S T A N D A R D E D UCA T I O N A L S E RI E S

ENGLISH SY NO NYM S AND

ANT O NYM S

WIT H NO T E S O N T H E CO RRE CT US E

OF PR E PO S ITIO NS

D E SI G N E D AS A CO M PA N I O N FO R TH E ST U D Y
AND AS A T E X T BO O K
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FO R T H E USE OF S C H O O LS

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JA M E S C . F E R NA L D
E DI TO R 0F S Y NO N Y M S A N T O N Y M S
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A N D PR E PO S I T I O N S IN T H E S T A ND A R D D IC T I O NA R Y

NE W Y O RK

F UNK WA G NA L L S CO M PA NY
L O ND O N A ND T O R O NT O

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H al l, L o n d o n , E n g .

PR IN T E D IN T H E UNI T E D S TA T E S .
 PREFA CE .

T h e En g l ish l an g uag e is peculiarly rich in s yn o n yms , as , w i th

s u c h a h is t o ry , i t c o u ld n o t fail t o b e . F ro m t h e t im e of J uliu s
Caes ar , B rit o n s , Ro m an s , No rt h men , S ax o n s , D an e s , an d No rm an s
fi gh t in g , fo rt ifyin g , an d se tt lin g upo n th e so il o f E n g lan d , w it h
S co t c h an d Iris h c o n t e n d in g fo r m as t e ry o r e x is t e n ce a c ro s s the
m o un t ain b o rd er an d t h e Ch an n e l , an d a l l fe n c e d in t o g e t h e r b y t h e
s pee c h E n g l i s h m e rc h an t s ,
’
s ea , co ul d n o t b u t in fl u e n c e e ac h o th er s .

vl
,

s a il o rs , s o ld ie rs , a n d t ra e e rs , t rad in g , w arrin g , an d e x pl o rin g in

e v
e ry c li me , Of n e ce ss i t y b ro ugh t b ac k n ew t e rm s of sea an d

s h o re , o f s h o p an d c a mp an d b at t l e fi el d s . E n glish s ch o l ars ha v
e

s t u d ie d G re e k an d L at in fo r a t h o usan d y e ars , an d t h e l an gu ag es
of t h e Co n t in e n t an d o f the O rie n t in m o re re ce n t t im es E n g lis h .

c h u rc h m e n h ave in t ro d u ce d w o rd s fro m H e b re w G reek a n d , ,

L a t in , th ro ugh Bib l e an d pray e r b o o k se rm o n an d t rac t F ro m

s
, .

al l t h i s it resu l t s t h a t t h e re i s scarc e l y a l an guage e v

e r s po k en

a mo n g m en t h at h as n ot so me r epre se n t at i v
e in E n glish s peech .

T he s pirit t h e A n gl o = S a x o n ra ce
of m as t erful in l an guag e as in
.

w ar an d co m m erce , h as s u b j u ga t e d a ll t h e s e v
ario us e l e m e n t s t o

on e id io m , makin g n ot a pat ch w o rk b u t a co m po s it e l an gu ag e
, .

A n gl o =S ax o n t h rift , fi n d in g o ft e n s e v
e ral w o rd s t h at o rigin a ll y e x

v
pre s se d t h e s am e id e a , h as d e t ail e d t h e m t o d iffer e n t part s o f t h e
c o m m o n t e rrit o ry o r t o d iffe re n t s e r ice , s o t h at w e h a e a n a l m o s t

vi
v
u n e x am pl e d ar e t y o f w o rd s , k in dr e d in m e an in g b ut d is t in c t in
us a g e , fo r e x pre s s in g a l m o s t e vy er sh ad e o f h um an t h o u gh t .

S carce l y an y t w o o f su ch w o rd s , co mm o n l y kn o w n as s yn o n y ms ,

a re id e n t ic a l at o n ce in s ig n ifi ca t io n an d in u s e . T h ey h a v
e ce rt ain

co mm o n gro un d w it hi n w h ich t h e y a re in t e rc h an ge ab l e b ut o ut

s id e of t h at e ach h as it s ow n s pe c ial v
pro in ce , w it h in w h ich
a n y o t h er w o rd co m es as a n in t r u d e r . F ro m t h ese t w o qu alit ie s
aris es t h e great v
al ue o f s y n on y ms a s c o n rib u t t in g t o b e au ty an d

v
e ff e c t i e n e s s o f e x pre ss io n .A s in t erch an geab l e , t h ey m ak e po ss i
b l e t h at fre e d o m an d v arie t y b y w h ic h t h e d ic t io n o f a n a c c o m

pl is h e d w r it er o r s pe a ker d iff e rs fro m t h e w o o d en u n ifo rm it y o f a

l e gal d o cum e nt A s d is t in c t an d s pe c ifi c , t h e y e n ab l e a m as t e r o f
.

s ty l e to c h o o se in e v
e y
r in s t an ce t h e one t erm t h at is t h e mo s t
 PR E F A CE .

perfec t mi rro r o f h is t h o u gh t . T O w rit e o r spe ak t o t h e b e s t pur

po se , o n e s h o uld kn o w in t h e fir s t pl ace all t h e w o rd s fro m w h ic h

h e m ay c h o o se , an d t h e n t h e e x ac t re as o n w h y in an y ca se an y

part icul ar w o rd sh o ul d b e ch o s en . v
T o g i e s u ch kn o w l e d ge in
t h e se t w o dire c t io n s is t h e o ffice o f a b o o k O f s yn o n y m s .

di c t io n M acaul ay writ e s
’
O f M il t o n s

Hi s po et ry act s lik e an in can t at ion . merit l ies l ess in its o b v

It s io us mean ing
t h an in it s o c cul t power T h ere woul d
. s eem at fir st s igh t t o b e n o mo re in h is
, ,

wo rd s t h an in o t h er wo rds . But t h ey are wo rd s o f en ch an t men t N O s o o n er are .

t h e y pro n o un ce d , t h an t h e pas t is pres en t an d th e di s t an t n ear New f orms o f b eaut y

v
.

s t art at o n ce in t o exi s t en ce , an d al l th e b ur ial pl aces o f t h e memo ry gi e up t h e ir

d ead . Ch an ge th e struct ure o f t h e s ent en ce ; subs ti tut e one sy non ym f or another , an d

t h e wh o l e efi ect is d e s t ro ye d . l ose s it s po wer ; an d h e wh o

T he s pell sh o ul d t h en
h o pe t o c o n j ure wit h it wo ul d fin d h imself as much mis t ak en as C as sim in t h e
A rab ian t al e , wh en h e s t o od cryin g, O pen Wh eat
B arl e y t o th e d o o r wh ich ,
’
O pen ,
’

o b ey ed n o s o un d b ut O pen S e s ame T h e mis e rab l e f ail ure o f D ryd en in h is at t empt

’
.

t o t ran s l at e in t o h is o wn d ict ion s o me parts o f t h e P arad is e L o s t is a remark ab l e

”
in s tan ce of t h is .

M acaul ay s o w n
’
m pl es O f t h at e x quis it e
w rit in g s ab o un d in e xa

pre c is io n in t h e ch o ice o f w o rd s w h ich n ev er s ee m s t o b e pr e c is e , ,

b ut h as all t h e a spe ct O f ab so lu t e fre e d o m T h r o ugh h is l an guag e .

hi s t h o ugh t b u rs t s upo n t h e m in d a s a l an d scape is s e e n in

s t an t l y perfe ct ly an d b ea ut ifull y fr o m a m o un t ain h eigh t
, , A .

l it t l e v
ag ue n e ss of t h o ugh t , a s li gh t in fe li cit y in t h e c h o ic e o f

w o rd s w o uld b e like a clo u d upo n t h e m o un t ain , o b s c urin g the

s c en e w it h a d amp an d c h illin g mi s t . L et an y o n e tr y t h e e x peri

m en t w i t h po e m l ik e G r ay s
a E l e gy , o r G o l d sm it h s
’
T r a el
’
v
”
D ese rt e d Vill ag e , O f s u b s t it ut in g o t h e r w o rd s fo r t h o se
”
l er or

t h e po e t h as c h o se n , an d h e w ill r e adi ly perce i e h o w m uc h o f v

th e c h ar m of t h e lin es d epe n d s upo n t h e ir fin e e x a c ti t u d e o f

e xpress i o n .

In o ur o w n d ay , w h en so m an y a re ea g er t o w ri t e , an d co n fi

d e n t t h at t h ey c an w rit e , an d w h en t h e pre s s is s en di n g fo rt h b y
t h e t o n t h at w h ic h i s call e d l it er at ur e , b u t w h i c h so m e h o w l a c ks

t h e im pr in t of im m o r t al it y , it is of t h e fi r s t i m po rt an ce t o re v
ive

th e s t u d y o f s y n o n y m s as a d is t in ct b ran c h O f rh e t o rical c ul t ur e .

Pre vl a en t e rro rs n e e d at t im e s t o b e n o t e d an d c o rr ec t e d , b ut t h e
t e achi n g pu re E n glis h s pe ec h is t h e b es t d e fe n s e again s t all t h at
of

v
is in fe rio r , un s uit ab l e , o r r e pul s i e T h e m o s t e ffe ct i e co n d e m n a . v
t io n O f an O b j e ct io n ab l e w o rd o r ph rase is t h at it is n o t fo u n d in
s ch o l arl y w o rk s , an d a s tu d e n t who h as on ce l e arn e d t h e ri c h

t
s o re s of v
ig o ro u s , b e au t iful , e x ac t , an d e x pr es s i v
e wo rd s t h at
m ake u p o u r n o bl e
l an g uag e , is b y t h at e ry fa c t pu t b ey o n d t h e v
reac h O f a l l t e m pt a tio n t o l in g uis t ic co rr upt i o n .
 PRE F A CE .

S pe c ial in st ru c tio n in t h e u se o f s y n o n y ms is n ec e ssary , fo r t h e

re a s o n t h a t fe w s t ud e n t s po ss e s s t h e an a ly t ic a l po w e r an d h ab it
of m in d re quire d to h o l d a s u c ce ss io n o f s eparat e d efi n it io n s in
t h o u gh t at m pare t h em w it h each o t h er an d d e t e rmin e
o n ce , c o ,

j u s t w h ere an d h o w th e y part co m pan y an d t h e pe rso n s l eas t

a b l e t o d o t h i s a re t h e v e ry o n e s m o s t in n ee d o f t h e in fo rm at io n .

T h e d is t in c t io n s b e t w e e n w o rd s s im il ar i n m e an in g ar e o ft e n so
fi n e an d e l us iv e a s t o t ax t h e in g e n u it y o f t h e a c c o m pli s h e d

s ch o l ar y e t w h e n c l e arly appre h en d e d t h e y are as impo rt an t fo r

t h e purpo se s o f l an gu ag e as t h e m in u t e d ifferen c e s b e t w e e n s im il ar
s ub s t an c e s are fo r t h e purpose s o f c h e m is t ry O ft en d e fi n itio n .

it s e lf is b e s t s ec u re d b y t h e co m paris o n o f kin d re d t e rm s an d
th e p o in t in g o u t w h e re e a ch d iff e rs fro m t h e o t h e r W e per .

c e iv e m o re Cl e arly an d re m e m b e r b e tt e r w h at e a ch w o rd i s b y ,

pe rc e iv in g w h ere e ach d iv i d es fro m an o t h e r o f kin d r e d m e an in g

j ust as w e se e an d rem e mb e r b e tt e r t h e s it u atio n an d co n t o ur o f
a d j a ce n t co u n t rie s b y co n s id erin g t h e m a s b o un d arie s o f e a ch
,

o t h er ra th e r t h an b y a n e x a c t s t at e m e n t o f t h e l at it u d e a n d
,

o f e ac h as a s epara t e po rt io n o f t h e e art h s s urfac e

’
l o n g i tu d e .

T h e gre at mass o f un t ra in e d s pea ke rs a n d w rit e rs n ee d t o b e

re

m in d e d , in th e fi rst pl ace , t h a t t h er e a r e s yn o n yms — a s ugg e st io n

w h ich t h ey w o uld n o t ga in fro m an y pre c is io n o f s e para t e d e fini
t io n s in a di ct io n ary T h e d e pl o rab l e re pe t it io n w it h w h ich m an y
.

” “
s ligh t l y e d u c at e d perso n s u s e s u c h w o rd s as e l e gan t , spl en di d ,

v
c l e e r,
”
a w ful ,
” ”
h o rrid , e t c , t o in d icat e (fo r t h e y c an n o t b e
.

sa id to e x pre ss mos t an y s h a d e o f ce rt ain appro v

) al e d o r O b j e c t io n a

b l e quali tie s s h o w s a limit e d v

, o c a b u l ary a po v
er t y o f l an gua g e , ,

w h ich it i s o f t h e firs t im po rt an ce t o co rre c t M a n y w h o a re n o t .

giv en t o s u ch gro ss m is u s e w o u l d y e t b e s urpris e d t o l e arn h o w

O ft e n t h e y e m plo y a very l im i t e d n umb er o f w o rd s in t h e a t t e mpt

v
t o g i e ut t eran c e t o t h o u gh t s an d f eeli n g s s o u n like , th at w h at i s
t h e ri gh t w o rd o n o n e o cc as io n m us t o f n e ce ss it y b e t h e w ro n g
w o rd at m an y o t h er t im e s . S u ch pe rso n s are s im pl y un co n scio us
of t h e fact t h at t h ere ar e o th er w o rd s o f kin d re d m e ani n g fro m

w hi c h t h e y m igh t c h o o se as t h e Uni t e d S t at es s ur vyo

e rs Of
“ ”
A l as ka fo un d th e s h ud d erin g t en an t of t h e frig id zo n e w r ap
pin g hi m self in furs an d co w erin g o v
e r a fi re Of s ticks w it h
un t o u c h e d co al m in e s b e n e at h hi s fe e t
s .

S u ch po v
e ty r Of l a n g ua g e i s mpani e d w it h po v
al w a y s a cco e r ty

o f t h ou gh t .O n e w h o i s c o n t e n t t o use t h e sam e w o r d fo r w i d e ly
d iff e re n t id e as h as e i t h er n ev er O b s e rv
e d o r s o o n co m e s t o fo rg e t

t h at th e re is an y d iffe re n c e b e t w ee n t h e i d e as or perh aps h e re t ain s

 v
i ii . PRE FA CE .

a v
agu e n o t io n o f a d iff e re n c e w h ich h e ne v t mpt s t o d e fin e t o
er a t e

h im se lf , an d d im ly h in t s t o o t h e rs by a d d in g t o h is in a d e quat e
”
w o rd m e s u c h ph rase as
so yo u s ee o r y o u kn o w , in t h e h e lp
l es s a tt e mpt t o i n j e c t in t o a n o t h e r m in d b y s ugg es t io n w h at a d e

qu at e w o rd s w o ul d e n ab l e hi m s im ply an d d is t in c t ly t o s ay S u ch .

a m in d mb l es t h e O l d m aps o f A frica in w h ich t h e in t e rio r w a s

r es e

fill e d w i t h c lo u d y s pac e s w h ere m o d ern di s c o v e i y h as re v

, e al e d

g re at l ak es fe rt il e pl ain s an d m igh t y riv

, e rs O n e m ain O ffi ce o f
, .

a b o o k o f s yn o n y m s is t o r e v
e a l t o s uc h perso n s t h e un s u s pe c t e d

ri c h e s o f t h eir ow n l an g ua g e an d w h en a s e rie s o f w o r ds i s gi e n v
t h e m , fr o m w h ic h t h e y m ay c h o o se t h e n . , w it h in t e ll ig e n t ch o ice o f
w o rd s t h e r e c o m e s o f n e c e s s it y a c l e arer pe rce pti o n o f t h e d iffe r
e n ce of t h e id eas t h at a re to be e x pre sse d b y t h o s e d iffe re n t

w o rd s . T h us , co pio u s n e ss a n d c l earn ess o f l an guag e t e n d d irect ly

t o affl uen ce an d pre cis io n O f t h o ugh t .

H e n ce t h e re is an i mpo rt an t u se fo r m e re l is t s o f c l ass ifi e d s yn

ony m s l ike Ro g e t
,
’
s T h e sauru s an d t h e w o rk s Of S o ul e an d F al
lo w s . No t on e in a t h o us an d of a v
e ra g e s t u d e n t s w o ul d e v
e r d is
co v
e r, b y in d e pe n d en t st u d y o f t h e d ict io n ary , t h at t h e re a re fif
t ee n s yn o n y m s fo r b ea u t if u l tw e n t y s o n e fo r b egi n n i n g, fi ft e en
vl
,

f o r b en e o en ce , t w e n t y fo r f ri en d ly , an d t h irt y se e n fo r p u re s v .

T he m e r e m e n t io n o f s uc h n u mb e rs O pe n s v
i t s as o f
po ss ib l e ful
n e s s fre e d o m an d
, . v ari e t y o f u t t e ran c e , w h ich w il l h a e fo r man y v
pers o n s t h e e ff ec t o f a re v e l at io n .

B ut it is e qu all y i m po rt an t t o t e ach t h a t s yn o n y ms a re n o t

i d en ti ca l an d t o e x pl ai n w h y an d h o w t h e y d ifi e r . A pe rs o n o f
e x t en s i v
e r e a d in g an d s t u d y ,
w it h a fin e n at u ra l s e n s e o f l a n g u a ge ,

w ill O ft e n fin d a ll t h a t h e w an t s i n t h e m e re l i s t ,
w hi c h re c a ll s to
h is m e m o ry the a ppro priat e w o rd . But fo r t h e , v
a t s m a j o ri t y
t h e re i s n e e d ed s o m e w o rk t h a t
m pare s o r c o n t ras t s co s yn o n y m o u s

w o rd s , e x pl ain s t h e ir d i ffe ren ces o f m e an in g o r u s a g e , an d sh o w s

in w h at co n n ec t io n s o n e o r t h e o t h er ma y b e m o s t fi t ly u se d . T h is
i s t h e pu rpo s e O f t h e prese n t w o rk , t o b e a g ui d e t o s e l e c t io n f ro m
v
t h e ar ie d t re a s ures O f E n gl is h s pee ch .

Th is w o rk t re at s w it h in 3 7 5 pag es mo re t h an 7 5 00 s yn o n y m s .

It h as b ee n t h e s t u d y o f t h e au t h o r t o g i e e e ry d e fi n it io n o r v v
d is t in c t io n in t h e few e s t po ss ib l e w o r d s co n s i s t e n t w it h c l e arn ess

o f s t at e m e n t , a n d t h i s n o t m ere l y f o r e co n o m y Of s pa c e , b ut
b eca use s u c h co n d e n s e d s t at e m en t s a re mo st e as il y appre h en d e d

a n d re me mb e re d .

T h e m e t h o d fo ll o w e d h as b e en t o se l ec t fro m e v
e ry gro up o f s y n

o n y m s o n e w o rd o r t w o co n tra s t e d w o r d s t h e m e an in g o f w hi c h
, ,
 PRE F A CE .

m ay b e se t t l e d by c l e ar d e fi n it i v e s t at e m en t t h u s
me , s ecurin g so

fi x e d po in t or po in t s t o w h ich all t h e o t h er w o rd s o f t h e gro up m ay

b e re ferre d . T h e g reat so urc e o f vgu
a e n e s s , e rro r , an d perple x it y in
m an y d is cuss io n s o f s yn o n yms is , t h a t t h e w rit e r m e re ly as so cia t e s
s tr ay i d eas l o o s e ly co n n e c t e d wit h t h e di ff ere n t w o rd s , sl id in g fro m
s yn o n y m t o s y n o n ym w it h n o d e fin it e po in t o f d epart ure o r re t urn ,

so t h at a s m o o t h a n d at fi rs t s i gh t pl e as in g s t at e m e n t re a lly g iv es t h e

min d n o d e fi n it e res t in g pl ace an d n o sure c o n cl us io n

s A t ru e di s .

c us s io n o f s y n o n y m s i s d e fi n it i o n b y co m pariso n an d fo r t h is t h e re ,

mus t b e so me t hi n g d e fi n it e w it h w h ic h t o c o m pare W h e n t h e .

s t an d ard is s e tt l e d a ppro x im at io n o r di ff e re n t i at io n ca n b e d e t e r
,

m in e d w it h cl e arn ess an d ce rt ain t y It is n o t e n o u gh t o t e ll so m e

.

t h in g ab o u t e ac h w o rd . T h e t h in g t o t el l is h o w eac h o d is
re l at e d to o t h e rs o f t h a t part ic u l ar gro up . W h en a w o r d h as m o re
t h an on e pr o m in e n t me an in g , t h e s yn o n ym s fo r o n e s ig n ifi c at io n
t re a t e d in o n e g ro up a n d a re fe r e n c e is m a d e t o so m e O t h e r
'

are

g ro up in w h ich t h e s yn o n y m s fo r a n o t h e r s ig n ifi c at io n are t re at e d ,
as m ay b e se en by n o t in g t h e s y n o n y m s gi v
e n un d e r A PPA RE NT , an d

fo llo w in g t h e re f e r e n c e to E VIDE NT .

It h a s b e e n im po s s ib l e w it h in t h e l im it s of t h is v
o lum e t o t re at
i n f ul l a ll t h e w o rd s O f e ac h g ro up o f s ; n o n y m s S o m e t im e s it .

h as b e e n n e ce s sary to re s t ric t t h e s t a t e m e n t t o a m ere s u gg e s t io n

of the c o rre c t u s e in so me c a ses o n l y the c h ie f w o rd s of a gro u p

c o u ld be co n s i d e re d v
g i in g t h e k e y t o t h e d is c u ss io n ,
, a n d l e a in g v
th e s t u d en t to fo ll o w o u t t h e prin c ipl e i n t h e c ase o f o t h er w o rd s
by re fe re n c e t o t h e d e fi n it i v e s t at e m e n t s O f t h e d ic t io n ary It is t o .

b e h o pe d t h a t at s o m e t im e a d ic t io n ar y o f s y n o n y m s m a y b e pre
v
par e d , g i in g a s f ul l a l is t as t h at of Ro ge t or of S o ul e , w it h d is
c ri m in at in g re m a rk s upo n e vy w er o rd . S uc h a w o rk w o ul d b e of

t h e gre at e s t v
alu e , b ut O bv
i u ly b
o s e yo n d th e S C O pe o f a t ex t b o o k
s

fo r t h e c l a s s =ro o m .

The au t h o r h as h ere in co rpo rat e d , b y pe rm iss io n o f t h e pu b

lis h e rs of the S t an d ard D ic t io n ary , m uc h o f t h e s yn o n y m m a t t e r
pre pare d b y h im fo r t h at w o rk A ll h as b e e n t h o ro u gh l y re ise d
. v
o r re c o n s t ruc t e d an d m u c h w h o l l y n e w m at t er h a s b e e n a d d e d
. .

T h e b o ok co n t a in s al s o m o re t h an 37 00 an t o n y ms . T h es e a re

vl u
a ab l e a s s u ppl y in g d e fi n it io n b y c o n t ras t o r b y n e gat io n , o n e o f
the mo st e ff e ct i v e m et h o d s O f d e fin in g b ein g in m an y case s t o t ell
w h at a t h in g i s T o s pe ak er s a n d w rit e rs an t o n y m s are us e ful
n ot .

as furn is h in g o ft e n t im es e ffe ct i e an t it h es e s v .

Y o un g w rit er s w ill fi n d m u ch h elp fro m t h e in d icat io n o f t h e

c orre c t us e o f pre po s it io n s , t h e m is u s e o f w hi ch is on e O f the m o st
 x . PRE F A CE .

co mmo n o f e rro rs , an d on e o f mo s t diffi cul t t o av

th e o id w hi l e ,

t h e ir righ t u s e v
g i es t o s t y l e , co h e s io n fi rm n ess an d co m pac t n e s s
, ,

an d is an im po rt an t aid t o per s pic ui t y T o t h e t e x t o f t h e s yn

.

on y m s is a ppe n d e d a se t o f Q u e s tio n s an d E x a mpl e s t o a d apt t h e

w o rk fo r use as a t e xt s b o o k A s id e fro m t h e pur po s e s o f t h e c l as s :

.

ro o m t h is po rt io n w il l b e
, v
fo un d o f al u e t o t h e in di id ual s t ud en t v .

E x c e pt in g t h o s e w h o h a ve m ad e a t h o r o u gh s t ud y o f l an gu age
mo s t pe rso ns w ill d isco v
er w ith s urpris e h o w diffic u lt it i s t o
a n s w e r a n y s et o f th e Que st io n s or t o fil l t h e b l an ks in th e E x
a m pl es w it h o u t r e ferrin g to th e syn o n y m tr eat men t in Part I .
, or

to a d ic t io n ary , an d how rar e l y t h ey c an gi e va ny i n t ellig en t

re a s o n v
fo r pre fe re n c e e en am o n g fa m iliar w o rd s . T h ere a re fe w
who c an s t u d y s uc h a w o rk w it h o u t fi n d in g o c c as io n to co rre c t

s o m e e rro rs in t o w hi ch th ey ha v
e un co n s c i o us l y fall e n , an d w it h
o ut co m in g t o a n ew d e li gh t in t h e u se o f l an gu ag e fro m a full er
kn o w l e d g e Of it s re so urc e s an d a cl eare r s en se of it s vi ar o u s

c apab ilit i es .

Wes t New B ri gh t o n N , . Y .
, S e pt 4 , 1 8 9 6
. .
 BO O KS O F REFERENCE .

“
C rab b E n glis h S yn o n ymes E xpl ain ed
’
s [H ] . .

S l D ict io n ary o f E n lis h S yn o n yms [ L ]

‘
o u e s
g . .

S m i th s S yn o n yms D is cri min at e d ” [BE LL ]

’
.

G rah am’ s’ “ E n gli sh S yn o n yms ” [A ] . .

Wh at eley s En glish S yn o n yms D is crimin at ed [L . .

C ampb e’ s H an d b o o k o f S yn o n yms ” [L
ll ’
S ] . . .

F all o ws C o mpl e t e D ict io n ary o f S y n o n yms an d A n t o n y ms ” [F H R ] . . . .

Ro get s’ T esaurus o f E n lis h W o rd s

’
h ”
[ F W . . .

T ren ch s S t ud y O f E n glis W o rd s ” [ W J W ] “
v
. . . .

R ich ard G ran t Wh it e , Wo rd s an d t h eir Us e s , an d E ery D ay Engli sh

”
.
[H M
. .

G eo . P M arsh. L ecture s o n t h e E n gl ish L anguage

,
“
,
”
an d O rigin an d H is t o ry 01
t h e E n lis h L an guag e
g ”
.
’

F it ze d ward H all False P h ilo lo gy

“
, [S ] . .

E n glis h G rammar t r b y G rece [J M

”
‘
M aet zn er s , . . .
]

T h e S yn o n ym s o f t h e Cen t ury a n d In t e rn at io n al D ict io n aries

ha ve a l so b e e n c o n s ul t e d an d co m par e d .

T h e F un k W agn all s S t an d ar d D ic t io n ary h as b e en u s e d as

th e aut h o ri t y t h ro ugh o ut .

D A pple t o n
.
A BB RE

CO
v
IA T IO N S

. K F .
=
USE D .

Kraut h Fl emin g =

A n gIO S axo n
.
z V o cab ulary o f Ph i lo s o ph y ” .

B e ll S o n s L Lat in ; Lippin co t t
Co .

F re n ch L S L ee S h e pard
v
. . .

F l emin g H R e e l l . M M urray ’ s N ew E n gl i s h D ic t io n ary

. .

Fun k Wagn alls CO . M A CM M acmillan‘ CO

. . .

G erman S . C h as S crib n er s S o n s . .

G ree k Sp S pan is h .

. H arper B ro s . T F . T ickn o r F ield s

H M . . Co . . . H ough t o n , M ifli in CO . T H . T ro ut man H a es
It Italian T M . T ayl o r, W al t o n M ab er ey
Jo h n M urray W J W . . W J W id d let o n . .
 S Y N O NY M S ,
A NT O NY M S
A ND

PR E PO S IT IO N S

A B A ND O N .

S yn on ym s
d e s e rt , v
lea e , re s i g n ,
d i s c o n t in u e , q u it , V
”
r e t i r e fr om ,
t o re o , re c a n t , re t ra ct ,
fo r s a k e , re lin quish s u rr e n d e r ,
v
ce ase , ,

ced e , fo r s w e a r , re n o un c e , a c at e ,
d e p a rt fr o m , v
gi e up , repud iat e , w i t h d r a w fr o m
A b a n d o n is a w o rd o f w id e
.
s ign ifi c a t i o n , appl y in g t o pe rso n s
or t h in g s o f an y kin d a b d i ca e a n d r es i gn appl y
t to O ffi c e , a u t h o r

it y , orpo w e r ced e t o t e rrit o r ial po ss e s s io n s s ur ren d er e s pe c ial l y

to m ilit ary fo rce , an d mo re g e n eral ly t o an y d e m an d , c l aim , pas s io n ,
et c . Qu i t c arr ie s an i d ea o f s u d d e n n e s s o r ab rupt n e s s n o t n e c e s

saril y im plie d in a b a n d o n , an d may not ha v

e t h e s a m e s u gg es t io n

of fi n a lit y . T h e kin g a b d i ca t es h is t h ro n e , ce d es h is t errit o ry ,

d es e rt s h is fo ll o w ers , r en o un ces h is re l ig io n , r eli n qu i s h es h is t it l es ,
a ban d o n s h is d es ign s . A c o w a rd l y O ffi ce r d es er t s h is s h ip ; th e
h e lpl e ss pas s en g e rs a b a n d o n it W e qu i t b us in e s s , gi e up pro p
. v
e rt y , r es ign o ffi ce , a b a n d o n a h ab it o r a t ru s t R e li n qu i s h c o m .

m o uly impl ies re l u c t an c e ; t h e fain t in g h an d re li n qu i s h es i ts

g ra s p ; th e c re d it o r r eli n qui s h es h is c l ai m . A b a n d o n i mplies
v
pre io u s ass oc ia t io n w it h re s po n s ib il it y fo r o r co n t ro l o f f o r sa ke
v
i mpli es pr e io us as s o c ia t ion w it h in clin a t io n o r att ac h men t , r e al

o r a ss u med ; a man m ay ab and on or f o rs a ke h o use or frie n d s ;

he aban d on s an e n t erprise ; f o rsa kes G od . A b a n d on i s applie d
t o b o t h go o d an d e v
il ac t io n ; a t h ie f aban d ons h is d e s ign s , a

m an h is prin c ipl e s . F o r s a ke , lik e a b an d on , m ay b e u se d e it h e r

i n t h e fa v o rab l e or v
un fa o ra b l e s e n se ; d es er t is al w ay s un
 ab a se 2

fa v a bl e
or , in v
o lv
i g n a b re ach of d ut y , e xc ept w h en used of

m ere l o c alit i es ; as , t h e D e s e rt e d Vill ag e .

”
W h il e a m o n arch
a b d i ca t es , pr es id en t o r o t h e r e l e ct e d o r a ppo in t e d O ffi c e r
a

r es i gn s . It w as h eld t h a t Ja m e s II a b d i ca t ed h is t h r o n e b y.

d eser t i n g it .

A n to n ym s :

ad o pt ,
ad v
o cat e ,
as s ert ,
ch eris h ,
cl ai m ,
c ourt,

A B A SE .

Syn ym s
o n

b ri n g l o w ,
cast d own ,
d eb ase,
d e gra d e ,

A b ase refers o n l y to o u tw ard co n d it io n s . E xal t h im th at is

low , an d a b a s e h im th at is bi g E z ek xx i , 26
. . D eb a se applie s

t o quality o r c h arac t er The

co in age i s d eb as e d b y . e x cess O f

a ll o y , t h e man b y ice v
H u mb le in presen t u se re fe rs ch ie fly

v
. to
fe eli n g O f h eart ; h umi li a t e t o o ut w ard co n di t io n s ; e en w h en
on e is s ai d t o h umb le hi m s e lf , h e e i th er h as or a ffe c st to h a v
e

h umilit y of h e art . T o d i sgr a ce m ay b e t o b rin g or in flic t O d iu m

upo n o t h ers , b u t t h e w o rd i s c h iefly an d in cre as in g ly a ppli e d to
s uch m o ral O d iu m as o n e b y h is o w n ac t s b rin g s u po n h i ms e l f ; t h e
n o un d i s gra ce re t ain s m o re Of
t h e pas s i e se n s e t h an t h e erb h e v v
d i s gra ced hi ms el f b y hi s con d uct ; h e b ro u gh t d i s gr a ce upo n h is
famil y T o d i s h o n o r a perso n is t o d e pri e hi m o f h o n o r t h at
. v
sh o ul d or m igh t b e giv
en . T o d i s cr e d i t on e is t o in j ure h is re p

ut at i o n , a s fo r v
e ac it y
r or so l v
e n cy . A s en s e of un w o rt h in es s
h umb les ; a sh a m e fu l in s ult h umi li a t es impris o n m en t fo r c rim e
d i s gra ces . D egr a d e m ay re fer t o ei th er s t at io n o r ch ara c t er .

An is d egr a d ed b y b e in g r e d u ce d t o t h e ran ks , d i s gr a ce d
O ffi cer

v
b y co w ard ic e ; il e prac ti s e s d egra d e ! d r un k en n e ss is a d egr a d i n g
v ic e M is fo rt un e o r in j ust ic e m ay a b a s e t h e go o d ; n o th in g b ut
.

th e ir o wn il l d o i n g
s can d eb a s e or d i s gr a ce t h e m .

Ant o n ym s

ad v
a c n e
2
a
ggran d l ze ,

d i gn i fy ,
 a b as h
3 ab ate

A B A SH .

S yn o nym s
b e w i l d e r, d a un t ,
ch a in , d is compo s e ,
c on o un d , d i s c o n c e rt ,
c o n fu s e , d i s h e a rt e n ,

An y s en se o f in ferio rit y a b a s h es , w it h or W i t h o ut t h e sens e

of w ro n g T h e po o r are a b a s h ed
. at th e s pl e n d or o f w eal th , t h e
ign o ran t at t h e l e arn i n g o f t h e w is e . I m igh t h av
e b een a b a s h ed

G LA D S T O NE H o mer i c S yn ch r on , p 7 2 [H
”
by th e ir au th o rity . . . .

To co n us ef is t o b rin g in t o a s t at e O f men t al b ew il d ermen t ;

to co n o un d
f is t o o v
m en t al fa cult i e s t o d a un t is t o
e w h el m t h
r e

s ub j ec t t o a c ert ain d e gr e e O f fear E mb a rr a s s i s a s tro n g w ord .

,

s ign i fy in g prim aril y h a m per hi n d e r im pe d e A so l itary thin k er

, , .

may b e co nf u se d b y s o me d ifli c ul ty in a s ub j ec t , o r so m e men t al

d e fe ct o n e is emb a rra sse d in t h e pre sen ce O f o th ers an d b ecau se ,

o f t h e ir pre s e n ce Co n f us io n i s o f t h e in t e ll e c t e mb arras s m en t
.
,

o f t h e f e e l in gs A w i t n e ss m ay b e emb a rra s se d b y an n o y in g
.

pers on alit i es so as t o b eco m e co nf u s ed in s t at e m en t s

, T o mo r t if y .

a pe rso n is t o b rin g u po n h im a pain ful s e n s e o f h u m il iat io n ,

w h e t h er b ecau s e of h is O wn o r an o t h e r s fau lt failureA pupil

’
or .

is co n u s e d
f by
perple x in g qu e st io n , a
a g en e ral co nf o un d ed b y
v
o e rw h el m in g d e fe at A h o s t e ss i s d i s co mp o se d b y t h e t ardin e s s
.

o f gu e s t s , a s peak er d i s co n cer t ed b y a fa ilur e o f m e m o ry The .

cri m in al w h o is n o t a b a s h ed at d et ec t io n m ay b e d a un t e d b y t h e
O fli cer s w e apo n S ud d e n j o y m ay b ew i ld er , b ut w ill
’
. n ot a b a sh .

T h e t rue w o rsh ipe r is h umb le d ra t h e r t h an a b a s hed b e fore G o d .

T h e paren t is mo r t ifi e d b y t h e ch il d s ru d e n e ss , t h e c h il d a b a s h ed
’

at t h e pare n t s re pro o f T h e emb a r r a s s ed s pe ak e r fi n d s it d iflic ult

’ ‘
.

t o pro c ee d . T h e m o b is o v
er a w e d b y t h e m ilit ary , t h e h ypo cri t e
s h a me d b y A m an w h o m n o d e n ial , n o s c o rn c o ul d
“
e x po s ure .

a b a sh . F I E LDING A meli a b k . ii i , ch . 9, p . 300 .

[B . S .

Co mpare CH A GRIN ; HIND E R .

A nt o n ym s
animat e ,
b uo y,

A B A TE .

S yn ym s
o n

d e cl in e , eb b , mitig at e ,
d e cre a s e , le ssen , m o d e ra t e ,
d i mi n i s h , low e r,

T he st or m , t h e fe v
e t h e pain a b a t es
r, In t e res t d ecli n es . . M is ~

fo rt un e s may b e mi t i ga t ed , d esire s mo d era te d , in t en se an g e r

 ab b re vi t i
a on
ab et 4

a b a ed ,
t po pul at io n d ecr ea s e d , t ax e s r ed u ce d . We a b a e a n ui
t
s an ce , t ermi n a t e a co n t ro ers y , s upp r ess a v re b ellio n . S ee AL

L E VIA TE .

A n to n ym s
v
aggra at e ,
amplify,
co n t in ue ,
v
d e elop,

Pr e p o s i t i o n s

A b at e i n fury ab at ed b y l aw .

A B B R E VI A T I O N .

Syn o n ym s
a b ri d g m e n t , con tra ct i o n

v
.

An a b b re i ti a on is a S h o rt e n i n g by an y m et h o d ; a con tra cti on

is a re d u c t i o n o f S iz e b y t h e d r a w in g t o g e t h er o f t h e part s A .

t
co n r a c ti o n of a w o rd is m a d e b y o m itt in g cert ain l e tt ers or

sy ll ab l e s an d b rin gin g t o g e t h e r t h e fir s t an d l ast l e t ters o r ele

men ts an v
a b b r e i a t i o n m ay b e m a d e e it h e r b y o mi tt in g c ert ai n

port io n s fro m t h e in te rio r or by c utt in g o ff a part ; a co n t r a ct i on

is an a b b re v
i ti a on , b ut an a b b re v
i ti a on is n o t n e ce s saril y a co n

tr a ct i o n ; r ec
’
md se fo r m erch an di se an d D r fo r
t fo r re c e ipt , .
, .

d eb t o r are co n tr a ct i on s ; t h ey are al s o a bb r ev i a t i o n s ; A m for

A b b r ev
.

A m eric an is an a b b r ev i a t i o n b u t n o t a co n tr a ct i o n
, ia .

t i o n an d co n t r a ct i o n ar e u se d o f w o rd s an d ph ras es a b r id gmen t ,

o f b o o ks , paragraph s s e n t e n ce s e t c , Co mpare A BRI DGME NT, . .

AB E T .

Syn o n ym s

ad v
o cat e, c o un t e n an c e , in c i t e , s an ct i o n ,
aid e mb old en , in stig at e , s u p p o rt ,
i
a s s st, e n c o ur a g e , pr o m o t e , uph o l d .

A b et an d i n st iga t e ar e n o w u s e d al mo s t w it h o ut e x c e pt io n in
a b ad s en se ; on e m ay i n ci t e
t o g oo d o r e il O n e i n ci t es
e it h er v .

or i n s t i ga t es t o t h e d o in g o f so m e t h in g n o t y e t d o n e , o r t o in

v v
cre ase d ac t i it y o r furt h e r a d an ce in t h e d o in g o f it ; o n e a b et s

v
b y gi in g s y mpat h y , c o un t en an c e , o r sub s t an t ial aid t o t h e d o in g
of th at w hi ch is alre a d y pro j ec t e d o r in pro c es s o f co mm is sio n .

A b et an d i n s t i ga t e a pply e ith e r t o pe rson s o r actio n s i n ci t e t o ,

pe rso ns o nl y ; o n e i n ci tes a pers on t o an act ion A clergym an

will a d v
.

o ca t e t h e c l aims o f j us t ice a i d t h e po o r, en co ura ge t h e ,

 a bh or
5 a bid e

d es po n d e n t , s u pp o r t t h e w eak , up h o ld t h e c o n s t it ut e d aut h o rit i es ;

b ut h e w ill n ot i n cit e t o a qu arre l , i n s ti ga t e a ri o t , o r a b et a

c rim e . The o rig in a t o r o f a c rim e o f t en i n s t i ga t es or i n ci t es o th ers

to a be t h im in it , or on e may i n s t i ga t e o r i n ci t e o t h e rs t o a cri me

in t h e co mmis s io n o f w hic h h e h i mse lf t ake s n o ac t iv e part .

Co m par e HE LP .

A n t o n ym s
b afll e ,
co n fo un d ,
co un t eract ,
d en oun ce,

AB H O R .

Syn o nym s
ab o m in at e , l o a th e ,

d e s pi s e , n ause a te ,
d e te st,

A b h o r is s t ro n g er t h an d esp i s e , impl y in g a s h u d d erin g re c o il ,

e s pe c iall y a m o ral rec o il . H o w m an y s h un e v

il as in co n v
e i en t
n

w ho do n ot a b h o r it as h at e f ul .
”
T RE NCH S erm i n . Wes tm . A b b ey
xx v
i 29 7 , .
[M ] . D e t es t e x pr e ss es in di gn at io n , w it h so m e th in g o f
con t e m pt . L oa t h e im plie s di s gu s t , ph y s ical o r m o r al . We a b h or

a t rait o r , d esp i se a c o w ard , d et es t a lia r W e d i s li ke . an un c i v

il
perso n , W e a b h o r c ru e l t y , h a t e t y ran n y W e lo a th e a rept ile
.

o r a fl at t ere r . We a b ho r M il t o n s h ero ic S a t an , b u t w e c an n o t
’

d esp i s e hi m .

A n t o n ym s
ad mire ,
appro v e,
v
co et ,

AB ID E .

Syn o n ym s
a n t i cipat e , dw e ll,
aw a it , en d ure ,
b e a r, e xp e c t ,
b id e, in h a b it ,
c o n fr o n t , v
li e ,
co n t in u e , lod ge,

TO a bid e is t o re m ain co n t in u o u s l y W i t h o ut limit of t i me

u n l e s s e x pre sse d b y th e co n t e x t t o =d a y I must a b i d e at th v
” “
h o u se , 5;
L u ke x ix ,
a se t t l e d pl a c e fo r t h e e t o a b i d e in fo r

v
e er,
”
1 Ki n gs ii i , 1 3 ; “
v
A b i d e w i t h m e f a s t fa l l s t h e e e n t i d e , . v
L YT E H ymn L o d ge, s oj o u r n , s t a y , t a r r y , an d w a i t al w ay s im pl y
.

a li m it e d t im e ; lo d ge , t o pas s t h e n ig h t , s oj o u r n t o rema i n
 ab o li sh 6

t empo raril y ; li v
e ,
d w el l, r es id e , to h a v
e aperm an e n t h o m e .

S t op , i n t h e s en se o f s a y or
t j
so o u r n , is c o l l o qu i a l , a n d n o t in

appro v
ed u se . Co m par e E ND UR E RE S T .

A n to n ym s

ab an d o n ,
v
a o id ,
d epart ,

Prep o si t i o n s

A b id e i n a pl a c e , f or a t im e w i t h a pe rso n , b y a s t at e m en t .

A B O LI S H .

y u o n ym s
ab at e , e ra d i c a t e ,
ab ro g at e , e xt e r m
in ate ,
a n n ih il a e xt i r p a t e ,
a n n ul , n u ll i fy ,
d e s t ro y o b l it e r a t e ,
en d ,
,
o v
e rt h r o w ,

A b o li s h , t o d o a w ay w it h , brin g ab so l u t e l y to an e n d , e s pe c i all y

m e t h in g h o s t il e h in d e rin g , o r h arm f ul w as fo rm erly u se d O f

a s so , .

perso n s an d m a t eri al O b j e c t s a u s ag e n o w O b so l e t e ex ce pt in ,

po e tr y o r h igh ly fi gu rat i e s pe e ch v . A b o li s h i s n ow u s ed of

in st i tu t io n s , c u s t o m s , an d c o n d it i o n s , t h o s e w id e s prea d e s pe c ia ll y

an d l o n g e x i s t in g a s , t o a b o li s h s l a e ry , i gn o ran ce , in t e mpe ran c e , v

v
po erty A b u ildi n g t h at i s b ur n e d t o t h e g ro un d is s aid t o b e
.

d es t ro ye d b y fir e A n n i hi la t e , as a ph il o so ph i cal t erm , s ignifi e s

.

t o put a b so l ut e ly o u t o f e x ist e n ce . A s far as o ur kn o w l e d g e go e s ,

m at t e r i s n e e r v a n n i h ila t e d ,
b ut o nl y c h a n g es it s fo rm .S o me
b e li e vt h
e at t h e w ic ke d w ill b e a n n i h i la t e d ; A b o li s h i s n o t s ai d

of l aw s . Th e re w e u s e r ep e a l, a b r o ga t e, n u lli fy ,
r ep e a l by
th e e n ac t in g b ody, n u ll i fy by
pr o c e e d in gs ; a l at erre v
o l ut i o n ary

s t a t ut e a b r o g a t es , w i t h o u t fo rm all y r ep e a li n g a n y e arli er l aw ,

w it h w hi ch i t c o n fli ct s A n appe ll at e co ur t m ay r e e r se o r s et
. v
a sid e t h e d e cis io n O f an in fe ri o r c o urt . O v
e th r ro w m ay b e used
in go o d o r a b a d s en se s upp r es s is co mm o n ly in a go o d ,
e it h er a

v
s u b er t a lw a y s in a b a d s e n se ; a s , t o s u b er t o u r li b ert ies ; v
to s upp r es s a re b el li o n . T h e l aw p ro h i b i t s wh at m ay ne v
e r

ha v e e x is t e d ; it a b o li s h e s an e x i s t in g e i l v . We a b a t e a n ui

s an ce , t er mi n a t e a c o n t ro ve rs y . Co m pare CA NC E L ; D E MO LIS H ;
E XTE RMINA TE .

Ant o nym s
aut h o riz e ,
ch e ri s h ,
co n fi r m,
co n t in ue,
en act ,
 a b so lute 8

A B S O L UTE .

Syn o n ym s
a r b i t ra r y , co m p u l s o ry , h augh t p e r e m p t o ry ,
imp e r a i e v v
v po si ti e ,
a rr o g a n t , c o n tr o l l i n g ,
a u t h o ri t a t i v d e s p o t i c, i m p e ri o u g s upre m e , “
m
e
éi b l e ,
,
a u t o cra t i c, d i c t a t o ri al , i rr e s p t yra nn ic al ,
co erci v d o g m aticQ
"
l o rd l y , r u n c on d iti on al ,
v J v
' F
e ,

co m m a n di n g , l d o m i n e e ri n g , o e rb e a ri n g , u n e qui o c a l
c ompul s i v
.

e , e xa ct i n g ,

1n t h e s t ri c t se n s e , a b so lu t e , fre e fro m all l im it at io n o r c o n t ro l ,

an d s up r e me , s upe rio r to a ll , c an n o t pro perl y b e s aid o f an y b e in g

e x ce pt t h e di in e v . Bo t h w o r d s a re use d , h o w e v
er ,
m o d ifi e d
in a

se n s e , o f h um an a u t h o rit ies a b s o lu t e t h en s ig n ify in g fre e fro m

limi t at io n b y o t h e r a ut ho rit y , an d s up r eme e x al t e d o e r a ll o t h er v

a s , an a b s o lu t e m o n ar c h , t h e s up r eme c o ur t A b so lu t e , in t h is .

use , d o es n o t n e c e ss aril y c arry an y u n fa v

o ra b l e s e n s e , b ut as a b s o

l ut e po w er ih h u m an h an d s is al w ay s a b u s e d , t h e u n fa o ra b l e v
mean i n g pre d o min at e s A u t o cr a ti c po w er kn o w s n o l imit s o u t
.

’
s id e r ul er s se l f po w e r , n o n e o ut s id e t h e rul e r s w ill
a r bi t r a r y
’
th e
o r j ud gm e n t , a r b i t ra r y c arry in g t h e i mplic a t io n o f w ilful ness

an d c a prici o u s n ess D e sp o ti c i s co m m o n l y applie d t o a m as t er

.

ful o r se v
er e u s e o f po w e r , w h ich is e x pre ss e d m o re d e c id e dl y b y
tyra n n i ca l . A r b i t r a r y m a y b e u se d i n a g o o d s en se as, t h e pro
n u n ciat io n of pro per na m es is a rb i tr a ry ; b ut t h e b a d s en se i s

v
t h e pre ail i n g o n e ; as , an a r b i t r a r y pro ce e d in g I rr esp on s i b le .

po w e r is n o t n e ce ssaril y b a d , b ut e mi n e n t l y d an g e ro u s ; an e x e c u
t o r o r t rus t e e s h o ul d n ot b e i r r esp o n s ib le ; an i r r esp o n s i b le r ul e r

is l ik e l y t o b e t yr a n n i ca l A pe rf e c t r ul e r m ig h t b e i rr esp o n s ib le
.

an d n o t t y r a n n i c a l A u t h o r i t a t i e is u s e d al w ay s in a go o d
. v
s en s e , imply in g t h e rig h t to c l aim a ut h o ri t y ; i mp er a ti v
e , p er
e mp t o ry , an d v
p o s i ti e are u s e d o r d in aril y in t h e g o o d s e n s e ; a s , an
v
a u t h o r i t a t i e d e fi n it i o n ; an i mp er a t i e d e m an d ; a p e r emp t o r y v
co mm an d p o s i t i e in s tru ct io n s v
i mp er i o u s s ign ifi es as sum in g
an d d e t e rm in e d t o co mm an d , rig o ro u s l y re qu irin g o b e d i e n ce . An
i mp er i o u s d e m an d o r r e qu ire m e n t m ay h a v
e in i t n o t h in g o ffe n

si v
e it is si mpl y on e t h at r eso l u t e l yin s is t s upo n co m pl ian c e , a n d
w ill n ot b ro o k r e fu s al ; an a r ro g a n t d e m an d i s o ff e n s i e b
y it s v
ton e o f s u pe rio rit y , a n a r b i t r a ry d e m an d b y it s un re aso n ab l e n ess ;
an i mp e r i o u s d is po s it io n is l iab l e t o b eco m e a r b i t r a r y an d a rr o
ga n t A pe rs o n o f an in d e pe n d e n t s pirit is in c l in e d t o rese n t an
.

i mp e ri o u s m ann e r in an y o n e , e s pec ia ll y in o n e w h o se s upe rio rit y

is n o t c l e arl
y re co gn ize d . Co mma n d i n g i s a l w a y s u se d in a go o d
 a b so l ve
9 a b s o rb

s e n se ; as , a co mma n d i n g appe aran c e ; a co mma n d i n g e m in e n ce .

Co m pare D O GMA TIC ; INFINITE ; PE RFE CT .

A n t ym s :
o n

ac co un t ab l e , co n s t it ut io n al , e n t le ,
co mplais an t , c o n t in ge n t , umb l e ,
co mpl ian t , d o cile , l en ie n t ,
co n d it ion al , d uctile , l imit e d ,

A B S O L VE .

Syn ym
o n s

a c q u it , e xc u l p a t e , fo r g i e , v pa rd o n ,
cl e ar, e xe m
pt , fr e e , re l e a s e ,
d i s c h a rg e e xo n e ra t e li b e ra t e , s e t fr e e

v i th
, , .

To a bsol e, n e s t ric t s e n s e , is t o s et f r ee fro m an y b o n d O ne

lv
.

may b e a b so ed f ro mpro m is e b y a b re a c h o f fa it h o n t h e par t

a

o f on e t o w h o m th e pro m ise w as m ad e T o a b s o l e fro m s in s is. v

fo rm all y t o re m it t h e ir co n d e mn at io n an d pe n alt y , r e g ar d e d a s a

b on d u po n th e s o ul .
“
Al m ig h t y G o d p a r d o n e t h an d a b so l v
e t h a ll t h o s e w h o t ru ly re pe n t , an d u n fe ign e d ly b e l ie v hi
e s h o ly
f Co mmo n Pr a yer
”
G o s pe l . B o ok o ,
B eel a r .
f
o A bso l . To a cqu i t

o f s in o r c rim e i s t o f r ee fro m t h e acc u sat io n o f

it , pro n o un c in g
on eg u il t l e s s ; t h e in n o c e n t are righ t ful l y a cqu i t t e d ; t h e g uilt y
m ay b e m e rc ifully a b so l ed v . Co m pare P A RD O N .

A n to n ym s :

ac c us e ,
b in d ,
P re p o sit io n

O n e is ab s ol v
ed f ro m (rare ly of ) a pro m is e , a s in , et c .

AB SO R B .

Syn o n ym s

con su me , e n g ro s s , s u c k up ,

d ri n k i n , e xh a u s t , s w a ll o w ,

d rin k u p , imb ib e , sw a ll o w up ,

A fl uid t h a t is is t a ken up in t o t h e m ass o f t h e a b s o r b

a b so r b e d

i n g b o d y , w it h w h ic h it m ay o r m ay n o t pe rm an e n t ly c o m b in e .

W o o d e x pan d s w h e n it a b s o r b s m o is t u re , iro n w h e n it a b so r b s
h eat , t h e s ub s t an c e re m a ini n g pe rh a ps o t h e rw i s e s ub s t an t ia l l y

un c h an ge d ; qu icklim e , w h e n it a b s o r b s w a t er , b e co m e s a n e w
s u b s t an ce w it h d iff ere n t qu a l it ie s , h y d ra t e d o r s l a k e d li m e A .

s u b s t an c e i s co n s ume d w h ic h i s d es t ru c t i el y a ppro priat e d b y v

so m e o t h er s ub s t an ce , b e in g , o r a g e n c y , s o t h a t i t ce a s e s t o e x i s t o r

to b e re co gn iz e d as e x i s t in g in it s o ri g in a l co n d it io n fu e l is co n

su me d i n t h e fi re , fo o d in t h e b o d y ; co n s u me is a l so a ppl ie d t o
w h at e v
er v
1 s r e m o e d fro m t h e m ark e t fo r in d i id u al u se a s , s ilk v
an d w o o l e n g oo d s a r e co n s ume d . A gre a t t alke r en g r o s s es t h e
con v e rs a t io n A c re d u lo u s pe rs o n
. s w a l lo w s t h e m o s t pre po s t e ro u s
 a b stinen ce
a b st ra ct 10

s t at e me n t . A b usy s t ud e n t i mb i b es or d r i n ks i n kn o w l e d ge h e
is a b so r b e d in a s ub e c t
j t h a t t a kes h is w h o l e a tt e n t i o n I o n ly
.

po s t po n e d it b e cau se I h appe n e d t o g e t a b s o rb ed in a b ook . K A NE

G r i n n e ll E xp e d ch 4 3 , pag e 4 03 [H . . . .

A n t o n ym s
c as t o ut ,
di s go rge ,
d is perse ,
P r e po s itio n s

Pl an t s a b s o rbm o is t u re f r o m t h e a ir ; t h e s t ud e n t is ab so rb e d i n
t h o u gh t n u t rim e n t m a y b e a b s o rb e d i n t o t h e s y s t e m th ro u gh t h e

s ki n .

A B S T I NE N C E .

Syn o n ym s

a b te miou sn
s e s s , fr u g a l i t y , s e l f zd e n i a l , s o b ri e ty ,

c o n tin e n ce , m o d e rat io n , s e l f =r e s t r a i n t ,. t e m pe ran ce .

fa s t i n g . s e l f zc o n t r o l ,

A b s ti n en ce fro m fo o d co mm o n l y s ig n ifi es
g o i n g w it h o u t ; a b
s t emi o u s n es s , part a kin g m o d e r at e l y ; a b s t i n e n ce m a y b e fo r a s in

g l e o cc as io n , a b s t emi o u sn es s i s h ab it ual mo d er a ti o n S e lf d en i a l .
s

v
is g i in g up w h at o n e w ish e s ; a b s t i n en ce m ay b e r e fraini n g fro m
w h a t o n e d o es n o t d e s ire F a s t i n g is a b s t i n en ce fr o m fo o d fo r a
.

l im it e d t im e , an d g e n e r all y fo r r e lig io u s r e aso n s S o b r i et y an d .

t emp e r a n ce v
s ig n ify m ai n t ain i n g a qu i e t , e e n t e m per b y m o d e ra t e

in d u l g en ce in so m e t hi n gs , co m pl e t e a b s ti n en ce fro m o t h e rs . We
s pe a k o f t emp er a n ce in e a t in g , b ut o f a b s ti n en ce fro m v
ice ; T ota l
a b s t i n en ce h as co m e t o s ig n i fy t h e e n t ire ab s t ain i n g fro m in t o xi
c a t in g l iqu o r s
A n t ym s
o n
d run k en n es s , s en s ual it y ,
e xc es s , w an t o n n e s s .

gl ut t o n y ,
P rep o si t i o n

Th e n e gat i v
e s id e of v
i t u e is a b
r s t in e n c e from v
ic e .

A B S T R A C T, v .

S yn o n ym s

a ppro pri a t e , d i s t ra ct ,
d e t a ch , v
d i e rt .
d i s crim in a t e , e l im in a t e ,
d i stin g u i sh ,
The c e n t ra l id e a of w i t h d ra w i n g m ak es a b s t r a ct in co mmo n
s pe e c h a e uph e m is m fo r app r op r i a t e (u n l a w full y ) , p u r lo i n , s t e a l .

In m e n t al pro ces s e s w e d i s cr i mi n a t e b e t w e e n o b j e ct s b y d i s ti n

gui s h i n g t h e ir d iff e r e n c e s ; w e s ep a r a t e s o m e o n e e l e m e n t fro m

al l t h at d o es n o t n e ce ss aril y b e l o n g t o i t , a b s t r a c t i t , a n d ie w i t v
alo n e . W e m ay sep a ra e t t w o id eas , an d h o l d b ot h in m in d in
 ab s t r a ct e d
ab s urd

co m pariso n o r c o n t ras t ; t on e o f th em w e
b u t w h en w e a b stra c ,

d ro p t h e o t h e r o ut o f t h o ug h t T h e m in d is a b s t r a ct e d w h e n it is
.

w i t hd r a wn fro m al l o t h er s u b j e c t s an d c o n c e n t ra t e d u po n o n e
d iv
,

er t ed w h e n it i s d ra w n a w ay fro m w h at i t w o u l d o r s h o ul d at

t e n d to b y so me o th er in t e re s t , d i s t r a ct ed w h e n t h e a t t e n t io n i s
v
d i id e d am o n g d iff ere n t su b e c t s ,
j so t h a t it c an b e gi e n not v
pro pe rl y t o an y T h e t ro ub l e w it h t h e
. d i s tra cted person is th a t
h e is n o t a b s t ra ct ed Co m pare DIS C E RN
. .

A n t o n ym s
ad d , un it e .

co mb i n e ,

Prep o si tio n s
T h e pur se m ay b e a b s t ra c t e d f r o m t h e po ck e t ; t h e s ub st an ce

fr o m t h e a cci d e n t s a b o o k i n t o a co mpen d .

A B STR A C T E D .

S yn ym s
o n

ab se n t , h eed le ss, listl e s s , pre o c c up i e d

v
,
a b s e n t =m i n d e d in att e n ti e , n e glig e n t , th ough tle s s
v
, .

a b s o rb e d , i n d ifl e re n t ,
‘

ob li ious,
As re g ar d s m en t al ac t io n , ab s o r b e d , a b s r a ct e d
t , an d p r eo ccu
p i e d r e f er t o t h e c au se , a b s en t o r a b s en t s mi n d e d to t h e e ffec t .

T h e m an a b so r b e d in o n e t h in g w ill a ppe ar a b s en t in o t h e rs . A
p r eo ccup i e d pers o n m ay s e e m li s tless an d t h o ugh t les s , b ut t h e
re a ll y li s t less an d t h o u h t less h a e n o t m e n t a l e n er
g v
gy t o b e p r e
o ccup i e d . The a b sen t s mi n d e d m an is o b li v
i u o s o f o rd in ary m at
t e rs , b e cause h is th o ugh t s are e l se w h ere
O n e w h o is p reo ccup i ed .

is in t e n se l y b u s y i n t h o u gh t ; o n e m ay b e a b sen t mi n d e d eit h e r s

t h ro u gh in t en se c o n c e n t rat io n o r s im pl y th ro u gh in at t e n t io n , w it h
fi t fu l an d a i ml e s s w an d erin g o f t h o u gh t . Co m pare A B S TRA CT .

An to n ym s

al ert , wid e awake

v
a
.

att en t i e,

A B SUR D .

Syn o n ym s

a
no m
alous , il k c o n s i d e re d , l u d i cr o u s , ri d icul o us ,
ch i m
e ri c a l , i l l zj u d g e d mi st ak en , l e s s , Iv
“

v
s en se
Z
e rr o n e o u s , i n co n clus i e , m o n stro u s s t u p i d , ‘f
"
,

a l se , i n c o rr e c t , n on se n si ca l, u n re a s o n a b l e ,
fo o l i s h , i n fa t u a t e d , p a ra d o xma l , wi l d
v v / .

l
i l l =a d i se d , i rr a t i o n a l , pre p o s t e ro u s ,

T h at i s a b s ur d w h ich i s c o n raryt t o t h e fi rs t prin c ipl e s o f re a

so n in g as , t h at
part s h o u l d b e
a gre at e r t h an t h e w h o l e is a b s u r d .

A p a r a d o x i ca l s t at e m e n t appe ars at fi rs t t h o u gh t c o n tra d ic t o ry

o r a b s ur d , w h il e i t m a y b e re a ll y t ru e A n yt h in g is i rr a ti o n a l .
 a b u se l 2

w h en c l e arl y co n trary to s o un d rea s o n , f o o li s h w h en co n tr ary to

pract ical g o o d se n s e , s i lly w h e n pe t t y an d co n t e m pt ib l e in i t s fo ll y ,

e rr o n eo u s w h e n co n t a in in g e rro r t h a t it iat e s t h e re s u l t , un r ed v
s o n a b le w h e n t h e re se e ms a per v
e se b ias o
r r an in t e nt t o go w ro n g .

M o n s t r o us an d p r ep o s t er o us re fe r t o v
w h a t is o e r w h e lm in g ly
a b s urd ; as ,
“
v
O mo n s t ro u s ! e l e en b u c kram m e n gro wn o ut of

I V,
”
tw o , S H A KE S PE A RE 1 K i n g H en r y a ct ii , se . 4 . The r i d i cu

lo u s or th e n o n sen si ca l is Wo rt h y o n ly t o b e l augh e d at . The

l un at ic
’
s c la i m to be a ki n g is ri d i cu lo us ; t h e M o t h e r G o o se
ri me s a re n o n s en s i ca l . Co m pare INC O NGRUO U S .

A B U SE .

Syn o n ym s

a g g ri e v e , i m p o s e o n or o pp re s s ,

d ama g e upon , p e rs e cut e ,

v
,

d e fa m e , inj ure , p e r e rt ,
d efile , m align , pro st it ut e ,
d i s p a ra g e m altre at, r a il a t ,
v
,
h arm , m i s e m pl o y , ra ish ,
i l l =t r e a t , misuse , r e pr o a ch ,
i l l =u s e , mol e st , re v
il e ,

A b us e co v e rs a ll u n re aso n ab l e o r i mpro pe r use t reat m e n t b y

or
“
w o rd o r ac t . A t e n an t d o es n ot a b u se re t e
n d p o pe t y b y
r r re a

s o n ab l e w e ar , m ay d a ma ge t h e pro pe rt y a n d i nj u re
t h o u g h t h at
it s sal e ; h e m a y a b u s e it b y n e e d l ess d e fac e m e n t o r n e g l e c t It i s .

po ss ib l e t o a b u s e a m an w it h o ut h a r mi n g h im a s w h e n t h e c rim ,

in al v i t up er a t es t h e j u d g e ; o r t o h a rm a m a n w it h o u t a b us i n g
h im a s w h e n t h e w it n e s s t e ll s t h e t ru t h a b o ut t h e c rim in al De .

i lif y an d v
,

f a me ma li gn r a i l a t r ev
, ile s la n d e r v
, ,
i t up er a t e are
, , ,

u se d a l w ay s in a b a d se n se O n e m ay b e j u s t ly r ep r o a ch e d To .

i mp o s e o n o r t o v
.

i ct i mi z e o n e is t o i nj u r e h im b y a b u s i n g h is c o n
T o p e r s ecut e o n e is to ill t r ea t h im f o r o pin io n s s ake
’
fid e n ce .
s
,

c o m m o n l y fo r re l ig io u s b e l ie f t o opp r ess is g e n eral ly fo r po l i t ical

o r pe c u n i ary m o t iv es T h o u s h a lt n o t opp r es s an hi re d ser v
. an t

t h a t i s poo r an d n e e d y D eu t x x i v 1 4 M i semp lo y mi s u s e , ,

a n d p er v
.
, .
,

e rt ar e c o m m o n l y a ppl ie d t o o b j e c t s r a t h er t h an t o pe r

s on s .A d isso l u t e y o ut h mi s emp lo ys h is t im e mi s u ses h is m o n e y ,

r
 13 a cce ss o ry

an d o ppo rt un i t ie s , h a r ms h is as s o c ia t e s , p er vt
er s hi s t al e n t s ,
w r o n gs h is par e n t s , r u in s h im se lf , a b u ses e v
e ry g o o d g i ft of God .

A n to n ym s
appl aud ,
b e n efit ,
care fo r,
c h eris h ,

A CCE SSO R Y .

S yn ym s
o n

a b e t t e r 0r a b e ttor, a s s o cia te, co m

pan ion , h e n ch m a n ,
a c c o m pl ic e , atte n d an t , c o n fe d e ra t e , p a rt i c i p a t o r ,
ally , c o a dj ut or, fo l l o w e r , p art n e r ,
a s sistan t , collea g ue , h elper, re t a in e r .

Co lle a gu e i s u se d a l w ay s i n a g o o d se n se , a ss o ci a t e a n d co a dj u
t o r g e n e rall y s o ; a lly , a ss i s t a n t , a sso ci a t e a tt en d a n t , co mp a n i o n ,

h e lp er , e it h e r in go o d o r
a a b ad s e n s e ; a b et ter , a cce s s o r y a eco m ,

p li ce , c o nf e d e r a t e , a l m o s t al w ays in a b ad sen s e . A l ly i s o ft e n

e st us ed o f n at io n al an d m ilit ary m at t ers , o r o f so m e o t h er co n

n e c t io n r e gard e d as gre at a n d im po rt an t ; as , a lli e s of d e s po t is m .

Co lle a gu e is a ppl i e d to ci v
il an d e cc l e s i a s t ic al co n n e c t io n s ; mem
b e rs of Co n gre ss fro m t h e sam e S t at e a r e co ll ea gu es , e ven t h o u gh
t h ey m ay b e b it t er o ppo n e n t s po l it ic all y an d pe rs o n a ll y An A s .

so ci a t e J u s t ic e of the S u pre m e Co ur t is n e a r in ran k t o t h e Ch ie f

s urg e o n s a ss i s t a n t ph y s ic ian o r m e d ic a l s t u d e n t
is
’
Ju st ice . A a

who s h are s in t h e t re a t m e n t an d c ar e o f pa t ie n t s ; a s u rg e o n s a t
’

t en d a n t is on e who ro ll s b an d ag e s a nd t h e like . F o llo w e r , h en ch

ma n ,
r e t a i n e r a re pe rs o n s e s pe c ia ll y d e v
o t ed to a c h ie f , a n d gen
e ra ll y b o un d t o h im b y n e ce s s it y , fe e , o r re w ar d . Pa r t n e r h a s
co m e t o d en o t e al m o s t e x c l us i v
e l y a b u s in e ss co n n ec t i o n . In l aw ,
an a b et tor (t h eg e n era l l e g al s pe llin g ) is al w ay s pr e s e n t , e it h e r

v
a ct i
e ly o r v
c o n s t ru c t i e l y , a t t h e c o mm i s s io n o f t h e crim e ; an a c

cesso y n e v
r er An . a cco mp li ce is u s u a l ly a prin c ipa l ; an a ccess o r y
n ever If p e s e t
. r n , t h o u gh o nl y to s t an d o u t s i d e a n d k e e p w a t c h

a g ai n s t s urpr is e , on e is an a b e tt o r , an d not an a ccesso r y . At

.

com mo n law , an a cces so r y im pl ie s a prin c ipa l , an d c an n ot be

c on v
ic t e d un t il a ft e r t h e co n v ic t io n o f t h e prin c ipa l ; t h e a eco m
p li ce o r a b e tt o r c a n b e co n v
i ct e d as a prin cipal . A cco mp li ce an d

v
a b e tt o r h a e n e arl y t h e me m e an in g b u t t h e fo rm e r is t h e po p
sa ,

ul ar , t h e l a t t er m o re d ist in c t iv
e l y t h e l e g a l t e rm Co m pare A P .

P E ND A GE ; A U XI LI A RY .

A n to n ym s :

ad v e rs ary ,
an t ago n is t ,
b et rayer,
 a cci d en t l 4

P r e p os i t i o n s

An a c ce sso ry to th e c ri m e ; b ef o r e or a f t er t h e fa c t ; t h e ac ce s

sc ri es o f a fi gure i n a pain t in g .

A C C I D E NT .

S yn o n ym s

ad ve n t ure , c o n tin g e n cy , n in g , m i s f o rt u i fe ,
c al a m
it y , d isa ster, m i sh ap J ,

ca sualty , f o rt u i t y , in ci d t ib ility
mi sad v
-
en , pos s .

Ac h a n c e ,
i h ap , e n t ur

’
An a cci d en i s t h at w h ich h appe ns w it h o u t
t an y o n e s d irec t in
t e n t io n ; a ch an ce t h a t w h i c h h a ppe n s w i t h o u t an y kn o w n c a use .

If t h e di re c t ca u se o f a ra il ro a d a cci d en t i s kn o w n , w e c an n o t

c a ll it a c h a n ce . T o t h e t h e i s t t h e re i s , i n s tr ic t n ess , n o ch a n c e,

a ll v
t h in g s b e in g b y di in e c au s at io n a n d co n tro l ; b ut ch a n ce i s
s po k e n o f w h e er n o s pe c i al c a use i s m an i f es t :
“
B y ch a n ce t h ere
ca m e d o w n a c e rt a in pri es t t h a t w a y ,
”
L u ke x , 8 1 W e can spe ak .

of a g am e o f ch a n ce , b ut n o t of a g am e o f a ccid en t An i n cid en t .

is v ie w e d as o cc urrin g in t h e re gu l ar c o ur s e o f t h in g s , b u t s ub o rdi

n at e t o t h e m a in purpo se , o r a s id e fro m t h e m a in d e s i gn F o r t un e .

is t h e r e s ul t o f in s c ru t ab l e co n t ro lli n g fo rce s F o rt un e a n d .

c h a n ce are n e arl y e qu i v
al e nt, b ut c h a n ce c an b e us ed of h um an
e ffo rt an d en d ea v or as f o r t un e ca n n ot be ; we s ay
“
h e h as a
” “ ”
ch a n ce o f s u c c e s s , or t h e r e is o n e ch a n ce in a t h o u san d , w h e re
we c o u ld n ot s ub s t i t u t e f o r tu n e ; as pe rso n ifi e d , F o r t u n e is re
v
g ard e d a s h a in g a fi t fu l pu rpo se , Ch a n ce as purpo s e l ess ; w e
s pe a k o f fi c kl e F o r t u n e , b lin d Ch a n ce ; “
F o r t u n e fa v
o rs th e
b ra v
e .
”
The s l au gh t er o f m e n is ,
an i n ci d en t of b att l e ; u n e x pec t e d

d e fe a t , t h e f o r t un e of w ar . S in c e t h e u n in t e n d e d is o ft en t h e un
d es irab l e , a ccid en t t en d s t o s ign ify so me ca l a mi t y or d i s a s t er , u n
l e ss t h e co n t rary is e x pre sse d , as w h en w e s ay a fo rt un at e or

h appy a ccid en t An ad v tu
en re is t h at w h i ch m ay t urn o ut i ll , a
mi s a d v
.

en t u r e t h at w h ic h d o es t u rn o ut ill A s lig h t di s t urb in g

.

a ccid en t i s a mi s h ap Co m pare . E VE NT ; H AZ A RD .

A nt o n ym s

ap o in t men t , d e cree , in t en t io n ,
ca cul at i o n , f at e , l aw ,
c e rt ai n t y , fo reo rdin at io n , n ece s s it y ,

Prep o si tio n s

The a cc id e n t o f b irt h ; an acc id e n t t o th e m ach in ery .

 act 16

A cer b i t y i s a s h a rp n ess , w i t h a t o u ch of b i tt er n ess , w h ich m ay

ar is e fro m
m o m e n t ary a n n o y an c e o r h a b it u al i m pa t ie n ce ; a sp er
i t y i s k e e n e r a n d m o re pro n o u n ce d d e n o tin g d is t in ct i rr it at io n o r ,

v e x a t io n ; i n s pe e c h a sp e r i t y i s o ft e n m a ni fe s t e d b y t h e t o n e o f

v o i ce r a t h er t h an b y t h e w o rd s t h a t ar e s po k en A cr i mo n y i n .

s pe ec h o r t e mpe r i s lik e a c o rro s iv e ac id ; it Sprin g s fro m s e tt l e d

c h ar a c t e r o r d e eply ro o t e d fe e li n g of a v
e rs io n o r u n ki n d n e s s . O ne
m igh t s peak w it h m o m e n t ary a sp e r i t y t o hi s c h il d b u t n o t w it h ,

a c ri mo n y u n l e s s e s t ran g e m e n t h a d b e g u n
, M a li gn i t y i s t h e e x .

t re m e o f s e t t l e d i l l i n t e n t ; v
i r u le n ce is an e n v e n o m e d h o s t ilit y .

Vi r u le n ce o f s pe e ch i s a quali t y in l an guage t h a t m ak e s th e l an
guag e se e m as i f e x u di n g po is o n Vi r u len ce is o ut s po k e n ; ma li g
.

n i t y m ay b e c o v e re d w it h s m o o t h a n d c o ur t eo us phr a s e W e s ay .

in t e n se v i r u len ce d e e p ma li gn i t y , S e er i t y i s alw ay s pain ful . v ,

an d m a y b e t e rrib l e b u t c a rr ie s o rdi n a ril y t h e im plicat i o n , t ru e o r

,

fal se o f j u st ice
, Co m par e A NG E R ; BITT E R ; E NMITY
. .

A n tym s
o n :

amiab ilit y, ge n t l e n e s s , s mo o th n ess ,

co ur t e s y, g o o l n at ure , s wee t n e ss .

A CT ,
n
Syn o n ym s

acco m
pli sh m e n t movement
v
, ,

a ch i e emen t, o p e ra t i o n ,
a cti on , p e r fo r m a n c e ,

c on su mm
a ti o n , pro c e e d i n g ,
d eed , tr a n s a c t i o n ,
d ein
‘
w o rk .

efl e c

An a ct is s t ri c t l y a n d o rig in al l y s o m e t h in g ac c o m plis h e d by an

po w e r , in w h ich s e n se i t is s y n o n y m o u s w it h d eed o r
e x e rc ise o f

effe ct A cti o n i s a d o i n g
. A ct is t h e r e fo r e s in gl e , in d i i d u al ,
. v
m o m e n t ary ; a ct i o n a co m ple x o f a ct s , o r a pro c e s s , s t at e , o r h ab it
o f e x ert in g po w e r . W e s ay a v
i t u o us
r a ct , b ut ra t h er a v
i t uo u
r s

c o urs e o f a ct io n . W e s pe a k of the a ct i o n of an a cid u po n a

m e t al ,
n ot of it s a ct . A ct i s u s e d , al so , fo r t h e si mpl e ex e r t i o n o f

po w e r ; as , an a ct o f w ill In t hi s . s e n s e an a ct d o es n ot n e c e ss a

r il y im pl y an e x t e rn al effec t , w h il e a n a ct i o n d o es . M o ra ll y , th e
a ct o f m urd e r is in t h e d e t e rm in a t io n t o kill ; l e gally , the a ct is
not c o mpl et e w i t h o u t t h e s t rikin
g o f t h e fat al b l o w . A ct an d

d eed are b o th u se d fo r t h e t h i n g d o n e , b u t a ct r e fe rs t o t h e po w e r
put fo rt h , d e e d t o t h e re s u l t a cco m plis h e d ; a s , a v o l un t ary a ct , a

b ad d ee d In c o n n ec t io n w it h o t h e r w o r d s a ct i s
. m o re us u al l y

qualifi e d b y t h e u s e o f an o t h er n o u n , a ct i o n b y an ad j e cti e pre v

c e di n g ; w e m a y s a y a kin d a ct , t h o u h o ft en e r an a ct o f kin d n es s
g ,
 ~
17 a ct i v
e

b ut o nl y a kin d a ct i o n , n o t an a ct i o n of kin d n e ss . A s b et w een

a ct a nd d ee d , d ee d is comm o n ly u se d o f g r e at , n o t ab l e , an d im

pre ss i v
e a ct s , a s are a ch i ev
emen t , exp lo i t , a n d f e a t .

F estus : We li vi
e n d eed s , n ot ye ars ; in th o ugh t s , n o t b re at h s .

A I L Y F es tus , A Coun try T own ,

B E so . 7 .

A f ea t e x h ib it s s t re n g pe rso n al po w e r , w h e t h e r m e n t al o r
th , s ki ll ,

ph y s ical , es pe c i ally t h e l att e r ; as , a f e a t o f arm s , a f e a t o f m e m

o ry A n exp lo i t is a co n s pic uo us o r gl o rio u s d ee d , in o l in g al o r
. vv v
0r h e r o is m , u s u all y c o m b in e d w ith s tre n g t h , s kil l , l o ft in e s s of

t h o u gh t , an d re a d in e ss of \
reso urc e ; a n a chi e v
eme nt is t h e d o in g
o f so m e t h in g g rea t an d n o t e w o rt h y ; an exp lo i t is b rilli an t b ut it s ,

e ff ec t m a y b e t ra n s ie n t ; an a c h i ev e men t is so li d a n d it s e ff e c t ,

e n d urin g A ct an d a ct i o n a re b o t h in c o n t ras t t o a l l t h a t is m e re l y
.

pas s i e an d v r ec e pt i v e. T h e in t e n s e s t a ct i o n is e as i e r t h a n pas s i v
e

e n d uran c e .

A n t ym s
0 n

ces at io n
s ,
i mmo b il it y ,
d el i b erat i o n , i n act i o n ,
en d uran ce , i n act i i t y , v
In ph il 08 0ph ic s en s e .

A C T I VE .

Syn o n ym s

a il e , e n e rg e tic , s pri g h t l y ,
a e rt , e xp e d i ti o u s , spry ,
b ri s k , i n d u s t ri o u s s uppl e .
v v
,

b u s tli n g , li e ly , ig oro u s ,
b usy , m o b il e , w id e aw ak e .

d ili g e n t , V n imb l e ,

A ct i ve re fe rs to b o t h qu ic kn e ss an d c o n st a n cy o f a ct io n ; in t h e
fo rm er se n se it is al lie d w it h a gi le , a ler t , b r i s k, et c .
; in t h e l a t t e r ,
w it h b us y , d ili gen t , i n d u s t r i o us . The ti v
e lo v
ac e e m pl o y m e n t ,

t h e b us y are a c t ua ll y e mplo y e d , the d ili gen t an d t h e i n d u s t r i o us

are h ab it ually b u s y . The r es t l ess a re a ct i vfe ro m in a b i l it y t o k e e p
v
qu ie t ; t h e ir ac t i it y m ay b e w it h o u t pu rpo s e , o r o ut o f a l l pr o po r
t io n t o t h e pu rpo s e co n t e m pl at e d T h e offici o u s are u n d e s ira b l y
v
.

a ct i e in t h e aff a irs o f o t h e rs Co m pare A LE RT ; A LIV E ; ME DDLE .

SO ME .

A n to n ym s

g vy
ull ,
ca ,
i d le ,

Prep o s i t i o n s

A ct i v
e i n w o rk , i n a c a u se ; fo r an o b f o r j u s t ic e ; w i t h
j ec t , as

perso n s o r in s tr um en t alit ies ; a bout s o m e t h in g as a b o u t o t h er

,

pe o pl e s b u sin e s s
’
.

2
 a cum en
a d d

A C UM E N .

Syn o n ym s

acut e n e s s , in sigh t ; p e rs pi c a cit y s h a rp n e s s ,

v
,

cl e e rn e s s , keenn ess, s a g acity , sh re w d n e s s .

d i s c e rn en m t, p e n e t ra t i o n
v
,

S h a rp n es s , a cu t en ess , an d p en et r a
i n s i g ht , h o w e e r ke e n , an d

t ion , h o w e v e r d e e p, fa ll s h o rt o f t h e m e an in g o f a cumen , w hi c h

im plie s als o a b ilit y t o u se t h e se qu a li t i es t o a d an t a g e T h e re are v .

pe rso n s of great p en et r a t io n t o w h o m t h e s e
kee n i n s i g h t an d

po w e rs a re pr ac t i call y u se l e s s A cumen is s h a rp n ess t o so m e .

purpo s e , an d b e l o n gs t o a m in d t h at is co m pre h e n si e a s w e ll as v
kee n . Cl e v prac t ic al apt it u d e fo r s t u d y o r l e arn in g
er n ess is a .

I n s i gh t an d d i s cer n men t are applie d o ft e n est t o t h e j u d gm e n t o f

c h arac t e r ; p en et r a t i o n an d p e r sp i ca ci t y t o o t h e r s u b j ec t s of

kn o w l e d g e . S a ga ci t y i s an u n c u l t ur e d s kill in u s in g qu ick per

c e pt i o n s fo r d e s ire d
g en e ra lly in
a en d , pra c t ic al affa irs ; a cumen
m ay in cre a se w it h s t ud y , an d appl ie s t o t h e m o s t e ru d i t e m at t e rs .

S h r ew d n ess is keen n ess o r s a ga ci t y , o ft e n w it h a so m e w h at e v

il
b ias , as r ea d y to t ak e a d v an t a g e o f d u ll e r in t e ll ect s . Per sp i ca ci t y
is t h e po w e r t o s e e c l e arly t h ro u gh t h at w h ich i s d iffi c u l t o r in
vvo l ed W e s pe ak o f t h e a cut en ess o f an o b s e r e r o r a re as o n er ,
. v
t h e i n s i g h t an d d i scern men t o f a s t ud en t , a c l e rg ym an , o r a m e r
c h an t , the s a g a ci t y o f a h o u n d , t h e keen n ess of a d e b a t e r, t h e
s h r ew d n ess o f a us ure r , t h e p en et ra t i o n , p ersp i ca ci t y , an d a cu

men of a ph il o s o ph er .

A n to n ym s

b l un t n e ss, d ul n es s , o b t us en ess , s t upid ity .

AD D .

Syn ym
o n
s
a d j o in , an n e x . aug m
ent , e xt e n d , m ak e up ,
a ffi x . a pp e n d , ca st up , in cre a s e , s ub j o in ,

a m p l i fy , a t t a ch , e n l arg e , j o in o n , s um up .

To d is t o i n cre a s e b y a dj o i n i n g o r u n i t i n g : in d is t in c t io n
ad

fro m mu l t ipl y , w h ich is t o i n cr ea s e b y repe at in g T o a ugmen t a .

thin g is t o i n crea s e it b y an y m ean s , b u t t h is w o rd is s e ld o m us e d

d ire ct l y o f m at e rial o b j ect s ; w e d o n o t a ugmen t a h o u s e , a farm ,
a n at io n , e t c . W e m ay e n la r g e a h o us e , a farm , o r an e m pire ,

ex t en d i n fl ue n c e or d o m in io n , a ug men t r ic h e s ,
po w e r or in fl u
e n c e , a tt a ch o r a n n ex a b uild in g t o on e t h at it a dj o i n s or papers
t o t h e d o c u m en t t h ey re fe r to , a n n ex a c lau s e o r a co di c il , a f fix a

s e a l o r a s ign a t ure , a n n ex a t e rrit o ry , a t a ch a co n d it io n

t to pro m
a

ise . A s pe a k e r may a mp lif y a di sco u rs e b y a f ull e r t re at me n t

 d d ict e d
v
a
l 9 a d d re s s , .

t h ro u gh o u t t h an w as o rig in all y pl an n e d , o r h e m ay app en d o

s u b o i n ce rt a in re m ark s
j w it h o u t c h an g e o f w h a t h as g o n e b e fo re
We c a s t up o r s u m up an acc o u n t , t h o u gh add up a n d ma ke uj

a re n o w m o re u s ua l e xpre s s io n s .

A n to ym n s

ab st ract , with d raw .

d e d uct ,
P re p o s i t i o n

O t h er it e m s are to be ad d e d t o th e acc o un t .

A D D I C TE D .

Syn ym s
o n

ab a n d on e d , d vt e o e d , gi v en o vr in c l in d
iv
e , e ,
ac custo me d d i p osed up
giv
, s , e n , pro n e ,
a tt a ch e d , en , ab it uat e d , wed d ed .

O n e is a d d i c ed t t o t h a t w h ich h e h a s a ll o w e d
t o g a in a s t ro n g

h ab it u al , an d e n d urin g h o l d upo n a c t io n , i n c l in a t io n , o r i n v
o lu n t ary

t en d en c y , as to a h a b it o r in d u lg e n ce . A m an m ay b e a ccu s o t me d
t o l ab o r , a tta ch ed t o his pro fe ssio n d ev o t e d t o h is re l igio n gi v
en
,

o r t o g l u t t o n y (in t h e b ad s e n se gi v en o v
,

t o s t ud y er o r gi v en up , ,

is a s ro n ge r a n d
t m o re h o pe l e s s e x pre ss io n as i s a b a n d o n e d ) One , .

i n cli n ed t o l u x ury m ay b e c o me h a b i t u a t e d t o po v e rty O n e is .

w ed d ed t o t h at w h ic h h as b e c o m e a s e co n d n at ur e ; as o n e is ,

w ed d ed t o sc i e n c e or to art . Pr o n e i s u se d o n ly in a b ad s e n se ,

an d g e n eral l y o f n at ural t e n d e n c ie s ; as , o u r h e art s are p r o n e t o

ev il .A b a n d o n ed t el l s o f t h e ac quire d i c io u s n ess o f o n e w h o h as v
giv enhi m se lf up t o w ic ke d n e ss . A d d i c ted m ay b e us e d in a

g o o d , b ut m o re fre qu en t l y a b ad sen s e ; as , ad d i ct ed t o st u d y ;
ad d i ct e d t o d rin k . D e vt
o ed is use d c h ie fl y i n t h e go o d se n se ; as ,

a m o t h er s d ev ’
o t ed a ffect io n .

A n to n ym s

v
a ers e , d isin cl in ed , in d ispo s e d , unaccus t o me d .

P re po si tio n
A d di ct ed t o v
i ce .

A D D R E SS, v
m
.

Syn o n y s
a cc o st , a p pr o a c h , h a il , s pe a k t o ,
a p o s t r o ph i z e , c o u rt , s al ut e , w oo .

a pp e al , g re e t ,

To a cco s t is t o spe a k fi rst , t o frie n d o r s t ra n g e r , g en erall y w it h

a v
i w te o o pe n in g co n gr eet is n o t so v
e rsa t io n d is t in c t l y lim it e d ,
s in c e o n e m ay re t urn an o t h e r s g r ee t i n g gr eet an d h a i l m ay
’

impl y b ut a pass in g w o rd ; gr ee t i n g m ay b e a l to g e t h e r s il e n t t o
h a i l is t o gr ee t in a lo u d s v
oi ce d an d co mm o n l y h eart y an d j o yo us
 a d d re s s , n . 20

w ay , as appe ars in t h e e x pre s s io n h a il fe l lo w , w e ll m et . To

is t o gr e e t w it h s pe c ia l t o ke n o f r e spec t , as a s o l d ie r h is
s a lu t e

co m m a n d er T o a p o s t r op h i z e i s t o s o l e m n l y a d d r ess s o m e pe rso n
.

or pe rs o ni fi e d a t tr ib u t e a part fro m t h e au d ie n c e to whom on e is

s pe ak in g ; a s , a pre a ch er m ay ap o s t r op h i z e irt u e , t h e s ain t s o fv
old , or e v
e n th e D e it y T o app ea l is s tric t ly t o c all fo r s o m e fo rm
.

of h e lp o r s uppo rt . A d d r ess i s s li gh t l y mo re fo rm al t h an a cco s t

or g r eet , t h o u gh it m a y o ft e n b e in t e rch an g e d w it h th e m One .

m ay a d d r e s s an o t h er a t co n s id e rab l e l en gt h o r in w r it in g ; h e
a cco s s o ral ly a n d
t b riefly .

A n t o n ym s

v
a o id ,
cut ,

Prepo si t io n s

A d d re ss t h e m em o rial t o t h e l e gis l at ure ; t h e pres id en t ad

dr esse d t h e peo pl e i n a n e l o qu e n t s pe ec h he a d d resse d an in tru d e r

wi t h in d ign at io n .

A D D RE S S , n .

S yn o n ym s

a d ro it n e s s , d i s cre t i o n , ma n n e rs , re ad in ess ,
c o urt e s y , i n g e n ui t y , polite n e ss , t a ct .

d e xt e r i t y ,

A d d r ess is t h at in d efi n a b l e so m e th in g w h ich e n ab l e s a man to

g ain h is o b j e c t w i t h o u t s e em in g e x e rt io n o r co n t es t , an d g en erall y
v v
w it h t h e fa o r an d appro al o f t h o se w it h w h o m h e d e a l s It is a .

g e n eral po w e r t o d ire c t t o t h e m att e r in h an d w h a t e e r qu alit i es v

a r e m o s t n e e d e d fo r it at t h e m o m e n t It in c l u d es a d r o i tn ess an d
.

d i s cr eti o n t o kn o w w h at t o d o o r s ay an d w h at t o a v
o id i n gen u i t y
v
t o d e is e ; rea d i n ess t o s peak o r act ; t h e d ex t eri ty t h at co m es o f
prac t ise a n d t a ct , w h ich i s t h e po w e r o f fi n e t o uch as applie d to
h u m an c h a ra c t e r an d fe elin g Co ur tes y an d p o li t en ess are in di s
.

pe n s ab l e e le m en t s of go o d a d d ress . Co mpare S PEE CH .

A n t o n ym s

awk
w ard n e s s
b o o ri sh n ess
,

clo wn i s h n e ss ,

P re p o s i t i o n s

A d d res s i n d eal in g w it h o ppo n e n t s ; t h e ad dr e ss of an aeco m

plis h e d in t rigu er a n a d dr e ss to t h e a u di e n ce .
 ad eq uate
21 a d h e re n t

AD E Q U A TE .

S yn o n ym s

b le ,
a co mp e t e n t ,

a d a pt e d , eq u al ,

capab le , fit.
com men s ura t e ,

A d e qu a t e , co mmen sura t e , an d ffici en t s igni fy equ a l t o so m e

su

v
gi e n o c c a s io n o r w o r k as , a s um s uffici en t t o m e e t e xpe n se s an

Co mmen s u r a t e is t h e m o re pr e
a d e qu a t e r e m e d y fo r t h e di se a s e .

c ise an d l earn e d w o rd , s ign ify in g t h at w h i c h e x ac t l y m e as ure s t h e

matt er in qu e s t io n A d ap t e d , fit , s u i t a b le , an d qu a lifi e d r efer t o

.

t h e q ualit ie s w h ich m at ch o r s uit t h e o c ca s io n . A c l e rgy m an m ay

v
h a e s t ren gt h a d eq ua t e t o t h e w o rk of a po rt e r ; b u t t h at w o ul d
n ot be a fit o r s u i t a b le o cc u pat io n fo r hi m W o rk is s a t isf a ct o r y
.

if it s a t is fi e s t h o s e fo r w h o m it i s d o n e , t h o ug h it m ay b e vy er

po o r w o rk j u d g e d b y so m e h ig h er s t an d ard Qua lified re fers t o .

a c quire d a b ili t i es co mp e t en t t o b o t h n a t ural a n d ac qu ire d a

qu a lifi e d t eac h e r m ay b e n o l o n g e r co mp et en t , b y rea so n of ill

h e alt h A b le an d cap a b le s u gg e s t g e n e r al ab il it y
. an d r e s er v
ed

po w e r , a b le b e in g t h e h igh er w o rd of the two . An a b lem an w ill

d o s o m et h in g w e ll in an y po sitio n . A cap a b le man w ill co me up
to an y o rd in ary d eman d . We s ay an a b le o rat o r , a cap a b le ac

co un t an t .

A n t o n ym s
d is u al ifi e d , un s at is fact o ry, usel e s s ,
in a e quat e , un s ui t ab l e , Wo rt hl ess .

in co mpet en t ,
Prep o s itio n s

A d e qu at e t o t h e d eman d f or t h e purpose .

A D H E R E NT .

S yn o n ym s
aid . ally , d i s c ipl e , p a rt i s a n , s u p p o rt e r .

aid er, b ack er, fo l l o w e r ,

An a d h eren t is on e w h o is d e v
ot ed o r at ac h e d t to a perso n ,
part y , prin c ipl e , cau s e , cre e d , o r t h e like . O n e m ay b e a n a i d er

an d s upp o r t er o f a party o r ch urc h , w h il e n o t an a d h er en t t o al l

it s d o c t rin es o r c l ai ms . An a ll y is m o re in d e pe n d e n t s t ill , as he
may d iffe r ve y p i t e x cept
on e r o n th e s pec i fi c g ro un d o f uni o n .

T he A lli es w h o o v t h e w N po l er r a eo n w e re un it e d o n ly a g ain s t h im .

A lli es are re g ard e d as e qu al s a d h eren t s a n d d i scip les a re fo ll o w

ers . The a d h er en t d epe n d s m o re o n hi s in d ivid ual j ud gm e n t t h e ,

d i s cip le is m o re s ub e c t j to co mm an d an d in s t ru c t io n t h us w e say
the d i s cip les r at h er t h an t h e a d h er en t s o f Ch rist . Pa rti ls a n h as
 a d h e si e v 22
a dj a cen t

th e n arro w an d o d io u s s e n se o f a dh es i o n to part y , righ t o r

a

w ro n g O n e m ay b e an a d h er en t o r supp o r t er
. o f a part y a n d n o t

a p a r t i sa n B a cker is a s po rt in g an d t h e atr ic al w o rd , per so n al in

.

it s applic at io n , an d n o t in t h e b es t u sage Co mpare A CCE SSO RY . .

A n t o n ym s
ad v
ers a ry , tr ait o r .

an t ago n i s t ,

P re p o s itio n s :

A dh e ren t s t o prin c ipl e ; a dh e re n t s o f L ut h e r .

A D H E S I VE .

S yn ym s
o n

coh e si e , v g um m y , st ick y , vi scous .

g l ut in o u s s tick in g , Vi s cid ,

vi
,

A d h es i e s th e sc i e n t ifi c , s ti cki n g o r s ti cky t h e po pular w o rd .

T h at w h i c h i s ad h es i v
e t en d s t o j o in it s e l f t o t h e s urface o f an y
o t h er b o d y w it h w h ic h it is pl a c e d in c o n t ac t v
; co h es i e e x press es
the t e n d e n c y o f par t ic l e s o f t h e sa m e t o h o l d t o ge t h e r
s u b s t an ce .

Po lis h e d pl a t e gl as s is n ot a d h es i v e, b ut s u c h plat e s packe d t o

g e t h er are in t e n s e l y co h es i e A n a d h es i e pl ast e r is in po pul ar v . v
l an g u a g e a s t i cki n g pl as t e r S t i cky e xpr e ss e s a m o re limit e d , an d
s .

g e n e rally a n n o y in g , d e gre e o f t h e sam e qu alit y G lu t i n o us , .

g ummy , v
i ci ds , an d v
i s co u s are appli e d t o fl uid or se mi fl uid
z s ub

s t an ce s , a s pit c h or t ar .

A n t o n ym s

f ree , in ad h e s i v
e , s eparab l e .

P re p o s itio n

T he s t i ff , w et c l ay , a dh e s i vt e o t h e fo o t , im pe d e d pro gress .

A D J A C E NT .

Syn o n ym s

a b ut t in g . b o r d e ri n tiguous , n ei hb o ri n
g
g , con g ,
a d j o in in g , c lo s e , c o t e rm i n o u s , n ex
att ach e d , con t e rm i n o us , n e ar, n igh .

b e sid e ,

A dj a cen t farm s may n ot be co n n e c t e d ; if a d o i n i n g,

j t h ey m e et
at t h e b o u n d ary s li n e . Co n t er mi n o us w o u ld impl y t h at t h e ir
d i m e n s io n s w er e ex a ct ly e qu al on th e s id e w h e re t h e y a d o in
j .

Co n t i gu ou s m ay b e us e d fo r e i t h e r a d a cen t o r a d o i n i n g
j j . A bu t
t i n g re fe rs r at h e r t o t h e e n d o f on e b u il di n g o r e st at e t h an t o t h e
n e ighb o rh o o d o f a n o t h e r . B uildi n g s m ay b e a dj a cen t o r a dj o i n
i n g t h at are n o t a t t a ch ed . v
N ea r i s a re l a t i e w o rd , pl aces b e in g
c a ll e d n ea r u po n th e ra il ro a d w h ich w o uld e l s e w h e re b e d ee m e d
re m ote . Nei ghb o r i n g a l w ays im pl i e s s uch pro x im it y t h at t h e in
c ar v
i g n . A d o rn is m o re l o ft y an d spirit ual ,
r e ferrin g to a b eaut y
w hi ch is n ot m at e rial an d can n o t b e put
, on by o rn am e n t s o r d ec
o ra ti o n s , b ut s ee m s in pe rfe c t h arm o n y an d u n it y w it h t h at t o
w h i c h it ad d s a
grac e ; if w e say , t h e gat e w ay w as a d o rn ed w it h
v
b e a ut if ul c ar in g , w e im pl y a u n it y an d l o ft in e ss o f d es ign such
as o r n a men t ed c an n o t e xpr e ss W e say o f s o m e a d m irab le s ch o l .

ar o r s t at e s m an , h e t o uc h e d n o t h in g t h a t h e d id n o t a d orn .
”

At ch urch , w it h meek an d un aff e ct e d grace ,

H is lo o k s a d orn ed the v en e rab le pl ace .

G O L D S M I T H D eserted Village , 1 178

. .

An t o n ym s

d eface , d eform, d isfigure,

Prepo s itio n

A d o rn h i s t e m pl e s w i t h a c o ro n e t .

A F F R O NT .

S yn ym
v
o n s

a g g ra a t e e x as p e r a t e o ff e n d
vo k e
, ,

an n oy , in sult, prg ,

d i s pl e a s e , iJ rr i t a t e , tease ,

O n e m ay b e a n n o yed b y t h e w e ll m ean in g aw kw ardn ess o f a s

v
s e r an t , i m
i t a t e d b y a t igh t s h o e o r a t h o u gh t l ess re m ark , ex e d v
at s o me c are l e ss n e gl e c t o r n e e d l e ss m i s fo rt un e w o un d ed b y t h e ,

in g ra t it u d e o f c hi ld or frie n d . T O t ea s e is t o g iv e so m e s ligh t

an d pe rh aps pl ay ful ann o y an c e A gggla a t e in t h e s en se o f offen d . v

is co ll o qu i al . v
T o p ro o ke , l it erall y t o c all o ut o r ch allen g e , i s t o
b e gi n a co n t e s t ; on e p vk ro o es an o t h er to v
i l o e n ce . ,
To f
a ro n t is
to O ff e r so m e d e fi an t o ff e n se o r in d igni t y , as i t w e re , t o on e s
’
fac e ;
it i s m e w h at l e s s t h an t o i n s ul t
so . Co m pare PIQUE .

A n t o n ym s :
co ncil iat e , con t en t , grat if y, h onor,

A G E NT .

S yn o n ym s

a c t o r, fa c t o r , m e an s o p e ra t o r, p ro m o t e r
m ov
, .

d o er, i n s trum e n t , er p e r fo r er, m

v
,

In s tr i c t ph il o so ph ic a l u sag e , t h e prim e mo er o r d o e ro f an a ct
is t h e a g en t T h us w e s pe a k o f m an as a o l un t a ry a gen t , a fre e
. v
a g en t . B u t in co mm o n us a g e , e spe cially in b u s in es s, a n a gen t is
n ot t h e pri m e a ct o r , b ut o n l y an i n s t r u men t or f a ct o r , a c t in g

u n d e r o rd e rs o r in s t ruc t io n s Co m pare C A US E . .

A n t o n ym s

ch ief , in vt e n o r, o rigin at o r, prin cipal .

Prepo sit io n s

An a g en t o f th e co mpan y f o r s e l l in g , e t c .
 a g re e
25 a g ri c u l t u re

AG R EE .

Syn ym s
o n

a cce d e ,
a c c e pt ,
a c c o rd ,

a cquie s c e ,

A gree is t h e m o s t g e n e ra l t e rm of t h is g ro u p, s ig n ify in g t o
ha v
e l ik e qu alit ie s pro po rt io n s , i e w s ,
,
v o r in c lin a t io n s , so a s t o b e

fr e e fro m j ar , c o n flic t , o r co n t r a d i c t io n in a gi v
en r e l a t io n . To
co n cur is t o in g e n eral ; t o co i n cid e is t o a gr ee in e e ry par
a gr ee v
t i c u l ar . W h e t h e r in applic a t io n t o perso n s o r t h in g s , co n cur t e n d s
to e x press i o n in ac t io n m o re t h an co i n ci d e ; we m ay e it h er co n cur

o r co i n cid e in a n o pin io n , b ut co n cu r in a d e c is io n ; v
ie w s co i n cid e ,

c au s e s co n cur . O ne a ccep t s
’
a n o t h er s t e rm s , co mp li es w it h h is
w is h e s , ad mi t s h is s t a t e m e n t , a pp r o v
es h is pl an , co nf o r ms t o h is
v
i w e s of d o c t rin e or d ut y , a cced es or co n sen t s t o h i s pr o po sa l .

A cced e e x presses th e mo re fo rm al a g re e men t , co n sen t th e m o re

co mpl e t e T o ass en t is an ac t o f t h e u n d e rs t an d in g ; t o co n s en t
.
,

W e m ay con cu r o r a gr ee w it h o t h e rs e it h e r in O pin
'

o f t he w ill .
,

io n o r d ec is io n O n e m ay s il e n t l y a cqu i es ce in t h a t w h ich d o es
.

n o t m e e t h is v ie w s b ut w h ic h h e d o e s n o t c ar e t o c o n t es t
,
He .

a d mi t s t h e c h arg e b ro u gh t o r t h e s t a t e m e n t m a d e b y an o t h er
, ,

a d mi t a l w a y s c arry in g a s u gg es t i o n o f re l u c t an c e A ssen t is .

s o m e t im e s use d fo r a m il d fo rm o f co n sen t as if a gre e m e n t in t h e ,

o pin i o n ass u re d appro vl o f

a t h e d ec i s io n .

A n t ym s
o n

co n t e n d ,
co n t rad ict ,
d e cli n e ,
P re p o si tio n s

I a gre e in o pin i o n wi th t h e s pe ak e r t h e t e rm s pro po s e d ;

; to
perso n s agre e o n o r up o n a s t at e m e n t o f prin c ipl e s , rul e s , e t c ; w e .

m ust agre e a mo n g o urse l e s v .

A G R I C U LT U R E .

Syn o n ym s
c ul t i ation , v k i t c h e n g a rd e n i n g ,
a

c ul t ure , m a rk e t g a r d e n i n g ,
‘

fa rm i n t i ll a g e .

fl o ri c u l u r e ,
A gri cu ltur e is t h e g e n eri c t erm , in c lu d in g at o n c e t h e s cien c e ,
t h e art , an d t h e pro ce ss o f s uppl y in g h u m an w an t s b y r ais in g t h e
pro d u ct s o f t h e so il , an d b y t h e a ss o c ia t e d in d us t ri es ; f a r mi n g is
t h e prac t ise o f a gr i cu l t u r e a s a b us in e ss ; t h ere m ay b e t h eo re t ic al
a gri cu lt ur e , b ut n ot t h eo r e t ical f a rmi n g ; w e spe ak o f the sc i e n ce

of a gr i cu l tur e , t h e b u s in e s s o f f a r mi n g ; s c i e n t ifi c a gr i cu lt u r e
 a im 26

m ay b e w h o lly in b o o ks ; s c ie n t ifi c f a rmi n g is pra ct ise d upo n t h e

l an d ; w e say an a gr i cu lt u r a l c o ll e g e ra t h e r t h an a c o ll e ge o f

f a rmi n g . F a r mi n g re fe rs t o th e po r cu l t i vt i
a o n o f c o n s id e ra b l e

t io n s o f l an d , an d t h e r ais in g o f t h e c o arser c r0ps ; ga r d en i n g is

v
t h e c l o se cu lt i a t i o n o f a s m al l are a fo r s m all fruit s , fl o w e rs , e g e v
t ab l e s , etc .
, an d w hi le it m ay b e d o n e u po n a farm is y et a d is t in ct
i n d u s tr y . G a r d en i n g in g e n e ra l , ki t ch en ga rd en i n g, t h e cu lt i a z v
tion of v
eg e t ab l e s , e t c .
, fo r t h e h o use h o ld , ma rket ga rd en i n g
s
, the
ra i s in g o f th e s am e fo r s al e , flo r i cu ltur e , th e cu l t ur e o f fl o w e rs ,
an d h o r ti cul tur e , t h e cu l u r e o f
t fru it s , fl o w ers , or vg
e e t ab l e s , are

a ll d e part m e n t s o f a gr i cu l u r e , t b ut n ot s t ric t l y n o r o rdi n aril y o f

f a rmi n g ; f a r mi n g is it se lf on e d e part m e n t o f a gr i cu l tu r e . H us
b a n d ry is g e n e ral w o r d fo r an y fo r m o f prac t ical a gr i cul tu r e,
a

b ut i s n o w c h i e fly po e t ical T i lla ge re fe rs d ire ct l y t o t h e w o rk

.

b e s t o w e d upo n t h e l an d , as pl o w in g m an u rin g , e t c ; cu lt i a t i o n , . v
r e fer s e s pe c ia ll y t o t h e pro ce s s e s t h at b rin g fo r w ard t h e c ro p ; w e

s peak of t h e t i lla ge of th e s o il , the cu l t i vt i a on of co rn ; w e al so

'

s pe a k o f l an d as in a s t a te o f cu l ti v
a ti o n ,
un d e r cu lti vt i
a o n , et c .

Cu ltur e is n o w a ppli e d to the c ar e f ul

pro d uct de v
e l o pm e n t o f an y

t o a s t at e o f perfe c tio n , e spe c iall y b y c are t h ro u g h s uccess i e g e n v

e rat i o n s ; t h e c h o ice v
ari et i es o f t h e s t ra w b e rry h a e b ee n pro d u ce d v
b y w ise an d
pa t ie n t cu l tur e ; a go o d cro p in an y year is t h e res ul t

o f g o o d cu lti a t i o n v .

A IM .

Syn o n ym s
a s p ir a t i o n , en d ea v or, in te n tion , tend e n cy .

d e sign , goal , m ark ,

d e t e rm in a t i o n , i n cl in a ti on , o b j e ct ,
e n d , in ten t, p u rpo s e ,
The ai m is t h e d ire c t io n in w h ich o n e sh o o t s , o r so m e t im e s
t h at w h i c h i s ai med at . The ma r k is t h a t at w h ich o n e sh o o t s ;

t h e go a l , t h at t o w ard w h i ch o n e run s A ll ali ke in d ic at e t h e d i .

r e c t io n o f e n d ea o r v
T h e en d is t h e po in t a t w h ich o n e e xpe ct s o r
.

h o pe s t o c lo s e h is l a b o rs ; t h e j
o b ect , t h at w h ich h e w o ul d gras p as

the re w ar d o f h is l ab o rs . A s pi r a t i o n , d es i g n , en d ea v or,p urp ose ,

r e ferrin g to the m en t al ac t s b y w h ic h t h e ai m is a t t ain e d , are

o ft e n u se d a s in t e rc h an g e ab l e w it h ai m . A sp i ra t i on applies to
w h at are v
ie w ed a s n o b le a i ms ; e n d ea v or, d es i gn , i n t en t i o n , p ur
p o s e, in d iffe r e n t l y t o t h e b e s t o r w o rs t . A sp i r a t i o n h as l e s s o f
d e ci s io n t h an t h e o t h er t erm s ; o n e m ay a s pi re to an o b ec t , a n d
j
y e t l ac k t h e fi x e dn es s o f p u rp o se b y w h i c h al o n e i t can b e at t a in e d .

Purp o se i s s t ro n g er th an i n t en ti o n D es i gn e s pe ciall y d e n ot e s t h e .
 is t o b e a tt a in e d . O n e w h ose ai ms a re w o rt h y , w h o se
a re h ig h , w h o se d es ign s are w ise , an d w h o s e p urp o s es
may h o pe t o re ac h t h e go a l o f h is
a re s t ea d fas t , a mb it io n , a n d w ill

s ure l y w in so m e o bj ect w o rt h y o f a l i fe s en d ea v Co m pare

’
or .

AM BITI O N ; D E S IGN .

A n t o n ym s

ai mle s sn e ss h ee d le s sness ,
’

purpo s el e s s ne s s ,
v
,

a o i d an ce , n egle ct , t h o ugh t les s n es s .

carel es sn e s s ,

A IR .

S yn o n ym s

a pp e ara n c e , d e me an or ,

b e a ri n g , e xp r e s s i o n
b eh a mr, v fa s h i o n ,
,

c a rr i a g e , look ,
A i r i s t h at co mb in at io n ofqu alit ie s w h ic h m ak es t h e en t ire
im pre s s io n w e re ce i v
e i n a perso n s pr es e n c e ; a s , w e say h e h as t h e
’

a i r o f a s ch o l ar , o r th e a ir o f a v
ill a in . App ea r a n ce r e fe rs m o re
to t h e d re s s a n d o t h e r e x t e rn al s . W e m igh t s ay o f a t ra v
e l s o il e d
s

pe d e s trian , h e h as th e app ea r a n ce o f a t ram p, b u t t h e a ir o f a gen

t l e m an E xpres s i o n
. an d lo o k e s pec i a l l y re fe r t o t h e face . Ex

p r ess i o n is o ft e n e s t applie d t o t h at w h ich is h ab it u al ; as , h e h as a

pl e a s an t exp r ess i o n o f co u n t e n an c e ; l o o k m ay b e m o m e n t ary ; a s , a

l o o k o f d is m ay pas se d o e r h is fac e v
W e m ay , h o w e e r , s peak o f . v
t h e lo o k or l o o ks as in d ic at in g a ll t h at w e l o o k at ; as , h e h a d t h e
lo o k o f an a d v tu
en rer ; I d id n ot l ik e h is lo o ks . B ea r i n g i s r at h e r

a l o ft y w o rd ; as , h e h as b ea r i n g ; p o r t is prac t icall y id en
a n o b le

tica l in m ean in g w it h b ea r i n g , b u t is m o re e x c l u s i e l y a lit e rary v

w o rd . Ca rr i a ge , t o o , is g e n e ra lly use d in a g o o d s e n se ; as , t h at l ad y
h as a g o o d ca rr i a ge . M i en i s c l o s e l y s yn o n y m o u s w it h a i r , b u t l e ss
o ft en use d in a b a d s en se W e s a y a rakish a i r ra t h e r t h an a ra
.

kis h mi en .m ay b e u se d t o e x pre s s s o m e pre v

M i en ail in g f e e lin g ;

an i n d ig n a n t mi en D emea n o r go e s b e y o n d app ea r a n ce
“ ”
as , .
,

in c l u d in g co n d uc t b eh a vio r ; as a m o d es t d emea n o r
,
M a n n er ,
.

an d s ty le are in l arge part a t l e a st a c quire d

, ,
Co mpare BE H A VI O R . .

A IR Y .

Syn ym s
o n

a e ri a l , e th e re a l , fr o l i c s o m e , j oy ous , li evl y ,

a n i m at e d , fa i ry l i k e , gay , ligh t , s pri gh tly .

A er i a l an d a i ry b ot h s i gn ify o f or b e l o n g in g t o t h e a ir , b ut
a i r y al s o d e s crib es t h at w h ich s ee ms as if m ad e o f a ir ; we s pe ak
 al a rm
a l e rt 28

o f a i ry sh apes , a i r y n o t h in gs , w h e re w e co uld n o t w el l s ay a eri a l

eth er ea l d escrib e s it s o b ec t a s
j b e l o n gin g t o t h e u ppe r a ir , t h e pur e
e t h er an d so , o ft e n , v
h ea enl y . Sp r i gh t ly , s pir it like , r e fe rs t o
l igh t , fre e , c h e e rfu l a c t iv
ity of m in d an d b ody . T h at w h ich is
li vly
e or a ni ma t ed m ay b e a gre e ab l e o r the re v
e rs e ; a s , an a n i

ma t ed d iscu ssi o n ; a li vly

e co m pan y .

A n t o n ym s

c lu ms y, wo o d en .

d ull ,

A LA R M .

S yn ym s
o n

a fi ri g h t , fr i g h t , s o l i cit u d e
’

d i s quie t ud e
v
, ,

appre h e n s i o n , d re a d , mi s gi i n g , t e rr o r ,
c o n s t e rn a t i o n . fe a r , pan i c, t im id ity .

d is ay ,m
A l a r m, a cco rd in g t o it s d e ri v
at io n a ll a r
’
me ,
“
to ar ms , is an

ar ou s in g to m ee t an d r e pe l d a n ge r , an d m ay b e qu it e co n s is t e n t

w it h t ru e c o u rag e . Ajfri gh t an d f r i gh t e x pr e ss s u d d en f ea r
w h i ch , fo r t h e t im e at l e as t , o v
e wh r el ms co u ra g e . The se n t in el

v
d isc o e s w it h a la r m t h e s u d d e
r ppro ach o f t h e e e m y ; t h e u n n a n

a rm e d vill ag ers vie w i t w it h af r i gh t A pp r eh en s i o n d i s qu i et ud e .

, ,

d r ea d , mi s gi i n g an d v , s o li ci t u d e are in an t i c ipat io n of d an g e r ;
co n s tern a t i o n , d i s ma y, an d t er ro r a re o v
e w h el m i
r ng f ea rg e n er ,

all y in th e a ct u a l pre s en ce of t h at w h i ch is t errib l e , t h o u gh t h es e

w o rd s a ls o m ay h a v
e an an ti c ipa t i v
e fo r ce . T i mid i t y is aqu a lit y ,
h ab it , o r co n d it i o n , a re a d in ess t o be a ffe c t e d w it h f ea r . A perso n
of gre at t i mid i t y is co n s t an t l y lia b l e t o n ee dl ess a la r m an d e v
e n

t err o r C o mpare F E A R
. .

A n t o n ym s

ass uran ce , cal mn es s , co n fi d en ce, repo se , s ecur it y .

Pre p o si ti o n s

A l arm w as fe lt i n t h e ca mp ,
a mo n g t h e s o l d i ers , a t th e n ew s .

AL E R T .

Syn o n ym s

a ct i v e , li ve l y , pr e p a re d , vi g i l a n t .

b ri s k , n imb l e , p ro m p t , w a t c h fu l ,
b u stli n g , o n t h e w a t ch , re a d y , w i d e =a w a k e ,

A le r t , r ea d y , a n d w id e s a w a ke r e fer w at c h ful pro m pt n es s

to a

fo r a c t io n . R ea d y s ug g e s t s t h o ug h t fu l pre parat io n ; t h e w an d e r
in g In d ian i s a ler t , t h e t ra in e d s o ld ie r is r ea d y . R ea d y e x pre ss e s

m o re l ife an d v
ig t h an p r ep a r ed
or T h e g un i s p r ep a r ed ; t h e
.

m an is r ea d y . Pr o mp t e xpresses r e a di n e ss fo r appo in t m e n t o r
 a lien , a .

29 a lie n , n .

d e m an d at th e re qu ire d m o me n t . T h e g o o d g en eral is r ea d y fo r
e merg e n c ies , a ler t t o pe rc e i e v o ppo rt un i t y o r peril , p r o mp t t o

s e iz e o cc a s io n . T h e s e n s e o f b r i s k, ni mb le is t h e se co n d ary an d
n ow l es s co m m o n s igni fi c a t io n o f a ler t . Co mpare A CTIV E ; A LIVE ;
NIMBLE ; VIGILA NT .

A n t o n ym s :

d ro wsy, h ea y, v in act i v e, s l uggish , s t upid .

A L I E N, a .

S yn ym s
o n
c on fli ct in d istan t , i n a ppr o pri a t e s t ra n ge
g v
, , ,

c o n t r a d i c o ry , fo r e i g n , i rr e l e a n t , un co n n e ct e d ,
c o n t rary , h o s til e . o pp o s e d , un l ik e .

c o n t ra s t e d , i m p e rt in e n t , re m o t e ,

F o r ei gn r e fe rs t o d iffe ren c e of b irt h , a li en t o d iffe ren c e o f al

l e g ian ce . v
In t h e ir fi g urat i e u se , t h a t is f o r ei gn w h ich is r emo t e,
u n li ke , o r un co n n ect ed ; t h at is a li en w h i ch i s co nfli cti n g, h o s ti le ,

o r Opp o sed . I mp er t i n en t an d i rr e le vt
an m at t e rs c an n o t clai m
c o n s i d e ra t io n in a ce rt a in c o n n e c t io n ; i n app r op ri a t e m att e rs
c o uld n ot pro pe rly b e c o n s id er e d . Co m par e A LIE N n .
; CO N

v
,

TRA S T , .

A n t o n ym s

akin , apro po s ,
appro priat e , e s s e n t ial ,

P re p o s it io n s :

S u ch a purpo s e w as alien t o (o r f ro m) my t h ough t : t o preferab l e .

A LI E N , n.
Syn o n ym s
fo r e ign er, s t ra n g er .

A n a t u ral iz e d ci tiz e n i s n o t an a li en t h o ugh a f o r ei gn er b y ,

b irt h , an d perh aps a s tr a n ger in t h e pl a ce w h e re h e r es id e s A .

pe rs o n o f fo re ign b i rt h n o t n a t u raliz e d is an a li en , t h o u gh h e m ay
v
h a e b e en re s id e n t in t h e co u n t ry a l arg e par t o f a l ife t im e , an d
c e as e d to be t o i t s pe o pl e o r in s t it u t io n s
a s t r a n ger H e is an a li en .

in o n e c o un t ry if h is al le g ian ce is t o an o t h er T h e pe o pl e o f an y .

c o un t ry s t ill r e s i d in g in t h e ir o w n l an d are , s t ri c t l y s peakin g , f o r

ei gn er s t o t h e pe o pl e o f a ll o t h e r co un t ri e s , ra t h e r t h an a li en s ; b ut
a li en a n d f o r ei gn er are o ft e n u se d s yn o n y m o u s ly .

A n t 0 n ym s

c it iz en , vc
fel l o w o un t ry man , v
n at i e a b orn in h ab it an t ,
co un t ry man , na t iv e, n at uralize d perso n .

P rep 0 s i t i o n s

( m o re f r o m) in
'

Al ie n s t o rare l y , o ur n at io n an d l aw s ; ali e n s

o ur l an d , a mo n g o ur peo pl e .
 lik e
v
a
ali e 30

AL IK E .

S yn o n ym s

a k in , e qui vl a ent, k in d re d , sa me ,

an alo g ous , h omog en eous , l ik e , S i m i l ar ,

e qual id e n t cal r e s e mb l in g u n i fo rm
,
i , , .

A like i s mpre h e n s iv
e w o r d s ign ify in g as appl ie d t o t w o o r
a co ,

m o re o b j ect s t h a t so m e o r all qua lit ie s o f o n e are t h e s am e as t h o s e

o f t h e o t h e r o r o t h e rs b y m o di fi ers a like m ay b e m a d e t o e xpre s s
m o re o r l ess rese mb l an ce ; as t h e s e h o u s es are so m ew h a t (i ,
.

part i all y ) a like o r , t h e se h o u ses are e x ac t l y (i e , in all re spe ct s ) . .

a like Co t t o n an d w o o l are a like in t h is , t h at t h e y c an b o t h b e

.

wo v
e n in t o clo t h . S ub s t an c e s ar e h o mo gen eo us w h ich ar e m ad e
up o f e le m en t s o f me kin d o r w h ich are t h e s a me in
th e sa ,
s t ru c

t ure .T w o pie c es o f iro n m ay b e h o mo gen eo us in m at e rial ,

w hil e
n o t a li ke i n s iz e o r s h a pe In g eo m e t ry t w o t rian gl e s ar e.
,
equ a l

w h en t h ey c an b e l a id o v
er o n e an o t h e r , an d fi t , l in e fo r lin e an d

a n gl e fo r an gl e t h ey are e qu i vl a en t w h en t h ey s impl y c o n t a in the

sa me a m o u n t o f s pa c e
A n i d en t i ca l pro po s it io n is o n e t h at s ay s
.

t h e s a m e t h in g prec isel y in s ub j e c t an d pr e d ica t e S i mi la r re fe rs

‘

t o c l o s e re s e mb l an c e , w h ich y e t l e a e s ro o m fo r q ue st io n o r d e n ial v
of c o m pl e t e like n e ss or i d e n t it y . To s ay t h is is t h e i d en t i ca l
man is t o s ay
,
”
not m e re l y t h at h e i s s i mi la r t o t h e o n e I h av e in

min d b u t t h at, he is t h e v e ry s a me perso n T hi n g s a re a n a logous

.

w h en t h ey si mi lar in id e a , pl an , u s e , o r ch ara ct er , th o
’

are

pe rh a ps qu it e u n li ke in appe aran ce as , t h e g ill s o f fi s h es are s ai d

to b e a n a lo go us t o t h e lu n g s in t erres t rial a n im al s .

A n t o n ym s :
d iff eren t di ss imilar,
, d is tin ct , h e t ero gen eo us ,
un lik e .

Pre p o si t io n s

T h e spe c im e n s are a lik e i n kin d ; t h e y a r e a ll a li k e to me .

A L I VE .

Syn o n ym s

a cti e , v b re a t h in g ,

a l e rt , b ri s
k ,
an i at e m , e xi st e n t ,
an i at e m d e xi st in g ,

v ppli
,

A li e a es to al l d e gr e e s of li fe , fro m t h at w h ich sh o w s o n e

to b e b ar e l y ex i s ti n g o r ex i s t en t a s a v
l i in g t h in g, as w h en w e s ay

h e is j ust a li vt
e, o t h a t w hi ch im pl ie s t h e e ry u t m o s t o f v
v i t al it y
an d po w e r , as in t h e w o r d s h e is all a li e, t h o ro u gh l y a li “
v ” “
v e .

So t h e w o r d qui ck, w h ic h b e g an b y s ig n ify in g “ h a in g l ife v ,

”
is
now m o s t ly a ppl i e d to e n e rgy o f li fe as sh o w n in s w ift n e ss of

a c t io n . B r ea t hi n g is c a pa b l e o f like co n t rast . We s ay o f a d y in g
 al l eg i a n ce 32

e vid e n c e up t o w h a t h a s b ee n a lleged . A d d u ce is a s eco n d ary

w o rd ; no th i n g c an be a d d u ced in e v
id e n c e t il l so m e t h i ng h as b e en
s t a t ed or a lleg ed ,
w h ich t h e e v
id en c e is to s u s t ain . An a lleged

fa c t t o qu e s t io n o r d o u b t
s t an d s O pe n T o s pe a k o f an a lleged d o c .

u m e n t , a n a lleg ed w
ill , a n a lleged crim e , i s e it h e r t o qu e st i o n , o r
at l e as t v
e ry c ar e ful l y t o re fra i n fro m a d m it t in g , t h a t t h e d o c u

m e n t e x ist s t h at t h e w ill i s g e n uin e o r t h at t h e crim e h as b e en

, ,

m m it t e d v
'

“
co A .w f k
lleged i s h o e e r r es pec t u l ; t o s pe a o f t h e s o
, ,

c a l le d
”
w il l or d eed , etc .
,
w o uld b e t o c ast d iscr e d it upo n th e d oc
u m e n t , an d im pl y t h at t h e s pe ak e r w as r e ad y t o b ran d it a s un

qu e s t io n ab l y s pu rio u s ; a lleged s im ply co n c e d e s n o t h in g an d l e a es v

t h e qu e s t io n o pe n T o p r o d u ce is t o b rin g fo rw ard a s , fo r in
. .

s t a n ce , paper s o r pe rso n s A d d u ce i s n o t u s e d o f pe rso n s ; o f t h em

.

we s ay i n t r o d u ce or p r o d u ce . W h en an a lleg ed c ri m in al is
b ro u gh t t o t ri al , t h e co un s e l o n e it h er s i d e ar e a cc us t o me d to ad

v a n ce a t h e o ry , an d a d d u ce the s t ro n g e s t po ss ib l e e i d e n c e in i t s v
s u ppo rt ; t h e y w ill p r o d u ce d o c u m e n t s an d w it n e sse s , ci t e pr ece

d en t s , a ss i gn r eas o n s , i n t r o d u ce s u gg e s t io n s , O f er pl e a s . T he ao

c use d w ill u s ually a ss er t h is in n o c e n ce . Co m pare S TA TE .

A LL E G I A N C E .

S yn ym s
o n

d e otion v , fe a l t y , l oy alty , ob e d ien ce , sub j e ctio n .

fa i t h fu l n e ss , h omage ,

A lleg i a n ce is t h e o b l ig a t i o n o f fi d e lit y an d o b e di en c e t h at an

in di id ualv o w es t o v
h is g o e rn m e n t o r s o e re ig n , in re t urn fo r t h e v
pro t e c t io n h e re c e i e s v
T h e fe u d a l u ses o f t h e s e w o r d s h a e m o s t l y
. v
pas s e d a w a y w i t h t h e st at e o f so c i e t y t h at ga v
e t h em b irt h ; b u t
t h e ir o rig in s t ill co l o r s t h e ir pre s en t m ean in g A pa t rio t ic A m eri
.

c an fe e l s an e n t h u s ias t ic lo ya lt y t o t h e re pu b li c ; h e t ak es , o n o cca

s io n , an o at h o f a llegian ce v
t o t h e g o e rn m e n t b ut h is lo ya lt y w ill ,

l e a d h im t o d o m o re t h an m ere a llegi a n ce c o uld d e m an d ; h e pay s

h o ma ge t o G o d a l o n e , as the o n ly kin g an d l o rd , t o t h o s e pri n
or

c ipl es o f ri gh t t h at a r e s piri tu all y s upre me ; h e ac kn o w l e d ges t h e

d ut y o f o b ed i en ce to a l l ri g h t fu l a ut h o rit y ; he r ese n t s t h e id e a of

s u b ec t i o n
j . F ea lty is b e co m in g so m e w h at rare , e x c e pt in el e vt e d
a

01 po e t ic s t y l e . We pr e fe r t o s pe a k o f the f a i t hf uln ess rat h er

t h an t h e f ea lty o f c it iz en , w ife , or frie n d .

A n t ym s
o n

d is afi e ct io n , d is lo y alt y, reb ell io n , s e di t ion, treas on .

P rep o s itio n s

We h on or t h e a ll e g i an c e of th e c it i z e n t o t h e g o e rn m e n t ; v
t h e go v
e rn me n t h as a ri gh t to a l l e g ia n c e f ro m t h e c it iz e n .
 al leg o ry
33 alle iate v

A LL E G O R Y .

Syn o n ym s

fa b l e , fi ct io n , il l u s t ra t io n , m e t a ph or , p a ra b l e , s im il e .

In m o d e rn u s a g e w e m a y s a y t h at an a llego r y is an e x t e n d e d
s i mi le , w h il e a me t ap h o r is a n a b b re i a t e d s i mi le co n t a in e d o ft e n v
in a ph r ase , pe rh aps in a w o rd T h e s i mile . c arri es it s co mpa ri
so n o h t h e s urfa ce , in t h e w o rd s a s , like, o r m il ar si e x pr e s s io n s ;
th e me t ap h o r is g iv
en d ire ct l y w it h o u t a n y n o t e o f co m paris o n .

The a l lego r y , p a ra ble , o r f a b le t e l ls it s s t o ry as i f t ru e , l e a v

in g t h e v
re a d e r o r h e a re r t o d i sco e r it s fi c t it io u s c h ara c t e r an d

l e arn it s l es s o n . A ll t h e s e a re , in s tr i c t d e fin it io n , fi ct i o n s ; b ut t h e
w o rd fi ct i o n is n ow a pplie d al m o st e x c lu s i v
ely to no v
el s o r ro

m an oe s A n a llegory i s a m o ra l o r r e lig io us t a l e o f w h ich t h e ,

m o ral l e ss o n is t h e s ub s t an c e an d all d esc ript io n s an d in c id e n t s

,

T h e Pil gr im s Pro g re s s
”
‘

b u t a cc e sso rie s a s in A f a ble is g en

’
.
,

e ra l l y b rie fe r re pre s e n t i n g a n im a l s as t h e s pea k e rs a n d a c t o rs a n d

, ,

co mm o n l y c o n v e y in g s o m e l e s s o n o f prac t ic a l w i s d o m o r s h r e w d

A p a r a ble i s e x cl u s ive ly m o ra l
“ ”
n ess a s ,
T h e F a b le s o f Ailso p .

o r re lig io u s , b rie fe r an d le ss a d o rn e d t h an an a llego r y, w it h it s l e s

so n m o re im m e d iat e l y d is c e rn ib l e giv e n as i t w ere a t a s t ro k e , , , .

A n y co m pariso n a n a l o gy in s t an c e e x am pl e t al e an e c d o t e o r
, , , , , ,

t h e l ike w h ich s e rv e s t o l e t in l ig h t u po n a s ub j e c t m a y b e c al l e d

a n i llu s t ra ti o n t h is w o r d in i t s w id e s t u se in c l u d in g a l l t h e re s t
, .

Co m pare FICTI O N ; S T O RY .

A n t ym
o n s

ch ro n icl e , h is t o ry , n arrat i e , v reco rd .

A LL E VI A T E .

Syn ym s
o n

ab ate , l i gh t e n , re move ,

a s suage , mi tig at e , so ft e n .

le s se n , m o d e ra t e ,

E t ym o l og ically , t o a lle v
i t a e i s t o li ft a b urd e n t o w ard on e

s e l f , an d so li gh t en it fo r t h e b e are r ; t o r eli e e is t o lift it b ack v

fro m t h e b e are r , n e arl y o r quit e a w a y ; t o r emo e is t o t ake it v
a w a y a l t o ge t h e r v
A lle i a te is t h us l e s s t h a n r eli v
e;
e v
r eli e e , o r

v vt h
.

d in arily , l e s s t h an re m v o e . We a ll e v
i ta e , r e li e e or re mo e e

t ro u b le ; w e r eli e e , n o t v a lle v
i t a e, th e s uffe re r A ss u a ge i s , b y
.

v
d e ri at io n , t o s w e e t e n ; mi t i g a t e , to m a ke m ild ; mo d er a t e, t o
b rin g w it h in m eas ure ; a b a t e, t o b e at d o w n , a n d s o m a ke l e ss .

v
W e a b a te a fe e r ; less en an x ie t y ; mo d er a te pas sio n s o r d e s ire s ;
'

li gh t en b urd e n s ; mi ti ga te o r a lle i a t e pa in r ed uce in fl am m at io n ;

'

v
3
 a llia n ce
a llo t 34

so f t en ,
a ss u a ge , o r mo d er a te grie f w e li gh t en o r mi t i ga t e pun ish
m en t s ; we r e li e ve a n y s u ffe rin g o f b o d y o r m in d t h at a d m it s o f

h e l p, co m fo rt o r ,
re me d y . v
A lle i a t e h a s b e e n o ft e n co n fu s e d w it h
a ll a y . Co m pare A LL A Y .

A n t o n ym s :

aggra v
at e , make w o rse .

aug ment ,

A LL I A N C E .

Syn ym s
o n

c o a l it i o n , c o n fe d e r a t i o n , p a rt n e r s h i p ,
co mp act , fe d e r a t i o n , un ion .

con fe d e r a c y ,

A lli a n ce i s in it s mo s t co mm o n u s e a co n n e c t io n fo rm e d b y
t re at y b e t w e en so v
e re i gn s t at e s as fo r m u t ual a id in w ar Pa r t
.

n er s h ip is a me rc an t il e w o rd a lli a n ce c h i e fly
po lit ic al o r m at ri
m on ia l . Co a li t i o n is o ft en es t u s e d o f po l it i ca l part i es ; f us i on
is now the m o re co m m o n w o rd in t hi s se n se . In an a lli a n ce
b e t w e en n at io n s t h e re i s no s urre n d e r o f so v e re i gn ty , an d no

u n i o n e x c ept fo r a s pe c ifi e d t im e a n d
pu rpo s e L ea gu e a n d . a lli

a n ce ar e u se d w i t h s carce l y pe r c e pt i b l e d iffe r e n ce o f m e a n in g . In
a co nf ed era cy o r conf ed er a t i o n t h e re is an a t t e m pt t o un i t e s ep

a ra t e s t at e s in a v
g e n e ral go e rn m e n t w it h o u t s urre n d e r o f so e r v
e i gn t y . Un i on im plie s s o m u c h co n ces s io n as t o m ake t h e s eparat e
s t a t es s u b s t a n t i all y o n e . F ed er a t i o n is m a in ly a po e t i c an d rh e t o r
i cal w o rd e x pre s s in g so m e t h in g of th e s a m e t h o u gh t a s i n T e n n y
,

“
T h e U n it e d
’
s on s f ed er a t i o n of t h e w o rl d , L o cks l ey H a ll, 1 128 . .

S t at e s i s n ot a co n f ed er a cy n o r a n a lli a n ce ; the n a t io n m ig h t b e
c a ll e d a f ed er a ti o n , b ut pr e fe rs t o b e st y l e d a fe d eral un i o n .

A n to nym s :
an t ago n is m,
d i s co rd ,
Prepo s itio n s

A ll ian ce wi t h a n e igh b o rin g peo pl e ; a ga i n s t th e co mmo n

en emy ; for o ff e n se a n d d e fe n se ; a ll ian c e of ,
b e t ween , or a mo n g

n at io n s .

AL L O T .

S yn ym s
o n

a pp o in t ,
a p p o rt i o n ,
a ssign ,
a w ard ,

A llo t , o ri gi n al l y to as s ig n b y lo t , a pplie s t o t h e gi in g o f a d e fv
i n i t e t h in g t o a c e rt a in pe rso n . A po rt io n o r e x t e n t o f t im e is a l
 35 a l lo w

l o t ted ; as , I e x pe c t t o li v
e o ut my a ll o t t ed t im e . A d e fin it e perio d
is a pp o i n t ed ; as , t h e au d i e n ce a sse m b le d at the app o i n t ed h o ur .

A ll o t m ay a l so r e fe r to s pa c e ; a s , to a llo t a plo t of g r o u n d fo r a
c e m e t e ry ; b ut w e n o w o ft en e r use sel ect , s e t ap a r t , o r a ss i gn A llo t
.

is n o t n o w u se d o fpe r so n s App o i n t m ay b e u s e d o f t im e , s pa c e ,
.

o r pe rs o n ; as t h e app o i n t ed d a y ; t h e app o i n t ed pl ace ; an o ffi c er

.

w a s app o i n t ed t o t hi s s t a t io n D es ti n e m a y al s o r e fe r t o t im e ,
.

pl ace , o r pe rs o n , b u t it a lw a y s h a s re fere n ce t o w h a t is co n s id era

b l y in t h e fu t ur e ; a m an app o i n t s t o m e e t h is frie n d in fi v
e mi n

ut es h e d es t i n es h is so n t o fo ll o w h is ow n pro fe s s io n A ss i gn is
.

rar e l y u se d o f t im e b u t
, r at h er o f pl ace s , pe r so n s , o r t h in g s We .

a ss i gn a w o rk t o b e d o n e an d a ss i gn a m a n t o d o it , w h o , i f h e

fa il s , m u s t a ss i gn a re aso n fo r n ot d o in g i t . T h at w h i c h i s a ll o t t ed ,

app o i n t ed , or a s s i gn ed is m o re or l ess a rb it rar y ; t h at w h ich is

a wa r d ed is t h e d u e
‘

r e qu i t a l o f so m e t h in g t h e re c e iv
e r h as d o n e ,

an d h e h as ri gh t an d c l a i m t o it ; as t h e m e d al w as a w ar d ed fo r
‘

vl o
a r. Co m pare A PP O RTI O N .

Ant o nym s
appro priat e ,
co n fi s cat e ,

Prep o s iti o n s

All o t t o a c o m pan y for a pu rpo se .

A L LO W .
“

Syn ym s
o n

a d m it , con s e nt to, l e t, s an ct ion , t ol e ra te ,

con ce d e , g ra n t , s u ff e r , y ield .

W e allo w t h at w h ic h w e d o n ot at t e mpt t o h in d er ; w e p er mi t
t h at t o w h ich w e gi e s o m e e x pr e ss v au th o r iz at i o n i W h e n t h is i s
.

v v
g i en erb a lly it is c a ll e d pe rm is s io n ; w h e n in w rit in g it is co m
m o n l y call e d a perm it T h er e ar e e st ab lis h m e n t s t h at an y o n e
.

w ill b e a llo wed to v

i it w i t h
s o u t c h a l l en g e or h in d r an c e ; t h er e ar e

o t h er s th at n o on e is a llo wed to v i s it w it h o u t a pe m it fro m t h e r

m an a ger ; t h e r e are o t h e rs t o r r w h ich v is it o s a e a d mi tt ed a t s pe c i

fi e d t im es w it h o u t a f o rm al per m it !W e a llo w a c h il d s in n o c e n t
’
.
,

in tr u s io n ; ) w e co n ced e a rig h t ; gra n t a re qu e s t ; co n sen t t o a s al e bf

’

pro pe rt y ; (p er mi t a n in s pec t io n o f acco un t s ;\ s a n ct i o n a m arri a g e ;

t o ler a t e t h e r u d e ness o f a w e ll m ean in g s erv a n t ; s u b mi t t o a s ur

) s

g ical o per at io n ; yi eld t o a d e m an d o r n e c e s s it y a g a in s t o u r w is h or

w ill , or m e t h in g u n d e r co m pu l s io n ; a s , t h e sh e riff yi eld ed

yi eld so

t h e k e y s a t t h e m u z zl e o f a r e v o lv
e r , a n d a llo wed t h e m o b t o e n t e r .

S uffer in t h e s e n se o f m il d co n c e s s io n i s n o w b eco m in g rar e it s

, , ,
 a lloy
a ll ud e 36

pl ac e b e in g t ak e n b y l per mi t ,
‘

a l o w, or t o lera t e . Co mpare PE R
MI SS IO N .

A n t o n ym s

d en y , d is a v ro t s et ’ wit h s t an d
i
) ro e
gf
.

d is al lo w, f o rb e use ,

S ee a l s o s yn o n y m s fo r PR O HIBIT .

Pr e p o s i t i o n s :

To a ll o w o f ( in b es t re c e n t u s a e , s i
g mpl y t o a ll o w ) su ch an ao
t io n a ll o w o n e in s u ch a c o urs e a ll o w f o r spe n d in g mo n e y s
.

AL L O Y .

Syn ym s
o n

a d m ixt u re , a d ul t e ra t i o n , d e b asement , d e t e ri o ra t i o n .

A llo y m ay b e e it he r so me ad mixt ure of b aser w it h pre cio us

m e t al , as fo r giv in g h ard n es s t o co in o r t h e l ike , o r it m ay b e a
co m po un d o r m i x t ure o f t w o o r m o r e m e t al s A d u lt er a t i o n .
,

d eb a s emen t a n d d et er i o r a t i o n are al w ay s u s e d in t h e b ad s e n s e ;
,

a d mi x t u r e i s n e ut ra l an d m a y b e g o o d o r b a d ;
, a llo y i s co m

m o n l y go o d in t h e l it eral s en se A n e x c ess o f a llo y v irt u ally.

am o u n t s t o a d u lt er a t i o n ; b u t a d u lt era t i o n i s n o w m o s t l y res t ri c t e d

t o art icl e s u s e d fo r fo o d d ri n k m e di c in e , a n d kin d r e d u ses

, ,
In .

t h e fi g urat i v e s e n s e , a s appli e d to c h ara c t e r , e t c .

, a llo y is un fa v
or

ab l e , b e c au se t h e re t h e o n l y s t an d ard is perfec t io n .

A L L UD E .

Syn ym s
o n

ad v
e rt , in d icat e , in tim at e , s i g n i fy ,
h in t . in sin uate , m e n tio n , s ug g e s t .

imply ,

Ad vt er , men t i o n , an d r e er ar e u s e d o f
f l an g u age t h at m o re or

l e s s di s t in c t l y u t t e rs a c e rt a in t h o ugh t ; t h e o t h e rs o f l an g uage
fr o m w h i c h i t m ay b e in fe rre d . We a l lu d e to a m at t er s ligh t l y ,
pe rh aps b y a w o r d o r ph r a s e , as it w e re in b y pl ay ; w e a d er t t o v
it w h e n w e t u rn fro m o ur pa t h t o tr e at it w e r ef er t o it b y an y
c l e a r u t t e ran ce t h at d i st in c t l y t urn s t h e m in d o r at t e n t io n t o it ;
as , m arg in al fi g ur e s pa ra ll e l pass a g e ; w e
f
r e er to a me n t i o n a
t h in g b y e x pl ic it w o rd , a s b y n a m in g it T h e spe ak e r a d er t ed t o . v
t h e r ec e n t d is t urb an ces a n d t h e r e m is s n e s s o f c e rt a in pu b lic o ffi
c e rs ; tho h e men t i o n ed n o n am e i t w a s e as y t o s e e t o w h o m ,

he a llu d ed . O n e m ay h i n t a t a t h in g in a frie n dl y w ay b u t w h at ,

i s i n s i n u a t ed is al w ay s v
u n fa o r ab l e , g e n e rally b o t h h o s t il e an d
c o w ar d ly . O n e m ay i n d i ca t e h is w ish e s , i n t i ma t e h is pl an s , i mp ly
hi s o pin io n , s i gn i f y h is w il l , s u gg es t a c o u rs e o f a c t i o n . Co m par e
SU GG E S TIO N .

Pre po s itio n

T h e pas sag e e v
id e n t l y a ll u d e s t o t h e Je w i s h Pa s s o v
er .

A L L UR E .

Syn ym s
o n

a t t ra c t , c a pti va t e d eco y en tice , l u re ,

v
, ,

c aj o l e , coax, d ra w , in eigle , s e d uce ,

To a llur e is t o d r a w as w it h a l ur e b y so me c h ar m o r so me
pro s pe c t o f pl e a s u r e o r a d an t ag e v
W e m a y a ttr a ct o t h e rs t o a .

ce rt a in t h in g w it h o u t in t e n t ; a s , t h e g o o d u n co n s c io u s l y a t t r a ct

o t h e rs to v
i t ue r . W e ma y a llu r e e it h e r t o t h a t w h i c h is e v
il or

to th at w h ic h is g o o d an d n o b l e , b y purpo se an d e n d e a o r , a s in v
fa m iliar lin e ,
”
th e A llu r ed t o b righ t e r w o rld s , an d l e d t h e w a y ,
G O LD S MITH D ese rt ed Vi lla ge 1 1 7 0 . . L u r e is r at h e r m o re a kin to
t h e ph y s ical n at u r e It is t h e w o r d w e w o u ld u s e o f d raw in g o n
.

a n an i m al Co a x e x pre s s e s t h e a t t rac t io n o f t h e pe r s o n , n o t o f
.

t h e t h in g A m an m ay b e co a x ed t o t h at w h ic h is b y n o m ean s
.

a llu r i n g . Caj o le an d d eco y c a rry t h e id e a of d e ce i in g v an d e nsn ar

in g . T o in vi gl e e is t o le a d on e b lin d ly in . T o t emp t is t o en d ea v
or

t o l ea d on e w ro n g -

to sed u ce is t o s u cce e d in wi n n i n g on e fro m

g o o d t o ill Wi n m a y b e u se d in e it h e r a b a d o r a go o d s e n se , in
.

w h ich l a t t e r it s u rpa sse s t h e h ig h e st se n se o f a llu re , b ec au se it

s uc ce e d s in t h at w h ic h a llu r e a t t e m pt s ; as , H e t h a t wi n n e th
s o ul s is w ise ,
”
Pr o vx i.
, 30 .

A n t o n ym s

ch ill , d amp, d is s uad e , d ri v

e away, warn .

P re po s i tio n s :

A ll u r e t o a co u rs e a ll u re b y h o pe s a ll ure f ro m e v
il t o go o d .

AL SO .

Syn ym s
o n

a s w e ll , in a d d it i o n , l ik e w i s e ,
a s w e ll a s , in l ik e m a n n er, s i m il a rl y ,
b e sid e s ,
W h il e so m e d is t in c t io n s b e t w e e n t h e s e w o rd s an d ph ra se s w ill
appe a r t o th e c ar e f u l s t u d e n t , y e t in pra ct ise t h e c h o ice b e t w e en

t h e m i s l arg e ly t o se c ure eu ph o n y an d a o i d re pe t it io n v . T he
w o rd s fall in t o t w o g ro u ps ; a s w ell as, b es id es , i n ad d i t i o n t oo , ,

wi th a l , s impl y a d d a fac t o r t h o u gh t ; a lso ( all so ) , in li ke ma n n er ,

likewi se , si mila r ly , a ffi r m t h at w h at i s ad d ed is l ike t h at t o w h ic h

it i s ad d e d . A s we ll fo l l o w s t h e w o rd or phr as e t o w h ic h it is
 a l t ern at i v e
a m ass 38

j o in e d . We c an s ay th e s in g ers as we ll as t h e pl a y e rs , o r t h e

pl ay e rs , an d the S in g e rs a s well .

A nt o n ym s

b ut , ne v
e t h e le s s
r , o n t h e c o n t rary ,
in s pit e o f, n o t wit h s t an d in g, on the o t h er h and ,

A L T E R NA T I VE .

S yn o n ym s

ch o ic e e l e ctio n O pt i o n pick p r e fe r e n ce r e s o urc e

vi
, , , , , .

A ch o i ce m ay b e am o n g m an y t h i n gs ; a n a l t ern a t i e s in t h e
s t ri c t e s t s e n se a ch o i ce b e t w e e n t w o t h in g s ; o ft e n e r it is on e of t wo
t hi n g s b e t w e e n w hi ch a ch o i ce is t o b e m ad e , an d e it h e r o f w h ic h
is t h e a l t ern a t i vf e o the o t h er as , the a l t er n a t i vf e o s u rr e n d e r is
d e at h ; or t h e t w o t h in g s b e tw e en w h ich t h e re is a ch o i ce m ay b e
c al l e d th e a l t ern a t i v;es b o t h M ill an d G la d s t o n e are qu o t e d as e x
t e n di n g t h e m e ani n g o f a l t ern a t i vte o in c lu d e se v e ra l part i c ul ars ,

G l ad s t o n e e v e n s pe a kin g o f
“
t h e fo u rt h an d l as t of t h es e a l t ern a

ti v es . Op t i o n i s th e r i gh t or v
pri il e g e o f ch o o s in g ; ch o i ce m ay
be e it h e r th e righ t to c h o o se , t h e act o f c h o o s in g , o r t h e t hi n g
c h o se n . A pe rs o n mm o n ly h av
o f a b ili t y a n d e r ea di n es s w ill co

man y r es o urces Pi ck fro m t h e S ax o n an d e lect i o n fro m t h e

‘

.
, , ,

L at in pi c t ure t h e o b j ec t s b e fo re o n e w it h fre e d o m an d po w er t o
, ,

c h o o s e w h i c h h e w ill a s t h er e w e re t w e l ve h o r ses a m o n g w h i ch
, ,

I co uld t ak e m y p i ck A ch o i ce p i ck e lect i o n o r p ref er en ce is

.
, , ,

t h at w h ich s u it s one b est ; an a l t ern a t i vie s th at t o w hich on e is

r e s t ri c t e d a r es o u r ce , t h a t t o w h ic h one is g l a d t o b e t a k e o n es e lf .

A n tym s
o n

co mpul s io n , n e ce ss ity .

AM ASS .

Syn o n ym s

a ccum ul at e , co l l e ct , h e ap up , h o ard up , s t o re up .

a g gre g ate , g at h e r, h o a rd , pil e up ,

To a ma ss is t o b r in g t o g e t h e r m at erial s t h a t m ake a mas s , a

g reat b u lk or qu an t it y W i th s o m e o c c a sio n al ex ce pt io n s , a ccu

.

mu la t e is t o t h e m o r e g ra d u al , a ma ss t o t h e m o r e rapid
a ppli e d

g at h erin g o f m o n e y o r m at e rial s , a ma ss re fe rrin g t o t h e g en eral

re s u l t o r b u l k , a ccu mu l a t e t o t h e pa rt i c ul ar pro c e s s o r r a t e o f g a in .

We s ay in t ere s t is a ccu mu la t ed ( o r a ccu mu la t es ) ra t h er t h an is

a ma s s ed he a ccu mu la t ed a fo rt un e in t h e co u rs e o f y e ar s ; b e
rapidl y ma ss ed a fo rt u n e b y s h re w d spe cu l at io n s
a G oo d s o r .

m o n e y fo r im m e di a t e d i s t rib u t io n are said t o b e co llect ed rat h er

 a m b it i o n 40

g ra n d in c h ara c t er o r fo rm id ab l e in po w e r , a n d ran g e s fro m ap

pr e h e n s io n o r d r e a d t o re ere n t w o rs h ip v
A d mi r a t i o n in cl u d es .

d e ligh t a n d r e ga r d . S u rpr i s e lie s m id w ay b e t w e e n a s t o ni sh men t

an d a ma zemen t , an d u s u ally r e s pe c ts m a t t e rs of l ig h t er co n s e

qu e n ce o r s uc h as are l es s s t a rt li n g in c h a ra c t e r . A ma z emen t
m ay b e e it h er pl e a s in g o r pa in f ul , a s w h e n in d u c e d b y t h e gran
d e ur of the m o u n t ain s , o r b y t h e f ury o f t h e s t o rm W e can s ay .

pl e a s e d s urp r i s e , b u t s carc e l y pl e a se d a s to n i s h men t A ma z emen t .

h as in it so m e t h in g o f co nf u s i o n o r b ewi ld er men t ; b ut co nf us i o n
an d b ewi ld er men t m ay o c c ur w it h o u t a ma zemen t , as w h e n a m ul
t it ud e o f d e t a il s re qu ire in s t an t a tt e n t io n A s t o n i s h men t m a y b e .

w it h o ut b ewild er men t o r co n f us i o n . Wo n d er is o ft e n pl e a s in g ,
an d m ay b e co n t in u o u s in v
ie w of t h at w h ic h s u rpa s s e s o ur c o m
preh e n s io n ; a s , t h e m ag n it u d e , o r d er , an d b e a ut y of th e h ea v en s

fill us w it h in c re as in g wo n d er . Co m pare PE RPL E XITY .

A n t 0 n ym s

ant icipat io n , co mpo sure , e x ect at io n , preparat io n ,

p
cal mn es s ,
co o l n e ss , In d i ff eren c e , s el f= po sses s i o n ,

P rep o si tio n

I w as fill e d w it h a ma z e m en t a t s u c h re c k l es s d arin g .

AM B IT I O N .

Syn ym s
o n

a s p ir a t i o n , co m p e tit i o n , e mulation , O pp o s i t i o n , ri va l ry .

A sp i r a t i o n is t h e d e s ire fo r e x c e ll e n c e , pure an d mple

si . Am
bi t i o n , l it era ll y a g o in g aro un d to s o lic it v
ot es , h as prim ary re fe r

en c e to t he a w ard o r a ppro v
a l o f o t h e rs , an d is t h e e a ge r d es ire of

po w e r , fam e , o r so m e t h in g d e e m e d gre at an d e m in en t , an d v
i w e ed

a s a w o rt h y priz e T h e priz es o f a sp i r a t i o n
. are v
ir t u e ,
n o b ilit y ,

s kill , o r o t h e r h igh qu a lit ie s T h e pr iz es o f a mb i t i o n ar e ad

. van c e

m e n t fa m e
, , h o n o r , an d t h e l ike T h e re i s a n o b l e an d w ise
. o r an

i gn o b l e , se l fi s h , an d h arm f ul a mb i t i o n . E mu la t i o n is not so

m u ch t o w in a n y e x c e l l e n ce o r s u cce ss fo r it se lf as to e qu al or

s u rpas s o t h e r pe rs o n s . T h e re i s s u ch a t h in g as a n o b l e e mu la t i o n ,

w h en t h o s e w e w o uld e qu al o r s u rpas s a re n o b le , a n d t h e m e a ns

w e w o uld u se w o rt h y . B ut , t h e h igh es t , emu la t i o n is in fe rio r

at

as a m o t iv
e to a sp i r a ti o n , w h ic h se e ks t h e h ig h qu alit y o r c h ar
a c t er fo r it s o w n s a ke , n o t w it h r e fe r e n ce to an o t h e r . Co mp e ti
t i o n is t h e s t ri v
i g fo
n r so m e t h in g t h at is so ugh t by an o t h e r at th e
sa m e t i me . E mu la t i o n re g ard s th e mp et i ti o n t h e co n
ab s t ra c t , co

c re t e ; r i vl a ry is t h e sa m e in e sse n t i al m e an in g w i t h co mp et i t i o n ,

b ut diff e rs in t h e n at ure o f the o b e c t s co n t e st e d

j fo r , w hi ch , in
 41 a mend

t he case o f ri vl
a r y , are u s u al l y o f th e n o b l e r so rt a n d l e ss s ub e ct
j
t o d ire c t g agin g , m e as u re m e n t , a n d ru l e . We s pe ak o f co mp et i
t i o n in b u s in es s , emu la t i o n in s ch o lars h ip, ri vl
a ry in lo v
e po l i t ic
, s,

etc .
; e mu la t i o n o f e x ce l l e n ce , s u cce ss , a c h i e v
eme nt ; comp e ti ti on
fo r a v
priz e ; r i a lry b e t w e e n pe rs o n s o r n a t io n s . Co mp et i t i o n
v
m ay b e frie n d ly , r i a lry is co mm o n l y h o st il e Opp o s i t i o n is b e .

c o m in g a fre qu en t s u b s t i t u t e fo r co mp e t i t i o n i n b u s in e ss l an g u a g e ;

it implies t h at t h e co mpe t it o r is a n o ppo n e n t a n d h in d e re r .

A n t o n ym s :

carel e s sn es s , co n t e n t me n t , h umilit y, in d iff e ren ce , s at is fact io n .

A M E ND .

S yn o n ym s

a d va n ce , c o rr e c t , m e l i o ra t e ,

m e li o ra t e m en d , men d
v
a , e ,

b e tter, im pro e , mi t i a t e ,

cle an se , make b e tter, p u ri

To a me n d is t o c h an g e fo r t h e b e t t er b y re m o in g fau l t s , e rro rs , v
or d e fe ct s , an d a l w ay s re fe rs t o t h a t w h ich a t so m e po in t fall s

s h o rt o f a s t an d ard o f e x ce ll e n ce . Ad v a n ce , b et t er , an d i mp r o v e

ma y re fe r e it h e r t o w h at is qu it e imperfe c t or t o w h at h as re a ch e d

a h igh d e gre e o f e x c e ll e n c e w e a d a n ce t h e kin g d o m o f G o d , i m v

v
p r o e t h e min d s o f o ur c h il dr e n , b et t er t h e m o ral s o f t h e pe o pl e .

But fo r m at t e rs b e l o w t h e po in t o f o rd in ary appro al w e s e l d o m v

u s e t h e s e w o rd s ; w e d o n o t s pe a k o f b e t ter i n g a w re t c h e d all e y ,

or v
i mp r o i n g a fo u l se w e r T h e re w e use clea n s e, p ur ify, o r s im
.

ilar w o rd s . v
W e co rrect e ils , ref o rm ab u s es , rectif y in c i d en t al
c o n d it io n s o f e v
il o r e rro r we a meli o r a te v
po e rt y an d m is e ry ,

w h ich w e c an n o t w h o lly re mo v
e . W e me n d a t o o l , r ep a i r a b u ild
in g , co rr ec pro o f w e a men d c h a ra ct e r o r c o n d u c t t h a t is fau lt y ,
t
or a s t a te m e n t o r l aw t h a t i s d e fe c t i e v
A t e x t , w rit in g , o r s t at e .

m e n t is me n d ed b y t h e au t h o r o r b y so m e a d e qu a t e a ut h o rit y ; it
a

is O ft e n e men d ed b y c o n j e ct ure A m o t io n is a men d ed b y t h e.

mo v e r o r b y t h e a ss e m b l y ; a co n s t it u t io n is a men d ed b y t h e peo

pl e an an c ien t t e x t is emen d ed b y a c rit ic w h o b e lie v e s t h a t w h at

s ee ms t o h im t h e b e t t er re a di n g i s w h at t h e a ut h o r w ro t e Co m .

pare A LLE VI A T E .

A n t o n ym s

aggra at e , v
b le mi sh ,
co rrupt ,
 a m ia b l e
a m id 42

AM IAB L E .

Syn o nym s
e e ab l e , e n g a g in lo vb l pl e a s in g ,
v
a g a e
vl y
, ,

a tra ct i e , g e n tl e , lo sw e et ,
vi g
e ,

b en ign an t , g o o d =n a t ur e d , lo n , w in n in g ,
c h a rm i n g , kin d , ple a s an t, W in s ome
vbl vly
.

A mi a b le co m b in e s t h e s e n ses o f lo a e or lo
lo i n g ; th e
e an d v
a mi a ble c h arac t er h as re a d y a ff e c t io n a n d kin d lin e ss fo r o t h ers ,

w it h t h e qu alit ie s t h a t a re a d apt e d t o w in t h e ir l o e ; a mi a ble is a v

h igh e r an d s t ro n ge r w o r d t h an go o d s n a t ured o r a greea ble L o ely . v
is o ft e n appl ie d t o e xt e rn al s a s , a l o ely face A mi a b le d e n o t es a v .

di s po s i tio n d e s iro u s t o c h ee r , pl e ase , an d make h appy . A s el fi sh

m an of m ay h av
t h e w o rl d e a gr eea ble ; a h a n d s o m e
t h e a rt t o b e ,

b rill ian t a n d w itt y pers o n m ay b e ch a r mi n g o r e v

, e n a ttr a ct i v
e ,

w h il e b y n o m e an s a mi a b le T h e en ga gi n g wi n n i n g an d wi n
.
, ,

s o me a d d t o a m ia b ilit y so m e t h in g o f b e au t y a cc o mplis h m e n t s , ,

a n d gra ce T h e b en i gn a n t are c a l ml y kin d a s fro m a h e igh t

.
,

an d a d i s t an ce K i n d go o d n a tur ed pe o pl e m ay b e co arse an d
.
,
z

ru d e a n d so fa il t o b e a gr eea ble o r p lea s i n g ; t h e rea ll y a mi a ble

,

a re l ik e ly t o a vid o s uch fau l t s b y t h e ir e arn es t d e s ire t o pl ease .

T h e go o d s n a tu r ed ha v
e an e a s y di s po s i t io n t o g e t a l o n g co m fo rt a

b ly w i t h e v
e y
r on e in a ll c irc u m s t an c e s . A s wee t d ispo s it io n is
vy er s ur e to b e a mi a b le v
t h e lo i n g h e ar t b rin gi n g o u t all t h at is
vbl
,

lo a e an d lo vly i
e n ch arac t er .

An t o n ym s
acrimo n io us ,
c h urus h ,
crab b e d ,
crue l ,

A M ID .

Syn ym s
o n

amid st, a mon g st , b e t w i xt , m i n g l e d w ith ,

a mon g , b etw e en , in th e mid s t o f, s u rr o u n d ed b y .

A mid o r a mi d s t d en o t e s s urr o u n d ed by ; a mo n g or a mo n gs t
d e n o t es mi n gled w i t h . B e tween po et ic , b etwix t) is s a id
(arch aic or

of t w o pe rs o n s o r O b j e ct s , o r o f t w o gr o ups o f pe r so n s o r o b j e c t s .

L e t t h ere b e n o s t rife , I pr ay t h e e , b e tween m e an d t h e e , an d

between m y h e rd m e n an d t h y h e r d m e n , ”
G en . x i ii ,9 ; t h e re f
e re n ce b e in g t o t w o b o d i e s o f h e r d m e n A mid d e n o t e s m e re
‘
‘

po s it io n v
a mo n g, so m e ac t i e r e l at io n , as o f c o m pan io n s h ip, h o s

A mo n g m y B o o k s
“ ”
t il it y , e t c L o w e ll s
’
. re g ar d s t h e b o o k s as

co mpan io n s ; a mid m y b o o ks w o u ld s u gg e st pa c kin g , s t o rin g , o r

s o m e o t h er in c i d e n t a l c irc u m s tan ce . We s ay a mo n g frie n d s , or

a mo n g e n e m ies a mid s t t h e w o o d s
, ,
a mi d t h e sh ad o w s . I n th e
 m ‘ l i fy
l
a
43 a n a o gy

mi d s t of m ay h av e m e re l y t h e l o c a l m e a n in g ; a s I fo un d my s e l f
’

i n t h e mid s t of a c ro w d o r i t m ay e x pre ss e v e n c l o s e r a s s o c ia t i o n

t h an a mo n g as I fo u n d m y s e l f i n t h e mid s t of frie n d s s u g
,

g e s t s t h e ir pre s s in g up o n e v e ry s i d e o n ese l f t h e c e n t ral o b j e c t, so ,

w h e re t w o o r t h re e are m e t t o g e t h e r in m y n am e t h e re am I i n ,

th e mid s t of t h e m M a tt x v
”
iii 20 in w h ic h ca s e i t w o u l d b e
, .
,

a mo n g t h e m impo s sib l e t o s ay a mid t h e m

” ”
fe e b l e r t o s a y , ,

a mid s t t h e m
”
n o t so w e l l t o say .

A nt o n ym s
afar fro m, away fro m, b eyo n d , far fro m, o ut s id e , with o ut .

A M P L I FY .

Syn o n ym s
aug ment d il at e , e xp a n d , e xt e n d u n fo l d
vl
, , ,
d e e op , e nl arg e , e xp a t i a t e , in cre a s e , w id en .

A mp lif y i s n ow ra re l y us e d in th e s en s e o f i n cr ea se , t o ad d

mat erial s ub s t an c e , b ul k , vlum

o t h e l ike ; it i s
e , or n ow al m o st
Wh o lly applie d t o d isco u rs e or m ake full e r
w rit in g , s ign ify in g t o
in s t at e m en t w h e th er w it h o r w it h o ut a d d in g m at t er o f im por
,
”

t an ce a s b y s t at in g fully w h a t w as b e fo re o n l y im plie d o r b y a d d
, ,

in g i llus t ra t io n s t o m ake t h e m e an in g m o re r e ad il y a ppre h e n d e d ,

et c T h e c h ie f d iffi cult y o f v ery y o un g w rit ers is t o a mp lif y t o

v
.
,

g e t b e y o n d t h e b are c urt s t at e m en t b y d e elop i n g exp a n d i n g un , ,

ld i n g t h e t h o u gh t T h h i e f d iffi c ul t y o f t h o se w h o h av e m o re
f o e c .

m a t erial an d e x pe rie n c e is t o c o n d e n s e s u ffic ie n t l y S o in t h e .

,

e arl y d a y s o f o ur l i t era t ure a mp lif y w as u se d i n t h e fa v o rab l e

s en s e b u t at prese n t th is w o rd an d m o s t kin d re d w o rd s are co m

in g t o sh are t h e d e ro gat o ry m e an in g t h at h as l o n g at t ach e d t o
exp a t i a t e W e m ay d ev
. elop a t h o u gh t exp a n d a n ill u s t ra t io n , ,

ex t en d a d isc u ss io n exp a t i a t e o n a h o b b y
, d i la t e o n so m e t h in g ,

j o y o u s o r s ad en large a v o l u m e unf o ld a s c h e m e , w id en t h e ran g e

, ,

o f t re at m e n t .

Anto ym s
n

ab b e iat e ,
r v mputat e
a , co n d e n s e, cut d o wn , re d uce , su mmarize ,

ab ri d ge ,
“
b o rl d o wn , c urt ai l , e pi t o mi z e , re t ren ch , s um up .

Pre p o s i t i o n s
T o a m plify on o r up o n th e s ub e c tj is n e e d less . A m pli fy th is
mat t er b y ill us trat io n s .

A NA L O G Y .

S yn ym s
o n

a ffi n i t y , l ik e n e s s , re l atio n , si m i l arit y
c o in ci d e n ce , p a ri t y , re s e m b l an ce , si m il e .

c o m p a ri s o n , p r o p o rt i o n , se mb l an ce , s im il it u d e .

A n a lo gy is spe c ifi cal l y a r es e mb la n ce o f re l a t i o n s ; a res e m

 a n ger
44

b la n ce t h a t m ay b e r e a so n e d fro m , so t h a t fro m t h e li ken ess in

c e rt ain r es pe c t s w e m a y in fe r t h a t o t h e r an d perh aps d e eper r e l a

t io n s e x i s t Affin i t y is a m u t u a l at t ra c t i o n w it h o r w i t h o u t s e e m in g
.

lik e n e s s a s , t h e affin i t y o f iro n fo r o x y g e n Co i n ci d en ce i s co m .

l e t e a e e m e t i n so m e o n e o r m o re r e s pe c t s ; t h e re m ay b e a
p g r n

co i n ci d en ce i n t i m e o f m o s t d i ss im il ar e e n t s Pa r i ty o f re a v .

s o n in g is s ai d o f a n a rg u ment e qu a l l y co n c l u s i v e on s u b e ct s n o t
j
s t ri c t l y a n a l o g o u s . S i mili t u d e i s a rh e t o ri cal co mparis o n of on e

t h in g t o an o t h e r w it h w h i c h i t h a s so m e po in t s in mm o n co .

R es emb la n ce an d si mi la r i ty ar e e x t ern al or s u perfi c i a l a n d m ay ,

in v
o lv
e no d e eper r e l at i o n ; as, th e r ese mb la n ce of a c lo u d to a

d i s t an t m o un t ain Co m par e A LLE G ORY. .

A n t o n ym s :
d is agreemen t d ispro po rt ion
,
d i ss imilarit y , ,
in con gruit y , un l ik eness .

P re p o si tio n s

The an a l o gy b et ween (o r of ) n at ure a n d re v

e l at io n th e an al

o gy o f so u n d t o lig h t ; a f am il y h as so me a n a l o gy wi t h (o r t o ) a

s t at e .

A NG E R .

Syn o n ym s

an i m
o sity , fu r y , off e n s e , ra g e ,
ch ol e r, im p at ie n c e , pa s sion , tmen t
v
re s e n ,

d i spl e a s ur e , in d ig n ation , pe e ish n e ss t e mper

vx
, ,

e xa s p e ra t i o n , i re , pettish n e s s, e at ion ,

fr e t f u l n e ss , i rr i t a t i o n , pe tul an ce , w rath .

D i sp lea s u r e is t h e m il d es t an d m o st
g en e ral w o rd C h o ler an d .

i r e , n o w rar e e x ce pt in po e t ic o r h i gh l y rh et o ri cal l an g ua g e , d e n o t e

a s t i ll , a n d t h e l at t e r a pe rs is t e n t , a n ger T emp er u s e d al o n e in
.

th e s en s e of a ng er is c o ll o qu i al , th o we m ay co rre c t l y s ay a

h o t t emp er , a fi e ry t emp er , et c . Pa s s i o n , t h o a w or d o f far

w id er a pplic a t io n ,m ay i n t h e , s in gul ar , b e e m pl o y e d t o d e n o t e

d id pu t m e in a t o w e rin g p a ss i o n m
“ ”
a n ger , S H A KE S PE A RE H a

le t act v , sc . 2 . A n ger i s v
io l e n t an d i d ict iv
v n e e m o t io n , w h ic h i s
s h arp , su d d en , an d ,
like a ll v
io l e n t pas s io n s , n e ce s s aril y b ri e f .

R es en t men t (a fe e li n g b a c k o r v
fe e lin g o er a g a in ) i s pers is t en t , t h e
b it t e r b r o o di n g o v er in j ur i es . E x a sp er a t i o n , a ro u gh e n in g , is a
hot , s u perfi c i al in t e n s it y o f a n ge r , d e m an d in g in s t an t e x pre ss i o n .

R a ge d r i v es o n e b e y o n d t h e b o u n d s o f pru d e n c e o r d i sc re t i o f ur y n

is s t ro n g er y e t a d s w ee ps o e a w a y in t o u n co n t ro ll ab l e v
,
n n io l e ce n .

A n ger i s pe rso n a l an d u s u all y se lfi s h , ar o use d by r eal o r s uppo se d

w r o n g t o o n ese l f , an d d i re c t e d s pe c i fi c all y an d in t en se l y a g a in s t

v
t h e pe r s o n w h o is ie w e d as b l a m e w o rt h y I n d i g n a t i o n is imper .

s o n al a n d un s e l fi sh d i splea su r e a t un w o rt h y act s (L i n d i gn a ) , i e , . . .
 45 an imal

at w ro n g as w ro n g . Pu re i n d i gn a t i o n i s not fo llo w e d b y re gret ,

an d n eed s no r e pe n t an ce ; it is a l so m o re s e lf co n t ro ll e d t h an
:

a n ger . A n ger i s co mm o n l y a s in ; i n d i gn a t i o n is o ft e n a d ut y .

Wr a t h v
is d e e p an d pe rh aps e n g e fu l d i sp lea s ur e , a s w h e n t h e pe o
“ ”
ple o f Na z are t h w e r e fi ll e d w it h wr a t h a t t h e pl a i n w o rd s o f

Je s u s ( L u ke i v28)
,
it m ay h o w e v
, er , si m pl y e x pre s s t h e c u l m in a
t io n o f righ t e o u s i n d i gn a t i o n w it h o u t m a li ce in a pure b e in g as ,
t h e wr a th o f G od . I mp a t i en ce, f r etf u ln ess , i rr i t a t i o n p ee i sh . v
n ess , pet t i s h n ess , p etu la n ce, an d ex a t i o n v e x pr ess t h e s ligh t e r

fo rm s o f an g er I rr i t a t i o n , petu la n ce , an d ex a t i o n are t e m po
. v
rary a n d fo r imm e d iat e c au se F r etf u ln ess , p et t i s h n ess , a n d p ee
.

vi s h n ess ar e c hr o n ic s t at e s fi n di n g in an y pe t t y m a t t e r an o c cas io n
fo r t h e i r e x e rc i se . Co m pare A CRIMO NY ; E NMITY ; H A TRE D .

A n t ym s
o n

amiab ilit y , l o n g=s ufi erin g, pat ie n ce ,

ch arit y, lo e , v peace ,
f o rb earan c e , mil d n ess , pe ace ab l en es s,
Prepo s itio n s

A n ger - t h e in s ul t pr o m pt e d t h e
at re pl y . A n ger t o wa r d t h e
o ff en d er e x a gge ra t e s t h e o ffe n s e .

A NI M A L .

Syn ym
o n s

b e a st , li vi cre at ure tie n t b in g

vi
n g , sen e ,

b ru t e , li n g org an ism ,

An a ni ma l is a s en t i en t b e in g, d is t in ct fro m in a n im at e m att e r
an d fro m v
e g e t ab l e life o n th e o n e s i d e an d fro m m e n t al an d s pir

it u a l e x is t e n ce o n th e o t h er T h u s m an is pr o perl y c l as s ifi e d as an
.

ani ma l . But b e ca use t h e an im al life i s t h e l o w e s t an d ru d es t part

of h i s b ein g an d t h at w h i c h h e s h ar es w i th in fe rio r cr ea ur es , t to
cal l an y v
i n d i id a l m a n an an i ma l is t o im pl y t h at t h e an i m al
n at ur e h a s un d u e s upr em ac y , an d so is d e e p co n d e m n at io n o r ut

t e r i n s ul t . T h e b ru t e i s t h e an i ma l v
ie w e d as d u ll t o a ll fi n er f e e l
in g ; t h e b ea s t i s l o o ke d upo n a s a b e in g o f appe t it e s To . c all

a m an a b r u t e i s t o i m pl y t h a t h e i s u n fe e l in g an d c ru e l ; t o c all

h im a b ea s t is t o i n d i cat e t h at h e is il e l vs en s u al
v . We s pe a k o f

th e c ru e l fat h er as a b r u t e t o h is c h il d r en ; of t h e d run k ar d as

m akin g a b ea s t of h im se l f . S o fir m l y t h e s e fi g ur a t i
ar e v
e s en s e s

e s t ab li s h e d t h at w e n ow in c lin e t o a v o id a ppl y in g b ru t e or b ea s t
to an y c r eat ure , a s a h o rse or d o g , f o r w h ic h w e h a v
e an y aff e c

t io n ; w e p re fer in s u ch c a s e s t h e w o r d a n i ma l Cr ea t ur e is a .

Wo rd o f w i d e s ig n ifi c at io n , in cl ud in g a ll t h e t h in g s t h a t G o d
 a n n o u n ce
a n sw er 46

h as c re at e d , w h e t h e r in a n im at e o b ect s ,
j mal s
pl an t s , an i , an g e ls ,
or m en . The an i ma l s o f a r e g io n are co ll e ct i e l y v ca ll e d it s f a u n a .

A n to n ym s

an gel , s ub s t an ce ( mate rial) ,

i n an i mate o b Je ct , vg e e t ab l e .

A NN O U N C E .

Syn ym s
o n

ad v
e rt i s e , gi v tice
e n o (o f) pro c l a im , re ve al ,
ve
,

c ir c u l a t e , gi o ut , pro m ul g at e , say ,
c omm un ic ate , h e ra l d . pro p o un d , s pre a d a b ro a d .

d e c l a re , m ak e k n ow n , pub l i sh , st at e ,
e n un ci at e , n o t i fy , r e p o rt , tell
v
.

To a n n o un ce i s to g i e i n t ell ig e n c e o f in so m e fo rm al pub or

li c w ay W e m ay a n n o u n ce t h at w hi ch h as
. o c c urre d o r t h at w hi c h

is t o o c cur , t h o t h e w o rd is c hi e fly u s e d in t h e an t i c ipat i v e s en se

we a n n o un ce a b o o k w h e n it i s in pr ess , a g u es t w h en h e arri es v .

We adv ti er se o u r b us in e s s , c o mmu n i ca t e o ur i n t e n t i o n s , en un ci a t e

o ur v
i w e w s e n o ti fy an v v
i n di i d u al , gi e n o t i ce t o t h e pu b li c . De
cla r e h as o ft e n an au t h o rit a t i e fo rce v
t o d ecla r e w ar is t o c au s e

w ar t o b e , w h e re b e fo r e t h e re m ay h av
e b e en o nl y h o s t ilit ies we
say d ecla r e w ar , p r o cla i m peac e W e p rop o un d a que s t io n o r an .

a rgu m e n t , p ro mu lga t e t h e v
ie w s o f a s ec t o r part y , o r t h e d e c is io n
o f a co urt , e t c . We r epo r t a n v
in t e r i e w , v
r e ea l a se c re t , h er a ld
th e co m in g o f so me d is t in g uish e d perso n o r g re at e e n t Pu bli s h , v .

in po pu l ar u sag e , is b e co m in g c l o se ly res t ri ct e d t o t h e s en s e o f
i ss uin g t h ro ugh t h e pre ss we a n n o un ce a b o o k t h at is t o b e
publi s h ed .

A n t o n ym s

b ury ,
co n c e al ,

P rep o si tio n s

T he e v
ent w as a n n o un ce d t o t h e fa m il y b y t e l e graph .

A NS W E R .

Syn o n ym s
rej o in d e r , r e p a rt e e , re pl y , re s po n s e , r e t o rt .

A v
e rb a l a n s wer is a re tu rn o f w o rd s t o so m e t h in g t h at se e ms
to c a ll fo r t h e m , an d is m a d e t o a c h arg e a s w e ll as to a qu e s t io n
an a n s wer m ay b e vee m a d e t o an un s po ke n implicat io n
n or m an
ife s tat io n ; s e e L u k e v22 I a w id er se n se an y th in g
, . n , s a id or

d o n e in re t urn fo r so m e w o rd , ac t io n , o r s ugg e s t io n of an o t h er

m ay b e c a ll e d an a n s wer .m an t h e T h e b lo w of an e nra g e d ,

w h in n y o f a h o rse t h e h o w lin g o f t h e w in d t h e m o v
,
e m en t o f a ,

b o lt in a l o ck an e ch o e t c m a y e ac h b e an a n s wer t o so m e w ord
, , .
,
 a nt i ci p a t io n
an tique 48

A NT I C I P A T I O N .

Syn o n ym s

an t epa st . e xp e c t a t i o n , fo r e s i g h t , h O pe ,
a pp r e h e n s mn fo r e b o d i n g , fo r e t a s t e , pr e s e n t im e n t ,
v
,

e xp e c t a n c y , fo r e c a s t , fo r e t h o u g h t , pre isio n .

E xp ect a ti o n m ay b e e it h er o f g o o d
p r es en ti men t a l m o s t or e v
il
a l w a y s , app r eh en s i o n a n d
f o r eb o d in g al w ay s , o f e il ; a n t i cipa v
t i o n a n d a n t ep a s t , co m m o n l y o f g o o d T h us , w e s pe ak o f t h e .

pl e a s u re s o f a n t i cip a t i o n A f o r et a s t e m ay b e o f go o d o r e i l ,
. v
an d i s m o re t h an i m a gin ary i t i s a part a ct u al ly r e c e i e d in ad v
v
a n ce . F o res igh t an d f o r et h o ugh t pr e v
en t fu t u r e e v
il a n d s e cure ]

fut u re go o d b y t im e l y l o o kin g fo rw ard , an d ac tin g u po n wh at is

fo re s e e n Co m pare A NTICIPA TE
. .

Anto ym s
n

ast o n ish men t , d es pair,

co n s u mmat i o n , d o ub t ,

A NT I PA T I I Y .

Syn o n ym s

ab h o rr e n c e , di sg ust , h a tr e
d , re p u g n an c e ,

t ag on ism , d i slik e , h o s t ili t re p ul s i o n ,

v
an
y,
a e rsi on , d i st a s t e , o pp o s it i on , un con g e n i ali t y .

d et e st ati on ,
A n t ip a t h y, rep ugn a n ce, an d u n co n gen i a li t y are in s t in ct i v
e ;

o t h er fo rm s
d i s like m ay b e acqu ire d o r c h eris h e d fo r c au s e
of .

v
Un co n gen i a li t y is n e g a ti e , a w an t o f t o u c h o r s y mpat h y An a n .

t ip a t h y t o a pe rso n o r t h in g i s an in s t in c t i e reco il fro m c o n n e c v

t io n o r asso c i at io n w it h t h at pe rs o n o r t hin g , an d m ay b e ph y s ical
or m e n t al o r ,
b o th A n t a go n i s m m ay re su lt fro m t h e n ece ss it y o f
.

c irc u m s t an ces ; opp o s i t i o n m ay s prin g f ro m co n flic t in g v

ie w s o r
in t e r es t s d e t es t a t i on m ay b e t h e re s ul t o f re lig io u s
a bh or r en ce an d

a n d m o ral t ra i n in g ; d i s t a s t e a n d d i s gus t m ay b e ac qu ire d a er v

s i o n i s a d e e p an d pe rm an e n t d i s li ke A n a t ural a n t ip a t h y m ay .

v
g i e r is e t o Opp o s i t i o n w h i ch m ay re s u lt in h a tred an d h o s ti li ty .

Co m pare A CRIMO NY ; A NG E R ; EN MITY ; H A TRE D .

A n t o n ym s
affi n it y, at t ract io n , fe ll o w feelin g, sy mpath y .

agree men t , co n gen ialit y , h armo n y,

Prep o s i t i o n s

A n t ipat h y t o (l e ss fre qu e n t l y f o r o r a ga i n s t) a person or thi n g ;

a n t ipa t h y b et ween or b etwi xt t w o pers on s or t hin gs .

A N T I Q UE .

S yn ym s
o n

a n cien t , ol d fa s h i o n
= e d , qu ain t , s up e ra n n u a t e d .

an tiquat e d ,

A n t i qu e r e fe rs to an a n ci en t , a n ti qu a ed t to a d is card e d s t yl e .
 49 a n xi et y

A n t i que is t h at w h ich is e it h e r a n ci en t i n fac t o r a n ci en t in s t yle .

T he r e f e re n c e is t o th e s t yl e rat h e r th a n t o t h e age . We c a n s peak

of the an ti qu e arc h it ec t ure o f a c h urc h j us t b u il t . T h e d iff ere n c e

b et w e e n a n t i qu a t ed an d a n t i qu e is n ot in t h e age , fo r a Purit an
s t yl e m a y b e sc o rn e d a s a n ti qu a t ed w h il e a Ro m an o r R en a i s ,

s an c e s t y l e m a y b e priz e d a s a n ti qu e T h e a n t i qua ted is n o t so .

m uc h o u t o f d at e as o ut o f v o gu e O ld f a s hi o n ed ma y b e us e d .
z

appro v in gl y o r co n t e m pt u o u s l y In t h e l a t t e r c as e it b e co m e s a
.

s y n o n y m fo r a n t i qu a t ed in t h e go o d s e n se it appro ach es t h e
m e an in g o f a n ti qu e b ut in d ica t e s l ess d ura t io n
,
W e c a ll a w i d e .

Ne w E n gl an d fi re pl ace o ld f a s h i o n ed a c o in o f t h e Cae s ars

s
,
an

t i qu e Qu a i n t c o m b in es t h e i d ea o f a ge w it h a pl eas in g o d d it y
. as ,

a qu a i n t ga m b re l s ro o fe d h o us e . A n t i qu a t ed i s so m et im e s us e d

of perso n s in a s e n se a ki n to sup er a n n u a t ed . The a n t i qu a t ed per

s o n is o u t o f s t yl e a n d o u t o f s y m pat h y w it h
t h e pres e n t g e n era
t io n b y re a s o n o f a g e ; th e s up era n n u a t ed perso n is in ca pac it a t e d

v
fo r prese n t ac ti it ie s b y reas o n o f ag e . Co mpare OLD .

A n t o n ym s
fash io n ab l e ,
mo d ern , mo d is h , re ce n t , st ylish .

A NXI E T Y .

Syn ym s
o n

an g ui sh , d is qui e t , fo re b o d in g , p e rp l e x i t y ,
a ppre h e n sion , d i s t urb a n c e , fr e t f u l n e s s , s o l i cit ud e ,
d re a d , fr e t t i n g , t ro ub l e ,
v
c are ,

c o n c e rn , fe a r , mi s gi i n g , w o rry .

A n xi e t y i s , a cc o rd in g t o it s d e ri vt ia o n , a c h o kin g d i s qui et , akin

to a n gui s h a n xi et y is m e n t al ; a n gu i s h m ay b e m e n t a l ph y s
or

ic al a n gu i sh is i n re g ar d t o t h e kn o w n , a n x i e ty in r e g ar d t o t h e

u n kn o w n a n gu i s h is b e c a u s e of w h at h a s h appen e d , a n xi e ty b e
c au s e o fw h at m ay h appe n . A n xi e ty re fe rs t o s o m e fu t u re e e n t , v
a l w ay s s u g g es t in g h o pe ful po ss i b il it y , a n d t h u s d iffe r in g fro m

app r eh en s i o n , f ea r , d r e a d , f o r eb o d i n g , t er r o r , a ll o f w h ic h m a y

b e quit e d e spairin g In m at t e rs w it h in o ur re ach , a n x i e ty alw ay s

.

s t irs t h e qu e st io n w h e t h e r so m e t h in g ca n n o t b e d o n e , a n d is t h us

a v al u ab l e s pur t o d o in g in t h is r e s pe ct it is alli e d t o ca r e F o r e .

b o d i n g, d r ea d , m mo n l y i n c apa c it at e fo r a ll h e lpful t h o u gh t
et c .
, co

o r e n d eav or Wo rry is a m o re pe t t y rest l e ss an d m an ifes t

.
, ,

a n x i e ty a n xi et y m ay b e qu i e t an d s il e n t wo rr y is c o m m uni c at e d
t o all ar o u n d S o li ci t u d e is a m il d e r a n xi et y F r etti n g o r f r etf u l
. .

n ess i s a w e ak co m pla ini n g w i t h o ut t h o u g h t o f acco m plishi n g o r

c h an g in g an y t h in g b u t m e re l y a s a r e lie f t o o n e s o w n d i s qui et
’
.
,

Perp lexi ty o ft e n in v o lv es a n x i e t y b u t m ay b e qu it e fre e fro m i t ,

.
 a p a th y 50

A st u d e n t may b e pe rpl e x e d t ran s l at io n , y e t , i f h e h as

re g ardi n g a

t im e e n o u g h , n o t at a l l an x io us re gard in g it .

A nt o n ym s :

apat h y , cal mn ess ,

l igh t h eart ed ne ss ,
s
s at is fa t io n ,
c
ass uran ce , care l es sn es s , n o n c h alan ce , t ran quil l i t y .

Prep o si ti o n s

A n x ie t y f or frie n d an x ie t y a b ou t in r ega r d to ,
’
a s re t urn , or

co n cern i n g t h e fut ure .

A PA T H Y .

S yn o n ym s

c almn e ss , i n d i ff e r e n c e , q u i e t n e s s , st o ici sm n
co m p o s ur e , in s e n s ib ilit y , q u i e t u d e tra n qui ll i ty ,
,

i m m o b il it y , l e th arg y , slu g i s h n e s s , u n c o n c e rn ,
imp a s s ib il ity , ph l e g m , sti e ss, u n fe e l i n g n e s s .

A p a t h y, a cc o r d in g mpl e ab s en ce
t o it s G re e k d e ri v
a t io n ,
is a si

o f f e e lin g o r e m o t i o n T h ere ar e pe rs o n s t o w h o m a c ert ain

.

d e g re e o f a pa t h y is n at u ral an in n a t e s lu ggi s h n ess o f t h e e m o t io n al

,

n a t ur e . In t h e ap a pe rso n gi es u p, w it h o ut
th y of d espa ir , a v
r e s i s t an c e o r s e n s ib i l it y , t o w h at h e h as fi e rce l y s t ru ggl e d t o a o id v .

W h il e a p a t h y is w an t o f fe elin g , ca lmn ess is fe elin g w it h o ut a git a

t io n Ca lmn ess is t h e re s u l t o f s t r e n gt h , c o urag e , o r t ru s t ap a t h y
.

is t h e re s u l t o f Co mp os u r e is fre e d o m fro m
d ul n ess or w e akn e s s .

a git at io n o r di s t urb an c e re s ul t in g o rd in aril y fro m fo rce o f w il l ,

,

o r fro m perfec t co n fi d en c e in o n e s o w n r es o u rc e s Imp a ss i bili ty

’
.

is a ph ilo so ph ical t e rm a ppli e d t o t h e D e it y . as in fi n it e ly e x alt e d

ab o v e a ll s t ir o f pa ss i o n or e m o t io n . Unf ee li n gn ess , t h e S ax o n w o rd
t h at sh o u l d b e th e e x a c t e qu i v
al e n t o f ap a t h y , re a ll y m ean s m o re ,

a lack of t h e fe e l in g o n e o u gh t to ha v
e , a cen s u ra b l e h ard n e ss of

h e art . I n d ifi er en ce an d i n sen s ib i li ty d es ign at e t h e ab se n c e o f feel

in g t o w ar d c e r t a in pe rso n s o r t h in g s ap a t h y, e n t ire ab s en ce o f fe e l
in g . I n d iffer en ce is a w an t o f in t er es t ; i n sen s i bi li t y is a w an t o f
fe e l in g ; u n co n cern h as re f e re n ce t o co n se qu e n c e s . We s peak o f

i n sen s i b i li ty o f h e art , i mmo bili t y o f co un t e n an c e . S t o i ci s m is an

in t en t io n al s uppress io n o f f ee li n g an d d e a d e n in g o f s en sib ili tie s ,

w hil e ap a t h y is i n v
ol u n t ary . Co mpare CA LM ; RE S T ; S TUP O R .

A n to ymn s :

a it at io n ,
a ar m ,

an xie t y,
c are ,
d is t ress ,

Prep o s i t i o n s
T h e apat h y of m o n as t ic life ; apa th y t oward g oo d .
 api e ce
51 apo lo gy

A P I E CE .

S yn o n ym s
d i s t ri b u t i vl ye , e a ch , in d i vi d u a ll y . s e p arat e l y , se v e ra l l y .

T h e re i s no d isce rn ib l e d iffe r e n c e in se n s e b e t w e en so m u ch
ap i ece a n d so m uch e a ch t h e fo r m e r i s t h e m o re co mm o n an d

po pu l ar , m o re e le gan t e x pre s s io n
t h e l at t e r t h e D i s tr i b u t i v
e ly .

is g e n e ra lly u s e d o f n u m b e rs an d ab s t rac t re l a t io n s In d iv id u a lly .

e mph a s iz e s t h e in d e pe n d e n c e o f t h e i n di v id u al s ; s ep a ra t ely an d
'

s ever a lly s t i ll m o r e e m ph at i c all y h o ld t h e m apart T h e s ig n e rs o f

v
.

a n o t e m ay b e c o m e j o in t l y a n d s e er a lly re s po n s ib l e t h at i s e a ch , ,

l iab l e fo r t h e e n t ire a m o un t as i f h e h a d s ign e d i t al o n e

,
W it .

n e s s e s ar e o ft e n b ro u gh t sep a r a t ely in t o c o u rt , in o rd e r t h at no

on e m ay b e in flue n ce d b y t h e t e s t im o n y o f an o t h er If a c o m .

pan y o f l ab o r e rs d e m an d a d o l l ar ap i ece t h a t i s a d e m an d t h at
v
,

e a ch s h all re ce ive t h at s u m if t h ey i n d i i d u a lly d e m an d a d o ll ar,

e a ch in d iv id u al m ak e s t h e d em an d .

A n t o n yni s
accumul at i el y,v in d is crimin at ely, t oget h er, un it ed ly .
v
co ll ect i ely , s yn t h et icall y,

A P O L O GY .

Syn o n ym s

ackn ow le d gm e n t d e fe n s e , e xc u s e , pl e a ,
v
,

c o n fe s s i o n , e xculp at ion , j ust ifi c ation , in d icat ion .

A ll t h ese w o rd s w ro n g
’
e x pre s s o n e s an s w e r to a c h a rge of or

e rr o r t h at is m ig h t b e ma d e
or Ap o lo gy h as u n d erg o n e a re
.

marka b l e c h an g e fro m it s o l d se n se o f a v al ia n t d ef en s e— as in

Jus t in M A p o lo gi es fo r t h e Ch ris t ian fa it h — t o it s pre sen t

’
art y r s

me an in g o f h umb l e co nf es si o n a n d c o n ce ssio n H e w h o o ffe r s an .

ap o lo gy a d m it s hi m se lf , a t l eas t t e c h n i ca ll y a n d s e e m in g l y , i n t h e

w ro n g . An ap o lo gy i s fo r w h at on e h as d o n e or l e ft un d o n e ;
an excus e m ay b e fo r w h at pr o po se s t o d o
on e o r l e a e un v
d on e as w e l l ; as , o n e s en d s b e fo re h a n d hi s ex cu s e fo r n o t a c ce pt in g

an in v it at io n ; if h e s h o uld fail e it h e r t o b e pre s e n t o r t o e x cu se

h im se lf , an ap o lo gy w o ul d b e in o rd e r . An ex cu s e f o r a fau l t is
an a tt e m pt at part ial j ust ifi ca t io n as , o n e a lle g e s h as t e as a n ex

cuse fo r c ar e l e s s n e ss . Co nf ess i o n is a ful l a ckn o wled g men t of

v
w ro n g g en e ra ll y o f a gra e w r on g , w it h o r w it h o u t ap o lo gy o r
.

ex c use Plea ran ge s in se n se fro m a pray er fo r fa o r o r pard o n

. v
to a n att e mpt at full v
i di n ca t i o n . D e en s e , ex cu lp a
f ti o n j us t ifica
v
,

ti o n , an d i din ca t i o n ar e m o re pro pe rl y an t o n y m s t h an s yn o n ym s
o f ap o lo gy in it s m o d e rn se n se , a n d s h o ul d be so gi v en , b u t fo r
 a pp a re n t
a p pe a r 52

th e ir c o n n e c t io n w i t h it s h is t o r ic usag e . Co mpare C O N FE S S ; D E «

EE NS E .

A n t ym s
o n

accu s at io n , co n d e mn at io n ,

ce n s ure , i mput at i o n ,

P re p o s itio n s

An apo l o g y t o t h e gu es t for th e o v e r s i gh t w o u l d b e fi t t in g .

A P P A R E NT .

Syn ym
o n s

lik ely , pre su m ab l e , pro b ab l e , see min g .

T he app a r en t i s t h a t w h i ch a ppe ars ; t h e w o r d h a s t w o co n

t r as t e d s e n se s , e it h er o f t h at w h i c h i s m an ife s t v
is ib l e c er t ain
, , ,

or o f t h at w h ich m e rel y s e em s to be an d m ay b e v er y d iff e re n t

fro m w h at i s ; a s , t h e app a r e n t m o t io n o f t h e s u n aro u n d t h e

e ar t h A pp a r en t kin d n e ss c as t s a d o u b t o n t h e re ali t y o f t h e
.

kin d n e s s app a r en t n e gl ec t im plie s t h a t m o re care pa in s m ay

an d

ha v
e bee n b es t o w e d t h an w e are aw are of . Pr esu ma ble im plie s
t h at a t h in g m ay b e r e a so n a b l y s uppo s e d b e fo reh an d w it h o u t an y

f ull kn o w l e d g e of t h e fac t s . Pr o b a b le im plie s t h at w e kn o w fac t s

e n o u gh m ak e u s m o d e rat e l y co n fi d e n t o f i t
to S eemi n g e x pr es se s .

g re at d o ub t o f t h e r eal i t y seemi n g in n o cen ce co m es v ery n ear i n

m e an in g t o p r o b a ble g u il t A ppa r en t in d ic at es l ess a ss u ran c e

.

p ro b a b le, an d m o re t h an seemi n g A m an s p r o b a ble in t en t

’
t h an .

w e b e li e e w ill pro v
v e to b e h is rea l in t en t h is see mi n g in t e n t w e
b e lie v
e to be a sh a m ; h is app a r en tin t e n t m ay b e t h e t r ue on e,

v
t h o w e h a e n o t y e t e id e n c e o n v w h ic h t o pro n o un c e w it h c er

t a in t y or v
e en w it h co n fi d en c e . L i kely is a w o rd w i t h a w id e
ran g e o f u s a g e , b ut al w ay s im pl y in g t h e b e li e f t h a t t h e t h in g is , or

w ill b e , t ru e ; it i s o ft en u s e d w it h t h e in fi n it i e , as t h e o t h e r w o rd s v
o f t h i s li s t c an n o t b e ; a s , i t is likely t o h appe n Co m pare E VI .

D E NT .

A n t ym
o n s

d o ub t f ul , d ub io us , improb ab le , un imagin ab le , un likel y .

Prepo s itio n s

(W h en app a r en t i s u s e d in t h e se n se o f e v
id e nt ): H is g uil t is
a ppare n t in e v y act
er to all o b s e r v
e rs .

A PP E A R .

Syn o n ym s
h a v e t h e a pp e a ra n ce or se mb l an ce , lo o k , see m .

App e a r an d lo o k re fer t o w h at m an ifest s it s e l f t o t h e se n se s ;

to a se m b l an c e o r pro b ab il it y pre s e n t e d d ire c t l y t o t h e m in d . S eem
 53 a pp e n d a ge

applies t o w h at i s m an ife s t t o th e m in d o n re fl e c t i o n . It s u d d e n ly

app ea r s m e t h a t t h e re is s m o ke in t h e d is t an c e as I w at c h i t
to ,

l o o ks lik e a fir e fr o m m y kn o w l e d g e o f t h e l o ca lit y an d o b s e rv
a

t io n o f par t icul ars i t seems t o m e a farm h o us e m us t b e b u rn in g

,
.

A n to n ym s
b e, be cert ain , real , o r t rue , b e t h e fact , e xis t .

P re p o s i t i o n s

A ppear at t h e fro n t ; a mo n g t h e firs t o n o r up o n th e s urfac e ;

to t h e eye v
i n e id e n ce , i n prin t ; f ro m re po rt s n ea r t h e h arb o r
b ef o r e t h e pu b lic ; i n a ppro priat e d re ss ; wi th t h e in s igni a o f h is
v
ran k ; a b o e t h e c l o u d s ; b elo t h e s urface ; un d er t h e l e e ; o er w v
t h e s e a ; th r o u gh t h e m is t ; appear fo r , i n b eh a lf of , o r a ga i n s t
in c o urt .
‘

on e

A P P E ND A G E .

S yn o n ym s

a c c e s s o ry , a d d it io n , a p p u rt e n a n c e , con co m
it a n t ,

a ccompan i men t , adj un ct , att ach m

ent, e xt e n s i o n ,
a d d e n d um , a pp e n d ix , a u xi l i ary , s uppl e ent m .

An a d un ct
j (s o m et h in g j o in e d t o ) c o n s t i tut e s n o re al part o f t h e
t h in g or s y s t e m t o w h i ch i t i s j o in e d t h o perh aps a v a l u ab l e
,

addi ti o n an app en d a ge i s c o mm o n l y a r e al t h o n o t a n e s s e n ,

t i al part of t h at w it h w h ic h it is co n n e c t e d
‘

or n ec essary ; an

t
app ur e n a n ce b e l o n gs s u b o rd in at e l y m e t h in g b y w h ic h it is
to so

e mpl o y e d , e s pe c ia ll y a s an in s tru m e n t t o a c co m pl is h s o me pur

A h o rs e s t a il i s a t o n c e an o rn am e n t al app en d a ge a n d a
’
po s e .

u se ful app ur t en a n ce w e c o uld n o t c a ll it an a d un c t ,

j th o w e
migh t u se t h at w o rd o f h is iro n sh o e s . An a tt a ch men t in m ac h in
e ry is m e m ec h an is m t h at c an b e b ro ugh t in t o o pt io n al co n n e c
so

tio n w i th t h e prin c ipal mo v e me n t a h e mm er i s a v a l u ab l e a tt a ch

men t o f a s e w in g mach in e An ext en si o n as o f a railro a d o r o f

s .
,

a fran c h is e carri e s o ut furt h er so m e t h in g al re ad y e x is t in g

, We .

a d d an app en d i x t o a b o o k t o c o n t a in n am es d at es lis t s e t c
, , , , .
,

w h ich w o ul d e n c um b er t h e t e x t w e a d d a s upp lemen t t o s uppl y

o m iss i o n s a s fo r i n s t an ce t o b rin g i t u p t o d a t e
, , An app en d i x
, .

m ay b e c all e d an a d d en d um b ut a d d en d um may b e use d o f a ‘

b rief n o t e w h ich w o u ld n o t b e di g n ifi e d b y t h e n am e o f app en d i x

,

A n a d d i t i o n mig h t
‘

s u ch n o t e s are o ft e n gro upe d a s a d d en d a .

b e mat t e r in t e r w o ve n in t h e b o d y o f t h e w o rk an i n d e x pl at es , , ,

e di t orial n o t es e t c w h ich m igh t b e v

, al uab l e a d d i t i o n s , b ut n o t
.
,
 a ppet i t e
app o rt i o n 54

w i t h in t h e m ean in g o f app en d ix o r s upp le men t . Co m pare A CCE S

SO RY ; A UXI LIA RY .

A n t o n ym s :

main b o d y , o rigin al , wh o l e .

Prep o s iti o n s

T h at w hi ch is t h o ugh t o f a s ad d e d we c a ll an a ppe n d a g e to
t h at w h ic h i s l o o k e d u po n as an in t e gr al part is c all e d an ap

pen d age o f .

A P PE T I TE .

S yn ym s
o n

app e t e n cy , im p u l s e , lust pro p e n s it y

v
, ,
cra in g , i n c li n a t i o n p a s sion , re l i s h ,
v
,

d e sire , l ik in g , pro cl i ity , th irst ,

d i s p o s i ti o n l on g in g , pro n e n e s s , ze st .

A pp e t i t e i s u se d o nl y o f t h e d e m an d s of t h e ph y s ic al t m
s ys e ,

u nl e ss o t h erw is e e x pre s s l y s t at e d , as w h en w e say an app et i t e fo r

kn o w l e d g e p a ss i o n in c lu d es a ll e xc it ab l e impu l s e s o f o ur n at ur e ,

a s a n ge r , v
f e ar , l o e , h at re d , e t c . A pp et i t e is t h u s m o re an i m al

t h an p a s s i o n an d w h e n w e s pe a k o f p ass i o n s a n d app e t i t es as

co n j o i n e d o r co n t ra s t e d , w e t h in k o f t h e app e t i t es a s w h o ll y ph y s

ical an d o f t h e p as s i o n s a s , in part a t l e as t , m en t al o r s pirit ual .

W e s a y an app eti t e fo r fo o d , a p ass i o n fo r fam e Co m pare D E S IRE . .

A n t o n ym s :

an t ipat h y, d e t es t ati o n , d islik e , d is t ast e,

v
a ers i o n , d is gus t , d is reli s h , h at red ,
Co m pare A NTIPA THY .

Pre p o si t i o n :

H e h ad an in s at iab l e appe t it e f or th e m arv

e llo us .

A PPO RT I O N .

S yn ym s
o n

all ot a p p r o p ri a t e d e al , d i s t rib ut e gr a n t ,
v
, , ,

a pp o in t , a s sign , d i spen se di id e , s h are

v
, .

To a ll o t o r a s si g n m ay b e to m a ke an a rb it rary di is io n ; th e
sa me is t ru e of d is t rib ut e or v
d i id e . T h at w hi c h is ti o n e d
a pp or

is g i v
en by so me fi x e d rul e , w hi ch is m ean t t o b e un ifo rm an d
fair as , r e pre sen t at i v
es a r e app o r t i o n ed a m o n g t h e S t a t es ac co rd

in g t o po pul a ti o n T o d i sp ens e is t o gi e o u t fre el y ; a s , t h e s un

. v
d i sp en s es lig h t an d h ea t A t hi n g i s app rop ri a t ed t o o r for a s pe
.

c ifi c purpo se (t o w hi ch it t h us b eco m es p r op er , in t h e o rigi n al

s e n s e o f b e in g i t s o w n ) ; m o n e y app r op r i a t ed b y Co n g re ss fo r o n e

pur po s e can n o t b e e x pe n d e d fo r an y o t h er O ne . may app o r ti on

w h at h e o n l y h o ld s in t rus t ; h e s h a r es w h a t is hi s o wn . Co mpare
AL LO T .
 ar my
a rra ig n 56

t in c t io n is c l e arly pre s er vd ;
e an y v
es s e l v
pro id e d w it h c ann o n is
an a r med v mo r ed s h ip is an
esse l ; an a r ir o n cl a d An yt hin g t h at
.

c an b e w i e l d e d in fi gh t m ay b e co m e a w eap o n a s a pit c h fo rk o r a ,

pa vi n g s t o n e ; a rms are e s pe c iall y m a d e an d d e s ign e d fo r co n fl ict

=
.

A RM Y .

Syn o n ym s

a rm a m e n t , fo r c e s , m i l i t a ry , s ol d iers ,
a rr a y , h o st , m ult it u d e , s o l d i e ry ,
fo rc e , l e g ion s , ph al an x, t ro o p s .

An ar my i s an o rg a n iz e d body of m en arm e d fo r w a r , o rdi n a

rily co n s id e ra b l e in nu m b e rs , a l w ay s in d e pe n d e n t in o rg an iz a t io n

so fa r as n ot to b e a c o n s t it u e n t mm an d O rpart o f an y o t h er c o .

gani z at io n u n it y an d in d e pe n d en ce r a t h e r t h an n u mb ers are t h e

, , ,

e s s e n t i a l s o f an a r my W e s pe ak o f t h e i n v
. a di n g a rmy o f Co rt es o r

Piz arro t h o e i th e r b o d y w as co n t e m pt ibl e in n u m b er s fro m a m o d

,

e rn m ili t ary s t an d po in t W e m ay h a v e a lit t l e a r mi

. a l arg e a r my ,

or a v as t a rmy H o s t is u se d fo r an y v
. as t a n d o rd e rl y as se m

b l a ge ; as , th e s t ars are c a ll e d t h e h ea v
e n ly host . M u l t i t ud e ex

presse s n u mb e r w it h o u t o rd er or o rg an iz at io n multi tu d e o f
a

a rm e d m e n is n o t an a r my , b u t L egi o n a mo b .
(fro m t h e L at in )
an d p h a la n x (fro m t h e G re e k ) are a ppli e d b y a kin d o f po e t ic

lice n se t o m o d e rn f o r ces t h e plura l legi o n s i s pr e fe rre d t o t h e

s in g u lar . M i li t a ry is a ge n e r a l w o rd fo r l an d =f o rces th e mi li ta ry
may in c lu d e a ll the ar me d s o ld i er y o f a n a t io n , or t h e t erm m ay
m a ll d et a ch e d mpan y
'

be a ppli e d to an y s co ,
a s at a fo rt , in d is t in c
t io n fro m ci v
il ia ns . Any o r g a n iz e d bo dy of m en b y w h o m t h e
l aw or w ill of a pe o pl e is e x e cu t e d i s a f o rce t h e w o rd is a u s ua l

t e r m fo r t h e po lic e o f an y lo c a lit y .

A R R A I GN .

Syn o n ym s

a ccuse , im p e ach , pr o s e c ut e ,

c e n s ure , in d ict , s umm on .

A rr a i gn is an o ffi c i a lw o rd ; a pe rs o n a ccu se d o f c rim e i s
a r r a i g n ed w h e n h e is fo rm all y c a ll e d in t o co u rt , t h e in d ic t m en t
re a d t o h im , an d t h e d e m an d m a d e h im t o pl e a d g uil t y o r n o t
of

gu ilt y ; in m o r e e x t e n d e d u se , to a rr a i gn is t o c all in qu es t io n fo r

fa ul t in an y fo rm al , pub lic , o r o ffi c i al w ay . O n e may ch a r ge

an o t h e r w it h fa u l t , gr eat o r t riflin g , pri at e l y o r pub licly ,

an y v
fo rm all y or in fo r m al l y A ccuse i s s t ro n g e r t h an ch a rg e, s u g g e st
.

in g m o r e of t h e fo rm al an d c ri m in al ; a pe rso n m ay ch a rge a
 a rra y, n .

57 a rre s t

frie n d w it h u n kin dn e ss o r n e gl e c t ; he m ay a ccus e a t ramp of

s t e a l in g . Cen s r e c arr i e s t h e
u id e a of fau lt , b u t n ot o f c ri me ; it
m ay b e priv
at e an d v
in d i id u al, o r pu b lic an d o ffi cial A j u d ge , a .

pr es id e n t , o r o t h e r o ffi c e r o f h igh r an k m a y b e i mp e a ch ed b e fo re

t h e appro pr i at e t rib un a l fo r h igh crim e s t h e eracit y o f a w it n e s s

. v
m ay b e i mp e a ch ed b y d am agin g e id e n c e A pe rso n o f t h e h igh v .

e s t c h ar ac t er m ay b e su mmo n ed a s d e fe n d a n t ih a c i il s u it or h e v
may be ci t ed to an s w er a s a d m ini s t rat o r , e t c . I n d i ct an d a rr a i gn

a ppl y s t ri c t l y to cri m in al pro ce e di n gs , an d o n ly an all e g e d c ri m

in al is i n d i ct ed o r a rr a i g n ed O n e i s i n d i ct ed b y t h e gran d
. j ur y ,

an d a r r a i gn ed b efo r e t h e appro pri at e co urt .

An to n ym s :

acquit ,
c on d o n e ,

Pr e p o s i t i o n s

A rra ign at t h e b ar , b ef o r e t h e t rib u n al , of or f o r a c ri m e o n or

up o n a n
, in d i c t m e n t .

A RR A Y .

S yn o n ym s

ar m y , c oll e ction , l i n e o f b at t l e , p a ra d e ,

a rr a n g e ent m , d i s p o s it i on , ord er, sh o w ,

b a t t l e a rr a y , e xh i b i t i o n , ord e r o f b attl e , s i gh t .

T h e ph r as e b a tt le a rr a y o r a r ra y of b a t t le is arc h a ic an d po e t ic
‘

w e n o w s ay in li n e o r o r d er of b a t t le T h e p a r a d e is fo r ex h i b i .

tio n an d o v
e s i gh t
r ,
an d part ial re h e ars al o f m ilit ary m an u al an d
m an e uv
ers . A rr a y r e fer s to a co n t in uo u s a rr a n gemen t o f m e n ,

v
'

so th at a ll m ay b e s e en o r r e i w e ed at o n ce . T h i s is prac t ic a ll y
im po ss ib l e w it h t h e vt as ar mi es o f o ur d ay . W e s a y rat h e r t h e
d i sp o s i t i o n of t ro o ps , w h ich e x pr e s ses t h e ir l o c at io n s o as to sus

t ain an d s u ppo rt , t h o u gh u n a b l e t o s ee or r e a d ily co mm un i cat e

w it h e ach o t h e r . Co m pare DRE SS .

A RR E S T .

Syn o n ym s
a pp r e h e n d , d e t a in , re s t r a i n , s top ,
c a pt ur e , h old , s e cure , t a k e in t o c us t o d y ,

c a t ch , m a k e pri s o n e r , se ize , t a k e p ri s o n e r .

T h e l e g al t er m a r r es t c ar ri e s a l w a y s t h e im plic at io n of a l e ga l
v ng fo r d eb t m ay b e
‘

o ff en s e t h i s i s t ru e e e n o f a rr es t i . B ut on e

d et a i n ed b y pro ce s s o f l aw w h e n n o o ff en s e i s a ll e g e d a g a in s t h im ,

as in t h e c a s e o f a w i tn e s s w h o is h eld in a h o u s e of d e t e n t io n t ill
a c a s e co m e s
‘
t o t rial . O n e m ay b e r es t r a i n ed o f h is lib e rt y w it h
o u t a rr es t , as in an i n san e a s y lu m ; an in d i id ual o r co rpo r at io n v
 a rt i fi ce
a rt i st 58

may b e r es t r a i n ed b y in j un ct ion fro m s e llin g c e rt ain pro pert y .

In c ase o f a n arre s t , an o ffi c e r m ay s ecu r e h is pris o n e r b y fe tt e rs ,

by a l o ck e d d o o r , o r o t h er m ean s e ff e c t ual ly t o pre e n t v e sc a pe .

Cap t u re is co m mo n l y u se d o f se iz ur e by ar m e d fo rce ; as , t o cap

t ure a s h ip, a fo rt , etc . Co mpare BI ND ER O B S TR U CT .

A n t o n ym s
d is ch arge, d is mis s , lib erate , rel eas e, se t free .

P re p o si tio n s
A rr es t e d for c ri me on s u s pi cio n , by t h e s h eriff on , up o n , o r

v
,

by i tu r e o f a w arran t ; on fi n al pro ce ss ; i n e x e c ut io n .

A R T I F I CE .

S yn o n ym s

a rt , c ra ft , fin esse, inve n t i on , s tr a t a g e , m
b l in d , cun nin g fr a u d , m hiac ti n a on s u b t e r fu g e
v uv
, , ,

ch e at , d e ice , g u il e , m tri c k ,
va
an e e r,
c o n t ri n ce d od ge i m p o s t ur e ru s e , w il e
v v
, , , .

A co n t ri d e i ce m a y b e e it h e r go o d o r b ad
a n ce o r A ch ea t .

v
is a m ean a d an t a ge in a b arg ain ; a f ra u d , an y fo rm o f c o e rt v
ro b b e ry o r in j u ry I mp o s t ure is a d ec e it fu l co n t ri a n ce fo r sco ur
. v
in g c h arit y , c re d it , o r c o n s id e rat io n . A s t r a t a ge m or ma n eu v
er

m ay b e o f t h e go o d a ga in s t t h e b ad as it w e re a s kil ful m o v
e ,

m en t o f w ar A wi le is u s ually b ut n o t n e ce ss aril y e v
il
‘

. .

e n ch ild ren f o l lo we d wit h e n d earin g wile

‘
E .

G O L D S M I TH D eserted Village 1 1 84 . .

A tri ck is o ft e n l o w , in j urio us , an d m alic io u s ; we s ay a m e an

tr i ck ; t h e w o rd is so me t im es u se d pl ay fully w it h l e s s t h an i t s ful l
m e an in g . A rus e o r a b li n d m ay b e quit e i n n o ce n t a n d h arm l e s s .

An ar t ifice is a ca re full y an d d e lic a t e l y pre par e d co n t ri a n ce fo r v

d o in g in di rec t ly w h at on e co ul d n o t w e ll d o d ir ec t l y A d e i ce is . v
so m e t h in g s t ud ie d o ut fo r pr o m o t in g an e n d , as in a m e ch an is m
t h e w o rd i s u se d o f i n d ir e c t ac t io n , o f t e n , b u t n o t n e cess ar ily
d ire ct e d t o an e v
il s e l fi s h
, , or i n j u ri o u s en d . F i n esse is e s pe c ia ll y

su b t le co n t r i v a n ce , d e l icat e ar tifi ce , w h e t h er fo r g o o d or e v
il .

Co m pare FRA UD .

A n t o n ym s :
art l es sne s s , fairn e s s , uil e l es s n ess ,
ii nn gnen uo usn ess sin cerity,
g
o
, pen n ess ,

can d o r, fran kn e ss . o n e s t y, o cen ce , si mpli c i t y , t rut h .

A RT I S T .

S yn o n ym s
a rt i fi c e r , a rt isan , m e ch an ic , o p e ra t i v e , w o rk m a n .

A r t is t , a rt ificer a n d a r t i s a n a re a ll fr o m t h e ro o t o f a r t , b ut a r ti s t
h old s t o t h e e s t h e t ic se n se , w hi l e a r ti ficer a n d a r t i sa n fo llo w t h e
m e ch an ical o r in d u st rial se n s e o f t h e w o rd (s e e ART un d e r S CI E NC E ) .
 59 as k

A r ti s t t h us co me s o nl y in t o a ccid e n al as so c iat io n
t w it h t h e o t h er

w o rd s t h is gro up, n o t b e in g a s y n o n y m o f an y o n e o f t h e m a n d
of

v
h a in g prac t ic all y n o s yn o n y m o f it s o w n T h e w o rk o f t h e a r t i s t .

v
is c reat i e ; t h at o f t h e a r t i s a n m ec h ani cal T h e m an w h o pain t s .

a b ea ut iful pict ure i s an ar tis t ; th e m an w h o m ake s pim h e ad s

all d ay is an a r ti sa n . T he a rti ficer is b e t w e e n t h e t w o , pu t t in g
m o re t h o ug h t in t e lli g en ce , ,
a n d t as t e in t o h is w o rk t h an t h e a r t i s a n ,

b ut le ss of t h e id ealiz in g , c re at i v
e po w e r t h an t h e a r tis t . The
s c ulpt o r , s h apin g mo d el in cl ay i s a r tificer as w e ll a s a r ti s t ;
h is , ,

pat ien t a r t i s a n s w o rkin g s im ply b y rul e an d sc al e c h ise l an d po l

, ,

is h t h e s t o n e T h e m an w h o co n s t ru ct s an y t h in g b y m ere ro u t in e
.

an d rul e i s a mech a n i c T h e m an w h o s e w o rk i n v. o lv
e s t h o ugh t ,

s kill , an d co n s t ru c t i vp
e o w er is an a r t i fi cer . T h e h od s
c arrie r is a

la b o rer ; t h e b ric kl ay er is a mech a n i c t h e m as t e r m as o n is an a r

t ifi cer T h o se w h o O perat e m ach in ery n e arl y s elfs act in g are op era
.

v
ti es .

A SK .

S yn o n m s
b e ,1 c ra ve , en tre a t , pe t iti on ,
'

re qu e st , icit ,
s ol
b e s e e ch : i mpl o re
,
d e m an d , , pra y , re q uire , s upp l i ca t e .

O ne a s ks w h at h e feels t h at h e may fairl y cl aim a n d re a s o n a b l y

e x pe ct ; if a so n s h all a s k b re ad o f an y o f y o u t h a t i s a fa t h er .

L u ke x i , 11 h e b egs fo r t h at t o whi c h h e v
a d a n es n o c l a im b u t
c
pit y . D eman d is a d e t ermin e d an d o ft en an arro g an t w o rd on e

m a y righ t ful ly d ema n d w h at is h is o w n o r h is d u e w h e n it is ,

w it hh eld o r d e ni e d o r h e may w ro n gf ully d ema n d t h at t o w h ic h

h e h as n o c l a im b ut po w er R equi re is l ess a rro g an t an d o b t ru
.

s iv e t h an d eman d b ut i s e x c e e d in gl y s t re n u o us
, a s t h e co urt re

qui r es t h e att e n d an ce o f w it n e sses E n t re a t im pl ie s a spe cia l .

e arn es tn e ss o f a s k in g a n d b es eech a s t ill a d d e d an d m o re h um b l e

, ,

in t e n s it y b es eech w as fo rm e rl y o ft en use d as a po lit e in t e n s iv e fo r

b eg o r \ p ra y as I b eseech y o u t o t e ll m e
, T o i mp lo r e is t o a s k .

w i t h w e e pin g an d l amen t at io n ; t o s upp li ca t e is t o a s k as i t w e re

v
, ,

o n b e n d e d kn e e s Cr a e an d r equ es t are s o m ew h at fo rm al t erm s

.

cr a v e h as al m o s t d isappeare d fro m c o n v e rs a t io n ; r equ es t w o uld

se e m d is t an t b e t w e e n pare n t an d child Pra y i s n o w u se d c hi e fly .

o f a d d r e ss t o t h e S upre me B e i n g ; p et i ti o n is u s e d o f w rit t e n re
‘

qu e s t t o pe rs o n s in aut h o rit y ; as , t o p eti t i o n t h e l eg is lat ur e t o

v
pas s an ac t , o r t h e go ern o r t o pard o n an o ff en d er .

An t o n ym s
cl ai m , co mman d , d en y, enfo rce, exact , ext ort , i n s is t , refus e, re ect j .
 a s s o cia te
a sso ciat i o n 60

P repo s iti o n s

A sk a perso n f or a t h in g as k a t h in g of o r f r o m a person as k

f t er a b o u t o n e s h eal t h , w el far e , fri en d s , e t c

’
a or .

A SSO CIA T E .

Syn o n ym s

acco m pl i c e , c o a d j ut or , co mra d e , fe l l o w , m at e ,

all y , c olle a g ue , con fe d e rat e , fr i e n d , p a rt n er ,

ch um , compan ion , con s ort , h e lpm at e , pe er .

An a ss o ci a t e a s u se d o ffi c i all y im pl ie s a ch i e f , l e ad e r, prin c i
or

pal , t o w h o m t h e a ss o ci a t e i s n o t fu ll y e qu a l i n ra n k ‘

. A ss o ci a t e is

po pul arl y u s e d o f m er e frie n d l y re l a t io n s , b u t o ft e n er im pl ies s o m e

w o rk , e n te rpr is e , o r pu rs u it in w h ich t h e asso c iat e d pe rs o n s un i t e .

W e rar el y speak o f a s s o ci a t es in crim e o r w ro n g u sin g co nf ed er ,

a t es o r a cco mp li ces in st e a d . Co mp a n i o n gi es i t self w i t h e qu al v

re a di n es s t o t h e go o d o r e v il se n se , a s al s o d o es co mr a d e O n e m ay .

be a co mp a n i o n i n t r a e l w h o w o u l d v ~
n ot r e a di l y b ec o m e an a s s o

ci a t e at h ome . A lad y ad v
ert is es fo r a co mp a n i o n sh e w o ul d n ot

ad v
e t i s e fo r an
r a s s o ci a t e . Peer implies e qu alit y rat h er t h an co m
pan io n s h ip a s , a j ur y o f hi s p eer s Co mr a d e e x pre s ses m o re fe l .

l o w sh ip an d g o o d f e eli n g t h an co mp a ni o n F e llo w h a s a lm o s t g o n e .

o u t o f u s e i n t hi s c o n n e c t io n , e x cept i n an i n fe ri o r o r pa t ro n iz in
g
s e ns e . Co n so r t is a w o rd of e qu a lit y an d di gn i t y , as applie d

e s pec ia ll y to the m arriag e r e l at i o n . Co mpare A CC E SSO RY ; AO

QU A INT A NC E FRIE ND S HIP .

A n t ym s
o n :

an t ago n is t , en e my , fo e , h in d erer, o ppon en t , o ppo s er, vl

ri a , s t ran ger .

P re p o s itio n s

T h ese w ere t h e a sso c i at es o f t h e l ea d e r i n t h e e n t e rpris e .

A S SO CI A T I O N .

Syn o n ym s

a lli an ce , c o n fe d e r a c y , fa m i l i a ri t y , lod ge ,
cl ub , c o n fe d e r a t i o n , fe d e ra t i o n , p a rt i c i p a t i o n ,

co m m un ity , c o nj un ct ion , fe ll o w s h ip , p a rt n e r s h i p ,
c o m p a n i o n sh ip , con n e ction , fr a t e r n i t y , s o cie ty ,
co mpan y , c o rp o r a t i o n , fr i e n d s h i p , un i on .

We S pe a k o f a n a lli a n ce o f n at io n s , a clu b o f p l e as u r e s se e k e rs
,

a co mmu n i t y of S h ak e rs , a co mp a n y o f so ldi e rs o r o f fri e n d s , a

co n e d era cy ,
f co n ed er a t i o n ,
f f ed er a t i o n , o r u n i on o f s e parat e
s t at e s u n d er one v
g e n eral g o ern m e n t , a p a r t n ers h ip o r co mp a n y
of b u s in es s m e n , a co nj u n ct i o n o f pl an e t s T h e w h ole b o d y o f .

F re e m a so n s co n s t it u t e a f r a t er n i t y ; on e o f t h e ir l o ca l o rg an iz a

t io n s is c all e d a lo d ge . A co rp o r a t i o n o r co mp a n y is f orm e d fo r
 a ss ume
6 1 a s s u ra n ce

pu rpo ses O f b us in e s s ; an a s so ci a t i o n o r s oci ety (t h o a l s o in co r

po ra t e d ) is fo r l e arn in g , lit e rat ure , b e n e o l e n ce , re ligio n , e t c v .

Co mpar e A S S O CI A T E ; A C QUA INTA NC E ; FRI END S HIP .

A n t o n ym s :
d isin t egrat i o n , in d epen d en ce, isol at ion , separat io n , s olit ud e .

Pre po si tio n s

An as s o c ia t io n o f s c h o l ars f or th e ad v
an c e men t O f kn o w l e d ge ;
a s s o ci a io nt wi th t h e goo d is e n n o bl in g .

A S S UM E .

S yn ym s
o n

a c c ept , a rr o g at e , p o s t ul at e , put o n ,
a ff e c t . cla im , p re s u m e , t ak e ,
a p p r o p ri a t e , fe i g n , pre t e n d , u s u rp .

T h e d is t in c ti v
e id e a o f a ss u me is t o t a ke b y o n e
’
s ow n in d epen d
en t vl it io
o n ,
w h e t h e r w e ll or i ll , rig h t fu ll y o r w ro n g ful l y . O ne m ay
a ccep t a n O b l ig a tio n o r a s s ume an a ut h o rit y t h at pro perly b e lo n gs
t o h im o r h e may a ss ume an O b lig at io n o r in d e b t e d n ess t h at
,

co u l d n o t b e re qu ire d o f h im H e may a s s ume aut h o rit y o r O ffi ce

.

t h at i s h is r igh t ; if h e a s s umes w h at d o e s n o t b e l o n g t o h i m h e is ,

s ai d t o a rr o ga t e o ru s u rp i t A m an m ay usu rp t h e s ub st an ce o f
.

po w e r in t h e m o s t un pret en d in g w ay ; w h at h e a rr o ga t es t o h im
se lf h e a ss umes w it h a h a ug h t y a n d o v e rb e a rin g m an n e r O ne .

a s s umes t h e ro b es o r in s ig n ia o f O ffi c e b y p ut t i n g t h e m o n w i t h ,

or w it h o ut r igh t . If h e t a ke s t o h im s el f t h e c re d it a n d appearan ce

of qu alit ie s h e d o e s n o t po sse ss , h e is s aid t o affe ct o r f eign , o r t o

pr et en d t o , t h e ch arac t e r h e t h us a s s umes W h at a d e b at er po s .

t u la t es h e O pe n l y s t a t e s a n d t a kes fo r gran t e d w it h o ut pro o f w h at

he a ss u mes h e m ay t a ke fo r gran t e d w it h o ut me n t io n A fa o rit e . v
t ri c k is q uie t ly t o a s s ume a s t r ue w h at w o uld at o n ce
O f t h e s o ph i s t

b e c h all e n g e d if e x press l y s t at e d W h at a man cla i ms h e ass e rt s

.

h i s righ t t o t a ke w h at h e a s s umes h e t a kes .

A S S U R A NC E .

Syn o n ym s

a rr o g an ce , b ol d n e s s . impud en ce , s e l f ze o n fid
en ce ,
a s s e rt i o n , con fi d e n ce , pre s u m pt i o n , s e l f zr e l i a n c e ,
a s s u mpt i o n , e ff r o n t e r y , s e l f =a s s e r t i o n , t ru s t
m ay h a v
.

A ssu r a n ce e t h e go o d se n s e o f a h igh , s u s t ain e d co n fi

d en ce an d t rus t as, th e
’
s a in t s a s s ur a n ce o f h ea v en . Co nfi d en ce is
fo un d e d u pon re aso n s ; a ss ura n ce is l arg el y a m a t t e r O f f e e l in g .

In t h e b a d se n se , a ss ur a n ce i s a v
ic io us co u ra g e , w it h b e l ie f O f
ab ili t h e h ar d en e d m in al
’
on e s ty to ou t w it or d e fy o t h e rs , cri is
 a st ute 62

re m ar kab l e for h ab it ual a ssur a n ce . Fo r th e c al m co n v

i tic on of

ow n ti tu d e an d ab ilit y , sel f fid en ce is b ett e r w o rd

’
one s re c s co n a

; s elf z r eli a n ce e x press e s co n fi d en c e in

’
t h an a ss ur a n ce on e s own
'

’
re so u rce s , in d e pen d en t ly O f o t h ers a id . In t h e b ad s en se a ssu r

a n ceis l ess gro s s t h an i mpud en ce, w h ich is ( acco rd in g t o it s e ty

mo lo gy ) a sh a me l e s s b o ld n ess A ssu ra n ce i s in a ct o r m an n er ; .

i mpu d en ce m ay b e in s pe e ch Effro n t ery i s i mp ud en ce d efi an t ly

.

d i spl ay e d . Co mpare F A ITH ; PRID E .

A nt o n ym s

b as h ful ne ss , c o n st ern at io n ,
co n f us io n , d is may ,

A ST UT E .

S yn o nyms
a cut e , d i s c e rn i n g , p e n e tr a t i n g , s h a rp
v
,

cl e an sigh t e d , d i s c ri m i n a t i n g , p e n e tra t i e , sh re wd ,

c r a ft
y, keen, p e rspica ci o us , s ub t il e ,

cun n i n g , kn ow in g, s a g a cio u s , s ub tl e .

A cu t e , fro m t h e L at in , th e s h arpn ess O f th e n ee dl e s

’
s u gg e s t s

po in t ; keen , fro m t h e S axo n , t h e sh arpn ess o f t h e c ut t in g e d g e .

A s tu t e , fro m t h e L at in , w it h t h e o rigin al se n s e O f cu n n i n g h as
co m e t o h av
e a m ean in g t h at co mb in es t h e s e n se o f a cu te o r keen
w i t h t h at o f s a g a ci o u s . The a s tu t e m in d a d d s t o a cu t en ess a n d

keen n e s s men t o f c un n in g o r fi n e sse T h e a s tu te d eb at er

an el e .

l e ad s h is O ppo n en t s in t o a s n are b y g e t t in g t h e m t o m ake a d mis

s io n s o r urg e argu m e n t s o f w hi c h h e se e s a re s u l t t h at t h e y d o
, ,

n o t perce iv e T h e a cut e keen i n t e ll ec t m ay t ak e n o s pe c ial a d

.
,

v a n t ag e O f t h e s e qu al it ie s t h e a s t u t e m in d h as al w ay s a po in t t o
m ake fo r it se lf an d se ld o m fail s t o m ake it
, A kn o wi n g l o o k .
,

air , e t c in g e n e ral in di ca t es pra c t ical kn o w l e d g e w it h a t o uch o f

.
,

S h re w d n e ss , a n d pe rh aps O f c un n in g ; i n re g ard t o so m e s pe c ia l

m at t er it in d ic at es t h e po ssess io n o f rese rv
, e d k n o w l e d g e w h ic h

t h e pe rso n c o ul d im part if h e c h o se Kn o wi n g h as O ft en a s ligh t ly .

in v id io u s s en se W e s peak o f a kn owi n g rascal mean in g cu n n in g

.
,

o r s h r ewd w it h in a n a rro w r an g e , b ut of a kn o w i n g h o rse or d o g,

in t h e s en se Of s a ga ci o us , im ply in g t h at h e kn o w s m ore t h an
c o ul d be e xpe c t e d o f s u ch an ani m al . A kn o wi n g c h il d h as m o re
kn o w l e d g e t h an w o u ld b e l o o ke d fo r a t h i s y e ars pe rh aps m o re
,

t h an is qu it e d e s irab l e , w h ile t o s pe ak O f a c hi ld as i n telligen t is

al t o g et h e r c o m plimen t ary .

A n to n ym s :

b l in d , s h all o w, un d is cern in g,
d ull , s h o rt = s igh t e d , un in t e lligen t .
 att a ck , it
attain 64

t h e act s o f ar m ies . To en co un t er is t o m e e t fa c e t o fa c e , an d m ay
be said e it h er o f the a t a cki n g o r O f
t th e re s is t in g fo rce or perso n ,
or o f bo th .

A n t o n ym s
ai d ,
b e frie nd ;
Pre p o s itio n s

We w e re a t t ac k e d by t h e en e my w i t h cann o n a n d muske try .

A T T A CK ,
n .

S yn o n ym s

a g g re s s ion ,
in c u r s i o n , in v
a s ion , on slaugh t,
a s s a ult , in fr i n g e m e n t , on set, tr e s p a s s .

e n cro a ch ment , i n t ru s m n ,

An a t t a ck m ay b e b y w o r d an a ggr es s i o n is a l w a ys b y d ee d .

An a ssa u l t m ay b e upo n t h e pe rso n , a n a ggr ess i o n is upo n r igh t s ,

po ssess io n s , et c . An in vi
a s o n o f a n at io n s
’
t e rrit o ries is an ac t o f

a ggr ess i o n an i n t ru s i o n upo n a n e ighb o rin g e s t a t e is a t r esp a s s .

O n s la u g h t s ig n ifi e s in t e n s e l y v
io l e nt a s s a ult , as by an ar my or a

d es pe ra d o , t h o it is so m e t im e s u se d o f v
i l o en t s pe e ch .

A n t o n ym s

d efen s e , re pul s io n , res is t an ce , retreat , s ub mis s ion , s urren d er .

Prep o s itio n s

T he en e my m a d e an a t t ac k up o n (o r on ) o ur w o rks .

AT T AIN .

S yn o n ym s

acco mplish a rri v e a t, g ain , master r e a ch

v
, , ,

ach i e e , co mp a s s , g e t, o b tain , s e c ur e ,
a c q ui re , e a rn , g ra sp, pro c ure , W in .

A pe rs o n m ay O b t a in a s it u at io n b y t h e in t e rc e s s io n o f fri e n d s ,
h e p r o cu r es a d in n e r b y pay in g fo r i t A t t a i n i s a l o f t y w o rd ,
.

po in t in g t o so m e h igh o r d e s irab l e re s u l t ; a m an a t ta in s th e
m o un t ain s umm it , h e a t t a in s h o n o r or l e arn in g as th e re s ul t o f

s t ren u o u s an d e arn es t l ab o r . E v
en t h at u sa g e O f a t t a i n w h ich

h as b e e n t h o u gh t t o re f e r to m ere pro gr e s s of t im e c arr i e s the

t h o u gh t Of a r es u l t d e s ire d ; as , t o a tt a i n t o O l d ag e ; t h e m an
d e s ir e s t o li v
e to a g o o d o ld ag e w e s h o u ld n o t s pe a k O f h is a t t a i n
i n g h is d o t a ge . O n e m ay a tt a i n an O b j e ct t h a t w ill pro e n o t v
w o rt h hi s l ab o r , b u t w h at h e a ch i e vi es i n it s e lf g re at an d s pl e n
s

d id ; as , t h e G r e e k s a t M arat h o n v
a ch i e e d a g l o ri o u s ic t o ry v .

Co m par e D O G ET ; R E A CH .

A n t o n ym s

ab an d o n , fo rf e it , gi v
e up ,
miss .
 t t it u d e
v
a
65 a t t ri b u t e , .

A T T I T UD E .

Syn o n ym s

po se , p o s itio n , p o s t u re .

Po s i t i o n as appl ie d t o t h e arran ge me n t o r s it uat io n of th e

h um an b o d y o r l im b s m ay d e n o t e t h a t w h ich is co n s ci o u s o r un c o n
v
s c io u s , o f t h e li in g o r t h e d e a d b u t w e d o n o t s pe ak o f t h e a t t i
t u d e, pos e, o r p o s t ure o f a c o rpse ; unl ess , in so m e r are c a s e , w e
\

m igh t s ay the b o d y w a s fo un d in a s it t in g p o s tu re , w h e re t h e
p o s tu r e is t h o u gh t O f as ass u m e d in life , o r a s , at fir s t g l an c e ,

s u gge s t i n g life A p o s tu r e is as s u m e d w it h o ut an y s pe c ial r e fe r

.

e n ce t o e x pre s s io n O f f ee lin g ; a s , a n e rec t p o s tu r e , a re c l in in g

t u t t i t u d i t h i t i i t t t h x e s s i o n Of
p o s r e ; a e s e p os o n a r
pp po r a e o e e pr

s o m e fe e l in g ; t h e a ttit u d e m a y b e un co n s ci o u s l y t ake n t hr o u gh

the s t re n g t h o f t h e fe e l in g ; as , an a t t i t u d e O f d e fi an ce o r it m ay
be c o n s c io u s l y a ss um e d in t h e a t t e m pt t o e x pre ss t h e fe e l in g ; as ,

he ass um e d an a t t i t u d e O f h um ili t y
J
A p o se is a p o s i t i o n s t u d ie d
fo r a rt i s t ic e ffe c t , o r co n s id e re d w it h r e fe re n c e to s u c h e ff e c t the

p o s t ur e o f a s pe c ta t o r o r l is t en er
un c o n s c i o u s m ay b e an a d mirab l e
fro m an art is t s s t an d po in t
’
p o se .

A T T R I B UT E ,
v .

S yn o n ym s
a s c ri b e , a s s o ci at e , c o n n e ct , imput e , re fe r .

as si gn , c h a rg e ,

W e m ay a tt r i b u t e to a perso n e it h e r t h a t w h ic h b e l o n g s t o
h im or t h a t w h ich w e m ere l y s uppo s e t o b e h is W e a t t ri b u t e t o .

G o d in fi n it e po w e r . W e m ay a t t r i b u t e a w ro n g in t e n t t o an in
n o ce n t pe rs o n We . may a ttr i b u t e a re sul t righ t ly o r w r o n gly t o
, ,

v
a c e rta in c a u se ; i n s u c h case , h o w e e r , a t t r ib u t e c arri es a l w a y s a

W h ere w e are qu it e
'

c o n ce ss io n O f un c e rt a in t y o r po ss ib l e e rro r .

s u re , we si mpl y f
r e er a m at t e r t o t h e c a us e o r c l a s s t o w h i c h it b e
l o n gs O r a scr i b e to on e w h at is s u re l y h is , et c . M an y d is eas e s
fo rm e rl y a t tr ib u t e d t o w it ch cra ft a re n o w r e er r ed
f to th e a c t io n

of m icrmo rgan is m s . W e m ay a t tr i b u t e a m at t er in s il en t t h o ugh t

we a s cr ib e an y t hi n g o pe n l y in s pe e ch o r w ri t in g Ki n g S a ul s a id

Of the s in gin g w o m en , T h ey h a v e a s cr ib e d un t o v
D a id t e n
t h o u san d s , an d m e t h e y h av
to e a s cr ib e d b u t t h o u s an d s .
”
We as

s o ci a t e t hi n gs w h i c h m a y h ave n o n e ce ssary o r ca u s al re l at io n ;
as, we ma y a sso ci a t e th e s t ri kin g O f a c lo c k w it h t h e se r v
in g of

d in n e r , t h o t h e t w o a re n o t n e cessaril y c o nn e c t e d . We ch a r g e

a pe rs o n w it h w h at w e d e e m b l a m e w o rt h y . W e m ay i mp u te go o d
v
o r e il , b ut mo re co mmo n l y e il v .

5
 a t t ri b u t e n
66
.

a u gur

A n t o n ym s

d en y , dis conn ect , d is s o ciat e , s eparat e , se v er, s un d er .

P repo sit io n s :

It is un ch arit ab l e t o at tr i b u t e e v
il m o t iv es t0 (arch ai c un o t )
o t h ers .

A T T R I B UT E ,
n.
S yn ym s
o n

p r o p e rt y , q u a l i ty .

s u ch l— t h e
“
A qu a li t y (L qu a li s , su ch n ess
. o f an yt h in g , ac

co rd in g t o t h e G e rm an id i o m —d e n o t e s w h at a t h in g rea ll y i s in

so me o n e re s pe c t an a t t r i b u t e is w h at w e co n ce i v
e a t hi n g t o b e in
so m e o n e re s pec t ; t h u s , w hi l e a t t r i b u t e m ay qu a li t y mu s t
, , ex

press so m e t h in g O f t h e re al n at u re O f t h at t o w h ich it is as crib e d

w e s pe ak o f t h e a t t r ib u t es O f G o d , t h e qu a li t i es O f m att er O rig .

a t t r i bu t e s o f God w as prefe rr e d , pro b a b l y , b e caus e

’
in ally ‘
th e
m en as s u m e d n o kn o w l e d g e O f t h e ac t u al qu a li t i es O f t h e D e i t y ,

b ut o nl y o f th ose m o re or l e ss fi t ly a tt rib ut e d t o h im J A H . . . .

M UR R A Y .
[M ] . H o li n e s s is an a t t r ib u t e O f G o d ; t h e a tt r ib u t es o f
m an y h e at h e n d e it ie s h av
e b e e n o n l y t h e qu a li ti es O f w ic k e d m e n

j o in e d t o s uperh um an po w e r A p r op e r t y (L p r op r i u s o n e s . .
,
’

own ) i s w h at b e l o n g s e s pe cially t o o n e t h in g as it s ow n pe culi a r

po ssess io n , in d is t in c t io n fro m a l l o t h er t h in g s w h en w e s pe ak O f

t h e qu a li t i es o r t h e p r op er ti es m att er qu a li ty is t h e m o re g e n
Of ,

e ral ,p r op er t y t h e m o r e li m it e d t e rm A qu a li t y is in h e ren t ; a
.

p r op er t y m ay b e t ran s i e n t ; ph ys ici s t s n o w , h o w e v
er , pre fer t o
t erm t h o se qu a li t i es m an ife s t e d b y all b o di e s ( s u ch as im pen e t ra
b ili ty , e x t e n s io n , et c ) g en e r a l p r op er ti es o f
, ma t t e r w hi l e
, t hose
pe c uli ar t o c e rt a in s ub s t an ce s o r t o c ert a in s t at e s O f t h o se s ub

s t a n ces (as fl uidi t y , m all e ab ili t y , etc . t e rm e d sp ecifi c p r op er

) are

t i es in t h i s w id e r u s e Of th e w o rd p r op er t y , i t b e co m es s tric t ly
s yn o n y m o u s w it h qu a li t y . Compare CHA RA CTE RI S TIC ; E MBLE M .

A n to n ym s

b e in g, e ss en ce, n ature , sub stance .

A UG UR .

S yn o nym s
b e t ok en , d i in e , v fo r e t e l l , pre d i c t , p ro gn o s t i cat e ,
b od e , fo re b o d e , p o rt e n d , pre s a g e , p r o ph e s y .

Pe rso n s or t hi n g s pe rs o n s o n l y f o r eb o d e o r p r es a ge
a ug ur ;

t h in g s o nl y b e t o ken o r p o r t en d
”
CRA BB E n gli s h S yn o n ymes
. We .

a u gu r w e ll fo r a vyo age fro m pas t g o o d fo rt un e an d a go o d s t art ;

w e p resa ge s ucce ss fro m t h e s t an c h n ess O f t h e shi p an d t h e skill
 a ut h tic en
a u xi l i a ry

of the c apt ain . W e f oreb o d e m is fo rtun e eit h er fro m c ircu m st an ces

t h at b et o ken fa il ure , or fro m g lo o m y fan c ie s fo r w hi ch w e co u l d
n ot gi v e a re aso n . D iss ipat io n am o n g t h e O ffice rs an d m u t in y
a mo n g t h e p o r t en d d is as ter
c re w . v
D i i n e h as re fe r e n ce t o th e
x li v5
’
an c ie n t so o t h s a y e rs art s (as in G e n .
, , an d re fers rat h er

to rea d in g h e art s t h an t o r ea d in g t h e fut u r e . W e say I c o uld not

v
d i i n e hi s m o t i v e, or h is in t en t io n .

A n t o n ym s

assure , d e mo n s t rat e ,
cal culat e , d et ermin e ,
Prepo sit io n s

I a u g ur f ro m al l c ir c u m s t an ce s a pro s pe ro u s re s ul t I au g u r ill
“
of t h e e n t e rpr is e ; a u g u rs ill t o t h e r igh t s o f t h e pe o pl e , T HO M A S
JE FF E RS O N W r i t i n gs v
01 . ii , p 5 06
. .
[T . M . I aug ur w ell , or

t h is w e ll , f or
’

au g urs y o ur c a u se .

A U T H E NT I C .

S yn ym s
o n

a cc ept e d , c e rt a i n , o ri n a l, s u re ,

a c c re d it e d , c u rr e n t , t ru e ,
v
re a
a u t h o ri t a t i e g e n uin e , re c e i ed v tr u s t w o r t h y
v
, , ,

a u t h o ri z e d , l e g itim a t e ,
re l i ab l e , e rit a b l e .

T h at i s a u t h en ti c w hi c h is t rue t o t h e fact s ; t h a t is ge n ui n e
w h ich is tr ue t o it s o w n cl aim s ; a s , a u t h en t i c hi s to ry ; g en ui n e
mo n ey .

A genui ne w ork is o n e writ t e n b y t h e aut h o r w h o s e n ame it b ears ; an auth en ti c

wo rk is o n e whi ch rel at es t rut h ful ly t h e mat t ers O f wh ich it t reat s F o r e xample , t h e .

apo cryph al Go spel O f S t T h o mas is n eith er genui n e n o r auth en tic It is n o t

. .
’

gen ui ne f o r S t T h o mas d id n o t writ e it ; it is n o t auth en t i c f o r it s co n t en t s are

’ ’
.
, ,

mainl y fab l e s an d lie s TR E NC H ou th e S tud y of Word s le ct v

. i p 1 8 9 [W J W ] .
, . . . . .

A u t h en ti c is , h o w e v
e r, u se d by r e pu t ab l e w rit e rs as s yn o n y m o us
w it h gen u i n e t h o u s u ally w h e re g e n u in e n e s s
. carr ies a c e rt a in

a u t h o rit y W e s peak O f a ccep te d co n cl u sio n s ,

. cer a i n t e v
id en c e ,

cu r r en t m o n e y gen u in e l e tt e rs a legi t ima t e co n c lus io n o r legi t i

al u e r ecei v
, ,

ma t e au t h o rit y o r i gi n a l m an usc ript s r ea l v

,
ed i n t er , ,

pre t at io n su r e pro o f a t ru e s t at e m en t a t r u s t w o r t hy w it n e s s a
’

vit
, , , ,

er a b le d isco v
e y r .

A n t o n ym s
apo cryph al , spurio us ,
b as e l e s s , un aut h o riz e d .

A UXI L I A R Y .

Syn o n ym s

a c c e s s o ry , ally, coa dj ut or, h elper, pro m o t e r,

ai d , a ssistan t , c o n fe d e r a t e , m e r c e n a ry , s ub o rd i n a t e .

An a u xili a r y is a pe rso n or th in g th at h elps in a s u b o rdi n a t e

 a v a ri ci o us 68

capa c i t y . A lli es u ni t e a s e qu al s ; a ux i li ar i es ar e , at l e as t t ech

ni ca ll y ,
in fe rio rs or s ub o rd in at e s . Y et t h e a ux ili a ry is m o re
t h an a m e re a s s is t a n t . T h e w o rd is o ft en e s t fo u n d in the
pl ural , an d in t h e m ilit ary s e n s e ; a uxili a r i es ar e tro o ps o f o n e
n a t io n u n it in g w i t h t h e a rm i es , an d a ct in g u n d er t h e o rd ers , o f

an o t h e r . M er cen a r i es s e r v e fo r pay ; a ux i li a r i es O ft en fo r
o n ly

re a so n s o f st a t e , po l icy , or pat rio tism as w e ll Co m pare A CCE S .

S O RY ; A PP E ND A G E .

A n t o n ym s
an t ago n is t , h in d ere r, O ppo n e n t , O ppo s er .

P re p o s it i o n s

The a u x ili a ri e s 0 f t h e R o m an s ; an a u x i lia ry i n a go o d c a u se ;

an au x il iary t o l e arni n g .

A V A R I C I O US .

Syn o n ym s

cl o s e g re e dy, n ig g ard ly p e n uri o u s , s o rd i d

ve t
, , ,

co ous mi s e rl y parsi m on i ous r a p a ci o u s , s ti n gy

vi vt
.
, , ,

A a r ci o u s a n d co e o u s r e fe r e spec i al l y to a c quis it io n , mi serl y ,

n i gg a r d li p a r s i mo n i o u s , an d p en u r i o u s t o e x pe n d it u re The .

a v i ci
ar o us m an h as an e ag er cra in g fo r m o n e y , a n d o rd in arily
o
v
d e s ires b o t h t o g et an d t o k ee p, t h e co vt m an t o g et so met hin g
e ou s

aw a y fro m it s po s s e s s o r ; t h o o n e may b e m ad e a v a r i ci o u s b y

t h e pre s s ure o f gr e at e x pe n d it ur e s . M i ser ly an d n i gg a r dly per

so n s s e e k t o g a in b y m e an an d pe tt y sa v
i gs ;
n the mi s er ly b y s tin t
in g t h e m sel v
es , th e n i gg a r d ly b y s t i n t in g o t h ers . Pa rs i mo n i ou s
an d p en u r i o u s m ay appl y o n e s o u t l a y e i th e r fo r h im s e lf
’

to or fo r
o t h e rs ; in t h e m e w h at l e ss h ars h an d
l a t t er u se , t h e y ar e so

re pro ac h ful t erm s t h an n i gg a r d ly T h e clo se m an h o ld s l ik e a .

v is e a ll t h at h e g e t s Nea r an d n i g h are pro v . i n c i a l w o rd s O f S im

il ar impo rt T h e r ap a ci o u s h a v
. e t h e ro b b er in s t in c t an d pu t it in ,

pr a ct is e in so m e fo rm a s far a s t h e y d are The av , a r i ci o us an d .

r ap a ci o u s a r e re a d y t o rea c h o u t fo r g ain ; t h e p a r s i mo n i o u s ,

mi s er ly an d n i ggar d ly pre fer t h e s a fer an d l ess a d v

, e n t ur o u s w ay

of a v
o id in g e x pe n d it ur e . G r e ed y an d s t i n gy are u se d n o t o nl y
Of m o n e y b ut , O ft en Of o t h er t h in g s , as fo o d , et c . T h e gr eed y
c h ild w is h e s t o j
en o y e v
e ry t hin g h im s e l f ; t h e s t i n gy c hil d , t o

ke e p o t h e rs fr o m g e t t i n g i t .

A n t ym
o n s

b o un t iful , f re e , ge n e ro us , lib eral , mun ifi cen t , pro d ig al, was t eful .

Prep o s itio n

The m o n arch w as a vi ar c i o u s o f po w e r .
 a v g
e n e
69 a vw
o

A VE N G E
S yn ym s
o n

pun ish , re t aliat e re v en ge vi n d icate , v

i it s

vg
, , .

A en e an d r e vg en e , o n ce c l o se s y n o n y m s , are n o w far a pa rt in
m e a n in g . TO a v
e ge i
n s to v
i it
s so m e O ff e n s e w it h pu ni s h m e n t , in
o r d er to v
i di n ca t e the r ig h t eo u s , o r to u ph o l d an d illu s t ra t e t h e
“
righ t by the s u ff e rin g o r d est ru c t io n o f t h e w ic ke d . And se e in g

on e Of t h em s u ff e r w ro n g , h e a vg
en ed h im t h at w a s o ppre s s e d ,

an d sm o t e
t h e E gy pt ia n , A ct s ii , 24 T o r e en g e i s t o in fli c t v . v
h a rm o r s u ffe rin g upo n an o t h e r t h r o u gh pe rs o n al an g e r an d re se n t
m e n t at s o m e t h in g d o n e to o urs e l e s A en ge is un s e l fi s h ; r e en ge v . v v
is s e l fi sh . Re vg en e , acco rd in g t o pr ese n t u s ag e , co u l d n o t b e said
Of G od . To r e t a li a t e m ay b e n ec e s s ary fo r s e lf d e fe n s e , w it h o u t s

t h e id e a O f r e en ge v . Co m pare R E VE NG E .

P re po s itio n s :

A v
e ge on n o r up o n ( rare l y , a v
e n g e o n ese lf O f) a w ro n g s d o e r .

A VO W .

Syn o n ym s

a ckn o wled ge a v er, con fe s s , o w n , p r o f e s s , t e s t i fy ,

vu
,

a d m it , a o ch , d e cl are , pro cl a im , pro t e s t , W it n e s s .

A ckn o wl ed ge , ad mi t , an d d ecla r e re f e r e it h e r to o n e s e lf o r to
’
o t h e rs al l th e o t h er w o rd s re fer o n l y to on e s own kn o w l e d g e or

ac t io n . TO a vwo m m o n ly a s
is t o d ec l are b o l d l y an d o pe n l y , co

s o m e t h in g o n e i s re a d y t o j u s t ify m a i n t a in o r d e fe n d A ma n , , .

a ckn o w l e d g es an o t h e r s c l a im o r h i s o w n pro m is e ; h e a d mi t s a n
’

o ppo n e n t s a d
’
v
a n t ag e or h is o w n e rro r h e d ecla r es e it h er w h at h e
h as s e e n o r e x pe rie n c e d o r w h at h e h as re c e i v
ed f ro m an o t h er ; he
a ver s w h a t h e is sure O f fro m h is own kn o w l e d g e o r co n s c io u s

n ess v
h e g i e s h is as s u ran ce a s t h e o u c h e r fo r w h at h e a o u ch es v v
he a vo w s O pe n l y a b e li e f o r in t e n t io n t h at h e h as s il e n t ly h e ld

vw
.

A o an d a vu o ch t a ke a d ir e ct o b e ct
j a vier s fo l lo w e d b y a c o n
j un c t io n : a m an vw a o s his fait h , a vu o ch es a v
d e e d , a er s t h at h e
w as pres en t o as u s u a ll y
. A vw h a go o d s e n s e ; w h at a pe rso n
v
a o ws h e a t l eas t d o e s n o t t r e a t a s b l a m e w o rt h y , c rim in a l , o r

sh a m e ful ; if h e d id , h e w o u l d b e s aid t o co nf e ss i t ; y e t t h e re is
al w ay s the s u g g e st i o n t h at m e w il l b e re ad y t o ch all en g e o r ce n
so

su r e w h at on e a vw o s as , t h e c l ergy m an a v o wed h i s di sse n t fro m

t h e d o c t ri n e of h is c h urc h . O wn appli es to a ll t hin g s , g o o d or b ad ,

gre a t or s mall w h ich , on e t ak es as h is ow n .
‘

Co mpare C O NFE S S ;
S TA T E .

A n t ym s
o n

co n trad ict , d en y , d isa vw o , d is cl aim, d iso wn , ign ore , re pud iat e .

 b a n i sh
b a nk 72

mpt uo us l y fo o lish l y , b u t n o t n e c e s s arily in co h e re n t l y To

pre s u , or .

a bb er i s t o ut t er a ra pid s u c c e s s io n o f un i n t e lli g ib l e s o un d s , g e n
j
e ral l y mo re n o is y t h an ch a tt er i n g T o go ss ip i s t o t alk o f pe t t y
.

perso n al m att ers , a s fo r pas t im e o r m is chi e f T O t w a d d le is t o .

t alk f e e b l e n o n se n se . T O mu r mu r is t o u t t e r s u ppres s e d o r e v
e n

in art ic u l a t e so u n d s , s u gg e s t in g th e n ot es o f a cl o v
e o , r the s o un d

o f a runn i n g s t re a m ,
is use d fi gurat i
an d vly e of t h e h alf s up

pre s s e d u t t eran c e s O i a ffe c t io n o r pit y , o r O f co mpl ain t , res en t

m en t , et c Co m par e S PE A K
. .

P re p o si t i o n s :

Bab ie s b ab b l e f o r t h e m o o n the cro w d b ab b les o f a h er o th e

s ic k m an b ab b l e s of h o m e .

B A NI S H .

Syn o n ym s

b an , d ismis s , v
i ct e xp a t r i a te o s tr a c i z e
v
e , , ,
d i s ch a rg e , d ri e o ut , e xi l e , e xp e l , o ust .

d i sl o d g e , e j e ct ,

B a n i s h , prim arily t o put un d e r b a n , t o co m pe l b y aut h ority

to v
l e a e a pl ace o r co un t ry , pe rh aps w it h r es t ric t io n t o s o m e
o t h er pl ace o r c o un t ry F ro m a c o u n try , a pers o n m ay b e
.

b a n i s h e d , ex ile d , o r exp a t r i a t e d ; b a n i s h ed fro m a n y c o un t ry

w h ere h e m ay h appen t o b e , b u t exp a t r i a t e d o r ex il ed o n l y fro m
hi s own . O n e m ay exp a t r i a t e o r ex i le h im se lf ; h e is b a n i s h ed
by o t h ers . B a n i s h is a w o rd Of w id e impo rt ; o n e m ay b a n i sh
di st ur b in g t h o u gh t s c ar e m ay b a n i s h s l e e p . To exp e l is t o d r i v e

o ut w it h v
io l e n c e o r ru d e n e ss , an d s o O ft e n w it h d is grace .

Prep o si t io n s

C at a li n e w as b an i s h e d f ro m Ro m e ; J o h n t h e A po s tl e w a s
b an ish ed t o Pat mos .

B A NK .

Syn o nym s
b e a ch , b o un d , b rin k , ed ge m a rg in , s h o re ,

b o rd e r, b ri m , c o a st , m a rg e , rim , s tra n d .

B a n k is g en e ral t erm fo r t h e l an d alo n g t h e e d g e

a Of a w at e r
c o ur s e it m ay al s o d e n o t e a ra is e d po rt io n O f t h e b e d O f a ri v
er ,

l ak e , o r o ce a n ; as , t h e B a n ks of Ne w fo u n d lan d . A b ea ch is a

s tr ip o r e x pa n se Of in co h e re n t w a v
e w o rn s s an d , w h i c h is O ft en

peb b ly or fu ll Of
b o u ld e rs ; w e s pe a k O f t h e b e a ch O f a l ak e o r
o c e an a b e a ch is s o m e t im e s fo u n d in t h e b e n d o f a ri e r S t ra n d v .

is a m o re po e t ic t e rm f o r a wa v
e w ash e d
s s h o r e , e s pec ia ll y as a

pl ace fo r l an d in g or e mb arkin g ; as , t h e k e e l grat es on th e s ra n d .

t
 b a n te r
b a rb a ro us

T h e w h o l e lin e o f a c o un ry o r co n t tin e n t t h at b o rd ers t h e se a is a

co a s t . S h o r e is an y l an d , w h e t h e r c l iff , o r s a n d , o r mars h b o rd er ,

in g w a t e r . We do n ot spea k o f th e co a s t O f a ri v
e r, n o r o f the
b a n ks of the o c ean , t h o t h e re ma y b e b a n ks b y o r un d e r t h e
w h e re l an d a n d w a t e r m e e t ; as t h e w at e r s
’
se a . E d g e is t h e lin e ,

e d ge . B r i n k is t h e pla c e fro m w hi c h o n e m ay fa l l ; a s t h e ,

ri v
e r s
’
b rin k t h e b r in k of a pr ec ipice t h e b r in k o f ru in .

B A NT E R .

S yn o n ym s

bad in ag e , d e ri s i o n , j e e ri n g , ra i ll e ry , s a rc a s m ,
m o ck e ry s a t i re
‘

ch a fi , iro n y , , ri d i c u l e , .

B a n t er is t h e t o u c h in g upo n so m e fau l t , w e a kn e s s , o r fan c ie d

s ec re t o f an o t h e r i n a w a y h alf t o piqu e a n d h alf t o pl ease bad i
n a ge is d e licat e , re fi n e d b a n t er . R a i lle ry h a s m o re s h a rpn e s s ,

b ut is u s ua l ly g o o d s hu mo re d an d w e l l m e an t I r o n y t h e s ay in g .
,

on e t h in g t h at t h e re v
e rse m a y b e u n d e rs t o o d m a y b e e it h e r m ild ,

or b i tt e r . A ll t h e o th er w o rd s h a v
e a h o s t il e in t e n t . R i d i cu le
makes a pe rs o n o r t h in g t h e s ub j e ct o f co n t e m ptu o u s m e rrim en t
d er i s i o n se e k s t o m a ke t h e O b j e c t d er i d e d se e m u t t e rl y d e s pic a b l e
—t o l a u gh i t t o s c o rn . Ch alf is t h e c o ars e w it t ici s m of the s t re e t s ,

pe rh aps m e r ry , o f t e n e r m a lic io us j eer i n g is l o u d ru d e ,

r id i cu le ,

a s o f a h o s t il e c ro w d o r mob M o cke r y is m o re s t u d ie d
.
, an d may
in c l u d e m i m i c r y an d v
pe rs o n al io l e n ce , as w e ll a s sco rn fu l s pe ec h .

A sa ti re is a fo rm al c o m po s it io n a s a r ca s m m ay b e an i m pro m pt u

se n t e n c e . The s a ti r e s h o w s u p fo llie s t o k e ep pe o ple fro m t h e m

the s a r ca s m h it s t h e m b e ca us e t h e y are fo o lis h , w it h o ut in quirin g
w h e th er i t w il l d o g oo d o r h arm th e s a t ire is pl ain ly ut t ere d ; t h e
s a r ca s m is co v
e t r .

B AR B AR O US .

S yn o n ym s
a tro c i o u s , b rut al , m e r c il e s s , v
un ci il ize d ,
b a rb a ri an cru e l ru d un co uth ,
vg
, , e ,
b a rb a ri c in h uman sa a e un t am e d
W h atev
, , , .

e r is n ot ci v
ili ze d is b a r b a r i a n ; b a r b a r i c in d icat e s r ud e

m agni fi ce n ce , u n c u l t ur e d ric h n e s s as , b arb a ric s pl e n d o r , a bar

b a r i c m elo d y . B a r b a r o us r e fe r s t o t h e w o rst S id e of b a r b a ri a n
life , an d to ,
re vlt io n g a c t s , e s pe c ially O f c ru e lt y , s u c h as a c i v
iliz e d
man w o uld not be e x pec t e d to do as , a b a r b a ro us d e e d . W e m ay ,

how e v e r , say b a rb a rou s n a t io n s , b a r b a r o u s t ri b es , w it h out impl y

in g a n yt h in g m o re t h an w an t O f ci v
il i z at io n an d c u l t ure . Sa vg a e
 b a rri e r
b a ttle

is m o re di st in c t ly b l o o d t h irst y th a n b a r b a r o u s . In t h is s en s e we
spe a k o f a s a vg a e b e as t an d O f b a r b a r o u s u sa g e .

A n t ym
o n s

v
c i i liz e d ,
c o urt l y,

B AR R IE R .

S yn o n y m s
b ar, b u l w a rk , o b s tru c t i o n , ra m p a rt ,
b a rr i c a d e , h in d ran ce , p arap e t , re strain t ,
b r e a s t w o rk , o b s t a cl e , pro h ib it i o n , r e s tri c t i o n .

A b a r is so m et h in g t h a t is or m a y b e fi rm l y fi x e d , o rd i n aril y

v
w it h in t e n t t o pre e n t e n tran c e o r e gre ss as , th e b a rs of a priso n
c e ll ; t h e b a r s o f a w o o d l o t A b a rr i er z . o b s tru c t s , b ut is n ot n ec

e ssar il y i m pa s sab l e . B a rr i er i s u s e d o f O b e ct sj m o re e x t e n s iv
e

t h an t h o se t o w h ich b a r is o rd in a ril y a ppli e d . A m o un t ain ran g e

m ay b e a b a r r i er t o e x pl o ra t i o n ; b ut a m a ss o f s an d a cro ss th e
e n t ra n c e to a h arb o r is c a ll e d a bar . D is c o v
e ed r fal se h o o d i s a

b ar to c o n fi d en c e .B a rr i ca d e h a s b e co m e pr a c t ica lly a t e c h n i ca l
na m e fo r an v
im pro is e d s t r ee t f o r t ifi cat io n , an d , u n l e s s in so m e
w ay m o d ifi e d i s , u s u a ll y s o u n d e rs t o o d . A p a r ap e t i s a l o w o r
b r e as t h igh w all ,
s as ab o ut th e e d ge o f a r o o f , t err a ce , e t c , e s e
p .

c i all y , i n m ili t a ry w all f o r t h e pro t ec t io n o f tr o o ps ; a

u se , s u c h a

ra mp a r t is t h e e m b an k m e n t s u rro u n di n g a fo rt , o n w hi c h t h e

p a r ap e t is ra i s e d t h e w ord ra mp a r t i s O ft e n u se d a s i n cl ud in g
t h e p a r ap et B u lw a r k i s a g e n e r al w o r d f o r an y d e f e n s i e w all
. v
o r r a mp a r t ; i t s o n l y t ec h n ic a l u se a t pres e n t i s i n n a ut i ca l l an

g ua g e , w h ere it sig ni fi es t h e ra is e d s id e o f a s h ip ab o e t h e u ppe r v

d e c k , t o ppe d b y t h e ra il Co m par e B O UND A RY ; IMPE DIME NT
. .

A n t o n ym s

ad mitt an c e, ro ad ,
e n t ran ce , t h o ro ugh fare ,
P r ep o si tio n s

A b arrie r t o pro gr e s s ,
a ga i n s t in v
a sio n ; a b arri e r b e t w ee n
n at io n s .

B AT T L E .

S yn o n ym s

a ction , co mb at, e n co un t e r , pa s s a g e of ar ms ,
a fl a ir, c on fl ict , en g a g e men t, s k i rm i s h ,
b o ut , con t e st , fi gh t , s t ri fe .

Co nfli ct is a g en e ral w o rd w h ic h d e s crib es O ppo n e n t s w h e t h e r

i n d i id u v
al s or h o s t s , a s d as h e d t o g e t h e r O n e c o n t in u o u s co nfl i ct
.

b e t w e en e n t ire ar m ie s i s a b a t t le A n o t h e r b a t t le m ay b e fo u gh t
.

u po n th e sa m e fi el d a ft e r a co n s i d er a b l e i n t e r al ; o r a n e w b a tt lev
 75 b ea t

m ay fo ll o w imme d iat e ly , t h e mie s meet in g upo n a n e w fi el d

ar .

A n a ct i o n is b rie f an d part ial ; a b a t t le m ay las t fo r d ay s Eu .

g a gemen t is a s o m e w h at fo rm al e x pre ss io n fo r b a t t le ; as i t w a s ,

t h e co m m an d e r s purpo s e t o a v o i d a g e n e ra l en ga geme n t
’
A pr o .

trac t e d w ar in c l ud in g m an y b a t t les m ay b e a s t ub b o rn co n t es t
, , .

Co mb a t o rigin ally a h o s t il e en co un t er b e t w e e n in d iv
, i d u a ls is ,

n o w u se d a l s o fo r e x t en s iv
e en ga gemen ts A s ki r mi s h is b e t w e e n .

s ma l l d e t a c h m e n t s o r sc a t t e re d tr o o ps A n en co un t e r m ay b e .

purpo se d o r a cc id e n t al , b e t w e e n in d i id ua l s o r arm e d fo rce s

e it h e r v .

F i gh t is a w o rd o f l e ss d ign i ty t h an b a t t le ; w e s h o ul d n o t o rd i
n aril y s pe ak o f W a t e rl o o a s a fi gh t , u n l e ss w h e re t h e w o rd is u s e d

in t h e se n s e o f fi gh t in g ; as , I w a s in t h e t h ic k of the fi gh t .

A n t o n ym s

armis t ice , co n co rd , peace , s us pe n s ion o f h o s t ilit ies , t ruce .

Pre po s itio n s

A b a t tl e og ian t s ; b a t t l e b etween
f ar m ies ; a b a tt l e f o r life ,

a ga i n s t in v a d e rs a b a t t l e t o t h e d ea t h t h e b at t l e of (m o re rarely
at ) M arat h o n .

B EAT .

Syn o n ym s

b a s t in a d o ch as tis e o vre co me s pan k , th ra sh

v
, , , ,

b att er, con q u e r, pomm el , s t ri k e , q ui sh

an ,

b l ab or ,
e cud g e l , po un d , s u rp a s s , w h ip ,
b rui s e , d e fe a t , s co urg e , s w it ch , w o rs t .

c astigate , flog, s mite ,

S t r ike is t h e w o rd fo r a s in g l e b lo w t o b e a t is t o s t r ike re peat

e d ly , as a b ird b e a t s t h e a ir w it h i t s w in gs . O t h e rs of the ab o v
e

w o rd s d e s crib e t h e m an n e r of b ea t i n g , as b a s t i n a d o t o b ea t
, on

th e s o le s o f t h e fee t b e la b o r , t o in flic t a co m pre h e n s iv

e an d ex

h au s t i v be e a ti n g ; cu d g el , t o b ea t w it h a s t ic k t hr a s h , as w h e at
w as b ea t en o ut w it h t h e o ld to L p on
h an d =fl a i1 to po u n d (a kin .

d us , a w e igh t ) is t o b ea t w it h a h ea y , an d p o mmel w it h a b lun t , v

in stru m e n t T o b a t t er an d t o b ru i se r e fer t o t h e r es u l t s o f b ea t
.

in g t h at is b a tt er ed w h ic h is b ro ke n or d e fa c e d b y r e pe a t e d b lo w s
on th e s urface (co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r S H A TT E R ) ; t h a t i s b r ui se d

w h ic h h as s u ff e re d e v e n o e se v e e co t u s i o n
n r T h e m e t aph o i c al
n . r

s e n se o f b ea t , e r s o f ar p e po n d e a t e s t h a t o n e m a y b e v
h o w ev , r r e y r

b ad ly b r u i sed an d b a t t er e d , an d y e t n o t b e s a id t o b e b e a t en , u m
l e ss h e h as go t t h e w o rs t o f t h e b ea t i n g T o b e a t a co m b a t an t i s
.

t o d is a bl e o r d is h e art en h im fo r f urt h e r fi gh t in g . H en c e b ea t b e a
 b ea u t iful 76

co m es t h e s yn o n y m fo r e v
e y w o rd
r w h ic h im plie s g e t t in g t h e ad

v
an t a g e o f an o t h e r. Co m pare C O NQUE R .

A n t o n ym s :
go un d e r, s urren d er
f ail , f all , get t h e w o rs t o f, go d o w n , .

Al m o st all a n t o n y m s in t h is cl as s ar e pa ss i v
e an d c an b e fo rm e d
,

in d e fi n it e l y fro m t h e co n q ueri n g w o rd s b y t h e u se of th e a ux il iar y

be as , b e b eat e n , b e d e fe at e d ,
'

b e c o n qu e re d , e t c .

Prepo sit i o n s

Be at w i t h a s t ic k o v er t h e h e a d ; b e at b y a t ri c k ; ou t o f to w n ;
b eat t o t h e gro un d i n to s u b mi s s io n .

B E A UT I F UL .

Syn ym s
o n

a t tra c t i e , v ch ar m
in g , e xqui sit e h an d som e ,
v
,

b e a ut e o u s , co m
ely , fa i r , lo ely ,
b e w it ch in g , d e l i g h t fu l , fin e , pi ct ure s qu e ,

b on n y , e l e g an t , g r a c e fu l , pre t t y .

perfe c t io n o f fo rm , is a go o d ke y
”
T h e d e fin i t io n of b e au t y ,
to th e m e an in g o f b e a u t if u l, if w e un d ers t a n d fo rm in i t s w i d es t
se n s e . T h e re m u s t a l s o b e h arm o n y an d u n it y , an d in h u m an b e
in g s s piritu a l lo v
e lin e ss ,
to co n s t it ut e an o b e ctj pe rso n re ally
or a

b e a u t ifu l . T h us , w e s pe a k o f a b e a u t if u l l an d sc ape , a b e a u tif u l

po e m Bu t b e a u t if u l i mpli es al so , in co n c re t e o b j e ct s , s o ftn ess o f
.

o u t l in e a n d d e l i c ac y o f m o ld ; i t i s o ppo s e d t o a ll t h at is h ard an d

ru g g e d , h en c e w e s ay a b e a u t if ul w o m an , b u t n ot a b ea u t ifu l m an .

B e a u t if u l h as t h e fu rt h e r l im it o f n ot t ran s c en d in g o ur po w e rs o f
appr e c ia t io n . Pr e t t y e x pre sse s in afar l e s s d e gre e th at w h ic h is
pl eas in g t o a re fi n e d t as t e in v
o b j e c t s c o m para t i e l y s m a l l , s li gh t ,

a n d d a in t y p re t t y b o n n e t
as , a a p r et t y g i rl T h a t is h a n d s o me
m
.

w h ich is n o t o n ly s u perfi c iall y pl e as in g , b ut w e l l an d h ar o n io u s l y

pr o po rt io n e d , w it h u s ua ll y t h e a d d e d id e a t h a t it is m a d e s o b y
art , b r e e d in g , or t ra in in g as , a h a n d so me h o rs e a h a n d so me
h o us e . me i s a t e rm far in ferio r t o b ea u t if u l ; w e m ay
H an d so

ev e n s a y a h a n d so me v ill ain j
a i r d e n o t e s w h a t i s b r igh t s m o o t h , ,

c l e ar a n d w it h o u t b l e m is h ; a s a
, f a i r fa ce T h e w o rd applies
, _ .

“ ”
w h o ll y t o w h at i s s u pe rfi c ia l we y e t fa l s e
c an say In a
fa ir ,
.

s pe c ifi c s e n s e , f a i r h as t h e se n s e o f b l o n d , a s o
ppo s e d t o d ark o r b ru
n et t e . O n e w h o po s s e s s e s vv
i a c it y , w it , g o o d n at ure , o r o t h e r
pl e a s in g qu a lit ie s m a y b e a t t r a ct i e w it h o u t b e au t y v
Comely d e .
’

n o t es a n as pe c t t h a t is s m o o t h ,
g e n ia l , a n d w h o l e s o m e , w it h a c er
t a in f uln e s s o f c o n t o u r an d pl e a s in g s y m m e t ry , t h o fallin g
 b eca use
77 b eco m i n g
a

s h o rt o f t h e b ea u t if u l a s , a co mely m at ro n . Th a t is p i ct ur es qu e
w h ich w o ul d m ake a s t rikin g pic t ure .

A n to ym s n :

awk w ard ,
cl ums y,
d efo rme d ,
d is gus t in g,

Prepo s itio n s

B eaut iful to the eye b e a ut ifu l i n a ppe aran ce , in s pirit

b e a u t if ul f o r s it u a t io n , ”
Ps . xl v
iii , 2 b e au t iful of as pe c t , o f it s
kin d .

B E C A US E .

S yn o n ym s

as , fo r , in as m u ch as , s in ce .

B e ca u s e , lit e rall y b y c ause , is t h e m o s t d ire ct an d c o mpl e t e

z

v
w o rd fo r gi in g t h e r e as o n o f a t hi n g S i n ce , o rigin a lly d e n o t in g .

s u c c ess io n in t im e , s ign i fi es a s u c c e s s io n in a c h a in o f re a so n in g , a

n at ura l in fe re n ce o r re s u l t . A s in d ica t e s so m e t h in g like , c o o rdi

S i n ce is w eake r t h an b eca u s e a s is w e a k e r t h an
n at e , para lle l .

s i n ce e it h e r m ay i n t ro d u ce t h e r e a so n b e fo re t h e m a in s t a t e

me n t ; t h u s , s i n ce o r a s y o u a re g o in g , I w ill ac c o m pa n y y o u .

O ft e n t h e w e ak e r w o r d is t h e m o r e co urt eo us , im pl y in g l e ss con

s tra in t ; f o r e x a m pl e , as yo u r e q ue s t i t , I w ill co me ,
rat h e r t h an I
w il l co m e b eca u s e y o u re qu e s t it . I n a s mu c h as is a fo rm al an d

qu al ifi e d e x pr e ss io n , i mply in g b y j u s t so m u c h , an d n o m o r e ;
t h u s , i n a s mu ch a s t h e d e b to r h a s n o pro pe rt y , I ab an d o n t h e
c l aim v v
F o r i s a l o o s e c o n n e ct i e , gi in g o ft e n m e re s u gge s t io n o r
.

in d icat io n rat h e r t h an re a s o n o r ca us e as , it i s m o rni n g , f o r (n o t

b e ca u s e) t h e b ird s are s in gin g .

A n t 0 n ym s
al t h o , h o we v
e r, ne vth er e l e ss , n o t wit h s t an d in
g .

Co m pare s yn o n y m s fo r BUT NO TWITH S T A NDING .

B E C O M ING .

Syn ym s
o n

b e fi tt in g , con gruo u s , fit, me et , s e e mly

b e se e min g
,

, d ecen t, fi ttin g , n e at, s uit ab le

comely ,
,
d e coro us , g r a c e fu l , pr o p e r , w o rt h y .

T h at is b eco mi n g in d ress w h ich s ui t s th e co mple x io n fi gure , ,

an d o t h e r qualit ie s o f t h e w e ar e r, so a s t o pro d u ce o n t h e w h o l e a
pl e as in g e ffe ct T h at is d ecen t w h ich d o e s n o t o ff e n d m o d e s t y o r
.

pro prie t y T h at is s u i t a b le w h ich is a d apt e d t o t h e a g e , s t at io n ,

.

s it ua t io n , a n d o t h e r c irc u m s t an ce s of t h e w e a re r ; c o a rs e , h ea y v
 b eg in n ing 78

b o o ts are s u i t a b le v
fo r farm s w o rk ; a j u e n i l e s t yl e o f dr e ss i s n o t
s u i t a b le fo r an o ld l a d y In co n d uc t m u ch t h e sam e rul es appl y
. .

v
T h e d i g n it y an d gr a it y o f a pat riarc h w o ul d n o t b e b eco mi n g t o
a c h ild ; a t a fu n e r al li e l y , c v
h e e ry so c ia b ilit y w o uld n o t b e d eco
r o u s , w hi l e n o is y h i larit y w o u l d n o t b e d e cen t s umpt u o u s d is pl a y

w o ul d n o t b e s u i t a b le fo r a po o r perso n F i t is a c o m pe n d io u s .

t e rm fo r w h at e v
e r fi t s t h e pers o n , t im e , pl ace , o c cas io n , e t c ; a s , .

a fit
pe rso n a fit ab o d e a fi t pl a c e F i tt i n g, :o r b efi t t i n g, is s o m e
.

w h at m o re e l e g an t , im ply in g a ni c er a d a pt at io n . M eet , a s o me
w h at arc h a i c w o rd e x pr esse s a mo ral fi t n e s s as , meet fo r
h ea v
en . Co m pare BEA UTIFU L
A n to n ym s :
awk ward , ill = fi t t in g, un b eco min g, un s ee ml y,
ill b eco min g,
s im pro per, un fit , un sui t ab le .

P re p o s itio n s

T h e d r ess w as b eco m in g t o t h e w earer . Such c o n d u ct w as b e

co min g i n h im .

B E G I NN I N G .

Sy n o nym s

a ri s i n g , i n a u g ur a t i o n ,
co m m e n c e me n t , in c e ptio n ,
fo u n t , in it ia t io n ,
fo u n t a i n , O pe n in g ,

T h e L at in mmen cemen t is m o re fo rmal t h an t h e S ax o n b egi n

co

n i n g as t h e v
, e rb co mmen ce is m o r e fo rm al t h an b e gi n , Co m .

men cemen t is fo r t h e m o s t part re st ric t e d t o so me fo rm o f a c t io n ,

w h il e b eg i n n i n g h as n o re s t ric t io n b u t m ay b e applie d t o a ct i o n ,

s t a t e m a t e ri a l e x t e n t
, e n u m e ra t io n o r t o w h a t e v
, , er e l s e m a y b e ,

co n c e i v
ed o f as v
h a in g a fi rs t pa rt , po in t , d e g ree . et c . T h e l e tt e r
A is at th e b egi n n in g (n o t t h e co mmen cemen t ) o f e v
e y r a l ph a b e t .

If w e w e re t o s pe a k o f th e co mmen cemen t o f t h e Pa c ifi c Railr o ad ,

we s h o u ld be u n d e r st o o d to r e fe r to th e e n t e rpr ise a n d it s in it iat o ry

ac t ; if w e w e re t o re fe r to th e ro a d w a y we s h o uld say H e re i s
In t h e g re a t m aj o rit y o f
”
t h e b eg in n i n g o f t h e Pa cifi c Ra ilro a d .

c a ses b egi n a n d b e g i n n i n g are pre fe ra b l e t o co mmen ce an d co m

men cemen t as t h e si m pl e id io m at ic E n g li s h w o rd s
, , a l w ay s ac c urat e

a n d e x pr e s s i v
e .
“
In t h e b egi n n i n g w as t h e w o rd 1 Jo hn 1 An .
”
.

o r i gi n is t h e po in t fro m w h ic h s o m e t h in g s t art s o r s e t s o u t , o ft e n
invo lvi g a d a l w ay s
n , n s u g ge s t in g caus a l co n n e c t io n ; as , the ori

gin o f evil t h e o i gi n r o f a n at io n , a go v
e rn men t , or a f a m il y . A
so u r ce is t h at w h ich f urn is h es a fi rs t a n d c o n t in u o u s s u ppl y , that
w h ic h fl o w s fo rt h fr e e l y or m ay b e re a d il y re c u rre d to ; as , the
s o ur ce o f a ri v er a so ur ce o f kn o w l e d ge a so u r ce o f in s pirat io n ;
 b en e vl o en ce 80

d raw t h e m qu it e o e r v
T o w a rp is t o b en d s il e n t ly t h ro u gh t h e
.

w h o l e fi b er , a s a b o ard in t h e su n T o cr o o k is t o b en d irre g u .

l arl y , as a cr o o ke d s t ic k . D fi ect
e , v
d e ia t e, an d di vg er e are s aid o f

an y t urn in g a w ay ; d e iatev co mm o n l y of a s li gh t an d grad u al

mo v
e m en t ,
di vg
er e of a m o re s h arp an d d e c id e d on e . T o b i a s is
t o c ut a c ro s s t h e t e x t ure , or in clin e t o o n e s id e in fi gura t i e u s e v
a l w ay s w it h an u n fa v
o ra b l e im po rt . M o ld is a s t ro n g er w ord

t h an b en d we m ay b en d b y a s uperio r fo rce t h a t w h ic h s t ill re

s is t s th e co n s t ra in t ; as , a b en t b o w ; w e mo ld so m e t hin g pl as t ic
e n t irely to so me d esired fo rm .

B E N E VO L E N C E .

S yn o n ym s
a lm s i in g , v c h a ri t y k i n d zh e a rt e d m un ifi ce n ce
g , n e ss , ,
b e n e cen ce , g e n e ro s it y , ki n d l i n e s s , ph il a n t h ropy ,
b e n i g n i ty , d w i ll , k in d n e s s , sy m path y ,
g
oo
b oun ty , um an ity , l ib e ral it y , un s e l fi sh n e s s .

A cc o r d in g t o t h e e ty m o l o gy an d o rig in a l u sag e , b en efi cen ce is

t h e d o in g w e ll , b en e vl
o en ce t h e w ish in g or w illin g w e ll t o o t h e rs

b u t b en e vl o en ce h as co m e t o in cl u d e b en eficen ce ,
an d t o d ispla c e
it . We s h o u l d n o t n o w s pe ak o f b en e vl
o en ce w h ich d id n ot h el p,
u n le ss w h e r e t h e re w a s
po w er t o h e lp e en t h en w e s h o u l d
no v
ra t h e r say go o d w i ll o r s ymp a t h y Ch a r i t y , w h ich o rigin a lly .

v
m ean t t h e pur es t lo e fo r G o d an d m an (as in 1 Co r xiii ) , is n o w .

al m o s t u n iv e rs all y a ppli e d t o s o m e fo rm o f a l ms gi v i n g a n d is ,

m uc h mo re lim it e d in m e an i n g t h an b en e v o len ce B en ign it y s u g .

g e s t s so m e o cc ul t po w e r o f bl e s s in g s u c h as w as fo rm e rl y asc rib e d ,

t o t h e s t ars ; w e m ay s ay a g o o d m an h a s an air o f b e n i gn i t y .

K i n d n es s an d t en d er n es s pe r s o n a l ; b en e o len ce an d ch a r i t y
are v
are g e n er al Ki n d n ess . e x t e n d s t o a l l s e n t ie n t b e in g s , w h e t h e r m e n

o r an im a l s , in pro s per i t y o r in di s t ress T e n d e r n e ss e s pe c i ally .

g o es o u t t o w ar d t h e y o un g , fee b l e , an d n e e d y , o r e e n t o t h e d ea d v .

H u ma n i t y is m u c h ki n d n ess an d t en d er n ess t o w ard m an o r b e a s t

so

a s it w o ul d b e i n h u m a n n o t t o h a v
e w e s a y o f so m e ac t o f c are o r
co m m o n h uma n i t y r e qu ire s i t
”
kin d n ess , G en e r o s i ty is se lf .

fo rg e t ful ki n d n ess in d ispo s it io n o r ac t io n ; it in cl u d e s m u c h b e

s id e s v
g i in g a s , t h e ge n e r o s i t y o f fo r gi v
en e s s . B o un ty applies to
v
a m pl e g i in g , w h ic h o n a l ar g e r s c a l e i s e x pr e s s e d b y mun ificen ce .

L i b er a li t y in d icat e s b ro a d , g e n ia l , kin d ly i e w s , w h e t h er m an i v
fe s t e d in g ift s o r o t h e rw is e W e s pe a k o f t h e b o u n t y o f a g e n er
.

o u s h o s t , t h e lib er a li t y o r mu n ifi ce n ce o f t h e f o un d e r o f a c o ll e g e ,

or o f t h e li b er a l i t y of a t h e o l o g ia n t o w a r d t h e h o ld e rs o f c o n fli c t
 bin d
81 b itter

in g b e l ie fs . Phi la n th r op y applies t o w id e s ch e m e s fo r h u ma n
w e lfare , o ft e n , b ut not a lw a y s , in vlv
oi g n l a rg e e x pe n d i t u re s in
ch a r i t y o r b en e vlo en ce . Co m pare ME RCY .

A n to ym s
n

b arb arit y ,
b ruta lit y ,
c h url is h ne ss ,

Pre p o si t io n s

Be n e v
o le n ce o f ,
on t h e p a rt of , or f ro m t h e w e a lt h y , t o or

t owa r d t h e po o r .

B I ND .

Syn ym s
o n

co mp e l , sh a ckl e ,

e n age , tie .

fa s e n ,
B i n d i n g is prim arily b y s o m e t hi n g fl e x ib l e , a s a co r d or b an d
a ge d r aw n c lo se ly aro un d an o b j ec t o r g ro u p o f o b j ec t s , as w h en
w e bi n d u p a w o un d e d l imb W e b in d a sh e a f o f w h e at w i th a.

co r d ; w e t i e t h e co rd in a kn o t ; w e f a s t en b y an y m e an s t h at

w il l m ak e t h in gs h o l d t o g e t h e r , as a b o ard b y n a ils , o r a d o o r b y a

lo c k . The vb
er s t ie an d f a s t en are sc ar c e l y u se d in t h e fi g ura t i v
e

sen s e , t h o , u s in g t h e n o un ,
we s pea k o f the ti es of aff ec t io n .

B i n d h as an e x t e n s i v
e fi g ura t iv
e u se O n e is b o un d b y c o n sc ie n ce
.

or h on or h e is o b li ged by so m e im pe rio u s n e ce ss it y en ga ged b y

hi s ow n pro m is e co mp elled b y ph y sic al fo rc e or it s m o ra l e qui v
alen t .

Anto n ym s

f ree , l o o se , se t free , un b in d , un fas t e n , un l o o s e, un t ie .

Pre p 0 sit i o n s

Bin d t o pill ar ; u n t o an a lt ar ; t o a s er i ce ; b in d o n e wi t h
a v
c h a in s o r i n c h a in s o n e i s b o u n d b y a co n t ra c t a s plin t is b o un d

upo n a li m b ; t h e arm s m a y b e b o un d t o t h e s id e s o r b ehin d t h e

b a c k ; b in d a w re at h a b o u t , a r o u n d , o r r o u n d t h e h e a d ; t w ig s
are b o u n d i n o r i n t o fa g o t s fo r m ilit ary pur po s e s , t h e y a r e b o un d
at b oth en d s an d i n t h e m id dl e ; o n e is b o un d b y a c o n t ra c t , o r

b o un d un d er a pe n al ty t o fulfil a co n t ra ct .

B IT T E R .

Syn o nym s
a c e rb , a c i d ul o u s , cau stic pun g en t, s t in g in g
va g e
, ,

acetous , a cri d , cuttin g sa t a rt ,

v
, ,

a ci d , a c ri m o n i o u s h arsh , s h a rp i n e g ari sh
v
, , ,

a ci d ul ate d , b itin g , ira t e , s o ur, irul e n t .

A cid , s o ur , a n d b i t t er a gre e in b e in g co n t ras t e d w it h s w ee t , b ut

6
 b l e ach , v
.

82
b lem ish

t h e t w o fo r m e r are s h arpl y d is t in gu ish e d fro m t h e l at t er . A cid

o r s o ur is t h e t as t e of v
i n e g ar o r le m o n s
j ui c e b i t t er t h at of qu as
qu ini n , o r s t ry c h n in
s ia , . A cri d is n e arl y a lli e d to b i t t er . Pun
gen t su g g e s t s t h e e ffec t pe ppe r o r s n u ff o n t h e o rg an s o f t as t e
of

or s m e ll as , a p un gen t o d o r Ca u s t i c in d i cat e s t h e co rr o din g

.

e ffec t of so me s t ro n g c h e m ic al , a s n it ra t e o f s il v
er . In a fi gu ra ti v
e

s en s e , as a ppli e d t o l an gu a ge o r c h arac t er , t h ese w o r d s a re vy er

cl o s e ly a l l e d i . We say a so u r f a ce , s h a rp w o rd s , bi t t er co m pl ain t s ,
ca u s t i c w it , cu tt i n g iro n y , bi t i n g s arc a s m ,
a s t i n gi n g t au n t , h a r s h
j u d gm en t , a ta rt r e pl y . H a r s h c arri es t h e id ea of in t e n t io n al an d

se v e r e un kin d n e ss , b i tt er of a se v it y t h
er at aris es fro m re al o r s up

po s e d ill t re at m en t T h e b i t ter s pee ch s prin g s fro m t h e so r e h e art

. .

T a r t an d s h a rp u t t e ran c e s m ay n o t pro ce e d fro m an in t e n t io n t o

w o un d , b ut m er e l y fro m a w it re c kl e ss l y k e en cu tt i n g , s t i n gi n g ,

an d b i t in g s pe e c h in d icat e s m o r e or l es s of h o s t il e in t e n t , t h e l at t er
b e in g t h e m o re d e epl y m ali c io u s . Th e ca u s ti c u t t e ra n ce is m ean t
t o b u rn , pe rh aps w h o l e s o m e l y , as in t h e s a t ire o f Ju v
e al on r Cer
v an t e s Co m pare M O R O S E
. .

A n t o n ym s

d ul cet , h o n eye d , lus cio us , n ect are d , s acch arin e , s we et .

B L E A CH ,
v .

S yn o n ym s
b l a n ch , m ak e w h it e w h it e n w h it e w a sh
, , .

T o w h i t en is t o ma ke wh i t e in g e n e ral , b ut co m m o nl y i t m e an s
to ov e rs prea d w it h w h it e c o l o rin g m a t t e r B lea ch an d b la n ch s .

b o t h s ign ify t o w hi t en b y d e priv in g o f co l o r , t h e fo rm er perm a

u en t l y , a s lin e n t h e l at t er e it h e r perm a n e n t ly (a s t o b la n ch c e l ,

e ry ) o r t e m po raril y ( as t o bl a n ch t h e c h e e k w i t h fe ar )
, T o whi te .

wa s h i s t o w h i ten supe rfi c i ally , e spe c ia ll y b y fal s e appro v

al .

An t o n ym s :
b l ack en , d ark en , s ta in .

B L E M I SH .

Syn o n ym s
b lot, d e fa c e m e n t , d i s gra c e , i n j ury , spot ,
b l ur , d e fe c t , d ish o n or, re pro a ch , s t a in ,

b ran d , d e fo r m i t y , fa u l t , s m irc h , s tigm a ,

cra ck , d en t , fl aw , s o il , t a in t ,
d a ub , d i s fi g u r e m e n t , i m p e r fe c t i o n , spe ck , t a rn i s h .

W h at e v
er m ar s t h e b eaut y o r co m ple t e n e s s of an o b ect j is a

b lemi s h , w h e t h e r o rig in al , a s s qu in t in g e y es , o r the re s u l t o f ac c i

d en t or d is eas e , etc .
, as t h e pit s o f s m all po x . A blemi s h is s u per

fi cial ; a fla w or t ain t is in s t ruc ure o r sub s t an c e

t . In t h e m o ral
 blow
S3 b l nfl
‘

s en se , w e spe ak o f a b lo t o r s t a i n u po n re put at io n ; a fl a w o r t a i n t
in c h arac t e r A d ef ect i s t h e w an t o r l ac k o f s o me t h in g ; f a u l t ,
. .

prim aril y a fa ilin g , i s so m e t h in g t h at fail s o f a n a ppare n t in t e n t

o r d is a ppo i n t s a n a t ura l e x pec t a t i o n t h u s a s u d d e n di s l o cat io n o r
d is pl a c e m e n t of g e o l o gic al s trat a i s c al l e d a f a u lt . F i g u ra t i vly e ,

a blemi sh co mes fro m o n e s o w n ill d o in g ;

’
z a b ra n d or s ti gma is
in flic t e d b y o t h e rs as, t h e b ra n d of in famy .

B L O W .

Syn o n ym s

b ox. ‘
co n cus sio n , d is a ster, m i s fo rt u n e , s t ri p e ,

b ufi e t , c u ff , k n o ck , ra p , strok e
c al am it y , cut , l a sh , sh o ck , th ump .

A b lo w i s a su d d en im pa ct , as o f a fi st o r a club a s t r o ke is a

s w e e pin g m ove m en t a s t h e s t r o ke ,
o f a s w or d , o f a n o ar , o f th e
ar m in s w i mm in g A s h o ck is t h e
. su d d e n e n c o un t er w it h so me
v
h e a y b o d y a s , c o ll id in g ra il w a y t ra in s m e e t w it h a s h o ck t h e z

s h o ck o f b a t t l e A s l ap is gi e n w it h t h e o pe n h an d , a la s h w it h
. v
a w hi p, t h o n g , o r t h e lik e w e s pe a k al so o f t h e cu t o f a w h ip A .

b uffet o r cu fl
"
v
is g i e n o n l y w it h t h e h an d ; a b l o w e it h e r w it h h an d
A cufi is a s o m ew h at s i d e l o n g b lo w , g en e ral ly w it h
”
or w e apo n .

th e O pe n h an d a s , a cu ff o r b o x o n t h e e ar A s trip e is t h e e ff e ct .

or mark o f a s tr o ke . In t h e me t aph o ric al s e n s e b lo w is u s e d fo r ,

su d d en , s t u n n in g , s t a gg e rin g ca l a mi t y or so rro w s t r o ke fo r
s w e e pin g d i sa s t er , an d a l s o fo r s w e epin g ac h i e v
em e n t an d s u cce ss .

We s ay a s t r o ke o f paraly s is , o r a s t ro ke o f g e n iu s W e s pe ak . of

t h e b uffet s v
o f a d e rse fo rt un e S h o ck is use d o f t h at w h ic h is
. at

o n ce s ud d en , v
io l e nt, an d pr o s tr at in g we s pea k of a s h o ck Of
e l e c t ri c i t y , th e s h o ck o f an a m pu t a t i o n , a s h o ck o f su rpri s e . Co m
par e BE A T .

B L UF F .

Syn o n ym s
a b rupt , b ru s k , i m p o l it e , ro u g h ,
b lun t , c o ars e in co n sid e rat e ru d e ,
v
, ,
b l u s t e ri n g , d i s c o urt e o u s , open , u n ci il ,
b ol d , fr a n k , p l a i n =s p o k en , u n m a n n e rl y .

B lufi is g o o d m e an in g , a s ar e f r a n k an d op en
a w o rd of The .

blufi m an t alk s an d l au gh s l o u dl y an d fr e e l y , s a y s an d d Oe s w h at
’

v
e e r h e pl e as e s w it h fe ar l ess g o o d n at ur e , an d w it h n o t h o u g h t o f

an n o y in g o r v
g i in g pain t o o t h er s T h e b lu n t m an s a y s t h in g s
.

w h ic h h e is per fe ct l y a w ar e are d is a g r e e a b l e , e it h e r fro m a d e fi an t

fro m t h e pl e as ure o f t o rm en t in g
’
in d iff er e n ce t o o t h er s fe el in g s , or .

Ant o n ym s

b l an d , c o urt e o us , gen ial , po lish e d , po lit e , refin e d , v

re s er e d , urb an e .
 bod y
b o un d ary S4

B O D Y .

S yn o n ym s

ash e s , cl ay , d u st , fr a m e , s tem,
y s
c a rc a s s , c o rp s e , fo rm , re m a in s , t run k .

B o d y d en o t es t h e ph y s ic a l s tr u ct ure , c o n s id ere d a s a
e n t ire

w h ol e , o f m an o r a n im al ; f o r m l o o ks u po n it a s a t hi n g o f s h ape
a n d o u t lin e , perh aps o f b e a ut y ; f r a me r e g ar d s it a s s u ppo r t e d b y

it s b o n y fram e w o rk ; s ys t em ie w s it as an a sse m b l age o f m an y v

re l at e d a n d h ar m o n i o u s o rg an s B o d y , f o r m f r a me, an d s ys t em .
,

m a y b e e it h e r d e a d or v
li in g ; cla y an d d us t ar e s o m e t im e s so u se d
in re li g i o u s o r po e t ic s t y l e , t h o o rdi n aril y t h e s e w o rd s are u se d

o n ly o f the d ea d Co rp se
. an d r e ma i n s ar e u se d o nl y o f t h e d ea d .

Corp se is t h e pl ain t e ch n i c al w o rd fo r a d e a d b o d y s till r e ta ini n g

it s un it y ; r ema i n s m a y b e u se d aft e r an y l apse o f t im e ; t h e l a t
t er i s al so t h e m o re r e fin e d a n d l e s s gh a s t l y t er m a s , frie n d s are

v
in it e d t o v
iew the re ma i n s Ca r ca s s a ppl ie s o n l y t o t h e b o d y o f
.

an an i mal , or of a h u m a n b e in g re g ard e d w it h co n t e m pt an d
l o a t h in g . Co m pare C O M PA NY .

A n t o n ym s

in t e ll e ct , in t el ligen ce ,

B O T H .

S yn ym
o n s

t w a in , tw o

v
.

B o th re fers t o tw o o b e ct s
j pre io us ly m e n t io n e d , o r had in
m in d , v
ie w e d o r a c t in g in co n n e c t io n as , b o t h m e n fir e d a t o n ce
“
t wo m e n fi re d m igh t m ean an y two, o ut o f a n y n u m b er , an d

w i t h o ut r e fe r e n ce pr e io u s t h o ugh t o r m e n t io n
to an y v T wa in is .

a n e arl y o b so l e t e fo r m o f t w o T h e t wo , o r t h e twa i n , i s pra c t i

.

v
c a l l y e q ui al e n t t o b o t h b o th , h o w e e r , e x pr e s se s a c l o ser u n it y v .

We w ould s ay b o th m e n r u s h e d a g a in s t th e en e my t h e t wo m en
fle w at e ac h o t h e r. Co m par e E VE RY .

A n t o n ym s :

each , e ith er, e vy er ,

n e it h er, n on e , n o one , n o t an y .

B O U ND A R Y .

Syn ym s
o n

b a rr i e r , confin es,
b ord er , ed ge ,
b o un d , e n c l o s ure ,
b o u rn , fr o n t i e r ,
b o u rn e , l a n d m a rk ,

The b o u n d a ry w as o ri g in al ly th e la n d ma rk, t h at w h ic h
m ark e d o ff o n e pie c e of t errit o ry fro m an o t h e r . T h e b o un d i s t h e
 S5 b ra v
e

li mi t , marke d o r un m arke d . No w , h o w e v
e r t h e d iff ere n c e b e
,

t w e e n t h e t w o w o r d s h as co me t o b e si mply on e o f us a g e . As
re g ard s t e rrit o ry , w e s pe a k o f th e b oun d a r i es of a n a ti o n o r o f an

e st a t e ; t h e b o u n d s o f a co l l e ge , a b all gro un d , e t c B o un d s m a y s .

be u se d fo r a ll w it h in t h e li mi ts , b o u n d a ry fo r t h e lim it in g li n e

o n ly B o u n d a ry l o o ks t o t h a t w hi c h is w it h o ut ; b o un d o nl y t o
.

t h at w h ich is w it h in H e n c e w e spe a k o f t h e b o un d s , n o t t h e
.

b o u n d a r i es , of a s ub e c t , j of t h e un i v
e se r , etc .
; we sa y th e stu

d e n t s w e r e fo rb id d e n t o g o b e y o n d t h e b o u n d s A b a rr i er is so m e .

t h in g t h a t b ars i n gr e s s o r e g ress A b a r r i er m ay b e a b o u n d a r y ,.

as w as t h e G re a t W all of Chi n a . B o ur n , or b o urn e , is po e t ic a l

a

e x pr es s io n fo r b o u n d or b o u n d a ry . A b o r d er is a s trip o f l an d

al o n g t h e b o un d a r y . E d ge i s a s h arp t e rm in al lin e , as w h e re
ri v
e r o r o cean m e e t s t h e l an d . L i mi t is n o w us e d al m o s t w h o ll y
in t h e fi g ura t i e s e n s e ; v as , t h e li mi t o f di sc u s s io n , o f t im e of ,

j uris d ic t io n L i n e is a . m ilit ary t erm ; as w it h in , t he li n es , or

t hr o ugh t h e li n es , o f an a rm y Co m par e BA RRI E R

. E ND .

A n t o n ym s :

cen t er, c it ad e l , e s tat e , in s id e , in t erio r, lan d , re gion , t errit o ry .

P repo sit io n s

T h e b o u n d ar i e s o f an e s t at e ; t h e b o un d ary be tween n e igh b o r

in g t e rrit o rie s .

B R A VE .

Syn o n ym s
a d v e n t uro u s , c o u ra g e o u s . fe a r l e s s , un d aun t e d ,
b old d a ri n g , g all an t , un d i sm ay e d ,
v v
,

ch i a l ri c , d aun tle ss h e ro i c al ia n t
v v
, . .

ch i alro u s , d ough ty , i n tre pi d , e n t ure s o m e .

The ad v tuen ro u s m a n g o e s i n qu e s t of d an g er ; t h e b o ld m an
s t an d s o ut an d fac e s d an g e r o r ce n s ur e v
t h e b ra e m an co m b in e s
c o n fi d e n c e w i t h r e so l u t i o n i n pre s e n c e o f d an g e r ; t h e chi a l r o u s m an v
pu t s h im s e lf i n pe ril fo r
’
o t h e rs pro t e c t io n T h e d a r i n g s t ep o u t
.

t o d e fy d a n g er t h e d a u n t les s w il l n ot fl in c h b e fo re a n y t h in g t h at
m ay co me to th em t h e d o u gh t y w i l l g i e va nd t a k e l im i t l e s s h ard
kn o c k s . T he v
a d en t u r o u s fi n d s o m e t h i n g ro m an t i c in d an ge ro us
e n t e rpr ises the v tu
en r es o me m a y b e s im pl y h e e d le ss , r e c kl e s s , o r

ig n o ran t A ll gre a t
. e x pl o re r s ha v
e b ee n ad v tu
en ro us c h ild re n ,

fo o l s , a n d c rim in a l s are v tu
en r eso me . The fea rles s an d i n t r ep i d
po sse s s u n s h ak e n n e r e s in an y pl ac e o f d an g e rv Co u ra geo u s .

v
is m o re t h an b r a e , ad d in g a m o ra l e l e m e n t t h e co u ra g eo u s m an
s t e a d il y e n c o u n t ers pe r il s t o w h ic h h e m a y b e k e en l y s e n s it i e , at v
th e c a ll o f d u t y ; t h e ga ll a n t a re b r a e in a d as h in g , s h o w y , an d v
 b re a k 86

s pl e n di d w ay ; t h e vli a an t not o n ly d are gre at d an g e rs , b u t

a c hi e v
e great re s ul t s t h e h er o i c are no b l y d a r i n g a n d d a un t less
trul y chi vl a r o u s , s ub li mely co u r a ge o u s . Co mpare F O RTIT UDE .

Ant o n ym s

afraid , crin gin g , f earful , pus il l an imo us , t imid ,

co ward ly, fain t ‘ h e art ed , frigh t en e d , s h rin ki n g, t imo ro us .

B R E AK .

S yn o n ym s

b a n k r up t , c r a c k , d e s tr o y , v ri h tt
e pl it s a e r, s
h v
, ,

b urs t , c ru s h , fr a c t u r e upt u u d
v
, r re , s i er, S ner,
c a sh ie r , d e m olish re n d , se m er h t , g s as , ran s re s s

w it h s e v
, .

T o b rea k is t o d i id e v s h arpl y , e a ce o f pa t ic le sr n r , as by
a b lo w T o b u r s t is t o b r ea k b y pre s su re fro m w i t hi n , a s a
o r s t rain .

b o m b s h e l l , b ut it is us e d als o for t h e re s ul t o f io l e n t f o rce o t h e r v

w is e e x e rt e d ; as , t o b u r s t in a d o o r , w h e re t h e d o o r y ie l d s as if
to a n e x pl o s io n . To cr us h is t o b r ea k b y pre ss ure fro m w it h o ut ,
as an e g g s s h e l l .
,
To cra ck is to b r ea k w it h o ut co m pl e t e s e v e ran c e

of pa rt s a cr a cke d c u p o r m irro r m a y s t ill h o l d t o ge t h e r F rac .

t ur e h a s m e w h at s imil ar se n s e In a
a so .
fr a ct u r ed lim b , t h e e n d s
o f t h e b ro ken b o n e m ay b e se parat e d t h o b o t h po rt io n s ar e ,

s t ill re t a in e d w i th in t h e co m m o n m u s c u l ar t i ss ue A s h a tt er e d .

o b j e c t i s b r o ken s u d d e n l y a n d in n u m e ro u s di re c t io n s as a v ase ,

is s h a t t er e d by a b lo w , b uil d in g b y an e ar t h qu ak e
a A sh i . v er e d

g l a ss is b ro ken in t o n um e ro u s m in u t e , n e e dl e lik e fr agm e n t s s . To

s ma sh is t o b r ea k t h o ro ug h l y t o pie c e s w it h a c ra s h in g s o un d b y
so me s u d d e n ac t o f v
io l e n ce a w at c h o n ce s ma s h ed w ill sca rc e ly
b e w o rt h r e pa ir . To s pli t is t o c a us e w ood to c ra c k o r part i n t h e
w ay of
t h e g rain , a n d is appli e d t o an y o t h er c a se w h e re a n at ural
t en d en c y t o s e par a t io n is e n fo rc e d b y an e x t ern al cau se ; as , to
sp li t a c o n v
e n t io n part y T o d emo li s h is t o b eat d o w n , a s a
or a .

m o un d , b uild in g , fo rt re s s , e t c ; t o d es t ro y i s t o put b y an y pro ce ss

.

b e y o n d r e s t o r at io n ph y s i cal ly , m e n t ally , o r m o rall y ; t o d es tr o y

an ar m y is so t o s h a t t er an d sc a t t e r i t t h a t it c an not be rall ie d o r

re ass e m b le d a s a fi gh t in g fo r ce Co m par e RE ND . .

A n to ym s :
n

at t ach , b in d , f as t en , j o in , men d , s e cure , s o l d er, weld .

P r ep o s i t i o n s

Bre ak t o pie ce s , o r i n pi e ce s , i n t o se v
e ra l pie c e s (w h e n th e ob

j e ct is t h o u gh t o f a s d i id e d rat h e r t h a n
’
v s h a t t e re d ) b r e ak wi th a

fri e n d fr o m o r a wa y f rom a s uppli an t b r e ak i n t o a h o u se ou t

f priso n b re a k b re a k th r o u gh h e d ge b reak
’
o a cr o s s o n e s kn e e a

i n up o n o n e s re t ire m e n t
’
b r eak o v th er e ru l es b re ak o n o r up o n

t h e s h o re , a ga i n s t t h e ro cks .
 b usin ess 88

Prep o s i t i o n s

T o b u rn i n t h e fire b urn wi t h fir e b urn t o t h e gro un d b urn

to a sh es b urn t h ro ugh t h e s kin , the ro o f b u n i n to t h e s o il , e t c
r
or .

B U S I NE S S .

S yn o n ym s
a ff a i r , co mm e rc e , h an d i c r a ft , tra d in g ,
a rt , j ob , t r a ffi c ,
v
c o n c e rn ,
a o cat ion c r af t , o ccup a ti on t ra n s a ct io n
v
, , ,
b a rt e r , d uty , pr o fe s s i o n , o cation ,
c all in g , e m pl oy ment , tr a d e , w o rk .

A b u s i n es s is w h at on e fo l l o w s re gu l arl y ; an o ccup a t i o n is
w h at h e h appe n s at an y t im e t o b e e n g a g e d in tr o u t fi shi n g m ay :

b e o n e s o ccup a t i on fo r a t i m e , a s a re li e f fro m b u s i n ess b u s i n ess

’

is o rd in aril yfo r pro fit , w h il e t h e o ccup a t i o n m ay b e a m att er o f

l e arn in g , ph ilan t h r o py , o r r e li g io n A p rof ess i o n im pl ie s s ch o l .

ar s h ip ; a s t h e l earn e d p r of ess i o n s
, Pu r s ui t is an o ccup a ti o n .

w h ich one f o l lo w s w i t h ard o r .

'

Ah a v o ca t i o n is w h a t c a ll s o n e

aw ay fro m o t h er w o rk ; a v o ca ti o n o r ca lli n g , t h at t o w h ich one

is call e d by so m e s pec i al fi t n e ss o r s en se o f d ut y t h us , w e s pe ak

of v
t h e g o spel m in is t ry a s a o ca t i on o r ca lli n g , rat h e r t h an a
bu s i n ess T r a d e o r t ra d i n g is , in g e n e ral , t h e e x ch an gin g o f o n e
.

t h in g fo r an o t h e r ; in t h e s pec ia l se n se , a t ra d e is an o ccup a t i o n

in vo lvi g m a u al t ai i g a
n n r n n n d s kil l e d l ab o r ; as , t h e an c ie n t Je w s
he ld t h t e v
ae y b o y s h o u ld r l e arn a tr a d e A t r a n s a ct i o n is a
.

s in gl e ac t i o n , w h e t h er in b us i n es s , d ipl o m acy , o r o t h erw ise ffa i r

a

h as a s im il ar , b u t li g h t er m ean in g ; a s , t h is li tt l e affa i r an i m

po r t an t t r a n s a ct i o n T h e pl ural ajfa i rs h a s a d is t in ct i e m e an
. v
v
in g , in c l u d in g al l ac t i it i e s w h e r e m en d e a l w i th o n e an o t h e r o n
‘

a n y c o n s id e rab l e sca l e ; as , a m an pie ce o fof a jfa i r s . A j ob is a

w o rk vie w e d as a s in gl e u n d e rt a kin g , an d o rd in aril y paid fo r as

s u ch . T r a d e an d co mmer ce m ay b e u s e d as e qu i al e n t s , b u t t r a d e v
is capab l e o f a m o re lim it e d appli c at io n ; w e s peak o f t h e t r a d e o f
a v ill ag e t h e co mme r ce o f a n at io n
,
B a r t er is t h e d ire c t e x .

c h a n g e o f co m m o d i t i es b u s i n ess t r a d e an d co mmer ce are c h ie fl y

, ,

t ran s ac t e d b y m e a n s o f m o n e y b ill s o f e x ch an g e e t c , B u s i n ess , .

,

o ccup a t i o n e t c m ay b e w h at o n e d o es in d e pe n d e n t ly ; emp lo ymen t

,
.
,

m ay b e in t h e se r v ice o f an o t h er Wo rk is an y a ppl ic a t io n o f .

e n ergy to s e c ur e a re s ul t , or the re s u l t t h us s e c ure d ; t h us , w e

s pe a k o f t h e wo rk of G od . A r t in t h e i n d us t rial se n s e is a sy s te m

o f rul es a n d a cc e pt e d m e t h o d s fo r t h e ac c o m pli s h m e n t of so me
pract ic al re s ul t ; a s , t h e a r t o f pr in t in g co l l e c t i vly
e , the a r ts . A
cr a ft is so me o cc upat io n re quirin g t ech n ical s k ill o r m an ual d e x
 89 b y

t erit y , or t h e perso n s , c o l l ec t i v
e ly , en gag e d in it s e x erc is e ; as ,

th e w e a v ’
er s craf t .

Prep o s iti o n s

T h e b u s in e s s of a d ruggis t in b u s in e ss w i t h h is fat h er d o in g
b us in e s s for h is fat h er ha v
e y o u b u s in e ss w i t h m e ? b u s i n ess in
Ne w Y o rk ; b u s in e s s a b o u t , co n cer n i n g , o r in r ega r d to c e rt a in

pro pert y .

B UT .

S yn o n ym s

an d , h ow e v e r, n otw it h s tan d in g , th at ,

b are ly , j ust on ly th o
vi d e d
, , ,

b e sid e s m e re l y un le ss
m ore o v
p ro
ve
, , , ,

e xc e pt , er sa y et
v
, , .

fu r t h e r , n e e rt h e l e s s , s t il l ,
B ut r a n ge s fro m t h e fain t es t co n t ra s t to a b s o lu e n e g a t i o n
t as ,

I a m w illi n g t o go bu t (o n t h e o t h e r h an d ) c o n t e n t t o s t ay ; h e is
,

n o t an h o n e s t m an b u t (o n t h e c o n t rary ) a v
, ill a in T h e co n t ra s t .

m ay b e w it h a s il e n t t h o ugh t ; as b u t l e t u s g o (it b e in g u n d e r ,

s t o o d t h at w e m i gh t s t a y l o n g er) In res t ri c t iv e u se ex cep t a n d .

,

ex cep ti n g ar e s ligh t l y m o r e e m ph a t i c t h an b u t w e s ay n o in j ur y ,

b ut a s crat ch ; o r n o i n j u r y excep t so m e pain fu l b ru is e s

, S u ch .

(n o t h in g b u t ) m a y b e
”
e x pre ss io n s as w o rd s are b u t b re at h
r e f e rre d t o t h e re s t ri c t i v
e u se b y e llips i s S o m ay t h e u se o f b u t .

in t h e s e n se o f u n less as ,
“
it ne v
e r ra in s b u t it po u rs .
”
T o th e
sa m e h e a d mu st b e r e ferre d th e co n di t i o n a l u se as ,
“
yo u m ay go ,

b u t w it h y o ur fat h er s co n sen t ’ ”
(i . e .
,
“
v
p r o id ed y o u h a e , v ”

“
ex cep t t h a t y o u m u s t h a e ,
”
v ”
D o u b t b u t is n o w l e ss
used t h an t h e m o r e l o g ic a l d o ub t t h a t .
”
B ut ne v er b e co m e s a

f ull sy n o n y m fo r and a n d a d d s s o m e t h in g l ike , b u t ad d s so m e

t h in g d iffe re n t ; b ra “
v e and te de im pl ie s t h at t e d e ne s s is r
”
n rn

v b av im plie s t h at b av
“ ”
n a t ura l t o t h e b r a e ; e b u t t en d e r r e y r r

an d t en d e rn e s s are a e l y co m b i e d
r r F o t h e co n ce ss ive u se c o m
n . r ,

pare NO TWITH S TA NDING .

Syn o nym s
b y d i n t o f, by m e an s o f, th ro u g h , w ith .

By r e fers t o th e ag e n t ; t h r o u gh , t o t h e m e an s , c a us e , o r co n

d it i o n wi th , t o t h e in s t ru m e n t . By c o m m o n l y r e f e rs t o pe r so n s
w i t h , t o t h in g s ; t h r o u g h m a y re fe r t o e it h e r T he . ro a d h a in g v
b e co m e i m pa ss ab l e t h r o u gh l o n g d is u s e , a w a y w a s o pe n e d by
pio n e e rs with a x e s B y m ay , h o w e e r b e applie d t o an y o b j e c t v
v
.

wh ich is iew e d as part akin g o f a c t io n an d a g e n cy as , t h e m e t al

 cab al
calcul at e 0

w as c o rro d e d by t h e a c id ; s kill i s g ain e d b y pra ct is e . We s pe ak

o f co m m un i c a t in g w i th a pe rs o n b y l e t t e r T h r o u gh im pl ie s a .

m o re dist an t co n n e c t io n t h an b y o r wi t h , an d m o r e in t er e n in g v
e lem e n t s M at eria l o b j e ct s
. are pe rc e i v
ed b y t h e m in d thr o ugh
the se n s es .

CA B A L .

S yn ym
o n s

c o m b in ation con fe d e r a c y , cre w , g an g ,

c o n cl a v e
,
c o n s p ira c y , fa c t i o n j un t o .

v
, ,

A co n sp i r a cy is a co mbi n a t i o n of
pe r so n s fo r an e il pur po s e , o r
th e ac t o f so co mb in in g . Co n sp ir a cy i s a d is t in c t c rim e u n d e r
co mm o n , an d g e n e rall y u n d e r s t at ut o ry , l a w A f a cti o n is m o r e .

ex t en s i v
e t h an a co n sp ir a cy , l e ss fo rm al in o rg an iz at io n , l ess d e fi
n it ein pl an . F a ct i o n an d it s a d e ct i
j v
e f a cti
, o ns, ha v
e a l w ay s an

v
u n fa o rab l e mm o n ly d e n o t e s a co n sp i r a cy o f l ea d
sen se . Ca b a l co

e rs . A ga n g is a c o m pan y o f w o rk m e n a l l d o in g t h e s a m e w o r k
un d er o n e l e a d er t h e w o rd is u se d fi g ura t iv e l y o n l y o f co mb i n a

t i o n s w h ich it i s m e an t t o s t ig m a t iz e as ru d e an d m e rc en ar y cr ew

is u s e d in a c l o s el y s im il a r se n s e A co n cl a v e is s e cre t b ut o f .
,

l ar g e r n u m b e r s o r d in arily t h an a ca b a l an d m ay h a v
, e h o n o rab l e
, ,

use as , th e co n cl a ve o f c ard in al s .

CA L CUL AT E .

Syn o n ym s

a cco un t, c on sid e r, en u m
e ra t e , rat e ,

ca st , coun t, e s t im a t e , re ck o n ,
co m put e , d e em , n u m
b er, s um up .

Nu mb er is t h e ge n eric t erm . To co u n t is t o nu mb er on e by
on e . To c a lcu l a t e is t o us e more
m u lt i co m pli c at e d pro c es s e s , as

plic a t io n d iv is io n e t c m o re r apid b u t n o t l e ss e x a c t
, , Co mp u t e .

a ll o w s m o re o f t h e e l e m e n t o f pr o b a b ili t y w h i ch is s t ill m o re
'

s t ro n g l y e x pre sse d b y es t i m a t e W e co mput e t h e sl ain in a g re at .

w ar fro m th e n u m b e r kn o w n t o h av e fa ll e n in c e rt a in g reat b at

t l es co mp u t e r e f e rs t o t h e pr e s e n t o r t h e pa s t es t i ma t e m o re fre ,

qu en t l y t o t h e fut ur e as t o es t i m a t e t h e co s t o f a pro po s e d b u il d
.

in g .T o en u mer a t e is t o m e n t io n it e m b y it e m a s t o en umer a t e .

o n e s grie v T o r a t e i s t o es t i ma t e b y c o m pa ri so n a s i f t h e
’
a n ce s .
,

ob ec t
j w e re o n e o f a se rie s . We co u n t u po n a d e s ir e d fu t u r e we
do n o t co u n t u po n t h e u n d e s ire d . As a pplie d t o t h e prese n t , w e
r ecko n o r c o u n t a t h i n g pr e c io u s or w o rt h l e ss . Co mpare ES TE E M .

P rep o s it i o n s :

It is vi a n to c al c ul a t e o n o r up o n a n un ce r ain res u l t . t
 ca n cel 92

o r s pirit u a l re a l m , fre e fro m e x c it e d or di s t urb in g e m o t io n or

pas s io n We. s pe a k o f a c a lm
se a , a p l a ci d l a k e , a se r en e s ky , a

s t ll n g t , a qu i e t d a y , a qui e t h o m e
i i h W e spe ak , al so , o f s t i ll
“
.

”
s mo o t h s ail in g , w h ich ar e d iff er e n t m o d es o f e x pre s s
”
w a t e rs ,
in g fre e d o m fro m ma ni fest a git at io n O f m en t al c o n d it io n s o n e .
,

is ca lm w h o t ri um ph s o v e r a t e n d en c y t o e x c i t e m e n t ; co o l if h e ,

sc a r c e l y fe e l s t h e t e n d e n c y O n e m a y b e ca lm b y t h e v
v
. e r y re

a c t io n f ro m e x c it e m e n t , or b y th e o ppre s s i o n of o e rpo w e rin g

e m o t io n , as we s pe ak of th e ca l m n ess o f d e s pa ir . O n e is co m
p o s e d w h o h as s ub d u e d e x c it e d fe e lin g ; h e is co llect ed w h e n h e
v
h as e e ry t h o u gh t fee lin g , o r pe rcept io n a w ake an d a t co mm an d
. .

T r a n qu i l r e fe rs t o a pre s e n t s t at e p la ci d t o a pre ailin g t en d en cy

, ,
v .

We s pe a k o f a t r a n qu i l m in d , a p la ci d d is po s it io n T h e s er en e .

s piri t d w e ll s as if i n t h e cl e ar u ppe r a ir , ab o e a ll s t o rm an d v
sh a d o w .

T he s t ar o f t h e un co n que re d will,
H e ris es in my b re ast ,
S eren e, an d res o l ut e , an d s t i ll ,

An d cal m , an d se lf poss ess ed

e
.

L O NG F E LL O W L i gh t of S t ars st . 7 .

ruffle d , v
i l o en t ,
stor my , w il d ,

t urb ule n t , wrat h ful .

C A NC E L .

S yn o n ym s
ab o l i sh , d i s ch arg e , n ul l i fy , r e s c in d
vk
,
‘

ab ro g at e , e fl ace , o b l it e ra t e , re o e ,

u
‘

an n ul e ra s e qu a sh , rub o or o ut
mov
, , ,

b lot out e xp u n g e s cra t ch o ut ,

v
e
vi d
, , re ,

u or o u t , mak e
‘

cro s s o o , re p e al , a cat e .

Ca n ce l , e jfa ce ,
e ra se , exp u n ge , an d o b l i t er a t e ha v
e as t h e ir
fi rs t m e an in g t h e re mo v
al of w r it t e n c h ara c t e rs o r o t h er fo rm s of

re c o r d . To ca n cel is , lit e ra ll y , t o m a ke a l at t ic e b y c r o s s =lin e s ,

e x act l vo ur E n glish cr o s s o u t m o o t h a w ay
to effa ce is to r ub o f , s

t h e fa ce as o f an in sc ript io n
,
to era s e is t o s cr a t ch o u t c o m m o n l y ,

fo r t h e purpo s e o f w ri t in g s o m e t h in g e ls e in t h e s a m e s pace ; t o
exp u n ge i s t o pu n c h o u t w it h s o m e s h arp in s t ru m e n t s o a s t o
, ,

sh o w t h a t t h e w o rd s are n o l o n ge r part o f t h e w rit in g t o o b li t er

a te is t o co v
e v r v
o er o r r em o e , as a l et t e r , a s w a s d o n e b y re ers v
in g t h e R o m an s t y l us , a n d r u b bi n g o u t w i t h t h e ro un d e d e n d w h at

h a d b e e n w ritt e n w it h t h e po in t o n t h e w a x e n t ab l e t W h at h as .

b e en ca n c e led , er a s ed , em p u n ge d , m ay perh aps s t ill b e t rac e d ;

w h a t is o b lit er a t ed is g o n e fo re v
er , as if it h ad ne v
er b e en . In
 ca n d id
93 ca pa ri s o n

m an y e s t ab li s h m en t s w h e n , a d e b t is d i sch a r ged b y pay m en t , t h e

reco rd is ca n cell ed . T he v
fi g urat i e u se o f t h e w o rd s k e e ps c l o s e
t o th e prim ary s e n se . Co m pare A BO LI S H .

A n t o n ym s

appro v
e ,

con fi r m ,

C A ND I D .

S yn o n ym s

ab o v o a rd
eb , h on e st . o pe n . t r u t h fu l ,
a rt l e s s , i m p a rt i a l , simple , un b i as e d ,

fa i r , in g e n uo u s s in ce re , un prej u d i ce d ,
v
,

fr a n k in n o ce n t , s t r a i g h t fo r w a r d un re s e r e d ,
v
. ,

g u il e l e s s , n ai e , t ra n s p a re n t , un s o ph i s t i c a t e d .

A ca n d id s t at e m e n t is m e an t t o b e t ru e t o t h e re al fa c t s an d

j u st to all part ie s ; a f a i r s t at e m e n t is re a ll y so . F a i r is a ppli e d

t re at m e n t , “
to t h e c o n d u c t ; ca n d id is n ot ; as , f a ir a f a ir fi e ld ,
an d n o fa v
o r.
”
O n e w h o is f r a n k h a s a fe arl e ss an d u n co n s t r a in e d

t rut h fu ln e ss . H o n es t an d i n gen uo us u ni t e in e x pr e s s in g co n

t e m pt fo r d e ce it . On th e o t h er h an d , a r tl ess ,gu ileles s , nai v

e,

simp le; an d u n sop h i s t i ca t ed e x pre s s th e go o d n e s s w h i ch co m e s

fro m w an t o f t h e kn o w l e d ge or t h o ugh t of e v
il . A s t ru t h is not

al w ay s a gre e ab l e o r t im e l y , ca n d i d an d f ra n k ha v
e o ft e n an
” “
o b e c t io n ab l e
j s en s e ; to be ca n d i d w it h y o u , t o b e pe rfec t l y

pr e l u d e s t o so m et h in g d isa gre e ab l e
”
fra n k ,
are r e gar d e d as s ur e .

O p en an d u n r es er ed v m a y impl y u n s t u d ie d tr ut h ful n e ss o r d e fi an t
re c kl ess n e ss ; as , o p en a d m ira t io n op en ro b b ery T h ere m ay b e
, .

t r a n sp a r en t in t e g ri ty or t ra n sp a r e n t fra u d . S i n cer e a pplie s to

w o rd s w o uld im pl y
’
t h e fe e l in g s , as b e in g all t h at on e s .

A nt o n ym s
ad ro it , cun n in g,
art ful , d eceit ful ,
craft y , d e s ign in g,
Prepo sit io n s

Ca n d id i n d e b at e ; can d i d t o o r t o wa r d O ppo n en t s c an d id wi th
frien d o r fo e ; t o b e c an di d a b o u t o r i n r ega rd t o t h e m att er .

CA PA R ISO N .

S yn ym s
o n

a c c o u t e rm e n t s , h a rn e s s , h o us in gs, t r a pp i n g s .

H a rn es s w a s fo rmerl y u s e d of the ar mo r o f a kn ig h t as w ell as

of ah o rse ; it i s n o w u se d a l m o s t e x c l us i e ly o f t h e v s t raps an d

vh i
.

appurt e n a n ce s w o rn b y a h o rs e w h en a tt ac h e d t o a e cl e ; th e
an i mal is s aid t o b e kin d in h a rn ess T h e o t h e r w o rd s appl y t o .
”

t h e o rn am e n t al o ut fi t o f a h o r se e s pec iall y u n d e r s a d d l e We ,
.
 ca pital
ca re 94

s pe ak al s o o f the a cco u t er men ts o f a s o ldi er . Cap a ri son is u se d

rare l y an d so me w h at sligh t in gl y , an d t r app i n gs qu it e co n t em p
t u o us l y , fo r s h o w y h um an appare l . Co mpare ARMS ; DRE SS .

C A P I TA L .

Sy n o nym s
ch i e f c it y , m e tr o p o l i s , s e at o f go v e rn men t .

The me t r op o li s is t h e c h ie f c it y in t h e co m m erc ia l , t h e c ap i t a l
in t h e po lit ical s en s e . The cap i t a l o f a n A m e rican S tat e is rarel y
it s metrop o li s .

CAR E .

Syn o n ym s
a n xi e t y , v
e rs i gh t , tr o ub l e ,
v
c o n c e rn , o
a tt e n tion , d ir e c t i o n , p e rp l e x i t y , igil an ce ,
caution , fo r e t h ough t , pr e c a u t i o n , w arin e s s ,
ch arg e , heed , pru d e n c e , w a t c h fu l n e s s ,
c ir c u m s p e cti o n , man a g emen t , s o li c i t u d e , w o rr y .

Ca re co n c e rn s w h a t w e po s s es s ; a n x i e t y, o ft e n , w h at w e d o
not ; ric h es b rin g m an y ca r es v
po e rt y b rin g s m an y a n x i et i es .

Ca r e a ls o s ign ifi e s w a t ch fu l a tt en t i o n , in iew o f po ss ib l e h arm ; v

as , T h is s id e up w ith ca r e T ake ca r e o f y o urs e l f o r , as a
“ ”
s h a rp w arn in g , T ak e ca re ! Ca u t i o n h as po s s ib l e a s en se o f

h a rm a n d ri s k o n l y t o he e s c ape d , if a t a ll , b y car e ful d el i b e ra t io n

an d o b ser v
at i o n . Ca re in clin es t o t h e po s it i e , ca u t i o n t o t h e v
n e g at i v
e ; ca r e is sh o w n in d o in g , ca u t i o n l arg el y in n ot d o in g .

Pr eca u t i o n is a lli e d w it h pr u d en ce w it h ca u t i o n ; a m a n
ca r e ,

r id e s a d an g ero us h o r se w it h ca r e ; ca u t i o n w ill ke e p hi m fro m

m o u n t in g t h e h o rse ; p r eca u ti o n l o o ks t o t h e s a d dl e s g irt hs ,
b it
an d b rid l e , a n d all t h at m a y m ak e t h e rid e r s e c ur e . Ci r cumsp ec
tio n is w at ch fu l o b se r v
a t io n an d cal c u l a t io n , b ut w i th o u t t h e
t im id it y i mpli e d in ca u t i o n . Co n cer n d e n o t es a s erio u s in t er e s t ,
mild e r t h an a n x i et y as co n cern fo r t h e , sa fe t y o f a s h ip at s ea .

H ee d i mpli e s a tt en t i o n w it h o ut d is qu ie t ; it is n ow l arg e ly di s
pl a c e d b y a t t en t i o n an d ca r e S o li ci t u d e in . v
o lv
es e s pe c ia ll y the
e l e m e n t o f d e s ir e , n o t e x presse d i n a n x i e t y , an d o f h o pe fuln e ss ,
n ot im pl ie d in ca r e . A par e n t fe e l s co n s t an t s o li ci tu d e fo r hi s
c h il dr e n s w e l fa r e , a n x i et y as t o d an ge r s t h a t t hr e a t e n it , w it h
’

ca r e t o g uar d a g a in s t t h e m l/Va t chf u ln es s . re c o g n iz e s t h e po s s i

b il it y o f d an g e r w a r i n ess t h e pro b ab ilit y
. . A m an w h o is n o t
in fl u e n c e d b y ca u t i o n t o k ee p o ut o f d an g e r m ay d is pl a y g re a t
w a ri n ess in t h e m id s t o f it Ca r e h as a l s o t h e se n se o f res po n s i
.

b ilit y , w it h po s s ib l e c o n t ro l , as e x pre s s e d in ch a rg e, ma n a gemen t .

 ca rry 96

th e su b j ec t b ut c han g e s t h e st y l e a b u r les que d o es not h o ld its e lf

t o e it h er s ub ec t j or st yl e b ut is co n t e n t wi t h g en er al r ese m
a

b lan ce t o w ha t it ma y imi t a t e . A ca r ica t u re , p a rod y , o r t r a es t y v

m u s t h av
e an o ri gin al b urles q ue ma y b e an in d epe n d en t co m
a

acco un t o f a s c h oo lb o y s quarrel af t er t h e g en e ral

’
po s it io n . An
m ann er o f H o m er s Ili ad
‘

w o ul d be a b ur le sque th e real st o r vf o

t h e Ili a d t o l d i n n ew spa pe r st y l e w o ul d b e a t r a es t y v . An e xt rav

aya n z a is a f an ta s t i c co m po si t i o n m usi cal , dr ama t i c . , o r na rra t iv
e .

I m it a t io n is se ri o us m imic ry 15 e it h er in t en t i o nall y o r un in te n

t io nal l y co mi ca l .

CA R R Y .

b e ar c on ve y mov e s u st a i n t ra n s mi t
re mo v
. .
, .
,

b ri n g , l i ft , e , tak e , t ra n s p o r t .

A pe r s on m a y b ea r a l o a d e it h e r w h en in m o t i o n o r a t r es t he
ca r r ies it o n l y w h e n in m o ti o n T h e st o o pin g A t las . b ea r s t h e
w o rl d on h is sh o ul d ers s w if t l vm o v
in g Ti m e ca rr ies t h e h o ur :

g l a ss an d s c yt he pe r so n ma y b e s ai d e i t h er t o b ea r o r t o ca rry
a

a scar s in ce it is up on him w h e t h e r in m o t io n o r at r es t If an .

o b ec t
j is to b e mo vd
fro m t h e pla c e w e oc c u py , w e sa vca rry
e if
t o th e pl ac e w e occ u py , w e s ay b r in g A m esse n g e r ca r rie s a l et .

t e r to a co rre s po n d en t . an d b r in gs an ans w e r . T a ke is o ft e n us e d

in t hi s se ns e in plac e o f ca rr y as ,
t a ke t h a t l e t t e r t o t h e o ffi ce .

Ca r ry o ft e n si gnifi es t o t r a n spo rt b y pe r so n al st r en gt h , wi t h o u t
r e f er e n ce t o th e dir ec ti o n as , t h a t is m o r e t h an h e can ca r ) y

y et , e ven so . it w o ul d not be ad mi sib l e t o s ay

s
ca r ry it t ome o r ,

ca rry it h a e in s u c h ca s e w e mus t sa vb r in g . To l ift is s imply

to rais e f ro m the
gr o un d th o b u t fo r an in s t an t wi t h n o r e fe r .

en ce t o h o ldin g o r m o in g v
o n e ma vb e a b l e t o l ift w h a t h e co ul d

T h e fi g ur at i e us es o f ca rry are e ry n urn e ro us ; as , v v

'

n o t ca rry .

t o ca rr y an e l e ct i o n , ca r r y t h e co un t ry , ca r ry (in t h e sens e o f cap

t ure) a fo rt , ca rry an a u di en ce , ca r ry a st o c k o f g oo d s . e tc . Co m
C O NVE Y ; KEE P S UPPO RT
'

par e .

A ym s
n t o n

drop fal l un d er, gi v

e up , l et go , s ha k e ofi , t h row d o wn, t hr o w ofi .

Pre p o si t i o n s :

To carr y co als t o New cas t l e ; c arry n o t h in g f ro m , or o ut o f ,

t hi s h o u se he car ri ed t h ese quali ti es i n t o all h e di d carry a cro ss

th e s tr ee t o v er t h e b ri d ge t h r o ug h t h e w o o ds , a ro un d o r r o u nd

th e co rn e r ; b eyo nd th e ri ver ; th e ca b l e w as carri ed u nd er th e

 ca t a s tr o ph e
9 7 c a t ch

CA T A ST R O P H E .

Syn ym s
o n

c al a m i t y , d en ouem en t , mi s c h a n c e , mi s h ap .

c a ta cl y s m , d i s a st er, m i s f o rt u n e . s e qu el .

A ca t ac lys m o r c a t a s tr op h e is so m e gr ea t co n vul s io n or mo
m e n to n s e v e n t t h a t ma y o r ma y n o t b e a c a use o f mise ry t o m an .

In ca l a mi t y o r d is a s t e r th e t h o u gh t o f h um an s uff e ri n g is al w av
, ,
s
I

pr e se n t I t h as b e e n h e l d b y m an y g eo l o gi st s t h at n um e r o us ca t
.

a s t r op h es o r c a t a c l ys ms an t e d a t ed t h e e xi s t e n c e o f man In li t .

era t ur e t h e fin al e v
, e n t o f a dr a m a is t h e c a t a s t r op h e o r d e n o ue ,

men t . M is f o r t u n e o r di n ar il y su gg e s t s
-
l e ss o f s u d d enn ess an d v
i o

l en ce t h an ca l a mi ty or d is a s t e r an d is e s pe c i all y appli ed t o th a t
w hi ch i s li n g e rin g o r en d urin g in it s e ffec t s . In h is t o ry , t h e en d

of e ve ry gr ea t w ar o r t h e f all of a n a ti o n is a ca t a s t rop h e , th o
it m av n o t b e a ca l a mi t
y Y et . s u c h an e ven t ,
if n o t a ca l a m it y t o
th e race , w il l al w a y s in vo lv
e m u ch v
in di i d ua l d is a s t e r an d m is

f o r t un e . Pest il en ce is a ca la mi t y ; a d e f ea t in b att l e , a sh i pwr ec k

or a f ail ur e in b usin e ss is a d is a st e r si ckn es s o r 10 $ of pr o per t y is

a. misf o rt un e f ail ur e t o m ee t a fri e n d is a mis ch a nc e th e b r ea k

A n t o n ym s

b e n e fit .
pl eas ure ,
b l es s in g,
Prepo s iti o n

Th e ca t as t r o ph e o f a pl a y ; f
o a si e g e : rar e l vto a pe rs on . etc .

CA T CH .

S yn ym s
o n

a pp r e h e n d co mpre h en d g ra s p , o v e rt a k e sna t ch
ve
, .
,

c a p t ur e , di s co r , g ri p . s e cur e . t ak e .

c l a sp , e n s n ar e , g ri p e . s e ize . t ak e h ol d o f .

c l u t ch , e n tr a p , l ay h ol d o f (o n , up on ) ,

To c a t ch is t o co m e u p wit h or t ak e po sse ss i o n o f s o m e t hin g

d epar ti n g f ugi t i e o r il l us i e v v We . ca t ch a ru n aw a h o rs e a fl y v
in g b all a m o us e in a t ra p .
. We c l ut ch w i th a s w if t , t e n aci o us
m ovem en t of t he fin g ers w e g r a sp w i t h a fir m b u t m o d era t e cl o

sur e o f th e w h o l e h a
nd w e g r ip o r g r ip e w it h th e st r o n g es t m us e u
l ar c l o s ur e o f th e w h o l e h an d po ss i b l e t o e x ert We . c l asp in t h e
ar ms . We sn a t ch w i t h a qu i c k , su d d en , an d us uall y a sur pri sin g
m o t io n . v
In th e fi gur at i e se ns e c a t ch is u s ed o f au . a ct t h at v
b ri n g s a pe rs o n o r t hi n g in t o o ur po w er o r po s s ess i o n ; as t o ca t ch
a c ri mi n al in th e ac t to ca t ch an i d ea in th e sen s e o f app r eh e a d
-

o r co mp reh en d . Co m pare AR RE S T .
An t o n ym s

f ail o f, t h ro w as i d e ,
f all s h o rt o f, t h ro w away .

Pre p o s it io n s

To c at c h a t a s t ra w to c at c h a fu g it i v
e by t h e c o ll a r to c at ch

b al l w i th t h e l e ft h an d he c a u gh t t h e di s e as e fr o m t h e pat ie n t
’

t h e t h i e f w a s caugh t i n t h e ac t t h e b ird i n t h e s n are .

CA USE .

Syn o n ym s

a ct o r, c a u s alit y , d e s i gn er, o cca sio n , pre c e d en t ,

a g en t , caus atio n , fo r m e r . o ri g i n , re a s o n ,

an te ce d en t, c o n d iti o n , fo u n t a i n , o ri g in tor, s o urce

v
a ,

a uth or, cre a t o r , moti e , pow er, s pri n g .

T he e ffi c ie n t ca u s e , t h a t w hi ch m a ke s a n y t h in g to be or be
d o n e , is t h e co m m o n m e an in g of t h e w o rd , as in t h e s ay in g

T h e re i s no e ff e c t w it h o u t a ca u s e . E vy er m an in s t in c t iv
ely

reco gn i z e s h im s e l f a c t in g t h ro u g h w ill as the c a u se o f hi s own

ac t i o n s . T h e Cr ea t o r is t h e G r e a t Firs t Ca u se o f a ll t h in g s . A
co n d i t i o n is so m e t h in g t h at
pre ce d e s a re s ul t , b u t d o e s
n ec es s aril y

n o t pro d u ce i t An a n t eced e n t s im pl y pre c e d e s a re s u l t , w it h o r

.

W it h o ut an y a g en c y i n pr o d u cin g it a s , M o n d ay is t h e in a riab l e v
a n t eced en t o f T u e s d ay , b u t n o t t h e c a u se o f it T h e di re ct an t o .

ny m o f ca us e is jfe ct
e ,
w h il e t h at o f a n t e ced e n t is co n sequen t . An
o cc a s i o n is so me e v t w hi
en ch b rin g s a _ c a us e in t o a c t io n a t a par
t ic ul ar mo men t ; g v
rait t i a on an d h ea t are th e ca u s es o f a n a v
a

l an c h e t h e s t e e p i n c lin e o f t h e m o un t a in s id e is a n ec essary co n d i
s

ti o n , an d the sh o u t o f th e t ra v
e l e r m a y b e t h e o cca s i o n o f i t s fall .

Ca us a li t y is t h e d o c t rin e or prin c ipl e of c au ses , ca u s a t i o n the

o
a ct i n or w o rkin g o f c au s e s . Co mpare D E S IGN ; RE A S O N .

An t o n ym s

co n s e qeun ce , v
d e e lo pmen t , en d ,
creat io n , e fi e ct , e vt
en

Prep o s itio n s

The ca us e o f t h e d is a s t e r cau s e f or in t e rfere n ce .

CE A SE .

S yn o nym s
ab s t a in , d e sist , gi v v
e o e r, q u it ,
b ri n g t o a n e n d , d i s c o n t in u e in t m t
er r e fr a i n ,
v
, i ,

com e t o an en d , en d , lea e stop,

t e rm i n a t e
.

c o n cl u d e , fi n ish , pau se ,
.

S t rain s m u s ic m ay grad u all y o r s ud d e nl y cea se

of A m an .

qu i t s w o rk o n t h e in st a n t ; h e m ay d i s co n t i n u e a pra ct is e g ra d
 c h ag ri n
ch an ge, a . 1 00

CH AG R IN .

S y n o n ym s
c o n fu s i o n , d i s c o m p o s ure h um il i a t i o n , sh a me
vx
, ,

d i s a pp o i n tm e n t , d ism ay , m o rt i fi c a t i o n , e ation .

Ch a g r i n un i t e s m e d e gree o f h umili a
d i s app o i n t men t w it h so

tion A r ain y d ay m ay b rin g d i s app o i n t men t ; n e e dl e ss fail ure

.

in s o m e e n t e rprise b rin gs ch a gr i n S h a me in v o lve s t h e c o n s cio u s .

n e ss o f fa u l t g u i l t o r im pro prie t y ; ch a gr i n o f fail ure o f j u d g

'

, ,

m e n t o r h arm t o r epu t at io n
, A co n sc io u s n e ss t h at o n e h as d is
.

pl a y e d h is o w n ign o r an c e w ill c au s e him mo r t ifi ca ti o n h o w e v er ,

w o r t h y h is in t e n t ; if t h e r e w a s a d e s ig n t o d e ce i v
e , th e e xpo s ure

w ill co v
er h i m w it h sh a me .

A n t o n ym s

d eligh t , e xult at io n , re o icin g,

j t riumph .

Prepo s it io n s

H e fe lt d ee p c h a grin a t ( b eca u s e of , o n a cco u n t o f) failu re .

C H A NG E , v .

Syn o n ym s

al t e r, e xch an g e , sh i ft , tr a n s m ut é ,
mm
ut e , m eta m
o rp h o s e s ub s t it ut e , t u rn
v
co
v , ,

e rt , m o d i fy , t r a n s fi g ur e
v
con
v , a ry ,
d i e r s i fy , q u a l i fy , t r a n s fo r m , e er .

To ch a n g e i s d is t in c t i v
ely t o m ake a t hi n g o t h er t h a n i t h as
b e e n in . so me r e spe c t at l e as t to t o pu t o r t ake s o m e
ex ch a n ge

th ing e l se
in it s pla c e t o a l t er i s o rd in aril y t o ch a n ge part iall y , t o

m ak e di ffe re n t in o n e o r m o re pa rt i c ul ars T o ex ch a n ge is o ft e n
.

t o t r a n s f er o w n e rs h i p as , to ex ch a n ge c it y fo r c o u n t ry pro pe rt y .

Ch a n ge is o ft e n use d in t h e se n se o f ex ch a n ge as , t o ch a n ge
h o rse s . To t r a n smu t e is t o c h a n ge t h e quali t i e s w h il e t h e s ub
s t an c e rem ain s t h e s a m e a s t o , t r a n s mu t e t h e b ase r m e t als in t o
go l d T o t r a n sf o r m is t o ch a n g e fo rm o r appe aran c e w it h o r
.
,

w it h o ut d ee pe r an d m o re e sse n t ial c h an ge it is l ess a b so l u t e t h an

t r a n s mu t e t h o s o m e t im es u se d fo r t h at w o rd an d i s o ft e n u s e d
, ,

in a s pir it u al se n se as t r a n s mu t e c o u l d n o t b e ; Be y e t r a n s
f o r med b y th e re n ew in g o f y o ur m in d Ro m x ii 2 T r a n sfigu re
”
. .
, ,

is , as in it s S criptu r al use, to c h an g e in an e x al t e d an d gl o r io u s
S pi ri t u a l w ay ; J es u s w as t r a n sfigu r ed b e fo re t h e m , an d

h is fa c e d id s h in e a s t h e su n , an d m e n t w as w h it e as t h e
h is ra i

l igh t ,
”
M at t . x v
ii ,
1, 2 . To met a mo rp h o s e is t o m ake s o m e
re m a rk a b l e c h a n g e , o rd in a ril y in e x t e rn al qua li t ie s , b ut o ft e n in
s t r uc t ure , u s e , o r c h e m i c al co n s t it ut io n ,
a s o f a c a t erpill ar in t o a
 1 01 c h a n ge , n .

b u t t e rfly , of th e st a m en s of a pl an t in t o pe t a l s , o r o f t h e c ry s t al
lin e s t ru c t u re of ro c k s , h e n ce c a ll e d “
m e t am o rph ic ro c k s , a s
”

w h en a l i m e s t o n e is me t a mo rp h o s ed in t o a m arb l e . To vyi
ar s to
cha n ge fro m t im e t o t im e o ft en c apri c io u sl y T O co mmu t e is t o
, .

u t s o m e t h in g e a s ie r l i gh t e r m ild e r o r i n so m e w a y m o r e fa v
or
p , , ,

a b l e ih pl a c e o f t h a t w h i c h i s co mmu t e d as t o co mmu t e c a pit a l ,

pun is h m e n t t o im priso n m e n t fo r life t o co mmu t e d a il y far e s o n a

ra il w ay t o a m o n t h l y pa y m e n t T o co n v e rt ( L con w i th a n d . .
, ,

v e rt o t u r n ) i s t o pr im aril y t urn ab o ut a n d s igni fie s t o ch a n ge in

, ,

f o rm , c h ara c t e r , us e , et c t h ro u g h a w id e ran ge of re l a t io n s ;
v
.
,

iro n is co n e t r ed in t o st eel , joy in t o g ri e f , a s in n e r in t o a s a in t .

To tur n po pu l ar w o r d fo r
is a ch a n ge in a n y s e n se s h o rt o f t h e

m e an in g o f ex ch a n ge, b e in g o ft e n e qu i v
a l en t to a l t er , co n vt er ,

t r a n sf o rm , t r a n s mu t e , e t c W e mo d if y .
qu a lif y a s t at e m en t
or

w h ich m t o o s t ro n g
m igh t se e ; we mo d if y it b y s o m e l im it at io n ,
qu a lif y it b y s o m e a d d it io n
/
.

A n t o n ym s

ab id e ,
b id e ,
Prepo s it io n s

To c h an g e a h o m e t o il e t f or a s t re e t d r e s s ; t o c h a n ge f r o m a
c a t erpill a r to or i n to a b ut t e rfly to c h an g e c l o t h e s wi t h a b e g g a r .

C H A NG E ,
n .

Syn ym s
o n

alteration , m ut ation w in g , t ran mut ation

v i
re n e s
v vl t y vo l u t i o
, ,

ersio n , ation
v i
n o e re n ar
v
con , , ,

d i e rs it y , e n e ra t ion tran s fo r m ation ar e ty ,

v vi i
re g , ,

in n o atio n , re n e w a l , t ra n s it i o n , c s situd e .

A ch a n g e is a pa s si n g fr o m o n e s t at e o r f o rm t o an o t h e r , an y
a ct or pro ce s s b y w h ich a t h in g b e c o m e s u n l ik e w h a t it w as
b e fo r e , o r t h e u n li k e n e s s pro d u c e d ; w e s a y a ch a n ge w as t a
‘

so

ki n g pl a c e , o r t h e ch a n ge t h at h a d t a k e n pl a ce w a s m an ife s t .

M u t a t i o n is a m o r e fo r m al w o r d fo r c h a n ge , o ft e n s u g g e s t i n g

re pe a t e d or c o n t i n u al ch a n ge ; as , th e mu t a t i o n s of fo rt un e .

No vlt y
e is a ch a n g e t o w h at is n ew or th e n e w n e ss of t h at t o
v
,

w h ich a c h a n ge is m a d e h e w a s pe rpe t u all y d es iro u s o f n o

as ,

e l ty . Re vlu ti
o on is s pe c ifi c all y a n d m o s t co m m o n l y a ch a n ge o f
‘

go v
er n m en t Va r i a ti o n i s a part ia l ch a n ge i n fo r m , qu alit i es ,
v
.

et c .
, b ut e s pe c ial l y in po s it io n o r ac t i o n ; as , t h e aria tion o f th e

m ag n e t ic n eed le o r o f t h e pu l s e . Va r i et y is a s u c ce ss i o n of

ch a n g es o r a n in t er m ix t u r e of d iffe re n t t h in g s , an d is al w ay s
 c h a ra c t er 1 02

t h o ug h t o f as a gr e e a b l e . Vi ci s s i t ud e is s h arp , s u d d en , or v
io l e nt

ch a n ge , a l w a y s t h o u gh t o f a s s urpr i s in g an d o ft e n a s d is t urb in g or

d is t re ss in g ; as , t h e i ci ss i t u d es o f po li t ic sv T r a n s i t i o n is ch a n ge .

b y pa ss in g fro m o n e pla c e o r s t at e t o an o t h e r , e s pe c ially in a n a t u

ra l , r e g ul a r , o r o r d e rl y w a y ; a s , t h e t r a n s i t i o n fro m s prin g t o

s u mm e r , o r fro m y o u t h t o m a n h o o d An i n n o a t i o n i s a ch a n ge . v
t h a t b re ak s i n upo n an e s t ab l is h e d o rd e r o r c u s t o m as , a n i n n o a v
t i o n in re l ig io n o r po lit ics F o r t h e d is t in c t io n s b e t w e e n t h e o t h e r
.

w o rd s co m par e th e sy n o n y ms fo r CH A NG E , v . In t h e re lig io u s

s e n s e r eg en e ra ti o n is t h e v
it al r en ew in g o f th e so u l b y t h e po w e r
of v
t h e di in e S pirit ; co n er s io n is t h e c o n scio us v an d m an ifes t

v
ch a n ge fro m e il t o go o d , o r fro m a l o w er t o a h igh er s pirit ual

s t at e a s , in L u ke x x ii , 3 2, w h en t h o u art co n er t ed , s t re n gt h en v
t h y b re t h r e n .
”
In po pu l ar u se co n e rs i o n is t h e v mo s t co mm o n
w o rd t o e x pr e ss t h e id e a o f r eg en er a ti o n .

A n t o n ym s
c o n s t an c y, s te adi ness ,
co n t in uan c e , un ch an
ge ab l en ess ,
firmn e s s , un i fo rmi t y .

Prep o s itio n s

We ha v
e mad e a c h an g e for t h e b et t e r the ch an g e from
w i n t er t o s prin g th e c h an g e o liqu i d t o o r i n t o
f a a gas a c h an g e

i n qu al ity a c h an g e b y a b s o rpti o n o r o x id at io n .

CH AR A CT E R .

Syn o n ym s

con s tit u t io n , g en iu s , p e rs o n al ity , reput ation , t e mpe r,

d i spo sit ion , n a t ure , re c ord , s p i ri t , t e m p e ra m e n t .

Ch a r a ct e r i s w h at on e is ; r ep u t a t i o n , w h a t h e is t h o u gh t t o
be h is r eco r d is t h e t o t al o f h is k n o w n ac t io n o r in a ct io n As a .

ru l e , a m an ’
s r eco r d w ill s u b s t an t ially e x pre s s h is ch a ra ct er hi s
r ep u t a t i o n m ay b e h igh e r or l o w er t h an h is c h a ra ct er o r r eco r d

w ill j u s t i fy . R ep u t e is a so m e w h at fo rm al w o rd w it h ,
th e sa me
in c l u d es a ll h is o r igi
’
g en eral s e n s e as r ep ut a t i o n . One s n a t u re

n al e n d o w m e n t s or pro pe n s it ie s ; ch a r a ct er in c lu d es b o t h n at ural
a n d ac qu ir e d t ra it s . W e spe ak o f o n e s ph y s ic al co n s t i tu ti o n as ’

s t ro n g o r w eak , e tc .
, an d fi gu r a t i v
e ly , al w a y s w it h t h e j ivad ec t
e ,

of h is m e n t al or m o ra l co n s t i t u t i o n . Co m pare CH A R A CTE RI S TIC .

Prepo s it io n s

T h e w it n ess h as a c h ara c t er for v

e ra c it y h is c h ara ct e r is a bo v e

s u s picio n ; t h e c h ara c t e r o f th e a ppli c a n t .

 c h e ri s h
ch o o se 1 04

c h as t e n e d us pl e as ur e , b ut H e f o r o ur pro fi t , H eb
a f te r t h e ir own .

x i , 10 ;
i
“
c h as t e n i n t h y h o t di s pl e as ur e ,
”
Ps i , 7 ; ch as t e n wi th
‘
. v
pain b y t rial s a n d s o rr o w s .

C H E R I SH .

S yn o n ym s

ch e er , e n c o ura g e , h a rb br, n urs e , sh e lt e r,

cl in to t e rt a in h o l d d e ar , n u rt u r e t re a s ure
v
, en , , ,

c o m o rt , fo s ter, n o uri s h , pro t e ct , al u e .

To ch e r i s h is b o t h t o h o ld d ea r an d t o t re a t as d e ar . M e re nu

e xpr e s s e d e s t ee m w o u ld n ot be ch e r i s hi n g . In t h e m arriag e v
ow ,

“
t o lo v e, h o n o r, an d ch er i s h ,
”
t h e w ord ch er i s h im plie s a ll t h at
e a c h c an v
d o b y l o e an d t e n d ern e s s fo r t h e w e lfare an d h appin e s s
of the o t h e r , a s b y s uppo rt , pr o t ec t io n , c are in s ic kn ess , c o m fo rt

in s o rro w ,
sy m pa t h y ,
an d h e lp of e v
e y ki
r nd . To n ur s e is t o t en d
t h e h e lpl e ss or fe e b l e , as i n fa n t s , or th e s ic k or wo un d e d . To
n o ur i s h is s t ri c t l y to s ust a in a n d
b y fo od t o n u r t u r e in b uil d up

cl u d e s c ar e ful m e n t a l an d spiri t u a l t ra in in g , w it h s o m e t h in g o f

lo v e an d t e n d ern ess to f o s t er is si m ply to m ain t ain an d care fo r ,

t o b rin g u p a f o s t er s ch il d w i l l b e n o u r i s h e d , b u t m ay n o t b e as
t en d e rly n u r tu r ed o r a s l o i n gl y ch eri s h e d a s if o n e s o w n
’
v In t h e .

v
fi g urat i e s e n se , t h e o pin io n o n e ch e r i s h es h e h o l d s , n o t w it h m e re
c o ld co v
i c t io
n n ,
b ut w it h l o in g d e v vt io
o n .

A n t o n ym s :

S ee s yn o n y m s fo r A BA ND O N CHA S TE N .

C H O O SE
Syn o n ym s

c ul l , e le ct, pi ck , pi c k o ut , pr e fe r , s e l e ct

v
.

Pr ef er in di cat e s a s t at e o f d e s i re an d appro al ch o ose , an ac t

of w ill . Pru d e n ce or g e n e r o s it y m ay l ead o n e t o ch o ose w h at h e

d o es n ot p r ef er . S e lect im pl ie s a c are ful co n s i d e ra t io n o f t h e
re a so n s for pr e fe re n ce a n d c h o ic e . A mon g o b e c t s s o n e arl y a li ke
j
t h at w e h a v
e n o re as o n t o p r ef er an y o n e t o an o t h e r w e m a y s im _

pl y ch o ose t h e n e ar e s t , b u t w e co u ld n o t b e sa i d t o s elect i t As id e
fro m t h eo lo gy , e lect i s po pu l arl y c o n fin e d t o t h e po lit ic al se n se
as , a fr ee p e o pl e el ect t h e ir O Wn r ul e r s Cu ll , f r o m t h e L at in co l
.

li ger e, co mm o n ly m e an s t o co l l e c t , as w e ll as to s elec t . In a g ar
d en w e cu ll th e c h o ice s t fl o w e rs
’

A n to n ym s
cas t a way , repudiat e ,
c ast o ut , t h row as id e .

Prepo s i tio n s

Ch o o s e f r o m o r f ro m a mo n g t h e nu m b er ; c h o os e o u t o f th e
 c i rc um l o cu tio n
1 05 ci rc u m s t a n ce

ar my c h o o se b e t ween ( or b et wix t) t w o a mo n g m an y c h o o se fo r
t h e purpo se .

C I R C U M LO C UT I O N .

Syn o n ym s

d ifl u s e n e s s ,
‘

p ro l i x i t y , s u rp l u s a g e , v e rb ia ge
p e ri ph ra s i s , re d u n d an c e , t autolo gy , v e rb o s uy
,

pl e o n a s m , re d un d an cy , te d io usn e s s , w ord in e ss .

Ci r cu mlo cu ti o n p erip h r a s is are ro u n d a b o u t w ays o f e x

an d

pre ss in g t h o u gh t ci r cumlo cu t i o n is t h e m o re c o mm o n , p er ip h r a

s i s t h e m o r e t e c h n i cal w o rd . Co n s t an t ci r cu mlo cu ti o n pro d u c es

a n a ff e c t e d a n d h e a y s t ylev o cc a s i o n a l l y , s kilfu l per ip h r a s is co n
d u ce s b o t h t o b e a ut y a n d t o si m pl icit y . E t y m o l o gic a lly , d iffu se
n es s is a sc a t t e ri n g , b oth of w o rd s an d t h o u gh t red u n d a n cy is an

o v
e flo w
r Pro li x i t y go e s in t o e n d le ss pe tt y d et ails , w it h out s e l e c
.

t io n o r pers pe ct i e v
Pleon as m is t h e e x press io n o f an id e a alrea d y
.

pl a inl y im pl ie d ta u to lo gy is t h e re s t at e m e n t in o t h er w o rd s o f an

id e a alre a d y s t at e d , o r a u s el e s s re pe t it io n o f a w o rd or w o rd s .

Pleo n a s m m ay ad d e m ph as is ta u to logy is
; al w ays a faul t . I
s aw it w it h my e y es is a p leo n as m ; a ll th e m e mb e rs agre e d
u n a n im o us l y
" is t a u t o lo gy Ver b i a ge is t h e . u se o f m e re w o rd s

W it h o u t t h o ug h t Ver b os i ty an d wo r d i n ess d e n o t e
. an e x ce s s o f

w o rd s in pro po rt io n t o t h e t h o u gh t . T ed i o us n ess is t h e s ure re s ul t

o f a n y o f t h e se faul t s o f s t y l e .

A n t o n ym s :

v
b re it y, co mpres s io n , co n d ens at io n , s ucc inct ne ss ,
co mpact n e ss , co n ci s en es s , d i re ctn e s s , t e rs en e ss .

C I R CUM S T A N C E .

Syn o n ym s

a cco m p a n im e n t ,
c o n co m it an t ,

d e t a il
v
,

e en t
A ci rcu ms t a n ce (L . ci r cu m ,
aro u n d , an d s t o , s t an d ) is
, so me
t h in g e x i s t in g o r o c c urrin g in co n n e c t io n w it h o r re l a t io n to so me

o t h er fac t or e v
en t ,
m o d ifyin g or t hr o w in g l igh t u po n t h e prin c i

pal m at t e r w it h o ut a ff ec t in g it s e ssen t ia l c h arac t e r ; an a cco mp a

n i men t i s so m e t hi n g t h a t u n it e s w i t h t h e pri n c ipa l m att er , t h o

n o t n ec e ss a ry t o it ; a s , t h e
pian o a cco mp a n i men t t o a so n g ; a
co n co mi t a n t g o e s w it h a t h in g in n a t u ra l c o n n e c t io n , b ut in a s ub

o rdi n a t e c apa c ity , o r pe rh a ps in co n t ras t ; as , c h e e rfu ln e ss is a

co n co mi t a n t o f v
irt u e . A ci r cu ms t a n ce is n o t st ric tl y , n o r us u al ly ,
an o cc a s io n , c on d it io n , e ff e c t , o r re s u lt . (S e e t h ese w o rd s u n d e r
 cl a s s

C A US E ) No r is t h e ci r cums t a n ce pro pe rl y a n i n cid en t (S e e un d er

. .

A CCID E NT ) W e s a y “ M y d ecis io n w ill d epe n d upo n cir cum

.
,

s t a n ces — n ot upo n i n ci d en ts
”
T h at a m an w o re a b l u e n e c kt ie
.

w o uld pro b ab l y b e t h e c a us e , o c c as io n , co n d it io n , o r co n co mi
n ot

t a n t o f hi s c o m m it t in g m urd er b u t it m igh t b e a e ry im po rt an t v
c ir cu ms t a n ce in id en t ify in g hi m a s t h e m u rd ere r A ll t h e ci rcum .

s t a n ces m a k e up t h e s i t u a t i o n A c e rt ain di s e as e is t h e c au s e o f a
.

m an s d e at h h is s u ffe rin g is an i n ci d en t t h at h e i s in h is o w n
’

h o m e t h at h e h as g o o d m e d ical a tt e n d an ce c are ful n ur s in g e t c

, , , .
,

ar e c o n s o l a t o r y ci r cums t a n ces W it h t h e s am e i d e a o f s ub o rdi

.

n a t io n w e o ft e n s ay
,
“
T hi s i s n o t a ci r cums t a n ce t o t h at
,
”
So a .

pe rs o n i s s a id t o b e i n e as y ci rcu ms t a n ces Co m par e E VE NT . .

Prepo si tio n s

M e re s it u a tio n is e x pr e ss e d by in th e c ir c u m s t a n ce s ac ti o n
affe c t e d i s perfo rm e d u n d er t h e c irc um s t an c e s .
’
[M ] .

CL A SS .

Syn ym s
o n

a s s o ciation , c ircl e , clique , co m pan y , g ra d e , ra n k ,

ca st e , cl a n , club c o t e ri e , o rd e r , se t
v
.
,

A cla s s is a nu mb e r or body pe rso n s o r o b j e c t s h a in g co m

of

m o n purs uit s pu rpo ses , , at t rib ut es , o r ch ar ac t e ri s t i cs A ca s t e i s .

h e r e d it ary ; a cla ss m ay b e in d e pe n d e n t o f l in e a g e o r d e sce n t ;

m e m b ers h ip in a ca s t e is s uppo se d t o b e fo r life m e mb ersh ip in a
cl a ss m a y b e v e ry t r an s i e n t ; a r e li g io u s an d c e re m o n i al sac r e d

n ess a t t a ch es t o th e ca s t e , a s n ot to the c la ss . The rich a n d the

po o r fo rm s e par at e cla sses y e t i n d i i d ual s ar e v co n s t an t l y pas s in g

fro m e ach t o t h e o t h e r t h e cl a sses in a co ll e g e re m a in t h e sa me ,

b u t t h e ir m e m b er s hi p y ear W e s pe ak o f r a n k
c h an g e s e v
e ry .

a m o n g h e re d it ar y n o b ilit y o r m il it ar y o ffi c e rs ; o f ari o u s o r d er s v
o f t h e pr i es t h o o d ; b y a cc o mm o d at i o n , w e m a y re fe r in a g e n era l

w ay t o t h e hi gh e r r a n ks , t h e l o w er o r d ers o f a n y s o cie t y . G ra d e
i m plie s so m e r e g ul a r sc al e o f a l uat io n , a n d v so m e inh ere n t qu ali
t ie s fo r w hi ch a pe rso n t h in g is pl a ce d h igh e r
or or l o w e r in t h e
sc al e as , th e co arser an d fi n er gr a d es o f w o o l a m an o f an in fe
rio r gr a d e A co t er i e is a s m a ll co m pan y o f per so n s o f s im il ar
.

t ast es , w h o m e e t fr e qu e n t l y in an in fo rm al w ay , r at h e r fo r so c ia l
e n o ym e n t
j t h an fo r a n y se ri o u s pur po s e . Cli qu e h as a l w ay s an

v
un fa o ra b l e m ean in g . A _
cli qu e is alw ay s fr ac t io n al , i m pl yin g
so m e great er g at h erin g o f w h ich it is a part t h e a ss o c iat i o n b re aks
up in t o cli ques . Pe rs o n s u n it e in a co t er i e t h ro u gh s impl e lik in g
 cl e a r

s en s e o f l ust e r o r s pl e n d o r . A s ub s t an ce is s aid to b e cl ea r t h at
o ffe rs no im pe di m e n t t o v
i io
s n —i s n ot di m , d ark , o r o b s c u re .

T r a n sp a r en t re f e rs to th e m e d iu m t h ro ugh w hi c h a s ub s t an ce is
s ee n , c le a r t o th e s ub st an c e i t s elf , w it h o ut re fer e n ce to a n y t h in g

to be t h ro u gh it ; w e s pe a k o f a s t re a m as cle ar w h e n w e
s e en

t h ink o f t h e w at e r it se lf w e s pe ak o f it as t r a n sp a r en t w it h r e f
eren ce to t h e e ase w i t h w hi ch w e see t h e pe b b l e s at t h e b otto m .

Clea r i s al s o s ai d of t h a t w h ich com es t o t h e s e n se s w it h o u t

di m n e s s , d u ln e ss , o b s t ru c t i o n , or o b s c urit y , so t h at t h e re is
no un c e rt a in t y a s t o it s e x ac t fo r m , m e an i n g w i t h
c h ara c t er , o r ,

so m e t h in g o f t h e b righ t n es s or b rillian c y im plie d in t h e prim ary

m ean in g of t h e w o rd c le a r as , th e o ut lin es o f the s hi p w e re cle a r

a g a in st th e s ky ; a cle a r v
ie w a clea r n o t e cl ea r a s a b e ll
”
a

clea r , fro st y a ir a cl e a r s k y a c lea r s t a t e m en t h e n ce , t h e w o rd

i s u s e d fo r t h at w h ich is fr ee fro m an y kin d o f o b s t ru c t i o n as , a

c lea r fi eld . L u ci d
d p ellu ci d r e fe r t o a s h in in g c l e arn e s s , a s o f
an

c ry s t al . A t ra n sp a r en t b o d y all o w s t h e fo r m s an d co l o rs o f o h

j ect s be vd
on to b e s e en t hr o u gh i t ; a t ra n s lu cen t b o d y a ll o w s

li gh t t o pass t hr o u g h , b u t m a y n o t pe rm it fo rm s a n d c o lo rs t o b e
d is t in gu is h e d ; pl at e gl a s s i s t r a n sp a r en t , gro un d g l as s is t ra n s l u
c en t . L i mp id r e f e rs to a liqu id c l e arn e s s , o r t h a t w hi c h s ugg e s t s

it ; as , li mp i d s t re a ms . T h at w h i ch i s d i s t i n ct i s w e ll d e fi n e d ,
e s pe c i a ll y in o ut lin e , e a ch part o r o b j e c t s t an d in g o r se e m in g
a part fro m a n y o t h er , n o t co n fu s e d , in d e fi n it e , o r b l urre d d i s t i n ct
e n u n c i a t io n e n ab l e s t h e h e are r t o c a t ch e v
e yr w o rd or v
o cal s o un d

w it h o u t per pl e x it y o r co n fu s io n a d i s t i n ct s t a t e m e n t i s fre e fro m

in d e fi ni t e n e ss o r a mb ig u it y a d i s t i n ct appre h e n s io n o f a t h o u gh t
l ea v
es th e m in d in no d o ub t o r u n c er t ain t y re g a r d in g it . T h at is

p la i n , i n t h e s en se h er e c o n sid e re d ,
w h i c h is , as i t w e re , l e v
el to
t h e t h o u gh t , so t h at on e go e s s tr a ig h t on w i t h o u t d iffi c ul t y or

h in d ran c e ; a s , p l a i n l an g ua g e ; a p la i n s t a t e m e n t ; a cle a r e x
pl an at io n Per spi cu o u s i s o ft en
. v
e qu i a l e n t t o p la i n , b u t
p la i n
ne v
e r w h o lly l o se s t h e m e an in g o f u n a d o rn e d , so t h at w e c an s a y

th e st yl e
i s p er sp i cu o us t h o h ig h l y o rn a t e , w h e n w e c o uld n o t c all

i t a t o n c e o rn a t e an d p la in Co m pare E VI D E NT . .

A n t o n ym s

a mb iguo us , d im, un in t e lligib le ,

c lo ud y , d ub io us , v
ague .

P re p o s itio n s

Cl e ar t o t h e m in d ; c l e ar in arg u m en t c l e ar o f or f ro m an n o y
an ces .
 c le v er
1 09 co llisio n

C L E VE R .

Syn o n ym s
ab le , c apab le , h a ppy , k e en , s h arp
a d roit , d e xt e ro u s , in e n io us , k n o w in g , s k i l fu l ,
apt, e xp e r t , in e lle ct ual , q u ick , s m a rt ,
b ri gh t, g i ft e d , in t e lli g e n t , q u i c k =w i t t e d tale n te d
v
.
,

C le in E n g la n d , e s pe c iall y im plie s an a pt it u d e fo r
er , a s u s e d

s t ud y o r l ea rn i n g , an d fo r e x ce ll e n t t h o n o t pre e m in e n t m e n t al

v
a c h ie e m e n t T h e e arl y Ne w E n gl a n d u s a g e a s i m pl y in g s im pl e
.

an d w e ak g o o d n at u r e h as l ar g e ly aff ec t e d t h e u se o f t h e w o r d
t h r o u gh o u t t h e U n it e d S t a t es , w h e re it h a s n e e r b e e n m uc h in v
fa v or . S ma r t , in di c at in g d as h in g a b i l it y , is n o w co m in g t o h av
e a

s u gge s t io n o f u n s c ru pu l o u s n e ss , s i m ilar t o t h a t o f t h e w o rd s h a rp ,

w h ic h m a ke s it s u se a d o u b t ful c o m plim e n t T h e di sc rim in a t in g

.

us e o f s u c h w o rd s a s a ble , gif t ed , t a len t ed , e t c , is gre at l y pr e fe r .

ab l e to an e x ce ss i v
e us e o f t h e w o rd cle er v
Co m pare A CUM E N ; .

AS T UT E ; P O WE R .

A n t ym
o n s
awk w ard , t h ick h ead e d ,
s

b un gl in g, w it le ss .

C O L L I SIO N .

Syn ym s
o n

cla sh , c o n cus sion , con t a ct , im p a ct , o ppo s it io n ,

cl a sh in g , con flict e n co un ter, m e e t in g , s h o ck

v
.
,

Co lli s i o n , t h e ac t fac t o f s t rik in g io l e n t ly t o g e t h e r , is t h e

'

or

re s ul t o f m o t io n o r a c t io n , an d is su d d e n an d m o m e n t ary ; co n t a ct
m ay b e a co n d i t io n o f res t a n d . be co n t in uo u s a n d pe rm an e n t co l

li s i o n is s u d d e n an d v
io l e n t co n t a c t . Co n cu ss i o n is o ft e n b y t ran s
m it t e d fo rc e ra t h e r t h an b y d irec t i mp a ct ; t w o ra il w ay tr ain s s

c o m e i n t o co lli s i o n ; an e x pl o s io n o f d y n a m it e s h a tt e r s n e igh b o r

in g w in d o w s b y co n cus s i o n I mp a ct is t h e b l o w g i v e n b y th e
.

s tr ikin g b o d y a s t h e i mp a ct o f t h e c an n o n s h o t u po n t h e t arg e t
,
s .

An e n co u n t e r is a l w ay s v
io l e n t , an d g e n e rall y h o s t il e M ee t i n g is .

n e u t ra l , an d m ay b e of the d e are s t frie n d s o r o f t h e b itt e r e s t fo e s

o f ob ects , o f
j pe rs o n s , o r o f o pin io n s ; o f t w o o r o f a m ul t it u d e .

S h o ck is t h e re s u l t o f co lli s i o n In th e fi g ura t i e u se w e s pe a k o f
. v ,

cl a s h i n g o f v ie w s , co lli s i o n o f pe rso n s O pp o s i t i o n is u s e d c h ie fl
. v
of pe rso n s , m o r e rar e l y o f O pin i o n s o r in t er e s t s co n fli ct i s u se d in
differen t l y o f a ll .

A n t o n ym s
agre e men t co in c id en ce
, , c o n co rd ,
ami t y , co n ce rt , c o n curren c e ,

Prep o si t i o n s
Co l lis io n of on e ob j e ct w i th an o t h e r o f or b et ween o ppo s i n g

ob j ec t s .
 co m fo r t a b le
co m pa n y 1 10

CO M F O R T A B L E .

Syn o nym s
a re e ab l e c h e e ry , ial suu
g
, g en ,

a e ase , com m o d io us ple a san t , w e l =o ff ,

v
,

a t re st , con ten ted , s a t i s fa c t o ry w e l b pro i d d

v
, e ,
c h e e r ful , con e n ien t , s ati sfi e d , w e ll t o d o z : .

A per so n is co mf o r t a ble in m in d w h e n co n t en t ed a n d m eas ura

b l y s a t i sfi ed A lit t l e a d di t io n al b righ t n ess m ak es hi m ch eerf u l
. .

H e is mf o r t a b le in b o d y w h e n fre e fro m pain quie t a t ea s e a t

co , , ,

r es t H e is co mf o r t a ble in c irc u m s t an c e s o r in co mf o r t a b le c ir
.
,

c u m s t an ce s w h e n t h in g s a b o u t h i m are g e n era ll y a gr eea b l e an d

,

s a t i sf a ct o r y u s u a ll y w it h t h e s u gg e s t io n o f su ffi cie n t m ean s t o
,

se c u re t h at r e s u lt .

A n t o n ym s

ch e e rl ess , d is co n t en t e d , un co mfo rt ab l e ,
d is agre e ab l e , d i s s at is fie d , w re t ch e d .

C O M M IT .

Syn o n ym s

a s sig n , co n fid e , con sign , en tru s t , re l e g at e , tr u s t .

Co mmi t , in t h e sen se h e re c o n s i d er e d v
i s t o g i e in ch arg e , pu t
,

in t o car e o r k e epin g ; t o co nfid e o r i n t r us t i s t o co mmi t e s pe c ia lly

to on e s
’
fid e lit y , co nfi d e b e in g u se d c h ie fl y o f m en t al o r s piri t ua l ,

i n tr u s t m at e rial t h in gs w e a ss ign a d ut y co nfid e a se cre t

al s o o f , ,

i n t rus t a t r e a s ur e w e co mmi t t h o u gh t s t o w rit in g co mmi t a pa

per t o t h e fl am e s a b o d y t o t h e e art h ; a priso n e r is co mmi tt ed t o
,

j ail .Co n s i gn is a fo rm al w o rd in m ercan t il e u s e as t o co n s i gn ,

g o o d s t o an a g en t . R e ligio us l y , w e co n s i gn t h e b o d y t o t h e gra v e,

co mmi t t h e so ul to G od .Co mpare D O .

P re p o s itio n s

Co mm it t o a fr i e n d fo r s a fe s k e e pi n g in l aw , co mm i t t o pri s o n ;

f or tr ial ; wi t h ou t b a il in d e fau l t o f b ail ; o n s u s pi c io n .

C O M P A NY .

Syn ym s
o n

assemb lage , c o n c o urs e , co n v

o cation . ho s t .

a s s e m b ly , c o n fe r e n c e cro w d , m e e tin g ,

c o ll e c t i o n , c o n gre g a tio n g a t h e ri n g , m u lt it u d e
v v
, ,

c o n cla e , con e n tio n , g ro up, th ron g .

Co mpa n y , fro m t h e L a t in cu m ,
w it h , an d p a n i s , b re a d , d e
n otes pr im aril y t h e a s so c ia t io n of t h ose w h o e a t a t a co m m o n

t ab l e , o r t h e pe r so n s s o a sso c ia t e d , t ab l e s co m pa n io n s m e s s m a t e s
, ,

frie n d s , an d h e n c e i s w id e l y ex t en d e d t o i n c l u d e a n y as so ci at io n
of t h o se u n it e d perm an e n t ly or t e m po ra ri l y , fo r b u s in e s s , pl e as ure ,
 co m pl ain
co m plex 1 12

C O M P LA I N .

S yn ym s
o n

c ro a k , gro w l , grun t , re m
o n s t ra t e ,

fi n d fa u l t , g ru m b l e , m u rm ur , re pin e .

To co mp l a i n i s t o gi e v u tt e ran ce t o d is s at is fa c t io n o r o b e c ti o n ,
j
e x pr ess a s e n se o f w ro n g or ill t r eat m e n t mp la in s o f a . One co

re a l o r a s s u m e d gr i e van c e ; h e m ay mu r mur t hr o u gh m e re pe e
v
is h n e s s o r ill t e m pe r h e r ep i n es w it h v
. a in di s tr e ss at t h e irre v .

o cab le o r t h e in e it ab l e v . C o mp la i n i n g is b y s pe ech o r w rit in g ;

mu rmur i n g is co mmo nl y said o f h alf re pre sse d u t t eran c e ; r ep i s

n i n g o f t h e m e n t al ac t a lo n e O n e m a y co mp la i n o f a n o ff e n se t o
.

t h e o ffe n d e r o r t o o t h e rs h e r emo n s t r a t es w it h t h e o ffe n d er o n l y .

C o mp la i n h as a fo rm al an d l e ga l m e an in g w h ich t h e o t h e r w o rds ,

h av e n o t s ign ify i n g t o m a k e a fo rm a l a cc u s at io n pr esen t a s e

, p ,

c ifi c c h a rg e t h e s am e is tr u e o f t h e n o u n co mp la i n t .

A n t ym s
0 n

applaud , appro v
e , co mme n d , e ul o giz e , prais e .

Pre po s it io n s :

Co m pl ain o f a t hi n g t o a per so n o f on e perso n t o an o t h e r , of

o r a gai n s t a pe r so n f or an a ct ; t o an o ffi ce r ; b ef o r e t h e co urt ;

a b o ut a t h in g .

C O M PL E X .

S yn o n ym s

a b s t ru s e , c o n fu s e d , i n t ri c a t e , mixe d
vv
.

co m
plicate d , c o n g l o m e rat e , in ol e d , m u l t i fo r m ,

co m
p o s it e , entan gle d , m a n i fo l d , o b s c ure ,

co m po un d , h e tero g en e o us , min g le d , t an gle d .

T h at is co mp lex w h ic h is m a d e up o f s e v er al co n n ec t e d part s .

T h at is co mp o u n d in w h ic h t h e part s a re n o t m e re l y co nn e c t ed .

b ut f u s e d , or o t h e r w is e c o m b in e d i n t o a s in g l e s ub s t a n c e . In a

compo s i t e o b j e c t t h e d iffere n t part s h av

e l ess o f u n it y t h an in t h at

w h ic h i s co mp lex o r co mp o u n d b u t m ain t a in t h e ir di s t in c t in di ,

v
id u al it y . In a h e t er o gen eo u s b o d y u nl ik e part s o r part ic l es are
in t e rm in gl e d , o ft e n w it h o u t a ppa r e n t o r d e r o r pl an C o n glo me r
.

a te (l it e rall y g l o b e d t o g e t h e r ) is s a id o f a co nf u s ed m ing lin g o f

,

m as s e s or v
lu m ps o f a rio u s s ub s t an ce s T h e Ne w E n gl an d pu d .

d in g s st o n e is a co n gl o mera t e r o ck . In a co mp lex j
o b e ct th e ar

ran g e m e n t an d re la tio n o f part s m ay b e pe rfec t l cl e ar in a co m v

p li ca t ed m e c h an is m t h e part s are s o n u m e ro u s o r s o c o m b in e d , ,

t h a t t h e m in d c a n n o t r e ad ily gras p t h e ir m u t u a l r e l at io n s in an
i n tr i ca t e arra n g e m e n t t h e par t s ar e s o in t e rt w in e d t h at i t is d iffi
cu lt t o fo llo w t h e i r w in d in g s t h in g s are in vlvd w h i
o e c h are ro l l e d
 1 13 co n d e m n

to ge th er so a s n o t to be e a s il y s e pa ra t e d , e it h er in t h o ugh t or in
fac t ; t h in g s w h ich a r e t a n gled o r en t a n gled m ut u ally h o l d an d
dr aw upo n e a c h o t h er T h e co n c ept io n o f a m at e rial o b j e ct i s
.

vv
u s u a ll y co mp lex , i n o l in g fo rm , c o lo r , s iz e , a n d o t h e r e l e m e n t s

a cl o c k is a co mp l i ca t ed m ec h an is m t h e G o r d i an k n o t w a s i n t r i
ca t e t h e t w in in g serpe n t s of t h e L ao c o o n a re in vlvdo e . We
s pe a k o f an a b s t r u se s t at e men t , a co mp lex c o n ce pt i o n , a co n f u s ed
h e a p, a h et er o gen eo u s m as s , a t a n gled s k e in ,
an i n t ri ca t e pro b l e m
o f co mp o s i t e arc h it e c t ure ,
an in vlv
oed se n t e n c e o f t h e co mp li ca t ed

or i n t ri ca t e a c co u n t s o f a gr e at b u s in e ss , t h e en t a n gled a c co u n t s

o f an in co m pe t e n t or d i sh o n e s t b o o kk e e per .

A n t o n ym s

cl e ar, h o mo gen eo us , un co mb in e d ,
d 1rect , v
o b ro u s , un c o mpo un d e d ,

C O ND E M N .

Syn o n ym s

b lam e , con vi t
c , d oo m , re pro e , v
ce n s ure , d en o un c e , re pro b a te , sen ten ce .

To co n d e mn is t o pas s j u d ic ia l s e n t e n c e o r r e n d er j u d gm e n t or

d ec is io n a ga i n s t . W e m ay cen s ur e s il e n t l y we co n d e mn o r d in a

ril y by o pe n an d fo r m al u tt e ran ce . Co n d emn is m o r e fi n al t h an

b l a me o r cen s u r e a co n d e mn ed
m in al h as h a d h is t rial a co n
c ri

d emn ed b u ild in g can n o t st an d ; a co n d emn e d sh ip can n o t s a il A .

pe rs o n is co n v i ct e d w h e n h is g uil t is m a d e c l e arl y m an ife s t t o

o t h er s i n so m e w h at arch aic u s e a pers o n is s aid t o b e co n v , i ct ed
w h e n gu il t i s b ro u gh t c l e arl y h o m e t o h is o w n c o n s c ie n ce (co n v ict
in t h is s en se b e in g allie d w it h co n v
i n ce , w h ic h se e u n d e r PER

S UA in l e g al u s a g e o n e i s s aid t o b e co n i ct ed o nl y b y t h e
DE ) ; er v v
d ic t o f a j ury In s t a t in g th e pe n al t y o f an o ff en se , t h e l e g al
.

w o rd sen t en ce m o re co mm o n t h an co n d emn as h e w a s
is n ow ,

s en t en ced t o i mpri so nm e n t ; b ut it i s g o o d u s a g e t o s a y h e w a s ,

co n d emn ed t o i m pris o n m e n t T o d en o u n ce i s t o m ak e pu b l ic o r
.

‘
o fli c ia l d e c l ar at io n a g ain s t , e spe c iall y in a v
i l o e n t an d t h r e at e n in g
m an n er .

F ro m t h e pulpit s in t h e n ort h ern S tat es B urr was d eno un ced as an as sass in .

C O F F IN B ui ld i ng th e Nat ion ch 10 p 137 [H .

, . . .

T o d o o m is t o co n d emn so l e mn l y an d c o n s i gn t o e v il o r d e s tru c
t io n t o pr e d e t e rm in e t o an e il d e s t in y ; an in fe rio r race in
or v
pre s e n ce o f a s u pe rio r i s d o o med t o s ub j u g a ti o n o r e x t in ct io n .

Co m pare A RRA IGN RE PR O V E .

s
 co n fe s s
co n fi rm 1 14

A n t o n ym s

ab so l v
e ,

ac qui t ,

Prep o si tio n s

T h e b an d it w a s co n d e m n e d t o d e at h f o r hi s c rim e .

C O NF E S S .

S yn ym s
o n

a c c e pt , all ow con ce d e gran t ,

vw
, ,

a ck n o w l e d ge , a o , d is clo s e , o w n ,

a d m it , c e r t i fy , e n d ors e , re c o g n i z e .

We a ccept an o t h er
’

s s t at e m en t ad mi t an y po in t m ad e ag a in s t
u s ; \a ckn o w le d ge w h at w e h a e s a id o r d o n e , v go o d o r b ad a ow v
o ur v
in di id u al b e l ie fs f e e lin g s ; cer t if y t o fac t s w it hi n o ur
or
’
kn o w l e d ge co nf es s o u r o w n fa u lt s ; en d o r s e a fri en d s n o t e o r

s t at e m en t g ra n t a r e qu e s t o wn o ur fa ul ts o r o b lig at io n s r eco g

n iz e l aw ful a ut h o r it y co n ced e a c l a i m . Co nf ess h as a hi gh an d

s a cr e d u s e in t h e re lig io u s se n s e as , to co n f ess Ch ris t b e fo re m en .

It m a y h av
e al so pl ay fu l s e n s e (o ft en w it h t o) ; as , o n e co nf es ses
a

to a w eakn e s s fo r co n fe c t io n e i y T h e ch ie f pr e se n t u se o f t h e
.

w o rd , h o w e v
e r, i s in t h e sen se o f m a kin g kn o w n t o o t h er s o n e s
’

o wn w ro n g d o in g z in t h is s e n se co n f ess is s t ro n g e r t h an a ckn o wl
‘

ed ge o r ad mi t , an d m o re s pe c ifi c t h an o wn ; a perso n ad mi t s a
m is t ake a ckn o w led ges a fau l t co n f esses s in o r c ri me Co m pare
vw
.

A P O LO GY A o .

A n t o n ym s

cl o ak ,
c on ce al ,
co v
e r,

C O NF I R M .

Syn o n ym s

a s s ure fi x, s an ctio n s ub s t an tiat e

v
, , ,
c o rr ob orat e , pro e , s e ttl e , su s t ain ,

e stab lish , r a t i fy , s t r e n g th en , uph o l d .

Co nfir m (L . co n , t o ge t h e r , an d firmu s ,
fi rm ) is t o ad d fi rm n ess
or v
g i e s t ab ilit y t o Bo t h . co nfirm a n d co r ro b o ra t e pre su ppo s e
so m e t h in g a l r ea d y e x is t in g t o w h i c h t h e co n fir m a t io n o r c o rro b o

r at io n is ad d e d . T e s t im o n y i s co r r o b o ra t ed by co n c urre n t t e st i
mon y or by c irc u m s t a n c e s co n fi r me d by e s t a bli s h ed fa c t s . T h at
w h ic h is t h o ro u gh l y p ro ed is s a id t o b e es t a b li s h e d v
so is t h at

w h ic h is o ffi c ia l an d h as a d e qu at e po w e r b e h in d it as , t h e es ta b

v
li s h ed g o e rn m e n t ; t h e es t a bli s h ed c h urc h . The c o n t i n e n t s a re

fix ed A t reat y i s r a tified an appo in t m en t

. co n firmed . An ac t

is s a n ct i o n ed by an y pe rso n or a ut h o rit y t h at passe s upo n it

 c o n s ci o u s
co n se quen ce 1 16

C O NS C I O U S .

Syn ym s
o n

ad v
ised , a s s ure d , c e rt a in , c o gn iza n t, s e n s ib le ,
a ppr i s e d , a w a re , c e rt i fi e d , i n fo r ed m , s ure .

O n e is a ware o f t h at w h ich e x ist s w i t h o u t h im h e is co n s ci o us

of t h e inn er w o rkin g s of h is ow n m in d S en s i b le m ay b e u se d in
.

th e e x ac t s e n s e o f co n s ci o us , o r it m a y pa rt ake o f b o t h t h e se n s e s
m e n t io n e d ab o v
O n e m ay b e
e . sen s ible o f hi s ow n o r an o t h e r s
’

e r ro r he is co n sci o u s o nl y o f h is own . A pe r so n m ay fee l a ssur ed

o r s ur e o f s o m e t h i n g fal se or n on s e x is t e n t w h at h e is a w a re o f ,
s t ill m o re w h at h e is co n s ci o u s o f , m u s t b e fa c t . S en s ib le h as
'

o f t e n a r e f e re n c e to th e e m o t io n s w h e re co n s ci o u s m ig h t appl y

onl y t o t h e in t e ll ec t to s a y a c ul prit is sen s i b le o f h is d e g rad at io n

is m o re fo rc ib l e t h an to s ay h e is co n s cio u s o f it .

A n to n ym s
co l d , d ead , ign o ran t , in s e n s ib le , u n aware , un co n s cio us .

Prepo si tio n

O n the s t o rm y s e a , m an is c o n s c io u s of t h e li m it a ti o n of h um a n

po w er .

C O NS E Q U E NC E .

Syn o n ym s

con s e quen t, e n d issue , o ut gro w th sequel ,

ve
, ,

e ff e c t , e n t, o ut c om e , re s ult , upsh ot .

Efi ect is t h e s t ro n g e s t of t h ese w o r d s ; it is t h at w h ich is di

re c t l y
pro d u ce d b y t h e ac t io n o f a n e ffi c i e n t c a u se ; w e s a y , E e ry v
efi ect m u s t h a e a n a d e qu a t e v c au s e (co mpare C A U S E ) . In re

g ard t o h um an a c t io n s , efi ect c o m m o nl y re l a t e s t o in t e n t io n ; as ,
’

t h e s h o t t o o k elfect , i e , t h e effect in t e n d e d A co n s equ e n ce is

. . .

t h at w h ic h fo ll o w s an act n a t ura l l y , b ut l ess d ire c t ly t h an t h e

efl e ct . The m o t io n oft h e pist o n i s t h e effect , a n d t h e a git at io n o f
t h e w a t er u n d e r t h e pad d l e w h e e l s a co n s equ en ce o f t h e e x pan s io n
s

o f s t eam in t h e c y l in d er . The r es u l t is , li t e r all y , t h e re b o u n d o f

an a ct , d e pe n d in g on m an y ele m en t s ; th e i ss u e is t h a t w h i ch
fl o w s fo rt h d ire ct l y we s ay t h e i ss u e of a b at t l e, t h e r es u l t o f a

c a m pa i gn . A co n s equ en t co mm o nl y is t h a t w h i ch fo llo w s s im pl y
in o r d er o f t im e ,b y l o g ic al in fe r e n ce
or T h e en d is t h e act u al .

o u t co me w it h o u t d e t e rm in at io n o f it s r e l at io n t o w h at h a s g o n e
b e fo r e i t is o rd in ar il y v
ie w e d a s e it h er the n e ce s s ar y , n a t u ra l , o r

l o g ic a l o u t co me an y e ffect co n s equ en ce , o r r es u l t b e in g t e rm e d an

v t (L
, ,

en d as , th e en d o f s u c h a co ur s e mus t b e ru i n The e en e,

vi
. .

o ut , an d en o , co m e is prim aril y e x a ct l y th e s a m e in m e an in g as
)
o u t co me b u t in u se i t is m o re n e arl y e qu i al e n t t o up s h o t v
 co n so le
1 17 co n t in ual

s ign ify in g th e su m a n d s u b s t an ce fi ect s co n sequ en ces an d

o f al l e , ,

r esu lt s of a c o u rs e o f ac t io n . Co mpare A CCID E NT ; C A US E ; CIR

CUM S T A NCE ; E ND ; E V E NT .

C O NSO L E .

Syn o n ym s

co m fo r t , con d o l e w ith ,
e n c o ura ge , sy m pa th iz e w ith .

One co n d o les wi t h an o t h e r by th e e x pre s s io n o f kin d ly s y m pa

t h y i n h is t r o u b l e he co n s o les h im b y c o n s id e rat io n s a d a pt e d t o
s o o t h e a n d s u s t a in th e s pirit , a s b y t h e ass uran c e s an d pro m is e s o f
t h e go s pe l ; h e en co ura ges h im b y t h e h o pe o f so me re li e f o r de
v
li e ran c e h e co mfo r t s h im b y w h at e e r a c t v or w o rd t e n d s t o
b rin g m in d or b o d y to a st at e o f r e s t a n d ch e er . We sy mp a thiz e
wi t h o t h e rs , n o t o n l y in s o rro w , b ut i n j oy . Co m par e A LLE VI A TE
PITY .

A n t o n ym s

ann o y , d is t re s s , d is t urb , gri e v e, h urt , s ad d e n , t ro ub le , wo un d .

C O NT A G I O N .

Syn o n ym s
i n fe c t i o n .

I nf e ct i o n is fre qu e n t l y c o n fu s e d w it h co n t a gi o n , e v
e n by med
ical m e n . T h e b e s t u sa g e n ow lim it s co n t a gi o n to d is e as e s t h at
are t ran s m it t e d b y c o n t a ct w it h t h e d is e a se d per s o n , e it h e r d ir e c t ly
b y t o u ch o r in d ir e c t l y b y u s e o f t h e s am e ar t ic l e s , b y b reat h ,
v
e fflu ia , e t c I nf ect i o n is a ppl ie d t o d is e as e s pro d uc e d b y n o
.

kn o w n or d e fi n ab l e in fl ue n c e of on e pe rso n u po n an o t h e r , b ut
w h e r e co m m o n c li m at ic m al a rio u s
, . o r o t h e r w id e = s pr e a d co n d i

t io n s a re b e lie v
ed to be c h ie fly i n s t ru m e n t a l .

C O N T I NU A L .

S yn o n ym s
ce asele ss in ce ssan t . reg ul ar. u n i n t e rr u p t e d
v
,

con stan t . in a ri a b l e un b ro k e n , u n re m it t in g ,
v
,

c o n tin u o u s , p e rp e t u a l , un c e a s in g , un a ry i n g .

Co n t i n u o u s d e scr ib e s t h a t w h ich i s a b so l ut e l y w i t h o u t pa u se
or b r e ak co n t i n ua l , t h at w h ic h o ft e n in t e rm it s , b u t a s r e g u l a rl y

b e gin s a g a in . A co n t i n u o us b e ac h is e x po s e d t o th e co n ti n u a l
b e at in g of th e w a v
es \
m ilar d is t in c t io n is m a d e b e t w e e n i n
A . si

ces s a n t an d cea se less T h e i n cess a n t d is c h a r g e o f fi r ear m s m a ke s

.

t h e ceas eles s ro a r o f b at t l e C o n s t a n t i s s o m e t im e s u se d in t h e
.

s en s e o f co n t i n u a l b ut it s c h ie f u s e s are m e n t al a n d m o ra l .
 co n t ra ct
co n v ersat io n 118

C O NT R A C T .

S yn o n ym s

e nt, m c a rt e l , g em e n t , p l e d ge ,
g
a gre e en a
m t, m
pa ct o b 1g at10n , pro m i s e ,
v t
a rr a n g e en co ,

b arg ain , co e n an , pa ct , s t i pul at i o n .

A ll t h ese w o r d s in v
o lv
e at l e as t t w o part i es , t h o an en g a ge
men t o r p r o mi se m ay b e t h e a ct o f b ut o n e A co n t r a ct i s a fo rm al
.

a gr e e m e n t b e t w e e n t w o o r m o r e part ie s for t h e d o in g o r l ea in g v
un d o n e m e s pe c ifi e d a c t o r
so ac t s , an d i s o rdi n aril y in w rit in g .

M ut u al p r o mi s es m a y h av e t h e fo r ce o f a co n tr a ct A co n s id e ra .

t io n o r co mpe n s at io n is es s e n t ial t o c o n v e rt an a gr e emen t in t o a

v
, ,

co n t r a ct A co n t r a ct m ay b e o ral o r w ritt e n A co en a n t in l aw .

v
.

is a w ritt e n co n t r a ct u n d e r s e al Co en a n t is fr e que n t in r eli gio us

.

u s a g e a s co n t r a ct is in l aw a n d b u s in es s
, Co mp a ct is esse n t iall y .

t h e s am e a s co n t ra ct b ut is appl ie d t o in t e rn at io n al a gr eemen ts ,
,

t re at ie s e t c ,A b a r g a i n is a m u t u a l a gr eemen t fo r an e x ch an g e
.

of v a l u e s w it h o u t t h e fo rm a l i t y o f a co n tr a ct
,
A s t ip u la t i o n is .

a s in g l e i t e m in an a gr eemen t o r co n tr a ct A ca r t el i s a m ili t ary .

a gr ee men t fo r t h e e x ch an ge o f
—
pr is o n er s or t h e l ike .

C O NT R A S T .

S yn o n ym s

co mp are , d i ff e r e n t i a t e , d i s crim i n ate , O pp o s e .

To co mp a r e (L . con , t o g e t h er , an d p a r, e qu a l ) i s t o pla c e t o ge t h er
in o r d er to sh o w l ik e n e ss o r u nl ik e n e ss to co n t ra s t (L co n t r a .
,

a g ain s t , a n d s t o , s t an d ) is t o s et in o ppo s it io n in o rd e r to sh o w

u n l ik e n e s s . W e co n t r a s t o b j e c t s t h at h a v
e b ee n a l r ea d y co mp a r ed .

W e m us t co mp a r e t h e m ,
at l e as t m o m e n t ar il y , e v
e n t o kn o w t h at
t h ey are d iffere n t . We co n t r a s t t h e m w h en w e o b ser v
e t h e ir u n

l ik e n e s s in a g e n e r al w ay ; w e d ifie r en t i a t e t h e m w h e n w e n o t e
t h e d iffe re n c e e x ac t l y an d po in t b y po in t W e di s t in gu is h o b j e c t s
.

w h en w e n ot e a di ff e r e n ce t h at m ay fa ll s h o rt o f co n t r a s t w e d is
cr i mi n a t e t h e m w h en w e c l as s ify o r pl ac e t h e m acc o rdi n g to t h e ir

d iffe r e n c e s .

Prep o s itio n

We co n t r a s t o n e o b e c t j wi t h an o t h er.

C O N VE R S A T I O N .

Syn o n ym s

ch at , com m un io n , con v e rse in t e rc o urs e ,

c o ll o q uy c o n fa b u l a t i o n d i al o g u e , a rl e y ,
p
, ,

co mm ication
un c o n fe r e n c e , d i s c o u rs e , al k

v
.
,

Co n er s a t i o n (L a t in co n , w it h ) i s , e ty m o lo gic ally , an in t er
c h an g e o f i d eas w it h so m e o t h e r pe rso n or pe rso n s . T a lk m ay b e
 co n ok e v
c ri m i n a l

or a w o rd tra n sf erred t o t h e fo l lo w in g l in e . In l aw , re al est at e ,

w hi ch c an n o t b e mo v
m pl y t ra n sf erri n g t it l e
ed , is co n vy e ed by si

a n d po ssess i o n T r a n sp o r t u su all y re fers t o m a t erial t r a n sf er ,

.
,

t ra n smi t an d co n v ey m a y re fe r t o i mm a t eria l o b j ec t s
,
w e tr a n s

fer po ss e ssio n tra n s mi t in t e llige n ce co n v ey id e a s b ut d o n o t

v
, , ,

t r a n sp o r t t h e m In t h e c as e o f co n ey t h e fi gurat iv
. e se n s e n o w

pr e d o mi n at e s Co m pare C A RRY .

Ant o n ym s

clin g t o, h o ld , poss ess , pre ser v

e, retain .

Pre p o s i t i o n s

Co n v
ey to a frie n d , pu rch aser , e t c ; co n e y
a . v f rom t h e h o u se
to th e s t at io n con v e y b y e x pre ss , b y h an d , e t c .

C O NV O K E .

Sy n ym s
o n

assemb le , c a ll t o g e th er , con en ev , muster ,

call, c oll e ct , g ath e r , summ on .

A v en t io n is ca ll ed b y s o me o ffi c e o
co n o ffi ce rs as b y i t s p es r r , r

id e n t it s e x e cut iv
, e co m m itt e e o r s o m e e m i e t l ea d ers t h e d el ,
n n

e g at e s are a s s emb le d o r co n v e n ed in a c e t a in pl ace a t a c e t ai n r , r

h o ur . Co n vk
o e im plies an o r gan iz e d body a n d a s upe ri o r a ut h o r

it y a sse mble an d co n ve
mo re in d e pen d en t act io n Par
en e x pr es s

l iam en t is con v o ke d Co n gre s s a ss emb les T ro o ps ar e mu s t ered .

w it n esse s an d j ury m en are summo n ed .

A nt o n ym s
ad j o urn ,
b re ak up,

C R I M I NA L .

S yn ym s
o n

ab om in ab l e , fl a git i o u s , im m o ral , si n f ul , vi l e .

c ulpab l e ,
gu i l t y in i quit o u s , u n l a w fu l , w ick e d
v
, ,
fe l o n i o u s , i l l e g al , n e fa r i o u s , i ci o u s , w ro n g .

E v
e y r cri mi n a l ac t is i lleg a l o r u n la w u l , f b u t illega l o r u n la w
fu l act s m a y not be cr i mi n a l . O ff e n s e s a g ain s t pu b l i c l aw ar e

cr i mi n a l ; o ffe n s e s a ga in s t pri vt a e righ t s ar e m e re ly illega l o r u n

l a wf ul . As a g e n e ral r ul e , al l a c t s pu n is h ab l e b y fi n e o r i mpri s o n

m e n t o r b o t h , are cr i mi n a l i n v i ew o f t h e l a w It is i llega l fo r a .

m an t o t re spas s o n an o t h er s l an d b ut it i s n o t c ri mi n a l ; t h e ’
,

t r e s pa s s e r is li ab l e t o a c ivil s uit fo r d a m ag e s , b u t n o t t o in di c t
m en t , fi n e o r im priso n m e n t
, A f elo n i o u s ac t is a cr i mi n a l a c t .

o f an a g gra v a t e d kin d w h i ch is pu n i s h ab l e b y i mpri so n m en t in

,

t h e pen it e n t i ary o r b y d e a t h A fi a gi t i o u s c rim e is o n e t h at b rin gs

.
 d a il y
1 21 d a n ger

pub lic O d iu m Vi ci o u s re fers to t h e in d ul g e n c e o f e il a ppe t it e s ,

. v
v
h ab it s , o r passion s ; i ci o u s a ct s are n o t n e c essaril y cr i mi n a l , o r
e v
e n i llega l ; w e s peak o f a v
i i c ous h o rse . T h at w hi ch is i n i qui
t o us , i . e .
, c o n tr a ry to e qu it y , m ay so m e t im e s b e d o n e u n d er th e
fo rm s of l aw . In gra t it u d e is s in fu l ,
h y po cris y is wi cked , b ut
n e it h e ris pu n ish ab l e b y h u m an l aw ; h e n c e , n e it h e r is c ri mi n a l
o r i ll ega l Co m pare S IN . .

A n t o n ym s
in n o cen t ,
j us t ,

D AIL Y .

Syn ymo n

d i urn al .

D a i ly is t h e S a x o n po pu l ar , d i urn a l t h e L atin
an d an d s cie n

t i fi c t e rm . In s t ric t u s a g e , d a ily i s t h e an t o n y m o f n i gh t ly as

d i ur n a l i s o f n o c u rn a l t . D a ily is n ot , how e v
er , h el d s t ri c t ly to
t h is u se ; ph y s ic i an m a kes d a i ly is it s if h e c al ls at so m e t im e
a v ‘

w it h in e a c h pe ri o d o f t w en t y fo u r h o urs D i urn a l i s m o re e x ac t
s .

in all it s u s es a d i ur n a l fl o w e r O pe n s o r b lo o m s
in d ay ligh t ; o n ly

a d i u rn a l b ird or an i m al fli es or ran ge s o n l y b y d ay : in c o n t ra

di s t in c t io n t o n o c u rn a l
t fl o w e rs , b i rd s , e t c A d i u r n a l m o t io n
.

e x a ct l y fi ll s an as tr o n o m ic al d ay or t h e t im e o f o n e ro t at io n o f a

pl an e t on it s a x is , w h il e a d a i ly m o t io n i s m u c h l ess d efi n it e .

A n t o n ym s

n igh t l y, n o ct urn al .

DA NG E R .

Sy n ym s
o n

h a z ard , in s e c u rit y , j e opard y , p e ri l , ri s k .

D a n ger to po ss ib l e e il , w h ich may b e e it h er n ear

is e x po s ure v
a n d pr o b ab l e o r re m o t e an d d o u b t fu l
p er i l is e x po s ur e t o im m i
p y th r eat e n in g e il , e s pe c iall y t o su ch as re s u l t s fro m
n en t an d s h a r l v
v
io l e n c e . A n in vlid
a m ay b e in d a n ger o f co n s u m pt i o n ; a d is
ar m ed s o ld i er is in p er i l o f d e at h J eop a r d y is n e arl y t h e sam e a s
.

p er il , b u t in vv o l es , l ik e r i s k, m o re o f t h e e l e m e n t o f c h a n ce o r u h

ce r t a in t y a m an tr ie d upo n a c a pit a l c h arg e is s aid t o b e put in

j eop a rd y of life . In s ecu r i t y i s a fe e b l e w o rd , b u t e x ce e d in gl y
b ro a d , appl y in g t o t h e pl ac in g of a d is h , or t h e po s s ib ilit ie s of a

li fe , a fo rt u n e , v
o r a g o e rn m e n t . Co m pare H AZ A RD .

A n t o n ym s

d efen s e , immun it y, pro t e ct ion , s afeguard , s afety , securit y, sh elt er .

 d a rk
d eca y

D AR K .

S yn ym s
o n

b l a ck , d u s ky , m y s t e ri o u s , s able , so mb er,
d im , gloomy , w art
o b s cure , sh ad ow y ,
s .

d ism al , m u rk y , s w a rt h y
o p a qu e , sh ad y , .

S t ri ct l y , t h at w h i ch is b l a ck i s ab so l ut e ly d e s t it ut e o f c o l o r ;
t h at w h ic h i s d a r k is ab so l u t e l y d e st i t u t e o f l ig h t In co m m o n .

s pe ec h ,
h ow e v er , a co a t is b la ck, t h o n ot o pt i call y co l o rl e s s ;
th e n igh t is d a r k, t h o - the s t ars s h in e . T h at is o b s cu r e , s h a d

o wy , o r s h a d yfro m w h ich t h e ligh t is m o re o r l e ss c u t o ff D u s ky .

is applie d t o o b j e ct s w h i c h a ppe ar as i f i e w e d in fad in g li gh t ; v

t h e w o rd is o ft e n u s e d , as ar e swa r t an d s w a r th y , o f t h e h um an
s k in w h en qui t e d a r k, o r e e n e rgin g t o w ard bl a ck v v . D im r e f e rs

to imperfe ct io n o f o u t l in e , fr o m d is t an c e , d arkn ess , m ist , et c .

, or

fro m so m e d e fe ct of v
Op a qu e o b j ect s , a s s m o k e d gl as s are
is io n .
,

v
im per i o u s t o l igh t M u r ky i s s a id o f t h at w hi ch is at o n ce d a r k,
.

o b s cur e, an d g l oo my ; a s , a mu r ky d en ; a mu r ky s k y F igu ra .

v
t i e l y , d a rk i s e m b l e m at i c o f s a d n e ss , a g re e in g w it h s o mb er , d i s
ma l glo o my al so o f m o ral e v
,
il ; a s a d a r k d e e d
,
O f in t e ll e ct ua l , .

m att ers d ar k i s n o w r ar el y u se d in t h e o l d s e n se o f a d a r k s ay in g
, ,

et c S e e MY S TE RI O U S ; O B S CUR E
. .

A n t o n ym s

b righ t , cry st all in e ,

g l o w in g,
b ril l ian t , d azz lin g , i ll umin e d ,
cl ear, gl eamin g, ligh t ,

Co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r LIGHT .

D E CA Y .

Syn ym s
o n ;

c o rr u p t , d e co mpo s e , mold er , p u t r e fy , ro t , spo il .

R o t is a s t ro n g w o rd , o rd in aril y e s t e e m ed co a rse , b ut on o cc a

s io n c apab l e of a ppr o v
ed e mph at ic us e as , th e na me of the
w ic k e d sh all r o t
" Pr o vx 7 d eca y an d d eco mp o s e are n o w c o m
, .
,

m o n e u ph e m is m s A s ub st an ce i s d eco mp o s ed w h en re so l v
. e d in t o

it s o rig in al e l e m e n t s b y an y pro c e s s ; it is d eca yed w h e n re s o l v ed

in t o it s o rig in al e l e m en t s b y n at u ral pr o cesses it d eca y s g ra d u all y ,

b ut m ay b e in s t an t l y d eco mp o sed a s w at er in t o o x y g e n an d h y d ro ,

g e n ; t o s ay t h at a t h in g i s d eca yed m ay d en o te o n ly a part ia l re

s ul t , b u t t o s ay i t i s d eco mp o sed o rd in aril y im pli e s t h at t h e
Pu t r ef y an d t h e a d j ect iv
.

c h an g e i s c o m pl e t e o r n earl y so es .

p u t r id an d
p u t r es cen t , an d t h e p u t ri d i ty
n o un s an d p u t r es cen ce,
ar e u s e d alm o s t e x cl u s i e l y o f v an im al m a tt e r in a s t a t e o f d e co m

po s i ti o n , t h e m o r e g en er al w o rd d eca y b e in g u se d o f e it h er an i m al

or v e g e t ab l e s ub s t an ces .
 d efi le
d efi n itio n 1 24

Pre p o s itio n s

D e fe n s e a ga i n s t a s sa u l t o r a ssail a n t s ; in l a w , d e fe n s e t o an
a c t io n , f ro m t h e t e s t im o n y .

D E FIL E .

S yn ym s
o n

b e fo u l c o rrup t p oll ut e s p o il ul ly t a rn i sh
v
. , , , s , ,

con t am in at e , i n fe c t , s o il , s t a in , t ain t , it i a t e .

T h e h an d m a y b e d efi led b y a t o u ch o f pit c h s w in e t h a t h a e v
b e e n w allo w in g in t h e m u d are b ef o u led Co n t a mi n a t e an d i n .

t re fer m e t h in g e v
to il t h a t d e e ply perv a d es a n d perm e at e s
fee so ,

as t h e h um an b o d y o r m i n d Po llu t e i s use d c hiefly o f liquid s a s

.
,

w at e r p o llu t e d w it h s e w a g e T a i n t ed m eat is re pu l s i v e ; i nf ect e d

.

m e at c o n t ain s g erms o f d iseas e A s o ile d g arm en t m ay b e cl e an se d .

b y w ash in g a spo ile d g ar m e n t i s b e y o n d c l e a n s in g o r repair .

Brigh t m e t al is t a r n i s h e d b y e x po s u re a fair s h e et i s s u lli ed b y a

d irt y h an d In fi g ur a t iv e u s e d efi le m a y b e u s e d m e re l y in t h e
.
,

c e r e mo n ia l se n se t h ey t h e m s e lve s w e n t n o t in t o t h e j u d g m e n t

J o hn x v co n t a mi n a t e re
”
h a ll l e s t t h e y s h o u l d b e d efiled
, iii 28 , ,

fe rs t o d e e p s pirit ua l in j ur y Po llu t e h as . a l s o a r e fe r en ce to s ac

r il e g e ; a s t o p o l lu t e a s an c t uary , an a l t ar ,
, o r an o r d in a n ce . The
in n o c e n t a r e o ft e n co n t a mi n a t ed b y ass o c iat io n w it h t h e w ic k e d ;
the v
i cio u s a re m o re an d m o re co rrup t e d b y t h eir o w n e x ces s e s
vi ti a t ed t ast e or s t yl e ; frau d v
.

We s peak o f a i t i a t es a t it l e o r a
co n tr a c t .

A n t o n ym s

cl e an , cl e an s e , d is in fe ct , h all o w, purify , s an ct it y , w as h .

Prep o si t i o n s :

T h e t e mpl e w a s d efil e d w i th b l o o d ; d e fil e d by s a c ri l e g io u s

d ee d s .

D E F I NI T I O N .

Syn o n ym s

co mm en t , d e s c ri p t ion , e xp o s it i o n , re nd e ri n g ,
c o m m e n t a ry , e xp l a n a t i o n , I n t e rp r e t a t i o n , tran sl ati o n .

A d efi n i ti o n is e x a ct , an exp la n a t i o n g e n er al ; a d efi n it io n is
fo rm al , a d esc rip t i o n pic t o rial . A d efi n i t i o n m u s t in c l u d e a l l t h at
b e lo n gs t o t h e o b j ec t d e fin e d , an d e x cl u d e a ll t h at d o e s n ot ; a

d escrip t i o n m ay in cl u d e o n l y so m e g e n er al fe at ur e s an exp la n a
t i o n m ay s im pl y t hr o w l i gh t upo n so m e po in t o f s pec ial di ffi c u l t y .

An exp o s i t i o n u n d e rt a k e s to s t at e m o re fully w h at is co m pa c t ly
v
g i e n o r o n l y im plie d in t h e t e xt as , a n exp o s i ti o n o f S c ript ure .

I n terp ret a ti o n is o rd in aril y fro m one l an gu age in t o an o t h e r , o r

fro m t h e l an g u ag e of on e perio d in t o t h at o f an o t h er it m ay al s o
 d el eg a t e
d el ib e ra te

be a s t at e men t g i v
i n g t h e d o u b t fu l or h id d e n m e an in g of t h at
w h ich is r e co n d it e perpl e x in g ; as , t h e i n t erp r e t a ti o n o f a
or

d re am , a rid d l e , o r o f s o m e d ifli c ul t pa ss a g e D efin i t i o n , expl a .

n a ti o n , exp o s i t i o n , an d i n t erp r e t a t i o n are o r d in aril y b l e n d e d in a

co mmen t a r y ,
w h ic h m a y a ls o in clu d e d es crip t i o n . A mmen t is
co

u po n a s in g l e
pas s ag e ; a mmen t a ry m a y b e
co th e s a m e b ut i s ,

u s u a lly un d e rs t o o d t o b e a v
o l u m e o f co mme n t s .

D E L E G AT E .

S yn o n ym s
d e puty , l e g at e , pro xy , re pre s e n tati v e , s ub st it ut e .

T h e se w o r d s a gr e e in d e s ig n at in g on e who in t h e pl a c e o f
ac t s

so me o t h e r o r o t h e rs . T h e lega t e is an e c c l e s i as t i ca l o fli c e r r e pr e ‘

s e n t in gt h e Po pe In . s t ri c t u sa g e t h e d ep u t y or d elega t e is m o re
l im it e d in fun c t io n s an d m o re b o un d b y in st ru c t io n s t h an
c l o se l y

a r ep r es en t a t i ve . A s in g l e o ffi c er v
m ay h a e a d ep u t y ; man y per
son s co m b in e t o c h o o s e a d eleg a t e o r r ep r es en t a t i v
e In t h e Un i t e d .

S t at e s in fo rm a l a sse m b lie s s e n d d e lega t es t o n o m in at in g co n v en

t io n s w it h no v
l e gi s l a t i
e a ut h o it y r ep e s en t a t i v
es a e l g a ll y
r r r e

e le c t e d t o Co n gr e s s an d t h e v
a i o u s l e gis l a t ure s w it h l a w m a kin g
r ,

po w e r .

D E L IB E R AT E .

Syn o n ym s
con fe r , c o n s ult , me d it at e , refl e ct ,
con s i d e r, d eb ate , pon d er, w e igh .

A n in d i id ual v co n s id e rs , med i t a t es p o n d ers , r efl e ct s , b y h im

,

s e lf h e wei g h sm a t t e r in h i s o w n
a m in d , an d i s s o m et im e s s aid
ev e n t o d eb a t e w it h h im s e l f Co n su l t an d co nf er al w ay s im pl y.

t w o o r m o re pe rso n s a s d o es d e b a t e u n l e s s e x pr e ss l y lim it e d a s
, ,

ab o v
e . C o nf er s ugg e s t s t h e in t e rc h an g e o f c o un s e l , a d vice o i ,
r n

f o r m a t io n ; co n s u lt in d ica t e s al m o st e x c l usi v
e ly th e rec e iv
i g of n

it. A m an co n f er s w it h h is a s so c i a t e s a b o ut a n ew i v
n estme t ; n

he co n s u l t s h is ph y s ic ian ab o ut h is h ealt h ; h e m ay co nf er w it h
h im on m a t t e r s o f g e n e ra l i n t e r e s t H e co n s u l t s a d ic t io n ary , b u t
.

d o es n ot co n f er w it h i t . D e li b e r a t e , w h ic h c an be a ppl i e d to a

s in gl e v
in di id u al , is als o t h e w o rd fo r a g re a t n u m b e r , w h il e
co n s u lt is o r d in aril y lim it e d t o a few a co mm i t t e e co n s u lt s an

ass e m b ly d eli ber a t es . D e li b er a t i n g a l w ay s c a rr ie s t h e id e a of

slo w n e s s co n s u l t i n g is co mpat ib l e w it h h ast e we can s pe ak o f a

h as t y c o n s ul t at i o n , n o t of a h as t y d e lib e r at io n . D eb a t e im plie s
o ppos in g v
i w
e s ; d elib era t e , s im pl y a g at h erin g an d b al an c in g of
 d el i cio u s
d e l i g h t ful 1 26

a ll fac t s an d r e a so n s . We co n s id er o r d elib er a t e w i t h a v
i w e to
act io n , w h il e m e d it at io n m a y b e quit e purpo se l e s s .

Prep o s itio n s

We d e lib e rat e o n o r up o n , a l s o a b o u t o r co n cern i n g a matt er

t h e fi rs t t w o ar e pre fe rab l e .

D E L I CIO US .

S yn o n ym s

d a in ty , d e l i g h t fu l , e x q ui s it e , l u scio us , savy or .

T h at i s d gli ci o u s w h i ch affo rd s a gra ti fi ca t io n at on ce v

ivid an d

d e l ic a t e t o t h e sen ses , e spe c iall y t o t h o se o f t a s t e an d m e ll ; as ,

s

d eli ci o u s fru it ; a d eli ci o u s o d o r lu sci o us h as a kin dr e d b ut m o r e

fu l so m e m e an in g , in clin in g t o w ard a cl o y in g e x cess o f s w e e t n ess

o r ri c h n e ss . Sa vy i
or s appl ie d c h ie fly to fo o d m ad e pal a
c o o ke d

t ab l e b y s pic es an d co n d i me n t s . D eli gh tf u l m ay b e appli e d t o t h e

h ig h e r grat ifi c a t io n s o f s e n s e , as d eli gh tf u l m us ic b ut , is c hi e fl y

u se d fo r t h a t w h ich is m e n t al an d s pirit u al . D e li ci o u s h as a lim

it e d use in t h is w ay ; as , a d eli ci o us b it ofpo etry ; t h e w o rd is
so m e t im es use d i ro n ic a lly fo r so me pl e a s in g ab s urdi t y ; as , t h is is
d eli ci o u s Co m pare DE LIGHTF UL .

A n t o n ym s

acrid , b itt er, l o at h s o me , n aus eo us , v

re pul s i e , un pal at ab l e , v
un s a o ry .

D E LI G H T F U L .

S yn ym s
o n

a c c e pt ab l e , d elicious , pl e a s a n t , re fr e s h i n g ,
a gre e ab l e , g r a t e fu l . p l e a s in g , s a t i s fy i n g ,
c o n g e n ial , g r a t i fy i n g , pl e a s ura b l e , w e l co m e .

A gr eea b le r e fers t o w h at e v
e r g iv
e s a m il d d e gre e Of pl easure
as, an a gr ee a b l e pe rfu m e . A ccep t a b le in d i c at e s a t h in g t o b e
w o rt h y o f a c ce pt an c e ; as , an a ccep t a b le o fferin g . G r a t ef u l is
s t ro n g e r t h an a gr ee a b le o r gr a t if yi n g , in di c at in g w h at e e r a w ake n s v
a fe elin g a kin to gra t it u d e A p le a s a n t fa ce an d p lea s i n g m an
.

n e rs aro u se p lea s u ra b le s en s at io n s , an d m a k e t h e po s s e s s o r an
a greea b l e co m pan io n ; if po sse s s e d o f in t e lli g e n ce , i a c it y , an d vv
Crim in al s
’

g o o d n e s s , s uch a pe rso n s so c ie t y w ill b e d eli gh tf u l .

m ay fi n d e a c h o t h er s co mpan y co n gen i a l, b u t s carce l y d eli gh tf u l

’
.

S a t i sf yi n g d e n o t es an yt h in g t h at is r ec e i e d w it h cal m acq uie s v

c e n c e , a s s u b s t an t ial fo o d , o r e s t ab lis h e d t rut h . T h a t is welco me
w h ich i s re ce i v
ed w it h j o y fu l h e art in e s s ; as ,
welco me t id in gs .

Co m pare BE A U TIF U L ; CH A RMING ; D E LICIO U S .

A n t o n ym s :
d epre s s in g , d is t re ss in g, h o rrib l e , miserab l e , pain ful , w o f ul ,
d is appo in t mg, h at e ful , mel an ch o ly mo urn ful, , s ad d e n ing, w ret ch e d .
 d esign
d e s i re 1 28

t e n d s t o s h o w a t h in g t o b e t ru e in t h e w id es t se n se , as in c lu d in g

s e l fs e v
id en ce or co n sc i o u s n e ss , i t i s t h e b a s is o f a ll kn o w l e d ge
v
.

Pr o of in t h e s t rict s e n s e i s co mpl e t e , ir res is t ib l e e id en ce as ,

t h e r e w a s m u c h ev
i d en ce again s t t h e accu s e d b u t n o t a m o u n t in g ,

t o p r o of o f g uilt . M o r al cer t a i n ty i s a co n v
ict io n r es t in g o n s uc h

v
e i den ce as put s a m at t e r b e y o n d re as o n ab l e d o ub t , w hi l e n o t so

irre s is t ib l e as d emo n s tra ti o n . Co m pare HYPO THE S IS ; IND U CTIO N .

D E SI G N .

Syn o n ym s

ai m fi n al ca us e ob j e ct , p ro p o s a l ,
vi c
, ,

d e e , in t en t , pl an , p u rp o s e ,
en d ,
in te n tion , proj e ct , s ch e m e .

D es i gn re fe rs to t h e a d apt a t io n of m e an s t o an e n d , th e c o rre

s po n d e n ce an d co o r di n a t io n o f part s , o r o f s e parat e a ct s , t o pro d uce

a res u l t i n t en t an d p u rp o s e o ve rl e ap all part ic u l ars , an d fa s t e n o n

th e en d it se lf . I n t en ti o n is s im ply t h e m o r e fa m il ia r fo rm of th e
l e ga l an d phi lo so ph i cal i n t en t Pl a n r e l at es t o d e t ails o f fo rm ,
.

s t ru c t ur e , a n d a c t i o n , in t h e m sel e s v
d es i gn co n s id e rs t h e se sam e
d e t ail s a ll a s a m e an s to an en d . T h e p la n o f a ca m pa ign m ay b e
fo r a s eri es o f s h arp att ac k s , w i t h t h e d es i gn Of t h u s s urpris in g an d
o v po w e
er rin g the en e my . A m an co me s t o a fi x e d i n t en t i o n t o

my fo rm s p la n t o en t ra p h im in t o h i s po w er ,
'

kill h is en e ; he a

w it h t h e d es i gn Of t h en co m pass in g h i s d e a t h ; a s t h e l a w can n o t

rea d t h e h e ar t , it can o n l y in fer t h e i n t en t f ro m t h e e v

id e n ces of

d es i gn . I n t e n t d en o t es a s t rain in g, s t re t c h in g fo rt h t o w ard an o b

j cet p urp o s e s im pl y t h e plac in g i t b e fo re o n ese l f h en ce , w e

‘

s pe a k o f t h e p u rp o se rat h e r t h an t h e i n t en t o r i n t en t i o n o f G o d .

We h o ld t h a t t h e m arks of d es i gn in
pro e it t h e w o rk o f n at ur e v
a gre at D es ign er I n t en t i o n co n t em pl at e s t h e po ss i b ili ty o f
.

f ailu re p u rp o se l o o ks t o a ss ure d s uc c e s s i n t en t o r i n t en t i o n r e
f e rs e s pec i a ll y t o t h e s t at e o f m in d of th e ac t o r ; p urp o se t o t h e
r e s ult o f the a c t io n . Co mpare A IM ; C A US E ; ID E A ; MO D E L .

Pre po s it io n s :

T h e d es ig n of d e fraud in g ; t h e d e s ign o f a b u ildi n g ; a d e s ign

fo r a s t a t ue .

D E SI R E .

Syn ym s
o n

a pp e t e n c y , co n c u p i s e n c e h a n k e ri n g , pro cl i i t , v
appe ti t e , co v
e t in g ,
,

in cl in a ti o n , pro p e n s i y y
a spi rat i o n , cra v
in g , l on gin g , w ish
,

v
.

I n cli n a ti o n is t h e m ild e s t of t h ese t er m s i t is a quie t , o r e en

a v
agu e or un co n s c io u s , t e n d e n cy . E v
e n w h en w e s peak O f a.
 d e spair
1 29 d e x t e ri t y

s t ro n g o r d e c id e d i n cli n a t i o n w e d o n ot e xpre ss t he in t e n s it y of

t h e h i gh e st o b j e c t s t o t h e
h a n d , o r n e a r in t h o u g h t ,
an d v
ie w e d as a t t ain ab l e ; wi s h m ay b e fo r w h at is
a re mo t e or

un c e rt a in , o r e v
e n fo r w h at is re c o gn iz ed as im po ss i b l e .

)
Cr a i n g v
is s t ro n ge r t h an h a n ker i n g may b e t h e
h a n ker i n g r es ul t o f a fi t

ful a n d ca pric io u s app e t i t e cr a v

i n g m a y b e t h e i mpe rio us an d

r e a s o n ab l e d e m an d of t h e w h o le n at ure . L o n gi n g is a reac h i n g

o ut w it h d ee p pe r s is t e n t d e m an d fo r t h a t w h ic h is ie w e d as
an d v
n o w di s t an t b ut a t s o m e t im e a t t a in ab l e ; as , t h e c a pt i e s lo n gi n g
’
v
fo r re l e a se . Co vti e n g o rd in arily d en o t es wro n g d es i r e fo r t h a t
w h ic h is an o t h er Co m pare
’
s . A PPE TITE .

A n to n ym s
S ee s yn o n y m s fo r A NTIPA THY .

P re po s itio n s

T h e d es ire o f fam e a d e s ire f o r e xc el l en c e .

D E SPA I R .

Syn o n ym s

d e spe ra tion , d e spon d e n cy , d i s c o u ra g e m e n t , h o p e l e s sn e s s .

D i s cou ra gemen t i s t h e r es u l t o f so m uch r epul se o r fai lu r e as

w e ars o ut c o u ra g e . D i s co u ra gemen t s too fre qu e n t an d l on g

m ay pro d u ce a se t t l e d h op eles s n ess
co n t in u e d H op eless n ess is .

n e g a t iv
e an d m a y r e su l t fro m s im pl e apa t h y ; d esp o n d en cy a n d
,

d esp a i r are m o re e m ph at ic an d d ecid ed D esp o n d en cy is a n in ca .

pac it y fo r t h e pre se n t e x e rc is e o f h o pe d esp a i r i s t h e ut ter ab an

d o n m en t o f h o pe D esp on d en cy relaxes e n ergy an d e ffo rt an d i s
.

a l w a y s att e n d e d w it h s a d n ess o r d is tre ss d esp a i r may pro d uc e a

sto n y c al mn e ss , or it m ay l ea d t o d esp er a ti o n . D esp era t i on is
e n e r g iz e d d esp a i r , v
ig o ro u s in ac t io n , re ckl e s s o f co n s e quen ce s .

A n to ym s :
n

an t ic ipat io n , ch eer, co urage , en co urage me n t , e xpect at io n , h o pefuln e ss ,

as s uran c e, con fi d en ce , el at io n , e xpect an cy , h o pe , t rus t .

D E XT E R IT Y .

Syn o n ym s
a dr o i t n e ss , a pt i t u d e , cle v e rn e s s , e xp e r t n e s s , re a d in e s s , s k i ll .

A d r o i t n es s ( F . a, t o , an d d ro i t , righ t ) an d d ex t eri ty (L . d ex t er ,
r i gh t , ) m igh t each b e ren d ere d
rig h t s h an d righ t h an d e d n e ss s

b ut a d r o i t n ess c arries m o re o f t h e id ea O f e lu di n g parry in g o r , ,

c h e c k in g so m e h o s t il e m o v e m e n t o r t akin g a d v an t a g e o f a n o t h e r
,

in c o n t ro v e rs y : d ex t e ri ty c o n ve y s t h e i d e a o f d o in g ac c o m pli sh ,

in g s o m et hin g readi l y an d w e ll w it h o ut re feren c e t o an y ac t io n ,

9
 d i ct i o n
d ie 1 30

o f o t h e rs . We s pe ak o f a d r o i n ess t in fe n cin g , b o x in g , or d e b at e
of d ex t er i ty in h o rse m an s h ip, in t h e u se of t o o l s , w eapo n s , et c .

Ap t i tu d e (L . ap t us , fi t , fi t t e d ) is a n a t ura l re a d i n ess , w h ich b y

pr act ise m a y b e d e v
e l o pe d in t o d ex t er i t y . S ki ll is m o re e x act t o
lin e , m e t h o d t h an d ext eri ty D ex ter i ty c an n o t b e c o m
ru l e , an d .

m un ica t e d an d o ft en t im e s can n o t e v
, , e n b e e x pl a in e d b y it s po s

s kill t o a v m “
s e ss o r ; e y g eat e t e t ca
r r x n n be i p ar t e d ; s killed

w o rkme n in v
" a rio u s t ra d e s are n u m b ered b y t h o u s an d s Co m .

pare A DDRE SS CL E VE R P O W E R S KILF U L .

Pr e p o s i t i o n s

D e x t erit y of h an d , o f mo v
e men t , of m an a ge me n t ; w ith t h e
pen in ac t i o n , i n m an ipu l a t in g m e n a t c ar d s .

D ICT IO N .

Syn o n ym s

e xpr e s s i o n ph r a s e , sty l e , v o c a b u l ary

v
, ,
l an g ua g e , ph ra s e o l o g y , e rb i a g e , w o rd in g .

’
An au t h o r s d i ct i o n is s t ri c t ly h is c h o i ce an d u se of w o rd s ,
w it h no s pe c ial re f e re n c e t o t h o u g h t ; exp r ess io n re gards th e
w o rd s si mpl y as the v e hi cl e o f t h e t h o ugh t Ph r a s e . an d ph r a s e
o lo gy a pply t o w o rd s or co m b in at io n s of w o rd s w h i c h a re so m e

w h a t t ech n ical ; a s , in l e g al p h ra seo lo gy ; in milit ary p h ra se .

D i cti o n is g e n eral ; wo r d i n g is lim i t ed ; w e s peak of t h e d i ct i o n

o f a n a ut h o r o r o f a w o rk , t h e w o r d i n g of a pro po s it io n , o f a res

o l uti o n , et c . Ver b i a ge ne v
er b e ars t h is se n se (se e CIR CUM L O CU

TI O N ) . T h e la n gu a ge of a w rit er o r spe ak e r m ay b e t h e n at i o n a l

s pe e c h he e mplo y s as, the E n g l is h or F r e n c h l a n g u a ge or th e

w o rd m a y d en o t e h is use o f t h at l a n gu a ge ; as , th e a ut h o r s
’
la n
gu a ge is w e ll (o r ill) c h o se n S t yle in c lu d e s d i cti o n , exp r es s i o n ,
.

rh et o ric al fi g ure s s uc h as m e t aph o r a n d s im il e , t h e e ff e c t o f a n

aut h o r s
’
pre vili a ng h is perso n al t rait s
ton e of in
th o ugh t , of -

s h o rt , a ll t h a t m ak e s up t h e c l o t hi n g o f t h o ugh t i n w o rd s ; t h us ,

v
w e s pe ak o f a fi gurat i e s tyle, a frig id o r an argu m e n t at i e s tyle , v
et c or o f th e s t yl e o f M ac a u lay , Pre s c o t t , o r o t h ers . An a ut h o r s
’

v
.
,

oca b u la r y is t h e ran g e o f w o rd s w h ic h h e b rin gs in t o h is us e .

Co mpare LA NG UA GE .

D IE .

S yn o n ym s

ce ase , d e cl in e , e xp ir e . p e ri s h ,
d e cease , d e p a rt , fa d e , w ith er .

D ie, t o go o ut of l i fe , b e c o m e d es t itu t e of v
it al po w e r an d
 d i fl ic u l t
di re ct i o n

A n to ym s n

agr e e me n t , liken e s s ,
co n s o n an ce , re s e mb l an ce ,

P r ep o si t i o n s

D iffere n c e b etween t h e o ld an d t h e n ew ; di ffer e n c es a mo n g

m en ; a di ff e r e n ce i n c h ar ac t e r ; of a c t io n ; of st y le ; ( l e s s fr e 4

qu e n t ly ) a (co n tr o v
d iff er e n c e ers y ) wi t h a perso n a difi ere n ce of
one t hi n g f r o m (in co rre ct l y t o ) an o t h er

D IF F I CUL T .

S yn o n ym s

ard u o u s , h ard , on ero us t o il s o m e

v
, ,

e xh a u s t i n g , l a b o ri o u s , se e re , t ry i n g .

A r d u o us (L . a r d uu s , s t e e p ) s ig n ifi es primarily s o s t e e p an d l o ft y
as t o b e d i ffi cul t o f as ce n t , an d h en c e appli es t o t h at w h ich in vlv o es

g re at an d s u s t ain e d e x er t io n a n d o rd in aril y fo r a l o ft y ai m ; gre at

l e arn i n g c an o n l y b e w o n b y a r d u o us t o il . H ard a ppl i e s to an y

t h in g t h at r es is t s o ur e n d ea vo r s as a s c ar cel y pen et rab l e m a ss re

ph y s ical fo r c e
s is t s o u r An y t h in g i s . vv
h a r d t h at i n o l e s t ax an d
s t ra in w h e t h e r o f t h e ph y s i c a l o r m e n t al po w e rs D ifficu l t is n o t .

u s e d o f t h a t w h ich m e r e l y t a x e s ph y sic a l f o rc e ; a d e a d li ft is
th e
‘
c a ll e d h ard rat h e r t h an d i filcu lt b r e a k in g st on e on ro a d

w o ul d b e c a ll e d h ar d rat h e r t h an d ifit cu lt w o rk t h at i s d ifitcu l t

w h ic h in vl vo es s kill , s a ga c it y , o r a d d re ss , w it h or w it h o ut a co n

s id erab l e e x pe n di t u re of ph y s ical fo rc e ; a g e o m e t ric a l pro b l e m

m ay b e d ifficu l t to so l v e, a t an g l e d s ke in t o u n r a e l a m o un t a inv
d ifil cu lt t o ascen d . H ar d m ay b e ac ti v
e or pass iv
e a t h in g m ay
b e h ard t o d o or h a r d t o b e ar . A rd u o u s is a l w a y s ac t i v
e . T h at
w h i c h i s l a b o r i o us or t o ilso me s im ply r e qu ire s th e s t ea d y appl i c a

t io n of l ab o r or t o il t ill acco m pli sh e d ; t o i lso me i s t h e s tro n g e r

w ord T h a t w h i ch is o n er o u s (L . on us , a b ur d en ) is m e n t all y b u r
v
.

d en so me o r o ppre s s i v
e . R e s pon s ib ilit y may b e o n ero u s e en w h en
it i n vl v o es n o s pe c i al e x e rt io n .

A n t ym s
o n

e as y , facil e , pl e as an t , t riflin g, t ri ialv .

D IR E CT IO N .

Syn ym s
o n

a im , b e a ri n g , c o urs e , in clin atio n , ten d e n cy , w ay .

T h e d i r ect i o n of an j
o b e ct is t h e li n e m o t io n o r o f v
of i s io n
t o w a rd i t , o r t h e lin e in w h ich t h e o b j ec t i s m o v in g co n s id e re d
,

fro m o u r o w n a c t u al o r m e n t al s t an d po in t W a y, lit e rall y t h e ro ad

.

co m e s n a t urall y t o m e an t h e d i r ect i o n o f t h e ro a d o r pa t h ;
or pat h ,
 d i scern
133 d i s co e r v

co n v
e rs a t i o n a ll y , wa y is al mo st a pe rfe ct s y n o n y m o f d ir ect i o n
as , w h ich w a y d id h e g o ? o r , in w h ic h d i r ect i o n 9 B ea r i n g is t h e
.

di re c t io n in w h ic h an o b j e c t i s s e e n w it h r e fe re n c e to a n o t h e r , an d

e s pe c i all y w it h re f e re n ce t o t h e po in t s o f t h e c o m pas s Co u rs e .

is t h e d i r ect i o n of a mo v in g o b j ect i n cli n a t i o n , t h a t t o w ard w h ich

a s t at i o n a ry j
o b e ct l ean s ; t en d en cy , t h e d i r ect i o n t o w ard w h ic h
a n yt hin g s t r e t c h e s o r re ac h e s o ut t en d en cy is s tro n g e r an d m o re
act i v
e t h an i n cli n a t i o n . Co m pare AIM C A RE O RD E R O VE R
S IGHT .

D I SCE R N .

S yn o nym s

b eh old d i s c ri m i n a t e ob s e r v g n ize
iv
, e , re co ,

d e s c ry d i st in g ui sh , p e rc e e , se e .

W h at w e d i s cer n w e s ee a pa rt fro m al l o t h er o b ec t s j w h at w e
d i s cr i mi n a t e w e j u d ge a part ; w h at we d is ti n gu is h w e m ark
a part , o r re co g n iz e by so me s pec ial m ark or man ife st d iff ere n c e .

We d i s cri mi n a t e b y r e a l d iff ere n c e s w e d i s t i n gu i s h b y o u t w ard

s ign s ; an o ffi ce r i s re adi l y d i s t i n gu i s h ed fro m a c o m m o n s o ldi e r

b y h is un ifo rm m a y b e d im ly d i scer n ed a t t w iligh t

. O b j e ct s ,

w h e n y e t w e c an n o t c l e arl y d i s t i n gu i s h o n e fro m an o t h e r We .

d es cry (o rigin a lly esp y) w h at is d iffi cult t o d is co v er Co mpare .

DI S C O VE R L O O K .

D I S C O VE R .

Syn ym s
o n

a s c e rt a i n d et e ct d i s cl o s e f e rr e t o ut fi n d o ut
v
, . , , ,

d e s c ry , d i s c e rn , e xp o s e , find , in e n t .

O f h u m an a c t i o n s o r c h ara c t er , d et ect is u se d , al mo st w it h o ut
e xc e pt io n , in a b ad s e n se d i s co v er m ay b e us e d in e it h er t h e g o o d
or t h e b ad se n se , o ft en er in t h e go o d ; h e w a s d e t ect ed in a fr au d
re al m e ri t i s s u re to be d isco er e d v In s cie n t ifi c l an gu a g e , d et ect
.

is us ed of d e li c a t e in di c a t io n s t h at a ppe ar in co urse o f c are ful

w at c h in g ; as , a s l i gh t fl u t t e r in g t h e pu l s e co u l d b e d e t ect ed
of .

W e d is c o v
er w h a t h as e x is t e d b ut h a s n o t b e e n k n o w n t o u s we
in vt en c o m b in a t i o n s o r a rran g e m e n t s n o t b e fo re in u se Co lum b u s
di vsco e r ed A m e ric a M o rs e i n vt en e d t h e e l e c t ri c t e l e g ra ph . F in d
v
i s t h e m o s t ge n e ra l w o r d fo r e e ry m e an s o f co m in g t o kn o w w h a t
w a s n o t b e fo r e c e rt ain l y kn o w n A m an fin d s in t h e ro a d s o m e .

fi n d s h is o w n w hi ch h e is s e archi n g fo r T he
’
s t ran g e r s purse , or .

e x pert d i s co v er s o r d e t ect s an e rro r in an acco u n t th e au di t o r

fin d s the ac co un t to b e c o rre c t . Co m par e DIS C E RN .

A n t o n ym s

S ee s yn o n y m s fo r HID E .
 d isease
d i spa ra g e l 34

D I SE A SE .

Syn ym s
o n
afi e ction . d is o rd e r, i n d i s p o s iti o n s ick n e s s
‘

, ,

a il m e n t , d i s t e mp e r , i n fi rm i t y , u n h e alth in e s s ,

c o m pl a in t , i ll n e s s , mala d y , un s o un d n e s s .

D i s ea s e is t h e g e n eral t erm fo r an y d e iat io n fro m h e al t h in v

a mo re lim it e d se n s e it d en o t e s s o m e d e fin it e m o rb id co n di t io n ;
d i s or d er an d a fi ect i o n ar e r a t h e r part ial an d lim it e d as , a n e r

v
o u s afi ect i o n ; a d i s o r d er of the v
d iges t i e s y s t e m S i ckn es s w as
.

g en erall y u se d in E n g lish s pe e ch a n d l it e rat ure , t ill t h e c l o se o f

t h e e igh t e e n t h ce n t ury at l e a s t , fo r e ery fo rm o f ph y s i c al d i sor v
d er , as ab un d an t ly appe ars in t h e E n gl ish Bib le Jes us w e n t
ab o u t h ealin g all m an n er o f s i ckn es s a n d all m an n e r o f d i s
ea s e a m o n g t h e peo pl e ,
”
M a tt . v23
i ,
Elis h a w as fall e n s i ck o f
”
hi s s i ckn ess w h ere o f h e di e d , 9 Ki n gs x ii i , 14 . T h ere is n ow , in
E n gl an d , a t en d e n c y to r es t ric t t h e w o rd s s i ck an d s i ckn es s t o
st o m a c h ,
“ ”
n a u sea , o r s i ckn es s a t th e a n d t o h o ld i ll an d i l ln ess as

th e o n ly pro pe r w o rd s t o u s e i n a g e n e ra l s e n se T h is di s t in c t io n
v
.

h as r ec e i e d b ut a v
e ry li m it e d a cce pt an c e in t h e Uni t e d S t at es ,
w h e re s i ck an d s i ckn ess ha v
e th e e arli er an d w i d e r us age . We
s pe ak o f t rifl in g ail men ts , a s ligh t i n d i sp o s i t i o n , a s erio us or a

d ead ly d i s eas e a sl igh t or se v

e re i lln ess ; a pain fu l s i ckn ess .

Co mp la i n t is po pu lar t erm , w hi ch m ay b e
a appli e d t o an y d e

gree o f i ll h eal t h , s li gh t o r se e re v
I nfirmit y d e n o t es . a ch ro ni c o r

l in g erin g w e akn ess or d isab ility , as b l in d n ess or lamen ess .

A n t o n ym s
h eal t h , ro b ust ne ss , s oun d n e s s , s tren gt h , s turdin ess ,

D I SPA R A G E .

S yn o n ym s
b e littl e , d e p re c i a t e , d i s c re d i t , un d e re s t im at e ,
c a rp a t , d e r o g a t e fr o m d i sh o n or , u n d e rr a t e ,
v
,
d e cry , d e t r a c t fr o m , low er, un d e r alue .

T o d ecry is t o c ry d o wn , in so me n o is y , pu b li c; o r co n spicu o us
m an n er . A w it n ess or a st a e t men t is d i s cred i t ed t h e c urre n cy is
d ep r eci a t ed go o d
a na m e is d i s h o n o r ed b y un w o rt h y c o n d u c t ;
we u n d er es ti ma t e in o ur o w n m in d s w e may un d err a te o r u n d er
vlu e i
a n st a t e m en t t o o t h e rs . T h ese w o rd s ar e u se d , w it h fe w ex

c e pt io n s , o f t hi n gs qu alit ies , m erit s , a t t ainm e n t s , e t c T o

s uch a s .

d i sp a r a ge is t o b e li tt le b y d am a g in g co m pariso n o r su gg e st io n it
is us e d o nl y o f t h in g s A m an s a c h ie e me n t s are d i sp ara ged , hi s
’
v
v
.

m o ti e s d ep reci a t ed , hi s pro fe ssio n s d i s cred i te d h e hi ms elf is

ca lu m n iat e d , s l an d e re d , e t c Co mpare S LA ND E R
. .

A n t o n ym s

See syn o n y ms fo r PR AI S E .
 d o ci l e
d o ct ri n e 136

—
s ig n ifi e s alw ay s t o p erf o rm s o m e g re at an d g e n e rall y so m e w o r
th y e x pl o it . Perf o rm an d a cco mp li s h b o t h imply w o rki n g t o w ard
t he en d ; b ut p e rf o r m alw a ys po s s ib ili ty o f n o t a ll o w s a a t t ain i n g ,
~

w h il e a cco mp li s h c arrie s t h e t h o u gh t o f f ull co m pl et io n . In L o n g

Pa t ien c e ; a cco mp lis h t h y l ab o r, e t c p erf o rm
’ ”
fe llo w s li n e s , .
,

co u ld n o t be s ub s t i tu t e d w it h o u t gre at l o s s . A s b et w e en co mp let e

a n d a cco mp lis h ,
co mp let e c o n s id e rs r at h e r t h e t h in g as d on e ac

co mp l i s h t h e ,
w h o l e pro c e s s of d o in g it . Co mmi t , as appli e d to
ac t io n s , i s u se d b a d , w h e t h e r gra e o r tr i ial
o n ly o f t h o se t h at ar e v v
p erp e t ra t e is u s e d c h ie fly o f a g gra at e d crim e s o r , s o m e w h at v
h u m o ro u s l y , o f b l u n d e rs A m an m ay co mmi t a s in , a t respass , o r
.

a m u rd e r ; p erp et r a t e an o u t ra ge o r a fe l o n y W e fi n i sh a g ar .

m e n t o r a l e t t er co mp le t e a n e di fi c e o r a l ife w o rk , co n s umma t e a
,
s

b ar ga in o r a c rim e , d i sch a r ge a d u t y , efl ect a purpo se , ex ecu t e a

’

c o m m a n d f u lfi l a pro mi s e p erf o r m o ur d a il y t a s ks
, , r ea liz e a n

v
,

id e al , a cco mp li s h a d es ign , a ch i e e a v ic t o ry Co m pare TRA N S .

A CT ; TR A N SA CTIO N .

A n to n ym s
b afli e ,
co me sh o rt ,

D O CI L E .

S yn ym s o n

am en ab le , man a g e ab l e pl i a n t , t e a ch ab l e
v
, ,
c omplian t, ob e d ien t ,
s ub m i s si e , t ra ct ab l e ,
g en tle , pl i ab l e . tame , y ie ldin g .

O ne w ho is d o cile i s e a s il y t au g h t ; on e w h o is t r act a b le is
e a s il y ledw h o is pli a n t is e as il y b e n t in an y d irec t io n ; co m
on e

p li a n t r e pr e se n t s o n e as in c lin e d o r pe rs uad e d t o ag re em e n t w i t h
Co m pare D UTY
’
an o t h er s w ill .

A n ym s
t o n

d et ermin e d , fi rm, o pin io n at e d , s e lfz wil l e d , wil ful ,

d o gged , inflexi b l e , reso l ut e , s t ub b o rn , un yield ing .

D O C T R I NE .

S yn ym s
o n

a rt i c l e o f b e l i e f , b el i e f, pre c e p t , t e a c h in g ,
a rt i c l e o f f a i t h , d ogma, pri n c i p l e , tenet .

D o ctr i n e prim aril y s ign ifi e s t h at w hi c h is t augh t ; p r i n cip le ,

t h e f un d a m e n t a l b as is o n w h ic h t h e t e a chi n g re s t s A d o ct r i n e i s .

re a s o n e d o u t , an d m a y b e d e fen d e d b y r e as o n in g ; a d o gma re s t s

on a u t h o ri ty , a s of di re ct re v
e l a t io n , t h e d e c is io n of th e c h ur c h ,

et c . A d o ct r i n e or d o gma is a st a t e m en t of so me o n e it em o f b e
li ef ; a cr eed is a su mmary of d o ct r i n es or d o gma s D o gma h as
.
 d m a tic
v
o g
I37 d o u bt , .

co m m o n ly ,t h e pres e n t d ay , an o ff en s i e s ig n i fi ca t io n , as o f a
at v
b eli ef arro g an t l y a sse rt e d T en e t is s im ply t h at w h ich is h e l d ,
.

an d is appli e d to a s i n gl e it em
b e li ef ; it is a n e ut ra l w o r d ,
of

v
n e i t h e r a ppro in g n o r c o n d e m n in g w e s pe ak o f t h e d o ct r i n e s o f
o u r o w n c h urc h ; o f t h e ten e t s o f o t h e rs A p r ecep t re lat e s n o t .

t o b e li ef , b u t t o co n d uc t . Co m pare FA ITH ; L AW .

D O G M A T IC .

S yn o n ym s

t, d o c tr i n a l , m a g i s t e ri a l p o s it i e ,_ v
v
a rr o g an ,
a u t h o rit a t i e d o m i n e e rin g , o pi n i o n a t e d , s e l f zo p i n i p n a t e d
v
, ,
d i ct a t o ri al , i m p e ri o u s , o e rb e a r i n g , sy ste m ati c .

D o gma t i c is t ec h n ic ally applie d in a g o o d s e n se t o t h at w hic h

is fo r ma lly e n un c iat e d b y a d e qu at e au t h o r it y ; d o ct r i n a l t o t h at
w hi c h is stat e d in t h e fo rm of d o c tr in e t o b e t au gh t or d e fe n d e d .

D og m a t i c t h e o lo gy , c a ll e d a l so d o g m at ics ,
”
g i es d e fi n it e pro po v
s it io n s , w h ic h it h o l d s v
t o b e d e li e re d b y aut h o rit y ; s ys t ema t i c
t h eo l o gy c o n s i d e rs the sa m e pro po s it io n s in t h e ir l o gi cal co nn e c

t io n an d o r d e r a s part s o f a s y s t e m a d o ct r i n a l s t at em e n t i s l ess
ab so l u t e i n it s c l a im s t h an a d o gma t i c t r ea t i s e , a n d m a y b e m o re

part ia l t h an t h e t er m s ys t ema ti c w o u ld im ply . O u t sid e of th eol

o g y , d o gma t i c h as g e n e ra l l y a n o ff e n s i e s e n se v a d o gma ti c s t at e

m e n t is on e fo r w hi ch t h e t ro ub l e h im s e lf t o g i e a
aut h o r d o es n ot v
r easo n , e i t h er b e c a u se o f t h e s tr e n gt h o f h is co n i c t io n s , o r b e cause v
o f h is co n t e m pt fo r t h o se w h o m h e a d d r e sses ; t h us d o gma t i c is ,

in co mm o n us e , all ie d w it h a r r o ga n t an d kin d re d w ord s .

D O UB T , v.

Syn o n ym s

d i s t ru s t , m i s tr u s t s ur mis e s uspe ct

v
, , .

T o d o u b t is t o l a c k con i ti c on . In co m pl e t e n e ss of e v
id en ce
may c o m pe l o n e m e perv e rse b ia s o f m in d m ay i n
t o d oub t , o r so

c li n e h im t o D i s t r u s t m ay e x press s im pl y a l a ck o f c o n fid en c e
.

as I d i s t r u s t m y o w n j u d gm e n t ; o r it m ay b e n earl y e qu iv
, al e n t

t o su sp ect ; as I d i s t r u s t ed t h at m an fro m t h e s t art

, M is t ru s t .

e ev
an d s u sp ec t i m pl y t h at o n e i s a l m o st a s s u re d o f po s it iv il o n e
ma y d i s t r u s t h im se lf o r o t h e rs ; h e s u sp ect s o t h e rs M i s t ru s t i s .

n o w rare l y if e v e r u se d o f pe rso n s b u t o n l y o f m o t iv
, , es in t e n , ,

t io n s e t c, D i s t r us t i s al w ay s s e rio u s ; mi s t r u s t is o ft en us e d
.

pl a y full y Co m par e S UPP O S E

. Co m pare s y n o n y m s fo r D O UB T n
.
, .

A n to n ym s

b elie ve, co n fi d e in , d epen d on, d e pen d upo n , rely o n , re ly upo n , t rust .

 d o u bt , n .

d ra w 8

D O UB T ,
n .

S yn o n ym s

d i s b e li e f, in c re d u l it y , p e rpl e xi t y , su spe n s e ,

d i s t ru s t , in d e ci s io n , qu e stion , s uspicion ,

h e sit an cy , i rr e s o l u t i o n , s crup l e . un b e l i e f.
h e s it at i o n , mi s g i in g , v s k e pt ici sm , u n c e rt ain t y .

D o u b t is a l ac k o f co n v
i c t io nt h a t m a y r e f e r e i t h e r t o m a t t e rs
of b e lie f or to m a t t e rs of pra ct is e A s re g ard s b e li e f , w hi l e
.

d o u b t is l a c k o f con v
i ti c on d i s b eli ef i s co n v
ic t io n, t o th e c o n tr ar y

u n b e li e f r e fe rs to a s e ttle d s t at e o f m in d g e n e rall y ,
a cco m pani e d
w it h o ppo s it io n o f h e art . Perp lex i ty i s
pain fu l d o u b t ac t i v
e an d

m ay b e qu ie s ce n t Perplex i t y pre s s e s t o w ard a s o l ut io n ; d o ub t

.

m ay b e c o n t en t t o li n g e r un r e s o l e d v
A n y im pro b ab l e s t at e m e n t
.

a w a ke n s i n cr ed u li t y . In t h eo l o gical u s a g e u n b e li e f an d s kep t i

c is m h av
e a con d e m n at o ry fo rc e ,
as im pl y in g w ilfu l r e ec t io n o f
j
m an ife st t rut h . As r e g ar d s pr a c t ic a l m at t e rs , u n cer t a i n t y ap
plie s t o t h e u n kn o w n o r u n d e c id e d ; d o u b t im pl ie s s o m e n e g at i e v
v
e id e n c e S u spen s e re g ar d s t h e fu t ur e ,
. an d is e ag e r an d an x io u s ;
u n cer t a i n t y m ay r el a t e to an y pe r io d , an d b e qu i t e in d iff er e n t
v
.

M i s gi i n g i s o rdi n arily in re g a r d t o t h e o u t c o m e o f s o m e t hi n g

a l rea d y d o n e or d e c id e d ; h es i t a t i o n , i n d eci s i o n , an d i r r es o lu t i o n
ha v
e re feren ce t o s o m e t hi n g t h at r e m ain s t o b e d e c id e d o r d o n e ,
an d are d ue o f t e n er t o in fir m it y of w ill t h an t o l a c k of kn o w l e d ge .

D i s t ru s t a n d su sp i ci o n appl y e s pe c i all y t o th e m o ti v
es , c h ara c t e r ,

etc .
, of o t h e rs , an d ar e m o re d e c id e d l v dv a e rs e t h an d oub t .

S cr up le re l a t e s to m at t e rs o f c o n s c i e n c e an d d u ty .

A n t o n ym s

as s uran ce , d et e rmin at io n ,
b elief, pers uas i o n ,

D R AW .

S yn o n ym s
a l l ure , d ra g , h a ul , in d uce , l ure , tow ,
a t t ra c t , en tice in clin e , lead , p u ll , tug .

One ob j ec t d r a ws an o t h e r w h e n it m o v
e s it t o w a rd it se l f or in
t h e d ire c t io n of it s o wn m o t io n b y t h e e x e r t i o n o f a d e qu a t e fo rce ,
w h e th er s li g h t o r po w e rful T o a t tr a ct is t o e x ert a fo rce t h at
.

t en d s t o d r a w , t h o it m a y pro d u ce n o ac t u al m o t i o n a ll o h

j ect s are a t tr a ct e d t o w ard t h e e art h , t h o t h e

y m ay b e s u s t a in e d
fro m fa llin g . T o d ra g is t o d r a w a g a in st s t ro n g r e s i s t a n c e ; as ,

t o d ra g a sl e d o v
e r b are gr o u n d , o r a c a rr iag e up a s t e e p h ill To
pu ll is t o e x ert a d r a wi n g fo rce , w h e t h e r ad e qu at e o r in ad e quat e ;
 d re s s
d ri v e 140

D R E SS .

S yn o n ym s

ap p are l cl oth e s g a rb , h ab it, u n i f o rm

, ,
v
,

cl o th in g , g a rm e n t s m ent e st m ts,
v
a rr a y , . rai , en
at tire , co s t um e , h a b il im e n t s , ro b e s , e s t ur e .

Clo t h in g d e n o t e s t h e e n t ire co v
e ri ng of t h e b o d y , t ak e n as a

w h o l e ; clo t h es an d ga r men t s v
i ew it a s c o m po s e d o f s e parat e

part s Clo th es ,
. cl o t h i n g , an d ga r men t s m a y b e u s e d o f inn e r o r

o u t e r co v
e rin g a ll t h e o th e r w o r d s in t h e li s t ( w it h po ss ib l e rare

e x ce pt io n s in t h e case o f ra i ga r men ts men t ) r e fe r to t h e o u t er .

A rra y, r a i men t , an d v
es tur e are arc h a ic o r po e t ic ; so , t o o , is

h a b i t , e x c e pt in t e ch n i cal u se t o d e n o t e a l a d y s rid in g d ress T h e s .

w o rd v
e tm s en t s is n o w r ar e , e x c ept in e c c l e s ias t ic a l u s e . App a r el
an d a t t i re are m o s t fre qu e n t l y u s e d o f so m e w h at co m pl e t e an d

e l e g an t o ut er cl o t h i n g , tho S h a k e s pe ar e s pe ak s of po o r a n d
m e an a tt i r e .
”
D r ess m a y b e u se d , s pe c i fi c ally , fo r a w o m an s
’

go w n , an d in v
t h at se n se m a b e e i t h e r ric h o r s h ab b y b ut in t h e
g e n e ral s e n se it d e n o t es o ut er clo t hi n g w h ich i s m e an t t o b e
e l e g an t , co m pl e t e ,
an d a ppr o pri at e to so me s o c ia l o r pu b lic o cca
s io n ; as , fu l l d r es s , co u rt d r ess , e v
e n in g d r es s , etc D ress h as
.

now l arg e ly d ispl ace d app a r el an d a t tir e . G a rb d e n o t e s t h e

c lo thi n g ch arac t erist ic m e c l a ss pro fe s s io n o r t h e l ike ; a s
o f so , , ,

t h e ga r b o f a pri est Co s tu me is c h ie fly us e d fo r t h a t w h ic h b e fit s
.

an ass u m e d c h ar ac t er ; a s a t h r e a t ri ca l co s t u me w e s o m e t i me s
,

s pe ak o f a n a t io n al co s tume e t c , .

A n to n ym s :
b aren ess , d isarray , di s h ab il l e, e xp o s ur e , n ak ed n e s s , n ud it y , un d res s .

D R I VE .

S yn ym s o n

co mp el , pro p e l , repe l, re s i s t , th ru s t ,

impel , push , re pul s e ri d e , urg e o n

vi
.
,

T o d ri e s tomo v e an o b j e c t w it h so m e fo r c e or v
io l e n ce be
fo re o r aw a y fr o m o n es e lf it is t h e di r e ct re v
ers e of d r a w , le a d ,
et c . m a n l e a d s a h o rs e b y t h e h al t e r d r i v
A es h i m w it h w h ip

an d re in O n e m ay b e d r i v
. en t o a t h in g o r fro m it h e n ce d r i ve ,

is a s yn o n y m e qu ally fo r co mp el o r fo r rep el o r r ep u ls e R epu ls e .

is s t ro n g er an d m o r e c o n cl u s iv
e t h an r ep e l ; o n e m a y b e r ep ell ed

by th e v
e y r a s pe c t o f t h e pe rso n w h o se fa o r h e see k s , b u t i sv n ot

r ep u ls e d e x c ept b y t h e d ir e c t re f u s a l o r i gn o r i n g of h is s u it . A
ce rt a i n co n v
e n t io n a l m o d e rn usage , e spe c ia lly in E n gl an d , re

qu ires u s t o s ay t h at w e d r i e in a c arr iage , r id e u po n a h o rse ; v

t h o i n S c ript ur e w e re a d o f r id i n g in a c h ario t (2 K i n gs ix , 16 ; '

J er . x v
ii , 25 , go o d ex a mpl e s of the sa me u sag e may b e
 141 d u pl i c a t e

fo un d ab u n d an t ly in t h e o ld e r E n g lis h .T h e pro prie t y o f a pe r

’
s o n s s ay in g t h at h e is g o in g t o d r i e v w h e n h e is s im ply t o b e co n
v
eye d in a c arri a g e , w h e r e so m e o n e e l s e , as the c o a ch m an d o e s
,

a ll v
t h e d r i i n g, is e x ce e d in g l y qu e s t io n a b l e M a n y go o d a u t h o r .

it ie s pre fe r t o u se r id e in t h e o l d e r an d b ro ad e r s e n se a s s ig n ify in g
to b e s u ppo rt e d an d b o rn e al o n g by an y m e an s o f co n vye an c e .

Co m par e B ANI S H ; C O MPE L ; INFLUE NC E .

A n t o n ym s :
S e e s yn o n y m s fo r DR A W .

Prepo s itio n s

D ri v
e to m a rk e t ; v
t o d e s pa ir ; d ri e i n t o e x ile ; f r o m o n e
’
s

pre se n ce o u t of t h e c ity v
d r i e b y , w i t h , o r u n d er t h e l as h ; d r i ve

b y o r p a s t b e au t ifu l e s t at e s ; a lo n g t h e b eac h ; b es id e t h e riv

er ;

t h r o u gh t h e pa rk ; a cr o ss t h e fi e ld ; a r o un d t h e s qu are ; to t h e
d o o r ; i n t o t h e b arn o u t of t h e s u n s h in e .

D U P LI C A T E .

S yn ym s
o n
copy . fa c s i m i l e , l ik e n e s s , r e pr o d u ct i o n ,

c o u n t e rp a r t , imit at ion , r e pl i c a , tr a n s c ri p t .

A cop y is as n e arl y l ike t h e o rig in al as th e c o py i s t h a s po w e r

t o m ake it a d up li ca t e i s e xa c t l y l ik e t h e o rig in al a carb o n cop y

of a t y pe w rit t e n d o cu m e n t m u st b e a d up li ca t e w e m ay h a e an v
in acc ura t e Cop y , b ut ne v
e r an in a cc urat e d up li ca t e A f a cs i mi le
.

i s l i ke t h e o r ig in al in a ppeara n c e a d up li ca t e is t h e sa me as th e
o ri g i n a l in s ub s t a n c e a n d e ff e c t a f a cs imi le o f t h e D e cl arat io n of

In d e pe n d en c e is n ot a d up li ca t e . A f a cs i mi le o f a k e y m igh t be
qu it e u se l e ss a d up li c a t e w ill o pe n t h e l oo k A co u n t erp a r t e x .

ac t ly c o rre s po n d s t o an o t h er o b j e c t , b ut pe rh a ps w it h o ut d e s ig n ,

w h ile a cop y is in t e n t io n al . An i mi t a t i on is a l w ay s t h o u gh t o f as

in fe rio r t o t h e o r ig in a l a s , an i mi t a t i o n of M ilt o n . A r ep li ca is
a cop y o f a w o rk o f art b y t h e m a ke r of th e o ri g in al . l n la w , a

cop y o f a n in s t ru m e n t h as in it se lf no a u t h o ri t y ; the s ig n a t ure s ,

as w e ll m at t ers m a y b e co pie d a d upli ca t e is re ally an

as o t h e r ,

o ri gin a l c o n t a in in g t h e s a m e pro v
, is io n s an d s ign e d b y t h e s am e
pe rs o n s so t h a t i t m ay h a v
, e in a ll re s pe c t s t h e s a m e fo r ce a n d e f

f e e t ; a t r a n scr ip t is an o ffic ia l cop y, au t h e n t ic a t e d b y t h e s ig n a

t ure o f t h e pro pe r o ffi c e r , a n d b y t h e se a l o f t h e a ppro priat e co urt .

W h il e s t ri c t l y t h e re c o ul d b e b ut on e d up li ca t e , t h e w o rd is n ow

e xt en d ed to an in d e fi n i t e mb er o f
nu e x a ct cop i es . Rep r o d u ct i o n
is c h i e fl y a ppl ie d to liv
in g o rg an is m s .

A n t ym s
o n
arch e t ype , mo d el , o rigin al , patt ern , prot o t ype .
 d uty
eager 142

D UT Y .

S yn o n ym s

acco un t ab il ity , fu n c t i o n , fli c e ,
o rig ht,
b us in e s s , o b li g ation , re spo n sib il it y , ri g h t e o usn e ss .

E t y m o lo g ic all y , d u t y is t h at w h ich i s ow ed or d ue o b li g a ti on ,

t h at t o or b y w hi ch on e i s b o un d ; ri gh t , t h at w h ic h i s c o rre ct ,
s t raigh t , or in t h e d ire c t lin e o f t rut h an d go o d n e ss ; r esp o n s i
b i li ty t h a t fo r w h ic h
. on e m us t an s w e r . D ut y an d r esp o n s i b ili ty

are t h o ug h t o f as to so m e pe rso n pe rs o n s r i g h t i s i m pe rso n al

or .

d u t y m ay b e t o o r t o h i m se lf ; h is o b li g a t i o n s an d
’
O ne s o t h e rs

r esp o n s ibili ti es are t o o th e rs . D u ty arise s fro m t h e n at u re o f

t hi n g s ; o b li g a t i o n an d r esp o n s ib i li ty m ay be cre a t e d by c irc u m
pro m is e , o r b y t h e a c ce pt an c e o f
’
s t a n c es , as by on e s o w n a t ru s t ,
etc . We s pe a k o f a pare n t s d u t y, a d e b t o r s o b li ga t i o n
’ ’
or of a
’ ’
c h il d s d uty o f o b e d ie n ce , pare n t s r esp o n s ibi li ty fo r t h e
an d a

c h ild s R igh t i s t h at w h ich a c c o rd s w it h t h e m o r al s y s

’
w e lfare .

t e m o f t h e uni v er se R i g h t eo u sn es s i s r i g h t i n carn at e d in ac t io n
. .

In a m o re l im it e d se n se r i gh t m ay b e u se d o f w h at o n e m ay,

righ t l y c l a im a n d so b e t h e co n v
’
e r se o f d u t y
,
It is t h e c re di t o r s .

r i gh t t o d e m an d pay m e n t an d t h e d e b t o r s d u t y t o pay Co mpare

’
.
,

B US INE S S .

E AG E R .

Syn ym s
o n

a n im at e d d e s iro u s , g l ow in g , i m p o rt u n at e l on gin g ,
v
, ,
a n xi o u s , e arn e s t . h ot , in t en s e , eh ement ,
ard e n t , e n th u sia stic , impatie n t , in t en t , y e a rn i n g ,
b u rn i n g , v
fe r e n t , imp e tu o u s , k een , ze alous .

O n e is ea g er w h o im pa t ien t ly d es ire s t o acco m pli s h so me en d ;

on e is e a r n es t w it h a d e s ir e t h at is l ess i mpat ie n t , b u t mo r e d e e p ,

r eso l ut e , a n d co n s t an t on e is a n xi o u s w it h a d e s ir e t h at fo rese e s
r at h e r t h e pain o f di s appo in t m e n t t h an t h e d el igh t o f att ain m e n t .

One is ea ger fo r t h e gr a t ifi cat io n o f an y appe t it e o r pass io n h e is

e a r n es t in co n v
ict io n pu rpo s e , o r ch ara c t er
,
E a ger u s u all y r e fe rs .

to m e s pe c ifi c
so an d im m e d ia t e s a t is fa c t io n , e a r n es t t o s o m e t h in g

pe rm an e n t an d e n d urin g t h e pa t rio t ic so l di e r is e a rn e s t in h i s
de v
o t io n t o h is co un t ry , ea ger fo r a d e c is i vbe at t l e .

Ant ym
o n s

apat h e t i c , co o l ,
c al m d is pass io n at e ,
c arel ess , f rig id ,
co ld , h e e d le s s ,
Prep o s i t i o n s

v
.

E a g er f o r (mo re rar e l y a f ter) fa o r, h o n o r, et c .

; e ager in

purs uit .
 e fi
‘

ro n t e r y 144

impart at io n of kn o wled ge , b u t t o t h e exe i s in g o f o n e in act io n s

'

D i sci pli n eli s s ys t e m a t ic an d rig

m
w it h t h e d e s ig n t o fo rm h ab it s ’
.

o ro u s t r a i n i n g , w it h t h e id e a o f s u b ec t io n
j to a u t h o rity an d per
h aps of pu n is h me n t T u i t i o n i s t h e t ech n ic al t e rm fo r
. t ea ch i n g
as the b us in e s s o f an in s tr u c t o r o r a s in t h e ro u t in e o f a s ch o o l

t u i t i o n is
-
n arr o w e r t h an t ea ch i n g , n ot , l i k e t h e l a t t e r w o rd , i n
c l u d in g tr a i n in g . S t ud y is e m ph a t i cally w h at on e d o es fo r hi m
se lf . We s pe a k o f t h e t ea chi n g , t r a i n i n g, or d i scip li n e , b ut n ot

of the ed u ca t i on o r t u i tio n of a d og or a h o rs e . B r ee d i n g an d

n ur t u r e in c lu d e t e a ch i n g an d tr a i n i n g, d ire c t e d b y
e s pec i a ll y a s

an d d epe n d e n t u po n h o m e lif e an d pe rs o n a l a s s o c i a t io n b r eed i n g

v
h a in g r e fe re n ce l ar g e l y t o m an n e rs w it h su c h qu ali t ies as ar e
v
d ee m e d di s t in c t i e ly c h ar a c t e ris t ic o f h ig h b irt h n u r t u r e ( lit e r

v
a ll y n o u r i s h i n g) h a in g m o re d ir e c t r e f er e n c e t o m o ra l qu a lit ie s ,

n ot o v t h e ph y s ic al an d m e n t al
e rl o o kin g K n o wl ed ge an d l e a r n .

i n g t e ll n o t h in g o f m e n t al d e e l o pm e n t apart fro m t h e c apa c it y v

t o a c qu ir e an d r e m e m b er , an d n o t h in g w h at e e r o f t h at m o ral v
de v
e l o pm e nt w h ich is in c l u d e d in e d u ca t i o n in it s fu ll e s t an d

n o b l es t se n se ; m ay b e ac quire d b y o n e s un aid e d
le a r n i n g , t o o
’

in d u st ry b ut a n y f ul l e d u ca t i o n m u st b e t h e re s u l t in gre a t part
,

of i n s t r u ct i o n , t r a i n i n g, an d per so n a l a sso c ia t io n S t u d y is .

e m ph a t i c a ll y w h at on e d o es fo r h im se lf , an d in w h ich i n s t ru ct i o n
an d tui ti o n o nl y
po in t t h e w ay , e n co ur ag e t h e s t u d e n t t o
can

v
a d an ce an d r e m o e o b s t a c l es ;
, v
ig o ro u s , pe rs e e rin g s t u d y i s v v
o n e o f t h e b e st e l e m e n t s o f t r a i n i n g S t u d y is al s o u s e d in t h e .

sen se of t h e t h in g s t ud i e d , a s u b e ct
j t o b e m as t e r e d b y s t ud y a ,

s t u di o u s purs u it . Co m par e KN O W L E DGE ; R E FINE M E NT ; WIS D O M .

A n t o n ym s

ign o ran ce , illit e racy .

Co m pa r e s yn o n y m s fo r IGN O R A NT .

E F F R O NT E R Y .

Syn o n yln s

a s s ura n c e , b o ld n e ss , h ardih o o d , in s ol e n ce ,
a ud a ci ty , b ra s s , impud e n ce , s h am e l e s sn e ss .

A u d a ci t y , in t h e s en s e h e re c o n s i d e re d , is a r e c kl e s s d e fi an c e of

l aw , d e c e n c y , pu b lic o pin io n , o r pe r so n al r ig h t s , c l a im s , o r i e w s v ,

a ppr o a c h i n g t h e m e a n in
g o f i mp u d en ce o r s h a me l es sn e s s , b ut
al w a y s c arry in g t h e t h o ugh t of th e
pe rs o n al ri s k t h at o n e di sre
g ard s in s u c h d e fi a n c e t h e m e r e l y i mp ud en t o r s h a m eless pers o n
m ay t a k e n o t h o u gh t o f c o n s e que n c e s ; t h e a ud a ci o us perso n
 e g o t is ni

re co g n i z e s an d r e c kl e s s l y b ra v
es t h em . H a r d ih o o d d e fi es an d

j ud g m e n t m en Efi ro n t er y (L jfr o n s
’
d isre gard s t h e ra t io n a l of . . e ,

b are face d , s h a m e l e ss ad d s to a u d a ci t y an d h a r d ih o o d t h e s pe c ial

)
elem en t of d e fi an ce of c o n s id e ra t io n s pro pri e t y , d u t y , an d
of

re s pe c t fo r o t h e rs , ye t not t o th e e x t e n t i m pl ie d in imp ud e n ce o r

sha meless n es s I mp ud en ce d is re gar d s w h a t is d u e t o s upe rio rs ;

.

s h a me lessn ess d e fi es d e ce n c y B o l d n es s is fo rw a rd s t e ppin g c o u r

.
z

a g e , s po k e n o f w it h re fe re n c e t o t h e pr e s e n c e a n d o b s e r a t io n o f v
o t h e rs ; b o ld n ess , i n t h e g o o d s e n se ,
i s c o u ra g e i e w e d f ro m t h e v
o ut s id e b ut t h e w o rd is fr e qu e n t ly u se d in an u n fa v
o rab l e s e n se

t o in d ica t e a la ck of pro pe r s e n s it i v
e n es s an d m o d e st y . Co m pa re
ASSU R A NC E ; BR A V E
A nt o n ym s
b ash fuln e ss , v
s en s it i e n es s ,
c o yn e s s , s h ri n k i n g,

E G O T ISM .

S yn o n ym s
t, s e l f =a s s e r t i o n l f: c o n fi d e n c e , se l f =e s t e e m
v
con cei , se ,

egois m , sel f =c o n cei t , s e l f =c o n s c 1 0 u s n e s s , an i ty .

E go i sm i s g i in g t h e v
I u n d u e s u pr e m ac y in t h o u gh t
“
ego

v
t i s m i s gi in g t h e I u n d u e pro m in e n c e in s pe e c h E go t i s m i s .

s o m e t im e s u se d in t h e s en se o f ego i s m, o r s upre m e re ga r d fo r o n e

se lf . S elfi a sser t i o n is t h e c l ai m b y w o rd , ac t , o r m a n n e r o f w h at
vs t ov
e re st i m a t e o f o n e s
’
on e b e lie e o b e h is d u e s el f s co n ceit is an

ow n po w e rs o r d e s e rt s . Co n cei t is a b r ie fe r e x pre s s io n fo r s el f :

co n cei t w it h al w ay s an o ffe n s i v
e i m pl icat io n s el
f z co n cei t is ri d io

u l o us o r pit iab l e co n ce i t ar o u se s re sen t m e n t T h e r e i s a w o rt h y .

s elf = co nfi d en ce w hi ch s prin g s fro m c o n sc i o u s n e ss o f re c t it u d e an d

of po w e r e qu al t o d e m an d s . S e lf s a sser t i o n at t im es b e co m e s a

d u t y ; b u t s e lf co n ce i t is al w a y s a w e a kn es s
s S elf co n s ci o u s n es s .
s

’
is t h e k eepin g o f o n e s t h o ugh t s u po n o n e s e l f , w it h t h e c o n s t an t
a n x io u s qu e s t io n o f w h a t o t h ers w il l t h in k Va n i t y is an o e r . v
w e e ni n g ad m ira t io n o f se lf , c ra v
i g n e qu a l a d mira t io n fro m o t h ers ;
s el f s con s ci o u s n ess is m m o nl y pa in ful
t o it s po sse sso r ,
co a n i ty v
al w ay s a so ur c e o f s at is fa ct io n , e x ce pt a s i t fail s t o rec e i e i t s v
s uppo se d d u e S elf = es t eem is m o re s o lid an d b e t t e r fo u n d e d t h an
.

self s co n cei t b ut is o rd in arily a w e ak n e ss , a n d n e e r h as t h e v

w o rt h y s e n s e o f s el f z co n fid en ce . Co m par e A SS U RA NC E PRID E .

A n t o n ym s
b ashful n e ss , d ifli d en ce , mo d es t y , s e lfs f o rget ful ne ss , un o b t rus i e n e s s , v
d e fere n ce , h umi lit y , s elf s d is t rus t , s h yn e s s , un o s t e n t at io us n e ss .

10
 e mb l em 146

EM B L EM .

S yn o n ym s

a t tr i b u t e ,
’
ng ure , im ag e , s ig n , s y mb o l , tok en , t ype .
_

E mb lem is t h e E n g h s h fo rm o f emb l ema , a L a t in w o rd o f G re e k

o r igin , s ig n ify in g a fi gure b e at e n o ut o n a m e t a llic e s s e l b y b lo w s v
fr o m w it h in ; al s o , a fi g ur e inl ai d in w o o d , s t o n e , o r o t h er m at e
ri al as a co py o f s o me n a t ura l o b ec t j . T h e G re e k w o rd sy mb o lo n
d en o t e d a v
ic to r s
’
w re at h , a c h e ck , o r an y o b e c t j t h at m i gh t b e
co m pa r e d w it h , or fo un d t o c o rre s po n d w it h an o t h e r , w h eth er
t h e r e w as or w as n o t a n yt h in g in t h e o b ec t s co
j mpare d t o s u g ge s t
th e co m pa ris o n . T h us an e mb lem rese m b l es ,
a s y mb o l re pr e s e n t s .

An mb lem h as so m e n at u ral fi t n ess t o s ugg es t t h a t fo r w h ich i t

e

s t an d s a s ymb o l h as b e e n ch o s e n o r a gre e d u po n t o s u gg e s t s o m e

t h in g els e , w it h or w it h o u t n a t ura l fit n e s s a s i gn d o es ac t u a l ly

s ug g es t t h e t h in g w it h or w i t h o ut re a so n , an d w it h or w i t h o u t in
t e n t io n o r c h o ice . A sy mb o l m ay b e a l so an mb lem
e ; t h us t h e
e lem e n t s o f b re a d an d w in e in t h e L o rd s S u pper a re b o t h a ppro ’

prl at e emb lems an d h is o w n c h o s e n s ymb o ls o f s u ffe r in g an d d e a t h .

A s t at e m e n t o f d o c t rin es i s o ft e n c all e d a symb o l o f fait h b u t it

i s n o t an emb lem O n t h e o t h er h an d t h e s a m e t h in g m ay b e
.
,

b o th a s i gn an d a s y mb o l a l e t t er of th e al ph ab e t is a sig n w h ic h
in d ic at e s a so un d ; b ut l e t t ers a re o ft e n u se d as m at h e m at ic al ,

ch e m ic a l , o r ast ro n o m ic a l s y mb o ls . A t o ken i s s o m e t h in g g iven

or d on e as a ple d g e o r e x pre ss io n o f fe e lin g o r i n t e n t ; w hi l e t h e

s i gn m ay b e u n in t e n t io n a l , t h e t o ken i s o l un t a ry ; k in d l o o ks m a y v
be s i gn s o f re g ar d g ift is a t o ken a r in g w h ic h i s a n a t ura l em
a .

b lem o f e t e rni t y , an d a l s o it s a c c e pt e d s ymb o l , is fr e qu e n t l y g i e n v

a s a t o ken o f fri e n d s h ip o r l o e v
A fi gur e in t h e s e n s e h e re c o n
.

s id e re d is so m e t h in g t h a t re pre s e n t s an id e a t o t h e m in d so m e w h at
as a fo rm is r epre s e n t e d to th e ey e , a s in d ra w in g , pa in t in g , o r
s c ulpt ure a s r e pres e n t in g a fu t u re r e a li t y , a fi gu re m ay b e prac

t ica ll y t h e sa me as a t yp e . A n i ma g e i s a vi s ib l e re pre s e n t a t io n ,

e s pe c iall y in s c ul pt u re , h a in g v o r s u ppo s e d to h a v e a c lo s e res e m

b l an ce t o t h a t w h ich it re pre s e n t s .A t yp e i s in re lig io n a re pre

s e n t a t io n o f a
gre at e r re al it y t o c o m e ; w e s pe a k o f o n e o b e c t as j
t h e t yp e o f t h e c l a ss w h o s e c h arac t e ri s t i c s i t e x h ib it s , a s in t h e
c a s e o f an im a l or vg e e t ab l e t yp es . An a t t r ib u t e in a rt is so me ac

c e s s o ry u s e d to c h a r a c t e r iz e th e t t ri b u t e is
a fi gu re o r s c en e ; a

o ft e n a n e mb lem o r s ymb o l t h u s t h e e a gl e i s t h e a tt r i b u t e o f S t .

Jo h n as an e mb l em o f l o f t y s irit u a l v
i s io n Co m par e S IGN
p . .
 en d 148

of t h e tran s a ct io n is re fe rr e d to , en ga ge d , o r po ss ib l y e mp lo yed ,

a t a ce rt a in sal ary .

P rep o si t io n s

E m plo y i n , on , up o n , o r a bou t a w o rk , b us in e s s , et c for a

purpo s e a t a s t ipu l at e d sal ary .

E ND ,
Syn o n ym s .

b re ak cl o s e . con clud e , e xp i r e , q uit , t e rm i n a t e ,

cease , comple te , d e sist , fi n ish , stop, W i n d up .

T h at en d s , o r is en d ed , o f w h i c h t h e re i s no m o re w h e t h e r
, or

n ot m o re w as in t e n d e d or n eed ed t h at is c lo sed , co mp le t e d , co n

clu d e d , or m e t o an e x pe ct e d o r appro priat e

fi n i s h ed w h ic h h a s co

en d . A s pe e c h m ay b e en d e d a l m o s t a s s o o n a s b e g u n b e caus e o f ,

t h e s pea ke r s illn e s s o r o f t um u l t i n t h e a u di en c e ; in s uc h a c a se,

’
,

t h e s pe ec h is n e it h e r clo se d co mp l et ed n o r fi n i s h e d n o r in t h e , , , ,

s t ri c t se n se co n cl u d ed A n argum e n t m ay b e clo sed w it h n o t h

, .

in g pro v e d ; w h e n a n arg u m e n t i s co n cl u d e d a ll t h at i s d e e m e d

n ece ssar y v
t o pro e t h e po in t h as b ee n s t a t e d To .
fin i sh is t o d o
the l as t t h in g t h e r e is t o d o ; as , “
I h a e fi n i s h ed v my co u rs e , 2
T im i . v7 , . m e an n o t m ere l y t o co mp le t e in
F i n i s h h as co me to ,

t h e e s se n t ia l s , b u t t o perfe c t in a ll t h e m in u t e d e t a il s , a s in t h e e x
T h e e n um e ra t io n i s
”
pre s si o n t o a d d t h e fin i s hi n g t o u c h e s .

c o mp l e t e d ; t h e po e m t h e pic t ure , t h e s t at u e is fin i s h e d
,
T o t er .

mi n a t e m ay b e e it h e r t o b rin g t o an arb it rary o r t o an appro priat e

end a s , h e t er mi n a t ed h is re m ark s a b rupt l y ; t h e s pire t er mi n a t es

in a c ro ss A t h in g s t op s t h a t co m es t o r e s t fro m m o t io n ; o r t h e
.

m o t io n s t op s o r cea ses w h en t h e o b j e ct co me s t o re s t s t op t re
qu e n t ly s ig n ifi e s t o b rin g o r co m e t o a s u d d e n an d d e c id e d c e ss a
t io n o f m o t io n , pro g re ss o r a c t io n o f an y kin d Co m pare D O ;
, .

TRA NS A CT .

An t o n ym s

S ee s yn o n y m n s fo r B E GIN .

E ND ,
n.
Syn o n ym s

acco m pl i s h m e n t
vm e
,
a ch ie e n t ,

b oun d ,
b o u n d a ry ,
c e s s ation ,
cl o s e ,
c o m pl e t i o n ,
c o n clus io n ,
con seque n ce ,
c on s umm ation ,
d e sign .
 I49 en d ea v v
o r, .

The is t h e t e rm in al part o f a m at erial o b j ect t h at h as

en d

v
l en gt h ; t h e ex t r emi ty is d ist in c t i e l y t h e t e rm in a l p o i n t , an d m ay
t h u s b e b ut part o f t h e e n d in t h e g e n e ral se n se o f t h at w o rd the
t
e x re mi t y is v
ie w e d as t h at w h ic h is mo st re m o t e fro m so m e ce n

t er, orm e m e an o r
so s t a n d ard po s it io n ; t h e s o u t h ern en d of

S o u t h A m e rica in cl u d e s a l l Pa t a g o ni a , t h e s o u t h ern ex t r emi t y or

p o i n t is Ca pe H o rn T ip h as n e arl y t h e s am e m e an i n g
. as ex

tr emi t y, b u t is s a id o f s m all o r s ligh t an d t a pe rin g o b j e ct s as , th e

t ip t h e fi n g e r ; p o i n t in su c h c o n n ec t io n s is s ai d o f t h at w h ic h
of

is d ra w n o ut t o e x c e e d in g fi n e n e ss o r s h arpn e ss , as t h e p o i n t o f a
n ee d le , a fo rk , o r a s w o rd ex tr e mi ty is s aid o f s o m et h in g c o ns id
e rab l e w e do n o t s pea k o f th e ex t r emi t y o f a n e e d l e T er mi n u s is .

ch ie fl y u se d t o d e s i g n at e t h e en d o f a lin e of t rav
e l o r t r an spo rt a

t io n : s pe ci fi cal l y , t h e fu r t h e r m o s t s t at io n in an y di re ct io n on a

ra ilw ay , o r by e x t e n s io n t h e t ow n or v
i ll age w h e r e it i s s it u a t e d .

T e rmi n a t i o n is t h e L a t in an d m o re fo rm al w o rd fo r t h e S ax o n
en d , b ut i s c h ie fl y u se d o f t im e , w o rd s , u n d ert akin g s , o r a b s t rac

t io n s o f an y kin d . E xp i ra t i o n s ign ifi es the co m i n g to an en d in

t he n a t ur al co ur se o f t h in gs ; as , the exp ir a t i o n o f a
y e ar , o r o f a
l ease ; it is u se d o f t h in g s o f so m e co n se que n ce ; w e d o n o t o rd i

n arily s pe ak o f t h e exp i ra t i o n o f a n h o u r o r o f a d a y L i mit i m .

plies so m e ch e c k t o or r e s t ra in t upo n fu r t h e r ad v
a n ce , rig h t , o r

v
pri il e ge ; as , t h e li mi t s of an es t a t e ( co mpare B O UN D A RY) . A
g o a l is a n en d so ug h t o r s t ri v
e n fo r, as in a ra c e F o r th e fi g ura
.

ti v
e se n s e s o f en d an d it s a s s o cia t e d w o rd s , co m par e t h e s y n o n y m s

fo r t h e v b E ND ;
er a lso fo r A IM CO NS E QE NCE ; D E S IGN .

A n to n ym s

S e e s yn o n ym s fo r BE GINNING .

E ND E A v oR ,
v .

Syn ym s
o n

at t e mp t , e s say , s t ri ve , t ry , u n d e rt a k e .

To a tt emp t i s t o t ak e ac t io n so m e w h a t e x pe rim e n t all y w it h t h e

h o pe purpo s e o f ac c o m pl is h in g a c e rt ain resu l t t o en d ea o r
an d v
is t o a ttemp t s tre n u o u s ly an d w it h fi rm an d e n d ur in g purpo se
v
.

T o a tt emp t e x presses a sin gl e ac t ; t o en d ea o r , a c o n t in u o us

e x e rt io n ; w e s ay I w ill en d e a o r v (n o t I w ill a ttemp t ) w h il e I li v e .

To a tt e mp t is w i t h the v
i we o f acco m plis h in g ; t o essa y , w i t h a

v
i w e of t es t in g o ur o w n po w e rs T o un d er t a ke is t o ac c e pt
. or

t ake upo n o n ese lf as an o b liga t io n , as s o m e b u s in e s s , l a b o r , or

t rust ; t h e w o rd o ft en impli e s co mpl et e assur an ce o f s ucce ss as ,

 en d ea vr o , n .

en d u re

I w ill u n d er t a ke t o pro d uc e t h e wi t n e s s . To s tr i v ug g
e s e st s litt l e
of th e r e s ul t , m u ch o f t o i l , s t rain , a n d c o n t es t , in s e ekin g it ; I
w ill s tr i vte o fulfil y o ur w is h e s , i e , I w ill s pare n o . . l ab o r a n d
e x e rt i o n to do it T r y is t h e m o s t c o m pre h e n s i e o f t h e se w o rd s
. v .

The o r i gi n a l id ea of m e n t in g i s n o t t h o ugh t o f
t e s t in g o r e x pe ri

m an T o a t t emp t s u g g e s t s g iv
”
w h en a s ay s I w ill t r y . in g up if ,

t h e t h in g i s n o t ac co m pli s h e d a t a s t ro k e ; t o t r y i m pl ie s u s in g

o th er m e an s a n d s t u d y in g o u t o t h e r w ay s if n o t at fi rs t s u cce s s ful .

E n d ea vor is m o r e m ild an d fo rm al t h e pil o t in t h e b u rni n g pilo t :

h o u se d o e s n o t s ay I w ill e n d ea v or or I w ill a t t emp t t o h o l d
”
I ll t r y , s ir
’
t h e s h ip t o h e r co ur s e , b ut
A n to n ym s

E ND E A vR o ,
n.
Syn o n ym s

mpt ion tri al

‘

atte e fl o rt e s s ay e x e rt stru ggle

vl u
, , , , , .

Efi o r t d e n o t e s t h e o n t ary put t in g fo rt h o f po w er t o att ain

or acc o m plish so me s pec ifi c t h in g ; it re ac h e s t o w ard a d e fi n i t e
en d ; ex er ti o n i s put t in g fo rt h o f po w e r w it h o ut s pe c ia l
a re fe r

e n ce to an o b j e ct . v
E e ry efi o r t is an ex er t i o n , b ut n o t
’

e vy er

A tt emp t i s m o re e x perim e n t al
’
exer t i o n is an e fiort . t h an e ffo r t ,

e n d ea v or less s t re n u o u s b u t m o re co n t i n u o u s .An effo r t i s a sin

gl e a c t , an en d ea v o r a co n t in u e d s e rie s o f a c t s ; an en d ea v i or s

s u s t ain e d an d e n d urin g , a n d m ay b e l ife l o n g ; w e do n ot h v a e a

so c ie t y o f Ch ris t ian A t t emp t , or o f Ch ris tian Ejfo r t , b ut of Chr is

t ian E n d ea v or . A s tr u ggle is a v
i l
o en t e jfo rt o r s t r e n u o us ex er

ti o n . An es s a y is an a t t e mp t effo r t, , o r en d ea v or m ad e as a t est
of t h e po w ers of th e on e w h o m a kes it . Co m pare E ND E A VO R , v .

E ND U R E .

Syn o n ym s

ab id e , b e ar, b ro ok , s ub mit to , sus t ain ,

p e rm i t ,
‘

a n o r a, b e ar up un d er, s u ff e r , t o l e ra t e ,
allow , b e ar w ith , put up w ith , s u pp o rt , u n d e rg o .

B ea r is t h e m o s t g e n e ral o f t h ese w o rd s ; i t is m e t aph o ric a lly

t o h o ld k e ep up a b ur d e n o f c are , pain , grie f , a nn o y an c e , o r
up o r

t h e like , w it h o u t s ink in g , l am e n t in g , o r r epin in g A llo w an d p er .

vv
mi t in o l e l arg e co n c e s s io n o f t h e w ill p u t up wi th an d t o lera te
im pl y d ec i d e d a v e rs io n an d re l uc t an t w it hh o l d in g o f o ppo s it io n o r
 en m it y
en t ert ai n 152

E NM I T Y .

Syn o n ym s

a cri m b i t t e rn e s s , i l l w il l m a l i g n it y ,
m ale v
ony , ,

an i m
o sit y , h a t re d , olen ce , ran co r,
an tagonis m , h o s t ili t y , m al ice , spi te .

E n mi t y i s t h e s t at e o f b e in g an e n e my or t h e fe e lin g a n d d ispo
s it io u c h arac te riz in g a n e n e my ( c o m pare E NE M Y) A n i mo s i t y d e .

n o t es a fe e lin g m o re a c t i v e an d v e h e m e n t b u t o ft e n l e s s e n d u ri n g ,

an d d e t erm in e d t h an en mi t y E n mi ty d is t in c t l y re co g n iz e s it s
,
.

o b j e c t a s a n e n e m y t o b e m e t o r d e al t w i t h acco rd i n gl y
,
H o st i l .

i t y is e n mi t y in a c t io n ; t h e t e rm h o s t ili t i es b e t w e en n at io n s d e
n o t e s a c tu al a rm e d c o lli s io n B i t t ern ess is a res en t fu l fee li n g .

a ri s in g fro m a b e li e f t h a t o n e h a s b e e n w ro n g e d ; a cri mo n y is a

kin d re d f e e lin g b u t d e eper an d m o r e pe rs is t e n t an d m ay arise

, ,

fro m t h e cro s s in g o f o n e s w is h es o r pl an s b y an o t h e r w h e re n o
’
,

in j u s t ice o r w ro n g is fe l t A n t a go n i s m as b e t w e e n t w o c o m pe t in g
.
,

au t h o rs o r m erc h a n t s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a ri ly im pl y e n mi t y b u t o r
, ,

d in a rily s u gg es t s a sh a d e , a t l e as t , of h o s t il e fe e lin g . M a li ce is a

d is po s it io n or in t e n t t o in j ure t h er s , fo r t h e g rat ifi ca t io n o f so m e
o

e v
il p ass io n ma li gn i t y is
; v
in t e n s e an d io l e n t en mi t y, h a tred , o r
ma li ce . Co m pare s yn o n ym s fo r A CRIM O NY ; A NGE R H A TRE D .

A n t o n ym s

a
.
eemen t ,
a l an ce ,

E NT E R T A I N .

S y no n ms
y
a muse ch e e r. d i s p o rt v
li e n , in t ere st pl e a s e
v
. , en , ,

b e g uil e , d e li g h t , d i e rt , g r a t i fy , o c c up y , r e c re a te .

To en t er t a i n , in t h e s en s e h e re c o n s i d er e d , is t o e n g ag e an d

pl e a s an t l y o cc upy th e a tt e n t io n to a muse is t o o c c upy the at t e n

t io n in an e s pe c ially b righ t an d c h ee rful w ay , o ft e n w it h t h a t

w h ic h e x c it e s merrime n t or l a u gh t e r as , he en t er t a i n e d u s w i th
an a mu s i n g st o ry . To di vter is t o t urn fro m s e ri o u s t h o u gh t s
or l ab o rio us purs uit s t o s o m et h in g t h a t l igh t l y an d a gre ea b ly c c

c upi es t h e m in d ; o n e m ay b e e n t er t a i n ed o r a mu s ed w h o h as
n o t h in g se rio u s o r l ab o rio u s fro m w hich t o b e d i vt er ed . To reer e

a t e, l it era l ly t o re s c re a t e , is t o e n g ag e min d or b o d y in so m e pl e as
in g act i v
it y t h at re s t o re s s tr e n g th an d e n e rg y fo r s e rio u s w o rk .

T o b egui le is , a s it w e re , t o ch e at in t o c h e e r a n d co m fo r t b y so m e
t hi n g t h at in se n s ib ly d raw s th o u gh t o r fe e lin g aw ay fr o m pa in o r
di s quie t . We b eguile a w eary h o ur, ch eer t h e d espo n d en t , d i vt er

t h e pre occupie d , en li en av d ull e v

e i n ng o r co mpan y, gra tify o ur
 en t e rt a i n m e n t
153 en th u sia sm

frie n d s ’
w is h e s , en t er t a i n ,i n t e res t , p lea se a l is t e n in g a u d ie n ce ,
o c cup y i d l e t im e , v
d i sp o r t o urs e l e s w h e n m e rry , r e cre a t e w h e n
w o rn w it h t o il ; w e a mus e o u rse l v
o r o t h e rs w i t h w h at e e r es v
pl e a san t l y pa s s es t h e t ime w it h o ut s pe c ial e x e rt io n , e ac h ac co rd in g
t o h is t as t e .

A n to ym s n

an n o y , b o re , b us y, d is quie t , d is t ract , d ist urb , t ire , weary .

E NT E R T A I NM E NT .

S yn o n ym s

am u s e ment ,
d i ve rs ion , fu n , pl e as ure ,

ch e e r, e nj oy me n t , m e rr i m e n t , re cre a tio n ,
d elig h t, fr o l i c , pa s t im e , s p o rt .

E n t e r t a i n men t a n d r ecr e a t i o n i m pl y t h o u gh t an d m e n t al o cc u

pat io n , t h o in an a gree ab l e , r e fr es h in g w ay ; t h e y are t h e r e

fo re w o rd s o f a h igh o rd e r E n t e r t a i n men t , apart fro m it s s pec ial
.

s e n se s o f a pub l ic pe rfo rm an ce o r a so c ia l party , a n d pre d o m

in an t ly e v
e n m e w h at m irt h f ul m e n t al d e ligh t
t h e re , i s u s e d o f so

recr ea t i o n m a y a n d us u all y d o es c o m b i n e t h e m e n t a l w it h t h e
, ,

ph y s ical A mus eme n t an d p a s t i me a re n e arl y e qu iv

. al e n t th e ,

lat t e r pro b a b l y t h e l ig h t e r w o r d ; m an y s ligh t t h in g s m avb e

p a s t i mes w h ic h w e s h o u l d h ar d ly di gn i fy b y t h e n am e o f a mu se
men ts Sp o r t s are al m o s t w h o l ly o n t h e ph y s ical pl an e t h o
.
,

in v o lv in g a c e rt a in g ra d e o f m e n t a l ac t io n ; fo x h un t in g h o rse =
,

rac i n g a n d b a s e b al l are sp o r t s
, Ce r t ain sp o r t s m ay a ff o r d en t e r
.

t a i n m en t o r r ecr e a t i o n t o ce rt ain pe rso n s acco r d in g t o t h e ir in d i ,

v id u al t as t es b u t en t er t a i n men t a n d r e cr ea ti o n are c apab le o f a

m e a n in g so h igh a s n e v e r t o b e a ppro a c h e d b y a n y m e a n in g o f

sp o r t .Ch eer m ay b e v e ry qu i e t a s t h e ch e e r o f a b rig h t fire t o ,

a n a g e d t ra v el er merri men t is w it h l iv e l in e ss a n d l a u g h t e r fu n
an d f r o li c ar e apt t o b e b o is t e ro us A mu s emen t i s a fo rm o f enj o y .

men t b u t enj o ymen t m ay b e t o o k e en t o b e c a ll e d a mu s emen t

, .

Co m par e s y n o n o y m s fo r E NT E RT A IN .

A n t o n ym s

e n n ui, fat igue , las s it ud e , wearin es s ,

E NT H U S I A S M .

S yn o n ym s
a rd o r . e xc it e m t fr e n z y
vt
en , ,
.

d e o i on , e xtra y a gan ce , i n spi rati on ,

e a g e rn e s s f a n a t m rs m in te n si ty
v
, ,

e arn e s tn e ss fe r e n c y , pas sion

v
, ,

e c st a cy , fe r o r , ra pt ure ,

T he old me an in g o f en t h us i a s m implie s a ps e u d mi n sp i r a t i o n ,
 en t ra n ce 154

an a l m o s t fran t ic ex t r a vg a a n ce in b e h a lf of som e t h in g s uppo se d

to b e an e x pr e s s i o n o f v
t h e di in e w ill . T h is se n se re m a in s a s t h e

co n t ro lli n g o n e in t h e kin dr e d n o un en t h u s i a s t . E n t h us i as m h as
n o w c h i e fly th e m e an in g o f an e arn e s t a n d c o m m e n d ab l e d e vti o on ,

an in t e n se an d e a ger in t er es t . A g ain s t t h e h in d ran ces of th e

w o rld , n o t hi n g gre at an d good c an be c arri e d w i th o u t a c e rt a in

f erv
or , i n t en s i t y , an d vhe e men ce t h es e j o in e d w i t h fait h , co ura g e ,

an d h o pe fu ln e s s m ake en t h u s i a s m . Z ea l is b urn in g ea rn es t n ess ,

al w a y s t e n di n g t o v
ig o ro u s a c t io n w it h al l th e d e vti o on o f en t h u

s ia s m t h o o f te n
,
w it h o u t it s h o pe fu ln e s s . Co m pare EA GE R .

Anto ym s
n :

cal cul at io n , caut io n , d e ad n e s s , in d iff eren ce ,

cal mn e s s , co ld n e s s , d uln es s , l uk e warmn es s , warin es s .

E NT R A N C E .

S yn o n ym s

acce ss a ppro a ch i n tro d uct io n

, , ,

acce ssi on , d o o r, open in g

d o o rw a y
.

, p e n e t ra t i o n .

ad mi s smn , e n tre e p o rt a l .

ad m i tt an ce , en t ry ,

E n tr a n ce, t h e a c t o f e n t erin g , re f er s m e rely t o t h e fac t o f pas s

in g fro m w it h o ut t o w it h in so me e n c l o s ur e ; a d mi ss i o n a n d a d

mi t t a n ce r e fe r to e n t er in g by or w it h so m e o n e s
’
co n se n t , o r at

l e ast t o o ppo r t u n it y a ffo r d e d by so me on e s

’
ac t o r n e gl e ct . We
may e ffe c t o r fo rce a n en t r a n ce , b ut not ad mi tt a n ce o r a d mi s s i o n ;
t h o se w e g ain , pro cur e , o b t a in , s e cu r e , w in A d mi t t a n ce re fe rs t o
.

pl ac e , a d mi s s i o n re fe rs t o po s it io n , pri il e ge , f a o r , frie n d
al s o v v
shi p, e t c Ah in t ru d e r m ay g ain a d mi t t a n ce t o t h e h all o f a s o c i
.

e t y w h o w o uld n o t b e all o w e d a d mi ss i o n t o it s m e m b er s hi p Ap .

v
p ro a ch i s a m o e m e n t t o w ar d an o t h e r ; a ccess i s c o m in g a ll the
w ay t o h is pre se n ce , r e co g n it io n , a n d co n s id e ra t io n . A n u n w o rt h y
fa v
o i t e m a y pre v
r en t ev
e t h o se w h o g ain a d mi tt a n ce t o a kin g s
n
‘

au di en c e fro m o b t a in in g an y r e a l a cces s t o t h e ki n g E n t r a n ce .

v
is al so u se d fi g u rat i e ly fo r s e t t in g o ut upo n so m e c are e r , o r b e
co m in g a m em b e r me ’
of so o rg an i z at io n ; as , we s pe a k o f o n e s

en t r a n ce u po n co lle g e l ife , o r o f en t r a n ce in t o t h e m in is t ry .

A n t o n ym s

d e part ure , w it h d raw al .

e gre ss ,

P re p o s itio n s

E n t ran c e i n t o
pl a ce o n o r up o n a w o rk o r co ur s e o f a c t io n
a

i n t o o r u po n o fii c e ; i n t o b a tt l e ; b y o r t h r o u gh t h e d o o r ; wi t h i n
t h e g at e s i n t o o r a mo n g t h e c o m pan y .
 es t eem , v . 156

s c arc e l y t o fa ll sh o rt o f c on d e mn at io n as , a d ub i o us re put a t io n .

Qu es t i o n a ble m a y b e u s e d n e arly in t h e se n se e it h er o f d ub i o u s o r
o f d o u b tf ul a ques t i o n a b l e s t a t e m e n t i s o n e t h a t m u s t b e pro v
ed

b e fo re it c an b e a c ce pt e d . To say t h at
’
h o n e s t y is qu es t i o n a b le
on e s

is a m ild w ay o f s a y in g t h at i n t h e o pi n io n o f t h e s pe ak er h e i s

lik e l y t o pro e d ish o n e s t v E qu i o ca l i s so m e t im es , t h o m o re

. v
ra r e l y , u s e d i n t h is s e n s e A s u sp i ci o us c h arac t er g i e s m a n i fe s t
. v
reaso n t o b e s u s pe c t e d a s u sp i ci o u s t e m pe r i s i n c li n e d t o s u s pe c t

th e moti v
es an d in t e n t io n s of o t h e rs , w it h or w it h o u t r easo n .

Co m par e CLE A R .

A n t o n ym s

cert ain , pers picuo us , v

une qui o cal ,
cl ear, pl ain , un que s t io n ab l e ,
d is t in ct , un a mb iguo us , un ques t io n e d .

E ST E E M ,
v.

S yn o n ym s

a p p re c i a t e con s id er, e s t im a t e p ri z e th in k ,
v
, , ,

c a l c ul a t e , d e e m , h o ld , re g ard , al u e .

E s t eem an d es ti ma t e a lik e im ply t o s e t a ce rt a in m e n t al vlu a e

upo n , m is l e s s pre c ise an d m e rcan t ile t h an ca lcu la te o r

b ut es t ee

es t i ma t e W e es t ee m a j e w e l pre c io us w e es t i ma t e it t o b e w o rt h
.

so m u c h m o n e y T h is s e n s e o f es t eem is n o w c h ie fly f o u n d in lit
.

er a ry o r o ra t o r i c a l s t y l e , an d in c e rt ain con v
e n t io n al phr as es as ,

I es t ee m it an h on or, a fa v or In po pul ar u s a g e es t eem, as s aid o f

.

pe rs o n s , d e n o t es a u n io n o f r e s pe c t an d kin d l y f ee lin g an d , in t h e

h igh e s t se n s e o f m o ra l , a ppro b at io n as , on e w h o m I h ig h ly
es t ee m t h e w o r d m a y b e u se d in a s im il ar se n se o f m at erial

t h in g s o r a b s t rac t i o n s a s , o n e w h o s e fri e n d sh ip I es t ee m a sh ell

gre at ly es t eemed fo r in l a id w o rk . To app re ci a t e an y t h in g is t o

b e d ee pl y o r ke e n l y s e n s ib l e o f o r s e n s it i v e t o it s q ualit ie s o r in
flu e n c e , t o se e it s fu ll im po rt , b e a li v
e to it s val u e , im po rt an c e , o r
w o rt h app r eci a t e b e au t y h arm o n y ; t o app r eci a t e o n e s
’
as , to or

s er v
ice s in a c au se ; t h e w o r d is s im il arl y , t h o r ar e l y , use d o f

pe rso n s T o p ri z e i s t o
. set a h i gh vl ue
a on fo r so m e t hi n g m o re
t h an m ere l y co mm e r c ial re aso n s . v
O n e m ay a lu e so m e o b j e ct , as
a pic t ure , b e y o n d al l price , a s a fam ily h e irl o o m , o r m ay p riz e it
‘

a s t h e g ift o f an es t eemed fri e n d , w it h o ut at a ll a pp r eci a t i n g it s

art i s t i c m erit o r co m m erc ial vlu ea . To r ega r d (F . rega r d er , loo k
a t , o b se r v
e) is t o ha v
e a c ert a in m e n t al v
ie w v o ab l e o r u fa v
fa r or n

a b le ; as , I r ega r d h im as a fri e n d o r, I r ega rd h im as a v ill a in ;

r eg a r d h as a d is t in ct i v
e ly f v a o ra b l e s e n s e a s a ppli e d t o in s t it ut io ns
 es t eem , n .

15 7 e t e rn a l

pro prie t ie s , d u t ie s , e t c , b ut d o e s n o t s h are t h e u se o f t h e

. n o un r e

g a r d as a pplie d t o pe rso n s w e r ega r d t h e S a b b a t h we r ega r d a

pe rso n
’
s fe elin gs ; w e h a v
e a r eg a r d fo r t h e pe rs o n . Co m pare
ES TE E M ,
n .

E ST E E M , n.
Syn o n ym s

e sti mate e sti matio n , fa vo r, re g a rd re s p e ct

v
, , .

E s t eem fo r pers o n i s a fa o r ab l e O pin io n o n t h e b a s is o f

a

w o rt h , e s pe c ia ll y o f m o ra l w o rt h , j o in e d w i t h a fe e li n g o f in t e re s t
in a n d a tt ra c t io n t o w ard t h e perso n R eg a r d fo r a pe rso n is t h e .

m e n t al v
i w e or fe e lin g t h at s prin gs fro m a s e n se o f h is vlua e , ex

ce l l en c e , o r s upe rio rit y , w it h a co rd ia l an d h e art y frie n d l in e ss .

R ega r d is m o re pe rso n al an d l e s s d is t an t t h an es t ee m , an d a d d s a

kin d lin e ss ; r esp ect i s a m o re d is t an t w o rd t h an es t eem

s pe c i a l .

R esp ect m ay b e w h o lly o n o n e s i d e , w h il e rega r d i s m o re o ft e n

m ut u a l ; r esp e ct in t h e ful l es t se n se v
is g i e n t o w h a t is l o ft y ,
w o rth y , an d h o n o rab l e , or to a perso n o f s u c h qu a l it i es w e m ay

pay an e x t e rn al r esp ec t to on e o f l o ft y s t at io n ,
re gard l e s s o f per
s o n al qualit ie s , s h o w in g r esp ect fo r t h e o ffi c e . E s t i ma t e h a s m o re
o f c a l c u l a t io n ; a s , m y es t i ma t e o f t h e m an , or of h is a b il i t i e s , is
v
e y r h ig h . E s t i ma t i o n in vlv o es t h e id e a of c al c u l a t io n or ap

praisal w it h t h a t o f es t eem o r r ega rd , an d is e s pe c ial ly u se d o f t h e

fe e l in g e n t e rt a in e d b y n u m b e rs o f peo pl e ; a s , h e s t o o d h igh in

pub lic e s t i ma t i o n Co m pare E S TE E M ,

. FRIE ND S HIP ; L O VE v .

A n t o n ym s

ab h o rren ce ,
an t ipat h y,

E T E R NA L .

S y n o n ym s
d e ath le s s, fa d e l e s s , n e ve r =f a i l in g , un d y in g ,
en d le ss , i m m o rt a l , p e re n n ia l , un e n d in g
e on ian i m p e ri s h a b l e , p e rp e t u a l , u n fa d i n g ,
v
.

e e r l a s t in g , i n t e rm in ab l e t im e l e s s , u n fa i l i n g ,
e v
e r: l i in g , v n e ve r =e n d i n g , un c e a sin g , w ith o ut e n d .

E t ern a l s t ric t l y w it h o u t b e g in n in g o r e n d , in w h ic h
s i g n ifie s

s e n se it a ppl ie s to v
G o d alo n e ; e er la s t i n g appl ie s t o t h a t w h ich
ma y or m ay n ot ha v
e b e gi n n in g , b u t w ill ne ve r c e a se e t er n a l is
a l so u se d in t h is m o re l im it e d s e n se ; en d less , w i t h o u t en d , i n i ts
u t m o s t r e a ch , is n ot d is t in gu is h a b l e fro m e vl
er a s t in g b ut en d les s

is c o n s t an t l y u se d in in ferio r se n s es , e s pec i a ll y in m e ch an ic s , as in
t h e ph ra se s an e n d les s scre w , a n en d les s c h a in . E vl
er a s t i n g an d

en d les s a re b o t h u se d in a l im it e d s en s e of pro t ract e d , in d e fi n it e ,

 e v en t
e v ery 158

b ut n ot infi ni t e d urat io n ; as , t h e e er l a s t i n g h ill s ; en d less d e v

b ates s o w e s peak o f i n t er mi n a b le qu arre l s E t er n a l h o l d s qui t e .

s t ri c t l y t o th e v
a s t an d s a cre d m e an in g in w h ich it i s a ppli e d to
v
t h e D i in e B e in g an d t h e fu t u r e s t at e . E v
e l r a s t i n g , en d less , an d

e ern a l
t m a y b e appli e d t o t h at w hi ch h as n o li fe as ev er l a s t i n g ,

c h a in s en d les s n i gh t
, e ter n a l d eat h ; i mmo r t a l appli e s t o t h at
,

w hi ch n o w h as li fe an d is fo r ev e r e x e m pt fro m d eat h
,
T i me les s .

c arries , perh aps , t h e f ull e s t i d e a o f e t er n a l, as a b o v

e an d b eyo n d
t im e , an d n o t t o b e m e as ur e d b y it .

E V E NT .
Syn o n ym s

case , con t in g e n cy , fo rt u n e , o ut c o me ,

ch an ce , en d , in cid e n t , po ib i l it y
ss .

circum st an c e , pi s o d e
e , i s su e , re s ult ,
co n se quen ce , fa c t , o c c u rr e n c e s e qu el

v
, .

E ty m o lo g ical ly , t h e i n cid en t is t h at w hi ch fa ll s in , t h e e en t

t h at w hi ch co m es o ut e en vt i
t h us gre at e r an d m o re s ig n al t h an s

i n cid en t ; w e s pe ak o f t riflin g i n ci d en t s , g re at e en t s i n cid en t s v

o f d ail y li fe e en t s o f hi s t o ry
, vCi rcu ms t a n ce a gre e s w ith i n ci .

d en t in d en o t in g a matt e r o f r e lat i el y s ligh t impo rt an c e , b ut im v

pl ie s a m o r e di r e c t co n n e c t io n w it h t h e prin c ipal m att e r c ir c u m
s t an t ia l e id e n ce v is e v id en ce fro m se e m in gl y mi n o r m at t ers
d ir e c t ly c o nn ec t e d w it h a c as e in c id e n t al e v
id e n ce w o uld b e
so me e v
id en c e t h at h appen e d u n ex pe ct e dl y t o t o uch i t A n o ccur .

r en ce is , e t ym o l o gic a lly , t h at w hi ch w e run a gain s t , w it h o ut

t h o u gh t of i ts o ri gin , co nn e c t io n o r t en d e n c y An ep i s o d e is c on

vt
.

n e ct e d w it h t h e m ain c o urs e o f e en s , lik e an i n ci d en t o r ci rc u m

s t a n ce , b ut i s of m o re in d epe n d e n t in t eres t an d im port an c e . O ut
co me is t h e S ax o n , an d e vt
en t h e L at in fo r e xpr e s s in g th e sa me
o rig in a l id ea . Co n s equ en ce o r r es u l t w o uld e x pre ss m o re of l o g ic
a1 co n n e c t io n , an d b e m o re co mpre h e n s iv
e . T he en d m ay b e
si mpl e c ess a t io n ; the e vt en is w h at h a s b ee n a cco m pl is h e d ; th e
e vten of a w ar is v
i t c o ry o r d efe at th e en d o f t h e w ar i s re ach e d

w h e n a t re at y o f pea c e is s ign e d S in ce t h e fut ure is co n t in g en t ,

vt
.

v
e en t c o m e s t o h a e t h e m ean in g v o f a co n t i n gen cy as , in t h e e en

of h is d eat h , t h e pol icy w ill at o n ce fall d ue . Co mpare CIRC UM

S T AN C E ; C O NS E QUE NC E ; E ND .

E VE R Y .

Syn o n ym s

all an y, b o th e a ch e ith er

vy
,

v;
.
, ,

A ll an d b o th a r e c o ll e c t i e a n y , ea c h , an d e er ar e d is t rib u
 exa pl e m
exce s s 160

t h at w h i ch i s di m l y or fa in t l y v
i ibl s e , re qu irin g s t rai n an d e ff o rt in
o rd e r to be se e n ; as , th e s hi p w as d i s cern i b le thr o u gh t h e m is t .

T h at i s co n sp i cu o u s w h ich s t an d s o ut s o as n e cess ari l y o r s tr iki n g l y

to a tt rac t th e a tt en t io n . Pa lp a b le an d t a n gib le e x pre s s m o re

e mph atic all y t h e t h o ugh t of ma n if es t .

A n t ym s
o n

co nceal ed ,
co v
ert ,

d ark ,
h id d en ,

E XA M P L E .

Syn ym s
o n

a rch e t y p e , id e al , pr o t o t y p e , type ,

e n s am pl e , m o d el , s ampl e , w a rn i n g .

e xe mpl ar , p at t e rn , sp e cim e n ,
e xe m p l ifi c at i o n , pre c e d e n t, s t a n d ard ,

F ro m it s o rig in al se n se men (L ex emp lu m)

of sa mp le o r spe ci .

ex a mp le d e ri v e s t h e s e e m in g l y co n t ra di c t o ry m e an in g s o n t h e o n e ,

h an d o f a p a tt er n o r mo d el an d o n t h e o t h er h an d o f a w a r n i n g
,

a s a mp l e o r sp eci men o f w h at i s t o b e fo l l o w e d o r o f w h a t i s t o ,

b e s h un n e d A n ex a mp le h o w e v
. e r m ay b e m o r e t h an a s a mp le
, ,

o r s peci men o f an y c l ass i t m ay b e t h e v e ry a r ch e t yp e o r p r o t o

typ e t o w h ic h t h e w h o l e c l as s m u s t co nf o rm a s w h e n Chr is t is ,

s po k e n o f a s b e in g an ex a mp l e o r l e av in g an ex a mp le fo r h is d is
c ipl e s E x a mple c o mes n ear e r t o t h e po s s ib l e fre e d o m o f t h e
.

mo d el t h a n t o t h e n e ce s sary e x ac t n e s s o f t h e p a t tern o ft e n w e
c an n o t in a giv , en case e x a c t l y im it a t e t h e b es t ex a mp le b u t
, ,

o n l y a d a pt it s t e a c hi n g s t o al t e r e d c irc um s t an ce s In it s a ppl i ca .

t io n t o a pe r so n o r t h in g ex emp la r c an sc ar ce l y b e d is t in g u is h e d
,

fro m ex a mp le b ut ex a mp le i s m o s t fre qu e n t l y u s e d fo r an a c t o r ,

co urse o f a c t i o n fo r w h ic h ex emp l a r is n o t u s e d ; a s o n e s e t s a
, ,

g o o d (o r a b ad ) ex a mp le A n ex emp lifica t i o n is an ill us t ra t iv

. e

w o rkin g o ut in a c t io n o f a prin c ipl e o r l aw , w it h o ut a n y re fe re n ce

t o it s b ein g co pi e d o r re pe a t e d an ex a mp le g u id e s , an exe mp lifi

ca t i o n il l us t r a t e s o r e x pl a in s . E n s a mp le is t h e sa me as ex a mp le

b ut i s prac t ica ll y o b s o l e t e o u t s i d e o f S cript ural or t h eo l o g ical l an a

g uag e Co mpare MO D E L ; S A MPLE

. .

E XC E S S .

Syn ym s
o n

d i s s ip a t i o n la vi h d un d an ce , s u rp l u s
v plu
. s n e s s , re ,

e xo rb it a n c e , re d un d an cy , w a ste
v
o er s . ,

e xt ra ag an ce , pro d i g a l it y , s up e ra b un d a n ce , w as t e fu l n e s s .

i n t e m pe ran c e , p r o fu s i o n , s up e rfl u it y ,

E xces s is m o re t h a n e n o u gh o f a n y t hi n g , an d , s in ce t hi s in
 161 execut e

vy m
er a n y c as es in d ica t e s a l a ck e it h er o f j ud g m e n t or of se l f

c o n tr o l , t h e w o rd is us e d fre qu e n t l y i n an v
un f a o rab l e se n se .

Care l ess e x pe n d i t ure in ex cess o f in co m e is ex t r a vg a a n ce ; we

may h av
e a l so ex t r a vg
l an g u a g e , pro fess io n s , e t c
a a n ce o f As
v
.

ext r a a ga n ce i s ex cess i n o ut l ay , ex o r bi t a n ce is ex cess in d e m an d s ,

an d e spe c ia ll y in pe c u n iary d e m an d s u po n o t h e rs O erplu s an d . v

s upera b un d a n ce d e n o t e in t h e m ain a s at is fa c o ry , a n d
t sup er flu
i ty an un d e s irab l e , exces s v
la i s hn es s an d
prof u s i o n , a g e n e ro u s ,
b o un t iful , or a m iab le ex cess as , a p r of u s i o n o f fair h a ir la i sh v
n ess o f h o spit alit y . S u rp lu s i s n e u t ral , v
h a in g n on e o f t h e un fa
v m ean in g t h at o ft e n att ach es t o
o ra b l e ex cess a s urp lus i s t h at
w h ich r e m ain s o v
e r a ft e r a l l d e m a n d s a re met . R ed u n d a n ce or

r e d un d a n cy re fe rs ch ie fly t o l it e rary st y l e , d e n o t in g an ex cess o f

w o rd s or m at t er . E x ces s in t h e m o r al s e n se is e x pre ss e d b y d i ss i
pa tt o n , p ro d i g a li t y, i n t emp er a n ce, et c .

A n t o n ym s
d e art h ,
d e fec t ,
d e fi ciency,

E X E C UT E .

Syn o n ym s

a d min ister , c a rr y o ut , en fo r c e , p e r fo r m .

To ex ecu e t is t o fo l lo w t h ro ugh t o t h e en d put in t o a b s o lu t e

,

an d fi n al e ffe c t in a ct io n t o ad mi n i s t er i s to co n d u c t as o n e h o l d

in g a t ru s t , as a m in is t er an d n ot an o ri g in at o r ; th e sh e riff

ex ecu es a t w rit ; t h e t rus t e e a d mi n i s t ers an e s t at e , a c h arit y , e t c .

;
to f
en o r ce is t o put in t o effe c t b y fo rc e , ac t u al o r po t e n t ial . To
a d min i s t er t h e _l a w s is t h e pro in c e v of a c o urt o f j u s t i ce ; t o ex e

cu t e th e l aw s is t h e pro in ce o f a v s h e riff , m ars h al , c o n s t ab l e , o r

o t h e r e x ec ut i v o ffi
e c er ; to ad mi n i s t er t h e l aw is t o d ec l are or

appl y it to ex ecu t e t h e l aw i s t o pu t it in fo r c e fo r t h is enf o r ce

is t h e m o re g e n e ral w o rd , ex e c ut e t h e m o re s pe c ifi c F ro m s ign i .

fy in g t o s upe rin t e n d o ffi c i al l y s o me appl ica t i o n or in fl ict io n , ad

mi n i s t er pas se s b y a n at ural t ran s it io n t o s ign ify i nfi i ct , mete o ut ,

d i sp en s e, an d b l o w s , m e d ic in e , et c .
, ar e sai d to be ad mi n i s t ered
a u sa g e t h o r o u ghl y e s t ab l i sh e d an d re put ab l e in s pit e o f pe d an t ic
o b e ct i o n s
j . E nf o r ce s ign ifi e s a l so t o pre s e n t an d ur g e h o me b y
in t ell e ct ual an d mo ral fo rc e ; as , t o enf o r ce a pre cept or a d ut y .

Co m pare DO ; KILL ; MA KE .

11
 ex e rci s e
ex pl i ci t 162

E XE R C I S E .

Syn o n ym s

a ct . a ppl i c a t i o n e x e rtion , p e r f o rm a n c e ,

a ct io n d r il l o c cupation pra cti s e ,

vi t y
, . ,

a cti , e m pl oy m e n t , o p e ratio n , use .

E x e rci s e, in t h e o r di n ary se n s e , is t h e e a s y n a t ur al ac t io n of

po w e r t o s t ra in an d
an y po w e r ex er t i o n is t h e pu tt in g o f an y

t ax . A n ex e rci s e dr i e fo r a h o rs e i s
s v so m u ch as w ill d e v
elo p

s t re n gt h an d h e al t h a n d n o t apprec iab l y w e ary . B ut b y qu al ify

in g ad j e c t iv
es we m ay b rin g ex e rc is e up to th e full s ens e o f ex er
tio n as , vi l t o en exe r cis e . E x er ci s e is ac t i o n t ak en at au vt im e
w it h a v
m pl o yi n g m a in t aini n g o r in c re as in g po w e r o r
i w to e e , , ,

m ere l y fo r e n j o ym e n t p r a ct is e is s y s t e m at ic ex ercise w i t h a v
ie w
t o t h e ac qu ire m en t o f fac ilit y a n d skill in so m e purs ui t ; a perso n
t ake s a w alk fo r ex e rci s e o r t ak es t im e fo r p ra ct i se o n t h e pian o
,
.

Pr a ctis e is al s o us e d o f pu t t in g in t o act io n an d e ff e ct w h a t o n e
h as l ear n e d or h o ld s as a t h e o ry a s , t h e p r a ct i s e o f l aw o r m e d i

c in e pro fess io n o f re lig io n i s g o o d , b ut t h e p ra ct i s e o f it is b e t

a

t er . D r ill i s s y s t e m at ic , r igo ro u s , an d co m m o n ly e n fo rce d pr a c

t i s e un d e r a t each e r o r co mm an d er . Co m pare H ABIT .

A n t o n ym s

idl en ess , in acti o n , v

in act i ity , rel axati o n ,

E XP E N S E .

S yn o n ym s

co st , e xp e n d i t ur e o ut g o , o ut l a y .

v
,

The co s t o f a t hi n g i s w h at e er o n e s u rre n d e rs o r v
g i e s u p fo r
it , in t e n t io n ally or un in t e n t io n all y , o r e v
e n u n c o n s c i o us ly ; ex

pens e is w h a t is l a id o ut by c al c ul a t io n or in t e n t io n . We s ay

h e w o n hi s fam e at th e co s t o f hi s l ife “
I kn o w it t o my co s t ;

we s peak o f a
’
j o ke at an o t h er s exp en s e at an o t h e r s
’
co s t w o ul d
s ee m t o m ak e it a m o re s erio us m att er . T h e re i s a t e n d e n cy t o
u s e cos t o f w h at w e pay fo r a po sses s ion , exp en s e o f w h a t w e pay
fo r a s er v
i ce ; w e s pe ak o f t h e cos t o f go o d s , t h e exp ense o f m a
kin g up . O u t la y i s u s e d of so m e d e fi n it e exp en d it ur e, as fo r t h e
pi n c h ase o f s u ppli e s ou t go o f a s t e ad y d rain or o f in c id en t al ex
'

p e n ses . S ee PRIC E .

A n t o n ym s
gai n ,
i n co me,

E XP L I C I T .

Syn o n ym
e xp r e s s .

Bo t h expli ci t an d exp r es s ar e o ppo s e d t o w h at i s m e rel y im '

 fa i n t
fa it h 164

o r r oo t o u t n o x io us w eed s . To ex t i rp a t e (L . ex , o u t , an d s ti rps ,

st e m , s t o ck ) is n o t o nl y t o d es t ro y t h e in d ivi d u al s o f a n y race o f

pl an t s o r , an im a l s b ut t h e v
, e ry s t o c k so t h a t t h e race c an n e v er

b e re st o re d ; w e s pe ak o f e ra d i ca ti n g a d is e ase , o f ex t irp a ti n g a
ca n ce r , ex termi n a t i n g w ild b e a s t s o r h o s t i le t rib e s ; w e s ee k t o

e r a d i ca t e o r ex t i rp a e a l l t v
i ces an d e v
il s . Co m pare A B O LI S H .

A n t o n yln s :

aug men t , b ree d , ch e ris h , v

d e el o p, in cre ase, po pul at e , repl eni sh ,
b e ge t , b uil d up, co l o n iz e , fo s t er, pl an t , pro pagat e, s et t le .

PA I NT .

Syn o n ym s

d im , fa t i g u e d , i rr e s o l u t e , w e ak ,
e xh a u s t e d , fe e b l e , lan guid .
w e a ri e d ,
fa d e d , h a l f zh e a r t e d , listle s s , w o rn ,
f a i n t =h e a rt e d , i l l zd e fi n e d , p u rp o s e l e s s , w o rn d o w n ,

fa l t e r i n g , in d i stin ct , t im id , w o rn o ut .

F a i n t , w it h t h e g e n er al s en s e o f l a ckin g st r e n g t h o r eff e ct i e v
v
n ess , co e r s a w i d e ra n g e o f m e an i n g , s i gn ify in g o e rco m e w it h v
ph y s i c al w e a kn e ss o r e xh a us t io n , o r l ackin g in purpo s e , co ur ag e ,
o r e n er gy , a s s a i d o f pe r s o n s ; o r l ac kin g d e fini t e n ess o r di s t in c t

n ess of c o lor o r so u n d , as sa i d of w ritt e n ch ara ct ers , vice

o s , or

musical n otesA pers o n m ay b e f a i n t w h e n ph y s ically wea ri ed

.
,

or w h en ov
erco me w it h fe ar h e m ay b e a f a i n t adh ere n t b e c au s e
n at u ral l y f eeb le o r b e c au s e h a lf h ea r t ed in th e
p urp o s ele ss , or s

cause h e may b e a f a l ter i n g s uppo rt e r b e c au s e n atu ral ly i rreso

lu t e or b e cause f a i n b h e a r t ed an d t i mi d in ie w o f peril s t h a t v
t hr e at e n , a li s t les s w o rker t hr o u gh w an t
, m e n t al e n ergy an d
of

purpo se W rit t e n ch ara ct ers

. m ay b e f a i n t o r d i m e it h e r b ecause ,

o rig in all y w rit t e n w it h po o r i n k o r b ecau s e t h ey h av

, e b eco m e

fa d ed b y t im e a n d e x po s ur e .

A n t o n ym s :

b ri h t , cl ear,
b ri l j an t , co n spicuo us ,

Pre p o s itio n s

F ain t wi th h un g e r fa in t i n c o lo r .

FA I TH .

Anto ym s
n

as s en t , con fi d en ce c re d i t , O pin i o n ,
v
,
a s s uran c e con iction , cre e d , re li a n c e ,
b e l i e f, cre d e n c e , d o c t ri n e , tr u s t .

B eli ef , as a n in t e ll e ct ual pro cess , is t h e ac c ept an c e o f so me

 fa i t h f u l

t h in g as t ru e o u o t h er t h an pe rs o n al o b s e r a t io n an d e x
gro u n d s v
pe r ie n ce We . v
g i e c r e d en ce t o a re po rt , a ss en t t o a pro po s it io n o r
t o a pre po sa l . B eli ef is s tro n g e r t h an c re d e n ce cr e d en ce m igh t b e
d es crib e d as apri m a fa c ie b e li ef cr ed en ce i s a m o re fo rm al w o rd
t h an b e li ef , a n d se e m s t o im pl y s o m e w h a t m o r e o f o lit i o n ; w e v
s pe a k of v
g i in g c r ed en ce to a r epo rt , b ut n ot of g iv
i g n b eli ef .

Good s a re so l d o n cr e d i t v
w e g i e o n e cr e d i t fo r g o o d in t e n t io n s .

v
Con i ct i o n is a b e li ef e s t a b lis h e d b y a rgu m e n t o r e i d e n ce a ssu r v
is b e li ef b e yo n d t h e re ach o f arg u m e n t ; as , t h e Cln is t ian s ' ’
a n ce

a ss ur a n ce o f s a l a t io n v
A n o pin i o n i s a g e n e ra l co n c l u s io n h e ld
.

as pro b ab l e , t h o w it h o u t f ull c e rt ain t y ; a pe rs u a s i o n is a m o re

vv
c o n fi d e n t op i n i o n , in o l in g t h e h e art as w e ll as t h e i n t e ll e c t In .

r e l i gi o n , a m e n t o f b eli ef re gard in g a s in gl e
d o ct r i n e is a s t at e

po in t a cr eed is a s um m ar y s t a t e m e n t o f d o ctr i n es C o nfid en ce .

i s a fi rm d e pe n d e n ce u po n a s t a t e m e n t a s t ru e , o r u po n a pe r s o n as
w o rt h y . R eli a n ce is co n fi d en ce on w h ic h w e ac t o r are re a d y to ac t

u n qu es t i o n in gl y w e ha v
e a c a l m r e li a n ce u po n t h e u n ifo rm it y o f
n at u re . T r us t is a prac t ical a n d tr an qu il re s t in g of the m in d upo n

t he i n t e grit y , kin d n ess frie n d s h ip, o r pro m is e s

, of a pe rs o n ; w e
ha v
e t r us t in G o d . F a i t h is a u n io n o f b eli ef a n d t ru s t F aith
.

is c h i e fly pe rs o n al b eli ef m ay b e qu it e im pe rs o n al ; w e spe ak o f
b e li ef o f a pro po s i t io n f a i t h in a pro m i s e , b e c a u s e t h e pro m i se e m
.

a n at e s fr o m
pe r s o n But b eli ef in
a . a pers o n i s o ft e n u se d w it h
no a ppre c iab l e d iffe re n c e fro m f a i t h . In re ligi o n i t i s c o mm o n t o
d i st in gu ish b e t w e e n in t e ll e ct u a l b el i ef o f re l i g io u s t ru t h , a s an y

o t h er t ru t h m igh t b e b e liev
ed ,
an d b eli ef of t h e h e art , o r sa v
i g n

f a i th .

A n t o n ym s

d en i al , d is s e n t , d o ub t , i n fi d el it y , re ect io n ,
j sus picio n ,
d is b el i e f , d i s t rus t , in cre d ulit y , mis gi in g, v s k e pt ici s m, unb e l i e f .

P rep o si t io n s

Ha vf e a it h in G o d t h e fa it h of t h e go s pe l .

F A IT H F UL .

Syn o n ym s

d e otedv i n c o rr u p t i b l e s tan ch t ru e , tru s ty

v
, , , ,

fi rm , loy al , s ure , t ru s t w o rt h y , un w a e ri n g .

A pe rs o n is f a i t hf u l w h o w ill ke e p fait h , w h e t h e r w it h o r w it h
o u t po w e r t o a i d o r s e r e ; a pe r so n o r t hin v
g is t ru s ty t h at po s
sesse s s u c h qu a l it ie s as t o j u s t ify t h e fu l l e s t co n fi d e n ce an d d e
 fa m e
fa n a t i ci s m 16 6

pen d e n ce . W e m ay spe ak of a f a i t hf u l b u t fe e b l e fri e n d we s ay

a t r us ty a g e n t , a t rus t y s t e e d , a t ru s t y s w o r d .

A n t o n ym s

capri cio us , un t rust wo rth y ,

f ait h l e s s , wa verin g .

P re p o s itio n s

F a i t h fu l i n ser v
i ce ; to d ut y ; to co mra d e or co mm an d er ;
fait h ful a mo n g t h e fait hl ess .

FA ME .

Syn ym s
o n

c e l e b ri t y , e min e n ce , h on or, n o t o ri e t y , re put a t i o n ,

cr e d it , g l o ry , l a ure l s , re n o wn , re put e .

d i s t in ct io n ,

F a me is t h e w id e ly d isse m in at e d
’
r e po rt o f a perso n s c h arac t e r ,
d eed s , o r ab ili t i e s , an d is o ft e n e s t u se d in v
t h e fa o rab l e se n s e .

R ep u t a t i o n an d r ep u t e a r e m o re lim it e d t h an f a me ,
an d m ay b e
e it h e rgo o d o r b ad . N o t o ri e t y i s e v
il r ep u t e o r a di sh o n o rab l e
co un t e rfe it o f f a me . E mi n en ce an d d is tin ct i o n m ay r es u l t fro m
ra n k , s t at io n , or c h ara c t e r . Ce leb r i t y is li m it e d in ran g e ; we
spe a k o f l o c al ce leb r i t y, o r w o rl d w id e
s
f a me . F a me in it s b es t
s en s e m ay b e d e fi n e d as th e appl a us e o f n u m b ers r en o wn , as su c h

f a me t h e
’
appl au s e w o rt hi ly w o n ; w e s pe ak of th e c o n qu ero r s ,

patr io t s r en o wn G lor y an d h o n o r ar e o f g o o d im po rt h o no r
’
.

v
m a y b e g i e n fo r qu alit ie s o r ac t s t h at s h o uld n o t w i n it , b u t i t is
v
al w ay s g i e n as s o m e t h in g g o o d a n d w o r th y w e can s pe ak o f an
e v
il f a me , b ut n ot of e v
il h on or gl o r y h a s a m o re e x al t e d an d

o ft en a s a c re d s en s e .

A n t o n ym s
c o n t e m pt , h umil iat io n ,
co n t ume l y , ign o min y ,

F A NA T I C I S M .

Syn ym s
o n

b i g o t ry , cre d u l ity , i n t o l e ra n ce , s up e r st it io n .

F a n a t i ci s m i s e x t ra v
a g an t or e v
e n fr en z i e d z eal bi go t r y is
o b s t in a t e an d unr e a so n in g a t t a c h m en t t o a ca u s e o r c re e d fan at
i ci s m an d b i go t r y u s u all y in cl u d e i n t o ler a n ce , w h i ch i s u n w illin g
’
n e ss t o t o l erat e b eli e fs o r o pin io n s co n t r ary to on e s ow n ; s up er

s ti t i onis ign o ran t an d irr at i o n al re ligio u s b e lie f Cr ed u li t y is n o t .

v
d i st in ct i e l y re ligio u s , b ut is a g en e ral r e ad in e s s t o b e li e e w i t h v
o u t s ufii c i en t e v
id e
pro n e n e s s t o acce pt
n ce, w i th a t h e m arv
e ll o u s .

B i g o try is n arro w , f a n a ti ci s m is fi e rc e , s up er s t i t i o n is i gn o ra n t ,
cred u li t y is w eak , i n t o ler a n ce i s s e ere B i go t r y h as n o t t h e v .
 fa r e w el l
fe a r 168

n o e x e rc is e of j ud g m e n t , an d ligh t ly as it w as
li ab l e t o fa d e as

fo r m e d . In a b ro a d e r s en s e t h e f a n cy s ig n ifi e s t h e facu l t y b y
,

w h ich f a n ci es o r m e n t a l im a g es are fo rm e d , a s s o c iat e d , o r c o m

b in e d . Co m pare s yn o n y ms fo r DREA M ; ID E A ; IMA GINA TIO N .

A n to ymn s

a ct ual it y, cert ain t y, re alit y , vity er .

Pre po sit io n s

To ha ve a fan c y f o r or t ak e a fan c y t o a pe rso n or t hi n g .

F AR E W EL L .

Syn o n ym s

ad ieu, g o o d =b y , p a rt in g s a l ut a t i o n va l e d i c t
v
o ry
v
, .

con gé, l e a e =t a k i n g , a l e d ict io n ,

G o o d by is t h e h o m el y an d h e art y , f a r ewe ll t h e fo rm al E n gl is h
:

w o rd at part in g A d i eu , fro m t h e F ren c h , is s t ill m o r e c ere m o

.

n io n s t h an f a r ew ell ; co n gé, a l s o fro m t h e F re n ch , i s c o m m o n ly

co n t e m pt u o u s o r s upe r c ili o u s , an d e qu i v
ale nt t o d is m is s al . Va le
d i cti o n is a l earn e d w o rd ne v
in po pu l ar u s e
e r . A vla ed i c o r y t is
a pu b lic fare w e ll t o a c o m pan y o r asse m b l y .

P repo s iti o n s

I b ad e far e w e ll t o m y c o m r ad e s , o r (w i t h o ut pre po s it io n ) I b ad e
my co mra d es fare w e ll ; I t o o k a s a d fare w e ll of m y frie n d s .

FE A R .

Syn ym s
o n

d ism ay , t im i d i t y ,
‘

a fl ri g h t , h
m i s gi v
o rr o r ,
a ppr e h e n sion , d i s q uie t ud e , in g , t r e m b l in g ,
a w e , d re a d , pan i c, tr e m o r ,
c o n s t e rn a t i o n , fri g h t , t e rr o r , t re pi d a t io n .

F ea r i s t h e g e n e ric t e rm d e n o t in g an e m o t io n e x c it e d b y t h re at
v
e ni n g e i l w it h a d es ir e t o a o i d o r e s cape i t v
f ea r m ay b e su d d e n
or lin gerin g , in v
pre se n t , o f imm in e n t , o r o f di s t an t a n d
ie w of

o n l y po s s i b l e d an g er ; i n t h e l a tt er sen se d r ea d i s o ft e n e r d @ .

H o rr o r ( e ty m o l o g ic ally a s hi erin g o r s h u d d e rin g ) d e n o t e s a v

s h u d d e ri n g f ea r a c co mpan ie d w it h a b h o rr e n ce o r s u c h a s h o c k to
t h e fe e lin g s an d se n s ib ili t i es a s m ay e x is t w it h o ut f ea r ,
as w h en
o n e s u d d e nl y e n co u n t er s so m e gh a s t ly s pe ct ac l e we s ay o f a d es
perat e b u t fe t t er e d crim in al , I l o o ke d u po n h im w it h h o rr o r
“ ”
.

W h e re h o rr o r in c l u d e s f ea r , it is f ea r m in gl e d w i t h ab h o rren c e .

(S e e AB HO R ) . A ffr igh t , f r i gh t , an d t err o r ar e a l w a y s s u d d e n , an d

in a c t ua l pre se n ce of t h at w h ic h is t errib l e . F ea r m a y o v
e w h elm
r ,

or , m ay n er v
e o ne t o d e s pe rat e d e fe n s e ; f r igh t an d t err o r re n
d er on e in capab l e o f d e fe n s e f e a r may b e co n t ro ll e d b y fo rce o f
 fe m i n i n e
169 fe t t e r

w ill ; f r i gh t an d t err o r o v wher m t h e w ill ; t er r o r paral yz es ;

el

f ri g h t m a y c a us e on e to fl y t o s c re a m o r t o s w o o n
, F r i gh t , .

is large l y a m at t e r of the n e1 v es ; f ea r of t h e i n t e l le c t an d the

m
im ag in at io n ; t er !; o f a ll t h e fac u l t ie s , b o d ily an d m e n t al Pa n i c .

is a s u d d e n f ea r o r f r i gh t , a ffe c t in g n u m b ers a t o n ce a s t a rm ie s v
o r c ro w d ed l iab l e t o p a n i c upo n sligh t o c cas io n
a u d i e n ce s a re In .

a l ik e s e n se we s pe ak o f a fin an c ial p a n i c D i s ma y is a h e l pl e ss .

s in kin g o f h eart i n v i w f e o so me
pe ril o r so rro w o v
e wh r e l m in g .

D i s ma y is m o re r c , e e fle t iv
n d uri n g , a n d d e s pa irin g t h an f r i gh t
e

a h o rse i s s u b j e c t t o f r i gh t o r t er r o r , b u t n o t t o d i s ma y A we is .

a re v
e re n t ial f ea r . Co mpare A L A RM .

A n t o n ym s :

S ee s y n o n y m s fo r F O RTITUD E .

F E M I NI NE .

S yn ym s
o n .

e fi e m in a t e fe m a l e w m an i sh w oman ly
’

, , o , .

We appl y fema le t o th e s ex , f emi n i n e t o t h e qu alit ie s , e s pe c ial ly

t h e fi n e r ph y s ical o r m en t al qualit i es t h at d is t in g uish t h e f ema le
s ex in t h e h u m a n famil y , o r t o t h e o b j e c t s a ppro pria e t fo r o r es

pe ci all y e mplo y e d b y t h e m A f em a le . o ic e i s t h e v
v o i ce o f a w o m

an ; a f emi n i n e v
o i ce m a y b e l o n g t o a man . W o ma n i s h d e n o t es
t h e u n d e s irab l e , w o ma n ly t h e m irab l e o r l o ve l y qu ali t ies o f w o m
ad

an . Wo ma n ly t ears w o ul d s ugg est re spe ct an d s y m pat h y wo ma n ,

i s h t e ars a t o u ch o f co n t e m pt T h e w o rd ejfe mi n a t e is al w a y s
.

u se d re pr o ac h f u ll y an d o n l y o f m e n a s po s s e s s in g wo ma n ly t ra it s
,

s u c h as are i n c o ns i s t e n t w it h t ru e m a n l in e s s .

A n t o n ym s

S ee - s yn o n ym s fo r MA S C U LINE .

FET T ER .

Syn ym s
o n

b on d age , custod y , gy e s, v iro n s,

b on d s , d ura n c e , h a n d c u ff s , m an acl e s ,

ch a in s d ure s s , i m pri s o n men t , s h a ckl e s .

B on d s m ay b e o f co r d , le a th er , o r an y o t h er s u b s t a n ce t h at c an

b in d ch a i n s a r e o f link e d m e t al . M a n a cl es a n d h a n d cuffs are fo r

t h e h an d s , f et t er s a reprim aril y c h a in s o r j o in t e d iro n fas t e n in g s
fo r t h e f ee t gy es v m ay b e fo r e it h e r A s h a ckle is a m et a l lic rin g ,
.

c l as p, or b rac e l e t l ik e fas t e n in g fo r
s e n c irc l in g a n d re s t rain in g a

l im b : co m mo n ly on e of a pa ir , u se d e it h e r fo r h an d s or fe e t .

B on d s , f et t ers , a n d ch a i n s a re u s e d in a g en e ral w ay fo r al mo st
 fe u d '
fi c t io n I70

an y fo rm o f res tr ain t . Gy vi es s n ow w h o ll y po e t ic , an d t h e o t h e r
w o rd s are m o s tly r es t ric t e d to th e lit e rary s t yl e h a n d cuj fs is t h e
spec ifi c a n d i r o n s t h e g en eral t e rm in po pu l ar u s a ge as , t h e pris
o n er w as put in i r o n s B o n d s , ch a i n s , an d sh ackles are fre qu en t ly
.

used in t h e m e t aph o rical s en s e .

F E UD .

Syn o n ym s

b raw l te st ,
‘

a fl ra y , con d is sen s io n h o st il it y
v
, , ,
an i mo s ity b r o il , con tro e rsy e n m it y q u a rr e l ,

v
, , ,

b i t t e rn e s s , con t en t io n , d i s pu t e , fr a y , s t r i fe .

A f eud is en mi t y b e tve e n f amilies part ie s , w it h ac t s , c l an s , o r

o f h o s t ili t y m ut ua ll y r e t ali a t e d a n d a e n g e d ; f eu d is rar el y u s e d v

v
o f i n d i i d ual s , n e e r o f n at io n sv W h il e all t h e o t h er w o rd s o f t h e
.

gro u p m ay r e fer t o t h at w h ich is t ran s ie n t , a f eu d i s lo n g s e n d ur

in g , an d O ft e n h ere d it ary . D i ssen s i o n i s u s e d o f a n u m b er o f pe r

son s, o f part y o r o t h er o rg an iz at io n
a B i t t ern es s i s in . f ee lin g
o n l y ; en mi t y an d h o s ti li t y in o l e w ill a n d purpo se t o o ppo s e o r vv
i n j ur e A qu a rr el i s in w o rd o r act , o r b o t h , a n d is c o m m o nl y
.

s ligh t an d t ran s ie n t , as we s pe ak o f c hi l d is h
qu a rr els co n t en t i o n
an d s t ri e f m ay b e in w o rd o r d e e d ; co n t es t o rd in aril y in o l e s vv
so m e fo rm o f a c t io n . Co n t es t is o ft en u s e d in a g o o d s en s e , con
t en t i o n an d s t ri e
f v
e y r rare l y so . Co n t r o vyi
er s s co mm o n ly in
w o rd s ; s t ri e e x t e n d s
f fro m v
e b al
r co n t r o v y t th
er s o e co n t es t s o f

arm ie s . Affr a y , b r a w l, an d b r o i l, like qu a rr el , are w o rd s of i n fe

r io r di g n i t y . An a ffra y or b r o il m ay ar is e a t a s t r e e t c o rn e r th e
affr a y a l w ay s in v
o lv
es ph y s i cal fo rc e t h e b ra wl or b r o il m ay b e
co n fi n e d to v
i l o en t l an g ua g e .

F ICT IO N .

Syn o n ym s

all e fa b r i c a t i o n in v tio n m y th man ce

g o ry ,
vl
, e n , , ro ,

apolo g ue , fa l s e h o o d , leg en d , n o e , s t o ry .

fa b l e , fi gme n t ,

F i c t i o n is n ow c h i e fly us e d o f a pro se w o r k in n arra t i e fo rm v
in w h ic h th e c h a rac t e rs are part l y o r w h o ll i m a g in ary , an d v
w h i ch is d e s ig n e d t o po r t ray h u m an l ife , w it h o r w it h o u t a prac
t ic al l e ss o n a r o ma n ce po rt ray s w h at i s pi c t ur e s qu e o r s t rikin g ,

as a m e re fi ct i o n m ay g e n e r al n am e f o r an y co n
n ot do no vl ie s a

v
t in u o u s fi c t it io u s n arrat i e , e s pe c iall y a l o e s t o ry fi ct i o n an d v z

v
n o e l are u se d w it h li tt l e d iffer e n ce o f m e an in g , e x c e pt t h at n o el v
c h ara c t er iz e s a w o rk i n w h ich t h e e m o t io n al ele m e n t is e s pe c ia l l y
 fi n a n ci a l
fi n e 172

FI NA N C I A L .

S yn ym o n s

fi s cal , m o n e t a ry p e c u n i a ry .

T h e se w o rd s al l re l a t e t o m o n e y , re ce ipt s , or e x pe n d it ure s .

M o n et a r y r e l a t es to a c t u al mo n ey , c o in , c urre n c y as , th e mo n e
t a ry sy st e m ; a mo n e t a r y t ran s a c t io n is on e in w h i c h m o n e y is
t ran s ferre d . Pecun i a r y re fers to t h at i n w h ich m o n ey is in
o lv
v b u t l e ss d irec t l y ; w e s pe ak o f o n e s p ecun i a r y a ff airs o r
’
ed ,

in t e r es t s , w it h n o s pec ial r e fer e n ce t o t h e h an d li n g o f c as h Fi .

n a n ci a l a ppli e s e s pe c iall y t o v
g o e rn m e n t al re e n u e s o r e x pen di v
t ures , or t o pri vt e a tr an s act io n s o f c o n s i d erab l e m o m en t ; w e
spe ak o f a p ecu n i a r y re w ard , a fi n a n ci a l e n t erprise ; w e g i e a v
n e e d y per so n p ec un i a r y ( n o t fi n a n ci a l) ass is t an ce It is c o m .

m on t o speak o f t h e fi sca l ra t h er t h an t h e fi n a n ci a l y e ar .

F I NE .

Syn ym s
o n

b e a u t i fu l , e xc e ll e n t , polish e d , sm all .

c l a ri fi e d , e xq u i s it e , p ure , sm o o th ,

cl e ar, g a uzy , re fi n e d , pl e n d id ,
v
s
c o m m i n u t e d, h an d som e , it i e
s en s , s ub t il e ,
d a in ty , k een , s h a rp , s ub tl e ,
d el i cat e , m i n ut e , s l e n d e r, t en uou s ,
e le g an t , n ice , sligh t , th in .

F i n e (L .
fin is en d
) d e n o t es t h at w h ic h h as b e e n b ro u gh t t o a
,

full e n d fi ni s h e d , F ro m t h is ro o t s e n s e m an y d e r iv
. e d m e an i n g s s

b r an ch o ut cau sin g w o rd s quit e r e m o t e fro m e a ch o t h e r t o b e

,

al i k e s y n o n y m s o f fin e T h at w h ic h is t rul y fi n ish e d b ro u g h t t o
.
,

an i d e al en d , is ex cellen t of it s kin d , an d b ea u t if u l, if a t h in g t h at
a d m it s o f b e au t y as . a fin e h o us e fin e tr ee s
, . a fi n e w o m an , a fin e
m o rn in g if a t h in g t h at ad m it s o f the re m ov
al of im puri t ie s , i t
is n ot fi n is h e d t ill t h e se ar e r e mov
ed , an d h e n ce fi n e s ign ifi e s cl a r u

ifi ed , c lea r , p u r e , r efin ed a s , fi ne g o ld . T h a t w h i c h is fi n i s h e d
is apt to b e p o li s h ed , s m o o t h t o t h e t o u c h , m in u t e l y e x a ct in o ut

l in e h en ce fi m es to be m fo r al l w o rd s l ik e d a i n ty
'

n e co t
a sy n o n y ,

d e li ca t e , ex qu i s i t e as , fi n e m an n e r s , a fin e t o uch , fin e pe rc ep
t io n s . A s t h at w h ich i s d eli ca t e is apt to b e s m al l , by an e a s y e x

t e n s io n of m e an in g fi n e b eco m e s a s yn o n y m fo r s len d er s li gh t , ,

mi n u t e , co mmi n u t ed a s a fin e t h r ea d fi n e s an d ; o r f o r fi lmi
, , ,

t e n u o u s , t hi n as , a fin e l a ce fin e w ire
, a n d as a t h in e d ge i s keen ,
s h a rp , fi n e b e c o m es als o a s yn o n y m fo r t h e se w o rd s ; as , a fin e
po i n t , a fin e e d ge Co m pare BE A UTIFU L MINUT E
. .

A n t o n ym s :
 fi re
173 fl u ct u a t e

F IR E .

S yn o n ym s

b l aze , b urn in g , co mb u stio n , con fi a g ra t i o n , fl ame .

Co mb u s ti o n is t h e e s s e n t ia l fac t w h ich is at t h e b a s is of t h at
as se m b lag e of v
is ib l e ph e n o m e n o n w h ic h w e c a ll fir e co mb us t i o n
b e in g t h e co n t in u o u s c h e mical c o m b i n at io n of a s ub s an c e t w it h
so m e e lem en t , as o x y ge n , e vlv
i g h
o n e a t , a n d e x t e n d in g fro m sl o w

pro c e s s es , s u c h as t h o s e b y w h ich t h e h eat o f t h e h u m an b o d y

is m ain t a in e d , t o t h e pro ces ses pro d u c in g t h e m o s t in t e n s e li gh t
a l s o , as i n a b l as t furn ac e , o r o n t h e s u rface o f t h e s un
s F i r e is .

a l w ay s at e n d e d
t w ith ligh t , as w e ll as h e a t : b la z e , fi a me, e t c , .

d e s ign a t e t h e m in gl e d l igh t an d h e at o f a fir e Co mb us ti on is t h e .

s c ie n t ifi c , fir e t h e po pu l ar t e rm . A co n fi a gra t i o n is an e xt e n si v
e

fi re . Co m pare LIGHT .

F L O CK .

Sy n o n ym s

b e v co vye g ro up , h e rd , lot, s e t,
y ,
v
,
b ro o d , d ro e , h atch , l itt e r , p a ck , s w ar m .

G r o up is t h e g e n e ral w o rd fo r an y g at h e rin g o f a s m al l n um
‘

b e r o f o b j e c t s , w h e t h e r o f pe rso n s , an im a l s , o r in an i m at e t hin g s .

v
T h e in d i i d u a l s i n a b ro o d or li tt er are re l at e d to eac h o t h er ;
t h o se in t h e o t h er gr o up s m ay n o t b e B r o o d i s u se d c h ie fl y o f
.
.

fo w ls an d b ird s , li tt er o f c ert a in qu a d rupe d s w h ich b rin g fo rt h

m an y y o un g at a b irt h ; w e s pe a k o f a b r o o d o f c h i c k e n s , a li tt er
of pu ppie s b r o o d is so m e t im es applie d t o a fa mil y o f y o un g c h il
d re n . v
B e y is u se d o f b ir d s , an d fi g u rat i
. v
ely o f an y b righ t an d

v
l i e ly gr o up o f w o m e n o r c hil d re n , b ut rare l y o f m en F lo ck .

is appl i e d t o b ird s an d to so me of the s m alle r a n i m a l s ; h er d i s

c o n fin e d t o t h e l arg e r an i m al s ; we s pe a k o f a be yv of qu a il , a

co v
ey part rid g e s , a flo ck o f b l a c kb ird s , o r a
of a fl o ck o f s h e e p,

h er d o f c at t l e , h o rs e s , b u ffal o e s , o r e l e ph an t s , a p a ck o f w o l e s , v
a p a ck o f h o un d s , a s wa r m o f b e e s A co ll ec t io n o f an im a ls .

d ri v en o r g at h er e d fo r d ri in g is v c a ll e d a d ro v e .

F L U CT UA T E .

S yn ym s
o n

h e s it at e w v v a cill at e
v
s er e , ,
o s c ill at e , un d ulate , a ry ,

To fi uctu a t e ( L fi u ct us .
, a wa v) i e s to mo v
e lik e a wa v
e w it h

a l t e rn a t e ri s e an d fa l l . A pe n d u lu m o s cilla es t ; wa v
e s fl u ct u a te

o r u n d u la t e a ligh t or a fl am e wa er s v a frig h t e n e d s t e e d s wer v es

 fl uid
fo l l o w 174

fro m hi s c o urs e a to ol or w e apo n s wer vf es ro m t h e m ark or l in e ;

t h e t e m per a t ure vi a r es t h e w in d v ee rs w h e n it s u d d e n l y c h an ges

v
—
it s d ir e ct io n . T h a t w h ich ee r s m ay s t e a d il y h o ld t h e n ew d ire c
t io n ; t h at w h ich o s cill a t es , fl u ct u a t es , u n d ul a t es , o r w a ers re v
t urn s u po n it s w a y A s r e g ard s m e n t al s t a t es , h e w h o h es i t a t es
.

s t i ck s (L h te r er e) on th e v
e rg e of d e c is io n ; h e w h o w a er s d o es v
v
.

n o t st ic k d e c is io n ; h e w h o
to a a ci ll a t es d ec id e s n o w o n e w a y ,

a n d n o w an o t h er on e a cilla t es b e t w e e n v co n t ra s t e d d ec i sio n s or

ac t io n s ; he m a y wa v
e r b e t w e e n d ec i s i o n an d in d ec is io n , or be
t w e en ac t io n an d in a c t io n . Pe rs o n s h es i t a t e, v i llac a t e, wa v er

fe e lin g s flu ctua t e or vy
ar . Co m pare S HA KE .

An t o n ym s

ab id e , ad h ere , h o ld f as t , pers is t , s t an d f as t , s t ick .

F L UI D .

Syn o n ym s

g as , l iquid .

A fl uid is a s u b s t an ce t h at , like a ir o r w at er, y ie ld s t o an y

fo rce t h at t en d s t o c h an g e i t s fo rm ; a li qu i d is a b o d y in t h at
st at e in w h i c h t h e part ic l es m o e fre e l y v am o n g t h em sel v es , b ut
re m ain in o n e m a ss ke epin g t h e s am e v , o l um e b ut t akin g a l w ay s ,

t h e fo rm o f t h e co n t ain in g v essel ; a li quid i s an in e l a s t ic fi u id

a g a s i s a n e l a s t i c fl u i d t h at t e n d s t o e x pan d t o t h e u t m o s t lim it s

of th e co n t a in in g s pace A ll li qu id s are fiu id s , b ut n o t a ll fl ui d s
.

a re li qu i d s ; a ir a n d a l l t h e g a s es a re fi u i d s , b u t t h e y are n o t

li qu i d s u n d e r o rd in ary c ir c u m s t an c e s , tho c a pa b l e o f b e in g re

d u ce d to a li qu i d fo rm b y s pe c ia l m e an s , as by c o ld an d
pr ess ur e .

W at e r at the o rd in ary t e m pe ra t ur e is a t o n ce a flu i d an d a li qu i d .

FO L L O W .

S yn o n ym s

acco m
pan y com e a ft e r , g ft e r ,
o a ob e y , p urs ue
v
, ,
atten d , co py , h eed , ob ser e , re s ul t .
ch a s e , en sue , im it at e , pra ct i s e , s ucce e d .

A n y t h in g t h at co mes af t er or go es af t er a n o t h er , e i t h er in s pac e

or in t im e , is s a id to f o llo w it . A s er an t v f o llo ws o r a t t en d s h is
m as t er a v ic t o rio u s g e n e ral m ay f o llo w t h e r e t irin g e n e m y
m e rel y t o w at ch an d h o l d h im in c h e ck ; h e ch a ses o r p ursu es
w it h i n t e n t t o o v
e t a k e an d
r at t a c k th e c h as e is c l o s e r an d h o tt er
t h an t h e pu rs u it (Co m pare s y n o n y m s fo r H U NT ) O n e e e n t m ay
. . v
fo llo w a n o t h e r e it h e r w i t h o r w it h o ut spe c ia l co n n e ct io n ; if it
 fo rm i d a b l e
fo r t i t u d e l 76

F O R M I D A B LE .

S yn o n ym s

d an g ero u s , re d o ub ted , t e rr i b l e , t r e m e nd ous .

f o rmid a b le is w o rt h y o f fe ar if e n c o un t e re d o r
T h a t w h ic h is
o ppo se d ; a s a f o r mi d a ble arra y o f t ro o ps o r o f e v
, id e n c e F or , .

mid a b le is a w o rd o f m o re di gn it y t h an d a n ger o us an d s u gg e s t s ,

m o re c alm an d c o ll ec t e d po w e r t h an t er r i ble f o rmi d a b le is l e ss

ov e rw h e l m in g t h an t r emen d o u s A l o a d e d g un i s d a n ger o u s a .

park o f art ill er y i s f o rmid a b le ; a c h arge o f c av a l ry i s t err i b le ;

’

t h e full sh o c k o f g reat arm ie s is t r emen d o u s A d a n ger o us m an .

is like l y t o d o m isc h i e f an d n e e d s w at ch in g ; a f o r mi d a ble m an

,

m ay n o t b e d a n gero u s if n o t at t a c k e d an enra ge d m an ia c is t er
r ible t h e f o rc e o f o ce an wa v
e s in a st or m, an d th e s il e n t pres s ure
in t h e oce an d ept h s , ar e t r emen d o u s .

A n t ym s :
o n

co n t empt ib l e , d es picab l e , f eeb l e , h arml es s , h el pl es s , po werl e s s , w eak .

Prepo s it i o n s

F o rm i d ab l e b y or in nu m b e rs in s t re n gt h fo rm id ab l e t o t h e
en e my .

F O R T I F ICA T I O N .

S yn ym o n s

castle , c it a d e l , fa s t n ess , fo rt , fo rtr e ss , s tr o n g h o ld .

F o r t ifi ca t i o n is t h e g e n er al w o rd fo r an y art ifi c ial d e fe n s i e v
w o rk a f o r t r es s i s a f o r t ific a t i o n o f e s pe c i a l s iz e an d s t re n g t h a

f o rt ress is regard e d as pe rm an e n t , an d is o rd in arily a n in d e pe n d

en t w o rk ; a f ort or f o r tifi ca t i o n m a y b e t e m po rar y ; a f o r tifi c a
ti on m ay b e b u t part of a d e fen s i v
e syst e m w e s peak o f t h e f o r t i

fica t i o n s o f a c it y . A ci t a d el is a f o r t ifica t i o n w i t h in a c it y o r t h e ,

fo rt ifi e d in n e r part o f a c it y o r f o r t r es s w it h in w h ich a g arriso n

,

m ay b e pl ac e d t o o v
e aw r e th e c it iz e n s , o r t o w h ich t h e d e fe n d e rs
m ay ret ire if t h e o ut e r w o rk s ar e c a pt ure d ; the m e d ie v
al ca s t l e

w as t h e fo rt ifi e d r e s id e n c e o f a kin g or b a ro n . F o r t is t h e co m
m o n m ili t ary te rm fo r a d e t a c h e d fo rt ifi e d b u ildi n g o r e n cl o s ure o f
m o d e ra t e s iz e o cc upi e d o r d es ign e d t o b e o cc upie d b y t ro o ps T h e .

f o rt ifica t i o ns o f a m o d ern c it y u s u all y co n s is t o f a ch ain o f f o r ts .

A n y d e fe n sib l e pl a ce w h e t h er m ad e s o b y n a tu re o r b y art i s a
, ,

fa s tn es s o r s r o n gh o ld
t .

F O R TI T UD E .

Syn o n ym s

c o ur a ge , en d uran c e , h e ro i s m , re s o l u t i o n .

F o r t i tu d e ( L .
f o rt is , s t ro n g ) is t h e s t re n g t h o r fi rm n ess of min d
 fo rt u n a te
I77 fr a u d

o r s o ul to e n d ure pa in o r a d vers i t y pat ie n t l y an d d e t e rm in e d l y .

F o r ti tu d e h a s b e en d efi n e d as v
pa ss i e co u r a ge, w h ic h is a go o d
”

d e fi n it io n , b u t n o t co m pl e t e . F or ti t u d e m ig h t b e t e rm e d “
s t ill
” ”
co u r a ge , gr e n d ur in g co ur a ge it is t h at qu ali t y w h ic h is ab l e
n ot m er e l y t o e n d u re pain o r t rial , b u t st ea di l y t o c o n fro n t d an

g ers t h at c an n o t b e v
a c t i e l y o ppo se d , o r a g a in s t w hi ch on e h as no

a d e qu a t e d e fe n s e ; i t t ak e s co ur a ge to c h arg e a b a t t e ry , .
fo rti t u d g
to s t an d s t ill un d e r an
‘
en e my ’
s fi re . R eso lu t i o n is of th e m in d ;
t em p
’

en d ur a n ce is part l y ph y s ical it re qu ire s r es o lu t i o n to re s ist

t at ion , en d u r a n ce t o re s ist h u n g e r a n d co ld . Co m pare BRA V E

P A TIE NC E .

F O R T U NA T E .

Syn ym s
o n

v
fa o r e d , l u ck y , pro spe re d , pr o s pero u s , succe ss fu l .

h a ppy ,
A m an is s u cces s u l f in au v c as e if h e a ch i e v
es or g ain s w h at h e
s e e ks h e is kn o w n as a s u ccess u l f m an if h e h as a c h ie e d o r v
g ain e d w o r th y o b e ct s
j of en d ea v
o r ; h e is f o r tun a t e or lucky if
van t a g e s h ave co m e t o h i m w it h o u t o r b ey o n d h is d i e c t p an
ad
l r

n i g o r a ch ie v in g L u cky is t h e m o e c o mm o a d co ll o qu ial f or
‘

n . r n n ,

l un a t e t h em o re e l e g an t w o rd f o r tun a t e is m o re n at urall y appli e d

t o t h e g rav er m a t t ers , a s w e spe ak o f t h e f o r t u n a t e ra t h er t h an ,

t h e lu cky i ss ue o f a gre at b a tt l e
, lu cky m o r e st ro n gly e m ph a siz e s
t h e e l e m en t o f c h an ce as w h e n w e s pe ak o f a lu cky hi t a lu cky
, ,

g u e ss , o r o f o n e as b o rn u n d er a lu cky st ar !
”
Fa vo r ed is u se d i n
a rel igi o u s s e n s e , .
im pl yin g t h a t on e is t h e O b e ct o f
j v
d i in e fa v
o r .

H app y, in t h is co n n ect i o n , sign ifi e s po s s e s s e d o f t h e m e an s o f h ap

pin ess O n e i s s aid t o b e h app y o r p r o sp er o us w h e t h er h i s pro s

.

pe rit y b e t h e r es ult o f fo rt un e o r o f ach ie e m en t p r o sp er ed v

r at h e r d e n o t es t h e ac t io n o f a s upe ri n t e n di n g Pro id e n ce v .

A n t o n ym s

b ro k en ,
crus h e d ,

F R A UD .

Syn ym s
o n

a rt i fi c e , d e ce it , d up l i c i t y , sw in d l e , tre a s on ,

ch e at , d e c e ptio n , im p o s it ion , s w in dl i n g , t ri c k .

ch e atin g , d ish on e sty , i m p o s t ure , t re a c h e ry ,

A fr a u d is an a c t of d e lib e r at e d ecep t i o n w it h t h e d e s ign of

m e t hi n g b y t akin g un fa ir ad v
s e c urin g s o an t a g e o f an o t h er A de .

cei t o r d ecep t i o n m ay b e d es ig n e d m e re l y t o g a in so me e n d o f o n e s
’

o w n , w it h n o in t e n t o f h arm in g a n o t h e r ; an i mp o s i t i o n , t o t ak e

12
 f ri e n d l y 178

so me s mal l ad v
a t n age of mply t o make an o t h e r
an o t h e r, or si

rid icu l o us . A n i mp o s t ur e is d e s ign e d t o o b t ain m o n ey cre d i t o r , ,

po s it io n t o w h ic h o n e is n o t e n t it l e d an d m ay b e pract i se d b y a
,

s t ree t b e ggar b y t h e pre t e n d e r t o a t hr o n e

or A ll act io n t h a t is .

n o t h o n es t is d i s h o n es t y , b u t t h e t erm d i s h o n es ty is g en e rall y a
p
pl ie d in b u s in e s s , po lit ic s , e t c , t o d ece it ful pra c t ise s w h i ch
. are

n o t di r ec t l y cri m i n al F r a u d in c l u d e s d ecei t , b u t d ecei t m a y

. n ot

reac h t h e gra it y o f f r a u d va ch ea t i s o f t h e n at ure o f f ra u d , b u t

O f a pet t y s o r t a s win d le i s m o re seri o u s t h an a ch ea t , in o l in g vv

v
l arge r alu e s an d m o r e fl a gran t d i s h o n es t y F r a u d is co m m o n l y .

a c t i o n ab l e at l aw ; ch e a t i n g an d s win d li n g ar e fo r t h e m o s t pa rt
o ut o f th e r e a c h o f l e g a l pro c ee d in g s T r e a ch er y is chi e fly u se d
.

of d i s h o n es ty in m at t e rs of frie n d s h ip, s o c ial r e l a t io n s , g o e rn v

m en t , or w ar ; t r e a ch er y m a y b e m o re h arm fu l t h an f r a ud , b u t is
n o t so gro ss , an d is n o t o rdi n ar il y o pe n t o l e g al re d r e s s T r e a so n .

is a s pecifi c fo rm o f t r ea ch ery o f a s ub j e c t t o t h e g o e rn m e n t t o v
w h ic h h e o w es a l l e g i an c e , an d is d e fi n ab l e an d puni s h a b le at l aw .

Co m pare A RTIFICE ; D E CE PTI O N .

A n to n ym s
fairn es s , go o d faith , h o n es t y , in t egrit y , uprigh t n es s .

FR I E N D L Y .

Syn o n ym s
a c ce s s ib l e , co m
p a n i o n ab le , g e n i al , n e igh b o rl y ,
c o mpl ai s an t ,
‘

afl ab le , h e a rt y , sociab le ,

a ff e c t i o n a t e c ord ial . k in d s o ci al
v
, . ,

am icab le , fa o r a b l e , kin d ly , ten d

v
er ,

b r o t h e rl y , fo n d , l o in g , w e l l =d i s p o s e d .

F r i en d ly, a s said o f pe rs o n s , s ign ifi es h a in g t h e di s po s it i o n o f v

a frie n d as s a id o f a c t s , it s i g n ifi e s b e fi t t in g o r w o rt h y o f a fri e n d .

T he ad e ct i j v
e f r i en d ly d o es n o t re a c h t h e fu ll s ign ifi c an c e o f the
n o un s frie n d an d
“
fri e n d s h ip ; o n e
”
m a y b e f ri en d ly t o th ose
w ho are n o t h is fr ie n d s , an d t o b e in f ri en d ly re l a t i o n s o ft en

s ign ifi e s lit t l e m o re t h an n ot t o b e h o s t il e . In i t s a ppli ca t i o n to

per so n s , a ccess i b le is u se d o f pu b lic an d e m in e n t perso n s w h o ,

migh t , if d is po se d , h o l d t h em s e l e s v at a d is t an ce fro m o t h ers

-
.

Co mp a n i o n a ble an d s o ci a b le r e fer to m ann er an d v

b eh a io r , co rd i a l

an d gen i a l e x pre s s g en u in e kin dl in ess of h e art . We spe ak o f a

v
co r d i a l gre et in g , a f a o r a b le re ce pt io n , a n ei gh b o r ly c all , a so ci a

b le v
i it s o r, an a mi ca ble s e tt l e m en t , a ki n d in t ere s t , a f r i en d ly
re gard , a h e a r ty w e l co m e . T h e S ax o n f r i en d ly is st ro n g e r t h an
t h e L a t in ami ca b le t h e a mi ca b le m ay b e m ere l y fo rm a l ; t h e
fri en d ly is fro m t h e h e art F o n d is co mm o n ly applie d t o an
.
 fri g h t e n
fr u g a l i t y 1 80

F R IG H I E N
' ‘
.

Syn o n ym s
a ff r i g h t , app al . cow , d ismay , s c are ,

a l arm , b ro wb e at , d aun t , 1n t1m1 d at e , t e r r i fy .

by of f e ar a d d res s e d d ire c t l y
O n e is f ri gh t en e d a c au s e an d

s u d d en l y t o th e s e n s es ; h e is i n t i mi d a t ed b y an appre h e n s io n o f

co n t in g e n t co nse qu en c e s d e pe nd e n t on so me ac t o f h is o wn to b e
d on e or fo rb o rn e t h e m e an s of in t im id a t io n m ay a ct t h ro u gh th e
s en se s , o r may a ppe al o nl y to t h e in t e ll e ct o r t h e s e n s ib ili ti e s T h e .

s u d d en rus h o f a n a rm e d mad m an m ay f ri gh t en t h e qu ie t l e v el

in g o f a h igh w a y m an s pist o l i n t i mid a t es

’
A s av a g e b e a s t is i n .

ti mid a t ed b y t h e k e eper s w h ip E m pl o y e rs m ay i n t i mi d a t e t h e ir
’
.

e m pl o y e e s fro m v o t in g c o n t r ary t o t h e ir w i ll b y t hr eat o f di s

c h arg e a m o t h e r m a y b e i n t i mi d a t e d t h ro u gh fe a r fo r h e r c h ild .

T o b r o wb e a t o r co w is t o b rin g in t o a s t at e o f s ub m is s iv e fe ar to
d a un t is t o g i v
e pa u se o r ch e ck to a v
i l o en t , t h reat e n in g , or e v en

v
a b ra e Spi rit . TO s ca r e is t o cau se s u d d e n , u n n er v
i g n fear ; t o
terrif y is t o aw a ke n fe ar t h a t is o v
e rw h e l m in g . Co m pare A LA RM .

F R UG A L I T Y .

Syn on ym s

e con o my p ar s im o n y , sa vi
n g p arin g
v
, , ,

m i s e rl i n e s s , pro i d e n c e , s c ri m pin g , t h r i ft .

p ars im o n i o u s n e s s , p ru d e n c e ,

E co n om y is a w is e an d c ar e ful ad m in i st ra tio n of th e m e an s at

di s po s al ; f r u ga li t y is a w it hh o ldi n g o f e x pe n di t ur e , o r sp a r
’
on e s

v
i n g o f s uppl i e s o r pro i s io n , t o a n Ot i c e ab l e a n d o ft e n t o a pain ful
v v
‘

d e g ree ; p a r s imo n y is e x cess i e a n d unr e a s o n ab l e s a i n g fo r t h e

s ak e o f s a v
i g n . F r u g a li t y e x al t e d in t o a v
i tu
r e t o b e pra c t is e d
fo r i t s own s ake , in st e a d o f as a m ean s t o an e n d , b e co m e s t h e

v
ic e o f p a r s i mon y . M i ser lin ess i s t h e d e n y in g o n ese lf an d o t h er s

th e o r d in a ry m fo r t s o r
co e v en n e cess ari es of li fe , fo r t h e m e r e
s ak e o f h o a rd in g m o n e y . Pr u d en ce an d v
p r o id en ce l o o k far
ah e a d , an d s a cr ifi c e
t h e pre s en t t o th e . v
fu t ur e sa in g a s m u ch as
m ay b e n e ces s ary fo r t h at e n d (S e e PR U DE NC E ) T h rif t s e e ks . .

n o t m erel y t o s a e, b u t t o e arn v
E co n o my m a n ag e s , f ru ga li t y .

v
sa es p r o vi d e n ce pl a
, ns, t hr if t at o n ce e a rn s an d sa v es , w it h a

v
ie w t o w h o l e s o m e a nd pro fi t ab l e e x pe n d it ur e at a fi t t in g t i m e .

S ee A B S TINE NC E .

A n t ym s
o n

ab un d an ce , b o un t y,
affl uen ce , v
ext ra agan ce ,
 g arru l o u s
g e n e ra l

G A R R UL O US .

Sy n ym s
o n

ch at t e rin g , l o qu a ci o u s , t al k veati v bo e
, er s .

G a r r u lo u s s ig n ifi e s g i e n t o v c o n s t a n t t ri v
ial t alkin g C h a t t er .

i n g s ign ifi e s u t t e rin g r apid n o is y , an d u n in t e ll igib l e , o r s carce ly

,
.

in t e lligib l e , so un d s , w h e t h er ar t ic u lat e w o r d s o r s uch as re se m b l e

t h em ; ch a t t er i n g is o ft e n u se d o f v
o ca l s o un d s th at m ay b e ln
v
t e ll igib l e b y t h e m s e l e s b ut are il l un d ers t o o d o w in g t o co n fu s io n
o f m an y v
o ic es o r o t h er c au s e T h e t a lka ti e pers o n h as a st ro n g
. v
d i spo s it io n t o t al k , w it h o r w it h o ut an ab un d an c e o f w o rd s , o r
m an y id eas ; th e
l o qu a ci o u s pe rs o n h a s an a b u n d an t flo w of

l an g u a g e a n d m u ch t o say o n an y s ub j e c t s u gg es t e d ; e it h e r m ay
b e li v
e ly an d ,
fo r a t im e e n t e rt ain in g ; t h e g a r ru lo us pe rso n is
t e d io u s , r epe t it io u s , pe t t y , a n d se l f z a b so rb e d . Ver b ose is a pplie d

t o u t t e r an c e s m o re fo r m a l t h an co n v e rs at io n , a s t o w rit in gs or

pu b lic a d d resses W e s pe a k o f a ch a t t eri n g m o n key o r a ch a tter

v
.

i n g i d io t , a t a lka t i e c h il d , a t a lka ti e o r lo qu a ci o u s w o m an , a v
g a r rulo us o ld m an , vb
a er o se w rit e r . Co m pare CIRC UMLO C UTIO N .

A ui 0 nym s

lacon ic, re s er e d ,v ret icen t, speech le ss, tacit urn .

G E ND E R .

Syn o n ym
sex .

v
S ea: is a d is t in c t io n a m o n g li i n g b e in g s it i s a l so t h e c h ara c
v
t e ri st ic b y w h ic h m o s t l i in g b e in g s ar e d is t in gu is h e d fro m in ani
m at e t h in g s , w h ich a r e o f n o s ex gen d er i s a d is t in ct i o n i n
l an g u ag e part ia ll y co rre s po n d in g t o t h is d is t in ct i o n in n at ure ;
w h il e t h e re ar e b u t t w o sex es , t h e re are in s o m e l an u a e s , a s in
g g
E n g l ish an d G e rm an , t h ree gen d er s T h e F re n ch l an g uag e h as .

b u t t w o ge n d er s m ak e s t h e n am e s o f a ll in an im at e o b j e ct s
an d

e it h e r m a scu l i n e o r f e m in in e ; s o m e l an u a e s are W it h o u t t h e
g g
di s t in c t io n o f gen d er an d t h o s e th at m ain t ain i t are o ft e n
,
quit e
ar b it rary in it s appli c a t io n W e s pe ak o f t h e m as cu lin e o r fem i
.

n in e g en d er , t h e m al e o r f e m a l e s ex .

G E NE R A L .

Syn o n ym s

co mm o n
c omm on pl ace
, fa m i l i a r ,
fr e q u e n t ,
ord i n a ry , un i v e rsal ,

popular, usual
v
,
c u s t o m a ry
.

h ab itual p re a l e n t ,
v , .

e e ry d a y , n o rm a l , pub lic ,

Co mmo n s ig n ifi e s fre qu en t l y o cc urri n g , n o t o ut o f th e re g ul ar

 g e ne r o u s 82

co urse , n o t e x c ept io n al h en ce , n o t ab o e t h e av
v e age r , n ot e x c el

l en t or d is t in g u is h e d , in fe rio r , mmo n al s o s ig ui or e v
en lo w co

fi es per t ain in g t o o r part ic ipat e d in b y t w o o r m o r e perso n s o r

t h in gs ; a s s o rro w is co mmon t o t h e race
,
G en er a l m ay s igni fy .

pe r t ain in g e qu ally t o all o f a c l ass r a ce et c b ut v er y c o mm o n l y , , .

,

s ign ifi e s pert a in in g t o t h e gre a t e r n u m b er b ut n o t n e c e s sari ly t o ,

a ll . Un i v er s a l a ppli es gen era l applies t o

to a ll w it h o ut e x ce pt io n

a l l w i t h po ss ib l e o r co m parat i e l y s l igh t e x ce pt io n s co mmo n a p v

pl i e s t o v
e ry m an y w it h o u t d e c id in g w h e t h er t h e y ar e e e n a v
m aj o rit y . A co mmo n re m ark i s on e we o ft e n h e ar a g en er a l
’

ex

pe ri e n ce is o n e t h at co m e s t o t h e m aj o rit y o f pe o pl e a un i v er s a l

e x pe ri e n ce is o n e fro m w h i c h n o h u m an b e in g i s e x e m pt . It is
d an g ero u s fo r a d e b at e r t o affir m a v
u n i ers a l pro po s it io n , s m e e
t h at ca n be n e gat i v
ed by a s in g l e e x ce pt io n , w hil e a gen era l s t at e
m en t i s n ot in vlid at e d ev
a e n by ad d uc in g m an y e x cept i o n s . We
say a co mmo n O pin io n , co mmo n e x pe rie n ce , a gen er a l ru l e , g en
e ra l tru t h , a un i ers a l v l aw . Co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r NO RMAL ;
US UA L .

A n ym s
t o n

e xce pt io n al , in fre quen t , rare , s in gul ar, un co mmo n , un kn o wn , un usual .

G E NE R O U S .

Syn ym s o n
b o u n t i fu l , fr e e , l ib e ra l b le
v
, n o ,

ch i alro u s , f r e e =h an d ed , m agn an i mous , open sh an d e d ,

d i s in t e re s t e d , fr e e =h e a rt e d , m u n ifi c e n t, O pen zh e a r t e d .

G en ero us gen us , a race ) pr im arily s ign ifi e s h a in g t h e

(L . v
qu alit ie s w o rt h y o f n o b l e o r h o n o rab l e b ir t h ; h e n ce , fre e an d
v v
ab un d a n t in gi i n g , g i in g fre e l y , h eart il y , an d s el f s a c rifi c in l
g y s
.

As re g ar d s giv
i g n g en er o us r e fe rs rat h e r t o t h e s e lfi s a c ri fi cin g
,

h e a rt in e s s of th e v
gi e r , lib er a l t o t h e am o un t o f t h e g ift ; a ch ild
m ay s h o w h im se lf gen er o us in t h e gift o f an appl e a m ill io n aire ,

m ak e s a li b e ra l d o n at io n a gen er o u s g ift h o w ev e r is c o m m o n l y , ,

t h o u g h t o f as b o t h a mpl e a n d h e arty A mu n ifi cen t gi ft is v as t .

in am o un t w h at e v e r t h e mo t iv
, e o f it s b es t o w a l O n e m ay b e .

f ree w it h an o t h er s m o n e y ; h e c an b e gen ero us o n l y w it h hi s

’

own . D i s i n t er es t e d s u g ge s t s ra t h e r t h e t h o u gh t of on e s
’
own

d e n ia l ; g en er o u s , o f o n e s h eart y in t er es t in a n ot h er s w e l
s e lf s
’ ’

fare o r h appin ess O n e is m a gn a n i mo u s b y a gre at n e s s o f s o ul

.

(L ma gn us , gre at , an d a n i mu s , so ul) t h at rise s ab o e al l t h at i s

. v
poor , m ean , or w e ak , e spe c ial l y ab o v
e ev
e ry pe t t y o r ign o b l e
mo t i v
e o r feelin g pert ain in g t o on e s
’
se l f, an d t h us ab o e r es en t v
 g i ft 84

to d is h o n es ty is t h e d e s ire t o ge t a li in g o r a fo rt un e w it h o ut
a ll v
ea rn i n g it W h en o n e ge ts t h e o b j e c t o f h i s d es ire , h e is s aid t o
.

o b ta in it , w h e t h e r h e h as ga i n ed o r ea rn ed it o r n o t Wi n d en o t es .
‘

co n t es t , w i t h a s u g g e s t io n Of ch an ce o r h a z ard ; in po pu l ar l an
.

g uage , a perso n is O f t e n s aid t o wi n a l aw s uit o r t o wi n in a s uit ,

at l aw , b ut in l e ga l ph ra se h e is s aid t o ga i n hi s s u it , case , o r c au s e .

In v v
r ecei i n g , o n e i s s t ric t l y pa ss i e ; h e m a y get an e s t at e b y h is

o w n e x e rt i o n s o r b y inh e rit an c e ; in t h e l att er cas e h e is s aid t o

r e cei vit e . O ne o b t a i n s a t h in g co mm o n l y b y s o m e d irec t e ff o rt

of h is ow n h e p r o cu res i t co mm o n ly b y t h e in t er e n t io n o f s o m e v
o n e els e h e p r o cu res a di n n er o r an in t e r ie w h e s ecur es w h a t v
h as se e med u n c e rt a in o r e lu s i v
e wh e, h e get s it fi rm ly in t o hi s
n

po sse s s io n o r un d e r h is co n t ro l . Co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r A TTA IN ;

M A KE RE A CH .

A n t o n ym s

See sy n o n y m s fo r A BA ND O N .

G IF T .

S yn o n ym s
'

b e n e fa c t i o n , b o on , b rib e , gran t , l ar g e s s ,
b e que st, b o un ty , d on ation , gr a t uit y , pre s e n t .

A gif t is in t h e po pu l ar , an d a l so in t h e l e g al sen s e t h a t w hi ch
is v o l un t aril y b es t o w e d w i t h o u t e x pe c t at io n o f re t urn o r c o m pe n

s at io n . G if t is n o w al m o st in t h e g o o d se n se , br ib e
al w a y s u se d

al w a y s in the e v il se n s e t o s ig n ify pay m en t fo r a di s h o n o r

ab l e s e r v
ic e u n d er t h e s e mb l an ce o f a gif t In S c ript u ral l an gu a ge.

gfi t i s O f t e n u s e d f o r b r i b e
“
T h e kin g b y j u d g m e n t e s t ab lis h e t h
.

t h e l an d ; b ut h e t h a t r e c e i e t h gif t s o ert h ro w e t h it v ”
Pr o v . v.

x x ix , 4 . A b en ef a c t i o n is a c h arit a b l e gif t , g e n e ra ll y o f l ar g e
am o u n t , an d v
iew e d as o f e n d u rin g v al u e , a s a n e n d o w me n t fo r a

c o ll e g e . A d on a ti o n is m e t h in g pe rh aps o f gre a t n e v
so , e r o f tr iv ,

i al v
al u e , gi ven u s ua ll y o n so m e pub li c g ro un d a s t o a c au s e o r t o a ,

perso n re pr es e n t in g a c au se , b ut n o t n ecess aril y o f al u e b e y o n d v

t h e i m m e di a t e prese n t ; a s , a d o n a t i o n t o a pa s t o r A gr a t u i t y i s .

u s u a ll y so m e t h in g o f m o d e ra t e v
a l u e a n d is a l w a y s g i e n a s t o an v
in fe rio r , an d a s o f fav or, n ot o f ri gh t gr a t u i ty t o a w ait er
; as , a .

L a r ges s is arc h a ic fo r a b o u n t if ul gr a t u i t y , u s u a ll y t o b e di s t rib

u t ed am o n g man y , as a m o n g t h e h era l d s a t an c i en t t o u rn a m e n t s .

A p r esen t i s a g if t of frie n d s h ip, o r co n c ili a t io n , an d gi v

en as

t o a n e qu al a s u per io r i s h ur t b y a cc ept in g
prid e
’
or no on e s

w h a t is v
ie w e d as s tr i c t ly a p r esen t . A b o o n is a gif t t h at h as
 185 g o v ern

b e e n d e s ire d o r c ra vd
perh aps a s ke d , o r s o m e t h in g fre e l y g i e n
e or v
t h a t m e e t s s o m e g r ea t d e s ire A gra n t is c o mm o n l y co n s id e ra b l e
.

v
in a m o u n t an d g i en b y pu b lic a ut h o r it y ; a s , a gra n t o f pu b lic
l an d s fo r a co l l e g e .

A n t o n ym s
co mpen sati o n , e arn in gs , g uerd o n , pen alt y , re mun erat io n , w age s .

G I VE .

Syn o n ym s

b e s tow , co m mun i c a t e , v
d e l i e r, gr a n t , s uppl y .

ce d e , con fe r , furn i s h , i m p a rt ,

v
T o gi e 1 8 pr im arily t o t ran s fe r t o an o t h er s po s s e ss io n o r o w n e r
’

s h ip w it h o ut co m pe n s at io n in it s se co n d a ry se n s e in po pu l ar u s e ,
it i s t o pu t in t o an o t h e r s po sse ss io n b y an y m e an s an d o n an y
’

v
t er m s w h a t e e r ; a b u y e r m ay s ay G i e m e t h e go o d s , an d I v
v
w ill gi e y o u t h e m o n e y w e s pe a k o f gi i n g an s w e r s , i n fo r m a v
v
t io n , e t c , a n d o ft e n o f gi i n g W h a t i s n o t a gre e ab l e t o t h e re c ip
.

ien t , as b l o w s , m e d ic in e , r e pr o o f ; b u t w h e n t h e re is n o t h in
g in t h e
c o n t ex t t o i n d i cat e t h e c o n t ra ry , gi vie s al w a ys un d e rs t o o d in it s

pri m ar y s en s e as , t h i s b o o k w as gi v en me . Gi vt h u
e s b eco m e s ,
l ik e ge t , a t e rm o f s u ch g en e ral im po rt as t o b e a s yn o n ym fo r a
w id e v
ar ie t y o f w o rd s .
’
T o gr a n t is t o pu t in t o o n e s po s s e s s io n in
so m e fo rm a l w ay , or by a u t h o ri t at i ve a ct Co n gre ss gr a n t s l an d s
as ,

to a ra ilro a d c o rpo ra t io n . To spe a k o f g r a n t i n g a fa o r c a rri e s a v

c l ai m o r co n c e ss io n o f s u pe ri o ri t y o n t h e par t o f t h e o n e b y W h o m
t h e gr a n t m ay b e m a d e t o co nf er h as a s im il ar s e n se a s , t o co n
f er a d e gree o r an h o n o r w e gr a n t a re qu e s t o r pe t it io n , b ut d o
n ot co n f er it . T o i mp a r t is t o gi e v o f t h a t w h i c h o n e s t ill , t o a

gre at e r o r l e s s d e gre e , r et ain s ; t h e t e a c h e r i mp a r t s in s t ru c t io n .

T o b es t o w is t o gi e t h at v of w h ich t h e re c e i v
e r s t an d s in e s pe c ia l

n e e d ; w e b es t o w a l m s .

P rep o si tio n s

We v
g i e m o n e y t o a pe r so n f o r a t h in g , for a pu rpo s e , etc .
(o r
w i t h o u t pr o po s it io n , gi e a pe r so n v a su m of m o n ey) v
; w e gi e a

t h in g t o in to e g av
fu g it iv
’
or o n e s c ar e or k e e pin g ; t h e w eary e

h im s elf up t o h is purs u e rs .

G O VE R N .

Syn o n ym s

co mman d , c urb , in fl ue n ce , mold , re ign o v er , rul e ,

con trol , d i re ct , man a g e , rei gn , re s tra in , sw ay .

Go ver n c arri e s t h e id e a o f a u t h o r it a t i v e a d m i is t at io o n r n r so me
e x erc i se o f a ut h o r it y t h a t i s at on ce e ff e c t iv e a d c o n t i uo u s n n co n
 g ra ce ful 1 86

t ro l is e ffec t i v
e b ut m ay b e m o m e n t ar y o r o c c as io n al
, O n e co n .

t r o ls w h a t h e h o l d s o r c an h o ld a t w ill a b s o l u t e l y in c h ec k as , a
s k ilful h o r s em an co n t r o ls a s pir it e d h o r s e ; a pers o n co n t r o ls h is
t e m per ; w e
”
s ay to on e w h o is e x c it e d , co n t r o l y o ur s e lf A per .

s on co mma n d s an o t h e r w h en h e h as , o r c l ai m s t h e righ t t o m ak e
,

t h at o t h er d o h is w ill , w it h po w er o f infl ic t in g pe n al ty if n o t
o b eye d h e co n t ro ls a n o t h er w h o m h e c an e ff e ct ually pr e e n t fro m v
d o in g a n yt hi n g co n t rary t o hi s w ill ; h e go e r n s o n e w h o m h e v
a c t ually d o es c a u se , r e g ul arl y o r co ns t an t l y , t o o b e y hi s w ill ; a

par en t m a y co mma n d a c h ild w h om h e c an n o t go v er n o r co n t r o l .

T h e b e s t t e ach e rs ar e n ot gr e at l y pr o n e t o co mma n d , b u t go ern v

o r co n t r o l t h e ir pu pils l ar g e ly b y o t h er m e an s Co mma n d i s , .

h ow e v
e r, o ft en u se d in t h e sen s e o f s e c ur in g , a s w e ll as re qu irin g ,

s ub mi s s i o n o r O b e d ie n c e , a s w h en w e s pe a k o f a co mma n d i n g in
fl u e n c e ; a m an co mma n d s t h e s it u at i o n w h en he c an s h ape

v
e e n t s as h e pl e a se s ; a fo rt ress co mma n d s th e r e gio n w h en no

e n e m y can pas s a g ain s t i t s r es ist an ce G o er n im pl ie s t h e e x er . v

c i s e o f k n o w l e d g e an d j u d g m e n t a s w e l l a s po w e r T o r u le is .

m o re ab s o l u t e a n d a ut o c rat ic t h an t o go er n t o s w a y i s t o m o e v v
b y qu ie t b ut infl u en ce ; t o mo ld i s n o t o n ly t o in fl u
e ffe c t ua l

e n ce fee lin g an d ac t io n , b u t t o s h a pe c h ar ac t e r ; t o ma n a ge i s

to s e c ur e by s kilfu l co n t ri v
an c e t h e d o in g of on e s
’
w ill b y t h o s e
w h om on e c an n ot d ir e ct ly co n t r o l ; a w i se m o t h e r , b y g en t l e
m e an s , s w a ys t h e fe elin g s an d mo ld s t h e li v
es of h er c h ild r en ;

to be ab l e to m a n a ge s er v
a n ts is a n im po rt an t ele m en t go o d of

h o u s e k e e pin g . T h e w o rd r e i gn , o n c e s o a b so l ut e n o w s im pl y d e

n ot e s t h at on e h o ld s t h e O ffi c i a l s t at i o n of so v
e e i gn
r in a mon
arch y , w it h or w it h o u t e ff e c ti v
e po w e r ; th e Q ue e n of E n gl a n d
r ei g n s t h e Cz ar of R us s ia b o t h r ei gn s an d r u l es .

A n t o n ym s

b e in s ub e ct i o n ,
j be s ub e c t ,
j co mpl y , sub mit ,

G R A CE F UL .

Syn o n ym
b e a u t i fu l .

T h at w hi ch is gr a cef u l is m ark e d b y e l e ga n c e an d h arm o n y ,

w it h e a s e o f a ct io n , a t t it u d e , o r po s t ure , o r d e l i cac y o f fo rm .

G r a cef u l co mm o n l y s u gg e s t s m o t io n or t h e po s s ib ili t vf o m o t io n
b e a u t ifu l m a y apply t o a b s o l ut e fi x it y a l an d sc ape o r a b lu e s ky

i s b e a u t if u l , b u t n e it h e r i s gr a cef u l G r a cef u l . co mm o nl y a pplie s

 h a ppen 188

in t h e m e c ir c u m s t an c e fo r a d e fin it e re a so n ; r o u ti n e is t h e d o in g
sa

o f c u s t o m a ry a c t s in a re g ul ar a n d u ni fo rm se qu en ce an d i s m o re

m ec h an i cal t h an cu s t o m I—t i s t h e cu s t o m o f t ra d e s m en t o O pen

.

a t a u n ifo rm h o ur an d t o fo ll o w a re gu l ar r o u t i n e o f b u s in ess
,

u n t il c l o s in g t im e H a b i t a l w a y s i n c l u d e s an in v
=
. o l un t ary t en d

e n cy , n a t u ral or a c qu ire d gre at l y s t r e n gt h en e d b y fre quen t

,

re pe t i t io n o f th e ac t , a n d m ay b e u n co n t ro ll a b l e , o r e e n u n co n v
s c i o us . H a b it u d e is h ab it u al r e l at io n o r a s s o c i a t io n . Cu s t o m is
c hi e fl y used of the ac t io n o f m an y ; h a b i t o f t h e ac t io n o f o n e ;
we s pe a k o f th e cus t o ms of s o c ie t y , t h e h a bi t s o f an v
in d i i d u al .

F a s h i o n is t h e g e n e ra ll y r ec o gni z e d cu s t o m in t h e s m all e r m a t t ers ,

e spe c i all y in d re s s A r ule is pr e s crib e d e it h e r b y so m e e x t e rn al
.

by
’
a u t h o r it y o r on e s own w il l as , it is t h e r u le o f t h e h o u se o r,

I m a k e it m y i n v
ar iab l e r u le . S ys t em i s t h e c o o r d in a t i o n O f m an y
a ct s o r t h in g s in t o a u n it y , an d is m o re an d b e tt e r t h an r o u t i n e.

Use an d u s a ge d e n o t e t h e m an n e r o f u s in g so m e th in g ; we s peak

o f on e pe rso n s use o f l a n g uag e , b u t o f t h e u s a ge o f m an y ; a u s e

’

or u s a ge i s a l m o s t a l w a y s a h a bi t Pra ct i s e i s t h e a c t i e d o in g o f . v
so m e t h in g i n a syste m at ic w ay we do n ot s pe a k o f t h e p r a ct i s e,
b ut t h e h a bi t of g o in g t o s l ee p w e s pe ak o f a t r a d es m an s cu s
’
of

t o m, l aw y e r a ph y s ic i an s p ra ct i s e
’ ’
a s or E d u c at io n all y , p r a ct i s e
.

is th e v
o lu n t ary an d pe r s is t e n t att e m pt t o m ake s kil l a h a b i t as, ,

p r a ct i se i n pe n m an s h ip W o n t l S b lin d an d in st in ct i e h a bi t like
. v
t h a t w h ic h a t t a ch e s an a n im a l to a l o c a li t y . the w o rd is now

al mo s t w h o lly po e t ic . Co m pa re DRE S S .

H A PPE N .

S yn o n ym s
b e ch a n c e , ch an ce , f a ll out , s up er en e v ,

b e fa l l , co me t o pa s s , o ccur, t ak e pl a c e .

b e t id e , fa l l ,

A t h in g i s t o h app en w h e n n o d e s ig n is m ani fes t , o r n o n e

sa id

e s pe c i a ll y t h o u gh t o f it i s s a id t o ch a n ce w h e n i t appe ars t o b e
t h e r e s u l t o f a c c id en t ( co mpar e s y n o n y m s fo r A CCID E NT) An .

in ci d en t h appen s o r o ccur s m et h in g e x t ern a l o r a c t ual h app en s

so

to on e a t h o u gh t o r f a n c y o cc ur s t o h im B ef a ll an d b et id e ar e .

t ran s it i v
e h app e n i s in t ran s it ive s o m e t hi n g b ef a lls o r b et id es a

pe rs o n o r h app en s t o h i m B e t i d e is e spe c iall y u s e d fo r a n t ic ipat e d

.

ev il t h o u gh t O f a s w a it in g an d co m in g at it s appo in t e d t im e as
, ,

w o b e t id e h im ! O n e e v e n t sup er v en es u po n an o t h e r e v en t on e ,

”
di se as e upo n a n o t h e r , e t c . T rans pire , in t h e se n s e o f h ap p en ,
 1 89 h a pp i n e s s

is not a u t h o ri z e d b y go o d u s a ge a t h in g t h a t h a s h app en ed is

pro pe rly s a id to tr a n sp i r e w h e n it b e c o m e s kn o w n ]
P re p o s itio n s

An e v e n t h appe n s to a pe rso n a pe rs o n h a ppe n s o n o r up o n a

fa c t , di s c o v ery e t c , .

H A P P I NE S S .

S yn o n ym s
b le ssedn e ss , d l igh t ,
e glad n e s s , p l e a s ure ,
b liss , e c st a sy ,
gr a t i fi c a t i o n , rapt u re .
ch e e r , e nj o y m e n t rej o i cin
30 y
g
, , ,

co m
fo rt , fe l i c it y , m e rr i m e n t , s a t i s fa c i o n ,

conten t ment , g aie ty , m irth , t ri um ph .

v
G r a tifi ca t i o n is t h e gi in g an y m e n t a l o r ph y s ic al d e s ire s o m e
v
t h in g t h at it c ra es ; s a t i sf a ct i o n i s t h e g i in g s u ch a d e s ire all v
v
th at it cra e s H app in ess is t h e po s it i e ly a gree a b l e ex pe rie n ce
. v
t h a t s prin gs fro m t h e po sse ss io n o f g o o d , t h e gr a t ifi ca t i o n o r s a t
i sf a ct i o n of t h e d e s ires or th e re l ie f fro m pain a n d e il Co mf o r t v .

may b e al m o s t w h o ll y n e gat iv e , b e in g fo u n d in s ec urit y o r r e lie f

fro m t h at w h ic h pain s o r an n o y s t h e r e i s co mf o r t b y a w arm
fi re s id e o n a w in t r y n igh t t h e s y m pa th y o f a t r u e frie n d a ff o r d s
co mf o r t in so rro w E nj o ymen t i s m o r e po s it iv
. e a l w a y s im pl y in g ,

so m e t h in g t o b e d e fi n it e l y an d c o n sc i o u s l y d eligh t e d in a s ic k

pe rs o n fi n d s co mf o r t in re lie f fro m pa in w h il e h e m ay b e far fro m ,

a s t a t e o f e nj o ymen t Ple a s u r e is s t ill m o re v

. ivid b e i n g an aro us ,

in g of t h e facu l t ies t o an in t e n s e l y a gre e a b l e ac t i v

it y s a t i s a c ti o n
f
is mo re t ra n qu il t h an p lea su r e, b e in g t h e a gree ab l e co n sc io us n e s s
of ha vin g al l t h a t o u r fac ul t ies d e m an d o r c ra e w h e n a w o rt h y v
p le a s u r e i s pas t , a w o rt h y s a t i sf a ct i o n re m a in s A s re fe rrin g t o a .

m e n t al s t at e , gr a t ifi ca t i o n i s u se d t o d e n o t e a m il d fo rm o f happ i
n ess re s u l t i n g fr o m so me in c id e n t not of vy g
er re a t im po rt an c e
s a ti s f act i o n sh o ul d pro pe rl y e x pre ss a h app i n es s d ee pe r , m o re
co mpl e t e , an d m o re ab id in g : b ut a s in t e ll e c t o r se n s ib ilit ie s o f a

lo w o rd e r m ay fi n d s a t i s a ct i o n
f i n t h a t w h ic h i s v
e y r po o r o r u n
~

w o rt h y , th e w o rd h as m e t o b e fe e b l e an d t a m e in o rd in ary u se
co .

H app in ess is m o re po s it i v
e t h an co mf o r t enj o ymen t o r s a t i sf a c
, .

t i o n , m o re se re n e an d rat io n a l t h a n p lea su r e p le a s u r e is o f n e
c e ss ity t ran s ie n t h app i n es s is a b i d in g , an d m a y b e e t e rn al

t h us , w e s pe a k o f plea s ur es , b ut t h e plu ral o f h app i n ess is s c arc e l y

u se d . H app i n ess , in t h e fu ll se n se , is m e n tal o r s pirit u al o r b o t h ,
an d is v i e w e d a s re s u lt in g fr o m s o m e w o rt h y g ra t ifica t i o n o r s a t
i sf a ct i o n w e m a y s pe ak o f a b rut e as e x pe ri e n c in g co mf o r t or

p lea s ur e , b ut scarc e l y as in po sse s s io n of h app i n es s ; w e spe ak of

 h appy 190

v
i ci o u s p lea sur e , d eli gh t , o r j o y, b ut not of v
ic io u s h app in ess .

F eli ci ty is a phi l o so ph ical t e rm , co ld er an d m o re fo rm al t h an h ap

p i n ess G la d n ess is h app i n ess t h a t o e rfl o w s , e x pre ss in g i t se lf in
. v
c o un t e n an c e , v
o ice , m an n er , an d a c t io n J o y i s m o re in t e n s e t h an .

h app i n ess , d e e pe r t h an gla d n ess , t o w hi ch it is a kin , n o b l e r an d

m o re e n d urin g t h an p lea s ur e G a i et y is m o r e . s uper fi c i al t h an

j o y m o re d e mo n st rat iv
, e t h an gl a d n es s . R ej o i ci n g is h app i n es s or

j oy th a t fi n d s u tt eran c e i n w o rd so n g , fes t i it y , et c
, v
D eli gh t i s .

v
ivid o v fl , er o w in g h app i n ess of a s o m e w h at t ran s ien t kin d ; cc

sta sy is m e o r e x t rav
a s t a t e o f e x t re a g an t d eli gh t s o t h at t h e o n e

affe c t e d b y it se e m s al m o s t b e s id e h im s e lf wi t h j o y r ap t u r e is

c l o se l y alli e d t o ecs t a s y b ut i s m o r e se re n e e x a l t e d an d e n d urin g

, , , .

T r i u mp h is s u ch j o y a s re s ul t s fro m v i ct o ry s u cce ss ach i e v em en t , , .

B less ed n ess is at o n ce th e stat e an d the s en s e o f v

b e in g di in e l y
b l ess e d as , t h e b lessed n es s of the ri gh t e o u s . B li ss is e c s t at i c , pe r
f e ct e d h app i n ess as , t h e b li ss of h ea v
en . Co m pare C O MF O RT .

A n t o n ym s

S ee s yn o n y m s fo r GRI E F .

H A PPY .

Syn ym s
o n

b le sse d , c h e e ri n g , g ay . l u ck y ,
b l i s s fu l , c h e e ry ,
gl a d . m e rr y .
b l it h e . d eligh te d , Jo c u n d , m i r t h fu l ,
b lith e s ome , d e l i g h t fu l , j olly , pl e a se d ,
b ri g h t , d e xt e r o u s , j o y fu l , pro sp e ro u s ,

b uoy an t , fe l i c i t o u s , joyous , r a pt ur o u s ,
c h e e rfu l , fo r t u n a t e .

H app y pr im aril y re fe rs t o so m e t h in g t h at co m es b y go o d “

”
h ap, a c h an ce t h at b r in g s pr o s pe rit y , b e n e fi t , o r s u c ce ss .

A n d gras ps th e s k irt s o f h appy ch an ce . T E NN Y S O N In M emori am l xiii , st . 2.

In t h i s s en s e h a ppy is c l o se l y a llie d to f o r tu n a t e an d lu cky .

(S e e
F O RTUNA TE ) . H app y h as , h o w e v
er , so far di vg
er ed fro m t h is o ri g

in al s e n se as to a ppl y to ad v
an t a g e s w h e re c h a n ce is n o t reco gni z e d ,

or is e v
e n e x c l ud e d b y di re ct r e fere n c e v
t o t h e d i in e w ill , w h en it
b eco mes al m o s t e qu i v
ale nt t o b les s e d .

B eh old , h app y is t h e man wh o m G o d co rrect et h . Job v ,

H app y is a l so a pplie d to the re a d y d e x t e rity or s kill b y w hi ch

v
fa o ra b l e re s u l ts (u s u al l y in m in o r m at t e rs ) are sec u r e d ,
w h en it
b e co m e s a s yn o n y m fo r d ex t e r o us f eli ci t o u s , ,
an d the a ss o c ia t e d

w o rd s as , h e h as a h app y w it h app y at r e t o rt ( c o m pare CLE VE R) .

In it s m o s t fre qu e n t pr ese n t u se , h app y is a pplie d t o t h e s t at e o f

o n e e n j o y in g h appin ess , o r t o t h a t b y w h i ch h appi n e s s i s e x pre s s e d ;
 h ar vt es 19 2

men t o f m an y co n s en t an d co n cu rr en ce re fe r t o d e c is io n o r a c t io n ,

b ut is m o r e pass i e t h an co n cu rr en ce
co n s en t v
o n e s pe a ks b y g e n
‘

e ra l co n sen t w h e n n o o n e in t h e a s s e m b l y care s t o m ak e fo rm a l

O b e c t io n
j a d e cis io n t h e S u pre m e Co urt d e pe n ds u po n t h e co n
of

c u rr en ce o f a m a j o rity o f t h e j u d ge s Co mpare A GRE E ; FRI E ND

.

S HIP ; ME LO DY .

A n t o n ym s
an t ago n is m, c o n te st , d is co rd , h o st ility ,
b at t le , co n t ro v
e syr , d is pro po rt io n , in co n gruity ,
co n flict , d iff e ren ce , d is s e n s io n , in co n s is t en cy ,
co n t en t io n , d i s agreeme n t , d is un io n , o ppo s it io n ,

H A R VE S T .

Syn o n ym s

c ro p v
h a r e s t =h o m e in g th e ri n re s ul t ,
v
, , a g ,

fr u i t , h ar e stin g , p ro c e e d s , r e t u rn ,
g ro w th , v
h a r e s t zt i d e , pro d u c e ,
,

y iel d
v v
.

h a r e s t =f e a s t , h a r e s t =t i m e , pro d u c t ,
v
h a r e s t =f e s t i a l , v in c re a s e , re a pin g ,

H ar vt es ,
fro m t h e A n glmS a x o n , s ign ifi e d o rig in a ll y a ut u mn , ’

an d a s t h a t is t h e u s u a l s e as o n o f g a t h e rin g ripe n e d cr op s in No rt h
e rn l an d s , t h e w o rd ca m e t o it s pre s en t m e an in g o f t h e seas o n o f
g at h e rin g ripe n e d g rain o r f r u i t s , w h e t h e r s u m m e r o r aut u m n ,
an d h e n c e a cr op g a th e re d o r re a d y fo r g a t h e rin g ; al s o , t h e a c t

o r pro c e s s o f g a t h e rin g a cr op o r cr op s T h e h a r es t t ru l y i s . v
”
g re at , b u t t h e l a b o r e rs are f e w , L u ke x , 2 . L ift u p y o ur e ye s

vt
.

”
an d l o o k o n t h e fi eld s , f o r t h e y a re w h i t e al re a d y t o h a r es ,

J ohn i v 35 , . H ar vt is t h e e l e gan t
l it erary w o r d ; crop is
es an d

t h e co mm o n a n d co m m e r c ial e x pre ss io n ; w e s a y a m a n s e ll s h is
crop , b u t w e s h o uld n o t s pe ak o f h is se l lin g h is h a r es t ; w e s pe a k v
o f an a mpl e o r a b u n d an t ha r vt
g o o d cr op
es , a H a r es s appli e d . vt i
al m o s t w h o ll y t o g ra in ; cr op a ppli e s t o a l m o s t an y t h in g t h at is
g a t h e r e d in we s pe a k o f t h e po t at o : cr op , n o t t h e po t at o = h a r es t v
w e m ay s ay eith er t h e w h e a t =cr op or t h e w h e at h a r s v
e t s . Ppad uce
is a c o l l ec t i v
e wo rd fo r t h at is pro d u ce d in farm in g o r g ard e n
a ll

in g , an d is , in m o d ern u s a g e , al m o s t w h o ll y r e s t ric t e d t o t h is sen se

we s pe a k o f v
p r o d u ce co ll e c t i e l y , b ut o f a pr o d u ct o r ario u s p r o d v
v e g e t a b l es , f r u i t s , e g g s , b u t ter , e t c nI ay b e t erm e d f a rm :
'

u ci s ;

pr o d uce , o r t h e p ro d u ct s o f t h e farm . Pr o d u ct is a w o rd of w i d er
a pplic a t io n t h an p r o d u ce w e s pe a k of t h e p r o d u ct s o f m an u fa c
t urin g , t h e p r o d u ct s of t h o u gh t , or th e p r o d u ct O b t a in e d b y m u l
t ipl yin g mb er b y a n o t h ern T h e w o rd p r o ceed s is c hi e fl y
on e n u

us e d o f t h e r e t u r n fro m an in v e st m en t w e s pe a k o f t h e p r o d u ce
o f a farm b ut o f t h e p r o ceed s o f t h e m o n e y in v
,
e s t e d i n farm in g .
 193 h a t re d

T h e y i e ld is w h at t h e l an d g i v
e s up t o t h e far m e rd e m an d ; w e
’
s

s pe a k o f t h e r et u r n fro m an e x pe n d it ure o f m o n e y o r l ab o r , b ut

of t he y i e ld of co rn o r o at s . v
H a r es t h as al s o a fi g ura t i e u se , v
s u c h a s cr op m o re rare l y perm it s w e t erm a re l i g i o u s re vi vl a a

har vt es o f so u l s th e r e su lt o f l a x e n fo rc e me n t o f l a w is a h vt ar es

vt
_

o f c ri me . As re g ard s t im e , h a r v
e t s ,
har v
e ts s t id e , ,
an d h ar es

t i me d e n o t e t h e pe rio d o r s e a so n w h e n t h e c ro ps ar e o r s h o u l d
a lik e

be g at h e re d (t i d e b e in g s im pl y t h e o l d S a x o n w o r d fo r t i me) H a r .

vt
es s h o me o r d in arily d en o t e s t h e f es t i v
al of har vt es , an d w h en
use d t o d en o t e si mpl y t h e s e as o n a l w ay s v
g i e s a s u g g e s t io n o f fe s
v
t i it y a n d r e j o ic in g , s u c h as har vt es v
a n d h a r es t ti me b y t h e m
s

v
s el e s d o n o t e x pre s s .

H AT R E D .

S yn o n ym s

ab h o rre n c e , d e te station , h o s t il it y , ra n c o r ,
an g er, d i sl ik e , il l w i ll , re pu g n an ce ,
an im o s ity , e n m it y , male olen ce v re s e n tm e n t ,
v
,

an tip a th y grud g e , malice , re en g e

v
, ,

a e rsi on , h at e , m a li g n ity , s pit e .

R ep u gn a n ce a ppli e s t o t h a t w h ich on e fe e l s h i m s e lf s u mm o n e d
or im pell e d t o d o or to e n d ur e , an d fro m w h ich h e in st in c t i vly
e

dr a w s b a ck . A vers i o n is t h e t urn in g aw ay o f t h e m in d or fe e l
in gs fro m so m e pe rso n or t h in g , or fro m so m e co ur s e o f a c t io n ,
_

et c . H a t e, o r t o pe rso n s , is in t e n s e an d co n
h a t r ed , a s a ppli e d

v
t in n e d a e r s i o n , u s u a ll y w it h d is po s it io n t o in j ure a n ger is s u d
d e n an d b rie f h a t r ed i s l in g erin g an d e n d urin g ; H e r w rat h b e
c am e a h a te, T E NNY S O N Pelle a s an d E t t a rr e s t . 16 . As a ppli e d

t o t h in g s , h a t red is in t e n s e a v er s i o n , w it h d e s ir e t o d e st r o y o r re

mov e ; h a t r ed o f e v il is a r igh t e o u s pa s s io n a kin t o a bh o rr en ce , ,

b u t m o re v eh e men t M a li ce i n v o lv e s t h e ac t iv
. e i n t e n t t o i n j ur e -

in t h e l e g a l se n se ma li ce is t h e i n t en t t o in j ur e e v
,
e n t h o w it h ,

n o pe r s on al i ll wi l l a s a h igh w a y m an w o u ld b e s a id t o e n t e rt ain
,

ma li ce t o w ard t h e u n kn o w n t rav e l e r W h o m h e a t t a cks M a li ce is .

d ire c t press in g t o w ard a re s ul t m a li gn i t y is d e e p lin ge rin g an d

v
, , ,

e n om o u s t h o o f t e n i mpo t e n t t o a c t ; r a n co r (a kin
,
to r a n ci d )
is ch er i sh e d ma li gn i t y t h a t h as s o u r e d a n d f e st e r e d an d is v iru l e n t
a n d i mpl a c a b l e Sp i t e is pe t t y ma l i ce t h at d e ligh t s t o in fli ct s t in g
.

’
'

in g pa in ; gr u d ge i s d e e pe r t h a n sp i t e it i s s ini s t er an d b it t e r
v
g ru d ge , r esen t men t , an d r e en ge ar e a ll re t al ia t o ry , gr u d ge b e in g
v
t h e d is po s it io n , r e en ge t h e d e t e r m in a t io n t o r e pa y r e al o r s uppo se d
O ff e n s e w it h in j u ry re vg
en e m ay d en o t e a l so the re t al iat o ry a c t

resen t men t t h e b e s t w o rd
, of t h e t h ree, al w ay s h o ld s it s e lf t o b e
13
 h a ve
h a za rd 194

j us t ifi ab l e , b u t l o o ks l ess c ert ain l y to ac t i o n t h an gru d ge o r re v ge

en .

S im pl e go o dn e ss m ay ar o u se t h e h a t r ed o f t h e w i cke d t h ey w ill
v v
b e m o e d t o r e en ge o n ly b y w h a t t h ey d ee m an in j u ry o r a ff ro n t .

Co mpar e A BO MIN A TI O N A NG E R ; AN TIPA THY ; E NMITY .

A n t o n ym s
S e e s y n o n y m s fo r FRI E ND S HI P L O VE .

H A VE .

S yn o n ym s

b e in p o s s e s sio n o f, h ol d , o c c upy , o w n , po s se s s .

b e p o s s e s s e d o f,
H a vi
e s the m o s t g e n e ral w o rd , an d is a ppli e d t o w h at e v
er b e

l o n gs t o or is c o nn e c t e d w it h one ; a m an h a s a h ead or a h ead

ac h e , a fo rt u n e o r an o pini o n , a fri e n d o r an e n e m y h e h a s t im e ,
or ha s n ee d ; he m ay b e s a id to ha vw h e at i s h is own , w h a t h e h as
b o rro w e d , w h at h as b e en e n t rus t e d t o h im , or w h at h e h a s s to len .

T o p o s sess a t h in g i s t o h a e t h e v o w n e rs h ip w it h co n t ro l a n d en

j o ym e n t o f it T o h o ld is t o h a
. vi e n on e s
’
h an d , o r s ec ur el y in
’
o n e s c o n t ro l ; a m an h o ld s h is frie n d ’
s co a t fo r a m o m en t , or he
h o ld s a s t ru gglin g h o r se ; h e h o ld s a pro m isso ry n o t e , o r h o ld s an
O fli ce To o wn is v
t o h a e t h e righ t o f pro per t y in ; t o p o ssess i s t o

vt h
.

ha e at r ig h t in a c t u a l e x er c i se ; to o ccup y is t o h a vp
e o sse s s i o n

an d u se , w it h so m e d e gr e e of perm an e n c y , w it h o r w it h o ut o w n
e rsh ip . A m an o ccup i es hi s o w n h o u s e o r a ro o m i n a h o t e l ; a

m an m ay o wn a fa r m of w hi c h h e is not in po s s e s s io n b e c au se a
t e n an t o ccup i es it an d i s d e t e rm i n e d t o h o ld it t h e pro prie t o r o wn s
t h e pro pe rt y , b ut t h e t e n a n t i s i n p o ss es s i o n T o b e i n p o s se ss i o n
.

d iff ers fro m p o sses s in t h at t o p o sses s d e n o t e s b o t h righ t a n d

fac t , wh il e t o b e i n p o s s ess i o n d e n o t e s s i m pl y t h e fa c t w i t h no

affir mat io n as to the ri gh t . To ha v e re a s o n is t o b e en d o w e d

w it h t h e fa c ult y t o b e i n p o s s es s i o n of
’
o n e s re a s o n d e n o t e s t h at
t h e fac ult y is in a c t ua l pre s e n t e x e rc ise .

H AZ AR D .

S yn o n ym s
a c cid e n t , ch an c e , d an g e r, j e o p ard y ri s k
v
, ,

casualty , c o n tin g e n cy , fo rt u i t y , p e ri l , en t ure .

H is t h e in c urrin g t h e po ss i b i lit y o f l o s s o r h arm fo r t h e

aza rd

po ss ib ilit y o f b e n e fi t d a n ger m a y h a e n o c o m pe n s at in g al t e rn a v
v
ti e . In h a za r d t h e po s s i b ilit ies o f g a in o r l o ss ar e n e arl y b al
an ce d in r isk t h e po s s ib ili t y o f l o ss i s t h e chi e f t h o u g h t t h e fo o l
h ard y t ake gre at r i s ks in m ere w an t o nn e s s in ch a n ce an d en t ure v
 h ere t ic
h et ero g en eo u s 19 6

To Co op e r a t e is t o a i d a s an e qu al ; to a s s is t im plies a s u b o rdi n at e

an d s e c o n d ary r el a t io n . O ne a ss i s t s a fall e n frie n d t o r ise he co

op era t es w it h h im in h e lpin g o t h e rs . E n co ur a ge re fe rs t o m en
t al a id a s up h o ld n o w us u a ll y d o es su cco r an d s upp o r t o ft e n e s t
'

, ,

m a t erial We t h e t imid
’

to a s s is t a n ce . en co u r a ge or d es po n d e n t ,
s u cco r the e n d a n g e r e d , s upp o r t t h e w e a k , up h o ld t h o se w h o e ls e

m i gh t b e s h a k e n o r c a st d ow n . Co m pare A BE T ; PR O MO TE .

A n t o n ym s
co un t eract , di s co urage , o ppo s e , re s i s t , t h w art , w it h s t an d .

Prep o si ti o n s

H e lp i n an e n t e rpri s e w i t h m o n e y ; h e lp t o
. succ es s ; a ga i n s t
th e en e my .

H ER E T IC .

Syn o nym s
d is s e n ter, h e re s iarch , n on con fo rmi s t , s ch i s m atic .

E t y m o l o g ical ly , a h er e t i c i s on e w h o t ak e s o r c h o o ses h is ow n

b el ie f , i n s t ea d of t h e b e li e f of h is c h urc h ; h e n ce , a h er e t i c is on e

w h o d e n ie s co mm o nl y acc e pt e d v
ie w s , or w h o h o ld s o pin io n s co n

t ra ry t o t h e r eco g n iz e d s t an d ar d o r t en e t s o f a n y e s t a b l is h e d re .

lig io u s , ph il o so ph ical , o r o t h e r s y s t e m , s ch o o l , o r part y ; t h e re

l ig io u s s e n s e O f t h e w o r d is t h e pre d o m in an t o n e a s chis ma t i c is
prim aril y o n e w h o pro d u ce s a s plit o r r e n t i n t h e c h urch A h er e ti c .

d iffe r s in d o c t rin e fro m t h e re ligi o u s b o d y w i t h w h ic h h e is c o n

n ec t e d a s chi s ma ti c di ff e rs in d o c t rin e pra c t is e , o r in b o t h
or A .

h er e t i c m ay b e r e t i ce n t , o r e v e n s il e n t ; a s ch i s ma t i c in t r o d u c e s

v
d i is io n s . A h er es i a r ch is t h e a u t h o r o f a h e re s y o r t h e l e ad er o f

ah e r e t ic a l part y , an d i s t h u s a t o n c e a h er e ti c an d a sch i s ma ti c .

v
W i t h a d an c in g i d e as o f re ligio u s lib e rt y , t h e o di o u s sen se o n ce

a t t ac h e d m o d ifi e d a n d h er e t i c is O ft e n
t o t h e s e w o r d s i s l a rg e l y ,

us e d pl a y fu ll y D i s s en t er an d n o n co nf o r mi s t a re t e rm s s pe c ifi c
.

al l y a ppli e d t o E n glis h s ub j e c t s w h o h o l d t h e m sel v es al o o f fro m

t h e Ch urc h o f E n g l a n d t h e fo rm e r t e rm i s e x t e n d e d t o n o n a d s

h e r e n t s o f t h e e s t a b lis h e d c h u rch in so m e o t h e r c o u n tr ies a s ,

Russ ia .

H E T E R O G E NE O U S .

Syn o n ym s
c o n fu s e d . m in g l e d , un h o mo g e n e o us ,
c o n g l o m e ra t e m i s c e ll an e o us un lik e .
v
, ,
d i s c o rd a n t . m ixe d a ri a n t
va
, ,

d 1 5 5 1 m 1 1a r , n on h omo g en e ous
=
, ri o u s .

S u b s t an ce s qu it e u n li ke are h et er o gen eo u s as re gard s e ach o t h er .

A h et er o gen eo us m ix t ur e is o n e w h o se c o n st it uen t s are n o t o nl y

 197 h id e

u n like in kin d , b u t un e v
e n ly d is t rib u t e d ce m en t is co mpo s e d of

s ub s t a n ce s s u c h as lim e , san d , a n d cl ay , w hi ch are h e t ero gen e o us

a s re gard s e ac h o t h e r , b ut t h e c e m en t is said t o b e h o m o ge n eo us
i f t h e diffe r e n t co n s t i t u en t s are e v
e n l y m ix e d t h ro ug h o u t , so t h at
an y o n e po rt io n of t h e m ix t ur e is e x ac t l y l ike an y o t h er . A s ub

s t an ce m ay fa il of b e in g h o m o g en eo u s an d y et n ot b e h e t er o gen e
o us , in w h ic h case it is s a id to b e n on s ho mo gen eo us o r u n ho mo
gen eo u s a b ar of iro n th at co n t a in s fl aw s , a ir= b u b b l es , e t c .
, or fo r
an y o t h e r re aso n is n o t o f un i fo r m s t ru c t ure an d d e n s it y t h ro u gh
o ut , th o no fo re ign s ub s t an c e b e m ix e d w it h t h e iro n , is s a id

to be n ons h o mo gen eo u s . A mis ce lla n eo u s m ix t ure m ay or m ay

n ot b e h et er o gen e ou s if t h e o b ec t s ar e al ik e
j in kin d , b u t d iff e re n t
in s iz e , fo rm , qu ali ty , u s e , e t c , an d w it h o u t . s pe c ia l o rd e r o r re l a

t io n , t h e c o l l e c t io n is mi s cel la n eo u s if t h e ob j ec t s d iffer in kin d ,

s u ch a m ix t ure is a l s o an d m o re s t ric t l y h e t ero gen eo u s a pil e o f
, ,

u n asso rt e d l um b e r i s mi sce lla n eo u s t h e co n t e n t s o f a s c h o o l b o y s

’
s

po cke t are co m m o nl y m i s ce lla n eo u s an d m ig h t us uall y b e t e rm e d

h et er o gen eo u s as w e ll . S ee C O MPLE X .

A n t o n ym s
al ike , h o mo ge n eo us , id e n t ical , l ike , pure , sa me , milar,
si un if o rm .

H ID E .

Syn o n ym s

b u ry v ento mb v e rw h elm , u pp r e s s ,
vl
. co er, , o s
cl o a k , d i s g ui s e , i n ter, s cre e n , e i .

c on ce al , di s s e mb le , m ask , s e cre te ,

H i d e is t h e g e n e ra l t e rm , in c lud in g all t h e re s t , s ignifyin g to

put o u t o f s igh t o r b e yo n d re ad y o b se r at io n o r v a ppro a c h ; a

t hi n g m ay b e hid d en b y in t ent io n , by a cc i d e n t , or b y t h e im
pe rfe c t io n o f t h e facu lt ie s o f t h e o n e fro m w h o m it is h i d d en ;
in t h e ir g am e s , c h il d re n hid e t h e sl ipper , o r h id e t h e mse l e s fro m v
e a ch o t h er a m an un co n sc io us l y h i d es a pict u re fro m an o t h e r b y
s t an d in g b e f o r e it , or hid es a th in g fro m h im self b y l a y in g so m e
.

t h in g e l se o v
e r it . E v e n an u n co n s cio us o b j e c t m a y h i d e a n o t h e r

as , a clo u d hid es t h e s un , o r a b u ild in g hid es so m e part of th e

v
pro s pec t b y in te r e n i n g b e t w e e n it an d t h e o b se r e r s po s it io n v ’
.

A s an ac t o f perso n s , t o co n cea l is al w ay s in t e n t io n al ; o n e m ay
hid e h is fac e in grie f , o r ab s t rac t io n
a n g e r, h e co n cea ls h is face
w h e n h e fe ars re co g n it io n A h o u se i s h id d en b y fo l iag e ; t h e
.

b ird s n es t is art fu ll y co n cea led

’
S ecret e is a s t ro n ge r w o rd t h an
.

co n cea l, a n d i s use d c h ie fly o f s uc h mat e rial o b ec t s as

j may b e
se parat e d fro m t h e pers o n , or fro m t h e ir o r d in ary s urro u n d in gs ,
 h igh

an d in unl o o k e d fo r places ;
pu t z a m an co n cea ls a s c ar o n h is face ,
b ut d o e s n o t s ecr et e it ; a t h i e f s ecr e t es s t o l e n g o o d s ; an o ffi c er
m ay al so b e said to s ecre t e hi m se lf t o w at ch t h e t h ie f . A t hi n g is
co v b y put t in g s o m e t h in g o e r o r aro un d it , w h e t h e r b y a c«
er ed v
c i d e n t o r d es ign ; it i s sc r een ed b y pu t t in g s o m e t h in g b e fo r e i t ,

al w a y s w it h s o m e pu rpo s e o f pro t ec t i o n fro m o b se r a t io n , in co n v

v
e n ie n c e , a t t ac k , ce n s ur e , et c . In t h e fi gura t i v
e u se , a pers o n
m ay h id e h o n o rab l e fe e lin g s he co n ce a ls an e il v h or o s t il e in t e n t .

A n y t h in g w h ic h is e ffec t ua ll y co v ered an d h i d d en un d er a n y

m ass o r acc u m u l a t i o n i s b u ri e d . M o n e y i s b u r i ed in t h e gr o un d
a b o d y i s b u r i ed i n t h e s ea ; a pape r is b u r i ed u n d e r o t h e r d o c u
m en t s W h a t ev
. e r i s b u ri ed is h i d d en o r con ce a led ; b ut t h ere

ar e m an y w ay s o f hi d i n g o r con cea li n g a t h i n g w it h o u t b ury i n g

it . S o a pe rs o n m ay b e co v er e d w it h w raps a n d n o t b u r i ed u n d e r ,

t h em B ury m a y b e u se d o f an y o b j e ct e n t o mb an d i n t er o nl y o f
.
,

a d ea d b o d y Fig ur at iv e l y o n e m a y b e s a id t o b e b u r i e d i n b u s i
.
,

n e ss i n s t u d y e t c
, Co m pare IMME RS E ; PA LLIA T E
, . .

A n t o n ym s :

ad mi t e xh u me , man if est
v
.
,

ad e rt ise , e xpo s e , pro mulgat e

av
,

w o , l ay b are , pub li s h ,
b et ray, l ay O pen , rai s e ,
co n fess , make kn o wn, re vl
ea ,

H I GH .

Syn ym s
o n

ele ate d , v e xalt e d , n ob le , s te ep, tow e r in g,

emin en t , l o ft y , p ro u d , t all , u p l i ft e d .

D eep , w h il e m o f hi gh in u sag e m a y a pply t o t h e

an an t o n y ,

v ery s am e d is t a n c e s im pl y m e a s u re d in an o ppo s it e d ir e c t io n h i gh ,

a pply in g t o v e rt ic a l d is t a n ce m e a s u re d fro m b e l o w upw a r d an d ,

d eep t o v e rt ic a l di st an ce m e a s ure d fro m ab o v e d o w n w a rd ; a s a ,

d eep v al l e y n es t lin g b e t w e e n h igh m o u n t ai n s H i gh is a rel at iv e .

t erm s i gn ifyin g gr e at l y rais e d a b ov e an y o b j ec t b a se o r s urfac e , , ,

in co m pariso n w it h w h a t is u s u a l o r w it h s o m e s t an d ard a t ab l e ,

is h ig h if it e x c e e d s t hi rt y in ch e s a h ill is n o t h i gh at a h u n d r e d
fe e t T h a t i s t a ll w h o se h e igh t i s gr e at ly in e x ce s s o f it s b r ead t h
.

o r d ia m e t er , a n d w h o s e ac t u a l h e i gh t i s g re a t fo r an o b j e c t o f it s

kin d ; a s , a t a l l tre e ; a t a ll m an ; t a ll g ra ss . T h a t is l of ty w h ich

is i mpo s in g o r m aj e s t ic in h e i gh t w e t e rm a s pire t a ll w i t h r e fer

e n ce t o it s a l t it u d e , o r lof t y w it h r e feren ce t o i t s m aj e s t ic a ppe ar

an c e . T h at is e le va te d w h i c h is r ais e d so m e w h a t ab o e it s s urro u n d v
in gs t h a t is e mi n en t w h ich is far ab o v
e t h em ; a s , an vt
e le a ed
 h i s t o ry
h o ly 200

e as e o r the a c t i o n o f a re medy . Co m pare C O NQU E R ; IMPE DIME NT ;

O B S TR U CT .

A n t o n ym s

S ee s y n on y ms fo r QU ICKE N .

P re p o si tio n s
H in d e r on e in h is pro gress ; f r om ac t in g pro mpt ly ; by
o ppo s it io n .

H I ST O R Y .

S yn o n ym s

accoun t , b i o g ra ph y , m un i m e n t ,
an n al s , c h ro n i cl e , n a rr a t i o n
v v
,

a rch i e s , m e m o ir, n a rr a t i e ,

a ut ob i o g r a ph y , m e m o ri al , re cit al ,

H i s t o ry is a s yst e m atic r e c o rd of pas t e en t s vA n n a ls an d .

ch r o n i cles re l at e e v
e ts n w it h li t t l e r e g ard t o t h e ir re l a t i e i mpo r v
mpl e t e v in t im e
'

t an ce , an d w it h co s u b ser ie n cy t o t h e ir s u cce s s io n .

A n n a ls y earl y re co rd s ; ch r o n i cles fo ll o w t h e o rd e r
are of t im e .

B o t h n ece s s arily l ack e mph as is , se l e ct io n , an d pe rspe ct i v e . Ar

ch i v
e s arepub l ic recor d s , w h ich m ay b e a n n a ls , o r ch r o n i cles , o r
d ee d s o f pr o pert y , e t c M emo ir s gen erall y re co rd t h e li e s o f in
. v
v
d i id u al s o r fac t s per t aini n g t o in d i id u al l i e s A b i og rap hy is v v .

d is t in c t i v
e ly a wr it t e n pe rso n s life an d a ct io n s an
a cco un t o f on e
’

a u t o b i o grap h y is a b i o gr ap h y w r i t t e n b y t h e perso n w h o s e l ife i t

re c o rd s . v
A n n a ls , a r chi es , ch ro n i cles , bi o grap hi es , an d memo i rs
an d o t h er r eco r d s furni sh t h e m at erial s of hi s to ry . H i s t or y re

co u n t s e vt en s w it h c a r e fu l a t e n t io n
t t o t h e ir i m po rt an c e , t h eir
m u t ual re l at io n s , t h eir c ause s an d co n se qu en ces , s el e c t in g an d

v
gr o upin g e e n t s o n t h e g ro u n d o f in t e res t o r im po rt an ce H i s t o ry .

is u s ually applie d t o s uch an a cco u n t o f e e n t s a ffe ct in g co mm u v .

ni t ie s an d n at i o n s , tho so m e t i mes w e s pea k of t h e hi s to ry of a

s in gl e e m in en t l ife . Co mpare RE C O RD .

A n to n ym s

S e e s y n o n ym s fo r FICTI O N .

H O L Y .

Syn o n ym s

b le s se d v
d e oted h a ll o w e d s ain tly ,
v
, , ,

c o n s e crat e d , d i in e , s a cre d , s e t a p art .

S a cred is a pplie d t o t h a t w h ich is t o b e re g ard e d a s v

i n io l a ble
o n an y acco un t , a n d so is n o t re s tric t e d v
t o di in e t hi n g s t h ere fo re
in it s l o w er a ppli c a t io ns it is l e ss t h an h o ly . T h a t w h i c h is s a cr ed
 20 1 h o m e

m ay b e m ad e so b y in s tit ut io n , d e cre e , o r asso c i a t io n th a t w h ic h

is h o ly is so b y i ts own n at ure , po sse ss in g i n t rin s ic m o ral purit y
m
,

an d , in t h e h igh e s t se n se , a b so l ut e o ra l pe rfe c t io n . G o d is h o ly
h is co m m an d s ar e s a cr ed . H o ly m ay b e a ppli e d a l s o t o t h at w hi c h
is h a llo wed as , t he pl ace w h e re o n t h o u s t an d e st is h o ly g ro u n d ,
E x iii 5
.
, . In s uc h u s e h o ly i s m o re t h an s a cre d , as if t h e e ry v
qu alit ie s o f a s pirit ua l o r v
d i in e pre se n c e w ere i m part e d t o t h e

pl ac e o r o b e ct j . v
D i in e h as b e e n u s e d w it h gre at l o o se n ess , as
appl y in g to a n yt h in g e m in e n t o r ad m ira b l e in t h e lin e e it h er o f
,

g o o d n e ss o r o f m e re po w e r , as t o e l o qu e n c e m us i c e t c
, b ut t h e r e,
.
,

is a co mm e n d a b l e t e n d e n c y t o re s t r i c t t h e w o rd to it s h ig h e r
s e n se , as d e s ign at in g t h at w hic h b e l o n g s t o or is w o rt h y o f t h e
v
D i i n e B e in g . Co m pare PE RFE CT ; P U RE .

A n to n ym s

ab omin ab le , po l lut e d , un co n s e cra te d , un h o l y , w icke d ,

co mm o n , s e cul ar, un h al lo we d , un s anct ifie d , wo rld ly .

H O M E .

S yn o n ym s

a b
d e, o d w e ll in g , h ab it at io n , h e a rth s t o n e , in gl e sid e ,
d o m i cil , fi re s id e , h e a rt h , h ou se , re s i d e n ce .

A b o d e, d w elli n g , an d h a bi t a t i o n a re u se d w it h l it t l e d iff e re n c e
of m e an in g t o d e n o t e t h e place w h e re on e h ab it u all y li v es a bo d e

an d h a b i t a t i o n b e lo n g t o
t h e po e t ic o r e le a t e d s t yl e E en v . v
d welli n g is n o t use d in fam il iar s peech ; a perso n says “ my
h o u s e,
” “
m y h o me, o r mo re fo rm all y m y r es i d en ce
“ ”
H o me, .

fro m t h e A n gl o S a x o n , d e n o t in g o rig in a lly a d welli n g, c am e t o

:

m e an an e n d e are d d welli n g a s t h e s c e n e o f d o me s t ic l o e an d v
h appy an d c h e r is h e d fam ily l ife , a se n s e t o w h i c h t h e re i s an in
c re a s in g t en d e n c y t o r e s t ri c t t h e w o rd — d e s irab l y so , s in c e we
ha v
e o t h er d en o t e t h e m ere d w e llin g pl ace ; w e s ay
w o rd s t o s

The w ret ch e d t e n e m e n t co uld n o t b e call e d h o me , ” o r The

h um b l e c ab in w as d ear t o hi m as t h e h ome of h is c hil dh o o d .

H ome mere ly fo ur s quare wal l s ,

‘
s n ot

T h o w it h pict ure s h un g an d gil d e d ;

H ome is wh ere aff ect ion call s
Wh ere it s sh rin e t h e h eart h as b uil d ed .

T h u s t h e w o rd co m e s to s i gn ify a n y pl ace o f re s t an d pe a c e , an d
e s pec ia ll y h ea v
e n , as th e so ul s
’

pe ace fu l an d e t e rn al d w e l l i n g s

pl ac e .
 h o n e st
h o ri z o n t al 202

H O NE S T .

Syn o n ym s
can d id , fra n k , in g e n uo us , t ru e .

e q uit ab l e , g e n u in e , j ust , tr u s t w o rt h y ,
fa i r , good , s in c e re , t ru s t y ,
f a i t h fu l , h on o rab le , s t r a i g h t fo r w a r d , up ri g h t .

O n e w h o i s h o n es t i n t h e o r d in ary s e n s e a c t s o r is alw a y s d is
w it h c are ful re ga r d fo r t h e righ t s o f o t h e r s , es pe c ia ll
po se d to act y
in m att e rs of b us in e ss pro pe rt y o n e w h o is h o n o r a ble s crupu
or

l o u s ly o b s er ves th e d ict at e s o f a pers o n al h o n o r t h at i s hi gh er t h an

an y d e m an d s of m ercan t il e l aw pu b li c o pin io n , a n d w ill d o
or

n o t hi n g un w o rt h y o f h is own in h ere n t n o b ili t y o f so ul T h e h on .

es t m an d o e s n o t s t ea l , ch ea t , o r d e frau d t h e h o n o r a b lem an w ill

n ot t ak e an u n fa ir a d v
a n t ag e t h at w o uld b e a ll o w e d h im o r w ill ,

m ak e a s ac rifi c e w hi ch n o o n e co uld re quir e o f h im w h e n hi s o w n

,

s e n s e o f rig h t d e m an d s it O n e w h o is h o n es t in t h e h igh es t an d
.

fu ll e st s e n se is s cru pu l o u sl y care ful t o a d h e re t o all kn o w n t r ut h

a n d r ig h t e v i en n t h o u gh t . In t hi s se n s e h o n es t di ffe rs fro m h o n
o r a b le a s h av
i g n r e gar d r at h e r to ab so l ut e t r ut h an d righ t t h an to
e ven t h e h ig h e s t pers o n al h o n o r . Co mpar e CAN DID JU S TIC E .

A n to ym s
n

d e ceitf ul ,
d ish o n e s t ,
d i smgen uo us ,

H O R I Z O NT A L .

Syn o n ym s

e v en , fl at , le vl e , pl ain , pl a n e .

H o ri z o n t a l s ig n ifi e s i n th e d ire c t io n O f or
par all e l t o t h e h o ri
zon . F o r pra c t ic al purpo s e s l e v el an d h o r i zo n t a l a re i d e n t i c a l ,

t h o le vel, a s t h e m o re po pu l ar w o rd , i s m o r e l o o s el y u s e d o f t h at
w h ich h as n o e s pec ia ll y n o t i c e a b l e ele v a t io s o n r in e qualit i e s as ,

a le vl e ro a d . F la t , acco r d in g t o it s d e iv a t io
r n fro m t h e A n g l o
S ax o n fle t , a flo o r , a pplie s to a s ur face o n l y , a n d ,
in t h e fir s t an d

m ost u su al se n s e , to a s ur fa ce t h a t i s h o riz o n t a l or le vl i
e n a ll di
re c t io n s a v
l in e m ay b e le e l, a fl o o r is fla t fl a t i s a l s o applie d in
a v
d eri e d se n se t o an y p la n e s u rfa ce w i t h o u t irr e g u l ar it ie s o r e l e
v
at io n s , as a pic t ure m a y b e pa in t e d o n t h e fla t s urfa c e o f a pe r
pen di c ul ar w a ll Pl an e appl ie s o n ly t o a s urfac e , an d is us e d
.

w i t h m o re m at h e m at ic a l e x a c tn e ss t h an fla t T h e a d j ec t i e . v
p l a i n , o rig in ally t h e s am e w o r d as p la n e , is n o w ra re ly u se d e x
v
c e pt i n t h e fi gu ra t i e s e n ses , b u t t h e o rig in a l s e n s e appe ars in t h e

n o un , as we s pe a k o f
“
aw i d e p la i n
”
We s pe a k o f a h o ri zo n t a l
v
.

l in e , a fla t m o rass , a le el ro ad , a p la i n co un ry , a t p la n e sur fac e

 h y p o c ri s y
h yp o c ri t e 204

re a so n s ; t h e ch a s e o f fam e or h o n o r ; h u n t , in fi g urat i e u s e , in v
c l in e s t o t h e u n fa vo ra b l e s e n s e o f i n qui s i t i o n , b ut w i t h mo re o f

d as h an d a g gr e s s iv
e n e ss as , a h u n t fo r h e re s y .

H YP O C R I SY .

Syn ym s
o n

afl e ct ation , fo rm a l i s m , pre t e n s e , s an cti mony

‘

,
can t , ph a ri s a i s m , s a n ct im o n i o usn e s s , s h am .

d i s s imul ati o n , pietis , m

Pr e t en s e (Lp r oe t en d o ) prim arily s ign ifi es t h e h o l d in g s o m e
.

v
t h in g fo rw a r d a s h a i n g ce rt a in righ t s o r c l a i m s w h et h er t ruly o r ,

fal se l y in t h e g o o d se n se , i t i s n o w r ar e l y u se d e x ce pt w it h a n e g
at i v
e ; as , t h e re c an be p r e t en s e t h at t h is is d u e ; a fa l s e p r e
no

t en se im pli e s t h e po s s ib ilit y o f a t rue p r et en s e b ut , a l o n e a n d

u nl imi t e d , p r et en s e co mm o n l y s ign ifi e s t h e o ffer in g o f so m et hi n g
fo r w h a t i t is n o t H yp o cri s y is t h e f al s e p r et en s e o f m o ral e x c el
.

v
l e n c e , e it h er a s a co er fo r ac tu al w ro n g , o r fo r t h e sak e o f t h e
c re d it a n d a d v
an t a g e a t t a c h i ng to v
i rt u e . Ca n t (L . ca n t u s , a s o n g ) ,

prim aril y t h e s in g so n g it e r a t io n o f t h e l an g u ag e o f a n y party ,

s c h o o l , o r s e c t d e n o t e s t h e m e c h a n i c al a n d pr e t e n t io u s u se o f r e lig
.

io u s ph ras e o lo gy , w it h o ut c o rre s po n d in g fee lin g o r c h a r ac t e r ;

s a n ct i mo n i o u s n ess is t h e a s su m pt i o n O f a s a in t l y m an n er w it h o ut a

s ain t l y c h ara c t e r . As ca n tis h yp o cr i s y in u t t e ra n ce , s o sa n ct i mo

n i o u s n ess is h yp o cr i s y in appea ran c e , as i n l o o k s , t o n e s , e t c Pi et .

i s m , o rig in al l y a w o r d o f go o d im po rt , is n o w c h ie fly u se d fo r an
u nr e gu l a t e d e m o t io n a li s m f o rma li s m is an e x a ggerat e d d e o ti o n v
t o fo r m s , r it e s , an d c e re m o n ie s ,
w it h o u t c o rre s po n d in g e arn e st

n ess o f h e art ; s h a m (i d e n t i c al i n o rig in w it h s h a me) is a t ric k o r

v
d e ic e t h a t pu t s o n e t o s h am e , o r t h a t s h am e fu ll y d isappo in t s e x :
pe c t at io n o r fa l s ifi e s appe aran c e Affect a ti o n i s i n m a t t ers o f
.

i n t e l l e c t , t as t e , et c . m u c h w h a t h yp o cr i s y is i n m o ral s
, a n d re li g

io n ffect a ti o n
a m igh t b e t e r m e d pett y h yp o cri s y . Co m par e
D E C E PTI O N .

A n t o n ym s

can d o r, ge n uin e nes s , in g en uo us n e s s , s in cerit y , t ruth ,

f ran k n e ss , h o n e s t y, o pe nn e s s , t ran sparen cy , t rut h f uln e s s .

H Y PO CR IT E
S yn ym
o n s

ch e at, d e ce i v e r , d is s e mb ler, imp o s tor, pre t e n d e r.

A h yp o cr i t e (G r h yp o kr i t es , o n e w h o a n s w e rs
. on the s t a g e , an

a c t o r , e s pe c i a ll y a m im ic a c t o r ) i s o n e w h o a c t s fal s e par t , o r
a

ass u me s a c h ara c t er o t h er t h an t h e re al . v
D ecei er is t h e m o s t
 20 5 h yp o t h es is

co mpre h e n s iv
e t er m in c l ud in g , all th e o t h er w o rd s
t h e g ro up of .

T h e d ecei ver se e k s t o gi v
e fal se im pre s s io n s o f an y m a t t e r w h e re
h e h as an e n d
t o ga in ; t h e d i ss emb ler o r h yp o cr i t e se e ks t o g i e v
fal s e i m pre ss io n s in re gar d t o h im s e l f . T h e d i ssembl er is con ten t

if h e c an ke e p so m e b as e co n d uc t o r e v
il pu rpo se fro m b e in g d is
co v
e re d t h e h yp o cr i t e s e e ks n o t m er e l y t o co er hi s ice s , b ut t o v v
g a in c re di t f o r irt u e v
T h e ch ea t an d i mp o s t o r e n d e a o r t o m a ke
. v
so m e t h in g o ut o f t h o s e t h e y m ay d e ce iv
e T h e ch ea t is t h e in fe .

ri or an d m o re m e rc e n a ry as t h e t h im b l e rig g a m b l er ,t h e i mp o s z

t o r m ay a spire t o a fo rt u n e o r a t hr o n e Co m pare HYP O CRI S Y . .

A n t o n ym s :

The an t o n y ms of h yp o cr i t e are t o b e fo u n d o n ly in ph rase s e m

b o d yin g t h e a d e ct i
j v
es can d i d ,
h o n e s t , in g e n u o u s , s in c e re , t ru e , e t c .

H Y P O T H E SIS .

S yn ym s
o n

c o nj e c t ure , s ch e me , s upp o s i t i o n , sy stem ,

g ue s s , s pe culation , s u rm i s e , t h e o ry .

A h yp o t h es i s is a s t at e m e n t o f w h at is d ee m e d po s s ib l y t ru e ,
a ss u m e d an d r e as o n e d u po n as if c ert a i n l y t ru e , w i t h a ie w o f v
re ac h in g t ru t h n ot vet s ure l y
kn o w n ; e s pe c iall y , in t h e s cie n ce s ,
a h yp o t h es i s is a v v
co m pre h e n s i e t e n t a t i e e x pl a n a t io n o f c e rt ain

ph e n o m e n a , w h ich is m e an t t o in cl u d e a ll o t h e r fa c t s of t h e sa me
c la ss , an d w h i c h i s ass um e d as t ru e t ill t h e re h as b e e n O ppo rt un it y

t o b rin g a ll re l at e d fact s in t o c o m pariso n ; if t h e h yp o t h es i s ex

pl a in s all t h e fac t s , it i s re gar d e d as e rifi e d

; t ill t h e n it i s re v
g ar d e d a s a w o rkin g h yp o t h es i s , t h a t is , o n e t h at m ay an s w e r fo r
pre s e n t pract ical pu rpo s e s A h ypo t h es i s m a y b e t e rm e d a c o m.

v
pre h e n s i e gu ess A gu ess is a s w ift c o n c lu s i o n fr o m d at a d ir e c t l y
.

at h an d , an d h e ld as pr o b ab l e o r t e n t at i v
e , w h il e o n e co n fe ss e d l y

l ac ks m at eria l fo r a b so l u t e c er t a in t y A .
j
co n ect ur e i s m o re m e t h
o d i c a l t h an gu es s , w h il e a s upp o s i t i o n is s t il l s l o w e r an d m o r e
a

s et t le d a c o nj e ct u r e lik e a gu ess , i s pr e l im in a ry a n d t e n t a t i e
, a v
s upp o s i t i o n i s m o r e n e arl y fi n al : a s ur mi se i s m o re fl o at in g an d

v
i i s o n ary , an d o ft e n mi s e t h a t a s t ran ge r m ay
s in is t er ; as , a s ur

b e a pic kpo c k e t T h eo r y is u s e d o f t h e m e n t al co o r d in at io n o f
.

fac t s an d prin c ipl e s t h at m ay o r m ay n o t pr o v , e co rre c t ; a m a

c h in e ma y b e pe rfec t in t h eo r y b u t u s e l e ss i n fac t S ch eme m a y , .

b e us ed a s n e arly e qu iv a l e n t t o th eo ry b u t is m o re fre qu e n t l y ,

a ppl i e d t o pr o po s e d ac t io n a n d in t h e se n s e o f a s o m e w h a t v
, i s io n
a ry pl an A sp e cu la t i o n m a y b e w h o l l y o f t h e b ra in r e s t in g u po n
.
,
 id ea
id ea l, n .
206

no fa c t s w o rt h y o f co n s i d erat io n ; m i s t h e hi gh e st Of t h e se
s ys t e

v
t erms , h a in g m o s t o f a s s u ra n c e a n d fix ity ; a s ys t em un i t es m an y

fac t s , ph e n o m e n a , o r d o c t rin e s i nt o an o rd erl y an d co n s is t e n t

w h o le we s peak o f a s ys t e m o f t h e o lo gy , of t h e Co pe rn i can s ys

t em of t h e un i v e rs e . Co mpare S Y S TE M .

A n t o n y m s

ce rt ain t y, d e mo n s t rat io n , d is co vy
er ,
e v
id e n ce ,

ID E A .

S yn ym s
o n

appre h e n s i o n , d e sig n , i m pre s s i o n , pl an ,

a rc h e t y p e . fa n c y , j ud gm e n t , p u rp o s e ,
b e li e f, fa n t a s y , mod el, s e n t im e n t ,
c o n c e it , id e al , n otion , s u pp o s i t i o n ,
c o n c e pt , im a g e , o pin io n , t h e o ry ,
c on ce ption , im a g in ati o n , p a t t e rn , th ough t .

Id ea is in G re e k a f or m o r an i ma ge . T h e w o rd s ign ifi e d in
e arl y phi l o so ph i c al u s e t h e a r ch et yp e o r prim a l i ma ge w h ich t h e
Pl a t o ni c ph il o s o ph y s uppo se d t o b e t h e mo d el o r p a tt e rn t h at
e x is t in g o b ec t s j im pe r fe c t l y e mb od y T h is h igh s e n s e h as n early
.

d is appe ar e d fro m t h e w o rd id ea , a n d h as b ee n l arg e l y appro pri

a t ed b y id e a l , t h o so m e t h in g o f t h e o ri gin al m e an i n g s t i l l appe ars

w h e n in t h eo l o g i cal o r ph il o s o ph ic a l l an gu ag e w e s pe a k o f t h e id ea s
of G od T h e pr e se n t po pul ar u se o f i d ea m a kes it t o s ign ify
. an y

pro d uc t o f m en t al app reh en s i o n o r act i it y , co n s id ere d a s an v ob

j ect of kn o w l e d g e or t h o ugh t ; t h is co in c i d e s w it h t h e prim it i v

e

sen se at b ut a s i n gl e o in t — t h at an i d e a is m en t al a s o ppo se d to
p
a n y t h in g s u b s t an t ial o r ph y s ic al ; t h u s , al m o s t an y m e n t al pr o d
u ct , as a b e li ef co n cep t i o n , d es i gn , op i n i o n , e t c , m a y n o w b e .

c a ll e d an i d ea . Co m par e FA NCY ; ID EA L .

A n to ymn s

act uality , re alit y , s ub s t an ce .

ID E AL .

S yn ym s
o n

a rch e t y p e , mod e l , patt e rn , pro t o t y p e , s t a n d a rd .

id ea , o ri g in al ,

A n id e a l i s t h a t w h ic h i s co n c e i v
ed o r t ake n as t h e h igh e s t t ype
o f e x c e ll e n c e o r u l t i m at e o b e ct
j o f a t t a in m en t . T h e a r ch et yp e is
t h e pri m a l fo rm , ac t u al o r im a g in ary , a cco r d in g t o w h ic h an y ex

is t in g t h in g i s c o n s t ru c t e d t h e p r o t o t yp e h as o r h as h a d a c t u al ex

is t e n ce i n t h e d e ri v
ed se n s e , as in m e tr o l o g y , pr o t o t yp e m a y n o t
a

b e th e o ri g in al f o rm , b u t on e ha vin g e qu al au t h o rit y w it h t h at as a
 id le
ign o ra n t 208

ID L E .

Syn o n ym s
in a ct i v in e rt l o t h fu l t ri fl i n g , u n o c c upi e d
v
e , , s . ,

in d ole nt , l azy , s l u g g i sh , un e mpl o y e d , acan t .

I d le in a ll u s e s re s t s u po n it s ro o t m e an in g a s d e riv ,
e d fro m

t h e A n g l o = S a x o n id e l , w h ich s ig n i fi e s va in e m pt y u s e l e s s
,
I d le,
.

t h u s d e n o t es n ot prim aril y t h e ab se n ce o f ac t io n , b ut ain a c t i o n v

th e ab s en c e v
o f u s e fu l , e ff e c t i e a c t io n ; t h e i d le s c h o o l b o y m ay

be v e y a c t iv
r e l y w h i tt lin g h i s d e s k o t o m e n t in g h is r r n e i gh b o rs .

D o i g o t h i g w h at e v
n n n e r is t h e s e c o d a y m e a i g o f n r n n i d le . One
m ay b e t e m po rarily i d le o f n e c e s s it y i f h e is h ab it u all y i d le , it is
h is own faul t . L az y s ig n i fi e s in d is po s e d t o e x e rt io n , a v
e rse to
l ab o r ; idl e n e s s is in fa c t ; l azin ess is in d is po s it io n o r in c l in at io n .

A la z y pe rso n m ay ch an ce t o b e e m pl o y e d in u s e ful w o rk , b ut h e
ac t s w it h o ut e n e rgy o r im pe t u s . We s pe ak fi gurat i v
ely o f a l a zy
s tr e a m .T h e i n e r t pe rs o n s e e m s l ik e d e a d m at t e r (c h arac t eriz e d
v
b y in ert i a) , po w e rl e s s t o m o e ; t h e s lu ggi s h m o e s h e a ily a n d v v
t o il s o m e l y v
t h e m o s t a c t i e pe rs o n m ay s o m e t im e s fi n d t h e b o d ily
or m e n t a l po w ers s lu ggi s h . S lo t hfu l b e l o n gs in t h e m o ral rea l m ,

d e n o t in g a s e lf s in d ul g e n t a vfSTd
e n to e x e r t io n .
“
The s lo t h u l f
h id e t h h i s h an d in h is b o so m v
i t grie e t h h im t o b rin g it ag a in t o
vx x v
‘

hi s m o u t h , I n d o len t is a m il d e r t e rm fo r t h e
”
Pro . i 15 , .

sa m e qu a lit y ; t h e s lo t hf u l m an h at es a ct io n ; t h e i n d o len t man

lo v
es i n a c t io n . Co m pare V AI N .

A nt o n ym s
v
act i e , b usy , d iligen t , e mpl o y e d , in d us t rio us , o ccupie d , wo rk in g .

I G NO R A NT .

S yn o n ym s

i l l gi n f o r m e d , un e n ligh te n ed , u n l e arn e d , un t au gh t ,
i lli te rate , u n i n fo r m e d , un l e tt e re d , un t ut ore d .

un e d ucat e d , u n in s t ru c t e d , u n s k il l e d ,

I gn o r a n t s ig n ifi e s d e s t it u t e of e d u cat io n or kn o w l e d ge , or

l ac kin g kn o w l e d g e or in fo rm a t io n it is t h us a re l at i v te e r m .

The m o s t l e arn e d m an is s t ill i gn o r a n t of m an y t h in gs ; perso n s

ar e s po k e n o f a s i gn o r a n t w h o h a v
e not t h e kn o w l e d g e t h a t h a s
b e c o m e g e n erally d iff u se d in t h e w o rl d t h e i g n o r a n t s a age m ay v
b e w e ll i n s t ru c t e d in m at t e rs o f t h e fi e l d a n d t h e c h a s e , an d is t h u s
m o r e pro pe rl y u n tu t o r ed t h an i gn o r a n t I lli t e r a t e is w it h o u t .

l e tt e rs an d t h e kn o w l e d g e t h at co m es t hr o ugh re a d in g . Un lett er ed
is sim il ar in m e an in g t o i lli t era t e b ut l ess ab s o lu t e ; t h e u n le t ter ed
,

m an m ay h av e a c qu ir e d t h e a rt o f r e a d i n
g an d w r it in g a n d s o m e
e l e m e n t ary kn o w l e d g e t h e u n ed u ca ted m an h as n e v e r t aken an y
 209 im a gin a tio n

sy st e m at ic c o u rs e o f m e n t al t ra in in g . I gn o r a n ce is re l a t i v
e i lli t
cr a cy_ is a b s o l u t e w e ha v
e s t a t is t ic s o f illi t e r a cy n o s t a t i s t ics of

i gn o ra n ce a re po ss ib l e .

A n t ym
o n s :

e d ucat e d , in st ruct e d , l e arn e d , s age , s kill e d , t rain e d , w ell = in fo rme d , w is e .

I M A G I NA T I O N .

Syn o n ym s

fa n c y , fa n t a s y , ph a n t a s y .

T he ps y ch o l o g y tr eat e d o f t h e R ep ro d u ct i e Ima gi n a t i o n ,
o ld v
w h ic h s im pl y r e pr o d u ce s t h e im ag e s t h at t h e m in d h a s in an y w a y
a c qu ir e d , an d t h e Pr o d u ct i v Im
e a gi n a ti o n w h ic h m o di fi e s an d

co mb in e s m en tal im a ge s so as t o pro d u ce w h a t is v irt u all y n ew .

T o t h is R ep r o d u ct i v e I ma gi n a t i on Pr e s i d e n t No a h Po r t er an d

o t h e rs h av e g iv e n t h e n a m e o f p h a n t a s y o r f a n t a s y ( m an y ps y

c h o l o g i s t s pre fe rrin g t h e fo rme r s pe l lin g ) Ph a n t a s y o r f a n t a sy .

s o un d e rs t o o d pre s e n t s n um ero u s a n d v
, arie d i m a g e s o ft en co m ,

h in in g t h e m in t o n e w fo r m s w it h e x c e e d in g v iv id n e ss y e t W it h o ut ,

an y t ru e co n s t ru c t iv e po w e r b ut w it h t h e m in d a d rift
,
b lin d ly ,

an d v
pass i e l y fo llo w in g t h e l a w s o f asso c ia t io n , an d w i t h r e as o n
a n d w ill in t o rpo r t h e m e n t al i m a g e s b e in g pe rh aps as arie d an d v
as v
ivid , b ut a l so a s pu rpo se l e ss an d u n s ys t e m at iz e d as th e v
i u s al

i m a g e s in a k a l e id o s co pe s u ch f a n t a s y (o f t e n l o o se l y c a ll e d im
a gi n a t i o n ) appe ars in d re am in g , re v
e y r , so m n a mb u lis m , an d in
t o xicat io n . F a n t a s y in o rd in ar y u sa ge s i mply d e n o t es capr ic io u s

o r e rra t ic f a n cy as appears in th e ad j ect iv

, e f a n t a s ti c I ma gi n a .

tion an d f a n cy d iff er fro m f a n t a s y in b rin gin g t h e im a g es an d

t h e ir co m b in a t io n s un d er th e co n t ro l o f t h e w il l i ma gi n a t i o n is
t h e b ro a d e r an d h igh er t e rm , in c lu d in g f a n cy ; i ma gi n a t i o n is t h e
ac t o r po w e r o f im ag in g o r o f r e im agin g o b j ec t s o f pe rc e pt io n
o r t h o ugh t , o f co m b in in g t h e pro d uc t s o f k n o w l e d g e in m o d

ifi e d , n e w , o r id e al fo rm s — t h e c rea t i e o r c o n s t ru c t i e po w e r v v
of th e m in d w h il e f a n cy is the po w er o f fo rm in g pl e as
ac t or

in g , grace ful w h im s ic a l , o r , o d d m e n t a l i m a g e s , o r o f co m b in in g

t h e m w it h li t t l e re g ard t o t io n a l of c o n s t ru c t io n
'

ra pro c e s s e s ;
i ma gi n a t i o n in it s l o w er fo rm . Bo t h f a n cy an d i ma g i n a t i o n
re co m b in e an d m o di fy m e n t al im a ges e it h er m a y w o rk w it h t h e
o t h er s m at e ri a l s ; i ma gi n a t i o n m a y g l o rify t h e t in ie s t flo w e r ;
’

f a n cy m ay pl a y aro u n d a m o un t a in o r a s t ar ; t h e o n e gr eat d is
t in ct io n b e t w ee n t h e m i s t h a t f a n cy i s s u pe rfi c ial w h il e i ma gi n a ,

t i o n is d e e p, e s s e n t ia l , spiri t ual . W o r d s w o rt h ,
w h o w a s t h e fi r st
14
 im a gi n at io n 21 0

c l e arl y t o dr a w t h e di st in c t io n b e t w e e n t h e f a n cy an d t h e i mag
i n a ti o n , st at e s it as f o ll o w s
To aggre gat e an d to ass o ciat e , to e vk
o e an d to co mb in e , b el o n g as well t o t h e
i mag i n a ti on as t o t h e f ancy b ut e it h e r th e mat erial s e v
o k ed a nd co mb in e d are dif
f eren t ; or th e y are b ro ugh t t o get h er un d er a d iffe ren t l aw , an d fo r a d iff eren t pur
po s e . F an cy d o e s n o t re quire t h at t h e mat erial s wh i ch s h e mak e s u se o f s h o ul d b e

s us c e pt ib l e o f ch an ge s in t h e ir co n s t it ut io n fro m h er t o uch ; wh ere th ey ad mit o f

an d

mo d ifi catio n it is , en o ugh f o r h er purpo s e if it b e s l igh t , l imit e d , an d e an es cen t v .

D irectly th e re ve e rs o f t h e s e are t h e d e s ire s an d d e man d s o f t h e i magi n a tion Sh e

vs it
.

recoi ls fro m e vyth i

er ng b ut t h e pl ast i c, t h e plian t , an d t h e in d efi n it e . S h e l ea e

t o f ancy t o d es cri b e Que en M ab as co min g :

In s h ape n o b igge r t h an an agat e s t o n e

O n th e f o refi n ger o f an al d er man .

’

H av in g t o s peak o f s t at ure s h e d o e s n o t t el l yo u t h at h er gigan t ic an gel was as t all

,

as P o mpey s P il l ar ; much l es s t h at h e w as t wel v e c ub it s o r t welv e h un d re d cub it s

’

h igh ; o r t h at h is d imen s io n s e quall e d t h o s e o f T en eriffe o r At l as ; b ecaus e t h e s e an d ,

if t h e y w ere a millio n t ime s as h igh , it w o uld b e t h e s ame , are b o un d e d . T h e expres

s io n is , H is s t at ufe re ach ed th e sk y ! t h e il limit ab l e fi rmamen t ! W h en t h e i ma gi
n ation frame s a co mparis o n , a s en s e o f t h e t rut h of t h e l ik en ess fro m t h e
mo men t t h at it is perceiv e d gro ws an d c o n t in ue s t o gro w — upo n t h e min d ; t h e re

semb l an ce d epe n d in g l es s upo n o ut lin e o f f o rm an d feat ure t h an upo n e xpre s s io n

an d eff e ct , l e s s upo n cas ual an d o ut s t an d in g t h an upo n in h eren t an d in t ern al pro p

e rt ies * . Poeti cal Works , Pref to E d . . of 18 1 5 , p 646 , . app .
[T . s. H .

S o fa r as a ct u a l im age s ar e c o n c e rn e d , b ot h f a n cy an d i ma gi n a
ti o n a relim it e d t o t h e m at e rial s furn is h e d b y t h e e xt e rn al w o rld
i t is re m ark ab l e t h a t a m o n
g a ll t h e re pr e se n t at io n s o f g o d s o r
d e m ig o d s , fi e n d s an d d e m o n s , g riffin s a n d c h i m ae ra s , t h e h u man
m in d h a s ne v
er in ve n t e d o n e o r g a n o r at t ri b u t e t h a t i s n o t pre

s en t e d in h u m an o r an i m al lif e t h e lio n m ay h av
e a h u m an h e a d

an d an e agl e s
’
w in g s an d c l aw s , b ut in t h e v
a io us r fe a t ures ,
v
in d i id u ally , t h e re i s ab s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g n e w . B ut i m a gi n a t i o n
c an t ran sc en d t h e w o rk of f a n cy , an d co m pare an im a g e d ra w n
fro m t h e e x t ern a l w o rld w it h so m e s pir it u al tr ut h b o rn in th e
m in d it s e l f o r in fus e a ser i es of i m a ge s w i t h s u ch a spirit ual

t rut h m o l d in g t h em as
, n e ed e d fo r it s m o r e v
ivid e x press i o n .

T h e i magi n a ti on mo d ifi es images , an d gi v
es un i t y to vi ar e t y ; it s ee s al l t h in gs in
on e T h ere is th e e pic i magi n a ti on ,
t h e perfe ct io n o f wh ich is in M ilt o n ; an d
t h e d ramatic , of wh ich S h aks pe are is t h e ab s o lut e mas t e r .

C L E ID G E
O R T able T alk J un
’
e 23 , 34 .

F a n cy k e e ps t h e m at eria l im ag e pro m in e n t an d cl e ar an d ,

w o rk s n ot o n ly w i t h it b ut fo r i t ; i ma g in a t i o n al w ay s u s e s t h e
,

m at erial o b ec t
j a s t h e m in is t e r o f so m et h in
g gre a t er t h an it se lf ,

*T h e wh o l e d iscus s io n fro m wh ich t h e quo t at io n is t ak en i s wo rt h y o f, an d will

well re pay care ful s t ud y .
 iln m erse
im m in en t 21 2

IM M E R SE .

Syn ym s
o n

b ury , d ip , d o u s e , d u ck , i m m e rg e , pl un g e , s in k , s ub m e rg e .

m e in i t ial ac t
D ip is S a x o n , w h il e i mmer s e i s L a t in fo r t h e sa

d ip is acco r d in gl y t h e m o re po pul ar an d c o m m o n pl a c e i mmers e ,

t h e m o re e l e g an t a n d d ign i fi e d e x pre s s i o n in m a n y ca s es To .

s pe a k o f b a pt is m b y im m e rs io n a s d ipp i n g n o w se e m s ru d e ;

th o e n t ire l y
pro pe r an d u s u al i n e arl y E n glis h B apt is t s n o w .

v
u n i e rs all y u s e t h e w o rd i mmer s e T o d ip an d t o i mmer s e alike
.

s ig n ify t o b u r y o r s u b mer g e so m e o b j e c t in a li quid b ut d ip i m

pl ie s t h at t h e o b j e c t d ippe d is a t o n ce mov e d fro m t h e li qu i d
re ,

w h il e i mme r s e is w h o ll y s il e n t a s t o t h e re m o v al I mmer s e als o .

s u gg e s t s m o re ab so l u t e c o m pl e t e n e s s o f t h e a c t io n ; o n e m ay d ip

h is s le e v
e o r cl ip a s po n g e in a liqui d , if h e b u t t o u c h e s t h e e d ge

i f h e i mmer ses it , h e co mpl e t ely s i n ks it u n d er , a n d c o v

e rs it w i t h
t h e l i qu id . S u b mer g e im pli e s t h at t h e j
o b e ct c an n o t r e a dil y be
re mov e d , if a t a ll ; as a s u b mer g ed w re c k ,
T o p lu n g e i s t o .

i mmers e s u d d e n ly an d v i o l e n t l y fo r w hi ch d o u s e a n d d u ck are
,

co ll o qu i al t erm s D ip is use d , al so u n li ke t h e o t h er w o rd s , t o
.
,

d e n o t e t h e pu t t in g of a h o ll o w v
e sse l in t o a l iqu id in o rd er to
v
r e m o e a po rt io n of it ; in t h is s en se we s ay d ip up , d ip o ut .

Co m pare s yn o n y ms fo r B URY .

Prepo s i t i o n

The ob e ct
j i s imm e rse d i n w at er .

I M M I NE NT .

S yn o n y m s
imp e n d in g , t h re a t e n in g .

I mmi n en t fro m t h e L a t in , w it h t h e
, se n s e o f pro j e c t in g o e r , sig v
n ifi e s liab l e t o h a ppe n a t o n c e , as so m e c a l a m it y , d a n g e ro u s a n d

c lo s e at h a n d I mp en d i n g , a l s o fr o m t h e L a t in , w it h t h e
. s en s e o f

h an g i n g o v
e r, is c l o s ely a k in to i mmi n e n t , b u t
m e w h at l ess so

e m ph a t i c I mmi n en t is m o re i m m e di at e i mp en d i n g m o re re
. .

m o t e t hr ea t en i n g m o re co n t in g e n t
,
A n i mp e n d i n g e v il is al .

m o s t s u re t o h a ppe n at so m e u n ce rt ain t im e pe rh aps v e ry n e ar ,

an i mmi n en t pe r il is o n e l ia b l e t o b e fall ve r y s pee d il y a th r ea t en

i n g pe ril m ay b e n e ar o r re m o t e , b u t al w a y s w i t h h o pe t h at it
m a y b e av e r te d .

A n toym sn

ch imerical , co n t in gen t , d o ub t f ul , impro b ab le , pro b l emat ical , un expe cte d un like ly . .

 i n l pe d i ln en t
21 3 inl pud en ce

I M P E D I M E NT .

S yn o n ym s
b ar, cl t en cu m b ra n c e o b st a cl e ,
p g , ,

b a rri e r , d i h cult y , h i n d ra n ce ,
o b s t ru c t i o n .

D ifi cu lty m a ke s an u n d e rt a kin g o t h e r w is e t h a n e as y . T h at
w hi ch re st s u po n o n e as a b ur d e n is an en cu mb r a n ce
'

. A n i mp ed i
men t is prim arily s o m e t h in g t h a t c h e c ks t h e fo o t o r in an y w ay
m a ke s a d v a n ce s l o w o r d iffi c u l t ; a n o b s t a cl e i s s o m e t hi n g t h a t

s t a n d s a c r o ss t h e w a y a n o b s t r u ct i o n s o m e t h in g t h a t is b uil t o r
,

pl a ce d a cro ss t h e w a y An o b s t ru ct i o n is al w a y s
. an o b s t a cl e , b ut
a n o b s t a cle m a y n o t al w ay s b e pro perl y t e rm e d an o b s t r u ct i o n

b o x es an d b a l e s pl ac e d o n t h e s id e w a lk are o b s t r u ct i o n s t o t r a v
el

an i ce s v
fi o e is a n o b s t a cle t o n a ig at io n , an d m a y b ec o m e a n ob

s t ru ct i o n if it c l o se s an in l e t o r c h an n e l ]A h i n d r a n ce ( kin d re d
w it h h i n d , b eh i n d ) is m ake sa n y t h in g t h at o n e co m e b e h in d o r

s h o rt o f h is purpo s e
( A n i mp ed i men t m ay b e e it h er w h a t o n e

m
.

fi n d s in h is w a y o r w h a t h e c arrie s w it h h i i mp e d i men t a w as
t h e L a t in n am e fo r t h e b agg a g e o f a s o l d ie r o r o f an arm y T he .

t e n d e n c y is t o v i e w an i mp e d i men t as so m e t h in g c o n s t an t o r a t ,

l eas t fo r a t im e co n t in u o u s ; a s an i mped i men t in o n e s s peech u

’
, ,

A d ifficu l t y o r a hi n d r a n ce m a y b e e it h e r w it hin o n e o r w it h o ut
a s pe a k er m ay fi n d d ig i cu lt y in e x pre ss in g h i m s elf o r d ifficu lty in ,

h o l di n g t h e a t t e n t io n o f r e s t l e s s c h il d re n A n en cu mb r a n ce is .

a l w ay s w h a t o n e c arri e s w it h h i m an o b s t a cle o r an o b s t r uct i o n

is alw ay s w it h o ut T o a m ar ch in g so l d ie r t h e s t e e pn ess o f a m o un
.

t ain pat h is a d ifii cult y [lo o s e s t o n e s a re i mpe d i men t s a fenc e i s a n

, ,

o b s t r u ct i o n a c liff o r a b o u ld e r a c ro ss t h e w a y is an o b s t a cle
,
a

k n aps ac k is an en cu mb r a n ce .

A n t o n ym s

ad vt
an age , as s is t an c e , b en e fit , s uc co r .

I M P U D E NC E .

Syn o n ym s

a s s u ra n c e i m pe r t i n e n v
in tru s i e n e s s , pre s um pt io n
v
, ce , ,
b old n e ss , i n el nity , o ffi c i o u s n e s s , rud e n e s s ,
e ff r o n t e r y , i n s o l en ce , p e rt n e s s , sa u ci n e s s .

fo r w a r d n e s s ,

I mp er t i n en ce pri m aril y d e n o t e s w h at d o e s n o t pe rt ain o r b e l o n g

to t h e o cca s io n o r t h e pe rso n , an d h e n c e c o m e s t o s ig n ify in t erfer
en ce b y w o rd o r a c t n o t c o n s is t e n t w it h t h e age , po s it io n , o r re l a
t io n of
t h e pe r so n in t erfe re d w it h or of th e o n e w h o in t er fere s ;

e s pe c ially , fo rw ar d ,
pre s um pt uo u s , or m ed dl e so m e s pe e ch . I mp u
d en ce is sh a m e l e s s i mp er t i n en ce . W h at w o uld b e arro g an c e in a
 in co n gruo us
21 4

s upe r i o r b e co m es i mp er t i n en ce or i mp u d en ce i n an in fe rio r .

I mp e r t i n en ce h as l e ss of in t en t an d d e t erm in at io n t h an i mpu d en ce .

We s pe a k o f m e l e s s i mp u d en ce I n
t h o u g h t l es s i mp er t i n en ce , sh a .

s o l en ce i s li t e rall y t h a t w h i c h i s a g ain s t c u s t o m i e , t h e v i o l atio n , . .

o f c u s t o m ary res pe c t a n d co urt es y Ofli ci o usn ess i s t hr us t in g u po n

.

o t h e rs u n a s k e d an d un d e s ire d s e rv i ce an d i s o ft e n a s w e ll m ean t ,
s

as i t i s an n o y i n g R u d en ess is t h e b eh av
. io r t h at m igh t b e ex

pe ct e d fro m a t h o ro u gh l y u n c ul t ur e d pe rs o n an d m ay b e e it h er ,

d e l ib e r a t e an d in s u lt in g o r u n i n t e n tio n a l an d e v
e n u n co n s c io u s .

Co m pare A RR O GA NC E ; A S S UR A NC E ; E FFR O NTE RY ; PE RTNE S S .

A nt o nym s
b ash f uln es s , mo d e sty
s u b mi s s i v
,

co y n e s s , en e s s .

P re p o s itio n s

T h e im pu d e n c e of , or i m pu d e n c e from , a s ub o r di n at e to a

s uperio r .

I NC O N G R U O U S .

Syn o n ym s

a b s urd , i l l =m a t c h e d , i n h arm o n i o u s ,
c o n fl i c t i n in app o s it e i rr e c o n c i l a b l e ,
g
, ,

c on tra d ic o ry , i n appr o pri a t e , m i sm at ch e d ,

c o n t ra ry , i n c o m m e n s urab l e ,
mism at e d .
d i s cord an t in c o m pa t ib l e , repu
gn a n t ,
d i s cre p a n t in c o n si s t e n t , un sui t ab l e .

Two or m o re t h in gs t h at d o n ot fi t w e ll t o g e t h e r , o r ar e n o t
a d a pt e d to e a c h o t h er , a r e sai d to be i n co n g r u o u s a t hi n g i s sa id

t o b e i n co n gr u o us t h at is n o t a d apt e d t o t h e t i m e , pl a c e o r o cc a .

s io n ; t h e t e rm is al s o a ppl ie d to a t h in g m a d e u p o f ill s as so rt e d
part s o r i n h a r mo n i o us e l e m e n t s D is co rd a n t is . appli e d t o a ll
t h in g s t h a t j ar in a s s o c iat io n l ike m u s ical n o t e s t h at are n o t in ac

co r d ; i n h a r mo n i o u s h as t h e sa me o rig in a l s en s e , b u t is a mi ld er
t erm .I n co mp a tib le pri maril y s ign ifi e s u n ab l e t o s ym pa t hi z e o r
fee l a like i n co n s i s t en t m e a n s u n ab l e t o s t a n d t o g e th e r T h in g s .

a re i n co mp a t ibl e w h i c h ca n n o t e x is t t o g e t h e r in h ar m o n i o us re

l a t io n s , an d w h o se ac t io n w h en a sso c i a t e d t e n d s t o u l t im a t e ex

t in c t io n of on e by th e o t h er . I n co n s i s t en t a ppli es t o t hi n g s t h a t
can n ot b e m ad e t o a gr ee in t h o ug h t w it h e ac h o t h er , o r w it h
so m e s t a n d ard of t ru t h o r rig h t s la v
e y ar nd fre e d o m a re i n con
s i s t en t w it h e a ch o t h e r i n t h e o ry , an d i n co mp a t i ble in fa c t . In
co n gr u o u s a ppl i es to r e l at io n s , u n s u i t a bl e t o pu rpo s e o r u se t w o
c o l o rs a re i n co n g r u o us w h ic h c an n o t b e a g reeab l y a sso c ia t e d ;

e it h e r m ay b e u n s u i t a b le fo r a pe rso n , a ro o m , o r an o cc as io n .
 i n d u s t ry
in fi n ite 16

of th e n o un s , we s pe ak o f pl o d d i n g i n d u s t ry, b u t n ot o f pl o d di n g
d i li gen ce . Co m pare A CTIVE ; I ND US TRY .

A n to n ym s

S ee s yn o n ym s fo r IDLE .

I ND U S T R Y.
S yn o n ym s

ap pl i c a t i o n , d il i g e n c e , l ab or, pe rsist e n ce ,
a s s id uity , e ff o r t . pain s , s e d ul o us n e s s .

att e n tion , e xe rt io n , pa tie n ce ,

con st an cy , in t en tn e s s , v
p e r s e e ran c e ,

I n d u s t r y i s t h e qu a lit y , a ct io n , o r h ab it o f e ar n es t , s t ea d y , an d

c o n t in u e d a t t e n t i o n o r d e o t io n t o an y u se fu l o r v pro d u ct i e v
w o rk or t ask , m an u al or m en t a l . A ss i d u i t y (L . a d , to an d .

sed co , s it ) , as the et ym o l o gy s u gg e s t s , s it s d o wn to a t as k
u n t il it i s d o n e . D i li gen ce (L d ili go , l o e ,
. v ch o o s e ) in v
e t s s

m o re e ffo rt an d e x e rt io n , w it h l o e o f t h e v w o rk or d e ep
in t eres t in it s acc o mpli s h m e n t ; app li ca t i o n (L . ad , to, an d

fo l d ) b e n d s t o i t s w o r k an d
’

p li co , c o n c e n t r at e s a ll o n e s po w ers
upo n it w i t h u t m o s t i n t e n s i t y ; h en c e , app li ca t i o n c an h ard l y b e
as un r e m it t in g as a ss i d u i t y . Co n s t a n cy is a s t ea d y de vt io on of

h eart an d pr in c ipl e . Pa t i en ce w o rks on in s pit e o f an n o y an ces ;

v v
p er se er a n ce o e r co m e s hi n d ran c e s an d d iffic u l t ie s p er s i s t en ce
v
s t ri e s re l e n t l e s s ly a g ains t o ppo s it i o n ; p er s i s t en ce h a s e ry fre v
v
qu e n t l y an un fa o rab l e m e an in g , i m pl y in g t h at o n e pe rs is t s in s pi t e
o f co n s i d era t io n s t h at sh o u l d in d u ce h im t o d e s i s t I n d u s t ry i s .

d i li gen ce appli e d to s om e av
o c at io n , b u s in e s s , or pro fe s s io n .

L a b o r an d pa in s r e fe r to th e ex er t i o n s o f t h e w o rk e r an d t h e t ax

upo n h im , w h il e a ss i d u i ty , p ers e v er a n ce, e t c .

,
re fe r t o hi s co n t in u

an c e in t h e w o r k .

A n to ym s
n

ch an geab l en e s s , in c o n s t an cy , re mis sn ess ,

fi ckl en ess , in d o l en ce , s lo t h .

I NF I NI T E .

S yn o n ym s

ab s ol ute , ill imit ab l e , l im itl e s s , un c o n d it io n e d ,

b o und le s s, im m e a s u ra b l e , m e a s ure l e s s , u n fa t h o m a b l e ,
c o un tl e s s , in n um e rab l e , n u m b e rl e s s , u nl i m it e d ,
e t e rn a l , i n t e rm i n a b l e , un b oun d e d , u n m e a s ure d .

I nfi n i t e (L . in , n o t , an d fin i s , limit ) s igni fi e s w i t h o ut b o u n d s or

li m it s in an y w ay , an d m ay b e a pplie d to s pace , t i m e qu an t it y
, , or

nu mb er . C o un t less , i n n u mera ble, an d nu mb erless ,

w h i ch sh o u ld
 21 7 in fl uen ce

b e th e m e as i nfi n i te are in co mm on usag e v
sa , a g ue ly e mpl o y e d t o

d e n o t e w h a t it i s d iffi c u l t o r pra ct ically im po s sib l e t o co un t o r

n um b er t h o pe rh a ps f allin g far s h o rt o f i nfi n i t e ; as
, co u n t less ,

l e ave s t h e co un t l ess s an d s o n t h e s e a s h o re n umb er less b a t t l es i n

'

, , ,

n umer a b le d e l a y s S o t oo b o un d les s i lli mi t a b le limi t les s mea s

.
, , , , ,

u r eles s an d u n li mi t ed ar e l o o s e l y u s e d in re fere n ce t o w h at h a s n o
,

a ppare n t o r re a d ily d e t e rmi n ab l e li m it s in s pace o r t im e ; as w e ,

s pe ak o f t h e b o u n d les s o ce an I nfin i t e s pace is w it h o ut b o u n d s

.
,

n o t o n l y in fac t b ut in t h o u gh t ; i nfi n i t e t i m e i s t ruly e t ern a l

, .

Co mpare s y n o n y m s fo r E T E RN A L .

A n t o n ym s

b o un d e d ,
b rie f ,
circums crib e d ,
v
e an e s cen t ,

I NF L U E N C E .

Syn o n ym s

a ct u at e d ra w , i m pe l i n d u c e, move s t ir,
v
, ,

compel , d ri e , i n ci t e ,
i n st i g at e pe rsuad e , s w a y ,

d ispo se , e xc i te , i n cli n e , lead , pr o m pt , urg e .

T o i nflu en ce (L . i n , in or in t o , an d fiu o ,
fl o w ) is t o a ffe c t , mo d
i fy , o r ac t upo n b y ph y s ical , m e n t al , o r m o ral po w e r , e s pe c ia ll y in
so m e ge n t l e , s ub t l e , a n d g ra d u a l w a y as , e g e t at io n i s i nfl u en ce d v
by l igh t e e r y v one b y pu b l ic O pin io n
is i nflu en ced t o so me e x t en t

i nfl uen ce is c hi e fl y u se d o f po w e r a ct in g fro m w it h o u t , t h o it m a y
v
b e u s e d o f m o t i es re gar d e d a s fo rc e s a c t in g u po n t h e w ill A ct u .

a t e r e fe rs so l e l y t o m en t al or m o ral po w e r i mp elli n g one fro m

w it h in . O n e m ay i nflu en ce , b ut c an n o t d ir e ct l y a ct u a t e a n o t h e r
m ay b e a ct u a t ed t o c ru e lt y b y h a t re d w h ich an o t h e r s m is
’
b ut on e

re pre s e n t at io n h as aro u s e d . Pr o mpt an d s t i r ar e w o rd s of m e re

s u gg es t io n t o w ard so me co ur se o f a c t i o n ; d i sp o s e , d ra w, i n cli n e ,
i n flu en ce , an d l ea d re f e r t o t h e us e of m ild m e an s to a w ake n in
an o t h e r a pu rpo s e or d is po s it io n t o ac t . To ex ci t e is t o aro u s e o n e

fro m l et h argy or in d iff e re n ce t o a c t io n . I n ci t e an d i n s t i ga t e , t o

s pur o r g o a d o n e t o ac t io n , di ff e r in t h e fa c t t h a t i n ci t e m ay b e t o
go o d , w h il e i n s t i ga t e is al w ay s t o e il ( c o m par e A B E T) v T o u rge
.

an d i mp e l s ig n ify t o pr o d u c e s t ro n g e x c it a t io n t o w ard so m e ac t .

We are u r ged fro m w it h o u t , i mp elled fro m w it h in . D ri v e an d

co mp e l impl y irre sist ib l e in flu e n ce acco m plish in g it s o b e ct

j . One
may b e d r i v
en e it h e r b y h is ow n pa ss io n s or by e x t e rn a l fo rce or

ur g e n c y ; o n e is co mp el led o n ly by so me e x e rn al
t po w e r ; as , th e
 inh e re n t 21 8

o w n er w as mp elled b y h is m isfo rt un e s
co to se l l h is e st at e Co m
pare C O M PE L ; DRIVE .

A n t o n ym s

d e t er, pre v
e t n , rest rain , ret ard .

d i s co urage ,

Prepo sit i o n s

A c t uat e d t o c ri m e by re vg en e .

I N B E R E NT .

Syn o n ym s

c o n g e n it al , in d ispe n s ab l e , in n at e ,
e s se n tial , in d w ellin g , in s e p a rab l e
i mm an en t , in fi xe d , i n t e rn a l ,
i n b o rn , in gra in e d , i n trin s ic ,
in b re d , i n h e ri n g , i n w ro u g h t ,

I n h er en t per m an e n t ly u n it e d a s an e l e m e n t o r o rigin al
s ig n i fi e s

qu al it y , n at ura l ly e x is t en t o r in co r po rat e d i n s o m e t h in g so as t o
v
h a e b eco m e an in t e g ral part I mma n en t is a ph il o so ph ic w o rd ,
.

t o d en o t e t h at w h ich d w e ll s in v
pe r a d e s a n y s ub s t an ce o r s pir it
or

w it h o u t n e ce s s arily b e in g a part o f it , an d w it h o u t re fer e n c e t o

an y w o rkin g o ut ( co m pare S UBJ E CTIV E ) . T h at w h ich is i n h er en t is
an i n sep a r a bl e par t o f t h at in w h ich i t in h e r e s , an d is u s ually
t h o u gh t o f w it h r e fe re n ce t o so m e o u t w o rkin g o r e ff ec t ; a s , an
i n h er en t d iffi c ul t y G o d i s s aid t o b e i mma n en t (n o t i n h er en t) in
.

t h e un i v
ers e . F re qu e n t l y i n t r i n s i c an d i n h er en t can b e i n t er
c h an ge d , b u t in h e r e n t a ppli e s t o qu a li t ie s , w h il e i n t ri n s i c appli e s
to e ss e n c e , s o t h at t o s pe a k o f i n t r i n s i c e x c e ll e n c e co n e y s h i gh er v
pra is e t h an i f w e s ay i n h eren t e x c e ll en ce I n h e r en t an d i n t r i n s i c .

m ay b e s a id o f pe rs o n s o r t h in gs con ge n i ta l, i n b o r n , i n b r ed , i n
n a t e , appl y t o l i in g b e in g s v Co n gen i t a l i s fre qu e n t in m e d ic a l
.

an d l e g al u s e w i t h s pe c i a l a pplic a t io n t o d e fe c t s as , co n g en i t a l

i d io c y I n n a t e a n d i n b o r n a re a l m o s t id e n t ic al , b ut i n n a t e is pre
.

f e rre d in ph il o s o ph ic us e , as w h e n w e s pe ak o f i n n a t e i d e a s t h at
w h ic h is i n b o r n , co n gen i t a l , o r i n n a t e m ay b e o rigin a l w it h t h e
v
in di i d u al , b ut t h at w h ich is i n b red i s in h e rit e d . I n gr a i n ed s ig

n ifi e s d y e d in t h e gr ain an d d en o t es t h at w h ich is d e e ply w ro ugh t

,

in t o s u b s t an c e o r ch arac t e r .

A n t o n ym s

accid en t al ,
c as ual ,
ext ern al ,
 i nj u st i ce
i n n o ce n t 2 20

I NJ U S T I C E .

S yn o n ym s

v
g ri e a n c e , i n j u ry , u n fa i r n e s s , u n ri g h t e o u s n e s s , w ro n g .

i n iq uity ,

I nj u s t i ce i s a v
io l at io n or d en i al of j ust ice , an ac t o r o m is s io n
t h at is co n t ra ry to e qu it y o r j u s t ic e as , t h e i nj us t i ce of u n e qu a l

t ax e s . vv
In l e g al u s a g e a w ro n g in o l e s i nj u r y t o pers o n , pro pe rt y ,
or v
r e pu t a t io n , a s t h e re s u l t o f e i l i n t e n t ; i nj u s t i ce appl ie s t o c i il v
d am a ge or loss , n o t n ec e s sar il y i vo lv
i g i nj ur y t o pe rso
n n n or
pro p
e r t y , as b y m is re pr e s e n t at io n of g o o d s w h ic h d o e s n o t a mo u n t t o

a l e g al w arran t y . In po pul ar u s a g e , i nj u s t i ce m a y in o lv
v e no di
i nj u r y t o pe rs o n , pr o pe r t y , in t e re s t , o r c h aract er , an d n o
r ec t

h arm ful in t en t , w h il e wr o n g al w ay s in o l es b o t h o n e w h o at t ribvv

ut es an o t h e r s
’
t r ul y g e n ero u s act t o a s e lfi sh m o t i e d o e s h im a n v
i nj u s t ice . I n i qu i ty, in t h e o ri gin al s e n s e , is a w an t o f o r a d e ia v
t io n fr o m e quit y b u t it i s n o w a ppl i e d in t h e w id es t Se n s e t o an y

fo r m of ill d o in g
c . Co m pare s yn o n y m s fo r CRIMIN A L S IN .

A n t o n ym s

e quity , righ t eo us n es s ,
fairn e s s , u pri gh tn es s .

fair pl ay,

I NN O C E N T .

S yn ym s
o n

b lamele ss, u il t l e s s , in o ff e n s i ve ,

cle an , a rm l e s s , p ur e ,
cle ar, im m a c ul a t e , ri g h t ,
fa u l t l e s s , in n o c u o u s , rig h t e o u s ,

g u il e l e s s , i n n o xi o u s , sin l e s s ,

I n n o cen t , in t h e fu ll s e n s e , s ign ifi e s n o t t a in t e d w it h s in ; n o t

v v
h a in g d o n e w ro n g o r io l at e d l e g al o r mo r al pr ec e pt o r d u t y as ,
an i n n o cen t b a b e I n n o ce n t is a n e ga t i e w o r d , e x pr e s s in g l ess
. v
th an r i gh t e ou s , up r i gh t , o r v
i tu r ous , w h ich im pl y kn o w l e d g e of

v
g o o d an d e il , w it h fre e c h o i ce t h e go o d
of . A lit t l e c h il d o r a

l am b is i n n o ce n t a t ri e d an d fa it hfu l m an is r igh t e o u s ; up r i gh t
v
,

i tur o usI mma cu la t e, p ur e , an d s i n l es s m a y b e us e d e it h e r o f

.

v
o n e w h o h a s n e e r kn o w n t h e po ss ib ilit y o f e il o r o f o n e w h o has v
pe rfe ct ly an d t rium ph an t ly res is t e d i t I n n o cen t i s u se d o f in an i .

m at e s ub s t an c e s in t h e s en s e o f h a r mles s a s , an i n n o cen t re me d y ,

t h at i s , on e n ot d an g e ro u s , e v
e n if n ot h e lpful . I n n o cen t , in a

s pec ifi c c as e , s ig n ifi e s f re e fro m t h e g uilt of a part ic ul ar ac t , e en v

th o th e t o t al c h ara c t e r m ay b e e ry e il v v as , t h e t hi e f w as fo un d
t o b e i n n o cen t of th e m u rd e r . See C A NDID P UR E .

A n t o n ym s :

Co mpare syn o n ym s fo r CRIMINA L .

 i n ‘1 u i s i t i v e
221 in sanity

I NQ U I S I T I VE .

S yn o n ym s

c u ri o u s , m e d dle some , s cru t in i z in g ,

in q u iri n g , m e d dlin g s e a rc h in g
v
, .

i n t ru s i e ,

v
A n i n qui s i t i e pe rso n is o n e w h o i s b e n t o n fi n d in g o u t all t h at
c an b e fo un d o u t b y i n qu ir y , e s pe c i all y o f l it t l e a n d pe rs o n a l m a t

t ers , h e n c e is ge n er all y me d d leso me a n d p ryi n g

an d I n q ui s i t i e . v
m ay b e u s e d in a g o o d s e n s e , t h e in s u ch c o n n e c t io n i n qui r i n g is
t o b e pref e rr e d ; as , an i n qu i r i n g m in d A s a pplie d t o a s t a t e o f .

m in d , c ur i o u s d en o t es a ke en an d ra th e r ple a su ra b l e d es ir e t o kn o w
full y so m e t h in g t o w h ic h on e s
’
at t e n t io n h a s b e e n ca ll e d , b u t w i t h

o ut th e ac t i v
e te n d en cy t h at i n qu i s i t i vi m pli
e es w e l l =b re d pe r
a

son m ay b e cu r i o u s to kn o w , b u t w ill n ot be v
i n qu i s i t i e in t ry in g
to a s c ert a in , w h a t is of in t e res t in t h e a ffa irs o f a n o t h e r.

A nt o n ym s

apat h e t ic, in d iff eren t , un co n ce rn e d , un in t ere s t e d .

carel e s s ,

P re po si t io n s

In quis it i v
e a b o u t , co n cer n i n g, in reg a r d to , r eg a r d i n g t r ifl e s .

I N S A NI T Y .

Syn ym s
o n

a b e rr a t i o n , d e l i ri u m , fr e n z y , m ad n e ss ,

ali e n ati on , d e m en ti a , h allu ci n ati on , m an Ia ,

cra zi n e s s , d e ra n g e m e n t , l un a c y , m o n o m an i a .

O f t h es e t e rm s i n s a n i t y i s t h e m o s t e x a c t an d co m pre h e n s i v
e ,

in c l u d in g in it s w id e st s e n s e a ll m in d d u e t o
m o rb i d c o n d it io n s o f

d ise a s e d a c t io n o f t h e b ra in o r n erv o u s s y s t e m b u t i n it s mo re fre ,

qu en t r e st ric t e d u s e applie d t o t h o se fo r m s in w h ich t h e m e n t a l

d iso rd e r is pe rs i st e n t a s d is t in gu is h e d fro m t h o s e in w h ic h i t is
,

t e m po rary o r t ran s ie n t Cr a z i n ess is a v

. a g u e po pu l a r t e rm fo r

a n y so rt o f d i s o r d er e d m en t al a c t io n o r fo r c o n d u c t s u gg e s t in g i t
, .

L u n a cy o rig in all y d e n o t e d in t e rm it t e n t i n s a n i t y s u ppo s e d t o b e ,

d epe n d e n t o n t h e ch an g e s o f t h e m o o n (L lu n a ) t h e t erm i s n o w .

a pp lie d in g en er al an d l e g al u se t o an y fo rm o f m e n t al u n so un d
n e ss e x c ept id io c y M a d n es s is t h e o l d po pu l ar t e r m n o w l e s s
.
,

c o mm o n fo r i n sa n i t y in it s w i d e s t s e n s e b u t w i t h s u gg e s t io n o f
, ,

e x c it e m e n t a kin t o m a n i a
,
In t h e d e riv .e d s e n s e lu n a cy d e n o t e s ,

w h at is in s an e ly fo o li sh ma d n ess w h a t i s in s an e ly d e s per at e
, De .

ra n gemen t i s a co m m o n e u ph e m i s m fo r i n s a n i ty D elir i um i s a l .

w ay s t e mpo rary , an d i s s pe cifi c ally t h e i n s a n i t y o f di se a se a s in ,

ac u t e fev e rs D emen t i a is a g e n e ral w e ake n in g o f t h e m e n t al

.
 in t e rp o s e 222

po w ers t h e w o rd is s pe c ifi cally applie d t o se n il e i n s a n i ty, d o t age .

A b er ra t i o n is e c c e n t ri cit y o f m e n t al a ct io n d u e t o an ab n o rm a l
v
s tat e o f t h e percept i e fac u l t ie s , an d i s m an ifes t e d b y e rro r i n per

c ept io n s an d ra mb lin g t h o u gh t . H a ll uci n a ti o n is th e a ppar e n t

pe rce pt io n o f t h at w h i c h d o es n o t e x is t o r i s n o t pr e s en t t o t h e
s e n s es , a s t h e s e ei n g o f s pe c t er s o r o f r ept il es in d e liriu m tr e m e ns .

M o n o ma n i a is m en t al d er a n gemen t a s t o o n e s u b j e c t o r o b j e ct .

F r en z y an d ma n i a are fo rm s of ra v
i gn an d fur io us i n s a n i ty .

Co m par e s yn o n y m s fo r D E LU S I O N IDI O CY .

A n t o n ym s
cl earn e s s , go o d s en s e , lucid it y, rat io n alit y , s an it y .

I NT E R P O SE
S yn o nym s
a rb it r a t e , in t e rc e pt , in t e rm d dle
e , med dle ,

i n t e rc e d e , i n t e r fe r e , in t e rr u p t , m e d iat e .

T o i n t erp os e is t o pl ac e o r co m e b e t w e en o t h e r t h in g s o r pe r
s o n s , u su all y a s a m e an s o f o b s t ru c t i o n o r pr e e n t io n o f so m e v
e ffe c t o r r e s ul t t h a t w o uld o t h e rw is e o c c u r , o r b e e x pe c t e d t o t a k e

pl ac e I n t er ced e an d i n t erp o s e are u s e d in a g o o d s e n s e ; i n t er

.

med d le alw ay s in a b a d sen se , an d i n t erf er e fre qu en t l y s o T o in .

t e r ced e is t o c o m e b e t w ee n per so n s w h o ar e at ar ian c e , an d pl e ad v

w it h t h e s t ro n g e r in b eh alf of t h e w e aker . O n e m ay i n t erp o se
w it h h e i n t e r ced es b y pet it io n
a u t h o ri t y ; . T o i n t er med d le i s t o
t h r u s t o n e s e l f in t o t h e c o n c e rn s o f o t h ers w it h a pe tt y o ffi c i o u s n e ss ;

med d li n g c o mm o n ly a rises fro m i d l e c u rio s it y ev e ry fo o l w ill

b e med d li n g
”
Pr o vx x 3 ; t o i n t e rf e r e is t o in t ru d e in t o o t h e rs
'

.
, ,

a ff a irs w it h m o r e s e ri o u s pu rpo s e w i t h o r w i t h o u t a c kn o w l e d g e d
,

r ig h t o r pro pr ie t y I n t er cep t is appl i e d t o an o b j ec t t h at m ay b e

.

s e iz e d w h il e in t ra n s it ; as , t o i n t er cep t a l e t t e r o r a
o r s t o ppe d

m e ss e n ger ; i n t er rup t i s appl ie d t o a n a c t io n w hi ch m igh t o r sh o u ld

b e c o n t in u o u s , b u t is b ro k e n in u po n (L r a mp e r e , t o b re a k) b y .

so m e d is t urb in g po w e r ; as , th e co n v
e s a t io n
r w a s i n t err upt ed :
O n e who a r bi t r a t e s o r med i a t es m u st d o so b y th e re qu es t o r at

l e as t w it h t h e c o n s en t o f th e co n t e n d i n g part ie s th e o t h er w o rd s
of t h e g ro up im pl y t h at h e s t eps in of h is o wn ac c o rd .

A n t o n ym s
v
a o id ,
h o ld al o o f ,
h o ld o ff ,

P rep o sit io n s

In t erpo se b et wee n t h e co m b at an t s i n t h e m at t er .
 224
j u d ge

t our , or b u s in e s s to u r . An ex cur s i o n is a b ri e f to ur or j ou rn ey ,

t ak e n fo r pl e a s u re , o ft e n b y m an y per so n s a t o n ce ; as , an ex cu r
s i o n t o Ch au t au qu a Pa s s a ge is a ge n eral w o rd fo r a j o urn ey b y
.

v
a n y co n e y an c e , e s pe c i a ll y b y w a t er ; a s , a r o u gh p a s sa ge ac r o s s

t h e A t l an t ic t r a n s i t , l it e ra ll y t h e a ct o f pas s in g o v
e r or t h ro u gh ,
is u s e d s pe c ifi c a ll y o f th e co n v
e ya n ce o f pas se n g ers o r m erch an di s e
ra pid t ra n s i t is d e m an d e d fo r s u b u rb a n r e s id e n t s pe rish ab l e
or

go o d s Pi lgri ma ge, o n c e al w a y s o f a
. s acre d c h ara c t er , re t ai n s in

v
d eri e d u ses s o m e t h in g o f t h at se n s e ; as, a p i lgr i ma ge t o S t rat
fo r d z on s A v on .

P rep o si t i o n s

A j o ur n e y f r o m Napl e s t o Ro me t h r o ugh M e x ico ; a cr oss t h e

co n t in e n t ; o v er th e s ea a j o u rn e y i n t o A s ia a mo n g s a a g e s ; b y v
l an d , b y ra il , f or h e alt h , o n f o o t , o n t h e c a rs , e t c .

J UD G E .

Syn o nym s
a rb i t e r , a rb it ra t o r , j u stice , re fe r e e , um p ire .

A j u d ge i n t h e l e g a l s e n s e , is a j u d i ci al o ffi c e r appo in t e d o r
,

e le ct e d to pr e s id e in c o u rt s o f l aw , an d t o d e c id e l e g a l que s t io n s
d u ly b r o u g h t b e f o r e h im ; t h e n am e i s s o m e t im es g i e n t o o t h e r v
l e g ally co n s t it u t e d o ffi c e rs a s , t h e j u d ges o f e l e c t io n in o t h er r e
l at io n s , pe rs o n d u ly a ppo in t e d t o pass u po n t h e m erit s o f co n
‘

an y

t e s t an t s or o f c o m pet in g a rt ic l e s m a y b e c a ll e d a j u d ge as , th e

j u d ges a t an a g ri c u l t u r a l fair , or .
at a ra c e s t r ac k ; i n t h e w i d es t
s e n s e , an y pe rs o n w h o h as g o o d c apaci t y f o r j u d gin g is c a ll e d a
j u d ge as , a pe rs o n i s s a i d t o b e a j u d ge o f pic t ur e s , o r a g o o d j u d ge

of a h o rs e , e tc .I n m o s t g a m e s t h e j u d ge i s c a l l e d an u mp ir e as , the
u mp i r e o f a g am e o f b all o r c r ic k e t A .
f
r e e ree is a ppo in t e d by a

co u rt m a tt ers b e t w e en lit igan t s an a rbi t ra t o r

t o d e c id e d is pu t e d
is ch o s e n b y t h e co n t en d in g part ie s t o d e c id e m att e rs in di s put e
w it h o u t a c t io n b y a co u rt In c e rt ain c as e s an u mp i r e is appo in t e d
.

by a co urt t o d e ci d e w h er e a rbi t r a t o r s d is agre e . A r b i t er , w it h it s

s u gg e s t i o n o f fi n al an d a b s o l u t e d e c is io n , h as co me to be u s e d o n ly

in a h i gh o r s a c re d se n se ; as w ar m us t n ow b e the a r b i t er th e
S upr e m e A r b i t er o f o ur d e s t i n ies . The j ud ges o f c e rt a i n co urt s ,

as t h e Un it e d S t at e s S u pr e m e Co u rt , a re t e ch n ic all y kn o w n as

j u s t i ces .
 225 j u st i ce

J UST I CE .

Syn o nym s

e quity , i m p a rt i a l i t y , l e g a lity , ri g h t fu l n ess ,

fa i r n e s s , i n t e g ri t y , r e ctit u d e , t r u th ,
fa i r p l a y , j ustn ri g h t , u pri g h t n e s s
v
e ss , ,

f a i t h fu l n e s s , l aw , ri g h t e o u s n ess , i rt u e .

h on or, l a w fu l n e ss ,

v
In it s go ern m en t al rel at io n s , h um an o r d i in e , j u s t i ce is t h e v
v v
g i in g t o e ery pers o n e x a c t l y w h a t h e d es e r e s , n o t n ece ssarily v
vv
in o l in g an y co n s id erat io n o f w h a t an y o t h e r m ay d ese r e ; equ i t y v
(t h e qu ali t y o f b e in g e qu al ) is gi in g e v vy er on e as m uc h ad van

v
t ag e , pri il e g e , o r co n s i d e rat io n as is gi v toen an y o t h e r it is t h a t
w h i c h is e qu a ll y rig h t or j ust to all co n ce rn e d ; equ i ty is e qua l

j u s t i ce an d is t h u s a cl o s e syn o n y m fo r f a i r n ess an d i mp a r t i a li ty,

b u t it h as phi l o so ph ic al an d l e g al prec is io n t h a t t h o se w o rd s h a e
a v
n ot . In l e gal pro c e e d in gs cases arise fo r w h ic h t h e l a w h as n o t
a d e qu a e l y t v
pro id e d , o r in w h ich g e n e ra l pro is io n s , j u s t in t h e v
m a in ,
v
w o ul d w o r k in d i id ual h ard sh ip T h e s y s t e m o f equ i ty, d e
.

v
ise d to s upply t h e in s uffi c i en c i es of la w , d e al s w i t h c a s es to
w hi ch t h e la w b y re as o n of it s v
u n i e r s alit y c an n o t a ppl y .
” “
E qui ty,
t h en , is t h e so ul an d s pirit o f a ll la w po s it i v
e la w is co n
”
s tru e d an d r at io n a l la w i s m a d e b y it B L A CK S T O N E b k iii , c h
. . .

27 , p 429 In
. .
pers o n a l an d so c ial r e l a t io n s j u s ti ce is t h e r e n d e r
v
i n g t o e e ry o n e w h a t i s d u e or m erit e d w h e t h e r in
, ac t , w o rd , or

t h o u gh t ; in m at t er s o f r e a so n in g , o r l it e r ary w o rk o f an y ki n d ,

j u s ti ce is c l o se , fait h ful , u n pre j u di ce d , a n d u n b ia se d a d he re n ce t o

e s s e n t i al tr ut h o r fa c t w e spe a k o f t h e j u s ti ce o f a s t a t e m e n t , o r
of d o in g j u s t i ce to a s ub e c t
j . I n t egr i t y , r ec ti t u d e ,
r i gh t , r i gh t

eo us n ess an d v
i tur e co n fo r m it y
pe rso n al c o n d u ct t o t h e
d en o t e of

m o ral l aw , an d t h u s n ec es s arily in c l u d e j u s t i ce, w h ich is g i in g v

o t h ers t h a t w hi ch i s t h e ir d u e L a wfu ln ess is an am b ig u o u s w o rd ,
.

m e an in g in it s n arro w e r se n se m e re lega li ty w h ic h m ay b e v
e y r

mj
,

far fro us t i ce ,b u t in it s hi gh e r s en s e s ign i fy in g ac c o r d an c e w it h

the s u pr e me la w o f r i gh t , an d t h u s in c lu d in g pe rfe c t j u s ti ce J u s t .

n ess re fe r s rat h er t o l o g ical re l a t io n s t h an t o pra ct ic al m at t ers as ,

we spe a k o f the j u s tn ess of a s t a t e m e n t o r o f a c rit ic i s m See
'

J UD G E , n .

un l awfuln e s s ,
un reas o n ab l en e s s ,

Prep o si tio n s

Th e j u s t ic e of t h e kin g ; t o or f o r t h e o ppres se d .

15
 k ee
R I] 226

KE E P .

Syn o n ym s

c a rr y , d e fe n d , h ol d , pr e s e r e v , re t ai n .

c a rr y on , d e t ain , m ain t ain , pro t e ct , s u p p o rt ,

ce l e b ra t e fu l fi l , ob ey , r e fr a i n , u s t a in .
ve
,

co n d u ct , g u ard , ob ser , re s tr a in , w ith h o ld .

Keep , s ign ifyin g g e n era l l y t o h av

e an d r e t ain in po sse ss i o n , i s
t h e t e rs e , s t ro n g S a x o n t erm fo r m an y ac t s w h ic h ar e m o re e x
ac t l y d is cr im in at e d b y o th e r w o r d s W e keep, o b se r . v e, or ce le o

b r a te a fe s t i alv w e keep o r h o ld a priso n er in cu s t o d y w e ke ep

or p r eser v il
e s keep t h e pe a ce , p r eser e o rd e r— pr eser e b e in g
en ce , v v
th e mo r e fo rm al w o r d ; w e keep o r ma i n t a i n a h o r se , a s e r an t v .

et c .
; a m an h is fa m il y ; w e keep o r o b ey a co mm an d
s upp o r t s

m e n t keep o r f u lfi l a pro m is e In t h e ex pr e s s io n s t o keep a s e c r e t ,

.

keep o n e s o w n c o u n s e l , keep f a it h , o r ke ep t h e fa it h , s u c h w o rd s
’ '

as v
p r eser e o r m a i n t a i n co u l d n o t b e s ub s t it u t e d w it h o ut l o ss . A
per so n keep s a S h o p o r s t o r e , co n d u ct s o r ca r ri es o n a b u s in e s s he
keep s o r ca r r i es a c er t a in lin e g o o d s ; w e m ay keep o r r es t r a i n
of

one fro m fo ll y , c ri me , or v io l e n ce w e keep fro m o r r ef r a i n fro m

e v
il , o u rse l v
es . K eep in t h e s en s e o f gu a r d or d ef en d implies t h at
t h e d e fen s e i s e ffe c t ual . Co m pare C E LE BR ATE RE S TR A IN .

Pre p o s i t i o n s

K e e p i n h an d , i n m in d , i n or wi t hi n t h e h o us e f ro m ev
il ; o ut

of m i s ch i e f keep t o t h e s ub e ct j ke e p f o r a pe rso n , an o cc as io n ,

et c .

K IL L .

S yn ym s
o n

a s s a s s in at e , d e s p a t ch , m a s s a cre , put t o d e ath , sl ay .

b ut ch e r , e xe c ut e , m urd e r , slaugh t er,

T o ki ll is si mply t o d e pri v
e o f l if e, h u m an , an i m al , o r vg
e e t ab l e

w it h n o s u gg e s t io n o f how or w hy . A s sa ss i n a t e, ex ecu e , t mu r d er ,

a ppl y o n ly t o t h e t akin g of h u m an li fe to mu r d er is t o ki ll
w i t h pr e m e di t a t io n an d m a lic io u s in t e n t ; to ex ec u t e is t o ki ll in
fulfil m en t of a l e gal s en t e n ce to a s s a ss i n a t e is t o ki ll b y a s s au l t

t h is w o r d i s t o t h e ki lli n g o f pub lic o r e m in en t pe r

c h ie fl y appli e d

v
so n s t h ro u gh a ll e g e d po lit i c a l m o t i e s , w h e t h er se c r et l y o r o pe n l y .

T o s l a y i s t o ki ll b y a b l o w , o r b y a w e apo n B u t ch er an d .

s la u gh t er pri m aril y t o t h e killi n g o f c at t l e ma ssa cre i s

appl y

appli e d pri m aril y an d a l m o s t e x c l us i e l y t o h um a n b e in g s , s igni fy v

in g t o kill t h e m in d is crim in at e l y i n l arg e n u m b e rs ; t o ma ss a c re
is s aid w h e n t h e re is n o c h an c e o f s uc c e ss fu l r e s is t a n ce t o bu t ch e r
w h e n t h e ki lli n g is e s pec ia ll y b ru t a l ; s o ld ie rs m o w n d o w n in a
 langu e
22 8
a g

j
o b e ct s , ap pr eh en s i o n of in t e ll ec t u al t rut h . S im pl e p er cep t i o n

gi v
e s a lim i t e d kn o w led ge o f e x t e rn a l o b j e ct s ,
m er e l y a s s u ch ; t h e
co g n i t i o n o f th e sa me j
o b e ct s is a kn o w led ge of t h e m in me
so

r el a t io n co gn i z a n ce is t h e fo rm al o r o ffi c ia l r eco gn i t i on o f so me

t h in g as an ob ectj of kn o wled ge w e t ak e co gn i z a n ce of it .

In tu i ti o n is prim ary kn o wled g e an t e ce d en t t o all t e a c h in g o r re a

’
s o n in g exp er i en ce is kn o w l ed ge t h a t h a s e n t e r e d d ire ct l y in t o o n e s

as , a c h il d s exp er i en ce t h at fi re w ill b u rn L ea rn i n g is
’
ow n life .

m u ch h igh e r t h an i nf o rma t io n b e in g pre e min e n t l y w id e an d s y s ,

t e m a t ic kn o w led ge , t h e r es ul t o f l o n g as s i d u o u s s t u d y e ru d i t i o n ,

is re c o n d it e lea rn i n g s e cu r e d o n ly by e x t ra o rd in ary in d u s tr y , op

po rt un ity , an d a b ilit y . Co m pare A C QUA INTA NC E ; E D U C AT I O N ;

S CIE NC E WI S D O M .

A n to n ym s

ig n o ran ce , i n e xperie n ce , mis c o n cept io n _ ,

rud en e s s ,
l it e ra cy, mis appre h en s w n , mi s un d ers t an d in g ,
un fami li ari t y .

L A NG U A G E
Syn o nym s
b a rb a r i s m e xp r e s s i o n patois , v e rn a c u l a r ,
v
, ,

d i al e ct , id i o m . s p e e ch , o ca b u l a ry .

d i ct i o n , m oth er ton g ue , ton gue ,

L a n gu a ge (F . l a n g a ge L . li n gu a , t h e t o n gu e ) s ign ifi e d

o ri gin al ly exp r es s i o n o f t h o u gh t b y s po ke n w o rd s , b u t n o w in it s
w id e s t se n se it s i gn ifi es exp r es s i o n o f t h o u gh t b y a n y m ean s ; a s ,

t h e la n g ua ge of the eye s , t h e la n gu a ge of flo w e r s . As r e g ard s

t h e us e of w o rd s , l a n gu a ge in it s b ro a d e s t s en s e d en o te s a ll the ut
t e re d s o u n d s an d m b in at io n s in t o w o rd s an d s en t e n c es t h at
t h e ir co

h u m an b e in g s e m pl o y fo r t h e c o m m u n ic a t io n o f t h o u gh t an d in , ,

a m o r e l im i t e d s en s e t h e w o rd s o r c o m b in a t io n s fo rm in g a m ean s
,

o f c o mm u n i ca t io n a m o n g t h e m e m b e rs o f a s in gl e n a t io n , pe o pl e ,

o r ra c e . Sp eech in vl v o es al w a y s t h e po w e r o f art ic u l a t e u t t er

an c e ; w e c an s pe ak o f t h e la n gu a ge o f an im a l s , b ut n ot o f t h e ir
sp ee ch . A t on gu e i s t h e sp eech o r la n gu a ge o f so me pe o pl e ,
on e

c o u n t ry , o r r a ce A d i a le ct is a s pe c ia l mo d e o f s pe a kin g a la n
'

gu a ge pec ulia r t o s o m e l o c al i t y o r c l ass , n o t r ec o gn i z e d as in a c

co r d a n c e w it h t h e b e s t u sa g e ; a b a r b a r i s m i s a per ers i o n o f a v
l a n gu a g e b y ig n o ran t fo re ign e rs , or so m e u s ag e akin t o th at .

I d i o m re fe rs t o t h e co n s t ru c t io n o f ph r as es an d s e n t e n c e s , an d t h e
w ay o f fo rm in g o r u s in g w o rd s it is t h e pe c uli ar m o l d in w h ich
e ach la n gu a ge cas t s it s t h o ug h t
T h e gre a t d iffi cu l t y o f t ra n s l a
.

v
t io n is t o gi e t h e t h o u gh t e x pres s e d in o n e la n gu a ge in t h e i d i o m
o f an o t h e r A d i a lect m a y b e u s e d b y t h e h igh e s t as w ell as t h e
.
 l a rg e
229 law

l o w e s t w it h in it s p a t o i s is d is t in c tl y il lit e ra t e , b el o n g in g
ra n g e a

t o t h e lo w e r c lass e s ; t h o se w h o s pe ak a pa t o i s un d e rs tan d t h e
c ul t ure d fo rm o f t h e ir o w n l an g u ag e , b ut s pe ak o nl y t h e d e grad e d

fo rm , as in t h e ca s e o f t h e It al ian l azz aro n i or t h e fo rm er n e gro

s la vs i
e n t h e U n it e d S t at es . Ver n a cu l a r fro m t h e L a tin h as t h e
,

sa m e g en eral s en s e as t h e S ax o n mo t h er t o n gu e, o f on e s na t iv e

la n gua ge , or th at of a pe o pl e ; as , t h e S c ript ure s w e re tran slat e d

in t o t h e v er n a cu la r . Co mpare DICTI O N .

L AR G E .

S yn ym s
o n

ab un d an t , c o ars e ,

ampl e , colo s sa l .

b ig , comm o d ious ,
b ro a d , c o n s i d e ra b l e ,
b ul k y , en or mous
ve
,

c a p a ci o u s , e xt e n s i ,

L a rge d en o t e s e x t e n s io n in m o re t h an on e di rec t io n , an d be
y o n d th e a v
e ra g e of th e c l as s t o w h i ch t h e o b e ct
j b e lo n g s ; w e
s pe ak o f a la r ge s urface or a la r ge so lid , b ut of a lo n g lin e ; a
l a r ge fi e l d , a la rge ro o m , a l a r ge appl e , e t c . A la r ge m an is a

m an of mo re t h an o rdi n ary s iz e a gr ea t m an is a m an o f re m ark

ab l e m en t al po w e r . B i g is a m o re e mph a t i c w o rd t h an l a r ge, b ut

of l e ss d ign it y . We do n ot say t h at G eo rg e W a sh in gt o n w as a

bi g m an .

A n to n ym s

b rie f , in fin it e s imal , littl e , mi n ute , pet ty , s l en d e r, t in y ,

d i min ut i e ,v in s ign ifi can t , me an n arro w, s can t y, s ligh t , t riflin g,
v
,

in co n sid erab l e , limit e d , mi cro s co pic, palt ry, sh o rt , s mall , t ri ial .

L AW .

S yn o n ym s

can on , e co n o m
y, l e g isl atio n , pr i n c ip l e ,
cod e , e d ict , m an d ate , re g u l a t i o n ,

com m
an d , e n a ct m
ent , o rd e r, ru l e ,
co mm
an d me n t , fo r m ul a , o rd i n a n c e , s t at ut e .

d e cre e , j u ri s p r u d e n c e , polity ,
L a w, i n i t s i d e a l , i s t h e st a t e m e n t
p r i n cip le o f ri gh t in m an of a

d at o ry fo rm , b y co m pe t e n t a u t h o rit y , w it h a d e qu at e pe n a l t y fo r
di so b e di en ce ; in co mm o n u se , t h e t e rm is applie d t o an y l e g is la
v v
t i e ac t , h o w e e r impe rfec t o r u n j us t Co mma n d an d co mma n d .

me n t a re pe rso n a l an d part icul ar a s , t h e co mma n d s of a pare n t

t h e t en co mma n d men t s A n ed i ct i s t h e a c t o f
. an a b so l u t e

so v e re i gn o r o th er a ut h o rit y we s pe ak o f th e ed i ct o f an e m pe ro r ,

t h e d ecr ee o f a co u rt . A ma n d a t e is s pe c ifi c , fo r an o c ca s io n o r a

purpo s e ; a s u perio r co u rt is s u e s it s ma n d a t e t o an in fe rio r c o u rt

 lib ert y 23 0

to s en d up it s rec o r d s . S t a t u t e is t h e r e co gni z e d l e gal t erm fo r a

s pec ifi c la w en a c tmen t i s them o re v ag u e an d g e n e ra l e x press io n .

We s peak o f al g e b ra ic o r c h e m i c a l f o r mu l a s m un icipal o rd i ,

n a n ces , m ili t ary o rd er s , a rm y r egu la t i o n s e cc l e s ia s t ic al ca n o n s

, ,

the r u les o f a b u s in e s s h o u se . L aw is o ft e n u se d , a l s o , fo r a re c

v
.

o gn iz e d p r i n cip le w h o se io l at io n is a t t e n d e d w i t h in j ury o r l o ss
,

t h a t a c t s l ike a pe n al t y ; as , t h e la ws o f b u s in e s s ; t h e la ws o f
n at u r e . In m o r e s t ric t l y s c ie n t ifi c u s e , a n a t u ra l la w is si mpl y a

re c o g n iz e d s ys t e m o f s e qu e n c e s o r re l at io n s ; as , K e pl e r ’
s l a ws of

pl an e t ary d is t an c e s . A co d e is a s ys t e m of l a ws j u ri sp rud en ce
is t h e s c ie n c e o f l a w, o r a s ys t e m of l a ws sc i e n t i fi ca ll y c o n s id e re d ,

c la s s e d , an d legi s la ti on , prim arily t h e ac t o f l e g is l a

in t erpre t e d
t in g , d e n o t e s al s o t h e b o d y o f s t a t u t es e n a c t e d b y a l e g is l a t i e b o d y v .

A n eco n o my ( G r o i ko n o mi a prim ar il y t h e m an ag e m e n t o f a
.
,

h o u se ) i s a n y co mpre h e n s i ve s y s t e m o f a d m in is t ra t i o n as d o m e s ,

t ic my
eco n o b ut t h e w o r d i s e x t e n d e d t o t h e a d m in is t rat io n o r
go v
e rn m e n t pe o pl e , s ig n i fyin g a b o d y o f l a ws an d
o f a st a t e o r

r egu l a t i o n s , w it h t h e e n t ire s y s t e m , po l it i c a l o r re l ig io u s , es pe c ial

l y t h e l at t er , o f w hi ch t h e y fo rm a part ; a s , t h e co d e o f D ra co ,
Ro m an j ur i sp ru d en ce , Brit is h legi s la ti o n . t h e M o saic eco n o my .

L aw is al so u s e d as a co ll e c t i v
e n ou n fo r a syst e m of la ws o r re c

o gn iz e d r u les o r r egu la t i o n s , in cl u d in g n ot o n ly al l s pec i al l a ws ,

b ut t h e p ri n cip les on w h i ch t h e y are b ase d . T he M o s a i c eco n o my
is k n o w n a ls o as the M o s aic la w , an d we s pe a k of t h e E n gli s h
co mmo n la w ,
or t h e la w of Po li ty (G r
n at io n s . .
po li t ei a , fro m
p o li s , a cit y ) s i gn ifi e s th e fo rm co n s t it u t io n o r m e t h o d
, , of go v
e rn

me n t o f a n at io n , s t a t e , c h u r c h , o r o t h e r
in st it u t io n ; i n u s a g e it
d iff e rs fro m eco n o my a s a ppl y in g rat h e r t o t h e s y s t e m , w h ile
e co n o my a pplie s es pe c ia ll y t o m e t h o d , o r t o t h e s y s t e m as a d m in

i st ere d an eco n o my m igh t b e t erm e d a p o li ty c o n s i d er e d w it h e s

pec ial r e fer e n c e t o it s pr a c t ic al a d m in i s t ra t io n , h e n c e c o m m o nl y
w i t h s pec ia l r e fe re n c e t o d e t a il s o r part ic u l ars , w h il e p o li t y h as
m o re re fe re n ce t o b ro a d p r i n cip les .

L IB E R T Y .

Syn o n ym s
e m a n c ip a t i o n , fr e e d o m , in d e pen d e n ce , lice n se .

In g e n e ra l t e rm s , it m ay b e s aid t h a t f r eed o m i s a b s o l u t e , li b
v
er t y re l a t i e ; f r eed o m i s t h e ab se n c e o f re s t ra in t , lib er t y is

prim aril y t h e re m o v
al or a vid a
o n ce o f re s t ra in t ; in it s b ro a d e s t
s e n s e , i t is t h e s t a t e of b e in g exe m pt fro m t h e d o m in at io n o f o t h e rs
 lik e] l
u s ua 23 2

is h ar d li gh t
a as ,t h e g li tt er o f b ur n ish e d arms A sp a r kle is a .

s u d d en li gh t , as o f s park s t h ro wn o u t ; s ci n ti lla t i o n is t h e m o r e

e x ac t an d sc ie n tifi c t e r m fo r t h e miss io n O f s parks a l s o

a c t u al e ,

t h e fi g ura t i v
e te r m fo r w h a t su g g e s t s s u ch e m iss io n as s ci n t i ll a ,

t i o n s o f w it g e n iu s T wi n kle an d twi n kli n g are us e d O f t h e

or o f .

in t ermit t e n t li gh t o f t h e fi x e d s t ars G li s t en i n g is a s h i n i n g a s .

fro m a w et s ur face I l lu mi n a t i o n is a w id e spr ea d b rill ian t li gh t ,

.
s
,

as w h en a ll t h e w in d o w s of a h o u se o r O f a s tr e e t ar e l igh t e d .

T h e li gh t o f i n ca n d es cen ce is in t e n s e an d w h it e l ike t h a t fro m

m e t al a t a w h it e h e at .

A n t o n ym s

b l ac kn es s ,
d ark,

L IK E L Y .

Syn o n ym s

apt , c on ce i va b l e , liab l e .
pr o b a b l e ,
c re d ib l e c o nj e c t u r a l , pre s um ab l e , re a s on a b l e .

Ap t i mpli e s a n a t ur al fi t n e ss t e n d en c y ;
or an im pe t uo us per
son is ap t to s pe a k h a st il y . L i a b le r e fer s t o a c o n t in g e n c y r e

g a rd e d a s un f a v
o ra b l e ; as , the s hi p w a s li a ble t o fo u n d e r at an y

m o m en t . L i ke ly re fe rs to a co n t in g en t vt
e en re g ard e d as vy er

pro b ab l e , an d us u a lly , t h o n ot al w ay s , f v a o ra b l e in
'

; as , an

d u s t rio u s w o rker is li kely t o s uc c e e d . Cr ed ib le s i gn i fi es re a di ly

t o b e b e l ie vd e
”
a s , a cr ed ibl e n arra t i v
e likely in s uc h c o n n e c t io n

is u se d Ir o n i c a l l y to s ig n ify the r eve se ; as r , a li ke ly s t ory ! A

t h in g i s co n cei vb l
a eof w h ich t h e m in d can e n t e rt a in t h e po ss ib ili t y
a t h in g i s c o n e ct u r a l
j w h ic h i s co n j e c t ure d as po s s ib l e o r pr o b ab l e
w it h o u t o t h e r s u ppo r t t h an a co n j e c t ure , or t e n t at i v
e j u d gm en t ;

at h in g i s p r es u ma b le w h ic h , fro m w h a t i s an t e c e d e n t ly k n o w n ,
m ay b e t aken fo r g ran t e d in a d an ce O f pro o f R e a so n a b le in th is v .

c o n n e c t io n s ig n ifi e s s u c h a s th e re a so n c an be s a t is fi e d w i t h , in d e

pe n d e n t l vf o e x t e rn al gr o u n d s fo r b e lie f or d is b e lie f ; as , t h at
se e m s a r ea s o n a b le s uppo s it io n Co m pare . A PPA R E NT .

A n t o nym s

d o ub t ful , que s t io n ab le , un re ason ab le .

d ub i o us , un lik ely,

L I ST E N .

S yn ymo n s

att e n d , h a rk h ark e n , h e ar , h ee d , list .

Be t w e en li s t en an d h ea r is a di ffe r en ce lik e t h at b e t w e e n t h e
w o rd s l o o k an d se e .
( Co mpare sy n o n y m s fo r L O O K ) . T o h ea r is
 l i t e ra t ure
23 3 load

si mply t o b eco me c o n s c io u s o f s o un d , t o l is te d is t o m ak e a co n

s c i o us e ffo rt o r e n d e a v
or t o h ea r . W e m ay h ea r w it h o u t li s t en
i n g, as w o rd s s ud d e n l y u t t ere d in a n a d o in in g ro o
j m or w e m ay
li s t e n w i t h o ut h ea r i n g, as to a di s t a n t s pe a k e r . III l is t en i n g t h e
e ar is in t e n t upo n t h e s o un d ; in a t t en d in g t h e m in d is i n t e n t
u po n t h e t h o ugh t , t h o li s t en i n g im plies s o m e a t t e n t io n to the
m e an in g or i m po rt O f the s o un d . T O h eed is n o t o n ly to a tte n d ,

b ut t o re m e mb e r a n d O b s er v
e . H a r ke n is n e arl y O b so l e t e .

A n
'
t o n ym s
be d eaf t o , ign o re , n e gl e c t , s co rn ,

Prep o s itio n s

We lis t e n for w h at w e e x pe c t or d e s ire t o h e ar ; w e lis t e n t o

w h at w e ac t u all y d o h e ar lis t e n f or a s t e p, a s i gn a l , a t ra in lis
t en t o t h e d e b at e .

LI T E R A T U R E .

S yn onym s
b e l l e s =l e t t r e s , l it e rary pro d u ct i o n s , pub lication s ,

b o ok s , li t e r a r y w o r k s , w ri t i n g s
vi
.

L i t er a t u re is c o ll e ct i e, n c l u d in g in t h e m o s t g e n eral s e n s e a ll
t h e w rit t e n or prin t e d pro d u c t io n s o f th e h um an m in d i n a ll l an d s
an d a g e s , o r in a m o re lim it e d s en se , re fe rrin g t o a ll t h at h as b e e n

pub lish e d in so m e l an d o r ag e , o r in so m e d e part m en t Of h u m an

kn o w le d g e ; as , t h e li t er a tu r e Of G re e c e t h e li tera tu re of th e
A u gu s t an ag e t h e li t er a tu r e Of po li t ic s O r O f art . L i t er a t u r e , u s e d
.

“ ”
a b s o lu t e ly , d e n o t e s w h at h as b e e n call e d po l it e li t era t u r e or

b elles d et t r es , i . e .
, t h e w o rk s co ll e ct i v
e l y t h at e m b o d y t as t e fe e l ,

in g , l o ft in e ss Of t h o ugh t , an d pur it y an d b e a ut y o f st y le , a s
po e t ry ,
h is t o ry , fi c t io n , an d d ra m a tic co m po s it io n s in c lu d in g al s o m u ch
of ph il o so ph ical w rit in g , as the R e pub lic O f Pl a t o , a n d o ra t o r

ic al pro d u ct io n s , as t h e o ra t io n s O f D e m o s th en e s . In t h e b ro a d
s e n se , we c an s pe a k o f t h e li t era tu r e O f sc i e n ce in t h e n arro w e r

s en se , we s pe ak O f li t er a t ur e an d s c ie n ce a s d is t in c t d e part m e n t s
of kn o w l e d g e . L i ter a t u r e is als o u s e d to s ign ify l it e rary purs u it s

o r o c c upa t io n s ; as , to d e vto e on e s
’
life t o li t era tu r e . Co mpare
KN O WLE DGE ; S CI E NC E .

L O AD ,
n.
Syn ym
o n s

b urd e n , c h a rg e , e n cu m b ran c e , in cub u s , pa ck .

c arg o , cl o g , fre i g h t ,
l ad in g , w ei gh t .

A b ur d en (fro m t h e A n gl O =S a x o n b yr th en , fro m t h e e rb b e r a n , v
b e a r) i s w h a t on e h as t o b e ar an d t h e w o r d is u s e d a l w a y s O f t h at
,

w hi ch is b o rn e b y a li in g v a gen t . A lo a d ( fro m t h e A n g l o =S ax o n
 lfifil
‘
. 23 4

lad , a w ay , c o urse , carryi n g , o r ca rri a g e ) i s W h at is l aid upo n a

pe rs o n , an im al , or e h i c l e fo r co n v
v e y an c e , o r w h at i s c u s t o maril y

so i m po s e d as , a t w o h o rs e l o a d
: . We igh t m e asure s t h e pr es su re
v
d ue t o gra it y ; t h e s am e w ei gh t t h a t o n e fi n d s a m o d e ra t e lo a d
w h en in h is fu l l s t re n gt h b e co m es a h ea y b u r d en in w ear in e s s v or

w eakn e s s . A s h ip s
‘

lo a d is c a ll e d d i s t in c t i vly a c
e a r go , o r it m ay
b e kn o w n as fr eigh t or m erch an d is e in o r
la d i n g . F r ei gh t d en o t e s
fo r t ran spo rt at io n an d is u s e d l arg e l y o f t ran s po rt at ion o r o f m e r
c h a n d is e t r a n s po r t e d b y ra il w h ic h i s in co m m e rc ia l l an gu a g e
, , ,

s aid to b e A lo a d t o b e f as t e n e d u po n a h o rse
s h ippe d . or

m ul e is c a ll e d a p a ck, a n d t h e an i m al i s kn o w n as a pac ks h o rse or

pack mul e s .

LO C K .

Syn o n ym s

b ar, c at ch , fa s t e n i n g , h ook ,
b o lt , cla sp , h asp , l at ch .

A b a r is a pie ce O f w o o d o r m e t al , u s u a ll y O f co n s id er ab l e s iz e ,
b y w h ich an O pe n in g is O b s tr u c t e d , a d o o r h e l d fas t , e t c A bar .

m ay b e m o v ab l e or pe rm an e n t a b o l t i s a m o a b l e ro d o r pi n o f v
m e t al s lidi n g in
, a so c k et a n d a d a pt e d fo r se c u ri n g a d o o r o r w i n

d ow . A lo ck i s an arra n g e m e n t b y w h ic h an e n c l o s e d b o lt i s sh o t

fo rw ar d b a c k w a r d b y a k e y , o r o t h e r d e ic e
or v t h e b o lt i s t h e es

se n t ial pa rt o f t h e l o c k A l a t ch o r ca t ch is an . acc e s s ib l e f a s t en
i n g d e s ig n e d t o b e e as il y mov
ab l e , an d si mpl y t o s e c u re a g ain s t

acc i d e n t a l o pe n in g o f t h e d o o r, co v
er , et c . A h a sp is a m e t a llic
s t rap t h at fi t s o ve r a s t a pl e , c a l c u l at e d to b e se c ur e d
pa dl o c k by a

a si m pl e h o o k t h at fi t s in t o a s t a pl e is a l so c all e d a h a sp A cla sp .

is a fa s t e n i n g t h a t c an be s pru n g in t o pl ac e , t o d raw an d h o ld t h e
part s o f s o m e e n c l o s in g O b ec t j fir m ly t o get h e r , as t h e cla sp Of a

b ook .

LO O K .

Syn o nym s
b eh old , d i s c e rn , se e ,

c o n t e m pl a t e g aze , t are ,
vy
s
d e s c ry , g lan ce , s ur e ,

TO s ee is si mpl y to b eco m e co n s c io us o f a n O b e c t o f j v
i io s n ; to
lo o k i s t o m ak e a co n s c io u s a n d d ir e c t e n d ea v
o r to see . T o b eh o ld
is t o fi x t h e s igh t an d t h e m in d w it h d is t in c t n e ss a n d co n s id er at io n
u po n s o m e t h in g t h at h a s co m e t o b e c l e a rl y b e fo r e t h e e e s
y We .

m ay l o o k w it h o u t s eei n g , a s in pit c h d arkn e s s , an d w e m ay s ee

s

w it h o u t lo o ki n g, as in ca s e O f a fl a s h O f l igh t n in g T O ga z e i s t o .
 m ak e
m a r ri a g e 23 6

wo o d s, o cean , o r o f lo v
e o f n at ure , an d lo v
e Of v
i tu r e . Lo v
e Of
art ic l e s o f fo o d i s b e t t e r e xpr e s s e d b y li ki n g, as l vi o e, n it s full
s e n se , e x pre sse s so m e t hi n g s pirit u al an d r e c ipro c a l , s u ch as c an
ha v
e no pl ac e in c o n n e c t io n w it h o b j e c t s t h a t mini s t er mere ly t o
th e s e n se s Co m pare A TTA CH M E NT ; FRI E ND S HIP
.
.

An to n ym s

S ee syn o n y ms f o r A NTIP A THY E NMITY H A TRE D .

Prep o s itio n s

Lo vof e c o un try f or h um an it y ; l o v
e t o G od an d man .

M AK E .

Syn o n ym s
b e co me , c o n s tr a i n , f a b ri c a t e , m a n u fa c t ur e ,

b ri n g a b o ut , c o n s tr u c t , fa s h i o n , o cca s ion ,

b ri n g in to b ein g , cre a t e , fo rc e , p e r fo rm ,
b ri n g to pass, d o, fr a m e , r e a ch ,
caus e , e ff e c t . g et, re n d er,
compel , e st ab l ish , m ak e o ut , r e q u ir e ,
compo se , e x e cut e , m ak e up, sh ape .

c o n s t it ut e

v vi
,

M a ke is e s s en t iall y c a usat i e t o t h e id ea o f c a u s e a ll it s ar

o u s sen ses m ay b e t ra c e d (co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r C A U S E ) . TO

ma ke is to c a use to e xi st , o r to ca us e to e x i st in a c e r t a in fo rm or

in ce rt ain re l at io ns t h e w o rd t h u s in cl u d es t h e i d e a o f cr ea t e , a s

in G en i , 3 1 , .
“
An d G o d s aw e v y t hi
er ng t h at h e h a d ma d e , an d ,

b eh old , it w as v
e y go o d
r .
”
M a ke in c l u d es al so t h e id e a o f co m

po se, t h e part s ma ke up t h e w h o l e
co n s t i t u t e ; as , S im il arl y , t o .

ca u se a v
o l un t a r y a g e n t t o d o a c ert a in a c t i s t o ma ke hi m d o it ,

o r co mp el h im t o d o i t , co mp e l fi x in g t h e a tt e n t io n m o re o n t h e

pro cess , ma ke o n t h e ac c o m plis h e d fa ct Co mpare C O MPE L ; D O ; .

INFLUE NC E (m ak e b et t e r) A ME ND (m ake h ast e ) QUI CKE N (m a k e

k n o w n ) A NN O U NC E ; A v
o w ; C O NF E S S ; ( mak e pris o n e r) A RR E S T ;

(m ak e u p) A D D (m ake v o i d ) C A NC E L .

A n t o n ym s :

S e e s yn o n ym s for A BO LI S H BR E A K D E M O LIS H .

P rep o s it io n s :

M ake o f , o ut o f , or f ro m ce rt ain m at erial s i n t o a c ert ain fo rm ,

fo r a c ert ain pur po se o r perso n ; m a d e wi t h h an d s by h a n d ; m a d e ,

by a pris o n er , wi th a j a ck kn ife s .

M A R R IA G E .

S yn o n ym s

c on j u g al un io n , e spo u s al s , n upt i a l s , s po u s al s , w e d d in g ,

e spo u s al , m a t rim o n y , s po us al , un io n , w e d lock .

M a tri mo n y d e n o t e s the s t at e of t h o se w h o are un it e d in t h e

 m a sculi n e
23 7 m a s s a c re

re l a t io n of h u s b an d an d w i fe ma r r i a ge d e n o t es prim a rily t h e a c t
o f so un i t in g , b u t is e x t en s i v
e ly u s e d fo r t h e s t a t e a s w e ll Wed .

lo ck, a w o rd o f s pec ifi c l e g al use , is t h e S a x o n t e rm fo r t h e sta e t

o r r e l a t io n d e n o t e d b y ma tr i mo n y . Wed d in g d en o t es t h e c e re

m o n y , w it h an y a t t e n d an t
fes t i it ies , b y w h ich t w o pe rso n s v a re

u n it e d as h u s b an d an d w ife , n up t i a ls b e in g t h e m o re fo rm al an d

s t at e l y t e rm t o e x pre s s th e sa m e i d ea .

A nt o n ym s :
b ach e lo rh o o d , ce l ib a cy , di v r e,
o c maid en h o o d , v
i gi r n it y , w id o w h o o d .

Prepo s itio n s

M arriag e b e tween t w o pe rs o n s ;
o f or f
o on e pe rs on to or wi t h
an o th e r ; a mo n g t h e G re e ks .

M A S C U L I NE .

S yn o n ym s

m al e , man wl , m a n l ik e , man ly , m an n i sh , vi i l
r e .

We a ppl y ma le t o t h e
ma s cu li n e t o t h e qualit i es e s pe c iall y
se x , ,

t o t h e s t ro n ge r h ard ie r an d m o re im pe rio u s qu ali t ie s t h at d is

, ,

t in guish t h e ma le s e x ; as applie d t o w o m e n m a scu li n e h a s O ft e n ,

t h e d e pre c ia t o ry s e n s e O f u n w o m a n l y ru d e o r h arsh a s a ma s en , , ,

li n e face O r v o i ce o r t h e lik e ; t h e o n e m ay say i n a co mm e n d

,

a t o ry w ay sh e ,
ac t e d w it h ma s cu li n e co u ra ge o r d ec isio n .

M a n li ke m ay m e a n o n l y h av in g t h e o u t w ard appe a ra n c e o r
s e m b l an ce O f a m an o r m a y b e c l o se l y e qu iv a l en t t o ma n ly
‘

, .

M a n ly r e fe rs t o al l t h e qu a lit ies an d t rait s w o rt h y O f a m an ;

ma nf u l e s pe c ia ll y t o t h e v
,
a l o r an d pro w es s t h a t b e co m e a m a n
‘

w e s peak o f a ma nf u l s t ru ggl e m a n ly d e c is io n ; w e s ay ma n ly ,

e n t l e n e s s o r t e n d e rn e s s ; w e c o u l d n o t s a y ma nfu l t e n d e rn e s s
g .

M a n n i s h is a d epr e c ia t o ry w o r d r e fe rri n g t o t h e m im icry o r pa

ra d e o f so m e s uperfi c ial qu ali t ie s O f m a n h o o d as a m a n n i s h b o y ,

o r w o m an M a s cu lin e m a y appl y t o t h e d is t in c t iv e qu al i t i es O f

v
.

t h e ma le se x at an y a g e i r ile applie s t o t h e d is t in ct i v e qu a lit i e s

o f m a t ur e m a nh o o d o n l y as O ppo s e d n o t o n l y t o f emin i n e o r wo m
,

a n ly b u t t o chi ld i s h an d is t h u s a n e m ph a t ic w o r d fo r s t u r d y
, ,

i n t r ep i d , e t c .

A n t o n ym s
S ee s yn o n y m s f o r F E MININE .

M A S SA CR E .

Syn ym s
o n

b u t ch e ry , c a rn a g e , h a v oc , sl augh ter .

A ma ss a cre i s t h e i n d is cr im in a t e killin g in nu m b e rs of the nu

 m e d d l e s o nn e
m el o d y 23 8

re s ist i n g o r d e fe n se l e ss b u t ch er y is t h e kil lin g Of me n ru d el y an d

ru t h l es s l y a s c a t t l e ar e kill e d in t h e sh a mb l e s . H a vm oc ay n o t be
so c o m pl e t e a s ma ssa cr e c o l d ly b ru t a l b u t ch ery , b ut is
“

, n or so as

m o re w i d e l y s pre a d a n d fu rio u s it is d es t ru c t i o n l e t l o o s e a n d ,

m ay be applie d t o o rgan iz at io n s in t e re s t s e t c as w e ll as t o h u , , .
,

m an life a s fo r S a ul h e m a d e h a o c o f t h e c h u rc h
”
A cts v
'

iii v
v
, , ,

3 . Ca rn a ge ( L at in c a r o , ca r n i s , flesh ) r e fer s t o w id e l s c at t e r e d

or h e ape d u p c o rps e s O f th e s l a in s la ugh t er is si mil ar in m e an in g ,

b ut m o re t o t h e pro c es s a s ca rn a ge d o e s t o t h e re sul t t h e se
re f e rs ,

t w o w o rd s o n l y O f t h e gro up m ay b e u se d o f g re a t d e s t ru c t io n o f
l ife in O pe n an d h o n o ra b l e b att l e as w h e n w e say t h e e n e m y w a s ,

repu l s e d w it h gre at s l a u gh t e r , o r th e ca r n a ge w a s t e rrib l e .

M E D D L E SO M E .

S yn ym s
o n

i m p e rt in e n t , in t ru s i v e , med d l in g , o b t ru s i v e , o ffi c i o u s .

T he med d les o me pers o n in t e rfe re s un a s k e d in th e a ff a irs o f

o t h e rs t h e i n tru s i vp
e e rs o n t h ru s t s h im s e lf u n in it e d i n t o t h e ir v
co mpan y o r co n v
e s a t io n
r th e o b trus i vp
e e rso n t h ru s t s h im se l f or

h is O pin io n s c o n ce i t e d l y an d u n d e s irab ly u po n t h e ir n o t ic e ; th e
o
‘
flici o u s pe rs o n t h ru s t s h is s e r ice s , u n as k e d an d un d e s ire d , u po n v
o t h e rs v
O b t ru s i e i s o ft e n e r applie d t o w o r d s , qu alit ie s , a ct io n s ,
v
.

e t c , t h an t o pe rso n s ; i n t r us i e is u se d c h ie fly o f pe rso n s , a s i s
.

ofii ci o u s ,
the w e s pe ak O f o fii ci o u s a t t e n t io n s , i n t r us i v
e re m arks ;
me d d leso me i s u se d in d iff e r e n t l y Of pe rs o n s , or O f w o rd s , qu a lit i e s ,
ac t io n s , e t c . Co mpare INQUI S ITIVE INTE RPO S E .

A nto n ym s

mo d est , v
re s e r e d , re t irin g , un ass um in g, un o b t rus i e v .

M EL O D Y .

Syn o n ym s

h ar mony , mu sic ,
s y mph on y , un is on .

H ar mo n y i s melo d y is s uc c e ss i v
si m ul t an e o us e ; h a r mo n y i s ;
t h e pl eas in g c o rre spo n d e n ce o f t w o o r m o r e n o t es s o u n d e d a t o n c e
me lo d y t h e pl eas in g s uc c e s s io n O f a n um b er o f n o t e s c o n t in u o u s ly
fo ll o w in g o n e an o t h e r A mel o d y m ay b e w h o ll y i n o n e part ;
.

h a r mo n y m u s t b e o f t w o o r mo repart s A cco r d an t n o t e s o f d if .

fe re n t pit c h s o u n d e d S im u l t an e o u s ly pro d u ce h a r m o n y u n i so n i s

t h e s im u l t an eo u s s o u n d in g o f t w o o r m o r e n o t e s o f t h e s a m e pit ch .

W h e n t h e pit c h is t h e s am e t h ere m ay b e u n i s o n b e t w e en so u n d s ,

Of v e ry d i ff e r en t vo l u m e a n d q ua l it y as a v o i c e a n d a b e l l may ,
 m et er 24 0

mer cy se e k s t h e h igh e s t po s s ib l e g o o d o f t h e o ff e n d er T h ere m ay .

b e mer cy w it h o u t p a r d o n as in , t h e m it ig at io n O f s e n t e n ce , o r in
a llpo ss ib l e a ll e ia t io n o f n e cess ar y v se v
e it y ; r t h er e m ay b e c ase s

w h e re p a r d o n w o u ld n o t b e mer cy , s in c e it w o u l d e n co u ra g e to
r epe t it io n O f the O ffen s e , f ro m w h i c h t im e l y pu n ish m e n t m igh t
ha v
e s av
ed . M ercy is a l s o u s e d in t h e w id e r s e n s e o f re fra in in g

fro m h ars h n e ss po w e r
’
o r c r uel t y t o w ard t h o se w h o are in on e s

w it h o u t fau l t Of t h e ir own ; as , t h e y b eso ugh t t h e ro b b e r to ha e v

mer cy . Clemen cy is mer cy an d w it h o u t it s
a co l d e r w o rd t h an ,

re li g io u s a s s o c ia t i o n s s ig n ify in g mi ld n es s an d m o d erat io n in t h e
,

u s e o f po w e r w h e re s e v e ri t y w o u ld h av e l e g al o r _m ili t ary ,

ra t h e r t h an m o ral s an c t io n ; it O ft e n d e n o t es a h ab i t u al mi ld n es s

o f d is po s it io n o n t h e part o f t h e po w e r fu l an d i s m a tt er ra t h e r O f ,

g o o d n a t u re o r po li c y t h an O f pr in cipl e L en i en cy o r l en i ty d e .

n o t e s an e a s y s g o in g a v
o id a n ce o f s e v
e it y ;r t h e s e w o rd s a re m o re
g e n e r al an d l e s s m a g ist erial t h an clemen cy w e s h o u ld s pe a k O f
t h e len i en cy o f a pare n t , t h e clemen cy o f a c o n qu er o r Co m pare .

PITY .

A n t o n ym s

crue lt y ,
h ard n e s s ,
h arsh n es s ,
Prep o s iti o n s

T h e m e rc y f
o G o d to or t o wa r d s i n n e rs ; ha v
e me rc y on or

up o n o n e .

M ET ER .

S yn ym s
o n

e u ph o n y , m e a sure , rh y th m , vr e se .

E up h o n y i s a g re e a b l e lin g u is t ic s o un d , how e v
er pr o d u c e d ;
met er mea s u i , e a n d r h y th m d en o t e a gr e e a b l e s u c c e s s io n O f s o u n d s

in t h e utt e ra n c e o f c o n n e c t e d w o rd s ; eup h o n y m ay a ppl y to a

s in gl e w o rd or e v
en a S in gl e s y l l ab l e ; t h e o t h er w o r d s a ppl y to
lin e s , par agraph s , e t c
s en t e n c e s , r h y t h m an d me t e r m ay b e pr o .

d uc e d b y a cce n t o n ly , a s i n E n gl is h , o r b y a cc e n t an d qu an t it y
c o m b in e d , a s in G re e k o r It al ia n r h yt h m o r mea s ur e m a y a
ppl y
e it h e r t o pr o se o r t o po e t ry , or t o m us ic , d an c in g , et c . met er is
m o re pr ec is e t h an r h yth m, applie s o n l y t o po e tr y , an d d e n o t e s
a m e a s ur e d r hyt h m w it h r e gu l ar v
d i is io n s in t o v
er ses , s t anz a s ,

s t ro ph e s , et c . A v
e rs e is s t ric t l y a m e t rical lin e b u t t h e w o rd is ,

O ft e n u se d as sy n o n y m o us w it h s t anz a Ver s e , in t h e g e n e ra l
.

se n s e , d e n o t e s m e t r i c a l w r i t i n g w i t h o ut re fe ren ce t o t h e t h o u gh t
in olv
v ed as , pro se an d v e rs e . Co mpare ME LO DY P O E TRY .
 24 1 min d

M I ND .

S yn o n ym s

b ra
,
in in s tin
ct , re a so n , sp i ri t ,
con sci o usn e ss In t e ll e ct , s e n s e th o ug h t ,
I
, ,

d i spo si ti on , n te llig en ce , s o ul , u n d e rst an d in g .

M i n d , ing e n era l se n se , in c l u d e s a ll t h e po w e rs o f s e n t ie n t
a

b e in g a pa rt fro m t h e ph y s ic al fa c t o r s in b o d ily f ac u lt ies an d a c t i v

i t ies in a lim it e d s e n s e , mi n d i s n early s y n o n y m o u s w it h i n t e ll ect ,
b u t in cl u d es d i sp o s i t i o n , or t h e t e n d e n c y t o w a rd a c t io n ,
a s appe a rs

in t h e p h r a s e
“
t o h a e a mi n d t o w o rk v A s th e . m e n t al
s e at o f

v
a c t i it y , b ra i n (c o l lo qu ial ly b ra i n s ) is O ft e n u s e d a s a s y n o n y m fo r

mi n d i n t e llect i n t elli gen ce

, , . T h o u gh t , t h e a c t pro c es s o r po w e r
, ,

of t h in k in g , is O ft e n u s e d t o d e n o t e t h e t h in k in g fa c u l t y , a n d e s pe

c ia ll y th e reas on . T h e i n s t i n ct o f a ni m al s is n ow h e l d b y m an y

ph ilo s o ph er s t o b e O f t h e s a m e n at u re as t h e i n t e llect o f m an , b u t
in fe r io r a n d lim it e d y e t t h e appare n t d iff e re n c e is vy g
er re a t .

A n i ns ti n ct is a pro pe n s it y prio r t o e xperien ce an d in d e pe n d en t of in s t ruct io n .

PA L E Y N atural Phi losoph y ch . 18 .

In t h is sen s e we s pe a k o f h u m an i n s t i n ct s , t h u s d e n o t in g t en d e n
( 31 8 8 in d e pe n d e n t o f re a so ni n g o r in s tru c t io n . The s o ul in c lu d es
t h e i n t ellect , s en s i b ilit i e s , an d w ill ; b e y o n d w h at is e x pr e s s e d b y
t h e w o rd min d , the s o u l d e n o t e s e s pe ci al ly t h e m o ral t he im m o rt a l

n at ure ; we sa y o f a mi n d ) h a s fl e d
d ead b o d y , t h e so u l (n o t th e .

S pi r i t is u se d e spe c ially in co n t rad is t in c t io n fro m m at t e r it m ay

in m an y c as e s b e s ub s t it u t e d fo r s o u l b ut s o u l h a s co mm o n l y a ,

ful l e r an d m o re d e t erm in at e m e ani n g w e can co n c e iv e o f sp i ri ts

as h av in g n o m o ral n at ure ; t h e fairies e l v es an d b ro w n i es O f , ,

m y t h o lo gy m igh t b e t e rm e d sp i ri ts b u t n o t so u ls In t h e fi g ura
, .

t ive sen s e spi r i t d en o t e s a n i m at io n , e x c it ab ilit y

, perh aps i mpa ,

t ie n ce ; a s , a l ad o f sp i ri t h e s an g w it h sp i r i t ; h e re plie d w it h
sp i r i t S o u l d e n o t e s e n e rgy an d d e pt h o f fe e li n g ,
. as w h en w e
s pea k o f so u lfu l e y e s m ay d e n o t e t h e v
or e ry l ife O f a n y t h in g ;
it
t h e h id d e n s o u l O f h arm o n y
“ ”
M ILT O N L A llegr o l 144
’
as , ,
. .

S en s e m a y b e an an t o n y m O f i n t ellect as w h e n w e s pe ak o f t h e ,

s en se O f h e arin g ; b ut s en s e is u s e d al so a s d e n o t in g c l ear m e n t al

ac t io n g o o d j u d g m e n t a c u m e n ; a s h e i s a m an o f sen se o r h e
, , , , ,

sh o w e d go o d s e n s e s e n se e ve n in i t s m a t e ria l s igni fi cat io n m u s t

, ,

b e r e c ko n e d a m o n g t h e act iv i t ie s O f mi n d t h e d e pe n d e n t o n b e d ,

il y fun c t io n s ; t h e mi n d n o t t h e e y e r e all y se e s ; t h e mi n d n o t
, , ,

th e e ar , r e a l l y h e ars . Co n s ci o u s n es s in c l u d e s al l th at a s e n t ie n t

v
b e in g pe rc e i e s , kn o w s , t hi n ks , o r fe e l s , fro m w h at e e r s o urce v
v
a r is in g an d o f w h at e e r c h ara c t e r , kin d , o r d e gre e , W h e t h e r w ith

16
 m in ute
m i s fo r t u n e 24 2

or w it h o ut d i s t in c t t h in kin g , fe elin g , or w il li n g we s pe ak o f th e
co n sci o u s n ess o f t h e b ru t e , of t h e sa v
age , or of the sa ge . T h e in
t ellect is t h a t as s em b l a g e o f facu lt ie s w h ich is c o n c ern e d w it h
kn o w l e d g e , as d is t in gu ish e d fro m m o t io n an d v
e o lit i o n Un d er .

s ta n d i n g is t h e S a x o n w o r d o f t h e s am e g e n eral im po rt , b u t is
c h ie fly u se d o f th e re aso n in g po w e rs ; t h e u n d er s t a n d i n g, w h ic h
S ir Wm . H a m il t o n h as c a ll e d t h e fa cu l t y o f r e l at io n s an d co m
”
pariso n s , is di s t in g u ish e d b y m an y ph ilo s o ph ers fro m rea s o n in
t h at r ea so n is t h e fa cul t
y o f t h e h ig h e r co gn it io n s o r a prio ri
t rut h .

A n t o n ym s

b o d y, b rawn , b rut e f o rce , mat erial s ub s t an ce , mat t er .

M I NU T E
Syn o n ym s

c irc u m st an t ial , d im in u t i v e ,

com mi n ut e d , e xa ct ,

c ri t i c a l , fine ,
d e t a il e d ,

T h at is mi n u te w h ic h i s o f e x c e e d in gl y lim it e d d im e n s io n s , as a

grain o f d u st , or w h ich at t en d s t o m at t ers o f e x c e e di n gl y s li gh t

a mo un t impo rt an c e ; as , a mi n u t e acco u n t ; mi n u t e
o r appare n t

v
o b s e r a t io n T h at w hi ch is b ro k en u p in t o mi n u t e part icl e s is s ai d
.

t o b e commi n u t ed t hi n g s m ay b e t erm e d fin e w h ic h w o uld n o t b e

t erm e d co mmi n u t ed gra e l ; b u t , in u s in g t h e
as , fin e san d ; fin e v
v
a d erb , w e sa y a s ub s t an ce is fin e l y co mmi n u t ed , co mmi n u t ed ré

ferrin g m o r e t o t h e pr o ce ss , fin e t o t h e res ul t An ac co u n t e x .

t en d e d t o v
e ry mi n u t e pa rt ic u l ars is ms t a n t i a l d et a iled p a r
ci r cu , ,

t i cu la r an ex a min atio n so e x t en d e d i s cr i t i ca l , exa ct , p r eci sfi

Co m pare FINE .

A n t o n ym s :
S ee syn o n ym s fo r LA RGE .

M I S F O R T U NE .

Sy n o n ym s
ad v
e r si t y , d i s a pp o i n t m e n t , i l l f o rt u n e , ru in ,
a flfii c t i o n , d isa st er, ill l u ck ,
v
b e re a e m e n t , d is tr e s s , v
m i s a d e n t ure s t r o k e , .

b low , fa i l u r e , m is ch an c e , t ri a l ,
c al am ity , h a r d sh ip , t ri b u l a t i o n ,

ch a st e m n g , h arm , m i sh ap , tro ub l e ,
ch a st i s e m e n t , i ll , re v e rs e , i sit at io n v .

M i sf o r t un e i s ad v
e s e fo
r r t un e o r an y i n s t an c e t h e re o f , a n y un

t o w ard e v
e n t, u s u a ll y o f lin g e rin g c h arac t e r o r c o n s e qu e n ces , a n d

suc h as the s uffe re r is n ot d e e m e d d ire c t l y r es po n s ib l e fo r ; as , he

 m o d es ty
m o n e y
24 4

fa i t h f ul c o py i s t gre a t d e gr e e o f free d o m
; a mo d el m ay all o w a .

A sc ul pt o r m ay id e aliz e h is li in g mo d el h is w o rkm e n m us t e x v
a c t l y cop y in m arb l e o r m e t al t h e mo d el h e h a s m a d e i n c l ay .

C om pare E X A MPLE IDE A ; IDE A L .

M O D E ST Y .

S yn o n y m s
b a ck w ard n e s s c o n s tra in t , re s er ve t im i d it y .
ve n e
, ,
.

b a s h fu l n e s s , coy n e ss , s hy n e s s , u n o b tr u s r s s .

cold n e s s, d i ffi d e n c e ,

B a s hf u ln ess i s a s h ri n kin g fro m n o t ic e w it h o u t a ss i g n a b l e r ea

so n . Co yn es s is a h al f e n c o u ra g e m e n t , h alf a v
o id a n ce o f o ffe re d

a t t e n t io n , a n d may b e re a l o r a ff ec t e d . D ij fid en ce is s e l fs di s t rus t ;
mo d e s t y , a h umb l e es t im a t e o f o n ese lf in co mpari so n w i th o t h ers ,
or w it h t h e d e m an d s o f so me un d e rt akin g . M o d es t y h as a l so th e
s pe c ifi c m e an in g o f a s e n s it i v
e s h r in kin g f ro m a n y t h in g in d e li cat e .

S h yn ess i s a t e n d en cy t o s h ri n k fro m o b se r v
a t io n t i mi d iti a d is
t in c t fe ar o f c rit i c is m , e rro r , o r failu re . R eser vi e s t h e h o l di n g
o n e s e lf a l o o f fro m h o l d in g b ac k f e e lin g s fro m
’
o th e rs , or on e s ex

pre ss io n , o r o n e s a ffa irs fro m

’
co m mun ic a t io n to o t h e rs . R eser v
e

m a y b e t h e r et re at o f s h yn ess , or, o n the o t h er h an d , t h e con t e mp

t u o u s w it h d ra w a l of prid e an d h au gh t in ess . Co m par e A BA S H
PRIDE ; T A CIT URN .

A n to n ym s

ab an d o n , b o l d ne ss , fo rw ard n e s s , im ud e n ce , .
pert n es s , s o ciab ility .

arro gan ce , co n ce 1t , fran k n e s s , 1 n i s cret i o n , s au cin e s s ,

mpt i o n , id en ce , fre e d o , m
‘

as s u co n f lo quac i o us n e ss , s e1f = co n ce1 t,

ass uranc e , ego t i s m, h augh t me ss , l o quaci t y , s e lfs s ufli ci en cy ,

M O NE Y .

Syn o n ym s

b ill s c ash fun d s , p r o p e rt y

v
. , ,
b ulli on , co m , g ol d , Sil er,
c a pi t al , c u rr e n c y , n ote s , spe ci e .

M o n ey is t h e au t h o riz e d m e d iu m o f e x c h an g e ; c o in e d mo n ey
is c a ll e d co i n o r sp eci e . W h at are t e r m e d i n E n gl a n d b an k =n o t es
are in t h e U ni t e d S t a t e s co mm o n l y c a ll e d b i lls as , a fi v
e d o ll ar
s

bi ll . The m e n are re a d il y t ran s fe ra b l e in c o m

n o t es o f r e s po n s ib l e

m e rc ia l c ircl e s b ut t h e y are n o t mo n e y as t h e s t o c k w a s so l d fo r
, ,

$ 5 00 in mo n ey an d t h e b a l an ce in m e rc h an t a b l e pape r C a s h is .

sp eci e o r mo n ey i n h a n d o r pa i d in h a n d ; as t h e c a s h a cc o u n t ;
, ,

t h e ca sh price In t h e l e g al s e n s e p rop er t y is n o t mo n ey an d
.
, ,

mo n ey is n ot p r op er t y f o r p rop er t y is t h at w h ich h a s in h e re n t
v
al u e , w h il e m o n ey , as su ch h a s b u t re pre se n t at i e al u e , an d vv
 m o ro s e
24 5 m o t io n

m ay or ma y n ot ha v
e i n r in sic
t vlu a e . B u lli o n is
go l d o r e it h e r

s il vu
er n c o in e d , or the co in e d m e t a l co n s i d e re d w i t h o u t re fe re n ce

t o it s c o in a g e , m erc h an d is e w h e n it s v
b ut si mply a lu e as b u l
as ,

li on m ay b e v e ry di ff e re n t fro m i t s v a l u e a s mo n ey T h e w ord .

cap i t a l is u se d c h iefly o f a ccu m u lat e d p r o per ty o r mo n ey in v es t e d

in pro d uc tiv e e n t erprises o r a v ail ab l e f o r s uc h in v

est m e n t .

M O R O SE .

Syn o n ym s
a c ri m ious d gged i l l =n at ure d pl e n e t i c ,
v
on , o , ,
s
c h u rl i s h , g lo o my , ‘
se e re , sulk y ,
c ra b
b ed , g ru n , s n a ppi sh , s ull e n ,
crus t y , i l l zh u m o r e d , s o ur, s u rl y .

T he s u ll en a n d s u lky are d isc o n t e n t e d an d re se n t fu l in re g ard

t o t h at a ga in s t w h ich t h ey ar e t o o pro u d t o pro t e s t , o r co n s id e r all

v
pro t e st ain ; su ll en d en o t e s m o re o f pri d e , s u lley m o re
o f re se n t fu l

o b s t in a cy T h e mo r os e a r e b it t e rl y d is s at is fi e d w it h t h e w o rld in
.

g e n eral , an d d is po se d t o e n t t h e ir ill n a t ure upo n v o t h e rs . T he

s ullen an d su llcy are fo r t h e m o s t part s il e n t th e mo ro se gro w l
o ut b it t e r s pe e ch es . A s ur lype rs o n is in a st at e o f l a t e n t an g e r ,
r ese n t in g appro ac h as in t ru s io n , an d re a d y t o t ake o ff en se at an y
thi n g t h u s w e speak o f a s ur ly d o g . S u llen an d s ul ky m o o d s ma y
be t ran s i to ry o n e w h o is mo ro s e o r s ur ly is co mmo nl y so b y d is
po s it io n or h a b it .

A n t o n ym s :

amiab l e , ge n t l e , kin d ,
b en i an t , go o d n at ured ,
s
v
l o in g,
b lan In d ulgent , mild

M O T IO N .

Syn o n ym s

act . ch a n g e movement pro c e t ra n sitio n

v
, , s s , .

a ct i o n , m o e , pa s sa g e , t ra n s it ,

M o ti on is ch a n ge o f pl ac e or po s it io n in s pace ; t ra n s i ti on i s a
pass in g fro m o n e po in t or po s it io n in s pac e t o an o t h e r M o ti o n .

may b e e it h e r ab st rac t o r c o n cre t e , m o re fre qu e n t l y t h e fo rm e r

mo v
emen t is a l w ay s co n c re t e , t h a t is , co n s id e re d in co nn e c t io n

w it h t h e t h in g th at mov
es or is m o v
ed ; t h us , w e s pea k o f th e
mo v emen t s o f t h e pl a n e t s b ut o f t h e l aw s o f pl an e t ary mo ti o n
,

o f m ili t ary mo v emen t s b u t o f pe rpe t u a l mo ti o n , M ov e is us e d .

c h ie fl y o f co n t es t s o r co m pe t it io n a s i n c h e ss o r po li t ic s a s i t is ,

y o ur mo v a s h r e w d mo v
,

e e o f t h e o ppo s it io n A ct i o n is a mo re .

c o mpreh e ns iv e w o rd th an mo ti o n W e n o w rarely spe ak o f men .

 m o u rn
m ut u al 24 6

t al o r s pirit u al mo ti o n s b ut , ra t h e r o f m e n t al o r s pirit ual a ct s o r

p ro ces s es o r o f t h e l aw s
, ofm e n t al a ct i o n b u t a fo rm al pro po s al
,

o f a cti o n in a d e lib erat i v

e as s e m b l y i s t e rm e d a mo ti o n Co m pare .

A CT .

A n ym s
to n

immo b il it y, quies cen ce , re po s e , s t ill n es s .

M O UR N .

S yn o n ym s

b m o an d pl o r e l ment g re t , ru e w
v
e , e , a , re , s o rr o .

b e w ai l , g ri e e ,

To mo ur n i s t o fe e l o r e x pre s s sa d n ess or d is t re ss b e c au s e of

so m e l o ss ,
a fflic t io n , or m is fo rt un e mo urn i n g i s t h o u gh t o f as
pro l o n g e d , gri e f o r re gre t m ay b e t ran s i e n t O n e m ay gr i ev e or .

mo u rn , r egret , ru e , o r s o rr o w w it h o ut a so u n d ; h e b emo a n s w i t h

s uppre s s e d an d o ft en in ar t icul at e grie f h e b ewa i ls w it h

so un d s o f

pass io n at e u t t eran c e , w h e t h e r o f i n art ic u l at e c ri es o r o f s po k e n

w o rd s H e l a men t s in pl a in t i e
. vo r pat h e t ic w o rd s , a s t h e pro ph e t
J ere m iah in hi s
”
L am e n t at io n s . O n e d ep lor es w it h se t t l e d s o r
ro w w h ich m ay o r m ay n o t fi n d re lie f i n w o rd s O n e is m a d e t o
m mp
.

rue an a c t b y s o e m is fo rt un e r e s ul t in g , o r by so e e n al t y o r

v
en ge a n ce i nfl ict e d b ec au se of it . O ne r egr et s a s l ig h t misfo rt un e
or a h as t y w o rd he so rr o ws o v
e r t h e d e ath of a frien d .

A n t o n ym s
be j oyful , make merry, re o ice ,
j triumph .

M UT UA L .

Syn o n ym s

comm o n , c o rre l ati v e , i n t e r ch an g e ab le j o i n t , r e ci p r o c al

, .

T h at i s co mmo n t o w hi c h t w o or mo re v
pers o n s h a e t h e s am e
o r e qu a l c l ai m s , o r in w hi ch t h e y h a v e e qu a l in t e re s t or part ic ipa
t io n in t h e s t ri c t es t se n se , t h at is mu tu a l ( L at in mu t a r e , t o
c h an g e ) w h ich is fre e ly in t e r ch an g e d
;\th at is r e cip r o ca l in re s pec t
t o w h ic h o n e act or mo v
e m e n t is m e t b y a c o rre spo n d in g ac t o r

mo v
em e n t in re t urn ; yv
e s pe ak o f o ur c o mmo n c o un t ry mu t u a l ,

a ffe ct io n , r ecip r o ca l o b lig a t io n s , the r e cip r o ca l ac t io n of c au s e

an d e ff ec t , w h e re t h e e ffec t b e co m e s in t ur n a cau se . M an y
a mu t u a l fri e n d ,
”
g o o d w r it e rs h o l d it i n co rr e c t t o s ay an d i n s i st
t h at a co mmo n fri e n d w o uld b e m o r e acc urat e b u t co mmo n
frie n d ”
is prac t icall y n e v e r us ed , b e cau se of t h e d is a gree ab l e s ug

ge st io n t h at a tt ach es t o co mmo n , o f o rdi n ary o r in fe rio r . Mu

”
tu a l frie n d h as hi gh l it e rary aut h o rity (o f B urke , S co t t , D i cken s ,
an d o t h ers ) , an d a co n s id e ra b l e usa ge o f g o o d s o c ie ty i n it s fa or, v
 n ati e v
n a u t i cal 24 8

ph rase t h e s o un d i n g s e a t h e id e a t h at an ep i th e t is alw ay s
o ppro b rio u s , a n d t h a t an y w o rd use d o ppro b rio u s l y is an ep i t h e t is

a po pu la r e rro r D esi gn a t i o n may b e u s e d m uch i n t h e s en se o f

.

app ella t i o n , b u t is m o re di st in ct i ve o r s pe c i fi c in m eani n g a d es

i gn a t i o n pro pe rly so call e d re st s u po n s o m e in h eren t qu ali t y w hi l e .

a n app ella t i o n m ay b e f an c ifu l A m o n g t h e Ro m an s t h e pr e .

no men w a s the i n di v
i d u al pa rt
a ofs n a me, t h e
m an n o m en
’ “ ”

d esig n at e d t h e g e n s t o w h ich h e b e l o n ge d , t h e co gn o men s h o w e d

his fa m il y an d w as b o rn e b y all pat rician s , an d t h e a gn o men w as
a d d e d t o r e fe r t o h is ac hi e e m e n t s o r c h ar ac t er v
W h en sci en t ist s .

na me m al o r a pl an t , t h e y gi v
an a n i e it a b in ary o r b in o m i al t ec h

ni c a l n a me c o m pri s in
g a g e n eric an d a s pe cifi c app e lla t i o n In .

m o d ern u se , a pe rso n al n a me , as Jo h n o r M ary is gi v e n in in fan c y , ,

a n d is o ft e n call e d t h e g iv
e n n a me o r Chr i s t ian n a me , o r s im pl y

t h e fir s t me (rarel y t h e p r en o me n ) ; t h e co gn o men o r surn a me

na

is t h e fam il y n a me w h ich b e lo n gs t o o n e b y righ t o f b irt h o r m ar

ri a g e S t yle i s t h e l e gal d es i gn a t i o n b y w h ich a per so n
. or h o u se
is kn o w n in o ffi c i al o r b us in ess r e lat io n s ; as , t h e n a me an d s t yle

of B arin g Bro t h ers . T h e t erm d en o mi n a t i o n is appl i e d to a s ep

arat e re li g io u s o rg an iz a t i o n , w it h o u t th e o ppro b ri o u s m e an in g
“ ”
a t t a ch in g t o t h e w o rd s ec t ; al s o , t o d e s ign at e an y cl ass o f like o h

j ec t s c o ll e c ti v
ely , e s pe c ia lly m o n ey o r n o t e s o f a cert a in v
al ue ; as ,

the m w a s in
su n o t es o f t h e d enomi n a ti o n o f on e t h o usan d d o llars .

Co m pare TERM .

NA T I VE .

S yn o n ym s

in d ig en o us , in n ate , n at al , n at ural , o ri g i n al .

Na t i vd
e en o t e s t h at w h ich b e l o n gs t o on e b y b irt h n a ta l t h at
w h ich pe rt ain s t o t h e e e n t o f b irt h v
n a t u r a l d e n o t e s t h at w h i c h

res t s upo n i nh e re n t qu al it i e s o f c h ara c t e r o r b e in g W e spe ak o f

ti v
.

’
o n e s n a ti v
e co u n tr y , o r o f h is n ata l d ay ; o f n a t u r a l a b i l it y , n a e

g e n iu s Co m pare
. INH E RE NT ; PRIME VA L ; R A DIC A L .

A n t o n ym s

acquire d , art ific ial , as s umed , foreign, unn atural .

NA U T I C A L .

Syn o n ym s

m a ri n e , m a ri t i m e , n a va l , o ce an , o c e an ic .

M ar i n e (L ma r e
.
, se a ) s i g ni fi e s b e l o n g in g t o t h e o ce an , ma ri
t i me, a s e co n d ary d e ri vt ivf
a e ro m th e sa m e ro o t , b o rd erin g on o r
 24 9 n ea t

co n n e c t e d w it h t h e o cea n as , ma r i n e pro d uc t s ma r i n e a n im a ls
ma r i t i me n a t io n s ; ma ri t i me l a w s . N a u t i ca l ( G r n a u t es , a s a il o r)
.

d e n o t es pr im arily a n y t h in g co n n e c t e d w it h sa ilo rs , an d h ence

w it h s h ips o r n a ig a t io n nav vl (L a . na v
i s, Gr . n a u s , a s h ip ) r e fe r s

t o th e arm e d f o rc e of a n at io n on th e sea , an d ,
by e x t e n s io n , to
si m il ar fo rce s o n l ake s an d v ers ;ri vl
fo rc e ; a n a u t i ca l
as , a n a a

a l m an ac O cea n u s e d
.
,
a d j e c t ively ,
i s applie d t o t h a t w h ic h b e
lo n gs t o or i s part of th e o cea n o ce a n i c m a y b e use d in t h e sam e

s en s e , b ut is es pe c ial l y a pplie d t o t h at w h ic h b o r d e rs on (o r u po n )
or is co n n e c t e d w ith , or w h ich i s si m il ar t o o r s u gg e s t i v
e of an

o cea n we Spe a k o f o ce a n c urre n t s . o cea n i c i sl an d s , o r, perh a ps ,

o f an o cea n i c in t e ll e c t .

NE A T .

S yn o n ym s

cl e an , d app e r , n ice , p ri m , tid y ,

cl e an ly , n atty , o r d e rl y , s pru c e , t ri m .

T h a t w h ich is cle a n is s i m pl y fre e fr o m s o il or d efi l e men t of

an y kin d . T h in g s ar e o rd er ly w h e n in d u e r e l a t io n to o t h er t h in g s
a ro o m or d es k i s o rd e r ly w h en e vy er a rt ic l e is in pl ace a pe rs o n
is o rd e r ly w h o h ab it u all y k e e ps t h in g s so . T id y d e n o t es t h a t
w h ic h co n fo rm s t o pr o prie t y in g e n e ra l a n u n l a c e d s h o e m ay b e

perfe c t ly clea n , b u t is n o t t i d y Ne a t re fe rs t o t h at w h ich is clea n

.

a n d t i d y w it h n o t h in g s u per fl u o u s , co n s pi c u o u s , o r s h o w y , as w h e n
we s pe ak o f pl ain b ut n ea t a tt ire th e sa m e id ea o f fre e d o m fro m
”
th e s upe rfl uo u s appe ars in t h e ph ra s e s a n e a t s peec h , a n ea t
” “ ”
t urn , a n ea t re pl y , et c A clea n c u t h as n o r agg e d e d g e s ; a
.

n ea t s t ro ke j u st d o es w h at is in t e n d e d Ni ce is s t ro n g e r t h an n ea t , .

i m ply in g v
a lue a nd b e au t y a ch e ap , c o arse d re s s m ay b e perfe c t ly
n ea t , b ut w o u l d n ot b e t e rm e d n i ce . Sp r u ce is a ppl ie d t o t h e s h o w
a n d a ff e c t a t io n o f n e at n e s s w it h a t ouch o f s m art n e s s , a n d is al

w ay s a t erm of m ild co n t e mpt ; a s , a sp r uce se r v

i g n m an . T r im
d en o t e s a ce rt a in s h a pe l y a n d e l e g an t fi rm n ess , o ft e n w it h s u ppl e

n e s s an d g race ; as , a t r i m s u it
t r i m fi gure Pr i m a pplie s t o a
a .

pre c ise , fo rm al ,
a ffe c t e d ni c e t y D app er is sp r u ce w it h t h e s u g
.

g es t io n o f s m al l n e ss an d s ligh t n e s s ; n a t t y, a d im in u t i e o f n ea t , v
s u gg e s t s m in ut e e l e ga n c e w it h , a t en d e n c y t o w ar d t h e e x qui s it e ;
as , a d app e r lit t l e fell o w in a n a t ty b u s in ess s ui t .

A n to n ym s

d irt y ,
d is o rd erl y,
d o wd y,
 n e c e s s a ry
n ece ssi ty 25 0

NE C E S S A R Y .

S yn ym s
o n

e s s e n tial , i n fa l l i b l e , re qu ire d , v
un a o i d ab l e ,
In d p en sab l e n ee d e d , qu i s it e , un d e n i ab l e
In e v
i s , re .

itab l e , n e e d fu l ,

T h at is n ecess a r y w hi ch m u s t e xi s t , o c c ur , o r b e tr u e ; w hi c h
in t h e n at ur e o f t hin g s c an n o t be o t h erw i s e . T h at w hi c h is essen
t i a l b e l o n gs t o t h e e sse n c e o f a t h in g , so t h at t h e t h in g c an n o t e x

is t in it s co m pl e t e n e s s w it h o u t i t t h at w h ic h is i n d i s pen s a b le m ay
be o n l y a n a d un c t , j b ut i t is on e t h at c an n o t be s par e d v
ig o ro u s

h e al t h is essen t i a l to an a r c t ic e x pl o r er ; w arm c l o t h in g i s i n d is «

p en s a b le T h at w h ic h is r equ i s i t e (o r r equ i r ed ) i s so in t h e j ud g
.

m e n t o f t h e pe rs o n re qu irin g it , b ut m ay n o t b e so a b so l u t e ly t h u s ,
t h e r equ i s it e is m o r e a m at t e r o f perso n a l f ee lin g t h an t h e i n d i s

p en s a ble . v
I n e i t a b le ( L . in , n o t , an d e v
it o , s h un ) is prim arily t h e
e x ac t e qu i v
al e nt of t h e S ax o n u n a vi d
o a b le b o t h w ord s a re ap

pl ie d t o t hi n g s w h ic h s o m e a t l e a s t w o u ld e s c ape o r v
pre e n t , w h il e
t h a t w h ic h is n eces s a r y m ay m ee t w i t h n o o b j e c t io n fo o d is n ec
ess a r y , d e a t h i s i n e i t a b le v a n ecess a r y co n c l u s i o n s a t is fi es a

t h in ke r an v
i n e i t a b le c o n c l u s io n s il e n c e s o ppo s it i o n . A n i nf a lli
ble pro o f is o n e t h at n e c e s s arily l e a d s t h e m in d t o a so u n d c o n c l u
ee d ed a n d n ee df u l a re m o r e co n c r e t e t h an n eces s a r y, an d
T
s io n .

r e s pe c t an e n d to be a tt a in e d we s pe a k o f a n e ces s a r y i n fe r e n c e ;
n ecess a ry fo o d is w h a t on e c an n ot li v
e w i t h o ut , w h il e n eedf u l
f o o d i s t h a t w it h o u t w h ic h h e c an n o t en jo y co m fo rt h ealt h, , an d

s t re n g t h .

A n t o n yln s
c asual , n ee d l e s s , o pt i o n al ,
co n t in gen t , n o n s e ss en t ial , un n ece s s ary ,

P re p o si tio n s

Ne c e s s ary t o a s e que n c e o r a f o r o r t o a re su l t o r a pe r
t ot al
so n ; u n it y i s n e c e s sa ry to (t o c o n s t it u t e ) c o m pl e t e n e s s ; d e c is io n
is n e ce ss ary for co mm an d , o r f o r a c o mm a n d er .

NE C E S S I T Y .

Syn o nym s
c o m pul s i o n , fa t a l it y , re q u i s it e ,
d e stin y , fa t e , s in e q u a n on ,
e m er e n cy , in d i sp e n s ab il it y , un a vo id ab l en e s s ,

e s s e n ial , in d i Sp e n s ab l e n e s s urg e n cy ,

e xi g e n c y , n e ed . want .

e xt r e m i t y , re q u ir e m e n t ,

Necess i t y i s t h e qu al i t y o f b e in g n e ce s s ary , o r t h e qu alit y o f t h at

w h ich c an n o t b u t b e b e c o m e o r b e t ru e o r b e acce pt e d a s t rue
, , , .

Ne ed an d wa n t a l w a ys i m pl y a l ac k n ecess i t y m ay b e u se d
 n ew 25 2

s e lf w as n e g l e c t f ul . T h e d i s t in c t io n so m e t im e s m ad e t h at n eglect

d e n o t es t h e a c t , an d n egl i gen ce
t h e h ab it , is b u t part ia lly t r u e o n e
m ay b e gu ilt y o f h ab it ual n egle ct o f d ut y ; t h e w ife m ay s u ffer
fro m h e r h u s b an d s co n s t an t n eg lec t , w h il e t h e n eg li gen ce w h i c h
’

c a u se s a r a il ro a d a c c id e n t m ay b e t h at of a m o m en t , an d o n the

part o f o n e o rd in ar il y c are f ul an d a t t e n t i v
e in s u c h cases t h e l aw
v
pro id e s pu n is h m en t fo r c ri min al n eg ligen ce .

A n t o n ym s

See syn on y m s fo r C A RE .

Pre p o s itio n s

Ne gl e c t of d uty , of th e c h il d b y t h e pare n t t h e re w a s n e glec t

on th e p a r t of t h e t e ac h er .

NE W .

Syn ym s
o n

fr e s h , m o d e rn n ew = ad em up s t art ,
v v
, ,

j u e n il e , n e w =f a n g l e d , n o el, y o un g ,
l at e n e w =f a s h i o n e d , re c e n t , y o u t h fu l .

T h at w hi c h i s n ew h a s l at e l y m e in t o e x is t e n ce po s sess io n
co , ,

o r u se a n ew h o us e i s j u st b u il t o r in a m o r e g e n e ral s e n s e i s o n e
,

t h at h as j ust co m e in t o t h e po s se ss io n o f t h e pre s en t o wn e r o r
o cc u pan t M o d ern d e n o t es th at w h i ch h as b e gu n t o e x is t in t h e
.

‘
pres e n t a ge , an d i s s t ill e x is t in g ; r ecen t d en o t es t h at w hi ch h as
co m e in t o e x is t e n ce w it h in a co m pa r a t i e l y b ri e f pe rio d , an d m a y v ‘

o r m ay n o t b e e x i s t in g s t ill M o d er n hi s t o ry pert a in s t o a n y perio d

.

s in ce th e m id d l e mo d ern lit erat ure mo d ern arc hi t e ct ure

a g es ; , ,

et c .
, a re n o t s t rikin g l y r e m o t e fro m t h e s t y l e s an d ty pe s pre v al en t

tod ay . T h at w h ic h is la t e is s o m e w h at re m o v e d fi o m th e pre s e n t ,

b ut n ot far e n o u gh to be c a ll e d o ld . T h at w h i ch i s r ecen t is
n ot qu it e so d is t in gu ish e d fro m t h e pa st a s t h at w hich
s h arpl y

is n ew rece n t pu b l ic a t io n s ran g e o er a l o n g er t im e t h an v
n ew b o o ks . 1 T h at w h ich is no v
el is e it h e r a b so l ut e l y or re l a

tiv e l y u n pre c e d e n t e d i kin d a n o v e l c o t riva ce i s o n e t h at h as

n n n

n ev e b e fo e b e e
r kn o w ; a n o v
r e l e x peri e n c e i s o n e t h at h as
n n

n ev er b e fo e o c c u rr e d t o t h e s a m e pe rso n ; t h at w h i ch is n ew m ay
r

b e o f a fam ili a o e v e of a a c i en t so rt a s a n ew c o py o f an o ld
r r n n n ,

b ook . ) Y o un g
yo u thfu l ar e applie d t o t h at w h ic h h as life ;
an d

t h at w hi c h is y o un g is po s s e s s e d o f a co mpara t i e l y n ew e x is t e n ce v
as a v
li in g t h in g , po s se s s in g act u al y o ut h t h at w h ich is yo u t h
f ul m an ifest s t h e at t rib u t es o f y o u t h .
( Co m pare Y O UTHFUL ) .

F r es h a ppl i es t o t h at w h ic h h as t h e c h arac t e ri s t ic s o f n e wn e ss or

y o ut h , w hil e c apab l e o f d et erio rat io n b y l aps e of t im e ; t h at w hi ch

 n imb le
25 3 n o rm a l

is u n w o rn , u n s po il e d , o r u n fa d e d ; as , a f res h c o u n t e n an c e , f res h
e ggs , f res h fl o w e rs . N ew is o ppo se d to o ld , mo d ern to a n ci en t ,

recen t to re mo t e y o u n g
, t o o ld , a ge d , et c .

An t o n ym s

S e e s yn o n ym s fo r OLD .

NI M B L E .

Syn o n ym s

a ct i ve al e rt , b u s tl in g pro mp t spe e dy ,
v
, , , s pry ,

a g il e , b ri s k , li ely , q u i ck , s pri g h t ly , s w i ft .

N i mb le r e fe rs to lig h t n e s s , fre e d o m , an d qu ic kn e s s of m o t io n
w i t h in a so m e w h at n arro w ran g e , w it h re a d in e ss t o t urn su d d e n l y

to an ypo in t ; s wif t a ppl i e s c o m m o n l y t o m o re s u st a in e d m o t io n

v
o e r gre a t e r di s t a n c es a pic kpo c k e t is n i mb l e fi n g e re d , a d an c er s

n i mb le fo o t e d ; a n arro w , a race h o rs e , o r a n o c e an st e am er is
s s

s wi f t ; S h ak e s peare
’
ligh t n in g s i s sai d o f t h e is u a l a p
s v
pe ar an ce in s u d d e n z ig z a g fl as h a c ro ss t h e s ky Figu r at i e ly , w e . v
s pe a k o f n i mble w it , s wif t in t e llig e n c e , s wif t d es t r u c t i o n A ler t , .

w hi c h is s t ri c t l y a s y n o n y m fo r r e a d y , co mes so m e t im es n e ar th e
m e an in g o f ni mble qu i ck, fro m t h e fa c t t h a t t h e r e a d y , w i d e
or

aw a ke pers o n i s like ly t o b e li e ly , qu i ck, sp ee d y vCo m pare A CT .

IVE ; A LE RT .

A n t o n ym s

cl u ms y, d il at o ry , d ul l , h ea y, v in act i ve, i n ert , s l o w, s l uggis h , un read y .

NO R M A L .

Syn o n ym s

co mmon , n a t u ra l , o rd in ary , re g ul ar, ty pic al , usual .

T h a t w h ic h is n a u ra lt is a cco rd in g to n a t ure ; t h at w h i c h i s
n or ma l is a cc ord in g t o t h e s t a n d ard o r rule w h ic h is o b s erv ed or

c l aim e d t o pre v a il i n n at ure a d e fo rm i t y m a y b e n a t u r a l s y m ,

m e t ry is n o rma l t h e n o rma l co l o r o f t h e cro w is b la ck w h il e t h e ,

n o r ma l co l o r o f t h e s parro w i s gra y b u t o n e i s as n a t u ra l a s t h e ,

o th er T yp i ca l re fer s t o s u ch an a s se mb l ag e o f qu al it ies a s m a ke s
.

t h e s pe cim e n g e n u s e t c a t ype o f so m e m o r e co m pr eh e n s iv
, , .
,
e

g ro u p w h il e n o rma l i s m o re Co mm o n l y applie d t o t h e part s o f a

,

s in g l e o b j e c t ; t h e s pe c im e n w as t yp i ca l ; c o l o r s iz e an d o t h e r ,

ch ara c t e rist ic s n o r ma l T h e r egu l a r i s e t y m o l o g ic all y t h at w hi ch

, .

is acc o r di n g to ru l e , h e n ce t h a t w h i ch is s t ea d y an d co n s t a n t , as

o ppo s e d t o t h at w h ich i s fi t ful an d c h an g e a b l e ; th e n or ma l a c t io n

of t h e h ear t is r egu l a r . T h at w h ic h is co mmo n is s h are d by a
 tw ith d in g,
'

n o st a n conJ .

o at h 25 4

gre a t n u m b er o f perso n s o r t h in g s di s e ase is co mmo n , a n or ma l

s t a t e o f h e al t h i s r are C o m pare G E NE RA L ; U S UA L
. .

A nt o n ym s
ab n o rmal , un prece d en t e d ,
exce pt io n al , un usual .

NO T W I T H S T A ND I NG ,
co n j .

Syn o n ym s

a l t h o (u g h ), h owb e it , n e vr t h e e le ss th o (u g h )
v
, ,

b ut , h ow e er, s t ill y et
v
,

mply w aiv
.

H o we er s i es d i s c u ss i o n an d (like t h e a r c h aic h o w

v
,

b e t h at a s it m a y t h is is t ru e
”
b ei t ) s a y s n e er t h e less c o n ce d e s
,

t h e tr u t h o f w h a t pre ce d es b ut c l a im s t h at w h at fo llo w s i s n o n e
,

t h e l ess t ru e n o t w i th s t a n d i n g m arsh al s t h e tw o s t a t e m e n t s fa c e

t o face ad m it s t h e o n e an d it s s e e m in g co n tr a di ct io n t o t h e o t h e r
, ,

w h il e in s is t in g t h a t it c an n o t , a ft er a ll , w it h s t an d t h e o t h er as ,

n o t wi th s t a n d i n g t h e fo r ce of the en e m y is s u pe ri o r , we s h a ll co n

Y et an d s ti ll ar e w e a k er t h a n n o t wi t h s t a n d i n g , w h il e
qu e r .

st ro n g e r t h an b u t . T ho an d a lt h o m ake as litt l e
po s s ib l e o f as

the co n ce s s i o n , dr o ppin g it , as it w e re , in c id e n t ally ; as , tho w e

” “
are g uilt y , t h o u art go o d ; to say w e are gu il ty , b u t t h o u art

g o o d ,
”
w o u ld m ak e t h e c o n c e s s io n of g uil t mo re e mph at ic .

Co m pare BUT Y ET .

NO T W I T H S T A ND I NG , p r ep .

Syn o n ym s
d e s pi t e , in s pi t e o f .

N o tw i t h s t a n d i n g s im ply s t at es t h at c irc u ms tan ces s h all n ot be

or ha v
e n ot b e en al lo w e d d esp i t e an d i n sp i t e of r e fe r
t o w it h s t an d

pr im ari ly t o pe rs o n al a n d pe rh aps s pit e fu l o ppo s it io n a s , h e fail e d

n o t wi th s t a n d i n g h is g o o d i n t e n t io n s o r , h e pe rse e re d i n sp i t e of v
th e m o s t b it t er h o s t ilit y Wh e n d esp i t e an d i n sp i t e of a re applie d
.

t o in an i m a t e t h in g s it is w i t h s o m et h in g o f pe rso n ifi cat io n
“
,
in
sp i t e of t h e s t o rm is s ai d as if t h e s t o rm h ad a h o s t il e pu rpo s e t o
O ppo se t h e u n d ert ak in g .

O AT H .

Syn o n ym s

a dj ura t i o n , c urs e p r o fa n e s w e a ri n g
v
. ,

a ffi d a it , c urs in g , p r o fa n i t y ,
an ath e m a , d e n un ciation , r e pro b a t i o n ,
b an , e xe crat i o n , s w e a ri n g ,
b l a s ph e m i n g i m pre c atio n , s w o rn s t a t e m e n t ,
vw
,

b l a s ph e m y , m ale d ictio n , o

v
.

In t h e h igh e s t se n s e , as in a c o ur t o f j us t i c e , an o a t h is a re
 o b sol et e
o b stin ate 25 6

O B SO L E T E .

Syn ym s
o n

an cie n t , arch a i c , ob s ol e sce n t, o ut o f d at e ,

an ti qu at e d , d isused , old , ra r e .

Some of th e o ld es t o r most a n ci en t w o rd s are n ot o b so le e , a s t

f a th e r , mo t h er , et c . A w o rd i s o b s o le t ew h ich h a s quit e go n e o u t
o f r eput ab l e u s e a w o r d is a rch a i c w h ich is fall in g o ut o f re put a
b l e u se , o r, o n th e o t h er v
h an d , h a in g b e e n o b s o let e, is t ake n u p
t e n t at i v
el y b y w rit er s or s pe a k e rs o f i n flu e n ce , so t h at it m ay per

h aps it s po s it io n a s a li in g w o rd
r e ga in v
a w o rd i s r a r e if t h ere

a re fe w pres e n t in s t an ce s o f it s reput ab l e u se Co m pare O L D . .

A n t o n ym s

S ee s yn o n ym s fo r NE W .

O B S T I NA T E .

S yn o n ym s .

co n t u acious m h e a d s t ro n g , mulish , re s o l ut e ,
v
,

d e cid e d , h eady , o b d urat e , re s o l ed ,

d eter in e d , m imm o ab l e , v o pin i o n a t e d , s t u b b o rn ,
d ogge d , i n d o m it a b l e , p e r s i s t e n t , un c o n q u e rab l e ,

fi rm . i n fl e xib l e , p e rt in a c i o u s , un fl in ch in g ,
fi xe d , i n t ra c t a b l e , r e fr a c t o r y , un y i e l d in g .

T h e h ea d s tr o n g pe rs o n is n o t t o b e s t o ppe d in h is o w n c o urs e o f

ac t io n , w h il e t h e o b s t i n a t e a n d s t ub b o rn i s n o t t o b e d ri v
e n to an

o t h er s
’
w ay . T h e h ea d s t r o n g ac t ; th e o bs t i n a t e an d s t ubb orn m ay
s im pl y re fu se to s t ir . Th e mo st
m iab l e pers o n m ay b e o b s t i n a te
a

o n so m e o n e po in t ; t h e s t u bb o rn pe rs o n is fo r t h e m o st part h a

b it u all y s o w e spe ak o f o b s t in a t e d e t e rm in at io n s t u bb o r n res is t ,

a n ce .S t u b b o r n is t h e t e rm m o s t fre qu e n t ly a pplie d t o t h e lo w e r
an im a l s an d in a ni m at e t h i n g s R ef ra ct o r y i m plie s m o re ac t iv
. it y
o f re s is t an ce t h e s t ubb o rn h o rse b alks t h e r ef r a ct o r y an im al

pl un g e s re ars an d ki cks m e t al s t h at re s is t o rd in ary _pro c e ss e s o f

, ,

re d u ct io n ar e t erm e d r ef r a cto r y O n e i s o b d u r a t e w h o a d h e re s t o
.

h is purpo s e in s pit e o f appeal s t h at w o ul d m o v e an y t en d e r h e art e d s

o r righ t ém in d e d pe rs o n Co n tu ma ci o us r e fe rs t o a pro u d an d ln
.

so l e n t d efi an c e o f au t h o rit y as o f t h e s u mm o n s o f a co urt, Per t i .

n a ci o u s d e m an d i s co n t rast e d w i t h o b s t i n a t e r e f us a l T h e u n yi eld .

i n g co n d u c t w h ich w e appro v e w e c a ll d eci d e d fir m i nflexible , , ,

r eso lu t e t h at w hi ch w e c o n d e m n w e are a pt t o t e rm h ea d s tr o n g ,

o b s t i n a t e s t u b b o rn
, Co m pare PE RVE R S E
. .

A n t o n ym s
amen ab l e ,
c o mplais an t ,
co m lian t ,
d o c i e,
 o b s t ru ct
25 7
'

o ld

O B ST R UC T .

S yn ym s
o n

a rr e s t , ch e c k , e mb a rr a s s , i n t e rr u p t ,

b ar, ch o k e , h in d e r , opp o s e ,
b a rr i c a d e , cl o g , im pe d e , re t a rd ,

To i s l it era ll y t o b uil d up a g a in s t ; t h e ro a d i s o b
o b s t r u ct .

s t ru ct ed b y fa ll e n t re e s t h e passage o f liqu id t hr o u g h a t u b e is
o b s t ru ct ed b y s o li d d epo s it s W e m ay hi n d er o n e s a d an ce b y
’
. v
fo ll o w in g an d c li n gin g t o h im we o b s r uc
t t h is co urs e b y s t an d
in g in h is w ay o r putt in g a b arrie r ac ro ss h is pat h A n yt h in g .

t h at make s o n e s pro gre ss s l o w e r , w h et h e r fro m w it hi n o r fro m

’

w i t h o u t , i mp ed es an O b s t ru c t io n is a l w ay s fro m w it h o u t . To
a r r es t is t o c au s e to s t o p s u d d e nl y t in g t h e w ay m ay h av
o bs tr uc e

th e e ff e c t o f a rr es t i n g pro g re ss . Co m pare HIND E R ; IMP E DIME NT .

A nt o n ym s
accel erat e , o pen , pro mo t e
v v
.

ad an ce, pa e t h e w ay f o r,

O L D .

S yn ym s
o n

aged , d e cr e p it , i m m e m o ri a l , sen il e ,

an cien t , e l d e rl y , old en , t i m e =h o n o r e d ,

a n tiqu at e d p a t ri ar ch a l , t i m e =w o r n ,
g ray ,
v
,

an tique , h o a ry , rem o t e , e n e ra b l e .

T h a t is t e rm e d o ld w h ich h as e x is t e d lo n g , or w hi ch e x is t e d

lo n g a go . A n ci en t , fro m t h e L at in , t h ro u g h t h e Fre n ch , is t h e
m o re s t at e l y , o ld , fro m t h e S ax o n , t h e m o r e fa m iliar w o rd . Fa
miliarit y , o n on e s id e , is n ear to co n t e m pt ; t h us w e s a y , a n o ld

co at , a n o ld h at . O n t he o t h er h an d , fam iliarit y is a kin t o t en d e r

n ess , an d th us o ld is a m e n t as , t h e o ld h o m e
w o rd o f e n d e ar

T e ll m e t h e o ld , o ld s t o ry !
” “ ”
s t e ad ,
the o ld o ak e n b u c k e t .

h a s b e e n s u n g fe e l in g l y b y m illi o n s t e ll m e t h at a n ci en t s t o ry
w o u l d re m o v e i t o u t o f a l l t o u c h o f h u m an s ym pat h y O ld en i s a .

s t a t elie r fo rm o f o ld a n d i s a ppl i e d a l m o s t e x c l u s iv
, e l y t o t im e ,

n o t t o pl a ces b u il d in g s pe r s o n s e t c
,
A s r e g ar d s pe rio d s o f t im e
, , .
, ,

t h e fa m ili ar are al so t h e n e ar t h u s , t h e o ld t im e s ar e n o t t o o far

a w a y fo r fa m il i ar t h o ugh t an d re fere n ce t h e o l d e n t im e s are m o r e
r e m o t e a n ci en t t im es s t ill f urt h e r r e m o v
,
ed G ra y h o a ri an d .
,

mo ld er i n g r e fer t o o u t w ar d an d v is ib l e t o k en s o f ag e A ged ap
m
.

'

li es c h i e fl t o l o n g e x t en d e d h u an l ife D ec rep i t , gr a y , a n d
p y s .

h o a ry re fer t o t h e e ffe c t s o f a ge o n t h e b o d y e x cl u s i e ly ; s en ile v

upo n t h e m in d al s o ; as , a d ecr ep i t fram e , s en i le garrul o u s n e ss .

O n e m ay b e a ged an d n e it h e r d ecr ep i t n or s en ile . E ld er ly is ap

pl ie d t o th o se w h o h a v
e pa s se d m id d l e life , b ut s c arc e l y reach e d

17
 cra t ion
g
o
O d er 25 8

o ld ag e . R emo t e (L . r e, b ac k o r a w a y , an d mo v
eo m o v
e ) prim a
, ,

ril y re fe r s to S pac e , b u t is ext en d ed t o t h a t w h ic h i s far o ff in

t im e as , at s o m e r e Ven era ble e x pre s se s t h e in v
mo t e perio d ol
.

u n t ar y re ve r e n ce t h at w e y i e l d t o t h e m a j es t ic an d l o n g e n d urin g , s

w h e t h er in t h e m at e rial w o rld o r in h u m an life a n d c h ara ct e r .

Co m pare A NTI Q UE ; O B SO LE T E ; PRIME VA L .

A n t o n ym s :

Co m pare s y n o n y m s fo r NE W ; YO UT H F UL .

O PE R AT IO N .

Syn o n ym s

a ct i o n , p e r fo rm a n c e
'

e fl e ct , fo r c e , , re sult .

a g e n cy , e xe c ut i o n , i n fl ue n ce , pr o c e d u r e ,

Op era ti o n is a ct i o n co n s id e re d w it h r e fer e n ce t o t h e t h in g
a c t e d u po n , an d m ay a ppl y t o t h e a ct i o n O f an i n t e ll i g e n t a g en t o r

of am at e rial s u b s t a n ce o r f o rce as , th e op e r a t i o n o f a m e d ic in e .

Perfor ma n ce an d ex ecu t i o n d e n o t e in t e llige n t a c ti o n , co n s i d e re d

w it h re fe re n ce t o th e a ct o r o r t o t h a t w h ic h h e a c co m plis h e s p er
f o rma n ce acc o m pli sh in g t h e w ill of th e a c t o r , ex ecu t i o n o ft e n t h e

w ill o f a n o t h er we s pe a k o f t h e p erf or ma n ce of a d ut y , t h e ex e

cu ti o n o f a s e n t e n ce . Co m par e A CT .

A n t o n ym s

fail ure , in eff ect i en e ss , v in ut il it y , po we rl ess n e s s , usel e ss n ess .

i n act i on , in e fli cren cy ,

O R D ER .

Syn o n ym s

co mm
an d , inj un ct io n , man d at e , re q u ir e m e n t .

d ire ct i o n , i n s tru ct i o n , p ro h i b i ti on ,

I n s tr uct i on im pli es s u pe rio ri t y o f kn o w l e d g e , d i r ecti o n o f au

t h o rity on v
t h e part o f t h e g i e r ; a t eac h er g i e s i n s tructi o n s t o v
hi s pupil s , v
an e m pl o y e r g i e s d i r ec t i on s t o h is w o rkm en O r d er is .

s t ill m o r e aut h o rit at i v th

d ir ect i o n ; so l d ie rs , s a il o rs , an d r a il
e an

v
ro a d e m pl o y e e s h a e s i m pl y t o o b e y t h e o rd er s o f t h e ir s uperi o rs ,

w it h o u t e xplan at io n o r qu es t io n an o r d er in t h e co mm e r c ial s e n se
h as t h e a ut h o rit y o f t h e m o n e y w h ic h t h e o n e o r d e ri n g t h e go o d s

pay s o r is t o pay Comm a n d is a lo ft ie r w o r d , as

. w e ll a s h igh ly
v
aut h o rit a t i e , l es s fre qu e n t i n co mm o n life w e s pe ak o f t h e co m
ma n d s of G od ,m e t im e s b y po lit e h y perb o l e as k o f a frie n d
o r so , , ,

“
H av e y o u an y co mma n d s fo r m e ? A r equ i r eme n t is im pe ra
”

t ive , b ut n o t al w ay s fo rm al n o r m a d e b y a pers o n a l a g e n t
,
it m a y
b e in t h e n a t ure o f t hi n gs as , th e requi r e men t s of t h e po s it io n .
 o u gh t
o ve rsigh t 26 0

m e w h at c o n t e m pt ib l e ; a s a p a r a d e o f w e alt h o r l earn in g
so ,
.

Po mp o s i ty an d p o mp o u sn ess are t h e a ffe c t at io n o f po mp .

A n t o n ym s
d ifli d en ce , t imi di t y,
mo d est y, un o b t rusi v ene ss .

O UG H T .

S yn ymo n

sh o ul d .

O n e o u gh t t o d o t h at w h ic h h e is un d er m o ral o b li gati o n o r in d ut y
b o un d t o d o O u g h t i s t h e S t ro n g e r w o rd , h o ldi n g m o s t
. c l o se l y to
th e s e n se o f m o ra l o b lig a t io n , o r so m e t im es o f im perat iv e l o gi c a l

n ec e s s it y s h o u ld m ay h av
e th e s e n s e o f m o ra l O bl i ga t i o n o r m a y

appl y m ere ly t o pro prie t y o r e x pe d ie n c y as in t h e pro v erb , The ,

liar s h ou ld h av e a g o o d m e mo ry
”
i e h e w ill n e e d i t , O u gh t is
. .

so m e t im e s u s e d o f a b s t ra c t io n s o r in an i m a t e t h in g s a s i n di c a t in g

w h at t h e m in d d e e m s t o b e im pera t iv e o r l o g ic a ll y n e c es sa ry i n

v
i w e o f all th e co n d it io n s
t h ese g o o d s o u gh t t o g o i n t o t h at
; as ,

s pace ; t h e se a rg u m e n t s o ug h t t o c o n in ce h im ; s h o u ld in su c h v
conn ec t io n s w o u ld b e c o rrec t , b u t l ess e m ph a t ic Co mpar e D U TY . .

O VE R S I G H T .

S yn o n ym s

c a re , c o n t ro l , m an a g e m en t , s ur ve i l l a n ce ,

ch arg e . d i re ction , s u p e ri n tend en ce w a t ch

v
, .

co manm d , in spe ct ion , s up e r isio n , w a t c h fu l n e s s .

v
A per so n m ay l o o k o e r a m att er in o rd er t o s ur e y it c are full y v
in v
i t s e n t ir e t y , o r h e m ay l o o k o er it w it h n o a t t e n t io n t o t h e t h in g
i t se lf b ecau s e h is gaz e an d t h o u gh t are co n c e n t ra t e d o n so m e t h in g
b e yo n d v
o ers i g h t h a s t h us t w o c o n t ra s t e d s e n s e s , in t h e l a t t e r

se n s e d e n o t in g i n a d v
e t en t
r e rro r o r o m i ss io n , a n d in t h e fo rm e r d e
n o t in g w at c h fu l s up er v
i is on , co mmo n ly i mpl y in g c o n s t an t pe r
so n al pre s e n ce s up er i n t en d en ce re qu ir es o n l y s o m u ch o f pre sen c e

co m m un ica t io n as t o k n o w t h at t h e
’
or s u pe rin t e n d e n t s w is h e s are

c a rri e d o ut ; the s upe r in t e n d e n t o f a railro a d w ill pe rso n all y o er v

see v
e y fe w
r of it s O pe ra t io n s the ra ilr o a d co m pan y h as s upre m e

d i recti o n o f a ll it s a ffa irs w i t h o ut s up e ri n t en d en ce o r o v ers i gh t .

C o n t r o l is u se d c h i e fl y w it h re fe re n c e to re s t ra in t o r t h e po w e r o f
re s t ra in t a g o o d h o rse m an h a s a r e s t le s s h o rs e un d e r perfe c t con
tro l t h er e i s n o h i gh c h arac t er w it h o ut s e l fs con t ro l S ur eil . v
lan ce is ah v
in idi o u s t erm S igni fyi n g w a t ch i n g w i t h so m e t h in g o f
s u spicio n . Co mpar e C A RE NE GLE CT .
 pa i n
26 1 p a l l i at e

PA IN .

Syn o n ym s

u fi e ri n g t o rt u r e
‘

a ch e , d i stre s s , s , ,

ag on y , pan g , th ro e , tw i n ge ,

an g uish , p a ro xy s m , t o rm e n t , W 0 (e .

Pa i n is t h e m o st g e n e ra l t e rm t h is gro up, in c l ud in g a ll t h e of

o t h e rs p a i n is a d is t u rb in g se n s at io n fro m w h ich n at ure re o l t s , v

r es ul t in g fro m so m e in j urio u s e x t e rn a l i n t e rfe re n ce (a s fro m a

w o un d , a b r ui se , a h ars h w o r d , or fro m so m e l ack of w h at

o n e n e e d s , c ra v
e s , o r c h eri s h e s (a s t h e p a i n
, of h un g er or b e re a v
e

men t ) , or fro m so m e a b n o rm al ac t i o n o f b o d il y or m e n t a l fu n c t i o n s
( as , t h e p a i n s o f d is e as e , e n y , o r d is c o n t e n t )vS ufi er i n g is o n e o f .

th e v
se e rer fo rm s o f p a i n T h e pric k o f a n e e d l e c au s e s p a i n , b u t
.

we s h o u l d s car ce l y s peak o f it as su ffer i n g . D i s t r e s s is t o o s t ro n g

a w o rd fo r l itt l e h u rt s , t o o fe e b l e fo r t h e in t e n se s t s uj fe ri n g , b ut
co m m o n l y appl i e d to so me pro l o n g e d t ro u b le o r
c o n t in u o u s or

n eed ; a s , t h e d i s tr es s o f a s h ipw r ec k e d c r e w , o r o f a d e s t it ut e fa m il y .

A ch e is lin g erin g p a i n , m o re o r l e s s s e ve re ; p a n g , a p a i n S h o rt ,
s h arp, in t e n se , a n d perh aps re pe at e d . We s peak o f
t h e p a n gs o f
h un g e r o r o f re m o rs e . T h r o e is a v io l e n t an d t h ril lin g p a i n Pa r .

o xys m appli es to an al t e rn a t e l y re c u rrin g an d re c e d in g p a i n , w h ic h

co m es as i t w e re i n w a v
t h e p a r o xy s m i s t h e
es ; ri s in g o f t h e

wa v e . T o r men t an d t o r t u r e ar e in t e n s e a n d t e rrib l e su fferi n gs .

A go n y an d a n gu i s h e x pre s s t h e u t m o s t p a i n o r s ulferi n g o f b o d v
or m in d . A go n y of b o d y is t h at w it h w h ich t h e s y s t e m s t rug gle s
a n gui s h t h a t b y w hi ch it i s c ru sh e d .

A n t o n ym s :
co mfo rt , d el igh t , e as e , j
en o y ment , peace , rapt ure , relief , s o l ace .

PA L L IA I E ' ‘
.

S yn o nym s
a p o l o g i z e fo r , c on ce al e xt e n u a te h id e ,
v v
s cre e n
vi l
, , ,
cl o ak , co er, glo s s o er, m it i g at e , e .

C lo a k, fr o m t h e F re n c h , an d pa lli a t e , fro m t h e L at in , a re t h e
’

s am e in o r ig in al s ig n ifi c at i o n , v v
b u t h a e d i e rg e d in m e an in g ; a
clo a k m ay b e use d t o hi d e co mpl e t e l y t h e pe rso n o r so m e o b e ct j
c a rrie d t h e pe rso n ,
ab o u t o r i t m a y b u t part l y
e i l t h e fi g ure , v
m akin g t h e o u t lin e s l ess d is t in c t ; clo a k i s u s e d in t h e fo rm e r ,
p a lli a t e, in t h e l a t t er s e n s e t o clo a k a s in is t o a t t e m pt t o h i d e it
fro m di sco vy ;
t o p a lli a t e it is t o at t e m pt t o hi d e s o m e par t o f
er

it s b l a m e w o r t h in e ss “
W h e n w e p a l li a t e o ur o w n o r o t h ers ’
.

f a ul t s w e d o n o t see k to c lo ke th em a l to g e t h e r , b ut o n ly t o ex t en u
" T R E NCH S t u d o T/V r
a te t h e g uil t of t h e m in part .
y f o d s l e ct . v
i p , .
 pa rd o n 26 2

266 . E it h er t o pa lli a t e o r t o ex t en u a t e is t o a d mit t h e fa ul t b ut

to ex t e n u a t e i s ra t h e r t o ap o lo giz e f o r t h e o ff e n d er , w h il e t o

p a lli a t e is t o d is g u ise t h e fau l t h e n ce , w e S pe a k of ex en u a t i n g

t
b ut n ot of p a lli a t i n g c irc u m s t an c e s , s in c e c ir c um s t an ces can n o t
c h an g e t h e in h e re n t w ro n g o f a n a c t , t h o t h e y m ay l es s e n t h e
b la m e w o r t h in ess of h im w h o d o e s it p a lli a t i n g a b a d t h in g b y
v
g i in g it a m ild n a m e d o e s n o t m a ke it l ess e il v . In re fe re n c e t o
d ise ase s , t o p a lli a t e is r e al l y t o d imin ish t h e ir v
i l o e n ce , o r part ly
to relie vt he e s u ffe re r . Co m par e A LLE VI A TE ; HIDE .

P A B D O N, v .

S yn ym s
o n

ab sol e ,v con d on e fo rg i e . v pass b y , re mi t

v v
.
,

a c q u it , excus e , o e rl o o k , pa s s o er,
T o p a r d o n i s t o l et pas s , as a f a ul t o r s in , w it h o u t r ese n t men t ,

b l am e , o r pu n is h m e n t F o rg i vh
t o fe e l in g s , p a r d o n
e a s re f e r e n c e

t o c o n s e qu e n c e s v
h e n c e , t h e e x e c u t i e m a y p a r d o n , b u t h as n o t h
in g t o d o o ffic ially w it h f o r gi i n g v
Pe rs o n al in j ur y m ay b e f o r
v v
.

gi enb y t h e pe rs o n wr o n ge d ; t h u s , G o d at o n c e f o r gi es an d
p a rd o n s ; t h e p a r d o n e d s inn e r is e x e mpt fro m pun ish m en t ; t h e
f o rgi v
en s in n e r is re s t o re d t o t h e d i in e fa v v
or T o p a r d o n is t h e
.

ac t o f a s upe rio r, i mpl y in g t h e rig h t to pun is h ; t o f or gi e i s t h e v

v
pri il e g e of th e h u mb l es t pe r so n w h o h as b ee n w ro n g e d o r
o ffe n d e d . In l aw , t o r emi t t h e w h o l e pe n al t y is e qu i al en t t o v
pa r d o n i n g t h e o ff e n d e r ; b u t a part o f a pe n al t y m ay b e r emi t t e d
an d t h e r e m ain d er i n fl ic t e d a s w h er e t h e
, pe n alt y in c l u d e s b o t h
fin e an d im pris o n m e n t . To co n d o n e i s t o pu t a s id e a re co gn iz e d
o ffe n s e by so m e a c t w h ic h res t o r es t h e o ff e n d e r t o fo rfe it e d righ t
or v
pri il e g e . an d is t h e ac t of a v v
pr i at e in d i i d ua l , w i t h o ut l e g al
f o rm a lit ie s . To ex cus e is t o o v
er lo o k so m e s li gh t o ff e ns e , e rro r , o r

b re ac h o f e t iqu e t t e ; p a r d o n i s o ft e n u se d by co urt es y in n earl y

th e sa me se n s e A pers o n m a y s pe ak o f
. ex cus i n g o r f o rgi vin g
h im s e l f , b u t n o t o f p ar d o n i n g h im se lf . Co m pare A B S O LV E ;
PA R D O N , n .

Ant o n ym s

cas t igat e , re co mpen se ,

c h as t e n, sco urge ,

P A R D O N, n.
Syn ym s
o n

ab solution , a mn e sty , fo r g i ve n e s s , ob li vi on ,

a c q u i tt a l , fo r b e a r a n c e , m e rcy , re mi s s i o n .

A cqu i t t a l is a r e l eas e fro m a c h a r g e , a ft e r trial , as n o t g uil t y .

 p a rt , n .

pa rt i cl e 26 4

PA R T ,
n .

S yn o n ym s
ato m , s e cti on ,

co m po n e n t ,
se gment,
c o n stit u e n t h
v
s are
v
, ,

d i i sion ,
s ub d i i si on .

e lemen t ,

uan t it y , o r a mo un t t h a t i s t h e resul t o f t h e
fl i t r . a s ub st an c e ,
q
v
d i i s io n o f so m e t hi n g g reat er , i s t h e gen e ral w o rd , in c l ud in g all
t h e o t h e rs o f t h is gro u p A f r a gmen t i s t h e re s ul t o f b re akin g ,
.

re n di n g , o r m e kin d w h il e a p i ece m ay b e s mo o t h l y
d isr upt io n o f so ,

o r ev e nl y se par at e d an d h av
.

e a c e rt ain co mpl e t e n e ss in it s e lf .

A p i ece is O ft en t ak en fo r a s am pl e ; a f ra gmen t s carce l y w o u ld

be . v
D i is i o n an d f r a cti o n are alw ay s r e gar d e d as in co n n e c t io n
v
wi t h t h e t o t al ; d i i s i o n s m ay b e e qu al o r u n e qu al ; a f ra ct i o n is
v
o n e o f se e ra l e qu al p a r t s in t o w h ic h t h e w h o l e i s s uppo se d t o b e

v
di id e d
w h o is t o
a ppli e d
.

re ce

in
j

v v
A p o r ti o n i s a p a r t ie w e d w i t h r e fe r e n c e t o s o m e o n e
i e it o r so m e spec ial purpo se t o w h ich it is t o b e
t h e a m o u n t d e s ign e d fo r
a res t a uran t o n e p o r ti o n
one pe rs o n ) i s s o m e t im e s , b y s pec ial o rd er , s er e d t o t w o a s h a r e v
is a p a r t t o w h i c h o n e h as or m ay a c quir e a rig h t in c o n n ec t i o n

w it h o t h ers an i n s t a lmen t is o n e o f a s e rie s o f pro po rt io n at e pay

m en t s t h a t a re to b e co n t in u e d t ill t h e e n t ire c la im is d i sc h arg e d

a p a rt i cle is an mp o n en t con s t i t u
e x ce e di n gl y s m all p a r t . A co ,

en t , i n gr ed i en t , o r e lemen t is a p a r t o f s o m e co m po un d o r mi x

t ur e an e lemen t i s n e cessary t o t h e e x i s t e n ce as a co mp o n en t o r ,

co n s t i t u en t i s n e ce ssary t o t h e co m pl e t e n e s s o f t h at w hi c h it h e lps

t o co m po se a n i n gr ed i en t m ay b e fo re ign o r a cc id e n t al A s ub
i s i o n is a d i v
.

d iv i si o n o f a d i vis i o n W e speak o f a s egmen t o f a .

c ir c l e .Co mpare P A RTICL E ; P O RTI O N .

P AR T I C L E .

Syn o n ym s
at o , m g ra in , mit e , s c ra p , wh it .

c o rp u s c l e , iota, m ol e cule , sh re d ,
elemen t, jot, s cin t ill a , tit tl e ,

v
A p a r t i cle is a e ry s m all par t o f a n y m a t eria l s ub s t an c e as ,
a p a r t i cle o f s an d o r o f d us t ; it i s a g e n e ral t e rm , n o t a cc urat e l y d e

t er m in at e in m e a n in g . A t om (G r . a pri at i e , vv n o t, an d t emn o ,
cut ) e t y m o l o g icall y s ign ifi e s t h at w h i ch c an n ot be cut or

v
di id e d , an d is t h e s m al l e s t co n ce i v
ab l e p a r t i cl e o f m at t e r, re
g ard e d as a b so l ut el y h o m o g e n e o u s v
a n d as h a in g b u t o n e se t o f

pro pert ie s ; a to ms are t h e u l t im at e p a r t i cles of m at t er . A mo le

 26 5 pa tien ce

cu le is m a d e up o f a to ms , an d is re g ard e d a s se pa ra b l e in t o it s co n

part s ; a s u se d b y ph y s ic is t s , a mo lecu le i s t h e s m all e s t

s t it u e n t

v
co n c e i a b l e pa rt w h ic h re t a i n s a ll t h e c h a ra c t e ris t i cs o f t h e s ub

s t an c e mo lecu le o f w at er i s ma d e u p o f t w o a t o ms o f h y
t h us, a

d r o g e n a n d o n e a t o m o f o x y ge n E leme n t in c h e m is t ry d e n o t es .
,

w it h o u t re fer e n c e t o qu a n t it y a s u b s t a n c e re g ard e d as s im pl e, ,

i . e .
, on e in c a pab l e
'

of b e in g re so l v
k n o w n pro ce ss in t o
ed by an y

s im ple r s u b s t an c e s ; t h e e lemen t g o ld m a y b e re pre s e n t e d b y an

in g o t or b y a p a r ti cle o f g o ld d u s t In po pu la r l a n g u a ge , a n e le
s .

men t is a n y e ss e n t ia l co n s t it u e n t ; th e an c i en t s b e lie v
ed t h at t h e
un i v e rs e w as m ad e u p o f t h e fo u r elemen t s e art h a ir fir e an d , , , ,

w at e r a s t o rm is s po k e n o f a s a m a n ife s t a t io n o f t h e fur y o f t h e

e le men t s . W e s pe ak o f co rp u s cles o f b l o o d Co m pare PA RT . .

A nto n ym s :

aggregat e , e n t i ret y , mass , quan t ity , su m , su m t o tal , t o t al , wh o l e .

P A T I E NC E .

Syn o n ym s

m
‘

fo rb e a r a n lon fl e rin
‘

c al n e ss, u su fl e ra n
ce
g s g ce
:
, , .

co m
p o s ure , f o rt i t u d e re S i g n at io n ,
e n d ur a n c e , l en ien cy , s ub m i s s i o n ,

Pa ti en ce i s t h e qu alit y o r h a b it o f m in d s h o w n in b e arin g pas

s iv
e l y an d u n co m pl ain in g ly an y pa in ev il , o r h ard s h ip t h at m ay ,

lo t E n d u r a n ce h ard e n s it self
’
fa l l t o on e s . a g ain s t s u ffe rin g , a n d

m ay b e m e re ly s t u b b o rn ; f o r t i tu d e is e n d ur a n ce an i m a t e d by
c o ura g e en d u r a n ce m ay b y mo d ifi e rs b e m a d e t o h av
e apa ss i v
e

fo rc e , as w h e n w e s pe a k o f v ”
pa ss i e e n d u ran c e ; p a t i en ce i s n o t so
s e lf e ff ac in g a s s u b mi ss i o n S u b miss i o n
.

h ar d a s en d u r a n ce n o r so s .

is o rd in arily a n d r es i gn a t i o n a l w a y s a ppl ie d t o m att ers of gr e a t

mo men t ,
w hi l e p a t i en ce may appl y t o s l igh t w o rrie s an d an n o y
an c es . A s re g ard s o ur r e l a t io n s t o o ur fe l l o w m en , f o r b ea r a n ce
is ab s t ain i n g fro m re t al iat io n o r re v
e g n e ; p a t i en ce i s k e e pin g
kin d li n e s s of h e art un d er vx e at i o u s co n d u ct ; lo n gs sulfer i n g i s
co n t in u e d p a t i en ce Pa t i en ce m ay al s o h a
. v
e an a ct i vf
e o r ce de
n o t i n g u n co m pl a in i n g s t e a d in e s s in d o in g , as in t ill in g t h e s o il .

Co mpare IND U S TRY .

An t o n ym s

S e e s y n o n y m s fo r A NGE R .

Prep o si tio n s

Pati e n c e i n o r a m id s u ffe rin g s pat ien ce w i t h (rare ly t o wa r d )

O ppo s e rs o r o ffe n d ers pat ie n ce u n d e r a fll ic t i o n s (ra re ly ) pa t ie n c e
o f h e at o r co l d , e t c .
 Pa y
pe o ple 26 6

PAY ,
n .

Syn o n ym s

allo w an ce h ire , re c o m p e n se ,

co m pe n s a t i o n , h o n o ra r i u m , re m u n e ra t i o n ,

e a rn i n g s , pay men t , re qui t al ,

fe e ,

An a llo w a n ce is a s t ipu l a t e d a m o un t f urn ish e d at re gu l ar in

t er v
al matt er o f d iscre t io n o r gra t uit y as o f fo o d t o b esie g e d
s as a ,

s o l di er s o r o f m o n e y t o a c h il d o r w ard
, Co mpen s a t i o n i s a co m .

pre h e n si v e w o rd s i gn ify i n g a re t urn fo r a se rv ic e d o n e R emu .

n era t i o n i s a ppli e d t o m a t t e rs o f gr e at a m o u n t o r im po rt a n c e .

R eco mp en se is a s t ill w i d e r an d l o ft ie r w o rd w it h l ess s u gg e s t io n ,

o f c al c u l at i o n an d m ark e t v
alu e t h er e ar e se r v
i c e s fo r w h i ch af

fe c t i o n grat it ud e are t h e so l e an d s uffi cie n t r eco mp e n s e

an d ea r n

i n gs , f ees , h i r e , p a y, s a la r y, an d wa ges are fo rm s o f co mp en s a ti o n

’

an d m ay b e i n c l u d e d i n co mp en sa t i o n , r emu n e ra t i o n , o r r eco m

pen se Pa y i s co mm e rc ial a n d s t rict ly s i gni fi es an e x ac t pe c un iary

.

v v
e qu i al e n t fo r a t h in g o r ser ic e e x ce pt w h e n t h e c o n t rary i s e x,

” “ ”
pr e s sl y s t at e d , a s w h en w e s pe ak o f hi g h p a y o r po o r p a y .

W a g es
'

d e n o t e s w h at a w o rk e r r ec e i e s v
E a r n i n gs i s
. o ft e n u s e d a s

e x a c t l y e qu i v t o wa ges , b u t m ay b e use d w it h
ale nt re f e ren ce t o th e
re a l v
al u e o f w o rk d o n e o r s er i ce re n d e re d , an d v e v
e n a ppli e d to
i n an i mat e t h in gs ; as , th e ea rn i n gs o f capit a l . H i r e is d is t in c t l y
m e rc e n a ry or m e n ial b u t as a n o un
h as g o n e o u t o f po pul ar u s e ,
,

v
t h o t h e e rb t o h i r e is c o mm o n S a l a r y is fo r l it e r ary o r pro
.

f e s s io n al w o r k , wa ges fo r h an d ic ra f t o r o t h e r co m para t i e l y in fe v
rio r s e r v
ic e a s a la r y is re g a r d e d a s m o re perm an e n t t h an w a ges
an e d i t o r re c e i vs e a s a l a r y , a co m po s i t o r re c e i ve s w a ges . S tip en d
h as b e co m e e x c l us i ve l y a li t e a y w o d
r r A r .
f ee i s g i v
e n fo r a s in

gl e s er v
ice or pr iv
il e g e a d is s o m e t im es
,
n in th e n a t u re of a

grat u ity . Co m pa re RE Q UITE .

PE O PL E .

S yn o n ym s
co m m o n w e a l th . n ation , ra c e , s tate , t ri b e .

co mm unity , p opul ati on ,

A mmu n i t y is in g en e ral t erm s t h e a g gre g at e o f pers o n s in

co

h ab it in g an y t e rr it o ry in co mm o n an d v ie w e d a s h av in g co mm o n
i n t ere s t s ; a co mmo n we a lt h i s s u ch a b o d y o f pe rso n s h a v in g a
c o mm o n g o v e rnm e n t e s pec i all y a r e pu b lic an g o v
, e rn m e n t as th e ,

co mmo n w e a l th o f M a s s ac h u s e t t s A co mmu n i ty m ay b e v e ry .

s m a ll ; a co mmo n wea lth i s o r d in aril y o f c o n s id e rab l e e x t en t A .

p eop le is t h e a ggr e g at e o f an y pu b lic co mmu n i ty e it h e r in di s t in o ,

 p e rfe ct 26 S

h en d ed w h ich can n ot be co mp r e h en d ed ; a c h il d c an app reh en d

t h e d is t in c t io n b e t w e e n righ t an d w ro n g , y e t t h e ph ilo so ph e r can

not co mp reh en d i t in it s ful n ess W e ca n app reh en d t h e w ill o f
v
.

G od a s re v
ea l e d in co n sc i en ce o r t h e S cript u r es we ca n co n ce i e

of c e rt a in a t t rib ut e s of D e it y , as h is t ru t h an d j u st ic e ; b ut no

fi n it e in t e ll ig e n c e can co mp reh en d v
th e D i in e Nat ure in it s m aj
,

e st y , po w e r , an d pe rfe ct io n . Co mpare A NTICIPA TE ; A RRE S T ;

C A TCH ; KNO WLE DGE .

A n t ym s :
o n

fail o f, ign o re , mis appreh en d , miscon ceiv

e, o vlook
er .

PE R F E CT .

S yn ym s
o n

ab s ol ut e , con su mm at e , h oly , spo tl e s s ,

a c c u ra t e , c o rr e c t , id e al , st ain l e s s ,
b l am el e s s , e n t ire , imm acul at e , un b le mish e d ,
c o mpl e t e , fa u l t l e s s , sin l e s s , un d e fi le d .

c o mpl et e d , fi n i sh e d ,
T h at is p e rf ect t o w h ic h n o t h in g can b e a d d e d , . an d fro m
w h ic h n o t h in g c an b e t ak e n w i t h o ut i m pair in g it s e x c e ll e n ce ,

m arrin g it s sy mm e t ry , or d e t rac t in g fro m it s w o rt h in t h is ful l es t

s e n se G od al o n e is p erf ect , b u t in a lim it e d s e n se a n y t h in g m ay b e
p erf ect in it s k in d a s a p erf ect fl o w e r a co py o f a d o c u m e n t is
p erfect w h e n i t i s a ccu r a t e in e v
part icu l ar ; a
e ry v a se m ay b e
'

a n d u n blemi s h ed , e e n t h o v
'

c a ll e d p erf ect w h e n en t ir e not ar

t is t i call y f a u l t less t h e b es t j u d g e s ne v
e r pro n o u n ce a w o rk o f a rt

p erf ect , b ecau s e t h e y s e e al w a y s i d ea l po s sib ilit ies n o t y e t a t t ain e d

v
e e n t h e i d ea l is n o t p erf ect , b y r easo n o f t h e im pe rfe ct io n
o f t h e h u m an m in d a h u m an c h ara c t e r fa u l t l e ss l y h o ly w o u ld b e

m o ra l ly p e rf ect t h o fi n it e T h at w h ich is a b so lu t e is fr e e fro m

.

a d m ix t ure ( a s a b so lu t e a l c o h o l ) a n d in t h e h igh e s t a n d fu ll es t

se n s e fre e fro m i m pe rfe c t io n o r l im it a t io n ; a s , a b s o lu t e h o lin e s s

an d lo v
e a r e a tt rib u t e s o f G od al o n e
In ph il o so ph ical l an g ua g e ,
.

a b s o l u t e s i gn ifi e s fre e v
fro m all n e c e s s ary , o r e e n fro m a ll po ss ib le
re l a t io n s , n o t d e pe n d e n t or l im it e d , un r e l at e d an d u n c o n di t io n e d

t rut h i mm e d ia t e ly kn o w n , as in t u it i v
e t rut h , is a b so lu t e G od , as

s e l fs e x is t e n t an d fr e e fro m a ll l i m it a t i o n or d e pe n d e n ce , i s c a ll e d

th e a b s o lu t e B e in g , o r si m ply t h e A b so lu t e . Co mpare INNO C E NT

INFINITE R A DIC A L .

A n t o n ym s :

b ad ,
b le m is h e d ,
co rrupt ,
co rrupt e d ,
d ef ace d ,
 p e rm a n e n t
26 9 pe rm i s s i o n

P E R M A N E NT .

S yn o n ym s

ab id in g , en d u ri n g , l a s t in s a d fa s t ,
te
ch an g e le s s , fi xe d , p e rp e u a l , un ch an g e ab l e ,

con stan t , imm ut ab l e , pe rsi st e n t , u n ch an g in g

v
.

d ur a b l e , i n a ri a b l e , stab l e ,

m o s t w h o ll y o f m a t e r i a l
'

D u r a b le ( L . d u r u s , h ar d ) is s aid al

r e s is t w e a r
s u b s t an c e s t h a t la s ti n g is s a id o f e it h e r m at e rial o r im
m a t e ria l t h in gs Per ma n en t is a w o rd o f w id e r m e a n in g a t h in g
.

is p e rma n en t w h ic h is n o t l ia b l e t o c h a n g e a s a p er ma n en t co l o r ,

b uil d in g s u po n a far m are c all e d p er ma n e n t im pro v em en t s En .

d ur i n g is a h igh e r w o r d a ppl ie d t o t h at w h ich re s is t s b o t h t im e

,

an d c h a n g e ; a s en d u r i n g fa m e , .

A n t o n ym s

See s yn o n y m s fo r TRA N S I E NT .

PE R M I S SI O N .

S yn o n ym s
all o w a n ce , a uth o ri za tion ,
lea e , v lice n s e
a u t h o ri t y , con sen t , l i b e rt y , p e rm it .

A u t h o ri t y u n it e s t h e ri g h t a n d po w e r o f c o n t ro l ; a g e , w is d o m ,
a n d c h a r ac t er v
gi e a u t h o r i t y t o t h e ir po s s e s so r a b o o k o f l e arn e d
r e s e a r ch h as a u t h o r i t y , a n d is e v
e n c a ll e d a n a u t h o r i t y . Per mi s
s io n j us t i fi e s an o t h e r in ac t in g w it h o u t in t e rfe re n ce or c e n s ur e ,

a n d u s u a ll y im pli es so m e d e gree o f a ppro v

al . A u t h o r i ty g i e s a v
c e rt a in r i g h t o f c o n t r o l o v
e r a ll t h a t m ay b e a ffe c t e d b y t h e ac

t io n . T h ere may b e a fa il ure t o o b j e c t , w h ic h co n s t it u t e s an im

pl ie d p ermi s s i o n , t h o t h is is m o r e pro pe rl y e x pres s e d b y a llo w
a n ce w e a llo w w h at w e d o n o t o ppo s e , p e r mi t w h a t w e e x

pr e s sl y au t h o riz e T h e n o un p er mi t im plie s a fo rm al w r it t e n
.

per mi ss i o n L i cen s e is a fo rm a l p e r mi s s i o n g ra n t e d b y co m pe
.

v
t e n t a u t h o r i t y t o a n i n d i i d u a l t o d o s o m e a ct o r pu r s u e s o m e
b u s in e ss w h ic h w o u ld b e or is m ad e t o b e un l aw fu l w it h o u t s u ch

per mi s s i o n a s , a li cen se t o pr e a c h , t o so l e m n i z e m a rr i ag e s , o r t o

s e l l in t o x i c a t in g l iqu o r s A li cen s e is p er mi ss i o n g ran t e d rat h e r

.

t h a n a u t h o r i t y c o n fe rr e d ; t h e s h e riff h a s a u t h o r i t y (n o t p er mi s
s io n n or l icen se) t o m ak e an a rr e s t . Co n s en t is p ermi s s i o n b y
th e c o n c u rr e n c e of w ill s in t w o or m o re per so n s , a m u t u al ap
pro v
a l o r a cce pt a n c e o f so m e t h in g pro po s e d . Co m par e A LLO W .

A n t ym s
o n

d e n ial , re fus al , re s is t an c e .

h in d ran ce .
 erni ci o u s
g e rp l e x i t y 27 0

P E R NI C I O U S .

Syn o n ym s

b a d , e vi l ,
m i s ch ie vous , p e s t il e n tial ,

b an e fu l , fo u l , n oisom e , poison ous ,

d e a d ly , h a rm fu l , n o xi o u s ru i n o u s
v _, ,

d e l e t e ri o u s , h u r t fu l , per e rt i n g , u n h e a l t h fu l ,
d e st ru cti e , v i nj u r i o u s , p e s t i fe r o u s , un w h ol e s o m e .

d e t ri m e n t a l , i n s a l ub ri o u s ,

Per n i ci o u s ( L p er , t hro u gh , . a n d n eco , kill ) s i gn i fi es v

h a in g t h e

po w er o f d e st ro y in g o r in j urin g , t e n di n g t o h u r t o r kill Pern i

.

ci o u s is s t ro n g e r t h a n i nj u r i o u s t h at w hi c h i s i nj i ir i o u s is c apa b l e

of d o in g h arm t h at w h ich is p ern i ci o u s is l ike l y t o b e d e s t r u ct i e v .

No x i o u s ( L n o ceo , h ur t ) i s a s t r o n g e r w o r d t h a n n o i s o me , a s r e f e r

v
.

r in g t o t h a t w h i ch i s i nj u ri o u s o r d es t r u ct i e . N o is o me n o w al w a y s

d en o t e s t h at w hi ch i s m e l y d is a gr e e ab l e o r di s g ust in g e spe
e x t re ,

c i a lly t o th e s en s e o f s m e ll a s t h e n o i s o me s t e n c h pro c l ai m e d t h e
,

pr esen c e o f n o xi o u s g as e s .

A n t o n ym s
ad vt an age o us ,
b en e fi cen t ,
b en e fi cial ,

PE R P L E X I T Y .

S yn o n ym s

a m azem en t , b e w il d er men t , d i s tr a c t i o n , d o ub t ,
a st o n i sh m e n t , c on q i on , d i s t urb a n c e , e m b a rr a ss ment .

Perp lex i ty (L p er t h ro u gh , .
,
an d p lect o , pl ait ) i s t h e d ra w in g o r
t urn i n g o f t h e t h o u gh t s or f ac u l t i e s b y t urn s in d i ff e re n t d ir e c t io n s
or t o w ar d co n t ra s t e d o r co n t r a d i c t o ry c o n c l u s io n s ; conf u s i o n ( L .

f
co n u su s , f ro m co n f un d o , po ur t o g e t h e r) is a s t at e in w hi c h t h e
m en t al fac ul t ie s are , as it w e r e t hr o w n in t o c h ao s s o t h a t t h e
, ,

c l e a r an d di s t in c t a c t io n o ft h e d iff e r e n t po w e rs , a s o f pe r c e pt i o n ,
m e m o ry an d w ill i s l o s t ; b ew ild er men t i s a kin t o co n u
,
r ea s on , f
si o n , b u t is l ess o v
e w h e l m in g
r ,
an d m ore r e a d il y re co v e re d fro m
p erp lex i t y, a cco r d in g ly , h as n o t t h e un s e t t lin g o f t h e f ac u l t i e s
im pl ie d in co nfu s i o n , n o r t h e o erw h e l m in g o f t h e f a c u lt ie s i m v
pl i e d in a ma z eme n t o r a s t o n i s h men t ; i t is n o t t h e m a gn it u d e o f
t h e t h in g s t o b e kn o w n , b ut t h e w an t o f fu ll a n d d e fi n it e kn o w l
e d ge , t h at c a u ses p erp lex i t y v
T h e d i id in g o f a w o o d l an d pa t h
.

m ay caus e th e v
t r a el er t h e gre at e s t p e rp lexi t y , w h ich m ay b e co m e
b ewi ld e rmen t w h e n h e h a s t ri e d o ne pa t h a f t e r a n o t h e r a n d l o s t
h is b e ar in gs co m pl e t e ly . W it h an e x c it ab l e pe rs o n b ewi ld e r men t

m ay d e e pe n in t o co n f us i o n t h at w ill m a k e h im u n a b l e t o t h in k
c l e ar l y o r e v
e n to see o r h e ar d is t in c t l y A m a z eme n t r e s u l t s fr o m
.

th e sud d e n an d u n i m a g in e d o c c u rre n c e of gre a t g o o d or e v

il or
 v
pe r e rs e
27 2
Pi q u e

P E R VE R S E .

Syn o n ym s
c o n t r a ry , fr o w a r d , p e t ul an t , un tow a rd ,

fa c t i o n s , i n tra c t a b l e s t u b b o rn , w ay w ard
ve
, ,

fr a c t i o u s , o b s tin a t e , un go rn ab le w i l fu l
v
.
,

Pe r er se (L p er v
t urn e d t h e w ro n g w ay ) s ign i fi e s w il
. ers u s ,

full y w r o n g o r e rrin g , unr e a s o n ab l y s e t a g a in s t rig h t , r e as o n , o r

a ut h o ri ty T h e s tub b o rn o r o b s ti n a t e pe r so n w ill n o t d o w h at
v
.

an o t h er d e s ir es o r re quire s pers o n w il l d o an yt h in g
; t h e p er er se

co n t rary to w h at is d e s ir e d o r re qu ire d o f h im T h e p et u l a n t pe r
v
.

so n fre t s , b ut m ay co m pl y ; t h e p er er s e in di id u al m ay b e s m o o t h v
or s il e n t , b ut is w ilfull y i n t r a ct a b le Wa ywa r d re fe rs t o a p er .

ve r se di s re gard of m o rali t y
d ut y ; f r o wa r d is pra c t ic ally
an d ob

so l e t e ; un t o w a r d i s rar el y h ear d e x ce pt in c ert a in phr a s es ; as ,

u n t o w a r d c irc u m s t an c e s Co m pare O B S TINA T E

. .

A n t o n ym s
acco mmo d at in g c o mpl ais an t
, ,

amen ab l e , c o mpli an t ,

P H YS I C A L .

S yn o n ym s

b d ily , c o rp o r e al n atural t a n g ib l e
v
o , ,

c o rp o r a l , m a t e ri a l , s en sib l e i sib l e
W h at ev
er is c o m po s e d o f or pe rt a in s t o m at t er m ay b e t erm e d
ma t er i a l ; p h ys i ca l ( G r p h ysi s .
, n a t ure ) a pplie s t o ma t er i a l t h in gs

co n s id e re d as part s o f a s y s t e m o r o rg an ic w h o l e h e n ce w e S peak ,

o f ma t er i a l s ub s t an c e s p h ys i ca l fo r c e s p h ys i ca l l aw s
,
B o d i ly , .
,

co rp ora l an d co rp o r e a l a ppl y prim aril y t o t h e h u m an b o d y ; b o d

,

i ly an d b o t h d e n o t e pert ain in g o r r e l a t in g t o t h e b o d y ;
co rp o r a l

co rp o r ea l s ign ifi e s o f t h e n a t ur e o f o r lik e t h e b o d y ; co rp o r a l i s

n o w al m o s t w h o l l y r e s t ri c t e d t o s ign ify a ppl ie d t o o r infl i c t e d

u po n t h e b o d y ; w e s pe ak o f b o d ily s uffe rin g s , b o d i ly pre s e n c e ,

co rp o r a l pu n i s h m e n t , t h e co rp o r e a l fr am e .

A n toym s
n

h yperph ys ical un re al ,
i mmat eri al , un s ub s t an t ial .

P I Q UE
S yn ym s
o n

d i s pl e a s ur e , i rr i t a t i o n , o ff e n se , re s e n tm en t , umb ra g e .

gru d g e ,
Pi que, fro m t h e F re n ch , si gni fi es primarily prick o r a s t in g ,
a

a s o f a n e tt l e t h e w o r d d e n o t es a s u d d en fe e l in g o f m in gl e d pain
an d a n g e r , b ut s ligh t a n d u s u al l y t ran s ie n t , a ri s in g fr o m m e n eg
so

l ect or o fi en s e , re al o r i m ag in ary . Umb r a ge is a d e e pe r an d m ore

pe rs is t en t d i sp lea s ur e at b e in g o v
e rs h a d o w e d (L . u mb r a , a

s h a d o w ) o r s ub j e c t e d t o an y t reat m e n t t h at on e d eems u n w o rt h y

of h im . It m ay b e sa id ,
as a g e n e ral s t at e m e n t , t h at p iqu e ar ise s
fro m w o u n d e d v a n i ty or v
s e n s i t i e n e ss u mb ra ge fro m w o u n d e d
h

prid e o r s o m e t im e s fro m s u s pi c io n . R ese n t men t r es t s on m o re

s o lid gro un d s an d is d e e p an d pe rs is t e n t . Co m pa re A NG E R .

Ant ym s
o n

appro al , v co n t en t men t ,
d eligh t , g rat ificati o n , ple as ure , s at is fact io n .

co mpl acen cy ,

PIT IF UL .

Syn o nym sf
ab j e ct , l am e n t ab le , p a l tr y s o rr o w fu l ,
b ase , m i s e ra b l e , path e tic, t o u ch in g ,

c o n t e m p t ib l e m o u r n fu l , p it e o u s , w ofu l ,
v
,

d e spic ab l e , m o in g , pit i ab l e , w re t c h e d .

Pi t if u l o r ig in a ll y s ig n ifi e d f ull of pi t y ; as ,
“
t h e L o rd i s v
e ry

p i t if u l an d o f t e n d e r m e r c y , J a mes v, 11 b u t t h is u s ag e is n ow

ar c h a i c , a n d t h e m e an in g in qu e s t io n i s a ppro pr ia t e d by s uch w o rd s
as m erc iful an d co m pass io n at e Pi t if u l an d p i t i a b le n o w re fe r t o
w h at m ay b e d ese rv in g o f pit y p i t if u l b e in g use d c h ie fly fo r t h a t
,

w h i ch is m e re ly an o b j e ct o f t h o u gh t p i t i a b le fo r t h a t w h i ch is ,

b ro u gh t d irec t l y b e fo re t h e p i t if u l s t o ry a p i t i a b le
s en s e s as , a

o b j e ct a p i t i a b le co n d it io n S in c e pi t y , h o w e e r , a l w ay s im plie s
. v
w e akn ess o r in f e rio rit y in t h at w h ich is pit ie d , p i t if u l a n d p i t i a
b le are o f t en u se d , by an e as y t ran s it io n , fo r w h at m igh t a w ak en

pit y , b ut d o es aw ak e n c o n t e m pt ; as , a p i t ifu l e x c u se h e pre

se n t e d a p i ti a ble a ppe a ran c e . Pi teo u s is n o w ra r e l y u s e d in i t s
e arli e r s e n se fee lin g pit y , b ut in i t s d e ri e d
of v s en s e a ppl ie s to
w h at reall y e x cit e s t h e e m o t io n ; as , a p i t eo u s c ry . Co m pare
H UM A NE ME RCY ; PITY .

A n t o n ym s :

augus t ,
b en e ficen t ,
co mman d in g ,

PIT Y .

S yn ym s
o n

c o m m i s e ra t i o n , con d olen ce , s y mpath y , ten d e rn e s s .

co m pa s s m n , m e rc y ,

Pi ty is a f e e l in g of grie f o r pa in aro use d b y t h e w e akn e ss m is ,

fo rt un es , or d is tr e sses o f o t h e rs , j o i n e d w i t h a d e s i r e t o h e l p o r r e

lie v e . S ymp a t h y ( fe e l in g o r s u ff e ri n g w it h ) i mplie s so m e d e g re e

o f e qu a l it y , ki n d r e d , o r u n io n p i t y is fo r w h a t is w eak o r un fo r
t un at e , an d so far , at l e as t , v
in ferio r t o o urs e l e s ; h e n c e , p i ty is
18
 pl a n t
plead 74

o f te n re s e n t e d w h e re sy mp a t h y w o u l d b e w e l c o me . We ha v
e

sy mp a t h y w it h on e in j oy or grie f , in ple as u re o r pain , pi t y o n ly

fo r t h o se in s u ff e rin gor n eed v
w e m ay h a e s ymp a t h y w it h t h e
s t ru g g l e s o f a g ian t o r t h e t riu m ph s o f we mov
'

a co n qu e ro r ed

v
ar e

w it h p i t y fo r t h e capt i e or th e s la v
e
,
Pi ty m ay b e o n ly in t h e
m in d b u t mer cy d o e s
, s o m e t h in g fo r t h o se w h o are it s ob j ec t s .

Co mp a ss i o n , l ik e p i t y, is e x e r c is e d o n l y w it h r e s pe c t t o t h e s uff e r
in g o r u n fo rt u n a t e , b u t c o m b in e s w it h t h e t e n d e rn e s s o f p i t y t h e
d i gn i t y o f sy mp a t h y an d th e a ct i v
e qu a lit y o f C o mmi ser
a ti o n is as te n d er as co mp a s s i o n , b u t m o re re mo t e an d h o pe l e ss
w e ha v e co mmi s e r a t i o n fo s u ff e e s w h o m w e c a o t re ac h o
r r r n n r

c an not e lie v
e Co n d o len ce is t h e e x pre s s io o f s ymp a th y
r . Co m n .

par e ME RCY .

An t o n ym s

b arb arity ,
b rut al it y , —
fero cit y ,
h ard h eart ed n ess ,
h arsh n ess ,

in h uman i t y ,
pit ile s s n ess ,
rigo r,
c rue lt y , h ard n e s s , mercile s s n e ss , r ut h l e ss n es s ,

Pre p o sit io n s

Pi ty on o r up o n t h a t w h ic h w e h e l p o r s pa r e pit y for th at
w h ic h w e m er e l y co n t e m pl a t e ha v
e pi t y up o n m e 0 y e my
,

frie n d s ,
”
Job x ix , 21 ; “
pit y for a h o r se
’
o er s v
dr i en ,
”
T E NNY S O N
In M emori a m l xi i , st 1 . .

P L A NT .

Syn o n ym s

see d , see d d o wn , set , s e t o ut , so w .

We s et or s et out s l ips , c u t t in g s , y o u n g t re e s , e t c , t h o w e .

m ay al s o be s a id t o p la n t t h e m ; w e p la n t c o rn , po t at o es , e t c , .

w h ic h w e pu t in d e fi n it e pl a ces , a s in h ill s , w it h so me c a re ; we
s o w w h eat o r o t h e r m all gr ain s an d se e d s w h ic h are sc a t t e re d in
s

t h e pro ce s s . Tho v
b m o d ern agric u l t ur al m achi n e ry t h e s m all er
g rain s ar e a lm o s t a s pre c i s e l y p la n t ed a s c o rn , the 0 1d w o rd f o r
b ro a d cas t s cat t e rin g is re t ain e d L an d is . s eed ed o r s eed ed d o wn
t o gr as s .

A n to ym
n s

e radi cat e , e xt irpat e , ro o t u p, upro o t , weed o ut .

PL E AD .

S
yn o n ym s

a d v o cate , a sk , b e s e e ch i m pl o re , l ic it ,
s o
a rg u e , b e g , en tre at, pre s s , urg e .

T o p lea d fo r o n e is t o e m pl o y a rg u m e n t o r pe rsu as io n , o r b o t h
in hi s b eh alf , u s u ally w it h e a rn e s t n es s o r i mpo rt u n it y ; s i m ilarly
 pl e n t i fu l 27 6

t h at o c c as io n h e d id n ot m e e t m e w it h a p le a s a n t fac e . Plea s a n t ,
in the s en s e of g ay , m er ry j o co s e (t h e s e n s e st ill
,
re t ain e d in
p lea sa n t r y) , i s n o w rare , a n d w o ul d n ot be un d e rs t o o d o u t s id e o f

li t e rary c irc l e s . Co m pare A MIA BLE ; C O MFO RTA BL E ; DE LI GHTF UL .

A n t ym
o n s :

arro gan t ,
aus t e re ,
cra bb e d ,
d is agre eab l e ,
Prep o sit io n s

Pl easan t t o wi th , , or t o w a r d pe rs o n s a b out a m a t t er .

P L E NT I F U L .

Syn ym s
o n

ab o u n d in g , b t i fu l ,
o un e n e ro u s , pl e n t e o u s ,
ab un d an t , c o mpl e t e , ar p r o fu s e
ge
ad e quat e , co pio us , l a i sh ,v re pl e t e ,
a fll u e n t , en ough , l ib e ra l , ri ch ,
ampl e , e xu b e ra n t l u xu ri a n t , s u ffi c i e n t ,
v
,

b o un t e o u s , f ul l , o e rfl o w in g , t e e m in g .

E n o u gh is re l a t i v
e , d e n o t in g a s uppl y e qu a l to a v
g i e n d e m an d .

A t e mpe ra t ure of 7 0 F ah re n h e it is
°
en o u gh fo r a v
li in g ro o m o f
s

212
°
e n o u gh t o b o il w at er ; n e it h e r is en o ug h to m e l t iro n . S ulfi
ci en t , fro m t h e L at in , is an e qu i vl
a en t of t h e S ax o n en o ugh , w it h
no pe rce pt ib l e d iff ere n c e o f m ean in g , b u t o n ly o f u s ag e , en o u gh
b e in g t h e m o re b l un t , h o m e l y , an d fo rc ib l e w o r d , w h il e s u
ffici en t is
in m an y c ases th e m o re e l e gan t
po l it e S uffici e n t u s ua ll y pre or .

c e d e s i t s n o un ; e n o ugh u s uall y a n d pre fer ab l y fo llo w s Th at is .

v
a mp le w h ic h g i e s a sa fe , b ut n o t a l arg e , m argin b e y o n d a gi e n v
d em an d t h a t i s a b un d a n t , afflu en t , b o un t if u l , li b er a l , p len t if u l ,
w h i ch is l arg e ly in e x c e ss o f m an ife s t n ee d Plen t if u l is u s ed o f
.

s uppli e s , a s o f fo o d , w at e r , et c .
; as , a p len t if u l ra in
”
Ps lx i ii , . v .

9 . W e may also s a y a copi ou s ra in ; b u t cop i ou s c an b e a pplie d t o

th o u gh t , l an g ua g e w h e re p len t if u l c an n o t w e ll b e us e d
, e tc .
, .

Affl u en t an d l i b er a l b o t h appl y t o r ich e s , re so u rc es li b er a l, w it h

e spec ia l re fe re n ce t o g i in g o r e x pe n d in g v
( Co mpare s yn on y ms .

e s pe c i a l re fe r e n c e t o g i in g o r e x pe n d in g
‘
v
Afilu en t , re fe rrin g .

e s pe c i al l y t o ri ch e s , m ay b e u se d o f t h o u gh t , f ee lin g , e t c .

t im e o r s pa ce a fi e ld is so m e t im es c al l e d
p len t if u l, n o t w it h re f
e re n c e t o it s e x t en t , b u t t o it s pro d u c t i e n e ss vCo mp le t e e x pre sses
.

not e x c e ss o r o v
e pl ur s, an d y e t n o t m e re s u ffic ien c y , b ut h ar
m o n y pro po rt io n fi t n e ss t o a
, ,
d es ign , o r id e al A mple an d a b u n .

d a n t m ay b e applie d t o an y s ub j ec t W e h av
e t im e . en o u gh , m e an s
t h at w e can re a c h o ur d e s t in at io n w it h o ut h a st e , b u t a l so w i th o ut
d e l a y ; if w e h a v
e a mp le t im e , w e m ay mov
e l e is u r e l y , an d n o t e
 o e t ry
27 7 Bl i t
o e

w h at i s b y t h e w ay if w e h a e a b un d a n t t ime , w e m ay pause t o v
v
c o n e rse w i t h a frie n d , t o v
iew t h e sc e n e ry , o r t o re s t w h e n w e a ry .

L a v
i h s an d p r of u se i mpl y a d e c id e d e x ce ss , o ft e n e s t in t h e ill
s e n se . We re j o ic e i n a b u n d a n t re so urces , a n d h o n o r gen er o u s

h o s pit alit y v
l a i s h o r p rofus e e x pe n d itu re s ugg e s t s e x t ra a gan c e v
an d w as t e ful n e s s . L u x ur i a n t i s u s e d es pe c ia ll y o f t h a t w h ic h is
a b un d a n t in g ro w t h ; as , a luxuri a n t c ro p.
A n t o n ym s
d e fi cie n t , in ad equat e ,

d rai n e d , In s uffi cien t ,

e xh aus t e d , mean
v
,

i mpo e ris h e d , mi s erly,

P re po s it io n

Pl e n t iful i n reso urc e s .

PO E T R Y .

Syn o n ym s

meter n u m b e rs pp e s y s on g,
v
, , ,
m e t ri c a l co mpo s it io n , poe m ,
ri me, e rs e .

Po e t ry is t h at fo rm of lit e ra t ure t h at m b o d i es b eaut iful

e

t h o u gh t fe e l in g ,, o r ac t io n in m e l o d io u s , rh y t h m ic a l a n d ( u s ual ly )
,

m e t ric al l an gu a g e , in i m a gin at i v e an d ar t is t ic co n s tru c t io n s .

Po e tr y i n a v e ry w id e s e n se m ay b e an y t h in g t h at pl eas i n gl y

a d d re sse s t h e i m a g in a t io n a s t h e p o e t r y o f m o t io n In o rdi n ary

, .

u sag e p o e t ry i s b o t h i m a g in a ti v
, e an d m e t rical T h e re m ay b e p o .

e t r y w i t h o ut r i me b ut h ard l y w it h o u t me ter o r w h a t i n s o m e l a n
, ,

g uage s t ak e s it s pl ac e a s t h e H e b re w parall elis m ; b u t p oet ry in

,

v ol v es b e s id es t h e art is t ic fo rm t h e e x erc ise o f t h e fan c y o r

, ,

im agin at io n in a w ay a lw ay s b e au t i fu l o ft e n l o f ty o r e v en s ub ,

l im e . F ailin g t h is t h e re m a y b e v er s e, r i me an d me t er b ut n o t
, , ,

p o e t ry T h e re is m u c h in lit e rat ure t h a t is b eau t ifu l an d s ub lim e

.

in t h o u gh t an d a rt is t i c in c o n s t ru c t io n ,
w hi ch is y et n o t p o e t ry ,
b e cau s e qu it e d e v o id o f t h e e l e m e n t o f s o n g w h e re b y p o e t r y ,

d iffe rs fro m t h e m o s t l o ft y , b e aut iful , o r im pass io n e d pro se .

Co m pare ME T E R .

A nt o n ym s
pro s aic s pe ech , pro s aic writ in g, pro s e .

PO L I T E .

Syn o n ym s

m
pl i sh e d c o u rt l y . g en te el , u rb a n e ,
vd
acco
v v
,

ci il , cult i ate d , g ra ci o u s , w e l l zb e h a e ,
co m pl a is an t , c u l t ure d , o b l i g in g , w e l l sb r e d ,
c o u rt e o u s , elegan t, polish e d , w e l l : m a n n e re d .

A ci v
il p e rs o n o b s e r v
e s suc h pro prie ty o f S pe e ch a n d m an n er a s
 po lity 27 8

to a v
o id b e in g ru d e ; w h o is p o li t e (li t erall y p o li s h ed ) o b s er es
one v
mo re t h an t h e n e ce ss ary pro pri e t ie s , c o n fo rm i n g t o a ll t h at i s

gra c e ful , b ec o m in g , an d t h o u g h t ful i n t h e in t er co urse o f re fi n e d

s o ciet y A m an m a y b e ci i l w it h n o co n s id erat io n fo r
. v o t h e rs ,

si m ply b e c a us e s el f=re s pe c t fo r b id s h im t o b e ru d e b ut on e who

i s po li t e h as at l e a st so m e c are fo r t h e o pin i o n s o f o t h ers , a n d if

p o li t e in t h e h igh es t an d t ru e s t s e n se , w h i ch i s co m in g t o b e t h e
v
pre a ilin g o n e , h e c are s fo r t h e c o m fo rt an d h appin es s o f o t h e rs i n
the s m all e s t m a t t er s . v
Ci i l i s a c o l d er an d m o re di st an t w o rd t h a n
p o li t e ; co u r t eo u s is fu l l e r a n d rich e r , d ealin g o ft e n w it h g reat er
m at t e rs , an d is u s e d o n l y in t h e g o o d s en se . Co ur t ly s ugge s t s
t h a t w h ic h b e fi t s a ro y a l c o u rt , an d is u s e d o f e x t ern al grace an d

s t at e li n e s s w it h o u t r e fere n ce t o t h e pr o mpt in g fee l in g ; as , t h e

c o ur tly m an n e rs of th e a m b a ssa d o r G en t eel r e fers t o an e x t ern al
.

e l e g an ce , w h ich m ay b e s h o w y an d s upe rfi c i al , an d t h e w o rd i s
t h u s in fe rio r t o p o li t e o r co ur t e o u s Ur b a n e re fe rs t o a po lit e n e s s
.

v
t h at i s g e n ia l a n d s u cc e s s ful in g i in g o t h e rs a se n s e o f e ase an d
c h ee r Po li s h ed r e fe rs t o e x t e rn al e l e gan c ies o f s pe ech an d m an
.

n ei w i t h o ut purpo s e , as , a p o li s h ed g en t l e
r e fe ren c e to spiri t o r

m an 01 a p o li s h ed sco u n d rel ; cu lt ur ed r e fers t o a i cal an d h igh

v
d e o l o pm e n t o f m in d a n d so u l , o f w h ich t h e e x t e rn al m an ifes t a
t io n i s t h e s m all e s t part . Co mp la i s a n t d e n o t e s a d is po s it io n t o
pl e as e or fa v
o r b e y o n d w h at p o li t en es s w o u ld n ec e ss aril y re qu ir e .

A n t o n ym s
aw k ward , il l = man n ere d , in s ult in g,
i mpe rt in en t , raw ,
impo l it e , rud e ,
impu d en t , rus t ic ,
in so l en t , v
un ci il ,

P O LI T Y .

Syn o n ym s
con s t it ut io n , po li cy , fo rm or s y s tem of go v e rn ment .

Po li ty is t h e pe rm an e n t sys t e m of go v
e n m en t
r o f a s t at e , a

c h u r ch , o r a s o c i e ty ; po li cy i s t h e o f m an a g e m e n t w i t h
m et h o d
re fe r e n ce to th e att a in m e n t o f ce rt ain e n d s !t he n at io n a l p o li t y o f

t h e U n it e d S t at es is r epu b li c an e a ch a d m in is t rat io n h as a p o li cy
of it s ow n . Po li cy i s o f t e n u se d a s e qu i v
a le nt to e x pe di e n c y ; as ,

m an y t h in k h o n es t y t o b e g o o d po li cy Po li t y u se d in e cc l es ias t i
.

c al u s e s e r v
e s a val u ab l e purpo s e in di s t in u is h in
g g t h a t w h ich re
l at es t o ad m ini st rat io n and v
g o ern m en t fro m t h at w h ich r e l at e s
t o fa it h an d d o c t rin e ; t w o c h u r c h es id e n t i c a l in fa i th m ay di ffer
=

in p o li ty , or th o se a g re e in g in p o li t y m ay d iffer in fait h . Co mv
pare L AW .
 prai s e 28 0

c o rro d e a met al ; t h e p o wer o f po l is h e d s ur face t o re flec t ligh t

a .

A bi li ty i s n earl y co e x e n s i t v e w it h p o wer , b u t d o es n o t re a ch t h e
v
po s it i en ess an d v
ig o r t h at m ay b e in cl u d e d in t h e m e an in g o f
p o w er , a bili ty o ft e n im pl yin g l at e n t , as d is t in gu ish ed fro m a c t i e v
p o w er w e S pe ak o f an ex ert io n o f p o w er , b u t n o t o f an ex e rt i on
o f a b i li t y Po w er an d a b i li ty in clu d e cap a ci ty , w hi ch is p o wer t o
.

re ce i v
e but a b ili t y is o ft en d is t in g u ish e d fro m cap a ci t y , as paw e r
t h at m ay b e m an ifes t e d in d o in g ,
a s cap a ci t y i s in r ec e i v
i g
n on e

m ay h av
e great cap a ci ty fo r a c qu irin g kn o w l e d g e , an d yet n ot
po s s es s a b i li ty t o t e a c h Efilci en cy i s ac t i
.
‘
vp e o wer
'

to e ffec t a d e fi

ni t e res ul t , t h e p o wer t h at a c t uall y d o e s , as d ist in guish e d fro m

t h at w h ich m ay d o . Co mp et en cy i s e qu al to the o ccas io n , r e a d i

n ess pro m pt fo r t h e o cc a s io n F a cu lt y i s . an inh e ren t qu alit y o f

m in d o r b o d y t a len t , so m e spe cial m e n t al a b i li ty D ex t er i ty an d
.

s ki ll are re a d in ess a n d fa c ilit y i n ac t io n , v

h a in g a s pecial en d ;

t a len t i s in n at e , d ex t e ri t y an d s ki ll are l arg el y a c qu ir e d . O ur

a b i lit i es i n c lu d e o ur n at ural cap a ci t y , an d ta len t s w it h
f a cu lt i es , ,

a ll t h e d ex t er i ty , s ki ll , a n d r ea d i n es s t h at can be a c qu ire d . Effi

ca cy is t h e po w e r t o pr o d u c e a n in t en d e d e ffe ct as s h o w n in t h e
pro d u ct io n o f it ; a s , t h e efiica cy o f a d ru g Effici en cy is e ff e ct u al
‘
.

agen c y , co m pe e n tt p o w er efii ci en cy i s applie d in m ec h an ic s a s

d en o t in g t h e ra t i o o f t h e e fl e c t pro d u c e d t o t h e p o wer e x pe n d e d i n

pro d u cin g it ; b u t t h is w o rd is ch i e fly u s e d o f in t e llig en t age n t s as

d e n o t in g t h e qu alit y t h at b rin g s al l c n e s p o wer t o b e ar pro mpt ly
’

an d t o t h e b e st pu rpo s e o n t h e t h in g t o b e d o n e Co m pare AD .

DRE S S ; DE XTE RITY S KI LF UL .

A n t ym s
o n

awk w ardn e s s , h elpl es sn es s , in ab ilit y , in co mpet en ce,

d uln ess , imb ecil i t y, in apt it ud e , in effi cie n cy ,
f ee b len e s s , i mpot en ce , in capacit y , malad ro it n ess .

PR A I SE .

S yn ym s
o n

a c cl a im , a ppr o b a t i o n
v
a ccl a m ati on , a ppr o al ,
a d ul ati on , c h e e ri n g ,
a ppl a u s e , ch e e rs
co m pl im e n t l a u d ati o n ,
, ,
e n c o m ium , p a n e g y ri c ,
e ul o gy , p l a u d it ,
, fl at t e ry , s y c o ph an cy .

Pra i s e i s t h e h e ar t y appro vl a o f an v
in d i id ual , or o f a nu m
b er of m ul t it u d e c o n s id ere d v
in d i i d u all y , an d is e x pre s s e d by
s po k e n o r w ritt e n w o r d s app la us e, th e Spo n t a n eo us o u t b urst of

m an y at o n c e . A pp la u s e is w ay , b y s t am pin g o f
e x presse d in an y

v
fe et , cl appin g o f h an d s , w a in g o f h an d k er c h i e fs , e t c , as w e l l as
v
.

b y t h e o ice a ccl a ma ti o n is t h e s po n t an e o us an d h eart y appro al v

 28 1 p ra y

of m an y at o n c e an d st ric tly b y th e v
, o ic e al o n e T h us o n e is .

c h o se n m o d e ra t o r b y a ccl a ma t i o n w h e n h e rec e iv e s a u n an im o u s

viv a v o ce vote w e co u ld n o t s ay h e w as n o m in at e d b y app l a us e .

A ccl a i m is t h e m o re po e t ic t e rm fo r a ccla ma t i o n co m m o n l y u n ,

d e rs t o o d in a l o ft ie r se n se ; as a n at io n s a ccla im Pl a u d i t is a ’
.
,

s h o u t o f app l a us e a n d is co mm o n l y u s e d in t h e pl ura l ; a s t h e
, ,

p l a u d i t s o f a t h ro n g App la u s e is al s o use d in t h e g e n e ral se n s e

.

o f p r a i se App r o b a t i on is a m il d e r an d m o re qu al ifi e d w o rd t h an
.

pra i s e w hi l e pr a i s e is al w ay s ut t e re d , app r o b a t i o n m ay b e
“
s il e n t .App ro b a t i o n s pe a ks o f t h e t hi n g o r a ct io n . Pr a i se
A W A ND J C H A RE G uess es
”
is al w ay s pe rso n al . . . . . at T ru th
fi rs t se ri e s , p 5 49 .
[MA CM
. . A ccep t a n ce re fe rs to an o b ec t o r
j
ac t i o n ; app r o b a t i o n m ay r e fe r to c h a rac t er o r n a t ura l trai t s
v
.

App r o a l a l w a y s s uppo s e s a t e s t in g o r c are fu l e x a m in a t io n a n d ,

fre qu e n t ly implies o ffi cial san ct io n ; app r o b a t i o n m a y b e u po n a

g e n eral ie w v
T h e in d u s try an d in t e llig e n c e o f a c l e rk w in h is
.

e m pl o y e r s
’
app r o b a t i o n ; h is d e c is io n in a s pe ci al in s t an c e
re ce i v es h is app r o vl a . Pr a is e is
gen u in e a l w a y s u n d e rs t o o d as

a n d s in c ere , un l e ss t h e co n t rary is e x pre ss l y s t at e d ; co mp li men t i s

a ligh t fo rm o f p r a i s e t h a t m a y o r m a y n o t b e s in ce re fla t t ery is

in s in ce re an d o rd in arily fu l s o m e p r a i s e .

A n to n ym s

ab us e , c on d e mn at ion d is appro al ,v o b lo quy , s co rn ,

vi
,

an imad ers o n , co n t e mpt d is paragemen t , re pro ach , s l an d e r,

v
,

b lame , d en un ciat io n , h is s in g, re pro

of ilifi cat io n ,
v
,

cen s ure , d is appro b at io n , ign o mi n y , re pud i at io n , it up e rat io n .

PR A Y .

S yn o n ym s

ask, b id , en tre a t , in vk
p e , re que st ,
b eg, c a ll upo n , im pl ore , pe ti ti on , s upp l i c a t e .

b e s e e ch , c o n j ur e , i m p o rt u n e , pl e a d ,

T o p r a y , in t h e r e lig io us se n se , is d e o u t l y t o a d d r e s s t h e S u v
v
pre m e B e in g w i th re e re n t pet it io n fo r d i in e grac e o r a n y fa o r v v
o r b l ess in g , an d in t h e fu ll es t s en se w i t h t h an k s g i in g a n d pra ise v
v
fo r t h e di in e g o o d n ess an d m er cy ; the o n ce co m mo n use o f t h e
I p ra y y o u t o c o m e in ,
”
w o rd t o e x pre s s an y earn es t r equ es t , as

is n o w rare , un l ess in w ri t in g s m o l d e d o n o l d er lit erat ur e , o r in

c e rt ain ph ras e s , as Pr a y s it d ow n
”
e v
en in t h ese pl eas e is
mo re mm o n
co
“ ”
I b eg y o u i s al s o fre qu e n t l y u s e d as ex pr ess in g ,

a po lit e h u m ilit y o f r equ es t B es eech an d en t r ea t e x pre ss gre a t

.

e arn e s t n es s o f p eti t i o n i mp lo re an d s upp li ca t e d en o t e t h e u t m o s t

 p re c a ri o u s
pre d e s t i n a t i o n S2

fe r v
e cy a
n nd i n t e n s ity , s upp li ca t e im pl yi n g a l so h u mi li t y . Co m
pare A S K ; PLE A D .

PR E C A R I O U S .

Syn ym s
o n

d o u b t fu l , h a z a rd o u s , ri s k y , un s e ttl e d .
d ub i o u s , in s e c ur e , u n a s s ure d , un st ab l e ,
e qui o cal ,v p e ri l o u s , u n c e rt a i n , un st e a d y .

Un cer t a i n is appli e d t o t hin g s t h at h u m an kn o w l e d g e c an n o t

c ertainl y d e t e rmin et h at h u m an po w e r can n o t c e rt ain ly co n

or

t ro l p r eca r i o us o rigin al l y m ean t d e pe n d en t o n t h e w ill o f an o t h er ,

an d n o w , by e x t e n sio n o f m e ani n g d e pen d en t
, o n c h an c e o r h az ard ,
w it h m an ife s t un fa o ab l e po ss ib ili t y v gi
v r er ng t o w ard pro b ab ili t y
as , o n e h old s o ffic e by
p r eca r i o us t e n ur e ,
a o r l an d b y a p r eca ri

o us t it l e ; t h e s t ro n g m an s h o ld o n life i s u n cer t a i n , t h e in
’
vli d sa
’

is p r eca r i o u s .

A n t ym s :
o n

actual , fi rm, i n fal l ib l e , s t ab l e , s ur e , un d o ub t e d ,

as s ure d , i mmut ab l e , real , s te ad y, un d e ni ab l e , un ques t i o n ab le .

cert ai n , in co n t e s t ab l e , s e t tl e d , s t ro n g,

P R E C E D E NT .

S yn o n ym s

an t e ce d en t , case , in tance ,
s p a t t e rn ,

a u t h o ri t y e xa m pl e o b i t e r d i ct um , w a rr a n t
v
, , .

A p r eced en t is an aut h o rit at i e ca s e, ex a mp le , o r i n s t a n ce T h e .

co mm u ni s m o f t h e e arl y Chr is t ian s in Je ru s al e m i s a w o n d e rfu l

ex a mp l e or i n s t a n ce of Chr is t ian lib eralit y , b u t n ot a p r eced en t fo r

t h e un i v
e sal c h urc h
r t h r o u gh a ll t im e . Ca s es d e cid e d b y irre gu
l ar o r un a ut h o riz e d t rib un al s are n o t p r eced en ts fo r t h e r eg ul ar a d
m ini s t rat io n of law . An o b i te r d i ct u m is an o pini o n o ut s id e o f
t h e ca se in h an d , w h i ch c an n o t b e quo t e d as an a ut h o rit at i vp e r ec

e d en t . Co m pare CA US E E X AM PLE .

P R E D E S T I NA T I O N .

Syn o n ym s

fa t e , fo r e k n o w l e d g e , fo re ord in a tion , n e ce s sity .

Pr ed es t i n a ti o n is a v
pre io u s d e t e rm in at io n or d e c is io n , w hi ch ,
in t h e d i in e v a c t io n , re a c h es o n fro m e t ern i t
y . F a t e i s h e at h e n ,
an irre s ist ib l e , irrat io n al po w e r d e t erm in i n g a ll e e n t s w it h n o v
m an ife s t c o nn e c t io n w it h r e as o n o r righ t e o usn ess ; n eces s i t y i s
ph il o s o ph ic a l , a b l in d so m e t h in g in t h e n at u re o f t hi n g s b in d in g
t h e s l igh t e s t a ct io n o r m o t io n in t h e c h ain o f in e i t ab l e , e t ern al v
s e qu e n ce ; f o r eo r d i n a t i o n p r ed es t i n a t i o n a re Chr ist ian , d e
an d

n o t in g t he ra t io n al a n d ri h t e o us o rd er o r d e cree o f t h e su r em e
g p
 p re v en t 28 4

t h in g s lig h t or pe t t y) e m pl o y e d t o b l in d o r d ec ei e s o a s t o m a s k v
an u l t e ri o r d e s ign , an d e n ab l e a pe rso n t o g ain s o m e e n d t h at h e
w o ul d not be a ll o w e d to a ppro ac h d ir e c t l y A p r e t en s i o n i s a
.

c l ai m t h at is or m ay b e c o n t e st e d ; th e w o rd i s n o w co mm o n l y
us e d in a n un fa v
o ab l e se n se
r . Co m pare A RTIFIC E HYP O CRI S Y .

A n to ym n s

act ual it y , f act , uil e l e s s n e s s in ge n uo us n e s s , realit s in cerit y ,

g yh
.

can d o r, fran kn e s s , c h e st y , o pe n n es s , S i mpl i ci t y , t rut h .

P R E VE N T .

Syn o n ym s
an ticip at e , fo r e st al l , o b vi a te , pr e cl u d e .

T h e o rig in a l v
p r e en t , t o co m e b e fo re , a c t in ad a n c e o f ,
se n s e o f v
w hi ch is n o w prac t ically o b so l e t e , Wa s s t ill in g o o d u s e w h e n t h e
au t h o riz e d v s io
er n of t h e Bib l e w as m ad e , a s appe ars in s uc h pa s
s ag es as , W h en Pe t e r w as
'

co m e i n t o t h e h o u s e J e s us p r e , v en t e d

hi m (i . e .
, a d d re s s e d h im fi r s t ) , M
T h o u p r e en es t a tt . x v
ii , 25 vt
h im w it h t h e b l e s s in gs o f g o o d n es s ( i e , b y Se n d in g t h e b l e s s in gs . .

b e fo re t h e d e s ire i s fo rm u la t e d o r e x pre s s e d ) , Ps x x i , 3 A n t i ci . .

p a t e is n o w t h e o n l y s in gl e w o rd u sab l e in t h is se n s e t o f o r es t a ll
’
v
is t o t ak e o r a c t in a d an ce in o n e s o w n b e h alf an d t o t h e pr ej u
d ic e o f an o t h e r o r o t h e rs , as in t h e ph ras e t o f o r es t a ll t h e m ar
ke t .
”
B ut t o a n t i cip a t e is v e ry fre qu e n t l y u s e d in t h e fa o rab l e v
s en s e ; as , h is t h o u gh t ful kin dn e ss a n t i cip a t ed m y w is h ( i . e .
, me t
“
t h e w is h b e fo re it w a s ) o r w e s ay e x pre sse d :
I w as a b o u t t o ,

ac co s t h im w h e n b e a n ti cip a t e d m e (b y s pe a ki n g fi rs t ) ; o r o ne
”

a n ti cip a t es a pay m e n t ( b y m a kin g it b e fo re t h e t im e ) ; in n e i t h e r

of t h es e c a s es c o ul d w e us e
pr e en t f o res t a ll
T o o b i a t e ( l it or v . v
e ra ll y , t o s t o p t h e w a y o f o r re mo e fro m t h e w a y ) , i s t o p re e n t v v
b y in t er cept io n , so t h at s o m e t h in g t h a t w o u ld n at urall y w i t h s t an d
o r di s t ur b m ay b e k ept fro m d o in g so ; t o p reclud e , (l it e ra l l y , t o

c l o s e o r s h ut in ad v
a n ce ) is v
t o p r e e n t b y an t ic ipa t io n or b y l o gical
n e cess it y ; w all s an d b ars p re clu d e d t h e po ss ib ilit y o f e scape ; a

s uppo s it io n is p r eclu d ed a n e ce s s it y o r d iffic ul t y i s ob v

i t a ed . Pre
v en t , w h i ch a t fi rs t h ad o n ly th e an t ic ipa t o r y m ea n in g h as , co m e

to a ppl y to th e s t o ppin g o f an ac t io n a t a n y s t a g e t h e c o mpl et io n

,

o r co n c l us io n o n l y b e in g t h o u gh t o f a s n e g at i vd
e by a n t ic ipat io n

the en e m y pas s e d th e o u t w o rk s an d w e re b ar e l y p r e v
e t ed
n fro m
c apt urin g t h e fo rt r ess . Co m pare B IND E R ; PR O HIBIT .

Prep o s itio n

H e w as pr e v
e t ed
n b y ill n ess f r o m j o in in g the e x pe di t i o n .
 28 5
pre i o u s v
pri c e

P R E VI O U S .

S yn ym s
o n

an te ce d en t , fo r e g o i n g , fro n t , pre c e d in g ,
a n t e ri o r , fo rm e r , i n t r o d u c t o ry , p r e l i m i n a ry ,

e a rl i e r , fo rw a r d , pre c e d e n t , pri o r .

A n t eced en t m ay d e n o t e si m pl e prio rit y i n t im e i m pl yin g , no

d ire ct c o n n e c t io n b e t w e e n t h a t w h ich go e s b e fo re an d t h at w h ich

fo l lo w s ; as , t h e s t rikin g o f o n e c lo ck m a y b e a l w a y s a n t eced en t

t o t h e s tr ikin g o f an o t h e r w it h n o cau sa l c o n n ec t i o n b et w e en t h em
v
.

A n t eced en t an d p r e i o u s m ay re fer t o t h at w h ich go e s o r h appe n s at

an y d is t an ce in v
a d an c e , p reced i n g i s li m it e d t o t h at w h i c h i s i mm e

d iat e l y o r n ex t b e fo re m ay h avan a n e ced en

e h appen e d t t e v
e t n

a t a n y t im e b e fo re ; t h e p r eced i n g t ran sa ct i o n i s t h e o n e c o m

pl e t e d j us t b e fo r e t h e o n e w it h w h ich it is co m pare d a p r e i o us v
s t at e m e n t o r c h apt e r m a y b e in a n y part o f t h e b o o k t h at h as g o n e

b e fo re ; t h e p reced i n g st at e m en t o r c h apt e r c o m e s n e x t b e fo re
w it h o u t an in t e r v
al . v
Pr e i ou s o ft e n s i g n ifi e s fi rs t b y righ t ; as , a
v
p r e i o us e n g a g e m e n t F o r e go i n g i s . u s e d o n l y o f t h at w h i ch i s

s po k e n o r w r itt e n a s t h e f o r ego i n g s t a t e m e n t s
, . A n t er i o r , w h ile
it c an b e u se d of t im e i s . co m in g to b e e m pl o y e d c h i e fly w it h re f

e re n ce t o pl ac e ; as t he a n t er i o r l o b es of t h e b r a in . Pr i o r b e ars
e x c l us i v
e r e fe re n c e t o t im e ,
mm o n l y w h ere t h a t w h ic h isan d co

fi rs t in t im e is fi rs t a l s o i n rig h t a s a p r i o r d e m an d F o r mer is , .

u se d o f t im e o r o f po s it io n in w r it t e n o r pr in t e d m at t e r n o t o f
, ,

s pace i n g e n era l W e c an s a y f o rmer t im e s a f o rmer ch a pt e r

.
, ,

etc b ut n o t t h e f o r mer part o f a gard e n w e s h o u ld s ay t h e f r o n t

.

part o f t h e g ard e n t h e f o rwa r d car o f a t rain

, F o r mer h as a c lo s e .

re l a t io n o r s h arp co n t ra s t w it h so m e t h in g fo ll o w in g
, ,t h e f o r mer
a l w a y s im pl i e s t h e l at t er e ve n w h e n n o t fu ll y e x presse d a s in
, ,

A ct s i , 1 , an d E c cl es . v
ii , 10 .

A n to n ym s

aft e r, co n s e ue n t ,
q h in d , h in d mo s t , l at t er,
co n clud in g, f o llo wmg , h in d e r, l at er, po s t erio r,
P re p o s itio n

S u ch w as t h e s t at e t h in g s pre io u s t o t h e re o l ut io n
of v
[ Pre v
v
.

i on s to v
i s o ft en u se d a d erb i all y , in c o n s t ru c t io n s w h ere p re i v
o u s ly to w o u ld b e m o re s t ric t l y c o rrec t ; a s , t h e s e arran g e m en t s
w ere mad e p r ev
i o us t o my d epart ure ]

PR I CE .

S yn o n ym s

ch arg e , co st , e xp e n d i t ure , e xp e n s e , o ut l a y , vl u
a e , w o rt h .

The co s t o f a t h in g i s all t h at h as b e e n e x pe n d e d u po n it ,
 p ri d e 28 6

w h et h e r in di sco v
e y r , pro d u ct io n , re fin em en t , d e co rat io n , tran s po r
t a t io n , o r o t h e rw ise , t o b rin g it t o i ts pr es en t co n d it io n in t h e h an d s
of it s pre s e n t po s s esso r ; t h e p ri ce o f a t h in g i s w h at t h e s e ll er
’
as k s fo r i t In re gu lar b u s in ess , a s a rul e , t h e s ell er s p r i ce o n
.

h is w are s t o h im ; w h en g o o d s are
m u st b e m o re t h an t h e ir co s t
so ld , t h e p r i ce t h e b u y e r h as pa id b e co m es t h e ir cos t t o hi m s elf .

In e x c ept io n al c as e s , w h e n go o d s are s o ld at co s t , t h e se ll er s p ri ce
’

is m a d e t h e sa me as the co s t o f t h e g o o d s t o hi m , t h e co s t t o t h e
s e ll e r an d th e co s t to th e b uy e r b ec o m in g t h en id e n t ical Pri ce .

alw ay s implies t h at a n art i c l e i s fo r s al e ; w h at a m an w ill n ot

s e llh e d e c lin es t o put a p r i ce on ; h e n ce t h e s igni fi c an ce o f t h e

t au n t in g pro erb t h at v e v
e y
r m an h as hi s p ri ce .
”
Va lue is t h e
e st i m at e d e qu iv
al en t fo r an art ic l e , w h e t h er t h e ar ti c l e is fo r sal e

o r n ot ; th e m a rk e t vlu a e is w h at it w o u ld b rin g if e x po se d fo r s al e

in t h e o pe n m ark e t ; t h e i n trin s i c vlu

a e is t h e in h ere n t ut ilit y of

th e ar t ic l e co n s id e r e d b y it s e lf al o n e th e m ark e t vlu a e o f an o ld

an d rare o l um e m ay b e v
v e y g re a t r ,
w hi l e it s in t rin s ic vlua e m ay
be pract ic ally n o t h in g Va lu e h a s a lw a y s m o re re fe re n ce t o
.

o t h ers e s t im at io n (lit er all y , w h a t t h e t h in g wi l l a ail w it h o t h e rs )

’
v
t h an wor t h , w hi ch re g ard s t h e t hi n g in an d b y it s el f t h us , in t rin s ic
vlue i
a s a w e ak er e x pre s s io n t h an in t rin s ic wo r th . Ch a r ge h as
e s pec ial re fe ren c e to se r v
ic es , exp en se to m in o r o u t l ay s ; as , th e
ch ar
g es of a law yer or ph y s ic ian ; t ra vli e n g exp en s es ; h o use h o l d
exp en s es .

PR ID E .

Syn o n ym s

a rr o g a n c e , o ste n t ation , se l f ze x a l t a t i o n ,
a s s um ptio n , s umpt io n s e l f =r e s p e c t ,
v
pre ,

con c e it . s up e rc il i o u s n e s s
v
re s e r e , ,
d is d ain , l f zc o m p l a c e n c y a in l o ry ,
v
s e ,

h a u h t in e s s , s e l f zc o n c e i t , an i y .

in so en ce , s e l f =e s t e e m ,

i gu gh t i n es s t h in ks h ighl y o f i t s el f an d poo rl y o f o t h ers A r

_I .

r o ga n ce c l a im s m uc h fo r it s e l f a n d co n ce d e s li t t l e t o o t h e rs Pr id e .

is an ab so rb in g s e n s e o f o n e s o w n gre a tn e ss ; h a ugh t i n es s fe el s
’

o n e s o w n s u pe rio rit y t o o t h er s ; d i s d a i n s e es co n t e m pt u o u s ly t h e

1
’

in f e rio rit y o f o t h e rs t o o n ese l Pr es ump t i on c l a im s pl ace o r

priv ile g e a b o v
e o n e s ri g h t ; p r i d e d e e m s n o t h in g t o o h i g h I n so
’
.

l en ce i s o pe n an d ru d e e x pre s s io n o f co n t e m pt a n d h o s t ilit y ge n ,

e r al l y fro m a n in feri o r t o a s upe rio r as fro m a s erv an t t o a m a s t e r

,

o r m is t r ess In t h e pr esen c e o f s upe r io rs o v

. e r w e eni n g p ri d e

ma n ifes t s it se lf in p res ump t i o n o r i n so len ce f in t h e pre s en ce o f

 p ro fi t 28 8

p r i me vl f p r i ma ry m ay s ign ify e it h er first in

Pri me
'

a o rest s . an d

t im e , o r m o re fre qu e n t ly fi rs t in impo rt an c e ; p r i mar y h as a l s o t h e

se n s e o f e l e m e n t ary o r pre para t o ry w e s pea k o f a p r i me m in is t er,

ap ri ma r y sch oo l Pr i ma l i s c h i e fly po e t ic , in t h e se n se o f p ri me
.

as , t h e p r i ma l c urse Pr i mo r d i a l is fi rs t in an o rd er o f s u ccess io n o r
.

de v e l opm e n t ; a s a p ri mo r d i a l l e a f
, Pr i mi ti v e fre que n t l y s igu i .

fi e s h av i g t h e o rigin al c h a ac t e is t ics o f t h at w h ich it r e pres e t s

n r r n

vh u
,

as w e ll as s t an di n g fi rs t in t im e as , t h e p ri mi ti ec l
‘

ch . Pri m
i ti v e al s o v
e yr fre qu e n t l y s ig n ifi es v
h a in g t h e o r ig in al o r e arly
c h arac t eris t ics w it h o ut re m o t en e s s in t i m e P r i me a l s im plic i ty v
v impli
.

is t h e simplicit y of th e e a rlie st a g e s pr i mi t i es c it y m ay b e
fo un d in v
r e t ir e dil l ag es ow n . Pr is t i n e is an e l e g an t w o rd , u se d
a lm o s t e x c lu s i v
e ly i a go o d s e n s e n of t h a t w h ich i s o ri gi n a l an d

pe rh aps a n ci en t p r i s t i n e pur it y , i n n o c e n c e ,
as , ig o r T h at v .

w h ich i s b o t h an o r i gi n a l a n d n a t ura l pro d uc t o f a so il o r co u n tr y

is s ai d t o b e i n d i g en o u s t h a t w h ic h is a ct u a ll y pro d u ce d t h ere is
s ai d to b e n a ti v th
e, m ay b e o f fo re ign
o u gh it e x t ra c t io n h um
m in g b ird ss are i n d i gen o us t o A m e ri ca ; c an ari es m a y b e n a t i v e ,

b ut are n o t i n d i gen o u s I mmemo ri a l r efe rs s o l e l y t o t im e i n d e

.
,

quality , d en o t in g , in l e gal ph ra s e ,
pe n d e n t l y o f t h at w h e r e o f t h e

m e mo ry o f man run n e th n o t t o t h e co n t rary a s , an i mmemo ri a l

c u s t o m ; an i mmemo ri a l ab us e Co m pare O L D . .

A n to nym s
v
ad en t it io us , fo re ign , l at e , re cen t .

e xo t i c , fre s h , mo d ern ,
Co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r NE W .

PR O F IT .

Syn ym s
o n

adv antag e , e xp e d i e n cy pro c e e d s s er v

i ce
v
, , ,

a ail , g in ,a re c e ip t s , use fu l n e s s ,

b en efit go o d , re t urn , ut il ity ,

ve m v
,

e molumen t , i m pro en t , r e t u rn s , alue .

T he r e t u r n s o r r e ceip t s i n c lu d e a ll t h a t is re ce i vd f
e ro m an o ut

lay or in v
es t m e nt t h e p r ofi t i s t h e e x c ess (if any ) of th e r eceip t s

o v
e r t h e o ut lay v
h e n c e , in g o e rn m e n t , m o ral s , e t c , t h e p rofi t i s .

w h at is r e a l ly g o o d , h e lpfu l , u se fu l , a lu a b l e Ut ili ty i s c hi e fly v .

u s e d in t h e s e n se o f so m e im m e d i at e o r pe rs o n al an d g e n e ra l l y

so m e m at e rial go o d is t h at w h i ch g i
. Ad va n t a ge v
es on e a v
a n

t ag e gro un d , e it h e r fo r c o pin g w it h co mpe t it o rs

s or w it h d ith
c u l t ice , n e e d s , o r d e m an d s ; as to h a e t h e ad v vt a n a ge of a

go o d e d ucat io n it i s fre que n t l y u se d of w h at on e h as b e y o n d

 28 9 p ro g re s s

a n o t h e r o r se cur e s at th e e x pe n s e o f an o t h e r as , to ha e the a d v
v an

t a ge o f a n o t h er in an a rg u m en t , or t o t a ke ad vt a n a ge o f an o t h e r

in a b arg ain . G a i n is w h a t on e b e yo n d w h at h e pre

s e c u re s

v
i u o sly po ssesse d . B en efit is an y t h in g t h at d o es o n e go o d E mo l .

u me n t is p r ofit , r etu r n , o r v a lu e acc ru i n g t h ro u gh o ffi c i al po s it i o n

v
.

E xp ed i en cy h as re s pe ct t o p rofit o r ad t
a n a ge , re a l o r s uppo se d ,

c o n s i d e re d apart fro m o r pe r h a ps in o ppo s it io n to rig h t in

, ac t io n s

v
h a in g a m o ra l ch aract er . Co m pare U TILITY .

A n t o n ym s

d amage , d e t rime n t ,
d es t ruct io n , v
d is ad an t age ,
Prepo si ti o n s

T h e pro fi t f
o l ab o r o n c apit a l i n b u s in e s s .

PR O G R E SS .

Syn o n ym s

ad v an ce d vl ment v
i m p ro e m e n t pro fi c i e n c y ,
v
, e e op , ,

ad an ce ment , gro w th , in cre a s e , pro g re s s i o n .

att ainment
v
,

Pr o gr ess (L pr o fo r w ard , gr a d i or , go ) is a m o in g o n w ard o r

.
,

fo r w ard , w h e t h e r i n spa c e o r in t h e m e n t a l o r m o ral re al m , an d

m ay b e e it h er m e ch an i cal , i n d i id u al , o r so c ial v
A tt a i n men t , d e .

v
e l p me
o p r ofi ci en cy a re m o re ab so l ut e t h an t h e o t h e r w o rd s
n t , an d
’

o f t h e gro u p, d e n o t in g so m e po in t o f a d a n t a g e o r o f c o m par a t i e v v
pe rfe c t io n r e ac h e d b y fo r w ard o r o n w ard m o e m e n t ; w e s pe ak v
o f a tta in men t s in vi tu r e p r ofici en cy in m u s ic o r
o r sc h o l ars h ip,

l an g uag e s , t h e d e vl p m
e o e n t o f n e w po w e rs o r o rgan s p r ofi ci en cy
i n c l ud e s t h e id e a o f S k il l . Ad v
m ay d e n o t e e it h e r a fo rw ard
a n ce

mo v e m e n t o r t h e po in t g a in e d b y fo rw ar d m o v em en t b ut alw a ys ,

r e l a t ive l y w it h r e fe re n ce t o t h e po in t fro m w h ich t h e m o v eme n t

s t a rt e d a s, t h is is a gre a t a d a n ce Adv v
a n ce a d mit s t h e po s s ib i l.

it y o f re t reat ; p r o gress ( L .
p r o gr ed i , t o w al k fo r w ar d ) is s t ead y
an d co n s t an t fo r w ard m o v e m e n t , a d m it t in g o f pau se , b u t n o t o f

r e t re a t ; ad v a n ce s u gg es ts m o re c l e arl y a po in t t o b e r each e d .

w h il e p r o gr ess l ay s t h e e m ph a s is u po n t h e fo rw ard m o e m e n t ; v
w e m ay s peak o f S lo w o r rapid p r o gr ess , b u t m o re n a t urall y of

s w if t a d va n ce . Pr o gress is m o re fre qu e n t l y u s e d o f a b s t rac t io n s

as ,t h e p r o gr ess o f id e a s ; p r o gr ess i o n fi x e s t h e a t t e n t io n c hi e fly
u po n t h e ac t o f m o in g fo r w ard v
In a t h in g go o d in it se l f al l a d
.

va n ce o r p ro gr es s i s i mp r o emen t v
t h e re i s a gro w in g t e n d e n c y t o
re s tric t t h e w o rd s t o t h i s f v a o ra b l e se n se , u s in g i n cr ea se i n d iffe r
e nt ly o f g o o d o r e il ; o n e v m ay s ay w it h o u t li m it at io n , I a m an

v
a d o c a t e o f p ro gress
”
.

19
 pro h ib it 29 0

A n to n ym s
ch eck , d el ay, ret ro gre ss io n ,
d e clin e , f allin g b ack, s t ay,

P rep o s itio n s

T h e pro gress of tr ut h pro gr e s s i n v

i tu e
r t o wa r d perfect io n
f ro m a l o we r t o a h ig h e r s t at e .

PR O H IB IT .

S yn o n ym s

d e b ar, fo r b i d , in h ib it , pre cl u d e
v
,
d i s all o w , h i n d e r, i n t e rd ic t , p re ent .

v
T o p r o h i bi t is t o g i e s o me fo rm al c o mm an d ag ai n s t , a n d e s pe
v
c i all y t o m ak e s o me a ut h o rit at i e l e g al e n a c t m e n t a g a in s t D eb a r .

is s a id o f pe rs o n s , d i s a llow o f act s o n e i s d e b a r red fro m an y t h in g

w h en S h u t o ff , a s b y s o m e i rre s i st ib l e a u t h o rit y o r n e c e ss it y on e

i s p r o hi b ited fro m an a c t in e x pre s s t e rm s ; h e m ay b e d eb a rr ed

b y S il e n t n e c e s s it y . An a ct is d i s a llo we d b y t h e au t h o rit y t h at
m igh t h av
e a llo w e d it ; t h e w o rd i s e s pe c ia ll y a ppli e d to ac t s w hi c h
are d o n e b e fo re t h e y pro n o un c e d u po n ; t h u s , a g o e rn m en t
a re v
m a y d i s a l lo w t h e ac t o f it s co m m an d er i n t h e fi e l d o r i t s a d miral

on th e h igh seas In hi b i t an d i n t er d i ct are c h ie fl y k n o w n b y

.

t h e ir e cc le s ias t ic al u se A s b e t w e e n f o r bid an d p ro h i bi t , f o r bi d
.

is l e s s fo rm al an d m o re pe rso n a l p ro h i b i t m o re
, o ffi c i a l an d j u di
c ia l , w it h t h e im plic at io n o f re a d i n e s s t o u se s u ch fo r ce as m ay b e
n ee d e d t o gi v
e e ff e c t to t h e e n ac t ment a pare n t f o r b i d s a c h il d t o
t ak e par t in so m e g am e or to asso c ia t e w i t h c e rt ain c o m pan io n s
th e sla v
e t z ra d e is now p ro h ib i t e d b y t h e l e a d in g n at io n s o f t h e
w o rld . M an y t h in gs a r e p r o h ib i t ed b y l a w w h i c h c an n o t b e

w h o l l y p r e en t ed , as v gam b li n g a n d pro s t i t u t io n ; o n t h e o t h e r
h an d , t h in g s m ay b e p re vt
en ed w h ich a re n ot p r o hib i t ed , a s t h e
s er v
ices t h e pay m e n t o f d e b t s o r
o f r e l igi o n , , m ilit ary c o n qu e s t .

T h at w h ich is p reclu d ed n e e d n o t b e p ro hibi t ed . Co mpare A BO L

I S H ; B IND ER ; PR E VE NT .

A n t o n ym s
all o w ,
auth o riz e ,
co mman d ,
c o n s en t t o ,
di rect ,

Prepo s itio n s

An ac t is pro h ib it e d b y l aw ; a perso n is pro h ib it e d b y la w f r o m

d o in g a c e rt a in a c t Pr o h ib i t w a s fo rm erly c o n s t rue d , as f o r b i d
.

s t ill is , w it h t h e in fi n it i v b ut t h
e, e c o n s t r uc t io n w it h fr o m an d th e
vb e r al n o un h as n o w e n t ire ly s uperse d e d th e o l d e r u s a ge .
 p ro p o s al

p ro p o se 29 2

mo rni n g p r op i ti ou s b re e ze
a Prop i t i o us appl ie s t o pe rs o n s , im
.

v
ply in g ki n d di s po s it io n an d f a o ra ble in c li n at io n s , e s pe cially t o
w ard t h e s upplian t a usp i ci o us is n o t u s e d o f pe r so n s .

A n t o n ym s :
ad v
e rs e , fo rb id d in g, i ll d is po se d , re pe ll en t , unf rien d ly ,
v
s

an t ago n is t ic , h o s t ile , in aus picio us , un fa o rab l e , un pro pit io us .

P re p o s itio n

M ay h ea v en b e pro pi t io u s t o t h e e n t e rpri s e .

PR O PO S A L .

Sy n o n ym s

b id ,
‘

o fi e r, o v tu
er re , pro p o s it io n .

An o p r op os a l pu t s so m e t h in g b e fo re o n e fo r a ccept an c e
ffer or

o r re j e c t io n , p r op o s a l b e in g t h e mo re fo rm al w o r d a p r op os i t i o n

se t s fo rt h t rut h ( o r w h a t i s c l a im e d to b e t rut h ) in fo rm al s t at e

m en t . T h e p r op o s i t i o n is fo r co n s i d e rat io n , t h e p r op o sa l fo r ao
t io n as , a p r op os i t i o n in g e o m e t ry , a p r op o s a l o f m arri a ge b ut
prop o s i ti o n is o ft e n u se d n e a rl y in t h e sen se o f p r Op o s a l w h en it
c o n c e rn s a m at t e r fo r d el ib e ra t io n a s a , p r op o s i t i o n fo r t h e s ur
re n d e r o f a fo rt A bid is co mm e rc ial an d
. o ft e n vb er al ; as , a

bid at a n a u c t io n pr Op o s a l is u se d in n e arly t h e sa me s e n se , b ut
is m o re fo r m al . v
A n o er t ur e o pe n s n e g o t iat io n o r co n fere n c e ,

an d t h e w o rd is e s pe c ia ll y u s e d o f s o m e mov
e m e n t t o w a rd reco n

c ilia t io n ; as , o v tu er r es o f pe a c e .

A n t o n ym s

acce pt an ce , d en ial , d i s appro v

al , re fus al , re e ct io n ,
j re pul s e .

PR O PO SE .

S yn o n ym
p u rp o se .

In it s m o s t frequ en t use , p rop os e di ffe rs fro m p urp ose in t h at

w h at w e p u rp o se l ies in o u r o w n m i n d , a s a d ec is i e ac t o f w ill ; a v
d e t e rm in at io n w h at w e p r op o s e is o ff e re d o r s t a t e d t o o t h e rs In .

t hi s u se o f t h e w o rd , w h at w e p r op o s e is o pen t o d e lib erat io n , as

w h at w e p u rp o s e is n o t In a n o t h e r u s e o f t h e w o r d , o n e p r op os es
.

so m e t h i n g t o o r b y h im se lf w h ic h m a y o r m ay n o t b e s t at e d t o

o t h e rs . In t h is l att er s en s e p r op o s e is n early id e n t ical wi t h p u r

p o s e , an d t h e t w o w o rd s v
h a e o ft e n b e e n use d in t erch an g eab ly .

B ut in t h e m a j o rit y o f case s w h at w e p urp o s e i s m o r e g e n e ral ,

w h a t w e p r op o s e m o re fo rm al an d d e fin it e I p urp o se t o d o righ t
I p r op o s e t o d o t h is s pe c ifi c t h in g b e c au s e it is r igh t . In t h e h is
t o ric s e n t e n ce , I p r op o se t o m o v
e i mm e d iat e l y on yo ur w o rk s ,
”

p urp o se w o ul d n o t h a e t h e s am e v s h arp di re c t n es s .
 pr o t ra c t
29 3 p ro v erb

PR O TR A CT .

S yn ym s
o n

co n tin u e , d elay , ,
e lon gate , l e n gth e n , pro cra s t in at e ,
d e fe r , d ra w o u t , e xt e n d , po stpon e , pro l o n g .

T o p ro t ra ct i s t o c au s e t o o c cupy a l o n g e r t im e t h an i s usual ,
e x pe c t e d , o r d e s irab l e W e d ef e r a n e go t iat io n w h ich w e are sl o w
.

to e n t er upo n ; w e p ro t r a ct a n e go t ia t io n w h ich w e are s lo w to

c o n clu d e d ela y may b e u s e d o f an y s a g e t in t h e pro c ee di n gs w e
m ay d ela y pe rso n as w e ll as an act io n ,
a b u t d ef er an d p r o t ra ct
a re n o t u se d o f pe rs o n s E lo n ga te is n o t u s e d . o f ac t io n s o r a b

s t rac t io n s , b ut o nl y o f m at e rial o b e c t s o r e x t en s io n
j in s pac e p ro
t r a ct i s v
e y r rare l y u s e d o f c o n cre t e o b j e ct s o r e x t e n sio n in space

we e l o n ga t e a lin e , p r o t r a ct a d isc u ss io n Pr o tr a ct h as us u all y .

an u n fa v o rab l e s e n se , i mpl y in g t h at th e m att er re fe rre d t o is a l

re a d y un d ul y lo n g , or w o ul d b e so if l o n ger co n t in u e d co n ti n ue
is n e ut r a l , a ppl y in g e qu all y t o t h e d e s irab l e o r t h e u n d e s irab l e .

Po s tp o n e implie s a d e fi n it e in t en t io n t o re s u me , as d ef er al s o d oes ,
t h o ug h l ess d e c id e d ly ; b o t h are o ft en u se d w it h so m e d e fi ni t e
lim it at io n o f t im e as , t o p o s tp o n e t il l , u n t il , o r t o a c e r a in t d ay
or h o ur . O n e m ay d ef er , d ela y, o r p o s tp o n e a m at t er in t e ll ig e n t l y
an d for g o o d re aso n ; h e p r o cr as t in a t es t h ro ugh in d o l en ce an d
irres o lu t io n . Co m pare HINDE R .

Anto ym s
n

v
ab b re i at e ,
ab rid ge ,

P rep o s i t i o n s

T o pro t ract a s pe e ch by erb osity , t h r o u gh v an u n r eas o n abl e

time , t o , ti ll, o r un t il a l at e h o ur .

P R O VE R B .

Syn o n ym s

ad ag e , a xi o m , m a xi m , sa w ,

a ph o ri s m , b yw ord , m o tt o , y in g
s a ,

apoth e g m , d i c tum , p re c e p t , truis m .

T h e p ro erb v o r a d a ge gi v
e s h o m e l y t ru t h in co n d e n se dprao ,

t ical fo rm , t h e a d a ge o ft en pic t o ri al . H o pe d e fe rre d m a ket h

t h e h eart s ic k is a p ro v e rb
“
Th e c at lo v
es fi s h , b u t d a re s n ot

w e t h er fe e t ,
”
is an a d a ge . Bo t h t h e p r o vb er an d the a d a ge , b ut
e s pe c iall y th e l a t t er , are t h o u gh t of as an cie n t an d w id e ly
kn o w n . Anm part ake s o f t h e c h ara ct er o f a d e fin i tio n ;
ap h o r i s

it is a s u mm ary s t a t e m e n t o f w h a t t h e a ut h o r se e s an d b e li e v
es t o

b e t ru e A n a po th egm i s a t ers e s t a t e m e n t o f w h at i s pl ain o r

. .

eas il y pro ved T h e ap h o ri sm is ph ilo s o ph ical t h e ap o t h egm prao

.
,
 p ro w e ss
pr u d e n ce 29 4

t ical . A d i ct um is a s t at e men t o f so m e pe rs o n o r sch o o l o n w h o m ,

it d epe n d s fo r aut h o rit y ; as , a d i ct u m o f A r is t o t l e A s a yi n g i s .

im pers o n al , c urr e n t am o n g t h e c o mm o n peo pl e d e riv i n g it s a u ,

t h o ri ty fro m it s m an ife s t t ru t h or go o d s en se ; a s , it i s an o ld

s a yi n g, m o re h a s t e t h e w o rse s pe e d
“
th e A sa w is a s a yi n g
, .
”

t h at i s o l d b ut so m ew h a t w o rn a n d t ir e s o m e
,
Pr ecep t is a c o m .

m an d t o d ut y mo tt o o r ma xi m is a b rie f s t at e m e n t o f c h eris h e d
t ru t h t h e ma x i m b e in g m o re un ifo rm l y an d d ir ec t ly pract ical ;
,

G o d is l o v m ay b e a mo t t o
“ ” “ ”
e F ear G o d an d f ear n au gh t a , ,

ma x im T h e p r ecep t s o f t h e S e rmo n o n t h e M o un t w ill furni s h

.

t h e Ch ris t ian w it h in v al u ab l e ma x i ms o r mo t to es A b ywo rd is a .

ph ra se o r s a yi n g u s e d re pro ach fu lly o r co n t e mpt uo us ly .

PR O W E SS .

Syn o n ym s

b ve r y g a l l a n t ry in t r e p i d i t y
v
ra . , ,
c o u ra g e , h e ro i s m , al or .

B ra vry e , co ur a ge , h er o i s m , an d i n tr ep i d i t y m ay b e s il e n t ,

s pirit u al , o r pas s i v
e ; t h ey m ay b e e x h ib it e d b y a m art yr
at t h e

s t ak e . Pr o wess an d vla or im pl y b o t h d arin g a n d d o in g ; w e d o

n ot s pe akt h e p r o wess of , , o f a m ar t y r a c h il d o r a pass iv e suf

a lo r m e e t s o d d s o r pe ril s w it h co ura g eo u s a ct io n , d o i n g
'

fe rer .

it s ut m o s t t o co n qu e r at an y ris k o r co s t ; p r o wes s h as po w e r
a d apt e d t o th e n eed d aun t l e ss vl a or is o ft e n v
ai n a gain s t s upe ri o r

pr o wess Co u r a ge i s
. a n o b l er w o rd t h an b r a vy er , in o lv
v i g m o re
n

o f t h e d e e p s pirit ua l , an d e n d u r in g e l e me n t s of c h ara c t e r ; s uc h
v
,

an appre c i a t io n of pe ril as w o u l d e x t in gu is h b r a ery m ay o n ly

i n t e n s ify co u ra ge , w h i ch is re s is t a n t a n d s e l f c o n qu e rin g co ur a ge
z

a ppl ie s to m att e rs in re g ard t o w h ich v a lo r an d p r o wess can h a v

e

no pl a c e , a s s u b m is s i o n t o a s u rg ic al O perat io n o r t h e fac in g o f ,

Co m pare BRA VE ;
’
c e n s ure o r d e t rac t io n fo r co n sc ie n ce sake .

F O RTITUD E .

A n t ym s
o n

co ward ice, co ward l in e s s , e ff e minacy , f e ar, pusil l an imit y, t imid it y .

P R U D E NC E .

Syn c n ym s

c are , d i s cr e t i o n , j u d gm e n t ,

c are fu l n e s s , fore c a s t , j ud i cious n e s s

vi d e
,

ca ut io n , fo r e s i g h t , pro n ce ,

c irc u m s p e c t i o n , fo r e t h o u g h t , w isd o m .

c on sid e rat ion , fr u g a l i t y ,

Prud en ce m ay b e b rie fly d e fi n e d as go o d j ud gmen t an d f ore

 29 6

P UR E .

S yn ym s
o n

ab s olute , g u il t l e simpl e , un m ixe d ,

ch a s t e , h oly , spotl e s s , un p o l l ut e d ,
clas sic, imm a cul at e , s t a inl e s s , un spotte d ,
cl a s sic al , i n c o rr u p t , tru e . un s t a in e d ,
cl e an , inn o ce n t , u n a d ul t e r a t e d , u n s u l li e d ,
cl e a r , m e re , un b l e m ish e d , un t a in t e d ,
co n t in e n t , p e r fe c t ,
u n c o rr u p t e d , un t arn ish e d ,

g e n uin e , r e al , un d e file d , u pr i g h t ,
g u il e l e s s , sh e er, u n m in g l e d , v i rt u o u s .

T h a t i s p u re w h ich is fre e fro m m ix t ur e o r c o n t ac t w it h an y

t h in g t h at w e ak en s i m pairs , o r po l lu t es
,
M at e rial s u b s t an ces ar e .

p u r e in t h e s t r ic t s en se w h e n fre e fro m fo re ign a d m ix t ure

c all e d

o f an y k in d a s , p u re o x yg en t h e w o rd is o ft en u se d t o s i gn ify

fre e fro m an y d e fi li n g or o b ec t i o n a b l e
j ad m i x t ur e ( t h e o rigi n a l

s e n se ) we s pe a k o f w a t er as p ur e w h e n it i s b righ t , cl e ar , an d re
fre s hi n g , t h o it m ay co n t ain m in e ra l s al t s in so l ut io n in t h e m e d
i cal an d c h e m ical se n se , o n ly d is t ill e d w a t e r is p ur e
( a qua p u ra ) .

In m o ral a n d re lig io u s u se p u r e is a s t ro n g w o r d , d e n o t in g po s it i e v
e x c e ll e n ce o f a h i gh o rd e r on e is i n n o cen t w h o k n o w s n o t h in g o f
e v
il ,
an d h as e x pe rie n ce d no t e m pt at io n ; on e is p ur e
t o uc h of

w h o , w it h kn o w l e d g e of e v il a n d expo s ure t o t e m pt at io n , k e e ps
h eart a n d s o u l u n s t a i n ed . Vi r tu o u s r e fe r s prim arily t o rig h t ao
t io n ; p ur e t o righ t f e e l in g an d m o t i es v as , Bl e s se d are t h e p ur e
”
in h e art : fo r t h e y S h all s e e G o d , M a t t . v8
, . Co m par e FINE ; IN
NO G E NT
A n t o n ym s
ad ul te rate d ,
d e fi le d ,
d irt y ,
fil t h y,

P UT .

Syn ym s
o n

d epo s it, l ay , pl a c e , set .

Put is t h e m o s t g e n eral t erm fo r b rin gin g an o b j e c t t o s o m e

po in t o r w it hi n so m e s pa c e , h o w e v
e r e x a c t l y o r l o o se l y w e m ay

p u t a h o rse in a pa s t ure , o r p u t a b u l l e t in a rifle o r in t o an e n e my .

Pla ce d e n o t e s m o re care ful m o v

eme n t an d mo re e x act l oc at io n ;
t o p la ce a c ro w n o n o n e s h ead , o r a g arris o n in a
’
as , cit y To
.

l a y i s t o p la ce in a h o riz o n t al po s it io n t o se t i s t o p l a ce i n an up

ri g h tpo s it io n ; w e la y a c lo t h , an d s et a di s h u po n a t ab le . To
d ep os i t i s t o pu t in a pl ace o f se c urit y fo r fut ure us e as , t o d ep o s i t
m o n ey in a b an k t h e o r ig in al s e n s e , t o la y d o w n or l et d o w n
( qu iet l y) is , a l s o co mm o n ; as , th e s tr e a m d ep os i ts m en t
se d i .
 q uee r
29 7 q ui ck en

Q UE E R .

S yn o n ym s

an o m al o us , e rr a t i c , o dd ,

b i z a rr e , e xt ra o rd in ary , pe culiar,
c o m i cal, fa n t a s t i c , pre p o s t e ro u s ,

cro t ch e ty , fu n n y , q u a in t ,
c u ri o u s , o t e s qu e , ri d i c u l o u s ,
d ro l l , au gh ab le , s in g ul a r ,
e c c e n t ri c , l ud i c ro u s ,
O d d is un m a t e d , as an od d sh o e , an d so un e v
e n , an an od d

nu m b er . S i n gula r is a lo n e o f i ts kin d ; as , th e s i n g u l ar n u m b er .

W h at is s i n g ul a r is od d , b ut w h a t is o d d m ay n o t b e si n gu la r a s ,

a d ra w e rful of od d glo es v . A s tr a n ge th in g is so m e t hi n g hi t h e rt o
u n kn o w n in fact o r in cau s e : A s i n g u l a r c o in c id en ce is on e the
h appe ni n g w h ic h i s un us u al ; a
of s r a n ge c o in c id e n c e
t is on e the
c au se o f w hich i s h ard t o e xpl a in . T hat w h ich is p ecu li a r b e lo n gs
e s pec ially pe rso n as hi s o w n
to a as , Isra e l w a s c all e d J e h o ah s
’
v
b y hi m
”
p ecu li a r pe o pl e , i e , e spe c ially c h o se n
“
. . an d c h e ri s h e d

in it s o rd in ary us e t h e re i s t h e impli ca t io n th a t t h e t h in g p eculi a r

to on e is mm o n t o t h e m aj o rit y n o r quit e
n o t co v appro e d b y t h e m ,

th o ugh it m ay b e Sh are d b y m an y ; as t h e S h ake rs are p eculi a r , .

E ccen t ri c i s o ff o r a s id e fro m t h e c e n t er an d s o o ff o r as id e fro m ,

t h e o rdi n ary an d w h a t i s c on s id ere d t h e n o rm al c o ur se as g e n iu s ,

is co mm o n ly eccen t r i c E ccen t ri c is a h igh e r an d m o re re s pec t ful

.

w o rd t h an o d d o r queer E rr a ti c s ign ifi e s w an d e rin g a s t ro n ge r

.
,

a n d m o re c e n s o rio u s t erm t h an e ccen t r i c Qu eer is tran s v e rs e o r .

o b liqu e as i d e fro m t h e c o mm o n in a w ay t h at is co mi ca l o r pe rh aps

,

s li g h t l y r id i culo u s . d e n o t es t h at w h ic h is pl e as in gl y o d d
Qu a i n t
an d fan c iful , o ft en w it h s o m e t h in g o f t h e an t iqu e a s , t h e qu a i n t
arc h it e c t ure o f m e d ie v
al t o w n s . T h a t w h ic h i s f un n y is cal c u

v
l at e d t o pro o ke l au gh t er t h at w h ich is d r o ll is m o re qu ie t ly
a mus in g T h at w h ich is gro t es qu e in t h e m at erial s e n se is irre gu
.

l ar or m is sh ape n in fo rm o r o u t l in e o r ill pro po r t io n e d : s o as to b e

so m e w h at r i d i cu lo us th e F re n c h b i z a r r e is prac t icall y e qu i v
al en t

t o gro t es qu e .

A n t o n ym s

commo n ,

cus t o mary,

Q UI CK EN .

S yn ym s
o n

a c c e l e ra t e d ri ve o h asten pro m o t e ,
v
, n , ,

ad an ce , e xp e d it e , h u rr y , spe e d ,
d e s p a t ch , fa c i l i t a t e , m ak e h aste urg e ,
v
,

d ri e , f u rt h e r , pr e s s fo r w a rd , urg e o n .

T o qu i cken , in t h e s en s e h e re c o n s i d e re d , is t o in c rea se s pe e d ,
 quo te 29 8

mo v e o r cause t o m o v e mo re rapid l y a s t hr o ugh m o r e s pac e o r w it h , ,

a g re at er n u m b e r o f m o t io ns in t h e s a me t im e T o a cce ler a t e is t o .

in crease t h e S pe e d o f act io n o r o f m o t io n A m o t io n w h o s e s pee d .

in c reases upo n i t se l f is s a id t o b e a cce lera t ed , a s t h e m o t io n o f a

fal l in g b o d y , w h ich b eco m e s s w i ft e r w it h e e ry se co n d o f t im e v .

To a cceler a e a n y t w o rk i s t o h a s t en it t o w ard a fin is h , co mmo n l y

b y qu i cken i n g all it s o pe rat io n s in o r d e rl y u n it y t o w ar d t h e re s ult .

T o d esp a tch is t o d o an d b e d o n e w it h , t o g et a t h in g o ff o n e s
’

h an d s . T o d esp a t ch my is t o kill h im o ut righ t an d quic kl y

an e n e

t o d esp a t ch a m e sse n g er is t o se n d h i m in h as t e t o d esp a t ch a b us

in ess is t o b rin g it qu ickly t o an e n d D esp a t ch is co m m o nl y u se d
.

o f s i n g l e it e m s T o p r o mo t e a c au se is in an y w ay t o b rin g it fo r
.

w ard a d v
,
a n ce i t in po w e r pro m in e n c e e t c , T o sp ee d is r eally t o , .

s e c u r e s w i ft n e s s t o h a s t en is t o at t e m pt it w h et h er s u cc es s fu lly o r ,

un s u cc ess ful ly H u rry al w ay s in dicat es so m e t h in g o f co n fus io n

. .

T h e h urr i ed m an forg e t s d igni t y appe aran ce c o m fo rt c o urt e s y , , , ,

ev e ry t hi n g b ut s pe e d h e m ay fo rg e t s o m e t hin g v it al t o t h e m a t ~

t er in h an d y e t b ecause re c kl es s h as t e may att ain t h e gre at o b

,

j e ct o f s pe e d h ur ry h as c o m e t o b e t h e co llo qui al an d po pul ar

,

w o rd fo r act in g qui c kl y T o f a cili t a te is t o qu i cken b y m akin g

.

e as y t o exp ed i t e i s t o qu i cken b y r e m o v in g h in d r an ces A go o d .

g en e ral w il l im pro v e ro a d s t o f a ci li t a t e t h e m o v e m e n t s o f t ro o ps ,

h a s t en s uppli es a n d pe rfe c t di sciplin e t o p r o mo t e t h e g e n e ral e ffi

c ie n c y o f t h e fo rc e , d esp a t ch d e t ail s of b u s in ess , exp ed i t e a ll pre
para t io n s , in o rd e r to a cceler a t e th e ad v
an ce an d v ic t o ry o f h is
ar my .

A n t o n ym s
ch eck , clo g, d e lay , d rag, h in d er, impe d e , o b s t ru c t , re t ard .

Q UO T E .

Syn o n ym s

c it e , e xt r a c t , p l a g i a ri z e , re pe at .

e x c e rp t p a r a ph ra s e , re ci te
v
. ,

T o qu o t e is t o gi e an au t h o r s w o rd s , e it h e r e x act ly ,
’
as in d ire c t
quo t at io n , o r in s ub s t an c e , as in in di r e c t quo t at io n to ci t e is , ety

m o l o g ic all y , t o c all u p a pass a g e , as a w it n e s s i s s u mm o n e d . In

pas s ag e it s e x a c t l o cat io n b y ch apt er , pag e ,
ci t i n g a o r o t h e rw i s e ,

v
mu st b e g i e n , s o t h at it c an b e pro mpt l y call e d in t o e v
id en c e in
qu o t i n g , t h e l o c at io n m a y o r m ay n o t b e gi e n , b ut t h e w o r d s o r v
s ub s t an ce o f t h e pa s sa g e m u s t b e g i e n In ci t i n g , n e it h e r t h e v .

au t h o r s
’
w o rd s hi s t h o u gh t m ay b e g i e n , b u t s impl y t h e re f
n or v
e re n c e t o th e l o c at io n w h e re t h ey m ay b e fo un d T o qu o t e, in t h e .
 ra re
rea ch 3 00

b y w hi c h it m e t im e in t e rch an g e d w it h an y w o rd in
c an be at so

t h e ab o v e li s t are all fo rm e d upo n t h e o n e pri m ary se n se o f h a v

,

in g t o d o w it h o r pro c e e di n g fro m t h e ro o t (L r a d ix) ; a ra d i ca l .

d iff e re n ce is o n e t h at S prin gs fro m t h e ro o t an d is t h u s co n s ti t u ,

t i o n a l essen ti a l fu n d a men t a l o rg a n i c o ri gi n a l; a ra d i ca l c h an g e
, , , ,

is on e t h at d o es n ot s t o p at th e s urfa c e , b ut re a ch e s d own t o t h e
vyer ro o t , an d t o t a l ; s in ce t h e m a j o rit y fi n d
is en t i r e , t h o r o u gh ,

s u perfi c ial t re at m e n t o f a n y m a t t e r t h e e as i e s t a n d m o s t co m fo rt

ab l e , r a d i ca l m e a s ure s , w h ic h s t rik e a t t h e ro o t o f e il o r n ee d , v
are apt t o b e l o o ke d u po n as ex t re me .

A n t o n ym s
vv
co n s er at i e ,
in ad e quat e ,

R A RE .

Syn o n ym s
c uri o u s , _ o dd , s c arce , un ique ,
e xt r a o r d i n a ry , p e c ul i a r , Sin g ul ar, u n p a ra l l e l e d ,
i n c o m p ara b l e , pr e c i o u s . s t ra n g e , un pre ce d e n t e d ,

i n fr e q u e n t , r e m a rk a b l e , un c o m m o n , u n u s ual .

Un i que is al o n e o f it s kin d ; r a r e is i nf r equ en t o f it s k in d

g re at po e m s are r a re ;
“
Para d is e L o s t is un i qu e T o say o f a .

t h in g t h at it is ra re is s im pl y t o a ffir m t h a t i t is n o w seld o m
fo u n d w h et h er prev
, io us l y co mm o n o r n o t ; as a r a r e o ld b o o k ; ,

a r a re w o rd ; t o c al l a t h in g s ca r ce i m pli e s t h at i t w a s a t so m e

t im e m o re pl e n ty , a s w h e n w e s ay foo d o r m o n e y is s ca r ce A .

part icu l ar fru it o r co in m ay b e ra r e s ca r ce applies t o d e m an d

a n d u se , an d a l m o s t al w ays t o c o n c re t e t hi n g s t o s pe ak o f v
irt ue ,
g e n iu s o r h e ro is m as s ca r ce w o uld b e so m e w h at lu di c ro u s
, R a re .

h as t h e ad d e d s e n se o f p r eci ou s w h ic h is s o m e t im e s b u t n o t , ,

n ec e s s ari ly , b l e n d e d w it h t h at ab o ve g iv en ; a s a r a r e g e m Ex , .

t ra o r d i n a r y , s igni fy in g
great ly b e y o n d t h e o r d in ary , i s a n e ut ral
w o rd , c apab le o f a h i gh an d g o o d s e n se o r o f a n in id i o u s , o ppro v
b rio u s , o r co n t e mpt uo u s s ign ifi cat io n ; as , ex t r a o r d i n a ry g e n iu s ;
ex tr a o r d i n a ry wi c ke d n e ss ; an ex t r a o r d i n a ry mpt io n o f as s u

po w e r ; ex tra o r d i n a r y an t ics ; an ex t r a o r d i n a r y s t at e m en t is ih

v
c re di b l e w it h o u t o e rw h e lmin g pro o f .

A n t o n ym s
S e e s y n o n ym s fo r G E N E RA L ; N O RMAL ; U S UA L .

R E A CH .

Syn o n ym s

a rr i v e , atta in , co me to , en ter .
ga i n , get to , l an d .

To r e a ch , in th e me m o t io n
‘

s en s e h e re c o n s i d e re d , is t o co to b y
 3 01 re a l

or pro gress A t t a i n i s n o w o f t e n e s t u se d o f a b st rac t re l at io n s as ,

.

to a tt a i n s uc ce ss W h e n a pplie d t o c o n c re t e m at t e rs , i t co mm o nl y
.

s ig ni fi es th e o v
e rco m i n g of h in d ran ce an d d iffi c ul ty as , th e s tor m :

b eat e n s h ip a t l e n gt h a t t a i n ed t h e h ar b o r . C o me is t h e ge n e ral
w o rd f o r mo v
in g t o or t o w ard t h e pl ac e w h e re t h e s pe ak er o r
w r i t e r is o r s uppo s e s h im s elf t o b e T o r e a c h is t o
. co me to fro m a

d is t an ce t h a t is ac t ua ll y o r re l a t i v
ely c o n s i d e ra b l e to s t re t c h th e
j o urn e y , so to s pea k , ac r o s s t h e d i s t an c e , as , i n it s o rig in a l m e an
in g , o n e r e a ch es an o b e c t j by s tr e c h in g o ut
t t h e h an d . T O ga i n is
to rea ch o r a t a i n s o t m e t h in g e a g erl y so u gh t ; the w e a ri e d s w im
mer r ea ch es o r g a i n s t h e s h o re O ne co mes in fro m h is gard e n ;
v
.

he r e a ch es h o m e fro m a j o urn e y To . a r r i e i s t o co me t o a d e s

t in at io n , t o r e a ch a po in t in t e n d e d o r pro po s e d . T h e E uro pe an
s t ea me r a rr i v es in po r t , o r r ea ch es t h e h arb o r ; t h e di s m an t l e d
w re c k dr ift s as h o r e , o r co me s t o l an d . Co m par e A TT AIN .

A n to ym s
n

d epart , e mb ark , go , go aw ay , l ea v e, s e t o ut , s e t s ail , s t art , w e igh an ch o r .

RE A L .

S yn ym s
o n

a ct u a l , d mon strab le e n u in e , t ru e ,
vl
e g
a uth e n t ic , d e ope d
,

p o s iti e , v un qu e stion ab le
v
e , ,

c e rt a i n , e s se n tial , s ub st a n ti al , e rit ab l e .

R ea l ( L . r es , a t hin g ) s ign i fi es v
h a in g e x is t e n ce , n o t m e re l y in
t h o ugh t , b u t in fac t , or b e i n g in f ac t acco rd in g t o appe aran c e o r
c l ai m d e n o t in g t h e t h in g as d is t in gu ish e d fro m t h e na me, or the
e x i s t e n t a s O ppo se d to the n o n s e x is t e n t . A ctu a l h as re s pe c t to a

t h in g acco mplish e d b y d o in g , r ea l to a th in g as e x is t in g b y w h at
e v
er m e an s o r fro m w h at e ver p os i t i
c a use , vte o t h a t w h ic h i s fi x e d
o r e s t ab li s h e d , de vl p
e o ed to t h a t w h ic h h a s reac h e d c o m pl e t io n b y
a n a t ura l pro ce s s o f u n fo l d in g . A ct u a l is in o ppo s i t io n
t o t h e s up
po s e d , v
co n c e i e d , o r re po rt e d ,
an d f urn is h e s t h e pro o f o f i t s e x is t
e n ce in it s e lf ; re a l i s o ppo s e d t o fe ig n e d o r i m a gin ary , a n d is

c apab l e o f d e m o n s t rat io n v
p o s i t i e, t o t h e u n ce rt a in o r d o u b t fu l
vl p ed
de e o , t o t h at w h ic h is u n d e v
elo p ed or in co m pl e t e . The d e
v
el p d i o e s s us ce pt ib l e o f v
pr o o f ; t h e p o s i t i e prec lu d e s t h e n e ces
s it y fo r pro o f The .
pre sen t c o n di t io n o f a t h in g is it s a ctu a l c o n
d it io n ; ill s are r ea l t h a t h a v e a s ub s t an t ia l rea s o n pro o fs are
;
v v
p os i t i e w h en t h e y g i e t h e m in d c er t ain t y a plan t is d e e lop ed v
w h e n it h as reach e d it s c o m pl e t e d s t a g e R ea l e s t a t e is l an d , t o .

g et h e r w it h t re e s , w a t e r , m in era l s , o r o t h e r n at ura l a cc o mpan i

 re a s o n 3 02

m en t s an d an y pe rm an en t s t ru c t u re s t h at m a n h as b ui l t
,
upo n it .

Co m par e A UT HE NTIC .

A n t o n ym s :

v
co n ce i e d ,
f ab ulo us ,
f an ci ful,

R E A S O N, v .

S yn o n ym s

a rg u e , d eb ate , d iscus s , e stab lish qu e stion

v
, ,

co n t e n d d e m o n s tr a t e d i sput e , pr o e w ran g l e
v
, , , .

c o n t ro e rt

v
,

To r ea s o n is t o e x a m in e b y m ean s of the re a s o n , t o pro e by

reas o n in g, or t o in fl u en c e o r s ee k t o in fl u e n ce o t h e rs by reaso n in g

o r reas o n s . Pe rs o n s m ay co n t en d e it h e r f ro m m ere ill w i ll o r s elf:

i n t e re s t , or fro m t h e hi gh e s t m o t i es T h at y e s h o u l d e arn e s t ly v
co n t en d fo r
”
t h e fa it h w hi ch w as o n c e d e li er e d t o t h e sain t s , J ud e v
3 . To a r g ue (L . m at t er c l e ar b y rea so n
a r gu o , S h o w ) is t o m ak e a

in g t o d i s c uss (L d i s apart an d qu a ti o S h ake ) is e t y m o l o gi c all y

.
, , , , ,

t o s h ake i t a part fo r e x a m in a t io n an d a n al y s is D emo n s t r a t e .

s tric t l y applie s t o m at h e m at ic a l o r e x a c t r eas o ni n g p ro v e m ay b e

u s e d in t h e s a m e sen se b ut i s o ft en a ppli e d t o re a s o n in g u po n m at
,

t e rs f a c t b y w h at i s c all e d pr o b ab l e e id e n ce , w hi c h c an g i e
of v v
o n l y m o ral an d n o t a b s o l u t e o r m a t h e m a t i c al c e rt ai n t y T o d emo n .

s t ra t e is t o fo rc e t h e m in d t o a c o n c l u s io n b y irre s is t ib l e reas o n

in g t o p ro vi e s rat h e r to es t a b l i s h a
fa c t b y e id en c e a s , t o p r o e v v
on e inn o c e n t g u il t y or . T h at w hi ch h a s b e e n e i th e r d emo n s tr a t ed
or pr o v ed so a s t o se c ur e g en er al accept an ce i s said t o b e es t a b

li s h ed . R ea s o n is a n e u t ral w o rd , n o t , li k e a rgu e, d eb a t e , d i s
cu ss , e t c .
,
n a t ura ll y o r n ec e s s aril y im pl yin g co n t e s t . We rea s o n

ab o ut m att e r b y b rin g in g up all t h at r e aso n can g i v

‘

a e u s o n an y

s id e A di sput e m ay b e pe rso n al frac t io u s an d pe tt y ; a d e b at e

.
, ,

i s fo rm al a n d o r d erl y ; i f o t h e rw is e i t b e co m e s a m ere w ran g l e , .

Prepo sit io n s

We rea so n with a perso n a b ou t a s ub e c t , j for o r a ga i n s t an

o pini o n we r e as o n a pe rs o n i n t o o r o u t of a co urse o f a ct io n o r
we m a y re as o n d o wn an o ppo n e n t o r O ppo s it io n o n e reas o ns f r o m

a c au s e to a n e ffe c t .

R E A S O N, n .

Syn o n ym s .

m o t iv
“
a cco un t, cause , en d , e , p rin c i p l e ,
ai , m con si d e ra t i o n , gro un d , o b j e ct , p u r p o s e v-v
a rg u ment , d e s ign ,

W h il e th e ca u s e o f a n y e v
en t , ac t , o r fac t , a s co m m o nl y un d er
 reb el lio u s
re c o rd 3 04

R E B E LL I O U S .

S yn o n ym s
tumaciou s un co n tro ll ab l e ,
v
con ,

d isob e d ien t . un g o e rn a b l e
in s ub o rd in at e , un man a g e ab le .

in t ra ct a b l e ,
R eb e l li o u s s i gn i fi e s b e in g in a s t at e o f r e b e l li o n (S GG RE BE L L IO N
‘

u n d er RE V O LU TI O N) an d is e v
e n e xt e n d e d t o i n a n im at e t h in g s t h at
v
,

re s i s t c o n t ro l o r a d apt at i o n t o h u m an us e . Un go ern a b le a ppl ie s

t o t h at w h i ch s u c c e ss f ul l y d efi es a u t h o rit y a n d po w e r ; u n ma n
a ge a b le t o t h at w h ic h r e s i st s th e u t m o s t e x e rc i s e o f S kill o r o f

s ki l l a n d po w e r c o mb in e d ; reb elli o u s , t o t h at w h ich is d e fi an t o f

a u t h o ri t y , w h e t h e r s u cce s s full y o r u n s u c c es s fu lly ; s ed i t i o u s , t o

t h a t w hi ch part ak e s o f or t en d s t o e x c it e a r eb elli o u s S pirit , sed i

t i o u s s ug g e s t in g m o r e of co v
e t r pl a n , s ch e m in g , o r co n s pira c y ,

r eb el li o u s m o re of o v
e t r a ct o r o pe n v
io le n ce . W h il e t h e un
m a n a ge a b l e o r u n g o v ern a b le d e fi es co n t ro l t h e r eb elli o u s o r ,

s ed i t i o u s m a y b e fo r c e d t o s u b m i ss io n ; a s t h e m an h as an u n ,
~

go v er n a b le t e m per t h e h o rse s b e c a m e u n ma n a gea ble h e t am e d

h is r eb elli o us S piri t . I n su b o r d in a t e a ppli e s t o t h e d ispo s i t io n t o
re s i s t an d re s e n t mu t i n o u s t o o pe n d e fi an ce o f
c o n t r o l a s s u ch ; ,
’

a u t h o rit y e spec i al l y i n t h e ar m y n av
, y o r m er ch an t m arin e A
, , .

co n t u ma ci o us ac t o r s pirit i s co n t e m pt u o u s a s w e l l a s d efi ant .

Co m par e O BS TINA TE ; RE V O L U TI O N .

A n t ym s:
o n

co mplian t ,
co n t ro llab l e ,
d eferen t ial ,
P re p o si ti o n s

R e b ell io u s t o o r a ga i n s t l a w fu l a u t h o rit y .

R E CO R D .

S yn o n ym s

a cco un t , lm ent in tru m e n t ,

v
e n ro s
v
,

arch i e , e n t ry , in e n t o ry ,
c a t a l o g (u e en u m e ra t io n , m e m o r a n d um ,

ch ro n i cl e , h i s t o ry . mem orial ,
d o cu m
en t, i n s cri p t i o n , m un im e n t ,
memo ri a l is an y o b j ect w h e t h er a w rit in g a m o n um e n t o r
A , , ,

o t h er pe rm an e n t th in g t h at is d e s i gn e d o r a d apt e d t o k ee p s o m e

t h in g ih re m e m b ran ce . R eco rd is a w o rd of w id e s ign ifi cat io n ,

appl y i n g to an y w ri t in g , m ar k , or tra ce t h at ser v e s as a memo ri a l

v
g i i n g e n d ur in g att es t at io n o f an e v
en t fa c t ; an e x t e n d e d a c
or
'

cou n t , ch r o n i cle, o r hi s t ory i s a r eco r d ; so , t o o , m a y b e a b rie f

in vt en o ry o r memo r a n d um the i n s cr ip t i o n o n a t o m b s t o n e i s a
recor d o f t h e d ea d th e s t ri ae o n a ro c k z s urfa ce ar e th e r eco rd o f
 rec o er v
3 05 re fi n e en m t

A regi s e rt is fo rm a l o r o ffi c ia l w rit t e n r eco r d

’
a g lac ie r s passag e . a ,

e s pe c ia ll y a s e rie s o f e n t ri e s m a d e fo r pre s e rv
a t io n o r re fe re n c e

as , a r egi s t er of b irt h s an d d e at h s . A r ch i v es , in t h e s en se h e re
co n s i d e r e d , are d o cumen t s o r r e co r d s , o ft e n l e gal r eco r d s , pre
ser v
ed pub lic o r o fii cial d epo s it o
in a t h e w o r d a r ch i es v is al so
a ppl ie d t o t h e pl a ce w h ere s uc h d o cumen t s a re re g ul arl y d epo s it e d

a n d pre s e r e d v
M u n i men ts ( L mun i o , fo rt i fy ) a re r e co r d s t h at
. .

e n ab l e o n e t o d e fen d his t it le . Co m pare HI S T O RY S T O RY .

R E C O VE R .

S yn o n ym s

b e c ure d or h ea led , h e al
_
, re c u
pe r a t e re s t ore ,

b e re s t o re d re a n i m at e re g a i n , re s u me
ve
, , ,

c ure , r e c ru i t, re p o s s e s s , re t ri e .

T h e t ran s it i e u s e o f r e co v
v er in t h e s e n se o f cu r e , h ea l , etc . as

in 2 K in g s v6
T h a t t h o u m aye s t r eco er h im o f h is l e pro s y , i s
, , v
n o w prac t ic a ll y o b s o l e t e T h e ch ie f t ran s it i e u s e o f reco e r i s
. v v
in t h e s e n se t o o b t ain a g ain aft e r l o s in g , rega i n , r ep o ss es s , e t c ; .

as , to r eco v er s t o l en g o o d s ; t o r eco v
er h e al t h . T h e in t ran s it i v
e

se n s e , be cu r ed , be r es to r ed , e t c , is . v
e y co m m o n
r as , to r eco ver

fro m s ic k n ess , t erro r , or m is fo rt un e .

An to n ym s
d ie , fail , gro w w o rs e , rel aps e ,

P re p o s i t i o n s

F r om rare l y (L a w) t o re co v
o f e r j u d gm e n t a ga i n s t , to re

co v er d am ages of o r f r o m a pe rso n .

R E F I N B H E NT .

S yn o n ym s
ci v il iz at io n , c ul t i vt ia on , c ul t u r e , ele g an ce , p ol it e n e ss .

v
Ci i liz a ti o n a ppli e s to m o f t h o s e c iv
n a t io n s , il d e n o t in g t h e su ,

s o c ial e co n o m i c an d po lit ic a l a tt ain m e n t s b y w h i c h a co mm un it y

, ,

is r e m o v e d fro m b arb aris m a peo pl e m ay b e c iv iliz e d w h il e s t ill

f ar fro m r efi n emen t o r cu ltur e b u t ci v i li z a ti o n is s u sc ept ib l e o f
,

v ario u s d e gre es a n d o f co n t in u e d pro r es s

g R efi n emen t applies .

e it h er t o n a t i o n s o r in d i v id u al s d e n o t in g t h e re mo v a l o f w h at is
,

co ars e a n d ru d e a n d a c o rre s po n di n g a t t ain m e n t o f w h a t is d e l i

,

c a t e e l e g an t an d b e a ut iful
, , Cu lt i va t i o n d e n o t in g pri m ar il y t h e
.
,

pro ce ss o f c ult iv a t in g t h e so il o r g ro w in g cro ps t h e n t h e i m ro v

p ed ,

c o n d it io n o f e it h er w h i c h is t h e re s u l t i s a ppli e d i n s im ilar se n se ,

t o t h e h u m an m in d an d c h a ra c t er b u t in t h is u sa g e is n o w larg e ly ,

s u pe rs e d e d b y t h e t e rm cu l tu r e w h ic h d e n o t e s a h i h d e v el o p
g ,

20
 r e fu t e
reli a b le 3 06

'

m en t t h e b es t qu alit ie s o f
of m an ’
s m en t al an d s pir it ua l n at ure ,

w it h es pec ial r e fere n ce t o t h e e s t h e t ic facu l t ie s an d t o g ra c e s o f

s pee c h an d m an n er ,
r e gard e d as the e x pre s s io n o f a re fin e d n at ur e .

Cu lt ur e in t h e full e s t d e n o t e s t h a t d e g re e
s e n se o f re fin emen t an d

de v v
e l o pm e n t w h i c h r e s ul t s fro m co n t in u e d cu l t i
a t i o n t h r o u gh s u c

c ess ive g e n era t io n s ; a m a s fa c ul t ie s m a y b e b o u gh t t o a hi gh

’
n r

d e gre e o f cu lti v a ti o n i s o m e s pe c i a l t y w h il e h e h im se lf e m a i s
n ,
r n

u c u l t u re d e v
n e n t o t h e e x t e t o f co ars e n e ss a n d r ud e n e ss Co m
n .

pare H UM A NE P O LITE .

A n to ym sn

b arb aris m, b rut al i t y ,

b o o ris h n e s s , cl o w n i s h n e ss ,

R E F UT E
Syn ym s
o n

c o n fo u n d , con fu t e , d i s pro v e , o v e rth ro w , re pel .

To r e u e an d
f t to co n u t e ar ef to a n s w e r so as to ad m it of no

re ply . To f
r e u t e a s t at e m e n t i s t o d e m o n s t r a t e i t s f a l si t y b y ar

v
g um e n t o r c o un t e r ailin g pro o f conf u t e i s s ub s t an t ia lly t h e s am e
in m e an in g , t h o d iffer in g in u s ag e R ef u t e applie s e it h e r t o arg u .

me n t s an d o pin io n s o r to a c c u sa t io n s ; co n fu t e is not appli e d to

a ccu s a t io n s a n d c h arge s , b ut t o arg u m en t s o r o pin io n s . R ef u t e is
n o t n o w a ppli e d t o pe rs o n s , b u t co nf u t e is in g o o d u s e i n t h is appli
c at io n a pe rso n is co nfu ted w h e n h is argumen t s are ref u t ed .

R E L IAB L E .

S yn ym s
o n

t ru s t w o rt h y , tr u s t y .

T h e w o rd reli a bl e h as b ee n s h arpl y c h a ll e n g e d , b ut see ms to

ha v e e s t a b lis h e d it s plac e in t h e l an g ua ge T h e o b j e c t i o n t o it s .

use o n t h e gro un d t h at t h e s u ffi x a b le can n o t pro pe rly b e a d d e d

-

to an in t ran s it i ve v
e b is a r n s w e re d b y t h e cit at io n o f s u ch w o rd s as
“
a v
a il a b l e ,
” “
co ve s ab l e
n r ,
”
l au gh ab l e ,
”
an d t h e like , w h il e , in t h e
m att er o f usage ,
r eli a b le h as t h e au t h o rity o f Co l e rid ge , M art in e au ,

v
M ill , Ir in g , Ne w m an , G l a d s t o n e , an d o t h e rs of t h e fo r e m o s t of

re ce n t E n gl i sh w ri t er s T h e o b j e c t io n t o t h e . appli cat io n o f r e li a

b le t o pe rs o n s is n o t s u s t ain e d b y t h e u se o f t h e e rb “ r e ly , ” w hi ch v
is applie d t o perso n s in t h e au t h o riz e d e rs io n o f t h e S c ript ures , in v
t h e wr it in g s of S h a ke s peare an d B ac o n , an d in t h e u s ag e o f go o d
s pe ak e rs an d w rit e rs . T r u s ty an d t r us two r th y r e fe r to i n h e re n t
qualit ies of a h igh o rd e r , t r u s t w o r t h y b e in g e s pe c ia ll y a ppli e d to
pers o n s , an d d e n o t in g m o ra l in t e grit y an d t rut h fuln e s s we s pe a k
 rel u ct a n t
re m a rk 3 08

God . F a i th , s t ric t l y t h e b e li e f an d t ru s t w h ic h t h e s o ul e x e rc ises

t o w ar d G o d , i s o ft e n u se d as a co m pre h e n s iv
e w o rd fo r a w h o le
s yst e m o f r e li g io n co n s id e r e d a s th e o b ec t o f
j fa i t h ; as , t h e Ch ris
t ia n f a i th the M o h am m e d an f a i t h .

A n t o n ym s

m
ath e is ,
irre ligio n , uh go d lin ess ,
b lasph e my , pro fan i t y , w icke d ne ss .

R E L U C T A NT .

S yn o n ym s

a v erse , d i s in cl in e d , l o ath , sl ow,

b a c k w ard , in d i spo s e d , o ppo s e d , u n w i l l in g .

R elu ct a n t (L . r e, b ac k , an d lu ct o , s t ri v
e , s tr u g gl e ) s igni fi e s

s t rug g lin g a g ain s t w h at one i s u rg e d or im pe ll e d t o d o , or is ac tu

all y d o in g ; a er s e ( L v . a , fro m , an d vt er o , t urn ) s i gn ifi e s t urn e d

a w a y as w i t h d i s lik e o r r epu gn an ce ; lo a t h (A S . la t h , e v
il , h at e
v
ful ) s ign ifi es h a in g a r epu gn an c e , di s g u s t , o r lo at hin g fo r , t h o t h e
v
a d j e c t i e lo a t h is n o t s o s t ro n g a s t h e e rb lo a t h e A d un ce i s al v .

w a ys a v ers e to st ud y ;g o o d s t u d e n t is d i s i n cli n ed t o it w h e n a
a

fi n e m o rn in g t e m pt s hi m o ut h e is i n d i sp o s ed t o it i n so m e h o ur
of w earin e s s . m ay b e s lo w o r b a ckwa r d in e n t erin g upo n
A m an
t h at t o w h i c h h e i s b y n o m e an s a v
ers e A m an is lo a t h t o b e lie v
e .

e v
il o f h i s frie n d , reluc t a n t to s pe a k o f it , a b so l ut e l y u n w illi n g to
us e it t o h is in j ury . A l e gis l a t o r m ay b e opp o s ed t o a ce rt ain

m e as ure w h il e ,
n ot a v e rs e t o w h a t it a im s t o ac co mplish . Co m
pare AN TIPA THY .

A n t o n ym s

d es iro us , d ispo se d , e ager, fa v o rab l e , in cl in e d , willin g .

R E M AR K .

Syn o n ym s
an n ot atio n , co mmen t , n ot e , o b s er vt ia on , ut t e ra n c e .

ma r k is a s ay in g
A re or b ri e f st at e m e n t , o ra l or w rit t e n ,
c o mmo n l y m a d e w it h o ut m u ch pre m e di t at io n ; a co mmen t
is an e xpl a n at o ry or c rit ic a l r ema r k as u po n so m e pa ss a g e
,

in a li t erary w o rk or so m e a c t o r s pe ec h in co mm o n life A .

n o te is so m e t h i n g to c a ll a tt e n t io n , h en c e a b rie f w ritt en
s t at e men t ; in co rres po n d en ce , a n o t e i s b rie fer t h an a l et t e r . A
n o t e u po n s o m e pas s ag e in a b o o k is b ri e f er an d l e ss e l ab o rat e t h an
a co mmen t . A n n o ta ti o n s are e s pec i a l l y b ri e f n o t es , co mm o nl y
m argin a l an d c l o s e l y fo l l o w in g t h e t e x t Co mmen t s o b serv
, a tio n s .
, ,

o r rema r ks m ay b e o ra l o r w ritt e n co mmen ts b e in g o ft e n e st w rit

A n o b s e rv
,

t e n an d r em a rks o ft e n e s t o r al
, a t i o n is pro pe rly t h e .
 re n d
3 09 r e n o u n ce

re s ul t o f fi xed a tt en t io n a n d re fl e c t io n a re ma r k m ay b e t h e s ug
g e s t io n of t h e in s t an t . R ema r ks are m o re in fo rm al t h an a s pe e c h .

R E ND .

Syn o n ym s
b re ak , cl e a e , v m an gl e , ri ve , se v er, sun d er,
b urs t , l a c e ra t e , ri p , rupt ure , s lit , te ar .

B en d an d tea r are a ppli e d to th e s e para t in g o f t e x t il e s u b s t an c es

v
in t o part s b y fo rce io l e n t ly appl ie d (r en d al so t o fran gib l e s ub
s t an c e s ) , t ea r b e in g t h e m il d e r , r en d t h e s t ro n g e r w o rd R i e is a . v
w o o d w o rke rs w o r d fo r par t in g w o o d in t h e w ay o f t h e grain
’
=

w it h o ut a c l e an o u t . T o l a cer a t e is t o t ea r ro u gh l y t h e fl es h or

a ni m al t iss u e ,
as b y t h e t ee t h of a w ild b e as t a l a ce r a t ed w o u n d
is d is t in gu is h e d fro m a w o un d m a d e b y a c l e an cu t or in cis io n .

M a n g le is a s t ro n g e r w o r d t h an la cer a t e l a cer a t e i s m o re s u pe r

fi cial , ma n gle m o re co mpl e t e . T o b urs t o r r up t u r e is t o tea r or

r en d b y fo rce fro m w it hin , b u r s t d en o t in g t h e g re at er io l e n c e ; v

as , t o b u r s t a gu n t o r up t u r e a b l o o d e s se l a s t e am b o il e r m ay s v s

be r up t ur e d w h e n it s s ub s t a n c e m a d e t o di v
is id e b y in t e rn al pres
s u re w it h o u t e x pl o s io n . To r ip a s u s u a ll y a pplie d t o g arm en t s o r
,

m a d e b y s e w in g o r s t it ch in g is t o d iv
o t h e r art ic l e s id e al o n g t h e ,

li n e o f a s e a m b y c u t t in g o r b re akin g t h e s t it ch es t h e o t h e r se n se s
b ear so m e r e se m b l an ce o r an alo gy t o t hi s ; as t o r ip o pe n a w o un d , .

Co m pare BRE A K .

A nt o n ym s
h eal , j o in , men d , re uni t e , s e cure , s ew, s o l d er, s t it ch , un it e , w e ld .

R E NO U NC E .

Syn o n ym s
ab an d o n , v
d is a ow , d isow n , re c a n t , re pu d i at e
a b j ur e , d is card . fo r s w e a r , r e fu s e , tra ct ,
v
re
d eny , d i s cl a im , re c all , rej e ct , re oke .

A bj ur e , d i sca rd , f o rs wea r r eca ll , r eca n t r en o u n ce , r e r a ct ,

t
vk
, ,

an d r e o e, like aban d on , im pl y so m e pre v

io u s co n n e ct io n Re .

n o u n ce (L . r e, b ack , an d n un t i o , b ear a m e ss a g e ) is t o d ec l are

a g ain s t a n d v gi
e up f m lly or a an d d e fi ni t i vly e as , to r e n o u n ce the

po m ps an d n s v
a it ie o f th e w o rl d . R eca n t (L . r e, b a ck , an d ca n o , t
s in g ) is t o t ake b ac k or d en y fo rm ally an d pub l ic l y , as a b elief t h at
one h as h e ld pro fe s se d
or R e t r a ct ( L . . r e, b ac k , an d t r a h o , d ra w )
i s t o t ake b ack so m e t hin g t h at o n e h a s s a id a s n o t t ru e o r as w h at
on e is n o t re a d y to m ain t ain as , to re r a ct a c h arge o r acc u sa
t ti o n ;
o n e r eca n s t w h at w as e s pe cial ly h is ow n , he r et r a ct s w h at w a s d i
 rep e n t a n ce 3 10

re c t e d a g a in s t a n o t h er . R ep u d i a t e (L . r e, b ac k , o r aw a y , an d

p ud eo fe e l s h a m e ) is prim aril y t o r en o u n ce as s h a m e fu l , h e n ce t o
,

v
d i o r c e , a s a w ife ; t h u s in ge n e r al t o pu t a w a y w it h e m ph at ic a n d
d e t e r m in e d r e pu l s io n as , to r ep u d i a t e a d e bt . T o d en y i s t o a ffir m
to b e n ot t ru e or n o t b in d in g ; as , t o d en y a s t at e m e n t or a r el a

t io n s h ip ; t o g ran t a s s o m e t h in g r e qu es t e d ; a s , h is
or to r e fu s e

m o t h e r c o u ld n o t d e n y h im w h at h e d e s ire d T o d i s ca r d i s t o c a s t .

a w a y a s u se l ess o r w o rt h l e s s t h u s , o n e d i s ca r d s a w o rn g arm e n t
a c o qu e t t e d is ca r d s a lo v
e r . vke (L
Re o . r e, b ack , an d v o co , c all ) ,

ety m o l o g ica ll y t h e e x a c t e a en o qu ivl t

t h e E n g lis h r eca ll, i s t o f
t ak e b ac k s o m e th in g g iv v
‘

en o r gran t e d a s t o r e o ke a c o mm an d

v
, ,

a w il l o r a g ran t
, r e ca ll m a y b e u s e d in t h e e x a c t s e n s e o f r e o ke ,

b u t i s o f t e n a pplie d t o pe r so n s a s r ev o ke i s n o t w e r eca ll a m e s ,

s e n g er a n d r e vk o e th e o rd er w it h w h i c h h e w a s c h ar g e d . A bj u r e
(L . a b , a w a y , an d j uro s w e ar) is e ty m o l o gi cally t h e
, e x a c t e qu i v
a

le n t of t h e S axo n f o rs wea r s i gn ify in g t o pu t aw ay

,
fo rm a lly an d

u n d er o at h , as an e rro r , h ere s y , or e v
il prac t is e , o r a c o n d e m n e d
an d d et e s t e d pers o n A m an a bj u r es . h is re lig io n , r eca n ts h is
’
b e li e f , a bj ur e s o r r en o u n ces h is a ll e g ian ce , r ep u d i a t es an o t h e r s

clai m r en o un ces h is ow n ,
r e t ra ct s a fal s e s t at e m en t . A pe rso n
v
,

m ay d en y d i s a o w d i scla i m d iso w n w h at h as b e en
, , . t ru l y o r
fal s e l y im pu t e d t o h i m o r s u ppo se d t o b e hi s H e m ay d en y h is .

v
s ign at ure d i s a o w t h e ac t o f h i s a g e n t d i s o wn h is c h il d
,
h e m ay ,

r ep u d i a t e a j u s t c l aim o r a b ase s u gg es t io n A n at iv e of th e .

U n it e d S t at e s c an n o t a bj ur e o r r en o u n ce a ll e gian c e t o t h e Qu e en
o f E n gl an d , b ut w il l pro m pt l y d en y o r r ep u d i a t e i t Co m pare .

A BA ND O N .

A n t ym s
o n

ack n o wl e d ge , ass ert , ch eri s h , d ef en d , main t ain , pro cl aim ,

v
ad o cat e , v
a o w, c l ai m, h o ld , o wn , re t ai n ,

R E P E NT A NC E .

Syn o n ym s

co mpun ct ion , t ri t e n e s
con s , re g re t , se l f =c o n d e mn ati o n ,

con t ri t i on , p en it en ce , re m ors e , s o rr o w .

R eg r et i s s orr ow fo r an y pain fu l o r a n n o y in g m a t t er O n e is .

mov
ed w it h p en i t en ce fo r wr o n g d o i n g T o s peak o f r egr e t fo r a
s .
-

fau lt o f o u r o w n m arks it as s l igh t er t h an o n e re g ar d in g w h i ch w e

s h o ul d e x pre ss p en i t e n ce . R ep en t a n ce i s s orr ow fo r s in w it h f
s el :

co n d e mn a ti o n ,
an d c o m pl e t e t u rn in g fro m t h e s in . Pen i t en ce is
t ran s i en t , an d m ay in v
ol v
e no ch an ge of c h arac t er o r c o n d uc t

T h ere m ay b e s o rr o w w it h o ut r ep en t a n ce, as fo r co n se qu e n c e s
 repro v e 3 12

a re s i m pl y m in d b ac k upo n w h at is di s appro v
t urn in g t h e ed R ep .

r eh en s i o n i s s u ppo s e d t o b e c a l m a n d j u s t a n d w it h g o o d in t en t ,

it is t h e r e fo re a s erio u s m at t er h o w e v e r m il d a n d i s c apab l e o f , ,

great fo r c e , as e x pre s s e din t h e ph ras e se e re r ep r eh en s i o n Re v .

~

fi e ct i o n is o ft e n fro m m e re ill fe e li n g , an d i s like l y t o b e m o r e per

s o n al an d less i m part i al t h an r ep r e h en s i o n w e o ft e n s peak o f
u n k i n d o r un u s t j reflecti o n s . R eb u ke , li t e rall y a s t o ppi n g o f th e
m o ut h is a d mini s t e re d t o a fo rw ard o r h as t y pers o n ; r ep r o of is
,

a d mi n is t ere d t o o n e i n t en t io n a l l y o r d e lib er at e ly w r o n g b oth

w o r d s im pl y a u t h o rit y in t h e re pr o v e r a n d d ire c t e x pr e s s i o n o f ,

d i s app r o vl t
a o t h e fa c e of t h e pe rs o n r eb u ke d o r r ep r o e d R ep v .

ri ma n d is o ffi c ia l cen s u r e fo rm al ly a d m in is t e r e d b y a s u pe rio r t o
o n e u n d er h is c o mm a n d . v
A n i ma d er s i o n is cen su r e o f a h ig h ,
a u t h o ri t a t i v
e ,
an d s o m e w h a t f o r m a l k in d . R eb uke m ay b e g i en v
at th e o u t s et , o r in t h e m i d s t o f a n a ct i o n v
a n i ma d er s i o n , r eflec

tion , r ep r eh en s i o n , r ep r oo f ,
a l w ay s fo ll o w t h e a ct ad mo n i ti o n is
m ean t v
e t iv
'

an t i c ipa t o ry , a n d t o b e pr e e n . C heck i s a l li e d to re

b u ke, an d v
g i e n b e fo r e ac t io n c h id i n g i s
o r d ur i n g n ear e r to re

p ro of , b u t w it h m o r e o f pe rso n al b it t ern e s s an d l es s o f a ut h o rit y .

Co m pare C O ND E MN RE PRO VE .

A n t o n ym s :

appl ause , appro vl

a , e n co mium, e ul o gy , pan egy ri c, praise .

appro b at i on , co mme n d at i o n ,

R E P R O VE .

Syn ym s
o n

ad m on ish , con d e mn ,

b lame , e xp o s t u l a t e w i t h ,

c e n s ur e , fi n d fa u l t w i t h ,
ch a st en ,
re b uk e ,

ch e ck , re mon trat e w ith

s ,

ch id e , re pr e h e n d ,

To is t o pr o n o u n c e an a d e rs e j u d g m e n t t h at m ay o r
cen s ur e v
m ay n o t b e e x pre s s e d t o t h e perso n cen s u r ed t o r ep ro e is t o v
v
c en s u r e au t h o rit at i e l y , o pe n l y , an d d ir e c t l y t o t h e face o f t h e per

so n r ep ro vd e to reb uke is to r ep r o vw it h
e Sh ar pn es s , an d o ft en w it h
a b r u pt n es s , u s u all y m i d st o f so m e act io n o r co urs e o f a ct io n
in t h e
d e e m e d c e n s urab l e t o r ep ri ma n d i s t o r ep r o v e o ffi c i all y to
b l a me i s a fa m iliar w o r d s ig n if y in g t o pa s s cen s ur e u po n m ak e ,

a n s w e r a b l e a s f o r a fa u l t
, b la me an d cen su r e a ppl y e it h er t o per
so n s o r a c t s ; r ep r o v e an d r eb u ke a re appli e d c hi e fly , an d r ep r i

ma n d e x c lu s iv e l y t o pe r so n s T o r ep r o a ch is t o cen s u r e o pe n l y an d
.

veh e m e n t l y a n d w it h in t e n s e perso n al fe e lin g as o f gri e f o r an g e r

,

as , to r ep r o a ch o n e fo r in gr at it u d e rep r o a ch kn o w s no d is tin ci
 re quite
3 13 res t

t io n o f ra n k o r c h ara c e r m a y r ep ro a ch a ki n g o r a
t ; a su b e c t
j
c ri min al a j u d g e T o exp o s tu l a t e o r r emo n s tr a t e w i t h i s t o m in g l e
.

re a s o n in g an d a ppea l w i t h cen s ur e in t h e h o pe o f w i nn i n g o n e fro m

h is e v il w a y exp o s t u l a t e b e in g t h e g e n t l er r emo n s t r a t e t h e se
, ,

v e re r w o r d A d mo n i s h i s t h e m ild es t o f rep ro v
. i n g w o rd s a n d m a y ,

ev e n b e u se d o f g i v
in g a c aut io n o r w arn in g w h er e n o w ro n g is i m
pli e d o r o f s im pl y re m in d in g o f d u t y w h i ch m i gh t b e fo rgo t t e n
,
.

Cen s u r e, r eb u ke, an d r ep r o v pply t

e a o w ro n g t h at h as b e e n d o n e
wa r n an d a d mo n i s h re fe r to a n t ic ipat e d e rro r or fa u l t . W h en
on e mo n is h ed b ec a u se o f w ro n g a h e a d y d o n e t h e v
is ad iew is s t il l ‘

fut ure t h at h e m ay n o t re pe a t o r c o n t in u e in t h e w ro n g
,
Co m .

pare C O ND E MN R E PR O O F .

A n t o n ym s :

ab e t , co un t en an ce ,
appl aud , e n co urage ,

R E Q UIT E .

Syn o n ym s

a v
en ge , pun ish , re m u n e ra t e , re ven ge ,

co m
pe n s at e , quit , rep a y , re w ard ,
pay , r e c i p ro c a t e , re t a l i at e , a t i s fy ,
pay o ff , re c o mpe n s e , r e t u rn , se t tl e w ith .

To r ep a y o r t o p un i s h o r t o rew a rd , m ay b e t o
to r e a li a t e ,
t
v
m a ke s o m e ret urn ery in a d e qu at e t o t h e b e n e fi t o r in j ury re
v
c e i e d , o r t h e r ig h t o r w r o n g d o n e b u t t o r equi t e ( a c co rd in g t o
i t s e t y m o l o gy ) is t o m ake so fu ll an d a d e qua t e a r e t ur n a s t o qu i t
o n e se lf o f a ll o b lig a t io n o f fa v
o r or h o s t ilit y , pu n is h m e n t o r r e
of

wa rd . R equ i t e is o ft e n u se d in t h e m o r e g e n era l s en se o f r eco m

p e n s e o r rep a y, b ut a l w ay s w it h t h e s ugge s t io n , at l eas t , o f t h e
v
o rigin a l i d e a o f fu ll e qu i al e n t ; w h e n o n e s pe ak s o f r e ui t i n
q g
kin d n e ss w it h in grat it u d e t h e e x pr e s s io n g ain s fo rc e fro m t h e
co m par i s o n o f t h e a c t u a l w it h t h e pro pe r an d a ppro pria t e r e t u rn .

Co mpar e PA Y .

A n t o n ym s
ab s o l v
e , v
f o rgi e ,
ac quit , n e gl ect ,

P re po s itio n

To re qui t e in j ury wi t h in j ur y is h u m a n , b ut n ot Ch ris t ian .

R E ST .

S yn o n ym s

cal m , paus e , quie tn e s s , slu mb er,

c almn e s s , peace , q ui e tud e , stay ,
c e s s ati o n , p e a c e fu l n e s s , re cre a t io n , stilln e ss ,
e ase , q ui e s c e n c e , rep o s e , stop ,
inter i ss m mn , qui et , sl e e p , tr a n q u i l l i t y .

E a s e d en o t e s fre e d o m fro m caus e of dist ur b an c e , w h e t h e r

 re s t i v e 3 14

e x t e rn al o r in t e rn al .
Q ui e t d e n o t e s fre e d o m fro m a g it a t io n or

e spec i al ly fro m a n n o y in g s o u n d s . R es t i s a c es sa t i o n o f a c t i v
i ty ,

es pe c i all y of w e ary in g or pain fu l a ct i v

i ty . R ecr e a ti o n is so me
pl e as in g ac t i it y o f v c er t a in o rg an s o r fac u l t ie s t h at a ff o rd s res t to
o t h er par t s o f o u r n at ur e t h at h a v
e b eco me w e ary . R ep o s e is
v milar
.

a l ay in g d o w n , prim arily o f t h e b o d y , an d fi gurat i ely a si

fre e d o m fro m t o il o r s t ra in o f m in d . R ep o s e i s m o re c o m pl e t e

t h an r es t ; a p a use is a m o m e n t ary ces sa t i o n o f ac t i v

it y a b l ack
s mit h fi n d s a t e m po rar y r es t w h ile t h e iro n is h e a t in g , b ut h e d o e s
n ot y i el d t o rep o s e in a p a u se o f b at t l e a s o l d ie r r es t s o n h is arm s
a ft e r t h e b a t t l e t h e v
ic t o r r ep o ses o n h is l aure l s S leep i s t h e per .

f ec t io n o f r ep o s e , m o s t c o m pl e t e res t ; s lumb er is a l igh t an d

th e
o r d in aril y pl e a s an t fo r m o f s l eep In t h e fi gurat iv e s en s e r es t
.
,

o f m in d s o u l c o n sc i e n ce i s n o t m e re ces s a t i o n o f ac t iv
, , ,
it y , b ut a
l e a s in g t ran qu il r e lie f fro m al l pa in fu l an d w e ary in g ac t i v i ty ;
p ,

r ep o s e i s e v en m o r e d e e p t r a n qu il a n d c o m pl e t e
, , .

An to n ym s
agit at io n ,
c o mmo t io n ,
di s quiet ,

R E S T I VE .

S yn o n y m s
b alky , imp at ie n t , reb e llio us , re s tl e s s ,

fi d g ety , in tra ct ab l e , re c a l c it ra n t , s k it t i sh ,
fr a c t i o u s , m ul i sh , r e fr a c t o r y , s t u b b o rn ,

fr e t f u l , m ut in o u s , r e s e n t fu l , u n rul y ,
fr i s k y , o b stin ate , re s t in ,
‘

v icio u s .

B a lky, mu li sh , o b s t i n a t e , an d s t u bb o rn are s y n o n y ms o f r es t i v
e

o n ly in an in fre quen t if n ot o b so l e t e u se ; th e s uppo s e d se n se o f

” ”
t e n d in g t o re s t , s t an d in g s t ub b o rn l y s t ill , is scar ce l y s uppo rt e d

by an y e x a mpl e s ,
an d t h o se c i t e d t o s uppo rt t h at m e an in g o ft e n

f a il t o d o so . T h e d i spo s it io n t o o fi er act i v
e re s is t an c e t o co n t ro l

by an y m e an s w h at e v
e r i s w h at is co m mo n l y in d ic at e d b y r es t i ve

in t h e b e s t E n glis h s pe e ch an d l it e ra t u re . D ry d en spe ak s o f th e

pam pe re d co l t a s r es t i jf to th e r e in b ut th e re i n is n o t u se d

t o pro pe l a h o rse fo rw ard , b u t t o h o l d hi m in , an d it is again s t t h is

A h o rs e m ay b e m ad e res t less b y fli e s o r b y
”
t h at h e i s r es t ij f .

m art ial m u s ic b u t w it h , re frac to rin ess t h e r es t i v

no e an im al i m

pat i en t ly r e s is t s O r s t ru g gl e s t o b re a k fro m co n t ro l as b y b o l t in g , ,

flin g in g h is r id e r o r o t h e r w ise , W it h t h is t h e m e t aph o rical u s e

.

o f t h e w o rd a g re e s w h i ch i s a l w a s in t h e s en se o f s uc h t e rm s as
,y
i mp a t i en t i n t r a ct a b le r eb elli o us an d t h e l ike ; a pe o pl e r es t i v
, , ,e
 re vl e ati o n
re v en ge 3 16

v
p ri a cy is m o re co mm o n l y t e m po rary t h an seclu si o n w e s peak
o f a m o m e n t s p r i a cy
’
v
T h e re m ay b e lo n eli n ess w i t h o u t so li tu d e ,
.

as a m id an u n sym pat h iz in g c ro w d , a nd s o li t u d e w i t h o u t lo n eli n es s ,

as w h en on e is g l a d t o b e al o n e .

A n to nym s
as s o ciat ion , co mpan io n s h ip, co mpan y ,
co n v
e se
r , fell o wsh ip, s ociet y .

R E VE L A T I O N .

Syn ym s
o n

apo caly ps e , d i s cl o s ure , m a n i fe s t a t i o n .

Re vl e a ti o n (L . r e, b ac k , an d vlum vil)
e e , l it er al l y an un v
e il in g ,

is t h e ac t o r pro ce ss o f m akin g kn o w n w h at w as b e fo r e s e cre t o r

hi d d en , or w h at m ay s till b e fu t ur e Ap o ca lypse ( G r ap o , fro m , . .

an d ka lyp t o , co v) er , l it e rally an un co v
e i r n g, co m es in t o E n glis h
as the na me of th e c l o s in g b ook of t h e Bi b l e . T h e A p oca lyp se
un v
e i ls t h e fut ure , a s if t o t h e v
e y ga
r ze of the s e er ; t h e w h o l e

g o s pe l is a d i sclo s ur e o f t h e m er cy o f G o d th e c h arac t e r o f Ch ri s t
is a ma n if es t a t i o n o f t h e d i in e h o lin ess an d l o v v
e a ll S c ript ure is
v
a r e e la t i o n o f v O r w e m igh t s ay t h at n at ure is a
t h e d i in e w ill .

ma n if es t a t i o n o f t h e d iv
i e ch aract e r an d w ill o f w h ich S c ipt ure
n ,
r

is t h e ful l er an d m o re e x pr e s s re vl
e a tion .

A n t o n ym s

cl o ud , co n ceal me n t , m i s t ery ,

clo udi n e s s , h id in g, o b s curatio n ,

R E VE N G E
S yn ym s
o n

a v
e n g in g , re t al i ati o n , re t ri b u t i o n , v e n g ean ce .

re q ui t a l ,

Re vg en e is t h e ac t o f m aking re t u rn fo r an i n j ur y d o n e t o on e

s el f b y d o in g in j ury t o pe r s o n R e t a li a t io n an d r e en ge
an o t h e r . v
ar e pe rso n al a n d o ft e n b it t e r R e t a li a t i o n m a y b e part ial r e
.

ven ge is m ean t t o b e co m pl e t e , an d m ay b e e x c e s s i e Ven gea n ce , v .

w h ich o n ce m e an t an i n d ig n a n t v
i d i cat i o n
n of j ust ice ,
n o w s ig n i

fi es t h e m o s t f urio u s a n d un s parin g r e en ge v Re vgen e e mph as iz e s

vg
.

m o re t h e pe rso n a l in j u ry in r e t u rn fo r w h ic h it is in fl ic t e d , en e

a n ce t h o se u po n w h o m it is in fli ct e d
t h e il l d e s e rt of A requ i t a l .

v
is s t ri c t ly a n e e n r e t u rn , s u ch as t o qu it o n e o f o b l ig at io n fo r
v v
w h at h as b e e n re ce i e d , an d e e n if po o r o r u n w o rt h y is g i e n a s v
co mpl et e an d a d e qua t e . Ave gi g n n a n d r e tr i bu t i o n g i e a so l e mn v
s e n s e o f e x a ct j u st ic e ,
a v
e gi g b i
n n e ng m o re pe rso n al in it s in flic
t io n , w h e th er b y G o d or m an , a n d r et r i b u t i o n t h e im pe rso n al v
i s ~
 317 re vl u t i
o o n

it at io n of th e d o o m o f rig h t e o u s l aw . Co m pare A VE NGE H A TRE D

R E QUITE .

A nto n ym s
co mpass io n , merc y, pard o n , reco n ciliat io n .

e xcus e ,

P repo sit io n s

T o t ak e re vg
en e up o n th e en e m y f o r t h e i n j u ry
, .

R E VO L U T I O N .

Syn o nym s
an arch y , in s u rr e c t io n ,

c o n fu s i o n , l aw l e s s n e ss ,

d i s in t e g ratio n , mutin y ,
di sord e r , re b e llio n ,
i n s u b o rd i n a t i o n ,

The e sse n t ia l id ea o f re vlu ti

o on is a c h an g e in t h e fo rm of go v
e rn men t o r c o n s t i tu t io n , o r a c h an ge o f rul e rs , o t h e rw i s e t h an as

v
pro i d e d b y t h e l a w s o f s u cc e ss io n , e l e c t io n , e t c w h il e s u ch .

vv
c h a n g e i s a pt t o i n o l e ar m e d h o s tilit ie s , t h e s e m a k e n o n e ce s s a ry

part o f t h e r e o lu t i o n v v
T h e r e o lu t i o n b y w h ich D o m Pe d ro w a s
.

d e t h ro n e d , an d Braz il c h an g e d fro m an e m pire to a re pu b l ic , w as

acco m pl i sh e d w it h o ut a b at t l e , an d al m o s t w it h o u t a sh o t . An
a r ch y re fe r s t o the c o n d i t i o n o f a s t at e w h e n h u m an g o e rn m e n t v
is s upers e d e d or d e s t ro y e d b y fa c t i o n s o r o t h e r c a us e s L a wless .

n ess is a t e m pe r o f m in d o r co n d it io n
mmu n it y w h ic h of th e co

m ay r es ul t in a n a r ch y Co nf us i o n d iso r d er r i o t an d t umu lt are

.
, , ,

in c id e n t al an d t e mpo rary o ut b r eaks o f la wles s n ess b u t m ay n o t b e ,

a n a r ch y . v
I n su b o r d i n a t i o n is in d i id u a l d iso b e d ie n ce . S ed i ti o n
i s t h e pl o t t in g , r e b e lli o n t h e fi gh t in g , a ga in s t t h e e x is t in g g o e rn v
me n t b u t al w ay s w it h t h e purpo se o f e s t ab lis h in g so m e o t h e r
.

go v
e rn m e n t in it s place W h e n r eb elli o n is s ucc e s s f ul it is c all e d
.

re vlu t i
o on v
b u t t h e re m ay b e re o lu ti o n w it h o ut r eb ell i o n as ,

v
t h e E n gl ish R e o lu t i o n o f 1688 A r e o lt is . v an u pris in g a g a in s t

e x is t in g a u t h o rit y w it h o u t t h e c o m pre h en s i e v vi w e s o f c h an ge in
t h e fo rm o r a d m in is t rat i o n of go v
e rn m e n t th at a re in v
o lv
ed in
re vlu t i
o on . A n a r ch y , w h e n m o re t h an t em po rary d i so r d e r , is a

pro po s e d d i s i n t egr a t i o n o f so cie t v

in w h ic h it i s ima gin e d t h at
s o ci al o rd e r m i gh t e x is t w it h o ut g o e rn m e n t S l a e s m a ke i n v . v
s u rrect i o n so l d i e rs o r sa il o rs b r eak o ut in mu ti n y s ub j e c t pro v
in ce s ris e in v
r e o lt . Co m par e SO CIA LI S M .

A nt o n ym s
aut h o rit y ,
co mman d ,
co n t ro l ,
 R E VO L VE .

S yn o n ym s

r o ll , ro t at e , t urn .

An y ro u n d b ody ro lls w h ich c o n t in uo u s l y t o u ch e s w it h s uc c e s

si vpe o r t io n s o f it s s u rface s u cce s s i v

e po rt i o n s o f a n o t h er s urfa c e

a w ago n w h ee ls r o lls a l o n g t h e g ro un d T o ro t a t e is s ai d o f a b o d y
.

th at h as a c irc u l ar m o t io n a b o ut i t s o w n c en t er o r a x is t o re ol e vv
is s ai d of a b o d y t h at m o v
es in a c ur v
i g pn a t h , a s a c irc l e o r an

ellips e , a b o u t a ce n t er o ut s id e o f it se lf , so as to re t urn peri o d icall y

to th e sam e re l a t i v poe s it i o n t h at it h eld at s o m e pre io u s v
t im e . A re vlv i g b dy m
o n o a y a l s o e i t h e r r o t a te o r r o l l a t th e sa me
t im e ; t h e e ar re o vlv
es aro u n d t h e s un ,
th an d ro t a es o n t it s own

vlv
'

a x is in popu l ar u s a ge , t h e e art h is o ft e n s aid to re o e ab o ut it s

o w n a x is . or to h a v
e a d a il y “
re v
o l u t io n,
”
b ut r o t a t e an d
“
r o t at i o n
”

are th e m o re a c c ura t e t e rm s . A c y lin d er o v

e r w h ich an e n d l ess

b el t is d ra w n is s aid to r o ll a s re g a r d s t h e b e l t , t h o i t r o t a t es a s
re gar d s it s o w n a x is . Any o b e ct
j t h at is in c o n t act w it h o r c on

n e ct ed w it h a r o l li n g b o d y is o ft e n s aid to r o ll ; as , th e c a r r o l ls

s mo o t h ly alo n g t h e t ra ck . O b j ec t s w h o s e m o t io n appro x i m at es or

s u gg e st s a ro t ar y m o t io n a l o n g a s u ppo rt in g s ur face are a l so s ai d

to r o ll v
; a s , o ce an w a e s r o ll in u po n t h e sh o r e , o r t h e sh ip r o lls in
t h e t ro ug h of th e sea . T urn is a con ve s at io n a l a n d po pu l ar
r

w o rd o ft e n u se d v
a gu e l y fo r ro t a te or r evo lv
e o fo r a y m o t i o
,
r n n

ab o u t a fi x e d po in t , e s pe c ia ll y fo r a m o t i o n l e ss t h an a co mpl e t e
“
ro t a t i o n or re v
o l u t io n
”
; a m an t ur n s h is h e a d or t urn s on h is
h e e l ; t h e g a t e t u rn s on it s h in g e s .

A n t o n ym s
b in d , ch afe , s t ick .

R ID D L E ,
n .

Syn o n yms
con u n d rum , en igm a , p ara d o x , pro b l e m , puz zl e .

Co n u n d r u m, a w o rd m e qu es
o f u n kn o w n o ri g in , s ig n i fi e s so

t io n o r s t at e m e n t in w h i c h s o m e h id d e n a n d fan c iful res e m b l an ce

i s in v o lv e d t h e a n sw e r o ft e n d e pe n di n g u po n a pu n ; a n en i gma
,

is a d ar k s ay in g a p a ra d o x is a tr u e s t at e m e n t t h at at fi rs t
,

appe a r s a b s u r d o r co n t ra d i c t o ry a p r o b l em i s s o m e t h in g t h ro w n

o u t fo r so l u t io n p uzz le ( fro m opp o s e ) re ferr e d o ri gin a lly t o t h e

i n t ric at e ar g u m e n t s b y w h ich d is pu t an t s o ppo s e d e ac h o t h e r in
t h e o ld ph il o s o ph ic s ch o o l s T h e r id d le is an a m b ig u o u s o r para
.

d o x ic a l s t at e m e n t w it h a h id d e n m e an in g t o be gu e ss e d b y t h e
m en t al a cu t e n es s o f t h e o n e t o w h o m it is pro po se d ; t h e ri d d le is
 ro bb er
ro ya l 3 20

w h e t h er t h ro ugh t h e l e as t g re at est d is t an ce ; t h e w a es r i se ;
or v
v
t h e m ist s ri s e t h e ri e r r i s es a ft e r h e a y rain s as s aid o f pe rso n s , v
t o ri s e is t o c o m e t o an ere c t po s it io n af t e r kn e e lin g , s itt in g , r e cli
n in g , o r l y in g d o w n as , to r i se fro m a s ic k s b e d ; m y frien d ro s e

as I e n t er e d t h e gu es t s ro se t o d epart so a d e lib erat i e asse m b l y v

o r a co mmi tt e e is said to r i s e w h e n it b re a ks u p a s ess io n ; a s u n

o r s t a r r i s es w h en t o o ur a ppreh e n s io n it co m es ab o v
e the ho riz o n

an d b e gin s t o go up the s ky . To a scen d is t o g o far u pw ar d , an d

is o ft e n u s e d i n a s t at e l y s e n s e ; as , Ch ris t a s cen d ed t o h e a v
en .

Th e s h o rt e r fo rm ri se isg e n e rall y pre ferre d t o t h e l o n ge r

now

fo rm a ri se , e x c e pt i n po e t ic o r e l e a t e d s t y l e v
T h e s un r i ses o r .

a r i s es the v
ri e r sp r i n gs a t a b o u n d fro m t h e fo o t o f t h e g l a c ie r

an d fl o ws t h r o ugh t h e l an d s t o t h e o ce an . S m o ke i s s ues fro m a

ch imn ey an d a s cen d s t o w a rd t h e s ky . L igh t an d h e at e ma n a te

fro m t h e s un .

A n to n ym s

d eclin e , d es ce n d , go d o wn ,
P re p o s itio n s

R ise f ro m sl um b e r ; r is e t o d ut y ; r is e at the su mm o n s ; we
r o se wi th t h e l ark .

R O B B ER .

Syn ym s
o n

b an d it , d e pre d a t o r, fr e e b o o t e r , p ir a t e .
b ri g a n d . d e s p o il e r, h igh w ay man , pl un d ere r,
b uc can e e r, fo o t p a d , m a ra u d e r , rai d e r,
b urg l ar , fo r a g e r , pill a g e r , th ief .

A r o b b er s e e k s to o b t a in
t h e pr o pert y o f o t h e rs b y fo rc e o r i n
t im id a t io n a t h i ef b y s t e a l t h a n d se c r ec y In e a rl y E n glis h t hi ef .

w as fr e e l y u s e d in b o t h s en s e s , a s in S h ak e s pe are an d t h e A u t h o r
iz e d Ve rs io n o f t h e E n glis h Bi b l e , w h ic h h a s “ ”
t w o thi e es ( M a t t v .

xx v
ii , w h e r e t h e R e is e d Ve rs io nv mo re co rrec t l y s ub s t it ut e s
”
tw o r o bb ers .

R O YA L .

Syn ym s
o n

aug u st . k in g l y , m aj e s t i c , prin c e l y ,
ki n g l i k e , m agn ifi cen t , m un ifi ce n t , re g a l .

R o ya l d en o t e s t h at w h ic h a c t u all y b e lo n g s or pe rt ain s t o a
m o n ar c h ; the r o y a l re s i d en ce is t h a t w h i c h t h e kin g o ccu pie s ,
r o y a l ra i m en t t h a t w h ic h t h e kin g w e ars R ega l d e n o t e s . t h at

w h ic h in o u t w ar d s t a t e i s a ppro pr iat e fo r a k i n g ; a s u b j e c t m ay
as s u me r e ga l m agn ifi c e n c e in re s i d e n c e , d re s s , an d e quipa g e .

Ki n gly d e n o t e s t h at w h ic h is w o rt h y of a kin g in per so n al qu ali

 rust ic
3 21 s a cra m en t

t ie s , e s pec i a ll y o f c h arac t er a n d ki n gly b earin g ; a

co n d uc t ; a s , a

kin gly re s o l v
e . Pr i n ce ly is e spec iall y u se d o f t re as u re , e x pen d i
t ur e , g ift s , etc .
, a s p r i n cely m u n i fi c e n c e , a p r i n cely fo rt un e ,

w h e re r ega l co u l d n o t s o w e ll b e u se d an d r o y a l w o ul d c h an g e th e
s ens e . T h e d is t in c t io n s b e tw e e n t h ese w o rd s ar e n o t ab s o l u t e , b ut
t h e t e n d en c y of t h e b e s t u sage is as h e re s ug g e s t e d .

A nt o n ym s

b e ggarly , co n t e mpt ib l e , me an , po o r, ser v

il e, sl a v
i h s ,

R U ST IC .

Syn ym s
o n

a g r i c u l t ur a l , c o a rs e , un co uth
art l e s s , co un t ri fi e d , un po lish e d ,
a w k w ard , c o u n t ry , un s oph i st i c at e d ,

b o ori sh , h oid e n ish un t a u gh t ,

v
.

b uc o lic . in e l e g an t , erd an t .

cl ow n ish , o utl a n d i s h ,

R ur a l a n d r u s ti c a re a li k e d e ri v
ed fro m t h e L a t in r u s , c o un

t ry , an d may b e pe rt a ini n g t o , c h ara c t er is t ic o f ,

a lik e d efi n e d as

or d w e l lin g in t h e c o u n t ry ; b u t in u s a g e r u r a l re fe r s e s pe c ia lly
to s c e n es o r o b j e c t s in t h e c o u n t ry , c o n s id e re d as t h e w o rk o f

n at ure ; r us t i c r e f e rs t o t h e ir e ff e c t u po n m an or t o t h e ir con di
t io n as a ff ec t e d b y h u m an age n cy ; as , a r u r a l sc e n e ; a r us t i c

part y ; a ru s t i c l a ss . We s pe ak , howe v
e r, o f the rura l po pul a
t io n , r ur a l s im plic it y , etc . R u r a l h as a lw a y s a fa v
o ra b l e s e n se

r us t i c fre qu e n t ly an un fa v
o ab l e o n e
r , as d e n o t in g a lack o f c u l t u re

an d refi n e men t ; t h us , rustic po lit e n ess e x pre sse s t h at w h ich is

w e ll s m ean t b ut , a w k w a rd s im i lar id e a s are s u gg e s t e d by a r us ti c
feas t , r us t i c garb , e t c . R u s t i c is , h o w e v
er , o ft e n use d o f a s t u d ie d

si m plic it y ,
an art is t i c ru d e n e s s , w h ic h is pl e a s in g an d perh aps
b eau t ifu l ; as , a r us t i c c o t t ag e ; a r u s t i c c h a ir Pa s t o r a l re fe rs
.

t o t h e care of fl o c ks , an d to th e s h e ph e rd s life w it h t h e pl eas in g

’

a s s o cia t io n s s u gg e s t e d b y th e o ld
po e t ic id e a l o f t h at l ife ; a s ,
p a s t o r a l po e t ry B u co li c i s . kin d re d t o p a s t o ra l , b ut is a l es s
v
e l e a t e d t e rm , an d so m e t im e s S ligh t l y c o n t e m pt u o u s .

An t o ym s n

acco mpl ish e d ,

City r like ,

S A C R A M E NT .

Syn o n ym s

c e re mony e u ch a ri s t , o b ser va n c e ri t e s ol e m n ity

vi c e
, , , .

co mmun ion ,
’
L o rd s S upp e r , o rd in an ce , ser ,

A ny re l ig io u s a c t , e s pe c i all y a pu blic ac t , v
i w ed e as a m e an s
21
 sa tisf
s ch o l g r 3 24

or a frag me n t of a m as s ,
a ll of w h ich is s uppo se d t o po sse s s t h e
sa me e sse n t i a l qu al it ies as , a sp ec imen o f co in a g e , o r o f arc h it e c

sp eci men o f quart z

t ure , or a No o t h e r . un i t o rpo r t io n m a y b e
e x ac t lylike t h e sp eci men , w h il e a ll t h e re s t i s s u ppo s e d t o b e e x

ac t l y like t h e s a mp l e A n i n s t a n ce is . a sa mp le o r sp eci men of

ac t io n Co m par e E X AMPLE
. .

A n t ym s
o n

ab n o rmal it y , aggregat e , e xcept io n , mo n st ro sit y , wh o le .

S A T I S F Y.
S yn o n ym s

cl o
y, fi ll , s at e , s u ffi c e ,
con tent, g l ut , s at iat e , s u r fe i t .

To s a ti s f y is t o f urn i sh j us t e n o u gh to m e e t ph y s ical m en t al , ,

o r s pirit ua l d es ir e . To sa te or s a ti a t e is t o grat ify d e s ire so

fu lly as fo r a t im e to e x t in gu i sh it . T o clo y o r s urf ei t is t o
gra t ify t o t h e po in t o f re v
u l s io n or di s gu s t . G lu t i s a s t ro n g

b u t s o m e w h at co arse w o r d a ppl ie d t o t h e ut m o s t sat is fa c t io n o f

v
eh e m e nt a ppe t it e s an d pa ss io n s ; as , t o g lu t a e n g e ful s pirit v
w it h s l a u gh t e r ; we s pe a k o f glu t t i n g t h e m ark e t w it h a s upply

so e x ce ss i v
e as to e x t in gu is h th e d e m an d . M u ch l ess t h an is
n eed e d to s a t is fy m ay su ffice a fru g al o r ab st e m io u s perso n ;
l ess t h an a s u ffi cie n c y m ay co n t en t on e of a pat ie n t an d s ub

m iss iv
e s pirit . Co m pare PA Y ; RE QUI TE .

A n t o n ym s

c h e ck , di s appo in t ,
d en y , refus e ,

Prepo si tio n s

S at is fy wi t h fo o d , w i th g ift s , e t c ; s a t is fy . on e (in th e s en se

o f m a k e s at i s fac t io n ) f o r l ab o rs an d sa crifi c e s ; sa t is fy o n e s e l f by
o r up o n in qu iry .

SCH O L A R .

S yn o n y m s
d i s c ip l e , l e a rn e r , pup il , Sa va n t , stu d en t .

T h e prim ary se n se o f a s ch o la r is o n e w h o is b e in g s ch o o l e d ;
t h e n c e t h e w o rd passes t o d e n o t e o n e w h o i s a pt in s ch o o l w o rk ,
an d fi n a ll y on e w h o is t h o ro u ghl y s ch o ol e d , m as t er of w h at t h e
s c h o o l s c an t each , an e ru d it e , acco m pli s h e d
pers o n w h en us e d
wi t h o u t qu al ifi c a t io n , t h e w o rd is g e n e ra lly u n d e r s t oo d in t h is l at
t e r s e n s e ; a s , h e is m an ife st l y a s ch o la r Pup il s ign ifi es o n e .

v
un d er t h e c l o se pe rs o n al s u per is io n o r i n s tru c ti o n o f a t eac h er o r

t ut or . Th o se un d er in s t ru ct io n in s ch o o l s b el o w t h e aca d e m ic
 3 25 s ci e n c e

gra d e are t ec h n ic ally an d o fli cia ll y t e rm e d p up i ls T h e w o rd .

p up i l i s u ni fo rm ly s o u s e d in t h e R epo rt s o f t h e Co m miss io n e r o f
E d u c a t io n of t h e Uni t e d S t at e s , b u t popu lar A m e rican u sag e pre
fers s ch o la r in t h e o rigin al se n se ; as , t e ach e r s a n d s ch o la rs e n
j o ye d a h o l id ay . T ho se un d er in s t ru ct io n in S un d ay =s c h o o ls a re

u ni f o r m l y d e s ig n at e d as S un d ay s sc h o o l s ch o l a r s . S tud en t is ap

plie d t o t h o se in t h e h igh er grad e s o r co urs es o f s t ud y , as t h e aca

d e m ic , co lle giat e , s ci e n t ifi c , e t c S tu d en t s u gg es t s l e ss pro fi cie n c y
.

t h an s ch o la r in t h e h igh e st s en se , t h e s tud en t b e in g o n e w h o i s
l earn in g , t h e s ch o la r o n e w h o h as l ea rn e d O n t h e o t h er h an d , .

s ud en t s ug g es t s
t l e ss of v
pe rso n al s u pe r is io n t h an p up il t h us , t h e
c o l l e g e s ud en t O ft e n
t v
b e co m e s t h e pri at e p up i l o f so m e in s tr uc t o r
in S pe c ial s t ud ies . F o r d i s cip le, etc co mpare sy n o n y m s fo r AD

H E RE NT .

An to n ym s
d un ce , fo ol , i gn o ra mu s , illit erat e perso n .

S C I E NC E .

S yn o n ym s
a rt , kn ow led ge .

Kn o wled ge o f a s in gl e fact , n ot kn o w n as r e l a e d
t to an y o th e r ,

or o f man y fac t s no t kn o w n h a in g an y m ut u al r e l at io n s o r as
as v
c o mpre h en d e d un d er an y g e n e ra l l a w , d o es n o t r e a c h t h e m e a n

in g o f s ci en ce s ci en ce is kn o w led ge re d u c e d t o l a w an d e m b o d ie d
in s yst e m . T h e kn o wl ed ge of v
a io u s
r c o un tr ies g a t h e re d b y a n
o b ser va t t vle m y b e h e t e
n ra e r a a ro g e n eo us m e d le y o f fact s , w h ich
g ain r eal val ue o l y w h en co o d i n r n a t e d an d arran g e d b y t h e m an of

s ci en ce . A rt m e t h in g t o b e d o n e s ci e n ce t o
a l w ay s re l a t e s to so ,

so m e t h in g t o b e k n o w n No t o n l y m us t a r t b e d iscrimin at e d
.

fro m s ci en ce b u t a r t in t h e i n d u s trial o r m e ch an i cal se n s e m u st

,

b e d is t in gu ish e d fro m a r t in t h e e s t h e t ic s e n s e ; t h e fo rm e r a im s
c hi e fly a t u t ilit y t h e l at t e r a t b e au ty
,
T h e m e ch an ic a r t s are t h e .

v
pro in ce o f t h e art is an , t h e e s t h e t ic o r fi n e a r t s a re t h e pro in ce v
o f t h e art ist ; al l t h e in d u s t ri al a r t s , as o f w e a i n g o r prin t in g , v
v
ari t h m e t ic o r n a i gat io n , ar e g o ern e d b y e x ac t ru l e s A r t in v .

t h e h igh e s t e s t h e t ic se n se , w h il e it m ak e s u se o f r ul es , t ran scen d s

v
al l rul e ; n o rul e s c a n b e g i e n fo r t h e pro d u c t io n o f a pa in t in g
“ ”
T r an s fi gura t io n , a s t a t ue l ike t h e A po llo Be l
’
lik e Ra ffae l s
vd
e e re , or a po e m like t h e Iliad S ci en ce d o es n o t , l ike t h e
.

me ch a n i c a r t s , m a ke pro d uc t io n it s d ire ct aim , y e t i t s po ss ib l e

pro d uct i v
e a pplic a t i o n in t h e a r ts is a co n s t an t st i mu l us to s c ie n
 s e c u ri ty
sel f =a b n ega tio n 3 26

t i fi c in v t ig
es at io n th e sc ien ce , as in t h e case o f c h e m is try o r e l ec
tricit y , is urg e d o n t o h igh e r d e e l o pm e n t b y t h e
'

v d e m an d s o f t h e
a r t , w h il e t h e a r t is pe rfe c t e d b y t h e a d an c e v of th e s ci en ce .

v
Creat i e a r t se e kin g b e a u t y fo r it s o w n s ake is c l o se l y a kin to

pure s ci en ce s e e k in g kn o wled ge fo r it s ow n sa k e . Co m pare

KNO WLE DGE ; LITE R A TU RE .

SE CUR I T Y .

S yn o n ym s

b ail , e a rn e s t , gag e, pl e d g e , s ure t y .

T h e fi rs t fo ur w ord s a gre e in d e n o t in g so m e t hi n g giv

en or de
po s it e d a s an a ss u ran ce o f so m e t h in g t o b e gi v
en , paid , or d on e .

A n ea r n es t i s of the sa m e kin d as t h at t o b e gi v
en , a po rt io n o f it
d el i v
e re d in ad v
a n ce , a s w h e n part of
t h e pur ch ase s mo n e y is paid ,
a c c o rdi n g mmo n
to t h e co x r A i
e p ess o ,
n
“
t o b in d t h e b ar g ain .

p l ed g e o r s ecu ri t y m ay b e w h o ll y d iff e re n t in kin d fro m th at t o b e

g iv e n o r pai d a n d m a y g reat l y e x ce e d i t i n v
,
alue S ecur i t y m ay .

be o f rea l o r per s o n al pro pe rt y

— an y t h i n g of s ufii c i e n t v
a lu e t o

m ak e t h e pled ge i s al w ay s o f pe rso n al pro pert y

c r e d it o r s e c ure a

o r c h a tt els . v
E e ry pa w n s h o p c o n t ain s u n re d ee m e d p led ges
l an d , m e rch an d is e b o n d s , e t c are fre qu e n t l y o ffere d an d a cc e pt e d
. .

as s ecu r i t y A pe rso n m a y b e co m e s ecur i ty o r s u r e ty fo r an o t h er s

’
.

pay m e n t o f a d e b t , appe aran c e in co urt , e t c ; in t h e l a t t e r cas e , h e .

i s said t o b e co m e b a i l fo r t h a t perso n ; t h e pe rso n a cc use d gi e s v

b a i l fo r h im self . G a ge sur v
ives o n l y as a lit e rary w o rd , chie fly
”
in c e rt a in ph rases as , t h e ga ge of b at t le .

P re p o s it io n s

S e c u rit y f or t h e pay m e n t o f a d e b t ; se curit y t o t h e s t at e , for

t h e pris o n e r , i n t h e s u m o f a t h o u s an d d o llars .

S E L F s A B NE G A T I O N .

S yn o n ym s

se l f zc o n t r o l , se v
l f: d e o t i o n , se l f zr e n u n c i a t i o n ,
s e l f =d e n i a l , s e l f zi m m o l a t i o n ,
s e l f zs a c r i fi c e .

S e lf s co n t r o l w it h in d u e lim it s in pl e as ures
is h o l d in g o n ese lf

a n d d ut ie s , as in a ll t hi n g s e l s e ; s e lf s d e n i a l , t h e g i in g u
p of v
pl e a su r e s fo r t h e s ak e o f d ut y S e lf s ren un ci a t i o n s urre n d er s co n
.

s c io u s r i gh t s an d c la i ms ; s el f =a b n ega ti o n fo rg e t s t h a t t h ere is
a n y t h in g to s u rr e n d e r . T h e re h a vbe een de v
o t e es w h o prac t ise d
v
e y r lit t l e s el f s d en i a l w it h v
m u ch s elf
e ry s r en u n ci a t i o n A .

mo t h er w ill c are fo r a s i c k c h ild w it h co m l e t e

p s el f s a b n ega t i o n ,

b u t w it h o u t a t h o u gh t o f s el f z
d en i a l . S e lf d e
s vti o on is h e art s co n
 sen satio n
s en si b ilit y 3 28

to frie n d by a m e s s en g er o r b y m ail ;
a s en d a pe rs o n i n t o b an ish
m en t s en d a s h e ll a mo n g t h e e n e my .

SE NSA T I O N .

Syn ym s
o n

e motion , fe elin g, p e rc e pt i o n , s en se .

S en s a t i o n i s t h e m in d s c o n s cio u sn ess d ue t o b o dil y a ff e c t io n ,

’
a

as o f h e at or c o ld ; p er cep t i o n is t h e co gn it io n o f s o m e e x t ern al

o b e ct
j w h ich is t h e c a u se o r o cc a s io n o f th e sen s a t i o n th e sen s a

tio n of h e a t m ay b e co n n e c t e d w it h t h e p er cep t i o n of a fi re . W h il e
s en s a t i o n s are c o n n ec t e d w it h t h e b o d y , e mo t i o n s ,j oy
as
,
, g rie f ,
et c .
, are w h o ll y of the m in d . As the mo st of t h e m [t h e s en s a

ti o n s] are v
po s it i e l y a gr e e ab l e o r t h e o ppo s it e , t h e y a re n e arl y ak in
t o t h o se .
emo t i o n s , a s h o pe o r t err o r , o r t h o s e pa ss io n s , a s an ge r

an d e n v
y ,
w hi c h a r e ac kn o w l e d g e d by all t o b elo n g e x cl u s i vly te o

th e s pirit , an d t o in o lv
v e no re l at i o n w h at e v er t o m at t er or th e
b o d ily o r g a n is m . S uch f eeli n gs are n o t in fre qu e n t l y s t y l e d sen s a

t i o n s , t h o u gh i m pro perl y .
”
1 12, p PO RTE R H uma n In t e l lect .

1 28 [S . F eeli n g is a g en e ral t e rm po pu l arly d en o t in g w h a t

.

is fe l t , w h e t h er t h r o u gh t h e b o d y o r b y t h e m in d a l o n e an d in .

c l u d es b o t h s en s a t i o n a n d emo t i o n A sen s e is an o rg an o r fa c ult . v

o f s en s a ti o n or of p er cep t i o n .

S E NS I B I L I T Y .

Syn ym s
o n

fe e l i n g , i mpre s s ib il ity , sen s it i v en e ss , s u s c e pt ib ilit y .

S en s i b i li t y in t h e ph il o so ph ical s en s e , d e n o t e s t h e capac it y o f
e m o t io n o r f e e l in g , a s d is t i n g u i s h e d fro m t h e in t e ll ec t an d t h e

w il l .
(Co m pare syn o n y m s fo r
In po pu l ar us e s en s i SE N S A TI O N ) .

b i li t y d e n o t es so m e t im e s c apa c i t y o f fe e lin g o f a n y kin d a s , s en

s i b i li t y t o h e a t o r c o l d s o m e t im es , a pec ulia r r ea d in e ss t o b e t h e

s ub e c t o f
j fe e l in g , e spec ia ll y o f t h e h igh er fe e l in g s a s , t h e s en s i

b i li t y of th e a rt is t o r t h e po e t a per s o n o f grea t o r fi n e s en s ibi li t y

v
.

S en s i t i en ess d en o t es an e s pec i al d e l ic a c y o f s en s i b i li t y , r e a d y to
be e x c it e d by the s l igh t es t c a u se , as d i spl ay e d , f o r in s t an ce , in t h e
“
s en s it i v pl e z an t .
”
S u s cep t i b i li ty is rat h er a capa c it y t o t ake up,
re ce i v
e , an d , as it w e re , t o c o n t ain fe e lin g , so t h at a perso n o f g re at
s us c ep t ib ili t y is c a pa b l e of b ei n g n ot o n ly r e a d il y b ut d e e ply
mo v
ed s en s i t i v en es s is m o re s upe rfi c ia l , s u s cep t ibi li ty m o re per
v
ad i ng .T h u s , in ph y s ic s , t h e s en s i t i en es s o f a m a g n et i c n e e d le v
e as e w it h w h ich i t m a
is t h e y b e d e fl ec t e d , as b y an o t h e r m a gn e t ;
its s uscep t ib ili ty is t h e d e g re e t o w h ich i t can b e m agn e t iz e d b y a
 3 29 se v ere

gi v
e n magn e t ic fo rce or th e a m o un t o f m agn e t is m it w ill h o l d So
v
.

a pe rso n of
gre a t s en s i ti en ess is qu ic kl y an d ke e n l y a ff e c t e d b y
a n y e x t e rn a l i n fl u e n c e , a s b y m us ic , pa t h o s , o r r id i c ul e , w h il e a

pe rs o n o f great s uscep t ib i li t y is n o t o n ly t o uc h e d , b ut m o e d t o v
his in m o s t so u l .

A n t o n ym s
co ld n e s s , d ead n e s s , h ard n e s s , in s en s ib ilit y , nu mb n es s , un co n s c io us ne ss .

Prep o si tio n s :

T he s en sibili ty of th e o rg an i s m t a at m o s ph e ric c h an g es .

S E VE R E .

S yn o n ym s
a u s t e re , in fl e xi b l e , ri g o r o u s , u n c o mpro m i s i n g ,

h ard , m o ro s e , s t e rn ,
‘
u n m it i g a t e d ,
h arsh , re l e n tle s s , stifl , un re l e n t in g ,
i n e xorab l e ri g i d , s t ri c t un y i e l d in g

v
, , .

T h at i s se e r e w h ic h is d e v
o id o f a ll so f t n e ss , m il d n ess t e n d er
,

n e ss , in d ul ge n c e o r le v
it y , or (in lit e rat ur e a n d art ) d ev
o id o f unn e c

e s sary o rn a m en t , a mplifi cat io n or e m b e ll is h m e n t o f an y kin d as ,

v
,

v
a se er e s t y l e a s s a id o f a n y t h in g pain fu l , s e e r e s ig n ifi e s s u c h a s
v
h e a ily t ax es e n d u ran c e o r re s is t in g po w e r ; as , a s e e r e pa in v
v
fe e r , o r w in t e r R i gi d s ign ifi e s pr im ar il y s t iff, re s ist in g an y e ffo rt
.

t o ch an g e i t s sh ape a co rps e i s s ai d t o b e r i gid in d e a t h h en c e ,

in m e t a ph o ric al se n se , a ri gid pe rso n o r c h ara c t e r is o n e t h at res is t s
all e ff o rt s to c h a n ge t h e w ill o r co u r se o f co n d u c t a r i gi d rul e o r

s t at e m e n t is on e t h at a d m it s o f n o v
d e iat io n R i go o u s is e arly
. r n

a kin to r i gi d , b ut i s a s t r o n ge r w o rd , hav
i g r e fe e ce t o a ct io n o r
n r n

ac t i v
e qu alit ie s , as r i gid d o es t o s t at e o r c h arac t e r ; a r i gi d ru l e

m ay b e r igoro u s ly e n fo r ce d . S t r i ct (L . s t r i n go , b in d ) s ig n ifi e s

b o un d o r s t re t ch e d t igh t , t e n s e , st re n uo us ly e x ac t . S tern un it es

h ars hn e s s a n d a u th o rit y w it h s t r ic t n e ss o r se v
e ri t y s t e r n , a s s ai d

e v
en of i n a ni m a t e o b e ct s ,
j s u g g e s t s s o m e t h in g a ut h o r it a t i v
e or

fo rb i d d in g . A us t er e s ig n i fi e s s e v ely sim pl
er e or t e m pe ra t e , s t r i ct

in selfs res t ra in t or di scipli n e , an d Si mi l arly u n r e len t i n g t o w a rd

o t h e rs . We s peak o f a u s er e t m o ralit y , r i gi d ru l e s , r i go r o u s d is
c iplin e , s t er n co mm an d s , se v ere pun ish m e n t , h a r s h s pee ch or a

h a rs h v
o ic e ,
hard re qu ir e m en t s ,
s t r i ct i n j un c t io n s , an d s t r i ct ob e

d ien c e . S t r i ct di sc iplin e h o l d s on e e x a c t ly a n d un fl in c h in gl y to
th e r ul e ; r i go r o us di sc ipl in e pu n i sh e s s e e re l y an y in fra c t io n o f v
it . The a us er e t v
ch arac t e r i s s e l d o m l o e l y , b u t it is a l w ay s s t ro n g ,

an d m ay b e gran d , co mm an di n g ,
an d e s t i m ab le .

A n t o n ym s

aff ab l e ,
b l an d ,
 sh a k e 330

S H A KE .

S yn o n ym s
a g itat e , j ar q uak e , h i er,v t o t t e r,
v
, s
b ran d i sh j oggle, sh u d d e r, t re m b l e ,
fl ap,
,

j olt
q u a e r,
q u i e r, v sw ay , v ib rat e ,
ve
,

fl u ctuat e j oun ce re e l , s w in g , w a
vr
, , ,

fl ut t er, o s cill at e , ro ck , t h ri l l , w a e .

A t h in g i s s h a ken w hi ch is s ub ec t e d
j to sh o r t an d a b rupt l y

c h e ck e d m ov
e m en t s , as fo rw ard an d b ack w ar d , u p an d d o wn ,
f ro m sid e to s id e , e t c . A t ree is s h a ken w it h a m igh ty w in d
a m an s l o w ly s h a kes hi s h e ad A t h in g r o cks t h at is s u s t a in e d .

fro m b e lo w it s wi n gs if s uspe n d e d fr o m ab o ve as a pe n d ul u m , o r ,

pi v
ot ed at the s id e , a s a c ran e o r a b rid g e d ra w s
to o sci lla t e is t o
s wi n g w ith m o o t h an d r e gu l ar re t urn in g m o t io n ; a v
a s ib ra t i n g
m o t io n m ay b e tre mu l o u s o r j a rri n g T h e pen d ul u m o f a c lo ck
v
.

may b e s a id to sw i n g, v
ib r a t e, o r o s cill a t e a s t e el b rid ge ib r a t es

un d er t h e passag e o f a h e a y t r a in ; t h e t e rm v
ib ra t e is v a l so a p

pl ie d t o m o l e c u l ar m o e m e n t s v
J o l t i n g is a l ift in g fro m . an d let
t in g d o w n s u d d e n l y u po n an un y i e l di n g s ur fa ce ; a s , a carr ia g e

j o lts o v er a r o u gh ro a d . A j a r ri n g m o t io n is a b rupt l y an d v
e y r

ra pid l y re pe at e d t h ro u g h a n e x c e e d in g l y lim it e d S pa c e t h e j o tt i n g
of th e c arria g e j a rs t h e w in d o w s . R a t t lin g re fe rs d ire c t l y t o t h e
so u n d pro d u ce d b y s h a kin g T o j o ggle is t o s h a ke s li gh t ly ; as , a
.

pas s in g t o u ch j o ggles t h e d es k o n w h ich o n e is w rit in g A t hin g .

t r emb les t h at s h a kes per ce pt ib ly an d w it h a n a ppe aran c e o f un cer

t ain t y an d in s t ab ilit y , as a perso n u n d e r t h e in flu e n ce of fear ; a

t hi n g s hi v er s w h en a ll it s pa rt icl e s are s t irr e d w it h a S ligh t b ut

v
per a d in g t re m ul o u s m o t io n , a s a h u m a n b o d y un d er t h e in flu e n ce
o f co ld s h u d d er i n g i s a m o r e pro n o un c e d m o e m e n t o f a s im ilar v
kin d , in h um an b e in g s o ft e n th e e ffe c t o f e m o t io n al or m o ra l
r e co il ; h en c e , t h e w o r d i s appli e d b y e x t e n s io n t o s u ch f ee li n gs
e v
e n v
w h e n t h e y h a e n o s u ch o u t w a rd m ani fe s t at io n as , o n e s ay s ,
“
I s hu d d er at t h e t h o u gh t .
”
T o qu i v er is t o h a v
e s lig h t a n d o ft e n

s pas m o d ic c o n t ra c t il e m o t io n s , as t h e fl e sh un d er t h e s ur g e o n s
’

kn i fe . T h r i ll is a ppl ie d to a v v
pe r as i e m o e m e n t fe l t rat h e r t h an v
s een ; as , th e n er v
es t h r ill w it h d e ligh t ; qu i er is s im il arly u s e d , v
b ut s ugg e s t s so m e w h at mo re of out war d m an ife s t at io n . To a gi

t a t e in it s l it e ral u se is n e arl y th e sa me as to s h a ke , th o w e s pe a k

of th e sea as a g i t a t ed w h en w e c o u ld n ot s ay it is s h a ken ; th e
L at in a gi t a t e
is pre ferr e d in s c ie n t ifi c o r t ec hn ic al u se t o t h e S ax o n
s h a ke , an d es pec ia ll y as a pplie d t o t h e ac t io n o f m e c h an i c a l co n

t ri v
a n ce s in t h e m e t aph o ric al u se a gita t e is m o re t ran s i t o ry an d

s u pe rfi c ia l , s h a ke m o re fu n d a m e n t al an d e n d ur i n g a pe rs o n
’
s
 3 32 4
.

ov er o r b e fo re t h at w hich is as s ail e d , s o as to savf e ro m h arm , an d

h a s a co m parat iv e l y pa s s i v
e s e n se on e m a y gu a rd an o t h e r by
s t an di n g arm e d d ef en d h im b y fi gh t in g fo r h im , o r
at h is s id e ,

s h i eld h i m fro m a m iss il e o r a b l o w b y in t erpo s in g h is o n pe rso n w .

H a rb o r is g e n e rally u s e d in an un fa o rab l e s e n se ; co n fe d erat es o r v

s y m pa t h iz e rs h a r b o r a c ri mi n a l a pe rso n h a r b o rs e il t h o u gh t s v
or d es ign s . S ee CH E RIS H . Co m pare syn o n ym s fo r H ID E ; D E F E NS E .

A n t o n ym s
b e t ray , cas t o ut e xpe l , e x po s e , gi vup e , re fus e , j
re e ct , s urren d er .

P repo si tio n s

Sh elt er u n d e r a ro o f f rom t h e stor m i n t h e fo rt ress , b eh in d

or wi thi n t h e w all s , f r o m a tt a ck .

SI G N .

S yn ym s
o n

emb lem , m a rk . pre s a g e , s y mb ol, t ok e n ,

in d ic atio n , n o te , pro g n o s t i c , s y m pt o m , type .

m a n i fe s t a t i o n , om en , s i g n al ,

A s i gn (L . s i gn u m) is an y d is t inct i v
e ma r k b y w h ich a t hi n g
m ay b e it s pr ese n ce kn o w n ,
re co gni z e d o r an d m ay b e in t en t io n al
o r acc id e n t a l , n at ura l o r art ifi c i al , s ugg es t i v
e d e s c ript iv
, e o r w h o l ly ,

arbit rary t h us , a b l ush _m a y b e a s i gn o f s h a m e t h e fo o tprin t o f

an ani m al is a s i gn t h at it h a s pas se d ; t h e s i gn o f a b us in e s s
h o us e now u s u a lly d ecl ar e s w h at is d o n e or k e pt w i t h in , b ut fo r
m e rly m igh t b e an o b e ct
j v
h a in g no c o n n ec t io n w it h t h e b u s i
”
n ess , as t h e s i gn o f t h e tro ut t h e l e t t ers of the a l ph ab e t are

s i gn s o f c e rt a in so un d s W h il e . a s ig n m a y b e in v
o l un t ary , an d

e v
en u n co n sc io u s , a s i gn a l is a l w ay s vlu o n t ary , an d is u su ally
c o n ce r te d ; a s h ip m ay sh o w s i gn s o f d i s t re s s t o t h e c as u al o h

se r ver , b ut s i gn a l s of d i s t re s s a re a d i s t in c t a ppe a l fo r a id . A
sy mp t o m is a v it al ph e n om e n o n re s ul t in g fro m a d ise a se d c o n d i
t io n in m e di cal l an gu a g e a s ign i s an i n d i ca t i o n o f an y ph y s ic a l
c o n d i t io n w h e t h e r m o rb id o r h e a l t h y
,
t h u s a h o t s kin an d rapid ,

u l m t o m s o f e u m o n ia d ul n e s s o f so m e po rt io n o f t h e
p se are sy p pn

l un g s u n d e r pe rc us s io n i s o n e o f t h e ph y s ica l s i gn s Co m pa re .

A U G UR ; CH A R A CT E RI S TIC ; E MBLE M .

S yn o n ym s

cri me fa u l t , misd e ed vi
vi i
, ce ,
cri m i n a l it y .
guilt , o ff e n s e , c o usn e ss,
d elin qu e n cy i l l =d o i n g tran gre ss ion w ick e d n e s s ,
v
, . s ,

d e pra it y , im m or al ity un g o d l in e s s , w
v
. ro n g .
e il , in iquit y , u n ri g h t e o u s n e s s , w r o n g zd o i n g .

S i n is an y l ac k of h o lin e s s , an y d e fe c t of m o ral purity an d

 333 s ing

t rut h , w h e t h er in h e art or l ife , w h e t h e r o f co m m is s io n o r o mis s io n .

Al l u n r i g h t eo u sn es s is s in ,
”
I Jo hn v1 7 T a s g ess i o as it
, . r n r n, s

e tym o lo gy in di c a t e s is t h e s t e , ppi g o v en pe c ifi c ac t m t r a s en en ,

w h e t h er o f G o d o r m an o r di n ar ,
il y b y ve t ac t b ut i t h e b o ad
o r , n r

es t s en s e , in v
o lit io n or d e s ire S i n m a y b e e it h e r a c t o r s t at e ;
.

t r a n s gr ess i o n is alw ay s an ac t , m e n t al o r ph y s ic a l Cr i me is o ft e n .

u s ed fo r a fl agran t v
io l at io n o f rig h t , b u t in t h e t e ch n ic a l s e n se

d en otes s pe c ifi c v
i l o a t io n of h u ma n l aw . G u i lt is d e se r t o f an d

e x po s ure t o pun ish m e n t b ec au se o f s i n D ep ra i t y d e n o t es n o t an y . v

ac t io n , v
b u t a per e rt e d m o ral co n d it io n fro m w h ic h a n y ac t o f s i n
m ay pro ce e d . S i n in t h e g en e ric s e n se , a s d e n o t in g a st at e of

h e a rt , is mo u s w i t h d epra v
s yn o n y ity in t h e s pec ifi c s en se a s in ,

t h e e x pr e ss io n a s i n t h e t e rm m ay b e s y n o n y m o u s w it h t r a n s
,

gr ess i o n cr i me offe n s e mis d eed e t c o r m ay d e n o t e so m e m o ral

, , , , .
,

a c t iv i t y t h at c o u ld n o t b e c h ara c t e riz e d b y t e rm s s o po s it iv e Im .

mo r ali t y d e n o t e s o u t w ard v io l at io n o f t h e m o ra l l a w S i n is t h u s .

t h e b r o a d e s t w o rd an d i mmo r a li ty n e x t in sc o pe ; all c ri mes

, ,

pro pe rl y so c a ll e d an d al l i mmo r a li t i es are s i n s

,
b u t t h ere m a y ,

b e s i n as in gra t i t u d e w h ic h is n e it h e r cr i me t r a n s gr ess i o n n o r
, , , ,

i mmo r a li t y a n d t h e re m ay b e i mmo r a li t y w h i ch i s n o t cr i me a s ,

fa l s e h o o d Co m pare CRIMIN A L
. .

A n t ym s
o n

b l ame l es s n e s s , go o d n ess , i n t egrit y, rect it ud e , s in les s n es s ,

e xcell en ce , h o lin e s s , mo ral l t y, ri gh t , u ri gh t n e s s ,
p
go d lin e ss , i n n o cen ce , pur i ty , mght eo us n e ss , Vi rt ue .

Co mpare syn o n y m s fo r VIRT UE .

S I NG .

Syn ymo n s

c aro l , ch an t , c h i rp , c h i rr u p , h um , w a rb le .

To s in g i s primarily an d o r d in ar ily t o u tt e r a s u cce ss io n of

a rt ic ul a t e m us ic al s o un d s w it h t h e h u m an o i ce v . T h e w o rd h a s
co m e t o in cl u d e an y s u c c ess io n of m us i c a l so un d s ; we say th e
b ir d or the riv
ul e t s i n gs we s pe a k o f t h e s i n gi n g qu al it y o f an
”

in s t ru m e n t , an d by s t il l w id e r e xt e n s io n o f m e a n i n g w e s a y t h e

t e ak e t t l e or th e c ri c k et s i n gs . To ch a n t is t o si ng in so l e mn an d

so m e w h at u n ifo r m ca d en ce ; ch a n t is o rd in aril y appl ie d to n on :

m e t rical re lig io u s c o m po s it io n s . To ca r o l is t o s in g j o y o u s ly , an d

to w a r ble (kin d re d w it h whi r l) is t o sin g w it h trill s or qu a v

e s r ,

u s u a ll y a l so w it h t h e id e a of j oy . Ca r o l an d w a r b le ar e e s pe c i a ll y

a ppli e d to th e s i n gi n g o f b ird s . To ch i rp is t o ut t e r a b rie f m u s i

cal s o u n d , perh a ps o ft en re pe a t e d in t h e s am e ke y , as by c e rt a in
 s k e t ch 334

s m al l b ir d s in s ect s , , et c . To ch i r rup i s t o u t t er a so m e w h at s imi

l ar so un d t h e w o rd i s o ft e n u s e d o f a b ri e f , s h a rp so un d u t t e re d

a s a s ign a l to an i m at e o r ro u se a h o rs e o r o t h er a ni m al . T o h um
is t o ut t e r m ur m urin g so un d s w it h so m e w h a t m o n o t o n o u s mu s ical
ca d e n c e , u su all y w it h c lo s e d lips ; w e spe ak al so o f t h e h um o f
m ach in ery , et c .

SK E T CH .

S yn o n ym s
b ri e f, d r a ft , o u tl i n e , pl an ,
d e sign , d ra w in g , pi c t ure , sk el eton .

A s ke t ch is a ro u gh , s ugg es t i v
pr esen t at io n o f an y t hi n g ,
e

w h e t h er graphi c o r li t er ar y , co m m o n ly in t e n d e d t o b e pre lim in ary

t o a m o re co m pl e t e o r e x t e n d e d t r eat m e n t A n o u t lin e g i es o n ly
. v
t h e b o u n di n g or d e t ermi n in g l in es of a fi gu re o r a sce n e a s ke ch t
m ay giv e n o t o nl y lin es b u t s h a di n g a n d co l o r b ut i s h a s ty an d
, ,

in co mpl e t e T h e lin e s o f a s ke t ch are s e ld o m s o fu ll a n d c o n t in u

.

o u s as th o se o f an o u t li n e, b e in g , like t h e s h a d in g o r co l o r , li tt le
m o re t h an in di ca t io n s o r s u gges t io n s a cco r din g t o w h ich a fi n is h e d
pi ct ur e m a y b e m ad e fir s t r epre s e n t at io n o f a s un s e t ,
’
th e a rt i s t s

th e h ues of w hi c h c h a n g e so _rapidl y , m u st o f n e ce s s it y be a s ket ch .

D r af t an d p la n a ppl y e s pe c i all y to m ec h an i cal d raw in g , of w h ich

o u t li n e , s ke t ch , an d d r a wi n g ar e a l so us ed ; a p la n i s s t rict ly a
v
ie w fro m ab o v
e , as o f a b u il d in g or m a c h in e ,
v
g i in g t h e l in e s o f
a h o riz o n t al sec t io n , o rig in a ll y a t th e le v
el o f t h e gro un d , n o w in
a w id e r s e n se a t a n y h e ig h t ; a s , a p la n o f t h e c e ll ar ; a p l a n o f

th e at t ic . A m ec h an ic al d ra wi n g is a lw a y s u n d ers t o o d t o b e in
f ull d e t ail ; a d raf t is a n in c o m pl e t e o r u n fi n is h e d d r a wi n g a

d es i g n i s s uc h a pre lim in ary s ke t ch a s in d ic at e s t h e o b j e ct t o b e

ac c o m plis h e d o r t h e re s ul t t o b e a t t ain e d , a n d is u n d e rs t o o d t o b e

o ri g in a l . O n e m ay m a k e a d r a wi n g o f an y w e ll s kn o w n m ec h an
is m , d r a win g fro m m an ’
or a an o t h e r s d es i gn b u t if h e s ay s , The
d es i g n is m in e ,
”
he c l ai m s it as hi s o wn v
in e t io o n n r co mpo s i
t io n . In w rit t e n co m po s i t i on an o u t li n e giv
e s im pl y
s t h e m a in
v
di is io n s , an d in t h e c as e o f a s er mo n i s o ft en cal l e d a s kele o n t a

so m e w h at ful l e r s ugg e s t io n o f ill us t rat io n , t r e at m e n t , an d s ty l e is

gi v
en in a s ke t ch . A l aw y e r
’
s b r i ef is a s u cc in c t s t at e men t of th e
m a in fac t s in vo lve d i n a c a se , an d o f th e ma in h e a d s of h is a rgu

m e n t o n po in t s o f l a w w it h ,
re fere n ce to a u t h o ri t i e s cit e d ; th e
b r i ef h as n on e of th e vgu
a e n ess o f a s ket ch , b e in g s u ffi c ie n t l y e x ac t

an d co mpl e t e t o fo r m , on o c c as i o n , t h e b as is fo r t h e d e c is io n of
 s lan d er
s la n g 336

Ant ym
o n s

aw kw ard , cl um s y , un tr ain e d .

b un glin g , h e lpl e ss ,
P repo sit io n s

S kil ful a t or in a w o rk , wi t h a pe n or to ol o f an y kin d .

S L A ND E R .

Syn o n ym s

a spe rse , d e c ry , d i sp a ra g e , re vi l e ,

b b ite ,
a ck d fa m e , l ib e l , t du
ra ce
vi l i fy
e ,

cal um n ia t e , d e pre c i a t e , malign , .

To s la n d er a pe rso n is t o u t t e r a fal s e an d in j urio u s re po r t c o n

h im t o d ef a me is s pecifi c all y an d di re c t ly t o a tt a c k o n e s
’
c e rn in g

re pu t a t io n ; to d ef a me b y s po k e n w o rd s is t o s la n d e r , b y wr i t
'

t en w o rd s , to li b el To
. a sp er s e is , as it w e r e , t o b e spat t e r
w it h in j u r io u s c h arg es ; to ma li gn is t o c irc ul at e s t u di e d an d

m alic io u s a t t a c ks upo n charac t e r t o t r a d uce i s t o e xh ib i t o n e s

’

re a l o r a s s u m ed t r a it s in a n o d i o u s li gh t t o r ev
i le or v
i lif y i s to
at t a c k w it h v
il e a b u se . T o d i sp a r a g e is t o r epre s e n t on e s
’
ad

m it t e d go o d t ra it s or a c ts as l e s s pr ais e w o rt h y t h an t h e y w o ul d
as f o r i n s t a n ce , b y a s crib in g a m an s
’
n a t ur a ll y b e t h o u gh t t o b e ,
b en e v
o le n ce to ad e s ire fo r po pul arit y o r di s pl a y . T o lib el or

s l a n d er is t o m a ke an a s s au l t u po n c h ara c t er an d r epu t e t h at
c o m es w it h in t h e l aw ; t h e sla n d er is u t t er e d , t h e li b el
s co pe of

w rit t en , pr in t e d , o r pict u r e d T o b a ckbi t e i s t o s pe ak s o m e th in g

.

s e c re t l y t o o n e s in j ur y
’
t o ca lu mn i a t e is t o i n e n t as w e ll a s u t t e r v
t h e in j u ri o u s c h arg e . O n e ma v “
ab us e ,
”
a s s a il ,
”
or v
ilif y an

o t h er t o h is fac e he a sp e r s e s , ca lu mn i a t es , s la n d ers , o r t r a d uces

h im b e h in d h is b a ck .

A n t o n ym s
d e fen d . eul o gize , praise , v
i d icat e
n .

S L A NG .

Syn o n ym s

can t , coll o quial is m , vu l g a ri s m , vu l g a ri t y .

A c o llo qui a lis m is an e x pres s i o n n o t co arse o r low , an d perh aps

n ot in co rr e c t b u t b el o w t h e lit e r ary g ra d e e d uc at e d pe rs o n s are
,

v
a pt t o al l o w t h e m s e l e s s o m e co ll o qu i a li s ms in fa m ili a r c o n e rs a v
t io n , w h ich t h e y w o u l d a o id in w rit in g o r pub lic s peakin g v .

S l a n g , in t h e prim ary s en se , d e n o t es e x pr ess io n s t h a t are e it h e r

v
c o a r s e a n d ru d e in t h e m s e l e s o r c h i e fl y c u rr e n t am o n g t h e co arse r

an d ru d e r part o f t h e c o m m u n it y ; t h e re are a l s o m an y e x pr ess io n s

c u rre n t in s pe c ia l s en s e s in c e rt a in c o mmun it ies t h at m ay b e ch ar

 s lo w
337 sn eer

a c t e riz e d as s la n g as , c o ll e g e s la n g c l ub s la n g ra c in g s la n g .

In t h e e v
o l u t io n of l a n gu a g e m a n y w o r d s o rig in all y s l a n g a re

a d o pt e d b y go o d w rit e rs an d s peake rs , an d u l t im at e l y t ake t h e ir

pl ace as acce pt e d E n glish . v
A ulga r i s m is an e x pre ss io n d ec id e d ly
in c o rre c t , an d t h e u se o f w h ich is a m ark o f ign o r an ce o r lo w
’
b re e d in g . Ca n t , as u se d in t h i s c on n ec t io n ,
d e n o t e s t h e b arb aro u s
j argo n use d as a sec re t l an g uag e b y t h ie v
es , t ra mps , et c . Co mpare
DICTIO N ; L A NG UA GE .

SL O W .

Syn o n ym s
d aw d lin g , d il a t o ry , gr a d u a l , l in g e ri n g , sla ck ,
d e l ay in g , d ro w sy , i n a ct i e , v m o d e ra t e , s l u g g i sh ,

d e l ib e ra t e , d ull , i n e rt , pro c ra s t in a tin g , t a rd y .

S lo w s i gn ifi esmov in g t h ro ugh a re l at iv e l y s h o rt d i s t an ce , o r

w it h a re l at iv
e l y s m all n u m b er o f m o t io n s in a g iv e n t im e ; s lo w

a l so a ppl ie s t o t h a t w hi c h is a re l a t i vly l e on g w h ile in b e g in n in g

o r ac c o m pl is h in g s o m e t h in g a w a t ch or a c l o c k i s said t o b e s lo w

w h e n it s in d ic a t io n s a re b eh in d t h o se of the s t an d a r d t im e . T a rd y
is a ppl ie d t o t h at w h ic h is b e h in d t h e pro per or d e s ire d t im e ,
e s pe c i a ll y in d o in g a v
w o rk o r arri in g at a pl a c e . D e li b er a t e an d

d i la t o r y are u se d o f pe rso n s , t h o t h e l a t t e r m ay b e u s e d al so of

t h in g s , as o f a s tr e a m a pe rso n i s d eli b er a t e w h o t a ke s a n o t i ce

ab l y l o n g t im e t o c o n s id e r an d d ec id e b e fo re a c t in g o r w ho ac t s o r

s pe a ks as if h e w e re d e lib e rat in g at e vyp

er o in t a pers o n i s d ila t o ry
w h o l ay s as id e , o r pu t s o ff as lo n g as po s s ib l e , n e c e s s ary o r re qu ire d

ac t io n ; b o t h w o rd s m ay b e appli e d e it h e r t o un d e rt a k in g o r t o

d o in g . G ra d u a l ( L g ra d us , a s t e p) s ign ifi e s a d a n cin g b y s t e ps ,
. v
an d r e fe rs t o s lo w b ut r e g ul ar a n d s ure pro gre ss i o n S l a ck r e fe rs .

to a c t io n t h at see m s t o in d icat e a l ac k of t e n s io n , as of m usc l e or

of w ill , s lu ggi s h to a ct i o n t h at see ms as if re l u c an t

t to ad v
an ce .

An t o n ym s :

S e e s yn o n y ms fo r NIMB L E .

S NE E R .

S yn o n ym s

fl in g , g ib e , j e er, mock , s co fl
’

, t aun t .

A s n eer m ay b e s impl y a co n t e mpt uo us facial c o n t o r t io n , o r

it m ay b e so m e b rie f s at irical ut t e ran c e t h at t h ro w s a co n te mp

t uo n s s id e s l igh t o n w h at it a tt a c k s w it h o u t at t e m pt in g t o pro v e or

d is pro v e a d e pre cia t o ry im plicat io n may b e giv

e n in a s n eer s uc h

22
 s o cia l i s m
so un d

as co u l d o n l y be an s w e re d by e l a b o ra t e a rg u m en t or pro o f , w h ic h
w o ul d see m t o giv
e t h e a tt a c k u n d ue im po r t an ce
Wh o can refut e a sn eer PAL E Y M oral Philosop hy b k vch ix .
, . .

A fli n g is c are l ess an d co m m o n ly pet t is h a t a un t i s in t e n t i o n al l y

in s ul t in g an d pro v o kin g ; t h e s n eer i s s uperc ili o us ; t h e t a un t is

.

d e fi an t . The j eer an d gib e ar e u tt ere d ; t h e gi b e is b it t e r , an d

o ft e n s l y o r co v
e t r t h e j eer i s r ud e an d o pe n A s coff m ay b e in
.

a ct o r w o rd , an d is mm o nl y di re c t e d aga in s t t h at w h ich c l aims

co

h o n o r, re v
e e r n ce , o r W o rsh ip Co m par e B A NT E R
. .

Prepo s itio n

O n ly a n e ss e n t i a ll y v
i ic o us m in d i s c apa b l e o f a s n e e r a t v
i t ue
r .

SO C IA L I SM .

S yn o n ym s

a n a r ch ism , co l l e cti vi m
s , co mm un ism , fa b i a n i s m .

S oci a li s m , as v
d e fi n e d b y it s a d o c a t e s , is a t h e o ry o f c i il po li ty v
t h at ai ms to s ec u re t h e r e c o n s t ru c t io n o f s o c i e t y , i n cre as e o f

w e a lt h , an d a m o re e qu a l
t h e pro d u c t s o f l ab o r
d is t rib ut io n of

v
t h ro u gh t h e pub lic c o ll e ct i e o w n e rs h ip o f l an d a n d c a pit al ( a s
d is t in gui s h e d fro m pro pert y ) , an d t h e pu b lic c o ll e ct i e m an age m e n t v
o f all in d u s t ri e s . It s m o t t o is , “
E vy er o n e a c c o rdi n g t o h is d e e d s
s o ci a li s m is a purely e co n o mic t erm , appl y in g t o l an d o w n e rs h ip an d
v
pro d u c t i e ca pit a l M an y s o cial is t s c all t h e m s e l e s co llect i i s t s , an d
. v v
t h eir s y s t e m co llecti i s m v
Co mmun i s m w o ul d d i id e all t h in g s ,
. v
v
in clu di n g t h e pro fit s o f in d i i d ual l ab o r , a mo n g m e m b e rs o f t h e
v
c o m m u n i t y ; m an y o f i t s a d o c a t es w o u l d ab o l i s h m arr ia ge a n d

the fam ily A n a r ch is m w o ul d d es t ro y , b y

re la t io n . io l e n c e if v
v
n e c e s s ary , a ll e x i s t in g g o e rn me n t an d s o c i al o r d e r , l e a i n g t h e v
fu t ure t o d e t erm in e w h a t , if a n y t h in g , s h o u ld b e rais e d upo n
t h e ir ruin s .

S O U ND .

S yn o n ym s

n oise , n o te , t on e .

S o un d is t h e se n s a t io n pro d u ce d t h ro ugh t h e o rg an s o f h ea rin g

or th e ph y s ic al cau se o f t hi s s e n s a t io n S o u n d i s t h e m o s t co m
.

v
pre h e n s i e w o r d o f t h is gro up, appl y in g to an y t h in g t h at is a u di

b le . T o n e is s o un d co n s id ere d as v
h a in g so m e m u s ic al qualit y o r
a s e x pr e s s i v
e o f so m e f ee lin g n o i s e i s s o u n d c o n s id er e d w i t h o ut

re fe re n ce m us i ca l qu alit y o r as d is t in ct l y u n m u s ic a l o r d i sco rd
to
an t . T h u s in t h e m o s t g e n e ral s e n se n o i se an d so u n d scarce ly
,

an d w e say a l m o s t in d iffe re n t l y
“ ”
d iffer , I h e ard a so un d , o r I ,
 spo nt an eo u s

M W 3M)

so m e t h in g d isput at io us an d co m b a t iv
e in i t . A d i s cou rs e is a se t

sp eech o n a d e fi n it e t o co n v
s ub e c t , in t e n d e d
j ey in st ru c t io n . Co m
pare C O NVE R S A TI O N DICTI O N ; LA NGUA GE .

A nt o n ym s

h ush , s il en ce , s pe e ch l e s sn es s , s t il ln ess , t aciturn it y .

S P O NT A NE O U S .

Syn o n ym s

a ut o m at ic , i m pul s i v e in vl u o n t a ry vl u
o nt a ry
v
, , ,
fr e e in s tin cti e , unb id d en , w i ll in g .

T h at is t
sp o n a n eo u s w h ich is fr e e ly d o n e , wi t h no e x t e rn al

co m pul s io n an d , i n h u m an ac t io n s , w it h o u t s pec i a l pre m e di t at io n

or d is t in c t d e t erm in at i o n of t h e w il l ; t h a t i s v o lu n t a r y w hi c h is

fr e el y d o n e w it h di s t in ct a ct o f w il l t h at is i n vlu
o n ta ry w h ich is
in d e pe n d en t of t h e w ill , perh aps in o ppo s it io n t o it a wi lli n g
an d

ac t is not o n ly in acco r d an c e w it h w ill , b u t w i t h d e s ire T h us .

vlu
o n t a ry an d in vlu o n t a ry , w hi ch are an t o n y ms o f e a ch o t h er ,

are b o t h part i al s y n o n y m s o f sp o n t a n eo us . We s pe ak o f sp on t a

n eo u s g e n er at io n , sp o n t a n eo u s c o m b u s t io n , sp o n t a n eo u s s ym
v
pat h y , an i n o lu n t a r y s t art , an u n b i d d en t ear , o lu n t a ry a g re e v
m en t , w illi n g s u b m is s io n A b ab e s s m il e in an s w e r t o t h at o f it s
’
.

m o t h er is sp o n t a n eo u s t h e s m il e o f a po ut in g c h ild w h e e d l e d in t o
g o o d h u m o r i s i n o lun t a r y v
In ph y s io l o gy t h e a ct io n o f t h e h eart
.

an d lu n g s is call e d in vlu
o n t a ry th e gro w t h o f t h e h a ir an d n ails
is sp o n t a n eou s th e ac t i o n o f s w al l o w in g i s o lu n t a ry u p t o a v
c e rt a in po in t , b ey o n d w hi c h it b eco m es i n o lu n t a r y o r a u t o ma t i c v .

In t h e fu ll est s en se o f t h at w hi ch is n o t o n l y wit h o u t t h e w il l b u t
d i s t in c t l y in O ppo s it io n t o it , o r co m pu l s o ry , in vlu
o n ta ry b eco m e s
an an t o n y m ,
n ot o nl y of vlu o n t a ry b ut O f sp o n t a n eo u s ; as , i n
vlu
o n t a r y s er vit u d e A sp o n t a n e o us o u t b u s t o f a ppl au s e
. r is of

n e c e s s it y a n act o f v o li t i o n b u t so co m pl e t e l y d epe n d e t o n
, n sy m
pat h e t ic im pul se t h at i t w o u l d s ee m frigid t o c all it o lun t a ri v
v
w hi l e t o c all it i n o lu n t a r y w o u l d i m ply s o m e pr e i o u s pu rpo s e v
or in c l in at io n n ot to a ppl au d .

SPY .

Syn o nym s

d e t e cti v e , e m i s s ary , s c o ut .

The s co u t a n d t h e sp y ar e b oth e m pl o y e d to o b t a in in fo rm at io n
of th e nu m b e rs m o v
e m en t s
, , et c .
, O f an e n e m y . The s co u t l urk s on

th e o u t s kirt s o f t h e h o s t il e ar m y w it h s uc h co n c e al m en t as th e
c a se ad m it s o f, b ut w it h o ut d is g ui se ; a spy en t er s in di sgu ise
 stain
34 1 stat e

wi t h in t h e en e my ’
s lin e s . A scou t if , c ap ure d ,t h as t h e righ t s o f

a priso n er o f w ar a sp y i s h e l d t o h a e fo rfe it e d v all righ t s , an d is

li ab l e , in c ase o f capt ure , t o c apit a l pun is h m e n t . An e mi s sa r y is
ra t h e r po li t ical t h an mi li t ary ; s e n t r at h e r t o s e cre t ly in fluen c e
O ppo n e n t s t h an t o b rin g in fo rm at io n co n c e rn in g t h e m ; so far as

h e d o e s th e l a tt er , h e i s n o t o nl y an emi s s a r y , b u t a spy .

S TA I N .

S yn o n ym s

b lot , d is color, d i sh o n or, s o il , s ull y , tin e ,

c o l o r, d i s gra ce , dye, po t , t a rn i s h , t in

To c o lor is t o im par t a c ol o r d e s ire d o r un d es ire d , t e m po rary or

perm an en t , o r , in t h e in t ran s it i v e u se t o a s s u m e a co l o r i n a n y w a y ,

a s , h e co lo r e d w it h s h a m e an d ve x at io n T o d ye is t o i m part a .

c o l o r i t en t io n all y an d w i t h a v
n i e w t o pe rm an e n ce an d e s pe c iall y so ,

a s t o pe rv a d e t h e s u b s t an ce o r fib e r O f t h a t t o w hi c h it i s a ppli e d .

To s a in
t is prim aril y t o d i s co lo r , t o im part a c o l o r u n d e s ire d an d
pe rh aps un i n t en d e d , a n d w h i ch m ay o r m ay n o t b e pe rm an e n t .

T h us , a ch ara c t er d ye d in t h e w o o l ”
is on e t h at h as rece i v
ed

so me pe rm an e n t , an d per a di n g in fl u e n c e ; a
e arly , v c h a rac t er

v
,

s t a i n ed w i th c r im e o r g uil t i s d e b a s e d an d pe r e rt e d . S t a i n is ,
how e ve r , u se d of v
gi in g an in t e n d e d a n d pe rh aps pl e a s in g co l o r
t o w o o d , g l ass , e t c , b y a n appli c a t io n o f co l o rin g m a t te r w h i ch
.
s

e n t e rs t h e s ub s t a n ce a lit t l e b e l o w th e s ur fa ce , in d is t in ct io n
fro m pain t in g in w hi ch co l o rin g m at t e r is s prea d upo n t h e s ur
,
s

fa ce ; d yei n g is g en eral l y said o f w o o l , y arn , cl o t h , o r s im il ar

m at e rials w h ich are di ppe d i n t o t h e co lo ri n g l iquid Figurat i e l y , . v
a st a nd ard g arm e n t m ay b e d yed w it h b l o o d in h o n o rab l e
”

or a

ass ass in s w e a po n is s t a i n ed w i t h t h e b l o o d o f hi s
’
w arfare ; an
vict im T o t i n ge i s t o
. co lo r s ligh t l y , an d m ay al so be u se d o f

g iv
i g n a s li gh t flav
o r , o r a s l i gh t a d m ix t ur e o f on e in gre d ie n t or

quali ty w it h a n o t h er t h at is m o re pr o n o un c e d .

S TA T E .

Syn o n ym s

a ffi r m a v
er, d e cl a re , pre d i c a t e , s e t f o rt h
vu
, ,

a ll e g e , a o ch d epo s e , p ro n o u n c e s p e c i fy ,
vw
, ,
a s s e rt , a e xp r e s s , pro p o un d , s w e ar,
v
o ,

asse e ra t e , c e r t i fy , i n fo r m , pro t e st , tell ,

a s s ure , clai ,m m ain t ain , s ay , t e s t i fy .

To sta te (L . s t o , st a nd ) i s t o s et f o r t h e x plici t l y form all y o r , ,

part ic ul arly i n s pe ec h o r w r it in g . A sser t (L a d t o an d s er o b in d )

.
, , ,

i s s t ro n gly pers o n al , s ign if yin g t o stat e b o ld ly an d po sit ive l y w h at

 s t e ep 342

th e on e makin g t h e s tat em en t h as n o t a tt empt e d an d may n ot at

t e mpt t o pro v
e Affirm h as l e s s o f e g o t is m t h an
. a ss er t (as s e en in
th e w o rd s el f s a ss er t i o n ) ,
mi n g n e are r t o a v
co er It h a s m o r e .

so l e mn it y t h an d ecla r e, a n d m o re co mpo su re an d di gn it y t h an

a ss e ver a t e , w h ic h i s t o In l e g al u s ag e , affirm h as
a sser t e x c it e d l y .

a g e n e ral ag r e e m en t w i th d ep o s e a n d t es tif y it di ff e rs fro m s w ea r

in n ot in v
o kin g t h e n a m e of G od . To a ss u r e is t o s ta e t w it h s u ch

a u t h o rit y a n d co nfi d en c e as the s pe a k e r f ee l s o ugh t to m ake t h e

h e are r s ure . Cer t if y is m o r e fo rm al , an d a ppli e s ra t h e r t o w ritt e n
d o c um e n t s or l e g a l pro c e s s e s A ssu r e , cer t if y, i nf o r m, appl y t o
.

t h e perso n afilr m, e t c
‘
t o t h e t hi n g
. A s s er t is co m b at i e a s sure.
,
v
is c o n c ili at o ry . I a s s er t m y righ t t o c ro s s th e ri v er ; I
’
a s s ur e my
frie n d it is pe rfe ct l y s a fe v
T o a er is t o s t a t e po s it i e l y w h at is
. v
w it hi n o n e s o w n kn o w l e d g e o r m a t t e r O f d e e p co n ict io n
’
O n e m ay v .

a ss er t hi m s e l f , o r a sser t h is righ t t o w h a t h e is w ill in g t o c o n ten d

fo r orh e m ay a s s e r t in d isc u s s io n w h a t h e is r e a d y t o m a in t ain

b y ar g u m e n t o r e i d en ce v
T o a s s er t w it h o u t pro o f i s al w ays t o
.

l ay o n e s e lf O pe n t o t h e s u s pic io n o f h a in g n o pro o f t o O ffe r , an d v

see ms to arro gat e to o m uch t o perso n al a u t h o rit y , an d h e n c e
on e s
’

in s u ch c a ses b oth th e v erb a s s er t a n d it s n o u n a s s er t i o n h a e an v

u n fa v o r ab l e s e n s e we s ay a m ere a s ser ti o n , a b are a ss er t i o n , h is
u n s uppo rt e d a sser t i o n he a ss er t ed h is inn o c e n c e h a s l ess fo rce
t h an he ffirmed
a or ma i n t a i n e d h is in n o ce n ce . Affir m, s t a t e , an d

t e ll h a ve n o t t h e co t ro v e rs ial s e s e o f a s s e t
n b u t are s imply n r ,

d e cl a a t iv
r e To v
. i n d i ca t e is t o d e fe n d s u cce ss fully w h a t is
a ss a il e d Al m o st e v
. e ry c im i al w il l a sse r t h is i n o ce n c e ; t h e
r n n

h o n e st m an w ill sel d o m l a c k m e an s to v
i di n ca t e h is in t e grity .

Anto n ym s
co n trad ict , re t ra ct ,
v
co n tra en e , wai v
e .

ST E E P .

Syn ym s
o n

ab rupt , h igh , pre c ipit o u s , s h a rp s h e e r.

H i gh is u s e d mpl e e l evo f si
a t io n ; s t eep is s a i d o n l y o f a n in

c l in e w h er e t h ev e rt ic a l m e a s ure m e n t i s s u ffi c i e n t l y g re a t in pro

po rt io n t o t h e h o riz o n t al t o m ake it d iffi c u lt O f asce n t S t eep is .

re l at ive a n a sce n t O f 1 00 fe e t t o t h e m il e o n a ra il w a y is a s t eep

gr a d e a ris e o f 5 00 fee t t o t h e m il e m ak es a s t eep w ag o n ro a d a =

ro o f is s t eep w h e n it m a k e s w i t h t h e h o riz o n t a l l in e an an l e o f
g
m o re t h an 45 A hi gh m o un t a in m a y b e c limb e d b y a w in din g
°

ro a d n o w h ere s t ee
p w h il e a li t t l e h ill m a y b e acc e ss ib l e o n ly b y a
,
 st u pi d it y
st up o r

c al l e d a s t o r y as , the s t o ry o f t h e A m erican ci v
il w ar . Co m pare
AL L E G O RY FICTI O N H I S TO RY .

An t o n ym s

an n al s , b io graph y , ch ro n icl e , h is t o ry , memo ir .

ST UP ID IT Y .

S yn ym s
o n

ap a th y , in s e n s i b il it y , sl ow n e s s , stupe fa c t i o n ,
d uln e s s , ob tus e n e s s , s l ug gish n e ss st upor.

S t up i d i ty is so m e t im e s l o o s e l y u se d fo r t e m po rary d u ln es s or

par tial s t up o r , b ut ch ie fl y fo r i n n at e an d c h ro n ic d uln ess an d

'

s lu ggi s h n es s o f m e n t al a c t io n , o b t u sen ess o f a ppre h e n s io n , et c .

Ap a th y m ay b e t e m po rary , an d b e d ispe ll e d b y a ppe al t o t h e fe e l

in gs or b y t h e pr e s e n t at io n o f a n a d e qua t e m o t i e , b ut s t up id it y v
is in v e t e ra t e an d c o mm o n l y in c urab l e . Co mpare A PA THY ;
IDIO CY ; S T UPO R .

A nt o n ym s
acut en ess ,
al e rt n es s ,
an imat io n ,

ST UP O R .

S yn ym s
o n

ap a th y , fa i n t i n g , stup e fa c t i o n , s yn co pe ,
a sph y xi a , i n s e n s ib il it y , sw o o n , t o rp o r ,
co ma , l e t h a rg y , sw o o n in g , un c on sci ousn e s s .

S t up o r is a c o n di t io n o f t h e b o d y in w h ic h t h e ac t io n of th e
se n s e s a n d fa c u l t i e s i s s u s pe n d e d or gre at l y d ull e d —w e akn e ss or

l o ss o f se n s ib il i ty . The m en t al a ffe ct io n a
ap a t h y o f d ise ase is a ,

s t at e o f m o rb i d in d iffe re n c e ; l et h a r gy i s a m o rb i d t e n d e n c y t o

h e av y an d co n t in ue d s l e ep fro m w h i ch t h e pat ie n t m a y perh aps

,

b e m o m e n t arily aro u s e d Co ma i s a d ee p ab n o r m al s l e e p fro m

.
, ,

w h ich th e pat i e n t c an n o t b e ar o u se d , o r is aro use d o n ly w it h d iffi

c u l t y , a s t at e o f pro fo un d i n sen s ibi li t y, pe rh aps w i th fu ll pu l se a n d

d ee p, s t er t o ro us b re at h in g , an d is d u e t o b rain s o ppress io n . S yn
Cop e o r s wo on i n g is a s u d d en lo s s o f se n s at io n an d of po w e r o f
m o t io n w it h , s us pe n s io n o f pu l se an d o f re s pirat io n ,
an d i s d ue t o

fail ur e of h ear t z a c t io n , a s fro m s ud d e n n er v

o us sh o c k o r in t e n s e
m e n t a l e m o t io n I n sen s i b ility i s a g e n eral t e rm d e n o t in g l o ss o f
.

f e eli n g fro m an y cau se as fro m c o l d in t o x ic at io n , o r in j ury

, ,
.

S t up o r i s e s pe ciall y pro fo u n d a n d co n fir m e d i n sen s ib i li ty pro p ,

e rl y co m a t o s e A sph yxi a i s a s pec i a l fo rm o f s yn cop e res u l t in g

.

fro m part ial o r t o t al s u spen s io n o f r es pirat io n , as in s t ran gul a tio n ,

d ro w n in g , or inh al at io n o f n o x io u s g a s es .
 s ub j ecti ve
345 su b s id y

S U B J E C T I VE .

S yn o n ym
ob j e ct ive .

S u bj ect i v e an d o b ec j ti v
ms in b u t o n e po in t o f v
e are ie w s yn o n y ,

b e in g fo r t h e m o s t part s tr ict ly an t o n y m s
, S ubj ect i v
, e s ign i fi e s .

re l a t in g t o t h e s ub j ec t o f m e n t al s ta t es t h a t is t o t h e pe rs o n w h o , ,

e xpe ri e n ce s t h e m ; o bj ect i v e s ig n ifi es rel at in g t o t h e O b j e c t o f m e n

t al s t a t es t h at i s t o so m e t hi n g o ut s id e t h e pe r ce iv
, , in g m in d ; in
b rie f phr a se it m ay b e s aid t h a t s u bj ect i v e re lat e s t o so m e t hi n g

w it h in t h e m in d o bj ect i v e t o so m e t h in g w i t h o u t
, A m o u n t ain as a .
,

m as s o f a c ert a in s iz e co n t o ur co lo r e t c is a n o bj ect iv
, e fa c t th e
, , .
,

i m pre ss io n o ur m in d re ce iv es t h e m e n t a l pi c t ure it fo rm s o f t h e
,

m o un t ain is s u bj ect i v
, e Bu t t h is subj ect i v e i m pr e s s io n m ay b e
.

co m e it s e lf t h e O b j e c t o f t h o u g h t ( c a ll e d as

w h en w e co m pare o u r m e n t al pic t u re o f t h e m o u n t a in w it h o ur
id ea of a pl a in o r ri e r v
T h e d ire ct e x pe rie n ce s o f t h e s o ul , as j o y ,
.

grie f , h o pe , fear , are pu re ly s ubj ect i e t h e o u t w ard ca u ses o f v

t h e se e x perie n c e s , aspro spe rit y , b e rea e vm en t , d is appo in t m e n t ,
ar e o b ect ij v e T h a t w h ich h a s in d e pe n d e n t e x i s t e n ce o r au t h o rit y

bj cti v
.

a pa rt fr o m o u r e x pe ri e n ce o r t h o u g h t is s ai d to h a v e e x o e e

i s t en ce o r a u t h o rit y t h us w e s peak o f th e O bj ect i ve ut h o it y f a r o

m o ral l a w D ifl e re n t in d iv id u al s m ay r e c ei v
’
th e . er en s e d iff t ub
e im pr e ss io n s fro m t h e s a m e O bj ec t i v
j ect i v e f ac t t h at w h ic h t o o n e ,

is a c au s e o f h o pe b e in g t o an o t h e r a cau se o f fear e t c T h e s t yl e
o f a w rit e r i s c all e d o bj ect i v
.
,

e w h e n i t d e ri ves i t s m at er ial s m a in l y

fro m o r re ac h e s o u t t o w ard e x t ern al o b j e c t s ; it is c a ll e d su bj ee

tiv e w h e n it d e riv e s it s m at e ri al s m ain l y fro m o r c o n s t an t l y t e n d s

t o re v e r t t o t h e pe rso n al e x pe rie n c e o f t h e a u t h o r Co m pare .

INH E RE NT

S UB S I D Y .

S yn o n ym s

a id b o un ty in d e m n it y re w a rd s u p p o rt
ve
, , , , .

a ll o w a n c e , g i ft . pen s io n . s ub n tio n , t ri b u t
b on us , gr an t , pr e m iu m ,

A is pec uni ary a id d ire ct ly gran t e d b y g o ern m e n t t o

s ub si d y v
an v
in d i id u al o r c o mm erc ia l e n t erpris e , o r m o n e y furn is h e d b y
o n e n at io n to an o t h e r to a id i t in carry in g o n w ar a g ain s t a c o mm o n
en e my . A n a t io n g ran t s a s ub s i d y t o an a ll y , pay s a t r ib u t e t o a
c o n qu e ro r . A n i n d e mn i ty is i n t h e n a t ur e o f t h in g s li m it e d a n d
t e m po rary ,
w h il e a t r ib u t e m igh t b e e x ac t e d in d e fi n it e ly A .
 su b v e rt
s uccee d 346

n at io n ma y a l s o gran t a s ub s id y t o it s o w n c it iz e n s a s a m e an s o f
pro m o t in g t h e pub lic w e lfare a s , a s u b s i d y t o a s t e a m sh ip c o m
pan y T h e so m e w h at
. rare t erm sub v tien on is e spe c ia ll y a ppli e d

to a gra n t v
g o ern m e n t al aid t o a l it er ary o r art is t ic e n t erprise
of .

Go v e rn me n t al a i d t o a co mm erc ial o r i n d us t rial e n t e rpri se o t h er

t h an a t ran s po rt at io n co m pan y is m o re fre qu e n t ly c a ll e d a b o un ty

t h an a s ub s id y as , th e s u g ar b o un t y . T h e w o rd b o u n t y m a y b e
appli e d to al most a n y re g ul ar o r s t ipu l at e d a llo w a n ce
go by a v
e rn m e n t to a c it ize n o r c it iz e n s as , a b o un t y fo r e n l is t in g in t h e

ar my a b o u n t y fo r killin g w o l v
es . A b o un t y is O ff e re d fo r s o m e
t h in g t o b e d o n e ; a p en s i o n i s gran t e d fo r so m e t h in g t h at h a s
b ee n d o n e .

S U B VE R T .

S yn o n ym s
d troy ,
e s o ve r t h r o w ruin s u p pl a n t,
ve
,

e xt in g u i s h , o rt u rn , s upers e d e , s u p pr e s s .

To s ub vt er is t o o v th
er ro w fro m o r as fro m t h e v
e y fo u
r n da

t io n u tt e rl y d e s t ro y b rin g t o r ui n . T h e w o rd is now g e n e rally

fi g u ra t i v
e m o ra l o r po li t ical ru in
, as o f To . s up er s ed e i m pl ie s

t h e pu t t in g o f so m e t h in g t h at i s w ise ly o r un w i s ely pre fe rr e d in

t h e pl a c e o f t h at w h ic h is r e m o v e d ; t o s ub er t d o e s n o t i m pl y v
s ub s t it ut io n T o s upp la n t is m o r e o ft e n pe rs o n al s ig n ify in g t o
.
,

t ak e t h e pl ace o f a n o t h e r u s u a ll y b y u n d e rh a n d e d m e an s o n e is
,

s up er s e d ed b y a u t h o r i t y , s upp l a n t ed b y a r ival Co m pa re A B O LI S H . .

A n to n ym s

co n s er e , v perpet u at e , pres e r v e, s us t a in , uph o l d .

SU C C E E D .

S yn o n ym s

a ch ie v e , att ain , fl o uris h , p re vi l a , pr o s p e r, th ri v e , w in .

A pe rso n s u ccee d s w h e n h e a c c o m pl is h e s w h a t h e a t t e m pt s , o r
a tt a i n s a d e s ir e d o b j ec t o r r es ul t ; a n e n t erpri s e o r u n d ert a kin g

s u cce ed s t h at h a s a pro spero us res u l t . T o wi n im pli es t h at so me

on e l o s e s , b ut on e m ay s u cceed w h e re no one fail s . A so li t ary

sw i mme r s u cceed s in re ac h in g th e sh o re ; if w e s ay h e wi n s t h e
s h o re we co n t ras t h i m w it h h im se lf as a po ss ib l e l o s er M an y .

st ud e n t sm a y s u ccee d in s t ud y a fe w w i n t h e s pe ci a l priz e s , fo r
w h ic h a ll co m pe t e Co mpare F O LLO W . .

A n to ym s :
n

be d efeat ed , co me s h o rt , fail , fall s h o rt , mi s carry .

 su pp o rt
s upp o se 348

gi es e v
v i d e n ce o f s uper h uma n kn o w l e d g e t h e w o rd i s so m e times
a ppli e d to re m arka b l e man ifes t at io n s o f h uman po w e r , s urpas s in g

a ll t h a t is o r di n ary .
A n t o n ym s

co m mo n , co mmo n pl ace , e vyd ay

er , n atural , o rd in ary , us ual .

SUPP O R T .

S yn o n ym s

b e ar, c h e ri s h , keep m a in t a in , sus t a in ,

c a rr y , h o ld up, k e e p up prop , uph o l d .

S upp o r t an d s us t a i n al ik e s ig n i fy t o h o ld up o r ke ep up , t o
pre v
e t f n ro m fallin g o r s in kin g b u t s u s t a i n h as a s pec ial se n s e o f
co n t i n u o u s e x er t i o n o r o f g re at s t re n g t h co n t in uo us ly e x e rt e d , as

w h en w e s pe ak o f s u s t a i n ed e n d ea o r v or a s us t a in ed n ote a

flo w e r is s upp o r t e d b y th e st e m or a t e mpl e s ro o f by a rc h es ; th e
fo u n d at io n s of a great b u il d in g s u s t a i n an e n o r mo us press ure to
s us t a i n l ife im plies a g re a t e r e x ig en c y an d n eed t h an t o supp o r t

life ; t o s ay o n e is sus t a i n ed u n d er afflic t io n i s t o say mo re b o t h

v
O f t h e se e rit y o f t h e t ri al an d t h e c o m pl e t e n e s s o f t h e uph o l d i n g

t h a n if w e say h e i s s upp o r t ed T o b e a r is t h e m o s t g en e ral w o r d ,

.

d e n o t in g al l h o ld i n g up o r keep i n g up o f a n y o b j e c t , w h et h er in
re s t o r m o t io n ; in t h e d e ri v
ed s e n s es it r e fe r s to so m e t hin g t h a t
is t ax u po n s t re n gt h o r e n d u ran ce a s , t o b ea r a s t rain
a t o b ea r

pa in o r gri e f T o ma i n t a i n is t o keep i n a s t a t e o r co n d it io n ,
.

e spe ci all y in an e x c e ll e n t a n d d es ir ab l e co n di t io n as , to ma i n t a i n
h e al t h o r re put a t io n ; to m a in t a i n on e s
’
po s it io n ; t o ma in t a in a
c au se o r pro po s it io n is t o h o ld i t a g a in s t o ppo s it io n o r d iffi cu l ty .

To s upp o r t m a y b e pa rt ia l , t o ma i n t a i n is co m pl e t e ma i n t a i n i s
a w ord ofm o r e d ig n i t y t h a n supp o r t a m an s upp o r t s hi s fam il y

a s t at e ma in t a i n s an ar my or n a v
y T o p r op i s a l w a y s part ial ,
.

s ig ni fy in g t o a d d s upp o r t to s o m e t hin g t h at is in secure Co m pare .

A BE T E ND UR E KE E P .

A n t o n ym s :

ab an d o n , b reak d o wn , d e mo l is h , d es t ro y , l et g o , t hr o w d o wn ,
b et ray , cast d o wn , d esert , d ro p, v
o e rt hr o w, wreck .

Pr e p o si tio n s

The ro o f is s u ppo rt e d b y, o n , o r up o n pi ll ars t h e fa m il y w as

s uppo r e d o n o r up o n a
t pit t an c e , or b y ch arit y .

SU PP O SE .

S yn ym s
o n

c o nj e ct ure , d eem, gue ss , im ag in e , s u rmi s e , th in k .

To s upp os e is t e m po raril y t o as su me a t h in g as t rue , e it h e r

 s u rre n d er
349 s yn o n ym o us

w it h t h e e x pe c a t tio n of fin d in g it so or fo r t h e pu rpo s e o f as oe r
t a in in g w h at w o u ld fo llo w if it w e re so T o s uppo se is al so t o
.

t h in k a t h in g t o b e t ru e w h il e a w ar e o r co n c e d in
g t h at t h e b e lie f
d o es n ot res t upo n an y s ur e g ro u n d , an d m ay n o t a c co rd w i t h
fa c t y et again , t o
or supp o s e is t o im pl y as t r ue o r in o l e d as a vv
n e c e s s ary i n fe re n c e ; as , d e s ign su pp o s es th e e x i s t en c e of a de
s ig n e r . To j
co n ec t ur e is t o pu t t o g e t h e r t h e n e are s t a v
a il ab l e

m at eria l s fo r a pro v
is io n a l O pin io n , al w ay s w i t h so me e x pe c tat io n

of fi n di n g t h e fa c t s t o b e as co n ec t u r e d
j . T o i ma gi n e is t o fo rm a

m en t al i mag e o f so m e t h in g as ex ist in g t h o it s ac t ual e x ist e n ce ,

ma y b e u n kn o w n o r e v e n im po s s ib l e
, T o t hi n k in t hi s appl ic a .
,

t io n is t o h o ld as t h e r es ul t o f t h o u g h t w h a t is a d m itt e d n o t t o b e
,

m at t e r o f e x a c t o r c ert a in kn o w l e d ge ; as I d o n o t kn o w b u t I , ,

t h i n k t h i s t o b e t h e fa c t a m o re c o n c l u s i ve s t at e m e n t t h an w o ul d

b e m a d e b y t h e u s e o f co nj e ctu r e o r s upp o se Co mpare D O UBT ; .

H YP O THE S I S .

A n t o n ym s

as cert ain , be s ure , c o n cl ud e , d is co v e r, k n o w, pro v

e .

S U R R E ND E R .

Syn ym s
o n

ab an d on , ce d e gi v o vr e e re l in q ui s h
ve g iv u p
, , ,

alie n at e , s a crifi c e
gi
v
, e , ,

c apit ul at e gi e on e sel f up let g o y iel d

v
.
, , ,

To is t o gi e up u po n c o m pu ls io n , as t o an e n e m y in
s ur r en d er

v
w ar , h e n c e t o gi e up t o an y pers o n , pas s io n , in fl u e n c e , o r po w e r .

v
T o yi eld is t o gi e pl ace o r gi e w ay un d e r pr e s s ur e , an d h e n c e v
u n d er c o m pu l s io n Y i eld im pli es m o r e s o ft n e ss o r co n ce s s i o n t h an
'

s urr en d e r t h e m o s t d e t e rm in e d m e n m ay s ur r en d er to o v
e w h e lm
r

in g fo rce ; w h e n o n e yi e ld s , h is s pirit is at l e as t so m e w h a t s u b
d ue d A m o n arch o r a s t at e ce d es t erri t o ry pe rh aps fo r a c o n s id
.

c rat io n ; s ur r en d er s an a rm y , a n a y , o r a fo rt ifi e d pl a ce t o a v
c o n qu ero r a m ilit ary comm an d e r a b a n d o n s an u n t e n ab l e po s it io n
or un a v
a il a b l e s t o res . W e sa cr ifice s o m e t hi n g pre cio u s t h ro u gh
e rr o r , frie n d s hip, v
d u t y , yi eld t o co n in c in g r eas o n s , a s t ro n g er
or

w ill , W in s o me pers uas io n , o r s u perio r fo rce Co mpare ABA ND O N . .

S Y NO N YM O U S .

S yn o n ym s

a l ik e , e qui vl
a ent, si m il a r ,

c o rr e s p o n d e n t , id e n tical , s yn on y mic .

c o rr e s p o n d i n g , in t e rch a n g e ab le ,

S yn o n ymo u s ( G r . s yn , ma n a me ) s t ric t ly sig

t o get h er , an d o n y ,

n ifi e s b ein g i n ter ch a n gea b le n am es fo r t h e s am e t hin g o r b e in g o n e ,

 s yst em 35 0

of t wo m o re i n t er ch a n gea b le n a m e s fo r t h e sam e thin g ; t o say

or

t h at t w o w o rd s are s yn o n ymo u s is s trict l y t o s ay t h e y are a li ke ,

equ i v a len t i d en t i ca l o r t h e s a me i n m e an in g ; b ut t h e u s e o f sy n
, ,

o n ymo u s in t hi s s t ric t sen s e i s s o m ew h at rare a n d ra th er w it h ,

re fe r e n c e t o s t a t e m e n t s t h an t o w o rd s .

T as ay t h at we are mo rally d ev el o pe d is s y no n ymo us w it h s ayin g t h at we h av

e

reape d wh at so me one h as s n fi e red fo r us .

H W BEE C H E R
. . R oy al T r uths p 294 . .
[T . a F .

In t h e s t ric t es t se n se , s y n o n y mo us w o rd s sca rc el y e x is t ; rarel y ,

if e v
er , are a n y t w o w o rd s in an y v
l an guag e equ i a len t o r i d en ti ca l in
m ean in g w h e re a d iffere n ce in m e ani n g c an n o t e as il y b e s h o w n ,
a di ffer e n c e in u s a g e c o mm o nl y e x is t s , s o t h at t h e w o rd s are n ot

i n t er ch a n gea b le By s yn o n ymo us w o rds (o r s yn o n yms) w e us u all y

.

u n d e rs t an d w o rd s t h a t co in c i d e o r n earl y c o in c id e in s o me par t o f

t h e ir m ean in g , an d may h e n ce w it h in c ert a in l im it s b e u se d in

t erch an geab l y , w hi le o ut s id e o f t h o s e lim it s th e y m ay d iff e r v
e y r

gre at l y in m e an in g an d u se It is t h e o fii ce o f a w o rk o n s yn
.

o n y m s t o po in t o u t t h e s e c o rre s po n d e n ces an d d iff e re n ces , t h at

v
l an gu age m ay h a e t h e fl e x ib il it y t h a t co m e s fro m fre e d o m o f
se l e c t io n w it hi n t h e co mm o n l im it s w it h t h e pers pic ui ty
, an d pre
c is i o n t h at r es u l t fro m e x a c t c h o i ce o f t h e fi tt est w o rd s t o e x pr ess

e a ch s h a d e o f m e ani n g o ut s id e o f t h e co mmo n l imi t s . To c o n s i d er

s yn o n ymo us w o rd s i d en t i ca l is fat al t o a c curacy t o fo rge t t h at

t h e y are s i mila r t o so m e e x t e n t equi v
, a l en t an d so m e ti m es i n t er ,

, e o f fre e d o m an d v
ch a n gea b le is d e s t ru c t iv arie ty .

S YS T E M .

Syn o n ym s

man n er , m e th o d , mod e , o rd e r, re g ul a ri t y , rul e .

O r d er in t h is co nn e c t io n d e n o t es t h e fac t o r re s ul t o f pr o pe r
arran g e m e n t acco r d in g t o t h e d ue re l at i o n or se qu e n c e o f th e

m a t t ers a rran g e d ; a s , t h e se pa pers a re in o rd er ; in al ph ab e t ic a l

o rd er . M et h o d d en o t e s a pro ce s s , a g e n e r al o r e s t ab lis h e d w ay o f
d o in g or pro ce e di n g in an yt h in g ; r u l e , a n a ut h o r it a t i e re qu ire v
m en t or a n e s t a b lis h e d co u rse of t h in g s s ys t e m ,
n ot m e re l y a l aw
o f a c t io n o r pr o c e d ure b ut a c o mpr e h e n s i e pl an in w hi ch a ll t h e
. v
part s a re r e l a t e d t o e a c h o t h e r an d t o t h e w h o l e a s , a s ys t em o f

t h eo lo gy a ra ilr o a d s ys t e m t h e d ig es t i e s ys t em v ma n n er re fers

to t h e e x t e rn a l
qu ali t ie s o f a c t i o n s , a n d t o t h o se o ft e n as s e t t l e d

an d c h ara c t e ri st ic ; w e s pe a k m o f t ax at io n a me th o d o f
o f a s ys t e ,

c o ll ec t in g t ax e s , t h e r u les b y w h i ch as sess m e n t s are m a d e o r w e

 t a s t e fu l 352

TA S T E F U L .

Syn ym s
o n

a rt i s t i c , d elic at e , e s t h e t i c. fa s t i d i o u s ,
ch a st e , d e li ci o u s , e s th e t i cal , fine,
d ain t y , e le g an t , e xq u i s it e ,

E lega n t (L . e leg a n s , se l e c t ) re fe rs to th at asse mb l age of

qu alit ie s w h ich m ak e s an y th in g c h o ice t o per so n s O f c ul t ure a n d

re fin em e n t ; it r e fe r s t o t h e l igh t e r, fin er e l e m e n t s O f b eau t y in

fo r m or m o t io n , e s pe c iall y d e n o t in g t hat w h ich e x h ib i t s fa ul t l ess

t as t e an d
pe rf e ct io n o f fi n is h T h at w h ich i s e lega n t i s ma d e s o
.

n o t m ere l y b y n at ur e , b ut b y art an d c ul t ure ; a w o o dl an d d e ll

m ay b e b e au t iful o r pic t ure s qu e b u t w o u l d n o t o rd in ari ly b e ,

t e rm e d e le ga n t T a s t ef u l re fers t o t h at in w h i ch t h e e l e m e n t O f
.

t as t e i s m o re pro m in en t s t an d in g a s it w er e m o r e b y it s elf w hi l e
, , , ,

in e leg a n t i t is b l e n d e d as part Of t h e w h ole . T a s ty i s an in fe rio r

w o rd , u se d co ll o qui a ll y in a si mil ar s en s e . Ch a s te (prim aril y
p u r e) , d e n o t es i n l it er at ure an d art t h at w h i ch i s t ru e t o t h e h igh e r
an d fi n e r f e el in gs an d fr e e fro m a ll e x cess o r m ere t ri cio u s o rn a
m en t . D a i n t y an d d e li ca t e r e fe r t o th e l igh t e r an d fi n e r e l e m e n t s
Of t ast e b e au t y , d a i n t y t e n d in g in per s o n al u se t o an e x c e s s i e
an d v
s crupu l o u sn e s s w h ic h i s m o r e f ull y e x pre ss e d b y f a s t i d i o us Ni ce .

an d d e li ca t e b o t h re f e r to e x a c t a d apt at i o n to so m e s t an d ard th e
b ar of a b al an ce can be s ai d to b e n i ce l y o r d e l ic a t e ly po is e d ; as
re g a r d s m a t t er s Of t ast e an d b e aut y , d eli ca t e is a h igh er an d m o r e
d is crim in at in g w o rd t h an n i ce , an d is al w a y s u s e d in a fa v
o rab l e

s en s e ; a d e li ca t e d is t in c t io n is on e w o rt h o b s er v
in g ; a n i ce d is
t in c t i o n m ay b e m ay b e o v ers tr ai n e d an d un d u l y s ub t l e
s o , or fin e
in s u c h u s e is c lo s e ly s im ilar t o d eli ca t e an d n i ce _b ut (t h o c apa b l e
, ,

O f a n u n fa v o ra b l e s e n s e ) h a s co mm o n ly a s ug ge s t io n o f po s i t iv e

e x ce ll en ce o r a d m ir ab l e n e ss a fi n e t o u ch d o es s o m e t h in g ; fin e

per ce pt io n s are t o s o m e pur po se d eli ca t e is capab l e O f t h e s in gl e

u nf a v
o ab l e r s en s e Of fra il or fragil e ; as , a d eli ca t e c o n s t it ut io n .

E s t h et i c o r es t h et i c a l r e fe rs t o b e au t y or th e a ppre c ia t io n Of th e
b e a ut iful , e s pe c i a ll y fro m t h e ph ilo so ph ic po in t Of v
i w e . E x qu i s i t e
d en o t es t h e ut m o st pe rfe c t io n o f t h e elega n t in m in ut e d e t ails
we s pe a k o f an el ega n t g arm en t , a n ex qu i s i t e l ace E x qui s i t e is .

a l so a ppli e d t o in t e n se k e e n n es s O f an y f e e lin g as , ex qu i si t e

d e l i gh t ; ex qui s i e t pain . S ee BE A U TIF U L ; D E LICIO US ; F INE .

An to n ym s

cl u ms y,
co ars e ,
d efo rmed ,
d isgus t in g ,
 t e a ch
353 t e m e ri t y

TE A C H .

Syn o n ym s
d i s c ipli n e , givi e n s t ru c t i o n i n f o rm , n u rt ur e
giv l
, ,
d ri l l , e e sson s , in it iat e , s ch o o l ,
e d ucate , i n c ul c a te , i n s t il l , t ra in ,
e n ligh ten , i n d o c t ri n a t e , i n s t ru c t , t ut o r .

TO t e a ch is sim pl ymmu n ica t e kn o w l e d ge ; t o i n s t r u ct

to co

( o rigin all y t o b uil d in o r in t o pu t in o rd e r) is t o im part kn o w l

, ,

e d g e w i t h s pec ia l m e t h o d an d c o m pl e t e n e ss i n s tr u ct h as al so an
a u t h o rit a t iv
e s e n s e n earl y e qu iv a l e n t t o co m ma n d T O ed uca t e .

is t o d r aw o ut o r d e v e l o p h arm o n io u s ly t h e men t al po w e rs a n d , ,

in t h e full e s t s en s e t h e m o ra l po w ers as w ell

, T O t r a i n is t o . ,

d irec t t o a c e rt a in r es u l t po w e rs a lr e a d y e x is t in g: T r a i n i s us e d
in pre fere n c e t o ed u ca t e w h e n t h e re fe ren c e is t o t h e in fe rio r ani
mal s o r t o t h e ph y s ica l po w ers O f m an ; as , t o t ra i n a h o rse to
t ra i n t h e h an d o r e y e T o d i s cip li n e is t o b rin g in t o h ab it ua l
. an d

co mpl e t e s u b e c t io n
j to a u t h o ri t y d i s cip li n e is a se v
e re w o rd , an d

is O ft en us e d a s a e uph e m is m fo r p un i s h t o b e t h o ro u ghl y e ffec t

ivi e n w ar , s o ldi ers m us t b e d i s cip li n ed as w e ll as t r a i n ed . TO

n u r t ure is t o furn is h t h e c are an d s us t e n an c e n ec es sa ry fo r ph y s
ic al , m e n t al , an d m o ra l g r o w t h ; n ur t u r e is a mo re t en d er an d
h o me like w o rd t h an ed u ca t e . Co m pare E D U C A TI O N .

T E M E R IT Y .

S yn o nym s
a u d a c it y , h e e d le ssn e ss , pre s um pt i o n
fo o l h a r d i n e s s , o v
e r =c o n fi d e n c e , ra sh n ess,
,

h ard ih o o d , pr e c ip i t a n c y , re ckl e s s n e s
v
s
h a stin e s s , pr e c i pi t a t i o n , en t ure so men ess .

R a s h n ess appl ie s t o th e ac t ual r u s h in g in t o d an g er w it h o ut

c o u n t in g the co s t t em er i ty d e n o t e s t h e n e e dl e ss e x po s ure Of

o n e s e lft o pe ril w h ic h is o r m ig h t b e c l e arl y se e n to be s u ch

R a s h n ess is u se d c h ie fl y o f b o d il y ac t s , temer ity O ft e n O f m e n t al

o r so c ia l m at t e rs t h e re m ay b e a n o b l e r a s h n ess , b ut t emer i t y is
a l w ay s u se d in a b ad se n se . We s ay i t is a m az in g t h a t o n e s h o ul d

ha ve h a d t h e t emer i t y t o m ak e a s t a t e m e nt w h ic h co ul d be re adi ly

pr ove d a fa l s e h o o d o t o m ake a u w o
,
r n n rt h y pr o po sa l t o o n e s ure
to re s e n t it in s uch u se t emer i ty is o ft e n c l o se l y a ll i e d t o h a r d i

h o od , a u d a ci t y , O r p r es u mp ti o n Ven t ur eso men es s d alli e s o n t h e

.

e d ge O f d a n ge r a n d e x pe ri m e n t s w i t h i t f o o lh a rd in es s rush e s in
fo r w an t O f s e n se , h eed les s n es s fo r w an t O f at t e n tio n ,
r a s h n ess fo r
w an t O f re fle c t io n , r eckles s n ess fro m d is re g ard O f c o n s e qu e n c es .

A u d a ci ty, in t h e s en se h e re co n s id e re d , d en o t es a d as h in g an d

so me w h a t re c kl e s s c o u ra ge , in d e fi an c e O f co n v ti
en o n a lit ie s , o r O f
23
 t er m
t e rse 354

o t h er m en ’
s O pi n io n s , o r o f w h a t w o ul d b e d e e m e d pro b ab l e co n
s equ e n ces ; as , th e a u d a ci t y o f a s u c c e ss ful fi n an c ie r Co m pare .

E FFR O NTE RY .

A n t o n ym s :

c are , caut io n , circums pe ct io n , co ward ice , h e s it atio n , t im id it y, warin e ss

T ER M .

Syn ym s
o n

a rt i c l e , d en o m in a t i o n , ph ra s e ,
con d ition , e xp r e s s i o n , w o rd .

T er m in it s fi g u rat i e u s e s v al w ay s r et a in s so m et h in g o f it s li t e ral
s e n s e o f a b o un d ary o r lim it . The ar ti cles o f a c o n t ra ct o r o t h er

in s t rumen t mpl y t h e po rt io n s in t o w hic h it is d iv

are si id e d fo r
co n v e n i e n ce ; t h e t er ms a re t h e e ss e n t ia l s t a t e m e n t s on w hi c h i t s

v al i d it y d epe n d s — a s it w e r e t h e l a n d m ark s o f it s m e an i n g o r
,

po w e r a co n d i ti o n is a c o n t in g e n t t erm w hi c h m ay b ec o m e fi x e d
upo n t h e h a ppe n in g o f so m e c o n t e m pl at e d e v en t In l o g ic a t er m .

i s O n e o f t h e e ss e n t ial m e m b e r s o f a pro po s it io n t h e b o u n d ary o f ,

s t at e m e n t in so m e o n e d ir e c t io n T h u s in g e n e ral us e t er m is m o r e
.
,

re s t ri ct e d t h an w o r d exp r ess i o n o r ph r a s e , a t e r m is a w o r d t h at
,

lim it s m e an in g t o a fi x e d po in t o f s t at e m e n t o r t o a s pecial cl as s o f
s ub j e ct s a s w h e n w e spe ak o f t h e d e fi n it io n o f t er ms t h a t is o f
, ,

the k ey wo r d s in an y d iscu ss io n or we say , t h at is a l e g al o r s c ie n

t ifi c t er m . Co m pare B O UNDA RY ; DICTIO N .

T E R SE .

Syn ymo n s

b ri e f, con cis e n e at , s h o rt ,

co m pact , con d en se d , pith y , s u c c in ct .

co mpe n d io us , l a con ic, s en t e n t io us ,

A n y t h in g sh o r t or b ri ef is of re l a t i v
e ly s ma ll e x t en t . T h at
w h ich is co n ci s e (L
w it h , t o g e t h e r ,
. co n an d cce d o , c u t ) i s t ri m m e d
d ow n , an d t h at w h ic h is co n d en s ed (L . co n w i t h , t o g et h e r , a n d
d en s us , th ick) i s , as it w ere , pre ss e d t o get h e r , so as t o i n c l u d e a s

m u ch as po s s ib l e w it h in a s m al l s pac e T h at w h ich is . co mp e n d i
o us (L . co m t o g e t h er , p en d o , w eigh ) g at h e rs t h e s ub s t an c e o f
an d

a m at t e r in t o a fe w w o r d s , w e igh t y an d e ffe c t i e T h e s u cci n ct v .

(L . su cci n ctu s , fro m s ub u n d er , an d g ird ; g ird e d fro m

ci n go ,

b elo w ) h as a n a l e r t e ffe c t i v e n e s s as if gird e d fo r a c t io n T h e s um .

ma r y i s co mpa ct e d t o t h e u t mo s t , o ft en t o t h e po in t o f a b rupt n e s s

as , we spe ak o f a m e n t o r a summa ry d is m is sal

su mma ry s t at e .

T h at w h ic h i s t ers e ( L t er s u s fro m t er go ru b o ff) h a s an e l e g an t

.
, ,

an d fin is h e d c o m pl e t en e s s w i t h in t h e sm all es t po s s ib l e co m pa ss a ,
s
 th
“ar
e
356

s w e e pin g in fe ren c e t h an t heref o r e , a ppl y in g n ot m e re l y to a

s in gl e se t o f pre m is es , b ut o ft e n t o al l t h at h as g o n e b e fo re , in c l u
d in g t h e r ea s o n a b l e i n fe ren c es t h a t h a e n o t b e en fo rm al ly s t a t e d v .

W h er ef o r e i s the co rre l a t i v
e o f t h er ef o r e , an d wh en ce of h en ce or

t h en ce, a ppe n d i n g t h e in fe re n c e or c o n c l us io n to t h e pre i o u s v

t
s at e m en t w it h o ut a b re a k . Co m pare s yn o n y m s fo r B E C A US E .

T H R O NG .

S yn o n ym s

c o n c o urs e , c ro w d , h o st , j am , mass ,
m ult itud e , pre ss .

A c r o wd is a co mpan y
pe rso n s fil lin g t o of e x c ess th e s pac e

t h e y o cc upy an d press in g in c o n e ni e n t l y u po n v ,
o n e an o t h e r ; th e
t o t a l n u m b er in a cr o w d m ay b e g re at o r s m all . T h r o n g is a w o rd
of v
as t n e ss an d d ig n it y , al w a y s im ply in g t h at t h e pe rs o n s are
nu m ero us as w e ll aspre s se d o r pr e ss in g c l o s e ly t o g e t h e r ; t h e re
m ay b e a d e n se cr o wd in a s m al l ro o m b ut , t h e re c an n ot be a

t h ro n g . H ost an d mu lt i tu d e b o t h impl y v
as t nu m b e r s b ut , a mu l
may b e di ff us e d o v
t i t ud e er a gr ea t s pa ce so a s t o b e n o w h er e a

cro wd h o s t is a m il it ary t erm an d pro pe rly d e n o t e s an a ss e m b ly ,

t oo o rd erly fo r c ro w d in g . Co n cou r s e s igni fi e s a s po n t an e o us g at h

e rin g O f m an y pe rso n s m o v
ed by a co m m o n im pu ls e , a n d h as a

s u g g e s t io n o f s t at e lin e s s n o t fo u n d i n t h e w o rd cr o w d ,
w h ile s ug

g e st in g l e ss m as s in g an d pre s s ure t h an i s in di cat e d b y t h e w o r d

th r o n g .

T IM E .

Syn o n ym s

a ge, d ura tio n , e p o ch , p e ri o d , se qu e n ce , t e rm ,

d at e , e on , e ra , s e a son ,
s ucce s si o n , w h ile .

S equ en ce an d s u cces s i o n a ppl y to e en t s v

v ie w e d as fo ll o w i n g
o n e an o t h e r t i me an d d ur a t i o n d e n o t e so m e th in g co n ce iv
ed of as

e n d urin g w hi l e e v
e n ts t ak e pl a ce an d a c t s are d on e . A cco rdi n g
v
'

to th e n e c e s s ary c o n d it io n s o f h um an t h o u gh t ,
e n t s a re co t a i e d e n n

i t i me a s O b j e c t s are in s pa ce ti me e x is t in g b e fo e t h e e v
n e t m e as
,
r n ,

ur i g i t a
n it pas s e s an d s t ill e xis t i g w h e
s , t h e ev e t is pa s t n n n .

D u ra t i on a n d s u cces s io n ar e m o re ge n eral w o r d s t h a n t i me ; w e
_
c an S peak o f i n fi n it e o r e t ern a l d ur a t i o n o r s u cces s i o n , b u t t i me i s
co mm o nl y c o n t ra s t e d w it h e t e rn i t y . T i me is m easur e d or m eas
ur ab le d ura ti o n .
 t ip
35 7 t i re

T IP .

Syn o n ym s

can t , d ip , in c l i n list , sl ope

v
e , ,

c are en , h eel o e r, l e an , sl an t , t il t .

T o t i lt or t ip is t o t h ro w o ut o f a h o riz o n t al po s it io n b y r aisin g
o n e s id e o r e n d o r l o w e rin g t h e o t h e r ; t h e w o rd s are c l o sel y s i m il ar ,

b ut t i l t s u gg es t s m o re of fl uc t uat io n or in st ab ilit y . S la n t an d

s lop e a re s ai d o f t h in g s so m ew h a t fix e d perm an e n t in a po s it io n
or

o ut of t h e h o riz o n t al or pe rpe n d i cu l ar ; t h e ro o f s la n t s , t h e h ill

s lop es . I n cli n e is a m o re fo rm al w o rd fo r t ip , an d al s o fo r s la n t
o r s lop e . To ca n t is to se t s l a n t in gl y in m an y c a s es t ip a n d ca n t
m igh t b e in t e rch an ge d b ut t ip is m o re t e m porary , ,
O ft e n m o men
t ary ; o n e t ip s a pail so t h a t t h e w at er fl o w s o er t h e e d ge ; a v
m e ch an ic ca n ts a t ab l e b y m a kin g o r s e t t in g o n e s id e h igh er t h an
th e o t h er . A v
e s se l ca r e en s in t h e w in d ; li s ts , u s ua ll y , fro m
s h i ft in g O f c argo , fro m w at e r in t h e h o ld , e t c . Ca r een in g is
al w a y s t o w a rd o n e s id e o r t h e o t h er ; li s t i n g m ay b e fo rw ard o r
a s t e rn a s w e ll . T o h eel o v i th m
er s e sa e as to ca r een an d mus t b e
,

d is t in gui sh e d fro m ke e l vo whi h

er, c is t o caps iz e .

T IR E .

Syn o n ym s

e xh a u s t, fa t i g u e , h ar a s s , j a d e , w e ar o ut , w e a ry .

Ia g ,

T o t ir e i s t o red u ce s t re n g t h in an yd e gr e e b y e x e rt io n ; o n e
m a y b e t i r ed j u s t e n o u gh to m ak e re s t pl e a s an t , o r e e n un c o n v
s c io u s ly t i r ed , b e co m in g aw are of t h e fac t o n ly w h en h e c eases

th e e x e r tio n ; o r, o n t h e o t h er h an d , h e m a y b e , a cco r di n g t o t h e
co m m o n ph ra s e ,
“
t o o t i r ed t o s t ir
”
; b ut fo r t h is e xt re m e co n d i
t io n t h e s t ro n g e r w o rd s are co mm o n ly u se d . O n e w h o is f a t i gu ed
s uff er s f ro m a c o n sc i o us an d
pain fu l l ac k o f s t re n g t h as t h e r e s u lt
o f s o me o v e rt a x in g v
an in a lid m ay b e f a t i gu ed w it h e ry s lig h t v
e x e rt i o n w h e n o n e is w ea ri ed , t h e pa in ful l a c k o f s tr e n g t h i s t h e
r es u l t o f lo n g s co n t in u e d d e m an d o r s tr a in ; o n e is ex h a u s t ed w h e n
the s t rai n h as b ee n so se v
e re an d co n t in u o u s as u t t e rl y to co n

s um e th e s t re n gt h , so t h at furt h e r e x er t i o n is fo r t h e t im e i m po s
s ib l e . O n e is f a gged b y d ru d g er y h e is j a d ed b y in ce s s an t re pe

t it io n of the sa me a ct un t i l it b e co m e s in c re as in gl y d iffi c ult or

w e ll s n i gh im po s s ib l e as , a h o rs e i s j a d ed by a lo n g an d un b ro ke n

j o u rn e y .

A n t o n ym s
in v igo rat e , re cre at e , refresh , rel ax, rel ie e, v repo s e , re st , re st ore .
 t o o l 35 8

TO O L .

Syn o n ym s

a pp a ra t u s , i m pl e m e n t , m a ch in e u t e n s il ,

a ppl i an c e , i n s t ru m e n t , m e ch an i s m , w e apon .

A to o l is so m e t h in g t h at is b o t h co n t ri v
ed a n d u se d fo r ex t e n d

in g t h e fo rce O f an in t e l l ig en t a g en t to so m et hi n g t h at is t o b e
o pera t e d upo n . T h o se t h in gs b y w h ich pacifi c an d in d us t rial
O pe rat io n s are perfo rm e d are al o n e pro pe rly calle d t o o ls , t h o se
d es ign e d fo r w arl ike purpo s e s b e in g d e s ign at ed w eap o n s An
‘

i n s t ru men t is an yt h in g t hr o u gh w h ich po w er is applie d an d a

r es ul t pro d u ce d ; in
ge n e ral usage , t h e w o rd is o f c o ns id erab ly
w id er m eani n g t h an t o o l ; as pian o i s a musical i n s tr umen t
’

, a .

I n s t ru men t i s t h e w o rd u s ual l y appli e d t o t o o ls u se d in s c ien t ifi c

pur s uit s as , w e s peak o f a s u rge o n s o r an o pt ician s i n s tr umen ts

’ ’
.

A n i mp lemen t is a m ec h an ical ag en cy c o n s id ere d w it h re feren ce

to so m e s pe c ifi c purpo s e t o w h ich it is a d apt e d as an a gricu l tu ral ,

i mp lemen t i mp lemen t s o f w ar I mplemen t i s a l ess t e ch n ical an d

.

art ifi c i a l t e rm t h an t o o l T h e paw O f a t ig e r mi gh t b e t erm e d a

.

t e rri b l e i mp lemen t b u t n o t a t o o l
,
A u t en s il is t h a t w h ich m ay
.

b e u s e d fo r so m e s pe c ial purpo s e t h e w o rd is es pe ciall y applie d

t o a rt icl e s u se d fo r d o m e s t ic o r a gricu l t ura l purpo s e s as ki t c h en ,

u t en s ils farm in g u ten s i ls A n app li a n ce is t h at w h ich i s o r m ay

.

b e applie d t o t h e acc o mpli s h m en t o f a re s ul t e it h e r in d e pe n d e n t l y ,

o r as s ub o rd in a t e t o so m e t h in g m o re e x t e n s ive o r impo rt an t ev e ry

m e c h ani c al t o o l i s an app li a n ce b u t n o t e v e ry app li a n ce i s a t o o l

,

t h e t ra ce s of a h arn ess ar e app li a n ces fo r t ract io n , b ut t h ey a re

n ot t o o ls ° M e ch a n i s m is am ean in g d e n o t in g an y
w o rd of w id e ,

c o m b in a t io n o f m e c h an i ca l d ev i c e s fo r un it e d ac t io n A ma ch i n e .

in t h e m o s t g en e r al s en se is an y m ech ani c a l i n s t ru men t fo r t h e

co n v e r s io n o f m o t io n ; in t h is s e n s e a l e v e r is a ma chi n e b u t in
m o re c o mm o n ly a cc ept e d u sag e a ma ch i n e is di s t in g uish e d fro m a
t o o l b y it s co m pl e x i t y a n d b y t h e co m b in at io n an d co o rdi n a t io n
,

o f po w ers an d m o v e m e n t s fo r t h e pro d u c t io n o f a r es u l t A c h is e l .

b y it se l f is a to o l w h e n i t is s et so as to b e o pe ra t e d by a c rank

an d pit m an , t h e e n t ire mech a n is m is call e d a ma ch i n e as , a m o r

t is in g =m a ch in e . An app a ra t u s m ay b e a ma chi n e b ut t h e w o rd ,

is co m m o n ly u se d fo r a co ll e c t io n o f di s t in ct a r t ic l e s t o b e u se d in
c o n n e c t io n o r c o m b i n a t io n fo r a c e rt a in — m ech an ical
purpo s e a

e qu ipm e n t as , th e app a r a t us o f a gy m n as ium e spe c i all y , fo r a

c o ll e c t i o n O f ap pli a n ces fo r so m e sc ie n t ifi c purpo s e as , a c h e m i cal

o r s u rg ic al app a ra t u s an app a ra t u s ma y in c l u d e m an y to o ls ,

in s t r umen t s , or i mp lemen t s . I mp lemen t is fo r t h e mo st part an d

 t ra n s a c t
t ra n s a cti o n 360

e vid e n ce O f it s p e se ce o o f t h e e ff ec t
r n r it h as pro d uce d ; as , tra ces
O f g a m e w e re o b s e ve d b y t h e h un t e r
r . Co m pare CH A R A C TER I S TIC .

TR A N S A C T .

Syn o n ym s

acco mpli sh , c a rr y on , d o , p e rf
act, con d uc t , n e g o t iat e , tr e a t .

T h e re ar e m an y m ay d o a cco mp li s h o r p erf or m
acts th at on e , ,

u n a id e d w h at h e t r a n s a ct s is b y m e an s o f o r in asso c iat io n w it h
o t h e rs ; o n e m a y d o a d u t y p erf o rm a v o w , a cco mp li s h a t ask b u t
, ,

he t ra n s a ct s b u s in e ss , s in c e t h at al w ay s in v
o lv es th e a g en cy of

o t h e rs . To n ego t i a t e a n d to t r ea t are lik e w ise co ll e c t i v

e ac t s , b ut
b o t h t h e se w o r d s l ay s t re ss upo n d e li b erat io n w it h a d j u s t m e n t o f
mut u al c l a i m s an d in t e res t s tra n sa ct , w hil e it m ay d e pe n d u po n
v
pre io u s d e l ib e rat io n , s t at e s e x e cu t io n o n l y No t e s , b ills o f e x .

c h an g e , l o an s , an d t r e at i e s a re s ai d to be n ego ti a t e d , t h e w o rd so

use d co v
e in g
r n ot m ere l y t h e pre lim in ary co n s id era t io n b u t t h e ,

fi n al s e tt l e m en t . Nego ti a t e h as m o r e re fere n ce t o e x e c u tio n t h an

t r e a t ; n at io n s m ay t r ea t o f pe a ce w it h o u t re s u l t , b ut w h e n a

t re a t y is n ego t i a t ed , peace is sec ure d ; t h e c it iz e n s of the two

n a t io n s ar e t h e n fre e to t r a n s a ct b us in e ss w it h on e an o t h e r .

Co mpare DO .

T R A NSA C T I O N .

S yn o n ym s

a fi a ir , b u s in d oin pro c e e d i n g
‘

a ct a cti on ess d ee d g,
vly
, , , , .

One
’
s a ct s o r d eed s m ay b e e xc lu s i e h is o wn ; h i s t ra n s a c
olv
ti o n s in v e th e part ic ipat io n o f o t h e rs
age n c y o r A tra n s a cti o n .

is so m et hi n g co m pl e t e d ; a p r o ceed i n g is o r is ie w e d as so m e v
t h in g in pr o gre s s ; b u t s in ce t r a n s a ct i o n is O ft en use d t o in cl ud e
th e s t eps l e a d in g t o t h e c o n c l u s io n , w h il e p r o cee d i n gs m ay res ul t

in a ct i o n , v
t h e d i id in g l in e b e t w e e n t h e t w o w o rd s b e co m e s so me
t im e s qu it e fa in t , t h o t r a n s a ct i o n o ft e n e mph a s iz es t h e fa c t o f
so m et hi n g d o n e , o r b ro u gh t t o a co n c l u s io n Bo t h t r a n sa cti o n s .

an d p r o ceed i n gs are us e d o f the re co rd s of a d e lib e ra t i vb e od y,

e specia ll y w h e n pub lis h e d ; s t ric t l y u se d , t h e t w o ar e d is t in

g ui s h e d as , t h e Ph il o s o phi cal T r a n s a ct i on s o f t h e R o y al S o c ie t y
v
o f L o n d o n g i e in fu ll t h e pape rs re a d ; t h e Pr ocee d i n gs o f t h e

A m erican Ph il o l o gical A ss o c iat io n gi e in full t h e b usi n es s d o n e , v

w it h m ere a b s t ra c t s o f o r e x t rac t s fro m t h e pape rs read . Co m pare
A CT BUS IN E SS .
 361
t ra n sce n de n t a l
t ra n sie n t

T R A N S C E N D E NT A L .

S yn o nym s
a p ri o ri , i n t ui t i v e o ri g i n a l p ri m o rd i a l t ra n sce n d ent
vt
, , , .

I n t u i ti e ru t h s are t h o s e w hi ch are in t h e m in d in d e pe n d e n t ly
o f a ll e x perie n ce , n o t b e in g d e ri v
ed fro m e x pe ri e n c e n o r l im it e d
b y it , t h a t t h e w h o l e is gre a t e r t h an a part ,
as o r t h at t h in g s w h i c h
a re e qu al to t h e sa m e t h in g a r e e qu a l t o o n e an o t h er A l l i n t ui
ti v
.

e t ru t h s or b el ie fs a re t ra n s cen d en t a l . But t ra n s cen d en t a l is a

w id er t e rm t h an i n tui t i v i l ud i g
e, nc n a ll w it h in the l im i ts of

t h o u gh t t h at is n ot d er ivd f m x p i
e ro e er en ce , a s t h e i d e as O f s pac e

an d t im e . B e in g is t ra n s cen d en t a l A s b ein g c an n ot be
in clu d e d un d er a n y g en us , b ut t rans cen d s t h e m al l , so
t h e pro pe r
t ie s O r a ff e c t ion s o f b e in g h a v
e a lso b e en call e d tr a n s cen d en t a l .

K =F Vo ca b Ph i lo s p 530
. . . . . . T r a n s cen d en t h e [K an t ] e mplo y e d
t o d en o t e w h at i s w h o lly b ey o n d e x perien ce , b e in g n e it h er g i e n v
a s a n a po s t e rio ri n o r a p r i o r i e l e m e n t o f c o gn it io n — w h at t h e re

fo re t ran sc en d s e v
e y cat e go
r ry o f t h o u gh t .
”
K =F Vo ca b Ph i lo s
. . . .

p 531
. T r a n s cen d en t a l h as b e en appl ie d in t h e l an guage o f t h e
.

E m erso n i an sch o o l t o t h e s ou l s s uppo s e d i n t u i t i e kn o w l e d g e O f

’
v
t h in g s di in e v an d h u m an , so far a s t h e y are c apa b l e o f b e i n g kn o w n
to m an . Co m pare M YS TE RI O US .

T R A N S I E NT .

S yn ym s
on
b ri e f, fl e e t in g , fu g i t i v e . s h o rt ,

e p h e m e ral fl it t in g , m o m e n t a ry t e m p o r a ry
v
. , ,

e an e s ce n t, fl y in g , pa s sin g , t ra n s it o ry
v
.

T r a n s i en t an d t r a n s i to ry a re b o t h d e ri ed fro m t h e sa me o rig

i n al s o urc e (L . t ra n s , o v
g o ) , d en o t in g t h a t w hi c h qui c kly
e r , a n d e 0,

passes o r is pas s in g a w ay , b ut t h e r e is b e t w e e n t h e m a fi n e s h ad e
o f diff e r e n ce A t h in g is t ra n s i en t w h ic h in fac t i s n o t l as t in g ; a
.

t h in g is tr a n s i t o r y w h ic h b y i t s v
e ry n at ur e m u s t s o o n pass aw a y ;
a t h in g is t emp o r a ry (L t emp us t im e ) w h ic h is in t e n d e d t o
.
,
l as t or

b e m ad e u se o f b ut a l it t l e w h il e as , a t r a n s i en t joy t h is t r a n s i
t o ry life ; a t empo ra r y m an
Ep h emer a l ( G r ep i , On , an d
c h a ir . .

h emera , d ay ) l it e rall y l as t in g b ut fo r a d ay , O ft en m ark s m o re

s tro n gl y t h an v
t r a n s i en t e x c ee d in g b re it y o f d ura t io n ; it a gre e s
w it h t r a n s i t o ry in d e n o t in g t h at i t s is d e s t in e d t o pass aw ay ,
O b e ct
j
b u t is s t ro n g e r, as d e n o t in g n o t o n l y it s c e rt ain b u t it s s pe e d y

e x t in c t io n t h us t h at w h ic h is eph emera l i s l o o k e d upo n a s at o n ce

s li gh t an d pe r is h ab l e an d t h e w o r d c arrie s O ft e n a
, s ugg es t io n of

mpt
co n t e m an s l ife is tr a n s it o ry , a b ut t erfly s
’ ’
e x is t e n ce is
ep h emer a l w it h n o so lid qu al it ies or w o rt h y ac h ie v
e me n ts a pre
 362

t en d er may so me t imes gain an po pul arity Th at w hich ep h e mera l .

v
is fl eet i n g is ie w e d as in t h e act o f pas s in g s w i ft ly b y , an d t h at
v
w h ich is f ug i t i e ( L f ug i o , fle e ) a s e l ud i ng a t t e mpts t o d e t a in it ;
.

v
t h at w h ich i s e a n es ce n t (L e a n esco , fro m c, o ut , a n d v
a n us ,
. v
e mpt y , vi a n ) as in t h e a ct o f v i hi an s ng e v
en w h il e w e g a z e , as the
h ues of th e s un s e t .

A nt o n ym s
ab id in g, e t e rn al , immo rt a l , l ast in g, pe rpet ual , un d yin g,
en d urin g , e erl as t in g, v imperis h ab le , perman en t , pe rs is t en t , un fad in g .

U NI O N .

S yn o ym s
n

c o a l it i o n , c o nj u n c t i o n , j u n ct ure , u n ifi c at i o n ,

c o m b in a t i o n , j un ctio n , onen ess , un it y .

Un i t y is o n en ess , th e stat e of b e in g on e, e s pec iall y of t h at

w hi ch ne v
er h a s b e e n d i id e d v or o f t h a t w h ich c an n ot be co n

cei v
ed O f as re so l v
ed in t o part s as , t h e u n i ty of G od or t h e u n i ty
Of t h e h u m an so ul . Un i o n i s b rin gin g t o g e t h e r o f t h in gs t h at
a

ha vb e ee n d is t in c t , so th a t t h ey co m b in e o r co a l e sc e t o fo rm a n e w
w h o le , or the s t at e o r c o n d it io n o f t h in g s t h us b r o u gh t t o g e t h e r

in a un i o n t h e s e parat e v
in d i id ualit y of t h e t h in g s u n it e d is ne v
e r

lo s t s igh t o f we s pe ak o f t h e un io n of
t h e part s o f a fra c t ure d
b on e or O f t h e un i o n of h e art s in marriage But un i ty c an b e
.

sa id O f t h a t w h ic h is m an ife s t ly or e v
en co n s pic u o us ly m ad e up

of part s , w h en a sin gl e purpo s e o r i d e a l is so su b ser e d b y all v

t h a t t h e ir po ss ib l e se pa rat e n e ss i s l o st s ig h t o f ; a s , w e s pe ak o f
t h e u n i t y o f t h e h u m an b o d y , o r o f t h e u n i ty o f t h e c h urc h .

Co m pare A LLIA NC E ; A SSO CIA TIO N ; ATTA CHME NT ; H A RMO NY ;

M A RRI A GE .

A n t o n ym s
an al ys is , d e c o mpo s it io n , d isj un ct io n , d is un io n , v
d i o rce ,
con t rariet y, d i s co n n ect i o n , d l BS O Cl at D , v
d i i s 1o n , s ch i sm,

US UA L .

S yn ym s
o n

accust ome d v e ry d ay g e n e ra l , o rd in a ry , pub l ic ,

v
, e =
,

mmon fa m i l i a r , h ab i tual , ail in g re g u l ar,

v
co , pre ,

c u s t o m a ry , fr e q u e n t , n o rm a l , pre ale n t , w on ted .

Us u a l (L . u s us . u se , h a b it , w o n t ) s ig n ifi es s u c h a s re g ul arl y o r

o ft e n r e c u rs in t h e o rdi n ary c o u rse o f e v

e ts
n , or is h ab it u ally re

pe at e d in t h e life o f t h e sa m e pe rso n . O r d i n a ry ( L . o r d o , o rd e r )
s ign ifi e s acco rd in g t o a n e s t ab li sh e d o rd e r , h e n ce of e v
e yd r ay o c

c urre n c e ° In s tri c t n ess , co mmo n gen er a l apply t o t h e gre at e r

an d

nu mb e r o f in di v
id uals in a c l ass b u t b o t h w o r d s are in g o o d u se as
 via n 364

pan c y . A v
m m ay n o t b e emp t y an d an emp t y h o us e
a ca n t ro o ,

m ay n o t b e v a ca n t Va ca n t a s d e riv e d fro m t h e L at in is ap
.
, ,

plie d t o t hin gs o f so m e di gn it y ; emp i i fro m t h e S a x o n is pre ,

ferre d in speakin g o f s li gh t co mm o n o r h o m el y m a tt er s t h o , , ,

it m ay b e appli e d w it h s pe c ial fo rce t o t h e h igh e s t ; w e spe a k o f

emp t y s pa ce a v a ca n t l o t an empty di s h an emp t y sl e ev e a v a ca n t ,

a c a n t o ffic e a v
,

m in d an emp ty h e art an emp t y b o a s t a v

, ,

, ,
a ca n t o r , ,

l e i s u r e h o ur Vo i d an d d ev o i d a re rare l y u se d in t h e lit e ral se n se ,

b u t fo r t h e m o s t part co n fi n e d t o ab s t rac t re lat io n s d ev

.

o i d b e in g ,

fo ll o w e d by of , an d v
h a in g w it h t h at a d d it io n t h e e ffe c t o f a
prepo s it io n al ph rase ; as , t h e arti cl e is d e o i d of s en s e ; t h e c o n v
tr a c t i s v
o id fo r w an t o f c o n s id erat i o n Wa s t e, in t h is c o nn e c .

t io n , applies t o t h at w h ich is m a d e so by d e vst at io

a n o r r uin , o r

v
gie s an impress io n of d eso l at io n , e
e s p c ial l y a s c o mb in e d w it h
v tn e
as pro b ab ly fro m asso c iat io n o f t h e w o rd s w a s t e an d
ss , as t v
w as te i s appl ie d al so t o un cul t i at e d o r un pro d u ct i e l an d , if o f v v
c o n s id e rab l e e x t e n t w e s pe ak o f a wa s te tr a c k o r re g io n , b u t n o t
Of a w a s te c it y lo t . Va cu o u s re fe rs to the co n d i t io n of b e in g
e mp t y or v a ca n t , re g ar d e d as c o n t in u o u s o r c h ara ct e ris t ic .

A n to n ym s
b rimful ,
b rimme d ,
b rimmin g,

VA I N .

Syn o n yms
a b o rt i e , v fu t i l e , sh a d owy , u n s a t i s fy i n g ,
b as ele ss, id le , t ri fl i n g , v
u n s e r ic e a b l e ,
b o otle ss , in c o n s t an t , t ri i a lv un s u b st an tia l ,
v
.

d e c e i t fu l , i n e ff e c t u a l , un a a il in g , usel e ss,
d elu si e , v n u g a t o ry , u n i m p o rt a n t v apid ,
vi i
,
e mpty , n u ll , u n pro fi t ab l e . s o n ary ,
fr u i t l e s s , pro fi tl e ss , un re al , w o rt h le ss .

Va i n (L . v ann s, e mo l o g ical i d e a t h ro ugh all

mpt y ) ke e ps t h e et y

c h an g e s o f m ea n i n g ; a v a i n e n d e avo r i s emp t y o f r e s ul t o r o f ,

a d e qu t e po w e r t o pro d u c e a r e s ul t a v a i n pre t e n s io n i s emp t y o r

a
d est it ut e o f s uppo rt a v
,

a i n pe rso n h as a co n ce it t h a t i s emp t
, y or
d es t i tu t e o f a d e qu at e c au s e or reaso n . T h at w hi c h is b o o t less ,
f r ui t less , o r p ro fi t les s f ail s t o ac co mpli sh an y v
al u ab l e res u l t ; t h at
w hi ch i s a b or ti v
e i n effect u a l
, , o r un a vili a ng fail s t o acco m plis h a

re s ul t t h at i t w as , or w as s uppo se d to be, a d apt e d to a c co mpli s h

vi
.

T h at w h ich is u se les s , f u t i le , or a n is in h er e n t l y in capab l e Of

acc o m pli s hin g a s pec ifi e d r es ul t . Us e les s , in t h e w i d es t sen s e ,

 365 v en a l

s ig n ifi e s n o t o f u se fo r an y v
a luab l e purpo se , an d is t h us c l o se l y

si mi la r to vlu a e less an d wo r t hles s . F ru i t less i s m o re fi n al t h an

i n effectu a l, a s a ppl y in g t o th e su m or h ar v
e t of es n d ea v
o r . T h at
w h ich is u s e les s l ac ks a ct u a l fi t n e s s fo r a purpo s e t h a t w h ic h i s
vi a n l ac ks im agin ab l e fi t n es s . Co m pare VA C A NT O S T E NTA TI O N ;

PRID E .

A n t 0 n ym s
ad e quate , v
e ff e ct i e , po werful ,
v
ad an tage o us, e fli cien t , pro fit ab le ,
b en efi cial, e xpe d ie n t , real ,
co mpet en t , po t en t , v
s er ice ab le ,

Co mpare s yn o n yms fo r UTILITY .

VE N A L .

S yn ym s
o n

h ir e l i n g , m e rc e n a ry , p urch a s ab le ,
s al ab le .

Ven a l (L . v en a li s , fro m v um
en , s al e ) s i g n i fi e s re a d y to s e ll o n e s
’

in fl u en ce , v
o te m o n e y o r o t h e r c o n s id era tio n mer
, o r e ffo r s t fo r
cen a ry ( L mercen a r i u s fro m mer ces pa y re w ard ) s igni fi e s in fl u
.
, , ,

e n c e d c h i e fl y o r o n l y b y d e s ire fo r g a in o r re w a rd t h u s e ty m o
l o g ically t h e mer ce n a ry can b e h ire d w h il e t h e v
,

, en a l ar e O pe nl y ,

o r a c t uall y fo r s al e hi r eli n g (A S b yr li n g fro m hyr ) s ign ifi es .

,

s er v
i g n fo r hi re or v
pay , o r h a in g t h e s pir it o r c h aract er O f o n e
w h o w o rk s or o f t h a t w hi ch is d o n e d ire c t l y fo r h ir e o r pa y M er .

cen a ry h as es pecial a ppl i c at io n harac t er to c or d is po s it io n ; as , a

mer cen a ry spirit mer cen a ry m o t iv

a v
es — i e es t o . .
, S pi rit o r m o t i

w h ich m o n e y is t h e ch ie f co n s i d e r at io n o r t h e m o vin g pr in c ipl e

T h e h i r eli n g t h e mer cen a ry an d t h e v
.

,
en a l are ali k e in m a kin g
,

prin c ipl e , c o n sc ie n c e , an d h o n o r O f l e s s ac co u n t t h an g o ld o r so r

d id c o n s id era t io n s ; b ut t h e mer cen a r y an d v en a l m ay b e s im pl y

o pe n t o t h e b arg a in an d s al e w h ic h t h e h i r eli n g h as a lr e a d y co n

sum m at e d ; a c l e rg y man m a y b e mer cen a r y in m a kin g pl a ce an d

pa y o f un d u e i m po r t an c e w h il e n ot v en a l e n o u gh t o fo r s ake h is
o w n c o m m u n i o n fo r a n o t h er fo r an y re w ard t h at c o ul d be o ff e re d

h im . T he mer cen a ry may r e t a in m uch sh o w of in d e pe n d en ce

hi r e lin g se r v
i ce s a c rifi c es se lfs r e spe c t a s w e ll prin c ipl e a pub li c
as

O ffice r w h o m a ke s h i s o ffi ce t rib ut ary t o v pri at e s pecul at io n in

w h ic h h e i s in t e re s t e d i s mer cen a ry if h e r ece iv
e s a s t ipu l a t e d r e c

o mpe n s e fo r a d min ist erin g h is O ffi ce a t t h e b e h es t O f so m e l e a d er ,

fac t io n , c o rpo ra t io n , or t h e l ik e , h e i s b o t h h i r e l i n g an d v en a l if
h e gi v e s e s s e n t i al a d vt
an a g es fo r pay , w it h o u t s ub e c t in g
j h im s elf
 vn e ra t e
v
e
e n e ra tio n 366

to an y d ire ct d o m in at io n , h i s co u r se is v en a l , b ut n ot h ir eli n g .

Co m pare PAY ; VE NIA L .

A n t o n ym s
d is in t eres t e d , h o n e st , in co rrupt ib l e , pub li C‘
S piI l t e d , un pur ch a s ab l e .

gen ero us , h on o rab l e , pat rio t ic,

VE N E R A T E .

Syn o n ym s

a d ore , h on or, r e sp e ct , re v ere , re v e re n ce .

v
In t h e h igh es t s en se , t o r e er e o r r e er en ce is t o h o l d in m in g l e d v
lo ve a n d h o n o r w it h s o m et hi n g o f s a c re d f e ar , a s fo r t h a t w hi c h

w hi l e l o v
e l y is s ub lim e l y e x al t e d an d b r in g s u po n u s by c o n t ra s t

a se n se o f o ur un w o rt hi n ess o r v
in f eri o rit y ; t o r e er e i s a w h o lly
s pirit ua l act ; to re ve er n ce is O ft en , t h o n o t n ece ss aril y , t o gi e v
o ut w ar d e x pre s s io n t o th e re v
e er n t ial fe e lin g we v
re er e o r r e er v
en ce t h e di i n e v m a j es t y . Re v er e is a s tr o n g e r w o rd t h an re v
e r

en ce o r v e n er a e t . To v en er a t e i s t o h o ld in e x a lt e d h o n o r w it h o ut
fear , an d is appl i e d to O b e ct s
j l ess re mo v
e d fro m O urs e l ves t h an
t h o se w e v
r e er e , b e in g s a id e s pe c ia ll y o f a ge d pe rs o n s , o f pl a c e s
o r O b e ct s j v
h a in g s ac re d a sso ciat io n s , an d O f a b s t ra c t io n s ; w e

ven e r a t e an a g e d pas t o r , t h e d u s t o f h e r o e s or m art yr s , l o fty v

i t ue
r

o r s e lfs s a c rifi c e , o r so m e gr e a t cau s e , a s t h at o f ci v

il o r re li g i o u s

lib ert y ; w e d o n ot v en er a t e G o d , b ut re v er e o r r e er en ce v h im .

W e a d o r e w it h a h u m b l e y e t fr e e o u t fl o w in g O f s o ul . Co m pare
VE NE R A TI O N .

VE NE R A T I O N .

S yn o nym s
a d o ra t i o n , aw e , d re ad , re v e re n ce .

A we is in s pir e d b y t h at in w hi c h t h ere is s u b lim it y o r maj e s t y

so v
o e rw h e l m in g a s t o a w a k e n a f e e l in g a kin t o fear in a we, c o n
s id e re d b y i t s e lf , t h e r e is n o e le m en t o f est e e m o r affe ct io n . t h o th e
v
.

s en s e of ast n ess , po w e r , o r g ran d e ur in t h e O b j e c t is alw a y s

pr ese n t D r ea d is
. a s h rin k in g a ppre h e n s io n o r e x pec t at i o n o f

po s s ib l e h ar m aw ak e n e d b y a n y o n e O f m an y O b j ec t s o r c a u se s ,
v
fro m t h at w hi c h is o e rw h e l m in g ly as t an d m igh t y t o t h a t w h i c h v
v
is pro d u c t i e o f m o m en t ary ph y s ical pain in it s h ig h e r u s e s
d r ea d appro ac h e s t h e m e an in g o f a w e, b u t w it h m o re O f c h il lin e s s
an d co w e r in g , a n d w it h o u t t h a t j
s u b ec t i o n o f s o u l t o t h e gra n d e ur
 v e rb a l 36S

h im m an
v
o c c a s io n s s pe ak th e t r u t h b ut
, t h at d o e s n o t co n s t itu t e a

of v er a ci t y on the o t h er h an d , a pe rs o n o f Im d o ub t e d er a ci ty

m a y s t a t e (t h ro ugh ign o ra n c e o r m is in fo rm at io n ) w h at is n ot th e .

t ru t h . T ru t hfu ln es s is a qu al it y t h at m ay inh e re e it h e r in a pe r
son or in hi s st at e m en t s o r b e lie fs Ca n d o r , f r a n kn ess , h on es ty,
.

an d i n gen u o u s n ess are alli e d w it h v era ci ty , an d v i ty w it h

er tru th ,

w h il e t ru t hfu ln ess m ay a cco rd w it h e it h e r . T ru t h i n a seco n d

ary se n s e m ay b e applie d t o in t ell e c t ual ac t io n o r m o ral c h ara c

t e r in t h e fo rm er c ase b e c o m in g a c l o se s y n o n ym o f v
, er a ci ty

as I kn o w h im t o b e a m a n o f t ru t h
, .

A n t o n ym s :
d e ce it , d uplicity, false h o o d ,
d e cept ion , e rro r, fal s ene s s ,
d el us io n , fab ricati o n , f al s it y ,

Co mpare s yn o n y m s fo r D E C E PTI O N .

VE R B A L .

Syn o n ym s

lit eral , o ra l , v o c al .

O ra l (L . 08 , the mo ut h ) s i gn ifi e s u tt ere d t h ro ug h t h e m o ut h o r
( in co mmo n ph r as e) b y w o r d o f m o u t h ; er b a l (L v . v
er b u m a

w o rd ) s igni fi e s O f , pert ai n in g t o , o r co n n ec t e d w i t h w o rd s , e s pe

c iall y w it h w o r d s as di st in g u is h e d fro m t h e id e as t h e y con vey ;

v o ca l (L . vx o , th e v
oi ce ) s ign ifi es o f pert aini n g t o t h e
or v
oi ce,

u tt e re d o r m o d ul a t e d b y t h e vi o ce , an d e s pe c i all y ut t e re d w it h or

s o un di n g w it h ful l , r e s o n an t vo ice li ter a l (L . li t er a , a l e t t e r) s ig

ni fi e s co n s is t in g o f o r e x presse d b y l e tt ers , ac co rdi n g t o th e

‘

or

l e tt e r , in t h e b ro ad e r s en s e o f th e e x act m ean in g o r r e qu ire men t

”
Of t h e w o rd s use d ; w h at is call e d t h e l e tt e r of t h e l aw is it s
li t er a l m ean in g w it h o u t g o in g b eh in d w h at i s e x pr e s s e d b y th e
l e t t e rs on t h e pa g e T h u s o r a l appli e s t o t h at w h i ch is g i e n b y
. v
s po k en w o r d s in di s t in c t io n fro m t h at w h ich is wr it t e n o r prin t e d ;
as , o ra l t radi t io n ; an o r a l ex a m in a t io n . By t h is ru l e we sh o u l d

in s t ri c t n e s s s pea k o f an o r a l c o n t ra c t o r an ora l m e s s ag e b u t
,

vber a l c o n t ra c t an d vber al m essage ,

as in di ca t in g t h a t w h ich is b y
s po k en rat h e r t h an b y w r itt e n w o rd s , v
h a e b e co m e s o fix e d in t h e
l a n gu a g e t h a t t h e y can pro b ab l y n e e r b e v c h an ge d t hi s u s ag e is
a l so in li n e w it h o t h er idi o m s
t h e l an g u a ge ; as ,
of I gi e y o u v
my wo rd ,
”
a t ru e m an s wo r d i s a s g o o d as hi s b o n d ,
’ ”
b y wo r d
o f m o ut h , et c . v
A er b a l t ran s l a t io n m ay b e o r a l o r w r itt en , so
t h at it is w o r d f o r w o rd ; a li t era l t ran s l at io n fo l l o w s t h e c o n
s tr u c t io n a n d id io m o f t h e o ri i n al a s w e ll a s t h e w o rd s a li t er a l
g
 vi t c o ry
369 vi g i l a n t

t ra n s la t io n is m o re t h an m ere ly v er b a l ; b o t h v
on e t h a t is
er b a l

a n d li t er a l are o ppo se d t o f r ee In t h e s a m e s e n s e o f a t t e n d in g
t o w o rd s o n l y w e s pea k of v
.
,

, er b a l c r it ic i s m a v er b a l c h an g e , .

Vo ca l h as pri mary re fere n c e t o t h e h u m an v o ice as v o ca l so u n d s ,

v v
,

o ca l m u s ic o ca l m ay b e applie d w it h in c e rt a in l im it s t o i n ar

t ic ul a t e so un d s g iv e n fo rt h b y o t h e r a n i m a l s t h a n m an ; as t h e ,

w o o d s w e re vc o al w it h t h e so n gs o f b ird s o ra l is ne v e r so a ppli e d ,

b ut is l im it e d t o art ic u l a t e u t t e ran ce r e ga rd e d as ha v
i g n a d e fin it e
m e an in g ; as , an o ra l s t a t e m en t .

VI C T O R Y .

Syn o n ym s

a ch ie e en vm t; con que s t succe ss t ri um ph

v
, , .

ad an t ag e , m a s t e ry , s upre m a cy ,

Vi ct o ry is t h e s t at e r es u l t in g fro m t h e v e co mi g o f
o r ppo n an o

n e n t o r O ppo n e n t s in an y c o n t e st , o r fr o m th e o ve co m i g o f di ffi r n

c ul t ies , O b s t a c l e s , e v
il s , et c .
, c o n s id er e d as O ppo n e n t s o r e n e m ie s
vm vt
.

In t h e l at t e r se n se a n y h ard w o ns a chi e e en t ad a n a ge , o r s u c

v
,

cess m ay b e t e r m e d a i c t o r y In co n qu es t an d m a s t e ry t h e re is
.

im pl ie d a per m an e n c e o f s t at e t h a t is n o t im pl ie d in i c t o ry
’

v .

T r i ump h o rig in ally d en o t in g t h e pu b lic r ej o i c in g in h o n o r O f a

,

vi ct o ry, h a s co m e t o s ign ify al s o a pe c u l iarl y e x u l t an t co m pl e t e , ,

an d gl o rio u s i ct o ry v
Co m pare C O N QU E R
. .

A n t ym s
o n

d efeat , d is appo in t men t ,

d e s t ruct io n , d is as t e r,

VI G I L A N T .

Syn ymo n s

al e rt , c autio us , on th e l o o k o ut , w a ry ,
aw ak e . c irc u m
spe ct , sl e e
pl e s s , w a t c h fu l ,

c a r e fu l , o n t h e a l e rt , w a k e fu l , w i d e =a w a k e .

Vi gila n t im plie s m o re s u s t a in e d ac t iv
ity an d mo re in t e l lig e n t
v
o li t io th a n n a l er t ; on e m ay b e h ab it u ally a ler t by r e as o n O f
at iv
n e qu ic k n ess of perc e pt i o n an d t h o u gh t , or on e m ay b e m o
m e n t aril y a ler t u n d e r so me e x c it e men t o r e x pe c t an c y on e who
is v
i gil an t w it h t h o ugh t ful pu rpo s e
is so O n e is igila n t ag ain s t . v
d an g e r or h arm h e m ay b e a ler t o r wa t chf u l fo r go o d as w e ll as
a gain s t v
e il h e is w a ry in v
m tricke ry
ie w o f s u s pec t e d s t ra t a ge , ,

o r t re ac h e ry A pe rs o n m ay b e wa kef u l b ecause o f so m e m ere ly

.

ph y s ical e x c it em en t o r e x c it ab ilit y as t h ro ugh i n so m n ia y e t h e ,

m a y b e u t t e rl y c are l e ss an d n e gligen t in h is w ake ful n e s s t h e re ,

v e rs e o f w a t c hfu l ; a pers o n w h o is truly wa t chfu l mu s t k e ep hi m

4
 vi t ur e 370

s el f wa kef u l w h il e on w at ch , in w hi ch case wa kefu l h as so m e t h in g

of m e n t al qualit y Wa t chf u l fro m t h e S a xo n an d v i gi la n t fro m , ,

b ut v
.
,

t h e L at i n are al m o s t e x a c t e quiv
,
al e n t s i gi la n t h as so m e
wh at m o r e O f s h arp d e fi n it e n e s s an d s o m e w h at m o re s u gg es t io n
of v o lit io n ; o n e m ay b e h a b it ual l y wa t chf u l ; o n e i s v i gi la n t o f
s e t pu rpo s e an d fo r d ire c t c a us e , a s in t h e pre s e n c e o f an e n e m y .

Co m pare AL E RT .

A n t o n ym s

care le ss ,
d ro w s y,
d ull ,

VI R T U E .

S yn o n ym s
ch a s t it y , h on e sty , p ro b i ty , tr u t h ,

d ut y h on or, p u ri t y , u p ri g h t n e ss,
vi t
,

e xc e ll e n c e , i n t e g rit y , re ct it u d e , r u o u sn e s s ,

f a i t h fu l n e s s , j ustice , ri g h t e o u s n e ss , w o rt h ,

goodness, m o ra l it y , ri g h t n e s s , w o rt h i n ess .

Vi r tue ( L v
i tu r s, prim aril y m an l y s t re n g t h o r co ura g e , fro m
v
.

i r a m an ,
,
a h ero ) is , in it s full s e n se , go o d n ess t h a t is v
i t c o

rio u s t rial , pe rh a ps t h ro u g h t e m pt a t io n an d co n fl ict

t h r o u gh .

G o o d n es s , t h e b e in g m o rally go o d , m ay b e m u ch l es s t h an ir v
t u e , as l ac kin g t h e s t re n g th t h at co m e s f ro m t rial an d c o n flic t ,
or it m ay b e v
e ry m u c h m o re t h an v
i tu r e, as ris in g s u b li me l y
ab o v
e th e po s s ib il ity o f t e m pt at io n an d c o n fli c t — t h e in fan t ile
as c o n t ra s t e d w it h t h e d i in e go o d n ess v . Vi r t u e is d is t in c t ive ly

h u man ; w e d o n o t pre d ic at e i t O f G o d . M o r a li t y is co n fo rm ity

t o t h e m o ra l l a w i n ac t i o n ,
w h e t h e r in m a t t e rs c o n c ern in g o ur
se l v es o r o t h e rs , w h e t h e r w it h or w it h o u t r i gh t
prin c ipl e H o n es ty .

r el at io n s t o h i s f e l l o w m e n ,
’
an d p ro bi t y are u s e d e s pe c ial ly o f o n e s
p ro bi t y b e in g t o h o n es t y m u ch w h at i r t u e in v so me re s pe c t s is t o
go o d n ess p ro b i t y is h o n es ty t rie d an d pro e d , e s pe c ia lly i n t h o s e v
t h in g s t h a t are b e yo n d t h e r eac h o f l eg al re quir e m e n t ; ab o e t h e v
co mm ercial h o n es t y m ay b e appl ie d t o t h e hi gh e s t tr u th ful
s en s e ,

n ess o f t h e so ul t o an d w it h it s e l f an d it s M a k e r I n t egr i ty , in t h e .

full s e n se i s m o ral w h o l e n es s w it h o u t a fl aw ; w h en u s e d , a s it
.

o ft e n is , o f co n tra c t s an d d e alin gs , it h as r e f e re n c e t o in h ere n t

c h ara c t er an d prin c ipl e , an d d e n o t e s m u c h mo re t h an s upe rfi c ial

or co n v e n t i o n al h o n es t y H o n o r is
. a l o ft y h on es t y t h a t s c o rn s

frau d or w ro n g as b as e an d u n w o rt h y o f it se lf . H o n o r ris es far

ab o v
e t h o u gh t mo tt o t h at
of the h o n es ty is t h e b e s t po l icy .
”

P ur i t y is fre e d o m fro m all a d m ix t ure es pec ial ly o f t h at w h ich ,

d eb as es ; it is ch a s ti ty b o th of h eart an d li fe , b ut of t h e life be
 w ay
w isd o m 372

W AY .

S yn o n ym s

all e y , c o ur s e , l an e , path , ro ut e ,
a ve n ue , v
d ri e w a y , pas s , path w ay , s tr e e t ,
b rid
l e =p a t h , h i gh ro ad , passag e , ro a d , t h o ro u g h fa r e ,

ch an n e l , h igh w ay , pas sag ew ay , ro a d w ay , tr a c k .

W h e rev
er t h e re i s ro o m fo r o n e o b e ct j t o pas s an o t h e r t h e re is
a wa y . A ro a d (o rigin all y a ri d e wa y ) is a pre pare d wa y fo r t ra v
e lin g w it h h o r se s v
e hi c l e s al w a y s the l a t t er u n l ess t h e co n t rary
v
or ,
“

is e x pr es s ly s t a t e d ; a wa y s u it a b l e t o b e t ra e rse d o n ly b y fo o t :

pas s e n g ers o r b y a n im als i s call e d a p a t h , b r id le p a th s . or t ra ck

as , t h e r o a d s i n t h at c o un t ry are m e re b r i d l e p a t h s A s . ro a d ma y
v
b e pri at e ; a h i ghw a y o r hi gh r o a d is pub l ic , h i ghwa y b ein g a
s pec ifi c n a m e fo r a r o a d l e gall y se t apart fo r t h e u s e o f t h e pub li c

f o re v
e r ; a h i gh w a y m ay b e o v
er w at e r as w e ll as o v
e r l an d A .

r o u te is a l in e of t ra vl e , an d m ay b e o v
er m an y road s . A s t r eet
is in so m e ce n t e r o f h ab it a t io n , as a c i ty , tow n , or v
ill age ; w h en
it pas s e s b e t w e e n ro w s o f d w e llin g s t h e c o u n t ry r o a d b e co m e s t h e
v ill ag e s t reet . v
A n a en u e is a l o n g , b ro a d an d im po s in g o r prin ,

c ipal s t re e t . T r a ck is a w o rd of w id e s i gn ifi c a t io n we s pe a k o f a

g o at t r a ck
s on a m o un t ain s s i d e , a ra il ro a d z t r a ck, a rac e s t r a ch , th e
t ra ck o f a co m et ; on a t ra v
el e d ro a d t h e lin e w o rn b y re gul ar

pass in g of h o o fs an d w h e e ls in e it h e r d ire c t io n is c all e d t h e t r a ck .

A p a s s a ge is b e t w een an y t w o o b j ect s o r l in e s o f e n c lo sur e a p a s s ,

c o m m o n l y b e t w e e n m o u n t a in s A d ri v
ewa y i s w it h in e n cl o se d .

gro u n d s a s o f a priv
, at e r e s id e n c e A ch a n n el is a w at erwa y A . .

t h o r o ughf a r e is a w a y t h ro u g h ; a ro a d o r s t r eet t e m po rarily o r

perm an e n t ly c l o se d a t a n y po in t c e ases for s uch t ime t o b e a th or
o ughf are Co mpare A IR ; DIRE CTI O N
. .

W I SD O M .

Syn o nym s
at t ain me n t , in ig h t ,
s pr u d e n ce ,
d e p th , j ud gmen t , re a so n ,
d i s c e rn m e n t , j ud i ci o u s n e s s ,
re a s o n ab le n e s s ,
d i s cre ti o n , kn owled ge , s a g a c it y ,
enl igh ten ment, l e arn in g , sen se ,
e ru d it i o n , pre s c i e n c e , s k il l .
fo r e s i g h t . p r o fu n d i t y , u n d e rs t a n d i n g .

i n fo r m a t i o n ,

E n li g h t en men t , e r ud i t i o n , inf o rma t i o n , hn o wled ge, ‘ lea r n i n g,

a n d s ki ll ar e ac u ire d
q ,a s b y s t ud y o r prac tise . I n s i gh t , j ud gmen t ,

pr of un d i t y o r d ep t h , r ea s o n , s a g a ci ty, s en s e, a n d un d ers t a n d in g
v
a re n at i e qu a li t i es o f m in d , t h o c a a b l e o f in c re as e b y c u l t i a
p v
t io n . The o t h er qu alit ies are o n t h e b o rd e r lin e s . Wis d o m h as
 373 w it

b e e n d e fin e d as th e r i gh t us e O f kn o wled ge , or t h e us e of th e
m o s t impo rt an t m e an s fo r at t a ini n g t h e b es t en d s , wi s d o m t h us
pre s u ppo s in g kn o wled ge fo r it s v
e ry e x i s t e n c e a n d e x e rc is e Wi s .

d o m i s m e n t al po w e r a c t in g u po n t h e m at erials t h at fu lle s t kn o wl
v
e d ge g i e s in t h e m o s t e ffe c t i e w ay v
T h er e m ay b e w h at i s .

pr ac t ic al wi s d o m t h at l o o ks o n l y t o m at e ria l r e s ul t s ;
”
t e rm e d
“

b u t in i t s fu l l s e n s e , wis d o m im pl ies t h e h igh e s t an d n o bl e s t e x e r

c is e o f a l l t h e f a c u l t ie s O f t h e m o ra l n at ure as w e ll as o f t h e i n t e l

l e ct
J Pr u d en ce is a lo w er an d m o re n e g at i v
e fo rm O f t h e s a m e

vi t ue
r , res pe c t in g o u t w a r d a n d prac t ic al m at t e rs , a n d l arg e l y w it h
a vie w of a vidi
o ng loss a n d i n j u ry ; w i s d o m t ra n s ce n d s pr u d en ce .

so t h a t w hi l e t h e par t O f p ru d en ce is o rd in aril y a l so t h at of wis

d o m , c ases aris e , as in t h e e x ige n c i e s Of b u s in e s s or o f w ar , w h e n
t h e hi g h e s t wi s d o m i s in t h e d is re g ard o f t h e m ax ims p ru d en ce
Of .

J ud gmen t , t h e po w er o f fo rm in g d ec is io n s , e s pe c i a l l y co rr ec t d e

c i s io n s , m o re po s it iv
i s b ro a d e r e t h an
an d p ru d en ce, l ea di n g o n e
t o d o a s r ea d il y a s t o re fra in fro m d o in g ; b u t j ud gmen t is m o re
,

l im it e d in ran g e an d l e s s e x al t e d in c h ara c t e r t h an w is d o m t o
s ay o f o n e t h a t h e d ispl a y e d g o o d j u d gmen t i s m u c h l e s s t h an t o

s ay t h a t h e m ani fe s t e d w i s d o m S ki ll is far in fe rio r t o wis d o m ,

.

c o n s i s t in g l arg e l y in t h e pr ac t ic a l applicat io n o f ac qu ire d kn o wl

e d ge , po w e r , an d h ab it ual pro ce sse s , o r in t h e in g e n io u s c o n t ri
v
an c e t h at m ak es s uch appli cat i o n po s s ibl e In t h e m ak in g o f
.

so m et h in g perf ec t l y u sel e s s t h e re m ay b e gre a t s ki ll , b u t n o w is

d om . Co m par e C UM E N
A ; A S T UTE ; KNO WLE DGE ; MIND ; PRUD E NC E ;
S A GA CI O US ; S KILF UL

A nt o n ym s
ab s urdi t y , fo lly, imb ecilit y , mis cal cul at io n ,

e rro r, f o o l l s hn e s s , i mprud en ce , mIS Jud gmen t ,

fat ui t y , I d i o cy , i n d i s cre t i o n , n o n se n se ,

Co mpare syn o n y m s fo r A B S UR D IDI O CY .

W IT .

S yn o n ym s
b an ter. fun , j oke w a g g e ry ,
h um or,
,

b url e s q ue , p l a y fu l n e s s , w a g g ish n e s s ,

d r o ll e ry , j est , pl e a s a n try , w it t i ci sm .

fa c e t i o u s n e ss , j o c ul a r i t y , r a i l l e ry ,

Wi t is t h e qu ick perc e pt io n o f u n us u a l o r co mm o n l y un perc e iv

ed

an al o gie s o r r e l at io n s b e t w e e n t h in g s a ppare n t l y un r e l at e d , an d

h a s b ee n s a idt o d e pe n d u po n a u n io n O f s urpris e an d pl e a s ure it

d e pe n d s ce r t a in l y o n t h e pro d u c t i o n O f a di e rt in g , e n t e rt a ini n g , v
or merry m a kin g s u rpris e . T he a n al o gi es w i t h w h ich wi t pla y s
 w o rk
Ye t 4

ar e O ft e n s upe rfi c ial o r ar t ifi c al i ; h u mo r d eal s wi t h r ea l a n a l o ies

g
o f an a m u s in g or e n t ert a in in g k in d , or w it h t rait s Of c h arac t er

t h at a re s e e n to ha v
e a c o m ic al s id e as so o n as b ro u gh t t o v
i w e .

Wi t is k e e n , su d d e n , b ri e f , a n d so m e t im e s se v
e re h umo r i s d e ep,
t h o u gh t f u l , s u s t ain e d , a n d a l w ay s kin d l y . Plea s a n t ry is li gh t e r
an d l e ss v
ivid t h an w it . F un d en o t es t h e m e rry re s ul t s
pr o d uce d
b y wi t an d h umo r , or by an y fo rt u i t ou s o cc a s io n O f m irt h , a n d i s

pro n o un c e d an d O ft e n h il ar io u s .

A n t o n ym s

d ul n ess , s e rio us n es s , s o b rie t y, s o l e mn it y, s t o lid it y, s t upid it y

v
.

gra it y ,

W O R K .

Syn o n ym s

a ch ie ement v , d o in g , l ab or. p ro d u ct .

a ct i o n . d r u d g e ry , o ccupatio n , pro d u ct io n ,

b u s in e s s , e mpl o y m e n t , p e r fo rm a n c e , t o il .

d eed , e x e rt i o n ,

Wo r k
is th e g e n e ric t erm fo r an y co n t in u o u s appl ic at io n o f
e n ergy t o w ard an e n d wo r k m a y b e h ard o r e as y L a b o r is h ard .

a n d w e ary in g w or k to i l is s t rain in g a n d e x h au st in g w o rk Wo r k .

is al s o u se d fo r a n y re s u lt o f w o rki n g , ph y sical o r m e n t al , an d h as
s pec i al sen se s , a s in m e ch ani cs , w h ich l a b o r a n d t o i l d o n o t s h are .

D r u d gery is pl o d di n g , ir ks o m e , an d o ft e n m en i al wo rk . Co m pare
A CT ; B US INE S S .

A n t o n ym s
e as e , idl en es s , le isure , recreati o n , re l axat io n , repo s e , re s t , v acat io n .

Y ET .

Syn yms
o n

b e sid e s, f u rt h e r , h ith e rt o , n ow , s till , t h u s fa r .

Y et an d s t il l ha v
e ma n y c l o se l y re l at e d s e n ses , an d , w it h vb er s

pas t t im e , ar e in t e rc h an g e ab l e ; w e m a y “
of o ft e n s ay w hil e h e
”
w as y e t a c hi l d , or w h il e h e w a s s t i ll a chi l d . Y e t , like s t ill ,

O ft en a ppli e s t o pa s t a ct io n o r s t at e e x t en di n g to an d in cl u di n g t h e
prese n t t im e , e s pe c i all y w h en j o in e d w it h a s we c an s ay h e is
” “ ”
f eeb l e a s yet , o r h e is s t i ll f e eb l e , w it h s c arce l y a ppre c iab l e

di ff e re n ce of m e ani n g , e x ce pt t h at t h e fo rm er s t at e m en t implies
s o m e w h at m o re o f e x pe c t at io n t h an t h e l att er . Y et w it h a n e ga

ti v
e appli es to co mpl e t e d a c t io n , O ft e n g a po s it i
re pl ac in v
e s t at e

m en t w i t h s t i ll ; “
h e is n ot go n e ye t is n earl y t h e s am e as
“
he
is h e re s t ill Y et h as a re fere n ce t o t h e fu t ure w hi c h s t ill d o es
n o t sh ar e we m a y b e s u c ces s ful y et implie s t h at s u ccess m a y
w e m ay b e s uc c e ss ful s t i ll i m plie s
”
b e g in at so me fut ure t im e “
 SUGG ES TIO NS T O T HE TEACH ER .

v
T h e f oll o win g exercises h a e b een prepared e xpre ssly an d s o l el y t o accompan y
th e pre ce d in g t e xt in wh i ch t h e d ist in ct io n s o f s yn o n y ms h a e b e en carefull y po in t e d v
o ut . It i s n o t e xpe ct e d , in t en d e d , d e s ire d t h at t h e que st io n s sh o ul d b e an s we re d
or

or th e b l an k s in t h e e xa mpl es s upplie d o ff h an d In s uch s t ud y n o t h in g can b e

z

e b een av
.

wo rs e th an gue ss =w o rk H en ce l e ad in g quest ion s h av

, o id e d an d t h e o rd e r

Part I h as frequen t ly b een d epart ed from o r rev

.
,

o f s yn o n yms gi e n in v . ers e d in

Part II .

To s ec ure th e s t ud y O f P art I b efo re

. co min g in t o cl ass , pupil s s h o ul d n o t b e
all o wed to o pen it d urin g recit at io n , un l es s o n rare o c casio n s t o s et t l e d oub t ful o r
d isput e d po int s v
T h e e ry b es t met h o d will b e fo un d t o b e t o h a e t h e exampl e s ih
. v
cl ud e d in t h e l es so n , wit h an y o t h ers t h at may b e ad d e d , c o pied on t h e b l ack b o ard
‘

b e fo re recit at io n , an d n o b o ok s b ro ugh t in t o cl as s .

T h e teach er sh o ul d make a t h o rough s t ud y of th e sub e ct , n o t o n l y

j mast erin g
wh at is gi vn e in P art I .
, b ut gdin g b ey on d t h e n e ces s arily b rie f st at e en t s t h e re m
v
gi en , an d con s ul t in g t h e ult imat e aut h o rit ie s t h e b es t d i ct io n arie s an d t h e w o rks
o f t h e b es t speak ers an d writ ers .F or t h e l atte r purpo s e a go o d cy cl o pe d ia o f quot a
t io n s , l ik e t h e H o yt , will b e v
fo un d ery h elpf ul T h e t each e r sh o ul d so st ud y o ut
.

th e sub e ct as
j t o b e d ist in ct ly in ad v c an e of t h e cl as s an d ab l e to s peak aut h o rit a

tiv
e ly . S uch in d epen d en t s t ud y will b e fo un d in t en sely int ere st in g, an d can be mad e
d el igh t ful an d e en v fas cin at in g t O
‘

an y in t elligen t Clas s
v
.

In t o ques t io n s call in g fo r d efi n it i e st at emen t , th e t each er sh o ul d in sist

an s wer

v
upo n t h e ery wo rd s o f t h e t ext , un l e s s t h e pupil can gi e in h is o wn w o rd s wh at is v
man ifestly as go o d T
his will o ft en b e f o un d n o t e as y t o d o
. D efin it ion b y syn o .

ny m s h o ul d be ab s o l ut ely fo rb i d d en .

R e as on abl e que st io n s s h o uld b e e n co urage d , b ut t h e cl ass sh o uld n o t b e all o we d

to b e co me a d eb at in g s o cie t y T h e mean in g o f E n glish wo rd s is n o t a mat t er o f co n
.

j ect ure , an d all d is put e d po in t s s h o ul d b e pro mpt ly referre d t o t h e d ict io n ary — us u

al ly to b e l o o k e d up aft er t h e recit at io n , an d co n s id ere d , if n ee d b e , at t h e n ext re cit a
t io n . T he maj orit y of t h e m will n o t n ee d to be referre d to again , as th e d ifii cult ies
will si mpl y repres ent an in f erio r us age wh ich th e d ict ion ary wil l b rush as id e . O ne
v
great ad an t age o f s yn o n y m s t ud y is t o e xt e rmi n at e co ll o quialis ms .

T h e cl as s sh o ul d b e e n co urage d t o b ri n g quo t at ion s fro m firs t cl ass g aut h o rs wit h

b lan ks t o b e fi ll e d , s uch quot at io n s b ein g h eld aut h o rit ati e , th o ugh n o t in fallib l e; v
als o quo t at i o n s f ro m t h e b es t n ewspapers , perio d i cals , s peech e s , et c , with wo rd s .

un d erl ine d fo r crit icis m, s ucn quo t at ion s bein g h el d o pen t o re is ion upon con s ult a v
t io n o f aut h o rit i es . T he ch an ge o f usage W h ere b y th at may b e c o rrect t o = d ay wh ich
.

wo uld n ot ha v
e b ee n s o at an earlier p erio d . sh o ul d be careful ly n o t e d , b ut al ways

upo n t h e aut h o ri ty o f an appro v

ed ai cu onary .

T he e xa mp les ha vb
in gre at part s elect e d fro m t h e nes t lit erat ure , an d all
e een

o t h ers care full y prepare d f or t h is wo rk H en ce , an appro priat e word t o fill each .

v
b l an k can al way s b e fo un d b careful s t ud y O f t h e co rrespo n d in g gro up o f s yn o n yms .

In a f ew in st an ce s , e it h e r o f t wo wo rd s w o uld appro pri at ely fill a b lan k an d yield a

go o d s en s e . In s uch cas e , e it h e r s h o ul d be accept e d as co rre ct , b ut t h e res ult ing

difference o f meanin g sh ould be cl e arly poin t ed o ut .

 PA R T II .

Q U E S T I O N S A N D E X A M PL E S .

A B A ND O N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 T o wh at o b ect s o r cl ass e s o f o b ect s

j j d o es a ban d on appl y ? abd i ca te ? ced e ?
v
.

quit ? res i gn ? surren d er ? 2 Is a ba n d on u s e d in t h e fa

. v o rab l e o r un f a o r

ab l e se n se v v
d esert fa o rab l e o r un fa o rab l e ? f ors ake ? 3 . W h at d o e s a ban

v
d on co mmon ly d en o t e o f pre io us re lat io n s h ip f orsake ?

E X A MPL E S .

T he s o ld iers h is s t an d ard in s uch n u mb ers t h at t h e co mmand er fo un d

n eces sary to th e e n t e rpris e .

Fran ce was co mpe lle d to A l s ace an d L orrain e t o G erman y .

In t h e h e igh t o f h is po we r C h arl e s V . t h e t h ro n e .

v
F in d in g res is t an ce ain , t h e d efen d ers agree d to t h e f o rt ress .

T o the s urpris e o f h is frie n d s , S e n at o r C on kling s ud d enly h is o ffi ce .

A t t h e s tro ke of t h e b ell, t h e men in s tan t ly wo rk .

A B A SE (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 H o w d oes abas e differ fro m d ebas e h umbla fro m h umi ia te ? d egrad e from
'

. ,
?

d i sgrace ?

E X AMPL E S .

v
T o pro id e fun d s , t h e kin g res ol e d t o v
th e co inage .

H e came fro m t h e scen e o f h is d is grace , h augh t y an d d efiant , b ut not

T he o ffi cer wh o h ad h ims elf b y c o ward ice was t o t h e ran ks

v
.

O nl y t h e b ase in s pirit will t h e mse l e s b e fo re we alt h , ran k , an d po we r .

T h e me ssen ger was s o t h at n o h eed was paid t o h is me ssage

 ab ash
a bh o r 378

AB A SH (page
QU E S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at h as th e e ff e ct to make o n e abash ed ? 2 . H o w d o es co n use f d iff er from

ab ash ? 3 . Wh at d o we pers o n is mortified ? 4
me an wh en we s ay t h at a .

G iv
e an in s t an ce o f t h e us e o f mo rtified wh ere abash ed co uld n o t b e s ub
s tit ut e d Why co uld n o t t h e wo rd s b e in terch an ged ? 5 Can o n e b e d aun ted
G iv
. .

wh o is n o t ab as h ed 6 . Is embarras s or mortif y th e s t ro n ger wo rd e

in st an ces .

E XAM PLE S .

T h e pe asan t s to o d in th e royal pre sen ce .

T h e n umero us ques t ion s t h e wit nes s

v
.

T h e s peaker was for a mo men t b ut quickl y reco e ed h im

r s elf.

v
,

A t t h e re elati on v d epra it y , I was utt erly

o f s uch

When sens ib le v
of his erro r, th e is it o r was d ee ply

A B B R E VI A T I O N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Is an abbre v
i tia on always a co n traction ? 2 Is a con traction al ways an abbre

v
.

G iv Can w e h av v
.

i ti a on ? e in s t an ces 3 e an a bbre i ti a on of a b o o k,
Wh at can b e abbrev
. .

paragraph , o r s e n t en ce i a t ed an d wh at abri d ged ?

E X A MPL E S .

T h e treat is e was al re ad y s o b rie f t h at it d id n o t ad mit of

T he D r i s us e d b o th f o r D o ct o r an d D eb t o r
. .

F R S is an
. . . of .h e t itl e F el lo w o f th e Ro yal S o ciety .

A B E T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 A bet, i nci te, i ns ti gate wh ich o f t h es e wo rd s are us ed in a go o d an d wh ich in a

b ad s en s e i? 2 H o w d o es a bet d iff er fro m i n ci te an d i n s ti gate as t o t h e t ime
.

o f t h e act io n ? 3 W h ich o f t h e t hr ee wo rd s apply to perso n s an d wh ich t o

v
.

act ion s ? G i e in s t an ces o f t h e us e o f abet ; i nsti gate; i n cite .

E XA MPL E S .

T o furth er h is o wn sch emes , he th e v

ice oy t o r reb el again s t t h e kin g .

To a cri me may b e w o rs e th an t o o rigin at e it , as arguin g l e s s excit emen

an d mo re c al cul at io n an d co wardi ce

v vg
.

T h e pro s e cut io n was e id en tl y malicio us , vb y en y an d re en e.

An d yo u t h at d o h im in t h is kin d
Ch erish reb el l io n , an d are reb el s all .

AB H O R (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Which is t h e stro n ger word , abh or o r d esp is e ? 2 . What d o es a bhor d en o te

3 . H o w d o e s Archb is h o p T ren ch il l us t rat e t h e di ff eren ce b e t ween abh or an d

sh un ? 4 . W h at d o e s d etest e xpress ? 5 . Wh at d o es loath e imply ? Is it

 ab o mi n a t io n
ab so l ut e 3 80

A B O M I N A T I O N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . T o wh at was abo mi nation o rigin al l y appl ie d ? 2 . D o es it refer to a s t at e o f

min d or to so me ac t o r o t h er O b e ct O f j th o ugh t ? 3 . H o w d o e s abo mi n a ti on

d iffe r fro m v
a ersi on o r d i sgus t ? 4 . H o w d o es an ab o mi n a tion d iffer fro m
an o f ens e fro m cri me in gen eral

E X A MPL E S .

Af t er t h e s h ip b egan to pit ch an d ro l l , we co ul d n o t l o o k upon fo o d with o ut

It is t ime th at s uch a sh o ul d be ab at e d

v
.

C apit al pun ish men t w as fo rme rl y in flict ed i n E ngl an d for t ri ial

In t h e ir h igh a tt ain men t s in
s pit e o f l e arn in g an d art , t h e f o ules t were
v
pre alent amo ng t h e reek s an d o man s o f G R cl as s ic an t iquity .

AB R I D G M E N T (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H o w d oes an a bri d g men t d ifi er fro m an outli n e o r a synop si s fro m an abs tract

or d i ges t ? 2 . H o w d o es an abs tract or d i ges t d iff er fro m an outli n e o r a

s y n op s i s ? 3 . D o es an an al ys is o f a t reat is e d eal wit h wh at is expre ss ed , o r

wit h wh at is impl ie d 4 Wh at wo rd s may we us e t o e xpres s a co n d ens e d

m a prev
.

v
i we o f a s ub ect , j wh et h er d eri v
ed f ro io us pub licat io n o r n ot

E X A MPL E S .

T h e Ne w T est amen t may b e regard ed as an O f religion .

T h ere are v
se e ral e x ce l len t Of E n glish lit e rature .

An of t h e d ecis io n Of th e co urt was pub l ish ed in all t h e l ead in g papers .

T h e pu blis h e rs d e te rmin e d t o is s ue an of t h e ir d ict io n ary .

S uch as U S fo r n ite d S t at e s
. . U s h o ul d he rare ly us ed , un l es s in h as ty
writ in g or t ech n ical wo rk s .

A B S OL U T E (pag e
QU E S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es absolute in t h e s trict s en se d en o t e sup re me ? 2 . T o wh at are th es e

w o rd s in s uc h s en s e pro perly applie d ? 3 . H ow are t h ey us e d in a mo d ifi e d
s en s e 4 . I S arb i trary e v
e r us ed in
go o d s en s e
a Wh at is t h e ch ief use ?
G ive e xampl e s 5 H o w d o es . . a utocra ti c d ifi er fro m
arbi trary ? b o th t h e s e

wo rd s fro m d esp otic ? d esp oti c fro m t yran ni cal ? 6 Is i rrespon si ble go o d o r
v
.

b ad in it s impl ic at ion ? arbi tra ry ? i mperati e ? i mperious ? peremp tory ?

posi ti v e authori t ati e v
E X AM P LE S .

God al o n e is an d

T he C z ar o f Russ ia is an rul er .

power t en d s alway s t o b e in it s exercis e .

On al l que st ion s o f l aw in t h e Un it e d S t at es t h e d e cis ion of th e C ourt is

an d fi n al
v
.

L earn in g o f t h e att ack o n o ur s ea men , t h e g o ernmen t s en t an d e mand

for apo lo gy an d in d emn it y
vgiv v all
.

M an s
’
will an d in t ell e ct h a ee n h im d o minio n o er o t h er

creat ure s o n t h e eart h , s o t h at th e y are e ith e r s ub j ug at e d o r e xt er mi nat ed .

 a b so l v e
381 a b s t ra ct

A B S O L VE (pa ge
QUES T I O N S .

1 . W h at is t h e o rigin al s ense O f absol e ? v T o wh at d o e s it

2 . apply ? 3 . Wh at is
it s s pe c ial s en s e wh e n us e d wit h re fe re n c e t o s in s ? 4 . H o w d o e s it d iffer
fro m j ustify ? pard on ? 5 W h at are the ch ie f an t on y ms
v
.

Of absol e
E X AMPL ES .

NO po wer un d er h ea v en can a man fro m h is pe rs o n al re spo n s ib ility .

W h en t h e facts we re kn o wn , h e was O f all b l ame .

AB SO R B (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh en is a fluid s aid t o b e absorbed ? 2 Is t h e s ub s t an ce o f th e absorb i n g body

G iv
.

c h an ge d b y t h at wh ich it a bsorbs ? e in s t an ce s 3 . H o w d o es co ns u me
G iv
.

d iff er fro m a bsorb ? 4 . e in st an ce s of t h e d is t in ct i v

e u s es of en gros s ,

s wa llow , i mbi be, an d a bsorb

in t h e figurat i e s en se v . 5 . Wh at is t h e d iff eren ce
b et ween absorb an d emi t ? a bsorb an d r a d i a te

E X A MPL E S .

T h o t h e fuel was rapidly wit hi n t h e furn ace , vy litt l

er e h eat was
‘

fro m t h e o ut er s urf ace

v
.

In s ett in g s t e el rail s special pro is ion must be mad e for t h e ir e xpan s io n un d er

t h e in flue n ce of t h e h e at t h at th e y
J ip s t o o d on t h e t ab l e an d b ark ed at T rad d les so pers is ten t ly t h at h e may b e s aid

to h a v
e t h e co n v
e sat i
r on .

A B S T I NE N C E (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . H o w d oes abs ti nence d iff e r fro m abste miousness fro m se lf e

d en i al 2 Wh at is
v
.

temperance re gard in g t h in gs l awful an d wo rt h y re gard ing t h in gs i i c o us an d

in j urio us ? 3 W h at is t h e
. mo re e xact t erm fo r t h e pro pe r co urs e regard in g

v
e il i n d ulgen ce s
E X AM PL ES .

H e was so mo d erate in h is d es ire s th at h is s ee med to c o st h im n o

Amo n g t h e A n gl mS axo n s t h e id ea o f un i v ers al an d t o t al fro m al l in t oxi
can t s is l itt l e more t h an a cen t ury o l d .

A B ST R A CT , A B S T R A C TE D (page 1 0,
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is t h e d iff eren ce b et ween abs tract an d sep ara te ? b et ween d i scrimi n ate
an d d i s ti n gui sh 2 H O W d o es a bs tract , w h en s aid O f t h e min d , di ff er from

v
.

d i ert ? f ro m d i st ract ? 3 H o w d o abs tr acted , absorbed , an d p reoccup i ed

.

d iffe r fro m absen t mi n d ed ? 4 Can o ne wh o i s preo ccupie d b e s aid t o b e

a
.

l istless o r th ough tless o n e wh o is a bs en t mi n d ed s

* NO S e e t h ese wo rd s un d er DI S C E R N as re ferre d t o at t h e e n d o f th e ara

TE .

graph o n AB S T R A C T in P art I T h e pupil s h o ul d b e i n s t ruct ed , in all cases , t o o o k

v
.

u an d re ad o er t h e s yn o n yms re fe rre d t o b y t h e wo rd s in s mall capi tal s at t h e en d

p
0 t h e paragraph in P art I .
 a b s urd
a cc e s s o r y , n . 382

E X A MP LES .

H e was so wit h t h es e perpl exities as t o b e co mplet e ly of his s ur

T h e b us y s tud en t may b e e xcus e d if in th e merely

in to l erab l e .

T h e po we r t o o n e i d ea fro m all it s ass o ciat io n s an d v

i w e it al o n e is t h e
mark o f a phi l o s o ph ical min d .

N umerous in t errupti o ns in the mid s t of o ccupat ion s h ad mad e him

al mo st

AB SUR D (page
QUES T I O N S .

Wh at i s t h e difi eren ce b et ween p ar a d oxical ? 2 Wh at

a bsurd an d . are th e dis
t in ct ion s b et we en i rrat i on al, f ool is h , an d si lly ? 3 Wh at is t h e . especial im
pl icat io n in un reas on a ble ? 4 H o w d o mo ns trous an d prepos terous co mpare
.

wit h absurd ? 5 W h at is t h e es pecial el emen t co mmo n t o t h e lud i crous, t h e

.

ri d iculous , an d t h e nons ens ical 6 W h at are s o me ch ief an to n yms O f absurd 9

. .

E X AMPL E S .

A s t at e men t may b e d ispro v

e d b y d e d ucin g l o gi call y fro m it a con cl us io n t h at

C arlyl e d el igh t ed in u t t e ran ce s .

T he h at re d of t h e J ews in t h e Mid d le Ages le d t h e po pul ace to b eli e vt h

e e

mo st s l an d ers c o n cern in g th e m .

I at t emp e d t o d is s uad e h im fro m t h e pl an , b ut f o un d hi m al t o geth er

t
man y o f h is arg u men t s were so as to b e po s it i e ly v

A B U SE (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . T o wh at d o e s a b use apply 2 . H o w d o es di ff er fro m d amage ( as in th e

abuse

cas e O f ren t e d pro pert y , e g ) . . 3 H o w d oe s a bus e d iff er fro m h arm ? 4

. .

W h at wo rd s o f t h is gro up are use d in a b ad s en se 5 Is reproach go o d o r .

b ad 6 H o w d o pers ecute an d opp res s di ff er ? 7 D o mi semplo y, misuse

v
. .
,

an d per ert appl y t o pe rs o n s o r t h in gs T o wh ich d o es a buse appl y

E X A MPL E S .

T h e t en an t sh al l n o t t h e pro pe rty b ey o n d reaso n ab l e w ear

v
.

in t ell ect ual g ift s mak e t h e d an gero us ill ain .

In h is rage h e b egan t o an d all wh o h ad fo rmerly b e en h is frien ds .

To be f o r d o in g righ t can n e er re ally v a t rue man .

In n o way h as man his f ello w man more crue lly th an b y him for hi s
rel igio us b el ief .

A C C E S S O R Y, n .
(page
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 . Whi ch word s o f t hi s gro up are us ed in a go o d , an d wh ich in a b ad sen se ? 2 .

W h ich are in d ifi eren tl y e it h er go o d o r b ad 3 . T o wh at d o es gen e rally

ally

apply colleag ue 4 H o w d o es an as soci ate co mpare in ran k wit h a prin cipal

 a ct
a cu m en 384

acri mon y d ist in guish e d fro m mal i gni ty mli a gn i ty fro m irulence ? 3 v Wh at
impli e d in th e us e o f t h e wo rd sev
.

is eri ty ?

E XAM P LES .

A ce rt ain o f s pee ch h ad b e co me h ab it ual with him .

T o t h is il l t ime d
z re que s t , he an s wered w i th s ud d e n

A co n s t an t s en s e O f in j us t ice may d eepen in t o a s ettl e d

T h is s mo o th an d pl eas in g ad d re ss eil e d a d e ep v
Great will b e pat i en t ly b orn e if t h e s ufi erer is co n v
i c
n ed of its e s sent i al

j us tice .

A CT (page
QU E S T I O N S .

H o w is a ct d is t in guis h e d fro m acti on fro m d eed ? 2 . Wh ich of th e wo rd s in

t hi s gro up n ece s s ari ly impl y an e xt e rn al efi ect ? Whi ch may b e wh olly men t al ?
E X A MPL E S
—
.

H e wh o d o es th e t rut h will n e e d no in s t ructio n as to in di id ual v s.

is t h e t rut h of t h o ugh t .

is d o n e .

A C T I VE (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wi t h wh at t wo s e ts O f wo rd s is v
acti e al l ie d 2 . H o w d o es acti evdiff er fro m
v
.

busy ? fro m i n d us trio us ? 3 H o w d o . acti e an d restless co mpare ? 4 . To

v
wh at s o rt o f act i it y d o e s ofli ci ous refe r 6 . Wh at are s o me ch ie f ant o n y ms
o f acti e v
E X A MP L ES .

B e in g o f an d is po s it ion an d wit h o ut s e t tl e d purpo s e or d efin it e o ccupa

t io n , sh e b e came as a h o rn e t .

H e h ad h is d ays an d h o urs , b ut co ul d n e er v b e p ope ly said t o b e

r r

An at t en d an t ins t an t l y s e iz ed upo n my b aggage .

T h e t rue s t ud en t is fro m t h e mere lo v

e of l e arn ing, in d epen d en tl y of it s
re w ard s .

A CUM E N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

H ow d o s h arp n ess , acuteness , p en etr ati on , an d i nsi gh t co mpare with acumen ?

2 W h at is t h e
. S pe cial ch aract e ri s t ic o f acumen T o w h at o rd er o f min d d o es
it b el o n g 3 W h at is s agaci ty ? Is it at t ri b ut e d t o men o r b rut es
. 4 Wh at .

is p ersp i caci ty ? 5 W h at i s s h re wd n ess ? Is i t o rd in arily go o d o r e il ? 6 v .

vw
.

G iv
.

e i ll us tr at io n s Of t h e us e s of th e ab o e o rd s as regard s t h e po s ses s o rs of

th e co rres po n d in g qualit ie s .

E X A MPL ES .

T h e t re at ise d is pl ay s g reat crit ical

I v
T h e n d i an s h ad d e e l o pe d a pract ical t h at e n ab l e d t h e m to f o llo w a t rail
by s carcely perceptib l e s ign s al mo s t as un errin gl y as t h e b o un d b y s cen t .
 ad d
385 ad equat e

AD D (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . H o w is ad d rel at e d t o i n creas e ? H o w d o e s it difi er fro m multip ly ? 2 Wh at .

d o es a ug men t s ign ify ? O f wh at is it o rdin arily us e d ? 3 . T o wh at d o es

a mplify apply 4 . In wh at ways may a d is co urse or t re at is e b e mplifi ed
a

E X A MPL ES .

C are t o o ur co fli n a n ail n o d o ub t ;
And e v
e y g i
r rn , so merry d raw s ,
o n e o ut .

up at n igh t , wh at t h o u h ast d o n e b y d ay ;
A n d in t h e mo rn in g wh at t h o u h ast t o d o .

A D D R E S S, (pa ge
’
0 .

QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es a ccos t al way s s ign ify g reet ? h ail ? 2 H o w d o es s alute d ifi er fro m

.

accos t o r greet ? ad d res s 3 W . h at is it t o ap os trop h ize

E X A MPLE S .

T h e pale s n o wd ro p is s prin gin g

To t h e gl o w in g sun .

to th e C h ief wh o in t riumph ad vc
an es .

H is f ait h ful d o g th e s mil in g gue st

v
.

ye h ero es 1 h ea
en b o rn b an d l s

Wh o fo ugh t an d d ie d in freed o m ’ s caus e .

A D D R E SS , n .
(pa ge
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . W h at is a d d res s in t h e s en s e h e re c o n s id e re d ? 2 . W h at is t act ? 3 . Wh at
qualit ie s are in cl ud e d in a d d ress ?
E X A MPLE S .

A n d t h e t ear t h at is w ipe d w it h a littl e

M ay b e fo llo w d perh aps b y a s mile
’
.

T he of d o in g d o t h e xpre s s e

N b ut t h e d o er s wil l in gn e ss e
’
o o t h er .

I ha e vy p
v er o o r an d un h appy b rain s fo r d rin ki n g ; I co ul d wis h wo uld
in vt sen o me o th er cus t o m of e n t ert a in men t .

AD E Q U A T E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o ad equate co mmens ura te an d suflici en t alik e sign ify H ow d oe s com

, ,

mens urate specifi cally d iff er fro m t h e o t h er t wo wo rd s G iv

e e xampl es 2 . .

T O wh at d o a d ap ted , fit sui table, an d qualifi ed refe r 3 Is s a ti s acto ry a

f
vy h igh
.
,

er re co mmen d at io n o f an y w o rk ? Wh y ? 4 I s able . o r cap a ble th e

h igh er wo rd I llus t rat e .

E X A MPL E S .

We kn o w not o f wh at we are t ill t h e t rial co mes .

Ind eed ,
le ft n o t h in g fo r yo ur purpo se un t o uch e d , s ligh t ly h an dl ed , in di s
co urs e .

25
 a d h e re n t
a d o rn

A D H E R E NT (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 W h at is an ad heren t ? 2 . H ow d o es an a d heren t d iner from a supporter ? fro m

a d i sciple ? 3 . H o w d o b ot h t h e ab o vw
e o rd s di ff er f ro m ally 4 . H as par
ti san go o d o r
a a b ad s en s e , an d wh y 5 . Is it wel l t o s peak o f a s uppor ter

as a backer ?
E X A MPLE S .

A ls o y o ur o wn
of s el ves sh all me n arise speak in g perv
e rs e t h in gs t o d raw away

s aft er t h em .

W o man is wo man ’ s n at ural

S el f d ef en se
s
co mpel l ed th e E uro pean n at io n s to b e s again s t N apol eo n
v
.

T h e d epo s ed mon arch was fo un d to h a e a s t ro n g b od y Of s .

A D J A C E NT (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is th e d ifi erence b et ween adj acen t an d adj oi n i ng ? con ti guo us contermi

n ous ? 2 Wh at d is t an ce is impl ied in n ear ? n eigh bori n g ? 3 Wh at d o es
. .

n ext al w ays impl y 4 Giv e an t o n y ms o f a dj acen t ; near

. .

E X AM PL E S .

S t ro n ger b y weak n es s , wis er men b e co me ,

A s t h e y d raw t o t h e ir e t ern al h o me .

A D M I R E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 In wh at s en s e was ad mi re fo rmerl y us ed Wh at d o es it n o w e xpre s s 2 H ow

v v G iv
.

d o es ad mi re co mpare wit h re ere ? enera te a d ore ? e in s t an ces of th e

use o f t h ese wo rd s .

E X A MPL E S .

T h e b e aut if ul are s ure to b e

H en ceforth th e maj es ty O f G o d
F ear h im , an d yo u h a ve n o t h in g el s e t o fear .

I valu S ci e en ce — n o n e can prize it mo re ,

It give te s n t h o us an d mo t i e s t o v
B e it re l igio us , as it o ugh t t o b e,
T h e h eart it h umb l e s , an d it h o ws t h e kn ee .

A D O R N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

H ow d o e s a d orn d iff er fro m orn amen t ? fro m garn is h ? fro m d eck or bed eck ?
f ro m d ecora te
E X A MPL ES .

At ch urch , wit h me e k an d un aff ect e d grace ,

H is l o o k s th e v b l pl
en era e ace .

T he re d b reas t o ft , a t vi gh u
e en n o rs ,

S h al l k in d ly l en d h is l itt le aid ,

Wit h h o ary mo s s , gat h ere d flo wers ,

an d

To th e gro un d wh ere t h o u art l aid .

 a ir
a l a rm 388

E X A MP LE S .

In d eed s Of d arin g re cti t ud e , in scorn

F or mis erab l e th at en d wit h s el f .

0 y e t w e t rus t t h at so meh o w go o d
W ill b e t h e fi n al of i n

vlt
.

H o w qui ckly n at ure fall s in t o re o ,

Wh en gol d b e come s h er
It is n ot b ut a mb it io n t h at is t h e mot h er Of mis ery man

AIR (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at i s ai r in th e s en se h ere co n s id ere d 2 . H o w d o es d iff e r fro m appear

ai r

a n ce ? 3 . W h at i s t h e d iff eren ce b e t ween expressi on an d loo k ? 4 W h at is .

t h e s en se o f beari n g ? carri ag e ? 5 . H ow d o es mi en d iffer f ro m ai r ? 6 .

Wh at d o e s d emeanor in clud e

E X AM PLE S .

I ne ve wi t h impo t ant
r, r

In con v at io vh
e rs n o er e ar .

V ice is a mo n s t e r o f s uch h id eo us
A s , t o h e h at e d , n ee d s b ut t o b e s e en .

G rief fi lls t h e ro o m up o f my ab s en t ch ild ,

L ies in h is b ed walks up an d d o wn w it h me
, ,

Put s on h is prett y repe at s h is wo rd s .

AIR Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H o w d o es a i ry agree with an d d ili er fro m aeri al ? Giv

e in s t an ce s Of t h e us e s of

t h e t wo wo rd s . 2 . Wh at d o es eth ereal s ign ify ? sp righ tly ? 3 . A re li vly

e

an d a ni ma ted use d in t h e fa v
o ab l e o
r r un fa v o rab l e s en s e

E X A MPL E S .

t o n gue s t h at s yllab l e m en s n a
‘
mes , o n s an d s an d s h o re s an d d es ert wild er
n es ses .

T he mo l d
In capab l e o f s t ain , wo ul d s o o n e xpel

H er m is ch ief , an d pur ge o ff t h e b as er fire ,

Vict o rio us .

S o cie t y b e came my glit t erin g b rid e ,

An d h o pe s my ch ild ren .

S o ft t h e sh ro ud s wh ispers b reath e ,
‘
o er

T h at s ee me d b ut z eph yrs t o t h e t rain b en e at h .

AL AR M (pag e
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t he d eriv
at io n an d d is t in ct i v
e m e an in g O f al ar m? 2 . Wh at d o af ri ght
an d f ri gh t e x pres s fi? G iv
e an ill us t rat io n of th e c o n t ras t e d t erms . 3 . H ow
are app reh ens i on , d is qui etud e, d read , an d misgiv
i ng re l at ed t o t h e d an ger t h at
 a l e rt
389 a llay

e xcite s th em 4 . W h at are co ns tern a ti on , d i s may, an d terror, an d h o w are

t h ey re l at e d t o t h e d an ger 5 . W h at is ti mi d i ty

AL E R T (pa ge
QU E S TI O N S .

T o wh at d o al ert , wi d e z
aw ake, an d rea d y refer ? 2 . H o w d o es rea d y d iff er
fro m al er t ? fro m p rep a red ? 3 . W h at d o es p romp t s ign ify ? 4 . Wh at is
t h e s e co n d ary mean in g o f aler t ?

E X A M PLE S .

TO be fo r w ar is one O f th e mo s t e if e c t ual ways Of v

pre s e r in g pe ace .

H e wh o is n ot to d ay will b e l es s so to : mo rro w .

T h us e n d in g l o ud l y, as h e w o uld o erl eap

’

H is d e s t i n y , he st oo d .

A L I E N, a. a n. (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . H o w d o es ali en dj if er f ro mf orei gn ? 2 Is a f orei gner b y b irt h n eces s aril y an

.

al i en ? 3 . A re t h e pe o pl e o f o n e co un t ry wh il e res id in g in th e ir o wn l an d
forei g ne rs t o t h e peo pl e o f o t h e r l an d s
o r ali ens 4 H o w c an o n e res id in g in a .

f orei gn co un try ce ase t o b e an a lien in th at co un try ? 5 H o w d o f orei gn an d .

al i en diff er in t h e ir fi gurat i e us e v
E X A MPL E S .

h an d s t h y d yin g ey e s w e re cl o se d

By h an d s t h y h umb l e gra e ad o rn e d v
By s t ran ge rs h o n o re d an d b y s tran gers mo urn e d .

Wh at is religion No t a i nh ab it an t , n or s o met h in g t o o ur n at ure ,

wh ich co me s an d t ak es up it s ab o d e in t h e s o ul

va
.

fro m t h e co mmo n wealt h O f I srael an d fro m t h e co en nt s of

pro mi se .

AL IK E (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H o w d o es alike co mpare with si milar ? with i d en t i cal ? 2 . Wh at is t h e d istin c

t io n o fte n mad e b et we en equal an d equi v a len t ? 3 W h at is t h e sen s e o f an al o
gous ( C o mpare syn o n yms f o r A N A L O G Y ) 4 In wh at s en s e is h omogeneo us
. .

us e d
E X A MPL E S .

S o met ime s gen tl e , s o me t ime s capricio us , s o me t imes awful ; ne v

e r th e fo r
two mo men t s t o ge th e r .

Fash io n e d fo r h ims elf , a b rid e ;

An t aken fro m hi s s id e .

AL L AY (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is th e di st in ct io n b etween allay an d a lle v

i t a e ? Wh ich word implie s a par
 allege
alle iat v e 39 0

t ial re mo v
al o f t h e caus e o f s uffering, o r an act ual li gh teni n g of t h e b urd en
2 With wh ich of th e ab o vw
e o rd s are we t o cl as s app eas e, p aci fy , sooth e , an d

With wh at wo rd s is allev
.

t h e lik e 3 i a te e spe ciall y t o b e groupe d ( S ee syn

o n yms fo r AL L E VIA T E ) .

E XA MPL E S .

S uch s o n gs ha v
e po w e r to
T he res t l e ss pul s e of c are ,
An d co me lik e t h e b en e d ict io n
T h at fo ll o ws after prayer .

M an y a wo rd , at ran d o m spo k en

wo un d a b roken 1
’
M ay or h e art t h at s

A L L E G E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh ich is t h e primary an d wh ich t h e s e co n d ary word , allege o r a d d uce Wh y

2 H o w much o f cert ain t y is implie d in allege ? 3 H o w much d o es o n e ad
. .

mit wh en h e spe aks o f an alleged fact , d o cument , S ign at ure , o r t h e like

E X A MPLE S .

In man y c as es o f h aun t e d h o us es , t h e S pirit s ha v e n ot v

e t u ed t
n r o f ace an

ar med man wh o h as pas s e d t h e n igh t t h ere .

I can n o t o n e t hi n g an d mean an o t h er . If I can t pray I will

’
n ot make b e
l ie vl
e

AL L E G O R Y (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H ow d o e s allegory c o mpare with si mile ? S i mile wit h metaphor ? 2 . Wh at are

t h e d is t in ct i on s b e t w ee n all egory , f abl e, an d

p arable 3 U n d er wh at ge n e ral
.

t e rm are al l t h ese in clud e d ? 4 . To wh at is fiction n o w mo s t co mmo n ly ap

pli ed
E X A MPL ES .

In argu men t
are lik e s o n gs in l o v: e

T h ey much d es crib e ; t h e y n o t h in g pro v e .

And H e s pak e man y t h in gs un t o t h em in s ayin g, B eh o l d a s o we r we n t

fo rth t o sow .

A L L E VI A T E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . H o w d o es alle v
i t a e d iff er f ro m reli e e ?v fro m re mov
e 2 . Is alle v a e use d o f
i t
perso n s 3 Wh at are t h e s pe cial sign ifi catio n s o f abate ass uage ? mi ti ga te ?
v
.

mo d era te 4 . H o w d o es a lle i t a e co mpare with allay ? ( C o mpare s yn o n yms

for A LL A Y ) .

E X A MPL ES .

T o pit y d i s t re s s i s b ut h uman ; t o i t is Go d like .

B ut , 0 I wh at mi ght y magician can

A w o man s en y
’
v
 a ll u re
a m a ss 39 2

A L LU R E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is it t o allure ? 2 H ow d o e s allure d iff er fro m attract ? fro m lure ? 3

vi gl
. .

W h at d o es coax express 4 Wh at is it t o . ca ole ?

j t o d ecoy ? t o i n e e?

5 . H o w d o es sed uce di ff er fro m temp t ? 6 . Is wi n us ed in t h e f a v

o ab l e o
r r

v
unf a o rabl e s en s e
E X AM P LE S .

T h e rud d y s quare o f co mfo rt ab l e ligh t

h im, as t h e b eaco n b l aze
T h e b ird of pas s age .

B ut S at an n o w i s w is er t h an
yore , of

An d b y mak in g rich , n o t makin g poor

v fw
.

H e h ad s t ran ge gift o f frien d s , an d o f t h e lo men

‘

a e o o .

A L SO (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Int o wh at t wo gro ups are t h e syn on yms f or also n at urall y d i id e d 2 Whi ch v .

wo rd s s imply ad d a f act o r t h o ugh t 3 Wh ich d ist in ct ly impl y t h at wh at is

.

ad d ed is lik e t h at t o whi ch i t is ad d e d

E XA MP L E S .

T h in e t o wo rk t o pray ,

C le arin g th o rn y wro n gs away

Pluckin g up th e we ed s o f s in
L ett in g h eav
,

en s warm s un sh in e in
’
.

A L T E R N A T I VE (page
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e di fferen ce b et ween choi ce an d al tern a ti e vi n t h e s t rict us e of l an

v v
guage ? 2 IS al tern a ti e al ways s o se ere ly re s tricte d b y l eadi n g writ e rs
.

3 W h at d o ch oi ce, p ick, election , an d pre m

f erence i ply regardi g o e s wish es
n n
’

v
.

al tern a ti e res o urces ?

E XAM P LE S .

H omer d eligh t s t o call U lysse s “

th e man of man y

A M A S S (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is it t o a mas s 2 . H o w is mass
a d is t in g uish e d fro m accu mula te 3 .

in t erest amassed o r accu mul ated 4 . H o w d o e s h oar d di ff er fro m s tore ?

E X A MPLE S .

By d arin g an d s ucce ss ful s pe culat io n , he pro d igio us fo rt un e

a .

T he sum was th e sa v
i gs
n o f an in d us t rio us an d frugal lif e .

0 , t o wh at purpo s e d o s t t h o u t h y wo rd s ,
T h at t h o u ret urn s t n o gre et in g t o th y frien d s
’
 a mb itio n
39 3 a m a te ur

A M A TE U R (page
1 . W h at is t h e d iff ere n ce b e twe e n ama teur an d con no i sseur ? b e t ween con n oisseur

an d cri ti c ? 2 W h ich w o rd carries a n at ural implicat io n Of s uperflcialn e s s

v
.

3 . H ow d o no i ce an d tyro diff e r fro m amateur?

E X AM PLE S .

H e was in L o gic a great

Pro fo un d ly s k ill
’
d in A n alyt ic
He co uld d is t in guish , an d v
d i id e
A h air t wix t s o ut h an d s o ut h w es t s id e
’
.

T h e gre at es t wo rk s in po et ry, pain t in g , an d s c ulpt ure hav

e not b e en d o n e b y

wh o pro d uces n o t h in g, an d wh o se b usin e ss is o n ly t o j ud ge an d

A M A Z E M E NT (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at do a mazemen t an d as to ni sh men t agree in e xpres s in g 2 . H o w d o th e t wo

wo rd s diff e r ? 3 . W h at is t h e mean in g O f awe ? o f ad mi ration ? 4 . H ow
d o es surp ri se d iff er f ro m as ton i sh men t an d a mazemen t ? 5 . Wh at are the
ch aract eris t ics o f won d er
E X AM PLE S .

’
T was wh ile h e t o ile d h im t o b e freed ,
A n d wit h t h e rein to raise th e s t ee d ,

T h at from iro n t ran ce ,

’
,
5

A ll W y cklif s s o ldi ers

’
wak e d at o n ce .

Can s uch t h in gs b e ,
An d o verco me us lik e a Su mmer s ’
cl o ud ,

W it h o ut o ur spe cial

T h e fo o l o f n at ure s t o o d w it h s t upid ey es

A n d gapin g mo ut h t h at t est ifi ed

AM B IT IO N (pag e
QUE S T IO N S .

Wh at t wo sen ses h as ambi tion ? 2 H ow d o es ambi tion d iff er from aspi ration
W h ich is t h e h igh er w o rd ? 3 Wh at is th e d is t in ct iv
.

e s en se o f emul a tion ?
.

4 . H as mulati on
e a go o d s id e H o w d o es it co mpare with asp i ra tion ?

E XA MPLE S .

C romwell , I ch arge t h ee , flin g

"
away

By t h at s in , f ell t h e an ge l s
v
.

v
E n y , t o wh ich th ign o b l e min d s
’ ’
a sl a e ,

Is in t h e learn d
’
or v
b ra e .

I ha v pu
e no s r

T o pri ck t h e s id e s O f my in t en t b ut ,
o n ly

Vaul t in g
 a men d
an ger 394

A M E ND ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at i s it t o men d ?
a v
2 H o w d o ad ance, bet ter, an d i mpro e d iff er fro m v
v
.

a men d ? 3 . A re t h e s e wo rd s applie d t o mat t e rs d ecid e d ly b ad , f o ul , o r e il

4 . W h at is t h e d ifferen ce b et ween amend an d e mend
E X AM PLE S .

R et urn ye n o w e v
e ry man fro m h is e v
il way an dy o ur d o ings
vi
.
,

T he co n s t ruct io n h ere is d ifli cul t , an d th e t ext at t h is po in t h as b e en ar o us l y

H uman ch aract ers an d c o n d iti on s n e er reach s uch v perfe ct ion t h at th e y can not

be

AM IAB L E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 T o wh at d o es lo vly e o ft en appl y 2 T o wh at d o e s ami able al ways apply 3 .

v
.

H ow d o agreeable, attracti e, v an d ch armi n g d iff er fro m a mi able ? G i e ex

a mpl e s . 4 . Is a g oo d z
n a t ured pers o n n ecess arily agreeabl e ? an ami able
pers o n ?
E X A MPLE S .

H is lif e was an d t h e e l emen t s

S O mixe d in h im, t h at N at ure migh t s t an d up

A nd s ay to all t h e wo rl d , T h is was a man l

T he eas t is b l o s so min g Y ea a ro se,

Vas t as t h e h ea vsen , s o ft as a kis s ,

as t h e pre s en ce of woman is .

A N A L O G Y (pag e
Q UE S TI O N S .

Wh at is t h e specific mean in g o f a n alogy

? coi n ci d ence ?
? 2 . Wh at is afi n i ty

. vv
3 D o es coi n ci d ence n e ce ss arily in o l e resemblanc e o r l i keness ? 4 W h at is .

p ar i ty o f reason i n g 5 Wh at is a si mili tud e ? 6 H o w d o res emblance an d .

si milari ty d iff er fro m an al ogy

E X A MPL E S .

T h e t wo b o ys b ore a clo s e to each o th er .

It is n o t difli cult t o t race t h e of t h e h o me t o th e stat e .

A NG E R (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at are th e e s pe cial c h aract eris t ics o f a ng er ? H ow d oes d iff er

n a tion ? exasp eration ? rage wrath ? i re ?

E X AM P L E S .

M y en emy h as lo n g b o rn e me a fee lin g of

C h ris t was fill e d wit h at t h e h ypo crisy of t h e J e ws

I was o v
.

erco me b y a s ud d en fe el in g O f
an ti cip at e , an t i cipa t i o n
a n xiet y 396

A NT I C I P A TE , A N T I C I P A T I O N (pa ge
QUE S TIO N S .

Wh at are th e t wo co n tras t e d s en s e s o f an ti cip a te ? 2 . Wh ich is now th e mo re

co mmon 3 . H o w d o es a n ti cip a te di ff e r f ro m expect ? fro m h op e fro m ap
p rehen d 4 . H o w d o es an ti cip a ti on d iff er fro m p resen ti men t ? fro m appre
h en si on fro m f orebod i n g 5 . W h at s pecial el e men t is in v
ol v
e d in f ore tas te ?

H o w d o f oresigh t an d f oreth ough t go b e yo n d t h e mean in g o f a n ti cip atio n ?

E X A MPL E S .

T h en so me l eape d o vb
er o ard with f earful yell ,
As e ager to t h eir gra e v
vy ma
.

E n gl an d e er n to d o h is d ut y .

T h ese are port en t s ; b ut yet I I h o pe ,

T h ey d o n ot po in t on me .

If I kn o w y o ur s e ct , I y o ur argu ment .

T h e h appy o f a ren e we d exist en ce in co mpan y wit h th e s pirits o f t h e j us t .

A NT I P A T H Y (page
QU E S TI O N S .

H ow is a n tip ath y t o b e di s t in guish e d fro m d i sli ke ? fro m an tagoni s m ? fro m

v
a ersio n 2 . W h at is uncongeni ali ty ? H o w d oes it differ f ro m a n tip ath y ?

W h ich i s pos i t i v
e an d wh ich n e gat i v
e

E X A MP LE S
C hrist ian it y is th e solv
.

en t o f all race

Fro m my s o ul I l o at h e
A ll afi ect at io n ;
’
t is my perfe ct scorn , o b ect j o f my impl acab le

A NT I Q U E (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

T Owh at d o es a n ti que re fe r ? an ti qua ted 2 . Is th e d iflferen ce b etween t h e m a

matt er o f Giv
t ime e e xampl es 3 Can . . a mo d ern b uil d in g b e an ti qua ted ?

Can it b e a n ti que ? 4 W h at is t h e s ign ifi can ce o f quai n t ?

.

E X A MPL E S .

My co pper l amps , at an y rat e ,

F o r b e in g t rue I b o ugh t .

I d o lo vt h e e ui s
es r n ,

We n eve t ead upon t h em b ut w e s et

r r

O ur foo t upon s o me e v
e e d h is t o ry r r n .

A NXI E T Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is a nxi ety in t h e primary s en s e Is it men tal

ph ysical 2 or . H o w d o es
a n xi ety d iff er fro m an gui sh ? 3 . W h at kin d o f po ss ib ilit y d o es an xi ety al
w ays s ugges t 4 . H o w d o es it d ifi e r fro m app reh en s io n , f ear , d read , et c , in
vlv
.

t h is re gard ? 5 . Wh at is worry ? f retf uln ess ? 6 . D o es p e rp lexi ty in o e

anx ie t y
 apa t h y
39 7 appe t i t e

E X A MPL ES .

Yield no t to t he fut ure , w eep fo r t h e pas t

not .

S upers t it io n in v
es te d th e s l igh t est in cid en t s o f life wit h n e e dl e s s

is h ard er t h an wo rk , an d far l e ss pro fi tab le .

A P A T H Y ( pag e
QUES TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is ap athy ? 2 . H o w d o e s it d ifi er fro m t h e S axon wo rd unf eeli ngness ?

fro m i n d ifi eren ce ? fro m i ns ensi b ili ty ? fro m uncon cern 3 . H ow d oes s toi

cis m differ fro m ap ath y

E X A MPL E S .

In l azy l et s t o ics b o as t
T h eir v irt ue fi xe d :
’
t is fi xe d as in a frost .

At l en gt h t h e mo rn an d co l d ca me .

He s an k in t o a fro m wh ich i t was impo ss ib l e t o aro us e him .

A P O L O G Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at ch ange o f mean in g h as apology un d ergo n e W h at d o e s an apology n o w

2 .

always impl y 3 . H o w d o es an apology diner fro m an excuse 4 W h ich o f .

t h e s e w o rd s may refer t o t h e fut ure ? 5 . H o w d o es co n ess ion

f d iffer fro m
ap ology

E X A MP L E S .

o n l y acco un t for t h at wh ich t h ey d o n o t alt er .

B eaut y is it s o wn fo r b ein g .

T h ere is n o re fuge from b ut suicid e ; an d s uicid e is

A P PA R E NT (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at two co ntrast ed sen s es arise fro m th e ro o t meanin g o f apparent ? 2 . W h at

is implie d w h e n w e S peak o f app aren t k in d n e ss o r apparen t n egl e ct ? 3 . H ow
d o p res umable an d prob able d iff er 4 W h at implicat ion is co n eye d in . v
seemi n g ? Wh at d o we s ugge s t wh en w e sp e ak o f s eemi n g inn o cen ce

E X A MPL E S .

It is no t t h at t h e st ud en t s will att e mpt

t o b reak t h e rul e s again .

I t lis mo t iv v
co uld h a e b een in co mmit t in g
'

n ot ye t wh at h i s e s uch an

o ff en se .

It is t h at so met hi n g h as b een o mitt ed wh ich was essen t ial to co mpl ete the
c o n s t ruct io n .

A P PE T I T E (page
QU ES TI O N S .

1 . O f wh at k in d o f d eman d s o r impul s e s is app eti te ord in arily u s ed ? 2 . W h at

d e man d s o r t en d e n cies are in cl ud e d in pas sion ? 3 . W h at is impl ie d b y p as
sions a n d app e ti tes wh e n us ed as co n t ras t e d t erms
 a pp o rti o n
a rm y 39 8

E X AM P LE S .

Go v
ern well th y l es t s in

S urpris e t h ee , an d h e r b lack att end an t D eath .

T ak e h ee d l es t s way

T hyj ud gmen t t o do augh t wh ich els e free wil l

Wo uld n o t ad mit .

A PP O R T I O N (page
Q U E S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e spe cial s ign ificance o f app orti on b y whi ch it is d is t in guish ed fro m

allo t , assi gn , d is tri b ute, o r d i id e v
2 Wh at i s t h e s igni fican ce o f d isp ens e in
.

t h e tran sit i e use v 3 Wh at i s it t o appropri ate

.

E X A MPL E S
R epresen t ativ v
.

es are a mong the s e e ral st at es acco rd in g t o t h e popul at ion .

T h e t reas ure was an d t h eir sh ares d ul y amon g t h e capt o rs .

A P P R O XI M A TI O N (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

What is an app roxi mation in t h e mat h e mat ical s en s e ? 2 . H ow cl o s e an

appro ach to e xact n e ss an d c e rt ain t y d o es app roxi matio n imply ? 3 H ow .

d o es app roxi mation d ifl er fro m rese mbl an ce an d s i mi l ari ty ? f ro m approach ?

4 . H o w d o es app roxi mati on , as regard s th e clas s o f o b ect s

j t o which it is
applie d , difi er from n earn ess , n ei ghborh ood , o r p ropi n qui ty

E X A MPL ES
v
.

We ha e t o b e con t e nt wit h to a s o l ut ion .

W it h o ut fait h , t h ere is n o real t o G od .

W it co n s is t s in k n o win g th e of t h in gs wh ich d ifl er, an d t h e difi eren ce of

t h in gs wh ich are alike .

AR M S (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e d ifl eren ce b et ween ar ms an d ar mor ? 2 . In wh at co nn ect io n is

ar mor used in mo d ern warfare 9

on

H o rrib le d is co rd .

T h e re is co n s t an t ri alry v b et ween irre s ist ib le pro j ect il es an d impenet rab le

AR M Y (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 .
W h at are t h e es sen t ials o f an ar my ? 2 . Is an ar my large or small 3 Wh at .

t erm w o ul d b e applie d to a mul ti tud e o f ar me d men wit h o ut ord er or o rgan iza

t io n 4 . In w h at s en s e is h ost us e d legion ?
E X A MPLE S .

Fo r the is a s ch o o l in wh ich t h e mis er b eco mes gen e ro us an d t h e gen ero us

vy
, ,

pro d ig al ; miserly s o l d ie rs are l ike mo n s ters b ut , er rare ly s e en .

T h e s t ill d is co rd an t w a e rin g
e
v
 a s so ci a t e
a s s u ra n c e 4 00

E X A MP LE S .

We ign o ran t o f o urs el es ,

, v
O ft en o ur o w n h arms , wh ich t h e wis e po w ers

D eny us fo r o ur go o d s o w e fin d pro fit ,
By l o s in g o f o ur prayers .

T h e h ar vst t uly i g at b ut
e r s re t h e l ab o urers are fe w ye t h erefo re
h vt t h t h w ul d v
,

L o rd of th e ar es a e o s en d f o rt h lab o urers in t o h is h ar es t .

S peak w ith me , pit y me , o pen th e d o o r,

A b eggar t h at n e v
er b egg d b
‘
e fo re .

B e n o t afraid t o to is righ t

v
.

if t h o u wit h h o pe ; b ut e er
can s t ,

T h ough h o pe b e weak o r s ick wit h l o n g d el ay ;

in t h e d arkn es s , if t h ere b e no ligh t .

A SSO CIA T E (pag e

QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es associ ate I mply , as use d o fli cial ly Wh at wh en us e d in po pular lan

guage 2 D o we speak o f ass o c iate s in crime o r wro n g
. Wh at wo rd s are
pre fe rre d in s uch co n n ect io n ? ( S e e s y n o n y ms f o r A CC E S S O R Y ) 3 Is com . .

p an io n use d in a go o d o r b ad s en s e 4 H o w d o e s it d iffer in us e fro m as so

.

ci a te 5 Wh at is th e s ign ific an ce o f p eer ? co mrad e ? consort ?

E X AM PLE S .

H is b es t inn o cen ce an d h ealt h ,

A n d h is b e s t rich e s ig n o ran ce ofweal th .

T he acce pt e d N apo l eo n ’
s ab d icat io n .

T h e l e ad er in t h e plo t was b et raye d b y h is

A S SUM E (page 6 1)
QUE S TI O N S .

Does assu me apply to t h at wh i ch i s righ t full y o r wron gfully t aken 2 In

.

wh at use d o es assu me co rrespo n d w ith arrog a te an d usurp ? 3 H o w d o arro

.

ga te an d us urp d iff er fro m each o t h er H o w d oe s assu me d iffer fro m pos tu

l a te as regard s d e b at e o r reas o n in g o f an y kin d

E X AM P LES .

W h erefo re d o I
T h e s e ro yalt ies an d n o t ref us e to reign

v vt
, .

a if y o u h a
i tu r e e I not .

For well we kn o w n o h an d of blood an d b on e

C an gripe t h e s acre d h an d le o f o ur s ce pt er,

Unl es s h e d o profan e , s t e al , an d

A S S U R A NC E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is in t h e go o d s en se ? 2 Wh at is assurance in th e b ad ?
. as suran ce . s en s e

3 . H o w d o es assura n ce co mpare wit h i mp ud en ce ? w it h ef ron tery ?

 a st ut e
4 01 a ttain

E X A MP L E S .

L e t us d raw n ear wit h a t rue h e art in full of fait h

vlib
.

So me w icked wit s ha e el
’
d all t h e f air .

With mat ch l es s t h ey s t yl e a w ife

T h e d ear b o ugh t
‘ c urs e , an d l awful pl ague O f lif e .

Wit h b raz e n h e d e n ie d t h e mo s t in d is put ab le f act s .

(pa ge A S T UT E
QU ES T I O N S .

Fro m wh at language is acute d eriv ed Wh at is its d ist in ct iv e s en s e 2 . F ro m

wh at lan guage is keen d e ri v
ed W h at d o es it d ist in ct iv
e ly d e n o t e 3 . F ro m
wh at l an guage is astute d e ri vd e , an d wh at was it s o rigin al mean in g ? 4 . In
pre s en t use wh at d o e s as t ute ad d t o t h e mean in g o f acute o r keen ? 5 h at . W
d o es as tu te impl y regard ing t h e ult e rio r purpo s e o r o b j ect o f t h e person wh o is
cre d it e d wit h it
E X A MP LE S .

Y ou s t at e s men are so in fo rmin g s ch e mes

H e t ak e t h t h e w is e in t h e ir o wn n ess .

T he mos t reas o n er may b e d el ud e d , wh e n h e pract ise s s o ph is ti y upon

h imself .

A T T A C H M E NT (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is a t tach men t ? H o w d o es it d iff er fro m ad h erenc e o r ad hesi on ? fro m af .

f ection fro m i n cli n ation f ro m regard

E X A MPL E S .

T alk not of w as t ed ne v
e war s was t ed .

Y ou d o w eaken yo ur
n ot f o r yo ur f amily b y v
cult i at in g s b eyon d it s
pal e , b ut d eepen an d in t en s ify it .

A T T A CK ,
v
.
(pag es 63 ,
n .

QU E S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at s pec ial e l e men t is in v

ol v
e d in th e meani n g o f a t t ack ? 2 . H ow d o as sail

an d ass aul t 3 W h at is it t o encoun ter ? h o w d o e s t h is wo rd

d ifl er . co mpare

wit h a ttack ? H o w d o es a tt ack d iff er fro m aggression ?

E X A MP LE S .

W e s ee t ime
’
s furro ws o n an o t h er s
’
b row,
An d d e at h in t ren ch d , preparin g h is
’

v
H o w f e w t h emsel e s in t h at j ust mirro r s ee l

Wh o e vk
er ne w T rut h put t o t h e w o rse in a free an d o pe n
R o ger Williams t h e spirit o f int o leran ce, t h e d oct rin e of persecut ion , an d

ne v
e h is p
r ers ecut o rs .

A T T A I N (pa g e 64)
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at kin d of a wo rd is a t tai n , an d t o wh at d o e s it po in t 2 H o w d o es attain

v
.

d iff er f ro m ob ta i n fro m ach i e e? 3 H o w d o es obtai n d iffer fro m procure ?

.

26
 ttitud e
v
a
a a ri c i o u s 4 02

E X A MPL E S .

T h e h e igh t s b y great men an d k ept

W ere n ot b y s ud d en fligh t ,
But t h ey, wh il e t h e ir co mpan io n s sl ept ,
W ere t o ilin g upward in t h e n igh t .

O ur d o ub t s are trait o rs ,
A n d mak e us l o s e t h e go o d we o ft mi gh t
B y f earin g t o att empt .

A T T I T UD E (page
QU E S TI O N S .

H o w d o e s p os i tion as regard s t h e h uman b o d y d iffer fro m a ttitud e, p os ture, or

pose ? 2 D o t h e t h re e l att e r wo rd s appl y t o th e li in g o r t h e d ead 3 Wh at v
v
. .

i s t h e d ist in ct i e s en s e o f a tti tu d e Is it co n s ci o us o r un c o n s cio us 4 H ow

v
.

d o es pos ture d iff e r fro m a tti tud e ? 5 . Wh at i s t h e d is t in ct i e s en s e o f p ose ?

H o w d o e s it d iff er from, an d h o w d o es it agree w it h atti tud e an d p os ture
E X A MPL E S .

as s u med in di cat e d gre at in d ign at io n b ecaus e of t h e in sult implie d .

was graceful an d pl e as in g .

A T T R I B UT E ,
v(p . ag e

QUE S TI O N S
vlvd
.

1 . Wh at s ugge st ion is o ft en in o e in attri bute ? 2 . H o w d o es a t tri bute di ff er

fro m refer an d as cri be ? 3 Is ch arge ( in t h is c o n n ect ion ) us e d in t h e fa v or

v
.

ab l e O r un fa o rab l e s en s e ?

E X AM PLE S .

ye gre at n e s s un t o o ur G o d
vd
.

un wo rth y mo t i es wh ich pro v e a gro un dl es s ch arge .

AT T R IB UT E , n .
(pag e
QUES TI O N S .

Wh at is t h e de ri vt i
a on an d t h e in h eren t me an in g of quali ty ? 2 Wh at is an .

a ttrib ute ? 3 . Wh ich of th e ab o vw

e o rd s expre s ses wh at n ecessaril y b e l o n gs
t o th e sub ect o f
j wh ich it is s aid to b e an a ttri bu te or quali ty ? 4 Wh at is t h e .

d eri vt i
a on an d d is t in ct i v e s en s e o f p rop er ty 5 . H o w d o es p rop er ty o rd in a
ril y d iff er fro m quali ty 6 In . . an d qual i ty b e come
wh at us age d o p roper ty
e xa ct s yn o n yms , an d h o w are p rop er ti es t h en d is t inguish ed

E X A MPL E S .

H is s cept er sh o w s t h e fo rce of t empo ral po wer,

T he to aw e an d maj e st y ,

Wh ere in d o th s it t h e d read an d f ear of k in gs .

N o t hin g en d ures b ut person al s .

A V A R I C I O U S (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S
v v
.

1 . H ow d o a ari cio us an d co eto us d iff er fro m miserly , n i ggard ly , p arsi mon i ous ,
 axio m
b an k 4 04

a d raft h o rse d is t in ct i
s
v
el y awkward o r clu msy ? 4 . Giv
e s o me met aph o rical

us es o f awkw ard ?
E XAM P LE S .

T h ough h e w as h e was kin dl y

v
.

T he appren ti ce was n o t o nl y an d h ad t o b e t augh t o er an d

v
—
o er again th e sa me me t h o d s .

T h e yo un g girl st oo d in a. way , l o o kin g in at th e sh o wy s h op win d o ws .

A XI O M ( pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . In wh at d o axio m an d truism agre e 2 . In wh at d o t h e y d iff er ? 3 . H ow d o

t h ey co mpare in in t erest an d ut ilit y

E XAM P LE S .

It is al mo st an t h at t h ose wh o d o mo st f o r t h e h e ath en ab ro ad are mo st

lib eral f o r t h e h eat h en at h o me .

T riflin g s cl o t h e d in g reat , s w ell in g wo rd s of v

an ity .

B AB B L E (pa ge
QU ES TI O N S .

T o wh at cl as s do most of t h e w o rd s in t h is gro up b el on g ? Wh y are t h ey so

cal l e d 2 . Wh at is t h e S pecial s ign ifi can ce o f blab an d blurt H o w d o t h ey
d ifi er fro m e ach o t h er in use ? 3 . Wh at is ch at ? H o w d o e s p r attli ng
4 .

di ff er f ro m ch a tti n g ? 5 . In wh at s en se is j abber used ? H o w d o e s it co m

pare wit h ch a tter ?

E X A MPL E S .

T he cran e ,
”
I s aid , may of th e cran e ,

T he d o vmay
e of th e do v
e .
”

T wo wo men s at co n t en t ed l y in g, on e of t h em a musin g a in g b ab e .

B A NI S H (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . From wh at l and may o n e b e ban is h ed ? Fro m wh at exp atri ated or exiled ? 2 .

B y wh o m may o n e b e s aid t o b e b an i sh ed b y wh o m expa tri ated o r exiled ?

3 Wh ich o f t h ese word s is o f wid e s t import ? G iv
. e exampl es o f it s met a

ph o rical use .

B A NK (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is a beach ? a co as t ? 2 . H o w d o es each o f t h e ab o vwo e rd s d iff er fro m

ban k ? 3 . Wh at is t h e d i st in ct i vs e en s e o f s tr an d ? In wh at s t yl e o f writ in g
i s it mo s t co mmo n ly use d ? 4 . W h at are th e d ist in ct i vs e en s e s o f ed ge an d

bri nk
 b a n ter
4 05 b e a u t i fu l

B A NT E R (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is ban ter ? 2 H o w is bad i n age d is t inguish ed fro m banter ? raillery from

.

b o th 3 W h at is t h e d i st in ct iv
. e s en s e o f i ron y ? 4 IS iron y kin d ly o r th e .

re v ers e ? b a d i n age ? ban ter ? 5 W h at wo rd s o f t his gro up are d ist in ct ly

.

h o st il e 6 Is ri d i cule o r d eri sion t h e s t ro n ger wo rd ? Wh at is t h e d is t in o

.

t ion b e tw e en t h e t wo ? b et ween s ati re an d m ? b etween ch afi, j eeri ng

‘

sarcas .

and mo ckery ?

B A R B A R O U S (page
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e me an in g of barbari an ? 2 . W h at is t h e ad d e d s ign ifi can ce of

barb ari c ? H o w d o e s b arb aro us in ge n eral use d iff er f ro m b o t h t h e ab o e

3 . v
wo rd s 4 W h at s pe ci al el e men t is c o mmo n l y im pl ie d in sa age ? 5 In v
v v
. .

wh at le s s o ppro b rio us s en s e may barb arous an d sa age b e us ed Gi e

in stan ces .

E X AM PLE S .

A mul t it ud e like wh i ch t h e po pul o us N o rth

P o ure d n ev er fro m h er fro z en l o in s , t o pas s

R h en e o r t h e D an aw wh en h er , s on s

C ame like a d eluge on t h e s outh .

O r wh en t h e go rge o us E as t , w ith rich e s t h an d ,

S h o we rs o n h er kin gs pearl an d go l d .

It is mo s t t rue , t h at a n at ural an d s ecret h at red an d a vs er at io n t o ward s o ciet y, in

an y man h at h so mewh at O f th e b eas t
v
.
,

T h o u art b o ugh t an d s o l d a mong t h o s e o f an y wit lik e a Sl a e .

B A R R IE R (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is a bar ? an d wh at is it s purpo s e ? 2 . Wh at is a barri er ? 3 . Whi ch

wo rd is o rd in arily applie d to o b e ct s o f
j gre at e xt en t ? 4 W o uld a mo un t ain
v
.

ran ge b e t e rme d a bar or a barri er 5 W h at d is t in ct i

. e na me is g i v
e n to a
mass o f s an d acro s s th e mo uth v
o f a ri er o r h arb or

B A TT L E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e gen e ral me an in g of co nfli ct ? 2 W h at . is a bat tle ? 3 . H ow lon g

may a ba t tle l as t 4 . O n h o w man y fi e ld s may o n e ba t tle b e fo ugh t 5 . HOW
d oes en g a ge men t d iff er fro m ba t tle ? H ow d o es co mbat d iffer ac tion ? ski r
mish fi gh t

B E A UT I F UL (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 What is n ec es s ary t o co n s t it ut e pers o n beautif ul ? 2 Can beauti

an o b e c t o r a
j .

f ul b e s aid of t h at wh ich is h ars h an d rugge d , h o we er gran d ? 3 H o w is v .

 b eco ming
b egi n n in g 4 06

beautiful rel at e d to o ur po we rs o f appre ciat io n ? 4 . H o w d o es pret ty co mpare

wit h beautiful ? h an d some 5 . W h at d o es f ai r d eno te co mely ? pictur
es que

E XA MPL E S .

I pray t h ee , O G o d , t h at I may b e wit h in .

A h appy y o ut h , an d t h e ir O l d age is an d free .

’
T was s un g, h o w t h ey were in t h e ir l i vs e

A n d in t h e ir d eat h h ad n ot v
d i id e d b een .

H ow h as t h e d ay b e en , h o w b righ t w as t h e s un ,

v
H o w l o e ly an d j o yf ul t h e co ur se t h at h e run .

h o ugh h e ro s e i n a mis t wh en h is race h e b egan

T
A n d t h e re f o l l o we d s o me droppin gs o f rain !

B E C O M I NG (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e me an in g of becomi n g ? of d ecen t ? o f sui table ? 2 . Can t h at whi ch

is w o rt h y or b ea ut if ul in it s elf e v
e r be o t h e rwi s e t h an becomi n g o r sui table ?

Gi v
e in s t an ce s . 3 . W h at is t h e mean in g of fi t ? H o w d o es i t di ff er fro m
fitti n g or befi tti n g ?
E X A MPLE S .

A merri e r man ,
W ith in t h e l imit o f mirth ,

I n ev
er spen t an h o ur’ s t al k wit h al
v
.

S t ill go ern th ou my s o n g,

Uran ia, an d aud ie n ce fi n d , t h o few .

I n d e ed , l e ft n o t hi n g
f o r yo ur purpo se
Un t o uch ’ d , s ligh t ly h an d led , in d isco ur s e .

In s uch a t ime as t h is , i t is n o t

T h at e v
e ry n ice o ffe n s e s h o ul d b ear h is co mmen t .

H ow c o ul d mo n ey b e b e t t er s pen t t h an in erect in g a b uild in g fo r t h e

great e st l ib rary in t h e co un t ry

B E G I NN I N G (page
QUE S TIO N S .

1 . Fro m wh at l an guage is begi n ni n g d eri vd ? omme

e c n ce men t ? H o w d o t h e t wo
w o rd s d iff e r in appl icat io n an d us e Giv i t e n s an ces . 2 . W h at is an ori gi n ?
a source ? a ri s e ? 3 . H ow are f oun t f oun tai n
, , an d sp r in g us ed in t h e ngura
vs
ti e en s e ?

E X A MPL E S .

F o r l e arn in g is t h e pur e ,
O ut fro m wh ich all gl o ry sprin gs
v
.

T rut h is t h e of e ery go o d t o go d s an d me n .

C o urage th e migh t y at t rib ut e o f po wers ab o v

e,

v;
,

B y wh ich t h o s e great in war are great in l o e

T he v
o f al l b ra e act s is s e at e d h ere .

It can n o t b e t h at D es d e mo n a sh o ul d lo n g co n t in ue h er l o v
e t o th e M o o r, n o r he
t o h e r : it was a v
i l o en t an d th ou s h a lt s ee an an s werab le se ques t rat io n .

In t h e G od creat e d t h e h ea v
en a nd th e eart h .
 b lem ish
b ra e v 4 08

B L E M I SH (page
QUE S TI O N S .

W h at is a blemish 2 . H o w d o es it d iff er fro m a flaw or ta i n t ? 3 . W h at is a

d efect ? a f ault 4 . Wh ich wo rd s o f t h is gro up are n at urall y appl ie d to rep

ut at ion , an d wh ich t o ch aract er

E XA MPL E S .

E v r
e y page e n cl o s in g in t h e mid s t
A s quare of t ext t h at l o o k s a l it t l e
T he n o b le B rut us
H ath t o ld yo u C aes ar w as amb it io us
If it were so , it was a grie vu o s

B L UF F (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . In wh at s en s e are f ran k an d , op en use d 2 . In wh at s en se

b rus k, roug h , an d rud e empl o ye d

E X A MPL E S .

Th ere are t o wh o m my s at ire s eems t o o

S t o ut o n ce a mo n t h t h ey march a
v
,

An d e er b ut in t ime s o f n eed , at h an d .

B O U ND A R Y (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e o rigin al s en s e o f boun d ary ? 2 . H o w d o es it d iffer in usage fro m

boun d or boun d s 3 . In wh at st yl e an d s en s e is bourn use d 4 . Wh at is t h e
d ist in ct i vm e ean in g o f
pd ge
E X A MPLE S .

S o t h e se li v es

P art ed by S stro n g, b ut d rawin g n earer an d n e arer,

R us h e d t o get h er at l as t , an d o ne was l o s t in th e o t h er.

In wo rs t e xt reme s , an d o n th e peril o us
O f b attle .

B R A VE (page
QUES TI O N S .

H o w d oe s bra vd iff
e er from courageous 2 Wh at is th e special s en se of a d ven ~

vl v tu
.

turous of bol d ? o f ch i a rous 3 H o w d o t h e se wo rd s diff er fro m en re

some 4 Wh at is e s pe ciall y d en o t e d b y f earles s an d i n trepid 5 Wh at

vli
. .

d o es a an t t ell o f re s ult s 6 W h at id eas are co mb in e d in h eroi c ?

.

E X A MPLE S .

man is al s o full of f ai t h .

F d
ir
’
at first sigh t wit h wh at t h e M use impart s ,

In y o ut h we t empt t h e h eigh t s o f Ar t s .

T h y d an ger ch i efly l ie s in act in g wel l ;

NO crime ’ s s o great as t o e xcel .
 b usin ess
4 09 ca lm

B U S I N E S S (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e d ist inct i vm e ean in g o f b ar ter ? 2 . W h at d o es busi ness ad d t o th e

mean in g of bar ter ? 3 W h at is
? Is it b ro ad e r t h an busi ne ss ?
occup ation

v v
.

4 W h at is a oca tion ? 5 Wh at ( in t h e s t rict s en s e) is an a ocation ? 6 W h at

. . .

i s implie d in professi on p urs ui t ? 7 W h at is a t r ans action ? 8 H o w d o e s

'
. .

tra d e d ifi e r fro m commerce 9 W h at is work ? 1 0 Wh at is an art in th e

. .

in d ust rial s en s e a cra ft?

E X A MP L E S .

A man mus t vh is t ime to ev y

se r e er

We t urn t o d us t , an d all o ur migh t ie s t s d ie t o o .

CA L CUL A T E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

H o w d o yo u d ist in gui sh b et we en coun t an d calcula te ? comp ute, reckon an d es ti

mate ? 2 W h ich is use d mo s tly wit h regard t o future pro b ab ilit ies ? 3 D o
. .

we use compute o r es tima te o f n umb ers e xact ly kn o wn 4 O f comp ute, cal .

cul ate, an d es ti mate wh ich is

, use d wit h e spe cial referen ce t o t h e fut ure

E X AM PLE S .

Th ere were 4046 men in t h e d istrict , by actu al

T h e t ime of the ecl ips e w as to a seco n d .

We ask th em t o appro xi mat el y t h e co st o f t h e b uil din g .

CAL L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is th e d ist in ct iv
e me an in g o f call ? 2 D o we
. e v
e r appl y bellow an d roar

t o h uman s o un d s 3 . Can yo u gi e mo re t h an o n e v sen se o f cry ? 4 . A re

sho ut an d screa m mo re v
o r l es s e xpre ss i e t h an call ? 5 Wh ich o f th e wo rd s in
t h is gro up are n ecessaril y an d wh ich o rd in arily appl ie d to art iculat e utt eran ce

W v
h i ch rarely , if e e r, s o us e d ?

E XA MPL E S .

fo r t h e ro b in red b re as t an d t h e wre n
T h e pi o n eers co ul d h ear t h e sa ages v
I v
my ser an t an d h e came .

T he captain in a vi o ce o f t h un d er t o th e h elmsman , Put yo ur h elm h ard

apo rt !

CA L M (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

T o wh at cl as ses of o b e ct s o r s t at e s o f
j min d d o we appl y cal m? collected ?
quie t ? p laci d ? serene ? s t ill ? tran qui l ? 2 D o th e an t o n yms boi s terous , ex .

ci ted , rufi ed , turbulen t , an d wi ld , al s o appl y t o t h e s ame 3 Can y ou con .

t ras t calm an d qui et ? 4 H o w man y o f t h e prece d in g ad j e ct i e s c an b e

.
'

v
applied to wat er 5 . H o w d o es co mposed d iff er fro m calm ?
 ca n cel
c a re 410

E XAM PLE S .

T h e po s s e s s i o n o f a co n s cien ce is an est i mab l e b l e s sin g .

T h e water is s ai d t o b e al w ay s in t h e o cean d epth s .

on t h e l is t en in g e ar o f ni gh t

F all h ea ven s
’
mel o di o us s t rain s .

C A N C E L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

W h at is th e d iff eren ce in me th o d in olv

v ed in th e vb s ca
er n cel, e fi ace , eras e, ex

pun ge , an d obli tera te ? 2 . W h ich s ugge s t t he mo s t co mpl e t e re mo v

al o f all

t race o f a w rit in g ? 3 . v
H o w d o t h e figurat i e us es o f t h e s e w o rd s co mpare
wit h t h e l it eral 4 it po s s ib l e t o obli tera te o r efiace t h at wh i ch h as b een
‘

. Is
v
pre i o usly can celed o r eras ed ?
E X A MP L E S
It i s pract icall y impo s s ib l e t o cl ean a po s t age s
st a mp th at h as b een pro perly
s o t h at it can b e us e d again .

Wi t h th e aid o f a s h arp pen kn ife t h e b l o t w as quickl y

B y l apse of t ime an d el emen t al ac t io n , t h e i n s cript io n h ad b e co m e co mpl e t e l y

C A N D I D ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . T o wh at cl as s o f t h in gs d o we appl y abo ebo ard v ? can d i d ? f ai r ? f ran k ? h on

es t ? si n cere ? tran sparen t ? 2 C an y o u s t at e t h e S imil arit y b et w ee n
. artl ess ,

g uileless , n ai e, si mple, v an d un sophi s ti ca ted ? H o w d o t h e y d l fi e r as a cl ass

f ro m t h e w o rd s ab o e v ref erred to ? 3 H.o w d o e s i t h appe n t h at

“
To be

pre ce d es t h e ut t e ran ce o f s o met h in g di s

“ ”
f ran k , ” or T o be can d id o ft en

ag ree ab l e .
E X A MPLE S .

T he s o ph is t ry wa s so as t o d isgus t th e mb l y
ass e .

A . T . S t e wart re lie d o n d e alin g as t h e s e cre t o f me rcan t ile s ucc es s .

A1 1 man will n o t s t eal o r d e fraud .

s h e s ee ms w ith art ful care

A fi e ct in g t o b e un afi ect ed .

CA R E (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is t h e special d iff eren ce b et we en care an d an xi ety ? 2 . Wh erein d o es care

d iffer f ro m cautio n ? soli ci tu d e fro m an xi ety ? w a tchf ulness fro m w ari ness ?
3 . Can y o u gi e v so me of th e s en s e s o f care ? 4 . Is concern as s t ro n g a . t erm
as anxi ety ? 5 . Wh at is ci rc umspection ? precaution ? heed ?
E X AM PL E S

T ak e h e r up t en d erly , l ift h er w it h
A milit ary co mm an d er s h o ul d ha v
e as mu ch as b ra v
e yr .

T h e in vd
a e rs f an cie d t h e ms el v es s o s e cure again s t at ta ck t h at t h ey h ad n ot t ak e n
th e to s t at ion s en t in el s .
 ch ri n
4 12

3 . An d th e an t o n y ms cons equence ffect

e outgro wth ? res ul t ? 4 . Wh at
are caus al i ty an d causa tio n 5 H ow are ori gi n an d s ource rel at e d to caus e ?

E X A MP L E S .

W h ere t h ere is an eff e ct t h ere mus t b e al so a

I t is n e ce ss ary t o kn ow so me thi ng o f th e of a man b efore we can s af el y

t rus t h im
vw
.

T he of th e ri er as f o un d t o b e a s mall l ake amon g t h e h ill s .

W h at was gi v
en as t h e of t h e quarrel w as reall y b ut th e

C H A G R I N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at f eelin gs are co mb in ed in ch agri n ? 2 H o w d o you d ist in gui sh . b et we e n

ch agri n , d is appoi n tmen t h umili a tio n mortifi cation , an d sh ame? 3 . Whi ch
vl v a v
, ,

in o es sen se o f h a in g d o n e wron g

E X AM PLE S .

T h e ki n g s
’
at t h e limitat io n s impo se d upo n h im was pain full y man ifes t .

H e is n o t wh o lly l o st wh o ye t can b l ush from

H ope t ells a flatt erin g t ale
vv
,

D e l us i ai e, n , an d h ol lo w .

Ah l l et n ot h ope pre v
ail ,

L es t f o ll o w
.

C H A NG E (page
QUES T I O N S .

Wh at i s t h e di stin ct ion b et ween ch a n ge an d exch an ge ? v

Are th ey e e r use d as
v
e qui alen t , an d how 2 . Can yo u d is t in guis h b e t ween mo d ify an d qualify ?
E X AM PL ES .

T h e t ailor O ff ere d to t h e armh o l es of the co at .

We re que st ed t h e pian is t t o h is mu sic b y intro d ucin g a few popul ar tun es .

We o ft en fail t o re cogniz e t h e act o r wh o hi s co s t ume b etween t h e act s .

CH A R A CT E R (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . H o w d o yo u di s t in gui sh b et ween ch aracter an d reput ation ? cons ti tution an d d is

pos i tion ? 2 Is n ature a b ro ad er wo rd t h an any o f th e prece di ng
. 3 If s o . .

wh y
E XAM PL E S .

T he phil an t hr o pis t
’
s f o r ch arit y is o f t en a great s o ur ce o f ann oyan ce to

L et d ogs d eligh t t o b ark an d i t is t h e ir

’
b t e , f o r to .

M i s fo rt un e may caus e th e lo s s of frien d s an d reput at ion, ye t if th e man h as not

yield ed to wrong, his is superi o r t o l oss o r ch ange.

CH O O SE (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at are t he s h ad es o f differen ce b e twe en choose, cull , el ect, pick, W er, an d

 c i rc u m sta n ce
4 13 cle erv

select ? 2 . Also b et w een th e an t o n y ms cas t away , d ecli ne , d i smi ss , f

re use, re

pu d i ate 3 . D o es select imply mo re care o r j ud gmen t t h an ch oose ?

E X A MPL E S .

T h e prett ie st flo wers h ad all b een

Jaco b was t o E s au, t h e h e was t h e yo un ger .

Wh en a man d elib erat ely t o d o wro n g, th ere is l it tl e h o pe fo r hi m .

C I R C UM S T A N C E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 T o wh at t h in gs d o w e appl y accomp an imen t ? concomi t an t ? ci rcum

cl ass e s o f

v
.

s tan ce ? e en t ? f act ? i n cid en t ? occurrence ? s i tua tion ? 2 Can yo u gi e . v

s o me in st an ce s o f t h e u s e o f ci rcums tan ce ? 3 Is it a word o f b ro ad er mean .

ing t h an i nci d en t ?

E X A MP LE S .

T he t h at t h ere had b een a fire was pro v

e d b y t h e s mo ke b l ack en e d wall s s

v
.

Extreme pro o cat io n may b e a mit igat in g in a cas e o f h omi cid e .

C L A S S (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

H o w d o es a cl ass differ from a cas te ? 2 In wh at co n n ect io n s is ran k us ed

.

ord er ? 3 . Wh at is a coteri e H ow d o es it d ifi er from a cli que ?

E X A MPL E S .

An was f o rmed fo r t h e relie f o f t h e po or an d n e e d y o f t h e cit y .

A s el e ct met at th e re s id en ce o f o n e o f t h e l ead in g men o f t h e city .

T h ere is a s t ruggl e o f th e mas ses again s t th e

C LE A R (page
QU E S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es clear o rigin all y s ign ify ? 2 . H o w d o es cl ear d iffer fro m transp aren t
as re gard s a sub st an ce t h at may b e a me d ium o f v
i s io n 3 . With wh at mean in g
i s clear us ed o f an ob e ct appreh en d e d
j b y th e s en s es , as an O b e ct o f s igh t o r
j
h earin g 4 . Wh at d o es d i s ti nct s ignif y 5 . Wh at is p lai n ? 6 . Wh at S pe

cial s e n s e d o e s t hi s wo rd al ways ret ain H o w d o es transp aren t d iff er fro m

trans lucen t ? 7 '
Wh at d o luci d
. an d p elluci d s ignify 8 . W h at is t h e
s pe cial f o rce of li mpi d ?

C L E VE R ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at v
is t h e meani n g o f cle er as used in E n glan d 2 Wh at was t h e early Ne w .

E n glan d us age ? 3 W h at is t o b e s aid o f t h e use o f s mart an d sh arp ? 4

v
. .

Wh at o th er word s o f thi s gro up are preferabl e t o cle er in many o f its uses

 co m pa n y
co m plain 414

E X AM PLE S .

H is b rief e xperien ce in t h e d epart men t h ad mad e h im v

ery in th e wo rk
n o w as s igne d h im .

S h e was e s peci ally in s on g .

B e go o d , s we e t maid , an d l et wh o w ill b e
I

D O n ob l e t hin gs , n o t d re am t h e m, al l d ay lo n g
And so make life , d e at h , an d th e v t f rev
as o er

O n e gran d , s w eet s o n g .

C O M P A NY (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Fro m w h at is mp any
co d eriv
e d ? W h at is it s prim ary mean in g ? 2 . F o r wh at
are th o se ass o ciat ed wh o co n s t it ut e a co mp any ? I s t h eir asso ciat io n t empo
rary o r perman en t ? 3 W h at is t h e d iff eren ce b etween assemblage an d as s e m
v v v
.

bly ? 4 W h at is a concla e ? a con oca ti on ? a con en ti on ? 5

. . Wh at are

th e ch ara c t eris t i cs o f a group ? 6 T o wh at us e is . con grega tio n re s trict e d ?

H o w d o es meeti n g agree wit h an d d iffer fro m it
E X AM PLE S .

F ar fro m th e mad d in g ign o b l e s t rife ,

’
s

T h eir s o b er wish e s n ev
er l e arn ed t o s tray .

T he ro o m co n t ain e d a l arge of mis cell an eo us o b j ect s .

A f ell o w t h at mak es n o fi gure in

A great h ad met b ut wit h o ut o rgan iz at io n o r o fli cers
‘
, .

If y e in quire an yt h in g co n ce rni n g o t h er matt ers ,

it sh all b e d et e rmin e d in a l aw

C O M PE L (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . W h at is it t o co mp el ? 2 Wh at . d oes f orce impl y ? 3 . Wh at is th e espe cial

s ign ifi can ce o f coerce ? 4 . Wh at d o es cons trai n imply ? In wh at f a vo rab l e

s en s e i s i t us e d
E XA MPL E S .

E ven if we were n ot will in g, t h ey po ss es s e d th e po wer o f us t o d o j ust ice

v
.

E mpl o y ers may th e ir e mpl o ye es in to o t in g as t h ey d eman d , b ut f o r t h e

s e cre t b all o t .

T h e s e co n sid eration s us t o aid th em t o t h e utmo s t o f o ur po wer .

CO M PL A I N (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . B y wh at is co mp lai ni ng pro mpt e d murmuri ng ? repi n i n g ? 2 . Wh ich fin d s

o ut w ard e xpre s s io n , an d whi ch is l imit ed t o t h e men t al act ? 3 T o wh o m .

d o es o n e co mp lain ,
in t h e f o rmal s en s e o f t h e word 4 Wi th wh om d o es o n e .

re mons trate
E XAM PLE S .

It is n ot pl e as an t t o li v
e wit h on e wh o is co n s t an t ly in g
v
.

T he d o g ga e a l o w wh ich frigh t en e d t h e t ramp away .

 co n vye
d e c ept io n 4 10

fro m talk ? 3 H ow is d is course rel at e d t o

. v
co n ersatio n ? 4 . Wh at are th e
s pecial s e n ses o f d i alogue an d colloquy

E XAM PL E S .

T h ere can be no wit h a great gen ius , wh o d o e s all the in g .

Nor wan t ed sweet th e b an quet o f t h e min d .

C O N VE Y ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 In wh at d o con vy
e tran smi t, an d tra nsport agree ? Wh at is t h e d ist in ctiv
e s en se

vy ?
,

o f con e 2 T o wh at cl ass O f O b ect s

j d o es transp ort re f er ? 3 T o wh at
v
. .

cl ass o f o b ect s
j d o tr ansf er, trans mi t , an d con ey apply ? 4 . Wh ich is t h e
pre d o mi n an t s en se o f t h e l att er wo rd s

C R I M I NA L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is th e d ist in ct iv
e mean in g o f cri mi n al ? H o w d o e s it d iflfe r fro m i ll egal o r

unl awf ul ? 2 W h at is f elon io us ? fl agi ti ous

. 3 W h at i s t h e primary mean
in g of i n i qui tous 4 . Is an i n i qui to us ac t n e ce ss arily cri mi n al ?

D A NG E R (pag e
QUE S TI O NS .

1 Wh at is th e d ist in ct i vm
e e an in g o f d an ger 2 . D o e s d an ger o r peri l s ugge st t h e
mo re imme di at e e v
il 3 . H ow are j eop ard y an d ri sk d is t in gui s h e d fro m d an
ger an d peril ?
E X A MPLE S .

D el ay al w ays b ree d s
T he v
caref ul rid e r a o id s run n in g

S t ir, at y o ur 1

D E C A Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at s o rt o f t h in gs d ecay p ut ref y ro t ? 2 . Wh at is t h e ess en t ial d iff eren ce

b e t ween d ecay an d d eco mp ose ?

E X A MPLE S .

T h e fl o we rs w i t h er, t h e t ree t r un k
’
s

T h e wat er w as b y th e el ect ric curren t .

D E C E P T I O N ( page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H o w is d ecei t di st in guish e d fro m d ecep tion ? fro m guile ? f rau d lyin g ?

h yp ocri sy ? 2 D O all o f t h es e apply t o co n d uct as w ell as t o s pee ch 3 Is
vi
. .

d ecept i on e er n n o cen t 4 . H av
e craf t an d cun n i n g al ways a mo ral el e men t 1
'

5 . H o w is d i ss i mula ti on d is t in guis h e d fro m d up li ci ty

 d efi n it io n
4 17 d e m o n s t ra tio n

E XA MP LES .

T he of hi s con d uct was pat en t t o all .

It was a matt er o f s el f: ’

T h e j ud ge d e cid ed it t o b e a c as e o f

D E FI N I TI O N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh ich is t h e more e xact , a d efi n i ti on or a d es crip tion 2 . Wh at must a d efi n i

ti on in cl ud e , an d wh at must it excl ud e 3 Wh at mus t a d escrip tion in cl ud e
.

4 . In wh at re s pe ct h as i n terpret a ti on a wid e r mean in g t h an t rans lat ion 5 .

H o w d o es an exp l an ati on c o mpare wit h an eap os i ti on ?

E X A MPLE S
vt
.

A pro mpt t h e d iffi cul ty pre

of en ed a quarrel .

o f s cen ery w as ad mirab l e

‘

T he
v
.

T he s ee r ga e an of th e d re am .

M an y a co n ro t v y m e rs ay b e in s t an tly e n d ed by a c lear of t erms .

D E L I B E R A T E ( page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at are th e ch ief d ist in ct ion s b et ween d eli berate ? consi d er ? me d i tate ?consul t

fl
re ect ? 2 . DO l arge gat h erin gs o f pe o pl e cons ult , o r med i ta te o r d el i bera te ? ,

3 . D o we fl
re ect o n t h in gs pas t o r t h in gs t o co me 4 . H o w man y pers o n s are
n ece ss arily implied in con sult , conf er, an d d ebate as c o mmo n ly us ed :7 in

d eli bera te, con si d er, p o n d er, fl

re ect ? in me d i t ate ? 5 . W h at id e a of t ime is
implie d in d eli bera te
E XA MPLE S .

T he matter w as c are ful ly in all it s b earin gs

val d ay
.

T h e le gis l at ure fo r se er s .

D E L USI O N (p a g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is th e e s s e n t ial difi eren ce b e t ween illusi on an d d elus ion H o w d o es h allu

ci n a ti on d iff er fro m b o t h ? 2 . Wh ich wo rd is us e d es pec ially O f o b j ect s o f

s igh t
E XA M PLE S .

T he of th e s ick are s o met imes pit iful .

In t h e s oft ligh t t h e w as co mpl et e .

D E M O NS T R A T I O N (page
QUE S TI O NS .

1 T o wh at ki n d o f rea s o n in g d o e s d emon s trati on in th e s t rict s e n se apply ? 2

W h at is ev
. .

i d en ce p roof ? 3 . Wh ich is t h e s t ron ger t erm 4 . Wh ich is t h e

mo re co mpreh en s iv
e
E XAM PLE S .

Th e of t h e witn es s was s o co mpl et e th at no f urt h er was required .

A math emat ical mus t b e fi nal an d co n clus i e v .

27
 d
d fgt o n 418

D E S I G N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e d ist in cti v
e me a n in g o f d esi g n ? 2 . Wh at el e ment is promi n en t in
i n ten ti on ? purp ose ? pl an ? 3 . D o es
p urp ose s ugge s t mo re po wer t o exe cut e

t h an d esi gn 4 . H o w d o es i n ten t s pe cifi call y d ifi er fro m purpose Wh ich

t erm d o we use wit h re feren c e to th e D iv
in e B ein g
E XAM PLE S .

T h e arch it e ct s
’
in vl vd mu h d
o e c et ail .

H ell is pav
ed with go o d
It is t h e of th e vto er t h at d ecid e s h o w h is b al lo t sh all b e co unt e d .

T he of t h e A lmi gh t y can n o t b e t h wart e d

v
.

T he ad apt io n O f mean s to en d s in n at ure cl early in d icat es a an d s o pro es

a er .

DE S P A I R (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 In wh at o rd er migh t d esp ai r, d esp era ti on , d is courageme n t , an d hopelessnes s

v
.

fo ll o w , each as th e re s ul t of t h e pre io us co n di t io n 2 . H o w d o es d espo n ~

d ency es pe cially di ff er f ro m d esp ai r

E XA MPLE S .

T he utte r of t h e ir co n d it io n w as apparen t

v
.

In we ak he ab an d o n e d al l e n d e a o r .

D E X T E R I T Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Fro m wh at is ad roi tn ess d e ri v

ed F ro m wh at d exteri ty ? H ow migh t each be
re n d ere d ? 2 . H o w d o es a d roi tn ess di ffer in us e f ro m d exteri ty ? 3 . Fro m
w h at is ap ti tud e d eri v
ed , an d wh at d o e s it s ign ify ? 4 . H o w d o es skill d iff er
f ro m d exteri ty ? Wh ich can an d wh ich can n o t be co mmun icat ed
E X A MPL ES .

H e h ad a n at ural fo r s c ien t ific in v tig

es at io n , an d b y l o n g pract is e gain e d
an imimit ab le man ipul at io n
of .

H is in d eb at e en ab l e d h im t o v
e ad e o r parry argu men t s o r att acks wh ich h e
c o ul d n o t an s wer .

T he of t h e b est t rain e d wo rk man can n o t e qual t h e precis io n of a mach in e .

D ICT IO N (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh ich is th e more co mpreh en siv e wo rd d i ction l a n gua ge or ph raseology 2

Wh at is t h e true mean in g O f v
. , , , .

erbi a g e S h o uld it ev
er b e us e d as t h e e quiv
a

l en t O f l an guage o r d i cti on ? 3 W h at is s tyle ? H o w d o es i t co mpare wit h

.

d i ct ion or l an gu ag e ?
E X AM PLE S .

T he t h e d is co urs e w as plain an d e mph at ic

of .

T he O f a w rit t en co n t ract s h o uld b e s uch as t o pre en t v mis un d erst an d in gs .

T he po et ic of M
il t o n is s o e xquis it e ly pe rfect t h at an o t h er wo rd c an

s carcel y e v
e be r s ub s t it ut e d fo r t h e one h e h as ch o sen wit h o ut marring t h e l in e .
 d o c t ri n e
d o ub t , n . 4 20

i sh an d co mp lete use d , an d h ow are th ey d is crimin at ed fro m each o t h e r 3 .

H o w d o w e d is crimin at e b et ween reali ze, e ect , an d execute ? p erf orm

‘

f ulfi l , j
an d acco mplis h acco mpli sh an d co mp lete ?
E X A MPL ES .

A d ut y h as b e en a wo rk of grat it ud e an d aff ect io n h as b e en

It is w on d e rful h o w much c an be b y s t e ad y , plo d d in g in d us t ry wit h o ut
b ril l ian t t al en t s .

T h e wo rk is n o t o n ly gran d in d e sign b ut it i s wit h t h e mo st e xquis it e

d el icacy in e vy d
er et ail .

It is t h e d ut y t h e l egis l at o rs t o mak e l aw s , o f t h e magis t rat e s t o

of th e m .

E vy er on e s h o ul d l ab o r t o h i s d ut ie s fait h ful ly , an d the j ust e xpe c

tat ion s of th o s e wh o h a ve co mmit te d t o h im an y t rust .

D O C T R I NE (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 T o wh at mat t ers d o w e appl y t h e wo rd creed ? d octri n e ? d ogma ? p ri n ciple 2 .

W h ich is t h e mo re in clus iv
e wo rd 3 Is d ogma us ed fav o rab l y o r un fav
or .

ab ly

E X A MPLE S .

T he res t s e it h er upon t h e auth o rity o f t h e S cript ur e s , o r upo n a d ecis io n

of th e C h ur ch
vup igh t —v
.

A man may ha e r s e en wh il e h e di s regard s co mmo n l y re ce i ed v

8 .

D O UB T ,
v(p . ag e

QUE S TI O N S .

1 . D o we apply d oubt, d i s trust , sur mi se , an d susp ect mo stl y t o person s an d t hin gs ,

or t o mo t iv
es an d in t en t io n s ? 2 Is mi strus t us e d o f perso n s o r of t hings ?
v v ab l e
.

3 . Is it us ed in a fa o rab l e o r an un fa or s en se

E X A MPLE S .

We do n ot t h at t h e e art h mo v
es aro un d th e s un
vd t
.

N e arly ev
ery l aw of n at ure was b y man first th en pro e o b e true .

I my o wn h eart .

I th at man from t h e o uts et .

D O UB T (pag e
,
n .

QUE S TI O N S .

1 . T o wh at cl as s o f o b e ct s j d o we apply misgiv d i sbeli ef ? d oubt ? hesi tation ?

ing ?
2 . Wh ich o f th e se wo rd s mo st co mmon ly impli es an un fav o rab le meani ng ?

3 . Wh at mean in g h as skep ti ci sm as applied t o religious matters ?

E X AM P LE S .

We feel n o in gi in g o ur appro al v v
—
.

T h e j ury h ad s o f h is guilt .

We d id all we co uld t o furth er t h e en terpris e, b ut s t ill h ad o ur s as t o th e

o ut co me .
 d u pl i ca t e
4 21 ea se

DU P L I C A T E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 v
Can y o u gi e th e d is t in ct io n b e t we e n a cop y an d a d up li cate ? a f acsimil e, an d an

i mitatio n 2 W h at s o rt o f a copy is a t r ans crip t ?

.

E X AM PLE S .

T he o f an o rgan b y th e v
i li o n is t was perfect .

T h is k ey is a an d wil l O pen t h e l o ck .

T he s ign at ure was merely a prin t e d

D U T Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . D o we us e d uty an d ri gh t o f ci v
il t hi n gs ? o r b us i ness an d obli g atio n o f mo ral
t hin gs ? 2 . D o es respons ibili ty imply conn ecti on wit h an y o t h er pers on or

t h in g
E XAM P LE S .

I go b ecause it is my
We re cogn iz e a for t h e go od co n d uct of o ur o wn chil dren , b ut d o we n o t
als o re st un d er so me t o society t o e xercis e a go o d infl uen ce o ert h e chil dr en v
o f o t h e rs

E AG E R (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e d is t in ct io n b et ween eager an d earnes t in th e n at ure o f t h e feelin g im

plie d ? ih t h e o b j ect s t o ward wh ich it is d ire ct e d ? 2 . H o w d o e s anxi ous in
t hi s accept at io n d iff er fro m b o t h eager an d earnes t ?

E X AM PLES .

H ark l t h e sh ril l t rumpet s o un d s t o h orse 1 away 1

My s o ul s
‘
in ar ms , an d fo r t h e fray
v
.

I am in I will n ot e qui ocat e ; I will n o t e xcus e ; I will no t retreat a

s in gl e in ch ; an d I will b e h eard I
I am to h ear of yo ur welfare , an d o f t h e prospect s o f t h e en t erprise .

E A SE (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o es ease d en o t e , in t h e s en s e h ere con s id ere d D o es it apply to act ion o r

co n di t io n ? 2 .
f acili ty activ
Is e o r pas s ive rea d i n ess ? 3 Wh at d o es ease .

impl y, an d to wh at may it b e limit e d 4 W h at d o e s f aci li ty imply red d i

.

n ess ? 5 . To wh at is exp ertness li mit ed ?

E X AM PL E S .

H e pl ays t h e v
ioli wit h great
n an d d el igh t s an aud ien ce

v
Wh at e er h e d id w as d o n e wit h s o much
In h im al o n e t was
t o pl e as e n at ur al
’

v
.

It is o ft en s aid w it h e qual trut h t h at we o ugh t t o t ake ad an t age of th e

wh ich ch ild ren po s s ess of l e arn in g .
 e d u ca t i o n
ego tis m 4 22

E D U C A T I O N (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is th e di stin ct iv
e me an in g o f ed uca ti on i ns truction teach ing 9 . 2 . H ow
is i ns truct ion or teachi ng re l at e d to ed ucation 3 . H ow d o es train i n g
d iff er fro m teachi n g ? 4 . W h at is d iscipli n e ? tui ti on ? 5 . Wh at are breed
i n g an d n ur t ure, an d h o w d o t h e y d iff er fro m each o t h er 6 . H ow are knowl
ed ge an d learn i n g rel at e d to ed uca tio n

E X A MPLE S .

T h e true purpo s e of is t o ch erish an d un fo l d th e s ee d o f immo rt ality alread y

s o wn wit h in us .

we d o learn o urs el e s t o kn ow
By v
A n d wh at t o man , an d wh at t o G o d we owe .

mak eth a ful l man , co n feren ce a re ad y man , an d writ in g an exact man .

Fo r n at ural ab ilit ies are l ike n at ural plan ts t h at n ee d prun in g b y an d

- s t h e ms el vs de o gi vf e orth d irect io n s t o o much at large , e xcept t h e y b e b o un d e d

in b y e xperien ce .

A b ran ch o f is o ft en put t o an impro pe r us e, for fe ar o f it s b eing idl e .

E F F R O N T E R Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is aud aci ty ? h ard ih ood 2 Wh at s pecial e lemen t d o e s ef ron tery ad d t o .

t h e me an in g o f aud aci ty an d h ard i hood 3 W h at is i mp ud ence sh ame .

les snes s ? 4 H o w d o e s efi ron tery co mpare w it h t h e s e wo rd s ? 5 Wh at is

‘

v
.

bold ness ? Is it use d in a fav ab le o

or r an un fa o rab l e s en se

E X A MPL E S
vd t h
.

Wh en th e y s aw th e of P e t er an d Joh n , an d percei e at t h ey were un

le arn e d an d ig n o ran t men th e y marv

e ll e d .

I ne
’
er h eard ye t
T h at any o f th e s e b ol d er v i ces wan t e d
L ess t o gain s ay wh at t h ey d id ,

T h an t o perfo rm it first .

I a m no t a litt l e s urpris e d at th e e as y w it h w h ich po l it ical ge n t l eme n in

an d o ut o f C o n gres s t ak e it upo n t h em t o s ay t h at t h ere are n o t a t h o us an d men in t h e

N o rt h wh o s ympat hiz e with Jo hn B ro wn .

E G O T I SM (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is egoism an d h o w d o e s i t d iff e r fro m ego ti sm 2 Wh at is self v as sertion .

selfi con cei t ? 3 D o es con cei t d iffer f ro m s elf vcon cei t , an d h o w

. 4 W h at is .

s elf= confi d enc e I s it w o rt h y o r un wo rt h y 5 Is self as sertio n e er a d uty e

v
W h at is v
.

self e
? 6
co n cei t . an i ty ? H o w d o e s it d ifi e r f ro m s elf confi d en ce ? s

fro m pri d e ? ’7 . W h at is self ves teem ? H o w d o es it diff er fro m self co nc ei t ? =

fro m lf
‘

se s
j
con zd ence
E XA MPLE S .

may puff a man up, b ut ne vp

er ro ph im up .

is as il l at e ase un d er in d iffe re n ce , as t en d ernes s is un d er th e lo vwh ich it

e

can n o t ret urn .

 en d , n .

en d u re 4 24

E ND ,(pa ge n.

QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e en d ? 2 . Wh at is t h e d ist in ct i v
e mea n in g o f extre mi ty ? 3 . H ow
d o e s extremi ty co mpare with en d 4 . Wh at re feren ce is impl ied in extremi ty
5 . Wh at is t h e me an in g of tip ? p oi n t ? H o w d o e s extremi ty d iff er in us e
fro m t h e t w o lat t er w o rd s 6 hat is a termi nus ? Wh at s pecifi c me an in g
W
vl
.

h as t h e w o rd in mo d ern t ra e 7 . W h at is t h e mean in g of termi n ation , an d

of wh at i s it ch ie fly u s e d exp i ra ti on li mi t ?

E XAM PL E S .

S e e in g t h at d e at h , a n eces sary will co me wh en it will co me .

A ll re o ice at
j th e s ucces s ful of th e vt u as n d ert akin g.

H e th at e n d ur et h t o th e s h all b e sa vd e .

Do n ot t urn b ack wh en y o u are j ust at th e

E ND E A V O R , (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at i s it t o a tte mp t ? to en d ea or v? T o wh at s o rt o f e xert ion d o es en d ea or v

es pe cial ly apply 2 . H o w d o es ess ay d iff er fro m a tt e mp t an d e n d ea or v i it n s

v
i ew o f t h e re s ul t s o f th e act io n 3 Wh at is impl ied in un d ertake ? Giv e an

vsugg
.

in s tan ce . 4 . W h at d o es s tri e e st 5 . H o w d o e s try co mpare with t h e

o th e r wo rd s of t h e gro up
E X A MP L E S .

fi rs t t h ys el f, an d aft er c al l o n G o d ;
F o r to t h e w o rk er G o d h ims elf l e n d s aid .

th e e n d , an d n e v er s t an d t o d o ub t ;
N o th in g s ‘
so h ard b ut s earch wil l fin d it o ut .

to e n t e r in at th e s t rait gat e .

E ND E A VO R ,
n. (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is an egart ? an exerti on ? Wh ich in clud e s t h e o th er 2 H o w d o es a t

‘

temp t d iffer fro m efior t ? 3 W h at is a s truggle ? 4 W h at is an ess ay an d

’

5 W h at is an en d eav
. .
,

f o r wh at purpo s e is it mad e or an d h o w is i t dis t in . ,

guish e d fro m fro m a t temp t

'

fi ort ?
e ?
E XAM P LE S .

Yo ut h man h o o d a
is a b l un d er :
o l d age a regre t

So v
.

as t an re quire d mo re capit al t h an h e c o uld c o mman d at t h at t ime .

O t h ers co mb in in g wit h h im en ab l e d h im t o s uccee d wit h it

at impro v
.

A ft er a fe w spas mo d ic h e ab an d o n e d al l e me n t .

E N D U R E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is t h e me an in g pain , grie f, an d t h e like ? 2

of b ear as appl ie d to care , .

W h at d o e s en d ure ad d t o t h e mean in g o f bear ? 3 H o w d o allow an d permi t .

co mpare wit h t h e wo rd s j us t men t io n ed ? 4 H o w d o put up wi th an d tolerate .

 en e my
4 25 en t e rt a i n

co mpare w ith al low an d permi t 5 W h at is t h e s pe cial s en s e o f aj ford

d o e s it co me in t o conn e ct io n wit h t h e w o rd s o f t h is gro up ? 6 W h at .

s en s e o f broo k 7 O f wh at wo rd s d o e s abid e co mb in e t h e me an in gs
’

E X A MPLE S .

C h arity lo n g an d i s kin d ch arit y all t h in gs .

I fo llo w t h ee , s afe guid e , t h e pat h

T h o u le ad ’
st me ,
an d t o th e h an d o f h ea v ’
n

F o r t h ere w as ne vy
er et phi l o s o ph e r
T h at c o uld th e t o o t h ach e patien t ly .

E NE M Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S
ad v
.

1 . W h at is an en e my ? an ers ary ? 2 W h at . d is t in ct io n is t h e re b e t wee n t h e

t wo wo rd s t o t h e pur po s e impl ie d ? 3
as h at is an an tagon i st ? an oppo W
v
.

nen t a comp eti tor ? a ri al 4 H o w d o es f oe co mpare wit h enemy

.

E XAM P LES .

He makes no frien d wh o ne v mad

er e a

T h is frien d sh ip t h at po ss es ses t h e wh ole s o ul ,

can ad mit of no

M o un t ain s
‘
in t erpo s e d
M ake o f n at io n s wh o h ad el s e ,

L ik e kin d red dr o ps b e en mo l d e d in t o one .

H e t h at wre s tl e s wit h us s t ren gt h en s o ur n er e s an d v s h arpe n s o ur s kill . O ur

is o ur h elper .

E NM I T Y ( pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is en mi t y ? 2 . H o w d o es a ni mo si ty d iff er fro m en mi ty ? 3 . W h at is
h os tility ? W h at is mean t b y h os tili ti es b e t wee n n at io n s 4 . W h at is bi t ter
ness ? acr i mo n y ? 5 . H ow d o es an tagon is m co mpare wit h t h e wo rd s ab o v
e

men t io n ed
E X AM PL E S .

L et all an d wrat h , an d an ger, an d c la mo r , an d e v

il s peaki n g , b e put aw ay

from y o u, wit h all mali ce .

B ut t h e ir tho s mo th ere d fo r a w hi le , b urn t wit h re d o ub l e d v

io le n ce .

T he c arn al min d is ag ain s t G o d , f o r it i s n o t s ub e ct j t o t h e l aw of God,

n e it h er in d ee d can be .

E NT E R T A I N (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is it t o en tert ai n men t al ly to amuse 2 Wh at is t h e d is t in ct iv

e s en s e o f

vt ? wh o is n o t d i v
.

di er 3 . Can o ne be a mused o r en tertai n ed erted ? 4 Wh at .

is it t o recrea te t o begui le
E XA MPL E S .

B o o k s can n o t al ways h o we v er go o d ;
M in d s are n o t e v er crav
in g f o r th eir fo o d .

Wh o G o d d o t h lat e an d e arly pray

M o re o f h is grace t h an gift s t o l en d ;
And t h e h armle s s d ay
With a rel igio us b ook or frien d .
 en te rt ai n ment
e n v io us 4 26

E N T E R T A I N M E NT ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at do en tertai n ment an d recreat io n imply H o w, acco rd in gl y, d o t h ey ran k

a mo n g t h e l igh t er mat t ers o f life 2 H o w d o amusemen t an d p as ti me d iflE

. er

3 O n wh at pl an e are sp o rts 5’ . H o w d o t h e y co mpare wit h en tertai n me n t an d

r ecreation 4 H o w d o amusemen t
. an d en oy j ment co mpare ?
E XAM P LES .

At Christ mas play an d make go o d ,

F o r C h ris t mas co mes b ut o n ce a year .

I t is as to fo o l s t o d o mis ch ie f .

N o t rue h eart can fin d in pain o r grief

an o t h er s
’

v
.

T he P urit an s h at e d b e ar b ait in g, n o t b e caus e it ga e pain t o th e b ear. b ut b e

s

cause it ga v
e t o th e s pecta t o rs .

As T ammi e gl o wered , amaz e d an d curio us ,

T he mirt h an d gre w f ast an d fur io us .

An d so , if I mi gh t b e j ud ge G o d
, ne v er di d make a mo re cal m, quiet , in n o cen t

t h an an gl in g .

EN T H U SI A SM (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 In wh at s en s e was en th usi as m f o rmerly us e d ? 2 . Wh at is n o w it s prev

al e n t an d

c o n t ro ll mg mean in g ? 3 . H o w d o es ze al d ifi er fro m en th usi as m

E X AM PLE S .

An ard en t le ad s t o great result s in expo sin g certain e v

ils .

H is was co n t agio us an d t h e y rush e d in t o b at t le .

T h e pre ce pt h ad it s us e ; it co ul d mak e men feel it righ t t o b e h uman e , an d

v
d e s ire t o b e so , b ut it co ul d n e er in s pire t h em w it h an of h umanit y .

E NT R A N C E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . T o wh at d o es en trance re fer 2 . Wh at do admi ttance an d a d mi ssion ad d t o

the mean in g o f en trance I? 3 . T o wh at d o e s a d mi tt a nce refer ? T o wh at ad d i
t i on al mat ters d o es ad mi ssi on re fer I llust rat e . 4 . Wh at is th e figurativ
e us e
o f en tran ce
E X A MP LE S .

was o b t ain e d by a s id e z d o o r, an d a g o o d po sit io n s ecure d in t h e cro wd ed

No e xce pt o n b us in es s
v
.

H e w as ne er s o en gro ss e d wit h care s o f s t ate t h at th e n e e d y co ul d n ot hav e

t o h im .

H o we v
er care fully ch urch s memb ershi p may b e guard e d , un w o rt h y memb ers
w il l so me t imes gain

E N V I O U S (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at d o we mean wh en we s ay t h at a pers o n is en ious 3 2 What is th e d iffer v

v v
.

v
.

en ce b et ween en io us an d j ealo us ? 3 I s an en ious s pirit e er go o d ? 4 . .

 vy
v
e er
e id en t 4 28

mo re impo rt an t ? Giv
e exampl es . 3 . H o w d o es ci rcu ms tance co mpare wi t h
i nci d ent ? 4 Wh at is t h e primary me an in g o f occurrence ? 5 W h at is an
v v
. .

ep iso d e ? 6 H o w d o es e en t d ifi er fro m en d 7 Wh at meanin g d o es e ent

v
. .

o ft enha e wh en appl ie d t o t h e f ut ure

E XAM PLE S .

F ate s h all yiel d

T o fi ckl e an d Ch ao s j ud ge th e st rife .

M en are th e s po rt o f wh en
T he s ee m th e s po rt o f men .

C o min g c as t th eir s h ad o ws b efo re .

Wh ere an e qual po is e of h o pe an d f ear

D o es arb it rat e th e my n at ur e is
T h at I in clin e t o h o pe rat h er t h an fe ar,
An d gl adly b ani sh s quin t s us picio n .

E V E R Y (pa g e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 In wh at are al l an d both al ik e an y, each , an d v ? 2 H wd

e ery o oes any d if
v
.

vy d ifi f m ll ?
.

fer fro m each an d e ery 3 H o w d o each an d e er er ro a 4 H ow

v
. .

d oes each co mpare with e ery ? w ith bo th ? 5 . Wh at d o es ei th er pro perly d e

n ote ? In wh at o t h er s en se is it O ft en us e d ? Wh at is th e O b j ect io n t o t h e
l att er us e
E X AM PLE S .

pers o n in t h e room aro s e t o hi s fe et .

A free par d o n was O ff ere d t o wh o sh o ul d in s t an t l y l ay d o wn t h e ir arms

v
.

As th e garris on march e d o ut , t h e ict orio us t ro o ps s t o o d in arms o n s id e

of t h e way .

In o rd er to k e ep h is s e cre t v
in io l ate , h e re vl e a ed it pri vt ly t
a e o of h is mo s t
in t imat e frien d s
v
.

pers on gi ing s uch inf o rmati on sh all b e d ul y reward e d .

E VI D E NT (page
QUE S TI O N S .

H ow d o app aren t an d e v
id en t co mpare 2 W h at . is th e Spe cial sen se o f mani
f es t ? H o w d o e s it co mpare in s tren gth w it h ev i d en t ? 3 W h at i s t h e s en s e
.

o f ob v
i u o s ? 4 . H o w wi d e is t h e ran g e o f v
i i bl s e ? 5 . H o w d o e s d is cern i ble
co mpare w it h v isible ? W h at d o e s it impl y as t o th e v
O b s er er s act io n
‘
? 6 .

Wh at is t h e s en s e o f p alp abl e an d ta n gi ble consp i cuo us ?

E X AM PLE S .

A para d o x is a real t rut h in t h e guis e O f an ab s urdi ty o r co n tradi ct io n .

T h e pri me min is t er was b y h is ab s en ce .

T he s t at em en t is a ab s urd it y .

On a co mparis on o f th e t wo wo rk s th e plagiaris m was

Y e t f rom t h o s e flames
No l igh t ; b ut o nl y d arkne ss
T h es e lies are like th e fat h e r t h at b eget s t h em; gro ss as a moun t ain , O pen ,
 exa m pl e
4 29 execu t e

E X A M P L E (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

1 . W h at is t h e mo l o gical me anin g o f examp le ? 2 W h at t wo con trad ict o ry

et y .

mean in gs d o es examp le d eriv e fro m t h is primary s en se 3 H o w d o e s exam

ple d ifi e r fro m s ample ? 4 H o w d o e s it co mpare w ith mod el ? w it h p a ttern ?
.

5 H o w d o e s exemplar agree with an d d iff er fro m example ? 6 W h at is an

. , .

e xemp lifi cation an ens amp le

E XAM PLE S .

I b id h im lo o k in t o th e li v es o f me n as t h o hi ms el f a mirro r , an d fro m o t h e rs

t o t ak e an fo r h ims e lf
v
.

We s leep, b ut t h e l o o m Of life ne v st
er o ps an d th e wh ich was we a in g
w h en th e s un wen t d own is we a in g wh en it v co me s up t O s mo rro w .

H is t o ry is an '
of
ph ilo s o ph y .

T he co mman d er v
was re s ol ed t o make an t o d et er o t h ers f ro m th e l ik e
O ffen s e .

E X C E S S ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at v
is excess ? Is it use d in t h e fa o rab l e o r un f a o rab le s en s e ? 2 Wh at is v "

v v
.

extra ag ance ? 3 W h at is exorbi tan ce ? 4 W h at k in d o f excess d o o er

. .

v
p lus an d s uperab un d an ce d e n o t e ? l a i sh ness an d p rof usi on ? 5 Is surp lus .

v
us e d in t h e f a o rab l e o r un fa o rab l e s en s e v
6 T o wh at d o red un d an ce an d .

red un d ancy ch ie fly ref er Wh at wo rd s are us e d as s yn o n yms o f excess in

’
7 .

th e mo ral s ens e

E XAM PLE S .

v
S a in g re qui res s elf d e n ial , an d
a is t h e d e at h o f s el f-d en ia l .

Wh ere t h ere is gre at t h ere u s uall y fo ll o ws co rres po n di n g

of weal t h is caus e o f co vt e o u s n es s .

H aste b rin gs an d b rin gs w an t .

T he Of t h e d eman d c aus e d un fe ign e d s ur pris e .

M ore O f t h e pre s en t wo es of t h e wo rl d are d ue t o t h an to an y o t h er sin gle

of l an guage O ft en weaken s t h e imme s s io n o f wh at wo uld b e impres s i v

e i n

s ob er stat emen t .

E X E C U T E (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e mean in g o f execute ? o f a d min i s ter ? o f en or ce ?

f 2 . How are th e
wo rd s applied in s pecial cases G iv
e in s t an ce s . 3 Wh at s e co n d ary mean in g
h as ad mi nis ter
E XA MPLE S .

It is t h e place of th e ci v
il m agis t rat e to t h e l aws .

T h e pash a ga v
e a s ig n al an d t hr e e at t en d an t s s e iz e d th e culprit , an d pro mpt ly
th e b astin ad o .

I can n o t illust rat e mo ral d uty wit h out at th e sa me t ime in g a pre cept of

o ur religi on .
 e x e r ci s e
ex tem po ra n eo us 4 30

E X E R C I S E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e mean in g o f exerci se apart fro m all qualif yin g wo rd s 2 H ow d o e s

.

exercise in t h at s en s e difi er fro m exerti on 3 H o w may exercis e b e b ro ugh t

up t o th e full me an in g O f exerti on ? 4 . W h at is practise ? H o w d o e s it d iff er
fro m exercis e 5 H o w i s p racti se d is crimin at ed from such th e o ry or pro fes
sion 6 . Wh at is d ri ll ?
E X AM PLE S .

Re gul ar t en d s t o k eep b o d y an d min d in t h e b est wo rkin g o rd er .

in t ime b eco me s s e con d n at ure .

By co n st an t the mo st d iffi cul t f e at s may b e d o n e with n o apparen t

E X P E N S E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

l W h at is cos t ? exp ense ? 2 H o w are t h e se wo rd s n o w co mmo n ly d ifferen t iated

. ?
3 Wh at is t h e mean in g o f outl ay ? O f outgo
.

E X A MPL E S .

Wh ich yo u, in t en d in g t o b uil d a t o wer, s itt eth

Of not d o wn fi rs t , an d co un t eth

v
wh et h er h e h a e s uffi cien t to fin ish it .

T he en tire r ece ipt s h ave n o t e qual e d th e

Wh en th e is more t h an t h e in co me , if t h e in co me can no t b e in creas e d , it
b eco mes an ab s o lut e n eces sit y to red uce th e

E X P L I C I T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . T o wh at are expli ci t an d express al ik e O ppo se d ? 2 . H O W d o t h e t wo wo rd s

d iff er fro m e ach o t h er

E X AM P LE S .

I ca me h ere at thi s crit ical j un ct ur e b y th e o rd er O f S ir Jo h n S t . C lare .

T h e l an g uage of
t h e pro po s it io n was t o o t o ad mit o f d o ub t .

N ow t h e S pirit speaket h 1y t h at in th e l at te r time s s o me s h all d e part fro m

th e fait h .

X T E M P O R A N E O U S (page
E
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at d id extemporaneous o rigin ally mean 2 Wh at h as it n o w come t o signify .

in co mmo n use ? 3 W h at is t h e o rigin al me an in g o f i mp romp tu ? T h e

.

pre sen t me an in g 4 . H o w d o e s t h e i mpromp tu re mark o ft en d iff er fro m t h e

extemp oran eous ? 5 H o w d o e s unp remed ita ted co mpare wit h t h e word s
vm
.

ab o e en t io n e d
E X A MPLE S .

In prayer, wh at men mo st ad mire , G o d le as t regard et h .

As a s peak er, h e e xcel l e d in ad d re ss , wh ile h is O ppo n ent was at a l o ss to

an swe r hi m b e cause not g ift e d in th e sa me way .

NO mo re on pran cin g palfre y h o m e ,

He caro ll e d ligh t as l ark at mo rn ,

An d po ure d t o l o rd an d l ad y gay
T he l ay .
 f a i t h ful
f a n c i fu l 4 32

F A I T H F U L (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 . In wh at s en s e may a pers on b e calle d f aithf ul ? 2 In wh at

. s ens e may on e be
call e d tru s ty 3 Is f ai thf ul co mmo n ly s aid
. of t h in gs as wel l
pers o n s is
as

t rus ty ? 4 . Wh at is t h e s pec ial d iff eren ce o f mean in g b et ween t h e t wo

wo rd s G iv
e exampl e s .

E XA M P LE S .

B e th o u un t o d eat h , an d v
I wil l gi e t h ee a cro wn o f life .

T h y purpo s e is e qual t o t h e d e e d
Wh o d o es t h e b est hi s circu mst an ce all o ws

D o es well , act s n o b l y ; an gel s co ul d n o mo re .

F A M E (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is f ame ? Is it co mmonl y us e d in t h e fa v
o rab l e v
or un fa o rab l e sens e ?
2 . Wh at are reputation an d repute, an d in wh ich s en s e co mmo nly used ? 3 .

W h at is n otoriety ? 4 F ro m w h at d o emi n ence an d d is tinction result ? 5

. .

H o w d o es celebri ty co mpare wit h f ame ? 6 H o w d o e s renown co mpare wit h

.

fa me ? '
7 . Wh at is t h e impo rt of honor ? Of glory ?
E XAM PLE S .

S ayin g, Amen : B lessin g an d an d wis d o m, an d gv

t h an k s i in g, an d

an d po wer an d mi gh t b e un t o o ur G o d for v
e er an d e e r v
mo re v
, .

A go o d is al uab l e t h an mo n e y

en riv
.

G reat H o mer s b irt h pl ace s ev ’

al cit ie s cl aim,

T O O migh t y s uch mon o po ly O f

D o goo d b y s t e alt h , an d b l us h t o fi n d it
S eeking th e b ub b l e
E ven in th e cann on s
’
mo ut h .

F A NA T I C I S M (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is f an a ti ci sm ? bi gotry ? 2 Wh at d o f an atici sm an d bi gotry co mmo nly .

i n cl ud e ? 3 W h at i s i n tolerance ? 4 W h at is t h e d is t in ct iv
. e mean in g o f .

s upersti tion ? 5 W h at is cred uli ty ? I s it d ist in ct iv

. e ly religio us

E X A MPL ES .

is a s en s e le s s fear of God .

T h e fi erce of th e M o sl e ms was t h e main s prin g o f t h e ir early co n que s t s .

T he t h at w ill b el ie v e n o t h i ng co n t rary to a cree d is o ft e n j o in ed wit h a

bl in d t h at will b el ie v
e a n y th ing in fa v
o r Of it .

(page F A NC I F U L
QU E S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is t h e mean in g o f f ancif ul 2 Wh at d oes f an tastic . ad d t o th e meanin g

of f ancif ul 3H o w d o e s grotesque es pecially d iff er fro m t h ef anciful orf an
t as l i c ? 4 . v
H o w d o e s i s io nary d i ff er fro m f ancif ul ?
 fa n cy
4 33 fe a r

E XAM P LE S .

C om e see t h e no rth W in d ‘
s masonry,
h is wild wo rk ;
So v
s o s a age , n augh t care s he
F or numb er o r pro po rt io n .

W h at t in t s t h e ye ar put s o n
Wh en fallin g l eav
,

es f al t er t h ro ugh mo t io nl es s

Or nu mb l y clin g an d sh i er v to b e
gon e
P lays such t rick s b efo re h igh h ea v
e n

As make th e an gel s weep .

F A N C Y (page
Q UE S T I O N S .

1 . What is an in tellectual f ancy ? 2 . H o w d o es a concei t d iff er fro m a f ancy ? a

con cep tion fro m b ot h 3 . Wh at is an e mo t ion al or pers on al f ancy 4 . W h at
is f anc y as a f acult y of th e min d
E X AM P LES .

T ell me wh ere is b re d ;
O r in t h e h eart o r in t h e h ead
E liz ab et h un it e d t h e o ccas io n al Of h er sex wit h t h at s e n s e an d s o un d

pol icy in wh ich man n o r wo man e v

n e it h er e r e xcell e d h er .

T h at fello w s eems t o me t o po sse s s b ut o n e an d t h at is a wro n g o n e .

If sh e were t o t ake a to an yb o d y in t h e h o use , sh e wo ul d s o on s e tt l e , b ut

no t t ill t h en .

FAR E W EL L (pa g e
QUES TI O N S .

1 T o wh at lan guage d o f arewell good by b e l o n g et ymo lo gically ? H o w d o t h ey

an d a

d ifi e r ? 2 Fro m v
wh at l an guage h a e ad i eu an d con g é b ee n ad o pt ed in t o
vl
.

E n glis h ? 3 Wh at is t h e special s ign ifican ce o f congé? 4 Wh at are ae

vl d i
. .

d i cti on an d ae ctory
E X AM PL E S .

my paper s o ut s o n early ’

Iv e o n ly ro o m fo r y o urs sin cerel y

’
.

T h e t rain fro m o ut th e cast l e d re w,

B ut M armio n s t o ppe d t o b id
a wo rd t h at mus t b e , an d h at h b een

A soun d wh ich makes us l in ger ; yet

F E A R (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is th e gen e ric t erm o f t h is gro up ? 2 Wh at is f ear Is it s ud d e n o r l in

v
.

g e rin g
? In ie w O f w h at clas s o f d an gers ? 3 Wh at is t h e e tymo lo gi cal .

mean in g of h orror ? W h at d o e s t h e w o rd s ign if y in ac ce pte d u s age ? 4 .

Wh at are th e ch aract eris t ics of a f ri gh t f ri gh t

, , an d terror ? 5 . H o w is f ear
co n t ras t e dwit h f ri gh t an d terror in ac tual o r po ss ib l e e ff e ct s ? 6 Wh at in .

i ? W h f t h m b ff d b i 7 Wh at is d ismay ? H o w
'
p a n c at o e n u e rs a ec t e y t ? .

d o e s i t co mpare wit h ri gh t an d terror ?

28
 fe m i n i ne
fe u d 4 34

E XA M P LE S .

E v
e n t h e b ra vs t men may b e s wept alo
e ng in a s ud d en

W it h much mo re
I v
iew t h e fi gh t t h a n t h e n t h at mak ‘
et t h e fray .

Lo ok in , an d s ee C h rist s ‘
ch o sen s ain t

In triumph we ar h is Ch ri s t l ik e ch ain ; s

NO les t h e sh o uld s wer e o r f ain t v .

v
T h e gh ast l y s pect acl e fi ll e d e e ry b eh o l d er wit h
A lin gerin g cre pt upo n hi m as h e wait e d in t h e d ark n e s s .

F E M I N I N E (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 H ow aref emale an d f emi ni n e d is crimin at e d 2 . Wh at is t h e d iff eren ce b e

t we en a f emale v o i ce an d a
f emi n i ne v
o ice 3 . H ow are woman ly an d zoo m .

an is h d is crimin at e d in u se

E X A MPL E S .

N ot ice ,t o o , h o w precio us are t h e s e qual it ies in t h e s ick ro o m .

T he d eman d f o r c lo s et ro o m is n o
s
mere fan cy, b ut t h e go o d sen se o f th e
s ex.

FE T T E R (pag e
QU E S T I O N S .

Wh at are f etters in t h e primary s en s e 2 Wh at are man acles an d h an d cufi s d e ‘

s ign e d t o f ast en o r h o l d ? gyv

.

es ? 3 W h at are sh ackl es an d wh at are t h ey

.

in t e n d e d t o f as t en or h old ? 4 . O f wh at mat erial are al l t h es e re s t rain in g

v
d e ice s co mmo nl y co mpos ed ? By w h at gen eral name are t h ey po pularly
kn o wn ? 5 . Wh at are bon d s an d o f wh at mat erial co mpo s e d 6 Wh ich O f .

t h e se word s are us ed in t h e met aph o rical s en s e ?

E X A MPLE S .

But fi rst s et my po or h eart free,

B oun d in t h o s e icy b y th ee
vc
.

Sla es an n o t b reat h e in En gl an d

T h ey t o uch o ur co un t ry , an d t h eir

F E UD (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is a f eud O f wh at is it use d 2 .
qua rrel in wo rd o r ac t ? con len
Is a

tion ? s trif e co n tes t ? 3 . H o w d o es quarr el co mpare in impo rt an c e wit h t h e

o th er wo rd s cit e d ? 4 . Wh at d o es an af ray al ways in v
o lv
e ? T o wh at may a

brawl or broi l b e co nfin e d 5 H o w d o t h e s e wo rd s co mpare in di gnity wit h

con ten tio n, co n tes t, con tro ersy , an d v d i ssens ion

E X A MP LE S
v
.

C o ul d we fo rb e ar an d pract is e l o e

We s h o ul d agre e a s an gel s d o ab o e v .

B e tw e en my h ouse an d your s ” h e an swered , ,

T h ere is a o f fiv
”
e h un dre d years .

Beware o f e n t ran ce to a
 fi re
fl uct ua t e 436

H o w i s it co nn e ct e d with d ai n ty , d eli cate, an d exqui si te 5 . H o w d o e s fine

co me to b e a s yn o n y m fo r mi n ute mmi n uted ?
co H o w fo r filmy ten uous ?
Giv v
, ,

fo r keen , sh arp e in s t an ces O f t h e us e o f fin e in it s a i r o us s en se s .

E X A MPLE S .

S o me peo pl e are mo re t h an wis e .

fe at h ers d o n o t al w ay s mak e b ird s .

es t b al an ces mus t b e k ept un d e r gl ass , b e caus e so 1y ad us te d as

j
to a film o f d us t o r a b reat h O f air .

F I R E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e es sen t ial fact un d erly in g t h e v

i ib l s e ph en o me n a wh ich we call fire 5 ,

2 . W h at is co mbus tion ? 3 . H O W wid e is i t s ran ge O f mean in g 4 . W h at is

a con flagration
E X AM PLE S .

go n e , an d wh o kn o ws h o w h e may repo rt
’
He s
T h y wo rd s b y ad d in g f uel t o t h e
L O l as h e co me s , in H e a en s array,
’
v
And s catt erin g wid e t h e of d ay .

F L O C K (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e mo s t ge n eral wo rd of
t h is gro up 2 Wh at is a gro up, an d o f wh at .

class o f o b ect s j may it b e co mpo s e d 3 T O wh at clas s o f an imal s d o e s brood

v
.

appl y t o wh at clas s d o e s li tter appl y O f wh at is be y us e d

4 flock ? 5
v?
. .

T o wh at is h erd li mit ed 6 . O f wh at is pack us e d ? 7 Wh at is . a d ro e

E X A MPL ES .

Wh at i s n o t go o d f o r th e is n ot go o d for t h e b ee .

H e h ear d t h e b le at in g of th e s an d t h e t wit t er o f b ird s mo n g t h e t rees

a .

T h e lo wi n g win d s slo wly o er

’
t h e l ea .

E xcit e d g at h ere d at t h e co rn e rs d is cuss in g th e aff air

s .

A o f b righ tl y cl ad wo men an d ch il d ren we re e n j o yin g a picn i c un d er t h e

t ree s .

F L U C T UA T E (pag e
QU E S TI O N S .

1 Wh at meanin g o f fluctuate
is t h e 2 In wh at o ne ch aract e rist ic d o swerv e an d

eer d iff e r fro m oscill ate fluctua te un d ul a te an d wav

v
.

er ? 3 Wh at is t h e dif
v v
, , , .

feren ce i n men t al a ct ion b et we en h esi t ate w a er ? b et ween acillate an d

an d

wa ver 4 . Which of t h e ab o v es me n ti o n ed word s apply t o pers ons wh ich t o

feel in gs
E X A MPLE S .

T h o u almo st mak ’
st me in my faith .

T he s urface o f
t h e prairie s roll s an d t o t h e e ye .

v
It is almo s t un i ers all y t rue t h at t h e h uman mi n d at th e moment o f co m
mitt in g a crime
v
.

T he ess el sud d e n l y fro m h er co urs e .

 fl uid
437 fo rt i fi c a t io n

F L UI D (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is a flui d ? 2 . I n t o wh at t wo fl ui d s d ivid e d ? 3 Wh at is a
s e ct io n s are .

li qui d ? a gas ? 4 A re all li qui d s fluid s ? 5 A re gases flui d s ? 6 Are

gases ev
. . .

er li qui d s ? 7 W h at sub s t an ce is at o n ce a li qui d an d a fl ui d at t h e

.

o rd in ary t emperature and pre ss ure

E XA M P LE S .

No w n at ure pain t s h er co l ors , h o w th e b ee

S it s o n th e b l o om, extracting s weet . .

T hi s eart h was on ce a h az e of ligh t .

F O L LO W (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is it t o f ollow 2 H o w d o es f ollow co mpare w ith ch ase an d pursue

. 3
As regard s s ucce ssion in t ime , wh at is t h e di fferen ce b e t we en follow an d en

sue res ult ?

E XAM PLE S .

S ay, sh all my lit tl e b ark at ten d an t sail ,

t h e triumph an d
part ak e t h e gal e
Wh en Yo ut h an d Pleasure meet
the gl owin g H o urs with flyin g fee t .

T h en me , th e P rin ce
I an swered ; each b e h ere in hi s t urn 1
Se v en an d y et on e, like sh ad o ws in a d ream .
”

F O R M I D A B L E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 What is th e meanin g o f f ormi d able 2 . H o w d o e s f ormi d able d ifl cr fro m d an

gerous terrible tremen d ous G ive e xampl e s .

E X AM P LES .

All de lays are in war .

as an ar my with b ann ers

flee t mo v
.

T h e great e d s l o wly t o ward t h e fo rt s , a array .

F O R T IF ICAT IO N (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 H ow d oes f ortress
a spe cifi cal l y d iffe r fro m a f ortificati on 2 . Wh at is t h e d is
t in ct iv
e me an ing o f citad el ? 3 . Wh at is a f ort ? 4 . Wh at is a f as tness or
s tronghol d
E X A MPL E S .

F or a man ’
s h o use is h is
A mi gh t y is o urG od ,
A b ul w ark ne v e r fail in g ;

O ur h e lper H e amid t h e flo o d
Of mort al i l ls pre vil i
a ng

vb uilt a v
.

Al a in t h e h eart of Ant we rp t o o erawe th e city .

 f o rt i t u d e
fri e n d l y 43S

F O R T I T UD E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is f ortitud e ? 2 . H o w d o es it co mpare with courage ? 3 . H ow

lution an d en d urance co mpare

E XAM PL E S .

Un b oun d ed an d co mpassio n j o in d
’
,

T emperin g each o th er in t h e Vict o r s min d ’

.

T ell th y s tory
If t h ine , co n s id er v
d , pro e th e th o usan d t h part
’

Of my th o u art a man , an d I
H av
e suif er a lik e a girl
’
.

T h ou d id st smile
fro m h eav
,

In fus ed with a en ,

Wh en I h ad d ecked t h e s ea with drops full s alt .

F O R T U N A T E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H ow d o e s f ortun a te co mpare wit h success ul f ? 2 H ow are lucky an d

f ortun ate
v
.

d is crimin at e d ? 3 In wh at special . s en s e , an d wit h wh at re fe ren ce are f a ored

an d prosp ered us e d

E X AM PLE S .

s ame impo s sib l e co mes O f

“
It is n ot a word t h is no goo d th o s e th at
ha v
e it s o O ft en in t h eir mo ut h .

Ah , years I o n ce mo re wh o wo uld n o t b e a b o y

I h ave a min d pres ages me such t h rift

T h at I sh o ul d quest io n le ss b e

FR A U D (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is af raud H o w d oes it diff er fro m d ecei t o r d eception 2 Wh at is th e

.

d es ign O f an i mposture ? 3 Wh at is d ishon es ty. a ch e at ? a s wi n d le ? H ow

do al l t h ese f all sh o rt o f t h e mean ing of f raud ? 4 . O f wh at rel at io n s is
treach ery us e d ? treason

E X A MP L E S .

d oth ne v er pro sper wh at

’
s th e re as o n

Wh y if it pro s pe r n on e d are call it

v if h
,

Wh o ev
er h as o n ce b eco me n ot orio us b y b ase e en e s pe ak s t rut h gain s
no b el ief .

T h e firs t an d th e worst o f al l is t o ch eat o n e s elf .

FR I E N D L Y (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . What d o esf riend ly sign ify as appl ie d to pers o n s , or as applied t o act s 2 H ow .

d o e s th e ad e ct i e
j v f ri en d ly co mpare in s t ren gth with th e n o un f rien d ?
 gen d er
g e n e ro u s 440

d iffer fro m garru lous , an d fro m each o th er 3 Wh at is th e special applica

vbo
.

t io n o f er se ?
E X AM P L E S .

T o t ame a sh rew, an d ch ar m h er t o n gue .

G uard again st a f eeb le fluen cy , a pros ine ss , a facil it y o f s ayi n g n ot h ing.

GE ND E R (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is sex ? 2 T o wh at b ein gs
. o nl y d o es sex appl y ? 3 . Wh at
is gen d er ?
T o wh at d o es it appl y D o th e d is t in ct io n s
gen d er of c o rre s po n d t o t h e d is

v
t in ct io n s o f s ex ? G i e e xampl es O f lan guage s co n ta in in g t h re e gen d ers , an d

O f th e cl as s ificat io n in l an guages con t ain in g b ut t wo .

E XA M P L ES .

T he mate rn al rel ati o n n at urall y an d n e ce s saril y v

d i id es t h e work of th e 8

v
gi in g t o wo man t h e in d o o r l ife, an d t o man , t h e wo rk o f th e o ut er wo rld
v
.

W h ile in Fren ch e ery word is e ith er O f t h e mas culin e o r femin in e th e

l an guage s o met imes fail s for t h at vy
er reas on t o in dicat e t h e o f so me perso n
referre d to .

GE N E RA L (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d oes general sign ify ? 2H o w d o es general co mpare wit h uni ersal ?

. v
wit h common 3 . Wh at illust ratio n s O f th e diff eren ces are gi en in t h e text ? v
E XAM PL E S .

frien d sh ips will ad mit of v

di is ion , o ne may l ov
e th e b e auty of this , t h e
go o d h umo r o f t h at pe rs on , an d s o on

v
.

A fee lin g o f unre st pre ail ed .

D eath co mes t o al l b y law .

G E N E R O U S (pag e
QUES TI O N S
m
.

Wh at is t h e primary me an in g o f gen erous ? t h e co m o n me anin g ? 2 H o w

v
.

d o es generous d iff e r fro m liberal ? 3 Wh at is th e di s t in ct i e s en se O f mun ifl

mo t iv
.

cen t ? 4 . W h at d o es muniflcen t e o r S pirit o f t h e giv

t el l Ofer ? th e
Wh at d o e s generous t ell 5 H o w d o e s d isi n teres ted co mpare wit h gen erous ?
6 W h at is t h e d is t in ct iv
.

. e mean in g o f magn ani mo us ? H o w d o es it d iff er

fro m genero us as regard s d eali n g wit h in sults o r inj uries ?

E XAM P LE S .

To cun n in g men
I wil l b e vy ki
er nd ; and

To min e o wn ch il dren , in goo d b ringin g up .

A frien d sh ip n o co ld me di um kn o ws ,
B urns with o n e lo ve wi th o n e resen t men t gl o ws

vd a v
.
,

T he co n queror pro e s in i t c o ry as h e was t errib le in b attl e .

 gen i us
441 v
gi e

GE NI U S (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is genius ? 2 Wh at is . tal en t ? 3 Wh ich . is t h e high er qualit y ? 4 .

Wh ich i s t h e more d epen d en t upo n t rain in g

E X A MP LE S .

T he ete rn al M ast er fo un d
H is s ingl e well e mpl oy ’d
v with
.

NO great was e er out s o me mix ture of mad ness .

G ET (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is a pers on said t o get ? 2 H o w i s get rel at ed t o expect ati on or d esire

. H ow
Is gai n rel at e d t o t h o s e w ord s 3 By wh at pro ces se s d o es o n e acqui re ? I s
.

t h e t hin g acqui red s o ugh t o r d esire d , or n o t ? 5 ? 4 . W h at d o es on e earn .

D o es a pers o n al ways get wh at h e earns o r al ways earn wh at h e gets ? 6 .

W h at d o e s obtai n imply Is t h e t h in g o n e ob tai ns an O b j ect o f d esi re ? H ow

d o es obt ai n d iff er fro m get ? 7 W h at d o e s wi n imply ? H o w is o n e s aid t o
"

wi n a s uit at l aw Wh at is th e correct t erm in l egal ph rase Wh y 8 By .

wh at s pecial ele men t d oes p rocure d iff er from obt ai n ? 9 Wh at is e specially .

implie d in secure
E XA M PLES
v v
.

l i i ng as umb rel la men d er b ut

a a poor l i in g it is .

wisd o m an d wit h al l t h y get t in g, un d erst an d in g .

In t h e st ran ge cit y h e fo un d t h at all h is l earn in g woul d not him a dinn er .

GI FT (page 1 84)
QUES TI O N S .

W h at is a gif t ? Is gif t us e d in t h e go o d o r th e b ad s en se D oes t h e l egal agree

wit h t h e po pul ar s en s e 2 W h at s yn o n ymo us wo rd i s always us e d in t h e e il
. v
s en s e 3 W h at is a ben ef acti on ? a d on a tio n ? W h at d iffe ren ce o f us uge is
.

re co gn ize d b et ween t h e t wo wo rd s 4 . W h at is a g ra tui ty , an d t o wh o m

v
g i en 5 Wh at is th e sen s e an d use o f largess W a p resen t an d 6 . h at i s ,

t o wh o m gi v
en 7 W h at is t h e S pecial s en se o f boon
. 8 W h at is a gran t ,

an d b y wh o m mad e
E X A MPLE S
v
.

v
H e ga e us o n ly o er b eas t , fi sh , f o wl ,
D o mini o n ab sol ut e ; th at righ t we h old
B y h is
T rue l o v
e s
‘
th e wh ich G o d h as gi v en

To man al on e b en eath th e h e a v
en .

n ob le kn igh t s crie d t h e h eral d s .

T he co ur ts o f j ust ice h ad f all en SO l o w t h at it was pract icall y impos sib l e t o win a

cause wit h o ut a

G I VE (page
QUE S TI O N S
v v
.

1 Wh at is t h e primary me an in g o f g i e ? th e s e co n d ary mean in g 2 Can we gi e

v v
.

wh at is un d esire d ? 3 Can we gi e wh at we are paid fo r ? 4 H o w is gi e

. .
 al ways un d ersto o d wh en t h ere is no l imit at io n in t h e co n t ext 5 IS it corre ct

v
.

to s ayH e ga e it t o me fo r n o t h in g ” 6 .Wh at is t o gran t ? 7 Wh at is .

implie d wh en we s peak o f gr an ti n g a fa v
or ? 8 Wh at is t o conf er ? 9
. .

Wh at is es peciall y implie d in i mp art ? in bes tow

E X AM PLES .

M y G od Sh all all yo ur n ee d acco rd in g t o hi s rich e s in gl ory b y C hrist

Jesus
vy m
.

to e er an t h at aske t h Of th ee , an d fro m h im t h at wo uld b o rro w of t h ee ,

t urn no t t h e n away .

T he co urt pro mpt ly t h e in j un ct ion .

T h e kin g upo n h im t h e h o n o r o f kn igh th o o d .

O n e o f t h e pl easan t es t t hin gs in life is t o in st ruct io n t o t h o s e wh o really d e

s ire t o l earn .

G O VE R N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o e s t h e wo rd go ern impl y v e r fro m

H o w d oe s it d iflE con trol ? 2 H ow
v
. .

do comman d an d con trol diff er 3 . H ow d o r ule an d go ern di ff er 4 W h at .

is t h e S pecial s ign ifi can ce O f sw ay of mol d 5 . W h at is it t o manage 6 .

Wh at is t h e presen t meani n g o f reign H o w d o es it co mpare wit h rule ?

E X A MP LES .

H e t h at hi s s pirit is great er th an h e t h at t ak eth a city .

F o r s o me m us t f o llo w, an d s o me
T he al l are mad e o f cl ay .

D an iel Web st er well d es crib ed t h e ch aract er o f “ O ld H ick o ry in t h e s en t en ce ,

I do no t say t h at G en eral J ack s o n d id n o t mean t o h is co un t ry we ll b ut I d o ,

s ay th at G eneral Jack son meant t o h is co un t ry .

G R A C E F UL (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es gracef ul d en o t e ? H o w is i t es peciall y di s t in guis h e d fro m be autiful ?

E X A MPL E S .

H ow upo n t h e mo un t ain s are t h e fee t of h im t h at b rin ge t h g o o d t idin gs,

th at pub lish e t h peace .

A myrtl e rear’ d it s h ead .

'

G R IE F (pa ge
Q UE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is grief 2 . H o w d o e s gri ef co mpare with sorrow wit h s ad nes s ? wit h

mel anch oly ? 3 . W h at t wo ch ie f s en s e s h as afl i ctio n ? 4 . Wh at i s implie d
in mo urn ing ,
i n it s mo s t co mmo n accept at io n

E XA M PLES .

We glo ry in al s o .

F o r o ur l igh t wh ich i s b ut for a mo men t work et h , fo r us a far mo re

excee d in g an d et ern al weigh t of glo ry
Wh at priv v
.

at e t h ey h a e , al as l I kn o w no t , t h at mad e th em d o it .
 h
gg
a y
h a d 4 44

H A P P Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e o rigin al mean ing o f h app y ? W ith wh at wo rd s is it alli e d in this

s ense In wh at way i s h appy a s yn o n ym o f blessed ?
? 2 . 3 . Wh at is th e
mean in g o f h appy in i t s mo s t frequen t pres en t use
E XA MP L E S .

are th e y t h at mo urn f o r t h e y sh all b e co mfo rt ed

v
.

T o wh at accid en t is i t t h at we o we s o un expe ct e d a i it s .

A h e art maket h a c o un t en an ce .

I wo ul d n o t s pen d an o t h er s uch a n igh t ,

T h o ’t were t o b uy a wo rl d of d ays .

H A R M O N Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is h armony 2 . H o w d o e s h armo n y co mpare with agree men t ? 3 . H ow

do con cor d an d accord co mpare wi th h arm on y an d wit h each o t h er 4 . Wh at
is con orf mi ty ? con grui t y ? 5 . Wh at is cons i stency ? 6 . Wh at is un animi ty ?
7 H ow d o cons en t an d conc urrence co mpare
E X A MPLE S

We h av
e ma d e a co v
en an t wit h d eath an d wit h h ell are we at

T yran t s h av
e mad e d es perat e eff o rt s t o s ecure o ut ward in rel igio us o b s er v
an ce s wit h o ut o f re l igio us b e lief .

T h at act io n an d co un t eract ion wh ich , in t h e n at ural an d in t h e po lit ical w o rld ,

fro m t h e recipro cal s t ruggle of di s co rd an t po we rs d raws o ut t h e o f th e

v
un i ers e .

T h e s peak er was , b y gen eral all o w e d t o pro ceed .

H A R VE S T (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e o rigin al mean in g o f h ar vt ? it
es s l at er mean in g 2 H ow d o es h ar
vt
.

es co mpare with crop ? 3 W h at is p rod uce H o w d o e s it d iff e r fro m prod

vt
.

uet 4 . W h at is t h e mean ing of

proceed s yi eld ? return 5 Is h ar es

capab l e o f fi gurat i v
e use an d in wh at s en s e 6 W
h at is th e s pecial mean ing
vt h vt tid
, .

of h ar es e
ome ? h ar es s
e h ar v
es t ti me ?
a

E XA MP LE S .

Just t ickl e th e eart h wit h a h o e, an d s h e l augh s with an ab un d an t

And th e ripe of th e w mo wn h ay gi
ne 6
v it es a s wee t an d wh o les o me o d o r .

It s o wet h h ere wit h t o il an d care

But th e of lo vi
e s t h ere .

0i no d ist empe r, of n o b l ast h e d ied ,

But fe ll like aut u mn th at mel lo we d lo ng .

H AT R E D (pag e
QUES T I O N S .

1 What is repugn ance ? v

a ersio n 2 H ow d oes h atred
. co mpare with v
a ersio n as
 445

appl ie d t o pe rs o n s ? as applie d t o th in gs ? 3 Wh at is mali ce ? mali gn i ty ?

v
.

4 . W h at is sp i te 5 W h at are grud ge, res en t men t , an d re enge, an d h ow d o

t h e y co mpare wit h o n e an o t h er ?

E X A MPL E S .

H eav
en h as n o l ik e l o vt
e o t urn e d .

T h e Sligh t put upo n h im fille d h im Wt d ee p

H e n e ’e r b o re f o r st alwart b lo w
T a en in fai r fight fro m gal lan t fo e
’
.

In all cas e s O f wilf ul in j ury t o pers o n pro pert y , t h e law pre s ume s
or

I fe lt fro m o ur first meet in g an in st in ct i e v fo r t h e man , wh ich o n acquain t

an ce d eepe n e d in t o a s et tl e d

H A VE (pag e
QU ES TI O N S .

1 T o wh at is h a v ppli
H O W wid ely in cl usi e a word is it ? 2 Wh at d o e s p os
e a ed v .

sess s ign ify 2 3 W h at is t o h ol d ? t o occup y 4 H o w d o e s be i n p ossess ion

‘
. .

co mpare wit h p ossess 5 H o w d o e s own co mpare wi t h p ossess o r wit h be i n

possessi on 6 . W h at is t h e d iff eren ce b e t we en t h e s t at e me n t th at a man h as
re as o n , an d th e s t at e men t t h at h e i s i n possesswn of h is reas o n

E XA MPL E S .

S on , th o u art e e r v with m e , an d all t h at I i s t h in e .

I e arn e s t l y en t reat yo u, fo r y o ur o wn s ak es , to y o urs e l vs e o f s o l id re as o n s .

He o ccupi e s th e h o us e , b ut d o e s not it .

H AZ AR D (pa g e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is th e mean in g of h azard ? H o w d o e s h azard co mpare with d an ger ?

2
vtu
. .

3 . H ow d o ri sk an d en re co mpare wit h ch an ce an d h azard , an d wit h e ac h

o th er 4 . H ow d o acci d en t an d casual ty d ifl er 5 . W h at is a con ti n gency

E X AM PLE S .

We must t ake t h e curren t wh en it v

s er e s o r l o s e o ur

I ha v e s et my l if e upo n a cast , an d I w i ll s t an d th e of t h e d ie .

Th ere is n o in d o in g k n o wn d ut y
v vy
.

D O yo u th in k it n e ce ss ary t o pro id e f o r e er b ef o re t ak in g t h e fi rs t s t ep

H E A L T H Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at i s t h e mean in g o f healthy ? o f h ealthf ul ? Ar e t h e word s properly in t er

ch an geab l e 2 Wh at are t h e chi ef s yn o n yms o f h eal th y ? o f healthf ul ? 3
. .

In wh at sen s e i s s alubri ous use d an d t o wh at is it appl ie d 4 T o Wh at realm

, .

d oes s alutary b el on g
E X AM P LES .

In b o o k s , or wo rk , or pl ay l et my first years b e pas s e d .

B le sse d i s th e n at ure ; it is t h e co h eren t , s wee tl y co o perat i ve, n o t t h e s el f

d ist ract ing on e .
 H E LP
(page
QUES TI O N S .

1 IS h elp or aid the s tron ger t erm 2 Wh i ch is us ed . in excit e men t mergen cy

or e

3 . D oes he lp in clud e ai d or d o es aid in clud e h elp ? 4 W h ich . implie s t h e

s e co n d ing o f an o t h er s e xert i o n s
’
DO we ai d o r help t h e h el pl ess 5 . H ow
do coop er a te an d assi st d iff er 6 . T o wh at d o enco urage an d uphold refer

succor an d supp ort ?

E X AM P LE S
v
.

H e d o es n ot pre en t a crime wh en h e can

Kn o w t h en v
wh at e er ch ee rful an d seren e th e b od y too .

H E R E T I C (page
QUES T I O N S .

Wh at is a h ereti c ? a s chi smatic ? 2 In wh at . d oes h eretic diff er from his

a

ch urch o r rel igious b od y ? a sch is matic ? 3 . H o w d o a h ereti c an d a sch is

ma tic o ft en d iff er in act ion ? 4 . H ow are t h e t erms d issen ter an d non a con

f ormis t usually applied .

E X AM PLE S .

A man t h at is an aft e r t h e fi rs t an d s e con d ad mo n it io n , j

re ect .

C h urch men an d al ik e res is t e d t h e tyran n y o f J ames II .

H E T E R O G E N E O U S (page
1 . Wh en are s ub st an ces h eterogen eous as regard s each o t h er ? 2 . Wh en is a mix
ture , as ce men t , s aid t o b e h eterogeneous ? wh en h omogeneous ? 3 . Wh at is
t h e s pec ial s ign ifi can ce o f no n homo geneous e
4 . H ow d o e s miscell aneous
diff er fro m h eterogeneous
E XA MP L E S
v
.

My secon d s on recei e d a sort o f ed ucat ion at h ome .

C o urt ier an d patrio t can n ot mix

T h eir po li t ics
With o ut an v
eff er e s cen ce .

H ID E (page
QU ES TI O N S .

W hi ch is t h e most general t erm of th is gro up, an d wh at d o es it s ign if y ? 2 Is .

an o b e ct
h id d en b y in t en t io n ,
j o r in wh at o th er way o r ways , if an y ? 3

v
.

D o es conceal e in ce in t en t ion ? 4 H ow d o es secrete co mpare wit h conceal ?

v
.

H o w is it ch iefly us e d 5 W h at is it t o co er? t o screen

.

E X A MPL E S .

M en us e th o ugh t o nl y as aut h o rit y fo r t h e ir in j us tice , an d e mpl o y spee ch o n ly to

t h e ir t h o ugh t s .

Y e l it t le s t ars 1 yo ur d iminish ed rays .

H IG H (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at kind of a te rm is h i gh Wh at d oes it sign ify Giv

e in stan ces o f th e rel a
 h o m e
h u n t 448

H O M E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e gen eral s en se o f a bod e, d welli n g , an d h abi tation ? Wh at diff eren ce

is t h ere in t h e us e of t h es e w o rd s 2 . F ro m wh at lan guage is ho me d eri vd ?
e

Wh at is it s d is t in ct i vm
e ean in g

E X AM PLE S .

An gid d y an d un sure
H ath h e th at b uild eth o n t h e ulgar h e art v .

T he at t e mpt to ab o li s h t h e i d e al wo man an d k eep t h e id eal is a pred es

tin at ed f ail ure
A h o use with o ut l o vm e ay be a castl e or a palace , b ut it is no t a.

L ov
e is t h e l ife o f a true

H O NE S T (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e mean in g o f h ones t in o rd in ary us e ? 2 . Wh at is th e meanin g Of

ho norable ? 3 . H o w wi ll t h e merel y h one s t an d t h e t ruly ho norable man di f

fer in act io n 4 . W h at i s h on es t in t h e h igh est an d fulles t s en s e H o w, in
t hi s s en s e , d o e s it diff er from honorable ?

E XAM PLES .

l ab o r b ears a lo vly fac

e e .

An man ’
s th e n o b l es t wo rk of God .

NO fo rm o f pure , un d is guis e d murd er will b e any l o nger all owed t o confoun d

it s elf with t h e ne ces s it ies O f warfare .

H O R I Z O NT A L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es ho ri zon tal s ign ify ? H o w d o e s it co mpare with lev el ? 2 F ro m .

wh at l an guage is fl at d eri vde ? 3 Wh at is i t s o rigin al me an in g ? it s mo s t

vd
.

co mmo n pre s en t s en se ? In wh at d eri e s en s e is it O ft en us e d ? 4 . What

are th e s en ses o f p lai n an d p lan e ?

E X AM PLE S .

S un an d mo o n were in th e Sea sun k

v
.

Ampl e space s o ’ er t h e smo o th an d pa eme nt

vti
.

T h e pro mi n en t lin es in Greek arch ite ct ure were an d n o t er cal .

H UNT (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is a h un t ? 2 . F o r wh at is a ch as e o r
_ p ursuit co n d uct e d a search ? 3 .

Wh at d o e s h un t o rd in aril y in cl u d e 4 Is i t co rre ct t o us e h un t wh e n search

v
.

o n ly is co n t empl at ed 5 . H o w are t h e s e words us ed in t h e figurat i e s en s es ?

 h yp o c ri s y
449 id ea

E XA MPLE S .

Among t h e inalien ab le righ t s of man are life , l ib ert y, an d th e

h appin e ss
v
.

A ll t h in gs h a e an e n d , an d S O d id o ur f or l o d gin gs .

T he fo rme d t h e prin cipal amus eme n t o f o ur N o rman kin gs , wh o

purpo se ret ained in th eir po s s e ss ion fo re s t s in e ery part o f t h e kin gd o m v .

T he is up, b ut t h e y s h al l kno w
T h e st ag at b a
’
y s a d an gero us fo e .

H Y P O C R I S Y (page
QUE S TI O N S
v
.

1 . Fro m wh at lan guage is p retens e d eri e d , an d wh at d o es it s ign ify ? 2 h at is . W

h ypocri sy ? 3 h at i s can t ? s an cti mo n i ous n ess ? 4
. W Wh at is pi etism ? .

f ormalism ? sh am 5 H o w d o es afi ect ati on co mpare with h ypocri sy

E X A MP L E S .

L et not th e T ro j an s , with a feign e d Of pro ff ere d peace , d el ud e th e L at ian

prin ce .

is a fawn in g an d fl exib l e art , w h ich ac co mmo d at es it s elf t o h uman fee l

in gs , an d flatt ers t h e we akn e s s of men in o rd er t h at it may gain it s o wn e n d s .

H YP O C R I T E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Fro m wh at v
l an guage is h ypocri te d eri e d ? W h at is it s primary me an in g ? 2 .

Wh at co mmon t erm in cl ud es th e ot h er word s o f th e gro up ? 3 H ow are .

h ypocri te an d d i ss embler co n t ras t e d w ith e ach o th er ? 4 . Wh at el e men t is

co mmo n to t h e ch eat an d t h e i mpos to r H o w d o t h e t wo co mpare with each

o th er
E X A MPLE S .

It is t h e weakest s ort o f po l it ician s t h at are th e great est

I d are s wear h e is n o b ut pray s fro m h is h eart .

In t h e reign o f H en ry VII , an n ame d P erk in Warb eck , l aid

. cl ai m t o th e
En gl ish cro wn .

H Y P O T H E SI S (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at i s a hypothesi s ? Wh at i s it s us e in s cien t ifi c in v
es t igat io n an d s t ud y 2 .

Wh at is a guess ? a co nj ecture a suppos i ti on ? a s ur mi se ? 3 . W h at impli

cat io n d oeS sur mise o rd in arily co n vy ? Wh
e at is a th eory ? a sch e me ? a

sp ecul ation H o w d o t h ey d iff er

E X AM P LE S .

fan cie s , b uilt o n n o t h in g fi rm .

Th ere are n o o t h er limi t s t o th an th o s e of th e h uman min d .

T he d e vl pme o en t t h o w id el y accept e d by men O f s cien ce f ails of pro o f at

many import an t po int s .

ID E A (pa g e
QUE S TI O N S
Fro m wh at lan guage is i d ea d eriv
.

1 .
ed , an d wh at d id it o rigin al ly mean 2 . Wh at
29
 id e al
i g n o ra n t 450

d id i d ea s ig nify in earl y ph il o s o ph ical us e 3 . Wh at is it s presen t popul ar

us e, an d wit h wh at wo rd s is it n o w s yn o n ymo us

E X A MPLE S .

A ll re st s wit h t h o se wh o read . A wo rk or

Is wh at e ach makes i t t o h ims elf

vh v
.

H e wh o co me s up t o h is o wn of greatn es s mus t al ways ha e ad a e y r

lo w s tan d ard of it in h is min d .

ID E A L (pa ge
QU E S TI O N S .

Wh at is an i d eal ? 2 . W h at is an arch etype ? a p roto type ? 3 Can . a proto

v
typ e b e e qui al e n t t o an arch etype 4 Is . an i d eal primal , o r t h e resul t o f

v
d e el o pme n t ? 5 W h at is an origi n al ? 6
. . Wh at is t h e s tan d a r d ? H ow
d o es it co mpare with th e i d eal ? 7 . H ow are i d ea an d i d eal con t ras te d

E XAM PLE S .

Be a to o t h ers an d th en all wil l go well .

min d s th e
T he o f t h e man
‘

Ev
.

ery man h as at t imes in h is min d th e of wh at h e sh oul d b e, b ut is not .

I D I O C Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is i d iocy ? 2 . Wh at i s i mbecili ty ? H o w d oes it co mpare with i d iocy ?

3 . H o w d o e s i ns an i ty di ff er fro m i d io cy or i mbecili ty 4 . H ow d o f ol ly and
f oolis hness co mpare wi th i d i ocy ? 5 Wh at is f atui ty ? s tupi d i ty
E X A MP L E S
W h ere ign oran ce is b lis s "
.

t is , t o b e w is e .

To e xpe ct an eff ect wit h o ut a cause , o r at t ain men t wit h o ut applicat io n , is litt l e
les s t h an

ID L E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

Fro m wh at l an guage is i d le d eriv

ed , an d wh at is it s o rigin al mean in g 2 . Wh at
d o e s i d le in pre s en t us e pro perl y d en o t e ? D o e s it n ece s s aril y d en o t e t h e ah
s en ce o f all act ion ? 3 Wh at d o es l azy sign ify ? H o w d o es it d iff er from
.

i d le ? 4 W h at d oe s i nert s ign if y ? s luggi sh ? 5 In wh at re alm d o es

. .

slo th ul
f b el on g, an d wh at d o es it d eno t e ? 6 . H o w d oes i n d olen t co mpare

wit h slothf ul
E X AM P LE S
ved wit h
.

T he s tre a m was green s cum

co er a

v
.

N e er a mo men t , b ut t h rift y an d t h o ugh t f ul o f o t h ers .

AS t h e d o or t urn eth upon hi s hi n ges , so d o t h t h e t urn upon hi s b ed .

I G NO R A N T (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o e s i gno ran t s igni fy ? H o w wid e is it s ran ge 2 W h at is t h e . meanin g

o f illi terate 3 H o w d o es un lettered co mpare wit h i lli terate ?
.

E X A MPLE S .

So fo o lish w as I an d I wa s as a b eas t b e fore t h ee .

A b o y is b et t er un b orn t h an
 i m mi n e n t
i n co n g ru o us 452

I M M I N E NT (page
QUE S T I O N S .

Fro m wh at v
l an guage is i mmi n en t d eri e d an d with wh at primary sen se ?
p en d i n g ? 2 H o w d o i mmi nen t an d i mp en d i n g d iff er in pres en t us e ?
v v
.

H o w d o es th reateni n g diff er fro m t h e t wo wo rd s ab o e gi e n

E X A MPLE S .

An d n o d di n g I lium wait s t h e fall .

A n d t h e s e sh e d o es appl y fo r warn in gs , po rt en ts ,
An d e v
il s

I M P E D I M E NT (page
QU E S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es i mped i men t primaril y s ign ify obs t acle ? obs tru ction ? 2 . H o w d o es
obs tacl e d iff er fro m obs tr uc tio n ? 3 W h at is a hi n d ran ce 4 . . Is an imped i
men t wh at on e find s or mo men t ary o r co n st an t
wh at h e c arrie s Wh atIs it
d id t h e Lat in i mp ed imen ta s igni fy 5 W h at is an en cumbran ce H o w d o es
.

it d iff e r fro m an obs t acle o r obs truction ? 6 Is a d i z ficulty wit hin o ne o r .

wit h out
E X AM PLE S .

S o methin g b et we en a an d a h e lp .

Th us far in t o th e b owel s O f t h e l an d
H ave we march d wit h o ut
’

D emo s t h en es b e came t h e fo remo s t o rat o r o f t h e wo rld in Spit e o f an

h is Spe ech

vc
.

8 o er o me are th e s t eppin ge s t o n e s b y whi ch great men ris e .

I M P UD E N C E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o e s i mperti nen ce primaril y d en o t e ? Wh at is it s commo n acceptat io n ?

2 . Wh at is imp ud en ce ? i nsolen ce ? 3 Wh at is opi cio usness 4 Wh at d oe s
. .

rud eness s ugge s t

E X A MP LES .

With mat ch less t h ey s ty l e a wife

T h e d e ar b o ugh te
curs e , an d l awful pl ague o f l ife .

It is b e tt er n o t t o t urn frien d s h ip in t o a s y s t e m O f l aw ful an d un puni s h ab l e

A ce rt ain cl ass O f fll s n at ure d pe o ple mis take fo r f ran kn e s s .

I NC O NG R U O U S (page
QUES T I O N S .

1 . W h en are t h in gs s aid t o b e i ncon gruous ? 2 . T o wh at is d is cord an t applie d ?

i nh armo ni o us ? 3 . Wh at d o e s i ncomp ati ble s ign ify ? W h en are t h in gs s aid

t o b e i ncomp a ti ble ? 4 . T o wh at d o es i n co ns is ten t apply ? 5 . Wh at il lust ra

t io n s of t h e uses o f t h ese w o rd s are gi en in t h e t e xt v 6 . W h at is th e me aning
of i n commens ur able ?
 i n d uct io n
453 i n fi n it e

E XAM P LE S .

NO s o litud e is s o s o lit ary as th at Of mpan ion sh ip

co .

I h e ar a s train as a merry d irge, or s acramen t al b acch an al migh t b e .

I N D U C T I O N (page
QU E S TI O N S .

Wh at is d ed uction ? i n d ucti on ? 2 W h at i s . t h e pro o f o f an i n d uction ? 3 .

Wh at pro ces s is o rd in arily fo ll o wed in wh at is k n o wn as scien t ifi c i n d ucti on

4 . H o w d o d ed ucti on an d i n d ucti on compare as t o t h e cert ain t y of th e co n c lu

s io n 5 H o w d o es an i n d ucti on co mpare w i t h an i nf eren ce

E X A MPLE S .

Th e l o n ger o n e s t ud ies a vt as s ub ect j the mo re caut io us in h e b e co mes .

Perh aps t h e wid e st an d b e st kn o wn Of Bio logy , is t h at o rgan is ms gro w .

I N D U S T R I O U S (pag e
QU E S TI O N S .

1 H o w d o e s busy d iff er fro m i n d us tri ous ? 2 . Wh at i s th e implicat io n if we s ay

on e is i n d us trious j us t no w3
‘
3 . W h at d o es d ili gen t ad d t o th e me an in g of

i n d us trio us ?
E X A M P LE S .

L o ok ch eerfully upon me
v;
,

H ere lo e th o u
’
s ee s t h ow I a m
v
.
,

ha e no t ime fo r t ears .

I ND U S T R Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at i s i n d us try ? 2 .
Wh at d o es assi d ui ty s ign ify as in d icat ed b y it s e tymo l
o gy d i li gence ? 3 H ow d oe s app li cation co mpare with assi d uity ? 4 .

v
.

Wh at is cons t an cy p ati en ce p erse eran ce 5 W h at is persi s tence ? Wh at .

impl icat io n d o e s i t fre que n t l y co n e y v

6 H o w d o e s i n d us try co mpare wit h .

d i li gence 7 . T o wh at d o labor an d p ai n s e s pe cial l y re fer

E XA MPLE S .

H on o rs co me by rich es sprin g fro m eco n o my .

T is s uppo rt s us all
’
.

T h ere is n o s ucce ss in s t ud y wit h o ut cl o s e , con tin uo u s , an d in t en se

H is in wicke d n e s s wo ul d h a v
ew on h im en d urin g h o n or if it h ad t ak en t h e
form o f in a b et t er caus e .

I NF I NI T E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Fro m wh at l an guage is i nfi n i te d e ri vd
e ,
an d wit h wh at mean in g T o wh at may
it b e appl ie d ? 2 . H ow d o co un tless , i n n umer able, an d n umberless co mpare

wit h i nfin i te ? 3 . Wh at is t h e us e of boun d les s, illimi table li mi tless meas

, ,
 i fl u e n ce
n
l nj u ry 45 4

ureless, an d unli mi te d ? 4 W h at
. are t h e d imens ions o f i nfini te space ?
Wh at is th e d ur at ion o f i nfini te ti me

E X A MPL E S .

M y b o un ty is as as t h e s ea, my lo vase d eep, t h e more vt

I gi e o th ee , t h e
mo re I ha vf
e, or b oth are

M in h uman ity t o man makes t h ous an d s mo urn

’
an s .

I N FL U E N C E (page
QUES T I O N S .

Wh at is it t o i nfluence ? is on e influenced b y e xt ern al o r in t ern al fo rce ? 2 . To

wh at ki n d o f po wer d o es actuate re fer D o es o n e pers o n actuate or i nfluence
an o t h er 3 . Wh at d o promp t an d sti r impl y 4 W h at is it t o
exci te 5 . .

Wh at d o i n ci te an d i ns t i gate s ig n ify ? H o w d o t h es e t wo wo rd s d iff er ? 6 .

Wh at d o urge an di mpel imply ? H o w d o t h ey d iffer in t h e s o urce o f t h e

po wer e xert e d
'
. v
7 Wh at d o d ri e an d comp el imply, an d h ow d o th es e t wo
wo rd s co mpare with each o t h er
E XAM P LE S .

H e was b y hi s o wn v
i l o en t passion s t o d esperat e cri me .

An d well sh e can

Fin e t h o ugh t s are wealth , fo r t h e righ t use o f whi ch

M en are an d o ugh t to b e accoun t ab l e,

If not t o Th ee , t o t h o s e t h ey

I NH E R E NT (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es inheren t signify ? 2 m o f t h ough t d oes i mmane nt b e

~

1 . . T o wh at real

l o n g ? W h at d o es it s ignify ? H ow d o es it d iffe r fro m i nheren t ? W h ich is

appl ie d t o t h e D iv
in e B e in g T o wh at d o
i nn ate, an d i n born
3 . con gen i tal ,

apply as d i s t in guis h e d fro m i nh eren t an d i n tri n si c ? 4 W ith wh at s pecial .

refe ren ce d o e s con g eni tal o ccur i n me d ical an d le gal us e ? 5 Wh at is t h e .

diff ere n ce in us e b et we en i nn ate an d i n born ? 6 W h at d oes i nbred ad d t o .

th e s en se o f i nn ate o r i n born ? 7 Wh at is i ngrained ?

.

E XA M P L ES .

An power in t h e lif e of t h e worl d

v
.

A ll men h a e an right t o life , lib ert y , an d pro t e ct ion .

He e v
i nce d an s t upid it y t h at se e med almo st t an t amo un t t o idiocy .

M an y phil o s oph ers h o ld th at G o d is in n at ure

v
.

An y st ab le curren cy must b e foun d ed at l ast upon somet h in g, as go l d o r s il er,

t h at h as v
al u e

vy
.

T h e wron gs and ab uses wh ich are in t h e er structure and co n sti t uti on

o f societ y as it now exist s t h rough o ut C hrist en d o m .

I NJ U R Y (pa ge
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Fro m wh at language i s i nj ury d eriv

ed ? W h at i s its primary mean in g ? Its
 in sa n ity
j o u rn ey 456

E XA M P LES .

H is was an anxi o usl y min d a s crupul o usly con scien t io us h eart

e d an d t h e mo s t un iv
.

man t h at e v
er l iv
,

A d rian was t h e mo st ers al ,

in quirer .

I a m t o kn ow t h e caus e o f t h is s ud d en ch an ge o f purpo s e .

I N S A NI T Y (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

Wh at is i ns an i ty in t h e wid e s t s en s e ? in it s res trict ed us e Wh ich us e is t h e

mo re fre quen t 2 . Fro m wh at is lun acy d eri vd
e Wh at d id it o rigin ally im
pl y ? In wh at s en s e is it no w us e d ? 3 . W h at is mad n e ss ? 4 W h at is .

d er an gemen t ? d eli ri um ? 5 . Wh at is t h e s pe cifi c me an in g o f d emen ti a ?

6 . Wh at is aberratio n 7 Wh at is t h e d ist in ct iv
e mean in g o f h alluci n ati on 9 .

8 . Wh at is monomani a 9 Wh at are f renzy an d man i a ?

.

E X A MP LE S .

Go —
you may call it fo l ly— yo u Sh all n o t ch as e my gl o om away
v
.

All po wer o f fan cy o er reaso n is a d egree of

I NT E R P O S E (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is it t o i n terp ose 2 H o w d o es i n terced e d iff er from i n terpos e

. 3 . Wh at
is it t o i n termed d l e H o w d o es it d iff er fro m med d le 3 fro m i n terf ere 4
med i ate in v
.

ol v
.

Wh at d o arbi tra te an d e

E XAM PLE S .

D ion , h is b rot h er, f o r h im an d hi s life was s a vde .

N at ure h as a n at ural b arrier b et ween E n gl an d an d t h e con t in ent .

I N V O L V E (page
QUES T I O N S .

1 Fro m wh at l an guage is i n ol vvd ivd

with wh at primary mean in g
e er e an d 2
vv
.
. ,

m
H o w d o e s i n ol e co pa e wr it h i mp li ca te 5’
3 Ar e t h e s e wo rd s us e d in t h e f a
v v
.

o rab l e o r t h e un fa o rab l e s en s e 4 A s re gard s res ult s wh at is t h e d iff eren ce

vlv
.

b et we en i nclud e, i mply , an d in o e

E X A MP L E S .

Ro ck s may b e s queez ed in t o n ew fo rms , b en t , co n t ort e d , an d

An o ys t ers sh el l s o metimes pe ar]

a .

in o th er men ’
s affairs , he wen t d o wn t o t h eir ruin .

(pageJ O U R NE Y
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Fro m wh at l an guage is j ourney d eriv e d ? Wh at is it s primary mean in g ? It s

presen t mean in g 2 Wh at is trav el ? H o w d o es it d ifi e r fro mj o urn ey
. 3 .

W h at was th e fo rmer me an in g o f v
o y age it s pres en t mean in g 4 W h at is .

a trip ? a tour ? 5 . Wh at is t h e mean ing an d co mmo n us e o f passage of

 ud ge
457 e e l)

transi t ? 6 . Wh at is t h e o rigin al mean in g of p ilgri mage ? H o w is it no w

used
E XA M P LE S .

makes all men co un try men .

A ll t h e of th eir l ife i s b o un d in s h all o ws an d in miseries .

It were a l ik e t h e pat h t o h ea ven ,

T o h elp y o u fi n d th em .

(pageJ UD G E
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is a j ud ge in th e legal s en se 2 Wh at o t h er senses h as t h e wo rd j ud ge in
.

co mmo n us e 3 W h at is a referee an d h o w appo in t e d an arbi tra tor ? 4

. , .

Wh at is t h e po pul ar s en se o f ump ire ? t h e l egal s en s e ? 5 W h at i s t h e pres

en t us e o f arbi ter ? 6 Wh at are t h e j ud ges o f th e U ni t e d S t at e s S upreme
.

C ourt o fli cially called

‘

E X AM P L E S .

T he en d crown s all ,

An d th at o l d co mm on T ime ,

Wil l on e d ay en d it .

A man wh o is no of l aw may b e
goo d a po et ryof .

T he is o nly th e mo uth o f law, an d t h e magistrate wh o pun ish e s is o n ly

th e h an d .

J U S TI C E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is j usti ce in go v ern ment al rel at io n s ? in so c ial an d pers on al rel at ion s ? in

matt ers o f re ason ing o r lit erary t reat men t ? 2 To wh at d o i n tegri ty , recti
v
.

tud e, ri gh t , ri gh teousness , an d i tu r e apply W h at do all th es e I n clud e 3 .

W h at two co n t ras t ed s en s es h as lawf uln ess ? 4 . T o wh at d oes j us t ness re fe r,

an d in wh at s en s e i s it used

E X AM P LE S .

e xal t eth a n at io n .

o f l if i f m
e s a e s b e s t frien d
’

vm
.

H e sh all h a e erel y an d h i s b on d .

K E E P (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e gen eral meani n g o f keep 2 H o w d o es keep co mpare Wi th pres er e ? . v

f ulfil ? mai n tai n ? 3 Wh at d o es keep imply wh en used as a syn o n ym o f
.

g uard o r d ef en d ?
E X A MP LE S .

Th ese make an d th e b alan ce of the min d .

T h e go o d o ld rule
S ufii cet h t h em, — t h e s impl e pl an ,
T h at t h ey sh o uld t ak e wh o h a e t h e power v
A n d t h e y s h o ul d wh o can .

t h y sh op, an d th y sh o p will t h ee .
 kill
l a n g uage 458

K I L L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is it to kill ? 2 T o wh at are assassi n ate execute and murd er restrict ed ?

. , ,

3 Wh at is t h e specifi c me anin g o f murd er ? execute ? assassi n ate

. T o wh at
cl as s o f pers o n s i s t h e l att er wo rd o rd in arily applie d is it t o slay 4 . Wh at
5 . To wh at is mass acre limi t e d With wh at special mean ing is it us ed 6 .

T o wh at d o butch er an d s l augh ter primaril y appl y ? Wh at is t h e s en se o f e ach

wh en so us e d 7 . W h at is it t o d esp atch
E XAM P LE S .

T o look in to h er eyes was t o d o ub t .

T wo pre s id en t s o f t h e U ni t e d S tate s h a e b een v

H amilt on was d uel b y A aro n B urr
in a .

T h e pl ace was carried b y s t orm, an d t h e in h ab itan ts With o ut di stin ctio n o f

age o r s ex.

K I N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . H o w d o e s ki n d co mpare with ki n 2 Wh at d o ki n
.
- an d kin d red d en o te ?
Wh at is afil n i ty ? H ow d o es it differ from co nsanguin i ty

E XAM P LE S .

A li t t l e more th an an d l es s t h an
H e h el d hi s s eat , —a frien d t o t h e h uman
T h e pat ien t b rid e , a lit tl e sad ,

Leav
in g o f h o me an d 9

K N O W L E D G E (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is knowled ge ? H o w d o es it d iff e r fro m i nf ormation ? 2 . Wh at is percep

ti on ? appreh ens i on ? cogn i zance ? 3 h at is i n tui tion ? 4 h at is ex
. W . W
p ert enc e, an d h ow d o e s it diff er fro m i n tui tion ? 5 h at is team i ng ? eru . W
d ition ?
E XAM PLE S .

co mes , b ut wisd o m lin gers .

T he ch ild is con t in ually s eek in g h en ce h is en d l e s s que st io n s .

T is t h e s un s et of v
l ife gi es me mys ti cal
An d co min g e ven t s cas t t h e ir s h ad o ws b efore .

s lie at th e vy fer o un d at io n o f all reas o n in g .

L A NG U A G E (pag e
QUES T I O N S .

Wh at is th e d eri vt ia on of l ang uage Wh at was it s o rigin al s ignificati on ? H ow

wid e is it s presen t mean in g 2 . As regard s t h e use of wo rd s , wh at d o es l an
guage d en o t e in t h e gen eral an d in t h e re s t rict e d s en se 3 Wh at d o es speech .

al way s in o l e vv
4 Can we s peak o f t h e sp eech o f an imal s
. o f t h e ir l an

gu age 5 Wh at is a d i alect ? a barbari sm ? an i d i om ? 6 Wh at is a p atois .

v
.

H o w d o es it d iff er fro m a d i alect ? 7 Wh at is a ernacular ? .

 l i b e rt y
h gh t 460

is ph ys ical , es tab lish e d s equen ce ; in t ell ect ual , a con d it ion o f in t ell e ctual
act ion in o rd e r t h at t ru t h may b e reach e d ; an d moral , an imperat i vwhie ch d ete r
mi n es th e righ t guid an ce of o ur h igh er life .

L I B E R T Y (page
QUES TI O N S .

Wh at is f reed om? 2 Wh at is liberty in t h e primary sens e ? in t h e wid est

.

s e n se ? 3 H o w d o f reed om an d li berty c o mpare ? 4 H o w i s i n d epen d ence

. .

us e d in d is t in ct io n fro m f reed om an d li berty ? 5 Is f reed om o r liberty mo re .

f ree ly us ed in a fi gur at i v
e se n se 6 . Wh at is license ? H o w d o e s it co mpare

with li berty an d f reed om ?

E X AM PLES .

In R ouss eau s ph ilo s oph y

’
is v
co n ce i e d o f as l awl essn es s .

W h en fro m h er mo un t ain v
h e igh t
Un furled h er s tan d ard t o t h e air,
S h e t o re t h e az ure ro b e o f n igh t ,

An d set th e s t ars o f glo ry th ere

v vfulfil l
.

T he t o go h igh er t h an we are is gi en o n ly wh en we h a e ed a mply

the d uty o f o ur pres en t S ph e re .

t h ey me an wh en t h ey cry

For wh o l o v th at mu t fi
es s rst b e wis e an d goo d .

LI GH T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is li ght ? 2 . Wh at are th e ch aract erist ics of a fl ame blaze

a 3 Wh at is a
.

fl are a fl ash 4 . Wh at is t h e sen se o f glare an d glow H o w d o t h ey d iff er, an d

to wh at areth e y applie d 5 T o wh at d o . s h i ne an d sheen refer 6 . Wh at d o
gli mmer, gli tter, an d shi mmer d en ote 7 . Wh at is gleam agli tter a sp ar

kle ? glis teni n g ? 8 Wh at is sci n ti llation in wh at t wo

. 9 To s en s es us ed 1’ .

wh at are twi n kl e an d twi nkl i n g applied ? 1 0 Wh at is illumi n ation ? i nc an .

d escence
E XA M P LE S .

Fro m a lit tle Spark may b urst a migh t y

A as o f an o t h er life , my kin dl ing s o ul re cei e d v .

It is t h at e n ab l es us to s ee t h e diflferen ce s b et ween th in gs ; an d it is C hris t

v
t h at gi es us

Wh ite with t h e wh it en ess o f th e sn ow ,

Pink with fain t est ro sy

T h ey b l o s som o n th eir sprays ,

Gh ast ly in t h e of d ay .

in go l d en co at s l ik e images ,
a go o d d eed in a n augh ty wo rl d ,

Th ere s b ut th e
’
o f a s t ar

B etween a man o f peace an d war .

 listen
461 load

L I S T E N (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es h ear signify Wh at d o es lis ten ad d t o th e me aning of hear ? 2 .

Wh at d o e s attend ad d t o t h e mean in g o f lis ten ? 3 . W h at d o e s h eed furt h er

imply 4 . Wh at is th e d iff eren ce b et ween lis ten f or an d lis ten to ?
E X AM PLE S .

An d 1 h o w b lit h e t h e t hro stl e sings 1

H e, t o o , is no me an preach er :
T ill I an d

If a s t ep d rawet h n e ar .

C hi ll airs an d win try win d s 1 my e ar

H as gro wn familiar with y o ur s ong ;

I it in t h e O pen in g year,
I an d it c h ee rs me lo ng
v
.

e ery on e

T h at may unt o a tale ,

T h at s merrier th an th e n igh t ingal e

’
.

T he men l ay s il ent in t h e t all gras s f o r th e s ign al gun th at sh o uld b id

th em rise and ch arge .

L I TE RA T U RE (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is li tera ture in th e mo st
gen eral s en se In more limite d s en se 2 .

W h at d o es literature , use d ab s ol ut ely , d en o t e 3 . H o w may li terature in clud e

sci enc e H o w i s it o rd in arily co n tr ast ed wit h sci ence

E X A MP LE S .

W h erev
er con so le s so rro w o r as s uage s pain ; wh ere er it b rin gs glad n es s v
to eyes wh ich f ail with wakefuln es s an d t e ars— t h ere is exh ib ite d in it s n o b l est form

t h e immo rt al in fluen ce of A t h en s .

are l ife =l o ng frie n d s .

are emb al me d min d s

v
.

In o ur o wn l an guage we h a e a n o wh e re s urpas sed , in wh o se lo ck no fo r

e ign k ey will v
e er rust .

LO A D (page
QUES TI O N S .

l F ro m wh at lan guage is burd en d e ri vd e , with wh at primary mean in g load ?

an d

2 . Wh at d o e s weigh t s ign if y H o w d o es it co mpare with load an d burd en ?

v
,

3 . Wh at are cargo f reigh t an d , , lad i n g ? 4 . Wh at is th e di st in ct i e se n se o f

p ack
E X A MP LE S .

B ear ye on e an o th er s ’

We arin g all t h at
O f le arn in g ligh t ly l ik e a flo wer .

T he as s Will carry h is b ut n o t a d o ub l e O
 l k
462

LO O K (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e d ist in ct ion b etween look an d see b etween th es e word s an d behold ?

2 Wh at is it t o gaze ? t o glance ? t o s t are ? 3 Wh at d o scan , i nsp ect, an d
v
. .

v
sur ey res pe ct i ely e xpres s , an d h o w are t h ey di s t in gui sh e d fro m o n e an o th er
4 . Wh at el emen t o r el emen t s d o e s watch ad d t o t h e mean in g o f look ?

E XA M P LE S .

It is always well t o at people wh en ad d res s in g t h em

Hav v
.

in g eye s th e y n o t , an d h a ing ears h ear n o t .

Th en gen tl y yo ur b ro th er man ,
S t ill gent l er s is t er wo man ;
T h o ’ th ey may gang a kenn in wrang,
To s te p as id e is h uman .

M y so ul waiteth for t h e Lord mo re t h an t h ey th at for th e mo rning .

H o w peacefull y t h e b ro ad an d go l d en mo on
Comes upon t h e reaper s t o il !
’
up t o

I a m mon arch o f all I

M y righ t t h ere is t o dis put e ;
n o ne

F ro m t h e cen t er all roun d t o t h e s ea,

I am l ord of t h e f o wl an d t h e b rut e .

But, th e morn in rus s et mantl e clad ,

Walks ’
o er th e d ew of you h igh e ast ern hill .

L O VE (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is afi ection ? ‘

2 Wh at may v
b e gi en as a b rief d efini t ion o f lo v? e 3
v
. .

D o es afi ectio n apply t o person s o r thin gs T o wh at d oe s lo e apply ? 4 What

t erm is pre ferab l e to lov
.

e as appl yin g t o arti cl es o f fo o d an d t h e like 5 H ow

d oes lov
.

e di ff er fro m afi ectio n fro m f ri en d ship

E XAM P LES .

P eace , co mmerce , an d h on e st wit h all n ati on s h elp to form th e b ri gh t con

stell ati on whi ch h as gone b efo re us
v
.

And you must l o e him ere t o yo u h e will s eem wo rth y of yo ur

Y et pity f or a h o rse o ’ e rdri en v
An d in wh ich my h o un d h as part
Can h an g no we igh t upo n my h eart ,
In its ass u mpt io n s up t o h ea en v .

S uch an d un b ro k en faith
As te mper lif e ’
s wors t b itt erness .

M A KE (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e e ssen t ial id ea of make ? with create ? 3

2 . H o w is make allie d .

H o w is make all ied wit h compose or cons ti tute 4 W h at are s o me ch ief an t o .

n y ms f or make ? 5 Wh at are t h e prepo sit io n s ch iefly used Wit h make, an d

.

h ow empl o ye d
 m ed dl e so m e
m e m o ry 464

E XAM P LES .

M ark 1 wh ere hi s his co n quests

an d cease l
H e makes a s o lit ud e an d call s it peace I

F o rb ad e t o wad e t hro ugh to a thron e,

A nd s h utt h e gate s o f mercy o n man kin d .

T he capture o f P o rt Arth ur was fo ll o we d b y a te rrib l e

M E D D L E S O M E ( page
QUES T I O N S .

1 W h at is t h e c on d uct s pe cially ch aracte ris t ic o f a med d lesome pers o n o f an i n

v v v
.

t rusi e pe rs o n of on e wh o is obtrus i e ? o fi cio us ? 2 . T o wh at is obtrus i e

chiefly appl ie d i n trusi v? ofli i u
e c o s ? med d lesome ?
E XAM P LES .

Wh ere s orro w s h eld ‘

an d t urn e d o ut ,

T h ere wis d o m wil l n o t en t er n o r t rue po wer,

No r augh t t h at di gn ifi es h umanity .

monk ey h ad b een a mong t h e papers .

M E L O D Y (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is h armony melod yl? In wh at S pecial f eat ure d o e s th e one d iff er from th e

o t h er 2 H o w man y part s are re quired f o r h armo n y ? h ow many fo r mel
.

ad y 3 W h at is uni son 4 Wh at d o es music in cl ud e

. .

E XA MPL ES .

S we et e s t
Are t h o se th at are b y d is tan ce mad e mo re sweet
wh en s o ft vic o es d ie,
Vib rate s in t h e memo ry .

Ring o ut ye cryst al s ph eres

An d wit h yo ur n in efo l d
M ak e up f ull con s o rt t o t h e an gel ic

M E M O R Y (page
QU ES T I O N S .

Wh at is memory in th e in t h e gen eral s en se ? 2 W h at is remem

spe cial an d

v
.

brance, an d h o w d is t in gui sh e d fro m memory ? 3 Is remembr an ce o l un t ary .

v
o r in o lun t ary 4 Wh at is recollection , an d wh at d o es it in o l e
. 5 Wh at vv .

is remi n iscence retrosp ection H o w d o th e se t wo wo rd s d iff er ?

E X A MP L E S .

l ike a purs e, if it b e o v ful l

ers t h at i t can n o t Sh ut , all wil l d ro p o ut of it ;
t ake h ee d of a glut t on ous curio s it y t o fee d on man y t hin gs , l es t t h e greedi n e ss
of th e appet it e o f th y t h e di ge s tio n t h ere o f
s po il .

wak e s wit h all h er b us y t rain ,

S well s at my b reast an d turn s th e pas t t o pain .

v o f e min en t men t o d ev
,

It is a fa o it r e v
d e ice o t e t h e ir o l d age t o writ in g th eir

5, t h us quie t ly l i in g v o v again a b usy o r t umult uous life

er .
 m e rc y
465 m i n ute

M E R C Y (page
QUES T I O N S .

1 Wh at is mercy in th e strict est sen s e 2 T o wh at class i s grace sh o wn 3 To

mercy f orgiv
. .

wh at cl ass are en ess , , an d p ard on ext en d e d ? 4 In wh at wid er .

s ign ifi cat io n s is mercy us e d 5 Wh at . is clemency ? l eni ency o r leni ty H ow

d o t h ese wo rd s co mpare with mercy ?

E XAM PLE S .

H o w wo uld yo u b e,
If H e , whi ch is th e t o p o f j ud gmen t , S h o ul d
B ut j ud ge y o u as yo u are 0 , t h in k o n th at ;
An d t h e n will b reath e wit h in yo ur lips ,
Like man new mad e .

T he o nlypro t e ct io n wh ich th e co n quere d co ul d fin d was in t h e mo d eration , the

an d t h e e n large d po licy o f t h e co n quero rs

v v
.

T o fa o r sin is t o d is co urage i tu
r e ; un d ue to th e b ad is unkin d n esslt o th e
go o d .

M ET ER (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is eupho n y? H o w d o es it d iff er fro m meter, measure, an d rh yth m? 2 .

H ow are rh yth m an d meter pro d uce d ? 3 H o w d oes meter diff er fro m

Wh at is a v
.

rh y th m? 4 . erse in t h e s trict s en se In wh at wid er s ens e is th e

wo rd O ft en used
E XAM PLE S
vy vgu
.

is a er a e an d un s cien t ifi c t erm . E ach n at ion con sid ers it s o wn

language, e ach t rib e it s o wn d ia le ct , e uph o n ic .

may b e d efi n e d t o b e a s uccess io n o f po etical f ee t arran ge d in regular

o rd er acco rdin g t o ce rt ain t ype s reco gni z ed as s t an d ard s , in v
ers es o f a d et ermi n at e

l en gt h
vt h
.

We ha e ree prin cipal d o main s in whi ch manif es ts its n ature an d po wer

—d an cing , music, poetry .

M I N D (page
QUES TI O N S .

Wh at is mi n d ? H o w d o es i t d iff er fro m i n tell ect ? 2 . Wh at d o es cons ci ousnes s

in cl ud e I s it at t en d e d wit h d is t in ct t h in kin g an d willing ? 3 . Wh at is t h e

soul ? 4 . Fro m wh at is sp i ri t us e d in Special co n trad is t in ct io n H o w d o e s it
d iffer from soul ? 5 Wh at is Paley s ’
d efini t io n of i ns ti n ct ? 6 . In wh at co n

trast ed me an in gs is th e word sens e e mplo yed 7 . Wh at is tho ugh t ?

E X AM P LE S .

A great v
wil l b e s tro n g t o li e , as well as t o t h in k .

G o d is a an d t h e y th at wors hi p h im must worshi p hi m in an d in

trut h .

(page M I NUT E
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e mean in g o f mi nute 2 W h en is a th in g said t o b e co mmi nuted

.

3 H o w d o e s fi ne d ifi er from commi n uted

. 4 W h at t erms are appl ie d t o an .

accoun t ext en d e d to mi nute part iculars ? to an exa minat ion s imil arly ext en d ed ?
30
 m i sf o rt u n e
m o n ey 466

E XAM PLE S .

No roo m so warm an d b right ,

Wh erein to read , wh erein t o write .

Life h angs o n h eld b y a t hread

v
.
,

An o rganis mso as to b e i ib l
s e o nl y un d er th e mi cro s cope , yet po s sesse d
of lif e, mo t ion , and see min g in telligence is a source o f ceasel ess wond er .

M I S F O R T UN E (page
QUE S TIO N S .

1 . Wh at is misf ortune Is t h e suff erer b l ameworth y for it ? 2 Wh at

c on sid ered .

is cal a mi ty ? d i s as ter ? 3 . In wh at special s en se are th e wo rd s afi i ction ,

ch as t en i n g, tri al , an d tri b ula tion used H ow are th e se four wo rd s di s crimi
n at ed th e o ne fro m an o th er

E XAM P L ES .

He ’
s n ot v
al i an t th at d are s di e ,
But h e t h at b o l dly b ears
‘

I ne er vk new a man in life wh o cOul d n o t b ear an oth er s

‘
perfectly like a

M O D E L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is a mod el ? a pattern ? H o w are t h ey dis tin gui sh ed from o n e an o t h er ?

2 Whi ch admit s of freed om o r id eal iz at ion
.

E XANEPLE S .

T hings d one with o ut in th eir is sue

Are to b e f ear’ d .

Be a t o ot h ers , an d th en all wil l go well .

Washin gt on an d h is compeers h ad n o of a f e d eral repub l ic with con s t it u

ti on al b on d s an d l imi t at io n s .

M os e s was ad moni sh ed , S ee t h at th o u make all t hi n gs acco rdin g t o th e

sh ewed t o t h ee in th e mo un t .

M O D E ST Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is mo d es ty in th e gene ral s en se In wh at s pecifi c s en se i s t h e wo rd al so

used ? 2 . Wh at is bas hf ul nes s ? d iflid ence ? coyness ? res er e ?
,
‘

v
E X AM PLE S .

F or S il en ce an d ch as t e is wo man ’s gen uin e praise, an d to re main quiet

within th e h ouse .

If yo un g lad y h as t h at di s cre t io n an d
a wit h out whi ch all kn owled ge is lit
tl e v
worth , s h e will n e er make an o s t en t atio us parad e of it .

Hi s Shrinking was often mi s taken for a proud

M O N E Y (page
QUE S TI ON S .

1 . W h at is money ? specie ? cash ? 2 . H o w d o e s property differ fro m money ? 3 .

What is bullion capi tal ?

 n a me
n eat 468

In al l t rue famil y life t h ere is a d epe n d en ce wh ich b in d s h eart s t o get h er

v
.

act io n is th e rule in t h e h uman b o d y , wh ere e ery part i s alt ernatel y mean s

v
an d en d , an d e ery acti o n b o th cause an d e ff e ct .

NA M E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is a na me in th e mo st gen eral s en se 2 . In th e more limi t ed s en se , how

d o es a na me d iff er fro m a t i tle ? G ive in st an ces o f t h e use o f
an appell a ti on

t h es e t h ree w o rd s 3 F ro m wh at l auguage is ep i th et d eriv e d ? Wh at is it s

'

. .

primary mean in g ? 4 Wh at d o e s epi thet s ign ify in lit erary us e ? 5 Wh at

.

v
.

part o f s pe e ch is v
? Is it fa o rab l e o r unf a o rab l e in s ign ifi cat io n
an ep i t h et

6 , Wh at is a cog nomen ? H o w d oes it d iff er fro m a s urname ? 7

'
W h at is .

style con s id ere d as a syn o ny m o f n a me

E X AM P L ES .

T h o s e h e comman d s mov e o n l y in co mman d

N othin g in l ov
,

e n o w d o e s h e feel t h e

H an g lo o se ab o ut h im lik e a giant s ro b e ,
’

Upo n a d warfis h thi ef .

O magnify th e L ord wit h me an d l et us exalt h is t oge th er

, .

N A T I VE (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es n ati e vd en o t e ? na tal ? n a tural ? 2 . Wh at e xa mpl es are gi v

en in
th e t ext o f t h e correct us e of t h es e wo rd s
E XAM P LE S .

I wo ul d ad v is e n o child s
’
b e in g t augh t mus ic wh o h as n ot a apt itud e for it .

It was th e 4t h of July , th e d ay of Am erican free d o m .

NA U T I C A L (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Fro m wh at is mari ne d eriv ed ? mari ti me ? W h at d o t h e s e t wo word s respect

F ro m wh at is n av
.

ive l y s ign if y ? 2 al d eriv

. ed ? n au ti cal ? H o w d o t h ese
wo rd s d iff er in meani n g 3 H o w d o es ocean . , v
us e d ad j ect i ally , di ffer from

oceanic
E XA MPLE S .

T h at s eae b e as t ,

L eviat h an wh ich G o d o f all h is wo rks

,

C reated h ugest th at swim th e stre am

NE A T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es clean sign if y ? 2 . D o es ord erly appl y t o pers o n s or t hin gs , an d in

wh at s en s e 3 . W h at d o es ti d y d en o t e 4 . W h at is th e mean in g o f neat ?
5 . H o w d o es n i ce co mpare with n eat ? 6 . Wh at is t h e S igni fican ce o f sp ruce ?
trim? d app er ?
 ne c e s s a r y
469 n eg l ect

E X AM PLES .

If h e ( J effers on ) co n d escen d ed t o t urn sen t en ce s for d elicat e e ars —st ill , he

was es sen t iall y an earn e s t man .

S t ill t o b e s til l t o b e drest ,

A S yo u were go in g t o a f eas t ,
S t ill t o b e po wd er d , s t ill perfum’d
’
.

N E C E S S A R Y (page
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 . When is a t h in g pro perl y s aid t o b e n ecess ary ? 2 . Wh at is th e meanin g o f essen

ti al H o w d o e s it d iff er fro m i n d i sp en s able ? 3 With refe rence t o wh at is a
t hi n g sai d t o b e requisi te ? H o w d o e s requis i te co mpare w it h essen t i al an d
i n d isp ens able ? 4 H o w d o i ne i table
. v an d un a v oi d able co mpare ? T o wh at
kin d of th in gs are b o th t h e se wo rd s appl ie d 5 . H ow d o need ed an d n eed ul f
co mpare wit h necessary

E X AM P LE S .

A s yo u gro w re ad y fo r it, so me wh e re o r o th e r yo u will fin d wh at is

yo u in a b o o k .

T h e id e as o f s pace and ti me are call e d in ph ilosoph y id eas .

N E C E S S I T Y (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is necessi ty ? 2 . Wh at do need an d wan t imply ? H o w d o e s need co mpare

w it h wan t ? 3 . H o w d o es necessi ty co mpare with need ? 4 . Wh at is an

essen ti al ?
E X AM PLE S .

C our age is , on all h an d s , co n sid ere d as an of hi gh ch aract er .

v
N o l i in g man can s en d me t o th e s h ad es

B efo re my t ime ; n o man o f wo man b orn ,

C oward o r brav e can sh un h is ,

N E G LE C T , (pa ge n .

QUE S TI O N S .

1. Wh at is neglect ? neglig enc e ? H o w d o t h e t wo wo rd s co mpare ? 2 . Wh at

s en s e s h as negli gen ce t h at n eglect h as n ot 3 . Wh ich of t h e t wo w ord s may
be us e d in a pas s i vs e en s e ? 4 . Wh at is t h e l egal ph rase fo r a puni s h ab l e
o mis sion o f d ut y .

E X AM P L ES .

Ah , wh y
S h o ul d we, in t h e wo rld s riper years ,
’

G o d ’s an cien t san ct uaries, an d ad o re

O nl y a mong th e cro wd .

But , al as , to mak e
A fixed figur e , fo r t h e h an d o f
T o poin t h is sl o w un mo ing fin ger v at .
 D O W
o a th 470

NE W (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is th e mean ing o f new of mod ern o f recen t ? 2 H ow d o e s recen t co m

vl
.
.

pare wit h n e w
3 W h at is t h e mean in g of no e of f resh ? 4 T o wh at d o
v
.

young an d youthf ul d ist in ct i ely apply

NI M B L E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 T o wh at d o e s mble pro perl y refer

ni 2 . T o wh at d o e s s wi ft apply 3 . H ow
d o e s al ert c o mpare with n i mble F o r wh at is al ert mo re pro perly a syno nym ?
E X AM PLES .

Win h er wit h gift s , if sh e re s pect n o t wo rd s

D umb j ewel s o ften , in t h eir s ile nt kin d ,
M o re t h an wo rd s , d o mo v
e a wo man min d
’
s

Sh allo w men h av
.

Pro foun d th ink ers are o ften h el pl e s s in s o ciet y, wh ile e

an d read y min d s .

NO R M A L
(page
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es n a tural s ignif y ? n ormal ? Giv e in stan ces o f t h e d is t in ct iv

e us e of

t h e t wo wo rd s 2 W h at d o es typ i cal sign ify regular ? commo n ?

. .

E X A M PL E S .

H e d o e s it with a b ett er grace, b ut I d o it mo re

T he ro un d of wo rk may grow mo no t on o us , b ut it is e v
id en t ly n eces sary.

NO T W I T H S T A ND I N G (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is t h e sign ifi cat io n o f h owe v

er as a con un ct ion
j ? of v
n e erth eless 2 .

Wh ich is t h e mo s t emph at ic w o rd o f t h e gro up an d wh at d o es it s ign ify 3 .

H o w d o yet an d s til l co mpare wit h n otwi th s tan d i n g with but 4 . Wh at is

t h e f orce o f th o an d al tho ? 5 . H ow d o es notwi ths tan d in g as a pre po sition
d iff er from d esp i te o r i n sp i te o f
E X AM PLE S .

d o t h y wo rst , o l d T ime ; d espit e th y wron g,

M y lo v e S h all in my ers e v e v
e vr l i e y o un g .

t ill all grace s b e in on e wo man , one wo man sh all n o t co me in my grace .

T h ere was an immen se cro wd t h e in cl emen t weath er .

O A TH (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is an oath ? an afiid av i t ? H o w d o e s t h e afi d avi t d iffer fro m t h e oath ?

2 W h at is an adj ura ti on ? 3 W h at is a v
.

. ow H o w d o e s it d iffer fro m an
.

o a th ? 4 . O f wh at wo rd s is o ath a po pul ar s yn o n ym ? 5 . In wh at d o an
 o b
s t r u ct
o p e ra t i o n

O B S TR U C T (pag e
QUE S T IO N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e l it eral meani n g o f obs truct ? H ow d oes it co mpare with hin d er ?

2 H o w d o es obs truct co mpare with i mped e ?
. 3 . Wh at d o e s arres t s ign ify in
t h e sen se h ere co n sid ere d ?
E XAM P LE S .

T h ere is a cert ain wis d om of h uman ity whi ch is co mmo n to t h e gre atest men
with th e l o west , an d whi ch o ur o rdi n ary e d ucat io n o f t en lab ors t o s il en ce and

No , n o in g th e vt wh
as eel o f time ,
T h at ro un d an d ro un d st ill t urns with o n ward migh t .

O LD ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o es ol d signif y 2 H ow d o old
. an d an ci en t co mpare 3 Wh at cont rast ed
sen se s h as old 4 . Wh at i s th e special f o rce o f old en 5 In wh at s en s e are
gray, hoary, an d old en us e d o f mat erial o b j ect s 6 T o Wh at is aged ch iefly .

appl ie d 7 T o wh at d o d ecrep i t , gray , an d hoary appl y, as s aid o f h uman

.

b ein gs 8 T o wh at d o e s sen ile apply ? 9 In wh at s en se i s eld erly us e d ?

.

vd m
.

10 W h at are t h e primary an d d eri e e an in gs o f r e mote ? l l Wh at d o es

v
.

enerable e xpress
E XAM PLE S .

T h e h ill s ,
R o ck s rib b ed an d as t h e sun , th e vl a es

S t ret ch in g in pen si vqui

e et nes s
-
b etween ;
Th e wo o d s ,
an d , po ure d ro un d all ,

o cean s
’
gray an d mel an ch oly wast e,
Are b ut t h e s ol emn d e coratio n s all
O f t h e gre at t o mb o f man .

T h ro ugh th e s e que st ered v

al e o f rural l if e,
T he patriarch guil eless h el d
T h e t en o r o f hi s way .

0 goo d h e ad wh ich al l men k n ew

S h all we , sh all men , like t ree s ,
S t rike d eeper th eir v
il e ro o t , an d cl o s er clin g,

S till mo re en a mo red o f t h eir wret ch ed s o il

O P E R A TI O N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es op era ti on d en o t e an d b y wh at ki n d of agen t is it e ff e ct ed 2 .

Wh at d o perf ormance an d execu ti on d en o t e an d b y wh at kin d o f agent s are

t h ey e ffe ct e d 3 . H ow d o e s performance d iff er f ro m executi on ?

E X AM PLE S .

It requi res a s urgical t o get a j o k e well in t o a S co t ch un d erst an ding .

H is pro mi se s we re , as h e t h en was , mi gh ty ;
But his as h e is n ow, n o thi ng .
 o rd er
473 o u gh t

O R D ER (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at d o es i ns tructio n imply ? d i rection ? 2 H o w d oes or d er co mpare wit h .

d irection ? 3 T o wh at cl as se s o f pers o n s are ord ers e spe cial ly g i en H ow v

v?
.

d o es an ord er in t h e co mmercial sen s e b eco me auth o rit at i e 4 . H o w d o es

co mmand co mpare with ord er ? 5 . In wh at s en s e is requi re men t used By
wh at aut h o rit y is a requi re men t mad e 6 . In wh at sen se is p rohibi tion us ed
i nj un ctio n ?
E XAM PLES .

G eneral Sh erman writ es in hi s M emo irs, I ha v vi

e n e er n my life quest io n ed or

di s ob eyed an

Y e s h al l b eco me lik e G o d t ran s cen d en t fat e I

Th at G o d ’
s fo rgo t , sh e pl ucke d an d at e .

O S T E NT A T I O N (page
QUES TI O N S .

Wh at is ? H o w d o es it compare with boas ti n g

os ten tati on d i splay ? show ?
2 Wh at i s pomp ? p agean t or p ageantry ? W h at d o t h e t wo l at t er wo rd s
.

s ugge st , an d h o w d o t h ey co mpare wit h pomp ? 3 Fro m wh at is parad e .

v
d eri e d ? Wh at is it s primary mean in g ? W ith wh at impl icat ion is it
al ways us ed i n t h e me t aph o rical s en s e ? H ow d oes p ara d e co mpare with
osten tation
E X A MP LE S .

T h e b o ast of power,
h erald ry , th e of

A n d all t h at b e auty, all t h at we al th e ’ er ga v

e ,

v
Await al ike t h e ine it ab le h o ur ;
T h e pat h s o f gl o ry l ead b ut t o th e gra e v .

T he Pre sid en t s s alary d o es n o t permit

’
n o r, in d e ed , is expect e d

him .

With all h i s weal th , t al en t , an d l e arn i n g, h e was s in gul arl y free fro m

O VE R S I G H T (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 In wh at t wo co n tras t ed sen s es is o ersi gh t us ed v

2 H o w d o es sup eri n ten d ence
v
.

compare wit h o ersi gh t ? 3 With wh at special referen ce is con trol us ed ? 4

v
.

Wh at kin d of a t erm is sur ei llan ce, an d wh at d o es it imply

E XA MP LE S .

Th o s e ab le t o great en t erpris es mus t b e all o we d wage s o f

co n d uct

O Frien d sh ip, e qual po is ed I

F e e d t h e flo ck o f G o d wh ich is amo n g yo u, t ak in g th e t h ere of n ot by co n

s t rain t , b ut wil l in gly .

O UG H T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es ought properly s ignify 2 H o w d o es

. ough t co mpare with should ?
3 . In Wh at s eco n d ary s en se i s ough t s o me t ime s used ?
 pain
pard on , v .

E X A MPL E S .

H e h as n o t a right t o d o wh at h e l ik es , b ut o n ly wh at h e with h is o wn ,

wh ich aft er all is h is o wn o n l y in aqual ifie d s en se

v v vit
.

Age ha e re eren ce , an d b e wo rth y t o h a e .

P A I N (page
QUE S TI O N S .

W h at is p ai n ? sufl ering 2 H o w d o e s d is tress ran k as co mpared with p ai n

‘

1 .

an d su fi eri n g ? 3 . W h at is an ach e ? a th roe ? a p aroxys m?, 4 . Wh at is

agony ? angui sh
E X AM PLE S .

To e ach hi s s al l are men ,

C on d emn ed al ik e t o groan ;
T h e t en d er f o r an o t h er s
’

T h e un fee l in g fo r h is o wn .

T h e we arie st an d mo s t l o ath ed wo rl dl y life

T hat age , pen ury , an d impris o n men t
Can l ay o n n at ure .

PA L L I A T E (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 H o w d o clo ak an d palli ate agree in origin al mean in g ? H o w d o t h ey d ifl er in t h e

v
d eri e d s en s es 2 Wh at is it t o exten uate, an d h o w d o e s th at word co mpare
.

with p alli ate

E X A MPLE S .

S pe ak of me as I a m; n o t h ing

No r aught s et d o w n in mal ice .

We wo uld n ot d is s e mb l e n or [o ur t ran sgres s ion s] b efo re t h e face o f

A l migh t y G o d , o ur h ea v
e ly F ath
n er

v
.

I sh all n e er at t e mpt to my o wn fo ib le s b y expo s in g th e erro r o f an o th er .

P A R D O N, (pa ge v .

QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at i s it t o p ard on ? 2 T O w h at d o e s f orgi v e refer ? 3 H ow d o pard on an d

vd iff
. .

f orgi e er in us e in ac co rd an ce wit h t h e d ifi eren ce in meaning 4 W h at .

is it t o re mi t ? t o co n d one ? t o excuse ?

E XAM PL ES .

H ow man y will s ay

A n d fin d a kin d of licen s e in t h e s oun d

T o h at e a litt le l o n ge r I
I h im, as h ea v
e n s h all

To e rr is h uman , t o di in ev .
 Bg i v
a
e ce e 47 6

o rdi n aril y applie d ? 5 . Wh at is f orbearance ? H ow d oes it co mpare wit h

p a tien ce
E XAM PLE S .

Wit h b ear t h e l ot t o t h e e as signe d ,

Nor th in k it ch an ce , n or murmur at t h e l oad ,

F o r kn o w wh at man cal l s F o rt un e is fro m G o d

v v
.

T h ere is , h owe er, a limi t at wh i ch ceas es to b e a i tu

r e.

P A Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is pay ? co mpens ation? re mun eration ? reco mp ense ? 2 . Wh at is an

allow ance ? 3 . Wh at are wages ? earn i n gs ? 4 . Wh at i s h i re ? wh at d o e s

it impl y 5 . F o r wh at is s al ary paid H ow d oes it d iff er from wages 6 .

Wh at is af ee , an d f or wh at gi v en

E XAM PLE S .

I m a n o t aware t h at or e v en fa vo rs , h owe v
e r gracious , b in d an y man ’
s

O ur prai s es are o ur
C arey, in earl y life , was a co un t ry min iste r with a s mall
L ab orers are remun erat ed by an d O ffi cial s by

P E O P L E (page
QUE S TIO N S .

1 . Wh at is a communi ty ? a commo nwealth ? 2 Wh at is a people ? a race ? . 3 .

Wh at is a s tate a nation ? 4 W h at d o es population s ign ify tribe ?

.

E XAM P LE S .

A may let a king fall an d , _ s t il l remain a b ut ii a kin g l et h is

s lip fro m hi m h e is n o l o n ge r a kin g

vpl
, .

Ques tio n s o f ha e aye d a great part in t h e po l it i cs an d wars o f t h e l att er

h al f of th e n in et e en t h cen t ury , th e Ge rman ic t h e S l a on ic v
t h e I tal ian ,
an d th e Greek s s t ruggl in g to as s e rt t h eir un it y .

P E R C E I V E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at v
t h in gs d o we p ercei e ? 2 H o w d o e s app rehen d differ in s cope
cl as s o f

v v
.

fro m p ercei e ? 3 Wh at d o es concei e s ignif y ? 4

. H o w d oes comp reh end .

c o mpare wit h app rehen d ? wit h concei e ? v

E X AM PLE S .

W e may th e t o k en s Of th e di in e v agen cy wit h o ut b eing ab l e to

v B
t h e d i in e ein g .

A d mit t e d on ce t o hi s e mb race ,
T h ou sh alt t h at t h o u wast b lin d b e fo re .

0 h o rro r 1 h o rro r 1 h o rror 1 T ongue n or h eart

Can n ot nor n ame th e e l
 p e r fe c t
47 7 p e r n i ci o u s

P E R F E C T (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is perfect in th e fulles t an d h igh est sen se 2 W h at is absolute in th e full .

e s t s en se 3 W h at is p erf ect in t h e l imit ed s en se an d in po pul ar l an guage

.
,

E X A MP L ES .

We h av e t h e id e a o f a B e in g in fi n it e ly an d fro m t h i s D es cart e s re as o n e d

th at such a b e in g re all y e xis t s .

S h all re main
H ear you t h is T rito n o f th e minn o ws mark yo u
H is s h all
‘

P E R M A NE NT (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . Fro m wh at is d urable d erive d ? t o wh at cl as s o f s ub st an ces is it applie d ? 2 .

Wh at is perman en t an d in wh at c o n n ect ion s used ? 3 H o w d o es en d uri n g

,
.

compare with d urable ? wit h p erman en t

E XAM PLE S .

M y h e art is wax, mo ld ed as sh e pl e as es , b ut as marb l e to ret ain .

A v
i l o et in t h e yo uth o f primy n at ure ,

F o rward ,
n ot s w eet , n o t

T h e perfume an d s uppl ian c e O f a min ut e .

F o r h er merch an dis e sh al l b e fo r th em t h at d well b e fo re t h e L o rd , to eat s uffi

cien t ly , an d fo r cl o t h in g .

P E R M I S S I O N (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

1 Wh at is author
i ty ? 2 . Wh at is p ermission ? 3 . H o w d o e s p ermis s ion co mpare

wit h a llow ance ? 4 . Wh at is a p ermi t ? 5 .Wh at is li cense ? H o w d o e s it

co mpare with autho ri ty with p ermi ss ion ? 6 W h at d oe s consen t in v
. o lv
e

E XA MPL E S .

G o d is more t h e re t h an t h o u ; fo r t h o u art t h e re
O nl y b y h i s
v
T h ie es fo r th ei r ro b b ery v
ha e

W h en j ud g e s s t e al t h e ms e lv es

lv f
.

Very few o f t h e E gypt ian s avail t h emse es o the wh ich t h ei r re ligio n

al l o ws t h em o f h av
, in g fo ur wives .

P E R N I C I O U S (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Fro m wh at v
is pernicious d eri e d , an d wh at d o e s it ? 2 H o w d o e s pern i
s ignif y .

cious c o mpare wit h i nj uri ous ? 3 Wh at d o es . noi some d en o t e ? 4 Wh at is .

v
t h e di st in ct i e s en se O f noxi ous 5 H o w d o es no xi ous co mpare with no is o me
E XAM PLE S .

Inflamin g win e , man kin d

to
v with
.

S o b ee s with s mo ke , an d do es sten ch ,
 l exit y
fi é
e rl
h y iea i 478

Are fro m t h eir hi ve s , an d h o use s, d ri v en away .

T he s tron g s mell o f sulfur, an d a ch o kin g sen s at ion o f t h e lun gs in di cat ed th e

presen ce of gases .

P E R P L E X I T Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is perp lexi ty ? con usion

f H o w d o th e t wo wo rd s mpareco 2 H ow d o .

bewil d ermen t an d co nf us ion co mpare 3 Fro m wh at d o es amazemen t result

E XA M PLE S .

Cams —Vere is min e O s t d e Jarterre ~ .

HO S T —H ere mast er d o ct or in
.
, an d d o ub t ful dil emma
, .

Th ere is such in my po wers

A s, aft er s o me o rat io n f airl y spok e
v
By a b el o e d prin ce , t h e re d o t h appe ar
Among th e b uzzin g, pl ease d mul t itud e .

P E R S U A D E (page
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o es co n v
i nce d en o te ? H o w d o e s it d ifi er fro m th e o th er wo rd s o f t h e
v
.

gro up 2 . Wh at is it t o persuad e 3 H o w is con in cing relat ed to persua

.

s ion 4 H o w d o es
. co ax co mpare wit h p ersuad e ?
E X AM PLE S .

A l o n g train t h es e pract is es h as at le n gth un will in gly

of me t h at th ere is
s o met h in g h id b eh in d t h e t hro n e great e r t h an t h e kin g h ims elf

v
.

H e h ad a h ead t o con tri e, a t on gue t o an d a h an d to execut e an y mis ch ief .

P E R VE R S E (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

Wh at is t h e et y mo lo gical mean in g o f p er v erse ? Wh at d o es i t s ign ify in co mmo n

us e 2 . W h at d o es p etulan t s igni fy wayward ?
E X AM PL E S .

An d yo u, my lo rd s met h in k s you d o n ot well,

T o b ear wit h t h e ir o b j ection s .

Whining , pur b l in d , b oy l
Go o d Lo rd I wh at mad n ess rul es in b rain s ick men
Wh en , f or s o s l igh t an d vlou
fri o s a cause ,

S uch e mul at io n s sh all ari s e .

P H Y S I C A L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at d o es materi al sign ify 2 Wh at id ea d oes ph ysical ad d

. t o t h at con t ain ed

in materi al ? 3 . T o wh at d o bod i ly , corp oral, an d corporeal appl y ? 4 . H ow

d o bod il y an d corporal d iff er fro m corporeal ? 5 . T o wh at is corp or al n o w for
th e mo s t part limite d
 leasan t
gme
-
y 480

P L E A SA N T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh atd oe s pleasan t add to th e s en s e o f pleasi n g ? 2 H ow d o e s pleasan t co m

.

pare wit h ki n d 3 . Wh at d o es goo d n a tured sig n ify

e
H o w d o e s it compare
wit h pleas an t ?
E X AM P LE S .

Like o n e th at wraps th e dr apery o f h is couch

A b o ut h im , an d lie s d o wn t o d reams .

Wh en fi ct io n rises t o th e e ye ,

M en will b e l ie e b ecause t h ey l o v
v e t h e lie

v
.

If we mus t part fo re e r,

Giv
e me b ut one wo rd t o th in k upon .

P L E N T I F U L (page
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at kind of a t erm is en ough , an d wh at d o es it mean 2 . H o w d o e s suflici en t

co mpare wit h en ough ? 3 . Wh at is a mp le 4 . T o wh at d o abun d an t , a mple,
liberal , p len tif ul apply ? 5 H o w is cop ious use d ? afiluen t ? plen tif ul ?
an d

v
.

6 W d omp 7 In wh at s en se are la is h an d p rofuse em

’
. h at o e s c l ete e xpres s

pl oye d ? 8 T o wh at is luxuri an t applie d

.

E X A MP LES
My j o ys .

Wan t on in ful n e s s , s eek t o hid e t h emsel vs

e

In dr o ps o f s o rro w .

Can an yb o d y rememb er wh en t h e righ t so rt o f men an d th e righ t sort o f women

were
v
S h are t h e ad ice b etwix t y o u ; if b o t h gain all,
h
T e g if t d o t h s t ret ch i t se lf as
’
t is rece i ed , v
And is fo r b o th .

H e h as t e d , an d o ppo sed th e ro cky o rb

O f t e nf o l d ad a man t , hi s shi eld .

P O E T R Y (pag e
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is poetry ? 2 D o e s poetry in vl v rime ?

o e D o es it re quire meter ? 3
v
. . .

Wh at is imperat ive ly re quire d b eyo n d erse, ri me , or meter to co n s t it ut e

p oetry
E XA MPLE S .

is rh yth mi cal , imagin at i vle an guage , expressin g th e in v

e ti
n on , t as t e,
th ough t , pass ion , and in sigh t of a h uman s o ul .

H e kn ew
H ims elf t o sin g, an d b uild th e l o ft y
An d e v
e agai
r n s t eat in g care s ,

L ap me in Lydi ans o ft airs ,

M arrie d t o immortal
 lite
B
o
481 ra ise

P O L I T E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

W h at are th e ch aract erist ics of a ci v

i l perso n Wh at mo re is fo un d in on e wh o
is p oli te 2 . H o w d o es co urteous co mpare wit h ci il v 3 . W h at d oes co ur tly
s igni fy ? gen teel ? urb ane ? 4 . In wh at s en se is poli shed us e d co mplai san t ?
E X AM PL ES .

S h e is not fo r t h e sak e o f s ee min g b ut fo r t h e s ake o f b ein g

kin d .

H e was so gen erally t h at n ob o d y th an k e d h im f o r it .

H er air, h er mann e rs , all wh o s aw ad mire d ; th o co y , an d gen tl e th o ret ire d .

P O VE R T Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o e s pov
erty s t ri ctl y d en o t e ? W h at d o e s it s ign ify in o rd in ary use 2
vti o
.

Wh at d o e s pri a n s ign ify H O W d o es it

’
co mpare with d i s tress ? 3 Wh at
is i n d i gen ce ? d es ti tuti o n ? p enury ? 4 . d o c s p aup erism pro perl y
W h at s ig

n ify H o w d o es it d iff er from begg ary an d men d i can cy

PO W ER (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is power ? 2 Is power limit e d t o in t ell igen t agen t s , o r h o w wid el y

.

appl ie d 3 H o w d o e s a bi li ty c o mpare wit h po wer ? 4

. W h at is cap aci ty, .

an d h ow re l at ed t o p ower an d t o a bi li ty ? 5 h at i s comp eten cy ? f acul ty ?

. W
t alen t ? 6 . W h at are d exteri ty an d s kil l ? H o w are t h ey rel at e d t o talen t ? 7 .

Wh at is efii cacy efliciency

E X AM PLE S .

Bis marck was th e on e great figure o f all E urope , with mo re fo r g o o d or e v

il
t h an an y o t h er h uman b e in g po ssesse d at t h at t ime .

T he s o ul , in it s h igh es t sen se , i s a vtas fo r G o d .

I reck o n it is an o v ers igh t gre at b o d y o f met aph ys ician s t h at t h e y h a

in a vb e een

afraid t o ascrib e o ur appreh en sio n s o f to in t uit io n In co n s e que n ce O f t h is

vg
.

n egl e ct , s o me ne er et th e id ea o f b ut merely o f succes s ion , with in t h e b are

limi t s o f e xperien ce .

P R A I S E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is praise ? By h o w man y is it gi v en , an d h o w is it e xpre ss e d 2 . W h at

is b y h o w man y gi e n
app l au se v
an d h o w e xpresse d 3 Wh at is acclama .

tio n ? H o w d o e s it d iflfer f ro m app l ause ? 4 H o w d o es approba ti on diff er

v
.

fro m praise 5 W h at d o es appro al ad d t o th e mean in g o f p rais e 6 . H ow

d o e s complimen t co mpare wit h p rai se ? ’
7 . Wh at is j lattery
E X A MP LE S .

Of list en in g s en at e s to co mman d ,
T h e t hr eat s Of pain an d ruin t o d espise ,
 !i
ra
re est in a tio n 482

T o scatt e r pl en t y o er a s
’
milin g l an d ,

A n d read t h e ir h is t o ry in a n at io n s
‘
e yes .

no man e er
’
d e ser vd wh
e o s o ugh t n o mo re .

Gladl y th en h e mixed
Amo n g t h o s e frien d ly powers , wh o h im re ce i e dv
Wit h j o y an d s l o ud .

P R A Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is it t o pray in th e rel igious s en s e 2 . In wh at l igh t er an d mo re familiar

s en se may p ray b e us e d Is t hi s l att er us e n o w co mmon

E XAM P LE S .

Hes io d e xh o rt e d th e h usb an d man t o for a h ar vt

es , b ut t o d o so wit h h i s
h an d upo n t h e pl o w .

I kn ee] , an d t h e n h e r b l ess in g .

P R E C A R I O U S (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

T o wh at is t h e t erm uncert ain appl ie d 2 . Wh at

di d p recarious o rigin al ly s ig
n ify H o w is it no w us e d , an d h o w d o es it di ff er fro m uncert ai n

E X A MPL ES .

T h o u kn o w st , great
’
son ,

T he en d o f w ar s
‘

L ife s eems t o be in pro portio n t o it s v

al ue .

P R E C E D E NT ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is p reced en t ? 2 H o w d oes cas e fall sh o rt o f th e me an in g o f p reced en t ?

a .

3 . W h at is an obi ter d ictum H ow d o es it d iffer fro m a preced en t

E XAM P LE S .

Wh ere freed o m b ro ad en s S lowly d o wn

Fro m to
L et us cons id er th e reas o n o f th e fo r n o t h in g is law t h at is n o t re as on .

P R E D E S T I N A T I O N (page
QUES T I O N S .

1 . Wh atis pred es ti n a tion ? 2 H o w d o es f a te di ff er fro m pred es ti n a tio n ? 3

. .

Wh at d o es n eces si ty s ign if y in t h e ph ilo so phi cal s en se ? 4 Wh at is f ore .

knowled g e D o es it in ol v
v e f oreord i na t ion o r p red es ti n ati on ?

E X AM PLE S
v
.

F or h as wo e t h e t h read of l ife wit h pain .

Al l hi gh t rut h is t h e un ion of t wo con t rad ict o ri es . T h us an d free a will are

O ppo s it e s ; an d t h e t rut h d o e s n ot l ie b et ween t h es e t wo , b ut in a h igh er recon cilin g

v
t rut h wh ich l ea e s b o t h true .
 ri c e

g re en 484

P R I CE (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e t h e p rice ? 2 H o w (16 cos t an d pri ce o rdin arily

cos t of an art icl e .

diff e r ? 3 In wh at e xcept io n al cas e may cos t an d p ri ce agre e ? 4 h at W

v
. .

d o e s p ri ce al ways imply ? 5 h at is t h e me an in g o f al ue ? H o w d o es
W
vlu vlu vl u
.
‘

mark e t a e d iffer fro m in trin s ic a e? 6 . H o w d o es a e d iff er fro m

wor th 7 . T o wh at are ch arge an d exp ense o rdin aril y appl ied

E XAM PLE S .

v
is t h e life s gi ing po wer o f an yt h in g ; th e quan t ity O f l ab o r re
quired t o pro d uce it ; t h e quan t ity o f l ab o r wh ich it s posse ss or wil l t ak e in
e xch an ge f o r it .

N o man can permanen tl y d o b usin e ss b y mak in g th e o f h is go o d s t h e

same as th eir v
t o h im, h o we er s uch a meth o d may h elp h im mo men tarily in
an e me rgency .

P R I D E (pag e
QU E S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is p rid e h augh ti ness arrog an ce d i s d ai n H o w d o t h es e qualit ies co m

pare with prid e 2 W h at d o es sup ercilio us ness imply acco rdi n g to it s

v i ty diff
.

et ymo l o gy 3 H o w d o p ri d e an d . an er 4 Wh at diff eren ce is n o t e d

.

b et wee n se lf =
concei t an d co n cei t ? 5 . H ow d o resp ect an d self es teem co m
self v e

pare wit h each o t h er an d wit h t h e o t h er wo rd s of t h e gro up

E X AM PL ES .

may puff a man up, b ut n e er v p op h im upr .

T h ere is n o t h in g can s o l i tt l e b ear w it h as it sel f

v
.

is as ill at e ase un d er in d iff eren ce as ten d e rn ess is un d er t h e l o e whi ch i t

can n o t re t urn .

P R I M E VA L (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e d eri v
at i mev
o n an d s ign ifi cat io n o f a bori gi n al ? autoch thon i c ? pri
al ?
2 Wh at d o p ri me an d pri mary d en o t e
. W h at special s en s e h as pri mary as
in re fere n ce t o a s cho o l 3 H o w is p ri mor d i al us e d 4 W h at d o e s p ri m
i ti v
e s uggest as in t h e express io n s t h e pri mi tiv e ch urch pri mi tiv
. .

, e s implicit y ?

5 W h at is p ri sti ne ? 6 H o w d o na t iv
, ,

. e an d i n d igenous co mpare ?
.

E X A MPL E S

T h o u fro m n o t h in gn es s d id s t c al l

F irs t ch ao s , t h en e x i s t e n ce , Lo rd
v th
.

T he in h ab it an t s Of A m erica are l o n g s in c e e xt in ct , fo r e en e race s wh o m

t h e wh it e men co n que re d h ad t h ems el es v s uppl an t e d an e arlier rac e

vw
.

A ll t h e l at er age s ha e o n d ere d at an d ad mired t h e wh o l e e s o ul e d con s ecrat ion

of th e ch urch .

P R O F I T (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at are returns o r receip ts 2 Wh at is p rofi t in th e co mmercial s ens e Wh at.

i n t h e in t e ll e ct ual an d mo ral sen se ? 3 W h at is uti li ty ? 4 Wh at d o es ad . .

 p ro g re s s
485 pro m o te

vt a n age o rigin al ly s ign ify 9 . D o es imply h a in g o r gain in g

it n o w n e ce s s arily v
s uperio rit y t o an o t h e r pe rs on , o r s e curin g an y t h in g at an o t h e r s expe n se 5
’
.

Wh at is g ai n ? benefit emol umen t ? 6 T o wh at d o es exped i ency espe cial ly .

refer

E XAM P LE S .

S il e n ce h as man y S .

N O man can read w i t h t h at whi ch h e can n o t learn t o re ad with pleasure .

G o d liness wit h c o n t en t men t is great

P R O G R E S S (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at i s progress 2 Wh at d o at tai n men t p rofi ci en cy, an d d e vl pm

e o en t imply
Wh at is ad v
. .
,

3 . ance H o w d o es it d iff er fro m progres s ?

E X AM PL E S .

Wh at is th y co mpare d with an A le xan d er s ,

’
a Mah o met ’
s, a N apo leon s ’

A n d dr eams in t h eir ha vb e re at h ,

An d t ears , an d t o rt ur e s , an d t h e t o uch Of j oy .

H uman co n s ist s in a co n t in ual in creas e in t h e nu mb er o f t h o s e wh o , ceas

ing t o li v
e b y th e an i mal life al o ne an d t o f eel t h e pleasures o f s en s e o n l y, co me to

part icipat e in t h e int elle ctual life al s o .

P R o II I B I T (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is it t o proh ibit ? 2 H o w d o es f orbi d co mpare with p rohi b i t ? 3 H ow

vt ?
. .

d o e s proh i bi t co mpare with pre en

E XAM PLE S .

T ho much I wan t wh i ch mo s t woul d ha v

e ,

Y et s t il l my min d t o crave

v
.

T h e laws o f E n gl an d , fro m t h e earl y P l an t agen e t s , s t ern l y th e co n er

s io n o f malt in t o al co h o l , e xc ept in g a s mall port ion f o r me d icin al purpo ses .

H uman l aw must man y t h in gs t h at h uman minis tratio n

ad of law can n o t

ab so lut ely is n ot th is t rue al so o f v

t h e di in e go v
e rn men t ?

P R O M O T E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is it t o promo te ? 2 . To wh at d o es promo te appl y T o pers on s or t hi ngs ,

an d in wh at way
E XAM PLE S .

T he o ut l awed pirat e o f o ne ye ar was th e n e xt to b e a go vern o r an d hi s

co un try s repre s en t at i e
’
v .

T h e imperial wh ich ful l h igh

e n s ign ,

S h on e like a met eo r st reaming in t h e wind .

 itiatio
Bg
ro n
ro ra ct 486

P R O P I T I A T I O N (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at d id atoneme n t o rigin al ly d en o te W h at is it s present th eolo gical an d po p .

ul ar s en se ? 2 Wh at d o es expi a tio n s ign if y ? p rop i tia tion ? s a tisfaction

.

E X AM PLE S .

h as respect t o th e b earin g whi ch s ati sfact io n h as upo n s in o r th e s inn er

mo v
.

has respect t o th e e ff e ct o f s at is fact ion in re in g th e j ud icial d ispl easure o f

G od .

Wh en a man h as b een guilty o f an y s in o r fo lly, I t h ink th e b est he can

make is t o warn o th ers n o t t o f all in t o t h e like

van c
.

Red empt ion im plie s t h e co mpl et e d eli er fro m t h e pen al ty , po wer, an d all
e

th e co n se quen ces o f s in is us e d in t h e s en se O f t h e s acrifi cial work , wh ereb y

th e re d e mpt ion from th e co n d emning po wer O f th e l aw was in sured .

P R O P O SA L (page
QU E S TI O N S .

Wh at d oes an ofi er o r proposal d o ? 2 Wh at d o e s a proposi tion

‘

1 . set fo rt h ? 3 .

F or wh at is t h e propos i ti on d e s ign e d ? t h e propos al ? 4 In wh at way d o es .

v
p roposi tio n co me t o h a e n e arl y t h e s en s e o f p ropos al in cert ain uses ? 5 .

Wh at is abi d ? 6 Wh at d o es an o erture
. v acco mplish In wh at special ap

plicat ion is th e word co mmonl y us ed ?

E X A MPLES .

Garris on emph aticall y d eclare d ,

“
I can n o t li s t en t o an y for a grad ual ab o
”
lit io n Of wicked ne ss .

T h e t h eme in co nfirmat ion must al ways ad mi t of b ein g expresse d in a l ogical

with sub e ct ,
j pred icate , an d co pul a .

P R O P O S E (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 H o w d oes p ropose in it s mo s t frequen t us e d iff er fro m purpose

H o w is pro 2 .

pose us e d s o as t o b e v
n e arl y e qui al en t t o purp ose ? Wh at import an t d ifferen ce

appe ars in t h is l att er us e

E X AM PL ES .

I k n o w, in d eed , th e e v
ilOf t h at I b ut my in clin atio n ge t s t h e b ett er o f my
j ud gmen t .

M an -
s, b ut G o d dis po se s .

P R O T R A C T (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is it t o prot ract ? 2 . Wh at is t h e s ignifican ce of d ef er an d d elay, an d h ow

d o t h ese wo rd s d iff er in us age fro m protrac t ? 3 H o w d o e s elon ga te differ
v v
.

fro m pro tract 4 Is p rotract o rdi n aril y f a orab l e or unf a orab l e in s en se

.

5 Is con ti n ue fa vo rab l e o r un fa o rab l e v

 ure
g uo t e 488

P UR E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at d o es pure signify ? 2 In wh at sen s e are mat erial s ub stances said to b e

.

p ure ? 3 Wh at d o es pure d en o t e in mo ral an d religio us use 4 H o w d o es

v
. .

pure co mpare with i n nocen t ? wit h i rtuous ?

E XAM P LES .

Wat er fro m melt ed s no w is r t h an rain a wat er, as it d e s cen d s t h rough th e air

in a s o lid fo rm, in capab le o f ab s orb in g at mo sph eric gas es .

S t on e walls d o n o t a priso n make,

Nor iron b ars a cage ;
M in d s an d quie t take

T h at for a h ermitage .

In e vy pl
er ace in cen s e sh all b e o ff ered unt o my name an d a o ff erin g, s ait h

th e L ord of h o st s .

Q U E E R (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is t h e mean in g o f od d ? si n gular ? Ar e od d an d si ng ul ar pre cis e e qui v

al eut s ? 2 W h en is a t hin g cal led s trange 3 Wh at is t h e
. .
primary me an
in g o f p eculi ar Wit h wh at impli cat io n is it n ow co mmon ly used 4 . Wh at
is t h e meani n g o f eccen tric H o w d o e s it di ffer in us e fro m od d or queer ? 5 .

H O W d oe s erra ti c co mpare with eccen tri c 6 . Wh at is t h e primary meani n g

of queer it s co mmo n mean in g 7 Wh at is . th e sign ifi can ce of quai n t ?
grotesque
E X AM PLES .

A sh y man was th is pas t or a s ort O f v

li in g mummy , d ried up an d
b l each e d b y I cel an di c sn o ws .

In s ett in g a h en , s ay s G ro s e , t h e go o d women h o ld it an in di spensab le rul e t o put

n umb er o f eggs .

O nl y a man o f un d o ub t e d gen ius can afi o rd t o b e

T he archi t ect ure v
o f th e s e med ie al t own s h as a s tran ge fas cin at ion .

Q U I C K E N (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is it t o accelerate ? t o d espatch ? 2 Wh at d o es th e erb sp ee d signify ?

. v
h as ten ? h urry ? Wh at d o es h urry s ugge st in ad d it ion t o t h e meani n g of
h ast en
E X A MPLES .

T he mo t ion O f a fallin g b o d y is con t in uall y ed .

T h e mus t e r pl ace is L anrick me ad

z
l
f ort h t h e sign al 1 N orman ,
T h e pul s at ions of t h e h eart are ed b y exertion .

(pageQ UO T E
QUE S TI O N S .

1 H ow d oes cite differ fro m quote 2 W h at is it t o p araphrase ? t o plagi ari ze

.
 r a cy
489 re a c h

E X AM P LE S .

A gre at man b ra vly

e , an d will n ot draw on his in vti
en on wh en h is mem
v
o ry s e r es h im w ith a wo rd go o d as .

T h e D e il can v S cript ure fo r h is purpos e .

appro priat e o t h e s t h o ugh t s o r wo rd s mech ani cally an d with out credi t is

‘
To r

R ACY (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 . T o wh at d o e s racy in t h e firs t in st an ce re fer pungen t ? 2 H o w d o e s piquan t

.

d iffer fro m pun gen t ? 3 H O W . are t h e se wo rd s an d t h e wo rd sp i cy used in

referen ce t o l it erary pro d uct s

E XAM P LES .

P ure mot h er En glish , fre sh wit h id io matic graces

an d .

T he at mo s ph ere was s tran gel y impregn at e d wit h t h e o d o r o f b urn in g pe at .

T he s pruc e , th e ce d ar, an d t h e j uni per, wit h t h e ir b al sami c b reat h , filled t h e

air wit h a fragran ce .

R A D I C A L (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e primary mean in g o f rad ical ? 2 Wh at co n t rast ed . s en ses are d eri vde

fro m t hi s primary meanin g

E XA MP LE S .

T imid ity is a d e fe ct in a re fo rmer

v
.

S o cial an d po lit ical l ead ers l o o k t o est ed in t ere st s , an d h en ce are in clin ed t o

regard all measures as

R AR E (pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is th e mean ing O f uni que ? Can an y o ne o f a n umb er o f t h ings O f th e same

kin d b e un i que ? 2 Wh at is t h e primary mean in g o f rare ? Wh at ad d e d s en s e
v
.

is O ft en b l e n d e d wit h t h i s primary meanin g ? 3 . Is extraord i n ary fa o ab l

r e

or v
un fa o rab l e in mean ing

E X AM P LE S .

N o th ing is so as time .

T h at wh ich gives t o t h e J ews t h e ir po s it ion a mon g t h e n at ion s is wh at we

are ac cus t o me d to re gard a s t h e ir s acre d h is t o ry .

A n d wh at i s so as a d ay in Jun e
T h en , if v
e er, co me perfe ct d ays .

R E A CH (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at i s it t o reach in t h e sen s e h ere co n s id ere d ? 2 . Wh at is it t o arri e ?v

v
.

3 . Wh at d o es a ttai n ad d to th e mean in g o f a rri e ? Wh at d o es gai n ad d

 re a l
re a s o n 490

E XA M P LE S .

A n d graspin g d own t h e b ough s

I e d t h e sh o re .

H e gat h ere d t h e ripe n ut s in t h e fall ,

An d b errie s th at gre w b y fen ce an d wall
S o h igh s h e co uld n o t t h em at al l .

T h e h e igh t s b y great me n e d an d k ept

Were n o t —
cd by s ud d en fligh t ,
But t h ey, wh il e th eir co mpani o n s s l ept ,

Were t o il in g upward in th e n igh t .

It i s o n ly in t h is way t h at we can h ope t o at t ruth .

R E AL (page
QUE S TIO N S .

1 Fro m wh at is real d eri vd e Wh at d o es it mean 2 . Fro m wh at is th e real d is

tin gui sh e d ? 3 T o wh at is actual o ppo s e d ? 4 Wh at s h a d es of d iff eren ce
v
. .

may b e po in t e d o ut b et ween t h e f o ur wo rd s actual , real , d e el op ed , an d

p osi ti v?e
E X AM PLE S .

In li fe we d o n ot d ie wh en all t h at mak e s lif e b righ t d i es t o us

v
.

If th ere was an y tro ub le , or impe n din g, aff ect in g th o se sh e h ad s er e d , h er

pl ace was w it h t h e m .

T hi s was regard ed as pro o f o f con s piracy .

R E A S O N, '
0 .
(pa ge
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is i t t o r eas on ab o ut a matt er 2 Fro m wh at is argue v

d eri
ed an d wh at
v?
.
,

d o e s it mean ? 3 . Wh at is it t o d emons trate ? t o p ro e H ow d o t h e se tw o

wo rd s agree an d d iff e r
E XAM P L E S .

T h ere are two ways o f reachi ng truth by ing it o ut an d b y feelin g it o ut .

In in g, t o o , t h e pers on o wn e d h is s kill ,

F or ’
e en v
t h o an quish e d , h e co ul d st ill .

A mat t er o f fact may be ed by a d e quat e e v

id en ce ; o nl y a math emat ical
pro po s it io n can be ed .

R E A S O N, (pag e
n .

QUE S TI O N S .

1 H o w d o es ca use diff er fro m reason in t h e s trict s en s e o f each o f t h e t wo wo rd s

2 . H o w is reason O ft en use d s o as to b e a part ial v
e qui al en t o f cause ?

E XA M PLE S .

NO one is at lib ert y t o spe ak ill o f an o t h er with o ut a j ust ifi ab le e v

en th o
kn o ws h e i s s peakin g t rut h .

I am n o t o n ly wit ty my s elf , b ut t h e th at wit is in o th er men .

N eces sity is t h e o f t yran t s ; it i s t h e cree d o f s l a es v .

Al as h o w l igh t a may mo v e

D is sen s io n b et ween h eart s t h at lo v

e I
 re n d
re pe n t a n ce 49 2

Wh at d oes it includ e ? 3 . Wh at is worsh ip ? d e otio n ? 4 Wh at is v . moral

i ty ? god li ness ? h oli ness ? 5 . H O W is theology relat ed t o reli gio n ?

EXAM PL E S .

is man ’
s b elief in a b eing o r b eings , mi gh t ier th an h imself an d in access ible
t o h is sen s es , b ut n ot in differen t t o his s en ti ment s an d act io n s , with t h e fee lin gs an d

pract is es whi ch flo w from such b elief .

wh ose s oul s in cere

F ears G o d , an d kn o ws n o o t h er fe ar .

T O d eny th e freed o m o f t h e will is t o mak e impo s s ib le .

S ys t ematic may b e d efin ed as th e sub stan ce o f t h e Chris t ian faith in a

s cien tifi c form .

R E ND (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 T o what are rend an d tear us ual lyis t h e stron ger word 2 appli ed Wh ich
v
.

In wh at conn ecti on is ri e us ed , an d in wh at sen s e 3 What d oes lacerate .

s ignif y 4 H o w d o e s ma ngle co mpare wi th l acerate ? 5 Wh at d o burst

. .

an d rup ture s ign ify Wh ich is t h e s tron ger wo rd Wh en is a st eam b o iler ‘

s aid t o b e rup tured ? 6 Wh at d o e s rip sign ify

.

E XA MPL E S .

S t o rms d o n ot th e s ail t h at is furl e d .

O h , it o ff en d s me t o th e peri wigv pat ed fello w

'

s o ul t o h ear a ro b us t io us ,

pass io n to t at t ers , t o ery v rags , to s pl it th e ears o f th e gro un d lin gs .

An d n o w a b ub b l e s , an d n o w a wo rld
vl ut i
.

T h e first b l oo d sh ed in t h e re o o n ary s t ruggl e mere d ro p in amoun t b ut

a

fo re v
,

a d eluge in it s eff ects , in g t h e co l o ni es e r fro m t h e mo th er co un t ry .

R E NO U NC E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Fro m wh at is renounce d eri vd e an d in wh at s en se us e d recan t ? retract ? 2 .

v
,

Wh at is it t o d i scar d ? 3 H o w d oes re oke co mpare with recal l in o rigin al

v v
.

meani n g an d in pres en t us e ? 4 . W h at is t h e d e ri at i on an d t h e d is t in ct i e

me an ing O f abj ure 5 In wh at . s en s e is repud i ate use d

E XA M P LE S .

O n h is kn ees , with h is h an d on th e B ib l e Galileo was co mpell ed to

mo v
,

c urs e th e d o ct rin e of th e e men t of th e e art h

vy
.

He ad d s h is s o ul t o e er o t h er lo ss, an d b y th e act o f s ui cid e , e art h to

f o rfe it h ea ven .

H e h ad n o S pirit ual ad v
ise r, n o h uman co mfo rt er, an d was en t irely in th e h an d s
of th o s e wh o were d et ermin e d t h at h e sh o ul d or d ie .

R E P E NT A NC E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is regret ? 2 . Wh at d oes p en i ten ce ad d to regret ? 3 . H o w d o es repen t

ance s urpas s th e me an in g of p en i tence , reg ret , sorrow , e t c . ? 4 . Wh at is com
 re p r o o f
49 3 re p ro e v

p unction ? contri tio n ? 5 . W h at is re mo rse , an d h o w d o es it compare with

repen t ance
E XAM P LE S .

Wh at t h en wh at re sts

T ry wh at can wh at can it n ot

F o rgive me Val e n t in e , if h earty

,

B e a suffi cient ran s o m fo r o ff en se ,

I t en d er t h ere
’
.

S o writh es th e min d h as v
ri en ,

Un mee t for e arth , un d o o me d t o h ea ve n,

D arkn es s ab o vd e, e spair b en e ath ,

Aro un d it flame , with in it d eat h .

R E PR O O F (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Are blame, censure, an d d isappro al v spoken o r s il en t ? 2 . A re co mment , cri ti

cis m rebuke, re ection , repreh ens io n , an d reproo
fl f e xpress ed o r n o t 3 H ow .

o f a d mo n i tion an d animad v Are commen t an d cri tici sm f av

,

ers ion ? 4 o rab l e

.

o r un fav o rab l e ? D O t h e y imply s uperiorit y o n t h e part o f co mmen t at o r o r

crit ic ? 5 D O refl ecti on an d repreh ensio n imply s uch s uperio rit y

. H ow
are t h ese t wo wo rd s d iscrimin at ed ? 6 Wh at d oe s reb uke literal ly s igni fy ? .

T o wh a t ki n d O f e
p sr o n i s a rebuke ad m in i s t ere d 7 T O wh at k in d o f pe rs on
'
.

is rep roo f ad min is t ered W h at d o rebuke an d reproof impl y o n th e part o f

8
W h at is ani mad v
.

hi m w h o ad mi n ist ers t h em ? 9 ersion ? a d mo n i tion ?

. ,

E X AM P LES .

A is in t ol erab le wh en it is ad mini s t ere d o ut o f prid e o r h at re d .

vv
T h e b est preser at i e t o ke ep t h e mi n d in h e al th is th e faithful of a friend .

O pen is b et ter t h an s ecret lo e v .

R E P R O VE (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is it t o censure ? t o reprov
e ? to rep ri mand 2 . H o w d oes ad monis h com
pare with th e o th er wo rd s in th e gro up Is it s refe ren ce t o t h e past or t o t h e
fut ure 3 W h at is it t o reproach
. D o es t h is wo rd impl y aut h o rit y or s u
periorit y ? 4 W h at is t h e fo rce o f exp ostul a te an d remo ns trate 9
. .

E X A MP LE S .

H e t h at oppresset h t h e po or e th his M ak e r .

H er an s wer e d me ; fo r sh e s aid , I n e er ask t h eir crimes , for v we h a v

e al l

co me s h ort
”
.

M o s es was ed G o d wh en h e was ab o ut t o mak e t h e t abern acl e : fo r,

of

s ee , s ait h h e , t h at th ou make al l t hings accordi n g t o t h e patt ern sh ewed to th ee in t h e

mo un t .

T h is wit n ess is true . T h erefore t h em sh arply, th at t h ey may b e s oun d in

t h e f aith .
 re st
re ovl u t i o n 49 4

R E S T ( pag e
QUE S T I O N S .

1 Wh at is case quiet ? res t ? 2 Wh at is recreati on

.
, an d h ow is it rel at ed to res t ?
3 Wh at is rep ose in ft h e primary
. , an d wh at in t h e d eri vd e , s en s e 4 . H ow
d o es repose co mpare wit h res t ? 5 W h at is a pause 6 . H o w d o e s sleep co m
pare with rep ose an d res t ?
E XA M P LES .

S eek o ut , l es s o ften s o ugh t t h an fo un d ,

A s o l d i er s
’
gra e v—f or t h ee t h e b e s t ;
T h en lo o k aro un d , an d ch oose t h y gro un d ,
An d t ak e t h y
H er man n ers h ad not t h at
T h at st a mps th e cast o f Vere d e Vere .

S h all I not t ake min e in min e inn

R E ST R A I N (page
QUES T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is it t o res trai n ? 2 . H o w d o es cons trai n di ff er fro m res trai n ? 3 How .

d o es res trai n d iff er f ro m ?

res trict! 4 . H ow d o es repress co mpare wit h re

strai n supp ress

E X AM P L E S .

T h e E ngl ish P urit an s , —c d at h o me , fled fo r freed o m t o America

v
.

In n o po lit ical syst em is it s o n e ce s sary t o t h e powers o f t h e go ern men t

as in a d emo crat ic st at e .

R E YE N G E (page
QUES T I O N S .

Wh at is v
re enge 2 H o w d oe s retali ation compare wit h v
re enge 3 Wh at
vg
. .

d id en eance fo rmerl y mean , an d wh at d o es it n ow imply 4 . Wh at is a re

qui tal 5 H ow d o v
a en gi n g an d re tributio n di ff er fro m ret al i a ti on , re en ge, v
v v
.

an d engeance 6 . Wh at diff eren ce may be n o te d b et wee n a en gi n g an d

retri buti on
E XA MP L E S .

A cco rd in g t o t h e wish of S ul la h ims el f, h is mo n ument was erect ed in th e

C ampus M art ins , b earing an in s criptio n co mpo se d b y h imse lf No frien d e v d id er

me a kin d n e s s , n o en e my a wro n g, wit h o ut re ce i in g f ull v

By t h e spirit O f as we so met imesit , we gen eral l y un d e rs t an d a
e xpre s s

d is po s itio n , n ot merely t o re t urn s uff erin g f o r s uff erin g , b ut t o in flict a d e gree o f pain

on t h e pers o n wh o v
is s uppo s e d t o h a e in j ur ed us , b eyo n d wh at st rict j us t ice re quire s .

In all great religio n s we fi n d one G od , an d in all , pers on al immo rt ality wit h

R E VO L U T I O N (pag e
QUE S TI O N S
v v
.

1 Wh at is th e essent ial id ea of re olu ti on ? 2 D o es a re oluti on n e ces s arily in

ol v v
. .

v e war ? 3 W h at is an arch y ? i nsubord i n a tio n ? s ed i ti on ? re ol t ? re

v
. ,

belli on ? 4 H o w d o e s rebellion d iff er fro m

. re olutio n 5 . B y wh at class o f
person s is i nsurrecti on mad e muti ny
 sale
s ci e n c e 49 6

3 . Wh at is an obser ance v ? an ord i na n ce ? 4 . H ow d o sacra ment an d ord i

nan ce d iff er 5 . Wh at is a ri te
E XAM P LE S .

R el igion will glid e b y d egrees o ut o f th e min d v

un l es s it b e in igo rat e d an d re i m
pre s s e d b y e xt ern al s .

No t h in g te n d s more t o uni t e men ’

s h e arts th an j o inin g t ogeth er in t h e sa me
praye rs an d s .

S A L E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is ch ange o r exch an ge 2 Wh at is barter ? sale

. 3 . Wh at is a bargai n
in t h e str ict s en s e 4 Wh at . is tra d e in th e b road an d in t h e limit ed s en s e

E X AM P L E S .

H on o r s its s mil in g at t h e of t ruth

v
.

’
v
I l l gi e t h rice as much l an d to an y well d es e r ing frien d , s

But in t h e way o f mark ye me ,

I ll
’
ca v
il on th e nin th part of a h air .

S t amps G o d s o wn n a me upo n lie j ust mad e

’
a
'

TO co in a penn y in th e way Of

S A M P LE (pag e
QU E S T I O N S .

1 . Wh at is a sa mple ? a sp eci men 2 H o w d o sample an d sp eci men co mpare as

vly
.

in d i cat ion s of t h e qual ity of t h at wh ich t h ey re specti e repre sen t ?

E X AMPLE S .

T h ere is , t h ere fo re , in t h is co un t ry , an implied warran ty t h at t h e go o d s corre

S pon d t o th e
C urzol a is a perfect of a Ven et ian t o wn .

S C H O LA R (page
QUES TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e primary s en s e o f scholar ? t h e d e ri e d s en s e v 2 . W h at d oes pupil

s ign ify H o w is it t e chni cal ly use d in e d ucat io n al wo rk 3 . In wh at s en se is
s tud en t e mpl o ye d
E XAM PLE S .

T he accen t or t urn o f expre ssio n o f a s in gl e s en t en ce wil l at o n ce mark a

T h e S t at e of Ne w Yo rk s uppl ies al l n ee d e d t ext z b o o k s free O f ch arge to th e

in t h e pub li c s ch o ol s
s

vtak
.

The s in A merican co l l eges h a e en up athl e ti cs with in t en se en th us iasm .

S C I E N C E (pag e
QU ES TI O N S .

1 H o w d o e s sci ence mpare wit h knowled ge

co H o w d o es a rt co mpare wit h science
3 . Wh at two s en s e s O f a rt must b e d is crimin at e d fro m e ach o th er ? 4 In .
 s e c u ri t
49 7 sen s ib i ityl

wh ich s ense is art a syst em o f rule s ? 5 . In wh ich s ens e d oes art t ran
s cen d rule ?
E XAM P L ES .

B e eth o v
en to o k h is as s erio us l y as a s ain t an d mart yr t ak es h is re l igio n

wh e th er we v
.

M o d ern may b e regard ed as o n e v as t miracl e ie w it in ,

rel at io n t o t h e Al migh t y B e in g b y wh o m i ts O b j ect s an d it s l aws w ere f o rmed , o r

t o t h e fee b le in t ell e ct o f man b y wh ich it s d ept h s h av

,

, e b een s o un d ed an d it s ,

mysteries explo red

vv
.

Print ing h as b een apt ly t ermed th e pre s er at i e o f al l o t h er

S E C UR I T Y (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . v
O f wh at ki n d o f alue o r pro pe rt y must an earn es t co n s is t H ow d o p led ge
2 .

and securi ty di fi er fro m earnes t ? 3 . H o w d o es securi ty d ifi er fro m p led ge

4 . Wh at is bail ? g age ?
E X AMPL E S .

fo r a n at ional o r s t at e d eb t is t h e h o ne st y of it s pe opl e .

T he Sures t Of a d e at h le s s name
Is t h e s il en t h o mage of t h o ugh ts un s po k en .

A n d fo r an Of a
great er h o n o r,
H e b ad e me , fro m h im, call t h ee T h an e of C awd o r .

S E N S A T I O N (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is a sens ation a p ercep tio n 2 . H o w d o es an emo tion d iffer fro m a sen

s ation ? 3 H o w d o es t h e po pul ar t e rm f eeli n g
. co mpare wit h sens ati on an d

e mo tion ? 4 Wh at is a sens e
.

E XA M P L ES .

But in t h e t echn ical an d limit ed s en se O f t h e t erm, is appro priat ed to

t h e kn o wl e d ge of mate rial O b e ct s , an d
j of th e e xt e rn al wo rl d . T h is kn o wl ed ge is
gain ed o r acquired b y mean s o f t h e s , an d h en ce , t o b e more e xact , we call it
sens ib l e o r, mo re b riefly, sen s e

s sweet ,

Felt in th e b loo d , an d felt alon g t h e h eart .

S E NS I B I L I I Y
' ‘
(pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is sens ibili ty in th e ph il o s o ph ical s e n s e ? in popul ar use ? 2 h at d oes W

v
. .

s ensi ti eness d en o t e 3 h at is suscep ti bili t y ? H o w d o es it co mpare with

W
i tiv v
.

sens en ess 4 . H ow are s usc e

p ti bili ty and sens i ti eness di scrimin at ed in
ph ysics
E X AM P LE S .

T he Of th e ext ern al surface o f t h e b o d y is a s pecial en d o wmen t ad apte d t o

th e el e ment s aro un d an d cal c ul at e d to pro t ect th e in t erio r part s from in j ury .

t o pleasure is o f n e ces s it y al s o t o pain

v
.

E ery min d is in a pe culi ar st at e o f to cert ain impression s .

32
 se v ere
s k e t ch 49 S

S E VE R E (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is sev
ere ri gi d ? s trict ? 2 H o w d oes ri goro us co mpare wit h ri gi d
. 3 .

W h at d o es aus tere s ign ify ? W hat elemen t is al ways fo un d in an austere

ch aract er
E X AM P L E S .

In mat h emat ics we v

arri e at cert it ud e by d emons t ration .

H e wh o th e swo rd o f h ea v en will b ear

S h oul d b e as h o ly as

l aw is o ft en in j usti ce .

By ad h e ren ce t o t rut h in O fli cial d ealin g wit h t h e v

n at i es , t h e E ngl ish
ha v
e c o me t o b e .
alway s b elie vd i
e n I n d ia .

S H E LT E R ,
v(p . age

QUE S T I O N S .

W h en is an yt hin g said to b e co v
ered 2 H o w d oes shelter co mpare with cov er .

3 W h at d o es d efen d s ign ify

. 4 Wh at d o es guard imply 5 H o w d o es
. .

p rotect s urpas s guar d an d d efen d 6 W h at d o es shi eld s ign ify H ow d o es

vb
.

it co mpare wit h guard In wh at i s th e co m

'
or d ef en d 7 . s en se er h arbor
moul y us e d
E XAM PLE S .

et h h is s in s sh all not pro sper, b ut h e th at f ors aket h t h em s h all fin d

T h ou wh o t ro d ’
st th e b illowy s e a,

us in o ur j eo pard y I
In yo ut h it — c d me ,

A n d I ’ll prote ct it now .

S I N (pag e
QUE S TI O NS .

1 Wh at is si n? 2 H ow is trans gression di s crimin at ed from s in in t h e gen eral

v
. .

s en s e 3 Wh at is crime ? guil t ? d ep ra i ty ?
.

E XAM PLES .

C o mmit
T he o ld est s th e n e wes t ki n d of ways .

is not puni sh e d as an o ff en se again s t G o d , b ut pre j ud icial t o society

as .

H ow o n ce h arb o re d in t h e co n sc io us b re as t ,

Intimi d ate s t h e b ra vd e, e grad es t h e gre at .

S KE T C H (page
Q UE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is a sketch ? H O W d o e s it
wit h outli ne co mpare
2 In wh at s pecial co n .

n ect io n are d raf t an d

p lan use d ? 3 H o w d o es a mech an ical d rawi n g d ifi er .

fro m a d raft 4 W h at is a d esi gn ? H o w d o es it e xcee d t h e me an in g O f

.

d rawi ng ? 5 Wh at is an o utli n e in writt en composit ion

. H o w d o e s a sketch
 s o ci ali s m
s t a te

t h at is th e v
ig o ro us ut t eran ce O f un cul t ure d wit , t h at fills a gap in t h e l anguage an d

mo un t s ul t imat e ly t o t h e h igh es t pl aces .

A is w orse t h an u e it b e ars t h e in efi ace ab l e

, b e ca s
«
st a mp Of ign o
ran CO .

S O C I A LI S M (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 .
Wh at m ? Wh at
is s oci ali s t erm d o man y Of it s ad vo cat e s prefer ? 2 . Wh at is
communi sm ? an archi sm ?

E XA M PL E S .

in it s full sen se mean s t h e ab o lit io n O f inh erit ance, th e ab olition of t h e fam .

il y, t h e ab o lit io n O f n at io n al it ies , t h e ab ol it io n o f rel igio n , th e ab o lit io n

propert y Of .

in so me mo d ifi ed fo rm is , s t eadil y mak in g its w ay amon g th inkin g men

un d er t h e guise O f Co o perat io n .

is t h e O fi sprin g o f s o re h e art s an d s h all o w b rain s . It is t h e wis d om o f

th e man wh o b urn ed d own h is h ous e b e caus e h is ch imn ey s mok e d .

S P O N T A N E O U S (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh en is an yt h in g pro perly s aid t o b e sp on t an eous ? olun tary ? i n olun tary ? v v

v v
.

H ow d o olun t ary an d i n olun tary co mpare wit h each o t h er 2 b o t h with

‘
2 .

sp on taneous

E X A MP LES .

is O ppo s e d to refle cti v e . T h o se O peration s of mind whi ch are con t inuall y

with o ut an y eff ort o r in t en t io n o n o ur part are spon t aneous

goin g on .

NO act ion t h at is n o t h as an y merit .

S PY (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 In wh at areth e spy an d th e scout al ik e ? In wh at d o th ey d i ff er ? 3

2 Wh at
v igh t
. . .

are th eir respe ct i e r s in cas e o f capture 4 Wh at is an emiss ary .

E X A MPL E S .

A d arin g of G en eral S t uart mad e h is w ay t o my quart ers , an d in fo rmed

me th at G en eral Imb o d en h ad pl ann e d an att ack upo n t h e t o wn .

I h ad gro wn un e as y in regard t o t h e d is j o in t e d s it uat io n O f o ur ar my an d , t o in

f orm mysel f O f wh at w as go in g o n , d ete rmin ed t o sen d a in t o th e en emy’s lin es .

ST A T E ,
v(p
. a ge

QUE S T I O N S .

Fro m wh at is s tate d eri vd ? Wh

e at d o e s it mean 2 . Wh at is th e sign ifi can ce
o f assert ? Wh at el e men t is Wh at is th e relat i v
pro mi n e n t in t h is wo rd
e 3 .

f o rce O f afiirm an d assert ? assev erate ? av er ? assure ? 4 Wh at d oe s aflirm .

s ign ify in l e gal us e an d h o w d o e s it diffe r fro m swear ? 5 Wh at is it t o

Wh at d o es v
.
,

certif y ? 6 . in d icate s ign ify ?

 t o rm
v
s
5 01 s u b j e ct i e

E X A MPL E S .

T h e firs t co n d it io n o f in t el lig d eb at e is th at t h e que s tio n b e c l e arly ed

en t
v
.

We t h at t h e s c ien ce s d is po s e t h ems el e s ro un d t w o great axe s O f t h o ugh t ,

paralle l an d n o t unre lat e d , y e t d is t in c t — t h e n at ural s cien ce s h e ld t o ge t h e r b y t h e

o n e , t h e mo ral b y t h e o t h e r .

It is impo s s ib l e f o r t h e min d to an yt h in g O f t h at of wh ich it kn o ws

n o th ing .

ST O R M (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e ess ent ial me an ing o f storm 2 W h at . is a temp es t ?

EXAM PLE S .

T he is h ard at h an d w ill s we ep away

T h ro n e s , ch urch es , ran k s , t rad it io n s , cus t o ms , marriage .

Were an y co n s id erab l e mass o f air t o b e s ud d en ly t ran s ferre d fro m b ey o n d t h e

t ro pics t o t h e e quat o r, t h e d ifi eren ce o f t h e ro t at o ry v
el o c it y pro per t o t h e t wo s itua

t io n s wo ul d b e so great as t o pro d uce n ot merel y a wind , b ut a of th e mo s t

d e st ructi vv
i l
e o en ce .

ST O R Y (page
QUE S T I O N S .

1 W h at is a s tory ? I s it t rue o r fal s e 2 W h at . is an anecd ote ? a n arr a ti e o r v

n arra ti on
E X A MP LE S .

T h ere are co mmon t o th e d ifi eren t b ran ch es O f t h e Ary an s t o ck . T h ey

e ancien t A ryan o l d er t h an t h e O d ys s e y , O ld er t h an t h e d is pers ion of

t h e A ry an race .

s are re l at ion s O f d e t ach e d , in t eres t in g parti cul ars

v
.

Fairy 8 ha e f o r ch il d re n an in e xh aust ib l e ch ar m .

S U B J E C T I VE (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 W h at is t h e mean in g o f subj ecti v

e o f ob ecti e
j v 2 . H ow are t h e s e wo rd s il lus
t rat ed in t h e c as e Of a mo un t ain 3 . W h at matt ers are purely subj ecti v
e 4 .

Wh at mat t ers are purely obj ectiv

e 5 W h at is meant b y s aying th at an auth or
v
.

h as a sub ectij e o r an ob ecti e s t yl e

j v
E X A MPLE S .

S ub j ec t t h ere fo re , d e n o t e s t h e
'
min d i t s elf an d t h at wh ich b e lo n gs t o , or

pro cee d s fro m , t h e t h in k in g s ub e c tj . O b j ect is a t e rm fo r t h at ab o ut w h ich t h e k n o w

in g s ub j ect is co n e rs an t , v wh il e me an s th at wh ich b el o n gs t o , pro c e e d s
or

fro m, t h e O b e ct
j k n o wn , an d n o t fro m t h e sub j e ct k n o win g an d t h us d e n o t e s wh at

is re al , in O ppo s i t io n t o wh at is id e al , wh at exist s in n at ure , in con t rast t o wh at

exis t s merely in t h e t h o ugh t Of v
t h e in d i id ual .
 su g
g
estio n
s up fio rt 5 02

S U G G E S T I O N ( pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

In wh at way d o e s a sugges ti on b rin g a matt er b efo re t h e min d 2 2 Wh at is an

‘
1 .

i n ti mati on ? a h i n t ? 3 W h at are t h e spe cial ch aract erist ics O f i ns i nua tion

.

an d i n nuen d o

E XAM PLE S .

B eh old in t h e b l o o m o f appl es ,

A n d th e v
i l
o ets in t h e s ward ,

A Of th e Old , l o st b eaut y
O f t h e gard en O f t h e Lord
T ime is t rul y t h e co mf o rt er, at on ce l e ss en in g
th e t en d en cy t o o f imag es

O f s o rro w an d s o fte n in g t h at v
, ery s o rro w wh en t h e image s aris e .

An is co ward ly b e caus e it can s eld o m b e d irect ly an s were d an d t h e o n e ,

wh o mak e s it can alw ays re t re at b ehi n d an as s ume d misco n st ruct ion O f h is Wo l d S ‘ ‘

b ut t h e is t h e stab in t h e b ack s n eaki n g as it is mal icio us

, .

S U P E R NA T U R A L (page
QU E S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is th e o rigin al mean in g . o f sup ern a tura l ? o f pretern atural 2 . Wh at i s

commo n ly implied in th e use O f p retern atural 3 In wh at s en s e d o s o me h o ld .

a mira cl e t o b e sup ern a tural ? W h at d es cript iv

e t erm w o ul d o t h ers pre fe r ?

4 W h at is t h e me anin g O f s up erh uman

. In wh at s econ d ary s en s e is it O ft en
use d
E X AM PL E S .

It was s o met h in g al to geth er as wh e n God s aid , b i h an d

’
L et t h ere e l g ,t
t h e re w as l igh t
v
.

W it h an imagin at io n o f n t en s e
i iv
id ne s s an d act i v
it y C h o at e was asp rac

d id capit ali t t h t v v
,

t i cal as t h e mo st so r s e b
a e r eca me an in carn at io n o f fat di id en d s .
”

S UP P O R T (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

W h at do s upp ort an d s us tai n al ik e s ign ify 2 . H o w d o e s sus t ai n s urpass sup

p or t in me an in g an d f o rce 3 . W h at is t h e fo rce an d u s e O f bear in t h is co n

n e ct io n 4 W h at i s it t o
. mai n tai n ? 5 H ow d oes mai n ta in co mpar e wit h
supp ort as t o fuln e s s t o d ign it y
an d as 6 . W h at is it t o p rop W h at is t h e
limit upo n th e mean in g of t h is wo rd
E X AM PLE S .

An d C ain s aid , M y pun ish men t is great t h an I can

Y o u t ak e my h o us e when y o u d o t ak e t h e pro p
T h at d o th my h o us e .

Can a s o ul lik e min e ,

Un us ’d t o po w er, an d fo rm d fo r h umb l er
’
s cen es ,

th e s pl en d id mis erie s o f great n es s

W hi l e l es s expert th o stro n ger far
, ,

T h e G ael e d un e qual war .

 t mer
5 04
tim e

T he H igh land ers flo ckin g t o h im fro m all quart e rs , t h o ugh ill arme d , -
an d w orse
—ed , mad e h im un d er v
al u e an y en emy wh o , h e t h o ugh t , was y et t o en co un t er

T ER M (page
QUE S T I O N S .

Wh at is t h e literal mean ing o f t erm ? 2 . Is t his mean ing ret ain ed in th e figura n

ti v
e uses O f t h e w o rd 3 . W h at are th e arti cl es o f a co n t ract ? t h e t erms O f a

c o n t rac t ? 4 . W h at is a co n d i t i on ? 5 . Wh at is a t erm i n t h e l o gical s en s e

6 . H o w d oes term in o rd in ary us e co mpare with word , exp ress i on , o r ph ras e

E X AM PLE S .

F o r b e aut y ’
s ac me h at h a as b rie f
A s t h e wa v
e s po ise b ef
’
o re it b reak in pe arl .

But wh at are t h e se mo ral ser mo n s [o f S e ne ca] s , n o t h in g b ut

T he vy er miser is a co n fe ss io n O f th e misery wh ich att en d s a arice v .

T E R S E (page
Q UES TI O N S .

1 Wh at is th e meani n g o f sh ort o r brief ? 2 Wh at i s t h e d e ri vt i

a on an d meanin g
vti
.

o f conci se o f con d ens ed ? o f co mp en d i ous ? 3 . Wh at is t h e d eri a o n an d

mean in g O f succi nct ? of terse 4 . What is th e force o f summary ? 5 . Wh at

is a sen ten ti ous st yl e a pi th y ut t eran ce

E X A MPL E S .

Wit h all his l ucid it y o f s t at e men t , H amilt on was n o t al ways

In mo st cas e s it will b e fo un d t h at th e Vict o rian id io m is cl e are r, b ut l e s s

th an t h e co rres po n di n g E liz ab eth an id io m wh ich it h as s upplan te d .

T E S T I M O N Y (page
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . W h at is tes timony ? 2 H o w d o e s it co mpare with ev

id e nce ? 3 H o w d o es a

v
. .

d ep osi ti on d ifl er fro m an a fi d a it ?

E X AM PLES .

T h e word in l egal ac ce pt at io n , in cl ud e s al l th e mean s b y wh ich an y

all ege d matt er Of fact , t h e trut h of wh ich is s ub mi tted t o us fo r in vtiges at ion , is

e st ab lis h e d o r di s pro vd
e .

A s t o t h e fruit s of S o d o m, fai r wit h o ut , full O f ash e s wi t h in , I s aw n o t hi n g O f

th em, t h o fro m t h e we h a vs e, o met h in g of t h is k in d h as b ee n pro d uce d .

T IM E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . T o wh at d o sequence an d succes s io n apply ? 2 W h at d o es time d en ot e ? H ow

v
.

is it co n cei e d o f wit h re fe ren ce to e vt

en s 3 . H o w d o d urat ion an d s ucces
sion co mpare wit h t i me
 to ol
5 05 t ra n s a ct i o n

E X AM P L ES .

E vy v
er e t e n re memb ere d is re memb ere d as v
h a ing h appen e d i n pas t .

T h is giv
e s us t h e id ea in the co n cre t e We can n o w, b y a pro ces s O f a b stract ion ,

vth
.

se parat e th e fro m t h e e v
e t n an d we h a e e a b s t ract id e a of ti me
v
.
,

T he o f each eart h quak e is meas ured gen erally o n ly by s ec o n d s , o r e en

part s O f a s e co n d .

It h as b e en co n j ect ure d t h at o ur id e a Of i s fo un d e d upo n t h e co n s cio us

o f s e n s ati o n s an d id eas in o ur o wn min d s .

T O O L (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

Wh at is a tool ? 2 . H ow d o es i ns trumen t mpare in mean in g with tool ? 3

co .

Wh at special tools are o rd in arily call e d i ns trumen ts ? 4 W h at is an i mple .

men t ? 5 W h at is a utens i l ? In wh at s pe cial relat io n s is t h e w o rd us ed ?

.

6 W h at is an app li an ce ? H o w d o es appli an ce co mpare with tool ? 7 W h at .

is a m
.

ech an ism ? 8 W h at is a machi n e in t h e mo st gen eral s en s e ? in t h e

.

t e ch n ical an d co mmo n us e 9 W h at is an app aratus 1 0 Wh ich O f t h es e . .

ve figu at i v
w o rd s h a e u e ? r s 1 1 . H ow are i ns tru men t an d tool co n t ras t e d in
fi gu at iv
e us e
r

E X A MPL E S .

T h e t ime is co min g wh e n th e s of h usb an dr y s h all s upplan t t h e we apon s o f

M ix s alt an d s an d , an d it sh all puz zl e t h e w i s e s t o f men , w ith h is mere n at ural

3, to s e parat e all t h e grain s O f s an d fro m al l t h e gra in s o f s al t .

T h e pick , s t o n e z
s aw , w e d ge , ch is e l , an d o t h er 3 were al read y in us e wh en
the pyramid s were b ui lt .

T O P I C (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Fro m w h at is topi c d eri v

ed , an d wit h wh at mean in g ? 2 H o w is ques ti on us e d .

in a si mil ar s en s e , an d wh y 3 IS t h e gen e ral subj ect o r th eme pro perly kn o wn

.

as t h e top ic ? T o w h at is t h at na me mo re appro priat el y giv

en

E XA M P LE S .

M y fat h er al ways to ok care to s t art s o me in ge n io us o r us e ful of d is

co urse , wh i ch migh t t en d t o impro vt h
e e min d s of h is ch ild re n

v
.

O ne Of th e mo s t impo rt an t rul e s in a d el ib erat i e as se mb ly i s , t h at v

e e ry s peaker

s h all s peak to the

T he of th e Il iad is no t th e war O f Tro y , b ut t h e wrath of A ch ille s e xh ib it e d

d urin g an d in co n n ect ion wit h t h e war O f T ro y .

T R A NS A C T, T R A NS A C T I O N (pag e
QUES TI O N S .

1 H o w d o e s trans act d iffer fro m d o ? 2 . H o w d o e s tran s ac t d ifi er fro m trea t an d

ne goti a te ? 3 . H o w d o es negoti ate co mpare wit h treat ? 4 H o w d o . trans ac

tion s d iff er fro m proceed i n g s ?
 1
t ra n si e n t
u t ilit y 5 06

E XAM P LES .

In th e fi rst Parliament of James th e H o us e O f C ommo n s refused f or t h e firs t t ime

b usin es s on a S un d ay .

T h e t reat y pe ace t h at cl o s e d t h e war O f 1812 h ad b een

Of alre ad y b efo re
th e b attl e O f N ew O rl ean s was fo ugh t .

A n y d ir ect io n Of C h rist o r an y d irecti o n o r act O f h is apo s t l es respe ctin g th e

of b us in e s s in t h e ch urch , i s b in d in g upo n us , unl e s s such dire ct ion o r act was
gro un d ed upon pecul iar circums t an ce s t h en e xis t in g .

T R A N S I E NT (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 Wh at is t h e d eriv
at ion O f trans i en t an d tr an si tory 2 H o w d o es transien t d ifi er
in s ign ificat io n fro m t ra ns i tory ? 3 . W h at is th e d ist in ct i v
e mea n in g o f tem
porary 4 F ro m wh at is ep hemeral d eri e d , an d wi th wh at s en s e
. v 5 H ow .

d o e s ep h emeral d ifl er fro m t ransi en t o r t rans i tory ? 6 h at d o es ep hemeral . W

v
s ugges t b es id e s b re it y o f t im c ? 7 W
h at is t h e d eri at i on an d mean in g O f
. v
f ugi tiv
e? 8 . e mean in g O f ev
Wh at is th e di s t in ctiv an escen t ?

E XAM PLE S .

M irt h is s h ort an d ch eerful n es s fi xe d an d perman en t

vg
.

N eit h er g rat it ud e n o r re en e h ad an y s h are in d et ermin in g h is [Ch arl es II

’
s ]
v v
.

co urs e ; fo r n e e w as t h ere a mi
r n d on wh ich b o t h s er i ces an d in j uries l eft s uch fain t
an d impress ion s .

A ch airman is co mmo n ly appo in t e d at th e O pen in g O f a meetin g t o co n d uct

pro ce ed in gs t ill a perman en t pres id in g o ffi cer sh al l be e l ec t e d .

UN I O N (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is uni ty ? 2 Wh at is union ? 3 H o w are uni ty an d unio n co nt rast ed ?

. .

4 W h en may un i ty b e pre d icat e d O f t h at w h ich is mad e up O f part s

.

E XA MPL E S .

B eh o l d h o w go od an d h ow pleas an t it is fo r b ret h ren t o d well t o geth er in

O ut o f t h e O f R o man an d T eut o n i c e l emen t s aro s e t h e mo d ern world o f

E uro pe .

U T I L I T Y (pa ge
QUE S TI O N S .

Fro m wh at is v
utility d eri e d , an d wh at is it s primary meanin g ? 2 H O W is . util
i ty d is crimin at e d f ro m use an d usef uln ess ? 3 . Wh at i s t h e d eri at io nv an d

primary mean in g o f exped i ency ? 4 . H ow are exped ien cy an d u tility us ed as

regard s mo ral act io n Whi ch fiis th e in f erio r word in s uch us e 5 . H ow d o es

poli cy in such us e co mpare wit h exp ed i ency an d util i ty ?
E X A MP LE S .

Prin cipl e i s e v
er my mo tt o , not

T WO wo rd s f o rm t h e k ey O f t h e B aco n ian d o ctrin e , an d pro gre ss . T he

an cien t ph il o s o ph y d is d ain e d t o b e us ef ul , an d was con t en t t o b e stat ionary .
 v i l
en a
vi t u
r e 5 08

VE N I A L (page
QUE S TI O N S
Fro m wh at is vi en al d eri v
ed , an d wh at d o es it sign ify 2 . H o w d o es vi en al co m
pare with p ard on a ble ? 3 H o w d o e s excus a ble d iff e r fro m t h e ab o vw e o rd s

v
.

4 . W v
h at ery d iff eren t w o rd i s s o met imes co n fo un d ed wit h eni al

E XA MPLES .

T h eft o n t h e part O f a s t arv

in g man is on e O f t h e mo s t o f O fl e n ses .

Un d er all t h e circumst an ces t h e erro r w as ,

V E R A C I T Y (pa g e
QUES TI O N S .

1 D o t ruth an d vi ty
er appl y t o t h o ugh t an d s pe ech o r t o person s ? 2 T o wh at
v
. .

d oes eraci ty apply truthf ulnes s ? 3 In to wh at t wo cl as s e s may t h e wo rd s

in t h is gro up of s yn on y ms v
b e d i id e d , an d wh at w o rd s will b e f o un d in
e ach cl as s

E XAM PL E S .

On a cert ain c o n fi d en ce in t h e Of man kin d is fo un d ed so much of th e

k n o wl e d ge on wh ich we co n s t an t l y d epen d , t h at , wi t h o ut it , t h e wh ol e sy s t e m of

h uman t h in gs wo uld go in t o co n fus io n .

I f all t h e wo rl d an d l o v
e w e e yo u r n g,

An d in e ve ry sh eph erd s
’
t o n gue ,
T h ese pretty pleasures migh t me mo v
e

T o li v
e with t h ee a nd b e th y lo v e .

VI R T U E (pag e
QUE S TI O N S .

1 . Wh at is th e pro min ent id ea in v

H o w d o e s goo d nes s d iif er fro m ir
i tu
r e? 2 . v
tue 3 O f wh at rel at io n s are ho nes ty an d p robi ty us e d
. 4 H o w is h onesty .

us ed in a s en se h igh er t h an t h e co mmercial ? 5 Wh at , in th e full sens e, is .

W h at Wh at Wh at do
'

i n tegri ty ? 6 . is h on or ? ’
7 . is puri ty ? d uty ? 8 .

recti tud e an d ri gh teous ness d en o te ? 9 To wh at d oes up ri gh tn es s es pecial ly

v
.

re fer l 0 . W h at is i tu u
r o sness ?
E X AM P LE S .

is th e fruit o f exert ion ; it s uppo s es co n ques t o f t empt at io n .

In see in g t h at a t hin g is righ t , we s ee at t h e s ame t ime t h at it i s o ur

t o d o it
vfh
.

It i s t rue t h at is th e b est pol icy b ut if t h is b e t h e mot i eO onest d ealin g,

th ere i s n o real

Wh ere is t h at ch as t it y O f t h at f el t a s t ain l ik e a wo un d
 a t t a ch men t
b ea ch 5 14

a
ttachmen t , v
a o uch , a ow v
a ttai n I O O O O O O O O I I O C O O O O O . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

at t ain men t , p rog ress ”

wi sd om
v v
.

att empt , .
, en d ea or ,
at t e
att e

at t en d an t ,
at t en t i o n , care .

i n d us t ry . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

at t e s t at io n , Z?
b a bble
a tti tud e b ack b it e , sl a n d er
b acker, a d h eren t
d7 3
aw 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b ackward , rel uct an t ooooooooo
b ack ward n es s , mod esty
.

at t ract i v e, b ad , p ern i ci ous

b ad in a e , b an ter
6t

b afli e , i n d en .

b ail, securi ty .

b a lk, h in d er
b alky , res ti e v
b an , v .
, b an i s h

aud acit y, fron tery

ez b an , n , oa th
.

b an di t , robb er
aug
m en t , a d d b an e ful, p ern i cio us

exter min ate

augus t , ban k
ro ya l ” b an kr upt , break
aus pic io us , propi ti ous ban ter
v
.

au s t ere , se ere wi t
b ar, b arri er
‘
auth en ti c
rea l .

aut h o r, caus e i mp ed i me
aut h o ri t at i e , a bsolut e v . . lock
auth en ti c obs truct
b arb arian , b arb arous
b arb aric , barb arous
b arb aris m, l a n gua ge
aut h o riz ati o n , p er missi on barb arous
aut h o riz e d , au th en ti c b are ly , b ut
aut o b io graph y , h is to ry b argain , co n tract
aut o ch t h o mc , pri me al v . s al e
aut o crat i c , a b solu te b argain f o r, p urch as e
v
.

aut o mat ic , b arr1cad e , , o bs t r uct.

a uxi li ary b arri cad e , n , b arri er .

app en d age b arri er

v
a ail , p rofi t . . boun d ary
ut i li ty . i mp ed i men t
b art er, bus i n ess
v
.

a en ge sa le

qui t re e b art e r fo r, p urch as e

v gi g v g
”

a en n re en e b as e , bru tish
v way
,

a e n ue, p i tif ul
v all g v
. .

a e r, e e . b as el e s s , ai n
b as hfuln es s , mo d esty
s t a te b as t in ad o ,
v
. .

a e rs e , reluct a n t b att e r, bea t

v
a ers io n , abo mi n ati on . ba ttle
a n tip a th y . b att le array , a rray
h a tre d
v
.

a o cat ion , b e ach , b an k

 b lunt
b y d in t o f 516

PA GE.

b l un t , bluff 83 b rigan d ,
b l ur, blemis h 82 b righ t , el e v en .

b l urt , ba bble 71
b l ust e rin g, blufi 83
b o as t , os ten ta t io n . 259 b rmg , ca rry
b o as t in g, os ten tation 259 b ring ab o ut , d o
b o d e , a ugur 66 make
b o d ily , ph ysi cal ” b rin g in t o b e in g make ,

b rin g 1O W , a base
v
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

b rin g o p ersua d e
e r,
br a v
e b rin g t o an e n d , cease
b o ld n e s s , assura n ce b rin t o pas s , d o
t t g make O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

b rin k , b an k
p er tness v
b ri s k , a cti e
b o l t , lo ck
b o n d age , f et te7 . . a i l v e
b o n d s , f ett er . ni mble
b o n n y , b eautif ul . b ris kn es s , p er tn ess
b o n us , s u bsi d y . b ro ad , large .

b o o k s , li te7 atu7 e b ro il f eud

, .

b o o n , g if t b ro o d , flock
b o o ris h, awkwa7 b ro o k , en d ure
rus ti c b ro t h erly , f ri en d ly
b o o t les s , ai n v b ro w b eat , f ri gh te
b o rd er, b an k b ruis e , bea t
bo un d ary b rus h , clea nse
b o rd erin g, a dj acen t
b rut al , ba rba rous
vy
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

e er bru t i s h
b o un d , b an k b rut e , a , brutish
.

boun d ary b rut e , n , an i mal

.

en d , n
bo un d a ry
en d , n
b o un d le ss , i nfi n i t e
b o un t eo us , plen tif ul
b o un t if ul , g enero us
p len tiful
b o un t y, ben e olen ce
su bsi d y
b rut ish
b uccan e er, robber
b uco l l c, r us ti c
b uff et , blow
b ulky , l arge
b ullio n , mon ey
b ul wark , b a rri er
v d ef en se
b un gl in g , a wkwar
b uo yan t , h appy .

b o urn , boun d ary b urd en , loa d

b o urn e , boun d ary b ur lar, ro bber
b o ut , b a ttle b ur e s que , cari cat ure
b o w , ben d w it
b o x blow
, bui n
b o y ish , youthful b urn in g, eage7
b rain mi n d fi7 e
v
.

b ran d , , b urn . b urs t , brea k L

b ran d , n , bl emi s h . ren d
b ran d i b ury, hi d e
b ras s , i mmers e
br a ev b us i n ess
v
.

b ra e ry , prowess d uty
tr ans acti o n
break work
ren d b us t l in g, acti e v
b reak o ff , en d , v alert
b re as t w o rk , ba7 7 i er n i mble
b reat h in g, ali e v b us y, acti e v
b ree d i n g, b eh a i 07 v i n d us tri ous
ed u ca ti on bu t
131 n o twi th s t an d i ng, con!
‘

b ut ch er, kill
b rid le =pat h , w a y b ut ch ery, massacre
b rie f, a , terse . b uy , p urch ase
t ran si en t by
b rief , n , sketch . . b y d in t o f ,
 c h a ff
cl ea r 518

ch aff, ch ee rs ,
c h agrin , c h e ery ,

ch eris h
vh pp
. .

c h an ce , .
, a en
c h an ce , acc id t en
vt
e en c h id in
g , rep roo f .

h d azar ch i e f Ci ty capi t al
v
. ,

ch
ch a ng e,
ild ish youthf ul , .

c h i l d li ke ,
yo ut hf ul
ch ange, it ch imerical , a bs urd

sale ch irp, si n g
ch an gel e s s , p erma n en t chi rrup, si n g
c h ann e l , v
ch i alric, bra e v
ch an t , si n g c h ivl a ro us , bra e, v
c h ar, generous
ch aracter ch o ice , al tern a ti e v .

ch o k e ,
ch ar ac teris ti c c h o l er,
v
.

ch arge , arr ai gn choo se

v
.
, . .

ch ro n icl e , h is tory
6‘
a ttack,
i b ute v
.

a ttr
ch arge , n .
, care ch u
c
m
hu h h r s
, associ a te
mo rose
,

v
o ersi gh t c ir cul at e ,

p ri ce ci rcu mlo cuti on

ch arit ab le , ms cmb e
c ircu ,

c rcums pect
c h arit y , i ,

cu cumspect io n ,

a mi able ci rcu ms tan ce

b ea utif u v
e en t
c ircum s t an t ial , mi n u te
c it ad e l , f oi tifi cation .

c it e all ege . .

arra ign
ch as ten
c h as t en , rep ro e v cit
y capi t al
v
. ,

c h as t en in g, misf ortune ci i l , p oli te

C v
.

c h as t is e , il l z at i o n , r in emen
i ef
c lai m, all ege
ch ast is e men t mi sf ortune as su me
v
, .

c h as t it y , i tu r e . ri gh t .

c h at , s tate .

cla mo r , call
sp eak cl an , cl as s
ch att er, b abble . clarifie d , fi ne
sp eak . clas h , coll isi o n
ch at t e rin g, g arrulous c l as h in g, colli s io n
c h e at , ar tifi ce . cl as p, catch
f ra ud . lock
h ypocri te cl as s .

c h e at in g, f raud c lass e s , l o w e r, mo b
c h e ck , v, hi n d er
. . . c l as sic, p ure .

obs truct . . cl as si c al , p ure

clay ,
cl ean , cl ean se
ch e ck , n .
, rep roo f i nn ocen t
Ch e ck mat e co n quer n eat
vh
0 0
, . o o o

ch e e r, .
, c eri sh p ure r
en t er tai n cl ean l y , n ea t
ch e er, n .
, en tert a i n men t . cleans e
h app i ness a men d
ch e
er f ul , c omf or t able cl e ar, vab lv .
, so e L
.

c h ee rin g, v
eid t en
c h e eri n g ,
 co n vi n ce
d a m a ge

con v
i c n
!p
e ersuad e c reatur e , an i mal c o c o
v t
- O O O C O O O O O O O C O O O O O -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .

con o ca i o n , c re
c onv
ok e cre
cre d it ,f ai th
co o
perat e h elp , f ame
00p10 us , p len t if ul c re d ulit y f an ati ci sm ,

cree d f ai th
, .

co py, n .
, cremat e , b ur n
c re w , ca ba l
c o rd ial , ri en d ly . . c rime , abomm a ti o n
c o rpo ra p h ys i cal
co rpo ra t io n , associ cri mi n al
c o rpo real , c rimin alit y s i n , .

co rps e , b0d y . . crit ic a ma teur

, .

cri t ic al mi n u te, .

crit ic is m rep i oof , .

cro ak co mp l ai n
,

c o rre ct , a p erf ect cro o k, ben d

vt
.
, .

cro p, h ar es
c o rre s po n d en t , s y n o n y cro s s o ff, o r o ut , ca n cel
co rres po n d in g, cro t ch e t y ,
queer
co rro b o rat e , co n fi rm . c ro w d , comp an y
co rrupt , d eca y . .1

th ron g
cro wd o ut , d i sp l ace
cr ue l ,
co s t u me , crus h ,
t6
co t erie ,
c rus t y , morose
co un t , calcul ate c
c o u n t en an ce , c
co n n t e ract , h i n d e7 c
c ull , ch oos e
co un t l e ss ,i nfi n i te cul pab le , cri mi n al
co un t rifi e d , rus ti c v
cult i at e d , poli te
cult iv
at io n , agri cul tu i e
co ur age , f o7 ti tud e . ed uca ti on .

p rowess ” re nefi men

c o urage o us , cult ure , a gri cul t ure .

co urt , c un n in g , a .
,

c un n in g , n .
,

co ur t e o us ,
d ress ,
c o urt e s y , a d n .

co urt l y , p oli te res trai n

v
co e n an t , con t r act cure , reco er v
v
co e r, h i d e c ure d ,b e , reco er v
c urio us , i n qui s i ti v e, I O O O O O O O O O O O U O O C

co v
et i n g,
c urren cy , mo ney
c urre nt , auth en t i
ic
c urs e , abo mi n a tion
c o yn es s , mo d es ty . . oa t h
curs in g, o a th
vb
c ur e , e
c us t o d y , f etter
C us t o m ,

cus t o mary , gen er a l

v
cra e , ask
vg
cra 1n , d aily . .

d es i re d ain t y ,
c raz in e s s ,
c 1 cat o ,
d amage , a bus e
 en igmatical
ex ce ss 5 28

PA GE .

e ni g mat ical mys teri ous

, e rrat ic, queer
o bscure e rro n e o us , abs urd
j
e n o y, e rro r,
e n j o ymen t , en tert ai n me n t . e rud it io n ,kno wled ge
wi s d om .

e n l arge , a d d e s po usal , marr i age

v v v
.

e ss ay , , en d ea or,

v
.

e n l igh t e n , e ss ay , n , en d ea or , n
.

e n l igh t en men t ess e t ial, i n h eren t

v
,
n .

e n li e n , en te rt a i n

real
en o r mo us , e s t ab h s h , co n r fi m
e n o ugh ,p len tif ul . . make
e n ra t urin g, reas o n ,
e uro me n t , record . es t ee m , v .

en s ampl e ,
es tee m , n
e n s ue ,
e n t an g e , in v
o lv e ”
f ri en d s h ip
e n t an gl e d , co mplex e st h e t ic,
e n t e r, reach es t h eti cal , t as teful
v
. . . .

es t i mat e , calcul a te

v
.
,

es te em ,
en tert a i n men t e st i mat e , n , es teem,
.

e s t imat io n ,
e n t h us i as t ic , eager es te em , n .

e n t l ce , a llu re .

d raw .

e n t ir e ,

ento mb h i d e euph o n y , meter

v
,

en trance e a n e s cen t ,
e n t ran cin g, v
v
e en ,
e nt rap, ca t ch . . e en t

p lea d
v
.

p ra y e e rl a s ti n g ,
v
e hv
.

e n t rée , en tr a n ce in g
rs ,

e n t rus t , commi t
e n t ry , en tr a n ce .

en u merat e ev
ict ban i sh
ev
, ,

e n um erat i o n , id en ce , d emo ns tr a ti on
e n un ciat e , a n n o un ce t es ti mo n y
v
. .

eid e nt
clear
e on e v
il a p ern i ci ous
v
, .
,

, abomi n at io n
e o nl an , e il n
, .

e ph e me ral ,

e pis o d e ,
e pit h e t , e xac t , mi nu te
e pit o me , e xact in g, a bsolute
e xa gerat io n , cari ca ture
e xa t , romo te .

e xalt e
e qui t ab le ,
mo d el
e qui v
al en t , p reced en t

c xas perat e , a firo n

e xa s erat i o n , an ger
e ra, t i me p
e rad ic at e , a boli sh
e x cept , but .

ex
err,
 fa d e l e s s
fi n ish ed 5 30

fad e l e s s , etern al faun a, a n i ma l O O O O O OOOO

fag , ti re v
f a o r, n , es t eem, n
. . .

fail ure , mi sf o rtune .

f ri en d sh ip
mercy
f ai n t v
f a o rab le , f ri en d ly
f ain t h eart e d , f ai n t
s
p i opi ti ou
v
f a o re d , f ortun ate
f ealt y , al legi an
can d i d . 0 .

h on es t al ar m
fairn ess , j us ti ce . an xi ety
fair pl ay , j us ti ce fearful , awf ul
v
.

fairyl ik e , ai ry . fearl e s s , b ra e .

f ai th fe at , ac t
reli gion fe at ure , ch aracteri s t i c O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

art 1 ol e o f , d octri n e ci rcums ta n ce

fe d erat io n , alli an ce
associ a ti on O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

faithf ul n es s , allegi a n f ee p ay
. O O O O O O O O O O O O

j us ti ce feeb le , f a i n t
vtu
ir e . 0 . f e e d , f oo d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fa] fe e lin g, sens ati on

f a] sens i b il i ty 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

f all o ut , h app en f eign , ass ume

f all upo n , a t tack, v f e l1cit at e , con gr a tula te O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fal se , a bs ur d f el icit o us , h appy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

f al s eh o o d , d ecep t io n . 0 0 . f elicity , h appi ness

fi cti on f e ll o w, associ ate O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

fal t erin g, f ai n t f e ll o ws hi p, acqua i n t ance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

associ a ti on
fel o n io us , cri mi n al O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

usual f e male , f emi n i n e

f amiliari ty , a cqu a i n t ance f emi n i ne
associ a tio n f ero cio us , fi erce
v
0 0 0 0 0 0

f amil y , ki n ferret o ut , d i sco er

f an ati ci sm v
fer en cy, en th usi as m
en th usi as m v
fer en t , eager
v
fe r o r, en th usi as m
f ett er, v
, bi n d
.

f etter, n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

i magi n a tion f eud

i d ea fi ction o o o o o o o o o o

allegory
v
.

fi d get y , res ti e .

f an t as y, d rea m fi erce
i d ea fi ery fi erce
,

i mag i n ati o n fi gh t , ba t tle

fi gmen t , fi cti on

rmin g , agri cul ture .

f ascin at in g, ch armi n fi n al caus e , d es i gn

fas h io n , v, make . fi n ale , en d , n
fas h io n , n , ai r fi n a nci al
v
.

h abi t l . . fi n d , d i sco er
f ast en , bi n d fi n d f ault , comp l ai n
f as t en in g, lock fi n d f ault w it h , rep ro v
v
. . e
fas t id io us , tas tef ul fi n d o ut , d i sco er
fas t in g , a bs ti n ence
f ast n e s s , f ortifi ca tio n
f at alit y , n ecess i ty
fat e , n ecess i ty
p red es ti n a ti on fi n e ss e , ar ti fice
f at igue , ti re
fat l gue d , fi n 1s , en d , n
f at ui t y , i d io cy . . fi n i sh , v
, cease
.

faul t , blemi sh H

v
.

si n en d ,

fault le ss , i n no cen t .

fi n is h
 fr a c t i o n
g i rl i s h 5 32

fract 1o n ,
f rac t 1 o us , p er v erse f un n y , queer
f urio us , fierce
frac t ure , break v
f urn is h , gi e
v
r

, p romote
fragmen t , p art . f urt h e r, .

frame , qui cken

v
f urth er, a d , bu t .

fran ch is e , yet
f ran k , f ury, an ger
f us mn , alli ance
ho nes t v
f ut ile , ai n
v OOIIII O
.

f ran kn ess , eraci ty O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

gab b l e , b a bble O I O C O t

f rat e rn it y ,” as so ci a ti o n gag e , securi ty

gaie t y , h app i ness
h armony .

gain ,

g en ero us reach
sp on t a n eous gal lan t , bra e v
f re eb o o t e r, robber, gal lan t ry , prowess
free d o m , li ber ty .
g an g , cab al
fre e h an d e d , gen erou
a
g arb , d res s .

free h eart e d , gen ero

s
gard en in g , agri cul t ure
f re e t h in k e r, s kep ti c .
garmen t s , d ress
garn is h , a d orn .

fre n zy , en th us i as m garrulous
i ns an i ty gas , fl ui d
f re que n t , g en eral .
g at e , en trance
usual gat e w ay , en trance
gat h e r,
v
con oke
fre t fuln ess ,
‘6
a n ger . .
g ath erin g, comp any
anxi ety gauz y , fi ne
ga wk y, awkwar d

gen d er
gene ral
acqu ai n tan ce usu a l
vl
.

gen ero s it y , bene o en ce

a tt ach men t
v
.

lo e p len t iful
fri gh t , al ar m .
ge n ial , comf ort able
f ear f r ien d ly .

pigh t f
ri gIi te geni us
r ul , awf ul ch aracter
fri s k y, res ti e v ge n t eel , poli te
fro lic , en tertai n men t gen t l e , ami able
fro l 1c s o me , ai ry
fro n t ie r, bo un d ai y human e .

gen t le n es s , mercy
f ro w ard , p er erse v gen ume , auth en ti
f r ugal ity ho n es t
a bs ti nence .

p rud en ce
v
.

fruit , h ar es t
v
.

f ruit l e s s , ai n a ttai n
fru s t rat e make
v
.

f u it i e , tr an si en t p urch as e
fu fil , d o ge t t o , reach
gi b e , sne er
ful filmen t en d , n
f ull , plen t if ul
,
if
g t

fun , en ter tai n men t v

gift e d , cle er
wi t g igan t ic, l arge
fun ct io n , d uty g ild , a d or n
girlis h , youthf ul
 i ve
an k e ri n g

PAGE PA GE
v
. .

18 5 gran t , g i eO O O O O O O O O 185
allot 34 s ubsi d y 345
119 gras p, a t t ai n 64
surren d er . 34 9 ca tch 97
g1ve s truct 1
1n teach on 353 grat eful , d eli gh tf ul 126
givles s s teach
e on 353 grat ifi cat io n , h app i n ess 1 89
v
, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

gi e a d d i ct d
n, e 19 grat ify , en ter t ai n 152
vn v e or up a dd i cted
. ”

g1 e o r 19 grat ifyin g, d eli g h tf ul 1 26

v
,

gi e t ice f an n ou ce
no o n 46 grat uit y , gif t 184
vo e elf up surren d er
,

gi e n s 3 49 gray , ol d 25 7
v
,

g1 e ut anno u ce
o 46 great , l arge 229
vv
n
v
, .

gi e o er, ceas e 98 gre e d y , a ari ci ous 68

v
.

surren d er 349 gree t , a d d ress , 19

vup
0 0 0 0 0 0

gi e a b an d on 1 gri e
f 18 7
v
,

s urren d er 349 grie an ce , i nj us ti ce 220

1 90 v
grie e , mourn 246
189 grip, ca tch 97
23 4 gr1pe , ca tch 97
23 1 gro t e s que , f an ciful 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 67
1 59 queer 297
23 1 gro un d , reason , n O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 3 02
231 1 10
23 1 flo ck 17 3
23 1 gro wl , complai n 112
v
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

231 gro wt h , h ar es t 192

231 p rogress 28 9
122 grud ge , h atred " 193
245 pi que 27 2
166 gruff , morose 24 5
v
.

os s o er, p alli a te 26 1 grumb le , comp lai n b . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12

o w,li gh t 231 grun t , comp l ai n 112
v
.

o win g , 142 guard , . h eep . . 226

ut , sa ti sf y 324 guard , n , d efens e 1 23
v
. .

gl ut in o us , ad h esi 22 sh el ter ” 331

go al , ai m 26 g ue ss , h yp oth esi s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 205
en d , n 148 3 48
go aft er, f 0ll0w 17 4 58
go as t ray, w an d er 37 1 123
go dl in e s s , reli gio n 307 guil el e s s , 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 93
go l d , mo ne y 244 i n n ocen t . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 220
go o d , ho n es t 202 p ure 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 6
rofi t 288 guilt , si n O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 3 32
go o d y , f arewell 1 68 g uilt l e s s , i n n ocen t . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 220
go o d n at ure d , ami able
a
p ure O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 29 6
p leas a n t 27 5 guilt y , cri mi n al 1 20
v v
. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

go o d n ess , i rtue 37 0 gummy , a d h esi e 22

v v
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

go o d wi l l, ben e olen ce 80 y e s , f et ter O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 169

f rien d sh ip 17 9 1 ab ilimen t s , d ress . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 140
g ossip, ba bble 71 187
v
go ern 18 5 d res s 1 40
v
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

go ern men t , fo rm o r s ys t e m o f , p olity 278 h ab it ati o n , ho me‘ 201

v
go ern men t , s eat o f , cap i t al 94 h ab it ual , genera l . 18 1
23 9 us ual 3 62
18 6 h ab it uat e d , a d d icted O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 19
76 h ab it ud e , h abi t 187
v
.

77 h ail , a d d ress, 19
gracio us , h um an e 203 h al e , h eal th 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 95
poli te . 27 7 h alf h eart e f a i n t
e
. 1 64
propi ti ous 29 1 h all o we d , h oly 200
grad e , clas s ” 1 06 h all u cin at io n , d el us i on O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 27
grad ual , slow . 337 d ream 1 39
grai n , p ar ti cl e 264 i n sani ty O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 221
gran d , awf ul 70 h ampe r, hi n d er 19 9
l ar ge 229 h an d cufi s , f etter 169
g ran t , allo t . 34 h an d icraft , busi n ess , 88
35 h an d so me , b eautif ul 76
54 fi ne 1 72
114 h an d y , s kilf ul 0 0 0 0 0 0 335
184 h an k e rin g , d esi re 1 28
 i m pa ct
i n d i fl ere n ce
‘

5 36

imp 1n appo s it e , i ncon gruous

i mpairmen t , i nj ur i n appro priat e ,
al ien , a
v y
.

1 m part , i e i n co n gruo u
impart i a , can d i d . i n asmuch as , beca use
impart ialit y , j usti ce in at t en t io n , n egl ect
v
.

impas s ib ilit y ap a th y
, 1n att en t i e , abs tracted
1mpat 1en ce , an ger i n augurat io n , begi n n in g
i mpat i en t , eag r in b o rn , i n h eren t
e
v
” .

res ti e . in b re d , i n h eren t
i mpeach , arr ai g n . 1n can d escen ce , li gh t
i mpe d e , h i n d er . i n capacit y , i d iocy . .

o bs truct . . i n c e pt io n , begi nn i n g
i mped in ce s s an t , con ti n ual
v
.

i 11 pe1, d ri e in cid en t , a cci d en t

1
”

ci rcumst an
v
ce
e en t
s tory
impen d in g, i mmi nen t in cin erat e , b urn
v
.

imperat i e , a bsolu te i nfl uen ce

i mperfect io n , blemis h i n c1pien ce , b egi nn i n g
impe rio us , ab solute i n ci t e , a bet
d ogma tic persuad e
v
0 0 0 0 0 0

impe rish ab l e , in ci ih t y , i mpud en ce .

impert in en ce , i mp ud en ce . in c lin at ion , ai m .

p er tn ess . . 0 0 . ooooooooo 6‘

impert in en t , ali en , a .

1mperturb ab le , cal m
i mpet uo us , eager " f an cy o o o o o o o o o o c o o

fi erce .

impl emen t , tool

vv
” 0 0 0 0 0 0

implicat e , i n ol e
i mplicat io n , s uggest io n .
p ersua d e
impl o re , tip 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

p lea d in cl in e d , a d d i cted
vv
.

in clud e , i n ol e
in co mm en s urab le , i n cong ruous
vv
i n ol e in co mparab le , rare
impo l it e , blufi , i n co mpat ib le , i ncon gruous
‘

impo rt un at e , e a ger in co mpre h e n s ib le , mys te ri ous

1mpo rt un e , pray obs cure
v
.

i mpo s e o n , a buse . in co n clusi e , abs ur d

impo s in g, awf ul ” i n con gruo us
impo s it i o n , d ecep tio in co n s id erat e , blufi“
1n co n s 1s t en cy , d ie ren ce
i n co n s i s t en t , i nco n gruous
impo s t ure , ar ti fi ce v
i n co n s tan t , ai n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

f rau d in co rre ct , a bsur d

i mpre cat io n oa th
,
1n co rrupt , pure
1mpre s s 1b ili t y, sens ibi li ty ” 1 n co rrupt i b le , f ai thf u l 0 0 0 0 0

impre ss i o n , i d ea . i n crease , a d d
tr ace
impris o n men t , f et t er
impro mpt u, ext emporan eous prog res s
v
1mpr0 e , amen d in cre d uli t y, d oub t , n
v
i mpro e men t , p rofi t

pro gress i n c ul cate , t each

v
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

i mpro is e d , ewtemp oraneo us i n curs io n , a ttack, n

i n d eci s ion , d oubt , n
as sur anc e . I O i n d efin it e , equi ocal v .

ej fron tery 1n d emn it y, subsi d y .

p er tnes s i n d epen d en c e , libe r t y

v
” .

:
.

impul s e , app eti te in d e t ermi n at e , equi ocal

v
. .

i mpuls i e , spo n t a ne ous i n d icat e , all ud e

v
.

1mpute , a ttri bute, i n d i cat io n , ch arac teri s ti c

v
in act i e , i d le . Si gn O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0

in d ict ,
in ad d it io n , al so in d ifi e re n ce , ap a th y
v
.

in ad ert en ce , n eglect . neglect

 i n d i ff e r e n t
537 in stigat e

PAG E .

in d ifi e re n t , a bs tracted in grain e d , i n h eren t 218

v
.

in d igen ce , p o er ty ra d i cal 299

v
”

in d igeno us , n ati e 1n gre d ien t , p art 26 4

v
.

pri me al . i n re s s , en tran ce 1 54
in d ign ati o n , a n ger . in ab it , a bi d e
in d is pe n s ab le , i n h eren t . in h armo n io us , i ncon gruous 214
in d is pen s ab ilit y , n ecess i ty . i nh eren t 21 8
in d ispen sab l e , n ecessary ” 1n h e rin g, i n h eren t 21 8
in d is pen s ab len e s s , necessi t i n h i b it , p rohi b i t 290
in d is po s e d , reluctan t . in h um an , b arb aro us
in d is po s it io n , d i seas e 1n 1qu1t o us , cri mi n al 120
v
.

in d is t in ct , equi ocal . in i qui t y, abomi n a t io

i nj us tice ” 220
obscure si n 3 32
v
.

i n d i id uall y , apiece in it iat e , teach 1

. 35 3
in d o ct rin at e , t each in it iat io n , b e gmn mg
i n d o len t , i d le in j un ct io n , ord er 25 8
ind o mit ab le , obs ti n a te in Jure , abuse 12
v
in d ub it ab le , e i d en t . in j urio us , p ern i ci o us 27 0
in d uce , d r aw . 21 9

i nj us ti ce . 220
i n d uc tion .

219
1n le_ t , en tr an ce 154
i n l i k e m an n e r, al so 37
mn at e , i n h eren t 21 8
in d well in i n h eren t v
n a ti e 24 8
in e ffe ct ua v
a in . ra d i cal 29 9
in el e gan t , rus tic . i n no cen t 220
in e qual it y , d ifi eren ce can d i d 93
‘

p ur e 29 6
in n o cuo us , i nn ocen t 220
v
in e it ab l e , v
in n o at io n , ch an ge, n 1 01
v
in e xo rab l e , s e ere . in n o xi o us , i n no cen t 220
in explicab l e , mys terio u in n ue n d o , sugges ti on 347
in fallib le , necessa ry i n n umerab l e , i nfi n i te 21 6
v
.

in f atuat ed , absurd 1n o fi en s i e , i nn o cen t

v
.

in fect , d efil e i n quiri n g, i n qui si ti e 221

in fe ct io n , co n t agio n in quis it i o n , h un t 203
v
. .

i n fe re n ce , d emons tra ti on i n quis i ti e 221

i n d ucti on i n s alub rio us , perni ci o us 27 0
in fi d el , i n s an i ty 221
in s cript i o n , r eco rd
i nfi n i te
. in s crut ab l e , mys teri o us 24 7
i n fi xe d , i n in s e cure , p recario us
v
.

in flexib le , s e ere in s ecur it y , d a n ger ” 1 21

i nflue nce
1
in s en s b 1l it y , ap a th y
s tupi d i t
50

ben d s tupor
in s e n s ib le , bruti sh . 87
in s eparab l e , i n h eren t 218
persu a d e . in s igh t , acumen 18
in f o rm, s t a te . wis d om 37 2
teach .
1n s 1n uat e , allud e
in format i o n , i n si n uat i o n , s ugges t ion 347
kno wled ge “ in s o le n ce , ej fron ter 144
wi s d om . i mpu d ence 21 3
in fo rmed , cons ci ous .
p ri d e 286
in fre quen t , rare in s pect , loo k 23 4
1 n frin ge men t , a tt ack, n v
1n s pe ct io n , o ersi gh t 260
v
.

i n s pirat io n , en th usi as m
1ngat h erin g, h ar es t 153
v
.

i n gen i o us cle er . in s pit e o f , no tw i t hs tan d i n g, prep

ski lf ul
i n gen uit y , a d d ress, n
in gen uo us , can d i d
ho nes t
i n gen uo us n e ss , eraci ty
in gl e s id e , home
. in s t almen t , p art 26 4
i n sta n ce , p reced en t 28 2
. s ample 323
i ns t an t e r, i mmed i ately 21 1
v in s t an t ly , i mme d i a tely 21 1
in st igat e , abet .
 let
ma e k n o w n

l et go , s urren d er lo at h , reluc tan t

let h argy , ap a th y . l o at h e , abho r
s tup or lock
v
”

l e el , hori zo n tal ” l o d ge , abi d e

liab l e , l ikely as soci a tion
li b el , s lan d er l o f ty , hi gh
li b eral , generous l o n e lin e ss , reti remen t
“
p len tif ul l o n g, la rge
l 1b eral it y , ben e olen ce v lo n g in g, ap peti te
l i b erate , a bsol e v .

li berty eager

p ermis sion lo n g s ufi erin g, p a ti

v
‘

ri g h t look,
licen s e , li berty . app ear
p ermi ssio lo o k , n , a i r
.

ri gh t . l o o k fo rw ard t o , an ti cip ate

l ie , d ecep tio n l o quacio us , garrulous
v
. .

l if e , beh a i or l o rd l y , a bsolute
l ife , pub l ic, career Lo rd s S upper, sacramen t
‘

l o re , kno wled ge
l igh t , a , ai ry
. lo s s , i nj ury
li gh t lo t , fl ock
knowled ge p ortion
l igh t en , a lle i a te v v
l o ab l e , ami ab le
l ik e , vv
lo e,
a d mi re
sy non y m ns l
ov e , n , a tt ach men t
.

app a ren t
l ik en ess , an alogy
app roxi ma ti on
d up li ca te . .

l ik e wise , also l o wer, a bas e

l ikin g , appeti te a bate

f a ncy ” d isp arage

0 0 0 0 0 0 l o w er cl as s e s , mo b
l imit , bo un d ary l o yal , f a i thf ul
en d , n . . l o y alt y , a ll egi an
l imit l ess , i nfi n ite lucid , clear
l impid , clear lucky , f or tun ate
lin e , bo un d ary h app y
l in e o f ach i e e men t , v career . l ud 1 cro us , ab s ar
lin e o f b at tl e , array queer
l in gerin , s low . lun acy , i ns an i ty
liqui d , ui d . lure , allure
l is t , lis ten d raw
luscio us , d el i ci ous
lis ten lus t , app eti te .

l is t les s , ab s trac ted l us t er, li gh t

luxurian t , p len tif ul
v
lit e ral , erba l lyin d ecep tion .

l it erary pro d uct io n s , li tera ture mac imat i on , artifice .

lit e rary w o rk s , li ter a ture mach in e, tool

li ter a ture mad nes s , i nsani ty .

magis t erial , d o gma ti c .

l itt l e , min u te magn an imo us , generou

vv
l 1 e, , a bi d e
ma cen t , royal
v v
l i e . a , ali e ma arms
v
.

l i e lin e ss , p ertnes s main t ain

v v
,

l i el y, act i e
6‘

a i ry
a lert
al i e v
n i mb le roy al
r acy make
v
li in g, ali e v co mpel
v
l i in g creat ure , a n i mal mak e b ett er am en d
v
,

l i in g o rgan i s m, a n i mal mak e h as t e qui cken

,

lo ad make kn o wn an no un ce ,
 m in gl ed w ith
n a rr a tio n

min gl ed with , ami d .

mo n o man ia i ns an i ty ,

mo n s tro us , absurd
miracu o us , s upern a tur al . mo o d , f an cy
mirt h ,
mo p, cleans e
t h ful , h app y mo rality, rel i g ion
v
.

misad en t ure ,
misf ortun e . mo reo v
er b ut , .

mi s cellan eo us h eterog en eous

v
,

mis ch an ce ca tas trop h e , . s e ere

mo ro s en e s s , acr i mony
mo rt ifi cat io n , ch agri n
mi s ch iev
o us , p ern i ci ous mo rt ify abas h , .

mo t h er to n gue , l an guage
misempl o y a buse mo
'

mis erab l e p i tiful

, . .

tg on

v
, .

miserl y , a ar i ci o us .

mis erlin e s s frug a li ty , .

mis ery mi sfortun e

.

vb
,

misf or tun e mo t t o pro , er .

blow
ca tas trop h e

a nxi et y
d oub t , n

mish ap acci d en t mo v
e n motion
mo v
, , .
,

ca t as trop h e e me n t a ct ,

misf or tune
mo v
.

mislay di er
mo v
, ,

s mat ch e i n con gr uo us . in g p i tif ul , .

mis mat e d , i n con gruo us mud d y obscure

mulis h res ti v
.
, .

misplace , d isp l ace . e , .

mi s t ak en , a bsurd obs t i na te
v
.

mi s t rust , d oubt , . mul t ifo rm , mp le

co
mi s us e , mult it ud e , army . .

mit e , p ar ti cle
mit igat e , aba te th rong
alle i ate v mun lfi cence , ben e olen ce v
mun ifi cen t , generous .

mun imen t record , O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O

mun imen t s h i s tory ,

mob murd er kill

mo b 11e activ
,

e , murky d ark ,

mo ck s n eer
, murmur babble ,

mo ck ery ban ter ,

mo d mus ic melod y
mus t e r con v
,

mo d oke ,

mut at io n ch an ge, n ,

mut e t aci turn

,

i d eal mut in o us rebelli ous

v v
,

mo d ate , res t i e
v
'

e1
O O O I O O O O O Q I O
, .

mut in y , re olu ti on.

mo d erat e a slow , .
,

mo d erat io n abs ti ne n ce , . mys teri ous

mo d ern new , . d ark
obscure
mo d ify ch an ge , , v my st ic, mys teri ous
mo l d ben d mys t 1cal , mys teri o us
v
,

go ern myt h , fi cti on

mo l d mo d el s tory
v
,

mo ld er d ecay n ai e , can d i d

m
, .

mo l e cul e par ti cle e

mo l e s t a buse
,
,

.
n
a term
mo llify all ay , . I]
mo me n t ary trans ien t ,

mo ne tary fi anci al ,
n
.
 b lete
v
o so
o era w e 544

obsolet e o pen in g, en trance

op era ti on .

act .

obs ti na te exerci s e
o perat i e , artis tv
p er v erse . o perat o r, agen t
obs tr uct o pin i on ,
.
f ai th . .

hi n d er i d ea

m
.
.

o b s t ruc t i o n , o pinio n at e d , d og a ti
i mp ed i men t obs ti n a te
o b tain , a tt ai n O ppon en t , enemy
g et O ppo se , con tras t

purch ase hi n d er
v
o b trus i e , med d lesome obs truct
o ppo se d , al i en , a
ob vat prev
1 en t e, relucta n t
ob v
. .

i us clear o ppo s ti o n , ambi tio n

o ,

e v
id en t
.

.
1an tip a th
o ccas i o n , cause . co llis io n
make o ppres s , a buse
v
.

o ccul t , mys teri ous o pt io n , al tern a ti e

v
. .

o ral , erb al
o rat io n , sp eech
w ork o rat o ry, sp eech
o ccupie d , i n d us tr ious , o rd er .

o ccupy , array
v
.

ha e class
o ccur, h appen law
o ccurre n ce , ci rcums ta n ce sys tem
o rd erly, n ea t
o cean , a .
, n aut ica l . o rd er o f b att le , arra y
o ce an i c, n auti cal o rdin an ce , l aw
od d , queer . s acr amen t
rare o rd i ary, general
o ffen d , a f ro n t .
n normal ”

o fi en s e , a bo mi n a ti on usual ”

a n ger o r an ic, ra d i cal

.
g
O ri g 1n , begi nn i n g
si n ca use
o d er, v ll g a e e o rig
1n al , a aut he n tic
v
.
, . .

o ff e r, n proposal n at i e
o fi h an d , ext emp o ra n eous
s
o rigin al , n .
, i d eal
o ffice , d uty
£6

o fli cio u s , act i e v p ri me al v
med d lesome . ra d ic al
o fli c io us n es s , i mpu d en ce t rans cen d en t al
ol d o r1g1n at o r, cause
o rn
amen t a d orn
v
,

2J7éme al-
. o o
0 8 01113 18 fl uCtua te
4
,
’
. o o o ooO oo o o a ooooo
s h ake
o l d en , ol d .

o ld = fas h io n e d , an ti que,
o men , si gn p ri d e
o st racis e , b an i sh
o mi s s io n , n eglect
ough t
o n e n e ss , un i o n .

o us t , ban is h
o n ero us , d iflicul t
o ut c o me , conse quence o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o n l y, bu t
‘

en d
v
.
, n
o n s e t , a tt ack, n e en t
o n s l augh t , a tt ack, n o ut go , exp ens e
v
.

o n t h e al e rt , i gilan t o ut ro w t h , cons equ en ce

o n t h e l o o k o ut , i gi l an t v o ut an d is h , rus ti c .

o n t h e w at ch , al ert o ut l ay , ex en se
“ p .

o paque , d a rk .
p ri ce
O pen , blufi o ut lin e , ab ri d gme n
‘

ca n d i d s ketch
v
e i d en t . o ut o f d at e , obs olete
o pen h an d e d , g en erous
j
o ut rage , i n ury
e
”

o pe n h eart e d , gen erous

s
o ut s et , b egi n n i n g
o pen mg, v
o e rawe , abas h .
 o v e rb e a ri n g
545 pen u ry

ovb i g absolut
er ear n , e .

CO gmati c p ar ticle
T
I/
’

ov
. t

m b t
e rc o e, ea por ti on
part ialit y, p rej ud i ce
v c fid
o
o
o
er

vl k p d o v
er o
er o o
t m i ty
on
vfl wi g p l t f ul n
en ce ,
,

ar
en i
n,
e er
. .
.

part icul ar, ci rcu

mi nute
ma
st n ce
O O O O Q O O O I O O O

vm t
.
,

o er as e r, part icipat io n , ass oci a ti on

part icipat o r, acces sory
ovplu x
er s, e cess part in g s al ut at io n , f arew
vp w
.

o er o e r, part iz an , ad h eren t
part n er, accessory ”

care .

partn ersh ip, alli an ce

associ a ti
ion
o vt
er ak e , ca tch pas s , way
pass age , career
mo ti on
d emoli s h w ay
pas s age o f arms , b attle
pas s age way , wa y
pas s b y , p ard on
o vtu
er re ,propos al pas e1n g , trans i en t
vt u rn , d emoli s h pas si o n , an ger
v
o er .

s ub ert app eti te

vwh el m , h i d e en th us i as m
vv
o er
i n ol e v
pas s o er, p ar d on
v
. .

O wn , a ow O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
pas t ime , en tert ai n men t O O O O O O O O I O O O I .

past o ral ,
pat en t ,
pab ul um, f oo d P
pacify , all ay P
pack , lo a d pat h way , way
flock .
p ati en ce
pact , con trac t ”

page an t , os ten t a tion .

pat o is , l an g ua ge
page an t ry , os ten ta ti on
p ai n ”
pat riarch al , old
pri e al mv
.

pai n s , i n d us tr y pat t ern , examp le

i d ea
i d ea l
alle vi t a e mod el
palpab l e , e v
id t p reced en t
v
en

pal t ry , pi tif ul pauperism, p o er ty

pamper, cares s .
paus e , ceas e .

pan e gyri c, p rai s res t s

.

pan g, pai n ”
27 04/
pan 1 c, al ar m . requi te

f ear pay men t , p a y

parab l e , allegory pay 011 , requi te
parad e , array
os ten t a tion
.

“
pe ace , res t .

pe ace f ul , cal
.

m
parad o x , ri d d le .
peace ful n e s s , res t
parad o x ical , absur d pec liar, queer
u
parapet , b arri er . rare

paraph ras e , quo te .

pecul iarit y , ch aracteris tic
parcel , pe cun iary , fi n anci al
pard on , v pe epi n g, i nqui si ti e v
a bsol e v peer, ass oci ate
v
. ” .

pard o n, n pee ish n e ss , an ger

mercy pelluci d , clear
v
.

pard on ab l e , en i al ” pen e t rat in g, as tu te

pari t y, an a logy pen et rat io n , acumen
en trance

paro d y , cari ca ture . v

paro xy sm, pain
pars 1mo n 1o us , a ari cio
pars 1mo ni o us n e ss , f rugali ty
pars i mo ny , f 7u gali ty
pen et rat i e , as tu te
pen i t en ce , rep en tance
v u pe n s io n , subsi d y
. v
pen urio us , a ari ci ous
.

35
people pet ulan ce , an ger
peo pl e , d regs o f t h e , mo b pet ul an t , p er erse v
v
.

percei e ph al anx , army 1 .

d i scern ph an t as m , d el usion
v
perce pt 1b l e , e i d en t ph an t as y , i magi n a ti on .

percept i o n , knowled ge ph ari s ais m, h yp ocri sy

v
. .

sen sa tion phil an t h ro py, bene olenc e

pe rempt o ry, a bsolute ph l egm, ap a th y .

peren n ial , etern al .

ph ras e , d i cti on
t erm
f
per ect .

ph ras eo lo gy , d i cti on
r ad i cal ph ysi cal
perfo rm, d o pick , al tern a ti e v .

execute
make p1ck o ut , cho ose
t rans ac t ” p1
pe1 fo
'
man ce , act p1ct ures que , beautif ul
1 exerci e
. .

s .
pi ece , p art
op era ti on piet ism, h yp ocrii sy
work . . ” reli gi on ”

perfo rmer, agen t .

p1e t y , reli gi on
peril , d an g er pi ] e 11p, amass
h azar d p1l ri mag e , j ourn ey
peril o us , p recari ous g
p 11 age r, robber
perio d , en d , n .
p1quan t , racy
ti me pi que
periph ras is , pirat e , robber
perish , d i e .
pi t e o us , pi tif ul .

perm an en t pit h y , t erse

p ermi s si on pit iab l e , p i tiful
m
per it , a , allow.

en d ure
.
p i tif ul
p i ty
permit , n , permission
. mercy
per ni cio us pit yi n g, h uman e .

perpe t rat e , pl ace , p ut

perpet ual , pl acid , calm
e tern al .
plagiariz e , quo te .

pl ag ue , abomi n a tion
perpl exin g, equi ocal v pl ain , clear
v
. .

e i d en t .

a mazemen t . ru s ti c
pl ain s po k en blufi
‘
e

care plan , d es i gn
d oubt , n

pers e cut e , abuse h ori zon t al

v
pers e eran ce , i n d us try
pers ist en ce , i n d ustry pl an e , h ori zon tal
pers i st en t , p erman en t ”
pl
o bs ti n a te plaud it , p rai se
pers on alit y , ch ar acter .
pl ayfuln es s , w ii t
pers pi caci o us , as tute pl e a, apology .

ple
pers p1cacit y , acume n .

pers pi cuo us , clear .

p ray .

pers ua d e H

ben d I O O O O O ami able O . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

in fluen ce . comf or table .

pert in aci o us , obs ti n a te d eli gh tful

pertn es s pl eas an t ry , wi t
i mp ud ence pleas e , en ter t ai n
Per v erse ple as e d , h appy
vt
per e r , a buse pl eas in g, ami able
v
per ert in g , p ern i cio us d eli gh tf ul .

pes t ifero us , p ern i ci ous . leas an t .

pest il en t ial , p ern i cious pl eas rab e , d eli gh tf ul

pet , caress
.

u .

pet it i on , ask pl eas ure , en ter t ai n men t .

‘
f p r ay h appi ness
petti sh ne ss , Pl ed CW trmt O O O O O O O O D ! O O O C Q O O O O Q
 ret ro s pe ct
sa n cti o n 552

PA GE .

re t ro spe ct , memory 23 9 ro a m wan d er

,

re t ro s pe c tio n memory 239 ro ar,

v
,

ret ur n , requi te 3 13
v
.
,

ret urn , n h ar es t
.
, 192 ro b es , d res s
profi t ro ck , s h a ke
ret urn s , profi t 288 ro ll , v vv
, re ol e

vl
.

re ea 46 ro ll , n , recor d , it
rev
, .

l ti o 31 6 roman ce , d ream
v g vav ge
e a n .

re en e, .
, en 69 fi ction
requi te 313 ro o t o ut , extermi n ate
v
re en ge, n 316 ro t , d eca y
vv
.

h atred 1 93 ro t at e , re ol e
reve er 23 ro ugh , awkw ard
v t
,

enera e 366
v c vv t ene ra e 36 6 ro ut , con quer
v ati
re ere n e ,
v c
.
,

re eren e, n ener on 3 66 ro ut e , w ay OOOOOOOOO

vi d r m
.
,

1 39 ro ut in e , h a bi t
v vabolis h
re er e, ea
re ers e , 6 ro v
e
v
, ,

re mi sfor t
ers e , 7i 242 ro y al
v
,

reil abu e, se 12 ru b 01f o r o ut , can

l d s an er 3 36 rud e , b arb arous
rev k abo lis h
o e, 6
canc el 92 ru s tic
ren o unce 309 rud e n e ss , i mpud en ce
re v
ol t n v
re olu tion 3 17 rue , m urn
v v
, .
, ¢ o 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O Q O I

re olution 3 17 rui n , .
, a b us e
6t
1 01
vlv 3 18 s ub ert v
v
re o e
re ward , .
, requi te 31 3 ruin , n .
, misf ortun e
re w ard , n su bs i d y 34 5 ruin o us , p ern i ci ous
v v
.
,

240 rul e , .
, go ern
27 6 rul e , n .
, h abi t
racy 299 law
rid e , d ri v e 140 sy s tem
ri d d le 3 18
ridi cul e , b an ter 73
1
. . .

rid ic lo us , a bsur d 11 ren d

u queer 29 7 rural , rus ti c
righ t , a .
, i n nocen t 220
ri gh t , n . 319
d uty 1 42 rush , career

j us t ice ” 225 rus ti c

righ t away , righ t o ff, i mmed i a tely . 21 1 s ab le ,d ark
righ t e o us , i n n ocen t . 220 sacramen t
ri gh t eo s n ess , d u ty 1 42 s acre d , h oly
u j us ti ce
.

225 s acrifi ce , surren d er

rel i gi on 3 07
i rtue v 37 0
r gh tf ul n es s , j us ti ce 225 sagaci ous
1
v
.

ri gh t n es s , i rtue 370 as tu te
v
1 . 1

rig id , se ere 3 29 s agacit y , acumen

rigo ro us , s e ere v 329 wi s d om
mm, ban k 72 s a e,
g
rime ( rh yme) , poetry 27 7 s ai n t l y ,
rin s e , clea ns e 1 07 s al ab l e , ven al
rio t , re olu tio nv 31 7
rip, ren d 309 sa le
ri s e, v 3 19 salu b rio us , h eal th y
ris e , n , begi n ni n g 78 s al ut ar
.
y,
risk n , d an ger . 1 21 s alut at i o n , part l n g, f a rewell
h aza r d 1 94 s alut e , a d d res s ,
ris k y , precari ous 28 2 s ame , alike O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

rit e , s a crame n t 321 sy no nymo us

v
ri al , n , en emy 15 1
v
. .

ri al ry , ambi tio n 4O exa mp le

v
ri e , break 86 san ct i mo n io us n e ss h ypocri sy ,

ren d 3 09 s an ct imo n y h ypocr i sy

vab t
,

ro ad , w ay 37 2 san ct ion , .
, e
37 2
 s a n c tio n
553 s e n sib le

s an
ct io n , v s ecre t e , hid e
O O
O t t o o o o o o
.
, I o o o o o n o o t o o I c I

S an l t a ry ,
l I’ealth y "
l . O O O 0 . 0 O 0 C O O . 0 0 O s ec t io n , p ar t l 0

s ec ure , a rres t
a tt a i n
s bi n d
s at ire ,b a n t er . ca tch
at is fac t io n , h app i n ess .
get
p rop i t i a t i o n purch as e .

s at is fact o ry , securi ty
comfor t a bl s e d at e , cal m
s at is fie d , s ed it io n . re ol uti v
i on
s s ed it io us , reb elli o us
requi te s e d uce , al lure
s at is fy in g, d el i g h tf ul s e d ul o us , i n d us tri ous
s auc in e s s , i mp u d en ce s e d ul o us ne s s , i n d us tr y
s ee , d i s cern
v
. .

s a age , look
see d , la n t
fierce s ee d o wn , pl a n t
s ee m, app ea r
v b ut
s a e, see min g , a , app aren t
s av g f r ugal ty
.

1n i s ee min g, n , p r e ten se
av
.
,

s o y d el ci o us
r , i s e emly , beco m ing
s e men t , p ar t
g
s ei z e , a rres t
ca tch
speak s e l ect , al lo t
ch oose
s ay in g, s el g
ab nega tion
s e f as sert io n , assura n ce
e

s carce , ego tis m

s c are , f righ ten ” s e lf= co mplace n cy , p ri d e .

s ch e d ul e , s e lf s co n c e it , ego ti s m .

s ch e me d esi gn
, .
p ri d e
h yp s el f c o n d e mn at io n , repen ta n ce
z

s ch is mat ic, s elf c o n fi d en ce , as s ur ance

hereti c s

s cho l ar egoti sm
s e l f c o n s c io us n e s s , ego ti s m
vt
z

s ch o o l , .
, each s elf = co n t ro l , abs ti n en ce
s c h o o lin g, ed uca ti o self = abnega ti on
s ci ence s el f d en ial , a bs ti nen ce
s

kno wled ge s elf a b nega tio n s

v
.

s c in t il la , p a rt i cle . s elf d e o t io n , self ab neg a tion

s a .

s cin t il l at io n , li gh t s elf e s t ee m, ego ti s m

a
.

p ri d e
s co rch , s elf e xal t at io n , p rii d e
a

s e l f i mmo l at io n , self a b n eg a ti on
‘ e

s co rn , s e lf O pin io n at e d , d ogma ti c
a

s el f po s sess e d , calm
g

s el f re lian c e , ass ura nc e

a

s elf re n un ciat io n , self abn eg at io n

z s
.

s c rap, s el f re s pect , p ri d e
s

s c rat ch o ut , can cel s e lf res t rain t , a bs ti n ence

s

s cre a m ca ll s elf s acrifi ce , sel f ab n eg auon

'

v
s s
,

s creen , hi d e . s e ll , con ey
p alli a te . . s e mb l an ce , an alogy

p retense
s c ri mpin g f rug ali ty , s en d
s c ro ll , record s e n il e , ol d .

s crub , clea n s e s ens a ti on . .

s crupl e , d oubt it s en s e , mi n d
v
,

s c rut in iz in , i n ui s i ti e s ens a ti on
g q .

s earch wis d om
v
.

s e arc h i ng , i n ui s i ti e s en s e l es s , abs ur d
q
s e aso n , ti me s e n s e l es sn e s s , i d iocy
v
s eat o f go e rn me n t , cap i t al ” sen si bili ty oooooooo
0 0

s ecl u s i o n , reti remen t . s e n s ib le , co n sci ous

s e co n d , h elp .
p h ys i cal
s ecre t , mysterious s ag acio us
 t ro ub l e
u n ifi ca tio n

t ro ub l e , misfor t u
ne un ce as in g, etern al
v
.

t rue , auth en ti c . un ce rt ain , equi ocal O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

p recari ous o o o n o o oooooooo -

un c ert ain ty , d o ub t , it . o o o o o o o o o c o o o o

p ure un ch an geab l e , perman en t .

real un c h an gin g permane n t

v
,

truis m, a xi om un ci il, bl ufi
v v
. .

p ro erb . un ci il i z e d , b a rb arous
t run k , bod y un co mmo n , queer
v
t rus t , , commi t rare
v
.

t rust , n , a ssur an ce un co mmun icat i e , t ac i turn

v
.

f aith un c o mpro mis mg , se ere .

t rus t wo rt h y , a uth en ti c un co n cern , a a t h y .

un co n d it io n a a bs olu te
un co n d it io n e d , i nfi n i te .

r el i able un co n gen ial it y , an tip ath y

un co nn e ct e d , a li en , a
un co n que rab l e , obs ti n a te
un c o n s cio us n es s , tu or .

t rut h , j us ti ce un co n t ro ll ab le , reb el i ous

v
.

eraci ty un co rrupt e d , p ure

v
.

irtue un c o ut h , awkward
t rut h ful , can d i d b arba rous
v
.

t rut h f ul n e s s , eraci ty ru s ti c
t ry, ch as ten un creat e d , p ri me a l v
v v v
.

en d ea or , un c ult i at e d , fi erce .

t ryin g, d ifiicul t . u n d a un t e d ,
t ug , d raw un d e fi le d , p erf ect
t ui t io n , ed ucat i on
v
.

t umult , re oluti on . un d en iab le , n ecess ary

t urb id o bs cure . un d e re s t i mat e , d i sp arage
t urn , ben d d ergo , en d ur e
un d errat e , d i sp ar age
un d ers t an d , p ercei e v
t ut o r, t each un d e rs t an d in g, mi n d
t wad d l e , b a bble wi s d om
v v
.

t w ain , bo th un d ert ak e , en d ea or,

v
. .

t win e , b en d un d er al ue , d i sp ar age
v
.

t win ge , p ai n . un d is may e d , bra e

t w in kl e , un di s t urb e d ,
t w in kl i n g, l igh t un d ulat e fl uct ua te
.

t w is t , ben d un d y in g, etei
t w o , both un e d u cat e d , i gn oran t
t yp e , emblem un empl o y e d , i d le
v acan t
un en d in g, etern al
si gn un en l igh t en e d , i g n or a n t
t ypical , n or mal v
un e qui o cal , absolu te .

t yran n i cal , ab s olute . . cle ar

t y ro , a mat eur un fad in g, etern al
umb rage , pi que un failin g , eter n al
umpire , j u d g e un f al rne s s , i nj us ti ce
un ad o rn e d , clear .
p rej ud i ce
un ad ult erat ed , p ure ” un fat h o mab l e , i nfi n i te
un amb i uo us , cl ear
g . . mys terio us
un an i m1t , h armon y unfat h o me d , mys teri ous
un ass ure , preca ri ous un fee l in gn e s s , ap a th y
v v v
”

un a ailin g , ai n un fi lle d , acan t

v
. . .

un a o id ab l e , n eces s r y a un flinch ing, o bs ti n a te

v
.

un a o id ab l en e s s , n ecessi ty un fo ld , amp li y
un b el ie f, d ou b t, n un g ain ly , a w w ar d
v
un b e lie er, s kep ti c g o d lin e s s , si n
v v
.

un b i as e d , ca n d i d . un go ern ab l e , p er erse
un b id d e n , s o n t an eous rebelli ous
un b l emish e p erf ect . un h an d y , awkw a r d
p ur e . un h e al t h ful , p er n i ci ous
un b o un d e d , i nfi n i te . un h e al t h in e s s , d i s ease .

un b ro k e n , co n t i n ual . un h o mo ge n co us , h et erogeneous
un ce as in g, un ifi ca t io n , un io n
 561 utilit y

un ifo rm, a .
, alike . un s o ph is t icat e d , rus ti c
un ifo rm, n .
,d ress un s o un d n e s s , d i sease
un ifo rm1t y , h armo n y un s piri t ual , bru t i sh
v
.

un imp01 t an t ai n un s po t t e d , p ure
1
un in fo rme d i gno ran t . un s t ab l e , precar rii o us
un in s t 1 uct e d, i g no ran t un s t ain e d , p ure
un in t e llect ual , bru ti sh un s t ead y , p recari o us
v
.
.

un in t e l l igib l e , obscure un s ub s t an t ial , ai n . .

in t errupt e d , un s uit ab le , i n co n gruous

un ion un s ullie d , p ure .

un t ain t e d , p ure
un t ame d , b arbarous
a tt ach men t . un t arn is h e d , pure
un t a
u gh t , i g n oran t
r us ti e
un ique , queer un t enan t e d , v a a c nt

p rv
.

un t o ward , e erse
un t rain e d , fi erce .

un t rut h , d ecep t i on
un t ut o re d , i gn ora n t
un i o n un us ual , queer
v
. 0 0 0 0 0

un i e rs al , g enera l rare
vyi g o ti u l
.

un k in d n e ss , acri mo n y un ar n c n in a
w v i g f ai thful
. ,

un kn o wn , mys terious . un a er n ,

un l a wful , cri mi n al . un wh o le s o me , p ern i ci o us

un l earn e d , i gnora n t un willin g, reluct an t
v
.

un l e ss , b ut un yie ld in g, se ere cccccccc

un le t t e re d , i g n
oran t
. .

obs ti n a te
un lik e , ali en , a upb raid , rep ro e v
h eterogen eous upb raid in g , rep roof
u
.

n l ik en e s s , d iflerene e uph o l d , a bet

‘

un li mit e d , i nfi n i te
un man age ab le , rebelli o us .

un man n erly , su
ppor t
un mat ch e d , queer upl i ft ed , h i gh .

un meas ure d , i nfi n i te
un min gle d , pure
. upr
1gh t , ho n es t
i n no cen t
v
.

un mi s t ak ab l e , e i d en
uprig t n es s , j us ti ce
un mit igat e d , se ere v .
h i r t ue v 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

un mix e d , p ure
v
un o b t rus i en e s s ,
un o ccupied , i d le
o d es t
.

m upro o t , extermi n a t e
ups h o t , cons equence
ups t art , n ew
v
. . .

acan t . u rb an e , p oli te
un paral lel e d , rare . urge , i nfi uene e
un po lis h e d , rus t i c .
p ers uad e
un po ll ut e d , p ur e .
plea d
un pre ce d e n t e d rare qui cken
un prej ud ice d , can d i d . urge fo rward , p romo t e
un pre me d it at e d , extemp oran eous urgen cy , n ecess i ty
v v
. . p

un pro fi t ab le , ai n urge o n , d ri e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

un que s t i o n ab le , real .
p romo te
unre al , qui cken .

unre aso n ab l e , a bsurd us age , h a bi t

v
. .

unr ele n t in g, s e ere . use , employ .

un remit t in g, exerci s e
v
.

un res e r e d , can d i d
u
“

un righ t e o us n e s s , i j s ti ce uti lity

n
si n ” us efuln es s , profi t O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

un rufli ed , cal m utili ty

v v
.

un ruly , res ti e us e l e ss , ai n
un s at is fyin g, ai n v
v
.

un s elfi s h n e s s , b en e ol en ce
v v
.

un se r iceab le , ai n ”
general
un s e t tle , d ispl ace
un s e tt le d , precari o us
un s kil ful , awkw ard
un sk il le d , i gn or a n t “
un S O ph is t icat e d , ca n d i d .

36
 ut mo st
w a it 562

ut mo s t , en d , n ves t ig trace e,
vst m t d ress
e en s ,
utt eran ce ,
vx af ron t
e
vx t i an g
,

v
e a on, er
aca n t ch ag i n r
i d le via d s f ood
n
v t v
,
aca e , i b at r s h ake e,
vice s i n
v v
,

a il l
c at e , fluctuate i i u
c o i mi l s , cr na
ti v res e
v vci u
1 o i sn e s s , s n
vi i it ud
c ss h g e, c an e,
v
ai lo
n ry , p ri d e vi t imi
c bu ze , a
v
se
v
. . .

al e i tory
c
v
.

i tu l f d
c a s, oo
v
ali t an vi w look
e
v v
, , ”

al o r, ig il
v
aan ce , c re
v
alue , i gil t an
l t a er
v
ig ti v
o ro us , ac e
h l th y ea O O
v
C C -O C I O O O O O O O O O Q .

il b ut h
e, r is
cri mi n al
v qui h
an s , vil fy1 ,

sl a d er n
vill i y abom
a n ti o i na n
v v av g
,

a ia t
r n i d n t 1 ca e , en
v
e
v
, .

ar iati o n, i d i ti
n p l g
ca on, a o o
d f e ens e
v
a i t y ch a ge
r e n vi g i h b i tt
ne ar s er
v
, 7 ,

d iff r nce e e i l t
o a e, ab u se
v v
.

a i us
r o i l t fi
o en erce :
v v
, ,

a yr i il mas culi
r e, ne
v
,

i tue
r
jj u ti c s i e
vu
a n t , os t en ta ti on vi tu u i
r o o t s, nn cen
vu
.

n t in g, os ten t a tion
v
a
vi tu u
r o i t ue sn es s , r
vi ulr ac i mo y
e n ce , r n
vi ul t bi tt
r en er
vi id a d h si v
.
,

sc e e
v iv
,

i u
s co ad h s, es e
vi ib l
s vid t
e, e en

p h y i al s c
v v
.

en al 1 1 d am
s on , re
v y f iful
.

i s i o n ar an c
v
,

ai
i it av g
n
v
.

s en e
v
,

i it t i
s a mi sfort u e on , i n
vit i t d efil
a e, e
v
.

1t up t abu era e , se
vv u al v
i aci o s, i e
v b ul y d i ti
o ca ar c on
v tu
,

men es s temeri ty l gu g an a e
vc l vb l
en re s o , .

o a er a
v t i bu i
,

o ca on , s n ess
vmf t all
o e ra e , c
vid
o
vb vlu t y sp t o u
,

er o s e, o n ar on a n e s
v vw th
,

e br o s it y , o oa
vy g j ou y
,

o a e, r ne
vulg th
ar, m b e, o
vulg 1 m la g
ar s s n
v
,

real ulg ty ari l g , s an

w ages , p a y
w aggery, wi t
waggis h n e ss , wi t
p oct m O ' Q O O O O O Q O O O O O O ' O O O O O O Q wai t ,