A COMPA RA T I VE G RAMMA R

S AN S KR IT GR E E K A N D L ATIN
, , .

W I L L I A M HUG H FE R R A R M A , .

FE L LO W A N D T UT OR OF
‘
T BI N I T Y C O LLE G E , D UB LI N .

I N T W O V O L UM E S .

V OL . I .

L ON D ON

L ON G MA N S , G REE N , R EA D E R , A N D D Y ER .

D UBL I N : A
W IL L I M M GE EC
,
1 8, N A S S AU S T RE E T
-
.

1 8 69 .
 D U BL NI
ri nt b t fi fi n ih n sfi g firms
fi
: .
z a g
BY M H G I L L
. .
.

‘/
8
 PR E FA CE .

MOS T o f t h os e wr i t e rs on P h ilo log y t o w h os e w or ks I

a m i n d eb t e d ar e m en t i on ed e it h er i n t h e t e xt o r n ot es

of t h is b o o k, an d I h av e h er e on ly t o e x p r es s my
es p eci al o b l ig at i o n s t o t h e wr i t i n g s of Bo pp , S c h lei ch er ,
C o r ss en , C u r t i u s , an d Buch el er , an d to s ev er al v al u

i n K uh n Z ei ts ch r ift b y E b el, G r as s man n ,

’
ab l e ess a ys s

D i e t r i c h , W al t e r , an d o t h er s .

I h av e als o t o t h an k D r . C L o t t n er , P r o fes s o r
. of

S an s k r i t i n t h e Un iver s i t y of D u b li n , for h el p in g me
in th e r evi s i o n of t h e p r o o f-s h eet s , an d for m an y
val u ab l e s u
gg es t i on s s u pp li e d d u r in g t h e p r og r e s s of

th e wo r k .

T he ab b r ev i at i o n s o ccu r r i n g i n t h e t ex t d o n ot

re
q u ir e mu ch ex pl an at i o n ,
an d t h e fo ll o wi n g on l y re

u ir e t o b e n o t i ced
q

A . S .
, A n g l o -
S ax on .

Ch . Sl .
, Ch ur ch - S l avon i c .

E ,

FL , F r en ch .
I n d o -E ur op ean .

G G er man .
K el ti c .

O H G
. . .
, Old Hig h G e man r .

G ot h .
, G ot h i c .
Ol d L ati n .
6 T HE PRE FA C E .

Ol d N orse .

O scan .

Old O scan .

Old Prus s i an .

Old S axon .

S an skri t .

S an s k r i t an d Ze n d n oun s ar e
g e n e r a ll y g i ve n i n

t h ei r cr u d e fo r ms , e x c ept w h en th e c as e -e n d in g i s
se
p ar at e d by a h y p h en fr o m t h e s t em, or wh en the
is a dd e d , as i n S kr L
’
si n o f e q u ali t y a s vas eg u us
g . . .

C u r t i u s E s s ay
“
Z u r C h r o n o lo g ie d e r I n d o G e r m an -

i s ch en S p r a ch fo r s ch u n g , ap p e ar s i n t h e fi ft h v o l u m e ,
d er A b h an d lu n g en d e r P h ilo lo g i s c h -h i s t o r i s ch en
C las s e d er K on i g l S ach s is c h e n G es el ls c h a ft d e r V i s
.
V

s en ch aft e n .

I r e fe r t o th e s eco n d M a x M u lle r s L e c
s er i e s of
’

t u r es th e S ci e n ce o f L a n u a e , a s M ax Mull e r
on g g ,

K Z ds fo r K uh n s Z e i ts ch r i ft fur
’

V ol . II . . . s t an v er

l e i c h en d e S p r ac h fo r s ch u n g a u f d e m G eb i e t e d es D eu t
g
”
s ch e n , G r i e ch i s c h e n u n d L a t e i n i s c h e n .

I h ave b een d elay e d i n t h e p u b li c at i o n of t h is

b o o k fo r m o r e t h an a y e ar t h r o u g h a s e ve r e a t t a ck o f
illn e s s .

T h e S e c o n d V o l u me of t h is W o r k w il l, I h o p e , b e
r e ad y fo r p u b li c at i o n i n J a n u ar y , 1 8 7 2 .

W I L L IA M H UG H F ERR A R .

3 3, T R IN IT Y C O LL E G E , D UB I NL ,

S q afe mber 1 , 1 8 6 9 .
 C ON T E N T S .

T h e G e n eral Al p h ab e t ,

T h e I n do-E u r op ean L an
g u ag e ,
G r i mm L aw ,
’
s

T h e S an s kri t A l p h a e t , b
T h e G r ee k A l ph ab et ,
T he L at in Al ph ab e t ,

R oo t s an d S t e ms ,

A PPE N D IX . T he C er eb r als ,

A D D EN D A E T COR R IG E N D A .
 COMPA R A T I V E G R A MMA R .

C HA PT ER I .

T HE G E N ERA L A L P HA BET? “

1 T HE p hys i o l o g y of t h e h u m an
. v oi c e i s t h e t r ue b as i s u
p o n

w h i c h all in qu i r i e s i n t o t h e o ri g i n of l an g u ag e an d th e mu
t u al c on n ex i on o f l an g u a g e s s ho u l d b e b u ilt .

2 . A ll t h at t h e h u m an e ar is s e n s i b le o f m ay b e d i v i d e d
in t o i
n o s es an d s ou n ds . E x amp le s of th e for me r ar e th e b o wl
in g of t h e win d, an d th e s l as h in of w at e r S oun ds , th e
p g . on

ot her h an d, ar e
p r od uce d b y m u s i c al i n s t r u m e n t s o r t h e h u man
i N oi s e s ar e c au s e d b r a id l c h an i n an d i r r e u l a r
v o ce .
y p y g g g
i mp u l s e s c om m u n i c at e d t o th e ai r ; s oun d s , b y i t s p e r i o d i c vi
b r at i o n s . T he h u m an i
v o ce, w ich h i s o n l y a s t r e am o f a i r ,
f o m t h e lun g s b e c o m e s o d b y t h vi b t i on o f
e mi t t e d r ,
s un e ra

the o c al c h o d s w hi h t h rt t h e ai r s si t h hust h m u a n
v
p , p c
g o
g e r u

i t o a s t t e of vi b at i o
n a r n .

3 A ex c t d es c i t io
.

p n of t h
a e o c l o
g s is n ot
r
p t
a rn v a r an

ofm se t l
re F o nch d e s c ri t i o
an I ef t h e ad e n
yp p p . r su
e a r er r r

F or fur t h er i n for m at io n on this j

s u b ect t h e fo llo wi n g w o r ks may b e
P h o n e t ics , b y E llis ; M ax M ull e r s S ur vey o f
”
t ials of
’
co n s ul t e d E s se n

L an g u ag e s , als o hi s
“
Le c t ur e s o n t h e S c ie n ce o f an u a e ,
g g S e co n d L
S er ies M p s iu s ’ “
S t an dar d A lp h a b e t G r un d z ii g e d er P h ys iolog ic
u n d S ys t e m at i k d e r S p r a ch l au t e ,
b y Br u ck e ;
“
die
”
e h r e vo n d e n T o L
"
n e m fi n d u n en ,
p g b y H e l mh o lt z ; al s o var io us ar t i c les , b y E b e l a n d o t h e r s
,
’
Z
i n K u h n s e it s ch r ift .
2 CO MPA R ATIVE G RAMMAR .

to an
yg oo d b o k o a t om
y m e el
y a ddi
o g h e t h at t h e
n na r n re,

v o c al o rg a s m ay b s ai d t o c o s i s t of t h e l g w h i c h b y
n e n un s,

b e i g dilat e d o r c o mp e s s e d ac t li k e
n p i o f b e llo w th r a a r s, e

w i n dp ip e, t h e la ryn x , d th e u er c av i t i e s o f th e p h ar n x ,
y
an
pp
mo u t h , an d n os e . The l ar yn x , t h e t r ue o r
gan o f v oi c e , is

p l ac e d at
pth e u
pp er ar t of t h e w in dp ip e . I t is r
n a r o w an d
cylin d r i c al b e l o w , b u t b ro a d a b o v e , w h e r e i t p r e s e n t s t h e fo r m
of a r b ox I t s
t r i an g l u a . c av i t
y i s t r av e r s e d b
y an el as t i c

m e mb a e whi c h i s di vi d e d i t o t w o p rt s c alle d t h e o c al
r n ,
n a ,
v

ch o d s b arr o w fi s l d h e r i ma g lo t t d is W h
'

r
y a, e n l t s ur en ca e z .

so und i s p o d u c e d t h e o c al c h r d s l m o s t t o c h a d t h e ir
r ,
v o a u , n

e d e s at t h e s am e t im e ib t e r i dl for hi h a d s l o wl
g p y g v
y ra ,
a ,
n

fo r l o w n o t e W e s ee t he s . t h t t h e v o c al o g a s fo m ,
n ,
a r n r a

w i d in s t r m e t i n whi c h t h
n u i b at i g app ar t u s c o i s t s o f
n ,
e v r n a n s

t h e v o c al c h o d s r .

4 I t h e im p r e s s i o m ad e b y a s o n d o t h e e
. n th e en u n ar r

t h in g s c n b e di s t i n g i s h e d—lo d es s p i t ch an d q
a u li ty T h e u n , , ua .

l o d n e s d e p e d s o t h e m p li t u d e
u s n f t h e o s c ill at i o s o f t h e
n a o n

v i b at i g b o dy
r n T h e p i t c h d p e d o t h d u at i o n o f t h e s e
. e n s n e r

o s c ill at i o n s . N ow, n o t es o f th e s am e lo u d n e s s an d th e s am e

i t ch b e p r o d u c e d b y d i ffe r e n t m u s i c al in s t r u m e n t s , an d
c an
p
al s o b t h e h u m an v o ic e T h e s am e n o t e , h o w e v e r , o f t h e
y .

v i o li n di ffe r s fr o m t h at of t h e t r u mp e t , an d t h at fr o m t h e s am e
n ot e o f th e v oice , an d so on . T h i s di ffe r e n c e h ad r
al e ad
y
bee n su
pp ose d to l ly o n t h e fo r m of t h e v i b r at i o n s
d ep en d so e

of th e ai r , as i t c o u l d n o t d e p e n d o n e i t h e r t h e i r amp li t u d e o r
d u r at i o n . T hi s h as n ow b e e n p r o v e d d ir e c t ly b y H e lm h o lt z .

T h e qu ali t y, t h e r e fo r e , i s d u e s o l e ly t o t h e fo r m o f t h e v i b r a
t i o n s o f t h e ai r .

5 . T HE EL EME N T S or L AN G UA G E .

T h e p h o n e t i c e le m e n t s ar e t h e e fo ld — o w e ls
( o r m xefa ) r v

b r e a t h i n g s , an d con s o n an ts ( o fip pw v a ) . T he con

s o n an ts ar e d i vid e d , a c c o r d in
g to t h e r i d u r a t io n , i n t o m u t e s an d
 C O MPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 3

se mi v o w e l s , t h e s e l at t e r i n c lu d in g li qu i d s n as a s , l an d
s i b il an t s ( fl at u s ) ac c o r di n t o t h e i r h a r d n es s , i n t o ( s h ar p
sur ds
g ,

l
s t o s s au t e , t en ues , m s , S kr . a
g h o s h a, v i v fi r as v fi s fi h o s h a
g
’

) an d ,
'

b l u n t , d r u e k l au t e , m e di a , i c a , S kr o s h av an t , s am
s o n an
( ts p g .

v ar an ad a h o s h a) a n d a c c o r di n t o t h e i r a s i r a t i on in t o as i
g g p p
r at e d al
r at e d ( S a a éa , S kr . m ah ap r an a ) an d u n as
p i ( S kr .
p p a ra

I n S an s kr i t t h e t er m as h ma n i s al s o a li ed t o t h e s ib i
n a
) .
pp
d h , s p a r s a t o t h e m u t e s an d n as als , an d a n t a h s t h ci t o
'
l an t s an

y , r ,
l, v, a s i n t e r m e di a t e b e t w e e n t h e fo r m e r an d t h e l at t e r .

T h e m e di ae d iffe r f om th
r e t en u es in t hi s t h , at in t h e fo r m e r
th e g l ot t is i s so m e w h at n ar r o w e d to e n ab le it t o s ou n d .

T h e m e di a w e r e b e c au s e t h e y w e r e p r o n o u n c e d
s o c all e d

b y t h e A l e x an d r i an g r am m ari an s wi t h m o r e a s i r at i o n t h an
p
t h e t en u e s , an d w i t h l e s s t h an t h e as
p i r at e s . T o u s, h o we e r v ,

an d m o s t p r o b ab ly t o t h e G r e e k s of th e c l a s s i c al
p e ri o d , 9 i s as

li t t le a s p i r at e d as h .

T h e t er m c o n s o n an t m e an s s ou n di n g al o n
g w i t h ,
an d, as

E lli s r
w it e s , “
is b e g i v e n t o t h e s e l e t t e r s b e c au s e t h e y
s ai d to
"
h av e n o s o u n d o f t h ei r o wn , b u t s o u n d w i t h v o w e ls
”
I f, .

howe ver , we c o n si d er 3,
f ,
r , &C .
, to be c o n s o n an t s, a ll c on s o

ts do i h e ai d of a v o w e l t o e n ab l e u s t o
n ot r e
t u re
n an
q p ro

n o u n c e t h e m ; fo r w e c an ro n o u n c e t h e n a s al s , li u id s , a n d
p q
s i b il an t s w i t h o u t t h e h e l o f an v ow el T h S k r i t n am e
p y e a n s .

fo r a con s o n an t i s vyaii g a n a
’

( S itv 5 . : f omr
ya ii g
v
’

,
to m ak e
c l e ar .

The A ra b i c g r amm ari an s c all a v o w e l, mo t i o n , an d a c o n

s o n an t, a b a r r i er , b e c au s e i n fo r m in g v o w e l s t h e v o i c e i s n o t
in t er r u p t e d, b u t ly m o di fi e d b y t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e t o n u e
on
g
an d li s , w h e r e as i n fo r m i n c o n s o n an t s t h e v o i c e i s s t o
p g pped
a t c e r t ai n fi x e d o s it i on s B r ii c k e , o n t h e o t h e r h an d , c o n
p .

s id e r s th e l s i g n s t o b e p r o p e r ly m ar k s o f r e s t , an d
vowe -

th e c o n s o n an t al s i n s t o b e m ar k s o f m o t i o n , b e c au s e t h e
g

E llis re mar ks (p . t h a t t h is d e fi n it io n r e a d s ve r
y like a b u ll .
4 CO MPARAT IVE G RAMMAR .

l at t e r s i g n i fi e s b o t h t h e cl o s in g of t h e b arri e r an d th e op en i n g
of i t

The on s o n an t al s ig n s w e r e ori g i ally m a k s for

c n r s
yll ab l es,

as th e D e a ag ar i an d S e mi t i c al p h ab e t s p ro v e
v n .

6 T HE V
. O W E LS .

V o w el s o mp o s e d o f o c ali e d b r e at h T h e d iffe e c e
ar e c v z . r n

b e t w e e t h e v ari o s o w e ls i s d e t o t h e for m of t h e i b a
n u v u v r

t i o n s o f t h e ai r e mi t t e d f o m t h e l n g s w hi c h vi b r t i o de r u , a n s

o n t h e fo m o f t h e b u c c al t b e
‘
e d r u s
p n
p u .

T h e t h e e p ri m ar y o w e l s a e A I an d U p r o o un c e d as
r v r , , ,
n

i n G e rm n o r I t ali an a .

I fo rm in g A t h e m o u t h as s m e s a p o s it i o g r d lly wi
n u n a ua

d en in g i t s elf f o m t h e g u t t l p o i t lik e a f
r el T h e li p s ura n , un n .

a e i n t h i s p o s it i o
r wi d e a d t h e t o g e li e fl t i n th e , n n u s a n

m ou t h .

U i s f rm e d b y ro di n g t h e li p s s o as t o l e e t h e o p e
o un , av n

i g b e t w e e t h e m as n ar o w as p o s s i b le a d b y d w ing d o w n
n n r ,
n ra

t h e t o g e s o t h at t h e c a i t y o f t h e m o t h i s e l g d as
n u ,
v u n ar e

m c h as p o s s i b l e
u T h e m o u t h i t hi s p o s i t i o i s li ke a b o t t l e
. n n

w i t ho t a e c k u n .

I i s fo m e d b y n ro wi g t h e li p s a d ai i g t h e t o g u e
r ar n n r s n n

t o w r d t h e h r d p al t e
a s T h s a b o t t le wi t h
a arro w
a e ck
. u a n n

i s fo rm e d t h e b o dy of w h i c h i s in t h e t hr o at w hi le t h e e c k
, , n

li e s b e t w e en t h e h ar d p al at e d t h e u p p e r s u rfac e o f t h e an

t o g uen T h e l e g t h of t h i s n e ck ac c o r din g t o H e lmh o lt

. n is , z ,

s ix c e t i m et r e s
n .

A ll t h e o t h e r v o w els r e fo m e d b e t w e e t h e e t h e e p r i a r n s r

I n d er T h a t s in d d ie Vo cale d er men s ch lich e n S t imme T oxic me m

b r an o se r Z un
g e n ,
n amli c h d e r S t immeb an d e r , d er e n A n s a tz r o h r , n amlic h

d ie Mun d h Oh le , v er s c h ie d en e Wei t e La , n
ge , u n d S t imm u n g e r h al te n kan n ,
so d as s dad ur ch b a ld d ies e r , b ald j e n e r T h e ilt o n d es Kla n g es v ers tar k t
”
w ir d . Helmh ol t z , p 1 63 .
 CO MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 5

m ary on es . The follo win g t ab u l a r v ewi of t h e m i s t h at

g i v en

b y Br ii c ke

In fo r min g 0 we p O en the lip s wi d e r an d e l e v at e th e

t on g ue mo re t ha n in fo r min g I n p ro c e e di n g fro m a t o i w e
n

g r ad u all
y g C h an e th e b u c c al t u b e s fr o m t h e a t o t h e i p o s i
t i on ; an d s i m il ar ly i n p ro c e e d in
g fr om a t o i t I n fo r mi n
g u
i
. .

w e g i v et h e li p s t h e d t h e t o n g u e t h e i p o s i t i o n ; wh il e
u , an

in fo r min g i t h e lip s t ake t h e i , an d t h e t o n g u e t h e a p o s it i o n

“
.

In ‘
u t h e le n
g t h o f t h e c an al , w h i c h w a s s i x c e n t i m et r e s i n i ,

is n o w ei
g h t ( H e lm h o lt z , p .

a E fa r m ca lm an d s h o r t i n E S am
i s lo n g i n .
, , . .

i i s l o n g i n E wh eel r a vi n e an d s h o r t i n E h n i t
.
, , . .

n E o o l an d s h o rt i n E
u i s lo n
g i fl ute
f .
f u ll , , . .

a
c
i s t h e G er m an ti , the Fr e n c h é . I t is s ho rt in t h e
C o c k n e y p r o n u n c i at i o n o f m a n , f a t .

a i s lo n i n E n o u h t , w a t er , an d ho rt in E hot,
°
g s n ot
g . . .

e
“
i s t h e G e r m an e in ech t , th e F re ch n é .

a o c cu s i n F e e s te
“
r r . v uv , ar , p eur .

o i
“
h e a d in t h e F r en co e
s r . r .

e i s l on g i n G ewig E h y .
, . a ho t i G we de
,
an d s r n . r n .

e
°
is a com m on s ou n d in t h e W ll ac h i a la g a e Br
a n n u ke
g . uc

sa
y t s h at it is he ar d in G . z wolf
‘

is t h e G in K ig , F r p eu
“

6
0 . o on . .

o i s lo n g i n E . a
g o, an d s ho r t i n G . s on n e.

i “
is h e ar d in G Myr t e
. d P h ys i /
anc . I t i s t h e S lav o n i c
h ar d i . T hi s s ou n d is o f T at ari c o ri i n ,
g an d t r ac e s of it ar e

s t il
l fo un d in t h e D r av i d i c l an g u ag e s of S o u t h e rn I n di a .

u
i
is t h e G . it , l on g i n T h it r , an d s ho rt i n d ar r . I t is
6 CO MPARATIVE G RAMMAR .

th e Fr . u in i
st r an d s ur . I t is al s o th e D ut c h u u an d th e
S co tch u i .

L e p s iu s in s er t s an o t h e r v o w e l s o u n d b e t we e n a
‘
an d a
°
,

w hi c h h e s a s i s h e ar d in t h e E b u t s on
y , , .
,
.

7 . T HE O RI G I N A L V OW E L .

In a ddi t i o n to th e v owe s l n ot ce i d in the la s t s e ct on i , we

h a v e an o t h e r v o w el , c all e d v ar i o u s l
y ,
th e i n defi n i t e, o r n eu t r a l,

o r o ri
g in a l v o we l, Ur la u t , Ur vo ca l T h i s i s . a s ou n d t h at e x s t s i
in all l an g u a g e s , an d f o m i t ac c o din g t o E lli s
r ,
r , all t h e ot h er
v o w e s ar e l d e ri v e d . Wi lli s s ys t h at i t s e e m a
‘
s to be th e n a

t u r al v owe l of th e r ee d .
’
A ll u n ac c e n t ed v o we s l in o ur Eur o
p e an l an g u ag e s ha ve a t en d e n cy t o ret urn to t hi s o s un d; e
g . .

E . b eg g ar , n at on i , P add i n g t o n ( for t o w n , G li e b en , F r
) -
. . t en i r .

T hi s vowe l s oun d is fo
m e d b y l e avi n g t h e t o n g u e i n i t s m o s t
r

n at u r a l p o s it io n , O en in t h e m o u t h e a s il , an d e mi t t in v o c al
p g y g
b r e at h L e p s iu s . sa
y s t h at t hi s s o un d c o m e s am o n
g th e cl e ar

s oun d in g v o w e s n e xt l to a
“
, b ut t h at it is
p b l e o f v ar i o u s
ca a

s h ad e s ,pp o so h i m e t im e s
g a r ac n a, s o m e t im e s e, i , o , u , b e i n
g
di s t in g i h e d f o m ll t h e b y t h e b s e c e o f t h t c l r r e o
u s r a es a n a ea s

an c e w h i c h i s l o s t b y e i t h e r art i all c lo s i sh t t i t h or
n , p y g g e n u n

mo t h uT h e F e c h e m et a d t h e W e l h g ap p o c h t hi s
. r n u n s r a

so d e y e ly
un v B ii e k e c o s id e s t h t L p i
r n ar is w o g
. r n r a e s us r n

i n t at i g t h t t h i s
s o w l i s i h e e t i n ll oft fri c at i e s an d
n , a v e n r n a s v

"
s l e x lo s i e f t h e i d is t i c t v o w e l s o d h e re i s
E
n a a o v s, r n n un
p
m e ly t h e t on e of t h e o i c e
er Mo e o t h e o ly a c t al e x v . r ver , n u

amp l f t h e am alg m at i n o f a o w el
es o d c o s o an t a e w a o v an n n r u

an d ig .

Ma x M ulle r i s w r o n g in su i gpp o s n th t w e h e t hi s s o
a ar un d
in E . e l- m , ma r -ah fo r , i n p r o c e e di n
g f om I t o m or t o
r , r s h,
w e do n ot r e
q i
u r e to i n t e rp o s e an
y v o we l .

T h e se t e r m s will b e e x p la i n e d far t h er on .
 C O MPARAT IVE G RAMMAR . 7

T h i s i n di s t in c t v o w el
o mb i e d wi t h n d l fo m , w he n c n r a , r s

t h e t w o S a s k ri t o w e ls a d I
n T hi s S an s k i t o w e l di ff
v r n . r v r ers

f o m E as h e d i h e s t ew d i t h i s t h t i t i s p on o c e d
r . r , ar n r, ar ,
n , a r un

t t h e c r eb l w h e e as t h e E i s p ro n o
a
le
c e d at t h e
a e ra ,
r
gut . r un

t al
ur o i t o f t h e mo t h
n
p u .

8 . T HE N AS AL V owE L s .

The n as ali z at i on of t h e v o w e ls i s p ro d u c e d b y allo wi n g t h e

a r i to v i b r at e i n t h e n as al c av i t i e s as w e ll as i n t h e m o u t h .

'

T he ai r n e e d n o t
p as s t hr o g h u th e n ose , for b y C l o s in g t h e
n os e w e m ay i n c r e as e t h e n as a l t w an g .

N as aliz at i o n i s an alt e r at i on s ol el
y w i t i n th e h v ow e l i t s elf,
n o c o n s o n an t al elem e n tb e i n g b r o u g h t i n t o p l ay T h i s , as .

L ep siu s p o in t s out S t an d ar d A lp h ab e t , p
”
w a s r i g h t ly .

un de r s t o o d b y t h e I
di an g r amm ar i an s , w h o e x p r e s s t h e
n n as a l
i z at i o n b y a v o w e l lik e s i n , v i z , a d o t o v e r t h e l e t t e r I t is
g
-
. .

t h e o r e t i c ally p o s s ib l e t o g i v e all th e v o w el s th e n as a l t wan g ,

b u t fe w r e c e i v e i t Mi kl o s i ch . re m ark s h t at in all th e l an g u ag e s
kn o w n t o h i m , on ly a, a
"
, 0
3
, an d 0 we re n as a li z e d . E lli s s ays
t h at th e Por t ug u es e h av e b oth a n as al i an d a n as al u r v o c al .

9 . D IP HTHO N G S .

Wh e t w o v o w e ls fo llo w e ac h o t h e r s o ap i dly as t o m elt

n r

i t o o e o u d w e o b t ai
n n
s di p h t ho g
n ,
N o w w e k o w t h at n a n .
, n

a i s f m e d t a p i t i t h e m o u t h b e fo e i a d
or a o n a d t he e
n r n u, n r

fo e i t alo e o f t h t h e e p im y v o wels c fo rm a t e
r n e r r ar an ru

dip h t h o g l b as e n Mo e o e
a s e a d 0 . r e als o fo m e d i n
r v r, a n a r

t h e m o t h fa t h e b ack t h a i a d
u r t h e y m ay s e r e as b as e s
r n n u, v .

W e a m k a b t h l o g an d s h o t
c n a e W e h a e t h e e for e
o n r . v , r ,

e i ht p o p e d ip h t h o g w h i c h r e m or e o e r c ap ab l e of r e
r r n s, a v
g
c e i i g d i ffe r e n t s h ad e s o f p o n
v n c i at i o r un n .

T h ese t er ms will b e e x p lai n e d fur t h e r on .

8 C O MPA R A TIVE G RAMMAR .

W e s ee at o n ce t h at we c an n o t fo r m an
yp ro
p er dip h
t ho n
g s wi t h i an d u as b as e s ; fo r if w e t r y t o p r o n o u n c e ia an d
ua v e ry ra
p i d ly w e d o n o t fo r m d i p h t ho n g s , b u t m e r e ly t h e
s
y ll ab le s
ya a n d wa . I n W e ls h w e fi n d t h e im p r o p e r di p h
t h on s i a an d n a , an d i n F r e n c h w e fi n d i m r o e r d i ph
g p p u

t hog n s f eq r uen t ly as in o ui, w ic h h is n ot

p ro n o un c e d as we in
E n g li s h .

1 0 T HE BREATHIN
. GS .

T hese ar e c l a s s e d by s o me wr it e r s a mon g t h e c on s o n an ts,

as Le p s iu s
by , wh o g i ve s t h e m th e n a m e F an c al , *
an d cl as s i fi e s
t h em t h s u

E x
p l f
o s i ve o r t is , A r a b ic a in .

E x
p lo s i ve le n i s , A b i c H a mz eh , G r e e k S p i r i t us L en is
ra .

F r i cat i ve for t es , A r ab i c t h h a a n d E n g li s h h , as in h a n d,
, ,

w ic h h is n o t as s t r o n
g an as
p i r at i o n as hh .

T he e r c an be n o n a s al b r e at h i n g , fo r t h e c an al o f t h e n o s e

is c lo s e d d ur in g the for m a ti o n of a Fa u c al s oun d .

E lli s an d p ot h ers s e ar at e th b r e at hin g s

e fro m th e con so ~

n an t s, an d fo r m t h e m i n t o a di s t in c t C la s s .

T h e p u r e as p i r a t e , h o w e v e r , as I b e li e v e , d o e s n ot b elo n g
to s e c i al o r an , t h o u h i t a e ar s t o h a v e so me c on
an
y p g g pp
n e xio n h t h e g t t u ls A c c o di g ly wh ile w e fi n d h e
w it u ra . r n ,
r

p r esen t i g fr q t ly a
n ori g i l g h w e o me t im e fi d it d e
e u en n n a ,
s s n

ve o l p ed f m ori g in al d h an d bh
ro an .

11 . T HE C O N S O N AN TS f .
-

T hes e ar e
p ro du c ed un der the fo llo wi g c o di t i o s
n n n

A . N o a ir i s ll o w e d t o p as s
a in t o t h e l vi t i e s
n as a ca , an d
th e c an a l of th e m o u th i s c l o s e d at s ome d e fi n it e p o i n t T h u s .

ar e f or m e d t h e E rp lo s i ve s o un ds b ot h
, t en u es an d m edia .

S e
e Br u c ke in K . Z . vo l . xi .
, p.2 65 .

1 In t h is s e c t io n I h ave follo we d Br u c ke ve r
y c lo se ly .
 CO MPARAT I VE G RA MMAR . 9

B The
. air is i ll p r e v en t e d
st en r
te in g th e n as al cavi t i es ;
b u t , i n p l ac e of t h e m o u t h at an y p o i t a
o f cl o s i n
g t h e c an al n ,

n a ro w as s a e i s le ft s o t h at t h e air c o me s fo rt h w i t h a s o u d
g n
r
p ,

o f fri c t i o T hu s ar e fo r m e d t h e F r i cat i ves i clu di n g h y v

n .
,
n , ,

an d t h e S ibi la ts T h e L s o d s a e f i c at i e s ; b u t t h ey
n .
- un r r v

di ffe r f o m t h e o t h e r l e tt e r s of t his c las s i n t hi s t h at t h e

r ,

as s a e f r t h e e mi s s i o n of t h e air d o es n o t li e i n t h e c en t r e
o
p g
o f t h e c an al of t h e m o t h b u t o n e ac h s i d e b e t w ee n t h e e d g e s
u , ,

of t h e t o g e an d t h e g rin d e r s
n u .

C T h e as al c a i t i e s ar e s t ill cl o s e d b u t s o m e p ort i o n of
. n v ,

t h e c an l of t h e m o u t h i s m ad e t o v i b r at e t h u s c au s i g t h e
a , n

v i b r at i o of t h e air p as si g ou t T h u s ari s e t h e R s oun ds -

n n . .

D T h e m o u t h i s c lo s e d an d t h e n as al c avi t i e s ar e O p en
.
,
.

T h u s w e h av e t h e R es o a ts or N as a ls T h e n as als a d
n n ,
. n

v o w els ar e t h e s o un d s e as i e s t t o b e h e r d f o m a di s t an ce a r .

T h u s w o r d s s u c h as Mamma mi n e o c an b e h e ar d v e r , y far , n ,

aw ay .

1 2 T h e fou c las s e s a e di vi d e d ag ai n u n d e r t hr e e
. r r

h e ad s ac c or di g t o t ho s e p ar t s of t h e c an al of t h e m ou t h t h at
,
n
'

a
pp ro c h e ac h o t h e r
a .

I T h e d e r lip may app ro ac h t h e u pp e r lip or t h e u pp e r

. un

t e et h . T h e s e s ou d s ar e t h e L a bia ls n T h ey ar e t h e m o s t .

c on t an t s o un d s in all lan u a es
s
g g .

II T h e fo r e p art of t h e t o n g u e may app ro ach t h e t eet h

.

or t h e p alat e T h e s e s oun ds ar e t h e D e t a ls an d Cer eb ls

. n ra .

Biih l er h d em o n s t r at e d t h at t h e e xi s t e n c e of t h e c e e b r als in
as r

S an s k ri t i s o t d e t o D avi di n i n fl u e c e s
n u b u t t h t t hey
r a n ,
a

w e e i d e p e d e t ly d e v e l o p e d i n t h at lan g u ag e
r n n n T h e A r b ic . a

lin g u als diffe r f o m t h e S s k ri t ce r e b als s o le ly in t h i s t h at

r an r ,

in t h e lat t e r t h e t o n g u e i s m or e c o n t r ac t e d t h an i t h e fo rme r n .

T h e am e c e r eb al i s o t qu it e c o r e c t b u t i t s u s e h as b e c o me
n r n r ,

so e n e al t h at i t i s b e t t e r t o r e t ai n i t
r T h e S an s kri t n am e
g .

fo r t h e s e le t t e r s i s mu d dh a g a f o m m u d dh a w h i c h m e s
r n , r r n , an

t h e h i g h e s t p o i t in t h e r o of o f t h e p al at e an d n o t t h e b r ain
n
, .

fl
10 CO MPARATIV E G RAMMAR .

I t is a b s ur d to sa
y t h at an
y l et t er is
p ro n o u n c e d i n t h e b r ai n

( c er e b r u m) .

III . or h in d e r p ar t of t h e t o g u e may ap
T h e mi d dle n

p ro ac h t h e
p al at e T h u s w e h a e t h e P a la t a l an d G t t u a ls
. v s u r

k ih m u l T h e rm u t t u r al i s n o t e x ac t l
)
’

( S r g. a i y av e t g .
y co r “

r e c t fo r t h e s e let t er s ar e n o t p ro du c e d in t h e g ut t ur b u t b y
, ,

c o n t ac t b e t we e t h e t o n g u e an d t h e s of t p al at e
n By p s h in g . u

t h i s p o in t of c o t ac t fo r w ar d s t o t h e h a d p al at e w e g e t t h e
n r
,

p alat ls a T h es e
.
p al at al s o un d s h a e a t e n d e n c
y t o as s u m e a v

s h d e of g whi c h fr e u e n t l b ec o m es i n d e e n d e n t an d d e v e
a ,q y p ,

l o p e s i t s elf i n t o a fu ll g T hi s i s e as ily acc o un t e d for b y t h e

.

fac t t h at in t h e p alat als t h e t o n g u e i s r ai s e d v e ry n e arly i t o n

t h e y p o s it i on
-
T h u s w e c an e x p lai n t h e fac t t h at ori g i n l
. a

u t t u r al s oft en b e c o m e s i b il a t s ; fo r t h e t t u r al It b ec am e n
g g u

t h e p al at al ; t h i s ag i n b e c am e [qr t h i s tg t h i s t s a d s o m e
a t
/, , ,
n

t imes 8 F o r e x amp le t h e L ca t us b e c am e E ch a t ( p ala

.
,
. n . n

t al t e n u i s ) an d F r ch a n t ( p alat l s ib il n t ) ; L c n is F r
,
. a a . a , .

ch i en ; L q L g e S kr h a ; G r x Zo ’

S kr k t vd
’
t uo . ua r, . a r . u , . . o .

L cael m I t cielo L ca s eus E ch ees e ; L ca us a F r

. u , . .
,
. .
,
.

ch os e.

T hi s t en d e n c y of t h e
f r t hem p l a at a s l t o d e v el p e g o a te

s elv e s als o e x lain s h o w an or i g i al t t r al s o m e t i me s n

p g u u

b ec o m e s a d e t al ; t h u s i g h as b ee d e e l o p e d fro m mg
n r n v

t h e g r o u n dfo r m o f wh i c h w as lcv s w h e c e S kr lea s G o t h a , n .

-
, .

h vas L q is ; s i mi larly é
, . u
p g i s d e ri v e d f o m an ori g in al r aaa s r

Icva t d as w h e n c e c o me L qua t or S kr I a t r d Li t h lfet ur i '

v r ,
. u ,
. c r, .
,

&C
S u c h t r an s i t i o n s , Lep s iu s w it es r
p .

“
i n t h e h i s t ory o f lan g u ag e s n e v e r t ak e p lac e s u d d e n ly b u t ,

al wa s
y g r ad u all
y I t i s a ver
y c o m m o
. n
p h e n o m e n o n t h at t h e

e xp l o s iv e l e t t e r s fi r s t p r o du ce t h e c o rr e s o n d i n g fr i c at i v e
p
s o un d s b e hi n d t h e m an d aft e r war d s as s e n t ir e l i n t o t h em
p , y ,

C on s u lt a p ap er by L e p s iu s in K . Z . vo l . xi .
, p 442
. .
12 CO MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

C . T he R -
s ou n d .

If we p l ac e l ip s i n t h e p ‘ p o s i t i o n an d t h e n l e t t h e m
th e

v ib r at e , w e fo rm t w o s o un d s , t h e o n e s u r d, an d t h e o t h e r s o
n an t, w hi h c ar e r el at e d to e ac h o t he r as
p to b . W e fi n d t his
l ab i al r in t h e K r e t an
p f or r s
’
r Fe S kr . mom, i n Bt o moSg fo r
S eSFo ucw g , un le s s S s dp oicw g , i . e. rre c t r e d
35 30 p xé g, b e th e co a

in g , i n K hiya ( m o ma ) fo f om an d e h i
’
r. r o
p y F t
y pa
pr s o t
'
a, r a n

i p s yxr o g ( dfi p o xo g ) fr o m r éyyw i f G o t h t h h b e f o m s m e
’
c r ,
va a r a .

r o ot T h i s r o n ly app e ar s i n G r e e k in t h e K r e t an di ale c t I n
. .

th e follo win g L t in w o d s h as p e rh ap s b e e d e e lo p e d o t
a r r n v u

of anori g in al — L e S kr s L c eta b e s id e S kr s eta

v . r as
'
vas ,
. r .
'
v

( h i t e ) L c es co b e s i d e S kr i ( t o in c e s e ) T hi s i n t e r
’
w , . r . s v r a .

ch a e of a d o s al s o in s o m e G e m a d l see K
g n cc r n v i ec t s
( ur r n a .

Z .
, vo l . xv .
, p .

D . T he R es on an ts .

If w e c lo s e th e li p s as in b ‘
,
an d a ll o w t h e ai r t o vi b r at e i n
th e n as a l form m M i s o t s d T h e as l
c av i t i e s , we l
.
2
n u e : n a s

ar e l o s ly c o
C e c t e d wi t h t h e m e d i —m w i t h b n wi t h d
e n n d as , , an

ii w i t h 9 H e c e w e fi d L fi mma fo fl i ma f o m fla g m
. n n . a r a z r a

S p I e fo r A g n e L h ibe s b id e x p p w g ; L p ub er
'
. n z s ,
. rnu es sz s o .

b e s i d e S kr p u md s I n n o rt he
. C li m at t h e n s als ar e fr e
n . rn es a

q e tl
u
y onm i tt ed as i I coic ( u i n
q q ) e cet ( c e t m ) O n N r . u , n u , . .

ch for clc
‘

g e
g é n .

1 4 T HE D . E N T A Ls A N D C E R E BR A L s .

A . T he E x
p los i ves .

By p r es s in g t h e fo r e p art of t h e t o n g u e ag ai n s t t h e p alat e
an d t e e t h w e fo r m a t -s o un d , of w h i c h t h e e e fo u r r ar ki n d s .

T A lveo la r T h e s id e s oft e t o ch t h e u ri n de
'
. .

g on
ppue
g u r rs,

d th e oin t f t on g u e li e s i
on t e rn al u ms t h us n
an p o
pp e u
g r ,

fo r mi n
g an air -t i
g h t r e c e t ac le
p .
 C OMPARATIVE G R AMMAR . 13

T 2
. C er ebr a l T h e . t on g u e is n o w c o n v e x , an d i t s lo we r s i d e
t o uc hes th e
p a lat e . T h is t h as b e e n c al le d li n g ua l ; b u t p I re

fe r t h e t e rm c e r e b r al, b e c au s e th e ot he r t erm is a
pp li ed in

A ra b ic t o a di ffe r e n t of le t t e s
C las s r , an d m o r eo v e r i t d o e s n ot

s u fli c e d i s t in g u i s h t h i s s o u n d as all ro n o u n c ed b
’

to , ts ar e
p y
m e an s of t h e t on
g ue .

T 3
. D or s a l T h e t o n g u e i s
. s t ill c o n ve x , b u t it s u
pp e r s ide

n ow t o ch e su
p th e al at e , an d i t s t ip r e s t s o n l o w e r t e e t h .

T D en ta l T h e t o n g u e n o w m e r e ly t o u c h e s t h e t e e t h
4
. . .

W e ha ve fo r u ds r e lat e d to t h e s e fo u r ts as b is t o p .

B . T h e F r i ca t i ves .

W e h av e fo r u ss r e l at e d t o th e fo r u t s, as
f is t o p , an d
fo r 2 5u l
r e at e d to t h e fo r s s as u v is t o f .

S ‘
is t h e A r a b ic S a d , an d is n e ar ly t h e s am e as th e s in E .

s n i , s ea l .

8 2
is a mor e r hi us n
g s o un d t ha n 8
1
.

S 3
is t h e sh
p h iar s s in
g s in E . s h ar
p F r ,
. ch os e.

8 is th e
4
E . th i n t h i n , t h e Mo d G r 9 . . . T h i s Oh as b e c o m e

f in R u s s i an hi s ch n g : t a e is e as il
y ex
p l ai n e d , fo r t h e ed
ge of

th e u e r t e e t h w hi c h i n 0 li e s b e t w e e n p o i n t of t on g u e d
pp , an

un d e r lip , n o w m e r e ly h as t o app r o a c h t h e l at t e r .
*

Z i s t h e A r ab i c e u, an d i s n e arly t h e s am e
1
as s in E .

b r eez e .

Z 3
is fo un d in E .
p lea s u r e,
g i ra
f e, Fr .
j eu n e, ac c o r di n
g to

Lep siu s .

Z is4
E . th in o t h er , Mo d G r 8 . . . In E n g li s h , wh en z
“
is
"
in i t i al , w e g e n e r ally s ay d b ; an d w h e n i t i s fi n al , z s i n s t e ad 4 “

of i t t h s , o e e w e s y b e
u f r b r a t h a r az
4 4
s , an d n o t b ea z
r
‘
I n t hi s .

resp e ct S p an i s h p r o n u n c i at i o n o f 2 diffe r s fr o m o u r s ; fo r
th e 4

fi n al z i n S p an i s h i s al ways p r o n o u n c e d p u r e ly N e i t h e r 3 n o r
‘ 4
.

e x i s t s i n S an s k r i t
‘
z .

C on s ul t a p ap e r b y G . Mi ch ae lis , i n K Z . .
, vo l x iii .
, p 22 3
. .
14 CO MPA R ATIVE G RAMMA R .

If i t h e fo u r t p o s i t i o w e ll o w an o p e i g t o b e l ft at
n -
n s a n n e

e ac h id e o f t h e t o g u e b t w e e n i t s d g e s
s d t h e g i de
n e e an r n rs,

w e fo m f o m t h e fo r t s fo u r A s an d f o m t h e fo
r r d s fo ul ,
r ur ur s .

L i s t h e c o mm o n 1 i E lea e
1
n . v .

L 2
is t h e V e di c l .

L 3
o ccu s r i n l m oui llé .

L “
is u se d b y t h o s e w h o li s p .

L l
o ft en b e c o m e s v o c al i n E n g li s h , as in a
pp le , do ub le ,

w ich h E lli s wr i t e s p l & c T h e s rd N i s k o wn in E g a

’

,
. u un n n

li s h b t i s e ry c o mm o i We ls h w h e r e i t i s w ri t t e n ll
, u v n n , ,

as i L la g o lle
n T h i s s d h t k e s t h e p l ce o f le i c o
n
‘
n . ur a a n n

v e r s at i o al F e h i s u c h w o r d s as b le p o ib le w h i c h E g
n r n c ,
n a ,
ss , n

T hi s l l i s E lli w h i p e r e d Z
’ ’
li h m e n p o o
s ce s b l &C
r n un a a ,
. s s .

I h i s t e mi o l o g y
n r d c on s o a t s
n w h i p e ed a d s o
,
s ur t n n ar e s r , n nan ,

s oke
p o oi ed
n Wh i
r v s e r diffe s f o m v o i
p c . s ol l
y i t h i s r r ce e n ,

t h at i w h i p e i g t h e i s n o v i b at i o
n s r n of t h e o c al C h o r d s
er r n v ,

w h r e as ie oi c t h e r e i s
n v e .

C . T he R - s ou n d .

The ola whe

al v e so a t is o
r r c o mm o
, Wh n n n , ur n r . en

s u r d i t o cc r s i n W e l h
,
ua d i n F r e c h a s i n t en d e s T hi s , n n r .

s u d r i s s c ar c e ly t o b e di s t in g u i s h e d f o m s t h e o n l y d iffe
r r ,

r e c e b e i g a s m all ri pp le o f t h e whi p e r T hi s ac c o t s fo r
n n s . un

t h e fac t t h at s an d fr e q e n t ly in t e r ch a g e ( E lli s p
r u n , .

T h e S n s k ri t g r amm i a s t e t r as
a c e eb l a d t h ere
ar n r a a r ra ,
n

fo r e d e d c e i t f o m d ; b t t h ey ar e w o g fo i t i s i m p
u r
z
u r n , r os

s i b l e t o m ak e t h e t o g e vi b r t e f o m t h e c e r e b al n o s it io
u a r r
p n .

A s t h e y di d o t d i s t in g u i s h t h e alv e o lar p o i t i o
n th y h d s n , e a

t o t e at r s e it h r a d en t al o
r a c e r e b r al
e an d t h e h os e t h e r a c
y
lat t e r p o b ab ly o ac c o
,
r t o f t h e p o in t of t h e t o g u e b e in g
n un n

d i e c t e d u p w ar d s ( B uc k e p
r r , .

D . T he R es on a n t s .

W e h av e fo r u n s , c or re p o s n d in g t o th e fo ur ds, e x ac t l
y as

N is t ai n d in m o u i lle
’
m to b .
8
con e n .
 C O MPARATIVE G RAM MAR . 15

15 . T HE G uT T UR A L s A N D PA L A T A L s .

A . T he E x
p los i ves .

In fo rm i n
g h t h e mi d dle o r hin d e r
p a r t of th e t on g e u

t o u ch e s th e m i ddle o r i n d e p ar t h r of th e
p al at e , w h i le i n fo rm
in g t t h e fo re
p ar t o f t h e t on g ue t ou c h es th e fo re
p ar t o f th e

p al at e . H en ce th e a r t i c u l at i o n of t b e g i n s w h e r e t h at o f It:

en ds y et in t h e r r al t w e
c e eb m ay g o b ac k w ar d s ac ro s s t h e
k li mit , an d s t ill
p o o r ce n un a t T h i s , h o we v e r ,
. c a n ot b e
n

d on e in t h e c as e of t h e d o s al t r . T w o ks m ay b e fo r m e d —o n e
on th e h ar d p al at e h
( p
‘
a la t a le ,
) an d o n e o n t h e s o ft
p al at e

ve la r e
( h )
2
.

T he It . ch , in ch i es a , ch i a r o , is fo r me d at th e fr o n t li mi t of

th e ha d p al at e t h e A r ab i c C af at t h e h in d e r limi t ,
r an d th e
G . k, i n k
wi c e ln b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o T h e Ir:
z
in G . . s t oc k is
fo m e d at f o t li mi t o f s o ft p alat e T h e A r b i c K f i s fo m e d
r r n . a a r

f r t h e b k t h a y o t h e I: s o d
a r ac an n r un .

d g e r e l at e d t o k d h as b i s t o p G is t h e ‘
G 1
an
2
ar an
z
, .
1

I t g h b e fo e i ; t h e G g i g eb en i s form e d li t t l e far t h e r b ac k
. r . n a

t h a I t g b u t i t i s s t ill p alat al
n .
,
.

B . T h e F r i ca t i ves .

I n t hese t h e s tr ea m o f ai r s t r ik e s th e p alat e , as in t h e s

s o un d s it s t r u ck t h e t ee t h . T h ey ar e r e l at e d t o t h e It s o un ds
as
f i s to p .

T h e p al at al fl at u s , x il
s th e G
, ch aft e r . e an d i, as in R ech t ,

d t h e Mo d G r b e fo r e i a s i n T h e in i t i al
’
i ch , an . .
X ez
X p . s ou n d
of th e E . h ew ,
y y pp h u ma nh e s t hi s X T h i s
v er n e ar l a r o ac l

i s t h e w h i s p e r e d fo r m o f t h e g i n E g ea , g ea r . .

T h e g u t t u r al fi at u s i s t h e G ch , aft e r a , o , u , t h e M o d G r .
. .

b e fo r e a , o , v , to
X .

A n o t h e r X s ou n d , X 3
c an be fo rme d so far b ac k t h at n o It
s o u n d c o r r e s o n ds t o it
p . T his . i s t h e S wi s s ch in ac h, an d is
c o mmo n in A ra b ic .
 16 CO MPARATIVE G RAMMAR .

T h e re ar e t hr e e g s ,
r e at el d t o t h e t hr ee X5 e x ac t l
y as w is

to f .

Yl o c c urs in E .
g ear. an d g is t h e G
2
.
g i n T a e, L u e
g g . an d
th e Mo d G r . .
7 b e fo r e a, o, m .

C . T he R -
s ou n d .

If we m ak e t h e u v ul a vib r at e , we fo rm t h e la u vu r r . T h is
i s dis t in g u is h e d f om t h e
r d e n t al r b y t h e fac t t h at in , th e l at t e r
i t i s t h e t i p o f t h e t o n g u e t h at v ib r at e s T h e I an d r s o u n d s .

ar e c o mm o n l c all e d T r il ls T h e di ff er in t h i s , t h at i n t h e
y y .

rs t h e s t r e am of air i s p e ri o dic ally i t p t ed b u t i n t h e Is n er r u ,

t her e ar e n o i t e rr u t i o n s
n
p b u t me r e l
y o s i ll t i on s
p,r oduced c a

in t h e e mi t t e d ai r .

D . T he R es on a n t s .

W e fo r m t wo n s
( v
‘
, v
2
) ,
r e at e l d to g 1
an d g ’
as m is t o b .

v
‘
o c cu r s in G . Ben g el ; v
2
in G W an g e . .

T h e Fr en ch n in un , en ,
is n ow m e r e ly a si
g n of th e n a

sa li z at i o n of th e p r e ce di n g v o w el, an d i s t h e r e fo r e n o c on s o

n an t at all . From a c om
p i
ar s o n , ho w e e r v , wit h L at n i an d
I t li
a an , we s ee h t t a i t h as b e e n d e v e lo p e d ou t o f an n s ou n d
whi c h w as n ei t h e r v
‘
n or P ,
”
b ut v
3

1 6 T HE A . S PI R A T E s .

T h es e a r e c la s s e d b y s o m e w r i t e r s am o n g t h e f i c at i
r ve s , by
ot he rs a mo n g th e ex
p l o
hey a e c c o di g t o L e ps iv e s . T r , a r n

i s
s u ,
t h s e e x p l o s i ve
“
o o d w h ic h a e p o o sd wit h a un s r r n un c e
”
s i mp l e b t a d i bl b e t h
u u T h e e d iffe e t m e t ho ds o f p r o
e r a . r r n

no ci
un
g t h e te
n es
p i at h a e b
nu e en
p po os ed
as rt h e e: v r

t e u i s a d s p i r i t u s as p e r m y b
n n
p r on o c ed s
p a at e l a e un e r
y;
t h e s p i it s e mr b e ch a
u as d i n t o t h e c o rr e
r o di
p a
y g e
p g n s n n

fl at s an d t h e n p h t h h h b e c o m pf t s a d h h
u , , , p e c t i el
, y e ,
n c ,
res v
 C OMPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 17

th d t h e s p i r i t u s as p e r m ay m e lt i n t o o n e s o u n d
t e n ui s an
e .

T h e fi r s t o f t h e s e m et h o d s i s s aid t o p r e vail at p r e s e n t a m o n g
t h e Br ah m an s i t i s c o mp ar e d t o t h e p r o n u n c i at i o n o f p h , t h ,
an d h h , in t h e E n g li s h w o r d s h ap h a z a r d a n t h i ll i n kh or n b u t , ,

t hi s i s i n c o r r e c t —fo r i n t h e s e w o r d s t h e t e n u i s an d t h e s p ir i t u s
as
p er b elo n g to di ffe r e n t y ll ab l e s , w h e r e as i n S a n s kr i t
s t h e
y
b e lo n g al w a s t o th e s am e s ll ab l e
y y .

The i r at e d b
medi as all o w i n
ar e t h e s ir it u s le n i s t o
as
p y g p
b e h e ar d i m m e di at e ly aft e r t h e e xp l o s i o n I n S an s kr i t t h e .

m e di as a s p i r at se w e r e al w ays p r o n o u n c e d a s o n e s o u n d ; fo r
w e fin d w or d s b e g in n in g w i t h th e follo w in g c o mb i n at i o n s ,

h u , dh m, h r , &C
g g .

W e m u s t c ar e fu lly
r e m em b e r t h at t h e S an s kri t h d o e s o t n

f m p ar t o f t h e asp ir at e d t en i s ; for i t i s s o a t le t t e a d
or u a n n r, n

t h e e for e c an o t fo m p a t of t h e as p i t e d t e
r n i s w hi c h i
r r ra n u , s

sur d .

The ori g i n a
p ilr at e s i n
as
p r oce ss of t im e lo s t t h ei r t r ue

c h ar ac t e r, an d
g r a d u all
y c h an e d in t o
g ot h e r s ou n ds . Th us, in
G r e e k, t h ey b e c am e th e c or r es
p on di n g f i c at i
r ves ; e
g X,
. .

w ic h h w as ori
g i n all
y a t en n is as i r at a , b e c am e t h e
p fr i c at i v e s ,
X
1
an d X 2
.

17 . C O N C RETE C ON S O N AN T S .

T h ese ar e t ho s e s oun ds w hi ch ar e fo m e d b y t h e v o c al
r

o rg an s b e i n g p l ac e d at t h e s am e t i m e i n t w o d i ffe r e n t c o n s o

n an t al
p o s it i o n s T h e G s ch an d t h e F r
. . .

j ar e c o n c r e t e c o n

s o n an ts . T hese c on c e t e r s ou n ds ar e
p f er e c t l
y d i s t in c t f omr

g r ou
p s of c o n s o n an t s, su c h as x , i
t , w hi h c Br uc k e c alls c om

s ch i s [s
os i t es The G e u i v al e n t t o
X] w e fi r s t p l ac e t h e
‘ I
p . .
q
v o c al o r
g an s i n t h e x p o s i t i o n , an d t h e n b e n d t h e t o n g u e u
z-
p
w ar d s i n t o th e s p o sit i on
l -
T h e I t 0 i n ci cer i i s e qu i v al e n t t o
. .

t 1
h
w i le t h e E . ch in ch u r c h i s m or e n e ar ly t 1 [ s
‘
X
3
] .

T h e Fr .
j in j a ma i s i s l
r e at e d to th e G . s ch as
p b is
I t is to .

t h er e fo r e The E j i n joy
. is s imi l ar l
y r e l at e d t o t h e

C
18 CO MPA RA T IVE G RAMMAR .

It . 0 in ci cer i . I t i s t h e r e fo r e d ‘
[z
'
Max M u lle r di ffe r s
fro m t h e s e i
v e ws o f Br uc k e ; h e sa
y s t h at ch in c h u rich d o e s
n o t c on s st of t w o c o s o
i n n an ts , b u t m e r e ly o f h alf t an d h alf sh ,

an d t h e r for e t h at it i s me
e r el
y e
q i
u v ale n t t o on e w ho le c on

s on an t .
20 C OMPA R ATIVE G RAMMAR .

M UI E S
' '

. S E M I V O‘
VE L S . V OW E LS .

un c a
p . N as a ls . R - s ou n d .

son son .

G ut t . k g
n

C er .

D en t .

A t p an o ld e r e ri o d th e I E
p o s s e s s e d p r o b ab ly n o as p i
. .

r at e s , an d o n ly t h e s in g le v o w el a , i an d u b e in
g s u b s e u en t l
q y
d e v el o p e d o u t of t h i s a o n t h e on e s id e , an d fro m th e v o cali
z at o ni of y an d v on t h e o t h e r.

T h e r e p r e s e t at i on o f a ori g i al b y a e a d o d i s ti
n n n a , ,
n n

ui s h e s t h e E u o e a b a ch o f t h e I do E ro ea r fr om t h en r n -
g p p n u n

A i at i c ; t h u s w e h av e in t h e fo llo wi g c as e s
s i S sk i t , n , a n an r

an d Z e d d e o i in G e e k L t i & ; S k
n ,
an d Z d
r r , a n , c . r . an . as an
’
,

G r 85m L de cem O H G eh a ; S kr a d Z h d G r $3 9
’

.
,
.
, . . . z n . s ,
. a , . 0 ,

L ed co G o t h s i ta S k m d h y Z ma id h y G p é g
. s , . r. a a, . a, r . oo ,

L med i G o t h mi dg s T hi s c h g e f i t o e a d t h e i t o i
. us , . i . an o a n n n n

o cc e d in
ur r ea l t i m e s w hil t h e
ver h i nt rd t h
y y a
g 0 a e , e c n e o n n

in t o i s m ch l t e
it T hi s c h a g e i b e li e e d b y C t i
u a r . t n s v ur us
’
o

h v e a i s e at a t ime w h e t h e N o t h E p e a b — c h e s h d
a r n n r -
uro n r an a

s e a at e d f o m t h e S o t h e n o n e s ; fo
r r t h e G e e k a d L at i
p u r r r n n

fr e q e t ly g e i e p e e t in g a o ig i al by 0 i c s e s
u n a re n r r s n n r n a ,
n a

w h e e t h e G o t h i c Li t h u a i a
r &C p e e e th e ,o ha g n n , ,
r s rv a, r c n e

it t o i ; as in

G r .
7 7 t vt b a xw , L g n os co O H G h n d
.
, . . . u.

Gr . b ig , L ovi s G o t h a vis t
.
, . r .

Gr . Ole-r d) , L o ct o G o t h h t a u
.
,
. a .

Gr . L d omus A S t imbe O H
.
, . . r, . . G . z i mb a r .

In t hi s r es
p e ct th e K e lt i c l an g u ag e s ar e mo re aki n t o th e

G re ek an d L at in t h an t o th e l an g u ag e s of N o rt h e rn E u r o p e .

Wh en e an d 0 h ad b e e n d e ve lo p e d ou t of a, th e g r e at e r n u m

C ur t iu s , “
G r u n dz ug e , p 85. .
 CO MPAR ATIVE G RAMMAR . 21

h er of th e G r e ek di al e c t s m ad e f r t h er h g e ; b t t h e
n o u C an u

E c h o di al e c t an d th e It a li c l an ua e
g g f q e tl
y C ha
s
g e t h isre u n n

e an d 0 in t o i an d u .

20 T h e G uttu
. r al ii i s an un c o mm o n s ou n d, an d on ly
o ccu r s b e fo r e g u t t u r al s . M is an o ld e r s o un d t h an n : t hu s,

S kr . da ma m ( ac e s in g ) . . an d L d o mu m . ar e o ld e r t ha
G r S dp o v , n .

an d L . d ecem t h an S kr d a s a n .
'

. The C h g an e o f m in t o n i s

v er
y c o mm o n : t hu s G . b od en c ome s fr o m O . H . G . boda m,
Fr . r i en fr o m L . r em, It . c on f m L c um
ro .
,
Fr . na
pp e fr o m
L . mapp a , Wall f . u r n ce i fr o m L for mi ca
. .

The c on v er s e of t h is C h an g e s eld o m o ccu s r ; b ut, as it i s

so me t im e s fo un d i n m o d e r n l an g u ag e s , as in E . f om
r an s o m r

Fr . r an
gon ,
w e m ay fr o m an al o
gy i n fe r t h at a s i mil ar i t e r n

ha b e t w e en m an d n e x i s t e d i n t h e I n d o E u r o e an
n e
p
-
c
g .

21 . From t h e n um b er o f c as e s i n w h i c h I i n S an s k r it
c or r e s
p on d s t o l in t h e E u r o p e an l an g u ag e s w e in fe r t h at I as , ,

w e ll as r ,
e xi s t e d , in t h e I n d o E u r o p e an alt h o u g h t h e r s ou n d
-
,
-

v as t ly p r e d o mi n at e d T hu s w e ha ’

. ve,

S kr lca lg a , G r
. . xa h dg , G ot h . h a i ls , E . w h o le .

S kr . s
p h a l, G r m ci h h w ,
p . Lf . a llo , O H G fa lla n. . . .

S k r m a la , G r yi ka g , L ma lu s ,
. . . G o t h ma i l . .

S kr li s , G r Oh i y o g , G o t h lei h t s
’
. . . .

S kr lit , G r h im) ,
. . L . r e u o, l G o t h la u s .

( l o os e
) .

S kr lu bh , G r h in
. L l bet G o t h li bs . r o
y a c, . u ,
. u .

S kr lé t ( l o o t ) G r A i
. a L l cr u m G o t h l u n , . s a, . u ,
. a .

S k la s h G r r aw L la s ci us G o t h l s t u s ( l s t )
r .
, .
, . v ,
. u u .

O n t h e o t h e r h an d t h e r e a r e m a y r o o t s i n w h i c h t h e ,
n

E u r op e an l an g u ag e s pr e s e n t I wh e r e t h e S an s kr i t h as r ; t h u s ,

S kr .
‘
mi ( a w av e ) G r 9 6
tir L vo l o G o t h va lvja ,
. x 0) , . v , . n .

S kr p a G wkfip n g L p len a s G o t h f lls

. r ,
r .
, .
,
. u .

Sk u/ G r A mi c L l ceo G o t h li u h a t h
'
r . r c, . t o ,
. u ,
. .

S kr i / G r A i w L li g u o G o t h la i ba
'
-
. r r ,
. s a ,
n ,
. .

T hi s i s o n e of t h e fac t s fr o m w h i c h L o t t n e r ( K Z v o l ii . .
, . v .
,

i f r s t h at a ft e r t h e E u r o e an s s e ar at e d fr o m t h e
p . e n
p p ,
22 C OMPARATIV E G RAMMAR .

p ar e n t st o ck t h ey r e main e d fo
, r s o me t ime un it e d t o g e t h er as

on e
p e o p le .

R al ways h as h ad a t en d e n c y tp b e c o m e I, as we s ee f om r

the R o m an c e lan g u ag e s : t h u s I t a lber o c o m e s fr o m L a r bo , . . r ,

I t cele b o fr o m L ce eb u m F r a t el fr o m L a lt a r e I t p elle
. r . r r ,
. u .
, .

i o fr o m L T h e r e v e r s e c h an g e als o o c c u r s b u t
g r n
p e eg r i n us r .
,

mu c h l e s s fr e qu e n t ly : w e fi n d i t i n F r os s ig n ol fr o m L l us . r .

ci n i o lu s F r ap dt r e fr o m L ap os t o la s
, . Fr ch a i t e fr o m
p .
,
. r

L cap i t u lu m F r es cla n d r e fr o m mi S h Wall p ap or u fr o m

.
,
. o
-
v a o v, .

L p op u l s W all fi r u fro m L fi lu m I n s o m e o f t h e s e c as e s
. u , . . .

d i s s imilat i o n h as fav o u r e d t h i s c h an g e .

22 . T HE I n D o E UR O PE A N B -
.

h i f p o o f t h at b e xi s t e d i t h I d o E o p e an i s t h
The c e r n e n -
ur e

f c t t h at i t fo ms t h e c h i e f e le m n t i n t h e o ig in l s o u d b h
a r e r a n .

T h at i t m u s t h a e h d a v e y li mi t e d s p h e is p ro e d by t h e
v a r r e, v

fe w c as e s i w h i h i t s e e m s t o b e o ri g i al
n T hese c ses a e c n . a r

t h e f llo w i g —G o
Bp x fi p y x
6 9 é n g G oth
p gg: t o r
( p s ) e r . a , o ,
. ra an s ,

t h e fu d m e t al i d e b e i g ow es ; S k l mb (t o f ll ) “
n a n a n n ar r n s r . a a ,

L l bi E s lip ( Be fe y c o mp ar E limp ) G t h lé p a a d
. a ,
. n es .
, o . s n n

E s leep c m p h ap s f o m t h i s o o t t h e f n d am e n t l i d e a
. o e er r r , u a

b e i g t h t o f s i ki g d o wn t o r e s t ; G r s
n a
fi g
“
O H G
n n
”
. x v va t , . . .

h f E h emp ; S kr h u bg a ( c o o k e d ) G r fifi g G o t h h p s
'
an , . . r ,
. x o , . u ,

O H G h f L c b e E h ip an d h mp ; G r
. . . u , .
p fi
n w u ar ,
. u .
'’

e ,

G ot h B i s o ri g i al in s o m e i mi t at i v e f
i p . G we fe
va r an , . r n n

w or d s ; b t as G ri mm s l aw d o e s n o t p p ly t o s u c h w o r d s i t
’
u ,
a ,

re m ai s n c h an
g ed :
n t h us w u h ve G
fi h nxfi L b la e e a r .
, . a r ,

0 H G. b laz . E b lea t S k b b
. G Bé p fi p g
on ,
. r . ar ar a , r . a o ,

L b lb s E b bb le ; G r B p fi h i g L b lli e E b bble
. a u , . a . o v , . u r , . u .

I it i al b as G as s ma h as p o i t e d o u t h a g e e lly i
n ,
r nn n , s n ra n

S kr i t G r e k a d L at i b e e d e v e l o p e d f o m o t h e s o
an s ,
e , d n n ,
n r r un s

k r i t fr o m p b h m d b ig ( m e c h t ) f o m
'

i S
n an s , , ,
an v, as an a r an r

C o n s ult Bicke ll i n K Z . .
,
vo l . x v i .
, p 42 5 ; an d G r as s ma n n in
. K Z . .
,

vo l . x ii .
, p . 1 22 .
 C O MPARA T IVE G R A MMAR . 23

p an
(t o fr o m b h a l
b u y) , b a l , br a fr o m m r i l , an f om
d bu t r va t ;

in G e e k an d L at i n f o m g
r r v, as in G r .
Bp g,
fi a
B i w aL v . ven o i
fo r e i f om d as i n L bi s , b ellu m, b on us ; fr m o v, as in
g v n o r v, .

Gr .
B b h y ( S
o k r Lo at . vr ,
. vo lo
) Bp i Za
, ; f om r m, as in G r .

Bp or dg , BA ui mcw, Bp a Sé g S kr . mr d u s ( mi ld an d s ow l ) = L .

b la n d u s for m la n d u s ( E . mild ) ; b u cca ( S k r mu h h a ) . f o m bh

r , as

in G r .
Bp én w ,
L f . re mo , fi a a xa v w , i L fa s ci n o
. an d f om p r , as

in G r .
B
’
o a xw L . bi bo , b u xu s .

2 3 Wh e r e v e r
. ou d s c o e s p o n di g we fi n d fi r c at v e i s n rr n

e t m o l o i c all t o e x l o s i e w e b e li e e t h at t h e l at t r ar e o i v v e r
y g y p ,

i sl s t he i e a st o e r a t i c ul t i o t h t h e fo m e r r n r r
g n
y e
, q a
g r u r a n an .

W e fi d e x m p l e s o f t h i s in t h e fo ll o win g c h g e — t b e
n a an sz

6 L t ; d b e co me s l i L la *
c om e s s i Gr f D or ,
n . o ), . 7 ,
. u , n .

or u ma G r S axp v ; L
. . levi r Gr . S a ilp , S kr . d evr (a h us
b an d
’
s b r ot h er ) ; L . ca a mi t a s ,
l f omr an old e r ca d a mi ta s ; d be
c omes r L a r vo s um a d vo s m L mer i d i es fo med i d ies
in . r r u ,
. r ,

S p la mp a a fr o m a c c s i n g o f L la mp a s ; b b e c o me s v i n F r
. r . . . .

a voi = L h a b e e
r It b e c o m es a s i b il an t i n F r cen t fro m L cen
. r . .

da a n fr o m I E d h a m S k r s va n fr o m I E l va n
'
t m Sk
'
u ,
r . s . . a ,
. . . e ,

F r ch eva l fr o m L ca ba llus
. T h e m o d e r n G r e e k s p i r an t s h av e
. .

b e e n d e v e lo p e d fr o m t h e o l d as p i r at e s an d t h e L at i n s p i r an t s ,

h an d f fr o m t h e o l d g h an d bh .

T h e r e ar e s o m e e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s la w : t h u s g v h as b e e n
d e v e l o p e d fr o m v T i n I t g o lp e fro m L v u lp es F r g at er an d . .
,
.

I t g ua s t a e f o m L a s ta e F r g u ep e f o m L vesp a
. r r .
V h as
v r ,
. r . .

b e c o m e p o n ac c o u n t o f t h e s i Z s p d
'
S kr s d
’ '
I n th e n . . v .

L e s b i an diale c t w e fi d [3 fo r F b e fo r e p h e r e e i t h e r F b e c am e n

I3 ,o r e l s e 3 w as
{ p r o n ou n c ed as F T h e R o m an s di s lik e d t h e .

c u an d fr e u e n t l u s e d bu as i n er bu i fro m er veo
g r ou
p q y
, f f s im i ,

l ar ly t h e G r e e k s s ai d B b k u fo r F h p D r ep re s en t s o o ai ov o az .

I n the “
R i g veda
”
t h e symb o l 3 is em
p lo ye d t o re
p r esen t t h e l -so un d ,
i n t o wh i ch an o l d er d is s o m e t i me s C h an g e d . T h is so un d m u s t h ave b e e n
e it h e r all o r Id .

1 S e e M a x M uller , vol . I I .,
p 2 65 ,. s eq .
an d C u r t iu s , G r un d z u g s ,
pp 3 8 6 , 52 7
. .
24 CO MPARAT IV E G RAMM A R .

an olde r I an d r in s o me N o r w e g i an di ale c t s ; t h u s i n S o g n d al
l l b e c o m e s d l, as i n h a dla fo r h a lal , g u d l fo r g ul l, & c In .

D an i s h we ha ve ld fo r ll, as in f u ld E fu ll ;
. an d fa ld E .

f a ll .

24 . T h at t h e w ea k as p i r at e s e x i s t e d in t h e I n do -
Eur o
p e an i s p r o v e d b y t h e fa c t t h at t h e S an s k ri t w ea/
, c as i r at e s
p
ar e r ep r e s e n t e d i n Z e n d b y t h e m e di a an d m e dia as p i r at a ;
i n S l avi c , Le t t ic
I i s h b y t h e m e di ; a d i n
, G o t hic, an d r , a n

L at in s o m e t im s b y t h e m e di T h u s w e h a e S kr d h i ( t o
e a , v . c

p l ac e ) Z dd L d,o
( i con d )
. L i t h d
, e d u E . d o d o om ; S kr n o ,
.
,
.
,
.

bh ar
( t o b ar ) Z b L f e o G ot h
e b, i a L i.t h b é
ar , as
( . r ,
. a r , . rn a

c h ild ) E b d e ; S kr bh t ( t o b e ) Z b it L f i Li t h b i tt i
‘

, . ur n . i , .
,
. u , .

( t o b e) E b e; Sk ,
b h a t Z .b d ta L f ate r G o.t h br d r
‘
ar ,
. r r, . r r, .

t ha r Ir br d th i S kr mad h y Z m id h y L medi us O k me
, . r . a, . a a, .
, s .

o t h mid is ; I E d
"
fi m edia ) I m G j m S
’
i edo bh k
E
a ,
r . as r n ,
. . . na , .

n a bh as L be S l eb I n e h Lit h d ebe i T h es e e x
,
. nu s, . n o, r . an z ,
. s s .

am l e s ar e s ffi c i e t t o ro t h e o ri i al e xi s t e c e o f t h e
n
p p u
g ve n n

m e di a
p i at ; f ifst h e
y h d ra ab e e d e el o e d f o m t h e
p or , a n v r

m edi i S a k i t aft e i t h d b e o m e
n an s di s t i n t l g u g e
r , r a c a c an a ,

w e s h ould fi n d t h em ep re s e t e d i G ot h i fo x a m le
p rb y n n c, r e ,

h t an d p an d o t b y g d n d b ; a d if t h e n h ad b e e d e n n
, , , y , , a

v e l o e d f o m t h e t e u e s as i r t a
r w e s ho u l d o t fi d t hem r e
n n n
p p a ,

p r e s e t e d i n t h e c o n at e l a
n
g u a es b
g g y t h e m e di a n .

2 5 Wh e t h e r t h e I d o E u o p e an p o s s e e d t h e h ar d as
. n -
r ss ,

w ell as t h e s o ft a p i at e s i s s t ill a di p t e d q e s t i o T T h e ,
s r s u u n .

m ain ar g u m e t b r o g h t fo r w r d in s u pp or t o f t h e O p i n i o n t h at
n u a

i t di d i s t h e fac t t h at t h e G r e e k as p i r at e
,
w hi c h ar e h ar d s, ,

c o re r o d i m
s a
y c as e s t o t h
n h a d as i at e s in
n
p n S an s kr i t e r r
p .

N w in al l t h e s c as e s I b e li e v e t h at t h e t e u is w as t h e o r i
o ,
e n

in al s o d a d t h t t h e as i r at i o i s e e all d e t o t h e i n r u
g un
p , gn
y a n n

fl u e n c e f e i g hb o u i g s o u n d s w h i c h h av e s o m t i me s fal le n
o n r n ,
e

A c co r d i n g t o L ot t n e r , wh o c o mp ar e s G r . ti t/6 5
00 9

G r as s man n i n K
”
1 C on s u lt C ur t i us ,
»
G r un dz u g e , p . 37 5 ; an d . Z .
,

vo l . x ii .
, p . 1 09 .
 CO MPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 25

out . Mo r e o v e r i n m an y , of t h e s e ex a mp l e s w e fi n d i n G r e e k
s id e - o r f m s wi t h t h e s im
p l e t en u is , w h i c h e v id e n t ly c o n t ain
o ld e r form s of t h e r o ot s . T hu s , a s i b i l an t h as as
p i r at e d t h e

t en u i s i t h e fo llo w i c as es z—s h ( c au s to t hrow ) i

'

ar
n n
g p .
, ar a
p p a,

l ip w ; sp h ur s h u r , m ii a , m v d v s hal
a so m r a ip w , aa n a
p ) p p p p p
( c au s . wit hd ,
to s t r ik e ) , o
p akh w ,
A S f ea lla n , i t p it lt i
( t o . . L h .

f ll )
a , s
p h ur
g
'

(t o t hu n d e ) r , a
’

qb czp a yo g , s
p h an t
( t o s li
p ),t a
gtn w
’

p h a la lca ( a b en ch ) , mpi A a g ; k h i d ( t o
'

cut
) , a
xi Zw , L . s ci n do . In
h h as t h e i r at i o n i s d u e t o t h e n as al K h a li n as
'
s a ii
'

xé yx og as
p .

( n om
g ) . s in . i s b o r ro w e d fr o m X a hwé g . The as
p i r at e i n t h e

e n din
g o f t h e 2 s in
g p er . f tha
.
- -
0a ( o i o fia vett h a
) is du e
t o t h e falli n g o u t of v fr o m th e p r on o mi n al s t em t va . G r as s
m an n c om
p a es r é
p xn w i t h ma h h a (a wa r r ori ) , 81 0755) w i t h
ath a r i ( t h e p o i n t o f a l an c e ) , “ 6 00 g wi t h ma t h ( t o ag i t at e ) , an d
as s e r t s t h at t h e as i r at e d t e n u i s i n all t h e s e c a s e s i s o r i i n al ;
p g
b u t ma h h a c o me s f o m r mag h , 8z 0p is c o n n e ct e d wi t h an d h as

( p l an t ) . W e fin d th e as
p . t en u is d e v el o p e d f o m t h e as p m e r .

d ia in n e i th ( t o as k ai d
) f o m r n ad h , E eed 0 H G et ; i n
. n , . . . n

ha ( t h en )
f om a dh ; i h h ( é c l m ) G Xé q L h la e ;
’

at r a n a a r, oe u ,
r . o ,
. a r

i p h l ( t o b e a f i t ) L fl o s G o t h b lci ma i
n a r ru a hh Ov
,
.
,
. n n a,

L g i . un
g l I i
u s, uno
g O H G g l
u a, L i t h r .

g s Int a, . . . na a ,
. n a
’
a .

i m c h m o e p ob ab l e t h t t h e S n s k i t h ar d a p i t e s a d
s u r r a a r s ra n

t h e G e ek as p i at e s ar o s e e i t h e f o m t h e s o ft s p i t e s o r t h e
r r r r a ra

t e n u e s t h an t h at b o t h row s o f as p i at e s e x i s t e d i
, th e In do r n

E ro p e a an d aft e r w ar d s c o ale s ce d i G e ek
u n ,
n r .
 C HA PT ER III

G R I MM s L A w *
’
.

26 root s of t h e I n d o E u ro p e an l n g ag e s ar e s bje c t
. T HE -
a u u

t o t w o di s t i n c t c las s e s o f c h n g s — i e g l o
p o adi c nd a e rr u ar r s r ,
a

r e g la T h e r g l h n g e s p e m t e all t h d i l e t o f a
u r . e u ar c a r ea e a c s

l g u ag
an w h il e t h e i rr g u l a s h o w t h e m s e l es c h i e fly i s o m e
e, e r v n

o e d i al e c t
n T h u s in G r e e k X 0 . i all t h e di l e t s r e
, , , ,
n a c

p r e e t th
s or
n ig i l g h d h b
e h b t i g x6 9 m i
n a 3 m 36 , , u xxo , , na, , ,

b S eh dg , o r a di c v ar i e t i e s o f i 7r 1r o g m ir e , 31
'
ar e s
p , w ii g , '

s,

bfi ekdg . The re
g u la r ch a
g n e s ar e t h r e e ol f d we h av e the

sp l i t t i n g u
p o f an o r i in al s ou n d i n t o
g s e v e r al ot h e r s , as w he n

an I E . . a is re
p r e s en t ed in G r e ek an L at i n b y a e 0
d , , we
h av e th e lo s s o f an o ri g i n al s o u n d ru n n in g t h r o g h an u en t ir e

l an g u ag e , as in t h e c as e o f t h e di s ap p e ar an c e of t h e as p i r at e s

in L at i ; n w e h av e t h e r e ma r k ab l e l aw o f t h e d i s lo c at i on o f
t h e c o n s o n an t s di s c o v e r e d b y G r i mm an d c alle d b y hi m
, ,

L a u t ver s ch ie bu g w h i c h w e n o w p ro c e e d t o e n u n c i at e an d
n ,

i llu s t r at e .

2 7 T h i s l aw s t at e d g e n e r ally i s as fo llo w s — I f t h e s am e
.
, ,

r o o t e x i s t i n S an s k r i t G r e e k L at in G o t h i c an d Old H i g h
, , , ,

G e rm an w h e n S an kr i t G r e e k an d L at i n p r e s e n t t h e as p i
,
s , ,

r at e G o t h i c p r e s e n t s t h e c o r r e s p o n di n g m e di a an d Old Hi g h
, ,

G e r m a t h e c o r r e s p o di g t e n u i s ; w h e n t h e fi r s t t h r e e l an
n n n

ua es r e s e n t t h e m e di a G o t h i c h as t h e t e n u i s a d Old n
g g p , ,

H ig h G e r m an t h e as p ir at e wh e n t h e fir s t t h r e e lan g u ag e s
“
D e u t s ch e G r amma t ik vo n D r . J ako b G r i mm, vo l . i .
, p 58 4 . .

”
C o n s u lt a so l G e s amm elt e s p r ac h wi s s c n s c h aft lic h e S c h r i ft en vo u R u d o lp h
vo n Bau me r , an d M a x M ii lle r fvol ii p 1 98 . .
, . .
28 C OMPARA T I VE G RAMMAR .

la
k, h h , h
’ ’
, s
' '

h , hh , h ,
s

c,
g,
0, ch ,

k s

It , sz ,

h, g

28 . E x ample s of G ri mm s ’
L aw .

I S kr d i r g h a ( l o n g ) , Z da r eg h d ( lo n g ) G r do kt xdg ,
’

. . .
, .

L . lo n g u s , G o t h lagg s
. S k r la g h u ( lig h t ) , G r Eh a xb g , L le
. . . .

vi s for O H
G li h t , K e l lug u i n I /ug ud u n u m,
leg vi s , . . . . an o t h er
fo r m o f I /ug d u n u m S kr g h a r s h ( t o r ub ) , G r Xp i w ,
. . . L fr i o
.
,

f i
r co . S kr g h as ( t o
. e at )
, L . h os ti s , O L fo s t i s
. .
, h osp es ( qu i ci

I n t h es e e xa mp les I h ave n ear l

y al ways o mi t t e d t h e corr e s p o n di n g

r oot s in S lavic , Lit h uan i an , an d K e lt i c .

 CO MPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 9

b u m p e t i t ), G o t h g a s t s , E g u es t , Li t h g a sp a d a ( ho s p i t i u m) , . . .

an d a c c o r di n g t o Bo pp , G r y a o r fip
,
S k r h a r yci mi ( I l o v e ) , . . .

Gr . f w
x p , a L g t us . ra , G ot h f
i h u
g a ir n s ( r e e d
.
g y o f mon e
a
y) ,
-

E .
y ea r n ,
O H G . . . h ir i ( de s ir e ) S kr h ya s ( ye s t e r d ay) , . .

G r .
X fié g , L h er i .
,
h es t er n u s , G o t g i s tr a , E y es t er d a ,
y h . .

0 H
. . G . h es t a r
‘

. S kr . h a ns a ( a g oose) , Gr .
xi w, L . a n s er ,

G ot h .
g an s , E .
g oos e, O H G lean s S kr . . . . . va h ( t o ca ry r ) ,

G r Oxo g , L veh o, G o t h vig s ( v i a) 0 H G wa ( )

'
an cu rr u s
. . . . . . .
gg ,

G r xé p r o g , L h or t u s ,
. . coh or s , E .
g ar d en , g i r d , O H . . G . lca r t o,
G o t h g ar ds .
( a hou s e ) .

I . S kr . in dh ( t o b urn ) , G r . a
’
L
i Ow, . a s tu s , ced es ,

A . S dd , . O H . . G . ci t (fi r e) . S kr . r u dh ir a ( b lo o d
) , G r Ep v fip o g ,
.
’

L . r u b er , r u
f us , E . re d, O H . . G . r ét . S kr d h e .
(t o d r in k ) ,
Gr . Ofia fia t Onh fi, L , .
fi li us ,
f em i n a , G ot h . d a d dja ( l ac t o ) ,

O . H G t ri u ( lac t o )
. . . S kr . dha r s h ( to d ar e ) , Z . d a r es h ( t o

d ar e ) , G r . L for t i s
. G o t h g a d a u r s a n (t o d ar e ) , O H G
,
. . . .

i t S k r d h il (t o s h ak e , b l o w ) , Z d u n m a n ( v ap o u r ) , G r
g ar . . . .

96 a) , Oveh h a , Ovn d g , L fu mu s , . su
j i o, G o t h . da u n s ( O dor ) E , .

d u s t, O H G t u n s t (s t o r m )
. . . .

I . S kr . bh u ( t o b e ) , Z . b it (t o b e ), G r . (
p6 0) , L .
f ui ,

E . b e, 0 . H G p im ( I . . am ) . S kr . b h r d ta r , Z . br d ta r , G r .

pp
( ar p ia , L f te G ot h . ra r ,
. b r ci t h a r , 0 . H . G .
p r u oda r . Z . ba r
( t o b o r e ) G r Wi p e s p ap a yé L for a r e E
, O H G po
.
, ,
.
,
. bor e, . . .

S k r bh a d r a ( b e s t ) E bett er , b es t S kr bh a hg ( t o b r e ak )
'
r an . .
,
. . .
,

Gr .
pni /w
ar , L r a n o, G o t
f g b ri/ca n , O G p r é ch a n
. h . . H . . .

II . S kr g a n ( t o b e g e t ) , z an
( t o b e g e t ) , G r yi v o c ,
.
’
Z . .

L n u s , G ot k r ac e , E n d , ch i ld , O h H
.
g e un i
( ) h i G
. c h i n d . . . .

( o ffs
p i g ) r nS k r
g ar . .
( to s ou n d) , Z .

g ar
(
g ) , G r yfip v g ,
to s in .

L a r ri o , a llu s , E
c ll S kr g u u h o h
.
g g . a . . r
( e av
y) , G t h aa r s .

( h e av
y) E c ar e S k r b h g,( t o e
j
n o
y e n dur e.
) L f uor f . . u
'

, ,
. r , un

g o G o t h b uhj n E b ook
r , S kr g a d a an d h n u ( g eh a)
. r a ,
. r . . n a
,

G r yi g L g e a G o t h h i n s ( c h i ) O H G ch i n n i
. vv , . n , . n u n , . . . .

II S k r d r u ma ( w o o d ) Z d r u ( w o o d ) G r
.
869 .
, .
, .
1»

8£ 8p v G o t h t r i u (t r e e )
ov, S k d am ( t o t am e ) G r S n d . . r .
, . a ra ,

L d oma e domi us G o t h g at mjan (t o t am e ) O H G z mi

. r ,
n ,
. a ,
. . . a
30 C OMPARATIVE G RAMMAR .

( t am e) . S kr . ( 181 (to s how) , G r . Bei xv vp c, L . d i co, G o t h . t eih a

( n u n ti o
) O H ,
. . G . z ei é
g m . S kr . an d Z . das
'

an , Gr . Béxa ,

L . d ecem, G o t h . t a ih u n , O H . . G . z e an h . S kr . an d Z . d va .
Gr . L . d u o , G o t h t oa i, G . . z wei . S kr . vid ( t o p er c e iv e ) ,

o iS G oth
a . vu i t = S kr . vé d a , L vi d eo
. H G , 0 . . . wi z a n . S kr d a n t .

( t o o t h ) Z , . d a iit , G r 6 80 69 , . L d e ns . G ot h t ,
. un th m, O H G . . .

z and . G r pi iZa fo r Fp l 8t a , L e s b. .
Bp i E L a a, . ra dix , G o t h va ur t s .

r oot ), 0 H G
( w ur z a . . . .

II . C o n s u lt 22 .

III . S kr .
’

s vas u r a
'

( s o c er ) Z ,
.

g
’
as u r a , Gr . é xvp o g ,
’

G ot h h r a, G sch wag er S kr (t o
'
Gr . s oce r , . s va i . . . d ar s s ee ),
G r S ip xw ,. O . S t o r h t ( b ri g h t ) , E to r ch , O H G z og a h t
. . . . . . S kr .

( a t e ar ) , G r sea m, O L d a cr u ma , G o t h t ag r , O H G
'
as r a . . . . . . .

za h ar . S kr . s
’
d ld ( h o use
) , Gr . xa h ia , L . ce lla , d o mi ci li a m, e
ce

la r e, E . ha ll, h ell, h ole . S kr h alya ( h e alt hy) , G r xa h ci g , G o t h

. . .

h a ils , E wh o le , h eal , G li ed S kr ( t li )
e , Gr k ai p a i , L
'

. . o . . . .

g u ies , ci vis = O s k h evs , G o t h h a i ms

. .
( vill ag e ) E h ome h a mlet , .
, .

G r. wh i m w ,
-
L . cle
p o, G ot h . h lift us x h en r n g
’
. S kr . s ru
'

(t o
h r)ea , Gr . r h in o , x h sog
’
S kr .
’

s r a vas , L . cluo , cl i en s , G oth .

h li u ma O H G h lilt (lou d ) S l s la va ( g lo r y) S kr . . .
, . . .

h a r h ( t o d r a w ) L ac cer s o E h ea s e h a r o w
s S kr h ats ( t o
, .
,
. r ,
r . .

c o u h ) E h us k O H G h uo s t o
g y , .
, . . . .

II I S kr t r i Z th i G r p i g L t es G o t h t h r eis
'

. .
, . r ,
. r t , . r ,
.
,

O H G d r i S kr ta s h ( t o t h i r s t ) Z ta r s h a ( t hi r s t ) G r
. . . . . r ,
. n , .

r ip u L to r r eo t er r a
ao at , G o t h t h a u s tei ( t h ir s t ) G d u r s t
.
, . r , . .

S kr t a ( t o
. c r oss
) Z rt u r d ( ac r o s s
) G r i pp L t e m i us , .
,
. r a, . r n ,

tr n s
a Umb t r af O N t h r d m ( m ar g o ) E t h r ou g h 0 H G
.
, . .
, .
, . . .

"
d r u m ( fin i s ) S kr p at ( fly) , p a t r a in g ), G r
E
. . t o
( a W . n ir op a z,
n re
p
’
o v, L .
p p et o , en n a
(O L . .

p ean a
) , a cc i
p i t er, r ce es , O H G
p p . . .

fe do r a ( a wi n g ) , E .
f eat h e r . S kr . an r d Z . ta n ( t o st etc h) , Gr .

i
r e vw, L . t en do , te n u is , G o t h t h an .

j (
u ex t en d o ) O H , . . G d uu n i .

Be n fey d e d u ce s S h r .
p a t r in ( a mo u n t a in ) an d Gr . wi r p o c fr o m t h i s

r oo t , g t h a t i n t h e old poe t ica l lan g uag e clo u ds an d

r e m ar ki n r ocks ar e

i d e n t ifi e d , an d t h e C louds co n s ide re d as wi n g s of t h e mou n t ai n s

 CO MPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 31

(t ih )
n . S kr . tu ( to b e p o w e r fu l :t o i n c r e as e ), Z . tu (t o be
a b le ) G r , . r bA o g , r a ii g p s ya g
’
L . t u meo, t u b e r , t a cor ,

t ot u s , Hm h . t au ta ( a c i t y) , O . P r t a u t a ( l an d ) ,
. Ir . t u at h ( p e o p le )
'

G ot h t h i u da ( p e o p le ) E t h u m b, 0 H G d i l mo ( t h u mb )
’

. . . .
,
. .

I II . S kr . a
p a
( y) Z
aw a , . a
p a, G r 6 77 6, . L . a b, G o t h .

a
f O
,
H G . a ba . a h p. t G r { m .é L s e t em
p S kr . s
p t a Z n , . a an ,
. r
-
, .
,

G o t h s ib . S k r p a a ( aw ay) Z p a a ( fr o m ) G r
un . .
pd r , . r , . n a ,

L p e G o t h f a E fr o m O H G fa N H G ve S k
. r , . r .
,
. . . r . . . r . r .

an d Z o b r in ove ) G r m p i w L G ot h
p ar
( t .

g p o ta
f an r ,
. c ,
. r , . ar

( t o g o ) E fa e G erf h r en S kr an d Z p ar ( t o fi ll) G r
, . r ,
. a . . .
, .

v im A nn L p len u s p op u lu s E fol/
-
i ,
c
f u l l
. S k r
p i t o l
( p e as e ) , ,
.
,
. . r ,

Z f i ( t o lo e ) G r wp i g E f i en d G r mi é L p g n us
. r v ,
. a
i
, . r . .
'

,
. u ,

E fls t G r wh i 9 g E fli t
. . . G w iip g L p a u cu s E few
z/ 0 ,
. n r . a o ,
.
,
. .

S kr p a t ( t o e x t e n d ) G r h i g L L a tiu m E
. r h
fl t ,
. n arr , .
,
. a .

2 9 N O s at i s fac t o r y e x p l a at i o n o f t h e o r i g i n o f t h e
. n

C h an g e s e x p e s s e d b y t h i s l w h as e e r b e e g i e n I t h as
r a v n v .

b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h at t h i s p h o n e t i c di v e r s i t y i s d u e t o a p r e
* “

v i o s s t at e o f l a g u ag e i
u w h i c h t h e t w o o r t hr e e p i i p al
n n r n c

o i t s o f c o n s o a t al c o t c t w e r e n o t ye t fe lt as d e fi n i t e ly
n n n n a
p
s e a at e d fr o m e a c h o t h e r
p r E a c h o f t h e b r an c h e s o f t h e I d o .
”
n

E u r o p e an family i t i s m ain t ai e d m o di fi e d t hi s s o u d i n ,
n , n

i t s o wn w ay ; h en c e w e h av e d i ffe r e t fo r m s of t h e o r i n

g in s l v a u e s ou n d
g But i t i s e x t r em el
y u n lik e l
yi t h at s u c h
.
,
‘

v a u e s o n d s e x i s t e d i n t h e o r i g in al I n d o E u rop e an l a
-
ua e n
g u
g g
c o n t e m o r a e o u s ly w i t h t h e s t r o n g ar t i c la t i on w h i c h i s e u
p n
p
c u l i r t o all o ld l
a
g g a es If w e t h u s a c c o u n t fo r t h e o r i i
an
g u . n

of S k a d L JE OI an d L
’

p r .
g u m p g n
q u t o
.
&C
a ua, . av s , . a u r , .
,

w e w ill b e fo r c e d fr o m an al o to t fo r t h e or i i f
‘

ac c o u n
gy g n o

th e W a ll ac h i an a
p a, e
p a,
p a tr a i f omr a
q ua , e
g ua,
q u a t u or , in

By M ax M u ller vo l 1 L , p p 1 8 0, 1 8 1 , . . .

”
T C ur t iu s , G r u n d z ii g e , p 3 6 6 . .

I M a x M u lle r s u
gg e s t s , a s a n e x p l an at i o n of t h es e fo r ms , t h a t t h e L e

g i o n s wh i ch c o l o n iz e d D ac i a we r e r ai s e d i n t h e O s can an d Umb ri an d is
t r ict s of I t aly, wh er e p r e p r esen t e d t h e at in qu L . B ut , i n ad d i t i on to th e

o b vi o u s i mp r o b ab ili t y o f t h is accou n t , i t may b e a d d ed t h at i t d o es n ot

32 CO MPA R A T I VE G RAMMAR .

t h e s ame w ay, an d to L at i n w o r d s w e r e p r o
as s e r t t h at t h e se

n o u n ce d wi t h a v a u e an d i n di s t in c t c o n s o n an t al s o un d ; t h i s
g ,

ho w e v e r i s t o o ab s u r d t o b e m ain t ain e d for a m o me n t

,
.

T h e v e ry e x ample ( S kr g h ar ma G r O p p dg L f or mus ) .
, . e , .

g i ven b
y M ax Mull e r s h o u l d h av e b e e n s uffi c i e n t t o d e m o n

s t r at e t h e i n c o r re c t n e s s of t h i s t h e o r y for w h at p r o n o u n c e ab l e
s o u n d c an b e im a i e d w hi c h c o u ld a p p r o x i m at e t o e ac h o f
n
g
t h e s e g u t t u r al ( g h ) d e n t al a d l ab i al (
, f s o un d s wi t ho u t
n ,

b e i n g e x ac t ly an y o f t h e m ? S u c h d iv e r g e n c i e s aro s e n o t ,

fr o m an y v ag u e a t i c ul ati o n on t h e p art of t h e I n d o E u r op e an s
r -
,

b u t fro m o t h e r c au s e s T hes e w e re t h e in fl u e n c e of
.

n e i h b o u r in s ou n d s ; t h e S rin i n of ad v e n t i t i o u s o r
g g p g g p u

ar a s i t i c s o u n d s ; p s c ho lo i c al ri n c i le o f di ffe r e n
p a
y g p p
t i at i o n i e a d e s i r e t o k e e p u p wi t hin t h e li mi t s o f t h e s am e
,
. .
,

l a g u ag e a di ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n w o r d s o r s o u n d s t h at t h r e at e n
n

t o b e c o m e i d e n t i c al o r t o d e v e l o p e s u c h a diffe r e n c e b e
,

t w e e n w or d s o r s o u n ds t h at ar e at a g i v e n mo m e n t i d e n t i c al .

W e fi n d e x am pl e s o f ( 1 i n t h e d e ri v at i on o f t h e Wall p . e a,

r om e ua for t h e u b am e h r o u h t h e in
a
p fa
q a ua
g , ( )
v ec p t g
fl u e n c e o f t h e t e n u i s q ( k) W e fi n d ( 2 ) e x e m pli fi e d i n s u c h
.

fo rms as Xfl g S kr h y s I E g h yas wh e r e t h e y d e v e lop e d d

’
a , . a , . .
,

b e fo r e i t s e lf as i t fr e qu e n tl y d o e s an d t h en fell o u t t h i s 3
, , ,

a ft e r w ar d s b e c o m i n 0 o n a cc o un t of t h e r e c e di n
g p g X
W e fi n d n u m e r o u s e x amp le s o f p s yc h o l o g i c al p ro c e s s e s in
all l an
g gu a es T h u s i n G r e e k w e h av e d
.
n i w p i Zw i w e v v, s v, r e v ,

fo r i p yw c sv h yyw v, v e w h e re t h e v, ar i s e s
r e fro m t h e
, l

t hro wi n g b ac k of t h e ori g i n al y t h a t o n c e e x i s t e d i n t h e l as t

s ll ab l e an d w h e r e t hi s m u s t h av e b ee n r e s e n t t o t h e m in d
y , y p
b e fo r e i t w a s pr o n o u n c e d T h i s e ffe c t —c alle d v ar i o u ly Hy
. s

er t h e s i s I n fe c t i o n or U ml a t —a e ar s i n i t s c o m l e t e fo r m
p , pp , p u

i n Z e n d W e fi n d i t als o i n E n g lis h as i n t h e v e r b t o fel l t h e

.
, ,

see m t o b e b o rn e out b y t h e fo r ms of the W alla ch i an lan g u ag e . T he ex

amp le ( O s c p o mt i s .
z L .
qu in q ue ) a d d u c ed b y h imse l f o ve r t h r o ws t h is

t h eo r y fo r t h e W allach ian fo r fi ve is q uin q ué , a w or d e vi d e n t ly o f p ure

L a t i n or ig in .
 C O MPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 33

c au s a t i ve f ( ) r
o f to i s e s fro m a ll, w h e r e
b y h y p e th e e ai a a r

t h e sis I n L at i fo r m s s c h s s c ip s i w e al s o s ee t h e ffe c t
'

. n u a r e

o f P s c ho l o i al i fl e n c e fo as i th h yp
c e t h e s is o f i w e
n u r n e r
y g ,

t hi k f t h e fo ll o wi g y s o w e t h i k o f t h e fo llo win g
n o n ,
n 8,

an d c h g e t h e b o f s c ib i t o p as s i s a h ar d s o u d
an We r o n ,
n .

s e e a s i m il ar c au s e at w or k i n t h e or i
g i n of th e It . b uo n o ,
n u ovo,
f u or a ,
f uo c o , from L . b on u s , n o vu s ,
for i s focus , . The
It ali an s h ad l os t t h e di s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s hort an d t h e lo n g
0, b u t t h ey s t ill felt t h at a di s t i n c t i o n h o l d b e m ad e b e t w e e n
s u

th e o of n dvus an d th e o o f n on u s s w h ile t h e y k e p t o w h e e
o, r

v er i t w as l o n g , t h e y e mp l o ye d no to e
p e s e n t 0 wh e
r ri t w s n a

s h o rt .

N or s e i mp e rfe c t i d i cat i v e w e fi n d t h e a o f t h e
I n th e o ld n

s in u l ar c h a e d i n t o 0 in t h e l u r al o n ac c o u n t o f t h e u o f
'

g g p n ,

t h e fi al s yll ab l e w h i c h t h e r e fo r e mu s t h av e b e e
n , p r e s en t t o n

t h e m i d d u i g t h e p r o n n c i at i o n o f t h e fi r s t s yllab le ; t h u s
n r n u ,

s in I h a lla dh a , 2 h alla d h ir , 3 ka llu d h i ; p l 1 lcot lu d h u m ,

’
'

g . . . . . .

*
2 lcOllud h u t 3 lcOllu d h u
' ’

. . .
,

30 T h e . c h an
g es o f s ou n ds , n ot ic e d i n t h e la s t s e ct i o n ,

ar s e i f om
r w h at h a b e e c alle d s n b y M ax Mii ll e r D i a lect i c
G r owt h b ut t here a e o t he r ha g r c n es t h at m an ife s t t h e m s e l v e s
n ot on ly i n s o m e an c i e n t lan g u ag e s , b u t als o m u c h m o r e fr e
u e n tl i n t h e i r m o d e r n r e r e s e n t at i v e s T h e s e l at t e r a r i s e
q y p .

fr o m w h at h e c alls P h on et i c D ecay ; T an d t h e c au s e O f t h i s d e
ca
y h e r i g h t ly t r a c e s t o l a z i n e s s , o r w an t of m u s cu ar e n e l rg y
on t h e
p ar t o f t h e s e ak e r
p T h us as h e .
, re m ar k s , n e ar l
y al l
th e C ha n
g es t h at h a ve t ak e n p l ac e i n t h e t r an s i t i o n f ro m
A n
g l o S a xo n t o m o d e r n
-
E n g li s h b e l o n g t o t hi s c l as s . W e

h av e s i ll
y f o
lig , wo ma n fr o m wifma n , lo r d fro m h ldf or d ,
m r sa

h i n g fr o m cyn i n g , & C S im ilar ly w e h av e s qu ir e fro m F r es cu i er ,

. .

A as en s
’ “
Nor s k G r ammat ik, p . 2 24 .

1 M a x Mu lle r , v ol . ii .
, pp 1 7 6 —
.1 78 . C ur t i u s calls t h i s p h e n o me n o n

V er wi t t er un g , t h u s co mp ar in g i t t o t h e d e cay c au s e d by th e o p er a t ion o f

the at mo s p h er e .
34 C OMPA RA T I V E G R AMMAR .

L s calar i as ; st r a n g er fr o m Fr est r a n g i er L extn n eu s ; s exto n

. .
, . a

fr o m F r s ac r is ta i n ; chap ter fro m F r ch ap i t r e L cap i tulu m ; da m

. .
, .

s el fro m F r demoi s el le L d om i n i cella ; S i fro m F r s ieu

. L se , . r . r, .

n io r I n G r e e k t h e in s e rt i o n o f t h e m e d i as b e t w e en p an d p o r
. ,
, v

an d
p i s d u e t o t h e s am e c au s e
, i S Q g an d
y p g b e i n
g m or e ,
’
c v e a o
'

e as ily ro n o u n c e d t h an ( an d W e fi n d s imil ar in
p v 1

s e r t i o n s i n E n lis h as t o s lu mb er fr o m A S s lu mer ia n Ci n der s

g , . .
,

fro m L ci n e es & c I n G o t h h a n ds E h ou n d ( L ca n is ) d h as
. r , . .
, . .
,

b e e n ad d e d t o facili t at e t h e p ro n u n c i at i o n T h e d s i n g old .

an d mi n d h av e b e e n e x l ain e d i n t h e s am e w a b u t wr on l
g y
p y ,

s o , fo r
g o ld i s t h e G o t hi c
g ulch I E g h a r t a fro m I E an d . .
- . .

S kr g h ar ( t o s hi n e) w h e n c e S kr h i r a na h i r a ya ( g o ld )
.
, .
,
n ,

Z z ar a n u z a r a n ya ( g old ) G r xp og v y g I E g h a
.
, , . vo
'
‘
r o . . r

v a cig
’
tyas , xh o v vo g xp va ég P h r yg .

7 Xo u cig
p xp
( He s ych ) . a n d mi n d L . men t in men t ul . F r om t h i s r o o t g h a r
c o me als o S kr h r i /
cu , klih a
.
( t in ) , G r xa kxé g , . an d L .
g lis co .

31 . A PPA R ENT E X C EPT I ON S TO G R I MM

’
S LAw .
’

T HE fi r s t of t h e s e e xc e p t i o s c o s i s t s o f n at u r al
cl as s n n

s o un d s ( n at u rl au t e ) o n o mat op i c an d i mi t at i e w or d s t hu s , oe , v

w e h av e a s n at u r al s o un d s S kr a lt d ( m o t h e ) G r
’'

, . r , . cxr r a ,

L lt a G o t h tt ( f t h e r ) ; ma an d p t h e w o d s us e d
. a ,
. a a a a, r

b y in fan t s fo r t h e i r foo d an d t h e i r p ar e n t s wh e n c e ari s e ,

G r p dp p n 5 m m L ma mm
. ma mill
, p p la G
i l a mmo ,
. a, a, a ,
.
,

E ma mma p ap a p p s p p S kr t é t a ( d e ar u s e d c hi e fly b y
.
, ,
a , a .
,

ar e t s a d d r e s in g t h e ir c hil d r e n an d c hild r e n t h e i r
n s ar e t s
) n
p p , ,

Gr é . a‘
r l fln
-
r r a, T a L ta ta E t it teat O H G t tt o
r a, r r , 1 1 , .
, .
, ,
. . . u

( b r e as t ) t o t o ( g o dfat h e r )
,
L i t h t ct a ( un t ) s o o m t o mi c
P , . a : a n a

an d imi t ati e w o ds w e h av e S kr h é sh ( t o n e i g h ) O H G
v r , . r ,
. . .

h r os s , E . hor se S kr h ilt /
ed , . E . h icco ug h G r b A a m-di ,
. E . h o wl,
G . h e u len Gr . k h a yyrg,
’
L . l
c an
g o, E . cla n h,
'
cla t t e r , cl a
p,

F o r t h e mate r ials o f se ct i on s 31 an d 32 I a m al mos t en t ir ely in d eb t ed

to the in s t r u c t i ve ar t i cles o f L o t t n er an d G r as sman n , i n K Z . .

,
v ol. xi .
,

p 1 61 ;
. an d vo l . xi i .
, p 1 31 . .
36 C OMPA RAT I VE GR M A MAR .

n at e f r ms o , Gr . fo llo wi g c es
xa p S la , L . cor , Ir . c r id e . The n as

a re e as il
y e x l ai n e d b
p y s
pp o in
g t h t t h e c orr e s o di
p g u s a n n

I d o E u r o p e an roo t s b e g a
n - d e d d wi t h s p i r at e s Th s n an n e a . u

w e h v e I E bh d h a S kr b ud /
a , . ma ( d e p t h ) G r w dp fi
. u n ,
.
, . v v.

L f d O H G b oda m E b ot t om ; I E bh ud h S kr b dh
. un us , . . .
, . . .
,
. u

( t o k o w) G r q é yn G o t h bi d a ( I k o w ) ; L E bh dh
,
. n vo a z, . u n . an ,

S kr b d/( t o b in d ) G
. an te p d9 t p L fas cis f is ,
r . n ev r
-
, ve o
-
at, .
,
un ,

E bi d ; I E bh i dh G r w ld L fd c G o t h bi dj ; I E
. n . .
, . a o) , .
, . a . .

bh dd h S k r b d dh (
, t o r p l
e e ) G r. w é x (w fo r e —m w ) L f e n , . o n a e ,
.

d o 0 N bed ( a fi g h t ) A S b ea d ; I E bh dg h
, . . S kr b d h ,
. . u . . u, . u

a m) G O N O H b u oc ; I E b h a h
( r r w fi x
, g b o g . G v , g . . r, . . . . . u,

S kr b ah (l rg e ) G r w xfi g ; I E b h g h S kr ba nh ( t o g ro w )
. u a , . a . . a
, . ,

G o t h hayms ( t r e e ) E bea m ; I E b h g h S kr bh ug ( t
'
.
,
. . . a ,
. o

b e n d ) G r d b yw L f g io G o t h bi g ( I b e n d ) I E bh g h
,
. e ,
. u , . a a . . ar ,

Gr .
( fo r
¢ p 1 yw ) G o t h b i g ( I g u d ) b g a ,
. a r a ar ,
aur s

( a t o wn ) I E bh a g h L flag ell m G o t h b lig g . .

( t o r , . u , . van

s c ou r e ) ; I E dh p ( t o fumi g at e ) G
‘
h i bh S h
‘

g d r . . ii gb g t ,
. it , r . r o

( s m ok e ) mpké g G o t h da bs ( d e f) d m b ( d mb ) G t b
, r , . u a , u s u , . au

I E d h ig h S kr d ih ( t o s m e a ) G t yé w L fi g
. .
,
. r , r . v , . n o,

G o t h d eig ( I fo r m ) d a ig ( d o g h ) G t eig ; I E d h g h
. a , s u ,
. . . a ,

S kr dale ( t o b rn ) G o t h d ag s ( d y) 0 H G t dh t ( a l mp
. u , . a , . . .
, a

wi c k ) G t ag d och t I E dh g h a t a S kr d h i ta
,
.
, G o t h da h . . u r ,
. u r ,
. u

tar , O H G toh t a t h i w or d c o m e s p e rh ap f o m t h e x t
. . . r s s r n e

r o o t an d me an s t h e milk e r ; I E d h ag h S kr d uh ( t o
,
“ ”
. .
, .

m ilk t o e jo y) G o t h d ug
,
n
( t o b e u s e fu l
) E
, d u
g Ir d i . an ,
.
,
u

i m ( I d r i n k o ff
) S cot d eo h i l ( m mm as s u e r e ) ; I E a
g a
g g , . a . .

d h r ug h S h r d uk ( t o h r t ) G r Géh yw
,
. L fmt s t m
r u , . . .

G o t h d i ug an 0 N d au g
. r
( g
a h os t ) Z , d g ( an e il
. . r r ,
. ru
’
v

s i ri t ) 0 H
p G ,
tr i g n (t o de c i e) I
. . d ro h
( b
. d ) ; I E
u a e v , r . c a . .

g h b ha S k r
g ,
b h ( t o a
g p ) E .
g p e ; I ’
E
a
g h dh S,k g dh e , . a . . ar ,
r . ar

( t o d e s ir e ) G o t h g r é da g ( h u , r
g y) E g ee d y O H. G h i s n , . r , . . . r

d s ir e ) G i I r a dh
( l ) D i S k d d ( d o )
( e g e g
, e . n r r ,
r . ov . . o ra a o r ,

r e p r s e n t s an I E dh ; fo r w e h a e G
e 06p L f e G o t h
. . v r . a, . ar s, .

da ur O H G ton Ir do ( a d o o ) G 7 ( S kr h a V e d
,
. . .
, . r r . r . 5 .
, .

h a) m h e ari e on E an s o i l fro m an o ld e
av s n
g y
,
a o
p X ur e r e,
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR . 37

fr o m s am e r o o t a s
X ‘ in
6X 4, S kr h i . h o w ev c o
. BO p p , er , n n ect s

wit y h a th e k in G ot h . mi h , t h u h, d t he h i O H G
an n . . . u ns ih ,
wwi h w i c
‘

, h h c an o n ly b e e x p l ai n e d o t h e s pp o s i t i o o f
n u n an o r i

g lu al
g I n S kr . . a h a m, G r . L eg o G o t h i k S k m
.
, .
, r . a h a t,
G r y eya g L ma g n u s , G o t h m i ki ls
.
, . .
p s yé h o g , S k r h a n u (jaw ) ,
.

Gr y .L g e a G ot h
'
k
t vvg , i us ; S k l ii h
g ( t o ju m.
p) G r n ,
. nn r . a , .

k y k G o t h l i /n t h e G o t h i c an d G r e e k fo r m s p o i n t b ac k t o
a a ,
. a ca ,

an I E g whi l e t h e S kr h r e p r e s e n t s a I E g h H en c e
. .
, . n . . .

w e m ay i fe r e i t h e r t h at t h e I n d O E u r o p e an p o s s e s s e d t h e s e
n -

r o o t s i n a d o u b l e fo r m b e fo r e t h e s e ar at i o n o f t h e S an s kr i t
p
f o m t h e o t h e r l an g u ag e s or t h at t h e S an s krit s u b s e qu e n t ly
r ,

as i r at e d t h e o r i i al an d t h e n r e d u ce d i t t o h
p g g n , .

32 . A CTUAL E X C EPTI ON S TO G R I MM s L A W
’
.

T hese e xce
g o p s hp t i ont s o c c ur in t h e c o n s o n an t al r u s , s ,

T h e h e Sk k h d ( t o c o c e al) f o m I E k d
’
s
p . w us av r . a n , r . . s a ,

G r g G oth
.
'
k d s (s h do w ) I
O K or o
'
s c th
, ( h ad
) ; L p i . s a u a ,
r . a s e . s

G o t h fi k S k k h i d ( t o c u t ) f o m I E s kid G r X tZw
’
ci s, . s s r .
, r . .
, . a ,

L ci d G o t h s h i d a ( e p a o ) I c i th im ( I c t O ff ) ;
. s n o, . a s r ,
r . s a u

L h o t is G o t h g s ts ; S k t d ( s t ar ) G r
. s , L t ell
. a r . ra , . . s a,

G o t h s t i o S kr t d ( t o s t i k e ) fro m I E s t d
‘
. a rn G T . u r , . . u r . u

B b g ( t h s t ik e r—c o m p a e C h arl e s M t el a d J d s M a cca

e e r r ar n u a

b ec ) L t do t ud es ( h am me r) G o t h s t t ( I s t rik e )
us ,
. un Gr
,
. au a .

are i xw G o t h t eig ( ,
I sce d ; G r
) L e
p o
.

p i t u i ta
s a a n . qr n uu ,
’
. a , ,

G o t h sp ei va ( s p o ) . u .

A n o r i g i l t e i s s o m e t im e s app ear s as a m e di a n a Th s nu . u

we ha e G r Sé p vG o t h t ay L s ep t em G o t h s i b n
. x v, . r .
, . u

L q t o G o t h fi d é ; G r xp b g G o t h h d us ; L cen
. ua u r ,
. c r . ar , . ar .

t m G ot h h
u ,
d ; L p a t e G o t h f da ; L ma t e A S m d
. un . r, . a r . r , . .

d or ( G o t h b é t h a d E c ar e r e l r
f a th e & ) G
’
r m
.
g r g ar n . r, . u a . rr o ,

A S h yd ( h i d e )
a n d for S k r —
. . .

I t h e p r e s e n t p ar t i c ip l e we h av e G o t h —
n a t . . n ,

Gr — . as G o t h bai a n d s ( o m s i g
o vr , ¢ £p w . r n . n .
v,

E fr i en d fi e d I n t h e p as t p a t i c iple w e h av e G o t h d fo r
.
,
n . r .
-
38 C OMPA R A T I V E GR AMMA R .

S kr .
—
t a . T hi s G o t h d m u s t . ha ve a ri s e f o m an n r Ol d e r th , of
h h t r ace s ar e
w ic s t ill foun d , as in f ad s an d fa t h s S h r p a t is ,
.

ku n th s ( kn o wn ) S kr g ii d tas Gr v .
'
.
‘
r dc ( w h e n c e E . un

c o u th ba i r i t h an d b ai r i d = S kr bh ar a t i
) , . .

W e fi n d t h e m e di ze un c h an g e d i n th e foll o wi n
g c as e s

S kr g ar ( s o n ar e ) , E n ig h ti n g a le ; S kr g a r bh ( ap e r i r e ) , G r
'
- .
. . .

é
yp ¢ w , G o t h g r a ba
( fo di o ) , E g r a ve,
g
. r u b , Ir
g r a bh a i m
( I . .

r ) gr af
c a ve , ai m ( I wr i t e)
f , g r a an ( a g ru b b i n g ax e ) S kr
g r as .

( v or ar e ) L ,
.
g r a men , E g r a ss ( u n l e s s
.
g r as s be fr o m I E an d . .

S kr g h a r hi n e ) w h e h a r it ( g r e en ) G r xko n , L h ola s ,
’
.
( t o s n ce . .

E .
g r een
) S kr . hl dd ( t o b e g l ad) G r , . xs ka da , E
x
’

g lad I n . .

m an y of t h e c as e s w h e e a m e di a i s r e t ai n e d t hi s e ffe ct i s d e r ,
u

t o t h e i n fl u e n c e of a n e i g hb o u r in g l m n or , , , r .

T h e ori g i n al t e n n i s i s al s o n c h an g e d in t h e foll o wi n g u

L a n g o G ot h té k o t o c h ) E ta ke ;
c as e s : G r
(
’

y m t . r er a t o , .
, . an u , .

S kr p alh as . G r 7 6 7 0 9 , A S p d d , E p a lh . . . . .

I n t h e t hr e e fo ll o wi n g c as e s a G o t h i c t en u is c orr e sp o n ds t o
an I E . I E mag h S k mah (t o b e g r e at ) md mah yé
. as
p i r at e : . .
,
r .
,

( m ac t o
) m k h ( a w arri or) G r p é x m L ma ot o mac ll m
, a a , . o u, .
, e u ,

G o t h meki ( a s w or d ) ; I E g h a bh S kr g ah V e d g hk
. . . r , . r , . ro

( t o s e iz e
) G r i
yp p g G o t h g eip, ( t o s e i z
. e
)«
E ri
g p g ab
‘

c o ,
. r an , .
,
r ,

Ir g r a ba i m fl d e v o u r ) : G r xdd g xd w for
.
o
¢ w . o io , o n r a xa r ,

G o t h s kip ( s h ip ). .
 C HA P T E R I V .

T HE S AN S K R I T A LP HABET .
*

33 . T A R UL A R V I E W OF T HE S OUN DS .

M UT E S . SE M IV O W E L S . V O W EL S .

N a s a ls . l-s ou n d s

A . )
i

(r z) M) ? >o au

i
,

l T a l’i
J

S an s kr i t w r i t i n g i s c all e d by t h e n at v e i g ra m m a r i an s D e
oa n d
g ar i, w ich h m e an s t h e n dg a r i of t h e g ods or b r ah m an s .

l Vdg a r i i s t h e n am e li ed t o t h e c u r r en t st l e o f w ri t i n
a
pp y g
use d b y t h e H i n d u s , an d i s su
pp o sed to be d e r i v e d fr o m n a

g a r a ( a c i t y) , t h u s m e an in g th e ar t o f w r i t in g r ac t i s e d
“
as
p
M M
” ”
ll S kr G r T h e n am e s o f t h e le t
’
c i ti e s l
in ( u er s. . .

p ) . .

t er s ar e fo
m e d b y ad d i n g kd r a
r
( m a ki n
g) t o e ac h s o u n d ; t h u s

a is c all e d a kd r a , k, ka h d r a , as e ac h c o n s o n an t is su
pp ose d
to h av e a S ho rt a in h e r e n t i n i t . R fo r ms an ex c e
p t i on , an d
is c all e d r ép h a ( b u r r in
g ), f om
r r é bh
’

( t o s oun d ), G r .
[50 28 809

S a ns kyt a mean s p r op er ly
' “
W h at i s made fi t ; h e n ce i t c a me to

mean p u r ifi e d , as b ei n g mad e fi t for T h is i s w h y t h is

s acr e d
p u r p o se s .

n a me is a n c ie n t s ac r e d lan ua e O f t h e Ve d as
a
pp lie d t o t h e g g T h e lo c a l .

”
di ale ct s o f I n di a ar e c alle d P r dk r t a , i . e. wh a t h a s a t yp e , o r or i
g i n al

( Be n fe y s S kr t h i s t yp e
'
.
( p r é kr t i ) b ein g S an s kr i t . S a n s kr t a i s
fr o m sa m ( a i m) an d s ka r ( t o c u t ) , a c cor din g t o L o t t n er , wh o t h in ks t h a t
in t h i s co mp o un d s ka r is mix ed u p wi t h kar ( t o make ) .
 NUS VAR A A N UN AS I K A A N D V I S AR G A
34 A .
, .

A n u s ar a ( f o m v u ft e a d, d
n a so d )r i s a s al
an ,
a r, n so r , un , n a

aft e s o un d an d i s c o m ar e d b
r- B o t o th e F at t h e e d r 71
p , y pp . n

of a
y ll b l es I t i s h o we e
a e l e ki o t f t v r, ro r S a n
p p y p
.

g , a a e , n n r

s ou n d b t m e e ly a m od i fi c t i o
, u of t h p e c e di g o w e l
r a n e r n v

I t s p o u ci t i i s ve ry w e ak fo r i t d o s o t p e
r n n a on , e n r «

v e n t t h e e u ho i c i n fl e n c of a i o u n o a fo llo wi u e n r
p p g 8 u n n

i p r o o dy h o w e e i t a d Vi s g m ake a p c di g s h o r t
n s , v r, n ar a re e n

v o we l lo n g w h e t h e e xt s yllab le b e g i n s w i t h c o s an t
,
n n a n on .

It o c ci t h e middle o f w o d b e fo e t h e s i b il an t an d h
urs n r s r s ,

d ns (t o b i t e ) h ns ( g o o s e ) s i nh ( li o ) Be fo e y
'

as a ,
a a ,
a n . r r
, ,

an d in t h e m i d dle o f w o d i t i s o ly fo d in r ed p li c t e d
v, r s n un u a

ll b l n m A n ot he a i s e d fo th
'
s
y s a s e
y y y , a t é a as sa . r an u v ra u r e
”
n as a s , l m e r e ly for t h e s ake o f n e a t n e s s i n wr i t i n g , as C o le
b r ook y sa s .

y r T his mu s t
e c e i e t h e s am e
p o i t i o al w a s v r n un c a n

a t h e n as al i
s t h e p lac e of w hi c h i t s t an d s
n I n P akri t fi n al . r a

m al ways d as i s n e v e r t h e c as e i n S n s k i t t h e d e t al
,
an ,
a r ,
n n

b e o m e t h e a s ar a ( Bo p p s Sk
’
c nu v
p r . .

A a ika ( f o m
n un s ft e d d ikd t h e
r ose) i an u, a r, an n s ,
n , s a

s t ill w e k e as al s o
a d t ha A n s a a ; it w e k s s i
r n un n u v r s a n e s

s h o wn f o m t h e f t t h t i t c an b e fo llo w e d b y l d
r ac It i a an r . s

v er n e arl e ui l e t t o th e Fr i e e S c h a c o mb i n n nr u
y y q g va n . .

n a ti o i s g en e all y
n oide d i F e h b y i s e t i g d as i
r av n r nc n r n , n

vien d i c o m ar e d b f d p c
’
ra o r
p p g v o v o .

V i s a g a h is an e p h o i c c h a g e o f fi al s n d
r , ,
It m y u n n n a r . a

a ls o t ak e t h e l c O f b e for e t h e 10 0 p l e di g s
'

a e T h 3 n n u e
p . . .

V i s rg a t h t c c u r s b e f o
a ak a d kh i s fo m e d b y t h
o o t of re n r e r o

t h e t on g e d i c alle d G ih d m ul y t h t occ i g b fo e
'

u an s v i a a urr n e r

p , ph , an d a
p aus e , b y t h e p alat e , an d i s c all e d Up a dh md n iya ;
3 t h e e for re b e fo re l ab i als , i s e qu i v al e n t t o t h e b l o wi n g s o u n d f
W e s ee
gth e h e l
saan
g gme
a es t h c ha
s t h e Iri h n e in ot r u : u s

o me t im e s c o es o d t o t h e W e ls h f ; w e h
rr e i G ek
n s av n re
6 s
p
t h e t w o for ms WW an d an d L f s b e s id e Ep flp é g W e . ru u ,
v .

m y e xpl i on t hi s g o
a d t h e c h an g e o f fi al as in t o 6 i
a n r un n n

S an s k ri t t hro u
g h t h e s
,
t e
p s as f a o u 6 , o , c, , .
 C OMPARAT I VE GR AMMAR . 41

W ELS 35 . T HE V O .

S an s kr i t h ad n o S h o r t e o r 0 t h o u g h t h e s h o r t a h ad b o t h ,

a c l e ar an d an o b s c u r e s o n d ( P i V III 4 S h or t e a d u an . .
,
n

o ar e S i m il ar l
y w an t i
g i G o t h i c S k r d i s r e r e s e t e d in
p n n . . n

G k b y d , e, o ; an d S kr (i b y a, n , w ; i n s o m e c as e s S kr
’
r ee . .

d c o r r e s p o n d s t o G r 5 , e , O , a s i n dya s
'
ay o g , c d s t u
. Fd a r v ,
t h e p ar t i c i p i al s u ffi x md n a s —y s vo g ( L mi n u s ) an d ; wo g
-
.
- -

( L mn u s ) i n p é dmv o g , p i p e/
.
-
rm ( L a lu mn u s , co lu mn a , d h d
) .

ma n Os p a , dd r u
'
S é p v, g d n u y o vv L
( g é ) g g
nu , a dn a
' ’
.
’ ' ’

o g , d d t d = 30 1 15 , 0 i n i o y ev , & c d i
'
s o v a , bh dr as d
'
-
d p x n
’

y y 9 .

va h dmas , & c . In Be n g ali d h as eit he r b e c ome 0, or b e en

lo s t , as in B . O
p ot
yo S kr
p y . a at a ; B . on t o r S kr . a n ta r a . R
i s p r o n ou n c e d as r i i n mer r i l
y I t i s . n e ve r or i
g i n al , b u t h as

al w a s b e e n
y d e v elo e d
p f omr r , p r ece ded or fo llo w e d by
an
y vowe l; t h us we h av e t r t iya (t er t iu s ) f om
r t r i, r d m i st n

é mi ( I h e f om bh r ku t i fr o wn ) fr o m
'
i (a
’
or
-
é p v vp z , s
r n ar ) r s r u,

r h h fr o m r ak h o a s k ) , p i t r fr o m
(
’

b h mi b
’

) p
’

( an
y er ow , e
p t
p i t ar,

ddl r fr o m d ci t d r , p it a r a n d d d t dr b e in g t h e o r i g in al for m s , as
’

th e a c c u s at v e s i p i l ar am wa r ép a , an d d dt dr a m S o r fip a p r o v e .

T he v o w el ii i s p r o n oun c e d e x ac t l
y as ri ; it o nl y o c c urs in
n o un s w ho se ste ms en d in r ,
an d w hi c h le n g t h e n t his v ow e l
aft e r th e an al og y o f ot he r n oun s , w ho s e s t em s en d in othe r

l h f d u h i t fs Guya r ep a g , da
'
i
'
v owe s t u s, t n
p
'

7r a r s p a g ,

tr n dm d a t or u m . T he v owe l l i s p r o n o u n c e d a s li I t h as .

b e e n d e v e lop e d f om r an O ld e r an d O c c u r s o n ly i n t h e r oo t

klp (t o r
c e at e
) w,h i h c is d e ri ve d f om r kr an d th e c au s al
p,
w ic h h is c on n e c t e d , p p er h a s, w it h th e r o ot o f 7r o z s w .
'
Bo p p
c on n e c t s E . h elp , an d Be n fe
y L . co r
p us , wi t h t h is r o ot . The
lon g I v o we l n ever o ccu r s , an d is m e r e ly an i n v en t i o n Of th e

g r amm a i
r an s

36 . WE I G HT OF T HE V O W ELS .

A is h e av e i r th an u , an d u h a ie t h
e v r an i ; t h at i s , a o ccu r s

in th e li g h t est fo m r s, i in t h e he i st av e , an d u i n t h e in t e r me
42 C OMPAR ATI VE GR M A MAR .

di at e . F or in s t an ce , t h e t e rmin at i o n s i — —th
vas , a s, - ta s ar e

h e avi e r t h an - mi , —i s ,
-
ti ; he n ce we h av e y u n d mi ( I b in d ) ,

o b in d ) , u n i t h as ,
d s i, un d ti , b u t un i vas
(
'

w
’

g an
y y w e t y yu n i ta s ;

s imilar l w e h av e a w e ak e n e d t o u i n ku r mas ( w e m ak e ) ,
y
b e s i d e h a r dmi ( I m ak e ) , an d in —t h u s —
t us , , th e t e rmin at o n si
o f t h e 2 u d an d 3 r d d u al Of th e r e d u plic at e d p f
er e c t , b e side
-
t h as an d —tas of t h e p r e s e n t . A s e is e qu al to i t i s li g h t e r
ai,

t h an a, an d h e avi e r t h an i ; h e n c e w e h av e emi
'

J ul , an d
i mds ip s v ; si mil arly w e h a e i n L atin a micus
v , , i n i mic us ;
c a n o , ceci n i aci o, a b
j ji ci o t a n g o, tet ig i ; leg o , co llig o . In
p o en

s ll ab l es a b e c o m e s i , w h il e i n c l o s e d o n e s i t e i t h e r b e c o me s
y
e o r r e m ai n s a , a s i n o b ect as , i n er mis , ca er s , t u bi c en b e s id e
j p
t u b ic i n i s , an d con t a ct u s , ex a c t u s . A s u i s lig h t e r t h an a, an d
h e av i e r t h an i, we ha ve c a lco, con c u lco ; s a ls us , i n s u ls as ;

f r uc t i er
f b e s id e an Ol d e r fr uc t ufe r l ab i al s p r e fe r i t , w e
. A s

fin d o ccu
p o, a uc up o, n u n c up o, co n t u ber n i u m, & c T h e v o w el u .

in L at in fr e qu en t ly m ain t ai n s i t s g ro un d , an d d o e s n ot
g i ve

w ay, as i n t ut ud i , p up ug i . A s a e i s h e a vi e r t h an i ii), an d
d a t ha n it an
) an d 6, w e ha ve
g at er o , ac
g i u ro ; c la u do , con

c lu do
f a ux , s u
f oco . S hor t 0 in L at in
i s li g h t e r t h an u , as we

see fr o m cor
p u s , cor
p or is ; j ecu r , jec or is T h e Ol d e s t. form s of
w o r ds h e r e for e g e n e r lly di s t i g u i s h e d b y t h e
ar e t a n ret e t ion n

of th e v o w el a ; for e x mple S kr k t a s an d L q u t uor a , .

’
a v
‘
ra . a

ar e o ld e r t h an G r an d G o t h r ; S kr
fi d é
’

p g w f p g . r ea a a s , av e ,
. v .

da dd mi t h an 853mm; S kr d a dh d mi t h an lflm ; S kr akt m

. f u . n a

n i ht h W i h i n t h e li mi t s of t h e S a s k ri t i t s e l f
( y g )
b
'
t an t v i ncr a . n

a i s fr e q e n t ly r e d u c e d t o i an d i u an d i t ; t h u s g i r i ( m o n s )
u ,

an d
g u u ( h e av ) fro m g a ; s t h it a s
yr L s ta t us G r é g ; r .
, . ar ar

s t h i ti s Gr 6 9 ; h i a n a ( g ol d ) Z z a n d ; p i td
. 01
-
01 r Gr , . ra .

1t a n 1p
’

; p u as G r m i p g r ; s t i r n a fr o m s t.
( s t e rn e r e )
o ; p it a ar

( p art p m t p ar s ) fr o m p d ( t o d rin k ) ; d g h
.
, . . Z da eg h a s ir as . r

G r B k xé g p ur nas
. o cL p len f o m p ( t o fill) A O ft e n
‘
. as ,
r ar .

v an i s h e s c o m l e t ely
p as i n s a t i L t f om a s ( t o b e ) ;
, n . au n ,
r

m us ( 3 l e rf ) fro m A ft e r an d ; t hi s
gam (to g o)
'

g g a
p p . .
3 . v

fr e qu e t ly o cc u r s an d t h e n t h e s s p i r an t s ar e v o c ali e d in t o
n , e z
44 C OMPA R A TI VE GR AMMAR .

f ll m oo ) Bo pp S h l i c h e r a d o t h e rs h av e as s e t d
u n .
, c e , n r e

t h at p fr e q u e t ly r e p e s e t s a I E k a d t h t c o n s e q e t ly
n r n n . .
,
n a u n

w e fi d t h e s e s ou ds i t e ch
n
g ed i S sk it a d th co
g at e n n r an n an r n e n

l g ag s t h s w e h a e S k k t h ( t o m o ) G Og
'
an u e r u v ,
r. an urn , . n ev o ,

) L p co p c s p
'

fi ; S kr k s ( t t e
’
m u ov
'

a .
; ar a n u ar e ,
. ar ,
ar u ,
o r ou s

é - r ep o v ; S kr b ad ) , G r
S kr . ka ( w h )
o , Gr . n . d
p p a
( m a de, .

L .
p j e or L
fo r p epjor ; S kr p a ii k a n .
’
.
g u in
g ue S k r
p ak
’
( t o .

c o ok
) G r 1r e7r r w , L c og u o
I am fu ll
N ow, c o n vi n c e d t h at
'
,
.
y . .

h a s n e v e r b e e n t h u s d e v e l o e d fr o m an o r i i n al k ; b u t t h a t
p p g ,

w h e r e e r t h e s e s o u n d s ap p e ar t o b e i t e rc h an g e d e i t h e r t h e
v n ,

o ri i n al s o u n d w as kv or e ls e t h e c h an e i s d u e t o as s imil at i o n
g g , ,

a d e r h a s in o n e o r t w o c a s e s t o a fals e an al o T h us
n
p p gy .

S kr k m u s t b e d e r i e d fr o m an I E kc a
. a fo r w e fi d v . . n

S kr kv ( w h e r e ) ku t
. a ( w h e r e
) L g is a n d ,
G o t h h a s
ra a l l , . u . v ,

o f w hich o in t b ac k t o an I E kva ; S k r k t vd as G
' ’
r m a r
p . . .
,
. ov

L i t h k et ri o i n t b a c k t o an I E k t d a s whic h w e
p eg .
p . u ,
. . va v r ,

fi n d i n L q a t o ; S kr p i k a n m ay h av e b e e n a r e d u p li c a
’ ’

. u u r . a i ,

t i o n o f kc as L i e I o m e c as e s a n i n i t i al u n m a
g g an ,
.
p y u . n s

h a e b e e c h a g e d i t o k o r k b y t h e a s s i m ilat i v e p o w e r O f
v n n n v

a s u c c e e di k or k a s s o m e as s e r t t o h av e b e e n t h e c as e
n
g v,

wi t h L co g uo an d g i g u : f o m a c o mp a ri s o n h o w e e r O f
. u n e r ,
v ,

co u o w i t h Li t h k b k r nd Gr &
)
’

g e p j as ( a a e a .
p w ge
( a , . r o xo o

b ak e r ) i t s e e m s p o s s i b le t h at t h e i n i t i al k o r h e m ay b e o r ig i n al
,

c o m ar e L co
*
i a O i n a c li a fo r cu cli a u n u n n
p q p p .
,
.

K sh ks ) c o r r e s p o n d s f e qu e n t ly t o m i n G r e e k ; h e r e r

e i t h e r kt w as o r i i n l a d fr o m i t k ar o s e b w e ak e n i n t h en s
g y a ,g
e x l o s i v e s oun d t o a s ib il a n t o r e l s e ks w a s o ri i al an d s
p g , n ,

b e c am e t t h r o u g h t h e as s im il at i n g p o w e r of t h e p r e c e din g e x
l o s iv e s o u n d W e h av e k sh as i kshd
’ ’

p .
p x g ; t w ; r c
-
ro a r exr v

ks h (t o hurt ) x l w x d p
an ks h i ( t o r ul e )
, r s v d y h sh i
, r -
eva t , Kr o at

Ih om t h e fac t t h at t hi s me r oo t , mea n in g t o b a k e , i s fo un d in S kr
‘ ‘
sa .
,

G r .
, an d L M o mmse n appe ar s t o be m i s t a ke n i n as ser t i n g t h at t h e G ree ks

an d L a t in s
p r ac t is e b ak in g t ill
di d n ot aft e r t h ey se p ar at e d fr o m t h e

p are n t s t oc k a n d fr o m e ach o t h e r .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 45

( t o d w e ll ) , Zw ks h a ( th e e e ) ba kh o e S o m e t im e s al s o
’

; a
xn
y , c .

keh corr es
p on d s i n G r e e k t o E, an d s om e t i me s
x to a , as ks h u r a
(a r az or ) Evp é v ; ks h ud ( c o n t e r e r e )
, , E v an-6 g , fo r Ev Sr o g ;
ks h a d ( t o S l au g h t e r ) , a
d m S imilar ly w e h av e ks h a l ( t o w as h )
b e sid e Li t h . s ka la u ( I w as h) , an d ks h u bh (t o a
g i t at e
) b e side

A . S . be -
s cu a n
f ( con t r u der e ) , G . s ch i e en b . Sh so m e t im e s
di s app e ar s , an
( c on t e r e r e ) L
d le av e s k or kh , as i n ks h u d , .

cu d o i n cus, ks h a m ( t o e n d u r e ) K o i w ; ks h u dr a ( s m all ) , ,

L i t h kud ikis (in fan s ) P e r S ki t d ek ( s m all ) ; kh u r a ( a r az o r )

.
,
.
‘

an o t h e r fo r m o f ks h u r a ks h é t r a ( c amp u s ) G o t h h a i t h i ( ag e r ) ,
.
,

G h eid e; ks h aya ( a h o u s e ) I r ca i ( a h o u s e ) K al s o s o m e t i m e s
.
, . .

d i s app e ar s , an d l e av e s 8 , as in ks h u bh ( t o ag i t at e ) , W h wbia u ( t o .

m ak e d den pu s h ) , S I s zt bat i ( t o ag i t at e ) ; an d p e r h ap s i n
’

a su .

ks h vé l ( se mo v er e ) , O . H . G . s u i llu ( t ur g e o ) E s h w h en n o t
.
,

i n i t i al , a
pp ea s r f
O t en
g i n G o t hic
as an d E n g li s h : w e h av e
kd nks h ( O
p t ar e ) , E . h u n g er ; p aks h i n ( a b ir d ) , G ot h
g ls , .
f u

E fowl.
,
a ks h a ( t h e e ye ) , G oth . au
g o, E . eye . K sh , ac c o r din g
to BO pp , a so l a
pp e ar s as kr i n L at i n an d G r e ek : we h av e

kakap o s ( n ig h t ) , L . cr e p us -cu u l m ks h i (t o r u le ) , uru ks h aya s

s bp v xp u w v
’

; lcs h ip ( to t h row
) , pla n » fo r o
c
p u r r w ; ks h ip r a
c e le r
(
'

) , x
p m vo ga .

K h h as g e n e r ally b e e n d e v e l op e d fro m an O ld e r k, so me
t im e s t hr o u g h t h e as p i r at in g i n fl u e n c e of a p r e c e d in g 3 , wh ic h
h as aft e r w a rd s di s ap p e ar e d : t h us we ha ve kh a iig
’

(t o li mp ) ,
Gr . anc i Zw , O H G h i n kan . . . L . ca lig o kh a n ( to d ig ) , G r .
x l
a v w,

L . ca n al is , cu n icu lu s , O H G g i n é m ( h i o ) ; kh a d ( t o s l ay) , L cla

. . . .

d es , w i t h l i n s e r t e d , as i n G o t h h lah a ( I lau g h ) , G la ch en , E . . .

la ug h , b e s id e S kr kh a kkh ( t o . kh d a
’
(t o e at
) Ir,
. ca i t him

( I e at ) . K h al s o rep r es en ts an I E . .

g h i n kh a
( ai r
) , G r xé o g ,
.

L . h a la r e , an d n a kh a
( a n ail ) G r 6v
, .
, G oth . na
g l s .

G I E . .
g :
g ar
( to s ou n d ), G r y n p i r w , y h é o a a , L g a l
.
’
.

lu s , g a r r i r e . Wh e r e ver S kr .
g c o rr e s p o n d s t o b in G r e e k o r

L i s p e r h ap s i n se r t e d i n L . c la ud us , S kr kh od ( t o b e lame) ; I r
.
'

g lu n , S kr g an u I r d l ui mh ( s moke ) S kr d h zi ma
'

. . . .
,
46 C OMPA R ATI VE GR M A MAR .

L at i n t h e o r ig i n al s o u n d mu s t h ave b e en g v : t h u s w e h av e
,

I E g va n d S kr g a n i ( a w o man ) G r y fi fo r yF
. .
, . Boeo t ,
. vv a va , .

B d Ir bea n ( a w om an ) E g ea qu een I E g va m S kr
au , .
,
. u n, . .
, .

m o ) G o t h g oi ma ( I c o m e ) L ven i o for g ve i o ; I E
g a
( g
t o ,
.
, . n . .

ar ( t o d e v o u r ) G r B xw L g u la l
’

g ua r S k r , g .
p m g u
g e s , g u t io . u , .
,
r , ,

vo o for
r vo o ; I E g c ru r S k r
g ru
( h e av
y) aG r
fi p bg u
g . .
,
.
, . a ,

L g a vis ; I E g vd S kr yé ( a c o w) G r 3 6 g yd in y A ( fo r
. r . .
,
.
'

,
. 0 , a- a

7 a wh i c h ac c or d i n
g t o Bo
pp ,
m e an t la c va cci n u m k m , , a

b e i n g t h e s ame w o r d a s S kr d ug d h a m ilk ) L b os c eva ; I E .

, , .
, . .

e ar t h f for
od S k 6
9 ( t h ) G 6 F i F 7
’

r e r or
g
‘
aa, a ca ,
, .
7 y y , y 7 ;
. a a a

for y ou.

Gh I E g h : s tig h (t o m o u n t u p ) G r
. . lxw A S s t aeg er , . ars ,
. .

( a s t ai r ) ; S k r
g h a ma
( w a r m ) .S I g o r b t i r
( a r der e
) ,
. .

H i s a s o n an t an d t h e r e fo r e c an n o t h av e t h e h ar d s o u n d
,

g e n e r all
y g i v en t o it b
y E n
g li s h g r a mm a ri an s
p er h a s on
p ,

a cc o un t of i t s h avi n a h ar d s o u n d i n Be n ali I t n eve r

g g .

e n d s a wor d an d in an o t h er o s it i o n o n l s t an d s b e for e
y , p y
v o w el s an d s e m i v ow e ls
, as i n h é s h ( t o n e ig h ) h n u (t o
,
r ,

h i d e ) h ld d ( t o b e g lad ) Wh en i t c o me s b e fo r e t o r th i t
,
.
,

c h an e s t h e m i n t o d h or d h as i n d g d h a fro m d u h ( t o m ilk ) u
g , ,

L d o an d li dh a fr o m lih ( t o li ck) G r A ixw H r e p r e s e n t s

. uc , , . s .

an I E h i n h i ma G x r G
g. .
( sn ow
) r b ; h ar i
(g e e n
) r , k
X dn . u u ,
.
,

h yas G r xfié g ; an I E d h i n h i ta s
, . Ge i e ; an I E bh i n
. . rt . .

ra h V e d g r a bh an d m a h ya m ( mihi ) , b e s id e t u b h ya m ( tibi );
g ,
.

a n d an I E k i n t h e S in g l e c as e o f h r d ( t h e h e a rt )
. . .

39 T HE P ALATALS
. .

T h e p alat al mu t e s an d n a s al s h av e all a ri s en fro m t h e c or

r e s on din u t t u r al s ; d t h e p al at al s i b i lan t g e n e r ally s t an d s

p g g an

fo r an or i
g i n al k . I t i s n o t k n o w n how t h e s e l e t t e r s w e r e

M ax M uller as se n t s t o t h e fi r s t p ar t of t h is d er i va t io n , an d co mp ar es

w it h i t G r. Bo b r vp o v, an d Ir . b le a c h d ( milk ) for b o l ea ch d , b u t h e -
co n

k a xr wi t h S kr (a cle ar fl ui d ) T h e Homer i c 7 A é yog wo ul d

'

n ec t s . r ag a s .

t h en b e e xa ct ly e q u ivale n t S kr g or ag
’
to a . as .
 C OMPAR A T I VE GR AMMAR .
47

p ro n o un ce d i n S an s kri t ; k m ay h av e b e e n s o un d e d
an c i e n t
’

e it h e r a t s a s k , lik e t h e c in E ca r d , w hi c h i s fr e u e n tl
y or y q y .

p o o u c e d as
r n n i f i t w er e w ri t t e n cyar d .

K
'
= I . E . k, kd L .
g ue ,
p e, i n q uip p e, G o t h u h , h i n .

h va su h ( qu i s qu e ) , n i h ( n e qu e ) k aks h us (t h e e ye ) , Ir cai s
’

v ac ill ar e , L Ir
y ) k k ) g th a ( t h ey
’

h c un c ta r i ,
’

(
’

t e e e ; a h ( . . c ea n

g ) o k d u r ya
’

( f rt
u u
( t o m) , I r . coi r e ( t r e s p as s ) k an d
’
S h in e
) ,

L ca ud eo acce n do s ci n tilla G o t h s ke i n a ( I s hin e ) ; laal ( t o

.
, , , .
’

m o v e ) G r xéA oy a c xéh n g L celer p r o cell a Ir cai ll ( a p at h )

,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.

k a l ( n u g e ri ) I r ca l ( a jo k e ) ; k a r man ( c ori u m ) G r xo p t o v
’ ' ’
.
, , .
,

L cor i u m ca lceus
. Ir cr oicio n n ( a s kin ) I n r e d up li c at e d
,
. .

s ll ab l e s k t ak e s t h e
y p l ac e of'

k as i n k ah d r a
( fe ci
) fr o m kr ,
'

, .

E h = I E s h k in d ( t o c u t ) G r a m S v m u z L s ci n d o G o t h
’ ’
.
,
.
, ,
. . .
,

s h a id a
( I s e ar at e
p ) Ir s ca it h i m
( I cut Ofi ) ;
g a k k h d mi
, ( I g )
o .
’ ’

fo r g a s kd mi p r ak h ( t o as k ) fr o m L p r ec or I E p r a s k
’
-
. , . . .

G I E g ; g dn u G r yo vv g oal (t o b u r n ) Ir g ea l
’
. .
'
.
’ '

, .

( b ri g h t ) g ua l ( c o al) E coa l ; g va r ( t o b e S i ck ) L w g er
'
-
, , .
, .
,

Ir g ur t ( p ain ) ; g n d ( t o kn o w) G r i v u ( 7 ) v o i3g L
.
'

, .
'

,
.

n or E k n o w ca n Ir k n o wl e d e ;
(g ) r us i i ( g )
-
o n a
n o s co g u a
g , g, ,
.
, ,
.

us h ( t o d e s i r e ) L G o h ki us u E ch o o s e Ir d
'

g g us tu s t , .
g us
( e , .
, .
, .

s ir e ) a s h ( t o kill I d e at h ) an d r h a s L va s t o fo r
'

g ) r
g us
( p e
p , .
, .

g vas t o a s vi vo fo r g vi vo
,
& c
g an ( t o
p ro d uce
) G r
y iy vop a g .
’

,
.
,

L g ig n o g en u s E ki n Ir g en i m ( I b e g e t ) g a n aka ( fat h e r)
.
, ,
.
,
.
'

fro m las t roo t G kon ig E ki n g I n r e d up li c at e d s yllab le s g

,
.
, . .

in g ig d mi Gr Blfi nm
'
t ak e s t h e p l ac e of
g ,
as . .

S ’
n ea rly alw ays re
p r es en t s an I E k an d . .
, c on s e
q u en t ly

we fin d p c orr e s onL at indi n g

an d h i n to i t k in G re ek an d ,

G o t hi c T h e L e t t i c an d S l av i c l an g u ag e s o n t h e o t h e r h an d
.
, ,

n e ar l
y al w a s
y p r e s e n t t h e s i b il an t al t ho u h t h e
g g u t t u r al i s ,

s o m e t im e s fo u n d a s i n L i t h a kmen S I k men S kr as ma n
’

,
.
, . a , . .

W e h av e n as ( t o p e ri s h ) G r g L n ew ow t h e d in
(
’ ’
n
y g , . v ex u , .
,

aw a
y of da
y) ; S r i (t h e d e it
y of p l en t
y) L C er
’
e s ; s r a vas , .
’

S ee E llis
'
Ph o n et i cs , p 56 ; . an d Max Mii ller , vo l . I I .,
p 1 42 . .
48 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

ig h ) , L E wh ee z
'

(
'

x kéo g ; s va s to S .
q u es -t us , . e s vet a

( w i t )
e , h G oth . h vei ts , E . wh i t e , wh ea t , “
th e whi t e p l an t
”
;
'

s at a
( a hu n dr e d ) , Gr . Exa r o u
'
fo r iv -
Ka r o v L
,
. cen t u m,

G oth h un d, W d th e h e ad
) Gr
'
k i r as ir s h a ( dp a n ,
'
a nt ; s an s x
'
.
. .
,

xc p a ,L
i . cer e br u m
'
s r on i (th e h ip ) , L . al u ms mr s
'

( to

t ou ch) L ( f t o all) , L ma n (a s t on e )
' '

,
. mu lcer e s ad . cad e r e as ,

as
’
ma r a ( o st
n
y) , Gr . c xp
’
i w v, O N . . h a ma r ( s ax u m , m al
leu s ) , E h a mmer G r i mco g , i m r o g , L G ot h
' '
as vas e u us ,
. . .
g .

a ih r s , O . S . eh u , Ir . ech ds(q
'

i
u kly) , G r u c . ( Imb g , L . c olus , a o

m an ) , E wig h t ( d ou b t )
'

ci i u i la vi s k
(
'

p t er,
g a a . s an to ,

L . c u n ct a r i L f eg uen s s a n a ( h e mp )
bh r s a m
’

( qu i c kly) ,
. r
'

O H G . ka n af s is ( t o s ay p r ai s e ) L ce eo
. . s a ha ( a
p
'
az , ,
. ns
'

h o o f) E h oof ; , v
( a do )
.
g G r xb w L y di an K s b
'
b h an
ng , . v, av a

M Z '

d m (
'

( ok h w l n g ) e oi a n sr
p d e a c e , c a n i a rr a xa , . n . s,

G o t h h d s E h o n d I n s o m e S a s k ri t fo r m s w e s e e t h e o r i
. un ,
. u . n

g i mal k k e t a s i n
p d i k h at ES H E fr o m d is
( p
t o o i nt o t
a
) d i k s e
'
u

a re i on Of t h e s k s o m e t i m e s t ak e s t h e
s h u 10 0 l o f d is
y)
’
S
’

p , ( .
g . .

l ac e o f an o ri i al T h i s i s a cha e n o t e as il e x l ai e d b u t
p g g yn
p s . n n ,

i all c as e s I b e li e v e t h at i t ar i s e s e i t h e r f o m s s im i la t i o n o r
n r a ,

f o m t h e p r e s e n c e o f a n e ig hb o u r in g g u t t ur al T h e s e c o d 3 i
r . n
’
n

as a ( a h ar e ) fr o m s as ( t o l e a r e r e s e n t s an o r i i n al 3 an d
' ’ ' '
s
p) p , g , ,

h as ari s e n fr o m t h e as s i mil at i v e p o w e r of t h e fi r s t s ; t h e I E
'
. .

fo rm w as k s a w h e n c e G h as E h e ; ye t w e h av e t h e fo llo w
a , . e, . ar

i g g l o s s fro m He syc hi u s h yw b g K p fi g w h e r e t h e
"

n )a , 1: 8 0 a o r s ,

s e c o n d 11 s e e m s t o o n t b a c k t o an I E
'
i I
'

p h s as as G r . . . n v ur .

é x p d g L s o ce t h e fi r s t s i s d u e t o t h e as i m ilat iv e p o w e r o f t h e
'

v ,
. r ,
s

I n t h e fo llo win g c as e s 3 h as S p r u n g fr o m 8 t h o u g h
'
s eco d s
'
n .
, r

t h e i n fl ue n ce o f t h e n e i g h b o u ri u t t u r al ak t
’

g g r ( d u
g) n , s n ,

g L s t e c u s ; s us h ka Z h us k L s ic
'
G r m hp
'

. x cc , a ar o ,
. r . a, .

mb uh a b o r ro w e d fro m G r h r
’

a k
’ '
cus ; s a , m n ; e s a
( ai ) . aa ,

'

h e re b y t h e as s i milat in g in fl ue n ce
l
Be n fey e xp lain s t h e
‘
s of t h e fo l
l o w in g sh b u t t h en h o w wo uld h e e x p lai n s a kg-t , & c
'

.
 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR . 49

E . h a ir ; ké s a r a
'

(j u ba L . cces a r i es . O n t h is p r in
ci
p l e L . s a c er h as b e e n c o n n e ct e d w it h
'

s ak
( t o b e ab l e ) , b u t
w r o n g ly, i f t h e O N . . hag n a (p r od e s s e
) b e fr o m t h e l at t e r ro t o .

T he L . s a cc a r u h m an d E . su
g ar ha ve b een b o rr o w e d f o m r

S kr . s ar
'
ka r d (g r av e l, cla
y ed or c an di e d su
g ) ar i w h i ch
,
n 8

I E . . k, i f L . l
ca c u us , l ca la , G r
'
. xp dxn , E p o xé h n b e c o n n e c t e d
w it h i t S w as p r o n o u n ce d e i t h e r a s ch i n G m i c h , o r as s s z
’
. .

i n E s es s i on “
N 0 s imp le 3 c an b e p r o n o u n c e d at t h e p ala
. .

t a l p o in t T h e l e t t e r 3 i s fo r m e d b y t h e S i mp l e fr i c t i o n o f t h e
.

b r e at h b e t w e e n pp th e u e r an d lowe r t e et h , an d is in con s e

q u en ce al w a s d e n t al
y
g ofTthhee E g l i h h . ru hi s n s ou n d n s s

o t h e G e m an s ch i s fo r m e d i t h e h o ll o w s p
r r e l e ft b e t w e e n ac n

t h e t e e t h a d t h e p al t l p o i t d m y t h s b e r eg r d e d
n a a n ,
an a u a

b o t h as a d e t al a d as a p al at al o u d ( L e p s i
”
S t da d
’
“
n n s n us an r

A lp h ab e t p , .

T h e p al at al n as al w as p r o n o u n c e d as
g n in F r . ca mp a g n e,

or as n i n E n e w . .

40 T HE C
. EREBRAL S .

T h e p r e s e n c e of t h e m u t e s an d n as al o f t hi s c l as s i n S an
s kr i t h as b e e n e n e r all as c rib e d t o t h e i n fl u e n c e of t h e N o n
g y
A r yan r ac e s o f I n di a, fro m w h o m t h e s e l et t e r s ar e s u
pp osed

to ha ve b e en b or ro we d . Buh l e r '

f h as , ho w e v e r, c o m l e t el
p y
o v er t h
hi s t h e o y a d h s p o i t
r o wn t t by f r the r ,
n a n e d ou t t h a a

g t
r e a er n um b e r O f t h e s e c e r e b al s i s
p od ced i t h b y t h e r r u e er

d i e ct h a g e o f
r sh i t o t h em o b
c n
y t h h g e o f d e t al s
r, ,
n ,
r e c an n

i t o t h e c o e s p on di g c e r eb al s t h o u g h t h e i fl e c e O f
n rr n r r n u n r ,

sh d c s e q e t ly t h t
, an e eb li t i o
on i e t i r ly u n a c r ra z a n s n e an

A y r
p o c e e di
an
g oot e d i r t h e an c i n t
p h on e t i c s
n ,y t r
e m o f n e s

Bo pp d e r i ves h a ir for ké s a r a b y t h ro w i n g o u t t h e He d ed u ce s
’ '

s .

h és
'
a fr o m h é , loc o f h a ( t h e h e ad ) , wh i ch is fo un d i n G r
. . L . c c -ma,

l
p lus , fr o m li e) ké s a wo ul d t h en b e
’

d for i
' '

i ( t q uod in
'
ca -
an sa s a ya s o
”
c ap i t e jace t I f t h i s d er i vat ion b e is o r ig in al h er e
'
. cor re ct , s .

1 C on s u lt A p p e n d i x A
“

.
50 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

th e lan g u ag e . I n P r ak ri t t h e s e ce e r b ral s o un d s h a ve fr e

qu en t ly su
pp l an t ed t h e c orr e s p on di n
g d e n t al s , as in ba di
S h r p r a t i (wp o r i , wor t ) ; p a dh a ma
.
( fir s t ) S kr .
p r a th a ma .

I n t r an s c r ib in g E n g li s h w or d s t h e H i n d u s at
p r e s en t sub sti

t ut e r c e eb r al s fo r d e n t al s , as in D i r ekt o r , G a va r n me n t , & c .

T hi s S h o w s h at t h e o di ary E n g li h p o n n ci at i o of
us t r n s r u n

t h es e w or d s i s m or e c e r e b r al t h an d e n t al .

I ? h as s p r un g f o m d i n id ( a n e s t ) f o m i ( u d e ) r d s n a r u n r an

s ad
( t o li e
) a n d t h e e fo r e m e an s
, w h at li e s d e L r i d us
“
un r . n ,

E es t Ir n ea d W yth ; p id ( t o p r e s s ) p i s d
. n , .
, p i . n d a -
sa ,

c o m ar e
p w E m S y
111w ; b d d a d d d ( t o b at h
) n - sdas n v e a

s ad fro m a va d ow an d s d
av a-
( , n ) ,
a .

Sh I E us h
:
( t o .b rn
) .L so fo r s o as s i t sh t o
( u ,
. ur u ,
-
or

b e t h i r s t y) G r ép i L t or r eo fo r t o s eo E t h i t S h b e
, . r a o r a c, . r , . rs .

fo r e b e o m e s k a i d é ks h i ( t ho u h at e s t )
3 c , s n v .

41 . T HE D ENTALS .

T : I E . . t ; ta, Gr . L . i s - t e ; t ua m , L . tu ; p at ( t o fly) ,

G r m r o y a t ; bh a r a n t i G r d i p o vr t , di p o v a t , L fermn t
’
. . . .

Th I E . . t ; s t h ag ( t o c o v e r ) , G r a -r éyw , L t eg o s t h d ( t o . .

s t an d) , L . s to
p r a t h ( t o e x t e n d , G r wh a r ii g ; a s t h i
) ( a b on e ,
) .

G r b a r s o v ; r a t h a ( a c ar ) , L r o ta , E r a t h er
’
. . . .

D I E d ; p a d ( a fo o t ) , G r wo b g , 7 0 869 ; da s ( t o lift ) ,
. . .

E t os s ; da r ( t o t e ar ) , G r Si g n) , E t ea r ; da m ( t o t ame ) , G r
. . . .

ba pt iz e) , L . d omo , E . t a me .

E h I E . . d h ; d h d ma ( s m ok e ) , Gr . Ovp dg , L f . u mus ;
dh a r ( t o su
pp o rt ) , G r Op av o g ,
. L fi r mus for t is ; dh dkh ( ar e s
.
,
r

c er e ) , L f . r ac es
(l e e s o f O il
) fl oces ( le e s of win e ) E d eg s
, ,
. r ,

d r y ; db d (t o Gr i dnp L con do E do d oom ;

. r i, .
-
,
.
,

va dh d (a wi f ) f om
e ,
r a r o ot wh i c h a
pp e ar s in Z e n d as vad

T h e la t e P r o fe ss or S ie g fr i ed d er i ved fr o m t h is r oo t the K el t i c d a t l
(j ud ici u m ) , w h e n ce w er e b or r o w e d , a cco r d i n g to L o t t n er , E . t a t t le ,
G . t a d e l, t h e t e r mi n a t i on —
tl b e in g = G r .
-
r p o u, L .
- t r um .
52 C OM PARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

r uc h ( to S hi e) ; k n a lp ( to p ros
p e r) f om , r ka rp . L I E . . I;
s ee

N I E . . n ; n as
'

(t o die ) , é
v xv g , L . n oceo ; n ar a
( a m an ) ,

i fip , L N er o
«v N is . . f eqr u en t ly c h an
g ed in t o an o t he r n as a l
fo r p h o n e t i c r e as o n s ; th s u we ha ve
p ur
n a
( f ll )u ,
w h ere n

t a ke s t h e
p l ac e Of n , o n acc o u n t of th e
p r ece d in g r ,
an d in g e
n e r al th e n as al b el on g s t o t h e sa m e c l as s as th e fo llo wi n
g con

s on an t , as i
y g a n ti
ur
' '
L ju n g un t
.
,
la mp a t i L . r u mp i t .

42 . T HE L AB I ALS .

P I E .

p .
; pa ti ( mas t e r ) , G r 88 6 77 6a
a . li
( t . a m as t e r
of S l a ve s,
’
S kr dd s a , . a S l av e )
p i t a r , G r wa r fi
p .

p d ( t o

G r wi v w ,. L .
p ot u s
py i a (t o i n c r e as e ) , p i va n ( fat ) , G r m w v , .
’

1ri a p , L . i
p gn uis , E fa t ; .
p i s
'
d o r n ) , p é s a la s ( b e au t i fu l )
(t o a
’

Gr . wo rxi ko g , it
p y ( t o
p u t r ef
y) , G r m i o g , L p us , .
'

p ut r is , E f ou l ; p r i l o v e ) , G r m ac s , E f r i en d ; p a s u
'
.
(t o . .

( c at t le ) , G r . L .
p ecus , G ot h f ih
. a u, A . S .
f eoh , E fee . .

P h h as g e n e r ally ar i s e n fr o m an I E p . .
, p er
p h a s t h r ou
g h
t h e in flu e n c e of a p r e c e d in g 3 , a s i n sp h a t ika ( c r ys t al) , G . s
p at h;
s
p h ut
( to b u rs t ) E ,
. s
p li t ; s h ur
p ( t o t r emb le , t o str ikie) , G r .

i
t er /
ra ip w ; S kr .
p h é na
( fo am
) L p um E fo m
, p h l . s a, . a a a

f for w h at m ay b e p li t o f o m bh a la L flo
’

( r
u i t ) s
p al a, li t .
‘
s , r r , . s ,

E . b loom .

I E bB= or I E b h . . . .

Eh I E bh ; bh ( t o b e ar ) G ¢ £p w L fer o ; bh id ( t o
. . ar ,
r. , .

c l e a e ) L fi n do
v E bi t e ; bh i ( t o w ar d ) G r duel E by
, .
,
. a s , .
,
. .

E h i s i s o m e a e s r e d u c e d t o h as i n g h ( t o s e i ) fr o m
n c s , ra z e ,

V e d g a bh ma h y m ( t o m e ) L m ih i b e s i d e t bh y
. r , L t i bi a .
, u an . .

L d oe s n o t e x is t in Z en d . T h e C hi n ese , on t h e o t h er h an d , al wa
ys
u se l fo r r, as B u lop a fo r E ur o
p e , K i l l is s e t u fo r C h r i s t , Ya me li ka fo r
A me r ic a . T he N ew Z e al an d e r s h a ve no I . T h ey s ay R o t a fo r L ot, Ho
ro mo n a fo r S o lo mon .

f P h er e m ay r e p r e se n t a n I E b h , i f b i b o E b ee r , b e fr o m t h is . . L .
,
.

roo t \V e h a ve a t r ac o f t h e b i n S kr p i b d mz ( I dr in k)
.
e
. .
 C OMPARATI V E G RA MMAR .
53

V a llo ws c on s o n an ts to s t an d a ft e r it , w h ic h i s h ar d ly e ve r
t h e c as e w i t hy . I t i s fr e qu e n t ly i n t e r c h an g e d wi t h b . I n dr ap s a

( a f
dr o p ) ,
o m d ( d g t ed
) trh e i s h g ed i t o
r av
p r u un a ,
v c an n

o n ac c o t o f t h e fo llo w i g h dun as i Mo d G t k d f o m n ar 3, n . r .
'
x a a r

i k
n T h i t e ch g
a va a . fb d v i s f c o mm o o
e n e c
r an e O an o n c c ur r n e,

as L h be e F . i aL t b m It c r , t av ; b e ber ( i S
r . a vo r , . can a a ,
. an a r n a

li an Hym ) fe e e ; V e i us B c g ; —be i S ep t em n r v r s uv
'
e co r n

b e S kr d
r , ( t i m e
) V e o t io
. v B e
g
rao B o pp c o sid e s s n s an n . n r

th t a h b ee ha de ed i t o g t t
v as l i n t h e fo llo wi g c as e s
n r n n a u ur a n

S kr g i ( t o li ve ) L i o imi E q i k S kr bh dy d m i ( I
'

. v ,
. v v , v ,
. u c , . av

m ke t o b )
a L f i o ; S kr de e
s L lé i A S t d o . ac .
‘
va r a . v r ,
. . c r ,

0 H G . ei h ; Sk
. us . G z ii g L n a i ur A S r . na r . va ,
. v s, . . n a ca ,

O H G . ch . I t h i s o p in i o h e ap p a s t o b m i s t ak
. na o . n; n e r e en

a d it i
n f m o e like ly t h at s o i i al
ar
g g t t lr h as falle an r n u ura n

o t i
u l i d i o t ha t h t
n ev r S h o ld h an e b h a de ed
v v , n a v u av een r n

in t o o it i o t f o m bh d
e ; as t o on
f i y d m i d i n th e
ac ,
s n r va an

e se Of A
a S c w e h v e a diff r e t t e m i
. . t i on f om t h e
n a a, a e n r n a r

va i d nw h i h i s fo s d
n u, V ac c o d i g t o Bo p p i s s o me
c r n -
va .
,
r n ,

t im ch es ed i t o l as i n L — l
ane t G — F S kn — t ; n r
g , . . e vr r . va n

Sk v dr .

(ss we e t
) L i
a t h s ld i us
( w e e t ) S k r
p n a
( s le e
p) . a ts s . s va s

G {i rg E leep
. n vo
-
S imil ly b e c o m e s s i. Ls .
*
ar v r , a n . cr a s

Sk v r L p lo . s S k p ld yd mi ; Kr p
'
as .S kr t vdm ; ro r . va . r e
'
.

G oth d i (
.t o f ll) S k d h a ns O H G p i mes
r us a n S kr
a r . v . . . r u .

b h d m ; O H G s c i mes Sk d ydma s ; Ir a i di m
’
av as . . . r ru r . s r va . r

( I sa
y ) G o t h d (p ,e h ) S k d ( p
t o s e ak
.
)
r as a s ec ,
r . va .

M I E m man a : G r n é g L me ; s m
. . :
(to re s . uo , . ns ar

m mb e L m emo er , m L eq m ; ydm L i em
. r a s va
'

. uu s . s .

4 3 Wh e o co so t fo ll o w s a o t h e
. t h e l a w t h at
n n e n n an n r,

N o t wi t h s t an di n g t h e p ar alle l ca s e O f Lit h . s a ld us S kr . so d d u s , the

c o n n e x io n o f E s leep w i t h S kr is ve r u n lik el on a c co un t b ot h
. . s va
p na
y y,
of t h e lo n g vo we l ( G ot h . s lé p an O H G . . . s ld a n f ) an d the p ,
wh i ch s h o u ld

be f , a c co r d i n g t o G r i mm s law
’
. More o ver , the r o ot evap app ear s in
N mn u s ) , O H G ( S o p ir e) ,
'

O . . s oe a
f ( so . . . s we lya n A . S . sw
qfi a n . L ot t n er
c o n n ec t s E . s lee
p w i t h O . H G . . s lap h ( la n g u i d us ) .
54 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR .

g ove n s rh e m i s t
t h i s s o n a t s fo ll o w s o n a t s o n l
,
n
y a d s ds n ,
n ur

s urds o l h h l I
’
u s vd k
( p i vd bh i
'

y nt S e e c ) st
p g , y n
g m i
.

(
. s, un a

j o i )
n
y , a k t i (
un h e j o i s
) ; a d m i ( I n e at ) a t s i ( t ho e at e s t
) , u .

O ly o n e c o s o an t i s p e mi t t e d t o e n d a wor d ; wh e s e e
n n n r n v

r al c o s o n a t s o c c u r t o e t h e r all b u t t h e fir s t ar e t h o w n o ff r
n n
g ,

t h u s vd k o m s i g vdk for vd k h an d t h i s for vd k s T en e s

'
n n s ,
-
u
, , . . .

al o n e a e all ow e d a s fi n al c o n s o an t s t h e m e di as a d a s p i at e s
r n ,
n r

b ein g c h an g e d i n t o t h e c or e s p o n din g t en i s b t w h e t h i s
r u u n

fi n al t e n u i s c o m e s b e for e a wor d b e g in n i n g w i t h a s on a t or n

a v ow el i t b e c o me s t h e c orr e s o n d in so a t th e t e e s b ei n
, p g n
g n ,
nu

t h e r e fo r e r e t ai n e d o ly b e for e a p a s e an d a follo w i g t e n i s
n u n u

t h u s h ar i t (g r e e ) mud (joy) g a dh ( a fi g h t ) b e c o m e h r i t
n , , ,
a ,

mut an d yu t b e for e a p au s e ; b u t w e h av e h r id b h va t i ( i ri
, a a v

d u s e s t ) m u d bh ava t i ( g a di m e s t ) y
, ud
u u s ti
(p g a es t
)
,
F o a u n . r

fu r t h e r i n fo r mat i o o n t h i s s ubje c t t h e r ead e r i s r e fe r e d t o

n ,
r

t h e s p e c i al S an s k ri t G r amm a r .
 C H A PT E R V .

T HE G REE K A LP HABET .
*

T A R UL A R V I EW OF T HE S OUN D S .

M UT E S .
SE M IVOW E L S . V OW EL S .

u n asp .
S p i r an t s . N as a ls . r l -
s ou n d s

sur d. so n . s ur d . 8011 .
so n . son .

G u tt . x y l y
P al .

C er .

D en t . r d 9 v

L ab . 1r 3 q) F

Z, E , an d 4 w.er e c all e d G ri m/
b u t Zd iff e r s fr o m E
n o va Bur ke}
an d i t in t h i s , t h a t i t i s a c o n s o n an t al di p h t h o n g , b e i n g e qu i v a

le n t p r o p e r ly t o dy, w hil e E an d d ar e m e r e ly S ig n s fo r xc an d 7r g : .

I t i s a m i s t ak e t o s u pp o s e t h a t Z i s e qu i v al e n t t o 80 ; fo r s u c h
a c o mb in at i o n i s i mp o s s ib le , as 3 i s a s o n an t , an d a a s u r d .

Be fo r e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n y m b Of
o l s E an d i , t h e G r e e k s
t th e s

fr e qu e n t ly u s e d X “ an d (pa i n s t e a d of t h e m T h e R o m an s als o .

m u s t h av e as p i r at e d t h e K an d rr I n t h e i r p r o n u n c i at i o n o f E
an d l
‘" fo r P r i s c i an *
r
w it es, “
m u lt o m o lli o r e m e t v o lu b il i o r e m
s on it u m h a b et xbq u am
p s v el bs an d ag ai n , S i c u t e r g o tom e
”
li u s ( m o lli u s s o n at
q ua mp s ve l bs , S i c w e t i am u am
q g s v e l cs .

In Z en d a si mi lar p h e n o m e n o n o c c u r s t h u s t h e n o m s i n g o f . .

i s dfs , an d O f vd k ( v o x ) , vdkh s 2 s e e m s i n s o me
’
a
p ( a
q ua
) .

c as e s to h ave b een ft a i n fi é
so ,
s a d a fi o h o g , p i a yw
v v vp u, ,

an d th e JE o li c 2 3 69 for Z i e
8 b ar , a v dg fo r Zv dg ,
y
‘

y Bp i o da fo r

fi lza . P l at o p l ac e d 0 a m o n g t h e d p w va . He sa
ys , 7 6 o i yy a
'

Bo h t li n g k (K Z . .
,
vol . xv .
, p . h owe ver , con s i d er s t h at P r i s

c i an me an s t h at 41 so u n d ed as bz , an d x as gz , as in F r . exa men .
56 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

d m ci p a ww v Ea r l, bdgt o g i b a ng
’
' ’
r i H Q
“

p o v o v, o ov av
p ir r o r ii g

7 Xam
'
-
ng .
"
p va , h o we ver , i n Pl at o
’
s l an g u ag e , i n c lu d e d b o t h
t h e s e mi v o w e l s ( dw v fievr a
yi v o il, Ob p i t /
T
y d d o yya )
d
or e . an d
th e mu t e s c o n s u lt P lat o , K r at yl 42 4, C . .

45 . P R ONUN C I A T I ON OF T HE V O W ELS .

Y w as orig i n ally p a r
u e u, b u t in e ar l
y t i m es i t b e c a me 72 .

T hi s w as t h e h at t e n d e n c y i G e e k t o
fi r s t b e g i n n in g of t n r

w ar d s ll o w in g t h e i S o
a d t o p r e d o min at e o e t h e o t h e r
-
un v r

v o we ls w hi c h s o s t o n g ly c h ar ac t e ri e s M o d e rn G r e e k Wh e
, r z . n

b e c am e a t h e p ur e s o n d w as e x r e s s e d b T hi s u-
v , p y u ou.

ur e s o d w a s r e t ain e d b t h e B o t i an s ; t h e y w r o t e 6 or
p un
y oe 7 0 ,

fo r fo r o v x0 6 fo r h vmr , & c I n th e
’
r a n: i 0 6, xo ii ya xiip a , 7 X y .

L ac o n i an di al e c t w e al s o fi n d r o u mn fo r a v , mi p o v a fo r xdp v a ,
’

b
o i a t fo r vi a z , & c I n Mo d G r v h as t h e s o u n d o f i ; b u t i t
p p . . .

c o u l d n o t h av e h a d t h i s s o u n d i n c l as s i c al G r e e k , fo r i t w a s p r o

n ou n c e d wi t h c on t r ac t e d li p s (ub o vr eg r d x e lh a) , an d i t is im

p o s s ib l e to p r on o u n c e a
p ure i i n t h at p o s i t i o n T h e o ld p u r e .

s oun d of u w as k e p t
‘
in t h e d ip h t h o n g s a v , w , an d o u ; for
t h ese mu s t ha v e ar s e ni in ea rly t im e s, b e fo r e v h ad b e c o m e a ;
an d in t h e c as e s w he re v r e
p r esen t s F, it mu st h av e h ad t h e
s ou f t h e pure u
n d o Mo r e o v e r , if v i n t h e s e d ip h t h o n g s h ad
.

b e e n p r o n o u n c e d a, t h e M o d G r p r o n u n c i ati o n a v, c v, o v, . .

w o u l d b e i n e x p li c ab le W e fi n d al s o o n i n s c r ip t i o n s (ps o ya v ,
.

E b ep yer n g , a dr o u g , & c fo r d s fiys w , E b ep yfr n g , a br o b g , & c ,

.
, .

w ich h fo m s t e ac h u r s t h e s a m e fa c t 0 » in a l at e r p e ri o d l o s t .

i t s d ip h t h g al p o n n c i at i o
on n d b c am e
r u
p e i ; t hi s n , a e a ur t

c o ld u o t h av e h pp e n e d h ad
n in a b ee p o o n c e d as a , v ou n r n u .

T hi s i s c o rr o b o r at e d b y t h e fac t t h at t h e jun c t i o o f a d n o n u

e e r fo r ms t h e d i h t ho b u t t h at t h e y ar e p o o u n c e d
n v
p g n ou, r n

l a s i n b kc o ih r v o g T h e O ld n am e o f o uc d v w a s
'
ar a t e
se
p y , y p p .

) , a n d a t A t h e n s , b e fo r e 0 1 1 00, 0 w as al w a s w r i t t e n i n
of l
y p ac e .

D ie t r ich , i n K Z . .
,
vo l . xiv .
, p 48. .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 57

Of t h e l at e r
h e e t hi s o s e eit h e r f o m c o t
o u, w ct i r o o n ar r n ra on ,
r

f o m m e r e le g t h e i g w h e t h e
r ri s i g fro m t h f lli g o t
n n n ,
r a n e a n u

of c o s o an t or f o m a ot he c au s e w h e ev e r t h e e f n r r r or
a n
y n ,
r e , , ,

t h e D o ri c h d w o t h e o t h e r h d a w a s w ri t t e w h e r e v e r
n an , ou n

u w s o ig i l w h e t h e
a r s re
p ese t i
n a
g F,
o r fo r s o m e o t h e r r a r n n

r e s o t h s w e h a e g for fi g fr o m
a n u g fo r
v r o r o , r ov , 8 16 K O l vo

i n il w i) &
r a b t al w ys i ma d 5 9 i b o t h of w h i c h
ico o ,
c , . u a a n 0 7 0 ,
n

w or d s t h e D or ic h as al s o o u . In e ar l
y t i m es 0 w as use d to
ex
p r es s b ot h t h e lo n g an d sho r t c ea l r 0 an d th e lo n g an d
S ho t O b s c sou d b e c am e 12 fo m e r
r e o ur . T h e l a t t er n
( ) cu , th e r

w T he c l e ar s o u n d p r e v aile d i n e ar ly t im e s , an d he ce n

we h av e Mu m Mywv , , & c fo r A s o v r g , h eyo vr g , & c ; fo r

. . o w as
le n g t h e n e d t o mp e n s at e fo r t h e t h r o w in g o u t o f t h e c o n s o
co

n an ts at a t im e w h e n i t s t ill h ad t h e c l e ar s o u n d T h e au g m e n t .

5 b e fo r e 0 c o a es ce l d w it h t h i s 0 in t o (0 , fo r t h i s ha g e c n li k e
w is e o c cu rr e d at an e ar l
yp e r io d . On t h e ot her h an d, i n
7 0 6 9 fo r T OV C, h i yo va t for h éy o v n ,
t h e i; rem ai n e d i n lo n g ; an d
w h en i t w a s t hro wn out 0 h ad b e c o m e O b s c u r e , an d t h e e for re

the u-s oun d ( ) ou to ok i t s

p l ac e . S i milar ly i n O ld L at i n , 0 h ad
b ot h a c l e ar an d re b e c m
an Ob s c u r e s o un d : th e Ob s c u o a e u,

a s i leg n t v lg us f o m O L leg o t vo lg
un ,
u w h il e t h e c l e a o
,
r . . n ,
as, r

r e m ai e d c h g e d as i colo h e t
n un an Wh e n w as s e ,
n ,
on s as . 0 u

c ee d d b a v o wel i t i s ome s e s s e e ms t o h e h d th e n ca av
y e , a
"
so d O f w ; t h s w e h av e 6 6 fo t h e P e s i a wa h O a g
un u , r r n ,

fo F i E g d m e f o m A r w d i 3 6 f Sa K i g fo r
'

r c o , a r . a , 0 11 or , o vr i o

Q i t i
u nc us d p e h p,
s in l
an
p g t h e
g a dfl y s o c alle d f o m
r a o ar
'
o , , r

i t s w h i z z in g n o se i .

A S 0 w as w i t t e n r ou b e fo r e t h e A rc h o s h ip
n of E u kl e id e s ,

so 5 w as w i t t e n fo r r at . R 1 w as h o we ve r w ri t t e n in fu ll w h e re

ev e r the r w as or i
g i n al , as i n EXa , h ei o g , m i kei
'

(d at . S in
g .
)
b u t wh e r e a ar o s e e i t he f om r r con t r ac t i o n o r an
y o t h e r c au s e ,

a is fo u n d ,
as in n o hs g for dh n u g , s
py m a
'

at for s i p ya a r a t , sc he
‘

ys v s g fo r x h s t yev n g ,
’
w es t /a t fo r Ev fls i va l . I n t h i s l at t e r c as e

th e o li an s w r o t e 7; fo r st , as in av
y p fp n v , X ijp , r
p fig .
W e

D ie t r ich , i n K Z . .
,
v ol . x iv .
, p 53. .
 U UM I A R A I I V E G R A MMA R
’
.

fin d on e e x c e
p t i on to t h is r u e l ; fo r on i n s c r ip t i o n s w e fi n d
w r ev for l
s a w an d s im i v, tho u g h th e ro o t Fe1r c on t ain s n o i

o ri g in lly ; t h e E o li a
a ns a s l o w ot e r s n n u fo r s i m i v
i -
. E h ad t w o
s ou n ds i e a ly G r e e k r o ac h i ot he th e
( ) h a
n r
pp g e t e , on e a n a , r

‘
a
pp r o a ch i
g ( )
i e e w h
n e l e
g t h e n e d b e c am e n an d e
“
,
‘ n n , , , a .

T h e fo rm e r s o un d w as O l d e r t h a t h e l at t e r a d h e c e w h e n n n ,
n

p h o e t ic c h a
n
g es e u i ri n
q g t o b
n e l e
g t h e e d o c cu
r ed i a n n rr n

ea l
yr t im es i t b e c am e 7 w h,e e as i n c h a
g e s o f l t e r o i in
g 1 , r n a r

e b e c am e
i T h u s w e h v e ii p x
a . ii e h b e i de i x a er o , e o v, s s ov

sae
x ov
) , s im ip n v s Fen o n n v
) , s i p ya oyu a i Fs p ya a ua t ) ,
for t h e c o s on an t s i n t h e s e c
n h o w o t t ill lat e as e s we r e n ot t r n u

—np
— n
—n g (i
, i d/1p
u,
pn by fzc) for —g g — g — g
n a , re
'
v, s sv , e , sv , ea ,

b es i d e — g (i X p i g £t l e e) for n— c as i
a t h e fo r m e
a , f ec , e v1
'

, n r

c a s e s t h e n o m s in w as e rl l o s t w h ile i t h e l at t e r re n
g y . . a a , v

mai n e d i n t i ll a l at e r p e i o d r .

T h e B o t i c i s a s t ag e in ad v a c e O f t h e A t t i c fo r i n i t w e
oe n ,

fin d for n s i n éfi d y lx
a , wh e re —y for —)
a m sto s o vr a , £t ua u

h a e p as e d t hr o u g h t h e s t g e —p n
v s g fo r i ng lown a
'
1r e v u n v , f

fo r r i en/
at ; n f or a t , as i n m) fo r Ka , i 7 6 1m m; fo r r bn ’

ro
p at ;
an d t in A i yt g fo r A i ya g , il l fo r a i ei
fo r at , as Whil e a i n .

G r e e k , an d ei i n L at in g r ad u ally ap p ro ac h e d i i n p r o n u n c i a
t i o n , t h e E n g li s h i c o n v e r s e ly i s p ro n o u n c e d as ci ; S imilar ly,

h
w il e cu in G r e e k an d on in L at in a
pp r o ac h e d a, t h e N H G . . .

au f o m t h e M H G d as i
h as b e en d e v e l o p e d r . . .
,
n h a us fr o m
h us H i n c l as s i c al G r e ek n e v e c o u ld h av e h ad t h e s o u n d
. r

Of i fo r t h e b l e at i g of s h e e p i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y
,
n T he
d ip h t ho g s an d n w e r e p o b b ly p r o o u c e d a s E o a d
av or r a n n . n n

co ; fo r i n A r i s t o p h a es (V e s p a do s b rk i s
’
b b a d a n
g n . a , a ,

b i d s ot e is t (A e s c o m a e E p e wi t
’
r
a r n
p n o v ,
. .

4 6 P R ONUN C I AT I ON P I RATE S ’
OF T HE A S .

T he as
p i r at e s w e r e o i i
g ll y hrar d s o d na
; for un s b e fo r e the

in t r o d u c t ion Of th e si
g s 0 X n t h e
y w
, e e w , ' r r i t t e n , T H,

C o n s ul t R au mer , G e s ammelt e s p r ach wis s e n s ch aft lich e s cli r ift c n ,

”
p 96 ;
. an d C u r t iu s , G r u n d z ii g e , p 37 0
. .
 60 C O MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

an d as k h ow c o u ld he e b
t s e
p r on d if o0, X, an d
u n ce wer e
t rue as
p i r at e s . Bu t t h is i a s v er
y u n s afe fo u n d a t i o n o n w h i c h

to b u ild ; fo r w e a r e n o t lik e ly t o b e g o o d ju d g e s o f w h at t h e
an c i e n t G r e e k s c o u l d r o n o u n c e , an d t h e m e r e fa c t t h a t w e
p
ar e u n a b le t op r o n o u n c e
o mb in at i o o f le t t e rs d o e s a ce r t ai n c n

not
p ro e t h t o t h e s c o ldv ot
p ro n o un c e i ta T h e s t t em e t r u n . a n

of P i s ci a t h at t h e o ly d iffe e n c e b e t we e f a d 4 w t h t
r n ,
n r n n ; as a

]
c; w as
p r o ou c ed
fi x i lu b r i s o l
yn
p r o e t h at i
n h i t im e s , n v s n s

h ad b e c o m e a s p i an t o t h o we e l ab i o d e n t al li ke f an d
r -
n ,
v r, a

Mo d G r .b t at h e n i t e l b i al
. u r r a n r a .

47 . T HE V O W ELS .

A n o r i g in al a oft e n v an is he s , as i n yi y vo y a t fo r yt ye v o y a c,
f om R 7r t 7r s r w fr o m R war , S k r
'

r u
ye v, S kr g . an ; v i zr r w fo r
-
. .

p at
(
tof ll ) a wa r p og Ho rn . wa r ép o g I t i s g e n e r ally r e t ai n e d ,
.

he e ar e ) , L s u mus
w n i t i s i n i t i al , as i n 20 p m) S kr . s ma s
( w .

’'
e cn v S kr . s
y
’

ci m , L . s z em
’

6 : l . E . a:
“

( mo L . ab S kr . a
p a ( a wa
y) i
’
c xw v , L . a cus ,

a c es i ; S é xp v , S kr . as r a
'

(a t e ar ) c
’
iy w , L . a
g o, S kr . a
g (
'

t o
g o ) .

5 I E . . a m an d an :
'
s rr n i S kr . sa
p t an ; é v vea
'
S kr . na

351m S kr das ES a Ea S kr a di /
cs h a m ; 5811 S hr
' '
va n ; . an ; . 111 .

a da m , S k i ar am
’

p r
p twa r ep a . .

e I E 65 : £ 6 1 1 S kr a s t i ; (pfp w S k r bh a r d mi ; r s r
. . .
’

S kr k a t vci r a s ; (pkeyw , L fl a g r o ; 7r a r £p a S kr p i
' '
m p eg . . .

t a r a m ; i x t c, L a n g ui s W e fi n d 5 an d a s t an d i n g b e s i d e
. .

e ac h ot h e r in m an y g r am m at i c al f r ms
o “
r e
'

p vw , gr a uo v r
p é r w,
v

e Ea r p ci tp n v ; 35p m ) , { Sp a w ; w é a xw , m i cr o
'

; w
p p ,
“
or et n}
'

an ov

p a c. In th e d i al e c t s e an d a ar e fr e qu e n t ly i n t e r c h an g e d ;
D 5v m s Zw , D d
' '

D pé ¢w
'
r euv w , w
‘
OI or
ar
p q
e uu , or . a r . 7 1 .

" ”
A g r i me, D A p r a p l g ; i ep é g , D i a p o g ; 37 6 , E 01 37 a ;
'
-
or . or, .

1 O e o o g ; K a o1 5 90 , A ZO I
E 01 d A 5
' '
x
pi cr og xp t r o g ; 0 o og,
p y / .
. .
,
i

a fl o v,
Bp p A r k ad Zep eep o v , I o m fi s p egp o v ; fi é k kw ,
'

A eycip e ee v ;
’
é .

A r k ad Z kkw
'
e ip a n v , I o n ¥ p o n v ;
’
c . I on , A s D or .

A tt . e, s o D or i c 6 I o n an d A . tt . w he r ever t his 71 re
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 61

p r e s en ts an or i g i n al a . So a s o 7)l S kr d , . as 7 59t S kr .

o I E . . d : ve
’
Fo g S kr . n a va s ( n ew ) ; wé r o c S kr , p a
at h ) S k r p a t i s ( a m as t e r ) p ev o g S kr ma
'
t ha s ( p
a mi m g . .

m a ( min d ) . In t h e di al e c t s we fi n d 0 an d a fr e qu e n t ly i n t e r

c ha n
g d e : D o r f a n ; r p l a mi o m t , D o r r p ca xcrn o z
.
'
.
’

’
i
t va
p ov, Kr e t i p ; .
’
c va t ov r é ooa
'

p eg ,
D or .

p r é r o p eg , w h e r e 0 er

h ap s r e r e s e t s t h e o ri g i
p n n al Fa ; 67r o ,
’
E 01 6 7r d d vd, E 01 av ; . .

Bp x E 01
Bp x é A r k ad Exo r ov ; xa p S ra ,
'
é
’
fw a
g , o w g ; xa r o v , . .

K yp r xé p Za ; dfifiw gei v , I o n dp fi w dei v S imil ar ly w e fi n d

’ '

. .
.

'

h ea vya ) b e s id e Xs w v , s t K s o u r ;
'
\ ea t v a mawa ya )
'
/ r exr a v
‘
. r e

i p a b e s id e (Sp o g & c A D A tt D or i c
'
b esid e r e m ov ( . . s or . a= . 0, so

6 = A t t w, . as in D or . wp ar og fo r 7
9 6 7 09 , D or . Os a p o g
'
for O wp fg s c .

So l
a s o to S kr d , . as in 353mm S kr da d dmi : . . In so me c as e s

5 an d 0 ar e i n t e r c h an g e d 6 36 v r eg , o l gS O V T G C ; 6 36 m) , E
. 0 1.

D OI
'

figuv a ; K ev p a , D o r K é v p a ;
‘
. .

’
ofi o k é g , D o r GS s ké g ; O p xous v o g , Boe o t
’
. .

¢ = I E i : i— p ev , R i , S k r i ma s i ( w e
, .
g o ) A d a m, R A m , . . .

S kr r i lc ( t o l e av e ) , L li n g u o ; op cxei v , R Au x, S kr mih (m i n
' '

. . . .

ge e r ) .

z I E . . a : a t he n
p as s e d t h r ou
g h
i n t e r m e di at e s t ag e 5 ,
th e

an d i n m an y c as e s we fi n d side -
fo rm s c o n t ai n i n g b o t h 5 an d z
t hu s we ha ve
'
2k b e s id e Q u i to , mp v mu b e s id e xep a v vvp c, ' ’

b e s id e a z b e s i d e mika g , m r v n t
’

K r ew w , m a e v a c, wi k v a
' '
xr t v v vy t
‘

p p p
b e s id e i vvvm, m r v w b e s i d e wea ai m 10 0. b e s id e sa r i ,
' '
wen -
v t cr o o
'

ua z b e s id e N é cr r wp , i Zw b e s id e 880 g
’
. I n th e f
o ll o wi n
g c as e s

t h e s e s id e fo r m s i n a d o n o t e x i s t
-
: 77r 7r o g S kr . a s vam,
'
L .

g u us ; K p fv w b e s id e L c er n o ; fi l za b e s id e L r a d i x I a in ’
e . . .

r e d u p li c at e d p r e s e n t t e n s e s , as r i flmu = S kr da dh dmi , m 7r -r w .
’

fr o m R m ar , f i x-n u fr o m R T ex fo r r m cw E an d c ar e fr e qu e n t ly
. . .

i n t e r c h an g e d i n t h e di al e c t s : Bo t . Zu m=
’
é u3v , R . 89 ; L ak . ma
’

08 6 Kr e t . 946 9 :
os oc D or . io n
’
a, I o n 50 7 51) . éo n
’
a ; A r ka d .

an d s imil a r a d e c t i v e s i n —
iv xp fi Ev
a eo g
j £ o g e n d in zo g i n -

E o li c I n E o l x ep r o g r p t r o g , an dE o l fl éfifia yo g fo r Up fa p o c,
’ '

é
. .

A hr e n s c o n s i d e r s t h at c i s c h an g e d i n t o a o n ac c o u n t o f t h e fo l
 62 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

l o wi n g p , as in L . t er t i us , an d p r o n u n c i at i o n o f E . t h ir d .

A lt ho u g h I E a ca t h an . . n us b e w e ak e n e d t o i , t h e c o n ve r s e

o c ur s ; t h i s ru l e h as l o b e e n k o wn
n e e v r c
g n n ; fo r i n th e

E t ym ol o g i c u m Mag n u m w e ar e t ol d t h at i dé ”
o l
‘
rr o r e 7 6 i do a

v= I . E . u :
q
’
n n u, S k r bh u ( t o b e )
. d mé g S kr é s .
(q
’
as ui c k
);
z u ydv S kr yug a m (a yo ke ) xM w , S kr ( o h e ar fi
'
. . s ru t ) s uf x

r u in B o rn 13g , & c , S kr Li t h an d L
-
. . . .
—t u .

v I E . . a : a t h en p as s e d t hr o g h u i n t e r m e di at e s t ag e
th e

0, an d in nu m e ro u s e x am p l e s 0 an d v s t an d b e s i d e e ac h o t h e r ,

h
w il e t h e L at in c orre s p o n d in g fo r m s h av e s o m e t im e s n o t a d
v an c e d b e o n d t h e o s t a e t ho u h a s w e h av e alr e a d
y re -
y g g , ,

m ark e d t h e L at i n h a s g e n e r ally ad v an c e d t o t h e u s t ag e e v e n
,
-
,

i n c as e s w h e r e t h e G r e e k s t ill k e e p s ; M g L l p us fr o m o uco , . u ,

an I E va r kas as m a b e i n fe rr e d fr o m S k r u / o lf ;
ca
(w )
f
. .
y , . r

y pp p
o fi w L m u r mu S,
k r ma r ma a m u r m u r
.
( ) ”6A " L mo lo r ,
. r
, .
,

L i t h ma la n as ( a mill ) w h i c h ar e all d e ri v e d b y Max Mii ll e r

.
,

fr o m an I E ma ( t o r ub d o wn ) wi t h wh i c h h e als o c o n n e c t s
. . r ,

"
h e t o il an d m o il o f A r e s
é fb k ( ) p fl wt]
’

p p p vau g A p n
at, q t o o , a ;

( a w e al
) L m or s & c ; , L . n ow S k r m
( y n ig h t )
a kt u m b,
. .
, .

m m
’

,
L co cu m S kr m m ( w i t h ) ; b v S kr a /h a ( a
. n , , .
'

, . n c

n a il ) ; wa v fiyvp t g b es i d e ci yo p ci ; xfixko q S kr [Ga /er as

( a .

w h e e l) ; d v un mp o g b e s id e 6 u o p u , S kr n d ma n ( a n am e ) ; t h e
’
.

s u ffi x - r v i n é b e s ide —1 o , n om — r w , a s in L d a t ur us
p
'
‘
rv
p p p p p .
.

b e s i d e da t or ; wp fir a v t g f om
r 7r p o
'

( 7r p o r a w o g is fo un d on a

L e sb i an i n s c ri p t i o n ) , t h e t e r mi n at i o n b e i n g fo un d i n 57mg
ra v ég , an d L . d i u t in us .I n yv vfi u r e p r e s e n t s an o ld e r Fa , a s
we s ee f omr Boe o t . B a v é l n o lic v fr e qu e n t ly t ake s t h e
.

Ovo p a ; {511 0 1 0 9 fip o zo g ; ri m)
'
l ac e of o fi v vp a Eu r o;
p
" "
O S v a a ebg ; k O kvmr o g ; {i n pa ko g
’
Y3vo a eb q wr o c
'

’
t imp a ko g ; 5 0 30 9
= 5 Zo g iip v t g 59 mg ; y fiyl c = y dyt g ; mi -m i me “

wdr a y o c ; S efip v I n E o li c w e al s o fi n d 11 fo r

w
'

cr v v
T en
‘
'
r s xr w v
; x
‘
kfi v n xe k u w n ( c o m p ar e ¢ ¢5p
e
'
L ,

fo r v i n t h e s i n g le c a s e o f xp o w o g
'
d
'

f ) ur : an OK .

v ao g .

W e fin d v fo r a in E 01 0 69 3 a n d L ak E xv r a
.
'

y .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR . 63

( e n t r ails ) v fi
'
r a an d fo r o i n I on . u
gbé w po p éw T h e Boe o t i c
.

di al e c t o ft en s u b s t it u t e s v fo r C I ,
an d ( ),
t
as i n Ff mo g Fo I Ico g ,
''

Sé p v 8 5p i n t h e s e c as e s t h e
7 s o u d b e c am e a d t he o
-
n u, n n

b c am e a T h e o ld L at i o i t i e m s t s i mi la ly h ave p s s e d
'

uz e . n r u r a

th o gh t i e i b e c o mi g t i t h e o ly diff e ce b e in g t h at
’

r u uz r n n u n er n

t h e L at in i s a t e I t w h il e t h e G e e k v i s
II ru ,
I t i s r e m ark r

a b l e t h at t h e B o t i c al s o g r e e s wi t h t h e L t i i s o m e t i m e s
oe a a n n

e r e s en t i n b as i n A W fi d v for ’ ’
r
p g m y 0 8, A P e I o v II a o s I O UI JO I
'
. n

o i n t h e A k adi a g e i t i e i — ( Z y
r n n
) f o m v — 6 a g
n av a I av r 0, -
o

Sk — dycis
r. .
*

T h e o ld h a in g b e c o m e v ( ) i n s o m e c as es ad an c e d
a v u , v a

st e
p f r t h e a a d b e c am e r n
¢ m c ( f t h e r ) p mI fr o m R ¢ a a , ( a I
-
'
) .
u

o af k g ( a f t p i g ) fr o m 5 9 ; f m p gbi k g b e s i d e { m p p fig
o a , 0
-
e a o a v

mp
’

c (
xo rin g ) b e s i de m k g R p fr o m w hi c h o o t o m e
a ,
’
uc o ,
. Icv , r c

ls o K p p a d ( ai l
) ari s i f o m h h h
' ’
a e lcv p x ga t n Ics g
o t a o
g t e , 8 n r I r u

i n fl u e c e o f t h e fo llo w i g 9
n
p p fi o g ( s l a d e ro
n
) fro m v n us ,

l/ fi g ( a li e ) p im k
‘ II
’
o an d
m m k g ( c u rt ail e d )
og L m u t i lus
’
o ,
.

8p f g ( C o p s e w o o d ) fr o m S p i g Of
o , g ( b a d ) f om R O aao a n , r . u,

wi t h s am e s ffi x s i w fifi f om
fi fifi k g ( p apy
'
u g a f k n
g er a o o
'

o r o

ru s ) ; OX
B p g ( s li
I
pp e
y )
o b
'
e s i d e L l b ri r
p k ,fi S é g b e sid e . u ca s o

p k o B g ; M
’
o p ( I am e fl r og e ) aIR N 4 S k r l bfi d mi
y (
a I r , .
) ,
. u

d e s i e ) L l bet a d li bet W e al s o fi d E 01 1 1 9 T g ’
r ,
. u n . n . 1 0 , rr s ,
'
i fr a p for iiybo g , 1371 59 , in r a p - .

48 . G UNA AND V R D D HI .

T h e g un a of i s I a , an d in a fe w i s o lat e d c as es aI ; it s
v r d dh i i s C I , 0 h e re r ep r e s en t in g a S kr d . . T h e g u n a of v i s
s o an d av it s vr ddh i i s o u an d au . The I E . . a i s r e re s en t e d in
p
G r e ek b y it s g u a , a, o n a is o, 6, an d 11 ; it s vr ddh i is I» .

P ri mi ti v e v o w els e o a I v
G un a a (a t ) eu
( av)
V r d dh i In ou
( av )
C ur t iu s , G r u n dz u
g e, p 6 46
. .
64 C OMPA R A T I VE G RA MMAR .

T h e g un a o f s of th e ro ot is o : R .

y av, yevo g , ydu o g ;

'
R ¢ sp .
,

a w e i h t ) ; R 7 5 16 r en é a fla l f o xo g ;
S kr bhd r as
'

(
' '

p
( ep w , ¢ o
p og
g . .
, ,

R . r p e b, g T
p £ ¢ w r p o ¢ f1 R 33 5 m S ép xoy a l S PS O Q K G
, S kr .
, ,
'

I n p ep n ka b e s i d e p éka R y ak 1; ap p e ar s t o b e t h e
’ ’
da da r s a .
,
.
,

g un a o f s o f th e ro o t .

T h e gun a a of o f t h e oo t r is I I or n ; R . R a fi, Is ka flo v ,
'

X€Xn 9a ; R R a fi , fh u Bo v , R '
. e ikn tpa ; . A me, EXa xo v , A ékaxa ,
Gu p t a ; R . x ka y, gxka yo v, '
n eI
'

a y a ; R . S a x, { S a xo n} , S s gn xa
'
.

T h e g un a o f o is 6 o r n : v eo g S kr ( ) 6 , I on
'
. n a vas n ew , v.
5 .

S kr n a vd , an d s i mil ar c as e s
’
vs n . .

The R Fp a y, p n y vvm, gfi p w ya ;

'
v
rdd hi o f a , e, o i s G) .
'

R . 7r r a Ic,
'
Em mco v , wr fia a w
'
1r r n x5 w
’

( b e s id e 17 m K a r a F r i;
in -

) wi g ( rin g fo r fe ) ipi n ap w yti g ; R Ii y

'
r nv , T cowe ar ; I '
w, '
.
‘

6 7 01 7 13 ; R 30 .
, S I S O p s v , S i dwm; R . 6 8, 6 3p 71 , 5 3w 3a ;
'

L . £8 (t o e at ) , i SwSfi .

T h e g u n a an d vrdd h i O f I ar e a an d O I ; R 1, fp s » . S kr .

i ma s , 5 7m S kr é mi , o I p o g ( a w ay) ; L Fl K , ii uc r o v ,
' ’ '
. .
’ - -
s xon i '

go uca ; R . km , gkm o v , A d m » , R o n n i e ; K . FI 3, FI Sp ev , Fei Bo g ,

FO I S a ; R X43, XI Bag ( a d r o p ) , A effi w , XO I Q I ; K g
'

x
‘
. . a rI on ,

or d o g ; R K l , IceI r a I S k ; R S v,
'

xo fr n
''

s é té ,
''

x o u,
xw cr r o I
x , r . . .

Bi ea ea I (t o fle e , t o b e a fr a i d ) , S eI S w , S efgo ma ; R fi .
-‘
o rI , ga n
73; R oa ) ; R
fi 43 XI 1r , A b r a , ak fl \ I x,
'
ov, 07 0 u t w
g
.
, (
t y . /

k péw ( I l i c k ) , Xei xw . In a i Oea oa I ( b urn , m is th e

to ) u a
g n
of I ; fo r it is c on n e c t e d wit h S kr . i a db ( t o b u r n ) , L ces t as , .

O H G . . . ei t (fi r e ) . T he rddh
v i of t h i s r o ot m a
y b e fo u n d i n

o I o
-
rp o g ( th e g ad fi
y) , as G b r ems e ( t h e h o r s e fi y) , c o m e s fr o m
.

br en n en ( t o b u rn ) , an d L . t a b a n us is c on n e c t e d wi t h S kr . t ap

(t o b urn ) .

T h e g una an d vrd d h i O f v ar e w an d o u , b u t s o n e arly al w ays

t ak e s t h e p l a c e o f o n R ekv fl, fikv Oo v Eker mo y m , s iMMo v Ga ; .
,
’

f b g f d xofi R vp I ’

h oo g o E II Gw m k d
'
E i
'
xe v ov ; .
p , v og
p ( a e r e ) , ,

60 6a
4 ( re ddi s h ) R . A u x, Ii p cju k i mn ( t h e d aw n ) , A ev xdc
'

A o i a o o v ( t h e w hi t e p i t h of th e fir t eer ) ; R . 1r v v , wv w ,

fi ; R (t o y ¢ 67 w ,
'
n vo F .
, € 1r eI
pw ya .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .
65

S c hl e i c h e r c o n s id e r s b e t h e g u n a of v in a iiw ( I kin d le ) ,
av to

for i mm, b e s id e s ilo » ( 1 s i n e , S kr as h o b u rn , Os lmmi I ‘

a .
g ) ( t ) ( .

b urn ) L ,
. ur o fo r us o i n a b yy; ( s p l e n d o u r ) b e s i d e S kr dy as
’
.
'

(str e g th d s p l e n d o u r ) ; an d i n a b Za v w fro m R v 7 , b e s i d e
n an .

S k r ug m ( s t r o n g )
.
-
I n t h e fi r s t t w o o f t h e s e e x am ple s , h o w .

e ver , h e i s r o b ab l w r on an d i n t h e l as t c e r t ai n l f
p y g , y s o ; o r

S kr . ash is fr o m
h h i s fo d i as a ( a d ay)
an o ld e r va s , w ic un n v ra ,

is f om g t h e ) L ig e e eg e e a d
'

g ( E
’ ’ '

69 as t o s tr e va r n n , . v r ,
v r ,
n a II ov

f om R F g S k v /
r . cs h i mia I
( g r ow
, ) G o t hr v h .
j ( I g ao w ) c ,
. a s a r .

I t h e fir s t t w o c as e s t h e o ld F p ro b ab ly b e c am e F b y t r an s
n a a

o s it i on a d the a d in t h e l as t c as e w e fi d Ho m
n n w n n
p , a v, .

SEw w hi c h p o i t s b a k t o a fo r m &F Ew w h e r e i s m e ely

’
aI ,
n c e , e r

a h el o w e l an d w h e r e w e fi d
-
a d F lr e d t r s osed n n an
p v , y p a a a .

If ii g I on nfi g c o me s from R
va ,
. vS kr s ( t,o fl ow ) a m . o vv , . nu ,

i s h e r e t h e v r dh h i o f o t h e o t he r h a d i f it c om e s f om v : n n ,
r

R . avé S kr d ( t o b t h e ) i t i s fo me d lik e yp fi g a d a i s
,
. 3n a ,
r a ,
n o

t h e e for e n o t t h e v r dd h i of I t h e f ll o wi g c as es *
n
r a
p v . o n I»

e ar s t o b e t h e v r d d hi o f v p é b ot h
) b e s i d e Zfi n
p g ( y r

( l e av e n ) L j s ; Z m , m( g ) I i
. r d frou m R Z ; x é a v
’

( I vv ,
. v vv

h e ap u p ) f o m R X C u rt i s c on s id e r s t h at w ar o s e fro m
r . v . u 0

t hr o u g h t h e i n t e m e d i at e s t e p F S c hl e i c h e r s vi e w i s t h at
’
r o .
,

as w e h a v e I o k m fo r k Fw b e s id e kéFw a d D o r
’ ’
n . Ir a ) Ir uJ n ,
n .

S k d s an d Ioni c di h t ho n g m fo r s o t h ere
p s eo r
g
:
p . u , v a v,

o n ce as vrd dh i o f e xi t e d m S kr d a t h e fi s t ele men t o f

,
v, s v .
,
r

w hi c h g r ad all y as s i mil at e d t o i t s el f t h e s e c o d s o t h at fin ally

u n ,

on l t h e o s oun d w as h e ar d -
y .

W e mu s t c ar e f lly di s t i g u i s h fro m t h e d i p ht hon g s ari u n s

i n g fro m g u a an d vrddh i t ho s e w h i c h ari s e fro m c o t ac t i o

n ,
n r n

or f o m c o mp en s at i o n fo t h e lo s s of c o s on a t s or fro m t h e
r r n n

v o c ali at i on a d hyp e t h e s i s o f t h e o ig i l s p i a t s y d
z n r r n a r n an v .

49 Wh e n a c o s o n a t or c o n s o n a t s ar e t hro wn o u t
. n n n

o f a w or d t h e p r e c e di n g v o w el i s g en e r ally l e n g t h e e d t
,
n ,
o

c o m e n s at e for t h e l o s s o f t h e c o n s o n an t s T hu s b e come a s
p
.

C ur t iu s , G r un dz uge, pp 1 6 1 , 2 8 1
. .

F
 66 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

a in 111 3 69 ( ac c .
p l .
) mi ka v g , & c .
, Io n i c i a r a vr g , & c . a be
c o m es L e sb i an E oli c acc p l t er m —I g Kr e t
m in t h e g . . . u .
-
av ,

as g Kr
r aIe t a
’
e a l s o i n L e s b E 0 1 ak
.
gr= k g w igv ,
. . r aI ra
i
av , a

a for'

11 w g a xo fi g
= dx
g ; v b ec ome s fi in S m fig
a vr , o aI o vo a v
'
e v

S m g ; e b e c o m e
v v vrs 1 i n zp 5 u =
q w 1r q s g 1 1r a r r
‘
'
“
Ir o
'
o u v ,

S p fig S y w g ; b e c o m e s a i n O i g Kr e t O g for
’
va sv va sv 5 r I e . r I ev

r IO g ig evr Kr e t E g x ip xép g w hi c h i s s ti ll fo un d in a
, f . v , s ,

fr ag me n t o f T i mo c r e o n iy f ( I am) s w E 01 5M op e fg , é o ,
.
“, I

m ol
'
E 01 ip e v v o g , i q E é v ep p a r o ;
’ '
op ea v o g , . I sv e a u m, .
'
0

b e c o me s in 37 13e ( a l e ad e r ) fiynr o p g
’
wv r v wr o v r g , 1 ;
‘
0) n n rr

b e c o me s Kr e t
'

0 ou i n i rr n o v g ‘ '
. 77r 7r o v g & c , .
, 6n a p xo 60 a g = K r et

v o a g , I i yo v a I D i yo vr I b e c o me s in t h e L e s b
’ ’
i xo
I rr a p
'
or . I
'
; 0 OI .

E 01 p l t e rm
. . .
—g K 0I r et .
—o v g , as r o i g Kr e t . 7 0 69 , al s o
i n gx o m a i xo v r ya , & c p t mr o vr I , & c W
' '
.
, Ic
p t mr o w w Ic . e

h av al e dy p o in t e d o u t t h at wh e n a c o n s on an t w as lo s t in
e r a ,

e ar l t i m es an d c o m e at i o n w as m ad e fo r i t b e c am e n n s
y p , “
, e ,

a d n b e am e o b u t t h t o n t h e o t h e r h an d wh e t h e l o s s
c I .) a , , n

did n o t o c c r t ill a l at e r p e r i o d u b e c am e an d b e c am e , e a , o ou .

T h e e x m p le s fro m t h e d i ale c t s ab o v e q ot e d c o firm t h i s

a u n

a c c o n t o f t h e m t t e r ; fo w e fi d t h at t h e c on s o an t s ar e f e
u a r n n r

q u e tl
y k e t b
p
n
y t h e m in t h e l at t e r c as e b ut n e r in t h e , ve

fo rme r .

50 T h e o w els . d w h e n c o mi n g aft e r a s e mi
v I an v,

a e f e hro
v o we l q e,
t ly t r w n b ac k b r
y h yp e r t h e s i s
u n T hu s .
,

I E bfi a a i i p Jw p S kr .
p ri . r s ,
’
I fl fI
'
'
e I . u a

ab o v e ) Z ai i
( ab o ve ) ; Ek w w k I h fir ’

( p ,
. u E w r t e st au a vv . n

t g e o f h yp e rt h e i s t h e
s a o w el i s n o t o l
y r efl ct e d s b ut , v n e ,

al o k e t i n i t s ori g i al p l a c e s in Z e d w h e r e w e fin d n a n
s
p , ,

u
p a ir i ( b o v e ) , b a va i t i
a S kr . bh a va ti ( h e i )
s , &c . I n I on .

wo v k6 g = wo ké g , an d RP . s vIi
'
= Ev i, a
'
'
I oIov
( a s
q ua e r ) “
Ir ku
fr o m R wk h e c e c o me s
9I o v ( w k . 5
" v
ar , n a a ai
qwfaw g
8 6 g ( c mp ar e s aw ) w e h a e t h i s s t ag e o f h yp er t h e s i s Wh e
1 o ,
v . n

t h e ori g in l p i a t s y n d v c o me afte r
a s a d
p t h ey ar e g e
r n a v n ,

n e r ll
y a o c l i e d an d t hro w n b ac k
v a T h s
m kz w =
p \
/ y . u
’

a a e av a

xu
’

pw xt p yw ; 9£I w
¢ p =
p
I OPQ Yw ; ap t i vw v dy s vyo v g ; 7 0 6
 68 C OMPAR AT I VE GR AMMAR .

th kin g d o m) b e s i d e t h e form Za r p cu r n c g i v e n b y He s ych i u s ;

’
e

Ed da i Icr I c ( oxp voa c,

'
a

b e s i d e xp vo g ; dxp o é oya I b e s id e S kr . s m
'

( t o hea ) r 6 ¢ p fi g = S kr .

b h r fi s ( e yeb r o w ) I n s o m e c as e s o n e of t h e t w o c on s o n an t s falls
.

o u t aft e r t h e r o s t h e t i c v o w el , as i n b v o a , I o n o ri v o a fo r 6
’ ’

p n y 7 .

v oy a , L . 71 0771 8 72 for g n omen GXI G Od for 07 /

\ I 0 9a v w , R .

’
1 17r a v I a
'

( w an t , b e s id e mr Ii v I g ; E wsw
) p ( I fl o w ) , b e s id e S kr . s m

(to flow ) ( h at i n
g) R 6 3 g for
6 3v a a ap £ v o q
6 3F Q b e s i d e S kr , . v I , .

d vi h ( t o h at e ) W e ha e E b e s i d e L n ovem ; fip b e
’ ’
s . v vvs a . Iz v

s id e L N e o ; E b e ide S l e t i ( t o b e r ) ; Eu
' f

y .i r ve
‘
xt y ; v s . n s a s e

(nu x w b e s i d e L mi g o { m g r y b e s id e L m lg eo an i b e
’
n - u t c;
e . a) .

g fr o m R
”
si d e E mo w ; Ek xflg b e s id e S kr la g h ; O A I
. a . u v n ro .

X f ;
a u r fr o m R A ; i p fi g b e s id e S kr ag as ( d ar k . a
'
s o . r
'

n es
) p m
; z s g b e s id e L eem us Ep p
o fi
'
og b e si de L r u b er ; . r v .

¥ F£ 3v a Fv ; EFep cm
'
EFeI Ico o I
'
Fs I Ico o I ; £ 15 59 7 e
' '
' '
Fep yu v a

’
Fep a n ( d e w ) . W e h av e in t h e c as e o f th e ex
p l o s i ve s , 6 30 6;

b e s id e L . d en s ; 6 86 5 ( m o r di c u s ) b e s i d e sca m ; £ 05k .» 05h » ;

s eeks , b e s i d e Bk o g ; a a v 6g ( b l e ) b e s i d e 7 a 5p o g ( p ro u d )
’
e n o
y .

The i n i o n t h at t h e s e
o ro s t h e ti c v o w e l s ar e fr a m e n t s o f r e -
p p g p
f

p o s it i o n s d o e s n o t a
pp e ar t o r e s t on an
y s u ffi c i en t g r o un d ,

for t h e a
p o k o e
p di s s yll ab i c p r e p o s i t i o n s i s limi t e d t o t h e
of

E o li c an d E p ic di ale c t , an d t h e p r e p o s it i o n i v n e v e r l o s e s i t s
fi n a lo a t con s A o t h e r e x p l a at i o h as b e e n s g g s t e d t o
n n .
*
n n n u e

ac c o un t for t h e o w ls p e fi x e d t o A p vg I t i e
s t hi s r v,
p , , , .
,

t h t a s w e p o o un c e 1 e l m em & c
a , r s o t h e s e let t e r s w e r e
n , , , , .
,

e di s o s e d t o t h e ad o t i o of ro s t h e t ic o w els I a s imi
p r
p p p n v . n

l a w y i t i s p o s ib le t o ac c o n t fo t h e ori g in of fi p é c
r a s u r ve a ,

H p O g i koy g f o m a yo g H p i fl g oké p c by
'
eI I oo , o i s vo r ve u , e oo , ev o ,

su
pp o i
g t h em t o ha e
s n
p s s e d t hr o
g h t h e s t a es &
g p v g a u
‘
ve oa ,

H p fi g 6A y
e
‘
I ooé ; le s t h e l e g t h e n i n g i s d e t o t h e e xi
,
‘
o ev o un s n u

g e cie s o f t h e m t e W e fi n d i E o li c t h e form S g fo r
‘
'
n e r . n a o vr e

6 86 g 1 an d c o ns e q u e n t ly s o m e wri t e r s d e ri e 6 8 6 9 fr o m t h e
‘
vn , v 0

C ur t i u s , “
G r u n dz ug s , p 6 55
. .

1 S c h le ich er co n s id er s { Jo v r ec t o b e t h e par t ici ple of £ 60 ,

p oe t ica lly
us e d for 666 v n c .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .
69

R £ 8 ( t o e at ) ; b u t t h i s i s e x t r e m ely u n li kely
.
,
as t h e i n i t i al v o w e l

d o e s n ot a
pp ea ri n an
y of t h e si s t e r la
g n ua
g es . I t i s mu c h m o r e

p ro b ab le t h at 0 is a
p ro s t h t i c v ow el e , as we fi n d asa w o g
'

( a

g)
s t in i ga gew an d GS Ew ( I b i t e s t i g )
'
b e s i d e S aw
' i

q p Iic
'

, c a ,
n ,
.

h as b e e n t r e at e d b y s o me as e
q u i v al e n
y t to e e+ b ro w ,
6 ¢ app e arin g i n 6 ¢ T h e i n i t i al v o w e ls i n awa mg an d
0v
’
ar e n o t
p r o s t h e ti c ,
fo r t h e c o r e p o n di n g L at i n
r s te r ms ar e

um bi li cu s an d gun u i s , an d th e Lat i n lan g u ag e is n ot i n c lin e d t o

p r os t he sis . F rom a c om
p ar i s o n of t h e S kr . n d bh i ( n av e l) an d
n ak a
( h a n ail ) , i t i s li k e ly t h at t h e
forms o f t h e c o o ri
g i n al r

r e s p o di g roo t s w e r e mibh an d n g h f om w h i c h in G r aec o

n n
'

a , r

I t ali c t im e s w e r e d ev elo p e d t h e r o o t s d bk an d a g h P r o s n n .

t h e t i v o w e ls a e of C o mm o
c o c c u rr en c e i t h e R o m an c e lan
r n n

h u s w e h av e i F r e n c h ép ee fo r es ec fro m L s a d
’
T
’
u a es n
g g .
p p , , . a,

ech elle f r each elle f o m L o l é t bli for e t bli r f o m L

'
o ,
r . s a a, a r s a ,
r .

t bi li e e p é e f o m L
s a r , p e e
s es c be
r r f om L r b ell m . s r ar , a au r . s ca u

es t a me f o m L s t me r i S p a ish e t . L s t e i I t ali
a n n n , s ar . ar n an ,

fr om G r i h e n ce E h a T h i d of h
'

art
y u a
g w g ue
. s t
n e , y t e . r an . en nc

R o man c e la g u ag e s t o p r e fi x in it i al v o w els ap p e r s t o h a e
n a v

alr e a dy b eg un in t h e fo u r t h c e n t u ry fo o i n s c ip t i o n s o f t h at ,
r n r

d at e w e fi n d s u c h fo m s as i s t t m i p i r i t o I t h o
'

S t i ch
r a ua , s , s zc o .

I n W els h y i s p e fi x e d t o w or d s b o r o w e d fr o m t h e L at i
,
r r n

w h i c h b e g in w i t h 8 foll o w e d b y a o t h e r c o s o n a t a s in y g l n n n , s o ,

s r d s w d f o m L s ch o la s i r i t us s cu t u m
yp y y g y , p r .
, ,
.

52 T h e in s e r t i o n o f a v o w e l i s o f f e qu e t o c c u rr e e
.
*
r n n c

i G r e e k a d i s c all e d & é
n , Eg n T hi s i s e t i on o ccu rs b e v v
rr v I . n r

fo r e o r aft e r A p an d t h e as als a d ac c o r di g t o C t i u s
, ,
n ,
n , n ur ,

ari s e s fro m t h e t o n e p e c e p t i b ly h e ar d in t h e s e s on an t s r u
, pon ,

w hi c h fa c t al s o r e s t t h e fr e q e t me t at h e s i s of t h e s e s o ds u n un ,

an d t h e
p o s s i b ili t y o f r an d 1 b e in
g t e t e d as v o w e l s i s om e r a n

la g u ag e s
n T h e v ow els t h at ar e i s e r t e d ar e g en e r ally an d
. n a

C on s ul t C ur t i us, G r un d z u g s , p 65 6 ; an d
. W alt er , in
“
K Z . .
,

v ol . x .
, p .
q42 8 , se .
, vol . xii . p 37 5 ,
. s eq ,
p 401 ,
se
.
q . .
, on V ocalei n s ch ie .

b un g in G r iech is ch e n .
70 C OMPAR AT I VE G R AMMAR .

5, fr e qu e t ly an d an d v e y s eld o m
l es s n W e fin d a o I ,
r v.

v o w el in s e rt e d b e for e or aft e r A i t h follo wi n g c as e s : bké n , n e I v ,

L ln a ; xak Z L g an do x kvm w p i w ; ak r n E
. u a a, . r a x t n r
' '
'
un ,

S t Fw\ w x L v lp e ak y w g b e s i d e iXy g i MEw an d

' ’
‘
. v
re ,
. u s s e o c o I

&p fiyw b e s i d e i p x w dh m L a r s eo S kr a ks h ( t o ro e ct ) ;
’
t
I
p e , ,
.
, . r

u va r dc , He s c h N cI II o g ; S O XI X O Q S kr d i r g h as
)
’' '
&XI IcI v o g ( S
'

y . II .

l o
( g) ;
n fiA a xé m ( s p in dl e )
-
b e s i d e av g ( a n e t ) ; fikv Oo v
'

fikflo v Gal as ou
-
fo r ra
p xya a fro m R .
1
'

a ( ac c or din g to

W alt er h o w e v e r for , OX y o n n ec t e d wi t h L f et um) ;

, ar
--
a, c . r -

x k xé g ( l o n g an d t hin ) x k g ( a g r e at s t at u e ) O L
’
o e vo , o oo a o ,
. .

r ac ile s ) L 8 L m k
c cwe ntes
r
(g g ci lis
” 4
6 11 3 9 p l m b p , . ra 0 ,
. u u a a

mfg b e s i d e E ak ) ; m ka yo g b e s i d e wkfia a w, R wka y

fi A (
’
é w e .

s t ri k e , n o t c o n n e c t e d wi t h 71-1 6 5 ( a l
( to ) p ain ) , a s wéka o g d e
y
n o t es the s ea i n i t s d an g e r o u s p as ec t ; 1r s ke0p o v
'
wké fip o v .

I n th e cas e of p we h av e t h e e x am l e s :
p foll o win g ra
p ao a w
r a
p a xyw, R . r
p x a , wh e n c e t h e p e rfe ct t p n x ; f r a ipo
r

a u ( I s t r et c h ) R Sp y S kr a (
’
v op v Ii 6p I 7 v
a
'
o aI ,
. ( , . r
g to ac

u ir e , L p h ro
q ) re o ; E
g . 01 .
¢ £p ev a qt ep v fi ; E II fg ( a
e n )
L x
p ac ( g r av e l ) , S t : xeg a B, E g r i t Go p o g b e s id e
'
. a r d ea ; e .

Op vko g ( n o is e) ; 69 0 3 0 , ( v e t c h e s ) an d Ep eBI v fio g ( p ul s e ) , L
’
.

n n er M ak e d o n
’
er vum ; &p dxv n (t h e ‘
i ) b e si d e iv 36
’
s
p c g ; .

p kko g
v for 39 5 g ; dp a fi fika I ( He s ch
y ) d fiXa I ( a kin d of
s ho e s ) ; r a
p e I
’
w (I e mb alm
) , r ap I xo g ( a m u mmy d ri e d , or

s al t e d fi sh ) , b e s i d e r a
px é w b u ry (I
s o l e mn l
y ) , p e rh a s c o n
p
n e ct ed wit hR . 7 5
99 ( t o dr y) , S kr ta r s / z
( t o t hi r s t , L t or r eo
) . .

for t o r s -ea . I n th e c as e of t h e n as al s we ha v e as e xa mp l es ,
xo v fg , p l . xo v I
'
Ss g (eg g s of li c e , n it s ) , f om R
r . la nd , as a
pp ea s r
fro m A L i t h g li n d a s L leu des ; b v 8 1 ti v fro m
. S kn i t ,
. .
,
.
’

,
.

R a ng h m é gxwi s e ) fro m R wh en c e fw w ’
vv r
pe q ;
“
. Ir v v , Ir v , er vv vo

x iw w ( I i n ch
) p i b id e i i
’
a xn im w v
p o q e
v s
p r g i p xo c I t svo c r v eu r a

( a s li c e
) b s i de
y r yw ( I c u t ) fro m R m y
' ’
e , T y p g Tha
r r , . a o a o

a m o un t ai n i n T h e s ro t i a a m o un
p o
c ( p ) T p é k g T p é k é ( v o o

t ain in Lydi a) I n o t h e r l an g u ag e s al s o w e fi n d v o w e ls s imila r ly

.

i n s e rt e d T h u s i n Z e n d e i s i n c e r t a in c as e s i n s e rt e d b e t w e e n
.
,

t w o c o n s o n an t s ; an d w h e n fo ll o w e d b y a c o n s o n an t or w h e n r ,
 C OMPAR AT I VE G RA MMAR . 71

fi n a l, b e c o m e s r e, as da demah z
'

(w e g ive ) S kr . da d mas i , da
da r es
’
a
g(I s in .
p e r f) . S kr . d ad a r s a
’
3£ 30p xa , dat a r e (v o c .

s in
g .
) fro m S t d ata r . . In 0 . H . G . we ha ve
p u r uc G o th .

ba u r g s , fa r a h L .
p or ous , a r a wei z L . er vum . In L at in , we

h av e E l p i us s ca a M a nch u-ru de, P r ocln a Il p oacv n , A lcu men a

’
A kxw7v n, s u mus fro m es mus I E as ma s I n O s c an
’
u . . . a

v o w e l i s fr e u e n t l
q y i n s e r t e d as A laf t er n om L A lfa t er n o , a .

r um a et ud
g
, ar L r g en to a lca r a t e L s acr at u . a ,
s r . r .

53 . T HE G UTTU R ALS .

K I E M r mw ( I m ake c le an ) S kr ka lg a
. . k: xa ké g , xa
’

,
.

( h e a l t h y) E h ea l h ale ; xa v o v ( a n u t
, p ) .S kr lca r a lca
( c oco a , ,
.

n ut
) L ,car i n a ( a s h e ll k e e l )
. xa xi v o g ( a c r ab
p ) S k r [ca r /ca , , .

a c r ab ) L can c er ; IceI w xea Zw R o n e or a m

( S k lc h ci
'

(
' ’

, . r t o , ,
.
, .

div i d e ) , L . d es czs co,

'

s olo ; N i xo q S kr . vr lca s
( a w l o f) ; Belic
vv
y I, R . S ue, S kr d i s .
'

( t o s ho w ) L ,
. d i co S éxa S kr . an d Z .

L m ( fo r é v—
’
d xa r o v , S k r
’
d as an ) ; fx s a ta m
(
'
e c e t e n ,
. e ar o v . an

h un dr e d ) L cen t u m , . .

F I E g : yfip g S kr . . v
g a r ( t o c all ) , L g a r r i o ; éya p w ,
, . .
’

S kr (t o aw ak e ) ; a r eyw, S kr s th ag ( t o c o v e r) , L t eg o
’
ar
.
g . .

6 7 9 69 S kr . a
g
’
r as
( l
a e v el
p l ai n ), L . a
g er ; i m/fig
a b r
( g ),
i h t
'
ap yv p o g ,
’’
cz
p fi ko g
-
( w h i t e c l a ) , S kr
y . ar
g
'
a na ( g ht ) ,
b r i g ra
'
ata

( s il v e r) L , . ar
g uo ( I m ak e c le a r) , ar
g en tum . P is fo u n d fo r
an I E . . lo in f om R
r . ap t ; r w
’
rya v o v fr
( y ai n
g p an ) fro m
n i n e) ; y imyw, R my .
, b e s i d e S k r mi s .
'

ra
( mi x ed ,
) L . mi s ceo
A 67 1) (g l oo m ) b e s id e R . \
z u Ic
( A s vxdg , wn yd c ( fi rm ,
)
m b e si de L b in d ) m
'

S kr p as (t o & St
’

wfiyvv ,
.
p a c- I s cor , .
, .

sp am , L . ra
p ax , St .
pra ac ; xp a v
yfi, b e s i d e S kr lcr é s a
( a .
'

E¢p ayn v b e s id e — L fa r cio

cr
y) ¢p ao aw
¢p ax
yw .
y a yefig

( on e wh o kn e ad s ) b e s id e yci o o w ' '

y an w
y , L . macer a r e wk nyw
;
’

b es i d e W kfia a w wh mc w,
y Lit h . a
p ht z
l
'

( to b e at ) . W e fin d a

t e n u i s w e ak en e d t o a me di a i n I t . lu og o, from L . locu m, I t .

p ad r e fro m L .
p at r e m, F r . a be i lle
'
fro m L . a
p i cu lu m, & c . I "
is
lo s t in mo u n t ain ) , Boeo t
’ '
'

l op o g S kr g i r l (
’
a a ya I a , . a . ia w
72 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

Eya m, T ar e n t in e i A io c 0Myo g , PI a Ma Q I yo h i u ( an
'
« ( A r

c adi an
y) cit fo l l o w . i g c as e s i n w h i c h
In th e
7 c orr e s on ds
p n ,

t o a S an sk ri t h or g h e i t h e r e ac h roo t e x i s t e d i n t w o fo ms o e ,
r , n

wi t h g an d an o t h e r wi t h g h in t h e I n d o E u rop e an o r el e
, ,
-
, s

t h e I E form h ad g o ly fro m wh i c h b y as p i r at i o n g h w as
. . n ,

d e v elo p e d in S an s k ri t an d t hi s g h b e c am e h : y S kr
’

, g ev v .

h a n us ( t h e c h i n ) L g en a G o t h h i n us 7 S kr h ,
. V ed , . n 5, . a, .

a G o t h Is i n m i k O H G h i n u n s i— h
h p éy g y yé k g
-
g , .
,
. . . a , e o

a: G o t h miki ls S kr ma h a t ( g r e at ) L mag n s éy i
.
,
. S kr , . u o v .

a h a m G o t h z lc I n t h e s e c as e s t h e G o t h i c k p o in t s b ack t o
'

.
, .

an I E I n t h e fo ll o wi n ex am l e s I E h
g ; iy y g
-fi
.
g . .
g p 7 . .
,

S kr a h u ( ar o w ) G o t h agg vus ( n arro w) t h e orig i n al g h

. h n r , .
,

b e in g s t ill r e t ai n e d i n i n ; sw amp S kr d uh i t d an d p er
’
I .

h ap s i n A yé g ( a h ar e) b e si d e S k la g h (t o ju mp )
a r. u .

X I E g h z B h xog S kr d g h s (l o n g ) Ek xfi g
. . o I . ir a a

S kr lag h u s (li g ht ) ;
. fxw S kr s ti g h ( t o as c e n d ) G o t h or s , .
, .

s t eig a ( I g o u p ) S k h ri n kle h r sh
i ( ) g
'

xp w x p i p r
g a t o S
p , a a a, . r ,

o rub ) h c l ar i fi e d b u t t e r ) ; k
( t t ( i S h h i (
'

g a ,
r
x p g r
g s t a o o , . r

p g)
i 0 ,
N g r is ( a li t t l e
. .
p i g ) X 0 an d
p fr e u en t l
q y re .
, , ( ,

r e s e n t an I E lo t an d p as w e s h all s ee i n 6 3 on A s i
p . .
, , p , ,

r at i o n .

T h e s p ir i t u s as p e r r ep r es en t s a G r aeco I t ali c i n i t i al g v -
, ,

S ah t L Z yd e
an d s I t is i k j
'
.
y n h g r
g ec ‘ '

aa bg , . r , . ur I a, . r

( y )
a e a r E y e a , 8 g S k r.
y (
as w h ro
) I t i s v i n g p g . .
*‘
en r e o ,

L vesp e ; g v
. r F j vv S k r vas t o cl o t h e
( ) I t i s s in
ea -vv u t , . .

S kr s a ( h e ) s o? ( s h e ) 0 L ac c s m s m ; ai i w E
'
6 ,
.
, , . . . u , a n c -
a

s a i n S kr s a — le t ( o n ce ) L s i mp lex E L 8 6 pit
. r R { i for
,
. . a) , . v

o S
v, k r s r a ( t o fl o w) ; fi q s é w L s or b eo I n 3 6 a ( for i o £ 17 ce
p
. .
.
,

w pno R v, ) i fi . w ( for
c erf i , n xt R
ar xe t h e i i t i al ot or et v , . n

as ir at e p e rh ap s a r o s e fro m t h e l o s t i n t h e s e c o d s llab le
y n
p a .

S o m e t im e s t h e ori g i al i n i t i al i s r e t ai n e d b e s id e t h e yo u n g e r
n 0
'

a s ir at e a s in e s i ri t u s as e r
'

p 6 9 ,
6 g E /\ X i 0 Z k k l T h p , p o e o .

S imil ar ly i n S p an is h we h a ve h yo
'

L .
fi
’

lt u s , h e n o L .
f en u m , h en
‘

L fr r i r e , h a ce r
. L f a ce r e . .
 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR . 73

i s p r es erv e d b e t w e e n t wo v o w els i n r a di g L p avo, an d in .

L ac on i an EW O I E E fo r Emi mo e I n fi ll) b e s id e S kr g h ga n a ( t h e . .
'

n os e , th e s r e r es e n t s h I n A t t i c an i n i t i al s
) p a s
p p g .
p
. as
p . . .

is fr e qu en t ly ad d e d wh e r e i t d o e s n ot exi s t i n t h e o t h e r
di al e c t s H en ce t h e A t h en i an s w e re c all d S
. i in O p e a a v vr uco

p o s it i o t o t h e E o li an s who w e r e c all e d zt kw m
n i f o m t h eir , r o ,
r

av e r s i o n t o t hi s s o un d T h s w e h av e 7 9 b es ide L e sh . u 17 17 0 .

m 9 T ar e t Y fi ( t am i g ) a d t h e c o mm o n
’'
I 1r 0 ,m g S ikil i n . co , . vr v
-
tr , n

forms A fimm g P h i mm g L eg us S k a s va s fiX g
e ro , at ro ,
. u r .
'
Io

E p fiéXI o g ; fiyei g E 01 i S kr as mdn fiy ei a Ga I b e

’ ’

. . c yy eg , .
;
s id e ci u 6 E 36 9 , E 01 ii w g W e al s o fi n d t h e He
’

y 5 9 p . 7 . a .

r akl e an 6 x7 4) , é v vs a , p e rh ap s fro m t h e an al o g y of 25, £ 77 7 6

f
.

In i t i al v in A t t i c alw ays i s as p i r at e d , as in 677 6 , S kr . u

p a
( n ea r)
6 1r ép , S kr . u
p ar i ( ab o v e ) ; 6 6mg , S kr . udan
( w at e r
) 66 7 59 0 9
S kr . a l t a r as ( l at e r ) S i mil arly w e fi n d h p r e fi x e d in L h u
. .

mer u s fo r u mer us , h umor for u mor , S p an h ed r ar L i t er a r e, . .

F r h a ut
. L al t us . .

The s i ri t u s as e r w as fr e u e n t l c h an e d in t o t h e l e n i s ,
p p q y g
as in E p 560 9 b e s id e 1566 9 ; E p 0 19 10 9 b e s id e 6A 0 9 ; ¥ 6a ¢ o 9
. .

an d o i58a 9 b e s id e 6 66 9 , R £6 S kr s a d ( t o g o ) ; (I sa . .

t i at e ) on l
y fo un d in i n f p r e s st em an d 6 66W
. . b e s i d e 6 61W ,
an d L . s al t s , s a t u r
’
E v vI I g S kr S a r a n yfi s ;
'
. £ I
79 0)
( j ) o in ,

b e s id e p i 3
o ez
9 1
1 0 9 , an dc, L . s er o £7 5 69 S kr . s a t as ( t r e ;
y ) u

6 77 6 9 b e s i d e L s ucu s ; . b es i d e L . s er u m ; 5. ( i n s o og

for a S kr mzfiw (I ft ) ; i 6h ( I s w e at ) ;
si
’
. sa )
.

b es i d e 6¢ 0 9 b e s i d e E opp fr o m p o o min al
’' '
I o Fe ; c a r n

st em 6 Io n i c w e als o s ee a t en d en cy t o w e ak en
S kr ya . . In
t h e s p i ri t u s as p e r i n t h e fac t t h at aft e r e li s i o n a p r e ce din g t e

n ui s w as n o t as p i r at e d b y a foll o wi n g as p i r at e as in 6
’

6 , 77 0 ,

x6 3 9
7 0 0 I n E o li c t h e in i ti al as p ir at e w as k e p t ac c o din g t o
.
,
r

A hr en s w h e n ev e r i t r ep r e s e n t e d an ori g i n al 3 or g e x c e p t in
, ,

iiyp 9 b e s i d e S kr yu s h ma n an d
e Bp fi b e s id e L s ed eo
.
,
-
Ica r I a eI .
,

G o t h s i ta ( I s i t ) b u t i t w as l o s t wh e n e v e r i t h ad ari s e f o m
.
, n r

an
y o t h e r c au s e T h u s w e fi n d t h e as i r at e k e t i
p .
p & y c n vo

b e s id e S kr yag v e n e r ar i
) 6 66 9 in b e s i d e S kr
’
.

( , . s ad ( o
t
74 C OMPAR AT I VE GR AMMA R .

g ) & c o , . an d it i s ab s e n t in ayum b e s i d e 159 5 79 an d S kr .

as man ,
’'
79 0 9 i 89 6 9 , i7r £p 1517 5 , I
9 ¢O 9 86 0 T h i s vi e w .

of t h e c as e
pp does orr e c t ; for w e fi n d
n ot a ea r t o be e x ac t l y c

in A lk seu s x 96 9 0 9 6 6 w
a h e r e t h e as i r at i o
p 7r £ be £ v , 1r
'
II rr I a 17 , n

for e i s r e t ai n e d t ho u g h i t i s o t ori g in al as w e s e e f o m t h e
v ,
n , r

S kr for ms up a r i an d p a
. an d m or e o v e r i n &6 9 S kr s v u v . a

d us an d Yfi,i 6 up ( A lk b e s i d e L sp ur i s t h e as p i r ati o n
’ ’

, ra 1 . . u ,

i s l o s t t ho u g h t h wor ds o i g i n ally b e g an w i t h s o
, T hi s t en
e r .

d en ey of t h e E o li c t o Ipikwm g r e fu t e s t h e o ld fa h i o n e d i d e a -
s

t h at L at i n w as c l o s e ly c o n n e c t e d wi t h i t fo t h e s i b ila t i s r e , r n

t ai n e d in L at i n fr o m whi ch t h e as p ir ati o n i n G e ek was d e, r

v el o e d T h e S i r i tu s as e r i s e n t i r e l l o s t i n M o d e rn G r e e k
p p .
p y .

5 4 T HE D
. ENTALS .

T I E . . t : d w i , S kr . a n ti ( b e for e) ; fl
'
fr o ya I , R . 17 5 7 ,

S kr p a t ( t o fl y) m i v w , R S kr ( g ro an ) '
. . a r ev , . s ta n t o or o
p
v vy I S kr s ta r ( t o s t r e w ) ;
. .
'
7 s I vw, R . 7 ev or 7 d v, S kr . ta n ( to

st r e t ch ) ; &c .

T I E . . kv : g iL . u s O s o p i s , S kr h im ( qu i d ) , Z
. . .

le is h a
' '

(q u is
q u is
) , Os c .
p p it
i t L .

g u id g u id r e L g ue, S kr ’
. .

Ic a , G o t h
'

. h in n ih L . ne
g ue ; 1r £ vr e L .
g ui n
g u e, E 01 .

D su m L r
'
'
71 s
'

; su m or .
; r a I II g .
p a vo .
pp T a ea s to

c orr es p o d t o It in w ( I ho o ur )n w (I r I
’
n , 7 Iv
'

p u n i s h , S kr k i
) .
'

o di t rib u t e ) Z h i ( u is h ) an d i n ax
’
(
'
t s t o
p yp c
, i y . n , I va o r va

9 9 (0x i n 9 ) H e r e In b e c ame t
v aI t h ro u h th e s t
g .
g e s le
g an d , a

ty I n L at i n 0 an d t ar e fr e qu e n t ly i n t e r c h an g e d b e fo r e i as
.
,

in p a t ri ci as p atr i t i us , M uci us M a ri us .

A I E . . d : S a p aw, R Sap .
, S kr d a m .
( t o t am e ) , L . do
ma r e, G ot h .
g a -t a m a n
j ( sa t ay ) , O H . . G . z a mé n (t o t am e ) ;

3p 6 9 S kr . d r us , G o t h t r i u .
(tre e) ; R . £ 6 , S kr . ad (t o
e at ) L , . ed o, G o t h it a ( I e at ) ; EZo p a I , . R £6 .
, S kr . sa d
(t o sit
) ,

L . s ede o , G o t h s i t a ( I s it ) ; &c
. .

A I E . . t : 66m 9 (a ca rp e t ) , b e s id e 7 6 17 119 an d 7 a 7r I
'
9 ;
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A 9 7 5m9 , A p r fyI Bo g , b e s i d e D
‘
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’
A p 7 ci ;u 7 0 9 , wh en c e i
A 97 a
 76 C OMPA R AT I VE GR AMMA R .

0 69 0 v 69 S kr V a r u ua s
.

( th e g of t h
ode w at e r ) ; 6
9 9 Sk 0 , r .

g ir i ( a mo u n t ai n ) , C h S l g or . . a
( a m o n t ai
) ; 69 mm R 6p u n 1 , .
,

S kr . ar
( t o m o v e ) , L or i or pew , . R 60 .
, 0
9 0, S kr . sru
(t o fl ow)
a D9 I yE, S kr . s oa r
(to s o un d ) , &c .

P is l ost in 17 07 i 17
9 69 . Hp o7 i b e c ame 17 0
9 7 I,
'
W hi c h
i s fo u n d in t h e K r e t an d i al e c t , an d t h en 17 0 7 I
'
s i mil ar l
y we
h av e ¢p £ a7 09, 63a 7 0 9 , mca 7 6 9 for ( 99 6 0 07 0 9 , 1
1 580 107 0 9 ,
L p edo
. 1r £9 6w , & c L e o M eye r as s e r t s t h at p i s l o s t i p
.

17 5 7 6 vvv b e s i d e S kr p r a t h ( t o e xt en d ) , an d (p ri m/0 9 b e s i d e S kr
. .

bh r cig h s c o n n ec t e d w i t h L
(
’
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i n e
) b to
ut w a vs i p a t eo er vv .
,

p a da 0 H G
n
f,a d a m ( fi.l u m ) E fa t h om an d
.
p
. r a t h i s fo u n d , .
,

i n wA 6 9 bh dg i s c o n ec t e d w i t h
a7 L f lg eo fl ag o
r
’
n . u , r ,

G ot h b i h ts . a ran d ac c o di n
g t o C u rt i u s 6
9 77 9 ( fo r ,
r , 0

F ) i s r e l at e d t o 6 F ( E 01 6 P am h l
9 77 5 9 0
¢ 9 9 9 p y 0 . «0 0 , .

e x ac t l
y as
B£ v0
(
0 9 i s t o 36 00 9 .

The L ac on i an s fr e qu e n t ly c h an g e d e s p e ci ally w h e n fi n al 0, ,

i n t o p : t h u s t h ey u s e d i 6p 69 63 39 69 Bfwg
'
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p
'
I IcIc , , 01 , 0 , 17 , ,

fl p Y l p & c for 6 x6 9 9 9 9 6 9 36 9 69 i w g m
’ ’
'
t C , . 0 , 17 I 0 , 5 , 7 1 , 17 0 , a , 0

&c T h e o n ly o t h e r e x am p l e of t h e s am e c h an g e i n
.

an
y o t h e r D or i c d i al e c t i s t h e K r e t 6p ( 6 ) fo r 5 9 . 7 e 00 7 0 .

T h i s c h an g e i s als o fo u n d i n a fe w c as es i n t h e E o li c d i al e c t s
o f E li s an d E r e t ri a I n n o c as e d o es a e ar t o h av e b een
p p
'
. 0

C h an e d i n t o p w h e n i t c o me s b e t w e e n t w o v o w el s t h u s we
g ,

fi n d i n t h e E l e an t r e at y 79 F knf g b u t
° '
79 Hp F 9 9 7 0 a OI , 7 0 aI 0I .

I n i t i al 9 i s always as p ir at e d e x cep t i n P s w Si an d ,
’
a
'
ov e ov

669 0 9 ( a C h ild u n t im ely b orn ) .

A I E r : 6 0 01 7 R 6 X S kr s ar ( t o g o ) ;
. . 1 10 S kr
,
.
, . .

( s alt ) B koy I S kr an d Z va ( t o c hoo s e ) 6 11 9

’
s ar a oa
z a , . . r 0

S kr s a r va s ( all) 0 L s o lla s ( all ) & c

. , . .
, .

A I E I : s ee 2 1 . . .

A r e p r e s e n t s an o l d e r in M 9 0 b e s id e vi p fro m He b v 7 v 7 o v, .

n et e r wA s fip w b e s i d e w fip w v A i fi ( a l arg e b i r d o f ve v
-
o Ico cn a
' '

s n i e kin d
p ) b e s i d e G s ch n e ,pf e E sn i e
p an d p e rh a s i n 6 AA 9
p .
,
. 0

S kr a n g as ( ali u s )
. C o n v e r s e ly t h e D o r ian s oft e n c h an g e d
.

A b e for e an d 0 i n t o
7 as i n
5 5 7 9 p i / 9 fi fl &
v, c 07 7 0 0 , ( n 7 07 0 , v e v, .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 77

W e fin d n an d l i n t e r c h an g e d i n ot h er l an g u ag e s , as in S kr .

s ka n d h a
( ho u ld e r) M e d L s p a lds E s h o ld e ; S k lea
y a ,
. . a, . u r r. n

( g )
a i rl Ir c a i le
( a w o m an )
,
6 9 ( gg
. e s o f li c e i t s
) Ico v I
'
5 ,
n ,

L le d es Lit h g li das ; I t Bo log n a = Bo ia elen o = L c c

. u , . n . n on ,
v .

n en m ; P o
u n m el
( a b l d e) L r l m e ll v . a a a . a a .

A i s o c ali e d in Kr e t i x i v iip & c for a i

z . I v c v, a a, .
, c v,

6 z\ yn , &c .
, as in E . t a l/
c, ca lm, an d Umb r . mu t a , vu t u

fo r mu lt a , vu lt u m .

2 I E . . s : R . £9, s ip i ( E 01 . gym) t am S kr . as mi
( I
am
) , £0 7 5 S kr . as t i ( h e i )
s , L . s u m , es t , Li t h . es mi , es t i , G ot h .

i m, i s t ; R . 59 fr o m F 9 e , gv v v fo r £ 9 -
v
v , £ 0 0139 , S kr . vas
(t o
cl o t h e) L ,
. vest s i R . 1 59 , 55m m S kr as t e ; 10 0 9 , S kr
. . vi s h u

( a
e
q ue
) ; R . a v, Ica o
'

mw)
'

( fr o m Ica 7 t i an d G r i m) , S kr . si v
(t o
s o w) L ,
. s uo , G ot h . s iu- a
j
2 i s g en e r ally o mi t t e d b e t w e e n t w o v o w e l s , a s i n p ev o v g ’

fo r p s v s o o g = S kr ma n as as ( g e n s in g ) ; (9 59 9 for (pep s o a I ;
. .
'

FI 69 ( p o i s o n ) , S kr an d Z vi s h as ( p o i s o n ) , L vi r u s ; & c 2
. . . .

in t h e s e p r ob ab l
y fir s t b e c am e t h e S i ri t s as e r
c as e s
p p an d u ,

t h e fe ll o t
n 2 is howe e u f e q e t ly r e t ai e d e s p e i ally
.
,
v r, r u n n , c

w h e n i t r e p r e s e n t s a o ri g i n al t s i
M i D
’
o r
0 i E n , a n ( a , . 07 v I a II

9 fro m i
'

9 D or E 6 A 9 D o A6
'

9 ; 7 IO v I a v7 0 r
'
o IO . . vI a 9 , 17 O I10 I 0 , . 17 v7 I 0 ,

f o m A 6 9 ; A n 9 b e s i d e 6 A n 9 D o A 9 ; 3m m;
r 17 0 7 0 17 aI0
'
17 7 0 ,
r . 17 a7 I 0
'

D 3I a K 67 I 0 I i D £9 v <7 I , D
'
a I OI , or . e xo m , or . Fs I Ica r I 17 or . 17 59 1;
7 I, S kr .
p a r ut ; i ws a o v , D or .
'
i 17 57 o v, fro m 1
17 17 7 0) 17 9 17 57 01 ;
I l o o s I S IBv , D or . II o7 £ I 66 v .

TheL ac o n i an s g e n e r ally C h an g e d 0 i n t o i n t h e Lys i s

t r at a o f A ri s t o p h an e s w e fi n d s c h fo r m s as A ay
’
u oe sI , a

69 & c an d ye t i n o t h e r c as e s wi t h
’

0 69 , 0I A 6 a va , .
, ,

ar e n t r e as o n 0 i s r e t ai n e d as in 0 A &c ; in
'
o u t an a
y pp , , 5 I Ice OI , .

T h u c ydi d es i n t h e L ak o n i an d e cr e e ( V
, w e fin d 3 .
7 7

0 61 9 for
1 07 0 6 0 6 069 9 &c I n e v e ry c as e t h e y u s e d
7 0 50 07 0 ,
.

a fo r 0 e x c e p t w h e r e t h e l aw o f e u p h o n y wo u ld b e v i o lat e d
,

b y t h e c h an g e ; as in 0 9 o n a c c o u n t of t h e fo ll o w in g
’
I000 , o

£ 0 00 9 , n ot £ 57 0 0 9 6 09 0 0 9 n ot 60p 009 , as n o G r eek use d the

con
ju n c t i on o f op, &c . T his c h an
g e d id n ot set in t ill la t e ;
78 C OMPARAT I VE GR AMMAR .

for we fi n d t h at i t w as un kn ow n t o t h e S p ar t an C o lon is t s who

fou n d ed T ar en t um an d H e r akle a T h e D ori an s o n ce p o s s e s s e d .

an o t h e r s i b il an t w hi c h t h ey c all e d S an an d of w hi c h t r ace s
, ,

ar e fo n d i n t h e d o u b le i s c h D o r i n form s as A p 6
’
u a n u a I 0 07

3a yo g .

N = I . E . n : R . i
( v, dv s p o g , S kr ( t o b r e at h e ) a n i la . an ,

( W in d) , L . a n i mu s , a n u s Ii v fi
p S kr n a r a ( a m an ) S ab in n er o
,
.
, .

( b r av e ) ; Ev vea , S kr
’
. an d Z n a va n ( n i n e ) ; R p ev n a v yé V O g
. .
, ,
’

p iiv I g , Mi vr wp , uv ruu n ,
'
S kr . an d Z . ma n ( t o t h i k) Ln ,
. ma n e o,
memi n i , mon eo , G o t h . mu n s ( v 6uya ) , O H . . G . mi n n a ( l o )
ve ;

va 69 S kr . n d us
( a s h ip ) L . n a vis , &c .

N I E . . m : 66 5 v . S kr . a bh a r a m 17 0 363v S kr p a .

d d m, L .
p ed um E¢ £9 er o v a bh a r a t a m ; 7 6v S kr . t a m, L i s .

t um 7 6 0 m ( 7 6311 ) S kr . td i m, L . i s ta r u m ; an d Si mi lar t er

m in at i o n s . C u r tiu s al s o c o mp ar e s fiv I a ( t h e
'
r ei n s
) , wi t h Sk r .

y m
a
( t o b in d ;
) R . 0a v , i 0a v 0 v , w i t h S kr . dh am (t o b lo w )
Bi a vw
B h S k r
g am ;
av
-
m g
yw , w i t s t e el
) . Ia
'
vo ( d ar k b lu e ,

w i t h S kr g d ma ( d ark
.
) x 0
s 3
'
w i t h X p L h m us ;
o 0 v a o u,
’
. u
'
Jv

w i t h S kr h i m ( f o s t ) h i ma ( n ow ) L h iems
. r T h e s e ar e , s , . .
,

ho w e e r d o b t f l c as e s a d i t i q it e p o s s ible t h at m ay
v ,
u u n s u v

h a e orig i ally b e e p ar t of t h e p ro o min al s ffix

v n n as i s n u no ,

c e rt ai n l e c as e w i t h e r o o t of w h i c h i s
y t h B i w t h fi S k r a v , a .

9 ?
0

55 . T HE L A R IA Ls .

I] I .E p : 6 77 6, S kr ap a ( aw ay)
. . Z . a
p a ( fro m) L ab ; .

£ 17 1, S kr a i ( t o ) , Z a ip i ( aft e r ) £ 17 7 6 S kr t Z h
.
p . . sa
p n a a
p , .

ta n R . A m , M17 0 ( ) o il
S k r li
p ( t,o an o in t , & c
) . .

Wh e n ev e r 17 c orr e s o n d s t o a S kr ls, ls , s
p eit her t h e .
' '

, or i

g i n al soun d mu s t ha ve b e en he , or ,
if It w as t h e ori g in al s ou n d,
i t mu s t p ha hr ou h t h e s t a e l v i
g ve
g b e c o mi
as s e d
g T h t
us c n n 17 .

w e h av e 1 9 S kr as L eg u us O S h ; R £ £
17 17 0 . as v
'

, .
, . . e u . 17 , 17 0

o fo ll o w ) L s eg uor ; R A S k r il
'

( A
’
0 0 1, S k r s k t a m d m r » c
,
.
.
, . .
, ,

o l e ave ) L li g uo S kr p ii / L i R
'

( t ,
c. n g g
n ue 1r ev r e, . a an ,
. u . 17 5 17 ,

S k r p al ( t o c o o k ) L cog o 69 Io
'

. 6 c 6 69 ,
. u 17 0 , 17 , n . 17 0 , 17 7 ,
 C OMPARAT I VE GR AMMAR . 79

S kr lea ( wh o ) , leva
.
( wh ere ) L g i G o t h h as ( w h o ; i n
) ll , . u s, . o a

whi c h c as e s t h e I E forms h ad lc wh e r e t h e G e ek h as . . v, r 17

2 an d
17 ar e i n t e r c h an g e d i n
0 te s o m e c as e s ; t h u s w e h av e

00 6A 0 § ( a m ol e ) 0K 6 h o dz , 0 17 6 A a 09 0 v ( a
p ok e r ) 0K 6A £ v 0p o v ;
si mi larly w e h av e 0 17 I v 0119 b e s i d e
’
L . s ci n t i lla , G ot h . s hei n a n

0K 6o , L . s
p o li a ,
’
R . 0 1cs 77 , 0 K 5 77 7 0
'

9 aI , L .
p eci o
s R .
9 , A0 0

0
9 6 A A I0 ; S kr . s
p h a l an d s lch a l ( t o t o t t e r ) . 2 17 an d 07 ar e al s o

i n t e r c h an g e d 0 7 6 6I o v, E 0 1 0 17 6 6I o v , L s a t i u m E 0 1 0 17 6 ha
p . . .

for A 17 ; s i milarly w e h av e 0 17 5 6 60; b e s i d e

07 O
’
L . s tu d eo an d
0600 9 b e s id e G o t h s a r va , E s a r r ow
07
9 p p . . .

app e ar s
II to r ep r e s e n t an I E . . bh i n t h e t wo fo ll o wi n
g
c as e s : R m
p i , p a , p i bami ( I
‘
E 01 6 mm, S kr
'
.
, 17 01 , 77 I v w , . 17 .

d r i n k) , wh e r e we fi n d a t r ac e of t h e I E . . b h i n l) , L p ot u s , bi bo , .

E . b eer ; 17 6 69 ( b e e st in s , S kr
g ) i
p g u s h a b e es t i n
( g )
s , . O H . . G .

b i os t , N . H . G bi es t , E b ees t i n g s
. . .

B = I E . . I) : see

B I E .
[ 9 93
3 5 0 9 (i9
.
fi9671 v o v ,
He s ch
y ) b e s id e
6 9 6960 9 ; .

069 3 0 9 whi c h i s r elat e d t o H orn 7 6 6 0 9 a s Bev 00 9 t o 6 6 00 9 ; .

’

¢ B
€ O9 a I for (IN EBLO fl a t , a r e du p li c at i o n o f R gi n S kr bh i , bi . .

b h é mi (I
fe ar) ; (39 x9 6 9 (t h t op o f t h e h e ad ) A S br eg en 5 e , . .

( t h e b r ai ) w h i c h G r as s m a
n c o n e c t s wi t h
, 99 6 R
( 799 7 ) n n 0 0 0; . 0

G o t h b i g ( R b a g ) ju s t as G o t h h va i ei ( t h e s ku ll ) i s
. a r a . r , . rn ,

d e ri e d fro m a ro o t s i g n i fyi n g t o co e ;
v S k b h m (t o v r r . ra

L f emo O N b i m ( t h e s g ) 069 1 7 5 m ay b e
. r , . . r ur e , 1 9

d e i v e d f o m t h i s ro o t
r sr
B9 59 0 i s s e d o f t h e ly e i n , a f0 0I u r

Pi d r ( N e m xi
n a 09 69 3 9 ( a c l o t o f b l oo d ) b e s id e
. . 0 ,

( t o c dle ) 9 ¢ > i 9 ( f e s h c h e e s e ) ; x69 9 B g ( t h e t op ) b e

ur , 7 o a \ r v o ,

s ide 9 9B
6 d
( y) b e s id e x6 ( d r y) ; 69 130 9
’
m p v qn, R 09 r
9¢w to 17

( a cu
p) S kr h u mbh as .
( j a u
g) 69 09 0 9 b e s id e S kr . am bh as
at e r
( w ) ; 07 1
1 9
30 69 b e s id e 6 0 7 5
96 69 ( un moved , 0 7 2
)
6 09 , S kr . s t am bh (t o p p ) 0 7 9 69 3 0 9 ( a w h i r lwi n d a t o p ) ,
ro ,

b e s id e 07 5
9 070 ;
fi A II w
’

( t o b u bb le ) Aap fi d ,
R . A afi ,

M a x M uller ( n p . . o
p p ose s t h is v i e w, a n d co n n e c t s S kr b h r o m .

wit h G r ¢ p i 9 a 0 0 e I 1/
. .
80 C OMPARAT I VE GR M A MAR .

b es i d e si Mp S kr la bh ( t o s e iz e In ad dit i on hese
’
-
c
-
a, .
) to t

e xa mp l e s , G r as s m an K . vo l . xi I .
, pp 9 1 , . ad d u c e s

6B9 I 9 O 9 b e s i d e S kr ( p o w e rfu l) Ba a xa fvw b e s i d e L

. a mbh r n a , .

f a s ci n o an d
B Z I s e ak
) b eside R
'

a w ,( p 6 13 11
9 7
911 S kr b h d b u t , , .
, .
,

6B9 I 9 o 9 i s r at h e r c o n n e c t e d wi t h R Bp I B9 I 0w an d t h e o t h e r
’
.
, ,

t wo c as es ar e e x t e m e l r y d o u b t fu l .

B I E v: . .
B 9
0 6A 0 0 I , S kr . c ar
(t o hoo s e ) L ola ;
c ,
. c

BA n ( a s ho o t ) S kr va r dh row S i mil arly w e fi d

’

aar , .
( to g ) . n

L ak o n Bip y BS Bix fo r F p y
. o v, I
''

eI v , I e an
'
e
'
o v, FS IF ix h ere
eI v ,
''

e oa ,

howe v e r B m ay h av e b ee n p r o n o u n c e d as F
, .

B = I E p : 6B9 6 9 ( lu x u ri o u s ) b e s id e 6
. . A 69 ( ten d e r ) , 0 0 ,

e rh a s c o n n e c t e d w i t h L s ap or o ld e r
’

p p A 9B 9 xi b e s i d e t h e . a a

b e c o mi n g B o n ac c o u n t o f t h e p r e c e di n g 9 ju s t
’
A 9 9 xf 17 0 a , 17 ,

a s i n M o d e r n G r e ek 9 i s w ri t t e n for t h e s o u n d o f t h e ol d B 17
’'
I0
9B 9 b es id
0 e 7 1 6Bn ( a h u t ) b e s id e
0 17 7 01 103 L R0 , 11 0 17 7 01 , .

a s ho e
pB B An
’
nd x
c lu eas ; i ( ) B A
’

p n na 9 ar f n x v n a ka 1r a 7 v e e a

( t h e h e ad ) v w ( I um
j p
,
h e a dl o n
g) b e s
I 07 0 i d e
'

S k r k a d
p la , .

(t h e s k u ll ) , xe k
p fi, a an d 11 617 9 0 9 ( xs pd h a v 6 9 I 09 0 6 ) ; xe1:

A s B059 ( fou n d o n an i n s c ri p t i o n of A n d an i a) K GK AO ¢ é 9, f omr

R . xA s tr
‘

; m p fi a xi v er m (10 59 17 0 6 9 h i ya , an d 17
9 6
59 0

\o v
/ ( a cl ap p e r) b e s id e L . cr e
p a r e, o w e t h e i r B9 t o t h e i fl n u en ce

of keBa 9 ( a s kin ) ( a p o d ) b e s i d e N 17 01 ; an d A 0
B69
'

9 ;
e s i d e 0 7 1 1 17 1 09 ( li t t e r i n r h a s c o n n e c t e d wi t h
or IA
B b )
’
w g g , p e
p
1; ( s t u ffi n
6 07 9 6 17 7 0)
B g) b i d S kr
’
0 7 5 0 17 6, 0 7 0I e s e 0 7 617 0 9 ,
9 .

h e ap ) L s t ip 6B f o m 6 fi n d
s t up d ( st 6 i
'

a, u a r
a p 9 9 , 9.
; a I 17 an v

6 e r e u s e d at D e lp h i for a d x9 69 ;
B 6 i
‘‘

[ 9
3 1 11 9 w w s 17 0 7 1 I v n 17 1 0x

c o n n e c t e d w i t h L p a s co b y L e o M eye r b u t t h i s c o mp ari s o n
.
,

i s e y d o u b t fu l as t h e r e ar e n o an al o g o u s c as e s s a e t h e l as t
v r ,
v

m e n t i o n e d D el p h i c fo m s I n t h e Kr e t 6Bk £ 9 fo 6BA B59 r . . o 17 r 0 ,

e ar s t o r e p e s e t a o ld e r b u t C u rt iu s s u e s t s t h at
0 a
pp B r
gg n n

17 m ay b e o ig i al a d t h at t h e roo t i s n o t BA B b t BA M
r n ,
n a ,
u

fo 9 A
r a c au s at i e form e d fr o m 9 k
0 17 , S kr 26 (t o f d e )
v 0 . 111 a ,
'

w h i c h i s t h e roo t of 9 A x 9 BA dE 0 a o , .

Wh e n ev e r B c orr e s p o d s t o a S k r g or g e it h e r t h e o r i n .
'

g i n l oa u d w as g v o
s n if g w as t h e o r ig i l s o n d i t m s t
,
r, na u , u
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 81

h av e
p as s e d t hr o u g h t h e g g i
stan b e c o m ineg B T h
v us we .

ha R B0 ' ‘
ve .
, S kr g d (t o. o , a am
g ) g I
s
a , L at b et er e, ven i o , .

Os e . b en ( t o g (c ome ) , G o t h
) R B ah
B 6 h h . u i ma n t o c o me .
,

S kr g a l ( t o d r o p ) 0 H G g ui llu (s c at u r i o ) B0 9 6 9
.
,
S kr
. . .
,
.

g u r us G o t h h a ur s ;
B i a S k r
g ( i. t o c o n u er )
q B I O9 S k r , .
' '

, .

L vi c o E S u t o s o un d
B 7 k (
’ '

g i v
(t o li ve
) q ui ck , o fi 6 0
.
9 r
g , ) .
, ,
.
,

L boer e b ova r e ; R B0 9 BO 9 6 S kr g a r ( t o d e v o u r ) L
.
,
.
, ,
.
,

( 3 S k R B 9 a 9
’
r ar e ; 0 69 r
g d us ; oc o t a v6
y v v r; . 17 5 .

Kr e t 77 66 fr o m 17 5 9 L r i s in
.
9 v 9 ( p p r i s cus p r i s ,
.
-
,

t i n us ) 1 7 69 0 9 S kr p u r as (b e fo r e ) an d R 7 6 7 0
y ev fr o m
.
, .
, ,

w h i c h als o c o m e s Heh a 0 yo i (t h e an c i e n t s ) £9 5 B0 9 b e s i d e S kr .

( d ar kn e s s ) G o t h r ig u is (d ar kn e s s ) 7 69 B0 9 b e s i d e
'

r a as
g ,
.

S k r ta r g ( t o t h r e at e n )
.
'
Wh e n B r e p r e s en t s an old e r g o w e .

o c c as i o n all
y fi n d i n s t e ad of i t t h e d i al e c t i c va ri et
yZ , as in A r

k ad i m Za p eTv . i m Ba p ei v, A r k a d .
Ze9 s 09 0 v
’

B6 9 a 0 0 v,
9 f om
r

s am e r o o t as
B9 6 , S k
O r .
g ar
( to dev ou r ) , L . vor a r e A r k ad .

'
e hhw Bdh h w ; Ho rn .
17 5 0 Z67 £ 9
v we p v or s g . W e fin d B
fo r 3 i n T h e s s Bw 3o m .
'
A w 301 v n fo r A FIv 3w v n
'
f om R 3 F
r . I ,

S kr d i v .
(t o s hi e ) n , w he n ce co m e 2 5 6 9 , 37 0 9 , 36h 9 L d i 0 ,
. vas ,

as L . b is an d b o n us ar i s e fr o m d i
u s an d d uo n us E 01 .
Bs h cp
’
I g

3eh ¢ i 9 , c on n e ct e d wi t h S k r .

g ra h fo r g r a bh ( c on c i
p er e
) ,

S kr g a r bh as (n o m s i n g m as c a c h il d ) ,
. . . . Z .
g a r ewa
( f oe t u s
) ,

G r 3 9 579 0 9 , 3eh ¢ 6 9 , 3o h ¢ 6 9 ( 1) 9 137 9 0 ,

. 3s h <pi 9 t h us

m e an i n g “
t h e fi sh w it h th e b e lly E 01 . Bs h q
'
A s h gt o i ,
f om l
r d p e r ap s s o c all e d fr o m i t s p o s i t i o n i n a
a s t r o o t , an h
d e e p r av i n e ;1 E 0 1 0 6 9 B a h o u 0 6 v 30 h o v , b o r r o w e d fro m
’

P e r s s a n d a l ( a s h o e ) ;1 E 0 1 Bh 69
. 3£h ea p , c o n n e c t e d w i t h .

36h o g ,
L . do lus , O N . . t ai l ( f au d
r
) . We ha v e al s o D or . 6 35 h o 9
'

6Bs h 69 , w h e r e 3 an d B re
p r e s en t an
g i n al
g ori
v, i f t h i s w o r d

b e lon g t o t h e s am e ro ot as
Beh o g
’
, Bs h 6 vn ,
B 6 h h w , S k r
g al (t o .

f ll)
a .

Or 601 6 59 may b e t h e ‘ 2 v o r a c i ou s fi s h ” S kr k me an s “
, as .
g ra to

T C ur t iu s , G r u n dz u g e , p 42 0 . .
1 I b i d p 42 5
. . .

G
82 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

( I) I E . . 11 h : R 01 9 6 69 .
, 01 , S kr bh a r .
( to b e ar ) , L fer o
.
,

G ot h . ba i r a 99
( 6 7 11
9 ( m e m b er of a
¢9 07
9 i a), S k r .

ro h er ), L r a t er , G o t h R
‘
b r ot h a r
bh r d t ci
( g n o b t m f. s in .
; 950, . . .

S kr b h il ( t o b e ) , L f u i ; R (90 9 , (969 0 9 ( a p l o u g h ) , 61 69
. . .

r vi n e , Z o re ) , L I
0 8
7 ( a a ) b ar
( t o b for a r e . n 11 5 1 0
0 ( ac c . . .

s n o w , (9 r e r e s e n t s an I E h u, L n i n u — i n ix , S t n i v fo r
) p g g t , . . . .

1119 0 . W fi n d <9 an d X i n t e r c h an g e d in ¢ h I a p 6 9 b e s i d e t
e

0
9 69 E 01 0 6 791111 a b fiv , 36 1 11 11
x 4 T h e s s 30 6 v n ,
x
. .

w he i e rh a s o r i i n al , i f t h e r o o t b e S kr d a h fo r da g h
re
X s
p p g .

(t o S i milarly in L at in w e fi n d f I E g h i n fr i — ar e . .

X9 5 — s I v, &c .

( I) s o m e t im e s i n t h e E o li c
t ak e s t h e p l ac e of 0, es e c i all
p y
di al e c t ; t h u s we h av e E 0 1 ¢ p 6 v 0 9
’
09 6 v0 9 i n n O I t d pp o v .

S
( pp
a h o I I ) T ; E 01 0.139 ; E 0 1 ( o fv a
p 00 I v n (a . .
'

fe a s t ) ; 6 0 9 v9 69 ( b o l d , b e s id e 09 0 0 6 9 w i t h p fo r 9 9 ,

99 ; p h dw, ph l b e s id e 0h a w , 0h l
'

( 1 cr u s h) 9 69 1 9 0 9 b e
s id e S kr ka t h i n a
.
( v as fi c t ile ) . S i mil ar ly L f I E d
. h i L . .
, n .

G r 069 L f u mus S kr d h ama s ( m ok e ) ; L f m l

‘

f er a , .
,
. . s . a u us ,

S kr . d h ci rn a n ( a h o u s e )
'

, Gr . 7 l 0n9 I , R . 01 , S k r d h d ( t o p l ac e )
. .

G r as s m an n gg su ests th at in suc h c as e s th e in i t i al s ou n d or i
g i
lly w as dhv b u t , th ou h t h i s in s o m e c as e s m ay b e t ru e , i t
n a
g
is v er
y un li ke ly t h at i t i s so in all . W e c an ex
p l ai n t h e i n

t e r ch an g e of f a n d d h mu c h m o r e e a s il
y; fo r w e k n o w t h at i f,
i n p r o n o u n c i n g d h o r t h , w e m o v e t h e l o w e r li p ver
y s li
g h t ly
t o w a r d s t h e u pp e r t e e t h , w e ch an g e t h e m i n t o f .

( ) I I E p i ome c
. . n s as e s Re
p h fi, Sak r ka d la
p .
( c r an i u m )
B pp
h i r a ov f o m Bh i w r n . In R 7 6 6) fo r 06 19
.

(t o s m ok e ) ,

b e s i d e S kr . d h up
‘

( s u fii r e ) , d h fip a yd m i , an d 07 1 5001 , R . 07 57
9 ,

S kr . st h ap cig d mi ( I p lac e ) , h as f om
ar i s e n r an o l d e r p , w hi c h
w as em l
p yo ed t o fo r m c au s at i v e s fro m t h e r o o t s dial ( t o m o v e ) ,
d
‘
an d st bd ( to s t an .
)
M I E . . m : 6 9 0 , S kr . s a m ci ( t og e t her ) ,
L . s imu l ; R . 29 ,
S kr . va m (t o vo mi t ) , L . uo mo ; v —
im 011440 1 091 S kr . 3 1 777110 ,

S ee Ma x Mu lle r ,
vol . II.,
p 5 02 . .

f Ah re n s D e D ia l .
pp 4 2
.
, 2 56 .
 84 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR .

p pag , b y a s s i mila t i o n
’

), w ic h h is a s
p on dee ln I li ad I . 5 , ‘P 1 9 5 ;
07 1
95 69 , A t t . 0 7 51 3569 , for or e
pyog , fe min in e m si p a fo r or s
p ya
6 0 3 30 1 Ep
'
fo r
'
S kr ( e mp t y)
’
“ 11 5 . xev v o g , . xew o g , xt vyo g . s fi n yas
I E . . kva n yas ; Er eo g
’
S kr . s at
yas ( t r u e ) ; s i v é r ep s g b e s i d e
L ja i t r z ces , ya b e c o mi n g an d t h i s a ai n 5 1 ; s i n e
'

. n . es ,
g £07 5
fo r yor e 30 x61» , a em, & c
y y
'
w, ya m
fo r S o n g/ /111 , & c .
*
In su c h
fo r ms as m i kew g , 5 does n o t s t an d fo r
y, b u t 0 15) s 1r o h eo g
'

fo r wo ks yo g , e
y b ein
g th e g un a of 1. C u r t iu s c on s i d e s r t h at

i n 311 1 9 5 51 , &c b e s i d e 3111 9 1 1;

' '
e o wcea , xp a v t a ,
.
, 0 v xfa ,

x a m a, &c
p
’
.
, r ep r es en ts
‘

e , an d n o t
y y ; t h e s e w o r d s b e in
g
or i
g i n all
y c o lle c t i v e s in —y é ; fr o m an o l d e r 811 1 5 1 0 ,
9
m e an s , t he ef r ore, a c o ll e c t i o n o f g i ft s 0 v 1ce a ,
'
“
a c o l le c t i o n
”
of fig s an d he n ce th e fig t ree i t s e lf, &c . S i m ilar ly
éh eo g Xs w g fo r Xs o yo c, y et /s ci 7 5 1 fo r y ev In
'
r r e r s 1 8 10 a .

M o d e rn G r e e k we s o me t i me s fi n d t h e o l d 6 re
p r e s en ted by y ;
an d even in an c i e n t t i me s a b e fo r e v o w els must h av e h ad a

p e c u li a r p ro n u n c at o n i i , i
s n ce we fi n d 5
11 0 , &c .
, f eqr u en t ly

t r e a t e d as m o n o s yllab l e s . T h e Mo de r n G r e eks a sol f eqr u en t ly

o t h e r l an ua es b S kr Vyd s a
'

re
p r e s en f t th e y g g y e, o as Bea 0 a .

I v 31 1ca i y er a tpp ci o u g o f G al an u s )
'

(
'
.

Y= 11 in x é a vo g ( a d ar k b lu e s u b s t an c e
) S kr . s
y ma s
a

( d ar k ), he e b 0 r e n i g e
q u i v al e n t to u
i
.

Y = S p i r it u s as
p er : fiwa p , S kr . lm
y j t ( liaver ) L jec w
. r ;

311 5 79 , S kr yus /
1 z ma t .

( a bl . &p a , Z yd r e ( a ye a r )
. fia p fv n,
R {1 0 S kr g a d h
.
(t o . fi g h t ) ; &7 1 o q S kr .
yag yas
'

( t o . be
h o n o u r e d b y s ac r i fi c e ) .

Y b a s d i s ap p e ar e d i n A ZO I . fu t . t er m .
-
o u1 D or .

f omr I E —s ydmi ;
. . t er m . 8 .
-
'
a o1 , as r e kéw fo r
S k r bh a r ayd m i , & c ; g e n t e rm 0 11 fo r 0 0
'

A w yw , (po p s w
r e . . . .

S kr a s ya , as i n 1 1r 1r o u
''
&c r keo v b e s i d e
’
0 10 o 0 1o . .

r kei o v ; A 3O 1 wé ka o g , ti ké fiea , h a xon v , b e s i d e wa h a u fc ,

.

d kfieet a , Xa xo fn v ; E p (11 x50 13 m i n ; x ci w xa fw , & c . .

Y {17 dwp o c iyo v p o v b e in g d b y A r is t o

’
0 11 09 rea
7 9 c
:
,

C o n sul t C u r t i u s , G ru n dz u g c, p 5 38
. an d T e mp or a u n d Mod ,
i ”

p p 92 , 9 3
. .
 C OMP A R AT I VE G RAM MAR . 85

p h an e s in
p l ac e of 511 0 11 11 0 11 i n 0 d . 6 4 ; K yp r i an Oea yo v
71
’

( p
s l h u
u r ) I on . 95 151 0 11 ; K yp r i an 077 6 7 5 11 5 ( doekxs , He syc h ) .

an d 37 7 5 11 0 9 ( w kka fi fi, He s yc h ) fr o m r o o t 7 0 11 S kr ya m ( t o . .

t ak e ) , L em-o ; w h e n c e c o m e s 7 511 7 0 I n R oc o t i 01 v
'
. Eyifi v , . .

T ar e n t OMO Q = 6 Myo g , a fa ko g ( fat ) b e s id e 0 1 7 0 X6 £ 1 9 ( s hi n i n

.

(D
w a ki a , 7 a
pp e ar s to ha ve b e en l o s t f om it s
r a
pa
p r ox im at i n g t o y p g o th e
0 7r e1 01
p s o un d of . In L . s ar
'
fo r
0 7r e
py 01 ,
g y I n M o d er n G r e ek
7 ( p r o n o u n c e d y) h a s
.

ar i s e n fr o m an d b e s i d e t h e O l d 1 , as i n i
'
w w 11 1 0
p y ct
x p , 11 7

p vi a ,
'

0 6 6 11
7 ( an e
gg ) I E d v am
y C ur . . .

t iu s r e m a r ks t h at th e D o r ic f u tur e te r m —E o f e b s i
. 01 v r n —Z01 ,
as 31 d D fu t 31 11 0 561 , i s a r o o f t h at t h e O l d w as n o t
01 , or . .
p y
far re mov e d f om t h e
r
g uttu r als .

Y ( p y ( b arl e
y)s; R el t
) ,
n , 1 10 , 11 1 0
S k r . a va .

u s h , b o il , S kr
11 01
( to g ) g as
( t )
o s t r iv e , n i r a s
y ( o p e rs p ir e )
t .

a fa , a p 6 9 (a h an g m an ) ; S k r ya m ( t o r e s t r ai n ) ; Zip .

S kr .
y at
( to s t r iv e
) , w ic h h is c on n e c t e d w i t h yd (t o g o ) ;
Z1 Zv 1p o v
’

,
a t r ee, t h e f ru it o f which i s c all e d
jj
u u bce ; Ku o u
y
’

S kr .
y g u a m, L j ug . u m ; 301 11 6 9 (s o u p ) S k r ,
.
yus h a ( p e as e
p or ri d
g e
) L j
,
us ; .
Z01 v n
’

, 20311 11 1111 1 Z0 60 90 1 , Zw v v fi a Gw ,

S k r yu .
( to b in d) in t h e v e r b al t e r mi n at i o n s —0 Z01 ,

—1 Z01 b e s i d e S kr -
a
yd m i w i ch h b e ca me i n G r e e k e it he r

—Z
, .
,

a 01 , o r , by th e f lli
a n
g ou t o f
y,
—a 01 ,
—o 01 ,
—1 01 ,
—1I1
'

. In t hes e

th e or i in al r o d u c e d d b e fo r e i t , an d t h i s d b c am e
c as e s
g y p y e

dz an d t h en z W e fi n d a s i m il ar p h e n o m e n o n i n o t h e r lan
.

g ua
g es ; t h us we h av e It al . d ia cer e, d i a ci n t o , m ag g i or e, f omr

L jac e
. r e, fi yac in t lt u s , majo r ; M iddl e L at ma di a s , r o m . f L . ma

j us ; M o d G r 31 011 1
. .
, f omr o d ou ( t h e t ille r ) ; G o t h d addj a .

( lac t o ) O H . . G . t ci
’

j u, S kr d h aydmi
. G oth . t va d d é , j fo r t vajé ,

g en . of t va i G o t h i ddja .
( I wen t ) Gr . T h is
as s u m b y y o f a p ar as i t i c d i s s imi la r t o t h at b y 11 O f a
p t i on

ar as i t i c i n I t al ua s t a r , fr o m L va s t a r e, & c Wh h ad
p g , g e
. n
y . .

as s u m e d t hi s ar as i t i c d i t fr e u e n t l b e c am e 31 i n s t e ad o f Z
p q y , ,

as in t h e s u ffi x —31 0 9 ,
i n 31 x01i 31 o g , 511531 0 9 , & c an d t h e

ZE Ol c i p at r o n
ymi c s in —a 3I O g fr o m A s t e m s , as Yp fié 31 o g ,
,
-
’
86 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

The co r es r p on di n g p at r o n ymi c s i n S kr e n d i n .

- é yas ( n om . s in
g . dds é ya s (t h e s o n of a s l av e ) , fr o m
das a ( a s l av e
) ; an d in L at in in —j e us ,
p leb e us , P mn e us ,
j p j
&c T h e t e rm i n at i on of 1
( D Fi 31 o c) i s
’'
. 31 o g or . ex
p l ai n e d i n

th e s am e w ay b y C u t i u s ; t h e r ro ot i s E fo r 0 Fe, S kr . 8 11 0 ,

L . s e, w he
h av e 3 g t hr o u g h t h e s t e p s F y g F 3y g
n ce we
’'
1 1o 0 e o , 0 s o ,

F 3 g F 3 g w h en c e fi ally 3 g S u c h p at ro n ymi c form s

’’
0 e 1o , e 1o ,
n 1 1o .
,

as T é
fifi m g ( A hr e ns o D e D i al p a r e r e l at e d t o
,
“
. .

a s t h e v e rb al t e m — to Z A s g/b e c o me s i n r , 0 01 -
0 01 . 5

so m e c as e s s o 3 b e c o m es 3 as i t h e t e m —3 c A t t 3 6 g
, 1 8, n r £o , . o ,

03 k¢ i 3 g A t t 03 A ¢ 3 f 9 W e f e q e t ly fi n d y aft e i t h a
e so . 5 1 o 1 r u n ,
r s

p r o d c e d b e fo e i t t h e
u
p ar i t i c 3 v a i s h in
r
g an d 3 l o e r e m ai n as , n a n

in g ; Bos o t 311 v . Baao t 301 11 6 9 Zwmi g ; D or 30 7 511

211 7 6 11 ; . .

a ei v ; xoffg
’

x3 £g b
( y as s i m il at i o n 3
) xy £ g
xy e g I E . .

w he S kr h yas , L h efl fi es t er n a s fio i fi 3o g ( a r u s h i n g
’
-
n ce . .

) 5 1 F3yo g ( fr o m (i o Fg/o g b y um l au t ) o
'
n ois e o 1F o g c n n e ct
1 0 p y ,

ed b y C u r t iu s h e r w i t h L m o o w it h R
eit . r u r ,
r .
'

pu ( t o fl ow ) ,

P o i Zo g , an o t h r f rm of p i B3 g i s fr o m
e o o o , C u r t iu s
c on n ec t s wit h L j m G ot h j ( al e ad
y) ;
. a ,
. u r h e t r e at s 316
as an i n s t r u m e n t al , an d ja m as a l o c at i v e o f th e m e p r o n o mi
sa

n al r o o t ja Be i de Ho m ( 1 69 3 ( I r ob )
. s . 1 1 01 , P i n d ar h as 31 11 1 121 01 ,
b o t h b e in g f o m dp p yw R p p E x 3
"
r i s p e rh ap s fo i xw 3
e , . e . 1 va r a

b y m e t at h e i s wh i c h i s for Exw y a fe mi in e fo m of 3c
'
s , a, n r

t h i s fe mi n in t e m i at i o n — y i s fo u n d di r e t ly i n
'
e r n as v a c 1r o r v 1 0 ,

-
t vab y ml au t i 3 u 95 m w h ich c o e p on d
n
'
e0 1r o 1 v 0 , 0 1 11 0 , a, rr s

t o t h e La t i n for m s g lli e in a D i
g fo D e a d th i a na, r ,
an a r ana , n s

a
g i fo r D ea i n a , D ea n ia , an d as
a n —v u a by as s i mi l at i o n in th e
E o li c fo r m s K op w v a , 3 0 0 00 11 11 0 . M 6A vfi 3o g i s fo r p o kv fiyo g ,

w ic h h is r e at e l d to th e old e r fo r m 11 19 1 1430 9 , as
xp va fo v t o
xp va og .
c

P ci B3 O g' i s fo r p a fii 3yo c [30 0 3yo c

’

fia fl yo c , w i c i s h h
r e la t e d t o 1 00 1 9 ,
3 -
as 311p 0 11 t o 3a k p u A é fi 3a xo g . i s fo r
A 0 F10 xo g f omr A ci i o c
'

( p o p u l ar ) f om A
r a Fé g ( th e

F or ad d it io n al e xa mp le s c o n s u lt C ur t iu s , G r u n d z ug e , p 5 5 9 , s c q , . .

t o wh om I a m c h ie fl y i n de b t e d fo r t h e mat e r i als o f t h i s an d t h e follo w in g

s e c t io n .
 C O MPAR AT I VE G RAM MAR .

57 . T HE D IG AMMA .

The s o un d of F was ve ry n e ar l
y th e s am e as t h at of t h e
E . w . of Halik ar n as s s d e fi e s i t s
D i o n ys iu s u n a 0 11

s b o t h a s i r an t a d a s e mi vo w e l ;
'
é l
v x 0
07 0 1 e1 1 I t i p n

an d a a s e m i o w l i s e as il o c ali e d
,
s
y v e , v z .

F : W e h av e v i x c e s w h e r e i i t i al F b e c o me s s as n 11

{ 9 1 ( a w o r m He y h ) { 11
11 11 ( i t ,
b e e d s w o r
s m s c . 11 1 1 11 1 r ,

fr o m R F A ( t o t wi s t ) w h e c e i /V 7 ( a w o r m ) i \ 1 g ;
. E ,
n e ; , sz
'
-
1 1v

H od I h e I t ali n t o w c o mm o l c all e d E le a o
( er t . .
, y a n n r

V e li a ; {9 9 ( m k q Hé ¢ ) { 101 5 ( cl o t h i g ) p e rh ap s f m
o
’
i 101 , 1 5 0 7 1 1 11 0 n , ro

a om
n 6 2 fr o m R F g ( t o c l o t h e ) L e t is
. 101 0
-
,
.
( t h a ,
. v s e

d vi e e c t e d wi t h L oi s w it h
vin
) eZi ( t h
, e w i l
11 1 v ) c o e i t in , nn . er ,
v ,

w hi c h C t i s al s o c o g an d L vi m ; i 0 m( h o s t
'
‘
e ts
ur u nn c o 1 vo . nu 1 a ,

b si de L c o [3 0 m e
( ho st ) f om R F k
a n . 5 a , r . e ,

c l e ft e s id e Ho m
Sk r a (
. t o
v r s o d ) ; { m y k é ur r( ) un b a a ov a ,
.
.

k T h ch e o f F in t i c ommo n i n th e
’

fi yw a e
ao v g s ve
y an o 11 r

S k s vd ( a d o g ) ; (I m pr g
'

mid dle o f w d or s r . a e

n a t) n Sk , y d m i ( I s w ll) ;
r . i
s va
'

A fi w L l o
B i 3 ( o e e ,
. vo v vo 1 r

3 3 c e t in S ar t a m g i t t s ) me i 6
[ 1 0 10 p r a
g n
1 9
a s ra e , an n 1

7 11
9 9 f8 o m R ,
F 3 r an d s u ffi x — F .
— F S1 k r ,
— a d L — 11 o, a . va , n . 0,

— [353 9 ( A t t 33 3 1: o
va , 11 0 Wh e F i s o c ali e d
. 1 0 r n v z ,

i t i f e q e t ly t hr o wn b ack i t o t h e p r e e di g s yll ab l e as
s r u n n c n ,

in ii p g t h o g h
r a o p F Q f om r u
pF g G ll t r vo ; I o n
T aU O ,
r T a o a . a s .

o fik g o{ R g f o m 6A F Q Sk o r ( all) O r . s a r vas

f o m y F g y F g s i g a d o m p l o f 7 6 m; 3 p i g
r ov o , ov a, en . n . n n . . 1 ov 1

f om 3 p F g g
r o si
g of 3o p ;
,
fi h eni ( A t
. t 6A n L mo l )
. o
'
v o a . 0 1,
'
. a ,

fr o m as t h e S yr wo d M 3 X6 ( b e d b as
’ ‘‘

u ac s an r 11 0 1 0 11 a r a

ke t ) p o e s Ir t h e L e b i an E o li
v . F b e t w e e t w o v o w els
n s -
c n

b e c am e a d t h s fo m e d 11 , n di p h t h o g w i t h t h e p r e c e di g
u r a n n

v o w el s i ,
55 9 (L ak a n
1 6
0 9 01( P m p h 1 6 9)
0 .
110 0 a . 11 0

( A hr e s D e nD i l E ,
01
“
p 3 6 se )
g a . .
,
.
,
.

F 3 6 i n A lkm a 0 3 3 fro m 3a
0 11 3F ce of
n 1 11 1 a v, a .

S t 3 F ( a d ay) ; 3 5 i s e e me d fr o m R 3 F S kr d i
. 1 a ( t ) 0 10 0 01 0 .
1 ,
. v
88 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMA R .

(to s hin e ) , fo r 3Fa a a a r o ; Zda a o v 0

B £ 0ov F be
c o min g i n t h e o n e c a s e 0 , an d i n t h e o t h e r B , th e root b e in g
= I E e vas , c o n n e c t e d wi t h G h i s t le ) d
( to w
'

0 Fe9 . . . s a u s en , an

O . S . svi s t u
( s ib il u s ) , n ot c o n n e c t e d wi t h S kr .
'
s ua s
( to b r e at h e ) ,
w ic h h i s I E kva s L que i R q es E wh is t le wh eez e. .
,
. r ,
. u ,
.
, ,

t h e F i s e t i r e ly l o s t i n Z v fi ( H s ch ) 3 f
’ ’
n e
p y e ev o ev vv ev . o 1o

(t w o fo 3F
) f o m r S t 3F L b is ; 6 3 ( t h e c ro akin g o f
10 1 r . 1, . 11 0

f g s ) G qua k E quac k ; 12 ( t o s q e ak like a yo g

ro .
, . 11 0 1 1 11 u un

p g i ) f o m rG q i ck E s q uea k ;
"
0 5 9 (t h e E r e t an t o wn
. u ,
. 0 11

A E 9 ) t h e in h ab i t a t s of wh i c h ar e c alle d F6 £ O u p o
”
O n c o in s 1 1 n ,

an d t h di s t ri c t i s c all e d 0 2 3 9 b y A p ollo i s R h o d i s w h e r
e 0 n u u ,
e

er ar l o
‘ h s th e d of 9
01
) yu e y v n 0 2 6 1 o r 0 20a s un u 11 1 , 11 1 1 11

( a L k i
o t o w )
r an c al l d i P l t r c h n Y w fi,
f o m F e 97 n u a
c ’
c u a, r 1 - 0 11 1

( vi o le t b lo s o m s ) ; s f o m Fih n ( h o t ) ; r a s

6 9 53 1 1 9 (a p o t)
0 1 11 0
6 10 3 9 bs s i d e ZE O I
r u
Bp i 3 Pp 3 0 1 11 0 , e . 0 a 1 1a ,

p
'

i Z ; a O i k g ( L
’
co i
r u t o w
o ) a l s o c ll e d B i
a . a k g (
n B i
an n , a e r v o

A b y P t ol e my) fr o m F ) 9 ; OA ( K et t o w )
’ ’
f ou a 1 1r v \ 0 1 0 0 1 11 a r an n ,

all e d b h e l at e r K e t an s BA 2 6 7 ( o i )
'
c
y t 1 ; 9 rs 1 0 0 1 11 0 0 0, 0 00 er ,

b e s id e 7 9 E 1 [39 9 fo Fm 9 L i co i me
1 11
-
,
0 . 1 T h e S i c ili a
11 r 1 ,
. v ,
v n . n

" "
r i ve r A 9 w as s o m t i m e s c alle d 0
1 0 9 whe e e r p e e ts 0 11 1 , r 01 e r s n

F . T his c h a g e o f F i t o i s s i mil
n t o t h t o f 31 i n t o n ; fo 0 ar a 5 r,

s b e c am e fi s t d t h e s o F b e c am e fi s t
r 1 an a d t he n r n n
a
y a, 11 0 .

I 0 H G w e fi d 0 fo as i n e G ot h i It i
‘
n . . . o n r v, ne . s n a vs . s

n t o r o b ab le t h a t F e e r b c am e ; f o th i t mu s t h v e e r en av
p 1

s s e d t hr o h t h e t hr e e s t es i w h i h i s n o t li ke l a 11 , c
p a
g u
g y; , ,

a d in e rl all t h e c s e s a d d c e d i
p r o f o f t hi s c h an u n o
n
y n a a
g e , 1

i s s c e p t i b l of
us o t h e r e x l an t i o
p e T h u an i 0 31 L a n . s n 0 11 .

o vu m F w as p s e t l o g w i t h
,
as i
re
p o ed b
n
y t ha e A
g ni ve 1, s r v r

di li fro m 3F ; wh i w
eo v, 0A n / w h ile wh i
'

1 0 11 wA F w
e e u u v, a u e e ,

a c o mm o e b al s ffi x 3 fr om
’

ei A d 3 k
’

y a b g n
j1 9 n v
¢ F r 9 u 11 1 1 1 10 s e 10

St . 3 A¢ F
0 5 3 h¢ 5 d s ffix y ; i p i a e
( 9 73 v an
( 9
3 6 u a a s ou 7 0 0 7 0 11 , 0 ,

He s yc h ) i s f o m . D o r d ot f m S t F p r . an n ro . a v

( she ep ) & c
a ,
.

A ft e o th t ir a o we l F r i hs i
e Kr c t v v an s es, as n e
p .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 89

Ho m 269 0 1; 29011 ( d e w ) S k r va r s h a (r ain ) dh 0 € ( a fu rro w ) ,

.
, .

Ho m a EA a E D o r &A a E fo r &FA a E, fr o m R
.
, ( t o d r ag ) ; . .

d e0o ri for 3 9 o b e s id e L St va d
(L
.
( p e
) 9 a z , 1 3 ,
. 1103 , . eo

Meye r h o w e v e r c o n e c t s t h i s w i t h L ave
, ,
n . r e, a vi d as , an d t r e at s
li k as a s ffi x t h e s am e a s
e u , H orn .

23 1 5 2311 0 f o m R F 3 w h e n c e 53 59
11 0 r . 0 a , 1 1 , &c .
,
S kr . s ead
(
to

p l )
e as e , s vd d u
( s we et
) 1 536 & c , .

F S
p i r . as
p . : 20 0 159 0 9 , ves
p er ; £31 k fo r 60 11 0 111 1 , R .

Fag , L . ves t i r e ; f om R
r . F1 3 ; 6 91 1 9 , fo r 6 77 59
’
11 77 F1 9 ;
W mil ar
°
b e s id e V es t a fin d
t
V en e t i si
'
E vs r o i ; E 0 7 1a . e a

c h an
g e i n F r h er e . L for a s
. i n S p h a ba , h a r i n a , h en o, h ijo ,
, .

h er i r = L .
f a ba ,
f i ar n a,
foen u m ,
fi li u s , fer i r e .

F B fi o é h o um , R Bah . S kr va r
(to c h o o s e) L , . vo lo ;
ifi u E (t h e n a me o f an 69 11 5 1 0 11 b e s i d e i v yfi (s hr i e k
i n g ) , S t i Fv y . L ev m 6 9 0 6 0 9 b e s id e . r u 6h Bo g b e s i d e oh o o g
'

L s a lv s & c W e fi d t h i s c h an g e fr e qu e n t ly i t h e d i ale c t s
. u ,
. n n

i n L e s b i an w e fi n d fi fo r F b e fo r e 9 a s i 6 9 6 3 B9 3 Bp
’

, n 0 11 , 10 0, a

36 1 9 9 & c ; i n L ak w e h a e fi i
1 0 11 0 , i q B dg
. . v e xa n f xo t , ax

dBfip d fip , 11436 b e s i d e ( 11 0 1 17 31 ) an d (p h ai
) ; & c
r v .

W e fin d a s i m il a r ha c
g n e in L fe . r b u i fo r fer u n i , b u b i le fo r

b ovi le an d in G . S ch wa lbe, F a r be, E r bs e, & c .

,
f om O H
r . . G .

f
’

s wa a w ci , l a r a wd , a r a w ei z , &c .

F ,u 81 9 11 6 9
’
11 F1 v 0 9 b e s id e 6 1 9 S kr . a vi s , Li t h . a vi na s

( mu t t o n ) 81 11 11 6 9 , t h e r e fo r e , i s q i l t i n m e an i n
e
g t o o vi li a,
u v a en

an d t h en e as il
y c ome s to m e an la mb ; ua h h 69 ( s h ag gy h ai r )
b e s id e L . vi l u s , l vellus , f omr s am e r o o t a s o h ko g ( cr i s
p ) 39 1 0
, 11

( w o l)o , S kr . ur e
’

i ( h ee
p)
a s ,
01 11 11 1111 0 0 1) E . woo l ; 11 1 A3611 5 11 0 9

1 911 11 61 11 , H e s e s i d e 3 30 1 0 1 an d £ €A 30 1 0 1 1 911 1 61
( 677 ych
).b 1 1 (50 1 )
f om R F h 3 s
r . e , a i s p r o ve d b y t h e l as t fo r m w i t h t h e p ro s
t h et i c ; p hmc s o
'
f ro m R . Fs h n '

, w he n ce go h n a , 59 1 0 6 7 0
-'

81 11 19 1311 o h 31 3 (th e n e ck
) C o n v e r s e ly w e
’ '
0 1 1 1 1 11 0 11 11 11
X .

fin d i n p l ac e o f m i n Li t h vi d it i
11 C h 8 1 21 11 11 1 ( a . . .

w or m ) S kr kr mi s , 111 1 11119 L p r i mu s , S kr vayam ( w e ) ,

. . .

G o t h vei s ( w e ) , b e s i d e S k r m am ( m e ) , & c
. . .

T he c ha n
g e of F in t o 7 i s v er
y d o u b t fu l : w e fi n d 13
1 6 7 1;
7
90 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

11 0 1 ( fi éfi h a p ym ) fr o m dF ar a 6m , Pi n d ari c °

1 fo r
1
05 165 0 9 w h i c h i s r el at e d t o 196 0 9 , E 0 1 190 17 0 9 , P a mp h yl 111 6 6 0 9 , . .

{3 11 0
3 1 90 9 , an d 7r 5 v 90 9 t o 77 6 90 9 T h e o t h e r c as e s i n
'
as 5 09 to 6 .

w ich h t h i s c h an g e is s ai d to oc c ur ar e w ord s o f v er
y un cer

t ai n or i
g i n .

W e fi n d 19 F in 01 5
9 S kr . 8 110 , an d 0 11 6
1 77 0 9 b e s id e

G oth . s va mm s
( a S
p g on e ) E , . s wi m
9 F in K r et .

35 39 0 1 11 61 9 , fo r r Fe, 35 3F0 1 11 01 9 ; ,
77 is s ai d to be F i n [1 6 50 9
”
foun d i S kylax for 0 5 9 b u t t h e r e adi g i d b t f l ; i n
n 0 0 ,
n s ou u

K e t 6A X 9 6 Xh g b u t t h e s e w or d s m y b e o f d iff r e t
r . 77 O o , a e n

o r i in t h o ot of 6 k e e ha s
r b ei k f o d i r n un
g , x 9 p p g 17 n 0 , , 77 5

k 9 L p p l L c 81 5 61 1 6 whi h A h e s d e
’
77 0 11 ,
. o u us a . 1 1 17 5 0 0 1 :
1 11 5 0 0 1, c r n

ri e s f o m 0 —F
v r 81 b in g fo dupi : C u t i
0 500 1, h we e 1 1 e r r u s, o v r ,

c o s id e rs t h e
n t o b e d e t o t h e i fl u e n c e o f t h e 1 o f 81 46 ;
17 u n 11 1 1

L ac 8 5t cc o r din o A h e n s fro m 6
’
. F kk
1 77
g t 11 5 a, £ ( t o a r , 1 1

g et her
) d R F lt fo u d in £ 0
an
( p
t o . e s
)
e
( c r o wd e d
n 1 501 r s ,

t o g et h e ) b t as w e h av e t h e fo rm s dw ih kw E 01 dwéh h w
r u , s , .

( 0 3 1
77 0 11 i t
5 01 , i s
p o s s i b l e t h at t h e m a
y b e d u e t o 17

t h e p e p s it i o 2 6 a d ot t o t h e F
r o n 1 17
( t hr, e t e in
n
g) n . a n

m ay b e f o m t h i s o o t an d me an li t e r all y
r s h u t t in
r
g o ut ,
“
,

”
e x c o mm u n i c at i o n .

T h e e xi t e c e o f F i s i n m a y c s e s h o wn b y i t s e ffe c t
s n n a s s

on a
p rec e di n g c o n s o n an t, as in 17 60 0 9 ( I on . 11 60 0 9 ) fo r
11 Fo 0 0 9 , or on a fo ll o wi g n v o w el ,
as in 6 x0 9 fo r F5 x0 9 , D o r .

7 57 0 9 5 9 fo r 7 57 Fa p e9 , E 01 . 69 0 1 1 0 9 S kr V a r u n a s , b e s i d e
.

01 39 0 11 6 9 , E 01 . 7 9 0 11 0 9 , D
11 or . 611 9 0 11 6 9 , F b e c o mi n g 0, an d 00

t h en 0 11 , B O1 . an d D or . 01 . T his e ffe c t o f F o r 11 o n a fo ll w o

in g v ow e l is fo un d al s o in 11 0 39 6 11 7 119 L qu ad . r an s , L oc. s er

S kr .
'
s vas u r a s ,
'
L . s ocr us S kr .
'
s va s r
'

us L s o or
,
. r ,
b e s id e S k r .

s vd s a r an d i n t h e p r o n u n c i at i o n of a in E . w a t er ,

wh a t , & c .
92 C OMPA R A T I V E G RAMMAR .

'

77 59 59 9 11 7 0 9 77 5 9 1 0 9 v 7 0 9 , b e s i d e 69 ¢ { 9 v7 0 9 , x5 19 699 0 0 9 , 11 a k
6 1990 0 9 b e s i d e n a kMp o o 9 , all fr o m R 1311 fo r 0 9 11 S kr 8 7 11 ( t o . .

fl ow) . P9 11 9 i n 6 y6990 0 9 fr o m 6 7 0 11 an d R 911 ; .

0 0 1 —5 1 1 &c P9 i n x0 fifi5Zo v o a ( I l V 42 4)
-
11 0 7
9 1 1
,
. 7
9 . .
95

Z o v0 0 . P9 F9 i n 51315141 5 5F9 1¢1 5 ; 6 11 7 59130 77 0 9 fro m R . F9 5 7r

77
9 1 91
6 3 09 f o m F9 Z
r
’
1 a, w it h w h i c h roo t m ay b e c o n n e c t e d 77 5

996 1 11 3139 (h e dlo

g) ;
a n 6 93611 11 7 0 9 , ZE O I . 5
0 1 9 1111 7 0 9 f om R
r . F9 0 7 ,

L fr a n g o ;
.
'

&c . 2 9 11 9 in 0 v 0 0 7 1 0 11 5 0 0 11 0 7 1 0 11 , 5 an d ot her
c o mp o un ds of 0 11 11 , e x c e
p t w h en Z or 0 f o ll o w e d by a c on s o

n an t c o me a ft e r, in whic h c as e s 11 i s d r o pp e d , a s i n 0 156 1 7 0 9 .

3 T he i n 511 i s al w a k e t , an d t h e 11 i n 77 6 11
s an d
0 1 0 7 11
9 0 . 11 y p
77 6 k1 11 i s e it h er kep t or as s i m i l at e d t o t h e fo ll o w i n
g 0 . 2 0

39 i n Ho m ! —
77 0 3 0 1 2 i n 31 0 0 6 9 7 10 0 69
.
77 0 0 0 .
9 11 9 , 9
b e s i d e 81 86 9 , 7
9 1 26 9 E b e c o m in g
, 00 t h r ou
g h the st e
p s
x9 , 71 9 .

T hi s i s E b e l
’
s vi e w , wh o m p ar e s L Ch 51
'

co . 11 1 s u 8 : . .

I r d es ( d e x t e r ) , I r
. . as s an d es s L . ea: b e s id e
ech ta r '

( e xt r a ) Umb , . t es t r u L . d ex t r o , & c . C u r t iu s c o n s id e r s
31 0 0 69 h to av e ar i s en f om
r 3F17 y0 9 S kr d vi t iyas fo r d vi tya s
. .

I I Wh e . n t wo c o n s o n an ts c ome t og et he r, th e s econ d is f
o t en

m ad e t h e sa me as th e fi rst . T his is v er
y c omm o n in E o li c ,

es
p e c i ally w hen a li q u i d i s fo ll o w d b y F 9 e , ,
or 0 . T hus 11 11

i n A ZO I 9 17 11 11 0 9 ( m on t h ) b e id L m e E 0 1.
'

11 0 . a s e . n s zs ; 57 7 511
11 0 7 0 , 11 7 511 11 0 1 57 5 v0 0 7 0 , 11 7 5 11 0 0 1 ; 511 11 5 77 5 511 0 5 77 5 , L . i n s ece .

N 11 11 F i n 5 30 1 7 6 11 11 0 9 .

7 0 0 11 69 f rom yo v F0 9 . N 11 11
31 in
o l . 11 7 511 11 111 11 7 5 11 01 5 f om
r 11 7 5 11 9 01 E 0 1 11 9 511 11 01
. f omr

33 0 1 S kr
'

11
9 1 11
39 11 1 . 5
11 1 11 11 0 9 . s fi n ya s ( e m p t y) , I on . 11 5 1 11 69 , 11 5

11 5 69 A , tt . 11 5 11 69 M9 9 i n 511 5
0
9 9 07 0 511 59 0 0 7 0 . A A Xv
in 6 kk v9 1 6 1\ 11 v9 1 , as E ell = eln , L 11 111 0 , an d E
. . .

f u ll = f u ln ,

S kr 9 12 7 11 0 ( fu ll ) L p le n as
. A X A 0 i n EE o l ,
.
. . 50 7 5 A A 0 50
A X A F i n 77 0 6 6 1? 77 0 a fr o m 77 0 X15 ; 11 11 X6 0 9
'

( cr oo ke d ) 11 11 1 \ F0 9 L . c u r vus . A\
1 ky i n 6 XA 0 9 = L .

a li as ; ¢ 6XX p kyo u ( v , L fo li . u m ; 9 6 Xk0 11 9 k 1 0 11 ; { A h o

0

9 01 6 6 510 9 0 1 , L s a lio ;
. 11 6 A X0 9 , xa kkt
’
ww . D or 11 0 XX6 ( 11 0
.

A 13 9 ) , b e s i d e S kr . ka lya (s o u n d) ; 07 5A X01 0r e
w ; Ho m .

6 ¢ 5XX01 6 ¢ 5 i 1\ w f om
r 39
1 1 5
w . [1 77 77 9 an d 419 i n o l .
 CO MPARATIVE G RAMMAR . 93

6 77 77 0 7 0 , 6 3 1 77 77 0 fo r 69 9 0 7 0 , 6 3 5 19 9 0 fr o m t h e roo t s 6 77 an d
6 3 1 111 A 3 . 33/i n t h e Boe o t i c fo r m s 9 6 330 9 6 Z0 9 0 39 0 fo r
0
9 7 1
-
9 ; 4
0 0 1 6 3 3 01 = 0 1 0 3 01 for 0 1 1 0
9 9 1 7 3101 ; 0 0 3 77 53301 0 0 3 77 1 3 01
9
for A 77 1 yy01 ; 1553301 = 155Z01 , A t t 59 301 3 3 01 fo r F 5 — w ,
00
1 5 9 9 y y .

R . F9 5 7 an d F5 9 7 t h e s am e c h an g e i s fo u n d i n L ak o n i c , a s i s

p r ove d b
y t h e e x am
p l e s in t h e Lys i s t r a t a , 7 11 9 11 6 3309 0 1 ( )
8 2

9 v 0 1 3301 fo r 9 0 91 Z01 6 335 1 fo r 6 Z5 1 &c

' '
77 0 7 77 00
9 .

Wh e n 331 i s i n i t i al , w e so me t i m e s fi n d i t r e p r e s en t e d b y 3 in
s t e ad o f 33, in R Z 5 159 , A 6 11 311 7 6 11 Z0
’
as oc o t . A 569 Z 1111 ,

7 6 11 ; L ak . 3019 6 9 Zw9 6 9 30 Z0 fr o m 31 6 i n 30 190 1 11 6 9 ,

36 0 11 1 0 9 . K 11 11
9 i n Bd ao t
9 1 11 11 6 9 .
9 1 11
9 69 . K 11 xF i n E ol .

511 11 0 9 L . eg u u s He s yc h ) .
y1\ v11 F0 v ; 77 5 3 5 11
11 6 11 \
77 5 1 5 11 F0 11 f om r 5\
77 1 5 11 v 9 . T 7 7 9 in 11 0 7 7 1 5 1 11 5 11 0 7 0 0 5 1 11 .

T 7 7 F in 7 57 7 0 9 5 9 7 57 F0 9 5 9 . T 7 7
9 i n t h e A t t ic fo r ms ,

9 53 1 7 7 0
9 A 1 7 y0
5 11
9 5 5
7 7 01 11 11 9 5 17 3101 11 ; 77 5 9 1 7 7 6 9
11 5 0 7 7 69 11 5 0 7 9 09 . P 9 = 9 0 i n 6 91311 11 = 69 0 11 11 , 6 991 x0 9 (
a b as k e t )
6 9 0 1 XO 9 9 69 0 0 9 , b e s ide
N
6
[ 9 1 9 1

77 0 01 , 0
, 9 99 0 9

p er
p f h
r o m 6 0 0 9 , 77 v 96 9 = 77 0 0 6 9 , A t t
a
9 s p 9 xp 5 fio g ( d r
y l an d
’

) .
’

5 A t t 11 6131511 11 6 0 11 P 11 i n 1599 0 9 139 11 0

x9 0 09 ,
9 9 9 .
9 0 . .

c fo r m s 1 1 95151301
P9 9 /
1 i n t h e o li 1 1 1 95
1 9 9 01 , 77 5
99 X0 O9 77 5

5X 5 1 11 , 99 6 77 6 3 01 ( i n T h e okr 2 9,
'

9 x10 09 , 77 5 1513 5X5 1 11 77 5 9 1 77 5 .

77 6 3 01 , 11 5550 9 0 9 H9 1 0 9 0 9 9 57 5 99 0 9
’
2 5) fo r 7r 5
9 i 6 9 57 9 1 0 9 ,
,

81 0 . 2 0 0 F in Ho rn . 77 6 35 0 0 1 77 0 35 0 F1 f omr St . 77 0 35 fo r
77 0 3 ( in l at e r G r e e k t hi s 0 F b e c om e s 0 , as in &c .
, h h
w ic ,

h o we v er , do e s n ot f ll o
a u t , as it r ep r e s en ts th e o ld 0 0 ) o l .

50 0 0 9 F1 0 F0 9 , 70 0 9 , S k r . / (aequ e ) t r ac e s of t h e i n i t i al F
i
v a 1 11

b e in g fo un d in H o rn . 550 1; an d L ak 3
{ 9501 50 01 9 2 9
. 0
9 n i .

50 0 09 0 1 50 yo9 a 1 ; 5
11 0 0 0 9 11 1 11 1 0 310
9 01 f om R
r . 11 5 9 , fo un d in
11 509 0 1 , 11 6 0 7 0 9 , N 50 7 01 9 , S kr . n ew
( t o c ome ) 77 7 50 31 01 ,
L .

9 15
11 3 0, S kr p i s h .
(t o p ou n d ) .

I II Wh e . n two c o n s o n an ts c om e t og e t h er , th e fir s t i s g en e
r all
y m ad e li ke t h e s e c o n d T h u s , w h e n l ab i al s . or
g u t t u r al s

r e c e d e m u t e d e n t al s , t h e m u s t b e o f t h e s am e o r de r as th e
p y
fo llo wi n
g d e n t al ; h e n c e t h e o n ly c o mb i n at i o n s all o w e d ar e

3 ( 9, as i n 3 5 11 7 6 9 fo r 3 5 7 7 0 9 , R A 5
11 7 , 77 7 ,
7 3, 6 , 9
x 9 , 7 , 7 9 0 77 7 6 9 .
94 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR .

fo r 7 9 0 19 7 0 9 , an d 7 9 6 fi 3n 11 fo r 7 9 0 61 31111 , R . 3 5 x9 f11 10 1 fo r
3 5 7 911 11 0 1 , R 3 5 7 , 7 v ¢ 0fiv 0 1 fo r 7 11 77 91111 0 1 , R
. . 7 0 77 . Be fo r e 0 ,
7
an d
X b e c o m e 11 , an d
9 an d (
p b e c o m e 77 , as i n 6 201 , R . 0
7 ,

7
9 4 ,
5 1 01 R . 7
9 1
5 , 79 6 1
1 1 01
,
R .
7 9 1
0 11 Be fo r e 9 a g u t t u r al b e c o m e s
.

7 , an d a d e n t al b e c o m e s 0 , as in 31 01 7 9 6 9 fr o m 6 539 5 7 9 0 1 1

fr o m fi 9 5xw ’'

, 11 11 v 0 9 01 f ro m 6 11 51 7 01 , 77 577 5 1 0 9 0 1 f omr 77 5 5901 , 50 9 5 11

b e s id e 0 730 ; s o m e t i me s t hi s c h a n
g e does n ot o c cu r , as i n 6 11 13,
9
39 0 x9 13, (1 11 09 6 9 , 6 9 1 99 6 9 , 6 7 9 6 9 , an d i n c o mp o u n d s W it h p r e
o s i t i o n 511 , al s o i n t h e Io n i c fo r m s 6 39 13 A t t 6 0 15 53 5 11
p 9 9 .
,

A t t 50 9 5 1 , 11 5 11 0 9 0 99 511 0 9
. 1 A tt . 11 5 11 0
9 0 0 9 511 0 9 , 511 9 5 v 0 9 (fav o u r
1 0 9 fr o m R ha p e ) 6 117 9 13 ( b r e at h )
ab l e , 6 11 0
) x9 5 1 . 0 11
(o
t s r n , . N
b e c o me s 9 b e fo r e l ab i al s , an d n as al 7 b e fo r e g u t t u r als , as
i n 59 77 5 19 0 9 fr o m 511 , 77 5 79 0 , 0 0 7 11 0 3 501 fr o m 0 51 11 , 11 0 3 501 , 81 0 .

L ab i al s b e c o m e 9 b e fo r e 11 , a s in 0 5 9 11 69 fr o m R . 05
6 , 0 56 09 0 1 ;
b ut w e fi n d {577 11 0 9 b e s i d e L . 3 0111 11 113 . T f eq e r u n t ly b e c o m e s 0

b e fo r e 11 an d 1, as in 0 1 5 D or . s u fii x
‘ -
0 v 11 n fo r — 7 11 11 n ,

( 9
110 5 D or . 1 07
9 5, 1 60 1 9
9 H o rn ( 1 67 1 9 ,
1 . 77 3 0 150 1 0 9 f om
r 77 306
7 09, 5
5 11 0 0 1 D o r F511 0 7 1 , 111 59 0 11 0 1
. D or . 1 1 59 0 11 7 1 ,
1 82 0 .

IV . Wh en t wo c o n s o n an ts co me t o g e t h e r , t h e s e c o n d i s
o ft e n m ad e li ke t h e fi r s t . T hu s i n i t i al 39 b e c o m e s dz , w ri t t e n

Z as i n 2 5 6 9 S kr ( lg/
,
6 113 O s k A 1 o u F5 1 O L D io vis
.
,
. . .

Z0 31 6 in Ho m Z6 95 0 9 26 11 0 7 0 9 & c als o i n t h e E oli c fo r m s

.
, ,
.
,

Z0 B6 3 3 5 1 11 Z6 11 v 11 7 6 9 , Z 6 v 11 11 £ 0 9
,
A 1 6 11 v 0 0 9 & c Me di al 39 ,
.

fr 5 Z0 9 0 1 R 53 ; 6 501 R
‘
e qu e n t ly b e c o m e s Z a s i n
'
v er
y 6 3; , , .
,
.

o
x i Zw R 0
x,1 3 ; x 5Z 01 . R x 53 ; 7
9 6 0 5 Z0 fo r 7 5 7
9 0 77 5 3 0
9 , c o m .
,

ar e L a cu p ed i us 6 3 a Za fro m S t a3a3 I E h r dd S k
p .
x X g r .
,
. .
, .

h r d d un i ( b ad w e at h e r ) L 97 0 11 070 fifZa F9 1 3y0 , 77 5 Z69 , 77 5 .

39 0 9 ; B O 1 11 6 9 Z0 11 0 350 ; — Z0 9 in 91 Z6 9 an d 77 01 530 9
9 .
x 9 ,

fro m R 31 F w h e n c e c o m e 350 3 0 9 355 3 0 9 3713 0 9 & c 9 { Zn3 0 9

’
.
, 11 , , ,
.

6 9 1 39 113 0 9 fr o m R . 31 F .

V . M u t u al a
pp r o xi m at i o n o f t wo un it ed c o n s o n an t s to

e ac h ot he r . T h us
7 /
3 b e c ome s Z t hr o u g h t h e s t e p 39 in 65501
b e s i d e 59 7 0 11 ; 9 5 5Z01 11 6 50 9 0 1
Ho m 51 77 0 3 51501 11 677 0 3 17 31 01 11 ; 9 6 Z0 b e s id e 9 0
'

b e s id e 6 7 1 69 .

w/ R 190 7
'

5 19 0 9 ; 951 11 9 1
p
( o a, Za w 1 S hr
7
. . .
96 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

59 . D I S S I M I LATI ON .

Mu t e d e n t als b e fo r e mu t e d e n t als b ec o m e 0 , as i n 81 11 0 0 7 6 9
f o m 6 6 ; 12 5 = j3
31 11 0 7 7 0 9 r f o m 63 ;
1 11 7 01 951 07 0 11 1 7 5 0 11 r 01 77 5 1 0 11 0 1

901
77 1 1 f o m 19 T h e e d i g 0 o f t h e 2 i g i mp e a
1 11 0 1 r 77 5 01 . n n 1 s n . r

ti e v fi s t ao ri s t p s i e b e c o m e s
,
r wh e a as i r a t e o
a s v
p , 7 1 n n c

c u s in t h e
r
p r c e d i g s yll b l e s 3
e9 1 b e s id e X5 9
n w e fi d a , a 00 1 7 1 11 1 n ,

h o w e v e 11 01 o 41 6 0 f o m 4 19 1 W e h v e als o 5 39 1
r, 10 r 1 r 11 1 a 7 1 1 11

£ 9 9 1 f o m R 0 a d 5 59 1
0 1 11 , r 39 01 f o m R 0 ; ye t w e
. 11 n 7 1 11 7 5 1 11 r . 5

fi d 51 1 7 ( t h e w o o f) fro m R 31
n 1 1 11 1 1 1 Wh e t w o o o t s b e . 1 11 . n c n s n an

i n a ro o t t h e fi st i o l k e t in e d u li c a t e d
r l l
s b l e s ; n r
g , y p p y s a

h e n c e as p i at e s a e r e d p li c at d b y t h e c o r e s p o n di g t e u s
r r u e r n n e .

T h s we h a e 7 57 9 11 7
'
u
79 79 9
v
X9 19 x x9
901 0 19 1 5 0 1 0 , 11 1 1 1 1 r 1, 07 7

5111 0 11 0 s i m i l ar l i S an
9 1 0 1 0 7 119 1 0 7 1 0 7 11
9 1, 77
1 1
1 1 5 1 1 0 11 0
y n

kr i t w e h b o b/
1 1711 0 dad r ci ma 3539 0 9 0 5"E
R o ot s
’

s av e .

h h o i g in ally b e g a w i t h o n e as p i t e a d e d e d w i t h
w ic r n ra ,
n n

an othe r e plac e d t h e fi s t a p i at e b y t h e c o e s p o d i g t e
r, r s r rr n n

nu is T h s w e h a e 5x 9 ( t h e ar m )
. u
¢ x
n 9 I
v E b0h dg h us 0 11 . .
’

S kr b d h h e a m) b e s i d e O N 66 H
(t us
9 0 G r [ 1 1 11 0 0
1
.
.
, .
, . . .

77 0 99 5 b e id e (3 99 3 He ych (t h b o t t o m )
1 0 s 0
10 9
7 11 ,
9 1 S h r s . e 0 7 0, .

b d lm (t h e b o t t o m )
u a I E bl d / m b e i d O H G b da m . . in a, s e . . . o ,

Lf d . un & c 1 W e s e e t h e e ffe c t s O f D i s im il at i o i n o t h e
us .
~
s n r

l g u ag e s as in L P ml b e s i d e P li lia f o m P les L me i
' '

an . a z a. a r a ,
. r

d i e fr o m medi d e
s L p op la i s fo r p op la li b e s id e eg a li a
'

z s, . u r u s r ,

&c It. ele o L e e m E ci m fo ci mo m & c

. v n . v n nu . nna on r n na , .

C u r t i us h as p o in t e d o u t t h a t S an s kr it , G ree k , an d a t in h ad n o t , L
b e fore t h e i r s e p ar a t i on fr o m each o t h er , alr e ad y fi x e d t h e ir p e c u liar la ws
o f r e d u p li ca t i o n , fr o m t h e d iffere n t ways in wh i ch t h ey t r ea t g r o u p s o f
c o n so n a n t s O f wh ich t h e fi r s t i s a s i b i lan t T h u s we h a ve t h e ati n s te t i . L
s t es t i , sp op o n d i sp o sp o n di , whi le c o n ve r s e ly th e S a n skr it h as on ly ke p t
d s yll ab le , as t zs lzt é mi ( I s t an d ) We fi n d s ome
'

the s ib ila n t in t h e se co n .

t r a ce s of t h is la t t e r kin d o f r e d u p li ca t io n i n G re e k an d L at i n , a s in g u is

( p ar i n g s of lea t h e r ) b es id e
' '

u i li az x0 0 1 0 7k9 a 7 1 a 0 11 11 A X5 1 11
( to fl ay) an d
q
xa a xa k du v
( t o t i ckle ) b e s id e 0 11 19 05 1 11 (t o st ir u
p ) . A t h ir d for m o f re d u

l ica t io n i s fou n d i n L s is t o s l is t o , a s 70 7 119 1 0 7 1 07 119 1 .

p .

1 F or o t h er ex am
p le s co n s ul t G r as s man n i n K Z . .
, v ol . x v i , p 114
. .
 60 T HE . R EJ E C T I ON OF A C ON S ONAN T .

D en t als , w h en s t an di n g b e fo r e 0, ar e
g e n e all r y dr o p p e d
W it ho ut co mp e n s a t i o n , as i n 5 11 170 1 9 (1 11 0 7 0 1 9 , 30 09 0 1 1530 0

9 0 1 , 11 69 170 1 11 0
9 0 00 1 , 30 19 0 11 0 1 N al s o d i s ap p e a r s
.

b e fo r e Z, as i n 0 15511 7 0 9 0 11 11 Z0
7 09 N i n 511 i s n e v e r l o s t ; v .

i n 77 51 11 an d 77 63 1 11 i s e i t h e r k e t o r as s im i lat e d t o t h e fo llo w i n
p g ,

0 ; 11 i n 0 11 11 i s d r o e d b e fo r e Z an d 0 w i t h a c o n s o n an t fo l
pp
lo wi n g , b u t b e fo r e i g le 0 i t i s as s i m il at e d , a s i n a s n

I n s o m e c as e s t h e l o s s o f 11 i s c o m e n s at e d fo r b l e n g t h e n i n g
p y
th e r e c e di n v o wel i
p g as n
9 53 6 9 9 5 3 0 0 9 , 7 63 0 9 7 0 ,

3 0 11 9 , & c N 7 , 11 9, 11 3, ar e al s o o m i t t e d b e fo r e 0 , b u t ar e n e ar ly
.

a lw ays c o mp e n s at e d fo r , as 7 1 05 1 17
9, 77 5 11 00 0
9 0 1, 0 77 5 11 30 01 . N is a so sol me t i m e s o m i t t e d b e t we e n
t wo v o w e s , as l i n 9 5 1Z0 11 9 = 9 5 1210 11 5 9 K i s l o s t in 0 0 3 6 01 fr o m .

0 11 03 0 11 ( p lu n d e r ) , as i n S kr s a vya s ( le ft ) 0 11 0 1 6 9 , L 3 018 11 118 ; . .

0 6 11 E1311 ; K yp r . 00 63 0 50 153 11 (a c ar
p en t er
’
s
p l )
an e , f om
r

51501
c
is lo s t i n D ( 31 7 0 96 9 3 P 1 11 001 11 1
'
. I] or . 77 0 9 1

9) 34 fr o m (a
’
T 0 9 0 11 7 1 11 1 1 5 11 7 0 9 1957 111 ;
p ar r o t
) ; I on . 0u 3x5 1 u 9
1 03x5 1 11 (to sc a r p e
) 1969 9 0 9
t h r ou
gh 00
99 09 . T i s l os t i n 11 59 01 9 fr o m St .

11 5
9 11 7
( ho )
a rn
1
1 1 59 5 7 1 , 81 0 . The j
r e e ct o n i of g/a n d F
h as b e e n l
a r ea dy n ot c e i d w e m ay a dd t h at F is lo s t i n 0 09

1156 9 ( s
p on
g y) , b e s id e G o t h . s va m ms ( a s
p on
g ) e 0 61311 (a
ho r se s
’
t ail ) , b e s id e O N . . 8 11 1 0
9 ( a t ail ) b e side G .

ile n c e ) ( m l )
’

sc h w eig en ( s ; b e s id e S kr . s vz d i t a o t e n

0 63 0 9 ( s w e ll of th e sea
) b e s id e E . s w el l ; 2 5 59 1 0 9 , 0 53 0 9 b e
s i d e S kr . s oa r
(hea ven
) Z , . l wa r e ( th e sun
) . 2 , as we h av e

l
a r ea dy seen ,
is g en e r all
y r e e ct e
j d b etween t wo v owe s l als o

b et ween t wo ts, i n 7 5 7 9 6 19 00 1 0 11 0 0
c on s o n an as
7 7 5
9 1 0 1,

9
195 7 5 7 0 11 0
1 95 & c ,
. al s o b e fo r e an o t he r 0 ,
as in 7 30
11 5 0 0 1 fo r 7 3 0 11 5 0 9 , &c . I n i t i al 0 i s alw ays lo s t b e fo r e 11 , as in
Z / (t o G ot h )
'

b e s id e . s n iz z sn o w
) , . s n a i vs ( sn ow 11 5 5
9 0 11 ,

L . n er vus b e s id e O H . . G . s n u or
( laq u e u s ) 11 501 ( I s wi m =
) 0 11 5 F01 ,
Ho m 51 . 1 11 5 0 11 £0 0 5 0 0 , 11 5 00 1 9 ( sw i mm i n g ) , b e s i d e S kr . 8 71 11
( t o

H
 98 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

flow) ; ( I fl o w ) 0 1 0 F01 E C ] 11 0 1301 b e s i d e S kr s n u (t o

11 6 01 1 ,
.
,
.

fl o w ) an d n o t an d ( t o fl o w ) as t h e ZE o li c fo rm s ho w s ; 1 0 6 9
,
1

(d au h t e r i n l aw
g ) - -
0 11 11 0 0 9 , b e s id e S k r . s n us h ci , an
’

d L . n ur us .

I t is s o m e t im e s lo s t b e fo r e 9 , as in 9 5 1 31 6 01 b e s i d e 191 3 0 9 9 5 1 3139 ,
S kr mi (t o s mile , E s m ile ; 9 53 301 I m e lt , E s me lt ;
. s
) (
.
) .

9 9 5 09 ( r
c a e -l a d e n ) L ,
. m emo r , b e s i d e S kr . s ma r
( to re m e mb e r ) ;

9 5301 9 ( d am p, fo u ln e s ) S kr s ,
. mi d ( to be c l amm
y) ,
G o t h bi .

s mez t a n O H G s mi z ( n aevu s ) d E m ut
'

. . .
, an . s .

B i s lo st b e f o r e 11 in 11 6 9 111 0 9 ( 9
. t wi g ) 0 11 69 1 190 9 11 59 111 0 11 7 5 9
b e s id e p (t o ro
p ) L , . s ei
p io
( s t af f) ; 11 1 619 ( a s mall in s ect ) 0 11 1 6111 ; 11 0 9 99 o f ( 11 1 11 11 0 5 1 9 He ,

b e s id e ( to h op ) 11 6 77 57 0 9 (
a
g )
r av e 0 11 6 77 5
7 09 , b e si d e 0 11 6 77 7 5 1 11 (t o dig ) ; 11 f311 0 0 00 1 0 11 1311 0 0 90 1
( t o be
s c at t e e r d) 3
0 11 1 7 0 9 ( s kin ) S kr . 8 11 11
(t o c ov e r
) . 2 is
lo s t b e fo e r 77 in ( I w o r k, m p o or ) , fro m R 0 77 5 11 , b e
a .

an t ) , G o s i n , t o d o ) ; 77 511 0 9
si de 0 77 6 11 1 9 ( w p i n n en . s
( t p ( d i )
rt ,

n d b e fo r e
b e s i de ( s t ai n
) a
01 i n 1 1 113 6 9
1 ( e c e i t ful) , b e
d
"
s ide 0 1 6
4 3 3 01 . 2 i s l o s t b e fo r e 7 i n 7 0 39 0 9 G o t h s i lur ( b u ll ) .

Sh r . s th a
g d mi 07 57 111 , L . t eg o, Li t h . s t o as
g
( r o of ) , 0 . N . t h e/
c ( r o f)
o , 0 . H . G . da lj u ( I cover ) T v 35 11 9 ,
’

f om R
r . 7 0 3 S kr i n cl ( t o
. s t r ike ) , L . t u n d o, t u d es (ah am m e r
) ,

b e s ide G o t h . s t au t a (I st rik e ) ; 3
7 1 77 7 01 b e side 0 7 0 77 6 Z5 1 ( 5i ,
6 9
O H G s t um ba l6n ( ob t un d e r e ) ; 9 6 6 Z
. . . 7 0 5 1 11 0 7 11
9
3 o t r o u b le ) G m r u sh)
6 6 5 1 11 ( t st s t fi z en
( t o ,
. ur , r .

61 . T HE IN S ERTI ON OF A C ON S ONANT .

T h e g r oups 11 9 , 9 9 , 9 3, b ec me o 11 39 , 9 6 9 , 9 6 3 t h u s 6 11 39 6 9
6 11 9 0 9 9 5 0 119
6 9 i0 9 5 0 71
9 9 10
9 9 6 3 01 11 0
6 9 5 9 3 01 11 0 , an d

6 3 030 11 01 96 3 01 0 11 11 1 fo r
9 3 01 0 11 111 , b e s i d e (t o g o ) ; 6 9 0
7 69
9 69 0 7 09
( fo u n d in 6
9 6 9 07 0 9 ) for 9 9 0 7 0 9 S kr ma r t a s .

( m o r t al
) 7 690
9 6 9 7 0
9 9 0 9 , L g e n er ;
6 3 67 7 111 I
( t ak e t h e .

T h e Ve d ic s t h zi r a s ( n o m . s in g . masc .
) is an ad
j
. mean i n g s t r o ng it
n e ve r me an s a b u l l .
 1 00 C O MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

62 . A S P I R AT I ON .

A lt ho u g h m o s t of t h e G re ek as
p i r at e s r ep r e s en t th e I E . .

so ft as
p i r at e s ,
yet un d er c e r t ai n c ir cu ms t an c e s w e fi n d an as

p i r at e d e v elo p e d f omr an o ri
g i n al t e n u i s , a te f r th e G r e ek
h ad se
p r
a at e d f om
r th e ot he r c og n at e l an g u ag e s . T h e t wo
c hi f o e c n di t i o n s fo r t hi s d e v elo p m e n t o f an as
p i r at e f omr th e

c o rr e s o n fi s t ly t h e i fl en e o f a p e c e din g
di n g t e n u i s ar e , r n r
p ,
u c

0 ; d s e c o dly t h t f a f llo wi n g 3 9
an ,
n o, 9 I t hae f l o o , , 11 , r . n o

l o w i g c as e s w e fi d t h e as p i r at e d e t o t h e in fl u e n c e o f a p r e
n n u

c e di
g n
X Z S k I
0 :cl d
(t0 c t
)
’
1 L s ci d o G o t h s ka i da
01 , r .
'

zz
'

o u ,
. n ,
.

( I s p ar at ) A t t X 3 { 9
e e
( t h e h m) ; 6 .
4 6
0 3 2 6 5 a 0 1 0 0

77 63 0 5 (m o le ) A tt . 01 0
9 9 i 9 = 0 77 0 f
9 9 (b ask e t
) A t t 0
9
1 0 11 3153 1
) .

0 77 0 11 36 3 11 (i )
n s ect , &c T h i s i n fl u e n c e o f 0 i s v e ry c o m
.

m o n in A t t i c . 23 s o m e t im e s w a s dr o p p e d a ft e r i t h ad as
p i
r at e d th e f o ll o w i n g c o n s o n an t, as in 7 9 11
’

X 01
( I wea r ou t
)
11 1 5x 01 = 0 11 n 0 11 01
7 3 1
X
'
O9 0 1 ( I l o n
g for , b e
)
s id e
7 3 1 0 x9 0 9 ( s t ick
y) 6 b e s id e 6 Z01 (I o c h)
’
77 7 01
x 9 , 77 7 01 0 11 cr u

s o9 a 1 59 0 11 0 9 0 1 , 82 0 . A , 9 , 11 ,
9 as
p i r at e th e p r ec e din g
c o n s o n an ts in 6 11 39 6 x3 n (a coa l p an
) ,
fr o m St . 6 11 99 0 11
(c oa l) ; 11 0 0 0 93 6 01 ( I c a rr b
y y sea
) s u ffi x -
93 0
( 959 5 93 0 0 ) —9 ( cr i l ed 3
-

9 9 0,
pp )-
7 0 177 0 3 6 9 ;
0 ; 01
9 96
u r s ui t b e s id e 101 11 13
a i 9 11 6 6 ( ) 3 ki
( ck
'

X 11 9 1? i w x9 9 p 0
X9 6 9 ,

i n g ) b e s i d e 3 0 11 7 1 0 9 6 9 ; 3 13x0 0 9 fr o m R 3 0 11 560 51911 119 £ 50 .

6 n X9 9 ( g g )
3 6 s l u i s h b e s id e
6 E;3 6 s u ffix — 99 0 ( 11 3 5 7 ,

99 0 11 ) -
7
9 0 &c ; . 7 699 0 ( h e s ) b e s id e S kr tap
as , .

L
“

( to b e w ar m ) . t ep id u s ; ( a t h r e e p r o n g e d fo r k) -

7
9 6 102
; f omr O ld e r &0 . S o m e t im e s t h e
sa me e ffe c t is d ue i n 37 x0 9 b e s i d e
to a
p rece din g n as a l, as

6 11 01 11 967 x11 1 6 11 01 ( I s n o r e ; 0 77 1 11 913 k b i de

6
1 7 ) 9 ( pS ar
) , e s

L s c i n t i lla ; 69 41 73 ( v o i c e ) fr o m R F5 77 ; Bmo t 3x01 11 91 = isxo v m ,

. . .
'

fr o m Exo v n , & c We . h av e a so l a fe w i s o lat e d exa mp l e s

w h e r e a G r e e k as p ir a t e re
p r es en ts an o ld e r t en u s, i wi t h out

b e i n g in fl u e n c e d b y 3 , 9 , 11, 9 or 0 , as in 7 0 6
x9 S kr . t a ku s
 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR . 1 01

(q i k )
u c
; é v v é x10 9 from S t 1 1 0 11 ; 6 3 5 9 01
9 b e s id e . f
( at ) ,
S h r Zip ( t o an o i n t ) ; 11 5 9 0 3 15 b e s i d e 11 5 6 6 3 11
. S kr .

kap ci la
’

( s ku ll) ; 11 5 11 0
9 1 10 39 ( g as p in g ) , b e s i d e 11 0 77 6 01 I
( g p)
as , an d
a fe w ot her c as e s .

63 . F I NAL C ON S ONAN TS .

N , 9 , an d 9 ar e t h e o n ly c o n s o n an t s allo w e d t o en d a wo r d .

T h e o n ly e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s r u l e ar e 511 (fr o m ( f ro m
d t h e i n t e rje c t i o n s 121 677 , 677 , 26 9
an . A fi n al 7 an d 3 ar e

d r o p p e d , o r 7 i s c h an g e d i n t o 9 , as i n 7 6 S kr . ta d ; £9 0
S kr . a b/mt S kr . ab hamn t 7 59 0 9 fo r 7 5
9 07 , &c .

F in al 9 b e c o m e s 9, as i n 369 fo r 30 9 f ro m 30 91 , 959 fo r 95 91 ,
fo r i s lo s t i n o f 77 0 79 , St 3; al s o
X 91
'
0
X 59 0 5 . A voc . . 7 01

11 in 7 60 0 1 , v o c o f . St .
7 0 11 0 1 11 al s o 11 7 i n 6 11 0 , vo c . of

6 11 0 5, S t 6 11 0 11 7 , 61 0 . . W h en s e v e r al c o n s o n an ts, th e las t of

w ic h h is 9 , c o me t o g et h e r , on i s g e n e r ally r e t ain e d , an d
ly on e

th e p r ec e d in g v o we l is le n g t h e n e d in c o mp e n s a t i o n , a s i n

9 59 01 0 9 9 5 0 11 7 9 ; 77 0 19 7 11 3 77 0 1 9 5 11 9 ; 5 69 5 11 139 51 39 5 11 5 9 ; 0 11 61 9
0 11 0
97 9 7 17 0 11 7 9 ; 9 63 6 9 3 0 11 9 ;
9 5 7 5 7 11
9 039 7 57 0

9 07 9 ; 7 1 95 11 7 9 ; 31 30 139 31 30 11 7 9 , & 0 . W e s o m e t im e s

fi n d, as fi n a l s ou n ds, t h e c o m b i n at i o n s
78 , 9 6, 9 ,
as in
2 3 6 0 6 6 9 2, 369 5, ( g az e ll e ) , 619, 6119, 6 19, & C We
9 1
7 9 7
, , 0 .

ha ve 3 9 in th e s in l e c as e 6 3 9 ;
g 9 9 i n ZE o l fo r m s , as
9 6 19 0 9 9 .

11 9 ly i n 53 9 1 0 9 ( w o r m ) ,
on ( wi c ke r b a s k e t ) , b u t m o r e
fr e qu e n t ly i n t h e A r g iv e an d K r e t an d i ale c t s , as T 1 9 0 11 9 , 511 9 ’

5 i 9 , 7 6 11 9 7 0 69 , 6
79 6 11 9 = 6
79 0 139 , & c F i n al i
9 s dr o pp e d o r .

c hag nd i n t o 11 , as i n 77 60 1 11
e S kr
p a t im . S kr . 1 10 00 11 1 ;
29 5 9 0 11 ( 1 s i n g ) S kr a bh a r a m ; . . L . d ecem ; 77 51 7 59 11
= L a i r em ; £ 35 1 20 S k r a di /
cs lz a m ; S kr biz a r d mi
p . . . .

T he 11 595 3 11 0 0 7 01 60 i n 69 5 9 5 11 S kr . a bfi a r a t , &c .
,
is

p e c u li a r t o th e G r e e k l an g u ag e . S c hle i c h e r i s w r o n g i n t r e at
in g in 9 59 0 9 5 11 ( 1 p l
11 .
) &c .
,
hi s as t 11 fo r t h e D or .

an d t h e c o mm o n b o t h p oi n t b ac k to o ld e r
an
9 5
90
9 5 09 .
 ( 1 02 )

C H A PT E R V I .

T HE LAT I N A LP HABET .

T ABULAR V I EW OF T HE S OUN D S .

M UT E S . S E M V OW E L S I . V OW EL S .

Sp i r an ts . N as als . 1
°
l - s ou n ds .

The R o m an s b orro w e d t h ei r f o m t h e D o i a s of a lp h ab e t r r n

C m o mi t ti t h e t h e e as i r at e s 9 as t h e d i d n ot
u ae,
g n
p 9 X r
y , , , 1

p os ess t h e c o
s e
p o d in
g so rr d s s T h e i r al h ab e t
n
p o n s is t e d un . c ,

t h e e fo e o f t h e fo ll w i g l e t t e r s i n t h e g i e n o d e :
r r ,
o n b c , v r r a, , ,

d e f s 1 k l m o p t Z i s s t ill fo u d
g
'

, ,
1, , , ,
11 , , , , r ,
s, , v, a . n
, ,

i a f g me n t of t h e C a m e S ali ar e b u t i t w as s o o l o s t a d
n ra r n n ,
n

w n o t e m l o e d a ai n b t h e R o m an s t i ll i t w as ei t o
as
p y g y r n r

d c e d i C i c r o s t ime t o e p e s en t G r Z i b o r o w e d w o d
’
u n e r r . n r r s,

at w h i c h e r i o d al s o Y w as i n t ro d u c e d as w e ll s t h e c s t om a
p ,
u

o f m arki g t h e G e e k as p i r at e s 9 9 X b y i h p h 1
n r
Q is , , , 1 , , 0 1.

t h e D ri c K o pp ao X ap p e a s at t h e e d o f t h e alp h ab e t b e
. r n ,

c au s e i t w as n o t in t r o d u c e d as e ly as t h e o t h e r l e t t e 03 o ar r s, r

s b ei g s d fo
n ui t I
e t m s t h v e b ee
r d o ted
p ho w e e u a n a v r,
g .
,

b e fo r e t h e a h o s hi p o f E kle i d e s fo aft e r h i t i me t h e
rc n u ,
r s

G e e k s u s d t h e ig E
r e T h e o ld e s t d o u m e t i w h ic h X
s n . c n n

i s fo n d i s t h e S e t s C o s l t m d e B c a ali b s
u n a u S o me n u u ac n u .

t i m e aft e r t h e i t o d t ion o f t h
n D o i A lp h b e t at R o m e t h e
r uc e r c a

d i s t i c t i o b e t w e e t h e g u t t al t e
n n in d m e d i w a lo s t ur nu s an a s

th ere,a w e ll s i Et r i asd U mb i n d C d K ep e
u r a an r a, an
'
an r r
1 04 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

d ip h t h o n g s i s e as i l
y ex
p l ai n e d , f omr th e a s s i mi at i o n l of on e

s ou n d o t h e 61 b e c o mi g t
to th e r,
°

n ,
&c . or f ro m t h e m u t u al a
p
p r o xim at i o n of b o t h t o e ac h o t h e r, 0 1 b e c o mi n g 03, &c .

65 . P R ONUN C I AT I ON OF T HE V OWELS .

A h ad in c la s s i c a l L at i n f ll le r s o u
th e u c a n d o f th e I t ali an

0 . Lon g an d s h ort 13 h ad e ac h t w o diffe e r n t s ou n ds : J in

111 157 , 9 0 1157 , & c , . s oun d e d lik e e in E fa t h er

.
; in t emp es t a t é b ws,
me r é t o , & c , h ad d, *
d w as l an t e d b 1 in t h e
°

. an i -
s oun an
pp su
y
l an g u ag e of t h e e d u c at e d cla s s e s , b u t fi n al ly r e t u rn e d t o e in t h e
l an g u a g e o f t h e c o mm o n e o le é h a d an ae s o u n d , as w e s e e
p p
-

f om t h e O L f
r . o r ms
.
g or
ué s t or es , V i c t or i e, & c , an d t h e d i n ar
y .

fo ms fe d fé m & c ; ? h d an i s o d w h i h w s n
r c un as , nu , . 1 a -
un , c a a

c i e t ly w r it t e
n d w h i c h Q in t ili
n o ti es (I 4 1 8
an in u an n c .
, ,
“

he l e i S ho h d a t hi
°

ere
q e e n
p ne u e
q a t n u r 1 a n

i ou d ; b t in
-
s n lg a L at i i
u ly t im e s i t w
vu
g en e ll
r
y n n e ar as ra

p ro o c ed e
n un t o w hi c h s o d i,
t al o et e d in t h e l te un s r urn a r

E mp ir e T h O s c h d i so e d f w hi c h t h ey u s e d t h e
an a an -
un , or

s ig l a d w hi h w
n n
p ob b l
y t h e s m c t h e F as é f e mé r a a e as r . r .

L o g h d a t hi i o d
n 1
°

a d a b o ad e s o n d w hi ch w s
-
s un , an r -
un , a

w i t t n ei I n L at i t h e al o e x i t e d o n d b et we e
°

r e . n re s s a s u n e

a d e i al e t t t h e G r
u v fo w h i c h C l u di u s i n t r o d c e d
n o r
n
q 0, . 0, a u

t h e s ign F T hi s s o .d w as g e e r lly fo d b e f e l b i als un n a un or a ,

as

i m ax imus vo l6m
n t & I t ap p o ac h e d
, e to
us th
,
C . r n e ar r 11 an

to i s m h a t h e o l d e s t i s c r ip t i o s g n e lly p e e t
n a uc s n n e ra r s n 11 .

T h e C l di I is au ly fo d o i c ip t i o n s i p l c o f G
an on un n n s r , n a e r . 0,

as i n A eg F-t i , Ci-cm w, & c , e xc e p t o n c e fo r G r 1 , i n 61-6 . .

an d o n c e in L F-b er n a t or o n ac c o u n t o f i t s r e la t i o n s h i to
g ,
.
p
Gr . 11 0
6 5 9 0 1 7 11 93 . T his o s d g e n e r ally b e c am e i i n I t a li an ,
un

as m a s s i mo , & c ; ye t w e . fi n d i t k e p t as u i n I t d o c mn en t o an d .

m o n u men t o 0 h ad a c le ar . s oun d in c o lo , 6 0 11 133 11111, & c .

,
an d an

ob s cu r e o n e in t e r mi n a t i o n —03 ,
lat e r —as , p lo s fr u m , & c . T he
L . 11 is a t r ue 11, an d n ot th e sa me as th e Gr .
0 fo r t h e G r e e k s

Of co u rse I me a n t h e I t alian , an d n o t the E n

g lis h
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 05

g e n e all r y t r a n s c r ib e d i t b y o v , as i n K O p Bo r v , N o un ag , & c ,
’
.

an d in so me fe w c as e s b y 0 an d v , a s i n Ho -zr h mdka g , <I ’a v

ar é h o g , &c . T h i s p r o v e s t h at t h e L u w as e qu i v al e n t t o .

n e it he r Gr . 0 n o r v , b u t t h at i t l a
y b e t we e n t h es e s oun ds .

T h at t h e G h d o t t h s me r u d . u s th e L i s al s o s ho w
a n e a so n a . u n

b y t h e f c t t h t o i s ri p t i o s b e fo r e t h e t im e o f A g s t
a , a n n c n u u us

G v i r .
p e t ed bs re
y L i i S t i
r es
g i f o E y pn a d S is i .
,
as n o r r v
’
rc , n

p f
us o E f wp g d
r t h at t h e
y
a t li d G
o Y , i t h
an ei n a ura z e r . n r

t a s c ip t i
r n f G re ek w or d s
r I
on l at e r L t i al o G
o w s . n a n s r . 11 a

on o ced h h m b l i m & wh '

r tun w i
p s ; s e a e o a
o
g n a o
z c e c u v s , sz , .
,
n e

co me I t . s im bo lo , g i n n a s io , & c .

66 . P R ONUN C I AT I ON or T HE S EM I V OW ELS .

H is a s o ft S
p i r an t , t h o u h t r a c e s
g o f a h ar d it ar e f ou n d in
vex i an d t r a xz fr o m w h o
'

an d t r ab o . It seems to be h ar d be
fo re Umb i n fo r m s a h t b e s id e L ct o el t e L
t, in t h e r a u . a , r l .

r ecl e s c ei / to,
L cmp t t b e s id e O s c c ifi a s L s c ip t ee & c
r z r . s
' '

,
. s r . r ,
.
,

t h ou g h e e i n t h e s e i t m ay s c ar c e ly h av e b e e n h e ar d i n
v n

o u n c i at io
r n f w e fi n d U m b b t = L s b c t i an d d i s a
p ; o r s u a n
0 . r . u ,

r ep r e s e t e d i Umb b y a h a o r a h I L a t i i h a d a e r y
n n .
,
. n n t v

w e ak s o un d b e t we e n t w o v o we ls , fo r w e fi n d vem en s /
ve z em en s ,

A la A h a la , p r en d o
p re ken d o , & c . I n i t i al h i n e ar l
y t im e s
s e e m s s c ar c e l t o h av e b e e n r o n o u n c e d ; fo r w e fi n d, i n t h e
y p
S e n at u s C o n s u l t u m d e Bac c an ali b u s a bu z s s e fo r h a ou i s s e, d
’

an

h a r en a m fo r a r en a m . It at l as t e n t i r e ly d i s ap p e ar e d a b out t h e
en d of th e f our t h C en t ur y A . D . F i n al It i s fo un d on ly i n
a h I an d va h

J , w h e n i n i t i al i n s im
p l e w or ds , or in t h e s ec on d p ar t of

c om
p ou n d s , h ad t h e s ou n d of t h e E .
y . He n ce we see t h at

it is o ft e n lo s t i n th e lat t e r in a b i c z t , o b i ci t , ei c i t , coi
’

c as e , as

ci t , & c . Wh i t c r e d b e t w e t w o o w e ls i i mp l w o d
en o c ur en v n s e r s,

h ad s ou d m h n ae ow l a d w as f e q e t ly
j a n uc e r r a v e ,
n r u n

w r it t e n II T h i s o d i s als o s o m e t im e s lo s t as i p lo w
. s un , n s

( S c de . Bac ) for p lai s. I t fi n ally b e c am e z ( p s i n .

3
. a n
 1 06 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

Fr .

j eu n e ,
'

j u e,
g j oi n I t g i ova n e, g iog o, g i u n t o, fr o m L j u ven em,
t, . .

j ug u m ,
j u n ct u m . T h i s c h an g e h ad alr e a dy ap p e ar e d i n l at e
L at in ; fo r on a ve ry lat e i n s c ri p t i o n c on
g i un ta i s fo un d fo r
con
j un et a ; c u us
j is al s o foun d w ri t t e n xo Zo v , an d J es u Z es a
w here z is 2
3
.

S , w h e n i n i t i al, or wh e n m e d i al, b e fo r e anft e r a y c o n

d a n

s o n an t, exce
p t a ft e r 72 , w as a l ways s ha r
p . I i t ial 3 o ly o c cu r s
n n

b e fo r e ro u p s sp s o t n d c on s e q e n t ly
c o n s o n an t s in t h e g , , s ,
a u

m u t h a e b e e n s h arp
s v In i t i l b e for e a o we l w s als o . a 3 v a

s h p fo r i t h as t h i s s o d i t h e R o m a c e la g u ag e s Wh e n
ar , un n n n .

m e d i ] i t w s al s o s h r p b e fo e
a ,
d aft e r o t h e r c o s o a t s
a a r an n n n ,

a s is
p r o ed b
y t h e fo m v
p i l p I t g e e all
y va r s na s , a s us ,
n r

n i he b f e m
s s l a d d a i C a me
e or fo r C me a
, n ,e a ,
n ,
s n na as n , c n

( Um b ges ) co p le t . i d em & c w h ile i a fe w c as e s i t b e

na ,
r u n us , ,
.
,
n

c o me s i c me r & ,
O
as cco t o f it s s ha p s o n d
n ar n ,
c . n a un r u ,

8 w as l o t b e f r e o b e s id e G é kkw & c
f s i
fs ll o o B et wee
,
a n a , . n

t w o v o w e l s w as s o ft s i t h e R o m a c e l a g ag e s ;
s , a n n n u con

s eq e tl u
y i t h i sn
p o s it io i t g e n e all
n
y b e c am e as i t h e t r n r r , n e

m i n at i o n of th e
g en .
p l .
-
m um '
Os c .
—
u z um S kr .
—
d dm s
(s o
G ot h .
—ie r3 le d t o O H . . G .
-
i r o, g en er i s I E . .
g ra n a

s as , &c . 8 b et w e en t wo v owe s l w as l o s t i n s
p ei fo r s
p es i ,

as we s ee fr o m t h e o ld n o m .
p l p . s er es fo r sp es es 8 h ad t h i s .

s oft s oun d ft e r a n , as in c o n s u l, c en s o r , & c , b e s i d e c o s o l, .

c es o r , &c S o w e fi n d “ 71n o n an i n s c r i p t i o n fo r m en s es
.
,

an d in Umb men z a r u L m en s a r um F i n al 3 h ad i n old

. . .

L at i n a v er
y f i a n t s o un d, as we s ee fr o m it s lo s s i n suc h n o mi
n at v e s i s in
g l u ar , as vi
g il, & c .
,
in t h e n o mi n at i v e s p lu r al o f
th e a an d o s t ems , in t h e ve rb al fo r ms o f 2 s in
g d elect a r e, .

lo g ue r er e, & c b e s i d e d e lec t a r is , lo que r er i s , & c , an d i n t h e ad

.
,
.

v er b s ma g e , at e, fo r mag i s , p o t is O n i n s c r i t i o n s o f t h e t i me
p p .

o f t h e Pu n ic Wa rs, we fin d th e s of th e n o m . s in
g the
. of

o —s t e m s s o m e t im e s n o t w it t e n r , an d on i n s c r ip t i o n s o f t h e la t e r

E mp i r e we fin d th e sa me 8 a sol o mi t t e d . C ic e r o c alls the

o m is s io n of a fi na l s b e fo r e an i n i t i al c o n s o n an t su b m s t ic u m ,
w ich h is a
p r o o f t h at i n h i s t im e t h is 8 h ad a ve ry fain t s ou n d
1 08 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

n iu s .
‘
R au mer d e r s <1, t o h av e b e en e q u i
ac c o r di n l
g y c o n si

v al e n t a t a c e r t ai n e r i o d t o b lz v ; o t h e r w i s e , h e s ays , n o o n e
p
c o u ld s a
y9 5 i n t r in
y g t o sa f
y P ri s c i an a s s e r t s t h a t t h e o n l
y
d i ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n an d f is , t h at th e l at t e r i s p r o n o u n c e d
n on
fi xi s la br i s ; t h u s t h e r e w o u ld b e p ro d u ce d a s t r o n
g as ir a
p
t i on . T his a
g rees w it hQ u n i t ili an
’

s d e s cr ip t i o n of th e s o un d,
t h at i t w as for m e d i n t er d i s cr i mi n a de n t i u m . T h e lab i al ele

m e n t in f w as ver
y w e ak ; fo r w e fi n d co n
f er o, i nfer o, Umb .

an
f er en e r , an d n ot com er o ,
f &c .

V , w h e n i n i t i al, or w he n m e d ial a ft e r a con s o n an t, h ad

t h e s am e soun d as th e E . v ; b u t w h e n m e d i al b e t w e e n t w o
v o w e ls i t h ad t h e s o d o f E w a d c on e q e t ly in t h i s lat t e r
,
un . n s u n

p o i t i
s o f e
q e tl
y n an i h d as i
r b
u m n
p t i i G m fv
o G a: s e , n ou , e ,
ceus r iz

v us & ,
T h is l o s s f b e c m
c . e
y c o mm o d er t h e E m
O v a e v r n un

i e whe
r w e meet F ni f F i F l fo F la &
a o n us
c or a vu n r
p , a us , us vus , .

V i t h p e rfe t o f t h
n e —c o j g at io n w o mi t t e d b y t h e m
c e a n u as co

mo p o pl e
n s la bo
e i t fo l bo, it & a whi h i s i de t i l
ra r a r av ,
c .
, c n ca

wi t h t h e I t li fo r m f t h p fe c t as i I t la o
a an m i &co e er ,
n . v rai a a ,
.

I G n k w as e p r e t e d b y
ree v
3 s i r O p p w b e s id e
es n on or ,
a n ua v
'

Bé fip w v , & c .
, an d on c e on an i n s c r ip t i o n b y o u[3 i n M n o uBca
vo g fo r M evia n us . T h is s ho w s t h a t L a t i n v h ad a s o u n d

b e t w e en o u an d B .

I i t i l h ad n a 71 th e st ro g ou d o f E
n s as i s s ho w n b
n
y . n ,

t h e fa t t h at i t e c n ve r in t h i s p o s i t i o n i t e c h a g e s wi t h a y n r n n

o t he so d wi t hi
r un n th e li mi t o f t h e L t in la g g e
s Wh a n ua . en

m e d i al , i t w as al s o
g b e t w e e n t w o v o w e ls , as w e s e e
st r on

f ro m it s b e i n g fr e qu e n t ly d o u b l e d , as i n P or s en n a , b e s id e
P or s en a, &c I t w as al s o s t r o n g b e fo r e d en t al m u t e s
. N .

( ad u lt er i n u m) g h ad a ut tur a l s o un d b e fo r e g 0, d 9 , an . F i n al
n h ad t h e s ou n d o f Fr en c h n a s al n , as we s e e fro m i t s v an s i h

N am G r se c i as p ir a re s o le n t , u t
p ro F u n dan io C i ce r o t e s
“
con t r a

t em q u i p r i mam j
e us l ite r a m di ce re n on p o s s e t , irr i d e t Q u in t “
I ns . . .

”
On ,
I , 4, 1 4 . .
 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 09

in g in n o min at i ve s s i n r i —
ul a
o as o d o h omo
n u, r an d in
g , ,

c et er o
g ui, a li og u i , an d als o f o m t h e f c t t h at ir a n th e o ld dr a
m at i s t s i t s omet imes did n ot m ak e p o s i t i o n w i t h a fo ll o wi n g
c on s o n an t . Me di al n w as al s o w e a k f b e fo r e 3 , , v,
-
j f .

M h ad t h e s ou n d of E . m . Wh e fi n n a l, i t w as v er
y w e ak ,

an d f eqr u en t ly di s ap p e ar e d . In c om
p oun ds o f ci r c u m an d
com it ys w as l o s t b e fo r e a
al w a v o w e l, e xc e
p t in comi t i u m .

F i n al m w a s s o m e t i m e s p r o n o u n c e d as n b e fo r e 72 , d, t, as in
ca n n o b i s C i c O r a t , 4 5 , 1 4 5 ) fo r . .
cu m n o bi s , an t er m i n a m

fo r am am b i ) t er m i n a m ( O r ig M a c r o b
.
, S at I . .
, &c .
, an d
b e fo r e i n i t i al g u t t u r al
an so m e t im e s as n a du lt er i n u m . On
i n s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e t im e s of th e Pu n ic Wa r s, fi n a l m o f c as e

t er m . 3 is s o m e t im e s r
w it t en , an d s om e t im e s n ot ; but a ft e r th e

t im e of th e S en . C on s . d e Bac . i t w as n e ar ly al w ays wr i t t e n .

In th e fi r st c en t ury A . D . fi n a l m w as s c ar c e l
yp r o n o u n c e d in

vu l g ar L at i n , an d w as at l as t en t i r e ly lo s t .

L h ad a s t r on
g s oun d wh en it en ded a wor d or s
y ll ab l e ,

or w he n i t h ad an o t he r c o n s o n an t b e fo r e i t i n th e s am e s l
y
l ab l e , as in s o l, s i lva , c la m s . I t h ad a w e ak e r s oun d wh en i t
b e g an a w or d or s ll
y ab l e , as i n lect u m , t a li s ; an d i t w as
w e ak e r s t i ll w he n it s u c c e e d e d an o t h er l, as i n i lle . L w as

p ro b ab ly s t r on g i n su c h w or ds as la c, lo t u s ( fo r t la t u s ) , lis fo r
(
st li s ) , & c . h
, w er e a
p rece d in g c o n s o n an t h as b e e n lo s t . On
ac c o u n t of l h avi n h i s st o so td w h e r n un fo llo w i n g mu t e,
g g n a

i t w as f eq
r u en t ly s p r at e d f m t h i m t e
e a ro s u by a v o w el , as in

I h ave h e r e a s s u me d t h a t in t h e G r ae c o - I t a li c p er i o d t h e s e n om in a

t ive s e n d e d i n T h is as s u m
p t i o n i s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e fa ct t h at we
-
on .

find co rr e s p o n d i n g n o m in a t ive s i n G r e e k e n d in g i n — mv ; b u t , n o t wi t h

s t an d in g t h i s , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f s u ch n o min a t i ve s i s s t ill v e r
y d o u b t fu l . A s

r e g ar d s c e te r o q u i a n d a li o
g u i , t h ey m ay h a ve o r ig in a l ly e n ded in i , as o t h er

loc a t i ve s , d o mi , & c .

T P r i s ci a n as s e r t s t h at n w as w e ak w h e n i t c a m e a ft e r m, as in d a m
n u m, c o lu mn a , a u t u mn u s , s c a mn u m, a lu mn ‘
zs , &c .
,
b u t t h i s is ve r
y un li k e ly
for the co r r e s p o n d in g I t ali an w or d s d u n n o , c o lori n a , a u t un n o , s c a n n o ,

a lu mz o , & c .
,
s h o w t h a t 71 h er e w a s at le as t a s t r o n e r s o u n d t h an m o t h e r
g ,

w i s e i t co u l d n ot h ave a s s imilat e d t o it self t h e p r e ce d i n g m .

1 10 C OMPAR AT I VE GR AMMAR .

*
d u lc is b e s id e yk vxfig , p u lmo b e s i d e wv s é p wv , s ca lp o b e s i d e

7 ké o w , s cu l o b e s i d e
p y k p
iu w T h i s I h ad a u s o u n d i n h e r e n t
’
.
-

i n i t , h e n c e p er i c lu m b e c am e p er i cu lu m, & c I n F r en c h t h i s .

u- s o u n d o v e r o w e r e d l, as i n c keva ux fr o m ca ba llos , ch eveux

p
fro m c p i llo & c L b e g i i g a s yllab le w as e as ily i t e
a s, .
, nn n ,
n r

c h an
g d wi t h e as i li flo li r b e s i d e s o la r i s & c
,
n L l
r ur a s, ra a, , .

w as p o n o c ed
r ea l
y a s I a s w e s e e f o m t h e f c t t h at l l
un n r , r a

an d l a e f e qu e n t ly i t e r c h a g e d o n i s c i p t i o n s an d i m a
r r n n n r n

n u s cr i t s
p .

R w as a d e n t al s oun d, fo r m e d by t h e v i b r at i o n of t h e t ip

of th e t o n
g u e, as is s h o wn b y i t s b e in g i n t e r c h an g e d wi t h d
an d s .

67 . P R ONUN C I AT I ON OF T HE Mom s .

0 w as i or i
n all r o n o u n c e d in all o s it i o n s a s E Is T h at
g yp p . .

i t w as [C b e fo r e e an d i , i s s ho w n b y i n s c r i p t i o n s , w h e r e
we fin d E cct i ce fo r E q i
u i t es, d ekem for d ecem, an d b y i t s b e in g
i n t e r c h an g e d w i t h g , g , an d ch , in qu er cet u m b e s id e Q u er qu et a
la n u s , vi ci es b e s i d e vig in t i , p u lcer b e s i d e p u lc lzer 0, h o w e ve r , .

fi lly
n a b e c am e a sur d
p al at al s
p i r an t b e fo r e e an d i, as in
I t ali an . T r ac e s of t h i s c h a g e ar e fo u d i t h e i t e c h a g e
n n n n r n

O f ci an d t i, in t h e s ffi x — i ci us o r i l i
u w h e e t h e S kr — ile -
as , r . a

sho w s t h at t h e fo r m e r i s o i g i al a s i co ci o b e s id
r nc ti a ,
n n e on ,

wh er e t h e l at t e r i s or i g i al as b e i n g c o n t r ac t e d fro m co
n , n

ven t io , &c .

It a
pp e ar s t h at 0 b e for e i an d e w as s t i ll
p r o n ou n c e d as k
in t h e s ixt h an d s ev e n t h ce n r
t u ie s , A . D . fo r w e t h e n fi n d S en na
fo r d ecem, 4m m fo r feci t , xp o wceg for cr uc es , & c Be s i d e s G o t h i c .

k, w as u s e d for L c a s in a ilcei t s , li t /
ra m , & c , b e s i d e L ac et u m ,
. . .

l ucer n a , & c . N ow, if c at t hi s

p b e r i o d h ad
e c o m e t h e p al a t al

s
p i r an t , n e it h e r G r . x n or G o t h 10 w o u l d h av e b e e n u s e d fo r
.

in

P u lmo i s n ot b o r r o we d fr o m t h e G r . wv e fip w v ; for , i f it wer e , it s g e

it i ve s in g w o u ld b e p u lmi n i s ) , a n d n o t p u lmé ms
’

n x ve a o vo c
.
p .

1 C o n s u lt , h o we ve r , G e s a mmelt e s p r ac h wisse n s ch aft lich e S ch r i ft e n ,

by R u d ol
ph v on Han mer , p 93 . .
 1 12 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMA R .

in ol d L at i n , as in de de, ded r a, & c . In c l as s i c al L at in t w as

re st o re d, e xc e
p t i n 3 l
p p e r f as cen s uer e, & c , b u t i n l at e r
. . .

L ti
a n i t w as a
g i a n lo st I n U mb r i an , fi n al t i n t h e 3 s i n g of
. .

th e v er b w as lo s t , as i n li a be L . h a be t , p o r t a i a L .
p o r t et , &c .

an d al s o in the 3 pl .
, as i n b en u s a L . ven er a n t, &c . In V ol

s c i an i n 3 s i n g w as lo s t ,
t . as in f a s ia = L faci a t
. .

D w a s p r o n o u n c e d as E . d . F i n al d i s s o m e t im e s in t er
c ha n
g ed wit h t ,
as in t h e fo r ms a
p ut , at , fo r a
p d, u ad , fo un d
on i n s cr ip t i o n s .

P w as p r o n o u n c e d as E .
p F i
. n al
p w a s w e ak e n e d t o b ,

a ft er th e al li n
g aw a
y f of a v o w el as i n a b S k r ap a , s u b
, .

S kr u a, o b Um b b u t t h e o r i i n al w as r e s t o r e d b e
.
p p g . u
p ,

fo r e s an d t . F i n al p w a s al s o as p i r at e d i n o ld L at in , fo r w e
fin d a
f ( S en . C o n s d e T i b u r t ) fo r a b
. Plau t u s , h o w e v e r , r e . .

t ai n s fi n a l p in p fo r vo lu e
va la
p .

E w as r o n o u n c e d as E b B c o u ld n ot ha ve h ad th e
p . .

soun d of v in e ar l
y t im e s ; fo r w e fi n d B u r r us fo r
B o b li cala an fo r m o f P op li o la l p e t b e id
O ld c ,
za a s e a b u s s e, i &c .

In th e l at e r E mp i e h o w e e 6 w a s s o d e d a
r ,
v r, un s v, as we fi n d
on i n s c r i p t io n s s c h fo m s s d evi t m fo
u d eb it r a u r u m, ver va fo r
ver ba , a cer va fo r a cer ba , b ixi t fo r vi x i t , la b o r a b i t an d la bor a i t
fo r la b or a vi t , & c .

68 . T HE V owE L s .

ori g in al a i s l o s t in s m for es m S kr a s mi g ig n o
A n u u .
,

for g ig e a f o m I E g p t r i I E p t as & c
n r . . an , a s . . a ar , .

A I E e s p e c i all y b e fo e 0 an d g ;
. . a, c s S kr s
(t o r a u , . a
'

b e s h arp ) ; g o S k r i ma S k e ar ) ; ab
'

g d m
a i ; l a c as ( a t
r. a
’
,
r . ra

Sk p ( r f
. om ;
) a ai m us r us S k r ila
( w i d
an) ; & c I n , an ,
. an n .

Umb ia d O s c n an o i g i al
r n an i s r e t ai e d m o e f e q e n t ly
a r n a n r r u

t h an i L t i as i O U a d O O a t e L i t e A te
n a n ,
n . n . . n r . n r , n r

s t tu i
a ( d a t
’
s i g ) L I .t e t i tnce (t h e am e of a
.
g o d d es s
.
) n rs n
,

N O mp fi d L i mp obe
. . a r u . r .

T he vo we l i wa s pe r h a p s e q u i vale n t to the Fr é .
f er mé . I t i s wr i t t e n

i on t h e Ba n t i n e T a b le , b u t in t h e Nat ion al O s can A lp h a be t i t s s ig n is p .

 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 113

E . I E . . a : e u us
q S kr . a s vas
'

( h o a rse
) d e cem S kr .

da s f S kr bh a r a n t a m
'

( er en t em
an ten ) .

( ac c . &c .

T his e h as i n s o m e c as e s
p as s e d t hr o u g h a : ver to O L . . vor t o,

S kr . va r t (t o t ur n ) ; ves t er O L . . v os t er , S kr . vas (v o s ) , &c .

I n Umb r i an an d Osca n e 1 . E . a : N U . . des en = S kr d a s .

'
an ;
N U . .
p et u r L q . ua t uo r
'
O . 0 . s et
( sun t) S kr . san ti

O o . . mefi a i d
( at . s in
g .
) L . me dics , S k r ma d li g a .

(me dius ) ,

&c . S hor t e w as d e v e lo p e d i n s ome c as e s i n G r ae c o -

I t ali c

t ime s , as we see f om
r a co mp ar i s o n O ffer o , de cem , s ew, eg o, & c , .

w it h Mw ( o ,
S exa , 35,
’
&c I n o t h e r c as e s , h o w e v e r , a
.

e xi t e d t h
s en ,
fr o m w h i c h i n a ft e r t i m e s e w a s d e v e lo p e d i n on e

la n g u ag e , w h il e a was ke pt in th e ot he r, as i n ma n eo b e s i d e
ué v w , eg en us b e s id e &X fiv ( n e e dy) , a n g u is
'
ls xi g , cen t u m = Exa
T o v, & c L o n g e w as als o d ev e lo p e d i n G r aec O
.
-
It a li c t i m e s ,
as in se mi 7 1 1“ h er :
K 1? 7 ( he dg e ho g ) , s ie m s l ums & e .

I I E . . a ig n i s S kr ag n i s ( fi r e ) g ui n q ue S kr p a ii lc a n
. .
’

( fi ve ) ; i n t er S k r a n ta r ( w i t i n ) , & c
. S o als o i n U m b r i an h .

an O s cad n , as in N U . . dir saus ( 3 pl p r e s . . o j ) f o m di s

c n . r v ,

O U te
. . r
"
fo r d id , a r e d u li c at e d fo r m
p of d ; 0 O it
a . . s

S kr as t i (es t ) &c A i n b e c o mi n g i , as s e d t hro h u

.
,
.
, p g a n

—s t a f om b e s id e S kr
e
g e , as we see
); r a s s i dea s ede o, . s ad
(t o si t

e n o f n omen = I E a r t ficis , e n of a r t i ex ,
n o mi n i s , n d m i g f
'
an
g g . . . .

fro m fac ia, & c I i n s o m e c as e s m ay r e p r e s e n t an o ld e r 0 ,

.

as i n levi s —lis ( in s im i li s
A ei o q ,
’

, ( i n Op a h o g & c )
'

, .

( i n o u la ri s & c
p p ) — n p o g ( in ,
. Xv u n p d g , i m ber b e
id e riyfi p o g , i lle b e s i d e o llus , i llic o b e s i d e lo c u s , i n g ui li n be
’
s us

s id e i n c o lo , & c .

0 I E . . a : vomo , S kr . mm ( to v o mi t ) vOs
'

S kr . va s

(y ) e ; ov s i S kr . a vi s
( a s he ep ) ; ma i
r ar , S kr ma r .
( to di e ) , & c .

So re
p r es en ts s va in s omn us S kr . s va
p nas
( s le e
p) ; s or or ,

S kr s ou n d S kr
S kr . s va s d r ( s ist e r ) s an us = . ava n a s
( ) s acer .

R ,
re
p re se n t e d in t h e O ld Umb r ian A lp h ab e t b y q , an d i n t h e N ew
U mb i
r an b y r s , mar ks a pe cu l iar ch an ge o f d , an d was p r o b ab ly a s t r on g

h is s i n g r .
1 14 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

'

s vas ur as
'

( fat h e i r n -
la w ) ; s o cr u s S kr .
'
s va s r i w
' ‘

( m o t he r i n -

l aw ) . I n Old L at i n 0 i s k e p t , w h e r e i n l at e r L at i n u is fo un d .

b e fo r e 3 an d m , i n t h e t e r min at i o n s t as ( n o m -
. si n g m as c )
. . an d
-
t am( i g m as cac e . s n . . an d in n eut e s r in —
as , as
g en os

S kr g a n a s , an d V en o s
.
'

( fem ) , i n d at .
p l t e rm . . b as S kr .

bh yas . Umb ri an 5 I E d T h i s N U 5 i s r e pr e
In N ew , . . . . .

s e n t e d i n O ld Umb ri an b y d an d i s c o n s e u e n t ly a r e t u rn t o
q ,

t h at Ol d e r s t ag e t hro u g h w h i c h t h e O ld U mb ri an 5 mu s t h av e

as s e d u s t as t h e o l d a h as b e e n r e s t or e d i n I ali an T h
p j ,
t us .

w e h ave 0 U p up lu m N U p op lom = L p op u lu m fr o m I E
. .
,
. . .
,
. .

o fi ll ) ; N U o r t am = L ar t a m ; O U n umen
an d S kr p a r
( t . . . . . .
,

N U n amen L n amen ; N U cr am (i n fi n i ti v e o f ve rb es t o
. . . .
~

.
,

b e ) an ac c u s at iv e o f an o s t e m ; N U af er om ( amb ife r r e ) & c

,
-
. .
,
.

I n O s c an a I E = 0 p ut ur iis
, ( n o m .
— I E .lova .
’“
. . .

t ar d s L u tr i ; O O p ud N O p at L quad . . .
,
. . .

I E lcva d ; O O vi u L via (b u t a i s ke p t I n ac c vi m vi
. . . . . . a ,
a,

L via m p a m = L q ua m
.
,
i n O O ab l s i n g s a ka a lclud .
,
. . . . r

( s ac ell o
) al t h o u h t h e u s u al t e r m i s
g ,
u d T h i s a I E a -
. : .

w as d e e l o p e d i n s o m e c as e s i n G r ae c O I t ali c t i m e s a s i n s ol
v -
,

[ as ( flo g ; p r o o d or b e s i d e o2a f d uo
‘ ‘

7r
p o » ; er a

( d uo, h o w e e r i s m o e u s l) 36m mbo ifn o I m a y

v , r ua a t» . n n

o t h e r c as e s ho we e e xi s t e d t h e ,
s w e s e fr o m t h fac t v r, a n ,
a e e

t h at t h e o ri g i al a i s k p t i o of t h e s e l g ag e s an d a i
n e n n e an u , n

t h e ot h e r o i t b c o me s e i o e la d a i t h e othe
‘

r e n n n
, g ag e u , an n r :

t h s w e h a e a b e s id e
u i n d om e b e s id e B n a
v d s be a ar , a l) , ar ua
'

side 6 9 969 , da r e b e s i d e 31 30 va z b e s id e
'
. c or n u s xp c wo v , la n cea
b e s i d e A 67 X ", & c , an d e b e s id e a i n n o vus v éFo g S kr n a va s . .

n e w ) , vomo b es id e Eu l a», S k r va m t o v o mi t , v0 7: b e s id e 27m g ,

( ( ) . .

S kr . valc
'

( o i
v ce) , &c .

U I E . . a, w ich h
h ad p r e vi o u s ly p as s e d t hro u g h a : g en us
O L . .

g en os .
'
S kr g a n a s , G r yé v o g ; op us S kr ap as ( w o r k) . .

f er un t O L . .
f er o nt = G r ( f
pp o v r t S k r bh a r a n t i ( t h e
.
y b e ar ;
) .

n a vi b us fr o m n av i bos S kr . n d u blzyas ; d at us Gr . Son ic ;

0
i n t h e O s can A lp h ab e t r e p r e se n t e d (
b y I , was p r on o u n ce d as

L at in 0 .
116 C OM PARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

O s c an ; O U f . . u ia
( s it ) S kr bh fi g d t ,
. an d f ain
(es to) f omr

R .
f u = S kr
bh u ( t o b e ) ; . N U f é ( n o m p l ) L r ub i
. . r u r r . . . r ,

S kr . l ir a ( b lo o d ) , N
r ad/ . O fa id ( O p t p e rf ) an d fas t ( 3 s in g
. . . .

fu t .
) fr o m R fu . .

0 I E u . .
, on ly i n f or e fr o m R f u . .

I I E u: . . li bet b e s i d e lu bet , S kr la b]: ( t o d e s i r e ) . ali en s

fr o m la c r u ma , S kr
'
clu o ; la c r i ma . as r u
( a
)
t e ar ; t ib i , S kr .

t u bh ya m (to t hee ) ; ma n i on s fo r ma n u b u s ; f r uc t fer

i , ar c ite
n en s , c or n i
g er ,
&c .
, fo r f r uc t u er
f ,
a r c u te n ens , co r n u er
g ,
&c . SO
al s o in Umb rian w e fi n d 0 . U . s im ( ac c . s if ( ac e .
p l .
)
f om
r a ste m si ( a pi g ) , L . s us ;O U an d N U ma i ( ab l
. . . . n .

s in
g .
) L . ma n u O U
. . t i u, N U ti om t i o ( ac e s i g ) S kr
. .
,
. n

t va m .

69 . G UNA AND V R D D HI .

T he 1 . E
p r e s en t e d i n L at in b y e o
. a is
; its g a is
re , , a un

a as i G r e k ; i t s r d dh i i s p rh a d T h
”

o n s a a e e n a v an
, e, , p g e . u

o f i w as i O L ei l at e i a d e a d i l t e ae ; i t s r d dh i
n . .
,
r n , n a , a r v

w as i O L o i l t n oe a i . Th g . of w as i O L eu
, a er , , . e un a u n . .
,

a n d l te 6 ; ita d dh i w as i O L o l t
r au, a I L t in s vr n . . u, a er . n a

cu t h e O ld
,
g f w as s
pp l a t ed b
y t h
un a O
e d d h i o w h ile u, u n vr n,

c o n v e rs e l i G e ek t h e d d h i w l t ed b t h vr
y n
as
pp y r e
gu on su an n a

av I t h e fo llo wi g t ab le t h e O L d i p h t h o g
. n
‘
e l
p ced n . . n s ar a

i n b r ack e t s .

P ri mit i V o w ls e ve i e , o, a , u

G un a ( ) 5 e, ( ) ai ( cu )
’

o , e, a, cl ae , an a

V r ddh i ( oi ) ( )
‘'

a a s a, z
a ou a

I n t h is t ab le I h ave foll o wed S c hl e ich er , e x ce p t t h at i n s o me cases

I co n s id er i t o be a vr d d hi o f i . M an y o f t h e e xa mp le s g i ve n b y h im to

i ll us t r at e t h is t ab le ar e v er y d o u b t fu l . I n dee d , i t is al m os t i mp o ss i b le t o
se
p ar a t e fr o m e a ch o t h e r th e s h
p e r es of g un a a n d vrd d h i in L a t in , o n ac

c o u n t of th e al mo s t u n i ve r s a l r e d u c t i o n o f t h e o ld d ip h t h o n g s t o mo n op h
t h on g s . T h is is a sol th e cas e wi t h U mb r i an . I n O ld L a t i n an d O s ca n t h ese
d iph t h o n g s h ave b e e n kep t , b u t t h en h ere w e lab o ur un d er a wan t of ma
te r ials .
 C OMPA RAT I VE G RAMMAR . 117

71 i s t h e g u n a of a i n th e f o llo w i n g e x am p l e s 5 p ax , p ac i s
n a b e side
b e s i d e p ac is ci ; lat er n a b e s id e lat eo va i vac o
f
’
su
g
r a iu m b e s i d e r a or , fr o m R f g ( b r e ak ) i
f g f g ra . to ; sa
g r e, s a us
g
lai b i b e s i d e laba r e m b -ag es b e s id e ag o , a mb
’

b e s i de s a aw
g a

ig er e f r at er , S kr bh r d t a r , . f om R
r . oli ar , & c
’

T h e e mi n in . f e

of th e a —s t e m s al s o en d e d in a o r i g in a lly ; n o va Gr . v éFd
S kr . n av d ( n ew
); c oc t a
‘

G r m u f f; . I E . . lcva lct d , & c . 50

in Umb ri a a ( w it t e n h h ) i s g u n a o f a as i n O U f
n r a a, a ,
. . ra

tra m N U f at am (fr t r u m ) & c

, . S o al s o i n O s c an as
. r r a ,
.
,
in
S ta ti is L S t at i u s b e s i d e s tat s fr o m R s t a
a .
,
u , .
’

E is f e: t eg u la b e s i d e t eg a ; lé w, leg i s , co lle a b es id e
‘ ’ ‘

g un a o g
i s b e side r e o : s ed es b e s i d e s ed eo ; s e me n b e s i d e
’

lé g o
’ ' ’ ' ’

r ear, re
g g
s at us f om R
r .
;sa
t d p e r h ap s an a fe w ot her c as e s . I m ay b e
un a of in s i c a b e s i d e s é co
’

e
'

g .

O
i s g u n a o f e p r o cus b e s i d e p r ecor ; fo r s , fo r d us (p r e g
n an t
) b e s id e
f er o t o a b e s i d e t e o , S k r s t li a dm i
g g g ( I c o v e r
) .

m on eo b e s i d e men s , m emi n i , S kr ma n ( t o t h in k ) n ac eo b e s id e .

k ill) ; mo d us b e s i d e m eder i ; als o

’

Gr S kr ( o
’
t
’

n eco , . v eIcv g ,
. n as

b e fo r e t w o c o n s o n an t s in p an d as b e s i d e p en d er e, ex t or r is b e
side te r r a , &c . 0 is g un a Of a i n p ar t io b e s i d e p a r s , s cabin a

b e s id e s cabo , &c
’

U is c on s i d e r e d b y S c hl e i c h e r t o b e t h e v r d dh i o f a , e s p e
i lly w h e n
c a a n o r i i n al a i n a r o o t i s r e r e s e n t e d b
g p y a
p e r

s On a b e s i d e s an a s , S kr s o u n d ; vomer b e s id e vamo
s va n
( t o ) .
,

S kr . va m (t o vo mi t ) sa
p i o b e s ide sa or ,
p S kr . e va
p (t o s le e
p)
s ad es b e sid e s ad a lis ; vax , voe s i b e sid e vaco ; aciar b e s id e
S kr é s ( qu i c k ) fr o m R (t o h
' '
Gr i mag be p ) ; do
“

. . as ,
. as s ar

n u m , d os , d ot i s b e s i d e d at a s
' ’

f om R
r . d a ; g n d t us
’

G r v r og, .
’

men b e s i d e n at a , co n i t u s da t ar em Gr S o r fip a S kr d d
’

g no
g . .

t air a m ,
’

&c . Ui s fo u n d b e s id e a in —t ur us b e s i d e —
t or ( d a t a
’

-
i

r us b e s i d e d a t or , & c .
) t er m g .
,
of en .
p l — um —
. r um fo r um ,
-
,

—
r um S kr .
-
am, s dm. In U m b r i an w e fi n d 0 . U . a, N U . . o,
“

O U ume N U n o men L n ame t e m

a s v r dd h i o f a : . . n n ,
. .
‘

. n r .

of l 0 U —um N U —o m as i O U N U
f m
'

g en
p . .a t u . .
,
. .
,
n . . r r , . .

f a t orm N U kr
vé s
'

t u O L qua i s t a & c I n O s c an a i s
. . r . . r, .
 1 18 C OMPARATI VE G RA MMAR .

vr ddh i of a i n N O . . Iren s t ur L . cen s o r ; O O . . F lu u sa i L .

F lar es fro m R fla . .

B
( ),
i g fo l
i , e is t h el o w i g e x am l e s
p d i vas u n a Of i in t h e n

d i ce d ei i n a m & ar e fo u n d o n i n s c r i t i o n s ) fro m R d i
( e v , c v
p , .
, . v

h i O L d e i co b e s i d e ca us i d tcus f o m R di
( t o s )
n e ; d i co ,
e . .
, r .

S kr d is ( t o p o in t o t ) ; i d
.
'
O L cid as ( t h e d ays o f f ll u us , . . u

m oon a d t h e r e fo r e t h e b ri g h t e s t d ays ) b e s id e S kr i d li ( t o
,
n , .

b u rn ) ; i i t i t ( fr o m e
s,o I g )
o b e s i d e ei s ei t ei t
, ar d ifei , , , ,
ur

den s , con fi d e b e s id e
p f
er i d us lei b er t i n us b e s i d e li bid o, & c I n .

O s c an w e fi n d 0 O ci, N O ci as g u n a o f i i n N O d eicu m
. . . . . .

( in fin .
) f o m R r . d ia N O d ei m um ( i . .
’ "
n fin t o . s we a r) O O ,
. .

deiva i b es i d e L d i vas fr o m R
g ( d at . s in
'
.
) . . di v .

i i h u n a o f i i n a i d i li s , a edes , a es t as
(f
( )
A ,
ae s t e
g o r ced t as )
b e s i d e S kr id h (t o b u r n ) , G r a i Bw , a i Onp ; ae vom, O L a i vam,
’ ’
. . . .

fro m R i ( t o g o ) aem l s b e s id e i m it r i ; maes t b e s id e mis e ;

. u u a us r

a d n
p e rh a s a fe w o t h e r c a s e s
p I O s c an w e fi d i as
g . n n a . un a

ofi i O O nid li s L ced i le a d i Umb i an e as i O U

. . a i s, n n r
“

, n . .

Lv é s t ur O O lcv is t O L qua i t or. . a ur . . s .

( Oi ) , is t h e d dh i f i, in f ee d us b e s id e f id es
'

as , a vr o as

O L . . la bes u m li b e r u m ) b e s id e li bet ;T o i ti le , oet ier , ut i er ;

lo ido s , loedas , Ind us ; moi r os , ma er os , 1n

p lo i
ur us r u me,
p lo e ra,

p l ur es ; coi r a vit , coer a vi t , c ur a vit ; moi n icip i um , c omo in em ( S c .

de i n mce n is , coman is o in vor s ei

(S c . de G en us ,

an us , &c . In O s c an w e fi n d 0 0 ii i, . . N O . . o i , a s v r dd h i of
i, as in O O . . m uin ilrs ( n om . s in
g m as c. .

) b e s ide O L . . co mai
ne m uitt i uf b e s i d e o i t i le, ut i er .

I a
pp ea s r to b e th e vr d d hi Of i in a fe w c as e s m i ti s for

A d ei va u m in O s ca n me an s t o sw ea r , fr o m S t d e i va g od ) , so
’
s .
(a
in Le t t i c we fi n d t h e in fin . devat ee s , als o mean i n g ‘
to s we ar ,
’
fr om S t .

d e eva (a g od ) , de vs ( n om . s in g .
) L . d i va s .

f T h e roo t s l ib an d
fid ar e the ly t wo r o o t s in
on a t in t h a t a
p pe ar as L
w ell i n t h e ir s im l in t h e ir g u n a an d vrdd h i -fo r m s t h u s we h ave
p e as

R l i b , I i b et , lei be r t in us , lo e b es u m R dif e i d e
. .
fi d f i de s, ,
ns ,
f o id u8 .
1 20 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

b ac k t o a f o m R as S k
G r sec o I t -
. k (t b u n )
a us as , r . r . as o r ,

t h i s roo t a e ar i i i t s n a for m i n t h e E u r o e an l a
n u
a es -
n
pp g g p g g n u

a s O N a us t ( o i e n s
) L i t h us a r
( m o i ) w h i l e it a a zr rn n
. . ur
g , p .
,

e ar s i n i t s s i m p l e for m i S a s k it a d Z d s Sk n h d sd n r n en a r us
p .

( m or n in
g) l ci
( ea l ,y) Z as i h ( m o in
g ) ; r
g e b
, e i d e . us a rn au o s

G r ii Ew L i t h d ug
. a ,
I
( g ro w ) . fr o m R u u
g I h a e al ad
y ,
. . v re

o i n t e d o t t h at t h e s e w o r d s ar e s s c e t ib l e o f d i f
(p . 65 )p u
p u a

f e t e x p l n at i o
er n A afr e q e n t ly b c o me s a b y p s i g
n . u u e ,
a s n

t hro u g h t h e t e p a o w h i c h i s fo s d i A eli us
, wh i c h un n or ,

c c ur s o n a o ld i s cr i t i o n T h us w n h od f ud n as ,
o
p a e o . e v r us r ra

c oda fo c u da & c r a A f e q t ly ri s f o m
,
. u s in c r t u en a se r a v, a a u us

f m c ea f t f o m f us a & c
ro av , au o r r a ,
.

O
( ) a i s ut h e
,
dd h i o f s i O vr L L u i l m e n u, a n . . o c n a, ou ,

L uc et i
o f o m R luc r uf fro m R d l & c I n p oub lico
os r . us . ru i , . s,

e rs t o b a t h e r d dh i o f e t h t e e e tv o i i an r r s n s an r
o u a
pp p g u a

n al aI U m b ri
. n O U a N U a i s l o t h e ddh i o f
an , . .
, . a s vr u,

as i N U afn . L uf & c ( O ) a i L t in
. r u . r e as , l o . u n a ar i s s a s

f m t h e r eje c t i o n O f t h s p ir a t j an d f o m t h e o c ali ti o
ro e n , r v z a n

la n s fo r l S
o f v, as in c a n at i
j c o u n ct i ,
p p jo us , n o u n d i n u m
( c .

d e R ac e fo r n o ven d i n u m , n ou n t i os fo r n o vi ven t i os , & c

.
) .

70 A . S SI M I LATI ON OF T HE V owE L s .

On e vo we l is f
o t en as s im i lat e d t o p a r ece di n g on e, as in
l u t ealus fro m S t lu t ew
. vin o len t as fr o m S t . vi n u b e s i d e li a r
t a lus , t r uc u len t us ; t r is t i t i es b e s i d e t r is t it ia s i em = S kr s d m
; .
y
—i en s (i n t o t i en s , &c .
) b e s i d e S kr .
—ig d n s a b e in g n e ar e r t ha n

u to i an d e , an d e b ein g n e ar e r t h an to i a .

On e vo we l is as s i mil at e d t o a fo llo w i g n on e , as in ex i li u m

b e s id e ex u l ; n ili i l, n is i , n i mis , n i mi r um b e s id e n e,
f
n e as ; f a

m i li a b e s id e f a mu lus b en e b e s i d e b on u s i l lecebr a’ b e s id e i l
li c io ; s o b o les fo r s u b o es l s o co r s fo r s ec o r s
q uea m b e s id e

t e fe ; n a us ea G r .
va n a ia ; & c .

V ow e ls a r e fr e q u e n t ly i n fl u e n c e d b y n e h
ig b o u r in g con so
 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAM MAR . 121

T h u s t h e l ab i als d l p r e fe r i n H ecu b a
‘
n an ts . an u , as = E x éfin ;
o ccu i u m , b e si d e i
ca can t u b er n i u m b e side t ab er n a
p a , a uc u
p p o ;

O L .
p . oco lom b e c om es p ocu lu m ep i s t u la r o kfi ; mon u
Em a -
m en t u m b e s id e mon i men t um p a ls b e s i d e mi kr o g s ep u lt a s fr o m
se
p e li o i n su ls us fr o m s a ls as , & c R fr e qu e n t ly p r e fe r s e .

b e fo r e i t , as in o
p er i s , c i n er i s , b e s id e no mi n i s ca mer a f omr

xa p é p a , &c . In so me c as e s r t ak e s b e fo r e i t o, w he re ot h e r

w is e w e s h ou ld h av e e x
p e c t e d u , as in a n c or a ciyxvp a
’

f or i s

b e s id e sag a ; for e fr o m R .

f u ; c orp or i s , g en . s in
g . o f cor
p us
p ar
( i n M a r c i or
p ) p u er . T h e d en t al p
n re e sfr i in ceci n i

f om R
r . ca n ; mach i n a fr o m n o mi n i s , h omi n i s , & c .

F i n al n ,
howe v er , c ha n
g ed t hi s i in t o e, as in car n i cen , no

m en , & c .

g. 71 . D I S S IM I LATI ON O F T HE V owE L s .

The L at i n l an g u ag e d o e s n ot a ll o w on e v ow e l t o b e fo l
l o w e d b y t h e s am e w i t h o u t t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n o f a c o n s o n an t,

b u t alw ays c h an g e s t h e fi r s t o r s e c o n d O f t h e s e v ow e s l in t o
an o t h e r , as i in t o e, an d u in t o 0 . T h us we h av e
p i eta s , e b r i eta s ,

s oc i eta s , fo r p i i t a s , & c , b e s i d e levi t a s , ca r i t as

. a r i et i s ,
p a ri et is ,
fo r a r i i t i s , & c , b e s i d e mi li t i s
. a li en u s , A vi en u s , & c , b e s i d e .

p er e r i n us ,
g &c . h i et a r e b e s id e c la m i t a r e va r i e a r e
g b e s id e
le vig a r e ; la n i en a b e s i d e ca r n
ifi ci n a ; meia fo r mii o , an d t hi s
for m igja, b e s i d e mi n g o , G r b p ixw p ei ar fo r p ii ar ei , ei s , .

d ei , & c ar e o l d e r an d m o r e c l as s i c al fo r m s t h at i i , i i s , d i i , & c ,
.. .

w ic h h w er e al s o s o m et im e s w ri t t e n 5, i s , di , &c
p et i ei , o s t i ei ,
.

J a li ci , vi ci s , & c , b e s i d e t h e l at e r
. fo r m s , p et ii , os t ii , J u li i , viis , & c .

Up t o th e p erio d of A u
g u stus we n e ve r fin d nu o r vu , b ut
lw ays u o an d v0 , as in equ o s , s er vos , n ovo m , ae u o m, vo l
a
q p es ,

vo lt , & c .

72 . V owE L s LEN G T HENE D IN C O MPEN S AT I ON .

Wh en a c o n s o n an t i s lo s t , th e
p r ece din g v owe l i s fr e

q u en t ly le n g t h e n e d in co m p e n s at i o n ; or ,
if t wo vow e s l ar e

t h us b r ou g ht t o g ether , t h ey ar e c o n t r ac t e d in t o on e . T hu s
 22 C OMPAR AT I VE G R A MMA R .

we h av efir s t c as e p é s for p eds a ies fo r a iels p a a

in t h e r r n

fo r p as n o R p as fo u n d i p as u i c o m p t e rm — ia — i i n -
r or s

—
. .
, .
, ,

I E ya s —
.
yan s as
.
-
ac c
p l n t e rm, I E s &c . . .
‘

os . .
-
an ,
.

I m an y c as e s how e e r t hi s v o w e l i s ag i
n ,
ho t e e d in v ,
a n s r n , as

p ed e for p
’

e
sd es
p ed é t s p a te G fip f or
p t e & c
’

,
’

r r . n ar , a rs, .

A g ain w fi d c o t ac t i o i n f ci fo fefft c i R f c f eg i
‘
’

,
e n n r n e r , . a r

f f g
e e ri R f g f
r a
’
d i for
, ffa a d i .R f adra m a i fo momovi ,
. v r ,

R mo favi for fdfd vi R f v & c S imila ly w e h a e emo

. v , . a ,
. r v n

fo r n ee mo n a- ka ma ve men s veli emen s a mo a ma o , an d

o t h er ve rb s of t h e fir s t c on ju g at i o n , &c .

73 . WEA K EN I N G OF T HE V owE L s .

V o w e ls ar e
g e n e r ally w e ak e n ed i n w o r d s w ho s e w e i g h t i s
in r
c e as e h e r b y r ed p li t i
d e it u ca on , or by c om
p os i t ion , or by
b e in g fo rme d fro m o t h e r s t e m s b y m e an s of s ufiia es . T hu s a

b e c o m es e , as in f ff
a l lo , lli ; p a r co ,
e e e
p p er ci ba r ba , i m ber bis ;
er ect us , & c
f i
a r c a , r e er c i o
f fa ct u s ,
p f .

A b ec ome s i , as i n ta n g o , con ti n g o ca
p i o, a cci
p i a
f a t eor ,

ma n us , em i n a s m, en i m J up i t er
co n
fi t eor ; na
p a t er , ca n o ,

cec i n i , &c . T h is i
of c o s e p as s e d t h o g h t h e s t g e e an d e ur r u a ,

i s t ill k e p t in c as e s wh e r e i mi g h t h a e b e e x p e c t e d as i
s v e n , n

e e i ( p r i o)
r t b i c en ( ca n a) wh e r e t h e r e t e t i o n o f e i s d u e
a u n
p p , ,

to an d fi
r l n a n .

A b e c o me s as in c i
p o occ p da t us I E d a t as G
u, a , u o . .
, r .

S g ; t a be n a co t b er n i m & c T h i s u p as s e d t h o u g h t h e
'

or o r ,
n u u ,
. r

st a e 0 ; t h u s L da t us an d G S i p o in t b ac k t o a G co r. on r es
g c .
, ,

I t l i c da t s
a a .

A b ec o m e s e a s in h alo h elo , ,
an .

E b e c o me s i , i n leg o , c o lli g a emo , r ed i mo

as t en eo , r et i

&c In r e d u l i c a t e d s llab l e s e i s u n c h an e d , as in t e
n eo , .
p y g
t en d i ,
p p e en di . E b ecome s 7, a s i n lé n is , d eli n i r e t e la ,
'

s u b t i li s

i t b e c o me s ai n t h e re d li c at e d p e rfe c t p a d i
'

u
p p a .

A s b e c o me s i , as in a c u a s , i n i u us ; e md a, cec i d i , &c
q q .

A u b e c o me s a a n d a, as in f a uc es ,
su
f aco p la u d a, ex
p lad o
ca us a , a cc us o c la ud o , i n c ludo , & c .
124 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMA R .

is e it h e r lo n g or s hor t r e p r e s e ,
n t in g an I E . . d , as a (i n a
g o,

G r dym) .
—
d —dmi , &c .

V o w el s ar e s hor t e n e d al wa
y b e fo r e fi n al t , as i n a md t fo r
s

mat , & c t r ac e s of th e o ri i n al a ar e s t i ll fo u n d i n t h e P o e t s ,
a .
g
as in Plau t u s , T e re n c e , & c . T he s am e is t h e c as e wit h th e

v er b al t e r min at ion s -
ci , it, an d is . W e fin d als o ma t er fo r
ma t er , G r p a r fip ; p r wt ar for p
.
,
&c r a t or
'
.

Me di al v o w e ls ar e als o fr e qu e n t ly s hor t e n e d , as i n do c eo
for d aceo ;
‘

a ud i o for au dio ; ’
rc i fo r r ei ; s
p ei for s é
p ;i d eus
fo r d é us , an d t h i s fo r dei vo s D ia n a fo r D ia n a ; un i us b e s id e
un ius ; &c .

75 . T OTAL L os s OF T HE V owE L s .

F i n al e i s l o s t i n t h e i m p e r at i v e s d i e , d uc , f ac,
f er , i n g er

( C at u ll 2 7 , . i n h i e, li cec , li ac for li ic e, & c .

; in voc .
fi li for

fi li e, & c . in i mp e r . a ud i fo r a u d ie , &c . ; in a mo r
( 1 s in g p r e s . .

p as s .
) fo r a ma s e ; & c .

F i n al i i s l o s t i n es t G r i cr r i
.
fer i t S kr bli a r a t i ;
.
f er un t

S kr bh a r a n t i
.
( t r emon t i is s t il l fo u n d in C ar m . S ali ar ; .
f er i s

S k r bli a r as i , & c
. I i s l o s t i n p u lvi n a r b e s i d e p u lvi n a r e fo r
.

u lvi n a r i , an d s imil ar n o u n s i n — —a r i i
p p er G r m n ep i
’
ar
p .

a ca i, d fic u l, s im u l
f il fa ci le & c , fo r
f aci li , & c ; t o t S k r ta t i ; , . .
: .

q uo t S kr . lca t i ut b e s id e u t i, U . at e, 0 . an ti ob G r Em .
’

S kr . h i ( ad ) ; a d
ab S kr . ad li i ( su
pe r , ad ) &c, .

F i n al 0 i s l o s t i n a b Gr . ( n i 6 -
p ( S kr
ab
) . a a su b Gr .

S kr o—s t e ms i n G r e e k L at in
ii n 6
-
. u
p a ( ad ) ; fo r , as th e an d
co res r p on d t o th e a - st e m s i n S an s kri t , t h e G r aec o -
It a li c fo rm s
o f a b an d s ub mu s t ha ve en d e d in o .

M e d ial v o we s l ar e l o s t b e fo r e e it he r v o we s l or con s o
n an ts : t h us b e fo r e a v o w el i i s lo s t in m in us fo r m i n i us , se ma
n i mus fo r se mi an i m us ; e i s lo s t i n n u llu s fo r n e- u l us l ,
n us
qua m
fo r n a- u s ua
q m o i s lo s t i n u n ac u lo s fo r una o c u l us .

M e d i al a i s l o s t b e fo r e a c o n s o n an t i n p a lma Gr . n a ké p n
t h ro u
gh p a lu ma cg
p r es s us G r . xv m i p w a o g t hro ug h cu
p er es
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 125

s us ; c er vo s Gr . xep a n h
( o rn ed
) ; da m u i
*
fo r d o ma vi ,
‘

an d
si m i lar p e r fe c t s , a b e in g fir s t w e a ke n e d t o i , an d t h en t his i
falli n g o u t , & c .

M e di al e i s lo s t b e t w e e n b an d r in t h e s u ffi x e s —b r a , —br i s ,
—b r um , f o m R fe
r . r S kr . bh a r b e t w e e n p an d r i n cap r i ,
;
su
p ra b e s id e su
p er a ( i n i nfr a b e s id e i nfer a , & c ; b e .

t we e n t an d r i n i n tr a , co n t r a , dex t r a b e s i d e deart er a —t r a b e i n g
th e c om
p ar at i v e s u f x, fi S kr .
-
t ar a , Gr . Osc .
—t ar o ,

U —t r o f a t er i s ; h a b u i fo r h a bé vi , an d s i m i l ar
a t r is
.
) p o r
p ; p er

fe e t s , e h av in g fir s t p a s s e d t hr o u g h i , a s i n b a bi t u m ri
“

e
re
pp
for r ep ep er i r et t a li fo r r et et u li , & c .

M e di al i i s lo s t i n c a ld as ca li d a s ( w ar m ) ; s o ld u s so li
d us ; va lde va li de ca n t e ( C ar m S al i ar ) . . ca n ite n a ut a

n a vi t a ; ca l v Gr .
X k i
a E ; t er m mn us ( i n .
-
a lu m n u s , ver

t um n u s ) -
min u s ( in t er mi n u s , a m a m i n i ) Gr .
q u a /a c S kr .

—m an as ‘

f er ti s f er i t i s ,
f er tf f er it , vo lt va li t , an d s i mil ar
v er b al fo r m s ; d i x t i fo r d i ari s t i , 85 0 . Un d e r th e l at e r E mpi r e
we fin d suc hf or ms as
f eet , vi x t , exp en s avt , &c . I is o ft e n lo s t
in t h e i -
s te ms : t h us we ha ve
p im a s fo r
r O L . .
p i mra t is sor s

b e s ide s or t i s ; p le bs for p leb is , w h e n c e p le bes ; s cab s b e s i d e

s co bi e, &c In c o n s e u e n c e o f t h i s l o s s o f i , t h e c o n s o n an t al
.
q
an d th e i -
s t e m s c o i n c id e in t h e fo rm of n om . s in
g . Me di al i ,

i s l o s t b e for e o s o a t s o me t i me s i Umb i n a d O s c
a c n n n n r a n an ,

s i
a U am n L omi i & c ; O cev
. n na i is ; U f s
'

O . n n , . . s c v . u .

f st u L f ue i t U l b s
. O h ip st r L b b e i t U ca . ia u . u . a u r . n

o t t
v r us L co e t e i t & C o mp i g U l b
. nv r O h ip t r , c . ar n . ia as, . us

w i t h L h a b e i t w e s e e t h t t h e U mb i
. ss d O s c a fo m s
,
a r an an n r

h av e l s t t w o i s t h e i o f t h e p e f c t d t h e c o j c t i e m k
o ,
r e , an n un v ar

i T h p e fe t
. i h s c o mp l t e ly d i s ap p e r e d i L b be i t
e r c -
v a e a n . a ss

a d t h e o ly t ac e o f it i
n fo d in t h e s h p w i t t e a
n r s un ar 3, r n s,

w h il e b b ue i t s t a d s a e ar e t t o t h e o r i i al f
r
g n m I b e vi n n s n or za -

si n t .

In L at i n the a c ce n t wa s o r ig in ally
p lace d as far b ack as p os s ib le .

C o n s u lt A pp e n d ix B .

T F er t may b e t h e O ld e r for m, as we fi n d V ed bh a r t i .
( fert ) .
 12 6 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMA R .

In n o un s of t h e a—s te m ,
a or u I E a ) i s f e qu en t ly lo s t
. .
,
r

b e for e 8 o f th e n o m . s in
g . T hu s w e h a e p u e f r p uer s v r o

p ue r us vi r fo r vi r s vi r u s ; f a mu l ( E nn . A nn .
) b e s i d e fa
m u lus da mn as fo r da mn a t s b e s i d e da mn a t us S a llus t is , G lad is ,
&c .
( on i n s c ri p t i o n s ) , fo r S a llus t iu s , & c . S i mil ar ly w e ha e v

0 . U .
p i lz az L .
p i a t us O U lca t el L
. . . cat u lus N U . .

t er mn a s L . t er mi n a t us N . U t er t is = t er t ius
.
,
t er t i m = t er t i u m,

j u st as L at i n Old
i n a l i s a li d a li us a li ud W e h av e al s o , , , .

0 O t uvt ilcs
. . L t u t icus P ump a i i ns L P amp ei a u s h u z .
, a . n , r

L l or t us H ei en is L Her en n ius & c N O Ba n t in s

. i , r n .
, . . .

L Ba n t i n us
. .

M e d i al u i s als o lo s t i n s t ella for s t er u la a mp u lla for amp o

la fr o m a mp a a co r o lla for c o a r la fro m c or on a m is ellus r nu

fo r mi s er u lus lap i llus fo r lap i d lu s fr o m S t lap i d ; vi n clu m u .

b e s i d e vin c l m & c S i mi lar ly w e h av e i n U mb r i an T e

u u , . r

b la nc i L T eb u l n is ves cl i L va s cu lis p il aclu L p ia cu

r . r a ,
r .
, i .

lu m & c u n l e s s t h e s e b e t h e o ri g i n al for m s
, .
,
.

I n G o t h i c w e fi n d i an d u fr e qu e n t ly o m i t t e d b e fo r e a fi n al
3 ; t h u s w e h av e vu n om o l S k v ka an d
lf (
s s in
g w f) r . . . r s,

s im ilar n o mi n at i v e s ; b at l s ( g e n s in g ) I E bl d t as , r ir . . . . zr r

n a mi n s ( e n
g sin
g ) L n omi n is & c
. . .
, .

76 . IN S ERTI ON or A V O WEL .

W e fin d a v o w el i n s er t e d in t h e followi n
g c as es d r aclz uma
P l
( an t ) Sp a xuri ,
’
su ma s fo r es u mu s S kr . s ma s , volu mas fo r
vo lmus , T ecu mes s a T ecmes s a , H er cu les , z E s cu la
p i us , P a t r i co les ,

w h e r e t h e e i g h b o h o o d o f l or m d e t e r mi
n ur n es th e i n s e rt e d
v o w e l t o b e u or a ; t ecl i P l
( au t
) ix n P z na . r v , r ac na i , A r ia d i n e,

& c w h e r e t h e in e r t e d o w e l i s i o n ac c o s v un t Of t h e n ei h
,
g
.
,

b o u r in g n u me r us G r se c I t .
-
. o ms as b e s i d e G r li mos , . an d S kr .

a m sa (t h eho uld e ) r ub e
s r , r for r u b r os Gr .
’
s
p v fip é g S kr . r ud

li i r a ( b l oo d als o wi t h i, an n s er t e d i ) , g e n er fo r g en r o s G r ya p .

d c, cap er Gr . K dn p o g , & c .
,
in all w ic h h for m s r d e t e rm in e s
th e in s e r t e d v o wel t o be e . I i s i n s e r t e d i n mor it u r us b e s i d e
 128 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

w e ak e n ed to g
: an d 3 b e fo r e e an d if as in N U . . cur n a e
g ( a bl .
'

s n i g . rre s p n di g t L car n i s ) b e s id N U cu
of a n o u n co o n o . e . . r

n ac a
( c c s in g ) ; N U p ge an d p as e L p ce & I Old
a . . . a . a ,
c . n

O s c a lc a d i N e w O s c
n
‘
, I E h e xc ep t t h t p I E
n n an c . .
, a
'

. .

lcv in t h e am e c a s e s a s i n U mb i an O O likit d li cit d

s r . . u u

L li t o O O alca l lud ( ab l s i g b e s i d e L s cell m & c

. ce . . s ra c . n . a u , .

C I E g i n N O c m ( in f ) b e s id e L g o I n Old Um
. . . . a a . . a .

b i an as h as b e e n al e ad y r e m a k e d 1c r e p r e s e t L g
r ,
r r , n s . .

G = I E g : ag o ig it fo i S k I ’

g t.
a
g d m.
i ( g o) G ,
ur r a ur , r .
,
r .

c
’
iy O N aka ( g ) ; g en 1 g ig o (g ) t
u , . . Sk g (t o a o us ,
‘
n n a ur a , r .
'

an

b e b o ) g n i td ( o m i g of S t g a n it a )
rn ,
’
a L g e ito G n . s n . .
’
r . n r , r .

f G o t h lc i a n
'

y i g vo
yi y u , y u
‘
or
y y y vo
(t o g e
ai , u vo ai ev o ai, . e n r

min at e ) O H G ch i n d ( o ffs p i g ) g s y p g E c a e
’
, . . . r n ru , e a vo r n
, .

r us ( e O L
a (g )
g)
'

g o
n sc t s
g a na u ri S k ua n r r ar na
, g g e r
g, , , . . ar , . na

(t o k o w ) G r y y mxw v dg O H G h i I '
n , ( k ow)
. i vo , r , . . . nc u n ,

G o t h h n ( I k o w ) h n ths ( v
. an dg ) w h c e E co t h ; n ,
u or en . un u

ur
g ea S k r r
, g ( a cere
) G r i p y A
. d va
py c G o t h ’
vr i lca r , . s
-
e) , vx o o , .

( S u b a ru
) ,
A . S . vr i n
g an
( s t r in
g er e ) E , . wr i n g , wr o n g ; g e nu

S kr g d n u , G r yd v v ,
.
’
. E . kn e e , & c . In N ew U mb r ani an d
O s c an , g I E . .

g .

G I E . . h in a fe w w o r d s d ig i t us , G r . S am M a g , G o t h-

t o e) vi i n t i b e s id e vi ci es , S kr vi ns a t i , G r i Boe o t
'

t a ih o (
’

g . . s naai , .

Fixa r t t r ig inl a , Gr . r
p i dxo v r a g r a ci li s b e s id e O L . . c r a cen t es

(g r ac ile s ) , S kr lcr s a .
'

( h i
t ) n , Gr . xo h exa v o g
’
l
( go n ,
l an k ,
) ko h oc

K is r e t a in ed in O . U . a ker u n ia me m, N . U . ac er s o me m,
'

O . U . ke b u
d fe w o t h er cases ; als o i n n o mi n al s t e ms o f t h e o -d e cle n si o n
( cib o ) , an a

t h at en d in —
k a , as N U N a h a r ce. . T es en oc i r , ( ab l . e x ce p t

t h at we fin d 0 . U .
p u
m i ce b es i d e p up rike (p u b li co ) , an d i
p pf ce s be s id e
u

p p ri ke s
u ( pu b lici) . W e find 9 s o me t i me s b efo re I , as in O . U . t i elu ,

c r e gl u , &c . W as t h is t h e b eg i n n i n g of t h at c h an g e whi c h we see in

I t ali an c h ia ma r e L . c la ma r e , ch i ar o L . c la r us , o cc h io L . o c u lu s ,

p ia n o L .
p la na r ,
p i a n er e
g L .
p la ng er e , & c ? . K is a lso fo un d n u

a l t er e d b e fo r e I in O . U . e h ve lklu , fi klas , &c .

1 T h ere p r o b ab ly e xis te d , in I E t i me s , as a s id e fo r m o f R g a n , g va n , . . .

as we fi n d G r Bceo t Ba u d for yFa v a , G o t h g vé n s ( G fi A v g ) , E q ue a n ,

. . . .

q u ee n
,
an d pe r h ap s L . ven t e r for g ve n le r .
 C O MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR 129

0 69 for
h o xyo c ; g ub er n a t or b e s i d e G r
xo
v sp vrrr n c A g r i .
'

"
g en t um fr o m G r A xp é ya g ; n eg ot i u m n ecot ium ; p i n g o, S kr
’
. .

p i s
'

( to ad o n r ) , p
’
és a as l Gr . n o mih o g un
g u lus , a n
g l
u us be
s i d e un c us , a n cus i a d u n c u m b r ac h i u m h ab e t ,
(q ) a i i h as u S kr .

n om s in m h ar t ab o v e t h e h i a nkas a ( s t imu l u s
p)
'

( g as c .t e
p .
,
.

u o e le h an t i i m e ll u n t u r ) , G r b xo g ( a c u r v e , b r akn
) y
’

q p p y ( et h .

( b ar m &
) y G
’
e nt xo m; cyg n u s
,
r xb xv o g .
; g g ur li o cu r cu lio
u

i lig n us fro m S t i lec s a lig n us fr o m S t

. . s a li c , G r fi lm; ( t h e .

w ill w , i n A o rkadia) d ig n as c on n e c t e d b y C u r t i u s w i t h dec et ,

decus , S kr du s .
’
as l or
( g y) , G r S o xew , b ut b
y h e r s w i t h S kr
o t .
’
.

( t o p o in t o u t ) G r S ei xv vn i la r i g n us fr o m S t la r i c ; la n g u la
r
d is ,
. .

( a li t t l e di s h ) fr om S t ,
la n e ; p a n g a, p ig n us , b e s i d e p aci s cor , p a w,
.

S kr . an d Z .
p as
'

(t o b i n d ) , G r m n dg ( fa s t ) , wi n/1 mm, n do o a h o g
.

h o g , G ot h fah an (t o s e iz e ) f a
g rs
g lo r ia
yn ar a .
,

fr o m S t clovas c levos G r . . x h eFo c

’
S kr .
'

s r a va s
( g lo ry)
f om
r s ru
'

Gr . x h v ; g u mmi Gr .
K op
'

pt ; g ob i a s o
'
i og ;
an d a fe w o t h e r c as e s r I n all t h e s e c as es w h e r e la i s s o ft e e d
s n

to i t e it h e r b e g i n s a s yll ab le or i s i n c l o s e p ro xi mi t y t o l
9 , ,

m, n , or r .

G I E . .
g h z
f u
g i a, I E . . bh ag h , S kr bh ug .
'
fi
( e ct er e ) G r .

p b
s y w , G ot h . bi ug a ( Icci mrr w ) ; ri
g o, G r .
Bp x
f w , G ot h ri u
g .

( r ain ) ; un
g i u s, S kr . n ak a h ( a n ail ) Gr, . h v , fro m S t Ov a x ;
’
.

fi n
g o,
fig ur a, I E. . dh ig h , S kr d i h .
(t o s m ear) , d éha ( th e b o dy) ,
Gr . Oi yyd , G 0t h .
'

de ig a 0 . H . G . t eig ( d ou h ;
g )
i S kr
ci o g , a nh u ( clo s e ) G r G o t h ag g
’ ’
an o, a n g us t us , xw x
g y ,
.
, . c .

vus ( cl o s e ) li n g o, lig u r io , S kr l ih an d r ib ( t o li c k ) , G r A g txw , . .

G o t h bila ig b n ( ém h s i xa v) ; mi n g o , mejo, S k r m i h (min g e r e ) ,

. .

Gr bmxi w ; g r an do, s ug g r u n da ( e av e s ) , S kr h r ci d u n i ( b ad
. .

w e at h e r ) , h r dd i n i (li g h t n i n g ) , G r X ah a Za for xa h a bya , C h .

.

S l g r ad u ( h ail) ; g r a t u s , O an d U roo t h er (t o wi s h ) , S kr
"
. . . .

A g r ig en t um i s t h e acc us at i ve o f A xp ci 7 a g , an d t h erefor e mu s t h ave

’

b een in t r o d u ce d at a t i me w h en t h e in t e r co u r s e b et wee n R o me an d S ic ily

w as ca r r i e d o n w it h ou t t h e u se o f wr i t in g .

C o n s ult C or s se n ii b e r A us s
p r a ch e , Vokalis mus und Be t o n u n g d er
L at e i n is ch en S p r ach e , p . 39, seq .
1 30 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

h a r yd mi(I lo v e ) , G r xé p i g , xa ip w , . G ot h f ih u g a ir n s ( g r e e dy
. a -

o f m on e )
y &c I n n o c as e d o e s an
. in i t i al 1 E g h b e c o m e . .

L g .
,
h e n s c c e e d e d b y r s i n g r at & c a d p e r
e xc e
p t w u ,
a us , .
, n

h ap s b y l i f G r as s m a b e c orr e c t i n d e d c i g i i t i al g i n
,
n u n n

g l i s co
g l b
, e r a d g l bo f o m a
a ,
I E g
n h I t w o c as e s
f
a ,
r n . . . n r

e ar s t o r e r e s e t an I E f S
a
pp p g h : i o
f i ca k r n
g h ( t o . . r r , r , . ar

s r i kl e ) o r b G e d u li c at e d
p n
g h h ( t , ) r
xp
ar si w ; f g o a
p u , . ra r r

form of R g S kr g h d ( O d or i )
. ra . r ar .

S c h l e i c h e r c o id e r s t h at i n s o m e c as e s u w s d e e l o p e d
n s a v

a ft e r e e r lly w h en a n as al n an d s o m e t i m e s w h e re n r
g g , a
p ,

c e d e d as i n la g ueo b e s i d e S kr la iig d ( a w h o e ) G A y p dg
'

,
n . r ,
r . a a

stf l an d u eo b e s i d e S k
( s l ac k ) A é l ) g (
'
y g
, ( g
vo g e
u ut o , ur ur o, r . va r

e x cl d e) u s o t h at
g u,
I E g o
g h a d aft e w d s t hro g h . . r , n r ar u

as s imil at i o n O f g t o v al o e r e m i e d as i i i fo n ig vi s
v, n a n , n n v s r

fro m ix N ow t hi s d e v elo p m e t o f u aft e r g i s e xt e me ly

n . n r

d o b t fu l
u I m an y c as e s g m o s t p r o b ab ly e x i s t e d i n I n d o
. n u

E u ro p e an t im e s i o t h e r s u i s m e r ly a s u ffi x w hile i o t h e r s
,
n e , n

i t s e e m s t o b e i n s e rt e d f o m f l s e a lo g y T h s u w as r a a n a . u

a s ffi x t o w h i c h aft e w a d s a s e c o d a
u , y s u ffi x i w a s a d d e d r r n r ,

i n p i n g a is b e s id e G r wa xb g , b r evis fo r br eg vi s , b e s i d e G r fi p a . .

b le vis for leg vi s , b e s i d e G r Eka xfi c S k r la h u s l i h

( g ) , &c
t
x g , g . . .

I n th e f llo wi g c s e s w e i f r t h e e xi s t e ce of I E g u or
o n a n e n an . .

h fr o m t h e r el at e d w o r d s var a for var o I E w h

g u g g ua e ce , . . r , n

o d ev o u r ) G f a re d o of
fi p i
’
vi li i
g a r
( t r ; o
g g , p c a t . n a cz vu s r v vu s , u

I E g i w h e c e S kr g i v ( t o li e ) G r B l g E q i ck A g ain
. u n .
'

v ,
. o , . u . u

m ayh av e ari s e n fro m a fal s e an al o g y i n n i g i t b e s i d e n i n g it an d n u

n ivis for ig vis g e n s in g o f ix f o m I E s n ig h wh en c e G r

n , . . n , r . .
, .

v i ¢ d yd
a,
p g for d‘
y fi L
vv u o
c i t h s ni ti
g ( t o s ow
) G oth a c vu o , . n , .

s n a i vs
( sn o w ) ur
g ueo
g ea a n ui s
g b e s id e S kr ah i s
ur .

(n om s in m s e r en t ) , G r E i g , i ekv g , L i t h a n is ( a
' '
as c a
.
g . .
, p X yx g .

s n ak e ) .

H I E gh
. O L fos t is C h S l g as t i ( g u e s t )
. : h as p as , h os t is , . .
, . .
,

G o t h g as t s for g as t is ( a g u e s t ) Li t h g a sp a da (h o s p i t ium ) ;
.
, .

h er us h a es O L h i ( t h e h an d ) S kr h a r ( t o s e i e ) G r X p ;
' ’
,
r , . . r , . z ei
, .

he r i h es t er n us S kr h ya s ( ye s t e r d ay) G r xfifg O H G g es ter

,
-
,
.
, .
,
. . .

( ye s t e r d ay) h i n do G r x k S h i ems h i b e n s S kr
’
ru , . e r o nv ,
r u
_ , .
1 32 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

h h h e als o c o n e ct s L f
w ic n . a r ci a,
f re
q uens . C u rt iu s , on th e

o t h e r h an d d e i e s h e ct um h e r v r ,
i
r c s co, fr o m a ro o t h e r le n g t h e n e d
b y h c o n n e ct e d wit h S k h
,
r . ar (t o t ak e ) , Gr .
x ip , xi p n g ,
e L .

h i r , h er n s
'
.

H ap p e ar s to re pre s en t
f om S t h i an I E . . la i n h i e , r .

G ot h h i . I E l i a d i n h be G o t h h b ( I h a e ) H i
. . e n a o . a a v . c

or h i e m a b e a r e d u li c at e d fo r m o f h i h e o ri g in al h
( f ) y c
p t

p e hr
p s a a
pp e i g i n t h e s e c o n d s ll ab l e
y ar n c o m ar e ci t a
p r ,

w hi h m ay c o m e f o m t h i s oo t
c S c hl e i c h e r t r e at s R h a b i
r r . . n

h a b s o as s i d e fo r m of R c a i n ca i o a d c o m a e s O h i st n r u
p p p p . a , .

( h a b u er it
) a d h
fi e st
(h b e b i t ) nH e c o n s id e s t h t
a
p i s a . r a

w e ak e e d t o b in h b ea ju s t as i b i b o w h i c h h e d e d c es f o m
n o ,
n ,
u r

a n I E p ip dmi ; t h i s lat t e r c o m p a i s o i s h o w e e r e xt e m e ly
. . r n ,
v ,
r

d o b t f l as i t i s m u c h m o e lik e ly t h at t h e I E ro o t b g n
u u ,
r . . e a

wi t h bh of w hi c h w e s t ill fi d a t r ac e i n S kr p i bdmi
, H n . .

I E lo i n S k b d ( h e art ) b e si d e G r p di E h ea t
. . r . r . na a, . r .

H in U mb ri an an d O s c a ot o n l
y c or e s o d
p t o L h n n r n s .
,

as i n O O h u z L b a t & c b t it al s o t ak e s t h e pl ac e o f
. . r . r us , .
,
u

c a d n
p b e fo r e t as i O U c h t o L s ,
i p t m eh
n te L . . s re
’

. cr u , r .

r ec t e su b h t
,
fo r b t a d t h i s ag ai
a u fo r s b g t
su L su
ac u , n n u a u .

b ig i t o O O eh t d , L ext s h t um L s a ct m N O
. . ra . r a, aa . n u , . .

Oh t is av L O ta i s & c T h e lo n g o wels in Umb i ar e

. c v u ,
. v r an

w ri t t e a h a or a hn &c , , .

C o s s e c o s i d e r s t h at h h
r n s ru nf o m i n L h e as n
p g g r . a n us ,

b e s i d e S kr g as ( iro n ) ; i n M a es t i s ( fo n d o n i s c ri p t i o s )
. a h nu u n n

M jes t i us an d i n O U p i h a N U p ih o
a n L p i a t us . . z , . . s .
,

V ols c i an p ih om = L p i m b e s i d e S k r p iya ( c aru s )

‘
.
Ho a
u , . r . r

i s b orr o w e d fro m G r b p w h i c h i s c o n e c t e d wi t h Z yd e . o, n . r

ar ) E yea If P o t t i s c orr e c t i t r e t i n g h a u s as
(y e ,
. r . hoj n a rn -
or

n us , as bi a = b i
g j g w e fin d i n i t t h e ori g i al L at in fo m c r e
u a, n r o r

o d in g t o Z yd e a d E H l O H l i o
s
p n
ye ar e .
e
( r e , e clo n s als . . r cu s . r

L
p i us h as b ee n als o co n n e c t e d wi t h S kr p i g
.
.
( con vic iar i in d ial .

G o t h fi ja n (t o h a t e ) , E fi e nd ;
.

p i a r e is t h e n . L . e xp lai n e d to me an
to r e co n c ile a n e n e my .
 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR . 1 33

b or rowe d fro m Gr . i t h as n ot hi n
g t o do wit h a

L at in v erb h er cer e w hi ch c an n o t b e G r 29 m m fo r G r e e k , .
,

s i ri t u s as e r
p p I E s M o mm s e n e rr o n e ou s l
y c o n n ects th e . .

G r e e k an d L at i n v e rb s an d c on s i d e r s H e r cul e s t o b e a Z i g
‘

, e z

i p xsi o g
’

A n i n org an i c h i s a dd e d t o h u mer us for u mer us , Gr . (buo y

S kr
ns as (n o m
. a . s in
g . G ot h . a ms a , all of h h w ic
for m s p o in t b ac k t o I E m as w h e c e c am e a an . . a s ,
n G r es c o I t -
.

oms a o omes as
s o f w h i c h l at t e r fo r m w e fi d a t ac e i n G
r ,
n r r .

du w ( He s yc h t h e s h o l d e b l ad e s ) A ls o h mo mor
’
eo .
,
u r . u r u ,

c o e ct ed b
n n
y C rt i u s wi t h G b yp d g S k r u lc h
( h u m e c t ar e )
u r . . s .

S i m il a ly w e fi n d h ad d e d i S p h ed
r L i t e a e Fr h a t n . r ar
‘

. r r , . u

78 . T HE P ALATAL J .

J y j I E .S k r
g a h r t , an d in t h e w e ak c as es
. : ya ka n
ecu r , .

( t h e l i v e r
) , G r ii n
-
o
p fr o m S t i ma
m jg
; u um , S kr
. u am
g g (p ) ,
a r . .

G o t h ju k, O H G jo ch ; ju s , S k r yies h a ( p e as e s o u p ) , G r
. . . . . .

a dc ( s ou
p) ; j u ven i s , S kr yu va n (yo u n g ) ,
. E .
y ou n
g ; j a m,
G ot h j (
. u n ow
) L
. i t h .

j au (n ow
) & c .

I E y
. . is o ft e n v o c ali s e d in L at in : med i us S kr . m ad
h ya s s i em S kr . s
g im,
a Gr . e i nv
’
fro m I E a ydm . . s &c .

79 . T HE D ENTALS .

T = 1 . E . t : a n te ( for a n t ed , an a b l at i v e fo r m fo un d in an

t i dea ) , S kr . an ti ( b e fo re), G r . c uri i; s t ella

( for s t er u la
) , S kr .

s t ar a s
( th e s t ar s , in t dr d ( a st a r) , G r am np , . r e ip en
et , a t , in a t -a vu s , S kr . a ti u lt r a
( ) G r in
, .
; vet us , S kr . va t s a r a

( a,
y )e ar , G r gr o g .
p et o, p en n a , O L p es n a fo r p et n a , S k r p a t
. .
.

fl G S kr , s t h d , G r i o r n t ; s t er n o , t o r u s
( t y) ir op a i ; s t o,
‘
o r
, . n u .

( s t e rn e r e ) Gr
’
fo r s t ar u s , S kr . s ta r ,
. OT o
'

p vvp t ; t en d o , t an ea,
t en us , S kr . tan (t o s t r et c h) ,
Gr . r é v vua i , r e vw , i G ot h . th a n g a

(I e x t en d) : tu . S kr . t va m ( t ho u ) Z t i m (t ho ) D o 6
, . i u , r . 7 ,

Boe ot . r o bv, G ot h th u .
( t ho u ) t li O L t lo t et u li S k
u , t l. . u , , r . u

( t o li ft ) , G r . T h ii v a c, T e h a utbv , r dh g G o t h t h l ( I e n d u r e )
a , . u a :
 1 34 C OMPA R AT I VE G RA MM A R .

t er men , i n t r a -r e, t r a n s ,
-
U . tr a f L . tr a ns , S kr t a r (t o . cr oss) ,

Gr . ri pp er E , . t h r o ug h , &c .

St I E . . s h in s t er c u s , S kr . s alcr t
'
’
fro m
St H s ch
) mr a r ikn ( e x c r e m e n t ) ,
’
. cn ca p r
‘
, m r p yd v o g ( e
y . K O Tr p oJ v ,

A S . . s h ea r n
( d un
g ) ; s t ur n us , G r 1,ba
p for .
( H e s ch
y
o z apo gb v 7r o O er r a h w v ) , A S s t ea r n , Boh e m . . . aho r co ( a st a r
li n g ) , w h e r e C u r t i u s b e li e v e s s le t o b e ori g in l, t a lp a t o r s ta lp a ,
a

Gr . an d A a E, au dit o r}, ( a m ole ) t a lla ( p p

c a e ae u t am e n
) i s , ac

c o r din
g to C u r t i u s , fo r s t a lla , an d c o me s fro m an I E R
. . .

i l, w h e n c e G
s sa . sc h a le ( h u sk ,
r n i d ), & c .

S t I E . . s
p i n s t u d i um , Gr . E .
p eed
s t u r g eo for
s tu r
g eo , Gr . on a
p y d
‘
w , o y
a
p a w (iI s w e ll, b u r s t ,
) p e rh a s c o n
p
d wi t h m
'
a n o i s e ) , S kr s u r k
n ec te a fi
fdp a yo g ( p g ( t o a e a n o i se )
.

an d p e r h ap s on e o r two ot he r d o u b t ful c as e s .

T n ev e r I E . . dh ( e xc e p t in i n i t i al g ro u p t h e c as e O f t h e

tr , as i n i r a h o) . A ll t h e e x amp l e s b r o u g h t fo rw ar d t o p r o v e
th o n t r ry c a
e c a n b e e as ily e x p lai n e d w i t h o u t s u c h a s u p p o
s it i o T h u s u t i l i s for r u d t i l
u .
, r us fr o m R d S kr r ud h
us , . r u .
,

a d — t il s i s t h e m e t r m i at i o n as i s fo un d i n
n u sa e n
f ut i lis m , a

t i lus , &c .
p ati an d G r wa . fi i i ar e b o t h in d e p e n d e t fo m a
s v n r

ti o n s f omr a r oot
p a, 7 m, whic h b e rs t h s m e r e l at i o
a to e a n

n sv ( i n n i v o ua i ) an d 7r 0 v ( in wo u i m) as
y i
( yy
n
a e a rfig ) oes
d
( in Eye v dun v ) d ( i ys yo v a ) an d r a ( in
'
to y eu an
y ou n

i
r c vv
uai
) to r ev ( i n r e vw i ) ; p u t ar e is n ot c o n n e ct e d wi t h
m i fiea fia z ,
’
f o m I E bh ud h w h en c e S kr
for t h e l at t e r c ome s r . .
, .

bud h ( t o k w ) d t h e f m e r f o m L p ut
n o
(c l e an
, ) be
an or r . us ,

s id e S k r p 2 ( t o c l e an ) p t e t h e e fo e s i n i f i t o m ak e “
a ar r r
. 1
g y g , n

om a m e la m u e) an d t h e n m
c l e an ( p p ut c p t re a t o ak e ar ,
na u r ,

c le a r ; ut a e n d mffi bl r e i d e e d e t fo r m at i o s f o m a n n n
p p r a eo ai n r

co n s id e r s t h at in s a kr t o r ig i n al It , an d
'
BO p p r e p re se n t s an
'
s
j co n

n ect s i t wi t h G r . mi n -(J o g fo r xo xp o c, L . c a co , &c . C u r t iu s co n n e c t s xd n

p oc
wi t h ca r in g , xa n v b c, &c . A ll t h e c o mp ar is o n s in t his s ec t i o n a n d the s uc

cee d in g o n e ar e e x t re me ly d o u b t fu l .

L o t t n e r an d o t h ers , h ow e ve r , i d e n t ify t i n la t e o , p a l i o r , w it h 0 i n
A a Oei v, m en u , an d co n s e q ue n t ly i n fe r t h e e x is t e n ce o f t h e h ar d a s p ir a t e s

i n I n d o -E ur o
p e an .
 C OMPA R A T IV E G RA MM AR .

t ldo g G ( S
eore
g I
rv V . er . . . R ob ig o , g e n u s e s t vi t ii ,
qu o
cu lm i er e u n t , u o d a r u s t i c an i s ca la mi ta s di c i t ur C a la mi t as
p q .

is fo f o m S t ca l m b y m e an s of t h e s u ffix t a t ju s t as
r me d r a o -

ci vi t i s fro m S t ci i & c
as If o n t h e o t h er h a d d i ori g in al . v , . n s

i t hi s w o r d w e w o u l d fir s t h e t o fo m fro m code fr o m
n ,
av r ,

wh ic h i t i s d e ri v e d t h e S t c d m o b u t a s t h e R om an s n e e r ,
. a a ,
v

k e p t d b e fo e t h e s uffix mo b u t alw ays c h an g e d i t i n t o it o r

r -
,

i t h i s s upp o s e d s t e m i s fo r e i g n t o t h e L at i
,
a d mo s t
p ro n , n

b ab ly e v e r e xi s t e d T h at I s o m e t im e s b ec m e d i n u lg r
n . a v a

L at i i s s ho wn b y odeb on an i s c ri p t i on at P o mp e ii for vo
n v a n

Ie ba m .

U mb ri an w h en i n i t i al w as r e p r e s e n t e d b y t an d
D in O ld , , ,

i n N e w U mb r i an b y d ; w h e n me di al or fi n al i t w as in O ld
Umb ri an c h an g e d in t o a s on an t hi s s i g s o u n d r e p r es en t e d b y n
,

( h i c h in N e w Umb ri an b e c am e r s T h u s w e h av e N U
q g) w , . . .

d u r = L d uo N U dup w s u s ( b ip e dib u s ) from p ur s L

~

'
. . . .

p ed O U as m a r L ar a m ad
.

( a
.d ar am ; O
) a U a vez t
r
- .
-
. .
'

L a dveh i t o ; N U vir s et o L vis a s fr o m R vi d O U

. . . . . . .

e p i z N U p e se p i s z L u i d wi t h t h e s am e i at t ac h e d
’

r
p re ,
r , q . .
,
r .
,

a s i s fo un d i n G r ( é m ) c o m p a r e Li t h ai
( t as ai ) ; O U
. o r o
’
.
- -
. .

t e a N U d er ea
r ,
d id t ( d e t ) a r e d u p li c at e d fo rm of R d
. . o , . a,

&c W e fin d
. for in i t ial d i n O U r er e L dedi t ( 3 s in g r . .
'
. .

p e rf an d r u u m L do n um b u t t h e s e for m s m a
n
y b e as .
, ,

S c hl e i c h e r s u g g e s t s o n l y di al e c t ic ,
.

I n O s c an d L d ; i t i s al s o r e t ai n e d i n s o me c as e s wh e r e .

l i s fo u n d i n L at in T h u s w e h av e 0 O p ud N O p od . . .
, . .

L quad O O p id L qu i d ; N O d eic s ( 3 pl c o n j p r e s )
.
,
. . . . . an . .

L d ica n t ; O O d edet L ded i t O O A kud un m ad L

. . . . . .
'

A qu i lo n i d ( d ) .

R I E . . r : ar o , Gr . i p é w, G o t h
c mj a n ( t o p l o u g h ) ;
.

m o v e ) , d r ta G 43 m , G r
'
o r or i , S kr . ar
( to r .

p b p vvp t ; r i vus , .

R u mo , ( th e o ld n am e o f th e T i b e r) , S kr . sr a
( to fl o w) , G r .

S k r bh a r , G r u b er , Bkt r ad/ d r am
( n om
f f m
' ’

p g w ; er o , . r .
¢ p ; . .

n eut . b lo o d) ; —
t or —t er , , S kr t ci r ta r , as da t or
.
-
S kr ddt d -
.

fo r dd t ci r s , p a t er S kr p i t d fo r p a ta r s ; . r es S kr . r ds ( d ivi
t i a c ) fr o m S t r d i ; & c . .
 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 37

R I E d i. bi t e fo r
. n ar r ad —
b it er an d a r ces s o . I n O ld
Lat in r i s f e q e n t ly fo un d for
r u d, as in a r ven a s ( F r i so .
I .

fo r a d ven as , a r vor su m ( S c d e Bac c

. .
) fo r a d vor s u m , a7
f i
u 8 8€

( S c d e Bac c
. .
) fo r f
a d u is s e, &c . E ven a
p or an d ar wer e us ed

fo r a
p ud an d ad . T his i s si mil ar t o t h e c ha n
g e of d in t o r in
O ld Umb i an r .

T h e L at i n l an g u ag e h o w e v e r aft e r w ar d s r e c o v e r e d i t s e lf , ,

fro m t hi s w e ak e n in g of d t o r an d r e s t o r e d d e x c e p t i n a r , ,

ces s o a bi t e
,
an d m e id ies w h e r e r = d
r r, I E d b as medi us r . .

S kr ma d h y s
. R i n mi r us i s n o t d e el o p e d fr o m d as i s
a . v ,

a s s er t e d b
y t h o s e w h o l oo k u o n
p as b e l o n i n
g g t o th e r oot
L r ,

a n d c o m ar e i t w i h G S b r o i s a s u ffix f ’
t r w ut n d -
p p o u . u cz , ,

al s o in c la m s &c an d d d o e s n o t b e l o n t o t h e r o o t in
, g .
,

“ 5186 ; t h e00s e w o r d s ar e
p ro b ab l
y i n d e e n d e n t fo r m at i o n s
p
fr o m t h e I E R s m i S k r an d ( t o lau g h ) w h en c e al s o
. . . .
,

O H G mi ele s mi er en ( t o lau g h ) E smi le L e t t m eet

. . . s n , , ,
.
,
.

( t o laug h ) .

an o ld e r n i n c e us c u l m d u b iu s
R p c e er u s
p ( ) b eside
r u ,
r
,

Gr . £¢ g ; g oma b o rr o w e d fr o m G r y fip w
kv a r L e o Me ye r . va v .

al s o d e r i v e s r m en fr om R an d ca r men fro m R
g e g e
; ca n ; . n ,

b u t i n b o t h c as e s h e i s e n t i r ely w r o n g C u r t iu s c o n n e c t s .

r men w i t h S kr g a r b/ 1 a (u t er u s f ) Z f
g e o et u s.
g a r ewa
( et us )
o , , .
,

G r S kqf g (u t e r u s ) ; fi p £ ¢ g fro m I E g r a bh ( c on ci p e r e )
'
. e nz o . .
,

wh en c e S kr g r ak ( c ap e r e ) ; g er men w o ul d t h er e fo r e b e for
.

e r bmen C m i s fo r cas me c o m ar e C aemen ae We

g a . e r
p n n , .

fi n d r r ep r e s e n t i n g an o ld e r n i n F r di a c e di ac o n u s ) . r
,

L on d es or d r e r , o r di n c m) ; S
p h om b r e ho m i n em
) femo a .
, r

femin a) & c C o n ve r s ely in Wall s usp i n a s usp i a e w e

, . . r r

fi n d n for r I t i s a mi s t ake t o id e n t i fy t h e n wi t h t h e
. r

s u ffi x e s i n b e s i d e S kr ud a n ( w at e r ) ; i n L jec u Gr . . r, .

ii p S kr yakr t b e s id e S kr ya ka n ( fro m wh i c h t h e w e ak
n u
-
, . .

c as es o f akr t ar e forme d ) L a kms r

’

y et t
( t h e l i v e ) ; i n S kr ,
.
.

s ak t L s t e cu s s t e oor zs b e s i d e S kr s a/
’

Gr
f ’ '
r r r -
. x p . a ur , . c n , . a

( fro m w h i c h t h e w e a k c a s e s o f s a lc t ar e form e d )
g for w e fr e
'
'
,

u en t l fi n d t h e s e s u ffi x e s c o e xi s t i n i n t h e s am e l an u a e
q y g g g ,
 1 36 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

an d s o m e t i me s o d : t h s w e h av e G r {38mg in t h e s am e w r u , .

( w at e
y) b e s ird e t h e f or m e r w o d b e i g for m e d f o m r n r

R 8 b y m e a s of t h e s u ffi x — ; i L jeci or i s g e s i g o f
. v n va n . n , n . n .

e fin d b oth ffi x e s c o e xi s t e t ; d s imil rl e fin d
j ec w
ur , y w su n an a

b o t h i A S ke r n (d g )
n mfip a d A S
. .te r n s L s t r n us a un a n . . s a . u .

L I E : lo quo S kr lap (t o S p e a k ) G r Ch
’

. . r r , .
, . .

’
Sl ( e ak
) S kr (t o ) G r A s ia w ;
’

k ; lin g uo r ik
-
to se ar at e
. re a
’
s
p .
p , .

luc eo , S kr . r uk
’

( t o s h in e ) , G r. A s u n ci g kfi xv o c ; s o llus S kr .

s a r va s ( a ll ) ; c u lt er , cu lt us , S kr . ka r ta r i ( h esar s
) , Gr . K e fp w ;

p len as S kr .
p u m ( f ll ) as u ; la cer o, G r . ké vco g , fian c e ,
E 0 1.

Bp é xo g fro m R . Fp a x S kr . vr a s le
’ '

( s cin d e r e) la t us fo r p la t us
b e s id e S kr p r a t h ( e x t e n d e r e ) g a llus fo r
.
g a r lus b e s i d e
g a r r i a,

S kr g a r ( t o c all) , G r yfip v g ; g u la , g u r -g ul-i o b e s i d e g u r g es ,

. .

k a r ( t o s w all o w ) ; vo lo , S kr o c hoo s e ) ;
(g ) vor o , S r g .va r
( t .

vu l us ,
g S kr . va r
g as ( n om . s in
g . m as c . a m u lt i t u d e ) ; vellus ,

S kr { m i d .
( w ool) , G r i g za u , I o n
.
’
. alg o g , & c .

L = I . E . l : see § 21 .

L = I . E . d : lac r i ma , O L . . d a cr u ma , Gr . 86x9 1) , G o t h .

t ag r , O H . . G . z a ka r ; le vi r , S k r . d eva r (h us b an d
’
s b ro t h e r ) ,
G r 8a .
m ) ,
A . S . t acor , O H . . G . z ei h li u r ; li n g ua , O L . . d i n g ua ,
G oth . O H G s u n g a ; i mp elimen t a ( in F e s t u s ) i m
ta g yo, . .

p ed i men t a o l—fa ci o o leo b e s i d e o d o G r 6 z w 6 8y w ,

r ,
.
'

oS w S ; la u t i a ( e n t e rt ai n m e n t ) b e s id e da ti a w h i c h A u fr e c h t
'

a u ,

c o n n e c t s w i t h S kr d at a ( n u n t i u s ) ; Ulis es
’
03 fi c ; lig . va a e

n m c o n n e c t e d b y Bo pp w i t h
u da h ( t o b u r n ) G r k y é c , . r v

( t hi c k s m o ke m i x e d w i t h fl am e ) ; b u t C u r t i u s p r e fe r s t o

follo w J o s S c alig e r i n d e ri vi n g i t fr o m leg e e ( t o g at h e r)

.
r ,

w h e n c e leg u me &c l g n m w o ld t h e n m e an a b u n dl e
'
“
n .
,
z u u
,

of s ti c k s li mp i d us c on n e c t e d b y Bo p p w i t h S kr d ip ( t o .

”
s h in e ) b u t b y C ur t i u s wi t h G r kar m
,
O k m g ; la c er o . a», v ro

c o n e c t e d b y Bo p p w i t h S kr da iz e ( t o b it e ) G r 36 mm
'
n .
, , . ) ,

b u t m u c h m or e p r o b ab ly fr o m R lac G r Fp x ; p o l li n g o . . a -
,

li n o b e s id e S k r d i h ( t o s m e ar) ; la r va ( a m as k) c o n n e c t e d
.

w i t h S k r da r s ( t o s e e ) G r S i g m ; la u r us for da u r us S kr
'
.
,
.
a ,
.

d r a m ( a t r e e) d a
a ( w oo d ) G r 3 5 9 36
9 9 , il i s (in P o i
p rn , .
, 1: -
u
 1 40 C OMPARAT I VE GR AMMAR .

( h im) , s am h
( )e r , S kr . eu , s ci G r 6 , 13 & c S i s r e t ai n e d i n
. , .

Umb ri an an d O s c an w h e r e ,
i t i s fo un d in t h e c orr e s p o n di n g
L at in w o r d s an d als o in o t h e r c as e s wh e r e i t i s e it h e r l o s t o r
,

c h an g e d i n t o i n L at in T h u s w e h av e 0 U t t a s I j vi as
r . . . u u n

(g e n s i n.
g ) L t ot ce I g u v
. i az ka r es k t lé s
p L .
ca r i ca t u li
p n , ,
a .
, ,

O O p ump a u a n ei s p omp eia n i N O ei t ud s ( g e n s in g p e

. . ,
. . . .

T h e a s t e m s i n O s c an an d O ld Um b ri an s t il l r e t ai n
c u n i ce
) .
-

t h e fin al 8 i n t h e n o m p l : 0 O N uvla n us L N o la m
'

.
,
. . . .

N O p as s cr ift as L g uce s cr ip t ce O U r t as L or t es
. .
,
.
, ,
. . a . .

I n N e w U mb ri an t h i s fi n al 3 h as g e n e r ally b e c o m e ; s cr ei h t r r o

( n om
p )l . L s cr i t i
.
p t ot co r
( n om l
p ) . L t t i ci m ota ,
. . . u ,
r

( n om
p ) l . L m lt.ce ( oen ae)
p t ot a ( g en s in
.
g ) Lu t o t ae ,
r . . .
,

p po ler ( e n
g s in
g ) L p pa u li
. I n N e w Umb r i an fi n al 8 i s
. . .

s t ill k e p t i n t h e d at . an d a b l pl . . of t h e i s t ems , — as in o veis

L av i ou a . I n Old U mb r i an an d Ol d O s c an th e c ha gnof e

fi l in t o h ad y b al e ad r
e un i n t h e as s i ve v o i c e , as O U
n a 8 r
g p . .

ema n t u r R . ema n t u r, O O s a ka r a t er L s acr a t u r , & c . . . . S is

g r y
e n e all k ep t b e t w e en t w o v o w e ls in O s c an an d Umb ri an ,

as in U . O O a as as L a ce I n O s c an s b e
as a L . a r a, . . . r .

c am e a s o n an t 3 r e p r e s e n t e d b y 3 b e t w e e n t w o v o w e ls i n
, ,

c e rt ain c as e s a s i n — az m (t er m o f g e n pl ),
L a um I E u . . . .
-
r . .

- as am c en s a z et for c en s a s en t (c e n s eb u n t ) & c
,
Fi n al ts w a s , .

r e r es e n t e d b z i n Old U mb r i an an d Old O s c an an d b s in
p y y ,

N e w U mb ri an as O U p i h a s = N U p i kos , L p i a t us O O . . . . .
,
. .

b ur s L h or t u s & c I n U mb ri an an o r i g in al k is g en e rally
.
, .

w e ak e n e d t o a s ib ilan t b e for e e an d i as i n p as e L p ace d e ,

.
,

s en d
f L u d u ode cem
c es a L .cen a & c , n .
, .

N I E n : i n ( n e g p r e fi x ) S kr an d Z a n a G r
: . . .
, . . .

d v a O an d U a n a i te. i d u S kr a n t a ( wi t hi n ) . n r ,
n , . r ,

Gr E S .
'
Z p
v O U a n t er N U a der men s ma n eo
O v,
'
s vr s o v, . .
, . . n , ,

S h r an d Z ma n ( t o t h in k ) G r p é w y é g ; n a vis S kr
. .
,
. v , vo , .

Gr i c ; n evus S kr n a vas G r éF g O O N uvla ;

‘ '

n aus . va i , . . v o ,
. .

ne n n
,
S k r an d Z n o ( n o t ) G r
o , n . V e d n d ; t e rm o .
,
. v . . n

( i n
p le us s omn us n & c
) S k
, r n a
( i n
p fi na t e rm ,
. . r , .

m en ( i n n o men
) , &c .
) S kr ma n .
( i n n d ma n , &c .
 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAM MAR . 1 41

I E m in a fe w c as e s o ms for n ovi mus fro m n ovem

N . . n r ,

as deci mus fr o m d ecem & c g en er fo

g em e b e si d e G r
y p ,
. r r . a

fip g
d al t h ou
g h i t m y
,
c o m e d i r e c t ly fro m R g en (t o
p ro a .

d u c e ) ; t en ebr ae b e s i d e S kr .
( d ar kn e s s ) 0 S t h i m
t a mi s r a , . .

( di m ) ,
O H G d ema r . . .
( p
c r e u s cu lu m ) I r t eme l ( d ar k ) , . .

S o m e w ri t e r s c o n s i d e r t h at n m in b e s i d e S kr 9 a m ( t o
ve n i o .

g o
) j ,
an i t r i zc b e s i d e S kr .
yd m at ar an d
ydmd t a r ( g en e r ) , an d
ae n eu s y S kr . a a s ma
g/ ( fe as rr en s
) , b u t t hese c om
p a ri s on s ar e

e xt r e m e l u n lik e l : c on s u lt 54
y y .

S 8 0 T HE
U
. . LAB I ALS .

P l . E .
p : su
p er, S kr . u
p ar i ( ab ov e) , Gr . 67r s p , G o t h
’
.

f l l( ov e r )
r i ue, m u ch , G r
) wo kt c , S kr
i
u ar
p us,
p e g p ur u
( . .

G o t h fi lu .
p at is ,
p ot i or ,
p o t en s , S kr
p a t i ( a m as t e r ,
) .

G r m i m e ; p lu i t , p lu vi a , S k r p lu ( t o s w i m ) , G r n l s w , wkfi v w ,
’
. . .

O H G fli oz an ( t o fl o w ) p an s S kr p a t ka ( a w ay) G r mi g
. . .
,
.
,
. ro ,

O N fa t t ( i b am) p e 0 p e m ( o u t s id e ) S kr p a a ( aw ay
. . r , . ru , . r ,

Z p a a ( o u t s i d e ) G r Tr p d G o t h f a p o ta ex p e i o
. r ,
. a , . r r ,
-
r -
r ,

S kr p a r ( t o c ro s s ) Z p a ( t o b r in g o v e r ) G r
’
.
p g m pé w , . r ,
. 7r o o , ,

G o t h f a r a n ( t o g o ) ; s e p o S kr
. s ar
p ( t o c re e
p) Gr r ,
.
, .

3p m » ; & c .

P p e rh ap s r e p r e s e n t s an I E bit i n p ot us ; c on s u lt 55 . . .

S p i n L at in h as i n n o c as e b e e n d e v elo p e d fr o m an o l d e r s t .

S p i ca an d sp i cu lu m ar e n ot c o n n ect e d wi t h Gr . or c i xu g , b u t
r t h e r w i t h O N sp i ot ( h a t a) G sp i es ( s p e r) p i t e ( a
a . . s , . a a ,
s z

p o i ) p e h ap s G m p dg a d é x m xfig ( p oi t e d ) b e lo g t o
nt ; r r . o
c n e v n n

t h e s am e ro o t S p ati m ZE O l i s c o n e t e d wi t h G
. u . er a n c r .

a mi m O H G sp , n . d G dd
. i s a lat e for m
. an n a ,
an r . ar co v r .

S p uo i s c o n e ct e d wi t h G r W 6 L p i t ui t G o t h p ei va ( s p u o )
n . 7 0) , . a, . s
,

L i t h spja j ( s p u o )
. We fi d m u u a ori g in al i E 01 . n : n or n .

h m hfi m h w kdi W h e e i s ori g in al
' '
x ro e r
r
a rr o ct o , Ica ar ao re , or
,

as w e s e e f o m L
p r a e t o lor O H G
r s t ella ( p
t o l ac
.
) E s , . . . n e , .

t ll
s a W al o fi d G o t h s p a va O H G p o b e id e G
. e s n . r , . . . s ar s r .
 1 42 C OMPARAT IV E G RAMMAR .

do g W e fin d b e s id e G r m in o li u m be s i d e G r
'

or o ir sp c p s
p . . .

ax fi ko v , wh e r e we is ori g in al . W e al s o fi n d sp eci o , s
p eot o b e
side G r . a xé m -o ua r for m an ag er: f om I E
r . . s
p a c,/ wh en ce Z .

e ho l d ) , S kr p as ( t o s e e ) , E sp y
'

( b
’ ’
s
p as to . . .

I n U mb r i an an d O s c an p I E kv an d . . L a in t h e p r o
. n

n o u n s an d n u m e r al s an d w o r d s d e ri v e d fr o m t h e m an d ,

p rh
e a s
p i n s o me ,
o t h e r c as e s T h us we . h av e 0 U a n d . .

N U p is . L quis O O p ud N O p od
. .
,
. .
,
. .
, L quo d N O .
,
. .

p o m t i q si que N U p et p sus u n L g ua d up edi bus

, . . ur ur . r ,

N U p a ta L q ta 82 0 H e c e w h e w e fi n d p I E
'

. . n . ua n ,
. n n . .

l i n an y L t in w o d w e m ay i f t h t t h t w o d i s b o r o w e d
v a r , n er a a r r

f o m i t h r U mb i
r e eO s c a o S b i e C o r s e b e li e e s
r an ,
n , r a n . s n
’
v

t h t p h s b ee
a d e e l o p e d fr m
a n I E I w it h in t h e li mi t s
v o an . . rv

of t h e L t i l g u ag e ; b t t h e e x m p le s b y whi c h h e s p
a n an u a u

p or t s t hi s v i e w a e e it h e r xt e m e l d o b t f l o s s c e t i b l e o f
y r
p e r u u r u

an o t h e r e x l a t i o C u ti T al s on aas s e r t t h t L p h as
n r us s a
p . .

a ri s e n f o m an O l d r I i p i o l
p us E
p o t
er e
p i t a sd s i
p o n sa , u ,
n a, r , n ce ,

c o m ari g t h e s e w o d s w i t h
p n o G M m e eg r t o
q ue o s u ns , r .
,
u us ,
r ,

a d Gr
n n dg .N w p i h s o t h i g t o s ay t o
o x . o s b utsa o a n n s uc u ,

i s c o n e c t e d wi t h O H G
n b (to d e rs t a d ) w h c e a t
. . . sa un n ,
en u

se f (
'

P
on t t ao b
)
r ae d G .
¢ 6
an g an d -s
qb fig w h e e ) re
q ,
an r . ao oa ,
r

p r e s e t s an o ld e
n ; l p us i s m o t
p o b ab l
y
r 7r S ab in e w o d u s r a r ,

b u t S c hl ei c h e r c o n n e c t s i t wi t h Z p i s a
p i s
( ki d of . ara ,
r o a n

d o g ) a d d e ri e s i t fr o m R
,
n p o l v
p ( t o te
) s aep i d o e s . ru r u ar o

n o t a r e e wi t h
g n d g i t h e v o w l o f t h e r o o t fo G r n
a x I n E e r . . .

a an d L a e
“
I E i; E p . is K lt i c t e rm ; t ep it ( e t i t )
. . a on a a e r v r

an d G r é w e h fo m e d fr o m a ro o t t a b t h e r a s, r r
p ar e
.
p r p rr , y
s u ffi x an d t o que o fro m s m e roo t b y t h r ad d i t i o of a di ffe a e n
p ,

r en t s ufii x C o r s s e add s t o t h e e e x mp le s p op in a p l m
. n s a , a u

b us Op i n a i c o m p ar in g t h m w i t h coq i n a co l mba an d G
, r ,
e u ,
u ,
r .

b wd fo r O y d N o w p op i an d a lumb us ar e m o s t
'
na
aro at x ea p ar .

li ke ly b orro w e d w or d s w e h av e b e s id e t h e m t h e g e u in e ,
as n

L at in fo rm coq i a d co l mba j s t as w e h e O s o IT /m
,
u na n u ,
u av . OI

Kr i t is ch e Nach t r ag e L a te in is cb en for me n le h r e , p 2 9
z ur . .

f G r u n d z ii g e d e r G r ie ch isch en E t ym olo g ie , p 408 . .

 1 44 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

( t e rm .
)Of —
d at b h.
yas ; p
—l b a m
.
— b o ( n a ma b m
i S kr .
, a ,

a m a b o & c
) for
,
—f ua m —
.
f o fro m I E 611 2 t o b e ; & c
( , ) u . . 1 .

B i s n ev er I E bit (w h en i n i t i al) e x ce p t i n bi bo r e
. .
, ,

s ec t i
p g w h i n
c h c o n s u lt 55 Bo p p i n d e e d c o n n e c t s bac ca .

wi t h S kr bh a ks lt (t o e at ) a d s u g g e s t s t h at b cc c o m e s f o m
.
,
n u a r

t h e s m e roo t u n l e s s i t b el o g s t o S kr m le/ h f ac e !
)
a , a
( t e n . u t

He als o c o n n e c t s b ach i m w i t h S k r bd k ( t h e a m ) G r wfix g

r u . u r ,
. v ,

I E bh ag b a T h e s e e xample s ar e h o we e r s o d o u b t ful t h at
. . .
, v ,

w e c an n o t c o n clu d e t h at L b i s e e r = I E bk e x c e p t i n b i bo . v . .
,
.

B I E d/ i
( w h e.n m e d i al
.
) b e obi o
g S k r d /li a ru r , r ,
. r a r

( b l o o d ) u b er for o b er S kr u d h a s ( u b e )
u G ild, p O H G . r ,
r . o a , . . .

ut a A S ud e ; be ( ri c h ) for oi be
r ,
. . r u Sk é d ka t é ( h e i n
r r, r.

c r e as e s ) fro m R idl ; ve b m U ve fa le
,
. i e rb l e ) G ot h
r u , . r v a , .

va a r d ( a w or d ) G wo t Li t h va da s ( a n am e ) ; b b
, . r , G . r ar a, .

ba t E be d ; r o bu
r ,
. c on n ect ed b
ar
y s o m e wi t h S kr
r, r dd h .

( p e r fi c e r e ) b u t b y Bo p p w i t h S k r ul ( c e s c e r e ) for ud k
,
r . i r r .

O t h e r e x am ple s of t h i s c h a g e h a e b e en ad d u ce d b u t in n v ,

e a c h c as e a b e t t e r e x l a t i on of t h e L b c n be i
p g n a
ve n : . a

li be h as n o t h i g t o s ay t o G r EX b O p é g fo w e fi d 0 L
r n . e s ,
r n . .

lo ebes om li be m w h i c h i s c o n e ct e d w i t h S kr l bh (t o d e
ru , n . a

s ir e
) G A
, LI ( E r 9 m
. i . u1M -
y G o t
n,h li b ( o ve d )
l n ro a z, . u s ,

W h il e t h e o ld d e i vat i o o f EX b O g r m l b & ns d e e o i T e uou

p p , e
-
Eg gi i s p r ob ab ly c orr e c t ; p lebe
, d G r wkfie g ar e i n d e s an . o

p e d e n t fo m at i o s f o m t h e
n r oot
p n
( t o fi ll) r an d L b i s ot r ar , . n

G r 0 h e r e ; u bs i s n o t c o n e c t e d wi t h S kr
. r dli a for t h e n . ar ,

lat t e r m e an t ori g i n ally h a lf a d t h e i t c ame t o m e an s id e ,

n n ,

as G h a lb e me an s b o t h h lf an d s i d e ; t h e t e r m —
. b r u m s ho ul d
a .

C or s se n (K r it is ch e Nach t r ag e
‘

z ur L at . F or m p 3 3) . . co n n e c t s bac c a
'
'
t h S kr p ak .
( coq u e re , m at u r e s ce re ) , an d co n s id er s b a c ca , t h er e fo re , t o
b e fo r p a cca I n n o case , h o wever , e x ce p t i n a few wo r ds b o r r o wed fr o m
.

t h e G r ee k , d oe s i n i t ia l b i n at in re re se n t a n I E p
p b L
e s id e s , S kr p a k . . .
’

is co n n ect e d wit h L coquo , G r wi fl r w, d p r o-xb lr -o c, C l] S i 17 8 k ( I co ok) ,

. .
‘
. .

L it h . kep t) , an d all t h ese fo r ms see m t o p o in t b a ck t o an I E . . kva kv .

B u cca i s also b y C orsse n w it h S kr b uh k (l at r ar e , loq u i) ; t h is

co n n e ct e d .

i s e xp lai n in g o b s c ur u m p e r o b s c ur i us .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 45

n ot b e i d e n t i fi e d wi t h G r .
-
Op o v , fo r t h e l a t t e r w as o ri
g i n all
y
—r p o v an d th e f m b lo g s t
or er e n o S kr bh a r (t o b e ar )
. L i br a .

i s , p e r h ap s , b o ro w e d f o m N p
r r f a ( fo r T h t r
p a b e s i d e r h é w , as

L la t us fo r
. tl t )
a ust h o
g h A dp r u i N f p a is b orr o wed
a, or e se l
fr o m li br a , t h e t e r m -
br a b e in g c o n n e c t e d w i t h S kr bh a r (t o .

b e ar ) .

B is n ever I E . .
gh T he . on ly e x am
p l e a dd u c e d i n

p roo f o f t hi s c h an
g e is b i li s , w i c h hi s w r o n g ly c on n e c t e d wi t h
G r xdh o g , Xo h fi (g all,
. an
g er
) O H
, . . G .
g lla a ( g all) . L fe l
.
,

s , i s t h e t r u e L at i n
fe ll i -
re
p r e s en t at i v e o ft og .

B I E . . dv : b i n i , bi s , S k r . d va (t wo ) ,
d vi s ( t wic e ) , Z .

d va ( t wo ) , bi ( t wo, in com
p o s i t io n ) G r 86 0 S i g
,
.
, , Be bf s p o c
b y m e t at h e s i s f om
r d va t a r as , L . d uo , d is bi o c c u r s s e v e r al

t im e s in co mp o s it i o n ,
as i n bi vi r a ( n ot c e i d b y V ar r o i n t h e
s en s e o f w i d o w) , bip es , S t b ip ed S kr . . d vip a d ( a m an ) , bi ma s
b i b i m us ( ac c o r d i n g t o A u fr e c h t ) fr o m b i
-
an d h i mo Z .

ki ma ( a
y e ar
) c on n e ct ed wi th Sk r . h i ma ( sn o w ) ,
L . h iems , b u t
b i - s mus ( ac c o r d in
g to BO p p ) f ro m bi an d s mo con n ect ed

w it h S kr . s amd (a y e ar ) b ellu m d ue llu m ; Be lli u s D u elli u s ,

b o n us b e s i d e d u o n o r o ( t . S c i p Ba r b . . f) . b on o r u m .

B I E m i n b la n d as fo r m la n d us , ar t i c i i al fo m of a
'

= r
. . a
p p
R . m ld , t h e o ri g i n al f
or m of w ic h hw as
p r o b ab ly ma r l, w i c h h
is fo n d i S kr m d ( xh il e ) G p fl
u n . r e ar ar , r . s ra ( p r o p i t i at o r y
g i ft s
) E m i l d , T h i s i th . o l
y e x am l
p
-
.
s e n e of t hi s c h an
g e

th t h
a be dd e d
as I t i b tt h ow
en a uc . s e er, ever,
ppto su os e

t h t b la d
a c am e f o m m la d s t h o g h t h e
n us t r n u r u s e
p m b la n d us , a s

G r
fip
. d g p gor pp m g t h a t s
pp o or o
-
0 , n o u s e t h at b i m m e

d i a t e ly re
p r esen ted m .

B ( ac c o r d i n g t o Bo pp ) r e p r e s e n t s S kr v i n —ber ( S ep t e m .

ber , & c .
) b e s i d e S kr var a ( t im e ) , an d i n ba ln eu m b e s i d e S k r
. .

b ad ( l a v ar e
) . T hi s l at t e r c o mp ar i s o n is c e r t ai n ly w r o n g , for
ba ln eu m i s b o r r o w e d f om G
r r .
fi a ka v ei o v ,
‘

w h i c h w a s d e r iv e d

f m Bk
ro cz
’
a vo g ( an ac o n r ) , on ac c o u n t of t h e s imilar i t
y of

t h ei h p s r s a e ,
an d t h e S k r b ad i s . a v er
y ob s c u r e w or d .

B I E . .

p ( w he n fi n al ) a b, S kr . a
p a
( aw ay) , G r 6 7r d, .
1 46 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

G oth . a
f , 0 . H . G . a ba ; ob ( w c h h ori g i
lly me an t t h e s ame
i na

a s ad , as in o bvia m, o b i r e, opp o r t un as ) , S kr p (
a i u s e d as an .

r e fix
'
a t er , as i n a i a s
f é o vo g ),
’
a dv er b = a ls o , an d as a
p p g m y
G r 21d , 27r d
. su b , S kr . an d Z . u
p a (t o) , G r . in r o , G o t h
’
. u
f .

( su b
) O H
, . . G . o ba ( su
p er ) . B G r W in . s om e b o rr o w e d
w or d s ,
as B u r r us I I bp fio g ,
'
’
ca r bas u s d
‘
ir a a o g , buazu s 7r 6 §o g
B ua en t um '
f omr Hq Dg .

F = I E . . bh f ar i, f atu m, f ax ,
f a ci es ,
f av i lla , S kr . bh d

(to s hi e ) n , bh as h
‘

( t o s
p e ak ) G , r .

pny t , (pa l ma , cpci o g ;

(
'

f o r a r e,

Z . ba r ( t o b or e ) , G r .
¢épog ( a
p l ou h),
g t é
q p y a Z ( a r avi n e
)
O H G p or a n ( t o b o r e ) , E
. . . . bor e fer o , o r d as , a r , S kr bh a r
j f ( t o .

b e ar ) , Z b a r ( t o b e ar ) , G r . .

fl a r e,
fl os , G r . é mpka fv w

( I flow — b o as t i n g ) , O H G
out
) (ph p dg ( b u b b li n g b ld a n ,
'

, a O ,
. . .

(t o b l o w ) , b la t a r a
(p u st u e l ) , blu oja n ( fi o r e r e ) G o t h b loma ,
.

( b l o o m ) b lot /
i
(b l o o d) ;
f u i S kr
, ,
. bh u (t o b e ) G r qt b w E b e ; ,
.
,
.

u io
f g I E b h a h
,g S k r .b h u
g ( t o .
,
.
'
b en d ) , G r . b eb w , G
g y ot h .

bi uga ( I b en d ) ; f a
g u s, G r .
¢ n ydg , E . b eech ; f u lg eo , f u v us l
S kr bh r dg ( hi ) G r (ph s yw E br ig h t ;
' '
. to s n e , .
,
.

F r en ta n i, S k r . bh r a m ( to w h i l) r ,
G r .

B p s uw ,
'

B p o vr fi , O N . .

br i m ( th e s ur
g e
);f u r vus , an df us cu s ,
p er h a
p s fo r f ur - s ou s , as

T us c us fo r T a r s eu s , S k r ba bh r u .
( re d, an d t h e i ch n e u m on ) , G r .

¢ p f1 v n ( t h e t o ad , f om r it s c olo u r) E , . br own ; fi n d er e , S kr .

bh id ( to c l e av e ) E ,
. bi t e, & c . A m e di al f ( I E = . . bh ) b e t w e e n
t wo v o w e ls is o nl
y f oun d in suc h c o mp o un ds as s i
g n i er
f , &c .
;

an d in s cr o a
f (a sow ) Gr,
.

yp on
¢é g (a sow
) , s o c alle d f omr

it s r oo t n i g, c on n e c t e d w it h y p
p ci t w ,
yp o ps i g ( Zw yp ddo r ,

G ot h .
g r a ba
( I dig ) , L . s cr obs ; &c . In O s c an an d
U mb ri an o ly fi d f i i t i al f i L t i b t als o f
we n ot n n n n a n , u

m d i l L b : O U t ef ife
e L t i bi i bi ; O U t if
a L
. . . e, .
, . . r or .

t i bus ; O U p r fe
r L p o be S kr p bh d ( e x c e l s )
. . u . r ,
. ra va su

O O p f = L bi ; O O ifei = L si bi ; N O mp fi d
. . u . u . . s . . . a ru

L i mp o be & c . r ,
.

F I E d h f fe d G B m ; fe t f e i e G . . o -
n o, r .
er u
’
s us ,
r a , r .

Gl B (i
a d sG fm p e h p s 9 6 9 fo r 0
at 9 05 xs r e v, r a 5 5 0 -0 , 0

p ar og ; f a mu lus , S k r d h d .
( to p l ac e , G
) r . 1 49m
m; femi n a fi li u s ,
1 48 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

of R O sca r N O
wh o In t as i r at e s
pa e c e di g p n as in
n
p
. .
. . ,

s cr
i ft as L . s cr i
p t ae
( m
n o
p l fe n .
. m ) i U mb ri
. an t h is f be

ca me h , as in O U . . s cr é h t o L s cr ip t u m .

M e d i al b e t we en l in f f m
f vowe s o c cur s s cr o a , r a as , c o

p oun ds O f R fer .
,
as s i
g n
ifi er ,
si
fi l us b e s id e s i bi a s , l A fer ,
va
f er ,

d t h e d e ri v at i v e s of h w or ds
an d to f u s , an t es e .

V = I E . . v : a eva m , S kr . é va ( oc s ) ur e , G r . a sg i
’

, G oth .

at h ) G ip a
’

bre i w , d ri p
’

a vsi ven t as ,
S kr . vd
( to e ,
r . c , ur ,

f om R
r . a F, G ot h . vi n ds ( w i nd ;
) ver , S kr . va s a n t a ( ver ) G r , .

z
'
ea
p
L i th ,
. va s a r a
( s u mm e r ) v i r us S kr .
(p
vi s h a s o i s on ), G r .

ldg ; vi t ex , v imen , vi t t a , v i tis , vi n u m , S kr vi i i/

ed
( a b an d )
.
,

vé t r a ( a r ee d) , G r . i r vg , E . w it h e ; o vi s S kr a vi s ( a s h e e p ),
,

G r . di g ,( p ) E L it h
e w e ; n avas S k r
. n a vas av s i a s h ee ,
. .

( n e w) G r r éo g C h S
,
l n ova
( n ew
) ; ven u m
. ven eo ven d o , . .
, , ,

S kr va s n a s ( n o m s i n g m as c p r im e c o s t ) vas n a m ( n o m s i n g
. . . .
, . .

n eu t h ir e ) G r Jn o g C h S l r en i t i ( t o s ell) ; ver n a ves t i

.
, .
r
,
. .
,

b u la m ( ac c o r d i n g t o Bo p p ) S kr vas (t o d w e ll ) G r 5 m ;
’
.
, ,
.

V es t a S kr a s h ( t o b u r n )
,
I E vas G r s a r ta ; BO pp h o w
. . .
,
.
'

eV er , c o n n e ct s V es t a an d Eon -t a w i t h S k r . va s
( to d w e ll) & c , .

V is v o c al i s e d f re
q u en t ly i n L at i n
qua t uor , S kr h
’
a t vc r a s
,
i

G h fid
ot . r ; va c u o s fo r va cuos , con t ig uo s fo r co n t i
g vos , inge
n ao for i s n
g en vos , &c .
,
w he re t er m .
—ao —vo ,
as fo u n d i n
l
a vo s , a r vo m, &c ; . s ud o
( ac c o r din g to S c h le i c h e r ) fo r s ui do,
a s s en a t u s fo r s en a t a is , S kr . s vi d (to s w e at
) ,
G r i SI w .
’
.

V is r e t ai n e O s c and i n Old L at i n ,
Old Umb ri an , an d Old ,

aft e r 0 an d a w h e r e i n l at e r t i m e s i t di s a p e r e d a s
a,
,
p , , , a ,

O L s ovas s us fl ovo t fl u t O U t a ves N U d i

. . u , n a n . . . . a r

L d uo b s O O avei s s ava d O L s o i s o v d L s i
. a ,
. . s ,
. . v ,
a . a ,

s a a &c I n O ld O s c an w e fi n d v r e t ain e d b e fo r e c o s o an t s
,
. n n ,

L t ut icus b e s i d e N O t o t d fr o m S t t vt
‘

a in t a t hs
s n r . . . a a ,
. u a

O U t t a ( a c i t y)
. . u .

M o mms e n e xp la in s ve s t i b u l u m as mea n in g d re s s i n g -
r oo m, fr o m ve s t i s ,

so ca lle d fr o m t h e fa c t t h at t h e R o ma n s o n ly wo re t h e t u n ic i n t h e h o u se ,

d p ut on t h e t o g a wh e n t h ey w e re g o i n g out .
 C O MPARAT I VE G RAMM A R . 1 49

M = I E . . m : m or i o r , S k r . mar (t o die) , G r . c i
’
-
a Bp o -r o g ,

fr o m R .
p op , p p i a a vw, G ot h . ma a r th r ( mu r der
) m emo r , S kr .

s ma r ( t o r e m e mb e r ) , G r
p i p t va ,
p
. é
y p r vp , p i p p s a
p i p ya ;

m en s is I E . . ma n s as S k r mei sa s (a m o n t h ) , Z md onh a ( a
. .

m on t h) , G r .
p fiv , I o n .
nst
’

ww
g, n , ZE OI
p ii v v o g fo r p n v a o g ;
’
.

m e, S kr . m dm , an d ma
. m
( )e , G r n é ,
G o t h m i /
c m
( )
.e ;
— m .

( g si n o f ac c . s n i g ) S kr m , as eg u u m = S kr a s vam ; —
. m ( in
.
— .
'

sum
) S kr .
-
mi G r fl a t , a s s um S k r as mi. G r t ha t . .

h
m er g o, p e r ap s fo r m es g o c o n n e c t e d b y Bo p p w i t h Sk r . ma g g
’ '

( m g )
er i , i t m a
g j ( l av o ) , & c
z d u L h . .

p M re r e s en ts a S kr . v, a c c o r din g to BO pp , i n c a l mo S kr .

'

r d va d m i
g ,
a c au s al of s r a
'

( to he ) ar , an d mar e S kr . var i

( w at e r ) . I n b ot h t he s e
pp c as e s Bo p p a e ar s to b e w r o n g , fo r
o ld -m o i s m u c h m o r e e a s il
y c o n n e ct e d w i t h G r . xa ké w , « Mun g ,

L ca la r e, n o men —
. c ld t or , t h an w i t h S kr s r a , -
d ma r e p r o
.
'
an

b ab ly m e an t o ri
g i n al l
y a d es er t , c on n e c t e d w it h S kr ma r u , .

( a d e s e r t) mar ( t o d i e) , ,
I r m u ir , . E . m oor , mer e, G r.

p p a
( -
c g a O t h
sone r e x a m p l e sof
o f t h i s i te
P o s eidon ) . n r

c h a g e O f v an d m h a e b e e b r o u g h t fo w ar d b u t all o f t h e m
n v n r ,

a re e e m o r e d o u b t f l t h an c la mo a d ma r e
v n T h u s Bo p p u n . .

c o n s id e s G r B S k r d avd m i fr o m d o r un ) t h ou g h
(
’

p u w
r . t s . r ra ,

i t i s m u c h s i mpl e r t o c o n e c t i t d i r e c t ly w i t h S kr d a m ( t o g o ) n . r .

M re
p r e s en ts a S k r bh , . ac c o r di n g t o Bo p p , i n max i lla
b e s i de S kr . bh a hs h (t o e at
) ,
an d m a lt a s b e s i d e S k r bh ar i .

( mu lt u s ) . T h ese com
p ar i s o n s ar e
j
u st as d o u b t ful as t h ose

b et we en v an d m . C u r t i u s i s i n c li n e d to as s e n t t o th e O
p i n ion

t h at ma xi lla i s c on n e ct e d w it h Gr p.d a a w , p a ys i z g ( a b ak e r ) ,
’

d, t ly, m e an s th e o r an u o d c ib o s d e p s i t ac
“
an c on s e u en
q g q
”
su b ig it . BO pp h a d h i s o wn mi s g i vi n g s a b ou t t h e c on n ex

i on of m a lt a s w i t h bh ur i , fo r h e al s o su
gg h atest s t i t m ay b e
r e at e l d p ( m u lt u s )
to M u lt a s ,
S kr u . ar a . t ho g h a
pp ar e n t l
y
c o n n e c t e d w i t h G r y vp fo g , h a s n e v e r e t b e e n s at i s fac t o r i l
y
y .

M i t h e U m b r i a n s in g
“
e x l ai n e d ?
p s bh i n l oc t er m . . .

”
M u lt u s may h ave or i i
g n ally m e an t p ou n d ed , g r ou n d in t o m an y

s m all fr ag men t s ; an d fr o m t h is it s o r di n ar y me a n in
g m a h
y a ve b ee n d e
 1 50 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

—m em if t his b e S kr .
—bh g a m (in t ub h g a m) o r —bh yam '

. Si
m ilar ly i n Lit h . d u al d a t . sc i /
h am ,
-
m S kr .
-
bh yd m .

81 . A se I L A T I ON .

I Wh e
. n t wo c o n s o n an ts c ome t o g e t h e r ,
the fir s t is
o ft e n m ad e t h e s a me as th e s ec o d A ft e r
n . lon g v o we s l
on ly on e o f t hes e d o u b le c o n s o n an ts c o ul d be he ar d in

p r o n u n c at o n i i ,
an d c o n s e qu e n t ly on ly on e w as w r i t t e n ; it
i s t h e r e fo r e i mp o s s ib l e t o d i s t in g u i s h suc h c as e s fr o m t ho s e
w he re o a t h as d i ap p ar e d
a c on s o wi t h n t c om n s e wi t h r ou

p e s t io n S a
c h l ei h e r e d c e s all t h e l at t e
n . c as e s t o t h o s e c r u r

o f as s i mil t i o a d o sid e rs t h t
a a co so a tn ,b fo r e i t n . c n a n n n ,
e

v a is he d
n w as fir s t as i mil t e d t o t h e fo llo wi g o e
,
A ft e r s a n n .

s h o t o w e l s t h d o u b l c o s o an t s a e g en e r lly w i t t
r v e Cc e n n r a r en .

a i c ua m, i ccir co Co
( g)
c do in a c cu r r o ,
q i q u i d,
u c
g g . b e in
s u cc a r r o, o cca r r o . C c p e r h ap s g o in s a cc us an d s o ccus
" be
s id e S kr sa ( t o c ov er ) an d Gr ayu ; s a c cus is ho w e ver mos t
.

g ,
. c

in s i ccu s S kr h h as d
( y) Gg
'

li k e ly b o r r o w e d . Co so . s us r .

m o r b e s i d e ma n us ;
dg i n gg jj gj
u i j
n ma or agj
er o .
g J
o b e s id e a d a i a m ; m ej fo r mi o
j m
aj o gj gj b i de
’ ’

t
'

o
g
- -
a o e s

m i n g o, G r R p i x S kr mi h ; p u lej um fo r p a legju m
. . We . .

fin d j dj, r
j j j
,
s , ns in j
s e un
g o,
p a e
j
r o, d ija d ico , t r ajic i o r es
p ec

t i v e ly, & c . P ejo r i s c on n ec t e d b y Be n fe y wi t h S kr . d

p pa
( b ad ) , an d i f t hi s vi e w be c o r r e c t , i t m u s t s t an d fo r
p epjo r
Bo pp , h o we co ec t s ve r , nn i t w i t h S kr p ig ( c o n vi c i ar i ) , G o t h
.
.

fj
i a n
( t o h at e ) E fi e d ,
. n . Tt ( it in a t t r ah o Tt let in li t .

t er a fo r li ct er a , b e s id e S kr . li h h ( to w ri t e ) ; S c h we i t z e r con

ve o l pe d . mo s t p ro b ab ly, i n I n d o -E ur o pe an a r oo t ma r
T h er e e x is t e d ,

(t o p o u n d ) fr o m whi ch wer e d e r i v e d m o la , E m ill, m ea l, G r

p é xo g , L . . .

nt h ), &c . fo r a full d is c u ss io n of t h is r oo t , co n s ul t Max M ulle r , L e c t ur e s

II .
, p 3 1 5 , se q
. .

S p ieg el co n n e c t s s o cc u s wi t h Z . h a kh a ( t h e s o le o f the fo o t ) co n n e c t e d

fo llo w, t o c li n
’

w it h S kr s ak (t o g t o ), wh e n ce S h r w is h ( a fr ie n d ) sa h i va
'

. .

( a fr ie n d ) b e s ide L . s cq uo r ,
s o c i us .
1 52 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

( foo d ) for ad n a , fr o m R . ad ( t o e at ) , b u t i t mu c h m o r e p r o b a b ly
b e lo n g s to L . a n n us . N n = m n in a n n as fo r a m n as , w h e n c e c o m e s

l
s o em n is , f o m am
r a mbi ( r ou n d ) , m e an i n g a co m
p let e r e v ol u
’
t io n of t h e s un ; V i t a n n as b e s id e V i t a mn u s , N ep t un as b e s i d e
N ep t u mn u s , P or t un us b e s i d e P o r t u mn us N n ru n i n co n n i t i . .

N n s n i n p en n a fo r p esn o , an d t h i s fo r p et n a f o m R p et ( t o fl y)
r . .

R r dr in a rr i de r e ; b r in s ur r i
p er e ar i n i r r u mp er e
mr i n cor r ip er e &c . R r or in s er r a f ro m R . s ee ( t o cu t )
an d i n p a r r i ci da fo r p a t r i ci d a
tr L I d l i n a llig a r e ; ul

in i lli n er e m l i n co llo ca r e ; r l i n i n t ellig er e , p elluc er e ; & c .

L l d l als o i n se lla fo r s ed la lap i ll us for l a

p i d l as A f
u e llius

b e s id e A fi
a d us , & c . L l l i n g a llas
r
g a r las , S kr .
g ar
( t o

ca ll ) , G r y fip v g , a . vu
’
w, E ca ll ; o lla
. or u la r m fo a R . va r

( t o s e e t h e ) , whi c h i s fo u d i G r fi p d n n . a a w an d Bp é Zw ( I b o il)
f m R fip
ro . a Fp Li t h vi t i ( t o b o il)
a, . r , Ch Sl . . vr et i ( fe r ver e
) ,

O H G w all
. . .
( h e a t ) p
; ae l la =
p ue l r a fo r p uer a la ; a mp u lla
b e s id e mp or a
a s t ella b e s i d e d o r fi
p T i bu llu s fr o m T ib a r , & c .

L l n l i n a s ell us b e s i d e a s in a e cor o lla b e s i d e co r on a ; ho

m a lla s b e s i d e S t h om on . M es s a lla f ro m M es s a n a i llic o ( i n

P lau t u s i li co) i n lo co . L l cl i n p a u llus fo r p a ucul us

Pp dp i n ap p e llo bp i n o
pp on o F f bf in ofli ci a m ,
.

s ufi oco ;
'

df i n af er r e c
f i n e
f er r e
f
s i n d if ug er e . Wh e n

a
p r e ce d in g c o n s o n an t is as s i m i l at e d to v, i t d is ap p e ar s some

ti me s w it h an d s o m t i m e w i t h o t o mp e
e s u c n s at i o n . T h us we
h av e n o c o mp e n s a t io i levi s f r leg vi s G
n n
’
o , r .
éka xb g b r evis fo r
’

b r eg vi s , G r .

Bp xb g a n v s i i fo r n ig vi s , b e s i d e n ix fo r n ig s , n in

g ao in vi ver e a n d co n n i ver e, o n t h e o t h e h an d r , w e fin d co m

p e n s at i o n fo r t h e v t hr o w n ou t . 211 m p m in su mm as ; g m
in fl a
g ma bm i n su mm i t t er e n m i n i mmi t t er e, & c .

II . Wh e n t wo c o n s o n an ts co me t og et he r, the s e c on d is
o ft e n mad e t h e sa me as th e first . Tl p e r h ap s t y i n m i t t o fo r

m i tg o . Ss s t in su
p e rl . te rm .
-
is s i mus , a s i n lo n g is s i mus , —is
b ein g th e re m ai n s of th e o ld co m p ar . t er m g ans ; as , St . os s i

os ti , S kr . ast hi ( a b o n e ) , G r Oa r eo v .
'
c en s or cen s - t o r N O . .

cens tur , c e n s um N O . . cen s t u m . )V hen t is p r e ce de d b y t or

 C OM PA RAT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 53

d , t h e fi r s t d e n t al g en e r ally b e c o m e s s , an d t h e n t h e s e c o n d i s
as s i m ilat e d t o i t , s o t h at d t an d tt b e c o m e 3 3 , o r s a ft e r l o n
g
v o w e s an l d c o n s o n an ts t h us we h e fe av fo fet t s s us r as, b es ide

f ati
g o , ad a t i m ;
f es a
'

m fo r ed t a m , f o m ed o ( I e t ) b e
r a ,
s ide es t

( h e e at s ) ed i t ; f os sa
f od t a ,
f od i o ; m i s s us mi t t us , m i t t o ;
i s as an
v d us s a s ( on i n s c ri p t i o n s ) u t t us , u t i c la us us c la ud t u s

l
c au o d fi s s as
fi d t us ,
fi n do ; ver s u s ver t -t us , ver to , 81 0 . So
in Iri h w s e fin d 83 L fe t um
fo r s t i n b o r r o w e d w o r d s , as fes s . s

al s o i w o r d s o t b o r r o w e d t h e s a m e l aw h o ld s as i n L at i ;
n n n

t hu s we fin d i n t ia f f R = I E vi d t o
fi ( s s c e
) o r
fi drt i r o m j i d ( s, . . .

k ow ) & c
n I n O s c an t t i s k e p t an d d o e s n o t b e c o m e s s as i n
, .
,

L at in : w e fi n d 0 O ai t t i f b e s i d e L as us fr o m a t i N. . a . . n

n d d i sp e i t e h om i em d i vo nn m et d i s t e i t e ( Mile s G l o ri o s s
n r su nn u ,

f or d i sp en di t e, d is t end i t e g run n o i fo r g r a n d io , E .
g r an t;

O O . . up s a n n a m L .
p
o er a n d a m ; N . U pih an er .
’

L pi n di . u

(g en . s in
g ) ; N . U .
p an a
p ei L .

g ua n d og u e ; b u t wh e n d in n

Umb r i an re
p r es e n ts an O ld e r n t, it doe s n ot b e c o me n n . R r

i S kr h ar ) 0 H G h or s e ( qu i c k ) E
’
r
g n ca r r o , .
( to g o ,
. . .
, .

h or s e . R r rs t o r r eo fo r t or s eo b e s i d e t os t as fo r t or s t a s , S kr .

t o r sh ( to t hi r st
) , Gr . r ép a o p a t t er r a d
( yr l an d
) fo r t er s a f omr

sa me ro o t as l as t f m for
f er s em or r o fo r
er r e
p
an d t h i s e r h a s fo r c o m ar e S k r b h r t i
far
f fo r ar s
p p f ar t
p .

( n ou r ishme n t
) fr om bh a r ( to b e ar ) , N Uf . . ar s o i L fa r r e
. u m;
t er r eo t er s eo, S kr t r as .
( t o t r e mb le ) ,
Gr . r
p
’
sw f ro m R . r
p eg ,
fr eg o s a (é pdfi na ev , Ho m r
péa a a (I . ao r .
) er r o er s o ,

G o t h a ir zj a n ( t o w an d e r )
. ver r es
( a b o ar ) ver s es b e s i d e S kr .

va r s h ( t o s p ri n kle ) ,
vr s h a
( a b u ll ) ; g a r r i o
*
g ar s io b e s i d e Li t h .

g ar s as
( e
t h i
vo ce
) ; h or r eo h o r s eo , S k r . h r s h ( h o r r er e ) . R r

ri n p a lcer r i mu s ,
t l
c e e r r i m us ; h er e r t
p b
roab l
y p as s e d
t h r o ug h t h e st a e r s L l p e r h ap s in
g . [h f o lli s
( a b ag ) b e

L e o Me ye r s u g g e s t s t h a t g a r r i a i s fo r g a r n i c , fr o m w h i ch la t t e r h e
e x l ai n s
p g a n n i o (I ye lp ) Bo p p co n s id e rs g a r r i c t o b e fo r g a r g i o , b e s id e
.

S h r g a r g (cla mar e ) , b u t t h is i s m o s t i mp r o b a b le
'

. .
 1 54 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

s i d e G r OOA a R O Q .
( a b ag ) OvA Mg ( a b ag ) G o t h
, , . b a lg s . L l
lg i n p ello , fa llo , p er ce llo , t o llo cella fo r celia b e s id e L celo, .

do mi cili a m , S kr lrh a la ( a t h r e s h i n g —
fl o o r ) , s d ld ( a ho u s e ) G r
’
.
.

kt cz ( h ut), le s s lla b e fo r l
’
c e la a
xa a un ce
p r o cella fo r p r oc eli a ,
b e s i d e S k r h a l ( t o i m p e ll) , G r xi h n g ,
. .
fi c v xdh o g
( a c o w h er d) , -

L cello, celox, celer O a llo (n o m s in g

. . . . f e rn .
) L . a li a , G r .

dh ko g , O H . . G . al les ( h
ote r w se i ) . L l lt i n su
p er t er m .
—
il
a ci lli mus , & c
li mu s - i lt i mus , as
f .
f e l, f e ll-i s (g en . s in
g .

)
f elt is mel, m ell i s (g i g ) f r m elt i s G h
’
- en o s nr e r -o -
.

n .
g, .

a s ki oaa w h i z
-
ya, G o t h m i li t h ( ho n e y)
. BO p p w r o n g ly c o n .

s id e r s melli s t o b e fo r melvis , c o n n e c t in
g i t w i t h S k r ma dh a .

( h o n e y) . L t in b e c o min g ll p r o b ab ly p as s e d t h r o u g h t h e
s ta
g e i s fo r
ls , p a lt a s
as Lpl lld i n P o llux
u s us G r [10 . .

A v det mn g , ac c o r d i n o BO an d ,
i n ma l le u s fo r m a lde n s , b e
’

g t pp ,

s i d e S kr ma r d (t o p oun d ) . L l ls in vellem ve ls e m, velle .

vels e co l lu m co ls u m, G . h a ls (t h e n ec k) . L l in in ve ll u s
vi llas b e s i d e S kr . i nna (w o ol
) , Lit h . vi n a l ( w o l ), o Ch .
Sl .

vlan a
( w ool) , G ot h . v u lla
(w o ol )
( a c c o r din g t o
c o lli e C u r tiu s )
c o n is l b e s id e G r . xo kw v d g , Li t h h d ln a s ( h e ig h t ) A
.
, . S h o lm.

( h il
a l ) . lv in p a llo r , p a lli d us b e s i d e O H G fa lo , fa l
L l . . .

a lb , L i t h a ( ale , C h S l
) a va ( w hi t e
wer , G .
f p l ca s ,
p .
p l ) p elli s . .

p b e s id e p u l vi n a r , G f el l ( a
elvi s , . h id e ) , Gr . v il l ( a hi d e )
a ,

e r h a s fo r va l c i s , G r gh o g ,
qr
va llis Hlu c s o llus
p p .
( s o lli

f er r ea s , so lli -
c i t us ,
s o ll- er s ) S kr . s a r va s , ( o mn i s ) , Gr . Sl og ,

I on . o bh o g o A Fo g ; mo lli s m o lvis , b e s i d e G r 5i di n ( s lu g .

i sh) Pp t i ui ip s ipp e ( i p s i n e qu e alii , F e s t p

g .
p n
q p p e, . .

b e s id e mep t e, mih ip t e ( C at o p r o mi h i i p s i , F e s t p 1 5 2 ,
‘ ’
. .

vo t e ( v o s i s i , F e s t
p p p . .
—
p t e — p o t e, (c o m a
p er

ut-
p ot e —
) p ot i s
,
.

II I Wh e . n t wo c o n s o n an t s c o m e t o g e t h e r t h e fi s t i s g e ,
r

n era lly m a d e like t h e seco d or affe c t d b y i t i s o m e w ay

n ,
e n ,

o r , co m ar e W O N G; ( g r ey , m h d v é c,
G r m u s; ( d us ky) is fo r m ks/
.
p )
w eA r é g , n ek dc, S kr p a li t a (g r e y) N o w , if ll ( in p a llo r )
. I v, w e h a ve a .

t r a ce o f a mor e in t imat e c o n n e x io n b e t we e n at in , it h O H G & c , L L . . . . .

t h an b e t wee n L at . an d G r .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

as i n p es n a (p en n a ) p et n a , r es m a s ( r emus ) b e s id e G r Ener .

p dg I n t h e s e c as e s t b e c am e t h t hr o u g h t h e as p i r at i n g i n
.

flu e n c e of th e n as a l, an d t h e n t h b e c am e s . T h is as
p i r at in
g
in fl u en c e of a n as a l u
p o n a
p r ece d in g s ur d mu t e i s ver
y
c omm o n in G r e ek . 0 L .
( cen a ) i s p e r h ap s
. ces n a ced n a

b e s id e S kr [ch a d ( t o ci da n a ( fo o d e a rs al s o
,
. e at
) h h ) T r a
pp .

i n s o m e c as e s t o h av e b e c o m e b r g h t
, h e ste s
pt h rou t r , th r ,

d h r , br , t h e d e n t al b e i n g as i r at e d b t h e fo llo w i r co n s o
p y g n

b r i n as ,
f omr can an d s os t o r I E .td ( i ste ). s vas r s
p r ,
as s e d
t hro g h u th e sta
g es c o n s os t or i n as ,
c o n s os t r n us , i co n s o s t h r i n us ,

c o n s os d h r i n us , an d t he n d h b e c am e b , as in r a b er , &c . sa a l
br is p as s e d t h r ou g h s t ag e s s a lu t t r is ( fr o m S t s a lu t ) , s a las t r is , .

s a las t h r i s , s a lus d h r i s , s a ladh r i s , c o m ar e a lus t r i s fr o m S t

p p .

al u d m u l i eb r i s m u li es t r is , t h r o u h a s i m il ar s e r i e s o f s t e s ;
p g p
t en eb r a e
"
t en es t h r ae t en es t r ae , p p er h a s f om r an I E . . ta

ma s t r a , w he n ce S kr . t a m is r a , b e s id e S k r t a mas .
( d ar kn e s s ) ,

Z . t ema k u ( d arkn e s s ) , Li t h . t a ms a ( d ar kn es s ) ,
0 . H . G dema r .

( cre
p u s cu u l m), O . S . th im ( d i m ) , I r t ei m . an d t eme l ( d ar k ) , W .

tg wyll ( d a rk ) .

T e x e r ci s e d an as i r a t in i n fluen c e o th r ce d in g
p g u
p n e
p e

t e n u is U mb i n an d O s c : t h s i Umb r i an ct a d p t b e
in r a an u n n

c m e h t as O
a U s c eh t o L s c ip t m O U eh t e L ect e
, . . r . r u ,
. . r . r ,

O U s ba h t fo r s b at
. . a L s big i t o i n O s c a p t b e c am e
a a a a . a n

as N O L N O
f t n d ct
a h t , f
s cr i t s , s c i ta e
p O h t v i
. s . a . r , . . a

L Oc t a vi us O O eh t ad L ext a 0 O s ah t um L s a c
.
,
. . r . r ,
. . a . n

t m u .T h i s a s p ir at i n g fo r c e o f t u p o n a p r e c e d i g t e n u i s m n a

n i fe s t e d i t s e lf al s o i l at e L at in a s i jach t i s S u c h I t alia
n ,
n va . n

fo r ms as ogg et t o o t t o p e fet t o o t t a e ot t us o & c fr o m L o b

, , ,
r ,
r , ,
.
, .

j e c t us oc t o, p e
f ec t us o ta e
p
,
o b t us us & c rm o st
p r o b ab l
y ,
r , ,
.
,

as s e d t hro u h t h e i t e r m e d iat e fo r m s o bjech t as o ch t o e n

p g p , ,
r

C o n s u l t E b e l, K . Z . X VI . 77, q se .K A sc o li,
X V I 1 96 , se q . Z . .

Bo p p , S h r C l . . u n d er t a ma s , w h o co n s id e rs t h a t t ene b r az i s fo r l e mb r e , b

b e in g i n ser t ed fo r e up h o n y ( as i n d p fi p o a i a ) i n t e m r a: b e s id e S kr t i mir a .

(o b s c u r it a s ) an d t a mi s r a .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 157

”
f ec h t u s, o
f f
t a r e , o t u s us , &c . In Iih r s 0 an d p b e fo r e t b e c o m e
ch , a s o c ht L . oct o, r ec ht ( )
l e x for r ect , la ch t ( m i lk ) fo r la c t ,
s ec ht L . se
p t em ,
n ec ht L . ne
p t i s, &c . In W el h t h i s s ch h as
d i s ap p e ar e d , an d we fi n d W . wyt h ( g ht)
ei Ir . o ch t o , W .

ig h t ) , W ( le x ) W
'

r ezt h Ir ht ta i t h
(
’

n o ith Ir . n och t n . . r ec ,
.

I r te c h t i er , &c th e l l v o w e l ( 2) m aki n g i t s a p p e ar
.
( t ) .
, p a at a

t of t h e al at al i z at i o n o f t h e o r i g i n al g u t t u r al
an c e o n ac c o u n
p .

h his fo d E m g h t m ig h t eig h t
'

A c an
g e s i m il ar to t l as t i s un in .
, ,

b e s id e Gr . nac h t , ma ch t , a ch t ; an d in t h e R o m an c e l a n g u ag e s

f om L o to Por t
'

P or t Pr o v Fr h ui t
'

as . oi t o , . oz t , . r . c . n ot t e,

Pr o v . n ot t , Fr . un it f om L
r . no c t em ; P o r t
f ei t o .
,
Fr .
f a it f om
r

L fa ct om
. .

I n G ot hic w e fi n d a m u t e b e fo r e a d e n t al c ha n
g ed in t o t h e
co rr e s p on di n g s
p ir an t , a ft r w h i c h
e th e d e n t al al w a
y i s or b e
s

c o m es s i c kn e s s f s uh t h is b e s i d e s i u lcs s i c k ) ; ma h t s
t : s a u h ts ( ) or
(
( m i g h t ) fo r mag t /
g us / f t
'

f om R
s ( c r e at i o n ) b e s i d e
r . mag ; a -s ca

g a s ha
p j
-
a n
f n
ra -
t s ( l e n din
g) b e s id e
g i b-
a n (t o
g i ve H i n .

t h e s e G o t h i c fo r m s s a uh t s n a h t s ( n i g h t ) Li t h n a h t i s r a ih t s
, , .
,

L . r ect us , &c .
, w as ver
y g ut t u r a l; an d th e c or r es
p on di n g

g h i n E n g li s h on ce h ad a s t r on
g g u t t u r al s o u n d, as it s t i ll h as
i n l o wl an d S c o t c h , as in en eu h ( e n o u h ) ,
g g s h eug h ( a di t ch ),
w ic h h ar e
p r on o u n c e d as emZch ,
‘
s h ti ck w o u l d b e i n E n g li s h ,

or in t h e n o t at o n i of th e g e n e r al al p h a b et as max” , 8 ,2
3
s T he
u t t u r al s i r an t r e fe r s a s n e i h b o u r i n v o w e ls o an d u , an d
g p p g g ,

h e ce i n n P o r t u g u e s e w e fi n d a u t o fr o m L a c t om , Ou t u br o .

( O ct b e o r
) d o ut or ( d o c t o r ) & c
, , . : c om
p ar e th e E n g li s h
pr o
n u n c i at i o n o f en o u
g h ,
la u h , th ou h t
g g . W e c an acc o u n t fo r t h e

r e m ar k a b le s ub s t it u t io n o f
p t in W al a c
l h i an fo r L . ct f om t hi
r s

A
p ir a t ion is of co mmo n
s o c cu r r e n ce i n t h e K e lt i c lan g u ag es . In W e ls h
r an d l as p i r a te a s u cce e din g co n s o n an t as i n ma r ch ( a h or s e ) I r ma r e
. .

I n I r is h 0, t an dp are as p ir a t e d b e t ween t wo vo we ls , a s e ch
(a h or se ) for
ecu, an d t h is fo r ec us L
qu os , O S e h u , & c
. e S imilar ly i n it ial p d is
. . .

a p p e ar e d , as in a t h zr
'

pLa t er , ia s o
.
p z s czs , lci n
p len a s , & c p h er e
' '

L . .

p as se d t h r o u g h t h e st ag es
p h , f , h , an d t h e n v an is h e d as i n f ae d u s L .

h a e d us a ed us , & c .
 1 58 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

as
p i r at i n
g fo r ce of tC t p as s e d t h r o u g h t h e s t ag e s okt , g h t ,
.

f i n b ec o mi n g p t ,
t an d in a fe w c as e s r e mai n e d a t t h e ft s t a e
g .

T h u s w e h av e doft or L . doc t o r , left i ce L lect ica wh e r e c t

.
,

b e c o me s f t an d ca
p t L . coet us , f r ip t L fr ie t as p ep t L
.
,
.

p ect us , &c .
, w he d v an c e s t o p t
r e ct a .

I n Mo d e r n G r e e k w e als o s ee t h e as
p i r at in
g f rc e
o of t in
6 x7 6) ( e i g h t ) xks qrr n g fr o m xA a r n g Xr e vt fr om
' ' '

,
'

,
'
m t mo v
'
.

I V \V h e n t w o c on s o n an t s c o me t o g e t h e r
.
, th e s ec o n d is
so me t i me s m ad e li ke t h e firs t o ff c t e d b y i t i s o m e w ay , r a e n .

T h s t oft en b e c o m e af t r
u l c d t h e n a s als x a fo r s e r , ,
an : no

n ct of o m oceo ; fi x us fo fi g t
a r f m fi g o m xi m us f
n r us ro a or

m g t ima b e s id e t f o m g ; fi t us f o m fi g o ; & c ;
us a c us r a o c r n .

s
p a r s us fo r sp a r g t us fr o m Sp a r g o b es i d e t or t as fo r t o r ct us an d
sar t a s p u ls u s fo r p u lt u s fr o m p ello p er cu ls us fo r p er cu lt us fr o m .

p er cello ; ex cels us fo r ex celt us fr o m ex cello &c .

, b e s id e s ep a l

t us fro m s ep elio ma n s u m fo r ma a t am f o m m n eo ; t en s as an d
r a

t en t as fr o m t en d &c Wh th e r t b elon t o th e
o ; . en
g ou
p g a s

s am e el e m e n t of a w or d i t i s un c h an g e d as in f er u n t, a ma n
t em , &c . T a ft er 1) is g d un c
p h
e x c e t in lap s u s for lap t us
an e

f om R
r . la b . In S an s k ri t w e als o fr e qu e n t ly fi n d hs h ks )
re p e s e r n t in g an o ld e r ht, as t a ks h ci (a c ar
p en t er Gr . r s xr
’
w v,

na ks h a t r a
( ) f o m kt ( g ) c o s lt
i h
a s t ar
t 38 r na a n n u .

V M t al i fl e c e f t w o on s o
. u u ts
p o n d pp u o xi n o c n an u n an a r

m t i o t o e ac h o t h
a n b o th c o s o a t s b e i g ch g d erT hu s , n n n n an e .

su g illa t i o c o m e s f o m s b d ci li m i t i s a t a s l at i o n o f
r u an u r n
g
6 6
1r ¢ 7r ¢o v( b lo w u d e t h e e y s ) w h e e w a d e ri e d { mm
a n r e , n c s v

6s b e t b l ac k a d b l e o m o r t if ) A l f r A h
711 ( t o t a
y pp us n u , , u o

lus ( as i m g f o m i F g ) f o m g c o n e c t e d wi t h S k
'
vu ro r K o r a ua n r .

ap a s ( o m p l w t e r ) G o t h
n h. A S e we. T hi
a oot i , . a ua , . . . s r s

fo u n d i M w i w ( t h e p e o p le b e t w e t o t w o s s c o m
n o
-
t rr - t en ea ,

e s c h fo m at i o s as M M 9 8 I m
p ar u
p f r 6 9 ten
) EG ON OT a a, 8 1 0 v, n ra na ,

( t h e P e lo p o n n e s u s , ll e d h f or ea fr o m S l mor e
’ ’
7 A m a n o w ca
7 ; .

L m e) EE i i n g
. ar , ( n
-
y in g
a
( r o m t h e lan d
f r
ac o s s th e sea
) , an d
e rh a s t h e V o ls c i a A p z o la
’

n t o wn
p p .
1 60 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

i t ”

T h e fo llo wi n g w o r d s m ay als o b e c as e s of d i s s im ilat i o n

d u lci s fo r g u lci s b e s i d e G r ykv mfic , t h e g u t t g b e c o mi n g d o n . .

ac c o u n t o f t h e n e x t s yll ab l e b e g i n n i n g w i t h g u t t c ; in te .

n e rae b b e s i d e S kr . t a mi s r a an d m ih i b e s i d e t i b i S kr . tub

h g a m , m m ay h av e b e en c h an g e d i n t o n i n t h e fi r s t c as e an d
bh i n t o h i n t h e s e c o n d , t o p r e v e n t t wo lab i als im m e di at e ly
fo ll o win g e ac h ot he r ; in a fe w w or d s v, w hen fo ll o w e d or

"
p r ece d e d b y 0 o r i t , b e c am e b as i n fer b u i fo r fer vu i an d b u
b i le fo r b o vi le ; p r ox ima s for p r op s i mus b e s id e p r op e ; t a men
i s fo r t a mem, an d i t b e ar s th e sa me r e lat io n t o ta m t h at i t em
d o es t o i ta .

83 . C HA N G E or S I NT O R .

S , w hen i t c o me s b e t we e n t w o v owe s , or l b e t w e en a vowel

an d a s o n an t c o n s o n an t, or w he fi n na l aft e r a v o w e l,
g e n e r al ly
b e c om e s r . T h us we h av e g ero fo r g es o b e s id e g es s i ; u r o -

b eside u s -s i ; cr a m f ro m R . es ( t o b e ) ;
g u er i b e s i d e
q ues t us ,

R q ues
. S kr .
'
s t as ( t o s ig h ) ; a u r i s fo r a us i s b e s id e a us -
cu lt o,

G r o irg
'
. Ho rn . o ii a r a ( pl ) ; h a ur i o b e s i d e h a us -
tus; d ir i m o an d
d ir ibeo fo r d is i m o an d d i s h i beo ; h er i b e s id e h es t er n u s ; -
s er o ,

fo r s es o , a r e d u p l i c at i o n of R . sa
(
to sow ) u u r as , S kr . s uu s h d
( a d au g h t e r -i n l aw ) ; -
vi r u s , S kr . v s i ha (p o i s o n
) ; s o r or , S kr .

w as d r ; h a er co b e s i d e h a es i t o a u r or a , S kr . us h as ( th e d aw n )
ma cr o b e s id e maes t as G r y eveo g G r ac c o I t g en esos
’
en er i s
g
-
. .

m a r is , m u r is , L ig u r is , & c ,
o r is , , . fr o m 03 , ma s , m us , L ig us , & c .

b es id e mas c u lus , mus cu lus ( a li t t l e m o u s e ) , L ig us t i cus , & c .

—r u m ( t e r m o f e n l ) fo r s u m as ( i s t a r u m S kr t ds cin ; '

g p
-
. . . .

vet er nus fo r vet es n us f ro m vet us ; d i u r n us , h od ier n us b e s id e

D i esp it er ; j ur g o b e s i d e j us , j us t us ; ca r me n b e s i d e C as me n a e,
c o n n e c t e d wi t h S k r s a ia r ai s e F i n al b e c o me s
'
s to
p ) .
; &c . 8 r

C u r t ius co mp ares t o t h is ch an g e t h e s u b s t i t ut io n o f L3 in G reek fo r a

G r aeco - It . v, as in Bo t xo p a c b e s id e L . vo lo , &c . C o n s ul t h is G r un d z l i g e
d er G r .
p 5 16 . .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR . 1 61

in t ho s e c as e s h e r e a o we l r ig i lly fo llo we d
w v o n a d per
it , an

h ap s i s o m e n o t h e c as e s fro m t h e i fl c e o f a
r n u en n al o
gy a mo r

( I am l o v e d ) i s for a mos e, & c .

; a ma t u r ( h e i s l o v e d ) i s fo r
ama t i s e,
'

&c . major i s for majos , p ro b ab lr

y a ri s in
g f o m t h r e

i n flu e n c e of t h e o b li qu e c a s es , b e si de m j & c ; i milarlya us , . s

we ha ve h on or fo r h on oa, & c . S is o ft e n r et a n e i d, as in ve

s i ca , c as a , va s a (p l . o f vas
) , p u si l u s , l casu s ca s s us for cad t us ,

an d w h en e v e r 3 re
p r e s en ts g ss, b e sid e
g uae r o, n as us b e
ua es o

s id e m is er b e s id e maer eo , p os u i , n i s t , an d c o m p o u n d s
'

n a r es ,

wi t h de as d es i n o , & c . I n O ld L at i n we fi n d suc h fo rm s as

L as es for L f a r es , a s en a h a r en a , F us i u s , es i t cr i t , &c . L .

P ap i r i u s C ras s u s ( C on s u l B . C . 3 6 6) c h an
g ed h is n a me fr o m
P ap is i us t o P ap i r i us f o m t hi s w e s e e t h t t h e s u b s t it u t i o r a n

of r fo r 8 h ad alr e a dy s ho wn i t s e lf e a l
y i t h e fo th ce t y r n ur n ur

B C I Umb ri a a d O n s i s o ft e r e t i e d b e t w e e
. . n n n s ca n a n n

t w o v o w e ls : O U as a O L as ( ) O O aas as a as ai
. . . . a ar a , . .
,

O L a sas as a i ( a as
. . e) W e fi d h ow ev e r O U e
,
r ,
ar a . n , ,
. . ru,

N U om as t h e i n fi n o f R es ( t o b e) I n O s c a t h e t e m
. . cr . . . n r .

of
g en
p l b e c o me s.
— s m a
. d i U m b i a — r L — a m a u n n r n a u . ru

I E —
. d s dm . .

84 . T HE R E J E C TI ON OF A C ON S ONANT .

T he r e e ct i
j on of on e of t wo m e di al c on s o n an ts b e lo n g s

p er h ap s p r o p e p rl
y t o th e as h a s b e e n r ov n ce i of as s i mil a t i o n ,
al r e a d oin t e d o u t i n 8 1 T h e v an i s h i n o f a c o n s on an t
y p g .

b e t w e e n t w o v o w e l s i s als o t r e at e d b y S c h le i c h e r as a ki n d
o f as s imil at i o n ; wh e n a su rd i n t hi s p o s it i o n v an i s h e s , i t mu s t

T h is i s t h e or d i n ar y acco u n t g i ven of the o r i g in o f th e L

p as s ive , at in

b u t t h er e ar e se v er al ob e c t io n s j t o i t wh ich r en d er i t s omewh a t d o u b t ful .

I n t h e fi r s t p l ace , t h e fo r m o f t h e se con d p er s p l (a ma mi m, &c

'

. . .
) is e vi

d en t ly a p ar t i cip le in men us Gr ,u w o g S kr -
.
-
. an d i f in t h e
l at an d 3 r d p er s p l fi n al r r e p rese n t s t h e r e fl e xi ve p ro n ou n s , h o w
. . c an

we a cco u n t fo r t h e 2 n d per s b e in g fo r me d s o d iffe r e n t ly fr o m t h e m

. In
t h e se co n d la ce t h e p as s i ve i n I r is h e n d e d i n r , wh i ch n e ve r r e
p res en t e d
p ,

an old er 8 ; e g I r b er t a r
. . .
f er u n t u r , I r ber t h a r L . . L .
f er t ur , & c .

M
1 62 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

h av e firs t b e c o me a s o n an t T h e di s ap p e a a c e o f i i t i l . r n n a

c o n s o n an t s i s i t e a di s t i n c t p h e o m e n on
u an d c an n o t b n
q , e

as c r i b e d t o t h e i n fl en c e of a s s i m i lat i o u n .

I n i t i al c h as v e ry ar ely an i s h e d ; i t m ay h av e d o n e s o in r v

t h e fo ll o win g e x amp le s z — bi u n d e te t b e s i d e a li cu bi u , ,
u r , u -
,

a li cu d e fr o m I E S t [ov ( w h o ) w h e n c e S kr h a s ( wh o )
-
n , . . . a , .

L g is G o t h h vas S kr h ta as G r d p q ( I o xd p g )
. u .
, . a r . n r s o n . r s o

L t er E wh eth e ; u t quad : We b e r ho w e v e r c o c t s
. u ,
. r nn e

u bi , t i & c wi t h a p r o n o mi
u , .
, l s t rn t h at i s fo u d i n S kr n a e n . u

( u t ru m ) ta ( el a t ) b t t h e p r e c e d i g vi e w i s f r m or e
, u v ,
u ,
u n a

p r o b ab l e C r t i
. us c o e ts Gr u i L uo cc i eo
(nn
c c . ve n s , . n ,
-
n v o

min ) i co
, n i ct us n i ct ,
nw it h G o t h h n ei a ( I b e d ) O H G
, or . v n ,
. . .

k ig ( I b e d )
n a n d a c c o di
n
g ly as s u m e s t h at t h e o i i al roo t
, a
g r n r n

w as [m fr o m w hi c h b y g u at i o n w e fo m h n
u whe ce w e n r a v, n

h av e G o t h h m o ; t h e fo m c i eo p o in t s b ac k also t o
.
’

r o -n v an

t i al g u t t u r al for i f t h e roo t b e g an wi t h
, , w e wo u l d h a e n , v

fo un d can iveo h e s pp o s e s als o t h at w e fi n d t h e lo st i

-
n u x n

n
e wb (
o rn » I o d s l um b e rn
) w xt/ w fro m w
, x ( s m é w f om a oc r

7r r w ) ic x xv o a H L ud us O L lo idos m y b e c o
K UO K .
,
.
.
, a n

n e c t e d w i t h S k r [ar i d ( t o p l y) D i b m m ay b fo h li b m
. a . . u e r u

b e s i d e G r xp fi é n G t h h l if E lo f & c
. c v ,
J u r ma d o . a s, . a , . n n e

i e s l t m ( fo r c l t r u m = c lud t m ) fro m kl d
r v us r u s eco da
us
y r u u , a n r

fo m o f R h l w h e e O L c luer e c lu er e an t i q i p u rg e
r . u n c . . , u ar

di ce b an t Pli xxv 2 9
c lo ac G r xk Zw ( I w as h ) G o t h
’ ’
. n . .
,
a, . tr , .

h lut s ( p u e ) 0 H G h lut
r r ,
C o r s s en d e ri e s lus ci ia fro m
. . . ar . v n

c luos or c lovos S k s a as an d G r d g ) an d
'
an or ex
. r v .
ra c ,
”
l ai n i tnh e am e ac c o di g ly as n t h e s w e et s o g s t re s s ; r n
“
n
p g
o t h e r s d e ri v e i t fro m lus cus fi d e xp l ai i t as m e n in g th e
“
an n a
”
t wi li g h t s o g s t re s n K w as s imilarly l o s t in G r X6 5 fo r h E
s . . R a

b e s id e L c l E h eel . a at , V p o an d v pp a ar e fo cv p or an d
. . a r a r a

c va
pp a b e sid e x m ( I b e at h e o u t )a é g ( (L
'

x
nu fi i p r , x ir o u , a ve a ,

x w dg & c a L i t h hvcip as (b r e at h ) C r ain c o n e c t s

v ,
.
, . n

”
per ly mean s b li n d h en ce d i n mg h t e d ,
’

f
“
L us en s p ro o an eye , an d
l u s cu m n e ver m ean s twi lig h t , co n se q u en t ly t h e p r o pe r t r a n s lat ion o f t h e

wo r d wo ul d b e t h e dims ig h t e d so n g s t r es s .
 1 64 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

c u us d emi
'

‘
for d eon i ; p i n u s fo r p i cn u s b e s i d e p ix- 1 s
’

g u in i fo r
'

q u i n cn i hi m for h i m fr o m R luc S kr r u k ( t o s h in e ) ;'

. .

s en i fo r s exn i ; ex for p ac
b e c o me s e in en a r r o , cu a t o ; p an i s

is ac c o r din g t o Bo pp b e s id e S kr p ak ( t o b ak e ) b t ac c or d
’
n , ,
.
,
u

in g t o C rt i s c o e t d wi t h S k d ( s st e t a e) L b u
u
p u n n p c e r . u n r ,
. a-

l m p s co
u , p as t o Pa d -
les p e r, s
( o m e q uo e s c im u
-
r ,
-
,
-
nu n v r,

en es Li t h p e as ( fo d d e ) p e it ( p as c o ) & c
’
a te -n s, n r n
p e p ,
.
, ,
.

C i s lo s t b e fo r e I i ala fo r c la b id e a x i lla G r d x g ( t h e
'
-
n a es ,
. ic o

s ho ld e ) O H G alwa la ( t h e h o ld e ) t el fo t exla b e
u r ,
. . . s u r a r

s i d e ta c o ; cu li for cuc lin a b e s id e c g uo g i na C i s lo s t o

, co u na .

b efo e in s evi fo r s ex vi ; co i eo for c i veo b id e co ir i

r v r r n v on c es n ,

n i co iot as ; b li vis o p e h ap s fo o b li cvi s co b e s i d e li g uo

,
n o c r r r r n ,

b u t C o r s s e p e fe r s t o c o e c t i t wi t h t h e s am e oo t as li vo
n r nn r r ,

c o m ari n Ho ac e s e x r e s s i o n C
’
li vi d p g
us ,
p li vidu s b li vi on es r o .

i s lo s t b e fo r e m i n t o me t m for t o cme t u m f o m t q eo r n u r n r or u

s emes t is fo s exme t r i s
r lumen for lucmen fr o m R luc ; p om m
r s . u

w h at i s ri p e ) b e id e S kr p a k (c o qu e r a )
”
fo r p ocm u m ( li t
’
“
. s .
,

”
b u t ac c o r di g t o C u r t iu s fo r p ovm m ( li t
,
n w h at h as g ro wn ) ,
u .

f o m a I E roo t p ( t o g ro w ) w h en c e S kr p md ns (
r n . . u , . u- a

m an ) , p u t r a ( a s o n ) , G r -
. 1r o a l fo r 1r o Ft a , m h h o g fo r n oF Aog ,
1r a i g an d wé i q for TR I P
’ '

L .
p a-
p a v-er ,
p r tc -
p u - ti u m Omen fo r
o cmen b e s i d e G r d a a o p a i fo r dxg o y a r, G o t h ah ma n ( s p ir i t ) ,
. .

a mn is fo r a cm en i s fr o m I E R a h or a kv t o b e ui c k ) w h e n c e
( q . . .

a
g ua , &c b u t Bo pp c o n n e c t s i t d i r e c t ly w i t h
.
, V e di c a
p n as

( a q u a) ; t emo fo r t exmo , b e s i d e S kr t a h s h ( t o . fo r m, t o c ut ) ,

Gr . r i m-r m, r éx-v n , n ux- w, 0 . H . G deh s a ( an . ax e

) .

I n i t i al g w as l o s t b e fo r e n in n os co , n o t u s , n o men , n arr o be
s id e co -
n os ca , cc -
g no
g men , O L . .
g g nar i o ( n ar r o ) , g n a r us fro m
I E . .
g na
( t o kn o w ) , w he n ce S kr g n d , G r i -v v , 0
.
'
. . H G . .

lcn d u ( I kn o w ) , & c ; . n or ma G r y vury wv i n m e an in g ) , i s

.
’

fo r g ua r i ma fr o m l as t roo t , ac c or d i n g t o Be n fe y ; n a t us b e s id e .

co n a t us , n i l or , n ix us b e s id e n i tor , ix us , O H G h eg en t i
g g g n n . . .

( n it e n s ) , an a- h n eh en t i ( i n n it en t e s ,
) G ot h . an a - h n a i v-ja n (to

p l ac e u
p o n s omet hi g ) n . G w as lo s t b e fo r e I i n lu cu n s fro m
Gr .
yA u xo fi c ; lac t b e s id e G r .
y é h a xr an d a cc or di n
g t o
 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 65

Bo p p , i n la s s us fo r g la s su s b e s id e S kr g lds n u .
( w e ary) . G is
lo s t b efo r e v i n ven i o , vad u m, vd d o fro m I E g va ( t o . .
g o
) ,

w h en
S kr yé ( t o g o ) , G r fi a cv w , Efi n v
.
, q ui .
’ '
fr o m R Li a G o t h . .
~

ma n ( t o c o m e ) ; vo r o fr o m I E g va r , w h e n c e S kr g a r ( t o . . .

d e v o u r ) , G r B o g a; vi vus , vi t a , vi ct u s b e s i d e S kr g i v ( t o liv e ) ,
.
’
.

G r Blo g , G o t h qvi us (li v in g ) , E qu i ck ; v o lo b e s id e S kr g a l

. . . .

(to fall) , Gr .
fi a
’

h kw ( as S kr .
p at m e an s b o t h t o fly an d to

f ) a ll
p fo r
g u en t er , fr o m
v en t er
n en
er h ap s I E g van
. .
, b ut
c on n ect ed b
y C u r t i u s an d Be n fe
y w i t h S k r
g ath a r a .
'

( v en te r) ,

G r y a cr r fip , G o t h qu i t h us ( t h e b e lly) , la u s qu i t h r -s ( i n an e m
. .
-

v e n t r e m h ab e n s ; ves cor , ac c o r d i n o Bo for ves co r b e

) g t pp , g
s id e S kr .
g h as
( t o e at
) , to w hi c h he al s o
j oin s Gr .

BO pp c o n n e c t s vas t o
g w it
q j h S kr .
'
as ( l ae d e re
) , G ot h f . r a- vi s t a

d e l e o , c o n s i d e ri n h r i i n al fo r m t o h av e b e e n h
( ) g t e
Z g
o
g vas t o e

als o c o n n e c t s v i i lo for o wi t h t h e S kr v i i l ar e ) ,
( g
'

i i l ei a r
g v
g g g g .

O H G wach a r ( v i gi l) T h e s e c o m p ari s o n s o f B o p p ar e ,
. . . .

h o w e e r ex t v , re me ly d ou b t ful as to vi
g i l, C u r t iu s i s
p ro b abl
y
c orr e c t i n c o n n e c t in
g i t w i t h L vig eo , v e eo
g . .

Me di al g i s l o s t b e fo r e a fo ll o wi n g j, aft e r h avi g b e e n as n

s irn ilat e d d t h e n t h e p r e c e d in g v o w el ,
t o it , an r , n if s h o t i s l e g t h
c o m e n s at i o n : t h u s w e h av e m ejo fo r m t o , ma o r fo r
en ed in gj j
‘

p
magjor , &c G i s l o s t b e fo r e t i n i n d u lt a s fo r i n d u lg t us , sp a r
.

s us s
p fo r s ar t us , m u lsus fo r m
ar t a s
p g t us , t er s us fo r t er t u s ,
g
&c G i s lo s t b e for e 8 in fu ls i , u r s i , ver s i , i n d u ls z , t er s z , & c
’ ’

f om f
r u lg eo , & c . co mp e s co fo r com e
p g s co , f om R
r
p ag (o r p a le) .

b e s i d e p ig n us , p a n g o , p a c i s car , p aw S k r p ag -r a ( fi r m ) , G r
'
-
.
, .

7r 7r v v 1 t , & c G i s l o s t b efor e l i n s t t lus fo r s t i lus b e s id e

'

y / .

g
G r . ar i
’
Zw , L . d i s t i n g uo ; p alus a lus
p g r om t h e r o t
p ag , for f o
an d p e r h ap s r
i n f t lu m ( a s t i n g ) fo r fi g lu m b e s i d e fi g o G is .

l o s t b e fo r e v i n fo r g vig vu s ; br evi s fo r br eg vi s , G r fi p a
vi vu s .

x6 9 ; levi s fo r leg v i s , G r zA a n ; n i v i s for n ig vi s b e s i d e n i n

’

u o , n i x ; ma le fo r ma vo lo fr o m ma ev o lo ; ma lva b e s id e G r
g g ya .

A é xn ; u veo , av i d a s fo r u
g veo , u
g vi d us fr o m I E . . u
g w h en c e
S kr . uhs h ( o n c s
p e r
g r
e e, h u m e c t ar e ) u
g 8, G T . fr y-p dq , & C
1 66 C OMPA R AT I VE GR AMMAR .

”
fr uo r for f g
r u vo b e s ide
f gu i ( u s e fu l )
f g
u es
r r ,
r , S kr . bh ug
'

( e d e r e fr u i ) G o t h
,
b r u hja O H G, p r uch an . n, . . .
,
b r uch au , G .

br a uch en ( t o ) Euse , . br ook; t o r vus fo r t or g vu s b e s id e S kr .

( t hr e at e n ) G r d d h ap s
'

t ar g t o , . r a
py l '
a v ) r o q,
p er

r
p x b ga, A S t h r ea a n
g . .
( t o c h i d e ), O H . . G d r a wa . for d r a h wa ,
G d r oh en ( t o m en ac e )
.
f l
u vus fo r f u lg vus b e s id e fu bg eo , fla g r o ,
lues fo r lug ves , if i t b e c o n n e ct e d wi t h S kr r ug ( v e x ar e ) ,
'
&c . .

G r A v yp og ,
. L lug eo , lu ct us , & c fa veo an d fovea ar e
‘
. .

for fag veo an d fog veo, acc or din g t o C o r s s en , w h o c o n n e c t s t h e m

w it h S kr bh g ( c le e am r e c o q er e w hi c h h e s up p o s e s
. a
’
o r ,
a ,
u
”
t o h v e ori g i
a lly m e an t t o h e at C u rt i s c on n e ct s f e
n a
“
. u av o

w it h S k bh d (t o s h i n e ) bh ds h ( t o s p e ak ) G r q i
r .
g ¢n p l , , . u -
ri ,
-
,

¢ f w
a v
qu i c L f ,
m f i f
-
c t eo fa ci s f v i ll
, . &a c G-
a, a -r , a - r, -
e , a -
a, .

i s lo s t b e f r e m i f lme fo r f lg men fl ame f r fl g men b e

o n u n u , n o a

s id e S kr bh a
g ( t o s h in e ) G r
. h
p y érw (M
‘ '
oi f L fl g f g
a d e , . ( ,
-
, . ro
,
i o,

f l
(
u vus for f u lg v us ) , & c ; f r u men t u m b e s i d e f g
r u e s ; r u m i n o fo r .

r u m i n o b e s i d e G r é u r,
g p y ( a v o m i t in
g) , L r u c t o , er u o, u s e d
g.
'
.

by E n n iu s i n t h e l in e con t emp s i t f o n t es
q ui bu
’
s es e er u i
g t a
qu ae
v s i s t i m u lu s for s ti
g mu lus b e s i d e S k r . t ig
’

( t o be s h rp ) Z
a , .

t ig h r i ( an ar r ow) ,
Gr . or i Zw, or iyua , L . d is t i n g u o, i n s tig o ; u mor ,
u mect o fo r f o m I E g wh e ce S kr ules h
ug mo r , u
g m ec ta r . . u ,
n .
,

G r 57 9 69 ; f mes a cc o r d i g t o Bo p p fo r f g me b e i d e S kr
. 1 a ,
n
,
a s s .

bh h s h ( t o e at ) G t p y
a L j b (fo r f g v b u t C u rt i u s
,
r .
-
c a -
o v, . a a a a

r eje c t s t h i s ac c o n t of fumes o n t h e g ro u n d t h t a o mi n al
u a n

s uffi x c an o t s i n i f d esi e ; exame

n fro m m a o ; co n ta mi o
g y e
g r n n

b es i d e t a n g o, R . t ag .

I n i t i al h i s lo s t in d ue h o lus f o us l ; a ed u s h aed us

f ae d us ; i r c us h i r cu s fi r cus er h er ( h e d e ho )
a
g g G r .

P r ag i me an t ut i li s ; Q u i fi ug i h o mi n e s xp n a i p o v c ap pe llan t , id
'

es t

t a n t u mmod o u t ile s at i llu d es t la t iu s ( Cic T . u s c. I I I 8, . Ulfi las

t r an l
s a te s G r doci kmoc. t fi xp n a r oc b y G o t h b r a in
. . . I n the ex pr es s io n h o mo

f r ug i f r ug i , ca n be o n ly a g e n i t i ve like n i h i li , n a uc i , fl o cc i , p en s i , & c , b u t .

wh e t h e r i t b e t h e e n
g . of a n ou n in - u m or —
i u m ca n n ot be d ecid e d C o n .

s u lt C o r s se n , N ach t r ag e , & c .
, p 83 . .
1 68 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMA R .

P o t t h as an at i o n s rd b ot h
’
é xu m su es t ed t wo ex l of t h e wo
.
gg p ,
”
e
qua lly wro n g ( I ) , wear s h e wh o i s c arri e d o ff fro m h va

( t o rry) an d s u fli x —
ca to r , bu t a p as s i v e s e n s e n e e r c o e xi s t s v
”
wi t h t hi s s u fli x ( 2 ) ux r ,
o d u c t a fe min a fr o m S kr vah .

a w oma )
st r i
( n .

M e di al j (g ) i s l o s t i n d omo fo r d omayo S k r da mag ami ,

'

a mo fo r a ma g o , & c . doceo for d oceyo, & c ; . a udio for a ud it/o ,

&c . do cea m , doceya m, & c . a ud a m i au d ig a m , & c ; .

f er r eus

a u r eus a ur e
g & c us ,
; lig a,
q u a d r i a for b i u a ,
g .
j g
qua d r zg ug a cu n ct i fo r j
c o un ct i h a r n us fo r h o or n us ,
g yor c o r
r e sp o n di n g t o Z g dr e .
( a ye ar ) G r ,
. ibp a , E .
yea r m i n or fo r
m in yo r , m in us fo r mi n yus , t h e c o mp ar ati v e t e r min at i o n s — i or ,
— i us b e i n g I E —g d n s , — y as , S k r —iy
. a n s ,
—
ig as ;
. O L p lous .
'

. .

( p lu s ) for p loyu s , p leor es ( p lu r e s , C ar m A r v ) for p leyo r es . .

i r i s t in us , r is cus ) r i us fo r r a for es o
p r is
( n
p p
-
p p yr o os e
y
-

b e s i d e G r $ 0 0 0 ,1 c . sag /p
0 m ; o b ex for
j
o b ea: a bi ci o
j
a b ici o ;

bus ( t e r m of d at p l ) . S kr - bh yas . . . .

I n it i al t i s lo s t i n lat us fo r t la t us b e s i d e t ollo, O L t ulo, & c . . .

M e di al t i s l o s t in ac fo r
‘
a tc at
q ue m is i for mits i fro m
m i tt o len s fo r len ts len t i s , men s fo r men ts men t is , s or s fo r
s or ts s or t i s , &c .
p ri ma s O L p r i ma t is ,
. . o
p t i mas O L . .

op t i ma t is , S a mn is O L . . S amn i t is , T i b u r s O L
. . T i bu r t is ,
& c ; m i les
. for m ilets , b e s i d e mi lit em -
q ua r t us fo r qua t ( u ) r t us .

I n i t i al d i s lo s t i n J up p it er , J ovis , U J up a ter b e s id e O L
. . .

D i ovis , O . A t o v Fet &c . vi

g i n ti for d vig in t i .

Me di al d i s l o s t i n h as for h odc ; cor cu lu m for cor d c u l um

fo r p eds s uas i for su d ds i fr on s fr on d is con cor s

’

p é s con

c or d is la n s for g la n d s ; man o fo r mad n o b e s i d e G r p a S é w

g .

( m ad e o ) , L
mad i d us , & c ; mer cen a r ia s fo r mer ced na r ius ; fi n is
.
-
.

for fi dn is b e s ide fi n d o fr o m R fi d S kr bh id fi n d er e ) , E b ite ; . . .

s ca la e fo r s ou d la e b e s i de s ca n do, S kr . s ka n d ( s c an d e r e ) s u avi s

fo r s u d d vis , Gr . 7 386 9 & c , .

q u ama for
s s quad ma fro m I . E . h
s ad

) b e s i d e S kr k h a d ( t e g e r e ) , k h ad ma n ( o c cul t a t i o
’ ’

(to cov e r .
,

a li e n ae fo r m ae as s u m
p t io
) p , er h ap s s lt u ( t eg er e) G r ,
. o xo r o g
’

ma d , o xn v h G oth
, . s ki ld us ( a s h i e ld
) , s lca l a
j ( g t e u l a) , Ir . s ca t h
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 69

( s h ad e ) , &c . ca c men t um b e s i d e ca edo r a men t u m b e side ra do .

T h e p r e fi x es s ed ( s cd i t i c) , r ed ( r ed cc , r cd ig o, r ed i
' ’
- - -

l o s e t h e i r fi n al d b e fo r e
p r od (p r od ess e, p r od cc,
p r od i us
g ) - - -
a

in s eg r eg o, s c ug o, s ed uco, s é voco, r ji ed ucor ,

’ ’

t, r e on o,
’

c o n s o n an as p
emo veo , p r od uco, p r omi t t o, & c
’

I n i t i al s i s lo s t i n cu t is for s cu t is b e s id e S kr . s ku
( to c o v e r) ,

Gr .
'
ii
C Ic r o g , n b r og, L . ob-s eu -r us , s ou- t u m , Li t h . s ku r a ( s ki n
) ,

A . S h ad
.
( h
a id e ) ; ca uco , ca u t u s fr o m R . shao b e side S kr .

ka vi ( w i s e , a
p o et
) G r o ,
. va a n
-
ew , n ew , xo v v é w (I p r
e c eiv e )
Ir o ( i b dn o um for ci -ico F- w, i -K o -y ev
'

em, Ico m er, t

a
flon efla , G ot h a s -s h a vy a n ( be c au t i o u s ) s ka us
’

(j i o . to ,

( c au t i ou s ) , s ka uns ( b e au t i fu l , 0
) . H . G . s ea wan ( t o l oo k ) G ,
.

s ch a u en for s c edo b e sid e S kr k h id ( t o t e a c t )

,
s ch on ca edo a .
’
r, u

Z s k id ( t o t e ar as u d er ) G r a w m i3n x B h n og ( a
.
’
n , . o , c , o rv a

S li t r
p ) L
n s ci n do
e G o t h s,ka id a
( I s e ar at e
p .
) O H G s cci t ,
.
,
. . .

( di s ci s s i o
) O N s ki d li n
( g m fi s s u m)
, ccn fo cesn a
. ccd a . u a r -
n

for s ced a f o m I E s ka d ( t o e at li t t o c t cl e av e ) wh e c e
-
n r . .
,
. u ,
n

S kr kh ad ( t o e at ) ccdo m ay b e al s o c o n e c t e d wi t h l as t o o t
‘
. n r

b e s id e G r En exfidu (b n s xé p u dfio a t (fi h cuba z ,

’
K e xa
'

,
.

mi S o g , & c th e idea o f cu t t i n as u n d er b e i n c lo s e l
’

.
, g g y
c on n e ct e d w i t h t h at of s ep a r a t i on , an d t h e n w i t h t h at of s o r

r ow cap is (a ves s el ) f o m r St . cap i d O U . . kap ir , . cap u l um

( t h e hilt o f a s w or d a b i e ) c p cdo c p is t e i um & c if F ro eh d e ,

r , a ,
a r ,
.
, ,

C o r s s e 1 a d o t h e r s b e c o r e c t i n c o n e c t i g t h e s e wo d s
n ,
n r n n r

W it h G r d j m ( a b as i n s kiff)
x pi g . o a xdw w mi , (a ax c , , a r , n

t r e c h ) C h S l kop t i (fo d e r e ) Li t h kdp as ( g r av e ) G o t h

n ,
. . a ,
. a ,
.

s ki
p ( a s h i p ) g s k p g an
( t o m ak e
) G s ch o
pp
, e
(a S COO
P)
a- a
'

,
. n ,

ch u el ( a s h o v e l ) & c b u t i t i s mu c h r e fe r b le t o c o n e c t
s
f a
p , . a n

c
p
a i s &c w i t
, h L c
p io c p a zc G r x mn w h e c e w a s b o rrow e d
.
,
. a ,
a ,
.
’
u n

L cup a G o t h h fi a ( I li ft ) M H G h aft (vi n culu m) E

.
,
. a ,
. . .
,
.

h ea e h af t & c ; t eg o t eg u la & c for s t eg o & c b e s i d e S k

v , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
, r .

s t h ag ( t o c o v e ) G r éy w y g éy g L i t cg (
ar a c o er)
,
. ar , or e
’
o , r o ,
. s v

”
R e -
di v- i vu s i s e x p l ai n e d b y s ome as mea n in g “
s h i n in g a
g ain , fr o m
R . di v .

f C o n s u l t C o r s s en
’
s Na ch t ra g e , & c , p 2 9 3 , . . an d K . Z . x iii . 45 2 .
1 70 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

for i n s teg a Li t h s t oga s ( a roof) 0 N t h eh ( a roof) 0 H G

,
.
, . .
, . . .

da kju ( I c o v e r ) E th a t ch deck ; t u n d o t u des ( a h am me r ) & c ,

.
, , , .
,

for s t n d o &c b e si d e S kr t ud ( t o s t ri ke ) G T S bg G o t h
a , .
,
.
, r . v e , .

s ta ta ( I s t ri k e ) 0 H G
u s to t o r us fo r s t or as b e s id e S kr
,
. . . su .

st ar
( s t e rn e r e
) G r m d
p u p o g & c L
, s te n o t
. a me vv c, a r ar
-
,
.
, . r ,
s r n ,

&c G o t h s t a j a
.
,
. O H G s t d o ( s t r aw ) C h
r u . . . r ,
.

S l s t eti ( e xt e n d e r e ) C o r s s e s u p p o s e s t h at i i t ial s i s als o lo s t

'

. r n n

in li t t cr a li n ea li mus lin o b e s id e O H G li m G s ch le im
, , ,
. . . s , .

( s li m e ) n u r u s for s n r us b e s id e S k r s n us h d G r dg u ,
.
, . vu ,

O H G sn A S s n o r C h S l s uc cha n a r e n a t a e n a s u s
. . . ur , . .
,
. .
-
,
- -
r ,
-

fo r s n a c & c b e s i d e S kr s n d (lavar e) G r
-
r , .
, ii c N éh g ; .
, . v oo , o

n ix for s ia: b e s i d e Z i s h ( t o s n o w ) G r s y é w a g fo r
'
n . s n , . o

dy p
a a vu o
c G o t h s n a i vs
( s ow , ) L i t h s ig (
t i t o s .o w ) C h S l n ,
. n n , . .

s n e u ( s n ow ) ; ut r i a b e s i d e S kr s n u ( t o fl o w
) c c o r di n
’

g n a
g t o .
,

C or s s e n who e x p lai n s i t t o me an t h e p e r s o n w h o m ak e s t o
” ”
fl o w vi ,
milk as s t a t or s i g i fi e s
z .
“
t h e p e rs on wh o c a s e s
,
n u

t o t an d e o for s r c o b e s i d e L s erp o S k
s
p p r r sa
p (a a s e r .
, . r

e n t ) ; r ete for s r ct c f o m s e o b e s id e S k r s a it (a t hr e ad ) G r r r r.
p .
,

oe lp ip a, r 2m m L i t h s er i s ( a t h e ad ) r i us R mo ( an o ld
e) , , . r v , u

n a me o f t h e T ib er ) , ru men ( t h e u dder ) , R u m i n a b e s i d e S kr . s m
& c , O H G s tr e a m ( a
' '

(t o fl o w) , G r p é o g , flea-n a , Q s .
-
. . . .

s t r e am ) , L i t h sr av ju ( I fl o w) ; p a lea ( c h aff ) , p u lvi s , p o llen

.

fro m I E R sp a r ( t o m o ve qu i ckly) , wh e n S kr sp h u r dmi

. . . .

( vi b r o r ) p , a ld la ( s t r aw ) , Z . s
p
’
ar
( g ),
t o o Gr . a rr a ip w , d cn r a ip w ,
un r ip e) , mr a p ci a a w , n a -o n ciA n
-
( fi n e m e al) -
fl at n dk-n , 7 m
h
’
rw w , m ih kw , mih ; (p o lle n
) , &c .
, O H . . G p . s ( r ua c h aff) , s
p o r

( v e s t i g i u m ) , sp or on ( c al c i t r ar e ) sp u r n a n ( fl n d er e , E
)
‘

o e s
, p ur n , .

L . s
p cr n o, Li t h . sp i r t i
( to p u sh) , & c p i t u i t a for . s i t ui t a b e
p
s id e sp a c , s p u -t u m fro m I . E sp g u b e s i d e S kr s h ti v
. .
( s
p u er e
) ,

rf n 1 m fo r
'
er a yu m,
-
yb
’
i rr r w,
-
for m n vr
-
lZw -
a
-
Km , a fre q u en ts

t ive form G o t h sp ci v
, .
( p ) O H G sp i
a s uo , . . . uva n , s
p i h cm
( t o s i
p ),
t

Lit h . s i d u- u ( I s it ) , & c ;
p j p .
fa llo fi de s f un da fu n g us
, , , b es id e
G p h h w, p i d dd p yyo c ; memor fo r s me s m ar
'
vn , m d
r o n, o c ev t -
'
. o a

b e s i d e S kr s ma r ( t o . r e me m b er ) , s ma r a (lo v e ) , G r p ip -p np a , .
-

p fg
- -
t p va , d
y p r v , &c
p . S t i s lo s t b e fo r e l in ld t us 0 . L . st ld
 1 72 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM M A R .

b e s i de quas i llus di lig o for d is lig o t en ebr ae for t en cs b r ac ; d i

mi tt o for d i s mi tt o ; r emus fo r r es mas r et mus , G r ép emo c ;
'
.

C amen a fo r Cas mcn a b e s id e ca r men ,

S kr . s
'

ds ( to sa
y , t e ac h) ,

s d ns
'

(t o
p r a se i ) ,
h h
w it h w i c
B e fe
y c o e c t s ccn s e n nn o , ca n o , c o n

t t h e t wo l at t e r w or d s b e l o g t o S kr kva n ( s o n ar e )
*
ci n n -
us , b u n .

p om i m f
oer uo r
p o s -
m o er i u m d umus b e s i d e d us mus ( i n c u lt u s ,

d u m o s u s ) , den s us , G r S a u t S a n kog fo r Ba o v A O Q , E 7r i - 8a v
’
.
e,

p o t: for ’
E 1r t d
aov
' -
p og , A av h ig for A aav htg . T h e w o r ds ea:

an d s ea}, as h av e al r e ady s e en b e c o m e c an d s e i c o m
we ,
n

o s i ti o n e x c e t b e fo r e 0 t p ; t h u s w e h av e eg e c educ se r o,
p , p , , ,

dcci m , & c .
, b ut ext en d o , ca p ello , &c .

M e di al i s l o s t b e fo r e g n in ig ua cu s , ig n a r us , ig n or o , cog
n

n a t us , co n a t us , & c
g si n u m i s c o n n e c t e d b
g .
y E b e l wi t h S k r .

( si n am e ) d t h e r e for e d s fo r si n g n u m , s i n
'
s a ng n a n an s t an
g , ,

b e i n g fo u n d al s o in g si n -
u li , si n -ccr us , si mp ler an d - n u - m
g
b e i n g fr o m R g n o S kr g n d ( t o k n o w ) T h e p rep o sit i o n
'
. . .

com fr e u e n t l l o s e s i t s fi n al n b efor e h
c on
) q y j , v, an d s i n ,

c o mp o s it i o nh u s w e fi n d coh ibco coicio cojun x co t i cc

; t , , , ve n o,

s ol & c , N i s lo t b e fo e 8 i is t cg for i steg a ( d e c k ) i s c lp o

. s r n a n
,
u

n e e fr o m i n s c lp o
a i t cs ccus b e s id e i t in s c us
u , I n Umb in r n r c . r an

w e li k e wi s e fi n d ku vei t L con eh i to k c t L co ve t ito u . v . uv r u . n r ,

c ovor t us t L co e t cr i t & c . nv r , .

M e di al i s l o s t i n big o for b ig o fro m r bc ; p ejcr o for

r r u ru r u r

p crjcr o ; s cmp it er n us fr o m s emp er p edo p odes t b e s id e S kr p a r d

‘

,
.
,

Gr 3 s us m su su m & c os t us for t or s t us fro m t or r co

'

p. w7r e t u r , .

us cus for f a s on s b e s i d e f f r mosus fo r

f or mmi sus ;
f us ; o r e u r -n r

t r Osu m b eside r et r or s u m ; T us cus fo r T a r s e us E t r us cus , b e

s id e 0 . U . T ur s ku m, N . U . T a s co m E tr u - -
s cus l b ei n g
‘'
for m e d
fro m U et er f o = r ae —
( al t .
) p
as i s c
ruus m p r i p s b ei
g t h e r - -
r ,
n

r e m ai n s of t h e c o mp at iv e t e rmi at i o n — ius E t us c i t h e r e for e

ar n ,
r

m e an t ex t cr i t h e s t r an g e r s i n Umb ri an “ ”
.

L o t t n er co n n e ct s co n -c i n -n us w it h ci n -
cin n us ,
-
i n wh ic h cas e th e
"
r o ot mus t h ave mea n t to con n e c t , t o t wi st .

1 Co n s u lt C o r sse n ,
:
Ub e r A ns
p r ach e , & c v o l. i .
, p 92 , . an d h is Kr it is c h e
N ach t r ag e , & c , p 177
'

. .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR . 1 73

Me di al l app ears to b e lo s t i n ci n
g ere c li n
g erc ( F e st 5 6) .

b e side O H . . G h r ing
.
( r i g) a n .

I n i t i al p i s p e rh
p s l o s t b e fo e
a r r in d b e s id e S kr p r a t i ,
re .

Gr . 7r p 0 r
'
i . It i s l o s t b e for e l i li e n n b e s i d e S kr p li h a n ( li e n ) , .

Gr h vw, h cz yxv o v la ct us fo r p la i t u s b e s i d e S kr p r i ( t o
’ ’
. an an ; .

lo v e , t o r e oic e
j ) la n a '
b e s i d e G r wh aE, L p la n ca ( a p l at e ) ,
. .

p lat n us fo r p la cn us O H G fl a h ; lat u s , L a t i u m b e s i d e S kr . . .
’

p r a t h ( t o e x t e n d )p
,
r t h u b r o a d , G r wh a r f/
( ) g , wh ar o g , L p la n t a . .

( s ole of th e fo o t ) , p la n us fo r p la t n us p la u t u s fo r
p lo t as ,

( p lan i s p e d i b u s ,
F est . la t er (a t ile ) , w ic h h i s p e r h ap s
c o n n e c t e d wi t h l as t ro ot ; li n t cr or lu n t er b e s i d e G r n h v v r fip
.

f om R
r . n Av w he n c e “ii- Mm . The c o n n ex o n i of la vo wi t h R .

n h v is ry d ove u b t fu l ; i t i s b e t t e r to c on n ec t i t di r e c t ly wi t h
Gr . R A wh e
. v n ce Mi n a , o r
p ov, & c . P ot t al s o c o n n e c t s

livor , li vid us , w i t h G r p oh vfi o g , p GA zBo g , L p lu m bu m, . . O H . . G .

l
p ,i L e t t a lu a ; b u t.t hi s t o o i s v e r y d o u b t fu l .

Me d i al b i s lo s t i n s us s ub s in s us cip i o , s us t u li , s us
q u e,

s ur
g o for s us r i
g o; su r
p i o b e s id e s u br ip i o op or t ct fo r ob
p o r t et ,

b e s i d e p a r s , p or ti o ; op cr i o for ob
p cr i o b e s id e a-
p er i o op i mu s

fo r obp i mus b es i d e S kr pg di .
( r c es ce e r ) , p i va r a ( c r as s u s ) , G r .

’
m mv , i a p dg , m y s h n
'
n .

I n i t i al f i s p e rh ap s l o s t i n i g or , ri i d b i d G
'

ri e
g co, r
g us e s r .

for (pp t yo g , & c , L c fr i g us , f r i g id us

' '

p l yo g o,
'
. . .

Me di al f i s lo s t , acc o r d in g t o C o r s s e n , i n i lli m, i s ti m, & c .

,

for i llo fi m , i s t o fi m, & c

- —fi m b e in
-
g S k r — b h g am .
,
. .

I n i t i al v i s l o s t i n o lla ( a p o t ) fo r vor u la fr o m I E va r (t o , . .

b o il) wh e n c e G r s p am s d Zw ( I b o il) 0 H G wa lm
,
.
, ,
. . .

( f ervor ) C h S l
, cr et i
( fe r vere )
. L i t.h vi r t i ( t o b o il ) & c ; odi , .
, .

b e s i d e S k r va dh ( t o s t ri ke ) G r cb fls w ; or n o b e s i d e S kr var n a
’
.
.
, .

c olo u r ) I n t h e s e c as e s a b e c o m e s 0 o n ac c o u n t of t h e
( .

p re

c e di n
g v I n i t i al v i s al s o l o s t i n r i o b e s i d e G r
.
g Bp i xw G o t h .
, .

ri n
g ( fip x o fi ) fro m I E vr a h
g r ep en t e r e en s r e en t i n as b e
p .

p .
, ,

s i de G r . for Fp eir w d vr i p p o rr o g & c Li t h vi rp iu (I t o t ‘

,
-
,
.
, ,

t er ) r ad ix b e s i d e G r filZa L e s b B
, p i o da G o t h va u r ts ( a roo t )
.
, .
, .

,
1 74 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

O H . . G . mur s ala , wu r z a ; r os
p e rh ap s fo r vr os b e s i d e S kr .

va r s h (plu er e ) , G r 2p m; fo r Fep cm ; la q ueus b e s i d e G r fi g d xo g ,

. .

G ot h n oo s e ; la c er , lac us , la ci n ia b e s i d e S kr vr as k
’ ’
. vr u
gg o (a ) .

r ) G fi x g A ix g A i g ( a r e n t ) E 1 fi p x g (fé
( t o t ea ,
r . a
'

o , c o ,
ax , 0 . a
'
o

xo g) w hi c h p o i n t s b ac k t o a roo t Fp B e n f e
y c on n e ct s G r a x, .

2A x g L o lcus wi t h t h i s roo t ; la c i o b e i d e G r gh xw f o m R
,
. u ,
s . r .

F h x Li t h vel/
e ,
cu ( I
p ll ) w i t h . whi c h C o rs s en c on n e c t s la u ,

S ab in e i rp us , b e s id e S kr v r kas ( n o m s in g
’
q ueu s lup us , . . .

Gr . Muco g G o t h vu lfs , Ch S l vli1 ku, Li t h vi lkas , co n

, . . . .

n e ct e d by s ome wit h S kr . v r as
’
k
’

( t o t e a r) d b y o t h e r s wi t h
, an

an I E . vr a h , w he n ce gh xw ; la n a
Gr .
p e rh a s fo r v la n a b e
p
s id e S kr ( a r am li tc o v e r ) , ur n a
h oo l
( . va r to t e
( w ) , u r u bh r a ,
.

w o o lb e ar e r ) G r ei p o g Is p t o v o bh o g ( w o o lly) ci p v eg (l amb s )
’ ' ’'

, .
, , , ,

fi p
a v i o v ( p
d v i o v
Bp x ( p
a t m ci v e g L v el
' ’
.

lus v i llus G o t h vu lla ( w oo l ) Li t h viln a ( w ool ) C h S I v lan a

, , .
,
.
, . .

( w oo l) .

Me di al v is o ft e n l o s t b et we en v o w e ls as in w as O L . .

G r Eo g ; t u us fo r t ovo s G r 1 5 6 g ; momen t u m fo r m o
’
s ovos . .

vimcn tu m
p lor o fo r p lovcr o fr o m R p lu , a c c o r di n g t o C o r s s en ; .

d om u i, ka bu i , & c , fo r doma vi , h a b c vi , & c ; more for movo x . .

fro m mo veo M s for M vo s ; ti fo ovi en t i

p r a es
ar a r n un us r n v us

for p ae ves t h e p lu r al f w hi ch p r acvid cs i s fo u d i n T h o ri an

r , o , ,
n

l aw fr o m p a e a d va ; j ior for j e ior

, r ur su m for
r e n s un uv n r

vo r s u m n os s e n ov is s e, &c . a ma r am a ma ver a m ; &c ; .

a u dis ti a u d i vis t i, &c ; . no o l fo r n cvolo ; &c . V i s lo s t a ft e r

in b e s i d e S kr ( d og ), G r b e s id e S kr
'

0 ca n is . s va n a . n bw v ; ca n o .

kva n (t o s ou n d) an d a ft e r 8 in si O . s va i
) , s e, s i bi , s cd fi om
mn u s S kr G 57r v o g
'

St . s va : so =
p . s va n as , r .
; s or or S kr . svas a,

G ot h . svis t a r ; s oda lis fr o m a l o s t s t e m s od a b e s id e S kr . s vadh ci

S o me se p ar a t e L . l up us fr o m G r . A b r ag , an d co n n ect i t wi t h Z . u

i m -i
s (a sp e ci es o f d o g ) , fr o m r o ot m T he Sa
s o
p p o r lup ( t o t ear )
-
ru
p , .

b in e i rp us b e ar s a g r e at re se mb lan ce t o t h e en d wor d s I t is Z . n ot clear

wh e t h er t his g r o u p o f w o r ds is co n n ec t e d in an y way w i t h G r. d -A é w- q z ,

Li t h . lé p é (a fo x) , lap uha s (a you n g fo x) .

1 76 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR .

D o u b le c on s o n an ts ar e n e v e r allo w e d to en d a wo r d : t h us

we ha ve 03 ( as s - is ) fo r os s os t
f el (f ell- is ) for f ell

f elt n avas for n ovo ss n ovon s

,
n ava s fo r n ovas s n ova n s , &c .
,

h
w il e in O ld O s c a t h e n ac e .
p l . s t ill e n ds in -
s s , a s v as s
'

i L .

i
v as , & c ; da mn a s for da mn as s
. d a mn a t ( u ) s , o mp r e 0
c a . U .

ih a a, N U i h L i a t us , O U t a pez N U ta ges L
p p os
p . . . . .
, . . .

t acct us , O O h ur z
. . L . h or t us , & c .

T wo m u t e s ar e n o t all owed to en d a w or d t hu s we ha ve

la c for lac t ( la c t i s ) -
.

Fi n al t w as fr e q L at in dede
u en t ly lo st : t h us w e fi n d i n O ld
d e di t ) d e der un t ) & c ; i n C l as s i c al L at in t h e d o u b l e
( dc d o ( ,
r ,
.

fo r m o f t h e 3 p l p e r f fc c c an d feccr u t & c i n lat e L at in

. . c r n , .

s u c h fo rm s as vixs c ( v i xi t ) q u ies ce ( u i e s c i t
) f f
( e ce
q e cer u , , n

r u n t ) & c I n Umb ri an s u c h fo rm s ar e c o mm o n : t h u s w e
,
.

fi n d h a be ( h ab e t ) f gi a ( faci at ) f ia ( fu at ) p or t i , (p o rt e t
a
) , u , a a ,

ben us ( v en eri t
) , con vor t us b e s i de c on vo r t us t ( c on v e r t er i t ) be ,

n us o
( )v en er u n O s c an t i s r e t ai n e d
t ,
&c . In , as i n
f (
as t f u e r it
) ,

a cus t ( O L f O L h
ff
c axi t
) ph i us t
( . ab e s s i t
.
) & c , . .
, .

F in al d w as al s o fr e qu e n t ly l o s t t h u s i n ab l s i n g . . we fi n d

p a tr e ( t S e ip Bar b ) b e s i d e G n a ivod
. . . an d i n C l as s i c al L at in
thi s ab l .
-
d w as un i v e r s ally lo s t , w h ile i t w as r et a n e i d in
O s c an as , in s u va d
( su a
) , eh t r ad ( e xt r a ) , t o ut a d ( c iv i t at e
) , ca s

t r id ( c as t ro ) , &c . S imil arly d w as lo s t i n t h e i mp e r at i v e s

cs t o , a
g i t o, & c .
, b e s id e O s e . es t a d , a c t u d, &c .

In O ld L at in s w as fr e q u en t ly lo s t a ft e r a v ow el , as in
T eti o, A lb a n i o, & c .
,
fo r T et i os , A lb a n i os , & c ; C or n e li fo r .

C or n e lis , an d t h is a
g ai n fo r C or n elios , & c . i n C las s i c al L at i n
we al s o fi n d ma g e b e s id e mag is , p o t c b e s i d e p at is , la u da r e b e
s id e la uda r i s , & c Fi n al 8 w as al s o l o s t i n t h e n o m p l of t h e
. . .

o ste ms , d i n t h e g e n s in g o f t h e a s t e m s , as i n h i
an . . O L . .

h eis , mag i s t ri 0 L ma g i s t r ei s , fa m i li a e fa mi lias , & c

. . . In
O s c an an d Umb r i an s (N U ) i s r e t ain e d in t h e s e c as e s a s . . r ,

i n O U u r ta s ( or t ac ) tu tas ( t o t a e ) N U s c ci h t or (s cr i p t i )
. .
, ,
. . r ,

t o t cor ( t u t i c i ) t o to r ( t o t a e ) m o ta ( m
, u l t ae
p o e n ae ) O O ,
r , , . .

N i wla n us ( N ol an i ) N 0 p a: ( qu ae ) s cr ifta s ( s c ri p t ae ) & c, . .

, , .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 177

F i n al n w as s o m e t i m e s o mi t t e d a s in cet er o qu i , a li o qu i fo r
c e t cr o u in
q , a li o u in
q ,
an d in n o mi n a t i v e s i n — o as vi r
g o, ca

F i n al m i n Old Lat i n w as fr e q u en t ly o mi t t e d as in t h e
co jn u n c t i ve fo r ms att in g e, d i ce, & c .
, fo r a t t in
g am , d i ca m , & c ; .

al o i
s n th e fo ll o wi n
g e x am
p l es f omr th e E p i t ap h s o f t h e
S c ip i o s T a u r as i a (ac e . S a mn i o ( ac e . oi n o ( un u m) ,

d uon o r o (b o n o r u m) , ur bc ( ur b em) , & c . i n C las s i c al L at in m

b e fo r e a vowe l in ve r se w as e lid e d .
 ( 1 78 ;

C H A PT E R V I I .

R OOTS AN D S T E Ms .

roo t o f a w o r d i s t h
87 . T he “
at
p o rt i o of i t t h
n at re

m in s w h e n e v e ryt h i g j b r ma t i e an d
a n v acci den t a l h as b e e n re

m o v e d fro m i t T h us th e ro o t f L o .
p a t er, Gr . n ar fip , S kr .

L —
.

p i t a ( n
“

o m g ) i s
p a S.k r p d (t o su
s in pp or
. t ) , , G r
p
r u , . t er
. .
- '

S kr — t a r b e in g t h e s am e s u ffi x t h at ap p e ar s i n L ma t er , & c ;
.
. .

t h e r o o t o f c le men t um i s cl, c b ei n g a c o n n e c tin g v o w e l an d

— mcn t — m t h e us am e s u ffi x t h at a
pp e a r s i n r ud i —
m en t u— m th e

r o o t of t i fl i s 0 2 b e in g t h e u g m e n t s ig n ifyi g p as t t i m e
r er o 5, . a n ,

f t t h e r e d u p li c at i o s i g i fyi n g d at i o n an d m t h e s i g n o f t h e
n n ur ,

3r d p e r s . s in g . s i mi lar l
y th e r oot of t yi yv er o fo r i yt yever o i s
‘

y eu th e r o o t of Z b y wn e
-
a : i s Zv y fo r W an d
p t ar e f o r ma t i ve

e le m e n t s, th e fir s t s ig n ifyin g p r e s e n t t i m e , an d t h e s e c o n d t h e
fi rst
p er s . s i n g , w h il e an i s t h e g un a o f v , an d e i s c o n s e q u e n t ly

m e r e ly an ac c i d e n t al el e m e n t ;1 si mil ar ly t h e roo t of MA o m a
is h m . In t h e ab o e r e ma ks I h a
v r ve u s ed t h e w or d ot i ro n

its o r din ary s i g n i fi c at i on as r e p r e s e n t in g t h at p or ti o n of t h e

Max M u ll er ( Le ct u re s , & c .
, IL , p 8 1 ) calls
. r o ot o r r adi cal w h at

e ver ,
in t h e wor d s o f an y lan g u ag e or fami ly o f lan g uag e s , can n o t be re

d uce d t o a s im p l e r o r a more o r i i n al for m

g . T h e I n d ian G r ammar i an s
called a r oo t t u fr o m d h :? ( t o y p r i ma r y or n our i s h ) ; d h d t u me an s an

e le me n t a r ysub s t a nce , a n d co n se q u en t lys h o ws t h at t h e se g r a mm ar i an s loo ke d

u p o n r oo t s as t h e p r i ma r y e le men t s , t h e c on s t i t ue n t
p a r t s o f w or ds We .

g e n er ally t r an s lat e r oo t s b y t h e i n fi n it i ve , as t h is g i ve s t h e m o s t a b s t r a c t

i d ea o f t h e wor d T h e I n dia n G rammar i an s, h o we ver ,

. re p r ese n t t h em

b y ab s t r a ct s ub s t a n t i ve s in t h e L o ca t i ve , as g am ( to g o ) b y g a tdu ( in
Bo p p s S kr G r a m , p 6 9
’

g o in g ) . . .

1 C o n s ul t C ur t i us , G r u n d z u g c , & c d Bo pp C o mp a r a
’
.
, p 49. se q .
, an s

t i ve G r a mma r , vo l . I .
, p 1 97
. .
1 80 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

i s g i v e n b y t h e g r a m m ar i a n s ; L . u is f oun d i n in d -
u - er e ,

ex -u- er e .

ll . Con s . + v o w el : I E . . da ( t o g i v e ) , S kr , Z d d ( t o g i v e ) , . .

S k r da dd mi . G r S i dwuz , . S kr d d t d ( n o m s i n g fr o m S t dd
. . . .

tar ) Z . dd t a ( fr o m S t d d ta r ) . G r S o r fip . or S wr fip L . da
t or , L . I E p ( t o g u ar d ) S kr p d
dar e, d on u m, & c ; . . . a , .

i om i a m as t e r ) at i ( m i s t re s s G r mi m e
( )
’

p a t s -
n
g n
p . s , , n a ,
.
,

G e rr a r d mc d St-
w L com p o ( O p o t is & c ; I E
, n r v ra , on e a, .
-
s, - -
,
. . .

dh a ( t o p lac e ) S kr d h d Z dd G flé n i Ou p
,
. . r .
-
a, T
- -
‘
t

S k d d h d mi & c
r. a I E h i ( t o li ) S kr i , é té G . . . e ,
. s
'
s
'
r .

i
’

xe r a t , L ci vi s O ce ) q ie co & c . se . vs , u s ,
.

III V o w e l c o . I E h ( t o b e s h ar p q i c k ) S k r n s . : . . a , u , .

as — r i ( o i t of a s w o d ) d
'

p G n d mb g L eq r , s
'
- us r .
, as
'
-
vas .
- u us
,

Gr i p c i m L d c cr oc i or ; I E up ( t o
’ ’
-
. cK
-
o c o o , c x- v, . a r, ac - u - ,
-
,
-
. .

ob t i ) S kr dp
a n L ad ip i s co p t us S k dp tas I E
,
. .
- -
r ,
a r . . .

ad ( t o e t ) S kr a d G
a PIS w L cd o ; I E as ( t o b e )
, . r .
-
,
.
-
. .
,

Sk r sm i
. G ai n i ( E 01 Em ) L ( c) su m &c r . e .
u .
,
.

IV C o s o w el
. co s I E bh g h ( t o fl y b e n d )
n . v n . : . . u , ,

S kr bh ug ( t o b e n d ) , b h dg a ( a s n ake ) , G r (peb yw , p v yfi, cv a

’
. .

¢ v 8ya fo r q wyya , L f u io , & c

g I E lip ( t o s m e ar ) , S kr li
p
‘
. . . . .

G r Mi r -a ( fat ) , ci -A ei qr w , & c ; I E p a k ( t o b i n d ) , S kr
. . . . .

an d Z .
p as
'
Gr . n c i y-o g ,
'
n da a a h o g n ax a
g h og, L .
p a w,
i
p g
-
n us , comp es co com -
p ec- s co , &c ; . I E . . bh udh (t o kn o w ) ,
S kr bud h . Z . b ud Gr . n v -
dv o p a t , & c .

V . C on s I E kr u ( t o h e r ) S kr s r a
. c on s . v o w el : . . a ,
.
'

G r xh b w L l o li en s ; I E p l ( t o s wi m ) S h
.
-
,
. c u- ,
c -
. . u , r .

l u G h f w h b h d r L p lu i t &c ; I E
v
-
n s -
oo at, n
-
o - -
p p g .
, ,
.
,
. . .

r i ( t o l o e ) S kr p r i Z f i G pé f
’

v o r r r o -
o
-
p , c p y .
c . . n n a ,

wp ilg fo r
a
‘
p y g ; I E st
( tno t d ) S
a k r t h-
d v- Z . . a s an ,
. s .

G d g L ; I E gv ( g S k
'
8 td td t t o) - -
r . oar r or , . s its . . a .
,

’
g yi é -
m i ( I g o ) GT
-
B l /w f r
B y m L bi t er ,
. a i o a
-
v ,
. ar- -
.

V I V o wel c on s S kr d ( t o ki ll) G ap S c
'
-
s. con . . . ar r . c

(p i t f a a ow) I E
o n o d ( t o w at e r )
n S kr rr d ( )
w e t . . ar . ar -
ra ,

G dp S w ( 1 w t e r) ; I E
r .
-
g h S k r h ( t o b e w o t
a h y) Z . . ar ,
. ar r ,
.

G r dp x w 5p x p c ; I E g ( o shi e ) S k
l

ar eg t . r -
,
-
a o . . ar n ,
.

h i ) G r &
( w h i ) dp y p c i ny h c L
'

a r
g na
( w
-u t e
py fi g t e ,
.
-
,
-
v o , t -
c o ,
.
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR . 181

I m k l ) I E k (t o hi ) S kr
’
ar
g en t u m, a r g -u-o ( e c a a e r . . ar s n e ,
. ar k
ar ka ( t h e s un ) Ir e c ( i d ) I E
,
. ar . . . ar dh ( to g r ow
) ,
S kr .

ar dh G r dh d-a l u m, I r
. . a lt ( n u r sin
g) , ac c o rdi n
g to BO pp .

V II C on s con s . v o wel c o n s I E . . s ti
g h ( to as c e n d ),
—
. . .

S kr . s li
g h Gr (I go . or e i x w , m o i - xo g , ar i xo g , G o t h . s tei
ga
u
p) 0 H ,
G s tc a ( s e m i t a ) C h
g . . S l s t i z a ( id
.
) I E s ta
g ( t o , . . . . .

c over S k r s th a G 11 r é I i a (a
) g ,
r 07 5
7 01 07 5
.

7 y n s te
g .
-
,
-
,
-
,
4. - -

d e ck ) fo r i n s t eg a teg o O N t h ek ( a r o o f) 0 H G da k j u ( I
- -
,
-
,
. .
, . . .
-

c o v e r ) ; I E b h r ag ( t o s h i n e ) S k r bh r dg G r (ph éy w
’ -
. .
, ,
. .

p t L ul
f g eo
fl g
,a ro .

f la m ma l E - s t an
( t o s o un d ) S kr
,
-
,
- . .
,
.

G r o r ev w L t o n o t on i t r u O N s tyn g a ( I g r o an )
'
'
s ta n .
,
.
-
,
-
, . .
-
,

O H G s t u n 6 d ( a s i g h ) E st un
. . .
-
,
. .

V III . C on s . vo wel c on s . con s . I E . . va r

g S k,
r . var
g
'

( t o e x c lu d e ) , G r . r i p y- v v -p t
‘
, e i p y-w fr o m
'
R . F ep y , '
L . ur
g
'
eO ,

G oth . vr ik- a (I p ); ur su e I E . . ma r g , S kr ma r g .
(
'
t o wip e , ru b ),
Gr . dus h y-w
'
'

( I m ilk ) ,
dy dp y-v v -p t '

(I L W i e)
p ,
. m u lg -eo ,
O . H G mi lch . .
-
u . Be n fe y c o n n e c t s w it h t hi s ro o t G r .
y h dyo c
f a , L m u li er , m ar o , la c ( fo r m la c ) ; I E t a r s
( or
” y ) y
h a o g , d h g . . .

o d r ) , S kr ur s h ( t o b e t h i r s t ) , Z ar s h n a h i
( t y t y t .
(t r st , G r
) .
-

r i a -o a z , L r r -cc , to s - t us , t er r a , G o t h t h a u r s - a ( I t h i r s t
t j )
’

o -
p y . . .

IX . C on s . c on s . v o we l + c on s . c on s . : I E . . s ka n d ( t o
m o v e qu i ckly S kr han d ( t o d ), G d a lxo v , L
-
. s as c e n r . ok .

s can d - o, d c-s ccn d- o, k ) ; I E s ta m bh , S kr Li t h s h en d u .

-
(I s in . .

s t a mbh
( p p p)
t o re u , G r a r épt r v k o v
(p r e s s e d o li v e s ) , a m -{
p s 7g .
-

fi r m , 0 H G s t a m h on m S m m
( ) ( t ) A t ( an d at u m ;
)
‘

p t o s a .
p ,
. s e n . . .

I E . . sp a r
y (t o m o v e q u i ckly) , S k r . s
p ar k (t o d e s ir e ) , Z . s
'

p a r es

(t o s t r i ve
) Gr (I h as t e ) h
'

(
’
n -
as t )
x
-o
,
. a n ep
x n a z , an e
p vo g
y ,

mr ep y- S n v
'

( i p p wyi v w g
'
, I E . . sp ar d h , S kr . sp a r dh

( t o c on t e n d wit h
) G oth , . s
p a u r ds
( ar d dt o v ) , O H . . G . s
p ur t,

A S sp g r d E sp u r t
. .
, . .

89 I . t is ver
y d o u b t fu l w h e t h e r an
y r oot s b e g an or e n d ed
wi t h t h ee c o o a t s in I d o E r o p e an Wh e s c h r o o t
r n s n n n - u . n u s

a pp e ar in an y o f t h e I d o E r o e a l e e it her o e of n - an s,
p g g u n ua n

t h e c o n s on an t s i s n o t o ri i al d m e re l l te ddi t i o n t o n an a
g y ,
a a

t h e r o o t or e ls e t h e h e om e o a i s e s f o m t a s o s it i o n I n n n r r n
p , p r . n

t h e fo llo wi g c as e s t h e c o j t io no f t h e t hr e e i n i t i al e o n n un c n
182 C OMPARATI VE G RAMM A R .

s o n an ts may b e orig i n a l : Gr .
( ar
p é yE a dr o p ) , or pa yy b w ( I -
e

t wi s t ) , p yy b h o c , or p
' -
or a
p yy a A i Zw ( I-
s t r an
-
g l e) ,
L s t r in g 0 ,
.
-

s tr a n
g u lo , O H G s tr a n i ( st r o n ) fr om a r oot s t r an
-
or
. . .

g g , g
”
s t r a , s i n i f in e n e t r at e , th e ri g in al
“
g g y g t o
p to r es s , e t o
p y
fo r m of t hi s r oo t may h av e b e en s ta r
g , wh en c e G r . ra
py
’
cw a i

( wh e reo f, r er a
p ya v fva t ( ip n s n h eyp i va t ,
oa
p yi
'
c vn
( a b as k e t ) , wi t h t h e lo s s of 1
'
as in Ir . sr ea n
g
-a im

( ri n g o )
st , s r ca n
g ( a st ri n g ) L . s cr o
f -
a ( a s ow ) , s cr ib o, scr ob -s ,

G r yp o n qb-d c ( an old s o w ) , yp é p w m ay p o in t t o an I
. . E ro o t .

s kr a bh ; L s cr u t a ( t r as h ) , wh e n c e s cr ut or b e s i d e G r
. .
7 9 6m
( t as r h) Gr . a xv ur
-
dc ( s ti n gy) b e s i d e yv i rpw v &c .

90 . R o o t s of th e form c on s . a con s . or a + c o n s . ar e

fr e qu t ly fo un d i n t h
en e form [c o n s c on s . a or
] [ c on s a
]
I E ma ( t o di e ) mm
. . r S kr m ryat i ( h e di e s ) , ma r t a s
.
-

r og , L m I
( n o m . s in
g . d e ad ) , G r .
fip o r dg fo r
pp o o r ior - . .

E . dh a r ( to b ea r) dh r a, S kr . dh a r Gr . Op Zz -
vo g (a
s e at fl
), p d -
v o g, flpfi
-v v
g ( a s t o o l ), L f r é - t us
, f
r é -n u m
fi r -m us
; .
,

I . E dh a r (t o s o u n d ) d h r a , S kr d hd r d ( v o x ) , G r Op é-omu,
. . .

Op d -
c c, Gp ii- v o g , d -
v-
B og , G ot h d r u njus .

(
a n oi se ), E . d r on e
I E . . ma n (t o t h in k ) m n a , S kr . ma n G r p E p o v- a ,
.
-

pin
-
09,
p a r - a, l p dv-
o -
p a t , p v fi -
p n , L m e- m in - i
, mo n -co
; I . . E .

g an
( t o kn ow ) g n a , S kr
g
’
ii d ( t o k n ow , G r
.
) v
-m
g, .
’
L .

n o- s co,G o t h ka n n ( I kn o w ) ; G r Ga v b e s i d e Gu n i -
Oa v -o v ,
g . .
,

fld u - a r o c, Gun -r dg , du h- mew, p e r h ap s c o n n ec t e d w i t h S kr d h md .

(t o b lo w ), q an d h av e m e an t o ri i all
con s e
g yu en t ly fla v w o u l d n
” ” ”
t o b lo w h e n c e t o b e at h e an d t h en t o exp ir e & c
“ “ “
,
r , , .

9 1 A c c or d i g t o t h e I d i
. G amm ari a s o S n sk it n an r n n an r

v e b al ro o t e d e d i n a a d t h e
r w i t e s c h ro o t s e i t h e r w i t h
n n r u
y ,

d o wi t h t h e d di t i o of s u ffix c h as ) ( )
, r a
y( i ; co n a , su n, ,
v u n

se
q t ly w
uen e fi d in
p l ce of d
( g
t o i e) s ( t
n o s h ar p ) g
e a a v ,
'

a n ,
'
a

( t o be b ) k m ( t oo rn
c ll) & c t h e s
, s u m e d for m d d s
( f a , .
, a s ,
'‘
o or

h é ( for T h e o ly o o t s t h t t h ey wr i t e wi t h
’
sau
) g ,
an , v n r a

a ar
e o mi n l roo t s s u c h as t
ron & c W e s e e h o w e e r at
a v
p sa ,
a, ,
.
, ,

on c e t h at t hi s i m e e ly a a b i t r a y c s t o m fo w e fin d n
s r n r r u ,
r u

me ou s r rb l o o t s i S c ri t e d i g i d khyd (t o s p e ak)
ve a r n an s n n n
1 84 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

flp eé -Ga r , E O
-
p p
ec - fl n v ,
i n t h e l a t t e r I n
’
I n d o -
E u ro e an , h o w
p .

e v e r , r o o t s o f t h i s fo r m w e r e c o m m o n , as i s s ho wn by t h e
co
g n at e lan g u ag e s ; c o n s u lt 31 Bu t S an s k ri t . an d G ree k
w er e O o s e d t o s u c h a c o m b in at i o n , an d al w a s O mi t t e d th e
pp y
as
p i r at i o n o f o n e as
p i r at e d m u t e . T h is di s i n c li n at io n of S an
s kr it an d G r e ek t o t h e p ro ximi t y o f t w o a s p i r at e s , i s s ho wn
by th e fac t t h at w h e n as p ir at e s o c c u r i n t w o g r o u p s o f c o n s o
n an ts b elo n g i n g t o t h e s am e ro o t s, an d m e r e ly se
p r
a at e d by
a vowe l, on e o f t hese p ir at e s ,
as
g e n e r all
y t h e fi r s t , lo s e s i t s

as
p i r at i o n .
‘
T hu s in S an s k ri t an d G r e e k as p i r a t e s ar e r e d u
li c at e d e n e r all b t h e cor es r on di n g un as i r at e d c on s o
p g y y p p
n a n t s , b u t t hi s l a w did n o t h old i n I n do -
E u r o p e an ,
as we see

f o m t h e L at in fcfelli d t h e O s c a f fa s f facus t & c i

r ,
an n u n , e ,
.
, n

wh i h t h o ug h f b e ot
c ,
t r u e as p i at e i t r e p e t o i in l
g n a r , r es n s an r a

I d o E r op a a p ir at e O i g i ally t h e w h ole o t w s
n - u e n s . r n r o a re

p e t ed i ar ed
p li c at e d s llab le s
y
n as w us e e in S k r i t i t e ,
e an s n n

i
s ve fo rm s 1 s u c h s da id d i ( t o b e p o o ) f o m d d ( t o r u )
,
a r r r r r n

b e s id e G r 31 - 3p d- mcw , 53p m», da r id r s

' '
. or da r id r s or da r d r s
fr o m da r s ( t o s e e ) G r C8 9 K , k r i ka r ,
'
.
'

or k a r i ka r ,
'

or k a r ka r ,
fr o m ka r ( t o m ak e ) & c , .
, an d in s uc h G r e ek fo r ms as n ap

fo r p ( ) d
’

p i
( a l/w a v- t
p a v- w -
y , y p p np
e -a c ar e
p p p p g ( c ar e
an i - s -o

l ad e n ) f ro m R .
p p e S kr . s ma r (t o r e me m b e r ) , a a i -w
p p p p
-

( I shi n e )f ro m R .
n p w
a he n ce
p p p
a
’
-
a
p
-
og ( s t on e, m ar b le , li t .

“
j wh at K i p -xvp - a ( li t . R o u n d t o w n ) fr o m s ame r o o t
a s xip - x-o g
( ri
a
g) n , n b o
u h -o g , L . ci r cus , &c .

T h is d oe s h appe n wh en t h e as p ir a t es b elon g t o d ifl ere n t

'

n ot r oo t s o r

d iffe re n t s u fli x es , or wh e n on e b e lo n g s t o a r oo t an d a n o t h er to a s ufli x ,

or w h en mor e t h an o n e v o we l in t er ve n e s b e t wee n t h e g r ou p s o f co n so

p t in a fe w cases , s u ch as i t s -xs t p ia fr o m i xw
‘
n an ts , e x ce an d xa p
r n A e Od w fr o m R Oa k for G a ma -w,
. an i rr e g u lar r ed u p li ca t e d for m li ke
fr o m R .
¢t o S kr bh a r
. an d E- —
o B oya r for ¢ t ~
B c- 0
pat fro m R .

b h i ( t o fea r ) , & c .

1 C o n s ult Bo p p s S a n s kr i t G r a mmar , p 3 4.3 se q .

, an d G r as s man n i n
K Z . .
,
vol . x ii .
, p 1 1 1 . .

I L e t t n e r co n s id er s da r id r d t o b e a r e d u p li ca t e d fo r m of I E . . ( la r
(t o
t ear ) .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 1 85

A lt ho u g h G r e ek w e g e n e r ally fi n d n o c o mb i n at i o n s
In

suc h as as i r at e d m u t e
p v o w el a s i r a t e d m u t e , w e fr e
p
q u en t ly fin d s uc h as s
p i r it u s
p r
as e v o w el as
p i r at e d m u t e

or
f; vowe l as
p i r at e d mu te ; th us w e fi n d {up- f; ( f a as t e n

h
i n g , lig t n in g ) r o m ii n - r m ; int - f; ( a w e b ) r m f fo R . in ]; I E . .

va bh w e n c e S kr h
d r n a - vd - bh as ( n o m s i n g a . . . s
p i d e r , li t . a
"
w e av e r o f wo l) 501 6 9 ( s t i r) f o m iiflw hflw ( I s i ft ) ;
o 7 1 a ra n e r o

gt d -
g f o m
’
o g l b e s id e s
r
t w d d gi t ht»e i i t i al as i r at
p p e r o , n -
r ,
n e

h p o mp e s t in g fo
a s c
( a i in
pa m n f orm I E ‘
n
'
s n uru ar i rr a ai r . .

a t ) if t h e o ot b e w w h e ce r w 6 i m & c h e h g n - -
p
-
, 9 n e , n e 7 , n n v, . t o

( i dle t alk ) f o m R 6 3 w h e c e w p o r f o m s am e r o o t s
, r .
,
n ,
r a

d (t o s p e ak ) ; p p é w ( I s w all ow) fi e d
'
Sk r . va id
( ) b e i de
o -
, v -
v a) . s

L s or beo Li t h s ebi it ( I s w allo w ) ; p p ( t hr o wi g ) b e s id e

.
,
. r u a n

{ i i n w -
& cT I t
, h s e c a s e s t h
. e S
p i r i tn s
p r e iet h e i s i or u as e r n

g a ie n d di d
,
n o t e xi s t i
an I d E o
p e
p es t s a n n o- ur e an ,
or r r en

lo s t c o n s o n an t, g e n e r all
y s, an d th e s am e m ay b e s ai d o f th e

as
p i r at i o n of
9 in n o c as e does eit he r as
p i r at i o n s eem to re

p r e s en t an o ri g i n a l as
p i r at e d mu t e .

9 3 I n S an s kr i t w e fi n d
. s e v e r al c o mb i n at i o n s o f m o r e h t an

on e s ll abl e c l as s ifi e d as r o o t s , b u t s u c h fo r m s ar e n o t t r u e ro o t s
y .

T h ey ar i s e e i t h e r fr o m t h e r e du p li c at i o n o f t r u e r o o t s , a s g dg a r
'

( t o w ake ) fr o m I E g a r w h e n c e G r £ 7 5 5p fo r yeyu p w,
. . .
1

k ’
-
( kd e h i e
) fro m tokd & s ; o n f o m t h e n io of s c . r r u n

r
p p e o sit io s wit h t u e o ot s n s d h i ( t o d es is e
p ) fr
r om r ,
a a va r a va

( d ab )
e, d d h i w h i h
an B O
pp c o e c t s w i trh d h i, ( t h e m i d )c nn n ,

sa iig dm ( t o fi g h t ) f o m s m ( G
r i m L c m) an d k am ( t r a r . a , . u r o

o) l s s it b e d h o mi n t i e fo r m e d f o m ii a d m a ( e a v r sa r
g ,
un e g a

fig ht ) &c o r f om n o,
.a s ku md
( p y)
t o l r f o m k m d a un s, r a r u r

( a b oy) , & c .

94 . Roo t s i n g e n e r al m ay b e d i vi d e d in t o t h e t wo
g r e at

T h is w o r d is g e n e r ally w ri t t e n the s
p ir it u s
p e r b e c o m in g t h e
as

le n i s o n a cco u n t o f t h e fo llo w i n g 9 as in i xw . On S ig e ia n I n s cr i p t io n i t

i s wr i t t e n fi9u6 g .

S m co n s id e r i n i t i al 5 h e r e t o b e m e re ly p r o s t h e t i c , w h ile P ot t d e
1 o e

r i ves i t fr o m i x T h e vie w t ake n ab o ve is , h o we ver , mu ch mo r e plau s i b le

. .
 1 86 C OMPAR AT I VE GRA MMAR .

c l a s s e s , ver ba l ( c alle d al s o q u a li t a t ive or p r ed ca t ve i i ) ,

and pro
no mi na l ( c al le d als o de mon s t r a t ive) . The fi rst c l as s is com

p o s e d of v e rb s a d n o o f w h i h t h e fo m e n t an d i a clo s e
un s , c r r s n r

c o n n e xi o n w i t h t h e ro o t t h an t h e l t t e r O ig in a lly t h e r e w as a . r

n o diffe r e n c e b e t w e e n v e r b an d o un t h e roo t do fo r e x am le n
p , , ,

s i n i f in h
g y g t h e
g iver t h e t h i n
g g ive t e act o
f g i,
vi
g & c T h e n ,
n , .

s e c o n d c l as s c o s i s t s o f all t h e p r o o u n s n m o s t p e p o it i o s n , r s n ,

c o n jun c ti on s an d a rt i c le s w h i c h ar e en e r all d e ri v e d f o m
p , g y , r

p r o n o min al roo t s an d
p erh p f e w o t h e r w or d s
,
I n t h i s c las s a s a .

t h e roo t an d t h e s t e m ar e i d e n t i c al an d t h e r o o t s e xp e s s s o m e ,
r

e l at i o
r t o t h e s p e ak e r w hil e t ho s e o f t h e fi s t c l as s e x p e s s
n , r r

as t t e or ac t ion a .

95 T h e c hi e f p ro n o min l o o t i n I d o E u ro p e
. we e a r s n -
an r
“

k va( w h o ) w h e n c e S k r k t as ( w h e n ce) ka s ( w h o ) ka d . u- ,
-
,
-

( wh at ) ki m ( w h t ) G r i g -
d p g I on a d p g, ib g I o. r , n r s o ,
.
x re o , tr , n .

i (a o ld l o c at iv e ) xi ( D S k r h am
'
mile 5 , 7 , Ir a
-
x n o r xd
) , v e, . v .
,

L q uis qua e qu id & c g a o r g h ( p e rh p s d e ri e d fr o m k a o

.
, ,. ,
. a a v v r

ka ) wh e c e S kr h a V e d g h a o g h d ( in d e e d ) G
, n . i xi 7 6 ; . r , r . o z- ,

y (aw h o ) w h e c e S k r
g y d g n d G 6 9 3 L
.
j m a -s , , a- r .
, , . a

i (h e s h e i t ) w h e n S kr i g m i d um i h a ( h e r e ) for id h a G r -
a - -

L i c i d i t cr u m i —
, , .
, , , .

7 i ( in f -
i sc & c ; t a ( t h i s ) s, a,
p
-
, o rr o o ,
.
, , ,
.

S kr ta m t d m t d Gr 6 Gr i 69 L
'
.
, fi ,
a h g . r o v, r v, 7 ,
. o
-
r o , a r
-
7 ,
.

is - te , i s -t a , is t u d, t u m , t a m , ip s e ( fo r i p t e) , i - ta , i t em, & c da
- - - -
.

(p e rh a
p s d e ri v e d fr o m t a , S kr ka dd
) ( w h e n
) , G r n o -
S a
-
m i g, .
-
.

o br t Ou v dg , 3 38 , ddp o v S e ( ho m e w ar d s )
- -
L qua m do , qui da m,
- -
, .
- -

i n -de, u n dc , q ui dem, & c ; d h a ( c l o s ely c o n n e c t e d wi t h da ) ,

- -
.

S kr . a -d h as
( b e l o w ), ad h a r a - s L . i nf er a -
s ) , i ha-
( h e r e ) for
i dh a , G
-
r . i i i 9a ,
-
5 91 ,
111 - a il 94g
-
( I o n . a il -
r i g ) , i v -Oev , L bi . u-

an d i b i, -
ac c or din g to L ee Me ye r for cu -d h i an d i -d hi sa (h e ) ,

S kr sa , s d G r 6 , 15, S kr sa kr t ( o n ce ) , G r d vr a E, ci vr ko if g ,
'

- - -
. . . .

O L . . s u m , s a m, s os , s as
( c e s in g an d p l , m as c an d fe m ) ,
a . . . .

&c n a , a n , a na , S kr n a s ( u s , n a n o t , le s t ; lik e , V e d i c )
) ( .
,

a n a-
yé ( i n str .
g , s in t hro u g h h er ) , an -
t a r a -s ( ali u s ) , an -
y a -s

( ali u s
) , Gr . m6 , vi v , v i) ,
'

v iz v , v a l , d v , Ev , d v é , L . n os , n e, n u m ,

L e o Meye r , Ver g le ich e n d e G ra mmat ic , & c .

, vol . i .
, p 32 3 ,
. se q .
1 88 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

t h e t h i n ker w h at c o u ld l
’
ha ve b een or i
g i n all
y s av e
‘
ma n
T he ab s t ac t r c on ce
p t i on of t h e I
‘
c an n o t c e r t ai n ly b e at t r i

b u t ed t o t h e old es t sta
g e of th e I n d o -E u r o p e an ( urs
p r ac he ) .

Bo p p m
dd u c e s e n t a ai n s t t h e d e d u c t i o n o f ro
a
g g as an p
ar u

n o min al roo t s fr o m v e r b al , h i s s u o s i t i o n , t h a t n o v e r b al
pp
roo t e n d s in d , w hi ls t p r o n o min al r o o t s for t h e mo s t p ar t e n d
in t h i s o w el W e h av e h w e v e r l e dy s e e n t h at m a y
v .
,
o , a r a n

v e rb al r o o t s d o t ally e n d i a s o t h t t hi s
ac u
g m en t o f n , a ar u

Bo p p i s v alu el e s s T h e I d i an g mm i a s d e ri e ll w d s . n ra ar n v a or ,

w i t h o u t e x c e p t i on fr o m v e b al ro o t s e i t h e e xi s t i g o in
,
r , r n r

e t d b y t h e m fo r t h i r o se ; t h s h i h h d
v n e
p p t ( t s se ) t u
e
y u , a , e

ri e f o m t ( t o s t e t h ) y ( wh o ) f m y g ( t o w o h ip
v r an r c ,
a ro a
'
rs ,

e ) f om o m k ff & S h d i
y ad i
( w h y t (nt r a e o t ) a u c a e n r , c . e r va

t i o s a e o f c o r s e p e p o t e o u s ; b t t h e s e g amm a ri a s ar e
n r u r s r u r n

n o t t h e o n ly e s o s wh o o ffe d i n t hi s w a r n n
p y .

T h e c o n n e xi o n b e t w e n v e rb al a d p ro o min al r o o t s i s e n n

i s s t ill u k o w a d li ke l
n n
y t o e m ai s o fo r w e h a e o m a
n ,
n r n , v n

t e r i al s o w h i c h t o b as e o u r e o i g s
n A fe w s e t en c e s of r as n n . n

I d o E u op e a as i t w as s p o ke w h e t h e I d o E o p e a s
n -
r n ,
n n n -
ur n

fir s t b e g a t o e x i t as a d i s t i c t r a w o ld p o b ab ly c le a p
n s n ce, u r r u

t h e di ffi c l t y u .

E e if e rb l a d p r o o mi al o o t we e o ig i lly i d e n
v n v a n n n r s r r na

t i c al t h e y m s t h a e b e e
,
d i t in g ui s h e d fro m e ac h o t h e r i n
u v n s

ve ry e arly t i me s i f ct b f e t h e ori g i n of a y g r amm a

, n a , e or n

t i c al form s w h at s o e v e for t h e s e forms p e s p p o s e t h e di s

r, r u
”
t in c t i o n Fi r s t w ri t e s C u t i u s ( u r C hr o n o lo g i d e r I n d o
.
, r z e

e m n i s c h e n S p r ach fo s c h
r a t hr hr t hi d un
g g p g s ua , . ou

li t y li g h t an d s h ad e c o m e i t o l g ag e fir s t t h o g h t h i s i t n an u , r u

b e c o m e s p o s s ib l e t o an w o r ds b e id h oth s o t o
ar r e
g e s e ac er as

ex
p e s s a m a in g
r th e e
ec es s a n
y c o di t i o , o f a ll f rtnh e r n n u r
”
d e v el o p me n t .

98 V e b l r o o t s . e t w o fo ld
r a
p ima y d econ d y
ar , r r an s ar .

T h e p i m a y c o n s i s t ( 1 ) o f s i g le h o t o we l s t (t o
g ) ;
r r s a n s r v a o
,

o r ( 2 ) of co a s ho t v o w e l i
t s da ( t o
) dh ( o
’
o a n s n an
g e d t r , a v ,

p l ac e ) p d ( t o d ri n k )
, M ( t o li e ) ; o 3
( ) of s hor
, t v o we l a r a
 C O MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .
189

c o n s o n an t, as dd ( t o e at ) , d ie (t o b e h s ar
p), as ( t o b e ) , { db (t o
burn ) ; or 4
( ) of a c o n s o n an t a s hort v o w el a c o n s o n an t,

as dd r ( t o t e ar ) , bh ar (t o b e ar ) d i v ( t o , hi s n e
) p ad (t o
, f lla , fl y) ;
or (5) of t w o c o s o n n an ts h o rt a s v ow el ,
as s t d
(t o s t an d) .

T h e l as t di v i s i o n ( 5 ) o ot s i s o f t hese r v er s m all , an d p er
y
h ap s b elo n g s t o t h e s econ da r y c las s .

S econ da r y y yb t h e ad d i t i o n
r o o t s ar e fo r m e d f om p r im
r ar

o f a n e w s o u n d , o r s o u n d s , c alle d b y C u r t i u s t h e r oo t de t er

m i n a t i ve T h e o bje c t o f t hi s a dd i t i o n i s t o e x p r e s s a m o d i fi
.

c at i o n of t h e of t h e p im ary r o o t T h s f o m I E
m e an i n g r . u r . .

y u ( t o b i d t o m i x d o n
g h c am
,
I E y g ( t o u i t e i u , e . . u n n

t en t io lly t o yo k e h o s e s ) a d I E y dh ( t o n i t e for t h e
na , r ,
n . . u u

p ur
p o s f fi g h t i
e o
g) f o m I E g ( t o
p o d c e ) nc a m e g a r . . an r u ,
n

( fo r g a n d or
g na ) a to ex
p r ess th e id ea of
“
kn ow in g [l o w t o

p r od u ce s i mi l ar l
y f rom I E . . man ( t o t hi k) n , c am e mu d ( t o
re m e mb e r ) ; & c .

99 . A c om
p l e t e li s t o f t h e p ri m ar y an d s e c o n d ar y ro o t s
of I n do -
E u r o p e an does n ot fall wit h i n t h e s c o p e o f t h e p r e s en t
w ork . I t w i ll b e su ffi c i e n t he re to g i ve a fe w e xa mp l e s of

th e c hi e f r o ot - det er min a t i ves .

K ( r o o t -d e t e r m i n at i v e ) . P r i m ar y ro ot I E ,
. . tar or tr a ( t o

m o v e ) , w h e n c e S k r t a r a la ( t r e m u l o u s ) , t a r a .
( p a as s a
g e ) —
t a
,
ra

( t e rm . o f c om
p ar at i v e
) Gr .
—9 7 5 0 L .
-
t er ( i n d ex- t er ) , —t r a
( in ) d ar y S kr t a r le
'

con -
tr a t er -m z n us s e c on r oot , (t o su ose ,
, .
pp
fit m i n d ) , t a r ku (
’
, t o t u r n in on e s a s
p i n dl e , G
) r d r p ex-fig ,
.
-

’
t i -r p a Ic- r o g ( a s
p i n dl e ) , L . t or qu -eo , t or c -u la r , t or g u es Pr -
. .

r o ot , I E . .
p at w he n ce S kr p a t (t o fall, fl y) , p a t r a ( a W i n g ) ,
.
-

Gr f
’
m f
'
xa r a n r -
fi -
w o r -
w -
p o v ” 7n d)
- -
'
T n v, t
1r 7r r n er , n r o at, n f s
.
y
m c, L .
p et -o , p en n a O L . .
p ean a for p et -
na see . ro ot , Gr .

dx, if fo r wr n x yw, m E fo r
'
n r -
c-o v ,
vr r a n - '
aI , n r u ao fi w '
11 e

-
yw . Pr . r o ot I E g (t o g o) wh e
,
. . va , n ce S kr g d or g a ( t o
.

g o ) , Gr .
[3 se r oot
B G Bé x p c . a x, r .
-r ov, L bac u lu m Pr
.
-
. .

ro G ot
r 6 A ( t o d e s t r o ) {SA -
X fo r i x s e c r o o t , em ,
y v -
, .
, “
, ( v in
y l . .

6 Mx- o ur o P r r o o t , I E var . t o d r aw ) w h e n c e S kr va r
. . . .

( to c hoos e ) L , . vel - Io fo r vel -

y o sec . roo t ,
G r Fekx, . s
’
l A xo v
1 90 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

eFe kxo v . In E n g li s h we s i mil ar l

y fi nd o o t s l en t
g r he n e d by
In, as h a r k, t a l/
c
p luc k
, , b es i d e h ea r , t ell, p u ll .

G (r o o t P r roo t , yu ( t o b i n d ; s e c ro o t , S kr yug -a . . .

( y
a o k e , p ai r ), G r Z y ,
v -
( i v L j g
u -u m .
‘
. .

t o r s lc roo t -d e t S k r lc h G P r roo t ,
’

( ) r
X g va
( t o . . . ° .

o) S k o ; s e e ro o t , S k r a k h -a t i h e o ’

g r
g g.
( g ) e s G r
p.
ea n -
u .
. .

Pr . roo t , or
( t o m ove) ; s ec . r o ot , Gr .
'
:E Q X-Oya l . Eg a n -0 p m

p ro b ab l
y 2 x h ere i s
p e ha s th e
.
p e m ain s of a roo t I E r r . .

s le t o fo ll o w ) wh e n c e L &
a
( eg u or c . s -
, .

T ( roo t P r ro o t S kr d y di ( t o h i n e ) ; s e c .
, . n v s .

r oo t S kr dyut ,
P r roo t I E a v ( t o b l o w) wh e c e
. .
, . .
,
n

Gr il w ii m
. a m s ec oo t S kr i t m
-
, i -
( b e t h ) G l ii yfi . r , . c - an r a ,
r . c r -
v,

d p g i p ( w fip He sy h ) F ro m t h e s e c roo t S kr
’ ’
r -
o , c er - ov ve a, c . .
, .

t p (t o s t r ik e )
a G c o m e s an o t h e r s e c o ot G ré . w T v Tr . r ,
r . r rr - r -
.

S imilarly fro m G 0 or
p c o m es a s e c ro t r 0 d. w a 7r r a , . o , 1r r - - .
*

I t i s d o u b t f l wh e t h e r ] or H w h e a
n
p r im a
y or a s e c o d ar
y r a t; o r n

ro o t if i t b e S kr t p ( t o b rn ) b e s i d e G r ¢ p L t ep eo . a u . re
’
-
a, .
-
,

A S t h ef ia ( ae s t u ar e ) i t i s a p ri m ar y ro o t a d o i g i lly
. .
- n ,
n r n a
”
m e an t s e t h e d e ad ) O h e o t h e r h a d if i t b e
to b ( t
“
ur n . . n n ,

fo rm e d fr o m dfi ( t o pl e ) S kr d b d b y t h e roo t d t m i a ac .
,
- e er

n at i e i t i s a s e c on d a oo t d h a 0 ( p)
p v ,y p r r , v 7r r a

S kr d h fip ( t o f mi g t e )
. u a .

D ( roo t Pr r o o t I E ka ( t o c le a e ) w h e n c e G r .
, . . s v .

R . K8 mes ) , Ice- a)
, l xe -
d Zw , K ar dda g , S kr . k lt d , k h yd mi ( ah
' ’

s cin do), L . de- s ci - s co, s ci - o sec . r oot , S kr . s kh a d

( t o cut ), G r .

ax é S - a v vv m, L . s ci n d o . Pr . ro o t I E , . . ma ( t o m e a s u r e ) , w h e n c e
G r yé r p o v , & c ; s e c
.
-
. . roo t ,
Gr .
y é Bzp v o g
-
, ye
’
d- o vr s g , L . mo d
i us , m od -or o r , m od n a - . Pr . roo t I E ,
. . r a
t
( to s ou n d) : see .

r oot ,S kr . r u d (t o w e ep ) , L r ad o.
-
.

D b ( o o t r Pr . roo t I E ,
. .
y u
( to j o in
) ; s ec . r oot,

S kr yud h .
( to fig ht , m an u s c on s e r e r e
) Z ,
.
y ud (t o fig ht ) ,
G r.

{J o Hi m; fo r 6 01 m m P r roo t , I E p a ( t o s u ffe r ) s e c r o o t ,
-

m
. . . . .

G r E-vr a O o v , L p a t i o r b e i n g fo r m e d fr o s am e r o o t b y m e an s
.
-
.

o f a d iffe r e n t s u ffi x u n l e s s G r 9 an d L t r e r e s e n t an I E
( )
t , p . . . .

T h e se fo r ms ar e pe r h a s o n ly
p p r es en t ia l b a se s .
1 92 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

Pr . ro ot I E ,
. . d a k ( t o t a ke ) , w h e n c e I o n . sac-0 p m, Bax r u ko g -
;

s ec . ro t S k o ,
r . da ks h -
a ( c l e v e r ), d a ks h i na -
( r i g h t ) , G r Be E .
'
-
zo g ,

L . d ex -
t er , G ot h . t a lks —v6 ( S aEz d) .

N r
( to o Pr ro o t I E .
, . .
g va
( to g o ) , w h en c e S kr .

9 6 Z 96 n . . roo t G r . isfi
'
-
v, (i -
a 1 6g , L . a r -oi -t er ; s ec . ,

B i
a vw B y 0 b e st L en cr i t )
av P r ro ot I E
a , . n -
u . v -
. .
,
. .

o b e b o rn o d u c e ) when c e G r £ s ec roo t
g ( t -
a t o
p 7 7 ; ,
r , .
-
a a .
,

S kr g ( t.o b ri n
g f
'
ort h)
an G y é g L g e as P r roo t ,
r . v o
-
, . n -
. .
,

I E bh a (t o s h i e ) w h e n c e S kr bh d
. . Gr p g L f n ,
. . ( cl T t
’
-
,
. a

t eo ; s e c roo t p lm r ro o t 1 E t a t o s t ret ch )
r (p y w.P (
, ( a a a v- . .
, . .
,

w h en c e G r d S kr ta t é ; s e c roo t G r
. r
-
l w
v v -
r at .
-
n u- .
,
. re v

r ev - o)
y .

R or L o
( t ro Pr . r o ot I E ,
. . ma ( to m e as u r e ) ,
w h en c e S kr . m oi Gr .
yé
-
r
p ov ; s ee . ro ot , Gr . f -
p g og,

ye l p
-
a, ye lp -
0p m p p yo g e
-
a“ L . m ar -
co, m er -ces , mar -x . Pr .

roo t I E s t a (t o s t an d ) ; s e c roo t S k s t h l (t o s t a d
, . . .
,
r . a n

fi r mly) t h l ( fi r m g o u d ) G r
, s ékh w
a -
a h y L p e r n ,
. or ar c
-
o) , . ra

s t o l— t l t us s t ol— d s O H G s t el la (t o p l ce ) P r
’

o r ,
s u -
,
o t t a , . . .
-
n a . . r o ,

1 E s ta ( t o s t a d )
. . e c ro o t S kr s t l i a ( fas t ) s t a i ( v ac c a
n s .
,
. z r -
, r -

t e ili s ) G fi fi dg m i p G o t h s la t o ( 79 )
'

s r , m g y r . ar e
-
, s a e
-
a, . r a r t- a ,

M H G t ( i g id u s )
. . . s ar r .

P ( o ot P r roo t I E t a o r t a ( t o m o v e ) ; s e c
r .
,
. . r r .

roo t S kr ( V e d ) t rp a ( h as t e in g ) t ap ( t o b emb arr as s e d)

,
. .
-
r n ,
r e ,

G r v p dw h g
. s
p é-
w
r I o
p w -
L e t ep id us
o t rp is
, r n
-
,
n . r a 7r
'
-
,
*
. r -
,
a -

( ac c o di g t o Be n fe y) T h i s I E roo t t w as w e ak e n e d t o
r n . . . ra

t r u, wh e n c e G ps X ( I r b away) p fi xw ( i d r . f
-
e; u , r
-
o .

96 m il ( h o le ) ; s e c G
’
7 -
0) y o o t r
p
-
p a a . r , . r zn r a v o v ,
-
r v 7r

dw P r r o o t I E d i m ( t o m o e ) w h e n c e S kr d b d ( t o m o e
. .
, . . v , . v ,

t o b lo w ) dh a m s ( s m o k e ) Gr 0
, L f m s Z
-
a . 11 . u- a- , .

d m n ( mi t ) G r Ou h h
un -
a 96 9 L s u b fi o O H G t n s t
s , .
-
s a,
-
0 , .
- -
, . . . u

(s t o r m ) 0 N d us t (d s t ) Li t h d mas ( mi n d ) ; s e c o o t
, . . u ,
. a- . r ,

S k d l p ( t o f mig at e ) G r wp d ( a w h i rlw i n d ) up w ( I
‘
'
r . ut u , . T -
i v n
-
,

I n t h e se G r ee k wor ks , h o w e ve r , 1r m ay r e p r e s e n t an o ld e r kv, as we
fi n d in L a t in t o r qu - eo , t o r e -a l um .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 193

s mo k e ) , r ap -
cc ( mi s t ) . Pr . r oo t I E , . . da (t o cut
) , h e n ce
w

S kr d d . G r 3a i w, Ba i g , S a
.
- - -
au dg , S a t s e c ro o t .
,

G r . Boh r -
r m, Sa n -du n , dei w-v o v .

B ( r oot Pr . ro ot t r i we ak e n e d f om I E
r . tr a ( to

m ov e ) ; s ec. r oot , Gr . r
p
’
c
B -
w, L . t r i b-u la .

B/
z
(r oot Pr . r oo t, LE . s ta
( t o s t an d) ; s ec . r oot , S kr .

s t a m bk (t o m a ke fi r m) , G r . d -
o r sp z
p fig
-
( un s h ake n ) , ar
-
i p B-w

( I s h k b y s t am i
p g)
a e n , A . S . s t em n ( s t e rn
) s ta bli no . Pr .

r o ot I E a ( t o t wi
, . . v ne ro un d) , w he n ce S kr . va -
g é mi ( I
w e av e ) , G r . ii-r p t o v ( th e w ar p ) , L vi men ; sec . r o ot S kr .

ur n a -vd bk- a i d e r , li t i f w o o l , G r iup- n , iup

( 9. S
p . a s
p n n er o .

a i v w , iup- fiqS-a a pm .

V ( r oot roo t I E
Pr .
, . . s ta ( t o s t an d) ; sec . ro o t ,

( fixed ) Z s t v ( g ), G
'

S kr . s t h d v-ar a , . a ra s t r on r . o r a v-
p dq , o r s?
u
)
r o, G ot h . s t i v it i ( un a p o v fi) P r r oot , . . I E . . bh a (t o s hi n e );
s ec . r oot, Gr . « d- 0 g
p for
¢ a F- o g , B O 1 . (
p a il- 0 g , W t- ¢ { a J- 6 K w ,

P amp h . c ci
p B -
og c a F- o g
p ) L fa ,
. u - eo .
f a u- i lla , f a n -s t as .

M (r o o t Pr . r o ot I E , . . tr a ( m otov e ) ; s e c r o o t; .

G L t r em-o , t r em-u lus Pr r o ot , 1 E

’
w, g va ( t o g o ) ;
-
r. r
p sp . . . . .

s ee . roo t , S kr .
g am ( t o g o ), Z .
g m a G o t h g u i m- a n ( t o .

co me) . Pr . roo t I E ,
. . da ( to b i n d ) , w h e n c e S kr .
(V ed ) . dd
G r . 35 85 -7 6 9 , S é-w ; sec . r oot , S kr d a m .
( t o t am e ) ,

G r. da ft ci t» dual -g
-
, , d -
a
p , L . dam-0, E . t a me .

98T h e p r im ary r o o t s w e r e c h r o n o lo g i c al ly o ld e r t h an
.

th e s e c o n d ar S o me w r i t e r s s u or t t h e o o s it e , an d b e
y pp .
pp
li e v e t h at the s o - c alle d
p i m ar
y f
ro r m s w e r e o b t ai n e d b
y g e

n e r ali z a t o n i f ro m the s o c alle d s e c o n d ar

-
y T h e
y s u
pp o s e t h at .

t h e
y w er e or i
g i n all s e c i al t e r m s , fo r d i f e r e n t
y p f co
g n at e id e as ,
e
g
. for
y
.o ki n
g h or s es ( u ) , comi n
g g g t o et h er
g fo r t h e p urp os e
k & c , an d t h at fr o m t h e s e r o o t s w a s d e v e l o e d
o
f fig t i n
g p
.

t h e g e n e r al id e a of u n i t i n g fo r a n y p u r p os e (g u ) T h i s O i n i o n
p .

is e x t r e m el l i k el ; i t i s far m o r e r o b a b l e t h at t h e s i m
y y p un

l e s t fo r m o f t h e r o o t w a s t h e o l d es t , a s e x r e s s i n t h fun da
p p g e

m e n t al id e a o f all the s ec o d y root

n ar s .

T he o ld e s t fo r m of a n I E o o t w as
. . r
p er h ap s e it he r (1) a

O
1 94 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

y an c o n s o n an t : or 2
( ) y an c on s on a n t d . T h us t h e m o s t

p r im i t i v e ro o t s we re ka, ak, d d , ad , & c . T he ori

g i n o f su ch
r o o t i w app e d i i m p e t r ab le o b cu ri t y f r w e h av e
s s r n n e s , o n o

r e m ai s o f y I E la g u ag e i i t s r adi c l t g e t o p p ly
n an . . n n a s a su

u s w i t h m at e ri als o n w h i h w e m i h t fo d ou i t i ct i o un r n ve s a ns
g g .

W e m ay t h e o i e a s m c h a w e li ke b t t h at i s ll t h t w e
r z u s ,
u a a

ca do n I t i s p e ile t o d o g mat i e
. u r z .
*

9 9 T h e o ri g i of t h e ro o t d t e mi at i e s i s as o b s c u r
. n -
e r n v e

as t h at of t h e
p rim ar
y r o o t s t h e m s el v e s V a i o s t h e o ri e s . r u

h a e in d e e d b e e i
v t ed t ac c o t fo r t h e m b u t alt h o g h
n n ven o un u

a fe w of t h e m m a b e e x l ai e d b t h e s e t h e o ie t h e v st n
y p y r s, a

m ajo i t y of t h e m ar e s t ill as d rk s e e r
r T h s i t h as b e e n a a v . u

s u g es t e d t h t s e c o d r o o t s ar i s e f o m n o mi al s t e m s e
n ar
g y a
g r n , . .

I E g a n ( t o p r o du c e ) f o m
. . om t em g a de i ed f om
, r a n . s na r v r

R g . n o m s u fii x n
a ; b u t i n t h e fir s t p l a c e o
. a t his t h o y , n e r ,

p r imi t i e e b s w o ld b e c o n f o
v v r d e d w i t h d e n o mi n at i e an d
u un v ,

in t h e s e c o n d v e y fe w o f t h e s u al r o o t d e t e r mi n at i e s e v e r
,
r u - v

a e ar s n min l s u ffi x e
a e i s cao m m o r oot det b ut s, n -
pp o
g p a . . .
,

n ev e r o c c u r s as a o mi l s fii x A g ain w e ar e t old t h t n n a u . a

s eco da n o ot s a e c om o n de d of t w o
r r r i m e rb al o n e s r ar v
y p p y u

t h s I E g adh ( t o fi g h t ) i s d e i e d fr o m g
u . .
( t o jo i ) an d ,
r v u n ,

dh a ( t o p l ac e ) q y m e an t o r i i n all
, an
g d y t o m ak e
c on s e u en t l

t o jo i n , I E ka lp (t o m ak e ) , i s fr o m ka r (t o m a ke )
. .
p a
( t o

do), &c T h i r dly, s e c o n d ar y r o o t s ar e s aid t o c o n s i s t o f a

.

p ri m ar
y v e r b al r oo t a
p r o n o mi n al ro o t ; e
g t h e ro ot de . .

t e r min at i v e s , k, t , m , ar e id e n t i fi e d wi t h t h e p ro n o mi n al r o o t s

ka , t a , m a : t his is, ho w e e r v , th e m e r e s t g u e s s -w o r k , an d
s h e ds no li g h t at all o n th e su bje c t .

W e mu s t , h e e fo r e fo
t r ,
r the p r es en t be con t en t to b e ig n o
ra n t of th e o ig i o f t h s e
r n e s e con d ary root s , b ut w e n e ed n o t

Here i s a s p e c i me n of d o g mat i s m w it h r e s pe c t to on e t h e or y o f t h e

or ig i n o f r oo t s . T h e o n o mat o p oe ic t h e or y g oe s v er y s moo t h ly as lon g as

i t d e als w it h ca c kli n g h e n sd q u a ckin g d u cks ; b u t r o u n d t h at p o ul t r y

an

yar d t h er e i s a d e ad w all , an d we s oo n fi n d t h a t i t i s b e h in d t h at w all t h a t

lan g u age r e a lly b e g i n s .
" —
M ax M ull er , L e ct u r e s I I p 91
. . .
196 C O MPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

vdk ,
'

&c .

pp C u rti u s osu of s c h s t e ms
o s es t h at t h e s i g n i c at i n fi u

as t h e s e w s o ri i al l m a b e t wee i fi i t i e n d n n
g y e n a an an n v a a

as t h a t o f E s h fo m s i
pa t i i le
r
p a d
c ea l
y t h
, s m e n n
g li
r e a n r n

- i g n
g i e ( a m.
) f o.m v s
'
vis ( t o e t e ) o i g i all
an
y m ea t r
’
n r ,
r n n

”
“
t h e e t er i g n
p o d sn
( t h e
y ) f m d
e rs ( to nee ) r
’
e e ro rs
'
s

m ea t t h e s eei g
n
“
f lt y ; & c n ac u .

I n s t e m s o f t h i s fi s t cl s t h e o t w s o m e t im e s r e d
r
p l i as r o as u

c at e d , as in S kr . d a dd m i = G r S i dwuc, & c . .

II S t em fo med f m th e r oot
. s
p on omi rl fi v ar e ro a r na su ,

s u c h as S k de ( g o d ) fr o m dev t h e g u a fo m f R d i
r . va a ,
n - r o . v

( t o s h i e ) n d p o o min al s ffi x a ; S kr d ivya ( c e le t i al ) f o m
n , a r n u . s r

di y
v ; S k r b h d a ( b de )
a G ¢ p
. f om S k b h a
r a ur n r . o o r r . r

th e g a fo m o f bh a (to b G d s ffi x
un -
) r
pg p r e ar r . ( e an r on . u a

S k bh d g a t h e s t e m o f b h d g t i ( h m k e s t o b e ) f o m
r . ra ,
ra a e a ar r

bh d a d as imil a c u s t i e f a,m s ; &c n r a a v or

r
y .

Be fo o mi l s t e m s w e r e fo m e d f o m o o t s b y m e a
re n n a r r r ns

o f p o n o mi n al s ffi x e
r th e o o t i t e lf m u t h a e b e e
u ed s, r s s v n us

i n d e p e n d e n t ly m , fo r t h e p r o n o mi n al s u ffi x
as a n o m i n al ste

h as m e r e ly an i n d i vi d ua li z i n g fo r c e , an d i s n e ar ly e qu i
v al e n t t o an a r t i cle I n t h e e ar li e s t s t ag e o f I n d o E u r o .
-

p ean ,
l an g u ag e c o n s is t e d o f r o ot s
p l ac e d i n
j u xt a
p o s i t io n ; at

t his p e r io d t h er e wer e n o ste ms , n o c a s e -e n d in g s , n o

p e r s o n al

en di n g s , n o di s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n n o u n an d v er b T he r o o t bh ar ,
”
fo r e x am p l e , g ifi ed t o b ea r , si b ea r i n ,
n
g
“ “
th e b ur de n ,
”

“
th e
”
bear er , & c T h e n e x t s t ag e t h r o u g h w h i c h
. I n do -
E u r o p e an
p as s e d f t i on o f
w as t h e
m b al s t e m s N or
o s w ow a ver . nn e re n

d i s t in g i s h d fro m e b s o ly eg t i ely t h at i o ly b y t h
u e v r n n a v , s, n e

a b s e c e o f t h e p on mi l
n ffi x e T h i s s t ag e g i w
r o n a su s . a a n as

f llo w e d b y o t h e r i wh ic h o mi l s t e m w e fo m e d b y
o an ,
n n n a s er r

t h e d d i t i o o f t h e s e ufii x e s i
a o d e r t o in d i i d ali
n th oot s n r v u z e e r

t h t h d b ee
a a ed s o T h t t h e e rb l uffi x
n us a a n un . a v a s e s ar e

o ld e t h r th m i l o e is h o w
an e by t h e f t t h t t h e
n o na n s s n ac , a

l tt es r ed i m ch mo fe t fo m i
e v t h e I do n a u re er c r n
a e r ar e
p r
p n

E ope ur l g ag e t h
an t h e fo m e ; t h s w
an u fi d the sf an r r u e n su

fi xe s a , a n ,
ma , ta , & c .
,
s ti ll ke p t p e r fe c t i n n o mi n al ste ms ,
 CO MPARATI VE G RAMMAR . 1 97

w i le h n o s in
g l e
p e rs o n al e n d in
g i s fo u n d in it s ori g i n al fo r m .
‘

A n a d d i t i o n al r o o f t h at v e r b al an d n om in a l s t e ms we re
p
fo r me d at d iffe r e n t p e r i o d s i s s u p p li e d b y t h e c o n s i d e r at i on
th at , as t h e s a m e s u ffi x e s ar e i n m an y c as e s u s e d t o fo r m b o t h

c l as s e s of s t e ms , a c o n s id e ra b le p e ri o d m u s t h av e e lap s e d b e
t we e n t h e use o f th e sa me s u ffi x i n t w o s u c h t o t ally d i ff e r e n t

w ays . Mo r e o v e r , as t h e o r i in
m e an i n g o f t h e p r o n o u n i s m e
g al or
m an i fe s t i n t h e o f
v e r b al s t e m t an i n t h e n min al , t h e h or m er

m t h a e b e e n o ld
us tha
v th lat t e r ; t h s t h e p o o mi al er n e u r n n

s t em t h h e i t ) i s e m l o e d t o for m t h e 3 r i of
( e a
p y , s , p e s s
g . n .

d als o s c h o
—
th e v b s bh a
er ti (h e b e s )
,
a ra s as S k ar , an u n un r .

s th i t (
-
s t d
a s i g) G dan g G r
p p ng x i n L s e
r c. ar a -
r -
, . ( o
'
-
r o- , o -
r , .

t a do c t s & c
,
-
d i t i O b i o s t h at i t s o i g i l m e i g an
u- , .
, an s v u r n a an n c

b e m u c h m o e e s i ly d i s c o e r e d f o m t h e e b t h a f o m t h e
r a v r v r n r

n o un .

P o o mi al s u ffi x e s a e t w o fo ld p i m y an d s ec da r y
r n n r ,
r ar on .

T h e fo me r a e e mp l o ye d i n fo mi g s t e ms f o m ro o t
r r a d r n r s, n

t h e l at t e r i fo m i g s t e m s f o m o t h n s t ems
r S t e ms f me d
n r er . or

d i r e c t ly fr o m o o t s a ll d p i m y a d t h o s e f o m t e m s
r re ca e r ar ,
n r s ,

s ec da y
on I n m a y c as e s t h e
r . ffi x e ag r e e in fo m : t hu sn es su s r

a is a i m ar s u ffi x i S k r bh d b d
( ) Gr p p g
’
r a s n r - - a
p y e ur n -
. . « o o- ,

S k dé r . s (
g od
) L
v-a - d i s & c a d a s e c on d a
a
y suf . v- u - , .
,
n r

fix i S kr dd h i t
n s ( fi l i ae . t u s ) fr o m S t d uh i t
u r -a - G n a . ar , r .

ny p d n f o m S t fiy y
e v- &c r
y a is a
p r i m ar
y s uffi x i S k r
. e o v, . n .

ma d h y s Gr
-
a- f
( p y g) g L m. e d —i s G p ip or e
-
o- . a- ,
r . o a

y g y o L exi m i
'
s &c
a, a d a . e c on d r
y s f fi x i
-
n S
a- k r
p r
, i t .
,
n s a u .

-
y a G-
s m i g Q L p rt . i & c r
- -
t O , . a r -
a, .

III S t em f med by t h e i o of t wo ot h e t ems a e s u c h as

. s or un n r s r

G r A y yp é p g S k u
. o o- db h ( p i d
o e
) -
& c , S c h l r.
e i h e r r n a -v a -s a s r , . c

o s e s t h at s u c h c o m o d t e m s e x i t d in I n d o E u o e n un s
s u
pp p s e -
r
p a ,

a d n d d u c e s as e x amp le s I E s as t r ( s o o ) a d s v k a
a . . v a r r , n a ur

( s ocer
) .

1 01 . A s t h ere w as a
p er i o d w h e I d o E u rop e n n -
an con

C ur t i u s z ur C h r on olog i e , & c .
, p 2 20 . .
1 98 C OMPAR ATI VE GR AMMAR .

s is t e d me r ely
of roo t s s o t h e r e w s s u b s e qu en t ly an o t h e r , a

er i o d w h e c on s i s t e d m e e l of s t ems
’
p i t n
y r .

T h e n o min al s u ffi x es —n t an d — ta ar e fo un d i n all t h e a r

I E l n g u g e s a d c o n s e qu e t ly m u s t h a e e xi s t e d in t h e
. . a a ,
n n v

o r i i n al I n d o E u m e a -N ow if an t is o m o s e d of t h e t w o
g p p n . c

p r o n o mi n al s ffi x e s a an d t u an d t a of th e t wo t
n nd a, r a a r a,

b h a n t a dd t a a m u s t h a e b e e
ra , r t h e ori g i al form s of t h e v n n

s t e m s bh a nt dd t a ; a d if t h e c s e e di g s h ad lr e ady
ra , r n a - n n a

e xi s t e d w e wo u ld h a e fou d s u c h fo rm s a s bh a r a ta s n om
, v
( n n -
.

s in
g ) .i n
p l ace o f b h a a n ta s G r f
pp w L f e r
r en s - . « v, .
,

bh a n t a sya (g e - si ) in l c e of bh a n t n G (p fp
g
-
ra r a r an as
p . . . ov

g L f e en t is dd t a a s ( o m s i g ) i n p l ac e o f dd t -
r o , . r , s r n . n . ar- ,

d d t a i ( l o c s i g ) i p l c e o f d dt
ar -
. n i &c. N o w al t ho u g h i t
n a ar - , .

is p o s s i b l e t o s p p o s e t h at bh t s c am e f o m bh
u a t as f o m ar an r ar n r

an al o w i t h l at fo m t i o n s ye t i t i s imp o s s ib le t o d e ri ve
gy er r a ,

t h e ob li q e c as e s bh u a n t as dd ta i & c f o m bh a n t y d é
ar ,
r , .
, r ra as a,

t r i &c
a a , an d t h e r e fo e b e fo e
.
, t h e o b li qu e c as e e d i g r r -
n n s

w e e at t ac h e d t h e s e s t e ms m s t h av e alr e ady l o s t t h e i r fi al
r , u n

v owe l .

h a e r e marke d t h at in t h e e arli e s t s t g e o f
1 02 . We v a

I n d o E u rop e an t h e r e w as n o d i s t in c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e o
-
n un

an d e rb v I i t s l at e s t t ag e ho we v e r t h i s di s t i c t i o n w as
. n s , ,
n

sha m ar k e d fir stl h or m a d s c o dl
r l
p y y b y t e
f , y b y t h e , ,
n e n ,

s n t a t i ca l con s t r uc t io
y c of e ac h t h e e rb r e u i ri
q g s i ts c o m
n , v n a

l e m e t ar y c as e an ac c at i v e a d t h e n o u r e ui ri a e us n n n
p n
q g g ,

n it i e
v I V e di c e v e n s t ill m a y o u n s fo llo wi g t h e an al o g y
. n n n ,
n

of t h e e rb ar e c o n s t ru e d wi t h t h e ac c s at i e
v ,
u v .

C o n s u lt C ur t i u s , z ur C h ro n olog ie , & c .
, p 2 2 3 , wh om I h ave h e r e
.

c lo se ly fo l lo we d .
2 00 C OMPA R ATI VE GR AMMAR .

s in
g l d ua l, an d
u ar , l ur a l T h e d u al i s of l at e r fo r m at i o n t h an
p .

t h e p l u r al an d d e ri v e d fro m i t , a s i s p r o v e d b y t h e fo r ms of

i t s e as e -e n din g s I n P ali t h e d u al i s fo u n d o n ly i n t h e w or d s
.

fo r t wo an d bot h , w h il e i n P r ak r i t i t i s en t i r e ly lo s t . I t di d
n o t o c cu r in E o li c G r e ek , an d i s l o s t i n Mo d e r n G r e e k . In
L at i n i t is o n ly fo u n d i n d uo an d a mbo ( n o m an d ace m as c . . .

an d t h e fe m i n i n e an d t h e o t h e r c as e s o f t h e s e t w o

w o r ds ar e t r e at e d as
p l u r al s e ven d uos an d a mbos ar e fo u n d
in t h e old e s t p o et s , b es i d e d uo an d a m bo ; th e n eu t e r d ua w as
u sed in vul
g a r L at i n ,
fi n ally c r e p t
an d in t o th e li t e r ar y l an

g ua
g i n
p os t d ua
e , as l s t a ( Or e s t is t r
u r a
g . T h e re i s n o

t r ac e of t h e d u al i n U mb ri an ; N U d . . ur ( two) h as as s u me d
th e l u r al en d in g
p .

1 04 . T here wer e t h ree

g en d ers i n I do E
n -
p uro e an ,
ma s
c u li n e,
f e mi n i n e, an d n eu t er ; th e l as t w as c alle d h li va ( an
e un u c h) b y t h e S a n s k r i t g r am mari an s I n S e mi t i c an d Ha .

mi t i c , t h e lat t e r i n c l u d in g E g yp t i an , E t h i o p i an , Li b yan , an d

Hot te n t o t , w e o n ly fi n d t w o g e n d e r s , m a s c u lin e an d fe mi n i n e ,
w h il e n o
"
di s t i n c t i o n o f g e n d e r i s fo u n d i n T at ari c ( T u n g u
s i an , Mo n g o li an , T u r ki s h S a m oye di c F i n n i c ) , , , th e m o n o s yl
l ab i c l an g u ag e s ( C h i n es e, th e i s o l a t e d l an g u ag e s ( i n

E urO
p B as u e , i n A s i a , J a an e s e ,
q
e,
p t h e P o l n e s i an ,
y
A u s t r ali an , A fr i c an , an d A m e r i can l an g u ag e s .

T h e di s t i n c t i o n of g en d er w as of c o ur s e u n kn o wn to th e

I t is n ot acc id e n t al ( wr i t e s C . R . L e p s iu s , S t a n d ar d A lp h ab e t ,
2nd E d p . .b u t v e r y s ig n i fi can t , t h at as far as I kn o w , w i t h o u t a n y
e s se n t i al e x ce p t io n , o n ly t h e mo s t h ig h ly c iv iliz e d r a ce s —t h e lea di n g na

t io n s in t h e h is t or y o f ma n kin d —d i t i s g u is h t h r o u g h o u t t h e g e n d e rs , a n d
n

t h at t h e e nde r - la ng ua g e s ar e the sa me a s t h o se wh ich s ci e n t ifi cally, b y

g
l in g u is t ic r e as o n s , m ay b e p r o ve d as d e s ce n d i n g fr o m o n e o r igin al A s ia t ic
s t o ck . Th e d e velo p me n t o f p e c u liar for ms fo r t h e g r a mma t ic al g e n d e r s
r o ve s a co mp ar a t i ve ly h ig h er c o n s c io u s n e s s o f t h e t wo se xe s an d t h e d is
p
t in c t io n n ot on ly of th e mas c uli n e an d fe mi n in e , as i n t h e S emi t i c an d

Ha mi t i c l a n g u a g e s b u t , a ls o o f t h e fe mi n i n e a n d n e u t er g e n d e r , e x cl us i vely
e xp r e s s e d i n t h e J a p h e t i c b r a n c h , is o n ly a fur t h e r ste
p i n t h e s a me d ir c e
”
t io n .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 01

I n do -
E u r o p e an in i t s ra d i ca l s t ag e , j u s t as it is at
p r e s en t n u

kn o w n t o ra di c al l an g u ag e s , su c h as C hin e s e , &c . S u ch a

di s t in c t i o n was i m p o s s i b l e w h e n l an g u ag e c on s i s t e d m e r e ly o f
r oots
p l ac e d i n
j u xt a
p o s it i o n . Mo r e o ve r ,
at th e p er i o d w h en

v e r b al s u ffi xe s fi r s t m ad e t h eir pp
a e ar an c e , th e d iffe r e n c e of

g en d er w as n ot m ark e d , fo r h ad i t b e e n s o, i t w o u ld ha ve

s h ow n i t s e lf i n th e v er b, j u s t as th e sa m e di s t i n c t i o n a
pp e ar s

i n t h e S e mi t i c ver b , p r o v i n g t h a t i n t h i s l at t e r c a s e t h e d i ffe

r en ce
g of en der w a s m ark e d b e fo r e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h e
v e r b al s u ffi x e s . T he e ar l
y i n t r o d u ct i o n of t h e v e b l r a s ffi x e s
u

in I n d o - E u r o p e an a so l a
pp ea s r f om r t h e fac t t h at t h e y m u st

h av e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d b e fo r e t h e d i ffe r e n c e o f n u m b er w as
m ar k e d i n t h e n ou n , fo r b a d t h e r e e x i s t e d at t h at p e ri o d a

p l u r al s u f x, fi w e w o u ld h av e f
o un d i t in t h e v er b i n s t e ad of

suc h fo r ms as I E —ma s i
. .
,
~
t va s i ( or —
t as i) —
a n ti
( or —
n ti )
,
*
,

fo r t h e s u f xe s fi of th e fi r s t, s ec o n d , an d t h ir d p e r s o n s p lu r al
r es e c t i v el
p y .

I V e fi n d t r ac e s o n all s i d e s t h at or i
g i n all
y t h e r e w as n o d is
t in c t i o n b e t we e n t h e m as c u li n e d fe mi n i n e g e n d e r i n I n d o
an

E u r o p e an ; e .

g . t h e w or d s fo r f a t h er an d mo t h er ar e fo r m e d
wit h th e s am e s u f x fi I . E .
-
tar ) in all th e l n do -
E u r op e an
f mily o f l
a an
g ua
g es . T h e i n t ro d u c t i o n of th e n e ut er
g en de r
t o o k pl c e a at a
p e r io d s u b s e
q u en t to t h at o f th e in t r o d u c t io n
of th e m as c u l i n e an d fe m i n i n e
hes t h e g e de s . T h at t e re n r

w e e ll ho w e e
r a i t o d c e d b e fo e t h e fi s t
, v
pr, t i o oc n r u r r se ar a n

c r u d am o g t h e I d o E o p
re n s i s ob io s f om t h e r
g ee
n -
ur e an ,
v u r a

m e t r e s p t i g t h e m t h at p e v ad e s t h w h o l e I E f mi ly of
n ec n r e . . a

l g ag e s
an u V i o u s m e t h o d s r w e r e ad o p t e d of m rki g t h e
. ar
-
a n

diffe e c e o f g e n d e r a w ell in I n d o E u ro p e an as i n t h e
r n s -

lan g g e t h t p n g f o m i t
ua s a s ra r .

C on s u lt C u r t i u s z ur C hr on olo g ie d e r I n d o g er man is ch en S p r a ch -

fo r s ch u n g , p p 2 1 4, 2 2 2 . .

f I h ave h er e fo llo we d ch ie fl y S c h le ich e r s arr an g e me n h is C o m

’
t see

p en d i u m , p 5 1 8 . .
2 02 C OMPA R ATI VE G RAMMA R .

I . By a C h a n g e o
f S tem .

Wh il e n o at t e mp t w as m ad e t o di s t in g u i s h t h e g e n d e r of
d ip h t ho n g al an d c o s o n an t al s t e ms t ho s e i n a n i an d — ,
- -
u,

w e r e le g t h e n e d t o —
, ,

a — i a d 1 t o e x p r e s s t h e fe mi i n e al
‘ ‘
n n -
, ,
i , n ,

t h o g h t h i s m e t h o d w as o ly v e y p a t i ally c arri e d o u t i n t h e i
u n r r

an d u s t e m s an d t h e r e ar e s o m e i m o t a t e x c e t i o n s i t ho r n
, p p se n

i — n a I S an s k ri t w h e r e t h e m jo r i t y of s t e ms i —
. n , i an d a ar e a n -

fe mi i e w e fi n d m a y b o t h mas c uli e an d fe min in e as p ap i s

n n , n n -

s ( a d n ce r) & c as w e ll as s t e m s fo m e d fro m
(t h e s
) un
r t ii n -
a , ,
r

s ch roo t s as d h i ( t o t hi k) lit ( t t) & s u c h as

'
u n d dh , o cu , c ., s u a

dh i s ( a m an of p u e t h o g h t ) ya l s ( a c o r c t t e ) & c
‘
- r u va zi - n -
u r
, , .

Be s id e s w e fi n d m e r o u s fe mi n i t e ms
n u s w ll as m c li e n e s ,
a e as u n ,

in — i an d — m ( f m ho h '
a ti s ) ch i s
t t ( fe m
-
e
g u .

g .s e . u , u - .

b ri g h t ) m d s ( fe m s oft )
,
r u- T h e fe mi in e s o f adje c t i v e s in
. . n -
u

m ay l o b e for m e d b y addi g i as m d i ( n o m
a s &c n ,
r v . .
,

e xc e t w h en t wo c o s o n a t s p r e c e d e as i n
pn d d s
( fe m n n u-
p , .

p al e ) &,
c S o m e a dje c t i v e s i
. l e
g t h e n t h is v o wel i n t h e n -
u n

fe mi n i e as p dng ii s ( f m lam e f o m S t p dng ) k r u s ( a fe

n ,
-
e . r . u , u -

m al e K u ) f o m S t k
ur & c T h e ll o c at i o o f t h e a s t e m s
r . ur u , . a n

t o t h e m as cu li e an d t h e ci ste n s t o t h e fe m i i
,
w as b e t t e r rn n n e,

c arr i e d o t t h n t h at of t h e i
u a d
a st em ;
y et w fi d a i n u s e n n

s c h fe mi i e fo m s of '
s Sk s iv d ( i si i d ) &c
'
st a n r
u n n y r
g a r . . n . s v ,
.
,

d d i S kr i it ( bl i g m as c a d n e t of s i ) & c
' ’
an n . s vc a . s n . . n u . va , .

I G r e e k w e fi d m as c u lin e s t e m s i
n n a ( n 6 ) a d fe mi in e n -
, n n

o es in — T h u s w e h a e as m a s cu lin e s m i g i m i ng
’ '
n a v , v ea c , rcr ,

tr o
“
l lmc & c ; a d a s fe mi i e s i; 6 369 i; i h fi g a d t h e r
-
, . n n n , , x ev o , n o

n a me s fo r a r oa d, exce
p t 6 a r t v ww dg ; i i v fio o g , an d th e
s
p e c i al n am e s of i sla d s s u c h as 5 A i fi g & c ; n am e s d e
n , 1 a o ,
.

c o ll e c t i o n su ch 5 i m g ( a b o dy o f c av l y) 5
'
n ot n i g a s , a 1 ro a r , 1

W e als o fi n d in Vedi c a n o mi n a t i ve p l u r al , b o t h mas c u li n e an d fe

m in i n e , i n - &s a s w h ere a is co mmon t o b o t h g e n d e rs , e g d h zi mds as . .
( mas c ) .

fr o m S t dh zi ma hd s as (masc )
( s moke) fr o m S t iz a ( a sa cr i fi ce )
' '

.
, yag .
yag ,

p d va kd s a s ( fe m ) fr o m p
.
d va h d ( u re )
p .
 2 04 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMA R .

II . By d zf er en t C a s e S fi
u x es .

S w as add e d to th e ste m t o m ar k th e n o mi n at iv e of th e

m as c u li n e an d fe mi
in e g e n d e r s , w h il e t h e n o mi n at i v e n e u t e r
n

w as r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e m e r e s t e m , o r i n t h e c as e o f t h e d
s t e ms , b t h e st em m I I n d o -E u r o e an t im e s t h i s 8
y n
p .

w as al r e ad
y d r o
pp e d i n t h e n o m fe m o f t h e a s t e m s , as S kr . .
-
.

n a vd G r. vi a L n ova I n S an s kr it i t i s als o d r o pp e d in
. .

th e c as e of p olys yllab i c fe mi
h
n n ei i s t em s , as b a li n i ( fe m .

str o g)n , e x ce
p t la ks h mi
'
-
s (t h e w ife o f V s h
i n u ), t a r i -
s ( a b o at ) ,

m u li e r m e n s t r u ali s , li t d e s ir i n g ) , t au i r i a lu t e )
a vi -s
( . n ot -
s
( ,

s ta r t - s
( s mo ke ) . I n G r e ek an d L at i n 3 is al s o d r o p p e d in th e

n o mi n at i v e of fe mi n in e i -s t e m s , b ut n ew su ffi x e s ar e in t r o
d u ce d in i t s s t e ad , s u c L at i n & c h as — a, -
8g i n G r e e k, -
os in ,
.

S i s k e p t i n fe mi n i e u— s t e m s i n S an s kr i t G r e e k an d L a t i n
n , , ,

as S kr va d h t s ( a w i fe ) bh d s ( e ar t h ) 53g L 3 12 3 3
“
G r 8p ii g
‘
- -
. i , ,
.
, 0 ,
.

T h e n o mi n at i v e n e u t e r o f d s t e m s w as form e d b y ad d -

in g m t o t h e s t e m a s S kr n a va m Gr £ L n ovo m & c
, . . v ov .
,
.

I n o t h e r c as e s t h e m e r e s t e m s u b je c t t o t h e e u p h o n i c l a w s ,

e c u li ar t o e a c h l an e w as u s e d a s t h e n o m n e u t : t hu s
p g g
u a ,
. .

t h e fo llo w i g s t e m s a c t a s n o m i n a t i e s n e t e r
n Sk ed r i v u ,
r .

( w a t e r
) m d ( s o ft,) su m a r
a s ( b e e a
o l e n t ) & c G r i8
m ( ex
, n n v ,
.
,
.

) h v mi
( ) , i mev eg , ydh a fo r ya h a xr , a di p a fo r o wya r ,
'
s weet
p er t t ‘ ‘
, y
g fo r r s p a r &c L ma r e fo r ma r i, fac i le fo r fac i li , g en u , cap ut ,
’
r e
p a ,
.

co r fo r cor d , co r
p us , &c . Gr .
y fip ag i s n eu t e r , b ut t h e cor

r e s p o di g S kr s t e m g
n n .
’
ar as )
‘
( O ld a
g e
) is fe mi n n e i ; si milarly
i L t i v lg s ( n e a ly
n a n u u r a l w ays n eu t .
) an d i
v r us
( n eu t
) corr e

s
p on d t o S kr . va r
g a -s
( m as c . a mu lt it u d e ) , an d vi s h a -s ( m as c .

S c h lei ch er c o n s id e r s t h at n e i t h er 3 n or a e xi s t e d i n I n d o -E ur o
pe an ,

an d co n se q ue n t ly t h at we ca n n o t S p e ak o f I . E . s t e ms in i an d a . T h is is
a
q p i
u es t o n u o n w hi ch i t i s diffi c u lt t o p r o n o u n ce a d e c id ed O p in io n , on

a cco u n t of t h e co n fli c t in g e vid en ce , a n d i t ma y co n se qu e n t ly b e co n s id e re d

at p rese n t an o pe n o n e .

1 T he us ua l fo r m o f t h is s te m is g ar d ; g a r as is d e fe c t i ve i n t h ose
' '

cas es , wh o se ca se - e n d i n g s do n o t b e i n wi t h a vo we l
g .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 05

p o i s on
) . In Lat in t h e m as c s .
-
h as fr e qu e n t ly p en et at e d r
in t o t h e n eu t .
; t h u s p ud e s (S t r n .
p ru d en t ) , con c o r s (S t . con

c or d ) , di ves ( S t di n i t ) , .

f er en s
( S t .
f er en t), ar e b o t h m as c . an d
n eu t . T h e G r e ek d o e s n ot
p e r mi t t hi s c on f u sion o f th e g en
d e r s , fo r w e fi n d pi p o v fo r qi s p o v r , r i fiev fo r m fievr , i ev fo r
’

xp
‘
a

a l evr b e s i d e L I G r e ek , h o w e v e r , w e fi n d
xp
‘

f er en s , & c n . .

t wo n e u t er n o mi n at i v e s le n g t h e n e d , al t h o u g h n o —s c ou ld h av e
b e en lo s t , viz . n i p fr o m S t . r ip, an d n iw fro m St . Tr a v T .

D is u se d as a n e u t e r su ffi x i n th e p r o n o mi al d e c l e s i o n n n ;
it pp a e ar s a s t i n S an s k r i t , b u t t h e L at in G o t h i c a d G e m
, , n r an

"
fo r m s p r o v e t h at t h e
E
I E fo
. . r m w as d . I n S an s kr i t w e fi n d
t hi si n ya t (w h i c h ) , t a t ( i t ) , é t a t ( t h i s ) , tya t
t (th i ) f om t a
s r

ya t , V e d ka t ( w h i c h
)
. S k r h i m , i t ( an o l d . n e te u L id r .
,

G o t h i t a) , fo u n d i n k é t r ( e v e n , if)
'

’
k a ( an d ) d in
' '

. + it, an n et

( le s t ) na
(
n ot
) it, y ( an at al u i d ) , i ta r a t i ( a liu d ) . W e find on

th e ot he ha r n d Z . n di d ( l e s t ) S kr . n et , Z . ka d (q uo d) V ed .

ka t , G r fi r r t .
‘
63 T l, L . a li ud , al id a li ud
) ,
i s t ad , i d , i lia d ,
G o t h i t a ( i t ) , G d as w a s , i n w h i c h
. .
, 3
p o in ts b ac k t o an O ld e r t,

w ic h h r ep r esen ts an I E . . d ac c o r di n g t o G r i mm
’
s la w .

A w a s t h e l n d o - E u r o p e an e a s e - s u ffi x fo r th e n o m .
p l .

n eu t e r : t hu s we ha ve Z . ma dh va ( or ma d h a va ) G r .
p i flv a
f om S t m
r . ad hu G r p i flv , Z n a ma n a. L . . no mi n a , Z . dd t a

( g ift ) f o m St da t e, G r 3d3m fr o m S t S w p o , dh a v a fr o m S t
“

s r . . . r .

r aka v , i 8p m fr o m S t i Sp c, L d on a , m a r i a , cap i t a , G o t h n a m. . .

na
( n am e s ) L n o m i n a , & c I n S a n s k r i t t h i s a b e c a m e i ;
. .

as in n d md n i L n om i n a , mad h u -
n -
i fr o m S t m a d/
au , dan d .
‘
-
n -
i
f omr S t d dn a
. L . d en o , & c .

T h e g e n i t i v e s i n g ul ar O f m a s c u l n e an i d n eu t er a- s t e m s en ds

Bo p p ( K r i t i s ch e G r a mm a t ik d e r S an s kr i t a S p r a c h e , p 1 7 3 , - . n ot e
)
su
pp or t s the v ie w t h at t h e I . E . for m of t h is s u ffi x wa s t , an d he co n s i d e r s

t o G r imm
’
the G ot h ic fo r ms t o b e e x c e p t io n s s l aw .

i w it h k é t i w o u ld t h e n b e d e r i ve d fr o m
'

Be n fe y con n e ct s G r . xa : xa

a n o ld e r R a ul . Wi ls on d e r i ve s S h r h é t fr o m R .
'
. h it
'

(t o t h i n k) .

1 Be s id e i t a r a t w e a ls o fi n d V ed i tar am .
( n om . wh ic h may b e

co mp ar e d wit h L . i ler u m .
2 06 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

in —
s a
y wh e r e s t h at of t h e f
, a e mi n i n e —
a s t ems en d s in —; s

th w e h av e S k r a ) f om
'
s in mas c St
'
us as
y g( en . s v a .
g . . r . as va ,

s in f m )
' '

G r i mr o zo fo r i m m o i o b e s id e S kr a s vd a (g e n
'
s e
. .
y .
g . .

fro m St .
'
as vd , G r xui p d g .
'
fro m S t xwp é . .

III . By a C h a n g e of t h e S t em aft er t h e S ep a r a t i o n of t h e va r i o u s

I n do -E u r op ean L a n g uag es fr om each ot h er .

T hu s S an s k r it m as cu li n e an d n eut e r s t em s in i
-
an d —
u

in s e r t p ho n i c n b e fo r e d t h e i s t r u m e t l c as e e n d in g
an eu n n a -
,

a s i n k vi d f o m S t ka vi fr o m S t vd i
a n
(m , a c a r
p oet
) d i d . s .
, v r n . r

n d f o m S t bh d
(n e ut w t e
) .b h d a r , ( m as c t hnu
e s
) t d l d r . nu . un ,
un

fro m S t t d l ( e t t h e p alat e ) b e s i d e g tyd fro m g t i (fem

. u n u . a a .

m o t io ) a d d h é d f o m d h é
n ,
n
( f e m a mil h c o w
nv
) S an s k i t
r nu . c . r

a -s t e m s al s o i s e r t a e u p ho i c ni th e m sc d n eu t i s t r
n n n n a . an . n .
,

b u t t h e y s hor t e n t h e fi l d a d c h a g e a o f t h e s t e m i n t o e n a ,
n n ,

as i n s i é a f o m S t fr o m
'
i a (m as c t h e g o d S i v a) g d t r é
' '
v n r . s v .
,
na

S t g dt
.

( e t a li mb
ra
) b e s id e
n u i .

yd i vé d f o m S t s i d, s
'

va s
'
r .
'

( f m
e r
p p o i t io u s
.
) I t h e V e d a w e fi n d i s t u m e t l for m s
. n n r n a

w i t ho u t t h e e p ho n i c s m h i tv u d f o m S t m h i t va n ,
a a an r . a na

(n e t
g
u r e at n s s )
. m d h d fro me S t m d h (,n eu t h o n e a
y) & c v . a u .
,
.

W e al s o fi d in t h e V e d a s c h i s t r fo m s as s vap yd f o m
n u n . r na r

S t s v p n a ( m as c s l e e p ) ku lis é d f o m S t h li s ( m as c an d ’ '
. a .
, n r . u a .

n eu t . an ax e ) .

In fo rmin g of S a s kr i t i
t h e g e n it i v e n an d u s t ems , we

g u n at e th es e v ow els a d add m e r ely s fo

, n r m as c . s t ems , w il e h
fo r fem . ste ms w e e i t h e r for m t h g e i t i e e n v as i n t h e m as c . or

we s im l ad d (i s t o t h e s t e m , an d for n e u t s t e m s w e i n s e r t n
py .

b e fo r e t h e fi n al as t h u s we h av e ka vé s , g a t es o r g a tyd s , va r i

n as, b li d n ds , d h é n os or d h é n vd s , t d lu n as as
g en i t iv e s of th e

s t ems h a vi , g a t i , vd r i , bh d n u , d h e n u , t d lu
‘
. I n th e Ve d a ,
h ow
e ver , w e fi n d s o m e t i me s t h e ld e r rm o fo of th e g en i t iv e , wi t h
o ut eit her t h e g u n at on i of t h e v owe l, or th e i n s e r t i on of n , as

p as v as
' -
fr o m S t .
p as u
’
( m as c . c at t le ) , ma d h v -
asG r p i flv- c c ) .

fr o m ma d h u ar
y
-
as f omr St . ar i ( an en em
y) ,
as i n G r .

i gp c o c fr o m S t i 3m
-
. .
2 08 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

m fe m i ver f o m S t dd t I n G r e e k t hi s i
( no . . a
g ) r . ar . a sol a
p
p ea s r in fe mi i
n n e fo r ms b t i t s , u e xac t si
g i fi
n c a ti o n s e e ms t o

ha e v b e en l o s t , an d c on s e
q u en t ly a w as ad d e d t o e x r e s s t h e
p
fe mi n n e i m o r e d e fi n i t e ly : t h us we ha ve fiS ei a for fideFt a b e s id e
'

S kr . sv dd vi f om r St . 1 5311 S hr . s vdd u ddr et p a fo r S o r ep ya

30 7 5 9 1 b e s i d e S kr dd t r i ; fo r di a w a ( a
'
a . a oi r e l
pa o wr s p ya

g o dd e s s
) fo r flea vya ; h in ca w a ( a s h e -w o l f) for h v xa vya ; “
r in
‘ ’
h éa w a , &c b e s i de h ew v, & c di a n o w a 35 0
'
r awa , .
, r exr wv, .
;
wo vya ; wdr b e s i d e S kr p a t n i (n o m fe m a W ife ) d v a a a a
'
‘
vl a . . .

fo r cw a icya b e s i d e d v a E ; & c W e als o fi n d 8 ad d e d i n G r e e k

’
.

fe m s t e m s t o t h i s I E i t o fo r m n e w s t e m s , a s i n wp o Bé fl g ,
. . .

St n 3 b e side n
p o do r n g , E xb fli g , S t S a u di s b e s i d e 2 x6
’

. 1r
p 30 0 .

on g , Hep a i g , S t Hep o t d b e s id e p cme, ica m i h i g f l S t xa m fih d

.
'
.

b e s ide lxy a h w r i g , S t i xp a h w r t d b e s i d e
’
x d n nh o g ,
‘ '
a
‘
. a a i xp a h w
T og, &c . M a n y G r e e k m a s c u li n e s ha ve t wo fe mi n in e s o f b ot h
t hese hp d
c l as s e s : as
R p m -
p i g fr o m A a r fig o r h a r fi ;
p p p
’
o r é t a an
‘

p
‘ ‘

bp xn o-r p i a an d b p xn ar p i g fr o m b p xn a r ii p ; b h er ezp a an d Ch i n a
'

fo r b h ar p i g fr o m Ch e-n ip ; a bh rrr p t a an d a b h n r p i g fr o m a bh n r fip
’

o r a bk nr fig . In L at i n i is fo u n d in fe mi n in e s t e ms , b ut n ew

s t ems w er e fo rm e d b y t h e a ddi t i on of c, a s vi c t r a i '

f om S t
r . ei c

t r i o,g f o m S t g en et i c b e id e S k
en e t r ix g i t ( r o m fe m a . r s r .
'
an rz
‘
n . .

mo t h e ) & c T h i s fo m at i e c h s b e e id e t i fi d b y o me
r ,
. r v a n n e s

w ri t e r s wi t h k in G y xd ¢ b u t t h i i s e
y u like l
y C r t i r . v va t ,
s v r n . u us

T h e s t e ms of Xfwv , Ot pd wwv , & c .

, ar e M o v r , Ge p a w o v r , & c .
, of wh ic h

t h e t er m in a t io n — ovr is I . E . c o at . T h e G r ee k fe min in e s in -
a wa

- ¢w ya , an d t h e S an s kr it on es in i , t h er e fo r e p o in t b ack t o an I E
- vat . .

fe m . t er m .
—
van t
‘
z, o r els e t h es e d iffe re n t fe m in i n e fo r ms w e r e d e velo pe d
i n d e pe n d e n t ly a ft e r t h e se p ar at io n o f G ree k fr o m S a n s k r it . I t is e ve n p o s

s i b le t h at t h e G ree k for m i s o ld e r t h an t h e S an s kr it , an d t h at the S kr t

—
.

is I E . .
y& .

1 B o
pp ( S an sk ri t G r a m m ar ,
p . 1 44) a d d u ces as a d di t io n al
p r oo f o f
the co n n e x io n o f G r wi t h S kr . . the fac t t h at t h e a cce n t i n ma n y

S a n s kr i t fe mi n i n e s i n -
i ch a n ges in t h e sa me w ay as i n m a n y G r ee k fe m i
"
fe m v a r ie
we h a ve S kr (n om g a te d ) , n a r t a h z
”
n i n es i n th us . ka l m as h i . .

m fe m d a n ce r ) , G fu up l g , q ig , &c all o xyt o n es , b e s id e S kr

( no . a r. xa i .
, .

k a lmu s h a s , n a r t a ha G iip t p o g , xd ir &c

'

n ko g ,
-
-
s, r . .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 09

c on s i d e r s t h at t h e I E
ry p r o b b l. . s t em w as g a n a ki , w i c h hi s ve a e,

s w e fi d S kr k a f ther os es t h t
( ) B ’
a n O su na a -s a a
a
y pp .

pp y . v va uc

”
m e a t o ri g i lly t h e fi g r e o f w o m
n n a d de i e s it f o m
“
u a an , an r v r

a d R i ( b li k ) h m i m i
'

y m)u t o n
e e w e c . o en é i n ,
n e c -
o
'

a ,
o
ic r
-
v, tc

c h c & c I t i s e y d o u b t f l w h e t h e r w e v e add e d i L t i
o ,
. v r u a as r n a n

t o fo m e w f m i i e s t e m s i — f o m o i g i al o e s i n —i b t
r n e n n n a r r n n ,
u

s o m e L at i w o d s ap p r e t ly p o i t t o s c h fo m s
n r th s g l a n n u r : u a

li na
pp s to be
a t h e s me
e ar el t i o t o g a ll t h t O ar a r a n us a ea i v a
’

d o e s t o fleo g , d if i t m u s t b e fo r g a lla in a D ia n a o r
'
an s o,

D ea n a , w ic h h is fo u n d o n an i n s cr ip t i o n , may b e fo r
D ea i n a , a f mie n in e s i m il a rly fo rm e d f o m de r us ;g i n a ma
re
y
li k e wi s e b e fo r i a f mi i of ear If g n a lla i n a , D ea i n a ,
g
r e a n a, e n e r .

r a ai n a
y ev e r e x is t e d, th y w e e
p ob b l
y er r a fo r g a lla n tya ,
D ean tya , r e an
g tya , ju s t as Ma ry a i s fo r A ea v r ya b e side S t .

A GO V T .

1 05 . T he re wer e i
n n e c as e s in I n do -
E u r o p e an . T hes e
*
wer e t h e n o mi n a t i ve loca t i ve , d a t i ve,
( c as u s r e ct u s
) , a ccu s a t ive,

l
a b a t i ve, t w o i n s t r u men t a ls an d vo ca t i ve . T h e l as t of

t h e s e t ho g h o t p ro p e ly as a d g r lly i t h i g
, u n r a c e, n en e a n e s n u

l r r p r e s e t e d b y t h e m e r s t e m I e e t h e le s s e
a e n me at e e , n v r nu r

a m o g t h e c e s f ll o w i g t h e c o mm o c u s t o m o f d o i g s o
n as ,
o n n n .

T h s e n i e c s e s r e o ly d i t i g i s h e d f o m e ac h t h e i
e n a a n s n u r o r n

t h e s in g l i t h d al t h e e
u ar e o l
y h e e d i ffe e t c as e
t n e u r ar n r r n

e di f m d oc ot h e for d I ac e an v an r en
n
g o n o s, n e
g r n o e . . .
, . an c .

an d a t hi d f r d t bl d b ot h i s t s
r oi t h e p lu al t h a . a . an n . n r e

C a s us i s a t r an s la t io n me r ely o f G r . m am , w h i ch m e an t t h e i n

cl i n at io n t h at on e i d e a h ad t o an o t h e r , a n d w h ic h was e x pr es s e d by t h e
T he n o min a t i ve was c a lle d r e c t u s
( i es t a , 6p 6 17) b eca us e i t
’

c ase e n - d in g . s

s t o o d e r e c t at t h e b e g in n i n g of th e s e n t e n ce , an d d id n ot d ep e n d o n an
y
t h in g : c o n s e q u en t ly s o me g r ammar ian s di d n o t c o n s i d er i t t o b e s t r i ct ly a
c as u s . T h e S an s kr i t t e r m for a case -e n d in g i s vi b h a h t i (d i vi s io n ) ,
P an . I .

4, 1 04 ; v . 3, l , _
s
q .

T h G k t e r m fo r g en i t i ve i s ye v uci) , w h i ch mean t c a s u s
1 e r ee
g en er a li s
»
.

G en e t i vu s i s p r o p er ly e q u i vale n t t o yq n m; an d i s a mis t ake n t r an s la

’

t i on o f yw uc i) .
 2 10 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

n o m . an d vo c . a
g r ee in fo r m , so d o t h e d at . an d ab l .
, w ile h
t h e re i s on ly on e in s t r .

T h e q u e s t i o n n o w s u g g e s t s i t s elf, h at r el
’
w ar e th e at ve i
a e s o f t h e s e c as e s ? T h i s i s a q u e s t i o n h at
i n t h e p r e s e n t s t at e
t
g
of k n o w le d g e b e on l ar t i all an s w ere d T h e
o ur y c an
p y .

c as e s at o n c e di vi d e t h e m s e l v e s i n t o t w o g r o u p s , f t h e fi r s t

c o n s i s t in o f t h e n o mi n a t i v e , ac c u s at i v e , an d v o c at iv e , an d t h e
g
s e c on d r e s t T h at t h e o m ace an d o c a e cl s e ly
o f all th e . n . . v . r o

c o n e c t d t og e t h e r
n i
e h o w n b y t h e fac t s t h t i t h e e t e r ,
s s , a n n u

t h ey ar e g e e r ally all id e n t i c al an d t h at t h e y
n e e ve r i t e r , ar n n

c h a g e d w it h a y c a e b elo g i g t o t h
n s e c o d di i s i o
n w hil e s n n e n v n ,

t h s e l at t
e c a s e s fr e
q e tl
er
y i n t e c h an e w i t h o e an o t h e
g e
g u n r n r : . .

in S a s k i t t h e ab l t i e a d g e it i
n r f e q en t ly g i fo rm a v n n ve r u a r ee n ,

so d o t h e g e n i t i v e an d l o c at iv e d u al ; t h e i n s t r u m e n t al i s r e
r e s e n t e d in G r e ek b t h e d at i v e , an d in L at i n b t h e ab la
p y y
t iv e ; -
b i i s l o c at i v e i n L . u bi , i b i , an d d at i v e i n L . t i bi , t i s h
c o n n ex ion of th e Ic e . wi t h t h e d at . is e as il
y un d e r s t o o d , for
”
th e s en t en ce, Y o u g a v e t h e b o o k t o me e ui v a
q ( d at i v e , i s
)
ac e w h e r e o u d e o s i t e d t h e b o o k w as I
”
le n t t o “
T he p l y p
( lo c a t i v e ) ; a
g ai n , t h e g e n i ti v e an d d at i v e ar e c lo s e l
y alli e d ,
”
fo r sh e is my d au g h t e r h as t h e sa m e m e an i n g as sh e is
d au g h t e r t o m e &c : .

C o n s u lt C u r t i u s z ur C hr o n olo g i e d e r in d og e r man is ch e n S pr ac h fo r s
ch u n g , p 2 5
. 0, se q .
, w h ose vi e ws I h a v e fo llo w e d i n t h e t e x t .

1 G r as s man n ( u b e r die c as u s b i ld u n g in i n d o g e r ma n is c h e n i n K . Z .

x rr .
p 2 41 ,
. se
q ) , als o d ivi d e s t h e case s i n t o t h e se s ame t wo g r o u p s . T he
fi rs t g r o u p ar e fo r med fr o m t h e s t e m b y t h e a dd it io n o f w h a t h e cal ls d ie
de ut en de a n ka ng e , an d t h e se co n d , b y t h e ad d i t i o n o f d i e z eig en de a n h ii n g e
d ie d e ut en de ar e - —
d — m, d a ll
p ro n o mi n a l or ig i n , d ie
of

—
s, a, -
a an ar e

—
,

z ei g en d e ar e -
as , at, -
in , —
a na ,
-
bh i , a bh i ,
—
o u, a n d are d er i v e d fr o m

re o si t io n s t h ese la t t er , h e says , o n ly e n t er i n t h ose cases wh e re

p p a pre
p o s it i o n a l o r ig in i s p r o b ab le , an d wh er e p r e p o s it io n s ar e use d t o a g r ea t
e x t e n t i n G ree k , L
a t i n , G e r m an , a n d a lmo s t e n t i re l
y in t h e R o man ce la n
g ua g e s an d E n
g l ish . A h r en s ca lls the g e n it ive , da t ive , a n d ac cu sa t i ve ,
t h e t h r ee lo g ica l cases , a n d he j u s t ifi e s h is u se o f t h is n a me b y t h e r e lat ion
i n wh ic h t h is t r ia d s t a n d s t o t h e t h ree c h ie f classe s o f w or d s , s u b st an t i ves ,
j
a d ec t i ve s , an d ve r b s .

1 S o i n P i ll an d P r akr i t ma yh a m d h z t u d ma ma dh i t a b o t h me an
‘

an
2 12 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

m at e fr o m t h e i n an i m at e b e g an t o m ak e i t s e lf fe lt , an d t h e S
,

s uffi x w s c o s e u en t l i n t r o d u c e d t o s at i s f
y t h e w an t T h i
q a n
y s .

S w as u s ed to m ar k b o t h m as c u li n es an d fe mi i
n n e s , an d w as
e vi de n t ly d e r ive d fm t h e p r o n o m i n al r o o t s a ( h e , s h e )
ro .

In th e sa me e r i o d , d u r in w h i ch t h e M an d S s u ffi x e s
p g
w e r e b e i n g d e v elo p e d , al s o ar o s e th e . D s u fli x to m ar k t h e
n eu t e r of th e p r on o un s . T h e i n t r o d u ct i o n of t h i l s at t e rs uf fix

p ro b ab ly o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n t h at of th e M a d t h at
n of th e S
s u ffi x .

For a l o n g p e ri o d t h e I n d o E u ro p e an w as c o n t en t wi t h -

th e t h r ee c a s e s n o t i c e d ab o v e , t h e V o c at i v e , A c c u s at i v e , an d

N o mi n at v e i b u t g r ad u ally t h e r e ar o s e t h e n e c e s s i t y o f n e w
c a s e -e n di n g s t o e x p r e s s d i ffe r e n t i d e a s , a n d t h e r e m ai n i n g

c as e s b e g an to d e v elo p e t h e m s e lv e s . A mon g t g he se th e e

i t iv e s in l u ar ae ar s t o b e t h e o ld e s t ; i t o r i in all e n d e d in
n
g pp g y
s s u ffi x w h i c h i s fo u n d i n Gr Bnp d- m o -g , an d w hi ch ,
y a, a .

p er h a
p s , ar o se f o m an
r o ld e r —tg a *
T hi s fo rm w as e vi d e n t ly
—
.

o f a d e c t i v al o r i
j g i n, an d i t i s p r o b ab l e t h at a dje c t i v e s i n s ya
w er e u se d t o d en o t e t h e n o t i o n aft e r w ar d s e x p r e s s e d b y t h e

g en i t i ve i n e ar l
y t ime s , even b e fo r e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f th e M
an d S fi
s u f xe s : in G r e ek we fi n d on e ad e c t iv e
j in —s ya ,
viz .
,

S nyda t o g , th e ste m of w ic h h S ap o w o i s th e or i
g i n al of th e

E p ic g en i t i v e S i mo zo g
’
. T he ot her en i t iv e s u ffi x —as is c on

n ect ed b C ur t i u s T w i t h t h e s am e r o n o min al r oo t sa f om
r
y p
w h i c h t h e n o min at i v e s u ffix S i s d e r i v e d , an d c on s e
q u en t ly

o in o
t s b ack t o
l d er — t h o i i al f m of I E e n
p as
g an
g a : e r n or . . .

v d k as ( S k vd k as L ac is ) w as ac c o r di g ly vd k s j s t a s
-
r .
-
, . v - n -
a a, u

t h e o i g i al fo r m o f I E
r n om s v s (L so s
) w s sv a . . n . an a- . n u- a an

T h e c o mp o in C t i s i w i s t h e r e fo e
’
s a . d dk un v -
as a , ur u v e , r

r elat e d t o sv n a s a T at p r s h a c o mp o d in S an skri t
a - a, s a u u un

T h is is t h e sa me p r o n om n a i l r o ot t h at a in S kr s ya -s (h e )
p pea r s .
,

s yd (sh e) , t ya t \Vi t h t h i s p r o n o u n Bopp co n n e ct s t h e O ld Hig h

( it ) .

G e r man an d A n lo - S a x o n a r t icle ; s ee his S a n sk r i t G ra mm ar , 3 rd E d

g .

p 1 76
. .

f C o n s ul t C u r t iu s z ur C h r o n o lo g ie , & c .
, p 2 53
. .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .
213

(i . e . i n w h i c h t h e las t w o r d g o v e r n s
on e th e p r e ce d in g on e ,

as t a tp u r us h a s , h i s m an , w h e r e S t t a t i s
-
. d fo r g e n
u se . s in
g .

t a s ya , ku mbh a lai r a - -
s, a m ak e r of
p ots, fr o m S t ku mb h a ,
p ) . a ot

is t o a K ar m a d ha ra
y a (i . e . a c o m o u n d in
p w h i ch t h e fir s t

p a rt i s t h e p r e di c at e o f t h e s e c o n d p ar t , as n i la u tp a la m, t h e -

b lu e l o t u s , fr o m S t n i la , b lu e ) , vd k a s a b e in g t h u s e qu iv ale n t
.
- -

to 6 ( ag )
r i mi g
« an d s va n a -s a to 6 dd
g y7 g
/ 0
i , t h e s u ffi x in t h e
fi r s t c as e
g o v er n in
g t h e n ou n , an d in t h e s e c on d, b e in g on ly
i n app o s i t i o n ; an d c o n s e qu e n t ly vd kas a s va n as a i n c o n ju n c
t i o n w o u ld m e an t h e s ou n d of t h e vo i ce, vd kas a b e in g u s e d i n a n

a dje c t i val s en s e , an d li t e r ally m e an i n g v oca l . T h e t wo ob

j e ct ion s t h t a c an b e b r o u g ht a
g ai n s t t his v ew i of t h e
g en i t ive
ar e fi rst, th t a th e a w ich h o c cu r s b e fo r e sa in v d ka s a i s l e ft n u

ac c o un t ed fo r , an d s e co n d, t h at , h
w il e t h e c o m b i n at i o n vd ka s a

s va n a s a v oe s s on u si ) i s qu i t e c o m p r e h e n s i b le , vd kas a s va
n a ma
( v o ei s s o n u m) i s n o t s o , b u t t h a t w e s h o u l d e xp e c t
vd a k ma s va n a ma . T h e fi rst o f t he s e ob e c t io n s
j is of li t t le im

p o r t an c e , fo r a m ay b e m e r e ly an a d ve n t i t i o u s e le m e n t s i milar
to n , t h at i s in s er t e d fr e q u e n t ly i n S kr g e n p l a s i n devoi
so . . .

am , md t in n a m, & c , fr c n t h e s t e m s d e va , va d h i i ,
‘ '

d m, va d h i i n
‘ ‘
- - - -
n .

mdtr , & c ; . or to i t h at i s i n s e r t e d i t th e l o o p l o f S kr a
. . . ,

s t e ms , as in s
'
i vé s h u s
’
i va i - s h u
-
f omr St . s i va
’
T h e s e c on d
.

ob e c t io n
j is of m o r e i m p o r t an c e , an d d iffe r e n t m e t h o d s o f ob a

i
v at n i g i t m ay b e a d o p t e d t h e s i m p l e s t e x p l an at i o n s e e ms t o

be h h
t at t e s e a dje c t i v al fo r m s i n s a an d — a s a ar e li c s of
y
-
re

t h at
p er i o d w h en l an g u ag e h ad on ly ar r i v e d at th e sta
g e of

s te ms , an t h
h i r t u e e x pl t i o h d b e l t
d at , w h en t e r an a n a e n os ,

t h ey b m e g e i t i es ft e t h e i n t d c t i o o f t h e M
eca n dS
v a r ro u n an .

s ffi x e s fo
u b f t h e e lat t e r s ffi x e w e e i t o d c d t h e
,
r e ore s u s r n r u e ,

c o ce t i o of t h e e it i e c o l d ot h e b e e n fo m d C n u n av
p n
g n v r e . ur

t i u s c o m p a e t hi s ci t g e i t i e wi t h t h e L c j
r s w h ic h
an en n v . u us ,

is u s e d n ot on ly as
g en i t iv e , b u t a so l d e c lin e d li ke an ad e c »
j
ae lla , cu um
t iv e , as c u us
j p ue r , cu a
j p pj ecus .

I n t h e p r e s e n t s t at e of o u r k n o wle d g e , i t ap p e ar s i m o s s i b le
p
2 14 C O MPA R A T I VE G RAMMAR .

to a d v an c e far t h e r i n th e c h ron o o l g i c al a rr a n
g e m en t of th e

c as e s .

S AN S K R I T C ON S ONANTAL S T E Ms .

1 06 . A s th e c a s e -e n di n g s w e r e ori
g i n all
y t h e s am e fo r
all s t e ms w e p r o p e r ly c an n o t s p e ak o f d iffe r e n t d e c l e n s i o n s
, ,

b ut o nl
y o f di ffe r e n t s t e m s W e t h e r e for e , c las s i fyi n g s t e m s .

acc o r di n g to t h eir fi na l s ou n d s , di v i d e t hem in t o con s on a n t a l

an d voc a li c f
T h e d e cl e n s i o n of s t e ms , en di n g i n i , i , u, ii , or a

d ip h t h o n g , a
g r e es in m an y r es
p ec t s h t h t o f t ho e e
w it a s n d in g
in a c o n s o n an
p t ; t hi s ar i s e s ar t ly fr o m t h e fac t t h t t h e a v o w e ls

i an d u ar e c lo s e ly r e l at e d t o t h e s p ir an t s j an d v, an d ar e
e as ily i n t e r c h an g e d w i t h t h e m C o n s o n an t al s t e m s i n S an .

s kr i t
g y e n e r all en d in n , t, s , an d r ; th e ot he r c o n s o n an ts ar e

fou n d o n ly i n r oo t ho s e of n ce tai o ig i s t ems o r

-
t u r n r n .

1 07 G t t a l S t ems —T h e s e ar e fo n d m c h m or e fr e
. u ur . u u

n tl i n G r e ek a d L t i n t h a i S skrit I G r e ek w n n
q ue
y n a n an . e

fi n d g t t al s di g b t h o o t s t e m s
u ur d t ho s e of
en rt i
n o r - an u n ce a n

o ig in as ¢ h y pp m b x p & c ; a d i L at i w e fi d
r , o , , vv , xo a x, . n n n n

th e m e n din g n o t on l y r o o t - s t e ms , as d ue, g rele

g &, c , b u t al s o
,
.

fo r m a t iv e s u f xe s ,
fi a s vo r -a c , ed - a c ,
g en i -t r i c,
j u n i c, & c I n .

S an s k r i t w e h av e s ar vas a k
'

( omn i o t e n t ,
p n o m . s in
g s a r va s a k,
'

l
-

G r ass man n (K . Z p
. 2 41
XI I ) di vid es I n d o -E u r o e an s te ms in t o
. .
p
t h o se t h a t e n d in a c o n s on an t o r r o ot -vo wel an d t h o se t h at a d d a s t e m

v o we l be for e t h e case - e n d in g s . T h e d e c le n s io n of t he first cl as s o f s t e m s

he calls th e fi r st d ec le ns i o n , an d t h at of th e se co n d, t he s e c on d de c le n

s iu n .

( n om ) is
'

a r va s a k s in fo r s a r va s a k b eca u se t wo ts
'

1 S g s, co n so n an
’
. .

a re n e ve r a llo we d t o e n d a w or d i n S an s kr i t , t h e las t b e in g al wa
ys r e e ctj
e d , e x ce p t wh e n t h e on e b e fo r e t h e las t i s r (aft e r w h ich e ve ry c o n s o n an t

i s ke p t , e x cep t s h s of d es i de r at i ve fo r ms ) as zi r k, n om . s in
g of S t . .

m f S t k i t r a li kh is k i t r a lih fo r k i t r a li kh
'

s in
( s t r on g ) T h e
' '

zi r g 8,
'
no o
. .
g . .

fi n al 3 b e in g fi r s t j
r e e cte d , an d t h e n kh b e c o min g k , as i n S a n s kr i t on ly
t e n ue s are allo we d t o e n d a word , as
p ir at e s an d me d ias co n se q u e n t ly h avi n g

to as s in t o t h e g t e n ue s , in t h e g u t t u r al , ce r e b r a l, d en t al , a n d
co rr e s p o n di n
p
l ab ial r o ws , as kh , g , g h , in t o Is N o p alat a l can e n d a w or d k, g , g h,
' ' '

n er ally b eco me k , a n d k h b e c o me s t
‘

g e .
2 16 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

l o o s e n , w i t h w h i c h Be n fe y c on n e ct s Gr . x kufifiw , x é ka flo g , L .

kn o wi n n om bh ut ) , ks h ud h
cr a tes , r et e, r es t s i ) , b ud h ( g, . s in
g .

( h un
g er ,
n om .
g k s in
s h nt ,
) g ad h ( w ar , n o m
. . s in
g g.
, ut ) i dh
( fo d
uni n th e ac c u s at i v e s a m ld h -a m , u s e d a s -
an i n fi n i t iv e , to

s et on fir e) , & c . S t e ms fo r me d b y t h e s u ffi x e s -
as ,
—
is , an d -
us

ar e c o mm o n , as su ma n a s Gr . u
’

m e v eg ) ,
k a n d r a ma s
'

( th e

m o on , k m
a n d r a md s ) , s u s in
is ( h av i n o o d li h t ,
'

g
’
n o .
gy ot g g .

g
n om s in o t is , s zwaks h us h o o d e e s , n o m s in
) ( av i n
’

g . su
gg .

g g y g . .

s u lc as h us ) , & c W e als o fi n d s t e m s e n din g i n r a di c al s , a s

’
.

i mp s , a r as , fr o m p i d a ,
p nd g
a r as
( an e a t e r o fl u n o m . s ini
g p nt gl .
n
a lu m p , d g r as , an t o e at ) , su i
p s ( w alki n g w e ll, n o m s in g s u . .

p i s fr o m 3 14, w e ll , d p is t o w alk ) , su t u s ( w e ll s o u n d in g ,
an n om .

s in
g . s u t zt s
‘

) , d ds ( t h e f r e - ar m ) , & c o
S t e m s e n di n g i n . n ar e

al s o c o m m on , d og m s in s vd m ag h a va n
( ) (
’ ’
as s v a n a n o a
, .
g .
,

n am e o f I dr a
n i g 171 0n ,
n o m . s n . 6 , fr o m mag h a va n t , w e al t h y) ,

( yo u n g , n o m s in g ya r d ) , dg a n (a k i n g , n o m s in g
’
uva n
y . . r . .

&c S t e m s i n r ar e al s o
. o f fr e u e n t o c c u r r e n c e , a s
q
g i r
( vo ce, n o i m . s in
g .
g i r ) , ch ai r ( a d oor, n o m g d
. s in
) p
uar , ur .

( a t o wn ,
n o m g p. ar ), s in
p i t a r f
( at
. h er , n om s in
g p i t a), . .

n om s in m
datar (g iver , g d d t d ) , &
. c N . . o S a n s kr i t ste en ds
in l .

111 . L a bia l S t ems .

—A p ( w at e r , on ly u se d in the

p l u r al , n o m .

ppl . ci as , ac e .
p l . a
p as , in s t r .
p l .
g p u

(g ua rdi n
g) , [ca lcu bh ( a su m mi t or a r e
g i on , n o m . s in
g k ah u )
.
p ,

la bh ( r e c e vi n i g , n o m .
g sin lap .
( fo un d in t h e
) , ra bh a c c u s at i v e

r ab h a m, u se d as an in fin i t i v e , t o d e s ir e ) d i v ( h e a v e n n om , ,
.

s in
g d yd us . fro m an ot he r s t e m d d a c e s in
y g d i va m
, ) p r a s am . .
,
’

( mi ld , n o m g . s in .
p
’
r as t n i f om
r
p ra G r . an d
'
s am, to

c e as e , c o n n e c t e d b y Be n fe
y w i t h G r n i p v ar ) Icr a m
( foun d .
-
,

in th e d at i v e a t i- kr a m-é u s e d as an i n fi n i t i v e , t o s t e p o v e r )
'
.
,

1 12 . Un ch a n g ea b le an d C h a n g ea b le S t ems .
—
No u n s wit h
un c ha n
g e ab l e s t e m s ha ve t h e s am e form b e f o r e all t he c as e - t e r

Bo p p ( S an s kr it G ra mm ar , p . illus t r a t e s t h e ch a n g e o f t h e la
I

b i al me d i a i n t h is w o r d i n t o t h e d e n t a l me d ia b y t h e D or . é ds k é g

«
mani c .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMA R . 217

mi n at i on s , s u b e ct on
j ly t o t h e i n fl u e n c e o f e u p ho n i c law s
e
g
. m a r ut (t h e
. w i n d ) b e l o n g s t o t h i s c la s s , an d r e main s u n
c h an e d
g .

S in g . D ua l Pl ur al .

N . m ar u t ma r u t - a u m a r u t -a s
A . ma r u t -a m ma r u t -d a ma r u t - as

I . m a r u t -d m a r u d - bh g d m m a r u d - bh i s
D . m ar u t - é ma r u d —
bh g d m ma r ud bh g a s -

A b . m a r u t -a s ma r u d bh yd m ma r ud - bh yas
ma r ut ma r u t -os
‘
G .
-
as m a r u t -d m
L . m a r u t -i ma r u t - os ma r u t -s u
V ma r u t ma r u t - d a m a r ut -a s

No u n s wit h ch a n
g e ab l e s t e m s ar e d i vi d e d i n t o t w o c l as s e s
t h e fir s t l
c as s h as t w o st e ms , t h e s econ d h as t h r ee .

The c as e s of th e fi rst l
c as s ar e di vi d e d i n t o t h e s tr on
g
( c alle d by t h e I n di an G r amm ar i an s t h e A g n a c as e s ) an d th e
w ea k ( c alle d b y t h e s am e
g r amm ar i an s t h e P a d a an d Bh a c as e s
) .

The s t r on
g c as e s i n m as c u li n e an d fe m in i n e -r n ou n s ar e th e

n o m . an d voc . of th e t h ree n u mb er s , an d th e n om . an d ac e . of

th e s in
g u la r an d d u al, w hil e i n n eut e r n oun s th e n o m . voc .

an d ac c .
p l . ar e th e s t r on
g c as e s a ll t h e r em i i g
a n n c as e s ar e

w ea k .

The c as e s of t h e s econ d c las s of n ou n s ar e d i vi d e d i n t o

s t r on
g ( A ii
or
g )
a
,
i n t er med i a t e
( o r P a da
) an d w ea k ( or Bh a ) .

The s t r on
g s t em is f
o u n d i n t h e s am e c a s e s as in t h e n ou n s wi t h
on ly t w o s t e m s t h e i n t er m edi a t e s t e m i s fo u n d b e fo r e a ll

c as e -t e r m i n at i o n s b e i n n i n
g g w i t h c o n s o n an t s , an d i n t h e n o m .

an d ac c s i n of n eu t er n o u n s
g . . .

The s t r on
g ste m is e v id e n t ly t h e o ld e s t fo rm , fo r i t i s fou n d
i n t h e t hr e e old e s t c as e s , n om . ac e . an d v oc .
( c on s u lt

s p ec ial e u p h o n i c S an s kr i t ,
’
F or t h e l aw s of co n s u lt Bo p p s S an sk r i t
G r ammar , p p 3 6—
S k i G m m —
Ma x M ii ller ’

,
. 68
a n s r t or
r a ar , pp
9 59 s . .

1 S u ch femin i n e s t e ms ar e ver y r ar e , an d g en er al ly o ccu r at t h e en d

o f comp o u n d s , for t h e fe min in e s of ch an g eab le s t e ms ar e fo r me d b y a d d

i n g i t o t h e we ak s t e m .
 2 18 C OMPARAT I VE GR AMMAR .

an d i n G re ek an d L at in th e st r on g s t e m s ar e
p r e s e r v e d mu c h

m o r e g e n e r ally t ha n i n S an s k ri t , as m ay b e s e e n fro m a c o m a

p a ri s o n o f t h e d e cle n s i o n of th e p r es en t p ar t i c ip l e , e .

g . S kr .

bh a r a n t ( b e a r in
g) G r .
p
c s p o vr L fer en t
.
, t h e w e ak f
orm o f
w ic h h s t em i s bh a r a t

€
¢ p o vr ~
o g

T h e s e G re e k an d L at in fo r ms at o n c e i n d i c at e t h at t h e o r ig i
n a l f rm
o o f t h e s t em was t h e s tr on
g on e .

T h e d e clen s i o n of t h e p ar t i c i le s t e m bh a r a n t ( m as c
p .
) i llu s
r
t at e s t h at of all s t e m s wi t h t wo b as e s ;

W e ak c a se s .

S in g . N . V
A .

I .

D .

A b G .

L .

D u al . N V . . A . bh a r an t da-

I D . . A b . b h a r ad- bh g ci m
G L .
bha r a t os -

Pl ur al . N V .
bh a r a n t -
as

A .

I .
b h a r ad bh is -

D . A b
G .
bh a r a t ci m -

L
2 20 C O MPA RAT I VE G RAMMAR .

N e u t er .

S t r on g . I n t e r me di at e . W e ak .

S in g . N . A . V . r uru d va t

[ f h e ot her s ar e th e sa me as th e m as cu li n e ]
D u al . N . A . V . r ur u d u sh i -

[T h e ot he r s ar e t h e s am e as th e m as c u lin e .
]
Plu r . N . A . V . r u r u d vci
’

ns i -

[T h e ot he r s ar e th e s a me as the m as c u li n e ]

113 . T h e m o s t i m p o r t an t c ha n
g ea b le st e m s i n S an s kr i t
are th e fo ll o w i n g
I . G ut t u r a l —C o mp o un d s t e m s , w h o s e l as t ele me n t i s vah

b a ri n r e t ai vah in th e d i n t er me d ia t e b ut
( e
g ), n s t r on
g an c as e s ,

ru d u c e i t t o ah in t h e w ea k c as e s e .

g . fr o m St . vis va vci h
' ’

(th e
su
pp or t e r of t h e w o r ld ) w e h a ve S in g A . . v is va vci
’ ’

h -
a m, Pl . I .

'

v is va vci d bh is , b u t Pl A
-
. . vis vd u h -as
'

in a s imila r w ay ar e de
c li n e d s d li vd h
’

( b e ar i n
g ri c ) bh d vdh ( b e i g b d ) e , ra ar n a ur en .

o f I d r a li t d w b y wh it h
vé ta vd h me ) d i ff
'

S ( a n a n , . ra n e or s es ers

f om
r th e p r ece d in g c o mp o un d s of ah i fo r mi
g i t i te r me v n n s n

d ia t e f om c as e s r sv é ta f o m w h i c h al o t h o m d o
vas ,
r s e n . an v c .

i g a e fo r m e d
s n . r ,
a d in allo w i
g t h e we k
n s e s t o b e fo m e d n a ca r

f o m e it h e r s é t ih é td h T h e fe mi i t e m s o f vi s
' ’ '
r v a vc or s v u . n ne s

oi s va uh i , &c A h li t
’
va vdh , &c .
, ar e . na
d a
( an o x, . a w ag g o n

d r a w e r , fro m an a s , a w ag g o n d vah ) fo r m s t h e
an n o m . an d voc .

i g an d t h e n o m ac e
s n an d v o c l n e u t fro m a n a d vd ns ( t h e
. . .
p . . .

d of whi c h b e c o m e s a i n voc . s in
g .

) an d th e re mai n in g stron
g
c as e s f om
r a n ad vdh , th e i n t e r m e di at e f omr an a d ut an d th e
w e ak fro m a n ad u h . Up d n a h ( fe m . a s ho e
) fo r m s t h e n o m .

s in
g . an d the i n t e r m e di a t e c as e s f ro m th e stem a
p d na t , as

S in g N . . u
p d n at, D u al . 1 . u
p d n a d b h d m, P l 1
y . . u
p d n a db h is , an d
th e re f o m p d ah t h e s e form s ar e e x plain d
main in g c as e s r u n e

b y t h e fac t t h at t h e or ig i n al fo m o f n a h (t o b in d ) w as dh r na ,

c on n e t d e rh s wi t h G r
c e h flw
p p a . u .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMM A R . 221

II P a la t a l —C o mp o d f mi k ( t o g o ) h av e e it h t w
. . un s o
'
er o

or t h e e t e m s e g p ank ( di r e c t d fo w d e t e r ) d
r s : . . r e r ar s, as n an

a d i k ( di e ct e d d o w w r ds th f om a d o w d
‘ '
v r s r n a ,
ou ern ,
r ra , n , an

nk ) h h t w t e m s p dfi k a d a d nk fo t h e s t o g ’ '
’
a e av e ac o s ,
r n v r r n ,

fo r t h e w e ak ; p r a tya ii k (lyi n g o pp o
'

d p r ci k d a vd k
' '

an an c as e s

s it e , w e s t w ar d , f omr
p r at i Gr . n p or i an d u d an k
'

( d i
r e ct e d u
p w ar d s , n or t h e rn
p , fr o m at, u , an d &c .
,
ha ve

e ac h th r ee st e ms , p r a tya ri k , ud a ii k , & c
' ’ ’
.
,
fo r t h e st ro gn , pr a
k &c d p r a t ik , for i n t e r m e d i at e ,
'

t yak , the u d ik , & c

’
u da
' ’

,
.
, an .
,

fo r t h e w e ak c as e s Ya ri g ( b i n d i n g ) fo r m s i t s s t r o n g
’ '

. c as e s

fr o m g ang an d i t s w e ak fr o m g ug ’
.

III . C er ebr a l .
-
p S ag
'
us h
( a com an ion f om
r s o, wi t h , an d

g
'
us h , to lo v e ) fo r ms i t s s t r on g an d i n t e r m e di at e c as e s f ro m
( it l b e c o mi n g it ) an d o n ly i t s w e ak fr o m
'
sa us a so c as e s
g
'

sa
g us h .

IV . D en t a l —T h e p r e s en t an f
d u t u r e p ar t i c i p l e s t e m s ’“
en d
in an t in t h e s t r on
g , an d in a t i n t h e w e ak c a s e s see

for th e d e cle n s i o n of S t bh a r an t , in
. a s i m il ar w ay t o w i c h h
ar e d e c li n e d p f u t ur e ar t c i i p l es, su c h as dd sg an t Gr . S w o o vr .

T he p r es en t
p ar t i c i l e s
p of r ed u
p li c at e d ver b s use t h e w e ak

b as e t h r ou
g h o ut h ei t r w h ol d e le s i o e c n n , exc e
p t i n t h e Nom .

A ce . an d V oc . Pl N e . ut .
,w h e e e it h e t h r r e st r o n g or t h e w e ak
s t em m ay b e
g g g u s ed : e . .
'

ci rat
( w ak i n
g , f omr a
g g a
'

r, to

w ak e ) an d da d a t ( g i v in g fr o m d d , t o g i v e ) h a v e a s t h e i r a c c .

r a t am a n d d a d a t a m G
' ‘

s s in a G
’
.

g g g . r
(
ag a t n e u t . .

t h e w o r ld , li t m o v i n g , an o ld p r e s e n t p ar t i c i p le o f g a m , t o
.

g o
) i s d e c lin e d lik e da d a t e xc e ly h as p t t h at it o n

ti m pl Br h a n t o r vr h a n t ( r e at ) an d r s h an t
'

as n o
g g a an . .
g p
de er an d n a dro o f w at e r ) d e c lin e d like bh a r a n t
(m . a
p . ar e ;
t h es e wor ds ar e h o w e e r re v a l p art i c ip l e s , t h e fi r s t t wo b e in g

Z en d, as we ll as G r ee k an d L at in ,
kee p s t h e s t r o n g s t e m all t h r o ug h

t h e d e c e n s io n l of p ar t i c ip les in -
an t ,
~
in so me w or d s w e fi n d t r ace s o f t h e

w e ak s t e m , as in Z . bé r é s a n t (g r eat ) S k r b r h a n t , t h e d at
. . of wh i ch i s
d t h e g e n b er es a t é fr o m t h e we ak s t e m b é r é s a t , wh ile t h e
’

b er es a i t é an . ace .

is be r es an t i m fr o m t h e s t r on g st e m
'
'
.
2 22 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

o
fr m b r h or v h ( t o i c e s e ) a d t h e las t w hi c h i s u s e d i
r n r a n , n

V e di c S a skr i t as an adje c t i ve m e an i g sp eckled b i g f m

n ,
n , e n ro

p srh (t o s
p ri kl e ) M a h t n ( g r e at
) i.s al s o d e c li e d l ik ean
*
n

bh a t x c e t t h at t h e s t r o c as e s ar e fo m e d f o m ma h d t ; n
ran
p
, e
g r r n

t hi s w o d i s a p a t i c i p l e o f m ah ( t o b e g r e at )
r r I E m gh . . a ,

w h e c e S kr mag h a ( p o w e r )
n . I V di c w e fi d o t h e r e x am . n e n

l e s of a t b e c o mi g (i t as i n ma h i t N om A c e d
’

n e n an
p n
g , cn . . . .

V o c Pl N e t o f t h s ffi x e s m a t a d c t an d t h e p e s t
. . u . e u n n an r en

p rat i c i l e o f as ( t o b e )
p t h u s w e h av e
p s m a ti ( b o di g a
'
u
‘
n a un n

c at t le
in ) , s an ti G r . fi vr a , & c . S t em s in va n t an d ma n t ar e

d e c li n e d lik e bh a r a t , e xc e
p t t h at th e n o m . s in
g m as c e n d s i n .

in
va an d m ci n , w h e r e as t h e n om . s in
g m as c . . of th e
p ar t i c i l e s
p
en ds in an , as n o m g. s in . a n i m ci n
g ( h av i n
’

g fi r e) , u d a n vci n
’

( h a i g w at e r ) i n
v n t o bh a r a n O I n G r e ek t h e v o w e l
pp o s it i on .

i s l e n g t h e n e d i n t h e p ar t i c i p l e s , a s G r ¢ £p w v S kr b h a r a n . .

L fer en s Z b a r a ns A r van t T ( m a hors e ) i s d e clin e d like

. . . .

n ou n s in -va n t, exc e
p t t h at th e no m . s in
g i s. a r ut i, as if f omr

a ste m a r van K ig a n t ( n o w mu c h ) , ig an t ( s o m u c h ) , b h a va n t
.

(Y ou r H o n o u r ) ar e d e cli n e d li ke uda n va n t I n V e di c w e fi n d .

t h at the v o c at v e s o i f s t e m s in w an t an d -ma n t g e n e r ally e n d i n

-
d mas , w h i c h p o i n t b ac k t o
va s a n -
an O l d e r - v a t an d -ma t .

P d d ( a fo o t ) at t h e e n d o f c o m p o u n d s k e e p s p aid i n t h e
s t r on an d i n t e rm e d i at e c a s e s , b u t s h o r t e n s i t t o p a d i n t h e
g

In Ve d ic we fi n d m a h d m g ) ( ac e . s in . for ma h d n t a m . Bop p co m

p are s t o t h i s j
r e e c t io n o f n t , t h at o f v r in t h e G r eek p ar t i c ip les n i t/d c,

i o n i c, an d h e co n s i d e r s p é ya c t o b e fo r p s ya v r g , a s i milar p ar t i c ip ial fo r m ;

he al se acco u n a i n p é yci c b y s u pp o s in g t h at i t s p ar t ic ip ial

t s fo r t h e s h or t

o r i g in h a d b e e n s o lon g fo r g o t t e n b y t h e G r ee k s t h a t t h e y s h o r t e n e d t h e a .

1 T hi s s t e m co me s fr o m o r (t o g o) an d va n t ( p osses se d o f) , t h e h o r s e
c alle d fro m h is p ee d : s i milar ly S kr ( a h or se ) G
'

b e in g so s . a s va -s r.

i 1r 1r o g , i xxo g , L . e
qu us i s fr o m t h e s ame r o o t as S kr . d s u s ( s w ift )
'
- G r.

( t o move )
' '

& c ; E h o r s e h as als o b ee n co n n ect e d wi t h S kr k a r

'
ufl fl f f
. . . . ,

L . c u r r o , t h o u h i t s e e ms b e t t e r t o
g co n n e c t i t wi t h S kr h r é s h .
( t o n e ig h ) ,

an d t o lo o k
p on i t u a s an o n o mat o oei c
p wor d . L . ar men t u m is p e r h ap s
co n n e c te d wit h S kr . a r va n t .
224 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

S t e ms i n —a n ,
—
m an ,
— va n ,
*
fo r m t hei t o r s r n
g c as e s f omr

i
( n ,
- —vci
man , t h ei
'

i t e m d i at e
’

n , r n r e f rm —
o a ,
-
ma , —va ,
an d
he w e ak fo m — m —v e g m ki n g ) d
A [ A

(
0

t ir r n ,
- n , n . . ra
g an . a an

am e ) a e t h s d e c li e d
i ma n (
’

nc n . a n r u n

'

[ S r ci d
'

t .
g n

D u al .

r dg d n -d a ’

'’

r d ci n -ci u
g
'

rd a- bh g d m
g
dg a bh g ci m ’ ’

r -

rd a - bh yd m
'
g
r dg ri -os ’

r d ri os
''

g
-

'
r dg d n -d ct

n d ma n ]

N . A V n dma n d mn - i
'

I . n am n -ci
’

n ama - bh ydm
D n d mn é -
md m a - bh g d m
A b . n dm n -a s n d m a bh g d m -

G
‘
. n d m n - as n d mn -os

L . n amn i -
n d mn - é s

T h e l o c at i v e s n i g o f t h e s e n o u n s m ay al s o b e r dg
.
’
an i an d
d ma n i ; t h e voc s in o f n d ma n m a al s o b e n d ma n an d its
n .
g .

y
n om . ac e . an d voc . d u al als o n dma n i .

The fe mi n in es ? of r dg ci n
'’
an d s imil ar st e ms ar e
g e n e r all
y
fo r m e d b y addi n g i t o t h e w e ak s t e m , a s r dg fi i ( a q u e e n ) ’
.

N o u n s i n vei n for m t h e i r fe min i n e s i n var i , as p ivcin ( m fat )

- -
’

Gr .
n i w v , p i va r i f
( ) G r wfet p a , Ht ep fa , & c F e mi n i n e s t e ms
. . .

in - an ,
su c h as d d m dn (f a r o p e ) ar e d e c lin e d li ke r dg d n
.
’
.

F or sp e c ial p e c u liar it ie s in t h e d e clen s io n of t h ese s t e ms co n s ult

S a n skr i t G r ammar , p 1 2 9 , se q , o r Ma x Mulle r s S a n s kr i t G r a m

’ ’
Bop p s . .

m ar , p 8 5 , se q . .

r s e c ial r u le s s e e Ma x M u lle r s S a n skr it G r amm a r , p 8 7 , s e q

’

1 F o p . .
 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR . 225

S ( In d o g ) , yu va n ( m yo u n g ) , an d mag h a va n ( m a
'

van . a .
.

n a me of I dr a
n , li t m i g h t y) fo r m t h e i r s t r o n g c as e s fr o m s vd n
.
'

mag h a vd n ; t h e ir i n t e r m e di at e f om s
‘
a
’

y uv n , r va ,
yu va , ma g h a va ;

d t h e ir w e ak f om ma g h on
'
i
’

an r s un z n
, g , .

F or ot he h g b le s t e m s i
r e x am
p l Bo p p
es o f c an ea n — n
’
s

S an s k ri t G am ma ( pp 1 3 0—
r 1 34) m y b c o s lt e d
r a e n u .

f m t h i s t o g as e s f o m —
.

S t em i t a d — s t i n -
ar n ta r
cr or e r r n c r

d t h e rem i d r f om t
an d — t e
g d d t
a n d ( m e r -
r an r : . . r .

a
g i e v
) p i t a r
( m f
,at h e
) e (
r f m o t h e r ). a e t h s d r
e ,
171 . r u

c li n e d .

S i n g u la r .

p i t a
?
i t a r -a m
p
'

p i t r ci-

i
’
t r é -
p
p i t ar

i t a r -i
p

A V d d t d r ci u
’
-
. .

I . D . A b . d d t r -bh yd m
G . L . dd t r -é s
‘
22 6 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

T h e l o c at i v e s p i t o r i an d m d t ar i a r e t r e at e d as s t r o n g c a s e s ,
w h il e t h e c o r r e s p o n din g G r e e k d at i v e s 1r a 1 p i an d y m i h av e '

p
b e c o m e w e ak .

BO p p h at t h t e m o f t h e ab l a d g e n sin g
c o n s id e r s t e r . . n . .

-a r i s fo s a d t h t t hi s i
r -u r d i e d b y m e t t h e s i s fr o m
, n a s er v a

rus w h i c h re p e s e t s
, o lde r as : p i t as w o ld b e e x
r n an -r r- u

ac tl
y G w p g rT h
. i s v i e w
ar i s
pp
'
oo t ed b
.

y Z e nd i w h i ch s u r , n

w e fi d d d th o ( g e w h ic h h ari e f o m ddth s
'
n r n . as s n r ra .

V L a bia l —A p ( f w at e ) o n l y s e d i n t h e p lu r al fo rm s
. . r ,
u ,

i t s s t o g c as es fr o m ip a d i t s w e ak fr o m p w hi c h b c o mes
r n t ,
n a , e

ad whe f ll o w e d b y bh D i ( f ky) f r m s i t s o m an d o c
n o . v . s o n . v .

s in
g f .o m d g or i t s i t e r m e di at e c as e s f o m d
, y n an d all t h e r a,

re s t f o m d i r v .

1 1 4 T h e di i s i o o f c a e s i t o s t ro n g a d w k m n i
. v n s n n ea a

fe t s i t elf e m ark b ly i n t h e ac c e n t u at i o n o f m o o s yll b i c

s s r a n a

n o s o f wh i c h t h e s t o c s es r et i t h e ac c en t o rt h e n a a n n
un , g
st em w h il e t h e w e k h av e i t o
,
th e s e e n dia
g I t h i s n ca -
n . n

l w o f ac c e t u at i o
a G e e k i g en e r l ag r e e s wi t h S a k ri t
n n r n a n s ,

an d i t h s c o s e qu e t ly b e en i fe rr e d b y Bo p p t h at t h e di
a n n n

vi i o n O f t h e c
s e i n t o t h e s t r o g a d t h e w e ak h d alr e ady
as s n n a

art i ll b i I d o E ro e t i m A s f a t h e ac - an es
p y a e u
g p n n n u . ar s

t u at i o n is c on c e r n e d , th e ac c u s at i v e l u r al r an k s as a s t r o n
c en p g
c as e : t h is fac t p o i n ts b ac k t o t h e t i me w h e n t h e ac e .
p l w as.

in e ve ry p r es
g e ct st ron ,
as it mu s t h av e b e en in e ar l
y t ime s

on a c c o u n t o f i t s b e i n g o ld e r t ha n all o t h e r c as e s (e x ce p t
th e

In the V eda al s o fi n d t r ac e s o f i t h vin g

th e v o c at v e i ) . we s a

b e en in t h e l i a G r wa r s p a g ) fo r
’
s t r on
g , as ac e
p p
. t r as . .

w ic h h i n l at e r S an s k ri t w e fin d p i t i n T h e d e cle n s io n of t h e
.

S an s kr i t s t e ms mi n an d v dk ,
'

as c o mp a re d wit h th t of th e
a

G r ee k s t e m s v a v an d an ,
i llu s t r at e s t h e a
g r ee me n t of S a s kr i t n

an d G r ee k in t h e ac c e n t u at i on of th e c as e s
 228 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR .

mds , i g of S t / h e ll b lo w e )
'
voc . s n . . s a n ch ad h mci (m . a s - r . I n th e
G r e e k s t e ms Bo v an d xv v , c o rr e s d i t onS k o an d
'

p n
g o r
g . s ran ,

t h e ac c e n t , ho w e ve r , follo w s t h e g e n e r al ru l e : t h u s w e ha ve

s zi n é
' '
xv v f dg
'
a t i n as , xv v o i v s va bh d m, xv v d
' '

d m,
'
s i in
’ '

xv v w
, g
'
s vds u ,
xv a i
Bo i d vi ,
fi c oi v h [3c
'

ob a m, d vd m,
‘

g g y g
B g os h u I n d i v ( f h e av e n ) t h e ac c e n t i s k e t o n t h e
’ '

o um
p
. .

s t e m i n t h e i n t e rm e d i at e c a s e s as i n t h e i n s t r l d n b h i s ; in
,
p g . .

t h e i n t e rm e di at e c as es o f n a r m a m an , t h e a c c e n t m a fall
( ) y .

e it h e r on t h e s t e m o r o n t h e c a s e -e n din , as i n d at l
g p . .

I n t h e G r e e k d v fip , c o rr e s p o n d in
'
n r b h as o r n p bh a
g g s g to
.

S kr n a r , t h e ac c e n t i s k e p t o n t h e e w h e n e v e r i t a e ar s as
pp
.

i n d v ap c, d v ep a , d vep w v , b u t i n t h e w e ak
’ ’ ’
c as e s , w h en th e e is
lo s t , t h e c as e e n d in g i s ac c e n t ed as i n S an s k ri t ; th us we h av e

Gr d S kr &c
’
.
pi . n ar i ,
.

fo ll o wi g S a s k it m o o yllab i c s t ms ac c e t t e t h e
The n n r n s e n ua

c as e e d in
g
-
of t h
n e c c u s at i ve
p l al l ik e t h o s e of th e oth er
a ur ,

w e k c as e s : p ( f w at e ) da t ( m t o o t h ) d i ( f h e a e )
a a . r , .
,
v . v n , n as

( f n o.s e
) m ( f n i g h t ) p, d ( m fo o t ) p ns ( m m a ) mds
'

e
'
.
, a .
, u . n
,

( m m o t h) p th (
. n
p t h ) m t h ( m , ch ia
g s t i ck
) d
In i . a , a . urn n -
, r

( f ri c h e )
. d 2h ( f r d h at t h e e d o f c o m p
s ,
an 1 d ) s h d o v n ou n s , u r

( m f i e d
.
) a d oth e
r nc m
p d s , f h d ( n h e ar t ) T h e r o ou n o r n . .

G r e e k p e s e t s a o l d e r fo m t h an t h e S an kri t i
r n n 68“ r s n 7

S k p ad as w h ile i t h e o t h e r c s s t h e ac c e t u at i o n i s t h e
r .
,
n a e n

me , in 8i a di , 7r 0 36g ad d s , wo dd m p o d é m,
’ '
sa as 1r 0 p p n oao i
a tai l
p .

I t h as b e e n-
r
al e ad
y r e mark e d t h at t h e O
p i n i o n i s m ai n

h at t h e
t ain e d t st o
g an d w e ak c as e s di s t in c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r n

i m o n o s yllab i c s t e m s h ad alr e ady b e g n i n I d o E m p e an

n u n -
u

t im e s N ow if s ch a di s t i c t i o h d t h m an i fe s t e d i t s e l f
.
, u n n a en ,

an d if i t h ad b e g un i n a d iffe r e n c e o f ac c e n t u ati o n , i t w o u ld
b e qu i t e n at u r al t o e xp e c t t h at t h e G r e e k s t e m s }3 o u an d m m
s h o u ld b e ac c e n t e d in t h e s am e w ay a s t h e S k r s t e m s g o an d .

’
s va n , b ut t hi s , as we ha ve s een ,
is n ot th e c as e ; fo r in S an s kri t
h s e s t ems a
t e r e ac c e n t ed t h r ou
gh ou t t h i r w h o le
e d e cl e n s i on ,
whe ea i t h r s n e G r e e k c o r r e s p o n d in g s t e ms th e ac c e n t i s plac e d
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 229

on th e c as e - e n din g s of t h e w e ak c as e s . I t i s t h en f r to
sa e

su
pp o s e t h at w h , en th e G r e ek an d S an s k r i t se
p ar a t e d f om r

ea ch o t h t he e er , r w as n o d i s t in c t i o n ( as far as m o n o s yll ab i c
ms w e r e of
s te c o n c e r n ed ) b et we e n t h e ac ce n t u at i o n t h e s t r on g

an d t h at o f t h e w e ak c a s e s , an d c on s e
q u en t ly, as we s hall s e e ,

on ly on e fo rm o f th e s t em
( i . e . th e str on
g on e ) e xi s t e d . It
is , ho w e ver , e vi d e n t t h at c e r t ai n l at e n t t en den cies a lr e ady
i
e x st e d in I p n do E -
uro e an , w ic h h a ft e r wa r d s b or e s imi la r
fr u i t s in S an s kr i t an d G r e e k .

Be fo r e t h e pfi r st se ar at o n i o f an
yI n d o -E u m p e an lan g u ag e
f om
r th e p ar e n t s t o c k , th e o
ly law of a c c e n t u at i o n t h a t
n

e x i st e d w a s t is , t h h at th e r o o t s yllab le s h o uld alw ays h av e t h e

-

a c c en t . C o n s e qu e n t ly i n t h e d e c le n s i o n of m o yll b i c s t e m s
on s a

the a cc e n t al w a
y s f ll e u
p o n th e s t e m, w hi h p e s e r e d t h e
c r v

st r o g fo m i e e y c as e I p o c s s o f t ime b t o t t ill
n r n v r . n r e , u n

aft e r t h e fi t s e p r at i o t h t ors ed i t h e I do E
a o e n a ccu rr n n -
ur
p an ,

t h e ac c e n t b e g t o m o e t o w a d t h e t e mi
an tio d c v r s r na n , an on

s e
q e tl
u
y an
g e all
y,h a
pp e s to
s ac c e t e d s ll b l s
n er
y t h n un n a e , e

s t e m b c am e sho t e e d i fo m T h e i it i l c o o t ’“
e r n n r . n a n s n an s

d o f t h e i t e r me di t e as e e di
( b h ) g s p ese ed t h e c
an s n a c - n n r rv a

ce t o
n t h e t em i t hes e
n se fo a l o g e p e i d t h an i t r e
s n ca s r n r r o

m ain e d o t h e s t e m i t h e w e k
n a d co se
q e tl
y t h n
es e a c as e s , n n u n

ses f e tl es e e a t o n
g e fo m of t h e s t e m t h
r is rv s r n r r
ca
q yp
re u an

fo d i t h e w e k a e s T h e c c e t t i o o f t h i t e r m
un n a c s . a n ua n e n e

d i t e c s e s of d i ( e g i s t p l dg i bh i & c ) i s a r e li c o f t h e
a a v . . n r . . i s, .

O xyt o n e st e ms of
p ar t p r es a c t i ve allo w t h e a ccen t t o fa ll o n
the . .

the case - e n d in g i n t h e w e ak c as e s , wh ile i n t h e i n t e r me di a t e c ase s t h e ac

ce n t i s ke p t w h e r e i t or i g i n ally w as , as t h e c o n s o n a n t a l co mb in a t i o n s d b h

an d t s p re ve n t i t p as s in g o ver t h e m : t h u s fr o m S t t u d é n t (s t r i ki n g ) w e .

h ave i n s t r p l t ud ci d bh i s , loc p l t u dé t s i b e s i d e i n s t r s i n g t uda t d , & c

’ '

. . . . . . .

j
S i milar ly t h e c on s o n a n t al c o n u n c ti o n n t p r e ve n t s t h e a cce n t mo vi n g o n
t o t h e fi n al s ylla b le in n o m . an d a cc . d u al n eu t er t udd n t i , wh er e as i n t h e
s i de fo r m of the s a me ca s es t ud a t i
’
the ac ce n t ad van ce s I n p a t i c ip le s
. r
s u ch as b h é r a n t ( b e ar i n g ) t h e a c ce n t r e ma i n s o n the r o o t s lla b le t h r o u h
y g
o ut t h c w h o le d e c le n s io n .
2 30 C OMPAR AT I VE GR M A MAR .

t im e wh en t h e ac c e t i n t h e s e c as e s s t ill r emain e d o n t h e
n

s t e m ; w hi le t h at of n bh yas o r n rbh yds ( d t p l of n o ) p o in t s

’
r a . . r

t o t h e t im e w h e t h e acc e t i t h e s am e c as e s w as m o v in g o
n n n n

fro m t h e s t e m t o t h e c as e e din g T h e m on o syll ab i p r o -

n . c

n o u n s an d th e n u m e r al t wo al s o r e t ai n th e ac c en t on t h e s te m

i n S an s kr i t i n t h e w e ak c as es t hu s we ha ve t es h a
'

Gr . i
r o ai
’
t ci s u G r m id . i,
yé sh u
'
Gr . c l o t , mdh ya m L . mih i , t zi b h yam
L t ibi mama ( g e n s in g o f a hd m I )
.
, . .
, ,
’
d vd bh yd m G r S v o i u , .
‘

w h i c h l at t e r h as b e c o m e w e ak b e s id e t h e n o m 360 , w hi c h i s
.

s t ill s t r o n
g .

S AN S K R I T V O C ALI C S T E Ms .

S t ems en din g i n a
( m . an d n .
) an d a (f ) . ar e v e r
y
e.
g . s
'
i va h
w ic
[ h as an a dje c t i v e m e an s p r osp e
t h e g o d S i vci , s i vci ( f )
'

)
’

(m is
’
as a n ou n S i va . .

s
'

tea m ( )
n h a
p.
p i n es s
] is t hus d e c li n e d

S in g u la r .

F em .

i vd
'
s

i vd m
'
s

s i va
yd
s i vd d i
’
y
'
s i vdg ds
'
s i vdyds
'
s i vd yd m
i vé
’
s

1 ) ua l .

M us e . F em .

V i ud a i vé
'

. s s

I . D . A b . s
'

i vd bh yd m s
'

i r d b h ya m
G . L . s
'

i m yos s 7 vn yos
2 32 C OMPARATI VE GR A MMAR .

G R E E K C O N S O N A NT A L S T E MS .

1 18 . G UTTUR A L S TE M S .

The n o m . s in
g of t h es e st ems en ds in E .

I . S t ems en d in g i n Mt 1co
d ( m . a c ro w) , (f . th e h an d,
c on n e ct ed wit h S p d a a o ya t , S p dyp a , ddp x- eg , m e an in g
bun d k s r di He s ych i u s ) , flwp ci x ( m a c o r s l e t ) , Bh d n
’

g ac c o n to .

ak , c o n n e c t e d w i t h
( w e p a ka xd c) , dh w m x ( f . n o m . s in
g dh cfn r n g, .

w he re e i r r e g u l ar ly b e c o me s 11 ; t hi s w o rd is p e r h a s d e ri v e d
p
fr om dh a m fg w h i c h m e an t
-
cr a
f t, mi m
ic
(m .
,
d e ri v e d
fr o m C u r t iu s fro m th e sa me ro o t s L e p a by t h e
a . v s ,
ad di t i on
o f t h e i n d i vi d u ali z i n g s u f x x,fi w h i c h i s fo d i i p un n
’
s a E b e s id e
i s p dq , fl i p pi n g dh dm n g b e s id e dh w n
'

y dp y o g , an an t, og &c ;
'

, .

t h e s t ag e s t r o u g w ic h h h h th e or i
g i n al vas
p a
p as s e d we r e ao

c or di n g ly Fr o -Ir a , Fe mr a x, a mi ne, I o n . mr mc, o

qt mc, as 1r is as
p i
r at e d t h r o u g h t h e in fl u en c e of
x ow
pix ( ow i x (m . an d f .

n om . s in
g . ( oip s
'

,
w he re th e t i s i r r e g u l ar ly s h o r t e n e d as in
"
56 ) v fr o m S t . xn p ii x) , yv va uc ( f . n o m . s in .
7 UV fi, voc .
wh at ;
t hi s n oun is al s o d e c li n e d as an a -s t e m, g yv v fiv
as ac c . s in .

ac c l
p yv v ci g ,
. .
‘
&c . T h es e Ic- s t e m s ar e v e r
y c o mm o n i n

G r e e k an d ar e , e it h er r o o t -s t e ms s u c h a s n r d ic
( f ac c s i n
g . . .

wr é xa , a h ar e , fo u n d i n fE s ch A g 1 35 ) . fr o m R . n r d x, w h e n c e
Zn -
r a xo v , wr fio o o wr n x-yw , s w i g, o r s t e m s o f u n c e r t ai n o r i i n
g
s uc h as Ko
p d x, v ed ic ( m . a
y ou n
g m an , & c
) T h e R of t he se .

l a t t e r s t e m s m ay h o w e ve r h av e ar i s e n fr o m an o l d e r K O I E . .

h a , a v e r y c o mm o n s u ffi x ; t h u s p a h a xog b e c am e p a h a xg , an d
t h e n y h a E, an d fi n ally B Aé E, as (39 0 7 69 fr o m p p o r o g Ma n y .

x- s t e ms e xi s t s id e b y s i d e w i t h on es in or m1 : t h u s c h: in

I
‘
u wa n e is a ccen t e d in t h e o b li
que cas e s like mon os yllab i c s t ems , s u ch

as Mr , s ee 1 14 ; t h us as the s t r on g cas e s w e h ave y v v a i xa , yv v a s ,

c, yv v a i xa g ; a n d as t h e w e ak , yv v a uc b c, yv v a z m , yv v a mo w &c
’

v v a i xt :
y , .

yv v a uc may e it h e r b e for yv v a m I E ya n u ki , t h e fe m o f g an a ka , w h e n ce
‘

. . .

'
S kr g a na ka ( a fa t h e r ) ; a n d a s t h e acce n t g e n e r ally is p lace d o n t h e fe m
. .

t er min at io n -i , i t m ay b e ke p t h e r e o n i t , al t h o u g h t r a n s p ose d , o r else i t

may b e d e r i ve d fr o m 7 11 c R . at ( t o b e like ) , an d d e c lin e d as a r oo t

s te m . T h is la t te r d e r i va t io n is i mp r o b ab le , as t h e R . u: was or ig i n a lly Fur .

 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .
2 33

i
o x-a - e S b e s id e o xo , i dh ar i n dh xi fo r dh xfi f om r dh xfi, i co n i n
ié xa fo r i w mw
’
f om i
r an d) , xp o x- a
'
fo r xp dxn v f omr
p
Ic
'

o xn , R ei n -
a c

( q p yy g ,
i H h ) b i d A é ( m a l ak e
) M
‘

tc a a e‘
s
yc e s e xxo -
g or eo ve r . . .

i n t h e d i al e c t s w e fi n d a s imil ar c o n n e x i o n b e t w e e n t h e x-an d
th xo s t e m s h h I on h Ma E I o n
’
e -
t us we av e .
ab a xo -c
qSi , .

E E ol itp a xo -g i ép a f, yh a i mo - g Xa ir z, iih a
’

¢ p i xn (
pp i ,
.
7 a

xo -g a bh a g .

II . S t ems en d i n g in 7 dp n dy, (36 7 ( f a b e rry) , p a o r i y

: .

( f . a h
w ip ; H om r e u ses
p a a r i a s t h e s t e m w h e n c e d at
‘

”d o n , .

n d o r w ), ph o y ( f fr o m R (ph ey S kr b h r eig , t o s h in e ) ,
’ '
ac c . . . .

& Ziiy ( m f h avi n g t w o yo ke s ) , S eq /7 ( f t h e S p h i n x , li t t h e

. . . .

s t r an
g er
l t hi s s t em b e c o m e s (D ue i n Boe o t i c , m s in PI E) ,
: n o (
.
g .

a iy (m . f . fo r I E . . a ig
g , a sh e
g
- o at , b e s id e S kr . a
’
a -s , a

h e -g o at , fr o m R . a
g S k r ag , t o m o v e , w h e n G r d y- w, L
.
’
. .

a
g ) o , & c &c . .
*
T he re a
pp e ar s t o b e s o m e c o n n e x i o n b e t w e e n

t h e y s t e ms -
an d tho se in -
yo d 7 71 , b u t n o t s o c l o s e as t h e
an “

c on n ex on i b e t w e en t h e x- s t e m s an d t h o s e i n x0 an d -n u t h us -

we fin d p y in c b
p y a S e b e s id e
( u
- -
ii p wa z (f . in
H e s i o d ) , E ol dp wa yo g dp wa g, .
'
a i yo‘
a iy) '
fo u n d i n Boeo t .

ii yv g , i e a i yo t g fo r a i gi
’
‘ ‘
. . .

II I . S t ems en di n g in X i fi n x ( a c o u g ) , r p i x ( n o m f . h f . .

s in
g fl iE , c
p ) i
.
g s f ’
h h ( m D o r i c fo r 6 v i fl, b e s i d e w i c
. .
p i n Pi n

d ar w e fi n d s t e m b p m) , a u x ( f a r o w ) , m v x ( f a fo ld ) , (i v .
'
.

( m a n ai l ) , & c
. T h er e a
pp e ar s al s o t o b e s o m e c o n n e x i o n
.

b e t w e e n t h e s e s t e m s an d t h o s e i n X0 an d X "; t h u s w e h av e - ”

wr bE b e s id e n rv
xfi , or ig b es i d e m i x o-g , i yxo ii ( t h e g e n of an
c
‘
.

o ld s t em
d h e 10 0 o f an O ld s t em)
) b i i yx ( (i i
’
e s -
e - t
x
-
I s
X c c .

v
p r o b ab l
y d e r i v e d fr o m an o ld e r b v v o
x I E . . na
g /
ea ,
w he n ce

S kr n a kh a s ( m a n ail ) , L u n g ui s , Li t h
.
-
. .
- . na
g a -s

n et ( wi t h t h e fi s t s) may b e a s h or t e n e d d at .
p l fr o m . a s t e m 7r v y,

c o n n e ct e d wit h 7r v
y
-u
'

m ( an e ll ) , n u
y u i)
-
(t h e fi st ) , L .
p g u -n us , p ug - ii, &c .

C o n s ul t C u r t i u s , G run dz ii g e , & c p 2 58
.
,
. .

J
r "M E ( f Bfip a ) .
, a
p pe ar s to b e fr o m t h e s t e m fl h tx c om
p ar e r k cx- d c

( in t e r fe min iu m ) m ay b e t h e IO C o f an o ld m d
'
. A yx- t . ste a
yx, e n n e ct e d

w i t h d yxw, &xo g , L . a n g u s t us ,
a n x i us , &c .
 C OMPARA T I VE GR M A MAR .

1 19 . D ENTAL S T E Ms .

I . S t ems en d i n g y h in
a xr ( n n om s in
g y ci h a ) , v v xr
a
-
. .

( f . n o m . s in
g .
u AI r (n n o m s in g n th ) , r sp a r ( n
s
-
. n om . . . .

s in ip a g ) , Sa u ( f n om s in S ) ( h o rn , n o m
’“
a fe d n
g . r .
g x e
p r . .
,
. .

s in d g , d at p l xep d o i , b u t
'

(n
’ ’
xép xi p d r o g , xep d n
g . . .
, xp ea r .

me at om s in
g n g en g ) , x p ( m m sin
Xp ifi g ) , ép w r
'
n n o
,
. . . .
g .

xp g x é ) l (f
cg , b v u p a r ( 11 fou n d i n g e n n o m s in
‘ ''
a
p lr . . . . .

s in u i ar o g , n om l v s i a r -a b e s i d e n o m s i n
'

g b s
g
-- .

p b p g ov w o c, . .
'
. .
-

m a d r e a m ) , wp o a w n a r ( n fo u n d i n d at p l n p o o u ma a i b e
’
‘ ' -
. . . .

s id e n d h e kn e e , n o m s in
p o wn o v ,
y o v Fa r
-
( n t -
g 7 6 m), . . .

g en . i g yo fi v a r o g
s n . and y dv a r o c y o v Fa r o g , & c . :
7 6 1 m is

a sol d e c li n e d as an v -
s t e m , fr o m w h i c h t h e fo r m e r s t e rn 1
0 1:
7
Fa r h as b e e n d e r i v e d b y m e an s o f t h e i n di v i d u ali z in g s uffi x
ar , t h us,
g en . s in
g y o dv o g
Y O V UO Q , ac c
.
p l y o ir v a y o vva ) , ‘ . .
’

do p Fa r e ar , n o m s in 8 6 s in Bo v a r o g an d
( n . a s
p .
g p v,
g en
.
g p . .

dop a r o g -
S e p Fa r o g , & c .
, S ep t i s al s o d e c lin e d as an v s t e m , -

t h us
g e n . s in
g . S o vp og do p v o g , & c .
, an d as a
p
-
s t e m, t hu s
en s in d e r h a s as a a - s t e m ,
S a p - 6 g , d at s in S op i , -
an
g .
g g .

p p . .

t h u s d at s in g S ci/ mt BO p w t , ac e p l 36m; 80 p m do p ed a ) ,
. .
-
. .
-

In ( 11 t h e e ar , I o n o b a r , n o m s i n g 0 6 9 1 I o n c ira q , g e n
'
« . . . . . .

s in
g . ( b f - dc , I o n . o ii a r -
og z C u r t iu s su
pp os es t h at th e ori

T h e s t e ms xep d r , Icp r a r , xp wr , 16p m , yek w r , & c .

, ap p ea r t o h a ve s i d e
s in o f xé p a g
fo r ms (g
'

en di n g i n 9 : t h u s xcp w g en .
g .
) xe
p a og m p a a -o g , t i g g
s in g ( d at s in o f xp ai g
( d at ) mpa i p oi ) yi k w ( ac c
'

. . xt p a a -t
, x .
g .
x p o a -I
, .

s in
g . of
fi xin g ) y rh oa
y eXo o -a , &c . Bes id e ep wr w e fi n d t h e s t e m ( p o ,
w h e n ce com e s a cc . s in g ipov
.
.

s id e s u ch s t e ms as xa p r r a n d o t h e r d e n t a l s t e ms e n d i n
1 B e g m i 6,
-
a

w e, —n 9 , wh i c h a r e n o t o x yt o n e i n t h e mo m s in
g , o t h e r s t e ms ar e fo un d . .

d in g in d ; t h u s we fi n d xlilp l f é l
'
en - I an
-
v
x p c-v
, e p u -a { p
-a
i -v G i n a
,

c c G in -c
c, &c . in t h e cas e o f oxyt o n e s t e ms n o s u c h s id e fo r ms e xis t
,

d we ly fi n d s u ch for ms i A m G-a , t a &c

’
an on as a p -a
,
A a
p m i J-a
,
.

I 06: may b e c o n n e c te d wi t h S kr . a v ( t o d e s ir e ) , G r d - i w .

er e ( &xo ui r e, L . a v-eo , n u - d i o, &c . T he s u t li x a r a

p p ea r s also

in s t em ( s al t ) , wh e n ce d a t
dAa r .
p l d xa s w
.
.
2 36 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

fi por o ( fu ll o f bl o o d
Fevr) S A F ( c a ft y) & c s t e m s i — p , O O ev r r , . n a r

( t h e n om si
g o f w hi c h e d s
g e e all
.
y i n —p a d s o m e t i me s
. n n r n a ,
n

i n wp w h e e s t h e o b li q e c e
-
, je c t p a d a e form e d
r a u as s re
’
,
n r

f o m s t e m in — e x c e p t S é p p f t h o b liq e c e s of
r s ar, a , .
,
e u as

w h i c h ar e S é fl p C ddp p & c om
p S oa
p p gT -
8 6O , a r -
I , c .
,
ar e o n
-

n p a , s c h a s
¢p d for pp p ( w l l g u si
g £ r ( ea
‘
r n . a e , en . n .

1 55 7 0 9
( 39 an d (pp nr dg , n o m p l Ho m (pp ei dr a , A t t . . . .

fin a r fo r in r o p r S k r g a h rt (n t h e li v e r ) , o xa p r . .
( n . du n g ,
m i g mccbp ) S kr ( f ( fa t ,
'
n o s n s a kr t o r cr r s a r
'
n 11
'
. . . . 07 50 1 p .

b e s i d e7 0 0 7 0 79 , g e n m a t r - o g , d o u g h ) , vda r fo r fi du p r ( m
'
. n . n o .

s in JS w ) , d h s t a r m e al ) , xv a r a ho l e ) , & c s t ems in
'

g i p .

( n
( n . . .

l , all f mi n i n h d h ( l m s in
WM;
‘'
e, suc as o ve, n o
rrr e u or nr .
g .

r ng ) &c , .

II . S t ems en d in g in —8 ( w hi c h i s lo s t i n n o mi g ) 1 : Xa n
. s n .

7r a 3 Sp o y a d ( m . f) . &c . G ri n d ( f
. b e s id e 9 am, D o r G ep t r , .

d E p 9 5 mm ) , A p r s p 1 3 ( f b e s i d e D o r A p r ep t r ) , 9 5 1 1 3 (f
’ ’
an . . . .

b e s i d e G en ) , EXm S 6 23 ( m o n ly u s e d i n t h e O b li qu e .

c as e s
) ; 7 0 8 (I n . n o m . s in
g . n o bg , t h e c o mp o u n ds of w ic h h
c an als o
g f
lik or m
e s t ems in o u , e t hei
g O i di vr o da
r ac c . s in . . .

an d O i di n o v v , r i n o da an d r fn o v v , & C
p p ) xh a i ib s .

( f a d o ll ) ; p a d ( f a b li s t e r ) ; 7r a ¢ 3 ( m f )
. R h e¢ 3
§ ( f ac e . . . . .

s n i g . x hti v an d x h s i da , ac e .
p l . x h ei c an d x h ei da c ) , & c .

W e fin d o t h er i n s tan ces of the o mi s s i on of r ; t h us 1r o r i K r ets

1r o
pr i n por i S kr p r a t i ( n p b g ) , dp bp a xr o g for dp v¢ p a xr o g fr o m R ¢ p a y,
. .

w h e n ce ¢p d a o w ¢ p a yyw, p ed o G r L
7r s p 6w, E
. s ea k
p G s r ec h e n
p ,
.
'

. .

&c .

1 T hi s
~
s te m t e r min at i o n
-
ar o se fr o m an I . E .
—t d t i , wh ich i s fo un d in
S kr
'

. s i va t d t i ( f b en e vole n ce ),
. s o r vo l at i Gr . bh ar n r , & c .
, an d in t h e
L a t in p lu r al
g e n it i ves , c i vi t a t i
-
u m, ce ta t i - u m, vo l up t a t i -u m, &c .

I I n E o li c c’ is a ls o lo s t i n ace . s in g . t h u s we fi n d i n t h is dia lec t s uch

fo r m s xv d p ¢p d ycv , xh di d i v , xh d p fo r i da , ¢ p a yi da ,
’

as cv
, a v, n v v, ( v ap o

r h r fi da ,
n ai da , xk d p vda .

5 Be s id e m ay we fi n d t h e D or ic fo r m a E, whi c h A h r e n s D ia
‘
D e
”
le c t o D o r i ca , co n s i d er s t o h a ve ar i se n fro m d u t y, cg b e in
pp 9 4, 1 40,
.

g
c h a n g ed in to E. T h is e x p lan a t io n i s ve r y d o u b t ful , a n d it i s m u c h mo re
like ly t h a t t h e fi n a l g u t t u r a l in d E a ro se fr o m t h e d e n t a l i n M a d . ”t h is
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 237

III —9 ( w h i c h i s lo s t i n n o m s in )
S t ems en di n g i n
.

g . .

Ha p u n fl ( m a m o u n t ai n i n A t t i c a ) op u79 ( m f b e s i d e 09 m
. . .

an d D o r s m
p x) ; sco iifl
p a v fl.
( f a s h e af o f h a
y) ; 3 ‘p
'

( f a w o r m b e s i d e é h p u an d éh p t yy) n s t p w fl ( f a w i c ke r
. .
, , .

b a s ke t ) ; T t p v v fl &C .

I V S t em s en d i n g i n — .
g ( p r e c e d e d b y a n y v o w e l) .

S t em s i n — a g : o sh a g
( g
n en sin
g o éh a o g f o r e th a . . .

e n s in Icv sfc a o g an d Icv s m v g , t h e l at t e r b e i n

q (
o o g ) , x v r mg
'
n
g g p q .
g . .

f omr
B a s t em
( fl eece
) p er ag (i i . an i m ag e ) , Icw a g n . a ,

a ri b g ( t h e g o d ) y np g
a n S .
g &c T he e r un , a en a . s

s t ems
pp e r t o b e clo s el
y
a co e ct e d w it h o t h e s i
a —9 t h s nn r n 5 : u

Bp g mim c 53 9 & c fo m t h e i ob li q e c as e s f o m 6 9 9
’

er a , i , 0 0 ,
.
, r r u r 57 5 ,

m e or33 9 & c I t h, b e e s g g e t e d t h at s t e m i n
01 8 , g h e
. as n u s s -
a av

ari s e f o m old e r f m s i —
n r d ac c di g ly t h y h e or n ar , an or n e av

b e e c o m p a e d wi t h s u c h t e m s s x p
n
( h
r o w h ce s a s
-
ar n . a rn , en

n om s in s in d
' ’ ’

pdr pwg
-
en an
g g . Icep a g , g .
g . xe og ics R e
p aog ,

b e in g t h r o wn ou t ) , Ic
p ea r
'

( n . fle sh , fo r Ic
pn ar ,
‘
w he n ce n o m .

s in d s in xp i w g )
’
an ei a g , en
g . xp s a g Ic
p g .
g . .

S t ems in —eg : ad e c t i v al
j ste ms in —eg h
suc as o a
p ec ,
&c of w h i c h t h e n o m s in m a s c an d fe m e n d s i n — sub
.
, .
g .
ng ; . .

s t an t i v al m as c . s t ems in —
s g , o f whi ch t h e n o m s in
g als o . . en ds
in —
ng , as w p ar sg ,
’
A p ac , & c .
, wh ile th e ac e
g
. s in
m a
y e it he r .

o m e f o m th e s e s t ems (w w p a r err a ) , o r fr o m
’
-
c r -
p cn n

s t em s in —a ( w pi cr
-
nv ); s u b s t an t i v al n eu t e r ste mi s n —eg ,

w ic h h b e c o me s -
0g in t h e n om . s in
g ; e .

g y . ev s c, n o m .
gs in .

7 £ v0 g , g e n s in
g y ev o v g
ye v eo o g L g en er i s
. for .
’
.
g en es i s ,
fro m S t g en es , & c T h e s e lat t e r s t e m s h av e fr e qu en t ly s i d e
. .

forms e n di n g i n — 0 t h us we h av e o R o r eg
-
( )
n . an d (m o r e
3n ( ) an d 6 x0 xh a ds g ( fo un d i n d at l h d ds m ) b e
( n .

p . . x

s id e R h a SO dev dp s g ( n ) b e s id e S ev dp o . c v i dp a n o ds g ‘ '

be d b ear s n e ar ly the s ame relat io n (fo r W s e) , t h at D

’
s o , 1: or xA u g i or .

6p mx d oe s t o 610 7 1 9 p p ear t o b e i n t e r ch an g e d i n Mod G r . 9 an d X a . .

mea t s -mz a a fr o m A i xd os g an d Mod G r fip xa fr o m swa y C omp ar e also . . .

D or 41 6:a ( m ) fr o m S t ¢ a ¢ d r wit h lid /$059 ( f d im o f tI/fi gb o c) fr om S t

. . . . . .

MM
2 38 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MAR .

( fo un d i n d at p l . .
c v i 8p a 7r 6 8s o cn ) b e s i d e ci v 8p a 1r 0 80 an d
m an y ot h ers .

S t ems i n —g o ~
z u l8o g g (f i 8w g , g e n s i n g
. n o m . s in .
a . .

(1 28 7 9
01 a i 8o o -
og
) , nxo g ( f n o m s i n g .
g en s i n
g.
fix obg . . .

nx o a -o g
) flo g ( f
,
. n o m s in
g fi.i bg ) ,
xp o g ( m n o m s in
.

g c ég , . . .

s in d o g , b e s i d e A t t i c s t em
xp wr ) , n s i flo g
-
g en .

g .
xp o g xp o a

( f . n om . s in
g .
g g en . s in . n ei flo fz g ) , & c . T he v o c at i v e

s in
g l r of t hes e
u a s t e ms e n d s i n as fi xo i
’‘

, 7 m 00 i , & c
‘
.
,

an d v ari o u s t h e ori e s ha b e e n p r o p os e d t o ac c o u n t fo r t h e s e
ve

fo r m s O n e w ri t e r su
gg e s t s t h a t t h e o r i i n al fo r m o f t h e s e
g
h e t h at t h e y e n d e d i n — a d t h at
.

ste ms en d ed i n -
o vt an o t r o u, n

w as m e r e ly o c li e d i n t o as i E 01 p A g for ”h e
’
v v a z 1, n .
e az s av ,

& c . i fl g fo
, r fl g & u a oth th t th y r r i d e d i —m ev , c . n er a e en n 0

a ot h e
n t h t t h ey e de d in —
r a o t h e r t ha t t h e
a
y en d e d i n 0 n n

i a s m c h as w e fi d s c h n o m i n t i e for ms as A u al
n u n u a v r ,

& a d l stl ot h r t h t i o c li d i
S p} t
-
c s n o a an e v a ze n
an c s , y .
, , , a a 1.

Wh t e e r m y b e t h e t ru e e xp lan at i o n o f t hi s v o c at i ve i n
a v a

— i t pp ar e t ly b e ar s a r e m ark b le r e s e mb lan c e t o t h e S n
o ¢, a n a a

s kr i t v o c at i ve i e o f f min in e n o u n s i n —d e g s i vé fro m s i d
’ ’ '
n e , . . v

for w d é (a i ) or .

S t ems i n —v g : p 59 (m . n o m . s in g .
n eg , g en s in
g p u s, .

p o o -c g ) .

S t ems i n —g a z flw g ( m . a
j ac k al, n o m . s in
g g.en .

= Gem m
S in
g 9 w 6 9
.
ip
r
( g e n s in g
. . .
fip Q ) , un r p w g ( m .

a v u n c u l u s ) , 61k (f . th e t hr e s h i n g fl o o r , -
f oun d in ac e . s in
g .

dh ava dh wo -
a, A r at .
Ma h w c (m . ro pe) &
a S ome o f , 0.

t hes e s te ms ha ve s id e fo r ms i n —m v , an d m o s t o f t h e m c a al s o n

h e d e cli n e d ac c o r din
A t t i c s e c o n d d e cl e n s i o n t o th e
g .

V . S t ems en d i n g i n v ( p r e c e d e d b y an y v o w e l) -
.

S t ems i n -a v T a h d v ( n o m s i n g m r dh a g , f r dh a w a . . . .

r a ka vya , n . r dh a v ) , d s im i lar ly p eh d v , t h e o n ly o t h e r adje c

an

t i val s t e m in =o u ; Ud u ( m P an , n o m s in g fl d v ) , m ud v ( m
. . . .

n o m . s in
g . m m i v) .

S t em s i n - ev a dje c t i v al s t e m s i n -
s v, s uc h as dp o e v

( n om . s in
g . m . an d f .
'
é p o n v, n . ip o e v) ,
’
c r e
p ev (no m . i g m
s n . .
2 40 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

o b li
q u e c as e s o f
’
mn o v ( m . wit h t h e e xce p t i n o of t h e v o ca

ti ve forme d f o m S t Ieifu
’
K I JO V , ar e r . .

S tems i n mv
-
“ 06 81 801 11 , wh e n ) ( m . a b r an c h ,
n o m . s in
g . x k a m) ,
'
a iw v 1 59 m ; ( m . fo d i n S yr acu s an
un

i p a mw o cf b e s id e S t fip w g ) ( m e ac o c k , n o m s in
’
r .
, r ac v b . a
p g . .

m d x, w i c h h
i s g e n e r ally d e cli n e d ac c o r d in
g t o th e A t ti c se

c o n d d e c l e n s i o n , 61v (f n om al s o d e c lin e d
) . . s in
g . &A w g ,
ac c o r din
g to A t t ic s e c on d d e c le n s i o n ) , r v b
g w v (m . n o m . s in
g .

m an d &c
'

)
'
r vt u
p p
r v t ui g , .

S te ms i n v
p r ece d e d b y a c o n s o n an t : 6 9 1: ( m . f . a lamb ,
wi t h o ut Hv xv ( f t.h e Pn
y x , n o m s in
g . .

VI . S t ems en d i n g in -
9 (p r ece ded b y an
y v o w el
) .

S tems i n -
a
p ( n o m . sin
g .
-a
9) : v ex-
ra
p ¢ 9(
0 m . the

s t ar li n
g) , p a xa
p ( m h ap p y, . n o m . s in
g .
“ sn a p , E 01 .
p i c xa
p 9 ),
sa p ( f . a wi fe , fr o m 6 S kr . sa , wit h , an d a r o ot 00
9 , to jo in ,

w h en ce a a
pé, a ro
p e ; or f om Sk
r 0
’
r . s a an d F0 9 L vi r ; .

in t h e form r e c as e 00 9 wo ld b e for s
u oa
p, an d in t h e l at t e r

for b Fa p ) .

S t ems en di ng i n xp 5
9 : e
(f . n o m . s in i
g x p , E
.
e 01 .
xpg ,
'
s

b e s i d e S t xs l p ) , a i ds m n om s in i flfip ) ,
.
p ( . .

g . a n a r ep &p s p
&c .

S tems i n mp : 0n 9 ( m . a wild b e as t ) , K
p ar
‘
np &c .

S tems i n -0 9 ( m m
'
:
p nm p . n o i g fifir wp ) , 151 -0 p
s n .

(
n .

n o m . s in
g fi7 0
9.
, th e h e ar t ) , &0 9 ( n . a s wo rd , & c
) .

S t ems i n u
p : 7 17
9 (n . no m . i g s n . n i p ) , p a p r iip ( m . n om .

s in
g p ci p r v c,
.
'
an d lat e r g ri p -m p ) , A t yiip K s p xfip
S t ems en d i n g i n mo :
p ¢ 9 (
w m . a t hi e f) , n e h wp
i xwp &c .

V II . The o n l y G r e ek ste m i n A i s &A ( m . sa lt , f t h e . s e a,

n o m , si n g dA g ). .

C on su lt A h r e n s “
D e d ialec t o D o r ica , p 24 1
. .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 241

1 20 L A E I A L 8mm
. .

1 . S tems en din g i n -
7 : h a i h ci n
‘
-
(f
. a s tor m, n om . s in
g h ai .

A a zla) , Os p dn ( m fo u n d i n a c e s i n g Orig a m i fo r fls p dn o vr a )
. . .
;

m m i a m a t ) , xvi n ( m a n an t ) ; 07
1577 ( n o s n
g
. . .
.

(f h eph e o ok) ; ( m
’
’
A ¢ 9i 0 7 R a ka v9 0 7 . a s r ds cr 6
7 7 . a

vu l t u r e
) ; 8 m (m . &c .

11 . S t em s en d i n g B d in -
’
A Xifi ( m . a d r 0p , f omr

s am e r o ot as A erfi w ) A 76 ( I n t h e
’

,
. s ou t h -
w e s t wi n d , li t . th e

mo i s t w i n d , c o n n ec t e d wi t h l as t s t em
) , X s
p v t
B x h a
v
B
(m . s t e el ) .

III . S t ems en d in g in im p ( f . s n o w, ly i n fo un d on

o b li q u e c as e s
) , Ma r n h u ) j ( f an u
pp er
. s t o r , n o m s in
y g xa r ri h ufi) , . .
’

A cgb ( f . n o m . s n i g . Ml i
, é m flvp i a

121 . S TR ON G AND WEA K S T E Ms .

T he str o n
g fo r m of t h e s t e m i s k e t i n G r e e k i n m an
p y
l ac e s w h e r e w e fi n d i n S an s k r i t t h e i n t e r m e di at e o r t h e w e ak
p
fo m ( c o s lt
r n u W e h o we ve r fin d s e v e al r e x am
p l es

wh e r e t h e r e i s g a c h an e of s t e m in G r e ek .

T he a d e c t i v al s u ffi x Ps u r
j
‘
I E . . va n t as s u m e s fr e q u en t ly

th e w e ak fo r m Far , as i n p n r t d eo a a p nn o Fs r ya , fe m o f p n .

moa g a p i Fer g a , fe m of
y nr t o F ev r -g a is o o a
x p x xa p i s t g
' '
.
,

x p FG vT g , & c
a l '
. T h e w e ak f or m Of th e ste m is al s o fo u n d i n
t h e d at p l m as c xa p i ea i
.
xa p l F
. . er a i
-
,
&c .
, an d in t h e c om
p a

r at iv e an d s u e l at i v e o f s u c
p r h ad e c t i v e s ,
j as
x p u
’
l eo r s
-
pog ,
&
’

xp a u a -
rar oc
xp Fer - a
r e
p o g , x p
i
a I Fs r - ar
r o g , c .

T he a b ov e I E . . s u ffi x va n t a sol as s u me s t h e w e ak fo r m
Fo r i n p ar t i c i p l e s i n Xeh vxar g A s h e n FO 7
’
-
w9, as -
t -
9, h eh v xvi a
Xe R -
Fo r -ya , & c . : w he n a vowe l p r e c e d e s Fo r , i t g e n e r ally
b ec o me s e ,
as in £ 0 7 5 c .
(g en . S in
g 507 8 137 0 9 )
.
é a r a Fo r g , - -

r e flv ecb g r e flv a Fo r - g -
, &c . T hi s s u ffi x va n t is l
a so su
pp osed

to a
pp ea ri n n ew ] , I E . . kit-va n t , f om
r [at ( to h o wl , c . f . Gr .

k m-IclJ- w ) , w i c
'
h h h as t w o s t e m s , t h e g s tr on Icv o v a n d t h e w e ak
avv . In L at in we fi n d t i s h s t em a
pp e ari n
g as ca n in ( a n - is ,

R
2 42 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAM MAR .

an d ca t in cat -u lus , an d in G o t h we fi n d i t . as h an d in h a n d s,

T he I E
. . s u fii x ma n t a
pp ea s r in t h e st ro n g fo r m y a vr an d
th e w e ak ya v , p ar , y o v : t hu s we ha ve i u a vr
l (m . a str a
p,
n o m . s in i
g né g . f om R
r . i S kr . 8 5, t o b i n d , w he n c e s i ma n , f .

a b ou n d ary, an d s i ma n t a , m . a se
p r
a at i o n of th eh ai r o n e ac h

s id e, s o a s t o l e av e d i s t i n c t li n e t h e t op o f t h e h e ad be
a on
) ,

s ide ip a r (w he n ce {wi d o w {y a r yw an d in ci d ent) ip a r eh n , a

wh ip ) d iy o v ( w h e n c e { p o v l cb t h e
, an
’
ro p e o f a w ell) , Ov o ya r ( n .

n o m s in d b e s id e ov o a v ( w h e n c e ev a a fv w
g . u oya
) .
y p d u o ya n

g w ) whi
, ch
p o in t b ac k t o an ol d e r s t em ev o n a v -
r , c . f L
. .

cog n om en t u m , & c ; mr e -
ar b e s id e mr s p a v ( w h e n c e a m
pp p .

p
n u cu m , & c
’

) S t e m s i n
7 e ar e a l
. s o c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h o s e i n

( b r e ac h ) w i t h (i n-fl ui v ( m b r e ak e r s ) , & c
'
-
ar as p nyp ar n a
p , . . .

T he o b li qu e c a s e s of
p ar t i ci l e s w ho s e s t e m s e n d in o ur
p
an d a vr r e t ain t h e s t r o
g fo m : but we fin d fe w e x m le s
p n r a a

wh e r e t h e w e ak s t e m app ar e n t ly s h o w s i t s elf t h u s w e h av e
H O1 E an d 2mm ( fe m of ( b e in g ) w h i c h m s t b e for
b
. aaaa . y, u

i y an d é g
a ar a b e in g t h e w e ak f m o f p a t i c ip i al s t e m
r a, o ur or r

o ur
'
I E a n t L s en t i n b s en t em & c T h i s w e k form
. . s . a - -
,
. a

ar t i c i l e of e a s al s o t o b e fo d i
'
of t h e a
pp n 3 r un
p p s 7 80

( t rue
) S k r s a t g as z p g 5 5 4 9 . rv o , 7 1 71 10 .

N o n s of elat i o n s h ip i n 79 s u c h as
u r 1p p fi np ha e 7 1 , 1r a n
‘
'
,
‘
r , v

t wo s t e m s e n din g i n p an d
p a d ma
y f o rm t h eir b li q e r e r ,
n o u

c a e s fr o m e i t h e r e si
p g a d
’ ' ’
s
g g e
g w n n o n o
‘
ar e Tr a r o rf
, p g yn p g. . . .
,

an d p mp dg , d at s in g wa r fp t an d n a r p f, p rrr fp l an d p nr p f, & c ;
. . .
.

b u t i n ac e s in g w e o n ly fi n d wa r ép a an d Hmfp a , & c , w h ile

. . .

i n d at p l t h e s t e m
. . en d s in r p a , as wa r p é m, &c .

122 . V OC ALI C S TEM S .

I . S tems i n -a
,
-
n, an d -
o I E . . d an d d ) .

S t ems i n -
o
(m . f . as i 1r 7r o (m .
p ap a
( vo a o

f
( ) ,Kuyo &c .

Man y c o n s o n an t al ste ms h av e s id e -
fo r m s in 0, es
p e c i ally in

E o li c , w he re we fi n d t h e st e ms a
yw v o ,
'

¢ \ v z a xo ,
p p a r v
p o,
2 44 C OMPARAT I VE GR AM MAR .

s up
p li e (m . f . r a dio
f eli c (m . f. C ap p a dJc

p r cecac
(m . f n)
. . 000 atr é c
(m . f. cr iZc t r it e (m . f.

n .

) P o llac &c .

II . S t ems i n -g (n om i g w) . s n .
n g re
g re mtg
A llo br Og j g ( m f &c
’ ‘

co n zl . ra
g . .

124 . D ENTAL 5 m m .

1 . S t ems i n -
t ( w h i c h i s lo s t b e for e t h e n o m . s in
g . s, th e

p r e c ed i n
g v o wel b e in g f e qu e
r n t ly le n g t h en e d i n c om en s a
p
t ion ) ( f d u ck ) , blet u let m ili t
’

dt aet d t
'
-
an . a a
g
h et s t o e ) (f &c 08 (n a b o n e )
'

li t t t
'

cot
'

. a W n , vzr zt . 8 .
,

e r e o i g in ally t s t e ms f t ( as
me ll f e ll w o 3 r r 03 os
-
,

mes s es mes t i met t is f o m R met c f G r O- w ) me ll

s -
r .
, . . a r -o ,

melt ( c f G r p lm G o t h mi li th h o n ey) fell fe lt an d t h i s

. . . a
-
r , .
, , ,

e ha s f e l—
f
’

t or z
p r
p .

I I S t ems i — d ( whi c h i l o s t b e fo r e t h e o m s i g s t h e
. n s n . n .
,

p r e c e di
g v o wel b ei
g
n f e
q en t l
y l e
g t h e ed i c om e sa
p n r u n n n n

t ion ) vad
( m . a sur et
y) , p ed
'
h er é d ( m . o b s td ( m . a

h o s t ag e ) us t ed ,
o p eezt
‘’

d p a lad &c .

III S t ems i n — . s
‘
. m at s (m . a m al e ) , vd s
( n . a ves s e l ) , g en es
n om s in s in en esi s ci n t s ( m
( n . .
g .
g e n us,
g en .
g g g . ls
en er a ) , g en . .

th e s e c o n d i b e c o mi n hro g h
'

ci n er is ci m s z s , th e ia
'

s in t
g .
g e u

fl u en c e of t h e s u c c e e di n
g r
) , g li s ( m . a
( f .

n o m. s in bor an d a r bos ) , n om s in
g . ar 007 96 3
1 ( 11 . .
g . cor
p us ) ,
mes 68 L en t ils ( m g ho s t s ,
. fo u n d o nly i n p lu r al L e
m ar es ) , I /lg ns ( m ) 3 fi re .
, mas &c . F a r r ( n c o rn ) i s .

p r o b ab l
y for fa r s , r s b e c o mi n
g rr , as in f er r e fo r f er s e , an d as

ls b e c o m e s ll i n ve lle fo r vels e . Vds (n .

g e n . s in
g m ale ) , i s t h e
.

o nl
y r
ste m t h at
e t ai s 3 t hr o
g ho ut it w ho l e d e c l e s io ; i n u s n n n

o t h e r s t e m s i t b e c o m es t b e t w e e n t w o o we ls T h e L at i in v . n

fi n it i e in e i s p e rh p s t h e d at i e of an o l d
v -r
t em i as ; le a v s n -

o u ld t h e b e for le s t as i n V d i c s i mil ar d at i e s
g e e wr
g e s e
j n - -
, u e v

ar e u s e d as i fi n i t i e s s ch s h as é ( t o s t e g t h e
n li t fov , u a sa r n n , . r

st r e g t h e i g R ig I 1 6
n &c
n n , . .
, .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAM MA R . 2 45

IV . S t ems i n -n : r en
( m t h e kid n e ), li en
.
y ( m . t h e S p le e n ,

b e s i d e li en i ) st e ms in -
mi n = I E
. .
-
ma n , n o m . sin
g . m en ) ,
-

mi n n om s in a men
as n o mi n a
g mi n &c .
fl a
(m . .
g .

fl ) ,

i m n om
t i bi c i n t u bi ei n p g ec t i n g s an uin
( . s n . .

d s a n uen , ko mi n ( m n om s in h omo ) , fr o m
san
g u is , an n .
g ) g . . .

an o ld e r kom on w h i c h i s fo u n d i n O L ac c s i n g h omon em . . . .

an d b em é n em, ca r d i n ( In . a hi n
g e , n om .
-
s in
g . ca r do ) , p r aed on

( m . n o m . s in
g p . r ce do ) , ea r n (f . n o m . s in
g . ca r o ) ,
fo r c ar on , & c .

T he s t em s of ca lly n - s t e m s , a s w e
n is an d ju ven i s w e r e o ri g i na

s e e fr o m t h e l ca n -u m an d u ven -u m , an d t h e c o r r e s o n d
g en
p j .
p .

i n g S an s k ri t s t e m s s va n an d yu va n , n o m s i n g s vd an d yuvd
’ '
. . .

V S t ems en d i n g i n -r : ba ccar ( n a ki n d o f b e r r y) , ca lcd r

’

. .

( n . a s
p u r) , ca r eer ver ce
g u or d o lé r f u l

g ii r
f ar &c .

VI . S t ems en di n g i n - l : sd l
(m . n . s al t
) , an i mal p g u tl

so l con s zi l &c .

125 . LAB I AL S T E Ms .

I . S t ems en din g in -
p : clap ad i
p f n o m s in g
(m . . . .

ade
p s, fat ) ; c om oun ds , th e l at t e r p ar t o f w hi c h i de i e d
p s r v

f om R
r . . ca
p (t o t ak e ) , as
p r i n ci
p ( m . n o m . s n i g p r i n cep s ) ,
.

a uc u
p ( m n o m s in
g a ue ep )
s .
,
& c . . .

II S t ems en d i n g i n -b u r b
. st e ms i n -
b ar e
g y en e r all

s h o t fo r r ms of o t he r ste ms, as
p leb ( f n o m . s in
g p le bs ) , i s fo r
—
. .

p lebi (g en l
p p l e b i u m ) , s cr ub
( m.f a d i t c h , i s fo r
.

) . . s cr o b i , &c .

III T h e r e i s o n ly o n e s t e m i n m , v iz , h i em ( f
. . . n o m . s in
g .

h i ems an d b i emp s ) .

IV . T he re is on ly o n e s t e m i n -
v, v z i .
, n ig o ( f . s n o w,

n o m . s in
g . n ix,
g en . s in
g n i ai s ) b e s i d e
. n n i g ui .

126 . S TR ON G AN D W EAK S T E Ms .

T h e di s t in c t i o n b e t w e e n st r on
g an d w e ak s te m s h as o
ly n

m an i fe s t e d i t s e l f i n L at i n in a fe w c as e s t hu s
p a tr is t h e w e ak
2 46 C OMPA R AT I VE GR AMMAR .

f rm of S t
o . t
p er
a , an d fro m i t i n C las s i c al Lat in th e o b li
q ue

c as e s o f
p a t er ar e fo rm e d , w he r e as i n O ld L at i n e was r e t ain e d ,

i n t h e g e n s i n g D i esp i te r -is , Op i ter i s , &c , s i mil ar l

as
y en t
-
. . . v r ,

ma t er , ar e t h e w e ak for m s of t h e s t e m s ven t er an d ma t er .

Co r n i s t h e w e ak fo rm o f ca r on
g )( n om
d m a
y . s in . ca r o an

be com
p ar e d wi t h S kr . r d n, t h e w e ak form o f S t r ci ci n
g
'

g .
’ '

T h e p ar t i c i p l e s i n -
a n t an d -en t r e t ain t h e ir s t r o n for m s
g
t hr o u g ho u t t h e i r d e c l e n s i o n s , b u t i t i s p o s s i b le t h at t h e w e ak

form m ay s ho w i t s elf i n t h e fo ll o wi n g e x amp le s p a r i et ( m a .

w all, n o m s in g p a r i es ) fr o m p a r
. .S kr p a r i G r wep t an d . .

i ent (g o in
g) , an d t h e re fo r e , m e an i n g li t e r ally, “
w h at o
g es
”
ro u d n ,
a b i et
( f . th e fi r) , f om
r a b an d ien t , an d m e an in g li t e
” ”
r lly
a
“
w h at g o e s p u , t eg et (f . a mat , li t .
“
w h at c o v e r s fo r

t eg en t , ar t of t eg o) - ot es t a t fo r p o tet - t a t oten t - ta t , eg es ta t
p .
, p p
fo r eg et -ta t e en t - t a t , w h il e w e h av e t h e st ro fo rm of th e
g n
g
ar t i c i i al s t e m i n v olu n t a t , O ker en t a t
p p . .

12 7 . V O C ALI C S T E Ms .

I . S t e ms e ndi n
g i n -a
(a , e,

S t ems i n -a
( w i c h h lo s e t h e fin al s of th e n om . s in
g .

alt h o u g h i t o ri g i na lly e xi s t e d t h e r e , a s i n p a r i cida s fo un d in

th law o f N u m a, a n d h os t i eap as , i e h os t i u m ca to r , as e u a
e p ) .
g .

( f . ri g in ally
o i n co la f o r md (f . b ut f or md on t h e in

s c ri t i o on t h e n t o mb of th e S c ipi o s ) , aq u i la (f but a
g ui ld i n
p .

E n n iu s ) ,
&c . G r eek n oun s in —g l o s e
a th e fin al 9 w h en b or
r ow e d by th e L at in ,
as P in ti a ( for ( Pi vr i a g ) , A p e lla , M en d ,
&c .
, Gr .
m 1r o m
( ) b e c o m
'
e
r i 7g
'
s
p
‘
oe ta . an d
x pé r ng m
( ) be .

c o me s ch a r t a ( f ) .

S t ems en d i n g i n — e ( all o f w hi c h ar e fe m in i n e e x c e p t
d ies , w i c h h is e it he r m as c uli n e or fe mi i
n n e, w h il e me r id ie i s s

m a s c u li n e ) : r e ( n o m s in
al w a
y s g . .
p lebe ( f .
) &c .

T h e s e s t e m s ar e c l o s e ly c o n n e c t e d wi t h t h o s e in -
a, an d we
f e q e t ly fi n d
r u n t wo fo r ms of th e sa me s t em e xi s t in
g b e s id e

e ach o t he o e r, n en d in g in — a an d an o t he r in —
e , a s ba r ba r ic:

an d ba r ba r ic, m at er i a an d ma t er ie, fig
e ia an d e
fi g i e, & c .
 2 48 C OMPAR ATI VE G RA MMAR .

(f . a di t c h . no m . sin
g . s cr obs an d s cr o bis
) , s in a
p i ( mu s t ar d ,

n o m . sin
g . f . s in a
p is, an d n . s in a
p e ) , ma r i ( n . n om .

g s in .

ma r e, p l ma r i - a ) , s a li ( n th e s e a, n om s in sa e l b e s ide
. . .

g .

S t s a l) ,. os s i
(n . a b on e , n o m . s in
g . os s e b e s id e S t . as s ) ,

la e t i ( n milk .
, no m . s in
g . la ct e b e s i d e S t lac t) , & c. . In n oun s

fo rme d w it h fi —t i t h e
s uf x s tem of t h e n om . s n i g g . e n e all r y
en ds in -
t
g mas men t i ( f o m
e ns = me n t s ,
) . n . s in . mor ti ( f . n om .

s in
g mor s . mo r t s ) , ju ven t u t i ( f n o m s in g j u ven t us j u ven . . .

t u t s ) , c i vi t a t i f n o m s i n
( g c i vit as = ci vi t a t s , & c
) . S t e m s e n d . . .

i n g in -
ri o ft en lo s e t h e fi n a l i an d i n s e rt e b e fo r e r , li k e s t e m s
in —r o i mbr i ( m n om sin
g i mb er ) , a cr i m f m
. . .

( . . n . n o . s in
g .

m . a cer an d a cr i s ) , si lves t r i ( m f n n om . . . . s in
g m . l
s i ves t er an d

s i lves t ri s
) , &c . S i mi lar ly i i s s o me t i m e s l o s t wh e n p r ece d e d
by I as in in
g (
i li m . f. n . n o m . s in
g . In .
g ) p g
vi i l , u i li ( m n o m . .

s in i l & I i s fr e u e n t l a d d e d t o ad e c t i v al s t e m s i n
g p g ) ,. c
qu
y j .

— u , an d t h u s n e w s t e m s i n — i ar e fo rm e d , as br evi br eg u- i
fr o m b r eg u G r fi p a xv g r a vi a r u - i fr o m
g g ar u G r
[3a
.
, .

S kr g u r u , levi leg u -i fr o m leg u

. G r éka xv . S kr la g h u , .

s u a d a i fr o m s u a d u G r fib v S kr s odd u , i n u i fro m
'

s ua t i p g
-
. .

i
p gn u Gr x . n a v, t en ui fr o m t en u Gr . r aw S kr . tan u . I
is al s o fr e qu e n t ly e m p lo ye d t o l e n g t h e n c o n s o n an t al s t e m s , a s

in voc -
i -
bu s , d uc - i b us fo r -
vac - bus d uo b us , -
a ma n t - i-a , a ma n t- i
u m, a ma n t i b us , - -
&c . V a tes i s for va ts (g en .
p l . r a t -
u m) , fro m
a r oo t Z .
p va t (t o s e ak ); ca n i s ( an d ca n es ) i s fo r ca n s (g en .

p l . ca n -
u m ; n a vi s i s fo r
) n avs Gr . va i ig S kr . u das O L . .

G r Z eug S kr dg aus , b o vis or bos

'

J o vis ( n o m . s in
g ) . J oo s . .

b o vs G r . B o ng
S k r g ci us .
’

III . S t ems en d i n g i n u fr uc t u -
la cu s oc r u

ma n n co r n u g en u T he s e s t em s a r e o ft e n in t e r
ch a ed wi t h ot h ers in o t hu s b e s id e t h e ste ms s en a t u, tu
-
n
g
mu lt u , cu
p r es su ,
p en u (p ro vi s io n s
) , &c .
, we al s o fi n d t h e s t ems
s en a t o , t um u lt o , r es s o , en o &c In s o me c as e s we
p cu p .

fi n d c o n s o n an t al s i d e fo r ms o f u - s t e n s , as r p ec ud an d pe

c os
( ) n b e s i d e p ec u
. i mp ot ( m .

) b e s id e i mp et u p en os

b e s id e p en u
( n .
)
N o L at n i s t e m en d s in a d ip h t h o n g .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 49

T HE C AS E S .

128 . T h e N om in a t ive S in g u lar .

The n o mi n at i v e s i n g u lar m as c u lin e an d fe mi n in e i s for m e d

f om t h e
r s t em b
y t h e ad di t i o n o f s , w h i c h i s d e r i v e d fr o m t h e

p ro o m i n n a l ro o t eu
( sa G r 6, . s ci Gr . The n o m i n at i v e

s in
g u l ar n e u t e r i s id e n t i c al w i t h t h e ac c . s in
g . an d c o n se
q u en t ly

a dd s m t o t h e s t em in t h e c as e o f a - s t e m s , w h il e i n all o t h e r s

i t i s id e n t i c al w i t h t h e st e m i t s e lf, j
su b ect o n ly t o t h e eu
p h on i c

l aw s p e c u li ar t o e ac h l an g u ag e .

1 S a n s kr i t N om S i n g
. In . . all c on so n an t al s t ems s is
omit t e d a d i s o m e ,
n n c as e s the vowe l of th e fi n a l s yllab le i s
le n g t h en d i o mp e e n c n s at i o n fo r t h i s o mi s s i o n , an d i n o t h e r s

n ot th s d m d u ur an s d u r m a n as s, is n o m . s in
g . of S t du r
.

m a n as G r. S v a us v s g , w h e r e as bh a r a n bh a r a n t s, is n o m .

sin
g . of S t . b ha r a n t Gr .
pp
( e o vr . Mas c . an d fe m . s t e ms in
-
dr an d —a r r eje c t b oth r an d s ,
an d fo r m t h e i r n omi g in . s n .

-
d : t h us
p i t a
? i s n o m . s in
g . of S t p ita r
. Gr . n a r e , an d d d t d
p
is n o m . s in
g . of S t ddt dr
. G r 8o w p . . M as c . an d fe m n o u n s .

in — an an d —i n r eje c t b ot h n an d s , an d l e n g t h e n p r e c e di n g
v o w el : t h i g
us , r dg d i s
'
n o m . s n . of St . rd
g
’
a n ( m a ki n
g ) , an d .

dh a n i i s n o m s i n g o f S t d h a n in . . .
( ri c h ) . In all v o c ali c s t ems

s i s r e t ai n e d , e x c e t i n fe mi n i n e
p on es w ic h he n d in —d or —t,

i f t h e la t t e r ar e o l
p y yll ab i c s . Wh en d how e ver b e lo n g s to

th e r oot, 3 r e m ai n s as in vi s va
'
d
p s
-
(m . an d f ll p r e s e rv i n g ,
. a

f om
r ci s
oa ,
’
d p d , t o pr e s er v e) ,
all , an d h a n a d d s ( m an d f -
. .

w e al t h g i vi n g , fr o m d h a n a , w e alt h an d d d t o
-

I I G r eek N om S i n g I n t h e c as e o f g u t t u r al an d lab i al
. . .

s t e m s , s i s s imp ly a dd e d , an d t h e n o m s i n e n d s i n E an d i ,
g t . .

as gbb h a g fro m St . i
b v h a tc d h dz f ro m S t ¢ Ao y .
fi ll:
fr o m S t . 6 7r &c . I n d e n t al s t e ms r an d 8 ar e n e v e r k e t
p

F or fu r t h e r p ar t i cu lar s a s t o fo r min g t h e n o m s i n g i n S an s kr i t , co n . .

s ult 1 04, an d —
1 07 1 1 3 als o Bo p p s an d M a x M u lle r s
’
S an s kr i t
'

”
G ra m m ar s .
2 50 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

b e fo r e g, but al w a
y s d i s app e ar , d t h e p r ec e d i n g v o w e l i s
an

e n e r all l e n t h e n e d in c o m e n s at i o n : t h u s w e h a v e xci p t g
g y g p
fr o m xa p t r A a un a g fr o m A a wr a S wo fig fro m 17 0 3
T er v c a fr o m
p ig F wi g f o m x &c
r er v n In d p f
or om ,
r vv r , . a r

B p p ( f ) b ot h a d
a a r di s ap p e ar
. S t e ms i r s o m e t im e s
n o . n -
vr

lo s e b o t h c o s o a t s b e fo r e s i n i t/&9 f o m
n n
¢ 8 6g a , a n n 4 r r v a vr , 0

f o m S w Blg f o m 9
r o & c an d o m e t i m
, e r lo s e a d g r e 8W , .
, s es 7
'
n ,

t ai i g n n as i
pp w v,f om
¢ p n & c T h e E o li
( s
'
di val e c t r s o vr , . c

k ep t b e fo e 9 a s i
v 9£ g r O ig a d i n t his e p e c t i s
,
n 7 ¢ v n e ,
n r s

s i mil ar t o Z e n d L at in Li t h a i a n d O ld P
, s s i an ; t h u s w e
, u n n , a ru

h av e Z b o ns L fe e s G ¢ £p w Li t h deg ns ( b u rn i g )
. ar . r n r . v, . a n ,

O P s i da ( s it t in g ) &
. . Inns s t ems t h e s l i s s o m e t im e s
, c . v
-
n a a

t h ow o t
r d t h e p e c e din g o w e l l e g t h e n e d as i
n u an u se
r v n ,
n “

fr o m l g fr o m
f u w &
a u , k r et w h ile i o t h e r c a s e s t h e n as al
’
ra ,
c .
, n

i s r e t ai e d an d t h e p r e c e di g v o w l le g t h e e d t o c o m p e s at e
n n e n n n

for t h e lo s of g as i p n from p pp p f o m pp
s ,
n r t
'
v r s ev , (
'
i v r ( sv

u iZw f o m p Z x o m fr o m xfl W e o ft en fi d
'
s v r st o v, o ov n a

lat e r n o mi at i e i n b e s i d e a o ld e r o e i g s Oi b e s i d e Gi g
n v v n n n , a v ,

S kq b e id e S h oi g & c 2 i s l o t ft e r p s i X ip f o m x p
'
s u v s e ,
. s a , a n e r e

fip f o m
ir a r
‘

p &c w h e e s in E oli c b o t h c o
r n ar e . r a n

s o a t s a e ke t s i I a fr om
'
n n
p r
xp g x p ut d x p g ,
a
M p m c n s e , a . n -

e a s t o b e l o s t b e fo e g
a T hre s o li t A t m r ar -
s e
p p p p pp
a rv , y .

( & A g ) e t i s b o t
r h A an d g
a n I g s t e m s g i s lo s t d t h e
p re . n -
,
an

c e d i g v o w e l l e g t h e e d as i
n S m fig f o m S n n g n n u n e r/ r va s vs .

s t e ms g is s im l dded t o s t em, i n b yp o g
'
In v oca li c p y a as

fro m d yp o r an a g i fr o m p d r a i mi k e fr o m n o A I
789 1 9 fro m 23m, B o nn i e f om B n r o n ; &c . 2 i s lo s t i n fe
mi n in e s t ems i n {i ( ) n as
x p uI
'
a, K o
p n, &c .
, an d in t h e H o m e ri c
fo r m s , i m r dr d m f
( ) or . i 1r 7r o mg ,
'
a i xy n r d ( m ) fo r . a lxp nr fig ,

&c .

III . L a t in N om . S in g I n g u t t u r al an d l ab i al s t e m s s i s
.

s im l add e d t o t h e s t e m , as i n vo w, h a lea , lax , a u ce s , u r bs ,

p y
'

p
&c .
, fro m th e ste ms voc h a lec leg a u cup

ur b &c . I n th e c as e of adje c t i v al s t e ms t h is 8 is al s o r e

t ai n e d in t h e n eut e r no m .
, as a ud a x ( m f . .
f or m: ( m . f .
2 52 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

lect or s, mat er (f ) fo r ma ter . s , s ol

( m .
) for so l s,
p ar (m ) .

for p a r s, sd l (m .
) fo r s al s, &c .

I n th e i an d i s ke p t , as i n a m n i -s ( m ) fr u ct u - s
u-s t e ms s .

&c In s t e m s e n di n i t i i i s fr e u e n t l l o s t b e fo r e 8 ,
g n
q y
-
.
,

as in m en s (f ) . fo r men t s men t i s , m or e ( f ) fo r mor t s .

mor t i s , vet us t as f f
( ) or
. ve t us t a t s ve t u s ta t i s, s en ec tu s

( f .
) fo r s en ec t u t s s en ect u t i s, &c . A ft e r r an d l, is w as
lo s t i n m as c u li n e s t e ms an d e w as i n s er t ed b e fo r e r ,
w h en
an othe r c o n s o n an imm e d i at e ly p r e c e d e d , a s a cer fo r a cr i
t s,

eques t er fo r eques t r i s , & c : t h e fu ll fo rm i s k e t i n t h e fe m

p . .

n om ac r is , e u es t r i s , & c S i m il a rl w e h av e vi i l fo r an d
.

g y .
g
b e s id e vi
g i li s . In n eu t e r st e ms i w as s o me t i me s lo s t an d s ome
t i me s c h an g e d in t o e, as in an i ma l, ca lca r , &c .
,
an d ma r e , ex

e mp la r e ( al s o ex em
p lar
) & c , . S t ems en di n g i n - 0 al s o r e t ai n s,

a s s er vo -s eguo - s &c .
, e xc e
p t w he n r
p r ec e de s , in
w ic h h c as e —
os -
us
) is o ft e n lo s t , as in a
g er fo r a ro
g s,
p u er

fo r p u er o s , & c 0 ( u ) w as s o m e t im e s l o s t aft e r t , an d t h e n
.

t d i s app e ar e d , as i n d a mn a s for da m n a t o s s i mil ar l

y w e fin d -

0 U . .
p ih az ,
N U p ih o s
. . L .
p i a t us , O O . . h ur s L . h or t as ,
N U . . t ages L ta cit us . . A ft e r i 0 w as s om e t i me s l o s t , as

in C or n ell s fo r C or n eli us , C lod i s fo r C lo d i us , & c

'

.
,
an d t hen
s s o m e ti me s di s ap p e ar s , as i n C or n e li , & c .
, w ic h h occu r as

n om . s . on i n s cr i p t i o n s si mi larly i n O s c an w e fin d H eir en n is
fo r H er en n i us in w h i c h , u fi r s t b e c am e i or ( i n P u i d i is
i
p as

L . P op i d ius , V i in iki is L . Vi n ic i us ) an d t h e n ii or i i b e
c a me i . W ( ) e als o U mb r i fin d
an as i n 0 u lo s t a ft e r n in ,

I / ru vi n s L I g v n us an d i n O s c an as i n B n t i n s L B a n
. u
'

z , ,
a .

t i n us P u mp ii a ns
, L P omp ei us 0 i s lo s t aft e r h i n O O
a . an . . .

t i wt i/ s L t t icus F e min in e s t e m s i n a h a e e n t ir ely lo s t

r . u .
- v

8 ,a n d a h as b e c -
o m e —d i n C l a s s i c al L at i n : Buc h e le r s u g g e s t s

t h at t h e c h an g e o f fi n al a of n o m s i n g i n t o a w as c o n t e m - . .
-

o r an e o u s w i t h t h at o f fi n al d a o f ab l s i n g i n t o a I n O ld -

p
-
. . .

U mb r i an t h is a s o m e t im e s b e c m e an d i n N e w U mb r ian i t a u,

al w ays b e c a m e o as i O U t t t t u N U t ot o t ta ( a,
n . . u a, u , . . u

c i t ) ; s i m i la ly i n O ld O s c an i t b e c a m e u an d i
r N w O
y e s c an ,
n
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 3

o , as in O . 0 . van L . vi a , O O . . t uvt u, N O . . t o vt o tu ta .

Mas c u lin e s t ems in -

a, suc h as i n co la , n au t a , &c .
, ha e v al s o

lo s t 8, b u t t h at t h e y o n ce h ad i t i s s hown b y th e fo rm s pa
r ic i d as , h as t icap a s (s ee e a
p g

129 . T HE N OM I NAT I VE P LURAL .

T h e s ig n of t h e n o m p l app e ar s t o ri g in ally t h e
. . ha ve b e en o

r e d u pli c at i o n o f t h at o f t h e n o m s in g I t s old e s t fo m ac c o r d . . r ,

i g ly mu s t h a e b e e —as
n , w h e c e c am e fi s tly —
v n an d s a, n r s as

t h en — S s s t h e si n of t h e
as .
g a , a om
p l o c c r s i n V e di c n . .
, u

S a s kri t i t h e d e cl e s i o n of t h e a s t e m s t h u s w e h e as
n n n - av ,

n om l d h u m d s s fr o m d h uma ( m s m o ke )
- a d é d f om v -
s as r
p . . .
,

v kd s s f o m f r of ‘
m od d k T
'

dé va ( a
g ) p .
p a ,
a ( p ea) ac -
e s a r va . u . r

t h is — s s l s o ap p e a i Z e d i w h i c h s c h fo rm s o f t h e
a a r n n , n u

n om
p l
. as é h k d o h o (m
. w ol ev
) r I E n kd s as
‘
& c . v s . . va r -
,
.
,

p o i t b ac k t o o ld e
n f r m s i — s T h om
r
p l o e t r is t h e n as . e n . . n u e

s am e a s t h e ac e l n eu t e r
p . . .

l S a n s k i t N om P l M c li e a d fe mi i e s t e m s fo m
. r . . as u n n n n r

t h i s c as e l ways i — b e fo e w h i c h i an d a ar e g u n at e d ;
”
as a n ,
r

t h u s w e h av e ma t a s fr o m m t ( m t h e w i d ) m d t a as
ru -
ar u . n ,
r-

fr o m md ta ( f a m o t h e r ) d dg as f o m id i (f a ri v e ) s i d
r .
, n - r no
’

. r ,
'

v s

fo r s i a + as fro m i v ( m fo r t n at e ) o fo r s i i as ( f
' '
v s a . u r vc .

ka vag s f o m k i ( m a w i s e m ) d h é f o m dh e ( f
'

'
-
-
a r av . an ,
n av a s r nu .

a m i lc h c o w
) I t h e Ve d w e fi . d o m n s o f s t e m s in — t a d a n n . .
’

— wit ho t g at i o n o f t h e s e o w els as g
u
"
u un f om i (m v , ar -
as r ar . an

e em
n
y) m m k sh , as fr om m m k h
u u
( a s g e ab s t c t e d
v- u u s u In . a ra

f o m ll h man p as s i o ) I n V e di c we al s o fi d n o m p l o f
r a u n . n . .

o l s llab i c i s t e m s fo r me d b i m l ad di 3 t t h e st em s n
y p y
-
o
p yy g ,

as d e i s f o m d evi ( f a-
odde s s
)
v r
g . .

II G eek N om P l M as c li e an d fe mi n i n e s t e ms fo m
. r . . u n r

t h i s c as e b y a ddi g —g t o t h e t em t h s we ha e
qA B g
’
n £ s u v I e -
s

fro m ph fi (f a v ei ) w p g f om w p fi
( s . n , w ty q or
'
sv s
-
r at v ar -
s

fro m p n ar e I x fi b g fr om Z O
X i q f om m ( -
s a O le -
s r In .

w orm .
2 54 C OM PARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

S t e ms en di n g i n t an d a m ay e it her g u n at e th e fi na l
v ow el or o t b e for e addi n g —9 : t h u s w e h a e as e x amp le s
n , 5 v

of g b e in g add e d t o u n c h a g e d s t e m ”d
-
s q; f o m y n
, un
-
s r a vu

i g f om i (m i dp g f o m i 3m(m g f om
’ ’
- -
o s r n . x t e r . vs v -s r

a d a s e x am l e s of
ve x v &c p .
g u n at e d s t e m s w e h a e
n v ,

miA n g dA g e g g f oms , n A t h e g u at e d
ss n
-
s r n o sI, n

form o f w A (f a c i t y) w h e c e l o w e h a e wi t ho u t g a
o I .
, n a s v un

t io Io
n , mih g n h ig
. A F g fro m w k
-
i 5 , n o t h e g n at e d
e n o s -s o en u

—
,

fo m of A
r
x i
n o
g x v,
g x F
r a g fro sm x é y x é
r ah c es
’
r a e s ra v, st

n A F g fro
s m i e -e
yx k ( f ) b e s id e I o
n é h g e & c M
v as . n . v -e ,
.

cu lin e an d fe mi n in e s t e m s in a d S kr 5) fo r m t h e i r o n a .

om l i an d — fro m I m a d
'
as i m
n
X ap
-
n n
p . . oz c l, ror ro at

f o m xw p ( f ) T h e s e fo r ms ori g i ally e d e d i g an d w e e
r a . n n n r

n o t d e e l o e d t i ll a ft e r t h e G r e e k a d L at in l an
v
p ua es s e a
g g p n

r at e d f o m e ac h o t h e
r T h e lo s s of t h e fi n al 9 m ay h a e o c r . v

c u rr e d fir s t i t h e n o m p l of t h e p ro o mi al s t e m s 6 o
n .
6 . n n r 7 0,

o r 7 6 S c hl e i c h e r s g g es t s t h at
. t a d u l t) m y r o n r a a a

h a e ari s e n fro m ta g a s an d t tl g as t h e p ro o min al s t e m s ta

v - - - -
,
n

an d t d h a in b i n c r e as e d b i b f h d d i i o
g ee v
yg ( ) e no e t e a t of r n

- as , d t h t t g as
an d t dg as b e c am e ta i a d t di b y t h e l o s s o f
a a an n

t h e fin al s yllab l e I S a s kr i t w e fi d 8 l o s t o n ly in t h e o m
. n n n n .

l m s c o f s o me ro n o m in l s t e m s w h il e t h e fe m r e t ai s a
p . a
p .
,
. n s

t h s yeu b e s i d e g as ( f ) fro m y ( w h o ) t é b e s i de . a ,

t d ( f ) f o m t a ( h e s h e ) t ye
s . r b e s id e tg i , fr o m tg a ,
cs

( t h i s ) &c T,
h i s s i milar i t .
y b et wee t h e om
p l m as c o f t h e n n . . .

p ro o u n s i n S an s k ri t a d G r e e k i
n n o t s ffi c i e t t o
p o e t h at
n s u n r v

t h e s e n o m i at iv e s w e r e al r e ady d e v el o p e d i n I d o E u ro p ean
n n -

t i m es A l l t h at c an b e as s e te d i s t h at i t i s ju s t p o s s i b l e t h at
. r

t h e fi n al 8 of t h e n o m p l w a s l o s t in s o m e p on ou n s b e fo r e . . r

t h e fi s t s e p ar at i o n o c c u r e d i
r t h e I n d o E u ro p e an family o f r n -

l an g u ag e s .

I II . L a t in N om . P l M as c uli n e
. an d fe min i n e c o n s o n an t al
ste ms o r i g i n ally fo m e d t h i s c a e b y t h e ad di t i o o f —é s G r
r s n .

Zg . Fin al s w s fr e q e t ly l o s t i O ld L at i
a u na we s e e f om n n ,
s r

I n s cr i pt io n s , o w h i c h w e fi d s c h fo m as P is
n es e fo n u r s aur r
2 56 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

h av e IVuvla n us L . N a anl i , p ut ur ils G r . 7r 0 r f

'

p 0t, O U . .

I kuvin us , N U . . s cr e it or L . s cr i t
p ,i &c . In L at in e s t e m s - s

i s kep t in d ies , & c b u t in me c as e s the l i s fo r m e d fr o m

as .
,
so
p .

a co rr e s p o n di n
g a -s t e m, as n o m . sin
g i n t em er ies
.
p or i n t emp er ia ,
n om l i n t em er iw
.
p .

p .

1 30 T HE . N OMI NAT I VE D UAL .

The orig i n al termi n at i o n of t h e m as c lin e an d fe mi in e u n

no m in at i ve d al u w as —s i s w h i c h w as m e r e ly t h e l e
c , g t h en e d n

fo rm of t h e n o m .
p l .
—s as ; s i mil ar ly i, th e c as e - e n di n g of th e

m d u al i s t h e l e n g t h en e d fo m of — th e d
’

n o . n eu t er , r i c as e - e n
,

in g of m p l n e u t e r , an d —
th e bh g d m ( fo r - b h g dms ) , t h e
n o . .

c as e -e n d in o f t h e d at ab ] an d i n s t r d u al , i s t h e l e n t h e n e d
g g . . .

fo rm of — bh g as ( for bh g a ms ) , t h e c a s e e n di n g of t h e d at an d - -
.

ab l pl A
. . s —s a s b ec am e —
as , so -
scs i b e c am e
’
—i cs . T h at t h e
d u al n o m ro e d b y t h e Z e d n o m d al
en d e d in -
‘
as i s p v n . . u ,

wh i c h s o me t i me s e n d s i do whi c h r ep r e s en t s an I E —
.

ci s n -
,
. .

T h e n o m ac e a d o c d u al h av e t h e s am e c as e e n d i n g
. . n v .
- .

I S n s kr i t N m D ua l M c li e d fe mi in e s t em s
. a o . . as u n an n

fo m t h i s c as e b y t h e ad dit i o n o f d s m t d f o m ma t
r a, a ar u - u r ru

g i f om fr o m s i a '
&c In
'

n ad d s i d
'
-
cu r na i u a v .

V e di c w e fin d (i f ot h
'
d as i n ub h d
( b ) as i d ( t h e t w o or a, ,
v n

M as c ul i e an d fe mi i n e s t e ms i —
’

A s vi n s ) & c i a d
’

, . a n n n n -

o mi t d an d i c o mp e s at i le g t h e t h e fi al o w el as in
-
a, n n on n n n v ,

k vi fr o m ka vt dh é u f o m d h é u F e mi i e s te m s
’ '

a n r n n n

i — d m e r ely c h an g e t h i s o w e l in t o — é a s in s i e fr o m s iva
' ‘ ' '
n v ,
v

"
Bo p p c o s i d e s t h t t h e ori g i al fo m o f i é w as s i y
' '
n r a n r s r va

i an d t h at wh e n t h e fi n al h ad b e e n l o s t s i ra g a b c ame
’ '

t n , u ,
e

i e a s S kr k i tag d mi ( I t h i k) h a b e c o m e h i t é mi i P a
' ' '
s v ,
. n n , s n n r

k ri t T h e n om
. e t e i s for m e d b
y a d di n
g
—i t o t h e s t em. sn u r a

+ i f om i fr o m vd i (
'
i é fo r i i a dr i
' ’
s v s va w at e ) r s v u -
n -
r n . r ,

C o n s ult Bo pp C o mp ar at ive G r a mmar ,

’
v o l.
“
s L , p . 418, an d
”
S an skr it G r a mmar ,
’
Bop p s
p 93 . .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 57

b a li n t fro m ba lin ( s t ro n g ) —t an d a i s e rt
n . s t e ms en din g i a -
n

n b e fore — i .

II G eek N om D l T h e s ig n o f t hi s c as e for t h e t h e e
. r . ua . r

en d ers is f all s t e m s e x c e t t h o s e e n di g i
or a ( ) n n -
g p
s o, a

t h u s w e h a e ut k ( m ) f om p h
v nbé ( m n )
a vs nb F . n . r s a v, s . . e e

f o m nd m iA fr o m A (f ) b e id e mi k a d m a n
r u, ts n o t . s e n e 7r o

A y s & c I t h e a s t e m s t h e d al c as e e n d i g c o al e s ce s wi t h
-
s, , n -
u -
n

t h e s t e m v o w el t h u s w e h av e m w f o m im
‘
- : ap s l r r ro n

f omr
p I KO & c c .

III L t i N om D a l T h e r e ar e o ly t wo d al n o m s
. a n . u . n u . .

i n L at i d b an d a mbb d uo S kr d vci
n , u G r 3um amb o S kr : . u .
, .

u bh d u G r dp qi w . .

1 31 . T HE A CC US AT I VE S I N G ULAR .

hi s c as e in all m as c li n e a d fe mi i e n o un s e n d e d i n
T u n n n

m w h i c h w as a t t ac h e d i mm e di at e ly t o t h e s t e m i f i t e n d e d
,

in o w el o r b y m e a s o f —i f i t e n d e d in a c on s o an t I n
a v ,
n a n .

t h e a s t e m s t h e n e t e r ac c s i g w as fo me d b y a d d i n g —
- u m . n . r ,

b u t i all o t h e r n e u t e r s t h e s t e m an d t h e a c e s in g w e re
n . .

i d e t i c al
n T h e ac e s i g
.
— m or — am i s
p e h a s c on e c t e d
p . n . r n

wi t h t h e p o o mi n al roo t wh i ch i s fo u n d i n S kr a m u (t h at )
r n -

i—
.
,

me ( t ho s e ) & c ,
.

I S a s k it A ce S i g M as cu lin e an d fe min in e co n s on a t al
. n r . n . n

s t ems ad d —
um , as ma r u t -
u m bh a r a n t -
um
p i t a r -u m

&c . The ac c . s in
g . n eu t . i s m e r e ly t h e s t e m i t s elf, su b
j c et to th e eu
p ho n i c l a w s of S an s k r i t s bh a t ( ) fro m St , a ra n . .

b h ar an t , h r t ( ) f om S t h d & c
n . r V o c al i c s t e ms add m as
. r ,
.
-
,

s
'
i va -
m s
’
in d m
-
kavi m -
n a di- m &c . Mo
n os
y ll ab i c v o c ali c s t e m s, ho w e v e r , hos e i —
e xc e
p t6 add
t n ,

—
a m , as n av-am fr o m n d u bh ig - u m fr o m bh i f fe a ) bh v
( . r , u

a m f o m bh i t ( f
r
‘
. th e ea t r h) ,
&c . The ac c . s in
g . n eu t . of st e ms
in —
i an d —u i s m e r ely t h e s t e m, b u t in t h e a -s t e m s m i s ad d e d,
as in s iva -m
'
fro m s i va '
The n o m . sin g . n eut . an d th e
a ce s in n e u t e r ar e th e s am e
.
g . .
2 58 C OMPA R AT I VE GR AMMAR .

II . G r eek A cc . S in g . M as cu li n e an d fe mi n i n e co n s on an

t al st e ms ad d -
a fo r -
av I E . .
-a in A a n n dS a
m, as -
15
«5

p o u r -a n ar e
’

p
-a &c . M as c u lin e an d fe mi n in e v o cali c
s t ems , e x c e
p t t ho s e en din g in eu , a dd -
v , as p c
’
wr t -v
’
v exv - v

( m ) (i yp d v
.
' -
( v yir v
p &c . : t ho s e in -
tu ad d -
a, as

B a a I A fi a an d
-
fi aat A sf-a B m h s F-a
a i s g iia an d lent -a
Is p sF-a Be s id e va ii -v ( f ) w e fi n d . Ho rn . vi F
i a
- an d v s F-a
'

b e s i de o¢ g b u w e fi n d t h e l at e r fo r m q p zr a ; fro m ebp v
'

—
~

w e h av e b o t h s bp t I -v an d a p t -a s b eF a , & c I n c o n s o n an t al
’

p .

s t e m s an d t ho s e e n di n in -r an d v , t h e ace n eu t e r i s m e r e l
g
-
y .

th e s t e m, s u b e c t
j to th e eu h
p o n i c l aw s of th e G r e e k lan g u ag e ,
while in o st e
-
ms i t en ds i n -
v ; t hu s we h av e r ip a g for
r ep a r , (
ptp o v ( ) for
n . (
pp s o vr
'
, mih i (n ) . fo r us h er , i 3m

7 A v m;
’
c or
pd
-
v &c . S t ems en di n
g i n -I O I E . .

-
g a
) o m e tsi m e s lo s e 0 in lat er G r e e k , as i n y dp r v p t -
v for p a
p
'
n i p I o -v , &c ; rly i Um b ri an w e
. s i m il a n fi n d t er t i m -
ter t io-m ,

&c an d i n m o d e r n G r e ek w st for 3 7r a I S i o v , y el p r t fOI

= - ‘
.
, ai 7r a ¢ tv

d r t o v, & c
-
p p a n u p p .

III L a t i A ce S in g Mas c uli e an d fe min in e c o n s on an t al

. n . . n

s t e m s form t h i s c as e i n em t h u s a r e e in in form wi t h t h e i -
g g ,

s t e ms : t h u s w e h a e o c em r en t em m m
f e ( v
p at e v - -
. r- ,

&c .T hi s em d o e s n o t r e p r e s en t an I E a m as h as b ee n
-
. .
-
,

su e s t e d b y s o m e wr i t e r s b u t t h e c o n s o n a t al s t e m s w e r e n
gg ,

l en g t h e n e d b y i w hi c h b e c am e e b e for e t h e ac e s in g m
, . .
- .

Mas culi n e an d fe mi n in e v o c ali c s t ems ad d m as fr uctu m -

,
-
,

b on a -m b on o -m &c . I n t h e i s t ems t h e s t e m -

v o w el g en e r ally b e c o me s e as t hi s ow el i s m or e e as il y p r o ,
v

n oun c e d wi t h m t h an i b u t w e n e e r t h ele s s fi d i r e t ai n e d i n v n

m an y fe min in e s t e m s s
j ebr i m si t i m t us si m T i b eri m ,
a -
,
-
,
-
,
-
,

vi m n a vi m ( als o n a e m) & T h e a cc s s in g of s u s ( f ) - -
-
,
- v ,
c . . . .

an d g r u s ( f ) ar e su em ( c o mp ar e G r
-
. im an d b ) an d g r u
-
. a : -
v

em I n n e u t e r s t e ms t h e a c e s i g i s m e r e ly t h e s t e m s b
. . n .
, u

h e e u h o n i c l aw s of L at in : t h u s w e h av e la c fo r la ct
jc e t t o t p ,

me ! fo r mell melt cor fo r cor d ma r e for ma r i omen & c I , , , n , . n

s o me c a s e s t h e ace si e t e r a r e e s wi t h t h n om si
g e n
g g . n . n u . .
2 60 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAM MAR .

p l . of Ira ( In . wh o ) , whi c h o c cur s o n ly b e fo r e Ia i n , t h e r e g u la r

form t h u s kd ns ka O Pr n . . lea n s ka n s , c o mp ar e G o t hi c ac e .

l h va n s , fo un d in h va n s -
u h In V e di c al s o
p .

m as c . ste ms i n i - an form h r
d -
u t ei ac e .
p l . in -
i nr , 4 2a be
fo e o w el s a d
r v ,
n o c as i o n ally b e fo re
c 31 ,
v, an d h, i n g ir i izr
as

fr o m g i i ( m a m o fr o m r t u ( m s e as o n ) , vas i cnr
‘
'

r . un t ai n ) , r t unr o
. a

f o m vas
r we u al s o fi n d i n V e d ic n ii zh an d n - i
si r as th e

ac e .
p l . of n ar m an ) : i n t h e s e c as e s a i r an d -n h r e p t e
(m . a

sen t an orig i n al - n s ; c o mp ar e t h e G o t h i c ac e s p l g as t i-n s , . .

s un u n s -
f o m g as t i a
r Z n e ns N e t e oc al i n d su n u , an d .
’

r -
a- . u r v c

s t ems for m t h e ac e
p l b y l e n t h e in
g g t h e s t em o w el
. a d . n -
v ,
n

a d di n g i eut e c o n s o n an t al s t e m
u n add i r n d in s e r t n b e s ,
a

for e t h e fi al c o s o an t e x c ep t in t h e c e o f s t m s e din g
n n n , as e n

i n a n as al o g r l an d v : t h u s w e h a i a i fro m s i a
'
’
, r ve s v -
n v
, , ,

d i i fr o m a r i (n w at e r ) t d lu i from t d l (
e r -n v th e .
,
-
n u n .

a a t i fro m or f o h
' '
al at e ) h h m rd
p g g , g g a t ( t ne w ld ) n di r a n .

,
r

( n . t h e h e ar t ) & c S t e m s e n di n
g i,
n s o r a.l s o l e n the
g
- -
n n

t h e p r e c e din g v o w el as i n ma n dns i fro m ma n a s ( n t h e ,

.

m i d) ba li i fro m b li (
n , s t ro n )
n
g & c T h i s fi n al i i s
a
p ro n n .
, .

b b ly a w e ak e n e d for m o f a o l d e r a a d w as o b vi o s ly
a n ,
n u

i n t r o d u c e d in S an s k i t aft r t h e o t h e r I d o E r o p e an l r e n -
u an

u a e s h ad s e a at e d f o m t h e a r e t s t o ck
r I t h e V e d as r n
g g p p . n

w e fi n d fo t h e a ce p l t e r mi at i o s a i i i a d u i a i
‘
- - -
r . . n n n , n , n n , ,
-
,

an d 4 2 s i m d fo va n d i f o m o d fo r
'

( i a
'

, a n u n a w o ) v r s v n r va n a .
,

vis v i i fro m vi s va ( n ll) ar i for va i i f o m vci r i ( n w at e r )

' ' ‘
’
cn . a ,
v r n r .
,

a r il for p r u i f o m p u r u ( m h 1 V d
'

) i a
’

p u n r i v s v ar e n . uc . an c an
’

fo rm at i o s s i mil r t o G r n d an d L b on a w h e r e t h e fin al . s an . a,

w as ori g in ally l o n g ; b t in p zl fo r an d d r i fo r
'

u ur u r u -a , v
a
p
ud i r -at h e fin l a h as b e e n
, s imil at e d t o t h e
a
p r e c e di n g v o w e ls as ,

w h e r e as i n G r e ek an d L at in t h i s i s e e r d o e a s i n G r i 8p m n v n ,
.
,

y f
o w for a y L m ri
p eeu o v va , . a a, a .

I I G eek A ce P l. T h i s c e w s fo m e d b y d di n g g t o
r . . as a r a

mmar ,
’
C o n s ult Bo p p s S an skr i t G ra
p 97. .

1 T h e so un d o f t h e A n u n fis ika is r e p rese n t ed b y a .

I W e als o fi n d i n Ve d ic as s ec 3 p l ma dh u, var i
'

. . .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 61

th e ace
g . s in , but th e ly k e t in
p f u ll te rm i n at i o n -
vg w as on

t h e A r g i v e an d C r e t an d i al e c t s w h e n M w as lo s t , t h e p r e c ed
i n g v o w e l w as o r ig i n ally l e n g t h e n e d i n c o mp e n s at i on , t r ac e s
of w h i c h s t ill r e main ; t h us w e h av e ZXOIS a g an d ZXOii g -
'

lxfiii v g f omr 1X 95 ( m ; . c o mp r e a ac e . s in
g . lXOl Ja
’
d Zxfié v )
an ,

y h v xei g
‘

y A v xeF-a g , fr om yA v xv a dh ere n e y-a g b e

si de vr c i A t -a g , n dA n -a g , an d n dh lg wo ki v g f omr vo id &c .

The f u ll t e rm -
vg is fo un d i n A r g an d C r e t r d v g . r o vg , n
p st .
’

y s vr dv g u p so fi s vr ég . I n L e s b i an o v g an d -a v g b e c am e -o l g
-

an d -
a tg ,
j u s t as w e fi n d in th e s am e di al e c t , n ew ; r ako v e
fo r r dA a c, mv fio a t g '

mvfio a g fo r mv n o a vr g , & c ' '

. t h us we ha ve

x dh a t g K dA a g , 0 6¢ a t g a ddi n g , dh h dh o rg dA A iI o g , &c . In
D ri c
o g b e am e w e
-
ou c , as
‘
im r w g ln n o vg . T he a cc .
p l
’

eu t e r i s fo rm e d b ad di t o th e st e m, i n gb fp o vr - a , yi v u
'

n n as
y g a

i dp v a , ci o r n d e r eF-a fr o m d o r v , &c
’
s v w -a ,
y
'
.

III . L a t in A ce . Pl . I n m as c u li n e an d femi n i n e s t e ms t his

c as e al w a
ys en ds i n -s
,
th e v ow e l p r e c e di n g w h i c h i s al w ays
lo n g , t h e c on s o n an t al ste ms , as u s u al , a ss u mi n
g t h e fo rm o f

tho i i se n - th s u we h av e leg -es , f er en t -

'

os ,
p a tr es , a r t us = a r t u

s f o m ar t f om t i
t u r r ei s , t u r r i s , d t u r r os
'

n r u an r ur r

b o o s fr o m
n -
bo o b on a s f o m bo
n Wi t h s h fo m s - r na uc r

as tur r eis fi e i ,t r is t eis c o mp a e G

n s, wé A g an d w i t h t i , r r . sr , ur r s ,

ig n i s , h os ti c o mp r e G r
s, oXi g T h e ac e p l n e t e r i s fo rm e d
a . n . . . u

b y ad di n g -
a, as co r n u - a , cor
p or -a for p cor os -a , bon a fo r b ond
b on a - a , & c . P ar t i c ip i al s t e m s i n -
n t as s u m e i b e fo r e a d din g a ,
as
f er en t i a fr o m fe r en t, a man ti a fr o m a man t, & c .
; ye t s i len t a

f omr s il en t O s c an w e fi n d s s fo r
o c cu r s . In
be i g - -n s, n n

a s s i milat e d t o s as in vi s L i s fo r via n s & c I n Um

,
a- e . v a -
,

b ri an t h e ace p l e n d s i n f as i n O U u n ef a n if N U a vif
. .
, . .
, , . .
,

ve f = L a ves a vi s a vei s O U a r uj N U a r o = L a
a
i .
, p p f , p o e ,
. .
;
. . . r ,

&c N o s at i s fac t o r y e x p l an at i o n h a s a s ye t b e e n s u g g e s t e d
.

fo r t h i s f s o me w ri t e r s c o n s i d e r i t t o b e t h e r e m ai n s of a
o s t o s i t i o n b e for e w h i c h fi n al s h a s di s a e ar e d i n w hi c h
p p pp ,

c as e a ve w o u ld b e fo r e ves
f f ; other s c o e c t i t wit h l E - nn . .

-
bh i w h i c h i s u s e d t o form s o me o t h e r c as e s b u t t h i s e x p i a
, ,
s
2 62 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

n at i
jon is r
u s t as e ce di n
gimmo b ab le
o n e I t i s m or e as th e p .

like ly t h at f aro s e m e r ely fr o m a p ro vi n c i al p ro n un c i ati o n of

t h e or i g i n al 8 an d 8 m ay h ave b e c o m e f in U mb ri an ju s t as
, ,

as s e d t h ro u h t h e s t a e n b e c o mi n S an s k ri t
- as
p g g f i g 6 i -a n -

( c o n s ul t
1 33 . T HE A CCU S ATI VE D UAL .

T hi s c as e h as t h e s am e t e r mi n at i o n as t h e n om . d u al .

I . S a n s kr i t A ce . D ua l . T h e m as c . an d fe m . ace . d u al,
b e in g t h e s am e as th e n o m d u al, h as b e en
. r
al e ady n oti c e d
un d e r t h at N e u t e r s h av e as t h e i r e n din g i
c as e . wh i c h i s
m e r e ly t h e l en g t h e n i n g of t h e n o m p l n e u t e r s i g n t a s ba
’

.
-
.
,

li n i fro m b a li n ( 11 s t ro n g ) vci r i n t fro m vdr i ( 11 w at e r)

-
.
,
- - .
,

ma dh u n i fr o m ma dh u i fro m s i va
’ '
s i ve s i va
- - ’

II G r eek A ce D ua l T h i s c as e h as t h e s ame t e rmi n ati on

. . .

as t h e n om d u al G r e e k diffe r s fro m S an s kri t i n h avin g t h e

. .

s am e t e rmin at i on in t h e t hre e g e n d e r s as xo e fro m

’
a Ic- Ko
p p , a lc

e fro m fro m
p B
k ¢ B
A A
’
f
’
e -
p wn e
y w Ot l
' ‘
ar '

e a a o

fro m A O YO o w fr o m v o E i h fro m E A
v
' '
o &c oa l u) v o .

III L a t in A ce D ua l I n d uo an d am bo t h e ace m as c is
. . . . .

e i t h e r d uo an d a m bo or d u o s an d a m bo s fo ll owi n t h e an al o
g gy
- -
, ,

of th e l u r al T h e fe mi n i n e i s form e d o n l as a l u r al n om
p .
y p , .

d ues a mbce ac e d ua s a mba s

, , I n vu lg ar Lat i n d ua w as
.
-
,
-
.

u s e d for t h e n e u t e r b e s id e d u o .

IN S T R UMENTAL S I N G ULAR
1 34 T HE . .

I n I n d o E u ro p e an t w o form s o f t h e i n s t s in g e xi s t e d
- r . .
,

a an d an o t h e r in bh i
‘

o e e n di n g in
n -
N o w as t h e in s t ru
,
-
.
,

m e n t al h as t w o m e an in g s t h e o n e comi ta t i ve an d t h e o t h e r , ,

‘
i n s t r u men ta l p r op er i t i s likely t h at e ac h of t h e ab o v e t e r
,

min at i o n s w as limi t e d t o on e s p e c i al me an in g alt ho u g h fin ally ,

t h is li mi t at i o n w as l o s t T h e t e rmin at i o n d i s p e rh ap s c on
.
-

So E . wit h h as b ot h t h ese mea n in g s , as in I wen t wi t h h im, an d

” ”
I c ut t h e b re a d wi t h a kn i fe . S ee S c h le ich e r , C o mpe n di u m, &c .

p . 57 7 .
2 64 C O M PARAT I V E G RA MMAR .

fr o m s akh i (m a fri en d ) M as cu lin e an d e u t e r s t e ms in a

. . n -

al s o i n s e r t n b u t c h a g e t h e s t e m o w el i n t o e an d s ho t e
,
n -v
, r n

t h e fi al a as s i é na fr o m s i (m &c I n t h e V e d as w e
' '
n ,
v va . .

fi n d t h e fin al a s o m e t im e s r e t ain e d as i n ku lis é ci fro m k lis a

’ ‘
’
, n u

m 11 an ax e ; al s o wi t h o u t t h e e u h o i c as ma h i t d fi o m
( ) n
'
n
. .
p , v

m h i t va ( n g r e at e s s ) ; an d al s o wi t h an e u p ho n i c y as sv p
a . n ,
a

n a a fr o m s
‘
n a ( m s le e )
g p p va . .

T h e o t h e r in s t r u m e n t al t e r mi n at i o n bh i d o e s n o t o c c u r i ,
-
, n

S an k ri t u n l e s s t h e p e p o s i t i o
s ,
bh i b e t h e in s t r o f t h e p r o r n a .

n o mi al ro o t an I t i s ho w e v e m u c h m o r e p rob ab le t h at
.
,
r,

a bh i w as o ig i ally a l c t i r me i g n on b o t h s i d s of o a ve , an n e

o m ar e S kr b h i t a s w h i c h s t ill r e t ain s t hi s s e s e n
c
p . a ,
.

II G r eek I s t S i g T h e fo rm n din g in d ap p e ar s p r o
. n r . n . e -

b ab ly in t h e ad e rb i al fo rm s iq i D or ap a S i x D or S xéi
’ ‘

v , uc , .
, a, . i ,

éx i1 pf; ( fo un d in I I 2 1 44 1 4 499 p e rh ap s for qsn

'

r a , 7r , ( .
, , , o

G o t h s é as ) &A k xi} 8 6 ( fo dg i
. v
, g,
t f om
p ro o mi n al
a , 1 r c o, r n

s t e m ya w h e c e w e h av e t h e l o cat i e fo rm i
,
n L j m) m w n v n . a ,
’
r ,

”
D o r . ii & c
7r a v r I m ay b e t h e i s t r o f p r on o mi n al s t e m
, . va n .

i I E ya w it h i n s e t e d as i w dg fr o m i g
. .
, v r ,
n r r
-
.

T h e o t h e r i s t r u m e t l e n di n g ¢ i s u s e d als o i n an b la
n n a ,
- t , a

t i e a n d l oc at i v e s i g n i fi c at i o n
v I t i s an i n s t ru m en t al p ro p e r i . n

a n d c o mi t at i v e in ( g
Q q i & c ) x q ( n 3 7) em
°
u,
'

u . vv o so n, a 1 0

i v m t , &c
va
n p .

III . L a t in I ns t r S i n g . . N eit h e r fo r m of t h e in s t r is . fo un d
in L ati n o r an
y o t h er I t ali c l an g u ag e .

1 35 . T HE IN S T R UMENTAL PLUR AL .

In I d o E u ro p e an t h i s c as e
n - en d e d in -
bh ie, t h e p lu r al fo r m
of th e s in
g
- bh i .

I . S a n s kr i t I n s tr . Pl . M ar ud bh is f omr ma r ut h a vi
f m ka vi fr o m Mas culin e
'

i vabh is i vci
' '
bh ie &c
'

ro s s .

an d n e u t e r
h an g e t h e s t em v o w el in t o e i n V e di c
s t e ms in -
a c -
,

as in as ebh is f o m as a ( m ) w h e r as i n or din ary S a k i t

' ’
v r v . e ns r

b ec o me s (i an d bh i s t hro w o t as i s i d is fr o m i
' '
(1 , (m n u , n v s va .

n T h e ol d e s t form of t h e i n s t r of t h e d — s t e ms e n d e d i n .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 65

-d bh i s , as we see f o m t h e p o n o mi al i
r r n n st r fo
. r ms a s m abh is
'

an d yus h mci bh is , r f o m as ma an d g us h ma . T h e P r akr i t i n s t r .

p l o f t h e a s t em s en d s in
.
- - é h in V ed .
-
é bh i s , as i n ku s u mé h i n
V e d kus u mebh is b e s i d e S kr
. . ku s u md is f om kus uma (
r n . a

flo w e ) r . In Old P e r s i an t his c as e in t h es e s t e ms e d s n in
-a i bh is h V ed .
-
é bh i s .

II G eek I . r n s tr . Pl T h e . fi n al g w as lo s t , an d c o n s e qu e n t ly

t h e fo r m o f t h e in s t r p l i s t h e s am e a s t h a t of t h e i n s t r s i n g ;
. . .

i e
.
I
« n.or l
« u v, as i n v a ii uv ( I I 2 ,
d T h e fo r m « l u
p .

r o b ab l b e lo n e d or i i n a ll t o t h e d u al , an d c o rr e s o n d e d t o
p y g g y p
S kr bh g cim
'
-
. .

III . L a tin I n str . Pl . T h ere i s n o t r ac e of h

t is c as e in
L at i n or th e ot her It ali c l an g u ag e s .

1 36 . T HE IN S TRUMENTAL D UAL .

S ee th e s e c t i on on th e d at i v e p lu r al w h i c h i s , i d e n t i c al i n
fo r m wi t h t hi s c as e .

1 37 . T HE D AT I VE S I N G ULA R .

In I n d o -E u r o p e an t h i s c as e m e d b y a ddin g a i
w as fo r -

t o th e s tem Th e or i i n o f t h i s t e r mi n at i o n i s v e r d o u b t fu l
.
g y .

S o me w r it e r s
o si d e i t t o b e t h e g n a o f t h e l o c at i e t r
c n r u v e

mi at i o n i ; o t h e r s d e i v e i t f o m t h e p e p o s i t i o n
n -
bh i bh r r r a ,

i ais i s t r p l o f s i
‘
m
'

b e i g l o s t a s i S kr
'
n ,
n
( .&c a d
s v ,
n . . va . .
, n

i L i t h vi lk i ( fo r i lk mis ) i s t p l o f i lka & c

n . a s v d as p a n r . . v , .
, an (

i s l o s t i n D o i c Eui S k m a h g m fo r ma bh g m a d H o m e r i c
r v r . a a ,
n

i = S k t bh g m
r e n E h als o ap p e r s i t h e s e p r o o m i al
r. u a . a n n n

d at i e s ; a d as t h e p o o n s g e e ally p e s e r v e m o r e a c h ai
v n r n u n r r r c

for ms t h an t h e n o i t i s lik e ly t h at h e r e als o t h ey p oi n t b ac k

un ,

t o t h e o ld e s t form o f t h e d at i v e W e m ay c o mp ar e wi t h t h i s .

s e of a bh i t o fo r m t h e d at i e t h e u s e o f t h e L at in r
u
p e p o s it i o n v

ad t o ex r e s s t h d t i e i d e a in t h e ex
p e s s i on t e
e d car n ji
a v r
p a u

cem d bo w h i c h o c c u s i n Plau t u s
a ,
Bo p p i d e n t i fi e s e t h e
r .
,

t e min at i o o f t h e S
r s kr i t d t i e w i t h t h e d e m o s t r at i e s t e m
n an a v , n v

é w h e c e og a m
,
n e a m a d w h i c h é h e c o s id e r s t o b e o l
r -
y , n n n

an o t h e r for m of t h e s t e m a .
2 66 CO MPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

I . S a ns kr it D
S in g T h e d at i ve o f t h e c o n s o n an t al
a t i ve .

ste m s i s for m e d by t h e a ddi t i o n of -é , a s ma r u t -

é from ma r u t ,
&c P o lys yllab i c fe mi n in e s t e m s in -t an d a form t h e d at i v e
.
.

b y addi n g ci i , w h il e m o n o s yllab i c fe min in e s in -i an d at , an d

all fe mi n i n e s i n -
i an d -u m
a
y fo r m t hi s c as e in e i t h e r ‘
- é or -ci i
’

A ll m as c u li n e fe min i n e s t e m s i n i an d g u n at e t h e fin al
an d - -
u

v ow e l b e fo r e é as g a t a é fro m t i ( f m
-
o t i ) b ha é fi m - '
o n a o n
g g a -
, v .
,

bh d n u ( In t h e s u n ) & c
N e u t e r s t e m s i a i an d u i n s e r t n as
.
, .
- -
,

v ar i é fro m od r i & c M a s c ulin e s an d n e u t e s i n a add g a

-n -
, . r -
a ,

as s i i a f o m s i a wh i l e fe mi n i n e s i n d d
'
& d ci i
' ’
- -
c as
g vc r v a y, .
, ,

s i v ig d i fr o m
'
c i d &c s e , .

I I G ek D ti e S i g T h e t r u e d at i e t e rmi n ati o n in
. re a v n . v

G r e e k i s o ly fo u d i s t e ms e n d i g i n
n
( n n t h s wen n -
a a, ,
u

h a e 7mgv 0 05 9 &c
o n co I n o t h e r s t e ms t h e
o z, 5 5a at , .

lo c at i ve i s u s e d as t h e d at i ve .

I t is a di s
p u t e d q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r G r e e k i n fi n i t i ve s i n -
c c,

v a ¢, ar e d at i v e s of c o n s o n an t al s t e m s , or l o c a
-
£ va t ,
y ev u l ,
‘ °

t ives of fe mi fav o ur o f t h e fir s t v i e w w e
i
n n e ste ms i n -
a . In
h a e t h e an al o g y o f t h e S an skrit in w hi c h d at i v e s ar e u s e d as
v ,

in fi n i t i v e s ; a d i n f v o u r o f t h e s ec o d v i e w w e h a e t h e
n a n v

fac t t h at o G r e ek d t i e e d s in
n w h e r e as t h i s t e rm i n at i o
a v n -
at, n

i s fo n d i n x p i 10 0 of S t x j
u a T hu s A f
a , g dp . . a ua . loat, r e v s va t ,

A h ms o S m b
’
m y b e e i t h e r d at i v e s of t h e s t e ms X g
eva t , s v v a r, a v- ,

fi A e
- m S m
ev , o r l o c at i e s of t h e s t e m s X
-
eu , a
-
v v- v, v -
v o u,
r e vau
r s fi A
-
h w S
s va , x sT h e i n fi it i e i
o - ev a 0 i s a -
n u - va n v n -
0 at
vap ,
.

e i t h e r t h e d at i ve o f a fe mi i e s t e m in i c orr e s p o n di n g t o t h e n n -
,

S an s k ri t d at i e of s t e ms i n dh i w h i c h i s s e d a s an i fi i t i e
v -
,
u n n v ,

a dh yai ( t o d ri n k Bi g v 4 2 7 o r i t h as a s s u m e d t h e
‘

as
p ib -
,
.
, ,

t e r mi t ion n a fo llo win g t h e an al o g y o f o t h e i fi n i t i e s

-
at, r n v .

III L a t in D t ive S i g T h e d ati v e of c o s s t e m s e d s

. a n . n . n

in i wh i c h p o b b ly r e p r e s e n t s t h e I E
-
,
r i a I t h e fift h . .
-
a . n

c e n t u ry A U C t h e t e r mi n at i o of t h i s c as e w as e as i n t h e -
. . . n ,

Umb r ia for m s omu e S kr am é p a t e S kr p i t é I

n n - . n n -
, r - . r - ’
. n

t h e s ix t h c n t y A U C e b e c am e ci
e as i
ur O s c an : t h u s . . .
, n

fi d L p t ei D i r ci & c b e s id e O p t e ei D i an ei & c
n . a r -
, o -
, .
, . a r- ,
-
, .

F in all y ei b e c ame i as i n voc i & c T h e u s t ems fo llo w t h

,
-

, .
-
e
2 68 C OMPARAT I VE G R A MMAR .

th e r e fo r e m o s t p r o b ab ly t h e o ig i n al t e mi t i o n of t h e d ati e r r na v

p l r al i u I d o E r o ea
pn T
n h e Ol d P r s i an s pp li e s
- u s wi t hn . u s u u

a
p o s it ive
p roof t h t t h i s su
pp o s i t i o n i s c orr e c t
a a i i t th e , s n

d at p l e d s i. m n s wh ic h r e p r e s e t s
. n n - I E bh y m I n
a ,
n an . .
- a s .

L it h u a i an t hi s c as e e d d in m us w hi c h al o m u s t h av e ari s e
n n e -
,
s n

f o m t h e s m e for m as t h e p r e s e c e o f t h e n as al i s s ho wn b y
r a ,
n

u ; fo r h a d t h e o r i g in al fo r m b e e n b h g as w e w o u l d h a e f o u d -
, v n

I . S a n s kr i t D at . Pl . H e re bh g a ms b e c o m e s bh g a s , as in
~ -

F i n al a b e c o m e s e, as i n s i vé bh g as
'

ma r u d- bh g as , n du bh g as , & c .

fr o m s
’
i va ( m . &c .

II . G r eek D at . Pl . T h e l o c at i v e p lu r al i s u s e d as th e

d at i v e in G ree k .

III . L at in D at . Pl . H e re -
bh g ams b e c am e beis , -
an d l at e r
-bi s i n t h e p r o n o u n s , as in b
vo ei s , l at e r vo bi s , &c ; . an d -bos
an d l at e r - b u s i n t h e n o un s , as in n a vebos , or i bus , & c . The
c on s o n an t al s te ms a dd i t o t h e s t em , as i n fr a t r ib us , ko mi n i b us ,
f o m t h e s t e m s f te h ami
r I t i s p o s s i b l e t h at o ri g i ally i n
ra r, n . n

L t i bus w as add e d i m me di at ely t o t h e s t e m an d p e rh ap s

a n -
,

b b us or bub us b b s a e li o f t h is s t a e I t h e i s t e ms
‘

o v- r c n -
o
g us , I .

i in O ld L at i n b ec am e e s in t emp es t a t eb I th e s t em ,
a us . n u- s,

u so m e t i m e s b e c am e i , as in f r u et i bus . I n th e e- s t em s -
bu s
o n ly o c cu s r i n C las s i c al L at i n in d i eb us an d r ebu s ; sp ee e us i b is
c en s u e d r b y C ic e r o as n o t c o r re ct . I n th e o -s t e ms bu s -
on ly
o ccu s r i n d uob us a d a mbobus I fe min i n e a s t e ms n . n - bus oft e n

o c c u r s as i i T h e d at of t h e a a d
fi l a b us
, de ab us & c n
p l , , . . . n

o s t ems e ds i
-
is T wo di ffe e t e xp l a at i o n s h av e b e e
n n -
. r n n n

e s t e d t o e x lai n t h i s t e r mi t i o S h l e ich e r s u o ses na n c

s
gg
u
p p p .

t h t eg is for e x am p l e a os e f o m eg
a u ,
i d t h t eg uo is ag i n , r r uo s , an a a

r ep r e s en t s a old r equo h io n i w h i c h fio s
e bh g - s n - - as .

T h is e xp l at i o n i s m o s t i m p ro b b l e a d i t i m u c h m o e
an a ,
n s r

li ke ly t h at h e e
i t h e G e e k d at p l w e h av e t h e ld 10
‘
r ,
as n r . .
, o

C o n s u lt S c h le ich er , “
C o mpe n d i u m, & c .
, p 5 8 7 ; an d
. G r u n d r is s d e r
l at e in is ch c n D ecli n at i on von F r an z Biwh eler ,
’
"
p . 66 .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 69

c at i v e : s i lva i s , a
g r oi s , w o u ld t he n b e fo r s i va i s i ,
l a
g i r o si ,
ju s t
as G r iiA a t c, d yp o i c, ar e fo r b h a ra t , dyp oi o t
.
’

. The lo s s of fin al
i i s v e r y c o m mo n i n L at in t h u s w e h av e es t G r an t, t r emu n t
.

O L t r emon t i & c T h e o l d e s t fo r m o f t h e L at in d at iv e
w i t h ou t t h e ad d i t i o n o f i t o t h e s t e m —
. .
, .
,

v o w el as i n men s a i s ,
- -
,

& c i s fo u n d o n an i n s c ri p t i on ( C I L 1 n
.
, wh e r e w e . . .
, .

r e ad d eva s C o is cas s a c um wh e r e d evas an d C or n is cas c o r

rn r ,

r e sp on d t o t h e old A t t i c d at iv e s p i m s p m &c T h at t h e r a a , a , .

d at i v e p l r al o f t h e a an d o s t e m s o r i g i n al ly e n d e d i n t h e
u -

d ip h t ho n g s ai s an d oi s i s p ro v e d b y t h e form s n o t i c e d b y
- -

F est u s , o wes i lli s ) , p r i vi clo es p ) r i vi eu li s co

g , an d by th e
n at e It a li c lan g u ag es O n an . o ld i n s c r i t i o n ,
p p e r h a s of
p
L at in o rig i n w e fi n d s u ois , an d en at oi s L s u is an d g n a t is . .

I n O s c an w e fi n d N vla n uis ( m L u . N o la n i s , lig o t ais (m ) .

L leg a t is d i u mp ais ( f L lg mp h is
.
,
. . I n Umb r i an t h e d at pl
. . .

of th e a an d o -
s t em s en ds in -
ei s , -es , i s , an d i n l at e r -

Umb ri an i n ei e ir t h u s w e h ave O - U t er mn es
r ,
- r ,
- . .

L te r m in is ) O U veskles
. L vas eu li s ) O U t ekur i es
,
. . .
, . .

N U d eg u r i er . L d ec r u s ) O U T ep la n es
. N . u , . . r .

U T eblan ei o r T r eb la n ir N U t ot er
. r L l u tis ) N U a lflr
r ,
. . .
, . .

L a lbi s ) & c I n t h e i s t e ms t hi s c as e en ds i n ei s os fo l
.
,
.
- -
, ,
-
,

lo win g p r o b ab ly t h e an al o g y of t h e a an d o s t ems S c hl e i c h e r -
,

ho w ev e r e xplain s t h i s fo rm in t h e s ame w ay as L at in d at i ve s
,

i n is an d d e d u c e s a ves a vei s fro m a vi fos & c

-
,
T h e d at i v e , ,
-
,
.

p l of t
. h e c o n s on an t al s t e m s e n d s i n us a s
f a t r us ( r a t r i bu s
f ) -
,
r ,

d p u s us (b i p e di b u s ) & c S c h l e i c h e r c o n s id e r s t h at t h e o ld e s t
u r , .

fo r m o f f a t r us was f at r o f os w h e n c e c ame f at us t hro u g h

r r - -
,
r r

th e sta
g es f r a t r u os ,
f f r a t r ufs , fr at r u s s .

AT I VE D UAL
1 39 . T HE D .

T hi s c as e in I d o E u r op e an p e rh ap s e n d e d
n -
in - bh g ci ms , a

le n g t h en e d fo r m of th e p l .
-
bh g a ms .

I . S a n s kr i t D rmi n at i o h e r e b e c am e
at . D ua l . The I E . . te n

-
h
b g d m a s i m a u d —
bh g am f o m m
, t (m n i vd bh g d m fr o m
r
‘
r ar u s
'
-

n t he
‘
s i va ( m a d si a & T h m l h m
)
' '
. n e a.s t e s e n
g t e s t e v c .
-
n

V o w e l b e fo e ad di g t h i s s u ffi x r n .
2 70 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

II . G r ee kD at . D ua l d g e n i ti v e d u al h av e
.
‘ T h e d at i v e an

th e sa me form i n G r eek : -bh g ams fir s t , p rob ab ly, b e cam e 95W : ‘

“

an d t h en -
w , qt b e in g l o s t S t e m s e n di n g i n -c, -v , or a c o n s o
.

n an t , f ll o o w t h e an al o g y of t h e a -s t e m s : t hu s we ha ve
y ev é o w
an d ys v o i v ev w - -
d
’

p ow
-
o-
gt t v , mro w
’

—q
o uu ,
y p ar s
p ar s
p vs

v s xv o
--
q av ,
7 A v x€o w 7 A v xs F o- bt v from S t ykv xv wi t h g u n a
.

of t h e ste m-v ow el, I on . wo A io w = n o A t -o '

u v , n o kéo w
d n e y
-
o «
tw from wit h g n of t h e s t em v o w el i m w
St . n o kc u a -
,
'
ro

b m p &c I n t h e H o m e ri c fo rm s hu i AA r
’ ’ ’
ii
'

ri - l u, . r o v, t o n u, c r

A o u v,
fi h d ip & c fr o m t h e s t e m s
e c o u v, in d A A nA BA
.
, 7 0, ( t o, O, R

(p g &c a e ar s t o h av e b e e n ad d e d t o t h e s t e m an d c on
o o,
pp .
, t ,

s e u en t l
q y m i ¢ & c n: T h i s
p e rh
T O -l - a s r e r e s en t s an
p p l v, . a, ,

old e r a b y whi c h t h e a s t ems w er e len g t h en e d as in S an skri t ;

,
-
.

i m wo ul d t h en b e i d e n t i c al wi t h S k r t i bh g d m ( fro m S t t a )
'

r o . o .

t a a bh g i ms
- -
I t h as b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h at t h e s e c o n d a h e r e
c .

is n o t a me r e len g t h e n in g of t h e s t e m b u t t h at i t b el on g s t o ,

t h e t e rmi n at i o n : c o s e qu e n t ly t h e w or d s ho ul d b e t h u s di
n

vi d e d t a a bh i ams bh i b ein g in t h i s vi e w t h e p r e p o s i ti on
‘
- -
a .
, ,

W e fi n d in s o m e G e ek c o n s o n an t al s t e ms d ati e s s imilar t o
r v

i w ; t h u s w e h av e d iw d fr om S t 3 E uph
‘ ’

r o
pw n o o n o
- -
o t- . 1r 0 ,

E pn d fro m S t E p n
- - - ‘
v on u st v o t uu . st v.

III L a ti n D a t D ua l T h e r e i s n o t r ac e of t h e t e rmin a
. . .

t i o n bh g ams i n an y I t ali c la n g u ag e
‘
- .

BLATI VE C AS E 1 40 T HE A . .

I n I n d o E u ro p ean t h i s c as e w as form e d b y ad di n g t i -
to
’
-

t h e v o c ali c s t e m s wi t h g u n at i o n o f t h e s t e m v ow e l or
, ,
-a t

”
C o n s ul t S ch leich er , “
C ompe n di u m, &c p
.
, . 5 9 0; an d L eo M eyer ,
”
G ed r an g t e Ver g lei ch un g d er g r ie ch is ch e n u n d lat ei n is ch en D e clin at i o n ,

p 64
. .

. . Z
1 A s t h e ab ] s in g e n ds i n e n d in d ( wr i t t e n t b y S c h leich er ) , an d in
La t in in d , i t i s like ly t h a t d was t h e o r i g in al for m o f t h e cas e - en di n g .

T h is d ma y b e co n n ec te d wit h t h e p r o n oun s c d -as ( n . t h at ) an d i d -a m ( n .

t h at ) Bo p p
. con s ider s t h a t t h e d i n t h es e p r o n o un s is de r ived fr o m an

o ld er t , b u t i t is q u it e p os s ib le t h at h er e we may h ave an in d epen d en t p ro

no min al s te m .
 2 72 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

fro m a -s t e ms , s aka r akl u- d

( s ac e ll o ) , a r a et u - d
g L . ar
g en t o,

p r e va ti O L p r ei va to d s iwa d O L s ova d ( s u a)
ud -
. .
-
,
-
. .
-
,

eh t r a d O L exs t r a d (in S C d e Bac c exs t r a d u r bem)

- . .
-
. . .
, ,

A kud un ia d L A g ui lo n id & c ; fro m an i s t e m s la ag i d

n -
.
, .
-
,
-

( fin e ) ; t h e s t e ms follo w t h e an alo g y o f t h o s e in i as cas

u- -
,

t r i d fr o m S t cas t u
-
w hi c h ap p e ar s i n L at i n as an a s t e m
. r ,
-

cas t r o ; t h e c o n s o n an t al s t e ms ar t l fo ll o w th e i s t e ms nd -
p y a ,

ar t l e n d in u d as ces e nt id L - n t e li — d L l -
p y p p c
e s e
g u
, e g e r . r
, . .

T h e O s c an al s o s u pp li e s us w i t h add i t i o n al p r o o f t h at a d v e r b s i n
'

-
e w e r e ori in all
g y ab l at i v e s for w e fi n d a mp r u i d
j L i m f .

p r o be) w hi c h i s e i t h e r fro m an i s t e m or fro m an a s t e m as L

- -
, , .

i mp obe P e rh ap s t h e s t e m v o w e l w as le n g t h e n e d b y a as i n t h e
r .
,

L atin ad ve rb s in t h e l at t e r c as e 0 id an d L ed w o ul d b o t h .
- .
-

o in t b ac k t o an ol d e r e i d oid a i d a a d or a a t - - - - - - - -
p -
- -
.

T his l e n g t h e n in g of a s t e m s b y a ddi n g a i s as w e h av e alr e ady -

,

s een o f fr e u e n t o c c u rr e n c e i n S an s k r i t I n U mb ri an d h
q
-
, a s .

b e en l o s t as i n t h e a s t e m s p up l
,
O L p op lod ( p o p ul o ) -
,
u . .
,

vi n u O L vei n od ( vi n o ) t er mn u L t er mi n o mefa L me
. .
, .
, .
~

d i d t ut a, O t ou ta d mes t r u = L mag is tr o & c in t h e i s t e m s

.
-
,
.
, .
-
,

uk i &c r i n t h e u s t e m s w hi c h h o w e v e r as in O s c an fo l
, .
-
, , , ,

l o w t h e an al o gy o f t h e i s t e ms as ma n i L ma n n & c ; in -
, .
, .

t h e c o n s o n an t al s t e m s as kves t u r e L g uaes to r e & c ,

- .
, .
“E

I n S an s kr i t , G reek , an d L at in , we fi n d t h e s u ffi xe s , S kr 4 . 613 , Gr .

-9 w
,
L .
-
t us , e mpl oyed t o for m ad ver b s wit h an ab l at i ve mean i n g , an d
whi ch in so me cases ac t u ally t ake t h e p la ce of the ab l a t i ve , es peci ally i n

t h e p r o n o min al d e cl en si o n . T h us in S an skri t we h ave s va r g a -t as ( fr om

h eaven ) fr o m s va r g a , k u -t as ( wh e n ce ) fr o m ku kva ( wh o ) , it a s ( fr om
h er e ) , als o us e d as ab l . o f id - a m (n t h i s ) & c
.
, . T h e S kr p r o n ou n s o f t h e .

l st an d 2 n d per s . at t ach - t as , n ot to t h e t r u e s t e m , b u t t o t h e ab l , as .

ma t -t as , t va t - t a s . In L at in - t us co r r e sp o n ds t o S kr .
-
t as , as in c aeli -t us ,

&c . T h i s t e r mi n at ion h a s als o a lo cat ive mean in g in L at in , as in i a -t us ,

T h e G ree k Ow is fr o m
'

sub - t i t s . a difi ere n t r oo t ; for G r . 0 = S kr db , . an d

n ot t ar d-Ow , r é - Oe v, t - Ow ,
do n ot t h ere for e co r res p o n d exa c t ly to S hr .

k u - t as , t a -t as , ya -t as , b u t w o uld r e q uir e s u ch for ms as k u -dh as , & c We .

fi n d d h a s , h o we ver , in S kr , a d h a s ( d o wn ) , wi t h wh i ch Be n fey con n ec t s

o
.

G r . Ev - Ow . W e als o fin d the e x ac t re p r ese n t a t i ve o f S kr . t

- as in G r .

l v - r é c, t ic-f og , whi ch h ave a lo cat ive mean i n g . I t is pos s ib le t h at in

 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 2 73

1 41 . T HE A BLAT I VE PLURAL .

T h is c as e a
g r ee s in fo m wi t h t h e dat p l
r . .

1 42 . T HE A BLAT I VE D UAL .

T his c as e a
g rees i n fo r mwit h t h e d at d u al. .

1 43 . T HE G EN I T I VE S I N G ULAR .

In d o -E u r o p e an t h e g e n s in g o f t h e d
I n
-
st e ms en d ed i n
—
. .

a, an d t h a t of al l o t h e r s t e m s i n —s or as The o r ig i n of
s
g
.

t hese su ffi xe s h as b e e n al e ad r y di s cu s s e d i n

I S an s kr it G en S in g
. I n c on s o n an t al s t e m s an d m o n o
. .

s llab i c o n e s e n di n g i n an y v o w el e x c e p t 6, t h i s c as e e n d s i n
y
—as , as m ar ut as fro m m a r u t -
n d o-a s fr o m n d u bb ig -as
f omr bh i ( f fe )
. ar ,
&c T h e g e n s in g of m o n o s yll ab ic s t e m s i n
. . .

i d -d m ay al s o
an e n d i n d e, as bh i -d s , & c
-
s t e m s i n -ar o r i
g
- .

i n all f o r me d t h e i r i n — a s , as w e s e e fr o m th e V e di c
g y g en .

e n i t iv e s i r a s , n a r a s fr o m t h e s t e ms i m an )
g p t -
p t a r, -
, n ar
( In . a ;
b u t i n l at er S an s kr i t w e fi n d t h e re m ar kab le for ms , p i t u r , md

t ur , d d t ur , & c
g of t h e s t ems i
p ta
.
,
as en s r, m d t a r , d d t dr , & c .

BO pp c o n s id e r s t h at — h e e a o s e f o m —as ur r r r -
ur s —r u s r ,

and c o s e qu en t ly t h at t h e o ld fo m p i t s
n
p as s e d t hro u h t h
g r ra e

i G ) a d u s i n b e c o mi
’
st
g esa
p t r w r us
p o g p i t .
g p i t ar n r n ur .

A c c o di n g t o t h i s i e w t h e fi al i s t h e s t e m r t a s p o s e d
r v n r -
r n

b t i t i s m or e at u al t o s pp o s e t h at t h e o l d fo m p i t s b e
u n r u r ra

c am e p i t s ( b e i g l o s t a d t e at e d s a o w e l )
r a n d t h at ,
n r r a v , an

f o m p it s ar o s e p i t as ( s t hi s g e n o u g h t p o p e ly t o b e w ri t
r r a . r r

t )
en b e omi
, r
g as i c
y c o mm o n i P ak
u, i t T h e Z e d s ver n n r r
?
n

or t t h e V i w t h at t h s e s o i i all e de d in as n
y n -
su s e e e r
pp g g n .

th w h
us e Z d at h d
e
( f
avo r d th a ) S
. kr dd t us Z fe
r a r- s .
, . na

I n d o -E pe an t h e s e s u ffi x e s h ad at fi r s t a me r e ly locat i ve si g n ifi ca t ion ,
ur o

a n d t h at - t a -s mar ke d t h e d ir e c t i o n wh i t h e r , a n d -d h a s t h e
p la ce wh e r e ,
-

the fo r mer b e i n g fr om t h e ve r b al r o o t ta (t o s t r et ch ) ,
an d t h e la t t e r fr o m
d h a (t o p lace ) , a n d t h e fi n al 3 co mi n g fr o m t h e p r o n o min a l s t e m s a .

T h e for m p i t us m ay a ls o b e a cco un t e d for b y s u p p o s in g t h at t h e

s in or i
g en .
g w as
.
g in ally p i t d r a s G r .
w a r éoo g
), an d t h a t t h is , t h r o u g h
t h e i n fl ue n ce of the a c ce n t, b ecame , fi r s t ly, p i t dr s . an d t h e n p i t us .
2 74 C OMPAR ATI VE GR AMMAR .

dh r é ( p ho n i c all
eu
y for a
p t d) S k r n a
p t us fi n al — as b e c o m n r .
,

in g 6 as u s al I n Z d t h as k a ( ig i s qu e ) we fin d t h e g e n
’ ’
-
, u . . r n .

s t i ll e di i
n as f o m S t d ta
n n I V -
e di c t h e f
r t h i n
g , g en o e . r . .

an d s t e m s w as fo rm e d b
u-
y a dd in
g
—a s di r ec t l
y t o th e st em
v o wel as v as f o m m at t l e
) ma d /
'
as i Gr
(
’

p ,
n
p s c -
w as r a u .
,
-
.

p éfi g fr o m ma d/ m ( n ho n e y) ( t r y as fro m ar i (m an e e my)
- -
v o .
,
. n ,

as G { Sp g fro m 13m W e fi n d t r ac e s o f t hi s fo r m at i o i n
r . a-0 . n

lat e r S a s kri t as in p ty us for p ty as fro m p a t i ( m a mas

n ,
a -
et -
.

t e ) s a l hy a s fo r s a kfiy as (m a fri e n d )
r ,
c -
T h e orig i n al g en i -
.

t i ve i n —
.

a s w as s
pp l an t e d b
y o t h e r form s ; an d w i t h t h e e x
u

c e t i o n of S kr p a t y us an d s klzy n a n o t r aces of i t ar e fo un d - -
p .
,
a

exce
p t in V e di c . Mas c u lin e s t ems in i o
an d -
u
g un at e th e s t em

v o w el , an d ad d 3 , as lea ve-3 fro m lca vz ( m

'

. a
p oet ) , blad n é -s fr o m
bh cin u ( m t h e
’

. s un
) , &c . N e ut e r s t e ms ar e le n g t h e n e d b y n ,
as e d r i -n f o m e d r i ( w at e ) & c
-as r 11 . r , . F e mi n i n e s t e m s i n i an d -

e i t h e r f llo w t h e an alo of h e m as c s t e m s i n —an d —

'

-
u
gy o t u . z ,

or att ach — d8 d i r e c t ly t o s t e m whil e femin in e s t e ms in — i an d ,

’

4 2 c an for m t h e i r g e n it i v e o n ly i n t h e lat t e r w y : t h u s w e a

h av e g a t e s or g ty é s from g t i - b u t o n ly n ady d s f o m
a - a - r

&c F e mi in es i n i c h a g e t h e s t e m v o w el i t o
’

n a di . n - c n -
n

— d i b e fo r e — i s as s i dy é s fr o m s i va & c Mas c uli e s an d

’ ' '
c v - . n
, ,

e u t e r s in — d fo m t h e g e b y ad di g sya as s i a y f o m
'
n r n . n - v -s a r
,

s i a m & s ya o c c u s i n n o o t h e r s t e ms e x c e t in t h e
(
’
-
c ; r
v . .
p
p ro n o mi al t e m a mu t h e n
g en sof w h i c h i s a mwsh
y ,
. a .

II G eek G en S i g I n c on s o a t al s t e ms t h is c as e i s
. r . n . n n

for me d b y addi g g t o t h e s t e m as in d 6 9 p '

—
n - -
g po , n o , ev o v e

v eo og, a i gdo g an d a i do ii g ( E 01 a i dw g ) a i do o - o g , Ep ffi o v g
—
.

( Ho m Ep éfi ev g ) . Ep s og , P a p ydo g ( D or . P o p ydi g , E 01 .

wa r p - 6 g dn T h of
&c
'
I épn ) F o g yo v
’
an - e en
g
-
ar s og
og , p
'
. .
,

s t em s e n di n g in a d i p h t ho n g , or or c u, i s form e d i n a s i mil ar
w ay, as v a F-d c ,
fi o F- dc, iifi p t - O g , y o vv dg y o vv-o g ,

S ov é
p g 30 p u -o g , & c . th e s t e m-v o w e s c an l d v c an ls o b e a

g un at e d be f r —g
o e o ,
as n é A e wg , -
‘
m i ke-0 9 , an d H o m ik n c rn .
-o

T h e le n g t h en i n g of -o
g h er e is an alo g o u s t o t h e len g t h e n in g of -a
s

S kr fe min in e s t e ms i n
‘

in t h e g en . s in g . of . «3
,
-t
, an d 4 7 «
.
2 76 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

i n h omi n -
us ,
Ven er -
as , C e r er -as
, p
a t r as , - I n Ol d Lat i n
we fi n d t h e g en
als o . o f c o n s o n an t al s t e ms en din g i n - es
,
as in
S a in t -es , A p olo n es , C ar er - es -
. I n l at e L at in t h i s g en . in -
es

a
g ai n
pp a r
e a s as in t h e g e n s C aes a r es , ca mp es t r -es T h i s -es
.
-
.

e i t h e r aro s e fr o m i s , or els e p r e c e de d i t , t h e I E -a s b e
-
. .

c o min g fi r st -as
, an d t hen
'

4 s or p e h ap s r we c an d e t ec t he re

t h e in flu e of th e i—
s t e ms , d m ay b e l to ei8 or
'

n ce an és
-
e
q ua -

-i s . F in al 3 w as f
o t en lo s t i n o ld an d vu l
gar L at in , as in
C aes ar -u
(C . I L . . l, n . P a lws t r ion -i ( Pl . Mil G l o r
. .

&c ; . an d in m an y c as e s , w he re i t wa s wr i t t e n , i t w a s n ot
p ro

n o un ce d, i n m ili t fs q i
as u a mi ca m ( Pl Bac c h . . &c .
*
A s

t h e g en . o f t h e i s t e ms e n d s i n -
L a t i n i s 4 8 i t ag r e e s c l as s i c al ,

i n fo rm w it h t h at of t h e c o n s s t e m s ; t h u s ac t s p is czs & c
'

.
, ,
.
,

w o ul d h av e h ad t h e s am e fo rm if t h e y h ad b e e n d e ri v e d fr o m ,

t h e s t e m s ov 19718 0 & c Bu t t hi s g e n e n di n g
, , w a s p e rh ap s
. .

ori g in ally lo n g an d aro s e fro m i os ju s t as a l is li o s - -

, a .

T h e c l o s e c o n n e xi on o f t h e c o n s o n an t al s t e m s wi t h t h o s e i n z
'

i s s how n b y t h e g e n fo rm p a t as (T ab fro m S t p a t
. r -
. . r

b e s id e p a t i s fr o m S t p t i
r - T h e g e n o f t h e u s t e ms was . ar . .
-

fo rme d b y addin g 03 t o t h e g u n at e d s t e m ; t hu s s en n i os -
,
n -

S C d B ) m & c ; 03 aft e r
'

( . e
. ac c s e a t o v os a
g s t r a t u os
. n -
, z -
, .
-

w ar ds b e c am e a s as i n damn a s ex e czt as con s e t a a s (all

'

-
,
-
,
r u- , n -

o n i n s c ri p t i o n s ) ; an d fr o m u us b y c o n t r a c t i o n ar o s e t h e - -
, ,

u s u al e n in an d i n Old L at i n 4 1 fin al 8 b e i n l ost Be
g .
g , .

s ide t h e s e en s in u os 42 w e al s o fi n d an o t h e r
- - -u -
g us .
, , 3,

fo rm in u t a in u s e u p t o C i c e ro s t i me as in s en atu is
- -
'
’
,
-
,

domw-is , & c .
,
c it e d b y G e lliu s , an u - i s
( E n n i u s
) , met a-is
( C i c e ro ) , &c . : s u -i s d g n u- i s al w ays k e p t t hi s
an fo rm . The
u-st e ms ar e als o d e cli n e d lik e t ho s e i n -0, as g e n . s u mp ti be
s id e s u mp t us , b e s id e
uce s t i s t u- is T e r Hec
q q uce ( . . an d
emz t i , T h o f n eut er ms
'

q u ces t us , s en a t i ,
g g el i , & c e
g en . . u -s t e

follo we d t h e a alo g y of t h e mas c li n e as

n u , co m a -is , can al s , an d
can al ( fi al s b e i n g l o s t as in
n
g en s en a t ,
. u, C . I L
. . 1, n .

Bimh e ler , G run dr i ss d er la t c i n is ch en D eclin at i o n p 30,

’

se
, .
q .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMM A R .
277

f ro m St . cor n u . T h e g en . of th e o- s t e ms , mas c . an d n eu t .
,

en ds i n i, i n l at e L at in -ei . T h r e e diffe r e n t w ays of e x p lai n

in g h i fo rm h e b e
t s av en su
gg e s t e d : o n e i s , t h at t hi s c as e i s

r e lly t h lo c t i w h i c h h as h e e s pp la
a e a ve , r u n ted th e o ld
g en i
ti e v ot h i t h t w e fi n d h e a t ac e
an er s, a er r of t h e t e r mi n at i o n

-a s
y a, e
g g i = a r ai
g. a r o- s a
g .
y tah e l r
a s t i s , t at t h e
g e n h .

or i g in ally e n d e d i n -o -is , e g a g r i a r o-is

g T i s l as t e x . . . h
p l an at i o n i s m u c t h e m o s t lik e l , fo r i n
y mbh i an an d s can U r O
th e fi l8 i na in e d ; t h we ha e 0 O
s s t ill r e t
i eis i a us v . . at v L . su ,

0 O P i mp i ia eis
. . zL P omp ei i ; O U p p ie p p l a d
a -n . an . . a s, a e, n

N U p op le = L p op li ; O U ke t le d ket t le L c t li & c
. . r . u . . t s an . a u ,
.

T h e s e fo ms p o i t b c k t o a I t al i c g e i
r ois w h n c me a n n . n -
, en c e a

0 O eis O U e d L i fi al b ei g l t T his
‘ ‘

. .
- e ,
. .
-
s, -
, an .
-
,
n 3 n os .

ois m a b e x l ain e d in t h e e diffe t wa s e it h e t h e s t e m r r en

y p e
y r
-

w as l e g t h e e d b y y
n i) a d w dd ed
n s t o th e co o t al ,
n as a , a n s n an

s t em
gs, oi e
p e e ti
a
g rt h ef a s old e r a
r
g y r ; o s n n er or e n r a- - as r

the lo g y o f t h e i s t e m s w as fo ll o w e d h r
an a d is d d d -
e e, an - a e

di e c t ly t o t h e s t e m ; or m o r e i mp ly
r w as a d d e d t o t h e , s ,
-a s

s t e m wi t h o t t h e i n t e e t i on fyu d c o s e qu e t ly o i s rv n o , an ,
n n ,
- -

is
-a - F i al i t h o u g h e s s e t i ally lo g w s s o m e
-a -a.s . n , n n , a

t im e s h o rt e e d b y P l t s ; d d is ap pe d i N p o fo
s n au u an ar e n ce r r

N ie i G n cevi ) , p or an d Ma rp o r M a r cip or . T h e g en . s in
g .

of t h e fe m d s t e m s .
-
en ded o ri g i n a lly in « s,i as t er m s (N a m) ,
v i as
( E ) f
n n , or t u n as &c .
; th e s am e e n di n g i s fo un d
in O . eit ua s ( p e c u n i m) ,
O . m i lit a s L . m u lc t ce ) , U . t u tas , &c ; .

in c l as s i c al L at i n it is s t ill fo d i n (p at er
un ma t er fa mi lia s .

T h e g en . sin
g . of t he se s t e m s a l s o e n d s i n -d i
( i n E n n iu s ,

P lau t u s , Lu c r e t i u s ,
lat e r me . T h i s wi t ar o s e
p er h a
p s

f ro m -
ai s may as , t h e
-
b e in g le n g t h e n e d b y y
s t em i) -a is

is fo un d in th e g en . P r o s qn n a is ( C I L 1 , p 55 4) . . . . P r os er

p in ce , an
pp d it a ea s r as i n F a us t ces , D i a n ces , L ep idce s ,
«2 8

&c . T h i s fo r m in ass b el o n g e d e n t ir e ly t o v u lg ar La t i n , an d
is n ot fo un d b e fo r e the s e ve n t h c en t ury A . U . C I t pen e
.

t r at e d e v en i n t o t h e m as c . a - s t e m s , as in Mes s a lce s ,
M id a s W e .

m y a al s o e xp ain l th e fo r m -a is i n t h e s am e w ay as we ex
2 78 C OMPARAT I VE G RA MMAR .

p l ain e d th e m as c .
-o i s , wi t ho u t su
pp o sin
g th e s t em to be
l e n g t h en e d b y y t h u s , b y add in g -
as di r e c t l
y t o t h e st em we

e t , o n t h e o n e h an d , Sci i s -
d s , th e d b e in g w e ak
g
-
a -
s ec o n a

en e d to i to di mi n i s h t h e w e i g h t of t h e t e rmi n at o n i , as in -o - is
- d -a s, w . hile o t h e o t h e r h a d
n n we o b t ai n b y s imp le c o n
t r ac t i o n t h e o t h e r fo m of t h e g e r n .
-
ds d -a s
-
A t hi r d e x p la .

n at i o n h as b ee n su
gg est ed : it is su
pp o s e d t h at t h e d - s t e ms

fo rme d t h e ir g e n -
s a , fo ll o wi n
y . b y add in g
g t h e an alo
gy of t h ose

i n -d , an d t h at c o n s e qu e n t ly - d i b u t t h is t h e o r i
‘’

-d - s ex
s a
y y
t r e me ly imp r o b ab le for o t race of t h e I E ,
n . .
-
y i
e as fo u n d in t h e
.

c o rr e s o di n
p g O sc a d U mb ri an s t e m s
n an n . T h e g en o f t h e e .

s t e m s i s fo me d s i mil arl t o t h at o f t h o s e
r in d : t h us c orr e
y
-

di n g t o t h e g e n in ds , we fi n d t h e g e n i n e s , as r ab ies
‘

s on
p
- -
. .

fi d es d ie s & c ; t h i s g e n p e r h ap s
. .

a i n D i es i t er ( t h e fat h e r
e ar s of d ay) C orr e s p on di n g als o
pp p .

t o t h e g e n in « i t , w e fi n d t h e g e n i n -é t , l at e r -é i , e x c e p t
’ ’
. .

w h e n i mme di at ely p r e c e d e d b y a v o w e l ; an d t h en s t ill lat e r

c orr e s p o din g t o ae n -
,
we fin d -e i c o n t r ac t e d i n to dip h t h on g
a

t h s w e h a e fi dé i &c t h e n r é i ( PL ) ,
’

u v réi .
;

fi dé i
‘
, &c ; b u t
. l w ays
a ac i e i ;
’

t he n i n t h e C o m e di an s , i , sp ell,
re

ar e fre q u en t ly m o n o s yllab le s T h e g e n of t h e
. . e- s t e m s als o

en ds in e, w hi ch m ay b e d e ri v e d e i t h e r fr o m e8 , -
’

8 b ei n g lo s t ;

or f ro m -
ei , i b e in g l o s t ; as p er n i ci e fi de acié '

, , ,
d ie . Fin ally,
we fin d in -
i aft e r t h e an l o of t h e o d w s t e ms ,
‘
an
g a en .
gy a

a mi ( C at o , T b d hen t imm e
as
f ) p le bi ( a . an even w
di at ely p r e c e d e s , as i n p er n i cii ( Ci cor din g t o C elli s ) p r o . ac c n ,

g en i i & c w h e r e w e mi h t h
g e e x ect e d fi
p.
,
l e to av na

b e r e t i e d t o av oid t h e c o j c t i o n of t w o i s : t h i s i e i
’
a n n un v

d e t ly ar o s e fro m t h e diph t h o n g i s ati o o f t h e o ri g in al i as

n n « t,

i t h e m o yll bi c ei
n on I n O s c an t h e g e n of th e c o s o
s a r t al . . n n an

s t em i s fo r me d b y ad d i n g eis as J i eia L J ams m at '

s - z v- . a r
, ,

eis L m tr ix T h e g e o f t h e i —
. a st em
. al o e n d s in ei as n . s s - 8,

Her m t t ei fro m S t H e e ta ti L iw k at eis f o m S t L i /

i a e, . ca r n ,
an r . tu

n at i . W e fin d on ly on e e xa mp le o f an u - s t e m , v i z .
, cas t r o u s

fr o m S t . cas t r a ; h er e -
3 a
pp e ar s to h a ve b een s im l
p y add e d t o

the g u n at e d s t e m, as in S an s kri t . W e h av e alr e a d

y n o t ice d
2 80 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

m e t i m e s g u n at e d
so T h u s w e h av e vr o s di v , S em i - u m 35 mm .
-

mv , 6 7 11 9631) an d m ngew v a r now -mv , p a xé p mv, v a F- Gi v, fi a

'
-

—f o
Xfi fi mXeF-mv , mv, o i u -mv
'
oi -
wv a C v c v,
’ -
li y eu t l - yo v v - mv ,

n o kdi v an d r o h f-mv = 4 r o XeF mv r m St . n oku g u n at e d , n o “

my b e s i d e mi ke- u m n o Xsy- mv f om
r St . n o kt
g u n at e d , 3
1
79 c
dyp o -mv , xwp di v T h e g e n pl of t h e s t e ms
'

xwp d
-a wv . . .
-

e n e r all e n d s in H o me in r -6 m v -
d - s dm ; t h u s w e fi n d
-
g y
é m d w
i
G m u Bd w fro m S t 9 6
-
v e Sk - t é dm
a i) .
5 ,
“
r
-
u r -
a v r. -
s

fro m S t t & c T h is m b e c ame w i I o i c

. a, .
-
v -
v n n .

I I I L t i G en P l T hi s c as e i s forme d b y add in g u m
. a n . .
-
,

O L om ( fo d in t h e u s t e ms a d i n t h e o s t ms ft e v o
. .
-
un - n - e a r r

o s t e ms e di n in a c o s o a t or i o T h we h a e
u
) t , g n n n n -
r -u . us v

p r i n ci
p
-
u m, fu lmi n -u m, ca n -u m, ma t r um,
-
&c . avi -u m , ov i-u m ,

&c mag is t r a t a - om p e r h ap s for mag i s t r a tov-om, fr uct u -u m, & c

. .

an d w i t h u u m c o n t r ac t e d , as i n as s a m ( PL ) , cu r ru m
-
p
-

b u t in v ul
g a r L at in al s o aft e r th e an a log y of t h e o -d e cl e n s i o n ,

ver s o-r u m, o n s o an t al s t e ms ar
s
p i ri t o -
ru m, & c . M an y c n e

le g t h e n e d b y i a d s o t h ei r g e p l t e r min at i o ag r e e s i n
n ,
n n . . n

fo m wi t h t h at of t h e i s t em t h s w e h e mer c i m ad ic
r - s : u av - -u
, r

u m b e s id e ama n t u m ,
i -
u
f p
m,
o r ci i u m , p e n a t i u m ,
a ma n-
t i
- -
- - - -

fer en t -i - u m b e s i d e
f er e n t -
u m ,
& c S t e m s e n di n
g i n -
n ,
-r
,
or .

-
s , s e ld o m p er mit t hi s h o w e e vi i a ddi t i o n of i ; w e fi n d, v r, r -

u m an d comp l i m W e fi d s o m e e x amp les of c o s o an

ur - -
u . n n n

t al s t m s fo ll o wi n g t h e an al o g y o f t h o s e in
e t h s we h a e -
u : u v

a li t m ( L u cr a d V i rg ) b es i d
-
u -u li t m a d o i n s c ri p t i o s
. n . e a -
u , n n n

i
v r t u t -u -u m, fr a t r -u -
u m, & c .

T h e m as c fo r m t h e ir g e p l in t w o
. an d n eut . o-s t e ms n . .

w ays b y ad din g e it h e r om ( o
: m) I E dm or C m -
r -
u . .
- ra

I E as am T h u s w e fi d in Old L at i t h e form s in m
. .
-
'

. n n -o
,

R oma m ( C I L 1 n s e vo m ( C I L 1
no 5 88 )
. . .
,
. . . .
, n . sue

rn m d i om ( L u c r ) & c ; lat e r i
,
v m in vi m d eum . . n -
u , as ru , ,

meu m, n um mum, medi u m , t a le n t u m , f abr u m & c , . S i mil ar ly

in O s c an w e fi n d A b ella n u m, T i ia t i u m, N i wla n u m, an d in
Umb r i an p p i a m , l at e r
a
p o lo w
p ( p O p u lo ru m ) & c , . The ot he r

l e n d in g i n 0 r um, m i d r um ( f ) is t h e
( ) an‘ l
'

en n -
g p usua
~
. . . . .
 C OMPARAT I VE G R A MMAR . 281

fo rm as in bon e m 60716 b um bo d m b d d m & c

,
r a r ,
n ru on ru , .

I n O s ca t h e g e n p l o f t h e a s t e m s e d s i
n . . z m an d i Um r n n -a a ,
n

b ri a i n m n as i
-a r u O eis u c eg ma z m ( illaru m
,
-a r u, n . a -z n - -
u

r e ru m ) U men s ,
L mens a m & c T h e e s t ems follo w
. ar u . ru ,
.
-

t h e an al o gy of t h e d s t e m s as di e m er um -
&c M as c ,
ru ,
r ,
. .

s t e ms i a fo rm t h e i r-
e l i n m b t i t h e p o et s w e fi d
n -r
u u n n
n
g p . .
,

t h e fo m i n r m i n c o mp -u ds o f g e a d o[ a d i
ou n th - na n -c a, n n e

at ro m i cs in d es as ag i c l m - t e r i e m E ead m & c nu n u
p y n
g , r o u , r , ,
.

T w o fe min i e s t e m s i d f m t h e i r g e p l l s o i
n n - m —am e or n . . a n -
u n

ly amp kor u m a d d eb m m b t t h e s e form s w e r e p o b ab ly

,
n ra u ,
u r

b orr o w e d fro m t h e G r e e k W e fi d o t h e r t ac e s of t h e g e n . n r .

l
p e n din g
. m i t h e for ms ( o t i c e d b y V a o a d C h ar i s i s )
-s u n n rr n u

bover u m n uc e m eg er u m l p i d e m w h i c h a e s pp o e d b y
, r u ,
r ,
a ru ,
r u s

Bo pp t o h a e b e e forme d f o m t h e i s t e m s b i
v n uci egt r -
ov , n ,
r ,

lap i di an d c o s e q e t ly t o b e fo b o vi m & c t h s p o vin g

, n u n r ru ,
.
,
u r

t h at m w as al s o ori g i ll y at t ac h e d t o t h e i s t em s
-
ru n a T he s e -
.

form s h a e b e e ls o e xplai e d b y s pp o i g t h m t o h a e b e en
v n a n u s n e v

fo m e d fro m t h e s t e m s bor e ac e & c t h e o ig i l s t e m

r r, n r ,
.
, r n a s

bo v, ae &c
n b e i g le g t h e e d b y t h e ad di t i o o f e b e
, .
,
n n n n - r ,

c a s e t hi a e ar al s o i s o m e s t e m s in t h e e si a d
n n n n
u
pp s r s
g g . .
,

co sen e n tl i s n ot li t o t h l r al t h s w fi n d s uer i s
q y u
p e cu e
p e ar u u ,

p b
u er is , a ci
p ens er i s , c ucu mer is , b e s ide s u is ,
p bi s
u , a ei
p en s i s ,
f
cucu mis

T he O s c an an d Umb ri an fo r m t h e g en .
p l . of s t e ms en d in g
in -
i o r a c on s o n an t in t h e sa m e w ay as th e Lat in .

1 45 . T HE G EN I TI VE D UAL .

T his c as e a
g r e es in fo r m w it h t h e lo cat i v e d u al .

1 46 . T HE L OC ATIV E S I N G ULAR .

In I n do -
E u r o p e an th e si
g n of t hi s c as e w as p r ob ab ly in ,
-

w ic h h w as a d d e d d i r e c t ly t o th e st em . T h i s i n w as -
c on n e ct e d

C o mp ar at ive G r ammar ,
’
C o n s u lt Bopp s
“
p 490 ; an d Bu ch eler
.

”
G r un dr i s s d er la t ein isch en D e c li n at i o n , p 40 . .
2 82 C OMPARAT I VE G R A MMAR .

wi t h th e p r o o mi n n a l r oot -
a m, w ic h h was y to r e d u ce d fi rstl

-
an
( n b e i n g w e ake r t ha n m) , an d the n t o in
( i b e i n
g w e ake r
-

t h an a ) F r om -
a n ar e d e ri v e d t h e r e o s i t i o n s , G r Ev , L i n
.

p p . . .

T he o ld e s t fo rm -
a m) o f t hi s s u ffi x is s t ill
p er h ap s fo un d in
-c i m, t h e l o c at i v e en din g of S kr fe m . . s t e ms .

I S a sk it L o S i g
. n r o . n . S t e ms en di n g i n a c o n s o n an t or

di p h t h o g fo m t h i s c as e
n r b y ad di n g -
i to s t e m, as ma r u t i , -

bh a r a t i , p i t a r - i , n d v-i , g a v- i ,
- fr o m th e s t ems mar u t , bh a r a t ,

p i t a r , n an ,
g o M a s c s t e ms i n . .
-i an d -u a dd -
i
c u, b e fo r e whi c h
t h e s t e m- v w e l o di s app e ar s , as i n ka vci u , bh dn au , f omr ka vi ,
bb d n u t h e s t e m- v o w e l is s t ill k e pt i n p a ty-d a an d sa kbg -d a
f o m p a t i a d ale/i
r n s z . T his p
-c u
p i er h a s r ep r es en t s a i m, t h e
un at e d fo rm o f m F e m s t e m s i n -i an d e it he f r ol o w l
g
-
a .
.
-u

t h e an alo g y o f t h e m as c i n .
- i an d -u
, o r e l s e add -d m, as
g a t -d a

or g at
y d m - f om g
r at i . P olys yll ab i c fe m . s t e ms in - (i , -
i, or it ,

al w a
y s a dd -c i m, as s i vd -g -ci m ,
' ’

n ad y-dm, r a db v-ci m ,
’

f om s i a
r
'
v
,

n a d i , vad z it / . Mon o s yllab i c fe m . s t e ms i n -i an d -ii ad d e i t h e r

-
i or -
ci m, as bh a v i -
or b h a u-dm f o m bh it
r . N eu t e r s t ems in
-
i an d -u le n g t h en t h e s t em by n , as r d r i - n -
i f o m var i
r . Mas c .

an d n eu t . s t e ms in -a a d d -i , as s i vé
'

fro m s
'

i va (m .
,

I n V e di c w e fi n d t h e 10 0 . of th form e d b y s imp ly
e u- s t e m s

ad di n
g
- i, as t a n v-i ( f o m ta u r n , f t h e b o dy) Z t n s i ( lo c of
. . a -
.

tan u, f . t h i s fo rm c orr e s p o n d s t o G r d at . .
, a s u s k u -l ,
’
&c .

W e al s o fi n d i n V e d i c -i a dde d to th e g u n at e d u -s t e m, as
‘
s i i n a v-i
( f om s d
r n u, m . a s on
) Ch Sl . . s il n ov-i . T h e IO C . of
th e fe m . d .
ste ms al s o en ds s o me t im e s in - é in V e di c . T he
IC C . en di n g -i n i s on l
y fo un d in S an s k ri t i n th e p r on o mi na l
d e c le n s i o n , as i n ya s m- i n - f omr
y a
( w h o
) , t a - s m- i n f omr ta

( t h at ) , &c .

II . G r eek L ee . S in g . T he G r . d at . s in
g .
, e xce
pt in th e
c as e o f th e é s t e ms -
,
i s p ro p e rly a lo c .
,
b e in g fo r me d si mp ly
b y th e a d di t i o n o f h h d i,
'
i t t us we av e n o
- ~
y ep o vr -
t, p nr ép - i ,

xp o f fo r
-
xp o a t
-
, fi éh e-i fo r fi s h ed -
t, h aF- t , vn F-f. ou
-
i, f
v xv - I ,

S o up i fo r 30 9 11 4
-
, yh v xs -i fo r
yh v xeF- t , mike -
t for n o h ey-t , & c .
 2 84 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

-i an d
r u r -J, ve
sp er ves
p er - e, i nf elic i , -
bo r i ( L i v 1 , 2 6 , i n fe
ar -
.

li c i a rb ori r es t e sus
p en di t o ) , h er - i fo r h es i fr o m he s Gr -
.

o
x ) h i h
'
eg w c a
pp e ar s i n h es te r m s , A n x u r -i
, A ch er u n t i, S i - -

c on -i , & c
g M a n e i s t
. h e l o o of a n i -s t e m
, an d dom u i of an . -

u -s t e m
for da mn -i w e g e n e r ally fi n d d am? an d d omi aft e r t h e
an alo of h *
gy t e o s t e ms
-
T h e I O C o f t h e o s t e ms e n d s i n . .
-

-i
( O l d L at in al s o ei an d -e
) - 0- i
, a s h u mi ( fr o m S t h umo )
-
.

h u mo-i , b elli , foci , E p h es i , C or i n t h i , & c T h i s c as e i s als o fo u n d .

i n p as t r i di e, quo ti d i e, p r i - d i e an d i n Old L at i n w e fi n d die

- -

g u i nt e an d d ie qu in t i , d ie se
p t i me i , d ie er as t i n i , &c . S imil ar ly
t h e lo c . form e d b y add in g i as R o m i lat e r
o f t h e a -s t e m s i s -
, a -
,

R omee mi li t i as &
, I O s c an t h e I O C of t h e o a d
, c .
s t e ms
n . n a-

i s fo rm e d i t h s am e w a as i n L at in
n e t h s we h e mai ikei
y u av n

t e ei ( i n c o m mu n i a o ) t e o b e i
r t r t em a d e i
r
g g a e u e , r n n s , n sa

via i me i
fi ( i e a vi
a m e di ) n T h e lo c h as n e a ly di s a
a
p
a .
-
n r

p e ar e d b u t i t
p
, ob bl
y s t ill e xi s t s in r e ( lo a10 0 of St i - u . .
,

an d i n p er en d ie , p er en b e i n g lo c o f S t p er o
-
S kr p a r a . . .

n o t h e r , w h i c h i s als o fo u n d i n eg r e, fr o m
( a
) p er -
p er o an d a r o
g .

I n O s c an w e fi n d t hi s n i n h or tin K er r ii in ( in h o rt o C e r e ali ) ,
h or t in b e in g p r o b ab ly for h or t ein fro m S t h or t o I n S ab e lli an . .

w e als o fi n d i t i n es men eh as i n ( o n t h i s al t ar ) , fr o m s t e ms -

es mo an d as a : es me n i s i d e n t i c al w i t h S kr . a s m in , e xc e
p t t h at

it s t ill r e t ai n s th e s t e m -v o wel w hi c h i s lo s t
, in S an s kri t . J am
is l
a so su
pp o s ed to be a lo f om a s t em j
c . r a, an d i s i d e n t ifi e d
wi t h
S kr yas mi n , lo c . . of
y I Umb ri an
a . n we fi n d t wo p e

c u li ar lo c at i v e s u ffi x e s - me m me i n s ind fem or e
f an
-
or
, g : .
,

i n pl . No s at i s a c tf o r
y ex
p l an at i o n of t h e s e fo rm s h as as ye t
b e en su
gg e s t ed : A u fr ech t an Ki r c hh o ff c o
d ns i d e r t h at m m
an d fem w e r e o r i g i n ally id e n t ic l T a d c on
a , n n e ct e d w i t h S kr .

D o mu s w as o r i g in ally an o - s t e m G r 66mg. .

w it h S ie g fr ie d me m ,
'

V ie w t h at the s u fii xe s
f L o t t n er ag r ee s s -

o r i g i n a lly b e g an w it h m bh S ie g fr ie d s r e mar ks the G a ul is h i n

'
; see on

s cr i P o i t ie r s , arr a n g e d an d e d i te d b y C F L o t tn er
p t ion of . . .
 C OMPARATI VE GR AMMAR . 2 85

"
bh g am, w h il e Bo p p c o n s i d e r s h at t h ey ar i s e f o m a p o s t p o
‘
t r

s i t i o u ad d e d t o t h e ac c s s in
gan d
p l I U mb ri w e al o . . . n an s

fi n d t r ac e s o f 10 0 i n i s i O U e ( if )
a O O se i L .
-
, a n . . se . . a .

si 0 U p e
, . L p r ae fo r p a i fr o m S t p a N U p e e
. r . r -
, a . r . . rn

( f orm t h e f on t ) N U p o t e ( fro m t h e r e a r )
r ,
. . s n .

L OCAT I VE PLURAL 1 1 47 . T HE .
'

S ch le i c h e r c o s i d e r s t h at t h e o ri g in al t e r mi n at i on of t h i s
n

c as e i I n d O E u r o p e an w as s va s
n -s b e i g of p r o n o min al - - e ,
-
va n

o ri i n an d s a t h e m ar k of t h e p lu r al F r o m sva s a ar e d e -
g ,
.

ri v e d t h e V e di c lo c e n din g sa su t h e Z e n d akva 8 ’ l s h u .
-
,
-
,
-
lt ,
-
,

-h ea, h ii h u t h e o ld P e r s i an s u d t h e S kr s u
~
,
-
, sh u an d e , .
-
,
-
,

th e Gr -o ot,
'
- m
—
. .

I . S an s kr i t L oo . Pl . T hi s c as e is fo r me d by ad di n
g
-s u

( or -s h u) t o t h e st e m , fi na l a b e c omi n g é t h us we h av e s
’
i ve
s hu, s
'

i vci -su , h avi-s h u , ma r u t

'
-
s u, &c .
, f omr s
'
i va ( m .
, s i vci
'

ka vi ma r u t &c .

II . G r e ek L oc . Pl .
—T h i s c as e en d s in -
c m or m,
- fr o m
-
o F¢ , b e fo r e w hi c h st e ms i n .
5 ar e l e n g t h e n e d b y t h e ad di t i o n
of i, as is t h e c as e wi t h d -
s t e ms in S an s k ri t T h i s -0 o t or -a t i s
.
' '

add e d to s om e c o n s o n an t al ste ms an d s ome en din g i n an d

-
v, b y m e an s of th e h elpin g v o w el 5 : t h us we ha ve wo o -o i fo r

d fo r m S emi sa m fo r E w Beh é
'
a n -w o t ,
- - ‘ - -
xr rnu a o t xr ua r o t,
‘ '
at,
' '

n o

w ar fo r B ked -w
a ot,
fi
’
o F-ea a t , an d B o v -a i , v d m ea rn -
an d icy o
-
i,
€
¢ p o v O ¢ for
-
pp
e o vr -a t , v er b-s a m an d i
v xv -a a i , W O N -
ea rn , m ih i
at an d W é AG - O’ t n o h ey-ea m f om
r W ON , m i ke- a m for n e F
sc a t fr om n o h vu i
'
7r 7r o t - -o-l
, x p
'
ui a -t - c c, &c . T h e len g t h en i n
g
of t h e d -s t ems b y i w as r o b ab l m u c h l at e r t h an t h at of
p y
t h e d s t em s ;— for we s t ill fi n d fe m l o c . . s wi t ho ut h
t i s i, as

A 1 n ai , &c
9
’ ’
-
ot, 1 v .

III . L a ti n L oo . Pl . T hi s c as e a
g r ees in fo r m wit h th e

d at . an d ab l .
p l . A t r ac e of th e In d o E uro p ean -
lo c . te rmi
C omp ar at i ve G r ammar , v ol L , p 400, s eq
’
Co n s ul t Bop p s . . .

”
T C on s ult S c h le ich er , Co mpe n d ium, & c , p 5 7 3 ; an d Bopp , Com . .

”
r a t ive G r ammar , 4 94 5 45
p a pp ,
. .
2 86 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

n at o n i is su
pp o s d b y s o m e t o b e fo u n d i n t h e p lu r al
e en di n g
-
is , w hi c h i s als o u s e d fo r t h e d at an d ab l in t h e a . . an d o

d e cl e n s i o n s t hu s we fin d f or is , A th en is , G umi s , D elp h is , &c .

,

a ll u s e d as lo c at i v e s .

1 48 . T HE LOC ATIV E D UAL .

I . S a n skr i t L oo . D ua l . T his c as e is forme d b y ad din g

63 t o t h e s t em , fin al d - b e c o min g -
e an d n e u t e r s t e ms in i -

an d -u b ein g le n g t h e n e d by n : t hu s we h a e mar ut 6 kang

v - 3,

&c fi o m ma r u t ka vi ed r i
‘

63 , v ar i-n -Os , s i va y- Os, .

&c
'

( m d
'
s iva .
,
an s i va .

II . an d III . T hi s c as e is n ot fo u n d in e it h er G r e e k or
L at in .

1 49 T HE VOC ATI VE S mG UL A R .

T he v o c at v e s n i i g u lar c o n s is t e d o f th e me re st em in In d o l
E u ro p e an .

1 . S a n s kr i t V oc S i n g . . Mas c . an d fe m . s t ems in - i an d -u

u n at e t h e s t e m-v o w e l i n t h is from
”

g c as e , as ka vé , dh é n o, & c .
,

ka vi dh é n u &c . P o lys yll ab i c fe m . s t ems in -

2 an d
4 2 s h o rt e n t h e s t e m-v o w e l , as in n a di, vad h u , f o m n a di
r

va d h i i
‘
f
( ) . fe m . ste ms i n - d c h an g e the s t e m -v o w e l in t o é , as

f om Mon o s yll ab i c s t ems din g i n o wel

'
i va
'

s ivé r s en a v

use th e no mi n at i ve fo r t h e v o c at i v e , as bh is , n du s &c, f om .
,
r

bh i N e u t e r s t e ms i n i an d u
n du &c .
- -
m ay e i t h e r
u n at e t h e s t e m v o w el or le av e i t u n c h an -
ed as ud i an d
g g ,
r

c d é fr o m ud i
r &c N e u t e r s t e ms in n may e it h e r r e
r .
-

t ai n o r lo s e t h i s c o n s o n an t as n d ma o r n d ma n fro m n d ma , n

&c I n al l o t h e r s t e m s t h e v o c at i v e c o n s i s t s of t h e m e r e
.

s t e m as s i va ma r u t vdk & c
,
'
fr om s iva ( m
, , ma r ut ,
.
,
'

vdk &c In all S kr v o c at i v e s th e acc e n t is alw a s

. .
y
p l ace d on the firs t s
yllab l e , as n d di , bd lin, & c , fr o m n adi , '

b a li n , &c .

II . G r eek Voc S i n g . .
—I n
g r
u t t u al an d lab i al s t e m s t h e vo
2 88 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

PA R A D I G M S “
OF T HE N OM I NAL D E CLENS I ON .

I . C on s o n a n t a l S tems .

I .
—I E . . vd k &c .

Sb . Gr .

'

vd k
(f ) . S
( ir (f ).

"
vd k
. ( m-c .

mi ld-a m . 51r -a .

'
I . vdk -d

D . vd k -é .

Ab . vd k - as .

G . vd k -as .

L (G . r. D .
) vd k - ii

Pl N V
ur . . . vd k -as .

A . vd k -as .

I . vdg - bh is .

D Ab . .

G . vd k -r im .

L (G . r . D .
) vd k-ah a .

l N A V
'

D ua . . . . vah . an
'
V ed . vd k - d .

vdg -bh yd m d
‘

. i
1r -o - v .

G . L . vd k -68 .

II —I E
. . . bh a r a n t ( m .
, f,
. &c .

S kr . Gr .

bh a r an t (m .
,
n .
) ¢ ep o w ~
(m , n )
. .

(m ,. f .
, n .
)
S in g . NV . .
f er em ( m f .
,
.
, n. )

f er en t -em (m , f ). .

I .

D .

Ab .
f er en t é ( d )
-

G
L (G r D. . .
) bh a r at -i .

C on s u l t B opp s
’ “
C omp ar at i ve vol . I .
, pp . 449 - 5 1 9 ; an d

S chl ei ch er ’
s C mp o e n di u m,
"
&c .
, pp .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR : 2 89

Shr .
L .

Pl ur .
N V . . b h a r an t - as
(m f er en i -é s (m f ) .
,
.

f er en t - - i a (n )
bh a r an t i ( ) n
.
- .

f er en t é s (m f )
(m )
-
bh a r a t -as .
,
.
.

fer en t - i a (n )
-
bh t i ( )
.

ar a n - n .

bh ar ad - bh i s .

f er en t - i - b us
bh ar ad -bh yas
.
.

bh a r a t i m -t . fer en t - i -u m .

b h a r a t -s it .

bh ar an t - (l it (m ) .

V ed b h ar an t - d (m ) pé p o w e
-
.
.
.

bh a r a n t - 2 ( n .
)
bh a r a t - 2 (n ) .

I D Ab
bh ar a d bh ydm 6v r o- w
.

¢
-
- . ep .

b h a r a t - 63 .

a .
—I . E ,
ma n a s d ur ma n a s

S t em .

xp ci r m -tpt .

D .

Ab g en er - é (d
G . p évo vg
-‘
V € 6 -
0Q .
) g ett er - i s .

L (G D y sv a V £ O-t )
'
-

)
.

. r . .

Pl N A V p é v n (w )
-a .
ee -a .
g et t er
ur . . . .

I .
b xeo - q n .

g en er
-
i b us
-
.

D . Ab .

v e a - mv
G .

L .
(G r . D .
)

D u al . N . A . V .

I D . Ab .

w oi v -
u m -o-
w
G r D G )
( .
2 90 C OMPAR AT I V E GR AMMAR .

III . b .
—I . E .
, d us ma n as (m .
,
&c .

S hr . Gr .

dur ma n as (m .
, f .
) dvap ev eg (m , f ) . .

( vet er -i .

)
a mbas

( ar bor -i
(f ) .

S in g . N . V . d ur mrmd a . dvd p ev fig . vet us (m , f , . . n .

)
ar bos
(f ) .

dv ap w fi -v w -a a r bor -e m .

ar bor - i .

ar bor -é ( d) .

d va p w o ijg ( w ee -0 g
) . a r bor -is .

dv ap ev ei ( o
wed -I ) .

dv ay evei g ( -v w -ec) . a r b or o
és .

A . Ovap ev ei g (w ee -c c) . ar bo r -é s .

I . d ur ma n d- bh ie .

D Ab . . d u r man d bh yas . ar bor -i - bus .

G dum an as -d m. dv ap ev av ( w ee - e m) . ar bor -a
i m .

L .
(Gr D . .
) du o w a- m .

D ual . N . A . V . d w ma n as -da .

d u r mam d v ap w r) (w )
”
zs -d . e e -e .

I P A
D) d ur mrm d-bh yd m d v e p w oi v m -o -w )
‘

.
-u .

(G I G
G . L . d u r ma n as -é s .

IV . a .
—I E . . a kman »
&c .

S kr . Gr .

man (m ) (m )
'

as . Oa i y o u .

( h omi n -i ) (m ) .

komi n -f .

da i y o u -o g . h omi n -is .

da iy o v -I .

da i p o v .

da i p o v -cc . [t an ni n -53 .

da ip o v o
u g.

xo r vk n do v -b -c
pw .
2 92 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

L .
(G r D . .
) md t a r -i .

V .
md t a r .

Pl ur . NV . . ma t e r -a s . ma t r -é s .

A . m at e-s ( f ) .

r i ft
-n
(In )
V ed p i t ar qr é p-a g md t r -é s
-a s
p . .
. .

I . md t r-bh is .

D Ab . . md t r bh yas- .
md t r - i -b us .

G . md t p n-d m .

V ed . e vas r - dm md t r - w m .

L .
(G r D . .
) md l r -s h u .

D u al . N . A . V . md t a r -d a .

V ed mat e r -d
. .

( PG
AI
md t r -bh yd m
D
.

G
G . L . md t r -é s .

v . b .
- I E
. . d d tdr &c .

S hr .

S tem . ddté r (m ) .

S in g . N .

Ab .

L .
(G r D ) . .

Pl ur . N V . .

D . Ab .

L ( Gr D . .
)
D u al. N . A . V .

do r fip -e .
 C OMPARAT I VE RAMMAR G .
2 93

S kr .

I D Ab l dd t r - b h yd m
. . .
.

(G r . D G
. .
)j
G . L . dd t r -ds .

VI . a .
- I . E .

Shr .

va ( m )
'

as .

yuea (n ) .

s (m )
'
a s va - .

y ug a - m (n ) .

'
as e a- m (m ) .

u
y g a- m (n ) .

'
as vé -n a .

mi n i —
'

V ed . as i f
d . an .

a rmy
'
a s e a-ya .
.

a s vd - t
'
.

i 7r 1r 0 - I o -o - a
yo )
'
a -s a
g
.

as e .

in n o v.

oi n o t ,
—p o -i.

in n s, K u yé v eque, jug u m .

—
.
as e a.
i q t (m )
'

'
d -s (m ) r o -t (m ) equ e e u .
un . ,
as r .

e que- i s
(m )
'

V ed a s vd
.
-s a s .
.

U I ku/vin u -s
. .

O N . i i vl an i -s . i

Zv yci ( n
i m r o -v g (m )
'
.

Kr et . wp ct yv r d - v g .

zvr é (m ) j ug “ ( n ) .

Gu i -pu t .

equi - s , d ue-bus .

aqua -m. )
( o - mv ) (
''

t 1r 7r w v
-7t .

equO-r u m .

as e é - s h u .
'

ma -an )
’
as e d u (
duo ( m n )
(m )
'

V ed as e d
.

.
.
,
.

yug é (n ) .

yd m
vd bh/
as
'
- .
( 77 77 0 4 11 .

as va - y-é s
'
.
2 94 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

VI . b .
—I . a kvd &c .

S kr .
Gr .

xwp a (f
'
as vé (f ) .

90990
'

as vd .
.

'

vd- m oi p d - v .
'

as .
x
'
as va -y-d .
'

V ed . as vd .

'

as vd - y- a s

d
'

as vt i - yé s .
i a -g
x p .

P r os ep n a -zs .

L .
(G r . D .
) a s vd -y-am.
'
x p a a -i.

Pl . NV
. .
equa i , equa e .

U . u r ta - s .

di d -g
x p . equ a - s , 0 . i
v a-8 3 .

as e d- m.
'

V ed .

L .
(G r D . .
)

D u al. N . A . V . as vé .
'

I . D . Ab .

as v d - bh yd m .
x p w
w a -
.

(G r G D
G L o o wvafl -
dt .
2 96 C OMPAR ATI VE G R A MMAR .

S kr . Gr .

L .
(Gr D ) . . « vi -s h it . mi h i - C I .

m i ke- tn .

Ho m . 1 r o)\i-e a m

D u al . N . A . V . av ? (m .
, f .
) m i h i -e .

i d r i -n - i
'

( n m i k e -e .

a vi - bh yd m . t
r ok -o- w
(Gr
.

D G
G . L . av g -63 .

r d r i -n - é s .

V III —I E . . .
‘
s zcn u &c .

S kr .

i nu
sc
(m ) .

d h é mt ( t )

mr d u (m , .

S in g . N . s ame s
(m - .

t d lu ( n ) .

s li me m m
(-

t dl u ( n )

s kn u—
.

n a (m ) - .

dh é n v d ( f ) -
.

t d lu-n d ( n ) - .

s muw é
(m ) - .
f r ue t u - i .

d h é mw é ( f ) - .

dh é n v di ( f ) - .

tdl u n é ( n )
- - .

sa n d s (m )
-
. mag is t r a te -d .

dh é n d s ( f ) - .

d h é n v-ds ( f ) .

t é lu -n as ( n ) - .

s an d s ( m ) - . fr ael a-os .

dh é n d e ( f ) - .

d h é n v ds (f ) -
0 cas t r ou - s (n )
t d lu n —
. . .

as ( n )
- .

L (G r s fim d u m )
(
d hé n —
. . .

da (f ) .

d h é n v d m (f ) -
.

N eu t e r ad ect i ves j in -u i n S an s kr i t in t h e D . Ab . G . an d L . s in g .
, an d in
th e G . an d L . d ual may fo ll ow t h e d ecl en s i on e i t h er of t dlu or s h i m
 C OMPARAT I VE RAMMAR G .
2 97

f r ue t u - s (m ) .

Pl . NV . .

Pl ur . A . s un k- n (m ) .

V ed . s iu w- a s (In
‘
d h é n iz -s (f
td l
‘
zi -n - i (n yh v xé - a ( n .
) cor n u- a (n ) .

dam (n ).

mi n is -m am .

L .
(G r D ) . . s ti n ts-s h it .

D u al . N . A . V . s l ant(m ) .

‘
d h é mi (f ) .

t dl u-n - i .

I D Ab
mu bh yd m h v xi - o- w
. . .
‘
st - .
y .

( G r D G . . .
)
G . L . s an e - é s
'
.

IX .
—
I E . . n du g uau ( m .
,

Shr .
Gr .
L .

S t em .
n du (f ) .
vd v I on . y eu m ax i - “t (f ) .

60 (bov bov- z
95
‘
( me f 50 0 ( m “
u
f

(m . f )

Th er e w er e no diph t h on g al s t ems i n Old L at in di p h th on g s w er e avoi d e d

in b y dr op p i n g t h e se con d vow el , as i n bo
e addi t i on o f t n a v- t , or
h er b y t h
e it , as

G r eek di p h t h on g al s t e m s , s u ch as &c .
,
wh en in t r od u ce d in t o L ati n ,

s , &c wh il e i n l at er t i mes ei t h er t h e G r eek d e

b ecame in e ar l y t,
i m e s ,
A t t i c . ;
2 98 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR .

Gr .

va d -g , B o il -g .

v fi -a
, v a b -
v, u é- a .

B o d- v . bo w-m .

fl a b- w .

n d v-é , g ar -é . n a vi , bovi .

a d v-as , g d-s . n ae é ( d) , bor e ( d ) s

.

mi n - as
. v n - é g , af t -
di g , v e-é g . n e vi-s .

g d-s .
fi o-é g . bovi-s .

‘
n a i, g
e- an - i
. ii n i,- v e- i, Bo- i .

n du s, —gd u-s . v a d,
fi o i) . n an t -s , bovi-s .

n d v-as , g an - as . v fi -c c, y é -eg , [i d- cc . n ave- s , hove-s .

n ae-a s . v
fi -a
g , wa il g ,
-
v is- u g . n ave-s .

g d u- as
, g d -s .
Bd-a
g , (30 7
1 -
9 .

n du —
bh zs , g bh ie
b - . va d - pm .

n d u-bh yas .

yé - bh
yas .

ri d e -a m . ii n G m,
-
t i e- G m .

g as -a
m .
6 0-43 31 .

P l ur . L . n d u -s h u . wir e- o m, wuu- c i .

v a n -o i , v é - s -a o t .

yé -s h u .
fi e c m,
é - -
S o u -C i .

D ual . N . A . V . n ae -d a , g d u-d a .

ri d e -d , d -d 0 -5 .
g u .

I . D . Ah n d u- bh g dm .

(G r D . . G .
) g r it /
t ea m .

G . L . n ae-68 , g ar -63 .

c len s i on w as foll owe d , or t h e di ph t h on g was r esol v e d i n to

el emen t s , an d t h e wor d p as se d to th e d ecl e s i on ; t h us we fi n d N A ch il le
o ver o.
n .

ue , Orp h e-us , &c ; G A ch ille-z , Orp h a-z , Ult r a-i , & c

. . .
3 00 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

1 53 . T HE S AN S K R I T C OMPARAT I VE .

I . T h e for m in -
g an s a n d - in . \V e fi n d -g d ii s ( f g as i ,.
~

n .
g ) ,
-
as f in V
om ar ( wed
) S k s tb d d n
.
g n a v-
g ns ,
d r n a n e , r .
-
s,

f o m s t h i ( fi m) sp h é g dns f o m sp h i ( s woll n ) r é g d ns
r ra r -
, r ra e s
'
-
,

f m i la ( l c ky) p é g dii s fr o m p iya ( de r ) g g d g ns

ro s r
'
u r -
,
r a
’ -
a .

f o m R gg d ( t g o w Old o e rp o w e ) t h e p o i t i e of w h i c h i s
r . o r ,
v r , s v

ot f d b t w h i c h i s s p p o s e d b y Bo pp t o h a e b e en g g d g i
'
-
n o un . u u v n ,

for m e d f o m g g d s g d g i ( g o i g ) f o m yd bh d g dns f o m
r
'

,
a - n n ,
r -
, r

bh d i ( m ch ) c c o r d i g t o Bo pp o f o m b h u ( mu c h ) ac c o d
r u , a n , r r a , r

i n g t o Be n fe y I n s th é d n s h e d ns , ég d ns , d p r é g d ns t h e i
' ‘ ' '

.
g s , p g sr an

of t h e
p o sit i b u t w e m ay als o
ve i s g un a t ed e x lai n t h e 6 in t h e
p
firs t t w o o f t h e s e for m s b y addi n g -ig dn s t o w h at w e r e p rob ab ly
t h e o r i g in al fo r m s o f t h e i r p o s i t i v e s ( o mi t t in g t h e e n d in -
)
g ra

sth ar a (f o m Rr . s tb d L . s ta ), an d s
p h ar a ( fro m R . sp hd g , o

c . f . Gr . o
diatp a
'
o
¢ a
pg a ) : t h is lat t e r ex
p l an at i o n i s , h ow
e ve r ,
m o r e imp ro b ab l e t ha n the p r e c e din
g on e, fo r t h e s t em

v o we l of t h e p o s it i e i f i t b v , e i or i s g u n u, at e d w h e n fi n al -
ra

i s lo s t , w e h ll s e e fu t h
as s a r er on an d it is als o p o s s i b le h t at

th e fo r m -
in h ad n ot b e e n d e v e lo p e d f om r - d i
g zs b e fo re

s
p h ar a an d s th a r a h ad b e c o me s
p h i ra an d s th ir a . T h e fo r m
-
ig d ns a ose r f om
h o u g h t h e i n fl c e of g w h ic h h s
r -
g ns t
d r uen , a a

t e d e n y t o g e e r t e i b fo e i t
n c in t h e P dli n a d ig d
n a Sk e r , as r .

ad yd I s t r o f di T h at g d i i s o ld e t h an ig a s ap p e a s -
n ,
n . na . r s r -
n r

at o ce fr o m t h e c o g n at e l n g u ag e s
n t h u s b es i d e S kr ma h a ,
.

ig d ns fr o m V e d ma h ( g re at ) w e fi n d Z mas g as G
,
. a , .
'
-
, r .

p Z et p y y Ov L m j
a er m aag g a -
f o m Iou,E m g h ( t o b e
.
-
r , r . . a

mi g h t y) ; b e s i d e S kr d s g d ns fro m ds f nd Z
'
i fi
'

( s w t ) w e .
-i
,
’
u .

d e yas G
’
-
dm i y
, L 6 0 i6 r Be fo r e iy n s t h e fi al
r.
'
co v L n c- o u, .
-
.
-
a n

vo w e l of t h e p o s it i e s t e m i s s u p p r e s s e d an d t h e v o w e l of i t sv ,

fi t s yll b le i f s u s c e p t ib le o f g
rs a at io n
, r ec ei e s i t e xcep t un , v ,

t h i s v o we l b e w h i h b e c o me s or wh ich i s u alt er e d
r , c r a, a, n .

T h s we h av e lp iyd is f o m lp a ( m all) p dp —
u a tyd ns -
Gr i , r a s , .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 801

xa x
-
mv ) f o
,
m d
p p r a
( b d ),a va r -
ig d ns G r dp s .
-
tov ) , f omr va r a

oo
(g d) , &c . s d d h i g d ris ,
-
f om
r s dd hu (g oo d) , la g h ig d ns
-

Gr .
’
>
e \ a o o ov ) X-yo v
’
e \a ) f,o m r lag h u ( ig h t ) ,
l g ar -i g d ns

G r .

fi a
p
-
zo v ) ,
mr a d ig dn s -
Gr .
fip d -t o v
)a,
fr o m mr d u s oft
( ) ,

p h
r at i g d ris , -
f om p t h
r G r u r . wh a t -v) , & c ; -r a i s l o s t i n .

ks h ép -ig d ns, f o m k h ip (s w ift )

r s ra , &c . as in G r . Z X-i o v ,
a o fro m
a ai xp o , & c -
la i s lo s t i n s r é -g d iz s , r o m s r i - la
.
’
f '

( l u ck
y)
-
ga
i s lo s t i n p r é -g d ns , r o m p r iya ( d e ar ) ; a dje c t i v e s i n f -man t ,
va n t, mi n , an d - t d r lo s e t h e s e suf xes fi
b e fo r e -ig d ns .

II . T h e for m i n -t a r a . T hi s s u ffi x i s at t ac h e d i mm e d i at e ly
t o th e
p o sit iv e s t e m, as i n
p un
g p ng ( p
a - t ar a ,
), f omr u a ur e

ba li t a r a , -
f omr b a lin ( s t ro n g ) ,
fi n al n b e i n g l o s t , b e s i d e V e d .

su
p at h in - t a r a . I n w o r d s wi t h t w o s t e ms t a r a i s at t a c h e d t o -

t h e w e ak fo r m , an d i n w o r d s w i t h t h r e e , t o t h e i n t e r m e di at e
on e , as ma h a t - t a r a , f omr m ah a t , t h e w e ak f rm of mah d
o n t

( s t r on
g) ,
an d o i d va t - t a r a , f r o m v id va t , th e i n t e r m e di at e fo r m
o f vi d vd ns (G r . a d or
) ,
b e s id e V e d . v f o m t h e w e ak
i d us h t ar a ,
-
r

est f or m o f vi d vd ns , &c . I n th e p o n ou n w e fi d t h i s s u ffi x
r n

co n s t an t ly e m p l oye d , as i n ka -
t ar a ( tue
) f o m ka
r ,
I E k a
r . . v ,

L .
q u i -s
) , g a -t a r a
( )
u t er
,
fr om
ya G r 6 i t a r a , fr o m i .
-

L . i -
s, w he n ce i t er u m
-
V e d i t a r a m) , é ka t ar a (o n e o f .
-
'
-

t wo ) , f omr eka (on e) ,

&c . F r o m t h e p r e p o s it i on at
( p)
u is
fo rm e d u t - ta r a ( hig h e ) r Gr . fi d 7 8 9 0 -
.

1 5 4 T HE G . REE K C OMPARAT I VE .

I . T h e for m i n -
¢o v . In a d di n g t h i s t e r mi n at i o n to th e

ste m of t h e
p o s it i ve fi al n , 0, v an d 9 0 ar e o mi t t e d , as i n «p z A t o v,
-

f o m (MA x x
r O, a
- -
t o v, f omr Ica ico ; b A I Zo v b h t y g o v , fr o m dh t yo ; -

156 fro m fi aao ov f a

xg o v , fr om r a v
-
x Eh ao o ov

h xg e f o m éh x
a
-
ov, r a v ; y h vx t o v,
-
an d yh v o o o v ( o o tag ) ,

f o m yh x Bp d S r om a dv ;
r a v v, a
-
tov n d Bp ao o ov ( 0 6 y ) ,
f fip
wa x i o n: -
an d 1r a o o o v
'

( d o ,
fr o m wa xv ; ua a a o v
xg ) p an -
g ov,
f om M x 9
r i a
-
0 d a x -
t ov, fr o m a io x p o , & c ' -
.

I ] T h e for m i n .
-
r sp o . In a ddin g t h i s t e rm i n a t i o n t o th e
3 02 C OMPA R AT I VE G RAMMAR .

s t em f t h e p o s i t iv e , t h e s t e m-v o w e l i s g e n e r all y r e t a in e d ,
O

r e o b e in a s e c o n d ar s u ffi x , a s i n di t h er r ep o , fr o m ech o ( t h e
- -
p g y
s t e m -v o w el h e r e b e i n l e n t h e n e d as t h e e n u lt i s s h o r t ,
g g p )
p
xo v c o -r s o ,
p f omr xo v
qso y h v xv - r s o ,
p f ro m 7 A v xv xp a t eo - r s p o ,

fr m xa p l E T , t h e w e ak fo r m o f xa p l E V r , & c I n
o ‘
.
duh r ep o
-
t his
s u ffi x i s r i m ar , b e i n at t a c h e d di r e c t l t o t h e r o ot
p y g y .

By a ddin g -
r e
p o t o th e p r ece di n g f or m of t h e c o mp ar at i v e

fi
s u f x 4 0 1:
g an -
s, we o b t ai n th e for ms fi f e -r e
p o, -
w -r ep o , an d
-
a t -r ep o
'
i n d p fio v em ep o , fr o m a p fio v o ; R a h I m ag o , fro m
as - -

A a ko ; gt A -a t r ep o , fr o m p u\ o , & c t h e s t e m- v o w e l b e i n g l o s t .

i n t h e s e c as es I n a r 1 ep o i t i s p o s s ib l e t h at a m ay b el o n g t o
.
~ - '

the ste re p re s e t t h e o
m, an d so n ri
g i n al a f om w hi h
r c 0 w as

d e l p d ; Be fe y h o w e e c
ev o e n ,
v r, on s i der s «i t to be an o ld 10
c at i t e mi
ve t io t whi h t h
r n a n ,
o c e com
p ar at i ve s u ffi x w as

at t h e d W fi d t h e t w fo m
ac . e n o r s -
tov an d -
r e
p o c o mb i n e d

a ls o i d p mn f om d ooo -r
’
t ,
r o a ov a
yx g
-
o v, an d in th e Ho m .

En aoa b p m f om t h e s me ro ot
r s r a . T he s u ffi x “
re
p o is a dde d
al s o t o r e o s it i o n s , n u m e r als
d pr o n ou n s ; an as -‘
p p , 7r
p0 r fp o,

fr o m 7r p o ; S t u -r ep o , fr o m 360 ; é-r s p o , fr o m i ; fr o - r ep o
“
an d
no r e
-
p o, fr o m I E . . kva , & c . I t is al s o e mp l o ye d i n ot h e r c as e s

w h ere ly o pp o s it i o n i n s p ac e i s i mp li e d ,
on as in S t i r -
r e
p o,

dp l d T E O , &c I n ci AA d-r w g w e fi n d - -
au m en t e d b
P p r e o
p g y
’
.

th e su ffi x -l O l . E .
-
g a .

1 55 . T HE LAT I N C O MPARAT I VE .

I . T he f or m in -
i os
’

(m f . . l at e r i os -
(m .
-
i us
T h e m as c .
- i or an d th e n e ut .
- i us w e r e b o t h ori
g i n al l
y d ds ;

th e n e u t er -
i us i s sti ll fo un d i n Plau t u s . T his suf x fi is b o t h

p ri m ar
y an d s eco n d ar y i n L at i n ; in ad din g it t o v o c al c i

p o s i t i v e s t e ms th e s t e m -v o w e l is al w a
y l ost Tsh u s we . h av e

sa
p i en t i or , -
fro m sa
p i en t ;
p r ob- i or ,
-
fr o m p r o b-o lev ior , -
f ro m
le v i-
leg -
u- i m ajo r m ag jar , m a-ju s , -
an d mag i s -
ma g - i u s ,

F
m t h is for m is p r o b ab ly d er ive d t h e M o d er n G reek co mp ar at ive
ro

i n mn po c, as r a h fir t p O Q fr o m xa h é g , t a x-fir ep og fr o m t a u i g , & c
-
.
304 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMM A R .

a u -t e m, S kr . a
g i - ma
r
( fi t )
rs f om ,
r a
g ra
( p oi t ) L
a m mo n ,
. su -

fo r su
p m o-
, & c . in S kr p u n g a -t a
- t a ma
*
. ma f o m p g/ a ( ho l )
r
y an ,

an d ot her s u e rl at i v e s , i n
p p r a - t h a ma
( b e s id e G r w m
p L .
-T o, .

p )
r i -mo , &c .
, L . o
p
-
t i n t o, &c ; .
-
ma t a i n G r { Bdo -ua r o l (b e s i d e .

éfi do -p o ) , p n u-
p f om C a fE O li i e d fo m
ar o
( for n ua -
ar o, r WU , n C s r

f a oo t g w hi c h i s c o ec t e d wit h S k k f r '
d G
’
o r n e
p t t e nn r . as ,
a ,
r .

O wi w L p as t p
-
o -
, e po . e O p o mo m -
L p o t em m)
, o -n s -n , . s - -
. s r u ,

an d e s p e c i ally i t h e Ir is h o d i n al s a och t m d ( t h e 6 t h )
n r ,
s s -
a ,

o ch t ma d (t h e 8 t h )
- &c ; m m l i t h e I i h fo rm ,
.
- a a, a so n r s s

i li m m f o m
ua s -
el ( h i g h ) d oi bem f o m d di
,
r s la e
n a sa
) r -
,
r r a v ,

w i t h b fo m & c t t i G a d o t he
p
-
r su e a a n r o v c o -r a r o , n r r
x ,
.

p .

l at iv e s - d
g ns ta i s h -th a , in S kr . ma h-i s h t h a G r .
p 87
w r o, &c .
, an d w -
r o in G r . i
( n c- co m ,
&c .
-
g d ns ta ta -
w

r a r o , -ea r a r o ,
- - - -
a I -r a r o I n
-
Gr .

1 57 . T HE S A N s xR I T S UPERLAT I VE .

T h e fo rm i n -
ta is f ou n d in s o me o r d in al nu mb e r s , as

ha Gr &c I s h- t h a is f c o mm o n
'

k a t u r -t . r er a
p
-
ro ,
. o o c cur

r e n c e , an d is a dd e d t o t h e st em in t h e s am e w ay a s t h e c o m p .

s u ffi x i yd il s , a s i n p ap i s h t h a Gr & c Eli a i s fo u n d -
-
. .

i n as h t a -ma ( t h e 8 t h ) , n a va ma ( t h e 9 t h ) , m a d h ya ma ( mi d d le ) , - -

&c T a ma i s t h e u sua l e r at i v el s u ffi x , a s in ma h at t a ma ,
su
p
-
.

&c ; i t i s
. al s o fo un d in t h e o r di n al s , as in v in s a t
'

i t a ma
-
( th e

e r la t i v e
'

s h th a
2 0th ) , & c . Fr om the p su
gg é ( e ld e s t ) i s a sol
form e d t h e d o u b le s u e r la t i v e
p gg é s h th a
'
-
t a ma .

Bopp d er ive s -
t a ma fr o m - t a r a ma, an d -
raro fr o m -
r apo To he
h ad p r e vi o u sly s u g g es t e d t a n ( t o s t r e t ch ) as t h e r o ot o f b ot h fo r ms ; b u t
i t is mu ch mor e p r ob ab le t h at t h ey a r i se fr o m t h e p ro n omin al r o o t s t a
an d ma , as t h e se r oo t s ar e se p ar a t ely foun d e x p re ss in g t h e i d ea of th e

su
pe r lat i ve .

1 L o t t n er
'
an d ot h er s co n s id e r t h at in i t ial m of the s u ffi xes -
ma an d
-ma t a b e lo ng s so me t i me s to the s t e m, a n d t h at t h e wor d s n o t i ce d in t h e
t e xt s h o uld b e d ivi d e d t h u s : S hr . as h t a m-a , na va m-a ; Gr . i fi doy - o ,

seam-m ; Ir . s ec h t m- a d , &c .
 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR . 3 05

1 58 . T HE G REE K S UPERLATI VE .

T he form in -T O i s fo un d i n so me o r di na l nu mb e r s , as

r er a
p
-
r o, &c . Ia -
ro is ad d e d to s t em in t h e sa me w ay as th e

c om
p . su f fix as in ri d -
tar o, fm ndu , & c
ro . T a -r o is t h e
u s u al
p su e r lat iv e suf fi x, as in (p d T a r o , & c ;
-
. a dde d t o t h e
C o m ar at i v e s u ffi x d n s , it m r o, -w -r a r o
-
a e ar s a s a ¢- -
g pp
-
p , ia

T ar o, in fi ov
x
-
aI -
T ar o, o w gbp o v w - -
r ar o, n r w x-w -
r ar o , &c .

f om fi
r av
x o,o w¢p o v , I rr w xo , &c . W e fin d -
)a o i n éBdo y o -
an d
u p a -y o an d -p a '
T O in i fi do p a r o -
an d n u-
y ar o .

1 59 T HE . LATI N S UPERLATIV E .

T he fo r m in - to is fo un d in so me o r d in al n u mb e s , a s r
g a in - t a ,
&c ; . a so l i n qu a- t a , fr o m I E . . kva . Mo is fo un d
in i mo -
su m-mo & c I n mi n -i m o
.
-
an d p lu r -i mo i t i s add e d-

t o th e c o mp ar at iv e suf x fi - ios , of h h t h e v o w el i alon e i s

w ic

le ft ; an d w e fi n d i t add e d t o t h e a v o t h e r c om
p r at i e s u ffi x t e -
r

in ex-t r e-mo b e s i d e ex t imo-, p os t r e mo b e s id e p os t u -mo - ~ - -

The
f rm
o -
t i mo or -
t umo is fo un d i n op t i mo an d op t u m0 d ex
- -

t imo ma xi mo mag t imo -

p es s i m o e
p p
-tim
o
p r ox imo-
f
p r op -
t imo li ber r i mo li ber - t i m0 f ac i llimo f a ci l t imo
-
&c .

T hi s suf x fi is al s o u s e d in o t h e r wo r d s wi t h o u t ex
p r e s si
g y n an

su
p l
e r at v e i i de a , as in fi n i -t i mo ma r i t i mo -
&c . T i m e i s add e d
t o th e c om
p r
a at ve i s uf x fi - i os , w h i c h h er e b ec o m e s i s , an d
- i s t i mo
-
b e c o me s - i s s imo as i n p r ob-i s si mo levis s i m -
o,
p ot

is si mo &c .

‘f
'

I -m0 i s a s u per lat i ve s t e m for med fr om t h e p rep os it i on i n , an d s u mmo

is a s u pe r l at ive o f s u b .

1 T h is i s Be n fey s vi ew , wh o con n ect s t h e wor d wi t h S kr p dp a ( b ad ) ,

’
~
.

L .
p e cca r e p ejar i s , in h i s vi ew, for p epj o r L o t t n er , h owe ver , con n ect s .

i t wit h an I E
. . r oo t p i ( t o h at e ) , wh en ce E .
fi en d , &c .
3 06 C OMPA R AT IV E GR AMMAR .

C H A PT ER X .

1 60 T HE C AR D I NAL N
. UMBE R S .
’

I .
—I n d . E ur . th e idea of u
i t y w as p rob ab ly marke d b y t h e
n

d em o n s t r at i v e s t em i or it s
g un a t e d fo r m a i

S an s kri t : é -ka f om é
r I E
. . ai th e g u n at e d form of
th e d e mon s t r at i ve s t em i an d ka .
1
’

G re ek m s in m é v- g , f isu ; é v m ay b e
'

ig
'
: n o .

g . .
, e .
uta , n .

I E s am, or s a, w h en ce Gr d- n a f, K r e t dip - a m;
—
. . . .

( o n ce
) ,
T ar e n t .
’'
cI
n
-
an g S kr . sa k rt L .

s em-e l, s i m-p lex , si n - u li, an

g d p i n w o ul d t h e n b e s am

g a . In H e s io d we fi n d ga g fo r si c, w h e r e t h e i n i t i al 3
mu s t r e
p r e s en t l o s t d ig amma ;
a an d if t his b e so, t he n

i t i s p o s s ib le an o ld e r fo r mt h at Fev m ay b e of th e

c o m ar e t h e L i t h
'

s t e m , wi t h whi c h w e m a ven a -s
y p .

n e ) , an d E o n e as If
( ( p
’
o r o n o u n c e d ) Bo p p s
. . ex
p l a

Li t h
'

n at i on of . ven as
( C o mp G r am . . II p .5 7,) b e . c or

rect , t h en i t is als o
p o s s i b le t h at Gr . Fev m ay b e an

O ld er p wh e n c e p f I n i }; i i ) a d i
s v,
p )
f t h e v . t v , n n a ,

d em o n s t r at i e s t e m s i an d a ar e un i t e d
v G i F . r. o -
o

h s i d e t i cal w i t h Z
) i ew ( o e ) G
’
( w e n ce l g o o- r n . n n . .

n u mer a ls , c on s u l t Bo pp S an
’
F or t h e d eclen s ion of t h e S an s kr i t s
”
s kr it G r ammar , pp 1 57
.
-1
61 .

1 X c ( on e) is fo u n d , accor din g t o Bop p , i n L . coc le s

( o n e -eyed ) ,

fro m ca , an d o cu lus an d ocean s c a -i cas , fro m c a an d a s u pp ose d o cus ( eye) ,

wh en ce ocu lu s , a dim i n u t ive ; an d i n G o t h h a lt a .
(lame ) fr o m h a ,
I E . .

ha , d li t h (t o g o) ; h a lb a (h alf) , fr o m h a , an d
an le i ba n ( t o r emain ) ; h a ih s

( on e -e e d
y ) C u r t iu s co n n e c t s
. crecu s an d G o t h h a ih s wi t h I E L . . . . r oo t s ka i
wh e n ce S kr h h d yd fo r yd , G a r c -I d ( a xo r s w d
'

to s h ad e ) . s kd r . ar t - d, ,

Hesych ) . I E . . s ka ya , ai m -v i) , a n d - r ag
,
E . s h ad e , s h y, &c . : co c k s he
c o n si d e r s to be a di min u t ive fr o m t h e same r o o t .
3 08 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

d p lum , d
a- u-
p lea N U d f ( d u o s ) d a i ( d u ob u s )
'
. . . u , r ,

O U . . t uves ( d u ob u s
) N U d w ( i n c om o u n d s
p
, ) L . .
,
.

bi
III —I
. n d E . ur . : tr i

S an s k r i t : m . n . tr i f . t is a r for t i t a r ac c o r d i n
g to Bo p p ,
a r e du
p li c at e d fo r m of tr i t r i-s ( t hri c e ) .

G r e ek : m f, . . 7
9 5 79 , D or . 7
97 9 ;
- 11 .
‘
r
pf a,
-
f om r T
pt
r
p i -
g .

L at i n : m f , t r es ,
. . n . t r i -a , f om tr i
r t er ; O U . . tr i in t r i
b r iga r i li c at i o )
( p
t .

IV —I n d E u : kva t .
-
r . va r

S an s k ri t m k a t vd r k atur f k a t as a r ac c o r di n
’

(
’
. n .
,
'
.
g to

Bo p p f o m ka d t a s a r , t h r e e ) ; k a t ur ( fo u r
’

, r ,
on e , an

t i me s ) .

G r e ek m f
'
ir r a g a
’
: . .
, r eo a a
'

p sg , r er r a
p eg ; n .
, 7 50 0 0 9 0 , f
-
;

D or . 7 57 0 9 5 9 ( 0 Fa ) , Bce o t wfr r a p eg , E . 01 n . éa a v p eg ,
Ho m . n i a v p eg ( s b e c o min g I . t hro u g h th e in fl u e n c e of

v
) ; N e w I on . an d Mo d G . r . r éo o ep ec ;
' '
r er
‘

p i m
tg
-
.

Lat i n q u a t uor an d g u a t t uor , q u ad r u (in c o mpo un d s ) , g ua

t er ; U .
p et u r (in c o m o un d s , 0
p ) .
p et e r - a , w h en c e
P et r -
j
e us , p et i r o
(i n c o mp o un ds )
V —I n d
.

.
- E ur . kva n kva
S an s kri t :
p i k an ar
’

G r ee k : m
’
vr s fo r n ev r a fo u n d i n weur d mc, fo r -
I E a . .
-
n

b e c o me s -a in G r e e k ; E 0 1 wi n Ir e , t h e g e n
-
. . of whi c h
"
o cc r s u in y a xfw v dm; m mr w v ( A lc aei fr ag men t a,
‘ ’

L at in q u i n u e, O
q p omt is w h e n c e P on ti us .
, L Q . i
u n ct u s i ) ,

P o mp j p I E k as i W -

p um
e us :
p & c . v n .

—I d E ur ks ks f om t his c o mpli t e d fo m lo e
. .

VI . n .
- . : va r ca r a n

c an b e ded ced t h e ri w o d s e x p e s s in g th u va ous r r e

i d e a o f s ix i t h e I d o E o p a l g u ag e Th s ,
n n - ur e n an s. u

i Z kh s a s w e fi d t h e i i t i l ks s t ill p s e e d ks
n . v -
n n a v re rv

i fo u d in O s s e t i
s a ch zT d t h e i i t i al s h i S kr
n an sa an n n .

A h re n s d e D i ale c t is E o li c is e t P se u d ze o li c is , p 245 . .

1 T he a in a ch s a z is mere ly p r os t h e t ic , as c in t x9 é c .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR . 309

s h as h a ri s es f o m 8 t h o u g h t h e in flu e c e of t h e p e
r r n r

c e di n k o i s fo d i n A fg h a sp as k (A fg h sp S k
un n r
g ; s . .

so ), an d i n We l h eh wech ( W ckw S k
s s is . r .

f o un d in G r .25 ( s p i t e s
a ) L ex Ir s éra i s fo u n d ,
. s ,
. v

in D Fs fi, A m e n i an wez
'
’
or . r .

S an s kr i t : s h as h

G r e ek : 22, D or . Fs E,
’
Mo d G r . .

L at i s ex n : .

V II — I n d E ur
. sa t
p .
- a m or s a
p t an
S an s k ri t : s ap t a n
G r ee k i n n ti ,
-
Mo d G r i qrr d . . .

L at in se
p t em . Bo pp su
pp o s e s t h at t h e fi al m i n n se
p t em ,
n o vem , an d d ecem i s d e t o t h e i fl e ce o f t h
u n u n e c orr e
o r di n al n u m b e r s , s e
p s on di n g p t i mo S kr s ap ta rn a & c . .

V I I l —I n d E . .
-
ur . a kt a m or , ac c o r d in
g t o Bo
pp ,
a kt d u

S an s k r i t : a s h t an
( ft e a r an a lo g y o f s ap t a n n o m . as h t d u ,

a
pp a enr t ly a d u al fo r m, as s i od u
’
f om
r s
'
i va 8
b ei n g e qu al t o t wi c e 4, an d t h e r e fo r e b e i n g t h e d u al
of 4 .

G r e ek : b ar d) , D or . r d)
{I x- ( th e as
p i r at e b e i n
g ad d e d as in
Fr . h ui t , f om L r . oct o, N e w P e rs . h es t S kr . as h t d u
) ,

M o d G r b xr t b . . .

L at in o ct o .

IX .
—I n d -E . ur n a va m o r n a va m .

S an s k ri t : n a va m .

G r e e k : é v véa , D or . é v v éa , Mo d G T . .

L at in : n ovem.

X .
—I n d .
-
E ur . : da ka m or daka n
S an s kri t : da s ’
an

G r e ek : 86m .

L at in : decem, U degem
—I
. .

XI . n d -E . ur . : ai da ka m (t h i s an d th e ot h er I E n u m . .

b e rs u
p to X I X w e r e p rob ab ly t wo
. s e ar at e w or d s )
p .

T h u s we h ave W . ch we
g yr S kr . s vas r d
' '

( wh er e s v
'

I . E . so )
,
W .

c h wa er
(O . W . ch wio r
) S kr . s ud s e r .
31 0 C OMPA R A TI V E G R A MMA R .

S an s kri t
'

é kd -d as
'
: an

Gr e ek : i i i -35 m , 36m ri g .

L a ti n : un- deci m
—I
.

XII . n d E .
-
ur . : d va da ka m -

S an s kri t d
'

: d o -
das an

G r e e k : dih dee d , S u si - 38 m , du o -n dt dexa ( g e n S vo xa t ds xwv ,

'
- -
.

‘
A le sci F r ag m e n t a di m 360
L at in : d u o deci m U des en d —
.
,

f( ac c -
, .
-
u .

X III .I n d E ur t i da ka m - . r

S an s kr i t : t ag d das
'
-
r an

G re ek : p I g x i d x S
‘

p ig
- - -
r a e a , en a r e .

L at in : t r e decim -
.

X I V —I n d E u r
. kva t ar da ka mm
.
-
. o

S an s kri t : k a t r da s an
’ '
-
u

G r e ek : p g i dx r ea c a
p x e
-
Ica
-
e a, r sa a a a
-
a i S em
-
.

L at in : qua t uor deei m -

.

XV .
—I n d .
- E ur . kva n kva d a kam
S an s kri t : p a ii k da s a n
’ ’
a-

G r e ek : ws v r e xa i- ds xa - .

L at in : g i n deei m u - .

X V I —I n d E ur
. ks r a ks d ak m
.
-
. a

S an s k ri t : ah d das a -
’
n

G r e e k : i x x i— dx -
a s a.

L at in : s e d eci m s ex deci m - -

X V II —I n d E u r
, .

s a t a m daka m -
.
p .

S an s kri t : s ap tu da s a w
’
-
.

G r e e k : Em x f d x a
-
a -
s a.

L at in s ep t em d ecem - .

X V III —I n d E u r : akta m d aka m

. .
-
.

S an skri t : a s h t d das a n
’
-

G r e e k : dx w x f d x r - a
-
e a.

L at in d ecem et oc to [d uo de vig i n t i] - -
.

X IX — I n d E ur
. a va m da ka m
.
- . n

A h re n s d e D iale c t is ZE O li Cis et P se u d teo li cis , p 25 5

.
31 2 C OMPAR ATI VE GR AMMAR .

Gr e ek : { BS Op fi -
xo vr a fro m or di n al s t e m £6 30 p o -
n
L at in : se
p t ua in t a
g fo r se
p t u md g i n t a f om
r o r di n al s t e m s e
p
t u m0

LX X X — I n d E ur
. .
- . akt d u-d a kan -t a o r akt d u -d aka n - t i

S an s k ri t : a i t i
'
s

G r e ek b ydo w fixo v m f om
r o r di n al s t e m bydo m wi t h ‘
71 '
fo r
Hom dydu mo v r a
'
-
i
c .
'
.

L at i n : oc t o-
g i n ta .

XC .
—I n d .
- E ur . n a va n -
dakan t a -
or n a va n -
d aka n t i -

S an s kr i t : n a r at i
G r e ek : i v s v fixo vr a , H o rn .
'
i v v i uco vr a , '
f om
r an o r d in al s t e m

i vevo L . n on o -
n
- 6
L at i n : n on d
g i n ta f ro m o r d in al s t e m n on o

C .
—I d n .
-
E ur . : ka n t a m .

S an s kr it s a t a- m
'
: .

G r e ek : Em mi é b e in g ( on e )
'
-
v, T
sv .

L at in : c en t u -m .

C C—D CCCC .
—I n d .
-
E ur . : he re n o omp o n d forms
c u we re
fo un d, b u t the c on s tit u en t n u m r al s w e r e k e t
e
p se
p a

r at e , a s ih E . t wo h u n d r ed , & c .

S an s kri t : he re a so l th e c on s t it u e n t n u me r al s we r e eit her

in d ue s or t h e c om d
'
ke pt
‘
se ar at e , a s a te ou n nu
p p
m e r al w as f o r me d in
'

u s u al w ay, as d oi s a t a &c .

G r e ek : S t d xdo t o ( In .
-
OI, f
.
-
aI , n .
-
a ) ; I on . 3mxo cn o
D or . 3t a xa r ¢o &c .

L at i n : d ucen t o (m .
- i, f .
-ae n
,
.
- a
) ; t r ecen t o g ua d r i n g en t o

q ua d r in b ei n g fo r me d f
a t er th e an a o l gy O f s ep t in

g ui n
g en t o for g i
u n e - en t o
g s ex c en t o sep t i n en t o
g act in

g en t o wh re e oc t i n is eit h er f r me d
o a ft e r l gy of
an a o

s ep t i n or e sel I E . . a kta n n on
g en to fr o m o r di n al
s t e rn n on o

M . I n d -E ur

S an s kri t : s a h as r a
( m . an d
G r e ek :
x i h to ( In .
-
oi , f .
-
al , n .
-
a
) L e ab,
.
x h h
e t m Boe o t .

a Io D or .

xn kt o Bo p p su
gg es ts t h a t t h is ste m
 C OMPAR ATI VE GR AMMAR . 313

m ay b e c o n n e ct e d wi t h S kr . s ah a s r a th e or i
g i n al

G r e ek fo r m h av n i g b e e n o a xt h t o t h e n d xt kt o an d
fi nally Xi A t o r b e c am e A , an d t h e
p r e c e di n
g 8 w as

as s imil at e d in t h e L e s h fo r m .
,
or b e c am e t , as i n R oc o t .
,

an d a n ew su ffi x -
tO S kr .
~

g a w as a dde d . S c hle i c h e r ,
on th e ot her h a n d, c o n s id e s r x h y
eo to h av e b een th e

o ri
g in al s t e m, w ic h h w o u ld b e i d e n t ic al w i t h an I E . .

g h ar g a
-

L at in : mi lli (m i l le , milli -
a
) .

1 61 . T HE O R D IN AL N UMBER S .

I d o E o p e a t e o din ls app e a h av e b e en form e d

In
h to
n - ur n r a r

by a ddi g e it h e r t o s o m e t i m e s m t
n - a r - a o th e c ar d i n al s t e ms
ma l s t ) , d va - t a 2 n d , t r i— r d ) , kva t va r - t a
p r a -ta
p or r a-
( ( ) t a
( 3
4
( )
t h ,
ko u n kou-
t a ( 5 t h ), h s va ks -t a
( 6t h ), sa
p ta ( )
m -
ma o r s ap

h kt a ( m) ma o r a kt d v- m
t a n -t a ( ),
7 t a -
( ) a
( ),
8 t h n a va n - ta or

n a ea m) ma 9t h ) d a ka n t a d a ka n ( m ) -ma T he
( ( or ( l ot h )
- -
.
,

o r din al d e c ad e s w e r e fo r m e d in imilar w ay a s T h e o r d i n al s .

f omr 1 1 t o 1 9, &c .
, w er e fo r m e d o f t w o s ep ar at e w o r d s , as

p r a ta dakan ta ( 1 1 t h l st 1 0t h ) , & c .

In S an s kri t w e ha ve
p r at h a ma ( s t ),
l f o m p r e p o sit i o
r n

p m an d su
p e rlat i ve su ffi x t a ma -
; d v i t ig a ( 2 n d
) fo r d vi t a
g
3r d fo r t r i t a
( G r dre a m ) ,
. d va t a-ya -
t r t ig d ( ) g (G r . r
pw ao
—
t r i t a -g a k a t ur t h a
'

an d t ur iya 4
( )t h k
( )
'

a tu r i a
g p per h a s

fo r (k a) t u r t ig a th e d t b e i n g t h r o wn di s t in g u i s h
’
s e co n ou t to

t hi fo s r m mor e c o mple t ely f o m t r r t iya u n es sl

g a i s u s ed er e h
b y i t s e lf i n s t e ad of a nk a ma
'

V e d p a nk a t h a ( 5 t h )
’ ’
ta-g a p .

s h as h t h a ( ),
6 t h sa
p t ama V ed . sa
p t a t h a ( 7 t h ) , as h ta ma
h ma
'

n a va ma d I n t h e n u m e r al s c o m
( 8 t h ), ( )
9 t ,
es a

d e d w it h da s a n fi l i s lo s t , fi
’

p ou n na -e u an d th e s uf x a add e d

t h us we h ave é h dd a s a
'

( 1 1 t h ) ,
& c . T he c ar d in al s t e ms en d

L o t t n er co n s id er s t h at t h e or di n als , S kr . sa
p t ama as h t a ma na va

ma da s
'
a ma G r éBdv. L . s ep t i mo dee imo &c .
, ar e for med s imp ly

by t he a d di t io n o f a to the car din al s t e ms , s u t am, as h i a m &c

p ,
.
314 C OMPA R AT I VE GR AMMAR .

mg m -
ti or - t h e dd
ei t r a - t a ma or ; i t h e lat t e r c as
-
a n e

d th e me r als e di t l o s e t wi t h t h e p r e c e din g
'
vi ns a t i an n u i n - n n
g
v o w el w hil e , s h a s h t i , s a t a t i, a s i t i , an d
p
’
n a va t i o n ly lo s e fi n al i
t h s i ns t i t ma t r i ns a t t a ma or t r i n s a
'

vi ns a
(
'

2 0 h )
' ’
u v a a or t

( 30th )
’
k a t vd r i n s k a t vd r i ns h a nk ds a t
’ '

(
' '
a tt a ma 40
’
or a t ) p
t a ma s h as h t i t a ma s h as h t a ( 60t h )
'
k ds ( h );
’
or p a ri a 5 0t or ,

&c F ro m d ha ma ( 1 00 h )
' '
. s at a an s ah a s r a we ve s a tata t s a ,

h asr a t a ma ( 1 000t h ) .

I n G r e ek w e h av e u
p u ro ( l st ) ,
D or . tr
p ar o Ep . « 9 0p m,
f r om 1r
p 6 (w h e n c e 71 '

v u
p o -
I o v, n p da o w
'
n
p o r yw , n p dr e o c,
p
devr s p o ( 2n d) I E . . d va t ar a r
p tr o
-
r
p t r ar o E ol .

r e
p r o
( 3r d ) ; r er a
p r o~ , r er
p ar o ( 4t h) ; n e
m rr o
( 5 t h ) ; Escr o

( ) ; ifi doym , i fi doua r o
fi t h ( ) y
7 t h ; b do o ( )
8 t h o
ydo Fo f omr

b xr o F I E . . a kt dv : Ev a -r m , Ev v a r o ai v a r o ( ) ; 35 m m
9 t h

( I Ot h ) ; Ev dexa r o ( 1 1 h ) ; Gen dered r m , du o dexa r o ( 1 2 h ); pm

-
t t 1

Kd l SGK d T O '

, r
p tr o K at dema r o ( 1 3 t h ), &c .
; i
s tco o r o ( 2 ot h ) ;
r
p t d xo a r o ( 3ot h ); r so oa
p a lco mo '
D or . r er
p wxo o r
’
o
( 40t h ),
& c ; i xa r o a r o ( 1 00t h ) ; xt kt o m o
. T h e t e rmin at i o n
-
o r o i s, e rh a s , c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e su e r lat i ve e n di n g -
w -r o ,
p p p
~

i n it i al 1
. b ei n g l o s t . T he s ame en di n g i s fo u n d i n £ xa or o
7r o o r o
~
drr o a r o
L at i n
In p i m
weo l
( )s t h av e
for p r o-i mo acc o r din
r
g t o

C u r t iu s or , for p r i s mo a c c or d i n
g t o Pot t ,
p r is b e i n
-
g for
r i us ; s ecu n do ( 2 n d , fr O m R s e u ( t o fo llo w ) , w h e n c e s e uo r
p ) g g .

ter t i o 3 rd ;
( ) q ua r to
( 4t h ) , for
g u a t u or t o
g u in t o
( 5 t h ) ,
for

g u i n ct o s ext o
( 6 t h ) ; s ep t i m o
( )
7 t h ; o ct a vo ( 8 t h ) ,
fr o m
oei d o I E . . a ki d o ; n on o ( )
9t h ,
for n ov i mo m b e in g as s i mi
lat e d t o t h e p r e c e di n g n ; decimo ( l 0t h ); un deei mo ( 1 1 t h )
du odeci mo ( 1 2 t h ) , t er t i o decimo ( 1 3 t h ) , & c . v i es i
g mo oi

ces i mO ( 2 0t h ) , for i
v cen s imo i
v cen t - t imo t r zg es i mo tri

c es i mo h fo r t r i cen s imo t r icen t - t i ma &c cen t es imo

( 30t ) , ,
.

( 1 00t h ) followin g th e an al o g y of t h e p re ce din g d e c ad e s , & c .

mi lles imo ( 1 000t h ) .

31 6 C OMPAR ATI VE G RAMMAR .

1 6 3 T HE P R ON OUN
. or T HE F I R S T P ER S ON .

T he s t em of t his p r on o un w as ori g i na ll y ma c o n n e ct e d
e it he r I E v e b l r o o t m ( t o t h i k) wh en ce S k
w it h th e . . r a a n , r .

m an w i t h t h e p o o mi al roo t ma ( t h i s ) w h e n ce
or r n n ,

S kr i ma .
-
Ma i s of i e r s al o cc r e c e i t h e v e rb al un v u r n n

i n fl e xi o as i n S kr as mi ( I a m)
n , i— ma s ( we g o ) & c
.
-
Gr ,
-
, .

s i p i p
- t, &c
- L s m i m s &c
e- v , . . u- ,
-
u- ,
.

Be s id e t h e s t e m m a w e al s o fi n d i n I d o E r o p e an a s t em n - u

a h m a
g a
( w h e ce S k h am n or g am
( ) w
r h.e ce G ot h
a a a , n .

ik G r £7 6 A s m a h as b e e c o
. 0 . e c t e d wi t h t h v e rb l n nn e a

r o o t ma ( t o t h i k ) s o g m ( n f o m whi h aft e t h e p a
, a a a r c , r se

at i o n o f t h e E u p e b an c h e s o f t h e I
ro and O E eran fr o m t h e n uro
p
-
r

A s i at i c t h e S s k it h m a d fi
an ll
r a h a m w as d e ve l o e d n n a
, g y a a
p , , ,

h as b e e n d e ri e d fr o m t h e I E v e b l ro ot
g ( ot . . v r a a

w h e c S kr G & a m a w o ld t h b
’ ’'
n e
g . r a
y w c :
g . e cz , . a - u en

d ivi d e d t h u s : g ( v e b al r o o t ) a a
( p
a ro o mi n al d e m on
r a n

s t at i ve ro o t )
r m ( t h e
p ec e d i g a s t em O f I ) B o
pp h o w r n .
,

e e v co
r ,
id e r s t h at i S kr
ns h m in it i al m h as b e e lo s t
n . a a an n ,

a d su
n
pp o s es t h at t h fir st
p or t i o of t h e w o r d i s me r el
e
y t h e n

s t em m (I ) a .

T h e o t h e e xp l t io r su
gg e st e d b an a
y B o pp i s mu c h n
p re
, ,

fe r ab le t o e it h e r o f t h e p r e c e di g vi : t h at t h e i i t i al a i s n ,
z . n

I n t h is cas e ag a ma wo u ld me an I t h e mo ver , an d h e n ce I, as

t h e fi r s t i d ea we h ave o f a mo ver , a c a u s e, is d er ive d fr o m t h e p ower we

\
”
h ave of wi lli ng . T he I . E . r oo t a
g al s o me an t t o sp ea k , wh e n ce S kr .

ah ( wh ich als o p a sse d t h r ou g h t h e s t ag e ag h ); L g i u m, aj o

. a d -a ag i o ,
- -

”
a ma d h er e w o uld mea n
G ot h f . a -a i k -a ( I d en y ) ;
g an a I t h e sp eake r .

A lt h ou g h i t is p o ss i b le t h at b o t h for ms o f t h is s t e m, ag a ma an d ag h a ma
e xi s te d in I n d o E u r op ean , i t i s n ever t h e less more p r ob ab le t h at a h a m is a
-

s
p e S an s kr i t for m d evelop ed fr om ag a ma t h r oug h t h e s t ag e ag h a ma
c i al

W e fi n d a fe w ot h er e xamp les of a S kr h b e in g an I E g ; t h u s we . . .

ha e
v S k r h an u -s
( t
. h e j ),
aw G r yé v v c, g en u, G o t h k i n n u -
s S kr .
-
L . . .

ma h a -t (g r eat ) , G r . i
h ya -c, G o t h . mik i l-s .
 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMM A R . 317

th e d e mo n s t r at i ve st em a (t hi ) s . A g a - ma
-
( o r a -g h a -ma

w o uld t h e b e r e s olve d in to t h e t h e p ron o mi n l s t e ms

n re a , a

( t h i ) ;s
g ( o g h a w hai h i s c on n e c t ed wi t h V e d
r
g h d g h a c .
, ,

h d ; S k h G r y 7 (i D or i yw y B o t i m y ) ; G t h
'
r . a, . e, a n . v a, oe . u a o .

- k i n t h e ac c s in g mi k ( m ) t h k ( t e ) s i k ( e ) O H G h
. s . e , u , s , . . .
-

in t h e ac c s p l n s ih ( o s ) i w ik ( o s ) d m e ot h
. . u
( t h n , v , an a er

s t e rn o f t h e fi s t p s o ) r er n .

N omi n a t i ve S i n g u la r .

I n d -E ur . : a
g am a
(
S kr . : ah a m .

E7 05, D i yo mya ; E w o t i di v, i n wet ,

’
Gr
' ’ ’
i ya m,
’

. : or .
'
ey o wn , .

i tb vya . He r e on I E . . a, b u t t h e c au s e o f t hi s c h an e
g
is un kn o wn .

L . eg o ( wi t h a as i n G r e ek ) , an d lat e r eg o .

S o in t h e S an s kri t D r amas we fi n d g ufi g a n ah (lit t h is p e r s o n )

'
a .

u se d to e x p r e ss t h e fir s t p e r s o n al p r on oun . C o mp are al s o t h e u se o f L .

h ie, an d of t h is in v ul
g ar E n
g li s h .

1 L o t t n er ( in
"
the e s s ay q u ot e d in p 3 1 5 ) c on s id e r s t h a t t h er e we r e
.

t wo pe r i o ds i n p r ehi s t or i cal I n d o - E u r o p e an t ime s fi r s t ly, a pe r iod wh en

M wa s s ol ely the ch ar act er i s t ic o f th e
fi r s t p er s on se co n dly, a
p er i o d
wh e n M b e ca me r es t r i ct e d to th e o b liq u e c a s es o f t h e si n u la r
g Bot h .

p er i o ds h a d b ee n g o n e t h r ou g h b e for e o ur an ce s t o r s s ep ar at e d In .

”
t h e h i s t or i ca l t im es , h e wr i t e s , t h e di ffe r e n ce o f s i n g u lar a n d p l ur al,

I , as opp o s ed t o t h e o b li qu e c as e M e i s , u p on t h e
’
an d o f t h e n o mi n at i ve

w h o le , p re se r ve d ; b u t h er e an d t h er e w e O b s e r ve a t en d en cy t o come

b a ck t o t h e p re p r imi t ive may s ay s o - —if I s imp li ci t y .

”
T h e ten
d en ey, t h at M h as t o r e t ur n t o t h e n om g we fi n d
. s ini n s ome
. of the

E n
g lis h d i alec t s whi c h p ar t ly r e p lace I b y me , i n t h e mo i o f t h e F r e n ch ,
”
in t h e men o f t h e N e w P e r s ia n in t h e mé o f t h e O ld I r is h .

“
S e con dl y, we fin d the m of t h e fi r s t p er s o n exte n d e d t o t h e p l ur al .

T h i s we h ave in s o me G e r man an d Nor s e dial e c t s ( me r , mi r fo r wi r i s

c o mmo n ab ou t T h u r i n g ia ; me r i s al s o s ome t im es u s e d i n Old N or s e) , i n
the N e w I r an i an lan g u ag e s almo s t t h r o u g h o u t ( we i s in N e w Per s ia n md ,
A r men ian me g , O s se t ian ma x) , an d i n M o d e r n G r eek m
”
fg . I h ave ob

se r v e d s imi lar ph en o men a i n t h e I t ali an di ale c t of S an R e mo .

31 8 C OMPARATI VE G RAMMAR .

A ccus at i ve S i n g u la r .

I n d -E ur moi-m .

S kr . md m , -
form i s a fem acc
an d . M am i n . . Bo p p
su e t s e i t h e r t h t d w as fir s t d e el o e d i n
s a md to
gg p v

c o m e n s t e fo r t h e l o s s o f t h e fi al m
a a d t h at i t w as
p n ,
n

b orro w e d b y mam f o m d or t h at mam i s fo r m r 7n , k m,

a- a -

h a b ei n g G r ye . .

Gr .
p é , Ep (
é t h e fi r st a b ein g o n ly p ro s t h e t i c ) , D or . Ep i c
.

L . me for mem
“

mim fr o m s t e m m i fin a l é b ein g le n g t h e n
ed to c omp e n s at e fo r lo s s of m . I n Old L at i n med w as
u sed fo r m e, as in N o v os i P lau t i os med R o ma i f ec id
( C . I L I
. . . n . M elz e w as al s o w r it t en in Old
L at in fo r me . Buc h e le r su
gg est s t h at melze m ay b e
G r Eyeye, G o t h mik
'

. .

I n s t r u men tal S i n g u la r .

I n d -E ur 9

S kr . :

D at i ve S i n g u la r .

Ind E .
- ur . : ma bh yam
-
.

S kr . : ma -li g am .

G L : D or . Emu , 2mm] , i p lv ya ; ' -

¢I v
L . mi-h ei , mi Izi , -
f omr S t mi . U . me-h e .

A b la t i ve S i n g ula r .

In d E -
ur . : m a -d or ma -
t .

S kr : ma —
t , V e d ma ma - t , a r e du
p li c at e d fo rm
—f
. . .

L . : me ,
’

O L . . me d ro m S t mi .

G en i t i ve S in g u la r .

I n d -E ur

S kr . : ma ma , a r e dup li c at i on of s t e m wi t h lo s s , c as e

en di n g .
 C OMPARAT I VE G RAMMAR .

Gr . : f om
r S t nyt ( n o t fro m fin o
. V e d a s ma fo r .

t h en th e n om
p l w o u l d b e n o t , JE Ol
.
g ) dyy .s g , D or . .

dyt g , I on I on g eg )
’
ei g
’
- - -
. . ssc e .

L . n os ; n i s , p e r h ap s ,
Os an Old ac c u s at i v e u s ed as a

n om an d fo ll o w s t h e an al o of e u Osf o m
.
, gy g equa r

Bo pp , h o we v e r , c on s id e r s t h at t h e fi n a l 3 h e e b elo g s r n

t o th e s t e m , as it o c cu s r i os t e n n - r , an d acc or din g ly h e
c o n n e ct s it w it h -
s rn a , f o m wh i c h
r he al s o d e ri e s me t v - -

in e ome t ,
g mamet , t a met , n os m et , an d - mmo i n i mmo ‘
is mo fro m St i . The fi na l 3 O f S kr . n as is l
a s o c on

s id er e db y BO pp t o b elo n g t o t h e s t em , as i t i s u s e d
fo r t h e ac c d at an d g en pl , an d i s e xp l ai n e d i n t h e
. . . .

s ame w a I n Z n do n ds w e fi n d t h e v o w e l len t h
y .

g .

en e d, L 03 N O3 m ay b e c o n n e c t e d wi t h t h e
as in . 71 .

p ro n o mi n al r o o t a as h as b ee n alr e ad
y su
gg e s t e d in
n

9 5 or i t m ay b e d e r i v e d fr o m ma
,
a s i n i t i al m an d

n ar e s o m e t i m e s i n t er c h an ed t h u s w e fi n d I t n es o lo
g p .

fro m L m esp il m n i ccl i o fr o m L mi t a las ; S p esp e a

. u ,
z . . n r

an d n iSp o la fr o m L m esp ilu m ma iyi l fr o m A r ab n a b .

, .

fi l m eso fr o m L os t e m as t e z o f o m L n as t u r t ui m
, a . n r, u r r .
,

na e la fr o m L m g l i O S p n em b fr o m L me a a a, r ar
g u . . . .

mo e; Fr a e f o m L m p a n a t t e fr o m L m a t ta a
r ar
pp p . n r .
,
.
,

éfl e fr o m L m esp il m W all a lbe fr o m L ma lva r

’
n . u . n . .

A ccus a t i r e P lu r a l .

Ind E -
ur as m a - n s an d ma -
na .

S kr . a s md n as ma a
n s an d n as ma -n a . S c hl e i c h e r c on

side sr t h at n as i s for ma sma - -

n s, i n i t i al m b e c o min g n

t hr o g h d i u ss imilat i on on ac c o u n t Of follo win g m .

G r. I on .
fiyea g
'
f omr St .
ny t E 0 1. dup e, D or .

I p r e fer t o c o n n e ct i mmo wi t h t h e s u p er lat ive s t e m i mo for i mmo

i n - mo

f D i ez , G ra mmat ik d er R o man is ch en S p r ach en , v ol I , pp 1 9 9 .

2
. .

f
 C OMPAR AT I VE G R AMMAR . 32 1

dp i , h er follo wi g t h e n al o g y
eit n a O f a cc . s in g .
ué, or
b e in g t h e m e r e s t e m for 8 m m E m 1 , u .

L . 71 08 .

I n s t r u men t a l P lur a l .

I n d -E . ur r as ma -blue .

S kr mel- blzis
’

. as .

D a t i ve P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur . : a s ma - blz
g a ms .

S kr . ma bb g a m, n as , V e d a s ma - bli g a
as -
. .

Gr . : E 01 dp p cv , dym ; D o r dp i v ; -w . .

L . n O bi s -
p e r h a s fo r n o s -bi s , n os a
p pp e ar i n
g as

as in n os -t er .

A bla t i ve P lu r a l .

Ind E -
ur .

S kr . as ma -t , follo w i n
g an al o g y O f ab l . s in
g .

L . : n o- bis .

I n d -E ur

S kr . as ma ca m , / r
p po e l
y a adje c t i r n ve in a cc . s in
g . n eu t e r
m alca w i t h l o s s o f fi al
‘
V ed . as ,
n on n us .

G r . : inu sfw v, E p fip e i w v fr o m S t fin k , E 0 1
I on . . . .

dp y ewv , Boeo t dp i w v , D o r dudi u , dys w v

' ’
. . .

L . n os t r u m,
g en p l o f
p o s s e s s i v e s t e m n ost r o
. for n os t r o
.

r u m, h h o cc r s i Pla t u s ; n os t i g e s i g O f t h e
w ic u n u r , n . n .

s am e s t e m S o m e wri t e r s c o n s id e r n os t r u m t o b e an
.

ac c s in
g n eu t e r
. . .

L oca t i ve P lur a l .

I n d -E . ur . : as ma -s e a .

S kr . as md s u . ~

Gr . : ZE Ol dup e- a w . .
32 2 C OMPAR AT I VE GR AM MAR .

N om i n a t i ve a n d A ccus a t i ve D ua l .

I n d -E ur

S kr . d vd m f om S tr . d va a t va (I tho u ) ,
ac c or di n
g
to Bo p p , or d d va ( I n u m e r al t wo ) acc o r di n g t o
S c hl e i c h e r , as i n Old Li t h . ved u ve d ii i (f ) . N ew

Lit h . mud u mad oi an d G o th . vi - t

( w e t w o
) .

W e al s o fin d as ac c . n d u , fo r
‘
n a s a cc o rdi n
g to Bo pp , a

len g t h e n e d fo rm o f p l n as JVd i s als o e d fo g e ’

. . u us r n .

an d d at an d t h e e fo e a
.
, b e l o g s p o b ab ly t o t h e r r n n r

s t e m ; i t c orr e s o d s t o G r m 6 i w h i h l so a
p n c p n . to a

e a s t o b e lo g t o t h e s t e m ( c f
‘

p r S k n a kt a G r . . r . s u .

Om ) I n fo m n d i s r eg u lar ac d u l f S t
’
er . r u a c . a o .

as s i d
'
fro m s i a
v u
’
v

G r . : v1 52,
. Boeot mil e . .

I n s tr u men t al an d A bla t ive

I n d -E . ur

S kr dvci bhydm
’

. .

D a t i ve D ua l .

I n d -E . ur

S kr . d od bkyd m, n du .

Gr i i v,
’

vd i
'

. : u
a u .

G en i t i ve D ua l .

I n d -E ur

S kr . : d ear/63 , n du .

G r v dfi v , u
ai u .

L o cat i ve D ua l .

I n d -E ur .

S kr . d vayé s .
32 4 C OMPAR AT I VE G RAMMAR

Ind E o
’
ur

S kr . :

D at i ve S i n g u la r .

I n d -E ur . : t va -b h g a m .

S kr . : t w bh g a m , V ed . t u -bh g a .

Gr . : Ho m . r e v, i D OT . r lv, T a enr t . T i m) .

L . t i bi ( fi n al m b e i n g l o s t , as in V ed . t u bh ya ; ) U .

A b la t ive S in g u la r .

I n d -E ur . t va -d or fla t .

S kr . : t va -t .

L . : t e,
‘

O L . . t ed fr o m St . ti

G en i t i ve S i n g u la r .

I n d -E ur

S kr . : t a va for t va t va, a r e du p li c at i o n of s t e m wit h l o s s of ,

c as e e n din g .

7, I E p 0 570 , ) D
'
0 01 on . a eo , . 7 5 0 70 t a va -sg a or .

7 60 , 7 6 0 17 , 7 5 5, T im . I n D or . r io g , r so ii g , r ei i c, f lo g ,
r i wg , g th e en . c as e -e n din g 9 ap p e a s r to be ad d e d to

th Ol d en iti v e
e
g .

L . : t ui , t h e g en . s in
g of t h e p o s s e s s i ve st e m t uo

L oca t i ve s i n
g l
u ar .

I n d -E ur . : t va - i .

S kr . t vayi t va i i t va a i . S kr . té , V ed . t ué ,

w ic h h is u s ed for d at . an d g en . s in
g i s
. ro
p p y
e r l a

l o c ati v e .

Gr . a o- , i D or . r o- i .

N o mi n a ti ve P lu r a l .

Ind . t vas ma w as p rob ab ly t h e s te m .

S kr . u/
g yam for t va i am t va a a m V e d ya sh ma
.

P ali t umh é t us
 C OMPARAT I VE GR AMMAR .
32 5

Gr . : {ly r i c fr o m St i .
mp , E 01 . D O I‘
. inu i g , E w o t .

O ll ip é g , I o n '
. fip feg .

L . oos
‘

( c o mp ar e n os
‘

) .

A ccus a t i ve P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur . t va sm a-n a or t e a- n a .

S kr yus h mcin
‘
t va s m an s , V e d yus h mas
' '

. : vas . t van s .

Gr . : I on . {mea g
’
fr o m S t sp a ; E 01 ting e, D
. . or . ime
'

(c o mp ar e aw e ,

I ns t r u men t a l P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur . t vas ma -bh is .

S kr us h mci -bh is
’

.
y .

D a t i ve P lu r a l .

In d E -
ur . : t vas ma -bh yams .

S kr . :
y us h ma - bh g a m , vas .

G r i m (pl u , E
r
-
01 ii mu , ii yut v ; Baeo t
—
. . .

L . : 176 - bis
( co mp ar e n obi ) s .

A bla t ive P lu r al .

I n d -E ur

S kr - z yas h ma - t ( o mp ar e
c as ma -t ) .

L : n o b is
.
-
.

‘
Ind E -
ur 9

S kr u s h md lca m , V e d yus h md lca

.
g .

Gr . : I on . inu i w v , E p w
i nd o . w fr o m St . imb ;

im ew v , BtE O t i p i wv
'
o r
y . .

L . vos t r or u m, r os t r u m ( ves r os t r i (ves

L oca ti ve P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur . : t vas ma -sva .

S kr . :
y as h ma-s u .

B O1 Iiyuw w p rob ab ly, ft e l g y O f cxuuw w

’ ’'
Gr . . a r an a o .
32 6 C OMPAR ATI VE G RAMMAR .

N i
o m n a t i ve a n d A cc us at ve i D u a l.

I n d -E . ur .

S kr . : y uv dm f om S t
r .
y u oa t va h ou t h o u ) o r
t ra ( t ,

t va d va ( t h o u nu m er al t w o ) c o m p r e L i t h yu d
,
a .
-
u

V ed m W al s o fin d
g u d oi uva e as a c c
-
y . . .

vd m fo r vav ( a c c o r di n t o Bo p p ) vd u vas ,
( co mp ar e
g
n d u)
a
dmi t ,

I n s tr u men t a l an d A bla t i ve P lur al .

Ind E - ur

fi n d yuva t as ab l
‘
S kr ur d - b h g am In V e di c we al s o
y
: .
. .

c o m ar e m at , & c
p .

D a t i ve D ua l .

I n d -E ur

S kr . : g uvd bh am ,
g
-
vdm ; V ed .
y u va - bh yd m .

Gr d ii
'

.
p dfi v ,
at a u v .

G en it ive D ua l .

In d E .
-
ur
9

m
‘
S kr .
g un a -
g os , V ed .
y u v s , vd
é .

G r o
d dfi v ,
i 0
4 11 7
5 11 .

L oca t i ve D ua l .

I n d -E ur
‘

S kr .
y u va -
y os .

1 65 . T HE R EFLEX I VE P R ON OUN .

T h e re is n o di s t i n c t i o n Of
gen d e r in t h i s
p ro n ou n , e x c e t
p
in G r . n o m . an d ac c .
p l . 6
¢ €a . T h e I n d -E u r s t e m w as sva. .

h h
w ic i n S an s k ri t on ly o ccu s r in c o mp o u n d s , as in s va -ya m

e lf i m am, on e s f)
(
’
s ) s va 4 a s va a 4» s oa - ta s (b y s el
»

2 a in t h ese for ms imp lies or i

g in al wh ich may r e p resen t
‘
an si ,
an

I . E f lv .
32 8 C OMPAR ATI VE GR AMMAR .

D a t i ve S i n g u la r

I n d -E . ur sva- bh
yam .

Gr Boe o t é lu ( C o rin n a ) , D o t ract e d fr o m

‘
. : . or . i v, c n {iv
i (pt v
-
.

.
L . : s ib i , U . s i b e, O szfei fr o m
.
, St . s vi

A bla t i ve S in g u la r .

I n d -E ur s ea - d o r s ea - t .

L . sé , O L . . s ed fo r s e id , f om
r St . s vi

G en i t i ve S i n g u la r .

I n d -E ur

Gr . o i}, E p d o . a Fe I on . D or . 5 5, £ 0 5 , Baz o t 50 5 9
. .

L . s ui, t h e
g en . s in
g . of th e p o s s es s i v e s t e m s u o

L oca t i ve S in g u la r .

Ind E ur s va -i .

Gt i I E O l Fo i , Boe o t Ff)
'

. t o , . . .

N o m i n a t i ve P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur

G r . c
ak ,s O fb t a
‘
’
’
fr o m St . G
¢ l

A c c us at i ve P lur a l .

I n d -E ur

Gr d ¢ £a (n ) I on w i n g , mpei a g , D mpg,
'

. a
¢ g, a . . o or .

3 5, E
11 01 ii o tpe '
. .

L . sa me as in s in
g .

D a t i ve P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur s va - bh
g msa .

Gr . : D or . mpt y , S yr ac
e .
l i v,
z L ac o n .

L . s am e as i n s i n
g .

A b la t i ve P lu r a l .

I n d -E ur

L . sa me as in s in
g .
 C OMPAR AT IV E G RAM MAR . 32 9

G en i t i ve P lu r a l .

Ind E -
ur

D I) , I o n IE OI v , S yr ac d gu m
'
G r . (H N
I .
p
a t s wv, . a ie
q i w . an .

L s am e a s in s in
. : g .

L oca t i ve P lur a l .

Ind E -
ur . s va -s va .

G r . a
¢i
~
at .

A lomin a t i ve an d A ccu s at ive D ua l .

I n d -E ur .

G r . a
qb wé ,

D a t i ve a n d G en i ti ve D ua l .

a
d i eu- (
pm .

1 66 . T HE P R ON OUN s IN WHI C H T HE G EN D ER I s MA R K E D .

A n e x ami n a t i o n fo u d i
O f all th e
p ro n oun s o f t hi s c l as s n n

e a h la a e b lo s t t h e s p e c i l g amm ar of e c h
n d o a r
c
g g n u
g e a , an

w e h e r e li mi t o r i v e s t i g at i o t o t h e d e cl n s i o n O f t h e s e p r o
’

u n n e

n o un s s le c t i
, g e t h e I E d m o s t at i e s t e m t
n as t h e o e O f
. . e n r v a n

wh i ch t h e d e cle i o n w ill b e g i e i f ll I n t h e t hr e e fo l
n s v n n u .

l o wi g s e ct i o s w e m e ely n o t i e t h e C h i e f p o i t s of d iffe r e c e
n n r c n n

b e t we e n t h e d e c l e i o o f t h e p o o n s a d t h t o f t h e o n
n s n r n u n a n u s,

o mi t t i s om e x c e t i o s w h i c h w il l b e fo u d i n t h e s e c i al n
g n
p e
p n

g r a mma s of e ac h l a
r
g a e
g n u .

1 67 . T HE S AN S K R I T P R ON OM I NAL D E CLEN S I ON .

The n o m . s i n
g m as c
g e n e.r ally e n d s in -
s , as i n t h e n o u n
.
,

e xce
pt in sa
( n o m si n
g . w h e r e t h e fi n al s w a s o m i t t e d ,
.

b e c au s e i t w as p e r h ap s a r e p e t i t i o n Of s a i t s e lf . The s am e

o mi s s i on i s fo u n d i n G o t h s a an d G . r . 6 . W e al s o fi n d th e

p e c ul i a r n o min at i ve s a
y am ig a m wh i ch ar e an a
3 30 C OMPAR AT I VE GR AMM AR .

l o g o u s t o t h e p e r s on al p r o n o u n a h am al s o t h e n o m
’

. as ci u

( m . w h i ch ,
p e r h a s , a ro s e fr o m an O ld e r a s ti s
p T h e . n o m .

an d ac c . n eu t . s in
g . en d s in d or t, an d t hi s fo r m is u s e d as

r
t h e t ue st em i c o mp o un d s n . The n o m p l m as c e n d s in -é ,
. . .

w h i c h p e rh p s aro s e f o m
, a ,
r - a - -a si a -a as , t h e s t e m b e i n
- -
g
l en g t h e n e d b y w h i c h ft e a, a r wa rds b e c am e i , an d th e fin al as

b e i g lo s t ; t h u s t é
n t i a a- - s t a -a -a s . I n th e d at .
, ab l .
, an d
Ic e . s in
g . the m as c . an d n eu t . a s t em s ar e l en g t h e n e d b y
th e ad di t i o n of su m; an d in t h e sa me c as e s t h e fe m ci s t e ms .

ar el e n g t h e n e d b y at s mi , ac c o r di n g to Bo p p ) . T h e g en .

p l e n ds in
. s ci m -
.

1 68 . T HE G REE K P R ON OMI NAL E CLEN S I ON D .

The n o m . s in
g . m s e n d s in 9 as in t h e n o n e x c e p t in
a .
-
, u ,

0 S kr . sa . T he n o m s in
g n e t e n d s in
. . fi n al (
u 0 .
-
O -
or , 1
-
r

3 b e i n g lo s t In o t h er re s e ct s t h e ro n o min al i s t h e s ame
.
p p
as th e n o mi n al d e clen s i on .

1 69 . 1 ME L AT I N P R ON OM I NAL D E CLENS I ON .

F i n al -s o f n om s in m as c i s s om e t i m e s l o s t , a s in i s e
.
g . .
p
( b e s i d e ip su s ) , i s i e ( b e s i d )
e i s t u s , ec u i , s i u i ,
g g q ui
( b e s i d e

g i u s
) O p is h i e .
Q ui i s
p ro b,
ab l
y fo r
q u o i (w h e n c e O L
. . .

g u ei ) U p o i p oei p ee an d h ie fo r h o i ce t h e s t e m s
.
, , ,
-
,

i n b o t h c a s e s b e in g l e n g t h e n e d b y i T h e n o m s i n g fe m -
. . . .

e n ds in a e xc e t i n
p
-
g uce O p ai h a s i llcec ( b e s i d e .
, ,

i lla ) i s t cec ( b e s i d e i s t ) t h e s t e m s of t h e s e p r o n o un s b e in g
,
a ,

als o l e n
g t h en e d b
y i Q ui s i s u s e d as a n o m fe m i n P l au-
. . .

t u s ( g i s m u lie u es t ) as G r i9 T hi s i t h at i s add e d
r ,
. r .
-

t o t h e s t e m in g uce i s O f c o mm o n o ccu rr e n c e as i n U ,
.

p r
a i -
p i , e L r
q u id-
i & c ; G r ou o . & c : Boe c kh c o n , . . r
’
a -I , .

T he n eu te r t e r min at io n m, wh i ch is
-
use d as mascu lin e an d fe mi n i n e
in a
ya m i ya m an d a h a m, d at es fr o m a t i me wh en t h e di s t i n ct i on
Of g en d er h ad n ot ye t b ee n d evelope d .
33 2 C OMPARATI VE G RAM MAR .

m o r e p ro b ab le t h at i s t o-i i us i s for i s t o-i -si u -s , -s i u b e in g -s g a, -

an d - s b e in a dd e d , a s i n t h e D o r i c en s in of t h e fir s t an d
g g g . .

s e c on d p e r s o n al p r o n o u n s , 241 50 9 , 511 0 5 9 , 7 50 9 , 7 5 0 5 9 Me u n i e r .

c o n s i d e r s i s t i u s , & c , t o h av e ar i s en fro m is t i -i us , & c , is ti

.

b e in g the l g e n i t i v e in
u sua - i d i s , an e n cli t i c e n i ti ve of
an
g
-a

th e r o n o min al s t e m - i
p .

The ad v e rb s d qu i ar e Old l o cat iv e s ,

h ie O L . . h ei e an

d h oi e an d q uo i S im ilar ly in O s c an w e fi n d l o c
i—
an -
. .

ewe e fro m p r on o min al s t e m ea o C or s s e n c o n s i d e rs qu i t o '

be an ab l at i v e fo r m fo r qu ei d ; q ui e u m i s -
u sed for b o t h q uo

e um an d q ua eu m .

Be s id e qu or um, g en p l O f s t e m q uo . . we fin d e u i u m as

e n p l of s t e m qu i ( C h ar is i u s I L ,
g . .

1 7 0 T HE D. E CLEN S I ON OF T HE S TEM t a ( m . n .
)
S kr . L .

ta is -to

s a , ao -s t a- t (n ) 0 . 7 6 (n ) .

t a -m t a -t ( )
n r é.
—
v 7 6 ( )
n . is m-m i s t u-d

(IL )
t é -n - a .

C on s u lt M eu n i e r s
’
E s s ay D e qu elqu es an o mali e s qu e p r é s en t e Ia d é clin ai
s on de ce r t a i ns P r on o ms L
ati n s
”
Mém oir e s d e la S oci é t é d e Li n
g ui s ti qu e d e
P ar is .
”
T ome I .
, pp 1 4
. B e s i de t h e se g e n i t i ves in - i ue w e al s o fi n d in Old
L at in t h e g en . s ei , qu ot, ou t , qu i , & c . as in E i r ei a r g u men t a d iea m ( Pl Th i n . . 522)

Q uoi fi da fi del i t as que am iewm er g a a q u zp er et t ua m (PL

‘

Ti r n . P er i i quo t h ie
ip se a n nos r i vet , eu ifi l i i t a m d iu a fr on t ( Pl M il . . &c . I n Plau tu s P er s . 8 3,
M e un i er r ead s S et ecoa m p a r as i t mn q uo i mi i us a ux il cos t op us , an d c on s i d er s t h at

h er e w e fi n d exis t i n g s e p ar at e l y t h e t wo g e n i t i v es (guoi fr om st e m Q W , an d t us
fr om s t em i w h i ch aft e r w ar d s c o al es ced in t o q uo i us .

T h e d at i ve q uoie i (wh i ch oc c ur s on t h e fou r t h i n s cr i p t i on on t h e t omb of t h e

S ci p i o s, Qvoiei vi t a def ea t , non h en ce, ho n or ei s ) , is , ac co r di n g to Meun i er , a d ou b l e

l ocat i ve fr om q uo t 100 . of qu o an d ei 100 . Of i S imil ar ly t h e d at . s lot
( as in
L u er . III .
, 555 , S i va al i ud g n id e ts p ot i us con nexi ue cici ) is a d oub l e 100 . of i

1 L .
’

as - t o is c omp o u n d ed O f th e t h r e e s t e ms z
‘

sa an d ta In ad dit i on to

t h e d ec l en s i o n o f is t o I als o g i ve so me ot h er p r on omin al for ms to ill us tr at e t h e

o r i g in al d ec len s ion of t h e p ron oun s .
 C OMPAR AT I VE GR AMMAR . 3 33

S hr .

t a -s maz
‘

t a -s d .

t a -s ya .

t a -s m- in .

té t a-n -i ( )
n . r o t, o i r ci ( )
n . is ti , U .
p (m )
ur - e .

i s t a , qua- e (n )
.

t el -n t a-n -i ( ) n . r é r g, 7 0139 r d i s t o-s is ta

(n ) .
(n ) .

1 71 . T HE D E CLENS I ON OF T HE S TEM
S kr . Gr .

té .

G . t el -s am .

L . t a-s u .

D l N
ua . . A . té .

I . D . Ab . t d -bh yd m .

G . L . t a -y-Os .
3 36 AP PEN D I X .

Mor eo ver b efor e we , can as s er t t h at t h e S k r . cer eb r al s ar e b or

r ow e d fr om t h e D i di an l an g u ag e s , w e mu s t p r ove t h a t t h e con
r av

di t i on s un d er w h i ch al on e s ou n d s c an b e b or r ow e d , e xi s t e d i n t h e
c as e Of S kr . i . e . w e mu s t p r ov e t h at a g r e a t man y for ei g n w or d s
c o n t ain i n g th e
d i n q u e s t i on w e r e fi r s t b or r ow e d an d t h at t h u s
s ou n

n ew s ou n d b ec ame
th e p e r fe c t l y famili ar t o t h e p eop l e T h er efor e .

i t h as fi r s t t o b e d emon s t r at e d t h at S an s kr i t in v er y e ar l y t i mes

al r e ad y p o s ses se d , as l o an s , a n u mb er of D r avi di an w or d s c on tai n i n g

t h ese cer eb r als D r C ald wel l , w h o s t r on g ly t h e t h e or y
. . su
p p or t s
of th e D r avidi an o ri g i n Of t h e se s ou n ds , en u mer at es on l y s i x t e e n

n ou n s con t ain i n g c er eb r al s w h i ch he su
pp os e d t o h av e b een b or
r ow e d . O n l y t wo t h e s e, d n i e p in d
of ( t h Of th e ax l e o f a c ar t ) , an

h at uh a ( s h ar p ) , ar e fou n d i n t h e R i g v ed a, an d e v en t h es e can b e eas il y

A

d e d u ce d fr om or di n ar y S an s kr i t r oot s . A ni i s for ar
ni , fr om R . ar

( to fit) ,
an d c on s e qu en t ly m ay m e an “
a t hi n g t o b e fi t t e d ( in to

so me o t h er co mp ar e ar e ( a s p ok e ); h at u ( s h ar
p ) Is for
kar t u fr om kr t (t o c ut ) . E v en su
p p o s i n g t h at t h ds h s i x t e en w or d s

w er e b or r owe d , t h ey w ou l d b e far t o o fe w in n u mb er to c au s e th e
in t r o du c ti on i n t o S an s kr i t Of th e cer eb r al s ou n d s w h i ch t h ey con

A s Z en d , h ow ev er , c on t ain s t h r e e c er eb r al s , th e c on s on an t al an d
v ocali z e d r an d sh , an d as it c an be s h o wn t h at '
n ear l y all t h e S kr .

c er eb r al mu t e s an d n as al ar e p r o d u ce d b y t h e di r ect ch an ge O f r an d
sh i n t o t h em , or b y th e c h an ge Of d en t al s i n t o t h e co rr e s p on din g
cer e b ral s t h r ou g h t h e i n fl u en ce o f r , r an d sh, w e mu s t s u r el y i n fe r
t h at cer eb r ali z at i on is n ot d u e t o t h e in fl u en c e Of for e i g n t o n g u e s ,
b ut s ol el y d u e t o t h e g en i u s O f t h e l an g u ag e i t s elf . A s p r oo f O f
t h is , w e h ave t h e foll ow in g fact s
A d en t al i s fr e qu e n t l y ch an g e d i n t o n , w h en i t i s i mmedi at ely
n

s u cceed e d b y a v o w el or g o r u n der t h e i n u en ce O f a p r eced i n g fl

r,
i r or s h , p r ovi d e d n o p alat al, cer eb r al , d en t al , si b il an t , or I i n
'

man a for m s h ilci r s h a md n a, bh r ah

' '
t e r ven e ; t h u s lc i lclr s h a wi t h s u fiix

*
man an co mes fr om bh r ah man , &c . A na
dvah ( an ox ) is for an ar vah ,

fr om a n as ( a ca rt ) , an d vah ( t o d )
r aw ; t h e ch an ge of a s in to ar be

a
C on su l t B op p
'
s
“
Kr i t i s ch e G r ammat ik d er S an s kr i t s - S p r ach e , pp .

6 0, 6 1 .
 APPEN D I X . 33 7

fo r e a s oft co n s on an t i s fou n d in t h e V e d as as us ha r bu dh ( ear ly aw ak e )

for l at e r us h ob u dh , va n a r g u (a t h i ef) for R wh en foll ow ed b y
‘
va n dg u .
,

n, is as s i mi la t e d t o it s ome t i m es i n S an s kr i t an d al ways i n Pr ak r i t . In
may b e d r opp e d ,
’
S an sk r i t t h e fi r s t Of t h es e a s d t h e p r e ce din g
an

d un d s a ( i mp er i sh ab l e ) for
' ’
v ow el l en g t h en ed , as an d b e s i d e d u r n d s a ,
'
P d n i ( t h e h an d )
'
d an es a ( diffi cul t to Ob t ai n ) fo r an d b e s id e d ur n as a .

p i
ar n f r o m pr ( t o fill ) A n u ( s mall ) a r n u fr om E ar
. I . .

( t o h ur t , g r i n d ) , w h e n ce S k r a r us ( n a w o un d ) , an d C r d A ew
(I . . .

d
g r i n ), d h e v
p o v "
( ) fl
ou r ; a n u w ou l d ac c or d i n g l y mean li t er all y
”
g r ou n d d o wn P an b u ) i s fo r p ar n fr om p (t o fill ) b e
( t
“
o r
.
y
’ ’

p ;( b
'
s ide Gr . w e p v qui , 7r o m c f S h r p a n ya -
. s t r i ) ,
wp ia
p
. a z , &c
; t h e o s c ure .

h a n ig ’
or va n ig
'

(a mer ch an t ) may b e con n ec t e d w i t h t hi s r oot . Buhl e r

ill u s t r at e s t h is ch an g e O f p i n t o 6 or v b yp i bd mi or p i od mi ( I dr i n k )
for p d an d wh d oag a for sp h dp a ya , t h e caus al of s p h d g ( t o s we l l ) .

W e al s o fi n d o i s h t ap a ( a w or ld ) for an d b es id e p is h t a p a, wi n e an d
bri n e ( an ar r o w ) b esi de p ar n a
( a l eaf , a feath er ) .

I n Pr akr i t , PAH, an d t h e mod ern v er n acul ar s , mu t e d en t al s h av e

b e c o me c er eb r al s t h r ou g h t h e i n fl u en ce Of r . T h u s S kr . t ci la or n t a

(a l ea f Of a p al m t r ee , a fan ), ur ddh a
( Old ) , hr ta ( mad e ) , hh ar t d

( n o m s in
g a
. h u s b an d
) .
, g ar da bh a -s
( no m . s in g . an as s ) ,
&c .
, b ec ome
r es
p e c t i v el
y t alar en t a , vu dh a , h at e , or h i t a, bh a t t d , g addah o, &c .

T h i s in fl u en ce o f r s h ow s i t s elf ev en i n V e di c as i n d ud/
i i fo r d ur dh i ,

[t ut a for h r t a, & c . I n C l as s i cal S an s k i t w e fi n d man y s i mila r r ex

am d an cer ) for
p l es , as n at alee ( a an d b es i de r t uka
aa/ bh a t a ( a s ol

di er ), d er iv e d b y Ben fey fr o m bh a r , an d t h er efor e b ein g for Mar i a ;

bh d t alca (w ag e s ) for bh ar t alca va t a ( a cir cl e , r op e ) for var t a fr om ar t

( t o t u rn ) , of . L . ver t o p a t ta "
(a t ab l e , s e at ) fr om p at r a,
, acco r d i n g

to Be n fey ; p at u ( s kilful ) fr o m p a t (t o d ivi d e) , for p ar t , cf . L .

C urt ius d ed u ces t h ese G r ee k w or ds fr om a R . m or Fa x I E . . va l or

va r , wh ence S kr ar mi - s .
( a w ave) , G r t h i m ( I r oll ) .
,
o bka i ( un g r o un d b arl ey) ,
h kp o g ( a mor t ar , a r o un d s t on e ) ak oé w ( I t h r e sh ) , , A tt (t h an; ( a t h r es h
.

in g fl oo r ) p aA w p o v
,
’

Ii kw Hes ych ) fr om Fa xw p o v , & c

po v, . .
,
L . vol vo, G ot h .

val v an
j (t o r oll ) . The fi n al so u n d in G r EM» , ve ld , G o t h . L . . va lv is a s h or t

e n ed for m o f re d u p li ca t i on ; t h e F is r ep r es en t ed b y o i n 6A o o i r p o xo g (a r olli n g
) OXFo cr p o xo g , d i n d h o ci w aM W fi n d s i mil ar
‘
s t on e an -a w . e c as e s of s h or t

r ed u p li cat ed for ms i n G r ee k, as 6
¢ B c,
- -o- -
B -o -
p a ¢ b es id e S kr bh i .
( t imer e ) ,

é
ap fi ,
- -
w b e si d e i -w S kr
pp , bh a r ,
wOp
-n
n b es ide .
'
n
n ap -aw, L .
p ar - t a, &c .

Z
3 38 APPEN D I X .

p ar
()s
t -
)va t a
(an ( t en cl osur e
o en cl ose ) cf for var t a, r
f om or , .

L ve llu m; [ca at a (a t h or n ) fo r lca r n t alca ac c or di n g t o Ben fey

nt
.
, ,

fr om h r t ( t o cu t ) ; t a t a ( h ori z on b an k o f a ri ver moun t ain for t ar ta

) , ,

fi o m t r ( t o cr os s ) as p ar a g‘ ( ri p a opp osi t e ) comes from p ar ( t o

,

cr os s ) of p o s n e p f w rr p a v L p er ; t ad ( t o s t rik e ) for
'

Gr
'

, . . n o a v e
, , , .

t a r d wi t h w hi ch Bop p con n ects G ot h

, (as ) t hr ut (mol es ti am facer e) ; .
-

t ad i t ( ful men
) ta n du la (g r an u m fru men ti p raecip u e or yz se ) fr om
, ,

ta d : p ath ( t o r eci t e fro m L i

) p r a t h ( t o c el eb r at e
) of n t er p r et ,
. .
-

ar i ; Ben f ey, h ow ever , con s i d er s i t to be a d emon s t rati ve d er i ved

fr om p as h t a for s
p as h t a ( evi d en t ) ; p u r Od ds
’
a
( a cak e mad e O f r i ce

meal , O ffer ed to th e g ods ) fr om dds ’

( t o mak e ob lati on s ) . I n t h e se
t wo la s t exa mpl es t h e d en t al i s i n flu en ce d b y r , al t h ou g h a v o w e l

i n t erv en es . Bii hl er con s i d er s t h at a d en t al h as b ecom e a cer eb r al

in t h e foll o win g cas es t h r ou g h t h e in flu en ce Of a su cce edi n g r ;

lc anda (fl mi n g , p as s i on at e ) for lc a n ch
(t h e moon g lowi n g ) da nda
’ ’ ’
a ay
'

, ,

(a for d an t r a fr om d a m ( t o co erc e t ame ) an d t r a ( a su fli x

s t i ck
) , ,

g y g t h e i n s t r umen t )
si n i f i n mé t ha ( an el ep h an t dr i ver ) b es id e -
,

mah d md t r a
S h , wh e n i t i s o rig i n al or a s ub st i t ut e for h h , g , s , ks , b e com e s
’ ’ '

t, wh en ever i t en ds a w or d or
p r ece d e s eit h er t h e t e rmi n ati on ( eu)
~

of t h e l oo p l . . or ha d r con s on an t s e x ce p t t, th , an d 8 : wh il e b efor e a

s o ft con s o n an t i t b ec ome s d, an d if d or dh i mmmedi at ely foll ow ,

t h en t h ese b e come d or (
iii re p s ec t i v e ly .
1 T h us w e h ave fr om t h e
ms d oi sh ( h ati n g ), (en t eri n g )
’
vivi hs h ( i
’
st e r dg ( a ki n g ) , vi s ,
d e s r ou s

n om.
) ( as ki n g ) (n ig h t ) as si n g d oi t ,
’
to en t er vi vi ks , p rd kh , n is
’
,
.

do i dbh is , d d bh i s , o id bh i s ,
r at , vi t , vi vi t, p r d t, n it ; as in st r .
pl . r

vi su ,
o i oi
dbh i s , p r d d bh is , n idbh is ; an d as 100 .
pl . d vi ts u , r dts u , t
vi vi t s u, p r d ts u, n i t su . W e h ave al so s uch v er b al for ms as d viddh i
i mp er P ar fr om d uzeh ( h at e ) , d i d d h va m ( ye r u l ed ) r f om
'

(2 s in g . . .
) t o

W e find of th e so ft ce reb ral s fo r me d i n

'
is ( t o r ul e ) , &c . on e se

cor dan ce wi t h t h i s r u l e s omet i mes j

r e ec t ed , an d t h en a p r e c edi n g a

B o pp G loss . C omp . Li n g . S an s kr .
, p . 2 38 ) s ugg es t s t h at 12e may
come fr om p a r a ( ali us ) .

t B o pp co n n ect s k a n da wi t h G ot h
’

. ha te ( I h at e ) .

I T h er e are so me excep t i on s t o t h is l aw ; fr om S t . mr s h ( en d ur i n g ) we

h ave mg k '

(n om . s in g .
) mrg bh i: (i ns t r . &c .
3 40 APPEN D I X .

p r ep ar e d ) fr om p h a n ( o p r oduce
t eas i l y ) t a ; t ad d ayan am (t h is
fl ig h t ) fo r t at d .
, t an d i n d i md n ( t h es e d r u ms ) for t d n d .
, &c .

F in ally, w e fi n d a g r eat n u mb er of w or d s w h er e ce r eb r al s h ave

ar is en fr om d en t al s wi t h ou t an y ap p ar en t r e as on , an d Of man y O f
wh i ch w e s till fi n d s i d e- for m s in V e di c s t ill p r es e vi n g t h e o r ig in al r
d en t al s T h u s w e h ave Ve di c bh an at i ( h e p r ai s e s ) b es i d e S kr bh a n
. .

(t o s
p e ak ) ,
Bii h l er i d en t ifi e s bh an wi t h ¢ mv -e w
,
’
b u t wr o n g ly, as

qbw v e w i s from (hw y ?)

'

¢w w] an d 95m S kr . bh d ; p an an d p an

(t o p r ai s e) , & c .

W e may c on clu de t h en t h at c er eb r ali s at i on i s a ph en o men on t h at

h as ari s en wi t h in t h e li mi t s O f t h e S an s kri t l an g u ag e , an d t h at i t i s
n ot d ue t o D r av i di c i n fl u en ce . I n th e c our s e O f t im e t h i s p r e dil ec
t i on for c er eb ral s g r ew ra
p idl y s t r o n er , ti ll i t
g p r od u ce d t h e r e s ul t s

t h at man i fes t t h ems el ves so l ai n l i n P ak i t "

p y r r .

In E ng li s h t h e or i g in al d en t al s h ave all b ecome cer eb r al s , a s we s e e

fr om t h e t ran slit e r a t i on O f E n g li s h w or d s i n t o t h e v ar i ou s l an g u ag es
of I n di a . T h u s i n T amil i s t t a/r i s w r i t t en for E as t er , h dr tt u for
cour t ,
p or t t fo r for t ( i n i t i al f al ways b ec omi n g p i n T amil) , a d vd n s

for ach i an ee, h alalct ar for collect or , t es t u for t es t , & c . I n T el u g u,

likewis e, w e h ave h alh a t ar u for collect or , d dh t ar fo r d oct or , dg as h t u

for A ug us t , & c . T h es e e x amp l e s c om pl et el y p r ove t h at t h e E n g lis h
p r on ou n ce t an dd as ce r eb r al s , an d n ot as d en t al s I n ot h er E ur op ean
.

lan g u ag e s w e lik ew i s e fi n d cer eb r al s d evel op e d, as in s ch l eh en , the

Hig h G er man for m Of th e cl as s i cal G er man s t eh en . In s ch l ehe n ,

h ow ever , Buh l er b eli ev es t h at t h e s ou n d Of th e t is n ot q ui t e so

h oll ow as t h at Of th e I n di an t , b ecau s e t h e G . s ch is n ot p r on ou n ce d
so far b ack i n t h e mou t h as th e I n di an sh .

T h e G er m an t -s ou n d s accor di n g l y di ffer fr om t h e E n g li sh t
-
s ou n ds
i n t h i s , t h at t h e for mer ar e p ure d en t als , w h i le t h e l at t e r ar e
pu r e
ce r eb r al s or lin g u al s .

F or fur t h er i n for mat i on on t his s u b ec t , con s ul t

j C . L ass en s
’
mos t val uab le
"
wor k I n s t i t u t i on es L in g uaa P r ac r i t icae .

E N D OF V OL . I .
 A D D E N D A E T C OR R G E N D A I .

P ag e 12 , li n e 20, for I n e z , read l iiez .

84, 83, f or 1 3 1 , r ead 1 1 0 seq

36 , b
1 2 , for h a g h , r ead h a g h b , .

41 , 2 3, 2 4, for d at z‘n dm, read

mr s
'
48 , 5 , for , r ead

49 , 33, o mi t A
5 2, 2 6 , fo r t ub h ya n , r ea d tu b h ya m .

59, 2 5 , omi t B wr r us ( hi p p o g ) .

63, 2 2 , f 01 344 0 9 , T r i p , r ea d N ao g , m é p
‘
.

69, 1 f or é d r m d é d
,

7 0. 1 4, af ter as pe c t , I n ser t un less t h e d an g er s of t h e sea ar e s up p os ed t o ar i s e fr om

s h oa ls .

73, 2, for g h g an a , r e ad g h r ap a
'
.

12 5 , 34, omi t C on s ul t A p p en di x B .

1 28 , 2 4, fo r kr s a, r ead h rs a .

1 41 , 24 for sp i es , r ea d sp i es s
- 1 43
,
— :
34 f or as, r ead jus t as .
.

1 46 , 2 4, omz t on ly .

C
1 47, 5 , fo r i n o t , re ad mefla i
1 59, 6 , 8 , f or g
u d , r ea d Z en d
22 , omi t I n lin e 1 4,
"
.

S es tz us b e sr d e S ext i n e, mi s tu s e s i d e mi x t as b m ean t : fo r
s ex een tt ; an d i n s er t t h e se W or d s in li n e 22 , aft e r in .

9 , f or w h en , r ea d wh en ce .

2 1 , omi t 7 .

1 7 , o mi t 99 .

6 , for g a k’ h -a ti , re ad g ak'k'k a tt .

2 4, omi t 98 .

2 7 , for d r s, r e ad d r s
'
.

1 0, fo r b h a r a n ta -s , r ead b h ar an t-s .

2 9 , omi t 1 03 .

24, for -a , re ad -d .
'
36 , fo r n 'a r t a ka -s r ead n a r ta ka-s

I
b
1 8 , fo r h a r at i re ad h a r at - i .
,

3 1, n s e r t r ur ude a t-s u i n t h e mt er med la t e

b .
.

co l umn
A
O 0

2 4, for an a d va n s r e ad an a d va ns .

2 3 , f or h ave e c ome ,
,

29 , for 17 1, r ead kr t
b .
r ead are .

30, for t u dd ts i , r e a d t u dd ts u .

1 0, f or fr om , r ead b y .

2 2 , f or r ead u r ija a w .

1 8, a dd , aft er b Fa p , or r at h er bo p S kr w a sa r (sis t e r ) , men or i g in ally h avin g to

.

m ar r y t h e i r s is t e r s .

1 8, 1 9, fo r con q ui s, r e a d con g i us .

2 9 , fo r t , r ea d r .

29 f or « ; d wh a x, r ea d
1 6 7 ml
.
au x“ .

8 , or E oli c, r ead A r g i ve .

i; f or I n a -s t e ms 6 . r ead In a -s t e ms th e n omi n ati ve] a .

1 0, for p i fijn , read mm .

2 3 , for a vy'dm. r e ad a ny rim

bI
-
.

18 , t h e re fe r e n ce e lon g s t o p ep tz mo, an d n o t t o p r oxi ma

2 4, 25 , am“ fo r E - a n ecomes - a I n G r eek
20, for nas t ur t ui m, r ead n as tur k u m
. . b .
.