I N TE G R A L C A L C U LU S

FO R BE G I N N E RS

W ITH AN I N TR OD U C TI O N T O TH E S T U DY OF

DIFFE RE NT IA L E QUAT I O N S

J O SE P H E D WA D M A R S,
E E S S SS O E E
. .

F O RM R LY F LL OW OF IDN EY U EX C LL G E , C AM B R I DG

fi on b r m

MAC M I LL A N AN D 00 .

AN D N E W Y O RK

1 896

A ll r igh ts r es er ve d
 AS TR ONOMY
Fi r s t E diti on , 1 890.

R e pr i n t e d 1 89 1 , 1 8 9 2 , 1 893 .

With a dd iti o n s a n d cor r e c ti on s , 1 89 4 r e pr i n te d 1 89 6 .

SO
G LA G W :
BY
PR I N T E D A T T H E U N I V ER I T Y
O
R B ER T M A C L E H O S E A N D C O
S .
P R ESS
 P RE FA CE .

THE pr es en t v ol um e is n ten de d to for m a soun d i

i i
n tr o du c t on to a s tu d
y of th e I n t e r al
g C a lc u l u s

i i i j i
,

s u ta b l e for a s tu de n t b e nn n t h e s ub e ct L k e its
g g
i
.

com p an on th e TDij Q r eobme

I
al Ca l cu lu s f or B egi n n er s
‘ A f

h h
, ,

it do e s n ot t e r e fo r e aim at c o m pl e ten e s s b u t r at e r
i i i j Whi h
,

a t th e o m s s on o f a ll p o r t on s o f th e s u b e c t c
ar e u s u all
y r e a r de d a s b e s t l e ft for a l at e r r e a d n
g g i
Wi h h i
.

It ll b e foun d ow e v e r t at th e o r d n a r y pr o
i i
, ,

c ess e s o f n teg r at on ar e fu lly tr e ate d a s al s o th e

i i h i i
,

pr n c p al m et ods of Re ct fic at on an d Qu adr atu r e

i
,

an d th e calcu l at on o f th e v ol um es an d s u r fa c e s
of i
s ol ds of r e v o l u t on i
S om e n d c a t on is al s o i i i
h i i
.

a ffo r de d to th e s tu de n t o f ot e r u s e fu l a ppl c a t on s

of th e I n te r a l C alc u l u s s u c
g a s th e
g h
e n e r a l m e t od h
ii ii
,

to b e e m pl oy e d in ob ta n n g th e p os t on of a

i
C en tr o d or th e v al u e o f a Mom e n t o f I n e r t a i
i h h
.
,

As it s e e m s u n de s r ab l e t at th e p at o f a s tu de n t
i h i h
in Appl e d Mat e m at cs s ou l d b e b l oc k e d b y a
w a n t o f a c qu a n t a n c e i t Wi h
th e m e t o ds o f s ol v n g h i
"
M2 9 8 72 0
vi PRE F ACE .

l
e e m e n ta ry i
D ffe r e n t il
a E qu a t i on s , an d at th e s am e

t i m e t h at h is c ou rse s h ou ld be s to pp e d fo r a s
y s

te m atic s tu d
y of th e s ub e jc t in s om e c om pl e te
an d ex h au s t iv e t r e at i se , a b ri f e a cco u n t h as b e en
ad de d of th e o i
r d n a ry m e t o s of s ol u t on of th e hd i
m o r e e l e m e n ta r
y f o r m s o cc u n
g l ea d n
g p u t o a n d rr i i
i i h i i
,

n cl u d n all s u c k n ds a s th e s tu de n t i s l k e l t
g y o

m e et w t ih
in h is r e ad n g o f An al y t c al S tat c s i i i
i i
,

D y n am c s of a P a rt cl e an d th e e l e m en ta r y p a r ts o f
ii i i
,

R g d Dy n am cs Up to th e s ol u t on o f th e g e n e r a l
i i i i ih
.

L n e ar D ffe r e n t al E qu at on w t C on s tan t Coe ffi

c ie n t s j
th e s u b e c t h a s b ee n t r e at e d as fu ll y a s is

i ih
,

c on s s ten t w t th e s c op e of th e pr e s en t wo rk
h h h
.

Th e e x am pl e s s c a tte r e d t r oug ou t th e te x t av e

b e e n c a r e fu lly m a de or s e l e c te d t o ll u s tr a te th e i
i
a r t cl e s w hi h h i
c t ey m m e d atel y foll ow A c on s de r i i
h h
.

ab l e n um b e r of t ese e x a m pl e s s o u l d b e w o rk e d

h
b y th e s tu de n t so t at th e s e v e r a l m e t ods e x pl a n e d h i
in th e
“ b ook w o rk m a b
- fir m l fi x
”
d i n th
y e
y e e

i
m n d b e fo r e a tta ck n
g t h e s om e w at i
a r de r s e ts a t h h
th e e n ds o f th e c ap te r s h
T e s e a r e g e n e r ally o f a h
i h
.

m o r e m sce ll an e ou s c a r a c te r a n d c all for g r eate r

ii i i i h h
,

or n al t an d n en u t t u f w pr n t
g y g y o
g e e s e a n
y
i i i h
,

c on s de r a b l e d ffic u l t A l a r e pr o p o r t on o f t e se
y g
h i i
.

e x a m pl e s a v e b e e n a c tu all s e t in e x a m n at on s an d
y
hi h i h
,

th e s ou rc e s to w c I am n de b te d fo r t e m ar e

us u all y n d c ate d i i .
 P RE F A CE .
v ii
My ckn owl e dgm e n ts ar e du e in s ome de g r ee to
a

th e wo rk s o f m an y of th e m ode r n w r te r s on th e i
j
s u b e c ts t r eate d o f b u t m o r e e s p e c all y to th e i
i h
,

T r e a t s es o f B e r t r an d an d Tod u n te r an d to Pr o
hi i i
,

fe sso r G r e e n ll s n te r e s t n g Ch ap ter on th e I n tegr a l

’

Ca lcu lu s w c hi h
th e m o r e a dv an c e d s tu de n t m ay
ih
,

con su l t w t g r e at a dv an tage
h i h
.

My t an k s a r e du e to s e v e r a l f r en ds wh o av e
i i
k n dly s e n t m e val u ab l e s ugges t on s w t r egar d to ih
i
th e des r ab l e s c op e an d pl an o f th e w o rk .

J O S E P H E D WA R D S .

O c tob e r . 1 894 .
 C O N TE N T S .

I N TEG RAL CAL CULU S .

H R C AP T E I

TATION U ATIO N LICATION S

.

De t r i ti
e m na
N

on o f an
O
A r
,

ea ,
S MM , A PP .

P AG E S
t g ti fr iti
Vl l
In e ra on om th e De fin on ,

o um e o f Re v ti
o u on ,

R C H AP TE II

ENERAL M ET O D TANDARD S
.

G H S F O RM

l
. .

t h r
l
Fun dam en a T eo e m ,

t t ti
l l
N om e n c a u r e an d No a on ,

G ene r L a a ws o b e y e d b y th e I n t gr ti g Sy
e a n m bo ,

t gr ti
l lt
1
In on o f x
” "

e a ,
x ,

Ta b e of Res u s,

C H AP T E R III

ET OD OF U STITUTIO N
.

M H S B

V ri l
.

M e th od o f Ch a n g i n g th e
p l
a ab e

T h e H y e rb o i c Fu n c on s ti
iti l t lt ,

A dd on a S an da rd R esu s,
X C ON TE N TS .

C H A PT E R IV

NTEGRATI O N A TS
.

I BY P R .

tti t r t
l
In e gr a on b y P ar s of a P odu c ,

ti r f
l
G e om e r c a P oo ,

E xt i e n s on o f th e R u e,

CH RV AP TE

A T IAL RACT I O NS
.

P R F .

St
l l
an dar d C a s es , 5 5 —57
G en e r a r ti
F ac on w ith Ra ti on a N um e a o rtr an d De
n om i tr
na o , 58 —
61

C H AP T ER V I

UND T N DA D ET ODS
.

S RY S A R M H .

f71?
da
Int gr t e f a i on o

P w r
o d Pr d t
e s an f Si o uc s o n e s an d C os i n es ,

P w r
o fS t C
e s o t e c an s o r os e can s ,

P w ro fT g t
e s o C t g an en s or o an e nt s ,

j
dx
I t gr ti
n e f a ont o ’ e c.
b x a c os

C H AP T E R V I I

R EDUCTI O N OR U LAE
.

F M .

In t gr tie a on o f x
m “1
X p w hr X
e e a + bm "

l f
, ,

R d ti
e uc on F or m u ae fo r m X
a
r
-1 p dx
,

R e du c ti on Fo r m u ae l fo r
[ s in p x c o s q x dx, 94— 95

E v a ual ti on o f
f S in x
n
dzr ,
j s ia c o s qx dx,
0
 C ON TE N TS .
xi

C H
RV AP T E I II

M I S CE LL NE O U S M ET O D S
.

A H .

In t gr ti
e a on of
Ix
p il
‘

t g ti r ti
N /y
l
l p l ll
In e ra on o i s om e S ec a F ac on a F or m s,

Pr iti ti tr ti
l l
Gen er a dG o os on s a n e om e r ca I us a ons ,

t y D fi it I t gr
l
Som e E em en a r e n e n e a s,

Di ff r ti ti
e en d r I t gr
a Si g
on u n e an n e a n,

C H R AP TE IX

R ECTIFICATI O N
.

l
.

rv r i g
l ll
Ru es for C u e -T ac n ,

r ti fi ti tr tiv
l
Fo m u ae fo r R e c ca on a nd I us a e

Modi fic a ti on for rv
l
a C os e d Cu e,

v t
q
Ar c of a n E o u e,

I tri i E ti
l
n ns c ua on ,

A f P d C rv
rc o e a u e,

C H AP T E R X

UADRAT RE
.

Q U

l
.

rt i r
l lr
Ca e s an Fo m u a,

t i
l
Se c or a Ar e a s . Po a s,

rv
p
Ar e a of a C os e d Cu e,

O th r E x r i
e e s s on s ,

Ar b tw C rv rv t
l
ea e een a u e, t wo Cu a ur e

Ev t
l
o u e,

Ar
p
f P d
e as o e a s,

C di g A r
or r e s on n e as ,

C H APT E R XI

URFACES AN D VOLU ES OF OLIDS OF R E OLUTIO N

.

S M S V

Vl v l ti
.

v l ti
o um e s o f Re o u on ,

rf
Su ac e s o f Re o u on ,
x ii C ON TE N TS .

h r pp
l l
T e o e m s of Pa us ,

R v eti o u on o f a Se c t ri
o a A rea,

C H AP T E R XI I

EC O ND ORDER LE ENTS O F REA IS CE LLANE OU S

.

M
LICATIONS
S - E M A .

AP P

t l l t
.

Su rf ace In rt i egr a s , Ca es a n E em en ,

tr i t rti
Mom
t rl l l t
Cen o ds en s o f Ine a,

r
lr r l
Su fa c e I n eg a s , Po ar E em e n ,

Cen tr i o ds , e tc .
,
Po a Fo m u ae ,

D IFFE RE N T IAL EQU AT ION S .

H R I C AP T E X II

UATI ON S OF I S T O RDER
.

EQ THE F R

q
.

i i ti ti
V ri l p l
G en e s s o f a D ffe r e n al E ua on ,

r
i r q ti
a ab es Se a ab e ,

L ne a E ua on s ,

C H AP T E R XI V

UATI ONS O F T H E IRS T RDER

.

EQ F O ( C ontin ue d )
q ti
.

Hom oge n e ou s E ua on s ,

tt r Ab t
l
O n e Le e se n ,

C a ir t F r
au
’
s o m ,

C H AP T E R XV

UATION S OF T H E EC O ND RDER ACT D IFFERENTIAL

.

UATI ONS
EQ S O . EX
EQ

r q ti
.

L i ne a E ua on s ,

tt t
rl i r q t vl
O n e Le er Ab s e n ,

r
ti l q ti
G en e a L nea E ua io n . R em o a of a Te m ,

t if
E xa c D fe r e n a E ua on s ,
 C ON TE N TS .
x ii i

C H AP T E R XV I

INEAR DIFFERE NTIAL UATI ON IT ON STANT

.

O EFFICIE TS
L EQ W H C
C N

rl r l ti
.

pl t r ti
G en e a Fo m of So u on ,

rti l r t l
T h e C om em en a
y F u n c on ,

q ti i l
Th e Pa cu a In eg r a ,

An E ua on i r ith t t
R e du c b e to L n ea For m w C on s an

C o e ffic i t
en s , 2 6 4— 2 6 5

H R V C AP T E X II

RT OGO NAL RA ECTO RI S MIS CELLAN EO US UATI O N S

.

O H T J E EQ

l r j t ri
. .

th
pt t q
Or og o n a T a ec o es ,

i ti
rth r ll tr tiv pl
S om e Im or an Dy n a m c al E ua on s ,

Fu e I us a e E xa m es,

An s we r s, 2 78 — 3 08

VI AT I O N AB B R E

pl
.

T i di t t h r fr whi h
p ll l
o n ca e e
y f t h
s o u ce s om c m an o e e xam es are

d riv d i wh r h v h i i
ll
e e , g f
n c as e s g de e a rou o co e es a e e a n e xa m n at o n

i th r f r
n c o m m on , b b r vi t d
e f w
e e e n c es a r e a e a e as o o s

( ) St P t r
a
"
5 P . br k C r
. C hri ti Q
e e
’
s, em o e, o p us s ,
‘

’
u e e n s , an d St .

C th i
l ll
’
a a r ne s .

( fl) C r C i T i ity H d Ki g
l l
’
a e, a us , r n a ,
an n s .

Ch i t M gd d Sid
l
’
( 7) J 5 e s us , E r s s, a a en, m an ue , an n ey Su s s e x .

Ch i t d Si d y S
l
’
( 6) J z E e s us , r s x s, m an u e ,
an ne u ss e .

( ) C r C i d Ki g
’
e E a e, a n s , an n s .
 I N TE G RAL CALCULUS

CHA P TE R I .

N O TATION SUMMATION , ,
L
AP P I CAT I O NS .

1 . Use an d Aim of th e I nt eg r al Cal culus .

Th e I n teg r a l Cal cu l u s is th e ou tcom e o f an en

i
deavou r to O b ta n som e g e n e r al m e t od o f fin d n g th e h i
a r e a of th e pl an e s p ac e b oun de d b y g v en c u r v e d i
l i
i i h
n es .

I n th e pr ob l e m o f th e dete rm n at on o f s u c
hi ii
an

a r e a it is n e c e s s a r to s u pp os e t s s p a c e d v de d u

in to a v e r l r
y
n u m b e r of v e r
p
m all e l e m e n ts

h h y g y
h ii
a e s .

We t en a v e to fo r m som e m et od of ob ta n n g
i i
th e l m t o f th e s um o f al l t ese e l e m en ts w e n h h
h i
is u l t m ate ly in fin ites im ally s m all an d t e r hi
i i i
e ac

num b e r n fi n tel n c r e as e d

i h h y
h h
.

I t w ll b e foun d t at w en on c e s u c a m e t od of
i i
s u m m at on is d s c ov e r e d it m a b e a ppl e d to ot e r i h
h i y ,

prob l em s su c as th e fin d n g of th e l en gt of a cu r ve d h
i i
l n e th e a r e as of su r fac e s of g v en s ap e an d th e h
vol u m e s
,

h
b ou n de d b y t e m th e de te r m n at on of i i
m om e n t s o f i i
E I c
ii
n e r t a th e p o s t on s of C en tr o ds
,

A
,

e tc i ,
.

. . .
05
 I NTE GR AL CAL C UL US
’
2 .

T hr h ou t c th e b ook
oo r d n ate a x e s w ll b e al l i i
i
ou
g
s upp os e d r ectan u l a r al l a n l es w ll b u pp os e d
i ih
g g e s ,

m ea s u r e d in c rcu l a r m e a s u r e an d all l oga r t m s

i
s u pp os e d N ap e ri a n e x c e p t w e n ot e r w se s tate d
,
h ,

h i .

2 . Det er m inat on of an Ar ea i . For m of S er i es t o

be S um m ed N ot ation
i i
. .

S upp os e it is r e qu r e d to fin d th e a r ea o f th e p o r t on
o f Sp a c e b ou n de d b c r A B d efin ed b i
i i i
y a
g v e n u v e y ,

its C a r te s an e qu at on th e o r d n ate s A L an d B M of
A an d B an d th e w ax s-
,
i
,

Fig . 1 .

ii i
Let LM b e d v ded n to n e qu al s m all p ar ts L QI
Ql Q Q f l h
th i d l t d b b
, ,

i h
n n a n
2 , 3
e a c ,
o e
g t a e a e ,

th b f A d B T b — = nh Al so if
i i
e a s c ss a e o a n e n a . .

¢( ) b t h t f th c rv t h r d t
h h i
u on o e u n
fe e e e q a e e o a e s ,

LA Ql P l Q2 P 2 e tc t r ou g th e s e v e r al p o n ts L
h
.
, , , , ,

Q1 Q2 t f l t t
hi ii i
n s
,
e c ,
a r e o . e
, g e c .

Le t t e r extr em t e s b e r e s p e ct v el y A P I P 2 e tc , , , .
,

a n d c om pl e te th e r e c tan gl e s A QI P 1 6 22 2 623 e tc
P
h , , ,

h
.

N ow th e s u m of t e se n r e ctan g l e s fall s s o rt o f
h
th e a r e a s ou g t b y th e s um of th e n s m all figu r e s
A B l P l P 1 R 2 P 2 e tc
,
Let e ac of t e s e b e s upp ose d
,
. h h ,
 N OTA TI ON, S UMMA TI ON, AP P LI CA TI ONS .
3

to id l p a r all e l to i i
th e w a x s n to a c o rr es p on d n g i
p ii i
s e

o s t on t h l on e s t s t r p , s a

h ir h h hi i
u on y
p e
g
T e i s t e n l e s s t an t h e a r e a o f t s s t r p
i i h i i i
sum ,

i e in th e l m t l es s t an a n n fi n te s m a l O f th e fir s t
h i
f
n

o r de r , fo r th e b r e a dt Q M h d i l t t l
i i i h
n _ 1 1 s a n s u m a e y
n fi n te s m al o f th e fir s t o r de r , an d th e l en t

i
an
g
MB i s s u pp os ed fi n te
H i i i h
.

e n c e th e a r e a r e qu r e d is th e l m t w e n k is

z ero
( h
n d t e r e fo r e n n fi n te
) f t h i if t h
i
a O e s u m o e

s e r e s o f n te rm s

h ¢ (a ) 2 h) 1 )h } .

Th e sum m a
y b e den ote d b y
a +r h =b h -h

S h 2
'

or
4
a +r h =a a + = h a

hr S 2 d i i
r

w e n otes th e b e twee n th e l ts
i i d
e e or s um m

n d ca te

R g r di i bl ifii i l
.

+ k r th e te s
i cr i
e a n a r as a va a e as, n n m a

g yb
em en t wr tten a s 6a: or da I t is
i i i
n m a e m

c u s to m ar al s o u p on t ak n t h e l m t to r e pl a c e th e
y g
s m b ol S b
y y t h e m or e c on v e n e n t s
g n an d th e i i
i i
l m t of th e ab ove s um m at on w en k is d m n s e d i h i i ih
in de fi n te l
y i i
s t e n wr tt en h i

an d r ead “
th i n te r al of
¢( ) w ih t r eg a r d to x
g
i i
as e ce

[ of b tw t h l t d b
”

h “
or e e e n e m s as a a n ac : :
,

O r m o r e S o rtl y f r om a t o b
i i i
, .

b is c all e d th e u pp e r o r s u p e r o r l m t
”

“ “i i i i
.

a is c all e d th e l o w e r o r n fe r o r l m t ”
.

Th e s u m O f th e n + 1 te rm s ,
h¢( a ) —I ) h }
i
d ffe r s f r om th e ab ove s e r e s i m e r e l y in th e a dd ii t on o f
4 . I N TE GR AL CAL C UL Us .

th e te r m w c
h ¢ ( b) hi h ih w h
i i H i i f hi ri
or v an s es en

th e l m t is tak en e n c e th e l m t t
i
. o s se es

m ay al s o b e wr tte n

3 I nt egr ation fr om th e Definition

hi i i
. .

T s u m m at on som e t m e s be e ffecte d by
i
m a
s y
l
e e m e n ta ry m e an s , a s we n ow proc ee d to llu str ate
Ex 1 . . Ca l lt f
cu a e
b
e
x
dx .

H e r e we h v a e to e v l
a u at e

-1 h
]
a + 2h
fl + h ar
L t, e
a
e
a
e e
l
,

b = a + nh

L th z
oll e
a,
L th = o( 8 b
8
a
) eh
/L
= e —e b “.

1
[B y D ifi f B egi n n er s , Ar t
'

. Ca l c . or .

= n —1

[
b
Ex 2 . . To fin d x dx we h v a e t o fin d L t 2 w hr
e e

b a .

1)
N ow H w
a /l
a m a . n + it
z
.

—a b —a — lz ) ,
(
an d in th e li m it b e c om e s

q:
6
2
b li
Ex 3 . . To fin d
Ié dx we h v a e to ob t a n i th e m it wh en It is

i n de fii l n te y dim i ni s h e d of

1 1 1 1
h e
 6 I N TE GRAL CAL C UL US .

E XAMP E S L .

P rv by i h
b
o e s u m m at on t at

“
f dx = e
‘
x ‘

b
2 .

f s in h .r dx :
c os hb c os h a .

b
3 .

f x dx
g

4 .

f
b

[
5 . oo s = —
0d 6 s in 6 S in a .

4 Integr ation of air "

h id
. .

As fu r t e r pl e we n e xt p r op o s e to c on s
i i i
a e x am er

th e l m t o f th e s um of th e se r es

—1 h
) l
m
,

w hre e h
—
6 0
n
3
an d n is m a de i n de fin i te l y l a rge m , +1 n ot be i n
g z er o .

( T l 70
m " 1 “

;
-

[L em i it f
m a — Th e L m o
y is m I w h en k is

fi l h9
pr vi
m

i d it y dim i n i h d wh t v r 3/ m
fi F
n
n

p
th
e

it m g itu d
x r
or
e
n e

a n

i n m y b writt n
e e
e

es s o
.
s e ,

a
a e

e
e

e
ay b e, o ded it b e of

m — 1
1
2
Q
a
I,

i
a n d s nce it is to b e u lti m a e t l
y r w mz e o e a
y con s id r e
3 to b e

l th
ess an un ity an d we I na
y
th r f r e e o e a p pl y t h e B i i l
n om a

p l
,

Th r m wh t v r b v
‘

eo e to ex an d a e e e th e a u e of m +1 .

y
 NOTATI ON, S UMMA TI ON , AP P L I CA TI ONS .
7

Ca l e .
f or B egi nner s, A r t . T hu s th e ex pr i
ess on

2
IL ( m + 1 ) m 11
Il
i
y
<
5
+1
_
m + 2
1 2 y
=f m + ( a c on v rg n t ri )
e e se es
\
=m 1 w h en It is e fi l
i nd n i t y di m i ni h e s ed .

I n th e r e s ul t

h +1
(y )
m
+
Lth =0 m +1
ky m ,

put y su cc ess vely i a, a h , a 2 h , etc . a ( n 1 )h ,

an d we g et
m - H
0], h )
m +1
a ( a 2h) m +1
( 06 h) m +1
L15

( + 2h) +1
m
a
Lt
h ( a + 2 k) m

( a n 1 h) m +1
Lt
h( a + n
m +1
a dd n i n um e ato s r r for a n e w n um e ator r an d de
i
or
g
n om i n ato s r for a n e w de n om n ato r ,

h Ia +m
2k ) m
+ .
- Ih
) ]
m

or

Lth + (a + n —1 h) ] m

bm + 1 __a m + 1

m +1
In ccor dan c e w ih t th e n otat on i of Ar t 2 thi s
i
a .
,

m a
y b e w r tten
8 I NTE GRAL GAL G UL Us .

e vr
Th e
e
lpr vi re tt e s a an d

o de d x
m
bm
do e s
ay

n ot
r r e p
b e com
e s en fi
i fi it e
t
i q titi
t
an y

n n
n

e
te
b e w e en
u an
m
es
z
a
w h t a
an d
,

x=
k pr i gl ll l l
=b .

W h en ti r it
is n eces sa
a

r
is ta e n
y in t h e
as e xc e e d n

oo f to su pp y
i fi i i l
ose
sm a

it an
an d u

n n tes
m ate
m a
y
of
z e

high r
o,

al l
rd r e

th e
,
f or
v l
a u es
it h as b e e n
giv en to y
a ss u m e d

.
h t t li i i
a in th e m t
/
7
.
f is z e or f or

W h en b z 1 an d a =0 ,
u i
lt m ately th e t h r
eo em be
c om es

on
I
+1
if m + 1 be p os ii t ve ,

00 if m + l be n e g at v e i .

T hi h s t r
e o em m ay be wr i tten a so l

m i .

a ccor d ng i as m + 1 is p os t veii or n e
g at iv e . Th e l i i m t

or , w c hi h i s th e s am e t hi n
g ,

n
m i 1 ‘

i
d ffer s f r om th e fo rm e r by
1
“

?
il e
f
. b y O in th e l i i
m t,

hrf i
7
1
an d is t e e or e a s o l or 00 a cco r d n g as m + 1 is
1
ii i h i
m
p os t at v e Th e c w en m + 1 = 0 w ll
di c
ve or ne a se
g .

be s ussed l ater .

Ex 1 n d th e
.

b oun de d b y th e c u
. Fi a ea

rv
r
e,
of t h e

th e x-ax
pi r i o
s , an d
t on of

th e
th e
o
p
r i t
d
r l a ab o a

na e x = e
y
.
2 = 4 ax
 N OTA TI ON , S UMMATI ON , AP P LI CA TI ON S .
9

NM
Let us d
th e
ivi d e th e l
a
gth i t n qu
en

nd r t rdi t
e ec
0 n o

o
e

n a es
a lpri
NP,
o t ons Of hi h
Th n if
w
e
c

PR b e d
h
w en n is
rw a r
fi p
i n nit f th
ll
n l a a

e o
e t o N I II, th e
e s um of s u c
r q ir
hr t g
a ear
e c an
e
l u

es as
ed
l
is t h e
Bi l ( Ar t
li .
m it
r = (n —1 )
L I E PN N M . or Lt Z
w hr e e nlt z
c
.

N ow I ) h 1}L

—I I
) C
g
7
72

[ y
B A r t .

r A 1215 of /4 a e
ea
§ e~

o f th
f th r t
o

r
g
dj
e a e a ar e a
e e c an l e of

a cen t s
w hi h th
id
c

es .
r
e e xt e m e o rdi n ate a n d a b s c s s a i

i h i v ri
Ex 2
m th p
o we
F n d t h e m as s of a r o d w os e de n s ty
. .

o f t h e d s an ce r
om o n e e n d

l it
gth
fr .

ti lp rtir
a es as

p ph
th e

Le t a b e t h e e n
un o mif r D
of t h e r o d, to its s e c

ivi
de t h e r od n o n e e m e n a y o
on a

i t l tr
a ea s u

on s eac
os e d

of

l l l
.

en gth g . Th e v o um e ( of th e t fr r + 1 ) th e em en om th e end
n
o f r d
z e o e n s it v is (091 d it d n ity v ri
,
an fr s e s a es om to
n n

)
m
+ 1a
i th r f r i t r di t b tw
r
I ts m as s s e e o e n e m e a e e een
R

an d
10 I NTE GRAL UAL O UL US ’
.

T hu s th e m as s of th e w h l
o e r od li es b e tw e e n

+ ( 7l 1) m

m +1
n

an d in t h e li m it ,
wh e n 72 in r c ea s e s i n de fii ln te y , b e com es

m
( Da

m +l

5 Det er m ination of a V ol um e of Revol ution

i
. .

Let it b e r e qu r e d to fin d th e l fo r m e d b
i i
vo u m e
y
th e r e v ol u t on o f a g v e n c u rv e A B ab ou t an a x i s
in its own pl an e w c it do e s n ot cu t hi h
i i i i
.

Ta k n g th e a x s o f r e vol u t on a s th e cc a x s , th e
figu r e m ay b e des cr b ed ex actly as in Ar t 2 Th e i . .

Fig . 3 .

l
e e m e n ta ry r ectan gl es A QI P 1 O2 P 2 623 e tc t r ac e in
hi i i i , ,
.
, ,

t e r r e vol ut on c rcu l a r d s c s o f e qu al thi ck n e s s an d ,

o f vol u m es WA L L Q1 wP 1 Q1 Q1 Q e tc Th e s e v e r al
2 2

i 2,
i
. . .
,

a n n u l ar p o r t on s fo r m e d b y th e r e v olu t on of th e
i
p or t on s A R 1 P 1 P 1 R 2 P 2 P 2R 3P 3 e tc m ay b e con
, . ,
.
,
 N oTA TI ON, s UMMATI ON ,
AP P LI CA TI ONS .
11

s ide r e d id p r ll l
m a de i i
to l to th e n to

rr p i p i i i c f gr r i
-
S e a a e ac a x s a

p
on d n t th e d e a te s t ad u s ,

h fr db r v l i
os on u on s o
co es g
t at f fig r t h o u t on th e
Th i h r f r l h hi
o m e u e
sa
y y e e O

is t e s s t an t

di li i l h ifii i l f h
e r sum e e o e s

s c , Ti e in th e t t n n te s m a o t e
br d h Q l i
. m ess an an

fir strd r f N i h d i
th e t t
i fi i i l f fir rd r d
o e ,
or ea n _ 1 s ,
a n s u
l
m a te n tes th e st o th e
l g h NB i pp d fi i
y an n m a o e an ,

t te
H c r ir d l i i wh I i
en s su os e n .

l th e is th e m t
r ( d h r f r ifii ) f i
en e vo um e e qu e en t ,
s

z e o an t e e o e n n n te ,
o th e s u m o f th e s er es

+n
or a s it m ay be wr i tten

w ere or

li Ex 1 . Th e
ne x = c e o
. p
r v lv
rti o on o f

e s a b ou t
th e
th e ax s
pi r l
a a

.
bo a
Fin
2

v l
= 4 a x b oun de d b y th e
th e o u m e g
en e at e d r .

Fig . 4 .

r
pri
Le t th e o t on e u e d b e
th e a e a A P N , b ou n de d b y th e
r q ir th t f r
rb p
a

a a
o m ed

o a l b y th e
a n d an o
r v u ti
e

rdi n t
o l a e
on

PN
of

.
 "

12 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL Us .

Th n divi di n g
h v
a
e

e
as be fr i t
o e n o e em en a l t ry ir c lrl
cu a am in ae , we

V o um e -
tln
]
z
g/ dx : Aa -
l n
[
c

x dx z 4 am
2

[A r t .

AN

2 cy li n de r f r di u
o a s PN and h igh t AN
e

pr
.

[O r if ex es s e d as a s e ri es

Vo l um e
0

x dx

w is t
>
P
2
— 4 a 7r 9- 2 a 7r 0 2
.
] [A rt .

Ex 2 F i n d th v e l
o u m e of th e pr l p h r io at e s e o d f rm
o ed b y th e

l ll p
. .

rv
e o u t on o i f th i
e e se —= 1
2
a b ou t th e x ax s i .

Fig 5

l lrl
. .

ivi di n g f r i nt t ry ir i h
D
a x es c o in id c
as

e
be
w ith t h x x
o e

e -a
o

1s
e em en a

th e v l
o um e i s
c cu a

tw i c e
am n ae w os e

a
-2
“6 2
2 _
71
3/ dx w 2 ( a
a

l l
o 0

w hi h c ,
a cc o rdin g t o A t ri c e 4 , is e qu a to
2 3_ 3

]
a 0
-
3
or A r a bs

an d th e w h l vl
o e o um e is § 7r a b 2
 CHA P TE R II .

G ENERA L ME T HO D . S TA NDARD FORMS .

6 B e fo r e i
pr oc e ed n g fu rt e r w t appl c at on s of h ih i i
h ih
.

th e I n teg r a l C alc u l u s we s all e s tab l s a gen e r a l

h hi h i
t e o r e m w c w ll in m an y c as e s e n ab l e u s to n fe r
,

i
th e r esul t of th e op e r at on n d c ate d b y i i i
w
¢( ) dw

w ih
t ou t h ir e c ou r s e to th e u s u all t d nd i
ii i i i
av n ou
g y e s a ,

O fte n d ff c u l t, pr o c e ss O f Al eb r a c o r Tr on om e t r ca l

S u m m at on i g g

R i w hi c h
.

7 P b e an y fun ct on of x
Let is
i i i i
. OP .

fi n te an d c on t n u ou s b etw e en g ven fi n te v al u e s a
a n d b o f th e v a r ab l e a) ; l e t a b e i b an d s u pp o s e th e
i
d ffe r e n c e b — a to b e d v de d n to n p o rt on s e a c ii i ,

i h
e u a l h s o t at b — h h I t i r e u r e d t o fin d th e i
i
q ,
a n s q z z .

li m i t of th e s u m o f th e s e r e s
¢( a h) ¢( a 2 h) ¢( b h)
w h h is d i i ihd i n de fin i te l y an d t hrfr
i i h li i
en m n s e ,
e e o e n
n cr e as e d w t ou t m t
l fii
.

[I t m ay a t o n c e be s e en t h at t hi i i t i
s m s n te f or if M + ( a rh )
b e th e gr ea t e s t te rm th e sum is
< (n rh
) ,

( b rh ) h q5( a rh
) ,
 GE NE RA L ME TH OD . S TANDARD F ORMS .

w hi h i
c
i t rm
s fi i itt
n e , s n ce i
t
by p
hy th i M ) i
o es s ( T s fi it n e f or al l v l
a u es o f

2: n e ed a e b e we en 6 an d a .
]
Le t i fl w) b e a n ot hrf c t on i f c hh t at w
¢( ) i
i i h h
e un o T su s

its d ffe r en t al coe fiicie n t , i . e . suc t at

W) WW)
1
9
We s h ll h
a t en pr ove t h at

Lth /
if b
( )

an d t hrfre e o e ¢( ) a
I N“ ? h S “
M) a
1,
}
w h r i q i wh l i i i u an t ty t w h It
di i i h i dfi i l h
e e oz 1 s a ose m s z er o en

m n s es n e n te y ; t us

h ¢ <> w e w e)a e + ha1

S i i l rly
.

m a

h¢( a h) M a 2h) M G, h) h a2 ,
h ¢( a 2h) Ma 3 h) ¢( a 2h ) ha3 ,

e tc .
,

h ¢( a + n 1 h) i
/(
f a nh ) r (
b a+n

w hr ii th e an t t i al l , l ke
i i h i i wh h di i i h
e e
q u es a
2,
a
3, an ar e al ,

w
u an t l t ts r
i dfi i l
q es os e m ar e z e o en m n s es

te y
ddi i
n e n .

B y a t on ,

+ 2h ) + —h )
¢( a
]

Let b e th e gr e ate s t of th e qu an t t ii
h
a es a , , G 2 , an,

t en

h [a 1 (1
2+ an ] is n ha , i e ( b d ) a,

hrfr ih i i h
. .

an d t e e o e v an s es in th e l m t . T us

h )] pas M ) —
-
a .
 "

16 I NTE GRAL GAL G UL Us .

Th e ter m h ¢ ( b) is in th e l m t z er o ; i i h ce if w e
h
en

des i r e it m b e a dde d to th e l e ft-

d b e r of
hi h h
,
a
y an m em

t s r e su lt an d it m ay t en b e state d t at
,

W ?
MO M )
I
— a ,

T hi s —
r esult ¢ ( b) 3b ( a ) is f r e qu e n tly den oted b y th e

i [ b ( ils
n otat on
g m

Fr hi r l i pp r h wh h f r f
t t t t at t
c i ¢ ( ) ( f w hi ch ¢ ( ) i h di ff r i l
om s e su a ea s en e o m o

th f un t x t e en t a

c ffic i ) i b i d lg b r i c
e on o c
c s e

oe en t pr c s f O ta ne ,
th e o es s o a e a or

trig ric
on om et i b i w
¢( ) d
s u m m at on b to ta
id d y o n e m a
a e

avo e .

T l her I d pp d i h b
e tte s w k t
i i h
) an a ar e s u os e n e a ov e or

to d fi i
e n ote
q W n llte w d
u an t t es . e S a no exten ou r

i
n ota t on s o a s l ¢( ) d pr h to l i i w
et h 5e x ex ess t e m t en

b b c i fi i l l rg f b ( b)
e om e s n n ite y a e o \ . e
.

S i il
m a rly by ¢( az ) dw w e s h ll a be u n de s tood r to
m e an

or Lia m

l Z“ pl i l
m +1

Ex 1 . . Th e d ffe i r en t a i c oe ff ci
i ent of is a n y A
m
.

H e n ce if qS( x) h v
b
as
”
we a e

we
+1 m +l
b m +l m
b
a
'm
dx
m +1 m +1
a
 GE NE RAL ME TH OD . S TAN D ARD F OR MS .
17

k Ex 2 .Th e u a n
n o wn t o b e s in 27
.
y w
H e n ce
q tit h os e i r n ti
d ffe e a l c o e ff c en ii t is c os x

x
.

[ cos dx = S 1 n b — S i n a .

l
Ex 3 Th e qu an t ity wh os e d ffe i r en t a i l c o e ff c en t ii
b
. .

it fse e
”
H e n ce
—e“
.

f dx = e
‘ b
e .

EXAMP E S L
l
.

W rit e v
b dow n th e a ue s of
1

f
a
w
x dx, 2 .

j o
m
x dx,

a i
5 . c os x dx, 7 .

j s e c x ta n x dx,

1
1 b
8 .

f0
dx, 10 .

f
8 Geom etr ical Ill ustr ation of Pr oof
p
.
.

Th e r f f oo o th e ab o v th r
e e o em m ay be i nt r r e e te d g e o
t ri ly th u
m e ca

p rt p i t rv
s

L e t AB b e a o ion of a c u e of w ic th e o d n a te i s n te
ti
h h
l fi i r i
gl hi h k
an d c on n u ou s a t al l o n s b e twe e n A a n d B , a s a s o t h e

t g t
an en of t h e a n e w c th e ta n e n t o th e c u e m a e s g t rv
ith i
b r p iv l
w th e x-a x s .

Le t th e ab s cis s a e of A a n d B b e a an d e s e ct e y D aw r .

r i t
o d na es AN, B M

of en ltti ggth
Le t t h e o
h
on N M b e d p rti r de d n to n e ua
t r i
E ec o d n a t es a t e ac of t e s e oin s of d
.
o on s e a c

s on
ivi i
h
q l p rti
h p t ivi i
h
rv r iv
cu

t g t
n t h e cu e in P , Q, R ,
a n e n s AP ] , P 621
, Q
B I ,
e t c ,
a n d t h
e tc

e n
D a w t h e s u cc e s s e
es . li .

AP 2 7 P 622 ) QRz a
p r ll l
a a e t o th e a -a x
a n d l e t V 03 ) =
i s , an d l e t th e e q ua ti o n of th e cu rv e be
X(
t h en 2 h), e tc .
,
ar e r es p e ct iv e l y
t an P 2 A PI , ta n Q P OI , e tc
E
,
.

. I . C . B
18 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

an d k cfla ) , ar e r es p ec tiv e l y t h e l en g th s

P 2 P1 , Q2 Q1 R 2 R1 , e tc

l lg
,
.

N ow it i s c ea r th t tha e a eb ri a c sum of

P 2P, Q2 Q R2 13
, ,
is MB N A,
— i . e . 0 b
x( )
H e n ce
P 2 P1 + Q2 Q1 + R2 R1 +

F ig . 6 .

N ow th e
i
p ri i hi q r
i i h i fi it l ith
o t on w t n s ua e b rac

if
k e ts m ay be
i t
s h ewn to

v r l q titi
d m n s n de n e
y w h . F or B 1 B fo r n s an c e b e th e
gr t t
ea e s Of th e se e a u an e s P P , OI Q, e t c , th e s u m
1
.

[ ,
P P + is < n R,R, t e <(b

ll
. .

B ut if th i
e ab s c s s a o f Q be ca e d x, th en

[D ijfl Ca l c .
f or B eg i nn er s, Ar t .

so t h at

( 5 “
Mar
}?
R ‘ ‘

an d ( b A 3 x Oh ) ,

w hi h i
c s an fi
in ni t i es m a l in g en e a r l of th e fir st o rder .
 GE NE R A L ME TH OD S TAN DA RD F OR MS

“
. .

T h us

L th = 0 [ 2 1
P P Qz Qi Rl I l b
i )
L th 0h [qS( a ) d( h) ¢( + 2 h) 5
q( b h)]
l
or >a a

A s o s n ce i L th = 0h q5( b ) 0, w e h v by a e, a dd iti on ,

<I(
> a h) (
M 2 h )
a M)
b

9 Int er r og ative Ch ar act er

. of th e Int eg r al Gal
cul us

i i
.

I n th e d ffe r en t al c alcul u s th e s tu den t h a s l e a r n t

i i
h ow to d ffe r en t ate a fu n ct on o f an y ass gn e d c a r i i h
ac te r w t ih
r ega r d to th e n dep en den t va r ab l e con i i
tain e d I n ot er w o r ds av n h y ru ) , h i i
h h h i ii
v en
g g se :
.
,

m e t ods a v e b e en t e r e e xpl a n e d o f O b ta n n t h
i i
e
g
fo r m of th e fun c t on gl ( az) in th e e qu at on
’

ii
Th e pr op os t on o f Ar t 7 s e w s t at if w e can r ever s e h h
i h
.

th i s Oper a ti on an d ob ta n th e fo r m o f ¢ ( m ) w en gl ( az )
’

i h
is g v e n w e s all b e ab l e to p e r fo r m th e op e r at on i
i . e .

b y m e r e l y tak n g th e fu n ct on X M)i i i i
tut n g b
s ub s t

i
C
B ,

an d a a l te rn ate ly fo r x a n d s u b t r a c t th e l a tt e r

h ii
n
g
r e su lt fr om th e fo r m e r ; t u s O b ta n ng
MO M 66 )
Weh ll h r f r c fi t a tte n t on i
for th e
f w h p r
s a e e o e on ne ou r
n e xt e pr b l c a tet o th e s o em o f r ever s i n g th e

i f h
er a t on s di fi i l l lo t e er en t a ca cu u s

F r h r iybh b h
O
p .

t th e qu an t t e e n a ss u m e d to ve
h i i
u e , as a

l w v
va ue pr d d b ate e r it e fi n te ; w e
h r r r pl c b w d wri
an ov
y e m ay
t e fo e it te th e lt of th e
pr p i i
e e a e
y an r e su
o A 7
os t on o f rt as

— b a
x( )
20 I NTE GRA L GAL G UL US .

10 W h th e i il ow e r l p ci fi d t is n ot an d

i i
. en m a s e e

we r l f r f ( pr th e th e at e s en t )
f c i h i i i
ar e m e e
yq en
g u r n o m o

kn own u )
t w d r l ff c ffe en t en t

i i
un un on r se ,
os e a c oe i

is th e k n o w f
n u n ct on d th e n otat on u se is

W) m ,

th e l i i m ts b e i n
g om i tte d .

11 N om encl atur e

h i
. .

Th e n om e n cl atu r e of t e se e x pr es s on s is as foll o w s

w
T yl a? 01
“
M D
I —
M a )

is c all e d th e definit e i n te
g r al of
¢( )a b etw e en l i i
m ts
a an d b

Ne w s or
A —
RA we
w hr th e u pp e r l m t is i i l e ft u n de te m r i n ed is c all ed
i
e e

a cor r ect e d n te r a l ;
g

or

w ih
t o u t an y S p e c fi e d i l i i
ts an d r egar de d r ly
i i i
m m e e

as th e r e v e r s a l o f a n
l l is ll e d “
indefinite
op e r at on
”
Of
“
th e d ffe r en t a l
uncor r ect ed
”

i
c a cu u s ca an or
n te r a l
g .

12 Addition of a Const ant

i i h i i
. .

I t w ll b e O b v ou s t at if ¢ ( cc) is th e d ffe r e n t al
i
c oe ffic en t o f ruse) it is al so th e d ffe r e n t al c o e ffi c en t i i i
Of h ,

w e r e O is an y con s tan t w ate v e r ; for h

i i
th e d ffe r e n t al c o e ffi c e n t of an y c on s tan t is z e r o i
i ih i
.

Acc o r d n gly we m g t w r te

2 02 +0 .

T hi s con s tan t is hw o e ve r n ot usu a lly wr i tten dow n ,

22 I NTE G RAL GAL G UL US .

w c hi h ry w ell e xpr e ss e s th e n te rr ogat ve c i i h r c te r

i i
ve a a

o f th e op e r at on w e a r e c on du c t n g
‘

15 . G ener al Laws s atisfied b y th e Integr ating

Sym b ol

( )
1 I t w ll i be pl a n i f r om th e i of th e
h
m ean n g
s m b ol s t at
y

w
¢( ) d96 i s
9 M) ,

b ut t h at
¢( ) m el m is g5( m ) + an y a i
rb tr a ry con stan t .

( )
2 Th p e r at on i of i n te r at on i is distr ib utive ;
i
e O
g
for if n , v, me be an f u n ct on s of m ,
y

elm el m a v w

an d t hrfre e o e ( om i i tt n
g c on s tan ts )

l
em elm w el m ( n v w) olm .

( )
3 Th p e r at on i of i n te r at on i is com m utative
ihrg r
e O
g
w t e a d to c on s ta n ts .

For if
ggf
i
—
v, a n d a be an
y c on stan t , we h ave

g
9 du
an a
l
em G
lhz
t h at
( om i i
tt n
g an
y c on stan t of i n te
g r at on) i
an a v elm,

a doe

w c hi h e s ta bl ih
s es th e t h eo e m r .
 GE N ERA L ME TH OD . S TAN DAR D F ORMS .
23

16 We n ow pr oce e d to a de ta l e d c on s de r at on i i i of

i i
.

s ever al e l e m en ta ry S p e c a l fo r m s of fun c t on s .

1 7 Int egr ation

. of m
”
;

U
C H ’ '

By di ffer en ti ati on of we ob tai n

n +1

H e n c e ( a s h a s b e en a lr eady se e n in Ar t . 4 an d

Ar t 7 E x 1 )
.
, .

n +1
x

n +1

h
T u s th e r u l e for th e n teg r a t on o f an y c on s tan t i i
p owe r of m is , I n er eas e th e i n dem by u n i ty a n d di vide
b y th e i n dem s o i n cr ea s ed .

pl
“
F or e xa m e,

f
4
i
i
”
3 r -
r
f

EXAMPLES .

Wr ite down th e i n te gra l s of

99 9 99 1 000
1 . m, 1 , O, m ,
90 ,
33

—1 1 —1 01 -99
2 . 23 ,
22 ,
32

“
5
3 m ,
. 33 3 m g
, .

4 m P
.
"
m
,

b
5 . dx + —— a bm +
2
m

+ bm + e
2
am
6
2 4, I NTE GRAL GAL G UL US .

-1
18 . Th e Cas e of 23

It i
w ll b e r em em b e r ed t at m h “1
is th e d ffe r i
e n tial c oe ff c en t of l o
g m T ii
u s . h
dm l og m .

T hi h r f
s t e e or e for m s an app a r en t ex e c pt i on to th e
g en er a l ru e l
'

n +1

Su ppl
1 9 Th e
.

in g th
r es u lr hi r r v r
t,
b t
owe

a
e
con s
,
m ay
t
b e de du ced
a n t, w e h v
as a li m itin g ca s e .

y e a y a e

n i l n -
Pl
1
'

x x
' '

+ G
n +l

w hr e e A= O+
n +1

a nd

Ta
is
k ll l ti n bit y
s a
i n g th i m it wh n
ar r ar c on s ta n

1 = 0,
t .

e e 71 +

x
n

n
+l

1
1
ta k es th e f rm
o l og m ,

[D ifii C a lc for B eg i nn er s, Ar t

pp
. .

an d as G is a r bi tr a ry we m ay s u os e th at it ti
c on a n s a ne g a

t iv el y fi pri
in n it e o t on _
-1 l to g th r
e e wt ih an o th r e a r bi tr a r y

p rti
o on A .
n

T hu s m +A .

2 0 I n th e w ay in th e i n te r at on i f m
”

h
o
. s am e as g
we av e
 GE NE RA L ME TH OD . S TANDARD F OR MS .
25

an d t hrfre e o e ( am + b) dm n ( am

( n

el m 1
l oga -
B l
tC b)
b a /

[F o r con ven i en ce we s h lla O fte n fin d

dm 1 el m
Pr in te d a s dm as
Ja
’
2 2 2 2
V a +m +m

EXA MP ES L
l
.

Wri t e do wn th e i n t gre a s of

1 . am , m
“
, a + m, a —m
, a —m
a
.

a m a +m 1
2 —a
9
m a m d +x
m I I I
3 ’
— bm ’
—m
d +x a (a ) ( a

I I I I I 1
4
—m ’
—a ’
—m
°

a +r a m +a m ( a + m)
2
( a )
2

21 We n e xt r em a rk t h i at s n ce i
th e d ffe r e n t a l i
i i
m a
.
y
c oeffic e n ts o f an d o f l og ¢ (m ) a r e r e s p e c t ve l
y

an d
W)

h [qs
ilfi
l lh

m
we av e
q

<>
l

b
g x
an d dm log
96 )
5 913

Th e s e c on d of t e s e r e s u l ts e s p e c all h
is o f g r eat i
us e . I t m ay b e pu t n to w o r ds t u s g i
—t e i n te r a l o
f h
an
y fr a cti on 0
f wh i ch th e n u m er a tor i s th e d ifier en ti a l
coefii ci en t o th e den om i n a tor i s
f
l og ( den om i n a tor )
F or e xam pl e,
.
 6 I NTE GRAL OAL G UL US .

f c o t m el m l og S in m,

f t an v dx. l og cos m l og s ec m,

e
x

x
c

e
“ ’c

_x
dm l g(
o e
"

E XA MP E S L
l
.

Wri te down th e i t gr
n e a s of

( am 2
x
bx b)
n
.

i
2 2 I t w ll n ow b e p e r c e i
th e op e r at on s O f
ve d t h at i
i
.

th e I n te g r a l C alc u l u s a r e O f a te n tat v e n atu r e a n d

h i
t at s u cc e s s in n teg r at on de p en ds u p on a k n ow i ,

l e dg e of th e r e sul ts o f d ffe r en t at n g th e s m pl e i i i i
i
f u n c t on s h
I t is t e r e fo r e n e c e s s a ry to l e a r n th e tab l e
hi h
.

o f s tan da r d fo r m s w is n ow app e n de d I t is
i i h
c .

pr a ct cally th e s am e l s t as t at alr e ady l e a rn t for

i i i
d ffe r e n t a t on an d th e pr oo fs O f t es e r e s u l ts lie in h
i i i ih h ,

d ffe r en t at n g th e r g t an d m e m b e r s of th e s e v e r a l
i i
r e s u lts Th e l s t w ll b e g r adu ally e xten de d an d a
i i
.

s uppl e m en ta r l st v n l a te r
y g e .

P R LM R I NA Y TAB L E R E SUL TS To B E C OMM I TTE D

MOR
E I OF
TO ME Y .
 GE N E RA L ME TH OD . S TAN DAR D F ORMS .
27

OS m dm

n m Olm c os m .

e c m elm tan
2
m .

ec m
z
dm cot m .

sec m .

c osec m .

an m el m l og se c m .

Ar t 21 . .

ot m elm l og s in m .

1
t an

" 1
c os e C

c ove r s 1

24 I t is h lp t o th e ry
rv th t ll th ob s e

l l l
to
“
. a e m em o e a a os e

i n t gr
e a s of th e ab o v ite s whi h b gi n w ith th
c tt r
e e e e s co,
”

as c os m , cos
‘
1m

a
co vr m
e s
‘
1

a
t
e ch ve n g t v S g n r x d t
.
,
a a e a i e i p fi e e o
28 I N TE GR AL 0AL G UL US .

h r vi h th fu n ti n d r
t
as m
em

i r
ffi i n t
.

t hr
Th e
gh th r t q u dr n t
n c e a s es
th r f r n g tiv
eas on is
ou
ob ou s

e fi .

s
E ac
a
of

a
es e c

th ir diff r n ti
e
o

e e
s e c ea s e s

a l co

e
A
c e

l so
s ar e

it i f urth r h t b rv th di m
s a
e e o e

e e lp
e a

o O
e .

se e e i
e n s on s o f e ac h ids e .

l pr fi a — m2
d i m e n s on s i . T hr e e c ou d t hrf r
e e o e be no 1 e xe d t o th e in

i n t gr ti
e t b f di m i
a on m u s e o e n s on s —1 T hu s th e i t gr
n e a l l cou d
w h l
.

x
n t b
o t ( hi
e h fan r di -1
c is o z e o m e n s on s i ) Th e s t ude n t s ou d

l
.

th r f r h v
e e o e di ffi u ty r a e no c 1 11 e m em be ri n g in whi h c ca s es th e

f t r 1 i t be r x d
ac o
a
s o p fi e e .

EXAMP E S L .

ti
W ri te
on s :
down th e i nd e fii n te i n t gr e a s l of th e f oll ow n i g f un c

2 n —1
1 m m se
1 " ’ ’ ’
°

z 3 n n
m + 1 m +1 m +1 m +l m +a
3
+b +c
x x x
2 . 2 ,
x +3 , a

@
2m 3 z
s in m ,
”
c c os m ta n m s ec m
5
.
, .

(
i 1
4 C ot a H -ta n m
,
c os m
: z
Sin m s in m

1 1 1
3
AM —
’ 3’
Ji x
‘

— z 9 +x A 4
1 1 1

-1 —1 —1
tan m s in m s ec m
7

"
“1 f “l
c ot m l
. m e
8 ’
—1
.

l og Si n m
30 I NTE GR AL GAL G UL Us .

-1

[
et an x
T hu s t o in t e gr at e
2
dm , l e t tan 1
m =e . T h en
1 + 30

1 dm
1 +m 2
dz

an d th e i n tegr l
a b ecom
1x
es

f
etam dx w
- 1m
dZ e
2
dz e
z
z
etan
z
l +r dz

2 6 In
. us ng i th e fo r m l
u a

m ) dm

a fte rc h i th e fo rm o f th e t r an s fo r m at on i
i i i
oos n
g
it is l to m ak e u s e of d ffe r e n t al s w ri t th
i
u su a n
, g e

u at on
e
q
dm
F Olm F d
’

( )
’

dz
z as
( z
) z

th e fo r m ul a w ll t en b e i h r epr odu c e d b y r e pl ac i d
h i
n m
g
o f th e l e ft an d s de b y an d m b F
y ( ) z .

m ay
T hu
w te
s

ri
in th e pr i g e ce d n e xa m pl e, a ft re p u tt n i g t an
—1
m = z , we

[1 f
1x
el m 8t m
—
dz an d dm z
é dz = e t c
1 +m 2
1 fl

2 7 We n ext c on s de r th e c ase w en th e n teg r at i h i i

i i i i
. on

is a defi n te on e b e tw een S p e c fi e d l m ts
i h
.

Th e r es ul t ob ta n e d ab ov e w en m = F ( z ) is ,

( m ) dm dz .

w
fl)
.

m ) dm 1
, ( )
0 m 0

an d if th e l i i
m ts for m be a an d b we ,
h av e
 ME TH OD OF S UB S TI T UTI ON .
31

N ow w h en m a, z F l
( )
a

an d w h en m =b ,

an d
é fil fl »
x z ,

w h en ce
F
‘
1 b
( ) w e) at
f{
F
“1
( )
a F “> ( 05
“
M I I
F F
‘

WOH M i
1il l

h
t at th e r es u l t of n teg r at n g w t re i i ih
i i i i
so

a r d to z b e tw e e n l m ts F l
“1
( ) an d F
1
b
( ) i d t
ih h i i ih
‘

s n
g a e c a

w t t at of n teg r at n g f ( m ) w t r eg a r d to m b etw e en
i i
th e l m ts a an d b .

Ex 1. . E v l
a u at e —
1

N
/m
cos J ; elm .

L et m 2
2
,
an d th r f r
e e o e elm 2 z dz

fé
1
c os J i dm = c os z
7 5

Ex 2. . E v l
a ua te
f z
m c os r
3
dm .

Le t m 3 =z , an d th r f r
e e o e 3 m dm = dz
2

f z
m c os m
3
dm =

Ex 3. . E v l
a uat e
1
m

+m
2
0

P ut m = tan 0, th en =
dm s ec Oel O
z

wh en m = 0, we h v a e

wh n e m = l , we h v a e
32 I N TE GRAL CAL C ULUS .

4
ta n 0 4

[
0
s ec 9
s ee m dO
[
0
s ec 9 ta n 9 d 0

[ 1
1
9 s ec ( : s ec s ec 0 1 .

Ex 4 . . E v l
a u at e
1

at
e -
H
dx
x [ i e .
2
]
1
s e ch m dm]

“
0 0

Le t e ,
z
=z th en d =d
e m z . W h en m = 0, ez =1 , an d w h en m =1 .

z =e H en ce
.

I
dm dz
[ ]
e e
-I “ 1 —1 -1 8 1
t an z t an e t an 1 ta n
I +z
,

1 e+ 1

fii l
0 1

Th e i n de n te i n t gr e a is ta n
‘
l
e
x
.

E XA MP ES L .

1 . I n te gr t a e
x
e c os e
x
( P u t e
x
z
)
l "
(
”
P
n
nm t z)
‘

c os m u m ,

1 c os ( log m) ( P ut l o g m = z) .

2 . E v l
a ua t e
1 +x
2m
4
dm P
( ut m
2 =z
) ,
3m
1 { m 6 ( P u t m
3 =z ) .

bm 3
I n te gr at e a c os m
l +m
8
a e s in e
’ x
b tan h m .

4 E va
() l I ua te
( P u t 2 + 1 = z
) .

vl
5 . E
1
a u at e

o
( P u t m + 1 = z) .

v l dx
3
6 . E
[(
a u a te

2
m
2
2
( P u t m

7 E . v l a ua te

8 . E vl t
a ua e

9 . E vl a u at e
 M E TH OD OF S U S TI T UTI ON B .

N TE O ON T HE H Y P E R B OLI C F U N C TI N S O .

28 Definitions
i i i h
. .

For p u rp os es o f n tegr at on it is de s r ab l e t at th e
s tu de n t s all b e fam l a r h t th e defi n t on s an d i i Wi h ii
fu n dam en tal pr op e rt es o f th e d r e ct an d n v e r s e i i i
h p r b l c f i
n c t on s i
Wi h i
y e o u .

B y an al ogy t th e e x pon en t al v al u es of th e
i ,
i
s n e c o s n e t an g e n t e tc ,
th e e x p on e n t al fun c t on s
,
.
,
i i
e
x —e ’
x
e
x —e ’
x

e tc .
x
2 2 e

ar e r e s p e ct vel y wr i i tte n
ih
s n as, cos h a) , tan hw ,

29 E l em ent ar y Pr oper t ies

h
. .

We cl e a rly av e

z
cos h az s in h az
z

h 2 x_ -x 2
6 e
s e ch
z
w t an 2
a3

6
95 —6 4
s in h az

c os h w
“
c ot h ac
e

e
x

x
+c
”
cos h

s in h
w
x ta n h
1
m

( z
e e
z
co s h w s in h
2
x

2x —2x
6 +e
2

ih h
-:v a: -x
+6
75
6 6 3 6
2 s n a: c os a: 2 —
— s in h 2cv,
2
Wi h t ot hr results l to th e
ri
m an an a ogou s c om m on
y e
fo r m u ael of T
g on om etr
y .

a 1 . c . o
 ‘
34 I N TE GRAL OAL O UL 0s .

30 I nver se For m s

h i i
. .

Le t rc for th e of th e r
i ih
us sea m ean n
g n ve s e

fun ct on s n

Pu t s n ih l
x y ,

y = l o
g( a3 1 J1
tak e t hi s ex pr es s i on w t ih a i
p os tive

31 . S i il
m a rly p utt n g c os
,
i h -l
x: y w e ,
h av e

an d 6
2”
2 wey + 1 O

an d ey z x i Z —l
,

w h en ce y
“
le g ( a
s t J 513 2

an d we s h ll
a ta k e t hi s ex
p r e s sm n w t ih a p os ii t ve
V IZ

h
.
,

—1 as c os
- 1
90
.

32 . Ag ain ,
i
p ut t ng tan h r ig ,
w h e av e

6 3! e y
w= tan h y ’
y y
+e
‘

an d t hrfr
e e o e

w h en ce t an h “ 1
56 5
:
1
3; log
1
1 — w
a:
'
 ME THOD OF S UBS TI T UTI ON
. .
35

S i il
m a rly c ot h l
x l
5 g
«
o
w+ 1
a: 1
.

33 . We s h ll h
a t u s con s id r e

ih
s n
1
s
y n on
y m ou s wi h t l og

cos h 1
s
y n on
y m ou s w t ih l og

s
yn on
y m ou s wt ih 5 l og

c ot h -1 {I}

&
s
yn on
ym ou s

34 . Th e Guder m anni an .

Ag a i th e f un c t i -l
s ech u is c all e d th e G u der
i
n, on cos

m ann i an o f u an d wr tte n g d u

h
.

If w cos
1
se c n,

cos a; se c h u,

tan a; s n ih u .

g d u cos
1
se ch u s in
1
tan h u tan 1
ih
s n u .

3 5 Fu r t
. h er , if u l og tan
C L
r

we h ave
1 ta n
g
36 I N TE GRAL 0.4 c ] . US .

“1
w h en ce t an 95

2
c

e
“1

2
6
2a
1 6
ih
s n u .

H en e c a: tan 1
ih
s n u g d

( I +E — d
>
{ -1
l og tan g w ,
4 2

th e i n ve s e r G u de r m i
an n an o f as .

E XAMPLE S .

E s tab li h
s th e f o ll i gr
ow n es u lt s

hx
1 .

j cos dx = s in h x . 4 .

f oose ch x ci z
g '
co th x .

[ f
s in h x
2 . i s n h x dx c os hx . 5 s ec hx .

f t nh x hx
‘
é
3 . s e ch r dx a . cos ec .

r
7
es u
. Wri ti n g
lt s
sg x for s in g d e tc .
,
e s ta b li h s th e f oll ow n i g

j c dx = g d ax

f cg x dx = s g x
2
.

i s
.

c
38 .
I N TE GRAL 0.41 . 0 s , US .

J a
z —
1 wz dm a c os
2
9 (1 9
.

1 cos 29

2 2
61
s in 29 5
2
—
9

?
a
sa 6 c os 6 + ——6
’

sm . a
2

Ja z
913d

To integr ate J et ?

w a s n
'

ih z ,

dw= a é osh z dz ;
th i c
en s n e 1 ih
s n
2
e cos h z
z
,

w h e a ve J wdw
z
cos h z
2
dz

( c o s h 22 1 ) dz

s n ih 2 2:

5 a sm h z a c os h z +
§
z
 ME TH OD OF S UB S TI T UTI ON . .
39

Le t a: a h
c os z

h ih
.
,

t en else a s n z dz
h i
t e n s n ce cos h z
z
1 s in h z
z ,

s d
z
doc d in h z
z dz

cos h 2z 1 ) dz

5 a s n ih z . a, c os h z

w a;
2 _
a
2
—
J w d dw
2 2 z

4 2 I f We pu t tan x = t, a n d t h ref r z
dx dt
h
. e o e s e c a; z

we av e

se c a: dd
3
1 {
2
5 di

tan a: s e c 51:

sm a; 1 s in 90
if l og
2 cos % 1 s in as
 I N TE GRAL C LC UL US A .

I nt eg r al s of cos ec w and s ec 90 .

tan 2
0

2
z ; t a k i n
g t h e l oga r i h i c di ff r i l
t m e en t a

dd dz
s in 00 z

se c a
t dcc l og z l og tan

In t hi s e x am pl e l et a:
g y .

dw dy ,

ec d
y y = l o tan
g (i t

H en ce e c a: dw= l og tan or
g d l
ac

44 . We h a v e n ow th e

A DD O I TI N AL S TA N D RDA FO R M S ,

da:
s --a z
l
dx
Jm 2 —d 2

J d +d 2 2
dw
 ME TH OD OF S UBS TI T UTI ON . 41

s ec 90 doc l og tan
g
.

g
r
wdon — lo tan d 1
513
se c
g g .

E X AMPLE S .

Wri te down th e i nt gr
e l
a s of

1 1 1
J] .
+ 30
2
.

Jae “ 2 x,

5 .

x2
+2 x+ 3 z
z
+ 2z + 3 x 3
+2 x+3

7 x+ 1

x — l
1 +x
’
x l +x
l — x
.

"
l 1 t an %
8 cos e c 2 x cos ec d x + b
—s m x 1
.

cos
z ’ ‘ ’
tan x

1 l
9 .
’
sm x + cos x a sm x + b c os x

pr
0

10 . D edu ce
foos ec x dx = l og tan
g
by ex i g
es s n
:
c ose c x as

11 . F ind fs ec x dx by p tti g
u n s in x =z .
42 HVTE G RAL
- A
C LC UL Us .

12 . S h ow th ta
f x s ec dx c os h
‘
1
( s ec w) .

13 . I n te gr ta e

l g( l g
1
’ ’
a: l og x 30 l og o
r o o x )
1

w hn
e

ti m
Im
’
r r
e p es en t s l og l og l og x, th e l og b e n i g r . e p ea te d

b
r es .

lo
g
m
dx ”
:
} g
l o
(2 l g( o ab )
ETER S O
7 .

[S n
’
P C LL , e tc .
,
 CH AP E R IV T . .

IN TE G RATI ON BY PAR TS .

45 . I nteg r ation
“
by Par t s of a Pr oduct .

d
Si n c e
r

d—v du
it foll ow s that
f

u dw ‘

U -
dd},
aw ziE;
du

If u :
¢( ) £1 x
11 1
.
d so t h at v : th e

ab ov e ru l e m ay b e wr tten i .

¢ <>
w m
or i n te rc h an i
gg
n (
¢ )x an d

¢ (
m ) dx Tap)

T h in ti
h r
nt e i
o du c t o f tw o fu n c t on s if
r at n i
i i i
us
g g e
p ,

th e n teg r al b e n ot a t on c e ob ta n ab l e it is p o ss b l e
h i ih
w en th e n teg r al O f e t e r on e is kn own s ay 1pm) to
,

, ,

c on n e ct th e in tegr al
44 . I N TE GRAL OAL C UL US .

wtih a ne w i n te
g ra l 34 )
1 90 da:

w hi h c m ay be m or e ea s ily i n tegr a bl e t h an th e o i
r gin al
pr oduct .

4 6 Th e r u l e . m a
y b e pu t i n to wor ds th u s
I n teg r a l o f th e p rodu ct
1 s t fun ct i on x I n teg r a l of 2n d
- th e I n tegr al of [D ff C oi . of 1 st x In t . of 2 n d] .

Ex 1 gr t x I n te a e c os

p p l
. .

a
H r it i ie

n th r i n t gr
o
rt n t t n ne t if o i b
e
e

in whi h th f t r x h
s

e
m
[ l
nx dx wi t h

b n r m v d
a
o

Thi
a

c
o co

e ac o
c ss

as ee
e 33 c os

e o e . s
d n if x b h n fu n ti n M ) i n in th e
m y b
se
a

n d i n t gr
co
e
i un i ty
th
o

e u r in
e

a l f T h en
e c

. e
.
os e .
as

, o cc
e

s
c

pl o

a ce o
( m
90
,

.
s ce

s in
(
M) m z
ap,
W) ” cos M ,
M

l
n

T hus b y th ru e e

f
s in n x
a: cos nx dx =x
n

47 Un ty m i b t k a s on e o f th e f a c to r s to ai d
i i y
. a e a e n

a n n te r at on
g .

[ log x dx z

f l l og x dx

x l og x

z ( g
l o x 1) 50 l og,
46 I N TE GR AL CAL C
"

UL US;

we
Th e
s h ou
t
l
s u de n t

d ob t i
w
a n
i ll p
by
ob s e r v th t th
u tt i g n 1 n
e a
:
es e

in th e
r es u lf r l
ts ar e

o m u ae
th e sa m e th at

d 6
(
sm
m
bfc f'
n tan
1

dx c os c os a

[D ifil Ca lc .
for B eg i nn er s, Ar t 6 1 , E x . .

Arid thi s is ot h rwi

if t di ff r ti t
e se o b v1 0 u s For o e en a e

l pl
.

sm
m
e b
( )x th m t m u
IS t i b
y y e sa f t r M i b
e as n d t o o a ac o
z
a r
2
a

in rc eas e th ng b y tan
2 e a l
t h e i n t gr ti n whi h i
e th e
-1
, e a o , c s

in v r e p r t i n m u t divi de ut ag i n th f tor J + b
e s o e a o s o a e ac a
2 3

l
,

b
n d di m i n i h th ng b y t n k -
a s e a e a .

t a

Ex 2 . . I n te gr a te da 2 —x 2 b th e
y ru l e of i n t grati
e on by p rta s .

< a
2 — x2
)
l

[N o t e th i t s s e
p]

w h e n ce, tr an s p os n i g an d dividin g b y 2 ,
'

/
i
2 2 2
xx a x a
s n
2 2
‘

hi h gr ith t h
'

w c a e es w e r es ul t of Ar t 3 9 . .

Ex . I n te gr ate e
3’
s in x cos x
2 3
.
‘

3 a:
6
H er e e
3”
s in
2
x c os x
3 a
s u i 2
2x c os x ——( l c os 4 x) cos x
T 8

1 4 e
Bx
cos 3x e
3 “
’
cos 5 x) .

1
 I N TE GR A TI 01V BY P AR TS .

H en c e , b y E x . 1,
3 1:

(
2 1

f
3x
e s 1 n x cos
2 3
x dx
6
c os x — t an
_ 1

16 Ji o 3

l
1 ” 1
— 3x 5 x — tan
‘

c os _ _ c os
4 J34 3

n:
[C om pr
1 i n th e
a e Ex
r
. 1 6,
esu t ] l p . 5 5 , D zfi . Ca l c .
f or B eg i nn er s , p u tt n i g

EXAMP E S L
p rt
.

I n te gr a te by a s

1 ‘ "3
x c os hx z
x c os h x
. xe ,
x c , ,
.

2 z 3
2 . x cos x, x 0 0 8 x, x c os 2 x, x cos x, x cos x .

3 . x s in x cos x, x s in x s in 2 x s in 3 x .

"l
)
2 ?
x l og x , x l og x, ”
x ( og x

5 . e s in x cos x, e s
x ‘
in x cos x cos 2x .

6 . e
u
s in
p x sin qx s in xx .

7 Ca. l lt j
cu a e
1

x s m x dx
O
w
x s1n x
n

O
’

2
dx,
f
r
2
x s1n
O

x dx.

0 o

9 . I n te gr at e
[ s in
-l
xdx ,
f x s in
‘
l
x (i x,

50 . G eom etr ical I l l ustr ation .

Let P Q b e an y ar c o f a c u r v e r e fe rr e d to r ectan gul

a x e s 0x O
y an d l e t th e c oo r d n ate s o f
, ,
b e ( 0 yo)
x i P , ,

an d o f Q x
( 1 yl ) ,
.

Le t P N QM b e th e o r din ate s an d ll
f
Q 1 th e
i i Q h
’

ab s c s sae o f th e p o n ts P T e n pl a ,
.

P N MQ P N 1 M1 Q “
i

ar ea r e ct . OQ r e ct . OP a ea r .

a r ea
48 I N TE A
GR AL C LC UL (is .

Th us yd x: ( x1 y1 m yo)
o

Let u s n ow con s id re th e c u ver to b e defin e d b y th e

e
q u i
at on s
=
x ¢( )
t E u , s ay ,

an d s ay ,

an d 151 b e th e v a l u e s o f t c or r e s p on d n g toi
an d l et to
th e va u e s l x0, an d x1 , 9 1 of x an d r y
e s p e ct v e ly i
h h yo
.
,

We t en av e

“31 9 1 moyo “
T
'

EJ
WE
’
 I N TE GRA TI ON B Y P AR TS .

t h at th e e qu at on ab o i ve m a b w r i tten
“
so y e

é
t
l 1

c
c g [ ]dt w 11,

an d t h th e rul e of i n te r at on i by p a rt s is e s tab l ihd

i
us s e
g
g eom e t r c ally .

51 . I nteg r al s of th e For m

x sin n x dx dx
m
,
os n x .

i
Re du c t on fo r m ul ae for s u c n t e r al s as th e ab ove hi
r ea d l b f nd iD n o te t e m
g
r p c t l b h i
h i i h
m a
y y e o u e e s e v e
y y.

S m an d Om T en n tegr at n g b y p ar ts , we ave at
.
,

on ce
—mm + Om -l
E
a
77
;

“7 ?
m
sm nx
“
m

n
Sm -l

m
’
c os nx f
m si n n x m —l
x
n n n n

sm f
nx m c os n x m —l
m m _ 1
x x
n n n

m 1
+m x
‘

co s n x m ( m —1 )
m _l
+m w

Th u s w h en th e fou r i n te
g r al s for th e c ases m =0
an d m = l ar e fou n d, v iz .
,

S0 11 n x dx

E . I . C .
50 I N TE GRAL CAL O UL US ’
.

s in a x f

c os n x
f
dx
n

c os n x s in n x

s in n x cos nx f

01 c os n x dx x 2
n n

a l l ot hr e s c an b e de du c e d b y su cc ess i ve a i i
ppl c at on s of
th e a b o ve fo r m ul ae .

52 . Extension of th e Rul e for I nt egr ation b y

P ar t s
i h
.

If u an d 1) b e f un c t on s of x an d das e s den ote

difie r en tiation s an d s u ffix e s n tegr at on s w t r e s p e c t
'

i i ih
to x we m ay pr ov e th e foll ow n g e xten s on of th e i i
g i
r ul e for n te r at on b
y p i
a rts ,

” ”
ao dx n o, u/ vz
f
u 1) 3 f
x
a/ v4

dx,

Wh er e is wr i tten for u w ih t n 1 das h es f

; or

dx = u v1

olx = uf v2
f

II l l

e tc . e tc .
 I N TE GR ATI 01 V B Y P AR TS .

H en ce a dd n i g an d s u b tr a c t i n
g a l t e r n at e l y
u v dx = u vl —u

v D
)
l
1 u
»
un l

Ex 1 . . I f we a ppl y t hi rus l e to
f x e
m ax
dx, we im m i t
ed a e l y
o b ta n i

f dx = x
m az m m
x g m x
‘

ux
—m ( m 1 ) (m 2 )x m *s e
-
Z; 4

Ex 2 . . It w i ll be a t o n ce s e e n t h at th e i n te gr l
a s

f x s in 71 x dx an d
f x cos nx dx
m m

of th e l as t a rti l
c e m ay be t r t ea e d in t hi s way .

E XAMPLES

l
.

W ri te down t h e i n t gra
e s of

1 .
4 x
xe , x c os h x, x 8 in l1 x
3 5
.

2 4
x, x 8 in x, x 8 i11 x c os x
3 i 3
2 x s in x,
2
x s n

l
. .

3 . E v a u at e x 8 in x dx,
5

f 0
5
x 0 0 s x dx,

53 . Th e dete rm i i n at on o f th e i n te
g r al s

“i s n bx dx ,
x c n ‘ w
cos bx dx ,

be a t on ce e ffe cte d
i
m a
y .

Fo r r e m em b e r n g
s in
‘m ’
c
( bw
c os

w hr e e
 2 I N TE GRAL CAL O UL US .

we h av e

x e n ax
s in bx dx ( bx g)
t e
m
s in ( bx

n !
( bx n

s in bx Q bx }
h
or cos

w e re
w n ”
Q3
2
—
7
cos
qt n c os 2¢ + n ( a f
D7 3
cos 3 91)

w n
wn 2
— -l
7
( s
l
«n
x
2
sm 2¢ + n n
f
( )
S i il
m a rly
x e
n ax
c os bx dx P c os bx Q s in bx } .

Ex 1 I n te gr at e
f x 3 s in x dx
3 1
. . .

-
l
i
[ 2 e s in
7
S i x dx
x z
n ce e s n x
4
_ 2

Z) ( g)
1

f
we h v a e
g
x e s n
’
i x 3x 2 2 1T "
e s in x

< )
i

3 71 "
6 ( x— )
x
+ 6x 2 e sm x 2 e S In 7r
I
.

e tc .

Ex 2 . . P r v o e
r =n
r+ 1

{
_

j Z ( —l "
) s in
-
x e s in x olx
” ’” t 2
¢ x

E XA MPLE S .

“dx
gr t
[
-1
l . I n te a e e
m Sin x
.
( d t an x dx .

( ) f
8
e
re ma n
-1
x
”

dx .

x s e e x dx 2
(f )
f
‘

.
 12 S h ow th t if u b r ti on a l i t gr l f i
un c t on of x,

“
. a e a a n e a

“u
f {
d 1 ( 1 26
2 3
— 0 1 1.
u dx a— +
x a a
a ae a a
2
d d
w hr e e th e se ri es wt i hi n th e b r ac k ets is
'

n ece s s a r ily fii n te .

[ mm
T C O LL

pr v
.
,

If =
f bx dx, =
f h t
'

13 . u e
ax
cos t e
ax
s in bx olx, o e t a

—1 b
tan tan bx ,
a.

an d th at ( a
2
b 2
)( u
2

14 . P r v th t
o e a

f l
( g ) d ( g )
l ( l og
m ” ” m
x o x x o x x

l h t
“
A so t a

m —1
[ ( )l
m
m ” n —2
.

72 n -l
x (l ) dx l
11 n
og x
m +1 m +1

<
< > — -I
_
n n l n
l ( a r n
;

w hr e e l s tan ds for l og x .

15 . P r v th
o e at

bx + n b s in bx
f
i b x dx
a c os "“1
( ) bx
u ’ x
. e c os cos
2
a 77
9
5 3

g bé f
72 7b 1 —2
Q
b z
e
ax
c os
71
bx dx .

a n

bx
[
w a s in bx n b c os
s in
n
bx dx m
s in
n l
bx
‘

e e
a - 22 2
l 7t b
-

M
f
g
b g ax
s in
n
bx dx
‘

AN
.

2
a nb i 2

[B ERTR D ]
l
.

16 . E v a ua e t
f x

l
2 —
l og( 1 x )ci x,
2

1 1
an d de du c e

8 2
th t a
 CH AP E T R V

R ATI ON AL ALG E BR AIC FRAC TIO NAL FO RMS .

PARTIAL FRACTI O N S .

ALG E B RA I C F RAC TI O N AL FO R M S .

54 . Int egr ation of

1 1
and
a
z —x
ihr
E t of th fo r m h ld b e t hr w i n to il
Pa r t
i Th
e ese s s ou o n a
F r ac t on s . us

i 1
1
( )
cm
z 2
x a x a x4 a
56 I N TE GR AL CAL C L US U .

(wi h
Com pare th e fo r m s of th e r es ults in r
s qu a e b r ack e ts

“
1
t th e r e su lt b e fo r e tab u l ate d for 2 2
v iz .
,

+ 43

“
2
+x
2
ta n 1

dx
55 Int eg r atl on of ,
bx + 6
.

MO

Let I :

we tak e th e fo r m er th e l atte r rr an ge m en t
i
or a ao
c or d n g a s b is o r
2

h
T u s if b 2

1
—

—
J b Aa cz : 4ac

2
c ot h —1 2ax + b

If 6 2
4 am ,

2 ax + b
f {38 1 1 4

2 ax + b

T h i i
pr e s s on s d ffe r at m os t b y c on stan ts b u t in
i h h
ese ex ,

an
y v e n c a s e a r e al fo r m s o u l d b e c os e n
g .
 RA TI ON AL ALGE B R AI C F R A0 TI ON AL F OR MS .
57

56 . I n te g r a l s of ex pr e s s i on s o f th e fo r m

J i m -
HI
+ bx + c
2
ax

be i
o b t a n e d a t on ce b y th e foll ow i t r an s fo r m

i
c an n a
g
t on b
p
b 9
p +q
x p ( 2 a x + ) ,
2a
’

+ bx + e
2
+ bx + c + bx + e
2 2
ax 2a ax ax

th e i n te
g r al of th e fir s t p ar t be i n
g
20
l og ( ax
2
bx + c )
2a
,

an d t h at o f th e c
s e on d p a rt be i ob ta n e d i b y th e last
i
n
g
rt cl e
i h i
a .

[ T h b r l d t c h w t h b v f r i
i
e e
g n n e s o u n o e o e a o e o m s

ob t a n e d I t i s ess en ti a l th a t th e n u m er a tor of th e
.

fi t f ti h l l b t h d ifi t i l fi i i t f th
h
r s r a c on s a e e er en a co e c en o e

den om i n a tor an d t at all th e x s of th e n u m e r ato r

’

h
ar e t e r eb y exh a u s ted
]
,

[E l
J
x 2x + 4 2
2 3
x + 4x + 5 2 x + 4x + 5

5) 2

5 7 Al t oug. h h th e ex pr es s i on px + q m a
y be t hr wo n
i n to th e fo r m
1?b
2a
by i n sp ecti on w e ,
m igh t pr oc e e d t h us

Let
w hr .

A an d M a r e c on s tan ts to b e de ter m i n ed T h
i i
e e . en
by com p ar n g coe ffic en ts ,

2 a h =p M+ k b = Q , )
 8 I N TE GR AL OAL C UL US .

EXAMP LE S .

f
x dx ( x + 1 ) dx
4
2
x + 2x + 3 —
3 + 2x x2

x dx
2 '
2
x + 2x + 1

f
x+ l
3 dx
2
x + 4x + 5

G ener al Fr action With Rat ional Num

58 . er at or
and Denom in at or .

E xpr es s i on s o f th e fo r m w hr
e e f( )
x an d
¢( ) x

i i
r at on al n teg r al a lg eb r a c fun t on s of x can b e i ci
i i i i i
ar e ,

n te r ate d b y r e s ol u t on n to Par t al F r a c t on s
g
h i h i i
.

Th e m et o d of p u tt n g s u c e xpr e ss on n to
i i i
an

Par t a l F r a ct on s h a s b e en d s cu s s e d l n th e D ifier en ti a l
Ca lcu lu s for B eg in n er s Ar t 6 6 W e n th e n u m er a tor h
h i
.
,
.

i s of l ower degr ee t an th e den om n ato r th e r esul t

i h
“
c on s sts of th e s u m of s e ve r al s u c te r m s as
A A Ax B Ax B
an d
+ bx + c ) +
2
(
’
2 ’
x a x ax 33 + a

An d w h is o f a sth e or hi
n u m e ator r hi h h
h i i
en g g er

de g r e e t an th e de n om n ato r w e m ay di vi de ou t un t l
th e n um e r ato r o f th e r em a n n g f r a c t on is of l ow e r ii i
deg r e e Th e t e r m s o f th e qu ot en t can in t at cas e i h
i
b e n teg r ate d at on c e an d th e r e m a n n g f r a ct on m ay ii i
i i
b e pu t n to Pa r t al F r a ct on s a s n d c ate d ab ove i i i .

N o w a n y p ar t a i l fr c i t on o f th e fo r m i n te r ates

i g
a

a t o n c e n to A l o
g ( x a ) .

An y f r act i on of th e fo r m
( m — a
A
)
’
i n te
g r ate s i
n to

1 A
r 1 ( x
 R A TI ON AL AL GE B RAI C F R AC TI ON AL F ORMS
’
.
59

Any fr act on o f th e fo rm i ACE -P B

a x + bx + c
2
h as b e en dis

cus s e d in Ar t 5 6
h ic h
. .

An d w en an y r e p e ate d qu adr at fa cto r s u c

ig i i i
as

o ccu r s in ¢( x) v n
g r s e to p a rt al

fr act i on s s u c h as
Ax + B
we m a
y i n te
g r a te su c h
a i
fr ac t on b y th e s ub s t tut on x + a = b tan 9 , b y aid of i i .

Ar t 6 7 or Ar t 8 3
i
. . .

But it is f r e qu en tl y b etter to fa c to r z e
i
n t o i ts c i i
n u at e fa c to r s x + a + t h an d j
i j i i
m a n ar o
g y g
x+ a — z b an d ob t a n c on u ate p a r s of p a rt al f r a c
, g
t i
on s o f th e fo rm
( x +
hich m a
y
h i
a

t b e n teg r ated an d th e r es ult r e du c ed to r e al fo r m

h
en

b y aid of D e Moivr e s T eo r e m a s in Ar t Difi

’

, 63 .
, .

Ca lc f or B egi n n er s
. .

We h av e

x A Ex + 0
°

(
2
x x +4

C ) (x 1) 5 x.

A+B =Q
—
C l ,

4 A —0 = O

x 1 l 1 x —4 1 1 1 2x 4 1
— +
( x —1 2
5 x +4 5 x —1 10 x +4 2
5 x +4 2
60 I N TE G RAL CAL C L Us U .

an d th e i n t gr e al is
1 1 2
l og ( x 1) — ta n
5 1 0

jd
x
Ex 3. . I n te gr at e .

P ut

2 +y
1 + ty

saw
2

ta/ is
r H

2
13

—
ta
3

H e n c e th e fr tac i on

( + g)
1 2
1 3 1 1 1 1 1

W r
u fl
w 8 2 W
an d th r f r
e e o e

I l 3
—
l 1

( x 2 ( x 8(x 1)

and th e i n te gr a l is
1 l 3 —1
)
4 ( x 4 g,

35 )
2
gr t 6
Ex . 4 . I n te a e
( x 2
4
4 1 .

Let x = 1 + g ; t h en

2 ?
x 1 2g g
( )( g (
4 3
x l x 1) 4
2

We n ow divi d e ou t

2 2 3
1 + 2g + g
j by 2 + 3g + 3y + y
62 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

l . I n te gr ta e wt i h r g rd t e a o x th e fo ll ow n i g ex pr i
es s on s

3
1 — 3 302
i — —
vi
b)
.

( x a X x

2
1
ii
( ) .
( vi l .
)
( x a
)( x b)( x e )
iii
( ) .
( vii i )

iv
( )
“ 2
+1
( ix )
0““
X x ”

W “ 0
)
bl x
. .

( x a1 )( x x 01 )

2 . E v l
a ua e t
dx "
[M [
z -- -1
( ax l bx ) d
W
x .

f n
e
o r at .

( 1 ) d
f(
x + x

3 . I n te gr a te

( 1 )(2x 2
( x 2
a
i
'

)( a
z
b ?
) x 2
1)

I n te gr a te
2
x dx x 1
( )i dx
m
.
.

4 2
x +x l
2
x 1
( iv dx
4 3
x 56 +1

[
1
( ) (
2 2
)( x 4 z
x2 4
) dx
'

v
. x a a a .

vi
f
1
( ) a
z 2
)(
4 2 3
x
4
) dx
‘

. a x a a .

'
4
x +1
 R A TI ON AL AL GE BR AI G F RAC TI ON AL F ORMS .
63

5 . I nte gr t a e

dx
x
; fl _ _'

x 3
1 4
x + 8x 2 —9

( 2
350 + l ) rlx dx
(
4
x x 1) -1
)
dx dx
( x (x 2
+ 1 )( x2 -
x+ 1 )
2 dx
( lv

v
( ) ( x 1 ) dx x 5
dx
( x+ 1 )( x +l2
) ( x 2
1 )( x

6 . In t gre a te

d”
( i .
)
( x 2) i
( x 2
2x + 4 ) x x ( 1) 2
( x 2
1)

dx
( 1 + x)
2
( 1

( x+a ) dx
(
2
x x

( 1

dx
( x 1 ) (x
2 2

7 E . v a ua el t
[
I
x/ a n t Hold an d
j
z
x/ c ot Hold .

0 0

8 . O b ta i n th v e l
a ue of
4
c os x
2
dx
cos x s 1 n x
.
2
s1 n x
4

x dx
9 . Iu v e s tl ga e
'

t CO S

( 1 s in x )( 2 s 1n x )

10 . S h ow t h t a
64 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

11 . P r v th t
o e a

dx “
2 71 a +b
°

(
2
i ax + a
2
)(
2
i bx + b ?
) J3 ab a
(
2
ab b 2
)
O
x x

E G ES y
00

[C LL ,

12 . S h ow th t th a e sum of th e i n n it fi e se ri es

1 1 1 1
( a > O, b > 0)
a a +h a + 2h a + 3b

ca n be ex pr ess e d in th e f rm
o

1 at - 1
t
”
1 t

an d h en ce pr v o e th t
a

— + — l +
t t a aa fa —l
.a +

[ O xr on m
 CH AP E T R VI .

SUNDRY S TAN DARD ME THOD S .

6 0 I nt egr ation
. of Wh ere

Case I . a P os tivei .

W h en a is ii
p os t ve we m a
y wr tei hi i t s n te
g r a l as

2
b c
x +2 x+
a a

w hich we m a
y a rr an ge as

dx
b 2
b — z
JR b 2 —b2
( ) ( )
ao ae
C M -
H
O -
d a
2
a a
2

i
c r d n g a s b is gr e ate r or l e s s t an
2
h a c, an d th e l
i h
ac o r ea

fo rm o f th e n teg r al is t e r e fo r e ( Ar t . 3 6)

J
1
a
m sh
“1

—
ax +

J b ao Z
b
s n ih 1

a ccor d n g i as b is2
or ac .

E
 HW T M M L G M B WWS

In ihrc t th e i n te r al b w r tt i
ri h i c f r
m a
e e ase
g y e e n
l og a t m o m

1
l og ( ax b J ets / a ct ?

JR
th e c on s tan t
a
l og Jb 2
ac be i n
g om i tte d .

Al s o i
s n e c c os h 1
2 z
ih
s n I ,

an d si n h 1
2 c h
os
1
MZ 2
+1 ,

hi h f r
w c h
t e r e fo r e m a y b e ta k e n w e n a i s h ii
p os t v e
h i
o m s

an d b is2
g r e at e r or l es s t a n a c r es p e c t v e l y .

61 . Cas e 1 1 . a N eg ative .

I f in th e i n te
g r al a be n e at v e
g i
wr i te a —A . T h e n ou r i n te
g r al m a
y b e wr i tten

dx
a

2
2b c
x x -l
A A

—
Ax b —d x —b
l
or om i i tt n
g a con s ta n t

1 ‘
1
ax b
c S or
Jb z
ac

Al s o s n i ce cos
1
2 s in

we h av e

It t h us a pp ea r s t h at w h en R ax
2
2 bx c

a ne
g i
at v e ,

an d th e r e al fo r m is to b e c h ose n in ea h
c c as e .

We m ay w rit e th i s

1 dx
_

J2
__

f
1 .
4 x -l-3

Jz J es

l og J
( r j ti g th
e ec n e con s a n t t
5:

2 s
—

/%
e
68 I N TE GRAL GAL G UL US .

T hi s in t e gr a l m ay b e wr itt en

ME
? to ( x

1 4x — 3
an d t h rfr e e o e 1s
J2 J4 1
w hi h m
c ay a s o l be ex pr e ss e d as

1 2
4 3x 2x .

E XAM P LE S .

1 . I n t e g at er

2 . I n te gr at e

3 . I n te gr ate

4 . I nte gr
ate

Ax + B
62 . Functions of th e For m
be i n te
gr at e d by i
fi r s t p u tt ng A x + B i n to th e fo rm

M ax b) + 111
hi ih i i
,

w ch b e don e as in Ar t 5 7 e t e r b p e ct on
i i i
m a
y y .
,
ns

or b y e qu at n g c oe ffic en ts ; we ob ta n
.
70 I N TE GRAL GAL G UL US .
‘

S i il rly p utt n g s in x i s , an d
‘

th e r e fo r e c o s x dx ds
h
m a , ,

we ave

2n + 1
x dx ( ds
2 ”
co s 1 8 )

—S 1 n x - n
i
s u x
3
n n ( 1) i
s u
5
x
— 1 n
)
‘

s in
m f lx

3 1 2 5

64 P r oduct of
p 9 for m sia COS Qx or odd

i i
. .
,

S m l a rl y , an y pr odu ct of th e for m s in x cos qx

p

i i
a dm ts of m m e d ate i n te r a t on b th i
s am e m e t od i h
g
h
y e
when eve r ei th er p or q i s a pos i ti ve odd i n teg er W at ,

e v e r th e oth e r b e

F or e xam
. pl e, to in t gr t e
e a
f s in
5
x cO S
4
x dx, pu t c os x = c, and

t hrfr
e e o e s in xdx dc .

H e n ce
f c os x s in x dx
4 5

f c
4
( 1 c
z 2
dc
)
7 9
c os x c os x

7 9

A g in
a to i nt gr e ate
f s in
it
°
x c os x 3
dx w e pr oc e e d thu s

I
%
s in x ( 1 s in x
2
)d (
s in x )
“
3x 1 8
6
5 sm
8 {g sm x .

65 Wh en + i n t iv v n int th
i i i i i i
.
p q s a eg a e e e eg ,
e r e

ex pr es s on S inpx c os qx a dm ts o f m m e d at e n t e r at on
g
in ter m s o f tan x o r cot x
her f r
.

For pu t tan x = t a n d t o e sec x

z
dx = dt an d l et
i i h
e , ,

+ — 2 n n b n n t r al T us
p q e
g e
g
,
.

in px cos qx dx ta x
n p dt tp ( 1 +
 S UN DR Y S TAN DAR D ME TH ODS .
71

S i il
m a rly ,
if w e pu t c ot x c, th en cos ec dx dc ,

an d

i n p xcos qx dx ot s n i
p + q + 2
x dc cq ( 1 1
do

1 + 3 + 5 + 2n l
c otq + x cotq x cotq x c ot q x
n _1
n 1
01 02
+ 1 + 3 + 5 + 2 n —1
g g q q
r esul t th e th e fo r m r a rr an ge d in th e
i
s am e as O
a e
p
p os to o r de r .

Ex 1 . . I n te gr t a e

T hi s m ay be w ritt en

f
2
)
2
c ot x (1 co t x d c o t x,

an d th e r es u l t is t hrfr e e o e

3 5
c ot x c ot x

3 5

It m ay a s o l be i n t gr t e a ed in t r
e m s of t an x thu s

z 5

[
1 t an

f
cos x x
‘

fi
dx 6 ( 1 t an x )d z
t au x
sm x ta 1 1 x 5

th e r es u lt be i g th
n e s am e a s be fr
o e .

Ex 2 .

1°
g0d t an 9 = — g
[ j
. m .

s ec 9 c os ec 0 039 z
t an gtan 9 : m

g cot
f’
O .

66 Use of Mul tipl e Ang l es

ii i i i
. .

An y p os t v e
r a l p o w e r o f a S n e or c os n e o r
n te

pr d t f p
g
t ii i
n te r a l p ow e r s o f s n e s and i ,

i i i
an
y o u c o o s v e
g
cos n e s c an b e e x pr e s s e d b t r on o m e t r cal m e an s in

i , y
i g
a s e r e s o f S n e s o r c o s n e s of m u l t pl e s o f th e a n l e i i
an d t e n e a c h h
t e r m m ay b e n t e g r a t e d a t o n c e
g
f or i '
,

s in n x
an d nx dx
n
72 I N TE GRAL GAL G UL US .

~
l +2 cos 2x +

f
[ (g cos

-
2x + cos 4 x) dx

i
s n 2x +
35 S in 4 x .

6 7 I t h as a l r e a dy b e en S own t h h at w en th eh i n de x

h i h
.

is o dd n o s u c t r an s fo rm at on is n e c es s a r
y t ,
us in
th e s e c on d e x am pl e

f
3

f
s1 n x
s 1 n x = Si n
2
dx ( d
3
oos x 1 s1n x ) x
3

Which pr r es u lt in d ffe r en t fo rm
e s e n ts th e i
hdw i i i h
.

m et o e ar e n ow d s c u ss n g w ll t e r e fo r e
m o r e e s p e c al v a l u e f i
or th e c as e o f s in x c os qx
p

n ei th er n or a r e c ol d
p q .

t gr t
f th
S
Ex 4 . . In e a e s in x dx .

Let cos x + c in n s ; en

+l, 2 "
2 c os n c os n x
g +
9

2 t s in x =g 2 t s in nx = gn

T hu s
8

( y
8 8 8 1
2 1 sm x
g

l l y
( ) ( >t 1
l
y + 8 g + +a + 6 g +
8 6 4 2
g g y y
=2 cos 8x 16 c os 6x + 5 6 c os 4x 1 12 co s 2 x + 70 .
 S UN DR Y S TAN D ARD ME TH ODS .

T hu s ( cos 8x 8 cos 6x + 2 8 c os 4x 56 co s 2x + 3 5)

[ s in x dx
s
an d

Ex 5 . . In t gr t
e a e 8 111 3? c o s
6 2
x dx .

Pu t cOS x + L s in x = g ; th en
6 6 6 2 2
2 t s in x 2 c os x
6
)

[S A r t 68
l

ee . .

8
y +
y
1
8
1
+
1

y
4 > + 3/ +
y
1
2

2 cos 8x 8 cos 6x + 8 cos 4 x+ 8

: cos 2x 1 0,

1 —
a nd s in x co s x= —cos 8 x + 4 cos 6 x —4
6 2 2x + 5
— c os 4 x 4 cos
§ 7

w h en ce

f 6 s in 4x S in 2x
s1n x cos x dx z
4 4
2

th t
68 N . O Ev r lT . I t is con v i nt f
f Bi i
en e or

l s uc

fih xm
f i nt
e a pl es to r em em

qu i kl
be r
r r
e p
a th e
odu c e d
se e a

in th e
.
s e ts

f o ll o
o

wi g hmn
n om

sc e
a

e
C oe c e s m ay be c y

1
1 1 .

1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 .

1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
e tc .
,

h nu b r b i n g f r
e ac

m e
th e
di t y b v it n d
a e

7t h ww h v
l
m

ro
e

a o

e
e

a e
a
o m e d a t on c e a s

th e pr ece d n i g
th e
on e
sum

. T
of
hu s
th e
in
on e

f r i g
o m
im
n

e tc .
;
74 I N TE GRAL GAL G UL Us .

an d in m u ltipl i gy n ou t su c h a pr o du c t as
3/ y
rrin g v ffi i t
rk p p ll
occu ab o e we o nl y n e e d th e c oe c en s of ( l
a n d a ll t h e wo ri g w i be
l( )
a ea n

c oeffi i n t f c e 1s o —20+ 1 5 —t 6
ar e

ffi i n t f ( 1 1 5+ 9 5
fi
coe c e s o ar e

f i nt f ( 1 1 — 4+ 4+ 4 — 4+1
fi
c oe c e s o ar e ,

h w f gur b i g f rm d rdi n g t th m l w
e ac

b f r
e o e

o
Th
ro

n
.
o

t ud n t w i di v r th r n f t hi b y p
e ac
e s

f rm i g t h t u m u t i i ti n f + bt + t + dt + b y 1 ta
es

e ll
l l l fipl
e n

ca
o

s co

o
e

o
a c co

a
e eas o

c
2
o
o
e sa

3
s
e a

er
as

in w hi h th vr f i t

w r
o
m l
S i i r y if th
k pp l c

rin g w u d b
a ea
e se+ b b+ +d t
e a

f i ts in ( 1 t) ( 1 t) w r r quir d th
e coe

o l fi coe c en s ar e a , a

c en

e
4
,
2
c, c

e e e
,
e c

e
.

,
e

—2 —3 — L
— 1 —4 — 1 + 2 + L
an d

Th e
th e
c oe
l ffit i
as r ow a r e

c e n ts hr
th e
e e ar e
c oe ffi i nt r q u ir
c e

f rm d t h u
o e
s e

s
ed .

1 —O = I , 4 6 4 —6 —2 , e tc .

E XAMP LE S .

1 . I n te gr t a e

s in
z 3
x, s in x, s in x, s in x, s in x,
4 5 6
s u i 7
x, s in
2”
x, s in
2n + 1
x,

do in g th os e w ith o dd i di
n ces in tw o way s .

2 . I n te gr ate
z
s in x cos x,
3 3
S in x c os x,
3 3
s in x c os x ,
z
s u i 4
x c os x, S in x c os x 4 4 fi
.

2 z
s in x c os x 1 1
3 . I nte gr t a e
4 ’
4 ’
2 z ’ 4 4
c os x s1 n x S i u x c os x s i u x cos x

l
1?
'
7? 1l
4 4. z
v t
f
.

dx, dx
‘
3 6
4 . E a ua e s1 n x dx, co s x
5
cos x .

0 o

5 . Int gr t e a e s in 2 x c os x, z
s in 3 x c os x, 3
S in n x cos
2
x

6 . Sh w th to a

7 S .
fh
.
s in

ow
x s in

th at
2 x s in 3x dx c os 2x Tg c
l
o s‘

4x Q;
1 c os 6x .

f ( ) ( )
cos m n x c os m n x
( ) 1 sm m x co s nx dx __
—
m
T .

2 (m + n) 2 (m n)
f

e
,
 s UN DR r S TAN DAR D ME TH ODS .

s1 n m x s m nx dx
s1n m( ) n x i
s u m ( ) n x

2 (m — n) 2(m + n)

D edu ce
v rify th
e
fr om

e r e s u l ts
‘

by
an d

in d e p f
iii
( )
e n de n t
2
s in m x

i n t gr t i
e
dx
a
an

on
d
.
f c os m
z
x dx, an d

I N T E G R AL P OWE R S OF A S E CAN T OR C O SE O AN T .

69 E ven positive int eg r al power s of a s ecan t

h i
.

cos e c an t c om e u n der th e e ad d s cu ss ed in Ar t 6 5 . .

c x
2
dx ta n x ,

Se c x dx
4
( 1 t an x) d tan x
z

3
ta n x
t an x
3

s ec
fi
xdx ( 1 2 t an x z
t an 4
x ) d t an x

3 5
t au x tan x
tan x 2

an d
g en e a r lly
s e0
2n + 2
x dx Wh r e e t

S i il rly
m a

x dx
z
s ec cot x,

c os ec
4
x dx ( 1 com ) d cot x
3
co t x
—cot x
3
 "
76 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

an d
g en e a r lly
3
c
cos ec
zni z '

x dx c
”
OI —
g
w hr e e i c ot x .

70 Odd positive int eg r al power s of c

s e an t or

i h
. a

c os e c an t c an b e n te g r ate d t u s
i
By d ffe r e n t a t on we av e at i i h O n ce

( n 1 ) S ec ” +2
x n s ec
n
x
dx< t an x s c o n
ce

an d

d
( n 1 ) c os e c n +2
x n cosec n
x
dx< CO t x cose c x
n
)
w h en ce
x dx
"
(
n +2
1 ta n n x dx
‘
n
n sec x se c x s ec

an d

( x dx x dx
n +2
1) c ot x c os e c x
n n
n cos e c s ec

T h u s as ec xdx l o g ta n
<g) Z
—
,

os ec x dx l og t an g )
,

we m a
y i n fe r a t on
5
ce th e i n te
g r al s Of 1
.

5
3 7 3
sec x, s e c x, s e c x, cos e c x, c os e c x, e tc

i v ly p
.
,

b y s u cc ess e u ttin
g n : 1 , 3 , 5, e tc .
,
in th e ab ove

f o r m u l ae .

T hu s
f s ec
3
x dx 5 tan x s ec x -
l 5 g
l o t an
(3 4

[ s ec
5
x dx =
= —
1
4 t a n x s ec
3
x+ g f 3
sec x

—
i i
t a x s ec x + §
n
3
ta n x s ec x + § l og
78 I N TE GRAL CALC UL US .

f t an l
xo
lx =
f 2
ta n x( s e c x z
1 ) dx
‘

t au x
3
t an x x, e t c .

By i i g thi
con t nu n s pr oce s s we s h a ll e vi d e nt l y ob t in
a

2 n —1 2 n —3 2 n —5

f
ta n x t an x t an x
t an a dx +
Qn 1 2n 3 Sn 5

( 1 ) x,
”
x+

2 n —2
x 2 n —4
x
f
2n + l tan t an
tan x dx
2n —2 2n — 4

2
x “
+<l) l g o
'

s ec x
.

S i il
m a rly
cot x
n
dx 2
(
x cose c x
2
1 ) dx

cot
” 2
x dx,

whi l st ot x dx l og s in x,

an d ot x
2
dx ( cos e c x
z
1 ) dx cot x x;

an d t hrfr
e e o e we m a
y t h i us n te
g r a te

cot
3
x, cot
4
x cot
5
x, e tc

H
.
,

en ce an
y i n tegr a l
p ower o
f a ta n g en t or cota ngen t
a dm i ts of i m m edi a te i n tegr a ti on .

74 I nt egr ati on of
6
. ’
c os x

We m a
y w r t e i a +6 co s x a s

<g 3)
5
<
3 Q3
g 2 2
a co s —
s in b c os
§
 S UNDR Y S TAN DAR D ME TH OD S .

79

g b) s in
g
2
( a b) cos ( a
2
,

( a b) cos 2

1 x
— s e c2 ax
2 é
’
a +b fi
t an “ '

a b 2

C ASE I . If a I) t hi s b e c om es

2 1
ta n
Ja z
5 g

“1
2 t an 2 c os

we m a
y wr i hi
te t s as

a b 2
t an
a 1)
a b 2
tan
a b
80 I N TE G RA L CAL O UL US
’
.

b+ a c os x

C ASE II . If a b ,
wr ii
t n g th e i n te
gr a l in th e fo r m

d tan
2

in pl ac e of th e for m ( )
1 1 11 t hi s c as e b y Ar t .

W
I

dx 2
a 6 c os x b a ?2
1

0
1
1

1
l og
2

ta n h 1

h h
2
1
1 21
or ,
s m ce 2 tan l
x c os 1 2
2,

we m ay sti ll fu r t hr h e ex i b i t th e r e su lt as

b a

co s h 1 b a

_ l
b+ a c os x
C O Sh
a + b cos x
 S UN DR Y S TAN D ARD ME TH OD S .

We t hrfr h
e e o e av e

1 “1 b + a ’ cos x
cos h
Jb z _
a
2 a b c os x

T h fo rm s ar e all e qu v al e n t b ut on e o f th e i l
h h
ese ,
r ea

fo r m s is to b e c os e n w en th e for m u l a is u sed .

75 Th e
.
g r al i n te of
+b
1
c os x + c s u x i m a
y b e im

i
a

m e d ate l y de du c e d ,
for

b co s x + c s in x b +c2 z
c os
( x

an d t hrfr th e pr op e r fo r m o f th e n teg r al c an i at

ri h
e e o e

on ce b e w tten down in e ac o f th e c as es a g r e at e r or

dx dx
—a (w hr e e ta n a g)
+3 00 s x + 4 s in x 13 +5 c os x ( )
1
—
J1 3 2 _
5 2 13+5 cos ( x a )
cos x — a
( )

E I C . . . F
82 INTE RAL G 0.4c ] ; US .

76 . Th e i n te
g r al m a
y b e e as il y de duc
e d

by putt n g i
7T
—
+y ,

dx dg
’
a + b s in x a + b c os
g
an d t hrfr
e e o e its l
va u e m a
y b i
e w r tte n dow n in b ot h
th e c as e s a 2 6
i i i
.

Of rb e n v es t g ate d
it l n de p en den tly
ii
c ou s e m a
y a so

b y fir s t w r t n g a + 1) s in x as

<g 5)
5

3
2
a co s
z
s in 2 b s in cos
2

< fi)
5
5
5
5
2
a tan + a tan .

Th e i n te
g r al t h en b e c om es

x
d tan
’
b b 2

( )
m a
tau —
l— + 2
a

an d two c ase s a r i s e as b e fo r e .

77 Th e int egr al
. m ay be i il rl
s m a y
t r e a te d .

dx

< § g)
h i h <g >
2
x
2
a c os s n
2
b c osh
2
s in h

a
< Q)
h t an
 S UN DR Y S TAN DAR D ME TH OD S .
83

1 f b>hi J b a, t s
z
2
a
2
ta n
“
1

whi h f r h r r d c
c u t e e u es to

1 1
6 a c os h x

J +b cos h x
’
UL -a? a

an d if b a th e i n te
g r al is

J et
2
?
6 2
t an h 1

w hi h f r h r r d c
c u t e e u es to

J a
1
z _
b 2
Cos h _ l
b +
a
a

+ b c os
c osh

h
x
'

78 . S 1 m il ar l y th e i n te
g r al s of

1 1
an d o f
a + b s in h x a + b c os h x + c s in h x

m a
y b e e as il y o b ta n e d i .

E XAM PLE S .

1 . In t gre at e
s in x c os x

2 . I n te gr ta e ( i .
)

a s in x +b c os x )
dd
3 In t gr t
e a e
t
.

a +b an 9

a s ni 9 + b c os 0
c s in 9+ e c os 0
84 IN TE GR AL UAL C UL US .
’
.

4 .

c on s a
r v th t
P o

t nt i v v s
e

n o
a

l ,

ed
w ith ce a l
rt i n i it ti m a on s on th e v l
a ue s of th e

2 a r e c os

an d i n te gr a te

dx
f s in x ) cos x
’

[ 5 4 c os x [ J2 2 + c os x + s in
07 dd
f
x
’
cos a c os x

c os a c o s x 1
c os a c os x

( vii i ) r v p o e cos e c 9

jJ
dx
6 . I n te gr a te (i ) .

x — a + Vx — b

j
dx
8 . I n te gr at e
s in x s in 2x

1 + c os x
86 I N TE GRAL

26 . In t gr
e ate
f
27 In. t gr t
e a e

28 . In t gr t
e a e
f s1 n
x
2x
dx,
[ E m

Sl n
x

3x
dx
s1n x

si n 4x
dx, an d pr v o e th ta

( ) )
w

J
7T
s i1 1 x —— s1n x
2 7r 5 5

]
s1n x 7T
— s m — lo
dx = s in
‘

l og
0

5 g

( )
5x 5 2 5
s1n
i
s u x 3 71

[T RN O
I . C LL , 1 89 2 ]
 CH AP E T R VII .

RE DUCTI O N FO RMULAE .

R ED U CTI O N F O R M U L AE .

79 i c r wh i g l
Man y fu n c t n te n ot

i di l r cib l hr f
. on s o cu os e ra s ar e

a te e du d rd to on e o r ot th e s ta n

d wh i gr l di r c l b i bl
m m e y e e o a

f r n te a s a r e n ot ty ta
hwvr i rl b li
o m s , an o se e o na e .

In rl s u ch n te

l b r i c f r l wi h h i
s om e case s , a s m a n ea
o e e , g y e
y
c db
on n ect e r l t t n te

h r pr i which i l f b i h r
som e a a o m u a
y g e e
g a

f an ot tse t im
di l i i r i gr
o ex e ss on , m a
e
y e e e

ate r bl n te r at an y ate to n te a te

h h rigi l f c i
m e e or e as e
y g a

t an t e o na un t on .

F i
or ill b h w h
n s tan ce it w e s o n t at can

b e pr
ex r
es s e d in te d hi l
m s r of an t s atte

i lf r
ts e in te m s of whi h b i d r c e n g a s ta n a d

f r
o m i rl f
th e n te
g a b i o rr m a
y e n fe ed .

S h i l b r ic l r l i
c on n e ct n ll d e a t on s

i r l
uc a ar e ca e
g a
g e a

R e du ct on Fo m u ae .

8 0 Th e d ill r li h v r l r d c i
s tu en t w t at s e t on
h h v lr d b i
. ea se e a e u
m e t o ds a e e en us ed For n s tan ce th e
a ea y .
 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US
’
8 .

hd
m et i
I n te g r at on b y p a r ts o f C ap te r IV an d
of h
i
o .
,

t e o m u l a e A o f Ar t 70
h f r I t is pr op os e d to c on s de r
hfr h
. .

o m u l a e m o r e f u ll y in th e pr e s e n t c a p te r , an d

iv h i
su c
to g e a r e ady m e t od for th e r e pr odu ct on o f s om e
o f th e m o r e m p o rt an t i .

81 . On th e int egr ation of x X wh er e X m -l P st ands

for anyt h ing of t h e for m a + b x
”

i i
.

In l c as e s th e n te r at on be p e r for m e d
i r c ly
s ev e r a g c an

d t
il
e .

I I f p be
. a p osi ti ve i n teger th e b in om ,
a in
m “1
x ( a +
ex p an ds i n to a fin i te i se r e s , a n d eac h t e r m is i n te
g r ab l e .

N ex t su pp os e p f r c i a t on a l
g, r an d 8 be i gin n te
g e s r
an d 8 ii
p os t v e .

II . C on s id r e th e c as e w h 1;en 1 is a p os t v e ii i n te
g e r .

Let

m -l E m -1
X dw
°
7
m {C 2

+ s -1

an d h g i p i i i g r hi
w en
(

s a os t ve n te e ,
t s ex pr e s s on is i
di c l y i tr b l b p i b
n te i an d n th e n om a l a n di
i gr i g h r
re ex
g y g a e

n te at n e ac te m .

I I Wh i i i
m
I .i g en
g h s a ne at v e n te er , t e ex pr es s on

r + — 1
8
Z
90 I N TE GR A L CAL C
'
UL US .

i dx
l

gr t
f
’
i‘
Y 3
)
‘
Ex 2 . . I n te a e x a x .

Here
771,
= 3, =
n p § a nd
n
p i s 1 n t e g er .

Th e i n t gr e a l is x 2
( l
1

3 “s 2
Le t 1 +a x 2 ,

3
§ dx 2 2 dz ,

an d th e i nt gr e a l b e c om es

2
f a 2 dz
/(
6 2 3
3a 3 § a
2
1) 2
dz ,

p l
Z

hi h ight b pu t i t rti fr ti If h w v r
w
=
c

9 th
s ec r
m

,
p
f u t t i g th
ll e x r
e

i n i nt
oc e s s o

ti w i b v i d d n d th n i n t gr ti n m y b ui y
on s e a o
b pu t
rti fr
e
n o

a
p fi l p a

e
a

a
ac

e
on s .

es s o

e a o
,
o

o
e

a
p ql kl
e

a
,

e
2

a
e

c
ac

(
A
e ffec te d rt .

82 . Reduction for m ul ae for x

m

Le t a + bx = X n
t h en x
m
“ 1
Xd ca n be c on n e c t e d
w t ih an
y of th e foll ow i n
g s ix i n te
g r al s

1
X ? 1
dx ,
1
X P + 1 dx
,

n 1
Xd ,
+ 71 1
Xd ,

—n —1 —
X p+1 dw ,
+n l
Xp l
dw ,

a cco r d n g i to th e foll ow i gr l
n u e

Let P w hr A an d th e s m a l l er

X i
e e p . ar e

i n di ces of x and r esp ecti vel y in th e tw o ex pr e ss on s

w h i rl
os e n te
g a s ar e to b e c on n e cte d . F i nd
d
“

fi
P
n Re

rr g hi
(

t li n ea r fu n cti on of th e expr es si on s
wh i rl
a an e s as a

n te s a r e to b e c on n e c te d I n teg r ate an d
ci
os e
g a .
,

th e co n n e t on is c om pl e te .
 R ED UCT] ON F ORM ULAE .
91

f ih
f
i

Ex . 1 . C On n e c t x
m “ 1 1
X dx ’
w t x
m ‘
l
X p '
l
dx .

dX
X m
m l “ 1
P P
m x x
‘

dx
—1 -1 —
W
rit
X + p b nx1) m +n
X p l

—
m x
m " 1
X + p nx
P m 1
( X ) X 1’ 1
‘

[N o t e th e r rr ng
ea a e m en t as a li n ear f un cti on , e t c .
,

m “1
( + p n )x
m 1
X p
X p 1
"
x
‘

m a
p n .

H e n ce
j X
l l
P ( x
m P
dx,
‘ ‘

m u
a
p
m “
f
p

j
P ”
x
m “1
Xd =
m + pu m +
p n

Th e v an tag e o f t s r e du ct on is t at th e n de x o f
ad hi i h i
t e u s u all y t r ou b l e s om e fa cto r X is l o w e r e d a n d b y
h P

i i i
s u c c e ss v e a ppl c a t o n s o f th e s a m e fo r m u l a w e m a

i
u l t m a te l r d e th e t r l t ne w c h
y
a s b e en i hi h
i hi h i i
y e u c n e
g a o o

pr e v ou sly wo rk e d or w c can b e e a s ly ob ta n e d ,
.

[
5

Ex 2 . . T hu s, fo r i t n s a n ce , t o fin d ( x 2
+ a
2
)
7i
‘

dx w e m a y c on

n e ct thi i t gr
s n e a l w ith [ ( x 2
+ a
2
)
idx, an d thi s a g i a n w ith
and thi s l as t is a t
s a n da rd f r o m

ll
.

As th e r edu ction is us ed twi ce, we w i t

c on n e c

[ [
% dx ith
( w
2 2
) (
2
x a x

dP
dx
a
2 7
) + 72x
2
< x 2

( x 2
a
s
)
ti
+ n( x
'

3
a
2
a
2
)( x 2
“
g
it -4

[N o t e th e pr p r t r t p
e a a o
y s e wh ich m igh t be p erf or m ed m en ta l l
y]

= i
( n 1 )( x 2
a
z
) na
2
( x 2

[w hi h i
c s n ow r ea r r a n
g ed a s a l inea r f un ction , etc .
,
e tc .
92 I N TE GRAL CAL CUL US .

-l

f f
I n te gr tin g % dx —n a 2
P ( 1) (x 2 2
) ( dx
2
a ,
n a x

i
i
“
(
2
“
i
i i
j
x x +
an d
( x 2
+ a
2
) dx = ( x 2
+ a
2
) dx

P utt ing n 5 an d n 3,
5

“
% dx ( 2
%dx
[ gf
x x
(
2 2
) ( )
2 2 2
x a a x a ,

“
2
i ck
[ fi I ff
x
( t h
2
x a
’
dv a
z
v
z
c
”

i; ,

i dx J “ 2
8
f i h i
- Ii
an d ( x a
2
) + 2 .
s n .

2 2 a

T h en

i dx _ (
2 ?
” i
[
5
g
v x x ~
a
( x 2
a
?
) a
2
vx
~
( 2 a
z
f
I
5 3 5 3
i
—
l'
a s in h
fi ‘

Ex 3 . . Ca l ltcu a e th e lv a u e of
f
2 a.
m —
Q a v x dx
z
,
m be ing a

p h ll
0

os itiv i n t g r W
e e e . e s a e n dea v ur t
o o c o nn e c t

f m ih
f
1
/2 ax
m _
2 ax x z
dx w t x ~ x z
dx,

f x
m
s
( 2 a —x
)
2dx Wh [it x
m —
e 2 6.-
( m
sax .

l
7
( —
2 a x)
2
3
7

a cc o rdi g t n o th e ru l e, th en

m —i m +i i i
7

( m %) x ( a
2 g
i x
( 2 a x )
m _
i i m +7 i 2a
( m
2 l ) ax ( 2 a x ) ( m 2 )x ( x )
H e n ce
i 2a i dx
7

( x )
i 2a i i i dx
f
m _7

)
’

( x) ( 2 m 1)a x ( 2 a x
94 I N TE GR A L CA C UL L US

fm ar
-1
15 100
100

“
a fii

—"
m
X P

[
ya m n —n —l
4 ' x
773 - 1
X dx
p — x
m
X p +l
dx
bn ( 1) !f 1)

m p

f
—I —1 —
5 . xX m p
dx _
x
m +n
X p l
dx .

fi® fit

m( m +1
( l og x ) m( l
f
?

[
x p I) _ 1
6 . 90 l og x) dx p
m og x ) dx .

1 m l

I n te gr t a e out x
m
l o g x, x
m
( g )
l o x
2
,
x)
3
.

c as es

m
of
=l
i t gr ti
n e
,
m = 2,
a
7n

on a r e
= 3, an d
0 an d 2 a
e th ir
.
n um e ri ca lvl a u es w h en th e li m it s

83 . Re duction for m ul ae for s inp m cosm dae .

A s m i il ar r u e m ay l be g i ven for a r edu ct on i for m u a l

ia cos qa: dx .

T hi pr es s i b c on n e c te d w ih
t of th e
i i
ex on m a an
s y e
y
foll o w n
g s ix n te
g r al s :

np
2
a; c os qx dw S im cos ac dx,
q

p
n x c os ? 2
m dos ,
i p
n oc c os q + 2
x e m, l

”
a: cos q + 2
wdoc s in p + 2
x c os ? elm ,

b y th e foll ow i n
g rul e
Pu t P = s in x w e re k
k +l
an d u th e h
i i i i
x c os ar e , _ ‘

s m all e r n d c es o f s n ce an d c o s x r es p e ct v e l in th e

i y
h i
tw o e x pr e s s on s w os e n teg r al s a r e to b e c on n e cte d .

F i nd
den
a n d r ea r r an e as a
g li n ea r fu n cti on of th e

ex
p r es s i on s w h i os e n te g a s a r e r l to b e c on n e cte d .
 R E D UOTI ON F OR M ULA E .
95

I n t e g r at e an d th e c on n e i
c t on is e ffe cte d .

Ex . C on n e c t t h e i t gr
n e a s l
s ni p
x q
c os x doe,

p" 2
s1n x cos qx olx .

‘I + 1
Le t P s in c os x,

dP
(P l ) s in
—
P 2 x cos q +2
x (q 1) p
i
s n .i c os qx
'

dx
(p 1 ) s in P " 2
x q
c os z d l s in x
g
) (q 1) i p
s n i c os %
'
.

—
(p 1) s in P 2
x q
c s x
o (p q) s in p
x co s qx

[N ot e t h e l as t t wo li n es o f r ear r a ng em en t a s a lin ea r f un c ti on o f

]
2
s in p
x co s qx an d s in p
x cos qx
‘

j f
—
P= p 1) s ni p 2
x co x
s q dx p g) s in px
c os x dx
q .

P —l ‘I + 1
s in 1
f
x c os x
H e nce s in p
x c os qx dx +
1 )
s h i
—
p 2
x q
c os a
'
dx
.

ill b r
It w b e r ed ow e v e r t at in th e cas e h h
wh r ihr i
e em em , ,

e e e t e is a n o dd n te e r th e c om pl e te

i r i p q
i i
o r
g
a t on c an b e e ffe c te d m m e d ate l A r
n te
y [ t 6 4
g
h h
s ,

Th e pr e se n t m e t od is u s e fu l in th e c as e w e r e p an d
ar e both even i n teger s
q .

E XA M P ES L .

Con n e c t th i t gr
e n e a l[ ip
s n x cos q x dx w ith
1 .

f s in p +2
x q
co s a
'
dx .

j
“
q 2
2 . s ia c os x dx .

3 .

f ip
s n x c os
‘I + 2
x dx .

f
“2 +2
4 . s in p x c os q x dx .

f pw z
5 s in x cos q x dx
‘

. .
 96 INTE RAL G cu e UL US .

Em pl y
o t hi f r
s o m u a l to i n te gr t a e s in x ,
4
s in x,
s
s in % .

7 E s ta b
. li hs a f rm u
o l a of r e du c t on i f or c os
”
x dx .

x
s in x 1
8 . I n te gr ate
4
s in x c os
z
x,
2
—7
4 2
cos s i u x c os x

84 . To cal cul ate th e integ r al s

sin
n
wdx and On ces x
n
dx .

Conn e c t i n s:
n
doc ih w t s in
" 2
a dac .

Let P c os a: a cc r di g
o n to th e r ul e ; t h en

dP
56 c os %
2
( 1 ) sm ” n
n s i n ce
elm

( n 1 )s i n
n 2
93 i
n s n er) ,
n

i n
n a: da: s in
” 2
a doc .

H en c e ic s in
n l
c os ec ih w h is
i h h h
van s n
'

s n e cc es en an

n te
g er n ot l e ss t an 2 ,
w en an d a s o l w en

77
.

2
, we hv a e

n —l n —3

n —l n —3 n —5
—2
. o

n n n

e v en t hi s u lt m i at e l y c om es to

n l
—
.
n —3 5 3
n n 4
98 I N TE GRAL CAL O UL US .

—
E
a
85 . To investig at e a for m ul a for si 1’
n t 9 coq dO .

Le t t hi i s n te
g r al b e den ote d b y f ( p q ) , t h i en s n ce
i p l
fic o s q l l
fi 1
' ‘ ‘

s n
i G 6 d0 29
i
nP cos q + n ?p
2
9 c s 9 d6 ,
o q

r)
q
we h if p an d b p os ii it n te r
e s , an d b n ot
h
av e , ve
g e
g p e
l es s t an 2

2,

CAS E I . I f p be even 2m ,
an d
o
r a ls o even 2n ,

2m —1
f( 2 m ,
2 n)
2m + 2n
fl2 m 2 , 2 n)

( 2 m 1 )( 2 m 3)
f( 2 m 4 , 2 n) e tc .

( 2 m + 2 n )( 2 m 2n 2)

— —
( m
2 l ) ( m 3)
2 1
K O.

2 77 — 1 2 n — 3 1
[
7T
f( )
291
(9 03 9
1
“
O 2 n c os -
—
.
,
2n 2n 2 2 2
0

3 5
T hu s f ( 2 m ,
2 76)
.

2 . 2

C AS E I I I f p be even = 2m an d c ol ol = 2n — 1
.
, q ,

Qm “
1
f( 2 m ,
2n 1)

( 2 m 1 )( 2 m —3
) l 2”
( 2m + 2 n 1 ) (2m + 2 n
‘ '
l

— 2 2 72 — 4
‘ '

2
2 72 —1 2 72 2
an d f( ,
0 Z n 1) cos 9 d9 _

—1
_

2n 2n

5 ( 2 m + 2 n l)
 R E D UC TI ON F OR M ULAE .
99

CAS E III I f p be odol = 2m — 1 an d

i i i
even
.
q
we o b ta n S m l a rly
( 2 m
fl 2 m - 1 2
—1
)
T hi s m a
y a s o l b e deduc e d a t on ce fr om Cas e I I b y . p ti g
u t n

‘ "
R

o
s in Oc os 0 d d
f t
c s in
q( 1 ) dqfi
p ‘1 f’
c os

1?
I

[ s in q c
b d d
) ol )
p
c os ,

so t h t a
M ) . p)

b e ocl cl = —
p 2m 1 ,
an d
q

1
2m
2m + 2 n
2
2
f( 2 m 3 , 2 77 . l

—2 2 m
( 2 m x 2n
( 2 m + 2 n

2 71
0
[
00 8
an d f( 1 , 2 n 1) s in 0 cos d0
2

f /2 m
‘
n [2 . 4 . .
( 2 m
—
2 . 4 . 6 . .
( 2 m + 2n 2 )

86 E xpr ession in a sing e r ul e l

h
. .

T fou r fo r m u l a e m ay b e e x p r e s s e d u n de r o n e
ese

r ul e a s follows :
Le t F ( n + 1 ) b e a fu n c t on de fi n e d b y th e r el at on s i i
I ( F( 1 ) J
‘
n 1) nP n ( ) ,
1, r .
1 00 I N TE GRAL OALO UL US .

T h i
r el at on s w ll b e foun d to s u ffic en tl y de fin e i i
h ih i
ese

I ( n + 1 ) w e r e n + 1 is e t e r an n teg e r or o f th e fo r m
‘

—
—
1 1
2
7
6 be i n
g a p os ii i
t ve n te
g e r .

F or in t s a n c e,

I (6)
‘

— 5
. 4 . 3 . 2 .

F( 3 -1
21 03)
1
L1 ”
9

_ 2 1 s
£ 1 5 a i
f ”

hi i
.

2 2
.

T fu n c t is c all e d G am m fu n ct1 on b u t we
i i h
s on a a ,

do n ot pr op os e to e n te r n to its pr op e rt e s fu r t e r
hr e e .

—1
Th e pr odu cts
6 2 11 .

w c hi h o ccu r in th e fo r eg o i n
g ca s e s of s inp Gcos q ecl O

ex pr e s s e d a t on ce in te rm s of t hi s fun ct i on .

—1 2n —3 2n — 5
.

2 2 2 2
”
—l 2
so th at )
J r 2
— 2n — 4
(
2 1 1 -1-2
)
2n 2n 2 2
I
.

’
2 2 2 2 2

Cas e I .

f
e 2 w 2
 “

1 O2 I N TE G R AL OAL O UL US .

8 7 Th e s tu de n t s h ld hw r ob s e v e r ( it h a s
i i h
. ou ,
o e ve ,
as

b e e n p o n te d ou t pr e v ou s ly ) t at wh en ei th er p o r q
b oth of them a r e ocl ol i n teger s th e e x pr e s s on
,

i
i i ih i
or ,

i
s n Gc os t
p q ) is d r e c tly n tegr ab l e w t out a r edu ct on
fo r m u l a a t a l l .

F or in s ta n c e ,

f s in fic os 9
¢ d0
f 0( l i 9 ) al s in 9
fi 3
s in
6 2
s n

an d
f s in b c os 0 d d
l fi 3

l l
0

S im i r y a ,

g o
0 cos 6 d 9
f s 9 + cos t9)d
5 2 2 4
s in c os l 2 c os cos 9
0 1
'

3
9 5
0
E
c os cos

3 5 7 1
2
5 £ 5
'

B ut w h an d b ot h v en an d i
th e n de fi n te i
i i i i i i
en
p q ar e e

n te r a l r e qu r e d if th e l m ts of n te r a t o n b e
g ,
or
g
ot hr h e t an
2
1
0 an d 1 w e
1
m u st e ihr t e use th e r d ci
e u t on

fo r m u a l o f Ar t 8 3 o r . pr oc ee d as in Ar t 6 7 . .

E XAMPLE S .

W rit e
7?
down t h e v l
a u es of

2 2
1 .

f
0
s 1n
2
x cl v, 4
slu m a t , l s 1 n v dx,
8
.

H ‘ '

"

2
”

2
2 .

f
0
s 1 11
6
.
4
v c os v ol v, .

fo
s in
fi
x cos v dx, 5
.
5
s 1 u v c os v dx,
6
.

f i 5
s u r c os v
.
5
. dx .

p pr
0

If 0, r r t th o du c t 3 5
p pr
e es en e 1
E, r r
e es e n t th e odu c t 2 . 4 6
 s in
m l l
'

dc os
gm
dd d .

Lw —l l g —l
f
"1 n t
s in
2m 1
d c os
2
dd d
"

( )
‘

3
l z n + n —1

4 . Wri t e down th e i n de fi n i i
te n te gr l
a s of

f f f d co s ddd,
7 5
s i11 d c os
7 3
d d d, s in
s in 7
d cos dd d,

[ [ d 00 8 9 dd
G 4
3 111
7
9 c os
2
d d d, s in .

E v l
a u at e

I
i d c os d d d,
4

[
g
4
d dd, s in
5 . s m d cos d d d,
5 2 s n

i
s n
7
ddd .

l gb
d
f
2
c o s 3 <>d ) ,
4
>s in 6 <
3 cf
6 . c os
Z
2 d dd,
3
f d c os > .

7 . D e du c e th e f rm u
o l ae of A r t 8 4 f o r
.
n

x dx fr om th e

E XA M PLE S .

1 . P r v th t
o e a

f é b ¢
n

¢ f
d ta n
fin
( ) a c os <> z

z
c cos

( ) 1
1
1 4
”
l ta n
2 7”
b 89 0 - ( ) s ec )
n
1 04
"

INT GRAL E CAL C UL US ’

.

2 . In v tig
es at e a fr l r
o m u a of e du c ti on a ppl i l ca b e to

f ( x
m
1

w h en

t e gr a tl on
.
m

if m
an d
= 5,
n ar e p i iv i os t e n te gr e s,

J
an d
’
c om pl
O A ete th e in
[S L O HN s C C MB

fr l
LL
'
.
, ,

3 . I n v tig t es a e a r
o m u a of e du c t on i f or
2n + 1
dx
f(
x

1 w e?
an d by m ea n s o f thi i n t grs e a l s h ow th t a

1 1 1 l . 3 1 1
+ + .

2n + 2 2 2n + 4 2n + 6 2n + 8

S um a sol th e se ri es

1 1 l 1 5 1
2u + 1
+
2
- o

2n+ 3
+
2 4
o 0

2n + 7
ad m f 0

AT H O
.

[M . T RP S
I ,

4 . P r v th t
o e a

( a
2
+x
2 2 d x £

2n + 2
< a
2
+ 36
2
2 71 4 -
2
1

+
2 72
2n + 2
1
a
2

f ( a
“
a

x
2
2" l
2
dx .

5 . If (
M) n
2n _ 1

/
dd“
pr v o e S
q( )
n —
2 71
2n _
—3

2
M ( n

6 . F i nd r e du c ti on f rm u
o l ae f or

(a)
f (
”
x a

2p + l

( B) [ M e m e 2
dx.

a n d ob ti a n th e v l
a u e of
[ x 8
( x 3

[ C o m m as C MB A .
]

7 F i nd a r e du c ti on f rm u o l a f or
[ e
u
c os
n
x dx, w hr e e n is a

p l
.

os i tiv i n t g r
e e e ,
an d e v u t
a a e

[O X FO RD ,
1 06 I N TE GR AL CALC L US U .

14 . S h o wt h at
‘ ’
R
— 2 2m
)(
7
( 2

[
m m
9 dd d
.

8m 00 8
—1
( 4 m )( 4 m

m be i g n
0

i tiv i a p os e n te gr e .
[O xr onm
1 5 P r v t h t if
. o e a

Im
j dx,
m
n
. cos x s 1 n 72x
,

( m n ) m
I n cos
m
x co s m e m lm q , J

AN
2 3
2
[
2 2
I 2
[B ERTR
m
’ D .
]

If I m
[ x cos 7i x dx,
m
n
: c os
,

pr v o e t I h t a m
’
n
cos nx

m
2
z
d
dx ( cos
c os
m
x

) +
m

m
( m
2
1)
72
2
I 2
,
n
)

a n d Sh w th t
o a

( 1)
l: ] ]
_
m m
[ m n
0
—
772
2 — 722
Im n
0
’

f0
c os
m
x S in nx dx

pr v o e th t a um n
m
1
+n
m
-
772 4 77
um q
’

l p
.

H e n ce fin d th e v a ue ( w h en m is a
.
os i tiv i nt g r)
e e e of

f x s in 2 m x dx
m
co s .

[7 3
0

AN
P r v th at
"
co s x dx
e c os 72x
ERTR D ]
o
[B .

If m +n be e v
r
en , pr v o e t h t a

9
m0 l

f
7T
C OS CO S n dd d +1 — 72
2 m
m + n
‘
772
0
2 2

[C O LL GE ES ,
1 88 2 ]
 RE D U0 TI ON F 0 RM ULAE .

20 . E va l ua e t th e i t gr
1?
n e a l
LLEGES
7
CO S m dx .

[C O ,

If
f x c o s n wdx b e de n o t ed b y f (m h ow th at
m
cos ,
s

”
—1m
f ( m 72 + f ( m 1
m _
n m + n

[O XF O R D
p
,

Pr o v th t if n b
e a e a os itiv i n t g r gr t r th
e e e ea e an u n i ty ,

‘
7! '

f n z
x s in nx dx
‘

c os

l lf
0
S lIl n x
23 . F i nd a r e duct on i f rm u o a f or th e i n te gr a day .

s in a:

24 . If n w hr e e m is n ot l es s th an n , a n d m , n

ar e e ith r b th e o odd or b ot h v e en int g r e e s, s h ow th at

(
2
( n l )( n 2 ) um ,
n +m um
,
m m 1 ) um -2
,
n 2 O.

25 . If

s h ow th t a
A i
s u x
B un —1 (ju n —2 3
( a 6 cos
1 b 3) a 72 —2 1
w h er e A
—l —b 1’ —1 2 — b2 — "
)( ) -
2
‘

n a a n l a
z
b
i
f
S h ow th t
a
z
7r
,

(
2
e s in
¢)
3 2 -
1 g
( 1 ) 16
l
e

6 be i ng es s t h an u n ity .
[S T . J O HN s
’
C O LL 1 88 2
1 ]
ca n be i n te gr a te d in fi itn e

te r m s w h en m is an i nt g r e e .

fr om a f rm u f r
o l a o e du c ti on of th e f rm
o

AU B “
” 0 121 - 2 s in
m +1
x a ( 6 cos x)
an d de t rm in th
e e e con s a n ts t A, B , C '
.
 1 08 I N TE GR A L CA L C UL US .

28 . F in d r a e du c ti on f rm u
o l a f or th e i n t gr
e a l
x
m
dx
( g
l o [O xr onm
29 . F in d r a e duc t on i f rm u
o l“ a for
aim

I
r v th t if X = x 2 ?
'

30 . P o e a + dx+ a

31 . F ind r e du ct on i f rm u
o l ae fo r

( ) ta 11 h x dx ”
a .

a + ocos x + c s1n x
)
( 7)
f "
x

li h i g ff ll l l
s1n

t i g f r u f d ub i n t gr ti n b y
pr
a
Es ab

ts , u an d 7) b e n
e n t ia t ion a n d s uf xe s
s

fi i
th e o ow n

u n ti c f x nd d h
on s o

n t gr ti n w i th r
e a
o m

d n t i g di ff r
t t x o s
,
a
a or

es
o

p
as es

ec
e

o
e
e

o n
a o

2 ”
uv ( dx n oz 2 251 73 3 a v4 4 14 v5

1) dx lnl
u v dx
n .

[a ,
l 10 I N TE G R AL CALO UL US .

Pu ttm g c + = e
y ,

we h a ve

an d I b e c om es 2 hi h b i g
w c ,
e n on e of

th e s tan da rd fo r m s is i di ly i
m m e ate n te
g r ab l e .

Ex . I n te grat e I f dx

1 1
— l + 1
y y

y+ J x + 2 +1

9 0 Th e
. s am e s ub s t i i
tu t on , v z i .
, J y z
y i
w ll c
s u ffi e

for th e 1 n te
g r at1 0 n of
XJ Y w h en
q( )
5 c
c 1s an y

r a ti on a l i n teg r a l a lgeb r a i c fu n cti on of as, a n d X an d

Y ar e e ach l i n ea r .

W riti n g =
y, w e h v
a e

eh
Qdy an d x= z —2
y
m
,
 MI S CE L LANE O US ME TH ODS AN D E XAMPLE S 1 1 1 .

4 6 4 2
x 8y + 2 4y 3 2y + 1 6
so t h at
— 2 —

“
50 1 y3
4 2 1
y 5y + 9y 5

b
( y c om m on d iv i i
s on ) .

“
5
y + 3y ”I '
0°
7 m/ 3 y J
+ 3

+
1 CM — "
w
7
2 3

91 H X li
C AS E ne ar , Y q uadr ati c

b i i
. . .

Th e pr p o er s u st tu t on is

Pu t X 1

( la;

Pu tt ig n a w b
}
y
,

we hv a e, by l oga r t i h ic diff r i i
m e e n t a t on ,

a dm dy
ax + -b y

cw
é<
§
2
+ em +f

Ay 2
0
5
2 y +
,
s ay .

9
H en ce th e i n te
g r al h as b e en r e du c e d to th e k n o wn
fo rm I

w hich h as b e en a lr e ady d ic
s u sse d .
1 12 I N TE GRAL CAL C UL US .

Let 30 + 1 =y
“1
,
t h en

CO S

9 2 It. w ll i n ow a pp ea r th at an
y ex pr ess i on of th e

be i n te r ate d,
¢( ) be i i
r at on al i n te l
ic i i ii
c an n an
g a3
g y gra

a l eb r a fu n c t on of cc For by c om m on d v s on
g .

w
¢( )
we c an e x pr e ss in th e fo rm
ac
e b
—l M
A w + B cc n n

+L be t h i
e q u ot e n t a n d M th e i
i h h
n
g
r em a n de r We t u s a v e r e du c e d th e pr oc e ss to th e
i i
.

n te
g r a t on o f a n u m b e r o f t e rm s o f th e cl ass

an d on e o f th e cl as s

Th e l atte r h as b e e n d s c u ss e d in th e l as t i i
r t cl e an d

i i
a ,

n te r a l s of th e fo r m e r cl as s m a b e ob ta n ed b y th e
g
i
r e du ct on for m u l a
y

az
”

re
2r
2r
1 6
-
c
F( r —1 —
)
T

;
1
w
114 I N TE G RAL OAL O UL US .

an d I b e c om
'

es
y + B
4
y + U 2

1
Ay + B y + O
4 2
can be t hr w i
o n n to i
p a rt al f r act on s i
Xy
,
Ry u M
a y + fiy +
2
y
an d e ac h fr c i
a t on is in te
g r ab l e b y fo r eg o i n
g r ul e s .

94 I t is al s o e v id en t t h at th e sub st i i
tu t on
i i i
. s am e

m a
y b e m a de for th e n te
g r at on of e x pr e ss on s o f th e

fo rm
99 )
5 6

w hr
e e is i
r a t o n al ,
i n te
g r al an d a l geb r a c ; i for

fo r m
Ay + By + G
4 2
w hi ch by d ivi i s on ,

th e r ul es fo r i
p ar t al f r a ct on s i ,
m a
y b e ex pr e s se d

1
ta n J 3
"
 MI S CE LLAN E O US ME TH ODS AN D E XAMP LE S .
115

E XAM P LE S .

I n te gr ta e th e f o ll ow n i g ex pr i
e s s on s
2
x r
. 1
1

2
x x 1

2
x 1

9 5 C ASE I V X and Y b oth quadr atic

i
. . .

We do n ot pr op os e to d sc u s s in g e n e r al te r m
h i i i
s

m e t od o f n te r at on o f e xpr e s s on s o f th e fo r m
g

h X
w ere an d Y a r e b o t u a dr at c an d ( m ) r a t on a l
a h i i
in t e r al an d al eb r a c
q
a s it is b e y on d th e s cop e o fi ,

g g
th e pr e s en t v ol u m e We m ay s ay o we v e r t at th e
.
,

,
h ,
h
i i
pr op e r s ub s t tut on for s u c c as e s is y a n d th e h ,

s tu de n t w ll l i
e an th e m e t od to b e a dop t e d f r o m
* th h
i
e
g
foll ow n g e x am pl e s .

V
2 2
Pu ttin g ” 6
2 2

x
x a

l ( 2
b )w
z
1 cy
—
— z
a

i b
z - 2
y el m x x + a

2
dy ( a 6 2
)x
dx 2
(x

Ca l l Th e
cu u s
t
s u de n
for a
t m ay
e ne r a
rf
le er

d i
to G
i
s c us s on of
r ee n hi
th e
ll ’
s

m e
Ch tr
th d
a

o
p e on th e In t e gr a l
g .
116 I N TE GR AL US .

a
2 2
hu l g
a
T s I b e co m es .

(
2
a b )x~

so th t a x 2 6 2
T
‘
“ Z
Z/ Z
2

,
a 1
2
2 2 6
x a
”
y 1

T hu s I r e duc e s f urth r t e o

“
c os

If a b, w e m ay a rr n g
a
as

e I
“ )

as
1
2
a
2
(a b) .

c os h
-l
ffl
b
2
h 5
2
$12
-1
c os ( a b)
2
;

( x 1 ) dx
Ex 2 . . I n te gr
ate I
j ( 2 x — 2 a + 12
)
'
N/ s 2x + 1

Pu t ti g n

1 dy 3 50 —1 2 50 — 1
we ob t i a n
d 3 x — 2x + 12
g

2x —2x + 1
2
y x

—
x( x 1 )
2x + 1 )

Th e i
m ax m u m an d m i i
n m um l
r p tiv l
v a u es x
31
2
an d y2
2
of

th t f
ar e giv
r l
en

by
v l
a u e s o f x,
an d

m ust
an d a r e

be n ot
es

gr t r th ea e
ec e
y
an
2
2
an d I,
a n d n ot
so

l th
es s
a or

an 1
ea

.
1 18 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

a + b sin w+ c cos a:
96 Fr actions of for m
b l sin x cl cos w
.

a1

T hi s f r act i on c an be t hr w i o n n to th e fo r m
A B ( bl co s cc li
e s n cc )
( a bl s in cc c cos w) ( a bl s in a; cl c os a
t )
h h
1 l 1

wh e r e A B C ,
ar e c on stan ts so c ose n t at

A Ca 1 =a — B c + Cb b Bbl i Col - : 0,

h r i h i gr b l
, l 1 ,

an d e a c te m s t en n te a e .

97 . S i i l rl
m pr i
a
y th e ex e ss on

a + os in w+ c c o s x
( a
1
bl s in a: cl c os w) ”

m ay be a rr an ge d a s
A B ( b1 c os cc li
e s n 93 )
l
.

( a1 bl s in a: c c os as
l )
”
( a1 bl s in as e cos w) ”

4 .

bl s 1 ’

( x) n
a n as c c os
r
hi i
1 l

an d th e fir s t an d t r d f r a ct on s m ay b e r educ e d b y a
i
r e du ct on fo r m ul a [E x 2 5 , Ch V I L] , w hi l e th e s e con d
i i i
. .

is m m e d ately n teg r ab l e .

98 . S i il
m a r r em a rk s appl y to f r a c t i on s o f th e f o r m
a + b s in h a3 + c co s h a3 a + b s in h w + c cos h w
”
b inh w h bl s in h a; cl c os h cc)
’
a
1 l
s c
l
cos c
c ( a
1

99 S om e Special For m s

hw h
. .

I t is e asy to s o t at

s in (c
 MI S CE L LAN E O US ME TH ODS AN D E XAMP LE S .
119

s in a
z
c

i
s n a: ( a s in c
c) ( b ) s in ( az c )
s n ai z

w h c
en e
sm ( 00 )
a s 1 n cc
s in

(
x al as

b) s 1 n ( a '
c )
sm a
2 sm ( a o) s m ( a c )
l og s in ( m a ) ,

c cl
s in c
g
w
i
s n a ( a s n a:) i ( b ) s in ( cc c )
z
sm a

2 s in ( a o) s i n a ( c )

1 00 Mo r e g en e r all y He r m te h a s i hw h ow to
i i
. s o n

n te r ate an r e s s o n o f th e fo r m
g y e x p
f( i 9 s n c os 9)
i
,

s in s in ( 9
,

( O a ) ( 9
s n an )
h— h g i
1
.

w e r e f( w y) is fu n ct of w y of

i i
,
an
y om o e n eou s on ,

I d
i i i
n m e n s on s .

Fo r b y t h e o r d n a ry r u l e s of p a r t a l f r a c t on s
fl, )
t 1

( t ( t —a n) ( d
l
—a
z xl
a —a
s)

w c hi h m a
y be wr i tten
"
if fl an 1) 1
ar ( ar an ) t a,

i i i
.

f c r —
( th t b tte d in th e den om n ator
ii
e a o a a n om
, r e
g
of th e ab o ve c oe ff c e n t) .

P r oc L and . . M a th S oc . .
, 1 8 72 .
1 20 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

Putt i t = tan 9 , tan tan etc

h
n a a2
g 1 a
l , 012 , .

t r
eo e m b e c om es

f( s i n 6 c os 9)
i
,

s in ( O a
1 ) s n ( 0 (1
2)
s in ( O an )
m ”
f( s i n a r , cos on ) 1
Z i
.

i ( 1) ( s in (
.

r z l s n ar (1 s n ar an ) C (Ir )

f( s i n 9 ,
cos 6)
s in ( O dl ) s in ( O an )
s in a r , c os a

T =I Sin ( a r (1 1 ) o o o S in a r ( an

EXA M PLE S .

In te gr t a e

s in r

x
c os nx c os n a
4
.

(
71 71 c os cos a
sin t
.

6 6
cos 2x cos 2a s in 2x s in 2a
2 5
c os x — cos a s in x — sm ut

z
co s 3x co s 3a cos x
3 6
c os x c os a s in x s in x
(
z
s in a

G E NE R AL PRO P O S ITI O N S .

1 01 hr
c e r ta n g en e r al pr op os t on s on
T i ii
i i hi h i
. e e ar e

n t e r at on w c a r e a l m o s t s e l f e v de n t f r o m th
g
ii i i i
e

de fi n t on o f n te r at on f r th e om e tr c al

ig Th
or om
g e
g
m ean n . us

1 02 . I .
( m ) dx :

fo r h
c is e qu al to gl ( b) if ¢ ( a3) b e th e d ffe r i
i i i
ea

e n tial c oe ffic e n t o f
(M )
a
c Th e r e su lt b e n
g u l t m a te l
y
p
.

Se e Hob so n
’
s T r ig on om etr y, a ge 111 .
1 22 I N TE GR AL C AL C L US U .

“
1 05 I V
. .
am
- A
m

—
a z a y ,

cl x — cl
y;
a z a, y = 0 ,

y = a .

W wweb — o

e
s w —axle b
( y 1 1 1 1
-

“
pm
- m d b
( ) x ( y

i ll hi
G e om e tr t pr e s s e s th e ob v i fact t h at ,

i ig
ca s ex ou s
y
in e s t m at n r th e a ea O O QP b e tw e en th e y
’
an d w

i
r d n ate O Q an d a cu r ve P Q we m
'
i f w
i ii i
a xe s , an o , ,
a
y e

l k e t a k e ou r o r g n a t O O Q a s o u r Y a x s an d C X
' ' ’
-

ii i i
a s o u r p os t v e d r e c t on o f th e
.
-ax s
,

X i .
,
 MI S CE LLAN E O US ME TH ODS AN D E XAMPLE S .
1 23

V a3 olx cc olc ) d
1 06 . .
¢( ) ¢( ) c
q(
5 2 a m x
.

For b y II .

an s
d
o

an d if we pu t 2 a
we h a ve dx dy
h
.

an d w en c
c a, y a,

wh en a: 2a , y 0.

Th us ¢< 2a My

¢< 2a y fly

¢( 2 a m ) dx .

H en ce ¢( o
c ) dm ¢( ) 90 0lzc
a

¢( 2 a m ) dx
.

We l e a v e th e i
ob v ou s
g eom e t i
r c al i n te r pr etat on i
th e s tu de n t .

1 07 VI . . Pl a i n ly if ¢ ( 9c) b e su c h h t at

thi s
p ro
pos 1 tion b e c om es

an d if ¢ (cc) b e su c h h t at ¢ ( a
2 — c) =
c

cc cl x
¢( ) 0.
1 24 I N TE G R AL CAL C L US U .

"
T hu in s s ce s i1 1 x s u i "
( 7r en ,)

f
r

s in
l‘
dx "
x 2 s in x dx

0
Q"+ 1
(W
2n + l
c os x c os x ) ,

gn 2"

77
c os x c os ( 7r x ) ,

Q’H I
co s x dx O,

f
2n gn
c os x dx 2 cos x cl an

T
We p
dd u p l l
o a
m ay
th
iti i t w
ut su cr
a
d t h u
0

h r
t rm f
f rm in x lx t q u i n t rv
e
a

s
p p o
o os

e
on

o
0

s
o
”
o
o
s,

a e
s

a l e a s l
dd u p ll u h t rm fr m 0 t
b twe 0 d
e en i t an 71 s
g ndo a a s c e s o o a

t d ub
o lfi o F th
r t q dr t i
d u dr t i
e .

in th r v r
or m r y r
rd r O g m tri
t iti n
e s econ q a an s n e s ar e e e l p e e o s

of th
ca yll
t h
e

u rv y = in x b i g
e c
s

y m m
ua

t ri e b u
an

t t h r d
s i n t
s n es
n
e n s
e e e se o

e ca l a
e

o
. r

e o
eo e

a e

l l
,

— 5 th wh 7
r b tw n 0 n d i d ub t h t b t w n
e o e a ea e ee a s o e a e ee
, 71
2
7
0 an d

l
5
l ill ll ppl
.

S i i rg
m a eom e tri ca us t a r ti on s w i a
y t o ot hr
e cas es .

1 08 . VI I . If ¢( ) a3

w
¢( ) dx n
g(
b w) 0l x .

Fo r dr aw n g th e c u rv e i it is cl ea r t at it h
i ,

i i
c on s s ts of an n fin te s e r e s of r ep e t t on s of th e p a rt i ii
i
ly n g b etw e en th e o r d n ate s CP O (m = 0) an d N 1 P 1 i
a n d th e a re as b ou n de d b y th e s u c c e s s v e i
i
p o r t on s o f th e cu r v e th e c o rr e s p on d n g o r d n ates an d i i
th e w a x s a r e a ll e qu al
- i ,

T h us
¢( ) 90 cl zc t )
’
B c cc l e tc .

7
1 26 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

(
0

/
%
H en ce ( 2 ay y
2
) 71 vr e s

2a

“n
2 %d
( y
2 a
y ) y I
'

71 .

H e n ce I 3r
( y
2 a y
2 7
) dy .

P ut t in g y
=a 1
( c os dy = a s in 0 d d,
1?
2
in I= 5
f
7

l Od O
” +1 +l
an d we ob ta - a s in
n
wa n +l
s in
n +1
0d O
2 -
0 0
—2 — 4
72 n n
down t o gor l
-- E’
—l n —3
° . .

n +1 n 3 2 2
ac c o rdi n g as n is e v e n or odd
‘

Ex 2 . . E v l
a uat e I
f l og s m x dx .

l og co s d
y y l og c os x dx .

H e n ce l og s in x dx
I l og cos x dx
0

l og s in 37 cos x dx

( g
l o s in 2 x l og 2 ) dx

l og s in 2 x dx 4 7
1 l og 2
.

l og s in 2 x s in z dz l og s in x dx = L
0
 MI S CE LLAN E O US ME TH ODS AN D E XAMP LE S 1 2 7 .

— k 2
2 L= I g
g

f f dx = 1 l o°<f l
r
l og s in x dx l og
‘

cos x
2 2
0 0

f
p l g rith
0

Ex a n di n g th e o a m we h v a e

l(
,

I 1
v
i +l +
2
a

3
2

Z
+ . to w
)dx
1 1 1 1

x =1
fi
k gy q
j j
x
ay = aa
l — 1 — 37
1
y 0

H e n ce w e l
a so h v a e
I
0

Ex . 4 . E v l
a u at e I
f
w

l og
<
x+-
1
l +a
dx
z
0 o

x = ta n (9,
=
dx s e 0 9 d O;
2

l og ( tan (9 + cot O) dO

f
— l
( go s in 9 l og c o s O) d O
O

—2
j l og s in Od 9 = 7r l o g 2 .
1 28 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

110 Differ entiation under an I nt eg r al S ig n

i i
. .

S u pp os e th e fu n c t to b e n te g r a te d to b e ¢ ( az c)
ii ihi h i
on ,

co n ta n n u a n t ty 0 w 1 s n de p e n de n t o f x

h i i i
c
g a
q .

S u pp os e a l s o t a t th e l m ts a a n d b o f th e n teg r a
i ii
t on a r e fin i te qu a n t t es an d n de p e n den t o f 0 i
h i , .

T en w ll

¢( m, c ) dd x c doc .

Fo r l e t ¢( c
c, c ) dm .

T h en it 6n 00 ,
5 0 c 60) d93 ,

w c hi h ,
b y Tay l o r
’
s t h r
e o em ,

8 ¢ ( w, c )+ 6e 8 ¢ ( w 2
,
c )
2
80 2 80

An d if 2 s ay b e th e g r e ates t
, ,
va u e ofl hi h
w c
80 2
b e c a p ab l e ,

da: —
60( b a ) z ,
2
80

an d v an ih in th e l m t w i i h 60 is i n de fin i te l y
i i ihd h i i
s es en

d m n s e . T u s in th e l m t

aa( nz , C >
cla¢
6c
1 30 I N TE GRAL CAL C L US U .

2 . In t gr t
e a e ( i .
)

[S T . J O HN s ,
’
1 8 89 ]

3 . F i nd th e v l
a u e s of

s in a: da
'

[7 ,

con s a
P r v th t
o

t nt i n v v
s
e

o l
a ,
w
e d,
t ih ce rt i n i m i tati
a l o n s on th e v l
a ue s of th e

( p a bp b) x c
a r c s in .

f
‘
z —
px
—

NT
( b
‘
2-
x p
a 2 bp - c r
y ( x ac
f

[T R I I Y, 1 8 86

5 P r v th t
o e a ( cos x )
”
dx m ay be ex pr es s e d b y th e se ri es

x x
.

3 5 7
S 1 11 90 s1 n s1n
s1 n x — N + N, —N
1
.
3
3 5 7

N 1 , N 2 , N 3,
an d n a n
i g th
h vi g ny r v a
be n

ea
fi
l l p itiv g tiv p
e c oe

a ue
f i c en ts

os
of

e or n e
th e ex

a
an s on

e
i ( 1

RI E
.

]
’
[S M I T H P 1 8 78

l f ll i g fi it i t gr l
s Z ,

6 . E v a ua e t th e o ow n de n e n e a s

( i .
)

[S T ]
’
. J O HN s, 1 8 88

ao

( 1

r v th t
\(
77
7 P . o e a

o 1 +x 2
)( 1 - x
2
) % 2 V2

OR
2V 3

S h ow th t
[O X F
8 . a
D,
 MI S CE LLANE O US ME TH ODS AN D E XAMPLE S
'

.
1 31

9 . E v l
a u a te ( i .
)

[I . o S . 1 8 89 ]

di
l

'

'

1 2 a c os x i -
i a
z
[I . C S .

10 . P rv o e t h t
a
[
I

cos n ol
’ '
j is e qu a l to r
z e o
I

rdin ga v
a c co

I f S de n ote
s n is o dd or e e n ;
th e s u m o f th e in nit fi e se ri es

fi
s in
4
8 1n x x
2 2
3 1

5 .

pr v
o e t ht a S M _ 7r

4
2
7r

2 [O XF OR D,

11 . P r v th t if
o e a c be < 1,
'

“
if 5
'

f
“1 0 0
— -
S 1 11
( c cos x ) d r .
-
2 2
l
0

1 2 8
cos x
)]
2
dw= —2 -1- -
1 —-
-
l
71 2 4 2
6 2
3 2

0 2
12 . P r v th t
o e a
]( 0
s in 9
-

) dO 7r l og 2 .

Fi n d a r e duc t on i f rm u l for
“x
s in x
”
dx
ON
o a e .

[ Sr J H S ’
,

E v l
a uat e ( i .
)
f x s in l og s in x dx .

[ ,
a
0

f ta n 0 l0
” g 8 1 “
x dx '

[Sn '
ON
JH S ’
,

f s in 2 x l og t a n x dx .

[S T . J HN S O
’
,
1 88 6 .

0
1 32 I N TE GR A L A
C LC UL US .

15 . E V3 l“t ( ) [ “e
3 I
8
2
s in
z
x+
dx
b z
cos x
z
[L 0 S..

f [I . o s . .
, 1 89 1 .
1
2
dx
f x O SSO
ta n
1r
m
16 . P rv
o e
a: 7r

s e c 56 c os 4 [P I N ]
x dx

l
11
— cos
.
,
Qw / a — l
2 2 z
a x

a be in g su pp os e d gr eate r th an u n i ty .
[O xr onm
1 2
l og x
r v
j
71
17 P . o e ( i .
) dx
1 +x 12
o

(
10 g x
( ii ) dx n
__

18 . P r v th
o e at

1
dz “
l
a o
h 7
r
w
f
-
a a
—
I

(
2
+a
2
1 2
) 3 5 3 5 7
0
[O xr onm
19 . P r v th
o e at

2 4 6
2
“

2
6 + 2 2 2
6 +
2 2 4 2 4 6
( 1
pp
. . .

6 be i g
n su os e d l .

20 P r v th
o e at

f
.

1 2
x
e
m
l
a e) : 1 —
+ —e tc

ATH O
.

2 3 4
2 3 4 5 °

0
[M . T RI P S ,

21 P r v th at

l
. o e

1 1 1
ad inf + J2)

b¢<>
.

j
— S 2 a —x , d
22 . If q( ) ¢( x ) x m dx

“
RN
0

)“
[T I . HA LL, e tc .
,

23 . P rv
o e t h at
ig 3
fj —
6h ?
a
S
q(
c r
c —x
— b )
x r vi p o de d i x
fi it xv i h
b

r e m a ns i n e wh e n an s es .
[S T . J O HN
’
s,
 30 . F i n d th i m i ti g v u
e l n a l e of ( M W/
l
n w h e n 72 i s 1 n fi ni te

l l fi pr
.

31 . F i n d th i m i ti g v u
e n a e w h en n is in i t n e of th e n th a t
of th e um s f th n q u n tit i
o e a es

n +1 n +2 n +3 n +n .

5
7b 77 n n

l
,

h th t it i iti n g v r t
pr pi ri l g ri
an d s

odu c t of

the N a
ow a

th e
i s t o th e l
sa m e

th m
qu n ti t i
a 3
m

es as
a u e of

8 8 , wh e
th e
r
nth
e e
oo of

is t h e b as e
th e
of

e an o a s [O X FO R D
l q l fi it l
.
,

ity i y gr
s
32
h th t
ow li iti g v l
I f m at is
.

a th e
a

m
wa y s
n
e ua
a u e of
to un
th e pr
an d n

odu c t
is n de n e

1
-
_
ea t ,

48
{ 1 +a 4
}{ l is 8

[O xr o nu
 CH AP E T R IX .

RE C TI FI C ATIO N, Er e .

1 1 3 I n th e c ou r se o f th e n e xt fou r c ap te r s we h
i h i
.

pr op os e to il lu str ate th e fo r ego n g m et od of ob ta n

i i
in g th e l m t of a s u m m at on b y a ppl c a t on of th e i i i
i i
pr oc e s s of n tegr at on to th e pr ob l e m s o f fi n d n g th e i
h i
l en gt s of cu r ve d l n e s , th e a r e as b oun de d b y s u c h
i i
l n e s fi n d n g s u r fac es an d vol um es of sol ds of i
i ,

r e volut on etc ,
.

114 Rul es for th e Tr ac i ng of a Cur ve

h h h
. .

As we s all in m an y c a s e s av e to fo rm s om e r oug
i h
dea o f th e s a p e o f th e c ur ve u n de r d s cu ss on in i i
o r de r t o pr op e rl th e l m ts o f i
n t e r a t on i i i i ,

h
y gn
a ss
g ,

we m ay r e fe r th e s tu den t to th e a u t o r s l a r g e r
’

Tr ea ti s e on th e Difier en ti a l Ca lcu lu s C ap ter XI I , h

i i
.
,

fo r a fu ll d s cu ss on of th e r u l e s of pr oc e du r e
i h i
.

Th e foll ow n g r u l e s ow e v e r a r e t r a n s cr b e d fo r

i
c on v e n en c e of r e fe r en c e an d w ll in m ost c as e s
, ,

i
s u ffic e for pr e s e n t r e u r e m e n ts
q i ,

115 I For C ar t esian E q uat i on s

i
. . .

1 . A gl an c e w ll suf fic e to de te c t s
y m m et ry in a

cu r ve .
 I N TE GR AL CAL O UL US .

( ) If p w r
n o o dd f c r th c r i
i ih i i i
a o e s o
y oc u e u v e s s y m ,

m e tr c al w t r es p e ct to th e ax s of w S m
i
.

l ar ly for s y m m e t r y ab ou t th e y ax s
h
-

i i
.

z =
T us y 4 a w is s y m m e t r c al a b ou t th e ac ax s
-

h hi h
.

b
( ) I f ll t h p w r f b t d w cc r
i h
a e o e s o o a : a n
y c o u
b e e v e n th e c u r v e is s ym m etr c al ab out b ot
ax e s e g th e e ll p s e,
.
,

.
,
i

( A
) g i if w dc h gi
th th ig of

i h h
0 a n, on a n y ane n s ns
g e ,

e u at on o f th e c u rv e r e m ai n s u n c an e d t e r e
q
is s y m m et r y in opp os te q u adr an ts e g th e
g
i ,

h i
. .
,
3 =
p e r b ol a m
2
r th e c u b c x +
3
3
i ih
y y a o y a m
:
,
.

I f th e c u rv e b e n ot s y m m e tr c al w t r e ga r d to
ih i i h h
e t e r a x s c on s de r w e t e r a n ob v o u s t r a n s fo r m a i
i i , y
t on of c oo r d n ate s c ou l d m ak e it so
i h h h h
.

2 N ot c e w e t e r th e c u rv e p as ses t r o ug th e
ii i
.

or n , a l s o th e p o n ts wh er e i t cr os s es th e coor din a te
g
i h
a xes , or in f a c t a n y p o n ts w o se c oo r d n a te s pr es e n t i
h ,

i i i
t e m s e l v es as ob v ou s ly s at s fy n g th e e qu at on to th e i
cu rve
i h
.

3 F th e a sy m p tote s ; fir s t , t os e p a r all e l to th e
nd

i
.

ax e s n e x t , t h e o b l qu e o n e s

h h i
.

4 I f th e c u r v e p a s s t r ou g th e o r gi n e qu ate to
h i
.

z e r o th e te rm s o f l o w e s t de r e e T e s e t e r m s w ll

i g
ii
.

v e th e tan en t o r t an e n ts a t th e o r n
g g g g .

5 F nd
.
Q l
fl i h
a n d w e r e it v a n s e s or b e c om e s ih
d x
ih
fin ite , l e , n fi d wh r
e e th e t an g e n t is p a r all e l or pe r

i
f
. .

e n dicu l a r t o t e m - h
i
t ax s
p . .

6 I f we c an s ol v e th e e qu a t on for on e of th e
i h i
.

v a r ab l e s , s a i t e r m s o f th e ot e r , as it w ll b e

h i i
y y , n ,

f r e qu e n tly f oun d t at r a d ca l s o c c u r in th e s ol u t on
h
a n d t at th e r a n e o f a dm s s b l e v a l u e s o f a: w i i hi h ,

i h i i
c
g
v e r e al v al u e s for i t r b l m te d T h e exi s ten ce
g y y
h
s e e .

o l oo s u p on a c u r v e is f r e u e n tl
f p q y de t ecte d t u s .
1 38 IN TE GRAL CAL O UL US .

th e t w o i
p o n ts w c hi h te r m i n a te th e w h l en gt h
h
ar c ose

is s ou
g t .

F or m l
u a i n th e I n t C al e . . R e fe r e n c e .

P 98 F or C a rt i Eq
f
e s an
f
( f
. .

1+
dx
- dx .
ti on s o ff r o m

31 =flx)
P 98. . For C a rt i e s an Eq
t
ion s o ff r o m

l
x

r
[V ( )
dr 2 P 1 03
. . Fo r P o a E q u at io
3
M L

do
d9 .
of o fr m

l
r

P 1 03
. . F or P o r a E q u at io
of o fr m

0
2
W P 1 00 For c a s e wh e n ou r
)
dx (
? . .

0 ” is g e n a s iv
y = F ( t)
r dr For
E quse
ua
w
ti
h
on
en
is g
Pe
iv e

P 1 48
. . Fo r us e w h en Ta
g
E q
en

ua
t ia l
ti on is g
Pol
iv e

1 19We add ll u s t r at v e e x am pl e s
. i i
e
Ex 1
e
. i
F d t
n h
.

x t n di g fr m t h
n
n gth
o
o
f t h f teh l r
v rt x t n xtr m ity f t h tu r tum
e e
e b x
e
= 4 y
o o e e
e ar c o

e o
e p l l
a a

e a
o a

s - ec
2
a

l
.

2
x
j/
l =—
yl —fi d t h i i t m
,
= o
an n d x = 2 H e ne m s ar e a a . ce
4a 2a
7. a t 2.
 R E CTI FI CA TI ON , E TC .
1 39

p E x; 2
e n de n t v ri
.

a
Ob ti
l
a n

ab e .
th e s am e r es u l t b y ta ki gn y as th e i n de

an d th e li m it s ar e an d
y
=a . H e n ce

( P u t y a t an 9 , 2

an d dy 2 a t an 0 s e c 9 d d )
2
.

2a s ec
3
0 dB

Hs e c 0
li i]
ba n
2a l o g( t a n 9 O
é
s ec

+ l o g( 1
Ex 3. . F i nd th e p rie m ete r of th e ca rdi i do e r = a( 1

F ig 1 1 . .

fr
Th e c u
om O t o
‘
rv
71
e is s y m
f or t h e
m e
u
l
pp l tri
e rh f
b ca

a
a

.
ou t th e i iti
n a l li n e , an d (9 v ri
a es

2
2
25
a s in 9 .

H en ce ar e 2 Ja ( 1 2
cos z
a s in
z
fid d
“

Qd9
E
r

2a .

/
-
0
2 ,
s in
2
— Sa cos
2 o
1 40 I N TE GRAL GAL G UL US .

Ex 4 .F n d th e e n
.

= r s in a b e t we e n t h e
i l gth
pit o n s
of th e
at
a r c of

w hi h
th e
th e
equ i gu r ir
r dii v t r
an l p l
a s a

ar e
p c a e c o es
an d r 2 .

H e re

w
Ex
h
.

os e e
5 . i
qu ti
F
a
nd

on
th e
is
l en gth o f an
y ar c of th e i v n l
o u te of a c ir l
c e,

H e re
[35 — } 2 1
2
13 5 -
18
2
w> + Ba we ,

h r
w e e
of t h e
ir
ll and

r p W 2 a

tiv
re

l th e v a uesl of
\ l
r at th e b e gi nn i g n an d e n d

ar c es ec e y .

1 2 0 For m ul a for Cl osed Cur ve

i
. .

In us n th e fo r m u a l
g

ai
r
in th e c as e o f cl os e d th r b l ii i Wi h t in
h h f
o va n e n
a ,
e o
g g
th e c u r v e it m ,
a
y b e ob s e r v e d t at th e l e n gt o th e

w hl o e c on tour i b
is g d f ven y
w

b
p g , or p i
th e or t on

d i sa pp ea r whs li i k en th e m ts ar e ta en .

Ex S h ow th at p ri r
th e llip ll
e m ete of an e se of sm a e cce n

l ir l h v
.

$
4
g h th g
t r ic ity e e xcee ds by
5 1
of its en t a t of a c c e a in th e

s am e a ea r .
h ,

H e re fib l 2 2
1
‘
2 2 2 2
20
z
a c os 6 s in r
\ a ( 1 3 S in 1 /

w hr e e /
1r is t h e an g l e w hi h c
go m a k es w h it th e m a o j r ax s i .

H en ce p
=a
<é 1 e s in
z z
tl
f
é
4
e s in
4
w
H en ce 8 = 4a
2
1
2
6
2
.
1
2 2
'

71 l
8
e
4
.
3 1
4 2 2
7r
ve r y a pp r om m ate lY )

2 7r d
 UL US
'

1 42 I N TE G RAL GALG .

m e e
6 .

tr
S h
m a
ow th t
be
a

ex pr
in t h e
es s e d
e llip se r =a c os O, y z
b s in 9, th e p ri e

y as

7 F . i nd th e l en gth of an
y ar e o f th e , cu rv es

( i .
) r =a c os 9 . iii
( ) . r =a0 .

ii
( ) . r ac m e
. iv
( ) . r a s1 n

8 . A p pl y t h e f rm u
o l a
f p V
d r to r tify
ec th e ca rdi id o e

w h os e e qu ti a on 1 s r = a( 1 + c os
[T N
RI T1 I , 18 8 8 }

9 . T wo r dii v
a ecto e s r OP , 0 6? of t h e cu rv e

"
Z Q
( )
3
r a c os .

4 3

l
ar e

gth
drawn e qu lli t ri pli
a y nc n ed t o th e i n i ti lh rl i pr v
a ne ; o e h t th
t
ir u r
a
l e

gl
en of th e n e ce te d ar c is aa , w e e a is t h e c c a
m e as ur e of t h e an Q e PO .

10 S h ow t h at l gh
th e en t of an a r c o f th e cu rv e
y
n
= xm +n
can

fi t r
.

n n l
be f un d o 1 11 ni e te m s 1 11 th e ca s e s w h en or - 1s an
i tgr
n e e .
2m 2m 2

1 1 F n d th e
. i
rv
l gh en t of
= cz
th e ar e t
b e w een t w o c on s e c u t iv e cu s p s

(
2
of t h e c u
2 2 2 2
e 0 ( ) a
p r a
) .

12 . F in d th e h l l gth
w o e en of th e l oo
p of th e cu rv e

[O xr oa m
13
t
. S h ow t h t th
l a
i it
e l en gth of th e a r c of

qu
th e
l p l h y rb e o a . r
g
/
= a2
b e we e n th e
c u rv e p
2
( a
4
r
4
m

)
s
i 2
a r
‘
x = b an d x = c
b e tw ee n t h e li is
m
.

it
e

s r
a

b,
to t h e
r c.

[O xr oa n
ar c of t h e

Sh w th t in th
14 . rb o a e p a a o a l 1 4-0 0 8 0
h h w th t th a i t r pt ed t
b e w e e n th e v rt th e
l
en ce s o a e rc n e ce e ex an d

ex tr ity f th tu r tu m i
em o e a s ec s - lo
l; g( 1
[I . o s . .
,
 RE GTI F I GA TI ON , E T C .
143

1 21 Length of th e Ar c of an E vol ut e
h
. .

I t h as b ee n s o wn ( D ifi Ga le f or B eg Ar t 1 5 7)
h i ii
.
. . ,

t at th e d ffe r en c e b etw e en th e r a d of c u rv atu r e at

a

F ig 1 2 . .

two i
p o n ts o f a c u rv e is e qu al to th e l e n gt h of th e
i
c o rr es p on d n g a r c of th e e volute ;

Fig . 13 .

i if a h b e th e ar c o f th e e v ol u te o f th e p or t on AH i
ii h
. e .
,

o f th e o r n al c u rv e t e n F i
g ( g ,
1 2 ) .

ar e a k = Aa — E h , i e A H
p ( a t ) p ( a t ) ~
. .
, ,
 1 44 I N TE G R AL GAL G UL US .

an d ii
if th e e vol u te b e r eg a r de d a s a r g d c u r v e a n d a
str n i
b e u n w o un d f r om iti b k ih h
ep t t t t e n th e
,

i i i i i
e n
g g g , ,

p o n ts of th e u n w n d n g s tr n g de s c r b e a s y s te m of
hi h ii
p a rall el cu r v e s on e of w c is th e o r g n al c u r v e A H
l gh vl t llip
.

Ex . i F nd th e en t of th e e o u e of th e e se .

tr rv t r
r p tiv l
L et BB b h f
’
,
e
a, a t e c e n es o c u a u e c m r e s
po n din g t o

r iti
th e e xt e m
l p
e s o f t h e ax e s , v iz , A, A , B , B
’ ’
es ec e y Th e .

ar e a
fi v rr
of th e e o u t e c o e s on ds t o th e ar c A B o f th e c u e, rv
an d w e h v
a e ( F ig 1 3 ) .

2 2
6
= at B ) — ( a t A)
a
ar e a
fi p( p
b a

[f 01 r a d of c ur v
. . of e ll ip se :

7
. E x 3 , p 1 5 3,
. . D af t Ga le for B ea] . .

T hu s th e l en g th of th e en t ir e p rie m e e tr of th e e v lt
o u e

6
5)
E XAMP LE
pr pr l
.

h w n th b v m rf =4ar th
l p l pr l th e
2
S o l e a o e an n e or th e a ab o a y at

en gth f th r t f th
o e a o e e v o ute i nte ce te d w n th eithi a ab o a

is

1 22 I ntr insic E quat ion

i h
. .

Th e r el at on b etw e en 8 th e l en gt of th e ar c of

ig i i
a
,

ve n cur ve , m easu r e d f r om a g v en fi xe d p o n t on

F ig 1 4 . .

th e c u r ve , an d th e l b e tw e en th e tan g e n ts at th e
ii i i i
an e
g
e x t r e m t e s o f th e ar c is c all e d th e I n t r n s c E qu at on
o f th e c ur v e .
1 46 I N TE G R AL CAL C UL US .

an d t hrfr
e e o e s cs n i hf ,

x
c

t h e c o n s ta n t of i n t gr ti
e a on be i g h
n c os e n s o t h at an d 8 v an is h
g hr
t o et e , w h en c e

8 = c t an xp .

To ob t ain th e Int r insic E quation fr om th e

P ol ar .

Fig . 16 .

i ii i
Ta ke th e n t al l n e p ar all e l to th e tan g en t at th e
i h
p o n t f r om whi c th e ar c is m e as u r e d T en w t th e h ih
i h
.

u s u al n otat on w e av e

th e e
q u at on i to th e cu r v e ,

do
If b e foun d b y n tegr at on fr om i
an d 6
1 i
i i i
s <) ,

e l m n ate d b y m e an s o f e qu at on s ( 2 ) an d th e
i i
r e u r e d r e l at on b e tw een 8 an d D w ll b e foun d
q ( i .

Ex . F i n d th e in t rin i qu ti
s c e a on of th e ca rdi id o e

=a 1
r ( c os

w = e+ ¢
a( 1 — cos 9
) — t an
d
_
tan )
a s in O
 “
RE CTI FI CA TI ON , E TC .
1 47

H ence

F ig . 17 .

2a s1n

—4 a 19 -
cos 1 C .

2
w e de t e rm i n e C so th t
a 8 =O w h en

i trin i qu ti
th e n s c e u ght
a on s o .

W m y n ti e th t if A b th v rt
e a o c a e e e e x, th e ar c AP is 4ac os V,
1 48 I N TE GRAL CAL C UL US .

1 25 . Wh en th e E quation of th e Cur ve is given as

a} y
we h av e tan tb
5
73 35
$ 38
g;
By m e an s of e
qu at on i ( )
2 8 m ay b e fou n d b y in
tegr ation in te rm s of t
h i
.

I f t e n b etw e en th e r e s u l t an d u at on ( )
1 t b
i i h i q
ir d i
,
e e

e l m n at e d, we s all ob ta n th e u r el at on
re
q e

b etw e e n 3 an d EP

Ex I n th e li d
x
. cy c o

a ( t s in t) ,

= a(l c os t) ,

“
y

we h av e ta n \ Z
r
81

1 + 00
t
“ t an
t
2
,

t= 2 x 1 .

t
w h en ce 8 =4a
0

s1n
o

l i 8 be m eas u e d r fr om th e
o

or 1 g 1 n
o

w hr
e e t
5
H en ce 8 = 4 a s in it is th e e qu t i
a on r quir
e ed .

1 26 Intr insic E quation of th e E vol ut e

i i
. .

Let b e th e e qu at on of th e g v en cu r v e
h
.

Let s b e th e l en gt o f th e ar c o f th e e v ol u te m e a s u r e d
’

f r om s om e fi x e d p o n t A to a n y ot e r p o n t i Le t h i Q
i ii
.

0 an d P b e th e p o n ts on th e o r g n al c u r v e c o rr e
i
s pon din g to th e p o n ts A Q on th e e vo l u te ; po p th e

r ad ii
o f c u r v atu r e at O an d P h th n l e th e
,
’
,

ih
‘

e a
g g
tang en t QP m ak e s w t GA pr o du c e d an d 3b th e
an l e th e t an g e n t P T m ak e s w t
g th e t a n g e n t a t 0 ih ,

.
1 50 I N TE GRAL CALC UL US .

128 Length of Ar c of Pedal Cur ve

ii
. .

If p b e th e per p en di c ul ar fr om th e or g n up on th e
t an g en t to an y c u r v e , an d X th e an gl e it m ak e s w t
,

ih
i ii i
th e n t a l l n e we m ay r eg a r d p X a s th e c u r r en t
i i
:
, ,

p ol ar coor d n ates of a p o n t on th e p edal cu r ve

H h
.

en c e th e l e n t o f th e dal c ur v e m a b l
g pe y e ca
c ul ated b y th e for m ul a

EX
of th e
. ppl
p l A
e da
y t
of a
h e
ir c
ab o

c e l v e th
m e
wi th r
od t o fin d th e e n t o f
r
ega d t o a po n t o n t h e
li gh an y a r e
c ir cum

fr
e e n ce
( i . e
. a ca rdi i d )
o e .

Fig . 19 .

H e re , if 2 a b e th e d i am e e tr ,
we h v fr
a e om th e fig r u e

If
p
:
OP c os 2 a cos

H e n ce
2

[
96
§ dx= 4 a s in
2a c os -
4 6
1

5
.

Th e li
H en ce
m it for th e u
s
th e w o e
pp r h lf
h l p ri t r e
e

m e e
a of th e c u
of t h e
e

e da p l rv are =
x 0 an d =
x 7r .

[ K
]
,

2 4a s in 8a .

2 o .
 R E C TI FI CA TI ON E TC .

E XAM PLE S
l
.

1 . F i nd th e en g th o f an y a r e o f th e cu rv e y
2
( a

l pl li [a I
, 1 88 8
2 . F i nd th e en gth o f th e c om e t e cy c o d giv en by
x = a 19 + a s in 0,
=a —a 9
y cos

l
.

3 . i
F n d t h e cu rv e f or w hi h th n gth f
c e e o th e r
a e m ea u e d sr
fr om th e o n a rigi v ri e s as th e q u r r t f th
s a e oo o e o rdin te a .

4 . S h ow that th i tri n i qu ti e n s c e a on of th e pr l
a ab o a is
8 = a ta n 11’ sec l
xr + a lo
g( ta n 1 1
r
+ s e c ih)

p pr
.

5 . I n te r r t th
e e ex i
e s s on s

dy
( i .
)
[ x
r
d
ds,
2
ds 2
ds
l k p JriOHN S r
r r

h r in i i gr
w
giv
e e

l
e n c os e d c u r
th e l ne

v e .
n te a s ar e ta en r ou ad th e
[S T .
e m e te
’
,
of a

tri ity
j r
m a o ax s i of

rv
an e llip ir se is 1 f t
rn
oo in l en g th ,
an d
f
i ts
e cce n

n ea ry l .
c is P o e i ts c cu m f e e ce to b e 3 1 3 3 7
[T R I NT I Y, 1 883
eet

r i i
h
7 S o w t a t th e e n t
. h l gh
lof

hi h i
th e ar c of t h at
i
pr a t of t h e
li
ca d o de r = a ( 1 + c os O) , w

4 r = 3 a s ec 6 e m ot e om th e r fr pl c

o e, is
es

e qu
on

a l th e s de
t o 4 a [O xr onm .
o f th e ne

8 . F in d th e l e n gth o f a n ar c o f th e i oi d
c ss

9 . Fin d th e l en gth of an y ar c o f th e cu rv e

bo l
10
a
.

3 ay
S
= 2x3
h
2
ow t h t th i tri n i
a

1s
e n s c e q ua t ion of

l
th e s em i cu b ca i l pa 1a

11 . In a ce rt in a cu rv e

s h ow t h at
 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

12 . S h ow t h at th e l en g th of an a r c of th e cu rv e

x s in O+ y cos =
O f
’
( O) ,

x c os 9 — y si n

is giv en by 8 =f( 0
) C .

13 S h ow t h t a in th e cu rv e
y : a l og s ec th e i n trin i s c e qu a
t i on 1 s 8 =a
g d
“1
\
k
a

l lg
.

x
14 S h ow th at th e en gth of th e a r c of th e cu rv e
g
= o coth

pi
.

b e twe e n t h e
s n i hx 2
o n ts ( 231 , yl ) ( x2 , y2)
,
is l og
s n i hx
2

l
1

§g
15 T r a ce th e cu rv y e (
2 = a —x
)
2
an d fin d th e en gth of th at

pr l p lJOH NpS
.
,

a t of th e e v o ute whi h rr c co es on ds t o th e oo .

[S T
’
1 88 1 and

l pir l
.
,

ind i gu r
(p1 0
16
—
)
.

r s1n a

S h w t h t th
F
r d fr m t h
th e
m eas u e
r f n qu i g u r ir m ur d fr m
l e n th
o
o f an

e pl l p l
ar c

o e .
of an eq u an a s a

th e pl l p l o

t th diff r n t
o e

qu i n g u r ir h vin g th
o
a

e
e

i t f it i n t r ti n with
a cs

e e

diff r t n g
th r
o
p
a

o n s o
e

p l
an

s
a s

e s ec
a

o
ea s e

an o
o

l
e

w i f rmll a

ri i go
a

tria se
s

r gr i n
b ut
es
a

[T R
n T
a

1 8 8 4
e om e
e

ca lp
s am e

o
o e

es s o
a e

I N
en

I Y,
a e

p l
. .

1 7 Sh w th t th
. u rv o wh d a qu ti n i p e c
— e os e e a e a o s
?
r
2
a
2

z
h as f it i n tri n i
or qu ti n =s
% s c e a o s a .

i
s e
1 8 S h w th t t h wh
.

q u t th t f n i w h o
a l o

o
n gth f th
a
a

i x
im c n =
o qua
e
n gth
e ll pl l o e
se
e
se s em
o e

a
l
es a r e e
a o r

ll l
a
a c os

1 11 e

t t h m xi m u m
o e d m i n i m u m r dii v t r
a f th
an i cn a ec o es o e m a o

p l l p
.

1 9 P r v th t th
. l gth f t h n th
o e ad f f th
e en o e e a o a oo o e
u rv in m 9 i m m
c e r z a s s

W 1 11
] ( 8 11 m m 1.

l l p
0

S h ow t h t th
a e en gth of a oo of th e cu rv e

2
el f
[ S T . ON
J H S ’
,
l 54 INT GRAL E CAL C UL US .

i dic ate d in th e figu r e Th e ex pr ess i for th e

w i ll
as n . on

ar e a acc o r di n g l y b e

Lt
g P Q daz or

Fig 2 0
. .

Ex 1 . . F i n d th e a ea r b ou n de d b y th e e llip se
a
th e

rdi n a t es x = c, x = d a n d t h e x-a x i
“
o s .

{w 9 d
a, 2 2 2
H e re r
f
30

;
o
a ea a
2 3
9. l = si
a a

b “
[ dJ — c~/ a 3
2 - 2 2
a d
2a

llip
a. a

q u dran t f th t
For a a

p o e e se we m us pu t d a an d an d
z

th e ab o ve ex r i n b es s o ecom es

2a
6
‘ “ 2
2 4
givi n g 770 ) 1 f or th e r
a ea o f th e w h l lli p
o e e se .

Ex 2
rv
. . i r v
F n d th e a e a a b o e th e x-ax s n c ude d b e we en th e
—
i i l t
l li t gr
2= 2 2
cu es
y 2 a x x a n d y
ir
Th e c c e an d t h e a a b o a t ou c a t t h e o
p r
n a n d cut a gal n
“
h rigi ‘

at ( a , a ) So th e lim 1 t s of n e at on ar e om
. to x = a i fr .

r
Th e a ea s ou gh
t is t e e o e hrfr
 Q UADRAT URE E TC
“

, .
1 55

N ow, p tti g
u n x=a l ( cos

“
E x dd?
0

T hu s th e a ear r qu ired i e s

Fig 2 1 . .

Ex 3 F i nd th e r
lp rp i
. . a ea

r —
( ) of

p
2
1 th e oo of th e cu v e y )
( )
2 of t h e o t on b oun de d b y th e cu rv e a n d i ts a s ym t o te .

a —x
2 =x 2 _
y .

a +x
To tr thi rv we ob s e v e r
lt
a ce s cu e a

ri i
( ) I t is
1
( )
2 N o r ea lp
sy m m e t

a rt
ca

e xi s s
a b ou t

for pit
th e x -ax
o n s
‘

at
s .

whi ch
'

x 1s > a or

(3) I t h a s an as y m
g
ot e
hr
p
gh
t
rigi g n t th r
( )
4 I t oe s t ou th e o n , an d th e ta n e s e e ar e

( )
5
fi
i n it
i x
r
n e
.

I t c oss es th e x-ax s w
.
i hr e e

“
x: a , an d a t thi s pi $
x
o nt 31 is ‘

( 6) Th e s h a e of .
th e , c ur v e is t h r f r th t h
e e o e a s o wn in t h e
figu r e ( g
lr pl 1
.

H en c e for th el i m i ts f i t gr ti n
t h en do ub l e th e
th e oo

es u t so {a t in lud t h
t
s o
j
o

c
0 t
rtion b
n e

e
a

e, p
o

o
ar e

l
o a , an

e ow t he
d
1 56 I N TE GR AL C AL C UL US .

li F or t h e
it
p rti
o on b e t we e n t h e c u .

lh v rv
e

fr
an d th e as y m p tote th e
m
F or th e
s ar e

l p
oo
a to O, a n d dou b e a s b e
we t hrf r
e e o e a e
o e .

f
a

ar ea =2 dx
a +x

fo r t h e pro t ion b e twe e n t h e cu rv e an d th e a sy m pt ote ,

o
r
f /u
-2
a ea J
M d +x dx.

To i n t gr
e ate
x
x=a cos 0 an d dz : —a s in 0d 9 .

v €f
) a s in c9 d 0
0

f
a

u
j
d — 9 —
8
x
a +x
a cos
\/ 1 — cos 9
2
0 1

ar ea of l p
oo = 2a2 1
( -
{v
Z
 EXA MPLES
par lt
.

1 . Ob ta in th e a ea r b ou n de d b y a a b ol a an d it s a us
r tuec m .

t i r rv i
s p ifi
2
ec
. Ob a n th e a ea s b oun ded b y th e c u
r i
e d o d n a t e s in th e o ow in g c as e s f ll e, t h e x -ax s , an d th e

* =
6
( ) x 0 t o x = lz .

liv= 0 to x = h . .

( )
e y
= l o x,
g x = a to

x = a to
z
( f) xy r z
lc ,
3 O b ta i n th r b ounde d b y th e rv = 2 2=

p lrtii llip
. e a ea cu es y 4 a x,
x 4 a
y .

4 . F in d th e r
a ea s of
th e o on s int o w c hi h
th e e se

d ivi de d b y th e
l l
18 :-
ne y c .

5 . Fin d th e w h o e a ea r i n c uded b tw e e en th e cu rv e
Q— z

p Q/
‘‘
z éz a Z
)
é
x y x
an d its as ym to te s .

Fi n d r rv
pt th e b e twee n th e (
3
6 . a ea cu e a x) an d its
ot e

l p
a s ym .

7 F .
.
ind th r e a e a of th e oo of th e c u rv e fi x ( x q )(
2
x O .

1 31 S ect or i al Ar eas P ol ar s
h
. . .

W en th e a r ea to b e foun d is b oun ded b y a c u r v e

r =f ( 9 ) an d two r ad ve cto r es dr a w n f r om th e o r g n ii ii
i i i ii i
r

in g v en d r e c t on s w e d v de th e a r ea n to e l e m en ta ry
s e c to r s w t ih
th e s am e s m all an gl e 6 6 a s s ow n 1 n th e
,

,
h
fi gu r e Let th e a r e a to b e foun d b e b oun de d b y th e ar c
ii ii
.

P Q an d th e r a d ve c to r es OP O Q D r a w r a d v e cto r es
i h
.
,

OP ] 0P 2 at e qu al an u l a r n t e rv al s T
i ih i i
, , g . en .

b y dr a w n g w t c en tr e 0 th e s u cc e s s v e c rcu l ar a rcs
PN N1 PN t i t P
m ay b e a t on c e s ee n t at th e h
i i i
e c
2 2 ,
.
, , ,

l m t of th e s u m of th e c rcu l ar s ecto rs OP N OP N 1 ,
0 P 2 N e tc is th e ar e a r equ r e d For th e r e m a n n g
, .
,
i .
,

ii
e l e m e n t s P N P 1 P 1 N 1 P 2 P 2 N 2 P 3 e tc b a de to

i
m a
y,
e m , , .
,

r otate ab out 0 s o as to occupy ne w p os tion s on th e

 Q UAD R AT UB E , E TC .
1 59

r e ates t c tor sa O P Q d c t d i th fi i i
hi i h hi
g se
y 1 a s n a e n e
gu r e _ - .

T e r s u m is pl a n l y l e s s t an t s s e c to r ; an d in th e
i i h
l m t w en th e an gl e of th e s ec tor is n defin tely i i “

i i ih ih i i
'

dim m is h e d its a r e a al s o d m n s e s wt ou t l m t
.

v ide d i
r ad u s vecto r OQ r e m a n s fin te i i .

Th e r c rcu l a r s e ctor is
a ea o f a i
2( r a d u s )
2
xic rc ul g i
a r m e a s o f an l e o f s e ctor

h i i
. .

T us th e a r e a r e qu r e d = 2Lt2 r 6 9 th e s um m at on 2

i h
’

b e n g c on du cted for s u c val u es o f 9 a s l ie b e tw e e n

9 wOP an d 9 x OP 1 t e m O Q in th e l m t 0213 b e n g i i i
i i i
n _ ,
. .
, ,

th e ni t al l n e
i i
.

In th e n ota t on of th e n teg r al c alcu l u s if sc OP

i
/

a,

i
.

an d w6 Q = thi s w ll b e e xpr e s s e d a s

2 aid or 9 ) } d9 2
.

l
(1

in th r i ir
ll
Ex 1 . . O b ta e a ea of th e s em c c e b ou n de d b y r = a cos 9
i n i ti in
an d t h e

He r th r di u v t r
e e
a

a
e

s
.

ec o s we e p s o v r th
e e an l
g u r i n t rv fr
a e a l om

to 0
77
H e n ce th e a ear is

w
2 2
a 1 a
z
a c os
2
9 d9 Z L ,
r a di u s )
?
1 60 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

Ex 2 i n th r f f th
O b ta u rv l p = a s in 3 9
llfi ll p
. . e a ea o a oo o e c e r .

T hi u rv wi sb f u d t
c n i t ef thr e o n o co s s o ee e qu a oo s as

i n di t d i t h g ur ( F ig
p p l
Th
ca e

e o
n
r r i it f m i g th i n t gr ti
e
e

m s
e

or a k
.

n e e a on e xten d o v r th
e e

fi l p
o
rts

f 9 f
9 ooO
whi h v n i h
or
n d 9 = f th
ar e

c
tw
r
:

a
a

s es .
or ese a r e o s u cce s s iv v u
e a l es

2 }
1

f
1 a
—cos 6 9 d9
r
a ea of l oop = 2
a s1 n
2
3 9 d9 —
_
( 1 )
2 Z
0 0
1
2 ?
a 7: 7 m

6 0 4 3 12

Th e t ota l r
a ea o f th e t hr ee l p oo s is t hrfre e o e
77

:
2

EXA M PLE S .

F i nd th r
b oun de d b y
l p
e a eas
2= 2
a c os 9 + b s in 9
2 z 2
3 On e of r = a s in 4 9
l p l p
1 . r . . oo .

One of r a s in 29 4 On e of r =a 9
p ri
2 . oo :
. . oo s 1 n 71

r dii v r
5Th e o t on o f r
l b ou n de d b y t h e a e cto e s
:
.

9 = ,8 a n d 9 = B+ y ( y b e i ng es s th an 2 7r ) .

6 . An y sec o t r %
of r 9 = a
%
( 9 = a to

t r §
of 7 9 = a 9=a
7 An y ( to
4
. s ec o

8 An y
. sec o t r f o r 9=a ( 9 = a to

9 Th e ca rdi i d o e r = a ( 1 — c os

l
.

0
10 If 3 b e th e en gth of th e cu rv e r = a t anh t
b e w ee n th e
§
pit
.

o rigi n an d 9 : 2 7r , an dA th e a r ea t
b e we en th e s am e o n s,

s h w th
o at =
A a s ( aw
) .
[ O xr o n m 1 888 .
J
1 62 I N TE GRAL GA L G UL US .

Ex . F in d b y thi s m e th od th e
2
a ea of r
2
th e e llip se

+g
/ /6 1 .

P utt i ng = vx, we h v
WW
a
y e
2

)
1 11
?I

11 037) 2
b
r
f fm
a
2 dv é
2
a ea x _

pr p rfilr l
a

b etween o e y c h n i m it
os e s .

N ow, in t h e st qu dr n t v v ri fr m O t
a a a es o o co H en ce
r f q u dr t
; g
— a
a ea o a an ,

an d t hrf r
e e o e r f i
a ea o b e ll p se fl a .

1 34 I f th e r i gi l ie w ih
th e c u r ve , a s th e
t ou t

i P r l i i
. o n
cu rr en t p o n t t r oun d we ob ta n t r an gu l a r
h OP Q i i i
ave s

e l e m e n ts s u c n cl u d n p o rt o n s o f s p a c e

h hw i hi h i
as
l l , g
s uc as OP Q2 s o n n th e fi gu r e w c lie outs de
2

Fig 2 6 . .

th e c u r ve h i
p or t on s ar e ow ev e r u l t m atel y
T h i
h i h i P
. es e

r e m ove d f rom th e w ol e n teg r al w en th e p o n t

t r av el s ov e r th e e l e m en t P 2 Q2 fo r th e t r an gu l a r i
e l e m e n t OP Q is r e c k on e d n e at v e l a s 9 is de cr e a s n i ,

i
an d 6 9 is
2
ne
g
2
i
at v e
g
.
y g

1 35 If . hw o eve r th e cu r ve cr oss ts el f th e e x pr e ss on i ,
i
2 — dw) tak e n
y ,
r oun d th e w ol e p e r m ete r n o h i ,

l on g e r r e pr e s en ts th e s u m o f th e a r eas o f th e se v e r a l
 Q UADR A T URE E TC ,
.
1 63

l oop s. For dr aw two c on t gu ou s r ad v e cto r es OP i ii

i
OQ1 c utt n g th e cu rv e ag a n at Q P Q an d P Q2 i P P

i h
r e sp e ct vely T en in t rav ell n g c on t n u ou s ly t r oug i 2 , 2 ,

i 4 2
h h, ,

i i ii
.

th e c om pl ete p e r m e te r w e ob ta n p os t v e e l e m e n ts
h OP I Q1 a n d OP 2 Q2 an d n eg at v e el e m e n ts i ,

h
suc as ,

su c a s OP Q an d OP Q
2 2 4 4
.

N ow OP I Q1 OP 2 Q2 OP 3 Q3 OP Q 4

qu adl P 1 Q1 P 2 Q4 q u adl P 2 Q2 P 2 Q2
i i h hrfr
. .
,

an d in n te r at n for th e w ol e c u rv e we t
i g
i g e e o e

ob ta n th e d ffe r en c e of th e two l oop s .

Fig . 27 .

i il rly if c r
S i lf r h cth e c u ts ts e t
hi i gr l gi di r
m a ,
u ve m o e an on e ,

t s n te a f f
ve s t h e ffe e n ce o th e sum o th e o dd

l p h
s an d f tv l p th e
b i h cr w
oo e s um o e en oo s .

T b lta r f
th e a u te e m ust

h r f r b i h f ch l p p r l h
o o n so a ea o suc a u ve
t e o ta n t at o oo a a te an d t en
e e o ea se
y
dd h r t l es u ts

wi h
a e .

Of c r i r r l l l p i t it
ffic i c r i
ou s e n cu ve s s ev e a e
q u a oo s s

fi
en t r to f nd d th e any on e , an to ta
hl p
su a ea o as e n

th b
e n um f er o suc oo s .

1 36 Oth er E xpr e s sion s for an Ar ea

h i
. .

Man y ot e r e xpr es s on s m ay b e de du ce d for th e

ar e a o f a pl an e cu rv e or pr ove d n dep en den tly ,
i ,
I 64 I N TE GRAL GAL G L US U .

i
p ec ally adap ted to th e c as e s w en th e cu rve is h
h i
s

de fi n e d b y ot e r s y s te m s o f coo r d n ate s .

I f P Q b e an e l e m e n t 68 o f a pl an e c u r v e an d O F
i
th e p e rp e n d c u l a r f r om th e p ol e on th e c o r d P Q h ,

F ig . 28 .

AOP Q 20 Y PQ d r a l a r ea
s e cto 2Lt i
Z O P Q Y
i big h
.
,
an an
y .

th e s u m m at on c on du cte d a lon g th e w ol e
i i
e n

b ou n d n g ar e I n th e n otat on o f th e I n te r al C al

hi g
.

cu lu s t s is

2 p ds .

m ay be a t on ce de du c e d f r om 2 7 d9 ,
2

T s in 5 ds
9

( w h r 5 i t h l b etw e e n th e tan gen t an d th e

i
e e an
9 s e
g e

r a d u s v e cto r )
da ]

1 37 . Tang entia P ol ar
- l For m .

Cl s dp z

Agam —
s m ce p 2 + 62 2
9
E
TE
,
2
,

we h a ve a ear
1 66 INTE RAL C LC UL US G A .

1 39 P e dal E q uation
i i h ir i
. .

Ag a fo r c u r v es g v en b y t p e dal a t on s ,

h
n ,
e e
q u
we a ve
ds
A p ds
1 0 sec
95
2 dr
dr
Ex I n th e qu i n g u r S ir l p l = r s in
l
a
. e a a
p a .

H en ce an
y s ec ot ri a r a ea
z
r s in (1 dr
’2

“
7 CO S a

1 40 Ar ea included b etween a
. cur ve, two r adii
of cur vatur e and t h e evol ut e .

In t hi c ase we tak e a s ou r e l em en t of a r ea th e
i i i ii
s

e l e m e n ta r y t r an l e c on ta n e d b t w o c on t u ou s r a d
g y g
i i i
o f c u r vatu r e an d th e n fi n te s m al a r c d8 o f th e c u r v e .

Fig . 30 .

To fir s t o r de r in fin ites im al s hi
t s is %p \
6 2
b ,
an d th e

a r ea = Lt Z te . .
32
1
a
l
z
uli f / or 5 p l as .

EX 1. Th e a ea b e w e e n
t o th e C l I C l e is ( F ig 3 1 )
‘
r
.
t a c ir l
c e, it s i v n lt
o u e , an d a t g
an en t
 Q UA B R A T UB E , E TC .
1 67

f
Ex 2 r
l
Th e a ea b e w e e n th e
. .

i i r
t
ac t x a n d its a s y m

r
o t e is tr ri pt
ou n d in a s m

Th e
t
ac
a m an n e
tr tri
x is a c u
i
e suc

p rv
.

t a t th e o t on of its ta n e n h h p r ii g t
t
l
b e w e e n th e
e n gth
o n t of c on ta ct an d th e x -ax s is o f c on s t an

0 .

Fig 3 1
. .

k
l li g
Ta
e e m e n ta
n

ri g
j
l
two a d ace n t a n
t an e ( F ig 3 2 ) .
t g t en s an d th e i
a x s of x as f rm i n g
o an

f
'

a r ea = 2
g c
z
dv
f

Fig 32
. .

E XA M P LE S

p pi l i
.

1 . F i n d th r
e a ea of th e t wo -cu s ed e cyc o d

p 2 a s in l k
.

[L i m i t W= O t
s o for on e qu dr a an t ]
2 . O b ta i n th m r u t b y m
e sa e es l e a n s of it s p l e da e q u ti
a on

+ 2p
2 2
a .

[L im i t s r : a to r = 2 a for on e qu dr a an t
]
1 68 I N TE GR AL C LC UL US A .

th e
3 .

r i
i
F n d t h e a e a b e t we e n th e
r
ad u s of c u
r
rv
v rt x n d ny th r r diu
a t u e a t th e
ca t e n a

e e
ry
a
3 =c
a
t an

o
l b ,

e
it s e
a
v l
o u te ,

s of
,

u rv t u r

p l
c a e .

4 F i nd th r b tw n th i y i d = A in E k
v ut l
.

d t w r dii f rv t r
e a ea e ee e e c c o 3 s l ,
its

l p l
e o
y e, a n u u an o a o c a e .

5 F i d th r b tw n th qui gu r ir = A ¢
l its
B
. n e a ea e ee e e an a s a s e ,

e v ute n d ny t w r dii f urv tu r

o , a a o a o c a e .

A R E AS or PE D AL S .

1 41 Ar ea of Pe dal Cur ve
i i
. .

If b e th e tan g e n t al p ol a r e qu at on ( Difi
'
-

i
.

Ca lc f r B e i n n er s Ar t 1 3 0
) f v c rv d b
i g
i
o o n u
. a
g e e
g , .
,

w ll b e th e an gl e b etw e en th e p e rp en d cu l a r s on tw o
i
c on t guou s tan g en ts an d th e a r e a of th e p e dal m ay b e ,

ex p r ess e d as d
p gb 2
( c o m p a r e .
Ar t .

Fig 33 . .

p Ex i n d t h r f th
.

i t n th ir u f r
F d
r i
f
i
ir with r g rd t
e a ea o p l e e a o a c c e l e a o a
o n

H r if O Y b t h
e

0 A t h di m t r
o
e
( t h
r n di u r
d
e c

it i g m t ri
d )
th
c

b
m

t g t tP d
vi t
e

h t OP
p p l
en ce

e e
e ca

c a
o

on
e .

ll e an en a ,
an

l ll l
e a e e y u s eo e ca o o s a

bi t th n g A G Y H n i g w h v f
s ec s

th t n g n ti
e a
e

r qu ti n f th ir
e
a

a lp le

o a e
.

a o
e

o
c e , ca

e c
n

c e
e a e or

2
0 2a
g c os
z l .

H en ce r é
f g b z 4
a ea
x 4a co s d ,
1 70 I N TE G RA L CAL C UL US .

of th e p e dal s A

with O an d Pr es p e c t v e ly i as o ii
r g ns ar e

z
dgb an d ;
4

ta k e n b etw e e n ce rt ai n de fi n te l m ts C all t es e i i i h
i
.

a r e a s A an d A r e s p e ct vel L t 9 b e th e p ol a r

i P ih hi
e r
I y ,

c oo r d n ate s of w t r eg a r d to 0 an d as y t e r
i
C a r te s an e qu v al en ts iT en . h , ,

21 p
0 — r c o s( G — =
) p — m c os
¢ y u
- s
w
h t
i H
,

an d i a k n o w n fu n c t on o f D c
p s
( e n e

2AI x p :
p
— az cos b — s
g y i n b d
( f gb
’

2
dgb 2x cos
\ b (
M 2y s in ( b dgb

s in gt d b
fi od
2
C3 os b 25133/ c os 3b g

Cl i
2
s in b
y g p .

N ow 2 c os
( 0 dgb n ,
s in
( b dgb cos dw ,

hi i h
b e tw e en s u c l m ts t at th e w ol e p e dal h i
is des cr b e d
i i
w ll b e defi n te c on s tan ts C all t e m . h
2g a, 2k, b
h b i
, ,

an dw e t us o ta n

A A 9 2 2 2 913 2fy ax
?
2 hwy by ?

h P h h
1

If t e n i r t at A I is c on s tan t
c ic i
m ov e n s uc a m an n e ,

l
its ocu s b m u st e a on se ct on .

1 43 Ch ar act er of Con i c

i ii h
. .

I t is a kn own r es u l t in ne
q ua l t es t at

( pP 1 QQ1
+ + + k k1)
2

H c
en e i
it w ll b e ob v ou s t i h at if p q , ,
a
“
,
s tan d fo r
 Q UADRA T UB E ,
E TC .
1 71

h c os 2 h c os 3 h cos i t h , an d f
i h i i wh
f
cos or
f

hall
, , , , ,

s n h s in 2 h e tc we th eve l t it is
i i i
, ,
. s a in m en

m a de n de fin te l y s m ll a n d n h fi n te
a :
3 , s ay ,

¢ P
)
1

c os
2
¢ di px s in
i’
gb dgb s in
3b cos l
/
I
‘
dgb

ab >h 2

He n c e c on c s e ct on is in gen er al an i i el li

ii i
ou r
p se .

Mo r eove r th e p os t on of its c en t r e 1 s g ven b y

a w+ h y + g
km + by f
a n d is i
n de p e n de n t o f th e m a n tu de o f A i H c
i h i i will
en
g I
. e

for d ffe r e n t v al u e s o f A I t es e s e ve r a l c on c -l oc
all b e c on c en t ri c We s all c all t s c en tr e Q . h hi .

44 Cl os ed Oval
h ii
. .

N e xt pp os e
t a t ou r o r g n al c u r v e is a
h i P i hi
su

l c u rv e , an d t at th e p o n t is w t n it
i i i i
ova .

th e l m ts o f n te r at on ar e 0 a n d 2 7r
g .

T h us co s
fi 3
b d lr s1 n
2
3b cl gb b

CO S w s in 1 p 0
.

H en e c th e c on c i b e c om es

te
. . a i
c rcl e w h os e c en tr e is at th e po nt i
p c os
Sb d gb ,
1 p s in
( Ddrb .

1 45 Connexi on of Ar eas
p i 9 h vi
. .

Th e o nt b e e n fou n d l e t u s t r an s fe r ou r

ii i i
a n
g ,

o r g n f r om O to Q I h e l n e a r te r m s of th e c on c
.
'
 72 I N TE GR AL CAL O UL US
’
.

i hrb b r
w ll t d h e e y e e m ov e . T us Q is a po n t i su c h
th ati gr l th e lb n te a s C
g an d s in ( b dxj
f b o t h
ih d fHb h r f i t th e p e dal w h p ol e
i 9 w h h
v an s ,
an e e a ea o os e

s f y r e ave or an ot e

2 II w
e e
?
2 11 56 3] by 2

in th e g en e r al c a se . Th e r
a ea o f hi
t s c on c i is
2 7r ( A 1 II )

( S m t ih ’
s Con i c S ecti on s , Ar t . T h us

AI II
Ja)
g
11 ,
2

( r c
a ea o fon c) i .

i
7T

For th e p a r t cu l a r c as e of an cl os e d o v al th e e qua
i i y
.

t on o f th e c on c b e c om e s

wh c en e AI H
wh r is th e r ad u s i of th e c rcl e on w i hich P li fo r

i P fr Q
‘

e e T es

c on stan t v al u e s of A1 , i e th e d s tan c e of
. . om .

1 46 Position of th e Point Q for ent r c va C i O l

hi h p i Q i
. .

In a n y o v al w c h a s a cen tr e t e o nt h
i h h
s

pl a nl y a t t at c e n tr e for w en th e c en tr e is tak e n ,
as

o ii
r g n th e n teg r a l s
,
i an d

h ih h
b ot v an s w e n th e n teg r a t on is p e r fo r m e d for th e i i
c om pl ete oval ( opp os te e l em en ts o f th e n teg r at on i i i
c an c ell n g) i
p l l
.

F i d th r ir wi th
e

ce
1 47 E x 1
r g rd t
a

n tr ( e
.

y
im c n )
i
a
t w
l
oithi
.

ann th

a o
f th
.

ir p
t
d
di
.
t
o n
fn

n fr m th
e a ea

e c
o

l
c e a
e e

a
a o

s a
a

ce C
c c e

o e

2
H r e e A H I

2
an d II 7 m .

2
H e n ce AI 7m
2 I
i .
1 74 IN TE GR AL GA LG UL US .

9
Y2 Q 0 =
% TO Q
2

H e n ce { 95
1 03 —
5 ,

(9 77 ( )
I
I
( )
2 2 3
’

— T s1 n 9— ~

3 0—
p
_
2a sm
_
2a c os

“
Q é
l

f
§

?
"
H en c e
[ p c os ( )I d
d ) = 2
0
2d cos c os c ) d d )

40 x 3 . c os z cos
3
3 z dz
0

] ]
4
[ d
fi
1 2a 4 cos z 3 cos z z

]
3 1 3 72
[
— 1 2a 5 3 1 7r 77 61 ,

4 _ _
_

6 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
2

[
2 2 1 7r 3 77 0
0 cos d4) C
2 2 2
if
}
4d = 2 4 a 2
[
)
F l n al l y 2A = 2 M 2
00 8
6
¢
6
c os z dz ,
'
§
0
-
1 5 71 61 2
§ 3 1 ”
71
A = 1 2a 2

6 4 2 2 8
2
1 5 7761 3 711 110
+
8 4

2 2
7r ( 5 d 2 61 0 2c ) .

1 48 Or igin for P edal of M i nim um Ar ea

h ii h
. .

W e n Q is ta k e n a s o r
g n it ,
a pp ea r s t at

2AI at c os
( D y s in b d
3 ) g
2
b .

H en c e a s th e a: c os x; ] y s in b d
( ) \ b i s
2
c
n e es s a r lyi
p os ii
t ve , it is c ea l r t h at A1 c an n eve r be l ess t h an II .
 Q UADRA T URE , E TC .
1 75

h
Q is t e r e fo r e th e o r g n for wh ii ich th e c o rr e s p on d n g i
p edal cu rv e h as a m n m u m a r e a ii .

1 49 . P e dal of an E vol ut e of a Cl osed Oval .

Th e fo r m u a l for th e r
a e a of a n
y cl os e d o va l pr ove d
in Ar t 1 3 8 . is

r
a ea of o v al 1 0
2
dgb .

H en ce d
p 3b2= o v al + %
dgb
dgb .

Fig 3 7
. .

which pl i l pr e ss es t a t th e a r e a o f a n y p e da l h
i
a n ex
y
of v l rv e i s e u a l to th e a r e a o f th e o v a l t s elf

h r wi h
an o a c u q
tog e t e t th e a r e a o f th e p e da l o f th e e v ol u te ( for
2 r i
0 0
is th e a d u s v e cto r o f th e p e dal of th e e v ol u te )
W
.

hi l d i
T s a s o a m ts o f e l e m e n ta ry ge om e t r c a l pr o of i .

Ex i d th r f th
.

w ith r g r d t th tr
F n d e a ea o e p l
e a of th e e vl
o u t e of a n e llip se

Th b v
e a

rti h w th t
o

l
e cen e .

p l p l lli p llips
e a o e a c e s o s a

r f d f v lu t =
a ea o e a f o e o e a r ea o e da of e se r
a e a of e e

=j 7 2
+6
2
6)
) _ 2
711 1
1 76 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

1 50 Ar ea b ounded b y
. a Cur ve, it s Pedal , and a

pai r of Tan g e nt s

i i i
.

Le t P Q b t wo c on t gu ou s p o n ts on a g v e n
YY i i
e ,

c u rv e th e c o rr e s p on d n g p o n ts of th e p e da l o f
’

an y or
g
,

n 0 ii T
,

en s n ce ( w t
. h
th i
e u s u a l n o ta t on ) ih i
PY z —
Z
q
—fl th e e l e m en ta ry t r an gl e b ou n de d b y tw o
W
i
i h
(

c on t gu ou s tan g en ts P Y Q Y an d th e c ,
’
o rd Y Y is to
’

th e fir s t o r de r o f in fin ites im al s
2

Fig 3 8
. .

Hen c e th e r of a n y p o r t oni b ou n de d b y th e two

i ii
a ea

cu r ve s an d a pa r of ta n g en ts to th e o r g n a l cur v e
m ay be ex pr e s s e d a s

6,
1
, d
an d is th e s a m e as th e cor r es
p on di n g p or ti on
f
o th e
a r ea of th e peda l th e evol u te
f
o .

1 51 . Cor r esponding P oint s an d Ar eas .

Le t f( a3, y) = 0 b e an y cl ose d cu r ve . I ts r
a ea A
( 1)
 1 78 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

Hen ce th e r
a ea o f th e fir s t cu rv e

1
xa r e a o f s e c on d
m n

6 2
cos
2
9 8 1 11
2
9 d9
72

E XA M P LE S
p
.

1 . F i nd th e a ea ofr th e l oo of th e cu rv e
2 = x2( a — x
)
l [I
y
a .
. C S . .
,

i n d th h r rv
‘

2 . F e w o e a ea o f th e cu e
2 2 2 2 — x4
pr v [I
a y a x . . C . S .
,

r rv —y ) h t it r
l l
z =
3 . T a ce th e cu e
2
a r
y ( 2 a
3
,
an d o e t a s a ea is
e qu a to th a t of th e c ir c e w h os e r di u
a s is a .

[I C S 1 8 8 7 an d

pr v
. . .
,

r th u rv y = x5( 2 a — x ) , h r
l
4 2
4 . T a ce e c e a an d o e t at i ts a ea is
to th t f th ir w h r di u i 5 to 4
l
a o e c c e os e a s s a as .

5 F i n d th wh
. r f th u rv e o e a ea o e c e

ARE
2
2 2 x
y x
Q
2
x 2
[C L ,
e tc

6 By m ea n s of th e i n t gr e a l[ y dx t a k en r ou n d th e con ou t r
l l
.

of th e t ri g f rm
an e o ed b y th e int r e s ect n i g i n es

= a l x + bp = a 2w+ bm = w + ba
y y a
s h ow t h at t h e
y l
e n c os e th e a ea r
— b 2
( 5 ( b
l - 51 1 2
+
( 3
6 . )
—a —
)
3
2 a1 9 a2 a 2 a3 _

R E
1 2
[S M . P IZ ,

7 F . i n d th e a ea r b e tw ee n y ? 96
—a
an d it s a s ym Pt t o e .

l k
'
a

g g t ih i
s h
8
ow
. If
th t
i

a
t b e th e a n
th e a ea of r an o
e t h e t an
v a l c u rv i
en

e s
m a es w t th e a x s of x,

+
f 3/ c os rh ds or
x j x s in h
x ds,

th e i n t gr ti e a on be i n
g t a k e n al l r ou n d th e p rie m ete r.
 Q UADR AT UR E ,
E TC .
1 79

9 . F i nd th e r
a ea s of th e cu rv es

( i ) x=a 3 ?
(a) ( )
c os t,
. at
g 1
y
= b i t; s n
3
b
’

10 . F i n d th r e a eas b ou n de d b y
2=
x=a
2 2= 2 2
x +y 4 a , x +y 2 ay, [H O S
p r l p hl p r l
. . . .
,

hy rb
p Th e a ab o a
2 = ax 2

Q
11 .
y cu t s th e e o a .
'
ft at

i t g t th
pr l gi
th e
a ab o a a

P QR
o n s P,
a n in R
an d

.
t h e t an e n t at P t o t h e y
i
F n d t h e a e a o f th e c u r rvi l i l
e bo
n ea
a cu s

t ri n g a l e

llip [O xr onn
.
,

12 . F i n d th r
e a ea c om m on t o th e e s es
2 ? 2 2 ? 2
x 2p 2c , 2x 20 [O xr onm
p y
‘
.

ind ri r tr ight
line
13 .

y z
F
rv
c, h q ti
th e t w o
a n d th e c u
2
o

es
t on s

w os e e
2
of a e a

ua
b oun de d b y th e
on s ar e
2 2
s a

4x 40 [L C S

r l i g
2 0 , . . .
,

i i t gr i i
x p itiv p rt
14 . F nd by n e a t on th e a ea y n on th e de of
sam e s

i i hi h
th e
is
phr i
ax s

l i
d b y th e n e s y
c o n ta n e

r
of

h h x
as th e

i p
os

v ri l
2
e
= 4 ax
a

,
x +y
of
2
th e
2
ax s
= 2 a x,
of y , an d w

m =y + 2 a
c

i p v ri l
E x e s s t h e a e a b ot w en is t h e n de e n de n t a ab e

a n d w en i s th e n de e n de n t ab e e tc . ,
[P

p
3; a nr nnn.o us a
vr r i t
h pr l / pr v th
15 . I f A is th e e t e x , 0 th e c e n t e , an d P an y o n on th e
z
y e bo a x a ‘i .
1, o e at

l x a cos 1
2 18
ab
’ y =b s1n
‘
h
2S
ab
’

w hr ri l r
S is th e s e ct o M AT A OP [ Tm

ll ip ll p r q l
e e a a ea . E r os ,

ri i ri
ir l
16 . An e se of sm a ecce n t ty h a s its
c e m e te e ua

th a t of r i h th tc e of r ad u s a S ow it s a is
l
to a c . a ea

( % ) r z
1 — 4
[a
rvi l i r r l p r l
7r a e n ea y
3 .
,

i
vl t
17 F . nd th e cu n ea a e a e n c os e d b e t we e n th e a ab o a
2=
4 a n d it s

ip
ax

p l ll
y e o u e .

h th t r ith r g r
h lf ir t r ir l
18 . S ow a th e a e a of th e e da of an e se w e a d
t o it s tr r is of th e a e a of th e d
l
c en e on e a ec o c c e .

r v th t r i t r ti
t g t righ g l
19 . P o e a th e a ea of th e ocu s of n e sec on s of

an en s at rv t an es f or th e cu e

i M A T H R O S is wa z
.
[ . T IP ,

20 . P r v th t if
o e a s b e th e ar c of th e cu rv e

r a sec a ,

9
l pr l
tan a a,

w hr e e a is a v ria ab e a a m e te r ,
m e as u e d r fr om th e i n i ti a
1 80 I N TE GR AL CA L C UL US .

li ne
b y th e
to
cu
a prv io nt

e, th e
P 0 11

i i ti
n
th e
a l li cu rv
n e , an d
e an d

th e
if A b t h r
r di v t r t
a us
e

ec o
e a ea

o
b o u n de d
P, en th
9A = 2 as23

l pri li
.

21 . F i n d th e a ea of r th e c os e d o t on of th e F o um

3 a s in (9 co s 9 ”

[I o s

li
. .

h r ti ivi d r
l p
In w at does th e ne x + = 2a d th e a ea of th e
a o
y e

2 [ O

lh
oo xr o a n ,

22i n d th
. F e ai e a of th e cu rv e r
—
: a 9e ”9
e n c os e d b e we en t w ot
giv n r dii v
e a e c t o e s an dr two s u cces s iv e b r an c es o f th e c u e rv .

23 . F i n d th e a e a of r t h e l oop of th e cu rv e r = a 0 c os 0 b e t w e e n
7T
0 O an d 9
é [O X F O RD
.

l p
,

24 S h ow t h at the r
a ea of a oo of th e cu rv e r =a c os n 0 is
l
.

z
v
ra
a nd s a e t t th e t o t a a ear in th e ca s e s n odd, n e v en .

4n
25 . F i nd th e a r ea o f a l p oo of th e cu rv e r =a c os

(1 o s
s in 39 .

lr
. . .
,

h h t th r t i t ir
q l thr
26 . S ow t a e a ea c on a n ed b e we e n th e c c e r =a an d
u rv f rh
l
th e c e r =a c os 5 9 is e ua to e e - o u t s of t h e a ea o f th e
c ir c e .
[O xr onm
27 P . r v th t th
o e a e a ea of r th e cu rv e

2
(
2
2 c cos 2
0 2 a o s in (9 c os 6 a s in
z z
d) 2z

l
r a c

is qu to ( I C S
l p
e a 7r a c . . . .
,

28 . F ind th e w h o e r
a ea of th e cu rv r r e e e s en te d b y th e
q u ti = 9 + b, i gI
l l p
e a on r a c os ( a s s um n ) a .

29 . F i nd
th e a r ea i n c u de d b e tw e e n th e t wo oo s of . th e
cu rv e r = a 2 c os
( 9 + J3 )
i r rv
pt
=a 9 + c os (9 ) an d
30 . F nd th e a ea b e t w e e n th e cu e r ( s ec

i ts ot e

l p l
a sym .

r v th r
l em
31
ni
.

t =
P
s ca e r
o e a t th e
2
a cos 2
a

9 w ith r
f ea o

es p
on e

ec t pl oo

to th e
of th e
o e 1s a
p e da of th e

32 F i n d th r
e a e a of th e l p of th e cu rv
O
. oo e

x ——
( l g/ s y
= 2 ad '
. O X RD F ,

33 . P r v th t th
o e a e a r e a of t h e l oo
p of t h e cu rv e

5= 2 2 z
2
5
+y 5 a x y is ga .
[ e,
1 82 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

46 . P r v th t th
o e a e a ea r
5
i n th e p os i tiv e q u a dr an t of th e cu rv e

2 7 1 n
( +6y
2 2 2
)
3 3
a a: : m a + ny is _ 1

[a,

47 P . r v th t th
o e a e a e a of r th e cu rv e

“{
6
2= C
(
“
(d
2 2 2 2 1
ab (
6 2 2
x c r .
y ) is b a
) t a n
3
5 3
a
’
[S T . J O HN s,
48 . P r v th t th
o e a e a r ea o f th e cu rv e

( X? i ) (
a
? 2
6 2
x
?
6 2
x
?

2
d
g
2
2 + 1 "
+ z

7 2 z
i 2

l
2 a (2

w hr
e e c is ess th an b ot h a an d b, is flab
h r rv
A O
49 . P1 o ve t at th e a e a of th e cu e x
4
0
is g fl M T RI P S
l p [
m . EL T ,

50 . P r v th
o e at th e r
a e as of th e t w o oo s of th e cu rv e

—2 a r c os —
9 8 ar + 9 a 2=
0

( 3 2 7 +

( 6 71
1 2 4J3 ) a 2

[M ATH RI P O S
.

T ,
 CH AP E T R XI .

S URFACES AN D VO LU ME S O F SO I L DS OF
REVOLUTI O N .

1 53 V ol um es of Revolution ab out th e -
x axis

hw h
. .

I t wa s in Ar t if th e c u r ve y = f( w)
5 t at

i i
s o n .

r e vol ve ab ou t th e a x s of a: th e p or t on b etw e en th e
i
o r d n a te s a n d 50 s is to b e ob ta n ed b y th e i
fo r m ul a

T
y
z
dx .

Fig 3 9
. .

1 54 Ab out any ax s i
i i
. .

Mo r e g e n e r a lly if th e r evol ut on b e ab out an y l n e

AB ,
an d if P N b e
,

an y i
p e rp e n d cu l a r dr awn f r om a
1 8 4° INTE RA L C LC UL US G A .

i
p o n t P on th e cu rv e u p on th e l n e i AB P N an d
’ ’

i i
a

c on t gu ou s p e rp en d cul a r th e v ol u m e ,
is e xpr es s e d a s
A
’z
Lt s NN
’

ig i i
,

or if 0 b e a ven p o n t on th e l ne AB
2
a( oz v) .

1 55 E x . . 1 . F i n d th v e l
o um e f r o m ed b y th e rv e l i
o u t on o f th e

rv 2 ? ( A r t 1 3 0, E x 3 ) is
} a b ou t
2 2
l oop o f th e cu e
y x . . t h e x-ax .

a x

H e re v l
o um e
f
as

wy 2
dx = 7r
f
a

x 2 a
a
_

+x
x
— dx .

x
0 0

P u ttin g a 2, thi s b eco m es

20

)
3

] (
2
.

a 2 ,
50 + 4 az 2 — z 2 dz
Z
a

3 M

[ ]
Z
3 2 2
7r 2 a l og z 5a z 2 az
5
[ g
3
2 7r a l o 2

i
Ex 2
t on o f a
. .

p F
a a
i n d th v
rb i o ll e l
o u m e of

c a r e a b ou t
th e
th e
pl i i jl i fi rg
s

ne
nd e
o n n
o m ed

th e
b y th e
v rt
e ex
r e v ol u

to on e

r
e xt e m i ty of th e a tu s r e c tu m .

Fig . 40 .

L e t th e pr l bo be 2 = 4 axz
l ti y
a a a

Th en th e i
ax s o f rv
e o u on is y = 2 x,

and
1 86 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

b ou t th e an d S - th
x ax s ,l i
e n t s o f th e h
i g
a
y y y e

o r d n at es o f P a n d

N o w we m ay tak e it as a x om at c t at th e a r ea
Q .

i i h
t r a c e d ou t b y P Q in its r e v ol u t on is g r e ater t an it i h
h i
w ou l d b e if e ac p o n t of it w e r e a t th e d s tan c e P N i
i
f r om th e a x s a n d l e s s t an if e a c p o n t w e r e a t a h h i
i
d s tan c e QM f r om th e a x s
,

i
h i
.

T e n 68 l e s b e tw e e n 2 7r y 68 a n d an d

h
t e r e fo r e in th e l m t w e av e i i h
dS
2 7r y or S : 2 7r y dS
dS
.

T hi s m a
y b e wr i tte n as

d d ds l
wd
s s ( s
—
doc 2 wy dy — 2 7r y — d6 -
2 71 1] dr e tc
gy d6 fi ,
.
, , , ,
m

as m a
y h ppa en to b e c on v e n i en t in an y i
p a r t cu l a r
e x am pl e
v al u e s o f
, th e
dx dy d G
e tc b e n g ob ta n e d
ds ds
’
ds
’
.
,
i i
i
f r om th e d ffe r en t a l c alcu l u s i .

o
1 57 E x 1
e
.F i d th . u rf
e
f.b t f th
f rm d b y th r v uti f th u rv y 4 x b u t t
= e o h
r b id
l
n
x - xi on o
e s a ce

e c
o

e
a
2
e l a
o

a o
e p a a

e
o o

a
l s .

su rf ace 2 71 y —
d x dx

— x2

4 7r s / ct ~/x + a dx

2
21 (1 ( x
[
7

3
i % ?
sw m a
) ( x. a ) 1

li Ex 2
ne F
.

i
. T h e cu
n d th e o v
rv
l e r

um e an d s u
= a ( +
l
rf
cos

ace of
0) rv ve

th e
o lfi g r
es

u e
a b out th i iti
f rm d
o e
e n a l
l f
.
.

He r v
f i 9 d( r 9)
2 2 2
e o um e wy dx '

71 7 s n
'
c os (

71 a
2
( 1 cos 0) 2
s n i 2
9 a d( c os 0 c os
2
9) ,
 S URE AOE OE R E VOL UT] ON .
1 87

h lf
th e
a
l i m
of
it
th e
s be
c
i g
n

u rv e
su c h th t a th e r diu
a s s we e p s o vr
e th e u pp r
e

l
.

f
1

H e n ce v o um e 7m
3
( 1 c os O) ( I 2
2 c os O) s in Od 0 3

f
1r
3
< 1 4 CO S 9 + 5 QQ S 9 + 2 2
00 8
3
9) 8 11 1 0d93

?
O)sin 9 ( 1 03
‘

os

Fig . 42 .

rf
f 52
6
su 2 7r d = 2 71 s in 0 62 0
ac e y s
2
0
2

j 0 O) s i n OMa ( 1 O) i 9 d9
2 2 2 2
2 7r 61 co s c os a s n

f n
'

2 7r a 2
(1 c os O) s i n O 2 c os

0 0
s in 5-039
4-
1 6 71 c os .

2
3 2 7r a

EXA MP LE S

p
.

i n th u rf hr r di u ( i ) b y C rt i
1 .

by o pl
Ob ta e s
r t i g th
a s, a k n
a c e of a s

e o rigi n o
e

n th
e of

ir u f r e c
a

c
s a

m
.

e e n ce .
a e s an s ,
1 88 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

S ow
A
h
2 . q dr n t f
ua

th t th u rf
a
a

e s
o a c

ac e of
ir l pr i i l
c e , of

th e s
a d us a ,

nd e
rv v r
g rtd
e

en e a e
o l es ou n d i ts c h rd
o .

2m w2 ( 1 a)
t :

an d t h at it s v l
o um e
v
ra
3

( 1 0

r t
3 . Th e p r
r v lv
a f th e
t o

t
p r l
a a

t g
bo a
y
2 = 4 ax
t
cut
v rt
off b y th e a u s
i
lt
v l l
ec um e o e s a b ou th e an en at th e e ex
. F n d th e
cu rv ed s u rf ac e a n d t h e o um e of th e r ee thu g r s e n e at ed .

T H E ORE MS OF P AP P US on G U LD I N .

1 5 8 1 Wh en a n y cl os ent ca r ve r evol ves a bou t a

. .

li n e i n i ts own p la n e, wh i ch does n ot cu t th e cu r ve ,

th e vol um e of th e r i n g for m ed i s equ a l to th a t of

a cyli n der wh ose b a s e i s th e cwr ve a n d wh os e h ei gh t

i s th e l en g th of th e p a th of th e cen tr oi d of the ar ea
o
f th e cu r ve

i i i ii
.

Le t th b e th e a x - r otat on D v de th e
of

i i i i
e cc a x s s .

a r ea ( A ) u n to n fi n te s m al r ectan gu l a r e l e m e n ts
ih i p
w t s des p a r all el to th e i
c oor d n ate a x e s s u c as ,
h

Fig 4 3 . .

P 1 P 2P 3 P 4 e a c o f a r ea 8A h
Le t th e o r d n a te P I N 1 i
i y
h h i i i
. .
,

Le t r ota t on tak e pl a c e t r ou g an n fi n te s m a l a n gl e
89 h
T e n th e e l e m e n ta ry s ol d fo r m e d is on b a s e 6A i
hih
.

a n d its t t fir s t o r de r in fin ite s im a l s is dO an d

h g y
hi
e o ,

t e r e fo r e to in fin ites im al s of th e t r d o r de r its vol u m e

is 6A
1 90 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

o
f th e
y l i n dc
e r w h os e b a se i s th e c u r ve a n d wh ose

h eigh t i s th e len gth of th e p a th of th e cen tr oi d of th e

p er im et er of th e cu r v e

i b i fr i i v id h
.

Le t th -
e ce a x s th e ax s otat on D t
p ri i ifii i l l ch F R
e o . e e
r m e te t n to
e s m a e e m e n ts s u

ch f l g h 6 r di
e 8 u n n
p a s
I 2
en t Le t th e o
P N n a te a ed b c ll
i k pl c h r gh i fi i i l l
ea o 8 e
l 1
.

L et r otat on ta e a e t n n te s m a

h li
ou an an
g e

60 l r r f r d
T en th e e e m en ta y a e a o m e is u t m a te y a l
i h
.

re c ta n
g l e w t s ide s s a n d y 6 an
6 0 d i
’

to n fin ite s im al s ,

of th e s e c on d o r de r its a r e a is 68 6 0
y .

Fig 44. .

I f th e r otat on b e t r oug i fi h
n te a n l e a w e h i
i i
an
y g
ob ta n b s u m m a t on 6s
y
hi i
y
h i
a .

I f t s b e n teg r a te d o v e r th e w ol e p e r m e te r o f
h
th e c u rv e we av e fo r th e c u r v e d s u r fa c e of th e sol d i
fo r m e d

a
y ds .

I f we s e e k th e v al u e o f th e o r d n ate ( 77) of th e i
i
c en tr o d o f th e per i m eter o f th e cu r ve e a c el e m en t h
i i
68 is to b e m u l t pl e d b y its o r d n a te an d th e s u m o f i ,
,
 THE OR E MS OF P AP P US .
1 91

al l h
c pr odu cts f o rm e d an d d i v id d b y th e
h
su ,
e s um

th e l
e e m e n ts , a n d we ave

Lt Ey 6s
Lt 2 68
or in th e l an gu ag e of th e I n teg r al Calc u lu s

T h us y ds 8 77,

an d th e su r fa c e fo rm ed —s
( a fi
B u t s is th e p e r m e te r of th e r e v ol v n g fi gu r e , a n di i
a n is th e l e n
g t of th e p a t h
o f th e c e n t r o d o
f th e h i
er i m eter
p
hi ih h
.

T s e s tab l s e s th e t eo r em
i
.

C O R I f th e c u r ve p e r fo r m a c om pl e te re vol ut on
i i h
.

a n d fo r m a s ol d r n g w e a v e a = 2 7r a n d ,

su r fac e s
( fi)
2 w .

Ex
rv
.

ll ti
Th e v l
o um e
ir lfr
an d s u rfa
f r di u
ce of

b ut
anh r ri n g f r
i i th
an c

lp
o -

p l
o m ed by
th e e on o f a c
l an e o f
- o u c e o a s a a o a ne n e
th e ir c e at i
d s tan ce d th e n tr r tiv y
l
c om ce e ar e es ec e

v o um e 7r a
2
2 7r d 2 7r 2
a
2
d,
su rf a ce 2m l x 2 7r d 4 7r 2
ad .

E XA M P LE S
ll ip r v lv
.

g
vl
1 An e se e o es a b ou t th e tan en t at th e e n d of th e
r i i rf f r F nd th e u m e of t h e s u o m ed

q r r v lv t p r ll l i g l thr gh
m a jo ax s . o ac e .

th r i g l
2 . A s ua e e o es a b ou a a a e da
to a on a ou

r it i rf
vl
an e xt e m of th e d on a F n d th e su an d
y o e a . a ce

fr o m ed

l ri gl r v l v l p l
o um e .

t i
whi h
rf
su
3 .

v l
c
A
doe s
a c e an d
tri gl
s ca e n e

li th f ri p r i
n ot
t

o u m e of
cu t
an

th e
e

th e
e

so
o

an

d
es

us
a b ou

. F nd

o m ed
an
y
ex

.
ne

es s
in it s
on s f or
an e

th e
 92 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

1 60 Revol ut i on of a S ect or i al Ar ea
h i
. .

W r a l a r e a OA B r e v olv e s a b ou t th e
s ec to

i i i l li ii i i
en an
y
n t a n e we m a d v d th e r e v olv n r n to

ifii i i h h
y e
g a ea u p
n n te s m a l s e cto r al e l e m e n ts s u c as OP Q w os e ,

a r e a m a y b e de n o te d to fir s t o r de r in fin ite s im al s b

5 7 69
2
B lit t l i t r l r l t it
y
i
i i
e n u m n u m n
.

g a e y a a
g a e e e s ,

c e n t r o d is 43 f th w f r 0 l i t d d
i i i
o e o m a n s m n n
a
y o
g e a a ,

in a com pl e te r e v ol u t on th e c e n t r o d t r a v e l s a d s tan c e
s in
- i
2 7r ( 0) or a
m r
i
s n 6 .

Fig 4 5 . .

h
T u s b y G ul din s fir s t t e o r e m th e
’
h l t r ac e d
i hi
v o um e
b y th e r e v ol u t on of t s e l e m e n t is
g —r 2
69 § 7r r s n i 9
to fir s t o r de r in fin ite s im al s a n d t hrfr th e l
i hl r
,
e e o e vo um e
tr a c e d b y th e r e vol u t on of th e w o e a ea OAB is

3
7
1
11 r s in
3
9 M
C .

1 61 . If w e pu t
w= r cos O y
=r s in O an d t = t an 9 ,
h
, ,

we a ve r s in
3
O 6O 3
r s in O6( tan
‘

1
t)

3
6t 3 3
7 sm O .

2
r cos Ot 6 t — p t 6t
,
.

1 +t
1 94 I N TE GR AL GALG UL US .

F n d th e
10 .

ab o u t t h e m
i
pri e
v lr
o um e

ad us i
ofth e
of t h e
soll ip f r
oo
d
of
o m ed

th e cu
b y th e
rv e r
3
rv e
= a 39
o u l tic os
on

OR
'

fl
b e tw e e n —
0 0 an d 9 _

[O X F
l i gW
D

11 . S h ow t h t if th
a e a ea r y n it hi n th e ca rdi i d o e

= 2 a 1 + c os O ,
( )
pl r gl l RNT
r

i h u t th rv v
an d
i iti i th v
w t
ll o e a ab o a r ( 1 + co s O) = 2 a ,
r
e n e ated is 1 8 7r a 3
e o es a b ou t th e

l p l [T
n a ne, e o um e . I I Y,

rv r v v
li l li g r
2= -
12 . Th e oo of th e cu e 2 ay x( v a .
)
2
e o es ab ou t th e
s tr igh t
a ne y
=a F i nd th v e o u m e of th e so d en e a t e d

[O X F O RD
. .

r
13 . h
S ow t at th e c oo d n at es
a ea o f r =f ( O) b o un de d b y th e
h r i
v
of t h e c en t o d of th e s e cto a
r
e c to s O= u , O=
r i
,

ri l
B, h a s f or i t s

r i
c o o d n a te s

f
fis
we
g
f ed e
f r s in
s
- cos
g

1 .
f .

14 S h w th t th n tr i d f th rdi i d = ( l —
o a e ce o o e ca o e r a c os 0) is
ll
.

on th e i iti in t di t
n a 2— fr m t h rigi
e a a s a n ce
67
”
o e o n .

6
15
=r
. I f th
O—
rdi i d = ( l
r v
e

th
ca

v p 0) r v v r un d th
g
o

r
e r a

l
c os e o l e o e li ne

p cos ( y) t t h
,
u m o t
e d i a e o e en e a e s
-
2 2 2 3
3p i i a gw [ST
’
J O HN

ll r v lv
a c os
y . . s,

rv hr v ry
a b ou

v
16

l
.

o u m e of
t
Th e
a an
cu
t g t
th e
en
e r
p r ll l
li th g
d
a a
a ( l

us
e
e c os

to th e
en e a ed rt
w
i iti
n

is
lpprli i
e e e

a
a
is
ne

ox m a e
e

tl
sm a

r v th t
P o e
,
e

a
o

th e
es

so y
(
2 3 2
2 1r 1 )
l r v lv
[L
a e . o s . .
,

1 7 Th e i
e m n s ca t e r
2 2
a cos 29 e o es a b ou t a t g t
an en at

pl l
.

2 3
th e o e . S h ow th at th e v o um e g en e a ed rt is
7r a

4
 CH AP E T R XII .

SURFAC E IN TEG RALS .

S C ON O R DER E LE MEN TS O F AREA

E D - .

MI SCE LL ANE O US APP LI C ATI O NS .

1 62 . Us e of Second Or der I nfinit esim al s as Ele

m ent s of Ar ea .

F or m an
y p u rp o se s it is fou n d n e c e s s a ry to u s e for
ou r e l e m e n ts o f a r e a s e con d o r de r 1 n fin 1 te s 1 m a l s .

1 63 i
S u pp ose for n s tan c e w e de s r e to fin d th e i
i i
.
, ,

m a s s o f th e a r ea b ou n de d b e n c u r v e th e w ax s -

i i h h i i i
y a
g v , ,

a n d a p a r o f o r d n a te s w e n t e r e is a d s tr b u t on

o f s u r fa c e de n s t
- i t h
,

e a r e a n ot u n fo rm b ut i
i h
y o v er ,

r epr e s en te d at an y p o n t b y o y) w r
i y
i i
s a e e , ,

w
( y) t h c r d t f t h p t i t
i
,
a r e e o o n a e s o e o n n
q u e s o n .

Le t Ow Oy b e th e c oo r d n a te a x e s A B a n y ar c o f
,

h
th e c u rv e w ose e qu a t on is i { f( ) } d
,

i i
a a a n ,

b
{ f( ) }b t h c r d t f th p t A B p it
i
, e o o n a e s o e o n s u o n ; ,

A J a n d B K th e o r d n a t e s o f A a n d B Le t P N QM
i i
.
,

b e an y c on t gu ou s o r d n ate s o f th e cu rv e an d w w+ 6cc
i
th e ab s c s sa e o f th e p o n ts P a n d i Le t R U b e Qh
, ,

i i i i
.
,

c on t gu ou s p o n ts on th e o r d n ate of P w ose o r d n ates

+ 6 A d w ll pp h 6 ll
ii
ar e
y y , y . n e s a s u o s e y s m a

n t t e s o f th e fir s t o r de r o f s m all n e s s

i h
q u a .

D r a w R S UT P V p a r a ll el to th e x a x s
, ,
- T e n th e .
1 96 I N TE GRAL GAL G UL US .

r
a ea of th e r ectan gl e E S T U is 6w 6y .
,
an d its m as s
m a
y b e r ega r de d ( to th e s e c on d o r de r of sm a lln es s )
a( y) 6 6
h i i
as c
c e
,
c
y .

T e n th e m as s of th e st rp P NM V m a
y be wr tte n

y ) y]
6 6w
i y wi h i
’

or in con fo rm t t th e n otat on of th e In tegr al

C alcu l u s
a
s, d
y) y 693 .

b e tw ee n th e l
ts yi i O an d y I n p e r fo rm n g i
hi i i ih
m

t s n teg r at on ( w t r eg a r d to y ) w is to b e r eg a r de d
a s c o n s ta n t , for w e a r e fi n d n
g th i
e l m t o f th e s u m o f i i
th e m as s e s o f all e l e m e n ts in th e e l em en ta r y s tr ip P M,
th e m as s of th e s t r p P M i

h h
I f t en we s e a rc for th e m a s s o f th e a r e a AJ KB
a ll s u ch i s t r p s as th e a b o v e m u s t b e s u m m e d w c hi h
i
l ie b e tw e e n th e o r d n ate s A I B K an d th e r e s ul t m ay
i
b e w r tten
, ,

Lt5x=02 w d
¢ ( y) y 6 x ,

jl ,

w hich b m a
y e wri tt en

w
¢ ( y) d ,
dw ,

th e l i i
m ts o f th e i n te
g r i
a t on w i h r g rd
t e a to a
c be i n
g
f r om ee = a to ce=b .
1 98 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

be m
f
u ltir plq i ed
b y 4 , f or t h e d s
r
b u on b e n i tri ti
h l i g y m tri
s m
f u r t i m th
e ca l
in
th e
th e fir ou

st q
ua d an ts th e m a s s of th e w o e is
ua d an tr .
o es a t of

T hu s m a ss 4

P utt i ng x: a s in 9 and dr = a c os 9 d 9, we h v
a e

j Ocos Od d
2 2
0

4
m as s 4 ja a s1 n

“
0

4 2
2 F( 3 )
“ s t ? AG

1 65 Oth er Us es of Doub l e I nt egr al s

h r hr
. .

Th e b t d f ot

f w hi c h w gi v f w i ll r iv
s am e
y eo e m m a e use or m an
y e

p rp pl e s u s t at

whi h i di
u os e s , o e e a e e e xam ,

rv e to c a te to th e s tu de n t th e fi e l d

f i i i w p
c m a n
y se

n ve s t a t on i o e n to h m B u t ou r s c op e in
d i h i
o no
g .

th e pr w rk e s en t do e s n ot a m t e x au s t ve tr e atm e n t
bj c i r d c d
o

f h
o t e su e ts nt o u e .
 D O UB LE I N TE GR A TI ON .
1 99

Ex . F i nd th e t i
s a t ca l m om en t of a qu dr n ta a of th e e llip se

ab o u

H r
t th y i
h
e -a x s
,

l th e su rf ace -de n s
r
ity b i n g e su pp l ti pl i if r
os e d u n o m .

s u rf
pp
e

a ce
e

d n ity
eac

( w e cs i s
e e m en t

b y a hi h
i
of a ea

x fr m th
p
6 23 6g is t o b e
h y th i n t o
i
i th e s s co
m u
t s an n
ed b y its
e ca s e

os e d an d b
) i
l
t d t d t h
l
su n x u -a s , an m
y s s a c e o
y e e s

h qu n t i ti i t b f u n d v r th w h
of

qu dra
su c

an t
e e m en ta r y

. Th e li m it s
a

of th e
es s o

i n t gr t i n wi b fr m y = 0 t
e a
e

o
o

ll o

e
e

o
e o e

y
= éJ a 2 —x2 for y ; an d fr om .v= 0 t v= fo v Th u w h v
. a or . . s e a e

va z —x?
a O
ff
a a

m om e n t dx dy
(T
r Ja 2
w dr 2

a
0 O 0

1 66 Centr oids Car t esians

i i
. . .

Th e fo r m u l a e pr ove d in s ta t c s for th e c oo r d n ate s

i
of th e c e n t r o d o f a n u m b e r o f m a s s es m ,

i 1
m 2, m 3,
at p o n ts ( m
l yl ) , y2 ) ,
e tc ,
a,
r e .

2m m Em y
y
2m 2m
We m ay apply t e s e to fin d th e c oo r d n ate s of th e h i
i i
c e n t r o d o f a g v e n a r e a ( S e e al s o A r t s 1 5 8
i i i
. .
,

For if b e th e s u r fa c e de n s ty a t a g v e n p o n t
—
h
'

0 ,

t en 693 6y is th e m a s s o f th e e l e m en t an d
0 ,

656 6y) w
£6
6m 6y )
o r , as it m a
y be wr i tte n w h en th e l i i
m t is t a k e n
2 00 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

y dx dy
S i il
m a rly

th e l i i i
ts o f n teg r a t on b e n g de te rm i i i n ed so t h th e
at

i i h
m

a t o n w ll b e e ffe c te d f or th e w ol e a r ea in

i
sum m

u es t on
q .

F i nd
th e cen tr i d o of th e e llip i t c q u dr
a a n t of t h e E xa m pl e in
Ar t 1 6 5
I t was
. .

pr v o ed th re e t h t a th e li m it of th e
2
s um of th e el e

ba
ry m t i
'

O
m e n ta om e n t s a b ou th e y -ax s was
3

0 dx dy m as s o f th e qu dr a an t

o ba 2
m ra b 4 a
H en ce
3 4 3 71 '

S im i r y l l a
y i}
3 71
f
'
.

1 67 Mom ent s of I ner t ia

h i i d by
. .

W v er y el em en t of is l t pl th e
i i li li i
en e m as s m u e

r
its d s tan c e f r om a g v e n
of n e th e m t of

h
s qu a e ,

th e s u m o f s u c pr odu cts is c all ed th e Mom en t o f

i ih
I n e r t a w t r eg a r d to th e l n e i
h ii i ic
.

S u c qu an t t e s a r e o f g r e a t m p or t an c e in Dy n am s .

l
Ex . F ii rti
nd
i
th e m om e n t of ne a of th e pl tr i r t p r t
o t on of th e a a

p p h p i t v r
b = 4 x b un d d b th
2
x a n d th e a us ec um a b ou
y
o a
y a o e e a s ,

v xi i n g t h urf -d i
th
pl en s ty a t to
-a o n
e u. s s os e s ac e e ac a y
as th n t h w r f th
e b i o e o e a s c s sa .

H r th m nt
e e f m i e e e e o as s s

M W 82 ,

p.b e in g a c on s tan t , a n d th e m om e n t of i n r ti e a is

ff
2 m
L t Eur/ 2
x
n
6r 6y or a y a dx dy ,

w hr e e th e li m it s for y ar e fr om O to an d f or x fr om O to a .
2 02 I N TE GR AL CAL C L US U .

th e l r c oo r d n ate s of P an d i D r a w tw o c ir Q ii
ih
an u a
g .

c ul a r a rc s R U S T w t c e n tr e 0 a n d r a d r a n d r + 6r

i , ,

r e s p e ct ve ly an d l e t 69 an d 6r b e s m all qu an t t es of ii
th e fir s t o r de r T en
,

. h
a ear RS T U se c tor OS T se cto r OR U
2 2
%( r 6r ) 69 57 69
—
r 6 9 6r to th e s e con d o r de r ,

an d to t s hi r de r R S T U m ay th e r e fo r e b e cons de r e d i
i
o

a r e ctan gl e of s de s 6r ( R S ) an d 7 69 ( a r c R U) .

Fig 48
. .

T hif th e s u r fa c
us at e a c i
p o n t R ( r , 9 ) is
—
e de n s t
y h i
a ss o f th e e l e m e n t R S T U is ( to s e c on d
¢( t h
ii
r, e m
'

o r de r a n t t e s G r 6 9 6 r , a n d th e m as s o f th e s e c tor

h
q u
is t e r e fo r e
Lt0r =0[2 G T 67 189 ,

th e s u m m a t on i be i n
g for a ll l
e em en ts f r om r = O to
r i . e
.

inhi h i
w c n teg r at on 9 is i to b e r eg a r de d as c on s tan t,
i
a n d ta k n th e l m t of i i th e s u m of th e s e c to r s f or
i i i g
n fi n te s m al v al u es of 6 9 b e tw e en a n y s p e c fi e d r a d i ii
 U
D O BLE I N TE GR ATI ON .
2 03

v ecto r e s OA ( 9 = ) an d w e g e t th e m as s o f

i
a

th e s e c to r al a r e a OAB
f ( 9)
or dr
] d9 ,

or as we h av e a
g r e e d to i
w r te it ( Ar t .

f ( 9)
or d9 dr .

a t
Ex
eac
i n d th m
.

h i nt v ri p
F
o
f ir f whi h th urf
t h di t n a
e

f th t
as s o
in t fr m
es a s
ity
in t
a c

e s a
l
c e

ce o
or c
a p o
e s ace de n s

o
-

a p o

ir um f r n
0 n th
o

T in g O
a kl l
i n i ti i n n d
a
e c

th
e,th
c

as
e e
e o
ce
rigi n d th di m t r thr u gh 0 th
.

r di u th qu ti n f th urv i
a a as
n, a
e a s,
e

e
a

e
e e

a o o
o
e c
as

e
e

= 2a 9
l
r c os .

Th e n we a e den s ty hv i at R ( r, 9 ) is h r , a n d m as s o f e em e n t
U
E S T is ur ( r 89

F ig . 49 .

Th e m as s of th e t r i th r f r
s ec o s e e o e

[j j 6 9,
2
or
u drr

th e i n t gr t i
e a on w t i h r g rd t
e a o r be i g b tw
n e een li m it s

OR = O an d OR = 0 P = 2 a 9
l l
c os .

An d if th es e r
s e ct o s be sum m ed for th e w h o e c ir c e,
h av e
2 04 I N TE GR AL GAL G UL US .

W
" "
2

f[
I a cos
or ( A r t 1 6 4). 2
0 0

g 3 2a
‘
9 32 3

f
c os

p t c os 9 9
3 0 9
o 0

1 69 Centr oid P ol ar s
i i i
. . .

Th e d s tan ce of th e c en t r o d o f a s e c tor al a r e a f r om
l i b f n d a s b e fo r e b fi nd n t h i
h
an
y ne m a u s u m
y e o y g e

o f th e m om e n ts o f th e e l e m e n ta r s e s a b o u t t at

i iii y m as .

l n e an d d v d n g b y th e s um of th e m as se s
h i
.

T u s o r 6 9 6r b e n g th e e l em e n t of m as s an d r cos 9
i
its ab s c s s a , its m om e n t ab ou t th e y -ax s is i
r c os 9 .
-
o r 6 9 6r .

- d9 dr
c os 9 or

s in 9 ar d9 dr
an d s m i il a rly y

Ex 1 . .

pl li h F i nd th e cen tr i d o of th e u pp r lf
e ha of th e c ir c e l in
th e
We
e xa m

es tab
e of
s
Ar t 1 6 8
.

e d th e r
e s u t f or t
.

l h a t s em i ir l -c c e t h at

[f d9 m n
a e
or at
g

A l so b e tw e e n t h e li m it s r =O an d r = 2a cos 9 f or r , a nd 9 = O to
9=
g f or 9,

2a 9

[ E4 J
c0 3
- d9
r c os 9 o r d 9 dr p cos 9 -

“
0

4
4 2 3 2 IL
] 9 9
4
4 pa c os
15
0
2 06 IN TE G R AL CALC UL US .

“ '

gf ( 3 cos 9 + cos 9)d9

_ fl 2 4
c

l z +§
)
1
. _
. I
3 2 2 4 2 2
4 3 3 77 5 5 3
a ~
vr a
3 4 4 4
2 -
-
( l c0 8
l 6)

f g]
1r a

Th e de nom 1 n a tor =2
o
0

H en c e - 7r a

Ex 3. . In a c c e
i
o f t h e d s t an c e
ir
fr
om a
l p i rf
th e
o n t 0 on t h e c
ty a es as t h e n th owe
su
cu m e e n c e
ac e -den s

F n d th e
i v ri
ir f r . i
p r
t i ri r i thr gh
m om e n of

dicul ar t o t h e
r
pl
n e t a o f t h e a ea ab ou t a n a x s

t ki g
H e e, a n 0 f or o
an e o f t h e c c e

rigi
ou

n a n d t h e d am e t e f or n
ir
a
l
0 per pe n

n e , th e
.

i r i iti l li
i g rv
b ou n d n cu e is r = 2 a c os 9, a b e n th e a d u s Th e de n s y i g r i . it
H en c e
m om en t of
th e m
i n rti
e
as s o f

a a b ou t
th e
th e
l p ifi
e e m en t
s ec e d ax s
Sr is pr
i is pr n +3
89 Br ,
89
n +1
an d it s

H e n ce th e m om e n t of i ne rti a of th e d i sc is
+3
u r
n
d 9 d? ‘

hr
l
w e e th e
doub e ) .
li m it s for r ar e 0 t o 2 05 cos 9 , an d f or 9 , O t o
g ( an d

2
—fi c os
n +4
9 d9

“
0
1
”7
2
2p " n +3
< 2a) f
1 0d 0
.
r
CO S
n+4 awl 4
-
0
 D O UB L E I N TE GR A TI ON .
2 07

A gi a n, th e m as s of th e d i sc is
9
wd
2a

]f
c os

M= 2 M
e
o r

2
- c os
n +2
9 d9 .

EXAMP LE S
l
.

1 i nd th ntr i d f th
. F t r f
e ce ir o o e s ec o o a c c e

( ) w h na t h u rf -d n i t
e y i u n if rm e s a ce e s s o ,

wh n th u rf de ity v ri e th di t n
s fr m ac e - en s a es as e s a ce o

th n tr

l
e ce e .

2 F i d th n tr i d ir wh urf ity v ri
as

fr
.

th n t h e
n

w r f t h di t n p
f
o
e ce

fr m e
d o

i n t 0 n th r um
o e
o a c

s a ce
c e

o
os e s

a p o
a ce - e n s

o e ci
.
a

c
es

e e n ce
A l
it m m n t
so
.

f i n r ti
s o e s o e a

1 ) b u t th t n g n t t 0
§2 ) b u t th di m t r thr ugh 0
a o e a e a ,

l
a o e a e e o .

3 S h w th t t h m m n t f i n r t i f th t ri g f un if r
su rf
=m
.

d
+
ac

b u
7
c t t
o

h c x i a
s i
a
ity b un d d b y th y xi d th i n y = x +
e - ens

o
o
e

e
o

e
e

-a
o

s
e
e
-a
a o

s an
e

e l
an

es
e o
m l
o m

cl ,

y m 2 y ,

w hr M is th e m as s of ri g th e t l
l
e e an e .

in d f i n rti ri g if rm
su
4
rf
. F
a c e de n s
-
th e
ity b
=m x+ c
m om e n s
ou n
t
d d b y th
e i
o

=m x+0 1
e
e

l a

n es
of th e t an e of un o

= m x+ 0 1
y 1 p y 2 2 9 3 3

M
~

ab ou t th e coo rdi n t a e a x es an d s h ow t h t if b a e th e m ass o f

pl
th e t ri
a ce d at
g an l e,

t h e m id-
th y e

pit ar e th e
s of th e
s am e

id
as th f qu
os e o e a l m as ses

ll p
o n s es .

5 . S h ow th a t t h e m om e n ts of i rti
ne a of a un if rm i o e se
z

i
$
b oun de d b y 1 ab ou t th e m j r a o an d m i r x no a es ar e

r es p iv l
ect
M e y
(L

6 2
an d
M
" a n d a b o u
ar.
2
t a in e l thr ugh th o e ce n t e r
p rllpip i l r pl M
”

I 2
a +6
2
an d e e n d cu a t o it s an e M , b i g th e n e m as s
4
of th e e se .
 I NTE GRAL CALC UL US .

6 . in d
F
um in g
th e r
u rf
a eab e twee n th e ir =
it v r i g i n v r
c l
c es r a, r

l
= 2 a c os 9 ; a n d
i
as s
fr om th e pl a

o e,
s a ce -den s

fin d
y a y n e se y a s t h e d s tan c e

tr
( )
1
( )
2
t
t
h
h
e

p rp
ce n

m om e n t
oid,

e n di cu a
of

l i n r ti
r t th
e a ab ou

pl t a li ne t hr ugh o th e pl o e

l
e o e an e .

7 F . in d f or th e a ear i n c u de d t
b e wee n t h e cu r ves

( )
1 th e c oo rdi n at es of its c en t o r id ( as s u m in g a
su rf a ce -den s i ty ) ,

t f i rti b u t th x xi
( )
2 t h
l l
e m om en o ne a a o e -a s,

( )
3 t h e v o um e f rm d wh thi r r v v
o e en s a ea e o es a b ou t th e
x-

ll r
a x1 s .

i t i rt i i
li th e
pl p p
of a of th e
pl 29
2
8 . F nd m om e n ne e m n s ca t e a c os

a b ou t a nethr u gh t h o r n di u e o e e e c a t o its an e

( )
1 f or a u n if rm u rf d oi ty s ace - e n s ,

u rf d n ity v ry i n g qu r
( )
2 f or a

di t n
s a
s

fr m th ce
a ce - e

o pl s

e o e
a

.
as th e s a e of th e

9 F i nd

li
.

( )
1 th e c oo rdi n at es of th e ce n t o r id of th e r
a ea o f th e cyc o d
x = a ( 9 + s in = a ( 1 — cos

( )
2 t h e v l
o um e f rm
o ed b y its
y
rv e l
o u t on i
( )
a ab ou t th e b a s e ( y r -2 a
) ,

( b a b ou t t h e a x s i
( 0 ab ou t th e ta n en t g at th e v rt e ex .
 CH AP E T R XIII .

DIFFEREN TIAL E QUATI O N S OF THE FI RST

O RDER .

V ARI ABLE S S E PAR AB LE . LI N E AR E QUATI O N S .

1 70 It is pr op os ed
b r e f acc ou n t of th e
to a dd a i
h i i
.

c om m on m et ods of s olut on of th e m or e o r d n a ry
i i
fo rm s of d ffe r en t al e qu at on s l eadin g u p to s u c i h
i
r equ r ed b y th e studen t in h is r e ad n g of i
i i i i
as ar e

An alyt c al Sta t c s Dyn am c s of a Pa rt cl e , an d th e

e l e m e n ta r p r t n s of R d D i c
,

ii i
h i
y o o n m s
g y a .

We s all n ot e n te r at all u p on th e s olut on of

i i i
di ffe r e n t al e qu at on s n v ol v n g p a rt al d ffe r en t al i i i i
coeffic en tsi .

1 71 G enesis Differ ential E quation

of a

i “ i
. .

Le t u s e x am n e for a m om e n t h ow th e or d n a r y
i i i
d ffe r e n t al e qu at on is fo rm e d an d w a t k n d o f h i
r esul t we ar e to exp ect as its s ol ut on ”
,

i
i h
.

An y e qu at on s u c as ,

f( x:

hi h
in w c th e fo r m of th e fun ct on is kn own is r epr e i
s e n tativ e o f a ce rt a n f a m l f c i
u r v e s f or e a c nd i ,

hi i
hi h y
i i
o ,

vi dual o f w c th e con stan t a r e c e ves a p a r t cul a r

21 2 DI F FE R E N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

an d i
defi n te v al u e th e s am e for th e s am e c ur ve b ut
i
d ffe r en t for d ffe r en t c ur v e s of th e fam lyi ,

i
hi h
.

P r ob l em s f r e qu en tl y o ccu r in w c it is n e c ess ar y
h
to t r e at th e w ol e fam l y o f c u rv e s toge t e r a s for i h
i n s tan c e i
in fi n d n g an ot e r fam l y o f c u rv es e ac h i , ,

h
m e m b e r of w
,

hi h i
c n te r s e cts e ac m e m b e r of th e fo rm er h ,

s e t at a i
v e n a n l e s ay a r g t a n l e A n d it w ll b e ih i
g
i g
h g
h i i ii
.
,

m an fe s t t at f or s u c O p e r a t on s th e p a r t c ul a r z n

h
l e tte r a ou g t n ot to a pp e a r as a c on s tan t in th e
g ,

i
fu n c t on s to b e op e r ate d u p on or w e s ou l d b e t r e at h
i ii
in g on e n d v du al c u r v e of th e s y s te m n s te a d o f th e
,

i
h i
w ol e fam ly c oll e ct v ely i
h
.

N ow a m ay b e g ot r id o f t u s
S ol ve for a ; we t e n pu t th e e qu at on n to th e fo r m h i i
y) a, ( )
2

an d u i i wi h r g rd
p on i
d ffe r en t a t on t to a) a goes ou t,
i i lv i w
e a ,

d u a t on an d r e pl a c es

i
an an n vo n
e
q g , y y, ,

( )
u a t on I
q
hi i h di ff r il i il
e .

T t th e e en t a e qu a t on to th e fa m
f w hi c h q i () i i
en
s s y
o f c r u ve s , o e u at on 1 is th e ty p c a l e qu at on

f b r
i f diff r i l i
o a m em e .

f r
I n th e o m a t on o th e e en t a t it m ay
b i pr c i c b l hi
e
q u a o n

l f t c to s o ve or th e on s ta n t In t s
w di ff r i h i
e m a a e .

c as e e e e n t ate t e e qu a t on

f( o
c,
y, a” ) 0

w ih
t r es p ect to a: an d ob ta n i
5f af dy _
+ 0
ax By doc

an d i it h b w l n ate et a t on si ( )
1 an d

h b iig rl i b w Whi h
en e m at e en e
q u
t ta e at on et w y an d

wh l f il
us o n n a e en , , yl ,
c

i r f
s t ue or th e o e am
y .

pl
givi g p i l v l
F or
n
i r f il
e xam

r itr r
e , con s

a ues
de
t o th e
th e am

b
y of s t a r ight i
con s ant ti
l n e s ob ta n e d
n th e e q ua
i
ti
by
on
s ec a a a y
y
: mx .
 14 DI F F E RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ONS .

two kn own s c on ta n s on e a rb tr a ry c on stan t th e i i

i i i h i i
un
r e s u l t o f e l m n at n g t a t c on s tan t is a d ffe r e n t al

i
e u at on of th e fir s t o r de r ; n d i f it c on ta n two
'

i
q
i i i i
a

a rb tr a r c n s tan ts th e r es u l t is a d ffe r e n t al e u at on
y o q
of th e s econ d o r der An d ou r a rgu m e n t is ge n e r a l :
h i i i h
.

s o t at to e l m n ate n a r b t r a r c n s ta n ts w e s all

h y
i i i
o

av e to pr o c e e d to n d ffe r e n t a t on s an d th e r e s u l t is

i i
a d ffe r e n t al e u at on c on n e c t n an d i i ,

h q g y
as , ,

is t e r e fo r e o f th e n th o r de r .

Ex 1 E im i n t nd l
fr m th qu ti n x + y = 2 x + 2 2

x gy
. . a e a a c o e e a o a a

D i ff r n ti t i n g
e e a , 1 a .

D iff r n ti t i n g g i n 1
p
e e a a a ,

n t n t h vi n g di r dw h v b t in d th ir
a

e l
n d th
na

th high t diff r n ti
e co

i m i n t di ff r n ti qu t n f tha
p s a s

nd
e e
a

rd r (3 b i n g
ff i n t i v v d) whi h b n g t ll
a ll e
sa

a io
ea e

o
l
e

e
a

s e co
e o

o
a

e
e

l
as

12 e
e

cir wh
e

c esl ntr li
es
n th
os e cex xi
e e

es
a

e o
c oe ic e

e -a
n o

s
e ,
c e o s o a

l l
.

Ex 2 F r m th diff r n t i
. . o qu ti n f l l n tr e ni e e a e a o o a ce a co cs
wh i i d with th x f rdi n t
co ni i
x
os e a

H r th ty i
cs
e e

s
es co n c

qu ti e f m m b r p l ca
e

f thi f m i y f e a
e a

on o
es o

a
c oo

e e
a es

o
.

s a l o

Ax 2
By 2
1,
an d we h v a e Ar Byyl O
an d

w h (y1
2
+ yyz ) — =0
l
en c e x EE1
is t h e d ffe i r en t a i e qu ti a on s ou ght .

1 74 Elim i nation an ir r ever sib l e pr ocess

hi i i
. .

N ow t s pr oc es s o f e l m n ati on is n ot i n gen er a l a
r ever s i bl e r oces s a n d w e n w e w s t o d s c ov e r th e h ih i
i
p
i
typ c al e qu at on o f a m em b e r o f a f am ly o f c u r ve s
,

i
h i
w en th e d ffe r en t al e qu at on is g v en we ar e com i i i
ell e d to fa ll b a ck a s in th e ca s e of n teg r a t on u p on i i ,

p
a s e t o f s tan da r d c a s e s an d m a n at on s m ay a r s e
,

i ,

i
hi h y q
e u ,

w c ar e n ot s ol vab l e at all
i h h i
.

We m ay n fe r ow ev e r t at in attem p t n g to s ol ve
i i
a d ffe r e n t a l e u at on o f th e n th o r de r w e a r e to
,

i ,

se ar c h q
for an al geb r a c al r e l at on b etw e en as y a n d n i i , ,
 VARI AB LE S S E P AR AB LE .
21 5

i
rb tr a ry c on stan ts su c t at w en t e s e c on stan ts h h h h
i i i i i i i
a ,

a r e e l m n ate d th e v e n d ffe r e n t al e qu at on w ll
r esult Su c
g
a s ol u t on h
is r ega r de d a s th e m os t i
i i
.

e n e r a l s ol ut on ob ta n ab l e
g .

D I F FE R E NTI AL E Q U ATI ON S or TH E FI R ST O R D E R .

1 75 T . hr e e ar e five st andar d for m s .

CASE I V ar i ab l es S epar ab l e
i hi h i i p ib l g
. .

All u at on s in w c t to e t dc: an d
q
i d d dy d h
e s oss e

all th e
’
all t e y s to th e
’
to
hr hi h d d l i i
93 s on e s e , an an

ot c om e u n der t m m e d ate ly

by i i
e , s ea ,
an s o ve

n te r a t on
g .

d3
Ex 1 . , Th u s If s ec
y s e c x_ ’
dx
we h v a e c os x dx c os d
y y,
d i n t g ti n g s in a: s in A
l
an e ra , y ,

a r ti n t i n i n g
e a o con a on e a rb i tr ry a con s ta n t A .

2
x 1 dy
EX 2 If
d
.

3/ 1

we h v a e
( a;

2 3
an d th r f r e e o e
3 + l og a:
g2
3
+ A,

co nt in ingan o e a rb i tr ry a c on s ta n tA .

E XA MP LE S
lv ll l
.

So th e f ow n i g di ff r n ti qu ti
x
e o e e a e a on s

1 . cos
z
y dye :
31 cos x
z
dy .

J 2 ,
E
dx
w 2
3 ,
E
d
M 2
y +y + 1 x +x+ l
l
x

h w th t v ry m r f mi y rv
right gl
4 . S o a e e em be of th e a of c u es in E x 3 .

c ut v ry m m b r f th
s e e e e o e s et in Ex 2 . at an es .

J
13
J
2
l
2 i t-
4 (1 Q
G .
21 6 DI F F E R E N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

e qu
7 S .

a
h
l g l r h pq r r l
ow
t o th e
t h a t a ll c u

s ua e
rv for w
of th e ad
es hi h th
r iu v
c

s
e s

ec to
qu r
r
a e of

ar e e
th e
i th r ir
e
r no m a
c l l
c es
is
or
r e c ta n bo
h p i
u a y e ae .

h h rv hi h g
8
k . S ow t
n t
at

s an t a
a cu

ng ( l e f or w c th e ta n e n t
) w t t h ih d r i to v r
at eac

be l g o nt

l
m a e s a co e a e a u s e c can on to
n o ot hr e th n
c as s a r Ae ac °t

9 . F i n d th qu ti e e a on s o f th e for wh c cu r v es ih
rt i g
( )
1
( )
2
t
t
h
h
e

e
C
C
a

a rt i
r
r
g t ll
e s an s u b ta n e n t is c on s tan t

es an s u b n o m a is c on s ta n t ,
,
l t
( )
3
( )
4
th P
th P
e

e r r
o

o
a

a
s u b t an e n i s con s a n t ,
s u b n o m a is c on s an t l t .

in d C r t i n q u ti n f rv h h
tan
10
g
.

en t
F
is
th e
of c o n t nt
s a
a

n g th
es a

l e
e

.
a o o th e cu e for w ic th e

1 76 CASE I I Linear E quations

i
. . .

[D E E An e qu at on o f th e fo rm

y + P yn K =
+ y R
h P Q KR f ci f c
n

w i t on s tan ts

id b li p c li ri li i h f c h
en , , ,
ar e un on s o a: o r s

Ito ts ty t e t t at

di r i l c ffici cc i d
sa e n ear . e u a es n a

ffe en t a w r en t to
high r h
no ur s
p oe o r a se a o e

fir ] t th e st

i
e an

A w w d f h fir u at on s t st

l i i d f h pr
no i scu ss m
s
g qe are e o e

ord w er ,
h c
e ar e m te or t e es en t to t e as e

=
g1 + y Q
P

If t hi b e m ult ipli d h r gh t ou t by f p d’”

it w ll i be
h wr i i
s e ou c

s ee n t at we m a te t
y
d f p dx f p dx

d / e Qe

Th us y e
/ P dx
Q e
f p dx
dcc A

r l i b e at on i i h gi v
e tw e e n w an d s a t s fy n g t
di r il i iig rb i r r
en
a y e

ffe en t a d c e qu a t on , on ta n n t
h r f r h l i q ir d
an
an a a
y
c I i
on s tan t . t s t e e o e t e s o u t on re u e .

f w hi h r d r d l f h d
d
T f c r he to th e e t -

i i i i i
a c c en e e an m em

b f p r f c
th e d ff r l c ff c
u a t on a t en t en t is
“i gr i g f c
oe
er o q e e e e a

c ll d
a e an n te at n a tor .
21 8
"

DIF FE RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

fz l
fl l —n fi m QO —n
) ,

w c hi h li is n ea r ,
an d its l
s o u t on i is
a (1
Ze _ n
) Q 6

I -n —
O mf p dx
i e —
( l — n )
. .
y e

x
dy g = 2
Ex 1 . . In t gr
e a te + y
dx

y 2 dz/

dx
+ y
-1

x _
1

or p t g
ut i n
1

9
dz
x
2

dx
an d th e I nt e gr ti n g f
a ac t o r b ing e

e 5:

we h v a e

2 1
-
1os A

y
1
Ax — x l og x

gr q u ti d
z
3 2
Ex 2 . . I n te ate th e e a on + x s in 2 3/ x 00 s y .

d
D ivi di n g b y c os
2
y
/ we h v a e

z dy 3
s ec
y 2 x ta n y x .

dx
tan y = z ,

+ 2 xz = x3 ,

an d th e in t gr ti n g f t r i
e a ac o s e or e
f f
,
givi g n

ze
fl =
f 3 fi
x e dx + A .
 LI NE AR E Q UA TI ON S .
21 9

2
x w,
dx dw,

so th t a
f fi e
’z
dx = §
w
f w
we dw

é fi e u

T hu t ny x2 = e ( x3
5
x2
l ) +A
l i
s a . e

is th e s o u t on of th e giv qu tien e a on .

It w i ll b for e x am pl e s of t s k n d
ob v ou s i t h at hi i
i i i i
e

c on s de r ab l e n ge n u ty m ay b e c all ed n to pl ay in
o r de r to e ffe c t th e r e du c t on to th e l n e ar ( o r ot e r i i h
k n own ) form .

E XAMP LE S .

I n te gr at e th e e qu t i
a on s

dy tan
1 1 e
x

dy —e
2 —
+ y s1 n
a bx 5 2

fi
. . .

3 .
dr
d0
+
r

0
“
9 "
(J
e
‘

Wx
ar , m
7
/
)
dx
dy
1

7 S ow .

of A r t 1 76 b
a no

d
h
d
th t gr
in g
eate rg
a c on s an t
en e a
t
r i ty il to t h e
s ob

ind
ti
a n ed

ex
in th e so ut on
in ob ta n n t h e
l
i i g
i
y a .

1 n te r at 1 n f ac to r j p dx

g g
l v ri
6

8 F n d th e c
. i
e s f or w u rv hi h th c e Ca t es r i an s u b n o m a r a es

q r
as th e s u a e of t h e ad u s r i v trec o .

I nte gr t th qu ti n
y
a e e e a o s

dy "
dy
we
dy L— a
9 10 11 W —x n

af
f
y
55 a
° ° °

2
a
dy 1
12
a;?
- - an t y t an sin 1
3 [P ut y — sm
_ 1
a ]
:
. .

Q9

dz 2 z
= ey
[P u t z .
]

£
CZ
-
dx
[P u t e= o lg y
o
.
]

th e
15 . i
r i v tr
rv
F n d t h e cu es f or w
ad u s ec o an d t h e o a pl hi h th u f
c

r ub t n g n t i
s a
e s

e
m o

s con s ta n t
th e r i r
ec p l
.
oca s of
 DI FFE RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

16 . F i nd th e
d u v t r n d th
pr l ir
qu ti n f th f m i y f u rv f whi h
o a e a
r ub n rm v ri
o o e

pl
a l o c es

l or c
th e u m s

t h e n th
f th
p o

o e
e

w r f th r di u v t r o
a

e
s

a
ec o

s
a

ec o .
e o a s o a a es as

1 7 S h w th t th u rv whi h th r di u f u rv t ur
v ri
a es
.

th
as
o
qu r f th e
f
a

s
e c

r n di u r u n th n r
a e o
es

e
or

p p e e
c

c l p
e

a
a

o
s o c

e
a

o m a l
e

b l
e on g t
1 b i n g giv
0 e
t h o
a
w h
n t nt
d l
e c ass
nd A
e n co
q u ti n
rb itr ry
i
s a
—
p
=£
os e
l" 2
I
9
p l
a
A e a e

a
a o

a
s r

.
z 2
2
e
z ’cl’
,

1 8 I t gr t t h
. n e qu ti n
a e e e a o s

"

“
dy 1 dc l
t ng/ a
1 ( )
3 I ) _ _ 1
+ 2
+ x y e s ec .

dx x x dx l +x

a
, fly )
(” )
doc f en fl y)
222 DI F F E R E N TI AL E Q UATI ONS .

Bu t if it b e n c on v en i i en t i or m i
pr ac t cab l e to

d w i
dy g dy
l
s o ve for we sol ve for an r te p for a'n d
dx dw
, , ’

h
a:

we ave

i
D ff er en t at i i n
g w ihr
t es p e ct to ac ,

d
p
= (Ed i ,

dx
w 10
m ) a

i hi
In tegr at n g t s e qu at on we ave m e xp r ess ed i h
i i
as a

fun c t on of p an d an a rb t r a r y c on s ta n t
Aw :
y) F( p ) ( sa ( )
2
i i i i
.

El m n at n b tw t ( )
1 an d ( )
2 w
i i i
g p e e en e
qu a on s e

ob ta n th e sol u t on r e qu r e d .

Ex 1 . lv . So e

H ere

an d p u tt n i g

Ay = e g 2 z

Ex 2 . . Su pp os e th e e qu ti
a on to b e

x
E_
dx dx
= 66
y 00
 H OM OGE N E O US E Q UA TI ON S .
223

l og Ax + 2 l og p I
-
J

'
3

7
Aarp 2
6 1

an d th e p -e li m in an t b e tween

2
+r =3
1
10

and Axp z

l
l'
z e

i s th e i gh t
li
s o ut on s ou .

T hi s e m in an t is

l og
{ 1 rt
x
—
-
éy
x
l i:
x
li iif titl
B ut w h lg h r i ifll p rf pr i l
it is a e b a ca y im os s b e t o
en e o m th e p rf r
r l t i ll
e m n a on o f
p , o r w e n ,

ll r
e o m e d,
t h e
r l
es u

v
w
m an e s y u n w1 e dy , it is c u s t om a y t o e a e t h e t wo e u at on s
ti i g rgr h
b e

i l
q i
eql ti i
con a n n
u
so u
a t o n s

on
w
10 u n a te e d, a n d t o

os
.
e p
-e mh n an t li i if f
e a d t em

oun d w o u d b e th e l
a s s m u tan e o us

e u e d r q ir

EXA M PLE S
lv l
.

So e th e d fe if r en t ai e q u ti
a on s
2 24 DIFFE RE NTIA L EQ UA TI ON S .

1 79 . A Special Case .

Th e e
qu i
at on ’
x
+ by + o
b y+ 0
’ , i s r ea di l y re du c ed to

h h
a: d

th e om o e n eou s
g fo rm t us :
Pu t

U»;
’

( h b lc
’
df a

c h oo s e h 7
0 so t
, h at

ah bk c O ,

h 670
’ ’
a c O

“ h 3 so
° t at
bc
’
h
bc
’
ca
’
k
c d
’
ab
’
1
a
’
b
'

T h en
0177

07
5 af
06
5 n
g
+
+
b

T hi e qu at oni be igh we m ay n ow
ri b l
n om o e n e ou s
s g
ut an d th e va s e p a r ab l e a s b e fo r e

hw
a es ar e
p
s o n .

1 80 T hr is c ase hw r w hich h, k
ch h
. e e on e ,
o eve ,

c an n ot b e o s en as ab o v e , v iz .
, w en

a b c
’
— =
l
‘

b
’
a

N ow l e t m an d a m + by = 37 .

<
dy l dn
dx ) b
7 oa
—a
)
so t h at

dn + bo
da: m n+ c

—
Wh y F0
da:
 226 D I FFE RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

h
EX 2 . . In t gr t
e a e {i
—1
dx x +y
L 8 13 w+ y = n, t h en

17
0 7
n 2 77— 1
dx

]
n 1
aw
1

1
2 n— 1 2 2 n— 1
—i IO Q — I H A
tfl Q n ,

w hr e e
n
= x +y .

EXAMPLE S .

I n te gr a te th e e q u ti a on s

l .

l
E! x +y + l
5 '

dw x +y —1
l 2x + y — 2 l x + 3l +l
3 gg 6 El
—3
° °

dx 3w+ y dx 2 x + 2y + l

Ci
.
—
7 ( 2 x + 3 y 5 ) ¥ Z + 3 x + 2y — 5 = O -—3 .

dy — —
8 ( + 3y
2 x 5) + 2 x + 3 71 1 = O

9 . S h o wt h at a pr la tic e 30, 3 w 1 hi h m v
c o es s o t h at

da
a x + ky + g,
cl t

f;
”

l
w i ll l way s l ie
'

u pon a c on c s e ct on i i
l lh
a .

10 S h ow th at s o u t on s i of th eg en e a r g
om o e n e ou s e qu a

< l p l
.

t i on f g)
i g ,
i m ust a ways r re es e n t f mii
a es of s im il a r

cu rv es

l
.

p
S h ow th at s o u t on s

r
i
i gl
<
Z bl )
of f ,
i Z-
(

l
ar e h om ogn
nv r
e eou s

l th
in x,

t pi l q f il
a n d s om e ow e of a s n e con s ta n t , a n d c o e se t
y y a
i r f u rv b h m
t h e y ca
g e n e ou s i n
e

x,
u a t on o f a m e m

y a n d s om e p r ow e t
be of a

of o n e c on s an t,
am y o c es
th e difier e n t ia l
e
’
o o
 ON E LE T TE R AB S E N T
. .
227

e q u t i n f th f i y i h
a
f i i r u rv
o

l
’

o e am l s om o g e n e ou s a nd th e f am l
iy it
c on s s s

o s m

s e ts
.
a

1 2 S t t w hi h f t h f
a e
c es .

c o e o ll ow n i g fam i i l e s of c u rv e s ar e s mi i r l a

( ) y
1 2=
4 ax .
( ) y
4 2 a l og s
3
°

3
a

-1 ”
( ) y
2 a c os h ( )
5 b t an

n
(
3 e
6 x +y
.

3 axy

for d fe if r en t v l
a u e s o f a an d b .

1 82 . CASE I V One l ett er . ab s ent .

a: ab s ent

i il i
.

A Su pp ose b s en t f r om th e d ffe r en t e qu at on ,
hich h
. as a a

w t en tak e s th e f o r m

f t aH ,
il-

dy
we n ow s o lv e fo r or y as m a
y b e m o s t c on v e n i e n t
cl w
, .

Olg
h i i
‘

i
( ) I f w e s o ve l fo r w e t ro w th e e qu a t o n n to
doc
.

th e fo rm
ol

5, 9 01 )
6

T h en da:
dy

an d th e 1 n te r al 1 s
g
da
A .

ii( ) If t hi be i c on v e n i e n t or i i
p os s b l e w e m
i h
s n m
. a
y
so lv e fo r y an d o b ta n w e r e p s tan ds as

b e fo r e for gg
E
Ola:
.
2 28 DI F FE RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

i
D ffe r en t i ate wi th r e ar
g d to w i ,
. e . th e a bs en t l etter .

~
dr

T h us 513
1 fi
S
ép r flclp -FA .

A fte r th e in teg r a tl on i s e fo r m e d w e e l im m a t e 0

hi i
b etw e e n t s e qu a t on an d y ¢ ( p) a n d th e s ol u t on
1
i
i i i
:

o f th e g v e n e q u a t on is ob ta n e d .

1 83 y ab s ent .

i i io
.

B S upp os e y b s en t f r om th e d ffe r e n t al at

hi h h
. a e
q u n3

w c t en ta k e s th e fo r m

S i n ce t hi s m a
y b e wr i tte n

w o ,

an d h
t e r e fo r e if y b e r eg a r de d a s th e i dp den t
i i hi c
n e en

r ab l e th e fo r e o n r e m a rk s ap l
py t o t l
h
va g g s ase a so .

T us

i
( ) .i f c o n v e n e n t we i s o ve l fo r
Ol a:

cl y an d ob ta n i a
'

r es ul t o f th e for m

th en

a
nd th e i n te
g r al is
2 30 DIFFE RE NT AL I EQ UA TI ON S .

T h en d feif r en t at ni i g wi th r eg ar d to th e a bs en t l etter g ,

(
1 01
_ 1 _ 9
q

dy l l
’
dq q r
an d g
:
lg
o
g+
29
1
2
+ A,

an d th e g-e li m in an t b e t we en t hi qu t i s e a on an d th e o rigi n l
a

e q u ti
a on x =
g + -
1

9
is th e so l ut i n r q u ir d
o e e .

EXAMPLES
lv
.

So e th e e q u ti a on s

dr
) dx
2 2
5 2 7 a + 2 ag
dx 3/
2
d33
_ x +
x
1
6 g
(a
s1 n
W dx
— e
85
00 s
da '

l
( f (ddy
Oa dr
Ja +x +x O 7 g A
" +B
fi dx

( y n
012/ d r r
4 .
2
a
2
+ 2 ax . A + .

dx

d z/
1 84 CASE V Cl air aut 3 For m , g :
m
dx
. .

Wr ii t n
g 1 f 9
o r
el se
w e
dy
h ave

i
D ffe r e n t at i i n
g wi t h re
g a r d to m ,

01 ?
4
daz
’

d
f ( pnci ——
g
f
1 +
93

w h en ce eihr5
32
t e — 0 or 0 .

d o
c
i 0g ve s p O a c on s tan t .
 OLAI R A UT S F OR M ’
.
2 31

T u s y 0az h is a s ol u t on of th e g ve n d ffe r i i i
i ii i
:

e n tia l e qu a t on c on ta n n g a n a r b t r a r y c on s ta n t

i
Aga n , if p b e foun d a s a f un c t on o f a: f r om th e i
e u ati on
q a +
f ( p) O ( )
3 ,

u at on ( )
2 w i
ll t ll b i i
t fi d i
a n d if t a lu e of hi
i i hi h
s s e s v
e
q s e a ,

b b t t t d i t or w c i s th e s am e

i i i
p e s u s u e n e qu a o n

thi n g if p b e e l m n ate d b e tw e e n e qu a t on s ( 1 ) an d ( 3 )
h ,

we s a ll ob ta n a r e l at on b etw ee n i i a n d a: w c al s o y hi h
i i
s a t s fi es th e d ffe r e n t a l e u at on i i
N ow to el m n ate p b e tw e e n
q
i i
ys f ( + r)
0

is th e s a m e as to e l i i
m n a te 0 b etwe en

y 0x +f 0
( )
0= w+f <
0>

i th e s am e a s th e pr oc ess
fin d n g th e en vel op e o f of i
i
e

i
. .

th e l n e y Caz +fl0 ) for d ffe r e n t va l u e s o f 0

h h i
a: “ .

T e r e ar e t e r e fo r e tw o cl a sses o f s ol u t on s v iz ,
.

( )
1 Th l r l t c i ll d t h c pl it pr i i
i ii i
e n e a s o u o n a e e o m e e m ,

t v e c on ta n n g an a rb t r a ry c on s tan t
”

i i ii
.
,

( )
2 T h l p l r l t c t
i i
e n v n u s o u n n n n
e e o e o r s
g a o o a
g
n o a rb tr a r c n s ta n t a n d n ot de r v ab l e f r om
y
i ii i
o

th e c om pl e te pr m t ve b y p u tt n g an y
i
p ar t cul a r n um e r c al v al u e for th e c on stan t i
i
in t a t s ol u t on h .

h
T ri c l r l i b w h w l
e om e t e at on et t t
i i h f f ily f li d h ir
e g a e en es e o so u
t t at o l p t
hi b k di c ll
on s s a am o n e s an e en ve o e .

b p
t is ey on d th e s co e o f t s
I to fu y
h r f i lr l i
oo s u ss

th e t eo y o s n gu a s o u t on s ,d d th e s tu e n t is

l r r r i f r h r i f r i
an

f r dto a g e f
t e at s e s o r t n o m at on

bj
r e er e u e

p
u o n th e s u e ct .
23 2 D IFF E RE I
N T A L E Q UA TI ON S .

Ex . So lv e g
:
1 990 + 2
6
.

By C l ir
a au t s
’
ru l e
P
th e c om pl t pri
e e m itiv e is

an d

277
.
th e e n e o
b e tw een th e
v lp ab o
e or s n i gu r uti n i
v qu t i n n d
e e
l l
a
a so

o a
o s th e r es u l t of e li m i n tin g
a

a
O= x
g
m
?
4 ar
lli g
lpl pl
.

i r g i in th in gu r uti n
y
Th e s tu de n t w
2=
4 a x th e e u at q on
at

to
o n ce

a p a a
e co

rb nd i l
th
o a, a
n z e
t ri m i n
e s

e c om
a so

e e
o

t iv e
g
=m x +
% th e w e ll k no wn q u ti n fe t ng t t th a o o a a en o e

p r
a ab o a l .

E XAMP LE S
p l t p ri lp
.

Writ e i t iv v
l
s o u t on i
down th e c om
in ea c of th e o h f ll i g
e e

ow n
m
ca s e s
e, an d fin d th e en e o e

1 = x+ 2 4
.
g p p . .

= — — 2
( )p p
3
2 .
g p +p
x . 5 g . x a .

3 —
6 ( g pxX
. .
p

1 85 . Th e e
qu at on i
( )
1

b l d b difi ti ti wi th a r d to a

h
m a
y e s o v e
y er en a n g r eg ,

a n d t e n con s i der i n th e i n de en den t va r i a bl e

igp p
i i h
a s .

Fo r d ffer en t a t n g w e av e ,

20
¢(r ) WO O
m ai g .

w h c en e
dx
dp
a
¢( F )
Mr )
—
r ¢
M r)
—
( p) r
’

w hi c h i l i s n ea r ,
th e s o u t on l i be i n
g

W ” p)
we ?
e
2 34 DIFFE RE NT A L I E Q UA TI ON S .

T nd OT
8
a
.t n g n t t ny i nt P f u rv m t th x 0g m
Th e a
p p
e
r r t i n t t h t n g n t f th i i t i n f
2
is o
a

o
a

o
pl
a
o

o
o

e
a c

a e
e

o
ee s

e
e a

nc l na
1s

o o
,

P T t th xi 0 F i d th u rv

l p
o e a s 37 . n e c e .

9 F i d t h diff r n ti q ti n f ll u rv whi h
th e
.

p p
rdi t x
o
n
e

n t nt
e

r rty th t th u f t h i n t r t m d b y th t n g t
a

O b t in
e e

e s

t
m
a

o
e ua

e
o

e ce
o

p
a

s
c

a
es

e
c

e a
os s e s s

pl len

p
on t h e coo na e

ri m i t iv th qu ti n f th t n g n t n d th in gul r u
t i n th u rv n qu
e

ti n
e e a
th m
a

o
es

o
IS co

e
s a

a e
.

,
a
a

as
as

e s
e co

a so
e e

l
o e c es i es o .

1 0 O b t i n th
. u rv fa whi h th re f thc tri n g es or c e a ea o e a e

b un d d b y th nd t n g nt i t nt
l
o x e e a es a a a e s c on s a .

1 1 F rm th diff r n t i qu t i f u rv whi h th e
len gth f th
rdi t x i
. o

Ob t i
e p
e
rti n f th t g t i n t r t d b tw o
f

n d i n t r r t th
e e

o th o
a

e
e

an
a on

en
o c

e ce pp
es

e
or

e
c
e en

pl e
,

p
c oo na e a t t es s c on s a nm et
l l a n a e e e co e .
.

ri m itiv n d th i n gu r u ti n
fi l
e a e s a so o .

1 2 A u rv ti th di ff r ti q u t i g =p ( x p) n d
l
2
. c e sa s es e e en a e a on ,
a

a so th t p — 0 wh n a d t rm i n it
: qu ti n e e e e s e a o .

pl pri l l [O xr onm 1 889 .

13 F n d th e
. i c om e te m i tiv e an d s n i gu r a s o u tion of th e
e q u at ion
“
<
“
3

dr dy 2 2

( ) —
3x _
3
y
d clx [O xr onu
14 . S h ow t h at by p ti g u t n x 2=
s an d
g
2=
t, t h e e qu ti
a on

—B —x =
A W
2
s )
2
( + 0
J1
l ir t plf r pri itiv
"
50 y1 r
r
is e du ce d t o o n e o f C a
l
’
au s o m .

H en ce w t e down i ts ri i gu
l
s o ution I n te et th e
. r r p com

1 es ul t
et e

.
m e and fin d its s n
 CH AP E T R XV

DI FFERE N TIAL E QUATION S O F THE SE C ON D

O RDE R .

E XACT DIFFEREN TI AL E QUATI O N S .

1 87 S econd Or der E quation

i i i il
. .

We n e xt com e to th e c on s de r at on of th e d ffe r e n t
i
a
e u a t on of th e s e c on d o r de r
q ,

(
R( b y , li p
d 0

h h i ic
°

T e r e is n o g en er a l m e t od o f s ol u t on b u t p a rt l r
i hi h i i , u a
fo rm s a r s e w c pr e s en t b u t l ttl e d ffic u l ty .

1 88 CASE I Suppos e th e E quation linear

i i
. . .

Th e typ ca l fo r m w ll be

h
w e re P Ql R fu n c t i on s of 90

h i
, ,
ar e .

Th e e t o d is firs t to t R an d tr y to
i i
u su a m om

ob ta n or
g u e s s a s o u t on o f l
dg z
dy
da 2 + P
cl az
+ Qy 0

y h i
,

S upp os e =f ( cc) to b e su c a s o u t on l . Put

236 DIFFE RE NTIAL E Q UA TI ONS .

f w
’

y1 Z
( )
afl )
w 2 4 1 00)
”
Z
f w
( )
T h us on s u b s t i i tu t on we g e t

2 f( ) +
z w

l w
fl )
Qfl )
w z R
B ut f
”
( ) tc Pf
’

( ) a Qfl ) a O by hy p h i H ot es s . en ce
” R
+ +1
M
2 “
2
fe ) e

an e qu a t on i w c hi h li r f is
i i f c ri
n ea or E
l
.

Th e n te r a t n to
g g a s

6
W
] E” { Re n e
d
i
an d th e fir s t i n te
g r al is

w h ce th e s e on d c i n te r al b a t o n ce b ta i n ed

i
en m a e
g y o

an d th e l
so u t on e ffe cte d .

Ex . So lv e
dy
dx2
2

+ a
3 d
3
— 2 =
xy 3
x e
g
x4

4
.

H e re g =x m a k es
day
2
g ? + a3 1 — 2
9g x
are
g
=0 .

59 2 $2 2 2 31

H e n ce flr - x2 xz
( ) = x3c 4
$2 2 22 1 z
l
z
) 7

an d th e i t gr ti g f t r i
n e a n ac o s e .
 2 38 DIFFE RE NTIAL E Q UA TI ON S .

H ence
J “ g + a
4

s in h fl/ ‘

2x + A .

2
a

g
2 2
a s in h ( 2 x A) .

EX 2 So lv e 1 + y 1 = xy2 yr 2

p ti g
. .

H e r e g is ab s en t . So u t n
g] p .

=
l og x l og J 1 + 172
c on s tan t

2
sa y ,

2— 2
a d
g = Jx a dr , .

givi g aw x / z —az a
2
h
2
-1
n a
g c os + b,
2 2
a an d b be i n g rb i tr rya a con s ta n s t .

E XAMP LE S
lv ll
.

So e th e f o o w in g qu ti e a on s

= =
1 W 2 1 6 °
yg al + y 0
+
2

2=
2 1 +g1 yy2 7 .

h
i
= =
£
2 22
3 . 1 + y1 x g2 . 8 .
g2 + xy1 y e 2

4 9yz 2 =4 r 9 3
[ O xr om t
y r ef s1 /

10 . So
d =
lv e th e e q u ation ( 1 g
y
? l
c_
dx
g__
2

z y
( )
C
W
(i t
2g 3
a v
b a in g 8 iv en

t h at
£ h n y=0 Ow e .

[ O xr onm
1 1 G iv n th t x i
. v e a
2
s a a u e ofl g w hi c h s at s i fi es th e e qu ti a on

x ( g
2
l o x 1)
z
d
fin d th e c om pl e te s o l ut i on .
[L C . S .
,
 RE M O VAL OF A TE RM .
2 39

1 90 . Gener al Linear E quation . Removal of

Ter m
id r i
.

Le t u s n e xt c on s e th e m o e r g en e a r l e
q u a t on

y + P 1 y —1 + P 2 —
y 2+
h i i
n1L n

w e re P P Q f c t on s of as

i y h
e v e n u n
I 2 ,
a r
g,
.

Pu tt n g w we a v e ,

29 1 UZ 1 vl z ’

fivl z e tc

h y2
‘
UZ 2 l
vz z ,
.
,

w en ce
QJZ n n vl z
'
n 1
” (
I
L
s z n

Th e c oe ffic ent i of z is + Pfli

h h h
.. 1 n v1
If t en 7 ) be c os en so t at

d?)
Q)
P l dw
72
or v= c
f
~

f
i i i h
,

th e te rm l w ll av e b e en r e m ov e d
i il h i i
n vo v n Zn
g 1 .

S m rly if be c os en as to s at s fy th e d ffe r
i
a , 7) so

e n tial e qu a t on .

th e te rm c on tain in w ll i h b e en r e m ov e d
i
z .
. 2 av e .

Th e c oe ffic e n t 0 z is
+a
hi h
,

an d if l
b e foun d or g u e ss e d w c
of

i hi i ih ii
a va ue 1) c an

w ll m ak e t s e xpr es s on v an s w e c an b y w r t n g
1 7 an d t r f r h t d = r d c
, ,

i i
Z
1 ,
e e o e e c a n z n 77n -l e u e .
, ,

th e de g r e e o f th e e qu at on b y u n ty Th e s tu den t
h i h hi i
.

s oul d n ot c e t a t t s e x pr ess on is th e s am e in
24 0 DI F F E RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

fo r m h
l e ft an d m em b e r of th e g v en e qu at on
th e i i
H i
as .

e n c e if a n l t ?) c a n b e fou n d o r u essed of

i i h ih h
y s o u on y
g
z

th e g v e n e qu at on w e n th e r g t an d m e m b e r i s

i
om tt e d w e c a n b y wr t n g y = vz an d t e n 2 1 n ii h
,

r e du c e th e de r e e of th e e u at on
g q
,

i .
, ,

1 91 C anonical For m
i
. .

I n th e cas e of th e e
q u at on o f th e s e on d c de g r e e
y2 + P 1 y1 + s
=Q ,

th e s ub s t i i
tut on
y
=e
'

” d P1

w lli by wh h at b ee n b ov e s tate d r e du c e th e g i
i i i
ve n
‘

as a

e
qu at on to th e s om e t m e s s m pl e r fo rm
2 + P
’
z Q ’

i hi i
2
.

B ut th e gen er a l s ol u t on o f t s e qu at on h as n ot b e en
r es en t e fie cte d;
’

at
p
'

E XAC T DI FFE R E NTI AL E Q U ATI ON .

1 92 . W h en i
p s q ,
9131 9

35 1
5
is an e xa ct i
d ffe r e n t il a ,

a n d c an be i n te
g r a te d w h at e v e r y ,
m ay b e .

For de n ot i g gigb y y
n
, q,

“ p
yq -
l
“
P
p
- l
yq -
1
daz :

— i —
- dx =p
-
p l
yq 1 yq _
2
_
(2 7 '
1 w p 2
yq -
2
dx>

yq -
p+1
dm 509 61 - p yq -
p
dw q -
p ?/ q -
p 1
°

T h us

dw= m p 1) xp
"
2
yq yq 1
_
yq _
3
 DIFFE RE N TIAL E Q UA TI ON S .

th e g ve n i e
q u a t on i is exa ct ; an d t h at its fir s t in
t e g r a l is
”
P P n —2 + P P
, l

( u —1
_
7 n - 3 —2 _
n -y )
+ (P n _ g Vd fi -
FA .

Ex I s th e qu ti fl y3 1 2 fl y2 3 6 .9132
2 4 xy s in a: e xact ?

ppl i g
e a on
.
y1
A y n th e t e s t , w e h ave

P3 2 4x, P2 2
3 6 90 , PI ,
P
1 22
O
= fl ,
3

an d P3 72 50 + 72 x 2 4 x = 0
fir l
.

T hu th e e qu at ion is e xact an d it s st i t gr is
x
s n e a

1 2x )y ( 1 2 2 2
4x )y1 fly 2 3 3
cos A,
cos 517+ A
2
1 2 x y 8 10 311 + fl y 2
3

ll p rf l
0 .

T hi g i n wi s a a be a e e ct d feif r nti if
e a

2 2
1 2x 1 2x O,
w hi h i c s s at s i fi ed . H e n ce a ,
sec ond i n t gr e a l ill ‘

w be
( 8 m
3
l x )y
é 3 -fl
y1 s in x + Ax + B ,

or M y + fl y1
hi h g vi th t
w
third
c m ay a
an d fi l na
ai n b e t es t e d
in te g r a l is
. B u t i t is n ow ob ou s a th e

fly c os x + + Ex + 0 .

E XAMP LE S .

h h
qu t i
S ow
l th e
pl l fl y3 + 1 5 fl y2 + 6 0fl y1 + 6 0x y 2
1 . t at e a on
x
e is
e xac t, a n d v it m t
l
so e co e e y .

2 . So v th qu ti n
e e e a o ,
_

fl yg ti 6 y1 i
s n x ( y3 3y1 ) c os x ( y2
3 y) x
n
fir l ll
s1n .

3 . Wri te down st i t gr
n e a s of th e f o ow n i g qu ti e a on s

( ) J ‘
a xyl ‘

y e .

( )
6 W 4
xyi y 93 6
2 ‘

( )
0 x .

h w th t if q i i
an

e
4 .

qu t i n a
S
i n t gr ti g f
o
e
o

a n
a t h e e u a t on s
act o p ,
e r
n p w th . i ll P I yl
sa ti f
P 0y2 V a dm t s
s y t h e d fe e n if r ti
of

a l
2

%
— d
Pzfl
d
( 1 N)
P
dx
 C H AP E T R XV I .

GEN E RAL LIN EAR DIFFERE NTI AL E QUATI O N

WITH C ON STAN T CO EFFI CIEN TS .

1 95 G ener al Linear Differ ential E quation

h i i i i
. .

Th e fo rm o f t e g e n e ra l l ne a r d ffe r e nt al e qu at
, ,
on

o f th e n th o r de r is
- —2
d n
d n l
y dn

dxz + P1
dw n - 1 +P2
dx n
P
+ ny = V , ( )
1

w hr PI PQ P V kn own fun ct on s o f a} i
h i i
e e ar e
, , 3 , , .

Let us su p pos e -
t at a n y pa r t c u l a r s ol ut on ,

b e gu e s se d or ob ta n e d in an y i r
h i i i
c an ,
m an n e .

T e n m ak n g th e s u b s t tu t on
=
y f( ) w z

i d n
d ” l
dn 2
" ’

z z z
we ob ta n
"+ P l
dz ? dxn 1
‘

S u pp o s e 5 to b e l
s o u t on s o f i t hi
i i h
z 2 z 55 z z n s
1 , 2,

equa t on ; t h e n it i s pl a n t at

Al z + A ,, s n
’

a:
1

is l l
a s o a s o u t on o f e i q u at o n i ( 2) c o n ta n n ii g 71 a i
r b t r a ry ,

con s tan ts Al , A2 ,
A
 DI F FE RE N TI AL E Q UA TI ON S .

H en ce
y A l z l + A z z z + A3 z g +
is l
s o u t on i i i g rb i r r y
of e qu at on i ( )
1 c on t a n t
di h r f r r l l i
a n f
n a a

c on s tan ts , an t th e m os t s o u t on to
r g r l l i h b
s e e o e ne a
g e

b p c d N
e ex te f d s o u t on

i fl ) r d h P r i c l I gr l
e . O m o e en e a as ee n ou n .

Th p or t on te t t n te

i i i i i
e at ls m e e a u ar a

(P I d h p t r c r b r r t on ta n n th e t
w hi c h l i wh i gh h d
an e r em a n n n a
.
g g a a
y
c on s tan ts , h t e s o u t on th e t -

i
1s en r an

b f h i r pl tc d b i c ll
u at d
ry F c i If h
m em on s s
q
er o y
e e e a e z er o , a e

t h C pl e m e n ta w t t t
wh l l i
e om un on es e o

p b f
ar ts c a n d b cth e o e s o u t on a t on

wr i h ir
e oun can e e

d w
tte n o n as t e s um .

1 96 Two r em ar k ab l e Gas es
hr hi h h i
. .

T two c as e s in w c t e s e sol u t on s be
i i
e e ar e c an

e n e r all y r e a d l o b ta n e d
g y
h ii
.

( )
1 W e n t h e q u an t t es P I ,
P 2
R , ,
ar e all

c on s tan ts
h i
.

( )
2 W e n t h e e
q u a t o n t a k e s t h e f o r m
—9
d (Z d
n n n
y
wn
051 m
” 1
— + a2 w n 2
+ Cl/ n
y - V
dwn
dw n 1
d d} n

c i
on s t an ts an d V an y fu n c t on O f ac
be i
i i i
a an n
al ,2 , g .

Th e s ol u t on o f th e s e c on d c as e is r e a d l y r e du c b l e
i h
a s w ll b e s o wn to th e s ol u t on o f an e qu at on c om n g i i i ,

h
u n de r th e fir s t e ad
,

E U W HC
Q AT I O N IT O N S TAN T C OE I C
F F I E NT S — C O M PLE
M EN T AR Y F U N C TI O N .

1 97 L hrfr et u s t fir s t de te r m i th e l
s o u t on o f i
h i
. e e o e ne

suc an e u a t on a s
q
y + y + al -1 d eyu ( )
1
c ffici b i ng c
n n

th e en ts on s ta n ts i f th pr e s en t we
i ;
i i
oe e e . or. e

c fi a tt en t on to th e de te r m n at of th e
i
on ne ou r on

C om pl e m e n ta r y Fu n c t o n in th e fir s t c as e .
 i h
S e c on dly w e w ll c oos e A I s o l a r g e an d O f op po s te i
s
( g ii
n t
.

o A th at A
z 1
-A 2
m a
y b
f
e r e
g
,

a r de d a s an a r b t r a r y i
fin te c on stant RI Th en th e te rm s .

i
l t m at e l y i h wi h h i t ce A 271 h as b ee n con s de r e d i
i
u v an s s n .

fin te an d th e e X pr e ssm n m s qu a r e b r a ck e ts is c on
’

v e r en t an d c on tam s h as a f ac to r
g
h h
.

T u s th e te r m s A l e --A e m a y w en m 2
m flx m fix
l
i h
z
m 1 ,
:
,

b e u l t m ate l y r e pl a c e d b y B l e + B 2 we i an d t e r e m 1x m x

fo r e th e n u m b er of a r b t r a r y c on s tan ts in th e wh ol e i , '

i
s ol u t on r e m a n s n i
an d w e t e r e fo r e av e O b ta n e d h h i
th e g en er a l s ol u t on in t s c ase i ,

hi .

Th r ee E qual Root s
1 99
i h h
. .

Con s de r n e x t th e c a s e w e n t r e e of th e r oots o f
i
e u a t on ( 2 ) b e c o m e e u a l i =m =m 3 T h
h
q q v z m 1 2
e ,
.
,
.

te rm s A 1 3 7n 1 x
,
A
+ 2 3 W + 3 A 6
m 3 90
a v e a lr e a dy b e e n r e ,

pl a c ed b y (RI B z az) e m 1x
A3 e m 3f”
.

Le t m 1

h <
7 2
0 913
2

T en A ge m sx
A 3e m lx
e
kx =A e
m 1x
1 + km +
3
2,
T h us fo r A l e m 1x
+ A2 e
m 2x
+ A3 e
m sx
we h av e

1 437 2
2 m
6 93 6
B A
H 3)
in1 x
B 2 + A 3 k)
1

( 1
m 1x
6 906 +
T
'

2
l ” 7
” x
2

g
. ,

+ A3k w
2 2 m 1x
e

an d we m a
y so c h oo s e A3 B z , ,
an d B th a t

RI + 1 4 3 01 ,

—
"

B i A h
-
z 3
02 ,

A 3 10 ?
2 C3 ,
Ci ,
C2 ; C3 b e m g an
y a rb i tr a r y c on s t a n s , t w h at e v e r it
 COMP LE ME N TAR Y F UN CTI ON .
247

b pr i
ov de d it b e n o t a b sol u te z e r o B t A k 2

i h i i i ih
m a
y e ,
u 2
.

b e n g c os en a fi n te qu an t ty an d th e s e r e s w t in
th e s qu ar e b r ac k e ts b e n g c on v e rg e n t it is cl ea r t at i ,

h
i
u l t m at e l y w e n k is h
n de fi n te l d m n s e d, th e i i ,

i i ih
i ii ,

l m t ng fo rm O f t s e xpr e ss on is hi
y
i
C
( 1 C2 2: 03w ) 6 2 m 1x

2 00 S ever al Root s E qual

i i i i h
. .

I n a s m l a r m ann e r it w ll b e O b v ou s t at if p
i
r oots O f th e e qu at on ( 2 ) b e com e e qu al viz ,
.
,

m : m 2 m

h r will b iy i
1 p,

t l os s O f g e n e r al t l
s o u t on if
b i i
e e e no ln ou r

w e su st tu te th e e x pr es s on

for th e c o rr e s p on d i p o rt on i of th e c om pl em en ta ry
i
n
g
fu n ct on v iz , .
,

A1 e m 1x
A2e mzx
Ap e m px

2 01 . G ener al iz ation .

Mo r e g en e r ally if ,

b e th e c om l e m e n ta ry fu n c t on o f a n y l n e a r d ffe r i i i
p
e n tial e u a ti on w t w t t ih
t t c ff t ih ii
h q
hi i i
o r o u c o n s a n o e c e n s ,

w a t 1 s to r e pl a c e t s e xp r e s s on s o as to r eta n th e
g e n e r a l ty w e i
n m 1
= m 2
?h
Le t m 2 m 1+ h
h
‘

T en

d¢ ( m 1 ) h 2

¢( m 2 ) ¢( m 1 +7
1
) ¢( m
1) + 1
7“
dm l 2! dm f
an d th e te r m s b e c om e

2 2
h 1
+ A2
1

dm 2! 01272
2

i
1 1
N ow p u tt n g A 1 + A 2 -B A 2h = B 2 r

i i
1 , ,

two a r b tr a r fi n te con s t a n ts th te r m
y e r e m a 1 n 1 n
g ,
. s
 I
D FFE RE NTIAL E 62UA TI ON S .

i
l t m ate l y d i pp e a r w en we appr oa c th e l h h i i t in
hi h i i i i ih
u sa m

w c h is n de fi n t e l d m n s ed

Th
y .

us m a b e r e pl ac e d b
y y

th us r e ta n ii n
g th e s am e n um ( ) b er i n of a r b tr a r y
c on s tan ts B1 , B2 A A A
f c i r igi
, 4, n

in th e c om pl em en ta ry un t i on as t o na lly
p os s e s s e d
h h
.

An d in Ar t 2 00 w e
as . m a y pr c d w
o ee to s o t at if
p r oots b e c om e e u al , v iz m 1 =m th e te r m s
q .
2

A2 ¢ (m 2 ) Ap ¢ ( m p )
m a
y b e r epl ac e d b y
B m 1 ) + 132
1

dm
h i i i i
l

w th e g e n e r al ty of th e s ol u t on w ll b e r e ta n e d
en .

Th e r e s u l ts o f Ar t s 1 9 8 1 9 9 , 2 00 a r e of c ou r s e par
i
.
,

ticul ar c as e s of thi s , th e fo r m o f ¢ ( m 1 ) b e n g e f
m ” f
.

2 02 Im ag inar y Root s
h i i ig
. .

W e n a r oot o f e a t on ( )
2 of Ar t 1 9 7 is ry
h i wi h
qu . m a na ,

it is to b e r e m e m b e r e d t at f or e qu at on s t r e al
i i i
c oeffic en ts m ag n a ry r oots occu r in p a r s i
i h
.

Su pp os e , for n stan c e we av e ,

m 1 =a + z b m 2 a — tb

hr
, ,

W e e L Jfi
Th
.

en th e te r m s

W < w> -
A1 e + A2 A1 e 1 24 t
m 1x x a+ 66
6 or [

m ay be t hr w i
o n n to a r e al fo r m t h us

Al e ax t bx
Az e ax cb w

“
e e

A1 e (
x
c os bx Ls ni bx) A2 e ax
( co s bx as n i bx)
A
( 1 A2 ) e “ x
cos bx A
( 1 A2 ) x ax
s in bx
‘w
B1 e c os bx Bz e ax
s in bx ,
52 5 0 DIFFE RE NTIA L E Q UA TI ON S .

b ( ) f r b t r r c t t t i ii
h i
p p
f rO ere r n o n um
a a y on s a n s r e
qu s e

to m ak e th e w ol e s ol u t on t h e m os t g en e r al to b e
e xp e c te d An d t s r ul e m ay ob v ou s l y b e e xten de d hi i
h i i
.
.

to th e c as e w en an y n um b er o f th e m ag n a r y r oots
ar e e
qu a l .

2 04 E x . . 1 . lv So e th e e qu t i a on gzZ _ 3 y + 2y = 0
l-
dx 2
d
dx
.

H e re ou r t ri l l
a s o u t on i is y = Aem an d we ob ta in
2
m 3m 2 0,

h r t
w os e

A c co
o o s ar e

rdi n g y y
1
l an d

A1 e x
2
and
.

y
= A2 3 2 "ar e b o th p r i l r l ti
a t cu a so u on s ,

an d =A x
+ Az
mC
y z
e e

l l i
l

is th e g en e a r s o ut on con ta n n i i g tw o a rb itr ry
a c on s an s t t .

Ex 2 . . So l
ve
al

dx
z
y
z
a,
2
y 0 .

H ere il i r q ti ith r
r l l ti
th e a ux ua on is m
z — a2 = o w oo ts m t a
a y e :
,

an d th e g en e a so u on is
—d x
y
: Al e ax
+ A2 6 ,

or a s it m a
y b e w ri tten ( if d ir es ed )
y B l cosh ax s i h
n ax

by r e pl ac n i g A1 b y
3 1

2
3 2
an d A2 b y
—
Bl Bz
2

H e re th e
H enc e th e g nr
au x

e u ti n i
e a
ll l
i i ry qu ti n i a

so
e a

o
o

s
s m
2
+ a2=0 wi th r oo t s m = i ac
.

y
— A c os a x
1
Ags in a x,

or , w hi h c 1s it s e qu ival e n t,

y B 1 c os ( ax

Ex 4 . . So lv e
05

EF
3
m_ 4
Tx
9
2
+
03
5
d2
y
dx
—
_ 2
y
= 0 or ( D—I )(
Z
B o,

d
w hr e e D t
s an ds f or
 I LL US TR A TI VE E X MP A LE S .
j2 5 1
1

Our aux l
i i ry qu ti
a e a on is
n — 4m 2
+ 5 77i 2 :
O

( l) (
2
O,
l l l
or m m

h av m g r t oo s 1 1 2 . A cco d n r i g y th g e en e a r s o u t on 1 s i

Ex So lv ( D H 1 )( D 1 )y = O
l
. 5 1
.
e .

Ou r au x i i ry qu ti
a e a
I
on is

( m 2
1 )(m 1) O
w ith r t oo s 1 c; an d th e g en e a r l s b l u tion is th r f r e e o e

=A o s x Az s in x A36 ”
y 1 c ,

= B c o s (x B 2) + A3e"
y l

lv
.

Ex 6 So
l
. . e

O ur au x i i ry qu ti
a e a on

( 711
2
+ m + 1 )( m 2) = O

h as r t
oo s 2, an d th e g en e a r l l ti
so u on is

x x
=A g
Az e s in A36 2”
y l e cos ,

( 5 )
x 3 "
é B B2 + A3 e
fi
y l e cos .

Ex 7 So lv ( 0 2
D 1) 2
(D 2) 3
( I) 5 )y = 0
l l
. . e .

H e r e ob v iou s l v th e g en e a r s o u t on i is

f “
—
% c os
T
x _
x
y A
( I Az x) e ( 3
A A4x) e 7
s in

A
( 5 + A6
3:
, A7x 2
)
.
e
2x
Age ,

c on a n nt i i g eight rb itr ry a a con s a n t st .

EXAMP LE S .

t i
Writ e
on s :
down th e so u l ti on s o f t h e f oll ow m g d ffe i r ti en a l e qu a

d 3
7/ d3 2
d
- y g
2 ,
Ga — Il a 6a = y
dx 3
dxZ dx
2 52 DIFFE RE NT A L E Q UATI ONS I .

cl
3
dy z
dy
3 .
y
a
g
9
2
+ 23 1 5g 0 . 7 .
( D 1) ( D 2) y O
d d d
d y _ dy
3
3 + 2y = 0 8 ( D 2
+ )(
1 D + D l 2—
+ )y O
T
. . .

)( D
2 2
9 .
( 11 + 1

10 .

11 .
( D 1) 3
( D 2 )( D + B

12 .

TH E PA TI C UL A R R I N TE G RAL .

2 05 H i av n c id r d th e c om pl e m en ta ry fu n c t on i
h i
ns
.
g o e e

of su c an e qu a t on a s F( D) y t e r e F ( D ) s tan ds fo r

be i f c on stan ts
n c t on o f x an d V i
i ii
nu an
a1 ,
g an y , ,

we n e xt tu r n ou r atten t on to th e m ode o f ob ta n n g
i g i
a p a r t c u l a r n te r a l a n d pr op os e to
g v e th e o r d n a r y
,
i i
a n d m os t u s e fu l o f th e pr o c es s e s a dop te d : .

We m a
y wr i te the ab o v e e
q u a t on i as
y
F D
:

<>
V

( or V) ,
h
w e re
F( D )
1
is su c h an op e r ator t h at

F( D

2 06 . D sa tisfies t he fundam ent a l l aws of

Al g eb r a
hw Di f r i l C lc h
.

I t is in th e f e en t a l t at th e
'

s o n a u us

O p e r a to
(
rD d i g
1
3 5)
i fi
e n ot n
0

0
s at s es

1) TheD i r ib i v L w f Alg b r
st ut e a o e a , v iz .

( )
2 h e T C i w f o m m u t at v e La as ar as r eg a
r ds con

s ta n t s , i e . .
D ( cu )
 2 08 Let f ( z ) b e an y fun ct1 on o f z cap a l e of ex b
‘

i ii i
.

an s ion in n te r a l po w e r s o f 2 p os t v e o r n e g at v e
p g
EA r z s ay , A r b e n g a c on st an t, n de p en dent o f z )
r
i ,

i
h
.

T en :

( EA
( EA T D r
e
ax
)
( EA r

“
T a

fl a k
Th e r e s ul t o f th e op erat on i t hrfr
i
m a e e o e
y
b e ob ta n e d by xep la ei ng D by '
a .

1
Ex 1 . . Ob t i n th v
a e a l ue o f
D3 0 2
D 1
Ob vi ou s l b
y y t h r u e l e t h is 1s

l
—e
f
2”
or

Ex . O b ta i n th e v l
a u e of

B y th e ru l e t hi s is

E XAM PLE S .

1 . Pe rf rm o th e o pr e a t on s i i di
n ca t e d by

c os hx .

2
0”
2 . Sh W t lm t 2 —b — c D —a
( a Xa )
3 . A ppl y A r t 2 08 t o s o .w t at h h
f( )
D 2
i =f(
2
s in m
'

s n m x m ) x,

f( )
D 2
c os m x =f( m ) cos m x
2
,

h hm
w as. m =
f< >
zm
2
ah
2 09Oper ation
h i
.

dw
N ext l e t y e Y ,
w e r e Y is an
y f un ct on
 P ARTIC LA R NTE RAL U I G .
“

2 55

T h ic en s n e D r
e
am
a e
r a”

we h b L ib i
av e
y
’

e n tz
’
s T h e o em r
y n e
dx
a (
n
1 + 5C1 a
7 n -1
D Y --
l n C1 D 1 + 2 7
Y) ,

w c hi h by l wt ih th e B in oin ial T h r ( A t
i
,
an a o
gy e o em ,
r .

m a
y b e wr tte n
D n
e
ax
Y : a )
”
Y
i ii i
,

n be n
g a p os t v e n te
g er

X
.

N o w l et
so t h at we m a
y w r te i
Y (D "X
)
h
a .

T en f r om ab o v e

D fl
e
a ’ t Y : a )
”
Y
a ) X
”
e
ax
X
hrfr
,

” ‘w
an d t e e o e D e X a )
”
X .

H en e c in a l l cas e s f or i n te
g r al v al u e s of n p os i ti ve or

n ega ti ve
D n w
e X
‘

2 1 0 As in Ar t 2 08 we
. . s h ll h a
a ve

Am m an )

h “
T at is , e m ay b e tr a n sfer r ed fr om th e r igh t s ide to
”
,

th e l eft o f th e O p e r ato r flD ) pr ovi ded we r ep l a ce D

by D + a .

EX 1 . .

(D -
1
l) a
ex
" e
x l
e
" x 4

1 h —l
Ex 2 — — e 2x
s in x e s in x e
gx
s in x
—
. . .

D 2
4D + A D 2
2 56 I
D FFE R ENT AL I U
E Q A TI ON S .

E XA M P LES

p r ti
.

1 . Pe rf r o m th e O e a on s

l 1
l

e
x
l og x .

2 . S h o w th at

d it 1 bx 1
e e e 1 1
e
( D + a -2
) ( D + b

fl D Z
)
‘

21 1 . Oper at ion m x .

cos

We it;
h av e D
iii;
2 2
m )
an d thrfr e e o e
si s in
D 2r
m
2 r
m x .

cos c os

H c b e fo r e Ar ts 2 08 an d 2 1 0, it w ll i foll ow
h
en e , as ,
.

t at
f( —
fi
g;
2
m x n
o ) m x .

f i
w l “1
s in bx dx D u
s in bx ”
( D ) bx ( A r t 2 1 0)
‘

e e e a s n .

a D

( A r t 2 1 1 )
.

2 g
b ) s i n bx
i

ta n
a

E XAMPLE S

l
.

1 . Fin d b y t hi s m e th od th e i n t gr e a s of
3
ax
bx, e s in x,
x 2
e s in
x
s in h x s in x

pr
e c os x, .

2 . Pe rf rm o th e o e a t on si
D 2
1
s in 2 x, c os x, s in 2x .

D +2 2
D 4
D +1
4

p l l
1
t i i v i
cos
3
i
. Ob a
n e th e
n
re u t
s
by
l m e a n s of
s o f th e O p r ti
th e
e a
ex

on s
on e n t a

f( )
D c os ni x,
a u es o f

f( )
D s in
th e s ne

m x .
2 58 D IFFE RE NTIAL E Q UA T ICN S .

m
2
)? D [X(2
m
2
lf
1
Ex 1 O b tam th e v a1u e o f s 1 11 2x
D +D +D+1
.

3 2

Th 1 s 1s 2 x,

D 1

s in 2x
D 1
15
2 c os 2x 1 s in 2x
1 5 1 3 .

Ex 2 . . O b ta i n th ve l
a u e of
( D E1 )
3
e
2 "
’
c os x .

T hi s ex pr i
e s s on c os x

c os x

[r e pl ac n i g
D — 3 + SD + I

cos x

c os x

c os x s in x ) .

E XAM PLE S
p r ti ll
.

rf r i di t f i g
pr 1 Pe o m th e o e a on s n ca e d in th e o ow n ex
,

i
e s s on s

D
e s in x,
x
s in
x
x
‘

e .

D - l
 P ARTIC LAR IN TE RA L U G .
2 59

2 . S h ow t h at
1
V e e
‘ “d dx, t hr e e

b em g n 1 n te
g r a 1 s1 ns
g
fi p r i l fr
.

1
3 h w th t b y r t
S o a s e xpr e s s m g in a t a i
a c t on s , th e

p pr
.

1 F( Z)
o r ti n F D V m y b
e a o a e ex e s s e d in e tr m s of a s e t o f c om m on
( )
i t gr ti n
n e a o s .

21 3 . Oper at or V . V Alg eb r aic .

If in th e oPe r ation
F( D)
V V b e an alge b r aic fun ct on
1
,
i
, g i
o f x r at on al an d n te r al w e m a
y e xp an d
1
F (D )
b y i ,

m e t o d in as c e n d n h p w f D a s fa r a s th e i
hi h i
an
y g o er s o

es t p ow e r o f x c on ta n e d in V
g .

Ex 1 . . F or e xam pl e, fin d
m
1
(
2
x 2

1 -D
T h is 1s ( x 2
1 _
D 3

—
'

( 1 D +D3

-x .

1
Ex 2 A g am fin d
,
D + 3D D —
. .

3 2
+7 1

T hi s ex pr e s s on i is
1
” 3
e x
D ) + 7( D + 1 )
2
( + l 1
260 DIFFE RE NTIAL E Q UA TI ONS .

E XA MP LE S
pr
.

Pe rf rm o th e o e at on s i

—
x co s hx co s x .

( D l )
21 4 Cas es
Failur e of

i hd ii
. .

I n a ppl y n g th e ab o v e m et of ob ta n n

i f f il r
o s
g a
Par t c u l ar I n tegr a l c a s e s f r e qu e n tl y
ih ill r
,
o a u e ar e

m et w We pr op os e to
t u s t at e th e c ou r s e of
ch c
.

pr oc e du r e to b e adop te d in s u as e s .

21 5 E x 1 So lv qu t i n
e
y th e e a o

pl
. . .

n t ry F u n t i n i A
"
Th e C om em e

T o ob ta n th e i
a

P r ti u r I n t gr
a w h v
c l a
c o

e
s

a l e

e
.

a e

1 x
e
D 1
I f we a ppl y Ar t 2 08 ,
t h e . r es u l t b e c om es

or 00
—
.

1 1
We
pr
e a t on i
m ay
by
eva de
ppl i g th is
n
difiieu l ty an d ob ta n th e
A r t 2 1 0 w e n we a e h
i
h v
r es u l t of th e
o a y .

1
—
D l
w hi h
c 18

I n s t ead,
th e p ri l ri
h vr owe
a t cu a

of s ubs ti tu ti n
n te gr r qu ir
a l e ed

a n oth er m et/20 d,
.

l et u s e xam in e
e
g
pr ll
,

th e o e a t on i e
x
m o e ca e u r rf y .

D 1
Wri ti n g x( 1 + Ii ) i n s tead of x ,
we h v a e

1
fi + hl = Lt =
= L th xll x M
e _ e h o e e
l lb

( )
— Lt l x
h _
o e H

I]
s

I};
z

; i
— Lt x
h_ .
O + xe
60 DIFFE RE N TIA L E Q UA TI ON S .

3 . So lv e th e e qu ti a on
2
s in x

pl pl i l
+x .

er e th e c om e m en a t ry f u ti nc on is a n y
Az e
“ 32
A1 + ( A3 +
1e p r i l r i t gr l
a t cu a n e a it
c on s s s of f ou rp r a ts , v iz .

1 1
x
1
_ — e
" m
e
:
e
'

1) ( D 4 4 D 2

(1 + h ) 2 2

1
1
3
on s ide r
( 0 1 ? 4 4

( a pr a t g i gi to n

2
n o th e c om pl
ry f un ti e m e n ta c on )
( t e rm s whi h v n i h w i th
c a s

29:

s1n x

1
s in x
6 20 D 2
)
( 3 s in x cos x )/2 0 .

i
Ijn a l l y
1 1
)
2
x . x
2
( D 2
3 D) ( D l) 3D

1 +

: 3D
1
( 1 _
D
3
+
D 2
( x +
2
4 x _1 6 ) .
.

( )
1 2
2 4 -
2
x 4x + 6 x 4
3D 3 3 9
l 4

*
e th e w h l l
o e s o u t on 1 8
—3x
i
3/ A1 A2‘2 '

l ( A3
'
A422) ?
 I L L US TR A TI VE E X A MP LE S .
263

Ex 4 . . So lv e th e e q ua ti on
dv
dx
y
4

“
/ — = x s in x .

Th e C F. . is A 1 s in h x Az cos h x A3 s i n x A 4cos x .

1
To fin d t h e R I . we hv
a e 1 _ a — -x s1 n x,
l

w hi h i c s th e c oe fi
f i tc en of c in

i . e . in

i . e . in

i . e . in

i . a . in

i . e . in

T hu s th e R I is

l l ti
.

an d th e w h o e so u on is
2

3/ Al s inh x + Az c os h x + A3s n x i A4cos x

x 0 os x
2x s 1 n x
.

E XA MP LES

lr l
.

1 . O b ta i n th e Pa t ri cu a I n te gr a s i di
n ca t e d by
1 1
s in x
x
. e ’

D +12
( D 2 )( D 3)

1
D +42
cos 2x .

4 —1 ( s n i hx s in x ) .

D
1
D —12
i hx
s n .
2 6 45
2

DIFFE RE NTIAL E Q UA TI ON S .

2 . So lv e th e d feif r en t a i l e qu t i
a on s

ZZ
Q —
£ 3
”
( )
1 y
z
e
( )
2
2
x .

2
d y- = _x
( )
3
dx 2
+ y e

( D 1 )(D (D 1 )( D + 1 ) D y = x
2
( )
3 3
5 .

D —
( ) (
3 2
6 D 3 3D +

( D 3
1 )y = x s in 1 )y = xe s in x
( )
2
8 (D
’
x . .

( )
9 ( D 2
1 )y = c os hx c os x +a
x
.

( ) ( D
§
2
s in
x
1 0 + e + xz

d
21 6 . Th e Oper at or x
dx
A t r an s fo r m a t on w c r en de r s i hi h p e cu l a r i ic in
i i
s er v e

r e du c n g an e qu a t on of th e cl ass
+
dx n

h
w e re A1 A2 c on s tan ts to fo r m in whi c h a ll

i i i
, ,
ar e ,
a

th e c oe ffic en ts ar e c on stan ts ,
ar s e s f r om p u tt n g
t
x c .

In t hi s c as e
dx
dt
e
‘
,
an d t hrfr e e o e x
dy
dx
dy
dt

I t is ob v ou s i t hrfr e e o e t hat th e o p e r a to r s x

ar e e
q u iv l
a en t . Le t D s tan d for
d
dt
'

(v
a
n

>
l d n _ l

(
cc -E n 1 x n ‘
1 y
dw 1
"
n

-l
— d n
y
D -fn
( l
dx n '
1
’
 CH AP E T R X VII .

O RTHOG O NAL TR AJE C TO RI ES . MI SCELLANE OUS

E QUATI ON S .

O RT H O G O N AL TR AJ E C TO R Y .

2 1 7 Car t esians
i i
. .

Th e f( y )
a t on O i x, r pr t t f
i
e
qu s e
,
e se
a n a v e o a

fa m ly o f c u r v e s Th e pr ob l e m w e n ow pr op os e to
i i h i i h
.

n ve s t a te is t at o f fi n d n th e e qu at on o f a n o t e r

i g
fam l y o f c u rv e s e ac
g
m em b e r of w h c cu ts e a c hi h h
m e m b e r o f th e f o r m e r f a m l at r t a n l es iA n d in ih
h y
hi g g
i
.

suc a pr ob l e m a s t s it h as b e e n a lr e a dy p o n te d ou t

h
t at it is n e c e s s a ry to t r e at al l m e m b e r s o f th e fir s t
i i h
fam l y c oll e ct v e l y so t at th e p ar t cu l a r z n g c on s tan t i ii
h t
,

n ot to a pp e a r in th e e u at on o f th e fam l i i
h h i
a ou
g q y .

I t h a s b e en s o wn in Ar t 1 71 t at th e qu an t ty a
i i i
.
,

m a
y b e e l m n ate d b e tw e e n th e e u at on s
q
f( y ) £13, )
a O ?

Bf Bf dy _
0 .

8x By dx
Le t t hi li i
s e m n an t be

¢ w y
( , ,

T hi s i
is th e d ffe r e n t il
a e
q u a t on i of th e first fam i ly .
 OR TH OG ON AL TR AJ E C TOR Y . 267

N ow at an y p o n t of n te r s e ct on o f a m e m b e r o fi i i
ih
th e fir s t s y s te m w t a m e m b e r o f th e s e c on d s y s te m
th e t an g en ts to th e t w o c u rv es ar e at r g t an gl e s ih ,

h i i
.

T u s if f 77 b e th e c u rr e n t c o o r d n ates o f a p o n t on
a c u r v e o f th e s e c on d f am l
,

a t it s n te r s e c t on w t i i i ih
on e o f th e fir s t f a m l y
y
an d x th e c u rr e n t co i y
i
o r d n a te s o f th e s am e p o n t r e a r de d a s l p
,

i ,

i
i i h
n u on
g y g
th e n te r s e c te d c u r ve o f th e fir s t f am l y w e av e ,

d) ; dx

Th e i
d ffe r en t il a e q u at o n i of th e c
s e on d fam il y is

03
th e r e for e 5 0,
d»;
an d w h t hi is i n te r a te d we h th e f am il of

h j i
en s a ve
g y
O r t ogon a l T r a e cto r e s o f th e fir s t s y s te m
h
.

Th e r u l e is t e r e fo r e
i
D ffe r e n t a te th e g v e n i i e
q u i
a t on , el i m i n a te th e

con s ta n t, w r te i da
in pl ac e of
da
dx
’
an d i n te
g r a te th e

n ew i
d ffe r e n t il
a e u at
q i on .

2 1 8 P ol ar s
i
. .

I f th e cu rv e be g ven in p ol a r s th e an gl e th e tan ge n t
m a kes ih w t th e rad us i v e ctor is x
029
s o ou r r u l e is
dx
’

w
Di r i i
no

ffe e n t a te th e e
qu a t on , el i m i n a te th e con s ta n t,
1 dx 19
(
w r 1 te m pl ac e of r ” a n d 1 n te
g r a te th e n ew
(1 0 dr
i il i
r

d ffe r e n t a e
qu a t on .

c ir l
21 9
c es
. Ex 1 . . F i n d th e o rth g o on a l tr j a ec o t ry of th e f am l
iy of

x 2
+y
2 = 2 a x,

eac h of w hi h t
c ou c h es th e y -ax i s at th e o rigi n .
2 68 DI F F E RE N TI AL EQ UA TI ON S .

a n d, e li m i n ti ng
a a, x 2
+y
2_
2x x
( fi)
ly
lx
d — 2
d =0
2
x + 2x y .

Hen c e th e new i r n ti
d ffe e a l e qu ti a on m u s t be
2 — d —
z
— 2=
x 2 xy y 0,
d
dx
y
2
2W x 2:
O, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

aly

w
se
hi h i
p lv r
rb
a a
c s

e
a

b y th e
h om o g e n eou s

as s u m p ti on
e qu ti a

vx
on , an d th e v ri
a l
ab e s b ecom e

y
r :
.

hi i g q u t i ( 2 ) w i t h th
H o we
cept ion t h tx
e

a
, t be
s

an d y
n
ar e
t h e s a m e as e
i n te c r h ng a e d,
a

it i n t gr
s
on
m u t b e a l s e
e ex

= 2 b 2 2

l y y, +x
an o
th r e s e t of c ir c es, eac of w h
c t ou c hi h h es th e x -ax i s at th e
or 1 1n
g

l
.

Ex 2 . . F i n d th e o r th g o on a t rja e cto ry of th e cu rv es
2
2
"
+ 1 0

2
A 6 2
A
pr l
a .

A b e i n g th e a am e t e r of th e f am iy .

x
H e re 0,

an d Am us t be e li m in t a ed b e t we e n t h es e tw o e q u ti a on s .

( )
2 giv es 2 6
1 +
2

b 2
x+a
2
yy1
A
x + 9 31 1

(
z
so t h at a
2
A
d

and 6 2
A ( 06
2
6 2
m]

T hu s th e d ff e i r ent a i l e qu t i a on o f th e f am l
iyi s

( )
1
_
y +
2
xy y1 a
2
6 2
.
2 70 I
D FFE R E NTIAL E Q UATI ON S .

5 . S h ow t h at th e f am ii l es of c u rv es

3 z

}
x 3 xy a

l
3
3 x 3/ 2
y b
ar e o rth g o on a .

6 . Sh w th t th
o a e cu rv es

r s i11 a
2 =a
( 9 ) an d r s in h
Q
B =a
( h ,8
l
c os 1 c os a cos

ar e o rth g n o o a .

7 . Sh w t h t if
o a th e cu rv es

u =a

f rm rth g n y l s tem s
v= b

l l
o o o o a s .

8 P r v th t f v a u e of h f iy of c u rv
hx
o e a o r a n y c on s ta n t t e a m es
.
p
—
co t c on s tan t

l x y y
c os c os e c p
iyp
th e f th h
ON ON
cu t c on s tan t

l
am t co 30 c os
cos ec y
a t righ t n g a es .
[L D ,

S O M I M OR
E P TANT DY N A M I C AL E Q U ATI ON S .

dz
u
22 0 Th e u at1 on + 11, =f ’

( ) u
. e
q d6 2

is th e g en er al fo r m o f th e at on i of m ot on i
i i
e
q u
p a rt cl e u n de r th e a ct on of a c en t r a l fo rc e .

Mu l ipl i g
t y n by Q
du
( id
an d i nt gr ti n g w h v
e a e a e

(3) 3
5
w hi h
c we m ay w ri t e as

—
6 +B

an d th e so u l ti on is th r f r ff t
e e o e e ec ed .

221 . E qu a t i on s o f th e fo r m

d
de
g
u
) + 71
2
“f ( )
= 0
 S OME S P E CIAL F OR MS .
2 71

h ave lr e ady b e en d s cu s s e d as b e n g l n e a r w t i i i ih
i
a c on

s tan t c oe ffi c e n ts

i h h
.

Th e s ol u t on m ay ow e v e r b e c on du c te d t u s

f
Mu
t r
ac o
l ti pl
.
b
y y s in w hi h wi
c ll be f oun d to b e an i n te gr ti g
a n

I n te gr t i ga n ,

Z
s in n 9
Z
—
-

la
n u c os s in

in
S
rfi
m

t
l
i i ry
i
lt gr
a

n e
cos

l 1 8 an i n t gr ti n g f
e a a ct o r an d th e co rr es p on d

g s a 18

d2 e
9
5 n u s in n 9 =
f 9
f( )
'
c os n + c os

E li m in ti n g 1
a
d9
.

f 9
f( ) i (9 9 9
’
s n n s in 72 A c os 71 .

2 22 Th e e qu at on i of m ot on o f a i b o dy of c h i
hf r
an n
.
g g
m ass o fte n tak e s s o m e su c o m as

( 1 913

an d for t s e qu at hi i (
¢ )w w ll i b e f o u n d to b e
i i
on an
n t e r at n f c t r
g g a o .

{ ae if}
g
l e a ds a t on c e to
f A,

an d the v ri
a a b l e s ar e s e pr a ate d .
2 72 I
D FFE RE NT I AL E Q UATI ON S .

R
F U TH E R I L LU S TR ATI V E E XAM P LE S .

22 3 Man y at on s m a i be so v e d l b y r e du c n g to i
hr i
. e
q u y
on e o r ot f th e k n ow n fo r m alr e ady d s c u s se d b y

i
e o s

s p e c al ar tific e s .

dy __
EX 1 . .

Le t ax + by = zz

T h en

xy = z .

T h en

dz
(
dz — =
x y + 1
dx dx
dz
2 : $ “
333 a;
dx
w hi h i
c s of C l ir
a au t s
’
f rm
o ,
an d th e co m pl pri e te m it iv e

1
xy — x C i --
a
.

Ex 3 . . So lv e
dx dx
— ”
Le t s
et 4 7 7, e :
5 .

T h e n , s n ce i thi qu ti
s e a o n m ay be a rr g an e d as

>
2
dy
( )
2

(
e y
di/ y
e
6 31 z
1 x
dx e dx
 2 74, I
D FF E RE NTIAL E Q UA TI ON S .

L e t th e t r fr
an s o m a t o n i be s uc h th at

dx

t h en x k is n own by d ir e ct in t gr tie a on a s a f un ti c on o f t .

13
dy dt
dx
z
dy
da
“ (
“
z
dt z
dfi
l
z
dx 1 if 2 %
dt 1 + a x )
T hu s ( 1 + 0 “ 2 d
)d
y
2
dy
dt
z

“ ax
di/
dz
dt
dx
’

an d th e giv en e q u ti a on t hu r s e du c e s to
d
£ +q y
z = 03

w h os e s o ut on
h
l i
l
is y = A s in gt + B
tr
cos

x
t
g,
i t ut l i
an d

is co m
w
pla p
en

e te
th e
.
va u e o f t in e m s

i tiv h v
of is s ub s t e d, th e s o u t on

[I f be os e we a e

1 dx
J r?
Va 1

t.

a;

If ab e ne g tiv
a e we h v a e

—a

J é —
a
s in a ) =

Ex 6 . So
ar e l ine a r wi th
. lv e th e i
s m u l tan eou s d fe if r en t a i l e q u ti a on s

cons ta n t coe fi ci en ts )
dx dz]
9 + 4 4 3 ? 4 9y t,
dt 011

dx dy-
+7 +3 x + 3 8y — e
dt
 U
S I M L TANE O US E Q UA TI ON S .
2 75

We m ay w rit the es e e qu ti a on s a s

—t
,

d
w hr
e e D t
s an ds for
dt

O p r ti g
b y SE + 4 Q
e a n

an
11 on t
s ub t
h qu ti n r
es e e

r ti g w i m i n
a o

l
s p es

n at e
ecty yb iv7 D
a n d ob t a n
+ 3
e 8 l i
ac ,
e e
y
( +
3 0 49 m :
7 38t 5 8 a,

( D + 72
D + 6 ) x = 7+ 3 8 :
1

x = Ae
-t
+ Be — 2 fl et
7 .

To ob ta n i y l et us e li m i t 55 fr
na e
dt
1
7
om th e o rigi na l e qu ti n
a o s .

Mu l tipl y t h e fir t s by 7 an d th e s e co n d by 9 an d sub t r t ac .

hi giv
53
6
T s es + 2 x =
+ y 7t

y 78 9t x 2
dx
dz
—
“
_
7t get

A 6B 6t
+ 3 1 9 2 961
)
‘

c e
7
—
i et

/
7 “
AG
—t --é
l l Be
‘
“
lpri l
.

Cl gl
[Th e s tu de n t h s ou d n ot c e th e i e m i tina on o f — — . T hi s a v0 1 ds

th e i tr odu c t on of s u i rr t dt
n e n um e a y co n s ta n s
]
Ex 7 . . So lv e th e i lt
s m u an e o us e q u a ti on s

d z
x
s/
3 + 16 _ 2
0
as 61 1

T h es e e qu t ia on s m ay be w ritt en
2 76 DIFFE RE NTIAL EQ UA TI N O S .

w
s ub
h e n ce o

t r act n
pi g r ti gli pi
e a
we
n u
e m n at e
on

a n d ob a n
th
in u n b y D + 9 es e t r
t i
2
an d b y SE an d

, y
=
[( D J
2 2
+ 9 ) 1 5 D x O,

4
( +
0 0,

3 6 )x = O,
2
te
. .
( 0 2
4 ) (D

w h e n ce x = A s in 2 t + B c os 2 t 0 s in 6 t + D cos Gt

fi
.

i r i i g th r t qu t i n r ti g thr ti m
th e
D ff e
s ec o
en t at n

nd t l
i m i n t di ff r n ti
o e
e

a e
s e

e e
a o

a l fi an d s u b

c oe f i t fy w h v
t
c en s o
ac n

,
e
ee

a e
es

dx
dt 3
dt
w
v1z
h e n ce

.
we ob ta in th e v a uel of y wi t/ ma t an
y n ew con s ta n ts ,

2 B s in 2 t + 2 A c os 2 t i ‘ m s in 6t 1 9 0 cos 6t
g 9 .

EXAMP LE S
lv
.

So e th e e qu ti a on s

>
2
dy g
s in d
gi y
(
i/
4 2
1 . 2 xy ~
x )3/ 2
x . 2 . s ec
y
d ,
2 3
d
+ ta n y
cos
g/

3 .
( a + 6 23?.
d + A( a barf{g - By =a '
.

‘ l y
d y
2 — =0
4 .
( 1
dx 2
2 x( 1 + x )
x
+ .

z
d y_ dy 2 = dfl
/_ —y
( )
z
2 x
( ) dx2 6 1
5 . 1 x x +n y 0 . . 6 e e y
.

dx dx

7
dy __
2 s in ( x y ( x +-y ) c os x
fi 2 2 c os /
3

t i
8
on s
. O b ta in th e i nt gr e a s l of th e f o ll ow n i g d i ff r e en t a i l e qu
a

dy_ 3
dJ 2
ds
+9

(1 2 3? 3
+6 7 9 7/ 25 cos x .

2
9 d?
( ) c x 2 _
fw + 1 0y :
O .

dx 2
dx [1 . c .
 AN S WE RS .

C H AP TE R I .

P AG E 1 2 .

r “ r 4 a
?)

2
” =
1 . A ea e e 3 , A ea 45a tan 9 ,
2
4 . V ol .

t
'

71

§ $
2b = 3 2
9 V01 3
2 V ol ( 5
_
. . 6 a an . . 79
2
-—
A r ea g é
( ) i a h
‘

6 . a z
,

5 £2<
7

15
1 5h + 3 5 ah +
2

7 .
§ 1r a a
1
3
. 8 . M as s of h lf th
a e s ph e r oid z
im
aa
z
b z
.
 ANS WE RS .

C H A PTE R I I

E
.

P AG 17 .

b n —a n
1 .
i
l
fl ) .

2 .
1
1
1
. + ( s in b s in a
) .

n l
2 I
3 .

P AG E 23 .

$
1 00
$
1 000 $
1 001 5; g g
_

’ ’
3 i
J m
g
as 3
1

x
1 00 1 000 1 00 1
a
—1 00 —9 3
4 2x
1
7
, 6x
“1

,
3x
7
1
3

1 00 98

5
2 b d x+
x
b
2
1 c
,
’ 9
2 x 2 9 x
2 4
6 a l og x —é c

w 55 ?
.

2 3 4

1 21 9
2
90
a “ ’
2 a +1

2 . a l og 56 ,
g?
. 2

t
a l g(o a 4 “x
)

3 . x l g( a o a
1
6
l g(
o a bar) ,
a —x
1
’
n
1
1 ( a
1

l og
i
2i
”

, l g(o a
“2
a )
2

n +1

—1
3 l og tan x, l og s in x, l
l og ( l og x)
‘

.
.
280 INTE RAL CALC UL US G .

P AG E 28 .

l og( x l og,3 l g(
o a
2
"

é ] og( x 3 1
—l o
77 :
x
"
g( +
4 21
06 3 2
0
2 + +
2 l og 3
’ ’
l og 2 l og 6 l og 0 2

3 .
x s in a: c os x
4
tan n fl
x
4 l og ta n at , l og s 1 n a: c os ec x
2 4 n +1

5 s in
—l
x, l ta n 4 x 1 “I
f
2
. .
,
3 3 2
1 _l x 1 _lx
6 ver s 2 x, x 2 t an
‘

m 2
.
’
9 2 2

)
2
x ,

l g( l g
o o s in l og( s ec
“
x ) .

C H AP TE R I I I

E
.

P AG 32 .

s in
" "
s in x ,
e , s in ( og a )
l .

2
t an x t an
”

“6 l
2 hx
-1
a s in a:
4
+ tan a , a c os a o
g c os .

1 1 n
tan 6
"

2 92 3
-
5 . s in 7 tan
.
k m . 9 . s ec

P AG E 41 .

2
—1 —1 s:
1 . s in x, c os h x, s n i h -l
x,

c os h -1
x, + 5s in h -1
x
.

—I
2 . c os h CE s in s n i h -I
Q :
282 I N TE GR AL CAL C UL US .

l -1 1 -1
(
x x
5 . _ e sm t an 2 — : e sm 4 x t an 4
2 J5 4 J1 7
6 .
—%
s in
( m t an for th e v l
a u e s of n ,

“
a

“ —0 - —r
P+9 73
94 4 21 PP 91 P q .

2
2 7
, 77
2
4
4

9 .
x s in
-l
x+ Jl 56
2
, £ 22 2
x
2
,

3
x 1 1
$1 11
_1
a: + J1 2
3 3 9

P AG E 51 .

1 x
( 4
4x 3
(
3
6 x) s in h x 3 06 2
2 ) cos hx
x
. c x x ,

( x 5
2 02 3
1 2 0x) cos h 1 2x 2
2 4 )s i hxn

x
.

2 .
( 2 x 2
) c os x 2 x s in x, x 3
) cos ( 3 x 2
6 ) s in x,

>
i 2

(
3
1
i
x
— fi — c os 2x
8 4 2 2 4

fl ( 3
3 ) cos 2 x
4 2
2 2 x 3 x) s in 2 x ( 2 x 6x
5 -
3 4
3 . 77 2071 1 2 077, 5 77 2 4 0, 2 6 5 6 72 0 .

P AG E 52 .

( m
2
co t
-1
m ) ,
Wh r x e e s in 0 .

1
4 < Q s in 9+ c os e _
9 8 in 3 9
3 3 2
Wh r e e x = s in 0 .

x x
4
l 2
3
3 39
$
-1
ta n a: l og cos x . tan x .

2
—1
a: t an x l og( l 30 s ec
‘

30 cos h -l
x .

x z
x s in
‘
l
x

<
.

9( s ec 9+ c os 9) s in 9 l og t an
g + w hr e e x = s in

£ J am
“1
( a )
x ta n
3
.

%
2

( s in ( )
I 4 ) c os Wh r e e m =2a cos
 AN S WE RS .
283 ,

-
(
m tzm lx
1 ta n —l x
m +x e
3 .
( )
a — em d
( ) 2 2
m 1 +m v 1 +x

b 1 m e 1 1 1 2 1 h re t a 11
. 0= x .

l
4 ~/ m + 1
3
z
c os
( —
9 ta n
‘
1 1
> c os
( 39

Wh r
m m

e e t an
e s in
x
x.

1
-_e
2
(
x
x l) a: co s ( 2 x tan
-1
2) c os ( 2 x 2 tan
—1
2)

( a s in bx s n i h ax 6 cos bx c os h ax
)
G
2
b 2

6) 2
s in ( bx 2 6) e

i
s n ( om w hr e e 7 an d
’

qb ar e as in A r t 5 3 . .

2 x
( P s in 2x Q cos 2 x) Wh r e e

gb
2

Q 65 si n 2 4) +
2 3
s in

2
an d
2
r 2 4 + ( l og 2 ) 2
an d tan g!)

x cos b l og
x l og 2

/ 2
~ b + 1 a

7 .
— 9 — co t 9+ '

sm H

8 .

x b
( ) —exc ot £
2

e
“ b x
-e s in ( 2 x tan
-1
2)
c — a x
e c os
( 2 x t an
7 5
2 8 41 INT GRA E L GAL G UL US .

C H APTE R V .

P AG E 58 .

5 g(
2
1 . l o x + 2 x 3)

2 0 l og x ( 1) +
x+ 1
1

3 . l g( o a;
2
4x 5)

( l og 3 x )
x l g(
.

2 -1
2 o a: 2x 2) 3 tan 0 6

—I
l og( x
g Q
2
6x 1 0) 1 1 ta n :

P AG E 62 .

1
1 0 0 3

—b °
— ”
a ( x b )

c— —b — —b
)( ) lo ( d a Xd ) 10 a ( x
Z
a
g( x C ) + d)
— l —

“
0
( c ) ( d c )
x ( a. boo.
b) ( a l
c. )
0 ) x a9 0 °

1
_ _ 10 b 0
, ( x 2) 8
( x

( )
5
30 x+ 1

1 1 1 x+ 1
1
n
-
2 x - I

1 1 1 1 1 1 x+ 1
- l og
6 (x ( ao 8 (x x —l
286 INTE RA L G CAL C UL US .

l og l og ( o
c
2
x 1) t an
_ 1 2x 1

gl ogfl —
% l og ( l 2
7} x ) 2x 4 33 )

x + —
2 §
l og( x

(
2
m + 1) 1 1
( W ) — 10
4
g 2
2 x+ 1
x +1
 AN S WE R S .
287

C H A PTE R V I

AGE
.

P 68

l
.

1 2 1

j
lx 1
1 h h
"
sm
‘

si
2 J Q

1 _ l 4 x — 3 1 _ l 4x + 3

W
2 . sm
5 J Q . 5

3 b
( < 2
“
F C 2 bx + a ) ( a0 b z
) s1 nh
" 1

j ac
x [
2 2

6
( >
2
“
y [(c
1
—
3
7
cx a ) ( 6 2
a c c os h
)
‘
1 ox b
20

[ ( cx b ( 1
3
2
)
a c s in

P AGE 69 .

4 . Q's/x 2
1 3 cosh —1
x .

2 ° Jx 2
+ “ 2
' 5 .

3
1

3 . M
A
P
a
2
+ b n si h a

8 ’

P AGE 74 .

8 1 11

4
2 90
, cos x +
l
i2
-- co s or 3x — cos x +

6
1 1 11
2 s in 2 x + 3 x) ,
63

cos or co x
$
4 s >
3 5
co 5x 5 3x _ 2 0 s a:

3 ;
_
+ 1 0 00 s x — c os x +
5

sin sin
(
1 6 x _ 3 s in 4 x 15 2x
5
+
2 6 2 2
 IN TE GRAL CAL C UL US .

7x 7cos 5x
}
1 c os
+ 700 8 3x _ 3 5 c os x
6
2 7 5

— cos m+e os 3
37 — 3
5
co s x f
co
5
s x 1
- 7
.

sin sin( 2n 2 )x
+
2n sin ( 2n 4 )x ]
2 71 - 1 1 2
f
u
’
2 2 71 2 71 - 2 2 72 - 4

cos (2n 1 )x
+
2n + 1
01
cos ( 2 n c os ( 2 n 3 )x
2
2 72 —1 2 72 —3
2”
2 2 72 + 1

cos 33 + 01
7, , cos x
3
co s 5/
t{
7 ”
a3
cos x
7

3 5 7
2 s in
3
xsi x } si x u 5
5
u
4
s in x,
fi
c os x
3 3

si n s i n
4

5
.
,

fi w § } 4x + 8x
si si si sin
x

s i n n
g ,

i l n n 5 i 2x 2 4x 6x + 8x 1 1 0x }

t x cot x a
E 1 6 .

— — —
3 ( tan x cot x)
3
)
3 3 3
3 . tan x, cot x, au ,
ban x cot x .

7r —2 43
4 .
’
8 GO J 2 192

5 . é} s in z
x si u x gs in x
4 fi
,

$c o2
s m y
4 0 + 2)3 c os n ( 2) z .
‘
cos n (

2 ~/ tan . x .

( i
Ja 2
+b
2
log tan
( t n
m + a

6 2
cot
( x t an

3 () [
i O b log( cos 9 1) s in
ii s in cos
. . a a

( ) [( ao . be) 0 ( b e ae l
) g(
o c 0 6

en—
g E
2
.

1
<>
i .

c o s
c osh cos cos xc o s
-1 1 a 3:

a
290 I N TE G R A L
’
CA LC UL US .

16 . log l og t an as.

sin sin —
cos x x
x x c os x
c os h
1
( 9
‘

c os
30 + s in

{ o g ( cos )l a +6 x +

cos c ( cos )
e
1
2
0
2_

cos x J g t nh
x
E { ( ) }J
l
“ 1 8 1 11 “I Sl n
J 2 i a S tan c os
‘
1
.

2 2 2

cos c sin e s c ( cos

+ 25 . e
*1
0+ s ec
-1
2 x ta n x l og( l
1

- l og 2
W hr
e e 9 = tan 1
x .

J2
l
.

“J il
1 -t an x
a
10 8
2 J§ J E - tan x

1 -s in x 1
l + s1 n x
+ s in x

C H A PTE R V I I

AGE
.

P 94 .

m
{U

m 1

m +l
 ANS WE B S . 29 1

3
2 7
( 2 m a x )
o
3

(
x 2 ax x
x 2
( 2 a x x
5

B e wee t n li its
m 0 an d 2 a,
- 3
77 61 4

P AGE 95 .

l .

[ 8 11 1 1’
9 c os 9 d9 ‘1

p + 1 p + 1
si n p +2
9 cos q 9 d9,

an d si il rl for
m a y 2 , 3, 4 , 5 .

6 .

f s in
l
‘
x dx ==
3
— Sm

4
2x
) , an d si il rl
m a y f or

6
s1 n x dx, e tc .

7 .

[ c os fc dx
n

n [ c o w l -2
x dx .

3
s in x c os x s in

( )}
3
1 s in 9: 1 a: 2x
-
c
+
6 2 4 2 4

{j(
-
g x s in 58 c os ( ii
i .
) t an a: 2 cot x fi c ot x
3
.

P AGE 1 02 .

31 3 51 1 1 28
i 8 8 I
"
r
'

77 1
1 ’ ’
’ a ’ ’ ’
9
16 258 3 15 2 693 693 60

4 J s in 8 9 l s in
8
9 fi si
1 0
9, g s i11
8
9 s§ i n 10
9+ 4 s i1 1
12
9,
cos cos co s
n
.
§ , 8 0 7
l 3
9+ 3 5
9 3 7
94 5
9
9,
sin cos
008
'

5 7
1
1 6
5
9 5
9+1 —1
2
“
g s in 49 + —1
1 6
s in

3 7r 8 3 7r + 4 2 89
5
1 28
6
71
2 5 71
8
0
’ ’ ’
1 680 32 192 44 80 9 1 92
29 2 INT GRA CA C UL E L L US .

AGE P 1 04

n ot gi n n t gr l
.

2 . If 1 m , ” de e th e ve i e a ,

6 W i th si il r n ot tion
a m a a

x
.
,

H ) 19+ 1 3
( -
n
o
z m an
( )
a In ' p

( 2 n l )a z
[1 Mt —1 p
°

2 n + 2p + 2 2 n + 2p + 2
M
”
( m
n
l
- m
(

M ;é
m lm o p
s
1) + (m

< 219
2 -
1
32 5 2) -
1
5

2 2 2 - 2
(1 +n 01 4 71

cos
3
(
x a cos x 4 s in 27)

n
x c os x nx
n ‘
l
i
s n x n n (

2 2
n +a

sh i
n —1
x
a s in a: s in a w+ n c os 30 c os a x
+
(
n n
2
1)
2
1 7.-2
71 a

12 . In
2 71 + 1
2
‘ 7
m
l’ N x 1 +
2 77
2n + 1
.

1 m m (m 1)
+
3m 3 m (3m 3m ( 3m 2)(3m 4)

m ( m l) 2
294 I NTE GR A L L UL
CA C US .

x
3
2 M77+ 1 + 2 — 1O °o ta n
J2
.

x+2

P AGE 1 17 .

2
1 05 >b 2

2 g
/ z —-
N x i b
z — x/ b z — a z
a <b ’
—a

1 l
J ? 7 5
2
5 . If a ,
b, c ar e in a s c en d ni g rd r of o e g itu d
m a n e

5 0?
-
b yk
(6
2 2 z
) 1
r
a

w ith m o di fic tion s fo a o th r c s s
e a e .

x+ l

P AGE 1 20

x cos 6
.

77
c os

2 ( s in x + x
cos x
2 . c os

co s
5
s in 2x + 4 c os (
s in a + zc 4
z

Prov i g p ositi v i t g r)
: a c os a

( be
c os cos cos c 2
e n n a e n e e
r = n -1
m y 72 a
2 e s1n m
(
c os n 7
) x+
'
a
CO S Q)
’

CO S a

Th
c c os
en

os
cos x -
72 x

cos
na

ec
dx
sm
2
a
Z
s in m

n —r
si n n ( r x ) x s in 7 m

s1 n a
 ANS WE R S .
295

5 . 2 s in 33 + 2 s in a l og( s in x s in a ) 2 s in a log
l og cot é 50

2
c os a

s in a
2
10 g
( t an

P A GE 1 29 .

2 t
a ul ‘

2 ta n
‘
l
J 1 + 2 37 .

J3 1 +x

Jx 2
+x+ l si h n
" 1 2 x + l si h — n
1 1 l — a:
.

1 +x

x ~

l
( V 111 .
) 2 cos c < e
‘
1

(a + W
' °

2 4 4
1 2
6
2 i( _ _
-l a

2ab ( b z
)
z 4
6 4
’a
a 7
o . a

If a c

b
/ /
2 2 2 2
1 x +0 a x + 0
x
1
0 0 8 11
l
I t an
a
fi — c2 x
Z x +a
2 2’

w ith a corr spo e nd n i g r l for

ea m if a c.

1
— cos li
‘

cos a c os c os cos a
7)

cos — c os S
/
’
cos a — cs
o

rth r c sc ss cos cos cos c r

a
y
fo th e a e a > ,8
or
y w ith m od i fi ti s fo
a on
o e a e .
296 I N TE GR A L L UL ’

CA C US .

si n a ( B) s in a ( y)

x c ot cot 2 cot
2 1

cosh
+
mm a cot a ( c ot a
x
-1 Z

cot B co t cot c t
1 1
— — o
a
y a

l og ( N
a

g
6 .
(i ) i
.
g 2 e) . ii
( ) . iii
( ) .

9 .
(i . ii
( ) .
1 l og 2 . iii
( ) .

—
14 .
( i .
) l og .s 1 .
( iii ) . o
.

15 .
( i .
)

27 .
( i . l) og e 2 .

29 . 25
? 30 . (f
l
.

CHA PT E R I X

P
.

AGE 141 .

l . a (B a ) .

( 92 iii
( ) si n h
]
a
1
( i ) 9 +
2
7
‘

. . a .

J1
( %
2
ii
( ) . 7I
'

)
m
( iv .
) 2 aa c os
1
c os
m
2
a

1 .

2
cosh -1 6 x

a
7a

2 . 8a . 3 . T h e Cy c oi d l .
298 I NTE GR A L L UL GA O US .

_
w) l
s in 3 022 "
3 09 2 W0]
AB W — 2W
5 .

4
( 6
2
6 ) 2 1
.

P AGE 1 78 .

—2
5 .
( 7r ) a

( 2 ) (2 )
m m
P 1 P
9 .
( i .
) g r a b . 2 77m E
F( m + 1 )

m be i g su os
n pp e d o dd .

2
11 . a
2
[2 10g < )
J 2 + 1 14 .
-3
7r ) .

£ 1 c 2 s in 17 .
fi
f g
z az
J 2 .

(
3 7' 7T

:
z
13 . c -

2 2

4 7”’ 4”
2 b( 4 bf r e 8
3
86
8 77 6
2 2 4”
8 4 1r b e 4 57r
6
4m " 1}

24 . 92 e v en ,

25 . 77

28 . 32 . a
2

<g) i — . 40 . 7Ta/ ( a —b
) .

2 z
34 . a
2
( 7r 41 . a . 42 . wa J 2 .

2 2
2
61 72
2
6 771
3 3
2 272 71

2
77m
44 .
( i .
) 2 9 ’
 AN S WE RS .
299

C H A PT E R XI
AGE
.

P 1 87 .

l . 41r a z
. 3 . 7TCL
2
{ 3 N/ 2

P AGE 191 .

l 2 7r 2
a
2
b 2 l
Aa n /
a ,2 Ed a/2
pr r rv l i
. . . .

I f th e si de s b e s i i t
3 .

d ist an c s of
e
a,

th e
b, c 3

m i d oi ts f opth e
th gi n
em

m
e m e e

e en
a n d 11 ,

n e,
1 h z , 71 3 th e

s ur f c a e
-
2 71 ( a h 1 bk g

P AGE 193

l( og
.

1 If r adof b s 5 2 77 0 3
2
l u rf c
. a , . a e, . .
e

I; titu d 6 S = 3 3 7m

l o lu
a e, a e
3
.

l s t h ight
r c
an e ,
v m e

su f l 8 é
z
fl
vl
a e r a , c
'

. fl .

o um e é wa lz
g
. lO 1 .
1 —W 2 61 ?
2

8 x/27r a 3
2 .

15

C HA PTE R XII .

AGE
“ ii
P 2 01 .

2
i( ) M ass
g
—
1 .
, ( ) x=y -
,
g
+2 P +Q+2
H Q Q a
2 . 1 M

_
2p + q + 3 2p + q + 3
a’ y
: a’
2p + q + 5 g + 2 2p + q + 4

q + 3 2p + q + 5
3 00 I NTE GR AL CAL C DL US .

3 .
g of l en gth of r od f omr en d of r z e o de n sity .

If a. = l e n gt h ,
21 2
2
?

,
M2
6
2

’
M2
12
2

2
_
3a m +2
’
2
5 m +3

P AGE 2 07 .

1 . Let 2 9 b e th e an g l e, a th e r ius ad , th e m e d an i th e i iti

n a l
1
9
(2 ( B) A a- 3
5
r

2 . i 2a
” 2
ab u
o t t ng a 4 111 052 0 1 2X” 3X”

ab ou t d i am .
,
4 Ma ( 2 n 2 X ” 3)

(n
2
( n 4) 6)

4 . If d
77 2
12
3
772 3 0 2
,

M om I n . . ab out x- xis a MKgg (93 9 (91

a b out y xis
- a Map. o n. 2 .

6 . A r ea (
1
2 71 6,

3 a J3
’
2 ( 3 J3 qr )
M om I n . .
_ M a
2
n —W
3 3 w3
/
71
"

—5 2
11
( )
2
35
2
?
( )
3

2
6 0—
AI L
1
8 .
( 2
9
.

9 . l {E _ 01
L
3!
7a
6
43
( )
2 ( )
a
-
51 1 2 ,
b
( ) m
a

c?
3 02 INTE RAL G CA C L UL US .

8
.
( )
1
x

( )
2 W
6
2
a !
s in bx 6 co s bx + Ce ’

( )
3 s in
y/( l x ) 8
x
+C
’
.

( )
4 fly ) 1 C6 W” .

C H AP TE R X I V

AGE
.

P 2 23 .

2 J 5
1 2v+ 1 —
2 v+ 1 + J 5
J5 l og x = C W '
,
h r
e e

W h r
e e v =y x/ .

x y
1 1
3 .

4 . T h e p -e li m i n t ofan y =x
(p
1

an d x = £ 8 7
2 fi
o

3
P
5 Th e p -e li m i n n t of
a O) , an d

l og
.

x { Ap 2
+ (B 1 )p 0}
1 2 A}? + B _ 1
co st
n .

P AGE 2 26 .

(y 2 .
(y
3 .

2 J3
log (33 l/
I
71
+1 J 3
2 J3
l og
x _ 1
+ 1 +J 3 1og( x 1 -

4 .

5 . x

6 . 6y
7 3 x + 4 xy + 3y
.
2 2 — 1 0x

8 . x +y
 AN S WE RS .
3 03

P AGE 2 30 .

3 .

3=
4 .
(
x x 2 a) 08 a

l og( 23/ a) 0 .

—
A x
—
A x
7 = A 2
8 .

y § q
3/ A10 + 3 p
3 ?
x = 44
3
+ 3 2
9 9

P AGE 2 32

2
3
’

3
3/ p x +20 ,

x (p 0

5
= 3b
4 y (p +
3a — 2

r ct gul r h p r ol
1

x =1
2
p + Ae P
8 A e an a b
y e a
.
.
.
3 04 I NTE GR A L CAL C U L US .

P r ol touchi g
a ab n th e a xe s
p r ol
ae .

Hy b
four cu s p h p o c cl oi
e ae .

A - ed %
dx +
y y 31

83/ ( 2 x

= Ae1 + c 1 + AZ) % <

y
3 s in 9 1 2

00 8 9
3

3 0 s in 9

14 .
y
2=
0x 2
BC
A0 + 1
a e r
s i s of c o n i c s to chi ng th fo
e u ur str i ht e a g

li ne s xi J — “
Ay = i x/R, th e si g ul r so lu tio
n a n .

CHAP TE R X V

AGE
.

P 238 .

1 .

z
x
— a lo x + b
g
—

$
.

2
2a 33

( x + 3a )
3
— b ta n
m +y + a
+6 . 9 .
y
27 2b

.
— —
5 ( ao A) + ( zj B ) 2 2_
_ a
2
. 10 . m+ A+
Jl 9
— 2

y + 8 1 11
-1
y
= 2—
1 1 y Bx Ax l og x
. .

P AGE 2 42 .

Ax + B x + C
2 ’
( + s in x)y
2
50 c os 33 + .

( )
a

b
( )

( ) “ b —W 1 6 3 — 4 8 2
9 6
x
C
k RM
'

F x /3
7
.
x y2 + xy1
9 63/ l) A .
3 06 I N TE GRAL CAL C U L US .

P AG E 2 56 ( S e co nd Set) .

(
x
6
bx
2
1
1 ( 2
"
. t an c os x t an
2 3 5

e
x

{ -
3
u(
si x _

4 ) JE s in ( 3 x tan

fi s in x cosh x c os a: si n h x)
c
.

é s in 22 , 5 os x ,
3 s in
1 7
2 517.

P A GE 258

cos
.

e
"
( si n x cos x ) ,
e
“
4 ( a a
2
1 ) s in ax

(
aa a
(
Z
61
4

1)
1) ax

2 cos a: cosh x .

P A GE 260

x
.

2 2 3
3 7 x $
1 . + ’

“
2 2 4 2 6

s
2

(a z) es )
x 5 19 m —
"
+ e
E 162
-x

s s in x + cos x
a )
{( 2x
g) cos x
( x

P AGE 263 .

x6
“
( )
5
2

( )
6
§( c sh xoc os x) .

( )
7
x e
“ e e
“

2( a Z
26 2b

5)
7 ( )
8
5 s in x s in

-x 23
2 + %8

y
.

( )
2 Al e x
Az e
‘
“ 5x si n h x .
 ANS WERS .
3 07

A2 c
S n x
= os ig
3
( )
3 y A1
s in x+ +x 6x

s1n x cos x) 2 .

= A
( ) y ( 1
4 A46 s in

- —x
(5 ) (y a Al A2 23 + A3 23 + A4e + Ase
2 ’

( ) y
6 = A e
1

= A
x J3
( /
'
7 7 A1 e + 2
x
3 e cos
2 2
.

3) cos x — x s in

=A " x}
( ) y + A2 6 2 ) cos ( 1 4 ) s in
x
8 l
e
c
23 + 5 9: .

( ) y
9 :
Al e + Age
x -x
1 c os x
5
cosh x
2 s in a: sin h 50 +
l o g ( a e) l o g

1 0 =
( ) y ( A1 ( A3 + A4x) s in x + ( A5 + A6 x) cos 2:
11 l fi s in 2
+2 Bf .

P AGE 265

l og l
.

Al s in ( q ) A2cos g ( og x )
y
l
or

log l
.

2
og ) O 2
y A1 s 1 n ( q )
30 A2c 0 s g ( )
ff50
4

xg
z
s in flog x )
4
( 2 ) l og
c os ( l og l og 29
9
90 c os q )
27

Q 4 2g

1
1 1
A2 2: sl n l og )92 cos (i log ) g
/
Asa 5 23 + + l og x

x
4
=_ 1
x x l
( go x 3
_
+ Aar + A3x l og x + +
16
.

y
: Al s in l og( a bx)
} c os l og(
A2 a
3 08 I NTE GRAL CAL C U L US .

C H A PT E R X VII

AGE
.

P 269 .

1 . 2x + y2 2=
b . 3 .
l —c o s (9 .

P AGE 2 76

Pu t
.

z ? 3 2
xz x 2x 2x

P ut
y y
ta n y z z ; ta n g z A c os m + B s in x+x
Pu t
.

=
+ bx e ; y
21 3
”
a :

M
,
5)
w h e r e m 1, ar e

2
th e roots of th e eq u tio
a n

b m 2
+ ( Ab

Pu t tan
‘
l
x = Ax + B
y ( MW
P ut
2 .

s in =A si (
n n s in
-l
x ) B c os n s in (
“

Pu t
2
y
y =v ; ( y -ex -
l 1 )e ex =A
Put
e 7 e r .

s in
y
=7 ;
7 ( si n
g s in x+

( ) Aa z
Be k
s in 3x Ce zx
3x
‘

a
y c os .

c os x +§ l
s in 33 .

( )
c
y Afi s in flog x) Bfl cos flog x) .

2 = A s in 3 x + B c os 3 x + O s
'
in 4 D 4 x,
c os
+ 23 + cos
y
32 6 ( A s in 3 x c o s 3 x) B ( 0 s in 4 x D 4 x) .

10 . 11 .

G LA S G O W Z P R IN T E D AT T HE U N I VE R S I T Y P RE SS BY R O B E RT M A C LE HOS E A N D C O .