h h

h h h h
t ese n in e , ,

E p ial tes w o were military men Pl u m

h h
, tarc ( f f
L i e o D e os t e nes 23)
.
,

doe s n ot me n tion C are s D iotimu n d Hyp eride s b ut pu ts t e n ame s

h h
s a , , ,

am
A h (A
Callist an d D
hm
of en es on in t e list .

u
ua h( m h h
3
Se e esc ines dve rs s Ctesip o nte ,pp 4.69 , 5 4 7 , 5 5 1 , 60 3 , 63 3 )
D io doru
A h ha hm a h
Pl t rc De ost e nes , 22 ; P oc ion, s , xv ii 5 . .

ah a u h h
tt e e d of t is e b was P oc ion
ssy .

a u
He w s p t to de t b y D ri s s ortl y b efore t e b attl e of Issus , for
 7 hAu e abas fs f
o Alexander .

C HAPTER XI .

ALEXAN D E R Caosss s ms Hat t s sron r AND Visrrs '

Taor

h
.

Hume se ttle d th e s e affairs e re turned in to Mac e don ia

h h
.
,

He th e n oflere d to t e Oly mpian Z eu

h h h
s t e sa c rific e wh ic h
'

ad bee n in stitu te d by Arc elau an d ad b e e n c u

h h
l
s s ,

tomary u m e d t e pu

h p to th at t i e ; a nd e c e l e b rat bl ic

c o n te s t of t e Oly mp ic game s a t Ae ga
h h h
’ It is said th at
e .

e a el d a p u bl ic c on te s t in hono ur of t e Muse s
h
l so .

At this time it was re po rte d th at t e statue of O rph e us

h Oeagrus t e Th rac ian whic h was in Pie ris
,

h
8
son of , ,

h
s we a te d in cessan tly ‘
Vario u s we r e t e e xpla
. na tion s of
th is p rod igy give n by t e soo th saye rs bu t Aristan de r s
,

a man of Tel miss ns a s oo th say er bad e Ale xan d e r tak e

c ou h ,

rage ; for e said it was e v ide nt from th is th at th e re

,

wou h h
ld b e mu labo u
h
c r for t e e p ic a n d lyric po e t s a nd ,

for t e w riters of od e s to c o mpos e an d sin g abo u

h ,
t
Alexan de r an d is a c h ie ve me n ts

h h h h
.

M
At t e be gin n in g of t e sp rin g e marc e d
h h
to wards t e He ll e s po n t e n tru s tin g t e a flairs of ,
ac e
‘

doniaan d Gre e c e to An tip ate r He l ed n ot muc h abov e .

h h
advis in g im not to rely on is Asiatic troops in t e c on test wit Al e x h h
an de r b ut to su
, b sidize an army of G rec ian merc enaries See C urtiu s, .

iii 5 ; D iodoru
h M
. s , xvii 3 0 . .

l A us was king of acedoniafrom He improved

h
rc e la
h
4 1 3 8 99 -
.

ngeme n ts of is kin gdom, a

h h
t e in te rnal a rra n d pa tronise d a rt a nd litera

tu He indu u A
h
a
h h
re . ce d t e tra g ic p oe ts E r ip id es an d ga t on , a
, s w e l l s

t e e pic poe t C oeril u im ; an d treated E u

h h h
s , to vis it rip ides es pecially
wit favou
h M h
r He a lso in vite d Soc rate s , w o dec lined t e in vitation
. .

u
h h
3 A e or E dessa wa s t e ea a a ial
ega , rlie r c a
, p ital o f a c e d on i , nd t e b r
m u m
M h h h
p l a c e of it s kin gs P i lip w a
. s r de d er e 3 36 , .

A n arrow strip of lan d in ac e donia be twee n t e mout s of t e

h h h hM
1'
,

Haliac mon and Pené u epu te d ome of Orp e u s a u

h
s t e r , nd t e ses .

Cf Ap oll onim R odim iv 1 28 4 ; L ivy , xxu i

h h h h
. .
.
, .

T is man was t e mos t n ote d soot sayer of is time Te l missns

h h
.

was ac ity of Ca ria c el eb rate d for t e skill of its in ab itan ts in divina

,

t ion . Cf Arria
. n ( Anab i 25 ii 1 8 iii 2, iii 7 , iii 1 5 , iv 4 , iv
. .
, .
, . . . . .

H erodotu s , i 78 ; a nd Cicero (D c D ivinatione, i 4 1 )

. .
 Alexander Crosses t h e Hel lesp ont and Vis its Troy 3 7 .

in fan try toge th er with ligh t arme d troop s an d -

arc he rs, an d mo re than His mar h was

h h
c ava
l
l ry .
c

s Amph ipo lis a

h
’
p as t t e lak e Ce rc in itis, to wa r d n d t e

mo nth s of t e rive r S try mon H avin g c ro ss e d th is riv e r

h h h
.

e an mo u

M
e pa sse d by t e Pa n ga
3
n tain al o ng t e road ,

l ead ing to Abd era an d

h
aron ea G rec ian c it ie s b u
h h
il t on ,

h
t e c oast The n c e e arrive d at t e riv e r H e b ras an d
.
4
,

h
Th e n c e e p ro c e e d e d th ro u
h
ea s ily c ro sse d it h P e c tic a
.
g

h h
to t e rive r M e las hav ing c ro s se d wh ic h ,e arriv e d a t
S e st as in twe nty d ay s al to ge th e r fro m t e t ime o f is
,

s tartin g fro m ho me Whe n e c ame to E lae iis e h h

h
.

ofle re d sa c rific e to Pro te silau s u po n t e to mb of th at

h
h e ro both for othe r reas on s an d b ec ause Pro te silaus
,

see me d to h a h h
h
ve b ee n t e fir s t of t e G ree k s w o took

p art with Agame mn on in t e e xp ed itio n to Ilium to

h
d ise mbark in Asia T e d esign of t h is sac rific e was th at
h
.
,

is d is e mb arkin g in Asia migh t b e mo re f o rtu

h h
nate th a n

t at of Prote silau He the n c o mmitte d to Par

h h h
s ad b e e n 5
.

me n io t e d uty of c o n vey in g t e c avalry an d t e gre ate r

p ar t of t e infa h
n try fro m S e s tu s to Abyd u s a n d th e y

w e re t ran spo rte d in 1 60 t rire me s b e sid e s many t radin g

h
T e p re vailin g ac c o u th at Ale xan d e r
,

h
6
v e ss e l s . n t is ,

rte d f ro m E a u u
h h h
s ta l e s an d p t in to t e Po rt o f A c h ae a n s ’
,
’
t hat w ith is own h an d e s te e re d t e ge n e ra l s sh ip
D iodoru h h
h um h h
( s xvi i . 1 7) says t at t e re were in fan try an d

h mma ua h h
c aav Hlry . e i
g es t
v difie re n t brigade s as we l l as t e
b ers in t
e n e

am
h a um
n es of t e ( f f A co n de rs
Li e o le xande r, 1 5 ) say s t at
Pl t rc .

hhh a h
t e low t n a b ers recorded were
infan try nd caval ry ; and

ha m uh h m
t e ig est, a a a
inf n try nd c valry .

a h
T is l ke is n e r t e o t of t e S try on It is c all ed Prasia s by .

u( am
hm u a h
H erodot s v Its presen t n
. e is T k yn o -
.

me route
hma h
a X
h
T is o nt in is now c ll e d Pirnari erxes took t e s a . .

u S ee H erodot s , v 1 6, vii 1 1 2 ; Ae sc yl u
h
w en t c ing into G reec e . s . .

m
M
u a
h u
(P en c e, (E rip ides s , 922,

a a a
Now c ll ed ritz See T e oc rit c, vii 1 1 0 . . .

Cf . Homer (Il iad , n. Ovid ( Ep is tolae Heroidum, xiii .

H erodo tu
hA ha h
s (ix .

u
h h
T t eni ns s pplied twen ty s ips of wa
e r See D iodo rus , xvii 22 . . .

Alanding pl ace in t e nort west of Troas, near Cape Sigae u

- -
m .
 T hA e nabas is o f Alexan der .

ac ross, an d th at wh e n e was abo u h

t t e middl e of t e h h
h h
c e d ab u

h
c han ne l of t e Hell es po n t e sa c rifi l l to Pose ido n
re d fort h al ibatio n to th e m in t o
h
an d t e Ne re id s, an d po u
h
t e se afro m agol de n gob l e t
.

h h h
The y say also th at e was
.

t e firs t man to ste p ou t of t e sh ip in fu l l armou

h h
r on t e
lan d of Asia, an d that e e rec te d altars to Ze u
h
1 s, t e

p ro te c to r of p e ople l an ding , to At e ns , an d to H erac le s,

h h h
h
at t e p lac e in E u
h
rope wh e nc e e sta rte d , a nd a t t e
p lac e in Asiawh e re e d ise mbarke d It is also said t at
h h
.

e w e n t u to I um
h h h
l i a n d o ff e re d sa c rific e to t e Troj a n
p
Ath e n a; that e se t up is own panoply in t e te mpld

h h
as a v o tive offe rin g, an d in e xc h an ge for it took away
s o me of t e c o nse c ra te d arms wh ic h ad b ee n p re s e rve d
h h
fro m t e time of t e Trojan war Th e se arms we re said
h h
.

im in to t e battl e s b y
h
to h ave be e n c arried in fro n t of
A re p ort also pre vail s th at
h
t e sh ie l d b e arin g g u
h h
- ard s .

m upon t e altar of Zeus t e

h
e ofi e re d sac rifi c e to Pria
'

ho use hol d god, d e p rec ating t e wrath of Priam again s t

h
t e p ro ge n y of Ne op tol e mu om who m Al exa

h
s, fr n de r

himse l f d e rive d is origin .

CHAPTER XII
M
.

At s xaxn ss AT ms Toms or Ac t ss —. u ’
nox s

Anvws Rm c rs n 3 1! m s P s as mt Ge n es is

h h
.

a m u
h hh
we n t u u
h
sN e p t o Il i , M e n o e t i s t e p il o t c ro wn e d
m h agol de n c ro wn ; afte r im Chare s t e At e n ian ,
bo h
SI
i wit
om om um
hm A d h
c ing f r , a
oh
s w e ll a
S iges c e rtain t e rs , t

d ho mb
Gre e s an d native s, did t e sa e
k l e xan e r t e n .

Ah
d h h h
e n c irc l e t e t h
of d
c il l e s wit agarlan ; an d it is
sa i t at He p ae st ion
d o d h P o u
3
ec r ate t at of atr c l s in t e

Cf D iodoru
h
Ju
h
. s , rva 1 7 . s tin, xi
. 5 .

men tione d already in c

M a h
T e c eleb r ate d ge ne ral , ap 1 0
. .

3
Son of Amyn tas a ac edonian of Polls
, . He w s mt e ost intimate
 hA
T e nabas is
f
o Alezander .

whic h ind u
c ed me to u
n d ertak e th is h istory ,
n ot th ink in g
myse lf inc ompe te n t to mak e Ale xan d e r s d e e ds k n o wn ’

to me n For whoe v e r I may b e this I k n o w abo u

. t ,

my sel f th at th ere is n o n e e d f or me to assert my n ame

, ,

for it is n ot u nk n own to men ; n or is it n e edf u l for me to

sa y w h at m y n ati v e l an d an d fa m il y a re o r if I h av e h e l d ,

any p ubl ic oflic e in my own c o u

h h
n t ry But th is I do .

as sert t at th is h istoric al work is an d as b ee n f ro m my

,

yo uth up in p lac e of n ative l an d famil y an d p ublic

, , ,

ofic es to me ; a s o n Ido n ot d ee m my se lf

h h
n d f or th is re a

unworthy to rank amo n g t e first authors in t e Gre e k

l an gu age if Al exand er in d ee d is amon g t e first in
, h
arms
h
.

F rom Ilium Al exan de r c ame to Arisb e wh e re is

h
ad e n c amp e d afte r c ro ssing t e H e lle s
,

h
h h
e n tire fo rce

po n t ; an d on t e foll owin g day e c ame to Pe rc ote On

h h h
.

t e n e xt p assin g by Lamp sac u mp e d n ear t e

h
, s e e n ca ,

c tiu whic h flows fro m t e Idaean mou

h h
riv e r P ra s ,
n ta in s

h h
an d d isc h arges itsel f in to t e se a b e twee n t e H e l le spo n t

h
an d t e E u x ine S e a Th e n c e p assin g by t e c ity of
.

rrive d at He rmotu He n ow sen t sc o uts

h h
Colon ae e a , s .

b ef o re t e army unde r t e c omman d of Amy n tas son

of Arr a h hh h
b ae u ad t e s q u adron of t e Comp an ion h ,

h
s w o ,

ca va l ry wh ic h c ame fro m Apol lonia u l

n d er t e c a p tain ,

S o c rates son of Satho n an d fo u r squ

h
, ad ro ns of what we re
,

l le d Pro dro mi (ru In t e marc h b e

h
ca n ne rs f o rwa rd ) .

de spatc he d Pan egorus son of Lyc agoras on e of t e

Compan ions to tak e posse ssion of t e c ity of Priapus
,

h ,

wh ic h was su
,

h ,

h hh
rre n dere d by t e in hab ita n ts .

T e Pe rsian ge n erals were Arsames R eomit re s

h
Pe tin e s Nip ate s an d with th em Spit ridate s v ic e roy h , ,

, ,

on ia and Arsite s gov ern or of t e Ph ry gia h ,

h h h
of Lyd iaa nd I , ,

n ea r t e H e l l e spo n t Th e se ad e n c amp e d n e ar t e c ity

.

1
Atown in hM
ta e cedoniadistric t of M ygdonia, sout h of Lake Bol h
e .

It is now called Polin a.

 Battle of th e Gran ic u
s .

hP Gre c ian me r h :
h h
of Zeleis with t e e rsian cavalr y an d t e

c en a ries . en t e Wh were ho ld in g a c o u
y n c il abo ut t e
rte d to t h e m that Al e xa
h d (h hh
s ta te of adairs , it wa po n d er
'

s re

Me mn on , t e R odian ,
h
l
ad c ross e t e H
el l es po
n t) .

ad vise d th e m no t to risk a c on fl ic t with t e M ac e do n ian s,

s in c e th e y we re far su p e rio r to th e m in in fan try, an d
Al e xan de r was there in p e rs on ; wh e reas Darius was n ot
with the m He advise d the m to ad van c e an d d e stroy t e
. h
by tramplin g it do wn und e r th e ir horse s hoo fs to
h h h
’
f odd e r, ,

b urn t e c rop s of t e c o un try an d n ot e ve n to sp are t e

”
For the n Al e x an d e r said e
,

h
h
v e ry c itie s . wil l n ot b e , ,
”2
abl e to s tay in t e l an d from l ac k of p ro v is io n s
h
It is .

id th at in t e Pe rsian c on fe ren c e Arsite s asse rt e d th at

h h
sa

e wo u l d n ot all ow a sin gl e ho u
h h
s e b e l o n in g to t e p e op le
g
u s ru e to b e b u

h
la c d nde r i l rned a n d th a t t e o th e r
p e ,

Pe rsian s ag re ed with Arsite s be c ause th ey ad a s us ,

m
h h
i c ion th a t M n o n wa s de l ib e rate ly c o n triv in g to pro
p e

r for t e p u in in g ho n o ur f ro m
h
t ra c t t e wa rpos e of ob ta
t e k in g .

C HAPTER XIII .

Barn s or r n u G m ws s

M
m ms Al exan de rwas advan c ing to t h us
h my h
e riv e r Gra
3
r n ic ,

with is ar arran g ed for battl e, h av in g drawn up is

h
We h
fin d fromD iodoru
h
s ( M
t at t e Persia
Greek mercen a
hhn king a d su b sidized

hM h hh
t is gre a t gen eral a nd ries to protec t is seab oa rd
from t e d su
h h M h
ac e donians Be fore t e a
. rrival of Al e xa n der e a c c e e ded ,

rmen io a emn on

h h hh
in c ec king t e advan ce of Pa n d Ca ll as If ad lived
.

and is advic e b een adop ted b y D ariu te of Persia mig t ave

h
s t e fa ,

Cf Pl u
hM h h
b ee n very difieren t . tarc ( Lif e of Al ex ,
. .

D iodoru m
h hM
s ( xvii 1 8 ) say.s t a t e n on , w il e a dv isin g t e P e r s ia n

u ac edon ian s from

hh h
g en era l s to l ay w aste t e c o n try , an d to p re v en t t e

rge d t e m to c a
M
advan cing t rou l so u
h h
g sc arc ity of p rovision s a , rry a
large forc e in to Greec e a nd ac edonia, an d t u s tra n sfer t e wa r in to
u
ha u Mu a a a h
E rop e .

(M
T e Gr nic a s rises in o nt Id , nd f ll s into t e Propontis ne r
u
Cyzic am
s. ) a
Ovid u et , xi
. 7 63 c ll s it Granic e b ic ornie .
 hA f A T e n abas is o lexander .

h y m d oop do ub ph h
h h
eav -
ar e tr s in a
d alanx, l e a in g t e
le

h A h
ca va yl r on t e wings, an d h od d having r e re t at t e

hh d h y h m d hho
b houd o o
aggage s l f ll w in t e re ar u n d He el oc
g .s at

h h m d oop
t e e a of t e c a valr , w o we re ar e wit t e l n g
bou
h ho d h my
i e , and a s, wa
l
pk t 5 0 0 of t e lig t ar e tr -
s se n t

m
m h
by i to re c nn itre t e pr c e e in gs of t e e n e
o o .

Wh A u
h ou od u h
en dl exan er was n ot far fro t e riv e r G ranic s,
om m u p d
ou d h h h k u h po o
s e of is sc ts r e p to i a t f ll s ee a nd

ho h d h u d u dy
an n n c e t at t e P e rs ia ns ad ta e n p t eir s iti n

h my h
on t e t e r s i e of t e Gran ic s, rawn p r ea for

h uo A
h o h h m o pp o h d
b attle . T ere p n l e xan e r arran ge all is ar
d d wit

h
t e in te n ti n of fig ting T e n Par e n i a r ac e
.

m
hp hu mp h
i an d s
pok oe a s f l lows :
h k kI t in , 0
h ing, t at it

h h hh my
is a vis a l e for t e
d b re se n t to pitc o r ca on t e

b kan of t e rive r as we are For It in k t at t e e n e .

,

muh u
h gh u h o h y
b e in g , a
h ys t e are , o
c in f e ri r to s in infan tr , wil l
y

p m h my ho d h
n ot da re to pas s t e n i t n ear s , and t e re f re t e

hp o b h y u
w ill e r it t e ar to c ros s t e f r wit c ase a t day

h
b kre a .For we s all t en ass ve r e fore t e c an p t
h
h m
mp h
t e se l ve s in
o d b
r e r of hattle w e re as, I
do n ot t in k

ho u
d h my h o u h
t at we c an n ow at te
h op o
t t e e ra d
ti n wit t e vi e n t
u
h
ris , b e ca s e it is n ot
k po b ssi l e to l ea t e a r t r g

h m d p
t e riv e r wit
h d d B d
its f ron t e x te n e e s i e s , it is c l e a .r
h m yp
t at an u
arts of t e strea are e e , an d yo see t at
h
om p b up
h my
t e se an s are s te e p an d in s
h b k e lac es a r t T e re
h .

o md
om h
’
f re t e e ne
o y b
s ca va o
l r , e ing f r e d in t a e nse
qu u m
hp h
s are , will attac k s as we e e rge fr t e wate r in
o um
A h ju u h
r e n ran s an d in c l
b ok k n, in t e l ac e w e re we are
pu o ud
hu
we a e s t
k p
.t t e re sen t n c t re t e fi rs t re l se w l
u p ou
hho
b e iffic l t to re trie ve , as we ll as e ril s for t e iss e of
d
”

ho
t e w le war .

Bu h A
t to t is d p d le xan o e r re l ie : I re c gn ise t e f rc e

h ab ou me n
ha hA
1
T is was ab rigade
h
of t . S ee Livy , xxxv ii
. 42
.

um T is f utu used
h h
3
5ro¢ 0 dc o e re is by t e l ter writers for t e ttic
broca
fiooaai . It is fou
nd oweverin Xen op on .
 Arrangement of hH
t e os tile Armies .

th ese arg u me nts, O Par bu t I sho u m o

hH
of l d fee l it a e ni

h
disgrac e , if, afte r c ro ssing t
e e ll es po n t s o ea s ily , th is

b rook (for with suc h an appe llation e made l igh t of

h h
t e Granic u m m
h h oud
s ) s oul d b ar our passa g e f or a o e n t I .

hm hMdo
c n si e r
o d t at t is w l b e in acc o rd an c e n e ithe r with

M
n s n or with my own ea e rn ess

hh
t e fa e of t e ac e n ia
g
for en c o u n ter
in g dange r o reo ve r, I th in k t at t e
.

M
Pe rsian s will re gain c o u s b e in g a ma

h
rage , a tc h in war
for ac e donians, sin c e u n t time th ey h a

h
p to t e p re s e ve

su ffe re d n o d e f e at f ro m me to warran t t e fe ar th e y
”
e n te rtain .

CH APTE R XIV .

ARRANGEM
ENT or run Hos rmr Amu
se

h
.

HAVIN G spoke n th us e se nt Parme n io to c o mmand upon

h h h ,

An d
h h h h
t e l e ft win g wh ile e l e d in p e rs o n on t e righ t
,
.

h
at t e he ad of t e righ t win g e pl ac e d t e fo llo wing
Philo tas son of Parme n io with t e c aval ry
h
—
h
ofic e rs , ,

Co mp anion s t e arc he rs an d t e Ag rian ian j ave lin me n

h hh
-
, ,

an d Amyn tas s on of Arr ab ae us wit t e c aval ry c arry

h h h ,

in g t e l on g pike t e Paeonians an d t e squadron of

,
,

h h
S o c rates was p o ste d n e ar Ph il o tas
, C l os e to th e se we re .

poste d t e Comp an ion s w o we re sh ield bearing infan try

h
-

un de r t e c o mman d of N ic anor son of Parme n io N ex t

h
.
,

h
to t he se t e b rig ad e of Pe rdic c as s on of Oro n te s t h e n , ,

th at of Coe n us son of P ol e m oc rate s t h e n t at of Crate ru ‘

, s ,

s on of Al e xa t of Amy n tas son of An d ro

h
n de r an d tha , ,

me ne s final l y t e me n c o mman d e d by Ph il ip so n of
h h h ,

Amy n tas T e first on t e lef t win g we re t e The s

.
,

h hh
h m M
Al e xan ders b est
h
Crateras was on e of ge n e rals On t e deat of t e
‘

ac e don ia an d G ree c e in c onj u

h h auhhm
king e received t e govern e nt of nc

tion wit A n tip a ter, w ose d g ter e arried He fe ll in b attle agains t

.

menes
Eu (
no .
 T hA aba i
e n s s
qf Ale xander .

uc aval ry omman de d by Galas son of Harpal us ;

h h
sa
1
l ia , c ,

M
t e c aval ry of t e Grec ian all ies c om
h
n e x t to th e s e , ,

man d ad by Philip son of euel aus n e x t to the se t e

,
9

Th rac ians c o mman d e d by Agatho

h h
3
, Cl os e to these we re .

h h
t e in fan try t e b rigad es of Cratern s M el eage r an d
, , ,

h
Ph ilip reac hin g as far as t e c e n tre of t e e ntire lin e
, .

T e Pe rsian c av alry we re abo u t in n u mbe r an d ,

the ir in fan try c on sisting of G rec ian me rc e narie s fe l l a

h h
l ittl e s hort of t e same n u
,

mbe r Th e y ad e xte n de d
,

h h
‘
.

h h h h
th eir hors e alo n g t e ban k of t e rive r in a l on g phalan x .

h
an d ad po ste d t e in fan try b e h in d t e c avalry f or t e ,

g ro un d a bo v e t e b a n k w as s t e e p an d c o m m an d in
g .

The y al so mars h alle d de n s e s q u adron s of c avalry u

h
po n
th at p art of t e b an k wh e re th e y ob se rv ed Al e x an de r
h h
.

imse lf ad van c in g again st th e ir le ft win g ; for e was

h
c o n sp ic u hous both by t e b righ tn e ss of is arms and by
h h
t e re sp ec tf u Bo th armie s
h h
l se rvic e of is atte n d an ts .

m m
h
s tood a l o n
g ti e a t t e argin of t e rive r k e e p ,

ing q u ie t fro m dread of t e re su l t an d p ro fou

h
n d s ile nc e

hM h
was ob se rv ed on bo th sid es For t e Pe rsian s we re.

ac e don ian s sho u

h
wait in g til l t e l d ste p in to t e wate r ,

with t e in te n tion of attac k in g th e m as th ey e me rg ed

h
'

Alexand e r le ape d upo n is s tee d o rde ring those ab out

h im to follo w an d e x horting th e m to show t h e mse l ve s
,
,

l ian t me n He th e n c o mman d e d Amyn tas son of

h h h h
va .
,

Arr ab ae us to mak e t e firs t rush in to t e rive r at t e

,

u h
h h
Gal as was a pp o inted v ic eroy of P ryg a
i H e c onseq n tly took no
e .

fu m
hh h h
rt e r part in Al e xan de r s c a paigns a fter t is
’
.

Al exan der ad t ree gen eral s n amed P ilip , two of w om are men
h Am M au hh a
Mh
tion e d as sons of
e re y n tas an d en ol s T e t i rd w s son of .

h au a a
, aa
ac atas an d was l e ft in In di s viceroy .

3 mm
S on of Tyri mma as was c o nderof t e Odrysi
, c v lr y S ee iii . .

h h
1 2 in fra .

u um
h hh um
( ) a
Bie de rns xv 1 9 says t at t e Persian cav lry n
. b ere d 1 0 000 .
, ,

u We
h h h
and t e ir in fantry Bot t ese n b ers are in ac c rate .

mA
h
kn ow fro ( ) a
rrie n c a p a
s 1 2 a n d 1 3 t t t.e Pe rsi n i n fa n try w a s in
ta um
riot in n a A
b e r to t t of l exan der .
 D escrip tion o
f ti e Baff l e qf flat Gra -rue n .

h h h
h ead of t e skirmis ing caval ry t e Pae onian s an d one
reg ime n t of in fa h hh , ,

h h
n try ; an d in fron t of t a ae e ad plac e d
P tole my son of P il ip in c omman d of t e squadro n of
,

h h h ,

Soc rate s w ic h b ody of me n in de e d on t at day ap

,

hh h h
pe ne d to ave t e lead of all t e c aval ry fo rc e He im
hh h
.

ndin g of tru m
h
sou

h
se l f l ed t e rig t win w i t p t s a n d
g e ,

t e me n rais ing t e war c ry to En v a l iu

h h
s
‘-He e n te re d .

t e f o rd ke e pin g is l ine al way s e xte n de d o b liq u

h hh h
,
e ly in

t e st re am flowed in or
h h h h
t e dire c tion in w h ic de r t at ,

t e Pe rsian s mig h t n ot fall u m

h hh
on i on t e fla nk a s
p e

was e me rg in g from t e wate r b u e migh t a

h hhh
t t a t , s fa r ,

as prac tic ab le e nc ou n te r t e m wit

’
,
is p alan x .

s c srrrt ox or run Bm u or r n u G am e rs

h
.

Ts : Pe rsian s b e gan t e c on te s t by h urlin g mis sil es from

hh
ab o ve in t e dire c tion where t e men of Amyn tas an d
h h
h
S oc rate s we re t e first to re ac h t e bank s ome of t h e m
h
ve l ins into t e riv e r fro m t e ir c o mm

h h
ca s tin g j a an ding

h h h
position on t e b ank, an d o t e rs s te pp in g do wn alo ng

h h
t e flatte r parts of it to t e v e ry edg e o f t e w ate r .

Th e n e n su e d aviolen t stru

h d m m h h gg l e on t e
pa rt of t e c a va l ry,

h d F m hP
on t e on e si e to e e rge fro t e riv e r, an d on t e

u hM do
h p
ot e r to h
re ve n t t e lan in g ro . t e e rs ians t e r e

o uh h p hM o
a
w s ate rri le
b d h d isc arge of arts ; b t t e ac e n ian s
f g t wit s oears . T e ac ed n ian s, b e in g far in fe ri r

h T is iaan Homerio h ha m for l m t

h au h
Area is
h
na e w r god In H ow e -
.

j He n c e t ey are men
h
t e Tro n a
a nd E ny li s t e G r a a
e c i n w r god -
.

A
ha hu h M
tioned a s difie r en t in ristop a ( Pa , S ee Pa l e y a note on
'
nes

H omer (vii
h(A
A
hh
. s to t e pr c tic e of s o tin g t e wa r c ry to ars -

h h
b e fore battl e , see X na T e Sc ol iast
h
en op on b , i 8 18 ; v 2 . . , .
,

u
M h
on T u c ydides ( i 50 s ys t
.
) a a
t t e G reeks sed to s in g two pe c ans , one
Apollo after it
h(A
ars b efore b attl e anot
h
to er to

m
.
,

i de art - ( n
«s a . CL Arrian iv 1 2 6 ; Xenop
, .
, on nab .
, i 8,
.

1 1 ; Ba La
. c ed , i .
 T hA e n aba
s is f
o Al exande r .

in n u mb e r, sufie red sev erel y at t e first on se t, b ec ause th e y h

we re ob liged to de fe n d th e mse l ve s in t e rive r, wh e re h
t h eir f ootin g was u
h h
n s te ady, an d wh e re th ey we re b e l ow

h hb
t e l e v el of th e ir assail an ts ; whe re as t e Pe rs ian s we re
figh tin g fro m t h m
hb hP ho h
an k , w ic gave t e
e top of ant e h h

h
ad van tag e, e sp ec ially as t e e st of t e e rsian rse a d

hM o
be en po sted th ere Me mnon himse lf, as wel l as is son s,
.

were ru
h hP
nn in ev e ry risk with th ese ; a n d t ac e d n ian s
g e

w o firs t c ame in to c o n flic t with t e er sians, t g hou h

t h ey sho we d great v e l ou r, were c u
h h
t down , e xc e p t tho s e
w o re tre ate d to Al exan d e r, w o was no w app roac h in g
hk h h m h
.

H md h hP
For t e in g was adyl rea n ea
d r, lea ing wit i t e

hp h h ho m
h
rig t wing e fi . u u
a e is rst as sa l t p on t e ers ian s

hd h ou d h
at t e lac e w e re t e w l e h ass of t e ir
ho rse a nd

m m
h
t e le a e rs t e se l v es we re
p os te d ; an d ar n i a

M do
d du
h
e s e ra
d p te c n ic t rage ,
o fl 1
rin g w ic
h h k on e ran of t e

ac e n ian s afte r an t e r eas il

oh y k p e t on c ross in g t e

hou h h y ou h md
y h
rive r .
g T ho b k t e a c f
, it s g
ee t e on rs e
mo
hm y ho b j mm d h
re l i e a
k n in fa n tr t an a c aval r
y b h y attl e ; for t e

hMdo
stru dgg l e for t e a ste r , r se s e in
g a e w it
m h m
hP y om hb k
ho rs e s an d e n wit en, t e ac e n ian s striving to

h hP
driv e t e e rs ia y
n s e n t ire l awa fr t e an an d
o h m
to f rc e t e in to t e pl ain , an d t e e rsian s striving to
ob u h p uh h m b k
h A A d m h
str c t t e ir l a
d n in
g a n d to s ot e a c ag a in in t

bo hh o u h h h
’
t e rive r t l as t
. l e x an e r s e n b e ga n to ga in t e
a van tage ,
d t t r g up o t e ir s e ri r s tre n gt an d
m b u h y ou h
hP
il itar disc i l in e , an d ec a se t e f g t wit s ear
y p h p
sh mdafts o a ood he of c u d rn e l- w ,
w e re a
s t e e rsians se

hd dA d p b b k h
onlyd arts .

ho fl h k d A hoy u d
’
T e n in ee ,
l e xan er s s ear e ing ro en to s iv ers

hk mou hho
in t e c n ic t, e as e re tis, on e of t e r al g ar s,
ho d uy
h ob
w se t it was to assis t t e in g to nt is rse ,
oh
for an t p Bu h m
er s p ear . t t is an
’
s s ear ad al s ee n

1
Ew ei o
'
rfixa mix” . h
T is is ac ommon e ssion
e xp r wit hA rrian , cop ied

fromH erodo tus (i 7 4 , e t p aw . m) .

 T hA e nabasis o f Al ex an der .

bo th wings we re als o n aturally b rok e n th rough

h
ho rse on ,

an d took to sp e e dy fligh t Of t e Pe rsian c av alry o nl y.

abo u we re k ille d ; for Al e xan d e r did n ot p u

h
t rs u e

th e m far b u t tu c k t e Gre e k m

h ,
rn e d as id e to a tta e rc e n

arie s t e main body of whom was stil l re main in g whe re

,

T is the y did rath e r fro m amaz e h

h h h
it was pos te d at firs t .

me n t at t e un e x p e c te d re sul t of t e struggle t an from

an y steady re sol u h
h
tion Le ad ing t e ph alan x again s t
.

ll upo n th e m fro m
h h
t he se an d orde rin g t e c avalry to fa
,

all sid e s in t e midst e soon c u t th e m u

h p , s o th at n o n e ,

of th e m e sc a pe d ex c e pt suc as migh t have c on c eale d

h
th e msel ve s amon g t e de ad bo die s Abo ut
h h
we re .

h h h
ta ke n p rison ers l
T e followin g l eade rs of t e Pe rsian s
.

Mh
als o fe l l in t e b attl e : N ip ate s Pe tin es S pit ridate s , , ,

h
v ic e roy of Lyd ia it rob nzan e s, gov e rn or of C app a
,

doc ia M ithridate s t e souin law of Darius Arb upale s

h h
- -
, , , ,

rius t e son of A mac e s b roth e r

h h
s on of D a rta x e rx e s P a , ,

of t e wife of D ariu an d O ne re s c omman de r of t e

h
s
’
, ,

au Arsite s fled fro m t e battl e in to Phry gia

h
x il iarie s .
,

wh e re e is re po rte d to h ave c o mmitte d s u ic id e b ec au

h h h
se ,

e wa s d ee me d by t e Pe r sians t e ca use of th eir d efeat

h h
on that o c c a sio n .

Of t e M ac e don ian s abou t t we n ty fiv e of t e Com

h
-
,

pan io n s we re k ill e d at t e firs t o nset b raze n statue s of

who m we re e re c te d at D iu m e xe c ute d by Ly sipp us at
3 ‘
, ,

D iodoru hm h h
h h
s ( x vn 21 ) . says t at a ore t n of t e Persian in
f an try were kill e d, and c v aa a a m a
l ry ; nd t t ore t n were
made prisoners .

Her name wa
hh M
s S tatira .

An imwrtant city in acedoniaon t e T ermaic gu lf named a fter ,

atempl e of Z eu
h
s .

Lysipp u s on e of t e most fa mou tu

h hh
s of S ic yon wa s of G r ee k sta aries
4
.

None of is works re main inas mu as t ey were all e xec u

h h h h
c ,
ted in b ron ze .

Al e xan der p ublis ed an edic t t at no one s ou l d p ain t is portrait b u

h h h
t
l d make a sta tu im b u t Lysipp u
M h
Apell e s an d t at n o on e s ou
hM h
, e of s .

W en e tell u s c on qu c e donia e removed t is grou

h
e red a p of b ron ze
,

sta tu e s to Rome to dec or , ate is own p ortico See Pliny (Nat H ist . . ,

xxxiv . Vel le iuaP aterc u lm (i .

 Loss on Bot h S ides .

h
Alexand e r s o rde r T e same s tatuary als o e xec ute d a
h
’
.

tu e of A im for
h
l e xan de r h imse l f be ing c ho se n by
h
s ta
,

h
t e work in p ref e re n c e to all o th e r artists Of t e o th e r .

lry ov er sixty we re slain and of t e infantry abo u

h
ca va t
,

Th es e we re b u ried by Alex a
l
t h irty . n d e r t e n e xt da y ,

toge th er with th e ir arms an d o th e r dec oratio n s

h
To .

an te d e x e mp tio n from
h
the ir paren ts an d c hil d re n e gr

imposts on agric u l tural p rod u ce a nd e re lie v e d th e m,

f rom all p erson al se rvic e s an d taxes u

h h
po n prope rty He .

h
al s o ex ibite d gre at solic itu de in re gard to t e wo un de d ,

for e himse lf visite d eac h man l ook e d at th e ir wo u

h h
n ds
, ,

an d in q u ire d ow an d in t e pe rforman c e of what d u

h
ty
t h ey ad rec e iv e d th e m a ll o win g th e m bo th to sp e ak an d
He also b u
,

h
h h
b rag of th e ir own de e d s rie d t e Pe rsian
.

c omm an d e rs and t e Gree k me rc e narie s w o we re k ille d

h h
figh tin g on t e sid e of t e e n e my But as man y of the m
h h
.

M
as e took p riso n e rs e bo u n d se n t th e m

h
n d in fe tte rs a

h
away to ac e don iato till t e soil b e c au se tho u h th e y
g , ,

h h h
we re Gree k s th e y were figh ting agains t Gree c e on b e al f
,

h
o f t e f ore i n e rs in oppo sition to t e dec re e s whic h t e
g
G reek s ad mad e in the ir f e de ral c ou ” To Ath en s
h
n c il .

als o e se nt 3 0 0 su its of P e rs ian armou r to b e hu ng u

h
in t e Ac ropolis as a v o tive offe rin g to Ath e n a an d
3
p
,

x e d o v e r th e m : Ale x
h h
orde re d t his ins c rip tio n to b e fi

h
an de r son of Philip an d all t e Gre e ks e xc e p t t e
, ,

e monia p res e nt th is o ffe rin g from t e spo ils

h h
Lac e da ns ,
”
ta ken from t e f ore ign ers in abitin g Asia .

ha
As most h merc enarie s
ha u huh h
of t e inf n try on t e Pe rsian side were G rec ian ,

u
h a h h
w o, c c ordin g to a P l tarc , f o g t wit d e sp e r te v e l o r, an d, ac c ording
A m t e nu mb e r
a mu h h h
to rrian i se lf, ll t e in fan try were kill e d e xce pt
A a a A
h
of a a
l ex n ders sl in
’
st ve b ee n l rger t n rrian er ate s
e st .

A
ha h a h Ah
t Corin t , n o 3 3 6 . .

mply
h (A
A
h
ofte n c a

h
For t e f c t t t t e c ropol is of t ens was ll ed si
u Antip cm
h
p olis , see T X c ydide s , ii 1 5 ;
. en op on nab . v ii. 1,
A a u E q in e , 1 093 ; L yn s trata,
’

(1 46, ( ristop nes

 T hA e nabasis o
f Al exande r.

CH APTER XVII .

ALsxAa s rN SAs ms AND Ern ssu -

h h
s .

h h
HAVIN G appointe d C alas to t e post of v ic e roy of t e
te rrito ry wh ic h ad be e n u n de r t e ru l e of Ars ite s an d
h h
av in g c omman de d t e in habitan ts to p ay to im t e hh ,

sam h h
h
e trib u riu
h
te wh ic h th e y ad paid to D a s e o rd e re d ,

as many of t e n ative s as c ame do wn fro m t e mo u

h
n tains
an d su rre n de re d to im to d e p a
h
rt to their se ve ral abod es .

He also ac qu itte d t e p e opl e of Z el eis of b l ame b e c au

h h h
1
se ,

ad b ee n c o mpelle d to a
h h
e k n e w th e y s sist t e P e rsia ns

in t e war He t e n d e sp atc h e d Parme n io to o c c u

h h
. py
D asc yl iu m whic h e e asil y p e rforme d for t e garrison
’
,

He himse lf adv an c ed to ward s S ardis an d

h
cu

h
e va ate d it .

t 70 stad e s d istan t fro m th at c ity

Mh h h
wh en e was abo u 3 e ,

was me t by it riu e s t e c o mma

h h
n da n t of t e garris on
,

in t e Ac ropolis ac c o mp an ie d by t e most influ

h h h
,
e n tial of

Mh h
T e l atte r s u
h h
t e c itize ns of Sardis rren de re d t e c ity
.

into is h an d s and it rine s t e fo rtre ss an d t e mon e y

l aid u p in it A l e xa
.
,

n d er e n c a m p e d n e a r t e riv e r He r h
mus whic h is about twe nty stades distant from Sardis ;
h h
‘ ‘
,

t e se n t Amyn ta s son of A n dromene s to oc c u

Mh h
bu , py t e ,
“ it rin e s with im tre at
h h
c ita d el of Sard is He took .
,

im with hon o u
h h
in g r; an d gra n t e d t e Sa rdian s a nd

o th er Lydian s t e p rivil e ge of e njoyin g t e an c ien t laws

n d p e rm itte d th e m to b e fre e
h h h
of Lydia a ,
He th e n .

h h
asce nd e d in to t e c itad el w ic h was garrison e d by t e ,

P e rsian s . And t e po sitio n se eme d to imastro n g on e ;

for it was v e ry l ofty pre c ipitou s on e v e ry sid e
,
an d ,

fe n c e d ro u n d by atripl e wa ll He th ere fore re solv e d to .

h Mu a
ha h h
l
A c ity at t e foot Id of o nt .

A city of Bit A u m
h fl huhh h
yn i , o n t e P ro pon tis b o t e ig t i
.l es .

u
h
T is river ows t ro g P rygiaa n d Lydia, an d f all s in to t e g l f
of Sm yrn a
. Its pr e se nt n am e is Xo d us C ai B ee V e r il
g ( G eor g o
, n. . .

1 3 7 ) S il iu udian (Rap tm P roserp in e , ii

h
s , i 1 69 ; Cl a
. .

lf mil es
h
Nearly two and a a - - -
.

For adescription of t is fortress, se e Herodotu s. i 8 4 . .

 Alexander in S ardis and Ep hu es s .

b uild h
atempl e to t e Olymp ian Z e u hh
hh
s on t e ill, an d to

h
l tar in it ; b u
h
ere ct an a t w il e e wa s c o n sidering whic h

m u u
h
par t of t e h il l wa s t e o st s i ta b l e s ite , s dd e n l y a
win te r storm arose, tho u u m m
h
h i t w as t e e r se a s on ,
g s

l ou th u
h h h
d c la sp of heard an d rain fe ll on t e
n d e r we re ,

h h
s po t wh e re t e pa l ac e of t e k ings of Lydia ad stood .

F romthis Ale xand e r tho ugh t th at t e d eity ad re veale d

h h
to im wh e re t e te mp l e to Z e u s o u h t to b e b u

h g il t a nd

h
u
h
e
g a v e o rd e rs a c c o rd in g l y H e l e f t P a
. s a n ia s on e of ,

t e Co mp anio n s to b e s u
h h
p erin te n den t of t e c itadel of
,

S ard is Nic ias to s u

, p e rvise t e c ollec tion of t e trib ute
an d taxe s an d Asande r son of Ph il o tas to b e s u
h h h
e rin
, , p ,

te n d e n t of Lyd ia an d t e re st of t e do min io n of S pit ri

dates givin g
, h
im as l arge a n umb er of c avalry an d
l igh t arme d in fan try as see me d su
- flic ie n t for p resen t

M
e me rg e n c ies He also se n t Calas an d Al e xan d e r son of
h
.
,

Aé rop us in to t e c oun try of e mn on in c o mman d of

h h
l
, ,

n d mo st of t e o th e r Gre c ia

h hh
t e Pel opo nn e s ian s a n a l lie s ,

e x ce p t t e Ar ive s w o e e n l e ft be h in d to g u

h g a d b ,
a r d

M h h
t e c itad e l of S a rd is .

ntime

h h h
ea wh e n t e n e ws of t e c avalry battl e was
,

m s w o fo rme d t e

h
s re a d a b ro ad t G r ia r n a r i
p e e
,
c n e ce e

g a rris o n of E ph e s u s se iz e d t w o ,
o f t e E ph e s ia n tr i
re mes a m
hh
n d se t off in fli h t
g T h e y w e re a.c c o p an ie d

M
b y Amyn tas An tioc hus w o ad fle d fro m
hh
’ son of , ,

Ale xan der out of ac e donia n ot b ec ause e ad re c e ive d

an y inj u ry fro m t e k ing b u h h ,

t fro m ill wil l to im an d

h
-
, ,

t hin kin g it n ot u t e sho u l d su ffe r s o me ill

h h
nl ik e ly th a

t reatmen t fro m im (on ac c o u

h
n t of is d isl oyalty) On .

t e fo u A u
h h hh
rth da l x and e r a r riv ed a t E h es w h e re
y e p s ,

e re c a l le d frome xil e all t e men w o ad b e e n ban ish e d

Mm h u h hM h
h
as gov ern or for t
h
e n on ad s c ce ede d is b rot er e ntor e

m u
hm ha u u hh h
Persian kin g of t e territory near t e He ll e spon t S ee D dor s , xvn 7 . . .

m
ua h
u
h
T is an took ref ge wit D ri s , an d dis tin g is ed i self at t e
u u u m
h h a (A
b attl e of Iss e
) See Pl t rc
. lan , 20 C rti s, iii 28 He et wit . .

is deat A soon fter in E gyp t . See rrian, ii 6 . and 1 3 ; D iod , . xvii. 48 .

 T hA e nabasis o
f Al exande r .

from t hy ac c o u h
m
h h
e c it on nt of th e ir adh e re n c e to i ;
an d having b rok en up t e oligarc hy e e stab l ish e d a ,

d e mo c ratic al form of go ve rn me nt th ere He also orde re d

h h
.

te to Arte mis all t e trib u

h h
t e Eph e sian s to c on trib u
h
1 te

h
wh ic h t e y we re in t e h ab it of p ayin g to t e Pe rsian s .

Whe n t e pe opl e of Ephe sus we re rel ie ved of th e ir

h h
h hh M
d read of t e ol igarc s the y rush e d h e ad l on g to k ill
t e me n w o h ad b ro u m
,

hh h
h t e n on in to t e c ity a s
g ,

al so tho s e w o ad p illag e d t e te mple of Arte mis an d

hh h
tho se w o ad th ro wn do wn t e statu
,

h hh
e of Ph il ip whic h

was in t e t empl e an d tho se w o ad du u

h h h
a nd c arried
, g p
off fro m t e to mb in t e ma

hh
rk e t p l ac e t e b on e s of

h h
He ropyt us t e l ibe rato r of th e ir c ity
h h , Th ey als o l e d .

h
’
Syrp ax an d is son Pe lago n an d t e son s of Syrp a
, x s ,

b ro th e rs out of t e te mpl e an d ston e d th e m to d eath .

But Al exan de r p re ve n te d th e m mak in g an y fu rth e r qu

h h h
e st

c h s for t e p u

h h h
of t e res t of t e ol i a r r po of w reaking
g s e

t e ir ve n gean c e u pon th e m; for e k n e w th at if t e

h
p eop l e we re n ot c h e c k ed th ey wo uld k ill t e in n o c e n t
h
alo n g with t e gu
,

il ty so me fro m h atre d an d o th e rs for

h ,

At this time Ale x

,

h
t e sake of se izin g th e ir p rop e rty .

an de r gain e d great pop u larity bo th by is ge n e ral c o u

h
rse
of a c tio n an d e s p e c ially by wh at e did at Eph e su s .

CHAP TE R
M
XVIII .

ALs xAND s a As c s s s ro M ILETUS AND Oc c urrs s ru

t :IeLAN D

M h
or LAN .

EN n ow c a e m to m bo h
i t fro m Magn e sia an d Trall e s , 9

h m A m a hu h bu
h h hh
1 T e a
te p l eH of rte is t Ep es s d b een rn t down b y ero

au A a
a a h m hj h a
s tr t s in a (
t e nig t on w ic l ex n de r w s b orn Oc t 1 3 1 4 ,
.
-

h h
nd a t t is t i e w b e in g res tore d b y t e oin t e ff ort s
s of t e Ion i n

ua m
h
c itie s . H
S ee S trab o, a a xiv 1 . er
.opyt s nd Syrp x re not en tione d

h a ha auM hh
a
b y ny ot er write rs .

a u au a ua
hM hu a h ua h
a a
T is w s t e C ri gn e si , sit te d on t e Let trib t ry
e s,

M
a
of t e ean der Trall es was on t e E don ,
. not er trib t ry of t e

aeander See J uvenal , iii 70

. . .
 Ale xande r Mh Muarc es to ile t s .

u m h
h om h
o fle rin a
'

g to s rre n d e r tho s e c itie s ; n d to th e e se n t

Parme nio, givin g im

M
Gre c ian infan try fr t e

au n e qu al n u mb er of ac e do n ian s, an d abo ut
h
xiliarie s, a
20 0 of t e C av alry Co mpan io n s
h h h
He al so se n t Ly si .

mac us, son of Agat oc l e s, with an e qual fo rc e to t e

h
l

Ae ol ic c itie s, and to as many of t e Ionic c itie s as we re

h
’

s till u

h h
n de r t e Pe r s ians He was o rde re d to b re ak up .

t e oligarc hie s e ve ry whe re , to se t u e d e mo c ra

h p t t ic al
f o rm of g o v e rn me n t, to res tore t h eir own l aws to e ac
h h
n d to re mit t e trib u

h
o f t e c it ie s , a te whic h th e y we re
ac c usto me d to pa u A
h h
y to t e fo re ign e r s B t l e xan der .

imse l f re maine d b e h in d at E phe s u

h
s , wh e re e o ffe re d a

A m o du d p o
h h h ho h my u m d
sa fi
c ri ce to o rte is an d c n c te a r c e ssi n in er

o ou n r wit t e w le of is ar f l ly ar e an d
m h
ho o hook h h
ars all e
d b f or attle .
‘

h h hA hh y h
On t e f ll win g day e t t e re s t of is infan try,

hCo mp o hoh
t e arc ers, t e g rian ian s , t e T rac ian c a val r , t e

q ud o
M u A h
r a
oy l s a r n of t e an i n s, an d t re e t er
q ud o u
u hp u d hh h hou
s a d or ns in a diti n , an d se t o t f or ile t s t is .

h o h u d h h
firs t assa l t e ca t re t at w ic was call e d t e te r

h
y; or t e garris
c it f n ad e vac ate it . T er
e e en

mp d
ho m h D u h
ca e an d res l ve
o d bo k y to l c ade t e in n e r c it ; for
u u d
homm d h o M u k p
He gesistrat k s, to w t e in g ari s ad e n tr s te

t e c an d
of t e
garris n in il e t s, e t on s e n in g

h
Lysimac u h hh
s of m

h
s wa ean or igin , is fat er a ving b e e n ase rf in
He was one of Al exan ders c onfidential body gu
hha h h h
Sic ily .
’
ards , an d on t e -

h uu h h
deat aof at e gre t king ob t in ed T r c e a s is p ortion of t e dis
mm m ju
hhh a a a A aM
e b ered e pire In c
. on n c tion wit Sel e c s e won t e b attl e of
u u ma
a hu a
Ip s s, b y w ic e ob t ined great p rt of si in or He l ti . tel y
a u m
M u h hh h a
cq ired ll t A
E rope n do a e A a inion s of l exander in ddition to si

uu
ha hfi
in or ; b t in is eig tiet year e was defe ted and slain b y Sele c s
u u
m h A m m ha hM
at t e b ttle of Corns , 28 1 . S in tenis was t e rst to s b stit te
u
L ysi ac s for nt i al s, t e re din g of t e 88 Cf vi 28 infra
. . . .

um
hhMu
u
h hu hh
El e ven in n b er . See H erodot s , i 1 4 9—1 5 1 . .

3 umT irteen in n b er, of w ic il e t s and E p es s were t e c ief in

h a For t A a hA
e c el ebr hu ted interview of l ex nder wit pell es at E p es s,
A a
se e el i n ( Varia H is toric , ii .
 T hA e nabasis o
f Al exander .

M h
b efore th is to Alexand e r oflering to s urre n d e r
h
l e tte rs
'

ile tu im Bu t th e n h av in g regain e d is c ou
h h h
s to .
, rage
fro m t e fac t th at t e Persian flee t was n ot far off
h h
e ,

made up is min d to p re se rv e t e c ity for Darius But

h h
.

N ic an o r t e c o mman d e r of t e Gre c ian fle e t an tic ipate d

h h M ,

il e t u
,

h h
t e Persian s by sail in g in to t e po rt of s th re e

h h M
days be fore t ey app roac h e d ; an d with 1 60 sh ip s e

h h
an c hore d at t e islan d of Lade w ic h l ies n e ar il e tu
h
l
,
s .

T e Pe rsian s ip s arrivin g too late an d t e ad mirals

h h h
disc o ve ring t at Nicanor ad o cc up ie d t e anc ho rage
,

at Lade be fo re th e m th e y took moorin gs n e ar Mo u

M h h ,
nt
’ A m
h
y c al e l e xa
. n d e r a d fo r e s tal le d t h e in s e izin
g t e

islan d n ot only by moo rin g is sh ip s n ear it b u

h h ,
t als o by ,

tran spo rtin g into it t e Th rac ian s an d abou

h h
t of t e

o the r auxiliary troop s T e ship s of t e fo re ign ers were

.

abo u mbe r
h
t 4 00 in n u
h
.

N o twith stand in g t e su p erio rity of t e Pe rsian fle et ,

Parme nio ad vise d Ale xande r to figh t a sea battl e e x

hh
-
,

ting t a t t G r k w o u l d b e v ic toriou s with t h e ir

p e c e ee s

flee t bo th for o the r reason s and es pe c ially b ec au

h h h
se a n

o me n from t e de ity made im c o nfid e nt of t e resul t ;

h hh ad b e e n se e n sittin g u
h
f or an e agl e pon t e s o re ,

oppo site t e ste ms of Al exan der s ship s

h
’ 8
He also .

urge d th at if th ey won t e b attl e th ey wo ul d reap a ,

m e ir ma

h
r a t a d an ta fr o it in re a rd to th in obj e c t in
g e v g e g

h
t e war; and if th ey we re be ate n the ir de feat wo u l d not
,

b e of any great mome n t ; for e ve n as it was t e Persian s

h h h ,

h h
he ld t e s o ve reignty of t e se a He adde d that e was .

willing to go on board t e fl ee t h imsel f an d to share t e

dan ge r However Ale xan de r re pl ie d t hat Parme n io was
.
,

Cf H erodo tu
. s , vi 7 . . Here t h e Pe rsian s destroye d t h e Ionic fl ee t ,

s c
. . 4 97
Famou
.

h nea h
it b y Leotyc ides and Xan t ip pu h
h
s for t e v ic tory won r s

over t e Pers ians , ac 4 79

. .

3 Cf Vergil
,
( Aeneid,vi . Obrerttmt p e lago p rams . See Coningto n
'

n ote .
 hA m f A T e naba
'

ao lexander .

o d hm
h
a b attl e at day rea
b k He t e n stati ne
h . is
y ilitar
m p
h
e n in es n ea
g r t e w al l h
, an d av in
ghoin a s r t ti
y e a rt l

h my h hm m h
r en an d a
b ok p y hrtl s a do
ke n wn a l arge iec e of it, e
p

h hb h do h
le d is ar n ear, t at t e en h
ig t e nte r w e re ver

om M
t e wall ad een t rown wn or s a e n
h k T e Pe rsian s .

fr y o o
c e le we re f l l win o g upo h m
c l se
l
n t eo uda nd c l
mo
hm m N ob
al h
st se e t e ir frie n ds a nd a bllie s e ing e sie ge
b d In .

om d A
o h
’

h k b
t e ean ti e, ic an or, d s e rving fr La e l e xan er s

h bo u Mu o
o mm m
hho
c enc e en t of t e attac ,
e gan to sail int t e

moo
h m
ar r of o
ile t s, r an d
win g al rin g ng t e s re ;

h my o h o p h
is trire es as c l se as
o po b s si le t ge t e r, wit
o h h h t e ir

hhbou hh h fl om
r ws fa
p o c in
g t e en e ,
ac r ss t e n arr we s t a rt of t e

mouh
hpo m d mpo b h
t of t e ar u
r, e s t off t e Pe rsian e e t fr

hM hMdo
t e rt a nd a e it i s si l e for t e Pe rsia n s to give

om
h
u ou
d o upo h
s cc r to t e il e sian sh T en t e ac e nian s fr
. all

hook
side s p re sse cl se n t e c itize n s an d t e Gre c ian
m om h m
o h flo d o upo h h d
e rc e n arie s, w h o t to flig t ; s e of t e , c ast in
g
h m
h hho o up
t e se l ves in t t e se a, ate a l ng n t e ir s ie l s

u md
hy oh
wit t e d
ll w war h h s to an n na e is le t w ic

h hMdo
fi an d
h
l ie s n ear t e c it o h t e rs e tting in t t e ir s ki s
; g
m
p u d by h hmouh hh bou
aste nin g to ge t t e start of t e ac e n ian trire e s,
m
Bu h hy
we re c a t re t e at t e t of t e ar r .

m jo y h m
d h hy h
t t e a rit of t e we re slain in t e c it itse lf .

A oo A
hh h
s s n as l e xan e r ad got po sse ssi n of t e c it ,
o e .

u
hm h
sa ile d again st t se w o ad fle d for re f ge into t e
ho
upo
h m hh o
islan ;
d o d r e rin g t e en to c ay dd
rr la e rs n t e

h h d
p rows of t e trire e s, wit t e inte n ti n of e ff e c tin g a
o ud mo u
h h hm h d
lan in g al n g t e c l iff s of t e islan , as on e w l
d o nt

Bu h
k h mo d
awall .t w en e sa w t at t e en on t e isla n

u
h mb u h h
were res lve to r n e ve ry ris , e was
o d veh pwit ity
m bo h b
o hm d h
for t e , ec a se t e a eare to i
y pp d t rave and

h h m
o d o hh
u
ho d
l y al ; w e ref re
o h e a e a tr c e wit t e on t e

c n iti n t a y o ud
t t e w l se rv e as is s l ie rs
h T ese .

m h See Homer (Iliad,

h
é¢ op ap ro6rw
~
T is word is rare in prose .

viii. 1 91 ) Apollomm R oda“, i 20 1

'

. .
 S iege and Ca
p ture
f Mu o ile t s.

merce n aries were a t 3 0 0 in n

M u hh
bo u umb
h
Gre c ian er He .

h h
lik e wise pardon e d all t e c itizen s of ile t s w o ad
esca pe d d eath in t e c ap ture of t e c ity and b e gran te d ,

th e m th e ir fre e do m
h M
.

T e fore ign e rs u rt f ro m
h h
se d to sta
y c a l e e ve ry da
y
an d sail u m
h
t o t e Gre c ia n fle et op in to indu t h t
p , g c e e o

ac ce p t t e c halle n ge an d c ome f o rth to a battl e ; b u

h
t

M
du rin g t e n igh t th e y u se d to moo r th e ir ve s se ls n e a r
u
h h h
y os l e ,
w h ic h w a s a n i n c o n v e n ie n t s ta ti o n b e c a se
, th e y
we re u e r fro m t e

h
n d e r t e n e c e ssity of f e tc in w a t
g
mouth of t e riv e r Maean de r ag at way off Ale xan d e r
h h
1
.
,

u u u
h
g a r d e d t e h a r bo r o f M ile t s w it h is s h ip s in o r d e r,

h h M
to p rev e n t t e fo re ig ne rs f ro m forc ing an e n tran c e ; an d at
h me time e se n t P ilo tas to yc ale in c o mman d of
h h
t e sa
t e c avalry an d th re e re gime n ts of in fan try w it in s tru
h h , c

t io ns to p re v e n t t e me n in t e s hip s fro m lan d in g

h
Ac
h
.

u
h
c ordin l t y b e in th ro h t e sc a r ity of f re s h wa t r
gy , e , g g c e

an d of t e o th e r n e c e ssarie s of l ife as good as be sie ge d

in th e ir sh ip s sail e d away to Samo s wh e re fu
M ,
rnish in g
t h e mse l ves with f ood th ey sail e d b a u
h ,
ck a g a i n to il e t s .

Th e y th e n d re w u m
h h h
o s t of t h e ir sh ip s in fro n t of t e
p

hM
arbou r on t e d e e p sea with t e hop e th at th e y migh t
,

in so me way or o th e r ind u ac e do nian s to c o me

h
ce t e

ou

h h
t in to t e op e n sea F iv e of th e ir sh ip s s aile d in to
.

h
t e road ste ad wh ic h lay b e twee n t e islan d of Lad e an d
t e c amp e x p e c tin g to su rp rise Al e xand e r s sh ip s wh il e
h h
’
,

e mp ty of th e ir c r

h h
e ws ; for t h ey ad asc e rtain e d th at t e
il o rs for t e mo st p art we re d isp e rse d f ro m t e sh ip s
h
sa ,

some to a th er f u el o t e rs to c o l le c t p ro vis io n s a d
g , n ,

h
And ind e e d
h
o th ers b eing arrange d in foraging partie s 2
.

it appen e d that a n u mb e r of t e sail o rs were ab se n t ;

bu h
t as soo n as A
hh h
l exan de r ob se rve d t e five Pe rs ian sh ip s
sa il ing toward s im e man n e d te n sh ips with t e sail o rs
,

Mu
il et s lay nearly te n mil es sout h hm uh hMa
of t e o t of t e ae nde r.
A m gemwa used b y Lysander at Ae gospotami
h(
3
si ilar strata s , 40 5 .

S ee X
e nop on H e l le nic c , ii.
 T hA
e nabasis o f Ale xan der .

w hh pp
o h
a e ne d t o b e at an d, an d se n t the m with all
n st th e m with o rd e rs to a

h h h
s pee d a g ai ttac k p r o w t o p r o w .

M
N o soon e r did t e me n in t e five Pe rsian sh ip s se e t e
ac e donian s b e aring u m
h
a
p g ain s t th e , c o n tra ry to th e ir
tio n , t an th ey imme d iate l y tac k e d abo u t, tho u
h h
e xp e c ta g h

h
far O E, an d fle d to t e re st of th e ir fl e e t Ho we ve r, t e .

as sian s, n ot b e in g a fas t sail e r, was c ap tu

h h
1
s h ip of t e I re d
in t e fl igh t, me n and all ; b u t t e othe r fo u r su
hh
c c e e d e d in

e sc aping to their own trire me s After t is t e Pe rsian s .

saile d away fro m Mil e tu

s witho ut e fle c ting any thin g
'

CH APTE R XX .

S um uc as mssus As oar1 v s Arrac x on

M
s or Ha — .

rs nu

h
s .

ALEXAN DER n ow resol ve d to disb an d is fle e t partl y fro m

h
l ac k of mon e y at t e time an d p artly b e c au
,

h
h ,
se e sa w
s n ot a ma

h h
th at is own fl ee t wa t c h in b attl e for that of
On th is ac c ou s u u
h h
t e Pe rsian s . nt e wa n will in
g to r n

t e risk of l o sin g ev e n a p art of is armame n t

h h
Be sid e s
h
.
,

t n ow e was o c c u pyin g Asiawith is

h
e c on sid e re d tha ,

e wo u

h h
l an d fo rc e ,
l d n o l o nge r b e in n e e d of a fle e t ;
l d b e abl e to b re ak u
h h
an d t h at e wo u p th a t of t e

Pe rsian s if e c ap tu
, re d t e maritime c itie s ; sin c e th e y
wo u l d n e ith e r have any ports fro m wh ic h th ey c o u ld
rec ru it th e ir c re ws n or any h arbo u r in Asia to wh ic h
,

Th u in e d t e o me n h h
h
th ey c o u
h h
l d b ring th eir sh ip s s .e e xp l a

sho u m
h h h
of t e e a g le t o s ig n if y t ha t e l d g e t t e a s t e ry
o ve r t e e ne my s s ip s by is lan d fo rc e Afte r do ing
h h
’
.

t his, e s e t fo rt in to C aria b e c au
2
se it wa ,
s re po rte d

n Gu h
lf , fou hA
hM
assu
h
I s wa s ac ity in Ca riaon t e I assia nde d b y t e rgives
and fu
h uh a M h
rt er c ol on ized b y t e il esians .

m Asia
hha
aCari for ed t e so t -
we st ngl e of inor . T e Greeks
m m W m
h a h
u h h
as se rte d t at t e C rian s were e igran ts fro Cre te . e learn f ro
u
h m h ua u A hhh huu
T c ydides an d He rodot s t t t ey e ntered t e service of foreign
u
hh a h a
r l ers . T e y for ed t e b ody g rd of q ee n t alia w o a
- d s rped ,

m
t e t rone n d stood in n eed of fore ign ercen ries T e word tr ns lated a .
 Abortive Attac k -
on Mu ynd s .

h
h
t hat ac on sid e rabl e fo rc e , bot of fore ign ers an d of Grec ian

M
au ad c oll e c te d in Halic arnas s u
h
x iliarie s , s
l
Having .

h hh h
ile tu l ic arnassu
h
tak e n a ll t e c itie s b e twe e n s a n d Ha s

as soon as e approac e d t e m e e n c amp e d n ear t e ,

l atte r c ity at a distan c e from it of ab o u

h h
t five s tade s as ’
, ,

h
if e e xpe c te d a l o ng siege For t e natu ra l positio n of
.

t e plac e made it stron g ; an d wh e re ve r th e re se e me d to

h
b e any d e fic ie nc y in se c u d b e e n e ntire ly su
h h
rity it a , pplie d
l on g b e fo re by M e mn o n w o was the re in pe rso n aving
, ,

M
ime d by Dariu s g ov e rn or of l o we r Asia

h
n ow b e e n p roc la

an d c o mman de r of t e e n tire fl e e t an y Gre c ian me r

h h
.

y sol d ie rs ad b e e n l eft in t e c ity as wel l as many

h h
c e n er ,

Persian tr0 0 ps ; t e trire me s also we re moored in t e

h h
arbo u h
r s o th at t e sail o rs migh t re nd e r im va
h
lu
h h , ab l e

h h
aid in t e op e ration s On t e first day of t e s ie ge
.
,

whil e Ale xan d e r was l ead ing is me n u

h h M h p to t e w a ll in
a
h h
t e dire c tion of t e gate l e ading to ward s y l as a t e ,

me n in t e c ity mad e aso rtie an d ask irmis took p lac e ,

bu t Al ex an de r s me n makin g a ru sh u pon th e m re p ul se d
h h
’

t h e m wit nd sh u t th e m u A
h h
ea se a , p in t e c ity f e w .

day s afte r this t e k ing took t e shie l d bearing guards

h h
-
, ,

t e Cav al ry Co mpan io n s t e in fan try re gime n ts of Amy n

M h ,

h h
ta s P e rdic c a s a nd el e a r an d in a dd itio n to th e s e t e
, g e ,

arc ers an d Agrianian s an d we n t ro u

h h h
n d to t e p a
, rt of
t e c ity wh ic h is in t e dire c tio n of Myn d u
h
s bo th f or t e ,

p urpos e of in s pec tin g t e wall to see if it h appe n e d to b e

h
more easy to b e assaul te d the re than el se w e re ; an d at
,

h h
t e same time to see if e c ou l d ge t hol d of Mynd u s by

in u Bib l e in 9 Kings xi 4 1 9 as c ap tains oug t

o r .
, , h to b e re ndere d
Cartam See u b voc e pa
t aHebrew L exic on su
h h hh
P et a
- ’ ‘
.
, ,

Now ca ll ed Bu m It was t e b irt plac e of

dru . t e istorians
He rodotu n d Diony siu

ha h
s a s .

more t a am
Ma a hu
Littl e n lf il e .

3
Now c all ed ol sso, a c ity of C ria, ab ou
t te n mil es fromt e G lf of

h we stern extremity of t ham p eninsu

hh
A col ony of Troezen on t , e e s e la
on w ic stood Halica rnassus .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lezander .

hhou h h
M
udd
h h
a s en k and For e t
sec re t g t t a
attac
t if .

y du
n s were oud m h p
is own, it w l b e n o s all e l in t e

hb m d by hM
u mo o u d
h oud pp o h
sie e of
g Halic arn as s s ; re o
v e r, an ff e r to s rre n e r

ho h
ad e en ae t e yn dian s if e w l a r a c
,

y ud Abo u m
hpp o h d h
t e t wn se c re tl
h ,
n er t e c ove r of n ig t . t id

hp
ni h g th
, to e re f re , o e a r ac e t e wall , ac c rdin g to

u u d
m d by h hou h h h hh
t e l an agre e
d ; b t as n o sigonn of s rre n e r was

m m
hh
ae t e h e n wit in , and t
g e a d w it i no

m muh
ho u
il itar e n gin e s or l a e rs, in as
y dd c as e ad n ot se t

hMdo ph
u b u d
h h
o t to e sie ge t e t wn , b t to r ec e ive it on s rre n e r,

h hy h o
e n e v e rt e l e ss l e d t e ac e nian alanx n e ar an d
o d d h m ud m
ho
r e re t e to n er ine t e wall . T e t re w d wn

h h Bu hm h y
one of th h ho e t we rs , w ic ,
we v er, in its fall did n ot

mk
hm m m y
a be a re ac in t e wall . t t e en in t e c it

uy d h m
h by
sto tld e fe n ing t e se l v e s , an d at t e sa e ti e an
from H u h
alic arn as s dy o m av ing al re a c
s e to t e ir aid
mad e it impo ssibl e f or Ale xan d er to c apture Myn d u
h
sea,
s

by surp ris e or sudd e n assaul t Wh e re f o re e re turn e d

h hh
.

t ac c o mp lish in g any of t e p l ans for whic h e ad

h
witho u
se t ou t an d de vo te d h imse l f o n c e mo re to t e siege of
,

Halic arn assus

h h h
.

ll e d u
h h h
In t e first p l ac e e fi w it h earth t e d itc h
p
wh ic h t e e ne my ad du g in fron t of t e c ity a bo u t ,

bits wid e an d fifte en d e e p ; so th at it might

h
th irty c u
h
b e easy to b rin g fo rward t e to we rs f ro m wh ic h e
h
in te n de d to disc h arge missil e s again st t e d e fe n de rs of
,

h h h
and th at e migh t b rin g u
h h
t e wall t o th e r e ngin e s
p e

h h
with whic h e wa s pla n n in
g to b atte r t e wa l l do w n .

He easily fil led up t e d itc h an d t e towe rs we re then

h
brough t forward But t e men in Halic arnass us mad e a
,

h h
.

h h
sa lly by n ight with t e d esign of s ettin g fire both to t e
ad b ee n b ro u
h
to wers an d t e o th e r e n gin e s wh ic h g h t
up to t e wal l or we re ne arly bro ugh t up to it The y
, .

we re ho we ve r eas il y re pe ll ed an d sh u t u
h h h h
, ,
a
p g a in with in

n s w o we re gu

h h
t e wall s by t e M a c e do nia ardin g t e
e n gin e s a n d by o th e rs w o we re a
,
rou se d by t e n o ise of
 Siege qf Hal icarnass us .

hu m h m
h
u
hb h
t e strgg l e and w o ca e to th e ir a id Neo p tol e s ,
.

t e rot er of Arr a b ae us, s on of Amyn ta

hhd
s, on e of tho se

w o ad e se rte d to Dariu bout 1 7 0

h
s, wa s kil l e d, with a

oth e rs of t e e ne my Of Alexan de r s s old iers six tee n

h
’
.

we re kill e d an d 3 00 wou lly b ein g mad e

h
n d e d ; for t e sa

in t e n igh t, th ey were l ess abl e to gu ard themsel ves

from bein g woun de d .

CHAPTE R XXI .

Sine s Hs nrc aamssu

M
or

h
s .

A rs w days after this two ac e do n ian hopl ite s of t e

,

h
b rigad e of Perd ic oe s l ivin g in t e same te n t an d b e ing
,

h
messmate s happened in t e c o urse of c onv ersatio n eac h
,

t o b e ex toll in g hims elf a h

h h
nd is own e xpl o its H en c e a .

q uarre l aro se be twee n t em as to whic h of them was t e

b rav er an d b eing so me w at in flame d with win e th ey
, ,
h ,

agree d to arm th emsel ve s an d of th eir own ac c o rd go

an d assau h h ,

l t t e wall fac in g t e c itadel whic h for t e mos t h

part was turne d towards Mylasa This t ey did rathe r .
,

h
to ma k e a display of th e ir own v alour than to e ngage in
a dan ge ro u s c o nflic t with t e e n e m y S o me of t e menh h
h h
.

h
in t e c ity ho weve r pe rc e ivin g t at th e re we re o nly two
, ,

of th e m a ,
nd th a t th e y we re app roa c h in g t e wall in c on
te ly ru sh e d ou t u pon the m; b ut they sle w tho se
h h
side ra ,

w o c ame n e ar an d h u rl e d da
, rts at tho se w o s too d at a
At last ho we ver th ey were ov e rmatc he d bo th
h h
distan c e
by t e n um
.
, ,

h h
be r of their assailan ts and t e d isadvan tage
of the ir own position ; for t e e n e my ma de t e attac k

Mh
upon th e m and th re w darts at th e m fro m ah ighe r l e vel
h
1
, .

ea n w il e so me o th er me n fro m t e b riga de of Pe rd ic oe s ,

an d o th e rs fro m Hal ic arnas s u s ru sh e d ou t again st eac h

,

D iodoru hh urred in hh
hh ma h h
s ( xvn . 25) says t at t is in c ident occ t e n ig t,

hu h
w ic is sc arc el y p rob b l e Co p re t e condu
a . c t of t e two c e n turions
Pul fio a
ndVa renu s in t e co ntry of t e Nervii Ca esa r(G all ic War, v . .
 D es tru
c tion f
o Halic arnassus .

h h
h
sol die rs ad eith e r p erish e d in t e s ortie s or b ee n
wo u
h h h
n de d a n d disa bled Takin g t es e things in to c on
.

tion abou
h h h
side ra t t e sec o n d watc h of t e n ig t th e y se t
,

fire to t e woode n to we r whic the y ad th e mse l ve s

h h
b uil t to re sis t t e en e my s mil itary e ngin e s an d to t e
’
,

magaz in e s in whic h their we apon s were stored The y

h h
.

also c as t fire into t e ho u

h h
se s n e a r t e wa ll ; an d o th e rs
we re b u rn e d by t e flame s w ic h we re c arrie d with gre a
h h h ,
t
fu ry fro m t e ma azin es a
h
n d t e t o we r by t e win d
g
S o me of t e e n e my the n
h h
be arin g in t hat d ire c tio n .

withd re w to t e stro n ghol d in t e is lan d (c all e d Arc on

n es u s), and o th ers to an oth e r fortre ss c alled S al mac is .

Whe n this was re porte d to Al e xande r by so me d es e rte rs

h h h
from t e in c en d iaries an d e himse l f c o u
h ,
l d see t e
u
h hM
ragin g fire tho u , g h t e o c c ur r enc e t ook p la ce a bo t
mid n ig ht ye t e le d out t e ac edon ian s an d sle w those
h h,

But
h h h
w o we re stil l e n gage d in se ttin g fire to t e c ity .

e is s u

h
e d o rde rs to p re se rv e a ll t e Hal ic arn ass ian s w o
sho u As soo n as t e day
h
l d b e tak e n in th e ir ho u
h
se s .

h
ligh t ap peare d e c o u
h h
l d d isc e rn t e stro n ghol ds wh ic h
t e Pe rs ian s an d t e Grec ian me rc e narie s ad oc c u
h h
p ie d ;
bu t e d ec id e d n ot t o be s ie g e th e m c o n s id e rin g that e
,

l d me e t with n o s mall d elay b el e ag u e rin g th e m fro m

h h
wo u ,

t e natu re of th e ir po sitio n an d mo re ov e r th in k in g t at
t h e y wo uh hh ,

l d b e of l itt le impo rtan c e to im n ow t at

h h
e

h h
ad c ap tu
h
re d t e whol e c ity .

Wh e re fore b urying t e de ad in t e n igh t e ord ere d

h hh h ,

t e me n w o ad b e e n pl ac e d in c h arge of t e military
,

e n g in e s to c o n ve y th e m to Tra He h imsel f marc h e d

h h
l l es .

in to Phry gia afte r razing t e c ity to t e grou

, nd a nd ,

h h
l eavin g Grec ian infan try an d 200 c avalry as a
u u
h
g ar d bo t h o f t is p l ac e a n d o f t e re s t of C a ria n d er,

t e c o mman d of P to le my He appo in te d Ada to ac t

h h h
.

as is vic e roy of t e whol e of Caria l

T is q u
. e e n wa s

Hec atomnus , kin g of h

Caria, l e ft t ree sons, Mu
a sol us , Hidrieus, and

F
 Alexander in Lyc ia and Pamp yl ia h .

ge n eral s Coe n us, son of Pole moc rate s , an d

age r, son M e le

of Ne op t ol e mu s , be c a use t he y w e re als o n e wly marrie d .

He gav e thes e oflic e rs ins tru s ma

h h
c tio ns to l e vy a ny ho rs e

an d foot sol d ie rs as t e y c o u l d fro m t e c ou

h h h
ntry w h e n ,

the y re t u im an d bro u m
h
rne d to g h t b ac k t e e n w o

ad bee n se n t away with th e m By this ac t more than

h
.

M
by an y o the r Ale xan de r ac q uire d pop ularity amo n g t e
ac e do nian s He also se n t Olean de r, s on of Pole mo
.

te s, to l e v y s ol d ie rs in Pe l opo n nes u rme n io to

hh h
1
c ra s, a n d Pa

Sard is , giv in g im t e c o mman d of a re gime n t of t e

h
Cavalry Co mpan ion s, t e Th es salian c avalry, an d t e re st h
h
of t e Grec ian a ll ie s He orde re d im to tak e t e . h h
wagon s to S ard is an d to advan c e fro m t h at p lac e in to
Ph rygia .

He h imself marc h e d t o ward s Lyc ia an d Pamphy l ia

in o rd e r to gain c o mman d of t e c oas t lan d an d by th at h ,

h h
-
,

means re n de r t e e n e my s fl ee t use le ss
h
T e firs t plac e
’
.

h
is ro ute was Hyparn a a stro n g po s itio n h avin g a
h
on , ,

m s ; bu

h
g ar r is on o f G re c ian e rc e na rie t e to o k it at t e

firs t assau l t an d al lo we d t e Gree ks to d e p art fro m

h
t e c itade l u n d e r a tru
,

h
h
ce Th e n e in v ad e d Lyc ia an d .

b ro u m
h
u
h
h t o r t T l i s ian s by c a pit l at io n and c ro
g v e e e s ss

in g t e riv e r Xan th u s t e c ities of P in ara Xan th u, s , ,

Patara an d about th irty o th e r s mall e r to wn s we re s u

h , r
im “ H av in g ac c o mpl ish e d this tho ugh it
h h h
re n d e re d to .
,

M
w as n ow t e v e ry de p th of win te r e in v ade d t e lan d ,

ca ll e d ily as wh ic h is a part of Gre at Ph ry gia b u

8
, t at ,

th at time p aid trib u

h
te to Ly c ia ac c o rdin g to an arran ge ,

me n t made by t e Gre at Kin g H ith e r c ame e n voys .

hM h
Arrfan
h
S ee -
, n . 20 in fra .

a ma a al ou
hfi huhhM
3 T e r ri ns al on e de fe n ded t e ir c ity wit desp erate v r
.

amp to
hm u u h
X h
T ey nall y se t fire to it , and esc a pe d t ro g t e ac e donian c

t e o n tain s . Se e D iodor u( s Axvii. s to an t s t e river, see

Homer ( Il iad, n 8 7 7 vi 1 7 2 Hor c e Ge r m

Ma u ham a
. iv 6 .
) a ( , .
,

hhh h h a
Ly c ia was or igin all y c ll ed il y s ; b t t e n e w s a a
fte rwards
app lied to t e ig tab l e in t e nort of Lyc i , e xten ding in to Pisidia .

See He rodotu s, i 1 78 . .
 T hA e n abas is o
f Alexan de r .

hhmt h dh
h hm j y h
e P as e l ite s, to t re at for 1
is f rie n s ip, an d to
m h
h
a od
wn i wit ag l o en c r wn ; an d t e a o rit of t e
m y m m
h m obj H o d d hh
ariti e L c ian s als
o h se n t eralds to i as a b as sadors

h
o treat for t e sa e ec t . e r e re t e P ase l ites
u y u d
d p h d by h
s dL h
c ians ho to s rre n e r t e ir c itie s to t se w o we re
es atc m e h m h y i to re c eive t e ; an d t e we re all
u H d hm
h p d h
s d d
rre n ere oo d . e s n af te rwar s arrive i se l f at
m p u
h h hb u d by h
P ase lis , an d
h h y el e t e e n of t at c it to ca t re a

hou y
o
str n g o o
f rt w ic ad ee n c n str c te t e P isidian s
o h om h h
h
to o v erawe y t e c n tr ; a n d sal l in
g f rt fr w ic

mu h d m u
h h dhd
tho b b se u d ar arian s
fl se to in ic t c a age pon t e
P ase lites w o till e t e l an ’ .

CHAPTE R XXV .

Tan or Ans m -
S ON or Aiiaoru
h h
sos os s , s .

W HILE t e k in g was s till n ear Phas elis e rec e ived in

fo rmation th at Ale xan d e r son of Aeropu h
h
s w o wa s n ot , ,

on ly on e of t e Co mpanion s b ut als o at th at time c om

h
man de r of t e Th e ssalian ho rs e was c on sp irin g again st
,

h im This Ale xan d e r was b ro th e r of He rome n es an d

,

h hh h
.

Arr ab ae us w o ad tak e n part in t e murd er of Ph ilip

h h
8
.
,

At that time Kin g Ale xan d e r pardo n e d im thoug h e ,

h
P ase lis wa s a se aport h of Lyc ia on t hu
e G lf of Pamp ylia . It is

h hau h hh
n ow c all ed Te krova .

hhh h h h
H a
h
3
e l so c rowned wit garlands t e st t e of T e odec tes t e r e tori

hm hu
a
ci n, w ic t e e
p po l e of P a s e lis , is n ative c ity , ad e rec ted to is

mm u A
u h
a
h
e ory. a
T is an was frien d n d p p il of ristotl e , t e t tor of
A a lex nder.
( f f A A ( m
See Pl tarc Li e o lex " ristotle N ico . E t ics,

h a mu h h u
vii .

P ilip w s ua a
m a h
3 rde red b y Pa s ni s T ree onl y of is rep ted .

a m m
A h ahu
a A
h a
c c o p lice s H
re known b y n a e , n d t ey were l e xa nde r, ero enes ,

a u A u u
h am a hhm a
an d rr b ae s , son s of erop s T e two l tte rwere p t to de t ; b t .

u
hfi
t e first n a
ed w s not onl y sp red, b t a dvan c ed to ig ilit r ‘

mm
co au A
and for b e ing t e rst to s l te
a m le xande r s kin g Co ps ! .

a a u m
hah mu
u u ( u
h
A
h
C rti s vii ( . J s tin xi . lexander w s cc se d by so e of fc

hA a
giving is f t a er s
'
a rderers Prob b ly t
. e refere n ce w s to is ki
am
tre t m a en t of u u
Oly pic s n d t is lex nder . S ee C rti s , vi. $8 .
 Treason f
o Ale xan der , S on o
f Ae ro u
p s .

ccu hhm u o mpl ic ity

hh m h h
was a se d of c w it t e , b eca se aft e r

h h hh
’
Ph p il i s de at e w as a on
g t e fi rs t of is frie n ds t o
om m m
d h hp hk
c e to h pi , an d, el in g i on W it is b re as t plat e ,
omp m
ho d h m ho o u hou h
ac c an ie i to t e alac e . T e in g aft e rwards
m
homm d hh
s we i n r at is c rt, se n t as ge n e ral in to
i

oy y h
T rac e an d w
h h C en alas t e c an e rof t e T e s s al ian

hd ho p y
1
ho rs e w a y
awa to a v ic e r al t
s se n t e wa
pp s a
d oin te

u d h
to s c c e e t at ge n e ral T e e tails of t e c ns irac .

Wh Am
h
w e re repo drte as f ll ws :
o o en ydn tas d es e rte t o

D u “ o y d
ari s, b e c nv e e tom i m
c e rtain es sa e a nd a
g s

om h A D u h
h h
l e tte r fr t is d
l e xan e r ari s t e n se n t S isin e s , .

on e of h u
is own ou do
fait f l Pe rsian c rtie rs, w n to t e

ud A
hh A d
s e a- c
o ast, np o er oy
re te n c e of i to t izye s , v ic e r of
g n
g
u ommu
h h oud k k
Ph y r gia, b t y re all to c n ic ate wit t is l e xan e r,

Mdo
mp d
h
an d to giv e i h
l e ge s, t at if e w l ill in g
A d D u oud ppo mk
h
le xan e r, ari s w l a in t i in g of ac e nia,
oud m
h do m Bu
an d w l giv e i od dd o
tale n ts of g l 3 in a iti n to
p u d by P m o
dh m h a obj hm o
t e k in g t S isin e s, e in g c a t re
b . ar e ni ,
m o
h hk hob d
tol i t e re l ec t of is is si n Par e n i se n t .

m mm d y ud u d
hm om h hk h h
i i e iate l n er
g ar to t e in , w o
g taine

m
h d p opo d h m
t e sa e in te ll ige n c e fr i T e in g t e n , av ing .

ubj
o h
c ol l e c te d is frie n s, r se to t e as a s ec t fo r
ou h mk
hComp o ho u h h
d e lib e ra
o ti n
h d w at d ec isi n e t t o a e in re gar
g
h A
m y hh hb
to t is d l e xan e r. T e ani n s t g t t at f or

ha y h
erl e o d ad y fi
n ot res l v e wisel in c on din g t e es t

m
uh h
p a rt of is ch valr to a f ait le ss an, and t at n ow it
m u
b b o h h
wa ads b visa le to p t i p d y o t way as s ee il as
of t e

b m mo pop u mo
h
possi le , e f re e ec a e e ve n re l ar a n g t e

M
T e ssalian s an d s ho uld try to e ff e c t s o me re v o l utio nary

h
p l an with th eir aid h y we re te rrifie d by a
. o o re v e r t e
For while Ale xan de r t e k ing
h
c e rtain divin e porte n t .
,

was stil l b e sieging Halic arnass us it is s aid th at e was ,

h h ha h u supra
h
3
T at of t Hell espontine P
e rygi . S ee c ap . xv . .

a p xvii su a
3
See c .
pr . .

3 Nearly
 T hA
e nab asis
f
o Alex ande r .

onc e tak in g re st at mid day wh e n a swallo w fle w

h
-
,

abo u t ove r is h e ad l o u
h
d ly t witte rin g an d p e rc h e d n ow ,

is c o u t c h irpin g mo re
h h
on this sid e of ch a n d n ow on th a ,

n u su On ac c o u is fatigu e c ou

h
n oisil y tha al . n t of e ld
n ot b e ro u se d fro m s le e p b ut b e in g d is qu
h h h , ie te d by t e
so u e b ru But
h
nd sh e d er a way ge ntly with is h an d .

thou s tru m
h h h
g h c k s e w a s s o fa r f ro t ry in g t o e sc a p e t h a t ,

s e p e rc h e d u

h h
pon t e v e ry h e ad of t e k in g an d did ,

n ot d e s is t u

h h
n til e wa s wid e a wak e Th ink in g t e afiair
.

ll o w of n o trivial impo rt e c o mmu

h h
of t e swa n ic a
, te d it
to a s oo th s ay e r Aris tan de r t e Te l missian
h h
l
,
w o t ol d ,

im th at it sig nifie d a pl o t fo rme d by on e of is frie n ds

h
.

He said it als o sign ifie d th at t e pl ot wo u

h
l d b e dis
use t e swall ow was a b ird fon d of man s
h
’
c o v e re d b e c a
,

h
im as we l l as mo re l oq u
h
s oc ie ty a n d we ll d is po se d to a
c iou m
h h h
s t a n a n o th e r b ird T h e re fo re o p a rin t is
y . c g ,

with t e d e po sitio n s of t e Pe rsian t e k in g se n t ,

Amphote rus son of Al e xan d e r an d b ro th e r of Crateras

hh ,

to Parme n io ; an d with im e se n t s o me Pe rgaean s to

hh im t e way Amphote rus p uttin g on a n ativ e
h h
sho w .
,

d re ss s o th at e s ho uld n ot b e re c og n ise d on t e road

, ,

re ac h e d P arme n io b y s te al th
h
He did n ot c arry a l e tte r
.

fro m Al e xan der b e c au

h , se it did n ot a ppe ar to t e k in g
ad visab l e to write op e n l y abou t su c h a ma tte r ; b ut e
h h
re po rte d t e mes s age e n tru s te d to im by word of mo u th .

Co n se que n tly th is Al exan der was arreste d an d k e p t

und er gu ard .

CHAPTE R XXVI .

ALEXAND E R m Ps urs rmA Carruns

— . or Asrs xnu
s

AN D Si ns .

ALs xas ns a th e n mov in g f ro m Ph as el is se n t p art of

his army to Pe rga th ro u g
,

h t e m o un t ains w h e re t e h ,

,
h
S ee c h
a p xi. . upra
s .
 T hA e a
nab sis o
f Alexander .

hbouring b arbarian s b ut a spe ec p ec ul iar to the m h

h
ne ig ,

From that time

h
sel v e s wh ic h
, ad n e v er bef ore e xisted .

t e Side tan s u k a f oreign language unl ik e

h
sed to s pe a

th at of t e n e ighbou rin g n atio n s Having l e ft a garriso n

.

in S id e Al e xan d e r advan c e d to Syll iu

,
m a stron g pl ac e
l
, ,

in ing a garriso n of G re c ian me rc e narie s as we ll as

h
c o n ta

tive barbarian s t h e mse l ve s But e was un abl e to

h h
of n a .

tak e Syl liu m ofi an d by a sudd e n assaul t for e was

h h
'

info rme d on is marc h th at t e As pen dians re f u se d to

pe rform any of th e ir agreeme n ts an d woul d n e ith e r

h h ,

h h
d eliv e r t e horses to tho se w o were sen t to re c e iv e
th e m n or pay t e mo n e y ; b u
h h
, t th at they ad c oll e c te d
th e ir p ro pe rty ou t of t e fiel d s in to t e c ity sh u
h
t the ir ,

m
h h
g a tes a a
g in st is e n an d w e re,
re p air in
g th e ir w a l l s

wh e re th ey ad b e c o me d ilap id ate d He aring this e .

,

marc h ed 0 6 to AS pe n dus .

C HAP TER XXVII .

At s n nns a m Ps arc m AND Premu

h
.

Tax greate r p art of Aspe n du il t u

h
s ad b e en b u pon a
e c ipit o u

h h h
s tron g an d pr s ro c k , at t e v e ry f oo t of wh ic h
fl ows t e rive r Eury medon ; b ut roun d t e roc k , on t e
h
9

lo w grou m y we re n d,
an hou u
of t e c itize n s s e s, s r
’

m A oo
hh
ou d d by
r n e a s all we ll
h y s s d n a s t e . asc e rtain e
A a
d h hhou u d h
t at
h l e xan e r was a r ac in g, t e in
d pp o h b itan ts
dese rte t e wall an d t e se s sit a te on t e low

ou d h h h y hou h h y
ho k Whh d
gr n , w ic t e t u b
g t tp o
e w e re n a l e to r te c t

h ho hp d h hd d
an d t e fled in a
h y body to t e r c . en e arrive
wit is f rc e s, e asse wit in t e e serte wall an d

mwas ab out five

Sylliu mil es from t ha e c o st, b e tween Aspe n dus an d

h hu hAh
S ide .

Cimon t
h h
T is river is c el e b rated for t e nia
3
e do b l e vic tory of e t n

ove r t e Pe rsia Se e Smit Grate ,

’
ns, in 4 66 . s Greec e, p . 252
v ol . v. p 1 63 . .
 Alexander in P h rygia and P isidia .

h hhou h
h
took up is quarte rs in t e se s wh ic h ad b ee n
aban don e d by t e Aspe n dian s Whe n the se saw that
h
.

Al exan der h imsel f ad c o me; c o ntrary to th e ir ex p e c ta

h
tion an d th at is c amp wa m
h h
s e n c irc l in t h e on a l l sid e s
, g ,

im e ntre atin g im to form an

h
the y se n t e n v oy s t o ,

agre e me n t with th em on t e forme r terms Al e xand e r

h h h ,
.

ow u

h
c on sid e rin t e s tre n gth of t e p la c e a nd n re
p
g ,

p are d e was to un d ertak e al on g siege e nte re d into an

h
ag re e men t with th e m tho u m
,

e te rm

h h
h n o t o n t e sa s a s
, g
bef ore For e orde re d the m to give im the ir most
h
.

l me n as hos tage s to h an d ov e r t e horse s

h
in fl u
h
e n tia ,

ad f o rme rl y agree d to give im to p ay

h
w h ic h th e y ,

h hM
1 0 0 tale n ts in stead of fifty to ob ey t e vic eroy appoin te d
,

by im an d to p ay an an n ual trib ute to t e ac e don ian s

h h
.
,

Mo re ov e r e dire c te d an in q uiry to b e h eld abo ut t e

l an d wh ic h th e y we re ac c u se d of hol d in g by forc e ,

hh
tho u u
h
g h it b e l o n g e d of righ t to th e ir n e ig hbo rs .

Whe n all th ese c on c e ssion s ad b e e n made to im e ,

marc he d away to Perga an d th en c e se t out for Phryg ia

h h ,

h
im pas t t e c ity of Terme ssu h ,

h
is ro u te lead ing s T e .

p eopl e of this c ity are fore ign e rs of t e Pisidian rac e , ,

in h ab itin g a ve ry l o fty pl ac e p rec ip ito u

h h , s on e v e ry s id e

d to t e c ity is a dific ul t on e For a

h h
s o th a t t e roa .

mo un tain stre tc h e s fro m t e c ity as far as t e ro ad ,

wh e re it su dd e n ly stops short ; an d over against it ris e s

an o th er moun tain no l ess p re c ipito u Th e se mo u
h
,
s . n ta in s
f orm gates as it we re u
h , ,
po n t e road an d it is po s sib l e
for those w o oc c u py th e se e mine n c e s e ve n with a s mall
u h m
h h
g ar d to r e n d e r t e p as s a g e i p r a c ti c a b l e O n t
.h is

missian s ad c o me out in a body an d

h
oc c asio n t e Te r ,

we re oc c u pying bo th t e mo un tain s ; see ing whic h

h
Al e xan d er ord e re d t e Mac edo n ian s to e nc amp the re
,

arme d as th ey we re imagin in g that t e Te rmissian s

,
h ,

wo u l d n ot remain in a body wh e n th ey saw the m

b iv ouac king b ut that most of them wo ul d withd raw in to
t h eir c ity w ic h wa
, h
,

s n ea r l ea vin g u
,
po n t e mo un tains h
 hA
T e naba
s is o
f Alexan der .

fic ien t me n to f o rm agu
An d it turn e d out
h
o nl y sn ard .

j ust as e c onje c tu re d ; for mo st of t h e m retire d an d

on ly a gu ard remaine d h h ,

h h h
He forth wit took t e arc h e rs
.
,

t e re gime nts of j av el in t ro we rs
h
an d t e ligh te r
-
,

hopl ite s an d l ed the m against th ose w o were guard in g

h ,

Whe n the se we re attac ke d with missile s th e y

h
t e pas s .
,

did n ot stan d the ir gro u b ut aban don ed t e position

h h
nd , .

Al e xande r the n pas se d t rough t e de fil e an d e n c amp e d

nea h
r t e c ity .
,

C HAPTER XXVIII .

Orxaarro s s m P IS ID IA

h h h h
.

Wmt x ambas sadors c ame to im fro m t e

h
e was t e re ,

S e l gian s, w o are als o Pisidian barbarians , in h ab itin g a

Be c ause they happe ne d
h h
l arge c ity , an d be ing warl ik e .

mies to t e Termes sian s th ey ad

h
to b e in ve te rate e ne

d es patc h e d this e mbassy to Alexan de r to tre at for is ,

He made a treaty with th e m an d fro m th is

h
frie n ds h ip .
,

time fo u n d t h e m fa ith fu l allie s in all is p ro c eedin gs .

D e spd ring of be ing able to c ap tu re Te rmessu s w it ho u

h
t a

g rea t l o ss of t im e e m,
arc h e d o n to Sa a
g l ass u s T h is .

h h h
was also a large c ity inh ab ite d l ik e wis e by Pisidian s ;
,

an d thou m
h
g h al l t e P is id ian s a r e w a rl ik e t e e n o f t i s ,

c ity we re dee me d t e most s o

h h h
On t h is oc c asio n t h e y
.

ad oc c up ied t e h ill in fro nt of t e c ity bec au

h h
se it w a s ,

l ls f ro m wh ic h to attac k t e
h
n o le ss s t ro n g tha n t e wa ,

enem y ; an d the re th e y we re awaiting im But Al e x

h h
.

an der d re w u
h hh
t e pha l anx of Ma d o nia n s in t e f oll o w
p c e

in g way : on t e righ t win g wh e re e ad himse lf tak e n

h h h
up is position e h e l d t e sh ie l d bearin g gu
,

h h
, ards an d
-
,

e e x te n d e d t e f oo t Co m a

h h h h h
n e x t to th ese p n io n s a s far a s

h h h
t e l e f t win g in t e o rd e r t at e ac h of t e ge n e ra
, l s ad

h
pre c e de n c e in t e array t at day On t e le ft win g b e .

s tatio n e d Amyn tas son of Arr ab ae u , s as c omman d e r , .

 Op erations in P isidia .

h h
h h
In fro n t of t e righ t win g we re po ste d t e arc h e rs an d
Agrianians, an d in front of t e l e ft wing t e Thrac ian
h h
j ave l in t ro we rs un d er t e c omman d of S ite lce s But
h h
- .

u m o ugh an d
h h h
t e c av alry were no se to i in a p lac e so r

un favo urable T e Te rme ssian s a ad c o me to t e

h
. lso
aid of t e P isidian s an d arraye d th e msel ve s with th e m
h ,

h
.

Al ex an der ad alre ady made an attac k upon t e mo un tain

h
w hic h t e P isidians were o c c u py in g adv an c in g up t e h
most ab rup t p art of t e as c e n t wh e n t e barbarian sh ,

h
fro m an amb u sc a d e attac k ed im on bo th w in gs in a h ,

pl ac e wh e re it was v e ry e as y for th emse l ve s to advan c e

t wh e re t e ro u h
te was v e ry dim cu l t for the ir e n e my
,

h
bu
h h
.

T e arc h e rs w o we re t e firs t to app roac h we re p u

, t to ,

ro u t in asmu s th ey w e re in su ffic ie n tly arme d ; b u

h h
, ch a t
t e Ag rian ian s s tood th e ir gro u
h h
n d f or t e M a c e don ia
, n

h
phalan x was already d rawin g n ear at t e h ead of whic
-
,

Al exan d er h imse l f was see n Wh e n t e b att le b e c ame a

h
.

h an d to han d on e tho ugh t e b arb arian s we re de s titute

h
- -
,

rmou r th e y ru sh e d a ai n st t e Ma d o hop
‘
of a , g c e n ian l ite s ,

an d fe l l wo u
h
n d e d on a l l s id e s Th e n in d e e d th ey gav e
.
, ,

way af te r abo u t 5 0 0 of th e m ad b een k ille d

h
, As th e y .

w e re n imbl e an d we ll ac q u
h
ain te d with t e l o c al ity th e y
-
,

M
the ir re tre at wit ho u t d iffic u
h
e ff e c te d l ty ; wh e re as t e
ac e do nian s on ac c o u rms
h
, n t of t e h eavin es s of th e ir a

an d th eir ign o ran ce of t e roads d u rs t n ot p u rs u e t he m

h
,

v ig o ro u Al exan d e r th ere fore he ld off fro m t e

h
sl y .

fu n d to ok th e ir c ity by sto rm

h h h
i ti es a O f t ho w it
g v , s e .

im Olean d e r t e ge n e ral of t e arc h ers an d abo u

, , t ,

Al exand e r the n marc h e d

h h
t we n ty oth e rs we re sla in .

again st t e re st of t e Pisidian s an d took so me of th e ir

s tro n hol d s by sto r
g m ; o t e r s e hh
wo n o ve r
,

t o i m by h
g ra n tin
g t h e m t e rm s of c ap it u l atio n .
 T hA
e nabasis o f Alexan de r .

C HAPTER XXIX .

Ans w e rs P as rc u
h h
In .

h
Tas s e l: e by t e lak e c all e d
we n t in to Ph rygia, p assing
Asc an ia in wh ic h sal t is nat u
h
1
, c o n c re te d
rally T e .

tive s u
h h h
na se th is sa l t an d do n ot n e e d t e se a at all for
,

th is artic l e On t e fift h day of is marc h

. e a rrive d a t ,
“
h
C e lae nae in whic h c ity the re was a fortifie d ro c k pre
, ,

c ip itou s on al l s id es Th is c itad e l was oc c u p ie d by t e

.

v ic e roy of Ph ry ia w ith a a rris on o f C aria ns a nd

g g
1 0 0 Gre c ian me rc e n arie s Th e se me n de sp atc h e d amb a
h
s .

dors to Al e xan de r p ro mising to s u

h h
sa rre n d e r t e p l a
,
c e to

im if s u c c ou c h t h e m by a da

h
, r did n ot rea y w h ic h a d
b e e n agre e d upo n with th e m n aming t e day ’
This ,
.

arrange me n t see me d to Al e xan d e r mo re ad van tage o u

h
s

h
th an to b es ie ge t e f o rt ifie d ro c k wh ic h was in ac c e s sib le ,

on a l l sid e s to attac k At C e lae n ae e le ft a garriso n of

.

s o l d iers Re mainin g h e re te n days b e appo in te d

.
,

An tigon us son of Philip vic e roy of Ph ryg ia p l ac e d

h
‘
, , ,

Balac ru s son of Am

h
n ta n e ral o v e r t e G rec ia
5
, y s as g e n

al l ies in p lac e of An tigo n u s a n d th e n d ire c te d is marc h ,

to Gordiu m He s e n t an o rde r to Parme nio to me e t

6
.

h
T is lake is me n tioned b y He rodotu
( s h vn . as b e ing n e ar t e c ity

u h
of A It is n ow c all e d Burdu
u h u h a
nava . r .

m
h a h h
H
3
e re Cyr a s t e Yo nger re vie we d is Grec i n forc es n d fo nd t e

hh h M hu h
to b e a H a a a aa
oplites nd pe l t s ts . ere t t prin c e d p l ce

M
a
h(A
nd a p rk, in w ic aa ros e t e rive r e n der, c l ose to t e so r
ce of t e

m u u(
h h
a a rsy X S ee en op on
s .
) nab , i 2 co pare C rti s iii . . .

u u( m u A
h h m u
) a
3 C rti s iii 1 s
a y s t e y a de .tr ce wit l e xan d er fo r s ix ty d ays .

A u
h h h L aa
n tigon s , c a a
lled t e One e yed, w s fat er of D e e tri s Poliorc ete s - .

m
am h hh A M u a
A a
On t e divis ion of l e x nder s e pire e rece ived P rygia, yc i , n d
’

u a u
a a ha ha
P a H
p y li e e v en t a.l l y c q ir ed t e w o l e o f s ia i n or ; b t w s

u
ma h Wh h a a h
a a a
de fe te d n d s l in t t e b ttle of Ip s s by t e llie d forc e s of Cas s nder ,

u m uu
hh
Lysi c y an d Se le c s
s, Ptol e , en e w s sl in e

a
w s in is e ig ty firs t y e ar -
.

3
Balac rus wa s l e ft b y Al e xande r to mman d in E gyp t S ee Arn an
'

co .

( iii
ha h ha hm
.

0 T e c p ital P rygi
of t e old n kings . It was re buil t in t e ti e of

Au
gustu
s , an d c all e d J u
li0 polis .
 Alexan der in P rygiah .

h
m h ho un d e r homm d
h ym
i t e re with t e f rc e s is c an ; an o rd er

arrie d me n
hh
whic h t h at ge n e ral ob e y e d T e n e wl .
-

h
als o, w o ad b ee n d e spatc h e d to Mac e do n ia, n ow arrive d
at Gordiu m, and with th e m an o th e r army wh ic h ad
be en l e vie d, an d pu t un de r t e c o mman d of P to l e my , son h
of S e l e u Coe n us, s on of P ol e moc ra
l
c ns, te s, an d M e l e

M do
ager, son of Ne op tol e mu s Th is army c o n sis te d of
.

h
ac e n ian foot -
s ol d ie rs an d 3 0 0 ho rs e sold ie rs 20 0
-
,

un d e r t e c o mman d
h
Th e ssal ian cavalr y ,
and 1 50 E le an s
Al c ias t e El ean
h h
of .

Gordiu m is in t e Ph rygia wh ic h lies n ear t e

H e l le spon t an d is situate d upo n t e rive r S an garius
, h ,

h
w hic h tak e s its ris e in Ph ry gia b u t flo win g th ro u
h h
g h , ,

t e l an d of t e B ithyn ian Th rac ian s fal ls in to t e Eu

h
x in e ,

H e re an e mbas sy re ac h e d Al ex an d e r fro m t e
h h
S ea .

Athe nian s b e seec h ing im to re l eas e to th e m t e Ath e n

,

hh
ad b e e n c ap tu h
h
ian p riso n e rs w o re d at t e river

M
Gran ic us figh ting for t e P e rs ian s an d we re th e n in
,

ac e do n ia s e rvin g in c h ain s wit h t e two t ho usan d h

,

o th e rs c ap ture d in that b attl e T e e n v oys d e parte d h

h
.

witho u t ob tain in g th e irre q u

h
e s t on b e h alf of t e p riso n e rs
For Al e xan de r did n ot th in k it safe
h h
for t e pre se n t .
,

h h h
wh il s t t e war agains t t e Pe rsian was s till g o in g on to ,

h h
re lax in t e slighte s t de g re e t e te rro r wit wh ic h b e
in s p ire d t e Gree k s w o did n ot d e e m it u n b e c o min
,

for th e m to serve as sol d ie rs on b e h alf of t e fore ig n ers

g
h
h h
h h
again st Gre e ce Ho we ve r e re pl ie d that wh e n e v e r is
.
,

p rese n t e n te rp rise ad b e e n s uc c e ss fully ac ie ve d the y ,

migh t th e n c o me as ambas sado rs to tre at on b e hal f of

h
t e same p e rso n s “ .

W
h T is P tole my was kill ed at t
m u u(
h
hA
e b attle of Issus
(Arrien

h
, n .

a h u h hm h
3 e learn fro C rti s iv 3 4 ) t at
. l e xanderre l ease d t ese p rison ers
am a dors fromAt m
hu m
t t e re q es t of bass en s, w o et i in Syria af ter
is ret rn fro E gypt .
 RIDGE H
II .

EE AI R 1
M
P TIST
'

h
-
l .

( um an as m 1 a m m
P er s —Im ' as

Su h
ft er t is E m mi w im: K ing D ariu imfi za h
h h
es: a s Z
.
p . .

s nint e il mm r
rmm ils r ( if 1 11 3 wf ri
k fl e et a d f un
p n n T e n »
e c - -

Mm u h
h m m h m mh
ac ada ia a
n d (Gre e c e ac q ire d p osses s ion f
cr C i2s ,
m
-
,

m m
h
”
w iniri
‘
w as a id sfl t o i by
' -
e i lr El s n os
-

m
.

lb s m
s aile d to l a i na an d l a b ( W HY t o is s ide all

h fi mm m m m Wh h id s ni fn ini
'

d fl iri
r . ee l ie ad gain e d

a u h h h
h
fi si ca re a
'

an l in g -
tb e g
-
n t t d i e islan d b y
u mm m
hm
a don ble s t oc k ade fro
'

c e n s s notin g e eas il y
-
t o se

m m
h u hh u
g ot tk e u
asts y on t e l fid s ide b y b il din g ve c a ps
-
.

A
hh h h h
art d is fle e t arde d t e ir
p arb o r a d i t r t
p g ,
n ,
n e c e

hh hh
ing t e s ips pas sing b y , e kep t t e re sx of is fle e t as
u u
h
’ dl an d of Le a -es , w ere is
a g ard 0 6 S igri rn , t e ea

M B h m
m Ch o
d h
t eb e s t l an ing lac e fo r trading v e sse ls fro
d p -
i s,

M
u
h
’
Ge rae st s , an d al ea ‘
p y t is e an s b e de riv e . t e
o u u
ityl e n ae an s Bu m of all p e of s cco r by se a . t ean

3 T hh e ot er c ities of Les b os were l et hm a A

y n , n tin a E ra ns an d
, ,

h ha
h h M
3
Now call ed Cape S igri, t e wes t poin t of t e isl nd .

3 T e sout ern point of E u boea, n ow calle d Cape andil i . Cf Home r

.

M
u
h uha
( Ody .
. iii .

T e so t Laco nia n ow c all ed Cape

-
e s tern p oin t of aliadi S t , .

Angel o It was dreaded b y an c ie nt marin e rs :see Home r ( Odyssey ix

h
.
. ,

Ovid ( Am Ve rgil (Aene id, v

M
ara, ii 1 6,
h
. T e re was a say . .

ing — c N c s dd xdwpar
. e
‘
m ddov f dar c txade ( S trabo, v iii p . .

7.
 hA
T e n abas ie f
o Alexan de r .

C HAPTER II .

Tax Pe rsi ans Camus : Traum

a Tun an
— D rrn rrn
ar S n
h
'
.

Arms ac c ompl ish ing this P arnabazus sail e d to Ly c ia

hh h , ,

M
tak in g with im t e Grec ian me rc e naries ; b u t Au
h
top ra
n tim

M h
riu
h
date s saile d to t e other islan ds ea e Da s se n t .

T ymon das son of down to t e maritime dis

h
l
e n tor
, ,

tric ts to tak e o v e r t e Gre c ian au

,
xiliarie s from Pha rna
bazus an d to lead th e m up tc him; an d to te ll Pharna
hh h t e was to b e t e ru l e r of all that Me mn o n
hh
b azu
h h
s t a

ad ru So P arnab azu im t e
h
l ed . s ha n de d o ve r to

Grec ian au iled to join Au

h h
x iliaries a n d th e n sa top ra
dates an d t e flee t Whe n t e y me t t he y de s pat c he d
h h ,
.

D atames aPe rs ian with te n s ip s to t e islan ds c alle d

h h , ,

wh ils t t e y with 1 0 0 sail e d to Te n edu “

hh h
’
Cyc de s , s .

H av ing saile d in to t e arbou r of Te nedu

h
s w hic is
l le d Bo reas th ey se n t a me ssage to t e in h abitan ts
h h
ca , ,

c o mma m m
h
n d in th e to d o l is h t e p ill a rs on whic h t e
g e

t re aty made b y the m with Al e xan de r an d t e G ree ks was

h
in sc rib e d an d to obse rve in re gard to Dariu s t e te rms

h h hh ,

h h
of t e p ea c e wh ic h the y ad ratifie d wit t e kin g of
Pe rsia in t e time of An talc idas
h
T e Te nedians p re .

fe rre d to b e on te rms of amity with Al e xan d e r and t e

h
Gre e k s ; b u t in t e p rese nt c ris is it see me d imposs ib le
h
to sav e t he mse lv es e x c e p t by yie l din g to t e Pe rs ians
h hh
sinc e He e l oc u mm e d by Al e x
,

h g s w o a d b e e n c
, o iss io n

an d e r to c o l lec t ano th e r n aval fo rc e ad n ot ye t gathe re d ,

n t th e m in e x pec tin

h h
so la rge a fle e t a s to wa rra g a n
y
r fro m im Acc ordin g ly P arnab azu
h
s pe e dy s u cc ou

h h
s .

made t e Te nedians c o mp ly with is de man ds rat e r

f ro m fear t h an g oo d will - .

Cf ii 1 3 infra
. . .

Cyc lades ide o sic ap pe l l atae , qu

3
od o mn es amb ian t D e l on partu -

de orum insign e m Amman as , xxxi 8 , 2

"—
. . . Cf Hora c e ( Ca
. m i 14 1 9;
, . ,

iii
. a
s,

3
or Vergil ( Aeneid, ii er
. . .
 T h e P ers ians D ef eated at S ea .

M eame Prote as son of An dro nic us by c o mman d o f

n ti , ,

An tipate r s uc c e e d e d in c olle c ting s hip s of war f ro m

h
l
,

Eu boea an d t e Pe lopo nn e se s o that the re might b e

s o me p r h
,

h
o te c tio n both for t e islan ds an d for Gre ec e
itse lf if t e fo re ign e rs attac k e d th e m b y sea as it was
,

Learnin g t at D atames h ,

h
re porte d the y inte n de d to do .

with te n sh ips was moo re d n e ar S ip n u

h h
’

h
s P ro teas se t ,

ou t by n ig t with fif tee n f ro m C a rip u

h
lc is on t e E u
h h
’
s ,

an d approac hin g t e is l an d of Cyt nu

h
s at dawn e ,

e in o rd e r to ge t mo re c e r n info rma

h h h
s p e n t t e da t he r
y ta i
tio n of t e move me n ts of t e te n s hips re so l vin g at t e
h
me time to fall upo n t e Phoe nic ian s by n ight wh e n
,

h
sa ,

e wo u ld b e l ike ly to strik e th e m with greate r te rror

h
.

Havin g d isc ove re d with c ertain ty t at D atame s was

h
moore d with is sh ips at S ip n us e saile d t hithe r whil e hh
it was s till d ark an d j u st a t t e ve ry dawn fe l l u
, pon h ,

t he m w hen th e y l east e xp e c te d it an d c ap tu
h hh
re d e ig h t o f ,

t e s h ip s me n an d all Bu t D atame s wit

h h
, . t e o the r ,

t wo trire me s e sc a
h h
p e d by ste al th at t e begin nin g of t e
,

attac k made by t e sh ips with Pro teas an d reac h ed t e

h
re s t of t e P e rsian fl ee t in safe ty .
,

h M
ac e doniaan d G reece du
h h M
rin g Al e xan der s a
h
’
T e re ge n t of b senc e .

h h h
On e of t e Cyc lades , a littl e to t e n ort eas t of e l os It wa s-
.

n oted for t e l ow mora See Aris top an es ( Frag

hh
lity of its in ab itants .

me nt 558 ; on t e aut ority of Su

hh
, idas ) .

Eu rip u s p roperly me a

h h h
ns a ny na rrow sea, w e re t e e b b a n d flow of

t e tide is viol en t T e name wa

hh h
. s es pec ia lly appl ie d to t e strait b e tween
fl
M
Boe otiaan d E u
h h
b oea w e re t e anc ie n ts a
, sse rted t e seaeb b e d a n d owe d

sev e n times in t e da

h h h y ( S trabo, ix od e rn o b
. se rve rs a v e n ot iced

T e p rese n t name of t e is lan d Negropont,

h h
t ese e xtra ordina ry tides .
,

is t e Italian name formed from E gripo t e mode rn c orru

M p, ti on of

Eu rip u z Qu od fre tu m que m E u ri p um

h
s Cf Cic ero, p ro uaena x
. . r vii — , .
,

tot motu m varie s ab ere putatis agitation e s fluc tuum,

h
s, ta n ta s ta ,

ua u u a u a a m u m
h
a a “ a
h
b
h
q n t s p e rt rb tion e t q n to s e s t s e t r tio c o i t io r .

Aris to tl e E t ic aN ic om c e a, ix 6 z ré wrowirrwr y a
— u dB ju ara,
‘ '

,
.
p y o r ov w .

W abbit wrap Ra
h h hu
xal of: p or
t .

One of t e Cyc lades , ab out all way b e tween Attic aan d S ip -

n s.
 T hAe nabasis f
o Alexan der .

CHAPTER III
.

ALE XAND ER AT G oamt m

h
.

WHEN Al exan de r arrive d at Gordium e was seize d with

an arde n t de sire to go u h ,

h h
in to t e c ita d l w hi h
p e c c o n ,

tain ed t e palac e of Gord iu

h h
s and is son M id a s He was .

also de siro u n of G ord iu

h h
s of se e in g t e wa g o s a nd t e

c ord wh ic h bou

h
n d t e yok e to t e wa on T h e re wa s a
g .

g r e at d e al of ta l k a bo u t t h i s wa g o n a m o n
g t e n e ig h
b ou rin g popu It was said th at G ord iu
h hh
l atio n . s wa s a

p oor man amon g t e an c ie nt Phrygian s w o ad a small ,

p ie c e of l an d to til l an d two yoke of oxe n He use d

h h , .

on e of the se in pl o u

h
h i n a n d t e o th e r t o d ra w t
g g e

s pl o u

h
wago n . On on e o c c asio n whil e , e wa g h in
g a n ,

e a l e se ttl e d u n d re ma

h h
1
g po n t e yok e a ,
in e d sittin
g th e r e

un til t e time c ame for un yokin g t e oxe n

h h h
Being .

alarme d at t e sight e we n t t o t e Te l missia

h h , n s ooth

yers to c on sul t th em about t e sign fro m t e d eity ;

h h
sa

f or t e Te l missian s we re skil f u l in in te rp re tin g t e me an

h
ing of Divin e man ife station s an d t e pow er of d ivin atio n
h h
as b e en b e stowed n ot o n l y u
,

po n t e me n b ut also upo n ,

th e ir wive s an d c h il d re n fro m ge n eratio n to ge n e ration

h h
.

W e n Gordius was driving is wagon n ear a c ertain

h h m m m
h hh h h
v il l ag e of t e T e l iss ia n s e, e t a a id e n f e tc h i n
g
wate r fro m t e sprin g an d to e r e rel ate d ow t e
h h h h ,

m A
h h h
sign of t e e a g l e a d a pp e a r e d to i s s .e h e r s e l f
was of t e proph e tic rac e s e in stru im to re tu
h h , c te d rn
to t e v e ry spo t an d o ffe r sac rific e to Ze u
h h h
s t e k in g .

Gord ius re qu c c o mp a im an d d ire c t im

h h h
e ste d e r to a ny

ow to p e rform t e s a

h h h
c rifi ce He o ffe re d t e sac rific e in
.

M h h
t e way t e girl su gg e s te d a n d
, a ft e rw a rd s m a r ri e d e r .

A son was born to th e m n ame d id as w o wh e n e

h h
arrive d at t e age of matu an d so me an d
, ,

h
rity wa s bo th
,

va lian t .At th is time t e Ph ry gian swe re h arasse d by

vac, apoe tica

ércrrfi l form for h tfl éadat .
 hA f A T e nabas is o lexande r .

ass re
'
u d h
m h ho d h i t at t e c r ad b ee n untie d in a prope r
Way 1
.

C HAPTE R IV .

Carrm c u At sxmnxs s
— ’
Cos qns sr or . It w ss s AT
Taa
h
ss s .

ut to Anc yra in Galatia wh e re

h h
Tar n e xt day e se n t o
3
,

e was me t by a n e mb a s sy f ro m t e

h
Paphlagon ian s ,

ofle riu u m
h h
d h i a io i a n d to e n te r
'

g to s rr e n e r t e r n t n to

in t o an all ian c e with im; b u t th ey re q u im n ot

h
es te d

He t he re fore c o m
h h
to in vad e th e ir lan d w ith is fo rc e s .

Mh h
man de d the m to sub mit to t e authority of Cal as t e ,

hubj u d h p hh
oy
v ic e r Ph y of C pp do r g ia . arc ing t e n c e in to a a c ia,

h H h h
e s
gate h d all t at art of it w ic l ie s on t is s i e of

muh
h h
t e rive r alys, an d
h
3
yo d c of t at w ic lies b e n it .

h h h
H aving a
ppo d oy C pp o in te S a ic tas v ic e r of a ad c ia, e

hC mp Cy u h( ) h X opho
a van c e to t e Gate s of ilic ia, an d w en e arriv e at
d d C d ‘

hh u d h
°
t e a of r s, w o we n t wit en n an d saw ,

o up d by
h h m
t at t e Gate s w e re o
cc ie s tr n g g a r s, e lef t

m o h
bo u hfi
P ar e n i t e re w it t e re gi e n ts of in fan tr w ic
y h h
mo h y md
hh b h h h
w e re re ea vil ar e ; an d a h t t e rs t watc ,

h
u d
hd d
ta in g t e s ie l d earing g ar s, t e arc e rs , an d t e
k -

A
upo hu
g rianian s , e a v ah
n c e b y n ig t to t e G ate s,
in

h u h
o d
r e r to fall h
n t e h yar d s p
w e n t e l eas t e x e c te d
g
it Ho
. u ob
we v e r, is advan c e was n ot n
d s e rve ; b t i s

Cf Cu s iii 2 ( Z u
rt iu mpt s e dition ) Pl utarc (Alexander, h
h h
’
. .
,

Now cal led An gora In t e time of Al e xan der t e c o u

h h
n try wa
. s

me d G reat P rygia, t e te rm G alatia b eing afte rwards applie d to it,

mh h hw h
na

u 3 rd ce n tu
h ha
fro a t e fact t t it was c on q ered by t e O l s in t e ry s e . .

ma
A aM a hm h
aNow c ll ed Kizil Ir k, i e t -
e Re d Rive r l rgest river in
It is t e
;
. .

, u

h
si in or, n d se p arate d t e e pires of Persia an d Lydia n til t e

u u
hh h uu
c on q e st of t e l atte r b y Cyr s .

h
n d Cilic ia

h
T e c ief p ass ove r t e Ta r s b etwee n Cappadoc ia a It .

m Its modem name is G ol ek

B h
is ore t an fe e t ab ov e t e se a l e ve l
-
.

og u uaz . Cf . C rti s, iii 9—1 1

. . It is c a ll ed Tauri Pyl ae by Cicero
um
h(A
( A
E p is tol ae ad ttic , v . 20 ,
X See en op on nab as is , i 2, 20 ,
.
 Aleaand ’
er s Il l nes s at Tarsu
s .

bold ne ss se rve d h
m qu y
i e all wel l , for t hu d
e g ar s,
p e r

Al e xan d e rwas ad van c in g in pe rso n de se rte d

h
c e iv in g that ,

At dawn n e xt day e
h h
t h eir po st an d se t off in fl ig h t .

p asse d th ro ugh t e Gate s with all is forc e s an d de

h
H e re e was info rme d that Arsa
h h
l
s c e n d e d in to Cilic ia .

me s ad prev io usl y inte n de d to p rese rve Tars us for t e

h h
Pe rsian s ; b ut whe n e h eard t hat Al e xan de r ad al re ady
h h h
passe d th ro ugh t e Gate s e re sol ve d to ab an do n t e
c i ty ; a hh
nd t a h ,

t t e Tarsie n s were the re fore af raid e

wo u l d tu rn to pl u fte rward s e vac u

h h
n de r th e ir c ity a nd a ate
Hearing this Al e xan der le d is c aval ry and t e
h h
it .
,

h
l igh te st of is l igh t inf an try to Tars u s wit a forc e d
marc h ; c on se q ue n tly Arsame s h earin g of is start fled , ,

with sp e ed f rom Tarsu

h
s to Kin
g D arius witho u t in fl ic tin
g
any inj u ry u
h hh
pon t e c ity .

Ale x an de r n o w fell ill from t e to il s e ad un de r

h e c ou n t of Aris to b u us ; bu

h h
g o ne a , c c o rd in
g t o t ac l t o th e r
y ot an d in p ro fuse
h
au
h
tho rs say that wh ile e wa s ver

p e rs piratio n e l e ape d in to t e rive r Cyd n us an d s wam 3

,

h h
b e ing e age r to b athe in it s wate r Th is rive r flo ws .

t hrou g h t e m id s t of t e c ity ; a nd a s i t s s o ur c e is in

mo unt Taurus an d it flo ws thro ugh a c l ean d istric t it is ,

c ol d a n d its wa te r is c l ea r Al exan der the re fo re was

.

se ize d with c on v u c c o mp a

h
l sio n s a ,nie d with h i h fe ve r
g
and c on tin uo u
hh
s slee p l es sne ss N o n e of t e phy sic ian s
.

t hou g t e w a s l ik el y t o s u rv ive
3
e x c e p t Ph il,
ip an ,

Cu h
ys, t at Ale xan derwon de re d at is own goodfortu h
hh h hh h
rtis : (iii 1 1 ) sa
. ne ,

w en e observed ow eas ily Arsames mig t ave b l oc ked u

Cyrus t e You h s e qu all y fortu
p t e p ass
n ding t is impregn a fi h
.

h(A
n ger wa nate in ble
p ass ab an don ed b y S y enn esis , king of Cilic i a
. X Se e en op on nab asis ,

h
i 2,
.

h
Now ca Tera
ll ed oos C a i See Cu
-
rtiu
. s, iii 1 2 ; J u s tin, xi 8 ; an d
. .

Lu c ian (D e D e m o, At Tarsu s t e emperor J u l ian was b u ried See .

Ammianu s, m

hh
1 0, 5
. .

bl y none of t e p y sic ians wou l d ven tu

h h hhh
3 Prob a
re to p re sc rib e , for fe ar
seemed likel y to e n su

h h
of b eing el d r e spon sib l e for is deat , w ic e .

Nine yea , A
rs a fter, w en Hep a e stic n died of ( e ver at E c b ata na l exan der
 ThA e nabas is; o
.
f Alexan der .

Ac arnanian h
h h
,
a phy s ic ian in atte n d a n ce on t e ki n g , a n d
ve ry mu tru im in me dic al matte rs, w o also
h
ch ste d by

e njoy e d a
g re at re p uta t i o n in t e a rm y i n
g e n e ral

Th is man wis he d to ad min is te r a p u

h h
adairs rgativ e
'

draugh t to Al exan der, an d t e k in g orde re d im to

ad min is ter it h
While P il ip was pre parin g t e c up, a h
h
.

l e tte r was giv e n to t e kin g fro m Parme n io, warn in g

h h h
im to be ware of P il ip f or e h e ard th at t e phy sic ian h
h ad b e en brib e d by Dariu oison A

h h
s to l e xa n d e r wit h
p
med ic ine
hh
But e , having read t e l e tte r, and s till
h
.

h
hol din g it in is an d, t ook t e c up wh ic h c on tain e d
h
t e me d ic in e an d gave Phil ip t e l e tte r to re ad W ile h
h
.

Ph il ip was re adin g t e n ews fro m Parme n io, Al e xand e r

h h
hh h
d ran k t e po tion It was at o n c e e vide n t to t e k ing
.

c t in g ho n o u

h h
t at t e physic ian wa s a rabl y in giving t e
me d ic in e, for e was n ot alarmed at t e l e tte r, b ut o n ly
h
so mu h h
c h t e mo re ex ho rte d t e k in

h h h
to ob ey a l l t e o th e r
g
p re sc rip tio n s whic h e mig t give , p ro misin g th at is
h h
l ife wo u l d b e save d if e obeye d is in stru Ale x
h h
c tio n s .

an de r was p u ugh t, an d is illn e ss th e n

h
rge d by t e d ra

h
took a favo u rab le tu
h h
rn He afte rward s p ro ve d to P ilip
.

ith fu l frie n d to im; an d to t e re st of

h hh
that e wa s a fa

h
tho se abou t e p rove d th a t e ad pe rfe c t c on fide n c e in
is frie nd s by re fu
h hh
t ain any s u
h
sin g to e n te r sp ic io n of th e ir

fid e lity ; an d at t e same time e sho we d t at e c o u

h
ld
mee t dea t with d au n tless c o u ra g e
l
.

u hh a hh h
m ufi
ua h
c a sed t e a p ysic i n A w o d attended i to b e c r c i ed. See rrian ,
-

ua h
vii. 14( A Pl t rc lex ande r,
m u u
h h
1
Cf Carti
. , iii 1 4 1 6 ; D iodor s , xvn 3 1 ; J stin, xi 8 ; Pl t rc
.
-
. .

u u u
h hw
A
h a hh
(A lena, a a a wa a
T e b rb ro s c ond c t of l e x nder to rds P il ot s fo r

ha fi hu aa u u hm a h
yea a
rs fte r, w e n c onfitr s te d wit is n ob l e c on den ce in P ilip , s o s

aa
t e b d e ec t of is np r ll el ed s cce ss, pon is or l c r c te r .
 T hA e nab as is o f Al exander .

all o th e r h u man t ings are n ot worth this h

h h
play , sin c e

in g, as in ariddl e , to t e e mp ty so u
h
re ferr n d wh ic h t e

han ds make in c lapp in g It was also said that t e word

h
.

tran sl ate d p lay ad b ee n e xp resse d by amore l e wd on e

h
in t e Assy rian l an gu age .

F ro m Anc h ialos Al e xan der we nt to S oli, in to wh ic h

h h
l

c ity e introd u c ed a a rris on , a n d impo se d u po n t e

g
in h abitan ts a fin e of 20 0 tale nts of sil ve r, b e c au”
h
s e th ey

were more in c l in e d to fav ou

M
r t e Pe rsia n s th a n h imse l f .

Then, h avin g take n th re e re gime n ts of

h h h
ac e do nian in
fan try, all t e arc h e rs, an d t e Ag rian ian s, e marc h e d
h
away th e nc e again st t e C ilic ian s, w o we re hol d in g t e h h
moun tains an d in s e ve n d ay s in all, h aving expe ll e d
h
'

s o me by f orc e , a u
h h
n d ha vin b ro h t t e re s t o ve r by
g g
c o mpo sition , e ma

h h
rc h e d b a
‘

c k to S o l i H e re e as oe r .

tain e d that P tol e my an d As an der ad gain e d t e mas te ry

h h h
3

over Oron tob ate s t e Persian w o was guard in g t e

l so hol d in g My n d u
h
c itadel of Hal ic arn assu s, a n d wa s a s,

m als o
h
Caun us, T e re , an d C all ipolis ‘
Cos an d Triopiu .

ad b ee n b rough t into su bj ec tion They wrote to in form

h h
.

im th at Oron tob ate s ad b e e n worste d in agreat b attl e ;

th at abo u h
t 700 of is in fan try an d 50 of is c av alry ad h h
b een kill e d, an d n ot l e ss th an tak e n priso n e rs In .

S oli Al e xan d er ofle red sac rific e to As c l e p iu s, c on du

‘
'

c tin
g
M h h
Now c all ed e ze tl u It was aB odian c ol ony on t e c oa

h
. st of Cilic ia,

b e tween t e rivers Cydn u mas It was afterwards re named

h ha hm A au h u
s an d La .
-

Pom peiopc lis. T e b irt pl c e of P il e on , rt s, an d C rysipp s.

h am H a a uha
A u bo t
A
h
w a a
s n der as ne p e w of P r enio . efte rw rds b ro g t re
m A m A
ha
A
ah h hu a a u j
inf orc e ( to l exan de r fr Greece ion, iv f ter t e king s
'
e nt o n .

m
ha a A u
de t e ob tain ed t e r l e of C ri , b t oin in g t e p rty of Ptol e y

h aa
a a a
nd C ss nder, e w
def e ted b y ntigon s , n o 8 1 3
s . . .

h ha A a H a hu
T ese were C ri n c ities .

h h
Cos, t e b irt pl ce of p e ll e s n d ipp oc r t es , is o n e o f t e gr o p
um
u h uh h
aa
h u
a a
of isl n ds c all ed Sp or des , 0 3 t e c oa s t of C r i Triopi is t e p ro .

m m
A aM
on tory te r in ating t e a
p e ni n s l a of C n id s , t e so t w e st e dl an d -

of si uu
in or Cf s . ll s , ii 3 , 57 ; P rop ertie s , i 2, 1
. . ii 1 , 5 ; H ero . .

m
h ma A ua u H a h hm a
dot , i 1 74
. .

a C lled by t e Ro ns , esc l pi s. e w s t e god of t e edic l

 Alexander Advances to M
yriandrus .

h
a proc ession of t e e ntire army, c el e b rating atorc h rac e ,
an d s u ing agy mnastic an d mu
h h
p e rin te nd sic al c o nte st He .

g r an te d t e S o l ian s t e p riv i l e g e o f a d e m o c r a tic al c on

stitu tion ; and t h e n marc h e d away to Tarsu

h h
s , d e s pa tc h in g
t e c av alry u s to ma rc h th rou e Al e ia

h h h
n d e r Ph il o ta h t n
g
pl ain to t e rive r Pyramus But e h imsel f with t e
h
l
.

M hM
in fantry an d t e royal sq u adro n of c av alry c ame to
h
h M
agat ane, wh e re e o ff e re d s ac rific e to t e agarsian
Ath en a e m all u
h
Th e n c e
. arc h e d to s , wh e re b e

re n de re d to Amph il oc h u l hon o u rs du
h
s t e sa c rifi c ia e to

h
’
a h e ro . He al s o arreste d tho se w o we re c reat in g a
mon g t e c itize n s, an d th us put a s top to it
h
se ditio n a .

hM
H e re mitte d t e tribu
h
te wh ic h th e y were p ayin g to King
Darius , be c ause t e alliotes were a c ol o ny of t e Ar
g iv e s, a n d e h i m s ehl f c l aim e d t o h a v e s p ru n
g fr o m A rg ,o s

b e in g a d esc e n dant of He rac l e s .

C HAPTE R VI
Mu
.

— D s sms
M u
ALsxas nra Anvas c s s TO vs s nacs .

as c ara s c s sr am
h Mu h hD
.

Wart s was in forme d t at ariu

h h
e was stil l at all s, e s

mp e d with all is forc es at S oc hi aplac e in t e

h
was enca ,

l an d of As syria distant abo u t two day s ma rc h fro m t e

h h
’
,

As syrian Gate s a Th e n in dee d e c oll e c te d t e Com

.

pan ion s an d tol d th em wh at was re po rte d abo ut Darius

art and n o dou h h

b t Alexander sacrific ed to im, and celebra ted t e game s,
,

h
titu h hhh
de for is rec overy from t e fever e a rsu
h h
in gra d a d at Ta s .

T is plain is mentioned in H omer, vi 20 1 ; H erodo tu

h h M
s, vi 95 T e
. . .

mu ll u
M h hh h
large river Pyra s now c all ed J i an fall s into t e sean ear a
, , s .

all u ve b ee n fou n ded by A mp il oc us af te r t e

hh h h h
s wa s sa id to a

hZ
fall of Troy
h
rgos w om eu
m
T is ere was t e son of Am ia
M.

id to ave ma
ra ns t e great p rop et

de immortal agarsu
,

M h M h
of A s is sa s of

M
,
. ,

u e difie ren c e of m

h M
ea

h
ega rsa wa s t e port of
, all s T . nin g b etwee n
_

N ew an d m H us , ii 44 ; Pl u a ( a
'

11 0 is seen f r o erodot t rc r c s
,
.

ha a h
ii p 85 7 D
.
) . .

ua a
U s lly a ua c lled t e Syri n G tes . See c p . v n ote
. s pr .
 T hAe a
nab sis o f Alexander .

h
an d is army . They h
urge d im to l ead th e m on as th ey
At th at time b e c ommen d ed th em
h
we re witho u
h
, t d elay .
,

an d b rok e u u e d th e m

h h
t c o n fe re n c e b t n e xt da e l
p e y

h
fo rward again st D ariu
h h
s a n d t e Pe rsia ns On t e se c on d
.

day e pass e d thro u m

h
g h t e G at e s an d e n c a p e d n ear t e

c ity of Myria n dru

1
bu t in t e n igh t a h eav y te mp e st
‘

s;

an d a viol e n t sto rm of win d an d rain oc c u

h h h
rre d whic h
de tain e d im in is c amp Darius on t e o the r h an d
h h
.
, ,

ad b ee n sp e n ding a l o n g time with is army h avin g

h in in t e l an d of Assy ria whic h stre tc h e s
,

h
c ho se n a pl a

ou t in e ve ry d ire c tio n su itab l e for t e imme n se size of

h h
is army an d c o n v e n ie n t for t e e v ol u
,

h
tion s of c ava l ry .

Amyn tas son of An tio c h us t e d ese rte r from Al exan de r

h ,

advise d im n ot t o aban don th is po sition b ec au

, ,

h h
se th e re
,

was pl e n ty of roo m fort e great mu l titu

h
de of t e Pe rsian s
an d fo r t e v ast q u an tity of th e ir bag gage So Dariu . s

re main e d But as Al e xan de r mad e a l o ng stay at Tars us

h
.

c c ou

h h
on a n t of is il l ne ss an d n ot a sho rt on e at S o l i
, ,

wh e re e o ffe re d sac rific e an d c o n d u c te d is army in

p roc ession an d mo reo ver spen t some time in marc hin g
h ,

against t e C il ic ian mo u in e ers D ariu

h
n ta s wa
, s in d u c ed

to s we rve fro m is re sol u tio n He was also n ot un willing

.

to b e l e d to form wh atev er d e c ision was mo st agre eabl e

h h
to is own wis h e s ; an d b e in g in flu
hh h
en ce d by tho s e w o

m vic e wh ic h th e y tho u t wo u

h
g a v e i t e a d g l d b e p l easa n t
to im witho u t c o ns ide ratio n of its u
h , til ity (for k in gs wil l
al ways have as soc iate s to give th e mb adad vic e ) me
h
e ca

to t e c o nc l u sio n th a t Al e xan d er was n o l onger d esiro u s

d van c in g furt h e r b ut was shrin kin g froman en c oun te r

h
of a ,

rn in g t hat D ariu s himse lf wa s m

h h
on l e a arc in g agains t
im On all sid e s th ey we re u im on asse rting
h h hM
. rg in g ,

that e wo u l d trampl e do wn t e army of t e ac edo n ian s

hu hh
e, b ein g ase ttl e men t of t e P oe nic ia

h hM
A c ity on G lf of Issu
h
t e ns .

Herodotu s (iv . 38 ) call s t e gulf t e yriandric G u lf Cf Xen op on

. .

( An ab i .
, .

Cf Arrian,
. vn . 29 ; Cu
rtiu
s, viii. 17 .
 hA T e nabasis o f Al exan der .

b h ac c o u hh
h h
b e en l e ft e d h in t e re on n t of ill n e ss . T e se e
c ru e l ly mu tilate d an d sl e w . N e xt day e p ro c ee d e d to t e
s Ale x a

h h
t D ariu
h
rive r P i oon a n d e r he a rd tha s

e t e n e ws didn ot se e mto im tru

h h
was in is r st

wo rthy, e e mbark e d some of t e Co mp an ion s in a sh ip

with th irty c ars, an d se n t th e m bac k to Iss u
h h h h
s, t o ob se rv e

wh e th e r t e re port was tru T e me n w o sail e d in t e

h
e .

th irty c ared ship d isc o ve re d t e Pe rsian s e n c amp e d th e re

h h
-

mo re eas ily, be c ause t e se a in this part tak es t e fo rm

h u A
h
of ab a T h y t r fo r b r o h t b a k w o rd t l a d r

a h
y e e e e x n
.
g c o e e

th at Dariu Al exan dg t e n c alle d toge th er

h h
s wa s at ha nd .

t e g e n e rals, t e c o mman d ers of c ava

h
l ry, an d t e l e ad e rs
l l ie s, an d e xhorte d th e m to tak e c o u
h hh
of t e Gre c ia n a rag e
from t e d an ge rs wh ic h t e y ad already su rmo u
h
n te d,

assertin g th at t e stru m
hh
u
hh
gg l e w o l d b e b e t w ee n th e se l v e s

d b ee n p re v io usl y v ic toriou
h h
w o a s a nd a foe w o ad
al re ady be e n b e ate n ; an d th at t e d e ity wa s a c tin
g t e

part of gen e ral on th eir b e half better than himself, by

h h
p uttin g it in to t e mind of D arius to mo ve is forc e s
h
fro m t e sp ac iou in an d s hut th e m u
h
s p la in a na r r o w
p
p lac e , wh e re th e re was su ffic ie n t roo m for t e m to d e e p e n
t h e ir p a hl an x by marc h ing fro m fron t to rear, b u t wh e re
th eir vast mu l titu d e w ould b e use l ess to th e ir e ne my in
h
b attle He add e d t at th e ir fo e s we re similar to t h e m
h
.

n e ither in stre n th n or in c o u

hh g r ag ;e f or t e M ac ed o n a
i n s,

w o ad l ong b e en p rac tised in warl ik e to ils ac c o mpan ie d

M
with danger, we re c o ming in to c l o se c on fl ic t with Pe rsian s
m hh m
h
an d e de a, e n w o a d b ec o e e n e rv a t e d by a l o n
g
rse of l u xu rio u
h
c ou s ea se ; a n d, to c rown a l l, t e y, bein g
t to e ngage in battle with me n w o
h
f re e me n , we re abou
He said , more o v er, th at t e G re e k s w o h
h h h
w ere sl av e s .

we re in t e tw o a rmie s wo u l d n ot b e fig ting for t e

h
Cil ic iab y t e Ama te , an d oc c u u hh
hh hM
an ced gu
h
nie ga in
py g Iss e wit is adv a
rd .

Al e xan de r, w o ad re ac ed yrian drus in Syria, made a c oun termarc

h
t o mee t D a riu Pl u hh
( ex , 20 ) says t at t ey mis sed eac ot e r hh
h h hh
s ta
. rc Al

in t e nig t, w ic is qu ite amistake .

 Alezander s ’
Sp eec hH to is Army .

m obj ec ts ;for tho se with D ariu

h
sa e s we re b ra v in g dan ge r

h
for pay, an d t at pay n ot h igh wh e reas , those on the ir
e v ol u

h
side we r n tarily d e fe n din g t e in te re s ts of Gre e c e .

Again of fore ign e rs t e Th rac ian s Pae o nians Illyrian s

,

h h ,

an d Agrian ians w o we re t e most rob u

, , ,

h
,
st a n d wa rl ike
of me n in Eu rop e we re abo u
,
t to b e array e d again s t t e
mo st sl uggish an d e fie min ate rac es of Asia In ad ditio n
h
'

to all th is Al exan d e r was c o mman ding in t e fie l d again st

,

h
Darius The se things e e n ume rate d as e vide n c e s of
h h
.

th e ir s up erio rity in t e s truggle ; an d th e n e b e gan to

h
po in t out t e great re ward s the y wo uld win fro m t e h
dan ge r to b e inc urre d For e tol d the m that on th at h
h
.

oc c asio n they wo ul d ov e rc o me n ot me rely t e v ic eroy s of

D ariu h ,

h
h
s n or t e c ava
, l ry d rawn u p at t e Gra n ic us n or ,

Gre c ian me rc e n arie s b u ld o ve rc o me all

h b o
t wo u
h
t e ,

ho h
t availa le f rc e s of t e Pe rs ian s an d Me d e s, as wel l
e

bj e c t to th e m d welling in Asia,
h
as al l t e t e r rac e s s u
h
an d t e Great Kin g p re se nt in p e rs o n Afte r t is c on .

flic t n o thing woul d b e le ft for th e m to do, e x c e p t to take

possess ion of all Asia, and to p ut an e nd to th eir many
labou rs . h
In additio n to t h is, e re min d e d t e m of the ir h
ac h ie ve me n ts in t h e ir c ol l e c tive c ap ac ity in
h
b rill ian t
day s go n e by and if any man ad in d ivid ually p e rforme d
r fro m l o ve of gl o ry, h
h
any d is tingu ish e d feat of valo u
h
e

me n tio ne d im by n ame in c o mme n dation of t e de e d

h
1
.

He th e n rec ap it ulate d as mod e stly as poss ib l e is own

h
darin g d ee d s in t e v ario u
h
s ba ttl e s He is also said to.

h ave re min d e d the m of Xe n ophon an d t e te n tho usan d

h h h
me n w o ac c o mp an ie d im asse rtin g that t e l atterwe re
h ,

in n o way c o mparab l e wit th e m e ith e r in n u mbe r or in

g e n e ral e xc e ll e nce B e side s
. t h hh
ey ad, ad w i th t h e m

h h
n e ith e r Th e s sa lian Bo e o tian Pe l opo nn e sian M ac e do n ian
, , , ,

n hors e me n n or a

h h
or T ra c ia n,y of t e o th e rc aval r y wh ic h
was in t e Mac e do nian army ; n or ad th e y any arc he rs

Ct S a
. flnst ( Catil ina, Caesar (Bel l Gal l . .
, n.
 T hA
e nabasis o f Ale xan der .

h h
or sl in e rs e xc ea f pt
e w Cr e tans an d Rhod ia n s, a n d e ve n
g
th ese we re got re ady by Xe n ophon on t e s pu
h
r of t e
mome nt in t e v e ry c risis of d an ge r An d ye t e ve n
h h
1
.

th e se pu is forc e s to rou
h
t t e k ing an d a ll t c l o se to
Babyl on itsel f, an d suc c e ed e d in re ac hing t e E uxin e
h
S e aafte r de feat in g all t e rac e s wh ic h l ay in their way
as th e y we re marc h in g do wn t h ith e r He al so add u c ed .

wh ate v er o th e r argu men ts were suitab l e f or a great

c o mma n d er to u se in o rd e r to en c o u v e me n in

h h
rage b ra

su a c ritic al mo men t b e fore t e p eril s of b attl e

h h h
c Th e y .

urged im to l ead th e m again st t e foe wit out d elay,

c o min g f r om all side s to gras p t e k ing s righ t han d, h
h
’

an d e nc ou ragin g im by th e ir p ro mise s .

CH AP TE R VIII .

As s xuc xn mr or r n u Hosrmi:Aamxs
h
.

ALEXAND E R the n o rd e re d is s ol diers to tak e th e ir din ner

h is horse me n an d arc h e rs
,

h h h
an d h av in g se nt a fe w of

h h h h
forward to t e Gate s to re c onn oitre t e road in t e rear ,

is army an d marc h e d in t e n igh t

h hh
e took t e whol e of

py t e p as s again Whe n abo ut midn igh t e ad

h h
to o c c u
h
.

again got posse ssio n of it e c au rmy t o re st t e

h h h
s ed t e a ,

re ma in de r of t e n igh t th e re u
h h
pon t e roc k s avin ,

po ste d vigilan t s en trie s A“t e approac h of dawn e

h h
.

V
b e gan to desc e n d fro m t e pass alo ng t e road ; an d as
h h h
h
l o n g as t e sp ac e was n arro w e v e rywh ere e l ed is ,

army in c ol u mn b ut wh en t e moun tain s p arte d so as t o

h h ,

l eave apl ain b e t we e n th e m e k e p t on op e n in g ou

h
t t e ,

c ol u mn in to t e ph alan x marc h in g on e l in e of h eav y ,

h(A
um h(u ham h
S e e Xen op on nab .
, iii
.

A ua a m
hh uhu a hh
t C n x .
) K p an 2, 6 does n ot
. en tion t e n e of t e

m
h
l a c e w e re t e b a ttl e was f o g t , b t s ys t a t e was in for ed it was
p
u m m W m ua a
m ua h h
a
onl y 8 60 st dia a
( ) B b o t 40 il es fro ab yl on e get t e n a e C n x
.

fro ( f f
Pl t rc A a a
Li e o a a rtaxerxes , c w o s ys it w s 500 st di
.

( a b o u t 5 8 m il e s) fr om Bab y l on .
 T hA e nabasis f
o Ale s
v andsr .

h
t e p lac e wh e re th e y poste d was able to c o n tain
we re

o nly this n umb e r in a sin gle phalan x

h
l
He also poste d .

me n near t e mountain on th e ir left and fac ing

Al exan d e r s righ t S o me of the se troops were als o in
h h
’
.

t e re ar of Al exan d e r s army ; f or t e mo u
’
n tain n e ar

h
wh ic h th ey we re po s te d in on e part sl op e d a g re at way
b ac k an d forme d a so rt of b ay like ab ay in t e sea an d
afte rward s be n din g fo rward s cau s e d t e me n w o
,

h hh ,

h
ad
b e e n po ste d at t e f oo t of it to b e b e hind Al ex an d e r s
h
’

righ t wing T e re main in g mu

. l titu d e of Darius s l igh t
’

arme d an d h eavy arme d infan try wa s ma

h
- rsha lle d by
tio n s to an u
h
na n se rvic e ab le de p th and pl ac e d be hin d t e
Gre c ian me rce naries an d t e Pe rsian army arran ge d in
h h
'

phalanx T e whol e of t e army with D ariu

. s wa s sa id
mbe rabout fightin g me n
h hh
to nu ’ .

As Al e xand e r ad van c e d e foun d t at t e groun d

d out a l ittle in b readt h and e ac c ordin gly b rough t
,

h
h h
s p re a ,

up is ho rse me n bo th tho s e c all e d Co mp anio ns and t e

,

h
The ssal ian s as well as t e M ac edo nian s an d po ste d th e m
,

with h imself on t e rig t wing h h h ,

h h h
T e Pe l opo n n e sian s .

an d t e res t of t e al lie d fo rc e of Gre e k s e se n t to

h
meratesa am u ha a
h
u u
h a h
en e vy
-
rin c l ding t e c
ed, n ot v lry . Yet Polyb i s
m m
h
tries to prove t t t ere was not roo e ven for t e troop s en

h hh h
tioned b y Callist en e s ,

h h h u hh u A um
aa
h
1
T e dep t of t is sin gl e p l nx is n ot given , n or do we kn ow

a h h
t e exawidt of t e gro n d w ic it oc c pie d
ct ss . ing a dep t of
m u a
hah h
sixteen a a
nd on e p c e in b re dt
,
to eac sol dier, en wo l d st nd

um m
a h h
in t e b re dt of a stadi a of 250 p a ce s ; nd t ere fore e n in

A um
h h h a um a h
b re dt of twe n ty stadia
a ss ing a dept of twen ty six
. -
,

m
h
u
a h hh h M
en wo l d sta n d in t e b rea dt of t e st di , nd t ere fore in

h a h a h Mu Am u h a
a total b readt of 1 4 stadi , w ic is t at given b y Kallist en es r . .

a ah hm
Kin neir states t t t e b re dt b etwee n o nt an s an d t e se
a m il e s — Grote
u h
”

h m um
a
v rie s b etwee n on e nd lf il e and t ree . .

u(
h
9 a
D iodor s xvii ( A n d Pl ta. rc lean, give t e sa e n b e r;
u u um
h hu h
b t J s tin xi 9 says t e Pe rsian s n
( ) . b ered in fantry and
m
h h u
ca valry It took five days for t e
. to c ross t e E p rates over ,

( u u m
b ridge s of b oats C rti s , iiia T e oney l on e of t e kin re
.
g q ired
600 mu les and 3 00 c a mel s to c on vey it ( Curtiu s , iii .
 Alezande r h h f C anges t e D isp osition o His Forces . 97

m o h Wh D u h m h d
hph by h d h
Par en i on t e l e ft . en ari s ad ars al le

y h h hhpo d o h h
is alanx,
o d a p re -
c n c e rte si n a
gl e rec all e t e

h h my
cavalr w ic e ad s te in fr nt of t e riv e r for t e

p upo
hp d h h
ex p re ss d r s e of re n e ring t e arran g ing of is ar

h h ou d
eas y Mo . h s t of t ese e lac e on t e rig t win g near
P m o b u h
h o uo
t e sea f ac in ar eni e c a se e re t e r n was
g ; g
mo u b y A
h m o h u hmou o d h
re s ita le for t e ev l ti n s of c avalr . c e rtain
p art of t e als e l e d p to t e n tain t war s t e
Bu h u
h o h ou d ho d d mo
le ft . h y t w h en t e we re se e n to b e se l ess t e re o n
ou
hh
ac c n t of t e narr wn e ss of t e g r n , e r e re st

d ou d
D u h m o up d h
of t h o e se als jo
to ri e r n to t e rig t win g an d in
o md
hho my muh hu om h
th e ir c h ra es t e re . ari s i se l f cc ie t e c e n tre

h o
of t e w l e ar ,
inas c as it was t e c st fo r t e

m hb
kin gs P k u h po o
of e rsia to ta e p t at siti n , t e reas n of

h h
w ic arran ge o d d by X opho ent as e e n re c r e en n , s on

of G ry l l us .
1

CH APTER IX .

At s m naa C an vas s run D IS PO SITION or me Foac s s

Mmm h
.

Al e xan de r p e rc e iv e d that n e arly all t e

h
ns s wh e n

h
P e rs ian c avalry ad c han ge d th e ir gro un d an d go n e to
h h h
h h
is le ft to ward s t e s e a an d th at on is s id e o n ly t e ,

h h h
P e l oponn esian s an d t e re st of t e G re c ian c avalry we re

h
pos te d the re e se n t t e Th e ssal ian c aval ry th ithe r wit
,

sp ee d o rd e rin g th e m n ot to rid e a

h h ,
l o n g b e fore t e f ro n t
of t e who l e a rra y l e st th ey shoul d b e se e n by t e ,

en em y to b e shifting the ir g ro und b ut to p ro c e e d by

h h h ”
,

h h h h
s tea l th in t e rear of t e phalanx In fron t of t e .

h h
ca va l ry on t e righ t e po s te d t e l a n c e rs u n de r t e
,

c om man d of Protomac us and t e Pae o n ians un de r th at

of A h h h
risto ; an d of t e in fan try t e arc h e rs u
,

h
nde r t e ,

direc tio n of An tio c h us a n d t e Agria n ians u n de r th at of

,

Cf . Arrian iii , . 11 and Xenop h(A on nab .

, i 8 , 21 ,
.

See D onaldson ’
s New Craty lns , sec t . 1 78 .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexander .

A u om h o h
hh d h
ttal s. S h e of d t e caval ry an d arc e rs als e re w
u o m
h h h hh h
p so an aas to f
n
gl e w it t e r
coe n tre t war s t e
1

mou
ph hb
n tain w ic wa s in t e rea r; so on t e rig t is

h o
u
hm body P
alanx ad e e n rawn p se arate in t t wo wing s,
d p d o

hh
u
yo d h ho h h
t e on e fr n tin g D ari s a nd t e ain of e rsia ns

hmou h
b e n t e rive r, an d t e t er fac in g t se w o ad
o

h yo hC
b ee npo d ste at t e n ta in in t e ir rear
h On t e l ef t .

hh
wing t e in fantr c n sisting of t e re ta
h n arc e rs a nd

ud omm d
h yo d h
t e T rac ians n er c an of S italce s we re
po d s te

h m
in fr n t ; an d e f re t ese t e cav alr t war s t e l eft
o b o h .

u
hp d h hpha
T e Gre c ian e rc e n a d
rie s we re rawn p as are se rv e for
h m Wh
hh h
all of t e en e. e rce ive t at t e lan x to
md k y h
hP h o d by h
wards t e rig t was too t in , an d it se e e l i e l t at
mh
h
o ud u
hComp o
t e e rsia ns w l o tflank i e re c n s i e ra l , e

qud o
A h
r e re two s
o d d a r ns of t e yan i n c avalr , viz t e .

mu h u
h h h
nt e sia
’
h h
n , of w ic Pe roe das , son of
M e n e st e s, was

c a ta
p in, an d t at w ic
h d u
wa s ca ud
ll e Le gae an , n e r t e
omm d u
om h h h hou b
c an of Pan tordanp o d s , son of Ol ean de r, to r c ee

om h d h h hA
fr t e c e n tre H to t e rig t wit t e in g s e e n . av in g

h m h h ho
als arc p
arc ers, art of t e
t rian ia ns an d of
e e g

h d d hph b yo d h hP
t e G rec ian u o
e rc e n arie s p al n
g is rig t in t e fr n t,

Bu h ho hhb po d upo hmou

e e x te n e is alanx e n t e win g of t e e rsian s .

h
t w en t se w o ad e e n ste n t e n tain
m d by
h h
did n ot esc e n , a c arge was
d d h ae a fe w of t e
A A
h u om hoo h
’
g ria n ian s an d
h ar c e rs d
at o d
l e x an e r s r e r, b y w ic

y u
humm hd d d h
h y
t e we re e asil p t to t e ro t f r t e f t of t e
mo u A h y
houd m k u hm hhb d u
n ta in s t e . fle d to t e s it e e c i e t at

k p h u h k hph
e c l a e se of t e en w o ad ee n rawn p t o

ee h kt e se in c ec , to fil l p t e ran s of is alan x .

h(
ha h
Cf Xen op
. Cyrap ae dia, on
vn 1 , .

rb e l a, A n men tions eig t dist in c t

h
n de scrib ing t e b ttl e of A

M ah hh
3 I rria
squ lry , w ic was kn own b y t e n ame
hm h
adrons of ac e doni n eavy cava
Amon g t e squ
M hA
of t e Co panion s adrons
. a sever l , if n ot a l l , were
am a rtic u
hu
la a a, as
hmu a
n ed f te r p a r towns or dis tric ts of ce doni ere , n

We al so fin d mention of t e sq adrons of Bottiaea

Am h a
t e s, n d Len ge .
,

p ipolis , nd A ll ia S al Arria i 2 i 1 2 iii 1 1 -

p o on ee so n .
; ; , . . . .
 hA f A T e nab asis o lexan de r .

in o d r e r tomh by h p d y
alar h t e P ersian s t e ra i it of t e ir on

by o m
om h h
se t, an d oo o c in g s ne r to c l se c on flic t to re c e iv e l ittl e
d m A u d u ju A
d ho j u d hb b m
a age f r t e arc ers. n dit t rn e o t st as le x

hp hP
an e r ad c n oo as t e attl e e c a e
ec t re for as s n

my
h
a an to an on e, t e art of t e e rsian ar
h d h d -
o d sta ti n e
u ou A
hm y Bu h
on t e l e f t win g wa s
p t to r h t and d
e re l e xa n er

hM
an d is e n won a
b rill ian t v ic to r t t e Gre c ian .

m ud D u
hpo h h y
e rc e na rie s se rvin g n er ari s attac e d t e
k ace

hM do ph h
do n ia na a t t e in t w e re t e h sa
phw t e ir alan x

hh
p
e s e c iayd o d d
ll is r e re For t e ac e nian alanx . ad

d hh o h
b een b ok d jo d
r en d an d is in e to war s t e rig t win g
b ec au A se ad c arge d in t
l e x an h er t e riv e r wit e a er
g

b k h u h
n e ss , a n d e n agin
g g h d
in a an h d o fl
to a n dy - -
c n ic t was alre a

h
drivin g ac t e e rs ian s
P po d hs te t M ere ; b t t e ac e
u h h qu
hb k p
don ians in t e c e n tre didn ot e xe c te k t eir tas wit e al
m y p
ho h
p d
s ee ; a n ddfi n in
g an ar ts o f t e an s te e an d
u b
hm hu
p p ou h y
rec i it s, p t e we re na l e to re s e rv e t e fr n t of t e

hm h m
ph alan x in t H h e sa e l in e . e re t en t e str ggl e w as

D u
p uh h o h
d p es e rate t e ai of t e G re c ian e rc e n arie s of ari s

h o y hou h h
b e in g to M do b k
s t e ac e n ians ac in t t e riv e r, an d

h m hM do b
re gain t e v ic t r o y
, t g t e ir own f rc e s were al read
’

h
fl in
y g ; t e ai of t e ac e n ians e in g n ot to fall
A ood o u
h hoy hph
’
s o rt o f d le x an h h dyer s
g f rt
-
n e, w ic was alre a
m
m hb
an ife s t, and n ot to tarnis t e
gl r of t e alan x,
h hu o mmo y
h y h h
w ic h p to t at ti d e ad ee n c nl asse rte to b e

h
in vin c i l e
b M o . ore ve r t e fe el in g of rivalr w ic e xiste d

ho
b e twe e n Grec ian an d ac e n ian rac e s in s ire e ac
t M do
e p d h
si e in t e c n flic t
d H P o my
e re fe ll t le , s on o fuu
S e l
. e c s,

y o h M do
hm
afte r r vin g i se lf a v alian t
p o m b d bou
an , e s i e s a t on e
hu d d
n re an d twe n t t er ac e n ian s of n om ean

re p ute .
1

h Al exande rs side 504 were wou

h M
Curtiu iii sa t at
’
s ( 29) .
ys on n de d ,

u (
h
and 1 8 2 kill ed . D iodor s xvii . 3 6) says t at 4 50 , ac edonians we re
kill ed . Justin ( xi . 9) st a tes t at 28 0 we re sl ain .
 D ef eat an d Fl ig t hf o D arius .

CHAPTER XI .

DEFEAT AND FLIG HT or D s s w s

h h
.

Has su rou t e re gime n ts on t e righ t win g pe rc e iv in g

h h
th at t e Pe rsian s oppo se d to th e m a d alre ady b e e n p u
,

h h
t
to ro u t w ee le d ro u
, n d towa rd s t e Gre c ian me rc e n arie s
riu c h me n t

h h h
of D a s an d th e ir own h ard p re sse d d e ta -
Hav .

in g d rive n t e Gre e k s away from t e rive r t e y e xte n d e d

h h h
t h e ir phalan x b eyo n d t e Pe rsian army on t e sid e wh ic
,

h h h
h
ad b ee n b rok e n an d at tac k ing t e G ree k s on t e fl an k ,

t th e m u
h
we re al ready b e gin nin g to c u
h p Ho w ev er t e .

h h
Persian c avalry whic h ad b e e n po ste d oppo site t e
The ssal ian s did n ot re main on t e o th e r side of t e rive r
h h
d urin g t e s truggle b ut c ame th ro ugh t e wate r an d
hh ,

made a vigo ro us attac k upo n t e T e ssalian s q uad ro n s

h
1
.

In t his p lac e a fie rc e c av al ry b attl e e n su ed f or t e P e r

h
u u
h h
s ia n s did not i w a n til th e y p e rc e iv e d th a t D ari s
g v e y
ad fle d an d t e G re c ian me rc e n aries ad b ee n c u t u
h h p by
t e phalanx an d se v e re d fro m th e m
h
Th en at l ast t e .

h h
fl igh t of all t e Pe rs ian s was p l ain ly v isib l e Th e ir .

ho rs es suff e re d muc h inj ury in t e re treat b e c ause t e

hh
ride rs we re h e avily armed
9
an d t e o rseme n th e mse l ve s
,

b e in g so many in n umbe r and re treatin g in p an ic te rro r

w itho u
h
t an y re gard to orde r alo n g n arro w roads we re ,

trampl ed on an d in j u
h
red n o le s s by ea c h o th e r th a n by t e

p urs uing e ne my T e Thessalian s also fol l o we d the m up

h h h
.

w ith v ig ou
h
r so t at n o fe we r of t e c aval ry th an of t e
,

in fan try we re s lau

h
3
g h te re d in t e fl i ht
g .

Bu t a s soo n as t e l e ft win
g of Da riu s wa s te rrifi ed and

Polyb iu h h u Art ian ures

h h
a h h
s w , o lived ne arly t ree c e n t rie s b efore , c en s

hh a h
Call is t e nes for asse rting t t t e Persian gaval ry cross e d t e riv er
ru No dou b t Art ian rec e ive d t is
h
P in a s and a ttac ke d t e T e ssali n s .

inf ormation it e mt e lost works of P tol e my and Aristob ulu

h h h
s ( Pol y , xii . .

m of m word u
hA ha
is t e poe tic al for dvafld s, t e se d b y Xen op on ,

Plato , an d ot er ttic writers . T e l tter is foun d onl y on ce in A rrian

M
( III. xiii
.

fl réiv " ( Gr is artin ’

s e men dation forb (it:" flis e .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexan der .

ou d A hP k p d h
hp h my om h
r ted b y lexan e r, an d t e e rsian in g erc e iv e t at

h ho o
ho u
uh d y h
t is art of is ar was se ve re d fr t e re st, wit t

h h ju h
any f rt e r el a e b egan t o fle e in is c ari t al n g

hh o o hm h ou d h
wit t e o y d first,
y st as e was .
1
He was c nv e e safe l

u h h h d upo
in t e c ari t as l ng as e et wit l e v el gr n in is

ou d h hh o h h
flig t h oh ou h
b t w en e l ig te n ravin e s a nd t e rr
g
hm
h h
g r n , e l ef t t e c ari t t ere, dive sting i sel f of is
m
ud h h h
s h d ie l
M d an d e ian an tle . He ev e n l e ft is b ow in t e

mou
h
c h o ari t ; an d
ho o
n tin
g a rse c n tin e is flig t T e .

ni
g h t ,me on s oo n af te r alon e
wh ic h ca , re sc ued im from
b e ing c apture d by Al exan d e r; for as l on g as th e re was
h h
9

d ayl ight t e latte r k e pt up t e pursuit at f ul l s pee d But

h h
.

wh e n it b e gan to gro w dark an d t e grou

h h
n d b e f o re t e

f e e t b e c ame in v isib l e e tu m
h h h
rn e d b ack a ain to t e c a p
g , ,

M
af te r c ap tu riu
h h h
rin g t e c h a rio t of D a s with t e sh ie l d t e ,

n ma For is p u rsu
s
e dia n tl e a n d t e b ow in it ,
it ad .

Cu rtiu nd D iodoru h
h
s (iii 27 ) a s ( xvn
. 3 4 ) give a grap ic de sc ription .

rge ma de b y Al e xander u riu n gu

h
of a dire c t c a pon D a s, an d a sa in ary
fl
c on ic t betwee n A n ders b ody gu

hhh h
l e xa
’
ard and t e Persian n ob le s , in -

w ic t e G reat King s orse s were wou me un manage ab l e ,

h h
n ded a n d b ec a
’

eu u u m u m W m
h hh h
w er po n D a ri s g o t o t o n t ed a o e ,
, a n d fl e d e l e a rn f ro .

Pl u m A m
h fl h hh hhh
ta rc ( Al e x , 20 ) t at C .a r e s a fi r ed l e x a n de r c a e i n to an d
riu t e rec eive d awou
h h h
to an d c on ict wit D a
-
s, a nd t a nd in t e t ig

from t at king s sword Pl u

hhh h
A
hhh
tarc sa a a d w ote to A
’
ys .t t l e x n e r r n ti

pate r t at e ad b e en wou wit a dagger, b u

h h h h h
n ded in t e t ig t did n ot
m u u m
h h h
say b y w o H e a l so w ro
. te t a t n ot in g se ri o s a d r es l te d fr o t e
wou T e acc ou n t of Art ia r t e most tru
h h
nd . n is fa stwor t y Callis .

t Al e xa n de r ma ck u ariu
h hh
t en e s stated t a de a dire c t atta p o n D s ( Pol y

We know from Xenop on t at t e Persian kin gs were in

hh h h h
bins , xii .

ab it of oc c u u rc u
h h h h h
t e py gin t e c e n tr e , a nd t a t C y r s d irec te d C l ea s to

make t e attac k again st t e person of is b rot erArtaxerxes at t e battle

of Cu h Polyb iu h
s see ms to h ave b een ign oran t of t is c u stom of t e

hh h h h
na xa .

Persian kin gs w e n e wrote is c ritic ismon t e state men t of Call ist en e s

h h
.

A h h
a
h
9
d¢ el ( e ro. On t is word se e D on ldson New Craty lns , sec t . Cf .

u(
esc u yl ( X s ( Persae , T c ydides iv . e n op on Hel l enics , i .

h h a M h a
2,
a
hu m X
3
T e vic tor G re e ks n d
ie s of c e donian s ov er t e Pe r
t e si n s we re

m u m
h u X a m( A h
ate rial ly ide d b y t e p sil l ani ity of erxes an d D ari s
a Co pare .

Ma
u u m
w h h
t e c on d c t of erxes t S a l a is H e rodot s , viii 97 ; esc yl s , P ae , .

—
)
4 65 4 70 , it a a a u
’
a A
r P ley s n ote a ( A a
nd t . t of D ri s t rb el n i n,
-

iii .
 ThA e nabasis o
f Alec ander

h
.

a military
p e dition T e c onse quen c e h
h
ewas go in g on ex .

mp n o more than
h
was, that in t e ca
1
talen ts we re
p ture d ; an d soon after t e mon ey in Damasc us was
h
ca , ,

al so se ize d by Parme n io w o was d es p atc h ed thith e r for

,

h
M
that v e ry p u Su e sul t of th is famo u
h h
rpo se c h wa s t e r. s

b attl e (whic was fo ugh t) in t e mon th aimac te rion

wh e n N ic o s tratu s was arc ho n of t e Ath e n ian s
9
h .
,

CH APTE R XII .

Kmn TREAT M FAM

ENT or ILY D As w s
’
s .

THE n e x t day Al e xan de r tho u u m

hh
u
h h
, g h s ff e rin
g,
f ro a w o n d
wh ic h e ad rec eiv e d in t e th ig fro m a s wo rd v is ite d
h
t e wo u h h
,

h h
nde d an d ha v in g c o ll e c te d t e bodie s of t e s la
, in ,

e ga ve th e m a s p l e n d id b u rial with a l l is fo rc e s mo s t

h hh
b ril lian tly marsh alle d in o rde r of battl e He also s pok e
h
.

with e u l ogy to t o se w o m e h ims el f ad re c o g nis e d

p e rformin g an y gallan t de e d in t e battle an d also to h
tho se who se e xpl oits e hh
ad l e arn t by re po rt f u l ly c o rro
,

bo rate d He lik e wis e ho n o ure d eac h of th e m ind iv idually

h
.

with a gift of mo n ey in p ropo rtio n to is d e se rt

h
3
He .

th e n appo in te d Balac ru
h
s s on of N ic a n o r on e of t e roy a
, l ,

body guard s v ic eroy of C ilic ia; an d in is p lac e amo n g

h h
-
,

h
t e body gu
hh
ard s e c ho se M e n e s son of D io ny siu
-
s In
, .

t e roo m of P tol e my s on of S e l e u cu

h h h
, s w o ad be e n ,

h
k ill e d in t e b attl e e appo in te d Polyspe rc on s on of
, ,

S immias to t e c omman d of a b rigad e He re mitte d to

h h h
.
,

wh ic h we re stil l du
h
t e S olian s t e fifty tal e n ts e of t e

money impose d on the mas afin e an d e gave the m bac k

h
t e ir ho s tage s .
,

Ab out
Oc tob er or b eginnin g of Novemb er
h h h
9 333 e n d of .

Al exan der e rec te d t re e al tars on t e b an k of t e Pin aru us Z

h h
9 s , to e ,

Herac l es an d At ens ( Curtiu w o was proconsu

h h
, s iii Cice ro
, .
, l of
l tars of Al e xa foot of Aman ns ”

hh h
Cil icia sp eaks of t e a
,
n de r at t e an d ,

say s t at e e n c amp ed t e re fou r da y ( p

s E is tolae ad D ivm os , xv .

Ab out
 Kind Treatmen t o
f s s Famil
D ariu y
’
.

h h
N or did e tre at t e moth e r, wife , an d c h il dre n of
D ariu h
s with n e gl e c t ; for s o me of tho se w o h a

h h
v e writte n

Ale xan de r s h is to ry say t at on t e ve ry n igh t in wh ic h

h h h
’

e re tu rne d f ro m t e p u rs uit of Dariu

h h
s , e n te rin g t e

Pe rsian k in g s te n t, wh ic h ad b e en s e le c te d for is u
hh h
’
se ,

rd t e l amen tatio n of wo me n an d o th e r n o is e of a
h
e ea

s im il ar kin d n ot far from t e te n t

h
In q u
hh
irin g th e re fo re .

w o t e wo me n we re , an d w y th e y we re in a te n t so n e ar,
h n s we re d by s o me on e a h
h h
e wa s a s fo ll o ws 0 k in g , t e
mo the r, wife , an d c il dre n of Darius are lame ntin g for im
h
as sl ain, s in c e th ey hav e b e e n in fo rme d th at tho u has t is
hoy m hh h d hb
WhA h h
b ow an d is r al an tl e , an d t at is s ie l as ee n
”
b ou h b k
hCom o h m h j u
r g t d h ac . en le xan er eard t is, e se n t

u
hfl h
Le on n at s,
l
on e of is pan i n s, to t e ,
wit in nc

h m D u
h hm m hh o
o
ti ns to te ll t
-
e ari s is s til l al iv e ; in is ig t

ho y h hh A d h
e l e ft an d an tle in t e c ari t ; an d t e se are
is ar h s
”
u
d h od h m h
t e n l t in gs of is t at l e xan e r as Le on n at s .

e n te re t e te n t an d t l bo u D u
t e t e n e ws a t ari s,
mo o h A o ud o h m
h
sa in g,
y d
re v e r, t at le xan e r w l all w t e to
u b
h qu hh u d k
re tain t e s tate an d re tin e
h o efittin g t e ir r yal ran k, as

h d u h
we l l as t e titl e of e e n s ; for e ad n ot n e rta e n
D u om
h o du d hmp
t e war a gain st a ri s fr h a fe e l in
g o f atre , b t e

m m
h m
ad c n c te it in a l e git i ate an n e r fo r t e e ire
A uh P o my A
h h
of a
si .
-
S c are t e s tate e n ts of t le an d ris
u Bu h
ho o o h
tob al soh . po9
t t e re is an t e r re rt, to t e e ffe c t t at
A d hm
h hm
on tf l l wing day
e l e xan er i s el f we n t in t t e

mp
hmo h D u b h h
ten t, ac c o an ie al
d o by ne He p ae s tic n on e of is Co
p o
an i ns . do ub
T e t e r of ari s,
3
e in
g in t w ic

h h
T is distin gu h
h hM
ve d Al exa

h hh
is ed gen eral sa ndia
’
9 n der s life in I , in t e

assau allian s Afte r t e kin g s deat , e re c eive d

hu h ha
’
l t on t e c ity of t e .

hAha u hu a hm h
t e r le of t e l esse r or He ll e spontine P rygi . a
He w s de fe te d a
n der A

h aa h
a a
n d sl in b y t e t eni n s n tip il s , gain st w o e wa s

A D iodoru
u h ( h
fig ting a n ll i nce wit n tipate r, 3 23 See . s , xviii 1 4 1 5 ; .
,

Pl tarc P oc ion .
9
Compare D iodoru s , xvn 8 7 , 38 ; Curtiu s , iii 29—3 2 . . .

9 Named Sisygamb is .
 hA T e nab asis o f Alexander .

th e m wa hk (
in g for the y ad both arrayed th e m h
hm y h
of s t e

se l ve s in t e sa e st l e of d re ss , we nt u to He

h h hh
) p p a es

tio n , b ec au
h h
se e app e are d to er t e tal ler of t e two,
and pro strate d h ersel f b e fore im Bu
h d po d u A d
t wh en e d re w .

h hk h h m d hm k
b ac k an d one of
, a n t ser a i
tte n
n te o t l e xan e r,

Bu h o d hh h
sa yin g e was t e in g, s e w as as a e of e r ista e ,

H h
an d wa s g ing to re tire
o k t t e in g t l. er s e ad
made n o is ta e, f or ep ae stic n was als an l e xan er
m k o A d .

Th is I rec ord n eith er b e in g su re of its tru th n orth in k in g

it al toge th e r u bl e If it really o cc urre d, Ic ommen d
h h
nre lia .

Ale xan der for is c omp assionate tre atment of t e wo me n ,

h h h
is c omp an ion , an d t e h
h
an d t e c o nfide nc e e fel t in
hon our b e sto we d on im b ut if it merely see ms pro
b abl e to h istorians th at Al exand e r wo ul d h av e ac te d
an d spok e n th u s , ev e n f or t his re a s o n It in k im wo rthy hh
of c ommen dation .
1

CH AP TER X III
MO
.

F LIGHT or ACED NIAN D s s nnrs ss mo Emma P ao

—
casn mos or AGIs KING
, or S PARTA .
— ALEXAND E R
oc c u
p Ixs P HO EN ICIA

hh
.

fle d th ro u n ts ; b u

h h h
DARIUS g h t e ni
g t with a fe w atte nd a t
d aytime , pic king up as e wen t along t e Pe rsian s
hh om y u
in t e

m
hb hh m u d h omm d
an d Gre c ian e rc e narie s w o ad c e safel o t of

t e attle , e ad in all en n er is c an .

In al e tte r written by Al e xa rmenio, a c t from w ic hh

h hh h
n der to Pa n e xtra
is prese rve d by Pl u
h h a u ha a h
tarc (Al ea , e s ay s t at e n e ver sa w n or en te r

A a a h a h u h
a
t ine d t e desire of seeing t e wife of D ri s, w o w s s id to b e t e
m au u ma m
h h a u h au
ost b e tif l wo n in a
si ; nd t t e wo ld not ll ow i se lf to

Amma u (
listen to t ose w o spoke b o t er b e ty Cf i n s xxiv 4 ,
. . .

u u au m u u a a
m aum u hu
a
spe kin g of J l ia n a
E x virgin ib s te , q e spec iosae s n t c p t e ,

u
um u h
a t in Pe rside , b i fe in r a
p l c rit do e xce llit, n e c c on trec t re

a um u A a u m m au A
l iq a vol it, n ec videre z l e x n dra i it t s et fric an , q i ec

dec l in ab ant nafra

, n ger eturcu p iditat e , q u i se in v ic t os ala b o rib us u b ique

p raes titerun t .
”
 hA f A T e nabasis o l exande r .

d hh p h h hb h udu
h h h y hp
t h y
e se ize ho
t e s i s w ic ad een a le p on s re
ou y b po d o m
h
in w ic t e ad re v i sl een tran s rte fr
h y u h d m y
h u hu o y h h hy bu
Les bo s ; t h e y la nc e as an of t ese ve ss e l as t e

m
hd k o
t o
g t s flic ie n t to c nv e t e , an d t e re st t e rn t
upp y h my
hhm
h
t e re in t e oc s, in rde r not to s l t e ir e n e

wit t qu k y p u u
e h m ea
h yns of ic l rs in g t e . T e fle d

Be rytu nd Acc o or Ptol ema h

h
s Tripolis a
, ,is Its c en tral position b e tween .

nd western c ou rly devel oped its c omme rc ia

h
t e ea s te rn a n trie s ea l powe r
, ,

an d its in te rc ou rly period p rodu

hh
rse wit fore ign n ations a t an ea ce d a n
advan ced state of civilization and re fi ne men t T e P oe nic ians were a
h h
.

Semitic nation like t e Israe l ites ; an d t eir l angu age bears aremarkab l e
m hh h h
a nity wit t e Heb rew as is see n b y fragme n ts of t e Cart aginian
M
,

langu age pre se rved in Pl au tu

h h
s In a n in sc ription disc over eda t . arseill e s
in 1 84 5 ou t of 94 words 7 4 were fou
h h h h
, n d in t e Heb r e w Bible T e .

P oen ic ian s were asse rted b y t e G ree ks to ave c ommu ted to t em

h h m h
n ic a

h h
t e k nowl e dge of l e tters ; an d t is state e nt is c orrob orate d b y t e
m
h a h u
si il arity of t e Heb re w an d anc ie n t G ree k l e tte rs T eir c ol onie s .

m u
h h A M a B h h
s pr
e ad fro Cypr s to Cre te an d t e Cyc l de s, t e nce to E b oea G reec e , ,

h m a h h mm hB a a
a n d T ra I e c oasts of sia in or n d it ynia we re dotted wit
‘
ce .

h h hh
t e ir se ttle en ts , n d t ey c arried t e ir c o er c e in to t e l c k Se .

h h hh
T e y al so a d c ol onies in S ic ily S ardinia, Ivic , an d S pain w e re t ey
a , ,

A a a
hm fl u h hha a h
u
hh
fo n de d Cadiz T e nort e rn c oast of
. fric w s lined wit t e ir

ha h a h a hh
c ol on ie s, t e ost a
o ris in g of w ic w s C rt ge w ic rose to b e ,

h h ha
on e of t e gre t p ower a a
s of t e worl d Str b o s ys t t t ey d 3 00
.

A a
h u h h a
c ol on ie s on t e we ste rn c oa st of fric T ey visite d t e c o s ts of E ng .

u um
ham m B a a h a a
a a
l n d for tin ; nd t s, to q ote t e words of H b ol dt , t e Tyrian fl g
u ”

h h h h
a
w ve d at t e s e ti e in rit in n d t e I n di Oc e n H erodot s .

u
ma a A a uh a h
h
( .
) a a
iv 4 2, 4 3 says t t nder t e p tronage of N c o, king of E gypt t ey
a ,

u
h a hh ha h h
a h
c irc n v ig te d fric ; b t e state s t t e does n ot b e l ie ve it was
a

a hu a
h h hh hhh
a
f ct . T e re son w ic e a
ssign s for is disbel ief is, t t t e navig
m
huh h a m aah
to a
all eged t t t e s n w s on t eir rig t n d, w ic is t e stronge st
um a u
h hh h h u
arg e n t in f vo r of t e tr t of t e ir st te e nt In Is i xxiii 1 1 . .
,

hB h
aa B
hm h
a
P oe nic ia is c ll ed Ctn n , w ere t e E n glis ib l e as erron eo sl y ,

m u u
m h au hh a h a mm a
e rc a In t e ib l e t e word Cénaani is freq entl y sed
'
t e nt c ity .

aah
for e rc ants, b ec se t e P oe nic i n s were t e prin cip l c o erci l

u (
Z h Z h h
e
p po l e o f an tiq ity J ob xli 6 ; P ro v x xx i 24 ; I s i. xxiii 8 H o
. s x ii . . . .

ah h
7; ep . i 2 . ec . xiv . Tripolis c on siste d of t ree distinc t c itie s ,

ua u a mm
h a a m h
a
600 fe et pa a
rt e a , c ving its own w ll s , b t ll nite d in co on

u
a fl u h
c on stit tion wit one l
p ce of s se b ly T e se c ities were c ol onie s re
.

a Aa u
ah a hh a u
spe c tive l ySidon , of Tyre , nd rd s Tripol is w s a o ris in g port
.

mh
on eadl nd w ic is a sp r of L e b a n on It is now c ll e d Tripoli,
.

a a
’
an d is still l rge town f . S ee D r S . it s D ic tionary o Classic al
 P roceedings o A
f gis K ing f
o,Sp arta .

firs t to Cyp rus ,

l
th e n c e to E gyp t ; wh e re Amyn tas
me dd ling politic al d isp ute s
h
s hortly afte r, in ,
was k il le d by

M h h
t e natives .

ea me P arn ab azus an d Autop radate s we re stay in g

n ti

n ea r Ch io s th en h av in g e s tab l ishe d a garris on in th is

islan d th ey d espatc h e d so me of th e ir sh ip s t o Cos an d
H alic arn ass us an d with 1 00 of their b e s t sail in g ve ss els
,

t to s e a th e mse l ve s an d l an de d at S ip n u An d h
h
t h ey p u
h
s .

Agis kin g of t e Lac e dae mo nian s c ame to t h e m wit

h
9
, ,

on e trire me bo th to a s k for mo n ey to c a

h h
,
rry on t e war ,

an d also to u rge th e m to se nd with im in to t e Pe l o

n d milita

h
o n n e se a s large a fo rc e bo th n a va l a ry as th ey
p
c ou At that v e ry time n e ws re ac h e d th e m of t e
h
ld .

b attl e whic h ad b e e n fo ugh t at Is s us an d b e in g

h
alarme d at t e re port P arn ab azu s s ta rte d off t o Ch io s
,
h
with twe l v e trire me s an d Gre c ian me rc e n arie s for
hh
fear t at t e Chian s migh t atte mp t to e ffe c t a re v ol u
,

h h
tion
Agis
h h
w h e n th e y re c e ive d t e n e ws of t e Pe rsian d efe at .
,

avin g rece ive d fro m Au top radate s th irty tal e n ts of

n d te n trire m tc h e d Hipp ias t o l e ad th e se
9
sil ve r a e s d e sp a ,

h town s in Cyp rus ,— Citium, Ams t as , and Pap us . — were h h

h a h h
9 T e ol de st

h h
P oe nic i n c ol onies T ese were afte rwa
. rds ec lipse d b y t e G re e k
aam
is , Soli, an d New P ap u
h h ha h
c ol onie s, S l s In He b re w t e isl an d is .

l l ed Ce t , an d t e in ab it n ts C ittim G esen iu a u
hhh
ca

h y , t t pon a
s sa s .

in Cyp ru um
h
S idonian c oin Ge t s , w ic t e G reeks c all ed Citi , is de

u (
h
a h h
sc rib ed as aSidonian c ol ony . D iodor s xvi . 4 2) say s t ere were nin e

kings in Cypru It is p rob ab l e t t t e kings of t e Hittites mentioned

h h
s .

in 1 Kings x 29, were from Cyp ru Al so t e Hittite women w om

h
. s .

Sol omon marrie d were prob ab l y Cyp rian s ( 1 Kings xi

h hh
T e kin gs of .

Hittite s of w om t e Syrian s we re afraid we re al so Cyp riote s (2 Kin gs

h h
t e

and t e l and of t e H ittites me ntion ed in J u

h h
vii . dge s i 26, p rob ab ly .

means Cyprus Josep us , E use b ius, an d J erome un ders tan d t e se

h h
.

u m
hh h hhh h
p ass age s to re fe r to C y p r s In Isaia xxiii 1 , t e la nd. of Citti r ef e rs .

M
to Cypru
h h
s w ic , b e l onged to Tyre , t e re vol t of w ic t e prop e t
ann ou nced T is revol t is confirmed b y
. ena nder (J osep u s , ix .

1 4,
9
Agis III was ul timatel y defe ate d and sl ain b y An tipate r
.
. 3 30 .

Curtius vi 1 and 2 ; Grote s Greec e vol xii pp 1 0 2 1 06

’
See , .
, . . .
-
.

9
Ab ou
t
 T hA
e nab as is o f Ale xan der .

hb is roth e r Agesil au t Tae n arum, h

m
h
sh ips to s a
1
orde ring i
al so to ins truc t Age sil aus to give f ull pay to t e sail ors
an d th en to sail as q u
h
ic kl y as po ssibl e to C re te , in o rd er
9

For a time e h imse l f re

h
to se t thin gs in ord er th e re .

main e d th e re amon g t e islan d s, b ut af te rwards joine d

h
M
AutOp radates at Halic arnassus 3
.

Ale xan der appoin te d en on, son of Cerdimmas, vic e roy

of Coe l e Sy ria ,
‘
givin
g im -
t e c av al ry of t e Gre c ian hh h
9 Now Cape Ma aat p n . Cf P rop ertiu
.s , iii 2, 1 1 ; Tib ul lu
s , iii 3 , 1 3 ;
. .

Homer ( Hy m
h
n to A p ol lo ,
nd powerf u
h h h
e Cre ta ns we re ve r y earl y c ivilized a l for we re a
9 T
d in ,

Homer of t eir 1 00 c ities Be fore t e Tro an war lived t e famou j

M h h h h
. s kin g

h hhh
in os , w o is said to ave given laws to Cre te , and to ave b een t e
first p ote n tate w o p osse ssed a navy wit w ic b e su
h h h p a
pp r e ss e d , ir cy

in t e Aege a adu
h h
n S ea T e Creta n s gr
. all y dege n erate d, so t at we fin d
in t e Ne w Te stame nt S t Pa ul quoting from t e ir own poe t, E pi
h h
.

me nide s : Al ways liars andb e asts are t e Cre tan s and inwardly sl uggis
h h h
“
,

u m
hh hh
(T i t s i .T e l yin g pr op e n sity of t e C re ta n s is p r ov e d f ro t e

fac t t at t e verb to Cretize was u t e meaning “

h
sed in G r ee k wit , to
ll ed Cap tor (c y press ) It is men
h h
”
sp e a k fa l se l y In He b re w Crete is c a
.
, .

h h h
tion e d in J e r xl vii 4 It was t e n ative l an d of atrib e of P ilistin e s
. . .
"

ll ed Cap torim (G e n x 1 4 ; D e u
hhh
ca t ii 23 ; 1 C ron i
. . T e fa
. . ct . .

t t e P il istin e s c ame p a rtl y from Cre te is a l so afirmed in Amos ix

h h hh h
t a .

Anot e r b ranc of t e P il is tines c ame from Casl oac in E gypt

h h hh
7 . .

T e Cap torim emigrate d origin a ll y from E gyp t to Cre te , from w ic

h h h c itu

hh h
isl an d t ey we re p rob ab ly driven b y t e G reeks Ta s a sse rts t a t .

l estin e c ame from Crete (H is tories v

M h h
t e in ab itants of Pa an d t e , .

me of Gazawas in oa, after t e famous king of Cre te An ot er

hh h h
ea rly n a .

He b re w name for Cre te is Ceré t , w ence t e in ab itan ts were c all ed

h h
Céré t im Z h re me n tion ed in Ba
hh h h hh
‘
T ey a. ck xxv 16 a nd ep ii 5 ; . .
, . .

w e re t e S ep tu agint and t e S yriac ave Cretans We fin d t e P ilis

h h
.

rtl y emigra n ts from Cre te c a ll e d Ce ret im in 1 Sam

h h h hh
tin e s , w o we re pa , .

From a mong t ese Ceret im and P il is tines D avid c ose is

hh h
xxx 1 4 . .

b ody gu ard, w ic was c omposed of men skill e d in s ootin g a

h
-
n d slingin g

m
h
S a viii 1 8 xv 1 8 , xx 7 23 ; 1 Kings i 38 44 1 C on xviii
(2 . .
, . . r, .
, . .

9 From A
h
D iodoru
h
s ( xv ii 48 ) it a pp e a rs t at .
g is w e n t p e r so n a ll y to
j
n d c ompe ll ed most of t e c ities to We
h hh
oin t e Persia

hh
Cre te a ,
n side .

s se mb l e d a t t e Ist mia
h
als o l earn t at t e de pu
h
tie s of t e G reeks a n

m u m
h
m sy to A

h h
e r to c on gra a
h
g a e s a t C o rin t se n t a n e b as l e xan d t l te i
on is victory a t Issu s, a n d to p r esen t imwit agolde n wrea t (See .

al so Curtiu
h
s , iv .

Cool s Syria, orHoll ow Syria, is, in its more limite dsense, t e cou
- ntr y
 hA
T e nabas is o f Alexander .

f rie n dsh ip an d allian c e ad s ub siste d h b e twee n Ph ilip an d

Artax e rx e s ; an d that wh e n Arse s, son of Arta

h h
1
xe rxe s ,

h hh
as c e n d e d t e th ro ne Ph ilip was t e firs t to p rac tise in
,

j ustic e t o wards im tho ugh e ad s ufle re d n o inj ury

h h
’

fro m t e Pe rsian s Ale xan d e r also fro m t e time wh e n

h h
.
,

h h
D arius b e gan to re ign o ve r t e P e rsian s ad n ot se n t
h
an y on e t o im to c on firm t e frie n d s ip an d al lian c e
,

h h ad so l o n g ex is te d b u
h h
wh ic h t ad c ro sse d ov e r in to
,

Asia with is army an d ad infl ic te d muc h inj ury upon

h hh ad c o me do wn in
h h
t e P e rsian s . For th is re as on e

pe rs o n to de fe n d is c oun try an d to p re se rve t e e mp ire

h h ,

h As to t e b attl e it ad b e en d e c ide d as
h h
of is fath e rs .
,

see me d g ood to s o me on e of t e g od s An d n ow e
h ,
.

a k in g b e gged is c ap ture d wife mo th e r an d c h ildre n

h ,

f rom ak in g ; an d e wish ed to form a f rie n d ship with

, ,

h h h h
h M
im an d b e c o me is al ly For t is p u
. rp o se e re q u e s te d

Al e xan d e r to se nd men to imwith e n is c us an d Arsimas

h h h
t e me ss e n ge rs w o c ame fro m t e Pe rs ian s to re c e ive
,

h
,

p l e dg e s of fi d e l ity f ro m im a n d to
g iv e the m on b e h a l f
of Al e xand e r

h h
.

To t is Al e xan d er wro te a re p l y an d sen t T ersippus

h hh
with t e me n w o ad c o me fro m D a riu
,

uo
h
s w ith in str ,

tio n s to giv e t e l e tte r t o D ariu s bu t n ot t o c on v e rse

,

abou Al e x an d e r s l e tter ran th us : Y o ur

“

h
’
t any th in g .

an c e sto rs c ame in to Mac e do n ia an d t e re s t o f Gre e ce

s ill withou o mu

h h
an d tre ate d u , t any p re v io u s in u
j y
r i r s I .
,

havin g b e e n appoin t e d c o mman de r in c ie f o f t e Gre ek s

h
- -
,

an d wish in g to tak e re ve ng e on t e Pe rsian s c rosse d ,

o ve r into Asia ho stil itie s b e in g b e g un by you For

h h h
.
,

ous e n t a u
h
o we re d e a
9
id t t P e rin t ia ns w l in
g n
y o e ,

j ustly with my fath er; an d Oc us se n t forc e s in to Th rac e

wh ic h was un de r ou r ru le y f ath. M
e r wa s k ille d by
,

h
Artaxerxes Oc us re ign e d ac 35 9—3 3 8
h h h
9
. .

Pe rin t u mian c ol ony on t

h
9 s was a Sa e Propontis . For t e siege

b y P ilip , se e D iodoru
s , xvi 7 4 7 6.
-
.
 D ariu
s s Le tter, and
’
Alexander s Rep ly ’
.

c on spirato rs who m you in s tigate d as youhave yourse l f ,

boaste d to all in your l e tte rs ; an d afte r sl ayin g Arse s

h
I
,

as wel l as Bag oas an d unj u

h h
stl y se izin g t e th ron e c on
,

trary to t e l aw of t e Pe rsian s an d ru lin g yo u r su

h
9
bj e c ts ,

unj ustly you se n t un frie n dl y le tters abo ut me to t e

,

Gre e k s u rgin g th em to wa m o uh a

h
, g e wa r w ith e Y v e .

als o de s p atc h e d mon ey to t e Lac e dae monian s an d ce r

h ,

h
tain oth e r Gre e k s bu t n o n e of t e S tate s re c e iv e d it ,

e mo n ia As your agen ts de stroye d

h h
9
e xc e p t t e La c ed a ns .

my frie n d s an d were s triving to diss ol ve t e le ague wh ic

h ,

I ad f o rme d amo n g t e G re ek s I took t e fie l d again st h h

y o u b ec,au se y ou w e re t e p arty w o c o m me h
n c e d t e
,

h h
ho stility Sin c e I h ave van q uish e d your ge n e rals an d
h
.

oy s in t e p revio us b attl e an d n ow yours el f an d

h h
v ic e r ,

yo u r fo rc e s in l ik e man n e r Iam by t e gift of t e god s in

po ssession of yo url an d As many of t e me n w o fo ugh t
, ,

h h ,

h
.

in yo u ra rmy a s we re n o t k ill e d in t e b a ttl e b u t fle d to ,

me f orre fuge Iam p ro te c tin g an d they are with me n ot

, ,

again s t th e ir own will b u t th e y are s e rvin g in my army

,

as v ol un tee rs Co me to me th e refore sin c e Iam l ord of

.
,

ha h
Impartiaa h mu h
hmu m
9
l istori deny t t P il ip s rderers were b rib e d ; t
’
ns ey

mm m
h hu uh h private re se nt
co itte d t e rde r fro e nt .

u a u
hh A h h
9
Oc s w s p oison ed ab o t 3 38 , b y t e e n c Bagoas , w o
p la u
c e d pon t e t rone rses , on e of t e kin g s son s , kill in g a
’
ll t e res t .

A a (
A a a a hh
u
ahh h h
Cf . eli n a
Varia H is toric , vi B Two ye ars fterwards , e gos s p t
.

u
h a u hh hh
re s n d ll is c il dren to de t ; t s l eavin g n o dire c t e ir of t e
a m a
h h
reg l fa il y live He t en p l c ed pon t e t ron e one of is ad e
.

am au m u
Mm B
i s Codo ann s, ade sc en dan t of on e of t e b ro t ers of
h u
re n ts , n ed D r

A
u h h h h h
rta xerxes ne on agoas soon af terwards trie d to poison t is D ari s
.

m
uh h
b tt e l atte r, disc overin g is treac ery, forc e d i to drin k t e de adly
m (B u mA
h h ha
dra g t i se l f iod , . xvii . 5 ; J s tin , x Fro . rrian , iii 1 9, we
.

a B
l earn t a u t aistanes , son of Oc s , was alive f ter t e b ttl e of

h h
A a
A h h( h u
rb el .

A h h hA h h
aa
h
9
esc in es, in is spee c p a sg i
senrt
stsCt
teat
siD
p ari s on .

u m
m h h h
se n t 300 tal e nts to t en s, t at t e t e n ia n s re f se d t e an d t at ,

m u
h a h a m h h m h
D e os t e n es took t e re se rvin g 7 0 tal e n ts for is own p riva
, te se .

u
m h h h
D e in arc s repe ts t is st te e n t in is spe e c again s t D e ost e n e s .

u A
ha u
(pp 9 . a a a
If D e ost enes a d re lly cted t s , it is str nge l e xan der
kn e w n ot ing b o t it .
 T hA e nabasis f
o ALst ande r .

all Asia b ut if youare afraid youmay s ufier any h ars h '

t re atme n t fro m me in c a se o u c o m e to me se nd s o me o f
y ,

yo ur frien ds to re c e ive pl edge s of safe ty fro m me Co me .

to me th e n an d ask for yo u , r mo th e r wife an d c h il d re n , , ,

an d any th in g el s e youwish For wh ate v e r you ask for

.

u u u
h
y o w ill r e c e iv e ; an d n o t h in
g s h al l b e d e n ie d y o B t .

re wh e n e ver you se n d to me s en d to me as
h
for t e f u tu , ,

t e k in g of Asia an d do n ot add re ss to me yo u
,
r wish es
as to an e q u al b u t if y ouare in n e e d of an yth ing s p e ak
to me a s to t e ma h
n w o is l o rd o f a h
l l yo u rt e rritorie s If
,

u u
h
y o ac t o t h e rw is e I sh a l l d e l ib e,ra t e c o n c e rn in g y o as

an e vil do e r an d if you d is p u
-
te my righ t to t e k in g
dom s tay and fig h t an o th e r b at tl e f or it b ut do n ot ru
, n

For wh e rev e r you may b e I in te n d to marc h

h h
away .
,
”
again st you Th is is t e l e tte r w h ic h e sen t to Dariu
. s .

CH APTER XV .

ALEXAND E E ’
s TRE AT M u
E NT or r n: CAP IURE D
’‘
G REE K An
Ba sss nos s s mssxouor Bre w s
— Su AN D S mon

h h
. .

WHEN Al e xande r asc ertain e d th at all t e mon ey whic

h
Darius ad se n t off to Damasc us with Cop en s on of h
Artab azus was cap ture d an d als o that t e Pe rsian s w o h h ,

h , ,

h h
h
ad b e e n l e ft in c harge of it as we l l as t e re st of t e ,

h
roya l prope rty we re take n p riso ne rs , e ord e r e d Pa r ,

me n io to tak e t e treasure b ac k to Damas c us an d th ere

u W hh h ,

hh h
1
g ar d it e n
. e a l s o asc e rtain e d th a t t e G re c ian

ambas sadors w o ad reac h e d D ariu

h h
s b e fo re t e b a ttl e
e o rde re d th e m t o b e se n t

h
ad l ik e wise b e e n c ap tu
h h
re d ,

to im ’
Th ey were E u
. t yc l e s a S p artan T e ssalisc u s , ,

h fim
T is state men t
A a b y Cartim (iii ha
h h au h
of rt i n is c on r ed . w o s y s

a am a u but from f u
h gitive s
t t P r e nio c
pt red t e tre s re , not in t e c ity ,

ham ha u
w a a
o were c on vey ing it w y .

Cu
h u h h
I a
n givin g t e n es of t e c p t re d G rec i n e n v oys , rtis: (iii 3 5) .

m
se e s toa uu ave c on fo n ded t is wit f t re oc c asion , men tion ed in
Arrian (iii .
 T hA
e nabasis o f Ale xander .

h
Sidon , t e in habitan ts of wh ic h s pon tan e ou
h h
l
sl y in vite d

im f ro m h atre d of t e P ersian s an d D ariu

h hh
’
s
3
Th e n c e .

ead van c e d towards Tyre 5 amb as sadors fro mw ic c ity,

3

hh h um u B u
ha
A
a hh h h A h
E inc l , w ic is t
kin g E nyl s e ( ention ed by rrian .
yb l s

ammu
h h hB
w s t e c ie f seat of t e wors ip w s of donis , or T z, w o

u u
h h
s pp os ed to ave b ee n b orn t ere In t e ib l e it ap pe ars n de r its
.

m m u
h h h
Heb re w n a e Ge bal
( o n ta
) in -dis trict a
T e in ab itan ts of G eb l are .

u
h h ua h a h
a a
s id in E ze k xxvii 9 to
. ve b een skill ed in b il d
. in g s ip s In J os . .

ha h ha h
xiii 5 t e n ort ern b o n d ry of t e Holy L n d is sa
. id to reac as f a r

m u ” uh
as t e l n d of t e G ib lite , or in ab it n t of G e b al In 1 Kings v 1 8 t e . .

uB
hA a h M (
a
word tr n slated in o r ib le s te -
sq are o g t to b e re n dere d G iblites .

h
T e a
r b s still c all t e p lace J eb il Cf . . il ton Paradis e L ost , viii .

ha a
Sidon , or in Heb rew Ta a ida
hfi
( ) n fortre ss , is c ll ed in G en . x . 1 5, 1 9 t e

u
h a fih
firstb orn a son of C naan , i a it was t
. . e rst c ity fo n dedby t e C na n

a u m a ma
uh h
ite s or P oenic i n s . It l ay b o t twen ty il es so t of Tyre , on s ll
m m mu W m
h
pro on tory two il e s so t of t e rive r Bostre s H o er . e re ad in
mu m m au
m h h
t at it was fa o s for its e b roidere d rob es a nd et l te n sil s , and

a m ua u
hm hu
fro ot e r a n c ie n t write r a
s we fin d t t it an f c t re d glas s n d lin e n
u
u h h h
a nd a l so pre p a re d dye s Before t e ti e of D avid it fell n der t e r l e
.

m A
h
of Tyre ; b t w e n S a a l aa n es e r, kin g of ssyr i in v de d P oe nic ia, it ,

m um
hB
revol ted fro Tyre an d s b itted to t e in vade r It was govern ed b y .

u m a u
h ah hh
its own kin gs n de r t e ab yl onian an d Persian e p ires ; n d n de r
u a
ah h h
t e l atte r p owe r it re c ed its ig e st p rosp e rity , s rp s sin g Tyre in
m a
u hh h h h h
a
we l t nd i p ort n ce X In t e e xpedition of e rxe s aga
. inst G reec e t e ,

fl
hhh u X h u Bu h
a a
S idoni n s f rn is e d t e b e st s p s in t e w ol e ee t , nd t eir kin g
i

h h h
a
ob t in e d t e ig e st p l ace n de r erxe s in t e c o n cil t t ey re .

u m
hu h a h a h
aa
vol te d g in st Oc aa a
s , kin g of Pe rsi , n d b e in g b etr yed to i b y t eir

h h a h
own king Tonn es , t ey b rn t t eir c ity n d s ips a It is s id t t .

u
u h h u h
p e r s o n s p e r is e d in t e fire (n d b y t e s w o rd , 3 5 1 D io do r s , x vi . .

u am u
h A h
43 No do b t t is b arb aro s tre t ent of Oc s in d c e d t e S idon

u a
aa fl u h h h h a h
a a
i ns to t ke t e side of l e xan der a T e c ity was alre dy b il t n d
.

h h h u
g in o r is a a
in g w e n t at k in g pp e r e d o n t e sce n e N e r t e site .

of t e a n c ie n t c ity is t e p r e s e n t town of Sa ida, wit apop l ation of

m (
h
u u
h
ab o t Cf H o er Il iad, vi 28 9 xxiii 7 4 1
.
) . L c an , iii 21 7 . . .

A A
h
3
t Sidon , l exa a
n de r de p ose d t e r eignin g kin g S tr to, afrien d of t e

m m A a mu
h (uu
a a
Persian s ; nd poor an , n a ed bd l ony a a s , dist n tly re l te d to t e

am u u(
hm
re ga l f ily , wa s p t in to is p l ace C rti s , iv 3 , D iodor s xvii . .

ua m a
h
4 7 ) tell s t e sa e story , b t p plie s it to Ty re , p rob ably b y ist ke .

m
h ha a h
3
T e He b rew na e for Ty re is Tsa
( ) r roc k In Isa xxiii 4 it is . . .

hh
ca l l ed t e fortre ss of t e se ; n d in ve r 8 , Tsor, t e c rown ing on e ,
.

au u u
a u h
b ec se Tyre ga ve r l e rs to t e P oenic ia n c ities a nd c ol onie s Val ab l e .

m u m m
h hhm m
a
in f or ation b o t t e powe r, tra de nd c sto s of Tyre is derived fro
,

h h( ha a
a
E zek xxvi—xxv iii
. . n d we l ea rn t e f a ct t a t s e e p l oy e d erc e n arie s
like er c ol ony Ca rt a g e E ze k xx vi i 1 0.
, In t .e c l s sic l wr ite rs
 hW hf H u T e ors ip o erc les in Tyre .

d p h d by hommo h m h m hm h
hy hd d d do h
es atc e t e c n we alt , et i on t e arc ,
ou
hm h o mm d omm d d bo h h y
an n h n c in
g t at t e T rian s ad ec i e to w ate v e r

h
eig t c an .
l
He c en e t t e c it an d
mb o d d h m u
h h h d
its a assa
do rs, an d r e re t e to re t rn an d t e l l t e

h hk hy
Tyrian s t at e wis e to e n te r t
h y o an d ffe r sac ri
e ir c it

hmb do ho h
fic e to e rac l e s
H T e son of t e . in g of t e T rians was
o p uo u
u h
on e of t e a as sa rs , an d t e t e rs we re c n s ic s

m A m u hm
hAu h
in Tyre ; b t t e
en k ing ze il c s i sel f was sailin g
wit tOp ra date s .

CH APTER XVI .

Tan Wos smr or H E RCU LE S m TYRE .

— THB Trauma
Rs rns s TO Anmr ALEXAN DE R .

THE re as o n of th is d e man d was, th at in Ty re th e re e x iste d

h
a te mpl e of H e rac le s, t e mo st an c ie n t of all tho s e wh ic h
h
3

me n tion e d in h is tory It was n ot d e dic ate d to t e

h
are .

Argive He rac le s t e son of Al c me na; for th is H erac l e s

,

was ho n o u re d in Tyre man y ge n e ra t io n s b ef o re C ad mus

se t ou t fro m Pho e n ic ia an d o c c u
h
pie d Th e b e s an d b efo re ,

S e me l e t e dau m u s bo rn f ro m who m

h
h te r of C ad s wa
, g , ,

D ion ysus t e son of Z e us was bo rn Th is D io nysus

, , .

hm is corru m m m
h
t e n a e p te d in to Ty s , an d so e ti es i n to S a rr a Ty r e w as .

unsucc essf ull y b esieged for five years b y S almaneser It was also b e
h h h
.

rs b y Neb u
hhh h
sie ged for t irtee n ye a c a dn e zzar, an d in t e e n d an a l lian c e
was formed, b y w ic t e Tyrians re taine d t eir own kin g as av ass al of
h
t e kin g of Bab yl on h
T is a rra
. ngeme n t wa s c on tinu ed u nde r t e kings h
hh h
of Persia .

Cu t tins (iv 7 ) tel l s u l so b rou A

h h h h
-
. s t at t e envoys a g t to l e xan der a

bu n t su rmy
h h hh hh h
g lden wrea
o t , toget e r wit a n da p plies f or is a .

T is king mu ave b rou m

h h h h
st g t o e i s s i p s f o r t e d e fe n ce of Tyre ,
u
hh M h h hh
for e wa s in t e c ity w e n it wa s ca p t r e d S ee c a p 24 . . .

T e P oenic ian god el kart (l ord of t e c ity) , w om t e Syrian s

hh s su

h h h hM
call ed Baal (l ord) , wa ppos ed to b e id e n tic a l w it t e G rec ian H e r a c l e s ,

or H erc u l es , w o was t e myt ic al an ce stor of t e

h hh
ac edon ian kin gs .

rtius (iv 7 ) tell s u tAl e xan de r afiirme d e a

h
Cu . s t a d be en orde re d b y
ms us t at a
h M hh
an orac l e to sac rifice in Tyre to Herac l es G eseniu
M
s infor .

al tese insc ription iden tifie s t e Tyrian elkart wit Herac l es .

 hA
T e nabasis f
o Al exander .

wou l d b e th ird f ro m C ad mus, a c o n te mporary

h C dmu h
. b e in g of

Lab dac u s, s on of Pol ydo ru

d bou h m
s, t e s on of a s ; an d t e

A
h yp
rgive
H liv e a e ra O d pu
c les
t t e ti e of e i s, son of

h h h h hy
Laina T e Eg tian s als w rs i e an t e r e rac l e s ,
l
. o o h pp d o h H

h yp
n ot t e on e w ic k o hp
e it e r t e T rian s or G re e s w rs i .

Bu H odo u
h h
t er t s sa s t at t e Eg
y h o d dtian s c n si e re
ju
o y u h h
H erac l es to b e on e of t e t wel ve g s,
od ’ st a s t e

Ah
hmy h
t e nia
o h pp d d
ns a iffe ren t D i n s s, w o was t e
w rs i e

Z u
hh b
s on of e s a
Co nd re ; an d t e d s tic c a nt c a ll e
hu u h Do yu
hH
Iac c s wa s s n
g to t is i n s s , n o t to t e T e a n .

by hb h
So als It in t at t e
o h k h ho o u d e ra u
c les n re in Tarte s s s 3

md
hy H
t e I e rian s, w e re are c e rtain
p il lars na e afte r
u
h h mp H
H er ac l es, is t e T rian e ra c l e s ; for Ta rte ss s wa s a

h hu
c l n
oo y of t e t nic ian s, a n d t e te l e to e ra c le s

hho
bu
u h
t e re was
h fi
il t an d t e sac rific e s o e re d afte r t e sage

ho m h
of t e P H
e n ic ians h ec atae s t e is torian sa s Ge r
y y .
‘

A
ho
o n es, a a
g in st w H t e r d p h d
g i v e e ra c l e s w a s e s a t c e

by uy h u h m
h oh h h d h
E r st e s to rive
d y is xe n awa and rin g t e
b
to My c en a e, ad n t in g t o do wit t e lan of t e

Ib erian s 5
n or wa s Her ac l e s d esp atc h e d to any isl an d

h h a u
1
Wwas t e son of L b dac s
o .

h ha
u
huh
3
See H erodot s , ii 4 3 , 4 4 . .

m a u
hhh
T e dis tric t c o prising a ll t e so t we st of Sp in o tside t e p ill r -
s

h hh
of Her a a a
ac les , or S tr its of Gib ral tar w s c ll ed T rtessis, of w ic t e
a ,

hh m u h m a h ma
u
h
c ie f c ity wa s Ta rte ss s He re t e P oenic ian s p l an ted c olonies , on e of
.

m h hBa
w ic still re ain s nde r t e n a e of C diz T e Ro ns c a ll ed t e .

ua a u
hH h hh hha u h
distric t Ba e tic aa
, fro t e princ ip l river, t e etis or G d l q ivir .

m
hha ha hh a a hh
T e eb re w n a e for t is re gion is Tars is , of w ic T rtess s is t e
m
hh h a h mh
G reek for .Tars is w s t e st tion for t e P oe nic i n tr de wit t e
W est, w ic exte n ded a s fa r as Corn wa ll T e Tyri ns fe tc ed fro t is .

M( a
u h
a a
l oc lity silver, iron , l e d, tin an d gol d Is xxiii 1 , 6, 1 0 , l xvi 1 9 ; J e r
, . . . .

a A
hm h
. . a a
x 9 ; E zek xxvii 1 2, xxxviii . rti l , Sen eca, nd vien s, t e
.

u u
uh h hh a m
a a a
first two of w o were S p ni rds, n derstood Tarte ss s to st n d for t e

hh a
u
m h M
so t a
we st of S pain nd Port gal
- T e word Tars is prob b ly . eans

M
sea c oa -
s t, fro t e Sa n sc rit tarisc a, t e se
( ) Ovid e t , xiv 41 6 . .

u
Mu h u hh
artial , viii 28 ; S il i s , xiii 673
. . .

Of u
il e t s He rodot s kn ew is writings well , b t t ey ave n ot
.

m u
h h
c o e down to s ( S ee H erod ii 1 4 3 ; v 3 6 an d
. . . .

5 a a
T e Ib erian s were origin a a ll y c ll ed Tib ren es , orTib ri T ey dwe l t .
 T hA
e nab ae is o
f Alexander .

h h
b rought to Ale xan de r e sent t e amb assadors bac k
h
w as ,

He the n summo n e d a c o u is Com

h h h
in a rage . n c il of

pan ion s an d t e l eade rs of is army toge the r with t e ,

cap tains of in fan try an d c avalry an d spoke as follo ws ,

C HAPTE R XVII .

S rs s c uor At s n u nra ro ms O ur ou ss .

Fms nns an d allie s I s e e th at an expe dition to E gyp t

w il l n ot b e safe for u
,

h h
h
s so l on g a
,
s t e Pe r sian s re tain t e

h
fe c o u
h
s ov e reig n ty of t e se a; n or is it a sa rse bot h for ,

ot e r rea so n s
, an d e s pec ially l ookin g at t e s tate of
matte rs in Greec e f or us to p ursue Darius l e avin g in
ou h ,

r t e c ity of Tyre itse lf in do u b tful alle gianc e

,

h h
r re a ,

an d E gyp t an d Cyp rus in t e o c c u patio n of t e Pers ian s .

1 am app reh e n sive l e st wh il e we ad van c e with ou

h
r fo rc e s

to wards B abyl on an d in p u rs uit of D ariu

h
s t e Pe rs ia ns ,

er t e m aritime distric ts an d
h
sho u in fors oo th c o n q u
h
l d aga ,

a large r army c on
h
tran sf e r t e war in to Gree c e wit ,

e mo n ia

h
side rin g th a t t e La c eda ns a re n ow wagin g w ar

s witho u t disgu is e an d t e c ity of Ath e n s is

h
again st u ,

h
re stra in e d for t e p re sen t rathe r by fear t han by an y
s u B u u
h
ood w il l towa r d s t if T y re we re c a p t re d t e
g
-
.
,

l d b e in ou
h
whol e o f Pho e n ic ia w ou
h
r po sse s sion an d t e ,

fle e t of t e Pho e n ic ian s whic h is t e mo s t n u me rous an d

h h
t e b e s t in t e P e rs ian n av y wo u
,

h
l d in all p robab ility
,

c o me o v e r to u s. For t e Phoe nic ian sail ors an d marin e s

w ill n ot p u t to s ea in o rd e r to in c u
h
r dan ger on b e h a lf of
o th ers whe n t e ir own c itie s are o c c up ie d by us Afte r
,
.

this Cyp ru s wil l e ith e r y ie l d to u s witho u

h
,
t d e lay or wil l ,

b e c ap t u re d with e ase at t e mere a

h h
rriva l of a nav al
f o rc e ; an d th en n av igatin g t e se awith t e sh ip s from
Mac edon iain c onj un c tio n with thos e of t e Phoe n ic ian s h ,

h hh j h
h
t is kin d of t in g t e Tyrian s ob e c te d to . Al exander ac tual ly did t e

at Tyre afte r its c ap ture .

( S e e c a p te r
 S iege of Tyre .

h
Cyprus at t e same time c o ming o ve r to us we shal l
ac q u ire t e abs ol u h
te s ov e re ign ty of t e sea an d at t e h ,
,

h
sa me time an e xpe d itio n in to E gyp t will b ec o me an e asy
matte r for us Afte r we h ave b ro ugh t Egyp t in to sub
.

u n d ou

h
n la
j e c tion n o a n xie ty a
, bo t G r e ec e a r ow n d w il l
an y l on ge r re main an d we sh all b e ab le to un de rtak e t e
,

h
e x p e d itio n to Babyl o n with sa fe ty in re gard to adairs at
ho me and at t e same time with greate r re putatio n in
c o n se q u
,

u om t e Pe rsia m h ,

h h
e n c e of h a v in t 0 3 f r n p ire
g c e

al l t e maritime p rovin c e s an d all t e land th is sid e of

h h
t e Eu p rate s ”
.

CH APTER XVIII
M uu
.

M
Si re s or Trar .
-
Cousrs u
c rxon or A ons rao r n
u AIN LAND ro r n: IS LAN D

h h y p u d ho
.

mk
h ou d by
B h
r t is sp e ec e easil e rs ade is ffic ers to a e

mp upo
h p h
an atte t Mo o nTyre re v e r e wa
. s enc rage
mo o
hy
a ivin e ad
d h y h n iti n , for t at v e r n ig t in is sl e e
1
e

md
k h m by h h hd d h
s ee pp o h
e to b e a H r ac ing t e T rian wall s, an d e rac le s

md mu
o h y
see e to ta e i t e rig t an an d l e a i p
d by A
h
in t h t pe c it . T is was in te r re te ris tan de r 9
to
mean that Ty re woul d b e tak e n with labour b ec ause t e ,

de e d s of H e rac l e s we re ac c o mplish e d with l abo u

h
r Ce r .

h
ta in ly t e sie ge of Ty re appe are d to b e a gre at e n te r
,

h
p rise ; for t e c ity was an island an d f o rtifie d all ro un d
3

Moreo v e r n av al op e ration s se e me d at
h
wit l ofty wall s .

t hat time more fav o u us e

h h h
rabl e to t e Tyrian s both b e c a ,

h
t e P e rsian s stil l po s se sse d t e s o v e re ign ty of t e se a
an d man y sh ip s we re s till re main in g with t e c itize n s
t he mse l v e s Howe v e r as th e se arg umen ts of is b ad
.
,
h
For t is hu se of h
um or, cf . Homer (Iliad, n . h
Aristop an e s
( Wasp s ,

upra
ha aa uh hma
2
Cf . Arrian i , . II an d 25 s .

a am il e from t b ou
h
T e isl nd w s bo t lf e inl an d, and a t a
mile in lengt .
 T hA e nab as is o
f Alexande r .

h h
p re vail e d e re sol ve d to c o nstruc t amol e from t e main
h h ,

T e p l ac e is a n arro w s trait fu
h h h
1
lan d to t e c ity ll of
pools ; an d t e part of it n ear t e mainlan d is s all o w
.

water an d mu h h ddy b ut t e part n ear t e c ity itse lf wh e re

h h h ,

was t e d ee pe s t p art o f t e c han ne l was t e d e p th o f ,

,

abou t th ree fatho ms

h
But the re was an ab un dan t supply
h h
.

th e y p u
h
of st on e s a n d w ood wh ic t on t e top of t e
,

S tak e s we re eas ily fixe d do wn firmly in t e

h
ston e s
’
3
.

mud whic h itself s erve d as a c e me n t to t e s to nes to

,

h h h
hol d the m firm T e ze al of t e M ac e do nian s in t e
h
.

h h
wo rk was great an d it was in c re ase d b y t e p rese n c e of
,

Al e xan de r himse l f w o took t e le ad in ev ery thing

h
3
, ,

n ow ro u sin g t e me n to e x e rtion by speec h a

h h
n d n ow by ,

p re se nts of mon ey l igh te n ing t e lab o ur of thos e w o

h
,

we re to iling mo re than th e ir fe llo ws fro m t e d es ire of

h A m
h h
g a i n ing p ra ise for th e ir e xe r t io ns s l on g a s t e o l e .

was b e in g c o n stru c te d n ear t e ma inl and t e wo rk mad e

h pid pro gre ss as t e mate rial was po ure d in to a
,

h
ea sy a n d ra ,

s ma ll de p t of wate r an d th e re was n o on e to h in de rth e m

bu h ,

h h
t whe n th ey b e gan to app roac h t e d ee p e r wate r an d ,

at t e same t ime c ame n ear t e c ity itse lf th e y suffe re d

h ile d with missil e s fro m t e wall s wh ic h
,

h h
se ve r e ly b e ing a
,
ssa ,

M
we re lo fty in as mu as th e y ad bee n e x p re ssly e q u
h ,
c ippe d
for work rath e r th an for figh ting
h
ore ove r as t e .
,

Tyrian s s till re tain e d c o mman d o f t e s ea the y k e pt on

h h
il in g with t e ir trire mes to vario u
,

hM
sa s pa rt s of t e mo l e ,

an d mad e it impo ssibl e in many p lac es for t e

h h
ac e do n
r in t e mate rial But t e latte r e rec te d two
h
ian s to po u
h
.

t o we rs u pon t e mo le wh ic h th ey ad n ow proj ec te d
h
o ver a lo ng stre tc of sea an d upon the se to we rs th e y
,

pl ac e d e n gine s of war S kin s an d p re pare d h ide s se rve d

.

We l earn from D iodoru s ( xvn 4 0 ) t a t t e b re a . hh h h

dt of t is mol e was
ab out 200 fee t
hh
.

Cu rtiu m u m
h hma
s ( iv 1 0 ) say s t
. at t e ti b e r was proc r e d f ro L eb an on , an d
t e ston e s from Ol d Tyre on t e inl and
.

Cf P ol yaenu
. e (iv .
 T hA e nabas is qf Al exan de r .

h y swam away as s oon as it was set on

hh h
in t e v e ssel e asil ,

fire A great flame s oon c aug t t e to we rs and t e

h
.

m s b ein g t wiste d rou n d po u u

h h h
y a rd a r -
r e d o t in t o t e fi re

t e mate rials that

h h h
ad b e en pre pare d for kin dl ing t e
flame T e me n also in t e trire mes tarrying n ear t e
h
.

mole k e p t on shooting arro ws in to t e to wers so that ,

it was n ot safe for men to app roac h in o rde r to b rin g

mate rials to quen c h t e fire h h
h
Upo n th is wh e n t e .
,

to we rs ad already c au m m m
h g h t fi r e an y e n ha s te n e d fr o ,

t e c ity an d e mb ark ing in l igh t v e ss el s an d s trik in g

again st v ariou
,

h
rts of t e mo l e e a
,

h
h
h
s pa sily to re do wn t e ,

h h
s to c k ade whic ad be e n p lac e d in fron t of it for p rote c
t ion an d b u rn t u
h
, p all t e e n
g in e s of wa r w h ic h t e fi re

fro m t e ves se l did n ot reac h But Al e xan de r b e gan to

h
l
.

uc t a wider mol e fro m t e mainlan d c ap abl e of

h h
c on s tr ,

in in g mo re to we rs ; an d e o rd e re d t e e ngin e
h h
c o n ta

make rs to pre p are fre s e n gin e s W ile this was b e in g

h h h
.

p e rforme d e t ook t e shiel d b earin g guard s an d t e

h
-
,

Agrianian s and se t out to Sidon to c ol le c t there all t e

t rire me s e c o u h
ld ; sin c e it was e v ide n t th at t e su
,

h
h
c c e ss

sio n of t e sie ge wo u ld b e muc h more diflic u

h
fu l c on c lu
h
lt
to attain so l o n g a ,
s t e Ty ria n s re ta in e d t e su p eriority
at sea} I

CH APTER XX .

Bu sine s s a
TY RE s S EA As was As LAN D . .

ABOU T th is time Ge rostratus Kin g of Aradus an d Enylus

Kin g of By b l u
, ,

h ,

h
s a s c e rtain ing th at th eir c itie s we re in t e
,

po sse ssio n of Alexan d er de serte d Autop radate s an d

h
t e fl e et u n de r h
is c omman d an d c ame to Al e xan de r
,

D iodoru 4 2) an d Curtiu h at a gre at te mpe st

hha a
sa

h
s ( xvn . e (iv . 1 2) y t
de mol is
h f h h
p lis de
el p e d to t e .

W m u (A u
auh Ma h a wh h
3 e l earn fro J ose p s n tiq ities o t e J e ws, ix . on t e

ama
hh h a
t ority of e n n de r, t A a u t en S l n eser, kin g of ssy ri , fo r
u A a m
h hh
b e fore l ex n de r s ti b e sie ged Tyre , t e ot e r P oen ic i n s
'

c e n t rie s e,

su
pp lie d im wit s ip s in lik e man ner .
 Tyre Besieged by S ea as wel l as Land .

forc e , ac c omp an ie d h do
h
with t h eir naval by t e Si n ian

trireme s ;
h h
that abo u
h
so hty P o en ic ian sh ip s joine d
t e ig

im Abo u t t e same time trireme s als o c ame to im

hh
.

from Rhode s bot t e on e c alle d P erip ol u

,
s
l
an d with it ,

n in e o th e rs From S ol i and Mallus also c ame th re e an d

.
,

from Ly c ia te n ; fro m Mace don ia als o a ship with fifty

h
il e d Pro te as s on of An d ron ic u
h
’

h
ca rs in wh ic
, sa s N ot ,
.

l o n g afte r t oo t e k in gs of Cypru
, ,
s pu t in to Sido n wit
abo u t on e h u
h
n d re d a n d twe n ty sh ip s wh e n th ey h e ard ,

t Iss u
h
t of D ariu
h
of t e d e fea s a s a n d we re te rrifi ed b e , ,

ca us e t e whol e of Pho e n ic iawas already in t e posse ssio n

of Al exa nde r To all of th e se Al e x an de r g ran te d in
.

de mn ity for th e ir p re vio u s c on d u use th ey s ee me d

h
c t b ec a ,

hh
to h av e join e d t e P ersian fl ee t rath e r by n e c e ssity th an
by th eir own c ho ic e W il e t e e n gin es of war we re
h h
.

b e in g c o n struc te d for im an d t e sh ip s we re b e ing

fitte d u h ,

h
h h
p f or a n a va l a ttac k on t e c ity a n d for t e t r ial
e took s o me s q u

h
of a se a b a tt l e - adron s of c av alry t e
, ,

Ag rianian s an d arc h ers an d mad e an e xp e d ition in to t e ,

ran ge of mo u in s c al le d An ti Lib an u Having sub

h
8
n ta s -
.

du e d s o me of t e mo u

h h
n taine ers by fo rc e an d d rawn ,

o th e rs ov e r to im by te rms of c apitul ation e re turn e d

to S ido n in te n d ays ‘
H ere e f oun d Ole an de r son of
. h ,

Pole moc rate s j u rrive d fro m Pel opo nn es u

h
st a ,
s hav in g ,

Grec ian me rc e n aries with im “ .

h gu h
ards ip , simil ar to t e P aralas an d h
h h
T is was a state
h
1
v e ssel , or

S al amima a At Alc ip ron , Bk I E pistl e 1 1 , wit Bergl ers

’ ’
t ens . See . .

n ote .

Af ric a n 2 su pra
h h hM
1
S ee , . .

Curtiu b ou
ys t a
h
s (iv 1 1 ) sa ta. t t irty of ace don ian s c oll ec ting t e

timb e r in Le b a rty of wil d Ara

h
n on wer e kill ed b y ap a b s an d t at afe w
h
,

u m
Le banon is aHeb re w word me an in g w ite ,
h j
were also ca p t re d b y t e .

like Alp es c c ou n t of its w ite c liffs , u

h h
It was so c all ed on a
. st as Br itain
is c all ed b y Aristotl e Al b ion t e Cel tic for w ite
h , ,

hh h
.

Pl u A u u
h h
4
tarc ( L f
i e of l ex and e r, 2 4 ) giv e s s on t e a t ority of C a res , ,

some deta l ou
h
il s of daring va r on t e p a rt of Al e xa n de rin t is e xpe dition .

Ol eander was p u
M
t b y Ale xander f or Op p re ssion in e xe rc isin g
h
t to dea
is du ties a s governor of edia See Arrian, vi 27 in fra
-
. . .
 hA
T e nab as is f
o Alexan der .

h h
Whe n is flee t ad b e e n arrange d in due o rde r b e
e mba rk e d u h
po n t e dec ks as many of is s ie l d be aring hh ,

h
-

u se e me d s u fi s e n te rpris e u

h
g ar d s a s f c ie n t fo r i n l es s a ,

se a b a
-
ttl e we re to b e f o u g h t ra th e r by b r e akin
g t e

e ne m

h
y s line than by a c los e c on fl ic t He the n starte d
’ l
.

f ro m S idon an d saile d towards Tyre with

h h
is sh ip s
arrange d in p rop e r ord e r himse l f b e ing on t e rig t
h
,

wing wh ic h stre tc h e d ou im we re
h h h
t se award ; an d with

h
t e k in gs of t e Cy p rian s an d all tho se of t e Pho e nic ian s
,

u m m
h h h h
e xc e p t Pnyta g oras w o with Cra t e r s w a s c o a n d in
, g
t e l e ft win g of t e whol e l ine T e Tyrian s . ad
pre vio usly re sol ve d to fight a sea battl e if Ale xan d e r -
,

l d sail again st th e m by se a Bu
h h
s ho u t the n with s u
. rp rise
s t mu l titu
h h h
th ey b e h e l d t e v a de of is sh ips ; for th e y
ad n ot ye t l e arn t th at Al e xand e r ad all t e ship s of
h At t e same time th e y h
h
t e Cyp rian s an d Pho e n ic ian s .

we re s u il in g again s t th e m
h
rp rise d t o se e th at e wa s sa

is flee t arran ge d in du e o rd e r; for Al e x an d e r s

h
’
w ith
fle e t a l ittl e b e fore it c ame n ear t e c ity tarrie d f or a
w h il e ou h h ,

h
h
t in t e Op e n s ea with t e vie w of p ro v ok in g t e
,

Ty rian s to c o me ou t to a battle ; b u t afte rwards as t e ,

e n e my did n ot pu t ou t to sea again st th e m thou

h
g h t h e y ,

we re th us arranged in line th e y ad van c e d to t e attac k

with a gre at dashin g Of o ars
,

S e eing th is t e Ty rian s
.
,
h
d ec id e d n ot to figh t a b attl e at sea b ut c l os e ly bl oc k e d
h
up t e p assage for sh ip s wit as man y trire mes as t e h ,

h
mo uths of th eir harbo ur woul d c on tain an d guarde d it
hh t t e e ne my s fle e t migh t n ot find an anc horage in
, ,

h
’
so t a

any of t e harbo u
h h
rs .

As t e Ty rian s did n ot p ut out to sea against im

h
Ale xan de r saile d n ear t e c ity b ut re sol ve d n ot to try
,

to fo rc e an e ntran c e in to t e h arbo u h ,

h h
r t o ward s S ido n on

ac c o u n t of t e n a rro wn e s s of its mo u th ; an d at t e same

hma h
h
In re gard to t is u
n w vre , see Herodo tus , vi 1 2 ; T u
c ydides , i 4 9,

u
. .

Arnold s note
'

d
.
 hA
T e nabasis o f Ale xan der .

h
hM h
t e ver
y ships with fire b ea r in
g
-
arro w s s o t ha t t h e y ,

ac e do nian s from app roac h in g t e wall

h
de te rre d t e .

Th e ir walls oppo site t e mol e were abou t on e h u

h h
n d re d

an d fifty fee t high wit a b readt in p ropo rtio n an d

, ,

uc ted with large ston e s imbe dde d in gyp sum It

h h
c on str .

hM
w as n ot easy for t e ho rse tran sports an d t e trire me s
h
-

h hh
of t e ac e don ian s wh ic h we re c onv e yin g t e e n gin e s
,

r u u
h
of wa to t e w al l to a pp ro a c t e c ity b ec a se a
p , ,

u n tity of sto n e s h u

h
re at q a rl e d f o rw ard in to t e se a pre
g
ul t T ese sto n es Al exan d er d e te r
h
v e n te d the ir n e a ra ssa .

mine d to drag out of t e sea; b ut th is was a work

ac c o mpl ish e d with great dific u s p e rfo rme d

h h
l ty sin c e it wa ,

fro m sh ip s an d n ot fro m t e firm earth ; e spec ially as t e

h
Ty rian s c o ve rin g t h e ir sh ip s with mail b rou m
h h h
, g h t t e ,

alo n gside t e an c hors of t e trire me s an d c uttin g t e

h
bl e s of t e an c hors un d ern e ath made an c horin g im
,

h
ca ,

po ssib l e for t e e n e my s sh ip s But Al e xan d er c ov e re d

h
’
.

many th irty c are d v e ssel s with mail in t e same way

h
-
,

and pl ac e d th e m ath wart in fro n t of t e an c hors so th at

h h ul t of t e sh ip s was re p e l l e d by th em But
,

h
t e a s sa .
,

hM
n o twith sta n din th is div e rs u n d e r t e s e a se c re tly c u t
g ,

ac e do n ian s th e n u
h
th e ir c abl e s. T e sed c ha in s to th e ir
anc hors in ste ad of c abl e s an d l e t th e m do wn so th at t e
,

div ers c o u l d do n o more harm Th e n f as te n in g slip

h h
.
,

k n o ts to t e ston e s th e y d ragge d th e m out of t e sea

h ,

f ro m t e mol e an d hav in g raise d the m alo ft with c rane s ,

th e y dis c h arge d th e m in to dee p wate r wh ere th e y we re ,

n o l o n ge r lik e l y to do inj u ry by b e in g h u
h h h
rl e d fo rwa rd .

h h h
T e sh ip s n ow e asily app roac h e d t e p art of t e wall
wh e re it ad b e e n mad e c le ar of t e s t on e s whic h ad
h
b e en h url e d fo rward T e Tyrian s b ein g n ow re d uc e d
.

to g re at s traits on all s id e s re sol v ed to mak e an at tac k

h
on t e C p ria
y
,

n sh ip s wh ic h we re moo re d oppo site t e

,
h
h arbo ur t urn e d to ward s S ido n For a l o n g time th e y
h h
.

d sail s ac ro ss t e mo uth of t e harbo ur in o rd e r

hh h
s p re a ,

t at t e fi ll ing of t e trire me s mig ht n ot b e d isc e rn ib l e ;

an d abo ut t h h h o hm dd
e i le day , w e n t
of t e e sail rs we re
qu A
d o m hfl h ho h
sc at te re
d in h d es t of n e c e s sarie s, an d w en l e x an er

uu y
h y h y fi d h q u qu m
s all re tire fr t e ee t to is te n t on t e t er

qu
h h
si e
d of t e c it . t e ll e t re e in e re e s, an e al
umb u m m mo
h h
n
q a
e r of
drir e es an d se v e n t rire e s wit t e st

o mp m
om h
e x pe rt c o po b
l e e n t of r we rs bssi l e , an d w it t e e st
mdm
h h
ar e d p d
e n a a teh for fig tin g fr
d k o h t e e c s, t ge t e r
wit t e m mo d en st o A
arin g in n av al c n te sts t firs t .

h y o d u o y qu y mo
d h ho hou
t e r we o t sl wl an d ie tl in sin gl e file , v in g

om
hm h h m ho
f rwar t e an le s of t e ir ars wit
o h d t any s ign al fr
u h
hCyp
1
t e en w o g iv e t e ti e to t e r w e rs ; b t w e n

h y
t e dy k
we re alre a tac in g again s t t e rian s, an d we re

oud hou
hm m
n ea ou h
r en h d dg h to b e se e n , t e n in e e wit al s t
ou m
d h k
an d e nc h oh rage ent to eac t e r, an d at t e sa e ti e

h mp uo u o
w it i h y o mm et s r wing , t e c enc e t e attac .

CH AP TE R XX II .

SIEGE or TY RE — NAVAL D un n or r n u Tram s

h
. .

that day th at A
h h
Irpp a e ne d on l e xand e r we n t away to
te n t, b ut afte r a sho rt time re tu
huu u o m hy
is rn e d to is ships , n ot

hh p y
tarryin g ac c o rd in g to is s al c st . T e T rian s

f e ll al l udd upo
of as h moo en n t e s i l in g at t e ir
s r
om y mp y
h d fi u y om h hh pp d p
ing s, fin in gd o hs b fi d e e n tirel e t an d t e rs e in g ll e
m
h y m ho k A h
wit if c l t fr t e en w o a e n e to b e re se n t

k hq u q u m hk
at t e ver ti fi e of t e n ise an d attac . t t e rs t

hAm h
o n se t h y ot e at nc e san t e in e re e of t e in g
Ad o u u
hC u u h d h
P ny tagoras , t at
h h of n r c le s t e at s ia an d t at
of Pas ic rate s t e y h
an d t oh 3
ria e s at te re t e t er

s h ip s by p u sh in th em as ho re But wh e n Ale xan d e r

g .

Cf Plautu M h migum
h h h
. s ( erc ator, iv 2,. ortator re .

Amat ns was atown on t e sou t c oast of Cypru s . It is n ow c al le d

L imas ol . Cf H e rodotu
. s, v. 1 04 1 1 5 ; Tacitu
-
m
s ( Ar , iii 62)
. Vergil

huh
( Aeneid , x
.

3 Cu mwas al so atown
riu on t e so t coast of Cyp rus .
 hA f A T e nabol ic o la ande r .

h u hy m h
hh p u h omm d
pe rc e ive d t e sailing o t of T rian trire es ,
t e e

m
hmouh hh b u
orde red ost of t e s i s n de r is c an to b e
m
h hy h p m h
an n e d and to ta e
k po o s iti n at t e t of t e ar o r,
u
hqu qu m h h hh bo u
h
so t a t t e re s t of t e T rian s i s ig t n ot sail o t .

h m h h m d by h
He h t en too k t e in e re es w ic e ad an d a t
m h
h d ud h y
five o f t e trire es , w ic we re an n e i in as t e

h hh hh ou
b e fore dy t e re s t we re re a , an d sail e ro n t e c it

u
hm h p h my k
again st t e Tyrian s w o ad sailed o t of t e arb r .

hA d h m hfl b
’
T e en on t e wa l l, e rc e ivin g t e ene s attac an d
o b se rv in g t at le xan er i se lf was in t e ee t , e gan

to s ho ut to t ho se hip s urgin g the m t o

in t he ir own s ,

rn ; b u t s we re n ot au dib l e on ac c oun t
h
re t u
h h
t as t h e ir s ho u ,

h
of t e n o is e of t ho se w o w e re e n gage d in t e a c t io n ,

th e y e x o rt e d t h e m t o re tre at by v ariou
h
s k in d s o f s ign a ls .

At las t af te r a lo ng t ime pe rc e iv in g t e impe n d in g

at t ac k of Ale x an de r s fle e t t e v t a k e d abo u
,

h
h
’
t an d b e g a
,
n c

t o l lc e in to t e h arb o u r; a n d a fe w of th e ir sh ip s

su u A nd e r s v e s se l s ass au
’

h
c c e e de d in e s c ap in
g b t l e xa ,
l ted

t e g re at e r n u mb e r an d re n de re d so me of th e m un fit for
,

n u u e me

h h h
su

h
s a i lin
g ; d a q u i q e r e tn e a n d a q a d r ir w e re

c a tu re d at t e v e ry mo u u B u
h h
p t o f t e h a r bo r t t e .

t e r o f t e marine s wa

hh h
s lau g s n o t g re a t ; f o r w h e n t h e y

h h
r ive d t at t ir h i w r in po s e ssio n of t e
p e c e e s p s e e s

ne m t e y s wam o ff with o u u u
h
e
y , t d ifi i c l ty in t o t e ha rbo r .

ld n o lon ge r d e riv e any aid fro m th e ir

h hM
lat e rian s c o u

e ir mil ita

h h
s ip t e
s , ac e do n ian s n ow b ro u g h t u p t h ry

e b ro u

h h h
e n in s to t e wal l its e l f
g e T ho se w h ic w e r.
g h t
m m
h h
n ar t e
e c it
y a l on
g t e o le d i d n o d a a ge w o r t ,

m n t o n in g o n ac c o un t of t e s tre ngth of t e wal l th e re

h h h
e i .

o me of t e sh ips c o nv e in m
h
r br u

h
Ot e s
g t o
p s
o
y g il it a r y
u
hh
n g ne s o ite t e pa r t o f t c it y t r n e d to wa rd s
pp
h
e i o s e

uluu l uw e n e ve n th e re the y me t with n o su

h
. c c e ss ,

Al xan de r pas e d ro und to t e wall p roj ec ting to ward s

h h h
e s

so u m ud an d towards Egyp t an d te ste d t e

hh
t e t ,

h h h
s t re n
g t f t e w o r ks
o e ve r wh e r
y e H e r e fi rst a la rge .

A p iec e of t e aal l wa s t or ou g yh l s a k e n a nd a p a rt of ,
 hAumm f A T e l - ic o lexande r .

h mh mu h hh
hu h
we re t rown fro t e on t e wal l , t e s ie l d b earin g
p
-

u mu
h h h
g an ls o n t ed valian nl v al on g t es e p s-n t e wal l ; fo r
Am u m
h h
t apt ain
ei r c , d et s,
prove d i se lf b rav e on t at
A m m
h
oc c as io n an d , le xande r ac c o pa n ie d t e , t

r
«eu n it e -i ns ; pa r t ic i an t
p in t e ac tion itse lf an d as a
u
h h
u
h h
c n ué ti
'
o f br il l ia n t an d dan e ro
g s t eate
i -
of v alo r p er

m
hA h hm h
for e d b y ot e rs T e firs t part o f t e wall . t at was
u
h
c ap t re d was w e re le x ande r ad pos te d i se l f ; t e

M
m
hm m
Ty rians b e in g e as il y be at e n bac k fro it , as soo n as t e

u m
ac e do n ians fo n d fir f oo t in g an d at t e sa e ti , e

bu Ad m u
h mu h u hh
a war o f e nt ran c e no t a r p t on e v e ry side et . s

hm m u h u h
was t e firs t to o nt twall ; b t w il e c ee rin g on
e

h
is en d d to o n t, e was s t r c k w it a spear an d ie

h hh mp
on t ot .
e s
p
A mA
h hm h h
f te r po i ,
le xande r w it t e Co an ions got sse s

h b hm hh d
sio n o f t e and w an d t
1
wal l ; e n so e of t e to w e rs e

h hu hh m hy p
part s of t e w al l e t wee n t e w e re in is an s,

h h y h md h
e adv anc e d t ro g t e b att le e n ts to t e ro al alac e ,
u
be c a s e t e de sc e n t in t o t e c it t at way see e t e

eas ie s t .

C H AP T E R XX IV .

Camc s : -
or Trs s

h hPho
.

urn
hh
‘
o re t to t e po ste d Oppo s ite
fle e t , t e e n ic ians

t e arb o ur look in g t o wards Eg y p t fac in g wh ic h th e y ,

h
hap p ned to b e moore d fo rc in g t h e ir way an d b urs tin g
h h
e ,

t e b ars a u t t e re d t e sh ip s in t e harbo u

h
n de r s h a s
,
r ,

at tac k ing s o me of t e m in d e e p wat e r an d d riv in g o th e rs

h h T o Cy prians al s o saile d in to t e oth e r harbo u h
h
a o re
s . r

h h
lo o kin g to wards S idon wh ic h ad n o b ar ac ro ss it an d , ,

mad a s pe dy c apt ure o f t e c ity on th at side T e

h h
e e .

nu n n b od o f t e T rian s d e se rte d t e wa l l wh e n th e y
y y

h (u h
hm
Adme tus
was killed, Al e xande r
h h h
N ac o« a n . a
n) . s. t at after
is en from t e a
ssaul t t at nig t. b ut re ne wed it n e xt day .

t
 Al exan dert en o ffered sac rific e to Herac l e s h
h h
1
be in g sold .
-
,

an d c on du c ted a proc e sm on in hon ou

h hh
r of t at de it y wit
'

all is so l diers fu ll y arme d

h h
T e s ip s also too l: part .

in t is re l igiou on our of He rac le s He

h
s p roc essio n in .

more o ve r he ld a gymnas tic c on te st in t e te mp le an d

h T e mil itary en g ine a h ,

h
hh h h
c e l e b rat ed a torc rac e . l so wit , ,

ad bee n bat t e re d down was broug t

h
wh ic t e wall ,

int o t e te mpl e and dedic ate d as a than k e lfe rin g ; and

h h h
hh
-

h
t e Tyrian s ip se ns e d to He rac le s w ic
h
ad b ee n c ap ,

h
t are d in t e n av a l att ac k was like wise de dic ate d t o t e ,

o d A n in sc rip tio n w a p l ac e d on it e it e r c o m ose d

g . s
p ,

b y Al e xan d er h imse l f or b y so me one e ls e ; b u

h h h
t a s it is

not wo rt y of rec o ll ec tio n I av e no t de e me d it wort ,

s Tyre c a tu

h
Th u
h h h
wh ile to de s c ribe it s th e n wa .
p r e d in

t e mon t He c ato mb aion w en Anic e t u s wa s a rc o n at

,

Athe n s .

C HAPT E R N .

THE Orrt s s or D a [law m a

sws n — Burs, G u
n man or

Gaza, Ramse s t o S c am

h
.

W s ms Ale xan de r was still o c c upie d by t e sie ge o f

h
'

Ty re amb assado rs c ame to im from Dariu

h
nn ou

h
s a n c in
, g ,

t hat e wo uld give imte n tho u "

h h h h
sa n d tale n ts in e x c hang e
for is mo th e r wife and c il dre n t at all t e te rrit ory
h uh , ,

h
h h hh u
we s t of t e rive r E p rate s , as far as t e Gre c ian Se a ,

ou A
m y hd uh D u b m h
’
s p
ld b e l e x an de r 5 ; and ro o sing p t at e s o ld
arr t e ag te r of ari s, an d ec o e is frie n d an d

h h h
h
D i odoru
hm ha h
s ( xv ii ) a nd a
Crn ial l iv 1 9) ate
st a Tyrians w o
h
. i . t t

ad e sc ape d t assac re we re an ge d on o re b y Al exan de r s

'

e t e se -
s

h
o rde r .

Ju n d be ginn in g of Au u o dorus cud

hh h
3
T e e n d of ly a g st s e 3 32 D i . . . .

s te d se v en m

h
16) te lls us t at t e sie ge la on t s Se e al so C e rtian (iv 20 ) . .

We find from S trabo ( xv i 2) t at .

c ity .
 T hA abmi
e n
f
s o Alexander .

CH APTER XXVI .

S mu
t or Gaza

h h
.

GAZA is ab ou t twenty stade s from t e sea

h h
t e app ro ac h 1

h
to it is san d an d o v e r h e avy s o i l, an d t e se a n ear t e
y

h
c i ty e ve ry wh e re sh a ’
llo w T e c i ty of Gaza was large ,
.

il t upon a l o fty moun d , aro un d wh ic h a

h
an d ad b ee n b u
o
s tr n g h
wall h ad b e e n c arri e d It is t e las t c i ty t e
.

trave l le r me e ts wi th go in g fro m Phoe n i c i a t o E gyp t

h h h
be i n g s i tuate d on t e e dge of t e d e se rt W e n Ale xan
,

h h h
.

de r arrive d n e ar t e c i ty on t e first day e e n c amp e d

h hh h ,

at t e spo t w e re t e wall see me d to im mos t e asy to

h
assail an d ord e re d is mili tary e n gi n e s to b e c o n s truc te d
h h
,

h
.

But t e e n gin e ers e xp re s se d t e O p i n ion t at it was n ot

h h
possi b l e to c ap ture t e wall b y fo rc e on ac c o un t of t e
h h
h eigh t of t e mound Ho we ve r t e mo re i mprac ti c ab le
,

h
.
,

it see me d to b e t e mo re re s o lu te l y Al e x an d e r d e te r
h h ,

mi n e d that it mus t b e c ap ture d For e sai d that t e

h
.

ac ti on wou l d stri k e t e e n e my wi th g re at al arm fro m its

h
b e i n g c o n trary to the i r e x pe c tati on ; whe re as is failure
h
t o c ap tu h
re t e p l ac e wo u l d re do un d to is disgrac e whe n
h
me n ti on ed e i th e r to t e Gree ks or to D ari us He th e re
h
.

fo re re so lv e d to c o n s tru c t a mo u igh t ro u
h h
nd r n d t e c i ty ,

b l e to b ri n g is mili tary e ng in e s u
h h
so a s to b e a to t
p e

wall s fro m t e arti fic i al mo u

h h
n d wh i c h ad b e e n rai se d to
t e s ame l e ve l wi th th e m T e mou s c o n st ru

h h
. n d wa c te d

lly o ver agai nst t e s o uth e rn wall of t e c i ty

h
e sp e c i a ,

w h e re it app eare d e asi es t to mak e an assau lt Wh e n e .

mil es and ahalf h h

h
Ne arly two . S trabo xvi
( . 2) s ays t at t e c ity was
des fromt e sea
h h h
on ly se v e n sta .

G azais t e G ree k form of t e He rew n ame Azza (fortress )

b
hb h
2
Its .

E p p
m
h h hh
p os it ion on t e ord e r of gy t an d P al e s tine as give n it i ort an ce

from t e e arl iest times . It was on e of t e five c itie s of t e P ilis tin e s ;

d k p d
an d re taine its own in g til l a l ate erio , as we l earn rom Z ec ariaf h h
h b h d h
hh p p
ix 5
. . It wa s t e sc en e of ab a ttle e t wee n Ric a r Ia n d t e Sa rac ens . .

It is n ow c a d
ll e G uzze , wit a o u l ation of
 S [eye of Gaza .

tho u hmo u d hb h
i h h ll h
ght that t e n ad
i d to t e p rope r een ra s e

l e vel w t t e wa s t e ac e n an s p lac ed th e i r mili tary

h
M do i ,

e n ine s u
g po n it an d b ro u,
g h t t h e m c l o s e to t e w al l o f
Gaza At th i s ti me w h il e Al e xan de r was ofie rin g sac ri
.

fic e and c rown e d with a garl an d was abo ut to c o m

,

h
,

me n c e t e first sac re d ri te ac c o rdin g to c us to m a c e rtai n

,

c arn iv oro u h ,

h
s b i rd fly i n g o v e r t e a
, l tar l e t a s to n e wh i c h ,

it was c arryin g wi th its c laws fall upo n is h e ad Ale x

h
.

an de r as k e d Aristan de r t e s oo th say e r what t h i s o me n

,
l
,

mean t 0 k i n g tho uwil t i n d e e d c ap ture

h
He re plie d
.
,

t t ho umu
”
t e c i ty b u ,
s t take c are of thy se l f on this day .

CH APTER XXVI I .

C an ons or Gaza
h
.

W H EN Al exan der h e ard th i s e k e pt hi msel f for a ti me

h
r t e mili tary e n gi n e s ou
,

t of t e reac h of missile s h
h
nea , .

But wh e n a vi go ro us s o rti e was made fro m t e c i ty an d

h
t e Arab s we re c arryi n g to rc h e s to se t fire to t e mili tary h ,

an d fro m th e i r c o mman d i n g po s i ti o n abov e

h h
e n gin e s ,

h urli ng mi ss ile s at t e Mac e don i an s w o we re d e fe n di n g ,

th e ms e lve s fro m l o we r g ro u e m do wn

h h
n d w e re drivi n th
g ,

f ro m t e mo u ad mad e th e n Al e xan d e r
h h
n d wh i c h t h e y ,

h
e i th e r wil fully di s obeye d t e so oth saye r or fo rgo t t e ,

p rophec y fro me xc i te me n t in t e he at of ac ti on Taki n g

h h h
.

ri n g g u t o t e re sc u
h
t e sh i e l d b e a -
ard s e ha s te n e d , e

h
wh e re t e Mac e don ian s we re e sp e c i ally hard p re s se d an d ,

p re ve nte d th e m fro m b e i n g drive n do wn fro m t e mo un d

in d i s grac e fu But s h i mse l f w o u h
h
l fli g h t e wa . n de d

by a b o l t fro m a c atap ul t ri gh t th ro ugh t e s h ie l d an d

h
,

b re as tp late in to t e shoul de r Wh e n b e p e rc e iv e d th at
h h h h
.

Aris tan de r ad spoke n t e truth abo ut t e wo un d e ,

Com a p Af ric a Pl u rc (Aia , 25 ) say s t at h h

hb d h
re i 1 1 an d 25 ; n 1 8
, . ta . . .

t e ir was e ntangled and c au g t amon g t e n e tshan d c or s See al so d .

Curtius, iv 26 . .
 hA f A T e nabasis q le xan der .

u hhough hhoul d l o p u h
i y by h hoo h i d dh
rejoi d ce , b ec a se e t t e s as ca t re t e

A
hou d hm im h
c t t e aid of t e s t say e r . nd
y e t n ee e

ily u d
i h hi h h h pud
was n ot e as c re of t e w n . In t e eant e t e

mi i y
ho d d hm u d
l tar i e n g n es wt iv d w c e ad c a t re Tyre arr e ,

ou d hi y
h v a in gb by e e n s en t for se a; an d e r e re t e o n

u d qui
Wh h
to b e o c n str c te id te r n t e c t on all s e s, t wo

hb p p d b ou h u lo g h
s ta e s
d b dh 1
in re a t
h i h an d 25 0 fe e t in g t e e n is .

e n gin e s ad een re are ,

an d r g t p a n t e

mo u d h y hook do
h hbig
n t e l g s ll wn a ar e e x te n t of wa ; a nd
,
mi u v i o u pl
l h h ll ll d
b i
nes e ng d g in ar s ac e s, an d t e eart e n

u by m yp
i o hmp i d p hM do i
drawn o t s tea t ,
t e wa fe own in an arts,
ub id i ’

h omm d d l
s s n
g nt t e e t e s ac e . T e ac e n an s
g ou d i h h i
b k h h d di g h
t en c an e a arge e x te n t of r n wt t e r

mi il d ivi m
i y om ho hm hi y
ss e s, r n
g ac t e en w o we re e fe n n t e

c t ,
fr N v h l
t e t we rs . e e rt e es s , t e e n of t e c t
u i d h ul ho u h m y h i um
hou h k
s s ta n e t re e assa ts, t g an of t e r n b er
ou d d u
u hph l hM do i om
we re k ill d e or w n e ; b t at t e f rt attac ,

Al
hp h l hi h
d
e xan e r l ed t aan x of t ac e an s fr
p e e n

all id s h do
e s, t re w wn t e art of t e wal w c was
u m d
i h h gi d d h
n de r hook do
ine ,
an d
oh l po io s wn an t er arge rt n of it

h o ugh h ih h
by b i atte r n g it w t h is en n e s, s o t at b e re n e re t e

ul y m
A o di ly h
assa t an eas b h atte r t r t e reac es wt is
ou h
h ll hh o
li g l dd
sc a n a l d
e rs . cc r n
g t e ad e rs w e re b r g t
mul i o
hM do i hl id l im
u p to t e wa ; an d t e n t ere ar a great e
se at n
mo
hhould h l h
a ho
n
g t s e of t e ac e n an s w o a any c a to
v lo u
h hm
a r, to se e w o s be t e first to s c ae t e w all .

N op o l mu
h mily hA id
firs t to
h
T e do so was e t e s, o n e of t e Co
p ioan n s , of t e fa m of t e eac ae an d afte r i
mo u d
hM do i h i h ll
n te k oh
on e ih h i o ran afte r an t er w t t e r ffic e rs .

om
io h
Wh o en nc e s e of t e ac e an s got w itn n t e wa ,

u
h u d mi d h hol
th y p li op
e s t g en hi h in hp y s c c e ss n t e ate s w c eac art
i h upo
my i o hi y Bu ho u h h i
a
h pp d ene to l g t n, an d t s a tte t e w e

ar nt t e c t iy . t t g t e r c t was n ow in

Astadium equ
h h
all ed 60 6} fee t .

Cf T . u c ydide s , ii 76 (
. d esc ri p ti on of t e siege of Plata
eae) .
 BOO K III .

C H AP T E R I
Conc u s sr or Earn — Fouuu
arxou or ALEXAN D RIA

h
.

ALs xmns s
h
p e di ti o n i n to Egyp t wh i th er e
n ow l e d an ex ,

ad se t ou t at first ( fro m Ty re) ; an d marc h i n g fro m Gaza

h h usium
,

h
'
on t e se v e n th da e a r riv e d at P e l in E gyp t
y .

His fl e e t ad al so se t sail f ro m Pho e n i c i a to Egyp t

h h l re ady moo re d at P e l us ium
M h
an d e f o u
h
n d t e sh i p s a .

Whe n azac e s t e Pe rsi an who m D ari us ad appoi n te d

hh
vi c e roy of Egyp t as c e rtai ne d o w t e b attl e at I s sus
,

h h
3
,

ad re su l te d th at D ari us ad fle d in d i sg rac e ful fli gh t

, ,

an d th at Pho e n i c i a S yri a an d mo st of Arab i a w e re

hh
al re ady in Ale xan d e r s po sse ssi o n as e
, ,

h h
’
ad n o Pe rsi an ,

l d o ffe r re si s tan c e e ad mi tte d

h
e c ou

h
fo rc e wi th wh i c h ,

Al e xan d e r i n to t e c i ti e s an d t e c o un try in a fri e n dl y

Pe l u m is i
siu d h hH b marsh) hm
h
al wit (a
h
1
entic t e e re w S in t e ost

E gy pt whi h i
all e in E ze iel xxx 1 5 t e s tre ng t of d k
h
easte rly c ity of , c s c .
,

E gyp t e c au b
se it wa
, s t e key to t a t c oun tr h
y from its ron tier osition f p .

Cf H e rodotu s situ ate d n e ar mars es h

h b h h
. s iii 5 S trab o (xvii 1 ) says it wa
, . . . .

d
It stoo e ast of t e Pel u of t e Nil e a ou h
t 2 ; mil es from t e b
hh
sia

h
c ra nc ,

h
T is mont of t e river was c o e up wit san as early as t e hkd h d
hCh
sea .

first c e n tu n era( Lu h b d d
h
ry of t e ristia c as viii S enn ac eri a v an c e , .

h h m yses de feate d t e E gy tian s , b p

h hh h h
as f ar as t is c ity a nd ere Ca , 5 25 .

Ip ic rate s t e At e nian adva n c e d to P e l usiu m wit t e satrap P arna h

ba u M u
h mm
z s, 3 73 . Cf Ve rgil ( Georg ie , i
. . artial , xiii 9 ; S i l i
. s, iii 3 7 5
. .

Curt iu sa hat thi fl u

h
3
s (iv . 22) ys t s ee t wa s n de r t e c o an d of

H ep aes tic n .

3 Hi
s p
re dec essor, Sab ace s, was sl ain at Issus . S e e 4 rrian,
. u . 11
p
s u ra .
 T hA e nabas is of Al exan der .

ht am a Me mphis ; wh e re e me h
h
o
c r sse d t e s re nd ca to
c e to Api s

h
ofie r c ri fi an d t e o the r gods an d c el e
1
e d sa ,

b rat e d a gy mn as ti c an d musi c al c on te s t t e mos t dis

tin gu h
is e d arti sts in th e se matte rs c omi n g to im fro m h ,

Fro m Me mphi s e sail e d do wn t e river to h h

h h
G re e c e .

ward s t e s e a e mb ark i n g t e sh i e l d b e ari n g g u

h h h h
, ard s -
,

t e arc h e rs t e Agrianian s an d of t e c aval ry t e roy al

,

h
ad ron of t e Co mpan i on s Co min g to Can ob us
,

h
h
s qu
2
e .
,

ile d ro un d t e Mari an lake an d d i se mb arke d wh e re

h
3
sa ,

n ow is si tu ate d t e c ity of Al e xan d ria wh i c h tak e s its

h h
me fro m im T e po si ti on se e me d to im a v e ry fin e h ,

h
na .

on e in whi c h t o f o u

h
n d a c i ty and e f o re saw that it ,

wo u l d b ec o me a p ros pero us one

h
Th e re fore e wa
‘

u
s .

h h
se i ze d by a n a rde n t de si re to n d e rta k e t e en te rpri se ,

an d h i mse l f mark e d ou t t e bo u ri e s of t e c i ty p o i n t

h h
n da ,

ing ou e c o n s tru

h h
t t e pl a c e w h e re t e a g o ra w a s to b c t e d ,

wh e re t e te mp l e s we re to b e b u il t stati n g ow many ,

th e re w e re to b e an d to wh at G re c ian god s t h e y we re to
’

b e de d i c ate d an d s p e c ially mark i n g a s pot for a te mpl e

h
to t e E gyp ti an I
,

si s
6
He al so poi n te d o ut whe re t e
. h
l l w as to b e c arri e d ro u
h h
wa n d it In re gard to th e se .

matte rs e o ffere d sac ri fic e an d t e v ic ti ms app e are d ,

favo u rab l e .

CH APTE R II .

FO U N DATIO N or ALEXAND RIA — EVENTS in ms AE G EAN . .

TH E fo l l o wi n g s tory is to l d wh i c h s e e ms to me n ot n u ,

hBu Mmph See H erodotu hh

M
T e ll of e is , sac re d to F ta s, , t e god of fire .

iii 27 , 28 ; S trabo, xvii 1 ; Ammianu d

h
. s , xxii 1 4 ; Ovi (
. e t , ix . . .

Now Ab ouir, a ou k b
t 1 3 mil e s n ort ea st of A h
h Cf
3
l e xan dria, n ea r t e -

weste rnmost mou t of t e Nil e h Ae sc yl u s (S upp , 3 1.1 P rom .

, h .

ac itu T
k M Mu Cf
S trabo, xv ii 1 , 1 7 ;
. s (Anya, ii .

3
U su d
ally cal l e La e areotis , n ow ari t Ve rgil (Georgie , n . . .

f
We l earn , rom Curtius (iv h
h d h
t at Al exa
h
n der a t first re sol ved to
.

bu ros, b u d
t fin ing it too sma ll , u b
h
il d t e c ity on t e isl a n of P a il t
it on t e ma
h h
in lan d .

5
d p f
Ago de ss re resenting t e moon , and wi e of Osiris t e su n god -
.
 "

T hA e nab sis a o
f Alec ander .

hpi mas sac re d by t e Ch ian s ; an d h

h
t e rate s we re th e re

h M
He ge loc us b ro ugh t to Al ex an d e r as p ri so n e rs Ari st o
n ic u h
Apol lon ide s t e Chian P isin us re u
h hh h
s , e ga s and , , ,

h h h
all t e o th e rs w o ad take n p art in t e re v o l t of Chi os
to t e Pe rsian s an d w o at t hat ti me we re ho l d i n g t e
h ,

g o ve rn men t of t e i slan d by forc e He al so an n o un c e d

hh h h
.

hh h
th at e ad d e p rive d C e re s l
of t e po sse ssi o n of

Mi ty l e n e that e ad bro ugh t o ve r t e oth e r c i ti e s in

hh
,

L e s bos by a v ol un tary agre e me n t an d th at e ad se n t

h h
Am ote rus to Cos wi th si x ty sh ip s for t e Coan s th e m
,

h h
i n vi te d im to the i r i slan d He sai d th at b e im
,

h hh
se lve .

ad sail e d to Cos an d fo u
h h
se l f n d it alre ady in t e an ds
of Amphote ru He ge loc us b ro ugh t all t e p ri so ne rs
h h hh h
s .

wi th im e x c e p t P arn ab azu ad e l ud e d is g uards

h
s w o ,

Al e xan d e r se nt t e
hh h
at Cos an d got away by ste al th .

d e s po ts w o ad b e en b ro ugh t f rom t e c i ti e s b ac k to
bu
h h
th e i r fe ll o w c i ti ze ns to b e treate d as th e y p l e as e d
-
,
t
Apollon ide s an d is Ch ian p artisan s e se n t un d e r a
s tri c t g u
2
ard to E le ph an tin e an Egyp tian c i ty ,
.

CH APTE R III .

ALEXAND E R Vl srrs ran TE M PLE or An s on .

AFTE R th e se Al e xan d e r was se i ze d by an

t ran sac ti o n s ,
ard e nt d e s ire to vi si t Ammon in Li bya p artly in o rde r
3
,

h Atha hh h h
h h
C are s was an a
e ni n w o d b ee n on e of t e ge n eral s at t e
fatal h mu
M hf
b attl e of C aeron e a . Ca s ( iv 24
.
) says t at e c on se n te d to
e vac uate ityl en e wit h is orce of men on c on diti on of a fr
ee

de p artu
h hm
re .

d sa e na e, O m pp
h uh
On an isl an in t e Nil e , of t e osite Syene . It

h mp ha h h
se rve d as t e so t e rn fron tier garrison st ation .

3 T e te le of p
Ju iter Ammon was in t e o sis of Biwa , to t e

E p u Th
h
west of gy t I t s .r in s w e re d is c ov e re d b y row n e in 1 7 92 is B .

b ou t 6 mil e s l on g a
hh h
oa sis is a n d 3 b roa d T e p e op l e c al l e d Lib y an s .

oc c upie d t e w ol e of N ort A ric a e xc l u d ing h f

gy t In H e b re w t ey E p .

are c all e d L u b im (su nb u Ch

h
rn t) Se e 2 ron xii 3 ; xvi 8 ; D an xi 4 3
. . . . . .

Na iii 9
. . Cf H erodotu
. . s , ii 3 2 ; iv 1 68 1 99 . .
-
.
 Alexander Visits hm t e Te p le f
o Ammon .

to o ult
c ns hgod
t e ,
u h
be c a se t e rac l e of Ammo n was o
i d to b e e xac t in its i n fo rmati on an d Perse us an d
h
sa ,

H e rac l es we re sai d to h ave c on su l te d it t e forme r wh e n

h ,

h
h h
e wa s de sp a tc he d by Pol yde c te s ag ain st t e G o rg o n s
1
,

and t e l atte r wh en e vi si te d An tae u

, s
9
in Li by a an d
B us iri s in E gyp t Al exan de r was al so partl y urge d by
8
.

a des i re of e mu latin g Pe rse u c l e s f ro m bo th

h h h
s a n d H e ra ,

of who m e tra He al so d e d u
h
c ed is d e sc e n t ‘
c ed is.

pe digree fro m Ammon j ust as t e l e ge n d s trac e d that of

Herac l es an d Pe rs eus to Z eus Ac c o rdin gl y e m
,

h
h h h
ade
.

t e e x p e d iti on to Ammo n wi th t e d e sign of l earn i n g is

own o rigi n mo re c erta in ly or at l east that e might b e h
hh ,

Ac c ord in g to Aris
hh h
ab l e to s ay that e ad l e arn e d it .

to u lu s , e a d van c e d al on g t e sea shore to Parae ton i um -

t hro u u u u
h
g h a c o n tr y w h i c h w a s a d e se rt b t n ot d e s ti t te ,

h
te r a di stan c e of abo u
h
of wa stades Th e n c e e
‘
, t .

tu rn e d in t o t e i n te rior wh e re t e o rac l e of Ammon wa

h ,
s

l oc ate d . T e ro u te is d e sert an d mo st of it is san d an d ,

d e sti tute of water But th e re was a c opi ous suppl y of

h
.

rai n for A l e xan d e r 8 th i ng wh i c h was attrib u

h h
,
. te d to t e
in fl u e n c e of t e d e i ty ; a s wa s a l so t e fo ll o wi n g o c c u r

h h
Wh en e ve r a south wi n d b lo ws in that distri c t it
h
re n c e.
,

h
ps up t e san d upon t e route far an d wi de re n d e ri n g
h
ea ,

t e trac k s of t e ro ad i n vi sib l e so th at it is i mpo ssi b l e to

h
,

disc o ve rwhere one o ugh t to d irec t on e s c o urse in t e san d

’
,

j ust as if on e were at se a; for th e re are n o lan dmark s

h
alon g t e ro ad n e i th e r mo u
, n ta i n an y wh ere nor tre e , ,

n or p erma

h
n en t h ill sta n d i n g e re c t by wh i c h trav e lle rs ,

might b e ab le to form ac onj e c ture of t e righ t c o urse as ,

had Serip u Of H erodotu h

h
Kin g of t e isl n
s s , n 91 . . . .

d
h
T e giga ntic son of Posei on a n d Ge .

d h d f h
h
E
King of gyp t, w o wa s sai to a ve sac rifice all oreigners t at

h d hh
visite d t e l and .

Perseu h
an fat er of Al emena, t e mot er of Hercu
h
s was t e gr l es .

5
b
A ou t 1 83 m il es T is city l ay at t e e xtreme west of gyp t, in
. h E
lla marics .
 T hA e nabasis o
f Ale xander .

Con se q uen tly Ale xan de r s h

h h
’
s ail ors do by t e s ta rs 1 .
,

army lo s t t e way an d e ve n t e g u i de s we re in do ub t
ab o u t t e c ou h
Ptole my son of Lag us says
,

h h
rs e to tak e .
, , ,

t at t wo s e rpe n ts we n t in fron t of t e army u

h
t te ri n g a ,

an d Ale xan d e r o rde re d t e g u ide s to fo l lo w the m

h
v o ic e , ,

t ru t i n g in t e d ivi ne po rte n t He say s t oo that th e y

h h
s .

But
h
al o w d t e way to t e o rac le a
l e n d ba ck a gai n .

Ari t b ul us w ose ac c o un t is ge ne rall y ad mi t te d as c or

h h
s o ,

ays t at t wo rave n s fle w in fro n t of t e army an d

hh
r cte ,
s
,

ac te d as Al e xan d e r s gu I am ab le to
h
’
t at t e id e s
es .

as rt wit c n fid e n c e that so me d ivi n e as sis tan c e w as

h h
s e o

utl rd d im for p robab ili ty al so c o in c i d es wi th t e

h h h
'

o e ,

up p it io n b ut t e dis c re pan c i e s in t e de tails of t e

h h
s os

n umu n arrat ive s ave de priv e d t e s to ry of c e rtai n ty 8

s .

h h me dis tan c e
h a h
a
h h
t o; s o on w ard t e e ngin e e rs ad e rec te d lin e of

u u u
h a —h a h h b
‘t ‘
l -b
t '
a a p l e s to g ide
o s b t a fte r t e y c e s e d t e de sert w s b so
uh u
.

u u a s—

h h u h
l s . ii lt aw U i g i de s “e t c t e s t r
. d t e n ig t e e n overc s t
m
hh
t e i a
t al t l w a l l'
s “ u it l aw b e e n i p oss ib l e nd we ere s tee red b y

uu u u u u
hhu u mu h h u u ma h
m u n ! l l uc a t i
l , L tt n a t Raws o n , w o d do b tl es s st die d on p re vio s

h h hh h h
m a ti a
h
n i g t i
. t e l l o f t e
:
ce e l s l be c o n s to t e co rse of o r r c
.

u
m u h m u ah h h hH h a B a
t e t -t tl c o. t e e was t e po in t of direc tion ; t e re fo re e rode

hh a ua
b al a ) . t e c ri e b tt on s ( 75 t nd 7 9t of t ig l nd rig de
e

m u
.

m h k
h m ha h a ua a
l -
i. p i l) in . co rs e of t e nig t, f te r d ly sc e rtaining w at dar
u u u
ha hh a a h
l a.“ l dw s s
u h a
no c
gJ
i re pre se n te d to i t t is p r t ic l r s t r
uu
h hh hh m a ha ha
“a s l a
dud e xt i
-
. b t e al w ys re p l ie d t t e d no t e r in v ie w,
m u
hhu hmu h m h p A ha
m . d t s ng tu is b o w w , ic e s o wed e, nd t t e w s c on vince d

h h a p f
e s I ul . d il l t e l e as t f r
o t e pr o e r dir
ec tion . nd e w s

ma u
huh h
w
h u m a ud H
in ,
is . m lan c c “as nel l o s ly c o rre c t ; for is rew r d . oor e llow ,

h h h k h
e .
'

s ot do wn in t e as sa l t , o rt l ly wo n ed . e re we we re
u u
hh m h u —a m h ha hu
. i a t, b ut fo r t . e s tars, in region w e n: n o to e n e xiste d on t e s r

h
tuv . I
.
) “ a
a to ark t e co rse ny ore t n on t e oce n wit o t
m u a ma m
Mu
— S ir
h
"

h
a
h
it n -
p w d t
Ha e dis tanc e to b e tr ve rse d w s ny il e s .

"
l ids -
a
st d a de ) . T e S e c o n d D iv ision t Te l -
e l - Ke ir, N ine te e nt
“
h h
"U l I V! w iwl 155 2
y
'
t ( , .
. .

m u m k A ad
uh u h h
x;
p 1) q o te s fro Cal l is t e n e s. w ose wor on le x n er

A uu a
h hu
a ris to b l s ab o t t e t wo r v e ns . C llis t e ne s

h p u
hh
a t t y Pl utarc ( li . 2 7) in re g rd to t is rodigy . C rt is :
u a a U u ( )~ \
t_ a t at t we r
e s cral rave ns ; nd D iodor s xvi i 19
h
e .
«

b
l 'l ‘
u o l mu . “
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexande r .

h h hh p o u d om h Al
hpl
c l eare r t an t at w ic is r c re fr a t ex e se .

uk i h o d
o u d ho l hgod H vi g h d h
an d her t en was str c wt w n er at t e ac e , an d

h i h hh m l id h
c ns l te t e rac e of t e . a n ear w at

hjou y b k gyp by h m ou
was a reea
g bl e to is w s e s, as e i se f sa , e s e t
u
h m A i bulu u o d
o t on t e rn e ac to E t t e sa e r te ,

u hook
ac c r n to t e state e nt of
o di g r sto s ; b t ac c r
h
in g to t at of P ol my
t e ,
son of oh
L a s
g , e t an t er

roa d, l eadin g s traigh t to M e mph is l .

CHAPTER V .

S s rrmmmr or r n u Arruxs or Earn

h
.

Ar M e mph i s many e mb as si es fro m Gre e c e re ac he d im

h h
'
,

h
an d e sen t away n o on e disappo in te d by t e rej ec ti on
Fro m An ti p ate r al so arrive d an army of 4 0 0
M
is sui t
h
of .

Gre c i an me rc e n ari e s un de r t e c o mman d of e nida s ,

n de r : li k e wi se f ro m Th ra

h
son of He ge sa c e 50 0 c a val ry ,

un de r t e di rec ti o n of Asc l epiodorus son of E un ic us

h h h
.
,

H e re e o ffe re d sac rific e to Z e us t e Ki ng l e d is sol d i ers ,

fu l ly arme d in s o l e mn p roc e ssi o n an d c e l e b rate d a gym

nasti c a n d mu si c al c on te st He th e n se ttl ed t e affairs .
,

h
h
of E gyp t by a p p o in ti n g two Egyp ti an s D ol oaspis an d
, ,

n try d ivi di n g b e twe e n th e m

h
Pe tisis g o v e rn ors of t e c o u
h
, ,

t e whol e lan d ; b u
hh
is p ro vi n c e
h
t as P e tisis d e c lin e d ,

D ol oaspis re c e iv e d t e w ol e He appo i n te d two of t e .

M
Co mpani o n s to b e c o mman dan ts of garri son s : Pan tale on
h
t e Pydn ae an in M e mph i s an d Po l e mo son of
h
e a c les
g , , ,

a Pel lae au in Pe l u siu m He al s o gave t e c o mman d of

h , .

t e Gre c ian au x ili ari e s to Ly c i d as a n Ae t o li a n a nd a

p , ,

We l earn from S trabo

u u n e s th a hh h
h h ( on t e a t ority of Ca
xvl list e
. t ,

t e dec l aration of t e ora mmon was c on firmed b y those of Apol l o

M
c l e of A

h
at Bran c idae n ear il e tu s an d of Ath e n a at E ryt rae in Ionia
, h .

Pl u rc h ( Alex 28 ) a ssert tha t A nder s e t a float

hd aa ha ha h hf
ta n d Arrid a (vii 29) a
.
, l exa .

Zeu
ha di g h
t e ec l r tion t t e w s t e son of s to over a we t e oreigners

over w o h m e w s e xten n i ru
l s e.
 S ettlemen t f
o hAf
t e airs o f Egyp t .

h h
poin te d E uguostus son of Xen op an tes on e of t e Com
h ,

p an io n s to b e sec re tary o ve r t e same troop s As thei r

,

h h hh
.
,

e pla c e d Aes c hy l us an d E p ip p u

hgov m h i hboui g ou
ove rse e rs s t e C alc i

Liby hg hu
d ean. T e rn e n t of t ne rn ntr of
e e g c
y
Apoll o i u
hp h u ud
a d e ran te to n s , son of C arin s; a nd

A b
h
t e art H of ra ia n ear e roop olis e p t n er

m m N u i
hgo o ul h i p iv di i
Cle o e n e s, a i l o d ’ as t was rde re
an of a c rats . T s

h i u o m u oll om
t o all ow t e ve rn rs to r e t e r re s ec t e s t r c ts

h m hi u u h m h i gov o
ac c r n to t
o di g e an c en t c st ; b t to c ec t fr
t e t e tr b t e d e to i . T e nat ve e rn rs we re
it to Cl e omen es
M
al so o rde re d to pay . He appoi n te d

h
Peu ac artat u lac ru
h h
c e stas, s on of s, an d Ba s, s on of

Amyn tas ge n e ral s of t e army whi c

h h
, e l e ft b e h in d in

Egyp t ; an d e pl ac e d Po le mo son of T e rame ne s o ve r

h
t e fl e e t as ad mi ral He mad e Le on n atu s s on of An te a
, ,

h hh h
. s , ,

is body gu ards i n stead of Arr yb as w o ad

h h
o ne of -
,

d ie d of disease An tio c h us t e c o mman de r of t e

h h
.
,

arc he rs al s o di e d an d in is s te ad Omb rion t e C re tan

,

When Balac rus was le ft b e h i n d in

h h
wa s a p po i n te d .

h
E gyp t t e allie d G re c i an i nfan try wh i c h ad be e n u
,
n de r ,

is c o mman d was p u t u t of Calan u Ale xan de r

h
n de r t ha
‘

, s .

was sai d to have d ivide d t e g o ve rn me n t of Egyp t

h h
amo n g s o many me n be c au s su

hh h
se e wa rp ris e d at t e
,

tural s tren g t of t e c ou y an d e tho ught it un safe

h h h
na n tr ,

to e n tru s t t e rul e of t e whol e to a sin gl e p e rs on T e .

Ro man s al s o se e m to me to hav e le arn e d al e sso n fro m

h im an d th e re fore k e e p Egyp t u n d e r s tro ng g u

h, ard ; for
t he y do n ot s e n d any of t e se nato rs th i th er as p ro c o n su
h h h
l
for t e same reas o n b u t o nl y me n w o have t e ran k
h
amo n g th e m of E q u i te s (Kn ig ts) 3
,

h
E wal d and others t in k that He rob polis was iden tic al with t e h
hB b
1

Raamse s of Ram se s , or Rame ses , is a C p ti meaning

h hu
t e i le . o c word

h h h
"
t e son of t e s n .

u d b y t e Mil e sians on t e C an opic b ranc h of t e Nil e It

f
h
A c ity o n de .

rema in ed a p u rel y G ree k c ity b eing t e on ly pl ac e where G ree ks were

,

all owed to se ttle an d trade in E gypt Cf H erodotu s ii 97 1 3 5 1 7 8 1 79 . .

, .
, , , .

Cf Tac itus (Historiae i

.
, .
 ThA e nabas is o
f Ale xander .

CH APTE R VI .

Mason u rro S rnu — . A1 m xnns

.
’
s Kn ms rss ro Haars w s
un HIS c ras s xant r Avat ars t e -

M
s

h
.

As soon as s p rin g b e gan to ap pear e we nt from e m

h
ph is to Phoe n i c i a b ri d gin g t e st ream of t e Nile n e ar
,

h
,

h
Me mphis as we ll as t e c an al s iss ui n g f rom it Wh e n
h ,

h h
.

h
e a e fo u
l
rrived at Tyre nd is fl e e t al re ady t here
,
In .

th i s c i ty e agai n o ffere d sac ri fic e to H erac l e s an d c e l e ,

b rate d both a gy mnas tic an d mu

h h h
s ic al c o n te st Wh ile .

th e re t e s ta te vessel c all e d t e P aral u me to im

h
, e ca

fro m Ath en s b rin gi n g D i oph antu n d Ac ille u

h h h , s a s as
im; an d all t e c re w of t e P aral u
h
e n v oy s to e we re

joi ne d wi th the m in t e e mb assy These me n ob tai n ed

h h
’
.

all t e re q u tc he d to mak e
h h
es ts w i c h t he y wer e d e spa ,

an d t e k i n g gave u A
hh h p to t e th e n i ans a l l t h e i r f e ll o w
ad b ee n c ap ture d at t e Gran ic u
h
c iti ze n s w o s
’ Bein g .

in forme d that re vol ution ary p lans ad b e en c arrie d out

h h e se n t Ampho te ru

h h
in t e Pe l opon nese ,s t h i the r to a s sis t

t hos e of t e Pe l o po n n e sian s w o w e re firm in th e i r s u

h h
port of is war agai nst Pe rs ia an d were n ot un de r t e
p

h he mo n i a He als o c o mman d e d t e
,

h
c o n trol of t e L a c e da ns .

Phoe nic ian s an d Cyp rian s to d e spatc h to t e Pe10 pon ue se

h
h
1 0 0 o th e r sh i p s in a dd i tion to those whi c h e was se n d i n g
wi th Amphote ru s He n ow starte d up i n to t e in te ri o r
.

We f
rn , rom Curtiu h Al a d rw t to Samaria t
th whh r t h ah
l ea e (iv . t at ex n e en o
c ha ti s se i hab itant
e n s, ad bu o i d puty A dr m u t
n s e , n o c s, o

From earl y times t e At enian s e t two sa hh kp d

h d h hh h
cre ve ssel s for state
pu t e P aral u nd t e ot er S alam

hf h
rposes , t e on e call e s a inia In t e .

rliest times t e ormer wa s u u p p

hj
ea se d for c oastin g r ose s , and t e l atte r
for t e ou mis Henc e t eir re s ec tive n ames See D r h p
h
rney to Sala . . .

Smit h Aesc hines ph C

hm
u
f th
A against tesi
hat hwa i f
’
s D iet f
o n tiq ities in is oration on
p
. . ,

( . asse rts t e s n or med b y t e se a P aral u

en o r th at e

D emost h en es on thi ai
s occ s on se n t al e tter to Al a d r li iti g pard
ex n e so c n on

and avou
r f .

Cf . Aelian , VariaH is toric , i 25 ; Cu

rtiu
s, iv 34 . . .
 hA
T e nabas is o f Alexan der .

h
hh
latter starte d ofl to Alexan der t e Ep irote in I tal y, 1

But Harpal u s f oun d a re fu

h h
w e re e soon afte r d ie d .
g e

owe ver Al exande r p e rsuaded im

h hhh
in Megaris , wh en c e
im a p le d ge t at e s o u
h
to re tu
h h
rn , givi ng l d b e n on e
t e worse on ac c ou W hen e c ame
h
n t of is de se rti on .

b ac k, e n ot on ly re c e ive d n o p un ish men t, b ut was

hte d in t e o ffic e of treasu
hComp io
e ve n re i n sta rer Men an der, .

h
on e of t ean n s, was se n t awa in t
y o Lyd ia as
hu u omm d
hh b u d M d
vic er ; an d
oy Cl earc s wa t in a n of t e
s
p c

u
Grec ian a x iliar es w o
i ad ee n n er enan er .

A u Bu i
A mm b u h
sc l e piodor s, son of l o p po
n on s, was as
d vi oya in te ce r

md
h oll i g hup p li hi h h
of S r a n ste a o f
yi i d ri as, ec a se t e latte r see e
mi
hb o d d oll h my hi h hki g
to a e e e n re
v b ss in c ec t n t e s es w c e

o h
ad ee n r e re to c e c t for t e ar w c t e n

bo u
was a l dt to e a in t t e n te r r
i io .

CH APTE R VII .

Passs on or ru n Eu ru aus s AN D Tre ats

h h
.

ALEXAND E R arrive d at T apsac us in t e mon th He c atom

h in t e arc hon shi p of Ari stoph an es at Athe n s ; an d
h h
h M
e fo u t t wo b rid ge s of bo ats ad b e e n c o n s tru
h
n d th a c te d

o v e r t e stream But azae us to whom D ari us ad

h h
.
,

c o mm itte d t e duty of guardin g t e rive r wi th abo ut ,

n me rc e n a

h
ca va l ry , of wh i c h w e re Gre c i a ri e s ,

was u m
h
u
h h
p to th at ti e k e e p i n g g ard th e re at t e r iv er .

For th is re aso n t e Mac e do ni an s ad n ot c on stru

h
c te d t e

M
c o mp l e te b ri d g e a

h
s fa ra s t e oppo si te b a nk b e i n g a frai d ,

azae u s migh t ma

hh
k e an assaul t upo n t e b ri d ge
h
th at
But w e n e h e ard t at Al e xan de r
h h
wh ere it e n de d .

was app roac h in g e we n t OH in fl igh t wi th a

, ll is army .

Thi king was b rother of Al e xan d mothe r Olympias and husband

h h
1 ’
s e rs ,

of C l eop atra t e d au h p mp
h h
g te r of P ili an d O ly ias H e c ro sse
. d o ve r
in to Ital y to a id t e T aren tines agains t t e Lu ca n ians a n d Br u ttians ,

bu t was e ven tually de fe ate d and sl ain near Pandosia 3 26, .

Ju ne J uly
-
,33 1 .
 f h u h P assage o t e E p rates and Tigris .

A hh h i dg o mp
hu h b k A d o d upo
ad fle d, t e b r
as e s we re c
d l e te as
’

s soon e

h m i h h my hm h d u i o h
far as t e f rt er an , an d l exan e r c r sse n

io h ough h d M opo m h vi g h
t e wt is ar hl
T enc e e arc e p nt . t e

hmou h
in te r r t r t e an c a
l d ll e es ta ia, a n t e
Am
Wh h d o m h uph h
iv
r er E uph rate s an d t e n ta in s of r e nia on is

B byl o by h
le ft . en e sta rte fr t e E rates e did n ot

m h o d b u by g oi g
ho h ou hou d hi g i hm h
arc to a n di
t e rec t r a ; ec a s e n

h my
t e t e r r te e f n all t n s eas e r for t e arc

hho hm om hou y
of is ar , an d it wl o
as a i
s e a
ob i odd
s e r to ta n f e r f o r

hi h
p ovi io
hi di
t e rse s an d r s n s for t e e n fr t e c ntr .

hm om iu my h
B id
es es t s, t e h ea t wa o hi g
s n ot so sc rc n on t e n re c t
ou Som
hpupo
’
r te e of t e
. e n fr D ar s s ar , w o we re
di p d
s e rs e for t e r se of sco ui t ng, we re ta e n
k
iu mp d
hiv ig i h vi g olv d p v A
p i o r s n e rs h y po d h an d t e re rte t at D ar s was e n ca e

n eart a n
e r er T
res e to re e n t l ex
r s,
om o i g h m
hh muh l g my h h i h hi h hh
an e r fr
d c r ss n t at strea T e as sa t at
h y l o id h .

ih
e ad a c ar e r ar t an t at w t w c e ad
o ugh g hi Al
d h ig h hd
f t inC ili i c a H ea rin t s, e xan e r we n t w t
d .

i h
u h
ho u d i h iu him l gu d h
all s ee t war s t e T ris ; b t w e n e re ac e it
p d o

hhl Ho v h p i d g i fi ul y
e f n n e t er D a r s se f n or a n ar w c
y

o i g h m hi h
e ad e f t we e r e e x e r e n c e. re at d f c t in

h o h
ou
h
c r ss n t e strea , on a cc n t of t e s w ftn e ss of t e

u ” o ugh m
m d h my h
c r re n t, t i d
n o on e tr e to s t p h
i T e re e .

hm o ly o l o u d Al d h upo
ae is ar
il doi g li p re s t,an d w e so n ,
an ec s e of

n ea t ta 3
t e o n r c c rre . e xan er t e re n

We l earn from Curtius (iv th at Al e xan de r took day

h
, . e l e ven s to
marc h from Phoenic iato t e E uphrates
h Tigri i th
.

rtiu
Cu P r ia w rd f r arr w a d
that th a u t f thwift
s ( iv 3 7 )
. says t at s s e e s n o o o n

am d urr t
Th H b r w am i Ch
ri r wa e ve s so n f it e on cco n o e s n es s o s c en .

idd k l whi h m a ar
all d th h
e e e n rwe s S G ii 1 4 e e , c e ns o . ee en . .

4 wh r it i m T
d ri d fr m th Z d Tigh m fr m thSa rit Tig t
a d Da
n n . x .
g r,at ri r T
e e a sigri i
c e e e ve . e n e s s

ra whi h
harp It i w all d Dij l hIt j i th E uphrat 90 mil fr mth
e ve o e en , c co es o e nsc , o

a a d th
s en . s no c e s . o ns e es es o e

u it d tr ami all d S hat l Arab It tir l gth i

I a i t tim th tw ri r h ad di ti t m thS th
se , n e n e s e s c e -
e -
. s en e en s

mil Rh
f rm rly h l m th S
es . n nc en es e o ve s s nc on s. o e on

that Tima u ga it fi m th
o ad
e ra L i y x i 26
seve S trab (i 1 8 ) ay
on s . ee v , x . . o v. , s s

u h
Th rr d S pt mb r 2oth 33 1
e ; P lsy b i gi ve it tw ; t
ve r g i on s o s ves o o e s ve se ven .

i lip u
s ec se oc c e e e e , s c . . .
 hA f A T e nab asis o lexan der .

hmoo hu h h
h
oflere d sa fi
'

c ri c e to t e n, t e s n an d t e eart ,

o mmo
h hmoo
w o d d hi se o di g
ee t po
s was , ac c r n to c n re rt .

A ough h
hM do i
ris tan de r t hi li p t t at t s ec se of t e n was
a po vo u b l
rte nt Al d fa ra e to e xan er and t e ac e n an s
oul d b l h v y mo h
h ifi i l
t at t
h h e re w h b e a att e t at er nt , an d t at
A
o d mp d o m h ig i h
i oy
v ct d
r for ig i fi d l e xan e r was s n e by t e sacr c a vic

im
h o ugh h hmou i
t H vi g h
s . a n t e re f re ec a e fr t e T r s, e

l d Au
h o dy hl hi i l
we n t t r h v t e an of t ria, l
a in g t e n t an s

high hou h hp g h
9
of t e G r ae an s on t e e ft
T gris tse f onan d t e

iv h ou b o u h o d h h m
t e r t ; an d on t e f rt day af te r t e a s sa e of t e

m h
vi i b l h l o g h u hm y
’
r er,
is sc ts r g t w r to i t at t e e n e y s

h
cav l y a r we re pl i s e t e re a n t e an , b t ow an
h m h y o ul d u A o d i ly
h h my u o d
of t e t e re we re t e c g n ot e ss . cc r n
g
e dre w is ardv d p p d p in r er and a an c e re are
ou g i i i g o
ol d h h v l y did
b l
for att h e . Ot d ki g
e r sc ts a a n rdn f rwar an d ta n

mo u re ac c
ob v i o m h
rate se r at n s, t i t at t e ca ar
n ot s e e m to th e m to be mo re than in n umb er .

CHAPTE R VII I .

D ES CRIPTION or D as m
s s As u
’
v Al ' ‘
Ass am
h
.

ALEXAN D E R th e re fore to ok t e royal squad ron of c avalry

an d on e s qu ad ron of t e Co mp an i on s toge the r wi th t e h ,
h ,

Pae on ian sc o uts an d marc h e d wi th all sp e e d ; havi n g

h ,

o rde re d t e re st of is army to f o ll ow at l e i sure T e h . h

Pe rsi an c aval ry se e i n g Al e xan d e r adv an c in g quic kly
b e gan to flee with all thei r mig ht Tho ug
,

e p re sse d . hh ,

c l ose u po n th e m in p ursui t mo st of th e m e sc ap e d ; b ut
a f e w who se horse s were fatigu
,
e d by t e fl igh t we re
,

h ,

i n o th ers we re take n p rison e rs hors e s an d all F rom

h
sla , ,
.

th e se th e y as c ertai n e d t at D ari us wi th a l arg e f orc e was

1
T hpa e rt of Assyria l ying b e twee n t h ppe U er Tigris and t h e Lyc us

was c all e d Atu

Call d Carduh
ria .

i by X ph Th moun tains parat Assyria

a d Mp tamiafr mM
3 se e
e c e no on . es e

n diaa d Arm ia
eso o o e n en
 T hA e naba
s is o f Alec an der .

a h
h
b ee n de p orte d in to c en tral Asi , an d t e Sitac enian s
h h
1

h
ad b e e n pl ac e d in t e same ran ks as t e Babyl o nians .

Mh
T e Arme n ian s were c o mman de d by O ro n te s an d
it rau h
ppadocians by Aris c os T e h
o m hv l b
s tes, a nd t e C a .

A i
h y a hi h
Syrians fr t e ae etwee n L e b a non a nd nt

m
hv h
Le b an on i e e e yr a an(d t
.Co
e l S
. i
e )
n of S ri w c -

l ie s b e twee n t e ri e rs we re l ed b y Mazac
9
T e ua .

whol e army of D ariu

h
s wa s sai d to c on tain caval ry,

h
i nfantry an d 200 sc yt e b eari n g c h ario ts
,
- .
8

mb e r
h
Th e re we re o nl y afe w e l ep an ts , ab o u t fiftee n in n u
h
b el on gi n g to t e I n dian s w o liv e this si de of t e In d u h ,

h h
‘
s .

Wi t the se fo rc e s D ari us ad en c ampe d at Gaugamela

h ,

h
nea r t e rive r Bu modus about 60 0 stades d i stan t from ,

t e c i ty of Arb e la in a di s tri c t e ve rywh ere l e v el ,

5
for

h
whate ve r gro u bo ut s was unl e ve l and unfit for
h
n d th ere a

t e e v ol u
h h
ti o n s of c aval ry ad l o n g b e fore b e e n l e velle d ,

b y t e Pe rsian s an d mad e fit for t e e asy ro llin g of

,

h
h hh h
c ha ri o ts an d for t e g all opi n g of horse s For t he re we re .

so me w o e rs uad ed Da ri us t hat a d fo rs oo th got t e

p e

ha a
l
T e h uh A a
Sit c e ni n s h live d in t e so t of s syri . f re rdxaro is t e

f m u fl
h k adh Mp amab au
Ionic or f or rc ray évoc eas .

b
h E uh
u
hB b
T e G re e s c ll e t is c o n try eso ot i ec se it lies e twee n

ad a A am
h
a a T
h
t e rive rs a
p r te s nd igris . In t e i l e it is c ll ed F d n- r
p A m h h am
hp
(t e lain , of a)
is t e He b rew n
ra w ic
e of Syri In G en . .

m
hfi f m a u B b h h u f
.a
xl viii 7 it is c ll e d erel y P addan, t e l ain In H os xxx 1 2, it is . . .

h hB b h
a
a d A m h m A am
c ll ed t e e ld o d ra , or, s o r i l e as it, t e c o ntry o S y ria

h h h k a a d M p ama h
E lse w s re in t e i le it is c ll e ra na arai , r of t e two -

rive rs w ic , t e G ree s tr nsl te a d eso ot i It is c lle t e .

A ba ph
h
”
Island, by ra i n geogra e rs .

u u ( h u f
h h
a
C rti ) s a a aiv . 35 a nd 45 st ate s t t D ri s d in n try ,

aa a c v a u (
l ry , ) nd 200 sc y t ed c riots ; D iodor s xvii. 53 says ,
in antry , f cav al ry and 200
, h d hari t ; J uti
sc yt e c o s s n

f h utar h ( Ala
hha
( xi 1
. 2) giv es oot and orse ; a d P l n 31) c n
,

p k
s ea s of amill ion of men . For t e c riots cf X .
ph ( A ab i
en o 8 on n .
, .
,

Th h hmp
L ivy , xxxvii . 41 .

i i s s t e firs t in stan ce on rec or d of t e e l oyme n t of el ep ha t n s

battl
Th h h
in e.

ll d G asir, atri u h b
h
i river is now c a
s tary of t e G reat Za
e b T e .

u m s in t e dis tric t of Assyria c all ed Atu u b

h
vil l age G a ga e l a wa ria, a o t 69

mil es romt e c ity of Ar ela, now call ed r il

f b Eb .
 Alexan der s ’
Tac tics .

h m h ro
h
worst of it in t e b attl e fo u I ssus
h
gh t at ,
fro t e nar w
n e ss of t e b attl e fie l d; an d th i s -
e was eas ily in d uc e d to
b e lie ve .

CHAPTER I X .

ALm Ns ’
Tac n c s — Ht s S e as on TO ran Orrl os e s
-

h iv d h i o m io om
s
'
. .

W m Al exan de r
hP i u hhb p u d h m i d
all t is n f r at n fr
ad rec e e

hpl c h hh iv d h
t e e rs an sc o ts w o ad ee n c a t re , e re an e
ud
g v h my hm h m h l
fo r ays in t e a e w e re e ad re c e e t e n e ws ;

o i d h mp i h h
an d a e is ar re s t afte r t e arc He eanw i e .

hi d h holdi
f rt fie is c a di h
w t a tc an d s toc a e , as e in
k d

h u i o ho
t en e to ea e b e n t e
d d l v b g g a ga e an d al l t e s e rs

o mp i d by h
w o we re gh i g n fit for fi ,
an d tt
o go n t
n t e c n te s t

y i g i h h m o hi
ly hook ho
ac c an o e is warri rs c arr n w t t e n t ng

A o
hm h bou h o d h
p h i
ex c e t t po e r we a ns . cc rdin g e t is f rc e s

i h ho ig
by igh
n t, an d b e gan t e arc a t t e s ec n w atc ,

in o d om
r er to c o olli io
e in t c s n w t t e f re n e rs at
A oo iu i o md
pp o h h o u h my
b re a
k of day . s s n as D ar s was nf r e of

A
hm d u lik
’
l e xan
d er s a
, adt n c e rre waco t is a r f
eor
A
hough h mi
b attl e ; an d l e xan e r l ed on is
d en rawn p in e

m an n e r T . o ly i y
t e ar es we re n d s xt s ta e s

m hoh
hho il o om h
fro eac h y igh
t e r, ye t t e were not in s hoht of e ac t e r,
Bu
om h
b
f or e twe e n t e st e f rc es s ll i e i s n te r e ned
v t .

h Al
h my l dy m hi g do om
w en d
ex an e r wa
o y hi y
s nl t rt sta e s
d di s tan t fr t e
my
hhj u m io d hi g igh ho ig
e ne , an d is ar wa s a re a a rc n w n f r

h u d hph l h l h C g ou il
t e ill s st e nt ne ,
catc n s t of t e f re n e rs,

hComp io g l v l y
e c a se aan x to a t t e re
is allin a c nc of .

h i lli i hd lib
t e an n s, e n e ras, c a ar oflic e rs, an d e a e rs of
l d
m
h m h h hho ul d o hph l
t e Gre c an a e s an d e rc e n ar e s, e e d i h
e rate wt

h m ug d h
t e ,
w e t e r e s lat n c e ead on t e a a n x wit
‘

oud l y
t emo a , as m do s t of h h t e r e i to ; or, w et e r,

m i o ho ugh p
hp h ou o
as Par en bl pi h h
t h
t re fe ra e , to tc t e ir te n t s t e re

for t e oi
re s e n t, to re c on n tre all t e gr n d, in rde r to

About 7 mil es .
 hA
T e n ab as is of Al ezan der .

se e if th e re was an y th in g t h ite s uspic io n or to

e re to ex c

i mpe de th e i r p rogre ss or if t he re we re d i tc hes or s take s

h ,

firml y fixe d in t e e arth out of sigh t as we ll as to mak e

a mo re ac c u rate s u rve y of t e e n e my s ta
’
h c ti c a
,

l arran g e
me n ts Parme nio s Opi n i on pre vailed so th e y e n c amp e d
h
’
.
,

th e re d rawn u
h h
in t e o rde r in wh i c h th e y i n te nd e d to
, p
But Alexan de r to ok t e ligh t i n fan try
h
e n te r t e b attl e .

an d t e c aval ry Co mpan i on s an d we n t all ro u

h h
n d re c on ,

e c ou u
h h
n oit rin t e w ho l n try wh e re e wa s a bo t to figh t
g
Havi n g ret urn e d e again c alle d toge the r
h
t e b at tl e .
,

t e same lead e rs an d sai d th at th e y d i d n ot re qu

h h h
, i re to b e
e nc ou rage d by im t o e n te r t e c o n te st ; f or th ey ad
b ee n l on g be fore e n c o urage d by th e i r own val o ur an d
h h h ,

h h
b y t e gall an t d ee d s w ic h the y ad already s o o fte n
He tho ught it e x pe d i e n t t at e ac h of th e m
h h
ac i e ve d .

i n di vi d ually sho ul d stir up is own me n se p arate ly ; t e

h h h
i nfan try c ap tai n t e me n of is c o mpany t e c aval ry
h h
p tai n is own s q uadron t e b rigadi e rs the ir vario us
,

h h h
ca ,

h
b ri gad e s an d eac h of t e l e ad e rs of t e i n fan try t e
,

phalanx e n truste d t o im He as s ure d the m that in th is

.

h
b attl e t hey we re go i n g to figh t n ot as b e fo re e ithe r for , ,

Co e l e S yria Phoe n i c ia or Egyp t b ut f or t e who le of

h h
-
, , ,

Asia For e sai d th i s battle wo ul d d e c ide w o we re to

h
.

b e t e ru
h
l e rs of that c o n ti n e n t It was n ot n e c e ssary for
.

im to s ti r th e m u m
h p to g al l an t d e e ds by an y w o rd s ,

ad th i s val o u r by n atu re ; b u t th e y sho u

h
s i nc e t h e y ld
t e ac h man t ook c are so f ar as in im lay to
h
s e e th a , ,

p re se rve d i sc i p li n e in t e c ri ti c al mome n t of ac ti on ,

h h
an d to k e e p p e rfec t s il e n c e w he n it was e xp e di e n t to
ad van c e in sil e n c e On t e o th e r an d th e y sho u
. l d see ,

t hat eac h man u tte re d a so n o ro u s sho u t wh e re it wo u ld ,

b e ad van tage o u s to sho u t an d to rai se as te rrib l e a

,

b attl e c ry as po ssi b le wh e n a s ui tab le opportun i ty oc

h
.
,

cu H e to l d t h e m to tak e
h
rre d of rai si n g t e b at t l e c ry -
.

is o rd e rs as q u
h h h
ca re to ob e y ic kly as po ssib le an d to ,

trans mi t t e orde rs t h e y ad rec e ive d to t e ran k s wi th

 hA
T e nab asis qf Alw aade r .

a fu rtive an d n oc tu h hM
h h
rnal attac k on t e pa rt of t e ac e
donianawo u l d re liev e im Of t e n ec essity Of c on fe ss in g
hh
M
l and c omman de d in ferio r
h
t at e wa s a n inf e rior ge n era

oreove r, if any un e xp ec te d de feat b efell is

h h
troops .

army, t e c irc u mjac en t c oun try was frie n dly to t e e n e my,

h
an d t e y we re ac qu hh
ain te d wit t e l oc ali ty, whereas t e h
Mac e don ians were unac qu ain te d with it, an d su rrou
h h
1
n de d

t fe es, of whom t e re we re a great n u mb er

h
b y n o t in g b u
p rison e rs T ese wo uld b e a great so urc e of anx ie ty,
h
.

as they wo u l d b e l ik e l y to assist in attac kin g th e m in t e

n ig ht, n ot o n ly if the
y s ou l d m hee t wi th de feat, b ut e v e n

h
if the y di d n ot ap p ear to b e gai nin g a dec i sive vic tory .

For t i s way Of reasonin g I c omme n d Al exan de r; an d I

h
th i n k im n o l e ss wo rthy O f admiration for is exc essive h
de si re to fight in O pe n daylight .

CH APTER XI .

Tac rxc s or r nu Op p osmc Gs n s mns

h hh
.

D ame s an d is army remain e d drawn u u

h h
p d ri n g t e n ig t

in t e same o rde r as th at in wh ic h the y ad first array e d

th e mselve s ; b e c au se the y a h
d n ot s urro un de d th e mse lv e s

wi th a c o mp l e te ly e n tre n c h e d c amp , an d, mo re o ve r, th e y
we re afrai d that t e e n e my wou h l d attac k the m in t e h
n igh t . h
T e su h
c c e ss of t e Pe rsia n s, on t is o c c as i o n , wash
imp e d e d e spe c ially b y th is l on g stan d i n g on watc h wi th
th e i r arms, an d by t e fea hr wh i c h usu all y sp rin g s u p

h
b e fo re gre at dange rs ; wh i c h , ho we ve r, was n ot the n
dden ly aro use d by a mome n tary p an i c , b ut ad b ee n
h
su

e xp e ri e n c e d for a l o n g ti m ad thoro u
h h
e, and gh ly c owe d
“ T e army of D ari u awn u
h
th e i r s pirits . s was dr p i n t e

m men t of
b ul u h i
foll o w n g
i ann e r: for, ac c o rdi n g to t e state
Ari sto s, t e wr tte n sc h e me of arran ge me n t d rawn

« h d
c oir ers stan s for min i .

See note 1 to ii 1 0 su
.
pra .

fi x.
 Tac tic s o f t h
e Opp osing Generals .

up b y D ariu p ture d His l eft wi ng

h h
s was afte rward s ca .

was h e l d by t e B ac tri an c aval ry in c o nj u

h h
n c ti o n wi th t e ,

D aan s an d Arac otian s ; n e ar th e se ad b e en p o ste d

h
1 .

t e Pe rsi an s ho rs e an d foo t mi x e d to g e th e r ; n e x t to
h h ,

h
th ese t e S u du
h h
sia na a n d the n t e Ca ,
sia ns Th i s was .

t e arran ge me n t of t e l e ft wi n g as far as t e mi dd le
h h h
h
Of t e who l e p halanx

h
On t e righ t ad b e e n po ste d
.

t e men fro m Co e l e Sy ria an d Me s opo tamia On t e

h h
- .

n e x t to th e m t e Pa

h h
right agai n we re t e M e d e s r
then t e Tapu
h
t ian s an d S a c ia ns rian s an d Hy rc a n ians ,

an d las t t e A
h h h
l b an ian s an d S ac e sin ian s e x te n di n g as ,

far as t e mi dd l e of t e whole ph al an x
h h
In t e c e n tre .

whe re Ki n g D ari us was

h
’
ad b e e n po s te d t e k i n g s ,

kin sme n t e Pe rsian g uard s c arryin g sp e ars with golde n

h h h
’

h ,

h
app le s at t e b u
h
3
tt e n d t e I n dian s t e C a rian s w o
, ,

M
ad be e n f orc i b ly re mo ve d to C e n tral Asia an d t e
h h h ,

h h h
ardian arc h e rs ‘
T e U x ian s t e B abyl o n ian s t e
.
, ,

me n w o d we l l n e ar t e Re d S e a an d t e S itac e n ian s
h h
ad al so b ee n d rawn up in d e e p c ol u mn On t e l e ft
,

h h
.
,

O ppo site Ale xan de r s right ad b e e n po ste d t e S c y thi an

’
,

ca valry ab out , B ac trian s an d 1 00 s c y the b e ari n g -

In fro n t of D ari u l s quad ron of c aval ry

h h
’
c ha ri o ts . s s roya

h h
s to od t e e le pha n ts a n d 5 0 c ha ri o ts In fro n t of t e .

righ t win g t e Arme n i an a

h h
nd C a pp ado c ian c aval ry wi t

h
5 0 sc yth e b e ari n g c h ari ots ad b e e n po ste d
- T e Gre e k .

me rc e n arie s as alon e c apab l e Of c opin g with t e Mac e

,

donian s were statio n e d right Oppo si te th e i r phal an x in

, ,

hp pl h
were a S c y t ian tri e l e ading an omadic li e east of b f
hC a
T e se eo e

t e asp i n . h
T ey are c all ed Baoi b y H erodotus i 1 25 ; D ab as b y , .

Ammianu s n u 8 , 21 ; L ivy , xxxv 4 8 ; xxxvii 3 8 ; Ve rgil ( A

, . eneid, viii
. . .

T ey are mentioned in E zraiv 9 as h

hd
P l in y , vi 1 9 ; S trabo, xi 7 . . .

u
.

su j
b ec ts Of Persia T e is tric t is now c all e Bai
. S ee F rst s H e brew
’
d kh .

L eaic on , su
“
-
b v oce fl !
w
Atitl e of on our h C
urtius says t at t ey n um ere h h b d
h hC
3 Cf
H erodotu
. s , vii 4 1 . .

h p p
T is eo l e lived to t e sout of t e asp ian h .
 T hA
e nabas is o f Alexan der .

two divisio ns c l ose b e si de D arius i mse lf an d is Pe rsian h h

h
atte n dan ts on e d i v is i on on eac h side
,
1
.

Al exan de r s army was marshalle d as f oll o ws : T e

h h
’

l ry Co mp an i on s in fro n t
h h
rig t wi n g was h e l d by t e c ava ,

Of who m ad be e n poste d t e royal s q u adro n c om ,

man ded by Cli tus son of D ropidas

h h
, Near th i s was .

t e squ adron of Gl auc ias n ex t to it t at Of Ari sto th en

h
t at of SOpol is s on Of He rmodoru
,

h ,

h
, s t e n th a t of H e ra ,

c l i d e s s on of An tio c h u
, s Ne ar t is was that Of D e me
.

trin s son of Al tha e me n e s then tha

h h
, t of M e l e age r an d last
, ,

l s q uadro n s c ommande d by He ge loc us

h
on e of t e roya ,

Al l t e c aval ry Compan i o ns were

h
tu
h
son of Hippostra s .

un d e r t e sup re me c omman d of P il o tas son of Par

h
men i o Of t e ph al an x of Mac e don i an i nfan try n eare st
,

h h h
.
,

h h h
to t e c aval ry ad b e e n po ste d firs t t e s e l e c t c o rp s of

h
s ie l d b e a
-
ri n g gu ard s an d th e n t e re s t Of t e shi e l d
,

bearin g guards un de r t e c omman d of Ni c an or son Of

h
-
, ,

P arme ni o Ne x t to the se was t e b rigad e of Coen us

.
,

s on of P ol e moc ra te s ; afte r th e se th at of Pe rdic c as son ,

t of Me l eage r s on of Ne op tole mu
h h
of Oro n te s th e n th a ,
s , ,
“ son Of Si mmi e s

h
th en t at of Polyspe rc on an d l as t
, ,

that of Amyn tas son Of An drome n es u n de r t e c om

,

man d of Si mmi e s b ec ause Amyn tas ad b e e n d e sp atc h e d h ,

to M ac e do n i ato l e vy an army
,

h
h h
T e b rigad e of C rate ras .
,

s on of Al e xa

h
n d e r h e l d t e l e ft e n d of t e Mac e do n ia
,
n

ph al an x an d th i s ge n e ral c o mman d e d t e l e ft wi n g of
h
t e i n fan try
,

3
N e xt to im was t e allie d Grec ian
. h h
m ariou d t h a b pr t
h r — th u th
ate
h
Se veral n a e s of v s c on fingen ts st o ve ee n e se n

d p d r tu
hA a h
in t fiel are n ot l ace in t e OfiOial e
e n s e o n , S gdia i
ri na an d t e In dian mou re men tione d b y Arrid a a
hK h
t e , n ta in eers a s

h j
avin g oine d D arius (iii 8 ) t e ossaeans b y D iodoru
M h
. s (xvii 5 9) t e .

S ogdiani, assagatae , Belitae , ossa eans, Gortyss , P rygia K ns , a nd

M
Kataonian s, y Cu
b u i — G
r t i s ( v ro te . .

This distin gu hd u A d
h hf h
is e g e n eral s cc ee d e n tipate r as re ge n t of as s
donia, b ut was ov e rc ome b y C
assan er, t e son of t e ormer, an d e d
b
me suordin ate to im h
h
ca .

T ere wer e t u s six ta h

xeis or r iga es of oot Com anions , a
, b s t eyd f p h
 hA
T e n abas is o f Aleqander .

homm an d of Are te s an d Ari sto h

h h
t e c In fro n t of all ad .

be e n po ste d t e Gre c ian me rc e nary c avalry un de r t e

M h
d i re c tio n of en idas and in fron t Of t e roy al squadron
h h
l ry an d t e o the r Co mpan i on s ad b een po ste d
h h
of c a va

hal f of t e Agrian ian s an d arc he rs, and t e j ave lin me n of

hh h
-

Balac rus w o ad b ee n ran ge d O ppo si te t e s c yth e b ear

hb giv M
-

u io
h oop u h k h
in g h io c I ar ts . n s tr c t ns ad een en to e nid s a
an d t e m tr h ou d
s n de r i to w eel r n an d attac t e

my h y houl d i ou d h i
h u hAl high i g
e ne fl k in an , if t i g e s r de r n t e r w n .

g dm
hl hh i u d homm d
T s d ad e xan er arran e atte rs on t er t w n .

hb po d gul i h m hv l y
On t e e ft t e T rac an s n e r t e c an Of S italc e s

h i lli u d hdi io
ad e en ste an ar w s e , an d n e ar t e
-
t e c a ar
u
ood h homm d
of t G rec an a e s, n e r t e
e rec t n Of Coe ran s.

N ex t st v l y ud
t e Odry sian c a ar , n e r t e c an of

A ho mm
o d hu ili y v l y h i
ga t ,
s on of Ty ri hi p
as In t s o art,
in f r n t . of

hdi io A m h
all , we re p s te t e a x ar c a a r Of t e Gre c an
m ud u
hb g hi y om h
er i
c ena r e s, n er t e re c t n of n dro a c s, son

hho Al d my
of Hi o N
er ea r t e
. a gage t e n fan tr fr T rac e
we repo u d
s te d as a
g ar T e w le of e xa .
’
n er s a r
nu mbe re d ca valry an d about in fan try .

CH APTER X III .

TH E B ATTLE or AEBE LA
h h
.

W HEN t e armie s d re w n e ar eac h o the r Dari u

h h
s an d t e ,

me n aroun d im were O b se rve d ; viz t e app le b earin g

h h h h
-
.

Pe rsian s t e I n dian s t e Al banian s t e C arian s w o

h , , ,

h
M
ad b e e n forc ib ly tran sporte d i n to C e n tral Asia t e ,

ardi an arc h e rs ran ge d O pposi te Al e xan d e r h i mse l f an d

h is royal s q u Al exan de r l e d is own h
h h
ad ron of c av al ry .

army mo re to ward s t e ri g h t and t e Pe rsian s marc h e d

alo n g p aralle l wi th im far O u h im u
,

h
h h
tflan kin g , pon th e i r
l eft 1
. The n t e S c y thian c aval ry rod e al on g t e l in e ,

Cf . s (xvu
D iodoru .
 T hB
e attle f
o Arb e la .

an d c ame in to h
on fli c t wi th t e fron t me n of Al e x an d er s
h
’
c

e d to ma

h
array ; b u n e ve rth ele ss s till c on ti n u

h
t e rc h to

wards t e righ t an d al mo st e n ti re l y got b e yo n d t e

h
u h ,

h hh
ro n d w h i c h a d b e e n c lea r ed a nd l e ve ll e d by t e
g
Pe rsian s T e n D ari us fe ari n g that is c ari o ts wo uld
h
1
.
,

b ec o me u if t e Mac e don ian s advan c e d i nto nu

h h
s el ess ,

e ve n gro u

h h
n d o rde re d t e fro n t ra
,
n k s of is le ft wi n g to
ri d e ro u
h
n d t e ri gh t w i n g Of t e Ma ce do ni a ns whe re ,

Al e xan de r was c omman din g to p re ven t im fro m marc h

h
in g is wi n g any fu
,

Thi s b e i n g do n e Al e xan d e r
h h
rth e r .
,

o rdere d t e c aval ry of t e Gre c ian me rc e n aries un de r

h M
t e c omman d of h ttac k th e m Bu
h hh
e n ida s to a t t e .

S c yth ian c aval ry an d t e Bac trian s w o ad be e n d rawn ,

up wi th th e m sallie d f o rth again st the m and b e i n g muc h

h
more n ume ro us the y p ut t e small body of G ree k s to
,

ro u h
Al e xan d e r th e n ord e re d Ari sto at t e head of
h h
t
.

u
h h
t e Pa e o n ia ns a n d G rec i a n a x iliari e s t o attac k t e
S c y th i an s ; an d t e b arb arian s gav e way But t e re st
h h
.

h
of t e B a c tria n s d ra wi n g n ear to t e Pae o n i an s an d
G rec i an au use d th e i r own c o mrade s w o were
h
x i li ari e s c a ,

al re ady in fl ight to tu rn an d re n e w t e b attl e an d th us

the y b ro u gh t about a ge ne ral c av al ry e ngage me n t in ,

whi c h man y of Al exan d e r s me n fe ll n ot on ly b ei n g

h h
’
,

o ve rwh e l me d by t e mul titude of t e b arb arian s b ut

al s o be c au h h n s th e mse lve s a
,

h
s e t e S c t ia n d th e i r ho rses

we re mu c h mo re c o mp l e te l y p ro te c te d wi t armo u
h
r for
g uard in g the i r bod ie s “ N o twi th s tan d i n g th i s t e
.
,

Mac e donian s s ustai n e d their assaul ts an d assaili n g th e m ,

vi olen tly squad ro n by s q uadron the y suc c e e de d in

p ushin g the m out of ran k Meantime t e foreigne rs . h
l aunc h e d th e ir sc y th e b e arin g c hario ts agai n s t Al e xan d e r
h h h
-

h i mse lf f or t e p urpose of t ro win g is phalan x i n to

,

d
See D onal son s New Craty lu ’
s, sec t 1 78 . .

Cf Cu rtiu E qu itib us equ isqu me ntae rant

e te gu

h
. s , iv 35 . . e x ferreis

minis eerie inter ss c onn exis ”

.
 T hA he ac en } f
o Al e xander .

ath m hh
t e h u h; ot e rs t e y seize d by t e rc ins and p ll e d t e

Y etm hhu hh
so hm e rolle d rig t t ro g t e ran ks ; for t e en

h h hh u
h hh
u
h h
in st r c t e d, in t e
p l aces w ere t e c ario ts assa l te d
m
h huh hm
t e In t is way it gen e rall y
. appen e d t at t e
h m
h Bu h
c a riots passe d t ro g sa fely, an d t e en b y w o

u ju
h m A
t e y we re drive n were
-
n in red t t ese a lso we re .

h hl
afte rwards ov erpowere d b y t e groo s of ’
l exan de r s
my
ar gu d
and b y t e royal s ie d b e arin g ar s l -
.

CHAPTER XIV .

Barru or An n a— F ue l “ or D ame s

h h
.

As soon as D ari us b e gan to se t is whol e p alanx in

h h
motio n Al e xan de r ordered Are te s to attac k t ose w o
h ,

we re ri din g c ompl e te l y ro u
h h h
nd is righ t win g ; an d u p
to that time e was imse lf leadin g is me n in c ol u mn
h h h
.

But whe n t e Pe rs ians ad made a b reak in t e fro n t

h
l i ne of th e ir army in c onse qu
h h
e n c e of t e c a
, val ry sally
in g fo rt h to ass ist t hose w o we re s u rro u
h
ndin g t e

righ t win g Al e xa n d e r w h ee l e d ro u

h
n d towards t e a
, g p ,

an d formin g s wedge as it we re of t e C ompan i on c aval ry

h h
h h
an d of t e part Of t e phalanx wh ic h was pos te d he re ,

e l e d th e m w i t a qu ic k c harge an d l o ud b at tle c ry -

igh t to wards D ari us hi mse lf For a s hort t i me th e re

h
s t ra .

e n su n d to han d fi h t ; b u

h
e d a ha t w h e n t M a e do i a
g e c n n
- -

c ava l ry c omman ded by Al ex an de r i mse l f p re sse d on

, ,

C mpar hu h hd h ha
h(A
Pe rsian a at t
ha
o e t e se l essn ess of t e sc yt e c riots e b ttl e
Cu
M h
of n axa See Xe q
. on nabas is , i . So al so at t e b ttle of
b
agn es ia etwee n Sc i io p a A
nd u ntioc s. See L it y , -
xxxvii. 41.
 - l ll l l ==

T hA e nabasis o f Al exan der .

p rison e rs al s o as si ste d the m b y falli n g upon t e h

h h h
foreign
Mac e don ian s in t e mi dst of t e ac ti o n But t e c om
h hh
.

man de rs of t e me n w o ad b ee n p o s te d as are serve

h
h h
to t e first phalan x l e arn i n g wh at was tak i n g p lac e
h ,

qui c kly mo ve d fro m t e posi ti on wh i c th e y ad be e n

,

h h
orde red to tak e an d c omi n g upon t e Pe rsian s in t e
h ,

r kill e d man y of th e m the re c o ll e c te d ro u

h h
re a , nd t e

Bu t t e re st of th e m gave way an d fled

h hh
b agg age . T e .

Persian s on t e right wi n g w o ad n ot ye t b ec o me
h
aware of t e fli gh t of D ari us rod e rou nd A
,
’
l exan d e r s ,

l e ft win g an d attac ke d Parme n i o in flank 1

.

CH AP TER XV .

D E FEAT or THE asmr

ms AN D P u
P s asu '
or D amu
s

h hM
.

Ar t i s j un c ture do ubtf u
h ul h
'
,
wh il e t e l ac e do n ian s we re
as to t e re s t of t e b attl e Parme n i o se n t a me sse n ge r ,

im t hat th e i r si de was h
h h
to Al e xan d e r in h as te to te ll ,

e mu im aid
h
in a c ri ti c al p o siti o n an d th at s t se n d
52
.

Wh e n th i s n e ws was b rought to Al e xan de r e i mme

diate ly tu i n f ro m t e pursui t an d wh ee li n g h ,

h
rn e d b ac k aga ,

rou n d wi th t e Co mp a val ry l ed the m wit h gre at

h h h
n ion c a ,

h h h
s pe e d a gain st t e right win g of t e f oreigne rs In t e .

firs t pl ac e e as saul te d t e fle e i n g c avalry of t e e n e my

h h
t e Parth i an s s ome of t e I n di an s an d t e mo st n u h ,

h ,

me rc us an d t e b rave s t divisi on of t e Per

,

h
h
si ans The n .

e d t e mo s t ob sti n a

h
en s u te l y c o n te ste d c aval ry figh t in
t e who l e e n gag e me n t For b e i n g d rawn u sq u

h
.
p by a d
ro n s a s it we re t e fo re i gn e rs wh e e l e d rou
,
nd a n d fallin g
on Al e x a n d e r s me n fa
’
c e to fa ce th ey n o l o n ge r re li e d ,

Art ian muc h

about t is vigorou h h Mu h
h
doe s not s ay s c a rge of azac a, t e

co mmander of t e Pers ian rig t wing h

S ee Curt ius (iv. . D iodoru
s

( xv ii.
We l earn from D iodoru and Curtiu rm h h
a d
M
3 s s t at Pa enio d riv en

azac uab ac k b e fo re Al e xan ders arrival

’
.
 D ef eat f
o h
t e rsu
P ersians an d P u it o
f D arius . 1 69

hhu i g j v li h o u d ployi g
ho mmo p i
on t e rl n of dexte r s e
ae of
n s or t
n e

u
h
ho rs es , as is t e c v ly b
n rac t c e in c a ar attl e s, b t
ou
h
v y
e e r on e on is own ac c
ov y b k
n t s tr e ea e r l t o rea
g
h ou h h
t r g w at st
ood in is way, as if t s we re t e r n
hi h i o ly
me an s of safe ty They s truc k an d were struc k wi tho ut
.

q uarte r, as if the y we re n o lo n ge r strugglin g to se c ure

h
t e vic to ry for an o th e r, b ut we re c on te n d i n g for the i r
abo u t si xty of Al e xan d e r s
h
’
o wn p erso nal safe ty He re .

aes tion h i mse l f, as we ll as

M
Co mp an io n s fe ll ; an d H e p
Coe n us and e n idas, wa s wo u n de d But e ve n t h es e .

troop s we re o ve rc o me by Al e x a s ma

hh
n de r ; and a n y of

th e m as c o ul d fo rc e th e i r way th roug
d h
is ran k s fle d
wi th all th e i r migh t Al e xan e r ad n e arly
An d
h
. n ow

c o me i n to c o n fl ic t wi th t e e n e m y s right wi ng b ut in
h h
’
,

t e me an ti me t e Th e ssali an c av al ry in a s p l e n d i d
h A n de r s s u

h
s tru

h
’

h
l e a d n o t fa l l e n sho rt of l e xa c c e ss
gg ,

in t e e n gage me nt
h
For t e fo re ign e rs on t e righ t
.

me on
h h
wi n g we re al re ady b e gi n n i n g to fly wh e n e ca

t e sc e n e of c o n fl ic t ; so that e wh e e l e d ro u nd a a
g i n

an d s tarte d c d in p u rsu i t of D ari us o n c e more kee pi n g

h
’

up t e c h as e as lo n g as th ere was dayl igh t Parme nio s

h
’
.

b rigad e als o fol lowe d in p ursui t of those w o we re

to th e m But Al e xan d e r c ro sse d t e rive r h
h h
oppo se d .

Ly c us an d p i tc h e d is c amp the re to give is me n an d

h
1
,

ho rse s a li ttle re st ; wh il e Parme n i o sei ze d t e Pe rsian

c amp wi th th e i r b a ggag e e l e ph an ts and c ame ls Afte r
h , .
,

givi n g is hors e me n re s t un til mi d night Ale xan de r ,

agai n ad van c e d by a fo rc e d marc h to wards Arb el a wi th

h
t e ho pe of se i zi n g D ari u is mon e y h ,

h h
s th e re toge the r with ,

He re ac h e d Arb e la
h
an d t e re s t of is royal p rope rty .

u u u
h
t e n e x t da y h a vi,n g p r s e d al to g e th e r ab o t 6 0 0 s tad e s

f ro m t e b attl e fie ld 2 -
But as Darius we n t on fl e e i ng
.

h u h butary f thTigri
h
T e Ly c s , n ow c al led t e G re at Z ab , is a tri o e s .

X h b atu k Ly u i a tra l a
h a
e nop on c all s it Za s ( Anab .
, ii
. T e G ree c e s ns

t ion of t e Syri n Z ab a (wol f) .

3
About sixty -
nin e mil es . Ci S trab o
.
( xvi. l ,
 hA
T e nabasis o f Ale xan der .

h
ou n d im at Arb el a h h
h h
wit t takin g any res t, e did n ot fi
1
.

Ho we ve r t e mone y an d all t e other p ro e rty were

hho
p

h h
ca p ture d , a s w as al s o t e c a r i t of D a r s H i piu
s s ea r .

h
an d b ow were l ikewi se ta en , as ad b ee n t e c ase afte r k
t e b attl e of Issu “ A m ou
hho
’
s Of le xan er s
. en a d
b t 1 00
we re k ille d, an d more t an
hpu ui
of is h
rs es we re l o st
e i th e r fro m wo u o m igu
hComp io v y
n d s or fr fat e in t e rs t, n e arl y
half of the m b e lon gin to t e
h
an n c a alr
g Of .

t e fore ig n ers th e re were sai d to have b e e n ab ou t

i n, an d far more were take n prison e rs than
h h h
sl a

h h
8
were k ill e d T e e l e ph an ts and all t e c h ari o ts wh ic
.

ad n ot be e n des troye d in t e b attle we re al so c ap tu

h h
red .

S uc h was t e re su lt of t is battl e, wh ic h was fo ught in

h
t e arc ho n sh i p of Ari stophan es at Ath e n s, in t e mon t h h
Pyan e p sion ; 4
an d thus Aristan de r s p re di c ti on was
’

ac c o mp lish e d, th at Al e xan d e r wo u
h h hh
l d b o th fight a b attl e
an d gain a vi c to ry in t e same mon t in wh ic t e
moon was see n to b e e c lip se d s
.

C HAPTER XVI .

Esc arr . or D aams mro '

M ma Mas on
a — or Amm an
TO B ABYLO N AND S osa

h
.

IM M s marc h e d th rou
h
ATE LY af te r t e b attl e D ariu gh
’

ED I ,

t e mo u in s of Arme nia towards Me d ia ac c o mp an ie d

h h h
n ta ,

h h
in is fl i gh t by t e Bac tri an c aval ry as th ey ad th e n ,

im in t e b attle ; al so by tho se
h h
b e e n po ste d wi th
Persi an s w o we re c all e d t e kin g s k in sme n an d by
’
,

Aute ur . Th
is is an Ionic word u sed b y H erodotu s ( viii 7 1 .
,

p
an d rarely in Attic oe ts an d later rose writers p .

S ee Arrian , ii 1 1 su ra p
h
. .

rtiu h fi
M h
3
Cu s (iv 63 ) s a
.
y s t at o f t e Pe rsian s w e re sl ain , and rs t
h
Md
l oss t an 3 00 ace don ian s we re killed D iodoru s ( xvii 61 ) sta tes t a
. t .

h
more t an Pe rsian s and 500 ac e onian s were slain .

S epte mb er 3 3 1 Ci Pl utarc (Al ex . h

For t is h pr di ti
e c on , see iii 7
. upra
s .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexander .

l o hm h h Ch
h ligiou i B byl o h
as e d h v
et hwit t e al aean s ; an d w ate er t ey

p i ul h
di d
rec te g d in re ar to t e re s r te s of a n e

p o md
hm h d y
e rf B lu
an d in ofle re d sa i ce fi
'

r e , art c ar e cr to e s

h h m by h h
ac co di g r h i i u io
n to t e r n s tr c t ns .
1
He t en arc e awa
Su
hS ui
sa
an d on t e way e was e t t e son of t e
9
to
m b i g l om
h u hom hh d p h d Su di ly
vi oy
cer of t e s ana ,
3
an d a an e ar n a e tte r fr

hb l hl h uh i
P il oxe n s, w e ad e s atc e to sa re c t

h h hu d d h i i h
afte r t e att e In t e e tte r P iloxe n s ad wr tte n .

S ui m
hmo y
t at t e s ana a d s rre n e re t e r c ty to i , an d
Al
d y h
h
t at all t ed y ne was safe for e xan e r. In twe n t
S u om B by l o
h i y h ok po io hmo y hi h
as t ki g iv d e n arr e at sa fr a n ; an d e n te r

h h
in g t e c t e to s se ss n of t e ne ,
w c

amo un te d to tale n ts, as we l l as t e re s t of t e

royal p rope rty .
‘
Many o th e r thi ng s we re al so ca p ture d
h h d app u ham m h
uh
e of Ca

a h rh
T e C al in He b re w n der t e n
ees ear sdi , w o

m h d pa A
hA ha
see to ave or iginall y wel t in Card c i , t e no t ern rt of ssyr1 a .

a p d h u mu a
h
T e a i l i f
h
ss r
y i n s tr n s orte t e se r de o n t n e e rs t o t e p n s o

m m C
M hh h
B
o hh
ab yl onia Isa xxiii
( a
T e na e of Casdi , or
. . l dee s , was ap plie d
p ma (
h h
t t e in a b itan ts of eso ota i G e n xi t e in ab itan ts of t e . .

E m( h
h
A
h h h
rab ian de se rt in t e vic inity of do J ob 1 t ose w o dwel t n e ar
h
.

a
t e river C( E kb oras ze p i a
i 3 ; xi a an d t e r e stly c s te w o . . d .

p ri d i Bab yl a w ar i f rm d by Di d ru
d at av e ry early
s e t tl e e o n on , s e e n o e o o s

an d u
E se b iu d tu ay that th pri t w r d di at d t
th at th
s Hero . o s s s e se es s e e e c e o

B l u It i pr d b y i ripti a i t l a guag wa r
Th i i pr b ab ly wh
e s . s ove n sc on s e n c en n e s e

r d a d r ligi u lit ratu

m a t i D a l i 4 b y th
tai d a a l a at i
b k a d t gu f t h
ne s e r ne n e o s e e . s s o s

e n n n ie Ca dim
.
”
Cf e oo n on e o e s . .

D i d u ( ii 29
o or s P t l my ( 20
. a d Ci r (D o e v. , n ce o e

H ebrew L exic on, su

hf
.

h
S ee Fiirst ’
b v oce
h
s

In t e Bibl e t is c ity is c al l e d S uh h
h
2
s a Ne a r it was t e ortress of
h
n .

h h
S u ll e in ou d
r Bib le t e P alac e (Na i 2 ; E st Su h
hh h
s a n , ca ii sa . . .

was situ ate d on t e C oaspe s , ariver re mar a le for t e e xce l l e nc e of its kb

f
wate r, a ac t re erre d to b y Tibu f
l lu M
h h
s (iv 1 1 40 ) and by il ton (P aradis e .
,

T e name S u h h
rom t e Pe rsian word for df
h h hp
Reg , iii
. . s a n is de rive

l il y , w ic g h h
r e w a un da n tl y in t eb v ic inity T e ruin s of t e a lac e .

h
men tioned in E st eri ave rec ently b ee n expl ore d, and we re foun d toh
h
.

n imme n se h
s su or h h pp
h h h
c o nsis t of a al l , t e roof of w ic wa ted b y ac e n tral
p
grou of t irty six ill a rs a rra p
n ge d in t e form of a s u are T is was q .

fl kd h p
an e b y t ree ortic oe s, eac c on taining two rows of six illars h Cf p . ,

h h h
S trabo (xv .

me of t e v ic eroy was A nlites (Curtiu

h
T e na
h
s, v .

If t e se were Attic tal ents , t e a mou n t wou l be e u iv alen t to d q

 Mhf Am arc o l nder to Babylon and S usa . 1 73

hm om Xerx e s b rought
p i ll y h
th e re , wh i c h wi th i fr Gre e c e ,
u H m u Ai o
hA h i
es ec b a t e raze n stat e s of ar odi s an d r st
A
hC mi u
l
g e iton h . d b k T e se l e xan e r se n t ac to t e t en an s,
d g Ah
go u i o h ig h h
an d t h y e are n ow s tan in at t e ns in t e e ra c s,

A opoli
h hmo h hgod om h
w h e re we p oppo i nt t e cr s,
9
r t s te t e

mpl
hu m Who v hb i i i d h
te e of R e a, t e t e r of t e s , n ot far fr t e

h odd h
atar of t
l e E dane i . e er as ee n n t ate in t e

my
mu h i h upo hp l
i
s te r e s l ui k o
of t e t wo g e sse s
8
at E e s s, n ws t e

u A Su
hu m h h
altar of E dane s w c is n t e ain t sa .

Al e xan de r ofle re d sa crfi ce a

'

i fte r t e c sto of is f at e rs,

an d c e l e b rate d a torc h rac e an d a gy mnas ti c c on te st ;

M
an d th e n , l eavin g Ab u
h
l ite s, a Pe rsian , as vi c e roy of
Su m mm
hg i o hi d l S u
siana ,
aza rn s,
on e of is Co p an i o n s,
as c o an d e r
an d Arc he l aus,
l hdv hl d
of t e arr s n in t e c ta e of sa,
s on

h odo u
hP i h
of T e r s, as ge n e ra , e a an c e d to ward s t e an

h
of t e e rs an s . H
do wn to t e se a l o
e M as se n t enes ,

h h
as
go v o e rn r of Sy i
r a P ce n ic ia an d Cili c i a givi n g , , ,

m
h
i l tae n ts of silv e r to c o n v e y to t e se a wi th
‘
,

orde rs to d e spatc h as many of the m to An ti pate r as e

might n ee d to c arry on t e war again s t t e Lac e dae h h
mo nian e The re als o Amyn tas son of An drome n e s
h h h
5
.
, ,

re ac h e d im wi th t e forc e s whi c h e was l eadi n g fro m

but if t hywr
e e e b
Ba yl onian or Aegin e tan talents t ey were , h
e qual t o Cf Pl utarc (Ale x 3 6 3 7 )
. Ju h
s tin ( xi 1 4 ) an d .
, , .

Curtiu D iodoru s (xvii 66) te ll s u h

h
s ( v. s t at . talen ts were of
un c oin ed gol d and sil ver, and talen ts of gol earin g t e e figy of db
D ariu s .

Cf Arrian (vii P au
M m —(
.
-
. san ias (i 8 , 5) . Pliny (N at H ist .
, xxxiv . 9)
For Harmodius a Aris togeiton
h
Valeria
n axi ise ii 1 0 ,
. nd see

u
h h
T c y dides, vi . 56 58 .

meant in e arly times a partic u r pa rt of At e n s viz

h
P ol ie la , . t e

d
c ita e l , usuall y c all ed t e Ac ropolis Cf Aristop hanes ( L ysistrata . .
, 24 5
e t pa m)
s si .

D eme ter an d Perse ph one .

About
h
Antipater ad be en l e ft b y Al e xand er regen t of Mac e donia Agis III
h
. .
,

kin g of S parta refused to ac kn owl edge Al exanders e gemony and after

M
'
, ,

a hard stru ggl e was de fea te d an d sl ain b y A n tip ate r at egal op olis ,

33 0 See D iodo ru
. s xvii 63 Curtiu s vi 1 a nd 2 , .
, . .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexande r

M
.

hm A d l hh m
h k hC m i h h
aw donia 1
; of w o l e xan er p ac e d t e orse en

h iou gim
in t e ran s of t o an on cavalry, and t e foot e
e
p
ad
d d e to t e g g var s re e n ts of infan try , arran in

hqud h bo
eah
c d g i H
ac c or in to nat onalities
b h d e . also esta l is e t wo
mp
h m o m i di d h l
co anie s in eac s a ron of c avary, w e re as e f re
l

v h mh h hC mp o
t is ti e c an n ot e xist in t e c av ar ; a nd
p es y

h
o ert e p
e se t a s c a tains t os e of t e o ani ns
m m
w o were pro e in en t for erit -
.

CHAPTER XVII .

Su sa nnan on or ru n U XIANB
-

h
.

Hr n ow set out fro m S u

h h
sa a nd c ross i n g t e rive r, ,

in vade d t e c o u S o me
h h h
’
Pasitigris ,
n try of t e U xia ns .

in s were un de r t e
h h
of the se p e op l e w o i n hab i t t e p l a

ru
h h
l e of t e vi c e roy of t e Pe rs ian s an d on thi s o c casi on ,

su rre n de re d to Al e xan der ; b u

h
t t hose w o a re c all e d t e
moun tai n eers w e re n ot in s ubj ec ti on to t e Pe rsi an s an d ,

at th i s ti me s e n t word to Al ex an de r th at th e y w o u
h h
l d n ot
permit im to marc h wi th is forc e s in to Pe rsi s un le ss
h h
,

th e y re c e ive d f ro m im as mu
h h h
ch a s th e y we re in t e h a bit
of rec e ivi n g fro m t e k i n g of t e Pe rsi a n s for t e pa

h
s sag e

m m
h h
t h rou g h t h e i r o u n tai n s
8
H e se n t t e e s se.n ge rs b a c k
with i n stru c tio n s to c o me to t e de fi

h h
le s t e po sse ssi on of ,

whi c h made t hem t i n k that t e p assage i n to Pe rs i s was

in th e i r p o we r p romi s in g th e m th at the y s ho u
hh h ,
l d th e re
re c e iv e fro m im t e p re sc ri b e d to ll
h
He th e n took t e .

l body g u
h h h
roy a ards t e sh i e l d b e arin g in fan try an d
-
,
-
,

me n fro m t e res t of is army an d un der t e guidan ce

of t e S uh n a ma
, ,

h
si a rc h e d by n i gh t a
, l on g a di ffe re n t road
fro m t e f re qu e n te d on e Ad v an c i n g by a ro ute ro ugh
.

Acc ordin g to Curtius (v 6) th es e force s a moun te d to ne arly

h h
.

me n Amyn tas al so b rought with im fif ty son s of t e c hie f me n in

M h
.

ace d onia w o wish ed to se rve as royal pages Cf D iodorus xvii 64

h h
.
, . . , .

A riv er flowin g throu g h S usiana, f orm e d b y t e j u

n c tion of t e

Bulae ns an d C op rates .

Cf . S trabo, xv . 3 .
H I l l

T hA e nabasis o
f Alex an der .

CH APTER XVIII .

D s rxar or '
Aarons szms s AND Can vas:or P nsss roms

h
.

Ar m Ale xan der de spatc he d Parmen i o with t e

h h h
s th i s ,

h h
b aggage t e The ss alian c aval ry t e Grec ian al li es t e
, , ,

me rc e nary auxiliari e s an d t e re st of t e more h eavily

h ,

arme d sol d ie rs to marc h i n to Pe rs is al o n g t e c arriage

h h
,

road l e adi n g i n to that c o u He i mse lf took t e

h h
n try .

Mac e don i an i nfan try t e Compani on c aval ry t e li gh t

h h
,

v al ry use d f or sk i rmishi ng t e Ag rian ian s an d t e

,

h h
ca , ,

arc e rs an d made a fo rc e d marc h thro u gh t e mo un tain s

h h h
, .

But wh e n e arrive d at t e Pe rsian Gates

h
e fo u nd ,

t hat Ario b arzan e s t e vi c e roy of P e rsia wi th

h h ,

i nfan try an d 7 0 0 c aval ry ad b uil t a wall ac ros s t e

,

h h h ,

p ass an d ad pi tc he d is camp the re n e ar t e wal l to

,

h h
b l o c k Al e xand e r s passage
h h h
’
Th e n i n d e e d e pi tc h ed is
.

mp t e re ; b ut n e x t day e marsh all e d is army an d led

h
ca ,

it u u
h
p t o t e wa ll . W h e n it wa s e vi d e n t tha t it w o l d b e

l t to c ap ture it on ac c oun t of t e rugge d n ature of

h
di ffic u
ht e g ro u s ma is men we re b e i n g wo u
h
nd a ,
nd a n y of n de d ,

t e e n e my as saili n g th e m wi th mi ss il es f ro m e n gin e s o f
war p l ac e d u pon highe r groun d wh i c h gav e th e m an
h h
ad van tage ov e r th e ir as sail an ts e re tre ate d to is camp
,

h , .

He was i n fo rme d by t e p riso n e rs that th e y c o ul d l ead

h im ro u h h n o th e r ro u te so th at e migh t ge t to t e
h h
n d by a ,

o th e r e n d of t e p as s b ut wh e n b e as c e rtain e d th at t i s
h
road was ro u h u
h
h an d na rr o w l e f t C ra t r th e re a t t
g e , e s e

mp wi th is own b rigad e an d t hat of Me le age r as we l l

h
ca
-

h hh h
as a fe w arc he rs an d 5 00 c aval ry wi t o rde rs th at wh en ,

h
ad got ri gh t ro u
h h
e p e rc e i v e d e nd a n d wa s a pp roac in g
t e c amp of t e Pe rsi an s (wh i c h e c ou

h hh
l d e asil y p e r
c e ive b e c au mpe ts w oul d give im t e si gnal )
hh
s e t e tru

h
,

e s ou l d th e n as saul t t e wall Al e xan d e r ad vanc e d by

,

h h
.

u
h h
n i ht
g , a n d tra v e lli n g a bo t 1 0 0 s ta d es e t,
ook t e

ri n g g u
h h h
s hi e l d b e a
-
ard s t e b rigad e of P e rdi c oe s
, t e ,

‘
ligh te s t arme d of t e arc h e rs t e Agrian ian s t e royal
, ,
 D ef eat f
o Ariobarzaues and Cap ture f
o Pers ep ol is 1 7 7 .

s q uad ron of c aval ry Co mpan i on s an d one re gi me n t of ,

l ry besi des the se c on tai ni ng f o ur c o mpani es ; an d

h h
c ava ,

w ee li n g ro u e m

h h h h
n d wi th th e se t roop s arc he d to ward s ,

im
h
t e pass in t e di re c ti o n t e p ris o n e rs l e d He .

orde re d Amyntas Phil otas an d Coe n us to l ead t e re st

h h rmy to wa
, ,

rd s t e p l ai n an d to make a b ri dge o v e r
h
of t e a ,

t e rive r wh i c h on e mu
1
s t c ro ss to g o i n to Pe rs i s He .

h i mse lf we n t by aroute dific ul t and ro ugh alon g whi c h

h h
e n e v e rth e l es s ma rc he d f or t e mos t part at f u
,

h h
ll spe e d .

Falli n g upon t e firs t guard of t e b arbarian s b e fore

h h a h
daylig t b e d e stroy e d the m an d so e d i d mo st of t e
h h ,

s e c on d ; b u t t e majori ty of t e thi rd g u
,

h
ard e sc ape d ,

mp of Ariob arzaue s b ut
h
n ot i n dee d by fl e e i n g i n to t e c a ,

i n to t e mo un tai n s as th e y we re b e i n g se ize d with a

su h h
d de n pan ic Con se que n tly e f e ll upon t e e n e my s
,

h h
’
.

mp at t e approac of dawn wi tho ut be i ng obse rve d

h h h hh
ca .

At t e ve ry ti me e b egan to assaul t t e tre n c t e

tru h h
mp e ts gave t e signal to Craterus w o at o nc e
,

h h
attac ke d t e ad van c e d fo rti fic atio n T e e n e my the n .
,

b e i n g in a s tate of c on fu si on fro m b e i n g a ttac k e d on all

s i d es
, fled wi tho u t c o mi n g to c l os e c o n fli c t ; b u t th e y
w e re he mme d in on al l h an d s Al exan de r pre s si n g u
h , pon
t h e m in one d i rec ti o n an d t e me n of Crate ru s ru nn i ng

up in an oth e r Th ere fore mo s t of th e m we re c o mp e ll e d

h h
.

h
to wh ee l ro u
h
nd a n d fle e i n to t e f o rti fi ca ti o n s wh i c ,

h
we re al re ady in t e h an d s of t e Mac e do ni an s For .

Ale x an der e xp ec ti n g t e ve ry thi n g wh i c h re ally c c

h ,

ad l e ft P to le my t h e re wi th th re e tho u
h
cu rre d, san d

in fan try ; s o that mo st of t e b arbarian s we re c u

h
t to
p iec es by t e Mac e don ian s at c l ose q uarte rs O th ers
h
.

pe rishe d in t e t erri ble fl igh t whic h e n s ue d h urlin g

h
th e ms e lve s o ve r t e p re c i p i c es ; b u t Ariob arzan es im
,

h
This was th
e Ara

hu had h th h
xes . Se e S trabo, xv . 3 .

m d
h
Notic e t e se of t e verb 1 “ wit g e e nitive , in stea of t e

pr pe osition rp6 . Cf . Pin a d

r (Py t ia, iv 7 6) . rply 6pm .
 hAm T e basis o
f Alex a
nder .

ih hm hmou
Q

se lf , wt a few orse en , esc a e d p in to t e n

Al m h ih p d h
d g h
d e xan e r n ow arc ed b ac k w t all s ee to t e

h ily
u d ov
h h my h hg i
iv
r e r, an d fin in t e r e alre a c ns tr c te
b id g dy o e r it ,

hm h h h iv d b o
e ea is ar ’
s cross ed w it T en c e e a an c on .

hgu d hi y ud i l h uy
t n ned is
i arc to Pe rse ol s, so t at e arr e
p i ef re

hmo y hi h
t e ar s of t e c t c o l p l age t e tre as r 8
He .

h uy h Cy u p d h
o pu
als c a t re d t e ne w c was at Pasarga ae in
d ‘

hm h vi y v h
t e tre as r of t e firs t r s, an d a poin te P rasa orte s,

u
h p h ou h m io d h
son of R eo it res , ce r o o e r t e Pe rs ians He b rn t .

d own t e Pe rs ian alac e , t g P a r me n a v is ed i

m y u
oy h h
p
to rese r e it, for an reason s, an d espe c a
v i ll y b e c a se

u h
it was n ot we l to e str
l d w at wa s n ow is own pro
m A
h
oul d
m h
ry
t an d b e c a se t e e n of by hi
ia w n ot t
p e , s s

u i du m o
h h h i m hd i d d i hul
c o rse o fi ac t on k be n c ed to co e ver to i , t in
ing t at e se l f ad e
c
e n ot to re ta n t e r e of
Asia b ut on l y to c on que r it and de part But Ale xan de r
h h
.
,

h h
sai d that e w ished to take ve ngeanc e on t e Pe rs i ans ,

h h
in re taliati on for t e i r dee ds in t e in vas ion of G ree c e ,

wh e n t e y raze d At he n s to t e grou nd b u

h hh
nd a rn t down
t e te mple s He al so desired to p u.nis t e Pe rs ian s for

Curtiu hat Ari bar a b

h h hM got away
s (
v . 1 6) say s t o s nes after a loody c on tes t

t ro u with a ut 40 horse me n and

h ha
ga t e c e don ia l n b
in es . o foo t .

an d made fo r Pe rw po l ia Be ing s ut out of that fortress e

h
w s ove r

h
. .

l l is c ompanions Cf D iale ru
h
take n an d sl ain wit a . . s ( xvii
-
.

9
69) an d J u
s tu
( s xi . 14) ap r oa
st ate
c in g hat
t on p
Pe rs e pol is Ale xan de r me t $00 G rec ian c ap t ive s mu rms
h
, tilate d b y los s of a , ,

m m u u h
h
le g s , e ye s, e a rs o r o t e
, r e b e r s C rt i s (
. v 1 7 — 1 9 1 sa y s t e re . we re

h
of t e m Ale xan de r odored to se nd t e se me n ome wit means h h
h m hk
. .

of fu tu re s u u f
m
h h
pp o i t ; b t t e y p r e e rre d to re a in in P e r s T e in g .

v e t e m mo n o }

h hh
g a c l o t in g
. c a t t le, a nd land
, .

nd Cu rti u b moun t of
h
D i o do ru s c xui 7 1 1 a sta te t at t e a
3
. s (v 20 ) ot .

tre as u m u a
hh
re c a t l at P r l is wa s t l n ts or In is
p e se p o e .

own le t te r Ale xan de r s ta te d t at t e re wa s su lfic ie n t tre a su re a n d val u a le b

m u m u a A h
h
r
p p o e r t y t o lo a d l e c a r ts a n d c a e ls ( P l t rc l ex . "

C urti us te l ls us t at l e n ts were c ap tu rgada

h
ta r ed a t Pa sa e .

Pas argadae was t e o ld c a ita p

l of Persia fou nde d b y Cyru .s ; bu t its

p la c e a a s a ft e rw a r d s t a k e n b y P e rs e pdi s .
 ham f A T e o b an don

hhu hh h m h h
h um hA
wit t e {b se s w ic ad b e e n c ol e c te l d fro t ose w o

M h h mm h
we re at an d l ie g t .
-
e, l exan de r adv an c e d t owards

h u Au h
e dia and i n vading t
, e lan d of t e Pa e cae,
1
e

bu u bd d i t, an d ap po in te d Oxat re s
e , s n of b l it es , t e

u
hm hh u h m
m
fo r u e r V ic e ro
yBo f S n , to r l e a s v we rnv . e in g in
m m
h h u m
f or e d on t e arc t at D ari s ad de t er ine d t o ee t

m
h h hm h
i io r bat t le , an d t o try t e fort n e of again f or
u m
h hh hh u
t e S cy t ian s an d Cad sians ad c o e to i as allies ) .

u
h h hu u
e on de re d t at g ar d s t e b eas ts o f b rde n Wit . t eir

hm h m h
an d t e re e l o f t e b ag gage , s o l d fo ll w z an d tak in g
.

h h M hh
t e at o f i s ar y, e led it in or d e r of b at t l e a n d on

hh h
t e t we l ft day arri v e d in e dia T e re e a s c e rt ain e d .

hh
fit for b att l e an d t at
h mm h u
f o re e ao i D an n a we re no t
'

t at , t e .

hh u H h m h
i ts ” , t e C ad s ian s an d <c y t ians ad n ot arriv e d .

hh h
b ut [ lu

hu
st e ad na
e l ve d to flee . e t ere fore arc ed

h h m B
o n ll g re at e r s pe e d ; an d w e n
wit n e was on i
y t ree

m
h
uu
h
«in f E c atan a, e wa by is tan e s
'

; a j r ll t’
y ro s et .

mm A m
h uh
U c lu , w o re i g ne d o v e r t e
h
« b Pe rs ian s e fo re

mm u
mh
m
h
D an -
a. T an an no nc e d t at Dari s d fle d fiv e
a
u m "
M
day s: b e fo r e, k t a in tal e n t s of

m h
t g n y one

fro t e ea my
de », an d an ar of caval ry and 6, UUO

h m h hh
m l im l ry .

W
hh
A
h
l mn le xan de r re ac e d Ec i tana, e se n t t e T es

m hul h h h
m
h
u c aval ry an d
h
aal l t e ot e r Grec ian al ie s b ac k to t e

pu
hm mh
am p y ,
a ing t n t e f l ire w ic ad b ee n sti lat e d,
m
h um
m
a ! mak i n g t e an additio n al do nat io n fro i se lf o f

u
h
m Lu tu l ie d an d at if a an of

h
i l . I
ss e or e r t v

mul u
h h
is l
man ac c o rd le d s ti l to c o n t in e t o se rv e for ire
m mu
H h
wi l l! lul u, l al ld en l is t ; an d t ose w o e n lis t e d in
ll l a mmm l v uuu ‘
o
no t It fe w . i, t en or e re d d Epo c ill s,

u h m lc -mb d pnlnc u Wi t hl
h
i ve r til e » and a
hm u
. s Hu . :I 1 l m | d . s .dorne d
u w mum ul mg al ul al n . n d un tn lu ma o f o lc l and s il v e r T
uh
m 1 ese

h
. n .

m
.
,

“t o ” l “ of oo u mm c o in e d mto mon e y by
h
Gu u -
n -n l ls In al ! n .
o

um I“ h r dum m
.

rm S m P ul y imw
Md PM
.u m! ; a u-l
‘

. ! U c
'
n . I
. a , . I. 27 .

l l l ul u l i ml m l l l uumuuu
unubut-WIN“

M
M
l c v .

4 «E L H HU
 M huhh arc]; T ro g t e Casp ian Gates .

u h h
h h h
son of Polye ides , to c on d c t t e re s t down t o t e sea,
takin g ot e r c aval ry as a g u ard for t e m, s in c e t e
h hh h H
M k up h huy h
T e ssalians sold t e ir orses t e re . ealso se nt word
m
h hh
to e nes to ta e on i se lf t e d t of see in g t at
m u
h
y
t e y
we re c on ve y ed in trire es to E b oea,
w en t e
m
h
u
hm y hh b g y m
arrive d at t e se a. p 1
He in str c t ed Par e n io to de osit

h hhg
t e on e w ic was e in c on v e ed f ro Pe rsis in t e

hm y
at Ec atana, and to an d it over to t e c ar e of
hh hm
c itade l b .

M
H p lu
hgu hm
ar a s 3
for e ad l e ft t is an over t e one

l gh m
wit a ard of ac e donians and a fe w orse e n

h k h h
- y k H
an d i t ar e d in fant r to ta e c are of it e told .

m m m
h h hh m p h m
Par e n io i se lf to ta e t e G re c ian er c en arie s, t e

m h h h u
T rac ians , an d all t e ot e r orse en exc e t t e Co

C u hm
pa nion c a y
v al r , an d arc b y t e l an d of t e Ca d sians

h y qu y h h
into Hy H
rcan ia l e aso se n t word to
. l it s, t e c o
m
b h Su h hh
an de r of t e ro al s adro n of c avalr , w o ad b e e n

m S u hh k h M hhb
l e ft e in d at b saill , t at w en e arrived at Ec atana
u
h hg hm y h
fro sa e s o l d ta e t e ac edon ian s wad e e n o

h h hh
l e ft t ere in c ar e of t e on e , an d go in t e direc tion

of Part ia, w m l ere also e i se f int en ded soon t o arriv e .

C HAPTE R XX
M u
.

ane s re sc ran Gas man Guns

hh k g h mp
es .

hh
Te n t ta in anion c avalry, t e l ig t c avalry
t e Co
use d for skirmis ing, t e Gre e k merc e nary cavalry, unde r
h hM h
t e c omman d of Erigyiu
h hh h h
s, t e ac e donian p alan x ,
e xc e p t t e me n w o

hh h h h
ad b ee n p lac e d in c arge of t e
mone y, t e arc ers, and t e Agrian ian s, e marc e d
h hhhh
agains t D ariu In t e f orc e d marc e ma

h h h
s . w ic de ,
man y of is sol diers we re l e ft b e in d, worn out wit

h a m u Pa h
Ma h m hu f mC a
Cu
rt iu
h
s ( v. 23 ) say t at a G rec i n er
c en ries nder l to t e

At a met Al e xander in edi , aving arc ed p ro

h ham u
e ni n ilici.

D wdon u (xvii 8 0 ) s ys t a t t e
. a
o n t of tre s r au a
e deposited t
E c batana was tal en ts or
 h f A T e i s obaric o lexande r .

gu m y hh h
hl h Bh
fati and an of t e orse s die d He n evert el ess
e, .

hp m h
p r e sse d o n , a n d on t e e e v e n t d a y a rriv e d at ag a e
l '
.

m h
’
T is lac e is distan t fro t e Ca s pia n Ga tes on e day s
j u y
h y p hughh
o rne g A
to one Bu u
arc in as l e xan de r did t D ari s .

A
m u h ugh h h h mp
ad alread as se d t ro t is de fi l e b e fore l exan de r
m y
gh h h h
ca e t a f t w o w r i o ani on s
p , o n o o se e e s c

M
m
in fli t dese rte d i on t e wa y an d re tire d t o t e ir

A
h
u
u h hp p u g u
own a b ode s
y an also s rren de re d to
. l e xan der .

h h
T e latter n ow gave p t e o e of c a t rin D ari s b y
pu u m
h
c l ose rs it, a y
n d re g ain e d t e re five da s to ive is

hh u w
h
p p
troo s re ose He appoin d Oxodate s a Pe rsian , w o
.

M
u uu
h h
ad t e il l fort n e to b e arre ste d b y D ari s an d s t p
u
h
at S sa, to t e offic e of vic e roy of edia; for t is treat
m u m A
hm h h h
e n t wa s a n in d c e y e n t to l e xan der to rel on is

hhh
fide l it
hC p
y He t e n arc ed towards Part ia; and on t e
.

mp
hu h h
firs t day e n c a ed n ear t e as ian Gate s, w ic
hu
e

h hh h
p asse d t ro g on t e se c on d day as far as t e c o n try
“ He arin g t at t e c oun try furt er on
h
was in ab ite d .

h hh
was de se rt, e resol ved to p roc u re a stoc k of p rov ision s
f rom t e plac e w e re e was en c amped, an d ac c ordin gl y
se n t Coe n u s ou t on aforag in g e xpedition wit t e c aval ry hh
and as mall b ody of infantry .

XXI CHAPTER .

D s sms 1 s Assassn u rrn s r E resu

h h
e .

Ar t is time Bagistane s on e of t e Babyl on ian n ob l e s

h h
me to im from t e c amp of D arius ac c ompanie d b y
, ,

h h M h
ca ,

An ti el us one of t e s on s of azae u T e se me n
hh h h
, s .

informe d im t at Nab arzan es t e c omman der of t e

cava hh
l ry w ic ac c omp an ie d D arius in is flig t Be s s us
,

h h , ,

yi hM m
h t m hM h
hm B
Alarge c it n t e ex re e n ort of edia, en tion e d in t e Book
f mu A u
hu uh ha
of Tob it . It was a o s in t e iddle ges n der t e na e of ai .

T e r in s of Rat l ie so t -
a
e s t of Te er n.

( an gen erally means until I

n its pr esent use of. n 11 s upra ( are
moa »
. .
,

n .
 T hA e nabasis o f Al co ander .

h m A
urre n de r p u m
hm hy h hA
s i to l e xan der, an d to advan roc re so e

u fi
pu u g h hy h hhh
tage for t e se l ve s, if t e s o ld nd t a t l exan der
m u u
y h
h
was rs in t e b t if t e s o l d l earn t at e ad

h hu h
g on e ac a ain t e
b k g l ad reso ve d t o c o ec t as l ar e
ll
, g
my y ul
lh h hp
an ar as t e c o d an d to re se rv e t e r l e for t e
p
mm
B u h hup m h u
co on weat He also asc e rtain ed t at for t e rese n t
.

mm
h h b u h
e ss s eld t e s re e c o an d, b ot on ac c o n t
u
h g p g h
of is re l ations i to D ari s an d ec a s e t e war wa
p s

hugh h
b e in c arried on in is vic e re al rovinc e
g H ea rin t is, .

A
hmgh hugh
pu u
hm h
l ex an de r t o t it was adv isa l e t o
b rs e wit all

h h u
is i t an d t o is en a l
n d orse s we re ar ea dy
qu gu
h h
ite fati e d b y t e in c e ssan t se ve rit of t eir lab o rs,
y

hughhgh h
l p
e n e v e rt e e ss roc e ede d, an d, tra
g l g v el lin a on way all

hh h
t ro t e n i t an d t e n e xt day till n oon , arrive d at

h mp h g h hh
ll g u
a c e rtain v i ag e , w e re t ose w o we re l e adin D ari s

h u hm h h
ad e n c a e d t e day b e fore
H ea rin t e re t at t e
.

h qu h h h
b arb arian s ad de c ide d to c on tin e t e ir arc b y n ig t,

hu h h u h
e in ire d of t e n ative s if t e
y k n ew a n
y s orte r roa d

hu h u y hh hugh k
to t e f gitive s y T e said t e did n ow on e , b t t at
y . k

h h hh
it ran t ro g a c o n tr w ic was de sert t ro lac
m m
h g hh
of wa te r He n eve rt el es s orde re d t e
. to s ow
g
i
y u
h h m h m h hu
t is way, an d p e rc eivin t at t e infan tr c o l d n ot e e
k p
u u p
h l y m u m hh
w it i if a rc ed a t f l l s d e a se d 5 00
p e ee , c

h h y hb hh
of t e c ava r to dis o n t fro t e ir ors es an d se e c t
l

h h m u hh
in g t e oflic e rs of t e in fan tr an d t e e st of t e ot e r
m
h h
foo t - s ol die rs, e orde re d t e to o nt t e orse s

m ju
hh b g gu
ar ed y
st H
as t e we re e a lso dire c te d N ic an or, t e
.

mm A u
hA hm h
co an de r of t e s ie ld earin ards, an d tta
-
l s,
mm
h by h m u hhB u h
co an der of t e grian ian s, to l e ad t e ir e n w o

h g qupp h m l gh
we re l e ft b e in d, t e s a e ro te w ic e ss s ad

h hh h y hul
ta e n , avin e
k i ed t e y as i tl as ossi e ; an d
p bl

ul m h h m h
e orde re d t a t t e re st of t e in fan tr s o d f ollow in

m l
h h hg p ty
re g ar g
arc in orde r He i se f b e an to
g . arc
l
in t e afte rn oon , an d l e d t e way wit reat ra idi .

1 Plutar h
(Al
c ex 4 2) says h
aA
t t l exander rode ades
st , or a u
bo
t
 Reflec tions on t h e Fate f
o D ariu
s .

h hh
H aving trave ll e d 4 0 0 stades in t e n ig t e c ame up on
h h
t e barb arian s j u yb re ak goin g alon g wit out
,

h h h
s t b e fore da ,

an y orde r an d u rme d ; so t at fe w of t e m ru
h h h
na s e d to

de fe n d t e mse l ve s b u t most of t e m as soon as t e y saw

h hh ,

Alexan de r imse l f took to flig t wit out e ve n c omin g

,

h h ,

A fe w of t ose w o turne d to re sist be in g

h h h h
to b l ows .

h h
kille d t e re s t of t ese also took to flig t
, U p to t is .

time Be ssu
hh h
s an d is ad e re n ts were stil l c on v eyin g
D ariu t e m in a c ove re d c arriage ; b u
hh
s wit t w en
Al e xan de r was al re ady c l ose upon t eir e e ls Nab arzan e s
h hh
an d Barsae nte s wou im an d l e ft im t e re an d
hh h h
n de d ,

wit 600 ors e me n took to flig t D arius die d from is

h h
.

wou n ds soon a fte r be fore Al e xan de r ad see n im

,
1
.

CHAPTER XX II .

REFLE CTION S rn s FATE or D a mus

h y h
on .

Aun uns s u
h hul bu h y pu h
se n t t e b od of D ari s in to Persis, wit

hm hh h
orders t at it s o dbe rie d in t e ro al se l c re , in
m
h u H h p m Amm
t e sa e k g way as t e ot er Pe rsian in s b e fore i
”
h y h h Hy
ad b ee n b rie d
e t en roc lai ed
. inasp e s, a

hm h h hM h u
Part ian , v ic e ro ove r t e Part ian s an d rc an ians .

T is an was on e of t ose w o wit azac e s ad s r

Al
hh hC mp
gyp
re n dere d E H t topp ex an de r e a l so a ointed Tle .

mu
u h h Hy S uh
’
po l e s, s on of Iyt Op a n e s, one of t e o an ion s,

h h hh h
to g ard is in te re sts in Part ia an d rc an ia c .

u A
Ah hm h hk g
was t e e n d of D ari s, in t e arc on s i of
p ris top on
H m
at t e n s, in t e on t ec a to b aion 8
T is in was .

miles in eleven days In t e next c apte r e says t at only sixty h h h h

h h h
h
400 , .

is me n were ab l e to keep u m p u u
h
of p wit i i n t e rs it .

Curtiu m p at occ urre d du

h
s (v 24 38 ) gives ver
.
-
y a l e de ta il s o f w ring
a u Cf D iodoru Ju
h a
t e l ast days of D ri s s (xvii 7 3 )
. s tin ( xi
. . .

u Se e D iodoru P p
P ua h h hp h
T e Persi n kings were b ried at erse olis s , xvii 7 1 . . .

A u
m h
(A
l t rc
) a lan , 43 says t t l e xan de r se n t t e c or se o f D ari s to i s

ha h h
ot er
.

3
In t e ye r n o 830 , t
. . e first of Hec atomb aion fell on t e first of
Ju
ly .
 Te hA nab asis o
f Alex an der .

a man mine ntl y e fle minate an d lac k in g in sel f

'

p re -
e

re l ian c e in mil itary e n te rp rise s ; b ut as to c ivil matte rs

h h
s p osition to in du

h h
e n e ve r e x ibite d a n
y di l ge in arb itrary
u
hp hh l hh
c on d c t ; n or in dee d was it in is p owe r to e x ib it it .

M h y m hu
For it ap en e d t at e was in vo ve d in a wa r wit t e

hg l p
ac e don ian s an d Gre e s at t e v e r ti e e s c c ee ded
k
qu l
h hy h ubj
e n t y it wa
‘
to t e re a owe r ; an d c onse g s n o l on e r

m
hh h
p bl
ossi e for i to ac t t e t ran t towards is s e c ts ,

hh h
e v en if l e gad b e e n so in c in e d, s tan din as e did in
y A
h umu up h
g reate r dan ge r t an t
g e . s l on as e live d, on e

m u m
hp m h
isfort ne afte r an ot er w s a ac c l ate d on i ; n or

l m
m hh hul A hb
did e ex e rie n c e an y c e ssation of c aa ity fro t e

u
h h ly
ti e w en e firs t s c c e e de d to t e r e . t t e e gin

u
h y h u hh
n ing of is re ign t e c ava r by def e at was aine d s st

b h hh
is v ic e ro s at t e G ran ic s, an d fort wit Ion ia
A l
by h
SI
eo is , yg Ly ot t ep P r ias, dia, an d all Caria e xc e t
u up
h
H l aic arn as s s we re oc c is foe ; soon afte r,
ied
pu
h mh
H l u l
aic arn ass ls as o was c a t re d, as we l as al l t e l ittoral
mfi u
u h h hm h h k
as far as C ilic ia . T en ca e is own disc o t re at

hh hhl gyp
Iss s, w e re e saw is ot e r, wife , an d c il dre n ta en

h A b l hh
p U on t is P oe nic ia an d t e w o e of E
p
ris on e rs . t
m
hfi
l
we re ost ; an d t e n at r e a e i s el f fle d dis rac e
g
ully m my mp
h h mp A h
f a on g t e rs t, an d os t av e r v as t ar
l y co ose d

mh h
of all t e n a tion s of is e ire f te r t is, wan de rin
g .

l
as an e xi e fro m
is own do in ion s, e die d afte r b e in
g

D ariu me to t e t ron e hh
h
s ca 3 36 .

K ted c ap tains in ou
hC h hy h p
3
In 2 in gs xi 4 , 1 9 t e word tran sl a
. r Bib l e is
Garim, t e T ese me n ormed t e b od n of t e usu f
hhh h y
arian s . r er -

At alia , w o stood in n eed of oreign me rc e n arie s D avid ad ab od

f
Ph hC
.

u Cr ta a m
huhu h
g ard ilistin es an d a arians
f m h
oi e ns. T e se rved s erc en rie s

hLy pp hB
t ro g o t t e an c ie n t worl d, as we l e arn ro u u T c ydides , i 8 ; H erodot s ,
.

hm
i 1 7 1 ; ii 1 5 2 ; v 1 1 1
. . S trabo, xiv 2
. T e . . dian s a ear in t e ibl e
u Lu u(
h hy f m hhp u
n de r t e n a e of H erodot s i 94 giv e s an c
d ( Isa l xvi
.
). a .

u z m
ha h h
c o n t of t e c ol on i ation of U b riab y t e L dian s, ro w ic s r ng
t e st te of t e E tru sc ans He n c e Ve rgil (A
e ne id, ii 7 8 2 s e a
.
)
ks of t e p .

Ly diu A
"

u (A h
s Ty bris S ee al so . ene id, viii 4 7 9 ; Hor ac e S atires , i 6, 1
( ) . .

Ta c itus (Annals , iv D ionysi s . rc aeologia Ro n , i ma a _

.
 hh h h
Crate ru
h hh
forc es . He des patc eds a t t e ea d of is own
b rigade an d t at of Amyn tas, some of t e arc e rs, an d
h h h
a fe w o f t e c avalry again st t e Tapu
h
rians ; an d e

h h
de re d Erigyiu k e t e Grec ian me rc e naries an d
h h
or s to ta

h h hh
t e res t of t e c avalry, an d lead t e way by t e p u
h
bl ic
t orou u
h
u
h g f ar e , t o g i t w as l on g ,
e r c o n d c t in
g t e

m
h h
wa gg o n s, t e b ag a
g g , e an d t e c ro w d o f c a p fo l l o-
w e rs .

Af te r c ross in g t e first mountains , and e n c ampin g t e re ,

h hh h hh
h hM
rin g gu
h
e took t e s ie ld b e a -
ards toge t e r wit t e
lig te s t me n in t e ac e donian p alanx an d some o f
hh h
h h h
t e arc e rs , an d we n t alon g aroad diflic u l t and ard to

hhh
t rave l u
h
u
hh p o n , le avin
g g a rds fo r t e r oa d s w er e ver e

t ou
hh h h
g t t e r e w as an y p e ril , s o t a t t e b a r b a r ia n s w o

e l d t e mou ins mig t n ot at t ose poin ts fal l u

h h hh
n ta pon
t e me n w o we re foll owin g Havin g p asse d t roug
hh h h hh h
.

is arc e rs , e e nc ampe d in t e plain

hh h
t e de le s wit
r a s mal l rive r
h hh h
nea 1
an d w il e e was e re , N ab arzan es ,
t e c o mmande r of D ariu
h hh
’
s s ca va l ry , P ratap e rnes, t e
rt ia, and t e ot e r mos t
h h
v ic e roy o f Hyrc a n ia a nd Pa

dis tingu is e d of t e Pe rs ians in atte n danc e on Dariu

h
s,

arrive d and s u e d t e mse l ves Afte r waitin g fou

h h h hh
rre nde r . r
days in t e camp , e too k u
h h h h
t o w o a d b ee n l e ft
p s e

b e ind on t e marc , all of t e m advan c in g in safe ty

h hh h
e xc e p t t e A ria

h
u
h g n ia n s,
w o , w il e g ar d i n g t e re a r,

we re attac ke d b y t e b arb arian mou Bu

hh h h
n ta in e e rs . t t ese
me n dre w ofl w e n t e y got t e worst of it in t e
h h
‘

s k irm

h
S tarting fro m t is p lac e , b e advan c e d in to
h
is .

h
l ly roau
h h
ia as far as Zadra ca rta, t e c ap ita l of t e Hyr
t e ru

h hh
c an ia ns In t is p lac e
.
3
e wa s r ej oine d by Cra s, w o

l l in g in w it t e G re c ian merce n
hh h h h
ad n ot s u c c e e de d in fa

h
aries of Dariu s ; bu ad t orou
h
t e g ly trav e rse d t e

hh
w ol e c o u
h
nd t e

h
ntr a i i g ve r pa rt o f it b forc e a
y g n
, n o y
o t e r pa rt b y t e vol u n tar y c ap itulation of t e in ab it
duru
D tu s ( w in 7 5 ) . calls h
t is river S tib os tis ; Curt ius vi.
( 1 0) cal ls it

h
Z l ub e tl l .

Hug e r as in s i de w of is n ew) .
 hM Exp edition Against t e ardians .

an ts u
. r h hhb gg
als o a rive d e re wit t e a age and
Erigyi s

A u m Al a
hh h hA
wag on s ; an d soon afte r rtab az s c a e to
g 1
e x n de r

u
by Au h
wit t re e of is son s, Cop e n , riob arza e s, a nd

A m mp
m h
rsa e s, ac c o an ie d top radate s, v ic e ro
y of

m
h Au h
Ta aria, an d e n v o s fro
p y t e Gre c ian e rc e n arie s in
u
h gl h hk p
t e s e rv c e i of D ari s. To top radate s b e re s tore d
u A u
h hu b h u
is v ic e re a oflic e b t rtab az s an d is s on s e e t
m l
hfi l y b u h
near p i se f in a osition of on o r, ot on ac c o n t of

u m g
hfi b h m h
t e ir an d e c a se t e we re a on
de it y to D ari s

k b g g h hh
t e rs t n o l e s of Pe rsia To t e e n v oy s fro t e .

m mk u m
h hh m y h p hh
G ree s, e g in i to a e a tr c e wit t e on

hh u h
b e af of t e w ol e
l erc e n a r f orc e , e re l ie d t at e

mk g m m
hg gu
u
wo l d n ot a e any a re e e nt wit t e y b e c a se t e

h hb b
we re ac tin
g w it re at g l
il t in se rvin as so die rs on

h u h k
t e s ide of t e ar arian s a ain st Gre e c e , in c on traven
g
mm
h h
tion of t e resol tion of t e Gre e s He c o an de d .

m m u m
hm h
t e to c o e in a od an d s rre n de r, e avin it to
b y l g i
m
h h y hh
to tre at t e pas b e le as e d, or to re se rv e t e sel ve s
p
y u
b h hm h m
as e st t e c o l d T e e n v o s said t at t e
b y y l ie ded
.

Al
ug h hh h
ot t e se l v e s an d t e ir c o rade s to e xande r, a nd

m m m
h hy m gh u h h
r ed i to s e n d so e on e w it t e to ac t as t e ir
m
h h
l e ade r, so t at t e i t b e c on d c te d to i wit
umb A
h A u h
sa y
fe t y y
T e said t e we re
. in n er c c ord .

A u A u
h
in gly e se n t n dron ic s , son of ge rr s, an d rtab az s
to t m e .

CHAPTER XX IV
M
.

Exrs nmos msr re s u mu r rs

hM
s ox

hm h
.

hhm hh hh h
Hr t . en arc e d forward again st t e ardian s 9
takin g
wit l b i t e s ie d -
earin g g uards , t e arc e rs, t e

Curtiu y Artab azus h hm

h hma hP a
s
(vi . 1 4) sa s ad n in e son s , on e of w o ,

P arn ab azu
s , was t e ad ir l of t e ersi n fle e t . S e e Arrian (ii 1 ; .

ii 2 ; iii 2 su ra)
. . p .

Cu Cf
rtius , vi 1 6
. . .
Agrian ians , thb e rig ades of Coe n us an d Amyn tas, h alf of

h hM h e kill e d mh ny of t e m

h h h
part of t e l and of t e ar dians, a
in t e ir flig t, so me in de ed av in g t u
h
rne d to de fe n d
m l m y
g m h h h
t e se ve s p
; an d an were tak e n ris on e rs . No on e

for a l on ti e ad in v aded t e ir lan d in a os til e

m u u u
u h pl
ann e r, y n ot onl on ac c o n t ofits r gge dness, b t also

h h hA
b ec a se t e peo b g p e were poor, and esides b e in oor

k h hh y
we re warl i e
k T . e fore
er t ey n e v er feare d t at l ex
u m
u hh h u y h
an de r wo l d attac t e y, a d al re a d espec iall as e

h ugh h gu M
advan c ed f rt e r t an t e ir c o n tr For t is reason .

m
h m h hm u hh
y
t e were c a t y
or e ea si l 0 5 t e ir ard any .

h g y h k g h
of t e , ow e v ep
r , esc a e d in to t e o n tai n s , w ic

h
in t e ir l an d are ve ry oft an d c ra g , t in in
l y t at
A
Bu hh hh hh
ul p
l e xan de r wo d n ot e n e tra te to t e se at a n y ra te .

m
b h hp pl h
t w e n e was a roa
pp c in g t e y even e re , t e s en t

h
u
h Au h
y
e nv o s to s rre n de r ot t e eo e an d t e ir lan d to
m H p m
h mh hl h u
i . e pp ardon ed t e ,
an d a oin ted to p radr. e s,

h h mp m hh
w o e ly pl ad a s o rec e n t ac e d ov e r t e Tap rian s ,

h u y hM h
m
hh
y
v ic e ro u
ov e r t Re t rnin g to t e c a ,
e . fro w ic

u hh uh
e ad starte d to in v ade t e c o n tr of t e ardian s, e
m
by h m hL
fo n d t at t e Grec ian e rc e n aries of D a ri s ad arrive d,
m m
h hm
p an ie d y
t e e nv o s f ro t e a c e dae o n ian s

u u M u
mb u
hm
w o we re on an e g as sy to kin D ari s T e na es .

mAh h
of t e se e n w e re Call ic ratidas Pa sipp s,
,
on inr s ,

m m
u h h
Ono as , an d D rop ide s, a an fro t en s T ese w e re .

k p u
b u h p pl h
gu
m h
arre s te d an d e t n de r ard ; b t e re l e as ed t e

h h mm l h h
e n v o s f ro
y t e S in ope an s, l
e c a se t e se eo e ad

h h h
no s a re in t e c o on we at of t e Gre e k s ; a nd a s

ubj
yh
y
t e we re in s y
e c tion to t e P e rs ia n s, t e did n ot
m gu
h k g H l l h
se e to b e doin g an t in g gn re a son a b le in oin on a n

mb y
e as s to t e ir own in e a so re ea s e d t e re s t of
.

p pr p r u Mu hu
hh
Sin o e was a os e o s c ol on y of il et s on t e E xine . It is still
c all ed Sinoub . It was t pa e b irt l ce of Diogen es .
 hA f A T e nabasis o le zandc r .

gh m A
g hh hh
B u
h
dress , c all inl
i se lf rtaxe rxes in stead of e ss s, a nd

A
h m h hh
as se rtin t at e was k g in of y sia T e said e ad .

u
hB h
in atte n dance pon i t e Pe rsians w o ad esc ape d
m y m
hh p g h y h h
in to ac t raand an of t e
B ac trian s t e se l v e s ; an d
m m
hg h h
t at e was e x e c tin t e Sc t ian s a l so to c o e to i

M m
A
h hp
as a ie s
ll le xan de r, avin n ow all is forc es toge t e r,
.

h m u M hh k m y
we nt to wards ac tra, w ere P il i son of
B e n e laiis c a e

hh u h mm h h h
to i o t of edia wit t e Gre e e rc e n ar ca va l ry

hh l u hm
w ic we re nde r is own c o an d, t ose of t e T e s
m
m h h hm
saia
l ns w o ad v o n tee re d to re ain , an d t e e n of

A u u m
hh b g gu h y
ndr o ac s N ic a or, t e son of Par e n io, t e c o
.

m
WhAl h B
an de r of t e s ie l d earin ards, ad alre ad died
-

h m h h
o f dis e ase ile. e xa n de r wa s on is way to ac tra,
A
hh h h
e wa s in for ed t a t Satib arnan e s, v ic e ro of
y re ia, a d
k ll A u
h mh m hA h h
i e d nax ipp s an d t e ors e lan c e rs w o we re wit -

m
hh h p l h
i , ad ar e d t e re ian s an d c o ec te d t e
ll in t e
A
hhh l h
c y
it f o rtac oana, w ic was t e c a ita of t at n ation .

hAl h h
It was as o said t at e
l ad res o ve d, as soon as e

hh hh
as c e rtaine d t at e xa n de r ad advan c e d, to l eave t at
B u
g hp h
pl ace a n d g o w it is fo rc e s to ess s ,
w it t e in

M
k up
h h m gh u W h
j
t e n t io n of o in in t at rin c e in an atta c on t e

h h h pp hm h
ac e do n ian s , w ere ve r a c an c e i t oc c r . en

hhm h h
e re c e ive d t is n e ws , e s to ed t e arc towards
C mp
hl h h hA hg
l l ac tra, an d ta in
k g l wit i t e o an ion cava r ,
y t e

g h
ors e - an c e rs , t earc e rs , t e g rian ian s an d t e re i
m Am
e nts o f u y n tas a n d Coe n s, an d l e av in t e re s t o f

hh h upo n a m up m h
hu m
erec t isIs al l b e ab le to we r ine e rec t
eaa
d, on y e rt in
u u u( ”

h B ha hu a P ) A
f ll c on fide n c e , w e n yo are in y se rv ic e Ct C rt i s iii 8 ris . . .

hh f ha h h hh
tOp an e s ( a rds T e c p of t e c lin ry e rs ians wa
, s l ow, l oose ,

hh h( m
u
and c l inging s t nt t e e ad in olds ; w e re s t at of t e king was i
g
mX
hh u h h
a a a
nd e re c t b o ve t e e d Fro) 1 n o p on
. Cy p aedia v iii 3 1 3 we , .
,

pup af m
h h hm u h
le arn t at t Pe rsian king was a ixed wit
‘
e s ve s t of r l e c ol o r, l

H h
w ite , a
an d t at n o o ne e lse was l l owed to we ar t is ixt re of w ite .

u u y pup
h h h h
e ad l oose tro se rs o f a s arle t co l o r an d aro b e
c
, e n t ire l r le . Cf .

p w e re t e t iarais said to b e in t ato wer ;

h
(
als o S trab o xv . e s ae of

Aum um
h(A
an d S e n e c a ( e Be nefit cit vi -
. . l in . xv iii 8 . . 5 .

X S ee en op o n u u(
nab . i 3 . 87 . . Cyropae dia, viii . C rti s iii .
 h h
P ilotas and P armamo p ut to D eat
‘

'

h h u h mm u h
m hg h
is f orce s t e re n de r t e c o an d of Crater s, e
m
h
ade a f orc e d arc a ain s t S atib arzan e s an d t e
A
u h
re ian s ; an d avin g trav e l e d 60 0 s tade s in t wo da s
l y
m A
hAl
u
hb g u
c a e n ea r rtac oa a S atib arza e s, owe ve r, n o soon e r
.

h hqu k h l h k
p e rc e iv ed t at e xan de r was ne ar, t an e in str c k

gh h A hm h
wit te rror at t e ic n e ss of is arriva, e too to

by h h h hh h
fli t witafe w re ian ors e en . For e was de se rte d
mj
hA h h
t e y
aorit of is sol die rs in y is flig t, w en t e

p m h pu u h my k l m
aso l earn ed t at
l l exan de r was at an d T e l atte r .

m
hm h mh h l
ade ra id arc e s in rs it of t e en e , il e d s o e

h h m hl h
of t e en w o u y
e disc overed to b e g il t of t e re vo t

g m
h h h mh
an d w o at t at ti e ad e f t t eirv il lage s , fle ein , so e
m
hp l m A m
on e wa , so
y e an ot e r ; a n d o t e rs of t e e so ld in to

hA by hm h
s a
l y
v er He t e n roc ai ed rsa es, aPe rsian , vice ro
. y

hb l h h hm h h
ov e r t e B g
re ian s j e in n ow
. oin e d t e en w o

h u h hpl h
ad e e n eft b e in d wit
C rate ras, e arc ed in to t e

h h
lan d of t e Zara gaean s, an d re ac e d t e
l
ac e w ere
m
h m hp
Bu B
hl b g h
t e ir s eat of
g ove rn e n t wa s t arsae n te s, w o at
.

hh l up h gh g h
t at ti e ad osse ssion of t e an d, e in on e of t ose

h
u
hg hI
w o ad fal en on D a ri s in is fli t, l earn in t at
A
h h u Bu h h
l e xan de r was a roac in , fle d to t e n dian s w o live
pp
m
h by h mh
t is side of t e rive r In d s y t t e arre s te d i an d
.

mb k A u
h u hgul y u
se n t i ac to le xan de r, w o e wa s p t to

deat on ac c o n t of is u
i t c on d c t towards D ari s .

CHAPTER XXVI
s mo PMTo
.

P arson AND Ps au D ram

h p
s .

Hrs : al so Al e x an de r disc ove re d

h
t e c on s iracy of

Parmen io l my A u
h hl h
P il otas , son of . P to e an d ristob fil s
mb
u h h h
say t at it ad aready bee n p
re ort e d to i ef ore in
“
E y t ; b t t at it did
g p n ot a pp m
ea bl
r to i c re di e, b ot
Thp es e eo pl e are al so call ed D rangian s . T h
y
e lived west of Arac ha osi

Plutar h
in D ran gian a .

Ac c ording Al e xan dersub orned Antigone

hm Ph h
3
to (Alc ex 48 , 4 9) ,

t e istress of il ta o s, to re veal is secret c on versation.

 T hAe nab sita c
f Ab an don

h h mp
u h h h
son of D rop idas, div iding t e b rigade of t e Co anion s

h h mm m y hm
in to two parts , b ec a se e did n ot wis any on e of is

h hb h b h
frien ds to ave t e sol e c o and of so an orse en ,

es e c ial y a
p l y s t e we re t e e s t of all is c avalry, ot
m m
h
ub
h p m y l
in p l ic es ti ation an d in p H artial disc i lin e ‘
e .

n ow a rrive d in t e lan d of t e peo l e for erl c al e d

A u m u
h
u
h
ria s pia n s, b t a fterwards n a ed E e rge te s , b e c a s e
u my
h A hp p h
t ey a s s isted Cyr s , son of Ca b se s, in is invasion of

h hhu
’ l e xan de r treated t ese e o l e, w ose an
Sc yt ia .

u
hh hhm
c es tors ad b ee n service a l e to Cyr s, wit
b on o r ; a nd

m
m u k h hh h
w e n e asc e rtained t at t e j y e n n ot on ly e n o ed afor

h h
g
of ov e rn e nt nli e t a t of t e ot er b arb arian s in t at
u l m ju qu y
h h k h h hm
p ar t of t e worl d, b t a id c lai to s tice e all wi t
m
mu h h j h
t eb es t of t g e Gre e s, e se t t e free , an d ave t e

u h muhH
u y
h
b es ides as y c of t e ad ac e n t co n tr as t e ask e d
m l
h
for t ; y
b t
e t e se ve s ask for did
c e ren ot .

Ap ll m u
h fi
e ofle re d sac rifi o o, and a rres ted D e e tri s,
'

ce to

b y u up
h g mp hh h
on e of is c on de n tial od
g a rd s , on s s ic ion of -

h
avin b ee n i lic ate d wit P il otas in t e c ons pirac
y .

my
P tol e u pp ,
so n of La g ,s w as a oin te d to t e p os t vac ate d
b y D e me trius .

CH APTE R XXVIII .

Auxas nrs Cs oss rs ru mo Koosn

n Hu

h hbu h
-
.

An
u g h u
n t e tran sac tion of t is s in e ss , e advanc e d

hm h H
again st Bac tra an d Be ss us, red c in t e D ra giau s and

Gadros iau s
3
to s ubj e c tion on is arc e a l so re .

formed ase parat h hm h

h
Alexander al so
h h haf a
e co ort of t e en w o were p ro
u mpat P m y
h
n o n c ed sy isers wit ar e n io, an d t is c o ort te rw rds greatl
distingu
is e d itse l f . See D iodorus, xvii. 80 ; Curtiu
s, vii . 10 ; Justin ,

hA a h h uhpa h
xii . 5 .

h a h
T a e a
riasp i n s in b ited t e so t rt of D rang ian on t e bor
m H m an de r
huhh
ders of G adros ia T e rive r E ty .
. n ow known s t e il e nd.

Cf m m
a h fu h p h a mp h
B
flowe d t ro g t e ir territorie s . . C arti , v ii. l l iodo . xv ii . 81 .

uh h uha pa B hau
G adros ia w s t e rt es t rovin ce of t e Persi n e ire on t e

so tmp -
east It co rised t e so t e st
-
rt of el c oc is t .
 Alexander h Cros ses t hH e induKoos- .

hA h
M
u
h hh
ubj
h
d c ed t e rac otians pp to an d a oin te d
s e c tion

m
h h h b g h hA h
an on v ic e ro ove r t e
y He t en reac e d t e Indian s,
.

A h h hm hg hug h
w o in ab it t e l and orde rin on t at of t e ra c o

hl
tian s . ll t e se n ation s e re ac e d arc in t ro

hh g hh
de e sn ow and is so die rs e x e rie n c in sc arc it of pro
p p g y
A
hg
u
v is ion s a d se ve re p L ards i ea rn in t at t e
. re ia ns

g h hhh
qu
h y h
ad a ain re v o te d, in c on se e n c e of S atib arzan e s in
l

p h hm A
va din t eir lan d wit cava l r , w ic e ad
mB u
b u h h u h
rec e ive d fro e ss s, b e de s a tc e d aga in st t e rta
uu
g h h h
az s t e Pe rsian wit E rigyi s an d Cara s two of t e
C mp
h hm k g h
o anions, also orde rin P ratap e rn e s, v ice ro of t e
y
A A
b l h kp h
Part ian s, to as sist t e in attac in t e re ians n .

h
o stin a
b y te l c on te s te d att e t e n too
b lac e e t ween t e
u u u
hb
t roo s of E rigyi s an d Caran s a
p n d t ose of S a tib arza e s ;
u
h hp
n or did t e arb arian s
g iv e way ntil S atib arzan e s, e n

h
u u uk
h hb
g
c o n te r in Erigyi s, was s tr c in t e fac e wit a s ear

h gp
an d i led T e n t e arb arian s ave way an d fled wit
kl . g

MmA g h my
ea dl on s ee d .

Mu u u h h u
ea n ti e l exan de r was l eadin is ar to s
m
h hg
o n t Ca c a
l
s s, w e re ye fo n de d a c it an d n a e d it

h Mu
A
hm hu m
’
H
l e xan dre ia g avin ofle re d sac rific e ere to t e ods
'

to w o it was is c s to to sac rifi c e, e c rosse d o nt

C u u
h
a c as s, afte r a oin tin g P roé xe s, a Pe rsian , v ic e ro
pp y
u u
h mp h my up
o ver t e la ln d, ag N
nd e a vin e il oxe n s son of S a tyr s,

h u A buu Mu C u u
on e of t e Co an ion s, wit an ar as s e rin te n de n t .

A u
c c ordi
g to t e ac c o n t of r isto l s , o n t a c a s s

A m
hp h Al h
is as of t as any in sia, an d ost of it is b are , at any
l y

hu hh
ra te in t at art w e re e xa n de r c rosse d it T is .

hMu uu hh m h u y
ran e of
g mu o n ta in s stre tc e s o t so far t at t ey say

mph h
e ve n t a t o nt Ta r s, w ic for s t e b o n dar of
Cl i ic ia an d Pa
y p g m
lia, s rin s fro it, as do ot er great

hh uu y al led b u h
h C u u hp p m
T is was n ot t e range s all so c t w a, t wa s kn own a s

nis u

h
t e Indian a cas s, t e ro er na e b eing Parc p a s It is n ow
.

h h
u
h
ca ll e d Hin d Hooc
-
.

p a
T is c ity was rob bl y on t e site of Beg ram, twen ty nve mil es
ha C u h
-

n ort e st of
-
ab l .
’
See Grote e Greec e , vol xii c 94 . . . .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexander .

hh h gu h m h u u
hp h
rang w ic
es av e b ee n dis tin is e d fro t e Ca c as s
m
ul u y h h
u
hC u u hg
b y v ario s n a e s ac c ordin
g to t e osition of ea c .
.

A
b h ph h
ris tob s sa s t a t in t is art of t e a c a
p s s n ot in

um
g h h h
g re w e xc e t te re in t
p t re e s an d s il i ;
1
n otw it
by m y p pl
m y h h b u hp
s tan din w ic , it was in a ite d
b an eo e, a nd

lph hp m l
an s e e an d oxe n
p g raze t e re ; e c a se s e e are
um
h
y
v e r fond of s i i For if a s ee s e l s it e v e n .

m
u h
u up
h hh u by h
fro a dis tan c e , it r ns to it an d fe e ds on t e flowe r .

hp h h
T e aso dig p t e root, w ic
y l is de v o red t e
m “
m hp l h
s ee For t is re ason in C re n e , so e drive t e ir
. y

h lph h hpl
floc s as far as
k p b y
oss i l e a wa fro t e ac e s w e re
um g
h h hhp h h
t e ir si i l
is rowin g ; ot e rs ev e n e n c ose t e ac e
u
h hh l u
wit afe n c e, s o t at e ven if t e s e e s o l d a roac
pp
ul
hlph h
it t e wo d n ot b e a e t o get wit in t e e n c os re
y bl .

um ubl u
by h hh k
For t e si i y is ve r v al a e to t e Cyre n aea s .

mp
h u
B u
hh
e ss s, a cco an ie d t e Pe rsian s w o ad ta e n
m
h h
u
hB h
p art wit i in t e se iz re o f D ari s , an d
by of

m l
h h hu y h
t e ac trian s t e se ve s an d t e D aan s w o dwe l t o n
“

Mu C u u
t is side t e Tan ais, was a in waste t e c o n tr at t e
l y g
A
mm h u hb h h h
f oot of o nt a c as s, in orde r to re ve n t
p lex an de r

h my h by h
f ro g arc in any f rt e r, ot by t e de sol ation of t e

m l
hl
l b
an d e t we e n t l k e e ne and i se f an d t e ac of

Bu A k p u
hm hhu h h ul y b h u
p rovision s . t n on e t e e ss did l e xan de r ee
p

h p m h
t e arc , t g o wit diffic , t a
ot
c c o on n t of

u
hp hj u y WhB u
t e de e s n ow an d fro t e wan t of n e c e ssarie s ; b t

m hA h
y et e e rse v e re d in is o rn e . en e ss s was
in for lex an de r was far ofl,
'

ed t at n ow n o t e c ros se d

ha ph
iu m p itium, t hCy
hP a ha
1
T ere re two kin ds of sil or lase r e re n aic , and
t e e rsi n. T e l tte r is uuall y s c all e d asaf mtida . S ee Herodotu
s

Pli y u As lian ( Varia

ph
(iv 1.69) n ( H is toric N at ral is , xix 1 5 ; . x xiii .

H is toric , xii . Aristo an e s (P l ums 925) ,

Plautus (Rud iii 2 1 6) .
, .
,

h
Catullu
s v ii
( l aserp itiferis Cyre n is)
. .

Cyr ou yf
ttu from T
h
an is lan d c ol o
hp
9
en e wa s ac ol on n ded b y Ba s era,

S artans y of Cyre naic a is n ow a art of p

h
n ized by t e . T e te rritor
p Pi
h
H erodotu
h
Tri oli
. Cf . n dar ( y
P t .
, iv s ( iv
. . 1 5 9 20 5 )
-

T is Tana was u
sually c all ed Jaxarte s, now Sir, flowin g into t
3 is e

se aof Aral .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexander .

h h hm hu ‘amuh
h h B
as
'

t e e art by t e ere force of t e c rren t, i s c

hl y
y ul u y fi
hh
t e co d n ot be se c re l xe d in t e san d. eside s

m
hhu h ul k l g m
t is, t was a sc arc it of ti b e r in t e oc alit , an d
y
e re

u g
h y b ugh m hm l
e t o g t it wo d ta e a on ti e an d c a se reat

h h
de a , if t e
l y ro t fro a distan c e t e ate rias
u mk g b g
h l hk hhh l u
n ee df l f or a in a rid e ove r t e rive r T e re fore .

h hh
e c ol ec ted t e s in s w ic t e s o die rs se d for te n t .

m
h hy g h
c ov erin s, a n d orde re d t e t o be fi l l e d wit c a ff a s
g

hh m h p h m Wh
dry as p ossib l e , an d tie d an d stitc ed tig tl to et e r,

h ll h g hh
1
so t at t e ig t n ot e n e trate in to t
wate r e . en

u
y h my
t e se we re fi e d an d s titc ed to e t e r, t e
y we re s fli

h h h l hl h
c ie n t to c on ve y Bu
ac ross in five da s
t e t ar .

M h
b e fore e c rossed t e rive r, e se ec te d t e o de st of t e
u m
u h hh l h u
ac e don ian s, w o were n ow n fit for il itar serv ice ,
y
m
h my hm b k hm h
an d s c of t e T e ssaian s as ad v ol n tee re d to re ain

p h h mp h
in t e ar , an d se n t t e ac o e He t en dis .

hA h u h
atc e d S tasan or, on e of t e Co an ion s, in to t e lan d
A m
hp pl b u h hughh
of t e re ian s, wit ins tr c tions to arre s t rsa e s, t e

m
um h
y
v ic e ro of t at eo e, e c a se e t o t i dis
A
h
afle c te d, an d to ass fi of vic e ro of
'

y e t e of c e re ia
m
h u h
i sel f .

A m
m hh h hh hB u h
p g
f te r assin ove r t e rive r Ox s, e ade a forc e d

h hm m g hh
arc pl to t e ace w e re e eard t at e ss s was w it
m m
h hy
u
h
is forc es b t at t is ti e e sse n e rs reac ed i fro
m u
hh
S pita e n e s an d D atap e rn e s, to an n o nc e t at t e

u B u m A
h ul h
wo ld arre st e ss s a nd an d i ov er to l e x an de r
m m l my mm
h y m h hl g
if e wo d se n d to t e a s al ar an d ac o an de r

h h uh h yh b u h h
f or it ; sin c e e v e n at t at v e r
y ti e t e we re o din
mu gu m
WhA h hhg h my
i n de r ard, t o g t e ad n ot o nd i wit

m hm l y hb Bu h
fe tte rs . en l e xan der eard t is, e ave is ar

p h hh h
re s t, an d arc ed ore s owl t an e fore . t e

my u
hC mp hh l
de s atc ed Ptole , s on of at t e
Lag s, ead of t ree

h y hb g h
p
t roo s of t e o an ion caval ry an d all t e orse - an c e rs,
an d of t e in fan tr
l gm , t e ri ade of P i otas , on e re i en t

C f X ph A ab
. en o on , n .
, i 5, 1 0
. .
 4 mm o
f Alexander .

h h hh
y p e rson w o ad de cide d to do t is b ut t at it was
h h h h
onl ,

t e j oin t ac t of t ose w o we re at t e time in atte n dan c e

h hh
up on D arius wit t e vie w of p roc uring safe ty for t e m
h h
om Al exa
,

For t is Al e xan de r orde re d t at

hh hhh h
se l ves fr n de r .

e s ou l d b e sc ou rged an d t at t e e ral d s ou
h h hhhhh ,
l d re p eat
t e v e ry same re p roac e s w ic ad imse lf made
h h
e

to Be s s u is in q u Afte r b ein g t us disgrac e ful ly

h h
s in iry .

tortu way to Bac tra to b e pu

h h
re d e wa ,
s se n t a t to deat .

S uc is t e ac c oun t give n b y Ptol e my in re lation to

Be ssu h
s ; bu t Aris tob u lu y s t at Spitame ne s an d D ata
h h h
s sa

e rn e s b rou ssu m ng b ou

h h
p g t B e s t o P t ol e y and avi nd ,

im n ake d in awoode n c ollar b e traye d imto Al e xan de r

h hh h
1
.

Alexan de r supplie d is c avalry wit ors es from t a

h h h h h
t
dis tric t for many of is own orses ad p e ris ed in t e
h h h h
,

pas sage of t e C auc as us an d in t e marc to an d f rom t e

h h M hh
He t e n l e d is army to “

h h
Ox u
h h h
s . arac anda w ic is ,

h h hh
t e c ap ital of t e lan d of t e S ogdian ian s T en c e e .

Aris
h h
advan c e d to t e rive r Te n ais T is rive r w ic .
,

tob u lu ou

h h
s sa y s t e nei
g b ring b arb a ria ns c a l l b y a
diffe re n t n ame J axarte s as its s ou rc e lik e t e Ox u
h h , ,
s , ,

in mou uc asus an d al so dis c arge s itself in to t e

h
nt Ca ,

Hyrc an ian S ea It must b e a diff e re n t Tan ais from t at

hh hh h
3
.

He rodotus t e istorian sp eak s sayin g t at it

hhhh h h
of w ic ,

is t e e ig t of t e S c yt ian rive rs t at it flows o u

hh h
t ,

hM h
of a gre a t l ak e in w ic it origin ate s an d disc arge s ,

h h h
its elf in to astill l arge r l ake c alle d t e aeotis ‘
T e re
,
.

are s ome w o mak e t is Tan ais t e b ou n da ry of E u rop e

Curtiu foll ows h ac c ount of A lu

ristob u s, a

hma
1
s ( vn . 24) t e nd so doe s
D iodoru Cf Aelian ( Varia H uf oria, xii
hm
s (
xvii . 8 3 ) in t e in . . .

Samarc a
hh h
3
T e odern nd .

M
Art ian and S trab o are wrong in statin g t at t e J axartes rises in t e
h
Cauc asus or Hin duKoos It springs from t e Come dae onte s n ow h
M h
-
,
.
,

ll e d ou ssou It does n ot flow in to t e Hyrc an ian or Casp ian Sea

h
ca r . , ,

It is ab out 90 0 mil e s l on g
bu
h
t in to t e S e aof Ara
h hh
l . .

is of w ic He rodotu s sp ea

h M h
T e river Ta na ,
ks (iv 4 5 is t e D on ; .
,

and t e Lake aeotis is t e S eaof Az ov C f S trabo (vii cc 3 an d

, . . . .
 T hA abasi
e n s o f Ak zander .

hm an y also c as t t e mse l ve s down from t e h h

h h h
donians, w il e
roc ks an d e ris ed so t at ou
p t of n ot more t an
1
we re p rese rved .

Cu hma a A c c ou

h
rtiu
h h hh u h
s (vn 23 ) gives an a le xander
1 . nt of t e ss cre by of

X
hmp Ap Mu h p h
t e desc e nda nts of t e Branc ida e, w o ad s e n dered to
rr erxes t e

u
h hm m X h
treas re s of t e te le of oll o n ear ilet s, an d w o, to es ca e t e

hh h h
a
v enge n ce of t e G reeks, ad o pa nied erxes in to t e inter ior .

a p
h f m ha a h
T a
ey c a
d b een settl ed in dian and t eir desc endan ts
, d re served
m y
f m ha hh
t e distin c t ro t e
sel ves b rb ari ns for 1 50 ears till t e arrival of
,

W
u h hh a
A
h
l e xander . e l ea rn ro t e t b l e, of c on tents of t e 1 7t b ook of
u
hpa hh y hhm af ha
D iodor s, t a a
t t at istori n a l so g ve an ac c o nt of t is atrocity of
Al exander in t e rt of is istor , n ow l os t , w ic c a e te r t e 8 rd
Cf
H erodotu
. s (i 92, 1 57 v . S trabo ( xi 1 1 ; xiv
. . .
 BO O K IV .

CH APTE R I .

Rss xm on or r n u S ooms r
uw s
h h
.

A af te r t is, e nv oys re ac ed Al e xan der from

h h h
rrw day s
t e p e op l e c all e d Ab ian S c y t ian s, w om Home r c om
h
me n de d in is poe m, c allin g t e m t e j uste st of men hh
h h
1
.

T is n ation dwell s in Asia an d is in de p e n de n t, c ie fly

h h
b y re as on of its p ov e rty an d l ov e of j u
h h
stice E n v oys .

also c ame from t e S c y t ian s of E u

h
ro pe , w o are t e
Al exan de r
h hh h
SI
large st n ation dwe ll in g in t at c ontin e n t .

se n t some of t e C omp a t e m, u
hh
n ion s wit n de r t e r
p e

te x t in dee d t at t e y we re to c on c lu
h h h
de a frie n dly allian c e
by t e e mb assy ; b ut t e real obj e c t of t e mission was
h h h h ral fe atu
hh
rat er t o spy in to t e n atu
h h
re s of t e S c yt ian
mb er of t e in ab itan ts and t eir c ustoms,
h hhh
l an d, t e n u
as we ll as t e armame n t s w ic t ey p osse sse d f or
mak in g military expe dition s He f ormed a p lan of
h hh
3
.

fou
h h h
n din g a c ity n ea r t e river Tan s ie, w ic was to b e
med afte r imse lf ; f or t e site se e me d to im suitabl e
h
na

an d l ike ly to c au rge dime n sion s

hh hh
se t e c ity to grow to l a .

He also t ou g t it would b e b uil t in apl ac e w ic woul d

vou

h h h
se rv e a s a fa ra b l e bas is of op e rations for an inv as ion
of S c y t ia ,
if s uc a n e v e n t s o ul d e v e r o c c ur; a n d n o t

Se e Homer s Iliad, Cf Curt iu u 26 ; Ammianus

h
xiii
’
. 6. . s, v .
, xxiii
. 6
.

h hf
u
h
Cf T
. c y dide s , i
.i 97 .

Curtiu
s ( vii 26) sa s ,
. y e se n t on e of is riends m
n a ed Be rdes on t is
mission .
 T hAe nab asis f
o Alexander .

bu h
l d also b e a b ul wark to ure
hb
t it wou
y
hu
on l so, se c t e

hu h h M hhugh
lan d again st t e in c rsion s of t e l arb arian s dwe l in g

hh y u m g h h
on t e f rt e r s ide of t e rive r ore ov e r e t o t .

h huj
t at t e c it wo l d b ec o e re a
by t, b ot reas on of t e
mu u
hl hm
l tit de of t ose w o wo l d oin in c o on izin
l g it, an d

M m hb b
u up
h
on ac c o n t of t e c e e b rity of t e na e c on fe rre d on

hM h
1
it . ea
ll g
n ti e t e ar arian s dwe in near t e riv e r
up
h h hhh
se ize d on t e ac edon ian soldie rs w o w ere garrison
m
g hh h u y M
ing t k l e ir c itie s y g an d il e d t e after w ic t e b e an

hS g h h l
to stren t en t e c itie s f or t e ir
gre ate r s ec rit . os t

m
hm hh
of t j e o dian ian s
g oin e d t e in t is rev o t, b e in
ug B u
hm h hy
r e d on to it b y t e en w o ad arre ste d ess s.

u
hB h l h
T e se g en were so e n e r e tic t at t e ev e n in d c ed

m
u h u h
so e ac trian s to oin in t e re b el ion, e it e r
jof t e

A
h hh
b ec a se t ey we re afraid of l e xan de r, or b e c a se t e ir
u
h hu hl
s e d c ers a
g s si n e d a s a re a s on f or t e ir re v ol t, t at e

u
hh y
ad s e n t in str c tion s to t e r l e rs of t at an d to
mbl
hh h
asse e f or a c on fe re n c e a t Z ariaspa, t e c ie f c it ;
w ic y
c on fe ren c e, u
t e said, wo l d b e for n o
g ood

p urp ose .

CHAPTE R II .

C arme n or v s Crrms mN o D ay s

hh
.

WHEN Al e xan de r was in formed of t is e gave in struo

h
tion s to t e in fan try c omp any b y c ompan y to p re pa
,

h hh h , re ,

c omp a

h h h
t e ladders w ic w e re a ssign ed to e ac ny He .

t e n start e d from t e c amp an d advan c e d to t e n e a

h hh h
re s t
me of w ic was Gaza; for t e b arb arian s
h h
c ity t e n a,

id to ave fle d for re fu
h
of t e lan d we re sa ge in to se v en
c itie s He se n t Crate ru
. s to t e on e c a l l e d Cyropolis ,

h Al exan driaUl tima on ha a pr bably h

Kh
T is was call ed , t e J x rte s, o t e

modern j
h am
o en d .

Cf . Curtius ( u v . Zariaspa was anot er n e f or Bac tra . See

P l iny ( vi. 1 8) an d S trabo (xi .
 hA u f A T e naba s o
'

lacander .

h hh l m ju hk
hh b h up h
is des patc of t e cavary was
ade st at t e n ic

m
hm k g m
of ti e For w . en t e b ar arians w o oc c ie d t e

u pu
h h
m h h h
two c ities stil l nc a t re d, saw t e s o e ris in fro

m h h my
t e c ity in fron t
( of t fire , an d
e w ic was t en on

m m m
m hp h p u hhh
so p g
e e n, e sc a in e v e n fro t e ids t of t e c al a it

h hm l h
its e lf, b ec a e t e re orte rs of t e c a t re w ic
y t e

h hm u u g
ad t )
e yse v es witn esse d, t e
b g e a n to flee in c rowds

u
hh b y
o t of t e c ities a s fa st a s eac an c o l d; b t f allin
u
h
in wit t e de n se od of c avalr drawn
y y p in ar ra o f
m
b attl e ,m u p ost of t e we re c t to iec e s .

CH APTE R III .

S ros x mo or Cn oroms — v onr or r n u Sm urms

h h h
. .

HAVIN G t us c ap ture d t e five c itie s an d re duc e d t e m to

h h
h h hh
e wen t to C ro olis
1
sl av e ry in t wo da ys y p , t e l arg e s t ,

c ity in t e c ou

h h hh h
ntry It was fortified wit a wall ig e r
.

t an t ose of t e ot e rs as it ad b e e n fou n de d by Cy ru

h h h h , s .

T e maj ority of t e b arbarian s of t is distric t an d at t e

h hh
me time t e most warl ike of t e m ad fle d f or re fuge
,

hh h
sa ,

M
t it e r an d c on se q u
h , e n tly it wa s not poss ib l e f or t e

ac e don ian s to c ap tu
h hh
re it so easil y at t e firs t a s saul t .

W e re fore Ale xan de r b roug t is mil itary e n gine s up

h hh
to t e wall wit t e de te rmin ation of batte rin g it down
h h h
in t is way an d of mak in g assau
h hh hhh ,
l ts w e re v e r b re ac e s
mig t b e made in it W e n e observed t at t e c an ne l
h hh h hh h
.

flow s t rou
h h
of t e riv e r w ic t e c ity w e n it is
, g
ins was at t at time n earl y dry
h h h
swoll e n b y t e win te r ra ,

an d did n ot re ac u n d wou u
h hh h
e wall a l d s a fl d
'

p to t t or ,

h h hh h
is s ol die rs ap as s age by w ic to p e n e trate in to t e c ity ,

e took t e b ody gu ards t e s ie l d bearin g g u

h h
- ards t e ,
-
,

arc e rs an d Agrian ian s an d made is way s ec re t ly in t o

, ,

use d in Attic Greek, or b ut sel dom It b e c ame mmon

hm
1
Guy !was n ot . co

after t e ti e of Al exan der .

 f h h Re vol t o t e S c yt ians .

h hh l fi h m h
h hu h hm l
t e alon g t e c ann e , at rst wit a fe w e n w i e
c ity l ,

h h hm h
t e b arb arian s a d t rne d t e ir atte n tion to wards t e i i

h k p h
tar e n gin e s an d t os e w o we re assail in g t e
y in t at
qu m
hh pp hp hg
arte r
H g. avin fro wit in b ro e n o e n t e gate s
y m
h hl h hb b
w ic we re o osite t is osition, e av e an e as ad it

huh hp hh y l y h
tan c e to t e re s t of is so die rs T en t e ar arian s , .

h hm hl u
t o g t e y e rc e iv ed t at t e ir c it w a s a rea d in t e
Al
hm m h
an ds of t e e n e y, n e v e rt e e ss t rne d again st e xan

ul up m
hhA h
de r an d is en and pade a de s erate as sa t on t e ,

m l
hh h
in w ic l e xan de r i se f re c e iv e d a v io e n t l ow on
l b
u u
h l m y hfi
t e e ad an d n e c wit as ton e , an d Crate r s was wo n de d
k

h g hh h hb b
w it an arrow, as we re aso an ot e r o c e rs N ot .

hm k pl M m h hhm
wit s tan din t is , y
owe v e r, t e drov e t e ar arian s
u
h ul up h ll k
o t of t e ar e t ac e ea n ti e , t ose w o
-
ad ade .

h pu h y u
t e assa t on t e wa , too it , as it was n o w v oid of

h my k ll h
de fe n de rs . In t e firs t ca t re of t e ab o t
c it

h hg h
of t e en e we re ug i ed . T e re s t fle d for re f e in to

g h h y Al h
t e c itadel ; f o r warriors in all ad at e re d to
mp u
h hh
et e r in t e c it . e xan de r e nc a ed a ro n d t e s e
m y u
hugh h hy h k
1
an db e s ie
ge d t e for on e day , an d t e n t e s rre n

hfi u l my y hhm
de re d t l k ro ac of wate r . T e s e v e n t c it e too at
u
hh y
t e assa l t
rs t P to e sa s t a
. tt e e n in it s rre n

u A b ul u
hhl h pu
de re d; b t ris to s as s e rts t at t is c it was al so
m
h y hh hm
ta e n b y s tor
k an d t at e s e w all w o we re c a t re d
,

l my l bu
h my hh y h
t e re in .P to e as o sa s t at e dis tri te d t e en

m ul
h u l hhu p m h u y
a on g t e ar p
an d orde re d t at t e s o d b e ke t
gu
h h hh h l hul
arded in c ain s n ti e s o l d de art fro t e c o n tr ,

b h M m hA S y h
so t a t n on e of t ose w o ad e fle c te d t e re v o t s o d b e
'

my
hb k h
l e ft e in d . ean ti e an ar of t e s iatic c t ian s
b u m
hm hh h m hb b hpp
arrive d at t e an of t e riv e r Tan ais, e c a se os t of

h h l mA h
t e ad eard t at so e of t e ar arian s on t e o o

k h M
site s ide of t e riv e r y ad re v o te d fro le xan de r . T e

lu
h
in te n ded to attac y t eac e don ian s, if an y re v o tion ar
m m tion we re e fle c te d N e ws
'

ov e y
ent wort of c on s ide ra .

Instead of i épc m m6 Sinteni , s rea m

ds i épar pie r .
 Th
e Anab asis of Alexan der .

hh h
g t t at Spitamen es was b esie gin g t e men
M
was al so b rou
hh h
u M
izan da Again st
h h p hA m h
w o ad b e e n l e ft in t e c itadel at ara .

m Al
h y hC mp
i exan de r t en de s atc ed n dro ac s, e n e de

mu u
hm y l y u h mm
s, an d Caran l y s wit s ix t of t e o an ion cav ar ,

hm h
8 00 of t e e rc e n ar cava r n de r t e co an d of

u m
huhh p hhugh h
Caran s, an d y y e rc e n ar inf an tr . Ove r t e e

hl gug hb b
pl by
ac e d P arn c e s t e in te r rete r, w o, t o b irt a

hu y h p pp
Ly c ian, wa
k l
s s il e d in t e an a e of t e ar arian s of

hh
t is c o n tr , an d in ot er re s e c ts a
l eare d c ev e r in
g m
dealin wit t e .

CH AP TE R IV .

Du
ra S c rrms n s D rs s Ta mra
h fi h y hh h p j
n or T HE '
BE Y O N .

h m
IN twe n ty day s e forti ed t e c it w ic e was ro e c t
m
h h gh h lu
l
ing , an d se tt e d in it so e of t e Gre c ian e rc e n arie s an d

hM
b u
h lm
t ose of b b
t e nei o rin g ar arian s w o vo n te e re d to

m h my h
k p
ta e art in t ll e se tt e e n t, as we as t e ac e don ian s
ml
H h hu m y
u
h
f ro is ar w o we re n ow n fit f or i itary se rvic e .
1

e n ofle re d s ac rifi ar
'

e t ce to t e g o ds in is c s to

m qu m
Whh hhS y h
l b
ann e r an d c e e rate d an e e s trian an d gy nas tic c on

m h hg
te s t . en g e saw t at t e c t ian s we re n ot re tirin

u
h hh h
’
fro t b k e riv e r s an , b t we re se e n to b e s ootin

hb b
arrows in to t e riv e r, w ic was n ot wide e re , an d we re
u u u u
h hhu uh
tte rin g a dac io s words in t e ir ar aric ton g e to
ul Al
S h h h ul l h h
in s e xan de r, e fle c t t at d rst
'

t to t e e n ot to c

hm hA b b h
c yt ian s , or if e did, e wo d earn w at was t e dif

by h m k h l
b
fe re n c e e twe e n t e an d t ar arian s, e was
e s iatic

hm hb g p p hk h
irritate d t e se re ar s, an d avin g re so v e d to c ros s

h Bu hh h
ov e r a
g ain st t e , e e a n to re are t e s in s for t e

g h m p
p as sa e
g of t fi e riv e r .
2
t w en e offe re d sac ri c e wit
u u bl
hu hh hh h
a v ie w t o c ross in , t e v ic ti s rov e d to b e n favo ra e
an d t o
g l e was v ex e d at t is, e n e v e rt e e ss c on

1
h
T is c it y wa s call e d by t he G reeks , Al exan dria on tha ae T n is . Se e
Curtiu
s, vii . 28 .

3 Cf . L wy , 27 — Hisp a
xxi ni sin e u
. ll a mol e in u tres ve stime n tis
c onj e c tis ip si c ae tris su r
p p
e ositis in c ub an te s flu e n tran s v ere m .
 T hA
c nabasis
f
o Ale xan der .

hA hl h p u h mm
hh l h h
t e g rian ian s, an d ot er ig t t roo s n de r t e co an d
u m g
hm A h
B
h
of alac r s, w it t e cav ary , an d t e n le d t e a ain s t
y m qu
h gm h l C mp
t e ene
y . l s soon as t e ca e to c os e arte rs , e

hh l hg hm h h
orde re d t re e re i e n ts of t e cav ary o an ion s an d

lyh h h
h
al l t e ors e - an c e rs to c ar e t e . T e re st of t e

m l m
l y h my
cav ar e pi k
se f le d, an d ade ara id attac wit is
qu l um A
hl h l y
s adron s in co n . c c ordin g t e e ne we re no

u
hm m h l
l
o n ge r b b a l e as avar f orc e ro n d
e fore to w ee t e ir c

hl h m hhh m p
in c irc e s , for at on e an d t e sa e ti e t e c av a ry an d
l
ym
h p m h hl b u
t e ig t ar e d in fan tr -
ixe d wit t e ors e e n resse d
up m m
h h h hS h
on t e an d did n ot e r it t e
, to w ee a o t in

h
sa fe ty T en t e flig t of t e l
c t ia y
n s wa s aread
.
y
m ll lu
hh hpu u
a are n t
pp of t e
. fe , in c din g S atrac e s, on e o f

h
p u
h
Bu
t e ir c ie fs ; an d 1 5 0 we re c a t re d t as t e rs it .

gu g u
h hh Al
k
was e e n an d fati in o n ac c o n t of t e e x c e ss iv e e at ,
m
h m l h uh
t e e n tire ar y was se ize d wit t irs t an d e xan de r .

p u
h u h
i se f w i e ridin g dran of s c wate r as was roc r
l k

h h h
bl
a e in t at c o n t ry He w as s e ize d wit an in c e ss an t
.

m
h ul pu u hS y h h hk
diarr a for t e wate r was b ad an d for t is re as on

h h p h h h
e co d n ot rs e all t e c t ian s Ot e rwis e I t in .

m ul
h l h
all of t e wo d av e e ris e d in t e flig t, if
Al
mp h h
e xa n de r a d n ot fal e n ill He was c arrie d ac to t e
b k .

m uA
p ph
ca ,
ll av ing fa en in to e x tre e dan ge r; an d t s ris

tan de r s y ’
ul ll ro ec was f fi ed .

CH APTE R V
M
.

S PIIA M D s s rs ov s A ac s nomm D s rs c uus n r

h h h
EN BS
' ‘
.

y s from t e k in g of t e
h h hh
S OO N afte r t is , arrive d e nv o

h h h h
S cyt ian s w o we re se n t to ap ol ogize for w at ad b ee n
,

h
don e an d to s tate t at it was n ot t e ac t of t e S c y t ian
,

S tate b ut o f c e rtain me n w o s e t out for p l unde r afte r

h
,

t e man n e r of f re e boote rs h
T e y al so as s u hh
im t at
h h
re d .

t e ir k in g was will ing to ob ey t e c omman ds l aid u

h h
p on
im Al e x an de r se n t to im a c o urte ous re ply b e c aus e
h h h ,
.

it did n ot se e m on ou rable for im to abstain from marc

 Sp itamene s D es troys a h m M ace don ian D e tac en t. 21 3

h m h u h m hm
h h
g
ing a ain st i if e dis tr ste d i ,
an d at t at ti e

M M
pp u y
h h
t e re was an c on v e nie n t o ort n it to do s o
n ot T e .

h
ac e don ian s w o we re garrison in g t e c itade l at ara
ul m up m
h h ll h k ll g m h
n da , w e n an as s a t w a s ade oby
n it S p ita e n e s

h h
an d is ad e re n ts, sa ie d fort , an d i in so e of t e .

m pu
hu Bu h
e ne
y an d re ls in
g all t e re i
s t, re tre ate d n to t e c ita

m m
hhm p hby Al M
de l wit o t any l os s t w e n S pita e n e s wa
. s in for e d

h hg h l
t at t e en de s a tc e d ex a n de r to arac an da we re

hp l hu h h
n ow g
drawin near, e rais e d t e s ie e of t e c itade , an d

hh h
re tire d to t e c a ita o f S ogdian a P arn c es an d t e .
l

m b m u l
h ll h h h
g l
e n e ra s wit g
i , e in g e a e r to drive i o t a to

mu
hu u
g e t e r, fo o we d i p a s e w as re tre atin g t o ward s t e

m
h m S h hS p
fron tie rs of o dian a, and wit o t d e c on side ration ade
S g
k up
hg S h
j
a oint attac on t e N o ad c y t ian s T en its .

u h mb l
m m
hm by hS y h
e n es, av in re c e ive d are in forc e e n t of 60 0 c t ia
y n

hM h
orse en , was f rt er e o de n e d t e c t ian

g up h hm
ll
a ian c e to wait an d re c e ive t e ac e donian s w o we re
m
hS y h h h
advan c in on i Po stin g is l l pl
e n in a e ve
. ac e

h my k h mh
n eart e c t ia n de s e rt, e wa ll
s n ot wi in e it e r to
g
m l u
h hh
w ait for t e e n e or to a tt ac t e i s e f ; b t rode
u
Wh h huhm h up h
ro n d an d dis c a l
rge d arro ws at t e p aan x of in fan tr
y .

m
h h m hh
e n t e forc e s of P a rn c e s ade ac arge on t e ,

h l h h A m
t ye l eas i y e s c a e d, s in c e
p at t at t i e t e ir ors e s we re
m u
hu hb by h m h
s wifte r and ore v ig oro s, w ie t e ors e of n dro

m
hS y h p
ac s ad e en da age d g t e in c e s s an t arc in , as

hm h h m gh hh h y h
we ll as b y ac
l k of fodde r; an d t e c t ian s re s se d

My hm h
up
h
on t e wit all l t e ir i t w et er t e ate d
u
h y h
o r re t re at e d . an of t e t en we re wo n de d by t e

m
h m qu
k ll g
hl
arro ws, an d s o e we re i ed . T e t e re fo re arran ed

h u h
t e so die rs in to t e p for of as are an d roc e e de d to

t e riv e r m u P ol yt i e t s, y gl2
b ec a se t e re was a wood en

n ear it, an d it w oul d c on se q ue n tly no l on g e r be easy for

h Maa a a up ra h
h A hp p
is an
h
T is was ar c nd , c c ordin g to iii 30 . s . T ere error

d ér l rd 6pm, inste a
h Koh h
in t e te xt b ic t ro ose s to re a d of £3 1 6fi
.ac l et a .

B m
ha
T is rive r is n ow c all e d ogd, or ik . T e G ree k n a e signifie s

ver y pr ec i o s ,u atran slation

"
of t e n tive n ame . Ct S trabo, . p . 51 8 .
 hA f A T e n abasis o lexander .

h h hm h
hm Bu C hm
t e b arb arian s to s oot arrows at t e , a dt
n eir infan t ry

ul m u ul
h y h h
wo d be ore se f to t e . t are n c e, t e c o
m u mmu
m h h
an de r of t e ca
gvalr ,
wit o t co n ic atin wit
A mp
hh
u
u h l y
n dro acatte te d to c ros s t e
s, riv e r in orde r t o

h y l h m h
p t t e c av arpl in a y ac e of sa fet o n t e ot e r side .

u mm
h h b gm
T e infan tr fol owed i wit o t any word of c o an d

hu hp p u k Wh
t e ir de sc e n t in to t e rive r e in p ade in a anic an d

hb b h hM
wit o t an y disc i in e down t e re c i ito s b an s
pl en .

hp g h h h h
t e ar arian s
p e rc e ive d t e e rror of t e ace don ian s,

hm h l gh h hh l
t e y s ran into t e ford e re an d t e re , orse s an d al l .

S m
hb g p gh
o e of t e se ize d a n d e d ti t t ose w o ad are ady

h h hm
c ros se d a p g
n d we re de a rtin ot e rs e in oste d ri t in

h hh hm m h k
fron t of t ose ll w o we re c ros s in g , ro ed t e o v e r in to

h h p up hm h j u
t e riv e r ot e rs s ot arrows at t e fro t e flan s ;

h hM h
l
w ie ot e rs re s s e d on t e en w o w e re st e n te r

u mp
h ul y h
in g t e wate r b . T e ac e don ian s e in g t s e nc o as se d
ug
h h h
wit diffic t on all s ides , fle d f or re f e in to on e of t e

m ll l
by hS h h l
s a is an ds in t y e riv e r, w e re t e we re e n tire ly

u u
h hm
s rro n de d t e c yt ian s an d t e cav a ry of S pita
m
h m h u h
e n e s,k lan d all p il ed wit arro ws, e xc e t a fe w of t e ,

w o t ey y A
re d c e d to s lav e r . ll of t e se we re afte r

wards k ille d .

CHAPTE R VI .

S mun s e D RIVEN INTO TH E D E S E RT

h h
.

BU T Aristob ul us say s t e gre ate r p art of t is army w as

h hh h
hM
de s troy e d by an amb u
h
sc ade t e S c yt ian s avin g idde n
,

t e ms el v e s in a p ark an d f all e n u
h hh h
pon t e ac e don ian s
from t e ir p lac e o f c on c e al me n t w e n P arn u
h h
c e s wa s ,

in t e ve ry ac t of re tirin g fromt e c omman d in fav o u

hM hh hh h
r of

im on t e
h
t e ac e don ian s w o ad b e e n s e n t w it ,

groun d of is n ot b ein g sk ill e d in military aff airs an d of

hh h h
av in g b e e n se n t by Al e x an de r rat e r to win t e
,

h h h
is
e me c o m

h hM
f av our of t e b arb a rian s t an to tak e t e s u p r

man d in b attl e s He also all e g e d t at t e ac e don ian

.
 T hA hm
e a
br a
'

s}
f
o AT M .

hm
Pb lyt ime tu mm mus e bu
h h h m hm m
riv e r s in its a.
; t t e c ;

hhu hhh
bey on d t e
plac e w e re t e wa
r e s t?t is »

u mmu m fim
h hh m
is des e rt ; ir t o g it as a nd a f fis q a
m
h
1
ears to t a i: r ial rsa
i nd
v e rs Ot er l
p pee e nn . c ge

m m u u
hh hu hhl u uhmm m h
in t at re gion disapp e ar in a si il ar
: zp lie Epic tet s ,

hhh u
w ic flows t ro g t e an d fi s din s ; t e .

A m m Au u m
h m hh hu hh m
re s, afie r w ic
'
t e c o n t ry of ni e in e is a ed g
n
.

hu h mh
an d t e Ety an de r w ic , flo ws t ro g . t e t erri »
ry of

A "

h h hhum u
’

h
t e E c rge t ae ll of . t e se are silve rs at at a sin :
m m u m u
hh hu hm m mm
all e r ll
'
t at non e of t e is s e s ss li riv

h h mu m h
Pen e ina, w ic flo ws t ro Te e a t (i a itse lf
g p
u
hh
into t e se a T e Polyt i is et s t lin g t o: e

m
'
.

m
co
p are d wit t e riv e r Pana a “ .

CH APTE R VII .

Tasm a or Be ssu
hh mpl h hh m
n s .

WH EN
hhm u h h
e ad a
c co is ed t is , e ca e to Zarias pa;

hm m h m h h h
w e re A e re ain e d n t il t e de pt cf win te r arrive d )
t

u
h hhb hh
t is ti a e to i e P rat ap e r e s t e t it e rs ; o f
c

hA Hm h u h h
Part ia, and S t asanor, w o ad e e n se n t in t o t e a nd of

A m
h h hmB u h
rsa e a i t e y b ro g t wit
s
t e re ians to a rres t

m
h hah
t e B
in c ains , a s als o arzane s , w c ess s ad ap
m
h h h h m hj B u
y
oin ted vic e ro of t e lan d of t e P rt ians , a n d so e
p

A hm m m h
ot e rs of t ose w o a t t at ti e ad oin ed e ss s in

Mm
u
l m hg hh
l
re v o t t t e sa e t i e arriv e d fro
. t e se a, E poc il l s
‘
,

hh h h
e la n idas a nd Pt o e y t e e ne ral of t e T rac ian s , ,

w o ad c o n v oyed do wn t o t e se a t e Grec ian al lie s an d

h m u giz m r xarakou
hA u h h
‘
T xs iaa istake ; for it en ds in alake t '
e sa l .

Heri ru E ty mau der is t e mode rn

h h
T e re i s is now c all e d d -
. T e

H m Not ing is kno wn of t e E pardu

h m huhh
ll end . s .

lambria.
h
3
T e Pa na ais no w c all e d Sa It forc es in way t ro g t e
vale of Tempe b et wee n mou n ts Ol m us a
. nd Ca st in to t e se a Cf Ovid y p . . .

On t h y e anal og of rpvl’ t ha e l ter prose write rs -

u
se {0 1 1 wit hh t e

mm
Bhfi h h
in finit iv e . Cf 4 . , ii 1 , 3
. ; V . 1 6, 1 .

‘
Se e L c Zq
‘
pra .
‘
See Bi L c IS upn
s .
 Treatment o
f Bes s u
s .

hm hM A hm
h hh
1
t e on e y s e n t wit e nes . t t is ti e also arriv e d
A u my
M
san de r an d N e arc s at t e ead of an ar of Gre c ian
m A u
h p uy m h hh
e rc e n a y S
rie s .
g
sc le
p iodor s, v ic e ro of y ria, an d en e s

h my hA h
t e de t als o arrive d fro t e se a,
at t e e ad of

h h h h
an ot er ar . T en l e xan de r gat e re d a c onf e re n c e

B u
h u h hb u h
of t ose w o we re t b en at an d, an d l e d e ss s in e fore

m H m
h hh
t e . av in g ac c se d i of t e e tray al of D ari s, e

u
hul hh
orde re d is n os e an d e ars t o b e c t off , an d t at e

h u l hM
s k bo u d b e ta en to E c atan a t o b e p t to de at t e re in
I m
h pu h h y I
n d Pe r
3
t e co n c i of t e e de s a s ians do n o t c o .

m m
h hmu l hp m
e nd t is e xc e s s iv e nis e nt ; on t e c o n t rar ,

u
hb y b b u m I hh
c on side r t at t e ti ation of t e ro in e n t fe at re s of

h h Al h
t e od , ag re eis a
wit t o se ar aric c s to an d

g hM
u ul
lh
w o say t at ex an de r wa s in d c e d t o in d e is
g
mul
hubj h
de s ire of e atin t e e dian an d Pe rs ian we a t an d

h g k g
t o tre at b g is s e c ts as in fe rior e n i s ac c ordin g to t e

h g hM
u m I by m
h
c s to of t e fore i n Nor do in any s ea
. ns

mm
hM
m
hh h hh p
co l end i for c an in
g t e ac e don ian s t
y e of dre s s
“

h h
w ic b
is fat e rs ad ado te d, for t e e dian on e , e ing

as H l e B was a de s c e n dan t of e rac e s .

6
e s ide s , e was n ot

h u
y h a h
Se e Bk iii . 1 6 s pra
. c . .

u u( m wa m
Cf u h
v ii 40 ) sa s t e re inf orc e
9
C rt i s . tt en t s en .

u
f m u h
3
(A ) .
( Pl tarc le n a, 4 3 D iodor s xvii . Le . n on - Hell en ic .

Cf u W
hP
u
m haa
(A
hh
. D iodor s , xvii. 77 ; J s tin .
, xii . 3 . e l earn ro Pl tarc las ,
u
hM ah
t at e A
did n ot ass e t e ti r of t e ersian kings . Cf . rt ian ,
-

m
u h y ma y
a a
hf
9; vii . 29 in f ra . T e edic rob e w s l ong silken gar en t re c ing
f f
h
to t an d all in g ro nd t e b od in
e ee t, n dee p ol ds .

aa u m u A
M h m h hy y
a a
C r n s ade sce n d n t of Te en s , kin g of
, a rgos is s id to ve ,

fu
M
s e ttl e d in a
ac e donia an d to ve b ec o e t e o n de r of t e d n a st, of

m u
hhf au u h hh f h
ac e donia n kin gs a
Te e n s was a de sc en dan t of Her c l es . Cf ii 5 ; . . .

u a h u hh h
iv 1 0 . On e of t e c ie c
. ses of dis g st w ic t e G re eks e l t at t e
u
h
c on d c t of Pa sa a aa a
ni s t e c on q er or t P l t e , wa s t a t e adop te d t e , ,

P a m m u u m
hj u h
ersi n a ttire T is p e digre e fro Te e n s an d Herc l es
. ay b e
up u f uy
m hh M
s s ic io s ; ye t it wa s a ll owe d, a ter astric t in q ir b y t e dges of t e
ymp m ( u
Wh hA h
Ol ic ga e s H erodot s v a at a ti e w en t e c e don ia n kin gs , .

u u pu au
hp huh h h u A
we re ob sc re an d n p o l ar in G reece en t e c a ea n l e g e de .

hu
c la a
red a g in s t P ili it was t o g t d ece n t t at t e de p t ie s of rgos
,

Cf m — Gib bon H erodot viii

h
s o ( l d re tire T . L iv .
, xxxii . . .
, . 1 87
T u c ydides , ii 99, 1 00 ;
. v . 80 .
 T hA e nabas is
f
o Alex ander .

h hh hhhh
as amed to e x c h an ge t e ead dress w ic
h h h
e t e c on -

u of t e c on q u

hh
e re r ad s o l on w orn , for t a t r d
q g e e

N on e of t ese t in gs do I c omme n d ; b u
h
Pe rs ians . t I
c on s ide r Al e xa t ac iev e me n ts p rov e , if any
h h h
’
n de r s gre a

t in g c an , t at s u pposing aman to av e avigorous b odily

u ll u u
hA h
c o n s tit tion , to b e i s trio s in des c e n t , an d to b e eve n

m u ul m l
h ul l h u L by
ore s c c e s sf in war t an l e xan de r i se f; even

upp ll A
hl hm b h ubj
s o sin
g e co d sai rig t ro n d i a as we as sia,

Al
h ul hp
an d o d t e ot in s e c tion as e xan de r in dee d
u p
h A h h ul
des ig n e d e ve n if e co d add t e oss e s sio n of E ro e

uh uhm h hm
to t at L by of s ia and i a; all t e se t in gs wo d be no

ul
m h hp l h uh hh
’
f pp
rt e ran ce to s c a an s a in e ss , n e ss at t e sa e

h hh h b upp
ti p e l
e os se ss t e o we r of s e f -
c on tro ,
t o
g e as
p m
e rfor ed t e
g reat de e ds w ic ave ee n s os e d .

CHAPTE R VIII

M
.

Tm: as ons or Cmrus

h h
.

H E RE al s o I s all giv e an ac c o unt

hp
of t e tragic fate of

C litus Al e x an de r s mis
h hu h
’
,
s on of D ro pidas , an d of a in

h hM
u
h ll
re g ard t o l l it . T o g it oc c rre d a l it t e w i e af te r
u pl
h Al
t is , it w i n ot be o t ac e ere . T e ac e do n ian s
u
h Bu h
k p e t a day sac re d t o Di y
on s s, an d on t at day e xan de r

u m
h h h l ul
fi
se d to o e r sac ri c e fi to i e v e ry
y e ar . t t e
y ysa

u
h hh l
is oc c as io n w as e c tf of D ion y s l
t at on t e
g ne s, an d

h
ac rific e d to t
h
s e D iosc firi in s te ad ; fo r
2
e ad re s o ve d

fi m
Wh h k hl
fie r sac ri
h
to o ce to t o se de it ie s fo r s o e re as o n or o t er .

h
en p t drin in g arty on t is oc c as ion
e ad a re ady
-

A m
hu m
g one
( on too l o n g for l e xan de r ad n o w ade in n o v a
m
h h u
t io n s k
in re gard to drin in g b y i itat in g t e c s t o
even ,

m
u h hp
u
h u h
o f fo re ig n e rs , an d in t e
) ids t o f t e c aro se a disc s
s io n ad arise n ab o t t e
D ios c ri, ow t e ir roc re at io n

Cf C urt iu

h
. s .
v iii . 6 .

T e s on s o f J o ve . Cas to r an d Poll ux . é r t cpw c’w ra is aword b or

ro we d {t o m Home r an d He rodot us .
 T hA e a
n ab e i
s
f
o Ale xande r .

h
quite in tox ic ate d made ot e rin sol en t re mark s
h hhh
b e in g n ow ,

m u
h hh h h
an d e ve n g re atly re vil e d i b e c a s e fo rs oo t e a
,d
l ife w e n t e c av al ry b attl e ad be e n fo u
hh h u h
sav e d is t
, g

hg u h ghh h h
wit t e Pe rs ian s at t e Gran ic s . T en in dee d, arro

h A h h
gan tl
y s tre t c in o t is ri t an d, e said T is
”

u h uk
an d, 0 l e xan de r,
p re se rve d t ee on t at oc c as ion .

Al ul
h
e xan de r c o l d n ow no on ge r e n d re t e dr n en in
Cl u u j ump u m
h h
s ole n c e of it g s b t p ga a ied
n st i in a re at
mp u
m h ul g
rage H . e i b
was owe v e r re strain ed b y s oon - c o a
A Cl u
hu u umm hh
ion s . s it s did n ot de sis t f ro is in s tin re
m k Al
h m u h
ar s, e xan de r s o te d o t a s on s f or is s ie l d
gu
h mh hh u h m p
b e arin g ards to atte n d i
b y b t w en no on e o e ed

hh
i , e said t at e was re d c ed to t e sa e o sition as
u b u u B u
hh hh p hm
D ari s, w en e was l e d a o t n de r arre st b y e ss s

hh mp
an d is ad e re n ts, an d t at e n ow oss e s s e d t e e re

m
h m h
na k g
e of in l. T en is co an ion s w e re
g no on er

m l p u
hj l m h fi lb
abl e to re s train i for ac c o rdin g to so e e ea e d p

h l pk m h
an d sn atc ed a av e in fro on e of is c on de n t ia ody
u
hhhh u k Cl u k ll
g a rds a c c ordin
g to ot e rs , a on
g i e f ro one o f is

h h h uk
ordin a u
ry g ards , wit w ic e st r c it s an d i ed

m A b ul u
h hul
i .
1
ris to s doe s n ot sa
y w enc e t e dr n en

qu l u
h Cl u h hAl h
arre ori
g ina te d, b t a ly
s s e rts t at t e fa t w as e n tire

hh h hh
on t e s ide o f it s , w o, w e n ex an de r ad g ot so
m j ump u m
h
e n ra e d
g wit i as t o a
p g ain st i w it t e

mk m
u h
in te n tion of y by
a in g an e n d of i , was l e d awa
l m l b y u
hu hh hl hh
P to e y, s on of Lag s, t e c on fide n tia od -
g ard ,

l h h hC l u
t ro g t b e
gat e wa ,
y e y on d t e wal an d ditc of t e

qu l u
lh
c itade w H
e re t e arre oc c rre d e a dds t at . it s

ul m l
h ll u C u h
u
h
co d n ot b k
c on tro l i se f, b t we n t again , an d falac
Al
h Cl u hup
in g in wit exan de r w o was c a in g o t for lit s, e
l m Al
h uk hl p k k ll
e xc ai ed e xan de r, e re is it s ! T e re on

e w as str c w it a on
g i e an d i e d .

de pre c iatin gl y of h h
P il ip , an d t at Clitus e ve n dare d to de f
en d hmu
t e r
Parm
huua
dere d e n io .

In stead of t l re adin g romml f to «at raimyv , S in te n is re a

M
ratr ds
' '
e s ry

oi 68 adpw av r apd r aw¢ vkdxw rm) :ml rmrry r aic m

v
‘
an » K I
rov dr on
-
’

eivat .
 Ales ander s Grief f or Cl itus ’
.

CH APTER IX .

At AN D s as G BIEF roa C ure s

’

h
.

ure
h h h h
I T HIN K C l itus de se rv ing of se v e re c en s for is in
b e av iou is k in g , w il e at t e same time I
h h h
sol e n t r to
p ity Al e xan de r for is mis ap, be c ause on t at oc c asion
hh h h ims e l f t e sl av e of two v ic e s, an ge r an d
h hh
e s o we d

dru m u
h h hh
n ke n n e s s , b
y n e it e r o f w ic is it se e l y fo r a p r
de n t man to b e e n s lav e d Bu
hk h u qu b h u h
t t e n on t e ot er an d .

hh h h
I t in is ys p b se en t e avio r wort of raise , be
u
h h bl hb g ph
c a se y dire c tl afte r e ad done t e dee d e re c ogn ise d
S m
hhp pp hp k g h ll hh
t at it was a orri e on e . o e of is io ra e rs e v e n

h hk g h
say t at e ro ed t e i e a ain st t e wa wit t e

ll g up m
h hhk ll h h
in te n tion of fa in on it i se l f , t in in t at it was
m
h u Mh
p p
n ot ro e r for i to liv e w o ad i ed is frie n d w en

u
h u hh
n de r t e in fl e nc e of win e . os t is torian s do n ot

m
hl m ll g C l u h h
e n tion t is , b t sa
y t at e we n t o ff to b e d an d lay
m l by m
uh hhb h
t e re a e n tin g , c a in it s i se f na e, an d is

l m hh hm
L
sis te r an ic e , da g te r of D ropidas, w o ad ee n is

h bl
u
hh h h
’
n H
rs e . e e xc ai e d t a t avin g re ac ed an s e state

h hl h
e b
ad fo rsoot e s to we d on e r an o e re ward f or er

m
h hh hk g l g h h
care in re arin g i , as s e iv e d t o s ee e r own son s die

hh h H ll g h
fig tin g l on is b e a f, an d t e in s ayin er b rot e r
m l
hmu h h
1
wit is own an d . e did n ot c ease c a in i se f

h
t e rde re r of l is frie n ds ; an d f or t re e days rigid y
m
hp l pp h h
b
a s tain e d fro k p food an d drin , an d aid n o atte n tion w at
S m
hh h u hb
e ve rto is e rs on a a earan c e . o e of t e s oot s ay e rs

h u h u b u hh m h
l
re ve ae d t at t e av e n gin g w rat of D ion y s s ad ee n

h h mu h
t e c a se of is c on d c t, e c a se e ad o itte d t e

A l
hm uh
sa fi
c ri c e to t at de ity .
2
t as t wit g re at di c lty e

u
w as in d c ed by is co pan ion s to to c food an d to pay

h h u
h
Cf Curt iu
m ua h h h
(. s a H
vina . 3 an d w oc ll s t e siste r o f Clit s, ell nic e .

A m
h h
A
a h Ba h
a a a
ha
3
Fro( ) a
Pl t rc a le x .
, 13 we le rn t t lex n de r i gin e d e d
u u y
ha h hha u wa upp
inc rred t e ve n gin g wr t of cc sb y de stro in g T eb es , t e
y u
h
a
b irt p l ce o f t t deit , on w ic cc o n t it s s ose d to b e n der

is tute lar c are y .

 hAm uhf A T e b s o lexan de r .

hp H hp
u h h h
p rope r at te n t ion to is e rso n .
1
e t en aid to D ion y
u m u
u h h h h
s s t e sac ri c e fi d e to i ,
s in c e e was n ot at all n will

h h h p hA
in g to y at t rib te t e fatalit rat e r t o t e av e n g ing wrat

h hh
of t e de ity t an to is o wn de rav ity . I t in k l e xan
p
de r de se rv es g re at raise for t is , t at e did not o b s ti

h l p b m
h hhh b
l
ate y e rs e ve re in l e vi ,
or s t il w orse ec o e a de fe n der
u
hhh mm
in d advoc ate of t e wro n g w ic ad ee n do ne , b t

m b m
h m h hA h
c on e sse f d t at e ad co it te d a c ri e, e in
g a an

u
h h umm
an d n ot agod T . ere are so e w o say t at n axarc s

A
h h
’
3
t e S O p is t was s p o ned in to l e xan de r s rese nc e to

m ml
hu h h hh
g ive i c o n so lat io n . Fin din g i in
y g do wn an d
m
hh m h m u
g roan in ,
g e la g ed at i ,
an d said t at e did no t kn ow

h h
t at t e w is e e n of ol d f or t is reaso n ade J s t ic e an
u u m
h h h h
se s se r o f Ze s, b ec a w at e v e r w as do ne b y
se i was
u
h h m ju h p
j l st y d o ne an d t e re fo re als o t at w ic was do n e b v

h h m h
G re at Ki n g o ug
hh h
t e t to b e dee ed s t, in t e firs t lac e
m
hA h h
v t e k in g i se lf , an d t en bv t e re s t o f en . T e
y

hA h
ay t at le xan de r was t en re at l c o n so l e d by t
s
g y e se

m u u Al "

h h h
B
h h
re ark s t Iasse rt t at n axar did e xan de r
c
. s

u
h h hu hh h
1.
g rj
e at. i n rv an d o n e s t ill
g re ate r t an t at b y w ic e

h h p
was t en re s s e d, if e re all v t g t t is to be t e
o
pp o

m
h h
o
p i n io n e k f a w is e
an , t at fo rso o t it is p ro e r for a in g
m u uju
h
to c o e to as t y c o nc l s io n s an d ac t n s t l y an d t at .

w at e ve r u mu m ju is do n e b y a l n
g st b e dee e d st , no

C am u hu h hM ma
h u h ju y h a h
s a .n ii . i y s. t at t ori e r t o c o nsol e t e king , t e c e do

m
Bu h
l a v o te at Clit ad an d t sla

hu
a
nt n ar ) pas s e t s see n s tl in . t is
u u
h u “
c o rp s e s o ld no t be b ried . t t e kin g on ie red its b rial .

u m u A A
hA h h h m hh
ale rts an d p pil o f D e f
l e xan der s
'

i lo s e
'

p p t ro f . oc n t s . te r

u
hmhh hh a h
de at . naxarc s was t rown b y s ip wr ec k to t an ds o f Nic oc re o n
e ,

u mp u
h m
king of Cy pra s . to w o e ad gi ve n o fle nc e . nd w o d i o n de d

to de at in . t o rt ar .

u u m A
m h (A
H
h M
Cl . St (
-
lit wlc s l n ir
p C d" 1 3 8 2 ; ntigone . esiod Op era
as . J
‘
Pi ndar l t l t y 'll pl a . v ii i
. De os t e n es dre rs .

u
u h h u h h hh ph a
A ri s to -“te n
.
.
p 7 7
.
H ; He rodot s . t n.

uhAaa h u h
l l
‘
t ai c ( t u:
. 52 t e l ls s t at Cal l ist p iloso
e ne s t er w e s

umm u am
uh h p a wh h
als o s a on ed v t n x rc s to d iniste r c onsol tion , b t e

a
adopte d s u a A a a m le x nder w s dis l e sed it i
‘

c ditl c re t tone t t .
 T hA e n ab ac is o f Alexan der .

hm hh o y h
igh t re po rt to mank ind in
hh d h
what e is is t r of t e
Th e re are so me write rs al so w
o oo h k d h m h m h
k in g . o av e sai t at on

ho o u by hp p
on e o o Ph o c casi n il tas f rs t as e i ,
w at an e

ho u h
h hp d
t g t h d
to b e e p
l in es ec ial n r t e eo le of

Ah H m u A
h d po
t e ns ; an d t at e re l ie ar odi s an d ris to

b u h y
hd o m Ph o
g e iton ; ec a se t e s l e w on e of t e two es ts , an d
”1
p ut an e nd to t k d e es p tis . il tas ag ain as e

m ho ud k
h oud u h h
If it h pp d h a en e d po n ow t at a an s l il l a es t, to
m
h
h h
w ic Gre c ian S tate s w l y o wis
of t e i to fle e
”

hA h
p o
for re se rv ati n ? Call is t e n es again re lie d
p If
n ot amo n
goht e rs , at an
y mo
ra te a n g t e t e n ian s an

o ud fi p
h H uy h u h
e xil e w l nd o
re se rvat i n h y d
for t e wag e war on b e

h
h alf o f t e son s of erac l e s again s t E r s t e s, w o at
”9
m u
h mo y p o
h
t at ti d po o
e H
w as r l in g as a es t ve r Gre ec e . ow e

dA
h o hmo
re sis te d d l e xan e r in re g ar to t e c ere n of r s tra

ou A
h
3
tio n, t e d
fol l w in g is t e st re c e iv e ac c nt . n

m md b A
h hmo h
arran ge e nt d w as a e e twe e n l e xan er an d t e

Md h
o ju o u ou
h
h
S op is ts in c n n c ti n wit t e st il l s tri s of t e

P e rs ian s and d u me es w o we re in atte n an c e p on i ,

ho ud m
h d hd u o
h h p
t at t is to ic o d p y s l be e n ti n e at a win e -
art .

h
A u o mm
h m
naxarc s cby y h enc e t e isc ss i n
‘
sa in g t at
eo d c A mu h mo
n s i e re d l exander c re wort y o f b e
g
d md h Do y u
h y um u m h y p o
ee h e H
a god t an o y e it er i n s s or e rac l e s, n ot nl

on ou ac c nt of t e ve r n ero s an d ig t ex l its

Hipp arc h
u a a 5 1 4 an d Hip p ias was m At h
h
s w s sl in , e xpe ll ed fro en s

u
M aa
vi 5 8—

h
n o . . 51 0 . Se e T c y dides , . 59 .

u
hu
Eu A
Wh h m u Ah
rys t e s was kin g ov e r rgos an d yc en e l on e .

hh
B
h m
en Con on t e fa o swo l d n ot t e n ian visite d ab yl on , e

A m u
ha h h
se e rtaxe rxe s fro re p gn an c e to t e c e re on y of pros tration w ic
, .

u m W
u h h
was re q ire d fro all w o p proac e d t e G re at Kin g e a re a l so in .

m A m
h h
for e d b y Pl tarc t at Pe l op idas de c l in e d to p e rfor
h m
( rtax erx es ,

au
h h h h
t is c e re on y s o de gradin g in t e e ye s of t e G ree ks
. H is c oll e g e .
,

m
u h huhh
Is e n ias o we v e r dropped is r
, in g in fro n t of t e k in g a
, n d t e n s toope d ,

u A
h h
to p ic k it p t s goin g t ro g t e a c t of p ros tra tion Cf s lian

M
. .
,

Varia H X a
oria. i said sol die r —

h
( . e n op on to is s o|}6év a y p

h h h (A
h
b Opw deo t érnv d kd robs 0 60 0: rpoc xvve ire nab , iii
'
ov . . .

u u( u A a
C rt i s viii 1 8 says t at t e sp e ec p rop osing to on o r
) . l ex nde r

u m
agod was ade b y Cl eon , aSic ilian Gree k .
 Cal lis t h en es Opp oses t h e P ros tration .

hh m u u u
w
h
h i h a d f o d b t a l o b a i w a
c e
p r
e r e s e c s e D, o n
y s s s _

on ly a T e ban 1 n n o way relate d to Mac e donian s ; an d

,

He rac l es was an Argive n ot at all re late d to the m

t Al e xan de r de d u
,

is de sc e n t fro m im h h ,

h
e x c e p t th a ced .

m u
H
h
e a dd e d t h at t e M ac e do n ia n s i
g l 1 t w i thgr e at e r
j stic e _ _ _

in g with d ivin e ho n o u rs for t e re wa

h
ratif
g y k s no ,

do ub t about this that wh e n e de parte d fro m men th ey

_

r im a h ,

How mu c h more j u

h
w ou l d ho n o u
h
s a g od s t th e n
.

l d it b e to worsh ip im wh il e alive than after is

h
wo u ,

de ath wh en it wo ul d b e n o ad van tage to im to b e

,

hon oure d .

CH APTE R XI .

CALLISTH EN ES Op rosns ru n P RO POSAL TO H onou r

ALEXAND E R BY PROSTRATION
hh
.

WHE N Anaxarc us ad utte re d th e se re mark s an d othe rs

of a simila h h
h h
r kin d tho se w o we re p rivy to t e p l a
, n ap

u
h
l a d e d is s p e e c h a n d wish e d at o n ce to b e in t e c e re
p , g
mo n y of p rostratio n Mo st of t e Mac e donian s howev e r
h
.
, ,

h h
we re ve xed at t e sp ee c h an d k e p t sil en c e
1
But C allis .

h
_ _

t e n e s in te rpo se d an d said O An ax arc u s I ope n l y ,

de c lare t at th e re is n o hon our wh ic h Alex an de r is un

~

wo rt hy to re c e iv e p rov id ed that it is c on siste n t with is

, h
b e in g h uman ; b ut men hav e mad e distin c tion s b e twee n
tho s e hon o u rs wh ic h are du e to me n a n d tho se du

h
e to ,

m
h
od s in a n y diff e re n t way a f r i ta by t
g , s s o n s n c e e ,

M
b uil ding of te mp l es an d by t e erec tion of statues
h
.

o reoverfor t e god s sac re d e n c l o sures are sel ec te d to ,

t h e m sac rific e is o ff e re d an d to th em lib atio n s are mad e ,

h
.

Hymn s also are c ompo sed in hon our of t e god s and

h ,

h
eu l ogie s f or men But t e greate st distin c tion is made
h
.
_ _

by t e c usto m of prostration For it is t e p rac tic e th at

h h
.

me n sho ul d e kis s e d by those w o salute th e m ; b ut “

huua
ding 1 8 .aaxou
h( M
l re a
wh
d oy év ovs. T e sév ovr .

Cf Xe n op on Cyrop , i 4 , 27)
.
— -
y¢ r¢u roe) :
.
w . en t: en “
dt ot éu
t ec Oat afrrbv ro p Hcpc mfv
’

m .
 hA T e n abasis
f
o Alexan der .

b ec ause hd y o d s omewh e re abov e it is n ot

o uh h h
t e e it is l cate ,

lawfu m an d th is is t e reas on n o do ubt

hh
l e ven to t c i ,

e is ho n o u

h
w y re d by p ro s tratio n Ban ds of c ho ral.

dan c e rs are also appoin te d for t e gods an d pae ans are ,

su n
g in th e ir ho n o u r A n d this is n ot a
. t a l l w o n d e rf u l ,

t c e rtain ho n o u lly ass ign e d to s o me

h
s e e in g th a rs are sp e c ia

of t e g o ds a nd c e rtain o th ers to o th e r god s an d by Z e u s , , ,

u
h
q i t e d iffe ren t o n e s a g a i n a re as s ign e d t o h e r o e s w h ic h ,

are v ery distin c t fro m tho se p aid t o t e d e itie s

h
l It is n ot .

t e re fo re re aso n ab l e to c o n fo u
h
nd a ll t h ese distin c tion s
wit ou t d is c rimin ation exaltin g me n to a ran k abov e
,

t h e ir c o n d itio n by e x travagan t ac c u mulation of hon ours

h
an d d e b asin g t e god s as far as l ie s in h u
, man po we r to ,
,

an un se e mly l e ve l by payin g th e m ho n o u
, rs onl y e q u al
to tho s e p aid to me n
”
H e said that Al e xan d e rwou
h
. l d n ot
e nd u ff ron t if so me p riv ate in d ivid u
h
re t e a , al we re to b e
th ru s t in to is royal ho n o u rs by an u nj u s t v o te e ith e r by ,

M uc h mo re j ustly th e n wo u
h h
s ho w of h a n d or by b a ll o t . ld
t e g od s b e in d ig n an t at tho se mortal s w o u su

h
rp div in e
o n o urs or suffe r th e msel ve s to b e thrust into th e m
Al exan de r n ot o nl y se e ms to b e b ut is in
h
by o the rs .
,

l ity b eyo n d an y c omp e tition t e brav est of brav e me n

h h
re a ,

o f k in gs t e mo st k in gl y an d of ge n e rals t e mo st
h
,

wo rthy to c o mman d an army O An axarc u

h h
. s it was ,

t y du ty rath e r than an y o th e r ma to b ec o me t e
’
, n s ,

l adv o c ate of th ese arg u me nts n ow add uc e d by me

h
s p e c ia ,

an d t e oppo n e n t of tho se c o n trary to th e m se e ing th at

t ho uas s oc iate st with im for t e p u h h rpo se of imp artin
g
,

phil o sophy an d in struc tion Th e refore it was un se e ml y

.

to b e gin th is d isc u s sion wh e n tho uo u h te s t to h a

, g ve r e

me mbe red that thouart n ot asso c iating with an d giving

ad vic e to C amby se s or Xe rx e s b u h
h h
t to t e son of Phil ip
, ,

w o de riv e s is o rigin fro m H e ra c le s a n d Ae a cu s ’ who se ,

Cf H e rodotu — mm; at n )
h h
r péo xe wrac s, i 1 1 8 roio ¢ rpoo xée rcu
' '
. . . v '
.

Al e xan ders mot mpias wasdau

h h g ter of Neoptolemu
h h
’
3 er Oly s , king of

E pirus , w o trac ed is de scent fromNeop tol emu

s, son of Ac il l es , t e
ran dso n of Aeacu s
g .
 T hAe nab as is f
o Alexande r .

CHAPTER XII .

sns ro Pno s rmr: Hmsn r

CALusrnnN rs Rnru '

hm
.

BY mak in g th es e an d o t
h
Call ist e n e s greatly an n y e
c t se n time n t s of t e
o d A
hM do
er re ark s
l e xan der,
of

M
Whh
asimilar
ke t
kin d
h,

h h
e xa ac e n ians . en t e _ _
king
p e rc e ive d th is e sen t to p re ve n t t e Mac e donians f rom
h m ,

makin g an y furth e r men tio n of t e c e re on y of p ro s

h Bu t afte r t e d isc u s sion sil e n c e e n s u

h h
t ration . ed ; a nd

th e n t e mo s t ho n o u
h h
rab l e of t e P e rsian s aro se in du e

orde r an d p rostrate d t eirb o dies b efore im But wh e n

h h
.

n s se e me d to ha v e p e rfo rme d t e c ere

h
on e of t e Pe rsia

mon y in an awk ward way Leon n atus on e of t e Co mpau

h
ion s l au h s po stu m
,

A
,

h h
, g h e d a t i re a s e a n l e xa n d e r a t t e .

time was an g ry with im for t is b u

h h h
t was afte rward s ,

im T e f o l l o win g ac c o u
h
1
re c o n c il e d to . nt as als o b e e n
— A n k f ro ma o l d e n

h
iv en l e xa n d e r d ra ob l t t h al t h
g g g e e e

of t e c irc l e of gu

hh h
e sts a n d ha n d e d it fi
, rs t to tho se with
whom e ad c o n c e rte d t e c e re mony of p ro stratio n
h h h
.

T e first w o d ran k fro m t e gob l e t ro se u

h
and r
p p e

f orme d t e ac t of p rostratio n an d re c e iv e d a kis s fro m

h im Th is c e re mo n y p roc e e d e d fro m on e to an o th e r in
,

h h
.

du Bu t wh e n t e p l e d g in g of h eal th c ame to t e
h h h
e o rd e r .

tu e ro se u a m
h
rn of Ca l lis t e n e s , p n d d r an k f ro t e

u
h
g ob l e t a
,
n d d re w n e ar w is h in
g t o, k is s t e k in
g w itho t
p e rfo rmin g t e ac t of p ro stration Alexan d er happ e n e d
h
.

h
th en t o b e c o n v e rsin g with H e p ae s tic n an d c on se ,

que n tl y did n ot ob se rve wh e th e r Callis t e n es pe rforme d

h h
t e c ere mon y p rop e rl y or n ot But wh en Call ist e n e s
h h
.

was app ro ac h ing to k iss im D e me triu

h h h
s son of Py t on a
, x , ,

on e of t e Co mp a id th at e was do in g so wit o u
h
n io n s sa , t
h avin g pro s trate d h imse l f S o t e k in g wo ul d n ot p e rmit
h h h h
.

im t o k is s im wh e re u p on t e ph il osop e r said — “
I

h h hma
h h
Curtiu
h
1 s ( viii
. 20) says , a
t t it was Pol y sp erc on w o de sport of

Pe rs ian an d inc u kin g s wrat

’
t e , rred t e .
 T hA e n abasie f
o Al exander .

also c h
o mpan io ns of t e k in g in t e e mulation of t e h h
Amon g th e se youth s was Hermolaus son of
h h h
c ha
1
se .
,

S opol is w o see me d to b e app lyin g is min d to t e stu

h
, dy
an d to b e c u
h
of phil os ophy , l tivatin g t e so c ie ty of
u u
h h hh
C a l l is t e n e s f or th is p rpo se T h e re is c
. rre n t a ta l e

abo u t t is yo u th to t e e ffec t that in t e c ase a bo ar ,

ru t A l e xan de r an d th at H e rmolau
h h
sh e d a , s a n tic ipa te d
im by c as tin g a j avelin at t e b e as t by whic h it was
s mitte n a n d k il le d But Al e xan d e r h av ing l o st t e
.
,
,

h
opportunity of distinguishin g himse lf by b eing too l ate
h
in t e assau l t was in dign an t with Hermolau h
h h
, s a n d in is ,

wrath o rd e re d im to re ce ive a sc ou
h h h
rgin g in sigh t o f t e
o the r page s ; an d als o d e p rive d im of is ho rse T is
h hh
.

He rmolau
h h
s b e in
, g c h a rin e d a
g t t e d is
gr ac e e a d in

cu rre d tol d S os tratu s son of Am n ta w o w a s i s

, , y s ,

e qu al in age an d in timate c o n fid e n tial frie n d th at l ife

wo u l d b e in s u h
ppo rtable to im un l e ss e c oul d tak e h ,

h
pon Alexan de r for t e aff ro n t H e eas il y
h
nc e u

h
v en g ea .

p ers uade d S ostratus to jo in in t e en te rprise sin c e e

h
was fo n d ly attac h e d to im Th e y gain e d ov e r to t h e ir
.
,

p l an s An tip ate r son of Asc l e piodorus v ic e roy of Sy ria

, , ,

Epime n es son of Arse as An tic le s son of Th e o c ritu

hh h
, s a nd ,

h h h
Philo tas son of Carsis t e T rac ian T ey th e re fore .

agre e d to k ill t e k in g by attac k in g im in is sl ee p on

h
t e n igh t wh e n t e n o c tu h rn al watc h c ame ro u n d to
,

An tip ate r s turn S o me say that Al e xan de r ac c id e n tall y

’
.

h app en e d to b e drinkin g un til day b re ak ; b ut Aris to

h h
-

b ulus as given t e foll owin g ac c o un t : A S y rian wo man

h h h
,

h
w o was u tion of t e d e ity u
h
n d e r t e in s pira s e d to f ol ,

l ow Al exan der abo u At first s e was as ubj e c t of mirt

h h
t .

0 Al e x a n der a nd is c o urtie rs ; b u t wh e n all th at s e

After t h
hM h
Cf Cu rtiu Aslian ( Varia H istoric
h h ma
1
. s (viii . , xiv . e

n s c on qu

h
ac e donian s , t e
h
b attl e of Pydn a, w Ro e re t e e re d t e

u u u m
hu
a
h h
a a a S
h
e ri regii f oll owed t e de fe ate d kin g P e rs e s t o t e s n c t ry t o
p
t race a n d never q itted i
, u m
till e s r ren dered to t e Romans S ee .

L ivy , xl v . 6
.
 T hAnabasis
e of Alexander .

agree with this, b u

hh
t re p re se n t that Al e xan der rea
h h
n ot dily
b e lie ve d t e wo rst abo ut Callist en e s, fro m t e atfi d
h h a
l au s wa

o d d ho o
h h
wh ic h e alre ady f e l t to ward s im, an d be c u
m
s k n o wn to b e e x c e eding ly in tim
se Herm

ate wit i
o
P
- “

hM
Som uho ha t rs av e als re c r e t e f ll win g partie n
e o
— h H m u a b uh
ho m ho d h hh o p
l arsz t at e r ol a s w s ro g t b e fore t e ac s .

hk
do n ia na , to w e c n f e sse t at e ad c n s ired

b u
h o y y H h
’
again st t e ing s l ife, ec a se it was n o l n ge r ssi l e
o po b
m
h d po m h
for a fre e an to ear is ins l ent t rann
b e t en .

h h
ou d uo
h mo
rec n te all is ac ts of e s tis , t e ill e gal e x ec ti n

ho h h u d h
of Ph o il tas, t e still re ill ega l on e of is fat e r
m o
m h
Par e ni an d of t e t e rs w o were p t to eat at
mud
h ump o hM d
C u d uk
b h odu o
t at ti e, t e
h r e r of lit s in a fit of r n e n n e ss ,

h mo y p o o h h hb p d
is ass ti n of t e e ia n ga r , t e int r c t i n of

hd k bou
t e c e re n of r strati n , w ic ad een an d
l an n e
qu h d
hh h d
n ot
ye t re l in h is e , an d t e rin in g -
ts an d le t argic
om h m hm
hhh
s le e
p arisin g fr t e , to w ic e was a dic tin g i se lf .
1

hhd ho hM do
H e sai t at, e in g n o l ng er a l e to
d h b o b ea r t es e t in gs,
bo h h m
hH m u h m
e wis e to free t i se l f an d t e t er ac e
u m uho
hhb hh
n is s T e se sa e a t rs say t at
h . e r ol a s i s e lf
m
h p
an d t se w o ad e e n arre s te wit
ho d io d we re st n e

h hmy bo u d
A ob uu y
h h
to d h by ho eat t se w o we re re se n t . rist l s sa s

t at Cal list bo u e ne s was carrie d a t wit t e ar n

hupo
u d h
u y h h
with fe tte rs, an d afte rwar
d d d u s ie a nat ral eat ; b t
P o my
h k
t le , son of Lag s , sa s t at e was stre tc ed n

hu
h
rac an d t e n an ge ’
1
t e h h d h . T s n ot e v e n did t e se

uh y u o hy
hm h
at h ors, w ose n arrative s are ve r tr s tw rt , an d w o

at t e m ti o eo A d
we re in in ti ate ass c iati n wit l e x an e r,

h h h u A
again st im Aris totl e ad se nt Callis t en e
h hh h
c onsp irators . o t
. l e xan der
refe rs to im and t e At enians S ee P l utarc ( Alena
.
,

u(
h
A
hA
1
Cf . rrio vii.

h
u u (
hh h
1
)
C rt i s vii i . 29 s ays t at l e xande r afte rwards re pe n te d of is
u mu
h h h
g ilt in rde ring t e p i l os op e r H is t
. ragic al de at e xc ite d g e at
r
m u
h
in dignation a o ng t ( e anc ien t p il osop e rs Se e Se n e c a N at ral es
.

h
u
a u h
u
h
Q ae s tionn ( a , vi . Cic e ro Tcwc . D isp t , iii . sp e king of T eo

p r st s . t e frie nd of Cal lis t enes.

 Al lian ce withh h t e S cyt ians and C hm ora
s ians . 23 3

u
h um
give ac c o n ts c nosistehn t wit e ac h oth er of e ve n ts s o
we l l k n o wn , and t e c irc stanc e s of whic h c oul d n ot
have e sc ap e d their n otic e O th er write rs h ave give n
.

man y v ario us d e tail s of these same proc e e din gs whic h

are in c o n siste n t with eac h other b u t I th in k I have
writte n q u ite su ffic ien t on this su bj ec t Though the se
h
.

e v e n ts took p la c e sho rtly a fte r t e de ath of C litu s

1
I ,

have d e sc rib e d th e m amon g tho se whic h happen e d to

'

h
Alexande r in re feren c e to t at Ge n eral b ec ause for t e , ,
h
p urpo se s of n arrative I c on side r the m v ery in timatel y
,

c o nn e c te d with ea c h o th e r .

CH APTER XV .

Arm or wrrn ran S c rrmms AND Cs om n uns

h
. .

AN OTHE R e mbassy fro m t e Europ ean Sc ythian s c ame to

h hh
Al ex an d e r with t e en voy s who m e ad d e spatc h e d to
h hfor t e k in g w o was re ign in g o ve r the m
h h
tho se p e opl e
at t e time wh en e sen t t h e se e n voy s h app e n e d to die
h h h , ,

h h h
an d is bro the r was re ign in g in is ste ad T e obj ec t .

of t e e mba ssy wa s to sta te that t e Sc yt ia n s we re

willin g to do whatso ev er Al e xan de r c o mman de d

h h
Th e y .

we re al s o b rin gin g to im fro m the ir k in g t e gifts

whic h amon g the m are dee med mo st v alu
h
abl e Th e y .

id th e ir mon arc h was will in g to give is dau

h
sa g h te r t o

Al e xan d er in marriage in o rde r to c on firm t e frie n d sh ip

h
an d allian c e with im b u
,

t if Al e xan d e r himsel f d e ign e d

n ot to ma h h h
h h
rry t e p rin c e s s of t e S c y th ia ns th e n e wa s ,

willin g at any rate to give t e dau

h h g h t e rs of t e v ic e roy s

n d of t e o the r mi hty me n

h h h h
of t e Sc yt h ia n te rrito ry a g
t ro u u un try of S c y t ia to t e mo st fa u
h
gho t t e c o ith f l o f
Al e xan de r s offic e rs He als o se n t word that e woul d
h
’
.

c o me in p e rs o n if idde n in o rde r to h e ar fro m Al e xan

de r s o wn mo u
’
h th wh at
,

is o rde rs we re At th is time .

1
h
We fin d fromc apter xxn . a h
h
t tt ese e ven ts oc c u
rred at Bac tra .
 hA T e nabasis o f Alexander .

m hm h hm u
h m h h
1
al so ca e P aras an e s, ia s, to
kin g of t e C oras
Al exan horse me n
ho h o hCo h
d her wit , w o a fir e d t a t e

h
dwel t on t e c n fine s of t e n ati n s of t e l c ian s
”
an d t e wome n c alle d Amazon s, an d p ro mise d, if Al e x
and er was willing to marc h again st the se n ation s in o rd er
to su h
bj ugate t e rac e s in th is distric t who se te rrito rie s
h h
h
u u
h
e x te n d e d to t e E u

h
xin e Se a, to ac t as is g id e t h ro g h
t e mo u ppl y is army wit p ro vision s
h h
n tain s an d to s u .

Al e xan d e r the n gave a c o urte ous re ply to t e men w o

h h
ad c o me fro m t e Sc y thian s, an d on e th at was adap te d
h
hh
to t e e x i e n c ie s
g hat p artic ular time ; b ut said that
of t

H e also c om
h
e ad n o n e e d of a S c y th ian we dd in g .

men de d P arasman e s an d c o nc l ude d a frie n dsh p an d

h
i

allian ce with im sayin g t hat at p re se n t it was n ot c on

h
v e nie n t for im t o m h ,

Afte r
h
arc h to ward s t e E u
h
xin e S e a .

in trod u m A u
hh h
c in
g P aras an e s as a fr ie n d to rtab a z s t e

Pe rsian to who m e ad in tru s te d t e go v e rn m

h h h
, e n t of

h h h h
11
t e B ac trian s an d to all t e o th e r v ic e roys w o we re
,

im bac k to is own abode

h
is n e ighbo u
h
rs e s en t ,
He .

id that is min d at that time was e n gro sse d by t e

h hh
sa

de sire of c on q ue rin g t e In dian s ; for wh e n e ad

su h h
bd ue d th e m e sho ul d posse ss t e whol e of Asia He
h h
.
,

add e d th at whe n Asia was in is po we r e wo u l d re tu

h
rn
to Gre e c e an d th e n c e mak e an e xpe d itio n with all
h h , is
l an d mil itary f orc e s to t e e as tern e x tre mity of t e
h
na va

Eu xin e S e a th ro u h t e H e ll e s po n t a

h h h g n d P ropo n tis
‘
H e .

de sire d P aras man e s to re se rv e t e ful fil men t of is

p re se n t pro mise s un til th e n .

hh ma hh hu h
h ha a Aa a
1 T e C oras i ns were ap eopl e w ao in b ite d t e co n try ne ar t e

u
hm ha a h mh
a
l ower p rt of t e river Ox s, b e tween t C sp i n an d r l Se s
e .

ma m
h hm h
1 T is yt ic l r c e of warlike fe a a
l e s is s id to ve c o e fro t e
aua u a
h
C c s s n d to ave settl ed n ear t e odern Treb izon d, t e ir or igin al

h
a b ode b e in g in Col c is Cf Arrian (vii
. . S trabo (xi
. D ie d ( xv ii . . .

Cu rt ( vi
. . Ju s tin ( xii Homer (Il iad, iii
°
Aesc yl us .

u m u
h
— a
h
( E e n ide s , 65 5 ) H er o d (iv 1 1 0 1 1 6
. ix 1
8 0 9
. iii 2 9 s p r . .

4
Propon tis me ans t e se a bef ore t e P ontu s Comp are Ovid ( Tristir,
.

i 1 0, 3 1 )
. u
Q q e ue te n e n t P on t i B y zan tialittoraf au c es .
 T hA e nabas is of Ale xander .

h
o ghol d s an d c apt urin g oth e rs w o surre ndered to
h h
st r n ,

th e m on te rms of c ap itu W e n all is forc es

h
latio n .

h h h h
re ac h e d Mara ca n da a f te r trave rs in g t e gre ate r p art of
,

h
t e l an d of t e S ogdianian s e se nt He a e stic n a w a y
p ,

h h
to plan t c ol o n ie s in t e c ities of S o gdiana He als o se n t .

Coe n u nd A rta azu use e w as in

h
s a s in to Sc y thia b ec a ,

fo rme d th at S pitame ne s ad fle d for re fu er; b u

h h h g e th i th t
e h imse lf with t e re st of is army trave rse d S og d iana
h h
an d e as ily re d u c ed a ll t e p lac es s till h el d by t e re be l s .

While Al e xan de r was th us e n gage d Spitame n e s ac

h , ,

c o mp a n ie d by s o me of t e S o d ia

h h M
n ia n e xile s fl e d in to
g ,

h
1
t e l an d of t e S c y thian s c all e d as sage tian s an d ,

havin g c ol l e c te d 60 0 hors e me n from this n ation e c ame

h h
t o on e of t e fo rts in Bac triana Fallin g u pon t e c o m
,

h
.

man de r of this fort w o was n ot e x pe c tin g any hos til e

h ,

d e mon stration an d upon those w o we re k e e p in g guard

h h h ,

with im b e de stroy ed t e s ol die rs an d c ap tu

h ,
rin g t e ,

c o mma im in c u B eing e mbold e n e d by

h h
n de r k e p t , s to dy .

h h
t e c ap tu re of this fo rt a fe w da y s afte r e app roac h e d
,

Zaria s a
p b ut r e s o l vin
g n o t t o at tack t e c ity e ,

marc h e d away af ter c oll e c tin g agreat q uan tity of boo ty

h h
.

But at Z arias pa a fe w of t e Co mp anion c av alry ad

h
b e e n l e ft b e h in d on t e sc o re of il l n e ss an d with th e m
h hh ,
h ’
Pe it on son of S osic l e s w o ad b e e n p l ac e d o v e r t e
,
,

tte n dan ts at Zariaspa an d Aris tonic u

hh
l ho u
h h
roya s e ho l d of a s ,

Th e se me n h e arin g of t e in c u
h
t e arp e r .
,
r io n of t e s

S c y thian s an d havin g n ow re c o ve re d f ro m t e ir illn e ss

, ,

took t he ir arms an d mou

h hh
n te d th e ir ho rs e s Th en c ol .

l ee tin g e igh ty me rc e n ary Gre c ian o rse me n w o ad

h ,

hM
b e en l e ft b e hin d to guard Zariaspa an d so me of t e royal ,

a
p g e s th e y s a
, l lie d f o r th aga in st t e as s ag e t ia ns F all .

h a h h h h
hfl m h u h a
1
T ese we re o
p p e
e l dwellin g to t e nort -
east of t e Casp ian , w o

were c a a
ie y re arkab l e for ving defeated nd kil l e d Cyr s t e G re t .

h
u
h h a am h
See H erodot s , i 20 1 21 6 .
-
.

h hh
3
T we re two ot
ere er gen e r ls n ed Peit on ; one t e son of

Agenor, n d t e ot er t
a A e son of Cre tes e . S ee rrie n , vi . 1 5 , 28 , e tc .
 hf m D ef eat an d D eat o Sp ita en es .

upo h y h hh up o uh
h hboo y hfi
in g n Sc t ian s, w o ad n o s s ic i n of s c
t e

d h m
h d
an e v e n t, t e
yd p e riv e t e of a ll t e t at t e rs t
o k dm y
n se t, a nd ill eho an of t se w o we re rivin g it off .

Bu o mm d h y u d ho u
mbuh
t as n o on e was in c an , t e re t rn e wit t
an y re gar to r e r : an d e in g rawn in t an a
d o d b d o s

m
hComp o hm y
by S pita e n e s an d t e r S c yt ian s, t e l s t se v en of
oh h h y o

u h
t e an i n s an d six ty of t e y e rc e n ar ca valr .

A h p
riston ic s t e ar erwas als sl ain t e re, avin g r ve d
o h h p o
hm m b yo d h m h h
h b ou d d
i s el f a rav e
b an , e n w at b ig t av e e en ex

by h y h
p ec t e h p
d o f a a r e r P e it o n , ke in
.
g w n e , was ta e n
1
ris n e r
p o t e S c t ian s .

CH APTE R XVII .

Brrur AND D mru or S PITA'

MEN E S

h h
.

WHEN t is n e ws was b rought to Crate rus e made a

f orc e d marc h again s t t e hM h ,

h
assage tian s w o wh en th e y , ,

h eard that e was marc h in g again st th e m fle d as fast

h ,

h
as th ey c ou Foll o win g the m up
h
l d toward s t e d e se rt .

e o ve rtook tho se v e ry me n a n d mo re t a

M h
c l o sel y , n

oth er as sage tian horsemen n ot far from t e d esert A ,

h
.

fierc e b attl e e n sue d in whic h t e M ac edo nians we re

v ic toriou h ,

Of t e S c y th ian s 1 5 0 hors e me n we re sl ain ;

h h
s .
,

hM
bu t t e re st of th e m easil y e sc ap e d in to t e d e se rt for ,

it was impo ssibl e for t e ac e don ian s to p u rsue th e m

At this time Al exan d er rel ieve d Artab azus

h h
an y fu
h
rth e r .
,

h
l ty of t e Bac trian s at is own re qu
h
of t e v ic e roya e st , ,

on t e gro u is ad van c e d age an d Amyn tas s on

h
n d of ,

of N ic ol a iis was appo inte d vic e roy in is ste ad

,
9
Coen u s .

1
Curtiu
s ( viii. 1) sah
a h am
ys h at t t e n e of t e de fe ted general was

Attinas
h ha hhj A hh
.

3 Artab azus was is 95t ye r w en e oin ed l exan der wit t e

in
u u u
Grec ian troop s of D ari s in
h ah h
3 30 See C rti s , vi 1 4 His vic e . . . .

roya l ty wa u u
s destin ed for Clit s ; b t on t e de t a
of t t general it was
c onfer red on Amynta s Bee Cu rtiu
s , viii 3
. . .
 hA T e nab as is of Alexan der .

h h M
hComp o h
was l e ft witb .
is own riga e
an d that of
d e l ea

hB
ge r, 40 0 of t e an i n c av alry, an d all t e ho rse

h u d homm
h b d
arc e rs, e si e s t e ac trian s, S o gd ian ians, an d o th e rs
w o we re n e r t e c an d of Amyn tas The y we re .

all un de r stric t inj u to ob e y Coe n u

h
n c tio n s s a n d to

win te r th e re in S ogdian a, in ord e r to p ro te c t t e

rre st S p itame n e s, if anyhow th e y migh t
h h
c ou n try a n d to a

b e ab l e to d raw im in to an amb u
h
sh , a s e wa s wa n

hM
d ering abo ut d uring t e win ter But wh en S pitame n e s .

h
sa w that e ve ry plac e was o c c u p ie d by t e ac edo n ian s
f or a garris o n, an d t at th e re wo u
hh
l d s oon b e n o way of
fligh t l e ft op e n to im, e tu rne d ro u n st Coe n u

h h h
nd a a i
g s

an d t e army with im, th in k in g th at e wo u

h
ld b e
b e tte r able to figh t in t is way Comin g to Bagae , a
h
.

h h hM
fo rtifie d p lac e in S o gd ian a, s itu ate d on t e c o n fin es of
t e c ou ntrie s of t e S o d iania
g n s an d t e a s sa ge t ia n

S c y th ian s, b e eas ily p e rsu S c y th ian horse me n

h
ade d
to join im in an in v as ion of S ogd ian a It is an easy .

matte r to in d uc e th e se S c ythian s to e ngage in on e war

af te r an o th e r be c au
h , se th e y a re p in c h e d by po ve rty a nd ,

at t e same t ime h av e n o c ities or s e ttl e d abod e s to give ,

th e m c au se for a nx ie ty a bo ut wh at is mo s t dear to the m .

Wh e n Coe n us asce rtain e d that S pitame n e s was ad van c in g

h
h h
e w e n t to me e t h h
im with is army A
hh
wit is c aval ry , .

rp c o n te s t e nsu

h
sh a ed in wh ic , t e M ac e do nian s we re
vic to rio u

h
s so th a
, t of t e b arb arian c avalry o ve r 8 0 0 fe ll
in t e b attl e whil e Coe n u s l o s t 25 ho rs e me n a

h h
,
n d t we lv e

f oo t sold ie rs T e c o n se qu
h
-
. e n c e wa s th a t t e S o gdian ians
,

w o we re still l e f t with Spitame n e s as we ll as mo s t of

h h h
t e B ac trian s des e rte d im in t e fl igh t an d c ame to
,

s to s u
,

hM ,

h
Coe n u
h
rre n d e r T e .assage tian S c y th ian s h avin g
me t with ill suc c e ss in t e b attle pl un d ere d t e b aggage
h h
-
,

h h
of t e B a c trians a n d S o gd ia n ia n s w o we re se rvin in
g
t e same army as th e mse l v e s an d th e n fle d in to t e
,

d e se rt in c o mpan y with S pitame ne s But whe n they we re

h
.

in forme d that Al e xande r was already on t e start to

 T hAe nabasis o f Alexan der .

we re impregnable For e als o ad rev ol te d from Al e x h h

h
.

re d, it see me d th at n ot in g
h
an de r If th is ro c k was c ap tu
h
.

wo u l d b e l e ft to tho se of t e S o g dian ian s w o wish e d t o

Wh en Al e xan de r approac he d
h
t h row off th e ir a ll e gian c e .

it, e fo u u
h
n d it p rec i ito u

h
al l sid e s again st a s sa l t
p s o n ,

h hh
an d th at t e b arb ari an s ad c ol lec te d p ro vis io n s for a

h h h
l on g sie ge T e gre at q u
. an tity of sno w whic ad

M
fall e n h el p e d to mak e t e app ro ac more d iffic u
h h
l t to t e
ac e don ian s, wh il e at t e same time it k e pt t e b arb ar
ian s su ppl ie d with pl e n ty of wate r But notwithstan din g
h
.

h
all th is, b e re s olv e d to assau lt t e pl ac e ; f or a c e rtain

h h
ove rwe e n in
g an d in s ol e n t boa s t u t t e re d by t e b a rb aria ns

ad th ro wn im in to a wrath f u l state of ambitiou s

p e r
For wh en th ey we re in vite d to c o me to te rms
h
tin ac ity .

pitul ation , an d it was h el d out to t e m as an in

h
of c a

du c e me n t, th a t if th e y s u rre n d e re d t e p l ac e , th e y wou ld
b e allo we d to withdraw in safe ty to th e ir own abod e s ,
b urs t ut laugh in g b arbaric ton gue
h
th ey o , an d in th e ir
b ade Al exan de r see k win ge d sol die rs to c apture t e
h
moun tain for im sinc e th ey ad n o app re he nsion of
,
h ,

dan ge r fro m o th er me n He the n issu mation

h h h
l e d a p roc l a
.

th at t e firs t man w o mou n te d s o u

h h hh
l d h av e are ward of
twelv e tal e nts t e man w o c ame n e x t to im t e s e c o n d
h h
$
1
,

h
p rize an d t e th ird so on in p roportio n so th at t e las t
, ,

re ward sho u l d b e th re e h u
h h
n d re d da ric s to t e l a
3
s t p rize

This p ro c l amatio n e x c ite d

h h
tak e r w o re ac h e d t e t op .

t e v alo u n s s til l mo re t ho u

h
r of t e Ma c e do n ia g h t h ey ,

we re e v e n b e fo re v ery e age r to c o mmen c e t e assau lt .

dipa, a
1
kin to Latin mm , a p oetic al an d Ionic word , ofte n fou
nd in
Herodotu s .

hh
3
Ab out
Ab out rtiu
Cu
h hm hh
1
£ 3 27 . s (
vii. 41 ) s ays t at t e first prize was 1 0

h h h hm hm u h
tal en ts , ta a e sec on d 9 t l ents , nd t e sa e ro
p p ortion for t e e ig t
ot ers , s o t at t e ten t an w o o n ted rece ived on e tal en t . T e

a u uu a a u
mh
a
st a
te r aof a a
D ri s, s lly c ll ed d ric s, w s gol d c oin of Persia ,

Bee S f A u
it
’
s D ic tionary o ntiq ities .
 Alexander Cap tures t h e Roc k and M arries Roxana 21 1 .

CH APTER XIX
M
.

ALEXAND E R Carruas s ms ROCK AND as ars s ROXANA

hm hh d p
.

ALL
o h h umb
t e ad gaine en ra w o k
c tic e in sc a
o l in g r c s
d h m
hh p o d d h hhm
in s ie g e s, an de t e se l ve s t ge t e r t o t e n
b er o f

ud d m
hhhh h
t re e n re , an d r vi e t e s e lv e s w it t e s all

h o u hh o fi hm o h
o p
ir n e s wit
g w ic t e ir t e n ts a d b e e n fa s te n e d to

m h hd
t e g r n d, wit t e in te n ti n of x in
g t e i nt t e

h ud hud y h h
sn o hw, w e re it o
ig t b e s e e n to b e froze n ar , o r in t
om
hp
t e gro n , if it s o l an w e re e x ib it its e l f f re e fr
op m d
hh d h
sn o wy o
T ing s tr n g r e s
. ae of flax to t e se e
g s,

mo p p ou
ho h h
h y d
t e a van c e d
in t e n ig t towar s t e st re c i it s

o mo u u d d
o h h
part of t e r c k , w ic was als st n
g a r e ; an d
om md
o h o
fi x in
g h s p e of ht e se eg s in t t e eart , w e re it ae
md
d h u h
oh
its e lf v is ib le , an d t h e rs in t t e sn w w e re it se e e

b k u h y ho m
hy
y
l e ast l ike l to re a p, t e is te t e s e l ve s
p t e

o k om om
h
r c ,
sp e oh
in on e lac e an d s e in an t er . T irt of
h mp u
ho
t e h e ris h y
ed oin t e as c e n t ; an d as t e fe l l in t vario s

o ud h ou d
h ho h d h h
p arts of t e sn bod ws, n ot e v e n c l t e ir ie s b e f n

bu
hpo h d
f or rial . T e re s t, we v e r, re ac e t e top of t e

mo u
d h mp
n tain at t k e po ap r ac of awn ; an d ta ing sse s

hM do hd d h m
o
si n h yof dit, t fl o e wave l in e n ags t war s t e ca

A
h u o hu
of t e ac e n ian s,
1
as le xan de r ad ire c te t e

h h b uh
to do H . h d e n ow s e n t a e ral w it in s tr c ti n s to s o t
mk
h dm
to t e s e n trie s of t e b ar arian s to a e no f rt e r

d y u u d
hb o u d humm hmou
ela , b t o s rre n er at nc e ; s in c e t e win ge en

A hm m h
ad een f n ,
an d t e s its of t e n tain we re

ho d upo h hmo u h
in t h po e ir o h
ss e ss i n d po .d t t e sa e ti e t e e ral in te

m d by h h
at t e s l ie rs n t e c re s t of t e n tain . T e

u p
h up hm h o upy
b b ar arian s
b e in al ar e t e ne x e c te dn ess of t e
, g

hp k
s ig t, an d s h s e c tin g t a t t e en w o we re cc in g
mo um ou h
hh y
t e ea s h y
we re y re n er s t an t e reall we re ,
o mp y md u d d
h om h h h
an d t at t e we re c le te l ar e ,
s rre n e re , so

h d
frig te n e did t o ey b ec e at t e s ig t of t se fe w

1
Cf Curtiu
. s ( vn . vel mc apti vertic is
a, sign u .

R
 hA f A T e nabas is o lexander .

M doac e h n iah d
ns m y mpo
. T e wives an d c il ren of an i rta nt

m pu d ud
h d uh m d m
en h we re t ho e re ca t re ,
in c l in g t s e of Oxya rte s .

h d by h h
h
T is h c ie f ad a b a g te r, a ai e n of arriage a l e
md o m
hmo
ag e , na e R xan a, w o was asserte
1
t e en w o

A my
h h
’
d
s e rv e d in h av e b e e n t e
l e xan st er s ar to
b u u A om
h D u h y o h oo
e a tif l of a ll siatic w e n , w it t e sin g le e x c e ti n
p o

hh h o h h u
of t e w ife of ari s 11
T e al s say t at n o s n e r did .

A
ho u h h h hh u d
d
l e x an er s e e er t a n e f e l l in l ve wit er; b t

h
t g o e o
w as in l ve wit e r, e re f se to ffe r

o oy h m yh h
vio as a c a tiv e , an d did n ot t in
le n c e to p h k er it
o u
hk o h
y
der gat r to is dign it to arr er T is c n d c t of .

b m
M
A
h D u h d
d
l e xan e r I t in w rt y h p
rat er of hraise t an la e .

hhm b u u om A
o o d
re ve r, in re gar t o t e wife of ari s, w o was s ai

h h d
to e t e h
ost ea tif l w an in s ia,
be e it er did

ho u h h ou h
n ot p e n te rtain a ass ion f or e r, or e l se e e x e rc is e

co o o
n tr hm l ve r i se lf ,
8
t g e was y n
g and in t e
,

y m m uu y
ho y h d h
v er u h
e ri dian h of s c c e ss, w en en s all s e t wit

d hh ou
o o
in s l e n c e an d v i l e n c e . On t e c n trar , e ac te wit
mod y
hm m h
e st an d s
p are er on r, e x e rc isin
g a g reat
amo u h y n t of c astit , an d at t e sa e ti e e x ib itin
g a
y op e r d esire ob tain a g o od re p utati n o 1
‘
v er
p r to .

CH APTE R XX
M
.

ac mn rn ou s TRE ATM E N T or TH E F AM ILY or Ba u ru

h
s .

IN re l ation t o t is su b j e c t th e re is a s tory c u
h hh h
rre n t th at ,

s oon a fte r t e b attl e w ic was fo u t a t Is sus b twe e n

g e

1
h A A u u
Roxan aan d ah a e r son l e xan der eg s we re p t to de t b y Cass n de r,

h h ha A
n c . 31 1 .

a S tatir rb e l a
h u
. S e die d s ortly b e fore t e b ttl e of .

h u h
11
v
xaprc pos airf oil . Cf T . e oc rit s , xv . 94 , 8i xap repé r .

A m u A a m Ba
h Mm auh h
f te r t e capt arried
re of D a asc
rs ine , t e s, le x n de r

A u
uh h u h h
widow of is riv al e n on , and d g te r of rtab az s S e was .

a m m
B hhh u h
dis tin g is e d f or er b e a ty an d c c o p l is e n ts av in g rec eive d a ,

u am
h h h h
a a
G re c ian ed c ation y a
e r e d s on n e d H .e r c l e s S e e P l tarc .

( Ale x , a u a
S e nd er son were p t to de t b y P oly sp erc on ,
.

8 09 .
 T hA e n abas is
f
o Alexan der .

CH APTE R XXI .

CAPTU RE or r n u Roc x or CHORIE NES

hfi h d hop h
.

“( HEN Al e x an de r amo n g t
h
ad n is e is e rati n s o e

h o h d h
S ogd ian ian s, an d was n ow in p
os s e s s io n of t e ro c k ,

use
h
e ad va n c e d in t t e l an of t e Para e tac ian s, b e c a

many of t e b arb arian s we re said to b e ho lding an o the r

l ac e in th at c o u
d ho k h h
o k
r c , a s tr o y o fid p
n
gl f rti e n try This .

h h
was cal le t e r c of C orie n e s ; an d to it C orie n e s

m yoh
h ims e lf an d an t e r c ie fs ad fle d f or re fuge T e
h o k bou h
h .

h e igh t of t is r c was a t twe n ty s tades and t e ,

c irc u it ab out s ix ty It was p re c ip ito u

h
. s on a ll s id e s an d ,

h
th e re was on ly on e as c e nt to it wh ic was n arro w an d ,

sy to mo u ad b e e n c o n s tru
h h
n ot e a n t sin c e it , c t e d in s p ite

of t e n a tu re of t e p lac e It was th e re fore diffic u .lt (

to as c e n d e v e n by me n in sin gl e fil e an d wh e n n o on e
h A d e e p ravine al s o e n c l o se d t e ro c k h
h
b arre d t e way .
1

all ro u t who e ve r in te n d e d to l e ad an army u

h
n d so t a , p
t o it mu s t l on g b e fore ma k e a c ause way of e art o ve r
hh h
,

t h is ravin e in o rd e r t at e mig t s tart f ro m l e v e l g ro u

h h h h
nd ,

w h e n e l e d is t roop s to t e assau
h h
lt N o twit s tan d in g .

al l t is Al e xan d e r u
h h
,
n d e rto ok t e e n te rp ris e To s o g re at .

a p itc h o f au dac ity ad b e ad van c e d th ro ugh is c are e r

of s u hh e t o u h t e v e ry p l a c e o u h t to b e

h h
c c e ss th at , g g
ac c e ss ib le to im an d t o b e c ap tu im He c ut
h
2
re d by
,
.

do wn t e p in e s wh ic h we re v e ry ab u
h ,
n da nt a n d l o fty a ll
ro u n d t e mo u in an d mad e l add e rs of the m s o th at
h
n ta , ,

by me an s of th e m t e s ol d ie rs migh t b e abl e to d e sc e n d
h
in to t e ravin e ; f or o th e rwise it was impo s sib l e fort h e m
h h
3

D urin g t e day time e h imsel f sup e rin te n de d

h h
t o do so .
-

t e w o rk k e e pin g h al f of is army e n gaged in it ; an d

h hh ,

d urin g t e n ig t is c on fide n tial b ody g uard s Pe rdic c as -

, ,

u u u
h(A
1 K g
r e r s b s tit te d n f f or w cip a
e e y
fl
p y e
'

p t e p .

hu hh
2
ears . Cf Xe nop
. on nab .
, iv 6,
.

3 Arrian imitates Herodotu

s in t e se of ( in wit t e in finitive instead
of Gare .
 Cap tu
re f
o t h e Roc k o
f C h i
or e nes .

Leonn atu n d P tol e my, son of La us , in tu h

h h
s, a g rn w ith t e

o t er h al f of t e army, d ivid e d in to th ree p arts, per

o m d hd uy h h h b
h h Bu h y oud omp
f r e t e dt h w ic ad ee n ass ig n e to eac fo r
mo
mu h
t e ni
g t . h
t t e c l c l e te no re t an
y ub qu
h ho u h hho h bou
t w en t c its in a day , an d n ot ite s o c in a
my
hp h
n ig t, t g tde w l e ar e n gage in t e la r; s o
d fiu
o h h
if c l t w as tpp o h h de l ac e to a r ac an d so ar was t e

o hh p
o k
w r D d
in it . y
e sc e n d in g in t t e rav in e , t e fas te n e
p e gs in t o
t p
e s ar es t an d narr we s t art of it, dis
om
h h h
tan t h oh
fr eac o ht er as far as was c n sis te n t wit
s t re n h uppo
g t to s p upo rt t e w e ig t of w at was l ac e d n

h m U o h d hud md
ho m b
t e . h yp p n t e se t e l ac e r les a e of willow
mu h
hbo hm h
an d o sie rs, v e r
y B d c in t e f r ofa ridge . in in g

ho k h my
th o h
e se h y o d
t ge t e r, t e l ade e art a ve t e ,
so t a t
m h
hb b h
th ig t b e an a r ac t o t e r c for t
e re pp o h e ar on

ou d A fi
ho
l e ve l gr n t rs t t e ar arian s de ri e
. d d , as if t e

m u h
h ho k
atte pt w a s o h
al t g e bo
t er a rt ive ; b t w en t e arr ws
u b
b k hM ho u hh
b e gan to re a c h y
t e r c , an d t e we re d na l e to riv e
y h m
hh b u h m h u d
ac ot ac e d n ian s, t t e t e se l v e s we re
e g

hm
on a ig er l e ve l, e c a se t e f or er ad c on s tr c t e

s c re e n s d to war h h y m h off y t e is s ile s, t at t eig t c arr

bo u u d h m ho u j uy
h h b d
on h t e ir la r n er t e wit t re c e iv in g in r ,
md
hd A d b h h
C orie n e s
g rew alar e at w at was e in
g on e , an d
m
h
a e ral
se n t to d l e x an e r, e se e c in g i to se n

u m A
h h p ud d h
Oxyarte s p d o d
to y i . l e x an er ac c r in gl s en t

hp hd
Oxy arte s, w o on is arrival e rs a e C orie n e s to
u hm A
h hhA d h
e n tr s t i se l fd an d t e l ac e to l e x an er ; for e t ol
m h
hh m h
i h t at t oh e re was n t in g w ic l e x an er an d is
army o ud c by o m
l n ot take st r ; a n d as e i se lf ad

h m ho mm d h h h h
d
e n te re o in t fid y d hp
an all ian c e h of e l it an d frien s i wit
o ou ju
h
’
i , e c k e n de t e in g s n ran d s tic e in ig
m dd u mp
ho m o h um
te r s, oha c in gbo t e r e xa l e s, an d a ve al l is o wn

h m h
case for t e c n fir ati
By h n of is arg e n ts . t e se

p ud d m
h o
rep o
re s e n tati n s C orie n e s was e rs a e an d ca e i
A omp d by o m
Wh h d hk h
se lf to d l e xan e r, ac c an ie s e of is re l ati ns

an d co mp o an i ns. m en e arriv e , t e in g gave i

 T hA e n abasis
f
o Ale xan de r .

h
ourte ous an swe r to is in q uirie s an d re tain e d im h
h h
a c ,

h
But e b ad e
h h
after p l e d gin g is fid e l ity an d frie n d sh ip .

im se n d t o t e ro c k s o me of tho s e w o c ame down with

h h h
im to o rde r is me n to s u
hh
rre n d e r t e p l ac e ; an d it wa s

su ad fle d t o it for re f u
h
rre n d e re d by tho s e w o g e .

Al e xand e rth e re fo re took 5 0 0 of is sh ie l d b e arin g guards

h
-

an d we n t u
h h
e t a v ie w of t e ro c k a d w a s so fa
' ’

p to g n r
f rom in fl ic t in g an y h ars tre at me n t u
h h h h
po n C orie n e s that
e e n t ru t v e ry p lac e to im again an d mad e im
hh
s te d t a ,

u
h h h
g o v e rn o r of a ll t h a t e a d r l e d b e fore It h a.pp e ne d

that t e army su ffe re d mu rd s ip fro m t e s e v e rity

h
c h ha

t qu
h h h
o f t e win te r a g re a
,
an tity of sn o w h avin g fall e n
d urin g t e sie ge ; wh ile at t e same t ime t e me n we re
re d u t straits fro m l ac k of p rovisio n s But
h h h
c e d to gre a .

C orie n e s said e wo u l d giv e t e army food f or t wo

h h h
mon t s ; an d e gav e t e me n in e v e ry t e n t c orn win e
h h h
an d sal te d me at out of t e s tore s in t e ro c k When e
, ,

h h hh h
.

ad giv e n th e m th is ad n ot e x au
h hh h , e s aid e s tc d e v e n -

t e te n th p art o f w at ad b e e n l aid u
h
for t e sie g e
p .

He n c e Al e x an de r h e l d im in stil l gre ate r ho n o ur in as

h hh h
muc as e ad s urre n d e re d t e roc k n ot so muc h fro m
,

h
c o mp u l sio n as fro m is own in c lin atio n
,

C HAP TE R XXII .

ALEXAN D E R Rsac s s s T HE RIVE R C ABU L ,

AN D Rs c mv s s
TH E M
IIO AG E or TAXILES

h
.

AFTE R p erformin g t is e x pl oit Al e xan de r h imse lf we n t

b ut se n t Crate ru
,

h
h
t o B ac t ra s w ith 600 of t e c a valry
Co mpan ion s an d is o wn b rigade of infan try as we l l tho s e
h
of P o ly s pe rc on Atta lu n d Al c e tas a a u
h h h
s a in s t C ata c aand
, , g ,

Austan e s w o w e re t e on ly re b e l s s till re main in g in t e

h
,

land of t o Parae tac e n ian s l

h
A s arp b attl e was f o ug t
. h
h
T is term is a P e rsian word me anin g moun tain eers . T h e trib e
 T hA e nabas is o f Alexande r .

h
an d t e o th e r c h ie fs on th is sid e t e rive r In d u h
h
s, to

b id the m c o me an d me e t im as e ac h migh t fin d it
h
h h hh
c on ve n ie n t Taxilas an d t e o th er c h ie fs ac c ordin gl y
.

om m m b
hd
did c e to ee t i ,
rin gin g t e gif ts w ic are
mo u mo
hm h ph
rec ko d ne of h y d st v al e a n t e In ian s T e sai
g .

h
h h y o ud o p
h yh h h m
t at t e w h h
l als re se n t to i t e el e an ts w ic
umb
d d d h my H h
t e yfi
ad wit h t e , twe n t -
ve in n er . T e re e

o h d d h
iv i e is ar ,
an d s en t ae stic n an d P e rdicc as
ep

M
u
h h
awa in t t e lan of Pe
y o c elaotis,
l
t war s t e riv e r
du C u}
hComp o h y h
In s, wit t e riga e s of G rgias, lit s an d el eage r,
b d o
half of t e an i n c avalr , an d all t e c avalr of t e
y
m h m u o
p u h
G re c ian erc e n a H
rie s e ga ve t e in str c ti n s e it e r
h .

p h o u by o
to c a t re t e lac e s on t e ir r te f rc e, or to rin g
b
h m o m p u o
h d h mk h
t e v e r on h h y t er s of ca it l ati n an d w en t e

du
hp h my W h h m
reac e t yp p
e rive r In s, to a e t e n e c essar re ara

ho h h o m h d Wh h y h d
tio ns for t e assage of t e ar . it t e Taxil e s

h du h y d u A d o d
an d t e t er c ie fs als arc e . en t e re ac e

hu h d u
’
t e rive r In s t e carrie o t all l e xan er s r e rs .

Bu A t s te s, t d
e r l e r of t e l an of Pe c elaotis, e ffe c te a
h h bo h u d h m b ou h u
h y o h h hh
re vo l t, w ic o t r in e i se l f an d r t r in al s
g
upo u
H h
n t e ad fle d for re f ge
c it in t Forw ic e .

h om m
pu d
u h
ep a e s tic n c a t re it afte r a sie ge of t irt
h yd y a s, an d
A hm
s te s k d
i se l f was il le S an gae s, w o ad s e ti e .

om A
hy h d o
b o e f re fle d fr ste s an d de s e rte d to Tax il e s , was a
p

hfid y
po in te to ta e c arge of t e c it
d k h T is e serti n was .

a le ge to
p d A d l exan e r of is e l it .

CHAP TE R XXIII .

BATTLE S WITH TH E AS PAS IANS

h
.

ALEXAND ER n ow took c o mman d of t e sh ie l d b earing

h hh
-

uard t e Co mp an io n c aval ry wit t e ex c e p tion o f

g s ,

A dist ric t b e twee n h rive rs In du and Attoc k Its c ap ital , Pe u

h
c e l a,

hm
1 t e s .

h ham h
is t e ode rn Pe k eli .

Clitu mmander af ter

ah
2
T e b rigade s s til l b ore t
of e n e of its co is
de t . Cf Arrian, vii 1 4 in fra
. . .
 Battles wit hhA t e s
p as iane .

h hhb jo h
h m
’
t o se w o ad een in e d with He p ae stion s d ivision ,
m
h h hA hh
t e h re gi e n ts of w at w e re cal l e d oot Co p
f an io ,
n s -

h hA
t e arc e rs, t e grian ians o
an d t e rs e- l an c e rs, an d
ad van c e d with th e m in to t e l an d of t e s a
p sians ,

Gu nd A Marc h in g by amo un tain ous

h h
rae ans a s sa c e n ians .
l

an d ro u
h h h
2
gh ro a
d al o n
g t e rive r c a ll e d Cho e s wh ic h e ,

e ord e re d t e ma

h
c ro s se d with diflic u

h
l ty , in body of is
in fan try to foll o w at l e is u wh ile e h imse lf took all t e
h h
re
c aval ry an d 8 0 0 of t e M ac e don ian in fan try whom e
,

moun te d upon ho rse s with th e ir in fan try sh iel d s an d

made a forc e d marc h b e c ause e ad re c e ive d in fo rma hh ,

h ,

h h
h
t io n that t e b arbarian s w o in h ab ite d th at d istric t ad
fle d f or saf e ty in to t e mou in s wh ic h e x te n d th rou
h
n ta g h
t e l an d an d in to as man y of th e ir c itie s as we re s tro n g
e n o u h to res is t atta A u h
h h h
g c k s sa l tin
g. t e fi r s t o f th e se

c itie s wh ic h was s itu ate d on is ro u e ro u

h h
te te d at t e , ,

firs t attac k witho u t an y de l ay t e me n who m e fou

h ,
nd

d rawn up in fro n t of t e c ity an d sh ut th e m up in

He was h imse lf wo un de d by a dart w ic h p e n e
,

h
h hh h
it .

t ratad t ro u s s ho u u
h h
g t e b r e a s tp l a t e in to i l de r; b t
t e wo u
h
n d wa s o n ly a sl igh t on e f or t e b re astp l ate ,

p reve n te d t e dart f ro m p e n e tratin g right th ro ugh

hh is s o u Le on n atus an d P tol e my s on of Lag u
h h
lde r . s , ,

w e re also w o u m
h h
n de d T h e n . e e n c a p e d n e ar t e

l l se e me d mo st e asy to
h h
c ity at t e p lac e wh e re t e wa

as sau At dawn on t e foll o w in g day t e M ac e don ian s

h h
lt .

u
h h
ea s il y fo rc e d th e ir wa y t h r o g h t e fi r st w a ll as it ad ,

e e n su rro u

h
n ot b e e n s tro n ly b u

h
g il t T e c ity . a d b n de d

with a do u b le wall At t e se c o n d wall t e b arbarian s

h h
.

u n d f or a sho rt time ; u
h
s tood t e ir
gro b t w h en t e

h
sc a l ing l adde rs w e re n ow b e in g fixe d an d t e de fe n d e rs ,

rts from al l sid e s t e y n o

h h
w e re b e in g w o u n d e d with da ,

l on ge r s taye d bu t ru sh e d th ro u h t e ga te s ou t of t e
g

h h h hu j a
hm ha u
1
T es e were trib e s l ivin g in t e n ort - west of t e P n b .

2
Prob ab ly t e odern Kama, atrib utary of t e C b l .
 hA T e n abasis
f
o Alexan der .

hmou S o me of the m we re k ill e d

hfl h hM
c ity to ward s t e nt ain s .

ac e don ian s, b e in g e nrage d b ec au

h y h ou d d A
in t e ig t, an d t e se

l e xan d e r, sl e w all who m th e y took

h h
t e ad w n e
p riso n e rs Mo st of t e m ho we v e r e sc ap e d in to t e
h
.
, ,

moun tain s be c ause th e y we re n o t far fro m t e c ity

h h
.
,

Hav in g l e v el le d th is c ity with t e gro un d e marc h e d

to an o t h e r n ame d Au h ,

h
, dac a wh ic h e got po ssessio n of by ,

c apitu He le ft Crate rus th e re with t e o th e r

h h
l atio n .

c o mma n d e rs of t e in fa n try to c a p ture all t e re main in g

c itie s wh ic h wo u

h h h
l d n ot yiel d of th e ir own ac c o rd an d to ,

irs of t e who l e c o u n try in s u

h h
se t t e affa c h o rd e r as e

s ou l d fin d mos t c o n v en ie n t un d e r t e c irc umstan c e s .

CH AP TER XX IV .

O PE RATIO N S AGAINS T TH E AS PAS IAN S

hh
.

ALEXAN D E R n ow to ok c o mman d of t e s ie l d b e arin g

h h h h
-

u e A ria

h
g a rd s t e,
a rc e rs t g n ia ns t
, e b rig ad e o f ,

Coe n us an d Attal u t e roy al body g u

h
s ,ard o f c av alry -
,

abo u t fo u r re gime n ts of t e o th e r C o mp an io n c av al r

hh h h y ,

h h
an d h al f of t e ors e arc e rs an d ad van c e d to ward s t e
o

rive r E u as pl a wh e re t e c h ie ftain of t e Asp as ian s was

h h h
l
, .

Af te r a l on g jo urn e y e arrive d at t e c ity on t e s e c o n d

h h
Wh e n t e b arbarians as c e rtain e d that e was ap
h h h
dav .

re t o t e c ity an d fle d to t e mo u

h
r oa c in g th e y se t fi n
p
But Al e xan de r fol l o we d c l os e upo n t e f ugitive s
h
t ain s .

as far as t e mo u in s an d sl au m n y o f th e m

h
n ta h t r d a
g e e ,

b e fore th e y c o uld man age to ge t away in to t e p lac e s

h
w ic h we re d iffic u P tol e my s on of Lag us
h h h h
l t of ac c e ss .
, ,

o b se rvin g that t e l e ade r imse l f of t e In dian s o f t at

hh
d is tric t was on a c e rtain hil l an d that e ad so me of
hh h hhhh h
is s ie l d b e arin g gu ard s ro u im t ou
,

h
nd a d w i t
g e
-
,

h imse lf far fe we r me n ye t e s till c o n tin ue d to p ursue

h h h h
im o n ors e b ac k
,

But as t e h ill was diffic ul t for is

.

1
Sup p ose d to b e an ot h am f hCh
er n e or t e oe s .
 T hA u f A
e nab c is q laander .

hmu u l tit de of t e e ne m h
h
fires ’

h
did not be l ie ve in t e y s .

h h
D isc o ve ring ho weve r t hat t e barbarian s of t e dis tric t
, ,

h h
ad jo ine d th e ir forces in to on e b o dy e l e ft a pa
, rt of
is army th ere n e ar t e mo u n tain e n ca
,
mped as t he y
we re an d tak in g as many men as see me d s u
h hh
, ffic ie n t ac ,

h h h
c o rdin g to t e re po rts e ad rec e iv ed as soon as th e y ,

c ou is army
h
l d des c ry t e fire s n ear at han d e d ivide d ,

h
Ov e r on e p art e pl ac ed Le onn atu
h
into th ree p arts . s ,

t e c on fid e ntial body gu
h h
ard join ing t e b rigad es of
-
,

Attal us an d Balac rus with is own ; t e s ec on d divi

h h e pu t u d of P tol e my son of Lagus
h h
sio n n de r t e l e a , ,

in c l u
h
d in g t e th ird p art of t e royal shiel d be arin g -

u
h h
g a rd s, t e b riga d es o f Ph il ip an d Ph il ot as t w o re i
g ,

me nts of ho rse arc h ers t e Ag rian ian s an d h alf of t e

h h h
-
, ,

e h imsel f l e d to wa

h
ca valry . T e th ird d ivision rds t e

p lac e whe re mo s t of t e b arbaria n s w e re visib l e .

CHAPTE R XXV .

D E FEAT or TH E AsrAsrAN s — TR E ASSACEN IAN s

. AN D
ATTACKED
h
GU RAEAN s
h h
.

W H EN t e e n e my w o we re o c c upy in g t e c o mman din g

h h
h
e igh ts p e rc e iv e d t e M a c e do n ia ns a pp roac hin g th e y ,

hM
de s c e n d e d in to t e p l ain b ein g e mbo l de n e d by th e ir
,

su p e riority in n umb e r an d d e spisin g t e ac e do nian s ,

b e c aus e th ey we re s ee n to b e fe w A sh arp c on te s t
h h
.

e nsu bu t Al exan d e r w on t e v ic to ry w it
h
ed ; ea se .

P to lemy s men did n ot ran ge th e mse lv es on t e l e v e l

h
’

u ccu

h h
g ro n d,
for t e b a rb ar ians w e re o p y gin a hi l l .

W e re fo re Pto le my f ormin g is b attal io n s in to c ol umn

h h h
, ,

le d t e m to t e po in t wh e re t e h il l se e me d most e as il y
as s ailab l e n ot s u rro u e n t ire ly b u v in g roo m

h ,
n d in
g it t l ea
,

h
fo r t e b arb arian s to flee if th e y we re in c l in e d to do s o .

A s arp c onte st als o e ns ue d w ith t h e se me n both fro m

th e d illie u l t n ature o f t e

h g ro h
u n d a n,
d b e c a
are n ot like t e o th e r b arb arian s of th is d istric t
u se t e I n
,

h
,
 hA
T e ss ac en ians and Gu
raeans Attac ke d .

bu se me n

h
u
h
t are far s tro n ge r th an th e ir g hbo r s T h e n ei .

al so w e re d rive n away fro m t e mo u

h h
n tain by t e M ac e
In t e s ame way did Le on n at u
h h
don ian s . s with t e th ird

d ivis io n of t e army ; for is men also d e fe ate d tho se

h
oppo se d to t e m P tol e my in d e e d say s th at all t e
. h
me n w e re c ap ture d to a n umb e r e xc e e d in g
h , an d
o xe n we re al so tak e n o f wh ic h Al e xan d e r
h h
t at ,

p ic k e d out t e fin e st b e c ause th ey se e me d to im t o ,

e x c e l bo th in b e au ty an d size wish in g to se n d th e m in to
h
M ac e donia to t ill t e soil Th e n c e e marc he d to wards
,

h
h h h
.

t e l an d of t e As s ac e n ians ; for e re c e iv e d n e ws th at
h
t h e s e p e opl e ad made p re p aratio n s t o fig t im h avin g hh ,

l ry more than
h h h
ca va , in fan try an d 3 0 e l e ,

W u u
h hhh
p a n ts . h e n Cra t e r s a d t ho r o g h l y fo rt ifi e d t e

c ity f or t e f o u

h hhh h
,
n d in g of wh ic e ad b e e n l e ft b e h in d ,

e b ro u m e d me n of m A
h g t t e ea v ie r a r i s a r y f o r l e x

an d e r as we l l as t e mil itary e ng ine s in c as e it migh t ,

hh
Al e xan d e r th e n
h h
b e n e c e ssary t o lay s ie g e to an y p l ac e .

marc h e d again s t t e Assac e n ian s at t e h e ad of t e

h
Co mp an io n c aval ry t e ho rse arc h e rs t e b rigade s of
hh h
-
, ,

Coe n us an d P olys pe rc on t e Ag rian ian s t e l igh t

h hh
arme d troop s an d t e arc h e rs Passin g th ro u
, ,

h h h h
1
, g t e
. l a n d
of t e G u e c ro s se d t e riv e r G u rae u

h h
rae an s s f wh ic
‘

i s its n ame t o t e l a n d w it d iffi cu l ty bo th on a o

g ve , ,

c ou us e its c urre n t is s wif t an d

h h h
n t of its d e p th a nd bec a , ,

t e s to n e s in t e rive r b e ing ro u n d c au

h
s e d tho s e w o

po n the m to stumb l e Wh e n t e barb arian s

h
s te pp e d u
3
.

p e rc e ive d Al e xan der app ro ac in g th e y d urst n ot tak e ,

the ir s tan d f or a b attle in c l o se array b u

hh
t dis pe rse d one ,

by on e to th e ir v ario us c itie s wit t e d e te rminatio n of

h h
p re se rv in g t e se by re s o l ute fig tin g .

Wh huu
h h h
Agrian ians
h
xal rat) : a l re adin g is rob s xdtl ovs,
at s . T e s .

Atrib utary of t e Ce p en , prob ably w at is now c alle d t e Lu

hh
3
ndys ,
un n in g p arall el wit t e Kama
ha
r .

Am a a a a a
h gl reos
3 Cf L ivy ,
. xxi . 31 ni s x vol vens , ni il st bile n ee
m ingredien ti pre c
t atu et.
 ThA e n abasis o f Al exand r e .

CH APTE R XXVI
M
.

S rE o E or As s Ae A

hfi p A d ho M
.

h h
IN t e rst l ac e l ex an er led is f rc es again st as

h pp o h h hb b
1
sa a
g , t e h d
l arge st of h t e c itie s in t at is tric t ; an d w e n

by h hom h y hob
e wa s a r ac in g t b e wal ls , t e ar arian s e in g

mbo d m
om h h umb
e l e ned t e d e rc e n arie s w t e ad tain e
mo d
hM do p h h mp
fr t e d re is tan t In ian s to t e n e r of

w h h y
en t e saw t e ac e n ians itc in g t e ir c a ,

h m u A
h h h
d
a v an c e d h
again st t e d wit ar n.
g l e x an e r, see in

t at t b e bo u ou h
attl e was a t t o b e f g t n e ar t e c ity, was
ou h m uh y om h
hy hk h y oud
an x i d s to raw t e f rt e r awa fr t e ir wall s, so
u ou
hm h
h
t at if t we re p t to r t, as
e e n ew t e w l
h m
o h y o
b e, t e y y p
ig t n ot b e ab l e e as il to re s e rv e t e se l v es

u h d Wh
h h hb b u h
by fl e e in g for re f g e in t t e c it c l se at an . en

u
hM do
t e ref ore e saw t e ar arian s r n nin g o t, o d d e r e re
u ud
om h
t e ac e nians to t rn ro n an d re tre at to a c e rtain
om h bo u
hh o h my b
h d ill is tan t s d et p
in g a t s e v e n s ta e s
‘
fr t e l ac e
mp
hM do h dy
w h e re e ad re s l v e d to e nc a . T e e ne e in g

e mbo d
l de n e , as if t e ac e n ians ad al re a g ive n

uh d upo h m u
h o b
way, r s e h hn k d
t e wit ar n an d wit no in
Bu h h h m
hppo
of o d r er . t w en t e arr ws gan to
e re ac t e ,

A d ou d
hf h
d
l e xan o h
er at nce w e e le r n at t e a in te d si
g
m u H
h
n al, an d l e d is p alan x again st t e
h wit a r n . is
A
hhb h hh m
o rs e - lan c e rs , h fi g rian ian s , an d a
o d rc e rs r s t ran f rwar

hph Th d
an d e n gag e d wit t e arb arian s, w il e e i s e lf led
u o d md
h
t e alan x in re g lar r er . e In ian s w e re alar e

at h u p
t is d m mu nex o
e c te an v re , an d as so n as t e

b m
o h y Abo u
b at tl e h ec h a o fl
e h y
a an d to - -
an d c n ic t, t e g ave w a
y
h m
h h A d
an d fl ed in t t e c it k . t 20 0 of t e w e re il le d,
hu u
h hph u h o m hh h
an d t e re s t h we re s t p w it in t e wa ll s l exa n er .

h ou d h h
t en led is alan x p t o t e wa l l ,
fr w ic e w as

s oo n aft e r s l ig tl v w n e d in t e a n k l e w it an arro w .

h h hA a
M
1
T is was t e cap ital of t e ss c e n i n s.a Curtius ( viii
. 3 7) calls it
azagae , an d describ es its strong position .
 hA
T e nabae is
f
o Alexan der .

h mann e r upon an o th e r military e ng in e

hd h h
t e wall in l ik e .

T e In ian s as lo n g as t e ru l er of t e p lac e s u
h
,
rviv e d ,

de fe n d e d the ms e l ve s g allan tly b u t wh e n e wa s s tru ck

an d k il le d with a miss ile h u rl e d fro m a

h h h
h
n e n ine a nd a
g s ,

s ome of t h e ir n u mbe r ad fall e n in t e sie ge whic

h
ad ,

g on e o n wit ho u t a n
y c es s at io n w h il e m o s t o f
,
t e m w e r e

w oun d e d and u
h
nfi t f or s e rv ic e t h e y se n t a h e rald t o
,

Ale xan de r He was glad to p res e rv e t e live s of b rav e

h h
.

me n ; so e c ame to t e rms wit h t e In dian me rc e n arie s

on th is c on ditio n t hat th e y s ho u l d b e ad mit te d in to t e h
h ,

h
is army an d se rv e as is s ol d ie rs h
h h
ran k s with t e re s t of .

T e y t h e re f o re c ame ou t o f t e c ity with th e ir arms an d ,

e n c ampe d by th e ms e l v e s u

h h
po n a h ill whic h was fac ing
t e c amp o f t e Ma c e do n ian s bu t th e y re s ol ve d to aris e
by n igh t an d run away to th e ir ow n abode s b e c aus e
th e y we re u u m
,

h
h
n wil l in
g t o t ak e p a r s a ain s t t e o t h e r
g
W e n Ale xan de r re c e iv e d in te l l ige n c e of th is
h h h h h
In dian s .
,

is army ro u
h h
e p la c e d t e who l e of n d t e h ill in t e

e m in t e m
h h
ni t a n d in te rc e p tin t h id st o f t h e ir
g , g
fl ig t c u , t th e m to pie c e s H e th e n t ook t e c ity b y
.

s to rm de n u de d as it was of d e fe nd e rs ; an d c apt ure d

h ,

h
t e mo th e r an d dau g h t e r o f A ssa cenu s
l
I n t e wh o l e .

n d twe n ty o f Al e x a n d e r s me n we re k il le d

hh
’
s ie g e fi ve a - - .

T e nc e e de sp atc h e d Coe n u
h
’
s to Ba zir a e n te rtain in g an ,

M
n t s wo u su

h h h
o in io n th at t e inh a
p b ita l d rre n d e r wh e n t h e y ,

p ture of ass aga H e al so d e s patc e d

h
e ard of t e c a .

At talus Alc e tas an d D e me trius t e c av alry o ffic e r to

h
, ,

an o t e r c ity n ame d Ora with in st ru

h h , , c tio n s to b l oc k a de
it un til e h im T e me n of t his c ity mad e
h h
se l f a rrive d .

a s ortie agains t t e forc es of Al c e tas b u

h h h
t t e M ac e
d n ian a e as il v ro u
o te d t e m an d dro v e t e m in t o t e e irv
,

Curtiu h
a ham hu h
h h h A
s ( viii . 3 7, 3 8) says t t t e n e of t e q ee n was Cleop is ,
and t at al te r t e su ine d l exan ders favou
hh
rre n de r s e ga r He also ’
.

in fo rms u t t e king died u j

h
s t b e fore A

h h
s t a l exan der s arrival
'

Prob ab ly Baou j
r, nort west of Pes awar - T e position of Ora .

ca nno t be fixe d .
 Ca
p ture o
f Basira .

h Bu favo u
h
with in t e wall . t affairs at Bazirawe re n ot r

ab l e to Coc u
h h
as, for t e in hab itan ts sho we d n o sign of
ca pitul ating, tru s ting to t e s tre n g th of t e pl a c e, b e

ca use n ot o nly was it situate d on al o fty e min en c e, b ut

it was also thoro u u W e n Al e x

h
g h l y f o rtified al l ro n d h .

an de r l earn t th is, e s tarte d off to Bazira; b u

h
t asc e r
om u
o h y
t ain in g that s e of t
g hbo ering b a b
n ei
r arian s we re

abo u t to get in t t e c it of Or a by ste al th b e ing ,

desp atc h e d thither by Ab isare s for that v e ry purpo se

h
1
,

e fi rs t marc h e d to Ora H e o rde re d Coen u

. s to fo rtify

h h
a c e rtain stro n g po sition to se rve as ab asis of op e ratio n s
against t e c ity of Bazira an d th e n to c o me to im with
h h ,

t e re s t of is army af te r leavin g in th at pl ac e a su
h h
,
fli
rriso n t o re s train t e me n in t e c ity fro m e n
h h
c ie n t ga

joy in g t e free use of th e ir l an d But wh en t e me n

h
.

w Coen u
h
of Bs zira sa

h
s d ep a rtin g with t e large r p art of
is army th e y d esp ise d t e M ac e don ians as n ot b ein g
,

ab l e to c o n ten d with th e m an d sall ie d forth into t e

,
,

h
plain A sh arpl y c on te ste d b attl e e nsued in whic h 50 0
h
.
,

h h
of t e b a rb arian s f e ll an d o ve r se ve nty we re tak en
,

u or re fu e in to t e c ity

h
p riso n e rs. B t t e r e s t fl e e in
g f , g
51
,

we re n ow mo re s e c u t off fro m t e c o u
h h h
re l y sh u n try by

t e me n in t e fo rt
h h
T e s ie ge of Ora p ro ve d an e asy
.

matte r to Ale xan d er for e n o soo n e r attac ke d t e wal ls

h h ,

h
h
t han at t e firs t assau
h
lt e got po sse ssio n of t e c ity ,

an d c ap tu re d t e e l e phan ts whic h ad b een le ft the re .

C HAPTE R XX VIII .

CAPTU RE or BAZIRA — AD VAN CE To Ts E Root or Aoanu

h
. s .

W H EN t e men in Ba zira h e ard th is n e ws d e sp airin g of ,

h h h a mu a
h u a ii A £ m¢
1 T is was t kin g of t e In di n o nt in ee rs See Arrian, v 8 in fra
e . . .

h
3
On t e gro nd of 1 6 “ 6 t b i l a i a l G r k
m
r t tr
7 rr e s n o e n g c s s c ee ,

a u u m tu
h uh
Kriiger a a
"
s s b stit te d 6! 7 p 1 67 n ae de a n -
d S i n to n i c l : r ) »

m
,

h h h h
fue-7 5W “ N o
. on e owever o g t t o ex p ec t Ar r ia n t o b e free

from error, writing, a s e did. in t e m iddle of t e second cen tu ry of t e

 T hA
e nabasis o f Al exan de r .

aff airs, th e y ab an do n ed t e c ity abo u h h

h h h
th e ir own t t e
middl e of t e n igh t, an d fle d to t e ro c k as t e o the r
h
h h
b arbarian s w ere do in g For all t e in hab itan ts de se rte d
'

t e c itie s an d b e gan to flee to t e ro c k wh ic h is in th e ir

l an d , an d is c al l e d Aorn u For stu pe n do us is th is
h
1
s .

t wh ic h t e c u
h
ro c k in this l an d, abo u rre n t re po rt is ,

th at it was fo u n d im p regn abl e e ve n by H erac les, t e

s on of Z e u I c an no t affirm with c on fid en c e eith e r way,
hh
s .

g
wh e th e r t e T e b an, Tyrian , or E gyp tian H e rac l e s
p en e trate in t In ia or not ; b ut I am rather in c l in e d
k h h
d o d
te so far; for me n are
y hd fi u y
t o th in t at e did n ot p e n etra

wo n t to m
ag nif t e if c l t of d iffic u l t e n te rp rise s to
su c h a d e re e a
g s to as s e rt t h at th e y w o ul d h ave b e e n

imp rac tic ab l e ev e n to H e rac l e s Th e re fore Iam in c l in e d

h ,
.

to th in k that in re gard to th is ro c k t e n ame of H e rac l e s

,

was me n tion e d simp ly to add to t e marv el lo u h

h h h
sn e s s o f

t e tal e T e c irc u
. it of t e ro c k is said to b e abo u t 20 0
s tade s (i e abo u t tw e n ty thre e mil e s ) an d its h e ig h t
. .
-
,

wh e re it is l owe s t e l e ve n s tad e s abo ut a mil e an d

,

a qu
h h
arte r) Th e re was o n ly on e asce n t whic h w as art i
.
,

fic ial an d diflic ul t on t e summit of t e ro c k th e re was

ab u n c e of p u re wate r a s p rin g is s u in g fro m t e h
h
n da ,

ro u n d f ro m wh ic h t e wa t r flo w d an d t h e re w as
g , e e ;
also timb e r an d suffic ie n t good arab le l an d f or
me n to t ill
,

h
W e n Al e x an d e r h e ard t is e was se ize d hh
h
3
.
,

with a v e e me nt d e sire to c ap tu re th is mo u
h h
n ta in al so ,

e sp e c ial ly on ac c o un t of t e l e e n d w ic h wa s cu rre n t
g

h m h a ha am m
h hh hh
1
T is se e s to b e t e G re e k tr n sl ation of t e n tive n e, ean in g

a M
a u
hm u Mj A
t e p l ac e t o w ic b ird c an rise on c c o n t of its e ig t
no Cf S trabo, . .

u
Mhu a h h h uau m a
xv . 1 . fi T is o n tain was ide n ti e d b y a or bb ot, in 1 854 , s o nt

hh u
a ab nn, n e r t e rig t b a n k of t e I nd s, b o t 60 ile s b ove its
u u a 1”

h h h h h
c on fl e n c e A wit t e C ab l . Cf . rrian , ii 1 6
.
pr s .

mu ( u
h h m hm
3
Ca
) a a s a viii . 39 s y s t t t e rive r In d s was e d t e b se of t e

u
hh h h ua a A a
roc k , and t at its a a s ap e rese b l e d t e e ta or go l in rac e -
co rs e ,
m
a h
w ic “as aston e s ap e d kc as g r l o f -
. rri n
’
ade sc rip tion is ore
like ly to b e m m A ac orrec t s e took it fro P tol e y, on e o f l e x n der
’
s

ge n e ral s .
 T hA
e nab as is o
f Ale xander .

CH APTER XXIX .

SIEGE or Aosnu
s

h h
.

AT th is j unc ture so me of t e n ative s c ame to im an d

su rre n d e rin g th e mse l ve s o ff e re d to lead im to t e p art h h ,

h
,

of t e ro c k wh e re it c o u l d b e mo st e as ily assaile d
an d f rom wh ic h it wo u l d b e easy for im to c ap tu h h ,

h h
re t e
p l ac e W ith th e se e se n t P to l emy son of Lagus t e ,

h ,
.

l body gu ard in c o mman d of t e Agrianian s

h
c o nfid e n tia -
,

an d t e oth er ligh t arme d troop s to ge th e r with p ic ke d

h
-
,

men f rom t e sh ield be arin g g uard s

hh
- He gave this .

uc tion s as soon as e ad got posse ssion of

h
oflic e r in s tr ,

t e pl ac e to o c c u py it with a stro ng guard an d signal

h ,

to im th at it was h el d P tol e my p ro c e e de d along a

.
,

ro ad wh ic h was ro u n d diflic u n d oc c u

h h h
g h a l t to p ass a p ie d ,

t e po sitio n witho u
h
t t e kn o wl e dge of t e b arbaria ns .

Afte r s tre n gth e n in g is po sition with a sto c k ade an d a

h
d itc h all roun d e raise d a b eac o n fro m t e mo un tain h
,

wh e n c e it was l ik e ly to b e se e n by Al e x an d e r h
,

h h
T e .

fl ame was at on c e se e n an d on t e follo wing day t e

h ,

k in g l e d is army fo rward ; b ut as t e b arbarian s dis h

h h
hh
p ate d is ad van c e e c o ul d do n oth in g f urthe r on
c ou h
n t of t e dific u
,

l t n ature of t e gro u nd h
W en t e .

b arb arian s p erc eiv e d that Ale xan d er c o ul d n ot make an

hM
assau l t th ey tu
, rn e d rou nd a nd a ttac k e d P tol e my an d ,

a sharp b attl e e n sue d b e twe e n the m an d t e

h
ac e
don ian a t e In dian s mak ing great eff o rts to de molis h
h ,

h
h
t e s to c k ad e an d Ptol e my to p re se rve is po sition Bu
h h
, t .

t e b arb arian s ge tt in g t e wo rs t of it in t e skirmish

h ,

withd re w as t e n igh t c ame on Alexan de r n ow se lec te d

,

h h
.

f ro m t e In d ian d es e rte rs a man w o was n ot o n ly

h
d e v ote d t o im b ut ac quain te d with t e l oc ality an d h
h
1
,

im by n igh t to P tol e my c arryin g a lette r in wh ic h

h h h
se n t , ,

it was writte n t at as soo n as t e k in g attac k e d t e ro c k ,

1
Banne r, ap oe tical word . Cf Homer ( Odyssey , viii
. .
 S iege f
o Aornus .

Ptol emy h
ome down t e mo un tain upon t e b ar h
h
was to c

h
b arian s an d n ot b e c o n te n te d with hol d in g is po sition in
,

g u a r d ; s o th a t t e I n d ian s b e in
g, a s sa il e d f ro m bo th s id es

at o n c e migh t b e in p e rpl ex ity wh at c o u rs e t o p u rsu

h h
, e .

Ac c o rdingly s tartin g fro m is c amp at dayb reak e l e d

h is army u
,

h c h P tol e m h ,

h h
t e pa t h by w h i y a d asc e n d e d by
p

h
l th e n te rtain in g t e Op in ion t h at if e c o u
h
s te a , l d f orc e

h
is way in th is d ire c tio n an d join is forc e s with tho se
of P to le my t e wo rk wo u

h ,
l d n o l o n ge r b e d iffic u lt for
im; an d so it tu rn e d ou For u n til midd a y a s mart
h h
t .

battl e was kep t up b e twe e n t e In dian s an d t e Mac s

h
h
don ian s t e latte r strivin g to fo rc e a way of approac h
, ,

an d t e fo rme r h u rl in g missile s at the m a

h
s th e y a s c e n de d .

But as t e Mac e don ian s did n ot rel ax the ir e fforts

ad van c in g on e afte r an o th e r an d tho se w o we re in
,
h ,

ad van c e re ste d til l the ir c o mrad e s c ame u

h h
p af te r gre a
, t
e x e rtio n s the y ga in e d po s sessio n of t e pas s e arly in t e
afte rn oon an d fo rme d a j u n c tio n with P tol e m

h
’
, y s forc e s .

As t e whole army was n ow un ite d Al exande r l e d it

h h But t e app roac h to it
,

h
th e n c e again st t e ro c k itse lf .

was still imp rac tic abl e s t e re su

h h
Su
h
c h th e n wa
. lt of th is
day s l abours At t e app roac h of t e dawn e issue d
’
.

ld c u
h
an o rder that eac h sol die r in divid u all y sho u
h
t 100

h
k e s ; an d whe n th is ad b e en do n e e h eape d up
h
sta

a gre at mou n st t e ro c k b e ginn in g f ro m t e top

h h
nd a a i
g ,

ad e n c amp e d F ro m th is mo un d
hh h h
of t e h ill whe re th ey .

e missil e s lau

h
e t ou

h
g h t t e a rr o w s a s we l l a s t n c he d

fro m t e mil itary e n gines wo u

h h
l d b e ab l e to re ac h t e
de fen de rs of t e ro c k Eve ry on e in t e army assiste d
h h h
.

im in this wo rk of raisin g t e mou n d ; whil e e h imse lf

su p erinte n de d it as an ob serv er n ot o nl y c o mme n din g

h h h
t e man w o c omp l e te d
, ,

hh h
is ta s k with ze a l an d alac rity ,

bu t al s o c h astisin g im w o wa s d il a tory in t e p re ssin g

e me rge n c y .
 ThA e n abas is of Al exan der .

CH APTE R XXX .

AORNU S — ARRIVAL Imm

hh h
CAPT U RE or AT TH E s

h h
. .

ON t e first day is army c o n s tru c te d t e mou

h
nd t e

h h
l e n g th o f a s tad e an d on t e f o l l o wing day t e slin ge rs
n s fro m t e p a

h h
shoo tin
g at t e In d ia rt al re ady fi nish e d ,

assis te d by t e mis sil e s wh ic h w e re h u rl e d from t e

mil itary e n gin e s , re p ul se d t e sall ie s wh ic h the y made h
h h h
again st t e me n w o we re c on stru m u
hh o k h d y hou
c tin
g t e o n d H e .

hou h hM do
we n t on w it t e w r for t re e a s wit t in te r
m o
h o up d m m
is si n, an d on t e f rt day a fe w of t e ac e n ians

h h o k W ho u k
f rc in g t
o e ir wah h y cc ie a s all e in e n c e w ic was

h hmo u d b
on a l e ve l w it t e r c . it t ta in g an y re st,
A ou
h hhm
l e x an de r we n t d on wit t e n , e in g e sir s of

mp
h m h h
co n n e c tin
g is artific ial ra
h h art w it t e e in e n c e w ic
o upy m Bu h
h b b ud y
t e fe w en we re n ow cc in g f o r i . t t en t e

md
hM do hh o d h hm
In ian s,
d b e in
g a l ar e at t e in de s c ri a l e a ac it of

h hmou d
t e ac e n ian s, w o ad f rc e t e ir way to t e e i
n en c e , dy u h
an d s e e in g t at t e n was al re a n ite d wit
it, de sis te d fro m attemp tin g an y l on ger to re sis t Th e y .

l d to Al e x an de r say in g th at th e y we re
h h
s e n t th e ir h e ra ,

wil lin g to su e wo u l d gran t the m a

h h h
rre n d e r t e ro c k if ,

Bu t th e y ad fo rme d t e d e sign of wastin g t e

h
tru
h
ce .

day by c on t in u al ly d el ay in g t e ratific atio n of t e tru

h h
ce ,

an d of s c at te ring th e mse l ve s in t e n igh t with t e v ie w

p in g on e by one to th e ir own abod e s Whe n
hh
of e s c a .

Al e xan d e r d isc o ve re d th is p l an of t e irs e all o we d th em

h
time to c o mme n c e th e ir re t re at an d to re mo v e t e g u
,

h h
ard ,

w ic h was pl ac e d al l rou He re main e d q uie t

h h h
n d t e p lace .

un til t ey b e gan th e ir re treat ; t e n takin g 700 of t e

h h
bo dy g uard s an d sh ie ld b e arin g in fan try e was t e first
h h h
- -
,

to sc al e t e ro c k at t e p art of it ab an d on e d b y t e e n e my
h h
an d t e M ac e donian s asc e n d e d afte r im on e in on e p l ac e
an oth e r in an oth e r d rawin g eac o t e r u hh h e se me n a
,

h h
, p T t .

t e c on c e rte d s ig n al t u rn e d th e mse lv e s u pon t e re treat

ing b arb arian s an d k il le d many of th e m in their fligh t
, .
 h
a road for im, as o th e rwise th is distric t wou
h
l d have
b ee n impassable He re e c ap ture d a fe w
h h
. b ar
b arian s, fro m who m e l earn t that t e Indians of that
h
lan d ad fled for safe ty to Ab isares, b u h
h
t that the y ad
n du

h
l e ft th e ir e le phan ts th e re to past u
h o h
m h
re n ear t e river I s .

My h d
H o d
e d h
r ere m t e se en to s w . i t e way to t e

hu
upo h
ph
e le an ts . an of pht e In ians are e l e an t - n te rs ,

A m
h u h ph
an d th ese l e xan de r
k p d e t in atte n an c e n i in
h h ho o u o u o mp y
hh
ig n r, g in
g o t to nt t e e le ants in c an
h h m ma p
u h
wit t e . h Two of t e se ani l s
h d e ris e in t e c as e ,
m uh
h h
by p
l ea in gdown a re c i ic e , b t t
p p e t we re ca g t
m h d
h m h o h
an d e in g rid e n
b d by d
rive rs we re ars all e wit t e
my
ood hmb
ar . H e a l s as
o e wa s arc ing al n g t e rive r
h d upo u b
by h my
l ig te n aw t e ti h h
e r of w ic was s ita l e for
u do
h
bu d
h
il in g s i s ; t is was c t
hp h wn t e ar , an d
bu m h h
hb d h h ho
hp
s i s we re b ou h do
il t for i , w ic we re r g t wn t e
du
u d by H h homm d
rive r In s to t e ri ge , w ic ad l n g sin ce ee n c on
b
str c te e
pa e stion a a
nd Pe rdic c s a t is c an .
 BOO K V .

CHAPTER I .

ALEXAND ER AT NYSA

h h
.

IN th is c oun try, ly in g b e twee n t e rivers Cop e n an d

In d u ve rse d by Al e xa h
h
s , wh ic h wa s t ra n d e r, t e c ity of

h
N ysa is said to b e situ ate d T e re port is, that its fou
h h
1
. n

h
d ation was t e wo rk of D io ny sus, w o b uil t it af te r e
h
ad subj ugate d t e In dian s But it is impossib l e to
h
9
.

d etermin e w o th is D io ny s us was, and at what time , or

h h h
8

fro m w at qu arte r e l e d an army again st t e In d ians

h
.

For Iam u bl e to dec ide wh e th e r t e Th e ban D ion ysus,

h
na

rtin g fro m Th e b e s or fro m t e Lydian Tmolu me

h
sta ca
‘
s

in to In d ia at t e h e ad of an army, an d after trave rsin g

h
t e te rrito rie s of so man y warlik e n ation s, u
h
n k n o wn t o

that time , fo rc ib ly ubj ugate d n on e of

h
t e Gre e ks of s

th e m But I do n ot thin k
h
p t that of t e In d ian s
e xc e .

we o u m m u m
h
g h t t o ak e a in te e x a in atio n of t e l e e n ds
g
wh ic h we re p ro mu l gate d in anc ie nt times abo u
h h
t t e
divin ity ; for things whic are n ot c redible to t e man
h
w o e x amin e s th em ac c o rdin g to t e ru h
h
l e of p robab ility ,

do n ot app ear to b e whol ly in c re dibl e if one add s t e ,

h h
h h h h
1
T is c ity was prob ab l y on t e site of J el alab ad .

mfor
h
( we!re T is is t e only pla
. ce w ere A rt ian u se s t is Ionic for

sim

h ha H ma h
p b ut
h
t e l e .

h h
In dian s wors ip god
T e o , t e person i c fi ation of t e in toxi
ma j u Gre ek Diony su
Ba h
c a tin g so ice T is deity . c orresp onds to t e s or

u
h hm u a h
cc s.

Mm h )
T e sl op es of t is in were c overed wit vin es
o nt S ee Ovid .

( Fasti, ii 3 1 3 ; . eta or
p oses , xi 86 V
. e rgil ( Georgia, ii 98 ) P l iny, .

xiv . 9.
 Th
e Anabasi
s
f
o Al exander

h
.

W he n Al e xan d e r c ame to
h h
d ivin e age n c y to t e s to ry .

Nysa t e c itize n s se n t ou im t h e ir p resid e n t, who se

h
t to
na me was Ac up is , ac c ompan ie d by thirty of th e ir mo st
d is ting uishe d me n as en voys, t o e n tre at Al e x an d er to
h k h h oy
ou d h h
l eav e th e ir c ity fre e for t e sa e of t e
g od . T e env s

d A m
h d u om h hh
’
e n te re d l e xan ersd te nt an d f n i se ate in is
mo u
hm hh d ho d h
jo u y
hh d
ar o d
r s til l c ve re wit st fr t e rn e ,
w it is

h y b h d h h h y h
el e t on is ea , an d l in g is s
p ear in is an .

Wh uk
h h m d
en t e e el t e s ig t t e we re str c wit
o hm
as t n is e n t, an d fall ing to t e eart re aine s il e n t

m Bu h A u d h m
h
a l n g ti e
o d
. t w en l e xan e r c a se t e to rise ,
h m
h
ood ou
A u hb hN
an d ade t e
b b e of g h c rage, t en at l e n gt
c
p is e gan thu p k
s to s e a b :
“
T e y sae ans e se ec

u Do y u o h m
h Do y uh
h
t ee, k 0 p in g , o t of res ec t for i n s s, t o al l w t e

m
uj u d h o hd
to re d p
ain fre e an d in e e n de n t ; for w e n i n s s ad
u
h hou d d h y o m ho d
s b g ate t e nati n of t e In ians , an d was re t rn in g

hh b o m u fi m y
to t e Gre c ian se a, e f n e t is c it fr t e s l ie rs

ud h p
w o ad ec e n t for il itar s e rvic e , an d we re
m h
h d h oy
n er o B h
is in s irati h n as ac c an als , so t at it ig t b e
a mo um nbo h en t t of is wan e rin g an d of is v ic t r ,
m m ju h u o h ou d d
o hA
to en of af te r ti es ; st as t o als as t f n e

mo u C u u
My o h
A
hou y h yp
d
l e xan ria n ear nt a cas s, an d an t er le xan

h uh
dria in t e c ntr of t e Eg t ian s . an t e r c itie s

y ou d d ho u ou d
h hou
t o as t al re ad f oh n e , an d t e rs t wil t f n

m mu h ho u h
h m p o hD o y u h d d
e re af te r, in t e c rs e of ti e, in as c as t as t

hy h d h
ac ie ve d ore e x l its t an i n s s . T e
g od in ee

hmou o h hy
cal le d t e Nysa, an d t e lan
c it N y saea afte r is

h m Mo ( hhh
u
h
n rse Nys a T e n ta
.in al s w ic
h is n e ar t e c it
h) b u
h
e na e d er s Le t ig , e c a s e , ac c r in g to t e
o d .

Z u F om h m
h
, h
l e g e n d e g re w in t e t ig of e s r t at ti e .

ou
ho u o
we in ab it Nyea, a free c it , an d we
y d
rs e l v e s are in e

u u m
h h p oo h u y
de nt, c o n d c tin g o r ov e rn en t wit n s tit ti nal
p en g c

d
o r e r.A nd l e t t is b e t o t ee a r f t at o r c it

h hou y d o mo
o we s u its fo Do y u n dation h h do to i n s s for ivy, w ic e s n ot

g n w
a in t e re s t of t e c n tr of In ia, g r ws a ng

“a N
 hA
T e nab as is o f Ale nander .

h h
k in g with p rud e n ce S o e ordered t e m to
h h
was sp e a .

se n d t e ho rse men to a c c ompany im b ut n o l on ge r

h
,

de man de d t e h un dred sel ec t me n n or in de ed ot he rs in

Bu h h
e c om h man de d Ac up is to s en d is
,

h h
t h e ir s te ad t .

ugh te r s son to ac c o mpany im He

h
’
o wn son a n d is d a .

h
was n ow se ize d with a s tron g d e sire of see in g t e p lac e

M
wh e re t e Ny saeans boas te d to h ave c e rtain me morials
h h
e we n t to Mou e ru

h h
of D io ny s u s So . nt s with t e

Co mp an ion c aval ry and t e foo t g uard an d saw t e ,

mo untain wh ic h was quite c o ve re d with ivy an d l aurel

,

an d gro ve s th ic kly shad e d with all so rts of timb e r an d

ll k in ds of w il d animals
,

h
h
on it we re c hase s of a
l
T e .

h h h
M ac e donian s we re d e l igh te d at see ing t e ivy as th e y ,

ad n ot s ee n an y for al on g time for in t e lan d of t e

In dian s th e re was n o ivy e v e n wh ere th e y ad v in e s , h .

Th e y eag e rl y made garlan d s of it an d c ro wn e d th e m

h
th e m as th e y we re sin gin g hy mn s in hon o u
,

h h
s e l v e s wit , r ,

of D io n y s u s an d in v ok ing t e d e ity by
,
is v ario u s

me s Ale xan d er th e re off e re d sac rific e to D ion ys us

h
52
na .
,

an d f e as te d in c o mpan y with is c o mpan io ns 3

S o me .

authors h av e al so s tate d b ut I do n ot k n o w if any one

wil l b e lie ve it th at man y of t e d is tin gu
,

h
h
,
ish e d M ac e do n
ians in atte n dan c e u pon im havin g c rown e d the m ,

h
h h
s e l v e s with iv y while th e y were e n gage d in t e in
,

h
voc a tio n of t e de ity we re s e ize d with t e in s p iratio n of
,

D ion y su s utte re d c rie s of E vc i in ho n o ur of t e god

, ,

an d ac te d as B ac c h an als ‘
.

h a
h h
1 Cf Pliny ( Nat H is t 23 ; viii 60 ; xvi
vi. T e ordin ry readin g
m,
.
. .
, .

is n on r a y roia ml
- '
cu
’
amw For t is Kriiger
. a s p ropose d a
rrotafill y e de ma
h h am Ba h
t a
-
.

u u B m ro ine, E viu
a h h ma h
3
T e ot er n es of D iony s s were : cc s, s,
au au m
h
a hM h
u
I cc s, Le n e Ly s, e s. T e Ro a
ns c ll ed i Lib er .

hm u a
u u ( ted Ba
ha
3
) a a
C rt i s viii 3 6 . s ys t tt e c edonia ns ce l eb ra cc ana lia

h a a awa u h
a
for t e sp c e ofte n d ys on t is o nt in .

T e 1 st or p ss {
. . y is fo n d onl y in Arris a and Pl utarc .

Cf . vii. 22, 2 in fra .

 Passage o f h
t e Indu
s .

CHAP TER III .

mrv or Emrosras nas

Inc s s nu — Pasas e n or run Innu
h
. s .

ANY on e w o re c e ive s the se stories may b el ie v e or dis

h
b el ie ve the m as e p l e ases But I do n ot altoge th er
h h
.

h h
agre e with Erato sth e n e s t e Cyren ae an w o say s that 1
,

u
h
e v e ry th in
g w h ic w a s a tt rib t e d to t e d ivin e a e n c y by
g
ll y said to gratify Alex an d e r by
h h
t e M ac e don ia n s wa s re a

th e ir e x c e ssive eu
h h
l ogy For e says th at t e Mac e don
.

ian s se e in g acave rn in t e lan d of t e Parapamisadian s

,
“
,

an d h earin g ac ertain l e ge n d wh ic h was c u rre n t amon

h
t e n ative s or th e mse l ve s fo rmin g a c o nj e c tu
g

h h
, re s p re ad ,

hh
t e re port that th is f o rsoo th was t e c av e wh e re Pro
me t e us ad b ee n bo un d th at an eagle fre q ue n te d it
h ,

h h
to fe ast on is in wa rd p a rts that wh e n H era
, c le s arrive d
th e re e k il le d t e e agl e an d s e t Pro me th eu s f re e fro m

h h
M
He also say s th at by the ir ac c o unt t e
h
is bon ds .

ac e don ian s tran sfe rre d Mo u Cauc asus f ro m t e

h h h
nt

h
Eu
h
xin e S ea to t e e a s te r n pa rts of t e e a rth an d t e ,

l an d of t e Parapamisadian s to that of t e In d ian s ;

l lin g wh at was re ally Mo u h misus by t e n ame
h
ca n t Pa rapa
uc asus in o rde r to en an c e Alexan de r s gl ory
h h h
’
of C a , ,

se e in
g t h at e f o rs oo th ad g on e o v e r t e C a uc as us .

He add s that wh e n th e y saw in India itsel f so me o xe n

,

h
mark e d with t e b ran d of a c l ub th ey c o n c l ude d f rom
h ,

h h
this th at H erac le s ad p e n e trate d into In d ia E rato s .

th e n s aal s o d isb el ie ve s t e s imil ar tal e of t e wand e ring

of Dionys us Le t me l eav e t e s torie s about th e se
. h
matte rs unde c id e d as far as Iam c on c ern e d
h h
.

Whe n Al exan d er arrived at t e river Indus e fo un d

a b rid ge made o ve r it by He p ae stic n an d t wo th irty h ,
,

h h Mh
ate d G eograp e r and at e matic ian , w o was b orn h
h
1
T e c e le b r

hha
b ou
h
276 nd died a
a t 1 96 His princ ipa
. l work was one on geogr ap y ,
w ic w s of great u
h
se to S trabo Non e of is works a
. re exta nt He .

was made p resident of t e Al e xan drian lib ra ry , 28 6 .

h hh
h
Cf Arrian (India
. n, v .

T e earliest mention of Indiaw ic as descended to ou r times is in

 T hAm h
r z as is qf Alex an de r .

m m more He
h
cared g al l eys
, b e s ide s an v s a l l e r c raft .
l

o v e r fo u

h
?
n d t at 20 0 t ale n t s of s il v e r oxe n ab ov e ,

v ic t ims a

h h
s ee f o r sa c rific ial n d t h irt
y e l e pha n t
p s ,

ad arrive d as g ifts f ro m Tax ile s t e In dian 7 0 0 In dian

hors e m ls o arriv e d f ro m Tax il e s as a re inf orc e men t
h hh
en a ,

an d t at p rin c e s e n t w ord t at e w ou ld su
hh h h
rre n de r t o
”
im t e c ity of Tax ilaf t e l arg e st t own b e t we e n t e
riv e rs In du
“ Al e xan de r t h e re oflere d
h hh hh
s a nd Hy dasp e s
‘

o ds t o w o m

h
sa c rific e to t e
g e wa s in t e ab it o f
m
h h h
sa c rific in a n d c e l e b rat ed a na s tic a n d orse c on t e st
g , gy
n e ar t e rive r . T e sac ri c e sfi we re f av ourab l e t o is
c ros s in g .

CHAPTE R IV .

D xc s nssw s s ne e r IND IA
h
.

me n t s ab ou
hh
du
h
TH E fo llo wing are s tate t t e riv e r In s

u u u m
h hu h h
w ic are q it e
n
q i
e s t on a b le , an d t e re fore l et e

m
h hh
re c o rd t e T . e In d s is t e l arge st of all t e rive rs
A u “

h d mu
in s ia a n d E ro e , e x c e t t e
p p G an ge s , w ic is als o

h
an In dian rive r It ta e s it s rise on t
k . is si e o nt

m u
h
C u u
hh h o
Iarapa is s , o r a c as s, an d dis c arge s
'
it s w at e r in t o

h uh d h m uhb h h h
t e G re at S e a w ic l ie s ne ar In dia in t e dire c ti n of

h p k h ou
t e so t w in It as t wo o t s, . ot of w ic
u u
h hd
o tle t s are f l l o f s a
l lo w o ol s l i e t e fiv e t le t s of

t e I u fl m D
s t e r ( o r D an b e
i
It fo r s a e l t a in t e l an of

Arrian fi que n tl
y use s t e I
e- on ic an d ol d Attic word h , a mrp is .

Ab out
h
A re nd er p ro bab ly c ros se d t e In du r Attoc k h ha
hfi
s ne a
3 . T e ex c t site

h
u
hH
of T n is . c an n ot e xe d .

Jel um, trib u

hu
u a i no w c alle d five great tar
ies
‘ ‘

l y d s p e s s one of t e

h h h
of t e Il l l l d .

“modul us c ons ide re d t e D an ub e

h h h h
6
t e largest river in t e worl d as
kno wn t o im an d t e D nie pe r t e
h , large st of all rive rs e xc e p t t e

D an ub e an d t He s Il rrodo f u
e n, iv 4 8 53
Nil e . .
-
.

5
Amin e l m uub ius s e xugin ta nav igab il es p ae n e re c ipic n s flu
v ios ,

se ptumos tus urnmpit in mare Q uorumprimum es t Pe nce in sula sup ra .

dic ta. ut in te rpi ututas u n t voc abu la G re e c e sermon e , sec u ndu mNarac u
 T hA
e nabasis o
f Alexander .

th e o of fac ts ; sin c e t e falsity of t e stran ge

re l ati n h h
b ric ate d abo ut In diac an n ot b e
h
s to rie s w h ic h h a ve b ee n fa

A
h h h
e x po se d by a n
y o ne
1
Ho w e v e r l e xa
. n d e r a n d tho se w o ,

is army ex po se d t e falsity of most of t e se

h
se rv e d in

tal e s ; b u t th e re we re e ve n so me of th e se v e ry me n w o
h
h h
fab ric ate d o the r sto ries Th ey p ro v e d th at t e In dian s
.

who m Al e xan d e r v is ite d with is army an d e v isite d ,

man y tribe s of th e m were d estitute of g ol d ; an d also ,

th at th e y we re by no me an s l u xu rio u s in th eir mod e of

livin g Moreo ve r th ey d isc ove re d that th ey were tall in

.
,

statu re in fac t a s ta,

ll as an y me n th ro u g ho u t A sia mo st ,

of th e m b e in g fiv e c u

h h
b its in h e igh t or alittl e l e ss The y ,
.

we re b l ac k e r than t e re st of men e x ce p t t e E th ic
“ h ,

h
p ian s ; an d in war th e y were far t e b rave st of all
b itin g Asia at that time
h h
t e ra c es in h a For I c ann o t .

with an y j u s tic e c o mp a

h h h
re t e ra c e of t e a n c ie n t P e rsians

hM
w it tho se of In d ia tho u g h a t t e h ea, d o f t e f o rm e r
C yrus s on of C amby se s s e t out an d d e p rive d t e e d e s
h ,

of t e e mp ire of As ia a n d su
,

bd ue d man y o th er rac e s
,

p artly by fo rc e an d p artly by v ol un tary s urre n de r on

th e ir own p art For at th at time t e Pe rsian s we re a
. h
poo r p e opl e an d in h ab itan ts of a rugge d lan d h av ing
l aws an d c u sto ms v e ry simil a h ,

h
r to t e La c o n ia n d isc i

N or am I abl e w it c e rtain ty t o c o nj ec tu
h h h
3
p lin e . re
wh e th e r t e d e fe at s u
h h
staine d by t e Pe rs ian s in t e
l t n atu
h
S c y th ian l an d was du e t o t e d iffi cu re o f t e
d e d or to so me o th e r e rro r on t e part of
h
c ou n try in va

Cyrus or wh e th e r t e Pe rsian s were re ally infe rior in

,

h
warlik e matte rs to t e S c yth ian s of th at d ist ric t .

h m
h h
1
fioap dw is t Ionic for for ofidérwv
‘

o e .

m A a wm a u u Heb rew n ame for

A ha uh
9 T e G ree k na e t ro e ns s n - b
rnt . T e

h hu a A ha
et iop i is C
( ) In an c ien t E gyp ti n
s b lac k . a in sc rip tions it is c all ed
K ees . a
It is t e c o n try n ow c ll ed A b y s sin i e t io p s v ic ini sideris .

vap ore tort e ri, adu s tisque sim il es g i gui, b a r b s e t c ap ill o vib rat o . n on est

dub ium (P l iny , ii

h(
. .

Cf Xenop. on Cy rop aedia. m . 5,

 Mu o n ta
i ns and Rivers o f As ia .

CH APTER V
M
.

O U N TAIN S AS IA
AND RIVE RS
hd
or .

BUT of t e In ian s I sh all tre at in a d istinc t wo rk

hmo
l
,

u m
h h
g iv in
g t e s t c re d ib l e ac c o n t s wh ic h w e r e c o p il e d
by thos e w o ac c o mpan ie d Ale xan d e r in is e x p ed ition
as we ll as by N e arc u h h w o saile d righ t rou h
,

h
n d t e Gre a
2
s ,
t

M h
S e awh ic h is n ear In dia Th e n I sh all add what as b e e n
.

c o mpil e d by an d E rato s th e n e s two me n

h
3
e ga st ene s ,

of d is tin u u u m
h h
g is h e d a t ho ri ty I s h a l l d e s c rib e t e c s to s

p ec ulia
.

an ge an imals whic h
h h
r to t e I n d ians a n d t e s tr

are p rod u c e d in t e c o u

h h
n try a s we ll a s t e v oy a e its e l f
, g
in t e e x te rn al s e a Bu t n ow l e t me d e s c rib e s o mu
. c

on l y as app e ars to me suffic ie n t to e x plain Al e xan de r s ’

M h
ac h ie v e me n ts Mo un t Taurus div ide s Asia b e g in n in g
h
.
,

fro m ycal e t e mo u
h h
,
n ta in wh ic h l ies oppo site t e isl an d
of S am o s ; the n c uttin g th rough t e c o un try of t e
h ,

Pamp ylian s an d C il ic ian s it exte n d s in to Arme n ia

h
.
,

Fro m this c o un try it s tre tc h es in to M e diaan d thro ugh t e

h
l an d of t e Parth ian s an d Cho rasmian s
h
In B ac tria it .

un ite s with mo un t Parapamis us wh ic h t e Mac e don ians

h
w o se rve d in Al e xan d e r s army c alle d C au
’
ca
,

su s in o rde r , ,

h h h
’
as it is said to e n han c e th e ir k in g s gl o ry asse rtin g th at
,

e we n t e v e n b eyo n d t e Ca uc as us with is v ic torious arms .

Pe rhap s it is a fac t that this moun tain range is a c on

h
tin u su s t e Ta urus h
h
ation of t e o the r Cau
h
ca s in S c y th ia a ,

is of t e same For th is re aso n I ave on a p re v io u

h
. s

oc c as ion c all e d this ran ge C auc as us an d by t e same

h
,

h a val u
h h hh
Cal l ed t e Indic a, ab l e l ittl e work in t e Ion ic dial e c t still ,

Ne arc u c c ou

h
e xis tin g . s l e ft a n a n t of is voy age w ic is ,

Arrian made u
h h
a
n ow e xt n t se of it in writin g t e Indic a S ee
'

n ot . .

M h hh h
t at work c a , p te rs xv ii to l xiii. .

taean D é imac u s b y Se l e ucu

h
e gast e n e s wa s se n t wit t e Pl a s ,

l s as amb as
h
Nic ator t e king of S yria an d on e of Al e xan de rs ge ne ra
h
'
, ,

sador to S an dra c otus , kin g of t e c ou n try n e ar t e Gan ge s He wrote .

ndiain fou

hh h hh
av e ry val uab l e ac c ou
h
n t of I r b ooks .

Tau rus is from t e ol d root tor m not er form of w ic

hh
ean ing ig , a

is dor He nc e D orians = ig l a
. n ders .
m l dl wlll m fi me h to mllfl n fim fi
it fi m h
l l is

“ m a l adam d t hm e fl mm m m

h
w isk in h m
r lity is agu
lf of t hfim e lt Sm .
’
Ot ers flow

H h h
M
H A u H m
h h A h
y da p
s e s, c esi s s,
yd tes , yp a
si s,
an d all t ose

W
h h h h
1549 e en t ese and t e r iver Gan ge s ll t es e .

h m h h
e it e r di sc arg e t e ir wate r in to t e se a , or disa e a
pp r

m
fi h
u u
b y po ring t e se lves o t in to ars es , as t e river
ap rs tc s does .

C HAPTE R VI .

( i ns e a m D zsc amw x Is ms
ho o A
. or .

mm marrange s
Wu
h h uu hC u u om
uh p t a
e w ay s iti n of s ia in s c

h h d
t at it is divide d b y t e Ta r s an d t e a c as s fr

by h u u
t e we st wind to t e e a
h h s t win , wil l fi nd t a t t e se t wo

hh
m
houh houh d
Ve ry larg e divis ions are ade t e Ta r s itse l f, on e o f

h h d ho h ho h d
w w is inc line d towards t e s t and t e s t win ,
and t e o t e r t owar s t e n rt an d t e n rt win .

wh
m
h h M h mk d h
H aaA d d d o ou p
t lwra s iaa ain
g a y b e ivi e i n t f r a rts , of
ic l lrat ont e ne s and
‘
e gast e n e s a e In ia t e

hh a hh uhh a ha a ua
uauha a h M
l Taln t ge ograp e rs t o g t t t t e J x rte s b if rc ted, part
e s

a fl
Mw a hh a a h a
of it ( url l a
t o T n is , o rD on . nd owin g in to t e l ake eotis, or

hau aa u h a A a u ha
H on ui a a
a t nd t e ot e r p rt f ll ing into t e Hyrc n ian , or C sp i n

h
H
hh a h ha a a h
as T e J arta nd O x s flow in to t e S e of r l b t t e n c ie nts
. ,

mm
mm ha h h h
t t t t t e y fal l into t e C sp i n , s t e re is in deed evide n c e to
m
m h
pt t t t y
e o nc e did . Il yrc ania is t
G r ee k for of t e old e

uu u
h h
l ’
ul l l rln l i , t at in l l ol s Land It is now c all ed G rgdn
' ‘ '

j
'
ot . .

mum (
a h h au h
a te s de c idedly t t t e Caspian is an in l an d se a
M ( ) ) lln l c l 20 8 sta
'

. .

N h
oat .» il . l .( allowing E r tost e nes , says t at it is g lf of t e
mm
huh hh fl huhh
m
ai t a0 " .

ju
ma h mam wh u m h hu
'
la a E p r te s , l te rits nc tion wit t Tigre s , ows t ro g t
'
n e e

a am
at l i l a, e its rren t l ess t il e
'

tc es or c oves n sn o r .
 T hA e nab asi
s
qf Al exan der .

torian s (un l e s s ho k
t e w r about t h e Egyp tian u
c o n try

us) in l ik e
h
is by an o th e r p e rso n ,
an d n ot by H ec atae

man n e r c al l Egyp t a gif t of t e riv e r ; an d He rodo tus

h h
‘

as s hown by n o u in proofs th at s u
h
9
n c e rta c h is t e c a se

s o h at e v e n t e c o u m
h h h h
t n try it s e l f p e r h ap s re c e iv e d it s n a e

f ro m t e riv e r
h
For that t e rive r w ic h both t e
.

E gy p tian s an d me n ou tsid e E gyp t n ow name t e N ile ,

w as in anc ie n t time s c al le d Ae gyp tu s Ho m

h hM
e r is s u

h
fic ie n t ,

u
h h
to p ro ve ; s in c e e say s t at e n e la s s tatio n e d is sh ip s
at t e o u tl e t of t e riv e r Ae gy p tu s
’
If th e re fo re s in gle .

rive rs by th e mse l v e s an d those not l arge on es are

, ,

su ffic ie n t to fo rm an e x te n s iv e trac t of c o u
h
nt r y while ,

flow in g f orward in to t e se a s in c e th e y c arry do wn sl ime

h h
,

an d mud from t e h igh e r d is tric ts wh e n c e t ey de riv e

th e ir so u sure ly it is u n b e c o min

h h
rc e s to xh ib it in
, g e

c re d u l ity abo u t In d ia o w it as c o me to pass th at mo s t

h h ,

as b ee n fo rme d by t e all u
h h
of it is a p l a in wh ic h , v ia l
d e p osits of its rive rs For if t e He rmus t e Cays te r
h hM h
.
, ,

t e C nic u
h h
ae an de r an d all t e o th e r rive rs of ‘
’

s t e , ,

Asiawh ic h d is c h arge t e ir wate rs in to t e mid lan d s ea

w e re all p u t to ge th e r th e y wo u
h
l d n ot b e w o rthy of
,

c o mp a riso n for v o lu me of wate r with on e of t e In d ian

h h
N ot o n ly do I me an t e Gan ge s wh ic h is t e
h hh h
riv e rs .
,

h h
l argest an d with w ic h n e it e r t e w ate rof t e Egyp tian
,

N il e n or t e Is te r flo w in g t ro u g h E u rop e is w o rt hy to

t if all th os e riv e rs we re min gl e d toge th e r

h
c o mp a re ; b u

th e y wo u ld n ot e v e n th e n b e c o me e q u al to t e rive r
In d u s wh ic h is a l arg e rive r a
,
s s oo n a s it is su e s fro m

h h
its sprin g s an d af te r re c e iv in g fifte e n riv e rs
,
5
all l arge r ,

t han t os e in t e p ro v in c e o f As ia d is c h arg e s its wate r ,

S e e H erodotu S ee H e rodo tu
h
3
s , ii 5 s , ii 1 0 4 34
-
. . . .

See Homer s Odyssey iv In Heb re w t e n ame for E gyp t

M h
4 7 7 , 58 1
’
. .
,

itsraim (dark re d) In form t e word is du

h h h
al , e viden tly in re feren ce
h h
is -
.

to t e division of t e c ou T e n ative name wa s C em

y b y t e Nil e
h h
n tr ,
.

me anin g b lac k, prob ab ly on ac c oun t of t e b l ac kn ess of t e all uvial soil

h u
.

ham
N oris Ab ic t s re adin g in s tead of f e d
h h h
’
.

5
Art ian , in ais Indies , c p 4 .
, give s t e n es of t ese river
s .
 Mhf Bet o d o ridgin g Rivers .

in to t h e se a, re ta me an d ab sorbing tho se
in in g its own na

of its trib u Le t th e se re marks whic h Ih ave mad e

h h
taries .

abo u t In d ia s uffic e for t e p re se n t an d l e t t e re st b e ,

re se rve d for m D e sc rip tio n o f In dia

”
y .

M
CH APTER VII .

a
h
Rrvs s s
h
s rn on or oiN o .

How Al ex an de r c o n struc te d is b ridge o ve r t e river

In d u s is e x pl a
,
in e d n eith e r by Aris tob u lus n or P tol e my ,

autho rs who m Iu sually fol l o w ; n or am I ab l e to f orm

h
h h
a d e c id e d op in ion wh e th e r t e p assage was b rid ge d w ith
boats as t e H e lle spo nt was by Xerxe s and t e Bo spo rus
h ,

an d t e Iste r we re by D ariu e ma h
h
s
l
or wh e th e r de a ,

c o n tin uo us b rid ge o ver t e rive r To me it see ms pro

h h
.

b abl e that t e brid ge was mad e of boats ; for t e d e pth

h
of t e wa te r wo u l d n ot h av e ad mitte d of t e c o n stru c tio n h
of are g u l ar b rid ge n or c o u l d s o e n o rmo u
h
,
s a wo rk h a ve

b ee n c o mple te d in so short atime

h
2
If t e p assage was .

b ridge d with bo ats Ic an n ot d ec id e wh eth er t e v essel s

,

b e in g fas te ne d toge th e r with rop es and moore d in arow

we re s u ffic ie n t to fo rm t e b rid ge as H e rodo tu h h
h
s t e ,

h h h
H alic arn ass ian say s t e H e lle spo n t was b rid ge d or ,

h h
whe th e r t e wo rk was e ffe c te d in t e way in wh ic h t e
b ridge upo n t e Iste r and th at upo n t e C eltic Rh ine
h h
8

are mad e by t e Ro man s an d in t e way in wh ic h th e y

h
b ridge d t e E uph rates an d Tig res as o f te n as n e c essity
,

S ee H e rodotu Bosp oru

h
8 3 , 97 , 1 33 —1 41
h h
s, vi i . 3 3 3 6 ; iv
-
.s = 0 xford . .

me was ap pl ie d to t e Straits of Con stan tin opl e , and al so to t ose

h hh h h
T e na
l e t e formerb e in g c al led t e T ra tte rt e Cim
h
of Y e nika , c ian and t e la

merian Bosp orus Cf Aesc yl us ( Prom

. . Ad Bosporos duos, vel ,

uu m u u m m u(
) a h
b b s eab ili trans it ; n de no en a b ob s P l iny , vi.
2
u(
D iodor s A as ys t a
xv iit l e x n de r cross ed on ab ridge of b oa
. 86 ts .

u u
h h a Bhu a h
Cf S trabo, p 698 ; C rti s, viii 3 4
. . . .

ib u
h h
3
T ere was anot er rive r c ll e d en s , tr ta ry of t e Po, n ow
c a a a
Re n o
ll ed t e uu B u . It w s c ll ed R e s o on iensis , b eing nearBououia
or Bol ogna .
 T hA e nabas is o f Alexander .

o mp elle d th e m Ho wev e r as I kn o w mys el f t e h

h
c .
, ,

Ro man s fin d t e qu ic k e st way of mak in g a bridge to

b e with ve sse l s ; an d th is me thod I shall on t e pre se n t h
o c c as io n e x pl ain b e c ause it is wort de sc ribing At a h
h h
.
,

h
p re c on c e rte d signal th ey l e t t e v e sse l s l oose do wn t e
m n ot wit th e ir p ro ws fo rward b ut as if b ac k
h
s tre a , ,

in g wate r l
As migh t n aturally b e e xpec te d t e s tream
.
,

rries th e m do wn b u t a sk iff fu
h
ca rn ishe d with c a
,
rs hol ds
th e m b ac k u n til it s e ttl e s th e m in t e p l a
,
ce a s s ign ed

to th e m Th e n py ramid al wic k e r b aske ts mad e of W il lo w

h
-
.
,

l l of un h e wn s to ne s are l e t do wn in t o t e wate r f ro m
h
fu ,

t e p ro w of e ac h v e sse l in o rd e r to ho ld it u
h h , p ga a in s t
t e f o rc e of t e s tream As soon as any one of th es e
h h
.

as b e e n h e l d fas t an o th e r is in t e same way

h
v e s se l s ,

moo re d with its p ro w again st t e s tream d istan t f rom

h th e ir s u h ,

h
t e firs t as far as is c o n s is te n t w it ppo rtin g
wh at is pu t u p on th e m On bo th of t e m are pl ac e d .

p ie c e s of timb e r w ith sharp e n ds p roj e c tin g out on

h
,

c e d to b in d th e m to ge th e r ;

h h h h
wh ic c ro s s p l anks a -
re p la

an d so p ro c e e ds t e w o rk t h roug al l t e ve sse l s wh ic
are re q u ire d to b ridg e t e riv e r h
At e ac h e n d of t is . h
b rid ge firmly fixe d gang ways are th ro wn forward so
hh h
SI
,

c h ma b e s a

h
t at t e app ro a f r fo r t e ho rse s a nd b ea s ts
y e

of b u rd e n an d at t e same time to s e rv e a

h hh
,
s a bo n d

to t e b ridge In a sho rt time t e w ol e is fin ish e d

.

w ith a gre at n oise an d b u s tle ; b u

hh h
t y e t d isc ip l in e is n ot

h h
re l ax e d w il e t e wo rk is g o in g o n In e ac h v e sse l t e .

e xho rtatio n s of t e o v e rse e rs to t e me n or th e ir c e n s u

h
re s ,

of s l u

h h
ish n e s s n e ith e r p re ve n t t e o rd e rs b e in h ea r d
gg , g
n or imp e de t e ra pid ity of t e work 3
.

u
For t is n au tic al te rm c omp a h
re T u h
h
at s p inne r xpové e vac . c ydides ,

i 5 1 ; H erodotu s , v iii 8 4 ; D iodorus , xi 1 8 ; A

h
ris top an es, l l as s , 3 99
'

. .
p . .

din g for t e u su

h h
sy is Kriige r s re a al Kurd rdpov
’
xard ea .

h h h
e e xp l ana t is p assage given in L idde ll an d Sc ott s L ex ic on ,
’
T tion of
u is e vide n tly in c orrec t , as t e re is n ot in g ab ou
h
t ac ariot
h
s b v oc e xkina f ,

Comp are t
hh (
e origin a Ca
esa
3 ’
in t l . e de sc rip tion of rs
b ridge ove r t e R in e Gal l ic War iv , .
 P oru
s Obs truc ts Alexan der s ’
P as sage .

hhou h h my m ou
h
e tg t it a d v is ab l e to o v e is ar in vari s

h
Po u
h my o m y
d ire c ti n s, to d istrac t t e atte n tio n
o d of r s, an d re n er

mu
h h oop
i h n c e rta
do D d in w at to . ivi ing is ar in t an
om
h my
p arts, e d
le d o s e of is tr s n ow in one ire c t i n
m
h
’
an d n ow in an t
oh at on e ti e rav agin g t e en ee r, s

ou y u
h h
c n tr , at an t e r l
oh ook ping o t for a lac e w e re t e
h
m h pp m
h oop hd
riv e r o d
ig t a e ar e asie r for i t o f r it T e re st .

of is t r u d
s b e e n tr s te
1
to is iffe re n t ge n e ral s, an d
h m bo u m y d
h mp om h d
se n t t eo H o o y d
a t in an ire c ti ns . e als c nv e e

om qu
d h
co rn fr all arte rs in to is c a fr t e l an on

m h
Po u h hh o d h
t is
h Hsi e h t e d y das e s, so t a
p t it ig t b e e v i e n t to
m
h ub d d h
qu
h
r s t at e ad re s l ve to re ain ie t n e ar t e

A h
b ku
o d d h
an n til t e wat e r of t e rive r s si e in t e win te r,
m p m y p
h
an d aff r e i a as sage in an lac e s . s is
u
hh hho b k pp d
v e ss e l s do we re k
sail in g p a nd w n t e riv e r, an d s in s

b
we re d e in
g fil l e wit ay, an d t e w l e an a e are
to b e o ve re d in
c on e p l ac e with c aval ry an d in an o th er
with in fan try Po ru
h
s wa s n ot a
, l l owe d to k ee p at re st ,

n s t o e th e r fro m a

h h
or to b rin is p re p arati o ll s id e s to
g g
any on e po in t if e se l e c te d th is as s u
h h
itabl e for t e
d e fe nc e of t e p as sage B e side s at th is se ason all t e .

In dian rive rs we re flo win g wit h s wol le n an d tu

h
rb id
wate rs an d with rap id c u rre n ts ; f or it was t e t ime of
h
y e ar wh en t e sun is wo n t to turn to wards t e s umme r h
At this se as on inc e ssan t an d h eavy rain fal ls
h h
SI
s ol s tic e .

in Ind ia; an d t e sn ows on t e C au su s wh e n c e mo s t

h
ca ,

v e th e ir s o u rc e s me l t a
h
of t e riv e rs h a n d swe l l th e ir ,

s trea ms to a gre at d e gre e But in t e win te r th e y again .

su b sid e b e c o me small an d c l ear an d are f o rd abl e in

,

in p lac e s with t e e x c e p tio n of t e In d u h uge s

,

h
h
c e rta , s Ga , ,

an d p e rh ap s on e or t wo o th ers At an y rate t e .

Hy das pe s be c o me s ford abl e .

mrpe i/as is Kriige rs readin g in stead of éfl rdf as

h hM h
’ ‘ ’
e z .

Ab out t e mont of ay S ee c ap 1 2 in fra; also Curtiu

h
s viii
. .
, .

S trab o (xv 1 ) qu ote s from Aristob u lu

h h h
4 5 46
, . . s de sc rib ing t e ra iny
sea son at t e time of Al exa n de rs b attle wit Poms a t t e Hyda
’
spes .
 T hA
e nabas is qf Alexande r .

C H APTER X .

ALs xAa s AND Pos t s AT re s Hrnm xs

h
.

ALs xAND s s th ere fore s pread are po rt that e wo ul d wait

h
for th at se as on of t e ye ar if is p assage was ob stru h
h h h
, c te d

at t e p rese n t time b u t ye t al l t e t ime e was waitin g

in amb u sh to se e w h e th e r by rapid ity of mov e me nt e h
l d s te al a passage any wh e re witho u
h
c ou

h
t be in g ob se rve d .

Bu s impo s s ib l e for im to c ro ss

h h
t e pe rc e iv e d that it wa
at t e p l ac e wh e re Poru s h imse l f ad e n c amp e d n e ar
h h
t e b an k of t e Hydaspe s n ot on ly on ac c o u h
h h h
,
n t of t e

mul titud e of is e l e p an ts b ut al s o b ec ause is large

,

army arran ge d in o rd e rof b attl e an d spl e ndid ly ac c o u

h h
, tre d ,

was re ady to attac k is me n as th e y e me rge d f ro m t e

M h o re o v e r e though t th at is horse s wo ul d n oth
h h
wate r .

b e w il lin g t o mo u n t t e oppo s ite ban k b ec ause t e ,

e l e ph an ts wo u l d at o n c e fall upo n th e m an d f righ te n

h h
th e m b ot by t e ir asp e c t an d t rump e ting ; n or e v e n
b e fore th at wo ul d th e y re main upo n t e in flate d h ide s h
h h
d urin g t e p assage of t e riv e r ; b ut wh e n the y l ook e d
h
ac ro ss an d saw t e e le ph an ts th e y wo u l d b e c o me fran tic
h
h h
an d l e ap in to t e wate r . He th e re fo re re so l ve d to s te al
m n cn u —
h h h
a c ro s s in
g by t e f o l l o w in
g a v re z I n t e ni ht
g
e le d mo s t of is c avalry al o n g t e ban k in v ario u
h
s

d ire c tio n s mak in g a c lamo ur an d rais in g t e b attl e c ry

,
-

in ho n o u r of E n yaliu

h
1
.s E ve ry k in d of n o ise was rais e d ,

as if th e y we re mak ing all t e p re paratio n s n e c e s sary

h
f or c ro ssin g t e riv e r Po ru s al so ma h
h h h
. rc h e d al ong t e

h
rive rat t e h e ad of is e l e ph an ts oppo s ite t e p lac e s wh e re
t e c l amo u r was h e ard an d Al e xan d e r th u d ually go t
h h h h
, s gra

im in to t e h ab it of l ead in g is me n alo n g oppo site t e

But wh e n th is o c c urred fre que n tly an d th e re
h
n o is e.
,

was me re ly a c lamo u
h
r an d a ra isin g of t e b attl e c ry -
,

Po rus n o l o n ge r c o n tin ue d to mov e abo ut to me e t t e

Cf . Arrian , i . 14 u
p ra
s .
 T hA e nabasis o f Alexander .

Mdo h h
h h hh
ac e n ian infan try, t oge th e r with t e c h iefs of t e
In d ian s dwe ll in g th is sid e of t e Hyp asis , w o ad with
t he m me n He gav e C rate ras orde rs n ot to c ro ss
h h
.

t e riv e r be fo re Po ru s mo v e d ofi with

h
is forc e s ag ain st
th e m, or b ef o re in e d that Po ru
h
e a sc e rta s wa s in flig h t
”
an d th at the y we re v ic to rio u
h
s
l
If ho weve r, said e , .

Po rus sho ul d tak e only a p art of is army an d marc h

h h
again s t me , an d l e ave t e o th e r p art with t e el e ph an ts
h h
in is c amp , in that c as e do tho u al s o re main in t y
h h
h h my
p re se nt pos itio n But if e l ead s all is e l e phan ts with
h
.

m m
h mp h do ho u o h
i again s tp e, and a art of t e res t of is ar is

h ph o dh
b h d
l e ft e in in t e c a , t en t c r ss t e riv e r
”

hh d mpo b hho h
wit al l s e e
h p d For it is t e e l e
. an ts al ne, sai e,

o hb k h h my
w ic re n e r it d i s si l e for t e rse s t o l an on t e
”
t er an . y o T e re s t of t e ar can eas il c r ss .

CH AP TE R XII .

PAS SAGE or run HYD AS PE S

h
.

S UCH we re t e inj u id u pon Crate rus B e twee n

h h h
n c tio n s l a .

t e is lan d an d t e gre at c amp wh e re Al e x an d e r ad l e f t

h
t his g e n e ral, e po ste d M e l eage r, Attal u
h
s, a n d Go r ia s,
g
with t e G re c ian me rc e n arie s, c avalry an d in fan try ,
vin g th e m in s tru c tio n s to c ro ss in d e tac h me n ts, b re ak

h h
g i
in g up t e army as s oon as th e y saw t e In d ian s alre ady
He t h e n pic k e d t e se l e c t body h
h h
in v o l ve d in b attle .

u m
h h
g a rd cal l ed t e Co p an io n s as we ll a s t e c ava l ry ,

re gime n t s of He p ae s tic n Pe rdic c as an d D e me triu

h
, s t e , ,

l ry from B ac tria S ogdian a an d S c yth ia an d t e

hh
ca va , , ,

D e an ho rs e arc h e rs ; an d fro m t e p alan x of in fan try

h h
-

t o sh ie l d b e arin g g u ard s t e b rigad e s of Clitu

h
-
s a,nd

Coe n us with t e arc h e rs an d Ag rian ian s an d mad e a

,

s e c re t ma rc h k e e p in g far awa
,
y fro m t e b ank of t e rive r h ,

h ,

hu
T is se of 1rp
'

tv wit hfi
in nitive afte r n egative c l au
ses , is con tr ra
y to
Attic usage .
 P assage o
f hH
t e ydasp es .

ord er n ot to b e seen marc h in g to ward s t e isl an d h

hh
h
in
an d he ad land fro m whic ad d etermin e d to c ro ss
h h hh
, e .

h
Th e re t e sk in s we re fill e d in t e n igh t with t e ay
ad b e e n p ro c u
hh
wh ic h re d l o n g b e fo re an d th e y we re ,

t igh tl y s titc h e d u u u m
h p In t e n ig t a f
. rio s s to r o f rain

o c c urre d by wh ic h is pre paratio n s an d atte mp t to c ro ss

h ,

we re re n d e re d s til l mo re u
h h h
n ob se rv e d s in c e t e n o ise of ,

n d t e s to rm d ro wn e d with its din t e

h
t e th u
h h
n d er a

tterof t e we apo n s an d t e n o is e wh ic h aro se fro m t e

h h h
c la

h h
o rd e rs g ive n by t e o ffic e rs Mo st of t e v e sse l s t e .
,

thirty c are d gall e y s in c l u d e d with t e re st ad be e n c ut

h h
-
,

h h
in p ie c e s by is o rd e r an d c on v e y e d to th is pl ac e w e re ,

h h h
th e y ad b e e n fix e d to ge th e r again 1
an d h idd e n in t e
At t e appro ac of d ayligh t bo th t e win d an d
h h h
w ood .
,

t e rain c al me d do wn ; an d t e re st of t e army we n t
h h
o ve r oppo site t e islan d t e c avalry moun tin g upon t e h
h h
s ma
,

ts wo u
h
sk in s a ,
nd a n y of t e foot s ol d ie rs a s t e boa ld
re c e ive ge ttin g in to th e m
h h
T e y we n t so se c re tl y th at
. .

t e y we re n ot ob se rve d by t e se n tin e l s po ste d by Po ru

h h
s ,

h
b e fo re th ey ad already got b eyo n d t e isl an d an d we re
o n ly alittle way from t e o th e r ban k .

CH APTER X III .

PAsSAe s or THE HYD ASPE B .

ALs XAND s s h imse l f e mb arke d in athirty c ared gall ey an d

h
-

we n t o v e r ac c ompan ie d by Pe rd ic oe s Ly simac h u
h
, s t e , ,

d e n tial body guard s S eleuc us on e of t e Comp an ion s

h h
c on fi -
, , ,
“
h
w o was afte rward s k in g an d h alf of t e sh ie l d be ar,
-

ing gu ard s ; t e rest of th e se troop s b e in g c on v e y e d in

h muac use d Arrien an d Diony sius bu

hA h
T e p e rf . as
p s . r én is by ,t by
Home r an d t form u
h
e t tic write rs t e se d is 1 ré1rr
rya . D oric , raya
r éw '
.

S el e u
cu tor, t e most p owerfu l of Al exan de r 8 su
h h hh
s Nic a
’
cc essors , b e

came kin g of Syriaan d fou n der of t e dynas ty of t e Sel e uc idae , w ic

c ame to an e n d in s uc 79 .
 hA Te nab asis of Alexan der .

hm W h ho d
h d h y op
h
ot e ry gal l e s of t e sa e size . en t e s l iers got

h
y direc te d the ir c o urse to
hb k h
b yo
e nd t e isl an , t e en l

h
t e an ; and w e n t e se n tin e l s p e rc e iv e d th at th e y ad
h

h
t on c e rode ofi to Po ru s a st a s ea
’
s ta rt e d t h e y a
, s fa . c

man s horse c oul d gall op Alexan d er h imsel f was t e

h h
’
.

h h
first to I an d an d e at on c e took t e c avalry as th e y
,

k e p t on l an din g fro m is own an d t e o th e r thirty c are d

h
-

n d dre w th e m u in p rop e r ord e r

h h
g al l ey s a , p F or t e .

h
ca va l ry ad re c e ive d ord ers to l an d first 3 an d at t e h ead
of th e se in re g u dvan c e d But thro ugh
h hh
l ar array e a .

h
ign oran c e of t e l oc al ity e ad e ffe c te d a l and in g on
u m u
h
g ro n d w h ic h w as n ot a p ar t of t e a in l an d b t a n ,

is lan d al arge on e in d ee d an d wh e re fro m t e fac t th at it

,

e more eah
h h h
was an islan d , sily e sc a p e d n o tic e It was .

cu t off fro m t e re st of t e l an d by ap art of t e riv e r

h h Ho we ve r t e furio us
h h
wh e re t e wate r was sh all ow .
,

s to rm of ra

h h h
in wh ic h l aste d t e g re ate r p art of t e n igh t
, ,

ad s we ll e d t e wate r so mu
h
t is c av alry c o u
h hh
c h th a l d n ot
fin d out t e fo rd an d e was afraid t at e wo ul d hav e
to u h bour in c ro ssin g as gre at as t e
h h h
n de rgo a n o th e r l a

But wh e n at last t e fo rd was f o un d e l e d is

h h
firs t .
,

me n t rough it with muc h d iffic ul ty ; for wh e re t e wate r

h h
h h h
was d e e p e s t it re ac h e d h igh e r th an t e b re asts of t e
,

hh h
in fan try an d of t e hors e s o n ly t e h e ad s ro se abo v e t e
“The n e ad als o c ro sse d t is p ie c e of wate r
h h h
1
riv e r .
,

e s el e c te d t e c ho ic e gu ard of c avalry an d t e b e st me n
h
fro m t e oth e r c aval ry re g ime n ts an d b ro u m u
,

h g h t th e p ,

fro m c ol u mn into l in e on t e righ t win g

h h h
’3
In fro n t of al l .

h h h
t e c av al ry e po ste d t e horse arc h e rs an d plac ed n e x t -
,

h h
to t e c avalry in fron t of t e o th er infan try t e roy al
rin g g u ard s un de r t e c omman d of S e l e u
hh h
s iel d b e a -
cus .

N e ar t e se e p lac e d t e royal f oo t g u ard an d n e x t to -

,

hu H m ( H erodotu
h
For t is se of 80 0 9, of . o er Il iad, ix . s , iv 4 5 ; .

u mm
ha a hRh )
Pl ato G org ias , 4 8 5 A ; E t y de
( , 273 A .

3 Co
p am
r e t e p ss g e of t e on e by Hannib al .
( S ee Livy, xxi .

26 28 ; P ol y b iu
— s , iii 45 , .
 hA
T e n abas is o f Alexander .

w ou
h d h m h h Po u
n de d . O th er write rs say that a b attl e took plac e

hh d h y hh
b e twe e n t e In ian s w o ca e wit t e s on of r s an d
A d
l e x an er a of is c avalr , t at t e
at t e e s on of

Po u m h A d hm
o u d d by h h hho
r s c a e wit ag reate r f rc e , t at
h o l e xan e r i se lf
m B u ph
h h h
was w n e i , an d t at is rse ce alas ,

o u d d k hm by h
of w ic e y d k d b
was e xc e e din gl fon , was ille , e in
g
w n e li e is Po u Bu
aste r t e son of r s t .

P to le my, so n of L agas, w ith w ho m I agree , g ive s a

d iffe re n t ac c o un t Th is autho r al so says that Porus de s
h h
.

p atc he d is son, b ut n ot at t e h ead of me re ly s ix ty

h t Po ru rin g f ro m
h h
c a rio ts n or is it in d e e d l ik e l y th a s hea

is sc o uts th at e ith e r Al e xan de r imse l f or at an y rate a

h h
p art of is army ad e ffe c te d t e p assage of t e Hy das h h
p e s, wo uld
d e spatc i s s on a a
g in st hh
i wi th o n l y s ix ty h
m
c ha riots Th e se in de e d we re too man y to b e se n t out as
.

a re c o n n oitrin g p arty an d n ot ad ap te d for sp e e dy re

,

tre at ; b u t th e y we re by n o me a n s a su

h hh
ffic ien t fo rc e to
k e e p b ac k those of t e e n e my w o ad n ot ye t got ac ro s s
hh ,

h h
as w e ll as to attac k tho se w o ad alre ady l an d e d P to .

l e my says th at t e son of Po rus arriv e d at t e h e ad of

20 0 0 c av al ry an d 1 20 c h ario ts ; b u h
t th at Al e xan d e r ad
h h
al re ady made e ve n t e las t p ass age from t e isl an d b e f o re
h e a p e are d
p .

CH APTER XV .

ARRANG EM or Po s us
h
EN TS .

Prow u l so say s th at Al e xan d e r in t e first p l ac e se n t

h h h
v a

l ry im
h h
t e ho rs e arc h e rs again s t th e s e , an d l e d t e c ava
-

se l f, t in k in g th at Po ru s wa s a pp roac h ing with all is

m h
h h my b u by h
o
f h
rc e s , an d t at t is
h body y of c avalr was arc in g in
m
h u Bu oo hh h
o
fr n t of t e re s t of is ar , e in
g drawn
p i as

u y humb h d hmm d y m d
t e van
g ard d. t as s n as e ad asc e rtain e wit

h h y ou d h
ac c rac t e n e r of t e In ian s, e i e iate l a e

upo h m m
h
pd h
ara i c arge n t e wit t e c aval r ar n i .

Wh h y p
en t d h A d
e hm e rce iv e t at l e xan er i se l f an d t e
 Arrangeme nts qf P oms .

body hh h
of c avalr y aro un d im ad made t e assaul t n ot in ,

lin e of b attl e re g u l arl y forme d b u t by squ

h h , ad ro n s th e y ,

u
h h
g av e w ay ; an d 4 00 o f t e i r c av al ry in c,
l d i n g t e s o n

of Po ru

h
s fel l in t e c o n te st
, T e c h ario ts also were
.

p ture d ho rse s an d all b e in g h eavy an d sl o w in t e

h h
ca , ,

re t reat and u c c ou

h hh
, sel e ss in t e a c tio n its e lf on a n t of t e

yey gro und Whe n t e horse me n w o ad e sc ap e d

h
c la .

fro m th is ro u t b ro u e ws to Po ru A
h h h
h t n s t a t l x a n d r
g e e

himse l f ad c ross ed t e river with t e stron ge st p art of

h h h h
is army an d th at is son ad b e e n sl ain in t e b attl e
h h ,

e n e ve rth e le ss c o u l d n ot mak e u s min d wh a u

,

h hh p i t c o rs e

to tak e b e c au se t e me n w o ad b e e n l e f t be h in d u
h
, n de r

C rate ras were se en to b e atte mp ting to c ross t e river

h h h
fro m t e gre at c amp whic
h
was d ire c tl y Oppo site is
po sition Howeve r at l ast e pre fe rre d to marc h again st
h
.
,

Al e x an d e r h imself with all is army an d to c o me in to a

h h ,

h
d e c isive c o n fl ic t with t e stron ge st d iv ision of t e Mac e
don ian s c o mman d e d by t e k in g in p e rs on Bu
h h h ,
. t n e v er

h h
t e l e ss e l e f t a fe w of t e e l e ph a n ts t o e th e r with a
g
sm all army th e re at t e c amp to f righ te n t e c av alry
h h h
un d e r C rate ras fro m t e b an k of t e rive r He t e n
h h h
.

is c av alry t o t e n u mb e r of me n all is
h h
t ook al l ,

c ha rio ts to t e n u mbe r of 3 0 0 with 20 0 of is e l e ph an ts

,

n d ma in st Al ex
h h
an d c ho ic e in fa n try a ,
rc h e d aga
Wh e n e foun d a pl ac e wh e re e saw the re was
h h
an d e r .

y b ut th at on ac c o un t of t e san d t e gro un d was

h
n o c la ,

al l l e v e l an d h ard an dth u
hh h h , s fit f or t e a d van c e an d re tre at
e t e re dre w u m
h h
of ho rs es , p is a r y F i
.rs t e p l ac e d
t e e l e ph an ts in t e fro n t e ac h an imal b e in g n ot l ess th an
h
a p l e t ru
,

m ap art so t hat th ey migh t b e e x te n d e d in

h h h
l
,

t e fro n t b e fo re t e whol e of t e ph al an x of in fan try an d ,

p roduc e te rror e ve rywh e re amon g Alexan d e r s c avalry

h h
’
.

Be side s e tho ugh t th at n on e of t e e n e my wo ul d hav e

h
t e au h
d ac ity to p ush th e msel v e s in to t e sp ac es b e twe e n

1
1 00 G reek and 10 1 E nglis hfee t .
 hA T e nab as is o
f Alexander .

h h h h h
h
t e e l ep an ts, t e c av al ry b e in g d e te rre d by t e f rig t of
the irhorse s ; an d stil l l e s s w o u
h
l d t e in fan try do s o, it b e in g
lik e ly the y wo u l d b e k e pt off in fron t by t e h e avy armed
h
-

l l ing u pon the m, an d trampl ed down by t e

h
s ol d ie rs fa

u s t th e m

h h
e l e ph a n ts wh ee lin
g ro nd a a
g in N e ar th e s e e .

ad po ste d t e in fan try , n ot o c c u

h
pyin g a lin e on a l e vel
with t e b e asts, b u t in a sec o n d l in e b e h in d th e m, on l y
h
t t e c o mp an ie s of foo t might b e pu
h
s o fa r dis ta n t th a she d

forward a short d is tan c e in to t e sp ac e s b e t we e n th e m

h o bod h
.

h h h h
He ad als ie s of in fantry sta
d in g b eyon d t e e l en

hpo d h h
p an ts on t e w in
g s ; an d on bo th s id e s of t e in fan try e

h
ad ste t e c avalry in fron t of wh ic h we re p lac e d t e
,

c hario ts on bo th win gs of is army .

CH AP TER XVI .

ALEXAND E R S TACTICS
’

h h h
.

S U CH was t e arran ge me n t w ic h Porus mad e of

h
is
As soon as Al e xan d er ob se rve d th at t e In d ian s
h h
forc es .

we re drawn u
h h
in o rd e r o f b a t tl e e s topp e d i ava l ry
p , s c

fro m advan c in g f arth e r s o th at e migh t take up t e

h
,

h h h
in fan try as it k e pt on arriv in g ; an d e ve n wh e n t e
p alan x in quic k marc h ad e fle c te d a j un c tio n w ith t e
h h
'

t o n c e draw it ou
h
ca va l ry e did n ot a
, t an d l e ad it to t e
attac k n ot wis h in g to h an d o v e r is me n e xh au
hh
, s te d with

f atigu n d ou

hh h
e a t of b re ath to t e b arb arian s w o we re
,

fresh an d u n tire d . On t e c o n trary e c au se d is in fan t ry

,

to re st u
h
s re c ru

hh
n til th e ir str e n gth wa ite d rid ing alo n g ,

rou n d t e l in e s to in sp ec t th e m Wh e n e ad sur
h h h
1 .

n e me n t of t e I

h hh
v e ed t e a rra g n d ian s r s ol d t
y e e v e n o
,

hh h
to adv an c e again st t e c en tre in f ron t of w ic h t e e l e
,

m
h h
an ts ad b e e n po s te d a n d in t e a p b tw th
p , g s e e e n e

a d e n s e ph alan x of me n ; for e was alarmed at t e v e ry

arran ge me n ts wh ic h Po ru h ad mad e h e re with th at
h h
s

e x pre s s d e s ign . But as e was s up e rior in t e n umb e r

S ee D onaldson New Cratyl m,

’
s sec . 1 78 .
 T hA
e n ab as is f
o Ale xande r .

o nf usio n Al e xan de r see in g is opportun ity at t e h h

h h
in to c .
, ,

v e ry mo me n t t e c a l ry was wh e e l ing ro u
h
va n d in t e

o th e r d ire c tion mad e an attac k on those oppo se d to im

w ith su c h v ig o u
,

h n s c ou l d n ot su h
h
r th at t e In d ia stain t e
is c avalry b u
h
c ha rge of , t we re sc atte re d an d d riv e n to
for re fu
h h h
t e e le phan ts a ,s to a f rie n dly wall ge , Upo n .

th is t e d rive rs of t e el e phan ts u
h h h
, rge d forward t e b e a s ts

against t e c aval ry ; b u
h h
t n ow t e ph alan x itse lf of t e

h h
Mac edon ian s was ad van c in g again s t t e e l e phants t e ,

me n c as tin g darts at t e ride rs an d also strik in g t e

b e asts th e ms e l ve s s tan d in g ro un d th e m on al l side s T e h
h
.
,

ac tion was u n y of t e p re vio u

h
nl ik e a s c o n te sts ; f or wh e t

s ts c o u l d wh ee l ro u th ey ru
h h
e ve r t e be a nd sh e d fo rth
,

ag ain st t e ran k s of in fan try an d de mo lish e d t e phalan x

h h
h h
of t e Ma c e do n ia n s d e n se a
, s it wa s T e In d ian c av alry
.

h
al s o s e e in g th at t e in fantry we re e n gage d in t e ac t io n
, ,

h h
ral l ie d ag ain an d a d van c e d again st t e Mac e don ian
But w e n Al e xan d e r s me n w o far e xc el le d
h h
’
ca va l ry .
,

bo th in s tre n gt an d military d isc iplin e got t e mas te ry

hh
,

o ve r t e m t e se c o n d time th ey we re again re p ul se d
h h
to ward s t e e l e p an ts an d c oo pe d u
,

m em h
h hh h
p a o n
g t By .

t is t ime t e w ol e of A
h h
’
l e xan d e r s c av al ry ad c o ll e c te d
in to o n e s q u ad ro n n ot by any c o mman d of is b u
h h
,
t av ,

in g s e tt l e d in to t is arran ge me n t by t e me re e ff ec t of
h
t e s tru n d w h e re v e r it fe l l u h
h gg l e it se l f ; a po n t e ra nk s

n d ian s th e y we re b rok e n u w ith slau h te r

h
of t e I rea t g
p g .

T e b e as ts b e in g n e w c oop e d u
h
in to a n a rr o w sp a c e
p ,

t e irfrie nds we re n o l e ss inj u re d by th e m th a

h
n th e ir fe e s ,

b e in g t rampl e d do wn in t eir wh e e l in g an d p ush in g

ab out Ac c o rd in gl y th e re e n s ue d a g reat slaugh te r of
h
.

t e c av al ry c oop e d u u
h h h h h
as it wa s in a n a r r o w s pa ce a ro nd
, p

h h h h
t e e l e p an ts . Most of t e k e e p e rs of t e e l e p an ts
ad b e e n k ill e d by t e j av e l in s an d so me of t e e le p an ts
h h h
t e ms e l ve s ad b e e n w o u
,

h
nded w il e o th e rs n o l on ge r
,

k e p t apart in t e battl e on ac c o un t of the ir suffe rin gs or

f ro m b e in g d e stitute of k e e p e rs But as if fran tic with
.
,
 Losses o
f hm
t e Co batan ts .

p ain rushing f orward at frien ds an d fo es alik e th e y

, ,

pushe d abo ut tramp le d do wn an d kil l e d the m in e ve ry

,

hM
h
k in d of way Ho we ve r t e ac edon ian s re tire d wh e n
.
,

il e d f or th e y ru
h
e ve r th ey we re a s sa sh e d a
, t t e b ea s ts in

a mo re op e n s pac e an d in ac c o rd an c e wit the ir own

,

p l an ; an d wh e n they whe e l e d ro un d to re turn they fol ,

l o we d th e m c l o se l y an d h u rl e d j ave l ins at th e m wh e rea

h
s

t e Ind ian s re tre atin g amon g th e m we re n ow rec e iv ing

e ate r inj u m m u h
h
g r ry f ro th e B t w h e n t e b e as ts we re
.

tire d ou
h
t an d th e y we re n o l on ge r abl e to c h arge wit
,

any v igo u
h
r th e y b e gan to re tire fac in g t e foe l ike sh ip s
, ,

b ac k ing wate r me re ly utte rin g a s rill p ip in g so und

h hh
.
,

Al e x an d e r himse l f s urround e d t e whole lin e wit

h h
is
l ry an d gav e t e s ignal th at t e in fant ry sho u
h
ca va ,
ld l in k
s to fo rm a ve ry d e n se ly c l o s e d

h
t e ir sh ie ld s to ge th e r so a

bo dy an d th us advan c e in ph alan x By this mean s t e

h
.
,

In dian c aval ry with t e e xc e p tio n o f afe w me n was q u

h h h
, ite ,

M
cu t u in t e a c t io n as wa s a l s o t e in fan try sin c e t e
p ,

ac e do n ian s we re n o w p re s s in g u po n th emfro m all sid e s

h hh
.

Upo n th is all w o c o uld do s o turne d to fl igh t t ro ug

h ,

t e s pac e s wh ic h in te rve n e d b e t we e n t e p arts of Ale x

’
h
an d e r s c avalry .

CH APTE R XVIII .

Loss s s or TH E Con s s mnrs — Po au s Su ms ss

h h
sa sr . .

AT t e same time C rate ras an d t e o th e r o ffic e rs of

hh h h
Al e xan d e r s army w o ad b e e n l e f t b e in d on t e
h h
’

b an k of t e Hydasp e s c ro sse d t e rive r wh e n th e y ,

p e rc e ive d th at Al e xan d e r was win n in g a b rill ian t v ic to ry

h h
.

Th e se me n b e ing f re s,
fo l lo we d up t e pur
, s uit in s te ad

o f Al e xan d e r s e x ha us te d troop s an d mad e n o l e ss a

h h h
’
,

ugh te r of t e Ind ians in t e ir re tre at Of t e Ind ians

h
sl a .

h
lit tl e s o rt of in fan try an d ca va l y we re r

k ill e d in t is battl e 1
All th e ir c h ario ts we re b rok e n
.

( xv u8 9) say s h
a m h
h
D iodoru
h
s . t t ore t a n In dian s were kil le d
in t is b attl e , over b eing c ap tu
re d, b eside s 8 0 elep ants .
 h
T e Anabas is of Alexander .

piec es ; an d t wo son s of Porus we re s lain as were

h h
to ,

h h h
als o S pitac e s t e go ve rn or of t e Indian s of that dist ric t
, ,

t e man ag e rs of t e el e phan ts an d of t e c hario ts an d

h
all t e c avalry offic e rs an d ge ne rals of Poru rmy
,

h
’
s s a .

All t e e le ph an ts wh ic h we re n ot k ill e d t he re we re
p ture d Of Ale xan d e r s forc es abo ut so of t e
.

h ,

h h
’
ca .
,

h h h h
foo t sol d ie rs w o we re e n gage d in t e firs t attac k were
-
,

h h
kille d ; 1 0 of t e horse arc e rs w o we re also t e first -
,

bo ut 20 of t e Co mpanion
h
to e n gage in t e a c tio n ; a

l ry an d abo u t 200 of t e o th e r ho rse me n fe ll

h h
ca va
l
.
,

When Pe rus w o e xhib ite d gre at talen t in t e battle

h ,

p erformin g t e de e d s n ot o nly of a ge ne ral b ut als o of

,

h h
a val ian t sol d ie r ob se rve d t e sl au
h
h te r of is ca a l ry
, g v ,

an d so me of is e le phan ts ly ing d e ad o th e rs des titu te ,

ay ing abo ut in a forl o rn c on d it ion w h il e

h h h
of k ee p e rs s tr ,

mos t of is in fan try ad p e rish e d e did not de part as

h
Darius t e Great K in g did se ttin g an examp le of fligh t
,

h
to is me n bu
,

n s re ma

h h h
t as l o n g as an y body of I n dia in e d
c o mp a e k e p t u t e s tru g l e

h
c t in t e b a ttl e p , g B u t a t .

last h aving re c e ive d a w o u n d on t e ri h t sho u

h h
, g l d e r ,

wh ic h part of is body alo n e was un p ro te c te d d u

h
rin g t e

e wh e e l e d ro u His c oat of mail ward e d off

h h h
b attl e ,
nd .

t e missil e s fro m t e re s t of is body b e in g e x trao rd in ary

h ,

h h
bo th for its stre n gth an d t e c l o se fittin g of its join ts ,

as it was aft e rwards po s sib l e for tho se w o s aw im to

h h
ob se rve Th e n ind e e d e turn e d is el e phan t ro un d an d
h
.

b e g an to retire Ale x an d e r h av ing seen th at e was a

h
.
,

m s ve ry d e siro u

h h
rea t a n a n d va l ian t in t e b a ttl e wa f
g s o ,

He ac c o rd ingly se n t firs t to im Tax il e s

h h h
sa v in g is l ife .

t e In d ian ; w o rod e u
h h
as n ea r t o t l ph a n t w h i h
p e e e c

was c arry ing Poru s se e me d to im safe an d bad e im

h h
s a ,

im th at it was n o l o nge r
h
t e b e ast as s u
h
s top rin g ,

po ssib l e f or im to fle e an d b id din g im l is te n to Ale x

,

h hM
h a ha
h
Ac c ordin g to Bie de rns a c e don ia cava

h
t e re te l l of t e ns 28 0 l ry an d
more Pl u A
hhu
a t n 70 0 in fan try . tarc ( le x 60 ). says t t t e b ttl e laste d

e ig t o rs .
 ThA e nabasi
s o
f Alexan der .

For my own sak e O P oms thou s alt b e h

h h
o aid
si n , s , ,

thu s tr ea te d ; b u t f or t y own s ak e do t e n de ma nd
”
wh at is p l e as in g to t hee l Bu t Poru s said that e v ery
s in c l uded in that Alexan de r b e ing stil l more
hh
th in g wa .
,

ple ase d at this re mark n ot on ly gran te d im t e rul e ove r

h
,

t als o added an o th e r c o u
hh
is own In d ian s b u
h
,
n try t o th a t
ad be fore of large r e x te n t th an t e fo rme r
h h
1
w h ic h e ,
.

Th u te d t e b rav e man in ak in gly way an d from

h h
s e trea ,

that time fo u im faith fu S uc h was t e

h
nd l in all th in gs .

re s u l t of Ale xan d e r s b attl e wit h Fe rn s an d t e In dian s

h
’

livin g b e yon d t e riv e r Hy das pe s wh ic h was f o u

h h
gh t in ,

M
rc ho n sh ip of H e ge mo n at Ath e n s in t e mon th
M
t e a ,

uny c h ion ( 1 8 April to 1 8 ay 8 26

h
9
,

Al ex an de r fo un de d two c itie s on e wh ere t e b attl e

h h ,

h
h h h
took p lac e an d t e o th e r o n t e s po t wh e nc e
,
e s ta rte d
to c ro s s t e riv e r Hy daspe s t e fo rme r e n ame d N icae a
h h h
3
,

afte r is v ic to ry o v e r t e In d ian s an d t e l atte r B u

h h h
ce ,

p ala in me mo ry of is hors e B uc e phalas w hic d ie d ,

th e re n ot fro m h av in g b e e n wo u n y on e b u

h h
n d ed b a t
, y ,

f ro m t e e ffe c ts of t o il an d ol d ag e ; for e was ab ou t

th irty ye ars ol d an d q u ite worn ou
h , t with toil 4
Th is .

B uc e ph alas ad share d man y hard sh ip s an d inc urre d

man y d an ge rs with Al e xan d er d urin g man y y ears b e in g
ridd e n by n o n e b u t t e k in g b e c au h h ,

h
se e rej ec te d a ll ,

h
o th er riders He was bo t of un usual size an d ge n ero us
h
.

in mettl e T e h e ad o f an e x ad b ee n e n grave d u
h
. po n
im as a distin g u is h in g mark an d ac c ordin g to so me ,

h(A ) u u
Cf Pl u
h h uh h a hh
. tarc l ex 60 C rti s , viii . 51 .

u(
hm Ah
D iodor ) s xv ii . 87 s ays t at t
b attl e was fo g t in t e rc on s ip
e

M Bu h ma
of C r o es a t t en s u . Nic ae ais s pp osed to b e
u
ua h h hA a u
ong a nd c ep ala y b e J el al p r Se e S trab o, xv l . . .

A m
h hh h
(
Cf Pl t rc
. a
l an , Sc iede r s ys t at le x nder c o l d n ot

h
Bu
hm h h hu h a h a h
ave b roke n in t e orse b e fore e was sixtee n years ol d
a t s in c e t .

m
h hh mu h
t is ti e e wa s in is twe n ty n in t y e ar e w o ld -
ve d i
u
hha u h h ua h
t irte e n ye ars . Con seq en tly t e orse st ave b ee n at l eas t seventee n
m
a h
h h a h a a h ah
yea rs o l d w e n e cq ired i Can any on e b e l ieve t is Ye t Pl t rc
a a
l so st tes t tt e orse w s t irty ye rs ol d t is de t .
 f h u Con quest o t e Gla s ians .

h o hhbo h m u o h
h ho u h h b k h h h m k upo
t is wa
h s t e re as n w y e re t at na; b t tee rs

hh d h h bo hh d
say, t at t g e was l ac e ad a w ite ar n

mb
hd h
is ea w ic re a great re s e lan c e to t e e a of

h h upo
an ex . In t h ho e h d
l an of t e U x ian s t is rse v an is e

om A p o m o
h o u ho u hou y h h o ud k h
fr d l e xan er, w o t e re n se n t a r c la ati n

h y b o u hh h
t r g t t e c n tr t at e w l ill all t e ia
u
a itan ts ,
h b ho b k
n l e ss m t e
grt t e rse ac to i .

As a re s ul t of th is p roc lamation it was imme d iate ly

b ro u A m
h h
’
g h t b ac k S o g re at w
. as l e xan d e r s attac h e n t t o

t e horse an d so gre at was t e fe ar of Ale xan d e r e n te r

,

h Le t so mu c h hon o u

h h h
tain e d by t e b arb arian s 1
.r b e pa id
by me to t is B uc e ph alas for t e sake of is master .

CH APTE R XX .

CONQ U E ST or T HE GLAU S IANS .

—E M
BA SS Y rs o mABISARE8 .

PAS S AG E or TH E ACES IN ES
h h
.

W HEN Al e xan de r ad p aid all due hon o urs to tho se w o

h h h e o ffe re d t e c u s to mh
h h
ad b ee n k il l e d in t e b attl e , ary
u
h
sa c rifi c e s to t e od s in g ra tit d e fo r is v ic to ry a n d
g ,

c e l e b rate d a y m n d ho rs e c o n te s t u

h h h h
n a s tic a po n t e ba nk
g

h
of t e Hy da s es a
p t t e pl a c e w h e re e fi rs t c ro sse d wit

is army He th e n le ft Crate ru
h h h
2
. s b e h in d with a p a rt of
t e army to e re c t an d fo rtify t e c itie s wh ic h
h h
, e wa s

e h ims e l f ma

h
fo u n d in
g th e re ; b u t rc hed a a
g i n st t e

In d ian s c on te rmin o u t e do min io n of Pe ru

h
s with s .

Ac c o rding t o Aristob ul us t e n ame of th is n ation was

Gl au a n i ian b u t P t o l em y ca l l s the m G la u s ia ns I
g c s .

am q u ite in d iffe re n t wh ic h n ame it bo re Ale xan d er

h h
.

trave rse d th e ir l an d with h alf t e Co mpan io n c av alry t e

p ic k e d me n fro m e ac h phalanx of t e in fantry all t e h ,

h
h h
o rs e bo wme n t e Agrian ians an d t e arc he rs All t e
-
, , h .
,

h
rtiu h ha
urred hM
h
Gu
h h
s ( v i. 1 7) says t is oc c in t e l nd of t a e rdians

ma ah
w ere as Pl u ys it app e n e d in Hyrc an ia
h
tarc ( Al ex 4 4) sa , .

2
D iodoru s (xvii say s Al e x.n der d e l t of a
3 0 days a a
fte r t is
b attl e .
 T hAnaba i f
e s s o Ale xander .

m over to im on te rms of c apitulatio n h

h h
inh ab itan ts ca e

an d e th u s t ook th irty se v e n c itie s t e in h a bitants o f -

,

whic h wh e re th ey we re fe we st amo u
, .
n te d to n o l e ss th a n ,

an d tho se of many n umb e re d abo v e He

al s o took man y vill age s wh ic h were n o l es s pop u l ou
h
s ,

Th is l an d als o b e gran te d to Po rus to

h
th an t e c itie s .

h
ru l e ; an d s e n t Tax ile s b ac k to is own abode af te r
aflec ting a re c o n c iliation b e twe e n im an d Poru At
h h
'

s .

t h is time arri ve d en v oy s fro m Ab isare s w o tol d im

h
1
,

th at th e ir k in g was ready to s u rren de r h imse l f an d t e

lan d wh ic h b e ru le d An d ye t be fore t e battl e whic . h h
was fo u e twe e n Al e xa u A
h h
h t b n d r a n d Po r s b isa r e s
g e ,

h h h
inte n d e d to join is f orc es with tho se of t e l atte r On .

h
t his o c c asio n e se n t is b ro th e r with t e o th er e n v oy s
to Ale x an d e r tak in g wit th e m mo n e y an d f o rty
h
e l e p an ts a s a
g if t E n v oy s a l
,

so a r r iv e d f o m t. e h r

in d e p e n de n t In dian s an d fro m a c e rtain oth e r In d ian ,

ru le r n ame d Pe ru Ale x an de r ord e re d Ab isares to

h
2
s .

c o me to im as soo n as po ssib l e th reate n ing th at u

h h h h
n l e ss ,

me e wo ul d se e im arrive with is army at a pl ac e

h h h
e ca

e wo u l d n ot rej o ic e t o s ee im At t is time
hh h
wh e re .

P ratap e rn e s v ic e roy of Part ia an d H yrc an ia c ame to

h h hh ,

Al e xan d e r at t e h e ad of t e Th rac ian s w o ad b e e n

,

hh im M e sse n ge rs also c ame from S isic ott us

h h
l e ft wit .
,

vic eroy of t e As sa t o in fo rm im that tho s e

h
c e n ians ,

p e op le ad slain the ir g o ve rn or an d re vo lte d f ro m

hh
Al ex an d e r Again st t e se e d e sp atc h ed Phil ip an d
h h
.

Tyriasp e s wit an army t o arrang e an d se t in o rd e r t e ,

h
affairs of th e ir lan d .

He h imse l f ad van c e d to wards t e rive r Ac e sin e s 3

.

Cf . Arrian , v . 8 s up ra w h a a ma
, e re n e rlie r e b ssy from Ab isares is
me n tion ed
h
a h u a a u hu a
.

2
S trab o (
xv . 1) ays t
s t t is Por s w s co sin of t e Por s c p
tu
ha h
a h
Al exan der
h hha
re d b y .

Arrian ( Indic a
hu
T is is t e C en b . S ee , w o s ys t t w ere

it j oin s t e Ind s it is 3 0 st ade s b road .

 T hAe nabasis f
o Al exande r .

hd h ph hh
h pu u h
of t e kIn ian s an d ta eall t e e le an ts e ad an d
om m H o h Pom
h h h h h my b u
c e to o d i . e re s l ve to rs e t e t er s,

h o m d h hh h d h h u d
t e b ad on e , wit oop t e l ig te st tr s in is ar ,
ec a se

h
e was in f r e t at e ad le ft t e l an w ic b e r le
h Po u h ho ub
ho h Po u
an d ad fle d . d
For t is r s, w ile s tilitie s s sis te

A
hd
b e t we e n d l e xan oy er an d t e t er r s , se n t e n v s to
A u d bo h h m
h
d o
l e xan er ffe rin g to s rren er t i se l f an d t e l an
ubj m u m y Po u h om
h
s ec t h to i ,
rat e r o t of e n it to r s t an fr
A Bu h
ho m h b h h
d hp
f rie n sd i to d h
l exan er . t w en e asc e rtain e t at
u
h h
t e f r d
er ad e e n rel e a
se ,
an d t at e was r l in g

ho h Po u h
ou y
muh
o ve r oh an dd o
t e r larg e c ntr in a iti n to is own , t e n,

A
m k h om h h h
fearin g d
n ot s o c l e x an er as t e t er r s, is
m
h o houd p u hh
n a e sa e , d k e fle d fr is ow n l an , t a in g wit i as
m y an Of is warri rs as e c l e rs ade to s are is
fl h A h ma A d m h d
hH
ig t .
g ain s t t is n d l e xan er arc e ,
an d arriv e

hA
at t e h h yoh
dra o teds ,
l
w ic is an t er In ian riv e r, n ot
b dh u
d h ho h
h
l e s s t an t e c e s in e s in re a t , b t l e s s in s wift n e s s O f

u ou y
h
c H
rre n t . e t rav e rs e t e w le c n tr as f ar as t e
m u
hC
H y d raote s, l eav ia
n o
g g rris o
n s in t e b
s t p
s ita le l ac e s ,
m h d
hd o h
o d
in r e r t at rate ras an d Ge e n n a ig t a van c e wit h
mo
h
y ou
o h d hPo u
safe t , sc rin g s t of t e l an h
for f rage T en e .

hh o h h my
de spa h d
tc e H e p ae s tion in t t e l an
'

of t e r s
m
y h
w o l te d, giv in g
ad ip
re v a art of t e ar ,

mp m
hh
co b
risin g t wo d
riga e s of in fan tr , is own re gi e nt of
D m u
h u hu yo ho h
cava y h h
l r w it t at of e h
e tri s an d alf of t e arc e rs ,
wit h
in s t r c tion s to an d t e c o n tr ve r to t e t er

Po u u du
hb k h H
r s, d p d
to s b d e any in e en e nt t rib e s of In ian s

o h
h hd
w ic we l t n ear t e an s of t e rive r y draote s, and

h m o Po u u
h d h
to g ive t h d e al s H in t t e an s of r s to r le e

h m
.

m
hh o hA A h
i sel f th e n c ross e t e rive r Hy draote s, n ot wit di
uy
o ho u y b yo d hH
c lt ,
as e ad c r sse d t e c e s in e s . s e was

hmo hp p d d h m u
ad van c in g in t t e c n tr e n t e y draote s, it

m h m h
h ppa en ed t at s t of t e eo l e yie l e t e se l ve s
p
on m te r p u o u m m
s of c a it l ati n b t so e ca e to e et i wit

1
Now c al le d t h e Ravi .
 In vasion f
o t h e Land of thh e Cat ae an s .

arms , wh il e o th e rs w o trie d to h p hp u d
e sc a e e ca t re an d
forc ibl y re d uc e d t o ob e die n c e .

CHAPTE R XX II .

IN VASION LAND w CATHAEAN S

M
or THE or e

M hr hb d
'
.

in fo rmatio n th at t
h hdp d
EANTI E e e c e ive d e tri e calle
om
hpp o h d h
Cat ae an s an d s h e ot e r trib e s of t e in e en e n t

h p
In ian s we re re arin g for attl e , if e a r ac e t e ir
d p p b
ummo
h b o m ou h h m h
l and h h y
an d t at t e we re s n in
g t o t e e n t e r ri se

h
all t e tri e s c n te r in s wit t e k w o we re in l i e
m d p d H
ann e r in e e n e n t o o md h
e was als . in f r e t at t e
by m
hu hh
1
y
c it , S a n a
g l a h h h y
n a e, n ea r w h k
ic t e w e re t in in
g of
h o
avin g t e s tr ggl e , was a s tr n g on e T e Cat ae an s .

h m
h
o d d y d
t e s e l v e s we re c n si e re ver k u arin g an d s il f l in

M h m mp h h
war ; an d two t e r t rib e s Of In ian s, t e Ox ydrac ian s
oh d
an d all ian s, we re in t e sa e te er a s t e Cat a eans .

m b o
hm h d hh
For a s rt ti e
ho h pp d h
e f re it a e ne t at Fe rn s an d
A h m
h ou d m y o h b hd
b isare s ad arc e again st t e wit t e ir own
o
f rc e s an d ad r se an t e r t ri e s of t e in e
m u
hp p o
p den ent I d n ia n s to a o d
r s , b t we re f rc e to re tre at
ho u
h y hm d
wit yh o hy
t e ffe c tin g an t in g w rt of t e re arat i ns
Wh A o m
hm d o d m h h h
t e ad a e .d
en h
l e xan e r was in f r e d of t is ,

h od om h
e a e a f rc e arc again st t e Cat aean s, an d on

h d
t e sec n day afte r startin g fr t e riv er Hy draote s
d m m
h dd h
e a rrive y h b d by
at a c it c al l e Pi pra a, in a iteb atri e
md A m
h my h
of I dn ia ns na e drais taean s, w o yie l e to i on

m p u o
hd d hh d h
ter s of c a it l ati n G ivin g is ar . a rest t e n e x t

h ho h hbou h
day , e a van c e O n t e t ir day to S an gala, w e re t e
h

hy
Cat ae an s an d t e t e r n eig rin g trib e s ad as
mb d m h d h m
h h h p p ou h
se le an d ars alle o t e s e l ves in f r n t of t e c it

upo
h po d h o ou h h
n a ill w ic was
d y n ot re c i it s on all si e s . T e

ad s te t e ir wagg ns all r nd t is il l an d we re

h u me
hha
upp osed to b e
h ha
San gal ais s La b t p rob a
ore ; b ly it l ay so distanc e
from t at c ity , on t e b nk of t e C en b .
 T hA
e n abas is
f
o Alexander .

mp in g with in th e m in suc h a way t at t ey were hh

h
enc a .

su rro u W en
h h
n d e d by a t ripl e pa l isad e O f waggon s .

Ale xan der p e rc e iv e d t e gre at n umb er of t e barbarian s

h
an d t e n atu h
e dre w u h
h h h
re of th e ir po sition , p is f o rc es in

t e o rde r wh ic h see me d to im e s p e c ially ad ap te d to is

h
pre se n t c irc umstan c e s an d se n t is hors e arc h e rs at on ce
,

h
t an y d e l ay ag ain st t e m o rd e rin g th e m to rid e
h
witho u ,

alon g and shoot at th e m fro m a d is ta

h
n c e ; so t h a t t e
In d ian s migh t n ot b e abl e to mak e any sortie b e fore is
army was in p rop e r array an d that ev e n b e fo re t e
,
,

h
battl e c omme n c e d th e y migh t b e wo und e d within th e ir
h h u h
h
s tro n hol d Upo t ri h t w i po t d t a r d
g . n e g n
g e s e e g
l ry an d t e c av alry re gime n t of C litu
h h
of c a va s n e x t to

th e se t e sh ie l d b e arin g gu ard s an d th e n t e Agrian ian s

h hh hh
-
.
,

h
To ward s t e l e ft e ad station e d Pe rdic c as wit is own
re gime n t of c av al ry an d t e batt a lion s of foo t Compan io n s
h
.
,

T e arc h e rs b e d iv id e d into t wo p arts an d pl ac e d th e m

h hh h h W il e e was mars h allin g is army t e
h
on e a c win g .
,

in fan try an d c av alry of t e rear gu ard c ame u

h h
-
p O f th e.s e ,

l ry in to t wo p arts an d l e d the m to
h h h
e d iv id e d t e c a va

t e w in g s an d w ith t e in fan try whic h c ame u m

h h , p e a d e

t e ran k s of t e ph al an x more d e n s e an d c o mp ac t
h h h
He .

th e n took t e c av alry wh ic h ad b ee n d rawn u

h h p on t e

h h
righ t an d l e d it toward s t e waggon s on t e l e f t win g of
,

for h e re th e ir po sition s e e me d to im mo re
h h
t e In d ian s
ea sy t o a s sail an d t e waggo n s
, ad n ot b e e n pl ac e d
toge th e r s o de n se ly .

CHAP TE R XXIII .

AS SAU LT U PON SAN GALA

h h
.

As t run ou fro m b eh in d t
h
e In dian s did n ot t e waggo n s
again s t t e adv an c in g c av alry, b ut mo un te d upon th e m
h h
an d b e gan to s e e t fro m t e t op of th e m, Al e xan d e r,
h h
p e rc e iv in g t at it was n ot t e wo rk for c aval ry, l e ap e d
 T hA
e nabas is o f Al exander .

thk h
u e la e S t it in , an d ro und t h k hp
d more
e la e e oste

p erfec t guards He also re so l v e d to brin g mil itary

h
.

e n gin e s u m
h
u
h h h
p to t e w a l l t o b a tt e r i t ,
do w n B t s o e O f .

t e me n in t e c ity d e s e rte d to im an d to l d im th at
h
t e In dian s in te n d e d th at v e ry n ig t to steal ou h ,

h
h h h
t of t e
c ity a n d e sc a p e by t e l ak e whe re t e gap in t e s to c k ,

He ac c ordin gly s tation e d Ptol e my son of

hh h
ade ex iste d .
,

Lagu m m
h
s th e re i in i t r r i n ts of t e s hie l d
g
, v g , e e e
g e

b earin g guard s all t e Agrian ian s an d on e lin e of arc h e rs

hh ,

poin tin g out to im t e pl ac e wh e re b e e sp e c ially c on

, ,

u h
h
u
j
h
e c t r e d t e b ar b a ria n s w o l d tr y t o f o rc e th e ir w ay .

W e n thoup e rc e iv e st t e b arb arian s fo rc in g th e ir way

h hh
‘

”
do thou wit t e army ob struc t th eir
h h
h ere s aid e , , ,

n d o rd e r t e b u l e r to A
h h
ad va nce a , g g iv e t e si na
g l n d .

do you O Oflic e rs as s oon as t e sign al as b e e n giv e n

, , ,

u n me n

h h
ea c h b e in a r r ay d in b a t tl o r d r w i th y o r o w
g e e e ,

ad van c e t o wards t e n o ise wh e re ve r t e b u u m m

h , g l e s o n s
”
y o u N. or w il l I m y s e lf w i thd r aw f ro m t e a c t io n .

CH AP TER XXIV .

C APTU RE OF SANGALA
h h
.

S UCH we re t e O rde rs e gave ; an d P tol e my c ol l ec te d

th e re as man y wagg o n s as e c ou h
l d f ro m thos e whic h
h h
ad b e e n l e ft b e hin d in t e firs t fl igh t an d pl ac e d t h e m
ath wart so that th e re migh t se e m to t e fu h h ,

h h
, g itiv e s in t e

n i h t to b e ma cu

h h
n y d iffi l tie s in t e ir w a a n d a s t e
g y ;
de ad b e e n k n o c k e d do w n or ad n ot b e e n firmly
h h h
s to c ka ,

fix e d in t e g ro un d e orde re d is me n to h e ap up a,

moun d of e art h in v ario us p lac e s b e twe e n t e l ak e an d h

h h eu hh
h h h
t e wal l Th is is s ol die rs e ff e c te d in t e n ig t
. t .

it was ab out t e f ou t e b arb arian s j u

h h
rt watc h l
st as , ,

Al e x an de r ad b e e n in fo rme d op e n e d t e gate s to wards ,

1 T h e G re eks h
a d onl y h
t ree watc h es ; but Art ian is S pe aking as a
Roman .
 Cap tu
re o f S an gala .

hk md
p ho
u
hu d h
t e la e, an d h d o Ho
a e a r n in t at ire c ti n we ve r .

h P o my hhb p d b h d h m
t e did n ot e sc a e t e n tic e of t e g ar s t e re, n or
h y

hb u h
t at o f t le ,
w o a d e e n l ac e e in t e t o

Bu h mo m m
h hb b h
d
re n e r aid t at t is
. en t t e g l e rs
g a ve i

h my u y qupp d d u b
d d
t e S ig nal, an d b e a van c e again st t e ar arian s wit

h o ho k d h h hb
is ar f ll e i e an d rawn in y at tl e a rra
p .

h
Mo ore v er t e wag g n s a n d t e s t c a e w ic ad e e n
ob u o
hb u ou d d P my k d
p d
lac e in t p
e ac e, we re an
in te rve nin g s s tr c ti n to

h m Wh
hm k hm h y k p u h ou h
t e . en t e g l e s n e a n d t ol e a t ta c e

h o h d hy
t e , ill in g t e en a s t e e t on s te a l in g o t t r g

hy
t e wagg ns , t e n in e e d t e d b k we re rive n ac again
O h m
hm h Po u d b h h m h
into t e c it ; an d in t e ir re treat 5 0 0 f t e
h k d we re il le .

h
In t e ea n w ile r s arriv e , rin gin g wit i t e
m
d ho u dh
ph
e le h
an ts t at we re l e f t to d
i , an d In ian s .

A m
h ub o
l e xan e r ad c nstr c te y is il itar e n gin e s an d t e
h y
u
hM do ook h y by o m
we re e in g l e d p to t e wall ; b t e f re an y of it was
b

h h h md b k
b d do
atte re wn , t e ac e n ian s t t e c it st r ,

ud
h
d iggin g n e r t e wall, w ic was a e O f ric , an d
ou d
hd
p dd
lac in g sc alin g l a e rs again st it all r n In t e c ap
.

u
t re of t e I k d
n ia bo
n s we re ill e , an d a v e
pu d b d
hho
we re c a t re , e si e s 3 0 0 c ari ts an d 500 c av alr
h o y In .

A my
u humb ho u d d
’
t e w l e s ie g e a l ittl e l e ss t an 1 0 0 of l exan e r s ar
h d

h hp po o h b mo h
k d
we re ill e ; b t t e n e r of t e w n e was gre ate r

y m h u ho fid
t an t e re rti n of t e sl ain , ein g re t a n

mo ho m
hd d o d
a ng w we re L s i ac body
s, t e c n e n tial
u d A bu
hu om A d h y
g a r , aoh
n d t e r ofl i c e rs f te
. r r i
y gn t e e a a c c r

um
h h h h jo d
in g to is c st , l e xan e r se n t E e n e s, t e s e c re ta r , l

wit 30 0 c aval r to t e t wo c itie s w ic

h y ad ine

me ne s ,
Eu h h
h hh h h
Of Cardin in T rac e , was p riv ate sec re tary to P il ip
an d Al e xander After t e de at of t e l atter, e in ed t e ru
h h
. Ob ta l e of
Cap pa doc ia P ap l agon ia, an d Pon tu aa
He disp l yed gre t bility b ot
a
hA u
, s .

as age n eral an d state sman b u s pu

hh h h
t wa t to de at b y ntigon s in

M hh
8 1 6 w en e was 4 5 years of a
, g e B e in
.
g a G re ek , e wa s d isliked b y t e

uju
l s, from w om e e xp erie n c ed very n st treat e n t m
h h h ua h
ac e donia n ge n e ra .

It is e vide n t from t e biogra m

hh h ha
p ie s of i writt e n b y Pl t rc a n d Cor
neliu s Nep os, t a t e wa s one of t e m ost e m m
in e n t en of is er .

I
 T hA e n abas is
f
o Alexan der .

hh h h
San gala in rev ol t, to tel l t os e w o h el d t em ab ou
h
t t e
p ture of San gala, an d to in fo rm th e m t at they woul d
h h
ca

rsh treatme n t f ro m Al e xa

h hh
re c e iv e n o a n d e r if t ey staye d
im as a frie n d ; for n o arm ad
h h h
th e re an d re c eiv e d

hu d d h
app e n e d to an y of t e o th e r in d e p e n d en t In dians w o
m
h b do d h
d Bu h y
h b om h
ad s h
rre n e re to i of t e ir own ac c o r . t t e

h h dy h d h m
ad ec e ad a an n e
frig te n ed, an d
t e c itie s

d h k by o m Wh
an d we re ee in g ; for t e n e ws ad alrea reac e t e
fl
h A
h fl h h
t at l e xan e r ad ta e n San gala st r en .

A o m pu ud h m
h d u mo h m h
l e xan e r was in f r ed of t e ir ig t e
d rs e t e
qu k m
p b u h
wit S pe e ; b t s t of t e we re too ic for i ,
pu u b om
h h
an d e ff ec te t e ir e sc a e , ec a se t e
d h rs it e ga n fr

Bu
h d by h
a distan t startin g lac e
p o t all t se w o were l e ft
-
.

om
humb
b h d
e in in t e re tre at f r
k we a n ess , were s e ize t e
my bo u
u hd hu
ar d an d kil le h,
to t e n e r Of a t 5 00 . T en,

pu u
hu d d h y
iv in g t e e sig n of rsf gitive s an y
in g t
g p e

dd d h d hd
u h
h ou d
f rt e r, e re t rn e to San gal a, and raze t e c it to

hh o m y b d p d u hh h
t e
gr n h
. He a e t e lan to t at Of t e In ian s

y ub m d h
w o ad f r e rl een in e en en t, b t w o ad t e n
m Po u
h h h h ubm d h
ou
ho
v l n taril h s h
itte to i . He t e n sen t r s wit
m
hh m
is f rc e s to t e c itie s w ic ad s itte to i , to
o h m h
h my d d h h ubj u
od u
in tr o ce garris n s in t h t e ; w il st e i se lf, wit

h
rive r Hyp asis , to

h d b yo d
is ar ,
a van c e to t e
l
s g ate

m m
h h
t e In ian s h e n it N or did t e re
. see to i an y
e n d of o t y he ho war, m so l ng as an t in g s til e to i re
main e d .

CH AP TE R XXV .

THE ARM
Y REFUGE E To AD VANCE — ALExANDE aS S P EECH ’

TO THE OrmCE ES

h ou y h
.

h hm
IT was re porte d that t e c n tr b eyon d t e riv e r
Hyp asis was fe rtil e , an d t at h t e en we re good agri

1 Ne w c al l e d t hB
e ee s, or Bib asa . S trab o c all s it Hypan is and Pl iny ,

c all s it Hyp asis .

 T hA e nab as is of Ale xan de r .

h
Phrygias Cap pado c ia Paphl ago n ia Ly d ia Caria Lyc ia
, , , , , ,

Pamphyl ia Phoe n ic ia Egyp t to g e therwit Grec ian Libya

, , ,

as w e l l as pe rt Of Arab ia Ho ll o w Sy ria Syria b e twe e n

h h h
'

, ,

Babyl o n t e n atio n Of t e S usian s Pe rs ia

h h h
1
t e rive rs , , , ,

M e d ia b e s id e s al l t e n atio n s wh ic h t e Pe rsians an d t e
,

M e de s rule d an d man y of those wh ic h the y did n ot rul e

h h h , ,

h h h
t e lan d b eyo n d t e C as p ian Gate s t e c o u n try b e yo n d ,

t e Cau su

h
ca s t e Tan nia a s w e ll as t e la n d be o n d th at
, y ,

h h
rive r B a , c tria Hy rc an ia a nd t e H rc a
y , n ia n S e a; if we ,

hh
h av e also subd ue d t e S c y th ians as far as t e de se rt if
h
in add itio n t o th es e t e rive r In d u s flo ws t rou ou
,

h h h g ,
r
te rrito ry as do als o t e Hy das p e s t e Ac e sin e s an d t e
h h h ,

Hydraote s w y do ye S hrink fro m add in g t e Hyp as is

, ,

h ,

al s o an d t e natio n s b e yo n d th is riv e r t o yo u
, r e mp ire ,

t yo u
h
O f M ac e do n ia? D O y e f e ar th a r a d van c e will b e
s topp e d in t e f u ture by any o the r barbarian s ? Of
w ho m s o me s u b mit t o u
h
s of th e ir o wn a c c o rd an d o th e rs ,

are c ap t ure d in t e ac t of fle e in g wh il e o th e rs s u
h
c ce e d , ,

in g in t e ir e ffo rts t o e s c ap e h an d o v e r to u
hh h
s th e ir ,

d e s e rte d land w ic w e add to t at of our al lie s or to

h
t h at of tho s e w o h av e v ol u n tarily s u
,

b mit te d t o us
,

C HAPTE R X XVI .

ALExAN D E as ued)
’
S P EEC H ( c on tin

hk h
.

my man t e re is n o
h
I, FO R
p art,
t in , th at to a b rav e
e nd to l ab ours exc e pt t e l ab ours th e mse l v e s p ro v ide d ,

h amma hh h
h h A
G ree k Ion , w ic a a a a origin all y d dig at it
hu
, Iv n . Pot t s ys t
me an s
h
t e o n g, in opp o s ition to t e G raikoi, t e Ol d. c c ordin g to
y
Ari s to tl e
hu
( ) H
l Ie te oroI
. a a
og ic a, i 1 4 t . e e l le n e s we re origin l ly c ll e dG raik oi .

Z ju
h a hu h
C f S an sc rit ,
.
j j e1c an e n d, awan Latin , ve n is E n gl is , yo ng .

h
Coe l e Sy ria, or t e H oll ow Sy ria, w s t e c o n try be twe e n t e ran ge s
-

u A u uua
M am a ha a A am hB
o f Lib an s an d n til ib an s S y riabe t we e n t e rive rs is s lly c alled
.

am
h h ha a h ua
b y its G ree k n e of e sop ot i It is t e P d n r of t e ib l e . .

m
M a m h
Cap p adoc ia e b rac e d t e w ol e n ort e s te rn p rt of t e p e nin s l of -

u
h m m ha m m
Asia in or . H a
Sl ves we re p roc re d f ro t is re gion . S ee or c e

hh
u
hm
l i 6 P e rs i s v i 7 7 T e na P a p yli is fro ri
( p
E is t e s , .
, , . . e

and au b ec a a se of t e ixe d origin of t e in b it n ts .

 Alexa
n de r s
’
Sp eec h .

h l e ad to gl o rio uh c ie v e me n ts But if any on e

h h
ty e s a .

h hd
de s ire s to e ar what will b e t e e n d to t e warfare its el f,
h
m m
hh h
le t i h l e arn t at t b o e is tan c e st ill re ain in g ef re we
u
hHy
re ac t e riv e r Ga ge s an d t E as te rn S e ais n ot reat
e
g ;
o m uh
hh b u h h
an d I in f r y oS e a will b e se e n to
t at t e rc an ian
u d
hM
b e n ite wit t is , e c a se t e G re at S e a e nc irc l e s t e
o d mo
h hd u
w hol e e art
h I wil l als e bo h
. n strate t to t e ac e

h h hHy
do n ianaa n d to t e G re c ian a hl l ies, t at t e In ian G l f is
o u
h F om h
c n fl e n t wit P
t e e rsian , an d t e h
rc an ian S e a wit
u u u
hP
t e In dian G l f d o . r t Pe rsian G l f o
e r e x pe iti n

h o
ou d
F om h
w il l sailo y r n in t Lib a as far as t e il lars of

h ho A
l
H e ra
c le s p . r by t e il lars all t e in te ri r Of Li a
b om ou
hm u mp hd o b
3
ec es b o
rs, an d so t e w le of sia will el n
g t o

u
h h h hm d o hm h h
s, an d t e l i its of o re ire , in t at ire c ti n, will e

t o se w ic God as a e als t e l i its Of t e eart .

Bu w u m y u
hH h h
t, if we k no o re t rn , an warl i e nati n s are l e ft n

c o u d b yo
q n e re e nd t e yp a sis as f ar as t e Eas te rn
m yb d b
hd o ho h d
S e a, an d h an Hy esi e s e t we e n t e s e a nd rc ania in
om h
hyh
t e ire c ti n of t e n rt win , and n ot f ar fr t e se

Wh
h h
t S c t ian rac e s
e o b k h . if we go ac , t e re is
e re f re ,

o
re as n to fe ar t at t h h h u e rac e s w ic are n ow e l d in s b
m m
o by h h hu
j e c tion , n ot
b fi h e in g r in t e ir all e gianc e , ay b e e xc ite d
t o re v l t o u du t se w o are n ot
y e t s b e d. T en o r

o dotu

hh
Arrian ( Anabasis
hh h h h
Cf .
, 1 ; Ind ica , H e r s (iv 4
vii 2) ys
.a s .

Neco se n t aP oe nic ian e xp e dit io n from t e Re d Se a, w ic

h h
t at P a rao

cu mnav igated Afric aan d return e d b y t e S traits of G ib raltar, or t e

h h h
c ir

Pil l ars of He rc u il ed from

h m A
les T e Cart agin ian Hann o is said to ave sa
.

h
u
h h h h
Cadiz to t ( e extre of rab ia
S ee Pliny H is toria N at ralis, ii 67
ity . .

u(
h a
v .
) a a a
H e rodot s iv 43 says t at t e Cart agin i ns sse rted t ey
. d
u A u
ha
sa ile d ro n d f ric a T ere is G re ek tran sl ation of Hanno s P e rip l s
’
.

A u A a (
h fi m
a
s til l e xt n t s to t e Pil l rs O f H e r
. c l es, see sl i n Varia H is toric ,
m m
h m h
v . T ey a a (
re rs t e nt ione d b y Pin d r Ol y iii 7 9 N e iii . . . .

A
m h M a hhu uh
3 T e in te rior of fric a, fro t e Straits of G ib ral tar to E gyp t, an d

ha
f ro t e e diterrane n to t e t en n e xpl ored S o t .

A m u A a
hu h hA
3
i
rris a, like aa an y ot er n c ie n t write ri, inc l de s fric , or Lib y , s

A
Mu h m A afi
a a p rt of si aa . T e bo n daries we re t e E aste rn Se a nd t e tl as

hm ha u h
o An tain s . Cf . rrian , iii
-
. 80 ; vii . 1 an d 8 0 . T e na e si rs t
H m (
h
u
h h
oc c rs in o er Il iad, ii . in re fe ren c e to t e ars bo t t e

a
Ca ster, a ua nd w s grad ll y e xten de d over t w ol e c ontin en t
'

y t en c e e .
 Th
e Anabasis o
f Al a
ex n de r .

many l abours w il l p ro ve to hb
av e een in vain ; or it w ill

M
u nc u u
h
be n e c e ssar y fo r s to i r o v e r again f re sh lab o rs an d
But, O
h
dan ge rs, as at t e b e gin n ing . ac e don ian s an d
d firm ! Glo rio us are t e d ee ds o f
h h
G re c ian all ie s s tan

tho se w o u n d e r o la
g bo u r a n d ru n t e r is k o f d a n er;
g

h
an d it is d e l igh tfu l to l iv e a life of v al o u r an d t o die
l eav ing b e h in d immortal glo ry D O ye n ot k n o w t at
.

ou r an c e s to r re ac h e d so great a h e igh t of g l ory a s fro m

l

b e ing a man to b ec o me a god or to se e m to b ec o me on e

n ot by re main in
’ A
,

h,

h
in Tir n s o r r o s or e ve n in t e
g y g ,

Pe l opo n n e se or at The b e s ? T e labo urs of Diony s us

h
we re n ot fe w an d e was too e xal te d a d e ity to b e c om
,

h
h
pare d with H e rac le s But we in d e ed av e pe ne trate d
.
, ,

in to re g io n s b e y on d N y sa ; an d t e ro c k Of Aorn u
3
s ,

w h ic h H e rac l e s w as u p ture is in o ur po sse s

h
n ab le to c a ,

D O ye al s o add t e p arts Of Asia s till l e ft u n su

h h
sio n . b
l re ady ac q u ire d t e fe w to t e many
h
du c d to tho se a , .

But wh at g re at or glo rio us d e e d c o ul d we

h
ave p e r
fo rme d if s it t ing at e ase in M ac e do n ia we ad thou
, , , g h t it
n try witho u t an y l ab o u
h
su ffic ie n t to p re se rve o u r o wn c o u
h
r ,

s im ly re p e l l in n s on o u

h
p g t e a t ta c k s Of t e n a t io r f ro n

h
t ie rs t e Th rac ian s Illy rian s an d Trib al lian s or e ve n
, , , ,

t ho se G re e k s w o we re unfrie nd ly to ou r in te re s ts ? If ,

in de e d witho u t u n d e r oin la bo u r a n d b e in f r e e f ro m
, g g g
dan ge r I we re ac ting as yo ur c o mman d e r wh il e youwe re ,

un d e rg oing labo ur an d in c urring d ange r n ot witho ut ,

s on wou l d youb e g ro win g fain t in s p irit an d re s ol u

h
re a
t ion b e c au u n e wo u u
h h h
a l l d b Sha r in t e la bo rs
, se
y o o e g ,

w ile p roc u rin g t e re wards O f t e m for o t h e rs But

h
.

b ours are c o mmo n to youan d me we h ave an

h h
n ow t e l a ,

equ

h h
al sh are of t e d an ge rs an d t e re ward s are op e n to
,

t e fre e c omp e titio n of all For t e lan d is y o u

h h
. rs an d ,

o u ac t as its v ic e ro s T g r at e r p a r t al s o Of t e
y y e. e

H e rac le s , from w om t eh hM ac e donian kings c l aime d tob e de sc e nded

h
.

He n c e H e rc u l e s is c al l e dTiry n t iu
h h
s . 662 ; viii .

3
S ee c a p.1 of t is b ook .
 hA f A T e nabas is o lexander

hk hb ou pu u b h
.

hho ou p d m by h
to oc n c ea
h l w at It in t e e st c rs e t o rs e, ot

ou m
h my hb h hbo d
on ac c n t of a
y ge , t e n r ai to e t e re s t

h
Of t e ar at t y h h e es t, an d t e l n e ss w ic I
h ho u
av e wit h o d p y d u
t an y e s itati n is l a e p to t e p re

m u ud o b u
hmo um ou h hpo h
se n t ti d
e in in c rrin g an ge rs an d n e rg in g l a o rs .

T e re n er an d t s e g re ate r t e ex l its av e
u o mm d
h d om hom h h hmo
b een,h h w ic h d by h we re ac ie v e t ee as o r c an e r,

m h om
an dby ho t se w o starte fr e wit t ee, t e re
a d va ou do
n ta e
g m s es h ud
it see to e t at s e en d s o l

h
u u bou ho u hy
h m y M do
b e p t to d
o r la rs an d an gers . For t t se l f

h
s ee st ow an k and Gree s s tarte
dac e nia wit
ns

uh u umb
hd d b k ho m hh
ht e e , an d ow f e w o f bs av e ee n l e ft Of o r n er .

b u hd d p
t en d
i s t we ll in se n in g ac e t e T e ssa l ian s at
om B
ho h
o n c e fr ac tra, e c a se t e n i s t e rc e iv e t at t e
h h y

h
o ud o bo u
w e re n o l nge r e age r to n e rg l a rs l
Of t e t e r .

om h
h h h
l
G re e k s ,
s e b av e e edn s eoo
ttl e as c l n is ts in t e c itie s

o uh ou d h y m
hM do
w ic t as t f n de ; w e re t e re ain n ot in ee
h d d
h m
ho h h o ud
all Of t e h of t e ir own fre e w ill T e ac e n ian .

od
s l ie rs an d t k e t er G re e s w o s til l c n tin e to
u bo u
hb
h
s are o r d la h h p
rs h d
an d an g e rs, ave e it er e ris e in
b om u ou
h
t e attl e s, ec e h n fit for war on ac c nt of t e ir

ou d A
hm jo y ho h p h d omd
w n b b h d
s , or e en p l e ft e in in t e difl e re n t arts of sia .

T e a rit ,
we v er, h av e e ris e fr ise as e, SO t at
u m y
mu h
f e w are l e ft h
o t of o ; aan
n d t e s e f e w ar e n o l n
ge r

e qu y o ou
al l
g r s body h
vi p h y in ,
w il e i n s ir it t e a re c

mo re e x aus te h d . All tho se who se p are n ts s till surviv e ,

fe e l a g re at ye arn in g to see th e m o n c e more the y fe e l a
ye arn ing afte r the ir wiv e s an d c h il dre n, an d a y earn in g
ure ly pardon ab le
h
for th e ir n ativ e lan d its e l f ; wh ic h it is s

fo r th e m to y e arn t o s ee again with t e hon o u

h
r an d
dign ity th e y h av e ac quire d f ro m t e e re turn in g as gre at
h
me n w e re as th ey d e parte d S mall and as ric h me n in
, ,
,

d Of b e in g poor D O n ot l e ad us n ow again st our

h h
s te a .

w ill ; for t o u wil t n o l o n ge r fin d u s t e sa me me n in

Arrian ( iii 1 9) . says th
a hh t t e T e ssalian s were se n t b ac k from
E c b atan a .
 Alexander Resolves to Retu
rn .

us
ho
re gar d to dan ge rs ,
s in c e fre e will w ill b e w a
-
n tin g to

m goo d
h
Bu
h d h
in t e c n t e s ts . t, rath e r, if it see to t hee ,

u m u
h k h hh
re t rn to t
y own l an , se et y o th e r, re g l ate t e af
fairs of t e G re e s, an d c arry to t e ho me of t y fat e rs
m y
hou h
th o h
e s e v ic t rie s S O h an d gre at an T e n start afre s on
.

d h
an t e r e xp e iti n , if t
oh d o h wis e st, again s t t e s e v e i y
u d o ho u
o hu h
tri e s of In ian s sit ate
b d t war s t e e as t ; or, if t

hp by b yo d h h
s es t, in t n s t Ca c e don
l
h t e E x in e S ea or e l se a g a i r

hb u hm h
an d t e arts o f Li a e n ’ It
t e Carc e don ian s .

is n ow t y ms in e s s to anage t e s e atte rs ; an d t e
o the r Mac e do nian s an d G ree k s will fol lo w th e e , yo un g
me n in pl ac e of ol d, fre sh me n in p l ac e Of e xhauste d
o nes, an d me n to who m warfare as n o te rrors , b e c ause h
h
up to t e p re se n t time th e y h ave ad n o e x p e rie n c e of h
it ; an d th e y will b e e age r to s e t ou t, f ro m Op e of fu tu h
h
re
re ward T e p rob ab il ity al so is, t h at th e y will aec o m
.

p an y th e e with stil l mo re ze al on this ac c o un t, whe n

h h
h
th e y se e th at tho se w o in t e e arl ie r ex p e d ition sh are d
t y labo u rs an d d an ge rs h av e re tu rn e d to th e ir own abod e s
as ric h me n in ste ad of b e in g poor, an d re n own e d in ste ad
u
h h
of b e in
g Ob s c re a s t h e y w e re b e f o re S e l f c o n tro l in
.
-

t e mid st of su
h
c c e ss is t e n obl e s t of a l l v irtu e s, 0 k in
g
For thouh as t n o th ing to f e ar fro m e n e mie s, wh ile t o u
art c o mman d in g an d l e ad in g su rmy a s th is ; b u

h h
ch a n a t
t e visitatio n s of t e d e ity are u n e x p ec te d , a n d c on s e

q ue n tly me n c an take no p re c autio n s against th e m ”

.

CH APTE R XXVIII .

ALE XAND ER RESOLVES To RETU RN

h
.

W HEN Coen us ad c o n c l ude d this s p e e c h lo ud applause

h h ,

h
w as giv e n t o is wo rd s by tho se w o we re p re se n t ; an d
t e fac t t hat man y e v e n sh e d te ars mad e it s till mo re ,

P ontu
s Eu
xinu
sha
an te s ab in ospit l i feritate Axenoe appe llatus

h am h h h
(P l iny, vi.

u
hh a a h
Ha hhh
3
T e Latin n eCart age and t e G reek Ca rc e don were c orr p tion s
”
of t e P oenici n G rt de s ot , t e
- n e w city .
 hA
T e nab as is f
o Ale xan de r .

h
h
d isin c lin ed to in c ur furt e r
h
e v i en t
d that th e y we re
azard s an d that re tu l d b e d e l ightfu l to t e m
h
, rn wo u .

Al e x an d e r th en b rok e up t e c on f ere n c e be ing ann oy e d

h
at t e fre e do m of s pe ec h in wh ic h C oc uas in d u
,

h h h
lge d an d ,

But t e
h h
t e h e itation dis p laye d by t e o th e r Oflic e rs
s .

m m
hh
n e x t da
y e c al l e d t e sa e e n to g e t h e r ag a i n in w ra t h ,

M
an d tol d th e m t at e in te n de d to ad van ce farth e r b u
h
t ,

wo u ac e don ian to ac c ompan y im

h hh h h
l d n ot f o rc e any

h
again s t is will ; t at e w o u l d h ave t e se on ly w o

h
f ol lo we d th eir king of t h e ir own ac c o rd and t at tho se
w o wishe d to re tu rn ho me we re at l ibe rty to re tu rn an d
tions th at th e y we re c o me
h h
ca rry b a c k w o rd to t h e ir rel a

b ac k h av in g d e se rte d th e ir k in g in t e mids t Of is
,

e n e mie s h h
h
H avin g said th is e re tire d in to is te n t an d
.
, ,

did n ot ad mit any of t e Co mpan io n s on th at day o r

h
unt il t e th ird day fro m th at waitin g to se e if any c h ang e
,

wou ld o c c u h h
r in t e min d s of t e M a
,

c e do n ia ns a n d Grec ia n

al lie s as is won t to h app e n as a ge n e ral ru

,
l e amo n g a
e m mo re dispo s e d to Ob e

h
c ro wd o f s ol die rs re n d e rin th
, g y .

But 0 11 t e c o n trary wh e n th e re was a p rof o u

hh h h
,
n d s il e n c e

t ro u u m
h
o t t e ca p an d t e s ol d ie rs w e re e vid e n tl y
g ,

an n oye d at is wrath witho u

h
t b e ing at all c h an ge d by it
, ,

P tole my son of Lag us say s that b e n on e t e l ess O ffe re d

h h h , ,

h h
sa c rifi c e th e re for t e p as sage Of t e rive r b u t t e,

v ic tims we re u vo u im wh e n
h h h
c rifi

h
n fa rab le t o e sa ced .

T e n ind e e d e c o ll e c ted t e ol de s t of t e Co mp an io n s
h h
an d e s p e c ial ly tho se w o w e re frie n d ly to im an d as al l
h h h
t in g s ind ic ate d t e ad v isab ility O f re tu e ma
,

h hhh
rn in g de
,

k n o wn to t e army t at e ad res ol ve d t o marc h b ac k

agam .

CH APTE R XX IX .

ALExAN D EE REC noss Es T s s HY D RAOTES AND ACES IN ES

hh
.

TH EN t e y s o u te d as a mix e d mul titude wo ul d sho ut

h
w e n rejo ic in g ; an d mo st of t e m S h e d tears of j oy h .
 hA
T e nab ol ic f
o Ale t ande r
- .

h h A
h h
fi
again ofle re d sac ri c e n ear t e rive r c e sin es
'

to a
p y, e .

m
hmp d h my p hd m
H he t e n c rosse d t a t riv e r again an dc a e to t e Hy da. s

h X by h
h
e s, w e r l oy e t e ar in re airin t e a a
p e e e g g e

Bu ph
u h ho u y o d
u d
c a se to t e c it ies of ic aea an d ce ala t e rain ,
oh e r s flairs of in
'

an d p t t e t t e c n tr r er
.
 BOO K VI .

CH APTE R I .

P anmnuo s ros A Voue s D O WN ran Innus

h
.

ALEXAN D E R
h hh h
n ow re s ol v e d todo wn t e Hydas pe s to
sail

h
t e G re at S e a afte r e ,
ad p re p are d on t e b an k s of
th at riv e r man y th irty oare d gall ey s an d o th e rs wit
-
on e

an d a h al f b an k of c ars as we ll as a n u mb e r of v e ssel s
,

h
f or c o n v e y in g ho rse s an d all t e o th e r th in gs re q u
h ,
isite
for t e e asy c o n v e yan c e of an army on a riv e r At firs t
hh hh h h
.

e t ou

h h hh
g h t e ad d is c o v e re d t e o rigin of t e N il e ,

wh e n e saw c ro c o dil e s in t e rive r Ind u

h
s wh ic h e , ad

h h h
1
s e e n in n o o th e r riv e r e x c e p t t e N il e as we l l as b ean s
,

A siu m
h h h
r o w i a r t b a k f t e c e s s of t e sa k i d
g n
g n e e n s o e n

as t o s e wh ic h t e Egyp tian lan d p rod u

h h
’
c es T is c on .

c tu m A u
h h
j e re w a s c o n fi r e d w h e n e h e a r d th at t e c e s i s s

falls in to t e In d u He tho u h t t e N il e rises so me

s .
g

h
wh e re or o th e r in In d ia an d af te r flo win g th ro u
, g h a n

c t of d e s e rt c o u me of In d us
h
e x te n ive t ra
s n try l o s e s t e n a

t e re ; b u
h hh h
t afte rward s wh e n it b e g in s t o flo w again
t ro u
h
t e in h a b it e d l an d it is c a l le d N il e bo t h by t
g , e

Ae thiop ian s of th at d is tric t an d by t e Egyp tian s an d ,

hh Indu h h
h
H erodo tu
hh h
s (iv 4 4 ) sa
.
y s t at t e s is t e on l y rive r be s ide s t e

Nil e w ic p roduc e s c roc odil e s . He does n ot see m to a ve kn own t e

h h h h
G ange s .

N el umbiumsp ec iosum, t
h h h h
2
T is was t e E gyptian b e an of Pyt agoras
e

c re d b y t e m It is c u
hh
t e L otu s of t e H in du

hh h h h
s, e l d sa l tivate d an d
.

ig ly valu e d in C in a, w ere it is e a te n T e seeds are t e s ape an d

.

size of ac orns .
 T hA e nabas is o
f Alexan der .

mpt ie s itse l f in to t e In n e r S ea In l ike man h

h
finally
h
l
e .

n e r Ho me r ma de t e riv e r E gyp t giv e its name to t e

c ou h Ac c ordin gly wh e n e wro te to
h
n t ry o f Egyp t 52
.

O ly mp ias abo ut t e c ou fte r me n tion in g

h h hh
n t ry of I n d ia a ,

u
h h h
o th e r t h in s sa id t h a t tho h t ad d is c o v e re d
g e , e
g e

t e so u fo rming is c o n c l u bo ut
h
rc e s of t e Nil e s io n s a
,

t h in gs so gre at fro m s u sm all an d trivial p re misse s

hh
c .

Ho we v e r whe n e ad mad e a more c are ful in quiry in to

h h h h ,

ndu

h h
t e fa c ts re l atin
g t o t e r ive r I s e l e arn e d t e f ol ,

l owin g de tails f rom t e n at iv e s — That t e Hy dasp es

h h
un ite s its wat e r wit h t e Ac e s in es as t e latter doe s
h
with t e Ind u m
,

h h
t th e y bo th yie l d u
h h
s a n d th a th e ir n a es
, p
to t e In d u th at t e las t n ame d rive r as tw o mo nt s
h h
s -
,

th rou
h hh
h w h i it d i h ar i tse lf in to t e G r a t S e a;
g c s c g e s e

bu t th at it as n o c o n n e c t io n w it t e Egyp tian c o u
h h h
n tr
y .

He th e n re mov e d fro m t e le t te r to is mo t h e r t e p art

hh h
ad writte n abo ut t e Nile
h h h
e
3
Plann in g av oyage do .

h h h h
t e riv e rs as far a s t e G re at S e a e o rd e re d sh ip s f or ,

t is p u im T e c re ws of
h
rpo se to b e p re pare d for is .

e fu l ly su pp l ied f ro m t e Phoe n ic ian s Cyp rian s

h h
sh ip s we r ,

C arian s an d Egyp tians w o ac c omp anie d t e army

,
.

C HAPTER II .

V an ne ws Hrnasrrs
h h
es rs : .

Ar t is t ime A mo
hk bu d
u ’

h
d Coe n s, w o was on e of l e x an er s st

u Co mp
h
fait f l o d d an i n s, fe ll il l an d ie , an d t e in g rie
m h mu h m um
hCo mp o hd
i wit fi as o d c agn i ce n c e as c irc s tanc es all we .

hh m h m hppo h
h
T e n c ol le c tin g oy t e an i ns an d t e In ian en v s

d Po u k
hh h y b o q u d
w o ad co e to i , e a in te r s in g of t e

p art of In dia w ic ad al re ad e en c n ere , se ve n

hM
h h
[ . c. t e e dite rr ne a an .

Hoe Arriu n v 6 su p ra , T. e n at iv e n am e. of E gyp t w as C em

( b l ac k) C.o m p a re V e rgil ( G eo rg ie iv 2 9 1 ) — V iri de m A e gyp
. t um n
. ig n i
l oru t are n a U squ atin amn iade ve xu
h hh h hh
n da e c ol or
. s a b Indie .

3
T is u s e o f de t wit
p t e dat iv e is in s te ad of t e A tt ic r cpt wit t e
ge nitive o r ac e usative .
 T hAmhe aric f
o Al um-der .

CHAPTE R III .

Vo n r
n ne w: rs : Hmurxs ( m tiaue f
h y p
hh m h
v

Wars
hpp h h
e ad ade all t e n ec e ssar
p re arations t e

m
u m ho h
y b ark at a roac of t dat a ;
h
arra b e gan to e t e e

h H hp ph
w a i le d
c c o rdin fi g to c s
to e ff e re sac ri ce to t e

Wh h hm
g ods and to t e rive r y das pes , as t e ro e ts dire c
u d
h m hp hh p u
te d .
‘
en e ade b arke d b e po re a lib at ion in t o

hA hH
t e rive r f ro t e row of t e s i o t of a gol de n g ob

u h h h h
le t , in vok ing t e c es in e s as w e ll as t e yd aspe s , b e

hh u h hH
c a se e ad asc e rt aine d t at it is t e
h large s t of all t e

k d h du
rive rs w ic n ite w it h h t e y da s e s , an d t a
p t t e ir

uum
h h
H
hh hA
c o n tin was no t far o ff e al s o in v o e t e I . n s,

M hp u d h
ju
h
in to w ic fl t e c e s in e s o ws aft e r it s n c t ion w it t e

u
hm
H d a es o re o v e r e o re o t l ib at ion s t o is f ore
y s
p .

Amm
h hh ho d
fat in r l ic rtwlc i, to
- h d on -
2
an d t e o t e r g o s to w o ,

h h
ab it o f sac rific in g, an d t e n
h r e re d

h
e wa s in t e e

h
t e s i g n al f o r s ta r t in
g s e aw a rd s to b e
g iv e n w it t e

A h y m
o h
um
h
tr t s s o o n a s t e s ig n al w a s
g ive n t e c o
p e

u m u d
h
n -
n c l t e v o a
y g d
e in re g l ar o r e r ; f o r ir e c t i n s a d

h h
l wc n g iv e n at w at dis tan c e a art it was n e c e ss ar fo r
- p y

hh hh p
t e b aggag e v e s s e ls t o b e arran g e , as al s fo r t e v e s
d o
m d
h hm h
I
- s
c o n v e i
y gn t e o rs e s a n fo r t e s i s o f w ar ; so

u
hh
t at t e
yh oh ig t n o t f all fo l o f e ac t er by sail in g
m H
h
an n e l at ran do did al low
h
do wn t e c . e n ot e ve n

u k by o u pp
h h
t e i
ns t -
sail in g ips to g e t o t o f ran
s ts tri in g
qu
h mu h p o d d o m
ilw run T e no is e o f t e ro wing wa s n e ve r e all e d

h h h
on an y ot er oc c as io n , inas c as it r cee e fr so

m m u
m
hm b
d o
ips rowe ho at t sa ti al s tin g

h
any s e e e ; t e s

h k h h mou
o f t e b o ats wain s g iv in g t e ti e fo r e
g in n in
g an d

h h hh
e ars , an d t c la

h
st ing t e s t ro e of t e e r o f
o
pp
t e ro k w m e rs , w en ee
p in g ti e al l t o ge t er w it t e

hh hh
Arrian ( u m 1 8 ) we le arn t at e sac rifice d to is c oun try h
h h h
I ,

in Iumido n Amp iti ite t e Ne re ids t e Oc ean as we l l a

h
u and s to
'
n
‘ 'll , .
-
, , ,

l l m t an u l iv e rs ( if i l l ,
. . . s u
p a
r .

Cl I l l ll s u ra
r p
. . .
 Voyage down t hH
e
ydas
p es into t hA
e c es ines . 3 21

h
d ashing of t e e ars mad e a n oise l ike ab attle c ry T e h
h
-
.
,

ban ks of t e riv er also b e in g in many pl ac es h ighe r

h
th an t e sh ip s an d c ol l e c tin g t e s o u
,
,

n d in to a n a h
rro w
sp a c e se n t b a
, c k to e a c h o th e r a n e c ho wh ic h wa s v e ry

muc h in c re ase d by its v ery c omp re s sio n In s o me p arts

h h
.

h h
too t e gro ve s of tre e s on e ac h sid e of t e rive r h el p e d
to s well t e s o u n d bo th f ro m t e s o l itu d e an d t h
h h , e re v e r

h h h h
b e ratio n of t e n oise T e ho rse s wh ic h we re vis ibl e on
.

t e d e c k s of t e tran s po rts stru

h
c k t e ba rb arian s w o
w th e m w ith s u c h su t tho s e of th e m w o
h h
sa rp rise th a

we re p re se n t at t e s tarting of t e fl e e t ac c o mp an ie d it
h
.

a l o n g way f ro m t e p l ac e of e mb ark atio n

h h
For ho rs e s .

h
ad n e v e r b e fo re be e n se e n on bo ard sh ip s in t e c o u
hh
n try

tiv e s did n ot c all to min d t at t e

h
of I n d ia; a n d t e na

e xp e ditio n o f D io ny s u

h h h
s in to I n d ia wa s a n aval o n e T e .

s h ou

h hh
tin g of t e rowe rs an d t e n o is e of t e rowin g we re
h eard by t e In d ian s w o ad al re ady sub mitte d to
h
Al e xan de r an d th e s e c ame runn in g do wn to t e riv e r s
h
’
,

b an k an d ac c o mpan ie d im s in gin g th e ir n at ive s o n gs

h
.

For t e In d ian s h av e b e e n e mine n tly fo n d of s in gin g an d

h h
d an c ing s in c e t e time of Dion y s us an d tho se w o un de r
h h h
h
is b ac c h ic in sp iratio n trav e rse d t e lan d of t e In d ian s
with im 1
.

CH AP TER IV .

VO YAG E D O WN TH E HY DAS PE B INT O TH E Ac s sms s

h h h
.

hh h
S AILIN G th us , e stopp e d on t e third day at t e spot
ad in stru
h h
wh e re e c te d He p a e s tion a n d C rate ras to
e nc amp on Oppo site b an k s of t e riv e r at t e same p lac e
h h
.

H e re e re main e d two day s, un til Ph il ip with t e re s t of

h my m u h h m H h h
h h m h hh h A
t e ar ca e p w it i . e t en sen t t is g e n e ral
m
hb k h
wit b uh
t e en e ro g t w it i to t e riv e r c e sin e s,

ho d
w it m h or e rs to H arc al n g t e an of t at riv e r . e

Cf . Arrian (Indic a ,
 hA
T e n abasis f
o Alexan de r .

h h
h h h
als o se n t C rate ras an d Hep ae stion off again wit in
c t t e ma But e
h
s tru ow th e y we re to c on d u

h
c tion s rc h .

h imse l f c o n tinue d is v oyage down t e rive r Hydasp e s

hh ,

h h h
t e c an n e l of wh ic h is n owh e re l e s s th an twe n ty stad e s

h h
b road Moo rin g is ve ssel s n ear t e b ank s wh ere v er e
.

e rec e iv e d s o me of t e I

h
c ou ld
,
n d ia n s d we l l in g n ea r
in to alle gian c e by th e ir v ol u ry su
h
n ta rre nder wh il e e re,

me in to atrial of stre ngth

h
du
h h
c e d by fo rc e tho se w o c a

im Th e n ile d rapidl y towards t e c ou

h
with . e sa n t ry

h h h
of t e Ma l l inas an d Oxy drac ian s h avin g asc e rtaine d that
,

t ese trib e s were t e mo st n u merous an d t e mo st war

h
h
l ik e oi t e In dian s in th at re g io n ; an d having bee n ia
f o rme d th at th e y ad pu
h
t th e ir wive s a n d c hil dre n for

fe ty in to th e ir stro n ge st c itie s with t e re s ol u

hh h
sa ,
tion of
figh tin g a b attle with im e ma

h h, d e t e v oyage with

h h
t e gre ate r sp e e d with t e ex p re s s d es ign of attac k in g
t e m b e fore th e y a d arran ged th e ir p lan s an d wh il e ,

h h
th e re was s till l ac k of p re paratio n an d a state of c o n
fu mon g th e m Th e n c e e made is sec on d start
h h h
s io n a .
,

an d on t e fifth day re ac h e d t e j u n c tio n of t e H da

y
n d Ac e sin e s Wh ere th e se riv e rs unite on e ve ry
h
sp e s a .
,

rrow riv e r is fo rme d ou t of t e two ; an d on ac c o u

h
na nt o f

its n arro w n e ss t e c u
h h
rre n t is s wift Th ere are also p ro
.

digiou t e wh irl in g stre am an d t e wate r

h
s e dd ie s in ,

h
rise s in wav e s a n d p la sh e s e xc ee d in l y so th a
g t,
t e n o is e

h
of t e sw e l l o f wa te rs is d ist in c tl y h eard by p e opl e wh il e
Th e se th in g s ad p rev io u
h hh
t h ey are s till far o ff . sl y b ee n

re po rte d to Al e xan d e r by t e n ativ e s an d e

h h h ,
ad tol d
is army approac h e d t e
h h h
is sol die rs ; an d ye t wh e n ,

j un c tio n of t e riv e rs t e n oise made by t e stream p ro

h
duc e d so gre at an imp re s sion u
,

pon the m that t e sail ors

n ot fro m a n y wo rd of c o mm

h
an d b u
h h h
s topp e d ro win g , t ,

b e c ause t e ve ry boatswain s w o gave t e time to t e

ro we rs b e c ame sil e n t fro m asto n ish me n t a
h
n d stood a g h a s t
at t e n ois e .
 T hAnaba i f
e s s o Alexan der .

h be ing c o n v eye d upon th e m an d when e h

hp h hh h
w o we r
e s till

ad re aire d t e damage d s ip s rc u
h h h h
e o rd e re d Ne a s to ,

M
sa il do wn t e rive r u nt il e rea c he d t e c o n fi n e s of t e

He hims e lf made an inroad in to

h h h
na t io n c al le d allians .

n s w o wo u

h h
t e te rrit orie s of t e ba rb aria l d n ot yiel d to
im an d afte r p re ve n t in g t he m fro m s u c c ou

h h
, rin g t e
n fo rme d a j u

h h
Hallian s e a g ai, n c tio n with t e n a v al
armame n t He p ae s tio n Crate rus an d Ph il ip ad al
h
l
.
, ,

re ady u Ale xan de r t he n tran s

h h h hh
nite d t h e ir fo rc e s e re .

h h
po rte d t e e l e p an ts t e b rigade oi Polyspe rc on t e , ,

ho rs e arc h e rs an d Ph il ip w it h is army ac ro ss t e rive r

-
, ,

d th e m He
h
H ydas pe s an d in s t ru te ru
h hh , c te d C ra s to l ea .

se n t N e arc u

h h
s wit t e fl e e t with o rd e rs to se t sail t re e
days b e fore t e army s tarte d
h h h
He d ivide d t e re st of .

is army in to t re e parts an d o rde re d He p ae s tion to ,

s ho u

h h
o fiv e d a y s in a d va n c e s o that if a n l d fl e e b e fo r
g y , e

t e me n u is o wn c o mman d an d go rap id ly fo rward

h h h
n de r

th e y mig t f all in wit He p ae s tion s b rigade an d th us

h
’

b e c ap t u He al s o gav e a p art o f t e army to P to

h h h
re d .

l e w y so n o f Lag us wit orde rs to fo ll o w im afte r t e

h h h ,

h
l aps e o f t re e days s o t at all t ho se w o fle d fro m im
,

an d t u rn e d b ac k again migh t fal l in with P tol e my s

h
’

h h h
b rig ade l Io o rde re d t os e in ad van c e to wait wh e n
.
,

t e y arrive d at t e c o n fl u e n c e of t e riv e rs Ac e s in e s a

h
nd

e h im e l f c ame u

h
n d b e in s tru

h
Hy dra o te s u n t il a ted
, p sc

Crate rus an d P to l e my al s o to f orm aj u im

h
n c t io n wit

at t e s a me p lac e .

CH APTE R VI .

Can rmu
x AGAINS T TH E HALLIANS
" h hh b hbo m
.

u
hA hb h
it t en to o k t e s ie l d -
earin g g ard s , t e w e n,

t e g rian ian s , Pe it on s
’
riga e d of me n ,
w o w e re

Ac c o rdin g D io do ru u 96) an d C u rtiu Ale xander h

mad an xp diti n agai t th h
to s
( xv . s (ix 1 4 ) . ere

rmy of
md c ap tur d thity f Agall a a
e e e o ns e S i i de fe ate d an a In dians ,

‘
e e c o ss

\
.
 Camp aign agains t t hM e al l ians .

d foot Co mpan ion s all t e hho bo

wmen an d h al f
h
calle rse,

t e c av al ry Co mp an io n s an d marc h e d th ro u
h
, g h a tr ac t

h
o f c ou n try d e s titu

h h
te of wate r again st t e H allian s a
.
,

trib e of t e in d e p e n d e n t In d ian s l
On t e firs t day e .

mp e d n e ar a s mall p ie c e o f wate r wh ic h was about

h
enc a

de s d istan t f rom t e riv e r Ac e s in e s

h
1 00 s ta H av in g .

d in e d th e re an d c ause d is army to re s t a sho rt time

h e o rd e re d ev e ry ma hh ,

h
n to fi ll whate v e r v e ss el e ad with
Afte r trav e l l in g t e re main ing p art of that day
h h
wate r .

an d all t e e n su in g n ig t a d is tan c e of abo u

h h h
t 4 0 0 stad es ,

M h
e a t d aybre ak re ac h e d t e c ity int o wh ic h man y of t e
all ian s ad fle d for re fu st of th e m we re o u

h g e Mo . t sid e

t e c ity an d u rme d su pposin g th at Ale xan der wo uld

h h
na ,

n e v e r c o me a a n s t th e m t ro u h t e wa e rl e ss c ou

h h
i t n try
g g .

It was e vid e n t that e led is army by th is ro u te for

t h is ve ry re aso n b e c au cu l t to l ead an army
h
se it wa
, s d iffi

n d c onse q u

h h
t h is wa a e n tl y it a pp ea re d in c re d ibl e to t e
y ,

e n e my th a t e wo u l d l e ad is fo rc e s in th is dire c tion .

He th e re fo re f ell u pon th e m une x p ec te d ly an d k il le d ,

mo st of th e m witho ut th eir e v e n turn in g to d efe n d the m

s e l ve s s in c e th e y we re u rme d He c oope d t e re s t up h
h h h
,
na .

is c av al ry al l ro u
h h
in t e c ity an d po ste d ,
n d t e wa ll ,

b e c ause t e ph alan x of in f an try ad n ot ye t c o me up ”

h
w ith im He thus mad e use o f is c avalry in p lac e of h
h h
.

As s oon as t e in fan try arrive d e se n t

h
a sto c k ad e .
,

is own c avalry re gime n t an d th at of

h
Pe rdic c as with

hM
C l itus as wel l as t e Agrian ian s again s t an oth e r c ity of
,

all ian s wh ith e r man y of t e In d ian s of th at re gio n h ,

h
t e ,

ad fle d for re f u
h h g
h
e H e o rd.e re d Pe rdic oe s t o b l o c k a d e

t e me n in t e c ity b u t n ot t o c o mme n c e t e ac tio n

h ,

until e h ims e l f sho ul d arriv e so that n o ne migh t esc ape

fro m th is c ity an d c arry n e ws t o t e re s t of t e b ar
,

h h
hh hM
allian s is t e modern ool tan h M
M h hA
T e cie f c ity of t e .

fi rw In later write rs p 15 is of ten u

. sed w e re t e ttic writers
wou
ld u
se 0 0 .
 hA
T e nabas ie o f Ale-tan der .

be rian a that Al exan d er was already app roac hing He

h h
.

th e n b e gan t o assau l t t e wall ; b u t t e ba rba ria ns

h h
ab an do n e d it fin din g that th ey we re n o l on ger ab l e to
,

d efe n d it sin c e man y ad b een k ill e d in t e c apture

h
, ,

h
an d o th e rs ad b e e n re n d e re d u nfi t f or figh tin g on a c

cou n t of t h e ir wo u n ds Fl e e in g f or re fuge in to t e
.

c ita del th ey de fe n de d themsel v e s for some time fro m a

,

position c o mman d in g fro m its h eigh t an d d iffic ul t of

ac c e ss . h
But as t e Mac e don ian s p re sse d on v igo ro u sl y

f rom all s ide s an d Al e xan d e r h imse lf appeare d n ow in

h h
,

h hh
th is p art of t e ac tio n an d n ow in th at t e c itade l wa ,
s

tak en by s to rm an d all t e me n w o
h ,
ad fle d into it
for re fu um
h h hh
g e w e re k ill e d t o t ,e n b e r of 2 0 00 P er ,
.

h h
d ie c e s al s o re ac h e d t e c ity to w ic h e ad b ee n de
u u
h h
s a
p t c e d an d f o n d it d e s e rt e d ; b t l e ar n in
g t h a t t e

inh ab itan ts ad fle d fro m it n ot l o n g b e fo re e ma

h h h
de a
,

fo rc e d marc h on t e t rac k of t e f u
h h g iti ve s T e l
. ig h t
armed troop s fol l o we d im as q u ic k ly as t e v c o u
h h
l d on
foo t so th at e took an d massac re d as many of t e f u
h
, g i
tiv e s as c o u l d n ot o u im an d fle e f or s afe ty in to
h
tstrip
t e riv er marsh es - .

CHAPTE R VII
M
.

C AM
PAIGN AGAIN S T TH E ALLIAN S con tin
( ued)
h hm
.

AFTER din in g an d c ausin g is e n to re st un til t e firs t

h
watc h of t e n igh t Al e xan de r marc h e d f orward an d
h h
trav e ll in g a g re at d istan c e th ro u
,

h h gh t e n ig h t e arr ive d ,

hM h h
at t e riv e r Hy drao te s at dayb re ak
1
Th e re e a.sc e r

tain e d th at mo st of t e
h h
allian s ad alre ady c ro sse d t e
rive r; b u t c o min g u
h
pon tho se w o we re still in t e ac t of
e sl e w ma ny of th e m in th e ir p a

h h
c ro s sin s sa e H a i
g , g v n
g .

c ro s se d w ith th e m in p u rs uit wit o u

h hh
t any d e lay by t e
sa me ford e k e p t c l o se u
, p w ith tho s e w o ad c u t

S trab o an d Cu
rtius ca h
ll t is river Hyarotis .
 T hA e n atomic of Al x ande r
e .

hu f '
b et an d b e in g w rig hh t it . t e n: w ere m e d bu t
f
n on . we re n ear . f i g ur
ing Ab ou
. t in all
mm an d or amo . u nt o f me n v alou u
n it afe w r
,

we re tan t -
z
.
p ri s one rs .

b ut ” m
a M at l e s s r m Bn nr Hmmm
hm h h
or A1
'

. . e . .

M
h hM H
r ema

h
lb 1 . ,
in
e dt e re one de r to
give is ar y re st , e

d hh
w wmu d o n t again s t aiiian s
h
-
n orrow
e r t e ot er . e

m
h hh hm
u
h
fo nd t e c it ie s ab an don e d, an d as c e rt ain e t at t e en

h h
ad fle d in '
o t e des e rt T e re e ag ain gav e t
. e ar v

h h h
’
o ne : day s re s t , an d on t e n e xt day se n t Pe it on an d
m m
h h
ln -
c -i r ian t aval ry g e ne ral
e c ac k t o t e riv e r, in c o
mm m m
h hm
ul of t e i r o wn t roo s,
p g iv in g t e in add t ion as i
an v
m m
h h
l n alio fi u of t e l ig t o
ar ed in fant rv as w e re sn c ie n :

” u
hh h h
f or w p i ld n lr l
'
'

l
'
T e ir in st r c t io n s w e re V ) .

g o alon g
y m
hh h
t e: an k o f t h e rive r, an d if t e et an y of t ose

mm h h ud
w o y h h h
ad fle d f o r safe t in t o t e w o ods , of w ic t e re

m m
h
’

u mh
wv k an y t e rive r s b an k, t o ill all w o re f se

m u pu m y
h
to H i
'
rc -
er. l e it
’
on an d D e e t ri s ca t re d an

hM
h m H hm
h h
o f |I u k
in t e wo ods and ille d t e . e i s e lf

u h m hh h
l ml i fo rm s again s t t e large st c it
y -
of t e al lian s,
h
s

m m y
Bu h h b do d h
W ll l l l e was in fo r e d an f ro t e ot e r c itie s ad
' ‘

hA
u
u h
lulw n ri l -
go. t t is al so t e In dian s a an ne w en

m h
m ” h
tl y e ard t at le xan de r was arc ing again st it .

( in n- il l H h y m d h h t e rive r y draote s , t e re aine w it t e ir

mu b u
h hu hh u u A
fo r u u -
h h
drawn p p on its b ank, e c a se it was ig , an d

h h h h y hh hh
’

Whh
t e
y t po
g t t
y e co ld o b str c t l e xan de r s as sag e .

h h hp h h h
e n e e ard t is , e t oo k all t e cavalr w ic e ad

h hM hd h m u
W it m i , and Wo n t to t e art of t e riv e r w e re e was
m
h h y Wh h
l l l lul e d t at t o al lin as ad rawn t e s e l ve s
p f or

m u h h h my d u h
u l l lv ; an d t d o o in fan t r was orde re to foll w . en e

uh h
Ii
' '

l d t e rive r an d be ol d t e e ne rawn p on t e

m ypu d
hh y o
y u m un k b t ins tan tl
mh
"p la
t in
,
e ade no de la , l n
ge

u
l lu l l h y ad wit t e cavalr al ne . t en t e saw
 S torming f
o hMt he al lian S trong old.

h hm dd h h
ou h
h
that e was n ow in t e i le of t e rive r, t g th e y
we re drawn up ready for battle th ey withd rew from t e ,

ban k with all spe e d ; an d Ale xan de r fo ll o we d th e m with

h is c avalry al on e But wh en t e In d ian s p e rc eive d o n ly
. h
ca va lry th ey wh ee l e d ro u
, nd a n d fo u h t with d e sp e ra
g te

va lo ur b e in g a
, bout in n u mb er Wh e n Alexan d er .

p e rce ive d that th eir ph alan x was de n sely c o mpac t an d

h e rod e righ t ro u h ,

h
that is own in fantry was ab se n t nd ,

t h e ir army an d mad e c arge s u pon the m b ut did n ot

c o me to c l o se fi htin m hh,

h h
g g w it h th e M ea n w il e t e arc h e rs
.
,

t e Agrianian s an d t e o th e r b attalio n s of l ig h t arme d

h h
-

in fan try b e in g p ic k e d me n who m e was l e ad in g wit

h ,

h
im arrive d an d is ph alan x of in fan try was see n n ot far
, ,

As all kind s of dan ger we re t hre ate n ing th e m at

h h
off.

on c e t e In d ian s n ow w e e l e d ro un d again an d be gan

,

h
to flee with h e ad lo n g sp ee d int o t e s tro n ge st of t h e ir
t Al e xan d e r fol l o we d the m an d sle w
h h h
adj ac e n t c itie s ; b u
many w ile those w o e s cap e d in to t e c ity were c oope d
h ,

h
up with in it At first in d e e d e surro un d e d t e c ity with
hh h
.

o rse sol die rs as th ey c ame up fro m t e marc h b ut

h h h
t e -

whe n t e in fan try arriv e d e e n c amp e d a ll ro u ,

n d t e wa ll
f or t h is day b e c au s e n ot mu s l ef t for m

h h h h ,
c h of it wa ak in g
t e as sau l t an d is army ad b ee n e xhau
h h h ,
s te d t e in fa n try ,

by t e l o ng marc h an d t e c avalry by t e un in te rrup te d

h h ,

p ursuit an d e s pe c iall y by t e passage of t e rive r

, .

CHAPTER IX .

S roau mo os run MALLIAN S rnos onom

'

h h
.

ON t e fol lo win g day d ividing t e army in to two p arts

h e hims e l f a h h ,

ul t e d t e wall at t e h ead of on e an d
,

h h
s sa ,

h h
Pe rdic c as le d on t e o the r Upo n this t e In d ian s did .

ns b u

h h
n ot wait to re c e iv e t e a t tac k of t e Mac e do n ia t ,

h h
ab an do n e d t e wall s of t e c ity and tie d for safe ty in to
del Alexan d e r an d is troop s th e re fo re split
hh h
t e c ita .

op en a small gate an d got wit in t e c ity lo ng b e fore t e

,
 T hA u e nab c is o f Alezandar .

h hh
o th ers f or t se w o ad b een put un de r Perdic oe s were
h
o
b eh in d time h avin g exp e rien c e d dific u
,
l ty in sc a l ing t e
walls as mo s t of th e m did n ot b ring l a
h h , dde rs t h in k ing ,

th at t e c ity ad b ee n c aptu
h h h
re d wh e n th e y ob se rve d t h a
, t
Bu
h h
t e wal l s we re d e se rte d by t e d e fe n d ers t wh e n t e .

c ita d e l was see n to b e stil l in t e po sse ssion of t e e ne my ,

an d man y of th e m we re ob serve d d rawn u

hM
in f ro n t of it
p
to re p e l attac k s s o me of t e
h , ac e donian s trie d to f o rc e
an e n try b y u n d e rminin

h
t e w a ll a n d o th e rs by pla c in
g
g ,

h h h
sc a l ing la dd e rs again st it w e re ve r it was p rac tic ab l e t o
,

do s o Alex an d e r thin king th at t e me n w o c arrie d t e

h
.
,

ladd e rs were to o sl o w sn atc h e d on e fro m aman w o was

h ,

n to mo u

h h h
ca rryin g it p l ac e d it a a i n s t t e wa ll and be a nt
, g g ,

it c ro u u A m m u n te d P e u

h h h h
c in n d e r is shie l d f t r i o
, g e .

t e man w o c arrie d t e sac re d sh ie l d wh ic

h h
c e s ta s ,

Al exan d e r took from t e te mp l e of t e Troj an Ath en aan d

h h
use d to k e e p with im an d h av e it c arrie d b efo re im
h h ,

Afte r P e uc estas by t e same ladd e r

h
in all is b attl e s 1
.
,

de n tial bo dy g uard an d up
h
as c e n d e d Le on n atu
h h
s t e c onfi -

an o t e r l adde r we n t Ab reas on e of t e sol d ie rs w o

h ,

h
re c e ive d do u ble pay fordis tin g uish e d se rvic es T e k in g
h h
9
.

was n ow n e ar t e battl e me n t of t e wall an d l e aning is

h h u m
,

h h h
sh ie l d a g ain s t it w a s p s h in
g s o e o f t e In d ia n s wit in

h h
t e fo rt an d ad c l e are d that p art of t e wall by k ill in g
, ,

is sword T e sh ie l d b e arin g g u ards b s c o m

h
o th e rs with .
-

in g v e ry an x io u fe ty p u
h
’
s for t e k in g s sa sh e d ea c h o th e r
,

ru m
h
with ardo u
h
t e s a e la dd e r a n d b r ok e it s o t ha t
p
l re ady mo u n d ma

h
tho se w o we re a n tin f e ll do wn a d e t e
g
as c e n t imp rac tic ab l e for t e rest Al exan d e r th e n stan d
h h ,
.

in g u po n t e wall was b ein g assaile d all ro un d fro m t e

h ,

h h h
adj ac e n t to we rs ; for n on e of t e In d ian s dare d approac h
im He was also b e in g assaile d by t e me n in t e c ity
h h ,
.

w o we re th rowing d arts at im fro m n o gre at d is tan c e ;

for a mo u n d of e arth h a pp e n e d t o h av e b e e n h e ap e d up
Arrian i 1 1 su
h pra
hm
1 Cf . . .

T e Romans c all ed t ese en du

p ic ar a
l . S ee Livy , n. 59 ; u
v .
 hA f A T e nab s is o a lexander .

P o my y h u m h ou d
h h b ood Bu ho u h h h
t le sa s air was b reat ed o t fro t e w n to

h u o hd hb
g eht e r wit t e l . t al t g e was fain t wit
d d hm
m Bu h
ex a sti n, e e fen e i sel f, as l on g as is l ood
m u op o u
h h
was s till war
bo d . t t e l o a in g
s tre o t c i s ly
ho u
an d wit t p c ea
o b
sin g at e v e ry e x irati n of re at , e was

upo hh d A hh
d
s e ize h d wit oo b o
a izzin ess an d sw nin g a nd , e n ding v er

u
d d h h h d h d
fe l l n is s ad fall e n P e c e st as de
ie l . fte r e

m ho d m
ho h d h
fen e i , l in g ov e r i in fr n t t e sac re s ie l
o
b ou h
r g t fr o m oy Tr ; and on t e t er si e e wa s

de f e n de d by Leon n atu s But bo th th e s e me n we re .

hM
th e mse l ve s w o un d e d, an d Al e xan d e r wa s n ow n e a rl y

fain ting away fro m l o ss of b l ood

h h
For t e ac edon ian s .

ad e x pe rie n c e d gre at diffic u assau

h
l ty in t e l t als o on this
ac c o u b e c ause tho se w o saw Al e xan d e r b e in g s hot at
h h
n t,

up on t e wall an d th e n l e ap in g do wn in to t e c itad e l
with in in th e ir ardo u r aris in g f rom fe ar l e s t th e ir k in g

sho u
,

ld me e t w ith an y mish ap by re c kl e s sly e x po sin g im h

he n s o me b e ga

h
s e l f to d a n e r b rok e t e l a dd e rs T h n to
g ,
.

de vis e one p l an an d o th e rs an o th e r to mo u nt u po n t e
w all as w el l as th e y c o u l d in th e ir s tate o f e mbarrassme n t
s ome fi
,

x in g p e s in to t e wa
g l l w h i h
c h wa s ma d e of e a
,
r t h
,

an d s usp e n d in g th e mse l ve s fro mth e se ho is te d the mse l v es

h
up wit d iffic ul ty by th e irme an s ; oth e rs got up by mo unt
in g on e u h
pon t e o th e r T e firs t man w o go t up thre w h h
h h h
.

ims e l f do wn f ro m t e w all in to t e c ity an d s o on in

su h ,

h
c c e s sio n ; a n d wh e n th e y sa w t e k ing lyin g th e re on
l l raise d a l ou d l ame n tat io n an d how l of
h
t e g ro u n d th e y a

ow e n su ro u
h
r i ef N e d a d e s p e rate c o n fl ic t a nd is fa l l en
g .

h h h
body on e M ac e don ian afte r an o the r hol din g is sh ie l d
,

in f ro n t of im In t e me an time so me of t e sol d ie rs
h h
.

h h
h av in g sh iv e re d in pie c e s t e b ar by wh ic h t e gate

h
in t e spac e of wall b e twe e n t e t o we rs was sec u
h h
re d ,

t t e time wh il e o th e rs in as mu
h h
e n te re d t e c ity a fe w a c ,

as a gap ad b e e n mad e in t e gate p u t th e ir sho u

h h
l d e rs ,

h
un de r it an d forc e d it into t e sp ac e in s ide t e wall an d ,

th u s la id t e c itad e l op e n in that q u arte r .

 Alexan der Wounded .

CHAPTE R XI .

ALEXAN D ER WO UND ED
h
.

H EREU PON so me of them b e gan to kill t e In dian s all ,

of who m th e y sl e w s p a rin g n ot e v e n a wo man or c h il d

h h
.
,

h
O th e rs c arrie d off t e k in g w o was ly in g in a fain t ,

upon is sh ie l d ; an d th e y c ould not ye t te ll

h
c o n ditio n ,

wh e th er e was l ik e l y to s u rv iv e S o me au tho rs h av e .

t Critode mu n Asc l e p iad

h
s tate d th a s a phy sic ia n of Cos a
’

, ,

by b irth made an inc isio n in to t e inj ure d p art an d

h h
1
,

d re w t e we apon o ut of t e woun d O the r authors say

h
.

h
th at as th ere was n o ph ysic ian p re se n t at t e c ritic al
mo me n t P e rdic cas t e c on fide n tial body guard at Al e x
h h
-
, , ,

an de r s b iddin g made an in c is io n with is swo rd in t o t e

h
’
,

wo u n de d p a rt an d re mo ve d t e w e apon On its re mo val .

th e re was s u c h a c op io u s e ff u t Al e xan d e r
h h h
sio n of b l ood tha

s woo n e d a a in a n d t e e ffe c t o f t e s woo n wa s th a t t

g e ,

e ff u

h
’

h
s ion o f b lood wa s s tan c h ed M any o the r th in gs c on .

h
c e rn in
g t h is c at as tr0
p e h av e b e e n re c o rd e d by t e

h is to rian s ; an d Rumo ur havin g re c e iv e d t e state me n ts

h h
h h
as t h e y we re g iv e n by t e firs t falsifie rs of t e fac ts ,

s till p re s e rv e s t e m e v e n to ou r time s n or wil l s e d e s is t

h
,

from h an din g t e fal se hood s on to o th e rs al s o in re g u l ar

un l e ss a s te p is p ut to it by th is h is to ry
hh
su

h
3
c c e s s io n , .

For ex ampl e t e c o mmon ac c o u t t is c alamity

h
,
n t is t a ,

hM
b e fe ll Al e x an d e r amo ng t e Oxydrac ian s ; whe reas it ,

real ly oc c u rre d amo n g t e allians an in d e p e n d e n t tribe ,

hh a uu h
hm h
Curtiu
hA
s (ix 22
) . call s t e p y sic i n Critob l s . Neart e c ity of Goa
um m A u
m h m hh am hA a
sto od t e sc l e pié , or te p le of sc l e p i s , to w o t e isl an d was
s ac re d, an d fro w o t e c ie f f il y, t e sc le pia d e , c la imed
desc e n t C u rtiu
. s sa y s — I itu
g r p ate fa c t o l a t iu s v u
l n e re , c t sp ic ul o e v ol so,

in gen s vis s an gu inis man a re c oe p it, lin qu iqu e a nim o re x, e t c a ligine

oc ul is ofiu ti morib u
h
sa, v ela n das e xte n di
'

Cf Pl u
.tarc ( A le x D iod o ru s ( xvii . 9 8 , 9 9) C u r t iu s (ix 1 8 23 .
) .
-

Ju
s tin ( xii .

As to Fame , or R umou
r , s ee Homer (Il iad, 93 ; Ody“ n. . xxiv . 4 1 2)
Vergil (Aeneid, iv 1 73
M h
He siod ( l l and D ays , 7 58 Ovid
'

orks .

( e t. 1 11 . 3 9 63 )-
S tatiu
s ( T e b ii . .
 hA T e nabas is
f
o Alexander .

h yb o hM h
h ou d d h M
of In ian s ; t
d e c it e l n ge d allians, an d t e
to t e
l

me n w o w n e m
d h o d h
i w e re e ll ia na Th ese p eop l e ,
.

in dee , ad res lv e tojo in th e ir fo rc e s with t e Oxy

drac ian s an d th e n to mak e a de sp e rate s tru u
h h
gg ; l e b t
l le d th e m by marc h in g again st th e m t h ro u
h
e fo re sta g
t e wate rl e ss c o u id c ou l d reac h th e m
h
n try, b e fo re a ny a

f ro m t e Oxydrac ian s or the y c o u

h h h
, l d re n d e r any h e l p
Moreo ve r, t e c o mmon ac c o un t is , t at
h
to t e latte r .

t e las t b attl e fo u u n ear Arb el a

h gh t w it h D a ri s w a s ,
at
wh ic h battl e e fle d an d did n ot de sis t f ro m fl igh t u
h
n til

rre ste d by Be s su u A
h
e wa s a s a nd t to d eat h a t l ex
p
and e rs approac h ; j u
h h
ttl e b e f o re th is wa s a
’
st a s t e ba t
l ry battl e n ear t e Gran ic u
h
Iss u
h
s, a nd t e fi rst c ava s .

h
T e c av alry b attl e did re al ly take plac e n ear t e
G ran ic u ttl e with Dariu r Issu
h h
s, a n d t e n e xt ba s n ea s

b ut t e se authors w o mak e Arbe l a mo s t d istan t say

th at it is 60 0 stad e s d istan t fro m t e p la
9
h
c e wh e re t e h
l as t battl e b e t we e n Al e xan de r an d D ariu s fou

h
s wa h
g , t
wh il e tho se w o mak e it l eas t d is tan t, say th at it is 5 0 0
de s ofl More o ve r, Ptol e my an d Aristob ul us say that
h h
'

s ta .

t e b attl e was fo u g h t a t G au g a m e l a n e ar t e rive r

Bumodus Bu t as Gau m n ot a c ity , b u

h h
a e l a wa t on ly a
.
g s

large v illage , t e p l ac e is n ot c el e b rate d , n or is t e n ame

h
p l easin g to t e ear; h e nc e , it se e ms to me , th at Arbe la,
h h
b e ing a c ity, as c arrie d off t e gl ory of t e gre at battl e h .

But if it is n e c e ssary to c o n side r that th is e n gage men t

t ook pl ac e n e ar Arb e l a, b e in g in reality s o far dis tan t
f ro m it, th e n it is all owabl e to s ay th at t e se a b attl e h
h h
-

fo u m s o cc u m u
h
3
gh t a t S al a i rr e d n e ar t e is th s o f t e

Corin th ian s, an d th at fo ug t at Arte misium, in Euboea,

h
o c c urre d n e ar Ae gin aor S un ium More o ver, in re gard
h h
.

to tho se w o c o v e re d Alexan d e r with t e ir sh ie l ds in is

p e ril, all agre e th at Peuc e stas did so ; b ut th ey n o l o n ger
1 Curtius (ix 1 8 )
. says it was th e town of t h
e Oxy drac ian s .

miles
h h
Ne arly 7 0
h
3
.

st m u s is from t e sa me root as lévac to go andt us means apassage

h h h
3 I .
, ,

r (Is t m
”
Pin da ia iv 3 4) c a
, ll s it t e b ridge of t e se a
. .
 T hA abasi
e n s o f Al exander .

hhd hou d
om h
th at e ad fi
ied of t e w h n
; a n d at rst t er e aro se

ud m my a m
h d d humo u Wh h y
aso n o of la e n tati n fr t e e ntire ar , s on e a n

an e t oh
e r r on to an t e r en t e
. c ease d

m h y b m p
hm h b om h d h
th e ir la
o e n tati n , t e ec a e s iritl e ss, an d fe l t p e r

h
p l e x e d as t o t an w
e o was to ec e t e l ea e r of t e

my m y md
bo h h
ar ; f or h
an of t e ood oflic e rs se e e to ave st in
qu m A
hM do h
e k
al ran opi o
an d e rit, d t in t e n i n of l e x an er

y h
h
an d in t at of y t o e ac e n ian s. T e we re als in a
ate
st p p of erb k y
le x it h ow to ge t ac in safe t to t e ir

ou y b qu m y
ho m h h
own c n tr o d by
, e ing k ite encl se so an warl i e

na o om
ti n s, s ub m d
e of w ad n ot y e t s itte ,
an d w o

th e y c o nj e c tured wo ul d fight sto utly for th e ir f re e do m ;

wh il e o th e rs wo u l d n o do u b t re v ol t as s oon as th e y
we re re l ie v e d of th e ir fe ar of Al exan d e r
h
B e s id e s th e y .
,

s e e me d a t th at time to b e in t e midst of imp as sab le

l l th in gs app e are d to t e m u h
h
riv e rs an d a
,
n c e rtain a nd

imp rac tic ab l e n ow t at th e y w e re b e re ft of Al e x an de r

h h
.

But wh e n at l e n gt h t e n e ws c ame th at e was s till alive

h
diffic ul ty ac q uie sc e d in it ; and did n ot ye t
,

h
th e y w it

hh
b e lie v e that e was l ik e ly to s urv ive
h
E ve n wh e n a .

l e tt e r c ame f ro m t e k in g say in g t at e was c o min g

h
do wn t o t e c amp in a sho rt t ime t is did n ot app e ar
,

h
h h
,

t o mos t of t e m wo rthy o f c re dit on ac c ou

hh
n t of t e ir ,

r ; fo r th e y c onj e c t u

h
e x c e s s iv e fe a re d t at t e l e t te r w a s

c o n c o c te d by is c o n fide n t ial b ody g u ards an d ge ne rals -

.

C HAPTER XIII .

J or or ms S OLD IE LS AT ALEmND E R s ’
RECO VE RY .

W HE N Al e xan de r be c ame ac q uain te d with th is for f e ar

s o me a tte mp t at a re vol u tio n mig t b e mad e in t e army h ,

h
hh ad h imse l f c o n v eye d as soo n as it c o u
,

h h
e l d b e d on e
,

h h
with s afe ty to t e b an k of t e rive r Hy draote s an d
, ,

p lac e d in a boat to sail do wn t e rive r For t e c amp

h h
.

was at t e c on flu e n c e o f t e H dra
y ote s an d A c e sin e s ,
 J oy
f h o At e S oldiers at
p
lexan der s Rec o ’
er
y . 33 7

h hh d h my
hfl Wh hh hk
wh e re H ep ae stion was at t e ea of t e ar , an d
u
pp o h d h mp h o d d h
N c e re b s of t p b
e e e t. en t e s i earin g t e in g

mo d om h hhm h
a r ac e t e ca o , e r e re t e te n t c ve rin g to b e
re ve fr t e bs te rn , t at e ig t b e visi le to all .

Bu h y d uo u h k
h
t t e we re o oo h h
s til l inc re l s, t in in g, f rs t , t at
A
h h h d u hh d hmu
’
l e xan
d o p
er s b c o y d
r se was e in g c n ve e on t e v e sse l ;

u
hh p hb k h h
n til at l e n gt e s tre tc e o t is an t o t e l ti
tud e, w e n t e s i
h was n e arin g t e an T en t e .

m
hk h m My
om o
h
e n ra d h h h d
ise a c e e r, l if tin g t e ir an s, s d e t wa r s

hu p d h om
t e sky an d oh t e rs to t e in g i s el f an e ve n .

ou y
hh d b h
h d
s e in v l n tar te ars at t e n e x e c te sig t S e .

u d b ou h m
h o y u hh p u ho d d
of t e s ie l earin g g a - r s r g t a l itte r f or i

h hho h
w en
h e wa s c n v e e d o t of t e s i ; b t e r e re
h m Wh
hho hho my ho d h oud
t e to fe tc is rse en e wa s see n a
.
ga in

mou
hb k h
n tin g is rse , t e w l e ar re e c e wit l -

ho h ho u d
c la
pp in g of an s, so t at t e
h d h an s of t e rive r an d
h m
h hd mou d om hho
t e gr ve s n e ar t e b d
re ve r e ra te wit t e s n On .

h hm h h hm m
a r ac in g is te n t e is
pp o h n te fr is rse, so

oh ho h om ouh
t at e ig t b e se e n walkin g T en t e en c a e .

om
hh o h hk o h o y h o h
n ea r, s e on on e s ide , t e rs on t e t e r, s e t c

h
ing is an ds, t e rs is n e e s, t e rs nl is c l t es .

om o y m o m
d hp
S e nl c a e c l se to g e t a sig t of
h i , an d we n t

d upo h hflo h h hou y

awa y h h
av ing c h oh
an te h is raise , w ile t e rs t re w
m
hy h
g arl an s n i , or t e we rs w ic t e c nt r of

upp d u
y h om h d u d hd p u
In ia s
d h lie o at t at se as n of t e ear. N e arc s

h h
sa s t at s e of is frien s in c rre is is le as re ,

m hm
h my b hduy
rep o h
r ac in g i po d
for an ger in t e
ex s in g i se l f to

h h
fr
o n t of t e ar in attl e ; w ic t e sai was t e
h h h y d t
of a riva
1
p te s l ie r, an d n ot t at of t e ge n e ral
od It .

m m h A
m k b u h h
se e s to e t at l e xan e r was ffe n e at t ese re
d o d d h

hd d h u Ho h
ar s, e c a se e n e w t at t e we re c rre c t, and t at
k h h y o
e e se rv e t e c e n s re we ver, li e t se w o are
k ho .

rtiu h s dep u h
hh
Cu
h h
s (ix 24 ) . says t a t Crateras wa te d by t e ofi icers to
make t is rep rese ntation c ke d u

h
to t e king, and t at e wa s ba p by
Ptol emy an d t e rest .
 T hAe nabasis o f Alexander .

hh
ad not suflic ie n t
maste red by any othe r pl easu
h h
re e ,

s im

h
l oo f from dan ge r t rou
h
self c on trol to k ee p a
-
g h i ,

c u
u
h h
t osit in b a ttl and is pa ssio n for gl o r N ea r s
p e y e y .

also say s t at a c e rtain ol d Bo eo tian wh ose n ame e

,

doe s n ot men tion pe rc eiving that Al exander was oi

h ,

h
fe n de d at t e c e nsu
h h
re s of is frie nds an d was l ook in g
l le nly at th e m c ame n ear im an d s peak in g in t e
h
su , ,

Boe o tian dialec t said : 0 Alexan d er it is t e part of

, ,

h h
h e roe s to pe rform great dee ds l an d re p eate d ac e rtain
Iamb ic v e rse t e p u h rpo rt of whic h is that t e ma
h
,
n w o
,

m s o to su

h
1
p e r fo r s an t in
y gg re a t is d e stine d a l ffer Th is .

man was n ot on ly ac c e ptab le to Al e xan der at t e time

bu t was aft e rwa rds rec e ive d in to is more in timate h ,

ac qu ain tan c e .

CH APTER XIV .

Von e n DOWN rRE HmRAorEs AND Ac xsmEs Nr

x o
'
ms
IN D u

hM
s

hm h
.

oy s from t e allians w o stil l

h
Ar t
h
is ti e arrive d e nv

ffe rin g t e s ubmission of t e n ation als o fro m

h h
u
h
d o
s rviv e ,

t e Oxydrac ian s came bo th t e l e ad e rs of t e c ities an d

ho o h
t e g ve rn rs of t e pro vin c e s a c c o mp a n ie d by t e o th e r
, h
1 50 mo st n o tabl e me n with f u l l powe rs to mak e a
h ,

t re aty b rin gin g t e gift s wh ic h are c o n side re d mo s t

lu
,

h
ab l e amon g t e In d ian s an d al so l ik e t e hM
h
va , al l ian s
, ,

o ffe ring t e submis s io n of the ir natio n Th e y said .

t h at th eir e rro r in n ot h av in g se n t an e mb a
h
ss y t o

im b e fo re was pardonabl e b ec au
h
s e th e y e xc e ll e d o th er
,

h h
ra c e s in t e d e sir e to b e f r ee a n d in d e p e n d e n t an d ,

th e ir fre e do m ad b e e n se c u re fro m t e time D io ny s u s

me in to In d iauntil Al e xan de r c ame ; b ut if it see me d

h
ca

ood t im ina sm uch a s th e re wa s a e n er al r po rt th at

g o , g e

h h hu
T is l ine is afragme nt from one
M Aesc
of t e l os t tragedia of yl s

Gpdm rc 7 dp n a
'
re !r ude?
! ike rat
-
.
 T hA e nabas is o f Alezander .

h h du u d
h h
Hyp asis an d finally flows in to t In s er its ow n
‘

, e n

h
m b ut af te r t e j un c tion
na e ; na me to t e it yie l ds its
In d u s Fro m this po in t I h av e n o doub t th at t e In d us
.

p roc ee d s 1 00 stades an d p erhaps more b e fore it is

h
l
, ,

d ivided so as to fo rm t e D e l ta an d there it spreads

ou t more lik e alak e than a rive r .

C HAPTER XV
M
.

VorAOE D O WN rs s IND u
s ro THE LAND or u sic AN s u
ho u hA u du h
.

h h my
THE RE, at t e c n fl e nc e of t e c esi ss an d In s, e

h h d p d b hAb
du P d
waite n til
d h er ic oe s wit t e ar arrive ,
afte r av in g
ou d
m h
r te on is way t e in e e n e nt tri e Of t e as

h h hb
tanian s M .
g
jo d by o h h y ean ti e , e was in e t er t irt
bu
h hX h o h d p d
are
o d y d
gal l e an d tra in g v e s sel s w ic
s ad ee n ilt
m mo
hhy d d h m F om h
f or i a n t e at rian s, a t e r in e en e nt trib e
g n

h
of In dian s w o ad ie l e to i r t e Ossadian s, .

m
hubm o h
w o o d p d
we re b d als an in e e n e n t tri e of In ian s, c a e

fi d ho u hA h
oy
e nv O s to o H ffe r t e s is si n of t e ir n ati n . avin g
du
Ph oy y h h h h
xe t e c n fl e nc e of t e c e sin e s an d In as t e
s

m m
h om h
’
l i it p of ili s v ic e r al t , e l e f t wit i all t e
m ym m
h huy
T rac ian s y an d as an en fr t e in fan tr re gi e n ts
m u
ho u y
as a
pp d eap o d
re to i s ffic ie n t to r vi e for t e se c rit

ou d d
h y ju o h
Of t h O d d
e c y r e re a c it to b e f n e
n tr . He t en

h oud b m
h
t e re at t e v e r n c ti n of t e t wo rive rs, e x e c tin g
p
t at it w l ec o mou m
e la m
rge an d fa s a on g en
3
He .

als o o rd e re d a do c kyard to b e mad e th e re At this time .

Ab out 1 2 mil es . Itase fin de n te Nil o ut triquestram terrae flguram

e flic iat Ideo mu
. l ti Graec ae l ite rae v oc abul o D el ta appe llavere Aegyp
tu m (P l iny v
h h h
.
,

T is trib e dwel t b etwee n t e Acesiu n du D iodoru

h h h
3 ss and t e I s s .

m m n s ; w il e Cu u s t em

hh h h
al S a b as tia s (ix 3 0 ) c all
(xv ii 1 0.2) c l s t e r t i .

Sab arc ians T e Xa t rians a

. n d Oss a dians dwel t on t e lef t b ank of t e

h
a ham
Indus .

find from Cu
M
We rtiu n d D iodoru

h h
3 s (ix 3 1 ) a )
s (xvn 1 02 t . . t t e n e

of t is was Ale xandria It is p rob ab l y t e pre sent ittu n . .

 h u h fM
Voyage down t u
. u e Ind s to t e Land o s ic an s. 34 1

hB h o m
h ho m h h oy y o hP
t e ac trian Oxyarte s, fat e r of is wife R xan a, c a e
h
m
ho m
to i , to w e a t e ic er a l t ve r t e ara
g ve v

m d m
b u h h
p a is ad ian s , a fte r is is s in
g t eoyf r e r v ic e r ,
T ir

hh po d C
a
y p ,
s e s e c a s e e wpo d
as r e rt e t o b e e x e rc isin
g is

uho y m
h h h my h ph
a t rit i p rOpe rly 1
T e n e tran s rte . rate ras
m
h b k h du bo h b u m d
wit t body
e ain Of t e ar and t e e le an ts to
t e l e ft an of t a se it see e
e riv e r In s, t ec

h y md o m h o
h hb d
ea sie r for a eav ar e h
f rc e to arc -
d al n g t at si e

hp
of t e rive r, a nd t e t ri e s we l lin g n e ar were n ot
qu hm
ho d ho d o h y md
ite frie n l
dy He i sel f sail e
d do . wn to t e c a ital

d hh
Of t e S g ia h
ns w e re e f rtifi e an t e r c it , a e

h
an t e r
o h do ky d c ar , an d re aire
p d is s atte re v e ssel s .

h d d om ho u h du
He a ppo d
in te Oxyartes v ic e r , an d Pe it on gen e ral of
oy

h o h h ho
t e lan e x te n in fr t fl n f t e I n s a nd
g e c n e c e O

A u c esi s s a s fa ra s t e se a ,
t ge t e r w it a l l t e c a s t
u
h my h ou h ho u y hA h
l an of In ia He t e n again e s atc e
d d h d p h d
. h Crate r s w it

h o h
is ar t r g t e c n tr Of t e ra c otia ns a nd

M
hm
h
d do
D ran g ian s an d i se l f sail e wn t e rive r in t t e
dom o in i n s of u u h h
s ic a po d
n s , w ic was re rte to b e t e
mo p o p o u p
b u h h h
st r s er s d
art of In ia d d He a v an c e again s t .

om m m
hubm o h h d h
h k
t is in g ec a se ad n ot ye t c
e - e to ee t i to
m
h k h h
O ff e r t e s is si n of i se l f an d is l an ,
n or ad

h m h h h
e oy
se n t e nv s to s e e is all ian c e . He ad n ot e ven

u b
o u om h d h
se n t i t e
g if ts w ick we re s ita l e for a gre at in g,
m
h uh d h hu
or as
k d e an y fav r fr i He ac c e le rate is

h
.

ho M
v oy age do wn t e rive r to s c a e gre e t at e s c
u u
b o hh d h
c ee de d in reahc in g t e c n fi n e s O f t e la
d n of s ic an s

m M
h d h A
h
e f re e ad e ve n e ar t at l e xan e r ad starte
d
u u md h
h houd m h
again st i s ic an s wa
. s so y g re atl alar e t at
mb
h m h hd
e we n t a s fast as e c l to ee t i , rin ging wit
h
ud mo h h y mo
h ph
i t e g if ts val e st ig l a n g t e In ian s,
u d
bo h h o hm m k o
k
an d ta ing al l is e le an ts He ffe re to s rre n e r
o d .

t hm
is n ati n an d i se l f, at t e sa e ti e ac n w

Curt iu h u h
h
s (ix 3 1 ) . Teriol tes , an d sa
call s t is sa
y tra
s epwas p t to

deat . His appoin tmen t as viceroy is men tioned by Arriou(iv 22 su pra) . .

 hA
T e nabasis o f Ale xan der .

h
le dgin g is e rror, whic h was t e most h fi u
hh qu
al way with
'

e ec t

Ao
h
Ale xan d er for any one to ge t w at e re este d .

tion s Al e xan der gran ted im

h hh
c o rdin gl y for the se c on s id era

He als o gran te d im t e
h h
an in d e mn ity for is o ffe nc e s
h
.

p rivilege of ruling t e c ity an d c oun try, b o t Of w ic h

Al exan d er ad mire d Crate ras was d irec te d to fortify t e h
h hh
.

c ita del in t e c ap ital ; w ic was done wh ile Al e xan d e r

A garrison was als o plac e d in it,
h h h
was still p resen t .

b ec ause e thought t e plac e suitable for k e e ping t e

c irc umj ac en t trib e s in subj ec tion .

C HAPTER XVI .

CAM
PAIGN AOAt r Oxrc AN os AND S AN Ros

hok h h A
.

h h ho o h
THEN e arc e rs, grian ian s, an d c av a
to y t e l r sail in g
m m h d
u b u h h
wit i , and arc e again st t e g ve rn r of t at
~

m
m h
o u y ho
oy o m o m h h
c n tr , w se n a e wa s Oxyc a n s, l
e c a se e n e it e r

m m
h d A h yfi
ca e i self n or did e nv s c o e fr i , to ff e r t e
u d hm
u hook by o m h h
s rre n e r of i se lf an d is l an t t e v er rs t
.

ud
ho h
assa l t e t st r t e two l arge st c itie s n e r t e
u u m
hboo y h h my u
r l e of Oxyc a n s in t e sec n d Of w ic t at rin c e i
h h h p
pud
h ph h h ho h h
self wa s ca t r e T e t e ga v e to
. is ar , b t
hm
h hd d
t e e le an ts e le d wit i s el f T e t e r c itie s in t e .

m d u d d m
h h h
sa e l an s rre n e re to i as e a van c e , n or did
u m
hhou h A d h
any on e t rn to re sist i ; so c we in s irit
o d p 9
ad all t e
b om
H hm h d b k
In ian s n ow ec
d e at t e t t o f l x an er a n d i
g e s

o u mb u ho m
hh ppo d oy hmou
f rt n e e t en
. arc e ac again s t Sa s, w

h po d h b u h d h M
e ad a in te vic e r d
of t e nta in e e r In ian s an d
u
hb p do d by A d
w o was re rte to av e fle d, ec a s e e l earne t at

h M
u
h d h
sic a n as ad e e n ar n e l e xan e r an d was r l in g
o v e r is own l a n u u
For e was at war wit . sic a n s .

h
T is kin g is call ed Portioan u
s b y Curtiu
s (ix . D iodoru
s (xvn .

h
an d S trab o (xv .

An imitated from T u Of Arrian ,

hh
3
exp ression c ydides ( iv . . n. 10 ;
v. 19 w e re t e same words are use d of D ariu s an d Porus .
 hA T e f A nabasis o leaan der .

h d h hD o m d by h du
h yp hm u
w o sai t at t e el taf r e t e rive r In s wa s

h m hho h d
s till la rge r t a
h n t e Eg tian D e lta l
. T is an s r
u
hp op y h
re n e re d to
d i t e w le of is own l an an d e n tr s te d
bo h h m m A
h h dom o h
t i sel f and is d
r e rt to i . l exan e r se n t
m
h
i awa again in
y po o ss e ss i n of is own in i ns, wit
u o u
h my h C
ins tr c ti ns to p o d h r vi e w ate ve r wa s n e e df l for t e

h hb A u M
re c e ti n Of t e a
p o r . H e t e n se nt
o rate ras in t
C m
hh hm
ar an ia wit t e d riga e s of ttal s, el e a g ,e r a n d

o h M do
A g om
n ti e n e s, s e o f t e m y
ar c e r s, a n d a s a n O f t e C o

h d p h M do by h
an i n s and t e r
p o b u
ac e n ian s as, e in g now n fit for
m
o u h ou h h d hA h
il itar s e rv ic e e was e s atc in g to
y ,
ac e nia t e

ho hduy h
r te t r g t e lan s of t e ra c otia ns a n d Za ra n gia ns.

h u h h my p hp
To C rate ras e a l s gave t e t of l eadin g t e e l e

h hu
p a n t s ; b t t e r e s t o f t e a r ,
e x c e t t e a r t Of it
h hm
ho mm d h
w ic was sail in g wit
h h do i s e lf wn to t e se a, e p t
ud
h h h y h
n er t e c an Of H e p a
po d e stion . He tran s rte
A
h du h o hh
P e it on wit t e c aval r lan c e rs an d -
g r ia n ia n s to t e

h d h my h
oppo s ite
b k an Of t e I n s , n o t t e on e a l n g w ic

h h hh
He p aes tion was a bo u t to l ea t e ar . P e it on was
m
h h
o d d
r ere o to c l l e c too e n to c l n ize t e c ities w ic ad
ju b o m ju o
d h hd
st e e n f rtifi
o d e , a n d to f r k a n c ti n wit t e in g
at Patala, afte r av ing se ttl e t e afiairs Of t e In ian s
h
mp d o uo y
hh d h oy A d
of t a
h o h y
t re gi n, if t e atte te any re v l ti nar p ro

ho o h h
c e e din gs . On t e t ir day Of is v age, l e xan e r
o md h
h ubj
was in f r e t at t e g v e rn r of t e Patalian s ’ ad
d mo
h dd d
c ll e c te
o s t Of is s o e c ts a
y by n d wa s g ing a wa

h h
s te a l t , avin g l e f t is lan
h h h o e se rte . For t is reas n
A
h d hou d bo h
l exan e r saile
d d do wn t e rive r wit gre ate r s e e t an
p d h

hou y h y d d by h h b
3
e f re
b o ; a
hn d w e n e arr iv e a t P a ta l a, e f n t

ho d p h d h h
t e c n tr an d t e c it e ser te t e in a ita n ts

an d til le rs of t e s il ho . He we ve r e s atc e t e l ig t

Art ian (Indic a

h M
Cf .
,

hh
3
Cu rtius (ix 3 4 ) c a
. ll s t is king oe ris .

ristob u
h
3 A lu s qu

h hh
s a
, ote d b y S trab o ( xv sa
. id t at t e voya ge down
n du m fl u
h h
t e I s oc c upied te n on t s t,e ee t arriv in g at Patal a ab o t t e

t e of t e rising of Sir iu s or J u
, ly 8 25
,
 Voyage down t h
e Indus .

h my
p urs uit of t e fug itives ; and h
h
est troop s in is ar in
wh e n so me Of th em were c ap tu e se n t t h e m a

h
re d way ,

to t e re st bidd in g th e m b e Of good c o urage and re tu

h h
,
rn ,

for th ey migh t in h ab it t e c ity an d til l t e c o u ntry as

b efo re Mo st Of th e m ac c ord in gl y return e d
. .

CHAPTER XVIII .

VOYAGE O WN IND u
h h d
D THE s .

AFTER in struc ting He p

h hdj
ae stion to fortify t e c ita e l in
Patala e sen t me n in to ou y h h
h dfi
, t e a ac en t c n tr ,
w ic was

h
wate rle s s, to dig we lls an d to re n de r t e lan t for
h abitation C e rtain Of t e n ative barb arian s attac k e d
.

th e se ,
an me n
d fal l in
g upo n th e m u n aware s sl e w s o me of
th e m b u t h aving l o s t man y of th e ir own me n , th e y fle d
h h T e wo rk was th e re fore ac c o mp l ish e d by
hh
in to t e d e sert .

tho se w o ad b e e n se n t ou t, an o th er army h avin g jo in e d

h
t h e m, w hic h Ale x an de r ad d e s p atc h e d to ta
ho k h hh d h k hb b
k e p art in

h h du d d d o
t e w r ,
w en e ear of t e attac Of t e ar arian s ,

h m du
N e ar
P atala t e wate r of t e In s is ivi e in t t wo

h H A d o u d h bou
larg e riv e rs,
bo h h h t Of w ic re tain t e n a e of In s as

hh o k h d d o d
far as t e sea . e re a ar
l e xan r er c n s tr c te

o h o d hmouh
an d c
do ky d ar an d w e n is w r s ad a van c e t war s
om
hh b h h
c pl e ti n e re s l ve
do to s ail w n a s f ar a s t e t
u
homm d
of t e rig t ran c H
of t e riv e r
1
e ga v e Le on n a t s .

h m h h ou h h
t e c an O f y cavah y
l r and h eav an d lig t
md m
h pd o h h
ar e infan tr , an d se n t
y i to arc t r g t e

ook h
isl an of atal a
d P Op o p s ite t e n a va l e x e iti n ; w il e e

hm
hh y o d y
i se l f t t e fas te s t sail in g ve sse l s , av in g on e an d a
h
om
hbo hh b h h
alf
h b k o an of ars, all t e t irt are gall e s, an d s e of -

hd o h
t e b ats, an d e gan t o sail
do wn t e rig t ran c of t e
rive r . T e In ian s Of t at re gi n ad fle d, an d c on se
h

1 T h ham h
e rig t r of t e In dus is now c all ed t hBu au a h
e gg r, nd t e l eft
Sata .
 u h ud ho h
h h
q e n tly p e co l ge t n o a
y g e , an d
ilot for t
t e e v

h
fi u
h h dbo
navigat i n of t e rive r wa
o s ve r di c l t O n t e da y
y .

m
h m m d h ho h
after t e start astor arose , and t e win l win g rig t

hhu h h
agains t t e s trea a e t e riv e r ll ow an d s atte re d
h mo
hh
t e ll s of t e vesse l s v i l e n tl , so t at
o y st of is
h p ju d
s i s were in reom, an d s e of dt e t ir t y c are g a l l e
y s -

y b ok u Bu h y u d d u
h
we re e nt ire l r en p t t e s cc ee e
. in r n

n in
gh m
t e ud b o
ag ro n h y qu
e f re t e p ite fe l l to iec es in t e

hqu k h h m d oop o h d
oh h o o u d H h
water; an d t e rs w ere t e re f re c n str c te e t en .

yo d h h
se n t t e ic es t of t e lig t ar e tr s in t t e lan-

p u d om
h hh
’
b e n t e rive r s an an d c a t re s
b k d e I n ian s, w o

om h m p m do Bu h
hp h h p d
fr t is ti e il ote d i wn t e c an n el . t w en

hh
th y arriv e at t e
e d lac e w e re t e rive r e x an s, so

om h ho oud h d
t at w e re it was wi
d d d d o es t it e x te n a str n g
e 20 0 sta e s ,

ou
h h y h o ok u
win db le w fr t e te r s ea, an d t e ars c l ar ly

o h h hp o
b e raise
d in t e s we l l ; t e t e re f re to re f ge aga in

in a c anal in t o du d h m w ic is il ts c n c te t e .

C HAPTE R XIX .

VOYAGE OWN IND os iNTO TH E S EA

h
D THE .

WHILE the ir ve ssels moore d h e re t e phe n o me n o n

h h h
we re ,

Of t e e b b a n d flow of t e tid e in t e gre a t se a o c c urre d ,

t th e ir sh ip s we re l e ft u po n dry g roun d Th is
h
s o th a .

use d Ale x an der an d is c o mpan ions n o small alarm

h
ca ,

in as mu s t e y we re p re vio u u e u c qu

h
ch a sl y it na ain te d with
q
But they we re muc h more alarme d whe n t e time
h h
it .
,

c o min g ro u n dt e b u

h h h
nd a a
g in t e wa t e ra pp ro ac he d a
,
l l s of

T e sh ip s wh ic it c au
h h
t e ve s s e l s we re ra ise d aloft SI
.
g h t
s e ttle d in t e mu d we re raise d al o ft wit o u t any dama g e ,

I a c au h waters Cf Ap ol loniu h
h h h
. sed a
. a e vy swell of s R odia
. s , n 5 96 ;
. .

P ol ybiu s , i 60 , 6 T is Win d wa s t e sou t west monsoon

m
-
. . .

Cf C u rtiu
hh hh
. s ix 3 5 ,
( Ca
.es ar ( Be l l G al l iv rd ar . f p s
-
rew . .

A m A u u u
h h
l
p fw f o rr
.ian doe s n ot c o l
p y wit t e tti c r l e , t at t e p l ra l n e t e r
s ou ld take averb in t e singu lar Comp a re ii 20 , 8 ; v 1 7 . 6 a
. nd 7 etc . . .
 T hA e nabasi
s of Alexander .

h h
h h h hh
bowl s whic h we re golde n in to t e dee p as t ankoflerin gs
'

, , ,

p rayin g t e god to e sc o rt safel y for im t e flee t w ic

h tc h to t e Pe rsian Gu h h ,

h
e in te n d e d to d e s pa l f an d t e
mouths of t e E uph rate s an d Tigre s l
.

C HAP TE R XX .

Ex pLORATION or TH E Mou
rns or T HE IND us

h h h
.

RETURNING to Patala, e f o u
hh h
n d th at t e c itad el ad b ee n
is army ,
h
f o rtifie d an d that Pe it on ad arrive d with
h avin g ac c o mpl ishe d e ve ry th in g for wh ic h e was de s
h
h h
patc hed He o rde re d Hep ae s tion to p re p are wh at was
.

n eedf u

h o d
l for t e f ort ific ation of a n av al s tation an d t e
u o
hy P
co do ky d
n str c ti n of c ar s ; for e re s lv e to l eav e
m y hp
h du d d
b h dh
e in fl e re a e e t Of an s i s neart e c it Of atal a,
m H
o h by h
w h e re t e riv e r In
o s ivi es it sel f in t two s tre a s . e

hm
h du h
i se l f sail e
d do o h wn again in t t e Gre at S e a t e t er

mouh
hmouh h d u
t of t h h be h In s, to asc e rtain w ic ran c of t e

h
riv e r is eas ie r to nav i
g ate . T e t s Of t e river In s

om “
h d
bou
hmouh
are a d d t 1 8 00 hoh s ta e s istan t fr eac t er In t . e

h h h h m k by p d
v oy
age do wn k e arrive at a large l a e in t e t of

u
p h p h hu ou d d
t e riv e r, w ic t e riv e r a es s re a in g itse l f o t
or er a s t e d wate rs Of t e s rr n ing istric t rain
o mk y muh mb
h fih
in g in t h
it a e it large , so t at it ver c re s e l es
u
h d d hh
ag lf of t e k ho
sea .
3
For in it we re see n s li e t se

hp o
u
moo d h h p h
in t e se a, o l arge r in H ee t an t se in o r sea . avin g

d h ho d h
re his k hs i s t en in t is l a e, w e re t e il ts
mo
u hh m h hh y
d ire c te h , e l e ft t e re st of t e s l ie rs an d all t e

u
h
bo ats wit
h Le on n at s ; b t e i se l f wit t e t irt

hmouh h d u
O d are g al l e s a
y h
nd t h e v e s se l s wit on e an d a alf row
of c arsp d b yo asse e nd t e t of t e In s, an d ad

h
h
A
h ha m
1
In re gard to t is e xp edition , see rrian , vn . 20 in fra .

Ab out 200 m A u
ha h
9
il es . rrian ere f oll ows t e st te en t of Nearc s .

ha h
Aristob ul us said t t t e distan ce was ades
st . See S trabo, IV . 1 .

3
Se e Cu rti s ix 3 8 u , a . . T is l ke s disappeared .
 Camp aign against t h e Oritians .

ug h h
h h
vanci also th is way, asc e rtain e d th at t e
into t e sea

o utl e t Of t e river on th is sid e (i s t e we st) was e as ie r

h h
. .

He moo re d is s hip s n ear

h h
h h
to n avigate than t e o th er .

im s o me of t e c aval ry we n t
h
t e sho re , an d tak in g wit
alo n g t e se a c o as t th ree d ays journ ey, e xp l o ring wh at
’
-

h
k in d of c o un try it was for a c oastin g v oy ag e , an d o rd e ring
m
h
we ll s to b e du g, s o th at t e s ail o rs igh t h av e w at e r to

d rink He the n re turn e d to t e ship s and saile d b ac k to

uh h my o h
.

hm h
P atala; b t p a art of is ar al n g t e se a c oast
e se n t p

u h m u
h yh u h
to e flec t t e sa e t in g, in str c tin g t e
'

to re t rn t o

h hh o u d o h h bou
P h
atalaw e n t e ad d g t e we ll s
do S ailin g again wn .

hp h
to t e l ake , e t e re c n s tr c te an t e r ar r an d

u p y h my
do ky d
c ar an d l e av in g a garris n for t e l ac e , e c ol
o
u o u mo h
h ho ud p o u ho
ood
l e c te d s flic ie n t f to s p l t e ar for f r n t s,

as well as w ate ver el se e c l r c re for t e c asting

vo yage .

CHAPTER XXI .

CAM PAIGN AGAIN sT T HE OBITIA

h
NS .

TH E seas on of t e ye ar was th e n u
h
nfi t for v oyagin g for

h h h
t e p e rio dica l winds p re v aile d wh ic h at th at se aso n do ,

n ot b l o w th e re fro m t e n o rt as with us b u t fro m t e

h h
Gre at S e a in t e direc tion Of t e sou
, ,

h
1
,
th win d Mo re ove r .

h h h
it was re porte d that th e re t e se a was fit for n av igatio n
af te r t e be g inn ing of win te r fro m t e se ttin g of t e
h
,

P le iad e s un til t e win te r so l stic e ; for at that season

h
53

mil d b reeze s us uall y b l o w from t e l and dren c h e d as it

h ,

h
as b e en with gre at rain s ; an d th e se win ds are c on
v e n ie n t on a c o a s tin oy a e bo t f or c ar a d ail
g v g s n s s .

1
Th a e se p eriodic l win ds are t h uhl m
e so t er y on soon Of h
t e In dian
A
h uah h h
Oce an .
( Cf rrian Indic a,
.

b eginning of Nov e be r T e Roma

m
h
T is ns ca
3
oc c rs t t e ll ed t e
.

rum occ asus iemem

ha u m u
a
Pl ei ds Vergil iae . Cf P l iny ( ii 4 7 , 1 25) Vergilia
. .

in c o t, q od te p s in III Idu . s Novemb r es in c idere c on suevit Al so .

L ivy ( xxi . 3 5 , 6) Nivia e tiam c asus, oc c ide n te j m

a side re Ve rgilia m
ru ,

ingente mte rroremadj ec it .

 hA T e n abasis f
o Alexander .

hhb
Nc e reb us w o ad ee n plac e d in c o mman d Of t e flee t, h
,

ho
waite d for t e c astin g se as on ; b u t Al exa
h h
n d er sta rting ,

fro m Patala ad vanc e d with all is army as far as t e

rive r Arab iu
,

h h
h
s
1
He the n took alf of t e shiel d b earing
.
-

u m
h h
g a r d s a n d ar c h e r s t e inf a n t ry r e g,
i e n t s c al l e d fo o t
Co mpan ion s t e guard of t e Compan ion c avalry a
s qu
,

h
adron of mob of t e o th e r c avalry re gime n ts and all
,

h
t e horse bo wme n an d t u
,

h
h
- rn e d a way th e n c e on t e l e ft
,

toward s t e se a to dig we ll s so that th e re migh t b e

ab u n da n c e of th e m for t e fle e t sa h
h
il ing alon g on t e
,

h
m m m
h h
c oa s tin
g v oy a g e ; a n d a t t e s a e t i e t o a k e a n
“
h
un exp ec te d attac k upon t e Oritian s a tribe Of t e
h ,

h h
In dian s in th is re gion whic ad l o ng b ee n in de p e n den t
, .

Th is e me ditate d doin g b e c au ad p e rformed n o

h
se th e y

frie n d ly ac t e ith e r to h imsel f or is army

h h h h
He p lac e d .

Hep ae s tion in c omman d of t e fo rc es l e ft b e in d

h
T e .

Arab itian s an oth er in d e p en de nt tribe d we lling n e ar t e

h h
3
,

rive r Arab iu s t in kin g tha ,

t th e y c o u ld n ot c op e wit
Ale x an d er in b attl e and ye t be ing un will ing to s ub mit
h h
to im fle d in to t e d e sert wh e n th e y h eard tha
,

h
h h
,
t e was
But c ro ssing t e rive r Arab in s whic
h
app ro ac h in g .
,

h h h
was bo t narro w an d sh all ow an d travel l ing by nig h t ,

t h ro u m
h h
g h t e g r e a ter p a rt of t e de se rt e c a e n ea r ,

h
t e in h ab ite d c o u
h h
n try a t dayb re ak Th en o rde ring t e .

in fan try to foll ow im in re g u

h
l ar l in e e took t e c a va l ry ,

im d ividin g it in to s qu ad ro n s th at it mig h t
h
with , ,

o c c upy a ve ry large part Of t e plain an d thus marc he d

h
in to t e l an d of t e Oritian s h
All those w o t u h
rn e d t o
.
,

h hh n ow ca hu P rslly , is ab out 1 20 mil es west

hm uh h u
1 T is riv e r, w ic is ll e d t e

Of t e o t of t e In d s. It is c al l ed Arab is by Arris (Indic a, h

a A
nd

h a (rb is b y S trab o xv
h
.

h h
3 T e se were e
p po l e O i Ga drosia, in ab itin g a c oa i c t nearl y
st distr

m
20 0 il es l ong in t e p rese n t Be l ooc istan Cf Art ian (Indic a, 22 and
. .

hA a h u hAa a h
vi 23
)
25 P liny , . .

ha
3 T e ra dwelt b e tween t
b iti n s e Ind s an d t e r bi n; t e
a
Oriti ns were we st Of t e l tter river .
 Th
e Anabas is f
o Ale xan der .

h h
h
c te d im to wa ad sail e d rou
h
in stru it u
h h
n til t e flee t nd

t e l an d , to c o l o n ize t e c it y , and to re gu
h h h
late t e aflairs
'

t th e y migh t pa
h h h
of t e Orit ians so t a y t e g re ate r res e ct
p
He h imse lf, wit h t e main b ody of t e
h h h h
to t e v ic e roy .

h
army (for He p ae stion ad arriv e d at t e h ead of t e
m hhb
h hh
en w b h d) d
o ad d een le ft e in , a v an c e in to t e lan d
u mo
m y my h
of t eby Gadrosians a ro te was de s e rt st of w ic .

A obuu y h
h hO d y d h
ris t l s sa s t at in t is
h d es e rt an rr tw ee -

h omp d h my
g re w , l arg er t an t e h
r in ar ki n ; a n d t at t e

h d h um hb
P e n ic ian s , w o ac c
ho fik
an ie t e a r for traf c in g,
ga t e re my h
t e g o dof rr ,
an d l a in
g t e eas ts o f
b urde n, c arrie d it away 1
For the re was a gre at .

q uan tity of it, inasmuc h as it e xuded fro m large s te ms

h
an d ad n e ve r be fo re b ee n gath ered He al so say s t at . h
p o u r d c e s many Odorife ro u "

h h
th is de s e rt s roo ts of n a rdf
ed ; b u m u
h
wh ic Pho
t e e n ic ian s l ik e wis e
g at h er t c h o f
it was t rampl e d do wn by t e army an d a s wee t p e rfu me
was d iff u h
mp lin g ;
,

h
h h
se d far an d wid e o ve r t e l a n d by t e tra

t was t e ab u
h
s o g re a n da n c e o f it In t e dese rt t he re .

h h
w e re al s o o th e r k in d s o f t re e s o n e of w h ic h ad f ol iag e
,

h h
l ik e t at O f t e b ay tree an d gre w in p lac e s wash e d by
-
,

h
Th e se tre e s we re on g ro u
h
t e wav e s o f t e s ea . n d wh ic h

was l e ft dry by t e e b b t id e ; b u
h h
t wh e n t e wate r
-

h h
ad van c e d the y l ook e d as if they ad g ro wn in t e se a .

h
Of o th e rs t e roo ts we re al way s wash e d by t e se a ,

m
h
b e c au se th e y
g r e w in hol l o w p l a c e s f ro w h ic h t e ,

wate r c o u
h
l d n ot re tire ; an d ye t t e tre e s we re n ot
d e s troye d b y t e sea S o me of th e se tre e s in th is re gio n
.

we re e v e n th irty c u b its h ig h At that seas on th e y

h h
.

app e n e d to b e in b loo m an d t e flo we r was v e ry mu

hh h
ch

l ik e t e w ite v io le t b ut t e p e rfu me was far s upe rio r

h
3
,

h h
to th at O f t e l at te r Th e re was al s o an o th e r t ho rn y
.

s ta l k gro win g o u t of t e e arth t e tho rn on whic h was ,

Cf Pl iny
.
( Nat H is t . . xn . 33

h
Cf S trabo
.
( xv . 2) Pl iny (Nat H is t xn . . .

3
Probab ly t e sn ow- fl ake .
 Mhhuhh f
arc t ro g t e D esert o Gadrosia .

ho h o me men j ust
pu d h h
so s tron g ht pa t,
ierc in g t e cl t es of s

ho m do wn from is horse
h k
ridin g as t, it
p l le t e rse a n

hh
rathe r t an b e itse l f torn off t e sta
h l It is also said .

that wh en hare s ru n pa st th ese b u sh e s t e t o r n s c l ing ,

to the ir fu r an d th u n ima l s are c au

h
s th e s e a gh t as b i rd s ,

are with b ird lime or fis with hook s

h
-
,
Ho wev er the y .

we re e as ily c ut th ro u
h gh w i th ste e l a n d w h e n t e tho rns

are c ut t e stalk give s fo rth mu c h ju ic e s till mo re ab u

h
n ,

dautly th an fig trees do in t e sp rin gtime an d more

-
,

p unge nt 1
.

C HAPTER XXIII
M
.

ARCH THR O UGH TH E D EsE RT or GAD s osIA

h h
.

TH ENCE Al exan de r marc h e d th ro ugh t e l an d Of t e

Gadrosian s by a d iffic ul t ro u d estitute

h , te wh ic h ,
was als o
ll t e n ec e s sarie s of life ; an d in many p l ac e s th e re
h
of a

was n o wate r f or t e army More o ve r th e y we re c om

h
.

ell e d to ma m
h h
r h o st Of t e wa by n i ht a n d a r at
p c y g g e ,

distan c e fro m t e sea Ho we ve r e was ve ry d e sirous Of

h h h
.

c o min g to t e p a rt of t e c ou n try a l o n g t e sea bo th ,

n d to m

h h
t harbo u
h
to see wh a rs we re th e re a ak e what ,

p re p aratio n s e c o ul d on is marc h for t e fle e t e ither

h
by e mpl oying is me n in digging We lls or by mak ing ,
,

arran ge me n ts so me wh e re f or a mark e t and an c horage

h h h h
.

But t e p art of t e c o u n try of t e Ga drosian s n ear t e

M h
se a wa s en tire l y de se rt He th e re fore se n t Tho as son Of
.
,

an drodoru s with a fe w horse m

, e n do wn t o t e sea to ,

re c o n n oitre an d se e if th ere h a ppe ne d to b e any h ave n

h h
an ywh e re n ear or whe th e r th e re was wate r or any o th er
,

r f ro m t e s e a Th is man
h
of t e n e c e ssa rie s of life n ot fa .

re tu e fo u n d so me fi sh e rm

h
rn e d a n d re po rte d th a t en

upon t e shore livin g in stiflin g h uts whic h were made ,

h h h
u hfl ie y from t hA a a
h
u hu kuh a h
T is is t e wel l kn own
-
c ate c , Ob tain ed c e c ci

Cate c . T e mis
l iq id gu call e d t orc tc in India
 T hA e nab asis o
f Alee ander .

by putt in g toge ther musse l s ells an d t e b ac k b ones h h

h h
- -
,

s ed to fo rm t e r

h
Of fi s h es we re u He also said t at
l
oofs .

these fis he rme n u
h h
se d littl e wa te r ob tain in g it wit ,difii
cu l ty by sc rap in g away t e grave l and that what t e y ,

g o t w a s n ot a t a ll fr e s h W h e n A l e xa .n d e r re ac h e d a
tain p lac e in Gadrosia whe re c orn was more ab u
h h
cer ,
n da nt ,

c e d it u o n t e b ea s of b u

h h
e seize d it an d p la t r d en ;
p s

and markn it with is own se al e orde re d it to b e

Bu h hh
t w il e e was marc in g
,

h
h h h
c on ve yed do wn to t e se a .

h h h
to t e ha l tin g stage n eare s t to t e sea t e sol die rs pay ,

ing little re gard to t e se al t e gu ard s mad e u

h h
, se o f t e

c o rn th e mse l v e s a nd a ve a s a r O f i t t o t ho se w o
g
, e

we re e s pec iall y p inc h e d with h u n er T o su c h a d e r

g g ee .

we re th ey o v e rc o me by th e ir mise ry th at afte r mat u

h
re
del ib e ration the y re sol ve d to tak e ac c o un t of t e v is ibl e
an d alre ady impe n din g d e s tru h
h
c tio n ra th e r th an t e dan ge r
of in c u

h
’
rrin g t e k in g s w rath wh ic h wa s n ot b e fo re t h e ir
,

n d s till re mo te Wh e n Al ex an de r asc e rtain e d t e

h
ey e s a .

in e d th e m so to ac t
hh h
n ec e s sity wh ic h c o n s t ra e pa rdo n e d ,

He h imse lf has te n e d fo r
h h
tho s e w o ad do n e t e d e e d .

ward to c ol le c t fro m t e l an d all e c o u l d for v ic tu

h h
al l in g
t e army wh ic h was sail ing ro u
hh h h
n d with t e fl ee t ; an d s e n t

C re t e us t e Callatian to c o n v ey t e s uppl ie s to t e c oast

h
8
.

He al so o rd e re d t e n atives to grin d as mu
h h
c h c o rn a s

th e y c o u l d an d c on ve y it do wn fro m t e in te rio r of t e
c ou
“ h
h h
n tr y toge th er with date s an d sh ee p f or sale to t e
,

More o ver e se n t Tele ph us on e of t e c on fi

h
so l d ie r s .
,

d e n tial Co mpan ion s do wn to an oth e r p lac e on t e c o ast

,

with a small q u an tity O f g ro u n d c orn .

T h ese p p
e o l e h
hh
were c al l ed Ic t yop agi, or Fis e aters T ey are h -
. h
de sc rib e d b y Arrian ( Indira, Cu rtiu u
h h
s , i x 4 0 ; D iodor s , xvii 1 0 5 ;
. .

h h
Pl u
h
Pl iny (N at H is t v i 25
. . .
, ta rc ( A le x S tra b o, x. v 2 T e y . .

occ u p i e d t e s e a-
c o as t of G adro sia , o r B e l ooc ista n C f Al c i r
p on . .

h h
( Ep ie l o l ae , i .1 ,

3 A ma

hM
n of Ca ll atis , a town on t e Bl ac k Sea in T ra c e , origin a ll y
c ol onize d b y t e ile sians .

Cf H erodotu
. s i 1 93
, . .
 T hA e nabas is f
o Al exander .

by thu h ym
e s h o y
n . For t
d p e et wit l ft ridge s Of ee san d,

h d d u uh
h pp d upo j u
n ot c l s e l
o yp d re sse an d ar en e , b t s c as rec e iv e d

A hm
tho se w h y
o ste pp e n it st as if t e were s te in g
o mu ou
hho
in t h d,d or rat
o e r int n t rod e n sn w . t t e sa e

m mu u d mo b h
h om hu
ti e too t e rs es and le s s ffe re still re , ot in
o m do
ho d
u
h h
goin
g p and c i n g w n t e b il l s , f r t e n e ve n n es s

om
hm h b h
Of t e r a as we l l as fr its in s ta il it
b y . T e l e n gt

d h my hk
of t e arc o d esy e t wee n t e s ta e s als e xc ee ingl dis
g
om
mk h m h u uu
tresse ;tf ore t e la
ar
c o f w at e r o fte n c pe l l e d
h m
t e to ae t e Wh
arc e s o f n s al l e ngt
h l
en .

th ey trav e ll e d by n ight on a jo u rn ey wh ic h it was

n ec e ssary to c ompl e te , and at d a yb re ak c ame to wate r,
uffe re d
hard sh ip at all ; b ut if while s til l on
h h h
th e y s no ,

t e marc h on a c c ou

h h
n t of t e l e n g th of t e wa th e y w e re
, y ,

ugh t by t e h eat the n they did in d e e d sufle r ards h ips

h h
ca
'

fro m t e b lazing s u n b e in
g a t t e s am e time opp re
,
s se d

by unassuage abl e th irs t “ .

CH APTE R XXV .

S U rEERINGs or T HE ARM
Y
h
.

TH E o ld ie rs kill e d man y of t e b e asts of b urde n of th e ir

s

h h
own a c c o rd ; for wh e n p ro v is io n s we re la c k in t h ey
g ,

me to ge t e r and sl augh te re d mo s t Of t e horse s an d

h
ca ,

mule s They ate t e fl e sh of th e se an d said that t h e y

h h h ,

h
.

ad d ie d Of th irs t or ad p e ris e d f ro m t e heat

h h
Th e re .

was n o on e w o d iv u l ge d t e re al truth Of th e ir c o n d u
h h
ct ,

bo t on ac c oun t of t e me n s d istre ss an d be c ause al l

h
’

alike we re imp l ic ate d in t e same O ff e n c e Wh at was

h h
.

b e in g don e ad n ot e sc ap e d Al e xan d e r s n otic e ; b u

h h
’
t e

s aw t ha t t e b es t c u re for t e p re se n t s tate of affairs

wo u l d b e to p re te n d to b e ign o ran t Of it rat he r th an to ,

S trab o says t at some h h ma h

hma h h h
of t ese rc es e xte n ded 200 , 400 , an d e ve n
( 50 0 s tadc s ; most Of t e rc ing b e ing done in t e n ig t Kr ger
. u
u u Eu
u up u {m
h
l b s t it tn s tr o rfor l i
p e t c ir
c a.

A Cf T u . c ydides ii 4 9 3 , .
, .

i
 Su
fi g
e rin e o
f t hA me r y.

pe rmit it as a th ing kn own to himself T e c onse que n ce h

h
.

h h
was that it was n o l o n ge r easy to c o n ve y t e sol d ie rs
,

w o we re s u ffe rin g f ro m d isease or tho se w o we re l e ft

h ,

be hin d on t e roads on ac c o un t Of t e h e at p artly fro m h

h s ts Of b u rtly b e c au
,

h
h
t e wan t O f be a rd e n and p a se t e

me n themse l ve s were k n oc k ing t e waggon s to p ie c e s

e m On a u h ,

h h
n ot b e in ab l to d r a w t h o n t of t e d e p th Of
g e c c

The y did this al so b ec au

h
t e sa nd . se in t e fi rs t stage s
the y we re c o mp e ll e d on this a c c ou

h
n t to o n ot by t e
g ,

s ho rte s t ro u te s b u
h
,t by tho se wh ic h we re e as ie s t for t e
Th u s s o me we re l e ft b e h in d a

h
ca rriage s . l o n g t e road s
n t Of s ic k n e ss o th ers f ro m fa

h
on a c c ou , tig u e or t e e ff ec ts

t or fro m n ot b e in g abl e to b e ar u
h
of t e h e a a ai nst
, p g
m
h
t e d ro u g h t ; an d th e r e w a s n o o n e e ith e r to s ho w t h e

m m
h
t e wa y or t o r e a in a n d t e n d t h e in t h e ir s ic k n e s s .

For t e e x pe d itio n was b ein g made with gre at u

h
rge n c y ;

h
an d t e c are Of in div id u
h h
al p e rso n s was n ec e s sarily

h
n e l e c te d in t e ze a
g l d is p la y e d f o r t e s a fe t y o f t e

army as awhol e As th ey ge n e rally made t e marc hes

h
.

by n igh t so me Of t e me n were ov e rc o me by sle e p on

h ,

t e ro ad ; afte rward s ro u u h h
h h
sin
g p g a a in tho se w o s til l , a d
s tre n th fo ll o we d u m u
h
po n t e t ra k s of t e a r y b t o n ly
g c ;
a fe w out of many o v ertook t e main body in safe ty
h
.

Most of th e m p e rish e d in t e san d l ik e men sh ipwre c k e d

h
on t e se a
1
An oth e r c alamity also b efe ll t e army
.
,

h ,

whic h greatl y d istre s se d me n horse s and beasts of

h h ,

b urd e n ; f or t e c o un try Of t e Gadrosian s is s upp lie d

,

h
with rain by t e p e riod ic al win d s j u h
h h
st a ,s t ha t of t e
In d ian s is ; n ot t e p lains of Gadrosia b u
h h
t o n ly t e ,

mo un tain s whe re t e c l oud s are c arrie d by t e win d an d

are d issol ve d in to rain wit ho u t pas sin g b eyo n d t e s u m h
h
mits of t e mo un tain s On on e oc c asio n whe n t e army h
h
.
,

bivo uac k ed for t e sak e of its wate r ne ar a small b rook ,

h
,

whic h was a win te r to rre n t abo u ,

t t e se c on d watc h of

Cf Xenop
. h(A
on nab . vn . 5 , 1 3) Homer ( Odyn . vn .
 T h e . l namuis o f Al exander .

m hh hh h u
hhh
:
hh m m hm u
e wi n -
t t e woo l: w ic lo wed
: t ere was s dde n?

ho ho h
w al le d v t e ra s t e o nt ain s w ic ad fall e n
m m
h
.
o e rr v ed by r e s l die rs . T e t rre n t advan c ed W it

hm ho hm
0 g re at . a zl ood as
.
'

o des t roy n os e f
o t e Wi v e s an d
m m
h h
u l dre n o f t e en w o f llowe d t e ar v, and to en

ho
1 .
a al l t e royal b ag gage as we ll as ll
A e b eas t s f
I

m m m
h h h h
rde n s ti l l re ain in g T e ldiers ftBl g ear
:
'
. s . l

m m
h hhh o
‘

ns , we re ardl y ab le t o save t e se l ves t o ge t er wit

m
Wh hu h m h
air we ap o ns . an y o f w ic t ey l st b e yo nd re c ov e rv -
.

u
hu u h h
en, aft er e n d rin
g t e b rn i ng eat an d El .
-
an . t ey

m m
hh
l ig te d po n ab n danc e of wat er . an y of t e .
p e ris ed

m m
h mo A
fro drin kin g t o e xc e s s , not be a b l e to c t an: ec k
g
u
m hh m h
p
ap e t it e for l b. For t is re n l e xan der ge n e ra
-
L v

u
h
tc ed is e a n , nO t ne ar t
e wat e r It se lf b t an a .

u m um
h
d is tan c e o f ab o t t we n t v 1 18 8
58 12 fro . t . to v e n t: t e

m
h h hm m
s en i nd b eas ts fro r s in g in c row ds 11 1 120 t riv e r
p e s e

u m
h h
an d t s p en s
g, an d at t e so e e to p re v e n t

h m m u
h h hm h
t o o
ose w o and no c nt r l ov e r t e sel ve s fro f o lin g
t e wat e r for t e res t of t e ar y b y st e i
n
pp g in t o t e

s
p ri n s ul
g
’
st re ams .

CH APTER XXV I
M
.

ALEXAN D EE E AG NAN IM O U S COND U CT ’

h h
.

h
HE RE I av e re so l ve d n ot to pas s ov e r in sil e n c e t e
most no b l e de e d pe r aps e v e r pe rformed b v Al e xande r
oc c uh h h ,

h h h
Wt rre d e it he r in t is lan d or a c c o rdin
g to t e ,

as s e rt ion o f w me ot e r aut ors s til l e arl ie r amo n g t e

Parapamis adian s T e army was c on t in u in g it s marc h , ,

h
hh hhh h
l
.

throu t e sa n d thou t e at o f t e s u n w as al r ad
g g e e
, v

m me nt ion s a simil ar ac t h magn animity ”

h h h hh h
C ar a ( vii 20 ) . of aving
urre d on marc In pursmt of Bes sus rou
u h a hA a
oc c t e t g t e dese rt to t e
riv e r O xu (A uu
h
s . Pl tarc lex . 1 2) s ays it w s w en l ex nde r was p rs
in g D an na; Fro n tmu
h hu
s i 7, 7
.
) a says it w s in t e de se rt
P ul l/arm?“ l iv :
h
Afric a;
m h
of l , 25 ) re lates t e ane c do te wit o t spe c if y in g
.

w e ve nt oc c u
rre d w ef erepoc is an Ionic form ve ry frequ
'

o t e . e n tl y

u
se d b y He rodo t u
s .
 hA f A T e nabasis o l a andef .

hA h
h h by l g hl
at le ngt p le xan de r erc e iv ed t at it was ne c essary f or
m l
h m hh mh h
i to ead t e way dec in in to t e e ft and takin g

my Bu h h h h
afew orse en wit i e advan ce d in front of t e

h h hl m hm h
ar . t w en t e ors es e v e n of t e se we re ex

h
u
h ly m
a s te d b y t e b es t, e e ft os t of t es e en b e in d,
u
hhgl h b hh
y
an d rode awa wit on five en an d fo nd t e se a .

h pu h h
Having p sc ra ed away t e s e in a eac , e on t e se -

u
h hl my y hy m h l
fo nd wate r fres an d re an d t e n we n t an d fe tc e d
,

h upp l g h h mh
t e w o e ar . For se v e n da s t e arc e d a on g
m l
h hh hp h
t e a c oas t , s
se -
y in t e s e ves wit wat er fro t e

hu k h
s ore T e n c e e l e d is e x e dition in to t
. e in te rior,
for now t e g ide s n e w t e way .

C HAPTE R XX VII
M
.

ARC H ms ooe s Caaumu Pu— mss x sur or Vr

c xaors

h hp l hh
. .

W H EN
hm h m
e arriv e d at t e ca ita Gadrosia, e t e re
of

A
h hhh
H
b u h
a
g e
v is p ar y a re s t . e de ose d p o ll o
p an e s fro

h h u h pp
t e vic e ro a
y l t y ,
1
ec a se e disc ov e re d t at e ad paid

hp pl h hll
no eed to is ins t r c t ion s . a was a
T o s o in te d vic e

u
h hm m
roy ov e r t e eo e of t is dis tric t ; b t as e fe ill an d
u u
hl
die d, S ib yrt i s s c c e e de d to t e odie s . T e sa e an
by A
hA h
ad aso l ate y
hul
l b pp ee n a oin te d l e xan de r vic e roy of

C m u
h
ar an ia; b t n ow t e r e ov e r t e ra c otian s an d

m l p l mu
hh
Gadrosian s w as ive n to i , an d T e o e
hk
g s , so n o f

C m
h b uh
’
l y t Op an e s , rec e ive d ar an ia T e in g was already .

C m
hm hh h hu y h
adv an c in g in to ar an ia, w e n n e ws was ro g t t o

hb pl by hm
i t at P ilip, t e v ic e roy of t e c o n tr o f t e In dian s,

h k ll u h h lp M
ad ee n d again st
o t te t e e rc e narie s an d tre a

h u h m hmu h
’
c e ron s l
y b y
i e d ; b t t at P i i s ac e don ian od

u
h h u hm h
g a rds a d c a g t s o e o f t e rde re r s in t e v e ry

Whh h hh
ac t an d o t e rs afte rwards an d ad p t t e to de at , .

g h
en e ad as c e rtain e d t is, e s e n t al e tte r in to In dia
mu
to Ende s a n d Ta m m
x ile s, orde rin t e to ad in iste r

hm h
T is an ad b een pl ac e d over t h
e Oritia
ns . See pa
g e 8 5 1 supra .
 hm f Punis ent o Vic eroys .

h h hhhp u y u
h h ul
t e affairs of t e l an d w ic ad revio sl b e en s b
lpu
W hh
ordina te d to P i i n til e co y d se n d a v ic ero for it .

m u ju
hh h h m h h my
en e arriv e d in Car ania, Cra te r s e ffe c t e d a nc

mb g g
h ph l b ugh hm h
t ion w it i , rin in wit i t e re s t of t e ar

h
an d t e e l e an t s He a so ro t Ordan e s, w o
. e

u
hh l m h y h
g g
ad arre s te d for re vol tin and try in to e ff e c t a re v ol

by hm
tion 1
. T it e r aso c a e S tasan or, t e vic ero of t e
A mp
hh h y h h
re ian s S
an d Z arangian s , ac c o an ie d P aris an e s,

h m hg l hh
son of P ra tap e rn es, t e v ic ero of t e Part ian s an d

hm h my M l
H y r c an ians T e re c a
. e al so t e e n e ras w o ad

hhm h
b e e n l e ft wit Par e nio ov e r t e ar in e dia, C e an

h my B hh h
der, Sitalc e s, an d He rac on ,
b g g rin in wit t e t e

hm ug h
greate r
p art of t e ir ar . ot t e native s an d t e

m u
h h mp
so ldie rs t b ro
e t any g
s e l ve s ac c sation s a ain st
mp
h b p ll g by hm h
O e an de r an d S italc es, as for e xa
l l e , t at t e te le s
ad e e n i a e d mb
t e , old to s rifle d, an d ot e r

ju
h ubj A h h
ac ts of in stic e, re c l e s s n e ss, an d
k y y p t ran n e rpe trate d

hu h h h h
3
again s t t e ir s e c ts g p
s t e se c . ar es we re rove d,
m
m gh
ep t t e to d e at ,
in p orde r to in s ire ot e rs w o

hh h
i t b e l e ft as vic ero s,
y g p ov e rn ors , or re fe c ts of p ro

m h
u g qu p
h h p h uy h
vin c e s wit t e f e ar of s ffe rin al e n altie s wit
e

m
hhm hh
t e y if t e s we rve d fro t e at of d t ‘
T is was .

Al u
h hhhh qu
on e of t e cb y w ic k p
ie f eans e xan de r e t in s b

hhh u y ub m h m h ugh h
ordin ation t e n at ion s w ic e ad c on e re d in war

h
or w ic ad v ol ntaril s y
itte d to i , t o t e
m y um m
h u u h
were s o an in n b e r an d so far distan t fro eac

ot er ; b e c a se y
n de r is re ga l s wa it was n ot allowe d
Cu y h t Crate ru a messen ger to t e kin g, to h
hhwa hdi
rtiu
h
s (ix 4 1
) . sa s a
t s sen t

P
hh
say t at a e s ol ng in c in s two ersian n ob l es, Ozines and

hA a h a p f amu B
aa a
Z ri sp es , w o a
d b e e n tryin g to e fle c t revol t .

fam
A h y u ( hha h ham
T e rei ns were ed for t eirskill s r o e ssion l o rners . ee

esc l s C oép '

a or c , Fort e origin of t e n e se e D on l dson
m
th mm
(New Craty l , se c t .

u u a m "
a h
5t £ 17 a
is s b stit ted b y S in tenis for e co on re ding g ete .

au
h
A u u (
ha hh
cc or a
din g to C rti s x Ole nde r . nd is c oll e g es were n ot

u u p
ha hu ahC u u a
sla a
in , b t p t into rison ; w e re s 600 of t e sol diers w o d b e en
u
h h h h
a
t e ge nts of t eirc r el ty were p t to de ta rti s s ys Ol e n derw s .

a
sp red fora Pam
ving kill ed a Cf
r enio wit up a
is own nd iii 26 s r . . . .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexan der .

h h h ul hu uj u y
h hu A h m B
t at t os e w o we re r ed s o ld b e n stl treated b y
qu
hhg u hm
t ose w o r le d t t at ti e . e rs e on was ac itte d of

h g p l g h mp h y h
t e c ar e , b t soon afte r, e in
b g c on vic te d by t e en

Su
pu h hh
of sa of avin il a ed t e te le in t at c it , e

alsou m
s ffe red nis ent . S tasanor an d P ratap ern e s
m A b g g mu u
hh hh
ca e to b l exan der rin in a l tit de of easts of
bu m y m
m h by h u j u g hh
rde n yan d an ca e l s, w en t e l earn t t at e was

h yhh p h h u
arc in g t e ro te to Gadrosia, c on ec t rin t at is
my u u
h hm h y m hy
ar wo l d s ffer t e v e r ards i s w ic it did s ffe r .

ju
h m
T e re fore t e se en a rrive d st at t e ve r ti e t e
u
h ml h
qu
we re re ire d, as also did t e ir c a el s an d b easts of b r
A
h u qu
de n . bu
For l e xan de r distri
an i as to t e te d all t e se

m m
h ly h u mp
ofic e rs an b y an , to all t e v ario s s adron s an d

h y h umb l h
u
c e n t ries of t e c av ar , a n d to t e v a rio s c o an ie s
of t e in fa ntr , a m
s t e ir n e r al owe d i .

CH AP TER XXVIII .

ALEXAN D ER m Os am u
hh h hh
.

Canramau g to me t e state men t

h hh
t ors av e said (t ou
h
-

se e ms in c re dib l e) t at Al e xa is force s t rou

h
h
n de r l e d g
Carmania lyin g ex te n de d wit is Comp an ion s u
hh
p on two
ggon s j oined toge t e r t e flute b e ing p laye d to
h hh h
c ov e re d wa ,

im; and t at t e sol die rs foll owe d imwearing garl an ds

h Food was p rovide d for t e m as we ll as
hhh h h
an d s p ortin g .
,

h hh
ad b een b rou
h h
all k in ds of dain tie s w ic g t toge t e r
al on g t e roads by t e Carman ians
h h h
T e y say t at e .

did t is in imitation of t e B ac c ic re ve l ry of D iony su

h h
s ,

b e c au b out t at de ity t at af te r
h h h
se a s tory wa s tol d a ,

h
su b duin g t e I n dian s e traversed t e greate r p art of
h
As ia in t is man n er and re c e ive d t e app e l lation of
h h
T riamb u h s
1
For t e same re ason t e p roc es sion s in
.

hhm m a ah m Ba h
u u f ap
hhu wa a u a a am h
T e t ria b w s y n to cc s , s ng in es t l roc e ssion s in
ya m
muw h hR ma
is on o r a . a It s l so se d s n e of t t deit , s we l e rn fro
m a u
u a P ua h
a af a
um h
D iodo ,
iv 5 . . It w s terw rds se d s syn ony o s it t e o n
tri m P u p , by ol yb i s , Dionysi s, nd l t rc .
 hA m f A T e naba s o
'

le xande r .

h m h I u h
hm uh h g I h
Tigre s How e sailed fro
.
l
t e rive r nd s to t e

g h u h
Pe rs ian S eaan d t e o t of t e Ti res, sal l de sc rib e
u
h h hy A
p k
in a se arate b oo ,
fol lowin t e ac c o n t of N ea rc s

m
h p I h h
i se l f als o wrote a is tor of
.
SI
For le xan de r in
e

mp
huu h
k
G re e Pe r a s s all b e a l e to c o
b
. ose t is n a rra
u
h
tive in t e f t re , if in c lination an d t e divin e in fl e n c e
ug m
h
A
m h g h
r e e to it lexan de r now orde re d Hep aestion to
.

mC m
hh g h my h
3
arc in to Pe rsis f ro ar ania alon t e s ea s ore -

hh h ph b u
wit t e lar er division of t e ar an d t e b easts of
m
h
bu
h mk h p
rde n , ta in
k g wit i als o t e e le an ts ; e c a se ,

h h
e wa s a in g t e e x e dition in t e season of win te r, ‘

t e part of Pe rsis n ear t e se a was warm a n d p os se sse d

ab u n da nt su pplie s of provis ion s .

CHAP TER XXIX .

ALEXAND ER IN Panel s — Toms or Cras s Rsrs ms n

h m l hm h h
.

hl h h y hC mp
HE i se f t en arc ed to Pasargadae in P e rsis, wit

h h uh h
t eig te s t of is infan tr , t e o anion c avalry an d

Wh h h
a art of t e arc e rs b t e se n t S tasan or down to is
p
“

hu h h h
l
o wn an d en e arrive d at t e c on fi
. n e s of Pe rsis ,

e fo l g nd t at P rasaorte s was no on e r v ic e ro y , for e

h
m e dc ovra hA future of h h
ha
éxrep . T e ttic w éw is t edc op a
‘
t. n e w is
on l yf un d in Poly b iu
o s and t e l te r write rs .

S e e Arria
h m P aa hP a hH B
3
n (Indies 1 8 ,

Pa a
h( hu ) H hu f m
e na e
3 T forin t e eb re w ib l e , is
ersi nd t
r s e ersi n s .

Cy u a
hm h uuhCam y Ah
r s is c ll e d Kore s t e s n in eb re w ; in t e c nei or insc rip
au u
hM hA ha u h
tion s t e n a e is K r s a a
b ses is c lled s er s in E zr iv 6 . .

m
hfu h u h mp ( a
a nd S er a a
dns t e gi n is t e rtaxe rxe s w o w s in d c ed b y t e

am f l e E zr iv 7—2i
hAh hB h p a X
S arit n s to orb id t e rt er b il din g of t e te
a ) . .

hmah
au u A a
h h a hpa
T e s e r s of t e ook of E st e r is rob b ly e rxes rt xe rxe s .

h
z aa z a
h h
t e L on g -
ande d w
( s t ie tron of E r n d Ne e E r vii
1 1 28 ;.
-

u P m
ma u h a h
"
Ne .
) —
ii 1 9, etc
.a a a a
D ri s t e e rsi n ,
. e n tion e d in N . xii 22, w s
.

p ay u A a
hH
rob b l u D ari s Codo n n s , w o w s c o n q e red b y l ex n der T e .

p u a ma app a
ham am am P
p ro vin c e o f 8 11 8 1 8 11 3 , re vio s ly c ll e d E ly is , e rs in t e ebre w

u n de r t e n e of E il a a
or E l e rsis is stil l c ll e dF r a . .

h
B . C 3 25
. .

A a
5
ap
ri up a . S ee c . 27 s r .
 Thm ue To b q] Ugr u l inl un ar”!
.
-

hpp
a en e d to h m h mmm hM
ave di l uf o W ilt u m l
mm u M
u m
u h
ll m- u“;
h
sti in In dia U rxi w n f lu

M
. .

un t ry not M
u h
be c a ad b u u
hM
co , se e " "

Al e xande r b , mmt e ed: i: an n/ u! .i l

Pe r -
. a f or k m ,
a ) . ”u n . a .

A t?
“
:
xs te s 12 7 73 5
} of t!
I ” H ,

w fl azf-rr a fsf
.l -
4 . u
""
l I
Ee
' '
n s at a s
-
c
'
n

-
U
'

i “ V
'

h . 13 5 4
. 1
-

" J IA a
l
J . . .

r i I a
,
.

" on ;
n 1
1

au»
x . n u h
au l I

l u 'S ) J O

L L" {an d J o u

t . “
J
 T hA
e nabas is o
f Ala ander .

h h ac in t were also ly in g upon it, as well as ot e rs of h

h h
y
p urple an d various ot e r c olours ; moreove r t e re were
b re s, and e arrin g s of gol d an d p rec iou
h h h
c oll a rs , sa s ston e s

r t e m stood a tab l e
h hh hh h
s ol de re d tog e t e r, a n d n ea On t e
.

middl e of t e c ouc l ay t e c oflin w ic c on tained t e

hh h
1

body of Cy rus Wit in t e en c losure n ear t e asc e n t

h h h h
. ,

le adin g to t e tomb , t e re was a small ouse b uil t f or t e

M h h hhhh
ag ian s w o g u arde d t e tomb a du
h h
ty w ic t e y a d
disc arge d e v ers in c e t e time of Camb yse s, son of Cy ru
h h h
s,

sous u s gu ard To t e se me n a s e e p
h
c c e edin g fat e r a .

an d s pe c ifie d q u an titie s of W eaten flou

h h h
r an d win e we re
m
h
ive n da ily b t k in a d a r e o n c e a o n t a a
g y e g ; n o s s

c e to Cy ru U pon t e to mb an in sc rip tion in

h hh h
sa c rifi s .

h
Pe rsian l e tte rs ad b e e n p lac e d, w ic b ore t e foll owin g
me an in g in t e Pe rsian l an guage : 0 man , Iam Cy rus,
h h h
mb ys e s, w o foun de d t e e mp ire of t e Pe rsian s,
h h
s on of C a

an d was k ing of Asia D o n ot t e re fore gru dge me t is

h
.

mon ume n t ”
As soon as Ale x an de r ad c o n q ue re d
h h
.

s of e n te rin g t e to mb o f

h h h h
Pe rs ia, e was ve ry de siro u
Cvru
h hh
bu e fou

h
s ; t nd t a t e ve ry t ing e l se ad b e e n
n d c ou

h hh h
c arrie d 0 5 e xc e p t t e c offi n a c T ey ad e v e n
.

mal tre ate d t e k ing s b ody ; for t ey ad torn ofl t e

h h hh
’ '

l id o f t e c o flin and c as t o u
h h
t t e c orp se T ey ad trie d
.

t o mak e t e c oflin its e l f of s mal l e r b u l k an d t u s more

h
portable , by c uttin g part of it ofl and c rus ing p art of
h h
'

u u
h
it u
h
b a fl did d y d
'

p; t s t e ir e o r ts n o t s cc e e , t e e

p arte d, l e aving t e c offin in t at state Aristobul us

hh h
.

m se l f c ommis s ione d b A
h h h
s a s t at w a i l e xa n de r to
y e s y
re s tore t e tomb for Cy ru s , to p u

h
t in t e c offin t e parts
h
of t e b ody s till p re se rv e d, to p u

h h hhh
t t e l id on , an d to re

M h hh hh
s tore t e p a rts of t e c offin w ic ad b e e n de fac e d .

s in s tru t e c ou
h h hh hh
ore ov e r e wa c te d to s tre tc c tig t

h h h
wit ban ds , an d to de p os it all t e ot er t ings w ic
use d to lie t e re for orn ame n t, b ot re se mb l in g t e
1
Jus t afe w lin e s ab ove , Arrian says h
a h uh
t t t e co c was b y h
t e side

we oom
A n .
 BOOK V II .

C H AP TE R I

Ae ANDE as PLAN8
’
.
— THE IND IAN PH iLosorHEEs .

WHEN Al e xan der arrived

h h h
at Pasargadae an d P e rsep ol is, l

h h h
e wa s s e ized w it an arde nt de sire to sail down t e
Eu
hh hh h
p rate s an d Tig re s to t e Pe rsian Sea, an d to see t e
9

mout s of t ose rive rs as e ad alre ady se en t ose of

h h hh S ome
hh
t e In du
h h
s a s wel l as t e s e a in to w ic it flows .

aut ors also ave state d t at e was meditatin g a v oyag e

h h h
3

rou rge r p ortion of Arab ia u

h
n d t e la , t e c o n t ry o f t e

midia b eyon d
M
E t iop ian s, L ibya (i e Af ric a) , an d N u . .

ou n t Atl a s to Ga de ira (i e in ward in to ou r se a .

Paargada wa tha i p ital f Cyru b ut P r p li h

th Tht mb f C yru h
s e s e n c e nt c a o s, e se o s was t at
l at r ki g f P r ia
M
uh ha h C
of e e n s o e s . e abo di o s s ee n sc overed at
u river yru
h hj u hA a
a rg b; c on seq e n tly Pa rsag ad a e was on t e b nks of t e s,

P p y
Mu ChMa hf
NE . of erse olis . T e l atte r c it was at t e n c tion of t e r xe s
a nd m a a
ed s . Its e xte nsive ine r
e c ll ed el - in r, t e orty

um
h uph
"

h
c ol ns .

Am a a j m
f m h a hu ha h
3
T e Tigris rises in a r en i , nd oin s t e E r te s ninety il es
am Aa
m h h hH h
ro , t e se t a
b e in g t en c l led S t el r b
e nite d stre In - -
.

u
h h am
a
an c ie nt ti e s t e two rivers d distinc t o tlets In t e eb rew t e .

m hZ h hhm f m ha h
a
Tigris is c ll ed C iddekel , i e arrow T e G re ek n e Tigres is de rive d
. . .

ap
h h h h h
fro t e end Tig ra, w ic co es ro t e S n sc rit Tig , to s r e n .

p
Its resen tam j p n e is up a a
D i le . T e res ec tive l engt s of t e E r tes n d
m
h u u( a P ua h
Tigrisa a re nd ile s .

Am on g t u(e se were C rti s x . D iodor s xviii. nd l t rc

a a Ph a ham f m h
( A le x .
,

a a a
C de ir or G dc s w s oe n ic i n c ol ony . T e n is ro t e
e

C f pp P
M m
He b rew f ( ) a a a e nce . . P l iny iv . 36 e ll nt oe n i Gadir its

Pu a ua um
nic l ing A A uu ( sep t significan te . l so vie s Oraariti a, 268 )
u m ua u m um A
u Pau u a h a h h
P nic orn
p linga a c on sc t l oc G addir voc b t . c c ordin g to P l a
ny

u ma
Mu
( v. S e ton i s lin s w s t e first Ro n ge n er l w o c rosse d t e

A tl as o n tains .
 hA f A T e naba
s is o lexander

M
.

(
ub u
.h
is .

h
t )
e h
h ( C h
e diterra
k g h
nean h h
g ) h
t in in t at afte r e ad

m h h h
s d L by eda an d Carc edon i e
b ot i art a e , e . .

ju A
h hk g h M
ig t wit s tic e b e c a e d
ll k g in of all sia
l
For e .

hm l hu h h
said t at t e in s of t e Pe rsian s an d e de a c a l l ed

u h hh
t e se ve s G re at Kin s wit o t an
g r i t y
s in c e t e
y g ,

A S m
y g h hu
did n ot r le t e l arge r art of
p sia o e sa y t at e .

hL k M ( h A )
m
S yh
was g avo a e t e n c e in to t e E x in e Se a, to
e ditatin

hh hh
c t ia a nd t e a e ae otis i a t e Se a of zov ; . .

h py hm h m p
w ile ot e rs as se rt t at e in te n de d to go to S ic il an d
y

g h
’
t e Ia g ian Cape , f or t e fa e of t e Ro an s s read
uy m
h y h
ing far an d wide was n ow e x c itin j is ealo s For y .

j u
hpl Bu hI
own p I
art ca nn ot c on ec t re wit any c e rtain t w at
gu
hk m hh h
were is an s ; an d I do not c are t o e ss t t is .

m
hh u h m
t in I c an c on fiden tl aflir , t a
y t e e dita te d n ot in g
m ll m
h h qu hhm
s a or ean ; and t at e wo ld n e ve r av e re ain e d

hh hl h
sa tisfie d w it any of t e ac isition s e ad ade , e v e n
u p A
h
if e ad adde d E ro e to s ia, o r t e is an ds o f t e
u p u ul
hm
B riton s to E ro e ; b t wo d stil l ave gon e on s ee in
k g
uk
h hh u h
for n n own lan ds b eyon d t ose e n tion e d
l I v e ri y .

h ul h h h h u
b e ie v e t at if e ad f o n d n o on e e se to strive w it ,
l l
m A
h ph ph h
e wo d ave striv e n wit i s elf n d on t is a c c o nt .

mm m
hb uh h
I co e n d so e of t e I n dia n ilos o e rs, w o are
by A
hp m hh
sa id to ave ee n c a g t l e x an de r as t e y we re
u m
hm A hhh h my
lk
wa ing in t e o yen eadow w e re t e we re ac c s to ed

m
h hg hh h
3
p
to s e n d t e ir ti e . t t e s ig t of i an d is ar
mp
hup hhh
u
Whh k
t ey did n ot in el se b t sta wit t e ir f e e t on t e

h h hm g
eart ,
y on pp
w ic t e we re s te ing . en e as ed

m m
h h
t e by p ean s of in te r re te rs w at was t e e anin of

k g Al
muh h h hup
t e ir a y pl
c tion , llt e re ie d as f o ows : 0 in e xan de r,

ym
hh h pp u h
ev er an p oss e sse s as c of t e e rt a as t is on

ub g l y m
h u p b m m
w ic we av e ste e d; b t t o k e in on a an l i e

h hm h
t e re s t of s, e x c e t in e in g e ddl e s o e an d arrogan t,
art m co p
e ove r s o g re at a art of t e eart fro t y own

L ua th uth
See n ote 3 , page 3 0 9 .

2
Now c alled Capo di e c—a t r p
, e so e s e n oin t of Ital y .

3
Cf . Arris n (Indira ,
 hA f A T e nabasis o lec ander .

qu w hhhh A h
hh h mu h
was ite d wit w at e ad
c on te n n d b e sides e .

h hh
sa id t at e saw is atten dan ts wan de rin over so
g c

hm y h hh
of t e l a nd a n d sea to n o a
g dvan ta e , an d t at t e re was

hAl hu hm yh g h h
n o e n d to t e ir an wan derin s
g T e re fore e ad n o .

h p hhh h
de sire t at e xan de r s o ld ive i an t in w i
g c

hhhu m yh g h h
was in is own osse ss ion , nor on t e ot er an d was e

lu
hh h u y
afraid t at e s o l d b e e x c ded fro an t in w ic
A u
hh hu h
l e xan de r r led over For w il e e l iv e d t e c o n t r .

p u
h hh hh
ofI n dia ,
w ic ro d c e s t e f r its in t e ir sea son , wa s

u m u
m h
s ffi c ie n t for i ; an d w e n e die d e s o ld b e re
u u b A
h h hh
l eased fro t e od , an n s ita l e assoc iate
b y l e xan de r .

mp m m m
hhm hpl
t e n did n ot atte t to forc e i to c o e wit i , c on

M hh h u
Bu
hph
side rin t at t e an wa s fre e to do a s e ease d. t
g

ph h hh y l l p
e as t e n es as rec orde d t a t Cal an s on e of t il o
g , e

h h hph
so e rs t is re gion , w o
of ad v e r itt e owe r ov e r

u
ph h hh hg
is l
de sire s, was in d c e d to do so ; an d t at t e io
m l m
hh m g h h
so e rs p t e se ve s re roac ed i ,
for av in de s e rte d
m
h
t pp e a in e ss g e x is tin g a on t e , an d se rvin an ot er

l ord in ste ad of t e Grod .

l

CHAPTER III .

h hy A
S E LF SACRIFICE -
or THE IN DIAN CAt AN c s .

b u
hh
TH IS I ave re c orde d, e c a se in a istor of l ex an de r
u
hu y hhl hb m
it is y l p k
n e c e s sar as o t o s ea of Calan s ; f or w e n e

hu hhh
was in t e co n tr of Pe rsis is ea t ec a e de l ic ate ,
ubj
hl
t o
g b b e ad never e f ore een s ec t to il ln es s .
SI

A m
fimh l h h l Al h uh um
l b
c c ordin ll l g y, n ot e in
g wi in
g t o e ad t e ife of a an
in in r ea t , e to d e xa n de r t a t in s c c irc

h Pl u y h p h p h m h u
h hhm h
A
h
( tarc ) a a
lex a , 65 s s t is il oso
’
e rs n e w Sp ine s ; b t
s

m au au m
h h m ha a ham auh
t e G re eks call ed a i Cal n s, b ec se w en e et t e , in ste d of
u
ay hh
s ing word xaipe in gre e ting t id té T
‘

t e e , e s . e s e t or

s s p ua
t at e was ers m A a
de d to c o a a e to l ex nde r by T xil es . See ls o

h h h
S trab o
( ) xv . I .

2
( S trab o
) ay a xv u a . 1 aa u u s a s t tt e vol nt ry de at of C l n s oc c rred t
Pa a A y u
h h h
s arg dae ;( ) a a
e l iaa
n Ba Varia Il is toria, v. 6 s s it w s t b yl on ; b t
u( y pp u m
hfa a h
D iodor ) s a xviia a
. a1 07 a s s it en ed t S s , w ic st te en t is c on
fim r e d by t u e m pc t of Ne rc s b ein g see ingly resen t .
 f h u
S elf - s amfice o t e Indian Calan s.

hh ugh h m u h
hm
a
s t nc es e t o t it b e st for i to p t an e n d to is

hh m h mp h hg h m m
e x iste n c e , p b e fore e ca e in to ex an y dis ease
e rie n c e of

m
l g m h u h
w ic ig t c o el i to c an e is for e r ode o f
m
h hh hh
livin g . For a on ti e t e
k g in trie d to diss ade i ;
m
h h
o we ve r, w en e saw t at e was n ot to b e ov e rc o e,

m
h hp
u ul
mh
b t wo d fin d
l so e ot way of re e ase , if t is we re
er

u
h hp h hm h
n ot l y ie de d to i l py , e orde re d a f n e ra re t o b e e a e d
u m m l
h l my u h
p f or i , in t e lace w ere t e an i se f direc te d,
u
hu h hhg
and av e in str c tion s t at P to
g e , son of Lag s, t e

b y gu
h h lm p g b h
c on fiden tial od -
ard, s o ld ave t e c ar e of it .

h m h hl
T y sa t at a so e n roc e ss ion , c on sis tin ot of
e y
m m
h
ors e s b
an d e n, advan c e d e fore i , so e of t e atte r
b e in g arme d an d ot e rs c arrying all k in ds of in c e n se f or
h hh h
h
t e p y re T e y also say t at t e y we re c arryin g g ol d
.

an d s il v e r gob l e ts an d royal apparel ; and b e c au

hh h
se e

was u b l e to wal k t roug ill n e ss a orse was p re pared

h hh
na ,

for im H owe v e r n ot b ein g ab l e to mou

h h
.
,
nt t e orse ,

h
s c on vey e d stre tc e d ou t u
h h
e wa pon a l itte r c rown ed ,

wit a garl an d af te r t e c u stom of t e In dia

h h hh
ns a n d sin g ,

in g in t e In dian l an gu
h h h
age T e In dian s s ay t at e .

m nd eu ogiu m s c ou

h h h
sa n
g y n s t o t e g ods a l s on i nt ry
me n
hh h h
B e fore e as ce nde d t e fun e ral pyre e pre se nte d
hh hh
l -
.

e s ou ld imse l f av e mou
h h
t e orse w ic n te d b e in g ,

a royal s te e d of t e N isas e n b re e d to Lysimac u

h h h hh h
2
s on e , ,

im to le arn
hh h
of t ose w o a tte n de d is p ilosop y .

He distrib ute d amon g is ot e r disc ip le s t e gob l e ts

hh
an d ru h
gs w ic Al exan de r ad ordered to b e cast in to
h h h h
t e pyre as an on ou h r to im T e n mou
h
n tin g t e pyre .

u m m
hh h
e la d o w n p on it in a b ec o in g an n e r an d wa s
y ,

rmy To Al e x an de r t e sp e c tac l e
h h
v is ib l e to t e w ole a .

app eared u n se e ml y a

h h
s it wa s b e in g e x ib ite d a
, t t e c ost
u au
h m hb y hfi A
of afrie n d ; b t to t e re s t it was a c se of won de r t at
3
p
e did n ot ov e an
y ar t o f is od in t e re s .

Cf . Arrian (Indic a , IO) .

9 Cf Arria
. n, v ii. I3 infra; an d H erodotu
s, vn. 40 .

3 C f Ci r
. ce o ( Tmc . D isp ut . v.
 hA f A T e naba
s is o lexa
n der .

hm h m huy h
hpy u y h ump
h
soon as t e en ad b e en assign ed se t
to w o t e d t
u
hA hh
fire to t e re, N ea rc s sa s t e tr e ts so n de d, in

my
h hh hu
’
ac c ordan c e wit l exan de r s order, and t e w o e ar
l

h hl ph h
raise d t e wa r c ry a s it wa s in t e- ab it of s o tin g
m
hh hll hu
g
w e n advan c in to b attl e T e e e ants also c i e d .

u
Auh u h h
in wit t e ir s ri an d war i e c ry, in ono r of Calan s
lk .

m l m
h uhk hg
t ors p on w o p re iance ay b e l ac e d,
a v e re

mp
hh g h
c orde d t e s e a nd s cg li e t in s, fac ts of re at i -
ort

u
hg hh h
to t ose w o are des iro s of l earn in ow s tea dfas t an d
mm b l um m
h mp h
i ova e a t in gt e an in d is in re ard to w at
it wis e s to a c co lis .

CH AP TE R IV
M M
.

ARRIAGE S BETWE EN ACED ON IANs AND PE RSIAN S

h m Al h
.

AT t A
h
is ti ye ex an de r s e n t tropate s awa to is own

h
Su
h h uh
sa; w e re b e a
l
vic e royal ty, g
afte r advan c in to rre ste d
Au m
hg u hh g h
b l ite s an d is son Oxat re s, an d p t t e to de at on
”
M u g up mpl m hubj
y g Su
t e ro n d t at t e we re ov e rn in b y t e siana a dl .

h hb by h h
any o tra e s on te es, t o b s, and t e s ec ts

m l mm
u g hu
t e se ve s ad een co itte d t os e w o we re
qu Al
u h hk
r l in t e c o n trie s c on e re d by e xan de r in war; b e

hugh b hh u
’
c a se k g p t e in s ex e dition in to In dia ad ta en a l on g
tim e, an d it was n ot t o t c re di le t at e wo l d e ve r
u m m y g m y
l ph g g h u b y hI u
re t rn in y psafe t fro so an nation s ossessin so an

H h h m h
e e an ts, oin to is de s t r c tion e on d t e n d s,

A
b ll h h
H y das
p e s, c e sin e s, an d yp asis T .
8
e cala itie s t at
m m
h g h
e fe i a g on
g t e Gadrosian s we re s till reate r in
u m
m pp h h u hm
d ce e n ts y to t ose ac tin as v ic e ro sin t is re gion to
b e f ree fro a re e ns ion of is re t rn to is do inion s .

Ma up a
h h ha a
edi S ee vi 29 s r
1
. . .

m
M
A
h h
a or l ong
Pu h
2
Oxat res wa s kill ed b y l exan der i se lf wit s riss ,

p
hu M
m
ph h
(A
ac e don ian ike Se e l tarc . le x . w o call s i Oxyartes .

A ( m
u Alc ip
h
3 For t is ase of elponai , cf risto . ne s Pl s, ron,
. B
i 1 3 , 3 ; wit er
’
gler s n ote .
 h T e S ol die rs Re warded .

h h uj h ud h m
ho ul d h k hhoul d d l o h
wit h is o s b ec ts , or t at an y of t se r le by i

i h h m A o di g y h h b l pl d h
s t in i h i t ly at e w ea t e rw se t an s n c e re

hppoi d m
wt t e . cc r n l , e ad ta e s ac e in t e

mp i h m y up o h m
m g hi i b u o d h
ca w t on e n t e an d e a n te en to

hho d mo bo d
ana e H o d
t e d b
d str ti n of it . e r e re t e e ts of

iq ui d i ho u
hd b
all w o s we a ne y - n to b e l date wt t
m
q u ly hm b li v d h Al
’
t e ei g lo g
to rs gi d n a es be n any n e r re s te re . Con se

h h hy
ent , t d e d li g en e e e t at e xan er wa
s ea n

ly i h h m
h h
i
s n ce re ; an dwt
t e fac t t a t tt ee we re n ot

pl u h m h
h
k o n wn was a reate r e as re to t e
g t an t e fac t t at
th y e d c eased b hi p
to b e in e t T s
io re se n tat
-
. n to t e

army is sai d to have amo u n te d t o tal en ts He .

l

h
lar in divi d uals , ac c ord in g
al so gave p re se n ts to p arti c u
as e ac h man was h e l d in o n o ur for is me ri t or v al o u h
hh om o pi uou
r,

h di i gui h d h i p o l
if e ad b e c i d g e c ns c s in c r se s of an e r .

y h o d ih
Tho se w o we re st n s e for t e r e rs na
ga l
u
hm hh h
— rst P e
l d hh l d o v h
l an tr gol d e h plcr fi wn e wt en c a e ts ,

m
hl o h h l d h hi l d o v
a t e
c e st s , an w o ad e t e s ie er i ;
u
h mo ov hi u d
s e c on d, Le onn at s, w o as ad e is s e er

m
hhpo d h h
i , an d re er ad n c rre dan ge rs inI di n a an d
” im
ho l h h h h
won a c t r in Ora
vi o y For e ad s te . s e lf wit

m g i
h m h
t e f rc e s e ft wit i a an st t e Oritian s an d t e

h o qu d h m b l H l o
ib
tr liv g
es in yi n ear t e ,
w o we re tr ng to e ff e c t a
vol uio
re an d ad c n e re t e
t n, in att e e as .

md h v m g doh
ho d h
see e to a e an a e t e r affars in Ora w t
i ih g re at
u
hu e ul vo g ou d ho om hl d
s c c e ss In a it n to t ese , e c r wn e N e arc
dd io h
. u s for

hI i h ou hh hi o fi h
is s c c ssf ya e r n t e c as t f r t e a n of

ho d
t e n d an s t r g t e Great S e a; for t s f c e r ad
u
u hp il o hoy l hip
n ow iv d arr B id h e h at S sa. es es t e se t ree , e cr wn e

H h h ho fid i body
One sic rit s, t e t ll of t e r a s ; as we as
ep a e stion an d t e re s t of t e c n en t al
guard s .

1 About Ju
stin , 11, agree s wit Art ian ; b u t D i h
odoru
s

( xvii . Pl utarc h (Aia .

, Curtiu
s (x 8 ) sa y ta
. l e n ts .

2 Cf Curtiu
. s ( ix . Af ric a (vi . 22) s upra .
 Th
e Anabaoie o f Al exande r .

CHAPTER VI
Mm m
.

AuAauv or Asun c s Tas man e xa mm o a

D isc xrm u

h h
.

Tn: v ic e roy s f rom t

h
y b uil t c ities an d t e res t o f
h h
e n e wl -

bd ue d in war c ame to im bringin g w i t

h
t e te rri to ry s u
t e m yo u th s j u n g in to ma n hood to t e n u m h ,

h
st
g ro w i b e r
all of t e same age whom Al e xan de r c al l e d
hM
of ,

Epigo ni (s u c c e ss o rs)
1
The y were ac c ou
. tre d wit ac e
donian arms an d e xerc ise d in mili tary d is ciplin e afte r
h ,

n sy ste m h
h h h h
t e Ma c e do n ia T e arrival of th ese is said to
.

ave ve xe d t e Mac e don ian s w o thou ght t at Al e x

ander was c on trivi n g e ve ry me an s in is po we r to f ree
,

h
h h
imse lf fro m is p re vi o u
h h h
s n e e d of th e ir se rvic e s For .

t e same re as o n al so t e sigh t of
h
is Me dian d ress was
no s ma ll c au ti s fac ti o n to th e m ; an d t e we d
h
se of d i ssa

h
dings c e le b rate d in t e Pe rsian fas hi o n we re d i sp l eas i n g
to mos t o f th e m e ve n i n c l u d in g so me of those w o
,

h
marri e d al th ough th e y ad b een greatl y hon o ure d by t e h
k ing pu
,

h
tti n g h i mse l f on t e same l e ve l wi t th e m in t e h h
h
marriage c e re mo ny T ey we re o ff e n de d at Pe uc es tas
h h
.
,

t e v ic e roy of Pe rs is on ac c o u
h
, n t of is Pe rsian izi n g bo th

h
in dre ss an d in sp ee c h b ec au
h , s e t e k i n g wa s d e lig h te d

b y is adop ti ng t e As iati c c u sto ms

h h
Th ey we re dis .

u A
h
g s te d tha t t e B ac tr i a n S o g d i,an i an rac o tia n Z
, a ,

rang ian Arian an d Pa orse me n as we ll as

h h
, , rth i an ,

t e Pe rs ian h ors e me n c al led t e E va e di stri b u

h h
ca e we r te d
,

amo ng t e s q u ad ro n s o f t e Co mp an i on c avalry ; as
many o f th e m at le as t as we re see n to ex c e l in re p uta
t io n fine ne s s of s tatu re or any o ther g ood q u

h h , ,
ality an d

h
t at a fift ca val ry d ivisi on was adde d to th es e tr0 0 p s ,

n o t c o m ose d e n ti re ly of fo reign e rs b ut t e who l e body

p
of ca val ry was i nc reas e d in n umbe r an d me n we re p ic k ed ,

h f h h h h f h
h
Epigou
hfi h
T e i. orA ter orn . were t e sons of t e se ven c ie s w o fell
in t e st wa
r rag ains t T eb ea See H ero otus , Pin a r. Sop ocl d
es, e tc d .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexander .

hv di hg i h h
hh p i ud i g h hh
pl ac e w h e re t e ri e r de e p, e
sc ar es tse lf in to t e

mo
ih h p i y dp
l e ft t e re
h st of is s i s, n c l
o n t se w ic we re

ili g ho h uu
p
in n e e of re air, an d w t t ose es ec all a a te d f or
d

hmouh h h
u
h ou h h
fas t sa n e c a
d oste al n g o t of t e riv e r E l ae s

hhip hu u h
t r g t e seato t e t of t e Ti gres T e re st of .

l hi h h u om h i h
t e s o v d do
s we re c n e ye wn t e E lae s as far a s t e

h
ca na w c as b ee n c t fr t e T gre s in to t e
hi m
hh
u u o ugh
h iv uph
E l ae s, an d b y t s h y ea ns t e we re b r t in to t e
i
T gre s Of t e r e rs E
. rate s a nd T igres w ic
h m h m
l d by h iv M op o m h g flo
en c lo se S r a b e twe en t e
y i o , w e n c e a l s its n a e is

h uph om hi h
ca l e t e n at es es ta ia, t e Ti res
1
ws in a
muh l o
c we r c ann e t an t e E
h l h rate s, fr w c it
rec e ives ma ny c a na ls ; an d afte r takin g up man y trib u
te rs b e i n g swe ll e d by the m, it fall s in to
h
t ari e s an d its wa
t e Pe rsi an S e a “ It is a large riv e r an d c an b e c r
. os s e d
s its mo u th, in as mu
h
ra ch a
3
on foo t n o wh e re a s fa s n on e

te r is u se d u e c ou

h
of its wa b
p y i rrig ati o n o f t n try F or .

gh whi c h it flows is mo re e levate d than its

h
t e la n d th ro u

wate r, an d it is n ot drawn off i n to c an al s or in to an o t e r

t rath e r re c e ive s th e m i n to i ts e l f
h
riv e r, b u
h
It is n owhe re .

po ssibl e to i rri gate t e lan d fro m it But t e Euphrates .

h
flo ws in an e l evate d c h ann el, an d is e verywh ere on a
l e ve l wi th t e lan d thro ug h whi c h it passe s Man y .

l s have b e e n mad e fro m it so me of wh ic h are al ways

hh h
ca na ,

k ep t flo wi n g an d fro m whi c h t e in ab i tan ts on b o t

,

b an ks s upply th emse lves wi th water ; oth e rs t e p e op l e h

mak e o n ly whe n re qui si te to irrigate t e lan d wh e n th e y h ,

are in n e e d of wate r fro m drou For th i s c o un try

h h
gh t .

is u su ally fre e f ro m rain T e c o n se q ue nc e is th at t e .

,

h G ree s an d Roman s k me time s sp eak Mp amaa a a

hH b
1
T e so of e so ot i s p rt
t ot e r time s t h hy p
ah
A
h h
of S yria, and a all it a art of
e c assyri . T e e re w
an d n ative m
n a e of t is c oun try wa s A ramN aam ri a , or Syri of t e
”

hT hE uph a
two riv ers .

2 T e igris n ow fall s in to t e r tes .

3 Cf . Arrian , iii 7 ,
. supra; Curtiu
s, iv 8 7 . .

Cf . S trabo, xvi 1 ; H erodotus, i 1 98 ;

. . Ammiama, xxiv 8 , 1 4 . .
 T hM e acedonians Of en de d at Ake ande r .

Eu
p h ho y m l vo um
rate s at last as nl a s al l e of wate r,
m h A
h ou d hho hP i ul lyi g
whi h di pp c i o sa ars
ead
rs l e xan e r sai e
l d ovnt a er .

hv u u h
t e se a r n t e s re of t e e rs a n G f n

d u h h mp h
b etwee n t e ri ers E lae s an d T gres ; an d t e n c e e
i h

h h d h ho h
sa ile t l atv
te r ri er as far as t e ca w e re
p e

Hep ae stion ad settl e wit all is f rc es T en c e e

h .

hvoy g u hd oy d h i hi h d
sa e
il d g i p iy iu d
a an to O is , a c t s t ate on t at r e r
h iv l
In .

hv hu m d h
is a e p e e str e t e we rs w c e x iste in
m qu
hb o u d hP i
t e ri e r, an d t v l s h ae t e stre a ite l e e . T e se

my h
we irs ad e en c p v nstr c te by t e ers an s, to re e n t
up i o o m ili g
u om h h i h
any e n e v g a in a s e r r na al f rc e fr
v o sa n

o h i ou y
h ou h o v
p f r t e s ea in t t e r c n tr T e P e rs an s ad .
-

u h y
ad re c rse to t e se c n tri an ce s b e c a se t e we re n ot
m i g
hh d d hvoy g u h
ui l p opl
a n a t ca e hu
e u b ok
an d t s b y ak n an n r e n
u
s c c e s s on of we irs t e
i y ad re n e re t e a e p t e

Tig re s a matte r of imp o ssi b ili ty Bu t Al exan d e r sai d

h
.

c h d e vic e s were u nb e c o m in g to me n w o are

h
th at s u
vi c torious in b attl e ; an d there f ore e c onsi d ere d th is
mean s of safe ty un suitab le for im ; and by easily h
h
d e mo li sh in g t e lab orious work of t e Pe rsians, e h h
p rove d in fac t that what they thought a prote cti on was
unwo rthy of t e n ame h .

CHAPTE R VIII
M
.

Tm: ac s nos mzs Om s ns n s r At m unm

h h h
.

h h h
WHEN arrive d at Opis, e c oll e c te d t e Mac e don i an s
e

an d ann o u t e in te n de d to disc arge fro m t e

h
n c e d th a

army tho se w o we re u se l e ss for milita

h h
ry se rvic e e i th e r
fro m age or fro m b e in g mai me d in t e limb s ; an d e
sa h
i d e wo ul d se n d th em b ac k to their own abode s He .

bb h tt e u d hj
igris wit t e P ysc u hT h hh
h X
Pro a ly t is c ity stoo a nc tion of t e s,

or Odome ph H erodotu
h d h
See e n o on (Anab ii 4 ,
. s, i 1 89
. . S trabo, .

. d
( xvi 1 ) says t at Al exan erma e t e igris naviga le u T p to O i s b p .
 hA f A T e nabasis o lexande r .

v h h we nt b ac k as mu h
h
l o p omi d
o ul d m k h
as o r se to gi e t se w c o as
m p i l obj
h hh
w ae s ec a t e e c ts of en vy to t ose a t
ho me an d aro use in t e o the r Mac edonian s t e wi s to
re si mil ar d a b ou Al exande r said t is, h
h h
sh a n ge rs a n d la rs .

b t, f or t e p urpo se of p l e as ing t e Mac e do n ians

h
n o do u

h h
bu t on t e c on trary th ey we re , n ot witho u
h
t re a s on ,

h
o ffe nde d b y t e spee c h whi c h e de live re d, t in k in g
im an d dee me d to b e
h
th at n ow th ey we re d e s p i se d by
qui te usel e ss for mili tary se rvice In dee d, thro ug out
h h
.

h h
t e whol e of th is ex p e d iti o n th e y ad b een o ffen de d at
man y othe r th in gs for is adop tion of t e Pe rsian d re ss ,
h
th e re b y e xh i b itin g is c o nte mp t for the i r op i n i on , c au
h h
se d

th e m g rie f, a l s o is acc ou
h h
s di d a tring t e fo re i gn s o l d i e rs .

lle d E p igon i in t e M ac e don ian styl e, and t e mix i n g

h h h
ca

of t e a li e n ho rse me n amo ng t e rank s of t e Com

pani on s Therefore they c oul d n ot remain sil ent an d
h
.

c o n tro l th e mse lve s, b u t u im to di smiss all of th e m

h h h
rge d

f ro m is army ; and th ey ad vi se d im to p ro se c u
h
te t e
war in c o mpan y with is fath e r, d e ri di n g Ammon by th i s
h
re mark
h
W e n Al e xan d e r h eard th i s (for at that ti me
h
.

s m o re h asty in te mper than e reto fo re , an d n o

h
e wa

l o n g er, as of o l d , i n dul ge nt to t e Mac e do nian s from

h avin g a re ti n ue of foreign atten dan ts ) , l e api n g down
h hh
fro m t e p latform wi t hh im,
h hh
is ofic e rs aro u
h
nd e

o rd e re d t e mo st c o n sp i c uo us of t e men w o ad tri e d
h m u u
hh h
to s t i r u
h p t e l ti t d e to s e di ti o n to b e a rre s te d H e .

i mse l f poi n te d out wi th is an d to t e sh i e l d b earin g

h
-

s tho s e who m th e y we re to a m
h
u e nu

h
g ar d r re st , to t b e r o f
t i rte e n ; an d e o rd e re d th e se to b e l ed away to e xec u
h Wh en t e re s t, s tric ke n wi th te rror, b ec ame s il e n t,
hmou d hpl o m pok a o o
1
ti o n .

e n te t e atf r an d s e s f l l ws

Curtiu The se
hp
Ci J u D iodoru
hpu h h
1 s ti n.
( x1 1 . s (xvn . s (x 1 0 , .

aut h ors put t e m nis e n t of t e d

rin gl e a ers f
ate r t e s eec hi n stead of
b e fore .
 hA f A T e nabas is o lexander .

h om uh o m y mo
h umb li g h i o h ho i h d d
of w yo ad f r e rl b ee n in rtal fe ar ; an d
l

hv u i o
by n t P c an s, e re n e re
e nat n of t e

u
hA h i
t e a en e n t Gre e c e b r a an d e a
o d y ds for yo , ins te a
u
h l y lig
rr w an d dific l t ’
of b g e in o
na T e t en ans an d .

hhumbl d uh d g o h
T e an s, w o we re awa s y n
h b in wait to attac
k
—
gh h mp g h
ac e n ia, e
M do e to s c a e ree , I al s t e n
mm p
ho m
d
re n e rin i l ersona a id in t e c a ai n
’— t a t
y ,

p yi g i b u
h ho
‘
in ste a of
d a n tr i
te to t e f r e r an d b e n g
v e s se s to t e l a
l Ii
tte r, t h i u p u
se S ta te s in t e r t rn roc re
ui y h m lv u p
i o hP l opo
sec r t to t e se e s b y o r ass sta
i d
n ce He en etrate .

h
nt t e e nn e s e , a gu g
nd a fi
fte r re l atin its a airs,
'

p ub li ly d l d o mm d
h p di io g i h
was c ec a re c an er in c e f of all t e re s t
hi - -

h hommo
of Gree c e in t e e x e t n a an s t t e Pe rsian, a
g ddin
mo hm
l hh hdv g
t si gl o y r n ot re to h i self t an to t e c n

we a t of t e M do iac e n an sh T e se we re t e a an ta e s .

whi c h ac c ru e d to you f ro m my fa th e r Ph ili p ; gre at in

d ee d if l ooke d at b y th e mse lve s, b ut small if c o mp are d
wi th tho se you have ob tai n e d fro m me For thou gh I .

in h erited fro m my fath er on ly a f e w gol d and sil ve r

gobl e ts, an d th e re we re n ot e ven six ty tal en ts in t e h
tre asu ry, a n d tho u gh I foun d my s e l f c harge d wi th a d e b t
of 50 0 ta l en ts o wi n g by Ph ili p, an d I was o b lige d my se l f
6

t o bo rro w 8 0 0 tal e nts in ad di ti o n t o th e s e , I starte d f ro m

h
t e c ou n try wh i c h c o u l d n ot d e c en tl y s u pport you, an d
f o rth wi th lai d op e n to y out e p assage of t e H e ll e spon t, h h
tho u gh at that ti me t e Pe rsian s he l d t e s ov e re ign ty h h
of t e seah H avin g ove rpo were d t e vi c e roys of D arius
. h
This i aD e most h pr See D e Fals e L egationc , 92 ; an d
h
s en ic ex ess ion .

I P il ip p ic , 45
. .

p art i thi t ry f Ch
h
3
3 46 .

3
He h e re re f
ers to ar a
is own n e v c o o e one , 88 6
.

D i d ru i 8 6 Pl utar h (Al
Th
Se e o o s , xv . c e x.

i fa t i att t d b y D m th
Th Th ba u d r P l p ida ttl d thadair f M
s c s (D H al a
es e e os e n es e o eso,
5
e e ns n e a d e o e se e e s o ce onia, an d
too k y u g Phil ip t Th b a ah tag a 3 68
o n o e es s os e, c . .

Ab ut
o Cf Plutar h (Al Cu rtiu 10 . c ex . s , x. .
 Alexan der s Sp eec ’
h .

my val ry I adde d to yo ur e mp i re t e w ol e of hh
h
wi th ca ,

Ion ia t e whol e of Ae o li s bo th Ph rygias an d Ly dia

h
l 9
, , ,

an d I took M il e tu Al l t e o th er plac e s I
h
s by si e ge .

u u u
h h
g a in e d b y v o l n ta r y s r re n d er a n d I g r an t e d y o t e ,

p ri vil e ge of app rop riatin g t e we al th fo un d in th e m T e .

ri c he s of E gyp t an d Cy re n e wh ic h I ac qu ire d with ,

M
ou t figh tin g a b attl e h ave c o me to you Co ols S yri a
, .
-
,

e s opo tamiaa

h
re yo u
h
Pal e stine an d ,
r p rop erty B abylon .
,

Bac tra an d S usaare yo urs T e we al th of t e Lydian s

h h h h
.
, ,

su

h
t e trea re s of t e Pe rs ia ns an d t e ri c h e s of t e ,

In dian s are yo urs an d so is t e Ex te rnal S ea Y ouare .

vi c e roys youare g en e ral s youare c ap tain s Wh at the n

, , .

h ave I re serve d to mys elf afte r all these lab ours exc ep t ,

t hi s p u rp l e rob e an d th i s d i ad e m 3
I have approp riate d
n o thi n g myse l f n or c a n y on e po i n t ou t my treasu
h
, n a re s ,

e x c e p t th ese po s se ssi on s o f yo u rs or t e th i n gs wh i c h I
am gu ard i n g on yo u In d ivi d ually howe ver
h
r b eh a lf 4
.
, ,

I have n o motive to guard th e m si nc e I fee d on t e

sa me fare as youdo an d I take on ly t e same amo un t
,
,

h
Nay I do n ot thi n k th at my fare is as good
h
of sl e e p .
,

as that of tho se amon g youw o live l u xu

h
ri o u sl y ; and I

kn o w t at I often sit up at n ight to watc h for you that ,

y o u m ay b e a b l e to s l e e p .

hb n wit ou h h p h
h k
1 ”
w is t
la e He rew J ava t t e vowel oin ts . In t e Persian
na em for t e G ree s
’
Idoves, one of t h e se vowe ls a pp e ar . See Aesc hyl us

d h h
sa 1 7
(P er c , 8 ,

h f
rger P rygia orme t e we ste rn a p b d
M
3
La rt of t e grea t ce n tral ta l e lan -

of A h
Small e r P rygiawas al so c all ed Hell e s on tine P rygia p h
h p
sia in or .
,

b ec au
h aa h
se it l ay near t e Hell e s on t Se e S trab o, xii 8 . . .

Ab lu b a d w rk d with wh it
3 e n o e e, w ic h h we n t roun d t e ti r of t e
P r ia ki g
e s n n s .

Ammianu aliqu
M
u
hu
4 Cf. s , xxv . 4, 1 5 : (J lianna) id oties p rae dic ans ,

m agnum ub i haberet
Al exan dru , t esa ros in terrogatum, s pud amicos
”
b e ne vol e resp on dis se .
 T hA e nab sis o a f Alexander .

CHAP TER X .

ALm ND E s s S PEECH (c on tin ued)

’
.

BUT some one may say th at wh il e youe n du

h , re d toil an d
fatigu I ave ac q ui re d th e se thi n gs as your l ead e r
h h
e,

witho u t myse lf s hari n g t e t o il an d fatigu But w o

h hh
e .

is th e re of yo uw o kn o ws th at e as e n d u
h
re d greate r
to il for me than I have for im? Co me n ow !whoe v e r
of
y o u h a s w o u n d s h l,
e t im s tri p an d s ho w t h e m a nd ,

[ will sho w mi n e in tu rn ; for th e re is n o part of my

b ody in f ron t at an y rate re main i n g fre e fro m wo u
, ,
n ds ;

n u

h h
n or is th e re a n k i n d f w e a po d i t h e r for c l o s e
y o s e e

c om b at or for h urlin g at t e e n e my t e trac e s of whi c h ,

I do n ot b ear on my pe rs on For I have b ee n w o un de d

h
.

wi th t e s wo rd in c l o se figh t I h ave b ee n s ho t w i th ,

arro ws an d I hav e b e e n s tru

, c k w i th mi ssil e s p roj e c te d

f ro m e n gin e s of war an d tho u gh o fte n ti me s I h ave b e e n

h it wi th s to n e s an d b o l ts of wood for t e sak e of your h
liv e s your gl ory an d your w eal th I am s till l ead i n g you
,

as c on q u
,

e ro rs o ve r a h ,

ll t e l an d an d s e a all rive rs mo u ,
n ,

I h ave c el e b rate d yo ur we dd in gs wi th
h
tai n s an d p l ai n s
, .

my own an d t e c h il d ren of man y of you wil l b e ak i n

,

to my c h il d re n h
hh
. Moreov er I have liqui date d t e d eb ts
of a l l tho se w o ad i n c u rre d th e m w i thou t i n qu ,
iri n g
t oo c l o se ly fo r wh at p u rpo se th e y we re c o n t ra c te d tho u gh ,

y o u r e c e iv e s uc h h i h
g p y a an d c arry
, o ff s o m u c h b o o t y

h h
wh e n e v e r th e re is boo ty to b e g e t afte r a s i e g e Mo st .

m m
h
ou a u
h
of v e gol de n c ro wn s t e e te rn a l o r i al f yo r
y , e s o

val o ur an d of t e ho n o ur you re c e ive f rom me W o

h h
.

as me t wi th a gl ori o u
h h
e ve r as b e e n k ill e d , s en d a nd

as b e e n ho n o ure d wit
h h
a spl e n di d b u ri a l Braze n .

tu e s of mo s t of t e sl a i n av e b een ere c te d at ho me
h
s ta 1
,

an d th e i r p are n ts are e l d in ho n o u r b e i n g re le a , se d f rom

all p u b li c se rvic e an d fro m tax ati on But n o on e of you .

Cf . Arriou 1 p
1 6 su ra .
 T hA
e nabasis f
o Alexande r .

h h h
h h
t i o n to t e de c oration of is pe rs on n or was any o f is ,

Co mp anion s ad mi tte d to se e im Not e ve n o n t e .

morrow was any one of th e m ad mi tte d to an audie n c e ;

bu h h h e su mmon e d t e sel ec t Pe rs ian s
h h
t on t e third day
w i thi n an d amon g the m e d ist rib u te d t e c o mman ds
h h h ,

de s an d mad e t e ru l e th at onl y tho se w o m

hh h hh
of t e b riga ,

ad proc lai me d is kin s me n sho u l d have t e on our

h h h h
l
e ,

of sal u im wit a k i ss ” Bu
h h
ti n g t t e Mac e do n ian s w o .

h eard t e s pe e c h we re tho ro ugh ly asto ni she d at t e mo

h
me n t and re mai ne d th e re in s il e n c e n ear t e platfo rm
h h ,

ny of th e m a c c o mpa

h h
n orwh e n e re ti re d did a ny t e k i n
g ,

is p e rs on al Comp an i on s an d t e c o n fid e n t ial
h
e xc e p t

body guards Tho ugh th ey remai n ed most of th e m ad

-
.
,

u
h
n o th i n g to do or sa ; a n d e t t h y w re n w i llin t o
y y e e g
But wh e n t e n e ws was re porte d to the m abo ut
h M h
re ti re .

t t e mi litary c o mman d s w e re
h
t e Pe rs ian s an d e de a th a ,

b e i n g gi ve n to Pe rsian s that t e f ore ign sol die rs w e re ,

b e i n g sel ec te d an d divi d e d in to c o mpan i e s that a Pe rs ian ,

f ootg u ard Pe rsian foo t Co mpan i o n s a P e rsian re gi me n t

,

of me n w i t h s ilv e r sh i e l d s
3
as we ll as t e c aval ry Co m ,
,

h
p an io n s an d an o the r royal re gi me n t of c aval ry di s tin c t
,

fro m t he se we re b eing c all e d by Mac e don ian n ame s t h e y

, ,

we re n o l on ge r ab l e to re s trai n th e mse lve s b u t ru

h
nn i n g

in a body to t e palac e the y c ast th e i r weap o n s th e re

in f ro n t of t e gate s as a sig n of su h ,

ppl i c ati on to t e h
k i n g S tan d in g in fro n t of t e gate s they sho ute d b e h
h
.
, ,

h hh h
se e c in to b all o w e d t o e n te r a d a y i n g th a t t h y
g e n s e ,

rre n d e r t e me n w o

we re willi n g to su
s tiga tors of t e d is tu
h
h h
ad b e e n t e in
rb an ce on t a t o c c as io n an d tho s e w o ,

1
At t h
e Pe rsian co urt kinsman was atitl e
, d
be s towe b y t e in g as a hk
mark h ur C urtius says they were in n umb er Cf D iodoru
h
of on o . .s, .

xvi . 50 ; Xen op on ( Cyrop as dl a, i 4 , 27 . ii 2,

.

h
As to t is Persian c ustom, se e en o X ph on A
( ges itaus , v. 4 ; Cy mp aedia
i 4,
.

Cf . 7 ; Pl u
Ju
s tin , tarc x1 1 . h (E ume nes , Curtiu
s , viii 1 7 . L ivy
xxxvii 4 0 ; P ol y b iu
. s , v 7 9, 4 . .
 Rec onc il iation between Ale xander an d is Army h . 389

hb gu hl mou h y o d d h y oul
om hg
ad e n t e c a r . T e als ec l are t e w d

oul d k om p i y up o h m Whh
n ot i re t re ih fr igh u t e ate s e t er day or n t, nl e s s

Al
h i h m u i hou d l y
e xa
d n er w ta e s e t n t e . en e

i o md
h ou d humbl gui
was nf r e of t s, e ca e o t wt t e a ; an d
i g h m ly i g
se e n t e n on t e
gr n in e s e, and

h i g mo h ml m i g h l oud voi
mh
earn st of t e a en t n wit c e , tea rs
b g
e an to flow as
l o y H md fro is own e es . e a e an
o to say some th i n g to th e m b ut th ey c o n tin ue d th eir
e ff rt ,

imp ort unate en treati e s At l e n g th on e of the m Galline s

h
1
.
,

by name a man c on spic uo us bo th for is age an d b e

h ,

use e was c ap tai n of t e Co mpan i on c aval ry sp oke as h

h
ca ,

h
foll ows 0 k i n g wh at grie ve s t e Mac e don ian s is
, ,

th at tho u h a st al re ady made so me of t e Pe rsi an s

ki n sme n to thysel f an d th at Persian s are c all e d Al e x
an d e r s k i n s me n an d av e t e hon o u
,

r of sal uh h
h
’
, ti n g th e e
wi th a ki ss ; wh e reas n o n e of t e Mac e don i an s hav e
”
as y et e njoy e d th i s hon o u Th en Al e xan de r i n te r
h
r .

m of you withou

h
ru p ti n
g i sa id ,B u t all t e x c e p ti o n

I c on si de r my k i n smen an d so fro m thi s ti me I s all

hh ”
ll y ou W hen e ad sai d th is Call ine s ad van c e d
,

h h
ca .
,

an d sal u te d im wi th a ki ss an d so d i d all tho se w o

h
wi she d to s alu te im The n the y took u
,

h
.
p t h e i r w ea p o ns

an d re tu rn e d to t e c a mp sho uti n g an d si ngin g a so n g ,

n k sgivin g to Apo ll o Afte r thi s Al ex an d e r o ffe re d

h h
of th a .

s to who m it wa u m
hh
sa c ri fi c e to t e g od s is c s to t o

ific e an d gave a p u b lic b an que t o ve r whi c h e im

h h
sa cr , ,

ro u im;
h h
s e l f p re si d e d wi th t e Ma , c e do n i ans sitti n g a nd

an d n e x t to th e m t e Pe rs i an s ; afte r whom c ame t e

h
me n of t e o th e r n ati o n s ho n o ure d f or the ir p ersonal
ran k or for s o me meri tori o u
,

h h
h
s a c ti o n T e kin g an d is .

u m m u u
h h
p
h
g e s t s d re w w i n e f ro t e sa e bo wl an d o r e d o t
t e same li ba

h
ti o n s bo th t e Gre c i an p roph e ts an d t e
,

Magi an s c o mme n c in g t e c ere mon y He p ray e d for .

ma M hm usual c onstruc tion wou l d b e é rdpow h

pofi
M h
( y ra vrer T e ore

m
.

aév orres . Cf . Herodotu

s , ix 4 5 .
( r apéer e p o n e s) ; iii 5 1 (e 4m .
-

id rOp éwv)
‘
.
 T hA
e na ads
l/ f
o Al exan der .

he r b lessin gs an d e spec ially t at harmony an d c om h

h
ot ,

mun i ty of rul e might e xi st b e tween t e Mac e d onians

h
T e c o mmon ac c o u h
h
an d Pe rsi an s . n t is that th os e w o ,

t ook p art in th is ban q u e t we r e in n u mb e r t at all ,

of t he m po u re d ou t on e li bati o n an d afte r it san g a s o n g

,

of th a n k sgivi n g to Ap oll o
1
.

CH APTER XII .

Tan THO USAND MACED ON IAN S S ENT Hon s wrra Cmrn aus .

rs s BETWE EN ANTIIATE B AND OLv nPus

— D rsru ' ‘

hM h
.

THEN tho se of ac e don ians w o we re u

t e nfi t for se rvic e
c c ou m s fo rt u

h
on a n t of a e or a n o th r i n e, wen t b a c k of
g y e

c c o rd , to t e n u mb e r of abo ut
h h
th e ir o wn a To
th e se Al exan d e r gav e t e p ay n ot o n l y for t e time w h i c h
h ad al re ady e l ap se d , b u t al s o for th at whi c th e y h
wo u l d spe n d in re turni ng home He al so gave to e ac h
h h
.

man a tal e n t in add i ti o n to is pay ” If any of th e m ad

h
.

c h il d re n by As i a ti c wive s, e o rde re d th e m to le av e th e m
h
b ehi n d wi th im, l est th ey shoul d i ntroduc e i n to Mac e
don i aa c ause of di sc ord, tak in g wi th th e m c hil d ren by
h
fo re ign wo me n w o we re of a di ffe ren t rac e f ro m t e h
c h il d re n who m th e y h
ad l e ft b eh i n d at home b orn of
Mac e don ian mo th e rs He p ro mis e d to tak e c are that the y
.

s ho u l d b e b ro ugh t up as Mac e do n ian s, e duc atin g the m

n ot o n ly in
g e n e ra l m a tte rs b ut a l so in t e ar t of wa r h .

He al so und e rtook to l ead the m in to Mac e don ia wh e n

th e y arrive d at man hood , a n d ha n d th e m o ve r t o th e i r

fath ers Th e se u i n and ob sc ure pro mise s we re made

h h
. nc e rta

to th e m as th ey we re de p arti n g ; an d e tho u
h
g h t e w a s

givi n g a mo st i nd ub i tab le p roof of t e f ri en d shi p an d

l Thp e aean was su n g n ot only be , f
ore b
an d af te r attl e , b ut al so
afte r a b an u q
e t, as we see rom t is f h pa ag ss e and fr m X
o eno ph on

( S ymp os ium, ii .

About £ 240 .
 T hA e n abasis o f Alexander .

than to attrib ute it to t a c ou h

rse to wh ice re al one ; h
th e y we re l e d by ap p eara nc e s a n d th e i r own d e pra vity .

Bu t p rob ab l y th is se n ding for An tipate r was n ot d es ign e d

h
f or is d i shon ou r, b ut rath e r to p re ven t any u n pl e asa nt

c o n se q ue n c e s to A te r an d O ly mpias fro m th e ir q u
h
n tip a arre l
w hic h e mig h t n ot hi mse lf b e abl e to rec tify
h
For t h e y .

we re in c es san tl y writin g to Al e xan d e r, t e forme r sayin g

h n d me ddl es o me n e s s o f

h
th at t e arro gan c e , ac e rb i ty, a
Olymp ias was e x c e e din gly u n b ec o min g to t e k i n g s

h
’

mo ther; i n so muc h that Al exan d er was relate d to av e

h
use d t e foll owi n g re mark in re fere n c e to t e re p orts h
h
whi c h e re c e ive d abou t is mo th e r — h h
h h
that s e was e x a ct

ing fro m im a h e avy ho u se ren t for t e te n mo n th s

h
1 -
.

t An ti pate r was o ve rwee nin gl y i n s o

h
T e qu
h h
e e n wro te th a

le nt in is p re ten si on s an d in t e se rvi ce of is c ourt,

n o l o n ge r re me mb e rin g t e on e w o h hh h
ad ap po i n te d im,
b ut c l ai mi n g to win an d hol d t e first ran k amo n g h
h
9

t e Ma c e do n i ans a n d G re ek s The se slan de rou s r e po rt s .

abou t An ti p ate r app eare d to hav e more we igh t wi th Al ex

an d e r, si n c e th e y w e re mo re f ormi dab l e in re gard to t e h
re gal di gn i ty Howe ver n o o ve rt ac t or wo rd of t e k in g
. h
was re po rte d, from whi c h any on e c o u l d in fe r that An ti
p ater was in any way l e ss in favour with im than
3
h
b e fo re .

h k d a rdi g t th
k l uar m th a d th r f r
m th i t ad f i a th
T e G ree s rec one c co n o e n on s, n e e o e

h k p ri d f g tati
i 63 ; Ari t ph h h M
t ey tal ed o f t en on s ns e o Cf n ne s e e o o es on . .

H erodotu a m a a
h
s , v .
( T
s o p nes d r ( P l i e e . en n e oc c ,

fragm Pl autu T A
hp
en t s ( Cis tc l l , i 3 , 1 5 ) . ere nc e ( de lp i, iii 4 ,
.

For t is ex re ssion , c f . D ion Cassiu

s, xlii . 57 ; Homer (Il iad, 23 ,
s am 1 0 , 2 ; H e rodotu
h hh
P au as , vii s , viii 1 04
'

. . .

h
Here t ere is agap in t e man u sc ri ts of A p p bab
u h
rt ia
hfl h
3 n , w ic ro l y c on
p Bab h
hd pu
c c ou

h au d ha
tain ed an a nt of t e ig t of Har al s , t e vice roy of yl on , wit
mmitte d p
h hu ( d
t e tre s re s co to is c re , an d l so a esc r
ai tion of t e is te
b e twee n Hep a
estion a menes
nd Eu . See P o ti s co e x
 hAm
T e azon s .

CHAPTER XIII .

Tan N ISAEAN Puma Tan

— Amazon s
h h
.

IT is sai d that He p ae s tion mu

h
ch a gai n s t is w ill yie l d e d
t o th i s argume n t an d was re c on c ile d to E ume n e s, w o on
h is p art wi sh e d to se ttl e t e di sp u In t h i s jo u h
h
1
te rn e y 9
.

Al e xan de r
h
i d to have se en t e plain wh ic h was
h
is sa

de v o te d to t e roy al mare s H erodo tus say s that t e

h
.

p l ain i tsel f was n ame d Nisaean an d that t e mares we re ,

ca ll e d N i sas e n addi n g th at in o l de n ti mes th e re we re

3
,

But at th i s ti me Al e xan de r
h
of th es e ho rs e s .

fo u n d n ot ma for mos t of th e m ad b e e n
h
ny a bo ve
Th e y say th at Atropate s t e
h
ca rri e d off by ro b b e rs .
,

vic e roy of Media gave imah un d re d wome n sayin g that

th ey we re of t e rac e of Amazon s h , ,

h
h
‘
Th ese ad b e e n .

equ i ppe d with t e arms of male horseme n e xce pt th at ,

hh
th ey c arrie d ax e s i n s te ad of sp e ars an d targe ts i n s tead of

hh
s hi e l d s Th e y al s o say th at the y
. ad t e ri g ht b re as t
s ma

h
lle r t an t e l e ft an dth at th ey exp o se d it in b attl e
, .

Al exan d er dismi ss ed th e mf ro m t e army th at n o atte mp t

to vio l ate th e m mi gh t b e made by t e Mac e do nian s o r h ,

Cf Pl u h (E um
hma h Md a fr mth
. tarc enes ,
3
T e was from Opis to
rc e i , as we see o e n e xt c h apt r e .

Cf . H erodotus (iii 1 0 6 ; vii. . S trab o, xi . 7 and 1 4 ; D iodor xvii . .

1 1 0 ; Ammianu W h u
h h Md a
s , xxiii 6 SirHenry Rawlin son
. . says : i t H erodot s ,

s most im erfe c tl y a c u p q d h hy
h h ( a)
w o wa ainte wit t e geograp of e i ,

h
f ud h
origin ate d t e error of tran sfe rrin g to t at p rovin c e t e Nisea N e s of
h
K orassan , an d all later writers e it er c o ie or c on o n e d is state h p d
b h pdf
men t Stra o al on e as esc a e rom t e gen eral c on sion In is h fu h
h
. .

p
de sc ri tion we rec ognise t e great grazin g lain s of K awa , Alis ta p h h h
h
r,
Hu ru S ila k u r, Bu rb u rud Jap al a , and Feridu t u k h h h h
h h f
, , n , w ic s stre tc in
ac on tinu ou s lin e from one p l on g t e sou h
M h
oin t to a n ot e r a t ern ron tiers
p b
Al e xan de r ro ab ly visited t e we stern most of t e se astu h p
hh
”

h
of edia . re s
h f
rom Be istu h l ong t e mou ph
h h
w ic str e tc n to I s a a n a n ta in r an ge .

T e form Gl apwayfi va i is use d onl y b y t e la

‘
te r writers for Bia pf ac fiivat .

Cf S trabo, xi 5 D iodoru
. s , xv ii 7 7 ; Cu
. rtius , vi 1 9 ; J u
s t in , xii 3 . . .

Af ric a, iv 1 5 ; Homer (Il iad, iii

. Ae sc yl u s (E u menides , 655)
. h
p
Hi p oc rate s ( D e Acre , Aguis , et Locis , p .
 hA f A T e nabasis
-
o lezande r .

ho d d h m h
h h h od p
b arb ar an s
i y o d an d e r e re t e to carr w r to t e ir

qu omi
by h Bu h i oy h
e en t a t e was c n
g to er in r er to ro cre ate
1
ch il dre n o d er . t t s st r as b e en rec rde
i h by A i o ul u P l my
h u o hy uho i y uh m
ne t er o h r st b s n or to e , n or an y t e r writ e r

hk h h Am o
w o is a tr s twI rt at rt on s c atte rs do .

n ot ev en t in uv vi t at t e rac e of az ns was s r i n
g at
im b o Al im h y
hm o hPh i
’
t at t
h e d ; for ef re e xan er s t e t e we re n ot

m o d v by X opho
ho h b hi h h
9
en ti n e e en en n, w o e n ti n s t e as
an s ,Col h i
c an s, an d all t e t e r arb aric rac es w c t e
Gree k s c ame u pon , wh e n th ey starte d fro m Trap e zus or
b e fore the y marc h e d do wn to Trap e zu The y wo u
h
s ld c e r .

ta in ly have falle n in wi t h t e Amazo ns if th ey we re s till

in e xi ste n c e Howe ve r it doe s n ot see m to me c re d ib le
.

that th is rac e of wo me n wa l to ge th e r fic ti tious, b e c aus e

h
s a

it as b e e n c e le b rate d by so man y famo u

h
s poe ts For .

t e ge n e ral ac c o u t H e rac le s marc he d agai n s t

h
n t is, th a

he m and bro ugh t t e gi rd l e of the i r queen H ippol y te

h
t

T e Athe ni an s als o u n d e r Th e s e u

h h
i n to Gre e c e 3
. s we re

t e first to c o n q u n d re p ul se the se wo men as t e y we re

h h
er a

an d t e b attl e of t e Athe nian s

M
ad van c i ng i n to E u
h
rop e
an d Amazon s as b e en pai n te d by
h h
5
ic o n n o l e ss than ,

th at of t e Ath e n ian s an d Pe rsi ans H e rodo tus al so as .

f re q u bo ut th e se women
h h h h
6
e ntl y wri tt e n a an d so hav e
t e At h e n i an wri te rs w o h ave ho n o u re d t e me n w o
p eri sh e d in war wi th fun e ral o rati on s The y have me n .

hqu d Thal tri b y D i d ru a d C urtiu

Th am h
is c all e
i th
T e ee n es s o o s n s .

i tak f r X h m m
h
A
F r Trap u a d th Ph
3
is is s e,
p d t
oi t a en o on oes en on e zons n e

Anabas ic (iv . 4 , aia o i A aba i ez s n e s n s see s n s s

(
Th h
iv 8 , 22 ; v s,
. .

S ee D iodoru is was one of t twel ve la ou

rs of He rcu b
h
s , iv 1 6 . . e le s .

S e c Pl u ( T eseu h
h h h
tarc s,

T e Battl e of t e Amazon s b d
M hh
5 was a cel e rate pain ting in t e

S toaPoec il e at Athe n s , e xe c ute d b y icon , son of P anic u s , a0 0 a

Pol ygn otu b ou Aristoph an es (Lysis trata 678 )

h
por ry oa
f sa t 460 . Cf .
,

Look at t e Amazon s whom H ieoup a in te d on h orse back fi h h

h g ting wit
t e men S ee also P au
. sania s ( i 1 5 ; viii . .

Cf Herodotus iv 1 1 0 1 1 7 ; ix 27
. , .
-
. .
 Th
e Anab as is f
o Alexande r .

h iv g i hm h h
h ho d h ho u
to s ho w is e x c e ss e r ef for t e an w o was t e

m
d eare s t to i in t e w rl re do u d
n s to
, is own n o r;

w h e reas othe rs se e m to have tho u

h g h t t h a t it r a th e r te n d e d
to is d is grac e as be i n g c o n d u ct u nb e c o mi n g to a

hh , n
y k in g
an d e spe c iall y to Al e xan der S o me say t at e lay p ros
h h
.

t rate on is c o mpan i on s body for t e greate r part of t hat

h h
’

day b e wailin g im an d re fu rt fro m im u

h h h
,
s in g to de p a n til ,

way b y is Co mpan ion s

hh h h
e wa s f orc i b ly c a rri e d a O t e rs .

u
h hh
t at e la y po n t e b ody t e w ho l e d a y a n d n ig h t .

O th ers ag ain say that e h an ge d t e p ysi c i an Gl au

h h
c ia s ,

for h avin g i n d is c ree tl y given t e me d ic i n e

h h
w il e o th e rs
affirm th at e b e in g a spe c tator of t e game s n e g l ec te d
h h ,

That Al ex an d e r
,

h h
He p ae stion w o w as fill e d wi th win e
, .

s ho u l d h ave c ut off is hai r in hon o ur of t e d ead man ,

I do n ot th i nk i mprob ab l e b o th for o th er reas on s an d

,

lly f ro m a des ire to i mitate Ac hill e s w ho m from

h h hh
e s p e c ia ,

is boy ood e ad an amb i ti on to rival ”

h
O thers al s o
.

A n d e r h i mse l f a m
h
s a th a t l e x a t on t i d ro v e t e c ha ri o t
y e e

on wh i c h t e body was b o rn e ; b u t th i s s tate me n t I b y

n o me a O th e rs agai n affirm that e ord e re d h
h h
n s b e li e v e .

t e sh ri n e of As c l e p i u s in E c b a tan a to b e raze d to t e
ro u n d w h i c h w as a n ac t of b ar b ar i sm an d by n o me a ns
g ,

in h armo n y wi th Al exan d er s g en e ral b e havi ou r bu

h h
’
t ,

h h
rath e r in ac c ord anc e wi th t e a rro ga n ce of X e rx e s in is

h
de alin gs wi th t e d ei ty w o is sai d to have l e t fe tte rs
,

down i n to t e H e ll e spon t in orde r to pun ish it forsooth

h hh
8
.
,

But t e foll o wi n g state men t w i c h as b een re c o rde d

,

h
do e s n ot se e m to me e n tire ly b eyo n d t e ran ge of p ro b a
,

h
th at wh e n Al exan d e r was marc in g to B aby l on
h h
b ility — ,

s me t on t e ro a d by man y e mb as sie s fro m Gree c e

h
e wa ,

amon g w hi c h we re s o me E pidau ria ue n voy s w o ob tain e d ,

Pl utarc
3 S ec Hom r I
h
mk ha m
a es t is st te ent .

Arrio u(i
h
e ( l iad, xxiii 1 4 1 1 5 2)
.
, .

3
Se e H erodotus ( vn e rxes me a
. X
n s t e venerab le king . Cf .

H erod , vi 98
. S ee D onal dson s New Craty l u
.
'
e, sec tions 1 61 , 4 7 9 .
 Honours P aid to Hep aes tion h .

h
from im th e ir re que sts . He al s o g ave th em an
1
o ffe ri n g
to Asc l e p i u dd in g th i s re mark Al
h
to b e o n ve y e d
c s, a

t ho u A u m
h
p
h
h s c l e i s a s n o t t re a te d e fa i rl y in n ot sa vi ng
g ,

t e li fe of my Co mpani o n who m I v a lu e d e qu

h ,
all y wi t
”3
my own h ead It as b e e n state d b y mo s t wri te rs
h h
.

th at e o rde re d hon o u
h
rs to b e a l way s pai d to He p aesticn
as a h e ro ; an d so me say th at e e v e n s e n t me n to Am
h
mon s te mpl e to ask t e god if it were all o wab l e to o ffer
h
’

u A mm
h
sa c rifi c e to He
p a e stion a s a g od ; b t o n re p li ed

All t e autho ritie s ho we ve r

h h
that it was n ot a l l owab l e .
, ,

— th at u
h
agre e as to t e foll owi n g f ac ts n til t e th i rd da y
afte r He p ae stion s d e ath Al exan d e r n e ithe r tas te d food
h
’
,

i d an y atten ti on t o is pe rso nal app earan c e b ut l ay

h
n or p a ,

ilin g or sil en tly mo urn in g ;

h
on t e gro u n d e i ther b e wa

that e al s o ord ere d a fu

h h
n e ra l pyre to b e p re pare d for
im in B abyl o n at t e ex p e n se of tal e n ts ; so me

h h
sa a
y t a s till
g re a t e r c o st s
; th a t a d e c re e w a s p u b l is h e d
th ro u gho ut all t e b arb arian territory for t e ob se rvan c e
of a u c mo u A s Co mp a

h h
’
p b l i rn in g
‘
M a n y o
. f l e x a n d e r n i on s

d e di c ate d themse lve s an d th e ir arms to t e d ead He p ae s

tio n in o rde r to show th e ir resp ec t to im an d t e first h h
h
to b e gi n t e arti fic e was E u me n e s whom we a sho rt ti me
ago men ti on e d as h avi n g b e e n at vari an c e wi th h ,

im
h h
5
.

This e d i d th at Al e x an d e r migh t n ot th i n k
h
e wa s

p leas e d at He p aestion s de ath Al exan der di d n ot

h
’
.

app o in t any on e e l se to b e c omman de r of t e Co mp an i o n

h
valry in t e p lac e of He p ae stion so th at t e n ame of h h
h h
ca ,

t at g e n e ral mi g ht n ot p eri s h fro m t e b rigad e

h
bu
h
t th at
d ivisi o n of c avalry was still c alle d He p ae stion s an d t e ’

1
E pidaurus in Argolis was c eleb rated as th
O

e c ief h se at of h h
p
t e wors i
of Aesc ul apius .

9
This i s an Homeric p
ex ression , meanin g myself .

3 E qual Pl u
to tarc (Alex 7 2) agree s wit Arrie n h . h .

D iodorus ( xvii 1 1 5) and J u

s tin ( xii 1 2) sa
.
y talents . .

Cf
As lian ( VariaH istoria, vii
. Diodo ru
s (xvii 1 1 4 , Pl utarc. . h
( Ale x 7 2 .
, 75 E u menes, 2 ; P elopidae ,
5
See p . 3 92, n ote 3 .
 Te hA nabasis f
o Alexander .

fig ure mad e fro m He p ae s tion we n t in fr h

ont of it . He
olve d to c e leb rate a gy mnastic an d music al c on
h
als o re s
te st mu c h mo re ma

h h
,
gn i fic en t than an y of t e p rec e din g ,

both in t e mul ti tude of c omp e titors an d in t e amo un t

of mon e y e x p e n de d u h
h
pon it For e p ro vid e d .

c omp e ti tors in a ll ; and it is sai d t hat th e se me n a s o rt

h
ti me afte r al so c o mp ete d in t e game s h e l d at Al e xan d e r s
’

own f u n e ra l .

CHAPTER XV .

Se ameArron or run C ossaeans — Enamel “ rs ou D ISTANT

mourn i n g was p rol o n ge d for man y days ; an d as e h

h
Tan
was n ow b e gi nn i n g to re c all h i mse l f from it u n de r s u

h h
c ,

c i rc u mstan c e s is Co mpan i on s ad le ss d i ffic ulty in

ro u h
im to ac ti o n e ma h
h
si n g Th e n at l e n gth
. d e an

h h
l
e xp e d itio n agai n st t e Cossaean s a warlik e rac e b or ,

d erin g on t e terri tory of t e U xian s They are mo un .

h
tain e e rs i n h ab i ti n g s tro n g po si ti o n s in se parate v il lag e s
, .

Wh e n e ve r a forc e appro ac h e d th e m th e y were in t e

h
h ab i t of re ti rin g to t e summits of th e i r mo un tai n s
,

e i th e r in a body or s e p a rate ly a s ea c h ma n fou n d it

p rac tic ab l e ; an d thus th e y e sc ap e d maki n g it dific u

h
lt ,

for tho se w o attac k e d th e m w i th the i r f orc e s to c o me

nea r th e m .
’
h
Afte r t e e n e my s d e p arture th ey use d to ,

tu rn th e mse lv e s aga i n to maraudi n g by whic h o c c upation ,

th ey s u ppo rte d th ems e lve s But Al e xan de r subd ue d

h h
.

th i s ra ce tho u g h
, e m a rc h e d a g ai n st th e m in t e

wi n te r ; for n e i the r wi n te r n or ru gg e d n e ss o f g r o un d

h Su h hh h
hq hh b
1
Cossae a was a dis tric t on t e sia na
n ort ,
-
ea
w ic st of
t e
k
in gs n eve r su du e d, b ut pub h
uie t of t e in a itan ts
h h T
Persia rc a
h
n se d t e

p
by ayin g t e m tri u b
It is su osed to b e t e Cu pp h
dh q
te . s of t e Ol d es ta

me n t D iodoru h m is c on u p
h d h
A
hC
. s ( xvii 1 1 1 ) say s t . at l e xa n d er c o l e te est

u d h
hC h h h
of t e ossa ean s in for ty a ys P l tarc (A
. le x 7 2) sa y s e c all e t e .

massac re of t e ossaean s is oderin g to t e man es of Hep aestion .

 T hA
e abasis
n
f
o Alexande r .

me n ti on of thi s e mb assy havin g b e e n de spatc he d to

h
an y
Ale xan d e r; n or of those w o have writte n an ac c o un t of
Ale xan d e r s ac ti on s as e i t h e r Pto l e my son of Lagus
’
,
h , ,

or Ari s tob u l us me nti on e d it With the se autho rs I am .

gen e rally i n c lin e d to agree N or do e s it se e m lik e ly that

h h
.

t e Ro man re p u bl ic w i c h was at that ti me re mark ab l e

,

for its l o v e of li b e rty wo u l d se n d an e mb assy to a ,

f o re ig n ki n g e s p ec i ally to a p lac e so far away fro m th e i r

,

own la nd wh e n th e y we re n ot c o mp ell e d to do so b y
,

h
fe ar or an y hop e of ad van tage b e in g p o s se sse d as th e y ,

we re b eyo n d an y o th e r p e op l e b y hatre d to t e ve ry
na me an d rac e of d e sp ots 1
.

CHAPTE R XVI .

EXPLORATIO N or ran C AS PIAN — TH E C . m nasas S oc ra

ss v s s s

h
.

AFTE R t is Ale xan d e r se n t He rac l ide s son of Argae us

, , ,

i n to Hyrc ani ain c o mman d of a c o mpan y of ship wrig h ts

wi th o rd e rs to c u t ti mb e r fro m t e Hy rc an ian mo u h ,

h
n tain s
an d wi t it to c o n stru c t a nu mb e r of sh i p s of war s o me
wi tho u h ,

h
t dec k s an d o th e rs wi th d e c k s afte r t e Gre c ian
fash i o n of sh i p b u For e was v e ry d e siro u
h h
$
2
il di ng -
. s of

h
d i sc o verin g wi th wh at se a t e on e c all e d t e Hyrc an ian or
C asp ian un i te s ; wh e th e r it c o mmunic ate s wi th t e wate r
h
of t e E u t S e a c o me s rig h t h
h
xi n e S ee or wh e th e r t e G re a ,

ro u n d fro m t e E a

h hh
ste rn S ea wh i c h is n ea r I n d ia an d ,

flows up i n t o t e Hyrc an ian G ul f ; j ust as e ad

h h h
h h
di sc o ve re d th at t e Persian S e e w i c h was c all e d t e ,

Re d S e a is re all y a g ul f of t e G re at S e a
,
3
For t e .

L ivy (ix 1 8 ) . says h e doe s n ot hh

t ink t e c on te mp orary Romans e ven

k Al e xan der b y p
The
n ew re ort .

2
es are w at Hirtiu h
s ( Be l l Alex 1 1 ) . . c alls “
nave s p
a ertas et
”
c onstratas . a

See p . 1 55, n ote 6

.
 T hC e h aldaean S oot s ayers h .

u
so rc e s of hC
t e asp ian Se a ad
b e en d i sc o vere d h n ot
y e t ,

al tho u m u
h
g h a n y n ati o n s d w e ll aro n d it a n d n a vig ab l e ,

Fro m Bac tri a t e

h
rive rs di sc h arge th e i r wate rs i n to it .
,

O xu t e larg e st of Asi ati c riv e rs tho se of In di a

h
s , ,

h
d isc h arge s itsel f i n to th i s sea ; an d th roug
h
l
e xc e p te d ,

S c yth iaflows t e J axarte s T e g en e ral ac c o un t is that

’

h h
.
,

t e Arax e s al so wh i c h flo ws fro m Arme n ia fal ls i n to t e

sa
,

me sea Th e se are t e large st ; b ut man y oth e rs flow

3
. h ,

i nto the se wh il e o th e rs again dis c harge th e mselve s

,

d irec tly i n to thi s se a S ome of th e se we re kn own to

h
.

tho se w o vi si te d th e s e n ati on s wi th Al e xan d e r; o th e rs

are s itu ate d toward s t e farth e r si de of t e g u h h
h h
l f as it ,

see ms in t e c o u
, n try of t e N o mad i c S c y th ia ns a ,

dis tri c t whi c h is q ui te un kn o wn

h h h
.

Whe n Al e xan de r ad c ro s se d t e ri ve r Tigre s with is

army an d was marc h i n g to Baby l o n s m h h
h h
e wa et b y t e ,

Chal dae an philo soph e rs w o h avin g l e d im away from

h is Co mp an i o n s b e s o u m su m h h ,

h
gh t i to sp e n d
, is ar c h t o

cu

h h
t hat c i ty For th ey sai d that an o ra
. l ar de c l arati on ad
b e e n mad e to th e m by t e god B el us th at is en tran c e
i n to B abyl on at that ti me wo ul d n ot b e for is good h ,

h h
.
.

But e an swe re d the i r sp ee c h wi th a lin e f ro m t e p oe t

Eu “
He t e b e s t p roph e t is th at h
h
ri p i d e s to th i s e ffe c t :
g ue sse s But sai d t e Ch al dae an s
h h
O ki ng do ,

n ot a t an y rate e n te r t e c i ty l ook i n g t o ward s t e we s t ,

h Aris tob ulus d ec lared h

hh hh ( xi 7 ) says t at
ha
See p 1 99, . n ote 1 . S trab o . t e

Oxu pt th
h ua a ha
s to b e t e l rge st river w ic a e d see n e xce ose in In dia .

rtes rea
hau aa h uM
Se e p 1 98 .
. n ote 3 . T e Ox s nd Jax ll y flow in to t e Se of

Aral ort e P l h afi rs t n otice d b y Am ian m u

hh u
. s Oxi n , w ic w s s arc e l l in e

P t ol e my , h men tion s it as
a h p
( xxiii . 6 5 9) in t
, e 4t ce n t ry A D . owev e r, a
mall k h
h h h
s an d n ot s t e rec i ien t of t es e rivers
la e, Cf P l in y vi 1 8 . .
, . .

3 T e Ar axes or Are a oins t e Cyru s , or K ou

,
j
r an d falls in to t e
, ,

C p
as ian S e a It is n ow c al led Kizil Ozan or Yel l ow Rive r Its He b rew
h
-
.
. ,

me is C ab or (2 Kin gs xvii Pon te m in dign atu s A ra xes ( Ve rgil ,

h
na .

Aene id v iii See Aesc yl u s ( Prom et e u D r Pa h

hh
ley an ote
’
, . s . . .

As to t e C al dae ans see C ice ro ( D e D i n i 1 ) an d b re d (ii 29

h
. . .
. ,

5
h
T is is a v e rse f rom one of t e l ost tragedies of E u ripide s It is .

D D
 hA T e nab as is qf Alex ande r .

h my
leadin g t e ar advan c in g in that d i rec tion ; b ut
h h
n or
”
rathe r g o ri gh t rou Bu
h h
n d to wa rds t e eas t t t is .

t to b e easy for im on a
h
did n ot turn ou c c ou

h h
n t of t e ,

ic ul ty of t e gro u ding im
h h
difi n d ; for t e de i ty wa s l ea

m
h h
to t e p l a c e wh e re e n te ri n w a doo e d s oon to die
g e s .

An d p e rhaps it was b e tte r for im to b e t ake n off in t e

h
v e ry ac me of is gl ory as we ll as of t e affec ti o n h
h
im b y me n b e fo re an y of t e v ic iss i h
h h
e n te rtain e d for ,

tu de s n atural to man be fe ll im Pro bably th is was t e

h
.

re as o n S ol o n a dv is e d Croes u s to l ook a t t e e n d of a
l o n g lif e an d n o t b e fo re p ro n o u m
h h
n h appy
l
nce a n a
, y .

ad b ee n n o s mal l
h
Y ea i n d ee d He p aes tion s d e ath
,
’

mi s fo rtun e to Al e x an de r; an d I t h in k e woul d rath e r

have de p arte d b e fo re it oc c urred th an h ave b ee n alive to
e x pe ri e n c e it ; n o l e ss t han Ac ill es a s it se e ms to me h , ,

wo u l d rathe r h ave d i ed b e fore Patroc l us th an hav e b e e n

h
t e ave n ge r of is d eath h .

C HAPTER XVII .

Tas Anvrc r or war Cmms s s Rm c rs n

hh upi io h hh ld
.

Bu
h h
r e ad a s s c n t at t e C a ae an s we re
im
h
to p v re i o B byl o
e nt h is e n t ranc e nt a n at t a t t e wit

ho l hmidd hi y
re fe re n c e h h dv rat h er to t e ir o wn a an tage t an to t e

hB byl o i h mpl B l u di
d ec l io
arat n of t e rac e . For in t e le of t e c t
of t e a n an s was t e te e of e s,
”an e fic e
v er y g re at in i
s ze , c o n struc te d of b ake d b ri c ks wh i c h

qut d b y Ci quidam Gra us vul garis

h h
als o o e cero ( De D ivin .
, n . E st ec

in ha nc am v e rs u
se n te n tis ; b one qu i c onj ic ie t v atem u n c per ib eb o ,

p
o t imu m . S ee H erodotu s (i 3 2) Pl u tarc (S olon , . h
Herodotu h
hhh h
S ee p 1 7 1 n ote 3
. , s (i 1 8 1 ) give s a de sc rip tion of t is
. .

te mp l e w ic e sa m h
h
, y s e xiste d in is ti e S tr ab o ( xv i 1 ) agree s w i t . .

h
Arrian t at it was said to ave b een destroye b y Xe rxes He also says d
h bb h h
.

h
t at Al e xan de r e mp l oyed men in c l earing away t e ru is of t e
h
min e Profe sso r Sayce an d ot ers adduc e t is passage of Art ian to rove h p
h h hh h
.

h s is n ot to b e tru d
h d
t at H e rodotu
h hhd
s te ev en w en e sa y s e ad see n t e

p lac es an d t in gs w ic e h
esc ri e s T e wor s of Herodotu b s a re is
.
 hA f AT e nab asis o lexan de r .

h gh hd h h io p g yo d h
hi y u d o d h a h
is ri t an , wit t e inte n t n of a s sin be n t e

d h my d h
part of t e c t t rn e t war s t e we st, n d t ere

g ou d Bu
h u h ou d houd
w ee l in r n to l ea
h is ar towar s t e e as t t .

m h h h my
on a ou
cc n t of t e difi ic l ty of t e gr n e c l n ot
u m
h i g hi y m h h h g h
arc wit is ar
h di io
in t is re c t n ; b e c a se if a an

hom upo ou d ov d i h
w o is e n te r n t e c t fro t e we st, e re c an e s is

h
direc t n eas tward, e c
io es n gr n c e re wt
m h hu p l y
h l hd ob y d h
'

ars e s an d s as
ho l T s , art b y is own will an d
.

art a anst is wil , e is e e t e god

p ly g i .

CHAPTER XVIII .

At s m
M
D e ars
’

h h
P s s nrc rrons '
or ns n s .

Ari stob ul us as re c ord e d t e follo wi n g story

h h
os xov s a .

Apo ll od orus t e Amp ipol itan on e of Al e x an de r s

h h
’
,

Co mp ani on s was g e n e ral of t e army whic h t e k i n g

M h ,

hh
l eft wi th azae us t e v i c e roy of Babylo n
h h h h ,
1
W en e .

joi n e d is f orc e s wi th t e ki n g s on t e return of t e

hh
’

lat te r fro m I n di a an d ob se rv e d t at e was se ve re ly

h h hh h ,

p un i s i n g t e v i c e roys w o ad b e e n pl ac e d o ver t e
h h h
h
l c o un tri e s e s e n t to is b ro ther Pe it agoras
h
s e v e ra ,

im to d i v i n e abo u
h h h
an d ask e d t is safe ty For .

h h h
P e it ag oras was a d ivi n e r w o d e riv e d is k n o wl e d ge
of t e fu ture from t e in sp e c ti o n of t e in ward parts
h
‘

n i ma T i s man se n t b ac k to Apo ll odo ru

h
of a . ls s in ,

q ui ri n g of who m e was so e sp e c i ally afrai d as to wi sh

h h ,

h
t o c on s u
h
“

h
l t d ivi n ati o n T e latte r wrote bac k : T e ki n g
.

”
h i mse l f an d He p ae s tion
h
P e it agoras th e re fo re in t e
.

h
firs t p l ac e o ff e re d sac ri fic e wi th re fe re n c e to He p ae s tion
h
.

But as th e re was n o lob e vi sibl e upo n t e liv e r of t e

h h hh
l vi c ti m} e state d t i s fac t in al e tte r w i c h e
h
sa c ri fi c ia ,

l e d an d s e n t to is b ro the r fro m Babyl on to Ec b atan a

h
se a ,

e x la
p i n in
g t a t t h e re w as n o re a so n at al l to b e a f rai d

See Arrian iii , . 10 s upra .

C f l l n l os tratu
’
s ( L if e of . lp n l l on iu
s
. v iii . 7 .
 P redic tions f
o Alexan de r s
’
h
D eat .

of h
Hep ae s tion, for in a short time e w l b e ou t h oud
A A s tob u u A u
h h
of th e i r wa n d r i l s say s th a t po l l odo r s
y .

h
rec e ive d t i s e p i s tle o n l y on e day b e fo re Hep a e stion

died The n Pe it agoras again ofie re d sac r

hliv h
ific e in re sp e c t
'

Alexan de r an d t e e r of t e vic tim c o n s u

h
to ,
l te d in
re s p e c t to im wa ls o de sti tu
h
s a te of a l ob e He the re fore .

wro te to Apoll odorus to t e same p urport abo ut Al ex

an d e r as ab ou h
Apoll odo rus di d not
h h
t Hep a e stion .

l t e informati o n se n t t o im b ut tol d Al ex an de r
h h h
c o nc e a , ,

in orde r t e more to sho w is good will to t e k i n g

h h h
-
,

if e u im t o b e on is gu ard l e st so me dan ge r
h h
rge d
might b e fall im at that ti me An d Ari stob ul us say s t at
h h
.

t e k i n g c o mme n d e d Apo ll odo ru

h h hh
s a n d wh e n e e n te red ,

B abyl o n e ask e d Pe it agoras wh at sign e ad me t

h ,

im to wri te th u h
h
wi th to i n d u
h h
,
ce s to is b roth e r He .

i d that t e liv e r of t e vic ti m sac ri fice d for im was

h
sa

wi tho u W he n Al e xan de r aske d what t e sig n

h h
t a l obe .

po rte n de d e sai d t at it was a v ery di sas tro us on e

h h hh
.
,

T e k i n g was so far fro m b e i n g an gry wi th im t at e

h te d im wi th gre ate r re sp e c t f or te lli n g im t e hh ,

h
e ve n t re a ,

tru th wi tho u t any d i s gu Aris tob ul us says that e

h h
i se .

h i mse l f h e ard t i s sto ry from Pe it agoras ; an d adds

h
t h at t e same man ac te d a
h
s d i vi n e r for Pe rdi c oe s a nd

af te rward s for An tigon u s an d th at t e same sign

,

o c c urre d for both It was verifie d b y fac t ; for Pe rdi c oe s

h
.

l o s t is life l eadi n g an army agai n st Pto l e my

h h
l
and ,

An tig on us was kille d in t e b attl e f o ught by im at

I ps us agai n st S e le uc us an d Ly simac us Al so c o nc e rn h
h h
s
.

h
ing Calan us t e In di an phil o sophe r t e fo ll o wi n g story
,

h
When e was g oi ng to t e fun e ral
,

h
h h h
as b e e n re c orde d .

pyre to die e gav e t e parti n g sal utati on to all is o the r

c omp a
,

n ions ; b u t h
e re f u se d to a pp roac h Alexan der t o

Perdic c as was kil l d

e by h
is own tr0 0 p s at Mmph s e i , 3 21 . S ee
D iodoru
hba
s, xviii . 36 .

T e ttl e of I p u wa f
s s s o ght
u 3 01 . See Pl utarc h (D me triu
e s ,
 ThA e nabas is o f 4 mm .

h m h u g h ud m h m
h u h m A hi m i d d h
g ive i t e sal tation, say in e wo l eet i at

h
B by o
a l n an d t ere sal te i t t e t e n ee t is .

m u
d h ho o
re ark was tr ea ted wit n e gl ec t ; b t a
h fte rwards, w en
A m
h hhh d h y h
Bb l
l exan e r ad died at a y on , it c a e to t e r e c ll ec ti n

h h
of t ose w o ough
ad ear it, an d t e t
o h t forso t
m A
t at it was adivin e in ti a
d pp
tion of ’
l e xan e r s a roac
in g e nd .

CHAPTE R XI X .

E x mssrxs n o: a
G non
n — Fun r m s axn ros Invan mo

As h h m m
m h k hpu o h m
e w as B y e n te rin g ab lon, e was et by e b assies
u
h b
f ro t e Gre e s ; b t f or w a t rp se eac e b assy was
se n t as o d
n ot m i d d
ee n rec r ed m
l
. To e n ee it see s

b l h mo h m m ul o gi
h h i o i p i y hI d
p o ba e t
r at os t of t e ca e to cr wn and e ze

m
h k j oi d h
i on ou ac c nt of is v c t r e s, es ec all t e n ian

id h h
on es , llas we h as t o say t at t e Gree s re ce at is
u m I di
i h hgh h d
safe re t rn fro g
n d h a . It is sa t at e ree te t e se

m p y g h m ui l
h o g v hm
en w t t e ri t an ,
an d afte r a in t e s tab e

h m
h u m
o oun k
r se n t t e b ac . H e als ae t e a b as sadors
p mi i o h h m
ho h vo iv hi h
er ss k n to ta e wit t e all t e s tat es of en a nd

m
h id
i age s o of g ds and t e t er t e o fie rin gs w c

X e rx es om
ad c arr e 0 5 B b lo fr Greec e to ay n,

Ai
hb
g d
Pasar a ae, Su o h pl sa,
or ahi
ny t er ac e in s a . In t s

m u
hmo um h
way it is sa id h tu at t e raze n s tat es of Har odi s an d
A ris to ge iton , a ll
s we
’
as t e n e n t of t e Ce l ca ea n

A mi k Ah
h ho u d B byl o h
rte s, we re c a rrie b a
d c to t e ns 3
.

A i ob ul u
h u h hh i d o m hP i u h
r st s sa s t a t e f n a t a fl n t e h t wi t
y ee

h h hb
N e arc s , w ic ad sal e fr t e e rs a n Se a
p t e

iv
r er E uph rate s ; an d aoh
n t e r w ic o y d
ad ee n c n ve e

D iodo ru s ( xvii 1 1 3 ) sa ys t a
. h
t e m assies came ro m t e Ca rt a b f h h
ginian s, Li y P b
oen ic ia
-
h
ns , G ree s , k M
ac edonians , Ill yrians , T racians, h
and G au Cf Arrian , iii 1 6 su ra p
ham Ah d fr m th
ls .
-
. . .

h b d w r hip
M M” h
Mt
3
T e n is said to ave ee n erive
e t en s o e o s of

h
At ena See E u h
h
. rip ides (Io n , [ 1 63 3 is xpw o yxov H
-
t ec n
Attic ais drum) or dn mi7 6, t e promon tory lan
 m A aba i n -
s s f
o Alexander .

CHAPTER XX .

D e cc an -
n on or Amara Ve rs e : or Rum
— ours

hhh h h
.

Tar mmon re port is t at e eard t at t e Arab s

h
co ,

nu n d D i on ysu

h h h
te d on l y two gods U ra
1
ve n e ra s a s ; t e ,

former b ec au in s in ims e lf t e
h h hh
se e is v is i ble a n d c o n ta

v e nly l u minaries es pe c ially t e sun fro m w ic

h
ea , ,

em te s t e greates t an d mos t e v i d e n t be n efit t o all

hh h h h
a na

t ings u man ; an d t e latte r on w c oun t of t e fame e

ac qu h h
hhh h h
ired b y is e xp edition in to I n dia The re fore e .

t ou m
h hh
t i se l f q u it w or t t o b o i d r d b t e
g e y e c n s e e y
An b au ad p erf orme d de e ds b y
h h
s a t ird g od sin c e e ,

n o me a

h h
n s inf eri or to t ose of D ionys u

h
s If t h e n e .

c ou l d c on quer t e Arab s n t the m t e

h
e i n te n de d t o r a
g ,

of c n du v e rn me n t a

h hh h
riv i l eg e c tin t e ir o rd i n t o
p g g o c c o g
t eir own c u s t oms a

h h h
e ad already don e to t e In dians
,
s .

T e f e rt il it y of t e lan d w as a s ec re t i n d uc e me n t t o im
hh h h
.

b e cau
h h
t o in vade n se e ea rd t at t e p e op l e ob tain e d

c as e in from t e l a k e s an d mvrr an d fran kin c e n se from

h h
t e tu hh t cin n amon w a c u t f r m t e s ru
,

hh
n es : t a b s an d s o
,

t t e me adow s prod u ou ny c u

h h h h
t a ce s i k e n a
p r d wi t h t a l t iva
As t o t e size of t e c oun t ry e was in forme d t at
h hh
‘
tion . .

A
h h
t e se ab oard of rab ia w as n ot l e ss in ext en t t an t at of

m
hu h h u u
In dia; t at n ear it lie an v isl an ds at in all p a
t rt s of
mm u
h h h u pl
t e c o n ts v t
- e
re w e re arb o rs s fic ie n t l y c o odio s

a hhu m u h
to rovide an c ora e f or is fle e t an d t at it ie d
p g p . s

u
hh h
sit e s f or fo n din g cir io w ic w o l d b e c o e flo ris in g .

m
hm uh h u h h h h
H e w a s al s o i n f or e d t at t e re w e re t w o isl an ds in t e

m h hh h
fac in g t e o t of t e E p rat es . t e first of w ic

h h
was n ot f ar fro t e
p l ace w ere t e w ate rs of t at riv e r
u
are dis c arge d in t o t e sea. b e in g ab o t s t atic s

Cf l i p ado rns i}
.
-
. . S .

Ci H e .
r
o do t us . 1: 4 51 95 . ; iii 1
. 1 0 —11 S t al u
u
'
m . 4 ;
an t

Ab out m l es i
.
 D es crip tion f
o Arab a
i .

hho
distan t from t hv m h h
h ly o v d i h
’

hm
an d t e ri s on t
e s T is is
re er .

t e s a ll er of t e two, an d was de n se c e re wt
im mpl A
ou d h
i h h
v yk d
e er in of t b e r In it was a l so a te e of rte
.

m h m lv
h l d d vo d hu i d
is, ar n w c t e n a tan ts t e se es s e n t t e r
i h bi p h i
lv
i es T e is an wa
. s e te to t e s e of w l
g o ats

an d stage, whic h w e re all owe d to ran ge at large as be i n g

d e dic ate d to Arte mis It was unlawful to c hase th e m
h
.

un l es s any one wishe d to o ffe r sac rific e to t e goddess ;

purpose alon e it was l awful to c h as e the m
h
an d f or thi s .

Aristob ul us says t at Al e xan d e r o rde re d thi s i slan d to

h h
b e c all e d I c aru fte r t e is lan d so n ame d in t e Ae ge an
h h
s a ,

S ea on w i c h as t e re po rt goe s Ic aru
h hh h
1
, , s s on of D a s , ,

dalu
h h h
s fe ll wh e n t e wa , x by wh i c t e win gs ad b e e n ,

fas te ne d to im me l te d
h
For e did n ot fly n ear t e
,
.

h
is fathe r s i nj unc ti on s b u
h
’
ea rth a c c ordin g to
, t se ns e ,

ll o we d t e s u
h h h
l e ssly flyi n g far al oft e a n to s o fte n a
, nd

I c arus le ft is n ame to t e is lan d and

h h h h
l oose n t e wax .

t e sea t e fo rme r b e i n g c al l e d I c aru

hh , s and t e latte r t e

I c arian T e o t e r is lan d was sai d to b e di stant f rom

h h
.

t e mou th of t e E u
h
phrate s abo ut a day an d n ight s ’

v oyage for a shi p runnin g b efore t e b ree ze Its n ame .

was Ty l u s
2
it was large an d mo s t of it n e ith e r ru gge d
n or w oody bu t su i tab l e for p rod uc in g c ul ti vate d fruits
,

an d all t h i n g s in du S o me of this in fo rmation

h
e sea son .

was i mparted to Al e xan d e r by Arc h i as w o was s e n t

wi th a triac on tor to i n ve sti gate t e c o u h ,

h
h h
rs e of t e c o ast

in g v oy age to Arab ia an d w o we n t as far as t e i slan d ,

of Ty l u s bu t du rs t n ot pa
,
s s b e yo n d tha t poi n t An dro .

h
s th e n e s
3
was d e s p at c he d wi th an o th e r t riac on tor an d
sa il e d to a p art of t e p e n in s ul a of Arabia H i ero n of .

One of t he d
S p ora e s , west of S amos , n ow c all ed Ni a
ria k . Cf . Horace
m
h
( Ca iv 2, 2) an d Ovid ( Fas ti, iv
.
, . .

9 C T
all ed y ru s b y S t rab o (xvi . It is n ow c all e d Ba rain and is ,

l brat d f r p arl fi h ri
A fragm t f th h h
ce e e o e s e es .

w rk f A dr d pti
h
3
en o e o o n ost en es e scri ve of is voy age is
p r r
ese ved b y A t a m ( iii p en c . .
 T hA h
e nc )
or»
qf d laaaader .

h h hmh h
h hh
an d advanc e d fart est of des patc e d to
t ose w o e

u
hh h
t is re g ion ; for e ad rec e iv e d ins tr c tions to sail
rou n d t e w ol e A n p w iu su la as far as t e Arab ian
hhh
rab ia
Al t oug e
h
Gu
h
lf n e ar Egypt ove r again s t He roopol is l
.

l on g t e c ou n try of t e Ara

h h
c oa ste d a b s to a g reat dis
t an c e , e du e m

hh
ordere d ; b u

h h
rs t not go a s fa r as t re
tu rnin g to A l exander e re po rte d t at t e size of t e
s m ve llou s, b e ing onl y a little s m

h
n ins u

hh
p e l a w a ar a l l e r
e mity

h
n t e c ou

h h
t a n try of t e I n dia n s, a n d its extr r o
p
u
h h h
’
d fa in to t e G r a S ea N ea
j e c t e r e t r c s in d
.ee d in i s

m u
h h h
vo a
y g e f ro I n dia ad s e e n t is st re t c in g o t a lit tl e ,

b e fore e tu rne d as ide in to t e Persian Gu

h
lf, an d e was
almos t in du
u h ugh hy uh h g hh u
c ed to c r oss ove r to it T e pil ot On esic ri .

h hhh h
t s t o t t e o g t to ave o ne t it er ; b t Ne ar
m l p
l g gh u h u h
u
m h bl
c s sa s
y t at e i se f re ve n te d it, so t at af te r

hhh mpl h h
sai in ri t ro nd t e Pe rs ian G lf e ig t b e a e to
A
hhhh h h
g iv e are
p ort to l e xan de r t at e ad ac c o is e d t e
m u
hh p h h
y g
vo a e on w ic e ad se nt i . For Nearc s said

h h
ad n ot b ee n des atc e d to Great Se a, navi at t
e
g e e

u
hh u
u
hm h , to fi
p
b t to e x g l ore t e lan d b orde rin
on t e se a nd o t

hu m hp p
w at e n in ab it it, to disc over t e arb o rs an d riv e rs

hu y
in it , t o asc e rtain t e c s to s of t e e o le, an d to se e

h hA
if any of t e c o n t r was fe rt i e and if any was s te ril e
l
h
.

h by h
’
T is was t e re ason w y l e xan de r 8 n aval e x e dition
p
u
h u h
re t rn e d in safe t ; f or if it ad saile d e on d t e de s e rts
y
A b u
hb h hH u
of ra ia, it wo l d
y n ot ave re t rn ed in safe t . T is
is said als o to ave ee n t e reason w y ie ron t rne d
3
bac k .

Pr bab ly Ram Its ru Ab uKes hh

Pr b ab ly th
o ses . ins are at -
e .

o pr j e o ec tion n ow c alled Bas aLHad -

.

Cf . Art ian ( Indic a .

 hA f A T e nabol ic o la n d” .

h mm u h hh
m h u hh k
ad da Pallac Opas again , so t at t e water
ed p t e

hh h u h h
ig t b e t rned b ac wit in t e b an s and c arried down
k

uph hA y
t e c a nnel of t e river, it wo l d ave drain ed t e
u
Bu hu
E rates in to itse lf , an d c ons e
q e ntly t e ss rian

h uph
u u
h
c o n tr wo ld n ot b e wa te re d b y it t t e o tl t o f
y e .

mm u
h y B by h u( h ugh
t eE rates into t e Pa llac Opas was da ed
p y b

u hu ) b u h
t e vice ro of a lon ia wit great lab o r alt o it
ym
h
was an eas atter to c onst r c t t e o tl et , ec a s e t e
my m mu
hh h
u
h h
g ro n d in t is re gion is sli and os t of it d , s o

h A
t at w en it as on c e re c eiv e d t e wate r of t e rive r it
u Bu m
h b u u hh
is n ot eas to t rn it b ac k
y t ore t a n . s

m hWhA hh
s ria
y n s we re en gag e d in t is la o r e v e n n til t e t ir d
m
hl
on t . en l e xande r was infor e d of t is, e was
u b fi u A
h u u hul hh m
in d c ed to c on fe r a e ne t pon t e an d o f s sy ria.

m
h uph h
H e de te r ine d to s t p t e o t e t w e re t e s t re a

h
u
Whh b u hy h h
of t e E rate s was t rn e d in to t e Pallac o pas .

m h ky h
en e ad advan c ed a o t t irt s tade s, t e eart

hu h j u m hh
u
a peare d to b e so e w at roc , so t at if it we re c t
p

h hh hl
t ro g an d a nc tion ade wit t e ol d c an a a on
l l g
u
h h ul
t e Pallac opas , on ac c o nt of t e ardn e ss of t e soi , it
u
h pp
wo l d n ot al ow t e wate r to p e rc ols te , an d t e re wo d
l
fiuy u g
hpu h l h
b e n o dif c l t in t rnink it b ac at t e a oin ted

h u hyg h l h
se a s on For t is
. rpose e sa i e d to t e Pallac opas,

h u y hA b h g
an d t e n c ontin e d is vo a e down t at c an a in to t e

hu
oo s towa
p l rds t e c o n tr of t e ra s T e re see in .

m b
h
y up
h
a c e rtain ad ira l e s ite , e f o n de d a c it on it a nd

m y
uh
fortifie d it In it . e s e ttl e d a s an of t e Gre c ian
m e rc e na lu
rie s as vo m
n te e re d t o re ain , an d s c as we re
un fit for mil itary service b y re ason of age or woun ds .

CHAPTE R XXII .

As Ours or Awn Arraoac m s D mrs

s ns as
’

h h h h h
.

mc u p
h
v t s rov e d t e falsity of t e p rop ec y of t e
by n ot avin g e xp e rienc ed any un p le asant
 Ari Ome n o
f A ’
lex n dw s a D eat h .

fortu hh h
b yl on , as t e y ad p re dic te d, b u
h h h h
n e in Ba t avin g 1

marc ed out of t at c ity wit out s ufie rin g an y mis ap ,

h h hh
'

de n t in sp irit an d sail e d again t rou

hh h h
e gre w c on fi g t e
mars e s, av in g Babyl on on is l e ft and H ere a part
h h h h
.

hh h
of is fle e t l os t its way in t e n arrow b ran c e s of t e
rive r t rou u m
hh h
g w an t of a p il ot,
n til e se n t a an t o

h l g y l M h mb h
p il ot it an d l e ad it bac k into t e c anne l of t e riv e r .

h b bul m g hp l
T e fol owin s tor is to d . os t of t e to s of t e

A
m h Wh Al g huh h
sBk
yrian in gs ad e en it a on t e oo s an d
“
m h h yg h g h
ars es . en e xan de r was sail in t ro g t e se
m l
hb
ars e s, an d, as t e stor oe s, was i se f stee rin t e
m
mm M
g gu l up
h hll hh l
trire e, a stron st of win d fel on is road

hhb g hy l h u h
b ri ed ac e don ian at, an d t e fi e t w ic e n c irc e d

by h uh
it . T e at, e in eav , fe l in to t e wate r; b t t e

h h mb h
fi e t,
ll b g e in carrie d al on g t e win d, was c a g t b y on e

h h
of t g e ree ds g rowin n eart e to of on e of t e an c ie n t
m
h h hl
k g in s .
3
T is in c ide n t itself was an o e n of w at was
u
h mh
b u
hll
a o t to oc c r, an d so was t
ai ors e fac t t at o ne of t e s
4

m
Bu h hh b u ul
s wa 0 3 to wa rds t e fi e t an d sn atc e d it fro t e re e d .

hb hh mm hh
t y
e did n ot c a rr it in is an ds, e c a s e it wo d

u h h h h
av e e e n we tte d w il e e was swi in g ; e t er e fore

M h ph Al
u u
h
t it r o nd is own ead and t s c on v e y e d it to t e
p
k g
in os t of t e b iogra e rs of e xa n de r sa t at
.
y

hH T am Ba y
e Ba Ba B
e b re w u f n e for b l on is b el , i . e. b -
e l , c o rt o

p aua a B (W
hh a hh h hmm a f
B el : ort ave l
) l , c ivit s eli ine r . In J e r . xxv . 26 ; li 4 1 , it is
.

m pa
ha A ah af ha h
ca ll e d S es c , w ic J e wis co en t tors , oll owed b y Je ro e , ex l in
u
h u h Ba hh hH
by t e C a n on a tb s , is . . te r t e lp b e t p t in n in v erte d orde r .

am
ah
A
hh h
c c ordin g to t is r l e t e word b el , w ic is t e e b re w n e of

Ba y y a
hm h y a am
u
h
H
a ham
b l on , wo ld b e writte n S es c . S ir enr R wl in son , owe v e r,
ay af
h hA a
s s it w a s t e n e of god te r w o t e c it w s n e d; an dt e

word a f u am s be e n p a o nd on g t e i n
ssyr in sc rip tion s re rese n tin g

hp
de ity
T
.

a m
eu u a h
e rfec t a p ss iv e b et bp ai is eq iv l en t to t e E p ic nd Ion ic
form dédp np a c.

p
fivaz
h h
ae . S ee . 268 , n ote 4 .

«
a
r w rt: v av T is p osition of rig is an imitation of t e u
. sa ge in
Ion ic p rO s e . Cf He rod i 8 5 ; e v 7 1: Il c pc éwv
. .
Se e L i dde l l an d S c ot t ,
. .

sub voc e 7 1 1 . Cf . Arri 7 71 ii , . 26, 4 : v i 9 3 ; .

, v ii . 3 , 4 ; 22, 3 ; 2 1 , 2 .
 hA f A T e nab as is o lexan der .

hk g p m h
h h
h hh h
t e in atal e nt as are ward for is
re se n te d i wit
u
p ph h h p m hh
zea l , an d t e n orde re d is ead to b e c t off as t e
m
hh h hy l H
ro e ts ad direc te d i n ot to e r it t a t ead to
A
uu y hh
b e safe w ic ad worn t e ro al fil e t owe ve r, ris .

m u
g h
tob l s sa s t at t e l an re c e iv e d a tae n t ; b t after
ug g
u hh h m uh y h
wards also re c eived a s c o r in
p for l ac in t e fill e t

hh h hh
ro n d is ea d T e sa e a t or sa s t at it was on e
.

u h
i ors w o fe tc e d t e fil l e t f or
m h
of t e P oe n ic ia
l n sa

A S uu
hh h h
l exan de r; b t t e re are so e w o say it was e l e c s,
m A
hg k g m h h
an d t at t is was an o e n to l e xan de r of is de at an d
S uu
hu h
to el e c s of is re at in do For t at of all t os e .

Al
m h hm k gly
w o s cc e e ded to t e sove re ign t
y af ter e xan de r,

S uu
h
e le c s b e c a e t e
g k g re ate st in , was t e o st in
m u
h
in ind, an d r l e d ov e r t e gre ate st e xte n t of l an d afte r
A m l
l exan de r m m i mse f, doe s n ot s ee to e to ad it of

q ue stion .
l

CH APTER XXII I .

ARM
Y REC RU ITE D uTHE P anama— He rnansrms ’

M
THE rao s

EM
O RY H O N O U RE D

h h h
.

WHEN re tu
Babyl on e found t at Pe uc e stas
h hh
e rn e d to
ad arrive d from Pe rs is b rin g in g wit im
,

Pe rs ians as we ll as many C os sae an s an d Tap u

h h
,
rian s ,

b ec ause t e s e rac e s we re re porte d to b e t e most warl ik e

h h m
h M h
of t os e b orde rin on P r i P il oxe n us al so c a e to
g e s s .

im b rin gin g an army from C aria

h M hh hh
, e na n der wit ,

an ot er from Ly dia an d e nide s wit t e c aval ry w ic

h h h
ad b e en p u t u n de r is c omma
,

At t e same time
h hh
’
nd .

arriv e d e mbassie s f rom Gre ec e t e me mb e rs of w ic

h h h h
wit c rown s u p on t e ir own eads ap proac e d Al e x an de r
, ,

h h hh
an d c rown e d im wit golde n c rown s as if forsoot t e y
,

ca h h
me to im as sp e c ial e nv oys de p ute d to pay im divin e
,

1
Cf . Arrian v
-
. 13 s pra
u . Cf . Af ric a , iii 6 ; iv 1 8
. . .
 T hA e nabasis f
o Ale xander .

inj u For my own part I do n ot

h h h h h
l
ac t s of stice in E gy p t .

b lame im for is frie nds ip to He p aes tion and for is

h m h u m h m
m y h h
ll
rec o e c t ion of i e ve n w en dead b t I do b l a e i
mm
hp hh h h
f or an ot e r Cl ac ts an de d
. For t
eo e le t te r co

m
hy l h
p p
e n e s to re a re c a e ls f or t e e ro He p a e stion in t e

Al
hl h hh
yp
E g tian exa n dria, o n e in t e c it itse f a n d a n ot e r
u
hhp l
’
in t e is an d of P aros, w e re t e tower is sit ate d .

hp h l h
T e c a e s were to b e e x c e e din l l ar e an d to b e
gy g
bu
hu k h h
il t at lavis e x e n se T e l e tte r aso dire c te d t at .

m m
h h h hh
’
Cl e o e n e s s o ld ta e c are t at He p ae stion s n a e
ul m m
m h hl g um h
s o d b e attac e d to t e ; an d ore ov e r t a t is
u
hhhm h hh
n a e s o ld b e e n ra
g v e d on a ll t e e al doc e n ts wit

h h hg I p hh
w ic t e e rc a b
n ts e n te re d into argain s wit ea c

l m
muh
ca
3
ot e r T e se t in s
. n n ot b a e , e xc e t t a t e

m u m mm
Bu h l
ade so c ado ab o t atte rs of triflin g o e nt .

I mu bl m
hl h mp hp l hh
“
t t e f ol owin g st y a e sev e rel : If I fin d ,

H h
said t e e tte r, t e te l e s an d c a e s of t e e ro

mp l
u m h mm h
p a
ee stion in yp
E g t ll
w e ll l co e te d, I wi n ot on y
u m
huu u h u
p ardon yo an y c ri e s yo ay av e c o itte d in t e
u u pl
mm h hm u
p as t, b t in t e f t re yo s all s ff e r n o n ea s an t

m m
h mm hm
t re at e nt fro e, owe ve r gre at ay b e t e c ri es y o
”
mm
h ul g l
av e co itte d . Ic ann ot co e n d t is e ss a e se n t
g
m g m
hm
f ro k a re at ing to a an w o was r in a arg e
co m
un t ry an d
p p p ll y any eo le , es ec ia as t e an was a
w ic k e d o n e .
‘

We h h
D e mos t e n e s again s t D ion y s iodoru h
hpa hh
re a
h
1
d in t e sp e e c of s

t at Cl eome ne s an d is p z
n s e n ric e d t emse l v e s b y mon o oli in

h
rtis a g
yp
t e e xportation of c orn rom E g t
f p Of Af ric a iii 5 s u ra
ha m
. . . .
,

H m ( A a
f mh h a hu
e n tion e d
3 l ex
T is isl nd is by Odyssey , iv o er . n de r

u am
h h h
c on s tr c te d a ol e se v en st de s l on g ro t e c oas t t o t e isl n d, t s

f m a u A a
hy fam u h f y
or in g t a
e two rb o rs of l e x n dri S e e S trab o, . xvii . 1 . T e

u u P my
Ph h h hu
a
isl nd is c ie fl o s for t e lo t towe r b il t p on it b y tol e
a u
il de l p a a a (
s, B
for lig t o se . Cf . C es r De e l le Civ il i, iii .

Ammianm, xxii . 16 .

C on sul t Lu umm mere um

h m h
c ia a a c reden d
’
3 n ( C l e n on te ,

Af te r Al e xande r s was e xe c u Ptol e m y

hh h
de at Cl e o te d b y w
'
ene s , o

domi n io n s
’
re c e iv e d E gyp t as is s are of t e gre at kin g s .
 Alexan der S eized wit h Fever .

CHAPTER XXIV .

AN OTH ER 0 mmor ALEXAN D E R B D EATH ’

.

Bur Al e xan de r s Aristob ul us

hh
’
own end was n ow n e ar.
y s t at t e foll owin g oc c urre nc e was ap rogn ostic ation
h h h
sa

hh h
t was ab ou He was distrib u
h
of w a t to app e n . ting t e
army w ic c ame wit Pe u s from Pe r

hh hh M h
ce sta sia a nd t a t ,

hM
w ic c ame wit P ilox e n u n de r f romt e s e a

h h
s a
1
nd en a ,

amon g t e ac e donian lin e s an d be c omin g t irsty

h h h h , e

re tire d from is seat an d t u l t rone e mp ty

h hh h h
s l e ft t e roya .

hhh
On eac s ide of t e t ron e we re c ou c e s wit s il v e r fe e t ,

upon w ic is p e rson al Comp an ion s we re sittin g A

hh
.

in man of ob sc u re c on dition (some sa

h h
c erta t a t w a
y e s

e v e n on e of t e me n k e p t u ard wit ou
h
n de r g u

hh h h
t b e in g in
in s) s e e in g t e t ron e an d t e c ou c es e mp ty a

h h hh h
c a , nd ,

t e eu nu n din g rou n d t e t ron e ( for t e Com

h hh h
c s s ta

panions al so rose up f rom t eir se ats wit t e k ing w e n

h h hh h l k e d t rou e of e unu

hh
e re tire d) wa , g t e l in c s a s c e n de d ,

t e t ron e an d s at down u Ac c ordin g to a

h h hh
9
, p on it .

P e rsian l aw t e y did n ot mak e im rise from t e t ron e

bu h h ,

t re nt t e ir garmen ts an d b eat t e ir b reasts an d f ac e s

as if on ac c ou
h hh h
n t of a gre a t e v il .

W e n Al e xan de r was in forme d of t is e orde re d t e

hh hh h
man w o ad sat up on is t rone to b e put to t e torture
,

hh hhhh h ,

h
wit t e v ie w of dis c ove rin g w e t e r e ad don e t is

h
But t e
h h
ac c ordin g to a p l an c on c e rte d by a c on s pirac y .

man c on f e sse d n ot in g e xc e p t t at it c ame in to is min d

h h h h
at t e time to ac t t u
,

E ve n more for t is re ason t e

hh
s .

divin ers e x pl ain ed t at t is oc c u

h h h h
rre n c e b ode d n o g ood to
im A f e w days af te r t is afte r offe rin g to t e gods t e
h
.
,

cu s toma

h
c e s for good su

h h
ry sa c rifi c c e ss a n d c e rtain ot e rs,

al so for t e p u rp ose of divin ation e wa s fe a s tin g wit

,

hM
Plutar h hh
Le t e
. e dite rranean .

u
hh
D iodoru
ha h
s (xvii 1 1 6) and.
(Alc 7 3 ) sa
en a,y t at e w as ab o n d
pri y m was D iony siu
Mu
son e r. T e l tte r sa s is na e s, and t a t e was a
esse isn .
 hAmh f A T e aric o lexande r
.

h hh
h u h
ie nds , an d was drinking far in to t e nig t
is fr He is .
l

m
h my huhu h m
also said to ave dis trib te d t e sac rific ial v ic ti s as w e ll
u
h m hh
as a q an t it of wine to t e ar
y t ro g o t t e c o

hh h
u
h h
p a n ies
an d c e n t ries T e re a
. re so e w o a ve rec orde d

h u M h m hm u
t at e wis ed to ret ire a
p fte r t e drin kin g arty t o is
m
h mp m h h
b ed c a b e r b t
- edia s, a t t at t i e t e o s t in fl

m m
h y g hh
c atial of t e Co g anions , e t i an d b e ge d i to
join a a
p y rt of re vell e rs at is res ide nce , sa in t at t e
re vel wou l d b e a p leasant on e .

CH APTER XXV
At zm za S n zzn wrrs Fm a
h h
.

Tu
hh
l D iary give s t e f ollowing aec o u ’

h
n R oy a nt , to t e

M h h h
e ffe c t t a t e re ve l l e d a n d dra nk a t t e dwe ll ing of

hh M
e dia s t e n ros e u p , to ok a b at , a n d s l e p t ; t en

again s u ppe d at t e ous e of e dina an d again dran k

hh h Af te r re tirin g from t e drin kin g
h h hhh
t il l far in to t e n ig t .

h h h
party e t ook a bat afte r w ic e took a l it tl e foo d

an d sle pt t e re , b e c au
hh
se e a l ready fe lt fe ve ris He .

hh h h
was c arrie d ou t u p on a c ouc to t e sac rific e s, in orde r
h
e mig t offe r t e m a is daily c u s tom

h h h
t at c c o rdin g to .

Aft er p erforming t e sac re d rit e s e l ay down in t e

h
b anqu h h all u In t e me an time e gav e
h
n til du

h
e tin g sk .

ins tru b out t e e xp e dition an d

h h
c tio n s to t e offi c e rs a

h h h h
voy a g ,
e o rd e rin g t o s e w o w e re g oi n g on f o o t to b e

hh hh
re ady on t e fo u rt day, an d t ose w o we re goin g to
sa il wit im to b e re ady to s ail on t e fift day From .

hPlu hh s tin (m 1 3 ) say t at e gave ab an qu

hh
rc ( Alan , 7 5 ) a nd J u

h h h
ta . et

ro u dmira
h M hh C f
to Ne a s t o a l , and t at , as e was l e aving it, e was invite d
odiu D iodorus , xv u 1 1 7

hh
to t e row ] b y s t e T e ssa l ian . . . .

f p
We le arn ro m Ariamew:(x t t is Cou rt J ou
h h
-
. 4 3 4 B) t a
. rn a l was

h
ke p t b y t e royal s e c re tary . E u
h
mene s , ate rwards so amous an d b y t e
f f
h y
,

istorian . D lml otu s of A

ua h
s of Er t ra
y e . As to t e l a st da l exa n de r, c f .

(Am
Pl t rc i . 76,
 T hA e nabas is of Alexan de r .

h m h hp a Wh
hfi h m hk h
e y was
p k c on ve ed fro t e ar in to t e al ce . en

m u
b g p h
is of c ers e n te re d t e roo , e ne w t e in de e d, b t

h gh
u g u u g
h u g gh
co l d n o l on er tter a word, ein
l s e ec ess . D rin

h gh
yh
t e e n s in ni t an d day an d t e n ext ni t an d day
e wa s in av e r i fe ve r .

CH AP TE R XX VI .

ALs m ns as ’
D EATH
h hy y
.

ac cou
h hh
S U CH is t e n t give n in t e Ro al Diar . In addi
u
gh h h
tion to t is, it ystate s t at t e sol die rs were ve r de siro s

m m m m
h u h hh
of se ein i ; so l e, in orde r to see i on c e ore w ie

hh h g
l
stil al ive ; ot ers, b e c a se t e re was a re ort t at e was
p
mg
by h
are ad dead, i a in e d t at is de at was b e in c on c e ale d
l y
m p
M hm hughg
u upp
hk
t e c on fide n tial ody g ards, as I for y art s
b -
os e .

h h h hh
os t of t e t ro rie f and a ff e c tion for t e ir in g
m
by h mh u l h
f orc e d t e ir way in to se e i It is said t at w e n is .

hh hh ghh h
p
sol die rs asse d i e wa s n ab e to s e a ;
p k y e t e

m
h hfi u y m k hh y
g re e te d eac of t e wit is ri t an d, rais in g is

h l y h hA u
ead wit dif g c lt an d a in g a s i n wit is e es .

M
m
ph
T e Roya D iary als o sa s t at P e it on, tt al s, De o

u m
h mp h
on , an d Pell c e s tas, as we as Cl e o e n e s, e n idas, an d
S l uu l p
hh ul b
e e c s, s e t in t k e te le of S erap is, an d as e d t e l

m
h mpl
g od w et er it w o bl d be e tte r an d ore de sira e f or

A
by h m h
l e xande r to b e carrie d in to is te e, in orde r as a
upp l u m A
g hh
u
h mpl
s ian t t o b e c re d i . v oic e iss ed f ro t e

u h h hh
g od sa
yin t at e was n ot to b e carrie d in to t e te e,

ul m m
h by h
b t t at it wo d b e e tte r for
b i to re ain w e re e

C mp
hh
was . T is an s we r was re
p orte d t e o anion s an d
s oon A afte r l e xan de r die d, as if forsoot t is w e re n ow

S e ra more y y h
h h hP
1
p is , or wa s a n E g p tia
c orre c tly S arap is
n de it , w ose ,

wors ip was in trodu c e d into G ree c e in t e time of t e tol e mie s

h hh h
H is .

p
wors i was introdu ced in to Rome wit t at of Isis, in t e time of
h h
,

Su ll a S trabo ( xvii 1 ) give s an ac c ou is c u

l tu
h hh h
. . n t of s in t e c el e b rate d
p
te m l e at Can ob us T e S e ra e u
. p
m at Al exan dria, w ic c on taine d t e
famous lib rary , is de sc rib ed b y Ammianu
s , xxii . 16 .
 hA Rumour t at lexander was P ois oned .

hb hg hA uu my h
muh m hp
t e e tte r t in . Ne it er ristob l s n or P tol e as
u
S m uh h h hh mp
g iv e n fi an ac c o
g nt di e rin fro t re c e din
g c e .

h hm hl hk g m hh
o a t ors, owe ve r,
e rel ate d t at is Co an ion s ave
m
h h h
as e d i
k to w o e e ft is in do ; an d t at e
”

h m k hl h m hh h u
re lie d :
p To t e b e st 1
Ot e rs say, t at in addition .

h hhu
to t is re ar , e to d t e t at e saw t e re wo ld b e
u
a re at f ne ra c on te st e l d in is on o r
g l 2
.

CH APTER XXVII .

Ramona ram
An em one was Porsos s n
h h h
.

I AM aware t at man y ot e r p artic u

h h
lars ave b e en rel ate d
b y istorian s c on c e rn ing Al exan de r s deat an d e sp e c ially
h h h
’
,

t at p oison was se n t for im by An tipate r from t e

hhh hh ,

h
e ffe c ts It is also ass e rte d t at t
3
of w ic e die d . e

A p A
h
p p u
oison was roc re d for n ti ate r b y ristotl e , w o was
Al u
h h
n ow afraid n de r on Callist e n es It
ac c o n t of
‘
of e xa .

hh y h
is said to avey b e e n c on v e e d b y Cassan der, t e son of
A p “
h mu hhy u g h g
n ti a m
te r, s o e re c ordin g t a t e c on v e e d it in t e

hk hm hy l u
oof of a l e, an d t at is o n e r b rot e r Iol las ave
it to t e in g .
6
For t is an was t e ro a c p b e are r, -

hm
ha hp
ost v aliant
1
Le t . e .

To decide w o w s to s uc cee d to is ower. 0 1 Curt iu

. s, x. 14 ;
D iodoru 1 17; Ju
Pl utar h
s, xvii . s tin , xii . 15 .

Cf rtiu D iodoru u 117 1 1 8 ; Ju m

at th
Cu
77) a rt th
. s, x 3 1 . s, xv .
. s tin , . 18 . c

t Al a d r b i g p i
i g wa aidab u
ft r wh Olympia th my f A tipat r t th
( Ala . sse s no nd s s o ex n e
'
s e n o son e ,

un til i y a
h
s x r a
e s e , en s, e e ne o n e , se e

c a afloat
rge .

p
See Arrian , iv 1 0 sura
M
-
. .

C
assan de r was af te rwards king of He p u
h h
ac edon ia a nd G reec e t .

p
Olym ias , Roxan a, an d e r son Al e xa n der Aegu

h h h
s to dea t , and b rib ed
Polysp e rc on to p ut Barsin e and er son Herc u l es to deat He die d of .

py
P ua h h
dro s , no . 297 .

Cf P au 4 ; Cu rtiu A
hp h
. sanias, xviii . s, x 31 ; . l t rc
( lex T e

y from
h hA a a hhh y
an c ie nts c all ed t e ois on ,
“
t e wa ter of S t x a it w s ob tain e d
Non a cr is in t e n ort of rc di , n ear w ic t e river St x took its
origin . Ju
s tin ( xii . 1 4) s ays : uus Cj ve n eni tan tavis fuit ut non . aere ,

n on f erro , n on tests c ontin eret u

r , n ec aliter ferri n is i in ungu
l a equ i
 Th
e An abasis o
f Alexan de r .

hh h
an d e appe n e d to ave rec e iv ed some affron t from
h h h hh
hM
Al e x an de r a s ort time b e fore is deat Ot ers ave .

h h h hh
s tate d t at e dias, be in g a l ov e r of I ollas , took p a rt in
s w o indu

h hAl h u
t e deed ; for b e it wa c e d t e kin g to ol d t e

h u g h hh
l
rev e y. T e say t at e xan de r w s se ize d a wit an ac te
y m p
m h k g h
p arox s of ain ov e r t e w in e -
c p , on fe el in w ic e

u
h h hAl
re tired f ro t e drin in bo t .
l
On e write r as n ot

m
h uky u h g gu
b
e ve n as a ed to re c ord t at w e n
ee n e xan de r
p e r

hh h uph hhm gh
c e iv e d e wa s n li e l to s rvive , e was oin o t to
m
h l m g hm
t row i s e l f in to t e rive r E rate s, s o t a t e i t
mm
hh h
’
disa ear fro
pp e n s sig t, a n d eav e a on t e e n of

m m fim
h hp h Bu h
afte r ti e s a ore r l y roote d o in ion t at e owe d is
-
p -

g g uh p h h
b irt to agod, an d ad de arte d to t e gods t as e .

h h u h
was oin o t e did n ot e sc a e t e n otice of is wife
m m
hu l m y g h
Rox ana, w o re strain e d y i fro ca rr in g o t is
u
h h h m h mp l
de sign t e re pon
. e tte re d a e n tation s, s a in t at

hughh p h h m
s e forsoot gl y b g
e n vie d i t e co e te or of e in

h hh m
t o t t off s ring of t e od T st ate e n ts I
e g . e se

m
hh yhb hb u h
av e rec orded rat e r t at I ay n ot s e e to b e ig n oran t
m m
h
t at t e av e een ade , t an ec a se I c on side r t e

wort y of c re de n c e or e v e n of n arrat ion .

CHAPTE R XXVIII .

C HARACTE R or ALEXAND E R
hh hymp
.

ALE XAN D E R died in t u

e n dre d an d fo rtee n t u Ol iad,

potu erit . Pli y

( Hnis t N at , xxx 53 ) s
. a s : U.n gulas tan tu
. m mul arum y
rep e rtas, n equ e a liam u ll am mate riam qu ae n on pe rrode re tu r av e n e n o
tygis a qu ae , c um id dan dum Al e xan dro magn o An tip ate r mitte re t,
dign u m me moriaest, magnaAristote l iain amiae xc ogitat um f
hf
.

D iodoru te s t at ate r drink ing fre e l , Al e xan der y

h h
s (xv ii 1 1 7) st a .

ll owed t e c on tents of al arge gob le t c all ed t e c u

h h
swa p of He ra
h
c le s a,nd .

s imme dia y z T is state me n t

h h j
wa te l se i ed wit viol e n t p ain owe v e r is .
, ,

dic te d b y Pl u It see ms rom t e l ast in u f

ph h h
l an u
h h hh
c on tra ta rc . nc t ion of Ca s,

hf h
t e I n dian il osop er, t at it was c on side re d t e rig t t in g to drin k to
intoxication at t e u f
ner al of a riend S ee l u tarc (Ale a , . P
 T hA e nabat ic f
o Alexande r .

CHAPTE R XXIX .

Aronoc r roe Aun tmn ’

s E xxon

h h h
.

Al exan de r s oul d ave c o mmitte d e rrors in is

h
THAT
c on du c t fro m qu ic k n e ss of te mper or from wrat
hhh h h
l
an d ,

t at e s ou l d ave b een indu c e d to c omport imse l f l ik e

h h n mona rc s to an immode rate de gre e I do n ot
h hh h
t e Pe rs ia ,

t in k re markabl e if we fairl y c ons ide rb ot

h
is you
h
t 3
an d
is u n in te rru p te d c areer of good fort un e ; like wise t at
h h h
king s ave n o assoc iate s in p le as u re w o aim at t e ir
hh h
h
b e s t in te res ts b u
h
t t at t e y will a
, l ways ave a s soc iates

urging t em to do wron g Howe ve r I am c ertain t at

h h h ,
.

Al e xan der was t e only on e of t e an c ie n t kings w o

h h hh
from n ob ility of c arac te r re pe n te d of t e e rrors w ic
,

hh h h
ad c o mmitte d
,

T e maj ority of me n e v e n if t ey
h h hh
e .
,

av e b e c ome c ons c ious t at t e y ave c ommitted an

h
e rror m h hhak e t e mis take of t in k in g t at t e y c an c on c e al
h h ,

h
hh
t e ir s in b y de fe n din g t e ir e rror as if it ad b ee n aj u st

But it s e e ms to me t at t e on l y c ure for sin is

h
ac tion .

hh
for t e sin n e r to c on fe ss it an d to b e v is ib ly re p e n tan t
,

T us t e su
h h hh
in re gard to it . fferin g will n ot app e ar
al toge t e r in tol e rabl e to t ose w o ave u n de rg on e u

h h
n

p leasan t treatmen t if t e p e rson w o in fl ic te dit c on fe sse s

hhh h h h
as ac te d dis on ou
,

h h h hh
t at e rab ly ; a n d t is good 0 p e for

t e fu tu re is l e ft to t e man imse l f t at e will n e v e r

h
again c ommit a similar sin if e is see n to b e ve x e d at
,

h hh h
is former e rrors
,

h
I do n ot t ink t at e ve n is trac in g
.

is origin to agod was ag re at e rror on Alex an de r s p art

h h
’
,

if it was n ot p e r ap s me re l y a de vice to in du
hh h
ce is
su bj e c ts to s ow im re ve re n c e }
N or doe s e se e m to

Cf D iodoru
. s, mm . 4 4; 656m :7 0 0 vearlc xov.
2
Cf . Curtiu
s, x
. 1 8 : Gl oriae laudisque , ut j usto ma
j or c upido , its ut
ja dmitten dareb ns
Plutar h hm
v e ni e t in tan tis a .

28 ) attrib u motive Al exan de r in

h h
3
( Al c exa, tes t e sa e to
p m Z eus
h
re rese nting i se l f to b e t e son of . L ivy ( ix 1 8 )
. says : Re ferre
in tan to regs p ig t o s p erb um mutation em vestis
u et desideratas um i
 Eulogy f
o Al exan der .

me h k g hM A u
hm h h
ave b e en ale ss re n own ed in t an in os, eac s,
to
u m u
hm b u h h g
or R a da an t s, to w o n o in sol en c e is attrib te d b y
u
hm hu h
t e e n of ol d, e c a se t e
y trac ed t e ir ori in t o Ze s .

m b g h pu hl
N or does e se e at all in fe rior to T e se s or Ion , t e

h m
f or e r e in t e re te d son of P ose idon , an d t e atte r
Ap l
h
of o lo His ado tion of t e Pe rsian ode of dre ssin g
p .

m m
h h hk g mgh pp
also se e s to e to av e b e en a ol itic al de vic e in re ard
p g

h h hM
to t e foreign e rs, t at t e in i t n ot a ear
m
hh m hhh mh
al toge t er an alie n to t e g an d in re ard to t e ac e
ug
h h
don ian s, to s ow t e t at e ad a re f e fro t eir
mp
hk m h h
ra s n e ss of te er a n d ins ol e n c e For t is reason I .

y gu
h hp m g h
t in , b e ix e d t e Persian ro al ards, w o c arrie d

hM h hh
o de n a
g l ppl es a t t e e n d of t eir s ears, a on t e rank s
1

M h
of t e ac e don ian s, an d t e Pers ian
p e e rs wit t e
y gu A bul u l
h g k gp
ac e don ian b od ards risto -
s aso a s se rts t a
. t
A u
hpup j y g h h
l e xan der se d to ave l on drin in artie s, n ot for

h b h
t e r ose of e n o in t e wine , as
g e wa s not a reat

u
g h m
win e drin er, b t in orde r to e x i it is soc ialit an d
k y
fi
frie nd fe elin to is Co pan ion s
ly "

CHAP TE R XXX .

E nt os r or An em one

h h
.

WHO EVER t ere fore re p roac e s Al e xan de r as a b ad man

h
l e t im do so b u t l e t im first n ot only b rin g b e f ore is h h ,

h
min d all is ac tion s de s erving re proac b ut also gat e r h , h
j aoen ti u m ad ul ati on e s , e tia m v ic tis ace do n ib u
s gra v e M
s , n e d um vic to ri
bu s ; e t foeda su lic ia pp
, e t in te r vin u m et epu micoru m et
hh h
la, c a e de s a

va n ita te m e men tie n da e stir is ons u p C

l t t e w ol e of t e in te re stin g
.

p as sag e in L iv y , ix 1 7 1 9 .S ee al
-
so A s lia
. n ( Va ria H is toric , ii 1 9 ; .

v . 1 2 ; ix .

Cf pra
h hP
H erodotu u 41Arrian iii 1 1 su
h
. s, v .
, . .

X u
h m a u hC u
3
en op on ( y p
C ro ae dia vii 5 8 5 ) says
, t at .
, t e ersian Eq als in-

Honou P p
Ah
r, or bo t t e
eers , s e n t t e ir ti e o rt .

3 Cf
Arrian, iv 1 4 s r ; J s tin, ix 8 ;
. . up a u au . t en e s , x. p . 434 B;
Asl ian ( VariaH istoric , iii 23 ; ix 3 ; xii . . .
 Th
e Anabasis f
o Ale xan der .

h h
h hh h hk
into on e vie w yk all
is de e ds of e v e r in d T en , in dee d, .

m m l u
hh h hhm
l e t i re fle c t w o e is i se f, an d w at in d of fort n e

hm h p h h hgh
e as e xp e rien c e d ; an d t e n c on side r w o t at an was

h h b m g hu
w o e re roa c es a s ba d, an d to w at a ei t of
um u pu
k g b h hg y pl by h
an s c c e ss e attain e d, ec o in wit o t an y dis te

hhh m l h p r hh
1
in of an d re ac in e ve r
ot c on tin e n ts, ac e is
m m m
g h b u hh
fa e ; w il e e i se f w o re oac e s i is of s all e r

h h
u
h
ac c o n t, s e n din
p p y bj
is l a o r on e tt o e c ts, w ic ,

u
hk h hm
owe v e r, g p y
e doe s n ot s c c e e d in e ffe c tin ,ye tt as t e
m
hm
are For y own art, It in t ere was at t at t i e n o
. p
m ul
m h
rac e of e n, n o c it , n or e v e n a sin
y gl e in divid a to w o

Al m
h m h h
’
e xan de r s p na e an d fa e ad n ot e n e trate d . For
m lly u l k
hh hb b hu h
t is re ason it se e s to e t at a e ro tota n i e an y
um g u
h y A h hb
ot eran b e in c o l d n ot ave ee n orn wit o t t e

hby h u
a e n c y of t e de it
g n d t is is sa id to av e e en
.

A
by h hhp hm l
’
l
re v e ae d af te r l e x an de r s de at t e orac l ar res on se s,
p
u
h m hh
t e v ision s w ic re se n te d t e se v e s to vario s

h by hhu p h
p pleo e, an d b y t by e dre a s w ic we re se e n diffe re n t
ul m
hp by h l
in divid as l . It is as o s ow n t e on o r aid to i
m u m
hh l h h hh
by en
p t o t e re se n t ti e, an d t e re c ol ec t ion
m m um
hp l h ul
w ic l is stil e d of i as ore t an an . E ve n at
m
hhu h b by h
t e l g
re se n t ti e, afte r s o on an in te rva, ot e r orac ar

hM hh A
p
re s on se s in is on o r av e e e n re c e iv e d t e nation

h m h m h hhh
of t e l ac e don ian s . In re atin g t e istory of l e x an

hm
’
de r s ac iev e e n ts, t e re are so t in gs w ic
e I av e
mp ll u u m
h h h
b een co e ed to c en s re b t I a n ot as a e d t o
m A m l
b hm
ad ire l e xan de r i
ac tion s I av e b ran de d se f . T ose

m
h m m hb h
as b ad, ot fro a regard to y o w n ve racyit , an d at
t e sa e ti e for t e ene fit of m k
an in d “ For t is .

1
Europ e and Asia Arrian
. re c kon e d Libya , or Afric a as a part
, of

h h z ay A a h
Asia
hm
S e e iii 3 0 ; v 26 ;
. . . v ii . 1 .

L
D r e on ard S c mit
hm hhh a hm y
. s s rri n is in t is work on e of t e ost

a h a a h h h
writers of is ti e , ab ove w ic
e xc ell e n t e is r ise d b y is si p lic it
u a ju m m ua
ha h a a h a
n d is n b i s se d dg en t G re t s is erits t s re a san istorian ,
.

u a
hm u hh h
H
t e y re yet s rp s sed b y is exc ell en c e s n istoric l c ritic is .

A aa a u
n b sis is b se d pon t e
i a am
os t tr stwort y stori n s ong t e c on
 IND EX OF PROPE R NA E S M .

( T hum e n ha
b ers ref er to t e p ges .
)

Ab astanians 3 40 , . Aesc nl apius 88 3 97 , , .

Ab b ot 25 8
Abdal onymu
,

s 116
.

, . h
Ae tolian s 26 3 4
Afg anistan 1 55 1 91
,

,
, .

, .

h
Abdera 3 7 ,

Ab ian Sc yt ians 205

h
.

.
Afric a 1 0 8 20 3 3 09
,

Agall assa 3 24 ,
,

.
, .

h
,

Abic t 21 3 27 6 28 3
, , , . Agamemn on 3 7 , .

Ab isares 25 7 264 279 , , , , 298 , Agat o 44 1 64 , , .

315 . Agen or 1 3 3 , .

Abou kir 1 42 , . Agesilail s 1 1 0 , .

Ab ras e 33 0—334
Ab u
,

lite s 1 7 2 1 7 3 3 7 4
Ab ydu s 37
,

.
,
.

, . h
Agis III 1 0 9 1 1 0 1 73
Agis t e Argive 223
Agrianian s 1 1 1 8 1 9
.
, ,

,
,

.
.

21 , 23 , et
, , , , ,

Ab yssinia 272
Ah
.
,

Ah
Acé siné s 27 1 274 298 —300
, , , , au us e r s, 3 64 .

3 1 5—3 25 , 3 3 6, 3 3 9 3 4 1 , -
it iop s, 27 2 .

Ach
h
38 7
P Of
.

aean s , ort , 3 7 . Al b anians 1 55 1 61 1 64 , , , .

Ac
Ach aeme nids, 3 75
ill e s, 38 , 3 9, 1 3 9, 3 23 ,
. Alb ion 1 25 ,

Alc etas 246 255 256 283

,
.

, , , .

A hu
Alc ias 7 7 . .

Ah
Al c mé n a 1 1 7 1 4 5
m h
c ill e 1 50 s, .
, , .

Al eian Pl ain 8 9
Ah
c a et , 1 79

m
A p
. .
,

cr o olis of t en s,
Ac r lis of S ardis , 50
Ac it 266 268
Al exander I 3 3 3 8 3
Ale xander t e G re at p an im
Al e xander Aegu s 24 2 4 21
h , .

, .

a hp
-
.
, , .

Ada, 65 , 66 . Al e x n der son of A6ropus 27 , , , 51 ,

Addaeu s , 63 , 64 . 8 .

Admetu s , 1 3 1 —1 33 . Al exan der t e E irote 1 52 , .

Adonis . 1 1 6 . Al exan dria 1 4 1 1 42 1 4 3 1 97 , , , , , 20 6,

Adraistaean s, 30 1 . 21 0 , 24 7 , 266, 340 , 3 5 1 , 4 1 6,
Aeac us , 226, 4 25 . 420 , 4 23 .

Aeac idae , 1 3 8 Alin da 66

Al pe s 1 25
.
, .

Aegae , 36 . , .

Aegean Se a, 1 1 0 , 408 . Ami nic G ates , 91 .

Aegin a, 3 3 4
Aegospotamt , 3 1 , 5 7
Aegy tup s , 27 6 3 1 8
. h
Amastrine 3 75
Amat fis 1 29
Amaz on s 234 3 93—3 95
,
,

.
.

. , , .

Aeolis and Aeolian s, Amb rac ia 1 1 9 , .

h
38 3 , 385

h
Ae sc in es
Aesc yl u s
,
.

1 49, 269, 3 3 8
Ammian us 80 1 06 203

Amm
27 1 , 3 8 5 , 4 0 1
inasp es , 1 8 5
, ,

.
, , 229, 27 0 ,

, .
 T hA e nabasis o f Ale xande r .

AmmOn , 1 4 4— 1 48 ,
2 23 , 3 2 0 , 3 4 7, Apoll onia 40 98
, ,
.

h
h h
3 8 2, 3 97 , 4 1 5
Amp iaraiis , 8 9 .
. Apoll onide s 1 44
Apoll oniu
h
s 1 49
Apoll onius R odias 56 34 6
,
,

.
.

ph h
Amp il oc ian s, 1 1 9
Am il oc us, 8 9
h .
.

h
Apoll op anes 3 5 1 3 60 , ,
, ,

.
.

Mph
Amp ion 3 0
h p p i o li
Am itrite, 3 20
s ,
,

1 0 , 1 2 ,
.

1 3 , 3 7 , 9 8 , 1 0 7 .
Arab 40 7
, .

Arab iaan dArab ians 1 3 5 1 40 , , , 1 4 9,

h M
Amp ote rus, 7 0 , 1 44 , 1 50
.

.
1 72, 30 8 , 3 0 9, 3 69, 407 —4 1 2
Arab ian G u l , 41 0 f .
.

Amyn tas of ac edon , 1 9, 66

Amyn tas , son of An tioc u s , 5 1 , 69, h . Amb itian s , 3 5 0
h
Arab iu s Rive r, 34 9, 3 50
.

h .

90 , 91 , 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 . Arac otia and Arac otian s , 1 5 5 ,

Amyn tas, son of An dromen es , 29, 1 61 , 1 83 , 1 97 , 27 5 , 283 , 3 4 1 ,
43 , 50 , 5 9, 1 62, 1 7 3 , 1 74 , 1 7 7 . 3 44 , 3 60 , 3 78 , 3 8 7

h
.

1 8 8 , 1 90 , 1 92, 1 95 Aridu s , 1 08 , 1 1 1
Of
. .

Amyntas , son Arr ab aeu s , 40 , Aral ea, 1 98 , 1 99, 202, 234 , 274 ,
4 3— 4 5 , 5 9, 7 4 , 95 . g 1
Amyn tas , son of Nic olau s , 23 7 , 238 , Aram, 8 7 , 1 07 , 1 56, 3 80 .

247
hh .

Amyntas t e T eb an , 25 .
Ara
Ara
ra
tu
t, 4 1 1
s, 8 8 .
.

h
An axagoras , 4 0 7
Anaxarc u s, 222 226
.

-
.
Araxe s, 1 7 7 , 40 1
Arb el a, 1 3 , 98 , 1 56 1 7 1 , 334
.

-
.

h
An axippus, 1 91 1 92 Arb fip ales , 48
, . .

An c ial us , 8 7 , 8 8 . Arc adia an d Arc adians , 32, 3 4 ,

y
An c ra, 8 4
h
An droc l e s , 1 29
.

An dromac us , 1 27 , 1 50 , 1 62, 1 92,

. h
h
4 21 .

Arc e laus , 3 6, 1 73 , 1 99
Arc ias , 4 09 .
.

21 0 , 21 3 21 5— . Arc onn é su s , 65 .

h
An dron ic us , 1 8 9, 1 91 Areia an d Areian s , 1 55 , 1 91 1 93 , -
.

An drost e ne s , 40 9 . 1 97 , 200 , 21 6, 3 61 , 3 78 .

Anic etus , 1 3 4 . Areius River, 21 6 .

An tae us, 1 4 5 . Aré s , 4 5.

An tal c idas , 79, 8 0 . Arete s, 1 64 , 1 66, 1 67 .

h
An te as , 3 63
An t emfis , 98
.

.
Aré tis , 4 6 .

Argos an d Argives , 51 , 58 , 8 9, 21 7 ,
An tib é lus , 1 8 2 . 224 , 227 .

Antic l e s , 23 0 . Ariac e s . 1 5 6 .

An tigen e s , 291 , 3 44 . Ariasp ian s, 1 96 .

An tigone, 1 93 . Arigae um, 25 1 .

Antigon us , 7 6, 8 8 , 3 0 5 , 4 0 5 . Arimmas , 1 52 .

h
An ti Lib iin us , 1 25 , 1 5 6, 3 0 8 Ariob arz ue s , 1 55 , 1 76, 1 7 7 , 1 78 ,
a
-
.

An tioc us , 97 , 1 4 9, 263 1 89
p
. .

Anti ate r, 26, 3 6, 43 , 8 1 , 1 02, 1 05, Arisb e, 4 0 .

1 0 9, 1 4 8 , 1 62, 1 73 , 23 1 , 3 91 , Aris tan de r, 3 6, 70 , 1 21 , 1 3 7 , 1 4 3 ,

3 92, 4 21 1 5 4 , 1 70 , 21 1 , 21 2 23 5
p Of
. .
,

Anti ate r, son Asc l epiodOru s, Aristo, 97 , 1 62, 1 64 , 1 65

u
.

23 0
h .

Antip il us 1 0 5
An ton in us P 1 us , 2
, .

.
Aristob l us, 3 , 6, 8 3 , 8 5, 1 0 1 , 1 05 ,
1 4 5 , 1 4 6, 1 4 8 , 1 60 , 1 93 , 1 97 ,
1 98 , 202, 20 9, 21 4 , 220 , 23 0 ,
Aorn us 99, ,1 2 5 8 —263 , 3 1 0 . 23 1 , 23 2, 27 7 , 28 1 , 297 , 3 3 4 ,

h
Apel le s , 4 8 53 , 8 8
Ap ric e s , 279
Apis , 1 4 2
,

.
. 3 4 4 , 3 4 8 , 3 5 1 , 35 2, 3 63 , 3 65 ,
3 66, 3 7 5 , 3 94 , 4 00 , 4 0 4 , 4 0 5 ,
40 6, 4 0 9, 4 1 4 , 4 1 7 , 4 21 , 4 23 ,
p
.

A oll o, 1 4 8 , 1 96 204 , 3 8 9, 3 90 , 425 4 25 , 427

p
, . .

A oll odoru s , 1 7 1 , 4 0 4 , 4 05 . Aristogeiton , 1 73 , 224 , 406 .

 T hA e n abasis f
o Alexan der .

Ba
h
Bac c ylides, 3 9
c tra 1 8 7 1 92 1 96 1 99 202 ,
.

, , , ,
Cab ul 24 7
Ca
, .

diz, 1 08 , 1 1 8 , 20 3 , 3 09 .
,

20 6, 233 , 24 6, 24 7 3 1 2, 3 8 5 Ca dmea, 25 , 27 , 30 , 3 3
C
. .

Bac tria, 1 5 5 , 1 83 , 21 5 , 23 6, 24 7 , admu s, 1 1 7 .

263 , 27 3 , 28 4 , 308 , 3 1 9, 40 1 Ca diisians , 1 55 1 61 , 1 80

C
. .
,

Bac trians , 1 55 , 1 61 , 1 65 , 1 70 , 1 83 , ae sar, 1 23 , 27 8 , 3 0 3 , 3 95 .

1 92, 1 98 , 1 99, 20 6, 23 4 , 23 5 , Cu ic as , 27 5 , 27 6 .

23 7 , 23 8 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 7 . Ca la na s, 1 4 9, 3 7 2 3 74 , 4 0 5 , 4 22 -
.

Baetica, 1 1 8 . Calas, 41 , 44 , 50 , 5 1 , 69, 84 .

Bagao, 238 . Ca ll atis , 3 54 .

Bagistan es , 1 8 2, 1 83 . Call ic ra tidas , 1 90 .

Ba
h
Bagoas , 1 1 3 , 3 67
Ba re in , 409
la cru
.

s , 7 6, 1 04 , 1 4 9, 1 64 , 1 65 ,
. Gallin es , 38 9
Ca
Ca h
llipolis , 88
.

ll ist en es , 95 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2, 1 46,
21 2, 25 2 1 48 , 222 23 2, 24 7 , 4 21 , 4 27
-

C
. .

h
Balkan , 1 0
Balk , 1 8 7
Bardylis , 1 8
.

.
amb yse s, 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 226, 3 64

C h
Can ob u s , 1 42, 420
ap tor, 1 1 0
.
.

C p C pp
. .

Barsaiin te s , 1 55 , 1 83 , 1 85 , 1 93 . ap adocia an d a adoc ians , 2,

Barsin é , 1 8 6, 242, 3 7 5 , 421 . 4 8 , 84 , 1 56, 1 61 , 3 05 , 3 08 .

Baryaxes , 3 65 . Ca ra nu s , 1 51 , 1 97 , 21 0 , 21 4 , 21 5 ,
Barzane s, 21 6
Batis, 1 35—1 3 9
Bazit a, 256, 25 7 , 259
.

.
Ca h21 7 .

rc edon , 3 1 3 , 3 70
Cardacé s 95 .
.

h
Be as Riv er, 3 06

hh h
Beg ram, 1 97 .
.

Ca
C
h
Cardia, 3 0 5
rdfic i, 1 54 , 1 7 2
.

h
Beit S emes , 1 4 1 aria an d Carian s , 58 , 65 66, 7 6,
-
.
,

Bel ooc istan , 1 5 5 , 1 96, 3 50 , 8 54 . 8 8 , 1 55 , 1 61 , 1 64 , 1 86, 3 08 , 3 1 8 ,

Bé l us, 1 7 1 , 1 72, 40 1 , 4 0 2, 4 1 3 . 41 4 .

Be rde s , 20 5 . Carim, 1 8 6 .

Be roe a, 1 5 1 .

Bé ssus 1 55 , 1 82 1 8 5 , 1 91 202, 20 6,
,
- -
C h
Carmania, 3 44 , 3 60 —3 64 , 3 8 7
art age , 1 0 8 , 1 1 6, 1 3 3 , 3 09, 3 1 3 ,
3 70 , 3 91 , 3 99, 4 06
.

Bis n ot 1 0 7 Casdim, 1 7 2
p
. .
,

h
Bistan e s 1 1 3 1 8 0
y
h h
,

Bit n ia 7 7 , 1 0 8
y
,
,

.
. Cas ian G ates , 1 7 9, 1 8 2, 3 08 , 3 8 7
Ca sp ia n Sea , 1 5 5 , 1 61 , 1 8 7 , 1 99,
.

h
Bit nian T rac ian s, 7 7
Boe otarc s 28
Boeotia 26 3 0
, .

.
.

C
20 2, 23 4 , 23 6, 274 , 3 8 7 , 4 00 , 40 1
assan de r, 1 9, 7 6, 8 8 , 1 62, 24 2,
421
.

, , .

Bosptirus 27 7 , . Castor, 21 9 .

Bottiae a 1 3 98
Bou
h
pare s, 1 5 5
, ,

.
.

Cat ah
Catan e s , 24 6, 24 7

h ea n s, 3 0 1 .
.

h
Brac man s, 3 27 , 3 43
Bran c idae 1 4 8 20 4
Briso 1 63 .
, ,
.

.
Cat aia, 3 1 9
Catu
Cau
ll u
ca su
s , 1 98
.

s , 1 97 1 99, 202, 234 , 24 7 ,

-
,

Britain 3 7 0
, . 266—275 , 284 , 3 08 , 3 8 7 .

Bromius 268 , . Cau nu s, 8 8 .

Brown e 1 4 4 , . Cayste r, 275 , 27 6, 3 0 9 .

Bru ttian s 1 5 2, 3 99 Ce l a e na e , 76
C
. .
,

h
Bfib ac e s 1 0 3 , e l ts , 1 4 , 1 8 .

h
Bfic é p ala 296 3 1 6 Cen aan , 1 0 7 , 1 08
.
, , .

Bfic é p al as 28 8 296, 297 , , . Ce ramic u s, 1 73 .

Bfimodus 1 56, 3 3 4
Bfisiris 1 4 5
Byb l u
,

s 115
,

.
.

h
Ce rc in itis L ake , 3 7

h
Cé ré t , 1 1 0
Ce t , 1 0 9 .
.
.

,
 Index o
f P rop er N ames .

h
h
C abor, 40 1 . h
h
CGp En , 1 1 4 , 1 8 9, 3 79 .

Ch
h
C ab oras 1 7 2
C a e ron é a
,

, 8 , 1 44 384
.

, .
Cop en River, 247 , 265
C
C h
ot é , 1 1 8 .
.

Ch
h
C a
al c e donian s, 1 91
l c is , 8 1 .
. orin t , 9, 4 9, 7 9, 1 1 0 , 3 3 4 .
Coru s , 53 .

Ch
al dae ans , 1 72, 40 1 40 3 , 4 1 2 -
0 68 , 88 , 1 09, 1 4 4 , 3 33
p
. .

Ch
an draguta, 27 5 . Cossa ea n s , 3 98 , 4 1 4 .

h
h
are s 3 5 , 3 8 , 1 02, 1 25 , 1 44
,

C aric l e s , 23 1 .
. Crateas , 3 63
Cra té ru
.

s, 4 3 , 44 , 95 , 1 26, 1 62, 1 7 5

h
C aridé mu s, 35 1 77 , 1 83 , 1 88 , 1 93 , 206 20 9,
.
-

C e mi, 3 1 8
h
h
C e n ab , 298
.

.
23 1 , 23 7 , 23 9, 24 6, 24 7 , 250 ,
25 1 , 253 , 259, 28 3 , 28 4 , 28 9,

h
C idde kel , 1 53

h
C ios , 78 , 1 0 9, 1 43 , 1 44
.

.
293 , 297 , 3 00 , 3 1 9, 321 , 3 22 ,
3 24 , 3 3 7 , 3 4 1 3 44 , 3 61 , 3 7 5 , -

Ch
h
C oas p e s , 1 7 2
C oes , 24 9
sm
.
. 3 91

h
.

Cré té and Cre tans, 58 , 98 , 1 08 , 1 1 0 .

h ora ian s , 23 4 , 273 , 3 8 7 Cré t eu s , 3 54

. .

Critodé mu
h
C orié n é s 24 4—246
y
C r sip p u
C
,

s 88 ,

ice ro , 8 1 , 8 4 , 1 0 4 , 23 2, 3 68 , 4 0 1
.
.

Croesu s , 402
s , 333

Cté sias , 3 , 27 1
.
.

C
. .

ilic ia, 85 , 8 7 , 8 8 91 , 1 0 4 , 1 5 3 , , Cfinaxa, 94 , 1 02, 1 65 .

1 7 3 , 1 8 6, 1 97 , 273 , 3 91 . Cfiriu m, 1 29 .

Cil ic ian G ate s , 8 4 . Cu rtiu s , 77 , 85 , 96, 1 02, 1 1 4 , 1 1 6,

Cill iita, 3 4 7 . 1 3 9, 1 65 , 20 3 , 204 , 21 9, 23 2,
Cimon , 7 2 24 1 , 258 , 3 33 , 3 35 , 3 58 , 3 61 ,
C
.

itiu m, 1 0 9
Cittim, 1 09 .
.

h4 1 9, 4 24
Cas , 27 2, 3 98
.

Cl azomé n a e , 40 7 . c ybé l é , 275 .

Olean der, 67 , 7 5 , 1 25, 1 63 , 1 94 , Cyc li dé s , 80 , 1 08 .

Cl ea h
3 61
rc
m
u 3 9, 1 02 1 5 2, 1 91 , 227
s,
Cl eo é ne s, 1 4 9, 4 1 5 , 4 1 6, 4 20
, .
Cydnu
Cymé , 7 1
y
C na, 1 9
s , 85
.
.

p Cp
. .

Ol efin , 224 . Cy ru s a nd y r ians , 55 , 1 08 , 1 09,

h
Cl eOp atra, 1 51 , 1 52 1 20 , 1 25 1 29, 1 3 2, 1 50 , 3 1 8
-
. .

h Of
Cl eOp is , 256
Cl itarc u
C
s, 3 3 5
.

. h
Cyré n é , 1 98 , 38 5
Cyre sc i ta, 20 7 .
.

l itu
u
s , son
Cl it s , son
Bardylis, 1 8 —25
Of
D rop idas , 4 7 , 1 62,
1 8 1 , 1 95 , 21 8 —221 , 23 2, 23 3 ,
.

Cyru h
Cyropolis , 20 6, 20 8 , 209
s t e E lder, 8 4 , 1 7 8 , 1 96, 20 7 ,
20 8 , 227 , 23 6, 272, 3 55 , 3 64 ,
.

C
235 , 23 7 248
n idu
-
s , 88
y
Coe l é S ria,
.

1 58 ,
.

Cyr u h
3 67 , 3 69
s t e Y
8 5 , 8 7 , 1 02
o un ge r, 39
.

, 7 1 , 7 6 ,

p
.

m of, 84
385
Coe n u s , 24 4 3 , 67 , 7 7 , 95 , 1 3 1 ,
,

1 33 , 1 62, 1 69, 1 7 7 , 1 8 2, 1 90 ,
Cyru
h
Cyt n u
s, c a
s, 8 1 .
.

23 5 ,23 6—23 9, 250 , 25 6, 257 ,

25 9, 280 , 28 4 , 291 , 299, 3 00 , Du an e, 1 61 1 98 , 1 99, 28 4
, .

3 1 1 3 1 4 , 3 1 8 , 4 27
-
. Da c ians 1 4
. .

h
Coe ran u
C ol c ia
s , 1 5 1 , 1 64
n s , 234 , 3 94
.

. Di ah
D e e di l us , 409

e , 1 61 .
.

Golon ae , 40
Comé da
p
e ouMn ta
.

in s , 20 2
C om an ion s , 23 , e t p oss u m
.

.
Dama
Da
sc u s 1 03 1 0 4, 1 1 4 24 2
mmase k 1 03
Ban dan ia 3 7 1 372
,

,
.
.

,
.

.
, .

h
0 5n 6n , 224 . Da nie l . 1 73 30 7 . .

Cfip aeu s , 25 9 . D an u b e 1 9 1 5 3 70
. . . .
 T hA e nabasis

Da riu s, 4 1 , 4 8 , 53 , 5 9, 69, 7 9, 8 0 , E aste rn Sea 309 400 , . .

—
90 1 1 4, 1 20 1 34, 1 35 , 1 40 , . E c b i ti na, 1 79—1 8 1 , 3 95
1 5 2 1 7 1 , 1 7 9—1 8 7 , 20 1 , 21 1 ,
-

220 , 227 , 243 , 27 7 , 334 , 3 64 , E gyp t a n d E gy tia n s, p

3 75 . 1 20 , — 1 4 9,
Da sc yliu m, 50 . 266 27 1 , ,

h
Be ti mes 80 , 8 1
D atap ernes 200 202
. .

-
.
3 8 5 4 1 0 , 4 1 6, 4 23
E laefis 3 7
.

.
.

h
, ,

Da vid, 1 1 0 , 1 8 6 . E la m, 3 64 .

h
D éf mi c u
D e in arc u
s, 27 3
s, 1 1 3
.

. h
El éan s 3 4 , 7 7
,

E l e p antiné , 1 44
.

ph h
D el ta 270 , 340 , 3 43
. . E l eu sis , 1 7 3 .

D el i, 228 . E l eu t é ra e , 27 .

D é ml des, 3 4 . E limiotis , 26 .

D émarl tu s, 47 .

D émé triu s, 76, 99 1 62, 1 96, 228 . , E mb olima, 25 9 .

256, 28 4, 291 , 300 , 3 28 , E n glan d, 1 08 .

33 5
h E nytt lins , 4 5 , 28 2
'

. .

D 5m5p 6n , 4 20 . E n yl u s , 1 1 6, 1 24 .

D é mostb é nés , 35 , 91 , 1 1 3 , 1 50 , E ordaea, 26, 363 .

1 7 5 , 38 4 , 4 1 6 E ordaic u s River 20
p
. . .

Dii, 1 0 E aminon das , 3 2

p
. .

D in dymén é , 275
D inoc rzites 1 4 3
‘

, .
.

h
E e rdu

h
E p é su
e Riv e r, 21 6
s, 5 1 — 53 .
.

D iodiiru s 28 , 3 7 4 1 44 , 4 8 , 61
,

64 1 0 2, 1 1 6, 204 , 3 7 9, 3 91 ,
,

422, 424 .
, , ,

h
E p ial te s , 3 5 , 64
E p ippu
p
E ic tetu
s , 1 49
s, 1 , 2
.

.
.

Di5d5 tu s , 3 , 4 1 8 , 427 . E pidau ria n s , 3 97 .

D iogé n es , 7 9, 90 , 3 7 1 . E p igiin i, 3 7 8 , 3 8 2 .

D i5 n Cas siu s, 1 . E p imé n e s , 23 0 , 23 1 .

D iony siodoru s, 1 1 5 . E p imé n idé s , 1 1 0 .

D tom sin s of H alic arn assus, 59, Ep irus , 1 9, 1 1 9 .

D ionysus , 1 1 7 , 21 8 , 221 225 , 265 -

E poc ill u
h s 1 80 , 21 6, 23 9
,

Fratos t é n es , 3 , 269, 27 3 , 27 4
.

269 3 1 0 , 3 21 , 3 38 , 3 62, 3 8 7 ,
, E ri a Rive r, 20 .

h
Diop an tu s , 1 50 .
E rigyiu

h 1 97
s, 1 5 1
.
1 63 , 1 8 1 , 1 88 1 8 9,
, .

Diosc firi 21 8
D iotimu
D iu m, 4 8
,

s, 3 5
.
.
.

h
E ryt ia 1 1 9

h
,

E ryt rae , 1 4 8
E t iopia
.

n s , 27 2, 3 1 7 , 3 69, 3 99 .

D n ie pe r 270 , . E tru sc a n s , 1 8 6, 3 99 .

D ol oaspis , 1 48 . E tyman de r, 1 96, 21 6 .

D omitian , 2 . Eu asp l aRive r, 250 .

D on, 20 2, 203 274 . . Eu b oea, 7 8 , 8 1 1 0 8 1 8 1 , 3 3 4, . .

D on aldson 3 61 , 38 3 396 . , . Eu dan é mi, 1 7 3 .

D orian s , 27 3 . Eu dému s , 3 60 .

D oxare u s, 27 9 . Eu e rgé ta e , 1 96, 21 6 .

D ran gian a an d D rau gian s, 1 83 , Eu gn ds tu s, 1 49 .

1 93 , 1 96, 23 9, 34 1 , 38 7 . Eu la eu s Rive r, 1 0 7 3 79 3 8 0 , 3 8 1 . . .

D rap saca, 1 99 . Eu mé n e s , 3 , 4 3 , 3 92, 3 97 ,

ph
D rop ides 1 90 . . 4 1 8 , 4 27 .

D ryde n , 1 79 E u ra tes, 7 1 , 91 , 1 0 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 5 1 ,

M
.

1 53 , 1 56, 27 4 , 27 5 , 27 7 , 3 4 7 ,
3 69, 3 8 0 , 38 1 , 4 03 , 40 6, 40 8 ,
D ysé rum , o n t, u 3 83 . 4 1 1 4 1 2 4 22
. , .
 T hA e n abas is

Hén el ideo 1 3 1 62 1 91 40 0
, , , , . apygian Cape , 3 7 0
I .

He rc ul es Pillars of 1 1 8 20 3 309
, , , , .

3 91 . Iuyginn s , 1 4 .

He rmolau
s 230 232 , , . Ib Erian e 1 1 8 1 1 9, 399
. , .

Hermotns 40 , .

Hermu s 50 27 5 , 27 6

Hé rfidfims 1 4 1 5 58 5 9 1 0 8 1 1 8
,

,
,

, ,
.

, , , , hh
Ic i ru
h s Is le 40 9
Ic t yb p i gi 354 ,
Idaean ounta M
ins , 40 , 50
,

,
.

1 4 1 , 1 70 , 202, 21 8 226 240 , . ,

.

24 4 , 27 0 , 27 1 , 27 4 27 7 , -
Iliu m, 3 7 38
y y
.
.

3 1 7 , 3 58 , 3 8 9, 3 92— 3 94 , Ill riaan d Il l rians , 9, 1 9 93 3 1 0 , , ,

41 3 .

Hé romé n ea, 68 . India 44 , 24 7 , 258 —3 49, 35 5 ,

,

H é ropyt u h
Hé r66p6l is , 1 4 9, 4 1 0
s , 52 .
. 4 0 0 , 406, 408
h
Indies t e , 3 , 27 3 , 27 7 , 343
,
.

Hés yc iu h
Hé ros tri tns , 52
s , 95
Hidriena, 65 , 66
.
.

.
In dian s , 1 5 5 , 1 5 6, 1 61 , 1 64 , 1 67 ,
1 68 , 1 93 , 1 97 , 1 99, 234 , 24 8
3 4 9, 3 70 —3 7 3 , 385 .

Hié ro , 3 9, 4 09 4 1 0 , . Indian G u l l , 309 .

y
Himal a as , 27 1
h In du s , 1 5 6, 1 93 , 248 , 2438 28 1 , 3 08 , -
.

Hin duHooc , 1 97 , 202, 263

-
. 3 1 7 3 20 , 33 9— -
3 4 5 , 864 , 369.
Hin du s ta
h
n , 263
Hipp are ns , 224
p
Hi pias , 1 09, 224
.

.
3 74 , 38 7
Iol aiis , 27
Iollas , 4 21 .
.

Hippoc ra te s , 88 . R m, 3 0 8 , 385 , 425 .

H ip pol yte} , 3 94 . Ion ian G u l , 18 f .

Hirtiu s, 40 0 . Ioniaan d Ion ians , 40 5 3 , 54 , 1 8 6, ,

Hib tan e s , 3 7 9
Hodu, 263
H oma, 265
.

.
.

p
h
I su
3 0 7 , 3 63 , 38 5
Ip ic ra te s , 66 1 1 5 , 1 40
s , 5 3 , 7 6 40 5
,
.

.
.

Ho me r, 3 9, 4 5 , 5 6, 1 1 6, 1 21 , 1 4 1 , Is is , 1 42, 4 20 .

1 67 , 1 7 5 , 20 5 , 21 8 , 260 , 27 6, Ismé n ias , 224 .

28 5 , 28 6, 291 , 30 9, 3 1 8 , 3 3 1 , Iso c rate s 3 95 ,

.

3 91 , 4 1 6 . Issu s , 90 —1 04 1 4 0 , 1 5 7 , 24 3 , 33 4 ,
.

mb ol dt, 1 0 8
Hu
Hy darn e s , 3 7 9
H) dae pe s , 270 , 27 1 , 274 , 279—28 8 ,
.
.

Ist muh
Is te r, 1 2—1 7 , 270 , 27 6, 277

y
s , 334 , 3 7 1 .
.

Ital , 1 5 2, 3 99 .

293 , 297 3 0 8 , 3 1 6—3 24 , 3 3 9, v a, 1 0 8 .

3 74 , 3 8 7 .

Hydrafite s , 27 1 , 27 4 , 3 00 , 3 0 1 , 3 0 8 , J av an , 30 7 38 5 .

3 1 5 , 3 24 , 3 26, 3 28 , 3 3 6, 3 3 9, J axarte s , 1 98 , 20 2, 24 7 27 4 4 0 1 , .

38 7 .
J e l al ab ad, 265 .

Hyparn a 67 , . J elu m, 270 .

Hy p as pis ta 21 c i p asum , , . J e rome , 1 09 4 1 3 , .

Hyp a h
H yp e ride s 3 5
s is
,

24 , 27 1 27 4 , 30 6 3 08
,
.

, , ,
J eru
J ose p u h
sal e m, 1 3 5
s 1 91 , 1 0 9 1 24 ,
.

, .

3 0 9. 3 1 5 , 3 3 9, 3 7 4 , 3 8 7 . Ju l ian 8 5 , 1 0 3 , 1 06, 3 8 5
yr a ia
.
,

H c n and Hyrc an ian s 1 55 ,

, Ju liopol is , 7 6 .

1 61 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 5 , 1 8 7 , 1 8 8 1 91 , . Ju p ite r A m m o n , 1 4 4 .

1 99, 27 4 , 297 , 3 0 8 , 3 0 9, 3 61 , Ju s tic e , 222 .

3 8 7 , 400 . Ju stin , 9, 3 1 , 1 0 3 , 421 .

Hyrc an ian Se a, 202, 274 , 30 8 , 3 0 9,

Kh
4 00 K rn 276
e
c
, .

Hy stasp s , 3 79 . ra an 1 5 5 1 91
o s , , .

Iac c h
u s. 1 1 8 268 , .
Krug r 99 1 4 3 1 8 8
e ,

268 , 278 28 1 ,
244 , 25 7 263
,

283 , 3 1 9, 3 5 6
.

.
.
 In de x f
o P rop er N ames .

L ab dac us 1 18
Lac e dae mon i an s 9 26 3 2
, M
Mum
ad
m
23 9,

ae a l e r 5 7 27 5 27 6
.

. , , , . , , .

1 20 1 7 3 1 90 227
M
H ae m s Lake 20 2 20 3 , 27 4 3 70 .
. , , , . , ,

Lu
h
f ié 54 5 6 5 7
, , , . M
u mm

M
g w Hi)
agi 3 0 05 3 67 , 3 8 9
,
,

,
.

L a ore 28 0 , 3 0 1
L aiu s, 1 1 8
,

.
.

M
Mhau M
agn e s ia, 5 8 , 1 65
a b nn u o n t, 25 8 , 25 9
.

L amp sa
L an garu
cu s , 40
s , 1 9, 20
.

. M a
al e , 7 8 .

l li n s , 3 0 1 , 322, 3 24—3 35 , 3 3 8 ,
a a
Lamc é , 221
La6medon , 1 5 1
.

M
M u
339 .

all s , 8 9, 1 25
L
M
. .

eb a n on , 1 0 8 , 1 1 1 , 1 22, 1 25 , 1 5 6, 3 0 8 . a a
n d n is , 3 7 1 .

Lé n aeu
L
s , 268
e on , 1 1 9
.

M
a
aaa a
a
n tin é , 3 2
r c n d , 202, 21 0 , 21 3 , 21 5 , 23 5 ,
.

M
.

aah
Leon na tu s , 1 05 , 1 4 9, 228 , 24 5 , 24 9, 23 6 .

25 2, 253 , 3 3 0—

h
3 5 1 , 3 63 , 3 7 7
3 3 4 , 3 4 5, 34 8 ,
. M rt
a ma
a
rc o
s, 1 1 1 , 1 1 5
n ni, 1 4 .
.

Leotyc l des , 54
Les bos ,
L e uc tra 32 .
.

1 43 , 1 44 . M
a aa
N rdi n ,
a L a
r otis ,
e ke , 1 42 .

Libya 1 4 4 . ,

Lib y Phi ia 406

3 1 3 3 69 , ,

-
oe n c ns , .

Lidd ll a d S tt 1 27 278
e n co , , .

Li y 1 67 21 0 25 3 34 9 400
v
Lubim 1 44
,

,
,

.
, , , , 4 24 .

M
M aa 4
ass g 25 256 259 .
-
, .

L ficanian s , 1 52, 3 99
M as é ta 36 238
e 2 4 , 23 -

u
.

M
, ,

L c ian , 4 6, 4 1 6, 427 u u
a so s 65

M
. .
, ,

L uc ull us , 71 . avac es 1 55 , .

Lu
Ly
d, 1 8 6
ae us , 268
.

. Muazac es
azac a
,

Lyc ia an d Lyc ia

Ly idac
ns , 67 , 68 , 80 , 1 25 ,

s, 1 48 .
M
M M
m
aza s , 1 73
é dia and .
.

edea 91 , 1 25 , 1 55 ,
,

Lyc omede s , 7 9 . 1 61 , 1 7 1 , 1 79, 1 80 , 1 92, 1 94 ,

Lyc iirgu s, 35 23 9, 272, 27 3 , 3 08 , 3 65 , 3 74 .

Mi
.

Li e ns Rive r, 1 54 , 1 69 . 38 7 , 3 93 .

Ly d iaa n d L d i a ns 4 0 , 50 5 1 1 5 y
2 ed te r ra n ea n , 27 5 , 276, 3 1 8 , 3 69,

M
, , , ,

1 8 6 30 8 , 3 8 5 , 4 1 4
. . 17 .

Lygin u

Ly
y
sa nia
s 12
L san der, 5 7
s, 1 2
, .

.
M
M
edias , 4 1 8 —
ega
e ga
422
l b plilis , 1 73
re u s , 1 44 .
.
.

Ly
Ly
sia
sim
s , 3 95
ac u s , 5 3 , 7 6 h
, 2 8 5 , 30
.

5 , 3 63 , M h
N e gi ris , 1 52
ega
.

st é n e s , 3 , 4 , 273 , 27 4, 3 55 ,

L pp
ysi u
3 73 , 40 5
s , 48 . M
M el a
3 72, 4 27
mnidas , 21 6
elas Rive r, 3 7
.

M m
.

Hel e t , 1 7 , 4 4 , 5 9, 67 , 1 62
ac edon ia 8 9 1 3 1 8 48 49 66 ,

7 7 98 , 1 1 2 1 25 , 1 62, 1 7 3 , 1 7 4 ,
. , , . , , ,

M
M h 1 76, 23 5 , 238 , 248 , 284 , 344
s lka rt , 1 1 7 .
.

M
. ,

23 9, 253 , 308 , 3 1 0 , 344 , 383 é los , 3 2 .

M
,

3 91 . 405 . em non , 4 1 , 4 6, 5 1 , 59, 64, 78 , 79,

ac edonians , p auim . 24 2 .
 T hA e n abas is
f
o Alexander .

Mmph
e is , 1 4 1 , 1 4 2, 1 48 , 1 50 , 40 5 , h
Nec o, 1 08 , 30 9 .

M
M en a
423 .

n de r, 1 09, 1 24 , 1 52, 4 1 4 , 4 1 7 .
Negmpont , 8 1
Neil os, 1 4 1 .
.

M
M
mu
e n e dé
e n e la
s , 21 0 , 21 5
iis , 276 .
. Neiloxé n u
Neop tol e mu
s , 1 97
s , 3 8 , 61 , 1 38 , 226
.

M en é s , 1 0 4 , 1 41 , 1 73 , 1 8 1 , 21 7
e n ida s , 1 48 , 1 64 , 1 65 , 1 69, 1 94 ,
23 9, 4 1 4 , 420 .
. Né pos , 3 0 5
Né ré ids , 3 8 , 320
Nervii , 61 .
.

M
M en é n , 1 1 0 , 1 97
Nessu s River, 1 0
Nic ae a, 24 7 , 296, 3 1 6
.

M
. .

M h
u
e noe t s , 3 8
é nop , 1 4 1
. Nic a n é r, 1 6, 4 3 , 54
1 8 4 , 1 92, 247 , 25 9
5 6, 95 , 1 62, ,

M
. .

Nic ia
’
en tor, 5 1 , 3 7 5 s 51

M
. .

M
,

s ré é s, 295 Nic omé dia, 1 , 2

Mp ama
. .

eros ua o n t in , 266, 268 . Ntc b pb lis , 2 .

eso ot i , 1 53 , 1 56, 1 61 , 1 72, Nic ostri tu s , 1 04 .

M
M h u
308 , 3 8 0 , 385
e tel l s , 4 8 .
. Nil e , 24 1 40 , 1 4 1 , 1 44 , 1 4 9, 1 50
,

20 3 , 270 , 27 6, 3 1 7 , 3 1 8
,

M
.

Nimrod, 4 1 1

M
m
et y
u
na 78 , 1 4 3
ic c al s , 4 0 7
, .

hP
Nip fite s 4 0 48
.

M
. . ,

ic fin , 8 94 Nisa ea n la in , 3 7 3 , 3 93

Mu M
. .

idas, 82 . Nomad ib a L y
n s, or Nu midians ,
il é t s a nd ilesians , 53—58 , 1 49 20 3 , 369 .

M
.

M y
204 27 5 , 3 54 , 3 8 5
il as , 67
, .

h
Non ac ris 4 21
Nop , 1 4 1
, .

M
. .

h
in é s, 1 1 0 , 224 4 25 , . Nys a, 265—268 , 3 1 0 , 3 1 9 .

M
M h
h
u
it ra ste s , 1 56
it ridate s, 4 7 , 48
.

h
Oc e an , 3 20 .

M
M h
it rin e s , 50 , 1 7 1

h u
it rob ae s , 3 7 9 .
. Oc u s , 1 1 2, 1 1 3 , 1 1 6, 3 7 5
Oc on dob ates , 1 55 .
.

M
M
it rob fiza n es , 4 8
ityl é n é , 7 8 , 7 9, 8 0 , 1 44
.

.
Odry sia ns , 1 64
u
Oe dip s , 1 1 8 .
.

M
M
m
itsra i , 276
oeris , 3 4 4 .
. y
Ol mp ias , 8 68 , 1 5 1 , 1 52, 223 , 3 1 8 ,
3 91 , 3 92, 4 21
.

M
M
oe roc le s ,
mu
on i s,
35
1 90
.

.
Omares , 4 8
Omb rion , 1 4 9
h
.

M
.

M h
oo lta
op
n,

, 41
3 25
.
. Omp is , 24 7

h
On , 1 4 1 .
.

M
M
u
u
a
se s , 3 6

u
sic a
.

n s , 3 4 1 —343 .
On c é stu
On é s ic ritu
s , 26
s,
.

3 1 9, 3 65 , 3 7 7 , 4 1 0 ,

M l e 54 — 5 7 , 27 3 4 27
yc .

M
, .

y c ena e, 1 1 8 . On omas , 1 90
y
.

M
My u
l asa, 5 9, 61
n d s , 5 9, 60 , 8 8
.

.
Op is , 3 8 1
,

M
.

Ora 25 6—259 3 5 1 , 3 5 5 , 3 63 , 3 77 . .

M yria
y m s
u n dr s , 90 , 92

, 27 5 .
.

h
Orb e l u s
Orc omé n u
Ordan es , 3 61
ou n ta
s, 34
in , 1 0

.
.
.

Nab arzau es 1 8 2, 1 8 5 , 1 8 8
, . Ore stis , 3 63 .

Nau c ratis , 1 4 9 . Oritian s , 3 50 3 52, 3 77 , 3 3 7 -

.

Nearc u h
Nan tac a, 1 99, 23 9
s , 3 , 4 , 1 5 1 , 21 7 , 263 , 27 3
3 1 9, 3 24 , 3 3 6, 3 3 7 , 3 4 8 , 3 4 9
.

,
Ormu d, 24 3z
Orob atis , 25 9
Oron te s 1 56
.

, , .

ph
3 5 5 3 63 , 3 64 3 72 3 7 4 3 7 5
, , , , . Oronto b ate s , 64 , 66, 8 8 .

Neb u c a h zz
3 7 7 406, 4 1 0 , 4 1 8 , 4 1 9, 4 27
,

dn e ar, 1 1 7
. Or e u s, 3 6
Orxine s , 3 65 , 3 67
.

.
 T hA e nab asis

h
h
P as ia ns , 3 94
P il e mon , 88
. P l m 1 48 1 49 1 95
o e o,
P lya u 35 8
, , .

Php
. o en s, .

P lybiu 95 1 0 1 1 02
Php M
ili , 25 9 . o s, , , , 203 , 23 1 ,
ili of ac edon , 6—9, 21 ,
24 , 1 1 2,
8
Php
21 9, 3 3 , 38 4 .

Poll ux
Phl p Mh
il i , son
i i
of A

, son of
n yn ta
ac atas ,
s, 43 i .

279,
P lyd ue
o e c s or , 21 9 .

Ph M
3 60
ilip , son of
.

e n el aiis , 44 , 1 63 ,
1 04 , 1 62, 228 , 23 5 ,
3 91 ,

Php hPh a
1 92 421 .

Phpp
il i , t e y sic i n , Polytimétu s,
Pompe iopolis , 88
Ph
ili i,
P py
.

Ph
ilistines , om e , 1 1 5 .

am
ha
il otas , son of ( J ie , 230
P m
P ilé t s , son of ar e nio, 1 2, 1 3 ,
. Portic an u s , 3 42
Poms , 28 0 3 06, 3 1 5 , 3 1 8
-

Pose idfin , 3 8 , 1 4 5 , 3 20 , 3 4 7 , 4 25
.

—1 96, 23 2, Pra c tiu s Rive r, 4 0 .

L
h
h
252
P il oxfinu
.

s, 1 5 1 ,
Prasias , ake , 3 7
Priam, 3 8 .
.

Ph
P isin u s , 1 44 . Prifipu s , 40 .

h
Ph
oc ia
P 6c 16u
ns , 30 , 38 4

, 35

oe nic iaa nd
.

oe nic ia Ph
.

ns , 55 , 8 1 ,
Prb mé t eu h
Proé xes , 1 97
s , 269
P rop on tis , 23 4
.

P
.

90 , 1 0 7 , 1 08 , 1 1 1 , 1 1 6, 1 1 8 , 1 20 , rotea s , 8 1 , 1 25 .

P roté sil a
h
us , 3 7
2 —
1 5 1 27 , 1 3 2, 1 3 6, 1 40 1 50 , , .

1 5 1 , 1 53 , 1 58 , 1 7 3 , 3 08 , 3 09,
3 1 8 , 3 52, 3 59, 3 91 , 4 0 6, 4 0 7 .
P rotoma
y h
c u s , 97
P tol e m t e G e ograp e r, 20 3 , 4 0 1
.

h .

h
P 6tiu
41 4 .

s , 1 , 4 , 27 1 , 3 92, 4 27 .
P tol e my , son of L a g us , 3 , 6,
1
24 , 28 , 7 6, 88 , 1 0 2, 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 ,
3 ,

P
h en e s , 3 7 9 1 4 6, 1 48 , 1 5 1 , 1 75 , 1 93 , 1 94 ,
.

h h
P rasaortes, 1 78 3 64 1 96, 200 —20 2, 20 9, 220 , ;23 1 ,
.
,

P ratap e rnes , 1 5 5 , 1 88 , 1 97 , 21 6, 23 2, 23 5 , 24 5 , 24 9 25 3 , 260 , -

h 23 9, 298 , 3 62, 3 7 9 261 , 27 7 , 28 8 , 297 , 299, 3 0 4 ,

.

y
P r gia, 40 , 44 , 4 8 , 65 , 67 , 7 3 , 7 6, 3 0 5 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 9, 3 24 , 3 3 2 3 3 7 , -

7 7 , 8 2, 1 0 5 , 1 8 6, 3 0 8 , 3 8 5 . 3 63 , 3 73 , 3 7 5 , 3 94 , 3 99, 40 5 ,
Pie ris , 3 6
P imprama, 3 0 1
Pin a ta
.

.
4 1 6, 4 21 , 423 , 4 27
y
P tol e m , son of P ilip , 4 5
y
P tol e m , son of Sel e u cu
h .

, 67 . s , 66, 7 7 ,
Pin iiru s , 92, 95 , 1 04 . 1 00 , 1 0 4
P
.

y
in dar, 34 , 3 9, 1 7 7 , 3 09, 3 3 4
h h
Ptol e m , 63—65 , 88 , 95 , 1 7 7 , 21 6
.

P
.

isidia an d Pisidian s , 67 . 68 , 7 3 y
P tol e m P il adel p u s, 4 1 6
P j
.

75 . un ab , 249, 27 1 .

Pixoda ru s , 66 . P fira, 3 55
P
.

lata ea e a n d Pl a ta ea n s , 3 0 , 3 2, 1 3 8 . Pu rs l ly , 3 4 9
P y
.

lato , 1 8 1 , 28 6 . P dn a, 230 .

Plau tu s , 1 08 Pyrfimu
h s, 89
p
. .

y
Pl sia des , 3 4 9, 4 1 1 P rr u
h s of E iru s, 1 9
. .

Pliny , 27 1 , 27 2, 277 3 1 3 , 340 , 3 49,

P lu ta h
3 69, 4 22
rc , 3 , 6, 27 3 3
.

—3 5 , 3 7 , 3 9, 4 9,
h
Pyt ag5 ras , 3 1 7
Pyt odé mu s, 8 .
.

92, 94 , 1 06, 1 3 7 , 268 , 3 0 5 , 3 58 , Quadi , 14 .

3 7 2, 3 96, 4 1 7 , 41 8 , 4 21 , 4 24 .

Pn y ta g fi ra s , 1 26 , 1 29 . Raamses 1 4 9 4 1 0
, . .
 hA
T e nab sis a f
o Alexan der .

h
S b lfin , 402
S opeit e s , 3 1 9
.

S opolis , 1 3 , 1 62, 23 9
.

.
Tau
Ta u
ron , 28 7 , 291
ru s, 85 , 1 5 1 , 1 97 , 7
Taxil a, 270 , 27 9, 280 3 7 1
2 3 —27 5
.

.
.

Sb stra tu s , 23 0 Taxil e s, 24 7 , 24 8 , 270 , 279, 280 ,

p
.

S a in , 1 0 8 , 1 1 8 294 , 298 , 3 60 , 3 7 2
p
. .

h
S arta, 3 2, 3 9
ph
K
Tel el eb ir, 1 4 6
- -
. .

S p in e s , 3 7 2 . Tel e u s, 3 5 4 .

S pita c e s , 294 Tel missu s, 3 6, 67 , 82 .

—
.

Sp ta
i m e n e s , 1 99 20 2, 209, 21 3—21 5 , Té m§nu s , 21 7 .

h23 6—23 9, 3 7 5
S pit ridates, 4 0 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 51
S pé riidé s, 88 , 4 0 9
.

.
.
Te mpé , 21 6
Té né du
.

s , 80 , 8 1 , 1 43
Tenn es, 1 1 6 .
.

S tame n es, 23 9 . Teredon , 4 1 1 .

S ta ss r r, 200 , 21 6, 23 9, 3 61 , 3 62 Teriol te s , 34 1
ééi
, .

Termessu
h s , 73 7 5 -
.

S tatira, 4 8 , 1 3 5 , 24 2, 243
S tib oetis , 1 88 .
. T a
hl e stris, 3 94
T ammu
h
T ap sa
z, 1 1 6
.

S tri b o, 1 5 , 55 , 7 8 , 1 08 , 1 3 9, 1 4 1 ,
202, 269, 27 4 , 3 1 9, 3 56, 3 7 1 ,
3 93 , 3 95 , 40 2, 420 .
T a h
h h
cu
ra, 1 8 3
s , 7 1 , 1 07 , 1 5 1 , 1 52, 4 06

T eb e s an d T eb a
.

n s, 25— 34 , 1 1 5 ,
.

S tri to, 1 1 1 , 1 1 6

h
S trymon , 3 7 .
.

h
h
221 , 265, 3 1 0 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 4
T eodec tes , 68 .
.

ph
S tymp a
S tyx , 4 21
ea
.
, 26

P
.

h
T efic rl tu

h
T e o rastu
s, 24 2
s , 23 2
.

Su
Su
e toniu s
l l a, 4 20
m
au
.
linu s , 8 69 .

h
T é ra, 8 8 , 1 98

h p
T ermo yl a e , 26
.

n iu
Bu
u
, 3 34 .

S sa, 1 7 1 1 7 4 , 1 8 2, 3 62, 3 7 2, 3 7 4 ,
-
h
T é ro, 3 9

h
T ersipp u
.

s, 1 1 2 .

Su
Su
sia
sia
3 7 7 3 8 5 , 3 8 7 4 06
, 1 91

na a
.

nd S u sia nia n s , 1 55 , 1 61 ,
.

h
T ese u

hy h
s, 3 94 , 4 25
T essal isc u
T essal an d T essa
s, 1 1 4 , 1 1 5

lia n s , 26, 4 3 ,
.

1 7 3 , 1 7 4 , 3 0 8 , 3 63 , 3 64 , 3 7 9, 67 , 68 , 69, 7 7 , 8 7 , 96, 97 , 1 0 1 ,
3 98 . 1 63 , 1 69, 1 7 6, 1 8 0 , 200 , 3 1 0 ,
Su tl edj , 3 3 9
S ye n né sis , 8 5
S yll iu m, 72
.

.
. T oah
h
3 83 3 91

T rac e a d T a n
,

s , 3 53 , 3 60
r ci a n
.

s 9 — 1 2h 1
.

5,
, ,

y
S riaPal a e stin é , 1 3 5 4 4 , 53 , 54 , 69, 7 1 , 7 5 , 8 7 , 93 ,
y
.

Syriaa n d S ria n s , 8 7 , 91 , 1 4 0 , 1 5 2, 98 , 1 08 , 1 1 2, 1 4 8 , 1 64 , 298 ,

y
1 56, 1 73 , 28 5 , 3 0 8 , 3 8 0 , 4 0 7
S rian G ate s , 8 7 , 8 9, 91 , 94 .
.

h
h
3 1 0, 3 4 0 3 8 3 , 3 91 , 406
T riamb u
u
s , 3 62
,

.
.

S yrmu
S yrp ah s , 1 2, 1 7
x, 5 2 .
. T c ydides, 1 2, 4 5 , 55 , 99, 295 ,

h
T ymc m
335
‘
.

das , 8 0 , 1 0 7 .

Tac itu s, 1 1 0 . Tib aré n e s , 1 1 8 .

Taent i ru m, 1 1 0 . Tigré s , 1 0 7 , 1 53 , 1 54 , 1 56, 27 4 ,

Tana is , 98 , 0 , 0 ,
1 2 2 2 3 20 5 , 20 —
9 21 1 , 27 7 , 3 4 7 , 3 64 , 3 69, 38 0 , 38 1 ,
27 4 , 3 0 8 , 3 8 7 . 40 1 .

Tap u ri a a n d T ap ur ia n s , 1 55 , 1 61 , Timae u s , 1 53 223 , .

1 8 7 , 1 8 8 , 23 9, 4 1 4 . Timagen e s 3 3 5 , .

Ta
hh
re n tines , 1 52
Tars is , 1 1 8
Tars u s u8 5 , 8 7 , 8 9, 90
.
.

.
Tima
Timol au
n de r, 63

hh
Tip sac , 1 0 7
s , 25 .
.

Tartessu
Tau
Tau risc u
s, 1 1 8
lan tian s , 1 9—
s, 1 5 1
22, 25
.

.
. Tiryn t iuh
Tiryn s, 3 1 0

h s, 3 1 0
Tissap ernes , 1 91
.