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AN D

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HU MA N B O D Y :
I N WH I C H

T HE EV ID E N CES
IN F A V OU R OF T HES E I MP O R T A N T SU B J EC TS

A R E C O N S ID E R ED ,

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B Y S AM U E L D R E W, 4 ! KM
A U T HOR OF

A N E S S AY O N T H E I M M A TE R I AL I T Y AN D I MM O R T A L I T Y

OF T HE HU M AN SOU L .

W hy sh o u ld it b e t ho u gh t wit h yo u a thmg i n cr e d x ble t ha t G OD sho u ld r a ise t he

d e ad 2” St . P a u l. Acts XX V I . 0o

B RO OK L Y N
P R I N TE D B Y T H O M AS K IR K ,

F OR 1 112 P U B L I SH ER .

18 11 .
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TO

T HE R E AD ER .

U H EN a ook o n a n a b s tru s e a n d i m port a n t

B
s ubj e ct is o ff e r e d to t h e w orl d t he s itu a tio n o f it s
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a tt e n tio n . U n d e r these circ u m s t a n c e s it is m uc h ,

e a s re r f o r him to a wa k e n c urio s ity th a n to gr a ti f y

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it. B u t it is a l wa y s in his po wer to s a ti s f y t he

r e a s o n a bl e in quiri e s o f tho s e who f e e l s olicitou s
,

to k n o w s o m e thi n g o f t he p e r s o n who thu s pub

l ic ly i n tro d uc e s hi m s e l f to th e ir n otic e .

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na ,

w h e n co n fi n e d w ithi n prop e r li m it s it ha s a b e n e ,

fi c ia l t e n d e n cy . It s e e k s i n d e e d f o r gra tific a tio n

,
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,

f ro m v a riou s Q u a rt e r s b ut i t is n o t v e ry f a s ti d iou s
wh e n c e o r h o w it is obt a i n e d I t ge n e ra lly fix e s
.

u po n e xtre m e s ; u po n t h e ! r e a t a n d u po n t h e li t
g ,
.

t ie — a n d , a s it r e s p e ct s
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uthor s upo n t he gi a n t s
, ,

a n d upo n t h e d wa r f s in lit e r a ry pr e t e n s io n s On .

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,
e

p l i m e n t to b e co m e a n o bj e ct o f it s pu r s u it .
iv A D D R E SS T O T HE R E A DER .

T he li f e a n d s tudi e s o f t he le a r n e d a uthor ,

w ho m a lib e r a l e d uc a tio n —u n i n t e rru pt e d l e i s ur e

a n d a ck n o wl e d g e d a biliti e s h a v e r a i s e d to t he ch a ir
,

o f s ci e n c e a n d i n v e s t e d w ith a d e gr e e o f a uthority
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to i m p a rt i ns tru ctio n a r e s ubj e ct s we ll d e s e rvi n g

,

t h e a tt e n tio n o f t he b io gr a ph e r B u t curio s ity .

f r e qu e n tly wi s h e s to k n o w s o m e thi n g a l s o c o n
c e r n i n g tho s e who in h u m bl e li f e h a v e b e e n
, , ,

brough t u p in n o s chool bu t th a t o f n a tur e ;

a n d wh o in oppo s itio n to d i fficulti e s a n d d i s cou
,

r a ge m e n t s co m e f or wa rd a n d o ff e r to t he worl d
, ,

t h e f ruit s o f th e ir l a bou r in t he fi e ld o f lit e r a tur e .

It is a r e gio n in which th e y s e e m to b e i n tru d e r s ,

and wh e r e th e y pro f e s s e dly u n d e rt a k e i n v e s ti ga .

tio n s which th e ir co n fi n e d m e a n s o f k n o wl e d ge
, ,

and u n pro m i s i n g po we r s a pp e a r i n a de qu a te to
,

p e r f or m .

M e t a phy s ic a l r e s e a rch e s a r e s o f a r r e m ov e d f ro m
m a n u a l l a bour a n d hu m bl e l i f e th a t m a n y h a v e
,

e xpr e s s e d th e ir s urpri z e th a t t he y sh ould e v e r

h a v e b e e n u n it e d H e n c e a s it r e s p e ct s m y s e l f
.
, ,

t he
q u e s tio n ha s r e p e a t e d ly b e e n a s k e d — “
W h at ,

”
cir cu m s t a n c e s le d to s o u n lik e ly a n a s s oci a tio n 9

T he r e p li e s which thi s q u e s tio n n a tu ra lly produc e d ,

i n d uc e d s e v e r a l o f m y f ri e n d s in ho s e j udg m e n t s
,

L f e e l a s tro n g co n f id e n c e a n d to who s e good ,

o f fic e s I s t a n d i n d e b t e d to co m m u n ic a t e th e ir o p i
,

n io n s th a t it woul d a ff or d s o m e gr a tific a tio n to a

,

r e at n u m b e r o f tho s e who s e n a mr s a r e a ffi x e d to
g ,
 A DD R ES S T O T H E R E A D ER .

thi s work if I would tr a c e tho s e i n cid e n t s o f

, my
li f e which gra du a ll y le d to s uch a n u n loo k e d
,
for
e ve n t .

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b a ck f ro m t h e s u gge s tio n n o t o n ly through a n a p

,

pre h e n s io n th a t 1 s houl d i n cur t he ch a r ge o f v a n i

ty but e s p e ci a lly a s o n a re vi e w o f m y l i f e I sa w
, , ,

n othi n g r e m a rk a bl e which wa s w orthy o f r e cor d .

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,

s ire s . T he r e n e we d s olicit a tio n s o f th e se f rie n d s ,

s oo n , ho we v e r a s s u m e d t he s h a p e a n d to n e o f a r e
,
.

qu e s t A n d c o n s i s t e n tly w ith th a t d e bt o f gr a ti
.
,

tu d e which I o we d th e m I f ou n d it i m po s s ibl e to
,

withhold a co m pli a n ce without s ubj e cti n g m y s e l f t o

t he ch a rg e o f b e i n g i n flu e n c e d by a p a s s io n n e a rly

a lli e d to th a t v a n ity t h e i m put a tio n o f which I

,

d re a d e d to i n cur Thi s circu m s t a n c e i n cli n e d m e

.

to a lte r m y prior r e s olutio n .

In th u s s ub m itti n g to th e ir i m portu n iti e s I a m ,

f ur n i sh e d with a n opportu n ity o f a pologi z i n g f o r

tho s e i m p e r f e ctio n s which without doubt a r e ia
, ,

cl ude d in m y work a n d o f pl a ci n g t he d i s i n t e r e s t .

e d n e s s a n d g e n e ro s ity o f m y S ub s crib e r s in a c o n -3

s ic u o u s light by bri e fly d e cl a ri n g to t h e worl d o n

p ,

who m it h a s b e e n b e s to we d T he littl e n a rr a tiv e

.

m a y prob a bly a ff ord s o m e e n cou r a g e m e n t to

oth e r s ; who poor a n d u n k n o wn m a y a t thi s m o

, ,

m e n t b e s tru ggli ng with a d v e r s ity a n d a tt e m pti n g ,

vi A D DRE SS T O T HE R E A DER .

to e m e r ge f ro m ob s curity It will a d d a n oth e r e x a m. .

l e to m n y w hich m b a d d uc e d a n d th e r e by
p a a
y ,
e ,

a s s ur e th e m th a t in thi s co m p a ra tiv e ly h a ppy cou n

,

try pov e rty a n d t he wa n t o f e d uc a tio n a r e n o o h

, ,

s t a c le s to p a tro n a ge a n d s upport O n o n e a ccou n t .

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ed me It is th a t o f r e cor d in g t he obl iga t io n s

.

w hic h l o we to a m a n o f e m in e n t ch a r a ct e r a n d
a biliti e s wh o is n o w n o m or e
, bu t who s e m e m ory I ,

hop e I s h a ll n e v e r c e a s e to r e s p e ct a n d r e v e re
, .

By thi s pl a i n s t a t e m e n t I f e e l a h Op e t h a t I,

s h a ll s e cur e m y s e l f f ro m t h e c e n s ur e s o f t he c a n

d id a n d lib e ra l m i n d e d ; th e y w ill e n t e r i n to m y
v i e w s a n d pl a c e a prop e r e s ti m a t e o n m y m ot iv e s
,
.

W ith t he e n v iou s a n d t he m a l e vol e n t I c a n n ot ,

e xp e ct t h e s a m e s ucc e s s For I n o m ore fl a tte r

.

m y s e l f wit h t he thou ght th a t I c a n e s c a p e th e ir

d e tr a ctio n th a n w ith t h e e xp e ct a t io n th a t I c a n
,

c ur e th e m o f tho s e p a s s io n s w h ich m us t giv e ,

r e a t e r p a i n to s uch a s ch e ri s h th e m th a n it is in
g ,

th e ir po we r to i n flict o n oth e r s My n a rra t i v e .

w hich f ollo ws is littl e m or e th a n t he s i m pl e

,

m o n oto n y o f hu m bl e li f e B u t o n th e s e ac .

cou n t s ,

Let not am b it io n m oc k th e ir u se f u l t o il,

Th e ir h u m ble j o ys an d d e s t in y o bsc u r e
,

N or gr a n d e u r b e a r wit h a d is d a in f u l s m i le ,

T he s h o r t a n d s im l a n n a ls o f t he ”
p e
po o r .
 A D D R ES S T O T HE R E AD E R .
v ii

I wa s bor n in t he p a ri s h o f S t A u s t e ll in t he .
,

c ou n ty o f C orn wa ll o n t he third d a y o f M a rch , ,

17 6 5 My f a t h e r w h o wa s a l a bouri n g m a n s u p
.
, ,

port e d his f a m ily w hich co n s i s t e d o f a wi f e a n d f ou r

,

chil d re n in cr e d ita bl e pov e rty by d i n t o f a pplic a

, ,

tio n i n d u s try a n d f ru ga l ity B u t thou gh n e ith e r

, ,
.

o f m y p a r e n t s wa s i gn or a n t o f t h e i m port a n c e o f
e d uc a tio n s uch w e r e th e ir circu m s t a n c e s th a t it
,

wa s n o t in th e ir po we r to a ff or d m e a n y e xc e p t ,

th a t a cquire d a t a littl e r e a di n g s chool in which I -

m e r e ly l e a r n e d t he k n o wl e d g e o f m y l e tte r s H e re .

m y e duc a tio n e n d e d f o r t o a writi n g s c hool I n e v e r

,

wa s pro m ot e d .

A t t he a ge o f s e v e n I wa s oblige d to go to work , ,

an d fo r m l a bou r m p r t r c iv d t w p c
y y a e n s e e, e o e n e

l da T he n e x t y e a r I ha d t he m i s f ortu n e t o
‘

p r
y .

lo s e m y m oth e r a n d m a n y a ti m e s i n c e
,

T hi s t h r o bb in g b r e a s t h a s h e a v d t h e h e a r t f e lt
’
si
gh,
a ffl ic t io n s
’
An d br e a t h d wh e r e h e r a s he s lie .

S oo n af e
t r thi s m y f a th e r r e m ov e d i n to a n oth e r
,

n e ighbourhood a n d a t t he a e o f t e n y e a r s a n d a
g
h a l f I wa s bou n d a n a ppr e n tic e to a s ho e m a k e r in
,
,

t he p a ri s h o f S t B l a z e y . .

P
rior to thi s ti m e I a cqu ir e d s o m e k n o wl e d ge o f
w riti n g b ut it a m ou n t e d to littl e m or e th a n m e r e ly
,

to k n o w ho w t o m a k e t he l e tt e r s o f t he a lp ha b e t ,

a n d to write m A n d thi s k n o wl e d g e s c a n
y n ame .
,

t y a s it w a s I n e a rly lo s t duri n g m y a ppr e n ti c e

,
v iii A D D R E SS T O T HE R E A D ER .

s hi p ; b u t to wa rd s t he l a tt e r y e a r s o f t he t e r m I ,

m a d e s o m e pro gr e s s in m y r e a di n Thi I a ttri

g s .

but e chi e fly to t he opportu n ity wh ich I th e n ha d o f

p e ru s i n g t he W e e kly En t e rt a in e r publi s h e d by , .

Me s s r s Go a dby a n d C o o f S h e rbor n e
. . In th e s e .

m is c e ll a n ie s s uch n a rra tiv e s a s we r e a ff e cti n nd

,
g a ,

s u ch a n e cdot e s a s we r e poi n t e d w e r e t h e pri n cip a l

,

obj e ct s which a ttr a ct e d m y n otic e An d a m o n g

.

th e s e n othi n g e xcit e d m y a tt e n tio n s o m uch a s

, ,

t he a d v e n tur e s vici s s itud e s a n d d i s a s t e r s to which

, , ,

t he A m e ric a n wa r g a v e ri s e .

On quitti n g m y m a s t e r I procu re d e m ploy m e n t

,

in t he vici n ity o f P ly m outh H e r e t he n e c e s s ity

.
,

o f e a r n i n g m y o wn liv e lihood e n gro s s e d a ll m at

y
t e n tio n : s o th a t t he s a m e c a u s e which r e m ov e d m e
f ro m p e r u s i n g t he \V e e k ly M i s c e ll a n y n e a rly ,

qu e n ch e d a ll m y d e s ir e s a f te r f urth e r k n o wl e d ge .

A f t e r l a bou r i n g in thi s n e i ghbourhoo d a bout f our

y e a r s I r e tur n e d to S t A u s t e ll to which pl a c e I
,
.
,

wa s a ttr a ct e d by t h e a d v a n c e o f wa ge s I n thi s .

to wn it wa s m y lot to co n duct t he sho e m a ki n g b u

s in e s s f o r a m a n wh o is n o w in A m e ric a : h e wa s

a n e cc e n tric ch a r a ct e r but by n o m e a n s d e s titut e o f

,

u n d e r s t a n di n g H is ori gi n a l occup a ti o n wa s th a t
.

o f a s a ddl e r a n d through h is o wn a pplic a tio n h e h a d

,

obt a i n e d s o m e k n o wl e d g e o f bookbi n d i n g To .

th e s e e m ploy m e n t s he s up e ra dd e d t h e m a n u f a ctur e
o f s ho e s ,
a n d in o n e s li o
p c a rri e d o n th e s e thr e e

tra de s toge th e r .
 A D DRE SS T O T HE R E A DER . ix

In thi s s itu a tio n I f ou n d m y s e l f s urrou n d e d

,

by book s o f v a riou s d e s cript io n s a n d f e lt m y t a s te ,

f o r t he a e q u ir e m e n t o f i n f or m a t io n r e tur n with r e
n e we d vi gour an d ,
i n cre a s e in proportio n to t he
m e a n s o f i n d u l ge n c e whic h we re n o w pl a c e d f ully
,

withi n m y r e a ch B u t h e r e s o m e n e w d i fficulti e s
.

occurre d with which I f ou n d it p a i n f ul to gr a ppl e

, .

My k n o wl e d ge o f t he i m port o f wor d s w a s a s c o n
tra cte d a s m y i d e a s we re s c a n ty ; s o th a t I f ou n d
,

it n e c e s s a ry to k e e p a d ictio n a ry co n t in u a lly by m y
s i d e whil s t I wa s r e a di n g to whic h I wa s co m p e l
,

le d co n s t a n tly to r e f e r Thi s wa s a t e diou s proc e s s

. .

B u t in a littl e ti m e t h e d i ffi culty wore a wa y a n d m y ,

hori z o n o f k n o wl e d ge b e c a m e e n l a rg e d .

A m on g oth e r book s which we r e b rou ght to b e

bou n d it h a pp e n e d th a t Mr L ock e sE s s a y o n t he
,
.
’

H u m a n U n d e r s t a n d in g m a d e it s a pp e a ra n c e Thi s .

wa s a w ork o f w h ich I ha d n e v e r h e a r d I occ a s io n .

a lly op e n e d t he volu m e s a n d r e a d a f e w p a e s bu t
, g ,

r a th e r with a m a z e m e n t th a n s a ti s f a ctio n ; a nd f ro m
th a t m o m e n t b e ga n t o r e fl e c t o n t he i n t e ll e ctu a l
po we r s o f m a n In doi n g thi s I coul d n o t but d ra w
.
,

a c o n t r a s t b e t we e n m y o wn m e n t a l c o n d itio n a n d

th a t o f oth e r s Thi s a wa k e n e d m e f ro m m y s t u
.

o r a n d i n d uc e d m e to f or m a r e s olutio n to a b a n
p ,

d o n t he grov e lli n g vi e ws which I h a d b e e n a ccu s

t o m e d to e n t e rt a i n o f thi n g s , a n d to quit t he p r a c

t ic e s o f m
y o l d a ss o ci a t e s .

3
 A D DRE SS T O T HE R E A D ER .

S oo n t r thi s I e n ga ge d in b u s i n e s s f o r m y
af e ,
.

s e l f wh e n t he pre s s ur e o f tra d e
,
a n d p e cu n i a ry e m
,

b a r r a s s m e n t s r e t a r d e d m y progr e s s in m e n t a l a c
,

u ir e m e n t s but s ti m ul a t e d m y e n d e a vour s to
q ,

e m e r ge f ro m i gn ora n c e B y u n r e m itti n g i n d u s try

.
,

I a t l e n gth s u r m ou n t e d s u ch ob s t a cl e s a s we r e o f a
p e cu n i a ry n a ture thi s e n a bl e d m e to procure a s
s is t a n c e in m l a bour s a n d a ff or d e d m e t h e c o m
y ,

m o n r e l a x a tio n which oth e r s e n j oy e d Thi s wa s .

t he o n ly l e i s ure a t which I a i m e d In thi s s itu a .

tio n I f e lt a n i n t e r n a l vi gour pro m pti n g m e to e x

,

e r t io n s but I wa s u n a bl e to d e t e r m i n e wh a t d irc e
,

tio n I s houl d t a k e T he s ci e n c e s la v b e f or e m e
. .

I d i s cov e r e d ch a r m s in e a ch b u t I wa s u n a bl e to ,

e m br a c e th e m a ll a n d h e s it a t e d in m a ki n g a s e l e c
,

tio n I ha d l e a r n e d th a t
.

On e s c ie n c e o n l
y wo u ld one ge n iu s fi t ,
n a r r o w h u m a n wit
"
So v a st is a r t , so .

At fir s t I f e l t s uch a n a tt a ch m e n t to a s tro n o m y th a t ,

I r e s olv e d to co n fi n e m y vi e ws to t h e s tu d y o f th a t
s c ie n c e i b u t I s oo n f ou n d m y s e l f too d e f e ctiv e in
a rith m e tic to m a k e a n y pro f i ci e n cy M od e rn his .

tory wa s m y n e xt obj e ct b ut I qu ickly d i s cov e re d

th a t m ore book s a n d ti m e we re n e c e s s a ry th a n I
c oul d p o s s ibly e ith e r a ff or d or s p a re a n d o n thi s ,

a ccou n t hi s tory wa s a b a n d o n e d In t he r e gio n o f . .

m e t a phy s ic s I s a w n e ith e r o f t h e a bov e i m p e d i

m e n ts It n e v e rth e l e s s a pp e a r e d t O b e a thor n y ‘
.
 A DDRE S S T O T HE R E A DER . x i

p a th but I d e t e r m i n e d to
,
en e t r , an d a c c or d i n gly
be ga n to tre a d it .

D uri n g se v e r a l y e a r s a ll m y l e i s ur e hour s we re
,

de vote d to r e a d i n g but I do n o t r e c oll e ct th a t it

e v e r i n t e rrupt e d m
y bu sin e ss though,
it f r e qu e n tly

brok e in upo n m y r e s t O n m y l a bour d e p e n de d

.

m y liv e lihoo d . L it e r a ry pur s uit s we r e o n ly m y

a m u se m e n t . C o m m o n pru d e n c e ha d t a ught m e t h e
l e s s o n wh ich t he f ollo wi n g s e n te n c e s s o h a ppily co n
ve S e c hr e to your se lf a l iv e li hoo d in d e e n
y
.
p
d e n t ly o f lit e ra ry s u cc e s s e s a n d put i n to thi s lott e ry
,

o n ly t he ov e rplu s o f ti m e W o e to h im who d e
.

p e n d s wholly o n his p e n n othi n g is m or e c a s u a l .

T he m a n who m a k e s s ho e s is s ur e o f h is wa g s r
,

t he m a n who writ e s a book is n e v e r s ur e o f a n y

thi n g ”
. Ma r m o n t e l .

N othi n g ho we v e r a m id s t t he v a riou s s ubj e ct s

, ,

whic h e n gro s s e d m y thou ght s coul d b e m o r e r e m ot e

f ro m m y vi e ws a n d i n t e n t io n s th a n th a t o f co m m e a .

ci n g a u thor B u t thi s i m prob a bl e e v e n t wa s occ a

.

s io n e d by t he f ollo w i n g i n ci d e n t Wh e n Mr Tho
. .

A ge o f R e a s o n ”
m a s P a y n e publi s h e d h is it u n ,

h a ppily m a d e too m a n y co n v e rt s A m o n g th e s e .

w a s a you n g ge n tl e m a n o f goo d n a tura l t a l e n t s

w hich h a d b e e n i m prov e d by a lib e r a l e d uc a tio n ,

who f r e qu e n tly V i s n e d m y s hop He e n qu ire d o n e

.
x 1i A DD R E SS T O T HE R E A DE R .

d a y , wh e th e r I ha d
v e r s e e n thi s p a m phl e t ? a n d o n
e

fi n d i n g th a t I ha d n o t he put it i n to m y h a n d s o n
,

co n d itio n th a t I s houl d r e a d it throu gh a n d fi n a lly ,

giv e him m y opi n io n o n t he d octri n e s which it ih

c u lc a t e d Thi s I pro m i s e d to d o a n d occ a s io n
.

a lly w rot e d o wn s uch r e m a rk s a s occurr e d d uri n

g
m y r e a d in g o f t he work a n d s uch a s I coul d r e c o l
,

l e ct to h a v e m a d e in t he n u m e rou s co n v e r s a tio n s
w ith him to w hich thi s i n ci d e n t ga v e ri s e T he .

you n g m a n is n o w in i n t e r n ity B u t I a m h a ppy to .

s ta te th a t prior to h is ill n e s s he a ck n o wle d ge d

, , ,

th a t t he d e s ign w hich he ha d in vi e w in putti n g t he

”
A ge o f R e a s o n i n to m y h a n d s w a s to pro s e ly t e ,

m e to it s pri n cipl e s bu t th a t h a vi n g f a il e d in pro

d u c in g th a t e ff e ct he ha d b e e n i n d uc e d fir s t to
,

s u s p e ct th e ir v a l id ity a n d th e n to a b a n d o n th e m a l
,

to ge th e r Th e s e R e m a rk s o n t he A ge o f R e a l
.

so n
”
,
I r e vi s e d a s we ll a s I wa s a bl e a n d a f t e r ,

w a r d s w ith s o m e a d d itio n s publi she d th e m to t he

, ,

w orl d in 17 99 Thi s w a s d o n e w ith a d e s i gn th a t

.

t he R e m a rk s m ight pro d uc e in oth e r s e ff e ct s s i m i ,

”
la r to t ho s e which ha d a lr e a d y r e s ult e d f ro m th e m .

It thi s p a m phl e t which fir s t e xcite d t he n o

wa s
tic e o f m y gre a tly r e s p e ct e d a n d m uch l a m e n t e d
f ri e n d t he l a t e R e v J oh n W hit a k e r wh o f ro m
,
.
, ,

pri n cipl e s o f b e n e vol e n c e r a th e r th a n a d i s cov e ry

,

o f m e rit w a s
,
pl e a s e d t o r e co m m e n d it to t h e n o t ic e
 A D DRE SS T O T HE RE A DER . x iii

o f t he A n tij a cobi n R e vi e w In thi s lit e r a ry j our

.

n a l t h e r e vi e we r s p e r m itt e d t he l a u d a bl e n e s s o f t he
,

a tte m pt to out we i gh t h e i m p e r f e ctio n s o f t h e

p e r .

f o r m a n ce a n d s pok e o f it in t e r m s which h a v e
,

m a d e m e th e ir d e btor I s h a ll b e h a ppy if t he p r e
.

s e n t w ork p a s s w ith s a f e ty throu gh t he ord e a l o f

,

l ibe ra l a n d c a n d i d critic i s m .

In t h e t wo f ollo w i n g y e a r s I publi s h e d thre e o r

,

f our p a m phl e t s but th e s e b e i n g o n loc a l a n d c o n

,

t r o v e r s ia l s ubj e ct s d i s a pp e a r e d with t h e occ a s io n s

,

which g a v e th e m birth I n 180 2

. I publi s h e d
,

A n E s s a y o n t he l m m a t e ri a lity a n d I m m ort a lity

”
o f t he H u m a n S oul t he occ a s io n s o f which I h a v e
,

b r ie fl y hin t e d in t he f ollo wi n g pr e f a c e T he a p
'

prob a t io n w ith which it ha s b e e n cou n t e n a n c e d ha s

in s o m e m e a s ur e s ti m ul a t e d m e to u n d e rt a k e a n d
a cco m pli s h t h e pr e s e n t w ork A n d prob a bly t he
.

m a n n e r in w hich thi s w ill b e r e c e iv e d w i ll n o t be ,

without it s i n flu e n c e o n m y f u tur e l a bours .

On a p e ru s a l o f thi s pl a i n a n d u n v a r n i s h e d t a l e ,

it m u s t b e obviou s to a ll th a t I s t a n d i n d e bte d to
,

M r Wh ita k e r f o r m y lit e ra ry e xi s t e n c e by his

.
,

p ublicly a vo wi n g hi m s e l f m y f ri e n d a t a m o m e n t ,

w h e n r e co m m e n d a tio n o r a wa n t o f it m u s t h a v e
, ,

f i n a lly d e t e r m i n e d m y f a t e I wa s th e n in a critic a l
.

s itu a tio n , i n s o m u c h th a t a s i n gl e d a s h o f his p e n

x iv A D D R E SS T O T HE R E A DER .

m i ght h a v e doo m e d me to p e r p e tu a l s il e n c e a n d o h
s c u r it a n d m a d e m e f e e l a n a v e r s io n f ro m tho s e
y ,

s tu d i e s in which b e f or e I ha d s o a r d e n tly d e l i ht e d
g .

S uch a r e t h e i n ci d e n t s o n which t he d e s t i n i e s o f
li f e d e p e n d ! Fortu n a te ly m y prob a tio n a ry p a m
phl e t f e ll i n to t he h a n d s o f a ge n tl e m a n w ho s e e x
,

a lt e d r a n k in t h e lit e ra ry w orl d r a i s e d him a bov e

,

popul a r pre j u d ic e s a n d e n a bl e d h im to s il e n c e t he
,

l a n gu a ge o f co n t e m pt w h e r e it coul d n o t oth e r wi s e
,

in flu e n c e public opi n io n . H e is n o w pl a c e d b e

y o n d t he r e a ch o f c e n s u r e a n d a ppl a u s e a n d I re
,

j oic e in h a v in g a n opportu n it y o f e xpr e s s i n g m y

g r a titu d e , by o ff e ri n
g thi s tribut e to h is m e m ory
withou t f e a ri n g to i n cur t he i m put a ti n o f fl a tt e ry
o .

N ext to M r W hita k e r I f e e l m y s e l f m u ch in
.
,

d e bt e d to s e v e ra l ge n tl e m a n who h a v e r e n d e r e d
,

m e s o m e a s s i s t a n c e by giv in g m e f r e e a cc e s s to
th e ir libr a r i e s Tho s e to who m I a llu d e h a v e
.
,

tre a t e d m e w ith a d e gr e e o f r e s p e ct to which t he

m e rit s o f m y w ork s c a n b e a r o n ly a n i n a d e qu a t e
proportio n I a ck n o w l e d ge t he obli ga tio n s which
.

th e ir k i n d n e s s h a v e l a i d m e u n d e r a n d s ho u l d f e e l
,

m u ch pl e a s ur e in m e n tio n i n g th e ir n a m e s but I ,

d o n o t k n o w th a t it woul d be a gr e e a bl e a n d w ithout
,

b e i n g a s s ure d o f thi s it is a lib e rty which I d a r e n o t

,

t a k e T o m a n y o f tho s e f ro m who m I h a v e r e c e iv
.

e d tok e n s o f a pprob a tio n I a m p e r s o n a ll y u n k n o wn ,

 A DDRE SS T O T H E RE A DER . x v

th e ir a ct s o f k i n d n e s s a r e th e re f ore e n h a n c e d by t he
m a n n e r in which th e y h a v e b e e n co m m u n ic a t e d .

I d o n o t k n o w th a t th e y e s ti m a t e th e ir fa vou r s s o
hi ghly b u t I s hould r e pro a ch m y s e l f w ith i n gr a
,

t it u d e we r e I to o m it thi s tribut e o f a c k n o wle d g

,

ment .

It h a s b e e n a h a ck n e y e d topic w ith a uthor s to ce n

s ur e t he i n gra titu d e o f t h e a ge in which th e y liv e .

I d o n o t pr e te n d to e s ti m a t e e ith e r t he propri e ty o r
t h e i m propri e ty o f t h e ch a rg e a s it r e s p e ct s oth e r s ,

but e xp e ri e n c e ha s t a u ght m e a di ff e r e n t l e s s o n .

I h a v e f ou n d m or e r e a s o n to b e gr a t e f ul f o r s u p
port th a n to co m pl a i n o f t he wa n t o f it a n d I
'

s h a ll b e e xtr e m e ly gl a d to f i n d th a t I h a v e iv e n to
g
m y n u m e rou s S ub s cri b e r s n o occ a s io n to w i s h th a t
t h e y h a d withhold e n wh a t th e y h a v e n o w b e s to we d .

To tho s e L a d i e s a n d Ge n tl e m a n who s e n a m e s
,

h o n our a n d r e co m m e n d m y work I hol d m y s e l f

,

u n d e r p e culi a r oblig a tio n s f o r e n a bl in m to se n d

, g e

thi s volu m e i n to t he world It giv e s m e s e n s ibl e

.

pl e a s u re to b e hold in t he li s t o f m y s ub s crib e r s t he
n a m e s o f a co n s id e r a bl e n u m b e r o f p e r s o n s who
p a

t r o n iz e d m y f or m e r productio n . I hOp e thi s will

a ff or d th e m e qu a l if n o t s up e rior sa ti s f a c tio n
, .

For t h e p a tro n a ge which th e y h a v e a ff ord e d me ,

I hop e t he v will h a v e t he goo d n e s s to a cc e pt my
x vi A D DRE SS T O T HE R E A DER .

m ost i c e r e th a n k s It is n o t in m y po we r to
s n .

m a k e th e m a n y oth e r r e quit a l th a n th a t which t he

,

p e ru s a l o f t he book will a ff ord M a y G o n a e co m

.

p a n y it with his bl e s s i n g a n d gra n t th a t a ll who

,

r e a d it m a y h a v e th e ir p a rt s in t he R e s urr e ctio n o f
t he j u s t !

S A MU E L D R EW

ST . AU S TEL L ,
2 0 , 18 0 9 .
 Pa
S e ct I —If M
. . l E v il s ha ll be a n n ih ila t e d , t h e R e
ra

s u rr e ct io n o r
f t h e H u m a n B o d y m u s t be
p e s u me d

be n e ce s s a r
to a
y fi
E ct

S e ct I I . . —Argu m e n t s t e n d in gt o r
p ove T ha t t h e An
,

n ihila t io n of Mo r a l E v il, ca n onl

y be ej e ct e d by a
r
v ica i o u s S a c r ifice
S e ct I I I —
. 0 n t h e Ej e c t s w h ich w ill r e s u lt f r o m t h e
.

D e s t r u c t io n of e a t h , w h e n c o n s id e r e d u n d e r t h e
D
I d e a o a P e rs o n
f
S e ct I V . Ej e ct s w h ich m a y be e xp e c t e d t o
. - 0n t he
r e s u lt f r o m t he An n ih ila t io n of D e a t h , w h e n co n
s id e r e d a s h a v in on l
y g
a r e la t iv e E x is t e n ce P ro .

ba t io n co nfi n e d t o t h e p r e s e n t S t a t e

S e ct . V . D fi r e n ce be t w e e n t he n a t u r a l
-
0n t he
e e t s a n d m o r a l Co n s e u e n ce s o r
f q f m o a l E v il ; w i t h
g
a r u m e n t s t e n d in g
t o p r o v e , t ha t t he f o r m e r m u s t
ce a s e , a n d t he l a t t e r c o n t in u e o r e ve r
f
C HA P T E R IV .

0 n Id e n t it y in G ene ra l .

S e ct I . .
—
0n t he E v id e n ce s f
o Id e n t it y

S e ct II. 0 n o u r d is t in ct Id e a s of I d e n t it y ,
.
-
f oun d
e d u p o n t h e D iv e r s i t y of it s N a t u r e

S e c t I II
. Ge n e ra l Obs e r v a t io n s
. - on t he Id e n t it y o
f
t he H u m a n B o d y

S e ct I V
. T h e I d e n t it y
.
-
f
o t he H u ma n B o d y m o r e
imm e d ia t e ly c o n s id e r e d .

C HA P T ER V .

0 n t h e An hlog y be t w e e n Ve e t a t io n , a n d t he R g esu r
r e ct io n of t h e H u m a n B o d y .

S e ct I . T ha t .
- t he D o c t r in e f
o R e su
t he rr e ct io n
ha s f e we r D ifi cu lt i e s t h a n t he r
D o ct in e 0f Veg e
t a t io n

S e ct .I L — T h a t a ll Obj e c t io n s , u s u a lly a d v a n ce d
a g a in s t t he d o ct r in e o
f t h e R e s u rr e c t io n m a
y be

a d v a n ce d a ga in s t t he D o ct r in e o
f Ve e t a t io n g 1
 CO N T éN T s . x x

P a

S e ct I II . . —
Tha t t he An a logy be t w e e n Vege t a ti o n
a n d t he R e s u rr e ct io n of t h e B o d y is n o t d e s t r o y e d
by t h e I n e u a lit ie s of T im e , d u r in w hich t h e B 0 g
d i e r e n t Me n r ep o s e in t h e Gra v e

S e ct I V —Ar u me n t s t o p r ov e , T h a t t h e R e s u r
. . g
e B o d y ca n n o m o r e t a he p la ce i m m e
r e ct io n o
f t h
d ia t e ly , t h a n S e e d t im e a n d H a r v e s t ca n be ble n d e d
-

g
t o e th e r

S e ct V . I n w h ich it is p r o v e d , T h a t S t P a u l,
. - .

g
w h e n illu s t r a t in t he D o ct r in e of t h e R e su rr e ct io n
-

g
by t h e P r o ce s s of Ve e t a t io n , sp e a hs t h e la n u a ge g
o
f P h ilo s op hy a n d R e a s o n

C H A P T ER VI .

Argu m e n t s g to r
T h a t t h e I d e n t it y of
t e n d in
p ove ,

t h e H u m a n B o d y m u s t c o n s is t in s o m e e m, o r G r
r
S t a m e n , w h ich e m a in s I mm o v e a ble .

S e ct I . I n w h ich it is a gu e d , T h a t t h e Id e n t it y of
.
-
r
r
o u r f u t u e B o d ie s c a n n o t c o n s is t in a ll t h e n u m e i r
c a l P a t ic le s , n o r i n t h e M a o i t
r e m , w hich r
j y f h
”

o t
o cca s i o n a lly a d h e e d t o t h e Vit a l M a s s , in a n
r g iv
y
e n P o t io n o r
f t he
p e se n t L
if e r
S e ct .
— Arg u m e n t s t e n d in g t o p r o v e
II . T h a t t he ,

S a m e n e s s of o u r f u t u r e B o d ie s m u s t be co n s t it u t e d

by s o m e G r
e m , o r S ta m e n a n d t ha t w e n o w
p os

s e s s a ll t h e E v id e n ce o
f a R e s u e c t io n , w h ich w e rr
ca n r
a t io n a ll
y e x e c t in t h e p e s e n t S t a t e
p r
S e ct I I I
. .
—T h e Obje ct io n s a g
in s t t h e I d e a of a G e r m
a

a s co n s t it u t in g
t h e I d e n t it y of t h e B o d y he r e a t e r ,
f
g g
n o Ar u m e n t a a in s t it s ce r t a in t
y S e v e r a l Ob e c
j .

t io n s co n s id e r e d S e v e r a l Ch a n e s of o u r B o d ie s
. g
g
h i h ly p r o ba ble

S e ct I V
. .
—
P r o ba ble Arg u m e n t s
T ha t t h e Ch a n e s ,
g
t h r o ug h w hich o u r B o d ie s h a v e a l r e a d a ss e d ,
y p
a r e a Gr o u n dwo r h o u r f ut u r e E x e ct a t io n s , a n d
f o
p
e n s u r e u o n P r in c i le s o A
p p f n a log , t h e R e s u r r e c
y
t io n o
f t h e Hu m a n B o d
y.
xxx ii C ON T B T N S.

Pa
S e ct . V . Arg ume n t s
- T ha t to p r
a v it a t io n
o ve ,
Gr
m u s t be in a pp lica ble t o o u r f ut u e B o d ie s in a n o r
t he Wo ld , a n d t ha t t h e L o s s of
r r a v it a t io n w ill Gr
r
m a he a co n s id e a ble D is t inc tio n be t w e e n t h e s e B o
d ie s w h ich w e n o w h a v e , a n d t h o s e w h ich s ha ll be
r
h e e af t e r 2

S e ct V L —Ar u m e n t s t o p r o v e , T h a t t h o u h o u r f u
. g g
t u r e B o d ie s m u st be f o r m e d of p a r t s , t h e P e c u lia
r it y of t h e ir s it u a t io n w ill p la ce t he m be y o n d t h e
r e a ch of D is s o lu t io n R efl e ct io n s o n o u r p r e s e n t
.

u t u r e Co n d it io n
and
f 3

S e c t V II
. .
-
On f b
t he Or ig i n
o d il
y I d e n t it
o
y A r .

g u m e n t s t o
p r o v e ,
T h a t t h e I d e n t i t y f
o t h e B o d y ca n

h a v e n o E x is t e n ce p r io r t o t h e f o r m a l E x is t e n ce
o
f t h e B o d y T ha t Abo r t io n s a r e p e rf e ct ly r e co n
.

c ile a ble w i t h t h e T h e o r w h i ch h a s be e n a d v a n ce d 3
y

S e ct V II I — S u m m a r y of t ha t d ir e c t E v id e n ce by
.

w h ich w e a r e a s s u r e d , t h a t t h e I d e n t it y of t h e
II um a n B o d y , m u s t c o n s is t in s o m e r a d ic a l P r in
c i le ,
p or G e r m , w h ich ca n n e it h e r e xp i r e n o r
cha n e g
C H A P T ER V II .

T h a t t h e R e s u r r e c t io n of t h e H u m a n B o d y , is P o s
s ible , P r o ba ble , a n d ce r t a in , r r
p o v e d bo t h
f o m P hi

lo s op h y a n d S c r ip t u r e .

S e ct I —
. T h a t t h e r e s u rr e ct io n of t he II um a n B o
.

d y is P o s s ible , p r o v e d f r o m t h e N a t u r e of in ~
o w e r , a n d t he
fi n it e P u n o bs t r u ct in
g N a t u r e of
[M a t te r 3

S e c t I L — T h a t t h e R e s u rr e ct io n of t he H u m a n B o
.

g
d y is h i h ly P r o ba ble , f r o m a T r a in of p r e s u mp
g
t iv e a n d a n a lo ica l E v id e n c e

Se ct . I II T h a t t h e R e s u rr e c t io n of t h e H u m a n
.
-

B o d y is Ce r t a in , p r o v e d f r o m t h e P r i n cip le s of P h i
l o s op hy , t h e ~7 a s t ice of G o d , a n d c o m o u n d e d N a
'

p
tu er of Ma n 8

S e ct I V —
. Obs e r v a t io n s o n s e v e r a l P a s s a e s of t h e
. g
F if t e e n t h Ch ap t e r of t h e F irs t B o o h of C o r i n t h i
a n s , i n w h ich P h ilo s o h
p y a n d Au t h o r it y , a r e 6
hi n
 AN

ES S AY

ON T HE

I D EN T IT Y AN D G E N E R AL R ES U R R E T I O N C
OF T H E

HU M AN B OD Y .

C H A P T ER I .

ON THE S T AT E OF MAN B E FOR E T HE I N TR O

D U C T I ON OF M OR AL EV I L .

S E C T IO N I .

G e n e r a l Vie w f
o t he S u bj e c t .

AS no b ei n g ca n bei n fi n ite b u t G o d n o d o u b t ,

c a n be e n t e r t a in e d t h a t a ll fi n i t e i n t e llige n ce s h a d a

b e gi n n i n g ; a n d t h o s e w hi c h ha d a b e gi n n i n g m u st ,

o we t h e i r o r igi n t o a n o t h e r T his r e m a r k is a p
.

r o r ia t e t o m a n a d is n o t co n fin e d t o a n y d c
p p n .
,

t a c he d ligh t l n w hi c h we m a y v i e w h im b u t is ,

e q u a lly a pp l ic a b l e b o t h t o his b o d y a n d his s o ul .

B ut tho ugh bo t h m a t t e r a n d s p i r it m us t
h a v e ha d a b e gi n n i n g it Will n o t t h e n c e f o ll o w
,

t h a t th e y m ust h a v e h a d a n e n d T he y m a y
.
 I D EN T IT Y AN D R E S U R R E T I O N C [ C h ap. I .

c h a n g e t he ir m o d e s o f b e i n g a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s t o
,

e a c h o t h e r in a ll t he v a ri e t y o f fo r m s w hi c h is w i t h
,

in t he r e a ch o f p o s s ibili t y a n d ye t re m a in a t t he
,

s a m e d is t a n c e fr o m t he r e a l a b s e n ce o f b e i n g a s
t h e y w e re w h e n G o d firs t c a ll e d t h e m i n t o e x is

te n ce .

T h a t a s p iri t t h o ugh c r e a t e d c a n n o t d ie is p l a i n ly
, , ,

d e m o n s t r a te d t o u s b y t he d e a t hl e s s s t a t e o f a n ge li c
n a t u r e s a n d b y t he im m o r t a lit v o f t he hu m a n s o u l
,
.

A n d w e p l a i n l y d i s c o v e r in t h e s e t wo i n s t a n c e s t h a t
,

b e gi n n i n g o f e xi s t e n c e d o e s n o t i n c l u d e a n e n d .

W e a ls o d i s c o v e r in a ll t he m o d e s whi c h a n y gi v e n
p o rt io n o f m a t t e r is c a p a bl e o f a s s u m i n g t h a t it is
,

a l wa ys a t a n i n fi n i t e d is t a n c e fr o m a p e r fe c t n o n

e n t i ty
. S o m e t h i n g a n d n o t hi n g a r e e x t r e m e s whi c h
n e v e r ca n m e e t t o g e t h e r ; a n d t he d i s t a n c e whi c h
l ie s b e twe e n t h e m n o a pp ro a ch es c a n p o ssi bly fill
,

u p a n d t h e r e fo r e t he r e a l a b s e n c e o f b e in g wh ic h

is a n o n e n t it y m u s t a l wa ys b e a t a n e q u a l d i s t a n ce
,

fro m a ll gi v e n s u b s t a n c e s t o w hic h t he s e p o s s i bl e
m o d e s o f e x is t e n c e a r e a s c r ib e d .

T he c o m b i n a t i o n s w hi c h t he p a rti c l e s o f m a t t e r
f o r m w i t h o n e a n o t h e r a r e in d e e d c o n t i n u a lly d is
, ,

s o l v i n g ; n e w u n i o n s a r e c o n s t a n t ly t a k i n g p l a c e in
r e g u l a r s u c ce s si o n t o e a c h o t h e r : a n d t h e m o d ifi .

ca t io n s of m a t te r s e e m t o u n d e rg o p e r p e t u a l
,

ch a n ge s B u t w e c a n t r a c e n o m o r e a n a l o gy b e
.

t we e n t he r e a l a b s e n ce o f m a t t e r a n d a w o rl d b e ,

c a u s e a w o rl d a n d a n a t o m m us t b e a t a n e q u a l

d i s t a n ce fr o m t he r e a l a b s e n c e o f a ll t h a t is m a t e
ri a l I f th e re fo r e n e i t he r t he i n fi n ite d i v isi b ili t y o f
.
,

m a t t e r n o r t he v a ri o us m o d e s w hi c h it u n d e rg o e s
,
 S e ct . o r T HE HU M AN B ODY .
3

an d is p a b le o f u n d e r g o i n g c a n r e a c h t he i n te r
ca ,

n a l c o n s t i t u t io n o f m a t t e r o r o t h e r w is e a ff e c t it
, ,

t h a n by a l t e r i n g it s c o n figu r a t io n w hil e it s e sse n c e ,

r e m a i n s u n t o u c he d a n d w hil e it s su b s t a n c e i s e n
,
.

ti r e we m a y s a f e ly i n fe r u n l e s s G o d sh o u l d
, ,

a l t e r t he l a w s o f n a t u r e t h a t m a t t e r i t s e lf w ill b e
,

a s p e r p e tu a l a s s p iri t ; a n d t h a t it m us t c o n t i n u e

f o r e v e r u n d e r su c h fo r m s a n d in s u c h m o d e s a s
, ,

G o d in h is i n fi n i t e wi s d o m sh a ll t hi n k p r o p e r .

T h a t m a n is fo r m e d o f m a t t e r a n d s p ir it w il l ,

a d m it o f v e r y li t t l e d o u b t Whil e in u n io n w it h
.

e a c h o t h e r t h e s e su b s t a n c e s p a r t a k e o f o n e co m
,

m o n li f e a n d a r e c e m e n t e d t o g e t h e r b y t i e s w hi c h
,

a r e a t o n c e p e r m a n e n t a n d u n k n o wn .

T h a t t he s p iri t u a l p a rt o f m a n s h a ll n e v e r d ie ,

is t o b e i n fe r r e d fr o m t he p r o p e r t i e s o f t he hu m a n
s o u l * T he s o u l th e r e fo r e fr o m it s su p e r i o r n a t u r e
.
, ,

m u s t b e c a p a b l e o f su b sis t i n g w i t h o ut t he a id o f
‘

t he b o d y in a d is t in c t a n d s e p a r a t e s t a t e
, And .

t ha t t he b o d y w h e n s e p a ra t e d fr o m it s u n i o n w i t h
,

t he s o ul m u s t c e a s e t o a c t we a r e c o n v in c e d o f
, ,

b y t he m o s t u n qu e s t i o n a b l e p r o o f In t h a t s t a t e o f
.

s e p a r a ti o n a ll c o m p a c t s e e m s t o b e d iss o l v e d ; t he
,

s p irit r e ti r e s i n t o a n o t h e r re gi o n t o m ix w i t h b e i n gs
,

w h o s e n a t u r e s a r e a n a l o g o u s t o it s o wn ; w hil e t he
b o d y is c o n sig n e d o v e r a n d a pp a r e n t ly f o r e v e r t o
, ,

d a r k n e s s a n d co r r u p t i o n .

T he c o m p a c t b e i n g t hus d iss o l v e d a ll u n i o n e n ,

S e e m y E s s a y o n t h e Im m a t e r i a lit y and Im m o r t a lit y o f t he

H u m a n S o u l 8 v o 18 0 3, 2 n d e d it
. . .
4. I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap . I .

t ir e ly brok e n ff
b e t we e n t he s pirit u a l a n d m a te ri a l
o

p a rt s o f m a n a n d e v e n t he c o n s titu e n t p a rt s o f t he
,

body c e a s in g to a d h e r e to e a c h oth e r a n d t he ,

p a rticl e s o f which it wa s co m po s e d i n corpora t in g

w ith oth e r p a rt icl e s o f m a tt e r it be co m e s a qu e s t io n
,

o f t he m o s t s e r iou s i m port a n c e wh e th e r thi s bo d y

,

s h a ll ri s e a a in o r n o t ?
g
To i n q uire i n to thi s f u n d a m e n t a l a rticl e o f o u r
b e lie f —to k n o w w h a t e vi d e n c e we h a v e in f a vour
o f thi s d octri n e — wh a t t he n a tur e o f th a t e vi d e n c e

ou ght to b e whic h we m i ght r a tio n a lly e xp e ct o n

,

s uch a s ubj e ct — h o w f a r d i fficulti e s s houl d b e p e r

m it t e d to op e ra t e a ga i n s t co n v ictio n a n d to la y a n
,

e m b a r o o n b e l ie f to k n o w w h e th e r R e v e l a tio n is
g
-

o u r e xcl u s iv e ui d e o r w h e th e r G o d ha s f ur n i s h e d
g ,

u s w ith s tro n g i n ti m a tio n s o f a f utur e r e s urr e ctio n

f ro m oth e r s ourc e s — to k n o w wh a t th e s e s ourc e s

a r e wh e n c e w e d e riv e o u r e vi d e n c e a n d h o w f a r
, ,

t he proo f s m a y b e d e e m e d co n cl u s iv e which m a y

b e a d d uc e d in f a vou r o f thi s i m port a n t poi n t — a r e ,

qu e s tio n s w hich I propo s e to d i s cu s s in t he f ollo w

in g s h e e t s a n d which Will occ a s io n a lly b e co m e t he
,

s ubj e ct s o f i n v e s ti ga tio n .

A s we a d m it th a t m a n m u s t h a v e ha d a b e gi n n i n g ,

a n d a s h is m a t e ri a l p a rt is t h e s ubj e ct o f o u r pr e s e n t

i n qu iry it is n e c e s s a ry th a t we fir s t turn o u r
,

t ho u ght s to his ori gi n a l s t a t e It is in th a t s ta t e

.

a lo n e th a t we ca n V i e w him d e ta ch e d f ro m th e s e
e xtr a n e ou s circu m s t a n c e s which n o w i n volv e t h e
e vi d e n c e s which I a m a bout to e x a m i n e ; a n d w hich
‘

l ie s c a tt e r e d ov e r th a t p a thl e s s d e s e rt which I s h a ll
at t e m pt to e x plor e In ord e r th a t t he m i n d m a y be
.
 6 I D EN TI T Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p . 1 .

gr o u n d work which I pre s u m e n o i n t e llige n t m i n d

-

will h e s it a t e to gra n t m e a n d f ro m tho s e who r e

,

f u se m e thi s poi n t I s h a ll t a k e t he lib e rty to a pp e a l

, .

If th e n t he e xi s t e n c e o f t he d ivi n e n a ture b e
,

a d m itt e d ,t he e x is t e n c e o f a ll po s s ibl e p e r f e ctio n s

'

a r e i n s e p a r a bl e f ro m t h e d ivi n e e s s e n c e ; a n d in ,

co n j u n ctio n w ith e a ch oth e r th e y a r e truth s which,

m u s t s t a n d or f a ll to ge th e r To a d m it t he d ivi n e
.

n a tur e is to a d m it t he divi n e a ttribut e s ; a n d to a d m it

,

t he d ivi n e a ttribut e s is to a d m it t he d iv i n e e rfe c

p
tio n s a n d t he i n s t a n t we a tt e m pt to s e p a ra t e th e m ,

we in volv e our s e lv e s in p al p a bl e co n tr a d ictio n s .

T a k in g th e r e f o r e t he infi n ite p e r f e ctio n s o f G o d

a s a n a d m itt e d poi n t I co n t e n d , th a t th e s e p e r f e c
,

tio n s m u s t i n cl ud e i m m ut a bility a s a n e s se n ti a l
prop e rty o f his n a t u r e For could we i m a gi n e
.

th a t G o d po s s e s s e s a ll po s s i bl e p e rf e ctio n s a n d ye t ,

s uppo s e i m m u t a bility n o t to b e i n cl ud e d in t he l is t

o f th e s e p e r f e ctio n s we m u s t s uppo s e him c a p a bl e

,

o f ch a n g e s which a r e i n co m p a t ibl e w ith tho s e a t t r i

lb u t e s a n d p e r f e ctio n s which we a s crib e to him A .

be i n g who s e e s r e a s o n to c ou n t e ra ct t o d a y wh a t ,

wa s a c c o m pli s h e d y e s t e rd a y m u s t be w i s e r n o w,

th a n he wa s th e n An d t he a ctio n o f t o d a y pl a i n
.
,
’
1y t e ll s u s th a t t he a ctio n o f y e s t e r d a y m u s t h a ve
b ee n e rro n e ou s thou gh it th e n a pp e a re d r ight a n d
,

j u s t B u t if t he k n o wl e dge o f t he e te r n a l G o d b e
.
,

r e a t e r n o w th a n i w a s th e n it is a c e rt a i n f a ct
’

g t ,

t ha t his k n o we ld ge wa s n o t p e r f e ct ye s t e r d a y a n d ,

it is hi ghly prob a bl e th a t it is y e t in a s t a t e o f
,

i mp e r f e ctio n A k n o wl e dg e which c a n a d m it o f in
.
S e ct . OF T HE HUMA N BO DY .
'
7

c re a s e in a n y s ta g e o f progre s s io n c a n n ot in tho se
,

s t a ge s b e p e r f e ct a nd co n s e qu e n tly c a n n ot be in

fi n ite ; a n d th a t which is n o t i n fi n ite c a n n e ith e r

a pply to G o d n o r b e lo n g to h is n a ture B ut as
‘

.
,

G o d m u s t b e i n fi n it e in a ll h is p e r f e ct i o n s a n d a s ,

e r f e ct k n o wl e d ge m u s t b e i n clu d e d in tho s e p e r f e c
p
tio n s n o i n c re a s e o r di m i n utio n o f h is k n o wl e d ge
,

c a n po s s ibly b e a d m itt e d A n d th e r e f or e p e r fe ctly

.
,

a cqu a i n t e d a s he m u s t b e w ith p a s t pre s e n t a n d

, ,

f u ture wi t h a ll co n ti n ge n ci e s a n d a ll po s s ibl e
, ,

circ u m s ta n c e s n o ch a n ge s c a n ta k e pl a c e in
,

him h is i m m ut a bility th e re f or e n e c e ss a rily a r is e s

,

f ro m t he n a tur e o f h is oth e r p e r f e c tio n s a n d t h e , I

n a tur e o f his e xi s t e n c e .

Th a t a pp a re n t ch a n g e s a r e ho we v e r p e r f e ct ly
,

c o n s i s te n t with a b s olute i m m ut a bility m u s t b e ad ,

m it t e d b e c a u s e a pp a r e n t ch a n g e s a r e p e r f e ctly c o n
,

s i s t e n t w it h God I m m ut a bility m a y s e e m to
.

ch a n ge in it s a ctio n s to wa r d s ch a n ge a bl e cr e a ture s ,

w hil e in it s e l f it r e m a i n s p e r f e ct u n a lt e r e d a n d
,

e n tir e .

W e a r e f ur n i s h e d with e vid e n c e s o n thi s poi n t

f ro m o u r c o n s t a n t ob s e rv a tio n s o f t he h e a v e n ly
bodi e s s i n c e we b e hold in th e m a n a pp a r e n t an d
a r e l a tiv e ch a n g e throu gh e v e ry s ucc e e di n d a
g y .

B u t t he s t a tio n s which t he fi x e d s t a r s hold in t he

r e gio n s o f s p a c e a r e p e r m a n e n t a n d i m m uta bl e
, ,

n ot with s ta n di n g t he p e rp e tu a l r e volutio n s which th e y

s e e m to u n d e rgo A n d we r e t he o r b which we in
.

h a bit a s fi x e d a s th e y a ll woul d a pp e a r a s th e y
,

r e a lly a r e ; a n d t he v a riou s re volutio n s which d e s

 8 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C T ION [ C ha p I .
.

e rib e o ur d ays, o ur m o n th s , and y e a rs , we s h ould

t he n i n quire a f te r in v a i n .

T he ch a n g e s which we p e rc e iv e r e s i d e n o t in ,

th e m bu t in u s T he s ta rs a r e fi x e d whil e t he
.
,

e a rth is p e rp e tu a lly r e volvi n nd it is t he in

g ; a

a ccura cy o f po ul a r ob s e rv a tio n s wh ich i d uc

p n es

u s to tra n s f e r t he ch a n ge s w e p e rc e iv e f ro m o u r
s e lv e s to th e m a n d t o ch a r e u po n t h e fix e d s t a r s
, g ,

th a t ch a n g e o f pl a c e which b e lo n g s to t he glob e
w hic h we i n h a bit a n d which in th e m ha s n o e x is t
,

e n ce . In lik e m a n n e r it is p e rh a p s n o t i m piou s
,

to tra n s f e r t he a n a lo gy to t he im m uta bil ity o f G o d

, ,
'

a n d t he m uta bility o f our s e lv e s we c a n th e n w it h ,

s a f e ty a s s e rt e t e rn a l pro v id e n c e a n d j u s ti f y t he
“
,
”
wa y s o f G o d to m a n .

Th a t th e r e I S l n God a n i m m uta bl e h a tre d to

vic e m u s t b e u n qu e s tio n a bl e vic e b e i n g t h e r e v e r s e
,

o f his n a tur e ; a n d th a t th e r e m u s t b e in h im a n

i m m uta bl e a tta ch m e n t to hol i n e s s it b e i n g co n ge ,

n i a l to h is e s s e n c e m u s t b e a d m itt e d o n t he s a m e
,

grou n d A n d a s G o d is thu s i m m ut a bl e in h im
.

s e l f s o lo n g a s h is r a tio n a l cr e a tur e s hol d th e i r r e s

,

e c t iv e s t a tio n s in which h is goo d n e s s ha d pr e v iou s

p ,

ly pl a c e d th e m s o lo n g a re his p e r f e ctio n s bou n d

,

to prote ct th e m f ro m e v e ry e v il a n d co n s e qu e n tly
to pre s e r v e th e m f ro m d i s s olutio n a n d d e c a y B u t .

wh e n h is cr e a tur e s ch a n ge th e ir s t a tio n s throu gh

t he m u t a bili ty o f th e ir n a tur e s th e y ch a n ge th e ir
,

r e l a tio n t O G o d ; a n d a ch a n ge in th e ir co n d itio n
l

m u s t b e t he n e c e s s a ry r e s ult o f th e ir d e p a rtur e
f ro m h im .
Se c t . OF T HE HUMA N BOD Y . 9

B thi s ch a n ge a ri s e s n o t f ro m a n y m uta bility in

ut

G o d b u t f ro m t he i m m u t a b ility o f h is n a ture
,
fo r ,

a s t he p e r f e c tio n s o f G o d we r e bou n d t o prot e c t a n d

pre s e rv e tho se who we re d e p e n d e n t u po n h im s o , ,

by t he s a m e i m m u t a b ility o f his n a t u re God wa s ,

b ou n d to w ith d r a w h is prot e ctio n f ro m th e m wh e n ,

t h e y d e p a rt e d f ro m th a t s t a tio n in which his good .

n e s s ha d pl a c e d th e m a n d e n ga g e d to prot e ct th e m
, .

A s G o d m a n i f e s t s h is lov e to a ll wh o a r e f ou n d in
t he wa y o f holi n e s s a n d m a n i f e s t s his h a tr e d t o a ll
,

wh o a r e f ou n d in t he wa y o f v ic e it is e vid e n t th a t a ,

co n ti n u a n c e in t he wa y o f holi n e s s is n e c e s s a ry to t he
c o n ti n u a n c e o f his f a v o ur : a n d we c a n n o m ore c o n
c e iv e th a t th e s e c a s e s c a n b e r e v e r s e d wh il e t he n a tur e

o f G o d r e m a i n s i m m ut a bl e th a n we c a n co n c e i v e t he
,

s a m e thi n g to b e a n d n o t t o b e in t he s a m e i n s t a n t .

I f G o d d ir e ct s his lo v e to A a n d to t he in ha b i . e

t a n t s o f A a n d his h a tr e d to B a n d to t he in ha bi
. .

t a n t s o f B we h a v e t he c a s e pre ci se ly l a id do wn
.

b e f o r e u s a n d we s e e w it h e x a ct n e s s t he tru e s it u
a t io n s o f t he re s p e ctiv e i n h a bita n t s both o f A a n d .

B . B u t i t he i n h a bit a n t s o f A s hould re tire f ro m

f
.

th e ir s t a tio n a n d d e p a rt t o B it is e vi d e n t th a t th e y
,
.

w oul d go f ro m lov e t o h a tre d a n d ye t b e u n d e r t he

,

sa m e God who wa s a n d is a n d e v e r s h a ll b e
, , , ,

u n ch a n ge a bl e in a ll h is wa v s A n d h e n c e we m a y
.

cl e a rly d i s cov e r th a t a pp a re n t ch a n ge a bl e n e ss a n d
, ,

r e a l i m m uta bility a r e p e r f e ctly co m p a tibl e with o n e

,

a n oth e r a s th e y r e f e r to G o d B u t a s th e y a ff e ct
.

m a n t he co n du c t o f G o d is r e a lly ch a n ge d t o wa rd s
,

him n ot with s t a n di n g G o d is in hi m se l f e t e r n a l a n d
,

u n c h a n g e a bl e in a ll his wa y s
, .

13
to I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C h a p . 1
.

N or are th e se r e a s o n i n gs co n fi n e d e xcl u s iv e ly to a
m or a l vi e w o f m a d . Th e y will a pply w ith e qu a l
f o rc e to a ll h is bo d ily a s we ll a s m e n t a l po we r s .

For a s t he hu m a n bo d y f or m e d a co n s picu ou s p a rt
o f cr e a tio n ,
a n d a s t he li f e o f m a n wa s
gu a r a n t e e d to

h im o n co n d itio n o f h is a b s ti n e n c e f ro m m or a l e v il
, ,

t he p e rp e tuity o f t he h u m a n bo d y m u s t h a v e b e e n in

cl u d e d u n d e r thi s gu a ra n t e e a n d it s d iss ol utio n o n

,

thi s grou n d m u s t h a v e b e e n f o r e v e r u n k n o wn T he .

pro m i s e o f lif wa s s u s p e n d e d u p o n h u m a n ob e d i
.

e n c e ; a n d it e xt e n d e d n o f urth e r For a s p e rp e tu ity

.

o f li f e w a s t he r e w a rd o f ob e d i e n c e s o d e a th wa s in
,

p a rt t he pu n i s h m e n t o f di s ob e di e n c e a n d a s m a n
by h is d e p a rture f ro m ob e d i e n c e f o rf e ite d his c l a i m
,

to p e rp e tu ity o f li f e s o by his di s ob e di e n c e he s u b
,

j e c t e d hi m s e l f to th a t di s s ol utio n o f body which wa s ,

i n cl u d e d in t he p u n i s h m e n t a n n e x e d to i m m or a l
a ct i o n .

Thu s m a y we s e e in o n e vi e w t he ori gi n o f t he ,

di s s ol utio n o f o u r bo d i e s whil e we co n t e m pl a t e t he
.

i m m ut a bility o f G o d W e s e e our d i s s ol u t io n ori

.

g in a t in
g i n ou r s e l v e s
,
w hil e t h e i m m ut a bility of G od

s t a n d s d e t a ch e d f ro m e v e ry ch a rg e we s e e his im
m u t a bil ity e n g a g e d to pr t e e t r e ctitud e but n othi n g ,

m ore ; we se e m a n d e p a rti n g f ro m it a n d th e r e by ,

s i n ki n i n to th a t d i s s ol utio n w hich b tr ct d ly
g , a s a ,e

f ro m thi s circu m s t a n c e coul d n e v e r h a v e e x is t e d

,
.

If G o d u n d e r t he e xi s t e n c e o f pr e s e n t circu m
,

s t a n c e s we r e to p e rp e tu a t e o u r bodi e s h e m u s t d e
, ,

p a rt f ro m tho s e rul e s o f i n v a ri a bl e r e ctitu d e which ,

a r e a l wa y s i n s e p a r a bl e f ro m h is wa y s ; a n d his im

m ut a b ility u n d e r t he v a r iou s ch a n g e s o f m a n w oul d

, ,
 Se c t . o r T H E HU MAN BODY . it

a pp e a r in a v e ry qu e s tio n a bl e light H e m u s t in .

t hi s c a s e ch a n ge with h is c h a n ge a bl e cr e a tur e s a n d ,

i m m uta bility will th e n n o m ore a tt a ch t o him th a n

it do e s n o w t o u s T he co n duc t o f G o d m u s t in
.

thi s c a s e a pp e a r d e p e n d e n t upo n t he a ctio n s o f m a n

co n trolle d by c a pric e a n d s ubj e cte d to tho se d i
,
.

r e ctio n s which t he wa y wa rd s a lli e s o f o u r p a s s io n s

woul d i m po se .

B u t t he co n d uct o f God is fi x e d U po n pri n cipl e s

o f a m or e p e r m a n e n t n a tur e T he irr e gul a riti e s
.

which a r e v i s ibl e both in t he m ora l a n d t he n a tura l

w orld a r e a ttrib u t a bl e to oth e r c a u s e s
, w hil e t h e
i m m ut a bility o f G o d s ta n d s u n i m p e a ch e d It is .

b e c a u s e we h a v e r e tir e d f ro m th a t s ta tio n in which

his good n e s s ha d pl a c e d u s a n d in which his im m u
,

t a b ilit y ha d e n g a ge d to prot e ct u s th a t o u r bo d i e s
,

d ie. A n d t he e vil s o f whi c h we co m pl a i n d o n o t ,

ov e rta k e u s b e c a us e G o d is ch a n ge a bl e but b e c a u se ,

God is i m m uta bl e in a ll h is wa y s a n d be c a u s e we ,

a r e ch a n ge a bl e .

S EC TI O N I II .

Tha t t he H u ma n B o dy m u s t ha v e be e n o r igin a lly /

I m m o r t a l, p r ov e d f r o m t he p r im e v a l S t a t e o f
Ma n , an d t he I m m u t a bility of G od d
co n s i e r e d
t o g e t he r .

F R O M tho se ge n e r a l v i e ws which in t he pr e c e d
, ,

in g s e ctio n we h a v e t a k e n o f t he i m m uta bility o f

,

G o d a n d o f tho se c h a n ge s with whi c h it is c o m p a t

,
a
12 I D E N TI T Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h ap I .

a b le It t u s n o w tur n o u r a tt e n tio n t o t he s a m e a t
,
.

tribut e a n d co n s id e r it in co n n e ctio n w ith m a n in

,

h is pri m e v a l s t a t e ; a n d t he e v id e n c e in f a vour o f
r im a t iv e i m m ort a lity w ill p e rh a p s a pp e a r in a c o n
p ,

s ic u o u s li ht A nd th e r e f or e w ithou t i n quiri n
p g .
, , g
i n to t he m otiv e s or c a u s e w hich i n d uc e d G o d to c r e
a t e t he w orl d I s h a ll fi x o n t h e f a ct it s e l f
, a n d o n ly ,

pr e s u m e th a t cr e a tio n d id t a k e pl a c e For wh a t e t e r .

t he c a u e or m otiv e s we r e
s c e rt a in it is t ha t s uch
, ,

c a u s e a n d m otiv e s d id e xi s t a n d h e n c e A l m i ghty
,

P o we r a n d goo d n e s s c a ll e d t h e u n iv e r s e i n to b e i n g .

Th a t a d e s ig n to cr e a t e m a n d id e x i s t in G o d a t
t h e ti m e o f cr e a tio n is d e m o n s tr a t e d by f a ct ; a n d
,

th e r e f or e a d e s ig n to d e s troy t he h u m a n bo d y coul d
n o t th e n h a v e ha d a b e i n g For if we s uppo s e th a t
.

a d e s i n to d e s troy t he hu m a n bo d y d i d e x i t i
g s , n

G o d a t t he m o m e n t in w hich he cr e a t e d it w e m u s t ,

s u ppo s e him to h a v e b e e n a ctu a t e d by t w o oppo s it e

d e s i gn s t he o n e to cr e a t e a n d t he oth e r to d e s troy
, ,

t h e thi n g cr e a t e d B u t in thu s s uppo s i n g we pl a c e

.
,

t h e d e s ign s o f G o d n o t o n ly in a s t a t e o f ho s tility
,

t o e a ch oth e r but in a s t a t e o f ho s tility to his a t t r i

,

b u t e s ; a n d we m a k e a pri n cipl e o f i mm ut a bility

to produc e d e s ig n s whic h in t he s a m e m o m e n t
, , ,

a r e d e s tructiv e to e a ch oth e r B u t s i n c e th e s e
.

s uppo s itio n s a r e co n tra ry to t he d ivi n e p e r f e c

tio n s a n d p e r f e ctly i n co m p a tibl e w ith t he i m m ut a
,

b ilit y o f h is n a tur e we m u s t co n clu d e th a t tho s e

, ,

s n p o s it io n s w hich a r e ir r e c o n c ile a b le with t he n a

p
tur e o f G o d a r e a t o n c e i n a pplic a bl e to him a n d
, ,

f a l s e in f a ct H e n c e th e n t he co n clu s io n a pp e a r s
.

t o b e in e v rt a ble th a t n o d e s ig n to d e s troy t he hu
,
I} I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [ C h a
p

am ou n t to s o m e th i n g m or e th a n a s i m pl e c o n t r a d ic .

tio n .

A b e i n g which co n ti n u e s t he s a m e a f te r it is cr e .

a t e d th a t it wa s wh e n c a ll e d i n to e xi s t e n c e c a n ih ,

e l u d e n o m or e c a u s e o f it s d i s s olu tio n t he m o m e n t
,

a f t e r t h a n it d id in t he m o m e n t o f it s cr e a tio n
, T he .

s a m e r e a s o n i n gs which will hol d oo d to d w ill

g a
y , ,

u II t he s a m e pri n cipl e hol d qu a lly goo d to m o r

p )
,
e - .

ro w th e y will b e e qu a lly a v a il a bl e t he d a y f ollo w

in g a n d we m a y e xt e n d o u r ob s e rv a tio n s through
,

t h e whol e pro gr e s s o f d u ra tio n I f th e r e f or e t he

.
, ,

h u m a n bo d y c a n po s s i bly b e d e s troy e d d uri n g a n y ,

p e rio d o f e x is t e n c e s ub s e qu e n tly to cr e a tio n with ,

o ut c o n ta i n i n g w ithi n it s e l f a n y c a u s e o f th a t
d e s tructio n i t is e vi d e n t th a t thi s c a u s e m u s t b e
,

l o d ge d in s o m e oth e r s ourc e B u t s i n c e n o oth e r

.

s ourc e ca n po s s ibly b e f ou n d but G o d if t he ,

d e s tructio n O f t he hu m a n bo d y w e r e po s s ibl e we ,

m u s t u n d e r th e s e co n s i d e r a tio n s e ith e r a ttribut e to

, ,

h im t he d e s tru c tio n o f t h e hu m a n bo d y upo n t he

s a m e i d e n tic a l pri n cipl e w hich ga v e birth to cr e a

tio n o r w e m u s t s uppo se t he A l m i ghty to b e a ctu

,
.

a t e d by co n tr a d ictory d e s ig n s B u t a s we c a n n o
.

m or e co n c e iv e i t po s s ibl e th a t t he A l m i ghty ca n be
a ctu a t e d by co n tr a d ictory d e s i gn s th a n we ca n
,

co n c e i v e th a t de s tru ctio n a n d cr e a tio n c a n a ri s e

f ro m t h e s a m e pri n cipl e ( ,
which is m a k i n g t wo
O ppo s ite e ffe ct s to r e s ult f ro m t he s a m e c a u s e ) ,

t h e d e s tru ctio n o f t h e hu m a n bo d y u n d e r pre s e n t

,

c ircu m s t a n c e s c a n n ot po s s ibly b e i m put e d to G o d

,
.

A n d s i n c e t h e s upp s itio n in e ith e r c a s e i n volv e s

’

o
, ,

a pl a i n a n d po s iti v e co n tr a di c tio n t he r e sult is in

,
s
S e ct . O F T H E H U MAN BODY . 15

e vi ta bl e n a m e ly th a t t he h u m a n body m u s t n e ce s
, ,

s a r ily h a v e b e e n i m m ort a l .

T h e s a m e m or a l c a u s e s which e x i s t wh e n t he bo d y
is d e s troy e d m u s t h a v e b e e n in e xi s t e n c e w h e n it
,

wa s cr e a t e d ; b e c a u s e God is n e c e s s a rily i m m ut a bl e ,

a n d t h e cr e a tur e is pr e s u m e d to h a v e u n d e r o n e n o
g
c h a n g e If th e re f ore u n de r th e s e giv e n circu m
.
, ,

s t a n c e s t he body could h a v e
, b e e n d i s s ol v e d we ,

m u s t pre s u m e e ith e r th a t cr e a tio n a n d d i s s olutio n

,

a r e t he s a m e thi n g o r th a t t wo O ppo s it e e ff e ct s h a v e
,

r e s ult e d f ro m t h e s a m e c a u s e ; To s u ppo s e t he
'

f or m e r we a r e f orbidd e n by f a ct a n d to s uppo s e ,

t he l a tt e r is a co n tr a dictio n T he fi n a l r e s ult m u s t
.

th e re f ore b e th a t t he h u m a n body m u s t h a v e b e e n
,
.

i m m ort a l A n d h e n c e a l s o s i n c e thi s th e ory a n d

.
,

pr e s e n t f a ct a r e a t v a ri a n c e with e a ch oth e r t he ,

d i s s ol utio n w hich t he hu m a n bo d y u n d e rgo e s m u s t ,

b e a ttribute d to s o m e oth e r c a u s e ; a c a u s e d i s ti n ct
f ro m a n y whi ch h a s hith e rto b e e n e x plor e d ; a
c a u s e wh ich could n o t h a v e e xi s t e d wh e n m a n wa s
fir s t c a ll e d i n to b e i n g ; a c a u se wh ich d id n o t th e n
r e s id e in m a n a n d which coul d n o t a t a n y p e riod
,

wh a t s o e v e r r e s id e in G o d .

Wh a t t he pre ci s e s t a t e o f A d a m s body wa s p r e ’
,

v io u s l t o his f a l l is a qu e s tio n which h a s e m plo e d

y , ,
y
t h e p e n s o f m a n y writ e r s a n d ha s b e e n produ ctiv e
,

o f a m ultit u d e of c o n j e cture s A n d in d e e d in .
, ,

c a s e s wh e r e we a r e l e f t withou t d e ci s iv e e vi d e n c e ,

co n j e cture a n d prob a bility m u s t b e co m e o u r o n ly

gui d e s .

W ith s o m e t he body O f A da m ha s b e e n s u ppo se d

,

lu m in o u s w ith ot he r s t r a n sp a r e n t a n d with oth e rs

, ,
16 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [C h ap. I .

a
g a n i l ig ht ,
a e r ia l an d sp ir it u a l
th e se co n . An d .

e c t u r e s s e e m to h a v e b a dopt e d pur e ly to a c
j een

cou n t f o r th a t i m m ort a lity which ha s b e e n s o u n i ,

f or m ly a ttribut e d to it T he v a riou s a r gu m e n t s
.

which h a v e b e e n a d d u c e d in f a vour o f th e s e d i ff e r
e n t th e o r i e s it w oul d b e u s e l e s s to d e t a il
,
E v e ry .

opi n io n will h a v e it s a b e ttor s a n d e v e ry a r gu m e n t ,

i t s p r o s e l y t e s ; e rror will h a v e it s a d voc a t e s a s we ll

a s truth .

B u t o n thi s poi n t t he book o f God is s il e n t ; a n d

f ro m thi s circu m s t a n c e w e f e e l a n a s s ur a n c e th a t it ,

is a c a s e in which philo s ophy c a n a ff or d u s l ittl e or

n o a s s i s ta n c e co n j e ctur e m u s t b e t he o n ly f o u n d a
,

tio n o n which th e s e opi n io n s r e s t T he pri n cip a l .

f a ct s which w e l e a r n f ro m t he s a cr e d r e cord s o n thi s

s ubj e ct a r e , t ha t G o d f o r m e d t he m a t e r za l p a r t of
,

m a n o u t of t he d u s t of t he e a r t h a n d t he n br e a t he d ,

in t o his n ostr il s t he br e a t h of l if e ,
a nd m a n be ca m e
a liv in g so u l . B ut why t he bo d y o f Ad a m
s houl d be
uppo s e d lu m in o u s t r a n sp a r e n t o r a e r i
s , ,

d l a r e co n j e ctur e s t h e prob a bility o f wh ich I h a v e

, ,

e t to l e a r n
y .

I n d e e d I c a n h a v e n o co n c e ptio n h o w a body
, ,

wh ich is a e ri a l c a n i n clu d e w ithi n it tho s e s oli d

,

p a rt s w hich we d e n o m i n a t e bo n e s f ro m wh ich cl a s s ,

t he rib wa s t a k e n o u t o f w hich w o m a n w a s a f t e r
,

wa r d s f or m e d N e ith e r c a n I h a v e a n y co n c e pt i o n
.

h o w tr a n s p a r e n cy c a n b e co m e a prop e rty o f p a rti

cl e s which a r e in th e m se l v e s op a qu e a n d d i s po s e d
, ,

a s th e y a r e in a s ub s t a n c e s o m ulti f or m a n d co m pl e x

a s t he body o f m a n N o r c a n I d is c o v e r a d m itti n g
.
,

h is body to h a v e b e e n tra n s p a r e n t wh a t a d v a n t a ge s ,
 S e ct . O F T HE HUMA N B O DY . 17

woul d h a v e a ccru e d f ro m s u ch a prop e rty A bo d y .

th a t is tra n s p a r e n t c a n b e n o f urth e r r e m ov e d in ,

co n se qu e n c e o f th a t tra n s p a r e n cy f ro m di s s oluti o n ,
,

th a n if it we re op a qu e lik e tho s e which we n o w

,

po s s e s s ; s o th a t t he v e ry e n d f o r whi c h t he c o n je c .

ture is i n troduc e d m u s t b e d e f e a te d b e c a u s e n o ,

c o n n e ctio n c a n b e tra c e d b e t we e n t he pre m i s e s a n d

co n c lu s io n For if t he bo d y o f A d a m we r e a s v ol a
. e

til e e v e n a s li ght it s e l f s till t he u n io n o f it s co m po

,
.

n e n t p a rt s w oul d s ta n d upo n t h e s a m e pri n cipl e u po n

which ou r s n o w r e s t A n d c e rt a i n it is th a t t he
.
,

v ol a til e p a rticl e s which we h a v e s uppo s e d wo u ld ,

r e quire t he po we r o f a dh e s io n to pr e s e rv e t he co n e

n e c t i o n b e t we e n th e m a s m u ch s o a s if we w e r e t o
,

s uppo s e th e m to b e m or e n e a rly r e l a t e d to tho s e O f

o u r o wn . Wh e th e r th e r e f o r e we s u ppo s e t h e
, ,

body o f A d a m to b e v o la t ile o r g r o ss to b e t r a n s ,
:

to b l u m in o u s o r d a r k a s t he
p arent o r
p q
o a ue ,
e ,

s a m e po we r m u s t b e a lik e n e c e s s a ry in e a ch ca s e

to m a k e t he d i ff e r e n t p a rticl e s a dh e r e we s h a ll ,

s till b e obli ge d to cl a i m t he a s s i s t a n c e o f s o m e q u a

l it y to e s t a bli s h th a t a dh e s io n O f t he p a rt s whic h
is n e c e s s a ry to e n s ure p e rp e tu ity Thi s th e r e f or e
.
, ,

m u s t b e a qu a lity which n e ith e r tra n s p a r e n cy n o r

,

O p a c ity c a n po s s e s s a n d which c a n r e s i d e in n o
,

e xt e r n a l a pp e a r a n c e w h a t s o e v e r T he i m m orta lity
.

o f A d a m s b o d y m u s t t h e r e f o r e h a v e d e p e n d e d u po n
’
, , ,

oth e r c a u se s th a n c an b e d e riv e d f ro m a m e r e c o m »

b i n a tio n o f p a rticl e s in w h a t f e r m s o e v e r we s o p
,
»

po se th e m to be m odifi e d .

E
 18 I D E N I IT Y AN D
' ‘
R E S U RR E C TI ON [C h ap . 1
.

S EC I ON IV .
~

0n t he
p r im it iv e a n d e le m e n ta r y S ta t e o f Ma t t e r ,
d t he Na tu r e f s im l d co m o u n de d
a n . o
p e a n
p
B o d ie s

I i ha s f re qu e n tlyb e e n a s s e rt e d th a t a ll co m pou n d ,

e d bo d i e s h a v e w ithi n th e m s e l v e s a n i n t e r n a l t e n
d e n e y to d i s s olutio n a n d d e c a y a n d h e n c e it ha s
b e e n i n f e rr e d th a t t he bo d y o f A d a m m u s t h a v e
,

b e e n d e s t itut e o f t ha t n a tur a l im m ort a lity which w e

h a v e a ttr ibut e d to it in it s pri m e v a l s t a t e O f t he .

a b s tr a ct f ac t littl e o r n o d oubt c a n b e e n t e rt a i n e d ;
,

b u t e v e n thi s f a ct c a n o n ly h e a d m itt e d u n d e r c e r .

t a i n li m it a tio n s f r in t he origi n a l s t a t e o f m a tt e r
,
o
‘

t h i n g s coul d n o t h a v e b e e n s o .

I n t he ori gi n a l ch a otic s t a t e o f m a tt e r b e f or e t he ,

e l e m e n t s w e r e fi x e d in th e ir d i s ti n ct a bo d e s e v e ry ,

p a rti cl e o f m a tte r m u s t h a v e b e e n d e s titut e o f a n y

co m m o n or p a rticul a r c e n tr e a n d it is c e rt a i n
‘
,

u n d e r th e s e co n s i d e r a ti o n s wh a t e v e r m i ght h a v e
,

b e e n t he p e culi a r m o d i f i c a tio n o f a n y giv e n p a rticl e s ,

th a t th e y coul d h a v e co n t a i n e d withi n th e m n o in .

t e r n a l t e n d e n cy to d e p a rt f ro m tho s e s t a tio n s which

h a d b e e n a s s ig n e d th e m or e v e n to s e p a r a t e f ro m
o n e a n othe r A n d a s a ll m a tte r m u s t in i t s e l f b e
.

s t a t i o n a ry a n d i n e rt a n d a s a ll e x t e r n a l i m pul s e
,

m u s t n e c e s s a rily b e r e m ov e d b y t he s uppo s i t io n it ,

is c e rt a i n th a t a ll bodi e s co m po s e d o f th e s e s i m pl e
m a t e ri a l s m u s t h a v e r e m a i n e d f o r e v e r e qu a lly r e
,
.

m ov e d f ro m m ut a tio n a n d d e c a y .
S e ct . IV .
] OF TH E HU M AN BO DY .
19

Tha t the re a l i n ter n a l esse n ce o f m a tter wh a tever ,

th a t esse n ce m a y be m u st re m a i n the s a m e u n der

,

every po ssi ble m odi fi c a tio n f e w if a n y will a t , , ,

te m pt either to de n y o r doubt ; bec a u se it is f ro m

this u n k n o w n esse n ce th a t those esse n t i a l proper
,
.

ties result which a r e k n o wn ; wh i le f ro m these ,

k n o wn esse n ti a l properties w e a r e e n a bled to f or m ,

disti n ct perceptio n s o f thos e di ff ere n t su bst a n ces ,

W h i c h a r e prese n ted to o u r V ie w N o w si n ce a ll .
,

di vi sio n s o f a n y give n subst a n ce m u st i m ply the ,

previo u s e x iste n ce o f th a t subst a n ce a n d a s thos e

e le m e n ts i n to w hich m a tter is n o w di vided w ere ,

ori gi n a lly dra wn f ro m m a tter it is evide n t th a t there ,

h a s bee n a period in which m a tter m u st h a ve e xist “

ed a bstr a ctedly f ro m those ele m e n ts w hich n o w

,

e n gro ss the m a teri a l world A n d co n seque n tly .

a ir e a rth wa ter a n d fi r e
,
-

,
could n o t h a ve be e n co
, ,
.

ev a l with m a tter itsel f It is there f ore in this st a te

.
, ,

o n ly th a t w e c a n V ie w m a tte r det a ched f ro m al l ,

in ter n a l te n de n cies a n d e xtra n eou s i m pulses ; a n d

it i s here a l o n e th a t we c a n vie w this subst a n ce in
,

its re a l a n d m ost si m ple sta t e .

The ele m e n ts i n to which a ll m a tter is n o w d i e

v id e d m a y prob a bly be co n sidered a s its si m pl e

,

st a te ; a n d we m a y re a dily co n ceive whe n the c o n ,

s t it u e n t p a rticles o f a n y g i v e n body a r e res o l ved i n to

th o se pri m itive ele m e n ts ou t o f w hich they w er e ,

fi rst t a ke n th a t the n these p a rticles a r e reduced

,

to their pri m itive a b o cle s I n ou r C m m o n m d e s . o .

o f l a n gu a ge a n d in the prese n t stru ctu re o f t he

,

world this s e n t i m e n t is u n d o ubted ly j u st ; bu t e ve n

,
20 I DEN TITY A ND RE SU RREC TI O N [ C h a
p 1
. .

th i s ele m e n t a ry co n ditio n o f m a tter m u st f o r r e a , ,

so n s a lre a dy a ss i g n ed be t h e re m ove f ro m its pri

,

m a ry st a te F o r a s the ele m e n ts o f t h i s w o r ld c a n
.

be n thi n g m ore th a n divisio n s o f m a tter a n d a s a ll

o
,

substa n ces m u st exist be f ore they c a n be divided ,

so the st a te o f m a tter u n divided i n to ele m e n ts ,

m ust be m ore si m p l e th a n the ele m e n ts the m s e l ve s

n o w a re h w si m p l e s o ever they m a y a ppe a r
,
o .

In this origi n a l st a te o f thi n gs be f ore the e le ,

.

m e n ts w ere f or m ed they could n o t poss i bly h a v e

,

h a d a n y m ode o f existe n ce di sti n ct f ro m o n e a n o

ther ; a n d co n seque n t ly the p a rtic le s which n o w
co m p s e t hese ele m e n ts could h a ve ha d n o disti n ct
o
,

p oi n ts to wh i ch they could sever a lly te n d A ll .

m u st h a v e resorted to o n e c o m m o n h o m e a n d n o t ,

a si n gle a t o m cou ld h a ve ha d a n t e n d e n cy to see k

y
a n y n e w a bode I n this origi n a l st a te w hile a ll
.
,

the ele m e n ts w ere m ixed in their preg n a n t c a u ses ,

’

e very p a r t icle o f m a tter a s to it s n a t u r e its t e n

, ,
.

de n ey a n d its p roperties m u st h a ve bee n a lik e

, , .

A n d in this st a te wh a tever c o m bi n a tio n s a n y a t o m s

,

m ight h a ve a ssu m ed n o te n de n cy cou ld h a ve re

,

s ided withi n th e m to re m ove the m f ro m th a t st a tio n

,

in which th e y h a d bee n previ o u sly fi xed .

A s the d ifl e r e n t ele m e n ts ha d n o disti n ct ex ist .

e n ce so they c ould n t possibly h a ve oper a ted to

,
o
,

rec a ll th o se a to m s to dist i n ct regio n s : a n d a s a ll

m a tter m u st be in itsel f i n ert a n d resti n g o n its ,

co m m o n ce n tre n o te n de n cy to re m ove could reside

,

w i t hi n the p a rticles the m selves A n d c o n s e q u e n ly .

a ll bodies which a r e re m ove d f r o m e x ter n a l im u l s e

p
32
‘
I DEN TIT Y A ND RE SU RREC TI ON C
[ h a p . 1
.

m a tter , be f ore th e e le m e n ts ha d obt a i n e d their sep a

r a te st a te o f existe n ce to f or m a h u m a n body ha d
, ,

he bee n so disposed n o m a n c a n seriou sly dou bt

, ,

wh o will a d m it h im to be possessed o f i n fi n ite

po wer It is f ro m this v a st m a ss o f m a teri a ls th a t
.

G o d ha s a ctu a lly m a de wh a t a r e co m m o n ly ter m ed

the ele m e n ts t he m sel ves ; out o f t he se a l s o he ha s
m a de the w orld a n d t he m a teri a l p a rt o f m a n
, .

A n d surely we c a n n o t do u b t t ha t t h e s a m e po wer
and wisdo m wh ich f or m ed t he ele m e n t a ry p a r
t ic le s o f m a tter the world a n d m a n could
, , , ,

f ro m t he s a m e m a teri a ls h a ve f or m ed m a n w ith
‘
,
.

o u t the i n terve n tio n o f those ele m e n ts w hich sep a , ,

r a t e ly co n idered did n o t origi n a lly e xist

s

, A n d if .

God in t hi s pri m a ry st a te o f m a t ter ha d m odi fied

, ,

an
y give n n u m ber or qu a n tity o f p a rticles m t o a h u

m a n body it i s cert a i n u n der t h e circu m st a n ces

,

giv en t ha t th e p a rticle s thu s m odi fi ed could h a v e

I
, ,

ha d n o t e n d e n c v to sep a r a te f ro m o n e a n other a n y ,

m ore th a n m a tter u n d e r a n y other m ode could h a ve ,

h a d a n i n ter n a l te n de n cy to i n fi n ite divisibility A n d .

there f ore a s the p a rticles m od i fi ed could ha ve ha d

,

n o su ch te n de n cy to sep a r a te f ro m o n e a n other th e ,

m odi fic a tio n w hich depe n ded upo n the s t a bility o f

,

their situ a tio n could n o t h a ve bee n lost a n d c o n se

,
.

que n tly the hu m a n body I n to which we h a ve s u p

, ,

posed t hese p a rticles to h a v e bee n wrought m u st ,

h a ve a cquired perpetuity a n d h a ve bee n co m pletely ,

pl a ced beyo n d the re a ch o f dissol u tio n a n d dec a y .

U n der the s e co n sidera tio n s the p a rticle s o f ,

which t he body is presu m ed to h a ve bee n c o m

posed coul d h a ve n o s p eci fic gra v it a tio n to wa rds
,
 S e ct I V ]
. . OF T HE HUMA N BOD Y . 2 3

their respective ele m e n ts bec a u e these e le m n t s a s

p
, s

yet ha d n o disti n ct e xiste n ce A n d th a t c o m m o n .

l
bei n g which we m a y presu m e t hese ele m e n ts to
,

h a ve ha d in their preg n a n t c a use s m u st hhv e r e ,

sid e d a s m uch in the p a rticles w hic h

were thu s m odi fi ed i n to a h u m a n body a in a n y
s ,

other p a rts o f th a t ch a otic m a ss o u t o f whiqh these ,

a rticles w ere a t fi rst t a ke n The i n ert n ess bf these

p .

a to m s m u st h a ve preve n te d the m f ro m etti n g

in the m selves a n y te n de n cy to dep a rt ha t
m ode whic h we h a ve presu m ed ; a n d a s o n e i m ode ,
l
in t h is st a te m ust h a ve bee n a s co n ge n i a l t o their
,

n a ture s a s a n othe r th a t o f a hu m a n body c o

,
p ld in
c l u d e w ithi n it n othi n g m ore opposed to their n a
I
tures th a n those a to m s e x perie n ced which la y in t he ,

u n disti n guish e d m a ss in which m a tter recei ved it s

,

fi rst f or m a tio n Where i n ert n ess perv a d es a n y

.
,
r
give n m a ss f ro m w hich a ll e xte rn a l c a u ses a re to
,

t a lly re m oved through whi c h the p a rts o f th at m a ss

,

m ight receive a n i n flue n ce or i m pulse there n o , ,

te n de n cy to ch a n ge c a n possibly e xist ; a n d a body

thu s co n stituted a n d thu s situ a ted m u st n ecess a rily
, ,

r e m a i n f orever For si n ce the st a bility o f t he m o

.

d ifi c a t io n m u st depe n d u po n the p er m a n e n cy o f the

a rticles m odi fi ed the m odi fi c a tio n m u st be a s f a r
p ,

r e m oved f ro m dissolutio n a s the p a rticles the m

,
4

sel ve s a r e f ro m sep a ra tio n a n d co n seque n t ly bot h

m u st co n ti n ue f o r e ver H e n c e the n this fi n a l co n
.

el u sio n f ollo ws th a t t h ough in t he p r e se n t it a t e of

,

t hin gs a ll co m pou n ded bodies h a v e w ithi n the m

,

a n a tur a l te n de n cy to di ssolutio n ; a n d thou gh e v e

r
y p a rticle per p etu a lly te n ds to w a rds i ts ele m e n t a ry
 24 I DEN TIT Y A ND RE SU RR EC TI ON C
[ h ap. I .

a bode yet in the origi n a l st a te o f thi n gs i t co u ld

, , ,

n o t h a ve bee n so The te n de n cies there f ore which

.
, ,

we perceive m u st h a ve a rise n f ro m so m e other

,

source ; a sou rce w hich in th a t re m ote period o f

, ,

d ura tio n could h a ve ha d n o ex iste n ce

, .

S E C TI O N V .

A r g u m e n t s t e n d in g l o p r o v e , t ha t (li e I m m o r t a lit y of

/ ‘

t he B o d y o A d a m wa s s e cu r e d by (he efi ca cv of
'

[ he Tr e e f o L if e , n o t w i t hs t a n d in g t he na tu r a l
T e n d e n cy of t he P a r is to D iss o l u t io n .

‘N H E N this re m ote vie w in which we h a v e

f ro m
, ,

bee n co n sideri n g the co n stitue n t divisible p a rts o f

m a t ter be f ore the ele m e n ts were c a lled i n to a n y dis
,
.

ti n ct e x iste n ce we tur n our thoug hts to those

,

ele m e n ts i n to wh ich it ha s bee n si n ce divided a n d ,

f ro m which the hu m a n body ha s bee n a ctu a lly

f or m ed the n a tur a l te n de n cy o f a ll co m pou n ded
,

bodies t o dissol utio n a ssu m es a very di ff ere n t f or m .

I n t h is c a se w ithou t a ll doubt the v a rious p a rticles

, ,

o f whic h the h u m a n body wa s a ctu a lly f or m ed h a v e ,

a n a tive te n de n cy to resolve the m selve s i n to their

pristi n e ele m e n ts through a n i n h ere n t te n de n cy

,

so m e wha t a n a l a gou s to gr a vit a tio n Thi s pro .

e n s it o r te n de n cy see m s to h a ve bee n i m pressed

p y, ,

u po n a ll the p a rts o f m a tter with w hich we a r e in

t im a t e ly a cqu a i n ted in wh a t ele m e n t soever they

,

m a y reside B u t wh a t the origi n o f this te n de n cy

.

i s ho w f a r it a c tu a lly e xte n ds a n d wh a t the bou n

, ,
S e ct V ]
. OF T HE H U M A N B O DY . 2 5

d a r ie s its opera tio n s a r e a ppe a r to be poi n ts

o f ,

whic h w ith e x a ct precisio n we c a n n ot co m prehe n d

, , .

T ha t A d a m whe n cre a ted wa s per m itted to e a t

, ,

of a ll t he t r e e s in t he g a r d e n e x c ept o n e which .

wa s i n terd i cted i s pl a i n scripture ; a n d f ro m this

,

circu m sta n ce i t m a y be a s pl a i n ly i n f erred t ha t n u

,

t r it io n wa s n ec ess a ry to the preserv a tio n o f his

bei n g A n d si n ce he possessed those a ppetites a n d
.

f a culties w hich w ere c a lcul a ted to per f or m a ll t he

,

f u n ctio n s o f a n i m a l li f e I c a n discover n othi n g

,

w hic h could m a rk the n a ture o f his body a s bei n g ,

disti n ct f ro m th a t o f o u r o wn Is or h a ve I hitherto ‘
.

d iscovered a n y pe c uli a r properties which his body

c ould possess except t ha t m a n ly be a uty which m ust
,

h a ve resulted f ro m th a t per f ect st a te o f m ora l recti

tude which wa s in s e p e r a ble f ro m th a t pri m ev a l st a te
,

o f m an The co m m a n d which wa s give n to o u r fi rst

/
.

a re n t s to be f r u it u ! a n d m u lt i ly
p p a n d to r e le n
p ,

t he e a r t h prove s the m to h a ve bee n o f the

,

s a m e e a rthly m ould w ith ou rselves ; though m o r

t a lity cou ld n o t be a pplied to their co n ditio n n o r ,

c ould de a th a tt a c h itsel f t o the gre a t proge n itor o f

m a n k in d .

There c a n be n o doubt th a t t h e hu m a n body ,

w a s origi n a lly m ore e xcelle n t th a n it i s a t prese n t ,

a n d we a r e eve n co m pelled to co n cl ude th a t the body

o f A d a m a ppro a c h ed m u ch n e a re r to a st a te o f per

f e c t io n th a n the bodies o f a n y o f his poste rity h a v e

,

si n ce bee n a ble to a tt a i n The ch a n ges which m ora l

.

evil h a s i n trodu ced a r e su ch a s b a fil e a ll c a lcul a

,

ti o n s ; a n d it i s a poi n t o f i n extric a ble di ffi c u lty f o r

u s to decide h o w f a r we h a ve des c e n ded in t he
,

F
2 6
S I DEN TIT Y A N D RE SU RREC TI ON [ C h
’

ap . I .

s ca le o f hu m a n dig n ity h o w m uch o u r org a n s a r e

i m p a ired h o w m u c h we h a ve su n k belo w th a t
sta n d a rd o f p ri m ev a l glory which wa s o n ce the dis
,

t in gu is h in g ch a r a cteristi c o f m a n .

A s m a n c a m e i m m edi a tely f ro m the h a n ds o f the

A l m ighty n othi n g either o f m or a l evil or n a tur a l
, ,

im per f ectio n could h a ve bee n f o u n d in his n a ture

, .

A n d so f a r a s bei n gs w ith c a p a cities a n d f a c u l

ties w hich were li m ited like those o f the hu m a n
species were c a p a ble o f be a ri n g a n y rese m bl a n ce t o
,

the m ora l per f ectio n s o f God m a n m ust h a ve bee n ,

cre a ted in a sta t e o f fi n ite per f ectio n A t the s a m e .

t i m e the hu m a n body which f or m ed a n esse n ti a l

,

a rt o f m an m ust a s co m i n g f ro m the h a n d s o f so
p , ,

e xcelle n t a work m a n i n co n j u n ctio n with the r a n k

,

w hich m a n su st a i n ed in the e m pire o f cre a tio n h a ve ,

b ee n the st a n d a rd o f a ll terrestri a l be a uty a n d pe r .

f e c t io n .

The pure st a te o f t he a t m os phere i n which m a n

wa s pl a ced m us t h a ve bee n co n ge n i a l to the sta te
,

o f his body a n d the te m per a ture o f a ll a rou n d him

, ,

m u st h a ve preve n ted a ll such e ff ects a s a r e produc

ed by the i n te n sity o f the he a ts o f su m m er a n d the
colds o f wi n ter The te m per a tu re o f the cli m a te the
.
,

p urity o f the a t m osphere the odori f erou s e xh a l a

,

tio n s which a ll veget a tive n a ture co n spired to yield ,

bei n g in per f ect u n iso n with his bodily o rg a n s m u st ,

h a ve co n tri b uted to the lo n gevity o f a bei n g n o t

oth er wise im m o r t a l a n d le n g the n ed ou t the existe n ce
,

o f m a n to a n exte n t o f dur a tio n o f which m oder n ,

i n st a n ces c a n f ur n ish u s with n o ex a m ples I n .

short the h a p p i n e s s whi ch m u st h a v e res u lted f ro m

,
 S e ct V )
. . O F T H E H U M A N B O DY . 27

s uch a h a r m o n iou s sta te o f th i n gs it i s h a rd t o c o n ,

c e iv e a n d still m ore di ffi cult to e x p ress

,
It m u st .

h a ve bee n a f elicity to which we a r e stra n gers a n d ,

o f which we m u st be co n te n t to re m a i n ig n or a n t in

t his st a te o f bei n g a n d whi ch ,p rob a bly w e a re

, ,

u n der the n ecessity o f dyi n g to c o m prehe n d .

I n the m idst o f this ge n era l h a r m o n y f ro m wh a t ,

q u a rter could de a th possibly a rise 9 C ould de a th .

o rigi n a te in G o d This m ust be co n tra ry to hi s n a

t ure a n d co n tr a ry t o the f a cts which we h a ve bee n
,

c o n te m pl a ti n g The ge n era l h a r m o n y o f a ll n a tur e

.

h a d de m o n stra ted th a t the design s o f God w ere to

,

c o m m u n ic a te h a ppi n ess a n d the i m m u t a bility o f hi s

,

n a ture precluded the possibility o f a ch a n ge It .

m u st h a ve bee n co n tr a ry to the divi n e n a ture to les

s e n th a t f elicity w hich he h a d besto wed whi c h de a th ,

m ust cert a i n ly h a ve e ff ected a n d there f ore the co n

c l u s io n i s cert a i n th a t de a th co uld n o t possib ly o r i
,

g in a t e in God .

C ould the n the dissol utio n o f the body fl o w f ro m

the body itsel f ? This u n der circu m st a n ces whic h ,

we n o w revie w could n o t be possible

.
,
The b o d v .

g a ve n o t u n io n to the p a rticles o f which it wa s c o m

osed a n d c o n seque n tly could n o t destroy the a d
p ,

he s io n o f its co m po n e n t p a rts The si m ple p a rticle s

.

of m a tter n e ver c a n be lost in wh a t f or m soever ,

they m a y be o r m a y h a v e bee n co m bi n ed A n d
,
.

the m odi fi c a tio n o f these p a rticle s i n to a h u m a n

body throug h the super n a tur a l a ge n cy o f G o d m us t
, ,

n ecess a rily h a v e bee n ret a i n ed a lso u n less th a t s u ,

e r n a t u r a l a ge n cy wa s w ithdr a wn which his i m m o

p ,
.

t a bility re n dered i m p o si ble ; or u n til so m e other

s
2 8 I DEN TIT Y AN D R E SU RREC TI ON [ C h a
p 1 . .

a dequ a te c a u se s hould dissol ve the u n io n bet wee n

the co m bi n ed a to m s a n d reduce the m to their ele
,

m e n t a ry st a te
B u t wh a t a rgu m e n ts soever m a y be a d duced in f a
v ou r o f pri m ev a l i m m ort a lity there i s still a d iffi
,

c ulty o f co n sider a ble i m port a n ce which it is n e es ,

.

s a rv to re m ove The ele m e n t a ry divisio n s which

.

h a d t a ke n pl a ce in m a tter h a d re m oved it f ro m it s
,

pri m a ry co n ditio n a n d i m pressed upo n it t he in

,

fl ue n ce o f gra v it a tio n o r o f so m ethi n g a n a logou s

,

t hereto w h ch b v a cti n g u po n e v ery p a rticle m u st

,
i
, ,

ha ve co m m u n ic a ted to c a ch a te n de n c y wh ich w a s ,

u n k no wn in its pri m itive sta te T he body f A d a m . t

wa s n o t cre a ted u n til these divisio n s ha d t a ke n pl a ce ,

a n d bei n g co m posed o f a to m s w h ich ha d b e n se t

l e c t e d f ro m these di ff ere n t regio n s the su rrou n di n g ,

ele m e n ts m u st h a ve a cted U po n every p a rt so th a t ,

t h e sile n t bu t i n si n u a ti n g i m pul ses which w ere im

p e rceptibly c o m m u n ic a ted m ust h a ve bee n produc

,

tiv e o f the m ost a sto n is h i n g e ff ects .

C o m pou n ded o f a to m s a n d f or m ed o f dissol uble

,

Da r t s the bo d y o f A d a m
,
though possess e d o f im
,

m ort a lity m u st in it se l f h a v e bee n c a p a ble o f disso

,

l a t io n w hil e bei n g f ree f ro m a ll m ora l e v il it ,

m u s t ha ve bee n pl a ced beyo n d the i n flue n ce o f m o r

t a li t y a n d this circ u m sta n ce m u st h a ve e n sured to
h u m a n n a ture th a t e xe m pti o n f ro m d e a th u hich ,

s in le s s n a t ures c a n a lo n e cl a i m a s t he ir e x c lu s iv e p r i
\ il e
‘

ge . Dt s t it u t e o f s in he wa s n o t e n titled to
,

it s u a ges J u s t ice t here f ore could i n fl i ct n o pu n is h

n i cn t a n d c o n s e que n tl y h is bo d y m u s t h a ve bee n

p l a c e d b e v o : d t he re a c h o f de a th B y b e i n g d e sti
.
 30 I D EN TIT Y A N D R ES U R R E C I
‘
IO N [ C h ap . I .

on which I h a ve occ a sio n to decide I t a pp e a rs

no .

highly p r o p a b lc th a t d issol utio n a rises f ro m t he

,

m u t u a l i n fl u e n ce o f bot h For t h ough a ll m a tter

.
,

b e in itsel f per f ectly i n di ff ere n t to m otio n a n d rest ,

a n d is per f e ctly p a ssive w h e n re m oved f ro m a ll e x

ter n a l i n fl u e n ce yet f ro m a n a tive te n de n cy so m e

, ,

w h a t a n a logous to gr a vit a tio n which i s n o w im ,

pressed upo n e very p a rticle th e se p a rticles whil e , ,

r e m oved f ro m their pri m itive ele m e n ts a n d det a i n ed ,

b v a n a dhesive po wer in a n y give n co m bi n a tio n s

' '

, ,

i n w h ich they m a be pl a ced perpetu a lly seek thei r

y ,

ele m e n t a r y st a te o f repose N evertheless w hile .

,

t he po wer o f a dhesio n co n ti n ues through which ,

t h e s e e xile p a r t icle s a r e det a i n ed w it h i n the c o n

f i n es o f t h e co m pou n ded bo d y this a d hesio n m u st ,

be too st r o n g f o r the ele m e n ta ry te n de n cy o f t he

p a r t icles to ov erco m e A n d he n ce it is th a t bodie s
.

c o n ti n ue in e xiste n ce th rou gh the a d hesio n o f the

p a rts wh i le the p a rts the m selve s a r e a ctu a ted by
,

O p osi t e te n de n ci e s and are co n st a n tly seek i n g a

p ,

s e p a r a tio n f ro m e a c h ot h er A n d h e n ce a l so it .
,

m a y be u n de n i a bly i n f e rred t ha t w h ile this a dhesiv e

‘

p o w e r c o n ti n u es pe r m a n e n t the p a rti cles the m selves ,

m u s t p r e s er v e t h ir r e specti v e st a tio n s a n d u c ce a
e

s a r ily re m a i n i n c o n t a ct w ith e a ch other n o t wit h ,

s t a n d in g t h e o pp o s i t e te n d e n cies which a r e p r e s u m

e d to re s i d e i n a ll .

N o r t h o u gh we h a ve a d m i t te d the n a ti v e a n d in he .

r e n t te n d e n cy o f t he d iff e re n t ele m e n t a r y p a rticles

, ,

t o s e p e r a t e a n d t o s e e k t h e ir n a ti v e ho m e s y e t w hile
, , ,

b y t he p o we r o f a d he s io n t hi s c o n t a ct i s prese rve d ,

t h e w h o le n o i v n u t s h m a i l t s t a te
I
at
*
I

1 a
3 I A ( v t
1 v r

p
o

. . . .
S e ct V . .
] OF T HE HU MAN BODY . 31

l e a s t it m u s t b e p a s s iv e in proportio n to t he a dju s t
,

m e n t o f tho s e e l e m e n t s o f w hich it is c o m po s e d .

T he po we r o f a d h e s io n whic h c e m e n t s t h e p a rt s
m u s t be co n s i d e r e d a s cou n t e r a cti n g a l l ho s til e t e n
d e n c ie s ; a n d a s m a ki n g a poi n t o f u n io n to a ri s e
f ro m th a t m utu a l co n t a c t which it co n ti n u e s to p r e .

s e rv e A n d prob a bly a s thi s a d h e s iv e e n e rgy cou n

.

t e r a c t s t ha t t e n d e n cy w hich t h e p a rticl e s h a v e to ,

s e e k th e ir r e s p e ctiv e e l e m e n t s, m a tte r m u s t b e r e

d u c e d to n e a rly t he s a m e co n d itio n a s th a t in whic h

,

i t woul d h a v e b e e n if n o s uch t e n d e n cy ha d r e s id e d
w ithi n a n y p a rt o f t h e co m p o u n d e d bo d y It wil l “

th e r e f or e f 0 lo w th a t t he d i s s ol u tio n o f t he bo d y
,

c a n n ot b e j u s tly s a i d to origi n a t e e x cl u s iv e ly in a n } r

t e n d e n cy which is lo d ge d Wi t hi n t he p a rticl e s o f
which it is co m po s e d b e c a u s e thi s t e n d e n cy 18 s u b
,

du e d by t he po we r o f a d he s io n b ut d i s s olu tio n m u s t
,

pri m a ril y origi n a t e in s o m e e xt e r n a l c a u se Thi s

c a u s e a pp e a r s to b e t h e a t m o s ph e r e .

Th a t a t m o s ph e ri c a ir by it s p e n e tra ti n g qu a l i
,

ti e s m u s t b e c a p a bl e o f e n t e ri n g m o s t o f t he hi d d e n
,

r e c e s s e s o f a ll co m pou n d e d bo d i e s is a tr u th t o o
,

obviou s to r e quire proo f A n d we a r e we ll a s s ure d

.

f ro m ob s e rv a tio n a n d e xp e ri m e n t th a t i t is c a p a bl e
,

o f d e s tro y i n g th a t a d he s iv e qu a lity wh ich co m b in e s

,

t h e d i s ti n ct p a rticl e s o f w hich t h e hu m a n body is

f or m e d a n d throu gh which t he d iEe 1e n t e l e m e n t s

,
*

a d h e re toge th e r T he a d he sio n b e i n g d e s troy e d

.
,

through t he p e n e tr a ti n g i n fl u e n c e o f a t m o s ph e ri c
a ir p a rticl e a f t e r p a rticl e m u s t b e di s e n a g e d f ro m
,
g
t h e pr e c e d in g u n io n a n d d i s e n g a e d f ro m th i
, g e r

co m pou n d e d s t a t e A n d a s thi s di s ch a rge o f t he a r

.

p .
32 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p . 1
.

t icle s f ro m
th e ir a d h e s iv e s t a te m u s t p e r m it th a t ,

t e n de n cy in e a c h to op e r a te w hich ha d b e e n s u s ,

p en de d t hrou gh th t po we r o f a dh e s io n which is a

n o w n o m or e th e y m u s t n a t ura lly s e e k th e ir e le
,

m e n t a ry a bo d e s in wh ich th e y m u s t co n ti n u e u n til
,

r e m ov e d by a t o he r e xt e r n a l i m pul s e
- .

O n t he grou n d o f thi s th e ory it will p e rh a p s b e

obj e ct e d T h at a s t he e l e m e n t s we r e in e x i s t
.

e n c e a t t he ti m e wh e n A d a m wa s fir s t f o r m e d t he ,

a t m o s ph e r e m u s t h a v e a ct e d upo n h im a n d th e r e ,
.

f or e t he fi n a l di s s ol utio n o f t he hu m a n bo d y is a
n e c e s s a ry co n s e qu e n c e o f it s c o m pou n d e d s ta te ,

and th a t t h e e v e n t m u s t h a v e t a k e n pl a c e a lthou gh
, ,

”
m or a l e vi l ha d n e v e r e n te r e d i n t o t he w orl d .

Th a t t he a bov e obj e ctio n c o n t a i n s a di ffi culty

which oppo s e s it s e l f to t he th e ory I h a v e b e e n a d
v a n c in g I m o s t r e a d ily a llo w
,
bu t I fl a tte r m ys e l f ,

th a t it is a d i ffi cu lty whic h will a d m it o f a s a t is f a c

,

tory s olu tio n a n d th a t thi s s ol utio n m a y b e f ou n d

'

in t he T r e e o
f L zj e fi le

As t h e r e m u st b e in the p a r t ic l e s o f a ll b o d ie s wh ic h a re

co m po u n d e d o f d ifi e r e n t
'

e le m e n t s, a n a tu ra l t e n d e n cy to se e k
t he ir p r im it iv e a b o d e s , I go o d n e s s h a s wise l y p r o v id e d
n fi n it e

fo r t h is t e n d e n c y, a n d c o u n t e r a c t e d it s e ffic a c
y b y t h a t p o we r

o f wh ic h p r e s e r v e s t h e b o d y m o d ifi e d
a d h e s io n hu s p r o . T o

v id in f o t h r e t it f t h e m d d b o d b t h e
g r e p pe u
y o c o p o u n e y , y
c o m p o u n d it s e l f , n o t wit h s t a n d in g t h e o p o s i e t e n d e n cie s o f
p t
t he p a r t ic le s o f whic h it is co m po s e d .

B ut he r e a ne w d iffi cu l t y a r is e s r e la t iv e t o t he bo d y o f Ad a m .

T he a ir w h ic h h e r e sp re i d, an d w h ic h wa s a b s o lu t e ly . n e ce s

sa ry to t he ex is t e n c e o f a n im a l lif e , p o s s e s s e d , t h r o u gh it s

p ene t r a t in g in fl u e n c e , a po we r t o d e st o y r ha t ta d h e s io n
 Se c t . v .
] o r T HE HU M AN BODY . 33

T ha t th e tre e o f li f e wa s pl a c e d in t he ga rd e n
o f E d e n wil l a d m it o f n o doubt wit h tho s e who b e .

li e v e t he B ibl e a n d it is i n c u m b e n t o n tho s e who

,

d i s b e li e v e it to a c cou n t f o r f a ct s whi c h th e y d a r e n o t
d e n y ; a n d to s ub s titut e in t he roo m o f s criptu r e
a m or e r a tio n a l a cc ou n t th a n th a t whi c h th e y d e
‘

s pi se A s t hi s tre e o f li f e wa s pl a n t e d in t he
.

a r d e n by h im wh o do e s n othi n g in v a i n w e
g a r e ,

we ll a s s ur e d th a t it m u s t h a v e b e e n pl a n t e d th e r e
f o r s o m e pu rpo se a n d to k n o w wh a t th a t p urpo s e
,

wa s is t he p i n cip a l qu e s tio n r e m a i n i n g i n to which

,
r
,

we m u s t n o w i n qu ir e .

I t is e xpr e s s ly c a ll e d in t he l a n gu a g e o f Mo s e s ,

t he t r e e of l if e whic h n a m e could n o t h a v e b e e n
,

iv e n to it u n l e s s it we r e e n du e d with a l i f e g iv in g
g
-
,

qu a lity N o w c e rta i n it is th a t thi s tre e c oul d n o t

. ,

h a v e b e e n d e s i gn e d to co m m u n ica t e t he origi n o f
li f e b e c a u s e thi s s uppo s itio n is c o n tr a d ict e d by t he
,

whol e tr a i n o f cir c u m s t a n c e s c o n n e ct e d w it h it .

wh ich p r e v e n t e d t h e p a r t icle s f r o m r e t i r in g t o t h e ir n a t ive

a bo d e s I n t h is c a s e a ls o we s e e t h e in fi n it e go o d n e s s o f G o d
.

t he s a lu br io u s e ffi ca c y f wh ich ,
in p r o v id in g t h e T r e e f s
o e, o

we m a y p r e su m e , t
co u n e rac e t d t h e d is s o l
q u a lit y o f t h e a t ve n t
m p o s h e r e , a n d p r e s e v e d t h e b o d y u r
n h u r t , a m id s t t h e o pp o si e t
t e n d e n c ie s wh ic h e n c ir c e d it l
I n t h is v ie w we d is c o v e r t h e
.

p e rpe t u it y o f t h e hu m a n b o d y e n su r e d on t he m o s tp e r m an e n t

b a s is , th ou gh co f p a r t icle s wh ic h b e o n g t o d iff e r e n
m po se d o l t
e le m e n ts, e a ch o f wh ic h h a d an in n a e t e n d e n cy t o s e e it s t k
n a t iv e a b o d e . An d at t h e s a m e t im e we d is co v e r th is a s su r a n ce
o f p e r p e t u it y, wh ile t h e b o d y wa s s u r r o u n d e d wit h a n a m o s t
p h e r e wh c p i h e n e t a e d it s in m rt
o s r e ce s s e s , a n d w h icth p e rp e t

u a yll t e n d e d t o d e s o y t h e a d h tr
e s io n o f h o s e p a r t ic e s o f whic h t l
i t wa s c o m p o s e d .
34 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h a
p . I .

T he ea ti n g o f t he f rui t wa s t h e m e a n s throu gh
which it s l if e givi n g qu a lity wa s to b e co m m u n i c a t e d
to m a n a n d a s t he po we r o f e a ti n g i m pli e s a ctio n
in t he e a t e r it m u s t o f co n s e qu e n c e i m ply t he p o s
,
.

s e s s i o n o f l if e pr e viou s ly to a ll a pplic a tio n m a d e to

thi s tr e e. T he ori gi n o f li f e coul d th e r e f or e n e v e r

b e co m m u n ic a t e d to m a n through a n y e ffic a cy
Wt h it c oul d po s s e s s .

N e ith e r coul d th is tr e e b e d e s i gn e d to r e s tore

li f e to tho s e who ha d b e e n d e priv e d o f it b e c a u s e
,

d e a th coul d in th i s p e rio d h a v e ha d n o e xi s t e n c e .

A n d e v e n if we a llo w th a t d e a th ha d a t th a t ti m e b e
u n it s r a v a ge s tho s e wh o we r e t he s ubj e ct s o f i t
g ,

m u s t h a v e b e e n i n c a p a bl e o f m a ki n g th a t a ctiv e a p
plic a tio n which wa s n e c e s s a ry in o r d e r to th e ir b e
,

in g b e n e fite d by it s s a lubriou s e ffic a cy .

N e ith e r c a n w e s uppo s e th a t t he d e s i gn o f thi s

tr e e wa s to co m m u n ic a t e to m a n t he po we r to pro
p a ga t e f utur e lif e b c ca u s e thi s p o we r ha d b e e n p r e
,

v iou s ly c o m n iu n ic a t e d i n d e p e n d e n tly o f thi s tr e e

, .

A n d in a d d itio n to thi s we fi n d th a t thi s po we r is

,

s till r e t a i n e d
,
though thi s tr e e ha s b e e n pl a c e d b e
yo n d a ll hu m a n r e a ch In wh a t li ght s o e v e r th e r e
.

f or e w e v i e w thi s tr e e o f li f e o u r co n clu s io n s b e
,

co m e ri d iculou s a n d a b s urd u n l e s s we pr e s u me
,

th a t it ha d t he po we r to p e rp e tu a te th a t li f e which ,

h a d b e e n pr e viou s ly co m m u n ic a t e d f ro m God . It
is th e r e f or e but r e a s o n a bl e to co n clu d e th a t t he d e
,

s i gn o f it s e ffic a cy wa s to cou n t e r a ct t h e d i s s olv e n t

in flu e n c e o f t h e a t m o s ph e r e by w h ich m e a n s t he
,

a d h e s io n o f t he p a rticl e s b e c a m e p e r m a n e n t ,

a n d through which t he hu m a n body thou gh c o m ,

 Se c t . V .
] o r TH E H U M A N BODY .
35

pou n d e d o f d i s s olubl e p a rt s wa s pr e se r v e d f ro m ,

d i s s olutio n a n d d e c a y .

I f thi s tr e e o f li f e wh a te v e r m i ght h a v e b e e n it s
,

n a tur e ha d n o t po s se s s e d t he i n vigo r a ti n g q u a li ty
, ,

Why wa s it d e n o m i n a t e d t he Tr e e o f L i f e Why
wa s it pl a c e d in t h e g a rd e n in t he pri m e v a l s t a t e o f
m a n ? Why wa s it r e m ov e d wh e n m ora l e vil wa s
i n trodu c e d 5? A n d r e m ov e d o n thi s e x pre s s a ccou n t
// /
,

le s t m a n p u t b r t z h is ha n d , a n d t a re , a n d e a t , a n d

l zv e f o r e ve r it th a t we a r e a m u s e d in t he book
Is
'

o f G o d with idl e th e ori e s O r ca n we s u pp o s e th a t

t he F a th e r o f m e rci e s h a s s e n t u s th e s e a ccou n t s
(
,

to m ock t he cr e a tur e s wh o m he ha d cre a te d a n d th a t ,

he h a s thu s a d d e d d e c e ptio n to t he m i s e ri e s o f hu m a n
li f e If co n duct lik e thi s c a n b e a ttribut e d t o G o d ,

we a r e a t a lo ss t o k n o w t he e s s e n ti a l prop e rti e s o f
h is n a ture a n d a r e ut t e rly u n a bl e t o r e co n cil e s u ch
,

a ctio n s with h is e x a lt e d p e r f e ctio n s B u t if s uc h .

co n d uct b e n o t a ttribut a bl e t o him we th e n m u s t a t ,

tribute to t he tre e o f li f e a li f e givi n g qu a lity a n d

,
-
,

fi n a lly co n cl ude th a t t he e ffi c a cy o f it s f r u it te n d e d
to e n s ur e i m m orta l ity to tho s e bo d i e s which in
th e m s e lv e s we r e f or m e d o f d i s s ol ubl e p a rt s In t he .

f ollo wi n g ord e r th e r e f or e thi s br a n ch o f t he di v i n e

, ,

e co n o m y pr e s e n t s it s e l f t o o u r vi e w

T he h u m a n bo d y whi c h God cr e a te d wa s f or m ,
.

e d o f p a rt s ; th e s e p a rt s h a d b e e n t a k e n f ro m d if ~

f e r e n t e l e m e n t s a n d i n c l ud e d in th e ir n a tur e a
, ,

p e rp e tu a l te n d e n cy to wa rd s th e i r pr i m i t i v e a bode s .

To cou n t e ra c t thi s te n d e n cy which r e s id e d with in

t he p a rt s a n a dh e s i v e p o we r wa s c o m m u n c a t e d
,
i ,
$6 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap . I .

through t he e fli ca cy o f which th a t t e n d e n cy wa s a r
,

r e ste d a n d a ll s e p a ra tio n o f t he p a rt s f ro m o n e a n
,
“

oth e r pre v e n t e d f ro m t a k i n g pl a c e .

B u t whil e thi s po we r o f a d h e s io n pr e v e n t e d t he
p a rt icl e s f ro m s e p a r a tio n t he a t m o sph e r e whic h
, ,

wa s n e c e s s a ry to t he pr e s e rv a tio n o f a ll a n i m a l li f e ,

po s s e s s i n g a di s s ol v e n t qu a lity n a tura lly t e n d e d t o

,

d e s troy t he a dh e s iv e po we r .

T he d e s tructio n o f t he a d h e s i v e po we r m u s t h a v e
,

li be r a t e d e v e ry p a rticl e wh il e t he n a tiv e t e n de n cy
,

o f th e s e p a rticl e s m u s t h a v e u rg e d th e m to s e e k a n d

fi n d th e ir n a tiv e a bo d e s throu gh which t he hu m a n

,

bo d y m u s t h a v e b e e n d e s troy e d .

H e re a r e n o w b e f or e u s t wo thi n g s to b e s u b d u
e d in or d e r to t he p e rp e tu ity o f hu m a n li f e ; n a m e ly
, ,

t he n a tiv e t e n d e n cy o f t he p a rticl e s th e m s e lv e s a n d ,

t he di s s olv e n t i n flu e n c e o f t he a t m o s ph e r e To .

c ou n t e ra ct the f orm e r t he po we r o f a dh e s io n which

,

co n n e ct e d toge th e r t he p a rt s o f t he body wa s s u flici

e n t ; b ut to cou n t e r a ct t he l a tt e r r e quir e d a n oth e r

ca u s e a n d thi s c a u s e we fi n d in t he tr e e o f l i f e
,
.

T he e ffi c a c y o f thi s tre e a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n s u f
,

fi cie n t to r e p a ir t h e r a v a ge s which t he a t m o s ph e r e
occ a s io n a lly m a d e a n d to s tr e n gth e n tho s e po we r s
o f a d h e s io n which t he i n flu e n c e o f t he a t m o s ph e re

te n d e d to d e s troy Throu gh th e s e m e a n s t he
.
,

p a rt s o f which t he h u m a n bo d y wa s co m po s e d ,
thou gh po s s e s s i n g in th e m s e l v e s a t e n d e n cy to s e p a
r a t e we r e pre s e rv e d f ro m di s s olutio n ; a n d t he
,

b o d y which th e s e p a rt s co m po s e d wa s pl a c e d be
yo n d t he in flu e n c e o f d e ca y S u ch t h e r e f o r e wa s
.
, ,
 88 I D EN TITY AN D R E S U RR EC TI O N [ C h ap. I .

b o d y B m u s t r e m a i n f ore v e r For a s t he t e n d e n
. .

ci e s o f t he p a rticl e s in B a r e s uppo s e d to b e e ith e r

, .

e qu a l o r u n e qu a l tho s e p a rticl e s which ha d b e e n

,

t a k e n f ro m C w ill in e ith e r c a s e pre v e n t tho s e

.
, ,

wh ich h a d b e e n t a k e n f ro m A f ro m s e p a r a t e ly r e .

tur n i n g to th e ir n a tiv e a bo d e a t A a n d t he r e s ult .

w ill be e x a ctly t he s a m e if we r e v e r s e t he c a se .

B u t if through a n y e xt e r n a l c a u s e t he a dh e s io n o r
, ,

c o n t a ct in B s houl d be d e s tro y e d e a ch p a rticl e

.
,

woul d b e a t lib e rty to r e tir e to it s r e s p ctiv e e l e m e n t e

,

throu gh it s n a tiv e t e n d e n cy a n d in thi s c a s e t he

co m pou n d e d bo d y B woul d b e n o m or e
. He n c e .

t he n it pl a in ly f ollo ws th a t t ho u gh we co n s ide r B
, .

to be a co m pou n d e d bo d y a n d thou gh t he p a rticl e s

,

w hich co m po s e it h a v e t e n d e n ci e s to oth e r a bo d e s ,

e t w hil e th e s e t e n d e n ci e s a r e cou n t e ra cte d d

y , a n ,

t he co n t a ct pr e s e rv e d t he co m pou n d e d bo d y m u s t
,

b e i n d is s olubl e a n d co n s e qu e n tly im m orta l

,
.

N o w thi s co m p a ri s o n e v e n if p a rti a l in it s a p p li
,

c a tio n will s u fli c ie n t ly prov e t he poi n t f o r which it

,

ha s b e e n a d d uc e d T he hu m a n bo d y is t he c o m
.

ou n d in qu e s tio n a n d thi s il lu s tra tiv e ar ume n t

p , g
w ill prov e th a t whil e t he po we r o f a d he s io n co n
,

ti n n e s p e r f e ct a n d e n tir e thou gh t he p a rticl e s o f

,

w hich i t wa s co m po s e d m a y h a v e d i s ti n ct t e n d e n
,
.

ci e s to d e p a rt to th e ir r e s p e cti v e e l e m e n t s ye t , ,

w hil e t h e po we r o f a d h e s io n r e m a i n s th e s e d i s ti n ct ,

t e n d e n ci e s w oul d b e ov e rco m e and t he c o m ,

pou n d e d bo d y will b e pr e ci s e ly t he s a m e i s though

n o s u c h t e n d e n cy ha d i n h e r e d in a n y o f t he p a rticl e s

o f which it wa s co m po se d .
Se c t . V .
] o r T HE H U MAN BODY . 39

To d e s troy th a t a dh e s io n which u n it e d t he d ifl e r
e n t p a rt s o f t h e h u m a n bo d y tog e th e r t he a t m o s,
.

p h e re h ad u n d oubt e dly a po we r ; a n d if n othi n g

ha d be e n cr e a t e d to cou n t e ra ct it s e fli c a cy n o d o u bt,

th a t it m u s t e v e n tu a lly h a v e b e e n di s s olv e d B u t .

t o s uppo s e t he d i s s olutio n o f t he h u m a n body t o t a k e

pl a c e e ith e r throu gh t he d e f e ct o f it s o wn n a tu re
, ,

o r throu gh a n a d v e r s e pri n ci p l e in a n y e x te r n a l
c a u s e whil e we a d m it m ora l e vil to b e u n k n o wn is ,

to i m pe a ch t he m ora l j u s tic e o f G o d
T he j u s tic e o f God could o n ly e n ga ge h im t o
pre v e n t d e a th f ro m t a ki n g pl a c e t he wa y s a n d m a n
,

n e r s m u s t b e l e f t to his di s po s a l H e m ight h a v e
.

cr e a te d a n a t m o s ph e re withou t i n cludi n g withi n it

a n y n ox iou s qu a liti e s or h e m i ght h a v e giv e n s u c h
,

qu a liti e s to it a n d h a v e cou n te ra ct e d th e ir e ffic a cy ,

without i m plic a ti n g t he pri n cipl e s o f e te r n a l j u s tic e .

H e m i ght a l s o h a v e f or m e d t he body o f p a rti c l e s

which ha d n o t e n d e n ci e s co n tr a ry to o n e a n oth e r ;
o r h a v e f or m e d it f ro m tho s e w hich ha d a n oppo s it e ,

a n d h a v e provi d e d f o r t he s a f e t y o f t h e bo d y throu h
g
t he m e d iu m o f s o m e c e m e n t w hich s houl d u n it e t he

whol e to ge th e r withou t b e i n g c h a rg e a bl e with m u

,

t a b ilit y a n d w itho ut b e i n g u n j u s t
,
Th e s e or a v a
.
,

r ie t
y o f oth e r w a y s a l l e,
qu a lly w ithi n t h e r e a ch of

i n fi n it e po we r t h e A l m i ghty m i ght h a v e s e l e ct e d
, ,

a s i n fi n it e w i s d o m m ight h a v e d ir e ct e d his choic e .

B u t in t he m id s t o f th e s e po s s ibl e th e ori e s w e ,

fi n d th a t he cho s e to cr e a t e t he h u m a n bo d y u n d e r ,

circu m s t a n c e s a pp a re n tly t he l e a s t f a vou r a bl e to it s

c o n t in u e n c e whil e h e provi d e d f o r it s p e rp e tuity o n
,

t he m o s t i m m ov e a bl e b a s i s H e c o m pou n d e d it o f
.
 4O I D EN TI T Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI ON [ C ha p . I .

p a rticl e s o f oppo s it e t e n d e n c i e s which h a d b e e n

,

s e l e ct e d f ro m d i s t a n t e l e m e n t s
; a n d th e n pl a c e d
thi s body u n d e r t he i n fl u e n c e o f a n a t m o s ph e re c a ,
.

p a b le o f d i s s ol vi n g t he a d he s io n through which t h e
d i ff e re n t p a rticl e s w hich co m po s e d it a d h e r e d to
,

ge th e r Y e t e v e n u n d e r th e s e circu m s t a n c e s he
.
, ,

provi d e d f o r it s s a f e ty by t he t r e e o f lif e t he s a lu ,

b r it y o f whi c h n o t o n ly cou n t e r a c t e d t he i n flu e n c e o f
t he a t m o s ph e r e , b u t prot e c te d t he a dh e s iv e po we r
w hic h pr e s e rv e d t he p a rticl e s and
, r e n e we d t h e
bo d y in p e rp e tu a l v igou r .

Thu s th e n we fi n d th a t wh a t t e n de n c y s o e v e r to
,

di s s olutio n m a y b e pre s u m e d to r e s i d e in a ll c o m
pou n d bodi e s I n fi n ite wi s do m h a d wi se ly p r o v id
,

e d f o r t he i m m ort a lity o f m a n in t he pri m e v a l

,

s ta t e o f thi n g s , by a n e ff i c a cy which m u s t h a v e
ov e rco m e a n d ri s e n s up e rior to tho s e circu m s t a n c e s
,

On which t he obj e ctio n whi ch we h a v e b e e n e x a m in

in g r e s t s
,
. T h e tr e e o f l i f e m u s t h a v e p la c e d t he
h u m a n bo d y a t a di s t a n c e whi c h m u s t f o r e v e r h a v e
pre v e n t e d t he a ppro a ch e s o f d e a th a n d h a v e e n
,

s u r e d to i t th a t i m m ort a litywhich is lo s t a n d c a n ,

o n ly b e a tta i n e d wh e n t he s e a a n d t he gra v e s h a ll
,

fi n a lly r e s tor e th e i r d e a d .

A n d h e n c e a l s o o n a r e vi e w o f tho se pri n cipl e s

,

which w e h a v e s ur v e y e d t h e f ollo wi n g i n f e r e n c es
,

a n d co n cl u s io n s ri s e b e f or e u s . Whil e m ora l e vi l is
pre s u m e d to h a v e n o e xi s te n c e n o ot he r r e a s o n c a n
,

a ri s e in a n y s ub se qu e n t p e riod o f dura tio n why t he

,

bo d y s houl d b e d e s troy e d th a n wh a t m u s t h a v e e x
,

is t e d a n te c e d e n tly to it s a ctu a l cr e a tio n ; f o r wh e r e

a n y gi v e n cr e a t e d b e i n g c o n ti n u e s m or a lly a n d p hy »
Se ct v
. .
) o r T HE H U MA N BOD Y .

s ic a l ly t he sa m e ch a n ge wh a t e v e r c a n b e p
,
no

s u m e d to h a v e t a k e n pl a c e a n d c e rt a i n it is th a t ,

n e w m ora l obliga tio n c a n b e pr e s u m e d t o ori gi n a te

in a b e i n g th a t is a b s ol u t e ly p e rf e c t a n d i m m u t a ble
in a ll his wa y s A n d if we a d m it t he s a m e m or a l
.

c a u s e s to h a v e b e e n in e xi s t e n c e a t t he pri m a ry
f or m a tio n o f m a n throu gh t he a c tiv e op e r a tio n o f
,

whi c h t he hu m a n body ha s b e e n s i n c e d e s troy e d ,

we s h a ll f e e l our s e l v e s utt e rly u n a bl e t o v i n d ic a t e

t he d ivi n e j u s tic e in t he cr e a ti n g o f m a n For if .

G o d b e u n d e r a m ora l obliga tio n to d e s troy t h e

h u m a n body a n d thi s oblig a tio n a ri s e s f ro m t he
,

n a tur e o f m or a l j u s tic e
( an d w ithou ,t thi s divi n e

good n e s s m u s t h a v e f orbi d de n t he e v e n t ) thi s obli

a t io n m u s t h a v e e xi s t e d f ro m e t e rn ity G o d m u st
g
th e re f ore h a v e b e e n u n de r a m ora l oblig a tio n to d e
s troy t h e body e v e n in th a t id e n tic a l m o m e n t in
,

w hich h e c a ll e d it i n to b e i n g f ro m t he d u s t o f t h e
e a rth . An d to s uppo s e God to h a v e cho s e n to cre a t e
a bo d y which h e,
in th a t v e ry m o m e n t m u s t h a v e
,

b e e n u n d e r a n obliga tio n to d e s troy is to m a k e t he ,

choic e o f God to O p e ra t e in ho s tility to m ora l u s t ic e ;

a n d th a t choic e which thu s op e r a t e s in ho s tility t o

m or a l j u s tic e m u s t in it s e l f b e u n j u s t B u t to s u p
,
. .

po s e t he f o u n t a i n h e a d o f a ll j u s ti c e a n d p e rf e ctio n
to b e a ctu a t e d by a choic e which is r e pug n a n t t o a ll
th a t is j u s t a n d p e r f e c t will i n volv e s o m e p a lp a bl e
,

co n tra d ictio n s ; a n d th e r e f o r e thi s c hoi c e c a n n o t b e

a ppli e d to G o d .

B u t if o n t he co n tra ry n o s u c h o bliga tio n did

, ,

e x i s t in G o d a n d n o m or a l c a u s e o f d e s truct io n
,

could h a v e e x i st e d in m a n , e ith e r wh e n he wa s
H
 ID EN TI T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C ha p . 1
.

c re a t e d o r in a n y s ub s e qu e n t p e riod whil e he p r e
, ,

se rv e d h is r e c titud e a n d i n n oc e n c e ; a n d s i n c e a ll

n a t u r a l t e n d e n c i e s t o d i s s olutio n a n d n a t u r a l c a u s
,

e s o f d e s tructio n ,a re pr e s u m e d to be c o n n t e r
a c te d, it b e co m e s a s ubj e ct o f f urth e r i n quiry to
k n o w whe n c e thi s m ora l oblig a tio n h a s a ri s e n .

Wh a t e v e r t he c a u s e m a y b e o f thi s truth we a r e
,

s a ti s f a ctorily a s s ur e d th a t it c ould n o t h a v e e x i s t e d
,

in t he origi n a l s t a t e o f thi n g s bu t th a t it m u s t d a t e
,

it s co m m e n c e m e n t f ro m s o m e s ub s e qu e n t p e riod .

A n d o f thi s we m a y a l s o b e co n vi n c e d th a t to thi s ,

c a u s e we m u s t a ttribut e a ll t he i n ro a d s which h a v e
b e e n m a d e o n t he cr e a tio n o f G o d in a ll it s p a rt s
, ,

a s w e ll a s th a t fi n a l di s s olutio n wh ich t he hu m a n

b o d y is d e s ti n e d t o u n d e rgo .

W e m a y n e v e rth e l e s s pre s u m e with co n fide n c e

, ,

t ha t a s thi s c a u s e o f c a l a m ity is b u t a n i n tru d e r i n to

‘

t h e f a ir e m pir e o f cr e a tio n , wh e n it s h a ll b e do n e
a wa y a n d b e co m pl e t e ly b a n i s he d f ro m t he w orl d
, ,

t h e n a r e n o v a tio n o f a l l n a ture s h a ll t a k e pl a c e ;

th e n thi n g s s h a ll b e r e c a ll e d b a c k to th e ir pri m e v a l
s t a tio n s a n d d e a th it s e l f s h a ll b e n o m or e
, The n
.
,

m or a l e vil a n d tho se n a tur a l e ff e ct s which h a v e

,

b e e n produ ce d by it s i n n ov a tio n s s h a ll c e a se f o r
,

e v e r a n d t he origi n a l e n e r gi e s which c a ll e d c r e a
,

t ion i n to a c tu a l e x i s t e n c e ,
r e a ssu m in
-

g th e ir s t a

t io n s s h a ll c o n ti n u e with o ut ob s tru c tio n t o op e r a t e

,

through e te rn ity .

g
Ch a p . O F T HE HUMA N B ODY . 43

C HA P T E R II .

ON T HE I N T R OD U C T I ON OF MO R AL E V IL , AN D ITs

I N FL U L N CL S ON THE HU MA N B OD Y ; AN D ON

THE R h MOV AL OF THE TR EE o r LI FE .

FR OM t he v a riou s a rgu m e n t s whic h h a v e b e e n a d

d u ce d in t he pre c e din g S e ctio n s I co n c e i v e th a t it ,

wil l b e a d m itt e d th a t a fi n it e b e i n g which ha d b e e n

,

c re a t e d in a s t a te o f m o ra l re ctitude a n d whi c h God ,

a t t he m o m e n t in whi c h it wa s c r e a t e d wa s u n d e r n o

m or a l O bliga tio n t o d e s troy c ould n o t h a v e c r e a t e d

, ,

th a t m or a l obliga tio n whil e it s n a ture a n d t e n d e n

,

c i e s re m a i n e d t he s a m e a n d w h il e it c o n ti n u e d in
,
.

t he s a m e s t a t e in whic h it wa s c r e a t e d A rid a s God .

,

f ro m t he i m m ut a bility O f his n a tu re m u s t b e i n c a p a ,

b le o f tho s e i m p e r f e ctio n s whi c h a r e i m pli e d in s uc h

a c h a n ge a s we m u s t s u ppo s e n o c a u s e c ould o r i ,

in a t e w i t h h im whil e t he c r e a t u r e pre se rv e d it s pri

g ,
.

m it ive s ta t e .For s i n ce t he e x i st e n c e o f t he hu m a n
body m u s t h a v e a dde d t o t he f e liciti e s o f li f e it a p ,
.

p e a r s i m po s s ibl e t o co n ce iv e th a t G o d s ho u ld d e
s troy thi s body w ithout di m i n i s hi n g th a t portio n o f
,

h a ppi n e s s wh i c h his goodn e s s ha d origi n a lly giv e n ;

a n d which in thi s v i e w he m u s t h a v e m a d e t o d e
, ,

p e n d upo n t he pr e s e r va tio n o f t he m a t e ri a l p a rt o f
m an . I f th e r e f o re t o s u ppo se t h a t G o d ca n wit h
, , ,
.
44 \ I DEN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p . II .

o u t an ade c a u se d e s troy a n
u a te portio n o f th a t
y\ q y

w
,

f e licity hich ori gi n a te d in his goo d n e s s b e to pl a c e ,

his goo n e s s in oppo s itio n to it s e l f which wil l

d
a m o u n t t o a co n tr a d ictio n ; it f ollo ws with d e ci s iv e
,

\
e vi d e n c e ha t if m or a l e vil h a d n e v e r e n t e r e d i n to
,

t he w or ld t he hu m a n bo d y a s we l l a s t he hu m a n
,
t
s oul , m u s t h a v e b e e n i m m ort a l Thu s f a r t he
.
,

grou n d a pp e ar s cl e a r ; thu s f a r n o O bliga tio n to d e s

troy m a n n o r a n y c a u s e o f d i s s ol utio n h a s m a d e it s
a pp e a r a n c e e i t h e r o n t he p a rt o f God or m a n ; a n d
,

thu s f a r i m m or t a lity a p pe a r s to b e i n s e p a ra bl e f ro m
,

t h e pri m itiv e s t a t e .

B u t in the m id st o f thi s pl a u s ibility o f th e ory we ,

fi n d th a t a ll t he a rg u m e n t s which ha v e b e e n a d d uc e d
a r e pl a c e d in d ir e ct op o s itio n to f act T h e world
p .

is co n s t a n tly f a lli n g to pi e c e s rou n d a bou t u s a n d ,

h u m a n bo d i e s a r e hourly p e o p li n g t he a bod e s o f
d e a th G e n e r a tio n s u cc e e d s to g e n e r a ti o n a n d m a n
.
,

t o m an a n d in a f e w m o r e y e a r s it w ill b e f orgot
, ,

t e n by o u r p os t e rity t ha t we we r e e v e r bor n .

He n c e th e n we a r e a s s ur e d th a t t he a rgu m e n t s a d
,
.

v a n c e d m u s t a pply to a n oth e r s t a t e o f thi n g s ; a

s t a t e th a t e x i s t e d b e f or e e ith e r m or a l e vil o r d e a th

ha d m a d e it s e n try i n to t he t e rritori e s a n d h a bita t io n

.

o f m an . An d h e n ce a l s o we l e a r n th a t s o m e ,

i m p ort a n t ch an ge m u s t h a v e t a k e n pl a c e in t he s t a te
Of m an to pro d uc e tho se d i s a s trou s e ff e c t s which
,

co n s t a n tly a pp e a r in t h e s e t e rr e s tri a l r e gio n s .

,
9
N O ch a n ge ca n t a k e pl a c e in a b e in g th a t is im o

mut a bl e t he ch a n ge s which h a v e e n te r e d i n to e x
is t e n c e m u s t th e r e f or e
, , r e s id e in m a n a n d n o
,

c a u se a pe a r s c a a bl e o f r odu c i n
g tho se c h a n ge s
p p p
 4e I D EN TITY A N D R E SU RR EC T I O N tc ha p . 11 .

re quir e an
y v id e c Wh e n we t a k e a s ur ve y o f
en e .
'

m ora l e v il a n d co n t e m pl a t e hu m a n n a ture it a p e a r s
,
p ,

m y s t e r io u s t ha t it s houl d b e c a p a bl e O f e x t e n d i n g in .

fl u e n c e s ov e r t he m a te ri a l p a rt O f m a n A c cu s to m .

e d a s we h a v e b e e n to b e hold m a tte r op e ra ti n g
throu gh t he m e d i u m O f m a tt e r it is n o t without
’
,

som e d iflic u lt y t ha t we c a n div e s t o u r m i n d s Of

,

tho s e loc a l pr e j u d ic e s whi c h a r e c o n n e c t e d with o u r

h a bit s O f r e fl e ctio n .

Th e re a r e ho we v e r a pp e a ra n c e s in t he c r e a tio n
, , ,

which though c a p a bl e o f d e m o n s tra tio n a r e e qu a lly

, ,

r e m ov e d f ro m popul a r ob s e rv a tio n a n d a b s tra c t ,

.

e d ly f ro m tho s e m o d e s O f proo f O f which th e y a r e

s u s c e ptibl e woul d e qu a lly la y a n e m b a rgo o n a ll

,

b e li e f
. A n d we r e t he i m m e d i a t e i n flu e n c e O f m or a l
e v il o n t he m a t e ri a l p a rt o f m a n pl a c e d a s m uc h
,

w ithi n t he r e a c h o f d e m o n s t r a tio n a s tho s e s i n gu ,

la r a p pe a r a n c e s wh ic h t he m or e vi s ibl e p a rt s O f cr e a .

t io n a ff ord i m prob a bil i ty in a pp e a ra n c e woul d

,

n e v e r be co n s ide re d a s a n a rgu m e n t a ga i n s t f a c t ,

n o r w ould it op e r a te a s a n o bs ta c l e a g a i n s t o u r

b e li e f
.

Th a t s pirit is c a p a bl e o f O p e ra ti n g u po n m a tt e r ,

will h a rdly a d m it o f a m o m e n t s doubt it b e i n g s u p ’

,
.

ort ed b t he m o s t u n u e s tio n a b l e e vi d e n c e th at o f
p y q ,

s e n s ibl e proo f Fo r if a ll pri m a ry m otio n in t he

.

m a te ri a l world ha s b e e n i m pr e s s e d upo n m a tt e r by
s o m e f ore ig n i m pul s e it is e vid e n t th a t i t m u s t
,

h a v e ori gi n a te d in a s our c e d i s ti n ct f ro m a n d i n d e ,

p e n de n t Of m a tte r a n d th e r e f or e t o a b e i n g which
, ,

is p ur e ly s pi ritu a l We m u st loo k f o r t he o rigi n o f

,
C ha p .
O F T HE H U MA N BODY . 47

t h a t m otio n w h i c h is s o vi s ibl e in o u r s e n s e s an d

in t e ll e c tu a l po w e r s I f th
. e n a ll m otio n w hi c h we

p e r c e i v e in m a tte r m u s t pri m a rily h a v e origi n a te d

in S pirit it m u s t u n d e n i a bly f ollo w th a t s pirit m u s t
, ,

h a v e m od e s o f c o m m u n i c a ti n g it s i m pul s e s t o m a t
te r,
though th e se m ode s a r e t o o o b s c ur e f o r o u r
c o m pre h e n s io n .

Th a t th e re is withi n u s a s piritu a l s ub s ta n c e is a
poi n t whi c h I s h a ll a s s u m e w ithou t a tte m pti n g t o
pro v e a n d th a t th e r e is a n i n ti m a te c o n n e c ti o n
,

b e t we e n thi s s piritu a l s ub s t a n c e a n d t he m a te ri a l
,

p a rt o f m a n is e vid e n t f ro m t he whol e c ou r s e o f
,

h u m a n a c t io n s fi k B u t ho w thi s c o n n e c tio n is f or m
ed , ho w a n y i n flu e n c e is c o m m u n i c a t e d a n d by ,

wh a t s e c re t ti e s t he u n io n is pre s e rv e d a r e poi n t s , ,

whi c h in t he pr e se n t s t a te o f b e i n g p e rh a p s we
, ,

s h a ll n e v e r k n o w T he i m m a t e ri a l pri n cipl e which

.

r e s i d e s withi n u s is w ithout a ll doubt

, ,
c a p a bl e o f,

in flu e n ci n g a n d op e r a ti n g up o n o u r bodi e s b ut t o ,

wh a t poi n t s thi s i n flu e n c e a n d op e ra tio n e x te n d o r ,

wh e r e tho s e li n e s a r e dr a wn b e yo n d t h e bou n d a rie s

,

o f whi c h th e y c a n n ot p a s s a r e s u bj e c t s wh i c h e lude
,

o u r d e e p e s t r e s e a rch e s .

M o s t m e n a r e w illi n g to a llo w th a t thi s i n fl u e n c e

s h a ll e xt e n d to tho s e c a se s in whic h we ca n tra c e

t he c o n n e c tio n a n d h e r e we a r e a p t to pr e s u m e th a t
,

a ll i n flu en c e m u s t e n d B u t c e rt a i n it is th a t we
.
,

h a v e n o m or e right to s a y t o t he i n flu e n c e o f s piri t
o v e r m a tt e r th u s f a r s h a lt tho u c o m e bu t n o f urth e r
, ,
'
,

t h a n oth e r s h a v e t o d e n y thi s i n flu e n c e a ltog e th e r

,

S e m y E s a o n t he I m m a te ria l it
y a n d I m m o rt a lity f
e s
y o

t he H u m an S o u l .
46 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p II . .

b e c a u s e th e y c a n tra c e ou t n o co n n e ctio n b e t we e n
t he t wo s ub s ta n c e s ! T he i n a bility o f o n e m a n to
}
co m pre h e n d ho w thi s i n flu e n c e s hould e xt e n d be
yo n d t he bou n d a ri e s o f his co m pr e h e n s io n c a n n o ,

m ore b e a d m itte d a s a n a rgu m e n t th a t t he i n flu e n c e

,

m u s t t e r m i n a t e th e re th a n t he i n a bility o f a n oth e r
,

to co m pr e h e n d thi s i n flu e n c e in a n y po s s ibl e c a se
,

wh a t e v e r c a n b e a d m itt e d a s a n a rgu m e n t a ga i n s t
,

it s e xi s te n c e In both o f th e se c a s e s t he e x t e n t o f
.
,

hu m a n co m pre h e n s io n is u nj u s tly m a d e t he bou n d

ar
y o f t he i n flu e n c e o f s pirit .I n t he l a tte r c a s e ,

w e h a v e a d e c is iv e p r o o f th a t t he d e m s io n is e r r o n e
o u s a n d we h a v e b ut littl e r e a s o n m or e to b e li e v e
,

th a t t he f or m e r is f re e f ro m e rror T he pl a i n truth
.

s e e m s to b e , th a t o u r co m pre h e n s io n o f a n y giv e n
f a ct c a n n e v e r pre s crib e bou n d a ri e s to it ; t he f a c t
,

it se l f m u s t be a d m itt e d to e xi s t i n de p e n de n tly o f
h u m a n k n o wl e d ge a n d th e re f ore t he i n flu e n c e
, ,

o f s pirit m u s t b e a llo we d to op e r a t e in tho se r e gio n s

wh e r e t h e hu m a n u n d e r s t a n di n g c a n n ot po s s ibly
e n te r ! T he hop e s a n d f e a r s t he o y s a n d gri e f s t he
, ,
I
.

p a i n s a n d pl e a s ur e s o f t he pre s e n t li f e will in a . ,

thou s a n d c a s e s prov e t he f a ct b e c a u se we m u s t
, ,

a d m it th e ir e xi s t e n c e a n d th e y c a n b e tr a c e d to n o
,

oth e r s ourc e a n d with t he i n flu e n c e s which a r e

thu s e xt e n d e d through n a tura l li f e m u s t b e c o n ,

n e c t e d t h e i n flu e n c e o f tho s e c a u se s which produ c e

both m ora l a n d i m m or a l a ctio n s .

Th a t m ora l e vil ha s in it se l f a po s iti v e a n d i n d e

p e n d e n t e x i s te n c e I b e li e v e n o o n e will a flir m ; it
,

th e r e f or e ca n h a v e n o m or e th a n a re l a tiv e b e i n g a n d ,

c a n e x i s t n o lo n g e r th a n tho s e b e i n g s c o n ti n u e t o
 C ha p . O F T HE H U MA N BO DY . 49

ex i st ,
whi c hc a p a bl e o f m o r a l a ct io n s Fo r if
a re .

a ll m ora l a ge n t s we r e a t o n c e d e s troy e d it would ,

b e a n a b s ur d ity t o o gro s s to b e i m po s e d u p o n t h e
m i n d o f m a n to s u ppo se th a t in thi s c a s e m or a l e v i l
,

could h a v e a n y ki n d o f e x i s t e n c e As th e r e f ore .
, ,

m or a l e vil ha s n o t in it s e l f a n y ki n d o f po s itiv e
e x i s te n c e we m u s t look to m or a l a g e n t s f o r a ll t he
,

b e i n g which i t c a n po s s ibly po s s e s s A n d a lthou gh .

m ora l e vil is in a m or a l poi n t o f v i e w n othi n g

, ,

m ore th a n t he s inf ul t ho u g ht s a n d a ct io n s of a m o
ra l a
g e nt, h
p y s ica ll
y ca
p a ble f
o a be t t e r co n d u ct ,

y e t s o far it e xte n d it s f a ta l i n flu e n c e in it s e f
ca n

f e ct s a n d co n s e qu e n c e s a s to d e r a n g e t he whol e
,

h u m a n s y s te m s e p a ra te s oul a n d body d e co m po s e
, ,

o u r whol e corpor e a l f r a m e a n d fi n a lly lo d ge o u r m a

,

t e r ia l p a rt s in t he hou s e a ppoi n t e d f o r a ll l ivi n g in ,

which s t a t e th e y m u s t co n ti n u e u n til t he a rriv a l o f

th a t p e riod in which G o d s h a ll a cco m pli s h tho s e
,

pro m i s e s which h e ha s m a d e to r e s tor e h u m a n n a

ture f ro m t he gr a v e .

Th a t m ora l e vil m u s t b e i n c a p a bl e o f a n n ihil a .

ti n g a n y p a rt o f t he s ub s t a n c e o f m a n m u s t b e e v i
, ,

d e n t f ro m thi s co n s i d e r a tio n m o r a l e v il is n o t G o d
,
.

A n d c e rt a i n i t is th a t n othi n g l e s s th a n i n fi n ite c a n
, ,

c a u se th a t which is m a tt e r to b e co m e n o m a tte r o r ,

c a u se th a t which is s pirit to c e a s e to b e s pirit ; f o r

in th e s e t wo s ub s t a n c e s t he whol e o f m a n co n s i s t s .

Mora l e v il th e r e f or e wh a t e v e r m a y b e it s n a tur e
, , ,

c a n n ot a n n ihil a t e a n y s u b s t a n c e A n d a s m ora l .

e vil is i n c a p a bl e o f a n n ihil a ti n g a n ub s t a n ce so
y s , ,

by t he s a m e r e a s o n i n g it wil l a pp e a r e qu a lly a b
,
~
50 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap. 11
.

s urd f o r u s to S uppo s e th a t d e a th po s s e s s e s a n y
s uch po we r For a s d e a th is t he o fl s p r in g o f m or a l
.

e vil a n d si n ce n othi n c a n co m m u n ic a t e wh a t it
, g
h a s n o t i t will i n volv e a co n tr a d ictio n to s u ppo s e
, ,

th a t m ora l e vil ha s co m m u n ic a t e d to d e a th a n a n n i
h ila t in g po we r which it d id n o t po s s e s s it s e l f .It
th e re f ore f ollo w s th a t n e ith e r m or a l e vil n o r d e a th
,

po s s ibly a n n ihil a t e a n y s ub s ta n c e b e c a u s e n e i
,

th e r t he f or m e r n o r t he l a tt e r is i n fi n ite ; a n d c e rt a i n
i t is th a t n oth i n g l e s s th a n i n fi n ite c a n d e s tro y a n y
,

g iv e n s ub s t a n c e w,hich n othi n
g l e s s th a n i n fi n it e

could c re a te .

B u t h o w i m po s s ibl e s o e v e r it m a y a pp e a r th a t ,

d e a th s hould a n n ih il a t e a n y giv e n s ub s t a n c e ye t , ,

w h e n we a pply it s i n flu e n c e s to co m pou n d e d bo d i e s ,

t he whol e s c e n e a s s u m e s a di ff e re n t a s p e ct . T he
co m po s itio n o f a b e i n g is n o t t he s ub s ta n c e o f th a t
b e i n g ; n a y t he co m po s itio n m a y b e tot a lly d e s tro y
,
.

ed ,
whil e t he co m po n e n t p a rt s r e m a i n u n i n j ure d
a n d e n tir e . T he i n flu e n c e o f m o r a l e vil m a y th e r e
f or e e xt e n d to t he co m po s itio n o f t he bo d y w ith ,

o u t a ff e cti n g t he s ub s t a n c e o f it . Thu s de a th m a y
d e s troy t he m o d ific a tio n o f t h e body whi le t he p a rt s
,

th e m s e l v e s r e m a i n i m m ov e a bl e in t h e i r o wn n a
tur e s b e yo n d t he r e a ch o f i n j ury a n d d e c a y T he
,
.

s a m e po we r which m or a l e vil ha s to d e s troy t h e ih

ti m a te co n n e cti o n b e t we e n s oul a n d bo d y m u s t ,

b e e qu a ll y c a p a bl e o f d i s s olvi n g t he co n s titu e n t
p a rt s o f which our bo d i e s a r e c o m po s e d A n d by
,
.

s e cr e tl y op e r a ti n i n it s n a tu r a l e ff e ct s U po n t he
g , ,

w hol e m a s s it m a y d e s troy t he a d h e s io n o f t he
,

p a rt s, a n d fi n a lly r e d u c e to it s pri m itiv e s t a t e th a t ,

 Ch ap . o r T H E (H U M AN B O D Y 51

bo d y which wa s origi n a lly f or m e d f ro m t he du s t o f

t he e a rth B u t th e s e ch a n g e s c a n o n ly a ff e ct t he
.

m o d ific a tio n o f b o d y a n d t he a rr a n ge m e n t o f it s
,

co n s titu e n t p a rt s T he s ub s t a n c e it s e l f is n o t a f
.

f e ct e d by th e s e ch a n g e s ; it m u s t s till co n ti n u e to
r e t a i n t he id e n tity o f it s n a tur e a n d e x i s t a t a n ia
, .

fi n it e d i s t a n c e f ro m t h e r e a ch o f d e a th .

It m a y p e rh a p s b e s a i d th a t s i n c e m ora l e v il
“
, , ,

h a s o n ly a r e l a tiv e e xi s t e n c e we c a n h a v e n o c o n c e p
,
.

tio n ho w it c a n pro d u c e tho s e e fl e c t s which s h a ll

fi n a llv t e r m i n a t e in t he s e p a r a tio n o f t he co m po n e n t
”
p a rt s o f t he bo d y Th a t we c a n n ot co m pr e h e n d
.

t he ph y s ic a l m a n n e r o f it s op e r a tio n I m o s t r e a dil y ,

a d m it . N e ith e r I m u s t co n t e n d c a n we co m pre
, ,

h e n d ho w th e s e p a rt s we r e pr e viou s ly u n ite d whic h

d e a th d i s s ol v e s ; n o r do we k n o w h o w m or a l e vi l
c a n a cco m pli s h th a t s e p a r a tio n which t a k e s pl a c e
b e t we e n body a n d s oul W e k n o w n o t i n d e e d .
, ,

ho w m or a l e vil c ould e xt e n d it s i n flu e n c e ov e r t he
i m m a te ri a l p a rt s o a s to co n t a m i n a te a n d d e b a s e
,

it n o r c a n we k n o w why it s houl d b e c a p a bl e o f
a l i e n a ti n g t he s oul f ro m G o d a n y m or e th a n we
,

c a n co m pr e h e n d why it s hould e xpo s e o u r bodi e s

to di se a s e a n d a fll ic t io n in ti m e a n d o u r s o u l s to ,

e n dl e s s m i s e ry b eyo n d t he g ra v e In a ll th e s e c a s e s
.
,

t h e f a c t s th e m s e lv e s a r e u n qu e s tio n a bly c e rt a i n ;

whil e t he m od e s o f a ct i o n a r e i n co m pr e h e n sibl e ,

a n d t he phy s ic a l proc e s s in e a ch c a se se e m s to b e

a lik e u n k n o wn .

B u t s i n c e f ro m t he m o s t d e ci s i v e r e a s o n i n g s
, ,

a n d m o s t u n q u e s tio n a bl e a u thority s i n c e f ro m th a t
52 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC T I ON [ C h ap . II .

k n o wl e dg e which we h a v e o f t he n a tur e a n d a t t r i
b ut e s o f God ; o f t he pri m e v a l s t a t e o f m a n a n d o f ,

t he a n a lo gy o f n a tur e ; it m u s t b e a d m itt e d th a t ,

d e a th coul d ori gi n a lly h a v e h a d n o e xi s t e n c e in t he

work s o f G o d ; we a r e f urn i s h e d with e v e ry proo f
w hich t he n a tur e o f t he s ubj e ct c a n a d m it th a t ,

d e a th whic h is a n a tura l e v il is a n e ff e ct which

, ,

ca n r e s ult f ro m n o oth e r c a u se th a n m or a l e vil a nd

t o a ttribut e e ith e r d e a th o r th a t co n s e qu e n t d i s s o
, ,

l u t io n which t he b o d y u n d e rgo e s to a n y oth e r is to , ,

b r e a k d o wn a ll d i s ti n ctio n s b e t we e n ri ght a n d wro n g ,

e t we e n oo n d e vil n d to d a rk e n with i m p e n
b g d a , a

e t r a ble s h a d o ws e v e ry pri n cipl e o f m or a l j u s tic e .

Thu s th e n s i n c e n o oth e r c a u se ca n b e pr e s u m e d
, ,

to e xi s t e xc e pt m o r a l e v il to which we c a n c o n
, , ,

s is t e n t l w it h t i c e a n d tr u th a ttribut e t h e a li e n a
y u s ,

tio n o f t he s oul f ro m G o d it s co n t a m i n a t i o n with

,

guilt it s s e p a r a tio n f ro m t he bo d y a n d fi n a lly t he

, ,

d is u n io n o f a ll t he bodily p a rt s ; t he f a ct pr e s s e s it
-

s e l f u po n u s with a n e vid e n c e m or e im p e riou s th a n

m e r e prob a bility c a n a ff or d ; a n d we h a v e a ll t he
a s s ur a n c e , whic h t he s ubj e c t c a n e n coura g e u s to

e xp e ct th a t m o r a l e v il is t he c a u s e o f d e a th
,
.

It wa s a d m itte d in t he pr e c e d i n g s e ctio n th a t , ,

s i n c e m a tt e r h a s b e e n divi d e d i n to tho s e e l e m e n t s

with which we a r e e n c ircl e d a ll p a rticl e s t a k e n

f ro m e it he r h a v e i n th e m s e lv e s a n a t iv e t e n d e n cy
,

to r e p a ir o r fill u p th e ir r e s p e ctiv e a bo d e s It wa s .

a l s o a d m itt e d th a t t he,
bo d y o f A d a m ha d b e e n
c o m po s e d o f m a tte r a f t e r b e i n g thu s divi d e d ; a n d a t
h m ti m it w c o t d d th t a d h e s iv e
t e s a e e a s n e n e a a
,
n

po w e r lodg e d i n t h e c o m pou n d e d body pr e,

s e r v ed
 54 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [C h a
p . II .

progre s s iv e d i s s ol utio n pr e v a il s till t he a dh e s iv e

,

po we r b e i n g e n tire ly d e s troy e d co n s ig n s ov e r t h e
,

co m pou n de d b o d y to t h a t co m pl e t e di s s olutio n
which is c o n s e qu e n t o n d e a th .

T he r e m o v a i o f t h e t r e e of l if e m u s t without a ll, ,

d oubt h a v e b e e n a n a c t o f G o d in which n othi n g

, ,

b e s i d e s could h a v e b e e n t he (fl icie u t ca u s e B u t a l .
,

though G o d by his o wn will a n d po we r pl a c e d thi s

, ,

tr e e b e yo n d t he r e a c h o f m a n t he m or a l c a u se o f
,

th a t e x e rtio n o f po we r m u s t h a v e b e e n m o r a l e zil .

A n d by thu s d itti g m or a l e vi l t d ha v e s o a lt e re d
,
a m n
‘

t he s t a t e o f thi n gs a s to c a u s e th a t e x e rtio n o f t h e
,

d ivi n e po we r to r e m ov e t h e tr e e o f l if e we m a y ,

m a k e m ora l e vil to b e t he pri m a ry c a u s e o f t he d is

s o l utio n o f t he bo d y w ithout e v e n obli gi n g our s e lv e s
,

to a d m it t he n e c e s s ity o f m or a l e vil i m m e d i a te ly a c t
,

in g u po n it to pro d uc e th a t e fl e c t wli ic li we b e hol d

, .

B u t e v e n a d m itti n g th a t
,
if m ora l e vil b e t h e
c a u s e o f d i s s o lutio n it m u s t h a v e a n i m m e di a t e a c
,

”
tio n upo n t he body a s s o m e co n t e n d I a m s o f a r
,

f ro m co n c e ivi n g th a t t he r e m a rk co n t a i n s a n y i n s u
e r a b le d i f fi culty s i n c e t he whol e a n a lo gy o f n a tur e
p ,

a pp e a r s to f ur n i s h u s w ith i n s t a n c e s in which t he ,

a ctio n o f s pi r it i n fl u e n c e s m a tt e r thou gh t h e m a n n e r
,

o f it s O p e r a tio n s a r e tot a lly u n k n o wn If th e r e .

,

f ore t he a ctio n o f s pirit i n flu e n c e m a tt e r in t h e o r

,

d in a r y cour s e o f n a tur e th e r e s ur e ly c a n b e n othi n g

,

irr a t io n a l in pr e s u m i n g th a t m ora l e vil m a y s o f a r

,

e xt e n d it s i n flu e n c e to m a n a s to d i s s olv e t he whol e
,

o f our corpor e a l f r a m e .

If s pirit op e r a t e s U po n m a tt e r which is v i s ibl e ,

f ro m the who le c our se o f hu m a n a c tio n s it m u s t b e ,

Ch ap . IL ] OF T HE HU MAN B ODY . 55

by s o m e ki n d o f m otio n o r m odi f i c a tio n o f a ctio n ,

th e r e be i n g n o oth e r wa y in which we c a n co n c e iv e
t he f a ct to b e po s s ibl e N o w it is n o t t he vic e o r
.
,

t h e V i rtu e o f a n y giv e n a c tio n in which t he po we r o f

a ctu a tio n r e s id e s ; b u t in t he a ctio n it se l f a b str a c t ,

e dl
y co n si d e r e d w ith w h ich
,
v ic e a n d virtu e h a v e

l ittl e o r n o co n n e ctio n It is tru e th a t a ll m ora l

.
,

a ctio n s m u s t p a rta k e e ith e r o f v ic e o r v irtu e ; a n d

t he e ff e ct s wh ich th e y pro d uc e w ill b e p e r f e ctly a n .

a lo go u s to th e ir n a tu re ; but s i n c e it is t he a ctio n it

s e l f o f whi ch we s p e a k in it s r e l a tio n to it s c a u s e
, ,

t he obj e c t m u s t b e phy s ic a lly t he s a m e wh e th e r it ,

p a rt a k e o f vic e o r v irtu e o r b e p e rf e ctly i n di ff e re n t

,

t o b o t h F o r though
.

m ,
or a l e vil b e n othi n
g m or e i n ,

it s e l f th a n t he a ctio n o f s pirit u n right e ou s ly d ire ct e d

, ,

e t s till it is in it s e l f a s m u ch a n a ctio n a s if n e ith e r

y ,

v i c e n o r v irt u e h a d e v e r a ppli e d to m or a l a e n t s
'

g .

Thu s th e n e v e n a d m itti n g m ora l e vil to e xt e n d it s

,

i n fl u e n c e i m m e d i a t e ly to t he hu m a n bo d y we f e e l ,

n o m or e di ffi culty in a ccou n ti n g f o r it s d i s s ol utio n ,

th a n in a ccou n ti n g f o r tho s e v a riou s a ctio n s which

m a rk hu m a n li f e An d it b e co m e s p e r f e ctly c o m
.

pr e h e n s ibl e w ithou t obligi n g u s to h a v e r e cour s e to

,

th a t m ira culou s po we r to w hi ch a b s tra cte d ly f ro m

, ,

m or a l e vil we s hould b e obli ge d to a pp e a l

,

B u t wh e n f ro m thi s vi e w o f t he i m m e di a t e in
, ,

fl u e n c e o f m or a l e vil op e r a ti n g u po n o u r bodi e s ,

tur n o u r thou ght s to th a t m e d iu m throu gh which

G o d h a s thou ght prop e r to a c t n a m e ly by t he r e , ,

m ov a l o f t he tr e e o f li f e t he c a se a s s u m e s a m or e
,

u n qu e s tio n a bl e a s p e ct H e r e we v i e w t h e fi n a l d is
.

s olut io n o f t h e hu m a n b o d y a s t he n e c e s s a ry r e s ult
,
 56 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [ C h ap . II .

o f thi n g s in t he pre se n t s t a t e o f t he world ; a n d t he

e vi d e n c e whi c h s upport e d t he f a ct pr e ss e s it s e l f up ,
.

o n u s with a n e n e rgy whi c h c a n h a rdly f a il to pro

du c e co n victio n .

It m a y i n d e e d b e s a i d th a t by i n trodu c i n g t he
,

re m ov a l o f t he tre e o f li f e a s t he c a u s e o f o u r d i s s o
,

l u t io n we g a v e a di s ch a rge t o m or a l e v il
, but thi s
obj e ctio n m u s t s ure ly b e f ou n d e d in m i s ta k e It .

ha s b e e n a lre a dy prov e d th a t God is u n c h a n ge a bl e,

in a ll his wa y s a n d a s a ll po s s ibl e p e r f e ctio n is e s

,
.

s e n t ia l to h is n a tur e h e m u s t h a v e a n i n va ri a bl e a t
,

t a ch m e n t to purity a n d a n i n v a ri a bl e a v e r s io n f ro m
,

v ic e o f e v e ry ki n d H e pl a c e d t h e tre e o f li f e in t he
.

ga rde n f o r t he pre s e r v a tio n o f ho ly be in gs but f o r ,

n o oth e r B u t a s in t he i n s t a n t wh e n m ora l e vil

.
,

e n t e r e d i n to t he worl d hol i n e s s d e p a rte d f ro m h u

,

m a n n a tur e ; s o co n s e qu e n tly t he b e i n gs who m

, ,

God h a d pr o m i se d to s upport we r e n o wh e re to
b e f ou n d .

I f th e n t he tre e o f l i f e h a d b e e n p e r m itt e d to
,

co n ti n u e a f te r pri m e v a l r e cti tud e ha d d e p a rt e d f ro m

,

m a n God m u s t h a v e b e e n m ut a bl e
,
in s u ff e ri n g ,

thi s tre e to b e a ppli e d to purpo s e s to which his pro

m i s e s d id n o t e x t e n d A n d thi s m ut a bility in h is
.
,

a ctio n s m u s t h a v e a n n ihil a t e d a n e s s e n ti a l prop e rty

,

o f h is n a tur e whil e it m u s t h a v e a d d e d to t he c a l a
,

m it ie s o f li f e by p e rp e tu a ti n g t he m i se ri e s o f m a n
,
.

T he p e rp e tu ity o f b e i n g in a s t a t e c he c q u e r e d w ith
good a n d e vil m u s t h a v e p e rp e tu a t e d e vil a s we l l
,

ood a n d th a t a c tio n which p e rp e tu a t e s e vil

as
g ; ,

w h e n w ith j u s tic e it c a n b e o m itte d m u s t b e too ,

n e a rly a lli e d to i nj u s tic e to b e a pplic a bl e to G o d .

 C ha p . o r T HE H UMA N B OD Y . 57

P e rh a p s t he a t m o s ph e re wh ich we n o w r e s p i re ,

a n d th a t f ood f ro m which we d e riv e o u r d a ily n o u

r is h m e n t whil e th e y i n vigor a t e f o r a m o m e n t h a v e
, ,

withi n th e m a l a t e n t po we r to i n j ur e a n d d e s troy o u r
f ra m e a n d u n it e in c o n tributi n g to wa rd s t he di s s o
,

lu t io n o f th a t b ody which th e y n o w n ou ri s h a n d
,

s upport B u t wh e n t he pr e s e n t s t a te o f thi n g s
.
,
\

s h a ll b e s we pt a s id e ; wh e n a n e w a r a s h a ll c o m

m e n c e wh e n t he f a c e o f n a t u r e s h a ll b e r e n ov a t e d ;
,

a n d t he hu m a n body r e s tor e d f ro m t he gr a v e s h a ll ,

in h e rit a n oth e r a n d m or e f a vou r a b le c li me

,
th e n
s h a ll we b e r e m o v e d f ro m t h e s e i m p e di m e n t s and ,

a c e d b e yo n d t he r e a ch o f th e s e
“
p l i n j uriou s a s s i s t .

a n ce s ” w h ich we n o w d e ri v e f ro m r e s pira ti on a n d:
,

f ood o u r bodi e s will f e e l n o in t e rn a f t e n d e n cie s t o

,

di s s ol utio n a n d by b e i n g r e m o v e d f ro m a ll e x t e r
,

n a l c a u s e s o f d e c a y t he p a rt s o f which th e
,
y w ill b e

co m po s e d s h a ll a dh e re f o r e v e r .

Wh e th e r in t he e a rli e s t s t a ge o f hu m a n e x i s t e n c e
'

, ,

t h e a t m o s ph e r e a n d f ood o f which we s p e a k we r e ,

pr e ci se ly t he s a m e a s th e y a r e n o w o r wh e th e r th e y
,
/
h a v e u n de rgo n e a c h a n g e a r e poi n t s n o t f o r m e to
,

de cid e .I t s e e m s m o s t p ro ba bl e th a t lik e oth e r

, ,

a rt s o f d e ge n e r a t e d n a tur e th e y h a v e s u st a i n e d
p ,

s o m e i n j ury ; a n d t he a t m o sp h e re lik e t he e a rth

, ,

m a y h a v e b e e n cu r s e d f o r t he s a k e of m a n It .
,

ho we v e r s till r e t a i n s a sm a ll portio n o f it s pri m iti v e

s a lubrity a n d th a t portio n whi c h it po s s e s s e s m a y

l e a d u s to co n j e c tur e wh a t it s s t a t e m u s t h a v e b e e n
in tho s e h a ppy d a y s wh e n m or a l e v il wa s u n k n o wn
,
.

It s i n flu e n c e s a t pr e s e n t s e e m a l ik e e x t e n d e d to a ll
t he v i s ibl e p a rt s o f t he cr e a tio n with which We a r e
K
 58 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C hap II . .

a cqu a i n te d ; s o th a t f e w thi n gs ca n ulti m a t e ly r e s i s t

it a n y m or e th a n th e y c a n s u rviv e t he r a v a g e s O f
,

ti m e T he li f e o f m a n is n o w r e d uc e d to littl e m ore
.

th a n h a l f a c e n tury b e yo n d which n o t a ll t he e ffi
,

c a cy o f m e d ic a l a r t c a n m a k e hu m a n n a ture to s u r
v iv e o u r bo d i e s th e n r e ti re i n to tho s e p e a c e f ul
m a n s io n s wh e r e th e y i n s e n s ibly r e a li z e th e s e ch a n
,

e s a n d u n d e rgo th e s e Op e r a tio n s which n o w o n ly

g , ,

e n ro s s o u r thought s
g .

It m a y p e rha p s b e a s s e rte d th a t if a l l t he p a rt s
, ,

o f co m pou n d e d bodi e s h a v e a n a tur a l t e n d e n cy t o

s e e k th e ir e l e m e n t a ry a bod e s ; a n d if tho s e bodi e s

w ill b e thu s co m pou n d d which s ha ll s urviv e t he
e

g r a v e w e ca n h a v e n o
, sa ti s f a ctor
y a s s u ra n c e th a t
th e y s h a ll n o t h e r e a f te r be e xpo s e d to di s s ol u tio n
”
a n d de c a y In r e p ly t o thi s obj e ctio n I O b s e rv e
.
, ,

we h a v e n o r e a s o n to b e li e v e th a t thi s t e n d e n cy t o
d i s s olutio n w hich is n o w f ou n d in bo d i e s c o m ,

pou n d e d o f d i ff e re n t e l e m e n t s will e xi s t b e yo n d t he
,

gra v e Wh e th e r i n d e e d tho s e e l e m e n t s i n to which

.
, ,

a ll m a tt e r is n o w d ivid e d a n d o f which o u r pr e s e n t
,

a n d f utur e bo d i e s a r e a n d w ill b e co m po s e d
,
and ,

throu gh which thi s t e n d e n cy ha s b e e n c a ll e d i n t o

e xi s t e n c e will s urviv e h e r e a f t e r
,
o r b e ulti m a t e ly
,

r e s olv e d i n to th e ir origi n a l pri n cipl e s I ta ke n o t ,

u po n m e to s a but in e ith e r c a s e it w ill n o t fo l

y ; , ,

lo w th a t thi s t e n d e n cy s h a ll s ub s i s t in a f utur e s t a t e .

I f in a f utur e s t a t e tho s e e l e m e n t s in to which

, ,

m a tt e r is n o w d ivid e d b e r e s olv e d i n to th e ir origi n a l

,

pri n cipl e s i t will cl e a rly f ollo w th a t t he t e n d e n cy

, ,

t o di s s olutio n which n o w e xi s t s in co m pou n d e d

,

bodi e s a n d which r e s u lt s f ro m th e ir di s ti n ct e x i s t
,
Ch ap . O F T HE HUMA N B OD Y 59

en ce ,
c e s s a rily di s a pp e a r ; in c o n se qu e n c e
m ust ne

o f which t h e body thou gh co m pou n d e d o f p a rt s

, , ,

will be c a p a bl e o f s u pporti n g it s e l f without e x t e r n a l

a id . For in thi s c a s e t he di s ti n c t a to m s h a vi n g
, , ,

n o di s t i n ct c e n tr e s to w hic h th e y s h a ll r e s p e ct i v e l y

t e n d m u s t co n ti n u e to pre s e rv e tho s e s t a tio n s in

, ,

which a t t he r e s u rr e cti o n th e y s h a ll be fi x e d
, , .

T he di s ti n c t e l e m e n t s i n to whic h m a tt e r is n o w
,

divide d h a v e prob a bly b e e n th u s d ivi d e d f o r pu r

,
'

po s e s s ub s e rv ie n t t o cr e a tio n a s we we ll k n o w th a t ,

thi s d ivi s io n is e s se n ti a lly n e c e s s a ry to m a n in h is

p r e se n t t e rr e s tri a l c o n ditio n a nd c o n s e qu e n tly ,

th e s e divi s io n s m a y h a v e n o e xi s te n c e in a n y oth e r
s ta te . For wh e n thi s co n ditio n o f m a n s h a ll b e
,

do n e a wa y a n d t he pre s e n t s ta te o f c re a tio n s ha ll be
,

n o m or e t h e e l e m e n t s m a y s u b s i d e w ith t he occ a
,

s io n o f th e ir b e i n g A n d s houl d th e y b e lo s t in
.
,

o n e g e n e r a l f or m o f i n d i s cri m i n a t e m a tt e r it pl a i n l
y ,

f ollo ws th a t a ll prop e n s ity to d i s s ol utio n m u s t b e

,

f o r e v e r e xcl u d e d e v e n f ro m c o m pou n d e d bodi e s

, ,

a n d tot a lly do n e a wa y .

Th e re c a n be n o doubt th a t o u r f uture bodi e s

will b e f or m e d o f m a tte r a n d o f th a t m a tt e r whic h ,

n o w f or m s th e ir e s s e n ti a l p a rt s B u t though t he .
,

m a tt e r it s e l f s h al l b e r e t a i n e d t he e l e m e n t a ry d ivi ,

s io n s m a y n e v e rth e l e s s b e tot a lly a boli s h e d a n d m a

y ,

m i n gl e in o n e co m m o n m a s s f o r which we wa n t a ,

n ame A n d s i n c e m a tt e r in it s r e m ot e a n d pri m i
.
,

tiv e s ta t e whil e u n d ivid e d i n to e l e m e n t s coul d h a v e

, ,

h a d n o te n d e n cy to di s s olutio n wh a te v e r t he p e c u ,

lia r ity o f t he m odific a tio n o f a n y portio n th e r e o f

m igh t h a v e b e e n s o we m a
y r e a s o n a b ly in f e r th a t ,
60 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap . II .

t he body which s h a l l s urviv e t he gr a v e thou gh

, ,

co m po s e d o f s e p a r a bl e p a rt s if co n stitut e d in a s i
,

m il a r m a n n e r m u s t b e u n a ff e ct e d by a ll e x t e rn a l
,

i m pul se s a n d co n s e qu e n tly m u s t co n ti n u e f o r e v e r
, , , .

An d th e r e f or e t he m e r e co m po u n d o f a n y giv e n
, ,

bo d y u n d e r th e s e circu ms ta n c e s c a n n ot in it s e l f b e
, ,

a d d uc e d a s a n a rgu m e n t a g a i n s t t he p e rp e tuity o f it s

bei n g wh e n m a tt e r it s e l f s h a ll b e d iv e s t e d o f tho s e
,

t e n d e n me s which m u s t h a v e origi n a t e d e ith e r in a

,
‘

p e culi a rity o f loc a l circu m s ta n c e s o r in e xte r n a l ,

ca u s e s which m u s t b e d e s troy e d
,
A n d h e n c e it .
,

f ollo ws a l s o th a t a ll tho s e a r gu me n t s which m a y b e

,

d r a w n f ro m t h e co m pou n d e d s t a te o f our f u tur e

bo d i e s to i n v a lid a t e o u r b e li e f in th e ir i m m ort a lity

, ,

f
m u s t n e c e s s a rily a pp e a r a ll a ciou s .

In a d d itio n to t h e circu m s t a n c e s which h a v e b e e n ,

s t a t e d l n t he pr e c e di n g p a r a gra ph s t he f ollo wi n g ,

r e m a rk s ought n o t to b e o m itt e d T he a dh e s iv e .

p a rt s o f a n y co m pou n d e d body which is pur e ly m a ,

t e r ia l whi c h o u r f uture bodi e s m u s t b e a r e a s

, ,

m uch m a tte r a s t he p a rt s which a r e c e m e n t e d by

t hi s a dh e s io n A n d we h a v e n o m ore r e a s o n to b e
. .

l i e v e th a t a t e n d e ncy to di s s olutio n ca n r e s i d e in
,

t he a d h e s i v e p a rti c l e s th a n in tho se which a r e p r e

,

s u m e d t o b e m or e s olid a n d co m p a ct a nd th e re ,

f or e a n a d h e s iv e p a rticl e pl a c e d in a n a dh e s iv e
, ,

S t a t e m u s t pr e s e rv e it s s t a tio n a s m u c h s o a s o n e
,

th a t is s upport e d by th a t a d h e s io n For wh e r e .
,

a n y giv e n portio n o f m a tt e r which I S i n i t s e l f er

,p .

f e c t ly i n e rt is r e m ov e d f ro m a ll e xt e r n a l i n flu e n c e
,

a n d i m pul s e it c a n n ot po s s ibly h a v e a n y t e n d e n cy
,

t o r e mov e f ro m th a t s t a tio n in which it wa s fir s t

62 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI O N [ C h ap . II
.

d u ce d to it s ori gi n a l s t a te ; th e n , wh e n t he e le m e n t s

s ha ll m e l t wi t h f e r ve n t he a t ,
t m o s ph e re m u s tt he a

be d e s troy e d ; th e n e a ch p a rticl e s h a ll pr e s e rv e it s
s t a tio n in o u r f utur e bo d ie s a n d a ll t he p a rt s , o f ,

w hich th e y s h a l l b e co m po s e d wil l a dh e r e in d is s o ,

Iu b ly f o r e v e r .

H ith e r to we h a v e s urv e y e d b ut o n e s i d e o f t he
,

c a s e which wa s S uppo s e d W e h a v e thu s f a r p r e .

s u m e d in th a t f utur e s t a te which we s h a ll i n h e rit

, ,

th a t p a rticl e s t a k e n f ro m d ifl e r e n t e l e m e n t s will
n o lo n e r s e e k d is ti n ct a bo d e s ; bu t th a t e qu a lly
g ,

fix e d in th e ir r e s p e ctiv e s t a tio n s e a ch p a rticl e s h a ll ,

b e a t r e s t ; a n d th a t h a vi n g n o t e n d e n cy to wa n d e r
f ro m it s s t a tio n in which it ha s b e e n pl a c e d t he
, ,

p a rt s o f our f uture b o d i e s m u s t a d h e r e to e a ch oth e r

through e t e r n ity S uch a r e t h e co n s e qu e n c e s which
.

will r e s ult u po n a pre s u m ptio n th a t t h e d i s cri m i n a

,

t io n o f e l e m e n t s s h a ll b e d o n e a wa y .

B u t if o n t he co n tr a ry we p r e s u m e th a t thi s d is
, ,

cr i m i n a t i o n o f e le m e n t s s h a ll n o t b e tota lly a bol

is he d a s we h a v e pr e s u m e d ; a n d th a t th e y s h a ll
n o t b e bl e n d e d to ge th e r a s in t he ori gi n a l s t a t e o f
,

thi n gs b e f or e th e y ha d th e ir d i s ti n ct n a ture s a s s i gn
,

e d th e m ; y e t we c a n n ot a voi d con clu d i n g th a t s o , ,

f a r s h a ll t he f a c e o f thi n g s b e ch a n ge d th a t th e y s ha ll ,

b e d e priv e d o f th e i r ho s til e i n fl u e n c e to wa r d s o n e
a n oth e r a n d h a ppily co n cu r in o n e ha r m o n iou s O p e
,
.

r a t io n T ho s e b o d i e s which h a v e s l e pt f o r a ge s in
.
,

t he d u s t o f t he e a rth a wa k e n e d by t he voic e o f t he
,

a rch a n ge l a n d t he tru m p o f G o d
, whil e t he world ,

a n d a ll it s a pp e n d a ge s a r e co n s u m e d w ith d e vouri n g

fire will u n do u bt e d ly r e t ir e b e yo n d t he r e a ch o f t he
,
C ha p . o r T H E HUMA N BOD Y . as

g e n e ra l c o n fl a gr a t io n a n d e n t e ri n g i m m e di a te ly
, ,

i n to th e ir e t e r n a l s t a te s will l iv e in r e gio n s wh e r e
‘

t he a t m o s ph e r e c a n e xt e n d n o i n flu e n c e a n d wh e r e ,

gra vita tio n c a n n e v e r r e a ch .

T he d e s tructio n o f t he wo r ld by fi r e m u s t a n n i
'

hila t e th a t co m m o n c e n tr e t o which o u r bodi e s n o w

a dh e re and, co n s ta n tly t e n d a n d co n s e qu e n tly , ,

gra v it a tio n m u s t n e c e s sa rily b e d e s troy e d Thi s .

c ircu m s t a n c e m u s t cou n t e r a ct t he t e n d e n cy whic h ,

t he gro s s e r p a rticl e s m i ght h a v e t o cl e a v e to th e ir ,

t e rr e s tri a l co n fi n e e v e n though t he a t m o s ph e re
,

s hould r e m a i n a n d though ,
in poi n t o f s p a c e t he
, ,

r e n ov a te d body s h a ll b e lodg e d withi n t he s ph e r e o f

it s pr e s e n t a ttra ct i v e i n flu e n c e B u t th e s e poi n t s
.

will ri se i n to co n s id e ra tio n in s o m e s ub se qu e n t
ch a pt e r a n d t o th a t ch a pt e r we m u s t r e f e r f o r t he
,

di s cu s s io n It is s u ffici e n t in t he pr e s e n t c a s e th a t
.
,

w e h a v e s e e n t he i n tro ductio n o f m or a l e vil i n t o

t he worl d to ge th e r with it s e ff e c t s a n d c o n s e q u e n
,

ce s ; a n d th a t thr o ug h t he r e m ov a l o f t he t r e e ry ’
,

l if e d e a th ha s b e e n e n t a il e d o n a ll o f wo m a n bor n
, .

Thu s by t he d iso be d ie n ce of o n e m a n s in ha s e n t e r
,

e d in t o t he wo r ld a n d d e a t h by s in a n d thu s ha s

/
, ,

d e o l z p a ss e d u p o n a ll m e n b e c a u s e a ll ha ve s in n e d
,

a n d c o m e s ho r t of t he g lo ry of G o d a n d h e n c e we

a r e a ss u r e d th a t t he wa ge s of s zn zs d e a l z / .
 s4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI O N

C HA P T ER III .

ON T HE A N N I H I L A T ON OF MOR A L
I E V I L , CON S I D
ER ED SEP A RAT E L Y , AN D I N C ON N EC TI ON
WI TH I T S C AU SE S, E FFECTS , AN D CON S E U E N
Q
C ES. TH E R ESU LT HI GHLY F AV OU R A B L E TO
THE R ESU R R E CTION OF THE HU MAN B OD Y

F R OM T HE G R AV E.

S E C TI O N I .

If mo ra l ev il s ha ll be a n n ihi la t e d , t he r e s u r r e c t io n

f
o t he h u m a n bo dy m a y be p r e s u me d t o be a n e ce s

sa r y e j e ct .

HEN we
tur n f ro m tho s e s ubj e c t s whi c h h a v e ,

e n gro s s e d o u r thought s in t he pr e c e d i n g p a rt s o f

thi s work to t he a n n ihil a t io n o f m or a l e vil a n d to ,

tho s e e ff e ct s w hich m u s t r e s ult th e r e f ro m the m i n d ,

is pr e s e n t e d with a s c e n e w hich is tota lly di s ti n ct ,

in it s n a tur e f ro m tho s e which we h a v e hith e rto

,

s ur v e y e d a n d we e n t e r u po n a m od e o f a rgu m e n t a
,

tio n which is e n tire ly n e w .

I n t he f or e goi n g p a rt s we h a v e se e n t he pri m e v a l
s ta te o f m a n a n d we h a v e co n t e m pl a t e d t he f a t a l
,

e ff e ct s whi c h h a v e r e s ult e d f ro m t he i n trodu c tio n o f

m ora l e vil i n to t he w orld We h a v e a l s o s e e n th a t

.
,

h a d it n o t b e e n f o r a n o r a l e vil d e a th would h a v e ,

b e e n u n k n o wn t oge th e r with tho s e n a tur a l e ff e ct s

,

whi c h f ol lo w u po n t he body wh e n in a s t a t e o f ,
 Se c . O F T H E HUMA N B ODY .
55
.

se p a ra tio n f ro m t he s oul A n d i t is e v id e n t f ro m
.

tho se vi e ws which we h a v e t a k e n o f t he w hol e s u b

e c t in ge n e r a l a n d f ro m tho s e
j , proo f s w hich h a v e

be e n a dduc e d in f a vou r o f t h e f a ct s ; tha t in wh a t

light s o e v e r d e a th m a y b e s urv e y e d it ca n o n ly b e ,

c o n s id e re d a s a cti n g in s ubordi n a tion to m or a l e vil .

A n d th e re f or e m or a l e v il mu s t b e co n s id e re d by u s
,

a s t h e pri m a ry c a u s e o f a ll t h e d e gr a d a tio n whic h ,

h u m a n n a tu re in thi s prob a tio n a ry s ta te o f e x il e is

,
,

d e s ti n e d to u n d e rgo .

h l i
Th a t t e hu m a n s o u m u s t s u rviv e t he gr a v e is ,

a truth which i ge n e r a lly a d m itt e d and m a b

s , y e

prov e d ; it m u s t th e r e f ore e x i s t in a s t a t e o f c o n s ci .

o u s n e s s throu hou t e te r n ity : T he e n s a tio n s to

g s ,

whi c h we m u s t s ub m it h e re a f t e r m u s t b e e ith e r
,

pl e a s a n t o r p a i n f u l f o r i n to n o oth e r f or m s ca n c o n
,

s c io u s n e s s b e r e s olv e d . Thi s th e r e f ore bri n g s im

, ,

m e d ia t e l y to ou r vi e w a s t a t e o f f utur e p u n i s h m e n t s
a n d r e wa r d s .

To i n v e s tiga t e t he n a tur e o f tho se pu n i s m e n t s

h
a n d r e w a r d s w hich a wa it t he gu ilty a n d t he r ight e
,

o u s w h e n thi s li f e s h a ll b e lo s t a n d s wa llo we d up in
,

a n oth e r ; is r e m ot e f ro m m y d e s ig n T he e v id e n
.

c e s w hi c h m u s t s u pport th e s e f a ct s m a y b e dra wn

f ro m t he n a tur e a n d a ttribut e s o f God wh e n co u s i ,

d e r e d in co n n e ctio n with v i c e a n d virtu e ; s o t h a t

t h e m or a l a ttribut e s o f t h e D e ity c o O p e r a t e with his
-

i m m ut a bility to e n s ur e a s t a te o f r e tributio n in a n
,

oth e r li f e . It will b e s u ffic i e n t f o r m y pr e s e n t pu r

po se to pre s u m e th a t a s t a te o f f e licity a wa it s t he
,

s oul s o f t he r ight e ou s a n d f ro m thi s rou n d wil l

g
’

,
66 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR EC T I ON [C hap . I II;

i
a r se s o m e i m porta n t e vid e n c e th a t a ll m ora l e vil
,

m u s t b e d o n e a wa y f ro m t he h u m a n s oul b e f or e it ,

c a n po s s ibly i n h e rit t h e k i n gd o m o f G o d .

Th e r e a r e f e w a b s tra ct truth s wh ich will a d m it ,

o f m o re s a ti s f a ctory e v id e n c e th a n thi s th a t t wo ,

n a tur a l e xtr e m e s c a n n ot po s s ibly m e e t to ge th e r .

T he t e r m s th e m s e lv e s pr e s u m e a s itu a tio n which ,

n e v e r c a n b e ov e rco m e a n d e v e n if it we r e a llo we d

po s s ibl e th a t a u n io n coul d b e a cco m pli s h e d th e y ,

wo uld b e n o lo n ge r tho s e e xtre m e s which a r e p r e .

s u m e d by t he s u ppo s itio n In s hort t h e f e e li n g s

.
,

o f hu m a n n a tur e a r e s tro n g i n d ic a tio n s in f a vou r

,

o f a f utur e s t a t e a n d t h e v ic e s which o u n pu n i s h
g
e d a n d t h e v irtu e s which go u n r e wa r d e d h e r e
, are ,

p o w e r f ul a r gu m e n t s to prov e it s ur e T h e hop es .

a n d f e a r s which i n h a b it t he hu m a n bo s o m pl a i n ly ,

o m t to d i s ti n ct a b od e s ; a n d e n s ur e tho s e r e wa rd s
p
a n d pu n i s h m e n t s w hich a r e ,
s trictly a n a lo ou s to
g ‘

v irtu e a n d v ic e a n d to t h e tot a l s u m a n d a ggr e g a t e

,

n a tur e »o f h u m a n a c tio n s h e r e b e lo w
, .

Wh a t e v e r t he a b s tra ct na tu re o f th a t h a ppi n e ss
m a y b e which w e hop e to e n j oy b e yo n d t he gr a v e
, ,

i t is c e rt a i n th at it m u s t be d e riv e d f ro m G o d h is
p e r f e c tio n s b e i n g t he On ly f o u n t a i n o f Exc e ll e n c e to
which a ll cr e a t e d b e i n gs m u s t a pply ; f o r e qu a lly
c e rta i n it is th a t in him we liv e a n d m o r e a n d ha v e
, , ,

o u r be in A n d s i n c e G o d f ro m h is e x a lte d a n d
‘
o .
,

i m m ut a bl e p e r f e ctio n s ca n co m m u n ic a t e th a t o n l y
, ,

which is co n ge n i a l to h is n a tur e we c a n n ot a voi d ,

c o n clu d i n g th a t th e r e m u s t b e a n a gr e e m e n t b e
,
e

t we e n h im who co n f e r s a n d t he obj e c t which r e

,

c e iv e s t he f e li c ity co n f e rr e d For s i n c e t he f e licity

.
,
 Se c t . o r T HE H U MAN B O D Y . 67

which is c on f e rre d by G o d m u s t b e p e rf e c tly c o n

s i s t e n t w ith his n a tur e it c a n o n ly fi n d r e po s e in
-

th a t bo s o m which ha s r e c e i v e d t he i m pr e ss io n o f
t he d iv m e I m a g e Without thi s lik e n e s s th e re c a n
.
,

b e n o u n io n ; wh e r e th e re is n o u n io n th e re c a n ,

b e n o co n cord a n d wh e r e th e r e is n o co n cord ,

th e re m u s t b e i n f e li c ity a n d w o e v .
.

B u t s i n c e G o d is a n d m u s t b e n e c e s s a rily d e voi d
,

o f a ll m ora l e vil and s i n c e m a n in his pr e s e n t c o n

‘
.
,

ditio n is u n d e r it s i n fl u e n c e a n d d o m i n io n t he c o n
s e qu e n c e is i n e vit a bl e th a t a n a gre e m e n t u n d e r '

the s e cir c u m s t a n c e s ca n h a v e n o e xi s te n c e It .

m u s t th e r e f ore f ollo w th a t e ith e r God o r m a n m u s t

,

c h a n ge in n a tur e b e f or e th e y c a n po s s ibly m e e t t o
,

g e th e r For c e rt a i n i t is th a t tho s e gr a t ifi c a t iq n s
.
,

whi ch a r e pl e a s i n g t o m a n in his pr e s e n t s t a t e a r e , ,

s uch a s G o d c a n n ot po s s ibly b e s to w through t he ,

h oli n e s s a n d p e r f e ctio n s o f his n a tur e ; whil e it is

e qu a lly c e rt a i n th a t e v e n t h e glori e s o f h e a v e n c a n
,

c o m m u n ic a t e n o f e licity to m a n through t he cor ,

r u t io n s a n d d e pr a vity which r e i gn in t h e h u m an
p
h e a rt A n d h e n c e t he n e c e s s ity o f a r a d ic a l ch a n g e
.

b e f ore m a n c a n d e riv e f e licity f ro m God .

N o w s i n c e God is both i m m u t a bl e a n d p e r f e ct
, ,

it is e vid e n t th a t he c a n n e ith e r ch a n ge n o r i n clud e ,

m or a l e v i l in h is n a tur e an d si n ce h e a v e n is a ,

l a c e o f h a ppi n e s s to which t he s oul s o f t h e r ight e

‘

p ,

o u s s h a ll b e a d m itt e d ; a n d s i n ce f e licity u n d e r e x ,

is t in g cir c u m s t a n c e s c a n ho t b e co m m u n ic a t e d t he
,

i n e vit a bl e c o n se qu e n c e is th a t m a n m u s t u n d e r go
,

a c h a n ge A s th e r e f or e m or a l e v il is tha t whi c h
.
, ,
68 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h a p I II . .

ha s s u n k m a n b e n e a th his pri m itiv e r a n k in t he

s c a l e o f cr e a t e d e x c e ll e n cy s e p a ra t e d him f ro m
G o d a n d th e r e by r e n d e r e d h im u n fit f o r th a t f e lici
,

t y w hich h e hop e s to e n j oy h e r e a f t e r ; s o t h e r e ,

m ov a l o f m ora l e v il m u s t r e s tor e him to h is pri m i

t iv e d i gn ity a n d n a tiv e gr a n d e ur ; a n d r e n d e r h im
m e e t to b e a p a rt a k e r o f th a t f e licit y w h ich t he A I ,

m ighty w ill co n f e r in a f ut u r e worl d H e n c e th e n .

t he c e rt a i n ty o f f utur e r e wa r d s d e m o n s tr a t e s t he n e

c e s s ity a n d c e rt a i n ty th a t f r o m t h o s e h
,
a to a r e a d
,
t
/
m it t e d t o g lo r y, a ll m o r a l e v il m u s t be d o n e a wa y .

I f m a n , u n d e r t h e I n flu e n c e o f m or a l e vil , with
all h is p a s s io n s a n d prop e n s iti e s u n s ub d u e d we r e ,

to be a d m itte d i n to h e a v e n e v e n h e a v e n its e l f coul d

,

c o n f e r u po n him n o f e licity .

T h e m in d is i t s o wn p l a c e , an d o f it s e l f a

”
C a n m ak e a he a v e n o f h e l l, a h e ll o f he a ve n .

Fo r , gre e m e n t b e t we e n t he gi v e r o f h a ppi
a s an a

n e s s a n d t he r e c e iv e r o f it m u s t b e n e c e s s a ry in
, ,

or d e r to it s pur e e n j oy m e n t a pr e v i ou s q u a lifi ca
,

tio n m u s t be a d m itt e d a n d m u s t b e a ttai n e d B u t

, .

a s t he i n flu e n c e o f m o r a l e vil is u n d e r thi s c o n s id , ,

c r a tio n pr e s u m e d to b e r e t a in e d n o s uch q u a lifi

, ,

c a tio n c a n b e po s s e s s e d a n d c o n s e qu e n tly n o f e l i
‘

city c a n b e e n j oy e d A s th e r e f or e f e licity is to b e
.
,

c o m m u n ic a t e d in th a t c e l e s ti a l r e gio n t he n e c e s s a ry ,

qu a lific a tio n f o r it s po s s e s s io n m u s t be obt a i n e d ;

a n d a s thi s c a n n ot b e wh e r e m or a l e vil hold s d o m i n

io n t he pl a i n co n s e qu e n c e is th a t m o r a l e v il m u s t
, ,

be d o n e a wa
y .
7O I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p III . .

re wa rd e d E v e n t he
v i c e s which di s ho n our hu m a n
n a ture m u s t b e pre s u m e d to hold e t e r n a l triu m ph ;
,
’

a n d t he pro s p e ct o f im u n it m u s t e v e n h e re be
p y , ,

lo w t e n d to s a n ctio n a n d e v e n di gn i f y tho s e a c tio n s

, ,

wh ich d is gna ce m a n ki n d .

H o we v e r a b s ur d th e s e s e n ti me n t s m a y a pp e a r
‘

s uch m u s t b e t h e s t a t e o f h e a v e n ; if m or a l e vil c a n

b e p e r m itt e d to e n te r ; s o th a t e v e n t he gro s s n e s s o f
th e s e i n f e r e n c e s b e co m e s a n e vide n c e in f a vour o f
t h e ge n e r a l c o n c l u s io n F o r a s s uch s c e n e s a s we
.
,

h a v e i n f e rr e d c a n n ot po s s ibly e xi s t in h e a v e n ;
,

s i n c e v rtu ei m u s t b e r e wa rd e d th e r e a n d s i n c e ,
‘

n oth i n g u n holy n othi n g u n c le a n n o t h in th t i

, g a c ,
o

t he r lo v e t h o r m a k e th a l ie ca n e n t e r th e r e ; we
,

a r e f ully a s s ur e d th a t m ora l e vil c a n n ot i n h e rit

,

tho s e a bod e s T he pl a i n a n d i n e vit a ble c o n s e qu e n c e

.

th e r e f or e is th a t m o r a l e v il m u s t be d e s t r oy e d
,

a nd d o iie a wa y .

It ha s b e e n a lr e a dy prov e d in t he pre c e di n g ,

p a rt s o f thi s vol u m e th a t t he d i s s olutio n o f t he h u

,

m an bo d y t he v a rio u s c a l a m iti e s w it h which we

,

a r e a f flict e d tog e th e r Wi th a ll tho s e

,
n a tu r a l e vil s

which h a ra s s a n d tor m e n t m a n ki n d h a v e b e e n ,

o c c a s io n e d by m or a l e vil A n d f ro m t he proo f s .
,

which h a v e b e e n a d d u c e d we h a v e c o n clu d e d , ,

th a t if m or a l e vil ha d no t e n t e r e d i n to t he worl d
, ,
‘
cr e a ti on would h a v e s t ill r e t a in e d it s p r e s t in e s t a te ;
a n d co n s e qu e n tly th a t d e a t h it s e l f
, whi ch is a n a t ,

u r a l e v il wou ld h a v e b e e n tot a lly u n k n o wn

, It .

h a s a l s o b e e n prov e d in t h e pre c e di n g p a rt s o f thi s

,

s e ctio n th a t a s a f ut u r e s t a t e o f h a ppi n e s s a wa it s
, ,

t he soul s o f t he right e ou s wh e n th e y d e p a r t thi s ,

Se ct . O F T HE H U M AN B O DY .
71

li f e in which th e y will b e r e c o m p e n s e d f o r a ll th e i r
,

s u ff e ri n gs he r e b e lo w ; tho s e qu a lific a tio n s whic h ,

a r e n e c e s s a ry f o r th a t e n j oy m e n t m u s t b e pr e v i ,

o u s ly O bt a i n e d An d s i n c e h e a v e n is a s t a t e o f p u
.

r ity which c a n a d m it o f n o a lloy t he n e c e s s ity o f

, ,

tho s e qu a lific a tio n s b e co m e s co n s pi c uou s a n d e u ,

f or c e s t he n e c e s s ity th a t m ora l e v il m u s t b e d e .

s troy e d .

C a n th e n tho s e n a tur a l e ff e ct s which orig i

, ,

n a t e d in m ora l e vil which we h a v e prov e d t o b e

,

t h e ir pri m a ry c a u s e c o n ti n u e in e x i s t e n c e wh e n
,

m ora l e vil s h a ll h a v e b e e n d e s troy e d 9 O r c a n a n y .

, ,

c a u s e p e rp e tu a te n a tu r a l e vil b e s i de s th a t c a u se
which pri m a rily ga v e it birth S u re ly th e s e thi n gs
.

a pp e a r i m po s s ibl e For if th e s e e ff e ct s c a n c o n t i
.
, .

n u e in e x i s t e n c e w h e n th a t c a u s e which pro d u c e d
,

th e m s h a ll h a v e b e e n do n e a wa y th e y m u s t b e e f
f e e t s a n d n o t e ff e ct s a t t h e s a m e ti m e Wt h is a
, ,

pl a i n a n d p a lp a bl e co n tr a dictio n For a s t he c a u s e .
,

o f d e a th a n d di s s ol utio n is m or a l e v il a n d thi s
, ,

c a u se in r e s p e ct t o a ll t he ri ght e ou s m u s t be d o n e ,

a wa y ; it th e r e f or e f ollo ws th a t if n o n a t u r l e ff e c t
,
g r

c a n s urviv e t he c a u s e w hich produc e d it d e a th a n d ,

di s s olutio n m u s t c e a s e a n d t he i n e vit a bl e co u se
,

u e n c e is tha t t he hu m a n b ody m u s t r i s e a g a i n f ro m
q ,

t h e gr a v e .

Th a t n o c a u s e b ut m ora l e vil co u ld occ a s io n ,

de a th h a s b e e n a lre a dy prov e d a n d we c a n h a v e
, ,

n o co n c e ptio n th a t t he po we r through which it ro

, p
d u ce d th e s e e ff e c t s c a n b e c a p a bl e e ith e r o f tr a n s ,
.

f e r o r de l e ga tio n ; m u c h l e s s c a n we c o n c e i v e th a t
thi s po we r ca n b e s o b e qu e a th e d a s to p e rp e tu a te
t h e s e e ff e ct s wh e n m ora l e vil with whi c h a lo n e it
,
 72 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C hirp I I I.

origi n a t e d a n d f ro m which it is i n s e p a ra bl e s h a ll
, ,

b e tot a lly d e s troy e d . A n d wh e r e we e v e n to p r e

s u m e it po s s ibl e th a t t he po we r which p e rp e tu a t e s
,

d e a th coul d co n ti n u e wh e n m o r a l e vil is d e s troy e d ,

m ora l e vil coul d n o lo n ge r b e co n s i d e r e d a s it s e x

e l u s i v e ca u se . B u t s i n c e t h e r e v e r se o f thi s ha s
,

b e e n a lr e a d y pro v e d a n d s i n c e a d e l e ga tio n o f thi s

,

o we r is a
‘

p , s uppo s itio n r e pl e t e with a b s urd iti e s ;

t he co n clu s io n a g a i n r e turn s upo n u s th a t wh e n m o
,

r a l e vil s h a ll b e d e s troy e d a ll it s n a tur a l e ff e ct s .

,

m u s t c e a s e ; a n d co n s e qu e n tly th a t a r e s urr e ctio n

o f t he bo d y m u s t t a k e pl a c e .

If d e a th a n d t he d i s s olutio n o f t he hu m a n body
, ,

w hich a r e x fl e c t s e vid e n tly produc e d by m or a l e vil

( )
c a n re
m a i n in e xi s t e n c e a f te r m or a l e vil s h a ll h a v e

b e e n d e s troy e d it will b e i m po s s ibl e f o r u s to

,

sa
y f ro m w h a t ca u s e thi s co n t in u a n ce o f th e s e e f

f e e ts c a n fl o w . It c a n n ot r e s ul t f ro m m or a l e vil ,

b e c a u s e thi s is n o w d e s troy e d by t he s uppo s itio n

a n d t he n otio n o f a tra n s f e r o f po we r t o s o m e thi n g
e l s e is too r i d iculou s e v e n f o r s e riou s r e f u ta tio n .

A n d s i n c e we c a n n o m or e co n c e iv e th a t a n e ff e c t
,

c a n c o n t iii u e without a c a u s e th a n we c a n c o n
,

c e iv e i t s hould h a v e ori i n a t e d w ithou t c a u s e a nd

g ,

s i n c e t he c a u s e in w hich t h e e ff e ct is pr e s u
m e d to

h a v e ori gi n a t e d is d e s troy e d a n d n o tr a n s f e r o f p o w
,

e r c a n po s s ibly t a k e pl a c e , throu gh which t he co n

t in u a n ce o f thi s e ff e ct c a n b e s upport e d t he co n ,

t in u a n ce it s e l f v a n is h e s f ro m o u r s i ght a n d t he

c o n s e qu e n c e is a r e s urr e ctio n o f t he hu m a n body

,

f ro m t he co n fi n e s o f d e a th .

A s t he pr i m a ry e xi s t e n c e o f t he c a u s e w a s n e ,

ce s s a r t o t h e pri m a ry produ c tio n o f t he e ff e ct so

y ,
Sec t . O F T HE H U M AN B O DY . 73

t he c o n ti n u a n c e o f t he c a u se m u s t b e n e c e s s a ry t o
t he co n ti n u a n c e o f t h e e ff e ct F o r c ould we co n
.
,

c e iv e th a t a n e ff e ct could co n ti n u e w ithout a n a d e

u a t e c a u se ; we m u s t o f n e c e s s ity m a k e a co n tr a
q
d ic t o r y s u ppo s itio n we m u s t s uppo s e it to b e t he
c o n ti n u a n c e O f a n e ff e ct a n d n o t t he co n ti n u a n c e o f
,

t h a t e ff e ct a t t he s a m e ti m e which is a b s olut e ly im
,

p o s s ibl e . A s th e r e f or e a co n tra d ictio n c a n n ot b e

,

a d m i t t e d a n d a s n o e ff e ct c a n co n ti n u e without a n
,

a d e qu a t e c a u s e a s t he c a u se o f d e a th is m ora l e vil
,

a n d thi s c a u se in a ll t he right e ou s m u st b e d e s troy

e d ; t h e e ff e c t m u s t di s c o n ti n u e by a n a tur a l co u s e

u En ce throu h t h e d e s tructio n o f t he c a u se a d
q , g n ,

is s u e in a n e v e n t which we h a v e a lre a dy co n t e m
,

l a te d n a m e ly t he r e s u rr e c tio n o f t he h u m a n b o
p ,

d y f ro m t he gra v e .

Th a t d e a th is t he e ff e c t o f m or a l e vil ha s b e e n ,

a lr e a d y prov e d a n d co n s e qu e n tly th a t di s s ol utio n

,

w hich is m ore i m m e di a te ly pro d uc e d by d e a th m u s t ,

b e a ttribut e d to t he s a m e pri m a ry c a u s e I f th e r e
. .

f or e t o pr e s u m e th a t d e a th ca n co n ti n u e in e xi s t
,

e n c e wh e n m or a l e vil is d e s troy e d b e co n tr a d ictory ,

to i m a gi n e th a t di s s olutio n c a n s urv iv e t he a n n ihi

l a tio n o f d e a th m u s t b e e qu a lly a b s ur d s i n c e in
’

, ,

e ith e r c a s e we m u s t s uppo s e th a t a n e ff e c t s ur v i v e s

t he c a u s e o n whi c h i t is d e p e n de n t f o r it s
o wn e xi s t e n c e . B ut , s i n ce th e s e s u pp o s m o n s
a r e co n tr a dictory a n d i m po s s ibl e b e c a u s e co n tra

d ict o r y ; s i n c e t he c e rt a i n ty o f f utur e r e wa rd s c n
s ur e s t h e d e s tru ctio n o f m or a l e vil a n d t he d e s t r u c
, .

tio n o f m or a l e vil e n s u re s t he a n n ihil a tio n o f d e a th

s o t he an n ihil a tio n o f d e a t h m u s t e n s ur e t he a n n i

h ila t io n o f di s s olutio n a n d t he a n n ihil a tio n o f d is

,
74 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C h ap. I II .

s olutio n m u s t c a u s e hu m a n n a tur e to ri s e f ro m t he
a bo d e s o f d e a th .

If d i s s olutio n co n ti n u e a f te r m or a l e vil a n d d e a th
s h a ll h a v e b e e n both d e s tro y e d ,
it is e vi d e n t th a t it
coul d n o t h a v e b e e n pro d uc e d by e ith e r b e c a u s e ,

n o n a tur a l e ff e ct c a n s u rviv e it s c a u s e. B u t thi s ,

co n clu s io n is co n tra ry to t he proo f s we ha v e a lre a d y

a d d uc e d a n d is p e r f e ctly ir r e c o n c ile a b le to t h e im

m ut a b il ity a n d m o r a l ju s t ic e o f c . H e n c e th e n ,

t he s a m e co n clu s io n r e tur n s a ga i n u po n u s n a m e ,

ly th a t a s m or a l e vil is t he p a r e n t o f th a t d e a th
, ,

by which d is s olu tio n is m or e im m e d ia t e ly p r o d u

c cd ; s o ,
t h e r e m ov a l o f m or a l e vil m u s t fi n a l ly

l e a d to t he d e s tru ctio n o f d is s olutio n a s we ll a s o f

t h a t o f d e a th a n d ulti m a t e ly t e r m i n a t e in a r e s u r r e c
,

t io n . For s i n c e n othi n g b lit m o r a l e vil c oul d p o s

,

s ibly h a v e brou ght d e a th i n to t h e w orl d t he r e m o

v a l o f m or a l e v il m u s t n e c e s s a rily e xti n gu i s h tho s e

i m m e d i a t e a n d r e m ot e e ff e ct s which ult im a t e ly d e
p e n d u po n it f o r th e ir e xi s t e n c e a n d which c a n be
,

s upport e d in e xi s t e n c e by n o oth e r c a u s e .

It m a y p e rh a p s to t he r e a s o n i n g which I h a v e
, ,

a d v a n c e d b e obj e ct e d thu s . Th a t if m or a l e vil b e

t h e c a u e o f d e a th a n d m ora l e v il b e r e m ov e d f ro m
s ,

t h e ri ght e ou s in t h e pr e s e n t li f e ,n o n e c e s s ity c a n

r e m a i n why d e a th s houl d e v e r t a k e pl a c e . In a n
s we r to thi s obj e ctio n I r e ply th a t thou gh m ora l
, ,

e vil w ill b e t he c a u s e o f d e a th a n d thou gh it b e r e

,
.

m ov e d f ro m t he s ou l o f e v e ry ge n ui n e C hri s t a i n o n
this s i d e e t e r n ity ; ye t d e a th m u s t n e c e s s a rily t a k e
pl a c e u n l e s s a m ir a culou s i n t e rpo s itio n o f d ivi n e
,

po we r should i n v e rt t he orde r o f n a ture a n d d e ,

Se c t . O F T H E H U M A N BODY . 73

s troy he r l a ws to pre v e n t t he f a ct A n d m y r e a
, . .

s o n s f o r th e s e a s s e rtio n s a r e co m pri s e d in t he fol

lo wi n g p a ra gra ph .

It h a s b e e n a lr e a d y a d m itte d th a t a ll bodi e s c o m
,

p o u n d e d o f m a t t ér s i n c e it ha s b e e n d ivi d e d i n to e le
,

m e n t s h a v e w ithi n th e m a n a tur a l t e n d e n c y to d e
,

ca y . S u ch wa s a n d s uch s till is t he m a t e ri a l p a rt
,

o f m an . To pre v e n t thi s e ff e ct f ro m t a ki n g pl a c e ,

G o d pl a c e d in t h e ga r d e n o f E d e n t he t r e e of lif e
, ,
‘
t he e fli c a cy o f wh ich cou n t e r a ct e d th a t t e n d e n cy

wh ich t he p a rt s o f t he hu m a n bo d y po s s e s s e d An d .

t he r e m ov a l o f thi s tr e e which took pl a c e i m m e d i

,

a te l
y a f t e r t h e i n tro d ucti o n o f m or a l e vil a n n i
,
h i
l a ti n g t he o n ly pr e v e n t a tiv e to o u r d i s s olutio n l e f t ,

t he co m po n e n t p a rt s o f o u r bo d y to f ollo w th a t t e n .

d e n e y which th e n wa s a n d s till is i n s e p a r a bl e f ro m
, ,

a ll t e rr e s tri a l bodi e s co m pou n d e d o f d i ff e r e n t e le

,

m e n ts . Thu s th e n thou gh m or a l e vil s h a ll b e d e

,

s troy e d t h e d e s tructio n o f m or a l e vil c a n n ot r e s tor e

,

t he t r e e of l if e a n d c o n s e qu e n tly c a n n ot pr e v e n t
,

th a t i n e vita bl e co n s e qu e n c e f r o m t a ki n g pl a c e which ,

n e c e s s a rily r e s ult s in t he pr e s e n t s t a t e o f thi n g s f ro m

tho s e e l e m e n t a ry p a rt s o f which we a r e f or m e d .

B u t wh e n t he pre s e n t s t a t e o f thi n g s s h a ll p a s s a wa y ,

a n d thi s u n iv e r se s h a ll b e di s s olv e d wh e n tho se

,

e l e m e n t s i n to which a ll m a tt e r is n o w d ivi d e d s h a ll ,

m i n gl e in o n e co m m o n m a s s a n d a ll n a ture s h a ll
,

u n d e rgo a gra n d r e volutio n ; th e n tho se loc a l t e n

d e n c ie s w hich n o w e xi s t s h a ll e ith e r r e s t in t he
,

s ph e r e o f a ctio n f o r w hich th e y we r e cr e a t e d ; or ,

h a v i n g fill e d u p t he s t a tio n s f o r whi c h th e y we r e

76 I D EN TIT Y A N D R ES U R R EC TI ON [ Ch a p I l l . a

d e s ti n e d sh a ll e xpire a n d b e f ou n d n o m ore A n d
,
.

h e n c e u n de r pre s e n t circu m s t a n c e s de a th m u s t
, ,

t a k e pl a c e upo n a ll e v e n though m or a l e V Il s houl d

,

b e do n e a wa y .

T h e i m port a n t qu e s tio n wh ich w e h a v e n o w b e

f or e u s is n o t wh e th e r d e a th s h a ll co n ti n u e to a d d
,

n e w victi m s to his gloo m y s hri n e wh e n m or a l e vil

s h a ll b e do n e a wa y ; but wh e t h e r e ve n d iss o lu t io n
s ha ll n o t be d e s t r oy e d If t he f or m e r o n ly ha d
.

b e e n propo s e d f o r o u r d e ci s io n n o proo f woul d .

h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a ry ; f o r a s n othi n g c a n a ct which
is d e priv e d o f b e i n g it is c e rt a i n th a t t he i n s t a n t
,

d e a th is d e s troy e d n othi n g c a n a f t e r wa r d s u ff e r
,

f ro m it s po we r B u t if d e a th a n d t he d i s s ol utio n o f
.

s oul a nd bo d y he in t he a b s tra c t t he s a m e t h e d e
, ,

s tructio n o f d e a th m u s t i m ply t he d e s tru ctio n o f

d i s s olutio n wh ich is a d i s ti n ct id e a
, In t he f or m e r.

c a s e t he m er e n e g a tio n o f dyi n g would b e a ll

,

th a t could b e i n te n d e d which is n o t t he poi n t to b e

,

prov e d bu t in t he l a tte r if de a th a n d di s s olutio n

,

b e t he s a m e t he a n n ihil a tio n o f d e a th m u s t b e t he
,

a n n ihil a tio n o f di s s olutio n A n d wh e n th a t di s s o

.
,

l u t io n which is i m pli e d in d e a th s h a ll b e d e s troy e d

, ,

t h e i n e vit a bl e co n s e qu e n c e m u s t be t he r e s urr e ctio n

o f t he hu m a n bo d y f ro m t he gr a v e B u t thi s topi c.

will b e pur s u e d in a f u t ure s e ctio n .

I f e i th e r t he i m m e di a te or r e m ot e e ff e ct s o f m o .

r a l e v il b e s upp s e d to co n ti n u e f o r e v e r
o in th e s e ,

s ubj e ct s f ro m which a ll m or a l e vil is d o n e a wa y I

woul d a s k u po n wh a t c a u s e o r c a u s e s d o th e se e f .

f e ct s d e pe n d f o r th e ir e x i s t e n c e E v e ry e ff e c t m u s t
78 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h ap . III .

we m u s t pr e s u m e th a t a c a u s e c a n a ct a f t e r it is
d e priv e d o f b e i n g which is a l s o a co n tra d ictio n
,
.

A n d in a d m itti n g t he t hir d ca s e we m u s t a s crib e ,

in d e p e n d e n c e to a n e ff ct w hich f ro m it s n a m e a n d
e

n a tu r e , m u s t b e d e s t itut e o f it ; which is in e fl e c t
d e n o m in a t in g it to b e in d e p e n d e n t a n d n o t in d e ,

p e n d e n t a t t he s a m e t im e H e n c e th e n co n clu d e
.
, ,

th a t a s n othi n g in t he fi r s t p la ce c a n b e a n e ff e ct ,

w ithou t a c a u s e a n d in t he s e co n d th a t n o c a u s e
, ,

c a n a c t wh e n it is d e voi d o f b e in a n d th a t in t he
g ,

t hir d ca se n othi n g c a n d e ri v e f r o m it s e l f a n i n d e

e n d e n c e w hi ch it d o e s n o t po s s e s s ; n o s uch c a s e
p
c a n p o s s ibly e x is t .A n d th e r e f o r e a s t he d i s s olu ,

tio n o f t he hu m a n bo d y m u s t b e pre ci s e ly in t he
S i tu a t i o n O f thi s e ff e ct wh ich u n d e r th e s e circu m
,

s t a n c e s c a n h a v e n o e x is t e n c e it m u s t n e c e s s a rily
c e a s e throu gh t h e d e s tructio n o f m ora l e vil a n d t he ,

hu m a n b o d y m u s t b e a wa k e n e d f ro m t he s l e e p o f
d e a th .

It is c e rt a i n th a t n o co n ta ct ca n e x i s t b e t we e n a n
e ff e ct w h ich is in b e i n g a n d a c a u s e which is n o t
, .

For if s uch a co n t a ct c a n e xi s t th e n e n tity m u s t

, ,

d e p e n d upo n n o n e n tity f o r t he co n ti n u a n c e o f it s
e x is t e n c e w hich is s e l f e vi d e n t a b s ur d ity
,
-
B ut .
,

s i n ce n o s u ch co n t a ct c a n po s s ibly e xi s t a ll d e ,
:

e n d e n ce m u s t o f n e c e s s it y b a n n ih il a t e d ; a n d
'

e
p , ,

co n s e qu e n tly t he d oor o f i m m ort a lity m u s t b e

,

op e n e d to t he hu m a n bo d y thou gh n o w m ould e r ,

in g in t h e to m b .

Wh e th e r t he c a u s e o f our d i s s o luti o n b e d e a th
o r m ora l e vil c e rt a i n it is th a t s o m e c a u s e m u s t b e
, ,
 s e ct . O F T HE H U M AN BO DY . 79

a d m itte d a n d wh e th e r it b e t he f o r m e r o r t he la t
t e r wh il e e ith e r co n ti n u e s in e x i s t e n c e
,
we b e hold ,

t he d is sol u t io n o f t he hu m a n body a n d t he pri m a ry ,

c a u s e which pro d uc e d it in co n t a ct w ith e a ch ,

oth e r B u t wh e n d e a t h a n d m or a l e vil a r e d e
.
,

s troy e d u n l e s s t h e bo d y ri s e a ga i n f ro m t he gr a v e
, ,

w e m u s t s u ppo s e a ch a n g e to t a k e pl a c e in t he
co n d itio n o f t he d e a d whil e th e ir co n ti n u a n c e in
,

t he gr a v e will prov e th e ir co n d itio n to b e pr e ci s e ly

t he s a m e th a t it wa s b e f or e d e a th a n d m or a l e vil

we r e d e s troye d B u t a s it is i m po s s ibl e f o r a n y
.
,

co n d itio n to b e t he s a m e whil e it is d iff e r e n t f r o m

wh a t it wa s b e f ore it will e vid e n tly f ollo w u n l e s s
, ,
‘
we a d m it a c On t r a d ic t io n th a t t he d e a d m u s t b e
,

r e s tor e d to f utur e li f e B u t thi s co n cl u s io n m u s t

.
,

fi n a lly d e p e n d upo n t he c e rta i n ty th a t a c o n t r a d ic

tio n m u s t b e t h e r e v e r s e .

T he ch a n ge which is pr e s u m e d a ri s e s f ro m t he ,

di s ti n ctio n th a t m u s t b e b e t we e n t he e x is t e n ce a n d
e x t in ct io n o f t he c a u s e o f o u r d i s s olutio n For t he .
,

s t a te o f an iv e b i n g whil s t t he c a u s e o f th a t
y g n e ,

s t a t e is in e xi s t e n c e c a n n e v e r b e pr e ci se ly t h e
,

s a m e a s wh e n t h e c a u s e o f th a t s t a t e is tot a lly d e
,

s troy e d For a s whil e I n co n ta ct vvit h it s c a u s e

'

.
, ,

t h e s t a t e o f thi s b e In g m u s t b e a n e ff e ct r e s ulti n
g
i m m e d i a t e ly f ro m th a t c a u s e s o t he tot a l r e m ov a l ,

o f thi s c a u s e m u s t m a k e t h e s t a t e o f thi s b e i n g c e a s e

f ro m b e i n g a n e ff e ct thu s r e s ulti n g a n d by it s c o n
t in u a n c e in e x i s t e n c e w hil e t he c a u s e o n which it
,

d e p e n d e d is n o m or e it m u s t b e pr e s u m e d to h a v e
,

a cquire d a n i n de p e n d e n c e T he p a s s i n g f ro m d e
.
80 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR E C TI ON [ C hap III .
.

p e n d e n c e to i n d e p e n d e n c e m u s t th e r e f ore a m ou n t
,

to a po s itiv e ch a n g e B u t if u n d e r th e se c ircu m
.
,
'

s ta n c e s ,
t he d e a d r is e n o t th e ir co n ti n ui n g in a
,

s t a te o f corruptio n , a f t e r t he c a u s e o f th a t corrup

tio n s h a ll h a v e b e e n do n e a wa y will pro v e th e ir ,

s t a te to b e pre ci s e ly t he s a m e a s though t he ,

c a u s e o f th a t s ta te we re in a c tu al e xi s te n c e A n d .

u n l e s s we a d m it a r e su r r e c t io n o f t h e
'

bo d y we ,

s h a ll b e driv e n to t he co n clu s io n th a t t he r e m ov a l
,

o f t he c a u s e o f di s s olutio n is n o r e m ov a l o f it ; a n d

t h a t t he s t a t e o f t he d e a d ha s u n d e rgo n e a ch a n ge ,

f ro m d e p e n d e n c e to i n d e p e n d e n c e whil e it r e m a i n s
,

p r e ci s e ly t h e s a m e ; s o th a t it m u s t h a v e u n d e r o n e
g.

a ch a n g e and not h a v e u n de rgo n e a ch a n ge a t t he

s a m e ti m e .

I f t he r e m ov a l o f t he c a u s e o f a n y gi v e n e ff e c t ,

produc e n o ch a n ge in t he s t a te o f th a t e ff e ct it m u s t ,

b e t h e r e mov a l o f t he c a u s e a n d t he e s t a bli s h m e n t
o f it a t t h e s a m e ti m e which is a n e vid e n t c o n t r a d ic
,

tio n ; th a t r e m ov a l th e r e f ore which pro d uc e s n o

,

ch a n g e c a n n ot b e a d m itte d B u t if in t he c a s e o f
, .
,

t h e hu m a n body b e f or e u s t he r e m ov a l o f t he c a u s e
,

o f d i s s ol utio n produc e a ch a n ge I woul d a sk in

, ,

wh a t d o e s th a t ch a n g e co n s i s t ? It c a n n ot b e I n t he
co n ditio n o f t he body if t he d e a d ri s e n o t n e ith e r
,

c a n it b e in a n y ch a n ge which t h e a to m s c a n u n d e r
‘

go It c a n n ot b e in f u t u r e ho p e s a n d f e a r s b e c a u s e
.
,

a body d e voi d o f li f e m u s t be e qu a lly i n c a p a bl e o f

both It c a n n ot b e in t he di s p e r s io n o f th a t gloo m
.

which hov e r s rou n d th e ir s olit a ry m a n s io n ; f o r t o ,

thi s t he p e a c e a bl e i n h a bit a n t s a r e p e r f e c tly i n se n

B2 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ ap I l l
C h .
a

d e p e n d f o r it s co n ti n u a n c e upo n t he co n ti n u a n c e
o f m ora l e vil . C o n s e qu e n tly wh e n m or a l e vil s h a l l
,

b e d o n e a wa y d e a th it s e l f m u s t c e a s e t o h a v e a b e
,

in g ; b e c a u s e n a tur a l e vil is d e p e n d a n t U po n th a t
which is m ora l A s th e r e f ore t he d e s tru ctio n o f
.
, ,

m or a l e vil m u s t i s s u e in t he d e s tru ctio n o f d e a th so

,

t he d e st r u c f io n o f d e a th m u s t i s s u e in t he d e s tructio n

o f tho s e s ubor d i n a t e e ff e ct s w hich r e s ult f ro m it .

A n d a s t he di s s olutio n o f t he bo d y is o n e o f th e s e
e ff e ct s which r e s ult f ro m d e a th d i s s ol utio n m u s t b e
,
'

d o n e a wa y ; wh e n th e r e f or e di s s olutio n s h a ll b e (le
,
t

s troy e d t he hu m a n bo d y m u s t ri s e i n to n e wn e s s o f
,

li f e a n d p a rt a k e o f i m m orta l ity
,
.

Thu s th e n s i n ce t he a n n ihil a tio n o f m ora l e vil

,

m u s t i n v olv e t he d e s tru ctio n o f d e a th a n d t he d e ,

«

s tructio n o f tho s e m o d e s w hich t he n a t u r a l re e ct s

fl
o f d e a th a s s u m e ; w e h a v e a n a s s ur a n c e o f a f utur e

r e s urre ctio n e s ta bli s h e d u po n t he m o s t u n qu e s tio n

,

a b le e vid e n c e th a t m or a l c e rt a i n ty ca n a ff or d For .
,

a s d e a th is a n a tur a l e vil a n d d e p e n d s u po n m or a l
,

e vil f o r it s e x i s t e n c e s o tho s e n a tur a l e ff e ct s wh ich

r e s ult f ro m d e a th m u s t d e p e n d u po n d e a th f o r th e ir
,

e xi s t e n c e ; in t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s d e a th it s e l f d e

p e n d s upo n m ora l e vil f o r a ll th a t b e i n g which it

po s s e s s e s A n d a s a ll tho s e n a tura l e ff e ct s which
.

r e s ul t f ro m d e a th m u s t toge th e r with d e a th b e
, , ,

i n cl ude d in t he ge n e r a l t e r m n a t u r a l e v il i t f ollo ws , ,

th a t wh e n n a tura l e vil s h a ll b e d e s troye d th e s e n a ,

tura l e ff e ct s a n d co n s e qu e n c e s m u s t e xpir e ; a n d
t he hu m a n bo d y e s c a pi n g t he e m br a c e o f d e a th
, ,

which s h a ll b e n o m or e m u s t quit t he co n fi n e s o f
,

t he to m b .
S e ct . OF T HE HU M AN B ODY . 83

A d m itti n g th e n th a t n a tur a l e v il is t he e ff e c t o f
th a t which is m ora l o f which t he di s s ol utio n o f o u r
,

bodi e s m u s t b e n o i n co n s id e ra bl e p a rt ; t o e v a d e
t he f orc e o f t he pr e c e d i n g a rgu m e n t it m u s t b e ,

a s se rt e d th a t n a t u r a l e v il c a n s u r v ive t he ca u s e

/
,

w ziclzfl r s l ca lle d it in t o be in g ” To th i s obj e c tio n

.

I h a v e a lre a d y r e pli e d A n d I h a v e o n l y a ga i n t o
.

r e p e a t th a t if t h e obj e ctio n b e a d m itte d we m u st

, ,

s uppo s e a n e ff e ct t o co n ti n u e in e xi s t e n c e w ithout a

c a u s e ; which i n vol v e s thi s co n tra d ictio n th a t it is ,

a n e ff e ct a n d n o t a n e ff e ct a t t he s a m e ti m e
, As .
,

th e re f or e n a tura l e vil c a n n ot s urviv e it s c a u s e ; it

,

f ollo ws th a t wh e n e v e r m or a l e vil s h a ll b e e xtr a ct e d

,

f ro m hu m a n n a tu r e th e n d i s s olutio n a s we ll a s
, ,

d e a th both o f which a r e br a n ch e s m u s t e xpir e

, , .

A s th e r e f or e t he i m m orta lity o f t he hu m a n s oul

, ,

a n d t he c e rt a i n ty o f tho s e r e wa rd s which a wa it t he

s oul s o f t he ri ght e o u s m u s t b e a d m itt e d f ro m e v i

, ,

d e uc e s o f t he m o s t i n dubit a bl e n a tur e ; th a t m or a l
e vil m u s t b e e x tr a ct e d f ro m th e m is a truth c a p a '

b le o f t he m o s t d e ci s iv e proo f ; s i n c e s u c h s oul s
m u s t b e i n c a p a bl e o f f e li c ity wh il s t t a i n t e d w ith
,

m or a l e vil e v e n if th e y s hould be a d m itte d t o a r e

,

gio n o f u n s ulli e d glory A s th e re f ore m ora l e vi l

.
, ,

m u s t b e s e p a r a t e d f ro m h u m a n n a tur e in ord e r th a t ,

it m a y b e r e n d e r e d c a p a bl e o f e n t e ri n g i n to a s t a t e
o f c o n s u m m a t e j oy a n d a s n a tura l e vil c a n n ot c o n

t in u e to e x i s t wh e n m or a l e vil is d e s troy e d b e c a u s e
, ,

it i n vol v e s a co n tra dictio n c o n s id e r a bl e we i ght is

,

h e r e by a dd e d to thi s bra n ch o f m or a l e vid e n c e Fo r .

'

s i n c e it c a n n o t b e d e n i e d th a t t he s e p a r a tio n o f t he
84 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p . II I .

s oul a n d body by d e a th a n d t he s ub s e qu e n t di s s olu

,

t io n o f t he co m po n e n t p a rt s o f t he body a r e bra n ch
e s o f n a tur a l e vil , wh i ch m u s t p e ri s h wh e n m ora l
e vil is d o n e a wa y ; we a r e f ur n i s h e d wit h a ll t h e

e vid e n c e which t he s ubj e ct it s e l f s e e m s c a p a bl e o f

a d m itti n g , th a t t he bo d i e s o f a ll t he righte ou s s h a l l
c o m e f orth in a gloriou s r e s urre ctio n .

Th a t t he a rgu m e n t s a d duc e d in thi s s e ctio n a r e ,

a rti a l in th e ir a pplic a tio n I a m w e ll a wa r e Th ey

p , .

h a v e b e e n a d v a n c e d in f a vou r o f t he r e s u rre ctio n o f

t he right e ou s o n ly ; a n d if th e ir v a lidity in thi s p a r .

t i a l a ppl ic a tio n b e a d m itt e d I a sk f o r n othi n g m or a m

,

T he ri ght e o u s a n d t he wick e d co m pr e h e n d t he
whol e o f t he hu m a n r a c e I n proof th a t t he bodi e s
.

o f t h e u n ri ht e o u s s h a ll ri s e a ga i n so m e a r u m e n ts
g , g
w ill b e a ddu ce d h e re a f t e r f ro m th a t i m m ut a bl e
,

j u s ti c e which is i n s e p a ra bl e f ro m G o d I t is o f no .

in co n s nd e r a b le i m port a n c e in t he pr e s e n t s t a ge o f
m y di s c u ss io n f o r u s to k n o w th a t m ora l e v nl a n d
, ,
‘

n a t u r a l e v il a r e s o i n ti m a t e l co n n e c t e d tog e th e r
, y ,

t h a t wh e n t h e f or m e r is do n e a wa y t he l a tt e r m u s t ,

e x pir e ; a n d th a t f ro m h e n c e t h e r e v e r s e m a y with

u s tic e b e i n f e rr e d N a tur a l e vil m a y in t he pro

j . ,

gr e s s o f it s co n ti n u a n c e b e ch a n ge d in t he m ode s
,

o f it s a pplic a tio n a n d e xi s t e n c e ; b ut a s it is n a tu , .

r a lly d e p e n d e n t upo n m ora l e v il f o r it s b e i n g we ,

m a y r e s t a s s u r e d th a t w hil e m ora l e v il co n ti n u e s
,

in e xi s t e n c e n a tu ra l e vil in s o m e o r oth e r o f it s
, ,

m o d e s m u s t co n ti n u e u n d e s troy e d
, .

B u t in t he ri ght e ou s a ll n a tu ra l e vil m u s t b e
, ,

o v e r co me , be f or e t he y c an in h e rit t he k i n gdo m pr e e
 86 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p III . .

c a u s e through whi c h m ora l e vil ca n a lo n e be d e .

s troy e d , ha s b e e n hith e rto u n e x plor e d ; e v e n t he

c o n clu s io n s which we h a v e d ra wn will b e f ou n d in
c o n clu s iv e a n d a bortiv e a n d a ll o u r f or m e r re a s on
, ,

i n gs m u s t f a ll to t he grou n d u n l e s s we c a n b e
,

s a ti s fi e d o f thi s pri m a ry f ou n d a tio n n a m e ly,

th a t ,

m or a l e vil s h a ll be a c tu a lly do n e a wa y .

T he v a riou s bra n ch e s o f e v id e n c e which con s pire

to e s t a bli s h t he r e s u rr e c tio n o f t he h u m a n bo d y ,

ha v e a m utu a l d e p e n d e n c e u po n o n e a n oth e r a n d
s uch is t he n a tur e o f thi s d e p e n d e n c e th a t if o n ly
,

o ne li n k b e brok e n t he whol e ch a i n m u s t b e d e
,

s tr o y e d. B u t ho w clo s e ly s o e v e r t h e v a riou s p a rt s
, ,

w hich co n stitu te t he g e n e ra l ch a i n o f a rg u m e n t a tio n ,

m a y a d h e r e to ge th e r ; th e r e m u s t b e s o m e p e r m a
n e n t rock to which t he fir s t li n k m u s t b e u n it e d .

I t is o n t he s ta bility o f thi s rock th a t t he p e r m a .

n e n cy o f t he co n n e ctiv e li n k s m u s t d e p e n d to ,

r e a ch tho s e r e m ote c o n clu s io n s whic h re s ult f ro m

thi s h a r m o n y o f p a rt s a n d which I h a v e p r e s u m ,
.

e d in t he c a s e b e f or e u s t o i s s u e in t h e fi n a l r e s ur
,
.

r e ctio n o f t he hu m a n body f ro m t he d e a d .

Th a t m or a l e vil do e s e x i s t is a f a c t t o o o b v i
,

o u s to r e qu ire a n proo f a n d th a t it c ould not

y ;

ha v e e x i s te d in t he pri m e v a l s t a t e o f thi n g s is a me ,
.

c e s sa r co n e qu e n ce w h ich r e s ult s f ro m t he n a ture

y s

a n d a ttribut e s o f G o d . A n d c e rt a i n it is in or d e r ,

to t he a tta in m e n t o f tr u e f e licity th a t m ora l e vil

,

m u s t be do n e a wa y f ro m m a n .

T he d e s tru ctio n o f m or a l e vi l is h o we v e r a p oi n t
, ,

whi ch ha s ra th e r b e e n a s s u m e d th a n prov e d a n d
it ha s b e e n a s su m e d , f ro m t he st a t e o f h e a v e n ,
Se c t . OF T HE H U MAN BOD Y . 87

a n d t he na turetho s e r e wa rd s which a wa it t he
o f
r ighte ou s in a f uture s ta te o f be i n g B u t ho w
.
,

t he d e s tru c tio n o f m ora l e v il is t o b e e ff e c t e d re ,

m a i n s ye t t o b e c o n s id e re d ; a n d t he gr e a t qu e s tion
n o w b e f or e u s is T o wh a t c a u s e c a n we a ttribut e
,

a n e ff e ct s o i m port a n t ? O n thi s c a u s e m u s t d e p e n d
t he ha ppi n e s s whi c h a wa it s m a n ki n d b e y o n d t he

gra v e a n d upo n thi s c a u s e m u s t u lti m a te ly d e p e n d

m a n y o f t he pri n cip a l proo f s whi c h we c a n a dduc e
in f a v ou r o f t h e r e s urre c tio n o f t he b ody f ro m t he
g r a v e It
. is a qu e s tio n i n which t he c hri s ti a n a n d
,

t he u n b e li e v e r a r e a lik e i n te r e s t e d ; a n d whi c h in .

v olve s di ffic ulti e s whi c h C hri s ti a n ity a lo n e ca n s ol ve ,

a n d s olv e o n ly by a d m itti n g t he v ica r io u s s a cr

ifice
o
f J e su s Chr is t .

Th a t m a n in a s t a te o f in n oc e n cy m u s t h a v e b e e n
e n titl e d to t he prot e ctio n o f G o d c a n n ot with a n y
,

pr e t e n c e o f j u s tic e b e d e n i e d b e c a u se t he re ve r se
w ill i n volv e t he co n duct o f G o d in a b s urditi e s a n d
c o n tra d ictio n s A n d it is e qu a lly c e rt a i n th a t wh e n
.
,

m o r a h e v il e n t e r e d i n t o t he w orld a n d took po sse s

s io n o f t he h u m a n h e a rt t he r e la ti v e s itu a tio n o f
,

m a n to G o d m u s t h a v e b e e n c o n sid e r a bly ch a n ge d
, .

T he j u s ti c e which wa s b e f or e e n ga ge d in thi s pro

t e ct io n a n d pr e s e rv a tio n n o w e n f orc e d a c l a i m o f
,

a n O ppo s it e n a tur e a n d d e m a n d e d th a t s a ti s f a c tio n

,

which c ulprit s a r e oblige d t o m a k e t o a viol a te d la w .

U n de r th e s e cir c u m s t a n c e s a ll hop e s o f f utur e

,

f e licity m u s t h a v e a b a n do n e d t he h u m a n bo s o m ,

a n d m a n m u s t h a v e b e e n pl a c e d a t a n i n fi n it e d is

t a n c e f ro m it s po s s e s s io n u n l e s s his hop e s ha d b e e n
,

f ou n de d u po n s o m e pri n c ipl e di s ti n c t f ro m th a t in .
.
 as I D EN TIT Y AN D a ns u n a ncr t o n
[ C h a
p In
. .

e x ora bl e ju s tic e , to which he ha d f or f e it e d both h is

f re e do m a n d his li f e . For s i n c e t he ut m o s t o f his
,

e x e rt io n s coul d o n ly h a v e b e e n a v a il a bl e f o r t he re
p .

s e n t m o m e n t in h is pri m e v a l s t a t e ; it is a b s ur d to
,

s uppo s e th a t in his l a p se d co n ditio n he could h a v e

, ,

a cquire d a n y a d ditio n a l qu a lific a tio n s o r n e w ow

p,
.

e r s to e x e rt in t he c a u s e o f virtu e W e re we to .

a d m it thi s we s hould b e driv e n to thi s s tra n e c o n

,
g ‘

e lu s io n , th a t m a n i m m e di a t e ly a f te r t he in t r o d u c
,

tio n o f m or a l e v il wa s a l a p se d b e i n g a n d n o t a
,

l a p s e d b e i n g a t t he s a m e ti m e B u t a s s u ch c o n
.
,
.

t r a d ic t io n n e v e r c a n b e a d m itt e d it pl a i n ly f ollo ws
, ,

th a t a ll hu m a n cl a i m s t o prot e ct io n we r e f or f e it e d to
divi n e j u s tic e ; t he r e l a tiv e s itu a tio n o f m a n a s to
h is m a k e r m u s t th e r e f or e ha v e u n d e rgo n e a c o n s id
,
.

c r a bl e ch a n ge .

I f ho we v e r o n t he co n tra ry whi le we a d m i t
, , ,

t h e e xi s t e n c e o f m or a l e vil we s uppo s e th a t t he
,

r e l a tiv e s itu a tio n o f m a n wa s n o t ch a n ge d by it s

i n troductio n ; we r e du c e m ora l e vil to a n o n e n tity .

A n d f ro m a d m itti n g it s e xi s t e n c e whil e we e x
, ,

c l u d e th a t ch a n g e in m a n , which is e s se n ti a l to it s
b e i n g a n d by which it s e xi s t e n c e c a n b e k n o wn
,

we a r e f orc e d t o s uppo se th a t m ora l e vil e x i s t s a n d

do e s n o t e xi s t a t t he s a m e ti m e A n d a s a ll tho se
.
,

pri n cipl e s which i n volv e co n tra dictio n s m u s t me c e s

s a r il b e f a l s e ; it pl a i n ly f o llo ws th a t t he r e l a tiv e
y
s itu a tio n o f m a n m u s t h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e ra bly ch a n g

e d by t h e i n troductio n o f m ora l e vil i n to t he world ,

s i n c e t he r e v e r s e i n cl ud e s a co n tr a dictio n An d .
,

a s h is l a p s e d s t a t e cou ld n o t po s s ibly h a v e co n f e r
r e d upo n him a n y n e w po we r s o f e x e rtio n in t he
90 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [ C h ap . I II .

t wo hou r s c a n co n s e qu e n tly e x i s t thu s f or e v e r ; a n d

in thi s c a s e we m u s t a d m it th a t j u s tic e is n o t a n
,

e s s e n ti a l a ttribut e o f G od B u t a s th o s e pr n ci
.
,
i .

pl e s which l e a d to u n d e if y h is n a ture o r to a n n ihi ,

l a te h is a ttribute s m u s t c e rt a i n ly b e f a l s e ; it f l
,
o

l o ws t ha t ju s t ic e m u s t b e a n e s s e n ti a l a ttribu t e o f
,

t he d ivi n e n a tur e a n d th e r e f or e G o d m u s t n e c e s
,

s a r ily b e j u s t A n d a s G o d is a n d m u s t b e n e c e s
.
,

s a r ily j u s t ; it f ollo ws w ith t h e m os t u n qu e s t io n a bl e

c e rt a i n ty th a t t he cl a i m s o f j u s tic e c a n n ot b e t e li n
,

u is he d w ithout a n e quiv a l e n t e ith e r in ti m e o r in

q ,

e t e r n ity A n d if j u s tic e w ithout a n e quiv a l e n t

.
, , ,

c a n n ot r e li n qui s h it s cl a m s ; n o roo m c a n b e f ou n d

f o r t he ope r a tio n s o f m e rcy thou gh it b e a d m itte d

,

th a t it d id e x i s t a n d r e s i d e in G o d .

N e ith e r c a n it b e s u ppo s e d th a t t h e cl a i m s o f
,

j u s tic e c a n b e s up p l a n te d by t he d e s ign s o f m e rcy .

For coul d we s u ppo s e t h e c a s e b e f ore u s po s s ibl e ,

w i t hout a vic a riou s s a crific e t he a ttribut e s o f God

m u s t b e pr e s u m e d t o a c t in ho s tility to o n e a n oth e r .

I f t he m e rcy o f G o d s hould a tt e m pt to s uppl a n t his

’
j u s tic e ; t he a tte m pt m u s t b e s u cc e s s f ul or it m u s t
not . If it b e s u cc e s s f ul t he s ucc e s s o f m e rcy w ill
,

prov e t he i m b e cility o f j u s t i c e ; a n d if u n s u c
c e s sf u l , th a t wa n t o f s u cc e s s will f ully d e m o n
s tra t e t h e f utility o f t he a tt e m pt ; a n d in e ith e r

c a s e it will b e d e m o n s tr a t e d th a t G o d is n o t
,

po s s e s s e d o f a ll po s s ibl e p e r f e ctio n s Thu s th e n . ,

w hil e we f ro m h is n a tur e a n d a ttribut e s a d m it t he

, ,

e x i s t e n c e o f t he divi n e p e r f e ct io n s e v e n whil e we
,

pr e s u m e th a t h is m e r cy c a n s u ppl a n t j u s tic e ; we
.

m u s t s uppo s e th a t God is p o s s e s s e d o f a ll po s s ibl e

Sec t . OF T HE H U MA N B OD Y . 91

pe r f e ctio n a nd t not po s se s s e d f it a t t h e sa m e
, ye o

ti m e .

If t he m e r c y o f G od
v e r c o m e h is j u s tic e in
ca n o

o n e i n s t a n c e n othi n g c a n hi n d e r it f ro m ov e rco m i n g
,

t he divi n e j u s ti c e in a ll A n d if t he divi n e j u s ti c e
.
,

m a y b e tot a lly o v e rco m e whil e t he e s s e n c e o f God,

r e m a i n s e n tir e it f ollo ws f ro m thi s s u ppo s itio n a l s o

th a t j u s tic e is n o t e s s e n ti a l t o t he d ivi n e n a tu re .

If m e rcy c a n cou n t e r a c t t he cl a i m s o f j u s tic e I ,

w oul d a s k d o e s t he e s s e n c e o f G o d r e m a i n e n tir e
, ,

o r is it d e s troy e d ? If t he e s se n c e o f G o d r e m a i n ,

whil e t he cl a i m s o f j u s tic e a r e cou n t e r a ct e d b y m e r

c
y it
, is e vid e n t th a t u s t ic e is n o t a n e s s e n ti a l a t t r i

b ut e o f h is n a tur e b e c a u s e t he e s s e n c e is pr e s u m e d
to r e m a i n w h e n th is a ttribu te is do n e a wa y B u t if
, .
,

o n t h e co n tr a ry h is e s s e n c e b e d e s troy e d by t he
,

r e m o v a l o f h is j u s ti c e we m u s t by a llo wi n g t he
, ,

op e ra tio n o f his m e rcy s uppo se t he e x i s te n c e o f

,

G o d to c o n ti n u e a f t e r we h a v e s uppo s e d his e s s e n ce
to b e d e s troy e d H e n c e th e n thi s co n cl u s io n f ollo ws
.
,

f ro m e a c h s uppo s iti o n which we h a v e m a d e n am e

ly wh e th e r we pre s u m e t he divi n e e s s e n c e t o r e
,
.

m a i n o r to b e d e s t roy e d th a t t he m i n d is c o n du c t e d
,

in e ith e r c a s e t o a p a lp a bl e co n tra dictio n Thu s if .

t he e s s e n c e o f God r e m a i n it m u s t b e a n e s se n c e
,

W ithou t j u s tic e ; bu t c e rt a i n it is th a t a n e s s e n c e ,

which is d e void o f j u s tic e c a n n ot b e t he e s s e n c e o f

God h e r e th e n we h a v e t he divi n e e s s e n c e a n d n o t
t he divi n e e s s e n c e a t t he s a m e ti m e B u t if o n t he .
,

c o n tr a ry t he e s s e n c e o f God b e de s troy e d by t he
, ,

r e m o v a l o f his j u s ti c e t hro u gh his m e r c y

, we a d »
 92 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U R R E C TI ON [ C hap . 111;

n iit t he divi n e e xi s te n c e wi thou t t he d ivi n e e s s e n c e .

A s th e r e f or e th e s e co n tr a d ictio n s a r e e qu a l o n e a ch
s id e
, it m u s t fi n a lly f o llo w th a t j u s tic e c a n n ot b e
,

s uppl a n t e d by m e rcy w i t hout a vic a riou s s a crific e

, ,

a n y m or e th a n j u s tic e ca n r e li n qu is h it s cl a i m s ,

w ithou t a f or f e itur e o f it s n a m e a n d n a tur e .

A s th e r e f ore j u s tic e c a n n ot r e li n qui s h it s cl a i m s ,

n o r m e rcy s n a tch t he c ulprit f ro m it s h a n d s ; b e .

c a u s e in t he f or m e r c a s e G o d m u s t c e a se to b e h e
,
.

c e s s a zily j u s t
,
a n d in t h e l a tt e r th a t po we r whi c h
,

is pr e s u m e d t o be i n fi n ite m u s t b e ov e rco m e s in ce

G o d c a n n e ith e r a c t co n tr a rily to hi m s e l f n o r s u f ,
.

f e r h is a t t ri b ut e s to m o v e in ho s tility to wa r d s o n e
'

a n oth e r it f ollo ws with t he m o s t d e c is iv e c e rt a i n ty ,

t h a t j u s tic e a n d m e rcy c a n n e v e r m e e t to ge th e r in
t h e s a m e s ubj e ct ,
without th a t m e d iu m which t he
go s p e l hol d s f orth in t he vic a riou s s a cr ific e o f t he
,

S a vio u r o f t he world B u t throu gh t he m e d i a tio n

.
,

o f t he a to n e m e n t ,
t h e whol e f a c e O f th in g s a s s u m e s

a d i ff e r e n t a s p e ct We th e r e pl a i n ly d is cov e r h o w
/
.

G o d c a n a t o n c e be j u s t a n d t he j u s t ifie r 0 lzim
/
,

t ha t be l ie v e t i i n J e s u s Throu gh thi s s a crific e

.
,

t he or d e r O f h e a v e n a n d e a rth a pp e a r s a ga i n to r e

v iv e and we b e hold in co n te m pl a ti o n a n oth e r ,

E d e n d e s c e n di n g f ro m t he s k i e s to bl e s s m a n ki n d ,

a n d r e n ov a t e t he w orl d .

Wh a te v e r m ay b e s a id in f a vou r o f t he hu m a n
‘

po we r s or o f t he d i gn ity o f hu m a n n a tur e we
,

n e v e r c a n s u ppo se , w ithou t a d m itti n g a n a b s u rdity ,

th a t a n y b e i n g which is wholly pollut e d c a n r e n ov a te

it s e l f S u ch a n otio n c a rri e s with it it s o wn r e f ut a
. .

t io n , a n d i n c lu d e s withi n i t ir r e c o n c ile ab le ,
94 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [C hap I II . .

Without thi s it is n o lo n ge r i n fl u e n c e ; a n d i n d e e d
,

a n u n co m m u n ic a t e d o r u n in fl u e n c in i n flu e n c e i
g s a ,

c o n tra d ictio n in t e r m s B u t s i n c e i n flu e n c e a n d
.
,

n o t t h e a b s e n c e o f it is t he poin t u n d e r pr e s e n t c o n
,

s i d e r a tio n it s e xi s te n c e m u s t n e c e s sa rily b e a d
,

m it re d a n d th e r e f or e it f ollo ws w ith u n qu e s tio n a bl e ,

c e r t a i n ty th a t s o m e m o d e o f co m m u n ic a tio n m u s t
,

a l s o e xi s t through which it i m p a rt s it s r e n ov a ti n g
,

e n e r gi e s t o t he i n t e r n a l a n d p e rc e ptiv e po we r s o f t h e

h u m a n s oul A n d wh e th e r we a ttribut e thi s in

. .

fl u e n c e to d iv in e m e r cy t o lo v e t o t he g r a ce of , ,

G d or t o t he o p e r a t io n of h is H o ly S p ir it t he
o , ,

f i n a l r e s ult will be t he s a m e a n d t he r e ge n e r a t io n
o f t he h u m a n ra c e m u s t b e a ttribut e d to a n a g e n cy

a s w ll s e n e r y w hic h r e s id e s n o t in m l
6
e a
g a n fi

*I t h a s b e e n h in t e l b s o m e o f m r e s e c t a b le f r ie n d s , t o
3
y p
'

y
wh o m th e s u bj e c t o f t h is E s s a y wa s b u t im p e r f e c t ly k n o wn ,
Th a t a l l a r gu m e n t s w h ic h m a y b e d r a wn f r o m hu m a n re a

son , in f a v o u r o f t he r e su r r e c t io n o f t h e bo d y, will h a v e a ten

d e n e y to se t a s id e t he e ffi c a c y o f t he a to n e m e n t, and t ho s e

co n se qu e n t bl i gs wh ic h a r e a s c r ib e d b y a ll r u e
e ss n h r is t ia n s t C
to t he gr a ce o f G o d , m a n if e s t e d t h r o u gh J e s u s h r i s ”
To C t .

t h is o bj e c t io n I be g l e a v e t o O ff e r a f e w t h o u gh t s .

F ro m w ha t h a s b e e n wr it t e n in t his S e c ti o n , fl a t I t e r m y se f l
tha t e ve r y in t e llige n t re ade r , will no t o n ly b e s a t is fi e d t ha t I
h ave no d e s ign t o s e t a s id e t he a t o n e m e n t, bu t t h a t I m a k e it
t he g ro u n d wo r k
- o f t h e wh o le f a b r ic whic h I am a tt e m p t in g t o

r a is e . S t r ik e o ff t h e a to n e m e n t, an d
yo u d e p r iv e m e o f my
o nl
y a s s u r a n ce t ha t m o r a l ev il s h a ll e ve r be d e s t r o y e d . N o w,
if m o r a l e v il be no t d e s t r o ye d , th t
e n n a u r a l e v il, whi c h r e s u lt s

f ro m it , can n o t be d is c o n t in u e d an d, in t h is ca se , I ca n ha v e

no p ro o t
f t h a d e a t h , whic h as a co n s id e r a b le br a n c h o f n a tu ral

e v il , s h a ll be a n n ih ila t e d an d if d e a t h b e n o t a n n ih ila t e d, I ca n

h a ve no re a so n wha te v e r to h o pe , ei th e r t h a t d is so lu tio n s ha ll
S e ct . OF T HE H U M AN B OD Y . 95

As th e re f ore tho se a rgu m e n t s whi c h h a v e b e e n

a dv a n c e d in f a vo ur o f t he r e s u rr e ctio n h a v e b e e n ,

f ou n d e d upo n t he d e s tru c tio n o f d e a th whil e t he d e ,

be d o n e a wa y, or t ha ta r e s u r r e c t io n of t he bo d y sha ll ta e k
p l a ce .

Th u s are the d iff e re n t par ts o f t h e c h a in o f e v id e n c e lin ke d

t o ge t h e r . I n st e a d , t he r e f o r e , of un r
d e m in in g t he t ru th an d

e ffi c a c y o f t p in g t o s e t it a s id e , it m u s t
th e a o n e m e n t , o r a t t e m t
b e f o r t h e in t e r e s t o f m y p r e s e n t w o r , t o s e e it e s t a b lis h e d k
u p o n t h e m o s t i m m o v a bl e b a s is f o r , t o t he a o n e m e n t a l l m y t
a r gu m e n t s , f r o m wh a t e v e r s o u r c e s t h e y m a y b e d a wn , e i he r r t
d ir e c t ly or in d ir e ct l y m u s t u lt im a e t ly a ppe a l .

In a d d it io n t o t h e a bo v e ob e cj tio n , it ha s b e e n f u rth e r m o r e
er d by th t if t he d o c t r in e f a r e s u r r e c t io n be
“
o bs ve so me, a o

r e v e a l e d in s c r ip u r e , t a ll at e t mp t s t o su p po r t t h e f a c t by ab

s t r a c t r e a s o n in g m , t
u s in d ir e ct ly c a ll in q u e s t io n t h e v e r a c it
y o f
r e v e la t io n t
a n d , t ha a ll s u c h a r gu m e n s m u s t b e bo t h u n n e t
c e ssa ry a n d in j u r io u s .
”
To t h is o bj e ct io n a lso , I mus t be g
le av e to o ff e r a r
f e w wo d s , b e c a u s e I ha v e n o c o n ce p t io n h o w,
e it h e r t h e a u t ho r it y o r a u t h e n t ic it y o f t he B ibl e c a n be we a k
e ne d b y b e in g s u p p o r t e d b y t h o s e co lla t e r a l e v id e n ce s , whic h
t h e bo o k o f n a t u r e y ie ld s .

W it h so me , it h a s b e e n tho u gh t t o b e a t h in g in c r e d ible t h a t
Go d s ho u ld r a is e t he de ad an d wi h t o t he r s , t he t h in g it s e lf

h a s b e e n d e e m e d t o b e im p o s sible . A n d we a re we ll a s su r e d,
t ha t wh e re
y g ive n f ac
an is p t
r o p o s e d t o o u r b e ie f , w hic h a
p l
a r s e it h e r in c r e d ible , o r im p o s s ibl e , n o ge n u in e a s s e n t c a n b e
p e

y ie ld e d t o it b
y a r a t io n a l a n d we l in f o r m e d m in d e ca u se , l -
. B
a c co r d in g t o the in c r e d ibili y t o r i m p o s s ibili ty o f t he f a ct p r o .

p o se d , o u r a s se n t mus t be r p t i a bly w a k
p o or on e e n e d , t ill,
pe r
h a p s, t he e v id e n c e in it s f a v u r will b e m e in su ffi
o co c en i tt o r
p o
d u ce c o n v i c t io n .

An atte mp t , r
t h e e f o r e , t o c le a r t h e im p o r ta n t f a ct b e fo re u s,

f ro m t h e in c r e d ib ilit y o r t
im p o s s ibili y w hic h is s u pp o s e d t o b e
in c lu d e d in it s c a n n e it h e r be u n n e ce s s a r
n atu re , y n j
o r in u rl o u s

t o t he c a u s e o f t r u t h, bu t m u s t s e r ve to e l id
uc a te a n d co n fir m

it , sin c e we a r e t h e r e by p r e s e n t e d wit h a tra in o f c o lla e t ra l e vi

 95 I D EN TI T Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [Chap 1
n . .

s tructio n o f
de a th ha s b e e n i n f e rr e d f ro m t he a n n i
h ila t io n o f m ora l e vil s o t he a n n ihil a tio n , o f m or a l
e vil m u s t b e f ou n d e d upo n t he r e d e m ptio n wrought

d e n c e wh ic h i s d e s i g n e d t o a c t i n c o n c e r t w it h t h e a u t h o r it o f
y
r e v e l a t io n O n t h is g r o u n d , t h e c o n v ic t io n w hic h t h e m in d
.

r e ce iv e s , a r is e s f ro m t wo d is t in c t so u rce s , and is a t o n ce ra

t io n a l a n d d iv in e . I t is r a t io n a l , b e c a u s e it is ex t r ic a t e d f ro m
t ho s e e m ba r r a s s m e n t s w h ic h o cc a s io n a ll y la y an e m b a r go on

b e lie f an d it is d iv in e , b e c a u s e r e v e a le d b y t h e u n e r r in g S ir it
p
o f tru th . T he a d va n t a ge s , t h e r e f o r e , whic h we d e r iv e f r o m t a
t io n a l a r gu m e n t , wh e n it ca n be a d d u ce d in f a v o u r o f f a c t s w h ic h
a pp e a r in c o m p r e h en s ib le to so me, an d i m p o ss ib le to o the r s ,

m u st he o f c o n s id e r ab le we ight . On t h is g r o u n d , t h a t in c r e d i
b ilit y wh ic h we it s o r igin to in c o m p r e h e n s ib ilit
y l o s e s a ll
o s

it s f o r c e and f a c t , b y s u c h e lu c id a t io n ,
t he is b r o u ght d o wn
to a l e v e l w it h t ho s e , wit h w h ic h in c r e d ibilit y n e v e r c o u ld a s s o

c ia t e . R at io n a l a r gu m e nt m u st , t he r e fo r e be o f c o n s id e r a b l e

u se t o t hep t ic a l p a r t o f m a n k in d ; a n d c a n n o t b e w h o ll y
s ce

l o s t wit h t h o s e w h o a d m it t h e a u t h e n t ic it y o f r e v e la t io n , s in ce
it t e n d s t o e l u c id a t e t h o s e f a c t s w h ic h t he wo r d o f God r e v e als ,

wit h o u t ld in g t h e ir in t e gr a l p a r t s
u n fo .

B u t w h e n , f r o m t h is in c r e d ib ilit y w h ic h so m e a t t a ch to f a ct;
and in c id e n t , w e t u rn our gh t s t o t h o s e w h o im a gin e t h e
t ho u

f a ct to b e im p o s s ible t he u t ilit y o f r a t io n a l a r u m e n t a s s u m e s
g
a m o r e i m p e r io u s t one ;
‘

and t he t
f a c it s e lf , t hu s r e s c u e d f ro m
a p p a r e n t c o n t r a d ic t io n s a n d i m p o s s ib ilit ie s , a n d t hu s s u p p o r t e d,
d e m an ds our a sse n t on g ro u n d s o f t h e m o st un q u e s t io n a b le
n atu r e . F o r , while we it h e r p e r c e iv e , o r f a n c y t h a t we p e r
e ,

c e iv e , a n y t h in
g c o n t r a d ic t o r y in t h e f a c wh ic h is p r o p o s e d t o t
us fo r o u r b e lie f ; it is i m o s s ibl e
p h a t t h e m in d o f m a n c a n t
m a k e t h a t f a ct j
a n o b e ct o f f a it h , b e it e it h e r r a t io n a l o r d iv in e .

N o m an can tt
w hic h h e p e r c e iv e s t o b e
b e lie v e t ha o be t ru e ,
‘

f a ls e a n d co n t r a d ic t o r y e v e n t h o u gh h e c o u l d n o t d is p r o v e t ha t
t h e r e v e l a t io n w h ic h a s s e r t e d it we r e d iv in e .

t
H e n c e h e n t his ge n e r a l co n clu sio n is o b v io u s , t h a t t ho s e a r

m e n t s a n d r e a s o n in g s w h ic h a r e c a l c u l a t e d t o re m o v e t ho s e
gu

a pp a r e n t r
c o n t a d ict io n s which t h e m in d p e r c e ive s , in s t e a d o f
as I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR E C TI ON C
[ h ap . 111
.

s troy e d Th a t d e a th m u s t b e d e s t r o r e d wh e n m o
.

r a l e v il s h a ll b e d o n e a wa y is a poi n t which we h a v e
,

a l re a d y a tt e m pt e d to prov e ; a n d if d e s troy e d by

t he r e m ov a l o f m or a l e vil f ro m t h e ri ht e ou s t h e
g ,

e ff e ct w hich r e s ul t f ro m th a t d e s tructio n m u s t e x
t e n d to t h e ut m o s t bou n d s o f hu m a n n a tur e ; a n d
c o n s e qu e n tly a ll tho s e c a ptiv e m illio n s th a t h a v e
,

b e e n h e ld in his col d e m br a c e m u s t b e l ib e ra te d
,

f ro m t he hou s e a ppoi n t e d f o r a ll l ivi n g thro u gh a ,

g e n e r a l e m a n cipa tio n which t he d e s tru ctio n o f d e a th

m u s t i m p a rt .

In thi s v i e w ho we v e r a m e re r e s tora tio n to li f e

, ,

a n d co n s ciou sn e s s ,
ha s but l ittl e o r n o co n n e ctio n
w ith a f utur e s t a t e o f h a ppi n e s s o r wo e R e wa r d s
.

a n d pu n i s h m e n t s b e yo n d t he r v e d e pe n d n o t upo n
g a ,

h i l b u t m u r a l ca u se s n d th e r e f or e m u t b
p y s ca a s e

co n s i d e r e d in a d i s ti n ct li ght f ro m a s i m pl e r e s t o r a
tio n to li f e T he m or a lity a n d i m m ora lity o f h u
.

m a n a ctio n s m u s t r e l a t e to t he m or a l a n d r e t r ib u
,

t i v e j u s tic e o f G o d a n d t he ood n d e vil w hic h

‘
.
g a

a r e i n clud e d in th e m ,
a r e poi n t s w i t h which th e s e

n a tur a l c a u s e s h a v e o n ly a r e m ot e a ffi n ity S o tha t

.
,

a lthou h w e a d m it th a t a r e s urr e ctio n o f t he bo d i e s

g
o f t h e w ic k e d s h a ll t a k e pl a c e ; e t in thi s vi e w i t
y
a
p p e a r s r a th e r a s a co n s e qu e n c e o f t he r e s urr e ctio n

o f tho se o f t he ri ht e ou s
g w h o m u s t b e r e s tor e d to
,

l i f e in t he r e s u rre ctio n o f t he J u s t ; th a n a s a n a ct
which is pri m a ry a n d i n d e p e n d e n t .

U n d e r th e s e v i e w s t he li f e to which a ll hu m a n
,

n a tu r e s h a ll b e r e s tor e d c a n b e co n s i d e r e d a s n oth
,

in g m or e th a n a r e s tor a tio n to a s t a t e o f a n i m a
tio n which is e qu a lly r e m ov e d f ro m a n a lli a n ce
,
:
 Se c . o r T HE H U M A N BODY . 99
O

with pu n i s h m e n t a n d r e wa r d T he o n ly poi n t .
,

th e re f ore u n d e r pre s e n t co n s id e r a tio n is wh e th e r

, ,

or not a n y thi n g s h a ll a wa k e n t he m oul d e ri n g

a to m s f ro m t he torpid m a s s o f m a tt e r a n d c a ll th e m ,

a g a in in to a s t a t e o f a n i m a tio n w hich s h a ll n e v e r

e nd . R e wa r d s a n d pu n i s h m e n t s will w it h o rit a ll ,

dp u b t b e a d m in i s t e r e d i n d ivi d u a lly a n d e v e ry m a n
, ,

m u s t be a ccou n t a bl e f o r hi m s e l f ; but phy s ic a l c a u s e s

a c t u po n a wi d e r pri n cipl e a n d a re ,
o f u n iv e r s a l

a pplic a tio n .

Th a t d e a th s h a ll b e d e s t r o v e d by t he a n n ih il a tio n
o f m or a l e vil in a ll t he right e ou s
, h a s b e e n a lr e a dy
,

prov e d ; a n d a s u n d e r thi s c o n s i d e r a tio n we h a v e ,

a ttribut e d to d e a th a r e a l a n d p e r s o n a l e x i s t e n c e ,

o u r i n qu iry is a l m o s t r e du cibl e to thi s poi n t ca n ,

d e a th co n ti n u e to e xi s t a f te r h e h a s b e e n de s troy e d
, .

I n thi s vi e w w hich n o w li e s b e f ore u s we m u s t

, ,

co n s id e r d e a th in t he ch a ra ct e r o f a n u n iv e r s a l t y
ra n t e xte n di n g his gloo m y e m pir e ov e r t h e c a ptiv e
,

m illio n s o f t he h u m a n r a c e N o w u n d e r thi s c o n
.
,

s id e ra tio n s houl d a n y c a u s e a ri s e
,
th r ough whic h ,

t he tyr a n t s hould b e d e thro n e d it will c e rt a i n ly

,

f o llo w th a t a ll his c a ptiv e s m u s t b e r e l e a s e d f ro m his

d a rk do m i n io n s A n d if thi s c a u s e which d is
.
, ,
.

s olv e d t h e e m pir e s hould both d e t hro n e a n d d e s troy

,

t he tyr a n t ; it m u s t a l s o f ollo w th a t a ll h is a cti v e

,

e n e rgy a s w e ll a s do m i n io n s m u s t f orth with be at

an e nd .An d wh e r e t he d o m i n io n a n d e xi s t e n c e
,

o f a c a ptor sh a ll e n tir e ly c e a s e th e re a ll i n flu e n c e
‘

m u s t n e c e s s a ril y di s co n ti n u e ; a n d n othi n g f u rth e r

c a n b e s uppo s e d in b e i n g to p e rp e tu a t e t he d o m i .

n io n o f a tyr a n t wh o se e mpir e a n d p e r s o n a re b ot h
,
10 9 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI ON [C h ap . 111
.

d ds t r o ye d . For we r e we to a d m it th a t t he in fl u
,

e n c e o f d e a th could s urviv e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f d e a th ,

we m u s t s uppo s e it to b e a n e ff e ct w ithout a c a u s e
a n d w e m u s t b e obl ige d to co n clu d e th a t in poi n t
,

o f d ur a tio n ,h e s urv i v e d h is o w n e xi s t e n c e a n d pu t ,

f orth a n e n e r gy a f te r his be i n g wa s d e s troy e d .

I f t he bo d i e s o f a ll t he d e a d u se n o t f ro m t he
,

g r a ve,
w h e n d e a th is d e s troy e d ; th e y m u s t b e d e

t a in e d by s o me po we r o r th e y m u s t n o t I f by .

s o m e po we r i t is e vi d e n t th a t thi s po we r m u s t p a r
,

t a k e o f d e a th b e c a u s e th a t which ha s n o co n n e c
t io n w ith d e a th c a n n e v e r d e ta i n t h e f ra gm e n t s o f
,

t h e hu m a n bo d y in a s t a t e o f di s s olutio n
, w hich is,

a n e ff e ct o f d e a th B u t to s u ppo s e th a t t h e po w e r
.
,

o f d e a th c a n b e i n h e rit e d wh e n both h is p e r s o n a n d
,

e m pir e a r e pr e s u m e d to b e d e s tro ye d ; a n d th a t t he

p o w e r o f d e a th c a n b e i n h e rit e d by th a t which do e s

n o t p a rt a k e o f d e a th will i n volv e u s in a co m plic a

,
.

t io n o f co n tr a d i ct i o n s i t th e r e f or e f ollo ws th a t t he
.
,

in s ta n t we s u ppo s e t he bo d y t o b e d e t a i n e d in t he

g r a v e which is a s t a t e o f d e a th by a n y a ctiv e po we r
, , ,

w e a t o n c e a ttribut e t he d e t a i n i n g po we r to d e a th
w hil e we d e t a ch i t f ro m him throu gh th a t d e s tru o
,

tio n which w e ha d pr e viou s ly a d m itte d ; a n d s u p

po s e a co n n e xio n to s u b s i s t b e t we e n th a t wh ich is ,

a n d th a t which we a d m it to h a v e b e e n d e s troy e d .

I n s hort it is to a ttribut e t he d e t a in i n g p o we r t o
,

d e a th a n d n o t to a ttribut e it to h im a t t he s a m e
, .

ti m e ; w hi h is a p a lp a bl e co n tra d ictio n
c .

B u t if o n t he co ntr a ry t he bo d i e s o f t he d e a d
, ,

a r e d e t a i n e d in t he gr a ve by 7 10 p o we r t h e a rgu
r u hich it wa s bro u ht
m e n t d e f e a t s t h e pur p o s e f o
g ,
 10 2 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h a p . 111 .

a d m itte d to b e d e s tro y e d B u t s i n c e th a t w hich is

.

d e ta i n e d by n othi n g m u s t b e f re e d f ro m a ll c a ptivi
t y ; n e ith e r C n o r D c a n a n y lo n ge r p e d e ta i n e d in
,

th e ir s ta tio n s o r pr e v e n t e d f ro m s ta rti n g u p i n to
,

i m m ort a l li fe .

I t will in thi s pl a c e prob a bly b e s a i d : Th a t

thou gh t he i n flu e n c e o f d e a th s houl d b e with d r a wn ,

e t it will n o t f ollo w th a t t he bo d y m u s t ri s e a ga in
y .

Fo r b e i n g in it se l f d e s titut e o f a ctiv e e n e r gy t h e
, ,

m e r e r e m o v a l o f t he i n fl u e n c e o f d e a th will s till
”
l e a v e it in a torpi d s t a t e Thi s obj e ctio n is o f
.

s o m e we i ght a n d r e quir e s m u c h a tt e n tio n

, .

W e h a v e a lre a dy pr e s u m e d th a t d e a th h a s e x
, .

t e n d e d a n i n flu e n c e ov e r t he h u m a n r a c e a n d we ,

a r e n o w s uppo s i n g thi s i n flu e n c e to b e w ith d r a wn ;

th e r e f ore u n l e s s s o m e co n s id e r a bl e ch a n ge s f o llo w
t h e r e m ov a l o f thi s i n fl u e n c e i n flu e n c e a n d n o in fl u
,

e n c e m u s t b e t he sa m e B u t to m a k e i n flu e n c e
.
,

a n d n o i n flu e n c e to b e t h e s a m e is e v e n to r e d u c e
,

t he i n flu e n c e o f d e a th to a n o n e n tity A n d in a d d i
.
,

tio n to thi s it wil l f ollo w th a t if t he i n flu e n c e o f

, ,

d e a th h e a m e r e n o n e n tity n o n e c e s s ity c a n a pp e a r
,

e ith e r f o r it s a pplic a tio n or r e m ov a l ; b e c a h s e n e i .

t he t he a ppl ic a tio n n o r t h e r e m ov a l o f a n y n o n e n tity

c a n po s s ibly a ff e ct th a t s ubj e ct t o which it is a p p li

e d o r produ c e tho s e e ff e ct s which we a t tribut e to

,

d e a th In s hort a n i n flu e n c e which m a y b e e ith e r

. ,

a ppli e d o r w ithdra wn w ithou t pro d u ci n g a n y ch a n ge ,

m u s t b e o n e th a t i s u n in fl u e n c in
g ; a n d a n u n in fl u .

e n c in g i n flu e n c e is a co n tr a d ictio n in t e r m s .

T h a t d e a th o r s o m e thi n g which we c a ll d e a th
, ,
Se e t . OF T HE HU M AN BO D Y 10 3

i n wh a t lig ht s o e ve r we m a y v ie w it , f or m s e ith e r
t he t e r m i n a tio n , o r a n i m port a n t e p oc h in hu m a n

e xi s te n c e , is a truth w hich it is e qu a lly u s e l e s s t o

prov e o r t o d e n y W e b e hol d it in th o se a wf ul hour s

.

o f hu m a n d e s ol a tio n which d a ily t a k e pl a c e ; a n d

,

we di s c ov e r a s it s i n v a ri a bl e r e s ult s o m e o f t he ,

m o s t a s to n i s hi n g ch a n ge s which t he h u m a n bo d y ,

a ccordi n g to o u r pr e s e n t org a n s o f p e rc e ptio n can ,

u n d e rgo T he d e po s it a ri e s o f t he d e a d pre s e n t
.
,

u s w ith a vi e w o f o u r d e p a rt e d a n c e s tor s an d cv

e r y ch a r n e l hou s e -
f ur n i s h e s u s with m or e th a n d e
m o n s t r a t iv e e v id e n c e th a t tho s e c h a n g e s a r e c e r
,

t a i n which we m u s t s hortly e x p e ri e n c e .

In a pre c e d i n g ch a pt e r a n d s e c tio n it h a s b e e n ,

co n t e n d e d th a t both d e a th a n d th a t d i s s olutio n o f
,

t he body which s ucc e e d s t o d e a th a r e t he n e c e s s a r , y

and n a tu r a l e ff e ct s o f m or a l e vil ; a n d th a t th e y
r e s ult a s n a tur a l c o n s e qu e n c e s f ro m t he r e m ov a l o f

t he tr e e o f li f e T he progr e s s iv e m ov e m e n t s o f
.

th e s e n a tura l e ff e ct s we p e rc e iv e through e v e ry
,

s t a e o f hu m a n b e i n
g g f ro m t,
h e cr a d le to t h e gr a v e

whil e in th a t s ub s e qu e n t di s s ol utio n o f o u r bodi e s

w hi c h s ucc e e d s to d e a th we tra c e t he ulti m a t e s e p
,

a r a tio n o f a ll th e ir v i s ibl e p a rt s .

B u t h o w r e gul a r a n d pro gr e s s iv e s o e v e r th e s e
,
.

e ff e c t s m a y b e produ c e d throu gh t he op e r a tio n

,

o f m or a l e vil t he p ri m a ry c a u s e o f a ll
, we b e hold ,

in th a t a wf ul m o m e n t whic h li e s o n t he v e r ge o f
, e

ti m e a n d d ivi d e s it f ro m t he oc e a n o f e t e r n ity in
, ,

which t he s oul a n d body a r e s e p a r a t e d f ro m e a ch

oth e r A n i m port a n t cri s i s which s udd e n ly p r o
.
,
 194 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T I ON [ C h a
p . 111,

d u ce s an i m port a n t c ha n g e ! In thi s a wf ul m o m e n t ,

l if e r e tire s an d d e a th u s urp s it s pl a c e ; a n i m a tio n

,

c e a se s in a n i n s t a n t ; vita lity d i s a pp e a r s a n d t he
,

im m a te ri a l s pirit d is lo d ge d f r o m it s h a b i t a tio n
,
,

r e p a ir s i m m e d i a t e ly to a s t a t e o f c e rt a i n ty to a n ti
,

c ip a re t he d e s ti n y th a t a wa it s it in a n oth e r world .

B y wh a t pe culi a r a pplic a tio n o f po we r thi s ch a n ge

is wr o u ght is a qu e s tio n th a t f or m s n o p a rt o f o u r
,

p r e s e n t i n quiry ; it is s u fli c ie n t f o r u s to k n o w th a t

thi s a ctu a lly t a k e s pl a c e a n d th a t it c a n n ot b e a c

,

c o m pli sh e d by a m e r e n o n e n t ity .

I f th e n tho se ch a n ge s to which we r e f e r a r e in
a c tu a l e xi s te n c e a n d th e s e ch a n e s c a n n ot b e
g
, p ro .

d u c e d by a n o n e n tity b e c a u s e a n o n e n tity c a n pro

, .

duc e n o e ff e ct s ; it f ollo ws th a t s o m e a ct ive infl u

e n ce m u s t b e a d m itt e d to e xi s t to pro d uc e tho s e
,

c h a n ge s w hich we d i s cov e r t a k i n g p la c e in d e a th .

I n wh a t li ght s o e v e r d e a th m a y a pp e a r u n to u s whe ,

h e r with a n e xi s t e n c e th a t is po s iti v e o r o n ly r e
t ,
a

l a tiv e ; we h a v e d e m o n s tra tiv e e vi d e n c e th a t t he

i n flu e n c e e x e rci s e d o n t he occ a s io n is n o t u n in fl u
,

c u e i n g ; a n d co n s e qu e n tly , we a r e s a ti s f a ctorily a s a

s ur e d th a t it c a n n ot b e a n o n e n tity .

C a n th e n th a t i n flu e n c e which produc e s s u c h
,

i m porta n t ch a n ge s a n d which s i n c e if s e p a ra t e s
,

s oul a n d body c a n n ot b e a n o n e n tity b e fi n a lly

,

r e m ov e d by a n o n e n tity o r c a n we po s s i bly s u p
,

po se th a t t h e m e r e r e m ov a l of a n e n tity is a n o n .

en tity in it s e l f ? I f s o a ctio n a n d t he r e v e r s e o f
, ,

a ctio n m u s t b e t he s a m e ; a n d e n tity a n d n o n e n tity

c a n h a v e n othi n g to di s ti n gui s h th e m f ro m e a c h
10 6 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C hap . 111 .

a ct t he e ff e ct s o f th a t i n flu e n c e which it d e s troy s ,

a n d fi n a lly r e s ult in t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he body

f ro m t he gra v e a s a n i n e vit a bl e co n s e qu e n c e
, .

Fro m th e s e r e a s o n i n gs which h a v e b e e n a d v a n c «
,

e d in t he pr e c e di n g p a r a gra ph s ,
it will f ollo w by a
n a tura l i n f er e n c e , th a t wh e n t he i n flu e n c e is tot a lly
r e m ov e d t he body c a n n ot r e m a i n in a s t a t e o f torpor
, .

For a s th a t i n flu e n c e throu gh which t he bo d y ha d

, ,

b e e n r e d uc e d to a s t a t e o f di s s ol utio n coul d n o t b e
,

a n o n e n tity ; s o t he c a u s e throu h w hich thi s in fl u

g
e n c e is cou n t e ra ct e d , m u s t b e a d m itt e d to h a v e a
s i m il a r s t a t e o f e xi s t e n c e ; b e c a u s e tho s e e ff e ct s ,

which we b e hol d o n d e a th a n d d i s s ol ut io n c a n o n ly,

b e cou n t e ra ct e d by a n a ctiv e e n e r gy . N o w a s a ll
,

in flu e n c e in t he n a tur e o f thi n gs m u s t pro d uc e s o m e

, ,

e ff e ct t o b e e n titl e d to th a t a pp e ll a tio n ; s o thi s

cou n t e r a cti ng e n e r gy pro d uc e s it s e ff e ct s a l s o in ,

t he r e m ov a l o f t he i n flu e n c e o f d e a th . A n d a s t he
,

e ff e ct s produc e d by t he i n fl u e n c e o f d e a th we r e ,

t orpor a n d i n a ctivity ; s o t he e ff e ct s pro d uc e d by

thi s e n e r gy through which t he i n flu e n c e o f d e a th
,

s h a ll b e r e m ov e d m u s t b e t h e r e v e r se
,
which is a
,

d e s tructio n o f torpor a n d i n a ctivity . Th e y m u st

th e r e f or e fi n a lly i s s u e in a r e s tor a tio n o f t he body
t o a n i m a tio n a n d v igour ; a n d co n s e qu e n tly in a ,

r e s urre ctio n o f t he body f ro m t he s l e e p o f d e a th .

Fo r a s a s e p a ra tio n o f s oul a n d body is t he i m m e

,

di a t e e ff e c t o f d e a th ( o r prob a bly is d e a th it se l f ) s o

t he r e m ov a l o f it m u s t b e a r e u n io n o f both s i n c e ,

n othi n g l e s s c a n b e t he r e v e r s e
. A n d a s by it s
,

di s u n io n f ro m t he s oul t he b ody ha d be e n r e du c e d
,
S e ct . OF THE H U M AN B ODY . 10 7

to a s a e corruptio n a n d it s c o m po n e n t p a rt s
t t o f ,

ha d b e e n d i s s olv e d a n d s e p a ra t e d f ro m o n e a n oth e r ;
s o in ord e r to e ff e c t t h e r e u n i o n o f s oul a n d bod y
, ,

t h e body m u s t b e r e s tore d to li f e a n d a c tivity ; a n d ,

s i n c e d e a th is pr e s u m e d to b e n o m or e i if e a n d ,

a c tivity m u s t n e c e s s a rily p ut o n i m m ort a l vi ou r

g .

T he pri m a ry s ourc e o f a ll o u r c a l a m iti e s in wh a t ,

f or m s oe v e r th e y a s s a il u s m u s t b e m or a l e v il ; a n d ,

t he f a t a l s ucc e s s io n w hich a pp e a r s to t a k e pl a c e in

t ho s e ch a n ge s which we u n d e rgo s e e m s to proc e e d ,

in t he f ollo wi n g o r d e r M or a l e vil pro d u c e s d e a th .

,

d e a th which e ith e r produ c e s o r co n s i s t s m a s e p a

, ,

r a tio n o f s oul a n d body produ c e s torpor a n d thi s , ,

fi na lly i s s u e s in t he s e p a ra tio n o f t he co m po n e n t
b o d ily p a r t s A n d wh e th e r we b e gi n a t t he pri m a ry
.

c a u s e which is m ora l e vil a n d tra c e o n wa rd t o it s

, ,

r e m ot e s t co n s e qu e n c e s o r b e g i n a t t he r e m ote st ,

c o n s e qu e n c e a n d tra c e up wa rd to it s pri m a ry c a u s e
, ,

a l l o u r i n qu iri e s m u s t c e n tr e in m or a l e v il ; a n d we

m u s t vi e w it a s t he r e a l p a re n t a n d l e giti m a t e s our c e
o f a ll tho s e n a t u r a l e v ils *a n d c a l a m iti e s whi c h a f

fl ic t t he h u m a n r a c e .

*O u t h e m o r a l f m o r al e vi l
co n s e qu e n ce s o , m u ch m a y b e
s a id to d is t in gu is h h e m t
t ra l e v l I
f ro m t h o s e na u i s , o f whic h
h ave s
p k o B t t h e c n e q u e n ce
en u , h a ve littl
e s r noo s s can e o

co nn t i n with t h o e
ec o h
p y i l u s w h is h I h ve b e e n t s ca ca se , c a a

t m p t i g t o in e ti t e
e n
g T he y will u n d o bt d ly r e m a in s
v s a . u e a

p u i h m e n t t t h in d i id u l t wh m t h y a pp ly b u t we
n s s o e v na s, o o e ca

h c n c p t io n o f a n i h m n t whi h i n c l u d s e t
"
a ve n o o e n al s e c
y p u e e rn

in e r t n an d u
e ss n cio i a t i it y
n co A r u r r e ti n t h e f r e
s us n c v . e s c o e r o

to im m r t l i u o a n d p e rpe t
a l l if e s m t f ll w f o m
g v o r, ua , ee s o o o r

t h ab
e e p in i le
ov a d a ll i d i id u a l
r c b o th g d a n d b a d
p n n v s oo
,

m u st r i e f ro m t he ir g a ve s t o r e ce ive the ir re sp e ct ive re wa rd s

s r .
 10 8 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p . III .

S EC TI O N I V .

0 72 t he e fl Z c l s
’
w h ich m a y be e x p e ct e d t o r e s u lt f r o m

t he a n n ih ila t io n of d e a t h , whe n co n s id e r e d a s
ha v in g o n ly a r e la t iv e ex is t e n ce . P ro ba t io n co n

fi ne d to t he p r e se n t sta le .

T H A T t he h u m a n body i n t he m o m e n t o f it s s e p
a ra tio n f ro m it s i m m o rt a l p a rt n e r a n d a l s o in a ll t he ,

s ub s e qu e n t s t a e s o f it s di s s olutio n m u t u d r o
g s n e
g ,

We a re t o ld e x p r e s s l y in t h e b o o k o f G o d , that a ll t ha t a re

in t h e gr a v es s ha ll co m e f or th t he y t ha t ha v e d on e g oo d t o t he

r e s u r r e c t io n qf lzf e, an d t h e y t ha t ha v e d o n e ev il u n t o t he r e su r

r e ct i o n of d a m n a t io n .

T h e d e gr e e s of p u n is h m e n t d u e t o la p s e d in t e l lige n c e s , s e e m ,
h o we v e r , t o a r is e n o t f r o m p h y s ic a l, b u t m o r a l ca u s e s , a n d

t he y m u st p e r p e t u a ll y r e m a in in c lo se c o n n e c t io n wit h t h e m o
ral j u s t ic e o f G od I n w h a t m a n n e r t h e m o r a lit y a n d im m o
.

r a lit y o f hu m a n a c t io n s a r e to h e p r e m s e lv e s t im a t e d , i s h a r d ly
a br a n ch o f t he hu m a n p r o v in c e ; it r a t h e r a pp e a r s t o he a
q u e s t io n, w hic h in a l l p r o b a bi li t
y i s t o o v a st f o r t he m in d o f

m a n t o gr a s p I t is . s u ffi c i e n t . t ha t God h a s p o in t e d out bo t h

o ur p r iv i le ge s a n d our d u t ie s ; an d we r e st o u r se lv e s a ssu re d
th a t t he J u d ge o f t h e w h o le e a rth, u n a bl e to a ct in co n s is t e n t ly
wit h h is n a tu r e , m u st d is p e n s e j u s t ic e w it h an im p a r t ia l h a n d ,
a n d t he r e fo r e m u st d o r ig h t so -
t ha t in d i v i d u a ls as we ll as

n a t io n s m u st u lt im a t e ly a ck n o wle d ge t h a t r e c t it u de , w h ic h

re g u l ate s h is w a ys , b o t h in t im e a n d in e t e r n it y A n d t h o u gh . .

d iffi c u lt ie s , wh i c h s e e m in e x p lic a b le , in v o lv e t h e m o r a l e c o n o .

m y o f G o d, in his go v e r n m e n t o f t h e u m v e rs e y e t h e h a s in
t h e m id s t o f o u r b lin d n e s s , c o m m u n ic a t e d t o u s a s u ff i c ie n c y o f
in f o r m a t io n , t hl‘o u gh w hic h w e se e t ha t th e se d iffic u lt ie s w h ic h

e n c ir c l e u s, a r se i no t fro m t he im p e r f e c t io n o f his w a y s , b u t

f r o m t he lim it e d state o f t he h u m a n in t e lle c t , wh ic h m u s t n e ce s ‘

s a r ily be u n ab le t o co m p r e he n d , o r e ve n to pe n e tra t e t he c o m

p l ic a t e d p ar ts o f t he a m a zin g wh o le .
 110 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU R R E C TI ON [C ha p III . .

n otio n od e a th by t he a d ditio n a l i d e a o f p e r s o n ifi
f ,

c a tio n , w hich we h a v e a lr e a d y i n tro d uc e d but

wh e n we d iv e s t o u r m i n d s o f tho s e e x tr a n e o u s
id e a s , a n d co n s id e r d e a th a b s tr a c t e d ly f ro m a ll f o
,

r e i gn c ircu m s ta n c e s a s a s e p a r a t io n o f s o u l a n d
,

bo d y , and as t he p er io d o f our ex is t e n ce he r e be lo w
t he fi n a l r e s ult r e a s o n i n gs will b e t he s a m e
of o ur .

'

A n d t hou gh t he a d d i tio n a l id e a o f p e r s o n s hould ,

b e o m itte d a ll i h a v e a ttribut e d to d e a th will b e

,

a pplic a bl e to t h e th in g it s e l f ; a n d with t he v a ri a tio n

o f a f e w c ircu m s t a n c e s w ill b e t he s a m e u n d e r
,

e v e ry co n s id e r a tio n in poi n t o f f a ct .

Th a t d e a t h is but r e la t iv e an d th e re f or e d e s titute ,

o f a ll p o s it iv e e x is t e n ce is with m e a m a tt e r o f f ul l
,

c o n victio n a n d th e re f ore p e rs o n a lity is but a s u .

e r fl u o u s i d e a p u r e ly i m a gi n a ry a n d tot a lly i n a p
p , ,

pl ic a b le in poi n t o f f a ct T he ch a n ge s which h u .

m a n n a tur e in t he hour o f d e p a rtur e u n d e rgo es ,

, ,

a r e s e l f e v id n t a n d will th e r e f or e a d m it o f n o d is
‘

- r .
,

p ute it is t he p e r s o n ific a tio n o f d e a th o n ly which is

n o t a d m itt e d a n d which in r e a lity c a n h a v e n o e xi s t
,

e n ce .A n d th e r e f ore wh e th e r t he id e a o f p e r so n ifi
,

c a tio n b e re t a i n e d o r di s m i s s e d f ro m o u r n otio n o f
d e a th a s it ha s n o n e c e s sa ry co n n e ctio n with tho s e
,

ch a n ge s which d e a th produc e s t he i n flu e n c e which

we h a v e s uppo s e d a n d which we co n s t a n tly p e r
,
.

c e iv e m u s t r e m a i n pr e ci s e ly t h e s a m e
, A n d f ro m .

h e n c e it is e vi d e n t th a t wh e th e r t he i d e a o f p e r s o n
,

b e r e a l or o n ly i m a gi n a ry t he r e a s o n i n gs which I ,

h a v e a d v a n c e d in f a vour o f it s be i n g d e p e n d e n t upo n
m or a l e v il f o r it s e x i s te n c e r e t a i n a ll th e ir f or c e , .
 O

Se ct . o r T HE HUMA N BODY 111

S in c e th e re f ore a ll th a t i n flu e n c e which d e a th po s
,
.

s e s s e s a n d whi c h it e xt e n d s ov e r t h e hu m a n body is
, ,

d e riv e d f ro m m or a l e vil ; d e a th whe t he r r e a l o r r e la

,

t ive ,
wh e th e r p e r s o n a l o r o n ly a m e r e p r im / io n c a n
,

h a v e n o f urth e r e xi s te n c e a f te r m ora l e vil is do n e

a wa y .

If t h e e x i s t e n c e o f d e a th b e o n ly r e l a tiv e a n d ,

t h e re f or e o n e with which t he id e a o f p e r s o n c a n ‘

h a v e n o co n n e ctio n Wh ich m u s t b e a d m itt e d it

,

will i n volv e a co n tra d ictio n to s u ppo s e th a t it ca n

s urviv e t he c a u s e which g a v e it birth a n d o n w hi c h ,

it m u s t b e d e p e n d e n t f o r it s m od e o f e x i s te n c e .

F o r if we we re t o pr e s u m e th a t it coul d s u rviv e t he
,

c a u se w hi c h ga v e it birth an d u po n w hich it m u st
,

c o n ti n u a lly d e p e n d it u ill n o lo n ge r b e a r e la t io n ,

b ut a po s itiv e b e i n g A n d to s uppo s e th a t a n y
.
,

thi n g c a n h a v e a p o s it ive e x is t e n ce which is a d m it

,

t e d to b e but a m e r e r e la t io n , is to s uppo s e t ha t it
is a r e l a tio n a n d n o t a r e l a tio n a t t he s a m e ti m e .

A s th e re f ore t he c a u se o f d e a th is m ora l e vil a n d

, ,

m or a l e vil m u s t b e d e s troy e d to qu a li f y t he r ighte

o u s f o r f utur e r e wa rd s a s h a s b e e n a lr e a d y pro v e d ;
,

t he i n e vit a bl e co n s e qu e n c e m u s t b e t he d e s tructio n

o f d e a th an d , a s d e a th ha s o n ly a r e l a tiv e e x is
t e n c e it s d e s tru c tio n m u s t fi n a lly i s s u e in f uture
,

li f e
.

Wh a t e v e r e x i s t s r e l a tiv e ly m u s t f ro m t he cir c u m
,

s t a n c e s o f it s b e i n g, n e c e s s a rily b e in a d e p e n d e n t

s t a t e ; a n d we c a n n o m or e co n c e iv e th a t a m e re r e

l a tio n c a n e x i s t a b s tr a ct e dly f ro m th a t s ubj e ct f r o m

which it d e riv e s it s b e i n g ; th a n we ca n co n c e iv e a
s h a do w to e x i s t wh e n it s o n ly o cc a s io n is tot a lly d e
 112 I D EN TI T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap . III .

s troy e d Wh e n th e re f ore t he p a r e n t o f a ll n a tu
.
, «

r a l e vil s h a ll b e r e m o v e d r e tur n i n g l if e m u s t fi ll
,

t i p t he dr e a ry bl a n k a n d hu m a n n a tu r e m u s t a a i n
, g
r e vi v e f ro m t he gra v e .

N o w w ill t he c a s e a pp e a r l e s s f a vour a bl e to t he
e n e ra l r e s urr e ctio n o f t he hu m a n r a c e if we c o n s i
g ,

d e r d e a th in t he t h ir d p la ce in t h e l ight o f a m e r e
, ,

p r i v a t io n
. I n s hort a m e r e priv a tio n in thi s vi e w
,
,

is bu t a br a n ch o f re l a ti v e e xi s t e n c e a n d is th e r e ,

f or e co n n e c t e d w ith it T he s a m e ob s e rv a tio n s
.

w ill a pply in both c a s e s a n d t he d e s tructio n o f

,

d e a th wh e th e r co n s id e r e d e ith e r a s a m e r e r e la t io n
,

o r a s a p r iva t io n o f a n y p a rticul a r m o d e o f l if e m u s t ,

b e t he d e s truc tio n o f thi s r e l a tio n o r th a t o f t he ,

priv a tio n ; a n d co n s e qu e n tly th a t which d e s troy s

m y priv a tio n o f li f e r e s tor e s m e a g a i n to a n i m a te d
e xi s t e n c e,
a n d b a n i s he s f ore v e r th a t pr iv a tio n in
which m y d e a th co n s i s t e d .

I f a priv a tio n o f li f e d a e it s ori gi n f ro m a n y giv e n

t

c a u s e ; it is c e rt a i n wh a te v e r t he n a tur e o f th a t
,

c a u s e m a y b e th a t it c a n o n ly h a v e a d e p e n d e n t
,

ki n d o f e xi s t e n c e ; a n d th a t it c a n co n ti n u e n o lo n
e r in e x i s t e n c e th a n it is s u pport e d by th a t c a u s e
g , ,

o n which it d e p e n d s . An d a s t he r e m ov a l o f th a t
,

c a u s e m u s t d e s troy a ll d e p e n d e n ci e s e v e n t he p r i ,

v a t io n of lif e m u s t p e ri s h a n d co n s e qu e n tly wh e r e
, ,

t he a b s e n c e o f priv a tio n o f li f e is n o t to b e f ou n d ,

li f e it s e lf m u s t b e in a s t a t e o f a ctu a l e xi s t e n c e It .

th e re f ore f ollo ws th a t t he d e s tructio n o f de a th m u s t

,

b e a r e s tor a tio n u n to li f e a n d a r e s tora tio n o f hu m a n

,

n a tu r e f ro m t h e gr a v e .

N o r will it b e o f a n y a v a il to s a y th a t d e a th it s e l f
H 4
. I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h a
p Ill
. .

n u m e rou s i n s ta n c e s a lr e a d v t a k e n pl a c e a n d m u s t ,

u lti m a t e ly t a k e pl a c e u po n a ll t he d e s c e n d a n t s o f
A d a m m u s t b e occ a s io n e d by s o m e c a u s e
, it m u s t
n e c e s s a rily b e d e p e n d e n t b e c a u s e it w ill i n volv e
u s in a co n tr a d ictio n to s uppo s e th a t a m e re n e ga
,
.

tio n c a n e xi s t in a n y oth e r m o d e If th e re f or e t he
.
,

p r i v a t io n
of l if e b e d e p e n d e n t a n d d e p e n d e n t upo n
,

th a t c a u s e which fir s t c a ll e d it i n to b e i n g ; t he
d e s tructio n o f thi s c a u se m u s t n e c e s s a rily o c c a s io n
t he d e s tru ctio n o f thi s priv a t io n o f li f e ; a n d t h e

i n s t a n t in which it p e ri she s it m u s t giv e pl a c e to

,

th a t li f e whic h is t he r e v e r s e For s i n c e in t he c o n
.
,
.

s i d e r a tio n n o w b e f or e u s , t he r e v e r s e o f l if e m u s t

b e n o lif e or t h e p r iv a t io n o f l if e s o t he a n n ih il a
, ,

tio n o f thi s n o lif e or p r iva t io n o f li f e m u s t b e t he

, ,

i d e n tic a l a c t wh ich re s tore s li f e ; it t h e r e f or e f o l

lo ws th a t t he bo d ie s o f t he d e a d m u s t b e s e t a t lib
e rt
y
, and f r
,
e e d f ro m a ll c a ptivity m u s t s t
, a rt f orth
i n to i m m ort a l li f e .

B u t h o w f orcibl e s o e v e r th e s e a rgu m e n t s a n d
,

m od e s o f r e a s o n i n g m a y a pp e a r l ik e t he s ubj e ct
,

to wh ich th e y a r e a ppli e d ; th e y a r e pur e ly o f a

d e p e n d e n t n a tur e . T he d e s truct io n o f d e a th ha s
b e e n pr e s u m e d f ro m fir s t to l a s t to d e p e n d upo n
t he a n n ihil a tio n o f m or a l e vil ; a n d thi s h a s b e e n

u n i f or m ly i n f e rr e d f ro m t he c e rta i n ty o f f utur e
r e wa r d s t he r e d e m ptio n o f J e s u s C hr is t a n d t he
, ,

n a tu re o f t h a t m or a l j u s tic e , w hich is a t o n ce im m u .

t a bl e a nd i n s e p a r a bl e f ro m G o d T h e r e is ho w . .
,

e v e r a n oth e r s ou rc e o f a r u m e n t to n hic h we h a v e
,
g ,

hith e rto m a d e n o a pplic a tio n ; n a m e ly t he n a ture o f ,

 S e ct IV. .
] o r T H E HU M AN B ODY . 11 ,

p ro ba t io n a ry ex is t e n ce , which m a y
prob a bly a ff o r d

u s s o m e a d ditio n a l a s s ur a n c e s th a t m ora l e vil m u s t

b e d o n e a wa y To thi s po in t we th e r e f or e b e g
.

l e a v e t o c a ll t he a tt e n tio n o f t he re a d e r ; a n d w it h
t he r e m a rk s which m a y b e m a d e upo n it we s h a ll

c lo s e t he pr e se n t s e ctio n
,
.

Th a t m ora l e vil d o e s e xi s t is a f a ct which I fl a t , ,

.

t e r m y se l f f e w will h a v e t he h a r d ihoo d t o d e n y
, .

A n d it is a l m o s t e q u a lly c e rta i n f ro m t he a n a lo gy ,

o f t he d ivi n e co n d uct a n d f ro m t h e n a tur e o f m or a l

,

j u s tic e th a t m ora l e v il m u s t b e co n fi n e d to t he p r e
,

s e n t prob a tio n a ry s ta t e of e x i s te n ce f o r b e yo n d ,

thi s we c a n h a v e n o co n c e ptio n th a t it c a n r e t a i n it s
r e s e n t r e la t io n t o m a n
p .

B t we e n a s t a te o f prob a tio n a n d a s t a te o f r e tri

e

b u t io n I k n o w o f n o m e d i u m th a t c a n b e s uppo s e d
, ,

t o e x is t to a co n s ciou s a n d r e fl e cti n g be in g ; though

it m u s t b e a d m itte d th a t t h e s e t wo s t a te s a r e a s r e
,

m ote f ro m e a ch oth e r a s t he m i n d o f m a n c a n r e a
s o n a bl
y co n c e i ve A s t a t e o f r e tributi o n
. m u s t be
s ub s e qu e n t to a s t a t e o f prob a tio n ; b e c a u se it is
f ou n d e d upo n a cog n i z a n c e o f tho s e a ctio n s whic h ,

a r e pr e s u m e d t o h a v e t a k e n pl a c e in th a t pre viou s
prob a tio n a ry s t a t e o f b e i n g A n d h e n c e a ri s e s t he
.

i m po s s ib ility o f o u r c o n c e ivi n g th a t th e s e t wo d is .

ti n ct s t a t e s c a n e xi s t to ge t h e r in r e ga rd to t he s a m e
p e r so n , in t he sa me p l a ce , an d at t he sa m e t im e .

And , t t f prob a tio n look s f or wa rd i m m e

as a s a e o

d ia t e ly to a s t a t e o f r e tributio n a n d a s t a t e o f r e tri ,

b u t io n look s b a ck wa r d to th a t which wa s b r o ba
t io n a r y ; a m e diu m c o n ditio n whi c h p a rt a k e s n o t
,
316 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C T I O N [ Ch a p . 111.

e ith e r o f t he f o rm e r o r o f t he l a tt e r b e c o m e s imp o s
,
.

s ibl e a n d th e r e f or e ca n h a v e n o e x i st e n c e
, .

I f n o s t a t e o f r e tributio n s h a ll s ucc e e d to a s t a te
o f prob a tio n : th a t b e i n
g w h o is pr e s u m e d to b e a
prob a tio n e r m u s t b e a prob a tio n e r f o r n othi n g ,

w h ich i n volv e s a co n tra d i c tio n by m a k i n g th a t

,

b e i n g a prob a tio n e r a n d n o t a prob a tio n e r a t t he -

s a m e ti m e A n d if o n t he co n tra ry we i n v e rt t h e
.
, ,

o r d e r o f o u r tho u ht s a nd s u ppo s e th a t n o prob a

g ,

t io n a r y s t a t e pr e c e d e d a s t a t e o f r e tributio n ; o u r i d e a

o f r e tributio n is e ith e r d e s troy e d or i n volv e d in a c o n

t r a d ic t io n .F o r to s u ppo s e a S t a t e o f r e tributio n
,

which ha d n o t b e e n pre c e d e d by a s t a t e o f tr ia l is t o ,

s u ppo s e th a t it is a s t a t e o f r e tributio n a n d n o t a ,

s t a t e o f r e tributio n a t t h e s a m e ti m e S i n c e th e r e
.

f or e both o f th e s e c a s e s will co n d u ct u s to a co n tra

,

dictio n it f ollo ws th a t th e s e s t a t e s m u s t b e r e s pe c
,
.

t iv e ly a d m itt e d in th e ir o wn or d e r th a t t h e o n e ca n
,
.

n o t e xi s t w ithou t t he ot h e r b ut th a t in t he s a m e
,

s ubj e ct th e y c a n n ot po s s ibly m e e t to ge th e r .

I f m a n wh il e in a f uture s t a te o f r e tribu t io n b e
, ,

s till in a s t a e o f prob a tio n

t it f ollo ws with t he m o s t
u n qu e s tio n a bl e c e rta i n ty th a t he m u s t e ith e r b e a
,

rob a tio n e r f o r n othi n g o r th a t his pr e s e n t s t a t e o f

p ,

r e tributio n c a n n ot b e e t e rn a l ; b e c a u s e if we a d m i t
th a t s t a t e o f r e trib ution to b e e t e r n a l th e re c a n b e ,

n othi n g f utur e to which prob a tio n ca n po s s ibly r e f e r .

To s uppo s e th a t a f u ture s ta t e o f r e tributio n wil l

n o t b e e te r n a l is to s u ppo s e th a t t he m o ra l j u s tic e
,

o f God ca n vi s it a b s tra ct e d ly f ro m it s o wn cou s e

u e n ce s ; a n d th at a n a ttribut e which is e s s e n ti al
q ,

to a n i n fi n ite be i n g ca n be fi n ite in it s O p e ra tio n s ;

,
 118 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap .
I II .

f re e to d e p a rt f ro m wh a t is ri ght For wh e re .
,

th e re is n o po s s ibil ity to d e p a rt f ro m good to e v il

in a prob a tio n a ry s t a t e th e re n o d i s ti n ctio n b e t we e n
,
l
\

v ic e a n d virt u e c a n pra ctic a ll y be k n o wn ; a n d c o n

s e qu e n tly a m or a l a ge n t thu s pl a c e d c a n n e ith e r b e
, ,

s ubj e ct e d to a n y f utur e pu n i sh m e n t n o r u n de rgo ,

a n r pr e p a ra tio n f o r a n f utur r w r d
y e e a .

O n t h e co n tra ry if we tu r n our thought s f ro m a

,

s t a t e o f h a ppi n e s s to a s t a t e o f w o e whil e we r e t a i n
,

t h e i d e a th a t a s t a t e o f prob a t io n m a y e xi s t to m a n

b e yo n d t he gra v e ; it m u s t th e n f o llo w th a t l a p s e d ,

i n t e lli ge n c e s c a n n ot b e pl a c e d in t he e xtr e m e o f m i .

s e ry n o r lod ge d
,
b e yo n d t he r e a ch o f po s s i bl e r e
s t o r a t io n Th e ir s t a te ho we v e r d re a d f ul m u s t b e
.
, ,

e x e m pt e d f ro m d e s p a ir th a t l a s t a n d gr e a t e s t o f h u
,

m a n ill s ; n a y t he s uppo s itio n go e s m uch f urth e r

, ,

a n d m a k e s it po s s ibl e th a t virtu e m a y gro w in t he

r e gio n s o f e t e r n a l wo e For c e rt a i n it is th a t a s a
.
, ,

s t a t e o f prob a tio n i m pli e s t he po s s ibility o f a d e

p a r t ure f ro m bli s s s o t he s a m e s ta te i m pli e s a p o s
,
.

s ib ilit o n t h e co n tra ry o f a d e l iv e r e n c e f ro m wo e
y , , .

A s t a t e o f prob a tio n look s f or wa rd to s o m e r e t r ibu

tio n a n d if tho s e who i n h e rit f uture m is e r v a r e pro
,

b a t io n e r s th a t s t a t e whic h th e y i n h e rit c a n n ot b e
,

e te rn a l B u t s i n c e thi s co n cl u s io n is co n tr a ry to
.
,

wh a t h a s b e e n a lr e a d y prov e d s i n c e it i n volv e s t he

m or a l a n d r e tributiv e j u s tic e o f G o d a n d l e a d s im ,

m e di a t e ly to tho s e co n tr a d ictio n s which h a v e b e e n

a lr e a d y n otic e d ; we a r e co m p e ll e d fi n a lly to c o n

e lud e th a t n o prob a tio n a ry s t a t e c a n s ur vi v e t he

,
S e c 1V
. .
] OF T HE H U MAN BODY . 119

gra v e o r e xi s t in r e s p e c t to m a n in a s t a t e o f f uture
,

r e tributio n .

Th a t t he pr e s e n t is a s t a te o f prob a tio n is p e r ,
.

h a p s a tru t h s o cl e a r th a t a ll a tt e m pt s to s u pport it
,

b y a r gu m e n t m u s t b e d e e m e d s up e rfluou s ; I s h a l l
th e r e f ore a s s u m e it a s a n a d m itte d poi n t A n d a s .
,

prob a t i o n look s i n to f utu rity f o r s o m e r e tributio n ,

we m u s t b e prob a tio n e r s f o r th a t li f e wh ich li e s b e

y o n d t h e gr a v e I n th a t s t a t e
. w e m u st be a c
cou n t a bl e f o r t he a ctio n s o f t he pr e s e n t li f e ; a n d
r e c e iv e th a t r e tributio n which flo ws f ro m t he m ora l
j u s tic e o f God A s th e r e f or e r e tributio n a n d p r o
.
, ,

b a t io n a r e i n co mp a tibl e with e a ch oth e r in t he s a m e

s t a te and a s in a f utur e
,
s ta te r e tribut io n m u s t
e x i s t ; It f ollo ws t ha t t h e pr e s e n t s t a t e o f prob a tio n
,

s h a l l b e do n e a wa y to m a k e roo m f o r tho se r e wa rd s

a n d pu n i s h m e n t s w hich a r e t h e m o r a l co n s e q u e n ce s
,

o f o u r a ctio n s in t he pr e s e n t li f e .

Th a t a s t a t e o f proba tio n is n e c e s s a ry to t he e x
is t e n c e o f m ora l e vil is s o obviou s th a t t he i n s t a n t
, ,

We s uppos e t he co n tr a ry we i m pute it s or igi n t o

,

God B e t we e n c ho ice a n d n e ce s s ity th e re ca n b e

.

n o m e d iu m to m a n in a ll tho s e a ctio n s wh i c h a r e
,

o f a m or a l n a tur e Tho s e w hi c h origi n a t e in t he

.

f or m e r d e m o n s tr a t e a prob a tio n a ry s t a t e
, and

tho s e whic h origi n a te in t he la tte r c a n e n titl e t he

c re a ture to n e ith e r pra i s e n o r bl a m e A s th e n a .
, ,

prob a tio n a ry s ta t e m u s t b e do n e a wa y a n d m u s t ,

c e a s e w ith o u r pre s e n t s t a t e o f b e i n g we ca n h a v e ,

n o co n c e ptio n th a t m or a l e v il ca n co n ti n u e to e xi s t
,
 22 0 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N .
[ C ha p I I I
. .

wh e n th a t s t a te whi c h wa s a b s olute ly n e c e s sa r y t o
it s e x i s t e n c e s h a ll b e n o m or e .

I f m ora l e vil c a n e xi s t in a s t a t e whi c h is n o t p r o

b a t io n a r y which m u s t b e a d m itte d if it e xi s t b e yo n d
,

t he gra v e it m u s t e x i s t withou t a n y d i s cri m i n a ti n g

,

crite rio n by w hich t he m ora lity a n d i m m ora lity o f

,

a c tio n s c a n be di s ti n ui s h e d f ro m e a ch oth e r ; o r
g
we m u s t pr e s u m e th a t t he m or a l la w m u s t b e tra n s
,

pl a n te d i n to a f u ture s t a t e In t he f or m e r c a s e we
.
,

m u s t s uppo s e tr a n s gr e s s io n to e xi s t wh e re th e r e is
n o la w which is u n j u s t ; a n d in t he l a tt e r we m u s t
, ,

s uppo s e ,
th a t e v e n a s ta t e o f r e tributio n is prob a
t io n a ry whi c h ha s b e e n a lre a d y prov e d to b e a b
,

s urd . If th e n t he l a tte r o f th e s e c a s e s i n v olv e a

,

c o n tra dictio n a n d t he f or m e r be u n j u s t ; if n o tra n s

,

r e s s io n ca n e x i s t wh e re th e r e is n o l a w ; a n d if a
g
prob a tio n a ry s t a te c a n n ot b e a s t a te o f r e tributio n ;
i t f ollo ws th a t m ora l e v i l m u s t be Co n fi n e d to a pro
,

b a t io n a r y s t a te F o r c ould we o n ly i m a gi n e th a t
.
,

m or a l e vil could be d e t e r m i n e d to e xi s t withou t ,

t he viol a tio n o f tho s e l a ws which a r e p e culi a rly a p

p p ro r ia t e to our pr e s e n t co n ditio n we m u s t a d m it

t he e x i s t e n c e o f m ora l e vil w hil e we a d m it o u r

,

s e lv e s to b e tot a lly d e s titut e o f tho s e rul e s o f d is c r i

m i n a tio n by which a lo n e good a n d e vil ca n b e d is

,

t in gu is he d f ro m e a ch oth e r .

E xi s ti n g in th is s t a t e a n d m a n n e r m ora l e vil ca n
,

produ c e n o co n s ciou s n e s s o f i n n oc e n c e o r guilt t he

rul e s o f e te r n a l right m u s t b e u n k n o wn a n d c ou se ,

que n tly it ca n e xc ite n o s olicitude a n d a wa k e n n e i

,

th e r o u r hop e s n o r f e a r s T he re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h
.
12 2 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h a
p . I II .

W e t h e re f ore co m e to t he
, , c o n clu s io n which
sa m e

we h a v e a lr e a dy s e e n n a m e ly th a t m ora l e v il m u s t
, ,

b e co n fi n e d withi n t he bou n d a ri e s o f t he m ora l la w

th a t th i s la w m u s t b e co n fi n e d to a s t a t e o f prob a
tio n th a t prob a tio n is co n fi n e d to t he pr e s e n t li f e
, ,

a n d th a t r e tributio n li e s b e yo n d t he gr a v e .

Wh a t t h e p hy S i c a l n a tur e o f m ora l e vil is wh e n ,

a b s tra ct e d f ro m m a n I t a k e n o t U po n m e to s a v ;
,

n e ith e r d o I pr e s u m e to d e t e r m i n e in wh a t m a n n e r

it a ppli e s to O t h e r l a p s e d i n t e l li ge n c e s Ma n is t he .

s u bj e ct o f o u r i n qu ir ie s and t he prop e r s tudy o f

,

”
m a n ki n d is m a n O f th is truth ho we v e r we m a y
.
, ,

b e a s s ur e d th a t m or a l e v il a s it a ppl ie s to m a n
, , ,

m u s t a pply to h im a s s u ch a n d th e r e f or e m u s t e x

e l u s iv e l y a ppl
y to h im in h is co m pou n d e d co n d it i o n .

It wa s to m a n in h is co m po u n d e d s t a t e th a t t he
, ,

l aws o f G o d both n a t u r a l a n d r e v e a l e d w e r e e x
, ,

e l u s iv e ly giv e n ; a n d to h im in thi s s t a t e tho s e l a ws

wh ich d is t in gu s h vic e f ro m virtu e m u s t e x clu s i v e ly ,

’
a pply . B u t wh e n thi s co m pou n d e d m o d e o f m a n s
b e i n g s h a ll b e d is s olv e d a n d w e s h a ll e n t e r i n to
,

a n o t h e r co n d itio n o f e xi s t e n c e I ca n h a v e n o c o n
,

c e p t i o n h o w t h o s e l a ws w h ic h we r e , g iv e n t m a n o

in his prob a tio n a ry s t a t e a n d co m po u n d e d co n d i .

tio n c a n b e a ppl ic a b l e to h im in a n th e r wh e r e p r o
,
o ,
.

b a t io n a n d (
,
I f t he bo d y ri s e n o t
) co m pou n d m u s t
b e a lik e u n k n o wn .

Fro m th e s e s ourc e s o f a r gu m e n t in co n j u n ctio n ,

with oth e r s we c a n n ot a voi d in f e rr in g th a t m ora l

, ,

e v il m u s t be co n fi n e d t o a prob a tio n a ry s ta t e A nd .

th e r e f or e wh e n thi s prob a tio n a ry s t a te s h a ll c e a s e ,

,

e v e n m or a l e v i l s h a ll be n o m or e .
 S e ct . IV ] . O F T HE HU MAN B ODY . 12 3

Th a t d e a th s h a ll te r m i n a t e o u r prob a tio n a r y c o n
d itio n o f b e i n g is too obviou s to r e qu ir e f urth e r
,

proo f T he s e p a r a tio n o f s oul a n d bo d y toge th e r

. ,

with t he ch a n ge s w hi c h pre s e n t th e m s e l v e s to ou r
s e n se s pl a i n ly m a r k t he a wf ul m o m e n t a s a n
,

i m port a n t e poch in e xi s t e n c e ; a n e poch which

l a u n c h e s t he d is e m bo d i e d s pirit i n to a f uture s t a t e ,

a n d c o m m e n c e s th a t r e tributio n which s h a ll n e v e r

e nd . A n d s i n c e d e a th m u s t be co n s id e r e d a s a
,

n a tura l e ff e ct o f m or a l e vil , which m u s t b e c o n fi n e d

to o u r proba tio n a ry s ta t e ; wh e n t he c a u s e e x pi re s ,

t he e ff e ct m u s t n e c e s s a rily d i s co n ti n u e For a s t he.

,

e x i s t e n c e o f d e a th is n o t r e a l a n d p e r s on a l bu t r a ,
.

t h e r n e g a t iv e r e l a t iv e
,
a n d depe n de n t
, It ca n n o

lo n ge r co n t i n u e in b e i n g th a n whil e th a t c a u s e
o n whi c h it is d e p e n d e n t is pr e s e r v e d A n d sin ce .
,

m or a l e vil is t he pri m a ry c a u s e f ro m which it s pr a n g ,

a n d is e x cl u s i v e ly co n fi n e d to a prob a t io n a ry s t a t e

which d e a th m u s t t e r m i n a te t he c o n s e qu e n c e is
,

e vi d e n t th a t d e a th
,
and m ora l e v il a n d a prob a
, ,

t io n a r y s t a t e m u s t e x pir e toge th e r
, .

A s d e a th ha s p a s s e d upo n a ll m e n b e c a u s e a ll ,

h a v e s i n n e d th e s e a rgu m e n t s will a pply i n div idu

,

a lly to e v e r y victi m o f it s gloo m y po we r T he .

n a tu r a l e fl e c t s which fi n a lly t e r m i n a t e in the di s s o

l u t io n o f t he co m po n e n t p a rt s o f o u r bodi e s m a y ,

a pp e a r i n d e e d to co n ti n u e f o r a s e a s o n ; bu t wh e n

th a t c a u se which produc e d th e se e ff e ct s s h a ll be
tot a lly s ubdu e d th e s e e ff e c t s m u s t f or e v e r c e a s e
, .

Th e n th a t pri n cipl e which we s h a ll s oo n co n s id e r

, ,

which c on s titut e s t he id e n tity o f t he body u n d e r ,

a ll it s c h a n g e s b oth in li f e a n d d e a th r e m o v e d f ro m
, ,
12 4 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ESU RR EC TI ON [ C h a p III
. .

tho s e oppre s s io n s wh ich r e t ar d e d t he e n e rgi e s o f it s

a ctiv e n a tur e s h a ll b e gi n to put f orth it s i n f a n t
, p ow .

e rs . A n d s u ffi ci e n tly rip e n e d throu gh t he r e c e s s

, ,

which t h e gr a v e a ff ord s f o r a f utur e s t a t e thi s pri n

, ,

c ip le wh e n t he tru m p e t s h a ll s ou n d a n d t he d e a d
, ,

s h a ll b e r a i s e d i n corrupt ib l e a n d we s h a ll b e ch a n
,
g
ed , s h a ll pu t o n i m m ort a l li f e .

With t he n a tura l e ff e ct s o f m ora l e vil t he m ora l ,

co n e qu e n c e s o f hu m a n a ctio n s c a n ho we v e r h a v e
s , ,

but l ittl e o r n o co n n e ct io n I h e s e m ora l co u s e

'

u e n ce s d e pe n d u po n d i s t in ct c a u se s a n d m ust
q ,

s t a n d or f a ll w it h t he m or a l a ttr ib u t e s o f G o d H is .

j u s t ic e m u s t proport io n r e w a r d a d p u i h m e n t s in
s n n s

t he gr e a t d a y o f r e tributio n with i m p a rt ia l e quity

, ,

a n d giv e to e v e ry m a n a ccord i n g to his work s .

”

B u t wh e n d e a th s h a ll b e d e s tr o y e d t h e n a tur a l e f
, ,

f e e t s o f d e a th m u s t p e r i s h ; a n d t he hu m a n bo d y ,

l ib e ra t e d f ro m it s cold r e po s itory m u s t co m e f ort h,

in to n e wn e s s o f li f e a n d b e gi n a s t a t e o f e x i s te n c e
,

which s h a ll n e v e r e n d .
 [2 6 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C hap . 111 .

whic h a re o f tur e a n d which di s ti n gui s h

a m or a l na ,

v ic e f ro m virtu e A n d h e n c e it is w e l e a r n th a t
.
,

throu gh t he i m port a n t ch a n ge which d e a th occ a

s io n s ,
t h e bo d y w hil e in a s t a t e o f torpor c a n b e
, ,

s ubj e ct to n o m o r e l a w b e c a u s e it s a lli a n c e w ith

,
'

t he co n s ciou s s pirit i s n o w d i s s olv e d A n d s in ce .

t he body wh e n u n it e d to t he s oul wa s t h e s ubj e ct o f

a m or a l la w a n d is n o w throu gh t he d i s u n io n wh ich
, ,

h a s t a k e n pl a c e a s ubj e ct n o lo n ge r thi s la w m u s t
, ,

di s co n t i n u e it s op e r a t io n s throu gh a k i n d o f n e c e s ,

s it w hich is im la n t e d i“ t he n a tur a l c o n s titutio n

y p
o f thi n g s A s th e re f ore 3
.
,
16 pr e s e n t co n s titutio n
,

o f m a n m u s t b e di s s ol v e d in t h e hou r o f d e a th we ,

c a n n ot b e yo n d t he bou n d a ri e s o f t he pr e s e n t li f e
, ,

b e c a pa bl e o f tho s e a ctio n s which co n s titut e m ora l

e vil in o u r pr e s e n t s t a t e ; co n s e qu e n tly r e tributio n ,

m u s t s u cc e e d t o t he pr e se n t li f e a n d we m u s t h e r e ,

a f te r, e ith e r e n j oy tho s e r e wa rd s o r s u ff e r th o s e
pu n i s h m e n t s which j u s tic e s h a ll a n n e x to o u r m ora l
,

a c t i o n s h e re b e lo w .

B u t though m ora l e vil co n fi n e d t o t he v iol a tio n

, ,

o f tho s e l a ws which a r e o n ly a ppropri a t e t o t he re

p
s e n t prob a tio n a ry s t a te m u s t c e a se toge th e r with
, ,

it s n a t u r a l refl e ct s wh e n thi s li f e s h a ll b e n o m or e
, ,

it will n o t f ollo w th a t t he m o r a l co n s e q u e n ce s o f o u r
‘

pre se n t a ctio n s m u s t th e r e f ore e x p ire A ll e fl e ct s .

h a v e a n e c e s sa ry d e p e n d e n c e U po n th e ir c a u s e s ;
a n d t he s a m e m od e s o f r e a s o n i n g which will c o n ,

vi n c e u s th a t d e a th m u s t c e a s e wh e n m ora l e vil s h a l l
be do n e a wa y will a s s ur e u s th a t l lze m o r a l co n se
,
.

q u e n ce s f
o mo r a l e v il m u st co n t in u e in ex is t e n ce ,
Se c t . V J OF THE HU MAN BOD Y 12 7

be ca u se t hey a re t he na tu r a l fi f
e ct s o t he mo r a l j u s

t ice f
o God .

I f t he m or a l c o n s e qu e n c e s o f m or a l e v il d e p e n d
u po n a n y c a u s e whi c h we d e n o m i n a t e n a tur a l in t he

pr e s e n t li f e th e y m u s t n e c e s s a rily p e ri s h wh e n th a t
, ,

c a u s e e ith e r c e a s e s t o e xi s t o r c e a se s to O p e ra t e In
, .

thi s light 1 h a v e co n s id e r e d t he di s s ol utio n o f t he

h u m a n bo d y a s t he n a tur a l e ff e ct o f de a th a n d de a t h ,

a s t he n a tur a l e ff e ct o f m or a l e vil ; a n d h e n c e I h a v e

i n f e rr e d t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he bo d y f ro m t he ce r
t a i n d e s tructio n o f m ora l e vil a n d t he u tt e r im p o s s i
,

bilit y th a t a n y n a tur a l e ff e ct s hould s urviv e it s c a u s e .

B u t a s o n t h e co n tra ry t he m o r a l co n se qu e n ce s
, ,

o f h u m a n a ctio n s m u s t d e p e n d upo n m o r a l c a u s e s

with which th e y a r e c o n n e ct e d ; th e y c a n n ot b e
pr e s u m e d t o c e a s e u n til th e s e m or a l c a u s e s c e a s e t o
O p e ra t e o r s h a ll be tot a lly don e a wa y A s th e re
, .
,

f or e th a t c a u s e u po n which t he f utur e c o n s e qu e n c e s
,

o f o u r a ctio n s d e p e n d is t he m or a l j u s tic e o f G o d ,

th e s e m or a l c o n s e qu e n c e s b e i n g d e p e n de n t u po n
t h a t i m m ut a bl e a ttribute m u s t r u n p a r a ll e l with it
, ,

a n d b e p e rp e tu a t e d through a ll dur a tio n .

W e r e it po s s ibl e f o r u s to s uppo se th a t j u s ti ce ha d
n o e xi s t e n c e th e n n o m ora l c o n s e qu e n c e s c ould
,

p o s s ibly h a v e h a d a be in g e ith e r in thi,s li f e o r in

a n oth e r M ora l e vil m u s t th e r e f ore c o n s i s t in a

.
, ,

d e v i a tio n f ro m t he pri n cipl e s o f j u s tic e a n d tho s e ,

m ora l c o n s e qu e n c e s whi c h co n s i s t in f uture pu n i s h

m e n t s m u s t b e co n s id e r e d a s t h e n a tur a l e ff e ct s
w hich a r e produc e d by it in a ll tho s e who a r e guilty
,

o f i m m or a l a ctio n s W hil e th e re f ore m o ra l u s t ice

.
, ,

c o n ti n u e s in e x i ste n c e , it s e ff e c t s m u s t f ollo w a n d
I2 S I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI ON [ C h a
p . III .

as t he pri n cipl eo n c e i m m ut a bl e a n d in s e p a r a
is at .

b le f ro m t he n a tur e o f G o d it s n a tur e m u s t be e t e r,

n al , and it s e ff e ct s m u s t co n ti n u e f or e v e r An d .
,

h e n c e a l s it is e v id e n t th a t a s tho s e a ctio n s to t he
,
o
, ,

c o n s e u e n r e s o f w h ich it a ppli e s w e r e p e r f or m e d
q ,

by t he b o d y a n d t h e s oul in co n j u n ct io n with e a c h
oth e r a r e s urr e ctio n b e co m e s n e c e s s a ry to pre v e n t
, ,

t he e ff e ct s o f j u s tic e f ro m b e i n g d e f e a t e d in th e ir

a ppl i c a t i o n .

D e a th o n t he c o n tr a ry a s ha s b e e n a lr e a dy prov
, ,

ed , is r a th e r a n a t u r a l efl e ct th a n a m o r a l co u s e
u e n ce o f m or a l e vil ; a n d th e r e f o r e m u s t s t a n d in
q
i m m e d i a t e co n t a ct w ith it s n a tu ra l c a u s e Wh e n .

th e re f ore m ora l e vil sha ll c e a s e it s n a tur a l e ff e ct s ,

m u s t d i s co n ti n u e thou gh t he m or a l co n s e qu e n c e s
,

r e m a i n a n d t he r e s ult o f th a t d i s co n ti n u a n c e will
b e a r e s u rre ctio n f ro m t he gr a v e wh ich is a r e s to ,

r a tio n to p e rp e tu a l li f e W hil e o n t he co n tra ry t he

.
,

m or a l co n s e qu e n c e s o f m or a l e vil t a ki n g a d e e p e r ,

root in t he i m m ut a bl e j u s tic e o f G o d who c a n p u n ,

is h t he guilty f o r e v e r m u s t r e m a i n wh e n a ll n a tura l
,

e ff e ct s s h a ll be e n tir e ly d o n e a wa y .

Th a t t he m o r a l co n s e q u e n ce s o f m ora l e vil a r e
di s ti n ct f ro m it s n a t u r a l ej e c/ s and ma
y
f
e xi s t,

Wh e r e d e a th a n d di s s olutio n c a n h a v e n o pl a c e ; is
e vi d e n t f ro m t he co n dit i o n o f a lle n a n g e ls / Th e y .
,

thou gh d e a thl e s s b e c a u s e th e y k e pt n o t th e ir fir s t
,

e s t a te a re , d oo m e d to we lt e r in w orl d s o f fi e f o r l

e ve r ,a n d to f e e l t he m ora l co n s e qu e n c e s o f th e ir

tra n s gre s s io n whil e t he n a tur a l e ffe ct s o f m ora l

e vil a r e i n a pplic a bl e to th e ir n a tu r e s For b e i n g .
,

in a ll pro ba bility u n co m pou n d e d e s s e n c e s we ca n ,

130 I D EN TI T Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h ap . III .

th e ir ra tio n a l n a ture to t he m ora l co n s e qu e n c e s o f

s in ; whil e th e y we re e x e m pt e d throu h th a t u n
g .

co m pou n d e d e s s e n c e f ro m f e e li n g tho s e n a tur a l

,

e ff e ct s to which oth e r wis e th e y woul d h a v e b e e n

e x po s e d .W h il e o n t he oppo s it e s i d e t he e s s e n c e o f
,

brut e s b e i n g pure ly m a t e ri a l e x po s e d t h e m to f e e l
, ,

t he n a tur a l e ff e ct s a nd , e x e m pt e d th e m f ro m t he
m or a l co n s e qu e n c e s O f m or a l e v 11; b e c a u s e th e y we r e

d e s titute o f a m o ra l n a ture B u t a s o n t he co n tra ry

.
, ,

t he e s se n c e o f a m a n co n s i s t s i n t he u n io n o f t wo

di s ti n ct n a ture s a s he is co m pou n d e d both o f m a t

,

t e r a n d s pir it a n d a pp a r e n tly i n clu d e s t he e s s e n c e

,

o f a n a n e l a n d th a t o f a brut e m u t he be e x
g s o s

po s e d to t he n a t u r a l (fl e e t s of m o } a l e t il whil e h e r e ,

a n d to it s m o r a l c o n s e q u e n ce s h e r e a f t e r .

I f th e n tho s e b e in gs th a t a r e p u r e ly sp ir it u a l a r e
, ,

wh e n f a ll e n e xpo s e d to t he m o r a l co n s e qu e n ce s o f
s in ,
whi le tho s e cre a tur e s which a r e p u r e ly m a t e .

r ia l a r e e x e m pt f ro m tho se co n s e qu e n c e s a n d e x
, ,

po s e d to it s n a t u r a l fi f e c et s t he co n clu s io n is both
obviou s a n d s triki n g th a t a b e i n g wh s e e s s e n c e o

c o n s i s t s in t he u n io n o f both th e s e n a tur e s m ust ,

n e c e s s a rily b e ! x p o s e d to t he n a tu ra l e ff e ct s a n d

m or a l co n s e qu e n c e s tog e th e r S uch th e n is p r e
.

c is e l
y t h e c a s e with m a n .A nd a s both o f th e s e
,

n a tur e s which c o n s titut e h is e s s e n c e

, co n cu rre d in ,

t he p e r f or m a n c e o f a ctio n s which n e ith e r coul d h a v e

s e p a r a t e ly co m m itt e d a c t i o n s w hich b e c a m e a m e
,

n a bl e to j u s ti ce f r o m t he dir e cti n which th e y

,
o

d e riv e f ro m t h e s p iritu a l po we r s o f t he s oul ; a

r e s urr e ctio n O f t he b o d v m u s t he d e m a n de d by t he
m or a l a n d r e tri butiv e j u s t i c e o f G o d .
S e ct v . .
) o r m e HU MAN B OD Y . 131

On th e s e a n d f a c t s lik e th e s e it is th a t we b e hold
, ,

t h e d i s ti n ctio n which s ub s i s t s b e t we e n t he n a t u r a l

e ls a n d t he m o r a l co n s e q u e n ce s o f s in th y
!f e a s , e

a pply to m a n We b e hol d t he f o r m e r d e p e n di n g
.

U po n m or a l e vil a s it s n a t u r a l ca u se a n d we e r
p
ce iv e t he l a t t e r in clo s e co n n e cti o n with t he m o r a l

ju s t ice of G o d T he f or m e r m u s t e xpire wh e n it s
.

n a tu r a l c a u se s h a ll
p e ri s h ; whil e t h e l a tt e r m u s t
c o n ti n u e u n til m ora l j u s tic e c a n b e n o m or e In .

d e a th I h a v e s u ppo s e d th a t m ora l e vil s h a ll e xpir e

a n d co n s e qu e n tly th a t d e a th m u s t th e n giv e pl a c e t o

l if e B u t a s t he m ora l co n se qu e n c e s o f s ir a r e
.
, .

f o u n de d u po n a n i m m ut a bl e c a u s e ; th e s e c o n s e q u e n .

c e s m u s t s urv iv e ti m e a n d co n ti n u e throu gh e t e r n ity .

If th e r e f or e we co n clu d e th a t r e wa r d s a n d p u m
, ,

is h m e n t s w ill co n ti n u e a s t he m or a l co n s e qu e n c e s o f
gu ilt a n d v irtu e a n d co n ti n u e f o r e v e r whil e d e a th
, ,

t he n a tur a l e ff e ct o f s in sh a ll b e
, do n e a wa y ; we
s h a ll b e hold a ll t he p a rt s o f t h e e co n o m y o f h e a v e n

h a r m o n i z i n g toge th e r a n d e v e n t he n a t u r a l ej e ct s
,
'

o f m or a l e vil m a k i n g wa y f o r t he gr e a t d i s pl a y s o f

i n fi n it e j u s tic e a n d m e rcy A n d by b e i n g r e n d e r
.
,

e d s ub s e rvi e n t to t he wi s e d e s ig n s o f G o d th e y ,

s h a ll t e n d to t he d e v e lop e m e n t o f tho s e a ttribu t e s ,

throu gh whi c h a ll fi n ite l a p s e d i n t e llig e n c e s will be

h e l d f or th e ith e r a s m o n u m e n t s o f j u s tic e o r o f
,

me r c y thr ou gh a ll dur a tio n e ve n f o r e v e r a n d e v e r

, .
132 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C h a p. IV .

C HAP . IV .

ON I D EN T IT Y I N GE N E R AL .

S E C TI O N I .

0 u t he E v id e n ce s f I d e n t ity
o .

I N wh t p e r o l i d n tity co i t
a s na e n s s s, i m porta n t
is an

u e s t i on w hich h b e n f r e qu e n tly a i t a t e d a n d
'

q a s e
, g
v a riou s ly d is cu s s e d ; a n d o n thi s a ccou n t i t m a y
a pp e a r pr e s u m ptuou s r a th e r th a n pru d e n t in m e ,

to a tt e m pt a n in v e s tiga tio n o f a s u bj e ct o n whic h

t he l e a r n e d w orl d h a s b e e n s o m u ch a n d s o lo n
g
d ivi d e d . B u t s i n c e it is a po in t which is in s e p a r a
,

b ly co n n e c t e d w ith t h e r e s urr e ct i o n o f t h e bo d y
f ro m t h e gra v e ; I a m u n d e r a n e c e s s i t y o f e x a m in
in g bri e fly it s e vi d e n c e s a n d n a tu re in or d e r to fix ,

s o m e crit e rio n th a t m a y s e rv e to s olv e s o m e o f tho s e

d i ffi culti e s w ith wh ich t h e s ubj e ct o f t h e r e s u r r e c

t io n a pp e a r s to b e p e rpl e x e d .

It is a n O pi n io n which ha s obt a i n e d t he s a n ctio n

o f e n e r a l s u ff r a ge th a t p e r s o n a l i d e n t ity co n s is t s
g
in co n s cio u s n e s s
”
. W h e th e r thi s O pi n io n b e tru e o r
f a l s e I t a k e n o t upo n m e pr e s u m ptuou s ly to d e t e r
m in e b ut c e rt a i n I a m th a t m y h a bit s o f r e fle ctio n
,

h a v e pro d uc e d in m y m i n d a d i ff e r e n t co n victio n ,

a n d le d m e to co n cl ud e th a t thi s co n s ciou s n e s s ,

w hich with m a n y h a s b e e n thou ght to c o n s titut e

,

id e n tity is n o m or e th a n a n e v id e n c e wh ich we ha v e
,
’
 134 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N .
[ C ha p . IV .

B ut th e n , thi s co n s ciou s n e ss o f t he f a ct b e i n g o n ly
a s i m p l e a ctio n o f t he m i n d m u s t b e brou ght i n t o
,

co n t a ct with t he f a ct to t he c e r t a i n ty o f which i t be
,

co m e s e v id e n c e . A n d a s th is co n s cio u s n e s s is
f ou n d e d u p o n t he f a ct w hich i t n e c e s s a rily p r e s u p
po s e s a n d to w hi ch it o we s it s e x is te n c e ; it c a n
,

n e v e r c o n s titut e e ith e r t h e f a c t w h ich it prov e s o r ,

t he id e n tity o f th a t b e i n g by who m t he f a ct wa s

p e r f or m e d N a y thi s p a rticul a r a c t o f co n s c io u s
.
,
.

n e ss ,
i n s t e a d o f co n s t i tut i n g pe r s o n a l id e n tity will ,

n o t i m m e d ia t e ly prov e it s e xi s t e n c e It will i n d e e d
.

s u ff i ci e n tl y prov e t he f a ct in qu e s tio n ; a n d h e n c e
w e m a y r e s t a s s ur e d t ha t if t he r e b e a n a ct io n th e r e
,

m u s t b e a n a ct o r b u t t h e p e r s o n a l id e n t ity o f t h e

a c t or c a n n e ith e r co n s i s t in t h e a ctio n n o r be c o n
,

s titut e d by th a t co n s ci ou s n e s s w hic h a s s ur e s u s o f
both n o r by a n y s u b s e qu e n t co n s ciou s n e s s whi c h
,

w e m a y h e r e a f t e r po s s e s s .

O ur pr e s e n t co n s ciou s n e s s o f an y giv e n a ct io n ,

wh ich we h a v e p e r f or m e d is to us a n i n vi n cibl e
,

e vi d e n c e o f t he e x i s t e n c e o f th a t a ctio n ; a n d t he
s ub s e qu e n t co n s ciou s n e s s which we m a y h a v e h e r e

a f t e r o f o u r pre s e n t co n s ciou s n e s s
,
will b e to u s a
,

s u ff i ci e n t e v i d e n c e o f o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f t h e giv e n

a ctio n O ur pre s e n t co n s ciou s n e s s o f a n y giv e n

.

a ctio n is a s i m pl e a c t O f t he m i n d op e ra ti n g upo n
,

t he p a s t co n n e ctio n which s ub s i s t e d b e t we e n t he a c

tio n it s e l f a n d o u r f or m e r co n s ciou s n e s s O f it a s
we ll a s b e t we e n t he f or m e r co n s ciou s n e s s a n d a o
t io n a n d o u r pre s e n t co n s ciou s n e s s o f both
, In t he .

‘
f or m e r c a se o u r c o n s ciou sn e s s b e c a m e a n e v id e n c e
,
Se c . O F T HE H U M AN B ODY . 135

O f t he ctio n it sel f whil e in t he l a tte r o u r c o n s ci

a ,

o u s n e s s b e co m e s e v id e n c e o f t he f or m e r a n d is a n ,

a c t o f t he m i n d op e r a ti n g u po n it s p a s t O p e r a tio n s .

B u t a lthough o u r f or m e r co n s ciou s n e s s O f a n y
,

g iv e n f a c t o r a c tio n a n d o u r pre s e n t p e rc e ptio n o f

,

th a t p a s t co n s ciou s n e s s m u s t b e a d m itte d a s i n d i s .

u t a b le e v id e n ce o n t he oi n t s in qu e s tio n t
p p y e

e r s o n a l id e n tity c a n n ot po s s ibl y c o n s i s t in e ith e r

p .

A n d th e r e f or e it will f ol lo w th a t p e r s on a l i d e n tity
m a y r e m a i n u n in j ur e d a n d e n tire thou gh a ll e v i
,

d e n c e o f it s e x i s t e n c e we re do n e a wa y A n d s i n ce .
,

o u r co n s c iou s n e s s o f ou r O wn id e n tity d e p e n d s upo n

id e n tity it s e l f f o r it s e x i s t e n c e ; w e c a n n ot a voi d
O bt a i n i n g a n a s s u ra n c e th a t wh e re id e n tity is n o t
, ,

th e re a co n s ciou s n e s s o f it c a n n ot po s s ibly be .

B u t though th e r e c a n be n o c o n s c iou s n e s s O f o u r
,

o wn id e n tity wh e r e i d e n tity is n o t i t w ill n o t f o l

l o w th a t u h e r e our o wn i d e n tity is th e r e m u s t b e
, ,

a n i n v a ri a bl e co n s ciou s n e s s o f it A n d t he r e a s o n
.

is e vid e n t : T he i d e n tity o f o u r p e r s o n s b e i n g i n d e
pe n d e n t c a n h a v e n o n e c e s s a ry r e l i a n c e u po n o u r
,

co n s c iou s n e s s o f it ; wh e re a s o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f
o u r o wn id e n ti t y b e i n g in it s e l f n e c e s s a rily d e p e n d
,

e n t m u s t e xpir e t he i n s t a n t we co n c e iv e th a t id e n
,

tity o n which i t is f ou n d e d to b e do n e a wa y He n c e
, , .

th e n it is e vi d e n t th a t o u r o wn p e r s o n a l id e n tity
,

m a y r e m a i n thou gh o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f it s hould

,

e v e n b e lo s t ; whil e o n t he co n tra ry o u r co n s ciou s

n e s s o f it w ill i n f a llibly prov e it s e xi s t e n c e a n d ,

f ro m it s d e p e n d e n t n a tu r e d e m o n s tra t e th a t o u r
,

id e n tity n e v e r c a n b e lo s t whil e o u r co n s ciou s n e s s

o f it r e m a i n s in e x i s t e n c e A n d h e n c e a l s o it f o llo ws
.
,
 136 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h ap . IV .

th a t our o wn p e r s o n a l i d e n tity a n d ou r o wn co n s ci
,

o u s n e s s o f it , a re t wo d is t in ct i d e a s a n d th a t t he

f or m e r n e v e r c a n b e co n s titut e d b v t he l a tt e r C o n .

S C l O t t s u e S S th e r e f or e n e v e r c a n co n s t itut e i d e n tity ,

thou gh t is t he o n l y in f a llibl e e vi d e n c e which we

i

s e e m t o h a v e O f it .

W h e th e r co n s c iou s n e s s b e a n y thi n g m ore th a n

a n a c t i o n o f t he m i n d ,
15 n o t f o r m e a t pr e s e n t to

i n quire ; but o f thi s we a r e c e rta i n th a t i d e n tity ,

m u s t in it s o w n n a tur e b e i m m ut a bl e
, , ,
in t r a n s f e r a
b le ,
and e x e m pt e d f ro m a ll ch a n ge s ; a n d cou s e
qu e n tl y o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f it m u s t by b e i n g ,

f o u n d e d upo n it b e e qu a lly p e r m a n e n t (
, if it s r e port
b e tru e ) ho we v e r fl uctu a ti n g a n d u n s t a bl e it m a y b e
in it s o wn n a tur e In f a ct we c a n h a v e n o co n c e ptio n
.

o f co n s c iou s n e s s ,
wh e n d e ta ch e d f ro m a n obj e ct
a n d th e r e f or e w e ca n h a v e n o d e ci s iv e m a rk by ,

w h ich to d e t e r m i n e u po n it s n a tur e B u t a d m itti n g

.
,

it to b e in it s e l f n oth in g m or e th a n a n a ct i o n o f t he
m i n d ; n oth in g p e rh a p s c a n b e a gr e a t e r m a rk o f f olly
th a n to co n c e iv e th a t our p e r s o n a l id e n tity c a n c o n .

s i s t in th a t w h ich is fl e e t in t r a n s it o r v a n d u n s t a bl e
g,
.

A s co n s ciou s n e s s m u s t e ith e r b e a n a c tio n wh ic h ,

r e s ult s f ro m s o m e s ub s t a n c e or t he p e cul ia r m o d i
,

fi ca t io n o f s o m e s ub s t a n c e it s e l f ; it m u s t in t h e o r
d e r o f n a tur e pre s u ppo s e t h e e x is t e n c e o f th a t s u b
s t a n c e f ro m w h i ch it r e s ult s or o f wh ich it is a m o
,

d ific a io n ; b e c a u s e n o p e culi a r m o d i f ic a tio n c a n b e

e

co e v a l w it h t he thi n g m o d ifi e d A n d i f in t he or d e r
.
,

o f n a t ur e , t he s ub s t a n c e m u s t h a v e e xi s t e d pr e vi

o u s ly to t h o s e a ctio n s which r e s ult f ro m it a n d to

,

t ho s e m o d i fi c a tio n s whic h it m a y a f te r wa rd s a s s u m e ;
133 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p . iv ;

and t he i n s t a n t we s uppo se p e r s o n a l id e n tity to b e

d e s troy e d f ro m th a t v e ry in s t a n t t he di s ti n c t io n
,

b e t we e n i d e n tity a n d d iv e r s ity m u s t b e do n e a wa y .

B u t if i d e n tity in t h e a b s tra ct be a d m itt e d to e xi s t

, ,

a n d to e x is t a s u n iv e rsa lly a s s ub s t a n c e w hich c a n

,

n o t be d e n i e d and e t t o b e co n s titut e d by a c o n
, y
s c io u s n e s s which is l e s s u n i v e r s a l ; it w ill f ollo w th a t

ide n tity is u n iv e r s a l a n d n o t u n iv e r s a l a t t he s a m e
ti m e which is a pl a i n co n tr a d ictio n C o n s ciou s n e s s
,
.

th e r e f or e c a n n e v e r co n s t itut e th a t i d e n tity o f ,

whic h t o our s e lv e s it is a n u n qu e s tio n a bl e e v i d e n c e

, , .

A s th e re f or e s o m e fi x e d pr in ci pl e o f p e r s o n a l i d e n
, ,

tity m u s t b e a d m itt e d to r e n d e r o u r co n s ciou s n e s s

,

o f our s e lv e s p e r m a n e n t a n d d e ci s iv e ; t he qu e s tio n

s e e m s to b e pl a c e d b e yo n d a ll d oubt th a t n e ith e r ,

o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f a n a ctio n n o r o u r co n s ciou s

,

n e s s o f o u r o w n p er f o r m a n c e o f it ca n a n
, y lo n e r
g
r e t a i n e ith e r it s n a m e o r n a tu r e th a n whil e thi s fi x
,

e d pri n c ipl e u po n w hich it is d e p e n d e n t r e m a i n s in

, ,

a p e r m a n e n t s ta t e o f b e i n
g .

W e re it po s s i b l e th a t thi s pri n cipl e O f id e n tity

coul d b e ch a n ge d wh il e o u r c o n s c iou s n e s s o f i t s
,

s a m e n e s s r e m a i n e d e n t ir e t he e vi d e n c e o f o u r c o n

s c io u s n e s s w oul d b e f a l s ifi e d by f a ct A n d in thi s
.

c a se a s we could h a v e n o a s s ura n c e w h a t e v e r th a t
, ,

o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f our o wn p e r s o n a l id e n t i ty w a s

f ou n d e d u p o n th a t id e n tity ; we m u s t i n s t a n tly ba n .

is h a ll o u r n otio n s o f a s s ura n c e f ro m t he worl d a n d ,

pl a c e our s e l v e s in a co n d itio n which woul d oblig e

u s to doubt e v e n o f ou r o wn e x i s t e n c e a n d fi n a lly

t o doubt t he e xi s t e n c e e v e n o f tho s e doub ts w hich

we pro f e s s to e n t e rt a i n I n s hort , it would i n tro

.
.
 Se c t . O F T HE H U M AN B ODY . 139

d u ce i v e r s a l s c e pti c i s m whi c h woul d r e du c e t he

un ,

m i n d t o a ch a o s o f co n tr a dictio n s .F o r s hould m y ,

co n s ciou s n e s s pre s u m e t o a s s ure m e th a t I a m n o w ,

in poi n t o f p e r s o n a l id e n tity t he s a m e p e r s o n th a t I
wa s t e n o r fi f te e n ye a r s a go wh e n in r e a lity I a m
,

s o f a r c h a n g e d th a t w h a t th e n p e r f or m e d a n a c tio n
,

to which m y co n s ciou s n e s s b e a r wit n e s s is n o w n o ,

lo n gc i in e x i s t e n c e ; t he i n t e rn a l r e port o f m y c o n
'

s c io u s n e s s m u s t b e f a l s ifi e d by t he r e m ov a l o f th a t

id e n tity to w hich it b e a r s wit n e s s A n d if t he o n ly

.
,

e vi d e n c e w hich I ca n po s s ibly h a v e o f m
y o wn p e r
s o n a l id e n tity d e c e iv e m e I a m a t o n c e de priv e d
, ,

O f t h e o n ly proo f w hich c a n a s c e rt a i n it s e x i s t e n c e
,

and by w hich I c a n d is t in gu s h t he s a m e f ro m
a n oth e r B u t s i n c e th e s e co n clu s io n s a r e c o n tra
.
,

d ic t o r y a n d s o big w ith a b s urdity th a t th e y c a n n o t

,

b e a d m itt e d it a pp e a r s i n f a llibly c e rt a i n th a t whil e

, ,

o u r co n s ciou s n e s s o f o u r o wn id e n tity r e m a i n s t he ,

id e n tity o f o u r b e i n g m u s t r e m a i n a l s o a n d th a t it
is d e m o n s tra t e d to b e t he s a m e by th a t co n s ciou s
,

n e s s which we h a v e o f it . Without thi s o u r co n s c i

o u s n e s s o f id e n tity m u s t b e a c o n s ciou s n e s s o f i t ,

and n o co n s ciou s n e s s o f it a t t he s a m e ti m e ; a n d
t h e co n s ciou s n e s s o f o u r o wn id e n t ity a n d n o t of

o u r o wn i d e n t it
y i n t h e s a m e i n st a n t A nd
. a s thi s ,

a c t o f co n s ciou n e s s wh i ch d e m o n s tra t e s t he s a m e
s

n e ss o f m p e r s o n m u s t look b a ck wa rd thro u gh r e
y ,

ite ra te d a ct s to f or th a co n ta ct with th a t di s ta n t a c
,

tio n wh ich I a m c o n s ciou s th a t I p e r f or m e d in a n

e a rly p e rio d O f m l i f e ; so a s i t will i n f a llibly prov e
y ,

t he c e rt a i n ty o f th a t a ctio n ,
a s th a t I a m t he s a m e

p e r s o n th a t t h e n a n d th e r e p e r f or m e d it A nd to .
140 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h ap . IV .

d e n y t he truth o f th e se s e n ti m e n t s we m u s t s uppo s e
,

th a t m y co n s ciou s n e s s o f th a t e a rly a ctio n is n o

co n s ciou s n e s s o f it ; s o th a t it will b e c o n s c iou s n e s s
a n d n o co n s ciou s n e s s a t t he s a m e t im e .

T h e c e rt a i n ty o f a n a ct io n will i n f a ll ibly prov e t he

c e rta i n ty o f a n a ct o r ; a n d m y c o n s ciou s n e s s th a t I
a m t he p e r s o n a n d th a t th a t a ctio n wa s p e r f or m e d
,

by m e will b e i n dubit a bl e e vid e n c e o f both A n d

, .

t h e f utur e co n s ciou s n e s s which a t a n i v p e rio d

, yg e n

I m a y h a v e o f th e s e f a ct s w ill prov e with e qu a l

,

b e c a u s e co n s ciou s n e s s o f p e r s o n a l i d e n tity
c e r t a in u
(
r

n e v e r c a n b e tr a n s f e r r e d ) th a t t h e s ub s t a n c e in wh i ch

th a t co n s ciou s n e s s m a y i n h e r e co n t in u e s t h e s a m e ,

wh a t e v e r m a y b e it s a b s tra ct n a tu re . H e n c e th e n
we O bt a i n throu gh t he e vid e n c e o f co n s ciou s n e s s
, ,

a s a ti s f a ctory a s s ur a n c e th a t it r e m a i n s t he s a m e ,

n ot with s t a n d i n g a ll t h e m ut a tio n s a n d m od e s a n d a c

c id e n t s to which we m a y h a v e b e e n e x po s e d d uri n g ,

t he i n t e r m e di a t e s p a c e s o f dura tio n ,
which h a v e
e l a p s e d b e t we e n t he ti m e o f t he a ctio n a n d th a t
,

t im e wh e n in f utu r e I m a y b e con s ciou s o f it

,
.

B u t whil e I th u s a s s e rt th a t o u r r e it e r a t e d a ct s
,

o f co n s ciou s n e s s f ollo wi n g in r e gul a r s ucc e s s io n

, ,

will f or m a n u n brok e n ch i n o f e v i d e n c e o f t he m o st
a ,

d e ci s iv e n a tur e thro u gh which t h e s a m e n e s s o f th a t

,

pri n cipl e in which thi s co n s ciou s n e s s i n h e r e s a n d ,

t he c e rt a i n ty O f t he a c tio n m a y b e to m y s e l f d e m o n

s t r a t e d ; I wo u ld by n o m e a n s i n s i n u a t e th a t thi s

ch a in o f e vid e n c e will i n f or m m e w h a t thi s pri n ci pl e

o f i d e n tity is ,
o r h o w it is co n s titut e d To k n o w
.

w ith pre ci s io n in wh a t it co n s i s t s m u s t b e a s u bj e c t
,

o f d is t in ct i n quiry wi t h whi c h thi s spe c i e s o f CV1

,
2
 t ea I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [ C ha p . IV .

t he s ubj e c t it s e l f t o wh ich it m a y b e a ppli e d T he .

n e c e s s it
y o f doi n g thi s in t he c a s e b e f or e u s w il l
, ,

a pp e a r s till m ore e v id e n t wh e n we r e fle ct th a t

, ,

th e re a r e m a n y v i e ws in which t he hu m a n bo d y m a y
b e co n s i d e r e d which f or m n o p a r f o f o u r pr e s e n t
,

in v e s ti ga tio n T he re is a n id e n t it y of t he co mp o n e n t
.

a r t s o f wh c h t he body is f r m e d a n d th e r e is a n
p o ,

i d e n t it y o f t he m o d fica t io n of t he m
i Th e r e is a l s o
.

a n i d e n t ity of m a n co n s id e r e d a s a co mp o u n d of
,

m a t t e r a n d sp ir i t a n d th e r e is a m id e n t itp whi c h,

d e ta ch e d f ro m th e s e is o n ly a pp li ca ble t o t he bo dy
,

i t e lf
s . Th e s e te r m s co n v e y to u s d i sti n ct i d e a s ,

wh ich thou gh a pplic a bl e to t he s a m e s ubj e ct a r e

, ,

o n ly co n n e ct e d by a r e m ot e a ffin ity .

T h e id e n t it y of m o d ifica t io n m u s t co n s i s t in t he
s a m e po s itio n o f e v e ry p a rticl e which is i n cl u d e d in

a n y gi v e n s ub s t a n c e ; s o th a t n e ith e r a n y p a rticl e ,

n o r t he po s iti o n o f it c a n po s s ibly b e
, r e m ov e d ,

whil e thi s id e n tity o f m o d ific a tio n is pre s u m e d to

co n ti n u e A n d s houl d a n y p a rticl e b e r e m ov e d
.

f ro m it s pri m itiv e s t a tio n a n d lo d ge d in s o m e oth e r

,

p a rt o f t he s a m e portio n o f m a tt e r t he i d e n tity o f ,

m o d fi c a t io n m u s t b e th e r e by s o e ff e ctu a lly d e s troy

-

ed ,
a s though it ha d b e e n tot a lly r e m o v e d f ro m t he

c orpor e a l m a s s .

B u t a l t hou gh t he id e n tity o f m odific a tio n s houl d

,

b e thu s d e s troy e d it w ill n o t f ollo w t ha t t he id e n

,

t i ty o f t he co mp o n e n t p a r t s m u s t p e ri s h For .

w hil e t he p a rticl e s o f wh ich a n y giv e n portio n ha d

b e e n c o m po s e d r e m a i n u n m i x e d with f ore ig n p a r
,

t ic le s in t he s a m e m a s s t he id e n tity o f t he co m po
,

n e n t p a rt s m u s t r e m a i n in wh a t f or m s o e v e r t he
,
Sec t . O F T HE H U M AN B ODY . 143

p a rticl e s th e m s e l v e s m a y b e c o m bi n e d a n d co n n e cte d
toge th e r B u t if a n y giv e n p a rticl e s hould be r e
. ,
.

m ov e d f ro m t he giv e n m a s s o r a n y n e w a cqui s itio n s

,

s houl d b e m a d e in e ith e r o r in bot h o f th e s e c a s e s ,

, ,

t he id e n t ity of t he co mp o n e n t p a r t s o f thi s giv e n

body m u s t b e e n t ir e ly lo s t It th e re f o r e f ollo w s ,
.

th a t t he r e m ov a l o f o n e p a rticl e f ro m it s pri m itiv e

o s itio n w il l d e s troy t he id e n tity o f m o d i fic a t io n
p ,

w hil e t he tot a l re m ov a l o f a n oth e r f ro m t he m a s s

will a s tot a lly d e s troy t he id e n tity o f t he c o m po n e n t
p a rt s th e m s e l v e s It is i n d e e d tru e th a t a f te r th e s e
.
,

ch a n ge s t h e id e n tity o f t he p a rticl e s th e m s e lv e s wi ll
,

r e m a in but thi s will b e t he id e t ity f d i t in c t p a r n o s .

t ic le s t a k e n s e p a r a t e ly a n d n o t t he id e n tity o f t he
,

c o m po n e n t p a rt s co n s ide r e d a s o n e coll e ctiv e whol e .

T he id e n t i t y of m a n co n s id e r e d a s a co m pou n d ,
,

m u s t co n s i s t in t he u n io n o f t wo di s ti n ct s ub s t a n c e s ,
v ita lly u n ite d to ge th e r T O c o n s titute thi s id e n tity
,
.

o f m an n e ith e r t he id e n tity o f t he m odific a t i o n o f

,

t h e p a rt s n o r t he i d e n tity o f a ll t he p a rt s th e m s e l v e s
,

c a n b e a b s ol u t e ly n e de s sa r y T he m a n m a y c o n
.

t in u e thou g h t he p a rt s o f which his bo d y is c o m

,

po s e d m a y b e c o n s i d e r a bly ch a n g e d A n d w hil e .

t he u n io n co n ti n u e s b e t we e n t he m a tt e r a n d s pirit o f

which h e is co m po s e d o u r co m pl e x id e a o f m a n r e
,

m a i n s u n i n j ur e d a n d e n tir e S uch a r e t he id e a s
.

wh ich I h a v e o f m o d ifi ca t io n o f co mp o u n d p a r t s , ,

and o f ma n .

B ut, wh e n we thought s t o t he id e n t ity of

tur n our

t he hu m a n bo dy o u r id e a b e co m e s di s ti n ct f ro m
,

tho s e whi c h h a v e b e e n c o n s id e r e d a n d i n v ol v e s ,
144
. I D EN TI T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [ C hap . 1V .

se v e ra l qu e s tio n s o f c o n s id e ra bl e di ffi c ul ty a n d o f
co n s id e ra bl e i m porta n c e It is a n i d e n t ity which
.

m u s t c o n ti n u e p e r m a n e n t a m id s t tho s e p e rp e tu a l
ch a n ge s which t he bo d y u n d e rgo e s .

B u t s i n c e t he p a rticl e s which f ro m ti m e to ti m e ,
, ,

a d h e r e to t h e c orpore a l m a s s a r e in p e rp e tu a l fl u c
,
a

t u a t io n and s i n c e a l m o s t e v e ry m o m e n t i m pr e s s e s
,

U po n o u r bodi e s s o m e c o n s id e r a bl e ch a n ge it wil l ,

b e i m po s s ibl e to fi x t he id e n tity o f th e m in t h e whol e

o f t h e n u m e ri c a l p a rticl e s which h a v e oc c a s io n a ll y

a dh e r e d to th a t v it a lity w hi c h a n i m a t e s t h e hu m a n

f ra m e . A v a ri e ty o f a r g u m e n t s would op e r a t e to
r e f ut e s o a b su r d u
pp
a so s itio n a s th a t which would
,

m a k e t he ide n tity o f t he b o d y to co n s is t in t h e s a m e
n u me ric a l p a rticl e s — p a rticl e s which h a v e p e rh a p s
,

o c c a s io n a lly a dh e r e d to di ff e r e n t bodi e s which ,

bodi e s o n thi s a ccou n t m a y with j u s tic e pr e s e n t to

t h e m a n e qu a l c l a i m A n d thou gh t he a pp a r e n t
.
,

m o dific a tio n o f t he bo d y m a y s e e m to co n ti n u e
a m id s t th e s e v i c i s s itud e s ; ye t wh a t e v e r r e s e m bl a n c e
,

it m a y b e a r it c a n n ot b e t he r e a l m o d ific a tio n o f
,

t he s a m e p a rti c l e s b e c a u s e th e y a r e s uppo s e d to
h a v e gi v e n pl a c e t o oth e r s , which a r e n o w r e m ov e d ,

a n d will p e rh a p s a dh e r e to it n o m o r e .

To k n o w with c e rt a i n ty in wh a t t he ide n tity o f t he

b ody co n s i s t s is p e rh a p s a poi n t o f co n s i d e r a bl e
,

d iflic u lt y . It is a qu e s tio n which is m or e e a s ily

,

ropo d th n a n s we r e d d w m to k o w
p s e a a n e s e e n

with m or e c e rt a i n ty in wh a t it do e s n o t co n s i s t th a n ,

in wh a t it do e s Thi s ho we v e r w ill a d m it o f littl e

.
, ,

d oubt th a t t h e th i n g it s e l f a n d t he e v id e n c e s o f it
, , ,
 146 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T ION [ C hap I V. .

sa m e gro u n d a prop e r e vid e n c e o f t he f a c t which it

a s c e rt a i n s I a rriv e by th e se m e a n s a t t he m o s t d e .

o i s i v e e vi d e n c e th a t t he f a c t o f wh ich I wa s on c e
,

c o n s ciou s and o f
, which c o n s ciou s n e s s I a m n o w
c o n s ciou s wa s do n e by thi s s e lf s a m e id e n tic a l p e r
, .

so n , who n o w po s s e s s e s t he pr e s e n t co n s ciou s n e s s .

T he fir s t a ct o f co n s ciou s n e s s w a s in co n t a c t with
t he f a ct it e l f t he n e x t a ct in co n t a ct with t he f o r e
s
, .

g oi n g ; a nd m y p e s e n t a
r c t b e i n g in c o n t a ct w ith
t h a t a ct which n e x t pr e c e d e d it pre s e rv e s t he ch a i n ,

o f e vid e n c e u n brok e n a n d e n tire to t he pr e s e n t m o

ment . N o t hi n g th e r e f or e c a n e ith e r a ff e ct o r in
, ,

j u re t he ch a i n o f e vi d e n c e which thu s r e a ch e s b a ck
, ,

thro u gh pr e c e d i n g li n k s to t he f a ct s in qu e s tio n a t
a n y giv e n p e r iod withi n t he r e a ch o f r e coll e ctiv e
,

d ura t io n An d a s a tr a n s f e r o f co n s ciou s n e s s c a n
.

n o t po s s ibly t a k e pl a c e f ro m o n e s u b s t a n c e t o a n o
,
.

t h e r w ithou t d e s troy in g t he id e n tity o f th a t c o n s ci

,

o u sn e ss ; t he i d e n tity o f th a t co n s ciou s n e ss will

rov t h e i d e n tit y o f t he s ub s t a n c e in wh ich it in
p e

he re s without t he po ss ibi lity o f d e c e ptio n ; tho u gh

,

it c a n n e v e r c o n s tit u t e tha t id e n tity whi c h it thu s

u n qu e s tio n a bly prov e s .

Th a t t he ide n tity o f o u r bodi e s do e s e x i s t We ,

c a n n ot f o r a m o m e n t dou b t O ur o wn e xi s te n c e .

w ill u pbr a i d o u r i n cr e dulity a n d f orc e t he b e li e f o f

.

t he f a ct u po n u s in s pit e o f o u r m o s t ob s t i n a t e r e
,

s is ta n ce . Th a t p e r s o n a l id e n tity a n d t he e vid e n c e s
o f it a r e t wo di s ti n c t id e a s I h a v e a lr e a d y prov e d in
,

t hi s a n d t he pr e c e di n g s e ctio n s in which I h a v e c o n ,

s id e r e d c o n s c iou s n e s s a s t he o n ly m e diu m throu gh

whi c h p a st a n d f ut u r e ca n b e brou ght i n to c o n t a ct

S e ct . o r T HE H U MAN B O D Y . 147

with o ne oth e r ; a n d through whi ch p r e se n t p e r

an

c e p t io n s c a n b e brou ght i n to c o n t a c t with a c tio n s

th a t a re pa s t a n d go n e B u t though thi s c e n so r
.
,
.

o u s n e s s o f wh a t is p a s t is a n u n qu e s tio n a bl e e v i
,

d e n c e o f t he ce r t a in ty o f id e n tity ; ye t id e n tity it se l f
m u s t b e a s o m e thi n g tot a lly di s ti n c t ; a n d c a n n e v e r
b e c o n s titu te d by th a t co n s c iou s n e s s which is o n ly ,

a n e vid e n c e o f it which n e c e s s a rily pre s u ppo s e s it

, ,

a n d which o n th a t a ccou n t
,
m u s t d e ri v e it s origi n
,

a n d co n s titu tio n f ro m a n oth e r s ou r c e .

Wh e n we tur n o u r thought s t o t he t e rm ide n tity ,

a n d v i e w it in it s m o s t e n l a rge d a n d e xt e n s i v e s ig

n ifi ca t io n ; we s h a ll fi n d but f e w thi n gs t o whic h

t h e t e r m will n o t a pply e v e n th o u gh th e y
, p r e se n t

u s with id e a s whi c h h a v e l ittl e o r n o c o n n e c tio n

,

with o n e a n oth e r .

Whe n we s p e a k o f t he id e n t ity of s u bs t a n ce we
'

m e a n e v e ry thi n g w hich is i n clud e d with i n it s e s

s e n ce a b s tra ct e d f ro m a ll it s a pp e n d a g e s it s c o n fi
, g ,

u r a t io n a n d m o d e s
, Wh e n we s p e a k o f t he id e a
. »

t ity o f p a r t s ; we m e a n e v e r y id e n tic a l a to m i n c lud ,

e d in th a t u n io n whi c h a t a n y giv e n p e riod is p r e

,

s u m e d to e n gro s s o u r thought s Wh e n we s p e a k .

o f t he id e n t ity of a ny p a r t icu l a r m o d ifi ca t io n , t he
sa m e id e n tic a l a rra n ge m e n t is n e c e s s a ry in a ll t he ,

m od e s a n d s itu at io n s o f t h e p a rticl e s whi c h s ugge s t

e d to u s t he fir s t id e a B u t wh e n we s p e a k o f t he
.
,

i d e n t it y of m a n we n o t o n ly t a k e i n to o u r id e a t he
,

corpor e a l p a rt s o f his b ody but i n c lud e in th a t c o m ,

.

pl e x t e r m t he u n io n o f t wo d i s ti n c t s u b s ta n c e s a n d
, ,

c o n side r t he m in m ys t e ri o u s c o n t gct wi t h o n e a n o n
m ID EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T I ON [ C ha p . 1v ;

t he r : and by mov
l o f e ith e r o u r co m pl e x
t he r e a ,

id e a is s o f a r m util a te d th a t t he i d e n t i ty o f m a n is
,

t ot a lly d e s troy e d A ll th e re f ore th a t a f t e r wa rd s r e

. .

m a i n s in t he m i n d is a n id e a o f t wo d i s ti n ct s u b
,

s t a n c e s n o w n o lo n ge r in co n ta ct w ith o n e a n oth e r
, .

In t he m i d s t o f th e s e d i s ti n c t a pplic a tio n s o f t he
t e r m id e n t it y it is ho we v e r n e c e s sa ry t o di s ti n gui s h
s
,

a n d s e l e ct th at we m a y k n o w with pr e ci s io n wh a t
,

t h a t id e n tity is a f t e r which we i n quire ; wh e r e it

,

is t o be f ou n d in wh a t it c o n s i s t s ; a n d wh a t a r e it s
,

m o s t d i s ti n gu i s hi n g m a rk s a n d prop e rti e s .

T he i d e n tity which co n s titut e s t he s ubj e ct o f o u r

r e s e n t i n qui ry is n e ith e r t he i d e n tity o f m a tt e r n o r
p ,

o f s pirit ; it is n o t t he id e n tity o f p a rt s o r o f e s s e n .

ce s . It is n o t t he id e n t ity o f s u b s t a n ce o r o f m o d i q

fi c a t io n n o r is it t he id e n tity o f m a n B u t t he .

ide n tity a f te r which we i n qu ire is t he id e n /

, ,

i/
y of t h a t

p a r t icu la r p a r t of m an w hich s ub s is t s u n d e r a ll
,

t he V l C l S S l t ll d e s a n d m u t a tio n s o f hu m a n li f e : wh i ch

m u s t s ub s i st wh e n t he s piri t is re m ov e d f ro m it s
c o n fi n e s ; it is t h a t p a r t wh ic h we d e n o mi n a te t he

h u m a n b o d y .

S EC TI O N I II .

Ge ne r a l o bse r va t io n s on t he id e n t ity f
o t he

H u m a n B o dy
“

THA T ide n tity o f t he hu m a n bo d y m u s t c o n

t he .

si s t in s o m e thi n g whi c h is m a t e ri a l will a d m it o f littl e ,

o r n o doubt t o a r e fl e c t in g m i n d It would i n v olv e .

o
a c o n t ra d i c t io n t o s u ppo s e t he c o n tr a ry ; e spe c i a lly
[ 50 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR EC T ION [ C hap I V .
.

o th e r ; s i n ce t he re a s o n i n g s whi c h c an b e a dv a n c e d
in f a vour o f t he o n e ,will a pp a r e n tl y a pply with
e qu a l f or c e t o a ll . B u t wh e n we vi e w th i s th e ory
,

in it s a ctiv e a n d pra ct ic a l co n s e qu e n c e s it a s s u m e s
a n oth e a s p e ct
r
, a n d pl a c e s a n oth e r f e a tur e o n t he

whol e f a c e o f thi n g s .

W e we l l k n o w in c a s e o f a m puta tio n th a t m u ch
, ,

o f t he s ub s t a n c e o f t he bo d y m a y b e t a k e n a wa y ,

w itho u t in t he l e a s t a ff e cti n g t he id e n tity o f th a t

bo d y f ro m which th a t s ub s ta n c e wa s ta k e n It is .

tru e th a t t he r e m ov a l o f a n y giv e n p a rticl e will e n

t ir e ly d e s troy t he id e n tity o f t he n u m e ric a l p a rt s ,

a s we ll a s t he i d e n tity o f t he m o d ific a tio n o f t h e m .

B u t t he id e n tity o f t he p a rt s a n d t he ide n tity o f t he

,

body a r e t wo di s ti n ct id e a s Fo r whil e a m put a

, .
,

t io n will a n d i n e v it a bly m u s t d e s troy t he id e n tity

,

o f t he n u m e r ic a l p a rt s ; t he id e n tity o f t he bod y wil l

r e m a i n u n i n j ure d a n d e n tir e a s m uch s o

,
a s though ,
'

n o s u c h a m p ut a ti o n h a d t a k e n pl a c e A n d he n ce
.

it w ill f ollo w th a t t he whol e o f o u r corpore a l f r a m e s

, ,

t h a t e v e ry p a rt a n d p a rticl e o f t he hu m a n body c a n ,
.

n o t b e n e c e s s a ry to co n s titut e it s id e n t i ty Eo r a s .
,

t he i d e n tity o f t he body m a y a n d a ct it a lly do e s s u r

,

v iv e t h e a m put a tio n o f m a n y p a rt s tho s e a m p u

t a t e d p a rt s c a n o n ly b e co n s id e r e d a s e xtr a n e ou s

m a tt e r o r a s a pp e n d a ge s to th a t pri n c ipl e o f p e r
,
.

s o n a lit in wln c h 1 s h a ll h e r e a f t e r r e sum e t o pl a c e

y p
t he i d e n tity o f t he bo d y o f m a n .

B u t a lt hou gh s o m e p a rt s m a y b e thu s s e p a r a t e d
,

f ro m t he bo d y withou t a ff e cti n g it s id e n tity ye t

,

t hi s s e p a r a tio n m u s t b e p a rti a l Th e r e m u s t b e
.

s o me li n e s a n d bou n da ri e s o f d e m a rk a tio n , be o n d
y
S e ct 1111]
. OF T HE HU MAN BO D Y . 15 3

which am puta tion ot p a s s without a ff e c ti n g

ca n n ,

tho s e t e n d e r a n d v ita l p a rt s wh ich h a v e a m or e im

,
.

'

m e di a t e c o n n e ctio n w ith t h e s u bj e ct o f o u r i n q uiry .

Wh e n we look o n th e s e r e m ote a pp e n da ge s o f
t he b ody which c a n be s e p a r a t e d f ro m i t withou t
,

a i n ; t he s u ff r a g e s o f popul a r o pi n io n c o n cu r in
p
o ne g e n e r a l s e n ti m e n t wit h t he di s qu i s itio n s o f
,

hilo s ophy in a ffir m i n g th a t b odily id e n tity r e s id e s

p ,

n o t in th e se . We de c ide withou t h e s it a tio n a n d ,

t h a t j u s tly ,
th a t t he b o d y is t he s a m e in poi n t o f
id e n tity a f te r t he clipping o f o u r h a ir o r n a i ls a s it ,

wa s be f ore ; but thi s would b e a f a l se d e ci s io n if ,

e ith e r o u r h a i r o r n a il s o r tho s e p a rti c l e s o f w hi c h

,

th e y a r e c o m po s e d f or m e d a n y p a rt o f t he I d e n tity
,

o f tho s e bodi e s wh e n c e th e y we r e t a k e n .

Tho s e m i n u t e p a rticl e s which a r e thro wn o ff by

e r s pira tio n a r e a l s o a d m itt e d t o h a v e n o i n fl u e n ce
p ,

u po nit in poi n t o f id e n tity n e ith e r ca n th e y occa .

s io n a n y ch a n g e in t he s a m e n e s s o f t he bo d y f ro m ,

wh e n c e th e y s pri n g B u t ho we v e r t he pl a c e s o f
.
, ,

t h e s e e v a pora t e d p a rticl e s m a y b e s uppli e d by n e w

o n e s t he
, e x h a l a tio n s m u s t n e c e s s a rily pr o du c e a

o s itiv e ch a n ge in t h e c o m po n e n t p a rt s o f t he b od y
p ,

a s we ll a s in t he m odifi c a tio n o f t he p a rt s th e m s e lv e s .

Y e t a s t he id e n tity o f t he body is n o t c h a n ge d by.

t h e s e r e a l c h a n ge s in it s c o m p o n e t p a rt s ; it a ff ord s

a n oth e r a dditio n a l a rgu m e n t to prov e th a t t he id e n,

tity o f t he b ody a n d t he id e n tity o f it s p a rt s a r e t wo

,

di sti n c t ide a s .

I f th e n th e s e di m i n uti v e ye t r e a l c h a n ge s whi c h
, ,

p e r s pira tio n o cc a s io n s m a y t a k e pl a c e withou t

,

o c c a s io n i n g a n y c h a n g e in t he id e n tity o f t he body ,
 m I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI O N .

f ro m which t he p a rti cl e s e x h a le ; why m a y n o t :

m uc h gre a t e r ch a n ge t a k e pl a c e whil e t h e id e n tit
,
y
r e m a i n s e n t ir e ? W h e n t he bo d y o f a c orpul e n t
m a n h a s b e e n r e d uc e d to a m e r e s k e l e to n by a f e v e r
,

we m a y a s k — is th a t bo d y t he s a m e th a t it wa s b e .

f ore In poi n t o f i d e n tity it m o s t u n doubte dly is t he

sa m e , but in poi n t o f r e a l n u m e rica l p a rt icl e s it is ,

u n d oubte d ly m uch ch a n e d a n d is b e c o m e c o n s id
g , a

e r a bly di ff e r e n t f ro m wh a t it wa s b e f or e An d a s
.
,

t h e lo ss o f p a rticl e s r e duc e d his body to tha t s k e le

t o n a t which I h a v e j u s t hi n t d ; s o wh e n thi s e r
e , p
s o n s h a ll b e r e cov e re d f ro m h is re duc e d s t a t e and ,

r e s tor e d to h is f or m e r c o r pul e n cy it m u s t b e by t he
,

a cqui s itio n o f n e w p a rticl e s w hich a r e n o w in c o r o

p .

r a t e d in t he s y s t e m in t he roo m o f tho s e which t h e

,

f e v e r h a d wa s t e d a n d e x h a l e d He m u s t s till p o s
.

s e Ss t he s a m e body in poi n t o f id e n tity

, u n d e r a ll
,

t he v a ri a t io n o f h e a lth a n d s ick n e s s thou gh p e r

h a p s n o t l e s s th a n o n e third p a r t o f t he p a rti c l e s
‘

which n o w c o m po s e his s y s te m is e n tire ly n e w .

T he re fi n e d a n d s ubtl e fibre s which u n it e d t he,

id e n tity o f h is bo dy t o tho s e portio n s o f m a tte r

,

which we r e occ a s io n a lly in t he m a s s we re n e v e r s e ,

a r a t e d f ro m t he i m m a t e ri a l pri n c ipl e withi n T h e

p .

a dh e s io n m u s t h a v e
, co n ti n u e d through a ll tho s e
c h a n e s wh ich t he body ha d u n d e rgo n e a n d th e r e
g
.

f or e tho s e p a rt s which we r e c a p a bl e o f b e i n g r e m o v
,

e d cou ld h a v e f or m e d n o p a rt o f it s id e n tity
,
.

Th a t t he id e n tity o f t he m a n is s till t he s a m e wil l ,

a d m it o f d e ci s iv e proo f f ro m tho s e s uc c e s s iv e a c t s
,

o f co n s ciou sn e s s wh ich f ollo we d o n e a n oth e r in r e

,
.

ul a r o rd e r thro u gh s i c k n e s s a n d h e a lth a n d whi c h

g
154 I D N TIT Y
E AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C ha p . IV .
‘

su m e th a t m ore c o n s id e ra b l e c h an ge s ar e withi n [

t he r e a ch o f po s s ib ility B u t to wh a t e xte n t th e s e
.
,

ch a n ge s m a y t a k e pl a c e without a ff e cti n g t he ide n

t ity o th a t bo d y which u n d e rgo e s th e s e ch a n ge s I
f ,

will n o t pre s u m e to s a y T he a m put a tio n o f m a n y

.

a rt s m a y u n d oubt e d ly ta k e pl a c e W h l t h id
p C e, e n l .

tity o f th a t body (t he p a rt s o f which a r e a m puta t e d )

r e m a i n s u n i n j ur e d a n d e n tire N e v e rth e l e s s a m p u
.
,

t a t io n m u s t b e co n fi n e d in it s a ppli c a tio n ; a n d a s I
h a v e a lr e a d y ob s e rv e d th e r e m u s r b e s o m e li n e s a n d
,

bou n d a r ie s b e yo n d which a m pu t a tio n c a n n ot p a s s .

T he h a ir s o f o u r h e a d s m a y without d ou bt be
c ut o ff ; a n d t he n a il s o f o u r fi n ge rs a n d to e s m a y
a l s o b e t a k e n a wa y .A n d e v e n if o u r fi n ge r s a n d
t o e s we r e a m puta te d a l s o I thi n k n o qu e s tio n could
,

b e m a d e o n t he s ubj e ct th a t s a m e n e s s in poi n t o f
,

v it a l u n io n with t he i m m a t e ri a l s pirit would s till c o n

t i n n e thou gh t he id e n tity o f t he n u m e ri c a l p a rticl e s

,

w ould c e rt a i n ly b e d e s tro y e d ; a n d f ro m tho se p a r

t i a l lo s s e s we m a y pro c e e d to t h e a m put a tio n o f

le gs a n d a rm s . I f t he a m pu t a tio n o f t he s e we r e to
t a k e pl a c e I a m s till i n cli n e d to thi n k th a t t he m a n
'

, ,

would b e t he s a m e i e t he s e l f s a m e i n t e llige n t
, . .
,

a n i m a t e d b e i n g c o m pou n d e d o f a n i m m a t e ri a l s pir it
,

a n d a n org a n i z e d bo d y u n it e d to thi s s pirit b y m e a n s

,

Which we c a n n ot co m pr e h e n d w ould r e m a i n n o t ,

with s t a n di n g t he a m put a tio n o f l e g s a n d a r m s A n d .

,

s i n c e t he v it a l u n io n b e t we e n th e s e t wo s ub s t a n c e s

m u s t r e m a i n n ot with s t a n d i n g th e s e a m put a tio n s ;

,

it pl a i n ly f ollo ws th a t t he id e n tity o f o u r bodi e s a n d

, ,

t he i d e n tity o f a ll th e ir n u m e ric a l p a rt s m u st be ,

d isti n c t s ubje c t s a s we l l a s di s ti nct ide a s whi c h can

, ,
Sec t
. o n T HE H U M A N B ODY . u s

ha v e n o ne c e s s a ry co n n e c tio n Fo r a s t he a m put a
.
,

tio n o f tho se p a rt s will pro v e th a t t he id e n tity o f t he

bo d y s till co n ti n u e s ; it pl a i n ly f ollo ws th a t o u r id e a,

o f t h e id e n tity o r s a m e n e s s o f t he body c a n n ot b e

c o n s titu t e d by a ll tho s e p a rti c l e s which ha d b e e n

v ita lly u n ite d to t he c orpore a l m a s s Fro m t he v ita l .

u n io n s till r e m a i n i n g ,
thi s i n f e r e n c e is pl a c e d b e
yo n d t he re a ch o f do u bt n a m e ly th a t t he pri n cipl e
,

o f id e n tity w hich r e s id e s w ithi n t h e bo d y u n de r ,

c o n s id e ra tio n ,
c ould n o t h a v e b e e n i n j ure d by t he
p a rti a l lo s se s which t he body ha d s u s t a i n e d ; a l .

t hou gh thi s pri n cip le o f ide n tity m u s t n o w r e tir e

withi n n a rro wer c o n fi n e s th a n it o cc u pi e d wh e n t he

,

whol e co r por e a l m a s s wa s p e r f e c t a n d e n tire .

I t is prob a bl e ho we v e r th a t a m pu ta tio n ca n n o t
, ,

p a s s m uch f urth e r , w itho u t a ppro a c hi n g t he s e c r e t

r e c e s s e s wh e r e tho se a tt e n u a t e d fibre s a r e
, whi c h , .

u n ite t h e di ff e r e n t p a rt s o f t he flo a ti n g m a s s in clo s e ,

a n d i n ti m a t e co n n e ctio n with tho s e p a rticl e s whi c h

c on s titute t he id e n tity o f t he body ; a n d which in

a ll prob ability f or m s o m e m y s t e riou s co n ta c t w it h

t he i m m orta l s pirit o f m a n .T he re s ult o f thi s r e a

s o n i n g will ho we v e r
, , I fl a tt e r m y se l f b e f u flic ie n t
,

t o prov e , th a t t he ide n tity o f t he hu m a n body c a n

n o t be co n s titu te d by th a t which c o n s titut e s t he
id e n tity o f it s n u m e ri c a l p a rt s T he id e n tity o f t he
.

body m u s t b e a di s ti n ct id e a ; it m u s t co n s i s t in
s om e th in g whi c h r e m a i n s p e r m a n e n t a m id s t t he
,

s hock s o f s u rrou n di n g ch a n g e s a n d pre s e rv e s it s

,

sa m e ne s s through a ll t he v i c i s s it u d e s o f h u m an li f e .
156 I D EN TIT Y A N D R ES U R R EC TI ON [ C h a p. IV .

S EC TI O N IV .

The id e n t ity of t he hu m a n B o dy m o r e im me d ia te ly
co n s id e r e d .

HA V I N G , in t he pre c e di n g s e c tio n c o n s ide re d ,

t he hu m a n bo d y in ge n e r a l a s a m a s s o f m a tt e r in a
,

s t a t e o f p e rp e tu a l c h a n e ; a n d h a vi n n otic e d th a t
g g
t he a m put a tio n o f m a n y p a rt s m ay a ctu a lly t a k e

pl a c e witho u t a ff e c ti n g t he p e r m a n e n t pri n cipl e o f

,

it s ide n tity ; it is a qu e s tio n which n o w n a tura lly

r i s e s b e f or e u s : In wh a t do e s t he id e n tity o f t he

hu m a n body m ore i m m e di a te ly co n s i s t
Th a t thi s id e n tity c a n n ot co n s i s t in a ll t he n u m e
t ic a l p a rticl e s whi c h h a v e occ a s io n a lly be e n i n cor
,

p o r a t e d in t he s y s t e m I
,
h a v e a lr e a d y h i n t e d ; a n d

th a t it c a n n ot co n s i s t e ith e r in a ll tho s e which s h a ll b e

a tt a ch e d to t h e body in t h e m o m e n t o f it s i n t e r m e n t ,

o r in t h e m aj ority o f t h e m I s h a ll h e r e a f te r a tt e m pt
,

t o prov e . A n d th a t t he i d e n tity o f t he body s hould

c o n s i s t in a n y m e r e m od ific a t io n which a ll t he p a r t s
,

m i ght a t a n y ti m e e ith e r in li f e o r d e a th a s s u m e it
, ,

woul d be t he h e ight o f f olly t o s uppo se .

f ro m th e s e c ircu m s t a n c e s th e r e f ore e qu a l ly
, ,

S upport e d by r e a s o n a n d f a ct a s we ll a s f ro m t he
,

n a tur e a n d co n s tit u tio n o f t he hu m a n body we a r e ,

u rge d to a d opt thi s opi n io n T ha t t he r e m u s t be

/i
,

lo dge d w it r t io n o f imm o
!

s o m e whe r e 12 72 t, so me p o

ve a bf e
‘
ma t te r , fi o m which it s g cn e r al id e n t iiy
 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON I
V

158 [ C h a
p V . .

in a ll t he
di ff e r e n t s ta ge s o f hu m a n li f e ; a n d it is
to tho se portio n s o f i m m ov e a bl e m a tte r in a ll p ro ,
.

h a bility th a t t he i m m a t e ri a l s pirit is u n ite d in t he

,

m y s t e riou s co m p a ct which s ub s i s t s b e t we e n th e se
d i s t a n t n a tur e s in t he pr e s e n t li f e.

N o r p e rh a p s is t he m y s te riou s u n io n t he o n ly
, ,

obj e ct which o n t he pr e se n t o c c a s io n e xcite s o u r

, , ,

n otic e .A n i n divi s ibl e s piritu a l s ub s ta n c e a n d a ,

portio n o f corrupti bl e m a tt e r t he p a rt s o f which

,

h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d i n d i s s olubl e by t he po we r o f
t he A l m i ghty m a y b e a r s om e r e s e m bl a n c e to e a ch
,

oth e r in t he m a n n e r o f th e ir e xi s t e n c e ho w di s ta n t
,
.

s o e v e r th e y m a b e in poi n t o f e s se n c e a n d in c o m
y .

m u n ic a b le prop e rti e s I n e s s e n c e a n d prop e rti e s

.

t h e y m u s t b e n e c e s s a rily di s ti n ct ; whil e in m o d e s o f

e x i s te n c e th e re m a y e xi s t a gr e a t e r a flin it y b e t we e n

th e m th a n we m i ght b e i n d uc e d to i m a gin e f ro m a
,

p opul a r vi e w o f s uch r e m ote e x tr e m e s . A nd i n a ll ,

prob a bility thi s portio n o f p e r m a n e n t m a tt e r which

, ,

through t he ori gi n a l co n s titutio n o f it s n a ture is ,

pl a c e d b e yo n d t he i n flu e n c e o f corruptio n a n d d e
ca a fl o r d s u s a s triki n g e m bl e m o f th a t in c o r r U
y p
t io n to which our bodi e s s h a ll b e r a i s e d wh e n t he ,

e c ho o f t h e l a s t tru m p e t s h a ll a wa k e n m a n to p e r ~

e t u a l li f e
p .

I n th a t p e a c e f ul r e gio n n o d e s tru ctiv e a t m o s ph e re

s h a ll a s s a il t he bo d y a n d h e r e we b e hol d thi s p o r t io n
,

of m a t t e r s e cur e d f ro m it s i n n ov a tio n s . T he r e n o
d e a th c a n a ppro a ch o u r bo d i e s a n d he r e thi s p o r t io n
,

is pl a c e d b e yo n d it s i n flu e n c e a n d po we r Th e r e a ll
.

t he p a rt s o f o u r bodi e s s h a ll a dh e r e f o r e v e r a n d ,
S e ct 1v
. .
) O F T HE HUMA N B ODY . 159

h e re thi s portio n is i n a cc e s s ibl e t o di s s ol utio n a n d

d e c a y Th e r e a ll will be p e r m a n e n t a n d h e re thi s
. ,

portio n is u n cha ng e a ble I n fi n e b e yo n d t he gra v e

.
,

a ll t he p a rt s o f o u r f utur e bodi e s s h a ll e n j oy th a t

e x e m ptio n f ro m c a l a m iti e s which s e e m s h e r e a ff or d

,

e d o n ly to a p a rt ; a n d b e p o s s e s s e d f o r e v e r in wa y s ,

a n d m od e s which a r e a t pr e s e n t tot a lly u n k n o wn .

To thi s portio n o f i m m ov e a bl e m a tt e r in which I ,

h a v e pr e s u m e d t he id e n tity o f t he bo d y to b e pl a c e d ,

a n d which is n o w lo d ge d withi n it s co n fi n e s tho s e

a cc e s s ory a to m s which we a c quire through t he m e

d iu m o f n utritio n in a ll prob a bility a dh e r e

, ,a n d it

is m ore th a n prob a bl e th a t thi s pr e s e n t se a t o f p e r

,

s o n a l it y will b e co m e a g e r m o f f utur e li f e a nd b e ,

t h a t pri n cipl e which s h a ll e ith e r u n f ol d it s l a t e n t in

v ol utio n s a n d e xp a n d wholly i n to th a t bo d y which

,

s h a ll b e o r coll e ct tho s e wa n d e ri n g a to m s which

,

w ill b e n e c e s sa ry to giv e co m pl e tio n to t he corpor e a l

f ra m e wh e n t he voic e o f t he a rch a n ge l s h a ll a wa k e n
,

t he d e a d to li f e ,
O f t he m odific a tio n s wh ich m a t
.
,

t e r is c a p a bl e o f u n d e rgoi n g we k n o w but a d im in u
,

t iv e p a rt ; n o r c a n o u r k n o wl e dg e o n thi s s ubj e c t

b e c o m pl e t e u n til we a r e a c q u a i n t e d with it s e s se n c e .

A n d f ro m thi s c irc u m s t a n c e o f o u r co m p a ra tiv e ig

,
.

n o r a n ce r e s ulti n g f ro m t he li m it a tio n o f o u r f a c u l
,

ti e s i t m a y n o t b e i rr a tio n a l t o S uppo s e th a t thi s

, ,

i n d i s s olubl e port io n o f m a tt e r wh ich n o w co n s ti .

t u t e s t h e id e n tity o f t he body m a e v e n c o n ta i n a t
y ,

pre s e n t withi n it t he co n s ti t u e n t p a rt s o f th a t bo d y
,

which s h a ll put o n i n corruptio n , wh e n m ort a lit

y
s h a ll be s wa l lo we d u p in li f e .
 163 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI ON [C h ap . 1V .

T 0 k n o w t he di m e n s io n s t he t e xtu re t he c o n fi
, ,

u r a t io n a n d t he pl a c e o f r e s i d e n c e o f thi s portio n
g , ,

o f i m m ov e a bl e m a tt e r m i ht p e rh a p s b e hi hly ra
, g g g
t if y in g to t he cu rio s ity o f m a n but th a t s uch k n o w
l e d ge woul d b e o f a n y re a l u s e to u s m a y we ll a d
,

m it o f co n s i d e r a bl e d oubt . P e rh a p s t h e a cut e n e s s
o f tho s e org a n s w hi c h woul d e n a bl e u s to b e co m e
,

i n ti m a t e ly a cqu a i n t e d with t he i n t e rn a l co n s t itutio n

o f it s n a tur e , to ge th e r w ith tho s e a d h e s iv e po we r s
by which it s v a riou s p a rt s a r e co n n e cte d would ,

d e priv e u s o f th e i r u tility in pr a ctic a l li f e o u r ig

n o r a n ce th e r e f ore o f th e s e poi n t s is prob a bly a n e

c e ssa r
y co n s e qu e n c e o f o u r pr e s e n t m o d e o f b e i n
g .

It is th e r e f or e wi s d o m a n d n o t d e f e ct in t he e c o n o .

m y o f h e a v e n to r e v e a l u n to u s s u c h k n o wl e d ge
,

o n l y a s is n e c e s s a ry to o u r pr e s e n t co n d itio n a n d t o ,

c o n c e a l t he re s t in i m p e n e tr a b le d a rk n e s s .

Fro m o u r e st a bli s h e d m od e s o f a s s oci a ti n g o u r

i d e a s we h a v e obta i n e d a ge n e r a l c o n clu s io n th a t
,

in a ll portio n s o f m a tt e r s olidity is n e c e s s a ry to d u
r a tio n ; a n d h e n c e we a n n e x t he id e a o f d u r a b ility
t o a ll m a t e ri a l obj e ct s in proportio n to t he s oli d ity
,

o f th e ir co n t e n t s B u t w h e th e r thi s e s t a bli s h e d a s
.
,
.

S oci a tio n b e a ccordi n g to truth m a y we ll d e s e rv e

,

o u r c o n s id e r a tio n f o r c e rt a i n it is th a t s oli d ity a n d

,

dura bility a r e d i s ti n ct i d e a s which p e rh a p s h a v e n o

,

oth e r r e a l c o n n e ctio n th a n th a t which s ub s i st s in o u r

o wn m in d s .

I f G o d we r e to cr e a t e t wo portio n s o f m a tt e r o f ,

e qu a l di m e n s io n s b ut o f di ff e r e n t d e re e s o f s olidity
, g ,

s o di ff e r e n t th a t n o a ss ig n a bl e proportio n c ould be
162 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N .
[Ch a p . IV .

with a c e rt a i n ty e qu a l to th a t o f m ore s oli d a n d im ,

e n e tra bl e s ub s t a n c e s A d t ot w ith sta n d in

p .n
y e n , , g
t hi s v ol a tility a n d e l a s ticity which we C o n s t a n tly
,

d i s cov e r n o re a s o n a bl e m a n p e rh a p s e v e r i m a gt n
, , ,

e d t he a t m o s ph e r e to b e a s m uch e xpo s e d to t he

p o w e r o f d i s s ol ut io n a s e v e n a fl in t or a d i a m o n d .

H o we v e r e l a s tic a n d yi e l d i n g t he a tm o s ph e re m a y
a pp e a r it is e vi d e n tl a s p e r m a n e n t a n d im m ov e a bl e
, y
a s a n y portio n o f m a tt e r with which we a r e a cqu a i n t

ed a n d thi s c ircu m s t a n c e pl a i n ly prov e s th a t s oli ,

n

d ity in t e xtur e is n o t a b s ol ut e ly n e c e s s a ry to t he d u .

r a b il it y o f tho s e m a t e r ia l s ub s t a n c e s w ith which we

a r e e n circl e d a n d which n o w e n gro s s o u r thou ght s

, .

It is p e rh a p s in a m a n n e r s o m e wh a t a n a l a gou s to
a ir , th a t tho s e p e r m a n e n t pri n cipl e s o f t he hu m a n
bo d y e xi s t s in which I h a v e s uppo s e d it s i d e n tity
,

to co n s i s t ; but which o n th a t a ccou n t c a n b e n o

, ,

m or e li a bl e to d i s s olutio n th a n t he a t m o s ph e r e t o
, ,

which in mo d e s o f e x i s te n c e it m a y prob a bly b e

, ,

a lli e d . A n d thou gh to thi s portio n o f i m m ov e a bl e

m a t t e r t he d i ff e r e n t p a rt i cl e s o f fl e s h a n d bloo d 0 c .

c a s io n a ll a d he re d u ri n t h e v a riou s s t a e s o f o u r
y , g g
n a tur a l liv e s ; e t a s th e y a r e in a s t a t e o f p e rp e t u a l
y ,

fl uctu a tio n a d h e ri n g to t he s y s t e m r e tiri n g f ro m it

, , ,

a n d th e n a d h e ri n g a n e w ; th e y c a n f or m n o p a rt o f

th a t i m m ov e a bl e port i o n 1n which i d e n tity o r s a m e

,

n e s s m u s t co n s i s t A n d s i n c e th e s e a cc e s s ory p a r
.

t ic le s whi h a r e in a s t a t e o f p e rp e tu a l m ut a tio n ca n
c ,

f or m n o p a rt o f th a t portio n which is p e r m a n e n t ; it
is h ighly prob a bl e th a t w h e n t he hou r o f d e a th s h a ll
, ,

d d b di olutio th fl o ti a rt ic le s
h e s u c c e e e
y s s n e s e a ,
n
gp
 Se ct IV ]
. . OF T HE H U MA N B O DY .
1%

will d rop o ff an d
re s u m i n g the ir pri m a ry s t a te ,

l e a v e a t l a s t thi s portio n u n cloth e d a n d tot a lly s e p a l

r a te d f ro m a ll e xtra n e ou s m a tt e r .

D iv e s t e d o f a ll e xtra n e ou s m a t t e r , it is pro ba b ly
.

in it s o wn n a tur e s o c o n s titut e d th a t it b e co m e s in ,

c a pa bl e o f i n corpora ti n g w ith a n y oth e r a n i m a l s u b

s ta n c e s ; i n c a p a bl e o f a ff ord in g a n y n utritio n or of ,

fill in g U p a n y v a cu ity in t he a n im a l s y s te m s o f oth e r

bo d i e s I n thi s s t a te o f s e p a ra tion it m a y lie r e po s
.

in g in t he g ra v e in a n a pp a re n tly dor m a n t co n d itio n ,

e
q ua lly i n a cc e s s ibl e to a ll viol e n c e and r e m ov,ed
)

f ro m a ll d e c a y T he a cci d e n t s in d e e d which flo a t
.

o n t he s tr e a m o f ti m e m a y te n d to di s turb it s tra n
,

u ilit y a n d di s lo d ge it f ro m it s loo m y m io
q , g a n s n ;
in thi s c a s e it m a y flo a t in t he bre e z e f o r a s e a s o n ,

o r it m a y b e wa f te d i n to d i s t a n t r e gio n s with t he
a dv e r s e w i n d s o f h e a v e n but ch a n ge o f sta tio n c a n
n e v e r a fl e c t t h e p e r m a n e n cy o f it s n a tur e R emov . .

e d f ro m t he i n flu e n c e o f gr a vit a tio n throu gh t he ,

e l e m e n ta ry pri n cipl e s o f it s co n s titutio n it will be ,

a bl e t o m a k e n o re s i s t e n c e to e xt e r n a l bo d i e s ; a n d

r e n d e r e d too s ubtil e f o r o u r o r g a n s o f v is io n it m a
y ,

e lud e a ll di s c e r n m e n t ; b e c o m i n g a t o n c e i m e r c e
p p
t ibl e to s i ght a n d touch A n d whil e in thi s n a k e d
.
,

s ta t e
,
a b a n d o n e d by it s im m a t e ri a l p a rt n e r an d ,

s e p a r a t e d f ro m a ll tho s e cu m brou s p a rticl e s o f fl e s h

a n d blood which n o w cloth e a n d a d h e r e to it ; it

,

m u s t re m a i n w ithout a ff ord in g a n y e vi d e n c e s o f it s
e x i s te n c e till t he a rriv a l o f t he gre a t d a y o f r e tri
,

b u t io n w h e n r e s u m i n g it s m e diu m o flic e
,
or new ,

co n ditio n i t s h a ll b e r e u n ite d to its i m m orta l

,
164 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U R R EcT IO N C
[ h ap . 1v .

p a rt n e r ne v e r to b e
, se p a r a t e d f ro m it a ga i n thro u gh

In t he m e an whil e , t he
p rticl e s o fa w h ich,
it is

c o m po s e d m a b e s o clo s ly u n it e d in a ll it s s t a e s
,y e
g
o f e xi s t e n c e t h a t n othin but t h e po w r of G od
, g e

p e culi a rly e x e r t e d c a n d i s s olv e t he co m p a ct ; whil e

n oth in b u t a tot a l di s s olutio n o f it s in t e r n a l co n s ti
g
t u t io n c a n d e s troy it s n a tur e For thou gh a p e e n
.
,

l i a r a pplic a tio n o f A l m ighty po we r m ight d ivi d e ,

t h e s e m in u t e a to m s o f which it is co m po s e d s uch a

d ivi s io n Will n e ith e r d e s troy it s n a tur e n o r re d uc e ,

it t o a l e v e l w ith bt he r port io n s o f a n i m a l m a tt e r .

T he s e p a r a tio n i n d e e d o f th e se p a rt s will tot a ll y d e .

s troy a ll a d v a n t it io u s s oli d ity ; but t h e r e a s o n wh

y
t he p e rm a n e n cy o f it s n a tur e m u s t s till r e m a i n is , ,

b e c a u s e t he p e rp e tuity o f b e i n g which is i n clud e d in

i t s n a t ur e a ri s e s n o t f r o m t he p e culi a r a dh e s io n o f
,

it s p a rts b ut f ro m t he i n di s s olubl e n e s s o f it s n a t ure

, .

C a p a bl e o f yi e ldi n g w ithout r e c e iv in g a n y v iol e n t

i m p r e s s io n it m a y f ro m t he fl e xibility o f it s n a tur e
, , ,

occ a s io n a lly a s s u m e a v a ri e ty o f f or m s To c o n . .

tra ctio n a n d e xp a n s io n it m a y b e a lik e i n d i ff e r e n t ;

whil e it m a y b e c a pa bl e o f u n d e r goi n g s uch m ode s
a s n e v e r y e t a ttr a ct e d t he n otic e o f t he hu m a n e e
y .

B u t thou gh a ll m a tte r is c a p a bl e o f d ivi s ibility

, ,

wh ich through t he a pplic a tio n o f i n fi n it e po we r thi s ,

a l s o m u s t b e c a p a bl e o f u n d e rgo in g ; ye t w h e th e r d i

v id e d o r e n tire it s n a tur e will b e s till t he s a m e It is

'

, .

it s e l f a n d i t s e l f a lo n e u n d e r e v e ry po s s ibl e co n n e c
, ,

tio n a n d f or m tho u gh in a d ivi d e d s ta te t he d i s t a n

ce s whi c h it m a y oc c u py m a y b e loc a l a n d di s ti n ct .
 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI ON [C ha p . IV }

r it with which it is in clo se a lli a n c e it m a y e l u d e ,

‘

throu gh t he whol e pro gr e s s o f hu m a n li f e tho s e ,

a cci d e n t s a n d m i s f ortu n e s to which t h e gro s s m a t e

r i a l s a r e e xpo s e d A n d by p a rti a lly r e tiri n g i n t o

.
,

tho s e r e c e s s e s which a r e prov id e d f o r it s s a f e ty by ,

d il a t in g or co n tr a cti n g a s c i rcu m s ta n c e s s h a ll d i
,

r e ct t he i m m a t e ri a l S pirit which m u s t b e it s ui d e ;
, g
it s h a ll re m a i n p e rf e ct a n d e n tir e throu gh a ll t he m u
t a t io n s a m pu ta tio n s a n d ch a n e s throu h whic h
, g, g
t h e bo d y p a s s e s f ro m a n e m bryo in t he wo m b t o
, ,

f ull m a turity a n d ho a ry a ge .

B u t wh e n t he i m m a t e ri a l pri n cipl e s h a ll b e s e p
,
.

a r a t e d f ro m it s u n io n w ith thi s portio n a n d r e tir e ,

w ithi n t h e co n fi n e s o f a f utur e worl d it is n o t im ,

.

prob a bl e th a t thi s pri n cipl e o f i d e n tity will re tir e

withi n it s e l f by a n i n n a te co n tr a ctio n which r e s ults ,

f ro m t h e a b s e n c e o f it s i m m a t e ri a l p a rt n e r which is ,

n o w pr e s u m e d to h a v e t a k e n it s fli ght In thi s c a s e .
,

t he n a tur a l r e s ult m u s t b e th a t t he whol e m a s s be

, ,
.

r e f t o f it s s piritu a l i n h a bita n t which d i ff u s e d thi s ,

pri n cipl e o f i d e n tity throu gh it s r e m ot e s t p a rt s ,

which h a s throu gh t h e lo s s o f it s s piritu a l dir e ctor

, ,

r e tir e d a l s o f ro m it s d i ff u s e d s t a tio n a n d d e o su e d
p ,

it s e l f withi n s o m e i n a c c e s s ibl e co n fi n e ; t he n a tur a l

r e s ult I s a y m u s t be th a t t he p r a t ic le s o f m a tt e r
, , ,

w hich co m po se d t he w hol e s y s t e m n o w d e priv e d ,

by th e s e m e a n s o f th e ir a n i m a ti n g c e m e n t b e co m e ,

n o lo n g e r a d h e s iv e but d rop gr a d u a lly a wa v throu gh

,

corruptio n i n to th e ir pri m itiv e e l e m e n t s to m i n gl e ,

’

d e voi d o f li f e a n d o f th a t a s s oci a tio n which ga v e to

,

u s t he i d e a o f b o d y w ith t he c o m m o n m a s se s o f
,

m a tt e r n e v e r di gn ifi e d with li f e .
S e ct . IV ]. O F T H E H U MAN BODY .

N e v e rth e l e s s , in t he th e s e prob a bl e c o n
m id s t o f .

j e c ru r e s w
, hil e thi s pri n cipl e o f id e n tity i n u n io n ,

with t he s pirit in t he pre s e n t li f e m u s t b e co n s i d e r e d ,

a s d i ff e r e n t through t he corpor e a l m a s s we c a n n o t
a void thi n ki n g th a t by s o m e li a m e n t s o r a tt e n u a t e d
, g
fibr e s it m u s t be u n it e d t o s e v e r a l p e rh a p s m e d i
, , ,

a t e ly o r i m m e d i a t e ly to a ll t he p a rt s o f t he gro s s
,

m a t e ri a l s a n d th a t throu gh thi s m e d iu m it m u s t b e
,

co n fi n e d w ithi n t he s u p e r fi ce s o f t he a d h e ri n g p a rt s ,

f ro m which i t c a n n ot b e s e p a ra te d without occ a s io n

in g i m m e d i a te d e a th A n d f r o m h e n c e it a pp e a r s
.

p rob a bl e a l s o th a t w h a t e v e r t he n a tur e o f tho s e

,

fi l a m e n t s m a y b e t h e v i o l e n c e which will s e p a ra te
,

th e m f ro m t he gro s s a n d flu ctu a ti n g p a rt s t o whic h

th e y a r e in s o m e pl a c e s u n i te d m u s t br e a k a t t he ,

s a m e ti m e t he co n n e ctio n b e t we e n t he pri n cipl e o f

id e n tity it s e l f a n d t he i m m a t e ri a l s pirit t o whic h it

, ,

is u n it e d both by co n t a ct a n d m a n n e r o f e xi s t e n c e
, .

T he co n ti n u a n c e o f thi s pri n cipl e o f bo d ily id e n

t ity a m i d s t t he s hock s o f l if e a n d t h e d e s ol a tio n o f
,

s urrou n di n g p a rt s is n o t t he d e ci s io n o f th e ory b u t
,

o f f a ct a n d it s pr e s e rv a tio n a m i d s t t he r a v a g e s o f

d e a th m a y b e i n f e rr e d f ro m j u s t a n a lo gy An d .

though f ro m h e n c e i t will f ollo w th a t it is c a p a bl e ,

o f a s e p a ra t e s t a t e o f e x i s te n c e wh e n p e r f e ctly d is
,

u n it e d f ro m a ll oth e r m a tt e r a n d f ro m s pirit y e t it ,

will n o t f ollo w th a t it w ill po s s e s s a n y a ctiv e e n e rgy

, ,

o r b e c a p a bl e o f loco m otio n I n thi s s t a t e o f tot a l

-
.

s e p a r a tio n it c a n h a v e n othi n g m ore th a n a ki n d o f

,

v e g e t a t ive e x is t e n ce tot a lly d e s titut e o f a n i m a l o w

, p
ers .
168 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap 1V .

S hriv e ll e d , and f old e d in it se l f i t m u s t r e tire to

,

m ix with co m m o n m a tt e r a n d co n ti n u e in a torpi d
,

s t a te in which it m a y u n de rgo in a wa y a n d m a n
n e r wh ic h s urp a s s o u r co m pr e h e n s io n s a p a s s iv e ,

proc e s s s o m e wh a t a n a logou s to th a t o f a g e r m i n a ti n g
a to m which is i n clu d e d in g r a i n
, A n d in thi s s t a t e
.

it m a y r ip e n to wa r d s t he gr a n d r e s ult o f thi n g s ,

w h e n it s ha ll co m e f orth in a m a tur e d s t a te —u n f ol d ,

al l it s l a t e n t po w e r s — ,put f orth a ll it s bloo m — and ,

flouri s h throu ghout e t e r n it v .

S houl d ho we v e r t he d octr i n e o f it s s e p a ra t e a n d
, ,

a b s tra ct e x i s t e n c e b e a ppl ie d to t he pr e s e n t li f e
w h il e t he co m m o n a pp e n d a ge s o f bo d y a r e in clo s e
co n n e ctio n w ith it we c a n n ot b u t co n clu d e t h a t it
, ,

m u s t o n th a t a ccou n t h e e rro n e ou s In thi s co n n e c

.

tio n n o d i s ti n c t e x i s t e n c ec a n b e a s s i gn e d to i t i n d e ,

p e n d e n tly o f th a t ge n e r a l s t a t e o f b e i n g w hich it ,

po s s e s s e s in co m m o n w ith n e rv e s a n d m u s cl e s a n d
, ,

fl e s h a n d blood A n d a s n o di s ti n ct m o d e o f e x
,
.

is t e n ce c a n b e a s s i gn e d to t h e co m po n e n t p a rt s o f
t h e bo d y a n d to t he i d e n tity o f th a t bo d y t he l a tt e r
, ,

m u s t b e i n clud e d in t he f or m e r ; both m u s t b e in
cl u d e d in o u r ge n e r a l id e a o f bo d y t h e whol e o f,

whi c h b e co m e s n e c e s s a ry wh e n we c o n s id e r it a s
,

a ppl y in g to t he m a t e ri a l p a rt o f m a n .

It m a y p e rh a p s b e a s k e d ,
In Wh a t do e s t he
“

i d e n tity o f th a t le g o r a r m co n s i s t which I h a v e ,

s uppo s e d m a y b e a m put a t e d w ithout d e s troy in g t he

,

i d e n tity o f t ha t bo d y f ro m wh e n c e i t wa s t a k e n
To th i s qu e s tio n I woul d r e p ly th a t a s n o t wo ,

p a rt s o f a n i n di v idu a l m a n ca n s u r vi v e th e ir s e pa r a v
170 I DE N TIT Y A N D R E S U RR E C TI ON [C hap . IV .

t ho s e p a rticl e s which f ro m ti m e to ti m e in c o r p o
, ,
.

r a t e in t he sy s te m a n d occ a s io n a lly fill u p tho s e v a

,
.

c a n c ie s whi c h a ccid e n t ,i n s e n s ibl e p e r s pir a tio n , o r

som e di m i n utiv e a ct s o f a m puta tio n m i ght h a v e
m ade . W hil e o n t he c on tra ry we c a n n ot a n n e x to
a n y a m put a t e d p a rt t he i d e a e v e n o f a n i m a tio n , un
'

l e s s we firs t s uppo s e t he p a rt in q u e s t io n t o b e u n it e d
to s o m e oth e r portio n o f m a tte r po s s e s s e d o f th a t
,

p e culi a r orga n i z a tio n which is n e c e s s a ry to giv e u s

t he id e a o f a n i m a l li f e. G o d n o d oubt coul d giv e
,

to thi s a m puta t e d p a rt a ll t he or ga n s w hich a r e n e

c e s s a r y to t h e f u n ct io n s o f d e p e n d e n t b e i n gs. B ut
th e n it m u s t b e r e m e m b e re d th a t in s uch c a s e it
,

w ill b e n o lo n ge r e ith e r le g o r a r m but a d i s ti n ct

,

i n d ivi d u a l o f s o m e u n k n o wn s p e ci e s o f b e i n g f o r ,

which we p e rh a p s h a v e n o t a n a m e
, ,
.
s e ct, OF T HE H U MAN B OD Y .
v
17 1

C H AP . V .

ON THE A N AL OG Y B ET WE E N VEG ET A TI O N AN D

T H E R ESU R R E C TI ON OF THE HU MAN B OD Y .

S E C TI O N I .

Tha t t he D o ct r in e of t he R e s u r r e ct io n ha s f e we r
D fi
z cu lt ie s t ha n t he D o ct r in e f Ve ge t a t io n
o .

W HATE V E R di ffi c ultie s m a y s e e m to clog t he d o c

tri n e o f t he r e s u rr e ctio n th e y a r e n e ith e r gre a t e r in
,

th e m s e l v e s n o r m ore in n u m b e r th a n n a ture e xhib

, ,

it s in a l m o s t a ll he r w ork s It is tru e th a t t he co n
.
,

s t a n t r e p e titio n o f a w o n d e r i n v a ri a bly t e n d s to le s
,

s e n our a s to n i s h m e n t a n d we c o
,
ti to
g a z e t ill
n n u e

we b e hol d w it h t h e m o s t p e r f e ct i n di ff e r e n c e t he
m o s t a s to n i s hi n g e v e n t s a s t he c o m m o n o c c u r r e n
, .

c e s o f o u r pr e s e n t s t a t e .

T he po we r a n d proc e s s o f v e ge t a tio n wh ich a r e ,

c o n s ta n tly e x hibite d b e f or e o u r e y e s i n cl ude s s e ,

c r e t s which we c a n n ot u n ra v e l a n d wh e n v i e we d
w ith a n a tt e n tiv e ob s e rv a tio n di s cov e r m y s t e ri e s
,

whi c h a r e by f a r m or e u n a c c o u n t ab le t h a n a n y
w hich a re c o n t a i n e d in t he b e li e f th a t o u r bodi e s
s h a ll b e r e a n i m a t e d in s o m e f uture p e riod a f ter
.
,

t he gr e a t r e c e s s o f n a tur e in t he gra v e s h a l l h a v e

a d a n d b e t ot a lly do n e a wa
p s se
y .
 m I n m r i r tt AN D R B S U R R ECTI O N [ Cha p
’
r . V .

If we co n fi n e o u r ob se rv a tio n s o n t he a n a logy ,

b e t we e n v e ge ta tio n a n d t he r e s u rre ct i o n to v e ge ta ,

tio n in it s m o s t s i m pl e s t a t e ; a n d o n l y pr e s u m e
th a t o n e gra i n s h a ll throu gh it s co r ruptio n pro
, ,

d uc e a n oth e r s i m il a r to it s e l f we m u s t a t l e a s t a c
,

k n o wl e d ge in thi s c a s e th a t t h e d iffi c u lt e s W i ll b e
, .

e qu a l ; an d we c a n n o m ore a ccou n t f o r t he o n e

th a n we ca n co m pre h e n d t he oth e r B u t wh e n to .
,

thi s s i m pl e s t a t e o f v e ge t a tio n , which w e h a v e s u p

po s e d we a d d th a t p uwe r o f m ulti p lic a tio n wh ich
,

it po s s e s s e s a n d wh ich we co n s t a n tly p e rc e iv e in
,

t he pr o d uctio n a nd r e p ro d uc t io n o f gr a i n ; t he d if

fi c u lt i e s wh ich appro a c h u s a r e m o s t d e cide d ly o n

’

t he p a rt o f v e ge t a tio n w hil e t h e doctr in e o f t he r e

,
.

s u rr e ctio n s t a n d s ,
co m p a r a tiv e ly u n e m ba rra s se d
,
'

with a n y o b s t a cl e s which c a n f o r bi d be li e f .

If t he po we r a n d proc e ss o f v e ge ta ti o n We re o n ly
k n o wn in th e ory ; a n d if th a t th e ory ha d a s s e rt e d ,

th a t o n e gr a i n o f w h e a t w a s c a p a bl e o f pro d u ci n g
£l l10 ! t 116 W g
“
i b y t h e d i s s ol u tio n o f it s c o m p o
ra n

n e n t p a rts ; if thi s I s a y h a d b e e n a s s e t e d in t h e
, , ,
r

o r y o n y w ithout a n y corr e s po n d e n t f a ct to v e ri f y
,
l ,

t h e d e la r a t io n t he a s s e rtio n woul d e v e n in th a t c a se
.
,

h a v e ha d gr e a t e r im p o b a b i l zt ie s t o ov e rco m e t h a n
r

t h e d O C t I l n e o f t he r e s u r r e ctio n h a s n o w For a s .
,

n oth in g o f a s i m il a r n a t ure woul d h a v e pr e c e d e d it

i n poi n t o f f a c t a n d t im e e v e n,
t h e
p o s s ibility o f re a

l iz in g s uc h a th e ory woul d b e r e n d e r e d d oubt f ul ,

a n d s c e ptici s m m ight h a v e s m il e d a t t he i d l e v is m n
.
,

w ith t h e s a m e S a d d uc e a n s n e e r th a t i t n o w b e s to ws
,

U po n t h e n otio n o f a r e s urr e ctio n o f t h e d e a d .

B u t , i f in th a t e a rly pe riod w hi c h w e h a v e s u
p .
 17 4 I D EN TIT Y A ND R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C hap V . .

p l a u s ibilit y m u s t h a v e r e s te d o n t he s ide o f in cr e d u .

l i ry a n d h a v e giv e n a s a n ctio n to e rror withou t a f

. .

f ord i n g it a n y d e f e n c e. B u t we re it n o w to b e a s
,
!

s e r t e d th a t o n e hu m a n bo d y s h a ll pro d uc e s ix t o r
, y ,

o n e h u n t !) e d in t he gr e a t h a rv e s t o f hu m a n n a tur e
, ,

a s we h a v e t he a n a lo gy o f v e ge t a t io n b e f or e u s t h e ,

f a ct i t s e l f woul d b e r e s cu e d f ro m t he ch a r ge o f
b e i n g a n imp o s s ibility ; a n d o n th a t a c c ou n t wh e n
, ,

c o m p a r e d w ith v e g e t a tio n , in it s pri m a ry s t a t e m u s t

,

h a v e a d e c id e d cl a im u po n o u r b e li e f .

U n d e r th e s e circu m s ta n c e s a n d thi s vi e w o f t he
,
!

c o m p a r is o n thou gh t h e d octri n e o f t he r e s urre ctio n

,

h a s b e e n pl a c e d u n d e r d i s a d v a n t a ge s which h a v e n o
e x i s t e n c e t h e r e s ult e v e n u n d e r th e s e
,
f orbi d d i n g
circu m s t a n c e s a pp e a r s highly f a vour a bl e ; a n d t he
f a ct ha s e v e ry a d v a n t a g e ov e r th a t which is a n n u a lly
a cco m pli s h e d w ith which it h a s b e e n co m p a r e d
, .

I f th e n th a t which is t he m o r e i m prob a bl e o f t he
t wo c a s e s b e a ctu a lly a c c o m pli s h e d ; h a v e we j u s t
r e a s o n to r e m a i n in doubt a bout th a t which is t he
l e s s ?2 If t he m y s t e riou s m ultipl ic a tio n o f gra i n a n
‘

n u a lly t a k e s pl a c e f o r t h e u s e a n d s upport o f m a n ;

can we r e a lly d i s b e li e v e t he c e rt a i n ty o f tho s e

ch n g s wh ich s h a ll t a k e pl a c e in m a n hi m s e l f ; f o r
a e

who s e b e n e fit a ll oth e r c h a n ge s h a v e b e e n m a d e ;
a n d to who s e purpo s e s v e g e t a tio n ha s b e e n m a d e ih

ri a bly s ub s e rvi e n t ? S ur e ly s uch co n cl u s io n s

va ,

c a n n ot r e s ult f ro m t he d e ci s io n s o f r e a s o n . T he
e v e n t s w hich h a v e a lre a dy t a k e n pl a c e d e m o n s tr a t e
,

t he po s s ibility o f t he f a ct a n d d e priv e i n fid e lity o f

‘
,

t ho s e a rgu m e n t s whi c h a re n e c e s s a ry to u r ge u s t a
‘

d i s b e li e ve
.
S e ct . o r T HE H U M AN B OD Y . 17 5

H ith e rto t he co m p a ri s on h a s b e e n co n s ide r e d n u .

d e r t he s uppo s itio n th a t o n e bo d y will pro d uc e o n e

,

slzu n d r e d a n d e v e n in thi s li ght a d m itti n

, g t he s u p
po s itio n to h a v e b e e n f ou n d e d u po n f a ct t he pro ,
.

c e s s o f n a ture will f ur n i s h u s with a m pl e i n s t a n c e s

to j u s ti f y our b e li e f F o r , though we m ight pl e a d
.

t h a t we k n o w n o t h o w a f a ct s o s tr a n ge s h o ul d b e

a c co m pli s h e d ; y e t t he W a n t o f a bility t o co m pr e .

h e n d c a n n o m ore b e a d m itt e d a s a n a r gu m e n t
,

a a i n s t t he r e s urr e c tio n u n d e r a ll th e se d is a d v a n t a
g
e s th a n t he s a m e cir c u m s t a n c e ca n b e a d m itt e d a s
g ,

a n a rgu m e n t a g a i n s t t he productio n s o f t he s oil .

I n t he proce s s o f n a tur e we h a v e pl a c e d b e f ore u s

,

t he c e rt a i n ty o f t he f a ct in t he c a s e o f v e ge t a tio n ;
,

a n d thi s c e rt a i n ly b e co m e s a pr e s u m ptiv e a rgu m e n t

in f a vour o f t he gre a t e v e n t which ye t re m a i n s to b e

v e rifi e d by a cco m pli s h m e n t ; prob a bility th e r e f ore
, ,

dir e ct s u s in our d e c i s i o n s a n d u s t a n a logy r e

,
.

m ov e s t he hi n dra n c e s to o u r b e li e f .

B u t if we wa v e th e s e c o n c lu s io n s a n d th a t c o m
p a ri s o n which f o r t he s a k e o f a rgu m e n t h a v e be e n
, , ,

a dopt e d a n d tur n o u r thought s to t he d o c t r in e a s

,

we r e a lly e x p e c t to fin d it v e rifi e d by f a ct n a m e ly , ,

th a t o n e i n dividu a l body s o wn in we a k n e s s s h a ll ,

b e o n e i n dividu a l body r a i s e d in po we r ; t he a r gu
m e n t dra w n f ro m t he a n a logy o f v e g e ta tio n a p
, ,

p e a r s i n f a vour o f t he r e s urr e ctio n with t he m o st

,

d e cid e d s up e riority . For whil e t he m ultiplic a tio n

,

o f gra i n clog s v e e t a tio n with d i fficult ie s which n o

g ,

thi n g but f a ct could ov e r c o m e : we h a v e in t he c a s e

o f t h e r e s urr e ctio n but o n e ob s t acl e a n d e v e n thi s
,

a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d by a n a logy dr a wn
 17 6 I DENT I T Y A ND R E S U R R E C TI ON [C ha p V . .

f ro m a s i m pl e proc e s s o f n a tur e p utti n g f orth he r ,

r ol i fic i n flu e n c e a n d po we r
p .

T he a p p a r e n t c orru pt io n to which a gra i n wh e n

,

d e po s ite d i n t he e a r t h is e x pos e d a n d wh ich it a c , .

t u a lly u n d e r go e s is d e m o n s tr a t e d by f ct to be n o
, a
,
.

th in g m or e th a n t he r e m ov a l o f e x u v iee whi c h is
n e c e s s a ry to t he d a wn i n gs o f l a t e n t l i f e A n d in lik e .
,

m a n n e r we m a y r e a s o n a bl y pr e s u m e t ha t t he p o r , .

tio n o f i ii m o v e a b le m a tte r wh i ch n o w co n s t i tut e s t he

-
i

ide n tity o f t he b o d y a n d is d e s ti n e d to b e co m e t he
,

g e r m o f l u t u r e l if e W i ll v e g e t a t e i n t he gra v e wh e n
,

di s e n cu m b e re d o f a ll t he p a r t i cl e s o f fl e s h a n d blood
w hic h n o w ii i c lo s e a n d s ur r ou n d it A n d if a n a lo y
g .

m a y b e p e r m i t te d to b e co m e o u r gui d e we m a y ,

j u s tl y i n f e r th a t i t w i ll rip e n through t he m y s t e riou s

,

pro c e s s o f d i s s olut io n till t he hour a ppoi n t e d f o r

,

t he ge n e ra l r e s urr e ctio n wh e n it s h a ll co m e f orth a

,

gloriou s bo d y to r e m a i n f ore v e r : a n d l e a v in g b e ,
.

hi n d it tho s e e xtra n e ou s p a rt s wh ic h a r e e s s e n ti a l,

to o u r e x i s t e n c e h e re bu t i n a pplic a bl e to o u r f utur e
,

m o d e o f b e i n g it s h a ll b e c e m e n t e d to it s im m a t e
,

ri a l p a rt n e r ih a n u n i o n th a t s h a ll n e v e r e n d
, .

If we tur n o u r thought s i n a r e tro s p e ctiv e m a n n e r

t o t he ori gi n a l a n c e s tor s o f m a n a n d 1 O k b a c k to a , )

p e riod a n te rior to t he prod u ctio n o f gra i n ; we ca n .

n o t but c o n c l u d e th a t th e y m u s t ha v e b e e n pr e ci s e ly

in t he s a m e s itu a tio n w it h r e s p e ct to th e ir opi n io n s

o f v e ge t a tio n a n d t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he hu m a n
,

b ody wh e n both c a s e s a r e co n s id e re d in t he a b s tra c t

,

o n ly B u t in a r e l a ti v e vi e w th e ir d e s c e n d a n t s
.
, ,

h a v e a m o s t d e cid e d a d v a n t a ge Th e y c o uld h a v e .

ha d n o gu id e f ro m t he a n a logy o f n a tur e t o i n duc e ,

17 8 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ Ch ap . V .

r e as o n i n g th a t n othi n g b u t ocul a r d e m o n s tra tio n

,

c oul d h a v e d e te r m i n e d in f a vour o f th e s e c e rt a i n
t i e s which n o w a pp e a r .

A n d i n d e e d if we o n ly a lt e r t h e ae r a a n d bri n g
,

ho m e t he c a s e to t he pre s e n t d a y it w ill a pp e a r p r e,

c is e ly t h e s a m e .I f God we r e to cr e a t e a m a n a t
t hi s m o m e n t in a s t a te o f p e r f e ct m a turity with a ll ,

h is f a cult ie s a n d i n t e ll e ctu a l po we r s in p e r f e ct
b loo m but a t t h e s a m e ti m e tot a lly i gn ora n t o f t h e
,

p ro d uctio n s o f n a tu r e w o u l d thi s m a n I w oul d,

a sk , h a v e a n y i d e a o f t he po we r s o f v e ge t a tio n ?
C oul d he co n c e iv e t h e thi n g po s s ibl e th a t o n e gr a i n ,

s houl d b e c a p a bl e o f pro d uci n g a n oth e r a n d th a t ,

throu gh t he v e ry m e d iu m which prov e d it s d e s t r u c

tio n It is a s e l f e vi d e n t c a se th a t u n d e r th e s e cir
-
,

c u m s t a n c e s n othi n g but ti m e o r i n f or m a tio n could

,

ha v e co m m u n ic a t e d to him thi s k n o wl e dge .

I n re l a tio n to t he r e s urre ctio n a lo n e w e a r e n o w ,

pr e ci s e ly in t he s a m e s itu a tio n T he fir s t m a n in
.

d e e d th a t wa s a ctu a lly cr e a t e d m u s t h a v e b e e n in
, ,

d a rk n e s s w ith r e s p e ct to t he produ c tio n o f gra i n ,

u n til t he fir s t ha rv e s t h a d m a d e it s a pp e a ra n c e .

B u t we h a vi n g h a d e x p e ri e n c e o f t he f a ct pur s u e
, ,

a tr a i n o f a : a l o gic a l r e a s o n i n g which w e tra n s f e r

. ,

t o t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t h e bo d y a n d obt a i n throu h

g
t hi s m e d iu m a S P C C I C S o f e v id e n c e which i m pr e s s e s

co n victio n o n o u r r e a s o n i n g po we r s .

W e a r e n o w in t h e i n f a n cy o f o u r b e i n g ; a n d we
look f or wa rd to a f utur e h a rv e s t with a pl e a s i n g ,

co m m ixtur e o f c e rt a i n ty a n d hop e We wa lk w ith .

,

r e s p e ct to r a tio n a l e vi d e n c e ,in t h e t w ilight o f o u r

f u tur e d a
y ,
u po n tho s e m a rgi n s w hi c h d iv id e d a rk
Se ct . o r T H E H U MAN BO DY . 17 9

n e ss f ro m li ght whil e t he y
,
a pp a r e n tly co n n e c t
th e m to ge th e r In thi s r e gio n we s tu m bl e p e rh a p s
.

o v e r a thou s a n d e rror s which m ight h a v e b e e n e a

,
‘

s ily a v oi d e d if o u r org a n s h ad b e e n m or e a c ut e o u r
’

, , .

u n d e r s t a n di n gs m or e p e n e tra ti n g ; o r if God ha d ,

thou ght prop e r to giv e u s li ght wh e re f o r wi s e “

, ,

e nds he h a s p e r m itt e d
,
u s to wa l k in s h a d e .

B u t wh e n th e se s h a do w s s h a ll b e di s p e r s e d a n d t h e
, ,

g r e at h a rv e s t o f hu m an n a tur e s h a ll a rriv e ; wh e n

be a uty i m m ort a l s h a ll a wa k e f ro m t he to m b ”
,

a n d t he r e at e ne m y o f man s h a ll b e d st o e d ;
g e
y
th e n s h a ll we b e hol d t he v a riou s m ove m e n t s o f A l
m ighty po we r a n d good n e s s to wa r d s u s which we ,

c a n n ot n o w f ully co m pr e h e n d a n d p r ob a bly tra c e , ,

through a ll it s p a rt s th a t p e r f e ct a n a lo gy whic h
,

s ub s i s t s b e t we e n t he h a ppy s ubj e ct o f illu s tra tio n

which S t P a ul ha s cho se n a n d t he r e s urr e ctio n o f
.
,

t he body f ro m t he s l e e p o f de a th .

S EC TI O N . II .

Tha t a ll o bje ct io n s u s u a ll
y a d v a n ce d a
g a in s t the
D o ct r in e of t he R e s u r r e ct io n , m a y be a d va n ce d
a
g a in s t t he do ct r in e of Ve g e t a t io rz .

T H E R E is p e rh a p s in the v a s t e m pir e o f c r e a t e d
,

n a tur e s c a r c e ly a n s ubj e ct to b e f ou n d m or e a ppro

, y .

r i
p a t e in a ll it s p a rt s to illu s tra t e t he i m port a n t d o c
,

t ri n e o f t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he d e a d th a n t he pro .

,

d u c tio n o f a pl a n t f ro m gr a i n which S t P a ul ha s , .
I8 2 I DEN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h a p v..

dura tio n o f a n oth e r o r fi x tho s e li n e s b e yo n d which

,

t he po we r s o f n a tur e s h a ll c e a s e to op e r a t e M u ch .

l e s s th e n c a n we pre s u m e f ro m our k n o wl e d ge o f ,

v e ge ta tio n wh e re we thu s b e hol d o n e s p e ci e s s o

,

co n s i d e r a bl y d i ff e ri n g f r o m a n oth e r to fi x t he l e n gth,

o f th a t p e rio d in w hich t h e bo d y m u s t b e l o d ge d

in t he gr a v e b e f ore it c a n b e rip e n e d f o r t he ha r
,
‘

v e s t o f m a n ki n d .

Th a t c e rt a i n portio n s o f ti m e e l a p se du r i n g which ,

b oth t he gra i n a n d t he hu m a n body a r e d e po s ite d

in t he e a r th b e f or e e ith e r di s cov e r s a n y s i gn s o f
,

r e tur n i n g l if e is a truth which n o o n e c a n d e n y ;

,

a n d t h e o n ly poi n t wh ich c a n cr e a t e a d i ff e r e n c e in
-

o i n io n is hi m f a r t he s e p o r t io n s of d u r a t io n o u g ht
p , ,

to fl x t he
l im it s of e a ch o t he r
I f God b e a bl e pr e s e rv e t he ge r m i n a ti n g qu a
to e

ilty o f a gr a i n o f wh e a t thou gh b ut f o r o n e d a y , ,

whil e t h e co m po n e n t p a rt s o f t he gra i n it s e l f a r e
s i n ki n g i n t o a s t a t e o f d i s s olutio n which n o m a n ,

c a n d e n y h e c a n in t he s a m e m a n n e r pr e s e rv e it f o r
,

t wo d a y s a n d if s o h e ca n f o r t he s a m e r e a s o n pr e
, ,
a

s e rv e it f o r t wo m o n th s f o r t wo y e a r s o r f o r t wo
, ,

c e n turi e s ; A n d t he s e lf s a m e po we r O p e ra ti n g U pon
,

t he s e l f s a m e s ub s t a n c e c a n pro d uc e wh e n s o e v e r it
, ,

pl e a s e s t he s a m e e ff e ct throu gh a ll t he v a ri e d
, ,

m o d e s o f po s s i b ility ; w ithout h a vi n g a n y r e s p e c t
wh a t e v e r to t he li m it s o f d ura tio n .

Fro m h e n c e th e n t he a n a lo gy will hol d go o d in ,

t h e a pplic a tio n o f thi s pri n cipl e to t he pr e s e rv a tio n

o f tho se p a rt s which s h a ll co n s titut e o u r f uture

,

bo d i e s For a s God pr e s e r v e s t he g e r m i n a ti n g
.
,
 18 4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N .
[ C ha p . V .

withi n it s tur e prop e rti e s m ore O ppo s e d t o f utur e

na

l i f e th a n th a t gra i n w hic h is a n n u a lly r e pro d uc e d ;

,

t he l e n gth o f ti m e d uri n g wh ich t he bo d y is d e po

,

s it e d in t he e a rth c a n f or m n o a r gu m e n t to d e s troy
,

t he a n a lo gy b e t we e n t h e r e s urr e c tio n a n d v e g e ta tio n .

A s th e r e f ore G o d c a n pre s e rv e t he gr a i n throug h

, ,

an
yg i v e n p e riod ; he c a n w ithout a ll d oubt pr e s e rv e

t he bo d y throu gh t he s a m e e x t e n t o f d ur a tio n .

A n d t he sa m e p O Wc r which ca n pre s e rv e a ll th a t is
e s s e n ti a l to e ith e r f o r t wo m o n th s c a n by e xt e n d,
.

in g t he s a m e e x e rtio n pr e s e rv e both throu gh a n y

,

g iv e n portio n o f d ura t io n A n d thi s po we r co n s e ,

qu e n tly c a n pr e s e rv e d uri n g o u r r e po s e in t he
, ,

gra v e a ll th a t is n e c e s s a ry to co n s titut e o u r f utur e

,

bodi e s wi t hout i n volv in g a n y thi n g o f gr e a te r d iffi

,

culty th a n is i n cl u d e d in t he pre s e rv a tio n o f th a t

,

gra in whic h is de po s it e d in t he e a r t h f o r t he e n s u
in g h a rv e s t .

Wit h God o n e d a y m u s t be a s a t ho u s a n d ye a r s ,

a n d a t ho u s a n d
y e a r s a s o ne d ay T h e fl e e ti n g
.
p e

r io d s o f p e ri s hi n d ur a tio n c a n th e r e f or e h a ve n o
g , ,

r e l a tio n to h im O ur loc a l a n d fi n ite n otio n s m u s t

.

b e a ppli e d t o loc a l a n d fi n it e obj e ct s ; whil e wh a t

e v e r is i n fi n it e m u s t b e r e m ov e d a t a n i n fi n i t e d is

ta n c e f ro m th e se v i e ws .

I f s ucc e s s iv e e x i s t e n c e we r e to a pply to G od he ,

m u s t h a v e b e e n ol d e r y e s t e r d a y th a n he wa s t he
d a y pr e c e di n g ; a n d m u s t h a v e b e e n you n ge r o n
both th a n he is t o d a y o r th a n he will b e to m orro w
,
-
.

Th e r e ca n be n o wa y to a void th e s e co n clu s io n s ;
a nd e t if we o n c e a d m i t th e m th e y will im m e d i
y ,
 Be e t . o r T HE HU MAN B OD Y . 18 5

t ly l e a d u s t o d e n y t he e te r n ity o f h is e x i s te n c e
a e .

B u t a s s uch co n clu s io n s c a n n ot be a d m itte d it f ol

, ,
d.

l o ws th a t s ucc e s s iv e e x i s t e n c e Ca n n ot a pply to h i m
,

a n d c o n s e qu e n tly o n e d a y m u s t be w i t h him a s a
, ,

t ho u s a n d y e a r s, a nd a t ho u s a n d y e a r s a s o ne da y .

An d to th a t b e i n g wit h who m o n e d a y a n d a
, ,

t h ou sa n d y e ar s a r e a lik e t he i n fl u e n c e o f t i m e c a n
,

n e ve r re a c h A n d co n s e q u e n tly wh e th e r it b e a ,

r a i n o f wh e a t o r a hu m a n body d e po s it e d in t he
g
e a rth ; a n d wh e th e r it b e f o r t wo da y s o r t wo thou ,
.

sa n d y e a r s t he n a tur e o f t he c a s e c a n n ot b e th e r e by
,

a ff e ct e d E v e ry obj e ctio n th e re f ore which ma y

.
, ,

t b e m a d e a ga i n s t t he i n co n gr u ity o f t he c a s e s o r t he ,

di s proportio n o f ti m e ; wh e th e r it a ppli e s t o t he ge r
m in a t in g p a rt s o f a gr a i n o r t o th a t i m m o v e a bl e
,

o rtio n o f m a tte r whi c h co n s titut e s t he id e n tity o f

p
t he hu m a n bod y m u s t v a n i s h i n to e m pty a ir ;
,

I t m a y p e rh a p s in t he n e xt pl a c e be a s se rt e d ,
, ,

th a t wh e re t he gra i n is d e po s ite d in t he e a rth it ,

in s ta n tly b e gi n s to v e ge t a t e w h ich is a circu m s ta n c e

,

th a t will n o t a pply to t he hu m a n bo d y a n d f ro m

h e n c e it m a y be obj e cte d th a t b e t we e n v e ge ta ,
.

t io n a n d t h e re s u rr e ctio n a ll a n a logy is d e s troy e d ” .

T ha t t he a bov e ob se rv a tio n will a pply to t he gra i n ,

wh e n d e po s it e d in t he e a rth I b e li e v e n o o n e wil l ,

pre s u m e to doubt ; b u t th a t thi s is a c a s e which wil l

n o t a pply to t he hu m a n body , is a poi n t w hi c h I
c o n c e iv e it will b e d i fficult t o pro v e .

O f t he gra n d proc e s s o f n a tur e we k n o w b u t a

littl e p a rt ; a n d in a v a ri e ty o f c a s e s he r m ov e m e n t s ,

a r e s o s lo w th a t h e r a ctiv e e n e rgi e s a r e a l m o s t im

e r c e pt ibl e H o w s l o w m u s t t he gre a t pro gre ss o f

p .

a b
118 6 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC T ION [C ha p V . .

na ture h a v e b e e n which ha s pr e s e rv e d t he s e m i n al
,

p a rt s o f a ll t he f u t ure e m bryo s o f t he hu m a n r a c e ,

throu gh all t he a n te d il u vi a n a ge s ; a n d which ha s

b e e n p e rp e tu a lly a t work to r ip e n th e s e s e m i n a l
p ar t s i n to e m bryo s ; a n d which s till co n ti n u e s a t
work to rip e n th e s e e m bryo s i n to m a n ? Who c a n
tra ce t he ta rdy m ov e m e n t s o f n a tur e in th e se a n d
.
, ,

in a v a ri e ty o f s i m il a r i n s t a n c e s If t h e n th e s e
t a rdy m ov e m e nt s h a v e b e e n a n d s till a r e n e c e s s a ry
, ,

t o rip e n t he s e m i n a l p a rt s i n to a n e m bryo a n d thi s ,

e m bryo i n to m a n why m a y we n o t r a tio n a lly s u p

p o se th
, a t t he s a m e t a r d y m ov e m e n t s m a y co n ti n u e

t o f ollo w u s in t he gra v e ; to rip e n o u r bo d i e s f o r

t h e ir f u tur e h a rv e s t a n d t o pr e p a re th e m f o r th e i r
,

d e s ti n e d h a bit a tio n s .

T he i d e n tic a l m o m e n t in which n a tur e c o m m e m

c e s h e r O pe ra tio n s is prob a bly in a ll c a s e s too r e h m
,

e d f o r o u r di s c e r n m e n t ; o n whic h a ccou n t we c a n

n e v e r fi x with e x a ct n e s s t he ori gi n a l m o m e n t o f a c

t io n . N othi n g ho we v e r a pp e a r s irr a tio n a l in t he

, ,

s uppo s iti o n ,
th a t t he pr e p a r a tio n o f o u r b o d i e s f o r
th e ir f utu re r e s urr e ctio n co m m e n c e s i m m e d i a t e ly
,

a f t e r t he fl e e ti n
g br p
e a th f or s a k e s t h e t r e m bli n g li s .

It m a y b e gi n in t he s a m e o r in a m a n n e r s o m e wh a t
,

s i m il a r to th a t o f a gr a i n which b e gi n s to v e ge t a t e
,

a s s oo n a s i t is s o wn in t h e prolific e a rth .

Th a t we c a n n o t p e rc e i v e it s m ov e m e n t s in eith e r
c a s e I m o s t re a dily a d m it O u r or ga n s o f p e rc e p
, .

tio n a r e ra th e r a d a pte d to o u r pr e s e n t c on ditio n ,

th a n to tho se di s t a n t br a n ch e s o f a ctio n which bor ,

d e r o n p e rp e tu a l li f e B u t o u r wa n t o f p e r c e ptio n
.
,

in th e se c a s e s c a n n o m or e b e a d m itt e d a s a n a rgu
,
 I D EN T I T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [ Chap ‘
188 ,
. V ,

c ould n e v e r h a v e b e e n a tta i n e d a n d but f o r tho se

c h a n ge s whi c h d e a th s ha ll o cc a s io n in o u r bod ie s ,

t he m or e e x a lte d pe r f e c tio n s o f a n i m m orta l c o n di .

t io n m u s t b e f or e v e r pl a c e d b e y o n d o u r re a c h .

T he e m bryo f a culti e s a n d po we r s which we r e in ,

c o r p o r a t e d with o u r e s s e n c e f ro m t he f or m a tio n o f
,

t he a n c e s tor s o f h u m a n n a ture a n d which h a v e l a i n

,

dor m an t f ro m A d a m do wn wa rd to t he pre s e n t hour ;

ha v e prob a bly occup ie d a s oil whi c h ha s b e e n c o n ,

d u s iv e to th e ir pre s e rv a tio n but u n co n ge n i a l to th e i r

,

ro w th T h pro r e s s o f ti m e m a h a v e m a tur e d
g . e
g y
t ho se ori gin a l po we r s which we n o w po s s e s s in a ll
t h e ir pl e n itu d e ; a n d h a vi n g a cco m pli s h e d it s o ffi c e ,

by r e n d e ri n g th e m s ub s e rvi e n t to t h e purpo s e s o f
t he pr e s e n t li f e a t t he hour o f d e a th it m a y r e c a l it s
,

op e ra ti v e i n fl u e n c e a n d co n s i gn ov e r t he bo d y t o
,

t he r e po s e o f t he gra v e in w hich s t a te th e s e e m bry o

,

f a culti e s m a y be gi n to e m e rge f ro m a n a pp a r e n tly

t orpid co n d itio n a n d to put f orth tho s e a ctiv e 6 0 6 1
,
'

gi e s which a n i m a l li f e wa s u n a bl e to produc e
, .

N o r ca n th e s e c o n j e ctura l prob a biliti e s ho w ,

s tra n ge s o e v e r th e y m a se e m a pp e a r r e pu g n a n t t o
y ,

T he e m bry o s t a t e throu gh which We h a v e

‘

r e a s on .
,

a lr e a dy p a s s e d , in t he e a rly s t a ge s o f o u r i m p e r f e c t;
b e i n g ha s giv e n pl a c e to a n i m a l li f e without whic h
, ,

o u r a n i m a l f u n ct io n s coul d n o t h a v e b e e n p e r f or m .

e d ; whil e m e r e a n i m a l li f e in it s turn ha s pre p a r e d

, ,

t he wa y f o r t he m or e e x a lt e d r e fi n e m e n t s o f r a tio n a l
e xi st e n c e . A n d w h e n s t a ge s o f o u r b e i n g s ha ll
,

ha v e a cco m pli s h e d t he d e s ig n s o f G o d ; th e se f a c r

u lt ie s in lik e m a n n e r we m a y r e a s o n a bly c o n clud e

, ,

w pill a r t i a lly s u bs id e in t he
gr e a t r e c e s s o f n a tur e ;
s e e ri o r T H E HU MAN B ODY . : 39

and giv e throu gh t he r e po se o f t he gra v e t o oth e r ,

f a cultie s a n opportu n ity t o a dv a n c e a l s o to wa rd s

,

c o m ple tio n Th e n wh e n th a t body which s h a ll be

.
,

he r e a f t e r e x a lte d to a s t a te o f p e r f e e t m a turity S h a l l ,

h a v e it s f a culti e s a n d po we r s f ull blo wn ; t he t wo

d i s ti n c t s ub s t a n c e s whic h c o n s titut e t he e s s e n c e o f
m a n s h a ll be u n ite d to ge th e r a n d go f or t h in a n
, ,

e t e r n a l worl d t o r e m a i n in li f e f o r e v e r .

Fro m th e s e c o n s i d e r a tio n s th e re f or e t he co n cl u
, ,
.

s io n s a p p e a r m ore th a n prob a bl e th a t a ll tho s e o h

,

e c t io n s wh ic h m a y b e r a is e d a ga in s t t he r e s u r r e c
j .

t io n o f t he body w ill in a l m o s t a ll i n s ta n c e s a pply

, ,

wit h e qu a l a n d s o m e ti m e s with s up e rior f orc e

,

a ga i n s t t he pr o c e s s o f v e g e t a tio n A n d f ro m a pr i n
.

c i le o f s t ri c t a n a logy it thi s be p e r m itt e d t o b e co m e

p ,

o u r gu ide , it will f ol lo w a l s o th a t t he i n s ta n t d e a th
,

s h a ll clo s e o u r e y e s in d a rk n e s s a n d re n d e r o u r ,

l i m b s s ti ff a n d m otio n l e s s t he gr a n d proc e s s o f o u r
,

f utur e bodi e s s h a ll co m m e n c e wh e n th e y s h a ll e n t e r
,

U po n tho s e ch a n ge s which a r e n e c e s s a ry to m a ture

t he m f o r t he gra n d r e s ult o f thi n g s .

S E C TI O N III .

T ha t t he a n a lo
gy , be t we e n Ve g e t a t io n a n d t he R e .

s u r r e ct io n of t he B o dy , is n o t d e s t r o e d by t he
y
I n e qu a lit ie s of T im e , d u r in g which t he bo d ie s of
dg fi r e n t M e n . re
p o se in t he g r a ce .

IN tra c i n g t he a n a logy b e t we e n t he pro c e s s o f v e ..

e t a t io n a n d th a t o f t he r e s u rr e c tio n it is n e c e s s a ry
g ,

tha t b oth s ubj e ct s b e pla c e d p re c i se ly in th e ir r e s

18 8 ID EN T I T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [Cha p . v:

c ould n e v e r h a v e b e e n a tta i n e d a n d but f o r tho se

c h a n ge s whi c h d e a th s h a ll oc c a s io n in our bo d ie s ,

t he m or e e x a lte d pe r f e ctio n s o f a n i m m orta l co n di .

t io n m u s t b e f or e v e r pl a c e d be y o n d o u r re a c h .

T h e e m bryo f a culti e s a n d po we r s w hich we r e in ,

c o r p o r a t e d with o u r e s s e n c e f ro m t h e f or m a tio n o f
,

t he a n c e s tor s o f hu m a n n a tur e a n d which h a v e l a i n

,

dor m a n t f ro m A d a m do wn wa r d to t he pr e s e n t hour ;
h a v e prob a bly occup ie d a s oil whi c h ha s b e e n c o n
.

d u s iv e to th e ir pre se rv a tio n but u n c o n ge n i a l t o th e i r

,

ro w th T h e pro r e s s o f ti m e m eiy h a v e m a ture d

g .
g
t ho s e ori gin a l po we r s which we n o w po s s e s s in a ll
t h e ir pl e n itu d e ; a n d h a vi n g a cco m pli s h e d it s o ff i c e ,

by r e n d e ri n g th e m s ub s e rvi e n t to t h e pu rpo s e s o f
t he pr e s e n t li f e a t t he hour o f d e a th it m a y re c a l it s
,

O p e ra ti v e i n flu e n c e a n d c o n s i gn ov e r t he bo d y to
,

t he r e po s e o f t he gra v e in w hich s t a t e th e s e e m bry o

,

f a culti e s m a y be gi n to e m e rge f ro m a n a pp a r e n tly

torpid co n d itio n a n d to put f orth tho se a ctiv e e n e r
, a

gi e s which a n i m a l li f e wa s u n a bl e to produc e
, .

N o r ca n th e s e c o n j e ctu ra l prob a biliti e s ho w ,

s tr a n g e s o e v e r th e y m a s e e m a pp e a r r e pu gn a n t to
y ,

T he e m bry o s t a t e throu gh which We h a v e

'

r e a s on .
,

a lr e a d y p a s s e d,
in t he e a rly s t a ge s o f o u r i m p e r f e c t ,

b e i n g ha s giv e n pl a c e to a n i m a l li f e without whic h

, ,

o u r a n i m a l f u n ct i o n s coul d n o t h a v e b e e n p e r f or m .

e d ; whil e m e r e a n i m a l l i f e in it s tur n ha s pre p a r e d

, ,

t he wa y f o r t he m or e e x a lt e d r e fi n e m e n t s o f r a tio n a l
e xi st e n c e . A n d w h e n s t a ge s o f o u r b e i n g s h a ll
,

ha v e a cco m pli s h e d t he d e s ig n s o f God ; th e s e f a c .

u lt ie s in lik e m a n n e r we m a r e a s o n a bly c o n cl ud e
, y ,

w i ll p a r t i a lly s u bs id e in t h e
g r e a t r e c e s s o f na tur e ;
 190 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T ION [ C h ap V. .

e c t iv e s itu a tio n s ; s i n c e without thi s it will b e im

p .

po s s ibl e to i n v e s tiga te with a c c ur a cy to c o m p a re ,

with j u s tic e o r to d e ci d e w ith pr e ci s io n

, .

T h e proc e s s o f v e ge t a t i o n a pp e a r s b e f ore u s in
a ll it s p a rt s ; a n d we tr a c e t he co n n e ctio n s a n d d e

p e n d e n ci e s o f it s d i ff e r e n t s t a ge s f ro m it s c o m
,

m e n ce m e n t to it s co n s u m m a tio n ; a n d e rro n e ou s ly
t r a n s f e r t he r a pi d i t y o f th e s e m ov e m e n t s to t he pro

c e s s o f t he r e s u rr e ctio n thou gh we c a n b e hol d o n ly

,

it s s hort e s t s t a ge throug h t he whol e pro gre s s o f

h u m a n l if e . S u ch ci rcu m s ta n c e s co n d uct u s to
e rror a n d t he a n a lo gy a pp e a r s i n a pplic a bl e
,
b e c a u se ,

t he co m p a ri s o n ha s b e e n u n f a irly m a d e B u t wh e n
.
,

We d iv e s t ou r s e lv e s o f th e s e co n tr a cte d v i e ws a n d ,

e x t e n d o u r ob s e rv a tio n s to t h e v a s t e xtre m e s o f h u .

m a n e x i s te n ce i n c lu d i n g withi n thi s v i e w a ll tho s e

,

v a ri e d s t a ge s whi c h h a v e a lre a d y t a k e n pl a c e and ,

w hich s h a ll t a k e pl a c e h e r e a f te r f ro m t he pri m a ry
,

f or m a tio n o f m a n to t he s ou n d o f t he tru m p e t which

,

s h a ll a wa k e n t he d e a d ; t he whol e s c e n e u n d e r go e s

a ch a n e a n d t he hori z o n o f hu m a n e x i s t e n c e op e n s
g ,

t o o u r vi e w .

O bj e ctio n s i n d e e d f ro m p a rti a l vi e ws m a y 0 0
, , ,
.

c a s io n a ll b e s ta rt e d ; a n d b r bl e n di n to e th e r
y y o u g g
e r ro n e ou s c ircu m s t a n c e s s e e m i n g i n co n ruiti e s m a
, g y
a pp e a r . B u t wh e n th e s e e rro n e ou s cir c u m s t a n c e s
,

a n d co m p a ri s o n s s h a l l b e r e m ov e d t he i n con gru i
,
.

ti e s whic h r e s ult e d f ro m th e m m u s t di s a pp e a r a n d
t he a n a logy b e t we e n t h e r e s urr e c t io n a n d th a t pro,

c e s s o f v e g e t a tio n by which a n i n s p ir e d write r ha s

c ho s e n t o illu s tra te it will s t a n d f orth in a ll it s
,

b ea u ty .
S e ct
. O F T HE H U M AN B ODY . 191

A m o n g tho se s e e m i n g i n c on gr u iti e s t o which ,

s uch i m p rope r vi e ws m a y h a v e giv e n birth t he f o l ,

.

l o wi n g obj e c tio n cl a i m s a m o s t di s ti n gu is h e d ra n k .

It ha s be e n sa id th a t t he p e riod s o f o u r r e po se in
,
“

t he gr a v e a r e s o u n e qu a l with r e s p e c t to d ifl e r e n t
'

bodi e s o f t he s a m e s p e ci e s th a t n o re se m bl a n c e
,

ca n b e tra c e d b e t we e n thi s di s proportio n a n d t he

roc e s s o f v e g e t a tio n
” A nd in a d d itio n to
p .
, t he

a bov e it m a y b e ob s e rv e d th a t n o j u s t re a s o n c a n
,

b e a s s i gn e d why s o m a n y a ge s s hould e l a p se t o ,

r ip e n t he bodi e s o f t he a n t e dil uvi a n s whil e s o m e o f

,

t he f utur e ge n e r a tio n s o f t he w orld s ha ll be m a ture d a

”
in a n i n co n c e iv a bly s horte r ti m e .

T o th e s e obj e ctio n s could n o oth e r r e a s on b e a s

,
.

s i gn e d it m ight b e s u ff i ci e n t w ith r e sp e ct to t he
,

hu m a n body to r e ply th a t t he co m p a ri s o n o n which

,

t h e y a r e f ou n d e d is s o p a rti a l a n d circ u m s crib e d ,

t h a t it i n clud e s b ut a s m a ll portio n o f h u m a n e xi s t

e n c e co n s id e r e d in a ll it s s t a g e s o f gra du a t e d b e i n g
, .

In v e ge t a tio n we h a v e s e e n t he gra i n d e po s ite d in

"

t he e a rth a n d we h a v e s e e n s u cc e e di n g h a rv e s t s ;
,

b u t in r e l a tio n t o t he hu m a n body we h a v e o n ly ,

s e e n t he gr a i n c o m m itt e d to t he s oil bu t we h a v e
,

n o t y e t wa it e d a s u flic ie n c o f ti m e t o e x p e ri e n c e a
y
p e riodic a l r e tur n W e a r e co n ti n u a lly m ovi n g o u
.

wa rd a n d through n e w s c e n e s a n d ch a n ge s which
,

we r e n e v e r b e f ore e xp e ri e n c e d by u s we a r e urg
in g o u r wa y in t he m id s t o f s h a do ws to s o m e d is
t a n t ga ol ; a n d e vid e n tly pre p a ri n g f o r s o m e e v e n t
which li e s b e f or e u s in a n e t e r n a l world T he gr e a t .

m ov e m e n t s in o u r di ff e re n t s t a g e s o f e x i s t e n c e h a v e ,

no t
y e t p e r f or m e d th e ir r e s p e c ti v e r e v ol u tio ns ;
192 ID EN TIT Y A N D R E SU R R E C T I O N [ C hap . V.

we th e re f ore c a n n ot co m pr e h e n d with pre c i s io n t he

d i ff e r e n t e v e n t s which a wa it u s u n til t he pr e se n t
,

u n iv e r s e s h a ll b e s we pt a s id e .

I n t he pre s e n t pro gr e s s o f n a tur e t he a lt e r n a te

,

s ucc e s s io n o f d a y a n d n ight f ollo ws in r e gul a r v ici s

s i u d e s ; ye t we we ll k n o w th a t a m uch s lo we r a n d
t

m or e i m port a n t m ov e m e n t is e qu a lly d i s c e r n ibl e in

a ll he r wor k s a n d th e s e m ov e me n t s m a y b e tra c e d

both in t he r e l a tiv e a n d in t he a b s tra ct n a tur e o f

m an .We we ll k n o w th a t t he fluctu a ti n g b a ubl e s
o f hu m a n li f e , c a n b e a r n o m or e proportio n to t he
gr e a t d r a m a o f hu m a n n a ture , co n s id e re d u n d e r a ll
it s ch a n ge s a n d re volutio n s th a n t he d iur n a l m otio n
,

o f t he e a rth o r t he p e riodic a l ch a n ge s o f t he m oo n ,

c a n to t he re vol u tio n s o f S a t u r n o r o f H e r s che l .

E v e n t he s ol a r s y s t e m with a ll it s a pp e n d a ge s o f
,

pl a n e ta ry worl d s m a y p e rh a p s h a v e s o m e s e cr e t
,

a n d s t a t e d m ov e m e n t s in r e l a tio n to oth e r s y s t e m s ;
,
'

o f which a t pr e s e n t we c a n n o m or e f or m a n ade
y a

qu a te co n c e ptio n th a n we ca n o f t he m a n n e r o f t he
,

productio n o f a gra i n o f c o m a bl a d e o f gra s s o r , ,

t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he bo d y f ro m t he gra v e

O f thi s ho we v e r we a r e f ully a s s ur e d th a t t he
, , ,

s a m e a l m i ghty po we r which bou n d s

,
a n d fill s a n d
,

e n circl e s a ll cr e a t e d n a tur e is e qu a l to e v e ry thi n g ”

which is withi n t he r e a ch o f po s s ibility A n d whil e.

,

tho s e f a c t s which it ha s a lr e a d v a cco m pli s h e d s t a n d ,

,

f orth a s s e n s ibl e proo f s to corrob o r a t e t he c e rta i n ty

o f tho s e thi n gs which God ha s pr e s e n t e d to o u r b e

l i e f th e y ch a ll e n g e o u r a s s e n t e v e n in tho s e c a se s
,

w h e r e we ca n tr a c e n e ith e r a n a lo gy n o r r e l a tio n .

S u c h is t he c a se wh e r e r e v e l a tio n s t a n d s a b s tra e
,
194 I D EN TIT Y A N D R ES U RR E C TI O N [ C ha p . V .

c h a l a ge s a ppro a ch to wa rd s a n e a r e r proportion ,

b e t we e n a s e m i n a l s t a t e o f r e po s e in t he gra v e .

Wh il e tho s e who liv e d a t t he co m m e n c e m e n t o f t he

C hr is ti a n ae r a m a y a ppro a c h n e a rly to a m i d d l e
,

s t a t e ; a n d l if e m a y d iv id e w ith th e m t he whol e o f
th e ir v a ri e d e xi s t e n c e f ro m t he cr e a t io n o f A d a m
,

to t he s ou n d o f t he tru m p e t which s h a ll c a ll t he
d e a d t o l i f e ; a n d l e a v e a n e q u a l proportio n f o r a
h
,

s e m in a l s t a t e prior to a ctu a l li f e
, a n d a n a f te r s t a t e ,
,

d uri n g w hich t he e m bryo o f o u r f utur e bodi e s s h a l l

r ip e n in t h e r v e Tho se t he co n tr a ry wh o
g a o n
.

h a v e l iv e d a n d s h a ll b e in t he s ub s e qu e n t a ge s o f
,

t h e worl d h a vi n g s lu m b e r e d throu gh a l l t h e pr e c e d
,

in g a ge s in a se m i n a l s t a t e will r e quire b u a s hort ,

t

e r p e riod o f r e po s e in t he r e gio n s o f corruptio n ;

'

Whil e t h e l a st s urv ivor s o f t h e hu m a n r a c e h a vi n g ,

a s s e d t hrou gh a ll t he pro ge n itor s o f m a n ki n d s h a l l

p
/
,

be ch a n
ge d a m o m e n t , i n t he (t o m din g of a n ey e ,

and s a t rt f orth i n to a n oth e r m o d e o f b e i n g, \ e qu a lly

p r e p a re d f o r a m or e e x a lt e d r e gion , with t he bo d i e s
o f A d a m , S e t h, or N oah .

U r th e s e circu m s t a n c e s which m u s t b e a d
nde ,

m it t e d to b e hypoth e tic a l ly prob a bl e ; t he gr a n d

s ch e m e s o f P rovi d e n c e w ill go o n without d is p r o ,

port io n o r i n co n gru ity For if to s lu m b e r in o u r

.
,

ro
p g e n itor s a n d to r e po s e
, i n t he
g r a v e b e a lik e ,

c o n d u c w e t o t he p e r f e ctio n o f t h a t bo d y which G o d

s h a l g v e u s h e r e a f t e r ; i f both s t a t e s b e a lik e n e
‘
1

c e s s a r y to rip e n o u r l a t e n t f a cult i e s t he pro gr e s s ,

o f w hich is o n ly i n t e rru pt e d by t he s hort i n t e rv a l o f

o u r pr e se n t li f e ; we s h a ll fin d u p o n a f a i r c a lc u l a ~
S e ct . O F T HE H U M AN B ODY . 195

t io n , th a t al i n d ivi d u a l s o f t he hu m a n r a c e o f
l t he ,

e v e ry a e o f t h e worl d h a v e h a d a n e qu a l s h a r e o f
g ,

dura tio n in o n e o r oth e r o f th e se m od e s o f b e i n g to ,

r ip e n a n d pre p a r e th e ir f utur e b od l e s f o r a m or e e x a

a lt e d co n ditio n o f e xi s t e n c e .
1

H e n c e th e n it f ollo ws th a t t he di ff e r e n c e s whi c h
,

s ub s i s t b e t we e n t he a g e s o f t he w orl d in which d if,

f e r e n t i n dividu a l s h a v e liv e d c a n h a v e n o i n flu e n c e
,

u po n t he ge n e ra l th e ory n o r ca n th e s e circu m
s ta n c e s a ff e ct t h e a n a lo gy which s ub s i s t s b e t we e n

t h e pro c e s s o f v e ge t a tio n a n d th a t o f t he r e s u r r e c

t io n , an
y m or e th a n t h e qu ick n e s s o f v e g e t a tio n in

o n e s p e ci e s c a n d e s troy t h e a n a logy b e t we e n it a n d
,

a n oth e r ,whic h m ov e s m or e t a rdily ; o r th a n t he ,

m ou n t a i n s a n d v a lli e s which a r e s c a tt e re d ov e r t he
s urf a c e o f t h e e a rth c a n a ff e ct t he rotu n dity o f t he
,

g lob e . A nd th
, e r e f or e a s,
n o a rgu m e n t ca n b e

d r a wn f ro m t he i n e qu a liti e s o f tho s e pe riod s throu gh ,

w hic h o u r bodi e s e xi s t in a ll th e ir m o d e s tho s e ,

w hich a r e d r a wn f ro m p a rti a l a n d co n tra ct e d V IC WS

o f t he s u bj e ct b e f ore u s m u s t di s a pp e a r w h e n
, ,

We vi e w t he r e s urr e ctio n o n a n e n l a r g e d a n d m ore

e x t e n s iv e s c a le .

T he p o ss ibili t y , t he p r o ba bility , a n d t he m o r a l
ce r t a in ty which will a pp e a r h e r e a f t e r in f a vou r o f

t he r e s u rr e ctio n wh e n we co m e to co n s i d e r th e s e
,

s ou rc e s o f a rgu m e n t w hich we h a v e a lr e a dy e x
l o r e d ; m u s t f a r out we i gh a ll t he obj e ctio n s whic h
p
c a n b e brou ght a g a i n s t t he a n a logy a n d t he f a ct .

T he po we r f ul i n ti m a tio n s o f n a ture m u s t s o f te n t he
 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI ON [C ha p v . .

as p e rity o f pr e s u m ptio n _
a n d urge us to a d m it t he
c e rta i n ty o f a doctri n e which is s o , cl rly r v l d
e a e e a e

w ritt w or d o f G od
in t he e n .

p h p b f u th r obj e ct e d a g a i n s t t h e
It m a y ,
er a s , e r e

f w hich I c o n t e n d th a t in t h e v e g e ta
a n a lo g y o r ,

io r i f w h t i t g e r m i n a t i n
g po w e r s b e
t n of a g a n s .
o e a ,

op r t b f or e a n y o f i t s co m po n e n t p a rt s
g in to e a e e

but th t i n t h e c a s e o f t he hu m an
a r e di s s olv e d ;
a

i i b ly t k pl c d i t s c om
b ody di s s oluti o n v s a e s a e , a n
,

p rt c o m pl t e ly s e p a r a t e d w ithou t a f
pon e n t a s a r e e ,

f ” i
f ordi g n u s a n
y
di s cov e ry o f r e t u r n i n g li e. It s

c e rt a i n th a t t he obj e c ti o n b e f ore u s a s s u m e s m or e
h ought h pr t o cc i to b e r a n t ed
t an on
,
t e e s e n a s o n g .

w h th r i t h c e o f gr a i n t h e
g e r m i n a ti n
g
F o r ,
e e n e a s ,

o we r s b e gi n t o op e r a t e b e for e t he c o m po n e n t p a rt s
p
di olv d w h th e r t he di s s ol u tio n
a rti a lly s s e : o r e
a re p
tho p rt pr c d t h e a cti v e e n e r g y o f t h e
g e r
of se a s e e e

po w ; r h obj ctio n c a n n ot d i s a n n ul
m in a t in g e t e e

b w t h proc f v e e t a tio n a n d
t h e a n a lo gy e t e e n e e s s o g
t h a t o f t he
r e s u rr e c tio n o f t h e b ody f ro m t h e g r a ve .

ov m t w hich t a k e pl a c e i n t h e bo d y a r e
T he m e e n s , ,

too s lo w fo r our p e r c e ptio n : a n d a s thi s circu m .

s ta n ce
pr e v e n t s o u r k n o w i n g w h e th e r di s s olutio n
re c e d e s t he a ctiv e e n e rgy o f a n y l a te n t po we r s
p
,

o r is s ub se qu e n t t o it t h a t k n o w l e d g e w hich is n e

c e s s a ry to giv e w e i g ht to t h e obj e ctio n n e v e r c a n

b e obt i d a n e a n d co n s e qu e n tly , t h e obj e ctio n m u s t

be d p
e r i v e d o f t h a t f t
o u n d a t i o n o n w hich it i s p re .

su m e d to r e s t . It s e e m s ,ho w e v e r, hi g h ly prob a bl e

di
th a t s s u ol tio n m u s t pr e c e d e t h e a ctiv e e n e rgy o f

a ll v g t ti v e o n e r s i n t h e c a s e o f g ra i n
e e a p .
19 8 I D EN TIT Y A N D R E S U RR EC TI ON V.

in it s na ture a f utur e ge r m , an d i n clu de

d oe s no t
i t a t t he s a m e ti m e , Whl c h is a pl a i n co n tra d ictio n

a n d to a d m it t he f or m e r is to a ck n o w l e d e t h e
, g p re

v io u s e xi s t e n c e o f d i s s ol utio n which tot a lly d e

,

s tro y s t he grou n d o n w hich t he obj e ctio n w a s r a i s

‘

ed . A s th e r e f or e th a t ge r m which s h a ll h e r e a f t e r
, ,

v e ge t a te, m u s t b e n o w i n clu d e d in tho s e co m po

n e n t p a rt s f ro m w h e n c e t he i d e n tity o f t he p a r e n t

g r a i n is d e n o m i n a t e d ; it pl a i n ly f ollo ws th a t,
thi s

e r m m u s t f or m a p a rt o f it s n u m e ric a l i d e n tity a n d
g ,

co n s e qu e n tly th a t a p a rti a l d i s s olutio n m u s t n e ce s

,
.

s a r ily t a k e pl a c e to pro d u c e th a t ch a n ge wh ich v e

g
~

e t a t io n i m pli e s

l n t he ord e r o f ti m e V e ge t a tio n m a y i n de e d s u c
,

o e cd so clo s e ly to t he p a rti a l d e c a v o f t he p a re n t
g r a in th at n o i n t e rv a l m a
y b e d i s c e rn e d ; but i n

t he ord e r o f n a tur e di s s olutio n m u s t pr e c e d e th a t

,

w hich r e s u lt s f ro m it a n d l e a v e a c e rt a i n i n t e rv a l
, ,

o f d ura tio n ,
thou gh it m a y b e too m i n ute f o r o u r
f a culti e s to d i s cov e r . A n d if d i s s olutio n in t he o r .

d e r o f n a tur e pr e c e d e t he a ctiv e e n e r gy o f v e ge t a
,
.

tio n in a gr a i n o f wh e a t o r a n y oth e r gra i n ; n o a r

,

u m e n t c a n po s s ibly b e dr a wn f ro m t he d i s s olutio n
g
o f it s co m po n e n t p a rts to s upport th a t obj e ctio n
,

which w oul d d e s troy t he a n a lo gy b e t we e n t he pro .

c e s s o f v e ge t a tio n a n d t he r e s urr e ctio n o f o u r bo d i e s

f ro m t he gr a v e .

T he ob s e rv a tio n s w hich h a v e b e e n thu s a ppli e d

t o v e ge t a tio n m a y b e e a s ily tra n s f e rr e d to t he m a
,
«

t e r ia l p a rt o f m a n ; in both c a s e s d i s s ol utio n m u s t

e vi d e n tly pre c e d e v e ge t a tio n ; a n d t he a n a lo gy

h old s good ho w m u c h s o e v e r th e y m a y v a ry f ro m
,
S e ct . o r T HE H U M AN B ODY . 199

ea ch oth e r in t he ra p idity o f th e ir m o v e m e n t s a n d ,

t he d e gre e s o f th e i r d i s s ol u tio n .

T he d i ff e r e n c e s in th e s e t wo c a s e s b e f ore u s in ,

t he d e gre e s o f th e ir d i s s olutio n d uri n g t he s a m e

,

g iv e n p e riod s o f d u ra tio n ,
m a
y pro d uc e in o u r m i n d s
a d i s ti n ct a s s oci a tio n o f i d e a s ; b ut thi s c a n n ot a lt e r

e ith e r t he thi n s th e m s e lv e s which we th u s co n t e m

g
pl a t e o r t he po we r o f G o d F o r a lthou gh in t he
,
.
, ,

c a s e o f v e ge ta tio n we b e hol d a n e ffi c a cy o f po we r

, ,

which in th a t o f t he h u m a n bo d y we a r e u n a bl e to
di s ce r n ; ye t t he s a m e o r s i m ila r m ov e m e n t s m a y
t a k e pl a c e thou gh b y m or e i m p e rc e ptibl e g r a d a
,

tio n s Thi s m u ch ho we v e r is c e rt a i n th a t in tho s e

.
, , ,

br a n ch e s o f co m p a ri s o n which We n o w co n t e m pl a t e ,

n o c a se ca n be a d d uc e d , which will d e s tro y t he

a n a lo gy whil e tho s e obj e ctio n s which a r e a d v a n c e d
a g a i n s t t h e r e s urre ctio n o f t he bo d y w ill a ll f a ll wit h

s up e rior we i ght upon t he pro d uctio n o f gr a i n An d .

s i n c e in t he productio n o f gra i n a ll obj e ctio n s a ga i n s t

it in a ll po s s ibl e f or m s a r e r e f ut e d by f a ct it is b u t ,

r a tio n a l to co n clu d e th a t t h e s a m e obj e ctio n s which

a r e brought a ga i n s t t he r e s urr e ctio n a r e c a p a bl e o f

,

b e i n g r e f ute d in a s i m il a r m a n n e r ; s i n c e in bot h
c a se s t he circu m s t a n c e s a r e e ith e r e qu a l o r in f a vou r ,

o f t he r e s urre ctio n o f t he de a d T he fi n a l re s ul t
.

m u s t th e r e f or e b e th a t t he m a n n e r in which d i s s o
,

l u t io n t a k e s pl a c e c a n n e v e r b e m a d e a grou n d
,

w ork f o r d e s troyi n g th a t a n a logy which s ub si s t s

b e t we e n t he c a se which we h a v e co m p a r e d n o r can

it a ff ord o n e j u s t obj e ctio n a ga i n s t t he r e s urr e ctio n

o f t he body f ro m t he gra v e .

T h a t G o d c a n c a l l i n to e x i s te n c e a n u m e rou s
2 00 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T ION [ C h ap . V .

c
ra e o cre a ture s e n do we d w i th a ll t he f orm s o f a n i
f
m a l li f e a n d w i t h di ff e re n t d e gre e s o f in t e lle c t u al
,
.

p o w e r s in e n d le s v a ri e ty a n d th a t he c a n pr e s e rv e
s

t he v a riou s f o r m s o f b e i n g gi v e n will n e ith e r a d m i t ,

o i d o ubt n o r d i s pu t e t h e t he ry its e lf b e i n g d e m o n
o

S t d t e d by a ctu a l f a ct
l Th a t th e s e b e i n gs m u s t
.

h a v e ha d a b e gin n i n g we a r e we ll a s s ure d b e c a u se ,

n o hin g c a n b e e t e rn a l but God ; a n d co n se qu e n tly

z

t h e r e m u s t h a v e b e e n a p e riod w h e n e v e n cr e a tio n

coul d h a v e ha d n o e xi s te n c e In th a t d i s ta n t ae ra
.
,

c re a tio n m u s t b e pre s u m e d to be a s re m ot e f ro m a ll
C X p e r i m e n t a l k n o wl e d ge a s t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he
,

bo d y is n o w If th e n we c a r r y b a ck o u r vi e ws to
.

thi s i m p o rta n t p e rio d whic h I h a v e s uppo s e d a n d

, ,

t u r n o u r t ho u ght s to t h e cr e a tio n o f t he w orld with

a ll it s i n h a bit a n t s a n d a pp e n d a ge s a n d th e n turn t o

t he grou n d o n whic h we n o w s t a n d a n d co n t e m ,

pl a te t he r e s urre ctio n o f t he d e a d t he pr ob a bility

in f a vour o f t he l a tte r e x c e e d s th a t o f t he f or m e r
,

in a m uc h gre a t e r proportio n th a n t he li ght o f t he

s u n e x ce e d s th a t o f t he lu n a r s ph e r e A n d m ore .

a r gu m e n t s c a n b e a dv a n c e d to p r ov e cre a tio n im o s
p .

s ibl e ,
th a n c a n n o w be a d va n c e d t o pro v e t he r e s u r s

r e ctio n i m prob a bl e a m i d s t a ll t he
, obj e ctio n s th a t
c a n b e r a i s e d ag a i n s t it .

A n d e v e n u n d e r pre s e n t circu m s ta n c e s with c r e

, ,

a tio n a ctu a lly e x i t in g b e f o r e u s a n d with t he r e s ur

s
,

r e ctio n o f t he bo d y co n s i d e r e d o n ly a s a hyp o t he t i
, ~

c a l p s s ibi li y t he di ffi c u lti e s o n t he s i d e o f t he l a tt e r
o t
,

a re n o t gr e a te r t ha n o n th a t o f t he f o r m e r A n d we .

a r e a t a s gre a t a lo s s to a ccou n t h o w t he h e a ve n s
a n d e a r t h ro s e o u t o f c h a o s though th e ir c e rta in ty
,
ro e ID EN T IT Y AN D R ESU R R EC TI ON [ C ha p . V .

na tu r e s h a ll m e e t a p e rf e ct r e n ov a tio n in a ll it s o r .

a n ica l a n d i n t e ll e ctu a l po we r s ; a r e gio n i n to whi c h

g
t h e body s h a ll c a rry it s fi n a l m odific a tio n a n d pre ,

s e rv e a ll t ho s e e s s e n ti a l p a rt s which will b e n e c e s
,

sa ry t o it s f utur e s t a tio n a re g i on wh e r e S i ck n e s s
, ,

a i n s a n d c a l a m iti e s s h a ll b e k n o wn n o m or e
p , .

Wh e th e r p e rp e t u ity we re a d d e d to t he b e i n g o f
m a n in thi s li f e o r a n oth e r is n o t f o r m a n to d e ci d e
, .

God ha s pl a c e d o u r p e r m a n e n t s ta t e o f e x i s t e n c e
b e yo n d t he gra v e a n d h a s m a d e t he gloo m y t e rri
,

t ory o f d e a th t he p a s s a ge throu gh wh ich we m u s t

t ra v e l in or d e r to a tta in it .T h d i o lut io n o f o u r
e ss

b o d i e s is a n e c e s s a r y co n s e qu e n c e o f d e a th ; a n d
b oth b e co m e m or a lly n e c e s s a ry f ro m t he d e bilit a t e d
s t a t e o f t h e h u m a n f r a me . I n a d d itio n t o th e se cir
cu m s t a n c e s , wh e n we co n s id e r t he pr e s e n t li f e a s a
s t a t e o f prob a tio n in which we a c t a s c a n d id a te s f o r
,

o n e o f r e tributio n ; t h e d i s s ol utio n o f t he body h e

c o m e s a n e c e s s a ry p a rt o f tho s e ch a n ge s whi c h ,

m u s t fit a n d pr p a re u s f o r th a t s t a te o f b e i n g
e
,

wh e re ch a n ge s a n d prob a tio n m u s t b e a li k e u m
k n o wn .

W e r e it n o t f o r di s s ol utio n n o a lte r a tio n c oul d

,

p rob a bly t a k e pl a c e in o u r co n d itio n a n d th e n i n ,

fi r m it y a n d p a i n a n d di s cord m u s t a cco m p a n y
, ,

u s throu h e v e ry s t a e o f o u r e x is t e n c e ; e v e n if
g g
im m ort a lity we re h e r e c o m m u n ic a te d t o m a n .

B u t wh e n we b e hold d e a th a n d it s a tt e n d a n t d is
, ,

s olutio n ,
i n t e r po s in g th e m se l v e s b e t we e n thi s world
a n d t he n e x t ; we s e e a fi n a l p e rio d pu t to o u r
e m a ci a t e d f ra m e s , a n d we b e hold a s c e n e u n f ol d

in g it s e lf , in whi c h o u r bodi e s sh all a ppe a r r e fin ed ,

Se ct . 1v .
) OF T HE HU MAN B OD Y . 2 05

e nn obl e d a n d e x a lte d ; a n d in whi c h t h e y sha l l b e

,

b rought f orth t o in h a b it a r e gi o n wh e re a ll th a t ,

s ur v iv e s o f hu m a n n a ture s h a l l e x i s t in a m or e e x .

a lt e d m od e s h a ll e x h i b i t a
, s t a t e o f co n s u m m a t e

e r f e c tio n s a f e f ro m d i s e a s e a n d d e c li n e ”
p , .

S E C TI O N I V .

Arg u me n ts t o p r o ve t ha t t he R e s u r re ct io n of t he
’
ao ay ca n n o m o r e t a k e p la t e im m e d ia t e ly , t ha n
S e e d t ime a n d H a r v e s t ca n be ble n d e d t o ge t he r
-
.

I r ha s b e e n r e p e a te dly a s s e rte d in t he c our se o f

,

t hi s w ork th a t d e a th is a n a tura l e ff e ct o f m ora l

,

e vil ; a n d I fl a t t e r m y s e l f th a t th e s e a s s e rtio n s h a v e

b e e n s a ti s f a ctorily prov e d in s e v e ra l o f t he pr e c e d
,
.

ing s e c tio n s B u t whil e t he a rgu m e n t s whi c h

.
,

ha v e b e e n a dv a n c e d to prov e th a t m or a l e v il m u st
b e d e s troy e d a pp e a r hi ghly f a voura bl e to t he r e s u r
,

r e c tio n o f t he body the y s e e m to op e n t he d oor t o

a n obj e c tio n which m a b e s t a t e d thu s I f d e a th
y .

b e a n a tu r a l e ff e ct o f m ora l e vil if n o n a tu ra l e ff e c t
,

c a n s ur v iv e it s c a u s e a n d m or a l e v il b e tot a lly
,

t r o ye d , t he co n s e qu e n c e m u s t b e a n i m m e di a te
”
r e s urr e ctio n o f t he bo d y f ro m t he gr a v e .

S p e c iou s a s thi s obj e ctio n m a y a pp e a r it is o n e ,

which I fla tt e r m y s e l f will a d m it o f a s olutio n ; it is

o ne ,
i n de e d which ha s b e e n a lr e a dy a n t i c i p a t e d
, ,

a n d in p a rt a lre a dy a n s we r e d Fo r though it ha s
.
,

b e e n a s se rte d th a t n o n a tu ra l e ff e ct ca n s urvi v e it s
,

ca u se s—t h a t m o ra l e v il is t he c a u se o f d e a th s - u:
10 4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U R R EC TI ON [ C hap . V
;

and th a t m or a l e vil m u s t be do n e a wa y t the re

y e

a r e t wo l i ght s in which t he d e s tructio n o f m or a l e v il

m a y b e co n s i d e r e d .

I n t he fir s t pl a c e it m a y b e s a id to b e d e s troy e d
,

in r e l a tio n to i n d ivi d u a l s t h e i n s t a n t th a t d e a th
,

t a k e s p la c e u po n th e m a n d s e p a ra t e s th e ir s oul s
,

f ro m th e ir b o d ie s For a s prob a tio n m u s t b e

.
,

co nfi n e d to t he pr e s e n t s ta t e a n d a s th o s e l a ws by
,

w hich we d i s ti n gui s h goo d f ro m e vil m u s t b e c o n ,

fi n e d to th a t m o d e o f b e i n g in which w e a r e c a p a bl e
of ob e di e n c e a n d tra n s gr e s s io n ; a r e m ov a l f ro m
t hi s s t a t e o f e xi s t e n c e m u s t e ff e ctu a lly ch a n ge o u r
c o n ditio n a n d r e s olv e a ll i n to r e tr ibu tiv e c e rta i n ty
,

e ith e r o f pu n i s h m e n t o r r e wa r d \Vhe n e v e r th e r e
.
,

f ore thi s ch a n ge in o u r co n ditio n s h a ll t a k e pl a c e

, ,

in a n i n di v idu a l s e n s e ; m ora l e v il m a y b e s a i d to
b e d e s tro y e d .

N e v e rth e l e s s in a m ore u n i v e r s a l s e n s e
, m o ra l ,

e vil m a
y b e s a i d to co n ti n u e s o lo n g
, a s t he pr e s e n t
s t a t e o f thi n s s h a ll r e m a i n u n ch a n e d A nd
g g c o .n ,

s e qu e n tly , thou gh it m a y n o lo n ge r op e ra t e u po n
tho s e i n d ivi d u a l s who s e bodi e s a r e lo d ge d in t he
,

a r m s o f d e a th ; e t t h e in flu e n c e o f m or a l e vil m u s t
y
r u n p a r a ll e l w ith m ort a lity a n d occ a s io n th a t d e a th
,

which m a n ki n d m u s t u n d e r go I n th is v i e w m ora l .
,

e vil c a n n ot b e u n iv e r s a lly d e s troy e d vx hile o n e ,

m ort a l r e m a i n s a liv e ; a n d th e r e f or e t he r e s u r r e c
tio n o f t he bo d y c a n n ot i m m e di a t e ly t a k e pl a c e .

B u t e v e n a d m itti n g t he d e s tru ctio n o f m or a l e vi l

,

to t a k e pl a c e a s in t he fir s t c a s e s uppo s e d ; it will
,

n o t f ro m th e n c e f ollo w t h a t t he r e s urr e ctio n m u s t b e

a n i m m e di a t e e v e n t S t P a ul ha s told u s in r e l a
. .
,
206 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ Ch a
p .
V .

c ifi c qu a n tity o f ti m e n e c e s sa ry to rip e n tho se b o d .

ie s w hich s h a ll b e f o r th a t s t a te o f p e r f e ctio n t o
,

whi c h th e y t e n d m u s t b e d e t e r m i n e d by tho s e p r e
, .

v io n s p e rio d s in wh ich th e ir co n s titu e n t p a rt s we re

,

lo d ge d in a s e m i n a l s t a te A n d ho w v a riou s o r.

m ulti f or m s o e v e r th e s e s t a g e s m i ght h a v e b e e n ,

th e y a r e e vi d e n tly s uch a s wi ll s u it t he whol e s u c

c e s s io n o f ti m e a n d pl a c e t he bod i e s o f a ll t he hu
, .

m a n ra c e o n a n e v e n s c a l e O n thi s grou n d we
.

c a n ra tio n a lly co n c e iv e h o w t h e ge n e ra l r e s u r r e c
, .

t io n m a y t a k e pl a c e i n o n e a n d t he s a m e i n s t a n t ;
thou gh t he bo d i e s which s h a ll ri se ha d b e e n d e p o s .

it e d in t he gra v e through a ll t he pre c e di n g a g e s o f

.

t he world .

T he i n troductio n o f m or a l e vil i n to t he world I

h a v e a lre a dy a d m itt e d t o be t he c a s e o f d e a th a n d
.

t he pri m a y c a n s e o f th a t di s s ol utio n which im

r .

m e d i a t e ly s u cc e e d s B u t a s wh e n d e a th ta k e s
.
,

pl a c e a n d by s e p a ra ti n g s oul a n d body d e s troy s

, ,

t he id e n tity o f m a n m ora l e vil m u s t c e a se t o a c t

,

u po n th a t i n dividu a l t he l a t e n t po we rs m u s t b e gi n

t o O p e r a t e a n d m ov e on wa rd to wa rd s th a t p e r f e c
,

tio n which t he f u tur e body s h a ll po s s e ss a n d e n j oy

t hrough e t e r n ity .

B u t a s tho s e p a rt s o f i m m
,
ov e a ble m a tt e r whic h
c o n s titu te t he id e n tity 0 f t he bo d y h e re a n d s h a l l ,

be t he g e r m o f th a t which s h a ll e x i s t h e r e a f te r ,

m u s t h a v e b e e n d e po s it e d in t he gra v e in di s t a n t
p e rio d s ; 50 th e y m u s t h a v e b e e n d e po s ite d in d if .

f e r e n t s t a ge s o f progre s s io n ; a n d c o n se qu e n tly , ,

m u s t r e qui re d i ff e re n t porti o n s o f dura tio n in t he

gr a v e t o r ip e n f o r t he gra n d r e s ult o f t hi n gs A n d
, .
,
Se ct . IV )
.
“ T HE H U M A
0 1 N BO D Y 2 07

as tho se bo d ice whic h we re firs t d e p o s i t e d in t he

r v e m u s t r e q u i r e t he lo n ge s t ti me be c a u s e th e y
g a

e xi s te d t he s ho r t e s t in a s e m i n a l s t a te ;
,
so tho s e
which ha v e b e e n i n t e r re d m ore r e c e n tly h a vi n g b e e n ,

l od ge d a m u c h lo n ge r p e riod in th e ir s e m i n l s t a t e a ,

will r e quire a co m p a ra tiv e ly s horte r s e a s o n t o b r i n g

t h e m f orth i n to a s t a t e o f c o m pl e t e p e r f e c tio n And .
,

a s th a t ge r m which s h a ll co n s titut e o u r f ut u r e b o d

ie s m u s t be in a s t a t e o f im m a turity wh e n s o e v e r ,

d e po s it e d in t he gra v e ; tho s e a ge s b e co m e r e qui

s it e t o ri e n it which s h a ll e l a p s e f ro m t he ti m e o f
p ,

it s i n t e r m e n t u n til t he s o u n d o f t he tru m p e t s h a l l
,

a wa k e n t he d e a d A n d th e re f ore thoug h m ora l

.
, ,

e v il b e t he c a u s e o f d e a th and though it c e a s e
,

wh e n s oul a n d bo dy a r e s e p a r a te d f ro m e a ch O t h e r ,

it will b e i m po s s ibl e th a t t he b ody s hould im m e d i

a t e ly ri se f ro m t he gr a v e .

N othi n g th a t is in e m bryo c a n b e in a s t a te o f
m a tu r ity .M a turity th e re f ore m u s t b e t he w or k
,

o f progr e s s io n ; a n d progr e s s i o n i n s u ch c a s e s m u st ,

b e in c o m p a tibl e w ith i n s t a n ta n e ou s a c tio n T he .

e r m in e m bry o c ot b m ur d w hil it i i
g , a n n e a t e e ,
s n

e m bryo , an d whil e it is a ge r m ; if it we re s o it ,

w ou l d n o lo n ge r b e a ge r m in e m br y o b u t a ge r m ,

in m a turity wh ich in thi s v i e w is a co n tra d ic tio n

,
.

in t e r m s .A n e m bryo it is tr u e m a y b e p e r f e ct
, , ,

a s a n e m br y o b u t whi l e it is a n e m bryo it m u s t ,

b e di s ti n c t f r o m th a t body which it s ha ll he re a f t e r
c o n s titute An d t o s uppo s e th a t which is a n e m bry o
.

o f a f utur e b ody t o b e tha t f utur e body in c o m pl e

,

t io n , is t o s u p p o se it t o b e wh a t it is n o t a n d wha t, ,
208 I D EN TIT Y A N D R ES U R R EC TI ON [ C h ap. VJ

u nde r e x i s ti n g circu m st a n c e s it c a n n ot b e in s hort ,

it is to s uppo s e it to be a n e m bryo a n d n o t a n e m .

b r y o a t t he s a m e ti m e . It m u s t th e r e f or e f ollo w ,

th a t t he p e r m a n e n t pri n c ipl e s o f o u r bo d i e s c a n n o t
b e i m m e d ia t e ly r a is e d ; thou gh t he c a u s e o f th e ir
b e in g d e po s i te d t n t he gra v e b e tot a lly d o n e a wa y .

T h e ge r m i n a ti n g po we r s o f it s r a d ic a l p a rt s m a y ,

b e gin im m e d i a t e ly to op e ra t e b e c a u s e d e liv e r e d
,

f ro m t he pr i m a ry c a u s e w h ich h e l d th e m in a s t a t e
o f t orpor a n d in a ctio n ; b u t th e s e r a d ic a l p a rt s c a n

n o t r ip e n i n to f ull p e r f e ctio n ,
u n til t he ti m e a p
po in te d wh e n t h e s e a a n d t he gr a v e s h a ll giv e up
th e ir d e a d Tho se portio n s o f m a tt e r w h ich c o n
. .

s t it u t e t h e i d e n ti t y o f o u r bo d ie s in t h e pr e s e n t li f e ,

a n d Wt h w ill b e co m e t he f o u n d a t io n o f tho s e
‘

w hic h w e s h a ll po s s e s s f o r e v e r m u s t wh e n d e p o s
, ,
.

it e d in t he gra v e b e d e s titut e o f th a t m a tur ity

,

which ca n a lo n e e n s ur e i m m ort a lity A n d thi s

.

ma tu rity c a n n ot b e a tt a i n e d u n l e s s tho se bodi e s

,

u n d e rgo tho s e ch a n g e s in t h e gra v e thro u gh which

,

t he J u d ge o f qu i ck a n d d e a d h a th a ppoi n t e d th e m

t o pa ss . B u t wh e n t he b o di e s o f t he whol e o f
A da m s p OS l e l lt y s ha ll h a v e m ov e d throu gh tho se
’ ‘

e volutio n s w hich a r e n e c e s s a ry t o e n s ur e th e ir im
'

m ort a lity ; a n d s h a ll h a v e u n d e r go n e tho s e v a ri e d

m ode s o f b e i n g which f or m s o m a n y li n k s in t he
,

v a s t ch a i n wh ich e n d s in p e r f e ct e xi s t e n c e th e n a ll
rip e n e d with i m m ort a l e n e r gy f o r a n i m m orta l
,

s ta t e
, s h a l l co m e f orth f ro m t he m a n s io n s o f d e a th ,

to s l e e p n o m or e A n d in thi s s t a t e b e i n g r e
.
,
.

u n ite d t o th e ir i m m a t e ri a l p ar t n e r s th e y s ha ll
,
£2 10 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [ C h ap . V .

co m p a ri s o n which t he A po s tl e ha s m a d e o r e s ti ,

m a ti n g t he m e rit or d e m e r it o f t he a rgu m e n t which ,

ha s b e e n d ra wn f ro m t he ge n e r a l a n a logy s ub s i s t
in g b e t we e n t he t wo s ubj e ct s h e ha s n o t h e s i t a t e d
,

S P ”
to d e n o m in a t e t a ul . a f oot P e rh a p s wh e n
.
,

Tho m a s P a y n e d ropp e d thi s e xpr e s s io n f ro m his

en i t w a s with him a n a g e of d o m a t i s m a s we ll
p , g ,

a s a n a g e (J r e a s o n 5 s o th a t in thi s a s w e ll a s in ,

a v a ri e ty o f oth e r i n s t a n c e s he ha s s tr a n ge ly p e r
,
.

m it t e d h is pr e j u d ic e to e clip s e t h e i n t e ll e ctu a l r a y .

S o m e ti m e s ( ob s e rv e s P a y n e ) P a ul a ff e ct s to be
a n a tur a li s t a n d to prov e
,
h is s y s t e m o f r e s u r r e c
tio n f ro m t he pri n cipl e s o f v e ge t a tio n Thou f ool .
,

s a y s he ,
th a t which thou s o we s t is n o t quick e n e d ,

e x c e pt it d ie To which o n e m i ght re ply in h is

.

o wn l a n gu a g e a n d sa y
, thou f ool P a u l th a t which
, ,

thou s o we s t is n o t quic k e n e d e xc e pt it d ie n o t f o r
t he gr a i n th a t di e s in t he grou n d n e v e r d oe s n o r.

ca n v e ge t a t e ” 6 . O n thi s poi n t S t P a ul a n d Tho .

m a s P a y n e a r e f a irly a t i s s u e a n d t he qu e s tio n is,

which o f th e m is ri ght .

It a pp e a r s e vid e n tly f r o m t he f a c e o f t he a bov e

q uot a tio n , th a t t h e A po s tl e s m e a n i n
g h
’
a s be e n

e ith e r ro s ly m i s t a k e n or wil f ully m is r e pr e s e n t e d

g s ,

b e c a u s e n othi n g c a n b e m or e e vi d e n t th a n thi s th a t ,

h is l a n gu a g e ha s b e e n p e rv e rt e d to s e rv e n o goo d
purpo s e I n t he p a s s a ge which h a s b e e n quot e d
.

f ro m h is p a ge t he A po s tl e wa s n o t s p e a k in g o f t he
,

a n n ihil a tio n o f a n y s i m pl e s ub s t a n c e bu t o f t he ,

A ge o f Re a so n , p a r t t he s e co n d ,
p 73. .
Se c t . V .
] o r T HE H U MAN BODY . 2 11

d e co m po s itio n co m pou n d e d bodi e s which t wo

o f
s ubj e ct s h a v e littl e o r n o co n n e ctio n w ith o n e a n o

th e r T he f or m e r m u s t be f o r e v e r hi n d e r e d f ro m
.

t a ki n g pl a c e by t he s i m pl e pr e s e rv a tio n o f b e in g ;
but t he l a tt e r c a n o n ly b e pr e v e n t e d by t he p e r m a
n e n cy o f t he u n io n a n d a dh e s io n o f a ll t h e p a rt s
, ,

o f which th a t s ub s t a n c e wa s co m po s e d Th a t t he .

f or m e r s h a ll t a k e pl a c e S t P a ul n e v e r a s s e rt s
, . bu t
th a t t he l a tt e r a n n u a lly occur s is e vi d e n t to e v e ry
,

b e hol d e r ; a n d by thi s obviou s f a c t S t P a ul ha s .

cho s e n to illu s tra t e t he s t a t e o f t he h u m a n body ,

duri n g it s r e po se in t he gra v e a n d it s c o n s e qu e n t
,

r e s urr e ctio n .

T he qu e s tio n which is n o w b e f o r e u s i n volv e s

, ,

t wo d i s ti n ct poi n t s ; o n e o f which r e l a t e s to t he

ide n ti ty o f t he s ub s t a n c e it s e l f a n d t he oth e r t o t he
,

id e n tity o f th a t m odific a tio n which t he giv e n s u b

,

s t a n c e m ight h a v e a s s u m e d T he id e n tity o f t he
.

f or m e r n e v e r c a n b e lo s t ; b e c a u s e thou gh it m ay ,

be p e rp e tu a lly d ivi d e d n o o n e o f it s e s s e n ti a l p r o
,

e r t ie s ca n po s s ibly b e e ith e r d e s troy e d o r ch a n e d

p g .

A l l th a t d ivi s ibil ity c a n po s s ibly e ff e c t m u s t re l a te

to t h e a rra n ge m e n t o f it s p a rt s ; b ut n o ch a n ge in
m odific a tio n c a n e v e r e ff e ct id e n tity O n t he c o n .

t r a r y in a ll c o m pou n d e d bodi e s e v e ry ch a n g e which

, ,

th e y u n de rgo m u s t a ff e c t th e ir m odific a tio n ; a n d

by a d e r a n ge m e n t o f t he co m po s itio n m u s t e v e n t u ,

a lly a n n ihil a t e th a t id e n tity whi c h co n s i s t e d in t he

,

p e r m a n e n t u n io n o f a ll t he p a rt s .

I n t he s ubj e ct which is n o w b e f ore u s t he a bov e

, ,

t wo id e n titi e s a r e to b e f ou n d ; a n d to t h e d i s ti n ctio n

whi c h e x i s t s b e t we e n th e m if we wi s h to c o m pre
,
.
2 12 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h ap . V .

be n d t he
A po s tl e s m e a n i n g it is n e c e s sa ry th a t
’
,

we a tte n d It is thi s di s ti n ctio n w hich Tho m a s

.

P a y n e s e e m s e n tire ly to h a v e f orgott e n ; a n d by
t hi s m e a n s h e h a s s o bl e n d e d th e s e t wo i d e n titi e s

t o ge th e r a s to h a v e j u s tly br ou ght u po n hi m s e l f
,

t h e ch a rge o f th a t f olly which he with e qu a l in u s

j ,

tic e a n d i n de c e n cy ha s a ttribut e d to S t P a ul
, . .

Wh e n we t a k e be f ore u s a gr a i n o n which t he ,

A po s tl e ha s m a d e his ob s e rv a tio n we a r e i n s t a n tly ,

s truck with t he di s ti n ctio n I h a v e m a d e We b e hol d .

in a l m o s t o n e vi e w t he id e n tity o f t he s ub s t a n c e
,

it s e l f a n d t h e i d e n tity o f th a t p a rticul a r m od ifi ca
,

tio n o f it f ro m wh e n c e we obt a i n t he i d e a o f gra i n

, .

T h e f or m e r o f th e s e m u s t a l wa y s b e i n s e p a ra bl e
f ro m m a tt e r in wh a t light s o e v e r we m a y v i e w i t ;
,

whi le t h e l a tt e r a s it a ppli e s n o t s o m uch to e x i s t .

e n c e it s e l f a s to t h e p a rticul a r m a n n e r o f e xi s t e n ce
, ,

m a y b e tot a lly d e s troy e d though t he f or m e r r e m a i n s

,

u n ch a n g e d a n d e n tir e Thu s t h t i d e n tity o f t he gra i n

.

is o n e thi n g but t he id e n tity o f t he m a tt e r o f whic h

,

it is co m po s e d is quit e a n oth e r ; a n d o f th e s e t wo
i d e n titi e s it is n e c e s s a ry th a t we s houl d h a v e di s ti n ct
id e a s in ord e r th a t we i n f or m our s e lv e s o f whic h
,

o f th e s e S t P a ul s p e a k s
. b e f ore we ca n d e cid e o n
,

t h e a ccu r a cy o r i n a ccur a cy o f h is e x pr e s s io n .

Th a t t h e A po s tl e s p e a k s o f t he id e n tity o f t he
m odific a tio n a n d n o t o f th a t o f t he m a tt e r it s e l f is
, ,

e vid e n t f ro m t h e m a n n e r in whi c h h e i n tro d u c e s t he

s ubj e ct . Tha t ( s a y s b e ) which t ho u s o we s t is n o t

”
q u ic k e n e d e x ce p t it d ie .

Wh a t (we w ould a sk ) is i t tha t is o wn ? T he

s

an s we r is ob v iou s ,
“ a
g ra ia .
”
Wh a t (we a s k ,
2 14. I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h a
p . V .

w it h o n e an oth e r b e c a u se u po n thi s u n io n t he id e a
is e n tire ly d e p e n d e n t f o r it s o wn e x i s t e n c e Wh il e .

th e re f or e t he p a rt s th u s co m bi n e d co n ti n u e in
, ,

u n io n w ith o n e a n oth e r ; o u r i d e a o f r i n re m a i n s
g a

u n d e s troy e d ; w h ; le a ch a n e in it s m o d ific a t io n a n d
g
s e n s ibl e qu a l iti e s m u s t a n n ihil a t e t h e i d e n tity o f
which we s p e a k a n d ou r co m pl e x i d e a to ge th e r
, .

S u c h th e n is t he n a tur e o f t he gr a i n to which ,

S t P a ul a ppl i e s f o r a n illu s tr a tio n w hich h e h a s

.
, ,

s o h a ppily e m ploy e d in provi n g t he r e s urr e c tio n

o f t he d e a d .

L e t u s n o w S u ppo s e thi s gra i n to b e d e po s it e d in

t h e e a rth a n d throu gh t he gr a n d proc e s s o f n a tur e
, , ,

it s p a rt s d i s s olvi n g i n to th e ir e l e m e n t a ry s t a t e In .

thi s c a s e tho u g h t h e p a rt s th e m s e lv e s lo s e n o t th e i r
,

o wn p e culi a r i d e n tit ie s ; y e t th e y s o f a r lo s e th e ir

o rigi n a l s t a t e o f co m bi n a tio n th a t t he gra in is n o w

,

n o lo n ge r i n e x i s t e n c e An d
. o u r i d e a o f t he
,

i d e n tity o f thi s gr a i n d e p e n d e d U po n th a t co m bi n a

tio n o f t he p a rt s whi c h is n o w d e s troy e d s o wh e n ,

thi s co m b i na tio n v a n i s h e d f ro m th a t v e ry i n s t a n t
,

o u r id e a o f it c e a s e d to e xi s t .

Th a t t h e gr a i n it s e l f m u s t b e d i s s ol v e d will a d ,

m it o f n o d i s put e a n d n o m a n p e rh a p s w ill a s s e r t

th a t it s id e n tity c a n c o n ti n u e wh e n t he o n ly co m bi
,

n a tio n o f p a rticl e s u po n which it d e p e n d e d is d e s

t r o ye d. F o r c e rt a i n it is th a t wh e n th a t c a u s e
,

w hich g a v e b e i n g to o u r id e a o f i d e n tity is r e m ov e d ,

t h a t id e a m u s t v a n i s h with it ; b e c a u s e be in g wa s
‘

n e c e s s a ry to it s p r e s e rv a tio n I f th e n t he i d e n tity
.

o f a gr a i n be a ctu a lly d e s troy e d m u s t n o t th a t ,

S e ct V
. .
) o r T HE H U MAN BODY . -
2 15

id e n tic a l gra i n b e i n e vit a bly d e a d ? A n d is n o t th is

v e ry r a in th at o f w h ic h S t P a ul s p e a k s , in t he
g ,
.

v e ry p a s s a ge which ha s b e e n ri d icul e d by Tho m a s

P a y n e ? A n d if s o t he s e n ti m e n t o f t he A po s tl e
,

is a t o n c e phi los oph ic a l a n d j u s t ; a n d t he co n t e m pt

o f Tho m a s P a y n e h a s b e e n m o s t e gre g i o u s ly m is

a ppli e d .

S t P a ul in t he pl a c e u n d e r co n s id e r a tio n c o n
.
, ,

fi n e s h is ob s e rv a tio n s e x cl u s i v e ly to t he gr a i n with ,

o u t o n c e a d v e rti n g to t he m a tt e r o f which it is
co m po s e d ; a n d he co n s i d e r s t he d i s s olutio n o f it s
c o m po n e n t p a rt s a s p a rticul a rly n e c e s s a ry to th a t
,

v e ge t a tio n which s h a ll s pri n g f ort h f ro m t he g e r m

i n cl u d e d in it I n thi s v i e w he j u s tly co n clude s
.
,

f ro m t he ch a n g e o f it s m o d ific a tion t he d e s tructio n ,

o f it s id e n tity ; a n d f ro m h e n c e e xpre s s e s hi m s e l f
w ith a n e v id e n c e n o t to b e co n trov e rt e d with s u c
c e s s th a t e v e ry co m pou n d e d bo d y m u s t b e d e a d
,

w h e n it s id e n tity is n o m or e A n d co n s e qu e n tly
.
,

th a t t h e s e l f s a m e a c t by which it s p a rt s a r e s e p a
-
,

r a t e d f ro m o n e a n oth e r is t he i d e n tic a l a c t throu gh

,

which it s m od i fic a tio n which co n s titut e d it s ide n

,

tity is d e s troy e d a n d throu gh which t he gra i n th a t

, ,

wa s s o wn co m pl e t e ly d i e s .

H o w f a r t he d e s tructio n o f t he con s titu e n t p a rt s

o f a gr a i n m a v b e n e c e s s a ry to c a ll f orth t he a ctiv e

e n e r y o f tho s e v e g e t a tiv e po we r s th a t a r e lo d e d
g g,

in t he g e r m o f f utur e li f e w hich t he p a r e n t bo d y
,

e n clo s e s is r e m ot e f ro m t h e pr e s e n t qu e s tio n
,
It is .
\

s u ffici e n t to m pr e s e n t purpo s e to h a v e vi n dic a t e d

y ,

S t P a ul f ro m t he ch a rg e o f a b s ur d ity a n d t he a p
.
,
 2 16 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [C ha p . V .

”
p e ll a tio n o f f ool ; a n d to h a v e s h e wn t he philo
“
.

S ophic a l propri e ty o f a n e xpr e s s io n which Tho m a s ,

P a y n e i n s t e a d o f co n f ro n ti n g with a rgu m e n t ha s
, ,

tt
a e m pt e d to ri d ic u l e a n d a ff e ct e d to d e s
p is e fi l
6
,

“
3
It ou gh t no t to be ad m it t e d , t h a t t h e su b e c j t o f ve
ge a t io n t
wh ic h S t . P aul ha s so h a p p ily a p p lie d to t he r e s u r r e c t io n o f t he
b o d y , wa s fi r s t hi n t
d b y o u r L o r d o n a s im ila r
e o c c a s io n .

H e n c e he te lls u s, J o h n x i i 2 4, Ve r ity . v e r zly, I s a y u nto

/
.
you ,
Ex ec 2t a co r n f
o whe a t f a ll in t o t h e g r o u n d an d d ie , i t a bid e t h
a lo n e bu t if
'

zt d i e , i t br in g e t h f or t h m u ch
f r u it . Th us we fi n d ,
in co r ro b o r a t io n o f t he sa m e s e n t im e n t , t h a t e v e n a
gre a e t r th an

St P . au l is he r e q ‘

1 A f t e r p e r u s in g t h is s e c t io n , m y f r ie n d , D r A C l a r k e , s e n t
'
. .

m e t h e f o llo win g illu s t r a t io n o f J o h n x ii 2 4 whic h a p p lie s s o .

f o r cibly t o t he j
s u b e ct o f t h is in q u ir y t h a t m ak e I no a
p o lo gy
f o r in s e r t in g it , as I a m s u r e it wil l r e c o m m e n d i t se l f t o t he

go o d se n se an d p ie t y o f e v e r y r e a d e r .

It a pp e a r s q u it e e v id e n t t o m e t h a t S t . P a u l b o r r o we d his
s im ile and ill u s t r a t io n o f t h e r e s u r r e c t is r o . f t he h u m a n bo d y
f ro m t he wo r d s o f o ur L o rd,
pr o J o hn x ii 2 4 . T hi s s im ile

e rl u n d e r s t o o d , i s in b o t h c a s e s s o p h y s ic a ll a n d p hilo s o h i
p y y p
c a l ly c o r r e c t a s t o c a r r y c o n v ic t io n t o t h e m o s t in s e n s ible m in d .

I s h a ll
gi ve
y o u a p a r a p hr a s e wh ic h I e x t r t ac f ro m my MS .

n o te s o n t h e a b o v e p a s sa ge .

U n le s s the g r a in of wh e a t which f a lle t h in t o t h e g r o u n d d i e ,

it r e m a in e t h a lo n e , ve r se 2 4 .

Ou r L o r d co m pa re s h im s e lf t o a g r a in of wh e a t , h is d e a t h t o
a g r a in s ca m an d de co m p o s e d in t h e g r oun d h is r e su r r e c t io n

t o t he bla d e Wh ich s p r in
g s f ro m t he d e ad gr a in , a n d whic h
b r in gs f o r t h an abu n d an ce o f f r u it . A s if h e ha d s a id , I m u s t d ie
to be g l o r ifi e d , a n d u n le s s I a m g l o r if ie d I ca n n o t e s t a bli s h a g l o r i o u s

chu r ch o f J e ws an d G e n t zl e s /
u zo n e a r t h . In co m p a r in g h im .

se lf t h u s t o a g r a m of w h e a t , o ur L o rd she ws u s, 1 T he
. ca u s e

o f h is d e a t h t he o r d e r o f G o d , wh o h a d r ate d t he re d e m p t io n
o f t h e wo r ld at t h is p r ic e as in n atu re he ha d t
a t a ch e d t he
m u lt ip lica t io n o f t he c o r n t o t he de ath o f t he gr a in . 2 . T he en d
2 n; ID EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [C ha p . VI .

C H AP . VI .

AR G U M EN T S TE NDING TO P ROVE THAT T HE

ID ENTIT Y OF T HE HU MA N B OD Y MU ST C ON .

SI ST I N O ME G E R M
S , OR S T A ME N , WH I C H R 1
31

MA I N S I M M O V E A B L E .

S E C TI O N I .

I n which it is a r
g ue d , T ha t t he I d e n t ity f
o our f u .

ture B o d ie s do es n o t c o n s is t in a ll t he nu m e r ica l
P a r t icle s , nor in t he Majo r i
. o f t he m , wh ich
h a ve o cca s io n a lly a d he r e d t o t he Vit a l M a ss , in
a ny
g iven P o r t io n o f t he p r ese n t L if e.

ON ubj e c t s o a b s tru se a s th a t o f t he id e n tity o f

a s

t he hu m a n body it is n a tu ra l t o co n c e iv e th a t d ifii
,

c u lt ie s will a ri s e f ro m v a riou s qu a rt e r s a n d pr e s s ,

u pon u s in a v a ri e ty o f f or m s T he s ubj e ct it s e l f is
.

in volv e d in m uch ob s curity ; it e lud e s in m a n y

c a s e s o u r m o s t a cut e r e s e a rch e s
, a n d r e qu ir e s f a

cu l t ie s m or e p e n e tr a ti n g a n d vigorou s th a n a n y ,

which we n o w po s s e s s T he r a y s o f l ight th a t a r e
,

d i ff u s e d throu gh t he gloo m wit h which we a r e e n ,

cir c l e d a r e ho we v e r s u ff i ci e n t to co n v i n c e u s o f it s
,

c e rt a i n ty t he d iffi tt u lt ie s th e r e f or e which p e rpl e x

, ,

u s a ri s e f ro m s ubor d i n a t e c a u s e s , b u t t he f a c t itse l f
,

re ma i n s u n i m p e a c h e d .
 Se ct . o r T HE H U M A N BODY . 2 19

N o r will th e s e d illi c u lt ie s
d m i t o f s a ti s f a c tory
a

s olutio n s in a ll th e ir p a rt s tho u gh we v a ry t he,

m o d e s o f o u r i n qu i ry a n d s u ppo s e t h e id e n tity o f
,

t he body to b e lodg e d in e ith e r o f tho s e c o m b i n a

ti o n s o f m a tt e r in which a lo n e it c a n po s s ibly be
,

pl a c e d F or wh e the r we s u ppo s e t he id e n tity o f

.
,

t he bod y to co n s i s t in a ll t he n u m e r ica l p a r t icle s

which h a ve be e n lly u n it e d t o t he v it a l
o cca s io n a

sy s t e m , o r in s o m e s t a m e n which is lo dge d wit h in

it s r e ce s s e s ; or i n t he m ajo r ity of t ho s e p a r t icle s
whi ch f o r me d t he bo dy whe n it su n k in t o t he

g r a ve ; til l m a n y d iffic ulti e s will r e m a i n whi c h we

s ,

c a n n ot f u lly c o m pr e h e n d W e s h a ll m e e t in e a ch
.

c a s e with ob s c u riti e s which we c a n n ot pi e r c e with ,

ob s t a cl e s whi c h we c a n n ot prop e rly s u r m ou n t a n d ,

in s o m e c a s e s with a rg u m e n t s whi ch will f orb i d o u r

f urth e r progr e s s b e c a u s e th e y will i n v olv e u s in
,

c o n tra dictio n s .

B u t th e s e di ffi c ulti e s ca n la y n o e m b a rg o o n t he
e x e rtio n s o f a n i n quiri n g m i n d For though th e y
.
,

a r e a tt e n d e d w it h e m b a rr a s s m e n t s w hich a r e ho s til e

in th e ir a pp e a r a n c e s a n d con tra dic t ory in th e ir is

,

s u e s ; th e y will di s co v e r t h e a v e n u e s o f e rror a n d ,

dire ct u s f ro m wh a t is w ro n g to Wh a t is right .

T he work s o f m a n we m a y u n d e r s t a n d bu t tho se
a c tio n s which n o po we r l e s s th a n i n fi n ite c a n a c .

co m pli s h i t is bu t r e a s o n a bl e to b e li e v e th a t n o
, ,

wi s do m l e s s th a n i n fi n ite c a n f ully c o m pr e h e n d .

W e di s cov e r t he m o s t ob viou s d e m o n s tra tio n s o f

\

t h e s e tr u th s in a ll t h e v a ri e d Wor k s o f n a tu r e
; t he
p e ri o di c a l v i c i s s itu d e o f d ay a n d n i gh t a n d t he re ,
.
 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U R R E C TI ON [ C h a p . VL

v olutio n s o f t he s e a s o n s ob li ge u s to a d m it th o s e
,

trut h s which e x cite our a s to n i s h m e n t b ut l e a v e u s

, ,

in t he s h a d e . F o r in t he v a s t e m pir e o f n a tur e a ll
, ,

o u r bo a s t e d r e s e a rch e s i n to he r s e cr e t m ov e m e n t s ,

o u r d e v e lop e m e n t o f he r r e c e s s e s a n d ou r i n v e s ti,

t io n o f c a u s e s a n d e ff e ct s a r e n o t o n ly d e f e ctiv e
g a ,

in th e ir n a t ur e bu t chi e fly a ppl i e d to t he m e r e s u

,

p e r fi c e s o f thi n
g s T
. h e pri m a ry c a u s e s o f a l l l ie

c o n c e a l e d f ro m m ort a l s a n d t he u t m o s t s tre tch o f

o ur m o s t p e n e t r a ti n g f a culti e s c a n ri s e but littl e
h i gh e r th a n prob a bility a n d m u s t fi n a lly r e s t in t he
a ck n o w l e d e m e n t o f a s e l f e xi s t e n t c a u s e w ho n a
g s e
-

ture a n d m a n n e r o f e x i st e n c e a r e v e ry littl e k n o wn .

O ur i n qu i r i e s th e r e f ore in a ll th e s e c a s e s m u s t b e
, , ,

h o w f a r s hould prob a bility b e p e r m itt e d to op e r a t e

to pro d uc e co n v ictio n a n d to obt a i n b e li e f 9 W i th .

o u t doubt it is our i n d i s p e n s a bl e d uty a m i d s t a v a

, ,
~

r ie t o f po s s ibl e c a s e s w hich a g in v o lv e d in d i th
y ,

c ulty to s e l e ct th a t which a pp e a r s f a rth e s t r e m ov e d

,

f ro m a b s ur d ity a n d e rror It is thi s a lo n e which

.

c a n giv e it t he f e a tur e s o f tru th a rre s t t he m i nd in

,

it s pro gr e s s iv e m ov e m e n t s a n d pr e s e n t a r a tio n a l
,

cl a i m to our b e li e f .

If t he h u m a n b o d y ri se f r o m t he gra v e it s ori gi n a l ,

s a m e n e s s in w h a t s o e v e r it co n s i s t e d
, m u s t be pr e ,

s e rv e d ; b e c a u s e without thi s i t is n o t t he f or m e r
,

b o d y bu t tot a lly a n oth e r A n d it is e qu a lly c e rt a i n

.

th a t in wh a t s o e v e r thi s s a m e n e s s co n s i s t s t he c a s e s ,

which a r e po s s ibl e c a n n ot b e i n fi n it e ; o n t he c o n
,

t r a r y th e y m u s t b e co n fi n e d w ithi n a n a rro w c o m
,

p a s s a n d r e duc e d to a d i m i n uti ve n u m b e r ; a n d
’
 222 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C h a
p VI
. .

corpor a t e with n o oth e r body th a t n o d i ffi culty wil l ,

occu r ho “ e v e r th e y m a y b e di s po s e d o f or in
, ,

w h a t f or m s s o e v e r th e y m a y b e co m bi n e d We .

m a y s u p p o s e th e m to w a n d e r through di ff e r e n t r e
io s —th e y m a y flo a t in t he br e e z e o r s hiv e r in
g n ,

t h e gr a s s th e y m a y s till re ta i n th e ir r e l a tiv e s itu a

tio n s wi thout m ilit a ti n g a ga i n s t th a t th e ory which
,

I oppo se or f o r which I co n t e n d Th e y m a y in
,
.

e ith e r c a s e a t t he voic e o f t he a rch a n g e l

, and t he ,

tru m p o f G o d r e pa ir to th e ir r e s p e ctiv e sy s t e m s
, ,

in corpora t e a n d a d h e r e f o r e v e r .

B u t th e r e a r e c a s e s in which th e s e th e ori e s will

,

we a r d i ff e r e n t a s p e ct s .

Th a t c a n n ib a l s wh o f e e d o n h u m a n fle s h m a y
, ,
“

li v e by th a t n utrition I fl a tt e r m y s e l f will b e d e n i e d
,

by n o n e ; a n d if th e y liv e by n utritio n d e riv e d

,

f ro m hu m a n fl e s h s o m e p a rticl e s o f t he d e vour e d
,

bo d y m u s t i n cor p ora t e w ith t he bo d y o f t he c a n n i e

b a l f o r ho w an y n utritio n c a n b e oth e r wi s e d e
,

r i v e d it w ill p e rh a p s
, b e i m po s s ibl e t o s a y
, T he .

co n ti n u a n c e o f li f e m u s t d e p e n d u po n n utritio n ; a n d
t he hu m a n s y s te m m u s t b e s upport e d by p a rticl e s ,

which a r e d e riv e d f ro m th a t s ourc e B u t if tho s e .

,

p a rticl e s whi ch a re th u s i n tro d uc e d i n to t he sy s t e m

o f a c a n n ib a l we re o n c e s o m e o f tho s e p a rticl e s
,
.

which co n s titut e d in p a rt th a t bo d y which ha d b e e n

d e vour e d ; it is c e rt a i n th a t th e s e p a rticl e s m u s t
h a v e f o r m e d in p a rt t he id e n tity o f th a t firs t bod y
, , ,

a n d m u s t fi n a lly r e s ort thith e r to f o r m a n e w it s id e n

tity in t he d a y o f t he r e s urr e ctio n A n d if e a ch .

,

a n d e v e ry p a r t icl e m u s t be a a i n u n it e d to t he bo d y
g
S e ct . o r T HE H U M AN B ODY . 2 23

which i t o n c e i n h a bite d in or d e r to co n s titute it s

,

n e r a l i d e n tity ; th e s e p a rticl e s m u s t b e r e c a ll e d
g e

f ro m t he body o f t he c a n n i ba l to r e j oi n th e ir pri m ,

i t i v e s y s te m .

B u t we re we to a d m it th i s t o b e t he c a s e n e w ,

d i ffi culti e s will a ri s e o n t he f or m a tio n o f t he bo d y

o f t he c a n n ib a l f ro m which th e y m u s t be ta k e n
, .

F or if t he i d e n tity o f t he bo d y e a t e n d e p e n d s
, , ,

u po n t he c oll e ctio n o f e v e ry p a rticl e which ha d

b e e n vit a lly u n it e d to it ; s o in lik e m a n n e r t he , ,

bo d y o f t h e c a n n ib a l m u s t a l s o r e qu ir e e a ch a n d
e v e ry p a rticl e w hich ha d a t a n p e rio d b e e n v ita lly
, y
u n it e d to it in or d e r t o co n s titu t e a n d f or m it s f u
,

t ur e id e n tity T he r e a s o n s a r e e qu a lly good in

.
,

b oth c a s e s a n d t he cl a i m s a n d n e c e s s iti e s we a r o n
b oth grou n d s t he s a m e a s p e ct ; b u t o f th i s we a r e
we ll a s s u re d th a t t he cl a i m s o f o n e body m u s t b e
,

di sa ppoi n t e d b e c a u s e a co m pli a n c e with both is a b

,

s o lu t e ly i m po s s ibl e We h a v e n o w b e f ore u s t wo
.

b odi e s n a m e ly th a t o f a c a n n ib a l a n d th a t o f a p e r
, , ,

s o n d e v ou r e d by h im l a yi n g e qu a l cl a i m s to t he
,

s a m e p a rticl e s ; a cti n g a l i k e u n d e r e q u a l n e c e s s iti e s ,

a n d f ou n di n g th e ir r e s p e c tiv e c l a i m s o n e qu a l r e a

son s . B u t o f thi s truth we a r e we ll a s s ur e d th a t

, ,

t he s a m e p a rti c l e c a n n ot e n t e r i n to t he c o m po s itio n

o f both bodi e s An d le t it a d h e r e t o which bo d y

.
,

s oe v e r i t m ay t h e d e s e r t e d bo d y h a vi n g lo s t tho s e
,

a rti c l e s wh i c h we r e o n c e v it a lly u n it e d to it d
p a n ,

w hi c h o n th a t a c cou n t a r e n e c e s s a ry t o f or m it s f u .

t ur e i d e n tity m u s t r e m a i n in a n u n f or m e d a n d
,

im p e r f e ct s t a t e A n d b e i n g thu s d e pri v e d o f it s
.

id e n tity it c a n h a v e n o s h a r e in a f utur e r e s u r r e c
,
.
2 2 4. I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h a p V I . .

tio n f ro m t he d e a d a n d co n s e qu e n tly a ll t he oth e r

, ,

co n s tit u e n t p a rt s o f thi s body m u s t b e s n e p t a wa y

with t he c o m m o n m a s s o f m a tt e r n e v e r d ign ifi e d
with li f e A n d a s th e s e co n s e qu e n c e s c a n n ot b e
.
,

a voi d e d whil e we a d m it th a t al l t he p a rticl e s which

,

we r e a t a n y ti m e u n it e d to t he bo d y a r e n e c e s s a ry
,

t o f o r m it s f uture id e n t ity ; a n d a s th e s e cou s e

,

u e n c e s w ill i n vol v e u s in t he co n tr a d ict io n s a bov e

q
s ta te d I thi n k thi s fi n a l co n clu s io n is i n e vit a bl e
,

th a t a ll tho s e p a rt icl e s whic h we re o n c e u n i t e d to .

g e th e r c a n n ot b e n e c e s s a ry to co n s titut e e ith e r t h e
,

i d e n t ity o f t he pr e s e n t bo d y o r t he id e n t ity o f th a t
,

bo d y which s h a ll b e h e r e a f t e r .

T o a void t he a b s urd iti e s which a r e i n s e p a r a bl e

f ro m t he a bov e th e ory i t ha s b e fi s a i d
,
i Th a t a ll
,

t h e p a rticl e s w hich we r e o n c e u n it e d a r e n o t n e c e s
,

s a ry to co n s ti t ut e t he f u tur e i d e n tity o f o u r bo d i e s

b ut o n ly tho s e w hich we re u n it e d to t he b od y a t t he
”
ti m e o f it s b e i n g d e po s ite d in t he gra v e B u t thi s
.

s u p po s itio n ha s it s d ifli c u lt ie s ; d i ffi culti e s which will

a pp e a r a s gr e a t a n d p e rh a p s a s co n tra d ictory a s t h e
,

f or m e r ; a n d th e r e f ore e q u a ll v i n s ur m ou n ta bl e L e t
, .

u s s uppo s e th a t t he id e n tity o f t h e bo d y o f a c a n n i

b a l co n s i s t s p a rti a lly in tho s e p a rticl e s whi c h a r e

,

u n i t e d to it in th a t m o m e n t wh e n li f e e n d s a n d th a t

thi s c a n n ib a l ha d d r a wn h is n utritio n f ro m hu m a n
fl e s h I n t he c a s e b e f or e u s we a r e d ra wn in p a rt
.
, , ,

to t he s a m e co n clu s io n s which we h a v e s e e n a bov e .

W e h a v e n o w b e f ore u s a c e rt a i n n u m b e r o f p a r
t ic l e s in t he bo d y o f t he c a n n ib a l a t t he ti m e o f h is
,

d e a th which we r e t a k e n f ro m t he b o d i e s o f tho s e
,

who ha d b e e n e a te n by him a n d whi c h we re t a k e n

22 6
'

I‘ ED N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p . VI .

to i n f e r th a t th e r e m a y b e a s m a n y di s ti n ct id e n t i
,

t i e s a s th e r e a r e p a rt s which a r e c a p a bl e o f c o n s t it u t
,
,

in g th e m F o r if out o f th a t a l m o s t i n fi n it e n u m b e r
.
,

o f p a rticl e s w h ich a r e a t a l l ti m e s n e c e s s a ry to c o n
,

s t it u t e t he b o d y o f m a n an
y i n d i scr im in a t e n u m b e r
,

m a y b e t a k e n ; a n d if n ot w ith s t a n d in g t he a d h e s io n
,

o f p a rticl e s Which we r e n e v e r b e f or e in t he s y s t e m
, ,

thi s in d i s cri m i n a t e n u m b e r will be s u ffici e n t to c o n

s t it u t e t h e i d e n tity o f o u r f utur e b d i e s ; a n oth e r
o

iv e n n u m be r i n d i s c r i m i n a t e ly t a k e n f ro m t h e s a m e
g ,

s y s t e m p a rt a ki n g o f t he s a m e n a tur e
, a n d i n h e ri n g
,

i n t h e bo d y al s o wh e n it d ropp e d i n to t he gr a v e will ,

h a v e t h e s a m e right Thi s s e co n d n u m b e r m a y
.

a l s o co n s titut e a n oth e r i d e n tity t h e s a m e bo d y ,

a n d we s h a l l th e n h a v e t wo i d e n titi e s o f t he s a m e

b o d y w hich is a n a b s urd ity th a t surp a s s e s if po s s i

, ,

b le a p a lp a bl e co n tr a d ictio n
, I th e r e f or e thi n k t he
.

c o n cl u s io n f ro m h e n c e e vi d e n t a l s o th a t p a rticl e s
,

i n d is c r im in a t e ly t a k e n f ro m t he m a s s o f which o u r
b odi e s we r e c o m po s e d e ith e r a t d e a th o r throu gh
, ,

pr e viou s portio n o f th e ir pro r e s s in li f e m u st

'

an
y g ,

b e i n s u ffi ci e n t to co n s titut e t he i d e n tity o f tho s e b o

d i e s wh ich we hO p e to po s s e s s b e yo n d t he gra v e
, .

Fo r a s th e se p a rticl e s a r e s uppo se d t o b e in d is c r im
,

in a t e ly t a k e n a n e qu a l n u m b e r o f e qu a l p a rticl e s
,

m u s t b e e qu a l a n d t he s a m e co n clu s io n s which wi ll
r e s ult in o n e c a s e m u s t u n d e r lik e circu m s ta n c e s
, ,

r e s ult in a n oth e r a n d r e s ult in a ll A n d c e rt a i n it

, .

is th a t th a t th e o ry w hich will l e a d to a co n clu s io n

,

too gro s s to b e a d m itt e d a n d t o o co n t e m ptibl e to be

,

ur s u e d m u s t in it s e l f be i n e v it a bl y wro n g
p ,
.
 Se ct . 0 ? T HE H U M AN B O D Y . 2 27

It m a y p e rh a p s b e s a id th a t it is n o t a n y
i v n u m b e r o f p a rticl e s i n d i sc r i m i n a t e ly t a k e n
g e n , ,

t h a t is he r e m e a n t but t he m aj o r i ty o f th o s e p a r
t ic le s which we r e u n ite d to t he bo d y a t it s d e a th ,

which s h a ll co n s titut e it s i d e n tity in a f uture world ”

.

Th a t thi s is a r e m ov a l o f t he l a s t d i ffi culty whic h ,

we h a v e c on s id e re d I a m re a d y to a d m it bu t it is
,

o n ly a r e m ov a l o f i t t o a n oth e r s t a ge . I n a n oth e r
s t a g e it w ill a pp e a r a ga i n t o m e e t u s a n d m e e t u s in a
,

s h a pe e qu a lly f or m ida bl e to th a t in w hich we

ha v e a lre a dy s e e n i t a n d a pp e a r in e v e ry m od e

e qu a lly i rr e c o n c ile a b le w it h tho s e truth s whi c h c a n

n e v e r O ppo s e o n e a n oth e r .

I f o u t o f t he whol e m a s s o f m a tte r whi c h f or m s

,

o u r m a ture bo d i e s in t he pre s e n t li fe a c e rt a i n n u m
,

b e r o f p a rticl e s s h a ll b e e ith e r s e l e c t e d o r in d is c r i
m in a t e ly t a k e n which a m ou n ti n g t o a m aj ority o f
,

t he whol e in poi n t o f n u m b e r s h a ll , co n s titute t he

id e n tity o f o u r f u ture bo d i e s ; it m u s t th e n b e a d
m it t e d th a t a ll b e s i d e s a r e u s e le s s in poi n t o f id e n tit y ,

a n d th e r e f or e c a n h a v e n o n e c e s s a ry co n n e cti o n wit h

it A n d a s t he i d e n t ity o f t he bo d y is n o w pre s u m e d
.
,

to c o n s i s t in a m aj ority o f p a rticl e s it m u s t o n t he
-

oth e r s ide o f thi s q u e s tio n be a dm itte d a l s o th a t a ll ,

tho s e p a rticl e s which a r e n o t i n cl u de d in t he m ajo .

rity whi c h f orm s t he id e n tity o f t he body m u s t be ,

i n s u ffi ci e n t t o pro d u c e or co n s titute a n oth e r id e n tity

o f th a t b ody ; b e c a u s e it I S a b s ol u te ly i m po s s ibl e

t h a t t wo m aj oriti e s o f p a rticl e s c a n e x i s t a t o n e a n d

t he sa m e ti m e . An d a s it is i m po s s ibl e th a t t wo
,

m aj oriti e s ca n a ri s e f ro m t he c o n s tit u e n t p a rt s o f t he
2 2 8 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T I O N [ Cha p . VI .

sa m e bo d v , xi s t a t t he s a m e ti me ; it pl a i n ly f o l
or e

lo ws t hzi t t he di ffic u lty we h a v e l a te ly co n s id e re d

,

m u s t be r e m ov e d by t he pr e s e n t S uppo s itio n B ut .

oth e r d iffi c u lti e s s t ill r e m a i n .

L e t u s n o w s o p p o s e tho s e p a rticl e s which we re

n o t in cl u d e d in t he m a j o rity to b e e ith e r tot a lly a n
,

n ihila t d e o r e n tir e ly r e m o v e d
,
which m u s t be a d
m it t e d in t he r e s urre ctio n if t he m aj o ri ty o f p a rti cl e s
,

co n s titute t h e id e n tity o f th a t body which sh a ll ri se

f ro m t he gra v e U n d e r th e s e c ircu m s t a n c e s a n d
.
,

in thi s c a s e I wou l d a s k — In wh a t d o e s t he i d e n
,

tity o f t he f u t ur e b o d y co n s i s t It c a n n ot b e t he
m ajority o f p a rticl e s ; b e c a u s e to c on s titut e our i d e a
of m ajo r ity t he w hol e m a s s is n e c e s s a ry o u t o f
, ,

which t he m aj ority is ta k e n A n d a s t he m i n or
.
,

n u m be r i s n o w a n n ihil a t e d o r p e r f e ctly r e m ov e d
, ,

t he r e m ov a l or a n n ihil a tio n O f thi s m i n or n u m b e r

m u s t be th a t v e ry a c t by whi ch our i d e a o f m aj o rity

,

will b e tot a lly d e s troy e d A n d the re f ore if o u r id e a

.
, ,

o f m ajo r ity b e tot a lly d e s troy e d by t he r e m ov a l o f

,

t he m i n or n u m b e r i t pl a i n ly f ollo w s th a t t he i d e n
“

tity o f our f utur e bodi e s c a n n ot b e d e n o m i n a te d f ro m

th a t which ha s n o w n o lo n ge r a n y e xi s te n c e A ll .

the re f ore th a t c a n b e i n clu d e d in t he s uppo s itio n ,

u n d e r t he pre s e n t co n s id e ra t io n is Th a t t he
, ,

i d e n tit y o f our f uture bodi e s m u s t h e r e a f te r co n s i s t

in t he u n io n o f e a ch a n d e v e ry p a rticl e which s h a ll
ri s e f ro m t he gra v e a n d which t a k e n in co n n e ctio n
,

with t he co n s titu e n t p a rt s o f t he f or m e r bo d y c o n ,
.

s titut e d in th a t ge n e ra l u n io n t he m aj ority o f t he
,

whol e ; b u t which n o w t he m i n or n u m b e r is t e
,
 2 30 I D EN T IT Y A N D RE S U RREC TI O N [ C ha p .
VI .

b e i n g tra n s f erred f ro m o n e syste m o f a to m s to a n o

t her B u t ho w ide n tity c a n be c a p a bl e o f a n ki n d
y
.

o f tra n s f er i s to m e a d ifli cu lt which I c ot solve

y a n n .

l ha t ide n tit y in th is c a se m u st be c a p a ble o f

'

, ,

bei n g tra n s f erred m a y be de m o n stra tively i n f erre d

,

f r o m the co m p a r a ti ve e sti m a te which m a be m a d e

y
bet we e n i n f a n cy a n d m a tu r ity a n d those in t e r m e
di a te st a ges which m a rk t he pro gre s i v e I f e o f m a n
s l .

It w ill sc a rcely be a sserted I presu m e by a n y per

, ,

s o n th a t a f ull gro wn m a n h a s n o m ore p a rticles i n

,

h is body th a n he h a d w he n a n i n f a n t a t the bre a st

n either I co n ceive w ill it be i m a gi n ed th a t a m a
, ,

j y
o r it o f those p a rticl e s w hich this m a n in m a turity

possesses w ere brought with h im f ro m a n e m bryo

,

st a te o r f ro m t he fi rst d a w n o f i n f a n cy T o sup p os e
, .

this i s to viol a te th e evide n ce o f a ll o u r se n ses a n d

, ,

to pl a ce a v i sio n a ry theory in dire c t o p p ositio n t o

f a ct .

Th a t a n i n f a n t bri n g s with it i n to thi s world a n

ide n tity o f body w hich it n ever loses w ill I c o n
, ,

c e iv e be de n ied by n o n e
, If we de n y this it wil l
. .

be i n cu m be n t o n u s to per f or m a still m ore di ffi cul t

t a sk a n d to poi n t o u t the p a rticul a r ti m e whe n thi s
,

ide n tity o f body is fi rst a cqu ired f o r th a t a n ide n ,

t it v o f body does e xist w e c a n no t doubt

, A s there .
~

f ore this id e n tity o f body does e xi s t it m ust either ,

be coev a l with o u r bei n g o r be a cquired a t so m e

,

s ubsequ e n t period I f the ide n tity o f o u r bodies b e

.

a cquired in so m e subs e que n t p eriod o f their e xist .

e n ce it f ollo ws th a t the body m ust h a ve ha d a n

, ,

e x iste n ce prev iously to its o w n ide n tity a n d to sup

pose th a t a n y thi n g ca n e xist previously to t h a t

Se ct . OF TH E H UMA N BODY . 2 31

which co n stitutes its bei n g i s a p a lp a ble co n t r a d ic

,

tio n There f ore in wh a tsoever the ide n t i ty o f t he

. ,

b ody co n sists it m u st n e cess a ril y be in so m ethi n g

,

whi c h i s coev a l with the body ; it is the s a m e whic h

t he body possesses through a ll the c ha n ges o f li f e ;

it m u st re m a i n i n c orru p tible in t h e gra v e a n d c o n ,

t in u e throu gh a ll eter n ity .

S hould we de n y th es e positio n s w e m u st su ppos e ,

t h a t ide n tity itsel f c a n be lost in diversity a n d f so i

t h a t w hich we c a ll the s a m e perso n m u st be a ck n o w

l edged to be a n oth er ; a n d if a n o ther it is n o t th e ,

s ubj e c t o f o u r pres e n t i n quiry B u t w ere the per

.

s o n or body is the s a m e there ide n tity m u st be p r e

,
s

served si n ce it is f ro m the n ce a lo n e th a t s a m e n e ss
b oth o f body a n d perso n is de n o m i n a ted a n d k n o w n .

I f the p a rticles wh ich co n stitu ted the hu m a n body ,

whe n fi rst it received its ide n tity were m ore in ,

n u m ber th a n those whic h i t possessed w he n it r e t ir

e d f ro m li f e , we m ight w ithout m uch d i ffi culty

,

behold the m aj orit y o f these p a rticles a n d the id e n ,

m

tity o f the body m ovi n g o n wa rd in progressio n to

,

gether without either tra n s f er o r ch a n ge The

, .

extra n eou s p a rticles in this c a se m ight either be

, ,

i n corpora ted with the body o r thro wn o ff to m ix ,

wit h their di ff ere n t ele m e n ts while n e w p a rticle s

m ight su cceed a n d n eith e r the ide n tity o f the bod y
, ,

n o r those a rticles which g a ve it st a bility w ould

p ,

u n dergo either ch a n ge o r dec a y B u t i n ste a d o f .

thi s the reverse is the c a se .

The p a rticles which belo n g to the e m bryo in the

wo m b o r which f or m the body in the fi rst st a ges o f
,

hu m a n i n f a n cy a r e c o m p a ra tive ly s p e a ki n g but f e w
, , ,
332 I D EN TIT Y A ND RE S U RREC T I O N [ C h ap . VI .

in n u m ber ; a n d the gre a ter p a rt o f these f e w a r e

U n dergoi n g perpetu a l ch a n ges N e w p a rti cles a r e
.

c o n t i n u a lly a d heri n g to t he origi a l sy ste m ; so th a t

n

i n a sta te o f m a n h ood f e w very f e w a r e to be f ou n d

, ,

wh ic h co m posed t h e hu m a n body whe n in a n i n f a n t ,

s t a te or w he n a n e m br y o in the Wo m b
, Y e t in t he .
,

m idst o f t n e s e ch a n ges w hich a r e d a il y de m o n stra

,

ted b e f o r e o u r ey e s w e a r e well a ssured th a t th e

,

i d e n tity o f o u r bodies m u st cert a i n ly be preserved ;

bec a u se n othi n g but this c a n preserve the s a m e
perso n the t wo ide a s m u st st a n d or f a ll toge t her .

T he s e pri n ciples a n d positio n s bei n g a d m itted

a n d I k n o w n o t h o w they c a n be de n ie d ) let u s
(
co n sider wh a t will res ult f ro m the suppositio n t ha t ,

the ide n tity o f the body co n sists in the m aj ority o f

these p a rticles w hi c h were so wn in the gra ve
, .

If t he ide n tity o f the body co n sists in a m ajor i ty

o f t h ose p a rti cles w hich were so wn in the gr a ve
, it ,

m u st f ollo w th a t in a sta te o f i n f a n cy the ide n tity

,

o f the body m u st h a ve co n sisted in so m e other thi n g ;

bec a use in a st a te o f i n f a n cy the m aj ority o f those
,

a rticles w hich a r e so wn in the gr a v e did n o t e xist

p ,

in the b ody . A n d a s it m ust li k e wise f ollo w th a t

, ,

ide n tity m u st be c ev a l w ith the body a n d be i n se

h
,

p a r a ble f ro m it in a ll its st a ges ; it w ill a p pe a r th a t

t he ide n t ity o f t he body h a s bee n tr a n s f e rre d f ro m

th a t other t hi n g in w hich it co n sisted in a st a te o f

i n f a n cy to t h is m aj o rit y o f p a r t icles in which it is
,

n o w presu m ed to co n s ist I t is f oreig n to ou r pre

.

se n t questio n to decide in w ha t this ide n tity co n sist

,

ed in a n i n f a n t st a te ; it is s u ffi cie n t to k n o w t h a t it
,

cou ld n o t h a ve co n sisted in th a t m aj ority o f p a rti :

2 34 I DEN TIT Y A N D RE SU RREC TI ON [ C h a
p . VI .

ide n tity co n sist s n o w in the s a m e i n dividu a l p a rti .

c les th a t it did the n N a y it will r a ther prove t he

.
,

reverse o f wh a t it wa s desig n ed to prove The .

ide n tity o f the body c a n n ot depe n d upo n the s a m e

a r r a n g e m e n t o f m a teri a ls i n discri m i n a tely chose n
, ,

b u t m u st depe n d upo n the s a m e n ess o f the m a teri

a l s the m selves To m a ke there f ore the ide n tity o f
.

the body to co n sist in t he peculi a rity o f m o d ific a

tio n is to le a ve the thi n g m odi fi ed qu i te o u t o f the
,

questio n ; a n d it is to m a ke the ide n tity o f the body

co n sist in th a t to which both its n a m e a n d n a ture
,

m u st be a like u n k n o wn A s there f ore the ide n

.
, ,

tity o f t he body m u st co n sist in t h e s a m e n ess o f

m a teri a ls a n d n o t in t h e s a m e n ess o f the m o d ifi c a
,
.

tio n o f m a teri a ls withou t co n sideri n g whether s a m e

,

n ess will a p ly to the m a teri a ls o r n o t ; a n d a s t he

p ,

s a m e n ess o f m a teri a ls c a n n ot a t those t wo disti n ct

,

p eriods beco m e the co n stitue n t p a rts o f the s a m e

b ody in both o f which periods ide n tity does e x ist

,

it will f ollo w either th a t ide n tity is tr a n s f erra ble ; o r

, ,

t h a t ide n tity c a n n ot be co n stituted by a n y in d is c r im

in a t e m a j ority o f p a rticles coheri n g a t a n y giv e n,

p eriod in the ge n er a l m a ss .

Th a t ide n tity c a n n ot b e tra n s f erred f ro m o n e

syste m o f a to m s to a n othe r i s a propositio n whic h , ,

i f n o t s e l fi e v id e n t a p p ro a ches it so n e a rly th a t it
, ,

will b e di ffi cult to fi n d a n y proo f m ore f orcible th a n

th e f a ct itsel f A n ide n tity which c a n be tra n s f er
.
,

r e d see m s to i n vol ve a co n tra dictio n E very ide n tity .

m ust be the ide n tity o f so m ethi n g ; a n d u n der the ,

prese n t co n sidera tio n it m ust be either the ide n tity

,

o f t he f o r m er bod o r o f t he l a tter ; o f th a t body

y ,
S e ct . OF T HE H UMA N BOD Y . 2 35

which existed in a sta te o f i n f a n cy o r o f th a t whic h ,

wa s i n terred in the gra ve It c a n n ot be o f the f o r

.

m e r ; be ca use the m aj ority o f the p a rticles o f th a t

body ha s n o w give n p l a ce to th a t o f the prese n t .

A n d if it were the circu m st a n ce o f its co n sisti n g in

,

the m aj ority o f the p a rticles o f a n i n f a n t body wil l ,

eff e c tu a ll y p reve n t it f ro m co n sisti n g in the m aj or ity

o f the rti c les o f th a t b ody which i s i n terred in t he
p a

r ve bec a use the m ajo r ity o f the p a rticles o f a

g a ;
m a ture body m u st be m uch m ore both in qu a n tity
, ,

a n d in n u m ber th a n the whole o f the body o f a n

,

i n f a n t A n d though we su pp os e th a t ide n tity m a y

.
,

c o n sist in t h e m a j ority o f t h e p a rticles o f the body

which is m a ture it will wa n t the gre a t p a r t a n d '

ri n ci a l ch a r a c teristic o f provi n g s a m e n e s s in thi s

p p
whi c h is a n d th a t which wa s
,
The i n f a n t bod y .

e xisted be f ore the m aj ority o f the prese n t p a rtic le s

ha d a n y in he r e n ce in the ge n era l m a ss a n d co u se
,

qu e n tly th a t body m ust the n h a ve h a d a n ide n tity

,

disti n ct f ro m the p rese n t For if the ide n tity o f t he .

body co n sist in the m aj ority o f p a rticles the i n f a n t;

.
,

body m ust h a ve h a d a n ide n tity which m ust h a v e

stood o r f a lle n with the per m a n e n cy o f the p a rticle s
which the n were If the m aj o rity o f p a rticles b e
.

n o w the s a m e the f or m er ide n tity m u st still re m a i n ;

,

b ut if th a t m aj ority is ch a n ged the f or m er ide n tity

, ,

which depe n ded u p o n a n d co n sisted in the m m ust , ,

be tot a lly do n e a wa y A n d in either ca se a tra n s

.
, ,

f e r o f ide n tity m u st i n volve a co n tr a dictio n a n d

‘

there f ore m ust be i m p ossible If the ide n tity o f the .

body he tra n s f erred it m u s t be a n ide n tity withou t

,
 I D EN TIT Y A ND RE SU R REC TI ON [C ha p W . .

s a m e n ess a n d if it be n o t tr a n s f erred the ide n tity ,

o f a n i n f a n t s body c a n n ot be
’
co n stituted by th e
m aj ority o f those p a rticles w hich in a m ore , ,

v a n ce d st a te f a ll i n to the gr a ve
, .

The fi n a l co n cl usio n f ro m thes e pre m ises there ,

f ore m ust be th a t the ide n tity o f the body c a n n ot

, ,

c o n sist either in t ire who le (f t he co rp o r e a l m a s s ,

o r, in y g an iv e n n u m be r of
p a r t icle s in d is cr im i

n a t e ly t a ke n f ro m th a t m a ss o r in the m ajo r it
y of
t ho s e p a r t icle s w hich f ell i n to the gra ve whe n t h e

body died I t c a n n ot co n sist in the fi rst f r th is

. o

sup p ositio n would m a ke the body o f a n e n or m ou s

si z e a n d w ould be co n tr a dicted a l s o by f a ct a s in
, ,

the c a se o f c a n n i ba ls N o r c a n it co n sist in t he
.

seco n d c a se w hich we h a ve su p posed ; f o r thi s

,

w ould le a ve roo m f o r m a n y ide n titie s o f the s a m e

body which would be a bsu rd N e ither c a n it be
, .

in the l ast c a se w hich we h a v e su pposed bec a u se

,

this w ill le a d u s to su ppose a n ide n tity without

s a m e n es s o r a tr a n s f er o f s a m e n ess f ro m o n e sys
,
.

t e m o f a to m s to a n other A n d a s e a ch o f these
.
,

co n clusio n s is in itsel f a bsurd in the highest degree ,

a n d c a rrie s w i th it its o wn re f u a tio n we a r e fi n a lly

t
,

led to this poi n t th a t the ide n tity o f o u r f uture b o

,

dies c a n n ot co n sist in either o f the c a ses which ha s ,

h itherto bee n co n sidered o r whi ch we h a ve thu s ,

f a r bee n a ble to e x p lore .

B u t wh a tever di fficulties m a y a tte n d this subje c t

,

o f o u r i n q uiry o f this we a r e cert a i n th a t the ide n

, ,

tity o f the b o d y does exist ; a n d it see ms e qu a lly

cert a i n th a t it m ust c o n sist in so m ethi n g whic h
, ,
2 38 I DEN TIT Y AND RE SU RREC TI ON [ Ch a p . VI .

co m p rehe n sible n e s s o f its n a ture the per f ect a n a

,
.

logy which subsists betwee n the po wers o f vegeta

tio n a n d the fi n a l restitutio n o f the body f ro m t he
gra ve prese n ts to u s a n evide n ce which ta ke n in
, ,

a ll its a rts w ill re n der the s u bj ect be f ore u s

p , p ro

b a ble in the highest degree .

I h a ve a lre a dy obs erved th a t were the a n a logy

,

to b e m i n utely e x a m i n ed the p rob a bility a ppe a rs

,

m u ch m or e in f a vour o f the r esu rrec tio n th a n in ,

f a vou r o f veget a tio n ; w he n co n sidered in a ll its

p a rt s a n d in co n n ectio n with a l l its circu m sta n ces
, .

Wh a t o n ce h a d li f e we well k n o w m ust h a ve been

,

c a p a ble o f it ; b ut wh a t wa s n ever e n dued with li f e ,

h a s n o t so m uch a s this dist a n t possibility to r e c o m

m e n d it . We well k n o w th a t wh a t o n ce ha d li f e
m u st be c a p a ble o f li f e in f uture but wh a t n ever ,

w a s e n dued w ith li f e m a y f o r a ught we k n o w be

, ,

s o co n stituted a s to be i n c a p a ble o f possessi n g it .

Th a t t he body is n o w e n dued with li f e w e h a ve ,

th e m ost u n qu estio n a ble evide n ce ; a n d there f ore

m a y the n ce presu m e th a t it m a y be a ga i n restored
bec a u se w e a r e thu s a ssured th a t t he m a teri a ls o f
w hich ou r bodies a r e co m posed a r e c a p a ble o f r e
,

c e iv in g it .B u t the veget a tive po wer o f g r a i n

,

could n o t origi n a lly h a ve ha d this e viden ce to r e

co m m e n d it Y e t in th a t subject which see m s
.
,

m ost i m prob a ble we behold th e f a ct a ctu a lly a c

,

co m pl i s hed in e a ch succeedi n g h a rve st ; a n d eve n

this circu m sta n ce gives u s every rea so n to believe
th a t whe n the a llotted period sh a ll a rri ve o u r b o ,
c

dies sh a ll be re a n i m a ted a l so though t he wa ys a n d

,

m odes by whi c h e a ch o f th e se is a cco m p l i shed a r e

Sec t . or TH E HUMA N B OD Y . 2 39

in b o th c a ses a like u n k n o wn t o u s a n d m a y r e m a i n ,

s o through eter n ity .

B y the ter m g e r m o r s t a me n I u n derst a n d a ce r ,

t a i n pri n ci p le o f f uture bei n g which wa s lodged in ,

the hu m a n body a t its pri m a ry f or m a tio n which

ha s ”
gro wn with its gro wth throu g h a ll the i n ter
m edi a te st a ges o f l i f e ; which co n stitutes p e rpetu a l
s a m e n ess ; a n d which sh a ll f or m the rudi m e n ts o f
o u r f uture bodies T ha t it sh a ll re m a i n f orever a s
.

a ra dic a l a n d i m m ove a ble pri n ciple ; a n d sh a ll c i

ther collec t m a tter a rou n d it which c ollected m a tter,

s h a ll a dhere f orever o r co n t a i n withi n it a ll thos e

,

a rticle s which a r e n ecess a ry t o co n stitute those

p
bodies whi ch we sh a ll perp etu a lly posses s
O n its m a g n itude a n d di m e n sio n s I will n o t p r e .

s u m e ev e n to r isk a tho u ght ; a n d the recess o f its r e

s id e n c e while i n cluded in the prese n t vehicle is per

, ,

h a p s o f su ch a n a ture a s will n o t a d m it o f i n vestig a

tio n I t m a y be di ff u sed throughout the p r e se n t
.

b o d v by a n i n n a te exp a n sive po wer which it p o s

,

s es ses a n d by the shock o f de a th it m a y be c a p a ble

,

o f su ch co n tra ctio n a s to re n der it i m p erviou s to

,

a tt a c k and ,
i n v ul n er a ble by a ll a ss a ults D uri n g .

its r epose in the gr a ve i t will n o doubt b e p r e

, , ,
.

s erved f ro m i n corpor a ti n g with the ide n tity o f other

b odies a n d f ro m putti n g f orth a n y O pera tio n s e x

,

cept such a s a r e peculi a r t o its st a te .

We se e thi s pri n ciple o f s a m e n ess per f ectly p r e

served in every spe c ies o f gr a i n which is a rou n d ,

u s a n d we c a n ha ve n o ki n d o f c o n ceptio n th a t a
g er m o f f uture w he a t ca n by a n
y possible
,
pro c ess ,

be c o m e a con s titue n t p a rt o f a gra i n o f rye o r o f ,

2 40 I DEN T I T Y A ND R E SU RR EC T I ON [ C h a p V I . .

b a rley . This stra n ge co m m i xture would bre a k

d o wn t he order which God ha s est a blished in the
e m pire o f n a ture a n d fi n a ll y te n d to b a n ish s a m e

n ess f ro m the w orld T he ide n tity o f gr a i n m u st

.
,

there f ore be pre served ; a n d if the ide n tity o f gr a i n

m u st be preserved why should we suppose th a t t he
,

ger m o f f uture li f e (in w hich co n s ists the ide n tity o f

t he bod y ) a n d w hich i s n o w lodged withi n its c o n .

fi n s ) s hould be s u a llo wed u p in di versity soo n er

e ,

th a n t ha t o f a si m ple gr a i n w ith which S t P a ul ha s

, .

c o m p a red it ? The s a m e po wer which ha s p r e erved, s

a n d w hich does preserve t he o n e c a n with o ut doubt ,

p reserve the other a lso The orde

. r and h a rm on y

o f a ll n a ture require it I n the c a se o f gr a i n eve n ts

.
,

h a ve f ully de m o n stra ted it ; a n d the ver a city o f God

i s e n g a ged to e n sure t o u s the cert a i n ty o f its pre
serv a tio n in m a n A n d the evide n ce is o f e q u a l
.

v a lidity in both c a ses so f a r a s the p r ogr ess o f ti m e

,

will ide n ti f y the corres p o n de n t a n a logy .

There wa s a period in the origi n o f thi n gs which ,

el a psed bet wee n the cre a ti o n o f gr a i n a n d the fi rs t

h arvest whe n t he e vide n ces o f t ha t f a ct a n d o f the ,

r esurre c tio n of the hu m a n body were p r ecisely

the s a m e A n d if God were n o w to cre a te a n y
,

give n f or m o f m a tter e n dued with a v eget a tive

,

p ri n ciple a s re m ote f ro m a ll rese m bl a n ce t o gra i n

, ,

a s it should be f ro m the hu m a n body the c a ses ,

would be precisely si m il a r a n d the evide n ces o n,

b oth sides would be n e a rly equ a l B u t whe n the

'
.
,

e ff ect o f Ve get a tion sh ould co m e f orth to s u b s t a n .

ri a te by o c u l a r d e m o n str a tio n
, the certa i n ty o f its
,
2 42 I D E N T I T Y AN D R E S U R R ECT I O N [ Chap . VI .

t hose c h a n ges sh a ll be a c c o m pli s hed We c a n n o ,

m ore expect t he resur r e ctio n o f t he body th a n we ,

c a n suppose th a t a n e ff ect c a n precede its c a use .

In t he order o f n a ture t h e seed ti m e m ust first

,

e xist . A n d a f ter t he gra i n is so wn it m ust v e ge

, ,

t a te a n d produce its f ruits be f ore we c a n see the

,

fi n a l result o f a ll . N o w if we st 0 p a t a n y st a ge in
this progr ess a n d in th a t st a ge a tte m pt to decid e
,

u po n the cert a i n ty o r u n cer ta i n ty o f the f uture

e ve n t w ithout wa iti n g the a rriv a l o f th a t period in
,

which a lo n e the fin a l re sult c a n be expected to a p

e r w e h a ve in such c a se s n othi n g m ore to e x
p a ;

pe o t th a n dis a ppoi n t m e n t a n d error a s the j u st r e

, ,

w a rd o f our in d e s c r e t io n a n d presu m ptio n .

J ust such is the c a se be f ore us The seed is .

a lre a dy in existe n ce ; in m a n y c a ses we h a ve seen

it s o w n B u t t he fi n a l h a rvest n othi n g but the
.
,

se a so n o f h a rvest c a n produce A n d a s this s e a .

,

s o n o f h a rvest is lodged beyo n d the bou n d a ries o f

o u r prese n t sta te we ca n e xpect n o m ore evide n c e

,

o n this s ide o f the gra ve ; a n d wh a t f urther evi

d e n ce the subj ect m a y b e c a p a ble o f a ff ordi n g we ,

m ust a ssuredly die to k n o w .

A s to the certa i n ty o f the result we h a v e f o r o u r ,

ro u n d wo r k the whol e a n a logy o f n a ture a n d t he

g
o
,

i n f a llible decl a ra tio n o f God a n d they who d oubt ,

u n der these circu m st a n ces will n o t be s a tis fied w ith

,

a n y thi n g short o f ocul a r de m o n stra tio n B ut I ap . ,

pe a l to a n y m a n ca n ocul a r d e m o n stra tio n possi

,
- ~

bly t a ke pl a ce in the prese n t st a te C a n you prove

to a n y m a n or m e n b y ocula r de m o n stra tio n the r e
, ,

s t I rr e ct io n o f the h u m an b o d y without c a lli n g eter

,
“
 S e ct . IL } o r T HE HUMAN BODY . 2 43

T he f a c e o f the qu estio n in
?
’

n it y to your a id .

v ol ves etern ity ; it n e c ess a rily re f ers to a n other

w orld a n d to h a v e oc u l a r d e m o n str a ti o n o f a n
-
,

eve n t whic h n e cess a rily re fe rs t o ete r n ity w ithou t

, ,

eter n ity i n cludes a co n tra di c tio n A n d if ocul a r

, .
,

de m o n stra tion c a n n ot be o bt a in ed we m u st be c o n ,

(
t n
e t w ith such ev ide n c e a s G o d ha s pl a ced withi n

o u r re a ch We h a ve a ll the proo f t h a t t he p r o
.

r e s s iv e s ta te o f the subj ect c a n a ff ord ; a n d t o ex

g
e c t m ore is u n re a so na bl e a n d u n j u st
p .

B u t whe n the ti m es o f restitu tio n s ha ll a rrive

,

a n d the gre a t period which is a p p o m t e d by th e ‘

a llot m e n t o f he a ve n f o r the re n ov a tio n o f h u m a n

,

n a ture sh a ll be a cc o m plished ; we s h al l t he n
, with ,

o u t dou bt h a ve a ll th a t re a s o n to e x ect the eve n t

, p
to correspo n d with the el a psi n g period whic h we ,
'

h a ve n o w t o re m a i n w ithou t it ; a n d t o be s a t is fi e d
with su ch evide n ce a s we h a ve B u t u n til th a t .
,

p er i od a rrives w e ha v e n o m ore re a so n t o ch a rg e
,

the doctr i n e o f the re surrectio n with a n i n su ffi cie n cy

o f evide n ce t ha n we h a v e to a ttribut e to a gra i n o f
,

w he a t a wa n t o f f ru it f u l n ess be f ore t he gre a t p r o , .

c e ss o f n a ture ha s p a s s ed u po n it
l
.

O bj ectio n s m a y here be urged a ga i n st the a n a l

’

o gy bet wee n veget a tio n a n d the r e surre c ti o n f ro m ,

th e disp roportio n o f t i m e in which the bodies o f

m e n repose in the gra ve For a n s wers to thes e
.
-

obj ectio n s I r e f er the re a der to ch a pter fi v e a n d

, ,

sectio n three o f this work .

A d m itti n g this ger m o r pri n ciple o f ide n tity f o r

, ,

which I co n te n d to h a v e e x isted in a se m i n a l st a t e
,

f ro m t he fi rst to the l a st o f the hu m a n r a c e ; the n

944 ID EN TIT Y A ND RE SU R R E C TI ON [ C hap . V I.

e v ery move m en t o f ti m e whi ch ha s el a p sed f ro m

,

A d a m do wn t o the p rese n t hou r m u st h a ve h a d its

,

in flue n ce in a n equ a l m a n n er u po n a ll the i n divid

,

u a l s o f the hu m a n r a ce who h a ve ever lived o r sh a ll

, ,

l ive to the l a test p eriods o f ti m e .A ll the r e f or e

, ,

in the n a tura l p rocess will be a like prep a red ; a n d

w ill be e q u a lly re a dy whe n the tru m pet sh a ll sou n d ;
t o st a rt f o r t h a t o n ce i n to li f e a n d i m m ort a lity
‘
.

The short i n terv a l o f li f e I co n sider o f n o m o

,

m e n t whe n co m p a red to th a t stu pe n dou s r a n ge o f

,

ti m e which re a ches f ro m cre a tio n do wn to the d a y

,

o f j udg me n t . It c a n be n o m ore th a n a si n gle poi n t ,

w hich loses itsel f in the v a st a b yss with w hich it i s
c o n n ected . The i m po r ta n c e o f ti m e c a n o n ly b e
e sti m a ted f ro m its co n n ectio n with m ora l a c tio n .

A s it st a n ds in rel a tio n to t he gra n d pr o ces s o f th a t

ger mi n a ti n g p ri n ciple which sh a ll be the sta m e n o f
,

o u r f uture bo d ie s in ete r n ity ; it c a n be b u t a s t h e

m i n u t est dro p to t he u n bou n ded oce a n o r a s a n ,

i n se n sible a to m o n t h e shore It m a y n e v e r the

.
,

less b e a n e cess a ry a n d a co n stitue n t p a rt o f t he

,

gre a t process itsel f throu gh which we m u s t pa s s ;

,

a n d eve n the i n equ a lities o f t h e d ur atio n o f hu m a n

li f e m a y be a s n ecess a ry a s li f e i t se l f t o f or m a n d
, ,

co m let e t he m i n ute p a rts o f t he a m a z i n g wh o le

p .
 2 46 I DEN T IT Y A ND RE SU RR EC TI O N [ C h ap V I . .

fl u ctu a tio n co n ti n ues the s a m e t hrough all

; an d
tho s e ch n ges wh i c h t he body i s desti n ed to u n der
a

g o .N oth in g t h ere f o re c a n be so co n ge n i a l to t he
, ,

c a s e be f ore u s a s t he b U P p O S It D W t h we n o w
mak e ; t ha t s o m e d i c a l p a r t icle s m a s t be j zx e d
ra

ta l l /
m nic / co n s t it u t e o u r s a m e n e ss t h r o u g h

/if
1 u s, to z

a ll t he m u ta tio ns 0 l e 5 a n d wh i ch , re m a i n in g
2n a sla t e of i n co r r u
p t i b ilha ll p u t f o r t h a ge r
i ty , s

m in o ri ng p o we r be y o n d t he g r a ve , a n d be t he g e r m
0// our

Of
n tn r e bo d i e s .

the ter m itsel f a de fi n itio n ha s bee n a lre a dy

,

give n a n d I n o w proceed to e x a m i n e t he pri n

c ip a l obj ecti n s by whic h it iso It ha s bee n
s a id th a t
, if in t he prese n t li f e we suppose t he
,
“
,

ide n tity o f the body to be lodged in a n y give n n u m

be r o f i m m ove a ble p a rticles ; a p a rt m u st the n c o n
.

”
s t it u t e the whole wh ic h is a n evide n t a bsurdity
,
s .

T h a t a t heor y w hi ch m a ke s a p a r t t o co n s t it u t e a
who le m u st n e cess a ril y be e t r o n e o u s I a m willi n g ,

t o a ll o w ; bec a u se the su p o s itio n i n c ludes a c o n

p
t r a d ic t io n B U t th a t suc h a bsu rditi e s w ill f ollo w
.
, ,

f ro m t h e supposit i o n a n d pre m ises be f ore u s is to

m e n e it h er cle a r n o r s a tis f a ctory : O n the co n tra ry ,

the obj e ctio n wh ich ha s bee n st a rted will n o t a pply

t o the c a se in h a n d but to su bj ects with which o u r
i n qu i ry h a s l ittle o r n o con n ect i o n .

The subj e ct be f ore u s i s n o t a n i n qu iry i n to the '

co n s t it u e n t p a r t s o f the hu m a n body bu t i n to its

i d e n t ity It is n o t its n u m e r i c a l p a r t icle s bu t t he
.
,

s a m e n ess o f perso n a li t y Thes e a r e disti n ct ide a s .

,

a n d ca n o n ly h a ve in this v ie w a dist a n t co n n ec ,

tio n with o n e a n other T he n u m e r ica l p a rti cles o f

.
'

,
'
S e ct . o r T HE H U MA N B on y . 2 41

'

which bodies ar e c o m po s e d a r e in a s t a t e o f
our ,

p e r p e t u a l fl u x ; b u t si n ce s a m e n e s s o f p e r s o n t e
m a i n s u n d e r e v e ry c ha n ge whic h t he s e n u m e r i c a l
p a r t i cl e s u n d e r go it p l a i n l y fo ll o ws t ha t t ha t in
, ,

whi c h s a m e n e s s c o n s i s t s m u st r e m a i n im m )v e a ble
,

a ls o ; a n d he n ce it fo ll o w s t ha t t h o s e p a r t i c l e s
,

w hic h c o n s t i t u t e t he who l e b o d y a n d t he i d e n t i t y ,

o f t ha t b o d y m u s t n e c e s s a r i ly b e d i s t i n c t fr o m o n e
,

a n o t he r F o r c e r t a i n it is t ha t i f t he s a m e n e s s o f
.
,

t he b o d y c o n s i s t e d in a ll t he n u m e r i ca l p a r t i c l e s o f
w hich t ha t body wa s c o m p o se d s a m e n e s s m u s t be ,

c a p a ble o f a t r a n s fe r ; a n d c o n se q ue n t l y m u s t be
, ,

d e st r o ye d by t he s u pp o s i t i o n wh i c h we a r e o bli ge d
t h u s t o a d m i t t ha t t he id e n t ity o f t he b o d y m u s t
,

n o t o n l y b e c o m p a t ibl e w i t h t ho s e c ha n ge s wh i c h
t he b o d y p e r p e t u a lly u n d e r g o e s bu t m u s t be
l o d ge d in s o m e s e c r e t r e c e s s w hi c h t he s e c ha n ge s
c a n n o t r ea c h
H a v i n g t h u s t w o d i s t i n c t i d e a s o n e o f t he i d e n ,

t i t y o f t he b o d y a n d t he o t he r o f t he c o m p o n e n t o r
,

n u m e r i c a l p a r t s o f whi c h t he b o d y is fo r m e d we ,

c a n p l a i n l y p e r c ei v e t ha t t he l a t t e r m a y c h a n ge ,

While t he fo r m e r r e m a i n s p e r fe c t a n d e n t i r e an d

t he r e a s o n is b e c a u s e t he fo r m e r is n o t d e p e n d e n t
,

u p o n t he l a t t e r f o r it s e xi s t e n c e It t he r e fo r e f o l .

lo ws t ha t t he a d m i s s i o n o f a n i n he r e n t p r i n c i p le
, ,

whi c h s ha l l b e c o m e a g e r m o f fu t u r e li fe ha v i n g ,

o nl a r e m o t e c o n n e c t i o n W i t h t he s e fl o a t i n g p a r t i
y
cle s whi ch o c c a s i o n a l ly fo r m t he b o d y c a n n o t in ,

c l u d e w i t h i n it t ha t c o n t r a d i c t i o n whi c h t he o bje c

t i o n ha s s u pp o s e d Fo r i f t o a d m i t a ge r m o r
.
,

p r i n c i p le o f i d e n t i t y will o bli ge u s t o a d m i t t ha t a
,
 '

2 4a I D EN T I T Y AN D R ES U R R EC T IO N DC ha p V ! . .

pa rt m u st c o n t a i n o r c o m p r e he n d a who le t he n n o ,

s u c h d i st i n ct i d e a s ca n p o s sib l be f o r m e d a s t ho se
y
whi c h h a v e bee n p o i n t e d o u t T he o bj e c tio n i t s elf is
.

f o u nd e d u p o n a s u p p o s i t i o n t ha t t he i d e n t i t y o f t he
,

b o d y m u s t c o n s i s t in the n u m e r i c a l p a r t i cle s o f ,

whi c h t he who le ma s s 18 e v i d e n t l y co m p o s e d On e .

o f t h e s e t wo o i n t s m u s t t he r e fo r e b i
p e
g e n up
v ,

ei t her t ha t which ma k e s a p a r t t o c om p r e h e n d a
who le whi ch is t he a m o u n t o f t he o bj e ct i o n o r t ha t
, ,

wh i ch su pp o se s t he id e n t i t y o f t he b o d y t o r e m a i n ,

a m i d s t t he c ha n ge s wh i c h it s n u m e r ica l p a r t s u n

d ge r o b,
e c a u se t h e y a r e i n c o r n
p a t ib le ile
w it h e a c h
o th e r . B u t a s t he la t t e r o f t he se p o in t s is fo u n d e d
,

u po n fa ct a n d t he fo r m er whi ch is i n cl u d e d in t he
u p o n t he o r y —
,

o bj e c t i o n a s t he la t t e r i s fo u n d e d

u po n o c ul a r d e m o n s t r a t i o n a n d t he fo r m e r is o n ly
,

S p e c ul at i v e l y p r o b a bl e ; a s t he la t t e r ca n a pp e a l t o
e -

v i s ible p r o o f in t he g r o wt h a n d c h a n ges whic h a r e

c o n sp i c u o u s i n t he h u m a n b o d y a n d t he fo r m e r ,

c a n o n l y a pp e a l t o a b s t r a c t hyp o t he s i s it is c e r t a i n ,

I t hi n k be y o n d a ll r e a s o n a bl e d o u bt t ha t t he n u
, ,

Th i e r in co m p a t a bilit y a r i s e s f r o m t hi s co n s id e r a t io n T he
co n t r a di c t i o n w hi c h t he o bje c t i o n s u pp o s e s
, , c a n o n l y b e a d mi t

t e d t o e x i s t w h il e we s u p p o s e t h e id e n t i t y
, o f t h e b o d y t o be

l o d ge d in a ll it s n u m e r i c a l p a r t s T h e v e r y in s t a n t t h a t w e
.

s u pp o s e a di s t i n c t i o n b e t we e n t h e n u m e r i c a l p a r t i cl e s a t l a r g e ,

a n d t h a t p r i n c i p a l o r ge r m in whi c h id e n t i t y c o n s i s t s t h a t v e r y
, .

i n st a n t we d e s tr o y t h e c o n t r a d i c ti o n whi ch h as b e e n s u p p o se d ,

a n d r e co n c i le o u r o wn v i e ws wi t h t h o s e s u p p o si t i o n s whi c h

ha v e be e n ma de A n d t h e r e fo r e b e c a u s e t h e id e n t i t y o f t h e
.
,

b o d y is n o t p r e su m e d t o e x t e n d t o t he who le m a s s it ca n n o t be
c h a r ge d wi t h a co n t r a di c t i o n wh i ch o n a c co u n t o f di s t i n c t i o n is
,

r e n d e r e d i n co n s i s t e n t wi t h it s n a t u r e .
2 50 I DE NT I T Y AN D R E SURR EC TI O N [ C ha p . VI .

T ha t a ll ge rms m u st co n ta in wi t h i n t h e m a v ir

tu a l e n e r gy , p r o d u ce t ha t b e i n g o r t hin g o f
to ,

whi c h t he y a r e t h e ge r m s m u s t w i t ho u t a ll d o ub t
,

b e a d m i t t e d ; b u t t h i s is a n o t i o n d i s t i n c t fr o m t h a t
,

wh i c h s u pp o s e s t h a t a ll t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t s a r e a c
t u a lly t he r e T he r a d i c a l e n e r g y t o p r o d u c e m a y
. ,

e xi s t wi t ho u t i n c lu d i n g a n y t h i n g o f fo r m a l b e i n g
,
.

W he r e a ll t he p a r t s a r e in a c t u a l e xi s t e n c e n o t h ,

in g m o r e ca n b e n e ce s s a ry t ha n s i m p l e d e v el o p e
,

m e n t t o u n fo l d t he la t e n t m e m be r s wh i ch we r e p r i
,

m a r ily i n he r e n t B u t t h i s will n o t b e c o n s i s t e n t
.
,

w i t h t h e i d e a wh i c h we h a v e o f a ge r m .

I f a ll t he p a r t s o f t ha t b o d y wh i c h s h a ll b e h e re
,

a ft e r a r e n o w i n c lu d e d in it s p r e s e n t ge r m o f fu t u r e
,

e xi s t e n c e a s p a r t s a n d n o t hi n g b u t s i m p le d e v e
, ,

l o p e m e n t b e n ec e s sa r y t o r e n d e r fo r m a l e xi st e n c e
v i s ibl e ; n o n e w a cc e s s i o n o f e x t r a n e o u s p a r t i cl e s

c a n be d e e m e d n e c e s s a r be c a u s e t he a d m i t t i n f
y g o

t he n ece s s i t y o f n e w p a r t i c le s t o fi ll u p a n y gi v e n

v a c ui t ie s i m p l ie s p r e v i o u s i m p e r fe c t i o n in t ha t f o r
,

m a l e xi s t e n ce wh i c h wa s a d m i t t e d
, W e ha v e a s .

m u ch r e a s o n t o a d m i t fo r m a l p e r fe ct i o n a s we ha v e ,

f o r m a l e xi s t e n c e ; a n d t he s a m e a r g u m e n t s whi c h ,

w il l m ili t a t e a g a i n s t t h e o n e m u s t n e c e s s a r ily m ili

,

t a t e a ga i n s t t he o t he r T h a t fo r m a l p e r fe c t i o n
.

d o e s n o t e xi s t is d e m o n s t r a t e d b y fa c t ; a n d fr o m
,

t h i s s o u r c e we a r e f u llv a s s u r e d t ha t t ho s e a r gu
m e n t s whi c h wo ul d a n n o u n c e it m u s t o f n e ce s s i t y
, ,

b e wr o n g A n d ; wi t ho u t a ll d o ub t c o u ld we v i e w
.
,

f o r m a l e x is t e n ce wi t h t h e s a m e p r e c i s i o n a s we
,

V lC W fo r m a l
p e rf e ct io n w e s ho u ld s e e e q u a l r e a s o n
,
S e ct . o r T HE H U MAN B O DY . 2 51

to d i s c a r d bo t h E v e n t he t e r m ge r m i t s el f i m p l ie s
.

p r e m a t u r i ty a n d i m p e r fe c t i o n ; a n d we h a v e a s
m u c h r e a s o n t o s u pp o s e t ha t t h i s i m p e r fe c t i o n a n d
p re m a t u r i ty a pp lie s to t he f o r m a l ity , as we l l as to

the co mp le t io n o f e x i st e n c e .

W he n we t u r n o u r t h o u ght s t o t he ge r m o f f u
t u r e b e i n g a s it a pp lie s t o t he b o d ie s w h i c h s ha l l
,

b e he r e a ft e r ; t he r e a r e t wo v ie ws in wh i c h it m a y
be c o n t e m p l a t e d T he fi r s t o f t h e s e is t o v i e w t he
. ,

e r m a s b e i n g a fi x e d p r i n c i p le t o wh i c h e x t r a n e
g ,

o u s a t o m s s ha ll a d he r e t o c o m p le t e t he fr a m e a nd

t he s e co n d is t o v i e w t h i s g e r m a s i n c lu d i n g a ll

t ho s e p a r t i c l e s wh i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y t o co n s t i t u t e

t h a t bo d y wh i c h s h a ll s u r v i v e t h e g r a v e O n b o th .

o f t he s e we wil l m a k e s o m e r e m a r k s I n t he fi r s t .

o f t he s e v i ews a e rm can o n l be c o i d e red a s a

, g y n s

r a d i ca l o r s e m i n a l p r i n c i p a l wh ic h bec o m e s t he
,

fo u n d a t i o n o f t he fu t u r e b o d y ; a n d is t ha t fr o m ,

whe n ce fu t u r e li fe s h a ll e m in a t e T ha t it is t ha t
.

fi xed p r i n c i p l e wh i ch s ha ll s u r v i v e t he gr a v e
a r o u n d wh i c h u t u r e a t o m s s h a ll r a ll
f
a n d t o whi c h
y ,

t he y s ha ll a d h e r e t o fo r m t ha t b o d y wh i c h we s ha ll
,

p o sse s s f o r ev e r .

I f t he ger m o f b ei n g whi ch c o n st i t ut e s t he c ha
,

r a ct e r is t ic o f a n i m a l s a n d p l a n t s a n d wh i c h i n r e a l
,

it y s e m i n a ll y c o n t a i n s t h ei r e s s e n t i a l p o we r s we r e ,

t o c o n t a i n w i t h i n i t s e lf in t he p r e s e n t li fe t he f o r ,

m a l p a r t s o f t h o s e b o d i e s wh i c h a r e t o s u c c e e d in
,

fu t ur e ge n e r a t i o n s ; t he n n o t h i n g m o r e t ha n s i m p le
d e el o p e m e n t w o ul d be n e c e s s a ry t o c o m p le t e t he
v
'

fu t u r e m a s s n o r wo ul d t he a d he r e n ce o f a n y a d d i
t io n a l a t o m , be n e c e s s a r y t o gi v e a co m ple t i o n
s 52 I DE NTIT Y A N D R E SURR EC TI O N [C h p a . VI .

whi c h m u s t b e s u pp o se d t o be i n he re n t B u t t o .
,

a d m i t t hi s s u pp o s i t i o n ,
wo ul d b e t o m a k e a n e n d
o f a ll d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t we e n d e g r e e s o f p o n d e r o s i t y

a n d d e g r e e s o f m a g n i t u d e ; it wo u l d b e t o a n n ih i
, .

l a t e t he s e d e g r e e s whi c h e x i s t in e a ch in p r o p o r t i o n ,

t o t he s p e c ifi c q u a n t it y o f m a t t e r t ha t t he co n ta in
y
.
.

T h i s wo ul d in fa c t i n v o l ve a n a b s u r d i t y
, ,
b e ca u se
it wo ul d m a k e a p ar t t o c o n t a i n a who le B u t to .

a d m it o n l a m o d e o f m a t e r i a l ex i s t e n c e wh i c h in
y ,

c l u d e s w i t hi n it a v i r t u a l o r po t e n t ia l e n e r y t o
, g
r o d u c e a fu t u r e b o d a n d fr o m wh i c h a ll d e r e e s
p y , , g
o f m a n i t u d e a n d p o n d e r o s it y a r e p e r fe c t l e x c lu d e d
g y
in t he c o n s id e r a t i o n t he s u pp o s i t i o n w ill e x cl u d e

t he a b s u r d i t i e s o f t he l a s t s e n t e n c e while t he gei m
,

i ts e l f will r e t a i n t he c a p a bili t y o f b e c o m i n g t he fo u n .

(l a t i o n a n d p e r m a n e n t p r i n ci p l e o f t ha t fu t u r e bo d y ,

whi c h is p r e s u m e d t o r e s u lt fr o m it .

T ha t a ll c a u s e s i n cl u d e t he i r e ff e c t s wil l p e r ha p s
, , ,

b e d e n i e d by n o n e ; b u t we ca n n o t c o n cei v e fr o m ,

a d m i tti n t h i a x io m t h t e ff e cts r e s i d e in t he i r
g s ,
a

c a u s e s in a fo r m a l m a n n e r ; o r t ha t t he e ff e c t ca n

e xi s t in it s ca u s e in t he c ha r a c t e r o f a n e ff e c t A ll
,
.

t ha t we c a n
p o s s iblv c o n c e i v e b y s u c h l a n g u a g e is , ,
'
t ha t a v i r t u a l e n e r gy r e s i d e s in t he c a u s e a d e q u a t e ,

t o p r o d u c e t ha t e ff e c t wh ic h we a t t r ibu t e t o it a he n ,

b r o u ght i n t o a c t u a l O p e r a t i o n .

W e re w e t o s u pp o s e t h a t t he fr ui t whi c h a n y
,

i v e n t r e e s ho u l d p r o d u ce a c t u a ll y e xi s t e d in t he
g ,

t r e e i t s e l f in a fo r m a l m a n n e r ; t he e ff e c t wo ul d in ,

m a n
y ca s e,
s be m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n it s c a u s e w h i c h ,

w e a r e we ll a s s u r e d is t o t a ll y i m p o s s i b l e A n d in
.
,
.

l i k e m a n n e r c o ul d u e s u pp o se t ha t a ll t h e i n d i v i d
, ,
 2 54 I DE N T I T Y AN D R E SURR EC T I O N [ C h ap . v1 .

T he b o d ie s wh i c h s ha l l be r a is e d he r e a ft e r fr o m
,

t he s l e e p o f d e a t h , we a r e full y s a t i s fi e d will b e o f
,

a r e fi n e d a n d s p i r i t u a l n a t u r e s o f a r a s m a t t e r in it s

m o s t e x a l t e d s t a t e c a n b e a b s t r a c t e d fr o m it s g r o s s
n ess , wi t h o u t l o s i n g a n y e s s e n t i a l p r o p e r t y o f it s
n a t u re . U n d e r t he s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e r e a l n u m
,

b e r o f p a r t icle s w h i c h is n e ce s s a r y t o fo r m t h a t im
m o r t a l a n d S p i r i t u a l b o d y wh i ch s ha ll b e m a y be
,
,

c o n s i d e r a bl y le s s t ha n t ha t wh i c h is n e c e s s a r y t o
fo r m t h o s e b o d ie s wh i ch we ha v e in t he p r e s e n t li fe .

Wi t h t he p o we r s o f e x p a n s i o n we a r e b u t li t t l e
a c q u a i n t e d ; it is a t e r m w he n a pp lie d t o t h e p a r t i

cle s o f m a t t er t o wh i c h we c a n h a r d l y a n n e x a n y
,

p r e c i s e i d e a ; a n d we a r e t h e r e fo r e u n a bl e t o c a lc u .

la t e U p o n it s e x t e n t . H o w f a r t ho s e p a r t i cle s wh i c h
s h a l l c o m p o s e o u r b o d i e s he r e a ft e r m a y b e c a p a bl e
,

o f d il a t i o n a n d o f a d m i tt i n v a cui t ie s in t he i r m in
, g
u t e r e ce s se s ,
in o r d e r t o gi v e ex t e n s i o n t o t he ex
t r e m it ie s o f t h e b o d w h i c h t h e y s h a ll c o m p o s e it
y ,

i s i m p o s s ible f o r u s t o s a y B u t e v e n s i m ple e x
.
,

t e n s i o n m a y s u pp l y t he p l a c e o f m a t t e r ; a n d t e n d

t o s p i r i t u a li z e t he b o d y wh i ch s ha ll s u r v i v e t he

gra v e . O n t he s e g r o u n d s a n i n c o n s i d e r a bl e n u m
,

b e r o f p a r t i c l e s m a y b e s u ffi c i e n t t o fo r m t he b o d y ;
a n d t h a t p o r t i o n w h i c h n o w c o n s t i t u t e s it s i d e n t i t
y ,

m a y p e r h a p s c o n t a i n wi t h i n it a ll t h o s e a t o m s whi c h
m a y be n e c e s s a r y t o t he fo r m a t i o n o f a s p i r i t u a l
b o d y be yo n d t he g r a v e .

T he p o we r o f ex p a n s i o n whe n a pp l i e d t o m a t t e r
, ,

w il l O p e n t o o u r v i e w a fi e l d o f wo n d e r s wh i ch we
c a n n o t fa t ho m a n d lik e t ha t s p a c e wh i ch s ugge s t s
,
s

t o u s t he i d e a o f it s e x i s t e n ce it s ee m s a n o ce a n
,
Sec t . OF T H E HU MAN B ODY . 2 55

w ithout botto m a n d without s hor e It is a p a thl e s s

.

r e gio n in which we m a y wa n d e r in e n d l e s s e xcu r

,
‘

s io n s till we co m pl e te ly lo se our s e l v e s in o u r o wn
,

co n te m pl a tio n s .

A s t h e f uture bodi e s wh ich we e xp e ct to p o s

,

s e s s b e yo n d t he gr a v e will b e lig ht a ct iv e a n d
, , ,

v o la t ile ; a n d a s t he m a tt e r o f w hich th e y w ill b e

co m po s e d will b e s o f a r r e fi n e d th a t it wi ll b e co m e
, ,

c o m p a ra tiv e ly s piritu a l in it s n a tur e ; we a r e le d

i m m e d i a te ly to co n clud e th a t t h e s p e cific qu a n tity
,

o f m a tte r w hich will b e n e c e s sa ry th e n ca n be a r ,

b ut a s m a ll proportio n to t he qu a n ti ty whi c h is n o w
'
r e qui s it e T h e ch a n ge s whic h o u r pr e s e n t bo d i e s
.

m u s t u n d e rgo corrobora t e thi s truth ; a n d i n du c e

u s t o b e li e v e th a t we h a v e m or e p a rticl e s n o w th a n ,

we s h a ll h a v e th e n .

T he p a rti cl e s e xp a n d e d in to a t e n u ity with whic h ,

w e a r e bu t i m p e r f e ctly a cqu a i n t e d m ay s u s t a i n th e ir
,

r e l a ti v e po s itio n s in t he f utur e s y s t e m ; a n d c o m
le t e th a t or a n i z a tio n which will b e n e c e s s a r f
p g y or

t h e s t a t e which th e s e bodi e s s h a ll i n h e rit An d .

,

w hil e t he d e n s ity o f t he p a rt s which a r e s o n e c e s

s a ry in t he pr e s e n t e co n o m y o f li f e s h a ll b e r e m o v ,

e d ; t he p a rticl e s th e m s e lv e s which co n s titut e d it ,

m u s t b e r e m ov e d a l s o b e c a u s e n o t wa n t e d
,
Thi s .

r e m ov a l m u s t th e re f or e li ghte n t he m a s s o f it s c u m
h e ro n s lo a d a n d c o n tribu t e to wa r d s th a t a ct zézty
’ ’

t e n u zly a n d e n e r g
’

, y w hich s h a ll
, r e ma in f or e v er .

O u r u n i f or m e xp e c t a tio n s t e n d to co n fir m th e s e
ob s e rv a tio n s ; b e c a u se th e y fi n d a m irror in e v e ry
'

f e e li n g h e a rt .
2 56 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI ON [C ha p V I . .

T he pr e c i s e qu a n tity o f m a tt e r whi ch m ay b e
n e c e s sa r y to c o m pl e t e th a t org a n i z a tio n which o u r

bod ie s will th e n po s s e s s m a y b e but e x c e e d in gly

,

s m a ll . F o r a s t he pre s e n t or ga n s th e m s e lv e s will
,
‘
u n d e r go s u r p r is in g ch a n ge s a n d tho s e p a rt s which ,

r e qu ir e d t he gre a t e s t co m p a ct n e s s a n d d e n s ity o f
m a t e ri a l s will in a ll prob a bility b e d o n e a wa y ; a
, ,

s m a ll port io n o f m a tt e r m a y b e s u flic ie n t to fix tho s e

or ga n s in a s t a t e o f p e rp e tu a l v i gou r which h a v e ,

rip e n e d in t he gra v e a n d which s h a ll flouri s h in

,

e t e r n ity . A n d th e r e f ore t he ge r m whi c h is n o w

, ,

lo d ge d withi n u s in s o m e s e cr e t a n d u n a p p r o a cha .

a b le r e c e s s o f o u r bo d i e s m a y co n t a i n with in it se l f
,

a ll tho s e n u m e ric a l p a rticl e s which m a y b e n e ce s ,

.

s a ry to f or m th a t f u tur e s piritu a li z e d body which ,

s h a d s ucc e e d to thi s which we n o w po s se s s .

T he m o d ific a tio n i n d e e d o f tho s e p a rticl e s

, ,

which s h a ll r e m a i n m u s t b e tot a lly ch a n ge d ; a n d

,

p e rh a p s th e y m a y b e d iff e r e n tly co m bi n e d s o th a t
wh a t n o w f or m s but a n i n vi s ibl e portio n m a y be
di ff u se d o n e v e ry s i d e A n d by t he p e culi a r c o n
.

fi gura tio n o f t he p a rt s a n d e x qui s i te d i s po s itio n o f

,

t h e co n s titu e n t m a t e ri a l s ; thi s portio n m a y b e c a

p a b le ,
throu g h t h e po w e r o f e xp a n s io n o f e n ro s s
g ,
.

in g t he s a m e s u p e r fi ce s o f s p a c e as o u r pr e s e n t bod
ie s n o w e n gro s s .

It m a y p e rh a p s b e
, , th a t t h e a bov e o b s e r
”
v a t io n s will m a k e a p a rt t o co n t a i n a whol e I ad . .

m it t he f a ct but d e n y t he a b s ur d ity w hich p e rh a p s

,

m a y b e i n f e rr e d T he ut m o s t th a t c a n be s a i d is
.

thi s th a t th e se ob se r v a tio n s m a k e a p a rt o f th at
,
2 52 I D EN T I T Y AN I? R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C hap . v r.

t e n a n ce s fife
‘
by wh ich we s h a ll b e a bl e t o re c og n i ze
o u r d e p a rt e d f ri e n d s will b e s e cur e d f ro m the in
,
.

j u ri e s o f d e a th a n d t he d i s s olutio n o f t he gra v e .

Th e y will in a ll prob a bility b e co n s ide ra bly im

, ,

prov e d by t he ch a n g e s which t h e bo d y s h a ll h a v e
u n d e r go n e at o n c e h e ight e n e d by t he flu s h o f
outh w hich s h a ll n e v e r f a d e ; w ith vi ou r whi ch s h a l l
y g
n e v e r de ca y a n d with li f e which s h a ll n e v e r e n d .

T he p a rticul a r m a n n e r in which thi s r a dic a l pri n ,

c ip le which n o w co n s titut e s t he id e n tity o f t he h u

,

m a n body e x i s t s is too ob s c ur e f o r o u r d e v e lop e

,

me n t ; too m y s t e riou s f o r o u r r e s e a rch e s It m a y .

A ga in s t t h e su p p o s it io n , t h a t t h e sa m e ex t e r io r fi gu r e , and

p a r t ic u l a r tu rn o f f e atu re s a nd co u n te n a n ce s will b e p r e s e r v e d ,
n o t wit h s t a n d in g the ge s wh ic h t h e b o d y wi l un d e r go ,
c ha n l
it m a y p e r h a p s b e o bj e c t e d , ha t bbd ily d e f e ct s a n d d e f o r m i
T
t ie s will b e p e r p e tu a t e d th i
”
a l so . To s I a n s we r , t ha t wh a t is
t hu p r e s u m e d , i s by n o m e a n s
s a n e c e s sa r
y co n se qu e n c e o f t he
t h e o r y f o r wh ic h I c o n t e n d . It is m o r e t ha n p r o b a b le , t h a t
t ho se d e fo r m it ie s wh ic h we no w b e h o ld , are \
lo d ge d in t h o s e
e x t ra n e o u s p a r t s wh ic h a re bu t m e r e a pp e n d a e s
g p r in ci
to t he

p le o f b o d il
y i d e n ti t
y . We a re co n fi r m e d in t his o p in io n , b y

s ir c u m st a n ce s o f d a ily o b s e r v a t io n . \ Vh en we co m p a r e t he
s h r iv e l le d mu s cl e s o ff o u r s co r e , wit h t h e blu s h f b e a u y whic h o t
the a e o f n m e te en e x hibi t s ; we c a n n o t b u t p e r c e iv e co m p a ri
g
t iv e d e f o r m it y . A n d ye t we a re f u lly a s su r e d t ha t sa m en ess o f
fi e r son ha s c o n t in u e d u nde r a ll t he sta
ge s o f v a r ia t io n . T he
sam e b s e r v a t io n s m a y b e m a d e o n t h e
o co m p le x io n o f t ho se
c o u n t e n a n c e s , whic h s h a ll b e p r e s e r v e d . I n t h is a is o , we b e
h e ld in t he p r e se n t lif e s o m e d im in u t iv e c h a n g e T he p r o c e s s
s .

c o m p le x io n a s we ll
o f co r r u p t io n m a y t h e r e f o r e r e n o v a t e t h e
as t he b o d y , a n d b r in g t h e wh o le o f t h e h u m a n r a ce to a stan d

a rd o f e x t e r n a l be au t y, o f whic h we a re in c o m p e t e n t to fo rm

ad e u a t e co n c e p t io n s e
q
 ‘
Se c t . o r T HE H U M AN B ODY . 2 59

be so fa r
di s te n de d a s to p e rv a de t he who le m a ss
o f m a tte r o f whic h o u r bo d i e s a r e co m po s e d o r at

le a s t m a y f or m tho s e a tte n u a t e d outli n e s whic h

, ,

g iv e p e r m a n e n cy to o u r f e a tur e s a n d to which e x

t r a n e o u s m a tte r a dh e r e s l n t he pre s e n t lif e T 0 thi s

.

portio n t he org a n s m a y b e a n n e x e d ; o r p e rh a p s
'

withi n it s c o n fi n e s th e y m a y b e lo d ge d ; a n d t ho se
a rticl e s which a r e vita lly u n it e d to it in a n t
p , y s a e
g
o f o u r pre s e n t b e i n i n a ll prob a bility b e co m e p a rt s
g ,

o f o u r b dd ie s f ro m p a rt a ki n g o f th a t c o m m o n li f e
,

which a pp e a r s to b e co n n e ct e d with it In thi s

.

v i e w it b e c o m e s a m e d iu m o f a ctio n
, throu gh w hic h
,

t he e xt e rior or ga n s co m m u n ic a t e i n t e lli ge n ce to t he

i m m a te ri a l s pirit wi th which i t is co n n e cte d a n d t o

, ,

which it is a lli e d A n d whe n t he i m m a t e ri a l s piri t

.
,

whic h is m o s t pro b a bly u n it e d t o t hi s pri n cipl e o f

id e n tity s h a l l be r e m ov e d
, th e n thi s pri n ci ple o f
ide n tity s h a ll b e with d ra wn f ro m it s di s te n tio n o r ,

a t l e a s t s h a ll c e a s e t o op e ra te a n d r e tiri n g in to
i t s e l f t he whol e bo d y s h a ll s i n k i n to a li f e l e s s m a ss
, .

Fro m t he l a te n t prop e rti e s o f t hi s pri n cipl e i t is ,

h ighly prob a bl e th a t i t m a y di ff u s e it s a tt e n u a te d
fi b r e s throu gh tho s e p a rt s which m a y be co n s i d e r e d
,

a s t he pri n cip a l s e a t s o f li f e ; whil e e v e n th a t fl e x i

b ilit y o f t e xture which is i n s e p a ra bl e f ro m it s n a tur e ,

m a y a d d to t he pe r m a n e n cy o f it s b e i n g a nd u n ite ,

it s m a te ri a l s with a n a d h e s ion whic h s h a ll co n ti n ue

f or e v e r .

C a p a bl e o f re tiri n g withi n it s e l f wh e n a n y o f t he
,

o rg an ic a l p a r t s a r e w ou n d e d through whi c h it ha d
,

b e e n d i ff u s e d it wi ll lo se n o p a rt by s u c h e x t e ri or
,
2 60 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N C
[ ha p . v1 .

m uti la tio n s . L ik e t heitiv e pl a n t it will s hri n k

se n s ,

f ro m t he t ou c h o f viol e n c e a n d h a n g upo n it s o wn
,

c e n tre lik e t he w orld whi c h w e i n h a bit T he lob e s

.

o f m a tt e r throu gh w hich it ha d b e e n di ff u se d b u t
, ,

f ro m w hich it is n o w d r iv e n by f orc e ; n o lo n ge r
‘

a bl e to p e rf orm t he f u n c tio n s which we re p e culi a r

t o th e ir s t a tio n whil e u n it e d to t he pri n cipl e o f ide n

,
.

t i ty m a y r e m a i n whil e t he u s e s o f th e m a r e tot a lly

,

wi thdra wn a n d n othi n g co nti n u e s bu t t he c o n figu

,
.

r a tio n o f p a rt s .

Thi s ge r m in which t he i d e n tity o f t he body is

,

lo d ge d h a vi n g re tire d f ro m t he f or s a k e n p a rt r e
, ,

m ov e s w it h t he r e m o v a l o f it s e l f a l l th a t e n e r gy
-

which c a n di s ti n g ui s h t he or ga n s f ro m t h e m e re
m o d ific a tio n o f m a tt e r ; a n d w ill b e pr e p a r e d t o
di ff u s e thi s e n e rgy which n o w r e s ide s Withi n it se lf ,

t h r o u gh a n y n e w p a rti c l e s whi c h m a y b e vit a lly

u n it e d t o it . A n d a s a ll m a tte r is in it s o wn n a
,

t ur e i n corruptibl e a n d th e re f or e pl a c e d b e yo n d t he
,

in flu e n c e o f di s s ol ut i o n a n d d e c a y wh e n thi s ge rm ,

e ith e r with o r without n e w p a rticl e s o f m a tt e r which

s h a ll coll e ct a rou n d it u n iti n g w ith it s i m m a t e ri a l

,

a rt n e r s h a ll r e tir e i n to a m or e p e r m a n e n t r e gio n
p , ,

wh e re it s h a ll be f o r e v e r r e m ov e d f ro m tho s e E X !

t e r n a l c a u s e s w hich in o u r pr e s e n t s t a t e a r e c a p a bl e
o f d e s troyi n t h a d h e s io n a n d c e m e n t o f m a tt e r in
g e

a l m o s t e v e r y f or m ; it s h a ll c o m m e n c e a m od e o f

b e i n g which s h a ll co n ti n u e th r ough e t e r n ity Fo r

.
,

wh a t b e i n g s o e v e r s h a ll i n h a bit a s t a t e i n to w hich
n othi n g s h a ll e n t e r a n d in which n othi n g c a n e x i s t
,

th a t is c a p a ble o f co n d u cti n g it to wa rd s a s ta t e o f
d issolutio n t ha t b e in g wh a ts o e v e r m a y be t he mo
, ,
.
 352 I D E N TI T Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [ C h a p . VI .

th e s olidity b e i n g U k n o wn t he e xte n t o f th e ir vol a

n ,

t ilit v m u s t b e u n k n o wn a l s o Th a t p a rt th e r e f ore
.
, ,

which n o w f or m s but a m i n u t e p ort i o n but co n t a i n s ,

t he ; d m t it y o f our bo d i e s m a y h a v e co m p a cte d
, ,

w ith in it a s u ffi c ie n cy o f s o l d it y to f or m a ll t he p a rt s
,
:

o f o u r a gil e a n d vol a til e bo d i e s which we s h a ll ih

,

h e rit in a f u tu re worl d . T h e lo s s o f gra vity m a y

co n t ribute to e s t a bli s h it s a ctiv ity a n d t he i m pul s e
o f t he will m a y s u p e r se d e t he n e c e s s ity o f m u s cul a r

e x e rt io n . A n d t h e bo d y u n d e r th e s e ci r cu m s t a n c e s ,

m a y b e c a p a bl e o f a tra n s itio n f ro m pl a c e to pl a c e ,

w i t h a v e lo s i y s o m e w h a t a ha la go u s to th a t o f l ight
.
.

T h e fi n a l r e s u lt of th e s e r e a s o n in gs th e r e f ore is ,

th a t thou gh it is hi ghly pro ba bl e th a t a m u t it u d e o f ‘

a rticl e s w ill u n it e h e r e a f t e r w ith th a t pri n cipl e

p ,

which co n s titute s t he i d e n ti ty o f o u r bo d ie s h e r e
e t th e r e c a n b e n o a b s olut e n e c e s s ity th a t a n y n e w
y
p a rticl e s m u s t b e u n it e d o r th a t a ll o r e v e n t he
, ,

m ajority o f tho s e which h a d b e e n vita lly u n it e d t o

t h e body in a n y gi v e n p e riod o f it s e x i s t e n c e s h o u l d ,

a a i n co m e f o rth in t he r e s urre ctio n to f or m th e se

g , ,

b o d i e s w hich n e hO p e to po s s e s s h e r e a f te r I f th e s e .

r e a s o n i n gs a n d co n cl u s io n s b e a d m itt e d a ll tho s e ,

obj e ctio n s which a r e d ra w n f ro m t he cha n ge s o f o u r

b o d i e s a r e a t o n c e obvi a te d ; a n d tho s e qu e s tio n s
,

w hi c h a r e propo s e d a bou t t he s a m e n e s s o f n u m e ri
c a l p a rticl e s a r e f ully a n s we r e d without in v o l v m g
,

a n y d i fficulti e s o f a s e riou s n a ture .

T he p a rt icl e s w hich ha d occ a s io n a lly a d h e r e d t o

,

t h e bo d y ( , in a d m itti n g thi s th e ory ) m a y i n corpor a te

w ith v a riou s bodi e s w ithout i n te r f e ri n g with t he
,

id e n tity o f e ith e r o r i n te rrupti n g t he fin a l c o m pl e .

S e ct . O F T H E HU M AN BO D Y . 2 63

t io n o f our f uture e th e ri a l f ra m e s In thi s v i e w we

. ,

p l a i n ly di s cov e r ho w corru ptio n m a y p u t o n i n cor .

r u p t i o n ; h o w thi s m orta l m a y p u t o n i m m or t a lity

a n d ho w th a t w hich wa s s o wn a n a tur a l s h a ll b e
,

r a i s e d a s piritu a l body a n d a l s o ho w thi s s pir i tu a l

b ody s ha ll e d u r e throu ghout e te r n ity w ithou t

,

in volvi n g tho s e d i ffi c ulti e s w hi c h o n a n y oth e r

,

r m c r le s s e e m co n n e ct e d w ith t he r e s ur r e ct io n o f
p p
t he d e a d .

T he loc a l n o t io n s w hich we h a v e o f j u s tic e a n d

,

in j u s tic e a s th e y a pply t o t he cl a i m s o f e a ch a n d
,

e v e ry p a rticl e a s h a vi n g a p o rt io n in t he r e s u r r e c
,

t io n c a n n ot b e i n volv e d in t he th e ory b e f or e u s A ll
, .

m a tt e r is in it s e lf u n co n s ciou s a n d i n e rt ; a n d m u s t
f o r th a t r e a o n b e a l i k e i n c a p a bl e o f pl e a s ur e or o f
s

p a in .E x a lta tio n a n d d e gr a d a tio n m u s t b e w holly

in a pplic a bl e : a n d r e m u n e r a tiv e j u s ti c e m u s t b e
tot a lly d i s ch a r ge d f ro m t he s itu a tio n whic h t he p a r
,

t icle s m a y fi n a lly occu py .

Th a t v ita l ity to which a lo n e m or a l a ctio n coul d

,

h a v e a n y po s s ibl e r e l a tio n a n d which a lo n e c a n in

,

v ol v e t he m or a l a n d r e m u n e r a tiv e j u s tic e o f G o d ;

m u s t be e x c l u s iv e ly c o n fi n e d to thi s pri n cipl e o f

id e n tity a n d t o th a t i m m a te ri a l s pirit t o w hi c h it is
,

a t o n c e u n it e d a n d a lli e d A n d a s bo th s h a ll re t a i n
.
,

t h e ir r e s p e c tiv e e n e rgi e s throu ghou t e te r n ity t he ,

d ivi n e j u s tic e w ill a p p e a r co n s picuo u s in r e wa rd i n g

a n d pu n i s hi n g th o s e i n dividu a l s in th e ir s pirit s a n d
,

in t he e s s e n ti a l prop e rti e s o f th e ir bo di e s both o f ,

w hi c h in u n a li e n a bl e s a m e n e s s s h a l l co n ti n u e f o r
e ve r A n d a lthough m ultitud e s o f tho s e a to m s
.
, ,

whi c h in t he pr e s e n t li f e we r e c o n n e c t e d with t he
 2 64 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [C hap V I .
’
.

'

p e rm an e n t r in c i
p l
body s h a l l b e s e pa ra te d
e s o f t he
p , ,

a n d s e p a r a t e d f o r e v e r ; a n d a lthough n o a dditio n a l
,

p a rticl e s s houl d s u cc e e d to s upply th e ir pl a c e s ;

y e t
a s t he pri n cipl e o f i d e n t ity is s till t he s a m e th a t it
e v e r ha d b e e n n othi n ,g c a n b e s a id to b e r e m ov e d

f ro m it whi c h wa s c a p a bl e o f m or a l a ctio n ; o r
,

w hich is n o w c a p a bl e e ith e r o f r e wa rd o r pu n i s h
m e n t b e c a u s e in c a p a bl e o f jo y o r pa in ; a n d whi c h
,

co n s e qu e n tly c a n n ot i n volv e t he j u s ti c e o f G o d
, .

T he p a rt i cl e s w h ich h a v e b e e n se p a r a te d f ro m
,
'

t h e ir f or m e r co n n e ctio n d u r in g a n y p a rt o f t he pro
,

c e s s o f n a tu re e ith e r in l i f e o r d uri n g t he r e po s e
, ,

o f t he gra v e c a n f e e l n o i n t e r e s t wh a t s o e v e r in t he

cha n ge s which th e y h a v e u n d e rgo n e ; o r in t he f u

ture p u rpo s e t o which th e y m a y b e a ppli e d T o
'

‘ ”
f fl oa t i n t he br e e z e o r s hiv e r in,
t h e gr a s s to rol l ,

in t he oc e a n o r t o b e co m e s t a tio n a ry ih t he rock
'

, ,

m u s t b e o f e qu a l in d iff e re n ce b e c a u s e r e m ov e d ,

f ro m th e ir u n io n w ith th a t pri n cipl e o f v it a lity with

which th e y we r e o n c e co n n e ct e d th e y m u s t b e i n c a ,
«

a b le o f a ll s e n s a tio n Th e y ca n o n ly po ss e s s tho s e
p .

e s s e n ti a l pro p e rti e s which a r e i n s e p a r a bl e f ro m t he

s ub s t a n c e o f m a tt e r to which r e wa rd s a n d pu n i s h
,

m e n t s c a n n ot a pply T he D ivi n e j u s tic e is n o t

.

th e r e f or e i n volv e d in t he qu e s tio n b e f or e u s ; n o r
is i t bou n d to c oll e c t toge th e r t he n u m e ric a l p a rti
cl e s which a t a n y giv e n p e rio d o f e x i s t e n c e we re
, , ,

u n it e d with t he pri n c ipl e o f id e n tity which s h a ll be ,

pre se r v e d f o r e v e r f ro m a ll m ut a tio n a n d d e c a y
,
.
 I D E N TI T Y AN D R ES U R R EC H O N C
'
466 [ ap
h VI
’

. .

a re a l i k e u n k n o wn ? In o u r pre s e n t s t a t e we d is ,

c ov e r ih t he s oul th o s e f a cultie s whi c h a r e s u it a bl e

t o it s pr e s e n t c o n ditio n ; a n d f ro m w h a t is u n f ol d e d
we c a lcul a t e u p o n wh a t l i e s co n c e a l e d A n d f ro m
.
,

t ho s e bod i ly po we r s which we po s se s s we pr e s u m e ,

u po n t ho se whi ch a r e r e s e r v e d t o put f orth th e i r

v igour wh e n t he pro c e s s o f t he gr a v e s h a ll b e p a s s
,
.

e d a wa y a n d ti m e s h a ll co n du c t u s t o t he r e gio n s
,

o f e t e r n ity .

T h e s e a n a lo gi c a l c o n cl u s io n s a r e wa rr a n t e d t o u s
by o u r c o n te m pl a tio n s o f wh a t ha s a lre a d y ta k e n
pl a c e in m a n both in his m a te ri a l a n d i n t e ll e ctu a l
,

o w e rs T h e a s to n i s hi n g ch a n g e s w hich a l l hu m a n
p .

b e i n gs u n d e r go f ro m th e ir fir s t f or m a ti o n in t he
,

wo m b till th e y r e a c h t he z e n ith o f th e ir m a t e ri a l
,

a n d i n t e ll e ctu a l p o we r s a r e f a ct s wh ich bid d e fi a n c e

,

t o co m p a r a tiv e c a lcul a tio n s ; th e y out s o a r a ll o u r

co n j e ctu re s a nd
, e v e n a rr e s t i m po s s ibility in it s
in fi n ite di s t a n c e f ro m u s .

I n t he w o m b w e di s c ov e r n othi n g hi gh e r t ha n 21
,

o rg a n ic o r v e e t ativ e li f e B u t t h e ch a n ge o f s t a tio n
g .

pro d u c e s a c h a n ge in co n d ition which i s a t o n c e

,

a s to n i s hi n g a n d i n c o m pr e h e n s ibl e O r ga n ic o r
.
,

V e ge t a tiv e li f e i m m e di a t e ly s ub s id e s a n d giv e s pl a c e
,

t o th a t which is a n i m a l t he i n s ta n t th a t a n i n f a n t
,

e n t e r s t he wo rld ; a n d r e s pira tio n w hich wa s p e r

,

f e c t ly u n k n o wn b e f or e be co m e s n o w e s s e n ti a lly
,

n e ce s s a ry t o f utur e a n i ma l li f e .Th e s e a r e f a ct s ,

which a r e s e l f e vid e n t -
If th e n t he ch a n g e o f o u r
. ,

s t a tio n f ro m t he wo m b to t he pr e s e n t li f e b e pro
,
.

f c
d u e t iv e o ha n e s n g i o u r m a n n e r o f e x i s t e n c e —if

we f ro m o r ga n ic o r v eg e t a t ive lif e pro c e e d t o

, ,
.
 s e a 1v
. .
) o r T HE H U MAN BO DY

t h a t whi c h is a n im a l , a n d f ro m a n im a l t o t h a t whic h
is r a t io n a l 3 w hy ma y We
j u s tly i n f e r wh e n a ‘

no t ,

si m il a r Or a gr e a te r ch a n g e s h a ll p a s s u po n u s a t
d e a th whic h wil l to t a lly a lt e r o u r m a n n e r o f e z i a
,
'
t e n ce t h a t a s i m il a r o r gre a t e r c h a n g e w il l t a k e
,

l a c e in tho s e bodily po we rs a s We ll a s m e n t a l f a
p ,
-
s

c u lt ie s which we
p o s se s s

I n o u r e m bry o t a te o u r f a cu lti e s a n d p o we r s
s ,

We re e x a c tly s uit e d t o o u r v e ge t a tiv e s itu a tio n a ll

wa s dor m a n t s l uggi s h i n a c tiv e a n d a l m o s t u m

, , ,

k n o wn I n o u r p re s e n t s ta t io n tho se f a c u lti e s
.

whic h ha d rip e n e d thro u g h o u r i n f a n t p r o c e s s p u t ,

f o r t h th e ir p o we r s a n d a r e e vid e n tly a cc o m m o d a

t e d t o t he s t a tio n which we n o w o cc upy a n d whi c h ,

t h e y we r e d e s ti n e d to fill A n d s u ch in a ll prob a
.
,

b ilit y m a y b e t he n a tur e o f th e i r co n s titutio n th a t

, ,

n othi n g b u t t he proc e s s o f t he wo m b t he v e g e t a tiv e ,

m a n n e r o f li f e a n d t he a n i m a l c o n d itio n th ro ug h
,

which we h a v e p a s s e d could c a ll f ort h th e s e po we rs

,

in t o th eir pre s e n t s ta t e o f p a r t ia l ly m a t u r e e x is t e n ce .

e E v e r y thi n g wh ich is prod u c e d by G o d is t h e

, ,

r e s u lt o f t he m o s t c o n s u m m a t e wi s do m t he ord e r
‘

of n a tur e c a n n o t be i n v e rt e d n o r ca n hu m a n i n ge s
,

u n ity a m e n d t he pl a n which we b e hold T he b oo k .

o f n a t u r e a ff ord s u s a n e x po s itio n o f th e s e tru t h s

b u t in n o br a n c h do e s i n fi n it e wi s do m a p p e a r w it h
m ore c o n s pi c u o u s l u s tr e th a n in t he f or m a tio n o f
,

m a n ; a n d in t ho s e pr o gr e s s iv e s te p s through whic h ,

h e is oblig e d t o p a s s f ro m org a n i c o r v e ge t a ti v e e x
,
.

i s t e n ce t o t he m a t u r ity o f t he p r e se n t li f e “
2 68 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [Cha p . VI .

If o ur re a s o n i n g po we r s had b e e n b e s t o we d up o n
u s whil e we we r e co n fi n e d withi n t he w o m b th e y
, ,

Would e vi de ntly h a v e b e e n in th a t s ta te b e s to we d ,

in v a i n . A n d if th a t v e ge t a tiv e li f e Wt h we the n ,

po s s e s se d ha d be e n w ithhold e n li f e it s e l f would
, ,

ha v e b e e n i mpo ss i bl e a cc ord i n g t o a ll o u r m ode s o f

,

r e a son in g . I n lik e m a n n e r if v e ge t a tiv e li f e ha d

,

b e e n co m m u n i c a t e d to m a n in h is m a tur e s t a t e ,

e v e n a n i m a tio n woul d be a n a ff l i c tio n ; a n d if in ,

t hi s m a tu re s ta t e o u r re a s o n i n po w e r s ha d be e n
, g
en i ed li fe it s e l f wo u ld b e littl e b e tt e r th a n a n in
d ,
‘

t ol e r a bl e b ur d e n . T hu s th e n t he po we r s wh ich
,

God ha s b e s to we d b o th m e n t a l a n d bo d ily a r e
, ,

e x a ctly fitt e d to th o se s ta t io n s which he ha s c a ll e d

u s to oc c u py a n d We a r e o bli ge d by t he f or c e o f

u n qu e s tio n a bl e e vid e n c e to a c qu i e s c e in thi s c o n

,
t

e l u s io n ,
-
Th a t God in a ll his work s ha s m a n i f e s t e d
e r f e ctio n a n d th a t h e h a s n o t m a d e a n th g
p , y i in
n

Va i n
T he r e m a rk s whi c h h a v e b e e n m a d e in t he p r e
,

c e di n g p a ra gra ph a r e f ou n de d u po n a s up po s itio n
, ,

th a t s uch a n i n v e r s i o n wa s po s s ibl e a s th a t whi ch ha s

be e n s t a t e d ; a n d in t he co n clu s io n s which h a ve b e e n
,

dra wn we s e e t he f ata l co n s e qu e n c e s w hich would

,

e n s u e if th a t po s s ibility we re r e du c e d t o f a ct B ut.
,

t h a t s u ch e v e n t s a r e e v e n po s s ibl e in a ll th e ir p a rt s ,

I a m f a r f ro m a d m itti n g T he progre s s o f tho s e

.

gra da tio n s throu gh which w e h a v e p a s s e d wa s

, ,

without a ll doubt n e c e s s a ry t o c a ll o u r f a c u lti e s a n d

,

po we r s f ro m th e ir i m m a ture to th e ir pr e s e n t s t a t e ;
a n d o n th a t a cc ou n t , it f or m e d a n e c e s s a ry s t e p t w
m I D E N TI T Y AN D R ES U R R E C T ION (e ms v 1 . .

holde n , which w
as ne c e s sa ry to our b e in g s o t ha t
n e ith e r d e fici e n c y nor . re d u n d e n cy , can be p re d ic a .

te d of t he work s o f G od .

'

Thu s f a r we h a v e s e e n in Wh a t is pa s t a n a l o gy ,
'

f ou n d e d u pon f a ct O ur ob s e rv a tion s h a ve ho w$
.
,

e v e r b e e n c o n fi n e d to t he e m b ryo a n d t he pr e s e n t
'

s t a te o f m a n I n th e s e we h a v e s e e n tho s e f a c u lti e s
‘

a n d po we r s u n f ol d th e m s e lv e s which we re p e culi a r ,

t o t he s ta tio n s whi c h we h a v e co n t e mpl a te d ; a n d

in which pr o gre s s io n b e c a m e n e c e s sa ry t o ri pe n t o
,

m a t u ri ty t he v a r iou s po we r s whi c h we h a v e b e h e l d
‘
.

We ha ve se e n t he ch a n ge s in s t a t io n w hi ch we h a v e
a lre a d
y u n d e r go n e f ro m
, a n e m bryo to a m a ture

s ta t e ; a nd we h a v e s e e n th o s e ch a n ge s in o u r co n i -

d it io n whic h h a v e be e n a s so c i a te d with t he s t a t e s
,

of be i n g t hrou gh whi c h We h a ve p a s s e d A .

r e curr e n c e th e re f or e t o wh a t ha s p as se d will b e
, , ,
.

c om e a gr ou n d work o f o u r a n a lo gic a l re a s o n i n g ,

and iv e u s c o n fid e n c e in tho s e i n q uiri e s wh e r e pro

g
s

h a bility c a n n ot be s upport e d by f a c t .

A c h a n g e in o u r s it u a t io n o f b e i n g c a n h a rdly b e ,

c o n c e iv e d without o u r co n n e c ti n w ith it propor

, g a ,
‘

t io n a b le c h a n ge in t he co n d it io n o f th a t b e i n g which

is pre s u m e d I f th e re f or e t he ch a n ge s which we
.
, ,

h a v e a lre a dy di s cov e re d in o u r c o n ditio n o f b e i n g ,

r e s ulti n g f ro m o u r a lt e ra tio n in m od e o f e x i s t e n c e ,

h a v e be e n so gre a t wh a t h a v e we n o t to c o n te m pl a t e
, ,

w h e n s uch c h a n ge s s h a ll t a k e pl a c e upo n u s a s we ,

ha v e re a s o n t o e xp e ct wh e n m ort a lity s h a ll be s wa l
,
.

l o we d up in i m m ort a l li f e
T he c ha n ge s thro u gh whi c h We h a v e pa s se d ,
 sw a m] OF T HE H U MAN so m e , 2 7:

ha v e c a lle d i n to a c tio n a ll o u r r e a s on i n g p o w e rs
whic h we po s se s s ; po we r s whic h n othi n g bu t t he
,

v a rio u s pro c e s s thr ough whi c h we h a ve m o ve d c ould

r ipe n ; a n d whi c h , we re it n o t f o r th e s e cha n g e s ,

m u s t h a ve l a i n dor m a n t a n d i n a ctiv e f o r e v e r In .

l ik e m a n n e r t he a n a logy is e qu a lly gbo d wh e n we

, ,

a pply it t o o u r f utu r e b e i n g Wh e n th a t ch a n ge
.
,

whi c h d e a th s h a l l m a k e u po n u s s h a ll t a k e pl a c e we
,

a r e ta ught t o e xp e ct f ro m wh a t is p a s t th a t n e w p o w
,

e r s a n d f a c ulti e s w il l rip e n i n t o birth a n d

, put f orth
t h a t v igour which s h a ll f lour i s h t hroug h e t e r n ity .

T o be hold h u m a n n a ture l n it s e m bry o s t a te a n d ,

t o f or m c a lcul a ti o n s f r o m t he e vi d e n c e s which th e n
a pp e a r upo n t h e f utur e s t a tio n a n d co n ditio n wh ich
,

t h e e m bryo s h a l l S il s t a in a n d e x hibit ,m u s t e x ce e d
t he b old e s t co n j e ctur e o f m a n . I n t he o ri gi n a l
s t a t e o f thi n g s t he thou ht wo u ld h a v e b e e n d a ri n g
, g ,

t h a t s hould h a v e pr e s u m e d t o c o n c e iv e a n y s t a t e m ore
e x c e ll e n t th a n th a t whi c h wa s p e rc e iv e d ; a n d y e t

we h a v e o n th e s e c a s e s o c ul a r d e m o n s tra tio n tha t ,

t he b ol d e s t c o n j e c tur e l s o u t d tin e by f a c t B u t in
.

t he s ubj e c t o f t he r e s urre c tio n which we c o n te m

pl a te we h a v e b e f ore u s tho s e p r e vio u s c h a n g e s
,

whi c h we h a v e u n d e r go n e a n d th e s e b e co m e a p e r

m a n e n t grou n d wo r k o f o u r f ut u re c a l c ul a tio n s .

W e m a y th e r e f ore r a ti o n a lly pre s u m e th a t we

, , ,

v i e w b u t a m i n ut e p a rt o f tho se f a c ulti e s whic h

s h a ll b e u n f old e d h e r e a f t e r ; a n d th a t we c a n f or m

On ly i n a d e qu a t e c a l c ul a tio n s o n th a t m od e o f b e i n g

which God ha s re se rv e d f o r o u r bo d i e s a n d s oul s ,

wh e n th e y s h a l l b e r e u n ite d be y o n d t he gra v e
- .
2 72 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ES U R R EC T DON [ t p V I.
C h .

W e ha v e r y s e e n th a t o u r s e p a ra tio n f ro m
a l e ad ,

t h e wo m b ha s c a l le d re a s o n i n to a c tio n a n d giv e n ,

t o o u r bo d ie s a n i m a l li f e Why th e n m a y n o t th a t
. , .

C h a n ge ,
Wh ich d e a th s h a ll occ a s io n a wa k e n n e w ,

f a t u l n e s a n d po we r s a s s upe rior t o thos e whi c h we

,

n o w po s s e s s a s tho s e which we p o s se s s ar e to tho se

.

w h ich a r e po s s e s s e d by a n e m bry o in t he wo m b ?
Fro m orga n ic or v e ge t a tiv e li f e we ha v e s e e n a n i
,

m a l li f e c o m m e n c e through a ch a n ge whi c h ha s a l
,

r e a d y t a k e n pl a c e A n d why m a y w e n o t i n f e r
.
,

t h a t u he n a s i m il a r o r s up e rior c h a n ge s h a ll t a k e

l a c e b y d e a th th a t t he a n i m a l li f e s h a ll b e s u c
p ,

c e e d e d by th a t which is s piri t u a l thou gh we w e re

t o k n o w n o m or e a t pr e s e n t o f t he wa y a n d m a n n e r
o f th a t s piritu a l l if e th a n a n e m bryo in t he wo m b
,

c a n k n o w o f t hi s m o d e o f li f e whi c h we n o w e nj oy ?

Fro m V i tu a l e x i s te n c e a n d pot e n ti a l e n e r gy
r
, , ,

We h a v e s e e n f o r m a l be i n g t o re s ult through t he p r o ,

c e s s o f a n a s ton i s hi n g c h a n ge Why th e n m a y n o t
a n oth e r ch a n e w hich h ll b qu lly a to n i s hi n g
g , s a e e a s ,

t r a n s f or m f o m a l b e i n g i n to p e rp e tu a l e xi s t e n c e 9
; .

Fro m m a tt e r a pp a r e n tly li f e l e s s a n d i n e rt we
, ,

h a v e s e e n e n e r gi e s a n d po we r s o f lo c o m otio n a ri s e -
.

A n d “ b y f ro m e xi s t e n t e n e r gi e s a n d l o co m otio n
,
-
,

m a y n o t t he po w e rs o f c o n tra ctio n a n d e xp a n s io n
s t e p f o th i n to e xi s t e n c e
r —W } iy f ro m t he e n e rgi e s
,

a n d lo c o m otio n
-
w hich ou r bo d ie s n o w p o s s e s s ,

m a v n o t t he po we r o f t r a n s f n 1 : t io n t a k e pl a c e ?
u . .

Why m a y n o t t he body whi c h s h a ll be s piritu a l , be

,
974 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p V I .
’

W e ha v e se cri fi v e di s tin c t pri n g f orth in

s e n se s s
’
,
!

a s u b s t a n c e whi c h wa s ori i n a lly d e s titut e o f a n ;

g y
t hro u gh a ch a n ge whi ch ha s p a s s e d u po n it s m ode

o f e x i s t e n c e ; a n d f ro m thi s c ir c u m s t a n c e we h a ve

e v e ry r e a s o n to s u
pff o s e th a t a s i m il a r ch a n e wil l
g
roduc e o th e r s e n s e s a s n e w in th e ir n a ture s and
p , ,

*
a s di s ti n c t f ro m a n oth e r A n d if fi v e n e w
‘
o ne .
,

s e n s e s coul d be c o m m u n ic a t e d t o a portio n o f m a t s

t e n whi c h wa s origi n a lly d e s t itu te o f th e m ; why

,

m a y We n o t e xp e ct m ore s e n s e s f ro m tho s e bo d i e s
‘

whi c h no w po s s e s s th e m wh e n a n oth e r ch a n g e s h a l l
,

t a k e pl a c e A n d why m a y we n o t e xp e ct th a t tho s e ,

s e n s e s which we hop e to po s s e s s s h a ll b e i n fi n ite ly

,

s u p e rio r i n poi n t o f n a tur e a n d f a r e x c e e di n g in

,

p oi n t o f e n e r y a n d a cu t e n e s s
g t h e m o s t e x a l te d
,

which we h a v e ye t b e h e ld ? We h a v e r e a s o n t o
e x p e ct th a t th e s e e f f e ct s w ill b e pro d u c e d by ,

c h a n ge s which w ill b e m ore s urpri s i n g th a n a n y

which we h a v e un d e rgo n e .

W e h a v e s e e n orga n s o f t he m o s t as to n i s hi n g
co n s tructio n s a ri s e f ro m a ch a otic m a s s o f u n or
,

g a n iz e d m a t e ri a l s a n ,d b e c o m e t he i n l e t s o f s uch
‘

k n o wl e dge a s n othi n g but t he c e rta i n ty o f f a c t

,

c ould i n d uc e u s to b e li e v e A n d if u n orga n iz e d
.
,

m a tte r ha s b e e n c a p a bl e o f b e co m i n g or ga n i ze d
a n d th e s e orga n s o f b e co m i n g t he i n l e t s o f k n o w .

le dg e t he m o s t a s to n i s hi n g a n d v a s t
,
o f produ c - .

in g s e n s e s s o di s ti n c t a n d ye t s o u n i f or m
,
s o s im - e- .

le a n d ye t s o c o m pr e h e n s iv e —c a p a bl e o f s c r u
p
—
,

t in iz g
i to m o f r s pi n g a w o rld o f co n
n a n a r o g a .
,
 Se ct 1V
. .
] O F T HE H U MAN B ODY .
2 75

t e mplat in g t he be a u ti e s of bo th , or o f an a liz itrg t he

o
c ns tit u e n t p arts o f e ith e r if I s a y s u c h se n se s
-
, ,

a s we thu s p o s se s s h a v e b e e n produ c e d in o u r b o
,

d ie s a n d h a v e c o m e f o r wa r d to t his s t a t e o f p e r f e c
,

t i o n whi c h we di s co v e r a n d t h a t thr o u gh t he m e
,

d i o m o f t ho se ch a n ge s whic h we ha v e s e e n t he
,

b od y a lre a dy u n d e rgo Why m a y n o t n e w orga n s ,

a ri se f ro m a n oth e r ch a n ge n e w m o d ifi c a t io n s t a k e
,

l a c e in t he a rra n ge m e n t s o f t he p a rt s d w
p ,
a n n e ,

s e n s e s d e v e lop e th e m s e lv e s a s we ll a s p e w m o d e s
,

o f c o m m u n i c a t i n g a n d a c quiri n g k n o wl e dge be a m ,

f orth in a ll t he ir lu s tre a n d di s co v e r t o u s s u c h
,

f o u n t a i n s o f i n t e ll ige n c e a s ma y a t o n c e a s to n i s h u s
, ,

a n d a b so r b o u r po we r s o f i n te ll e ct in s c e n e s o f
w hich we ca n a t pr e s e n t h a v e n o ki n d o f c o n ce p
,
.

t io n A n d a s o u r birth is b u t o n e li n k in t he ch a i n
,

o f o u r e x i st e n c e a n d co m p a r a tiv e p e r f e ctio n ha s r e
,

s u lt e d f ro m it we m a y j u s tly in f e r th a t g e n u i n e
, ,

p e r f e c ti o n c a n n ot b e a tt a i n e d u n til a ll tho s e ch a n ge s
,

wh ic h a r e n e c e s s a ry th e re to s h a l l b e u n d e rgo n e .

An d th e re f or e d e a th w ith a ll it s gloo m y horrors

, , , ,
,

m u s t f or m a n e ce s s a ry p a rt in t he i m porta n t p r o
c e s s ; a n d c o n duc e t o t he rip e n i n g o f o u r f a c ulti e s ,

a n d t o t he pre p a r a tio n o f o u r bo d ie s a t l e a s t th o s e ,

e s s e n ti a l p a rt s o f th e m in whi c h t he ir id e n tity co n

s i s t s f o r th e i r f u tur e ha bit a tio n s in t he r e gi o n s o f

,

i m m orta lity .

Throu gh t he c h a n ge s wh ic h o u r b odi e s h a v e
p a sse d we h a v e s e e n a rti c ul a t io n to a ri se f ro m t he
,

m otio n o f m a tte r ; a n d by th i s m e a n s o u r o r ga n s
2 76 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C T I ON [ C h a p . V I.

h a v e b e e n m a d e s u b se rvi e n t to t he co m m u n ic a tio n
o f o u r thought s T he s a m e m e d i u m wh e n r e fi n e d
.
,

by d e a th a n d t he s ub se qu e n t proc e s s o f t he gra v e
,
.
,

m a y be r e n d e r e d throu gh t he t e n u ity o f th e ir
,

n a ture , m or e e xqui s it e ly a pplic a bl e to t he s a m e

o ffi c e c a p a bl e o f c o m m u n i c a ti n g m ore s ubli m e
,

i n te llige n c e .

T he body h e r e a f t e r m a y b e a n e c e s s a ry v e hicl e
, ,

o f t he s pirit through t he or a n s o f which it m a y

, g
di s pl a y it s co m m u n ic a tio n s B y t he lo s so f it s gro s s
.
’

m a t e ri a l s it m a y b e s o f te n e d wi t h fl e x ibil it y a n d
, ,

r e n d e re d s uit a bl e to t he s ta tio n which it s h ll h e r e a

a f t e r occu py w ithou t r e t a r d i n g t he m ov e m e n t s o f
,

t he s oul o r ob s tru cti n g it s v a riou s op e r a tio n s

,
It .

m a y fill t he doubl e s ta tio n o f m e d iu m a n d s hi e ld ,

it m a y s e rv e t he o ffic e o f v e hicl e throu gh w hich ,

c o m m u n ic a tio n s w ill b e m a d e whil e it s h a ll t e m p e r

,

t he r a y s o f ( wh a t w oul d b e oth e r w i se ) u n s u fie r a b le
'

glory . Thu s it s fl e x ib d ity will pr e v e n t a ll o b

s t r u c t io n s to t he s pirit ; a n d t he m a t e ri a lity o f it s
n a tur e ,
w ill m a k e it c a p a bl e o f s ub s e rvi n g tho s e

p urpo s e s w hich a r e wa n ti n
g to b e s uppli e d .

W e h e re b e hol d o u r org a n s o f s p e e ch e x a ctly

s uit e d to t h e s ta tio n which we hol d in e x i s t e n c e ,

a n d to t he r e gio n whic h we i n h a bi t A n d th is s uit

.

a bl e n e s s ha s b e e n d ir e cte d by i n fi n it e good n e s s ,

to a cco m p a n y o u r ch a n ge s o f e xi s te n c e ; to a c c o m .

m o d a t e o u r wa n t s in thi s t e m por a ry a bo d e Fro m .

th e s e circu m s t a n c e s w e a r e th e r e f or e j u s tifi e d in
,

i n f e r r i n g th a t wh e n t he ch a n g e o f d e a th s h a ll p a ss
,
 2 78 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T I ON [C hap .J VI .

o f a ll p o s s ibl e c h a n ge s
. . s h a ll t a ke pla c e we m a y
,

e xp e ct wit h j u s tic e e ff e c ts o f
t he la s t i m p o rt a n c e
t o f ollo w .

T he d i s ta n c e f r o m o e a t lz t o a n o t he r lif e is mu c h
’

r e a te r th a n f ro m n e m br y o s t a t e to th e
g a
p e se n t
r .

Co n d it io n of ma n but a s t he ch a n ge s whic h we
e xp e ct t o r e s u l t f r o m t he f or m e r a r e n o t s o g re a t
'

in proportio n a s tho s e whi ch we ha v e a lr e a dy s e e n

, .

r e s ulti n g f ro m t he l a tte r ; o u r e xp e c t a tio n s o f a r e .

s u rr e ctio n a n d o f t he co n s e qu e n t s ta t e o f t h e bod y
,

a r e f ou n d e d upo n t he c e rta i n ty o f wh a t ha s a lre a d y

t a k e n pl a c e in m a n O n th is poi n t le t it be fin a lly
.

ob s e rv e d t h a t wh e n we v i e w m a n in a n e m bry o
,

s ta t e ,
a b s tra ct e d f ro m e v e ry oth e r c o n side r a tio n ,

we c a n p e rc e iv e n othi n g t o j u s ti f y o u r e x p e c ta tio n s .

th a t he will be po s s e s s e d o f t ho s e s e n s e s whi c h a f
t e r wa r d s d e v e l op e th e m s e lv e s b ut wh e n we v ie w ,

h im in h is pre se n t s t a te we r e a s o n f ro m wh a t ha s
,

a lr e a d y t a k e n pl a c e ; we t a k e his a cquire m e n t s a s
t h e d a t a o f our f utur e s p e cul a tio n s a n d f ro m th e n c e ,

i n f e r tho s e a s to n i s h i n g p e rfe ctio n s a n d ch a n ge s

w hich a r e re s e rv e d f o r a f u ture li f e H e n c e we m a y
.

with s a f e ty co n cl ud e f ro m th e s e bra n ch e s o f a n a lo
,

i c a l re a s on i n g th a t we h a v e b e f ore u s a ll t he e v i
g ,

d e n ce which c a n b e e x p e ct e d f ro m t hi s q u a rt e r T he .

whol e se e m s t o t e r m i n a t e in m or a l c e rt a i n ty a n d to ,

prod u c e in t he r e fl e cti n g m i n d a f ul l c o n vi c tion o f

,
.

t he f a ct which w e i n t e n d to e s t a bli s h .

B u t th e r e a r e oth e r bra n ch e s which it m a y n o t

,

b e i m p rop e r t o i n trodu c e ; b e c a u s e th e y wil l t e n d

to illu m i n a te t he s h a d e s with whi c h we a r e e n c ir
c l e d T he m e diu m s th r ou gh whi c h o u r pr e s e n t
'

. ,
 —
Se ct . o r THE H U MAN B OD Y . 2 79

m ode pre se r v e d a r e p e c uli a rl y a d a pt e d t o

f lif e is
'

o ,

n B u t t h e s e m e diu m s
'

o u r pr e s e n t c o n dit i o n o f li fe .

m u s t b e e x clus i v e ly c o n fi n e d t o o u r p re s e n t a bo d e .

B e f ore it took pl a c e a n d a f t e r it s ha ll b e d o n e a wa y
, ,

t he m e di u m s o f pr e s e rv a tio n t o whic h I a llud e c a n

h a v e n o s u it a bl e a ppli c a tio n .

We h a ve se e n a s t a te o f e x i s te n c e in which t e e t h ,
'

we re n o t in b e i n g in t he e a rly s ta g e s o f i n f a n cy
be c a u se th e y we r e n o t n e c e s sa ry t o th a t s ta t e
-
T he .

s to m a c h a n d t h e i n te s ti n e s e xi s t e d o n ly in e m bryo ,

a s pre p a ra tor y t o t he pr e s e n t s ta t e ; a n d thou gh n u

t r it io n a n d e x i s t e n c e a re in s e p a ra blv c o n n e ct e d in

t h e p re s e n t we m a y e a s ily l e a rn f ro m thi s circ u m

,
.

s t a n c e th a t t he co n n e c tio n is o n ly o f a loc a l n a ture .

Why th e n m a y we n o t r a tion a lly c o n clu d e thou gh ,

a ll th e se i n st ru m e n t s o f n utr ition s h a l l be do n e
.

a wa y ; th a t e x i s t e n c e s h a ll c o n ti n u e in a f u t ur e s t a t e

o f b e in g in whi c h a ll f utur e occ a s io n s f or th e m wil l

‘
,

b e r e m o ve d a n d in whi c h th e y m u st b e e i th e r u s e

le s s o r u k o
n n w n 9 A n a lo gy will j u s tif y thi s c o n clu
.
’
.

s io n ; t hou gh we c a n n o t co m pr e h e n d h o w e x i s te n c e

ca n be p o s s ibl e w ithout r e s pir a tio n a n d without

,

n u triti v e a id .

A m a t e ri a l be in g t h at ca n con ti n u e to e x i s t with .

o u t n utritio n m u s t e x i s t in wa y s a n d m od e s tot a lly

,

d i ff e re n t f ro m th o s e w ith which we a r e a cqu a i n t e d .

An d th e s u ppo s itio n th a t o u r bodi e s c a n s urviv e in

‘

thi s ma n n e r n e c e s sa rily i mpli e s th a t th e y m u s t h a v e

, ,

u n de rg o n e s u c h s urpri s i n g ch a n ge s a s we h a v e a l
'
.

r e a dy hi n t e d b u t whi c h we ha v e ne v e r a ctu a lly

,

k n o wn . T he di ff e re n c e b e t we e n t he c o n ditio n o f
a n e mb ryo in th e wo m b a n d th at o f a n a du lt in t he
'
2 80 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [C h a p . VI .

en j o y m e nt o f li f e c a n b e a r but a f a i n t re s e m bl a n c e
,

to he d i s t a n c e b e t we e n t he co n stitutio n o f a n a d ult
'

a n d t he c o n s t it t t t io n o f his bo d y b e yo n d t he g ra v e .

In a ll t he m o d e s o f a n i m l e xi s t e n c e with wh c h a , .

w a r e a cqu a i n t e d n utritio n s e e m s to b e a n e c e s s a ry
e ,

a d j u n ct o f l i f e ; a n d it will b a fil e our d e e p e s t r e

s e a r c he s t o co n triv e a m ode throu gh wh ic h l i f e ’

,

m a y b e pre s e rv e d withou t it B u t thi s ca n a m ou n t .

,

to n o a r gu m e n t a ga i n s t t he f a c t It will be p r o d u .

c cd in a ll prob a b ility b y w a y s t h e m o s t a s to n i s h
, ,

in g a n d y e t t he m o s t s i m pl e
,
a n d bur s t upo n our ,

a m a z e d u n d e r t a n d i n gs in wa y s which c a n o n ly b e
s ,

co m pre h e n d e d by f a culti e s which we d o n o t a t p r e .

s e n t po s s e s s a n d o f which we c a n n ot h a v e a d i s t a n t
,

a pp r e h e n s io n .

A s t he f a c u lti e s which we n o w h a v e a r e i n s u ffi ,

ci e n t to c o m p r < h e n d th a t s i m pl e m od e o f e xi s t e n c e ,

which G o d ha s r e s e v e d f o r o u r bodi e s h e r e af te r ;
r

d e a th it e l f whi h u e vi e w a s t he gre a t e s t e vil m a y

s ,
z
,

b e n e c e s s a ry n o t o n ly to pro du c e th a t m od e o f li f e
, ,

b u t a l s o to m a tur e tho s e or ga n s by which a lo n e t he

k c o le d ge o f t he f a ct c a n r e a ch o u r i n t e ll e ctu a l
i

po we r s T he m o d e o f s uch a s t a te o f b e i n g a n d
.
,

t h e f a cult i e s by hich a lo n e it c a n b e a ppre h e n d e d

x
,

a r e th r e f or ee in a ll prob a bility a s r e m ot e f ro m our

, ,

pr e s e n t s t a t e a n d our pr e s e n t f a culti e a s th e s e a r e s,

f ro m t he m d e o f li f e a n d t he co m pr e h e n s io n o f a n
o ,

e m bryo in t he w o m b .

In a ll c a s e s t he e xi s t e n c e o f t he p e rci pi e n t f a culty
is n e c e s s a ry to t he co m pr e h e n s io n o f t he obj e ct s
“ h ich a r e a d a p t e d to it ; we m a y th e r e f or e j u s tly in

f e r t h a t a ll o u r a tte m pt s to c o m pre he n d tho s e r e a l

,
.
2 32 I D EN T I T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p . vr .

lu s iv e a pp e a ra n ce o f t he bo d y in a s ta te o f d e a th ,

a n d t he ir o wn a bility to co m p re h e n d t he f a ct T he .

s pe cul a tio n s i n to whic h I h a v e e n t e re d h a v e a lre a d y

, ,

a n ticip a t e d t he a r u m e n t s w hich m i ht b e dr a wn
g g
f ro m th e s e so urc e s f a ct s o f a m ore u n propitiou s
a pp e a ra n ce h a v e te e m e d with f a voura bl e re a liti e s ,

a n d pre s e n t e d u s w ith li f e a n d e n e rgy f r om a ch a oti c

m a ss . A s ubj e ct o f thi s n a ture m u s t al wa y s b e

e n cu m b e re d with d i ffi culti e s ; to d e v e s t it o f th e m is

t ota lly i m po s s ible ; it is th e re f ore a n u n al t e r a bl e dic

ta te o f re a s on in s uch c a s e s to clo s e W ith tha t s i d e

whe re f e we s t d i ffi culti e s a r e
, ,

In thi s gloo m y r e gio n o f prob a bl e co n j e cture we

i

c a n n ot hop e f o r e vide n c e o f a m uch bri ghte r n a ture

than th a t which G o d ha s a ff orde d us T he tw ilight .

o f o u r s itu a tion a ff ord s n othi n g tot a lly d e v e s t e d o f

sh a do ws ; a n d we viol a te t he pri n cipl e s o f orde r ,

Wh e n e v e r we a im a t e vid en c e which is f ore ign to

'

o u r s t a te .

A n i n ti m a t e acqu a i n t anc e wit h t he i n t e rn a l c o n

’

s t it u t io n o f s ub s t a n c e s whe t he r S i m pl e
,
m o d ifi e d or , ,

orga n i z e d ; is what we c a n n ot hop e to a tta i n in t he

’

pre s e n t li f e It is f o r u s to k n ow t he f a ct s with
.
,

w hich we ar e e n circl e d a n d t he e ff e ct s w hich re s ult

,

f rom a n y p e culi a r orga n i z a tio n ; but a n i n ti m a te

a cqu a i n ta n c e w ith t h e c a u s e s which co m bi n e to r o
p
duc e th e se e ff e ct s toge th e r with t he i n te rn a l con s ti
,

t u t io n o f orga n i z e d b e i n g s a m ou n t s to a m od e o f
,

k n o wle d ge which m a y b e po sse s s e d by hi gh e r orde rs

o f i n t e l lige n t b e i n s w ith a s m uch pre ci s io n a s we
‘
g ,

n o w k n o w t he f a ct s t h e m s e lv e s a n d tho s e e ff e ct s
’

whi c h re s ult f rom th em An d it is n o t i m prob a bl e

.
,
 Sec t . V .
] 10 F T HE H U MA N BOD Y . 2 33

th a t th e p e riod w ill ar riv e w h e n hu m a n n a ture af te r , ,

ha v i n g p ass e d through t he n e c e s sa ry pre pa ra tion s will ,

b e c a p a bl e o f co m pre h e n di n g wi t h e qu a l pre ci s io n ,

tho s e a s to n i s hi n g e v e n t s whi c h we n o w a tte m pt with

s o m uch di ffi c ulty to e xplore .

S EC T . V .

A rg u m e n t s to p rov e t ha t G r a v it a t io n m u st be
in a pp lica ble to our f u ture B o d ie s in anot he r
Wo r ld ; an d t ha t t he L o ss o
f G r av it a t io n w ill
mak e a d
co n s i e r a ble D is t in c t io n be t w e e n t he s e

B o d ie s which w e n ow ha v e , an d t ho s e which s ha ll
be he r e af ter .

T H A T gra vita tio n w h a t e ve r it s n a ture m a y b e is

, ,

i n se p a r a ble f ro m al l portio n s o f m a tte r throu gh

t he whol e e m pir e o f n a ture with whic h we a r e a c ,

u a in t e d it would b e f ooli s h to prov e an d u s e l e s s

q , ,

to d e n y It is f ro m thi s circum s ta n c e th a t gra vi

.
,

t a t io n ha s b e e n i n clu d e d by s o m e a m o n g t he e s s e n ,

ti a l prope rti e s o f m a tte r O ur loc al o b se r v a t l o n s

.

iv e s an ctio n to t he s uppo s it io n a n d in tho s e c a s e s

g ,

w hich s ub m it th e m se lv e s to t he e vi d e n c e s o f o u r

s e n se s it is d o m o n s t r a t e d by f a ct
, B u t wh e th e r .

gra vita tio n is re a lly i n se pa ra bl e f ro m m a te ri a l s u b

s ta n ce s o r whe th e r it do e s n o t d e p e n d upo n t he
,

loc a l circu m s t a n c e s o f ti m e a n d pl a ce ; a r e qu e s
tion s o f co n s ide rabl e i m port which will i s s u e in ,

co n se qu e n c e s t ota lly dis ti n ct f ro m o n e a n oth e r .

In o u r pre se n t a b ode , t he de ta c h e d p a rti c l e s o f

 334 I D E N TI T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [Cha p . vi .

m a tte r gra vita te to wa rds t he ce n tre o f t he e a r t h ;

a n d t he e a rth with it s a pp e n da ge s gra vita te s t o .

wa rd s t he s u n . B y t he s a m e m od e o f re a s o n i n g we ,

h a v e sa ti sf a ctory e vi d e n c e tha t a ll t he orb s whi c h

,

co m po s e t he s ol a r s y s te m f e e l a propo r tion a l im
pre s s io n : e v e n if we ta k e i n to t he a ccou n t t he e c o

ce n triciti e s o f t he co m e t s which se e m to b e t he m os t
,

e rra tic o f al l t he h e a v e n ly bodi e s with whic h we ar e

a c qu a i n t e d .

B u t thou gh t he v a ri ou s bodi e s o f t he s ol a r sys

,

t e m thu s gra vita te t o wa r d s th e ir co m m o n c e n tr e :

it wi ll n o t f ollo w th a t t he wh ol e s y s te m wh e n tak e n
,

in a n a ggre ga te poi n t of V i ew gra vita t e s t o war d s

,

an
y oth e r s y s te m in t he u n iv e r s e . It w ill i n d ee d

a dm it o f m u ch prob a bl e e vide n c e ,
th a t n o su c h gra
v it a t io n e ith e r do e s or c a n e x i s t . F o r if gra vit a
,

t io n c a n e xi s t in t h e s ol a r s y s t e m t o wa rd s a n y oth e r
,
‘

s y s t e m wh a t e v e r ,
i t will b e i m po s s ibl e to a s s ign
an s a ti s f a ctory re a s on W h t h e bra n ch e s o f di ff e re n t
y y
s y s t e m s co n t i n u e a p a rt f ro m o n e aii o t he r a n d to

s a y w h a t h a s pre v e n t e d th a t co n t a ct which ne c e s sa

rily r e s ult s f ro m t he a ctio n o f gra v ita t in g bo d ie s .

Tha t t he w orld s which G o d ha s fix e d in t he im

,

m e n s it y o f s p a c e a r e i n fi n it e in th e ir e xte n t I b e
,
~
,

li e v e n o m an will a ffirm ; t he e xte rior s y s te m s c an

the re f or e h a v e n othi n g to pre v e n t th e m f a llin g im
me d i a te ly upon tho se whi ch a r e m o s t con ti guou s .

T he s e c o ii d a f te r h a vi n g ov e rco m e t he firs t m u s t
, ,

a ct in t he s a m e m a n n e r to wa r d s it s n e igh b ouri n g

sy s t e m till th a t al s o s in k s in rui n ; a n d thu s d e

,

stru c ti on m u s t pre s s upon d e st ru c tio n till tho se

,
2 86 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI O N [ C h ap V I . .

pr ope rty o f th a t s ub s ta n c e ; in w hich it is p r e s u m e d

‘
'

t o i n h e re .If the re f ore t he i n flu e n c e o f gra vita tio n

, ,

b e n o t i n fi n ite w hich I pre s u m e will b e a d m itte d ;

,

it f o llo ws th a t if G o d we re s o pl e a s e d he m a y
'

, ,

pl a ce a portio n o f m a t t e r j n s o m e portio n o f t he r e :

io n s o f s p a c e in which it s ha ll b e p e rf e ctly r e m ov e d
g ,
t

f ro m t he i n fl u e n c e o f gra vit a tio n a n d f ro m th a t o f ,

t ho s e e xte rn al i m pul se s which n o w a c t u po n it w it h

s o m uch e n e rgy a n d f orc e .

I n th o s e re gion s which o u r f uture bo d i e s a r e d e s

,

t i n e d to i n h a bit t he f o rc e o f gra v ita tio n m a y s o f a r

,

b e f orbi dd e n to a c t upo n th e m ; e i t h e r throu gh pure

d i s ta n ce o r t he p ar ti al ity o f t h e ir n a ture ; th a t t he
im pul s e o f t he wi ll fi n di n g n oth in g to ob s truct it s
,

m a n d a te s m a y a ct with a d e gre e o f e flica cy to which

,

we a r e s tra n ge r s a n d b e productiv e o f tho s e e ff e ct s

,

w hich a t pre s e n t c an o n ly re s u l t f ro m m u s c u l a r e x
e r t io n .

Th a t a ll s
piritu a l s ub s ta n c e s m u s t b e pl a c e d be !
yo n d t he i n flu e n ce o f gra vita tio n through t he n a ture ,

o f th e ir e xi s te n c e w ill h a rdly a d m it o f a n y d oubt ;

,

b e c a u s e gra vitat io n f r o m it s v e ry n a ture s e e m s o n ly

, ,

a pplic a bl e to tho se whic h a re m a te ri a l A n d wi t h .

,

o u t a d v e rti n to t h e qu e tio w h t h e r tho e e th e

g s n e s ,

r ia l v e hicl e s throu gh which t h e y co m m u n ic a t e

,

t he ir i d e a s to o n e a noth e r b e co m po s e d o f s o m e ,

thi n g which is a na logou s to m a tte r o r n o t ; it s e e m s

an u nqu e s tio n a ble poi n t t ha t ou r co n ce ption s o f
.
,

t he ir b e i n g tot a lly d e s titute o f gra vit a tio n f or m a ,

s triki n g circu m s t a n c e in o u r n otio n s o f th e ir s piri

t u a lity : Whil e o n t he co n tra ry tho s e s ub s ta n c e s

, ,

whic h ar e vi s i bl e to o u r s e n se s h a v i n g a c e rta i n d e ,
s e ct v .
3
. ,
OF THE HU MAN BODY . 2 31

gre e o f s pe cific gra v ity i n corpora t e d in th e ir n a ,

t ure s m a rk o u t f o r u s a cl e ar di s ti n ction b e twe e n

.
,

them se l ves a n d t ho se s ub s t an c e s which we d e n o m i

,

n a te s piritu a l .

T he hu m an body h a v in g thi s po we r o f gr a vita

,

tio n in it s pre se n t s t a te in co m m o n w ith a ll s ublu ,

n ar
y b e i n g s a n d thi n g s m a
y w ith m uch pr o pri e t y ,

b e s a i d to b e n a t u r a l in opp o s ition to t ho se e the

,

ri a l v e hicle s which f ro m th e ir b e i n g d e s titute o f

,

gra vita tio n a r e d e n o m i n a te d spir it u a l B u t t he

, .
,

ch a n ge s w hic h th e s e m a te ri a l bo d ie s s h al l u n de r go
a t d e a th will proba bly se p a ra te th e m f ro m t he in
,
«

fl u e n c e o f thi s pri n cipl e h e re a f te r A n d th e ir b e in g .

,

d e v e st e d o f thi s qu al ity which we ha v e a lre a dy s u p ,

po s e d is n o t an e s s e n ti a l pro pe rty o f m a tte r ; will

,

give to th e m th a t m ode o f b e i n g a t which S t P a u l ,

.

hi n t s wh e n he t e ll s u s t he r e is a sp ir it u a l bo dy
, , .

For wh e n a ll gra vit a ti n g te n de n ci e s s h a ll be w ith

,
.

dra wn f ro m th a t portio n o f m a tte r which s h al l co n ,

s t it u t e o u r bo d ie s h e re a f t e r ; th e y m u s t a ss i m il a t e in

n a ture w ith tho s e s piritu al s ub s t a n c e s o n w hich t he ,

a ff e ctio n o f gra vity ha d n e v e r be e n i m pre s s e d By .

t hi s a s s i m il a tio n o f n a ture to s piritual s ub s t a n c e s ,a n d

’

thi s lo s s o f o n e o f tho s e p r e s e n t e s s e n ti a l qu a liti e s

by which we d i s ti n gui s h m a tte r f ro m S pirit a n d o n e ,

portio n o f m a tte r f rom a n othe r ; we ar riv e a t a so lu

tion o f th a t c o m ple x a s s e rtion w hic h S t P a ul ha s .

m a de — T he r e is a n a t u r a l bo dy a n d t he r e is a sp ir it u
a l bo dy .

T he m a tt e r , bodi e s s h al l be
of which our f uture
c o m po s e d will w ithout a ll doubt c on ti n u e t o r e t a i n
, , ,

a ll tho se pro e rti e s whi c h a r e in re a lit e n tia l t o

p y e s s
2 88 I D E N T IT Y AN D R E S U R R E C N O N
'
C
[ ap
h . Vi .

it s tu re ; a n d will l o s e n othi n g in poi n t o f n a tur e ,

na

but thi s ide a l prop e rty a n d t ho s e s e n s ible qua lit i e s,

which loc al e xi s te nc e ha d in co rpora t e d with it s be
in g in t he pre s e n t s ta te To a n n ou n c e t he n a ture
.

o f o u r bo d i e s thu s c ircu m st a n e d a n d thu s situ a t e d

, c ,

in a f uture s ta te p e rh a p s n o e x pre s s io n c oul d b e

,

f ou n d m ore a pp ropri a te withi n t he com pa s s o f lan :

gu a ge t h a n tha t which S t P a u l ha d ha ppily s e l e ct
, .

ed , wh e n he c a ll e d t he co mp an io n o f o u r s o ul a ,

s ir it u a l bo dy
p W e h. a ve th e r e f ore e y er
, y r e a s o n ,

t o e x p e c t th a t tho s e bo d i e s w hich we s h a ll po s s e s s

h e re a f te r w ill p a rt a k e i n co m m o n with a ll othe r

,

m a tt e r t he e s se n t ia l prop e rti e s o f th a t s u b s ta n c e ;
,

w hil e the y w ill be d e v e s te d o f tha t po n d e ro s ity

w hich m u s t i n e v it a b ly re ta rd m oti o n a n d which a s ,

s oci a t e with o u r bodi e s in a ll t he f u n c tio n s o f t he

pre s e n t li f e .

Wha t t he phy s ic a l n a ture o f gra vita tion is We do ,

n o t w ith pre ci s io n k n o w ; bu t o f thi s we a r e f ully

a ss ure d tha t it is a n i n he re n t p rop e rt y o f matte r
, ,

through which al l m ate ri a l bo d i e s a r e d i s po sa l to

a ppro a ch e a ch oth e r a n d th e ir re s p e ctiv e c e n tre s
,
.

In t he pre s e n t s ta t e o f thi n gs t he c e n tr e o f gr a vi
,

t a t io n to u s is t he c e n tre o f t he glob e which w e in

,

ha bi t ; but c e rtain it is th a t thi s c e n tre o f gra vita

,

tio n c a n con ti n u e n o lon ge r th a n t he glob e it s e l f r e

m a i n s in e xi s te n c e A s th e r e f ore gra vit a tio n c a n
.
, ,

o n ly h a v e a r e l a tiv e e x i st e n c e ; t he d e s tructio n o f
t he glob e m u s t prov e t he de s tructio n o f gra vit a tio n ,

o r a t l e a s t c a u s e it to a dh e re to a n oth e r c e n tre of ,

whic h we ca n f or m but i n a de qu a te c o n c e ptio n s .

Th a t thi s world an d a ll t he sol a r sy s te m ha d a

,
 I D EN TIT Y R ES U RR E C TI ON [C ha p
'

2 90 AN D . v1

he n d . W e c an n ot th e ref ore re a s on a bly e xp e ct to

,

k n o w —in o u r pre s e n t s ta te o f e xi s te n c e ho w
,
’

o u r s pirit s s h al l o p e ra t e w ith r e d oubl e d e n e rgy a n d

vi gour upo n tho s e r e fi n e d bo d i e s which we hop e to

’

h a v e h e re a f te r ; wh e n th e y s ha ll be r e m ov e d f ro m
tho s e i mp e d i m e n t s w hich a r e n o w in se p a ra bl e f ro m
o u r e x i s te n c e Th a t t he f a ct it s e l f is po s s ibl e we
.
,

a r e f u lly a ss ure d f ro m t he e v id e n c e w hich w e h a v e

o f s i m il a r a cti o n s in t he pre s e n t li f e Thi s e v 1d e n c e .

m u s t s il e n c e a ll obj e ction s w hich we m i ght b e in

,

c lin e d to r a i s e a a i n s t o u r f uture e xp e ct a tio n s a n d

g
hop e s f ro m o u r in a b il ity ] to co m pre he n d t he f a ct s
which a r e n o w in e xi s t e n c e a n d which w e a r e Sa , ,

t is fi e d w ill th e n t a k e pl a ce
,
- T he i n crea s e o f t he
.

O p e ra tion o f s pirit upo n m a tt e r it is re a s on a bl e to ,

e x e ct w ill b e gre a t in proportio n to t he e n e rgy o f

p ,

t he m ov e r and thi s e n e r gy will i n cre a se in pro

portion to t he re m ova l o f tho se i m p e di m e n t s which ,

n o w r e ta rd t he a c tio n o f t he s o ul .

B u t ho we v e r po we rf ul in it s op e ra tio n up o n t he
,
'

body t he s oul m a y be in o u r pre se n t s ta te we we ll

,

k n ow th a t t he po we r o f gra vita tio n re s i d i n g in t he

, ,

m a tte r o f which o u r bod ie s a r e c o m po s e d is too ,

s tro n
g to b e tot a lly ov e rco m e B y t he i m pul
. se of

m y w il l I c a n m ov e e ith e r m y h a n d or to n gu e
, b ut
it is n o t in m y po we r by a n y e x e rtio n whic h I ca n
,

m a k e to t a k e m y b o d y f ro m t he e a rth a nd to s u s ,

p e n d it in t he a ir ; a n uch l e s s is it in m y po we r to
t a k e m y flight i n to a n oth e r re gio n o r to m ov e f ro m
to s ph e re to con v e r s e with b e i n g s w
,

s ph e r e ,
hich ,
,

a r e tot a lly u n k n o wn .

I n de e d e v e ry a ction which we p e r f or m is a p a r
, ,
Sec t . V .
] 4
OF T HE HUMA N BODY . 2 91

"
ti a l c onqu e s t l o f gra vita tio n T his p la in ly p r ov e s ;
'
.
‘

th a t th e re re s i d e s withi n u s a n i n n a te po we r whi ch ,

m u s t b e di s tin ct in it s n a ture f ro m th a t gr a vi t a tio n ,

‘ ‘

which it p a rti al ly s ubdu e s A nd t he r e f o r e whe n

'

, ,
.

gra vita tio n s h a ll b e tota lly se p a ra te d f ro m th a t ' ‘

m al te r o f which o u r f uture bodi e s sh a ll b e c o m p o

” '

se d which m u s t b e wh e n t he ge n e r a l co n fl a gra tio n

‘
“

s h a ll co n s u m e t he worl d a n d p e rh a p s t h e w hol e
( ,
,

s ol a r sy s t e m in o n e d e vouri n bl a z e ) w hil e t he m a t
g '

t e r it s e l f will pre se rv e it s e xi s t e n c e e n tire in a ll it s

'

e s s e n ti al p a rt s an d prop e rti e s t h e n t his in n a te po we r

'
-

will be f re e to op e ra t e w ithout co n trol ; be c a u s e al l

ob s t a cl e s s h a ll b e tot a lly d o n e a way .

Wh e n th e re f ore th o se ob s t a cl e s whic h n o w r e
, ,

t a r d t he po we r o f o u r a ctiv e e n e r gl e s s h a ll b e w ith
dra w n whe n a ll o u r e n e rgi e s s h a ll a cqu ir e n e w vi
,

gour we a r e a t a lo s s to c a lcul a t e u po n tho s e su r

,

pri s i n g e ff e ct s wh ich m u s t e n su e W e a r e c a ll e d .
,

in thi s vi e w to m ov e in a n e w s ph e re o f a c t io n
, It .

b a f fl e s a ll o u r c a lc u l a tio n s a n d l e a v e s t he m i n d to
,

o p e ra t e upo n t he e vide n c e o f prob a bility ; which

e vi d e n c e b e com e s ra tio n a l f ro m t he r e m ov a l o f o h

s t a cle s a n d f ro m t he vi s ibl e e ff e ct s which a n al ogic a l

,

re a s o n in g n o w s uppli e s .
r

T he i m pul s e s which o u r f u ture bodi e s w ill r e

,

c e iv e f ro m t h e a ctio n s o f o u r s pirit s w ill prob a bly ,

b e s u ffici e n t to tra n s port th e m throu gh a n y d is

)

ta n ce s o f s p a c e with i n co n c e iv a bl e c e l e rity ; a n d to
l e a d th e m in co n j u n ct i o n w ith th e m s e lv e s to t he ,

f ull gr a tifi c a tio n o f a ll tho se d e s ire s whic h c a n in ,

h e rit h e a v e n In o u r p r e s e n t s ta te t he c a u s e o f
.
,
2 92 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C T I ON [ C ha p V I . .

m otio n m u s t re s ide withi n With o ut this n e i

u s. ,
.

th e r vic e n o r v irt u r e ca n h a v e an y e xi s te n ce ; b e
'

c a u s e th e y n e c e s sa rily i m ply t he po we r o f b e gi n .

n in g m otio n . A n d it is m ore tha n prob a bl e th a t ,

thi s ca u s e which is n o w t he or i gi n o f m otio n is

, ,

lo d ge d w ithin tho s e p a rt s o f o u r bo d ie s which a r e ,

n e c e s s ar y t o th e ir id e n tity which p a rts w ill re m a i n

in corruptibl e in th e ir torpid s ta te a n d b e o u r co m ,
.

p a n ion s in e te rn ity .

I n o u r pre s e n t s itu a tio n t he powe r o f gra vit a tio n

,

is n o t all th a t o u r s pirit s h a v e to co m b a t T he d e .

r a n ge d s t a t e o f t h e w hol e m a t e ri a l s y s t e m t he o b

s tructe d p a th s o f orga n i z a tion ; t he pre s s ure o f

.

t he a t m o s ph e re ; t he u n w i e ldy m a ss e s o f fl e sh a n d

bloo d ; toge th e r w ith t he i m p e di m e n t s whi c h we

s u s t a i n f ro m a m ultiplicity o f c a u s e s ; a ll n o doubt , ,

c o n s pire to de b a s e o u r n a ture ; an d to pl a ce u s in
p e rf e ctio n s t o w hi ch n othi n g but de a th c an r e
,

le a s e u s a n d to pl a c e u s a t a d i s t a n c e f ro m tho s e
,

p e rf e ctio n s to which n othi n g but a r e s u rr e ction ca n

,

po s s ibly re s tore u s W e t h e re f ore n o w s e e o n ly a s

.
, ,

t hrou gh a l a s s d ar kly but h e re a f te r t he right e ou s

g , ,

s h al l k n o w e v e n a s th e y a r e k n o wn ; a n d f e e l th e ir

e n j oy m e n t o f f e licity which c a n o n ly b e a cquir e d in

,

a n e t e rn a l s t a t e .

T he a s to n i s hi n g ch a n ge s w hich th e s e circu m
,

s t an c e s m u s t m a k e in t he r e l a tiv e s itua tio n o f o u r

b o d i e s toge th e r w ith t he al te ra tio n s which m u s t

,

f ollo w f ro m t he ch a n ge s in o u r co n d itio n o f b e i n g ,

a s we ll a s in t he n e w m o d ific a tio n s which o u r b o

d i e s sh a l l u n de rgo ; m u s t b e ca p a bl e o f e ff e cti n g
 2 94 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C ha p V I . .

s ub s i s t witho u t i t he s e e xte rn a l s uppli e s ; but it is

e qu a lly t ru e th a t we k n o w n o t ho w th e y c an p o s
,
t
,
.

s ib ly s ub s i s t w it h th e m N o re a s o n a bl e doubt c a n
.

b e e n t e rt a i n e d th a t G o d m ight h a v e e s t a bli sh e d o u r
,

co n s titutio n s oth e r wi s e ha d he b e e n s o pl e a se d ;
,

a n d h a v e r e n d e r e d f o o d a n d r e s pira tio n a lik e u n n e

“

ce s s a r
y to t h e s uppor t o f our liv e s It is tru e w e .
,

s hould in th a t c a s e h a v e b e e n di ff e re n t f r o m wh a t
We a r e ; we s houl d th e n h a v e b e e n wh a t in a ll
‘

,
.

prob a bili ty we s ha ll b e h e re a f te r a n d Wh a t We s h al l ,

co n ti n u e f o r e v e r .

B u t th ough G o d ha s thu s c o n s titute d o u r n a

,

t u re s ; he ha s n o t i n clude d th e s e a pp e n d a ge s o f e x
is t e n c e in e xi s te n c e it s e l f Th e y a r e c ircu m s ta n c e s
.
,

whic h t he a uthor o f o u r b e i n g m ight h a v e d i s p e n s e d

w ith ha d he b e e n s o pl e a s e d ; thou gh p e rh a p s th e y
, ,

a re e s s e n ti a lly n e c e s s a ry to our pre se n t s t a t e wh e n ,

we vi e w it in a ll it s circu m s t a n c e s A n d he n c e w e .

m a y r e a s o n a bly co n clud e
. th a t wh e n t he pre s e n t
,

m odific a tio n s h a ll b e u n hi n g e d a n d a ll n at ure s h a ll ,

u n d e rgo a ch a n ge ; th e n t ho s e a pp e n d a ge s o f b e i n g
which a r e n o w n e c e s s a ry to t he pre s e rv a tion o f li f e ,

s h al l a l s o be f o r e v e r d o n e a wa y ; s i n c e th e y c a n
e xi s t n o lo n er th a n th a t m o d e o f b e i n g d o e s to
g ,

w hic h th e y a r e n o w s o e s s e n ti a lly n e c e s s a ry a n d ,

b e yo n d which th e ir u s e s c a n n o lo n ge r s urviv e .

W h e n th e re f ore th a t e r a s h al l a rriv e in whic h

, , ,

n e ith e r f oo d n o r br e a th s h al l b e a n lo n e r n e c e s s a ry
y g
to t he e xi s te n ce o f m a n we m u s t b e ho ld hu m a n
,
-

n a tur e u n d e r oi n s uch a cha n g e a s w ill a d m it n o

g g
p a ra ll e l ; a n d which ca n b e e qu a lle d by n othi n g b u t
it s e l f .
Se c t .
.
V .
] OF T HE H U MAN BOD Y . 2 95

ob se rv a tio n s which h a v e a lre a dy b e e n

I

T he sa m e

m a d e o n t he lo s s o f gra vita tio n an d o n t he po s s i

, ,

bilit y o f s ub s i s t i n g h e re a f te r wit ho u t t he a s s i s ta n c e '

o f f ood a n d bre a th ; ma y al s o b e m a d e o u t he in
- ,

te rn al chan ge s which o u r bodi e s m u s t u n de rgo .

T he u se s o f f ood a n d a ir b e i n g di s p e n s e d with t he ,

lu n g s a n d i n te s ti n e s m u s t b e co m e u n n e ce s sar y ;
thou gh it m u s t b e a ck n o wl e dge d th a t we h a v e n o
, ,

cl e a r co n c e ptio n ho w w e ca n s ub s i s t without th e m .

B u t he re t he s a m e ob se r va tion s w ill occu r

,
Nei .

the r c a n we con c e iv e ho w o u r bodi e s ca n s ub s i s t

w ith th e m P e rp e tuity o f e x is t e n ce is n o m ore in
' “

c lude d in t h e a dm i s s ion o f i n te s tin e s a n d lu n g s tha n ,

it is in t he e x clu sio n o f th e m ; a n d th e re is re a lly

n othi n g l e s s m ira culou s 1n t he o n e c a s e than in t he

oth e r The se m e diu m s an d a ppe n da ge s o f li f e ca n

.

fill n o oth e r s ta tion s tha n tho se o f v e hicl e s A n d .

t he sa m e po we r w hich a ct e d thr ou gh the ir in s t r u

m e n ta l ity c a n a c t w ithou t th e ir a id
,
.
T he K i n g o f .

e t e r n ity w h o n o w d e al s out li f e u n to u s by p ar ticl e s ,

,

a n d m a k e s u s e o f th e s e m e diu m s throu gh which he ,

c o m m u m c a t e s it will p r o b a b ly i n f u s e i n to the s y s
,

t e m o f a n i m a t e d m a tt e r a s pe ci e s o f vigour whic h ,

s hal l b e i n e xh a u s tibl e a n d which th e re f ore s ha ll

,

s upply t he body f o r e v e r

H o w an i m a te d m at te r thou gh u n it e d to a n im
/
,

m a te ri al s pirit liv e e ithe r w it z o r wit ho u t

/
can , ,

f oo d —ho w o u r bodi e s c a n liv e e ithe r w it h o r w it 1

/
,

o u t bre a t h ; l w it z o r w it ho u t t he lu n g s a n d i n te s
-

ti n e s a n d be f o r e v e r e x e m pte d f ro m putre f a ctio n ;

,

is i m po s s ibl e f or u s to k n o w N e ithe r c a n we pe
~
.

r e m t o r il d cid h w w h ll b bl to r c og i e
p y e e o e s a e a e e n z
 2 95 I D E N T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T I O N [C ha p . VI .

our d e p a rt e d f ri e n d s in othe r li f e a f te r s uch

an ,

ch a n ge s h a v e p a ss e d upon u s a s will d e s troy t he in .

t e s t in e s a n d a boli s h s e xu al di s ti n cti o n s S om e lin e .

.

a m e n t s will u n d oubt e d ly b e pre se rv e d a m i d s t t he ,

g e n e ra l ch a n ge by, w hich f orgott e n f ri e n d ship s will

b e r e viv e d ; a n d th e se w ill prob a bly b e throu gh t he

di s te n tion o f tho se ra d ica l pr in cipl e s which co n s ti
t ut e o u r ide n tity n o w a n d w hich will co n s titute t he
,

ide n tity o f o u r bodi e s he re a f t e r B u t t he e x a ct wa y

.

in wh i c h t hi s s ha ll b e a cco m pli s he d wh e n o u r bo d i e s ,

s h a ll b e f a s hio n e d lik e u n to t he loriou s bo d y o f

g
J e s u s C hr i s t a c co r d in g t o t he m ig ht y w a r r in g
, / ,

whe r e by he is a ble t o su bd u e al l t hin g s u n t o him s e lf ;

a re qu e s tio n s which we c a n n ot a n s we r o n thi s s i d e o f

a n e t e rn a l s t a t e .

B u t th e se qu e s tion s co n ta i n in th e m n o oth e r d if
,
.

fi cu lt ie s th a n would h a ve b e e n co n t a i n e d in t he
,

m o s t s i m pl e f a ct s which occur in t he pre s e n t li f e ;

ha d th e y b e e n propo s e d to i n t e lli ge n t b e i n gs lik e
o u rs e lv e s b e f ore cre a tio n a ctu al ly too k pl a c e If
, .

a d e cl a ra tion ha d b e e n m a de prior to cre a tio n

, ,

a m o n g t he in h a bit a n t s o f h e a v e n th a t God w a s ,

a bout to c a ll in to e xi s t e n c e a ra c e o f b e i n gs who s e ,

s ub s i st e n c e wa s to be m a d e d e p e n d e n t u po n th e ir
re s pira tio n o f a n a m bi e n t flui d o f which th e y could
,

h a v e f orm e d n o co n c e pt io n ; a n d tha t th e y we re to
d ra w n utritio n f ro m a s pe ci e s o f m a tte r which to
‘

th e m wa s a lik e u n k n o wn in ord e r to pre s e r v e th a t

.
,

li f e which G o d wa s a bout to i m p ar t ; we ca nn ot
d oubt bu t th a t th e ir re a s o n i n g po we r s w oul d h a v e
b e e n e x e rci s e d in a m a n n e r n o t u n lik e th a t in
which o u r o wn a re o n t he pre se n t o cc a s io n
,
L ik e .
2 93 iD EN T IT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C hap . v1
.

ce p t io n s o f t he e xi s te n c e o f an ge lic n a ture s b e hold ,

o u r f uture s ta t e a lre a d y giv e n ; a n d t he o n ly qu e s

tio n th a t ca n re m a i n is H o w f a r we h a v e a n y ri ght
,

to e xp e ct po s s e s s io n o f it ? th e y ha d to co n te m
pl a te po we r s a n d f a culti e s a s we ll a s th e m ode o f
,

b e i n g which d id n o t th e n e xi s t but we h a v e o n ly to
co n te m pla te a ch a n ge o f co n d ition an d a ch a n ge in
,

o u r m o d e o f b e i n g ; a m od e o f b e i n g which is a l

re a d y po s se s s e d in a co n s id e ra bl e p a rt by tho s e
,

highe r ord e r s o f i n te lli ge n t b e i n gs o n who s e n a ture

,

G o d ha s al re a d y s t a m p e d t he i n d e libl e s i gn a ture o f
i m m orta lity a n d f ro m w ho m t he a n a lo gy is n o w
,

d r a wn . U n d e r th e s e circu m s t a n c e s wh e th e r we
,

or th e y ha v e t he gre a t e s t d i ffi culti e s to e n cou n t e r ,

re quire s n o t m uch i n ge n uity to d e ci d e T he co n .

e lu s io n f ro m t he pr e c e d i n g co m p a ri s o n s is th e re f ore
, ,

f a ir t ha t a n ge lic n a ture s m u s t h av e ha d m ore o b

,

s t a c ie s to s t a g e r th e ir b e li e f in cr e a tio n th a n we
g ,

h a v e n o w to s ur m ou n t in b e li e vi n g t he re s urre ction
,

o f t h e bo d y f ro m t he gra v e .

W e re it n o w propos e d to u s f o r o u r b e li e f th a t ,

God wa s a bout to cre a te a noth e r r a c e o f i n te llige n t

b e i n gs a s re m ote f ro m m e n a n d a n ge l s a s the y a r e
,

f ro m o n e a n othe r a n d a s re m ot e f ro m a l l oth e r o r

d e r s o f a ni m a l a n d i n te ll e ctu a l li f e we s houl d f e e l ,

I pre s u m e co n s i d e ra bl e re lucta n ce in g1v 1n g it o u r

,

a s se n t . W e m i ght cre dit t he d e cl a ra tion upo n t he

s cor e o f a uthority e t t h v t pr o d w ould
, y , e e e n
op s e

m a k e littl e i m pr e s s io n . B u t in cre di ti n g t he r e
,

s urr e ctio n ,
t he di fficulti e s a r e n o t s o gre a t Co n .

d e s c e n s io n ha s m a rk e d t he f oot s t e p s o f God to
 Se c t . V .
] OF T HE HU MA N BOD Y . 2 99

wa rd u s, in al l hi s d e a li n g s with u s ; he k n o we t lz
our
fl a m e , he reme m be r e t h t ha t w e a re bu t d u s t .

O n t he gre a t s ubj e ct b e f ore u s we h a v e a n e x ,

pre s s d e cl a ra tio n f ro m God th a t he will ra i s e t he ,

d ead W e h a ve m a n y s tron g i n ti m a tion s f ro m n a

.

ture which gu a ra n t e e t he d e cl a ra tio n a n d c o rr o b o

, ,
. »

r a t e t he truth T he o n ly obj e c tio n which ca n b e

.

a dv a n c e d is th a t we c a n n ot co m r e h e n d t he f a ct
, p .

B u t t hi s obj e ctio n m u s t v a n i s h i n to e m p t y a ir .

T he po we r by w hich t he gre a t e v e n t is to b e a c
co m pli s he d is pre s u m e d to b e o m n ipote n t ; a n d
,

thi s c a n a cco m pli s h al l thin gs which do n o t i n vol v e

c o n tra dict io n ; a n d with thi s t he d octri n e o f t he ,

re s urr e c tio n c a n n ot b e ch a rge d T he m o d e o f b e .

in g which we e xp e ct it) a tta in is a lre a d y in e xi s t

e n ce ; a n d t he ch an ge s throu gh which we m u s t
m ov e in or d e r to t he a t t a i n m e n t o f th a t s ta t e a r e
, ,

n o t co n s id e ra bly gre a t e r th a n tho se which we h a v e

a lre a dy p a s s e d T he pro d uctio n o f gra i n a ff ord s

.

u s a n e m bl e m o f t he proc e s s ; a n d t he torpor i n to ,

which m a n y a n i m a l s ub s ta n c e s s i n k an d f ro m ,

w hich th e y a g ai n r e viv e a n d t he m a rv e llou s ch a n ge s

,

which m a n y o f th e m u n de rgo a r e co n vi n c i n g proo f s ,

th a t n a ture is p rogr e s s iv e a n d th a t she d e light s in

re volutio n s throu gh a ll he r w ork s .

In t he m ov e m e n t s o f v e ge t a bl e s u b s t a n c e s t he ,

a c tio n is q u ick ; a n d w e s ur v e y t he s p e e d y p r ogr e s s

in all it s p ar t s B u t in t he gra n d e volutio n s which

.
,

a r e n e ce s sa ry to produc e t he bod y t ha t s ha ll be ,

we can o n ly b e hold a m i n ute p a rt T he work .

m ove s onwa rd by s lo w a n d i m p e rc e ptibl e d e gre e s ;

it pe rv a de s t he whol e progre s s o f ti m e a n d poi n ts ,
30 0 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C hap V I. .

out it s co m pl e tion in e te r n ity W e s e e in t he p r e

.

s e n t li f e a ll th a t c a n b e d i s cov e re d a ccor d i n g to
o u r m o s t r a tio n a l vi e w s o f t he r e a t e ve n t a n d to
g
e xp e ct m ore is to a c t a n u n w a rra n t a bl e p a rt .No
circu m s t an c e ha s ye t ta k e n pl a c e f ro m t he cre a tio n ,

to t he pre se n t hour whi c h ha s giv e n a n a ir o f d e lu

,

s io n to o u r hope s In poi n t o f ra tio n a l e vi d e n c e

.

we s ta n d o n t he sa m e grou n d with o u r p r e d e c e s
,
o

s or s th e o n ly d i ff e r e n ce is th a t we a r e a f e w s ta ge s
'

n e a re r to t he gra n d re s ult O ur po s te rity will b e

.

o ne s t a ge n e a r e r th a n our s e lv e s ; thu s ge n e ra tio n

s h a ll s ucc e e d to ge n e ra tio n till t he a wf ul p e rio d a r
,

riv e s wh e n t he s wa r m s h a ll i s s u e a n d t he hiv e
,
“
,

”
s h a ll bu rn .

If the re f ore w e lo s e s ight o f t he a uthority o f

, ,

t he B ibl e f o r a m o m e n t a n d e x a m i n e w it h a n im
,

a rti a l m i n d t h e e vi d e n c e in f a vour o f t h e r e s ur
p ,

r e ction ,
w hich G o d ha s oth e r wi se a ff ord e d u s ; a n d
co m p a re th a t e vide n c e with tho s e obje ctio n s which
c a n b e brought a ga i n s t t he f a ct t he s c a l e will p re ,

p o n d e ra t e in f a vour o f t he e ve n t A nd thou
, g h
t he e vide n c e m a y b e co n s ide re d a s a ri s i n g f ro m
p ro

ha bilit y a n d a n a logy o n ly ; ye t it s ho u l d n o t b e
f or gotte n th a t a ll obj e ctio n s with which t he f a ct c a n
,

b e a s s a il e d ori gi n a t e in t he a vo we d we a k n e s s o f t he
,

u n de rs ta n di n g a n d a r e f ou n d e d upo n n othi n g m ore

,

t ha n an in a bilit y t o c o m r e he n d
p A d.m itti ng ,

th e re f ore th a t t he e vide n c e is o n ly o f a prob a bl e

,

a n d a n a logic a l n a ture ; ye t th e se f a i n t i n ti m a tio n s

o f n a t ure wh e n coll e ct e d f ro m th e ir v a riou s ch a n

,

n e ls ,
a n d u n it e d toge th e r f orm n o i n co n s ide ra bl e
,

s tre a m . Th e y a r e s up e rior to th o se o bj e ctio ns

 30 2 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C ha p V I . .

grou n d s we h a v e pre s u m e d tha t t he i n flu e n c e o f

,

gra vity c a n n ot be i n fi n ite in it s e xt e n t ; a n d th e re

f ore we re s t a s s ure d tha t m a te ri a l b e i n g m a y co n
t in u e w h e n gra vit a tio n s h al l b e d e s troy e d o r th a t ,

it m a y e xi s t in a d i s tan t re gio n whe re t he i n flu e n ce

,

of r a vity c a n n ot re a ch
g .

In o n e o f th e se s itu a tio n s we h a v e pre s u m e d

,

th a t o u r f uture re s ide n c e will b e a ss ig n e d u s ; a n d ,

tha t u n de r tho se circu m s ta n c e s which m u s t a ri se

f ro m th a t m o d e o f e xi s te n ce o u r bo d i e s will be
,

light a ctiv e a n d vol a til e c a p a bl e o f b e i n g tra n s

, , ,

porte d f ro m re gion t o r e gio n without f e e li n g a n y

,

o b s tructi n g m e d iu m ,
thro u gh which t he v e locity o f
th e ir progr e s s m ight b e i m p ar te d W e ha v e a l s o .

pre s u m e d th a t t he a ct io n s o f t he s oul will be o f

,

s u ffi ci e n t e n e r y to p u t t he bo d y in m otion w ith
g ,

a d e gr e e o f vigour which s h a ll b e i n fi n it e ly s up e rio r

to th a t with which ou r bodi e s a re n o w i m p e lle d

to a ction ; s o th a t t he i m pul s e s o f t he s oul will s u
e r s e d e t he n e ce s s ity o f m u s cul a r e x e rtio n
p .

The s e grou n d s b e i n g a d m itte d t he re al qu a n tity

,

o f m a t t e r o f w hich ou r bo d i e s s ha ll b e co m po s e d
, ,

c a n h a v e n o i n flu e n c e upo n t he fi n a l r e s ult Wh e re .

al l po w e r o f re s i s t a n c e is re m ov e d m a s s e s o f al l
,

d i m e n s io n s m u s t s ubm it to a ctio n T he i n e rt n e s s
.

o f m a tte r m u s t giv e w a
y to t h e s m a ll e s t im pul se ;

a n d a ctio n m u s t b e t he n e c e s s a ry r e s ult W he the r .

,

the re f ore o u r f uture bo d i e s s h a ll be co m po s e d o f

,

tho s e ra d ica l pri n c iple s which n o w co n s titut e th e ir

,

re s p e ctiv e ide n titi e s w ithou t t he a d m i s s io n o f a ny

,

ot h e r a dditio n a l par ticl e s ; o r w he the r we s upp o se

,

th a t a v a s t n u mb e r o f o t he rs sh al l i n corpora te with
S e ct . VI ] OF T HE HU MA N BO D Y . 30 3

tho se ra di ca l p a rt s t he pri n ci pl e s th e m se l v e s u pon ,

whic h we h a ve proce e d e d ca n n ot b e e ff e ct e d by
,

t h e d e c i s io n T he i m p e lli n g e n e rgy by w hich a lo n e

.
,

a ctio n c a n b e pro d uc e d m u s t op e ra t e a lik e wh e re

,

a ll re s i s ta n c e is a ctu a lly r e m ov e d —a n d a ll m a tte r

in s uch a s itu a tio n m u s t be in a p a s s iv e s ta te .
I

B u t th e re is a n oth e r qu e s tio n o f co n s i de ra b le
,

i m porta n c e w hi ch re m ai n s to b e d i s c u ss e d W he
,
.

t h e r t he bodie s which we s h a l l h a v e h e re af te r
, ,

c o n t a i n m a n y pa rticle s o r on ly a com p a ra t iv e ly f e w ;
c e rt a i n it is tha t the y w ill b e ma t e rial If t h e y
,
.

are m a t e ri al t h e y m u s t b e f or m e d o f p ar t s ; a n d
,

if f orm e d o f p a rt s which a r e s e p a ra bl e in th e ir
,

n a ture s o n wha t grou n d ha v e we a n y j u s t r e a s o n

,

to e xpe c t th a t th e y will a dh e re toge th e r f o r e v e r ?

It ha s be e n s a i d in an e a rly s ta ge o f thi s work ,

th a t a ll bodi e s which a r e f orm e d o f p ar t s i n clude ,

w ithi n th e m s e lv e s a n a t u ra l t e n de n cy t o d i s s olutio n .

Th a t t he p a rticl e s which h a v e b e e n ta k e n f rom a

di ff e re n t e l e m e n t to co m po s e di s ti n ct b odi e s a r e ,

o n ly d e tai n e d i n th e ir n e w d e p a rt m e n t s by an a d
he s iv e po we r ; but t he i n s ta n t tha t t he a dh e s iv e
po we r ce a se s t o op e ra t e th e se p a rticl e s b e in g d is
, ,

cha rge d f ro m th e ir c o n fi n e m e n t n a t u ral ly re p a ir

,

to the ir e l e m e n tar y a bode s Th e s e pri n cipl e s

.
,

w hil e th e y a pply to al l m a t e ri al obj e c t s m u s t me ,

c e s sa rily b e a pplic a bl e t o t he body o f m a n The y .

we re a pplic a bl e to t he hu m a n body whe n G o d ,

c al l e d it i n to b e i n g a n d h a v e a ct e d upo n it t hr ough
e v e r y s ta ge whic h hu m a n n a ture ha s hith e rto p a s s e d .

It is o n thi s a cc ou n t de a th ha s p a s se d upon al l
,
 30 4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [ C h ap . VI .

men, an d re duc e d t he vi s ibl e p a rt s o f tho s e who

h a v e d e p a rte d thi s li f e to a s ta te o f corruptio n
, ,

a nd fi n a lly c a u s e d t he di s so lvi n g p a rt s to m i n gle

with t he d u s t .

It wa s to cou n t e r a ct thi s n a tural te n de n cy in ,

t he pri m e v a l co n d ition o f m a n tha t G o d i n tro

,

d u c e d t he tre e o f li f e . T he s al ub riou s e ffica cy o f

t he f ru it , which t he i n tro d uctio n o f tha t tre e im
p a rt e d s e e m e d t o b e d e s ign e d by God a s a p r e
,

s e r v a t iv e o f hu m a n vi our
g . A nd ,
it is m or e th an

prob a ble th a t if m oral e vil ha d n e v e r e n te re d i n to

,

t he worl d t he f ruit o f thi s tre e w ould h a v e cou n

,

t e r a ct e d th a t t e n d e n c y to d i s s olutio n which s e e m s
,

i n se p ar a bl e f ro m a ll co m pou n d e d bodi e s a n d would

h a v e le n gth e n e d o u t hu m a n li f e to a protra ct e d
p e rio d ; u n til G o d s houl d h a v e b e e n pl e a s e d to
tra n s l a te m a n kin d i n to a n othe r a bo d e in which ,

prob a tion s hould b e con s u m m a te d in re war d .

B u t wh e n m ora l e vil e n te re d i n to t he worl d t he

, ,

whol e f a c e o f thi n g s b e c a m e re v e r s e d T he tre e

.

o f li f e w a s n o lo n g e r p e r m itte d to i m p a rt it s e ffi ca

c
y ; t h e i n flu e n c e o f t he e l e m e n t s b e ga n i m m e d i a t e ly

to op e ra te an d t he n a tura l t e n d e n cy to d i s s olution ,

which wa s i n clu d e d in t he hu m a n bo d y , fi n al ly
te r m i n a te d in a tot al s e p a ra tio n o f a ll it s p a rt s It .

is thu s s in e n t e r e d in t o t he w o r ld a n d d e a t h by
,

s in ; a n d thu s d e a t h ha t h p a s s e d up o n a ll m e n ,

b e c a u s e a ll ha v e s in n e d a n d co m e s ho r t of t he g lo r y
,

of God .

B u t though in a ll co m pou n d e d bodi e s th e r e is

,

a n a tura l t e n de n cy to di ss olution ; we c a n n ot s up a
 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TI O N [Chap . vi .

'

As a ll m a tt e r is p e rtie c t ly i n d i ff e re n t to m otio n
an d re s t , we c a n ha v e n o re a s o n t o i m a gi n e th a t
an
y c h a n ge w h a t e v e r w oul d
p a s s upo n t he body ,
'

e v e n in t he p r e se n t s t a t e if a ll e xte r n a l i m pul s e s
, ,

a n d all i n t e rn a l te n d e n ci e s w e re tot a lly re m ov e d .

A p a rt icl e which is pl a c e d be yon d t he re a ch o f

,

in flu e n c e a n d t e n de n cy m u s t n e c e s s a r ily pre se rv e
,

it s s t a tio n wh a t e v e r tha t s ta tio n m a y b e

,
We ca n .

h a v e n o m ore re a s o n to s uppo se th a t it will r e m ov e

to m orro w th a n we ha d th a t it wo uld m ov e t o zd a y
-

,
-

a n d t he s a m e r e a s o n s will h o l d goo d n e xt we e k ,

n e xt m o n th n e xt y e a r and so ,on f o r e ve r If .
,

o ne p ar ticl e c o ul d n o t re m ov e f r o m tha t s ta tio n ,

n e ith e r c o u ld a n oth e r u n d e r t he sa m e circu m s t an c e s ;

a n d th a t f o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n A n d tho se re a s on s .
'

whic h will a ccou n t f o r t he e s t a bli s h m e n t o f t wo

p a rticl e s will a ccou n t f o r a ll th o se which co m po s e
,

o u r b od ie s a n d cl e a rly l a ce th e m e v e n in t he
, p ,

pre s e n t life b e yo n d t he in flu e n c e o f putre fa ctio n

,

and c ha n ge An d .
as th e se
,
c on se qu e n c e s a r e

l '

u n de n ia bl e a d m it t in g t he p r in c iple s upo n whic h

,

t h e y a r e f ou n d e d it pl a in ly f o llo tv s th a t thos e t e n ,

d e n c ie s which a r e lo d ge d withi n t he p a r t s , o f
,
‘

whic h o u r b o d i e s a r e co m p os e d a s we ll a s t he
»

va riou s i n flue n c e s which the y f e e l ar e n o t e s se n tia l ,

'

t o co m po u n d e d bo di e s though i n s e p a ra bl e f ro m
,

t h e m in t he pre s e n t s t a t e .

Wh e n we look i n to th a t world which we h o p e

t o i n h e rit b e yo n d t he gr a v e we b e hold a co n d itio n ,
.

o f b e i n g s i m il a r t o th a t which we ha v e ju s t s uppo s e d .

It is a re gio n in which n e ith e r a t m osph e re n o r gra

,
’
 Se c t V I 3
. . o r TH E HU MA N B OD Y ; 30 7

v ita t io n upo n o u r b o d ies ; a n d in whic h

a ct
'

can .

e very te n de n cy to dissol utio n sh a ll be per f ectly u n

k n o wn .

I n w h a t f or m our bodie s m a y be co n st itute d o f ,

by wh a t se c ret ce m e n t the p a rticle s o f w hic h they

m a y be co m posed sh a ll be u n ited a r e poi n ts i n to
, ,

whi c h we d o n o t n o w i n q u i re B u t e v e n a d m it
.
,

ti n g the ce m e n t to be n o other th a n th a t which

u n ites o u r p a rts in the prese n t li f e we c a n h a ve n o ,

C o n ceptio n t ha t they can possibly dissolve Though .

the p a rts a re m a teri a l they c a n h a ve n o te n den cy

,

to r e m ove f ro m t hose sta tio n s which they occupy ;

b ec a use t he e a rth whi c h is their ce n tre o f gr a vita
'

tion sh a ll be dest royed As ce n t a n d de s ce n t a r e

, .

te rm s which in th a t regio n m ust lose al l disti n ct

,

tio n s a nd n o t a s i n gle a to m will discover a t e n

d e n cy t o re m ove f ro m th a t st at io n which it s u st a i n s .

E ve n t he ca rdin a l poi n ts ; by w hich we no w

m e as ure o u t i n to disti n ct portio n s both he a ve n a n d
e a rth w ill prob a bly be tota lly u n k n own ; an d we
,

s h al l f eel ourselves a s u n a bl e to m e a s ure dzr e c t zo n s

'

whe n these p oi n ts a r e destroye d a s we sh a ll to ,

m e a sure the s u cc e s s io n of d u r a t io n wh e n ti m e ,

sha ll be n o m ore E very p a rticle m ust h a n g upo n

.

it s o w n c e n tre a n d fi n d itsel f a s m uch a t ho m e

,

a s those a r e whi c h n o w a dhe re to t he ce n tre o f o u r

lobe The s it u at i o n o f tho s e p a r t icles m ust be

g .

m u c h t he s a m e in these rel a tio n s a s tha t o f a n

, ,

i n te llige n t m a n would be if the globe o n which he

st an ds we re a n n ihil a ted in a n i ns ta n t b e n e a th his
'

f eet a n d he we r e le f t fl oa ti n g in t he a byss o f s pa ce
,
.
 30 8 I D EN T IT Y A ND RE SU RREC TI ON [C ha p V I . .

/
The rela tive ide as o f big 2 a n d low up a n d d ow n , ,

in such a situ a tio n m u st n ecess a rily be destroyed

,
.

T he i n flue n ce o f a ttra ctio n a n d gra vity m ight r e

m a i n in the c a se w hich we h a ve supposed a n d he ,

who w a s le f t flo a ti n g in the desol a ted a byss o f sp a ce

m ight be put in m otio n by those dist an t bo d ies
which exerted their powers ; b ut eve n f ro m these ,

distan t i n flue n ces the a to m s o f o u r f uture bodies

,

m ust n ecess a rily be exe m pted ; a n d bei n g o n c e

,

fi xed in their sta tio n s they m ust ret a i n their a bodes

,

f o r ever .

O n these grou n ds the pe r p etuity o f o u r bodies

, ,

though they will be m a ter i a l c a n be ra tio n a l ly a c

,
;

c o u n ted f o r ; a n d we see the m fi x ed upo n a perm a

n e n t f ou n da tio n n ot with s
, ta n di n g they ar e o f a
co m pou n ded n a ture a n d though a ll co m p ou n ded
,

bodies h a ve withi n the m a n a tural te n de n cy to dis

solution T he ev ide n c e through which we m a y be
.
_ ,

a ssured o f their p erpetu a l dura tio n le a ves n o m ore

,

doubt u p o n the m i n d o f the ce rta i n ty o f the f a ct ,

th an the m i n d c a n h a ve o f the d u r a bilit y o f tha t

m a tter o f which they a r e co m p osed .

I n m a n y c a ses it is a p e c uli a r c har a cteristic o f

,

truth th a t it is o f a n illustra tive n a ture Fa cts

.

s o m eti m es a ssoci a te togeth er ; a n d it n o t u n f re q ue n t .

1 h a ppe n s t ha t the est a blish m e n t o f o n e f a ct pl a ce s

y ,

it in a situ a tio n to corrobora te a n other It is p e c u .

li a r to those f a cts which we h a ve b e e n con te m pl a

ti n g th a t they oc c upy both sta tio n s ; while they
,

r e n der the m selve s c o n sp i c uou s by the li ght whi c h

they i m p a rt ,
 s i c; I D EN TIT Y AN D R E SU R R E C TI O N [ C ha p . VI
.

on str u ctio n will be ex a c tly a p p r Op r ia t e to t he s ta

c

tion wh ich they sh a ll fi ll E ve n the c o n stitutio n o f

.

o u r bo ies w ih be f or m e d a n e w ; a n d j oi n ts a n d
d
m u s cles will in a ll prob a bility be don e a wa y .

O f this truth we a r e f ully a ssured th a t f les h a n d

,

blo o d c a n n o t in he r it t he hin gdo m of G o d n e it he r ,

d o t h co r r up t io n in he r it in co r r up t io n
. S u ch ch a n
ges m us t there f ore t a ke pl a ce a s will e n tirely u n
.
, , ,

hi n ge those p a rts which We de n om i n a te fl e s h a n d

blo o d ; while the r a d ic a l m a teri a l s wi ll be preserved ;
s o th a t in p oi n t o f i d e n tity o u r bodies will be still
t he s a m e though m oulded a n d f as hio n e d lik e u n to
,

the glori o us b ody o f J es u s C h rist

“

Though the a ids o f n u t rit ipn a r e a b solutely ne c e s

sa ry t o o u r p r e s e n t sta te o f bei n g ; yet perh a p s we

a r e n o t obliged to a d m it th a t every p a rt o f the body

is i n debted t o this extern al su pport The p a rts

.

w hich co n stitute the ide n tity o f our bodies a ppe ar

ra ther t o re m ain u n ch a n ged The p a rticles whi ch
.

co m pose th o se p a rts see m fi xed in their s t a tio n s

,
.

They c a n n ot give p l a c e to oth e rs n o r ca n they r e

tire f ro m th a t ra n k wh ic h they su st a i n N o a cqui .

s it io n o f n e w a to m s ca n possibly be m a de bec a use

this would be to e n l a rge the iden tity o f the body ,

an d would a O lV C a co n t ra dictio n . In either o f

the c a ses which h a ve bee n supposed we m ust a d ,

m it a tra n sf er o f ide n tity which is a bsolutely im p o s

,

sible ; a n d this i m possibility o f co n seque n ce decide s

~

irn pe r io u sly a ga i n st the a d m i ss i o n o f those p ri n ci

p les w hich w ould i n vol v e such co n tra dictory issues .

A s the n n o p ar ti cle ca n be e ither a c quire d o r l o st

, , ,
S e ct . v 13. o r T HE H U MA N an

or e x ch a n ge its sta tio n with a n o th e r tha t is f o re ign

it se e m s u n rea so n a ble t o s u ppo se tha t the r a dic a l
a rt s of o u r bo die s in which I h a ve re u m ed their
p , p s

ide n tity con si sts ca n re ce i ve a n y e x te rn a l su pp lie s

,

f ro m th a t n ut r iti o n wh ic h is n e c e s sa r y to o u r lives .

Th e se ra di ca l pa rts a r e in a ll p rob a bility e m ble m , ,

a t ica l in their m a n n er o f e x iste n c e o f th a t which o u r

'

, ,

f uture bodie s s ha ll posse ss , whe n ti m e sh a ll be lo s t

‘

in e tern ity We b eh o ld in m i n i a ture th at m o de o f

.

l i f e whic h o u r bodies sh a ll su st a i n he m a f t e r ; a n d
, ,

th o u gh it is a m ode o f e x iste n c e which we ca n n ot

.

co m p r ehe n d it onl
y ,
serv e s in c o n j u n ct io n w it h
,

o ther truths to p oi n t o u t u n to u s the li m itat ion o f

,

o u r f a culti e s whe n we tu r n the m to i n ve s ti a te t he

, g
won derf ul work s o f G o d .

T he p reserv a tio n o f the se p ortion s o f o u r bodies ,

in a s itu a tio n where a ll ot her c o m pou n ded b odie s

a r e vergi n g to dec a y can o n ly b e a scribed t o t he
,

in fi n ite po wer an d u n sear cha ble wisdom o f H im in

, ,

who m w e liv e a n d m o v e , a n d ha v e o u r be in g
, At .

b e st in t his li f e we see but t hr o u gh a g la ss da r k ly

,

an d ha v e but i n a deq u a te c o n ce p tio n s o f thos e s ce n es

which we co n te m p l a te The sh a do ws o f m or tal ity

.

hover rou n d us a n d c on cea l those re a litie s which

,

lie beyo n d the gra ve A f e w sc a ttered ra ys o f light

.

disse m i n a te th e ir lustre through the gloo m s u ffi ,

c ie n t ly lu m i n ous to c o n vin ce u s th a t we a r e n o t p u r ,

sui n g p h a nt o m s whe n we loo k beyo n d the gra ve

,
.

O ur orga n s o f visio n a s well a s o u r m en t a l p o w

,

e r s se e m t b o s t a da te d to the sta tio n which we n o w

’
’

, p
o cc u y ; b ut eve n to a n a cc u r a t e i n ves t ig a tio n o f
p ,
312 I D EN TIT Y A ND RE SU RREC TI O N [C ha p . VI .

the thi n gs o f ti m e we f eel ourselv e s t o t a lly in c o m

,

ete nt The i n flue n ce o f m oral evil wh it h o u t doubt

p .
, ,

ha s dar ke n ed up the a ve n ues o f the soul a n d pre ,

ve n ted our m e n ta l po wers f ro m p en etra ti n g those

ocea n s o f k n o wledge which lie in rich reversio n be
yo n d the gra ve The ra ys o f light which irra di a te
.
,
‘

this fi e ld qf blo o d a n d o f da rk n ess which we i n h a

,

bit a r e co n vi n ci n g proof s o f th a t height f ro m whe n c e

,

we h a ve f a lle n while they serve to s h e w u s t he

glory which we h a ve lost T he prese n t co n dition .

o f cre a tio n is a n evide n ce o f o u r disgra ce eve n t he

e a rth Whic h tre m bles ben e a th o ur f e e t w h ile it gives
, ,

s eed to the so wer a n d bre a d to the e a ter is evi

, ,

d e n t ly l a bouri n g u n der a curse f o r the s a ke o f m a n .

O ur m en t a l powers f eel the f a tal disorder ; they ex

bibit to ourselves a stra n ge v ar iety o f im becility a n d
o w er w e a p p e a r t o ourselve s m aj esti c thou h in
p ; g
”
rui n s .

When we turn t o o u r bodies the m ourn f ul p ic ,

.

ture requires n o colo uri n g O ur decora tio n s ar e

.

b u t b a d ge s o f o u r sh a m e O ur n oblest triu m phs

'

o f short dura tio n ; the pa ths o f glory le a d

“
ar e
”
b ut to t he gra ve O ur c on ti n u a n ce in the m idst
.
,

o f a ll th a t w hich the body ca n e n j oy is bu t m o m e n ,

ta ry eve n e a rth s highest sta tio n e n ds in here he

’

”
lies a n d dust to dust co n cludes o u r n oblest son g
, .

T he s wi f t a p pro a ch o f de a th c a sts a d a m p upo n o u r

m ost s a n gui n e ex p e c t a tio n s ; the to m bs o f o u r de
a rted ki n dred a n d n eighbours see m to tell u s th a t
p ,

our br e a t h is co r r u t
p , our da ys are ex t in ct , an d
t he is read
g ra ve
y f or u s. The s h a ttered f ra g .
314 I D E N T I T Y A ND R E S U R R ECT I O N [ C h a p . VI .

their pristi n e vigour ; a n d shal l be delivered f ro m

those i m p edi m e n ts which n o w e m b a rra ss a n d o b .

struct their m ove m t s ; we s hal l be a ble W ith the

e n

ut m ost e a se t solve those di ffi culties which we

o
,

c a n n ot a t pre se n t sur m ou n t T he a ctio n o f o u r

.

spirit u po n o u r f u ture body together w ith the e f ,

f o o ts resulti n g f ro m tha t i n co m prehe n sible e n ergy ,

will prob a bly be l a id ope n be f ore u s w ithout a n in

t e r v e n in g sh a de F a m ili ar i z ed to sce n es o f a sto
.

n is h m e n t w hich w ill m ove o n war d in a n e n dles s

,

successio n o u r i n telle c tu a l po w ers m ust be exp a n ded

,

beyo n d our prese n t co n ceptio n ; they w ill prob a bly

m ove f or wa rd f o r ever in progressive k n o w ledge ,

perpetual ly discoveri n g n e w wo n ders in G o d a n d ,

perpetu al ly observin g n e w region s which h a ve be e n

u n explored The c a p a cities o f the soul a r e like it s
.

esse n ce i n co m prehen sible a n d i m m orta l

,
.

O u r m a teri a l p a rts ren e w ed with i m m orta lity

, ,

sha ll suit their i m m a teria l par tn ers a n d a ff ord such ,

a ssist a n ce through the m ediu m o f the se n ses as ,

sha ll ra ther f a cilita te th a n reta rd o u r a ctive pursuits .

The i n exh a u stible vigo ur which o u r bodies shal l a c

qu ire will without doubt a dd co n sidera bly to the i r
, , ,

a gility ; an d in co n j u n ction with other c a uses e s

, ,

t a b lis h th a t m ode o f bei n g w hich c a n o n l y be co m

p rehe n ded f ully beyo n d the gr a ve .

B u t wh a t f elicities soever hu m a n n a ture m a y

,

en j oy here a f ter al l m u s t be a s cribed to the r e d e m p

,
.

tio n o f J esus C hrist It is through him al o n e th a t

.
,

we a re ra n so m ed f ro m t he cl a i m s o f j u stice a n d ,

s n a tched f ro m the do m i n io n o f dea th It is t hrough .

him th a t t hi s l a s t e n e m y sha ll be destroyed whe n he ,

 Sec t V II ]
. . OF T HE H U M AN BO D Y . 3 15

ha t /p
z u t d own a ll r u le a n d a ll au t ho r it y an d pow
er to him th e re f ore be giv e n glory
, , ,
an d ho n our ,

an d m ight a n d m aj e s ty a n d do m in ion
, f or e ve r a n d
, ,

S EC T . V II .

0n t he Or igin o
f bo dily I d e n t it y . Arg u m e n t s to

p r ov e , Tha t t he I d e n t it y f o t heB o d y ca n ha v e
E x is t e n ce p r io r t o t he f o r m a l E x is t e n c e of

/
72 0

t be B o dy T za t Abo r t io n s
. a re
p rfe e ct l
y re

c o n c ile a ble w it h t he YV
ze o r
y w hich ha s be e n a d
v a n ce d .

ON a s ubj e ct which is
co m ple x in it s n a t u r e a n d
so ,

s o i m p o r t a n t 111 I t s co n s e qu e n c e s a s t he r e s u rr e c ,

tio n o f t he hu m a n body it is le s s a s to n i s hi n g tha t ,

di fficulti e s s houl d oc cur in t he i n v e s t iga tio n th a n if ,

n on e we re ra is e d M a n y a r e triflin g a n d in s ign ifi
.

c a n t ; m a n y will a dm it o f s a ti sf a ctory s olutio n s ,

upo n t he pri n cipl e s b e f ore u s S om e o f e a ch ki n d .

h a v e b ee n a lre a d y co n s ide re d ; a n d s o m e o f e a c h
de s criptio n ye t re m a i n .

B u t w hil e I a tte m p t to re f ute s o m e o f th e s e o h

,

je c t io n s w hich a r e brought a gai n s t t he s uppo s ition s

,

w hich h a v e b e e n m a de o n t he ide n tity o f m a n I ,

Woul d by n o m e a n s i n s i n u a t e th a t a ll obj e ctio n s a r e

t o be co n s ide re d a s vi s io n a ry a n d chi m e ric a l I
’

a m co n s cio u s o f m a n y d iflic u lt ie s w hic h it is n o t in

‘

m y po we r t o s o lv e P e rh a p s n o a rgu m e n t c a n
.
,
 316 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [C h a
p . VI .

p e rf e ctly re s cu e a n a b s tru se s ubj ect o f thi s n a ture

f ro m t he v a riou s c a vil s to which it m u s t n e c e s s a rily
be e xpo s e d N othin g l e s s th a n d e m on s tra tion c a n
.

a cco m pli s h thi s ; but thi s is a s p e ci e s o f e vi d e n c e

,

w hich t he s ubj e ct b e f ore u s d o e s n o t a ff o r d E ve n .

d e m o n s tra tion m a y b e e xpo s e d to c a vil but c a vil

- ,

c a n n e v e r i n v a li d a te it s t e s ti m o n y ; it m a y a tt a ck
t ho se bra n ch e s to which t he e vi d e n c e d o e s n o t ‘

a pply ,
but c a n n ot ov e rtu rn th a t proof which it wa s
d e s i gn e d to oppo s e .

E vi d e n c e in m a n y c a se s m a y b e s u f fic ie n t t o
, ,
’

s ub s t a n ti a t e a f a c t w itho ut b e in s o e xt e n s iv e in it s
, g ‘

a pplic a t io n a s to e m br a c e e v e ry circu m s t a c e w hich

n
is con n e ct e d w ith it O n thi s grou n d obj e ction s
.
,

m a y b e r a is e d In thi s c a s e obj e ctio n s will i n de e d

.
,

prove th a t thi s e vid e n c e is n o t s u ffi ci e n tly e x te n s iv e

,

t o e m bra c e a ll po s s ibl e c a s e s ; but th e y will n o t in

v a l i d a t e t he t e s ti m o n y o f t he e vide n c e a d duc e d n o r ,

overrule tho se c a se s to which t he e vi d e n c e m ore im

m e d i a te ly a ppli e s T he e vid e n c e m a y b e d e f e ctiv e
.
,

w ithout b e i n g e rro n e ou s ; 1t m a y b e co n tra ct e d in

it s a pplic a tio n w ithou t b e i n g d r iv e n f ro m tho s e o b
,

e c t s a n d f a ct s w hich it pro f e s s e s to e m bra c e

j .

It is in thi s light th a t I vi e w t he c a s e b e f ore u s ;

whil e I a d m it s o m e p e r m a n e n t pri n cipl e which co n
s t it u t e s t he i d e n tity o f t he hu m a n bo d y T he e v i
.

d e n c e by which it 18 s upport e d m a y be ge n ui n e in ,

it s n a ture w ithout b e i n g o f u n iv e r s a l a pplic a tio n .

A n d a s al l truth s ar e u n i f orm ly h ar m o n iou s in th e ir

,

n a t u re an d
,
the re f ore n e v e r c a n oppo s e o n e a n o
,

t h e r ; s u c h obj e ctio n s a s m a y b e s t ar te d a g a i n s t t he
 3 18 I D E NT IT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [ C ha p V I . .

I s till co n te n d ; ye t I m u s t be al lo we d to s uppo s e ,

th a t be f ore th e s e obj e ction s ca n a cquire an y f orc e ,

it m u s t b e s uppo s e d th a t t he pri n cipl e o f i d e n tity ,

o f w hich w e s p e a k m u st ha ve a b e in g
, B u t I am .

f a r f ro m s uppo s i n g th a t t he di s ti n ct i d e n tity o f a ll
,

t he i n d ividu a l bo d ie s o f t he hu m a n ra c e ha ve be e n ,

co e v al with t he fir s t proge n itor s o f m a n ki n d .

W e m u s t b e sa ti sfi e d tha t n o bo dy ca n e xi s t with
o u t thi s pri n cipl e ; ho we v e r we m a y di ff e r a bout it s
m a nn e r o f e xi s t e n c e an d it s co n s titu e n t p a rt s
,
.

B u t it is a b s ur d to s uppo s e th a t t he i d e n tity o f t he
,

hu m a n bo d y c a n e x is t b e f ore t he bo d y its e l f is c a ll
e d i n to a ctu a l b e in g B e c a us e if w e coul d i m a gi n e
.
,

t ha t tho se ra d ic a l pri n cipl e s which co n s titut e t he

,

id e n tity o f t he body coul d e xi s t prior to t he bo d y

, ,

it m u s t b e t he ide n tity o f a body w hi c h ha s n o e xi s t

e n ce .It m u s t in thi s c a se be t he i d e n tity o f a
, ,

no n e n tity f o r th a t which n e v e r ha d e x is te n c e is a
,

n o n e n tity it m u s t be t he i d e n tity o f a hu m an bo d y ,

a n d n o t t he i d e n tity o f a hu m a n body a t t he sa m e

ti m e ; but a s thi s is a p a lp a ble co n tra d ictio n it

, ,

ca n n o t po s s i bly b e a d m itte d It will th e re f ore f o l.

l o w f ro m he n c e
,
th a t n o pri n c ipl e o f i d e n tity c a n
,

e xi s t a s s u ch ,
a n t e c e d e n tly to t he u n io n o f tho s e
n u m e ric a l p a rt s of ,
w hich t he bo d y is co m po s e d ,

a n d f ro m which it s e xi s t e n c e is a l wa y s d e n o m i n a
“

t e d in popul a r l a n gu a ge A n d a s bo d i e s h a v e n o t
.
,

a l wa y s ha d thi s f or m a l e xi s t e n c e so n e ith e r could,

t hi s pri n cipl e o f i d e n tity which m u s t be lo d ge d in

,

s o m e s e cre t r e c e s s w ithi n it s co n fi n e s .

Th a t t he c o n s t it u e n t p a r t s o f b o d i e s h a v e e xi s t
e d f ro m t he co m m e n c e m e n t o f t he hu m a n r a ce I ,
 S e c t V II
. .
] OF TH E HU M AN BODY . 3 19

am re a d y t o al lo w ; n o t a s a c tu a l p a rt s o f f uture
bodi e s but a s s i m pl e m a tte r c a pa ble o f b e i n g m o d i
,

fi e d by i n fi n ite s kill a n d o f b e i n g m oul d e d i n to,

su c h f orm s by u n e rr in g w i s d o m through s uch f u

, ,

ture co m bin a tio n s a s o u r bo d i e s n o w h a v e I n a

, .

s i m il a r m a n n e r tho s e pa rt s whi c h co n s titute t he

,

i d e n tity o f our bo d i e s m u s t h a v e ha d t h e ir p r e e xi s t
, -

e n t s ta t e ; n o t in th e ir o ffici a l c har a cte r a s t he ,

i d e n tity o f a ny bo d y wha te v e r but a s s im pl e m a t ,

te r
,
ca p a ble o f b e i n g thu s co n stitute d by t he powe r
o f A l m i ghty God .

H e n c e th e n it e vi d e n tly a pp e a r s th a t thou gh a
, ,

pri n cipl e o f i d e n tity which is o n ce in b e i n g c a n n ot ,

be lo s t we m a y co n c e iv e withou t d iflicu lt y tha t

,

we a r e u n d e r n o n e c e s s ity o f s uppo s i n g t ha t this

g e rm m u st h a ve b een f ro m e te r n ity W e m a
y .

without an y i m propri e ty a d m it t he pre clu s io n o f an

e nd , without s uppo s i n g t he be i n g o r thin g t o h a ve
b e e n f ro m e t e rn ity be c a u s e t he a d m i s s io n o f a be ,

g i n n i n g a n d t he pre clu s io n o f a n e n d w ill by n o

,

m e a n s in volv e a co n tra d ict io n N o o n e c a n que s .

tion tha t t he A l m i ghty G o d c a n giv e b e gi n n i n g a n d

pre clu d e a n e n d — s u ch a m ode o f a ctio n is a f a ir
i n f e re n c e o f po we r Th a t God ha s a cte d thu s is
.
,

e vi d e n tly d e ducibl e f ro m a ll th a t he ha s co m m u n i

c a t e d to u s co n ce rn i n g t he n a ture o f a n ge l s a n d t he ,

s oul s o f m e n ; an d pe rh a p s o f a ll s piritu a l s u b
, ,

s t a n c e s w hich w e c a n co n c e iv e a n d which h a v e a n
y ,

re a l e xi s te n c e A n d al though we a d m it thi s t o be t he
.

c a se with re ga rd to thi s pri n ciple o f i d e n tity whic h

,

I h a v e h e re s uppo s e d it is n o m ore i n cu m b e n t o n ,

m e t o de li n e a te tha t m ode o f e x i s te n c e th a n it is f o r ,
 32 0 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C T I ON [C ha p V I . .

an y oth e r to a ccou n t f o r t he m a n ne r in wh ich s piri «

tu a l s ub s t a n c e s e xi s t to who m we a ttribute a s i m i
,

la r m ode o f b e i n g .

Th a t t he e l e m e n ta ry pri n cipl e s o f which our ,

bo d ie s a r e co m po s e d we re lo d ge d in our pro ge n i
,

tors is a f a ct t o o obviou s to re qu ire a n y proo f

,
.

A n d s i n c e ti m e is pro gre s s iv e in a ll it s m ov e m e nt s ,

we c an n ot a vo id con cludi n g th a t t he se m i n a l p a r t s
of t he hu m a n bo d y m u s t a pp e a r in v a riou s s t a e s
g
of progre s s iv e a d va n c e m e n t v e rgi n g to wa r d s a
,

m o e o f m a turity w hic h c a n o n ly be co n s u m m a t e d
d
in an oth e r s t a ge . I n a n y o f th e s e i n te r m e d i a t e
s ta e s s houl d a n a cci d e n t h a pp e n to t he pro e n itor
g , g ,

tho se s e m i n a l p a r t s n o t ha vi n g a cquire d a s ta t e o f
m a turity s u ffi ci e n t to co n s titute a di s ti n ct bodily
i d e n tity m u s t d i s s olve a ga i n i n to t he pri sti n e e le
,

m e n t s o f m a tte r a n d m i n gl e w ith t he co m m o n m a s s
,
.

Wh a t tha t s ta ge o f progr e s s io n is in which thi s

de gre e o f m a turity is a cquire d whi ch di s ti n gui s h e s
,

b e i n g f ro m u n orga n i z e d m a tte r is a poi n t which ,

s e e m s too m in ute f o r t he m l n d to i n v e s tiga t e

, T he .

li n e s o f de m a rk a tio n w hich d ivi d e t he i d e n tity o f

,

t he body f ro m t he co m m o n m a s s ar e too a tt e n u a ,

t e d f o r hu m a n d i s c e rn m e n t th e y a r e buri e d in o b
s c u r it an d th e ir pr ci s itu a t io n is n o t pl a c e d
y , e s e

withi n t he re a ch o f m a n to d e te r m i n e S a ti s fi e d I .

am , th a t s uch a poi n t m u s t h a v e a n e xi s t e n c e s o m e
wh e re in t he pri m e v a l progre s s o f t he hu m a n bo d y
but it is a poi n t o f progre ss io n which p e rh a p s is
, , , ,

k n o wn o n ly to G o d .

It is s u ffici e n t to s a ti s f y m y i n quiri e s tha t I ca n ,

f i x t wo p oi n t s a t n o con side ra bl e di st an c e f ro m e a ch
32 2 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C ha p V I . .

which we h al l fi n d i n e x plica bl e ; but in a d m itti n g

s ,

th a t tho se ra d ical pri n ciple s o f m a tte r co n s t itute t he

ide n tity o f t he body in t he m an n e r which has b e e n
,

s uppo s e d I ca n p e rce iv e n o con se qu e n ce s which

,

will e n s u e t ha t a pp e a r e ith e r co n tra d i c tory o r a b

,

s ur d .

It m a y p e rh a p s b e a s k e d wh e n a n a b ortion t a k e s
, , ,

pl a ce wh e the r o r n o t t he a bortiv e m a s s i n clude s

,

w ithi n it tho se pri n cipl e s o f body which s h a ll ri s e

a gain O n thi s qu e s tio n it is d i ffi c ult to de te r m i n e
with pre ci s io n ; b u t t he pri n cipl e s which ha v e b e e n
,

a dv a n c e d l e a d u s to a s olutio n o f tho s e d ifli cu lt ie s

w hich t he qu e s tio n s e e m s t o s uppo s e T he a ffir m .

a tiv e o r n e ga tiv e which m a y b e giv e n to thi s qu e s

,

t io n will e n t ire ly d e p e n d upo n t he s ta te o f p ro gr e s

,

s ion o f t he a bortiv e m a s s It m a y i n clude withi n

.

it a pri n ciple o f ide n tity o r it m a y n o t I ha v e s a id

,
.

in a pre ce di n g p a ra gra ph th a t a c e rtain poi n t m u s t

e xi s t s o m e wh e re which is p e rh a p s k n own o n ly t o
,

God ; a n d a t thi s poi n t e n tity o f body b e gi n s If .

,

t h e r ef ore t he a bort iv e m a s s ha d p a s s e d thi s poin t b e

,

f ore t he e v e n t t ook pl a c e n o dou bt ca n be ra tion a lly

,

e n te rt ai n e d th a t thi s prin c ipl e o f bodi ly ide n tity ha d

b e e n co m m u n ic a te d : it m u s t th e re f ore r e t a i n it s
in corruptibility a n d a ga in b e ra i s e d i n to i m m ortal
,

B u t if o n t he c on tra ry tha t p o m t which I

‘
li f e .
, ,

h a v e s uppo se d t he crite rio n o f p e rs o n a l e xi s te n ce ,

ha d n o t b e e n p as s e d the n a ll m u s t s i n k a ga i n i n to
,

t he c o m m o n m a s s a n d m i n gl e with tho se a to m s
,

whi c h n e v e r m a de a n y a ppro a c he s to wa rd s a n i m a l
li f e .
Se c t
. V II ) . o r T HE HU MAN BOD Y . 32 3

It is pe rh a p s a t thi s i m por ta n t poin t which I

, , ‘

h a v e s uppo se d th a t t he i m m a te ri a l s pirit b e gi n s it s
,

u n io n with t he body a n d f orm s it s co n n e x ion with

,

tho s e p a rt s in whi ch t he i d e n tity o f t he bo d y is

l odge d . T he s a m e re a s o n i n g s th e re f ore w hich , ,

h a v e bee n e m ploye d a bout t he c o m m e n c e m e n t o f

t he bo d y will a l s o a pply to t he co m m e n c e m e n t o f

t he m a n T he co m pou n d o f hu m a n n a ture m u s t
.
,

prob a bly d a te it s origi n f ro m thi s i m porta n t poi n t

,

f ro m which t wo di s ti n ct n a ture s s hal l b e g i n a li f e

which s h al l n e v e r e n d .

I h a v e pre s u m e d to con j e cture tha t it is to thi s ,

pri n cipl e o f ide n tity th a t t he s oul is m ore i m m e

d ia t e ly u n ite d ; but c e rta i n it is th a t n o u n ion ca n ,

po s s ibly t a k e p l a c e b e f ore t he bo d y ha s obtai n e d a n

e x i s te n c e A n d it is e qu a lly c e rta i n tha t n o di s tin c t
.
,

e xi s t e n c e c a n b e s uppo s e d in t he e m bryo body til l ,

it ha s a c quire d a di s ti n ct i d e n tity by which a lo n e ,

it c a n b e k n o wn a n d thi s d i s ti n ct e xi s te n ce c a n n ot
b e a c quire d u n til t he m a t e ri a l s h a v e ar ri v e d a t
,

a c e rt a i n s ta e o f progre ss io n in th e ir a ppro a ch e s
g ,

t o wa r d s m a turity a n d p e rf e ction .

B u t the se a r e poi n t s which b e lon g to G o d : It

,

is f o r m a n t o c on j e c ture b ut f o r G o d t o a ppoi n t an d
,

c o m pr e hen d The y a r e poi n t s which o u r in t e lle c

.

t u a l po we r s ar e n o t a c ute e n ou gh to d i s c e rn ; an d

th e y a r e wra pp e d up in s h a d e s w hich we c a n n ot
pe n e tra te T he utm o s t o f o u r re s e a rch e s ri s e but
.

littl e high e r th a n prob a ble con j e cture b u t o n poi n t s

whi c h a re s o a b s tru se it is t he high e s t e vide n c e
,
 32 4 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C h a
p . VI .

whi c h we ca n h0 pe to a tta i n A n d whil e thi s e v i

.
,

d e n c e is h e a vi e r in t he s c a l e o f prob a bility tha n ,

t ho s e obj e ctio n s a r e which ar e s e t a ga i n s t it we

, ,

m u s t a b an d o n o u r re a s o n if we p e r m it s uch o bje c »

t io n s to op e ra t e in al l th e ir f orc e . T he s olution o f
s uch di fficulti e s m u s t di s a rm obj ection s o f th e ir
o w e r e v e n thou gh t he s olutio n s houl d b e e rr o n e
p ,

ous . It will co n vi n ce u s tha t wh a t we ha v e s u p

po s e d prob a bl e m a y be ce rt a i n ; b e ca u se it i n v olv e s
,

n othi n g th a t is e ith e r c o n tr a d ictory o r a b s urd .

Fro m t he re a so n i n gs which h a v e b ee n a dd u ce d
in t he pre se n t se ction I a m we ll a wa re th a t a n o b
,

e c t io n o f an oth e n a ture m a y b e a dv a n c e d A s I
j r .

h a v e pre s u m e d th a t n o e x i s te n c e ca n be attrib ut e d
t o tho s e p a rt s whi c h co n s titute t he ide n t ity o f o u r
bodi e s u n til o u r bodi e s obta i n a f orm a l e x i s te n c e :
,

it w ill be n a tural f o r t he re a de r t o i n qui re , ho w t he

s e n ti m e n t s o f thi s s e ctio n c an b e re c o n cil e d w ith

t ho s e o f a n oth e r l n which I h a v e s a i d th a t tho s e

,

e m bryo s whi ch s lu m b e r lo n g e s t in th e ir s ire s will ,

”
r e quire l e s s ti m e to rip e n in t he gra v e ? To thi s
qu e s tio n I a n swe r th a t though t he e m b ryo a s s a c z
, , / ,

ha s n o t a n y f or m a l e xi st e n c e u n til t he m a t e ri a l s o f
,

t he bo d y h a ve a rriv e d a t a c e rta i n s ta ge in th e ir p r o
r e ss iv e m ov e m e n t s ; e t t he e l e m e n t s o u t o f w hich
g y
t hi s e m bryo is af t e r wa rd c a ll e d i n to f orm al be i n g ,

m u s t h a v e e xi s t e d f ro m t he origi n o f m a n An d
.
,

p e rh a p s t he s e cre t proc e ss which th e se m a te ri a l s h a v e

u n de rgo n e in th e ir e le m e nta ry s ta te m a y h a v e
,

t e n d e d to wa rd s th e ir m a turity thr ough e v e ry s ta ge

whic h th e y h a v e p a s se d ; a n d by the s e m e a n s the y
 s2 6 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC T ION [C ha p . v1 .

t h o ugh t he
pro ce s s ha d be e n c o n ducte d with t he
gre a te s t e x a c tn e s s a n d u n i f orm ity O n the s e grou n d s .
,

t he s e n ti m e n t s which I h a v e a d v a n c e d in both s e c

t io n s a r e p e rf e ctly h ar m o n iou s ; a n d I pro c e e d by a n

illu s tra tio n to re con c il e th e m toge th e r .

If a pe riod o f s ix thou s a n d y e a rs we re a llotte d f o r

t he co m pl e tio n o f a giv e n proc e s s a n d thi s p e riod ,

we re d ivide d i n to t wo t hre e o r f our di s ti n ct s ta ge s

, , ,

n o d i ffi culty c a n occur t o t he m i n d in c o n c e ivi n g ,

th a t o n e o f the se s ta ge s s hould be m uch s horte r

t h a n a n oth e r ; thou gh w e a d m it th a t t he a ggr e ga t e

am ou n t o f ti m e s h a ll b e fi n al ly e qu a l O n t he s a m e .

grou n d d i ff e re n t proce s s e s m a y v a r y f ro m o n e a n o
,

t h e r in th e ir i n te r m e di a te s ta ge s ; a n d ye t fi n a lly

is s u e in t he n e c e s s a ry co m pl e tio n whe n t he whol e ,

p e riod s h a ll ulti m a te ly e xpire .

A m a y b e a m u c h lo n ge r t i m e in it s e l e m e n t a ry
.

con ditio n tha n B a n d c o n se qu e n tly will o n th a t

.
,

a ccou n t r e quire l e s s ti m e to be e x a lt e d t o a s ta te

o f p e rf e ctio n through t he s ub se qu e n t s ta ge s which

,

it ha s to p a s s If 4 co n ti n u e fi v e hu n d re d ye a r s
. . .

in it s e l e m e n t a ry pri n cipl e s it m u s t h a v e fi v e thou,

sa n d fi v e hu n d re d to r e m a i n in it s s ub s e qu e n t s ta ge s ,

in orde r th a t it m a y be rip e n e d f o r t he gra n d r e s u lt

o f a ll B u t if 4 co n ti n u e o n e t hou s a n d y e a r s in
. . .

it s e l e m e n ta ry s t a te o n ly fi v e thou s a n d ca n re m a i n
,

to co m ple t e t he whol e Y e t in both o f th e s e ca se s .

,

t he fi n a l co n d itio n o f A a t t he e xpira tio n o f s ix

.

thou s a n d y e a r s will be pre ci s e ly t he sa m e a s tho u gh

, ,

n o d i ff e re n c e w h a te v e r ha d t a k e n pl a c e in t he i n te r

m e d i a t e s t a g e s through whi c h it p a s s e d .

If 4 c o n ti n u e a l e s s ti m e th a n B in it s e l e m e n
. . . .
S e c t v 11)
. . OF T HE H U MAN BOD Y 32 7

t a ry t tit will re quire m ore ti m e t o ripe n in tho se

s a e ,

s t a ge s whi c h a r e to f ollo w ; b e c a u se in it s e l e m e n

ta r y s ta te it m a de f e we r a pproa ch e s to wa rd s pe r f e o .

t io n through t he s hort n e s s o f th a t p e rio d which wa s

,

a llotte d it in it s e l e m e n t a ry s t a te A n d h e n c e it .

will f ollo w by t he s a m e m o d e o f re a s o n i n g tha t ,

t hough A co n ti n u e d fi v e thou s a n d y e a r s in it s e le
.

m e n ta r y pri n cipl e s o n ly o n e thou sa n d c a n re m a i n

,

f o r tho se s ub s e qu e n t s ta ge s t hr ough which it ha s t o

as s T he m a t e ri al s o f whic h A w a s a f t e r wa rd t o
p . .

b e co m po s e d m ight h a v e a cquire d a co n s ide ra ble

,

d e gre e o f progre s s iv e i m prov e m e n t whil e in the i r ,

e l e m e n ta ry a bod e a n d c o n s e qu e n tly b e a t a m uch ,

le s s dis t a n c e f ro m fi n a l p e rf e ctio n th a n if th e y ha d
,

o n ly b e e n fix e d in th a t s t a tio n a bout t we n ty thirty

, , ,

If A . and B
de s ti n e d t o p a s s s ix thou sa n d
. we re
y e ar s in C a n d D in orde r to th e ir p e rf e ctio n
. .
,

t ha t t he fir s t s ta ge s hould b e e l e m e n t a r y a n d t he ,

s e co n d s hould b e f or m a l b e i n g ; t he c a se which I

h a ve s uppo se d l n t he pr e c e di n g p a ra gra ph w il l
e qu al ly a pply N o j u s t re a s on c a n be a s s ign e d
.
,

f ro m t he circu m s ta n c e s o f t he s uppo s ition ho w lon g ,

t he co n s titu e n t p a rt s o f A a n d B s hould c o n ti n u e . .

in C which is pre s u m e d to b e th e ir e l e m e n t a ry c o n
.

ditio n The ir ti m e m a y be con s ide ra bly diff e re n t

.

f ro m e a c h othe r in thi s e l e m e n ta ry s t a t e ; tho u gh

,

t he fi n a l re s ult m a y b e t he s a m e F o r if in thi s .
,

give n c a se A we re t o co n ti n u e fi v e t ho u s a n d y e ar s
.
,

and B o n ly ;fiv e hu n dr e d in thi s e le m e n t ar y s ta te

.

of e xi s t e n c e ; A would ha v e o n ly o n e t ho u s a n d
.

y e ar s t o r e m a in in a sta t e o f f or m a l b e i ng b e f ore it
 32 3 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [ C ha p . v1 .

re ach e d p e rf e ctio n whil e B u n de r t he c ir cu m st a n

. .

c e s o f t he s uppo s itio n m u s t re quire fi v e t ho u s a n d

,

fi v e hu n d r e d b e f
, or e it coul d r e a ch t he s a m e s t a t e

o f p e r f e ctio n a d m itti n g t he w hol e p e riod to a m ou n t

,

Iwit h e a ch to s ix t ho u s a n d y e a r s A n d t he r e a s o n
.

o f thi s d i ff e re n c e if s uch it m a y b e t e r m e d a ri s e s
, ,

f ro m t he c a s e s th e m s e lv e s which h a v e b e e n giv e n .

T he l e n gth o f th a t d ura tio n which A c o n ti n u e d in .

it s e l e m e n ta ry co n d itio n pre clu d e d t h e n e c e s s ity o f

,

an
y gr e a te r l e n gth o f ti m e f o r f or m a l b e i n g w hil e

in t he ca se o f B t he s c e n e is e n tire ly i n v e rt e d
. an d

t he sa m e r e a s o n s w hich i n f orm u s why A ha d bu t .

a co m p a ra tiv e ly s hort s t a t e of f or m a l b e i n g w il l ,

sa ti s f a ctorily a ss u re u s wh th at o f B m u s t co n ti n u e
y .

s o lon g . A n d th e re f ore f ro m al l t he c a s e s which

,

ha v e b e e n s uppo s e d it p la in lv f ollo ws th a t t he fi n a l
, ,

r e s ult m u s t b e p e rf e ctly e qu a l ; a n d tha t a t t he l a s t ,

e rf e ctio n m u s t be a tt a i n e d by A a n d B i n t he
p . .

sa m e m om e n t n ot w ith s tan di n g t he div e rs ity whi ch

,

ha s b e e n m a rk e d in t h e ir i n te rm e di a t e s ta ge s .

It is in thi s m a n n e r th a t we vi e w tho s e p r m cr
l e s o f m a tt e r which con s titut e t he ide n tity o f t he
p ,

hu m an body T he e xt e n t o f dura tio n w hich is n e

.
.

c e s s ar y to pre p ar e t he hu m a n body f o r it s p e r f e c

t io n li e s withi n t he b ou n dar i e s o f ti m e
,
b e gi n n i n g
w ith it s c om m e n c e m e n t a n d e n din g whe n ti m e s h a l l
,

be n o m ore .

With in t he con fi n e s o f thi s dura tion we b e hold ,

f ou r di s t a n t s ta ge s through which tho se pa rt s

, ,

w hich co n s titut e t he id e n tity o f t he body m u s t n e ce s ,

s a rily p a ss i n ord e r to th e ir a tta i n m e n t o f co m pl e t e

,

p e rf e ctio n b e yo n d t he gra ve T he fi r s t o f th e se .
 330 I D E N TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI O N [ C ha p . VI .

l
an e e m e n a t ry s ta t e m u s t th e re f or e be m a de up by
,

t he s urplu s o f ti me in t he gra v e a n d in tho s e a f t e r

a ge s o f t he world in whi c h a s urplu s o f e l e m e n t a ry

,

ti m e s h a ll a pp e a r it will b e f ully co u n te ra c te d by
,

t he s hort n e s s o f tha t re po s e which to th e m ,

t he , ,

gra v e will b e a bl e t o s upply .

Ti m e witho u t doubt ha s a clo se c o n n e xio n w ith

, ,

e t e rn ity ; a n d it s v a riou s m ov e m e n t s a pply to o u r

f uture b e i n g b e yo n d t he gra v e Fo r w hich r e a s o n

.
,

we m a y j u s tly t a k e i n to t he a ccou n t t he whol e pro

gre s s o f s u c c e s s iv e dura tion f ro m t he co m m e n c e ,

m e n t to t he fi n a l co n s u mm a tio n o f ti m e
,
An d .
,

though we s uppo se th a t n o i d e n tity o f bo d y c a n

h a v e a n y be i n g b e f ore body in a ll it s p a r t s ha s a
,

f or m a l e xi s te n c e ; ye t it is e a s y to co n c e iv e
,
th a t ,

tho se s e m i n a l p a rt s o u t o f which it is c o m po s e d ,

m u s t ha v e ha d a prior e xi s te n ce ; a n d th a t in th e ir
e l e m e n t a ry s t a tio n s th e m h a v e u n de rgo n e a v a
y a
y
r ie t of i m p e rc e ptibl e ch a n ge s throu h w hich th e y
y g
'

h a v e v e rge d to wa rd s th a t s ta te o f p e rf e c tio n which

w ill n o t b e co m pl e te d til l t he s e a a n d t he gra v e
s h a ll giv e up th e ir d e a d .

A t t he s a m e ti m e whil e it thu s a pp e ar s de m o n
,

s t r a b le ,tha t t he co n s tit u e n t p a rticl e s which s h a ll

f or m t he body
, , m a y v e rge to wa rd s p e rf e c tio n ,

though f orm al b e i n g ha s n o e xi s t e n c e ; it is a l s o e v i
de n t th a t t he re s urre ctio n o f t he bo d y c a n o n ly
,
“

t a k e p l a c e a t th a t ti m e which G o d ha s a ppoi n te d ,

a n d which is o n ly k n o w n to him It m u s t be a -
.

p e riod wh e n all t he i n dividu al s o f t he hu m a n ra ce

,
S e ct V IL ]
. OF T HE HU MA N BODY . 331

s ha ll h a v e p a sse d through tho s e v a ri ou s proce s s e s ,

which a r e rie ce ss ar y t o ri p e n th e ir bo d i e s f o r e t e r
‘

n it y so th a t a t the s ou n d o f t he tru m pe t a ll t he
d i ff e re n t i n ha bita n t s o f t he w orl d m a y s t a rt a t o n c e
i n to i m m ort a l li f e .

Thu s th e n we m a y e a s ily p e rc e ive th a t n o t w it h

, ,

s t a n di n g t he i n fi n it e v a ri e ty o f birth s o f d e a th s a n d
, ,

o f a bo r tio n s ,
w hich h a v e t a k e n pl a c e a lre a d y a n d ,

which s h a ll t a k e pl a c e h e re a f t e r ; t he re s urre ctio n

of a ll t he bo d i e s o f t he d e a d will b e al ik e r e co n

c ile a b le t o t he pri n cipl e s be f ore u s N othi n g w ill

.

b e o v e r rip e n othi n g will be pre m a ture

-
, A ll a r e .

n o w t e n d i n g to t he s a m e poi n t a n d ha v e be e n so
,

f ro m cre a tio n to t he pre s e n t hou r ; a ll w ill th e re f ore ,

b e a lik e pre p a re d f o r th a t i m port a n t m o m e n t whe n ,

t he p i e r c i n g ca ll o f G o d s h a ll e n t e r t he t erritori e s o f

t he d e a d ,
a n d a wa k e n m a n ki n d to a m od e o f li f e
which is a t pr e se n t but littl e k n o wn .

H e n c e th e n we m a y p e rc e iv e th a t tho s e o bje c
,

tion s which a r e o n ly f ou n de d upo n t he circu m

s ta n c e s o f a f a ct ca n n e v e r a pply t o t he f a ct it s e l f
, .

N othi n g but obj e c tio n s a ga i n s t f a ct ca n a pply t o

f a ct ; whil e obj e ctio n s a ga i n s t circ u m s t a n c e s c a n
o n ly a pply to circu m s t a n c e s In t he c a s e be f ore
;

u s it is o n ly o f f a ct th a t I h a v e pre s u m e d t o s p e a k
,

t he c ircu m s t a n c e s o f it h a v e o n ly b e e n i n troduc e d in
ge n e ra l t e r m s to cou n te ra ct tho s e obj e ctio n s w hich
,

a pp e a r e d a ga i n s t t he s ubordi n a t e p a rt s o f t he t he

or
y w hi c h h a d b e e n a dd u c e d T
. h e f a c t it s e lf m ay

b e u n e x ce ptio n a bl e whil e t he c ircu m s ta n c e s o f it

,

m a y b e e n cu m b e re d w ith di ffi culti e s whi ch c a n n ot

be o ve r c om e . A rgu m e n t m a y b e a ddu c e d in f a
332 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C h a
p . VI .

vour o f t he f orm e r t o o s tro n g to be r e f ute d a n d

, ,

too p e r s picuou s to be ov e rlook e d In tho se ca s e s

.
,

a ll obj e ctio n s a a i n s t t he a tt e n d a n t c ircu m s t a n c e s

g
of s uch f a ct s m u s t n e c e s s ar ily giv e wa
y e v e n thoug
, h
th e y co n ta i n d i ffi culti e s which c a n n ot b e o v e rco m e ,

a n d to which n o a n s w e r c a n b e giv e n .

N o f a c t ca n be m ore e vi d e n t th a n th a t o f t he e x
ist e n c e o f G o d ; a n d ye t t he circu m s t a n c e s o f his
,

e xi s te n c e a re wra pp e d in i m p e n e tra bl e d a rk n e s s .

T he c e rta i n ty o f his e x i s t e n c e c a n n ot b e a ffe ct e d by

th e m a n n e r o f h is e xi s te n c e ; we m a
y b e f u lly s a ti s

fie d o f t he f or m e r though t he l a tte r b p tot a lly u n

,
.

k n o w n Th a t t he su n 18 t he f oun ta i n o f light
.

w i ll a d m i t o f no d i s put e ; but to O pi n i o n s o n

h
t e m a n n e r i n w hich th e s e prop e rti e s e ith e r i n h e r e

in t ha t lu m in a r y o r a r e pro d uc e d by him th e re is
‘

, ,

hardly a n y e n d . T he v a riou s pro d uctio n s o f n a

t ure a pp e a r b e f ore u s in a s i m il a r m a n n e r ; we a r e

s a t is fi e d o f th e ir e xi s t e n c e ,
bu t t he wa y s in whic h
t h e y t a k e pl a c e a r e tota lly u n k n o wn In all th e se
.

ca s e s t he e vide n ce o f t he f a ct is tota lly di s t in ct f rom

,

t h e e vide n c e of it s circu m s t an c e s t he f or m e r is
,

p la c e d withi n o u r r e a ch
,
but t h e l a tt e r li e s co n c a l e d
e
f ro m o u r m o s t a cute r e s e a rch e s .

It is o n p r I n C Ip le s o f a S i m i la r n a t ure f ou n de d ,

o n corre spo n d e n t e vid e n c e ,

th a t we m a y be a s s ure d
th a t s o m e p e r m a n e n t pri n cipl e s o f m a tt e r ar e
L o d g e d w ith in u s —: th a t th e y co n s titut e t he i d e n tit
y
o f o u r bodi e s —tha t th e y m ov e thr o u gh t he va riou s
s ta ge s o f progre s s io n ; an d rip e n i n to p e rf e ctio n
through t he l a p s e o f dura ti on a n d t he progre ss o f
,

c o r ru ption i n t he gra v e At the sa m e ti m e t he

.
, .
334 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C h a p V I . .

SE C T . V III .

S u m m a r y qf t ha t d ir e c t E v id e n ce , by which we
a re a ss u r e d , t ha t t he I de n t it y of t he H u m a n
B o dy mu s t c o n s is t in so m e ra dica l P r in c ip le , or

G e r m , which c a n n e it he r ex
p ire n or c ha n ge .

HAVI N G t re d s om e wh a t l a rge ly i n to t he s ubj e ct

en e

o f i d e n tity in t he pre c e di n g s e ctio n s a n d co n s i d e re d ,

it in v a riou s V i e ws a n d re l a tio n s it m a y n o t b e im ,

prop e r to pre s e n t t he re a de r with tho s e proof s which

h a v e a lre a dy b e e n l a id b e f ore him de ta ch e d f rom ,
”

t ho s e co n n e xio n s i n which th e y h a v e be e n a lre a d y

se e n .

W e h a v e u n i f orm ly fix e d i d e n tity o f t he body

t he

in s o m e i m m ov e a bl e pri n ci p l e s o f m a tt e r which we ,

h a v e In di ff e re n tly de n o m i n a t e d ge r m o r s t a m en ,
.

W e h a ve s uppo se d it to be i n c a pa bl e o f d e c a y o r
ch a n ge a n d to be t he f ou n da tio n o f th a t bo d y which
,

s h a ll s ur v iv e t he gra v e Tha t s uch a pri n cipl e do e s

a c t u a lly e xi s t we h a v e both pre s u m e d a n d a d duc e d
,

e vi d e n c e t o prov e ; a n d we n o w proc e e d to i ve a
g
s u m m a ry s t a te m e n t o f t he e vid e n c e which ha s i n du

cc d th a t b e li e f .

A s m a n is n o w in a ctu al e xi s te n c e he m u s t h a v e ,

his p e r s o n al ity p e culi ar to hi m s e l f ; o r ho w o th e r .

w i s e s h a ll o n e i n d ividu a l b e d i s ti n gui s h e d f ro m
a n ot he r ? T he hu m a n bo d y is in thi s V i e w d is , ,
«

ti n ct f ro m t he m a n T he body b e i n g a l s o in
.

e x i s t e n c e m u s t ha ve s o m e di s ti n g u i s hi n g c rit e r io n ,
 S e ct . V III ] . o r T HE HU MA N BO DY . 335

by w hich it is de n o m i n a te d a n d co n s ide re d a p ar t ,

f ro m a ll oth e rs This di s ti n gui s hi n g crite rion m u s t

.

a l s o co n s i s t in s o m e t hin w h a t s o e v e r th a t s o m e thi n g
g ,

m a y be .

T he pri n cip a l c a n di d a t e s to fill thi s i m p orta n t s ta

tio n whi c h ca n o ff e r th e m se lv e s t o o u r thought s
,
.
,

m a y b e co n s ide re d a s s ix in n u m b e r it is a m o n gs t ,

th e s e th e re f or e al o n e th a t we c a n look f o r t he id e n t i
, ,

t y o f t he body with a n y prob a bl e h0 p e o f s ucc e s s

, .

T he fi r s t s ubj e ct in which we c a n co n c e iv e t he
ide n tity o f t he b o dy t o be lodge d m u s t be t ho s e ,

p ar t icle s , w hich co m
p ose our bo d ie s whe n w e fi rst

e n ter u
p on lif e . T he s e co n d is in tho se n u m e r ica l

p a r t icle s w hich co m
p o se our bo d ie s a t y gan iv en .

p e r io d
of our liv e s . T he t hir d m u s t co n s i s t in t he
m o d if ica t io n o
f t he p a r ts t he f bur t h, in a ll t ho s e

p l
a r t ic e s , which co m
p ose our bo d ie s a t t he t im e

o
f de a th ; t he fif th is in t he m aj o r it y f
o t ho s e

l
a r t ic e s ‘ w hich d ep o s it e d in t he eart h; an d
p are

t he s ix th is in so me im m o v e a ble p r in c i
p le , which

ha s s u r v iv e d t he c ha n ge s f
o our bo die s , an d which
sha ll s u r v iv e f t he To
s t h
ho ck e s e s ix
o
p ar de a t h .

t ic u la r s w e s ha ll n o w tur n o u r thought s a n d bri e fly ,

e x a m i n e t he pre te n si o n s o f e a ch .

T he i d e n tity o f t he body c a n n ot c o n s i s t in t he
n u m e r ica l
p a r t ic le s which co m o s e
p t h e b od
y of a
n
infi zn t b e c a u s e o f tho s e s u r p r i s m g ch a n ge s whic h
,

it vi s ibly u n de rgoe s ; a n d b e c a u s e it woul d b e irre

o o n c ile a b le with t he pr i n cipl e s o f j u s ti c e t o a d ,

m i n i s te r e ith e r r e wa rd s o r pu n i s h m e n t s in a noth e r
li f e f o r tho s e p e r s o n al a ction s whic h t he body o f
,

a n i n f a n t could n o t po ss ibly h a v e p e r f or m e d On .
 335 I D EN TITY AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [C hap . Vi .

t he se grou n d s thi s firs t c a n dida te fo r ide n t ity m u st

,

be di sm i s se d b e c a u s e t he a d m i ss m n woul d i n volv e
,

b oth i n j u s tic e a n d a b s urd ity .

N e ith e r c a n t h e i d e n t ity o f o u r bodi e s be lodge d

in a ll t he n u m e r ica l p a r t icle s of w hich t hey a r e ,

co mp o s e d a t a n y g iv e n p e r io d of
, o u r liv e s a s wa s ,

s uppo s e d in t he s e co n d ca s e A s t he hum a n bo d y
.

is in a s ta t e o f p e rp e tu a l m ut a tio n t he s u ppo s itio n ,

which pl a c e s it s id e Iit it y in a ll the n u m e rica l pa rti

cle s o f which it is co m p o s e d w ill n e ce ss ar ily ,

obli ge u s to su ppo s e tha t i d e n tity m u st b e tra n s

,

f e rre d f ro m o n e sy s t e m o f a f o rris to ano t he f which

‘

in vol ve s a pl a in co n tra diction A s t h e r e f d r e ide n

.
,

ti ty in w h a t s o e v e r it m a y co n s i s t c an n ot po s s ibly
, ,

u n de r go a n y tra n s f e r be c a u s e it is contr a dic t ory ;

,

hu m a n body is in a s t a te o f p e f p e t u a l
'

an d a s t he
'

c h a n ge it pl a i n ly f ollo ws ; tha t i d entit y c a n rio t c o n

,

s i s t in a ll t he n u m e r i c a l p a rt icl e s o f which t he b ody

‘

ha s a t a n y giv e n p e riod b e e n c o m p d s ed .

N e ithe r ca n we s uppo se t lia t t he ide nt ity o f t he

B ody ca n c o n s i s t in t he m o d ifica t io n of t ho s e p a r t s
‘ ‘

which a t a n y g iv e n p e r io d r e s id e w it hin it s e x te r n a l
rm w pr e su m e d i h h ird I
f o a
,
s as n t e t cas e n .

a d m itti n thi s ca se w e sh a ll b e obli e d t o s uppo s e

g , g
tha t t he i d e n tity o f s ub s tan c e an d t he i d e n tity o f ,

t he Mo d ific a tio n o f it ar e t e rm s s y n on y m ou s w ith

,

e a ch o th e r though th e y a r e m a n i f e s tly e xpre s s i v e

,
'

o f t wo d i s ti n ct i d e a s T he s u bs ta n c e m a y re m a i n
.
‘

'

e n tire in all it s p art s, thou h it m a b e m o d ifi e d

g y
a n e w in a n i n fi n it e v ar i e ty o f f or m s T he p a rti c l e s
‘ ‘
.

which co m po s e a n y gi ve n sys t e m o f orga n i z e d m a t

e x ch a n ge th ei r s it u a t iOn wit h o n e an ot he r
‘
ter m a
, y ,
 338 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [C h a p V I . .

p e rio d o f d e a th o r i n t e rm e n t ; b e c a u s e f ro m thi s
a lo n e it is pre s u m e d to b e d e n o m i n a te d A n d a s
.
,

a tra n s f e r o f i d e n tity is tota lly i m po s s ibl e a nd thi s

,

s t a t e o f bo d y coul d n o t b e a cquir e d prior to t he

m o m e n t w hic h we s uppo s e ; it w ill b e i m po s s ibl e

to s a y ho w thi s bo d y c a n b e a s ubj e ct e ith e r o f

re wa rd o r pu n i s h m e n t o r b e co m e a ccou n ta bl e f o r
,

a ctio n s w hich we re co m m itt e d b e f ore thi s i d e n tity

ha d an y e x i s t e n c e . In a llo wm g t he s uppo s itio n

b e f ore u s We m u s t pre s u m e th a t t he bo d y ha d
,

p a s s e d throu gh li f e w it hout a n y pri n c ipl e o f i d e n tity

a n d th a t thi s pri n cipl e w a s o n l y a cquire d w h e n it
wa s a bout to b e d e p o s it e d in t he gra v e
'
In thi s
.

vi e w we m u s t s uppo s e t he b o d v to b e n othi n g m ore

,

th a n a flo a ti n g m a s s o f m a tte r m ovi n g through li f e

,

w ithout a n y p e r s o n a l s a m e n e s s tot a lly d e voi d o f

,

pra i s e o r bl a m e ; e qu ally u n a ccou n t a bl e f o r it s

a ctio n s ; an d utte rly i n c a p a bl e o f b e co m i n g t he
obj e ct e ith e r o f pu n i s h m e n t or re wa rd .

If t he bo d y o f m a n ca n p a s s throu gh li f e w ithout ,

an
y pri n cipl e o f i d e n tity a n d W ithout a n
, y d enomi

n a tio n o f it w hy s houl d we s uppo s e th a t t he bo d y

,

s houl d a cquir e it a t t he hour o f d e a th o r in t he

,
‘
m o m e n t o f i n t e rm e n t 2 C a n i d e n tity in d e a th a n d
corruptio n b e o f a n y s e rvic e to th a t bo d y w hich ,

ha s p a s se d throu gh li f e w ithout it s a id ? T he s u p
po s ition a pp e a r s too ridiculou s to r e quire f urthe r
e x a m i n a ti o n it e v e n r e f ut e s it s e l f a nd obli ge s t he
,

i n quiri n g m i n d to s e e k t he i d e n tity o f t he bo d y in
s o m e oth e r re gio n . A s th e re f ore t he s uppo s itio n
b e f ore u s ca n n e v e r b e r e co n cil e d with tho s e pri n
Se c t V I II ]
. . OF T HE H U MA N BODY . 339

ci l i m m uta bl e j u s tic e which c a n a lon e i n fl ict

f
p es o ,

pu n i s h m e n t s a n d co n f e r re wa rd s a n d m a k e th e s e ,

pu n i s h m e n t s an d re wa rd s co m m e n s ura te to t he a o
tio n s o f t he pre se n t l if e ; we a r e f ur n i s h e d w ith t he
m o s t u n qu e s tio n a bl e e vi d e n c e th a t it m u s t b e d e ,

lu s iv e a n d a b s urd I th e re f ore co n clu d e , th a t t he

.

i d e n tity o f t he bo d y c an n ot b e d e n o m i n a te d f ro m
a ll tho s e p a rticl e s w hich a r e d e po s it e d in t he r a ve
g ,

an m or e th f ro m th a t m a tt e r which co m po s e s
y a n

ou r bo d i e s or t he m o d ific a tion which th a t m a tte r

,
»

m i ght h a v e a s s u m e d .

N o r s h al l w e e xtric a t e our s e lv e s f ro m th e s e e m
b a r r a s s m e n t s if w e pl a c e t he i d e n tity o f t h e bo d y
,

in t he m aj o r it y of t ho s e p a r t ic le s w hich a r e d ep o
s it e d m t he g r a v e ra th e r th a n in a ll t he p ar t s o f
,
.

t he li f e l e s s m a s s T he m a j ority o f tho s e p a rticl e s

.

w hich a r e d e po s ite d in t he gra v e m u s t e vi d e n tly ,

h a v e be e n a cquire d s i n ce t he co m m e n c e m e n t o f
f br ma l l e
g f a n d co n s e qu e n tly Ca n b e but o,
ne

s ta e r e m ov e d f ro m t h e co n d itio n o f t he p a rticl e s
g
a t l ar e T h e qu a n tity o f m a tt e r w hich co m po se s
g .

t he bo d y o f a n i n f a n t wh e n it e n te r s li f e ,
ca n b e a r ,

no proportio n to t he m aj ority o f tho s e p a r ticl e s ,

w hich co m po s e s a t d e a th t he bo d y o f a n a d ult A ll .

tho se th e re f ore which a r e d e fici e n t l n t he bo d y

, ,

o f an i n f a n t wh e n co m p a re d with t he m aj ority o f
,

tho s e which co m po s e t he bo d y o f a n ad ult m u s t ,

e vi d e n tly h a v e b e e n a cquire d by t he a dult in s o m e

o f tho se s t a e s through which t he bo d y ha s e vi d e n t

g
ly p a s se d A n d Whe th e r we s uppo s e t he p a rticl e s
.
,
340 I D E N T IT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [ C h a
p . VI .

w hich co m po s e t he body o f t he inf izn t to b e in ,

.

clu d e d in tho se w hich c o n s titute th a t o f t he m a n o r ,

to b e e xcl u d e d f orm t he n u m b e r ; w e m u s t in
e ith e r c a s e i n volv e ours e l ve s in d i fficulti e s w hich
a r e w holly u n s ur m ou n t a bl e .

If we s uppo s e t he bo d y o f t he i n f a nt to b e in ~

clude d in t he m aj ority o f tho se p a rticl e s w hich

co n s titute tha t o f t he m a n a t t he ti m e o f i n t e rm e n t
, ,

t he i d e n t ity o f his body m u s t co n s i s t in p ar ticl e s o f

t w o d e s criptio n s tho se th a t w e r e o r ig in a l a n d tho se

, ,

w hich w e r e a cqu ir e d .C a n it th e n b e j u s t to p u
n i s h o r r e wa r d t he p a rticl e s w h ich f or m e d t he i n f a n t ,

f o r tho s e a ctio n s w hi ch we r e p e rf or m e d by t he p ar
t ic le s w hich w e r e a cquir e d ? O r if we i n v e rt t he
,

or d e r ca n we con c e iv e it co n s o n a n t to j u s tic e t o
,

p u n ish o r r e wa r d t he p a r t ic le s o
f t he a d u lt f or

tho s e a ction s w hich t he inf a n t o n ly p e rf orm e d 9 .

Thi s a pp e ar s to b e i m po s s ibl e If tho s e pa rticl e s

.

w hich co m po s e d t he bo d y o f t h e i n f a n t ha d n o i d e n
tity o f th e m s e lv e s th e y n e v e r coul d a cquire it by
,

a s s oci a ti n g w ith tho s e p a rticle s w hich we r e a f te r

wa r d s a cquire d ; but if th e y ha d a n i d e n tity th e y
, ,

coul d n o t t a k e t he a cquire d p art icl e s i n to a n u n io n

w ith th e m s e lv e s b e c a u s e in n o c a s e wh a te v e r ca n
,

sa m e n e ss he t r a n sf e r r e d . T he p a rticl e s th e re
,

f or e w hich co m po s e d t he body o f t he i n f a n t coul d

, ,

n e v e r i n corp o ra t e w ith tho se w hich we re a cquir e d ,

in poi n t o f ide n tity n o r s h a re b e t we e n th e m s e lv e s

,

a n d oth e r s a s a m e n e s s which n e v e r co u ld b e tra n s

 I D E N TIT Y AN D R E S U R R E C T r [ C
o
342 N h ap . VI .

i d e n tity o bo d y c a n n e ith e r co n s i s t in it s o r ga
f t he v

n iz a t io n n o r d e p e n d upo n it
, , A n d if t he orga n s
.
,

ca n b e d e s troy e d w hil e t he s a m e n e s s o f
, bo d y
r e m a m s e n tir e w hich I thi n k n o o n e will pr e s u m e
,

to d e n y ; it I S a d e m o n s tra tive proo f th a t th e y a r e

t w o d i s ti n ct s ubj e ct s which h a v e littl e o r n o n e ce s
,

s a ry co n n e ctio n w ith e a ch oth e r

A s th e n t he i d e n tity o f our b o d i e s c a n n ot co n s is t
in a ll t ho s e a to ms w hi c h w e br o u ght in t o t he

w o r ld w it h b e c a u s e it w oul d be irr e co n c ile a b le

us,

w ith j u s tic e to r e wa r d or pu n i s h h e re a f te r f o r tho s e

a ctio n s w hich m a turity o n ly coul d co m m it ; s o ,

n e ith e r ca n we s uppo s e th a t i d e n tity c a n co n s i s t in

a ll t h e n u m e r ica l
p a r t ic le s
of w h ic h o u r bo d i es

a re at an
y g iv en t
t im e co m o se d ;
p b e c a u s e th e s e

p a rticl e s a r e in a pe rp e tu a l ch a n ge a n d b e c a u se ,

id e n tity c a n n ot po s s ibly b e tra n s f e rr e d A n d a s it .

,

c a n n ot c o n s I s t in t he m o d ifica t io n of t he p a r t s ,

be ca u s e s a m e n e s s a n d a r r a n g e m e n t ar e t wo d i s ti n ct
i d e a s ; n o r In a ll t ho s e p a r t icle s w hich a r e d ep o
s it e d ia t he g r a v e ; b e c a u s e thi s s uppo se s m a n to
h a v e e xi s te d throu gh li f e w ithout a n y i d e n tity n o r
in t he m aj o r it y of t he s e p a r t icle s b e c a u s e th e y
,

h a v e e vi d e n tly b e e n a cquire d a n d ha d n o e xi s te n ce
,

in t he ori gi n o f m a n ; it is f olly in t he high e s t d e

gr e e to pl a c e i d e n tity in tho s e bo d ily or gan s which ,

m a y b e m util a te d w h i l e t he i d e n tity o f t he bo d y
,

re m a i n s e n tire If th e r e f ore t he i d e n tity o f t he

.
, ,

bo d y c a n n ot co n s i s t in t he who le n o r in t he m o d i ,

fi ca t io n of it ” w h e th e r e s ti m a t e d i f
n in a n c
y or in

m a t u r it y ; nor in t he w ho le ; nor in t he m aj o r it y

o f tho se p a rticl e s which a re d e po s ite d in t he gra v e ,

 S e ct . V III ] O F T HE H U M A N BO D Y . 343

nor in orga n s o f our bodi e s ; wh a t re m a i n s in

t he

which it c a n po s s ibly co n s i s t ? It m u s t co n s i s t in
s o m e thi n g ; a n d th a t s o m e thi n g m u s t re s i d e w ithi n

t he co n fi n e s o f m a n N othi n g m ore r e m a i n s in
.
,

w hic h we ca n co n c e iv e it po s s ibl e but th a t g e r m , ,

o r s ta men w hich ha s b e e n al re a d y co n s i d e re d
,
T he .

a d m i s s io n th e re f ore o f s o m e i m m ov e a bl e pri n cipl e

, ,

w h ich n e ith er t he pro gre s s o f ti m e n o r o f li f e c a n

a lt e r a r is e s f ro m a ki n d o f m oral n e c e s s ity w hich it
, ,

is d i fficult to r e s i st .

Wh e n th e re f ore we con te m pl a t e t he e vide n c e

, ,

which bre a k s upo n u s in v a riou s f or m s in f a vou r o f ,

som e i m m ov e a bl e pri n cipl e both f ro m prob a bl e

,

circu m s t an c e s a n d m ore d ire ct proof ; a nd wh e n to

thi s we a d d t he in e ffica cy o f tho s e obj e ctio n s which
ca n b e brou ght a ga i n s t it ; a n d b e hol d a ll n a ture
s upporti n g it by t h e a n a logy o f v e ge ta tio n in it s v a
’

rio n s pro d u ctio n s a n d f or m s t he e vi d e n c e b e co m e s

a t on c e po we rf ul a n d co n vi n ci n g B u t w h e n in
.
,

a d d itio n to th e s e circ u m s t a n c e s we re fl e ct th a t
, ,

h a vi n g tra v e lle d ov e r tho s e re gio n s which coul d

a lo n e pro m i s e s ucc e s s a n d fi n d in
, g e v e ry poi n t o n

w hich w e h a v e fix e d to fi n d t he i d e n tity o f t he
,

bo d y obj e ctio n a bl e to a de gre e w hich ha s pr e clu d e d

,

prob a bility ; we ar e tu rn e d b a ck U po n thi s pri n ci

le w hich is i m m ov e a bl e by t he i m pul s e o f m ora l
p ,

n e c e s s ity a n d t he d ict a te s o f
,
r e a s o n A n d wh e n.
,

to th e s e circu m s t a n ce s we a d d t he s upe rior a uthority

of a n a po s tl e w ho ha s s e l e ct e d t he proc e s s o f v e
,

e t a t io n by which to illu s tra t e t he i m port a n t s ubj e ct

g
w hich w e h a v e b e f ore u s ; a n d who to c a rry our ,

re a s o n i n g i n to a f uture s ta te has e xpre s sly told u s

,
:344 I D E N TI T Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p . VI .

t ha t we so w n o t t ha t bo d y w hich s ha ll be wh a t ca n

we but th a t t he e vide n c e s t a k e n in t he a ggr e a t e

sa
y , g ,

a n d coll e ct e d f ro m tho s e di s ti n ct qu a rt e r s b e co m e ,

a t on c e i m p e riou s a n d irre s i s tibl e .

S tra n ge a n d u n a ccou n ta bl e a s it m a y a p pe ar n o ,

oth e r vi e w a ff ord s u s a s m uch prob a ble e vi d e n c e ,

as th a t s ubj e ct w hich we h a v e cho s e n ; a nd in w hich

we h a v e pre s u m e d th a t God ha s pl a c e d t he i d e n tity
o f t he hu m a n bo d y Th a t thi s s ubj e ct ha s it s difli
.

c u lt ie s I h a v e re p e a t e dly a d m itt e d j
a n d tha t o b e c

tio n s m a y b e ra i s e d a g ai n s t it we ha v e al rea d y s e e n .

S o m e o f t h e s e obj e ctio n s h a v e b e e n co n s i d e re d b ut ,

m a n y m ore which it is i m po s s ibl e to an ti c ip a te m a y

h e re a f te r b e a dva n c e d To the s e u n kn own o bje c
.

tio n s I m u s t b e g l e a v e b e f ore I q u it thi s s ubj e ct

, , ,

t o o ff e r t he f ollo w i n g r e m a rk s w hic h m a y op e r a t e a s
,

an a pology f o r th a t th e ory w hich ha s b e e n a dopt e d .

It is e n ou gh f o r u s to k n o w th a t we c a n t ra c e in ,

the an al ogy o f n a tu re tho s e li n e s which d i v ide im

,

p o s s ibilit
y fl o m p o s s ibilit y ; through w hi c h w e

le a rn th o se d ire c t io n s whi c h t he c o n du ct o f t he A l .

m ighty t a k e s .B u t t he se cre t s pri n gs o f a ctio n

,

a r e hi d de n f ro m o u r vi e w s a n d lo d ge d in tho s e a l
‘
,

m o s t u n a ppro a c ha bl e r e c e s s e s w h ich in fi n ite i n te l

lige n c e o n ly c a n e xplore A n oth e r worl d m a y u n
.

f ol d to u s a n i n fi n ite v a ri e ty o f th i n gs o f which a t ,

pre s e n t we c a n f or m n o co n c e ptio n s while t he

ch a n ge s which we s h a ll u n d e rgo w ill without , ,

doubt e x a lt u s in t he s ca l e o f i n te llige n c e a s m u ch
, ,

a bov e o u r pre s e n t co n ditio n a s we n o w ar e a bov e

,

t he brut e cre a tion .

Wh e the r a n i n s igh t i n to t he phy s i c al origi n o f a c

345 I D E N TI T Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [C ha p v1 . .

j udg m e n t s or cor re ct our e rrors . H o w t he d e a d a re

r a s e d,
i and w it h w ha t bo d ie s t he y , ar e but
co m e

re m ote bra n ch e s o f I n qu i ry ; we a r e m ore i n ti m a te ly

co n c e rn e d in k n o wi n g w ith c e rt a i n ty t he f a ct it s e l f ,

th a n we a r e in a s c e rta i n i n g h o w t he v a riou s ch a n ge s
s h al l b e a cco m pli s h e d T he w hol e proc e s s b e lo n g s
.

to G o d who giv e th to t he g e r m d ep o s it e d in t he
,

gra v e a bo dy a s it p le a s e t h him a n d t o e v e r y s e e d
, ,

his o w n bo dy ; a n d a f t e r a ll o u r co n j e ctural prob a

,
.

b ilit ie s w h e n t he e v e n t s h a ll t a k e pl a c e we without
, , ,

a ll d oubt s ha ll a cquire m ore

,
r e a l k n o wl e d ge o f
tho s e m y s t e riou s re a liti e s in o n e m o m e n t th a n we ,

c a n n o w O bt a i n thou gh o u r w hol e liv e s w e r e d e

,

v ote d to t he i n v e s tiga tion o f s uch th e ori e s T he .

e vi d e n c e o f t he f a ct it s e l f a b s tra ct e dly f ro m a ll it s
,

circu m s ta n c e s is ho we v e r o f a d i ff e re n t n a ture a n d
, ,

i n volv e s our d e a re s t i n te re s t s Thi s e vi d e n c e ar i s e s

.

f ro m d i s ti n ct s ourc e s ; s o m e o f th e m we h a v e a lre a d y
e xplore d a n d o t h e rs e t re m a i n f o r o u r i n v e s ti ga tio n
, y .

Th e s e th e re f ore which h a v e b e e n u n e xplore d wil l

, , ,

f or m t he s ubj e c t o f t he e n s u i n g cha pt e r .
S e ct . O F T HE HUMA N BODY . 339

C HA P . V II .

T HA T THE R ESU R RE C T ION o r T HE HU MAN B OD Y

13 P O S S I B L E P ROB AB L E
, AN D CERTAI N P R O
, ,

V ED B O T H F R OM P HI L O S O P H Y AN D S C R I P T U R E .

SEC T . I .

Tha t t he R of
e s u r r e c t io n h t he
u m a n B od
y is p o ss i

s ible , rov ed
f r o m t he N a t u r e o
f fii n i t e P o we r ,
p . n

a n d t he u n o bs t r u c t in
g N a tu r e o
.
f M a tter .

W HEN we turn o u r thought s to t he m e re p o s

s ib ilit y O f wh a t m a y or m a y n o t b e giv en
In a n
y ,

c a s e we c a n o n ly vi e w t he s ubj e ct in co n n e x io n w ith
,

th a t powe r to which t he a c t l o n I s a ttribut e d O ur .

k n o wl e d ge th e re f ore o f tha t li n e which d ivide s p o s

, ,

s ib ilit y f ro m i m po s s ibility w ill a pproxi m a t e to w a rd s

,

t he truth or f a ll s hort o f it in d u e proportio n to our

, ,

k n owl e d ge o f th a t po we r which th a t B e i n g po s se s s e s ,

wh o is pre s u m e d to a c c om p li s h t he a ction .

A m on g tho s e thi n gs which we t e rm i m po s s ibl e ,

th e re a r e s o m e which a r e o n ly m o r a lly but n o t a b ,

s o lu t e l s o w hil th r m y oth r w hich a re

y e e e ar e a n e s ,

a bs o lu t e l i m po s s ibl e a nd o n th a t a ccou n t a r e n o t
y
pl a ce d withi n t he re a ch o f a n y powe r w h a ts oe v e r .

To m a n tho s e thi n g s a r e m ora lly i m po s s ibl e w hich ,

a r e n o t pl a c e d w ithi n t he r e a ch O f hu m a n i n e n uity
g
to a cco m pli s h ; a n d p e rh a p s t he Ob s e rv a t io n wil l
e x t e n d to a ll t he d i ff e re n t ord e r s o f i n t e llige n t b e
343 I D E N T IT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [ C h ap . vu .

in gs tha t which is pl a ce d b e yo n d th e ir re a ch to a o
co m pli s h m a y w ith m uch proprie ty be t e r m e d a
,

m o r a l i m po s s ibility .

B u t thi s i m po s s ibility a ri s e s n o t f ro m t he s ubj e ct

, ,

but f ro m t he i n a bility o f t he a ge n t Tho s e thi n gs

.

w hich ar e i m po s s ibl e to m an m a y b e po s s ibl e to a

,

h igh e r orde r O f i n t e llige n t b e i n gs a n d tho s e thi n s

g
which a re i m po s s ibl e to th e m a re po s s ibl e to G o d .

T he high e s t ord e r s o f cre a te d b e i n gs ha v e w ithout ,

doubt the ir m ora l i m po s s ibiliti e s which s ub m it to

, ,

th a t po we r which is i n fi n ite though th e y m u s t b e

s uch a s n othi n g l e s s th a n i n fi n ite po we r ca n o v e r

co m e B u t wh e n we m a k e o u r a pp e al to tha t
.
,

p o w e r wh ich is u n li m it e d i n fin it e a n d e t e rn a l
, , ,
no

thi n g but th a t which i n volv e s a n a b s olu te c o n t r a d ic

tion c a n be i m po s s ibl e w ith it It is in re la tion t o
.

thi s powe r th a t we m u s t co n s ide r t he re s u rr e ction

o f t he body ; a n d whil e we f or m o u r e s ti m a t e o f
t ho s e di ffi culti e s which a tte n d t he fa ct we m u s t c o n ,

s id e r wh e th e r th e y a m o u n t to a n a b s olute im p o s s i

bility o r on ly t o a n i m po s s ibility w hich is m ora l

,
.

B e c a u se h o w m u ch s o e v e r t he n a ture o f a n y f a ct
,

m a y b e pl a c e d b e yo n d o u r a bility e ith e r to a c c o m
,

l i h o r to co m pr e h e n d if it i n clu d e n o t a n co n
p s , y
t r a d ic t io n w ithi n it n o a rgu m e n t wh a t e v e r c a n m ili
,

t a te a ga i n s t t he po s s i b ility o f t he f a ct o r pre clu d e u s

,

f ro m a dm itti n g it a m on gs t t he n u m b e r o f po s s ibl e
c a se s a n d o f givi n g it a pl a c e in o u r b e lie f
,
.

W e h a v e n o w b e f ore u s a c a se d iv e s te d o f a ll
,

local p re j u d ic e s a n d we e n te r a re gio n which ri se s

s up e rior to t he s ph e re o f m an . T he po s s ibility o f
t he r e s urre c tion is t he qu e s tio n whi c h we ha v e b e
350
‘
I D E N TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI O N [ C ha p V II . .

ho s til e to li fe a n d i nc on s i s te n t w ith a re s urre c tion

, ,

a pp e a rs e vide n t f ro m wh a t we h a v e al re a dy s e e n ;
a n d f ro m t he k n o wl e dge which we h a v e o f m a tt e r .

A s y s te m o f orga n i z e d m a tt e r ha s a lre a dy b e e n
c al l e d i n to e xi s t e n c e ; a n d t he po we r which ha s b e e n

e x e rt e d though li m ite d in dura tio n

,
ha s b e e n a d e ,

qu a te to t he pre s e rv a tion o f s uch be i n gs a s ours e lv e s

in e xi s te n c e through a li m ite d s p a c e
,
If th e re f ore .
, ,

n othi n g e xi s te d in m a tte r w hich f orb a d e th e co n ti n u

a n ce Of m a n throu gh a n y giv e n p e riod ; n o t hin g

,
I

can e xi s t in it whic h s ha ll f orbi d it s p e rp e tuity ,

throu gh a lon ge r s p a c e tha n th a t O f t he li f e o f m a n

n othi n g can e xi s t in m a tt e r it s e l f w hic h c a n f orbi d ,

th a t m a n s houl d liv e f o r e v e r .

T he c a u s e s o f d e a th a n d t he n a tura l t e n de n cy o f
,

a ll co m pou n d e d bodi e s to war d s d i s s olutio n we h a v e ,

a lr e a d y co n s ide r e d ; a n d we h a v e s e e n f ro m t he ,

re a s on s the re a ddu c e d th a t th e s e c a us e s d o n o t e s
,

s e n t ial ly i n h e re in m a t t e r but re s ult f ro m e x t ra n e ou s

,

c a u s e s which if r e m o ve d would le a v e it in it s o r i
’

, , ,

g in a l a n d p a s s iv e s t a t e T he body o f A d a m
. w ith ,

o u t a ll doubt w a s in th a t p e culi ar s itu a tio n in which

, ,

t he i n flu e n c e o f e xtri n s ic c a u s e s wa s cou n t e ra ct e d :

a n d n o q u e s tio n ca n b e m a d e thou gh his bo d y wa s ,

m a te ri al lik e our o wn th a t he wa s tot a lly e x e m pt e d

,

f ro m d i s s olutio n a n d d e c a v We m a y th e re f ore .
, ,

f ro m h e n c e m a k e thi s i n f e re n ce th a t a s t he hu m a n ,

bo d y is n o w pre s e rv e d in e xi s te n c e throu gh a li m it
e d spa ce a n d a s t he bo d y o f A d a m ,if m oral e vil ha d
,

n e v e r e n t e r e d i n to t he worl d m u s t h a v e b e e n im m o r
,

t a l ; n othi n g i n co n s i s t e n t w ith p e rp e tu al li f e ca n b e

i n clu d e d in tho se m a te ri a l s o f which t he hu m a n

b o d v is co m p o ge d .
Se c t O F T HE H U MA N BODY
'

. .

Whe n we ta k e i n to o u r a c c ou n t a powe r which ,

is u n l i m it e d a n d in o u r vi e ws a pply th a t po we r to
, ,

t he n a ture o f po s s ibiliti e s we a r e le d to thi s c o n

,

e lu s io n th a t wh a te v e r ha s o n c e be e n in e xi ste n c e
, ,

c an n ot b e pl a c e d b e yo n d t he po s s ibility Of e xi s t
e n ce n o w f o r n othi n g which ha s o n ce b e e n po s s ibl e
, ,

c a n e v e r b e co m e i m po s s ibl e T hi s co n clu s io n n e .

c e s s ar ily a ri s e s f ro m t he n a tur e O f i n fi n ite powe r a n d ,

t he i m m ut a bility o f truth .

A s th e re f ore a s y s t e m o f a to m s is n o w in a c
, ,

tu al e xi s t e n c e s o co n s titute d a s to b e e n du e d w ith
,

li f e ; a n d a s th e re wa s a pe rio d in which tha t

, ,

s y s t e m w a s e n d o we d w ith i m m ortal ity ; it is ce r

ta i n f ro m t he O b s e rv a tio n s a lre a dy m a de th a t n o ,

thi n g c an co m m u n ica te to m a tt e r wh e the r we co n ,

s ide r it in it s s i m pl e s t a t e o r u n de r t he m o d ifi c a
,

tio n s which n o w ar e o r whic h ha v e e v e r b e e n a n y

, ,

co n tra dictory qu a liti e s which it ha s n o t a l wa y s p o s

s e s se d . W ha t it ha s n o t a lre a dy a cquire d it n e v e r ,

c a n a c qu ire u n l e s s we pre s u m e t he e s s e n c e to b e
( ,

ch a n ge d w hich is f ore ign to t he c a s e u n d e r co u s i

,
-a

d e ra tio n ) it th e re f or e n e v e r c an b e r e m ov e d f urth e r
,

f ro m t he i n flu e n c e o f th a t powe r which a t fir s t c al l
e d it i n to b e i n g a n d m oul d e d it i n to m a n
,
tha n it ,

ha s a lre a d y b e e n ; a n d co n s e qu e n tly it c a n n e v e r ,

a cquire a gr e a t e r ho s til ity t o p e rp e tu al li f e th an th a t ,

w hich it ha s a l wa y s ha d which it n o w ha s a n d , ,
'

which we a r e a s s ur e d f ro m t h e m o s t i n dubit a bl e
, ,

e v i d e n c e s ha s b e e n a lre a d y s ub d u e d
,
.

If th e n m a tte r c a n n ot a cquire a n y s u ch ho s til e

,

qu a litie s which it do e s n o t n o w po s s e s s a n d whic h ,

it ha s n o t a l wa y s po s s e s s e d ; a n d if th e s e ho s tile
qu a liti e s a r e p a r ti a lly s ub d u e d in u s a n d we re to ,
 352 ID E N TI T Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [ C ha p V II . .

t al ly su bdu e d in A da m we a r e f ul ly sa ti s fie d tha t ,

t he re s urr e c tio n o f t he body ca r m ot b e an im p o s s n

ble f a ct in co n se qu e n c e o f a n y thi n g whi c h m a y be

,

d e e m e d re pu gn a n t in m a tte r Fo r e v e n though .
,

t he re a l e s se n c e o f m a t t e r b e u n k n o wn a n d thou gh ,

in e rtn e s s b e i n se p a ra bl e f ro m a ll it s pa rt s ; ye t t he
ri n cipl e s upo n w hi c h thi s c o n c lu s io n is f ou n d e d
p ,

s til l re m a i n u n s ha k e n .N ot hi n g th a t is i m po s s ibl e
now ,
can e v e r b e co m e po s s ib le to m a tte r a s it ,

s ta n d s opp o s e d to i n fin ite powe r through an y ,

c h a n ge s which it m a y u n de rgo o r through a n y q u a,

lit ie s which it m a y a cquire N othi n g t h e r e f ore

.
, ,

ca n e v e r a ris e w ithi n it m or e oppo s e d to t he r e s u r

,

r e ction o f t he b ody ,
t h a n tho s e qu al iti e s which it

n o w po ss e s s e s ; a n d th e se qu al itie s h a v e a lre a d y
b e e n ov e rru l e d a n d m a tte r i n a ll f orm s ha s yi e lde d
,

su b m i s si o n to powe r . If th e re f ore a n y thi n g c an

, ,

re n d e r t he re s urre c tion i m po s s ible it m u s t a ri se ,

fi o m a d e fici e n cy in tha t po we r by which al on e t he ,

gre a t e v e n t c an b e a c c o m pli she d T hi s is t he n e x t .

poin t to be e x a m in e d .

Th a t t he po we r by which t he re s urr e ction is to

b e a cco m pli s he d c a n n ot i n clude withi n it a n y d e
,

fi c ie n cy m u s t b e a d m itt e d ; b e c a u s e thi s po we r is
,

a s crib e d t o G o d . Th a t G o d po s se s s e s al l powe r ,
18 n e c e s s a rily i m pli e d in o m n ipote n c e ; a n d w ill
a d m it n e ith e r co n tra di ctio n n o r den i a l ; n othi n g ,

th e re f ore which i n clude s wi t hi n it n o co n tra d iction

, ,

c a n b e i m po s s ibl e to him .

T o s uppo s e t ha t God who is i n fi n ite I n po we r

, ,

c an b e d e fici e n t in po we r is a co n c e ption which

, ,

n o t o n ly i m p e a ch e s his o m n ipot e n c e b u t i n volve s a

,

po s iti ve c o n t ra di ction It s uppo se s a po s sib ility o f

.
354 . ID E N T IT Y
’

AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [C hap V II . .

thi n g o f an i m po s s ibl e na ture can be pre s u m e d to

re s i d e .

As th e n n othi n g ca n b e d e fici e n t in t he powe r

, ,

a n d n othi n g c a n b e ob s tructi n g n o f or m id a bl e ob
,

e c t io n c a n re m a i n th e re f ore
j an d t he, r e su r r e c , .
~

tion o f t he bo d y c a n a ff ord n o grou n d s f o r tho se

doubt s which m ight b e s ta rt e d o n t he i m po s s ibility
o f t he c a s e N othi n g c an b e b e yon d t he re a ch o f
.

i n fi n ite po we r but wh a t is a b s olute ly i m po s s ibl e ;

,

a n d n othi n g c a n b e a b s olut e ly i m po ss i bl e but wh a t ,

in clu d e s a co n tra d ictio n but a s t he re s urr e ction o f ,

t he bo d y d o e s n o t i n volv e a n y co n tr a dictio n it can ,

n o t b e i m po s s ibl e it m u s t th e re f ore b e pl a c e d w ithi n

,

t he r e a ch O f th a t po we r which re s i d e s in G o d .

A n d a s n othi n g con tra d ictory to t he f a ct c a n e x

,

ist in t he s ubj e ct a n d n othi n g d e f e ctiv e ca n b e at

,

tribute d to th a t po we r by which t he e v e n t is p r e
,

s u m e d to b e a cco m pli s h e d ; t he r e s urre c tio n o f t he

bo d y m u s t b e a d m itte d a s a po s s ibl e c a s e if God ,

s houl d b e s o pl e a s e d to e x e rt his powe r P o we r .

th a t is i n fi n ite m u s t be s u ffi ci e n t to pre s e rv e o u r
,

bo d i e s in e xi s te n c e e ithe r in th e ir pre se n t f or m o r
, ,

in a n y oth e r w hich God s h a ll s e e m e e t ; a nd a s n o ,

p e riod c a n b e s e t to it s Op e ra tio n s it m u s t n e c e s s a ,
~

rily e xte n d to e te rn ity B u t wh e th e r we h a v e a n y

.
,

r e a s o n to b e li e v e th a t God will thu s e x e rt hi s po we r

to wa rd s u s w ill co n d uct u s to t he re gion s Of proba
,

b ilit y a n d m u s t th e re f or e b e t he s ubj e ct o f t he n e x t
,

s e c tio n .
S e ct . O F T HE HUMA N BOD Y . 355

S EC T . II .

Tha t t he R e s u r r e c t io n o f t he H u ma n B od
y is highly

p ro ba ble , f ro m a T r a in of P r e s u mp t iv e an d An a
log ica l E v id e n ce .

IN t he pre c e d i n g s e ctio n w e h a v e co n s i d e re d t he
,

re s u r re ctio n in n o oth e r li ght th a n th a t o f a po s s ibl e

c a s e In th a t vi e w we h a v e t ak e n a s urv e y o f m a t
.

te r ,
an d e xa m in e d tho s e prob a bl e O b s tru ctio n s ,

t hrough which a lo n e we ha d a n y r e a s o n to e xp e ct ,

th a t t he po s s ibility o f t he re s urre ctio n coul d b e d e

f e a t e d ; a n d we s e e n othi n g which c a n la y a n e m b a r
go o n o u r b e li e f Fro m m a tte r we h a v e t u m e d our
.
,

t hought s to po we r a n d h a v e f ou n d th a t n othi n g is I n
,

clude d in t he d octri n e o f t he re s urre ctio n which a p

p e a r s e ith e r co n tra dicto ry o r a b s urd T he m a n n e r .

it i s tru e ) in w hich t he f a ct s h a ll b e a cco m pli s h e d is

( ,

a s ubj e ct t o o v a s t f o r t he gra s p o f o u r m o s t vigorou s

po we r s ; it e x ce e d s o u r m o s t e n l a rge d co m p r e he n
s io n ; a n d o n th e s e a ccou n t s b e co m e s ra th e r a n a r

t icle o f f a ith th a n O f k n o wl e d ge .

Fro m tho se vi e ws we turn to a n e a re r i n sp e ctio n

,

o f t he s ubj e ct ; a n d w h a t we th e n o n l y v i e we d a s
,

o s s ible in t he pre c e d i n g s e ctio n w e s h a ll co n s i d e r

p ,

r o ba ble in thi s
as
p .

In c o n s i d e ri n g t he po s s ibility o f t he f a c t a s it ,

s too d in r e l a tio n to God we m a de n o a pp e a l to a n

, y
a ttr i bu t e b u t th a t o f o w er I n th a t c o n s ide ra tio n
p .
,
 8 56 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p V II . .

we ra th e r s urv e y e d m a tte r in it s m odific a tio n s th an ,

t urn e d o u r t hought s m ore i m m e di a t e ly to m a n In .

t he vi e w b e f ore u s we lo se s i ght o f tho s e di s ta n t r e ,

gio n s a n d d ire ct o u r i n q uiri e s i n to th a t re l a ti o n

,

w h e re i n we s ta n d to G o d in a m ora l c a p a city ; an d ,

in thi s l ight we m u s t b e hold h im a s t he m ora l G o

‘

v e r n or Of t he u n iv e rs e guide d in a ll his a ctio n s by

tho s e m ora l a ttri bu te s which a r e i n se p a ra bl e f ro m h is ,

*W h e n we tu r n th t s to w G o d , we f r e q u e n ly t
gh ards
3 our ou

d iv id e h is a t t r ibu t e s in t o t wo d is t in c t c l a s s e s , t h e f o r m e r o f
t he se we ca ll e ss e n t ia l a t t r i bu t e s , a n d t he l a t t e r we d e n o m i
‘

t
n a e m or a l . I n t he f o r m e r c la s s we in c lu d e , h is O m n ip o t e n c e ,
h is I m m e n s i t y , h is I m m u t a bili t y , h is O m n i s cze n c e , a n d h is E t e r
'

n it y an d in t h e l a t e t r , we i n c l u d e h is H o li n e s s , h is J u s t ic e
,

h is G o o d n e s s , his M e r cy , a n d his L ov e .

T his m o d f d iv id in g t he tt r ib u t e s o f G o d th u gh j st i
e o a , o u n

its l f i c ta in ly li ble t m u c h m i c o
e , s e r
p ti ; an d p h p
a o s n ce on , er a s,

t he mi c n
se p ti n s ca n ca rc e ly b e p l a c e d in a m e i ju i
s o ce o s or n r

ou ligh t t h a n i t h e c e wh i h w h a v e n w b e f e u ; b e
s n as c e o or s

c a u e it i c h i fl y t
s wh t r e t e rme d t he m o r l a ttrib u te
s e o f a a a s o

G d th t I h ll no w p p e a l
o , a s a a .

T h di i i e f t h s a tt ibu te s o f D e ity whi h h s b e e n

v s on o e e r , c a

a b o ve tat d e m s b y d e n m in a ti g t h e f m
e , s e cl s, o n or e r a ss e ssen

ti l a t t ib ta t im p ly th t t h e l tt
r u es,
”
e n t o ti l t , a a e r ar o e sse n a o

G d ; bu t t h t t h y
o i t d i
, n b it
a
y m e
e r a d u ld
e x s e n a ar ra r ann , n co

be d i p e d wit h
s t pl
ens u re B u t th i with u t d a bt i n e as . s, o ou , s a

e rr e u on n o ti o I t c m m e n ce
s tt a k u p o n t h s t t i
on . o s an a c o e a r

b te wh i h we d e n min a t e e s e n ti l an d i f c t te n d t
u s c o s a , n a , s o

At h e is m .

Ev e r y a t tr ibu te wh ich b e l o n gs t o G o d , is e sse n tia l t o h im

b y wha t n ame so e v e r it m a y b e kn o wn , in t h e la n gu a ge s o f

man ki nd . A nd we can n o m o re co n ce i v e t ha t G
, o d ca n e x .

i st wit h o u t his J u s t ic e , h is H o lin e s s , h is G o o d n e s s , h is M e r cy,

and hi s L ove tha n w e ca n c o n c e i e v tha t he c an e x is t wit h o u t
358 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C ha p V I I . .

tice , and
guide d by tha t com p a ss io n which k n ows
no bou n d s m a y re a so n a bly b e e xp e cte d to pe r
,

f or m W he n we turn o u r thou ght s to tha t G o o d

.

n es s th a t M e r c y tha t J u s t ice a n d t h a t L o v e
, , , ,

which re s i d e a s a c on s te ll a tio n o f pe rf e ctio n s in ,

G o d ; wha t m a y we n o t e x p e ct ! N othi n g c a n b e
t o o gre a t f o r I nfi n it e P o w e r t o p e r f orm n othin g c a n ,

be t o o e x te n s iv e f o r i n fi n ite M e r cy a n d G o o dn e s s
t o b e s to w ; a n d n othi n g but tha t Which is u n j u s t ,
‘

ha ve we a n y re a s o n to f e a r tha t i n fi n ite j u stic e will ,

e ve r , is f a r o the r wi se . T he f
.
o r me r c la s s o f t h e d iv in e a t t r i~

b u te s, we a r e a s su r e d, can n e ve r be co m m u n ic a t e d to a n y cr e a

t u re ; an d t h e la t t e r, th o u g h co m m u n ica t e d , ha s b e e n un ha p

p ily lo s t . We are n o w a wf u lly c o n v in ce d , t ha t t ho s e a ttr ibu te s

wh ic h we h a v e d e n o m in a t e d m o r a l , are by no m e a n s in s e p a r a
b le f r o m m a n . T he y are co m m u n ic a t io n s f r o m G o d , which
a p p ly r
t o o u r m o a l c o n d u ct , a n d t h e y a r e in t im a t e ly co n n e c e t d
wit h our ma n n er ote f i g
f e x is t e n c e h e r e a f t e r , wit ho u t in r e r n

with is t n e it lf
e x H c e th I p u m t h y h v e b n
c se . en e en, re s e e a e e

d e n m in t e d m
o l t t ib t
a in G d b e c a u s in
or a m a l vi w
a r u e s, o , e a or e

t h y a p p ly t o m
e n d a e in t i m a t e l y an ,
nn te d with h is h p
a r co ec a

r mi r y wh n tim h ll o m m e n e t r n ity
pi n e ss o se , e e s a c c e e .

B t t h u gh wit h m n t h o e m
u o l t t ib t h v be e t a s o ra a r u e s a e n o

t l ly l
a t ; it d e n t f ll w t h t t h y
os o b l t with G d
s o o o a e can e os o .

H i e b e i g f i fi it p r f
s a n ti nd
o th t c c u n t n
n n e e e c on, a on a a o ca

n b d e t it t
e ve r f me lfi f s ti it i a b u d n y it is
u e o ora et ec on s s r , a ,

im p io u s in t heh igh e s t d e g r e e t o s u p p o s e it T h e c o n c l u s io n , .

t he r e f o r e , a p e a r s a t o n c e b o t h f a ir a n d in e v i a ble , t ha t t h e
p t
t
m o r a l p e r f e c io n s o f G o d a r e a s in s e p a r a b le f o m h is n a t u e , a s r r
tt t
t h o s e a r ib u e s a r e wh ic h we h a v e b e e n a c c u s t o m e d t o d e n o

m in a te e s se n ti al . A n d we h a v e no m o re co n ce p t io n t h a e it h e r t
o f t he se m o r a l e x ce lle n c ie s can be t a k e n f r o m G o d , h is in fi
n it e p e r f e c t io n s and e x is t e n ce s t ill re m a in in g, t h a n we ca n

c o n ce iv e , t ha t i m m e n s it y ca n h a v e im i l t s, or tha t o m n ip o t e n ce

c an l o s e it s p o we r .
Se c t . O F T HE H U MAN B ODY . 359

with
'

C o n s i s te n tly his m oral

p e r f e ctio n s G o d can ,

ra i s e t he de a d ; a n d both his j u stic e a n d m e rcy ia

s truct u s to e x p e ct t he gre a t e ve n t In t he p r o
.

d u ct io n s o f n a ture we b e hold a n a n al ogy which

,
.

te n d s t o e n liv e n o u r hope s ; a n d t he ch an ge s which ,

in se ct s a n d v e ge ta tion p e rp e tu a lly u n de rgo g i v e ,

u s a n a s s ur a n c e which could n o t b e d e s ign e d t o

m o c k u s w ith de lu s iv e e xp e cta tio n s A s t a te o f .

re wa rd s a n d p u ni s h m e n t s a wa its t he s pirit s o f t h e
de pa rte d ; a n d tho se con c e ption s which we ha v e o f
j u s tic e i n duce u s to e xpe ct th a t the m a te ri a l p a rt
,

n e rs o f thes e s pirit s s ha ll b e a r th e ir re s p e ctive p o r ~

tio n s e ith e r in pu n i s h m e n t s o r re war d s

, .

T he i m p e r f e ctio n s w hich a ppe a r in t he m ora l

gov e rn m e n t o f G o d a r e ir r e c o n c ile a ble w ith hi s
,

a ttribut e s h e r e ; a n d to s olv e t he di fficulti e s whic h

a s s oci a t e w ith t he D ivi n e co n d uct we a re oblige d ,

to h a v e recours e to a n oth e r li f e T he re war ds a n d

.

pu n i s h m e n t s o f an othe r s ta te which a r e i n ti m a te ly
,

co n n e cte d w ith t he a ction s o f t he pre se n t li f e m u st ,

b e f ou n de d upo n j u s tic e a n d ca n o n ly a pply t o t he

i n dividu a l to w hom t he v a riou s a ction s b e lo n ge d .

In m an y c a se s t he a c tio n s o f o u r liv e s i n clu d e

,

both s oul an d body ; a n d we ca n h a v e n o v e ry

f a v oura bl e n otio n o f tha t j u s ti ce which s hal l r e ,

wa rd t he S pirit a n d n e gl e c t t he body ; o r wh ic h -

s h al l in t he s a m e m o m e n t a d m i n i s t e r pu n i s h m e n t

t o t he s o ul a n d p e rm it t he body t o m oulde r in t he
,

gra v e We a re f orbidde n by o u r j ud gm e n t s to
.

a sse n t to a tra i n o f s e n ti m e n t s f ro m which o u r re a

,

so n r e vo lt s a n d whi c h o blige s u s t o la c e t he j u s ti ce
, p ,
 360 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C ha p V I I . ,

of G o d in a s itua tio n , whi c h will a d m it o f no de

f e n ce .

T hec e rtai n ty o f a n h e re a f t e r is a n e c e s sa ry co n
,

s e qu e n c e o f t he j u s tic e o f G o d ; a n d t he sa m e a rgu «

m e n t s which w il l co n vi n c e u s o f re w a rds a n d p u n
,

is hm e n t s wil l oblige u s to a d m it t he re s urre ctio n o f

,

t he bod y a s a c o m p a n io n whi c h j u s ti ce oblige s u s

, ,

to a s s oci a te w ith t he i m m a te ria l s pirit .

T he body a n d s oul h a vi n g a c te d in un ion with

e a c h othe r in the s e re gio n s o f m orta lity h a v e a n
, ,

e qu a l cl a i m u pon divi n e j u s ti ce ; a n d ar e alik e t he

o bj e cts o f m e rcy a n d co m p a s s io n An d t he s a m e .

r e a s o n s whi ch c a n
,
i n du c e u s t o b e lie v e th a t ju g ,

t i c e c a n co n ti n u e u n i m p e ac h e d in it s cha ra ct e r ,

though it r e wa rd t he s oul a n d n e gle c t t he bo dy ;

wo u ld in d uc e u s to b e li e v e t h a t it could r e tai n it s
n a m e a n d n a tu re thou gh it we re to n e gl e c t t he s o u l
,

like wi s e a n d a b a n do n m an a l t oge the r

, T he d is .

t a n c e be t we e n n o t hin a n d t he bo dy is gre a t e r th an
g
t h a t which li e s b e t we e n t he bo d an d t he ou l
y .s .

A n d if we can b e li e v e tha t G o d ca n n e gl e c t t he
_ ,

b ody al toge the r a n d ye t re m a i n in fl e x ibly j u st ;

,

we ha v e n o re a so n wha te v e r: t o b e l ie ve th a t he w il l
be u n j u s t in utte rly n e gle c ti n g t he s oul
,
A n d if .
,

b oth bo d y a n d s oul m a y b e n e gl e cte d a n d t ha t ,

f o r e v e r w ithout i n volvi n g a n y i nj u s ti ce o n t he
,
-

a rt o f G o d l l hop d f r t d
p a o u r e s a n e a s ar e a a n e n .

W e c a n n o lo n ge r look to ju s tice e ithe r f o r p u n i s h ,

m e n t s o r re war ds with t h a t co n fi d e n c e which a lo n e

,

ca n i nfl u e n c e o u r a ct io n s ; n o r look f ro m th a t ,

s ourc e f o r a n y re co m p e ns e o r p u n i sh m e n t b e yon d
,
 362 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C T I ON [ C ha p V II . .

t he j u s tic e o f God A n d we can n o m or e r e con cil e

.
,

th a t co n d uct with D iv i n e j u stic e which pu n i s h e s ,

t he s oul f o r tho s e a ctio n s which t he bo d y a s s i s t e d in

c o m m itti n w h il e t ha t bo d y e s c a p e s pu n i s h m e n t ;
g ,

th e n we c a n if G o d we re to s u ff e r t he guilty to go
,

u n pu n i s h e d al toge th e r .

Th a t t he b o d y ha s be e n guilty o f i m m ora l a c tio n s ,

whil e it a cte d in co n j u n ctio n with t he s oul w ill a d ,

m it o f n o d i s put e an d if it e xi st n o t b e yo n d t he
,

g r a ve th a t w hich ha s b e e n
,
guilty o f i m m ora l a c

tio n m u s t go u n pu n i s h e d It w ill n o t obvi a te t he .

obj e ctio n to s a y th a t pu n i s hm e n t is i n fl ict e d upo n

,

t he s oul P a r tn e r s in i n iquity c a n n ot in poi n t o f

.
, ,

j u s tic e m a k e a tra n s f e r o f th e ir guilt If t he b ody

,
.
,

w hich is g u ilty ca n b e e x e m pte d f ro m pu n i s h m e n t

, ,

b e ca u s e m i s e ry ha d be e n i n fli cte d o n t he s oul ; ju s
tic e m u s t in thi s c a s e re li n qui s h it s cl a i m s withou t
, ,

a n y e quiv a l e n t an d t he r e a l d e li n que n t m u s t go
,

f re e . If j u s tic e c a n d i s ch a rge t he body f ro m p u s .

n is hm e n t ; n o s a ti s f a ctory r e a s o n ca n b e a s s ig n e d ,

why it m a y n o t o n t he sa m e pri n cipl e di s ch a rge t he

s ou l . A n d if both b ody a nd s oul though guilty
, , ,

can b e di s ch a rg e d f ro m pu n i s h m e n t ; pu n is h m e n t
c a n not be a n e c e s s a ry re s ult o f j u s t ic e ; a n d th a t
w hich is n o t j u s t c a n n ot b e p e r f orm e d by G o d
,
.

'

A ll pu n i s h m e n t m u s t th e re f ore be ar bitra ry ; a n d
, ,

th a t whic h is a rbitra ry c a n h a v e n o re s p e ct to p r e
wio n s a ction s A n d th a t pu n i s h m e n t which is in
.
,

fl ict e d w ithout a n y r e ga rd to pre viou s a ctio n s m u s t ,

n e c e ssa rily b e u n j u s t A n d tha t pri n cipl e which

.
,

ch a rge s G o d with i n j u sti c e m u s t n e c e ssa rily b e ,

f a l se .
 S e ct . OF THE H U M A N BOD Y . 363

If , th e re f ore
tha t pri n cipl e m u s t b e f a l se which
, ,

ch a rge s G o d wich i n j u s tic e ; a n d if th a t a ctio n ,

m u s t b e u n j u s t , which i n fl ict s pu n i s h m e n t w ithout

'

a n y re s p e ct to pre viou s co n d uct ; if th a t which ha s

n o r e s p e ct t o pre viou s co n d uct m u s t n e c e s s a rily b e

a rbitra ry ; a n d if th a t which is a rbitra ry m a y d is ,

ch a rge t he de li n qu e n t w ithout a n e quiv a l e n t ; a n d

if tha t w hich thu s d i s ch a r ge s t he d e li n qu e n t c a n n ot
b e f ou n de d u po n n e c e s s a ry j u s tic e a n d if th a t
which ca n n ét b e f ou n d e d u po n n e c e s s a r y j u s tic e ,

c an n o t b e f ro m G o d ; it f ollo ws th a t pu n i s h m e n t
,

is a n e c e s s a ry e ff e ct o f j u s tic e a n d th a t t he d e li u
,

qu e n t c a n n ot b e d i s ch a r ge d A n d a s (in t he c a s e
.

o f t he fi n a lly i m pe n ite n t ) both bo d y a n d s oul ar e in

a s ta t e o f de li n qu e n cy a n d n o d e li n qu e n c y c a n b e
d i s ch a rge d b e c a u se pu n i s h m e n t is a n e c e s sar y e ff e ct
,

o f j u s tic e ; it a l s o f ollo ws th a t t he b o dy m u s t ri se
,

f ro m t he to m b .

Thu s th e n t he re s urre ctio n o f t he bo d y b e co m e s

,

highly prob a bl e f ro m t he n a ture o f t he D ivi n e a t t r i

b ute s ; a n d f ro m th a t r e l a tio n in which t he b o d y
s ta n d s to t he m ora l j u s tic e o f God T he m ora l
.

co n dition o f m an e n f orc e s o u r b e li e f o f t he r e su r r e c
tio n it is a f a ct w hic h co r re s po n d s w ith o u r f e e l
i n gs a n d is e qu al ly a d icta t e o f o u r w i s h e s a n d o f
, ,

o u r j udg m e n t s o f our hop e s a nd o f our f e a r s

, ,
.

T he a pp a r e n t i n e qu a liti e s o f ma n t he im p e r f e

t id n s which a pp e ar in t he a d m i n i s tra tio n o f j u s tic e ;

t he triu m ph s o f vic e a nd t he a d v e r s iti e s a n d a fili e

,

tio n s o f v irtu e ; a r e al l i n vi n cibl e cl a i m s upon t he

m oral j u s tic e o f God f o r a d i s p e n s a tio n o f p e r f e c
,

tio n in a n oth e r s ta te H e n c e o u r vi e ws a r e dire cte d

.
364 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI O N [C ha p V II . .

to look f or war d to a p e riod in which t he pre se nt

, .

clouds s h a ll be s we pt a s ide a n d in which God

s h a ll vi n dic a t e his wa y s to m a n If th a t f uture d is

.

e n s a t io n a ppro a ch n o t towa r d s p e rf e ctio n w ith

p ,

r e a t e r n e a r n e s s th a n t he pre s e n t ; we ha v e n o t
g u s

f ou n d a tio n f o r o u r hop e s ; a n d if th a t d i s pe n s a tio n

,

t o whi ch we look i n clud e s withi n it a gre a t e r d e gr e e

,

o f p e r f e ctio n tha n thi s which we n o w po s s e s s ho w

c an we co n c e iv e th a t t he bo d y c a n r e m a i n u n n o ti c e d ,

an d b e l e f t b e hi n d ? T he bo d y is clo s e ly con n e ct e d
w ith t he s pirit by v a riou s but i n co n c e iv a bl e ti e s a n d
,

w e c an ha v e n o co n c e ption o f a n y pe r f e ction whic h

c a n a pply to m a n th a t e xclu d e s t he bo d y f rom ha v
,

in g a pa rt . P e rf e ctio n a s it a ppli e s to m a n m u s t
, ,

i n clude his n a tu re b ut we ca n h a v e o n ly f a i n t c o n .

c e p t io n s o f th a t p e rf e c tio n o f t he n a t u r e o f m a n ,

w hich s u ffe r s his body to m oulde r f o r e v e r in t he

t om b . E v e n t he p e rf e ctio n s o f a brighte r d i s p e n s a .

tion which t he i m p e rf e ctio n s o f t he pre s e n t world

,

e n s u re poi n t o u t u n to u s t he n e c e s s ity o f a re s ur
,

r e ctio n an d we l e a rn f rom th a t i n j u s tice which

s o m e ti m e s de prive s of li f e t h a t G o d will ra i s e t he
,

de a d .

H ith e rto we h a v e chi e fly con fi n e d o u r ob s e r va

,

tio n s to t he co n d itio n o f t he guilty a n d t he m ora l ,

a n d re tributiv e j u s tic e o f G o d Fro m th e se We ha v e

.

s e e n m uch pro ba bl e e vide n c e to i n duc e o u r b e li e f ,

t h a t a r e s urre ctio n o f th e ir bodi e s m u s t t a k e pl a c e .

It is o n ly in thi s vi e w th a t we can con c e iv e j u s tic e

,

t o b e i n se p a ra bl e f ro m t he n a ture o f G o d a n d i n c a ,

a ble o f e xpo s i n it s e l f to re pro a ch e ith e r thr ou gh

p g ,

m i s a ppli c a tio n o r n e gl e c t . B u t in a d m i t ti n g t he
,
 366 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR EC TI ON [ C hap V II . .

ho w s ha ll he wit h him
’

fl ly g iv e u s a ll t hin g s
'

not ee

S hal l b e not g iv e t he body which is t he t e m pl e o f

t he H oly Gho s t A n d if he giv e t he body m u s t he
n o t rai se it f ro m t he r a ve ? I f t he bodi e s o f t he
g
r ight e ou s ri s e n o t D ivi n e m e rcy m u s t b e l e s s e fli c a
,

c io n s th an D i v i n e j u s tic e ; but thi s c a n n ot b e r e co n

c il e d wi t h t he k n o wn a ttribut e s o f God If m e rcy

.

b e l e s s e ffi c a ciou s th a n j u s tic e ho w could t he clai m

,

o f j u s tic e b e s a ti s fi e d with t he i n te rpo s itio n o f

cy H o w in thi s c a s e o n t he s core o f re d e m ption

, , ,

c oul d m e rcy b e i n to O p e ra t e a n d bri n t he culpri t

g , g
f ro m d a rk n e s s to light a n d f ro m h e ll to h e a v e n ?
,

Th e s e circu m s tan c e s p rov e t he s up e rior e ffi c a cy o f

m e rc y a nd s e rv e to poi n t o u t t he u n bou n d e d lov e o f
,

G od . T he whol e s tre a m o f re de m ptio n poi n t s o u t

u n to u s t h e in fi n it u d e o f D ivi n e lov e a n d pl a c e s t he
,

C o m p a s s ion o f God in a m o s t e x al t e d light Re .

d e m ptio n giv e s u s e v e ry thi n g to hop e ; it l e a v e s

n ot hin g to f e ar ; it pro m i se s to g iv e u s a ll t hings ;
a n d co n se qu e n tly , will ra i se t he body though it ,

m ould e r in t he to m b .

I f th e n t he e ffic a c y o f m e rcy b e e qu al t o th a t o f
ju s tic e a n d e v e n s up e rior wh e n we vi e w it in r e
,

d e m ptio n ; a n d if j u s tic e e n s ure s to t he fi n a lly im

p e n ite n t a re s urre ction o f th e ir bodi e s f ro m t he du s t
,

o f d e a th ; t he e vide n c e b e co m e s co n vi n ci n g that ,

t he bodi e s o f t he righte ou s s h al l r i s e a ga i n .

If th e n t he bodi e s o f t he wick e d s h a ll ri se a ga in ,

t hrough j u s tic e ,
a n d t he bod i e s o f t he righte ou s
thr ough m e rcy ; t he gra v e m u s t giv e up he r d e a d ,

a n d t he se a m u s t
g i v e up t he d e a d which ar e th e r e i n
S e ct I L ]
. OF T HE HU MA N B ODY . a 367

so th a t n o t a s i n gle body c an re m a i n to p e opl e t he

te rritori e s o f d e a th For s i n ce t he ri ghte ou s a n d
.
,

t he wick e d i n cl u d e t he whol e o f t he hu m an ra c e ,

a n d t h e s e m u s t re s p e c ti v e ly ri s e a g a i n ; t he a r u
g
m e n t ta k e n i n both it s p art s in clude s A da m an d a ll
,

his po s te rity in o n e e n l a rge d e m bra c e .

Thr ough e v e ry de p a rt m e n t o f t he go s p e l t he ,

b e a m s o f m e rcy a pp e a r to b e n e fit m a n ki n d We .

ca n n ot th e re f ore s uppo s e tha t t he gi f t o f God coul d

,

e v e r be d e s i n e d to n e l e ct th a t bo d y w hic h e v e n
g g ,

j u s tic e would re s tore a ga i n t o l if e It is p e c uli a r t o

.

m e r cy to e x c ite o u r hop e s an d to e n liv e n u s wi t h

,

co n fide n c e ; whil e lo v e ca lcula te d to a wa k e n o u r

,

a ff e ction s in proportio n to o u r co n viction o f b e n e fit s

re c e iv e d e ith e r in re al ity o r prom i s e fill s o u r m i n d s

, ,

w ith t he f ull e s t p e r s u a s io n t h a t n o d e c e ption c an

fi n a lly bl a s t o u r vi e ws .

T he s tro n g i n ti m a tio n s which t he productio n o f

r a in a ff ord s u s o f a n a ppro a chin g re s urr e ctio n h a v e
g ,

b e e n a lre a dy n oti c e d : a n d tho s e ch a n ge s which

b ird s a n d r e ptil e s a n d i n s e ct s an d a n i m a lcula u n
, ,
s

d e r go it would be a l m o s t e n dl e s s to e n u m e ra t e
,
.

Y e t e ve ry c h a n ge which we p e r c e iv e in e ith e r s ta te ,

is a cha n ge which v e rge s to wa rd s p e rf e ctio n in a ll

it s p a rt s . T he re volution which a n i m al li f e u n de r
go e s in di ff e re n t s e a s o n s o f t he y e a r a n d in di ff e re n t
, ,

s t a g e s o f it s b e i n g a l wa y s co n d uct s t he cre at ure

,

whi c h s u s t a i n s t he c ha n ge to a m or e e x a lte d s t a t e
t h a n th a t w hich it ha d f o r s a k e n E v e n t he e a rth
.

it se l f b e c o m e s r e n e we d with vigour through those ,

v a ri a t ion s whic h m a rk he r progre s s rou n d t he s u n ;

368 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U R R EC TJ O N [C ha p . V II .

an d we ta ught f ro m co n s t an t ob se rv a t io n tha t
a re ,

t he p e r f e ctio n o f cre a t e d b e i n gs a n d thi n gs doe s n o t

-

s o m uch co n s i s t in pe r m a n e n cy a s in p e rp e tu al ,

c h a n ge . P e rf e ctio n in a s ta te o f p e rm a n e n cy s e e m s
o n ly a ppli c a bl e to G o d To him n o f uture pro s
.

e e ts c an a pp e a r ; a nd ho w e v e r s tran e it m
p g a
y
s e e m it is o n e o f t he p e rf e ctio n s o f G o d th a t in him
,

h0 p e c a n n ot e x i s t O n t he co n trar y if hop e we re
.
,

n o w t a k e n f ro m t he i n gre di e n t s o f t he c up o f li f e we ,

s hould ha v e n othi n l e f t b e hi n d but t he bitt e r n e ss

g
o f d e s p a ir W e m a y l e a rn f ro m h e n ce th a t t he
.
,

p e rf e ctio n o f D e ity is co n tr a ry to t he p e rf e ction o f

m an ; th a t o f t he f or m e r m u s t c o n s i s t i n in d e p e n
, ,

de n c e a n d s ta bility ; a n d th a t o f t he la tt e r in d e ,

e n d e n c e a n d ch a n ge
p .

T he proc e s s o f v e g e ta tio n to which t he r e su rre c ,

tion o f t he bo d y ha s b e e n co m p a re d by S t P a ul .
,

ha s a l s o b e e n to u ch e d upon by t he proph e t I s a ia h ,

in his t we n ty s ixth c h a pt e r -
He s a y s in v e r s e t he
.

n i n e t e e n th T hy d e a d m e n s ha ll liv e t oge t he r w it h
, ,

my d e a d bo dy s ha ll t he y a r is e . Awa k e an d s in g ,
ye t ha t d we ll in t he d u s t , f ar t hy d e w is as t he d e w
‘

qf he r bs , a nd t he eart h s ha ll ca s t o u t he r d e a d .

T he J e ws we re i n se n sibl e o f t he a n a logy to
no t
t he v e ge t a tiv e proc e s s which the s e word s co n t a i n ;
,

an d t he i n flu e n ce o f th e ir p e r s u a s io n s le d th e m to

c on clu de f ro m t he p a s sa ge a bov e quote d tha t a r e ,

s urr e ctio n o f t he body would fi n a lly t a k e pl a ce .

To thi s s a y t he J e ws (
, a s M r G re gory ob s e rv e s ) in
,
.

t he book Z a ha r Th a t a t t he l a s t d a y a ki n d o f p la st ic
,

d e w s h a ll f a ll upon t he de a d , a n d e n ge n d e r with
37 0 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C ha p V II . .

B ut to giv e h e e d to J ewi s h f a bl e s
we ar e n o t .

a n d th e re f ore it s h al l n o t b e h e r e i n quire d wh o ,

s h a ll b e t he f a th e r o f thi s ra i n or s houl d b e ge t th e s e ,

d rop s o f d e w s u re w e a r e th a t though touch e d by ,

d e a th w e s hri n k up lik e t he s e n s itiv e pl an t ; ye t w e

s h a ll s o o n b e quick e n e d by h is i n flu e n c e who s e
. ,

he a d is fi lle d w it h d e w , a n d his lo o k s w it h t he d e w
”
of t he n ight .

xprob a tio n th e re f ore u n to de a th a n d m o r

In e , ,

t a lity we k n o w w ho s e cu s to m it w a s to bury th e ir
,

d e a d in th e ir ga rd e n s s e wi n
g th e ir bo di e s w ith a s

m uch f a ith a s th e ir f r uit s a n d e qu a lly e xp e cti n g t he ,

s pri n g o f both It is f o r n o oth e r r e a s on th a t w e

.

our s e lv e s s tick o u r h e a r s e s w ith flo we r s an d go ,

f orth to t he gra v e w ith ro s e m a ry O ur pre ce d e n t s .

w e re t he J e ws w ho s e an c i e n t cu s to m it wa s by t he
,

"
ifi e s oi l
’
1 T h e C ha l a ce wo r d L uz n ) whi ch s ig n an a lm o n d ,
m on d tr ee, an d t h e h a z e l , is a ls o u s e d by t h e R o bbin s t o s ig n if y
a ce r t a in bo n in t h e h u m a n s k e le ton w h i ch is i n co r r u / zt zbl e , a n d,

/
e

/
,

ou t o f w hi ch t h e y su z zo s e t he r e s u r r e ct i o n b o d y will be f or med .

In t he t a lm u d ic a l t r a c t c a lle d Z o ha r , we fi n d t he f o l lo win g
c u r io u s a s s e r t io n s c o n c e r n in g t h is
p o in t .

B e ho ld a c e r t a in bo n e wh ic h r e m a in s in c o r r u p t ib le i n m a n ,
e ve n u n d e r t he e a r t h, t hi s b o n e i s l ik e a m a ss o f le a v e n , an d by
it t h e h o ly and b le ss e d G o d s ha ll r e -
e d if y t h e w ho l e b o d y .

R a bbi E li e z a r sa
ys , L u z i s o n e o f t h e b o n e s o f t h e h u m a n
s p in e , w hic h can n o t b e c o n s u m e d , a n d n e v e r c a n c o r r u p t ; t he
r a d ix o f t he b o n e is f r o m h e a v e n i t se lf , and is m o is t e n e d wzt h
d e w, o u t o f whic h G o d
'
s h a ll s o m e ime t c a ll t h e d e a d t o lif e . It
is as le a v e n in t h e m a s s o f m e al .

In a R a bb in ic a l l e x ic o n , t e r m e d B aa l fl r u ch , it i s sa id ,
L u z is a s m a ll bo n e at t h e e n d o f t h e e i g ht e e n t h v e t e b r e t he

w h o l e bo d y go e s in t o co rr u p t io n , t h is b o n e e x ce p t e d . I t is
r
s im il a t o a n a lm o n d .
 S e ct . II j . o r T HE HU MAN BODY . 37 1

wa y th e y we n t w ith corp se s to pluck u p e v cr y

as ,
z

o ne t he gra s s a s who s houl d s a th e y we re n ot

, y , ,

s orry a s m e n without hO e ; f o r a s m u c h a s th e ir
p
“
In V AY I K R A RA B B A, s e ct o n i e igh t e e n t h , Y a l c u t on t he
tw e lf t h c ha p t e r o f Ec c l e s ia s t e s , are t he f o llo win g wo d s r
H a d r i a n C ae z a r as k e d R a bb i J o s hu a , t he so n o f C h a n in a ,
Ho w can G o d r a is e u p m a n i n t h e w o r ld t o co me Ra bbi
J o shu a a n s we r e d, ‘ F r o m t he bo n e L u z o u t o f t he S
p ine .
’

How ca n I be a s su r e d o f t hi s , sa ys H a d r ia n
y t he n
”
1 . Th e

b r o u gh t o ne o f t he se b o n e s b e f o r e h im , o n w h ic h t h e y p o u r e d
wa t e r , b u t it w a s n o t s o f t e n e d t h e r e b y ; t h e y p u t i t in t h e fi r e ,

b u t i t wa s p u t it b e t we e n m ill s t o n e s , b u t it
no t bu rn t ; t he y

wa s n o t r e d u c e d t o p o wd e r h e y p l a c e d it o n a n a n v il , a n d . T
s t r u c k it wit h a h a m m e , b u t t h o ugh t h e a n v il wa s s p lit wi t h
r
iv e d in j u r y
’
t h e blo w, ye t t h e bo n e r e ce no .

In B E R E SHIT H R AB B A (a l a r ge co mme n ta ry o n t he bo o k
o f G e n e s is) s e c t io n t we n t y -
e igh t h , t he sa m e t hi
g is r e la e d , a n d
n t
i t is adde d th e re t ha t in o rde r to f
p e v e n t t h e wic k e d a n t e
d il u v ia n s f r o m t he b e n e fi t o f t he r e s u r r e c t io n , t he h o ly an d
bl e s s e d G o d u n iv e r l ly d e str o ye d
sa t he b o n e L u z.
’
So m u ch
f o r t he J e w is h t r ifl in
g o n t h e s u bj e c t .

T h e bo n e wh ic h i s in e n d e d in t t he a bo v e
q uo t a t io n s , is
e vid e n tly t h e o s c o cc
ygi s , t he lo we r s m a ll t e r m in a t in g bo n e o f
t he sp i n e . W o u ld it not b e Wo r t h wh il e t o l e t t h e R a bbi n s

le a d u s t o t he gr a ve t t
ya r d , ha we m ight s e a r c h a n d s e e wh e
-

t he r th i s bo n e b e f o u n d r e m a in in g a f t e r t he d is s o l u io n o f t h e t
r e st i
'

, Th a t t he a n c ie n t J e ws h e ld
,
t he t hin g , is a ll I wis h e d
to p ro ve ; t h e ir t r ifl in g o n t he su bj e c t do e s not a ff e c t t he

gro und o f ; he in q u ir y ’
. Se e B ux tor f s L ex . vo c .

“
W h e t he r t h is g e rm b e in t h e o s c o cc g i s o r n o
y
’

t, it i s ce r

t a in ly so m e wh e r e , th ou
gh p r o b a bly n o t so ap
pa r e n t a s in t h e

R a b b in ic a l L u z .

P e rmi t me t o a d d , the d o c t r in e o f ge r m s h a s o p ene d a ne w

wo r ld o l
f wo n d e r s in p h i o s o p hy ; it h a s d e v e l o p e d a m u l t it u d e
o f t r
hin gs p r e v io u sly in s c u t a bl e , in o r ga n iz e d v e ge t a ble s u b
sta n ce s —why m a y it not te d e d t be e x n o o r ga n iz e d a n im a l

ma tte r F ro m t he ir in h e re n t ge r m s it i s d e m o n st r ab l e , t ha t
s7 2 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI O N [C ha p v11 . .

b roth e r wa s cropp e d o ff a n d s hould s pri n g up

but so
’ ‘

a g a i n in his d u e s e a s o n
“
We m a y ta ke a n o m e n (con ti n u e s Gre gory ) o f
’
o u r ri s i n a a in
g f ro m t h e ti m e o f our S a viour s
g ,

r e s urre ctio n T he fir s t f ruit s ro s e in t he s pri n g

.
,

which is t he ti m e (s a ith S e n a tor Ma n iliu s ) w he re in

t he ph oe n ix ri s e th o u t o f he r a s h e s It is t he ti m e .

a l s o w h e r e i n t he E gypti a n s c e l e bra te th e ir a n n u al
r e s u rr e ctio n W e s hal l t a ke thi s ho we v e r bu t a s a
.
, ,

s t a ll o f E gypt a brok e n re e d o r but s uch a n o n e a s

, ,

G e h a z i l a i d upon t he d e a d chil d B u t t he M a s te r .

c o m e t h s hortly a n d s h a ll co m m a n d t h e bre a th to
,

c o m e f ro m t he f ou r w i n d s a n d br e a th e upo n o u r ,
”
s la in ; a n d th e n th e s e bo n e s s ha ll li v e ( S e r m on
’

on t he R e s u r r e ct i o n , by G re g or y , ,
0 .

It is t o thi s po we r f ul a n d i n v igora ti n g b re a th o f
H e a v e n th a t we m u s t fi n a lly lo dk f o r tha t a wa k e n
,

in g e n e rgy which s h a ll quick e n o u r m orta l bo d i e s

, ,

a n d e n d o w th e m w i t h s tre n gt h t h a t s h a ll k n o w n o

de c a y F o r a lt hough in pur s uin g t he s ubj e ct o f

.
,

o u r i n q uiry t he proc e s s o f n a tu r e hol d s o u t u n to u s

,

a n e x a m pl e which s he ws t he wa y a n d which in a ll
, , ,

prob a bility s uppli e s u s with a n a n al ogy c om pl e te

,

in a ll it s p a rt s ye t t he quick e n i n g po we r be lo ng s t o
,

God
“

T he powe r o f a ction in a ll pos s ibl e f orm s m u s t ,

ha v e origi n a te d a n d m u s t con ti n u e to ori gi n a t e in

,

t h e id e n i y tt o t
f p la n s i s p r e s e r v e d ; a n a lo gy sa y , s it m a y b e
t he sa m e in o r a n iz e d a n im a l s u b s a n c e s
g t .

Fo r a f u r t he r co n fir m a tio n o f the o p in io n o f
I
t he J e ws on

fi le r e su r r e cti o n , se e 2 M a c ca b e e s , vu . v . 9, l l , 14, 2 2 , 2 33:

37 4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U R R E C T I O N l [ C h ap . V IE
.

our hop e s is f a r f ro m b e i n g c o n clu s ive ; t he m i n d

,

fluctu a te s in i n d e ci s io n o n s uch a n occa s io n a n d ,

s e e k s a f t e r oth e r e vi d e n c e to fi x it a t a poi n t A .

tra i n o f prob a ble c ircu m s t a n c e s is re a d y a t h a rid ,

d r a wn f ro m o u r m o s t obviou s co n ce rn s a n d f ro m ,

s c e n e s w ith w hich we a r e d a ily co n v e r s a n t P ro .

b a bilit ie s swa r m a rou n d u s o n e v e ry s ide V e ge ta .

tiv e a n d a n i m al li f e gi y e u s e x a m pl e s which a r e in ,

u n i s o n w ith o u r e x p e cta tio n s a n d t he a ttribut e s o f

G o d co n f i r m t he co n v ictio n s which prob a bl e e v i ,

de n ce b e ge t s B u t e v id e n c e o f a m ore co m m a n d
.
h

in g n a ture s til l r e m a i n s ; it is s up e rior in it s e ffi

c a cy but co n ge n i a l l n l t s ki n d with wh a t w e ha v e
,

a lre a d y s e e n a n d it pre s e n t s it s e l f
,
b e f ore u s in t he
n e xt s e c tio n .

S EC T . III .

Tha t t he R e s u r r e c t io n f
o t he Hu ma n B o dy is
c e r t a in
p r ov ed f rom t he P r in c i l f P hilo s o
, p es o

h
p y ,
t he J us t ice
f
o G o d, a nd t he co m
p oun de d
Na t u r e of M a n
. .

W E ha ve s ai d , in t he
pr e c e d i n g s e ctio n th a t we ,

c an h a v e n o s a ti s f a c tory co n c e ptio n s o f t he D ivi n e

j u s tic e without h a vi n g re cour se to a n oth e r li f e ;

,

a n d we c a n h a v e n o co n c e ptio n o f a n oth e r li f e with ,

o u t i n clu d i n g in th a t ide a tho s e re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h

,

m e n t s whi ch a wa it t he right e ou s a n d t he guilty in

tho se a wf ul a bo d e s
.
.

R e wa rd s a n d pu n i sh m e n t s a r e i n ti m a t e ly co n n e ct
S e ct . o r T HE H U M A N BODY . 37 5

e d with t he ttribute s o f G o d ; a n d t he s a m e a rgu

a

m e n t s w hich w ill prov e th a t n ia n is a m ora l a ge n t ,

will prov e tha t he m u s t s urviv e t he gra v e T he .

ma n n e r o f o u r f utu re b e i n g I S t he r e f o fe the on ly , ,

qu e stion whic h c a n n o w re m a i n ; b e c a u se t he f a ct
i t s e l f is too obviou s to b e d e n i e d .

I f re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h m e n t s b e a d m i n i s t e re d be
yo n d t he gra v e th e y m u s t b e ad m i ni ste re d to m a n
,

m a n bot h bo d y an d s ou l mu s t b e p r e
'

a n d if t o ,

s e rv ed b e c a u s e both n a ture s a r e e ss e n ti al ly ne ce s
, ,

hi s e x i s te n ce T he i d e n tity o f o u r p e rs on s
.

is t s in t he u n i o n o f o u r c o m p o u n d e d n a mr e ;
t his i de n tity m u s t th e re fo re b e lo s t if the who l e o f
'
,

our corpore al f ra m e s a r e p e rm itte d f or e v e r t o

m oul d e r in t he re gio n s o f di s s olution o r ar e t o s s e d
'

w ith t he ivin d s o f h e av e n T h e r e su r r e c t iOn p f o u r

.

bo d i e s is th e re f ore t he n e ce s s a ry re s ult o f ou r b e
, ,
a

in g ; an d u n l e s s we ta k e it i n to ou r a c cou n t we ,

l e a ve t he n a ture o f m a n in a s ta t e a s r e m ote f ro m
n a t u r a l p e rf e ctio n a s we pl a c e t he j u s tic e o f
,
God
in a m o r a l poin t o f V i e w if n e ith e r r e wa rd s n o r ,

pu n i s h m e n t s s u cc e e d to t he pre s e n t li f e
‘
.
«

O ur s oul s a n d bo d i e s ar e s o i n ti m a te ly con n e ct
e d in t he pre s e n t li f e th a t th e y m utu a lly i n flu e n ce -

e a ch othe r ; a n d through th a t s e cr e t u n io n which

‘

s ub s i s t s b e t we e n th e m the y p e r f or m a v a ri e ty o f
,

a ctio n s o f w hich n e ith e r s oul n o r bo d y w a s n o r c a n

, , ,

b e ca p a bl e in it s s e p ar a t e s t a t e
,
T he s uppo s itio n .
,
,

th e re f or e which i n duc e s u s to b e li e v e th a t t he s o u l
, ,

a lo n e s h al l b e e ith e r r e wa rde d o r pu n i sh e d in a n o
‘

th e r li f e f o r a ctio n s which a s a s i m pl e s ub s tan c e it

, , ,

n e ith e r did n o r c ould pos s ibly co m m it is n o t o n ly ,

 37 5 I D E N T IT Y AN D R ESU R R E C TIO N [ C ha p . V II .

irr e c o n cile a ble with con c e ption o f e qu ity b u t

our
,

utte rly re pu gn an t to e v e ry pri n c ipl e o f j u s tic e If .

,

th e re f ore re wa rds a n d pun i s h m e n ts be a d m i n i s te re d

,

in a n othe r li f e th e y m u s t b e a d m i n i s te re d to m a n
,

a n d if a d m i n is te re d to m a n to who se b e i n g t he
,

u n io n o f m a tte r a n d s pi r i t is e s se n tia l ly n e ce s sa ry ,

t he body m u s t s urviv e t he gra v e .

If t he s o u l a lo n e upon a pri n cipl e o f re tributi v e

,

j u s ti ce ca n b e e ith e r r e wa rde d o r pu n i s he d in a n o
,

the r li f e f o r a c tion s which s e p a ra te d f ro m t he

, , ,

bo dy it coul d n o t po s s ibly c o m m it ; j u s tic e m u s t

,

disp r op o r t ion t he pu n i s h m e n t t o t he o ff e n c e ; b e
c a u se in th is ca s e t h e p u n is h m e n t is f o r a ll t he a c
,

t io n whil e t he cri m e c o n s i s te d o n ly in a rt I thi

p n s .

vi e w we be hold m ore pu n i s h m e n t tha n cri m e a n d

,

c o n s e qu e n tly t he s u rp lu s o f pu n i s h m e n t c an n ot b e
,

j u st . I f th en a s in gl e io t a o f pu n i s h m e n t ca n b e
,

in flicte d withou t an a de qu a t e pre portio n o f o ff e n c e ,

u i shm e n t m b i n fli ct e d wh e re h e re i
‘

p n a
y e t s no

c ri m e ; an d t o s uppos e thi s t o pro c e e d f ro m a prin

c ip le o f di vi n e j u s tic e we a r e u n d e r t he n e c e s s it of
, y
m a ki n g j u s t ic e t o be co m e u nj u s t B u t s i nc e it is
.
,

i m po s s i ble th a t j u s tic e c a n b e co m e u n j u s t it m u s t ,

a l s o b e i m po s s ibl e th a t j u s tic e ca n i n fl ict pu n i s h

,

m e n t without a cri m e ; a n d s i n ce pu n i s h m e n t ca n .

n o t b e in flict e d w ithout cri m e pu n i s h m e n t ca n n ot

,

b e di s proportio n e d to t he o ff e n c e ; a n d a s pu n i s h
m e n t c a n n ot b e di s proportio n e d t o t he o ff e n c e n o ,

pu n i s h m e n t c a n b e i n flicte d upo n t he s o u l f o r th o se
a ctio n s w hich it could n o t po s s ibly co m m it We .

ar e , th e re f ore brought to this a lte r na tiv e e ith e r

, , ,

t h a t n o re wa rd s an d
p u n i s h m e n t s s h a ll b e a d m in is
 S 78 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RRE C TI ON [C ha p V II . .

un de n i a bly ith e r tha t thi s portion o f p u

f ollo ws , e

n is h m e n t which r e m a i n s in r e s e r v e m u s t n e v e r be
,

i n flicte d o r th a t t he body m u s t be a ga in re st o re d t o
,

li f e
.

H a vin g brought t he a rgu m e n t to thi s s t a te a s im ,

le proc e s s will d e ci d e t he a ff a ir T h e p u n i s hm e n t
p .

whic h li e s i n re s e rve m u s t e ithe r b e d u e o r it m u s t

, ,

n ot . If d u e j u s tic e c a n n ot w ithhol d it ; a n d th e re
,

f ore whe th e r we co n s i d e r t he body s e p a ra te ly o r

'

, ,

in u n io n with t h e s oul it m u s t e xp e rie n c e a r e s u r

,

r e c t io n if n o t d u e th e f ou n d a tio n o f t he obj e ctio n

,

is tot a lly de s troy e d a n d t he f or m e r a r gu m e n t r e

,

m a l u s i n a ll it s f orc e . A n d t he fi n a l c on s e qu e n c e is ,

wh e t h e r we ad m it t he obj e ctio n o r re j e c t it th a t a ,

re s urre ctio n o f t he body m u s t ta k e p la c e In a d .

m itti n g t he obj e ctio n t he a n s we r which ha s b e e n

,
I

giv e n m u s t f ollo w ; a n d in re j e cti n g it t he or igi n al ,

a rgu m e n t is u n a s s a il e d .

Th a t God is uni f or m ly go v e rn e d by t he re ctitude

o f hi s n a ture c a n n o m ore b e doub te d th a n we c an
, ,

doubt o f h is e xi s te n ce n othi n g th e re f ore whi c h is , ,

d o n e by him c a n po s s ibly b e u n j u s t
,
T he u n io n .

o f o u r s oul s a nd bo d i e s i n ti m e w h e n vi e we d in r e
,

l a tio n to t he D ivi n e n a ture e ns ure s a r e n e wa l o f

,
~

th a t u n io n in e te rn i t y J u s tic e is a n i m m uta bl e
.

pri n cipl e which n o p owe r can a lte r n o l a n gu a ge

, ,

ov e rtur n If o u r a c tio n s he re e ith e r s ubj e c t u s to

.
,

pu n i sh m e n t o r e n titl e u s to re wa rd it ca n n o t be
‘

, ,

withhe ld ; if th e y d o n o t n e ithe r t he f or m e r n o r t he
,

la tte r ca n be a d m i n i s te re d c on s i ste n tly wi t h j u st i c e ,

 S e ct OF T HE H U MAN B OD Y '

.
37 9

an d t h a t whic h c an n ot b e don e c on s i s te n tly with ju s

ti ce c an n ot c o m e f ro m God
, .

T he body m u s t be i m plic a t e d in thi s de c i s i on a s ,

we ll a s t he s oul .In con j u n ctio n with t he s oul it ,

a rt icip a te d in a c tio n s whic h in vol v d m or l ns

p e a c o e

u e n ce s nd j u s tic e c an n o m ore b e re m i s s in t he
q a

o n e c a se th an in t he o t h e r In it s n a ture it m u s t b e
.
,

o f u n iv e r sa l a pplic a tion ; a n d c a n k n o w n o d is t in c
‘

t io n b e t we e n s ir it a n d m a t t e r
p I t s vig il a n c e m u s t
.

b e u n r e m ittin g ; a n d f ro m t h e se vi e w s w hich we
ha ve o f it s n a ture it m u s t be e qu al ly r e m ote f ro m
,

p a rtia lity a n d n e gl e ct An d if n e ith e r p a rti a lity n o r

.
,
‘

n e gl e ct ca n a pply to D ivi n e j u s tic e it m u s t e xt e n d ,

to t he hu m a n body b e c a u se t he h u m a n body is a
,

s ubj e c t o f it ; t he pl a i n co n se qu e n c e t h e re f ore is , ,

t h a t t he hu m an body thou gh co n s ign e d to c orr u ption

,

f o r a s e a s on m u s t fi n a lly l e a v e t he m an s io n s o f t he
,

de a d .

Wh e th e r in a cco m pli shin g thi s gre a t e v e n t God

, ,

s h a ll b e pl e a s e d to a ct through t he in s tru m e n t al ity

o f m e an s o r w ithout a n y m e di u m
,
is a qu e s tio n tha t
,

ha s o nl y a di s ta n t co n n e xio n w ith t he f a ct In e ith e r .

c a se as his powe r is i n fi n ite n othi n g ca n yi e ld o b ;

, ,

s t r u c t io n s ; a n d t he ut m o s t th a t ca n b e s a i d is th a t ,

t he f a ct it s e l f m a y b e m ore o r l e s s di ffi c ult to co m

pr e he n d .

I n o u r pre s e n t re gion th e re a r e v a riou s l a ws !

r e s c rib e d to n a ture b e yo n d t he bou n d a ri e s o f

p ,

which w e d a re n o t p as s ; but wh e n t he pre s e n t

s ta te s h a ll giv e pl a c e u n to an oth e r it is n a tura l t o
,

c on c e i v e th a t t he bou n da rie s o f o u r e xi s te n c e w ill

b e e n la rge d G o d withou t a ll dou b t m a y giv e
.
, ,
38 0 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR E C TI ON [C ha p V II . .

h e re a f te r to co m pou n de d a s we ll a s to s i m pl e b o ,

di e s s uch m odific a tio n s o f e xi s te n ce a s hu m a n

, ,

e ye h a th n o t s e e n n o r e a r h e ar d a n d w hich h a v e ,
,

n ot e n t e re d i n to t he h e a rt o f m an to con c e iv e .

A n d w h e n th a t p e io d s h al l a rriv e wh e n t he p re
,
r ,

s e n t s v s t e m o f thi n gs s h a ll b e n o m ore s o m e l a ws ,

o f n a t ure n e w to m an
,
which h a v e b e e n co n ce al e d
,

f ro m e t e r n ity m a y m a k e th e ir a pp e a ra n c e throu gh
, ,

t ho s e r e volution s w hich we a r e n o w s uppo s i n g .

A n d by thu s u n f ol d i n g th e m s e lv e s a n d a cti n g in ,

c o n c e rt w it h th e s e l a ws o f n a ture w hich h a v e b e e n

t he gui d e s o f t he hu m a n ra c e f o r n e a rly s ix thou

s a n d ye a rs ; the y m a y giv e s u ch a bi a s to t he whol e
s y s t e m o f cre a t e d b e i n g s a s m a y produc e th a t fi n a l
,

r e s titutio n o f thi n g s w hich we a r e ta ught to e xp e ct

,

b oth f ro m n a ture a n d t he w ord o f G o d .

Withou t a ll d oubt t he p r e s e n t l a ws o f n a tur e

,

e m a n a t e f ro m t h e D ivi n e m i n d a n d a r e a tra n script ,

o f hi m s e l f U n l e s s we a d m it thi s we can h a v e n o
.
,

c o n c e ptio n ho w th e y could oth e r w i s e e xi s t a n d in

a d m itti n thi s a s t he D ivi n e tur i i m m ut a bl e

g , n a e s ,

w e c a n h a v e n o co n c e ption th a t th e s e l a ws a s to ,

t h e ir e s se n c e c a n e v e r be d e s troy e d
,
The y m a y .

c h a n ge in a v a ri e ty o f f or m s bu t th e ir e s s e n c e will
,

s till r e m a i n t he s a m e ; th e ir p a rt s m a b e a e co m
y
m o d a t e d to ti m e o r th e y m a y b e a cco m m o d a t e d
,

t o e t e rn ity ; et n othi n b i n f e rre d f ro m

y g c a n e

t h e n c e th a t t he r e s urre ctio n is i m prob a bl e in poi n t

,
~

o f f a ct E v e n a s s u m i n g thi s f a ct a s t he grou n d
.
,

w ork o f o u r b e li e f t ha t t he la w s of n a t u r e a s t o
, ,

t he ir e s s e n ce , n ev er ca n be de s tr o y
e d, bu t t ha t

u n de r s u ch m o difica t io n s we ca n n o t e a s il ca n
as y
 m I D EN T IT Y AN D R ESU R R EC T IO N [C hap . v 11:

f rom t he gu m e n t s which ha ve be e n a d van ce d we

ar ,

h a v e a s t ron g pre s u m ptio n n o t o n ly tha t t he body

,
‘

will be r e s tore d to l if e but tha t tho se p a rticl e s o f

,

which it s ha ll b e c o m pos e d m u s t a d h e re f o r e v e r .

Th a t t he hu m an s oul is a ppoi n te d to co n ti n u e f o r
e ve r , is a poi n t d e du c ibl e f ro m it s n a t u r e a n d pro ~

p e r t ie s ; a n d the r e f ore w e c a n h a v e n o co n c e p t io n ,

t ha t an y s i m pl e e s s e n c e c an pe ri s h An d s i n c e
.

s u c h a n e s s e n ce m u s t b e pl a c e d b e yo n d t he i n flu e n c e

o f m ut a tio n a n d de c a y ; al l e s s e n c e s of which t he
,

s oul is o n e m u s t c on ti nu e throu gh e t e r n ity

, B ut .

t h e s e ob s e rv a tio n s ar e e xclus iv e ly a ppli c a bl e to '

t he hu m a n s oul withou t h a v in g a n y r e f e r e n c e to
,

T o f orm t he e n t ir e ma n , ly t he s oul b u t
n ot o n ,

t he body a l s o m u s t b e pre s e rv e d ; which ca n e a s ily

b e a ff e c t e d by A l m ighty po we r though t he wa y s ,

t hrough whi ch it s h al l b e a cco m pli s h e d a r e to u s a t

p re se n t total ly u n k n o wn T h e n e.c e s s ity th e r e f or e , ,

o f t he r e s urr e ctio n o f t he b o dy a ri se s f ro m t he im ~

o s s ibility o f co n t in u in m a n with out it

p g .

I f t he body o f m an b e n e c e s sa ry to t he c o n t in u
‘

a n ce of ma n e ith e r t he hu m a n body m u s t b e p r e
,

s e rv e d f ro m t he po we r o f d e a th o r it m u s t fi nally
,

b e d e liv e re d f ro m it s i n flu e n c e The se ar e t he
o n l y wa y s through w hich we c an p re s u m e th a t
,

m a n ca n co n t i n u e f or e v e r T he f or m e r o f th e se
.

c a se s is c on tra dicte d by f a ct ; b e c a u s e all m u s t p a y

t he de bt o f n a tur e a n d s i nk a l ik e i n to t he m e l a n
,

c ho l a bod e s o f d e a t h T h e doctri n e o f t he r e s ur
y .
.

r e c t io n is th e re f ore a n e c e s s a ry c o n se qu e n c e o f t he
'

, ,

c o m pou n de d n a ture o f m an ; an d is i n ti m a t e ly c o n s
 s e ct . o r T HE H U M AN B O D Y . a s:

n e ct e d wi t h t he pre se rv a tio n o f his be i n g in a co m .

p ou n d e d s ta t e throug
, h e t e rn ity
A b e i n g tha t is de s ti n e d t o c on ti n u e f o r e v e r
‘

, ,

wh a te ve r b e the in te rn al c o n s titutio n o f it s n a t ure ,

m u s t if it b e t he sa m e pre s e r v e e v e ry prop e rty

, ,

whi c h is e s se n tia l to it s n a ture ; it is o n ly thi s tha t

ca n giv e it s ta bil ity o f b e i n g a n d co n s titute t he
,

ide n tity o f it s n a ture wh e the r s i m pl e in it s e l f o r

, ,
'
co m pou n de d o f pa rt s If th e re f ore we a pply thi s
.
, ,

doctri ne to m a n a n d s uppo s e tha t o u t o f t wo d is

,

t i n ct n a ture s whi c h a r e i n se p a r a bl e f ro m h im in his

,

p r e s e n t s t a t e o n e s h a ll b e e n t ir e l
, y lo s t ; tha t p o r
tio n which s urv iv e s t he lo s s ca n o n ly h a v e a p ar tial
e xi s te n c e ; it is n o lo n ge r t he s a m e th a t it wa s
be f or e but qu it e a n oth e r
,
It m a y e x i s t c o m pl e t e ly
.

as a s e p a ra te s pirit but a s e p a ra te s pirit is n o t

,

A s m a n t he e x i s t e n c e c a n b e b u t p a rti a l ;
'

ma n .
,

a n d in prop o rtio n to t he lo s s which it ha s s u s t a i n e d ,

t he r e al e s s e n c e m u s t b e ch a n g e d Fr o m the se .

c on s ide ra tion s it t h e re f ore a pp e ar s tha t though t he ,

s ou l s urviv e s t he r a v a ge s o f d e a th a n d is f ro m t he , ,

p e c uli a rity o f it s n a ture pl a c e d b e yon d t he re a c h

,

.
o f di s s olutio n ; t he m an m u s t b e f o r e v e r lo s t .

A b e in g which i n clude s in it s e sse n ce t wo d is

,

t i n ct n a ture s m u s t if it s ur v iv e t he gra v e pre se r v e

, , ,

b oth ; an d if e ithe r b e lo s t th a t whi c h s urv i ve s c an ,

.
n o m ore b e t he be in g whi c h wa s tha n tha t is which ,

is lo s t It ca n n e ith e r b e t he s am e in e s s e n t ia l
.
,

p p ro e r t ie s , in e s s e n ce , or in id e n t it y f
o be in g ; n or

c an we con c e i v e t he s a m e b e i n g t o ha v e a n y e x i s t
e n ce while we a d m it th a t o n e p a rt which wa s,
, ,

a n d st ill is n e c e s sar y t o it s be in g is f o r e v e r d e ,
38 4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R E S U RR EC TI O N [C h ap . V II .

s troye d . T hei n s ta n t th e r e f ore tha t t he u n ion be

, ,

t we e n m a tt e r a n d s pirit is d i s s olv e d t he co m pl e x ,

ide a o f m a n m u s t p e ri s h ; an d u n l e s s a re s u rre ction -

o f h is bo d t a k e pl a c e m a n c a n e xi s t n o m ore
y , .

U n d e r the s e vi e ws o f m a n t he pe culi a r m o d ifi ,

c a tio n o f his f uture bo d y c a n ha Ve n o co n n e ctio n

wit h o u r thought s W e i n quire n o t h e re whe th e r
.
,

a ll tho s e p a rticl e s whic h we re o n c e vita lly u n ite d

,

t o t he s y s te m o r wh e th e r t he
,
m aj ority o f tho s e
which we re d e po s ite d in t he gra v e s hal l c o ns titute ,

t he bo d y h e re a f t e r ; th e s e a n d oth e r m o d e s o f p o s

s ibl e b e i n gs a r e d i s ti n ct q u e s tio n s B u t c e rta in it is .

,

t h a t n o t o n ly t he i d e n tity o f s pirit but t he i d e n tity ,

o f m a n m o s t co n ti n u e h e re af t e r ; a n d whil e we a d

m it t he bo d y to b e a n e c e ss a ry p a rt o f m a n we ,

c an n ot a void thi s con cl u s ion tha t t he bo d y m u s t ,

b e a ga i n re s t ore d to li f e a n d vit al ly u n ite d to t he

,

S pirit : though it m a b e by wa y s which h a v e n e v e r

y
t e n t e r e d i n to hu m an thought
y e .

Tha t th e re is in t he com po s itio n o f m a n b oth

m a tte r a n d s pirit w ill p e rh a p s a d m it o f littl e d oubt ;
,

be c a u se th e s e d i s ti n ct n a ture s m a y b e prov e d by

p rop e rti e s w hich a r e d i s ti n ct f ro m o n e a n oth e r an d ,

p e culi a r to tho s e s ub s t a n c e s in w hich th e y i n he re .

T he t a n gibility o f m a tt e r w ill prov e b e yo n d t he ,

a s s i s ta n c e o f a l l e x t e r n a l proo f t he c e rt a i n ty o f it s
'

e xi s te n c e a n d l e a v e n o d oubt o f it s r e al ity upon t he

,

hu m a n m in d fit A t t he s a m e ti m e th a t co n s ciou s ,

“
3
T he ex is te n c e o f ma tte r is s e l f e v id e n t ,
-
a n d n o se lf -
cw .

d e n t f a ct ca n p o s sibly a d m it o f p r o o f ; b e c a u s e a ll p r o o f , f r o m
it s t
n a u re , m u s t b e m o r e e v id e n t t ha n t he t hin g i s in it s e lf ,
which is abo u t to be p ro v e d . D ea n B e r k e ly wa s, th e r e f o r e ,
38 6 I D E N TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [C ha p V II . .

o f t he s e di sti n ct n a t u r e s de a th m u s t destroy t h e
m a n tho u gh t he body a n d s o ul we re both to s u r
,

viv e in a s e p a ra t e s ta t e .T he e xi s te n c e o f t he
m a t e ri a l p a rt is but t h e e x is t e n c e o f t he body a n d ,

t he e x i s t e n c e o f t he soul is but t he e xi s t e n c e o f t he

s pirit a n d thoug h th e s e we re to e xi s t in a S t a t e o f

s e p a ra tio n it o m e a c h oth e r th e y woul d by n o

,

m e a n s prov e t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t he m an To t he
.

e xi s t e n c e o f t he m a n bot h n a ture s a r e e s s e n ti a lly

n e c e s s a ry ; a n d th e s e n a ture s m u s t e x i s t in u n io n

W ith e a ch othe r to g iv e e x i t e n c e t o m a n a n d to
,
s
,

giv e t he i d e a o f th a t e x is t e n c e to o u r m in d s .

A s th e n th e s e n a ture s a r e s e p a r a te d by d e a th
, ,

if t he body ri s e n o t a g a i n f ro m t he de a d t he i d e n ,

tity o f m a n m u s t b e f o r e v e r lo s t ; b e ca u s e t he
i d e n tity o f a n y co m pou n de d b e i n g c a n n e ve r c o n
s i s t in a n y s i m pl e n a tur e w hich is e vide n tly but a
,

a r t o f t h a t who le f ro m w h e n c e we fir s t obt a i n e d
p ,

t he i d e a A n d if t he i d e n tity o f m a n b e lo s t he
.
, ,

c a n n e v e r b e t he s a m e b e i n g bu t m u s t b e a n oth e r ;
,

f o r s i n c e i d e n tity c a n n o m ore b e tra n s f e rre d f ro m

,

a w ho le to a th a n it c a n f ro m o n e s ub s t a n c e to
p art ,

a n othe r o r f ro m o n e s y s t e m o f organ i z e d m a tt e r
,

to a n oth e r ; tha t p ar t which s urviv e s t he gra v e

c a n n ot be s ubj e cte d e ith e r to pu n i s h m e n t s or r e
wa r d s f o r tho s e a ction s o f t he pre se n t li f e which
, ,

a re e vi d e n tly p e rf orm e d by m a n B u t s i n c e tho s e

.
,

a ctio n s w hich a r e p e rf or m e d by m a n a re e vi d e n tly

,

e n titl e d to t he re tributio n s o f a n oth e r li f e t he i d e n

,

tity o f man m u s t b e pre s e rv e d A n d a s thi s . ,

id e n tity con s i s t s in a n u n io n o f t wo d i s ti n ct n a tu re s ,

an d th e s e n a ture s ar e se p a ra t e d by de a th ; it f o l
.
S e ct. o r T HE HU M AN BODY . 337

lo ws th a t a re u n io n m u s t n e c e s s a rily t a k e pl a c e
a gai n b e t we e n the m ; a n d th e r e f ore th e hu m an
bo d y m u s t ris e f ro m t he gra v e .

If t h e e s s e n c e o f m a n co n s i s t s in t he u n io n o f
t wo n a t u re s ,
re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h m e n t s m u s t b e
a d m i n i s t e re d wh e r e t he e s s e n c e o f m a n is n o t ; if
his s oul b e m a d e s u s c e ptibl e e ith e r o f f e licit y o r w o e ,

in e ith e r o f th e s e c a p a citi e s w hil e in a s t a t e o f s e

,

a r a t io n f ro m t he bo d y B ut c e rt a i n it is th at
p .
, ,

re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h m e n t s w h ich a r e d u e to m a n ,

c a n n e v e r be a ppli e d w ith j u s tic e w h e re t he e s s e n c e

of m a n is n o t . A n d ; s i n c e re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h
m e n t s m u s t b e a d m i n i s t e re d by j u s tic e a n d t he s e ,
‘

c a n n ot b e a d m in is t e r e d in r e s pe ct o f t he a ctio n s o f
m an ,
w h e r e t he e s s e n c e o f m a n is n o t ; it f ollo ws ,

th a t t he e s s e n ce o f m a n m u s t be pre se rv e d A n d .
,

a s t he e s s e n c e o f m an ,
which m u s t b e pre s e rv e d ,

co n s i s t s in t he u n io n o f tho s e n a ture s which a r e s e

a r a t e d by d e a th th tur m u t b e re u n it e d
p ,
e s e n a e s s ,

a n d t he body m u s t e xp e ri e n c e a r e s urr e ctio n f ro m

Th a t it is t he m a n an d n o t his s o u l n o r his bo dy
, ,

s e p a ra t e ly co n s i d e re d th a t m u s t b e t he obj e ct o f
,

tho s e re wa rd s a n d pu n i s h m e n t s whic h a wa it u s in
a n oth e r li f e, is e v id e n t f ro m t he n a ture o f tho se
a ctio n s whic h a r e n o w p e rf or m e d N e ith e r s oul.

n o r body coul d p e rf or m a v a ri e ty o f a ctio n s wh ic h ,

di s ti n gui sh t he m a n ; th e y re s ult f ro m his c o m

p o u n de d n a ture ; a n d in tha t c a pa city m u s t s ta n d ,

in re l a tio n to t he j u s tice o f G o d A n a ction p e r.

,

f or m e d by a co m o u n de d be in whi c h t d i
p g s a
, n s n r e .
 38 8 I D E N TIT Y AN D R ES U RRE C TI O N [C h a p V II . .

l a tion to j u s tic e c a n o n ly ha v e a co n n e ctio n with

,

j u s tic e in th a t c ap a c it y a n d cha r a c t e r B u t thi s .

c a a c it in a s e p a r a t e s ta te t he s oul do e s n o t s u s
p y , ,

t a i n n e ith e r d oe s it a pp e a r in thi s cha r a c t e r d u ,

ri n g th a t p e rio d O n th e s e grou n d s n e ithe r r e wa rd s

.
,

n o r pu n is h m e n t s c a n b e a d m i n i s t e re d i m m e d i a t e ly

a f t e r d e a th ; both t he cap a cit y a n d cha r a c t e r t o ,

w hich the y c a n a pply ha v e b e e n i n te rrupt e d by

,

de a th ; a n d a s u s p e n s io n a pp e a r s which n othi n g ,

but t he r e s u rre ctio n c a n re m ov e If the re f ore we

.
, ,

de n y t he re s urre ctio n we a n n ihil a te a cap a cit y f o r

,

tho s e re wa rd s an d pu n i s h m e n t s wh ich we a d m it to ,

b e j u st . A n d by our a d m itti n g t he j u s tice o f r e

wa r d s a n d pu n i s h m e n t s whil e we d e n y a cap a c it y
,

and ch a ra cte r f o r th e m in t he s ubj e ct ; we m ak e

d e a th to de f e a t t he purpo s e s o f j u s tic e a n d to cou n ,

t e r a c t t he e ffic a cy o f th a t po we r w hich is a d m itt e d

t o be o m n ipot e n t B u t s i n c e o m n ipot e n t po we r
.
,

c a n n ot po s s ibly be d e f e a te d ; j u s tic e c a n n e v e r b e
d e f ra u d e d throu gh t he i n te rv e n tio n o f d e a th An d .

th e re f ore thou gh d e a th s u s p e n d s th a t c apa c ity a n d

,

c ha r a c t e r to w hich a lo n e re w a rd s a n d pu n i s h m e n ts
,

a pply n e ith e r c a a c it cha r a c t e r

ca n , p y no r c an

fi n a lly b e d e s troy e d O m n ipote n t po we r m u s t p r e

.

v a il a t l a s t ; a n d cap a c it y a n d cha r a c t e r m u s t b e
a a in
g r e s tor e d . B ut a s ,
c a a c it
p y an d cha r a c t e r

c a n o n ly a ri s e f ro m t he u n io n o f tho s e n a ture s whic h ,

a re se p a ra t e d by d e a th ; t he fi na l re s ult m u s t be ,

t h a t b o th n a ture s s h a ll b e a ga i n u n ite d a n d th e re ,

f ore t he bo d y m u s t ri s e a ga i n .

If t he u n ion o f t wo s ub s tan c e s b e n e c e s sa ry t o
t he e s se n c e o f a n y gi v e n be i n g and o ne o f ,
th e s e
390 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU R R E C TI ON [C ha p V II . .

ou t i n volvi n g our s e lv e s in p a lpa ble co n tra d iction s .

T he r e m ov a l o f a n y o n e e s s e n ti al prop e rty is t he d e
s tru ct io n o f t he e s s e n c e ; a n d t he s a m e a ct w hic h

d e s troy s t he e s s e n c e m u s t n e c e s s a rily an n ihil a te t he

,

b e i n g A s the re f ore t he e s s e n c e o f m a n co n s i s t s
.
, ,

in t he u n ion o f his s oul an d body t he l a tt e r o f whic h ,

is d e s troy e d by d e a th t he b e i n g o f m a n m u s t n e c e s
,

s a rily c e a s e ; it c an h a v e n o f urth e r e xi s te n ce th a n
whil e t he u n io n o f both n a ture s is pre s e rv e d T he .

s e p a r a tio n ,
the re f ore which ta k e s pl a c e a t d e a th
, ,

c a n o n ly b e p a rti a l in it s n a ture b e c a u s e t he e s s e n c e
,

m u s t co n ti n u e ; a n d a s t he e s se n c e m u s t co n ti n u e ,

t h e bo d y ,
which f orm e d a p a rt m u s t e xp e ri e n c e a ,

re s urre ction .

We re it n o t f o r t h e in te rv e n tion o f d e a th we ,

s houl d h a v e n o re a s o n to doubt o f t he co n ti n u a n c e

o f t he co m pou n de d b e i n g o f m a n th a n we h a ve n o w
,

to doubt o f it s a ctu a l e xi s te n ce T he e s s e n c e o f
m a n m u s t th e re f ore co n s i s t in thi s co m pou n d whil e
h e re b e lo w a n d th a t in which t he e s s e n c e o f a n y
,

b e i n g co n s i s t s a t a n y t im e m u s t b e that in which
, , ,

it con s i s t s a t a ll t im e s b e ca u se t he e s s e n ce s o f b e
,
:

i n g s c a n n e v e r u n d e rgo a n y ch a n ge A n d a s t he .

e s s e n c e o f m a n n o w co n s is t s in t he co m pou n d o f h is

n a ture a n d e s s e n c e c a n n e v e r u n d e rgo a n ch an ge ,
, y
t he co m pou n d m u s t co n ti n u e b e c a u s e it is n e c e s s ary
,

to t he e ss e n c e a n d the re f ore though t he bo d y d i e s

, , ,

it m u s t n e c e s s ar i ly ri se a ga i n .

If hu m an n a ture we r e i m m orta l in it s pre s e n t ,

s t a te
,
n o ch a n ge o f e s se n c e woul d b e s u s p e ct e d by

t he m o s t s c e ptic a l o f t he hu m a n ra c e T he n o m i .

n a l e s s e n c e would h a v e e n s ure d to u s t he pr opr i

et
y o f th a t w hich i s r e al throug, h a ll tho s e po s s i b l e
S e ct . o r T HE HU MAN BOD Y . 39 1

c h a n ge s whi c h hu m a n n a ture thu s circu m s t a n c e d , ,

c oul d u n d e r o
g W h
.
y th e n s houl d we in t he
p r e ,

s e n t co n d itio n o f m a n p a u s e a t t he gra v e ? Why

,

s houl d we di s tru s t t he po we r which is i n fi n it e ; t he ,

goo dn e s s which is illi m it a bl e or t he j u s tice which

is i m m ut a bl e ? T he po we r which ga v e b e i n g c a n , ,

u n doubt e d ly co n ti n u e it u n d e r a ll po s s ibl e ch a n ge s ,

e v e n i n cludi n g d e a th in t he c a t al o u e e ithe r in thi s

g
w orl d o r in an oth e r thou gh his m o d e s o f a ctio n r e
, ,

m a i n tota l ly u n k n o wn .

Th a t G o d w ill co n ti n u e our e xi s te n c e m a y be ,

in f e rre d f ro m h is a ttribut e s a n d n a ture ; his j u s tic e

d e m a n d s it a n d n e ith e r his goodn e s s n o r his m e rcy
c an w ith hol d w h a t j u s tic e d e m an d s D e li n qu e n cy .

c a n n ot b e s u ff e r e d to go u n pu n i s h e d ; w h e re th e re
is a c a p a city f o r m ora l a ctio n th e r e m u s t b e a c a ,

a c it y f o r pu n is h m e n t s a n d re wa rd s Thu s t he m o
p .

r al n a ture of our e x i s t e n c e an d o f our a ctio n s ,

s t a n d i n g in clo s e co n n e xio n w ith j u s tic e e n s ure s a ,

d a y o f re tribution w h e th e r we h a v e o r h a v e n o t
, ,

an e e to t he e s s e n c e a n d co m pou n d e d n a tur e o f
y y
m an .A n d a s a d a y o f re trib u tion is n e c e ss a rily
f ou n de d upo n j u s tic e j u s tic e d e m a n d s t he s a m e
,

su bs t a n ce , t he sa me e ss e n ce ,
an d t he sa me

T he b e in g b e i n g th e re f ore co n s titute d by t he
o f m an
u n io n o f t wo d i s ti n ct s ub s ta n c e s both m u s t b e pr e ,

s e rv e d a n d t he body which wa s s o wn in we a k n e s s ,

m u s t b e r a i s e d in po we r .

Tha t tho s e a ctio n s which e vide n tly re s ult f ro m

,

m a tt e r a n d s pirit n o t s e p a r a t e ly co n s id e r e d but in
, ,
.

u n io n w ith e a ch oth e r a r e o f a m ora l n a ture is

, ,

t o o e vide n t to be d e n i e d Ma n y o f the s e n e ithe r

.
 S 92 I D E N T IT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI ON [ C ha p V I I . .

m a tte r pirit could p e rf orm in a s e p ar a te s ta te

n or s .

A n d if th e s e a ctio n s w hich thu s re s ult f ro m a c o m

, ,

ou n de d ha t u r e c p bl f u t a in in a m ora l
p a r e a a e o ,
s s g
re l a tio n th e y c a n n e ith e r b e re wa rd e d n o r pu n i s he d
,

in a n y oth e r n a ture tha n th a t in which th e y we re

p e rf or m e d T he u n ion o f t wo n a ture s the re f ore
.
, ,

in a c t io n d e m a n d s t he u n io n o f t w o n a ture s in a
,

s ta t e o f r e t r ibu t io n a n d we d e riv e f ro m thi s s ourc e

t he m o s t i n d u bita bl e e vi d e n c e s o f a re s urr e ction o f

,

t he bo d y .

Tha t th e re a r e m a n y s u ch a ction s a s w e h a v e
s uppo se d w ill b e com e e vi d e n t by o u r a d v e rti n g to
,

f a ct .A p la n of d e libe r a t e m u r d e r wh e n c a rri e d ,

i n to e x e cutio n is pl a i n ly a n a ctio n which i n clude s

,

both m i n d a n d body w hil e a t t he s a m e ti m e it is

a fl a gra n t viol a tio n o f th a t j u s tic e which is im m u ,

t a bl e ih it s n a ture T he s oul al on e coul d p la n a n d

.
,

t he body a lo n e could e x e c u t e t he d e e d
I

T he p la n .

a lo n e could n o t e x e cut e t he cri m e a n d t he e x e cu t io n ,

o f it could n o t co n s titute tha t d e lib e ra tion which ,

a d d s to t he turpitu d e o f t he o ff e n c e B oth t he ha n d .

an d t he he a r t ar e th e re f ore i m plic a te d in t he e n or

m ity a n d both p a rticip a te in guilt

,
.

L e t u s n o w s uppo s e th a t t he bo d y ri s e n o t f ro m
.

t he gra v e ; we ca n e a s ily p e rc e iv e ho w t he s oul

m a y b e pu n i s h e d f o r p la n n in g t he d e lib e ra te m u r
d e r upo n a prin cip le o f j u s tic e ; but we c an n ot s o
,

pl a i n ly p e rc e iv e ho w on t he s a m e pri n cipl e it c a n
, , ,

b e pu n i s h e d f o r t he e x e cutio n o f t he d e e d T he .

pl a n e vide n tly b e lon ge d to t he s oul but it is e qu a lly ,

e vid e n t th a t t he e x e cutio n b e lo n ge d to t he body .

If th e re f ore t he b ody r i se n o t f ro m t he d e a d e ithe r

, , ,
 394 I D E N T IT Y AN D R ES U R R E C TI ON [ Cha p . v 11
.

as an a c tion o f t he
body a n a c tion o f th e so u l o r
, ,

as o n e which re s ult s f ro m t he co m po u n de d n a t u re

o f m an . B u t s in c e it is i m po ss ib l e tha t s uch hu m a n
,

a ctio n s c an b e pl a c e d b e yo n d t he c on fi n e s o f j u s tic e ,

o r b e o f a n a ture t o whic h v ic e an d v irtu e c a n n ot

a pply ; we m a re st as s ure d tha t t he e x e cution o f

y
de lib e ra t e m u rde r m u s t be pla ce d withi n tha t circl e
t o which j u s tic e e x t e n d s ; it m u s t c o n se qu e n tly b e
.

e v il in it s o wn n a ture ; a n d t h e r e f ore e x po s e d in a ll

it s p ar t s to tho s e pu n i s h m e n t s w hi c h j u s ti ce wil l
fin a lly i n flict .

If the n d e lib e ra te m urde r be a n e vil in it s o wn

,

na ture it m u s t b e e x po s e d to pu n i s h m e n t ; a n d if
,

e x po se d to pu n i shm e n t t he pu n i s h me n t in flicte d
,

m u s t b e j u st ; if t he pu n i s h m e n t be j u s t it m u s t be ,

r o o r t ibn e d to t he o ff e n c e d : m u s t th e re f ore e x
p p a n ,

te n d t o that b e i n g by wh o m t he o ff e n ce wa s co m
m it t e d. B u s i n ce t he o ffe n ce c om m itte d , whic h
t

We ha ve p r e a m e d to be de li be ra te m u r de r was o f ,

a n a ture WhiCh e it he r t he body n o r t he s oul se pa

'
n
,

ra t e ly OO II S id C I C d wa s c a p a ble o f c om m itt i n g ; it
'
‘

m u s t b e an a c tio n Which could o n ly ar i s e f rom t he

,,

co m poun de d s ta te o f m an o r f rom t he u n ion o f ,

t hos e t wo n a t u re s which c on s titut e d t he p e r s on o f

,

t he m urd e re r ; both n a t u re s a r e th e re f ore u n d e r t he

c la i m s o f ju s tice b e ca u se both n a t u r e s r e i n v ol ve d
,
a

in gu ilt ; both n a ture s m u s t th e re f ore b e pre s e rv e d

an d m u s t live in e te rn it a n d th e r e fo re t he b o d
y , y
m u s t c o m e f orth f ro m t he s l e e p o f d e a th
'

T he a rgu me n t s whi c h a pply to m urde r will a

p ,

ply t o a ll t he v is i ble a c tion s o f lif e whic h a re o f a

S éct .
OF THE HU MAN ‘
B OD Y . 395

n o ve l n atur e ; a nd f u rn i sh ,
w se ri e s o f
us with a ne

e v id e rice in f a v o u r o f t he re s u rr e ctio n o f t he body ,

if tra c e d t hr o u gh a ll the ir pa rts Th o ugh p u r su e d

.

in the ir v ario u s b ra n c he s , th e y m a y a ppe a r dive rs i

h e d in the ir a ppli c a tio n ; ye t t he r e s ul t w il l b e fin al ly
t he sa me , be c a u se it is e vide n tly f ou n de d in trut h .

T he p r o gre s s o f j u s t ic e a ppe a r s vi s ibl e whe n we ,

f ollow t he d ic t a t e s o f o u r n a tur e s ; a n d we s e e in
t he c a se be f o re u s t he r e la tion w hic h s ubs i s t s be .

t we e n t he s u bj e ct an d t he re tributio n o f it s d e e d s .

In ca s e s whi c h a r e pure ly m e n t a l re tribution m u st ,

a pply e xclu s iv e ly to t he s o u l B u t in tho s e ca s e s

.
,

in w hich t he a ct ion a ri se s f ro m t he co m pou n de d

n a tu re o f m a n ,
both n a ture s are e vi d e n tly i m plica
t e d ; a n d th e re f o re both n a ture s m u s t b e t he s ubj e c t

e i th e r o f pu n i s h m e n t o r r e wa r d A n d a s th e re a r e
.
,

m a n y a c tio n s which a re o f m ora l a pplic a tio n whic h ,

r e s u lt f r om t he pre s e n t u n ion o f b ody an d s oul ;

b oth m u s t b e pre s e rv e d f o r e v e r a n d t h e re f ore t he ,

de a d m u s t ri s e .

L e t u s n o w p a u se f o r a m o m e n t an d t a k e a s u r ,

ve
y o f tho se e vide n c e s an d a rgu m e n t s w hi c h h a ve ,

a pp e a re d b e f ore u s L e t u s we igh t he i m port a n d

.
,

e s ti m a t e th e i r a m ou n t ; a n d c o n s ide r h o w f a r th e y

a re cal cul a t e d to i m pre s s co n viction upo n t he m i n d .

T he a ttribute s o f G o d which we c al l m ora l a r e

, , ,

without al l dou b t e s s e n ti a l to him

,
An d whe the r .
,

we v i e w his j u s tice his m e rcy his goodn e ss o r h is

, , ,

lov e we m u s t vi e w the m a s p e rm an e n t e xc e lle n ci e s

, ,

a s th e y ar e i n clude d in t he n a t u r e o f G o d The s e .

a ttribut e s c o n c ur to pe r s u a de u s tha t t he body s hall

 396 I D EN T IT Y AN D RE SU R R E C T I ON [C ha p V I I . .

r ise a ga in The m ilder a ttributes o f m ercy a n d

.

love prom ise the a c c o m p lishm en t o f o u r wishes a n d

o u r ho es ; an d the j usti c e o f God which we ha ve
p ,

p roved to be i m m ut a ble en sures a herea f ter to the

,

body with a n eviden ce n o t to b e resisted . .

T he m ora l rel a tion o f o u r a ctio n s to som e im m u

t a ble pri n ciple o f r ectitude de m on stra tes the cer
,

t a i n ty o f a sta te o f retribution ; a n d f ro m the n a ture

,

o f these a ctio n s we ga ther a n a ssuran ce th a t the bo d y

m ust be re n e wed in li f e The n a ture o f j usti ce

.

obliges it to pr oportio n t he requita l to t he deed ;

a n d to a d m i n ister pu n ish m e n t to t h a t bei n g w hich

i n curr e d the pen al ty w hi c h it i n flicts In this vi e w .

,

both n a tures a r e i n volved ; a n d we ga ther f ro m

he n ce a n a ssura n ce tha t Ou r bodies m ust rise a ga i n .

R equit al s whic h w ill be a d m i n istered h e re a f te r

, ,

r e quire a subject c a pa cita ted to receive t he m ; a n d

this c a pa city ca n o n ly a rise f ro m the u n io n o f those
n a tures, to which requita l s c an a pply A n d si n ce .
,

j ustice ca n n ot be de f e a ted l n an y o f its issues those ,

c a pa cities m ust be restored : a n d thi s restora tion

ca n o n ly be a cco m plishe d by the re a n i m a ti n g o f
th a t iden tity o f body which a pp a ren tly m oulders
in to dust .

The esse n ce o f m a n which is evide n tly pl a ced in

,

the u n ion o f t wo disti n ct n a tures bec a m e n ecess a ry

,

to the perf orm a n ce o f m a n y a ction s ; an d m ust

there f ore be equ a lly n ecess a ry to those a wa rds which
ar e co n n ected with these a ctio n s The reu n io n o f
.

these t wo n a tures m ust there f ore a ga i n t a ke pl a ce ,

in ord e r to the preserv a tio n o f the esse nc e o f m a n ,

to who m a lo n e , in m ost o f our a c tio n s here rewa r d s ,

 I D EN TIT Y AIND R ES U R R EC B IO N [ C hap
’
. VH

t en d to le ss en o u t con v i c t ion I co n f e s s t hi s a t
“
.
,

fi rs t vi e w a pp ea rs t o be a st ran ge po s ition but o u r ,

a sto ni sh m e n t will di min ish whe n We c o n t e m p la te

t he f oun d a ti on o n which it r e s ts .

The sa m e ca pa cit ie s whic h wou l d b e e n l a rge d to

,

r e c ei ve the in fl u e n ce o f e v id e n c e would be e n lar ed

g
,

t o t he pe rcep t ion o f d ifi e u itie s w h ich a r e n o w n u

,
‘

kn o wn T he o bstac le s whi ch would pro ba bly a ris e

.
,

we s ho u ld ev e n the n f e el a wish to h a ve obvia t e d

i
-
,

a n d pro b a bly w ith m or e rea so n t h an we n o w solicit

‘
'

superior ev ide n ce T hu s di fiie u lt iCS woul d s uccee d

.

d eat h and r esu rre ct ion through which G o d ha s

,

d estin e d us t o p a ss a s the o n ly me d iu m which can

,

p oss ib ly yield co n vict io n w itho u t b e i n g i m peded

,

by those o bsta cles which wo u ld be in sep a ra ble f rom

an other m ode o f c o m m u n ica ti n g k n o wl e dge
y .

It m a y p er h a ps b e a sked ; Why d oes n o t G o d

c o m m u n ic a te th a t ev ide n ce wh ich sh a ll obvia te o b
”
j e c t io n s a s well as pro du ce c o n victio n s o f the f a c t ?
,

T o this I would a n s wer th a t we ha ve m uc h re a so n

,

t o believe th a t the thin g itsel f is m oral ly i m possible .

The orga n s o f vision which co n tem pl a te be a uty a r e

, ,

the s a m e w hich behold def or m ity ; an d to shut the m

a ga i n st the l a tter ,w o ul d be to destroy thei r u ses in
the f or m er c a se Wha t is thus a pplic a ble to t he
.

eye is equ a lly a pplic a ble to the e a r Ha rm on y an d

, .

discord a like a ppro a ch it ; a n d to deprive it o f the

o n e is to deb a r it f rom the ot her In this vie w .
,

while we soj o u r n in thi s regio n o f error we m ay ,

c o n cei v e tha t a n a cute n ess o f i n tellect a n d a r e fin e ,

m e n t o f orga n s though they m ight te n d to e n l a rge

,
 S e ct . or r an HU MAN B O DY . 399

o u r e vide n ce in f a v our o f res u rre c tion a s we ll as

t he ,

o f o ther f a ct s ; wo ul d e n l a rge ou r d i ffi culti e s a lso ,

a n d le a v e u s c o n s ide r a bl e los e r s b o u r a c qu isition

y .

Thus a n i n c rea se o f evide n ce u n d e r o u r pre se n t

,

c ir c u m st a n m s w u ld fi n a ll y le a d t o a
,
o
p rop ortio n a l
i n cre a se o f scep ticis m a n d m ulti p ly those di ffi cultie s
,

which we wish to see r e m oved .

I n o u r p re se n t co n ditio n we ar e ca lled to wa lk by
,

f a ith a n d n o t by sight
,
. The light o f those e v id e n ~

c e s by whic h we a re le d t o the kn owledge o f f a cts

, ,

m u st the r e fo r e be i n term i n gled w ith m a n y degr ee s

o f sha d e . If a ll ob s t a c le s we re re m ov e d con victio n ,

wo uld a r ise f ro m p ositive k n owledge ; an d n o roo m

wo uld be le f t f o r f a ith.
Thus o n e gre a t disti n ctio n
.

betwe e n o u r co n d ition in this world a n d in a n o t he r ,

would be tot ally destroyed ; a n d we should beg in t o

a ct f ro m a s e c ies o f eviden c e whic h is re se rved f o r
p ,

us beyo n d the gra ve O n the con t ra ry were t he

» ,

r a ti o na l e x id e n e e less t ha n it rea lly is the e ven t s ,

which we n o w m ost cordi al ly belie v e would be t o o ,

s ta gge r i n
g f o r o u r u n dersta n di n gs A n d t o dem a n d
.
,

o u r a sse n t to f a c ts u on the m a n d a te o f a uthority,

,p
which a r e a sto n ishi n g whe n they rea lly a pp e a r be f ore
u s ; w ould h a ve bee n a tri a l t o o seve r e f o r hu
m an n a ture . G o d ha s there f ore wisely a tte m per e d ;

t he ra ys o f eviden ce t o t he co n stitution o f o u r bei n g ;

he ha s s u flic ie n t ly t a ught u s th a t we a re n o t c a ll ed
,

upo n t o believe a n y thi n g w hich con tra dicts o u r n u

d e r st a n d in gs ; but a t t he s a m e ti m e shewi n g u s h o w
d isp m p o rt io n a t e o u r p owers a re in their p rese n t de
,

ran ged co n ditio n to those v a st re a lities which we

,

c ann o t f a il t o b e hold he ha s o bli ge d u s th r o u gh a

,
40 0 I D E NT I TY AN D R E S U RR EC TI O N [Cha p . vn:

train o f circ u m sta n ces to fin d our fi n al repo s e in

,

f a ith. Thu s then we see the rea son why our evi
,

de n ce is so sc a n ty here ; a n d why we ex p ect to fi n d

i t co m pleted here a f ter .

A ll c ircu m sta n ces duly c o n s i d e re d w e m u st c o n

,

c lu d e , tha t God ha s pla ced u s in a ha p p y m e d iu m .

O ur eviden ces a r e s u ffi c ie n t to produce con viction ,

a n d we reall y ar e in wa n t o f n othi n g m ore S ecret.

thin gs belon g to G o d ; a n d though co m m u n i ca ble

in the m se lves to u s they ar e i n volved in di ffi culties
,

w hich w e ca n n ot pe n etra te A situ a tio n l ike ours

.
,

in whi ch a ll our f a c u l tie s a r e deran ged th rou gh s in ,

m u st n e c es sa rily b e e m b ar r as sed by i m pedi m e n ts

which we c an n ot s u rm ou n t ; an d whether our c o n
di tion w ere m ore or less ex al ted it is highly prob a
,

ble tha t we should su ff er f ro m the c han ge We a re .

pl a ced in a region where light an d sh a de a r e so

ha p p ily in term i n gled together tha t the eviden ce r e
,

s u lt in f ro m all is suited to our perceptive po w ers ;

g
an d c al c ula ted to check o u r presu m tio n withou t
p
discoura gi ng o u r hopes The d i ffi culties whi ch e n
.

c ircle us ar e co n v in ci n g proof s th a t there ar e height

,

a nd depths whi ch a r e u n a tt a in a ble in o u r prese n t

sta te an d we le a rn f ro m he n ce to pl a ce a due esti
m a te upo n ou r f a culti e s w hich but f o r these circu m
,

sta n ces we should a ssuredly overra te The o h

, .

s t a c le s w hich ar e a t prese n t i n su rm ou n t a ble tea c h ,

u s to look f or war d i n to a n other st a te o f ex iste n ce ,

f o r th a t evide n ce which is i n co m p a tible w ith o u r

presen t co n ditio n a n d which theref ore we m ust
,

solicit in v a i n We ha ve a su ffi cien cy t o con vi n ce

.

u s o f the f a c t ; a n d to obta i n m ore we m ust

“
wa it
 iTY
‘

AN D R E s U R R Ec r ro N
'

I D EN T [ ch a pt v n .

d estru ction dea th when v iewed in a p e rson a l

of ,

ch a ra cter m ust i n deed preve n t its f uture p ower ;

,

by whom soever destroyed its e n ergy c an n ot survive ,

it s bei n g ; a n d in th a t vie w it m a y be s a id tha t ,

d e a th c an ha ve n o m or e dom i n ion over the bodie s

o f the w ick e d , though m oral evil be n o t destroyed .

B u t such a rgu m e n ts a re very re m o te an d cl a i m o u r

, ,

a tt e n tio n in a seco n d a ry wa y They a re o f f orce

-
.
,

a s they a pply to the resurrection o f the right e ous ;

a n d co n ta i n wi t hi n the m s u c h proof s o f the f a ct as

a r e n o t e a sily overco m e .

B u t t he proof s which ha ve bee n a dduced in this

,

ch a p ter a r e o f a di ff ere n t n a t u re ; a n d r a ther a pply

,

to the bodie s o f the w icked th a n t o those o f the

go o d D ivi n e j ustice which is i m m u ta ble in its
‘

.
,

n a tu re m ust h a ve cl a i m s which ca n n ot be c a n cell ed

, ,

without the resurrection o f those bodi es o n which

it s de m a n ds a re m a de O n t he bodies o f the right
.

e ous , j u s tice can m ak e n o de m a n ds Its cl a i m s .

h a ve been f ully sa tisfi ed by the e ffica cy o f th a t

a to n e m e n t in which they ar e in terested ; a n d the
,

resurrec tio n o f their b odies ra ther depe n d s u p on

m ercy a n d love tha n u p on the j usti ce o f God .

B u t whe n we a d d these di ff ere n t sourc es o f a r

,

g u m e n t to ether a n d c o n sider the i m ort a n d a

g , p pp li
c a tio n of those proo f s which they a ff ord they ,

i n cre a s e t he ge n eral sto ck o f ra tion a l evide n ce in f a

vour o f the resu rrection a n d bec o m e co n vi n ci n g in,

e very oi n t o f vie w The gu m e ts f the f orm er

p ar. n o

c h a pter prove the resurr ectio n o f the righteou s f rom ,

the certa i n an n ihila tion o f m ora l evil a n d the re sur

re ctio n o f t he wi c ke d a rises f ro m the j usti ce o f G o d .
 Se ct . or T H E H U M A N B O DY . 493

The certain ty o f re wa rds a n d pu n ish m e n t s e n sure s

t o u s a n here a f ter ; t hese m ust be a d m i n istered by
t he h a n d o f i m p a rti l j ustice ; a n d this j ustice e n
a
s ures to u s the co n ti n u a n ce o f t he co m p ou n ded st a te

o f m an This co m p o u n ded n a ture c a n o n ly a r i se f ro m

.

a res t o ra tio n o f the body ; a n d si n ce it is in clude d

in a ll o f the hu m a n ra ce it is a n a rg u m e n t o f u n i
.
,

V ers a l a pplic a tio n a n d proves t ha t the bodies bot h

,

o f the righteou s a n d the w ic k ed sh a ll ri s e a ga in f ro m

The a rgu m e n ts thu s a ddu ced e x te n d in their

, ,

d i ff ere n t bra n c hes to ev e ry portio n o f m an ki n d ; they

'

le a ve n o p a rt u n sup p orted by proof but fi ll U p ,

e very v a cuity w hich t he m i n d p erceives The a n .

n ihila t io n o f m o ra l evil an d its co n ti n u a n c e both

, ,

con cu r to prove the resu rrectio n o f t he bo dies o f

a l l : the f o r m e r tho s e o f the righteous a n d the la t
, ,

ter those o f the w icked ; a n d whe n j oi n ed together

, ,

they f orm a n e x te n s ive circle which is co m p leted in ,

a ll its a rts They exte n d t o the t wo r e a t divi sio n s

p .
g
o f m a n ki n d ; a n d ta ke in the i n h a bita n ts both o f
f elic ity a n d o f wo e N othi n g m ore ca n be ra tion
.

a lly expected f ro m t he topics o f a rgu m e n t w hich

a r e be f ore u s ; a n d topics m ore reg n a n t w ith evi

p
de n ce we h a ve n o re a son o n so a bstruse a subj ect
, , ,

t o expect The a rgu m e n ts ta ken in the a ggrega te

.
,

ren der the gre a t eve n t r a ther m ore than m ora lly
c ert a i n ; they a m ou n t to little less t ha n irresistibl e

r o of a risi n g f ro m the sources f m l c e r t a in t

p , o o r a y ,

a nd
a n a lo
gy fl ,
zct ; a n d o n ly f al l short o f begetti n g

th a t a bs olute co n vi ctio n whi c h n othi n g but a ctu a l

,

de m o n stra tio n c an p rodu ce .

Obs e r v a t io n s on se v e r a l P a ssa
g es o f t he F if t e e n th

Chap t e r of t he F zr s t B o o k of Co r in t hia n s , in
w hich P hilo s op hy a n d fl u t ho r it y a r e co m bin e d
an d d
co n s i e r e d t o g e t he r .

T H A T the doctri n e o f the resurrectio n is a doctri n e

o f t he B ible it w ould be useless to prove a n d ridi
, ,

c u lo u s to de n y To e n u m era te those pl a ces in

.
,

w hi ch this f a ct is a sserted would be f orei gn to m y ,

d esign ; it w ould re m ove m e f ro m tha t regio n in

wh ich I h a v e c hiefly sought f o r proo f a nd oblige ,

m e to a dduce a tra i n o f evide n ce o n which the D i ,

vi n e a uthority o f the scriptures rests The cha p ter .

,

ho wever w hich is b e f ore us pro f essedly tre a ts o f

, ,

this i m por t a n t f a ct ; a n d the re a so n i n gs which S t .

P a ul ha s u sed de m a n d o u r a tte n tio n both f ro m the

,

a uthority o n w hich th e y a r e f ou n d ed a n d the m a s ,

t e r ly a rgu m e n ts w hich they co n ta i n .

S t P a ul in the co m m e n ce m e n t o f his re a so n i n gs
.
, ,

a dverts to a f a ct w hich a t th a t period n o o n e would

presu m e to de n y n a m ely the resu r rectio n o f J esus

,

C h rist . I d e liv e r e d u n t o y o u ( he observes ) fi r s t ,

of a ll t
,
ha t which I a ls o r e ce iv e d ho w t ha t Chr is t ,

d ie d j b r o u r s in s a cco r din g t o t he s cr ip t u r e s a n d
, ,

t ha t ho wa s bu r ie d , a nd t ha t he r o se a in t he
a
g
t hir d da y , a c co r d in g t o t he s cr ip t u r e s
( ver 3 . .
,

Fro m these decl a ra tio n s he proceeds to sta te t he

e vide n ces upo n which his a ssertio n s were f ou n ded
,

an d a pp e a l s to those livi n wit n esses whi c h he t hu S

g
40 6 I D E NTIT Y A N D R E S URR EC TI O N [C h a p . V II .

as an u n d ubi t a ble fa ct m u st be a n e v i d e n t fa lse ho o d ;

,

a n d h a v i n g in t ha t c a s e l a i d t he fo u n d a t i o n o f his
p r ea chi n g in t ha t e v e n t whi c h ha s p r o v e d a fal s e ho o d
, ,

his p r e a c hin g w a s v a in a n d t h e fa i t h o f t ho s e who

.
,

ha d r e c e i v e d h is wo r d w i t h gl a d n e s s wa s v a i n a l s o ;
and c o n se qu e n t l y t he d o c t r i n e s wh i ch he ha d
,

t a u ght we r e n o t h i n g be t t e r t ha n a n i m p o s i t i o n u p o n
,

m a n k in d In a d d i t i o n t o t he s e c i r c u m st a n ce s w e
.
,

a r e f o u n d f a ls e w it n e s s e s ( he o b s er v e s ) bef o r e G o d .

A n d t he r e a s o n is e v i d e n t b e ca u s e t he y ha d t e s t ifie d
,

i n t h e fi ft h s ix t h s e v e n t h an d e ight h v e r s e s ) of
( , , ,

G o d t ha t he ha d r a is e d up Chr is t (
,
a n d t h a t he ,

ha d b e e n s ee n b y t he m ) w ho m it is e v i d e n t he co u ld,

not ha v e r a is e d u
p , so be t ha t t he de a d r is e n o t .

For, t he de a d r is e n o t, t he n is Chr is t n o t
r a is e d ; and Chr is t he n ot r a is e d , o u r f a it h is
y
v a in , y e are
y e t in y ou r s in s . T he n t he y a sol
w hich a lle n C
a s le e
h e r is he d
a re
f p r is t are inp
v e r s e s s ix t ee n t h a n d ei h ee nth ) S u ch a r e h
( g t t e .

in e v i t a ble c o n se q uen c e s whi ch m u st e n s ue u p o n a ,

S t t pp o s it io n t ha t t h e r e s u rr ec t i o n o f C hr i st is fal s e .

I f t ha t gr e a t e v e n t be n o t hi n g b u t a fo r ge r y t he n a ll ,

t ho s e d o ct r i n e s whic h r e l a t e t o o u r r e d e m p t i o n
t hr o u gh J e s u s C hr i s t ca n b e n o t hi n
, g m o r e t ha n

m e r e d elu s i o n s O u r ho p e o f ha pp i n e s s t hr o u gh
.
,
i

t he gr e a t a t o n e m e n t ca n be n o t hin m o r e t ha n a
, g
v i sio n ar d e c e p t i o n ; a n d a ll e x i m t l li i
y P e r e n a r e
g o n

c a n be n o t h i n m o r e t han a n i d le d r e a m
g .

T h e a po s t l e ha v i n g a n t i c i p a t e d t he s e co n se q u e n
c e s , p r o c ee d s t o r e p e a t his o r i i n al a ss e r t i o n ; an d
g
t o r e ly u p o n t ho s e e v i d e n c e s o f t he fa c t whi c h he

ha d a l r e a d y a d d u c e d H a v i n g t r a ce d t he o pp o sit e
.
 S e c t IV . .
] OF T HE H U MAN BO DY

e i
a s s rt o n t o it s
e m o t e st c o n se q u e n c e s a n d po i n t ed
r ,

o u t t he fa t a l e ff e c t s wh i c h m u s t e n s u e i f t he r e s u r ,

r e c t i o n o f C hr i s t we r e a d m i t t ed t o ha v e bee n a

h o o d a nd t he d o c t r i n e i t se l f t o be i n c r e d ible ; S t
,
.

P a ul in v e rs e t he t we n t i e t h t hu s p r o c ee d s : B u t ,

n o w is Chr is t r is e n fl o m t he d e a d a n d be co m e t he ,

fi r s t fi u it s o
f t he m t ha t s le t
p F o r si n ce b
y m an .

ca m e d e a t h by m a n c a m e a lso t he r e s u r r e c t io n of
,

t he de a d . F or , as in d da m
. a ll d ie , e ven so in
Chr is t s ha ll a ll be m a d e a liv e . B u t ev e ry m a n in
his o wn o r d e r Chr is t t he fi r s t f r uit s f
a t er

wa r ds t he y t ha t a r e Chr is t s a t his co m in
g ( v e ’
r s es .

t wen t ie t h a n d t we n t y t h i r d ) -
.

T ha t C hr i st is r i s e n fr o m t he d e a d is a p o i n t ,

which will a d m i t o f n o d i s p u t e w i t h a n y o f t ho se
who b e li e v e t he b ible ; a n d t ho s e who d o n o t wo uld ,

n o t be p e r s u a d e d t ho u h o n e r o s e f ro m t he d e a d
g .

I n v e r s e t he t we n t y fi r st we a r e a s su r e d t ha t d e a t h
-
,

ca m e by m a n it t he r e fo r e fo ll o ws t ha t t ho u gh m a n ,

is a c o m po u n d e d be i n g a n d t ho u gh a ll c o m p o u n d ed
,

b ei n gs ha v e a t e n d e n cy t o d e c a y t ha t G o d m u st ,

ha v e s o f a r p r o v i d e d f o r t he p e r pe t ui ty o f t he h u m a n
b o d y t ha t d e a t h wo ul d ha v e b ee n p r e v e n t e d fr o m
,

t a k in g p l a ce if m o r a l e v il ha d r e m a i n e d t o t a lly u n
,

k n o wn H e n ce t he n a r i s e s t he p r o b a bili t y t ha t t he
.
,

t r ee o f li fe wa s p l a n t e d by G o d t o co u n t e r a c t t ha t

t e n d e n cy t o d i s so lu t i o n wh i c h s e e m s in o u r e ar t hl y
, ,

ab o d e t o b e i n t e r w o v e n wi t h a ll m a t e r i a l s u b s t a n
,

ce s . A n d he n c e al s o t he p r o b a bi li t y t ha t whe n , ,

m a n d e p ar t e d fr o m G o d his b e i n g d e n ie d a ll a c c e s s
,

t o t hi s t r ee e x p o s e d him t o t his d i ss o lu t i o n wh i c h
,
 40 8 I DE NT I T Y A N D R E SUR R EC T I ON [C ha p . V II .

r e s u lt e d fr o m his c o n d i t i o n ; it is t he r e fo r e in t hi s
v ie w t ha t we m a y e a s il y c o n c ei v e t he m e a n i n g o f t he

a p o s t le
, whe n he t ell s u s t ha t by m a n ca m e d e a t h .

I t m a y a l s o b e fu r t h e r m o r e o b s e r v e d t ha t t he ,

a p o s t l e d o e s n o t a t t r i bu t e t he c a u s e o f d e a t h ei t he r

t o t he s o u l o r t o t he bo dy b u t t o t he m a n
, We .

ha v e al r e a d y p r o v e d t ha t t h i s w o r d e v i d e n t ly i m p li e s
t he u n i o n o f t wo d i st i n c t n a t u r e s ; a n d a s d e a t h

ca m e b m an b o t h n a t u r e s m u s t ha v e co n c u r r e d t o
y ,

p r o d u c e it B o t h n a t u r e s we r e t he r e fo r e i n v o l v e d
.

in guil t a n d b o t h n a t u r e s b e c a m e a m e n a ble t o D i
,

v i n e ju s t i c e . W e m a y t he r e fo r e p l a i n l y i n fe r fr o m
t he p h il o s o p hy o f t he e x p r e s s i o n be f o r e u s t ha t a ,

r e s u rr e c t i o n o f t he b o d y m u s t t a k e p l a c e .

T he s a m e v e r s e wh i c h ha s t o l d u s t ha t by m a n ,

ca m e d e a t h , t ell s u s a l s o t ha t by m a n ca m e a ls o t he

r e s u r r e c t io n of t he d e a d T h i s p a r t o f t he e x p r e s
.

s io n ,
w i t ho u t a ll d o ub t al lu d e s t o t he hu m a n n at u r e
,

o f J e s u s C hr i s t B y his r e s u rr ec t i o n t he fa c t i t sel f
.
,

b e ca m e v i s ibl e T he fa ct o v e r co m e s a ll o bj e c t i o n s
.

t ha t c a n b e r a i s e d a ga i n s t it In t he p e r s o n o f
.

C hr i st it s t o o d o n t he e v i d e n c e o f t he s e n s e s H is .

b o d y wa s s e en his v o i c e wa s he a r d ; a n d t ho s e who
,

he ld him by t he f e e t a n d w o r s hipp e d hzm c o ul d n o t

b e d e ce i v e d . A n d a s he wa s p e r fe c t m a n a n d his
, ,

b o d y wa s p e r f e c t bo dy wha t wa s p o s s ibl e t o him is

,

p o s s ible t o u s a s m e n ; a n d w ha t ha s a ct u a lly be e n
fa ct w i t h his b o d y a s t o it s r e s u r r e ct i o n w ill a c t u a lly
,

b e fa ct t o o u r b o d ie s T hu s t he r e s u rr e c t i o n ca m e
.

b y m a n by t he m a n Chr is t J e s u s who w a s m a d e
, ,

in t he lik e n e ss of s inf u l fl e s h a n d a s t he r e su rr e c
410 I D EN T I T Y AN D R ESU R R E C T I O N [ Ch ap . v 11,

p e r so n , t he c On c lu sio n s whi c h I h av e d ra wn ho ld
g oo d . B u t, if we v i ew d ea t h a s a me r e p r iv a t io n of
lif e , or a d eg r a d e d co n d it io n of hu m a n na tu r e ,
t h n t he d e st r
e u ct io n o f d e a t h m u st be t he d e s t ru c
t io n o f t ha t p r iv a t io n of [M 9, or of t ha t d e gr a d e d
c on d it io n of hu m a n n a tu re ; an d Wher e t he p ri

v a t io n f lif e is d e st r o y ed , e i li f
’

o s t o ra t o n t o e
a r

m u s t n ece s s ar i ly e n s ue A n d whe t he r We V i e w
.

d e a t h u n d e r t he c ha r a ct e r o f a p e rs o n o r n o t t he ,

c o n clu s i o n is e v i d e n t ; t ha t t he b o d i e s o f t h o s e who

ha v e d e p a r t e d m u s t n e c e s s a r ily r i s e a ga i n .

B u t in t he m i d s t o f t he s e a r gu m e n t s a n d p r o o f s
, ,

s o m e m a n p e r ha p s w ill s a ho w a r e t he d e a d r a is e d
, y , ,

a n d wit h w ha t bo d d h c o m e 9 T ha t e v e r y
u
p , y o t e
y
o n e o f t ho s e n u me r i ca l p ar t i c le s wh i ch ha d a t a n y ,

t i m e b ee n u n i t e d t o a li v i n b o dy is n o t n e c e s sa r y
g ,

t o c o n s t i t u t e t he s a m e b o d
y in t he re s u r r e c t i o n I ,

ha v e a t t e m p t e d t o p r o v e in t he s ix t h cha p t e r o f t hi s
wo r k I ha v e c o n t e n de d t ha t s a m e n e ss m u st co n
. .

t i n n e in t he m i d st o f t ho s e c ha n e s wh i c h o u r b o d ie s
"

g
u n d er o ; d t h t it m u t c o n s i st in s o m e t hin g
g a n a s

whi ch sha ll s u r v i ve t he s ho c k s a n d c ha n ge s b o t h o f
l i fe a n d d e a t h In t he a d op t i o n o f t hi s s e n t i m e n t
. ,

I feel m ys elf s a n ct io n e d by t he fo llo wi n g l a n gu a ge

o f S t P a ul , t o w ho m I a m i n d eb t e d f o r m o s t o f t he
‘

le a d i n g t ho u ght s o f t ha t c ha p t e r H e o b s e r v e s in .
,

v e r s e s t he t hir t ix t h n d t h i rt ei h t h T h o u jbol
y s a y g
- -
, ,

t ha t which t ho u s o we s t is not
q u ick e n e d e x ce
p t it
d ie : a nd t ha t w hich t ho u so we s t , t ho u s o we s t not

t ha t bo dy which s ha ll be , bu t a ba r e gr a in , it m a y
cha n ce o f whe a t , or o
f some o t he r g r a in B u t God.
 S e ct . IV .
] o r T HE HU M AN B O D Y . 411

gi e t h it
tg a bo dy as it ha t h p le a s e d him , and to ev e ry

seed his o wn bo dy .

. T hat t he bo dy which is so wn ,
is no t t ha t bo dy
which sha ll be , is t he
p lain la n gu a ge o f v e r s e t he
t h i r t y s e v e n t h ; we a r e t he r ef o re n a t u ra lly le d t o in
-

q ui r e in wha t d o e s sa m e n e ss c o n s i s t ? T he s a m e ne ss
,

o f fi ure o f m it u de d o f w e i ht i f r ei n
g , a
g n a n , g s o
g ,

t o t he p r e s e n t p u r p o s e t he s e s a m e n e s s e s we r e p e r

p e t u a ll
y s h i ft i n
g t hr o u h ev e r
g y s t a e o f li fe W i t ho u t
g ,

the i n te r m i s s i o n o f a s i n gle m o m e n t a n d t h e r e fo r e
‘

we ca n n o t co n c e i v e t ha t t he s e we r e t he o bj ect s whi c h
t he a p o s t le ha d in v i e w .

T he r e a r e ho we v e r t wo p o i n t s in wh ich t hi s
,

s a m e n e s s m a y be c o n s i d e r e d ; t he fi r st is t ha t o f

t he id e n t it y o f t he b o d y a n d t he s ec o n d is t ha t o f
,

t he n u m e r ica l p a r t icle s o f whi c h t he b o d y e i t he r is

,
.

o r wa s c o m p o s e d T he fo r m er o f t he s e m u st e v i
. a

d e n t ly be p r e s e r v e d b eca u s e w i t ho u t t his it ca n n o t
,

b e a r e s u rr ec t i o n bu t m u st a ct u ally be a n e n t ir e ly
,

n e w cr e at i o n A n d s in ce t he f o r m e r m u s t b e p r e
.

se r v ed a n d p r e se r v e d t hr o u gh e t e r n i t y
, we m u st ,

c o n clu d e t ha t t he s a m e n e s s of n u m e r ica l a r t icle s

p
m u s t be t he o bj ec t whi ch t he a p o s t le ha d in v ie w .

T ha t t hi s wa s t he o bj e c t t o wh ich he d i r e ct e d o u r -

t ho u ght s is e v i d e n t fr o m t he c o m p a r is o n s whi ch he
,

h a s i n t r o d u c e d t o illu st ra t e his s ubj e ct T he who le .

p r o ce s s o f v e ge ta t i o n will c a st li ght o n t he d o ct r in e
be fo r e u s a n d c o m m u n i ca t e id e a s whi ch n o la n
,

a e ca n f u ll ex p r es s T h e d i s so l u t i o n o f t he
g gu y .

p a r e n t gr a i n is n ece s s a r y t o t he v e ge ta t i o n o f t ha t
e r m wh i c h is lo d e d wi t hi n it s c o n fi n e s ; bu t t he
g g
412 I D E N T I T Y AN D R E S U R R E C T I O N [C h p a . V II .

ld p ar t i cle s a r e
m e r i ca l al l c a ll
ed fo r t h t o
‘

o nu not

fo r m t ha t gr a i n whi ch s ha ll be . At t he s a m e t i m e ,

t ho u gh G o d gi v e t h t o e a ch a bo dy as it ha t h p le a se d

‘
him , y e t he g iv e t h to ev er
y seed h is o wn . bo dy .

T h u s s u c c e s s i o n in xi s t e n c e t a k e s p l a c e wit ho u t
e

t he d e s t r u c t i o n o f i d e n t i t y o r t he i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t he
,

lea st c o n fu s i o n a m o n g t ho s e p a r t i c le s o f m a t t e r
wh i ch r e c ei v e t he c ha n ge b o t h in t he p r o d uc t i o n o f
f u t u r e gr a i n a n d in t he r e s u rr e c t i o n o f th e d e a d
,
.

B u t he r e an o bj e c t i o n m a y be r a i se d whi ch St P a ul , .

s ee m s t o ha v e fo r e s e e n a n d t o ha v e an swe r e d by
,

a n t i c ipat i o n . It m a y p e r h a p s b e s a i d i f t he b o d y ,
“

u n d e r go a cha n ge a n a l o g o u s t o t ha t t hr o u gh whi ch
”
r a i n p a ss e s t ha t it c a n n o t b e t he s a m e B u t t hi s
g ,
.

o bj e c t i o n c a n o n l y a r i s e fr o m o u r i gn o ran ce o f b o d
y
in t he a b s t ra c t W e k n o w n o t wi t h a n y d e gr e e o f
.

c e r t a i n t y ho w f a r c ha n ge o f n u m er i cal p ar t i c le s m a y
,

Co n s i s t w i t h s a m e n e s s o f b o d y .

W e k n o w n o t wit h a n y p r e c i si o n ho w f ar q u a n ,

t it y is i n clu d e d in o u r i d e a o f b o d y n o r c a n we d e
'

t e r m i n e h o w f a r s e n s ibl e q u a li t i e s m a y b e r e m o v e d ,

Wh ile t he e s s e n c e r e m a i n s e n t i r e O f th e se v ar i a
.

t i o n s S t P a ul t ell s u s
. T ha t all fl e s h is n o t t he s a m e
,

fl e sh bu t t he r e is o n e k in d o
f fi e sh
of m en a n o t h e r ,

fl e sh o
f b e a s ts a n o t he r o
, f fi s h e s a n o t he r
, o f b i r ds .

T he r e a re a ls o c e e s t ia l
l bo d ie s , an d bo d ie s t e r r e s t r ia l,
e r s e s t he t hi r t n i n t h a n d fo r t i e t h )
( v y
-
.

O f e t e r na l t hi n gs we ca n ha v e n o c o n ce p t i o n bu t
by c o m pa r i so n an d t ha t whi c h t he a p o s t le ha s

m a d e u s e o f is s u ffi c ie n t l y s a t i s fa c t o r y t o a s s u r e u s
, ,

t ha t bo dy m a y r e m a i n a f t e r m an y a st o n i shi n c han
g
4 14 I D E N TIT Y AN D R E S U RR E C TI O N [Cha p . VII.

sta r s, f o r o n e s ta r d if er et hfi o m a n o t he r s t a r in g lor y .

So l
a so is t he r e s u r r e c t io n qf t he d e a d , v
( e r s e s t he
f orti e th an d f o r ty co n d )
-
se .

T he d i ff e re n t d e gre e s o f lu s tre with whi c h th e se ,

h e a v e n ly bodi e s a pp e a r a ff ord s tro n g pr e s u m ptio n

,

th a t the y a r e s p e cifica lly u n lik e e a ch othe r in th e ir

i n te rn a l c on s titution s a s in the ir m a gn itu d e s a n d
,

d i s t a n c e s f ro m o n e a n othe r ; s o m e o f the m a r e l u m i .

n ou s s o m e o f th e m a r e op a qu e ; a n d e v e n tho se o f
,

t he s ol a r sy s te m f ro m th e ir d i ff e re n c e s in t h e ir a p
,
.

pro x i m a tio n to th e ir com m on c e n tre d e m o n s tra te ,

that t he ir de n s itie s m u s t be v a rio u s a n d th a t the ir ,

co n s titu t ion s m u s t b e u n lik e O f t he fi x e d s t a r s

.

we k n ow bu t littl e ; b u t s i n ce v a ri e ty is f ou n de d in
,

a ll tho s e work s o f God which we ha ve a n y o pp o r .

t u n it y o f c o n te m pl a tin g it is u n re a s o n a b l e to s u p
,

po se tha t v ar i e ty is e x cl u s iv e ly con fi n e d t o t he s phe re

whic h we i n ha bit T he productio n s o f di s ta n t
. .

w orld s m a y b e a s di ff e r e n t f ro m tho se wi t h whi c h

we a r e a cqu a i n te d a s t he e m bryo in t he w o m b is
,

f ro m t he m a n in a s t a t e o f m a turity ; o r a s t he m a n
in a s ta te o f m a turity is f rom m a n in a f uture s ta t e .

T he n a ture a n d co n s titution o f t he s u n m u s t b e
a s di s ti n c t f ro m t he n a ture a n d con s titutio n o f tho s e

re volvi n g bo d i e s w hich he i n vigora te s a n d wa rm s

, ,

a s wa t e r is f ro m m a rbl e ; o r a s t he a ir we b re a th e

is f rom t he grou n d o n which we tr e ad T he d is .

t in c t io n s which we co n t e m pl a te a r e n o t f ou n de d
,

u po n hy pothe tic a l po s s ibility but in m a n y ca se s

,

the y a r e in a ctu a l e xi st e n c e Th e y di ff e r f ro m o n e
.

a n oth e r in c on s titutio n a n d m a n n e r o f e xi s te n c e ;
a n d se r v e to s h e w u s wha t a n i n fin ite v a ri e ty o f
 S ec t
. 1v .
] OF T HE HU MA N BODY . 4 15

f o rm s o m n ipote n t bl e t o produ c e o u t o f
po we r is a

t he sa m e m a t e ri a l s ; o r a t l e a s t o u t o f m a te r i a ls
\

i
which o n ly d ff e r i n s e n s ible qu a litie s f ro m o n e a n o
t he r whil e the y a r e ul ti m a t e ly re s ol va bl e i n to o n e
,

c om m on e sse n c e .

Wh a te ve r di ff e re n ce s m a y b e pre s u m e d t o e x i s t ’

be t we e n th e s e h e a v e n l y bodi e s , e ithe r in s it u t a t io n ,

in m a gn i tude in de n s ity in c o n s titutio n o r in lu s tre

, , ,

it m u s t n o t b e f orgotte n th a t in p oi n t o f e s s e n c e th e y
a r e s till t he s a m e The y cl a i m the ir origi n in t h e
.

s a m e co m m o n s u b s ta n c e ; the y s till s u s t a i n t he ge .

n e ra l a pp e ll a tio n o f bo d ie s though s o m e o f th e m ,

a r e m ore e x a lt e d th an oth e r s a n d thou g h t he glory

Which th e y e m it is di ff e re n t in ra dian c e a s we l l a s ,

diff e re n t ly di ff u se d .

So a sol is t he r e s u r r e c t io n f
o t he de a d . T he
sa m e body is c a pa ble o f u n d e rgoi n g ch a n ge s e qu a lly ,

s urpri s i n g with tho s e v a ri a tio n s which we h a v e

b e e n c o n te m pl a ti n g in t he bodie s o f t he u n iv e rs e .

T he ductility o f m a tte r wh e n a ct e d upo n by o m n i ,

pote n t powe r is s o gre a t th a t t he s ub s ta n c e c a n

, ,

b e n d t o e v e ry thi n g which it s e s se n c e do e s n o t p r e
e lud e An d wh e the r we v i e w it in t he di s tin ct s p e
.
,

c i e s o f f le s h in bodie s c e l e s tia l o r in bodie s te r re s

, ,

tri al ; we l e a rn f ro m e a ch s u bj e ct to l e s s e n o u r ,

a s ton i s h m e n t a t tho s e c ha n e s through which o u r

g
bodi e s h a v e to p as s .

S t P a ul h a v i n g pre p a re d u s f o r t he gre a t e v e n t
.
,

b y t he e n u m e ra tio n o f tho se f a ct s t o which he ha s

a pp ea l e d ; pro c e e d s t o m a rk o u t t he s p e cific d i ff e r .

e n c e b e twe e n tho s e b o d i e s which we n o w h a v e an d ,

tho se whi c h we m u s t ha v e h e re a f te r I t is s o wn in .
 416 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR EC TI ON [C ha p V II . .

co r r u
p t ion , it is r a is e d in in co r r up t io n , it is so w n

in d is ho n o u r , it is r a is e d in g lo r y ; it is s o wn in
we a k n e ss , it is r a is e d in o we r it is s o wn a n a
p
tu ra l bo dy , it is r a is e d a ir it u a l bo d T he r e is
s
p y .

tu ra l bo dy , a nd t he r e is ir it u a l bo d ,
a na a
p
s
y
v r s e s t he f orty s e co n d a n d f o r t f o u r t h
( e -
y ) .

Through t he p r e ce d in g illu s t r a t iv e co m p a ri s o n s ’

which S t P a ul ha d i n tro d u c e d an d t he m a s te rly a p

.
,

plic a tion which he ha s m a de we d i s cove r s o f ar a s , ,

t he s c a n ti n e s s o f o u r ide a s a n d t he li m ita tio n o f o u r

c a pa citi e s will a ff ord t he i m porta n t chan ge s which

,

a wa it o u r bo d i e s b e yo n d t h e ra ve T h e proc e s s
g .

of v e ge ta tio n is s till in vi e w ; a n d a s ta te o f d is s o
lu t io n se e m s to be th a t gre a t a l e m bic through whi c h ,

o u r pre se n t bodi e s a r e t o b e r e fi n e d in ord e r to th a t ,

p e rf e ctio n which l ie s in a f uture s ta te T o a sk Why .

the s e t hi n gs a r e n o t m ore cl e a rly re v e ale d is o n ly

'

t o a sk why G o d ha s n o t giv e n to u s tho s e re fi n e d ca a

a c it ie s w hich ar e i n a pplic a bl e to o u r co n ditio n ;

p ,

a n d which if a ctu a lly b e s to we d U po n u s would

, ,

m a k e u s n o lo n ge r m an T o co m pr e h e n d with
.
,

m i n ut e e x a ct n e s s t he su bj e ct b e f ore u s a n d to f or m
, ,

co n c e ptio n s w hich a r e a t o n c e a cc ura te a n d a ppro »

p r ia t e
, m a
y b e r e s e rv e d f o r u s in th a t s t a t e w hich

w ill s hortly b e o u r p o rt io n '

w he n m or ta l ity s h a ll b e
,

swa llo we d u p in li f e .

Th a t our bo d i e s a r e s o wn in c orruption is a f a ct
-
,

s o e vi d e n t th a t it re qu ire s n o co m m e n t A n d we
,
.

m a y n a tu ra lly co n clu d e f ro m t he e xpre s s io n o f

,

v e rs e t he f orty s e co n d tha t t he in co r r up t io n in
-
,
-

w hich o u r bodi e s s h a ll b e ra i s e d s t a n d s oppo s e d to ,

t ha t co r ruptio n in whi c h th e y a re s a id to b e s o wn .
418 ID EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR EC TI ON [C ha p .
VI I .

is t o f glory t o t he bodie s o f t he righte ou s

a s ta e ,

a n d pe r e tuity o f li f e i m pli e s v igour a n d powe r

p , ,

which n e v e r c an de c a y A re moval f ro m t he in flu

.

e n c e o f a ll e xt e rn a l ca u s e s m u s t pl a c e t he p a rticl e s
, ,

o f w hich o u r b o di e s s h al l b e c o m po se d b e yon d t he ,

r e a c h o f a ll con st ra in t ; a n d e v e n giv e to e a ch o f
t h e m t he po we r to a dh e re f o r e v e r T hu s w e a k n e ss
.

s h al l b e e x ch a n e d f o r o w er a n d d is ho n o u r f
g p ,
or

l
g y or ; w h en t his co r r up t ib l e s ha ll ha v e
p u t o n in

co r r u
p t io n , a n d t his m o r t a l sha ll ha v e p u t on im ma r

Tha t t he r e is a n a tu ra l bo d y ,
th a t the r e is a
an d

sp ir it u a l bo dy we ar e e x p re ss ly told in v e r s e t he
,

f ort y f ourth ; but in Wha t th e y s h a ll s p e c ific all y

-

di ff e r f ro m e a c h oth e r it is di ffi c u lt to k n o w O f a
, .

s ir it u a l bo dy
p in it s s tr ict e s t se n s e
, w e ca n c e r ,

t a in ly f or m n o a ccu ra te n o c o n s i s t e n t ide a
, T he .

t wo word s s e e m i n a ppl ic a bl e t o e a ch oth e r an d n a ,

t u r a lly i n tr odu ce c o n f u s io n in o u r thought s ; I a m

t h e re f ore in cli n e d t o i m a gi n e tha t t he e xpre s s io n is

,

n o t to b e t a k e n in a n a bso lu t e but o n ly in a co m a , p
r a t io s s e n s e .

T ha t m a tte r ca n n e v e r b e com e s p irit a n y m ore ,

t ha n s pirit c an b e co m e m a tt e r w ill a d m it o f n o,

u e s tio n ; b e c a u s e a ccordin to tho s e n otion s w hich

q g
we ha v e o f th e se s u b s ta n c e s e s s e n c e s ca n n e v e r be
,

e x c h a n ge d w ith e a c h ot he r an
y m or e th,
a n i d e n tity

c a n be s uppo s e d to b e tra n sf e rr e d f ro m o n e s u b .

s t a n c e t o a n oth e r A re m o v al o f t he e s s e n c e m u s t
,

b e a de s truction o f t he b e i n g ; a n d a d e s tru ctio n o f

t he b e in g m u s t in e vit a b ly pre v e n t an e xch an ge o f

na t u re , In fin e , t o s u p po se t h a t m a tt e r can be c o m e
 Se ct . IV .
) o r T H E HU MAN BO DY . m

Sp irit ,
or th a t s piri t ca n b e c o m e m a tt e r its ori gin a l ,

n a ture s ti ll re m aini n g is an e vi d e n t co nt r a d i ction

, ,

B ut, h ough t he s upp o s itio n tha t m a tt e r can be

t .

co m e s pirit an d th a t s p irit can b e com e m a tt e r l n

, ,

v olv e s a n e vide n t co n tra dictio n it is n o t t o be p r e

s u me d tha t we ha v e a n y re a l k nowl e dge o f t he in
'

t e rn al e s se n c e o f e ith e r M a n y l a te n t qu a liti e s m a y
.

be co n c e a l e d in both s ub s ta n c e s which m a y u n f ol d ,

the m se lv e s in e te rn ity a n d poin t o u t a n a pp r o x im a

,

tio n to e a c h othe r in th e ir s e n s ibl e qu a liti e s o f which

"

, ,

a t p re s e n t we ca n hav e n o co n c e ption An d p e r .

h a p s through thos e l a te n t q u a liti e s whic h ha v e hi ,

.

t he r t o e lude d t he r e se ar ch e s o f philo s ophy the ir ,

n om in a l a ffi n ity m a y b e s o g r eat a s t o l e a ve n o ,

di s ta n t qu al itie s f o r fi n it e d i s cri m i n a tion .

Wh e the r t he n o m i n a l e s se n ce s o f s ub stan ce s ca n
be s o f a r cha n ge d a s t o ha v e n o s pe cifi c qu al ity ,
,

t hro u gh whi c h we s h al l b e a bl e t o di s ti n gu i s h t he

d i s ti n c t id e n fit y o f t he s e s ub s ta n c e s is a qu e s tion ,

whi ch we f e e l ours e l v e s in c o m pe te n t t o de cide It .

is ho we v e r n o t i m prob a bl e tha t s o m e thin g a n al o

, , ,

s t h e re to will be t he c ase
i '

g ou F or s i n ce w e s a w
.
,

n o t t ha t bo d w h ich s ha ll be t h e c ha n ge m u s t b e
y ,

a m a z in gly gr e a t ; n o t o n ly in t he m odifica tio n o f it s

b e in g but a l so in it s com po ne n t p a r t s
, A n d th e re .

f ore wh e n t he re s urre c tion o f t he body s hal l ta k e

,

pl a c e all the k n own p r ope r ti e s o f m a tte r m a y re tire

,

fr om o u r f uture pe r ce ptio n s which without doub t , ,

wi ll be c on sid e ra bly c han ge d an d b e c o m e a s in v i ,

~
420 I D EN T IT Y AN D R ESU R R EC TI O N [C ha p V II . .

s ible an d u n k n o w n a s tho s e l a te n t prope rti e s n o w

,

a re , which a r e i n clud e d in both m a tt e r a n d s pirit .

T he c ha n ges which o u r o rga n s an d p o we r s o f

e r c e ption m u s t u n d e rgo w ill w ithout d oubt c o n s i
p ,

d e r ab ly co n tribute to war ds t he co n c e al m e n t o f tho se

s e n s ibl e qu al iti e s which , I h a v e pre s u m e d w ill u n
, ,
.

d e r go a ch a n ge .If th e n o u r m o de s of p e r c ep t io n
s h a ll b e ch a n ge d ; if o u r bo d i ly o rga n s s h a ll be
c ha n ge d ; if o u r bo die s the m se lv e s s ha ll b e cha n ge d ,

a s w e ll a s a ll e x t e r n a l o b j e ct s w h o ca n s a y w ha t
,

e ff e ct s m a
y n o t b e pro d uc e d ? S e n s ibl e qu al iti e s ,

,
without a ll d oubt w ill v a ry ; an d a v a ri a tio n o f
,

s e n s ibl e qu a liti e s in m a tt e r in it s a ppro a ch e s to

,

wa r d s p e rf e c tio n m u s t i n cre a s e it s a ff i n ity to wa r d s

e
,

s pirit ,
a n d con d uct it t o t ho s e e x al te d r e gio n s in ,

which o u r co n te m pl a tio n s a re lo s t .

B u t n ot withs ta n di n g tho s e i m port an t ch a n ge s

,

which o u r bo d i e s s h a ll u n de rgo ; th e y will withou t

doubt b e chi e fly c on fi n e d t o tho se s e n s i bl e qu a liti e s
t hrough which t he ide n tity o f m a tt e r is a t pre s e n t

k n o wn A m i d s t th e se ch an ge s o f o u r bodi e s t he
.
,

r e a l e s se n c e mu st be p re s e rv e d e n tir e ; b e c a u s e o u r

bo di e s will re m a i n t he s a m e T he qu a l iti e s m a y be
ch a n ge d through t he ca u se s which ha v e b e e n m e n
, ,

t io n e d w ithout a ff e cti n g t he e s se n c e o f m a tte r wh a t

, ,

e v e r it m a y b e ; it s re fi n e m e n t m a y r e n de r it so
s u bt le tha t to touch it w ill b e d i ffic u lt a n d it m a y
, , ,

though m at e ri al a ppro x i m a te to spirit

, .

T he ge rm o f f uture lif e which we h a v e al re a dy

”

co n s ide re d dil a te d in al l it s p a rts a n d di ff u se d

, ,
,

through tho se s p a c e s whi c h n o w bou n d the e x t r e m i .

tie s o f o u r c or pore al b e i n g m a y c o n ta i n a ll t he
,
42 2 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ES U RR ECT I ON [C hap . vn .

va st e x tr e m e s In t ra ci n g t he ir re s e mbl a n c e
’

h
t e se .
,

f ro m th e ir se n s ible q u al iti e s th e y e vide n tly a ppe a r ,

e d t o lie a t a gre a t e r d i s t a n c e f r o m wh a t the y ar e a t

re e n t th an f ro m pure s p irit w ith which th e y we re

p s ,

c o m p ar e d An d in co n se qu e n c e o f tha t re se m
.
,
»

b l a n ce he s e l e cte d his l a n gu a ge an d d e o m i n a t e d
, ,
n

t h e m sp ir it u a l bo die s .

From f a ct t he a po s tle proc e e d s t o orde r ; a n d

, ,

a f t e r h a v in po in te d o u t t he c han ge swhich s h a ll t a k e
g
l a c e he s ta te s t he progr e s s o f th e ir a cco m pli s h m e n t
p ,

in t he f ollo w i n g w or d s H o w b it t ha t is n o t fi r s t
e
.
,

which is ir it u a l, bu t t ha t w hich is tu ra l ; and a t

p
s na
f
t e r wa r ds t ha t which is p
s ir it u a l, v
( e rse t he f o rty

W e l e arn f ro m t hi s p a ssa ge th a t t he s t a ge s ,

t hrough whi c h we pa s s a r e al l progr e s s iv e f ro m t he ,

c o m m e n ce m e n t o f b e i n to t he fina l c o n s u m m a tio n
g
of tha t p e rf e ctio n whi c h o ur b o d ie s s h al l a tt a i n ,

whe n th e y shal l f o r e v e r qu it m ort a l ity an d b e c o m e ,

c om p a ra tiv e ly s piritu a l in th e ir n a tu re s E v e ry .

s t a g e th e r e f ore s e e m s n e c e s s ar y in t he gr an d m o v e

m e n t o f t he whol e : the y are so m an y li n k s in t he

c h a i n o f i n di v idu a l b e i n g a t o n c e de p e n d e n t a n d
,

c o n n e cti v e a n d n e c e s s ar y in th e ir se v e ra l s ta tio n s to
‘

t he fi n a l re s ult o f a ll T he s e mi n a l p a rt s a r e n e
.

c e s sar to t he e m bryo ; t he e m b r yo t o t he p e rf e c t
y
b ody ; an d t he bo d y to th a t m a t e ri al pe rf e ctio n ,

w hi ch s ha ll be a tt a i n e d in a n oth e r li f e T he m an
n e r o f e x i s t e n c e s e e m s a s n e c e ss a ry a s t he con di ,

ti o n in which it m u s t a pp e a r in e a c h o f t he in t e rm e
d ia te s ta ge s L i f e c o m m e n ce s with t he orga n i c an d
.
 S e c t i v ,]
. o r T HE HUM A N BO D Y . 42 3

ve ge ta t i v e m e
d o ve ge ta tive lif e s oon lo se s itse l f in
;
t ha t whi c h is a n i m al ; an i m al l if e s ub s i d e s a t t he
’

hour o f d e ath a n d giv e s pl a ce t o th a t li f e in which

,

we s hal l n e ith e r m a rry n o r b e giv e n in m a rriag e b u t ,

in w hich we s ha ll b e a s t he a n ge l s o f Go d Thu s , .

v irt u a l e x i s t e n c e s h a ll i s s u e in th a t which is f or m a l
f orm al e xi s te n ce s h a ll co m m e n ce with a n a n im a l
b ody a n d fi n a lly i s s u e in th a t b ody whic h S t P a u l .

has de n o m i n a t e d s piritu a l .

N o r ca n we co n c e iv e tha t e i t h e r o f t h e s e s t a ge s
,

o r m od e s o f e xi s t e n c e c a n b e s u s p e n d e d o r cha n ge d .

T he pr o g e r i ss s ta bli s h e d by l a ws w hich a r e im
s e
,

m u ta bl e ; a n d the ord e r c a n n ot be i n v e rte d T he .

p art s in thi s progr e s s ive a rra n ge m e n t a r e n o t o n ly ,

n e c e s s a ry in t h e m se lv e s t o t he p e f e c tion o f be i n g ;
r
b u t ar e e s s e n ti a lly n e c e s s a ry in t ha t p a rticul a r s t a
t io n in which th e y a r e fi x e d T he e s ta b li s h m e n t is
.

fi x e d by t he l a ws which re gul a te a n d go ve rn n a
,

t ure ; a n d th e se l a ws m u s t be re p e a l e d ; b e f or e we
c a n s uppo se t he ord e r o f t hi s proc e s s to b e in v e rt e d .

T ha t the re f ore is n o t fi r s t which is sp ir it u a l bu t

, , ,

t ha t whic h is n a t u r a l ; a n d af t e r wa r d s t ha t which is

Tothi s ge n e ral prin c ipl e the re se e m s ho we v e r , , ,

to b e o n e re m ar k a ble e xc e ption which is i n tro d u ce d ,

in v e rs e t he fif t y hr st B e ho ld I s ho w yo u a m ys
-
.
,

tery we ha ll no t a ll s le e
p bu t w e s ha ll a ll be
/
s ,

c ha n g e d ; in a mo m e n t , in th e t win cling of an e
y e a t

t he la s t t r u mp .

Tha t t he e x ce ption to t he ge n e ral pri n c ipl e h e re

Sp ok e n of , is a n e x e m p tio n f r o m de a t h is e v ide n t , ,
 42 4 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR EC T ION [C ha p . vn .

f ro m t he pe riod to which t he pas sa ge a ll u de s it is

at t he la s t t r u mp . An d , t hough t he apo s tl e i n tr o
duc e s t he firs t pe r s o n in t he plu ra l nu m be r ; ye t
we c a n n ot s uppo se tha t a s a n in d ivi d u a l he ha d an y '

i n te n tion to i n clude hi m s e l f in t he n u m be r o f tho s e ,

who s hould b e e x e m pt e d f ro m t he s trok e o f d e a th .

Wh e n the re f ore h e s a y s we s ha ll n o t a ll s le ep bu t
, , ,

w e s ha ll a ll be cha ng e d he m u s t b e s uppo se d to ,

al lude to t he body o f C hr i s tia n s at l ar ge in a ll a ge s ,

o f t he worl d o r p e rh a p s to t he hu m a n ra c e whom ,

he con s ide rs to b e o n e f a m ily ; a n d t he e x ce p t ibn

m u s t in th a t o r a n y v i e w a pply to t h
,
w h o s hould
,
o se

b e a liv e in t he l a t e s t a ge s o f t he world wh e n t he ,
“
”
s wa r m s s hal l i s s u e a n d t he hiv e s h a ll bu rn
,
.

B u t thou gh thi s re m a rk a bl e e x ce ption s h al l ta k e

,

pl a c e through which t he l a s t ge n e ra tion o f t he hu

,

m a n ra c e s h a ll b e e x e m pt e d f ro m t he s trok e o f de a th ,

y e t t h e c h a n ge it s e l f w hich d e a th produc e s w ill n o t

, ,

b e di s p e n se d with For thou gh al l s ha ll n o t s le ep

.
, ,

y e t ,a ll s ha ll b e c h a
nge d T h e c h an ge s e e m s a bs o
.

l u t e ly n e c e s s a ry by wha t m e a n s s oe v e r it m a y be
,

pro d uce d to t he pro d uction o f tha t sp ir it u a l bo dy

, ,

which we h a v e a lre a dy c o n s i d e re d T he cha n ge .

t h e re f ore through which th e s e l a s t i n d ivi d u al s o f

,

m a n ki n d m a y pa s s m u s t b e in it s n a ture e q u iv a
, , ,

le n t to th at which de a th by a m uch s lo we r a n d m o re
,

gra d u a l pro c e s s s h a ll pro d uce U po n t he gre a t m a s s

,

o f t he hu m a n ra c e It is a cha n ge through which

.
,

m ort a lity s h a ll b e put o ff a n d through w hich th a t

e xt ra n e ou s m a tt e r whi c h s h a ll b e i n corpora te d w ith

,

tho se ra di ca l p a rt s whi c h ar e de st i n e d f o r e te rn ity ,

42 6 I D EN TIT Y AN D R ESU RR E C T I ON [C ha p V II . .

t he n a ture o f t h a t pr o ce ss may b e is n o t cle a rly r e ,

ve a le d .

Of thi s ho we v e r we a r e a s s u re d t ha t t he cha n ge
, , ,

s h a ll b e i n s ta n t a n e ou s in s t e a d o f progr e s s iv e ; a n d
,

p e rh a p s o ne s hor t m o m e n t will a cco m pli s h th a t

work whi c h o n s o m e hu m an b odie s h a d be e n in a

,

s t a te o f pr ogre s s io n f o r m ore t h a n fi v e thou sa n d

y e ar s I n a m o m e n t in t he t win cling of a n e ye
.
,
/ ,

at t he la s t t r u m it s hal l b e e ff e ct e d ; a n d h
p , t e

ch an ge whi c h d e a th a d m i n i ste r s thr ough t he m e diu m

o f corruptio n s h al l b e a cco m pli s h e d without his
’

a id .

With a n e ye t o t he proce s s o f n a ture thi s poi n t ,

ha s b e e n a lre a dy con s ide re d in t he s ixth s e ctio n o f

the s i x th cha pte r T he l e n gth o f t ha t pe riod through
.

which th e s e b o d ie s ha d p asse d o r in w hich t h e y

'

ha d l a in in a s e m i n a l s t a t e pre clude d a l e n gth o f

,

ti m e in t he ir fi n a l s ta ge B u t philo s ophy co u ld .
,

o n ly a ss ure u s th a t thi s s t a ge m u s t n e c e s sar ily b e

,

s hor t . T he ch a n ge which a ppe a re d a b s olut e ly n e

ce s sa r r e quire d a pe riod o f dura tio n in ord e r to
y ,

it s com pl e tion ; a n d as n othin g but t he com m o n

pro c e ss a pp e ar e d n e ce s s ar y to its co mpl e tio n p hi ,

lo so p hy dire cte d o u r a tt e n tion to t he gra v e St . .

P a ul ho we v e r i n s tru ct e d in a b e tte r s chool ha s p e

, , ,

n e t r a t e d t he clou d which ho v e re d o x e r o u r r e
se ar c he s an d told u s in a f e w word s ho w t he m ighty
,

wo rk s h a ll be p e r f or m e d H e ha s re v e al e d to u s
.

tha t s e cre t which G o d ha d re v e a l e d to him ; a n d

told u s t ha t i m port an t m y s t e ry which m u st oth e rwi se
ha ve be e n c on c e ale d It is t h e re f ore f ro m him we
.
 S e ct 1v
. .
) o r T HE H U MAN B ODY . m

le a rn , tha t we s ha ll not a ll l p
s ee , bu t we s ha ll a ll be
in a mo m e n t , in t he t w in k lin g o
f an e
y e,

at t he la s t t r u mp . For t he t r u mp e t s ha ll s o u n d,

a nd t he de a d s ha ll be r a is e d in co r r up t ible , and we
sha ll be cha ng ed (ve r se the fif ty se c on d )
,
- .

He n c e the n we lea r n f r o m the v e r se la st q uote d ,

tha t in o n e a wf ul m om e n t ,
t he s o u n d of t he t r u mp e t ,

t he cha n
g e of t he liv mg, a nd t he r e s u r r e ct io n f
o

t he de a d st a t e o f i n c o rr u p t ib i lit y sha ll t ak e
to a ,

l a ce H u m n n a t u r e m u s t t h e n u n d e r g o its fi n a l
p . a

r e n o v a t io n an d e n t er u p o n t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f
,

tha t sta te o f existen c e whi c h s hal l k n o w n o thi n g ,

’
e ith e r of i n t er m issio n of cha n ge o r o f t e r m in a t ic m ‘

.
, ,

O f tho se b o dies whi c h ha d m oul d e r e d in the gr a ve

, ,

an d p a ss e d th r ou gh the p r o c e ss o f c o rr u p ti o n and

tho s e whi c h ha d susta in ed the c ha n ges whi c h s u p

‘

l a n te d d e a th n o d ill e r e n ce w ill r o b a b ly he re a f t er
p , p
r em a i n .In b o th c a s e s m o r t a li ty is s wal lo w e d u p
,

of life a n d e v er y v estige o f co r r u p tion is d o n e

,

a wa N o d isti n c tion ca n the r efo r e r e m a i n b et we e n

y .

tho s e bo d ie s whi c h a re to ta lly d e li v er e d fr o m its in

,

fl u e n ce ; a n d th o s e whi c h a r e e xe m p te d fr o m it by

p a ssi n g thro u gh a m yst e r i o us c h a n ge I n bo t h .

c a s e s t he ge r m o f t he f utu r e b o d y m u s t b e r es e r v e d
, p
f r o m d e st ru c t ion ; a n d Whethe r it co lle c t ar o u n d it
a n y n e w p a r ti c le s o r n o t it will w it hout a ll d o u bt
, , ,

u t f o r th thos e l a te n t p o we r s w hi c h n o w a r e in a n
p
e m br y o sta te ; w hil e it w ill b e d il a ted th r o ugh a ll its

p ar ts a
, n d b e a ssi m il a te d t o th a t m o d e o f existe n c e

whi c h s p i r itu al s u b s t a n c es e nj o y .

But a m i d st the se c ha n ge s whic h o u r b od ie s will

,

s ustain ther e is o n e o f
, p e c u li ar i m or t, w hi c h S t
p .
 I D EN T IT Y AN D R E SU R R E C T IO N C
[ hap
‘
42 8 . V II .

P a ul has n oti ce d in v er se the fift ieth ,

in the s e wo rd s ,

N o w t his I sa y
y u n to ou , br e t hr e n , t ha t f le sh a n d

blo o d ca n n o t in he r i t t he k ingdo m f
o God ; ne it he r
do t h r u p t io n in he r it in c o rr u p t io n
co r .

W e ha ve p er ha p s i n clu d e d in t his e x p ressio n

, , ,

t he m ost a ston ishi n g a lte ra ti o n in t he hu m an b o d y ,

tha t we c a n po ssi bly co n c e i v e It i n cl u d es a c ha n ge .

,

w hi c h r em o v es thos e p ar ts tha t a r e n e ce ss a ry t o o u r
r e s e n t s t a t e o f e xiste n c e ; an d c o n c u r s t o p l a c e o u r
p
b o d i e s in th a t a sto n ishi n g light w hi c h the p r e c e d i n g
,

ar a g ra hs ha v e b e e n w r it t e n t o e lu c id a t e an d co n
p p
firm .

T ha t t he d e a d s ha ll be r a is e d in co r r up t ible is ;

t he p l a i n la n gu a ge o f t he fif t y se c on d v e r s e ; a n d it-

is e v i d e n t tha t this v e r s e m ust r e fe r t o t he b o d y ;

b e c a u se n o thi n g can b e r a is e d bu t th a t whi c h ha d
b e e n p r e v i o u s ly s o wn ; a n d tha t whi c h h a d b e e n
s o wn c o ul d i n c l u d e n o thi n g b u t the m a te r ia l p a r t .

If the n the b o d y sha ll r ise a gai n a n d th o s e o f t he ,

r ighte o u s sh al l e n te r i n t o t he j oy o f th e i r L or d ; a n d

if fle s h a n d blo o d ca n n o t in he r it t he k in gd o m o f
G o d ; t he co n s e q u e n c e is i n e v ita b l e tha t fle s h a n d ,

blo o d c a n f o r m n o p a r t of t ho s e bo d ie s which s ha ll
s u r v iv e t he g ra ve .

Of ho se hu m a n b o d i e s whi c h sha ll b e d e stitu te

t

of fle sh a n d b l o o d we c a n fo rm n o a d e qu a te i d e a
, .

T he bo n e s we r e the y to r e m a i n wo ul d n o t be a hu
, ,

m a n b o d y ; the y w o ul d fo r m b u t an u n p le a s a n t
S p e c t a cl e and, c a rr y w ith the m e v i d e n t m a r k s o f
m o r ta lity if t h e y we re e n d u e d w ith life
,
.

But a s fle sh a n d bl o o d ca n n o t i n her it the k i n g

,

d o m o f G o d n o r c or r upt i o n i n he r it i n c orr u ption ;

,
430 I D E N T IT Y AN D R E SU R R E C T IO N [ C h ap V IL .

bo d i e s m u st now c on sist in som e thi n g w i t h whi ch ,

fle sh a n d b lo od h a ve o n ly a d ist a n t co n n exio n
.
.

W ha te ve r is n e ce ssa ry to t he a bs tr a ct exist en c e
o f t he s a m e b o d y u n d e r t he s a m e c i r c u m st an ce s f o r

e ve r. T he r e v er se wo ul d i n v o l v e s o m e p a l pa b le
c o n t r ad i c ti o n s
. S i n c e the r e f or e a p e r iod w ill a r
, ,

r iv e, when those b o d ie s whi c h w e n o w ha ve sha ll ,

c o m m e n c e a n d co n ti n u e a st a te o f e x ist e n c e in a

r egi o n w he r e fl e sh a nd b l o o d c a nn o t e n te r ; t he co n .

el u si o n is ce r ta i n tha t fl e s h a n d bl o o d c an f o r m n o
,

p a r t o f o u r p re s e n t b o d ie s w he n we a b s tr a c t the m
,

f ro m t he l o ca l c ir c u m stan c e s o f t im e a n d p la ce , ,

o n o f su b st a n ce
a nd m o d
ifi c a t i .

In o u r p r e se n t c o n d i t i o n an d situ a ti o n fle sh a n d ,

b l o od fo r m a n e ce ss a r y p a r t o f o u r b o d ie s ; the y
f o r m i n d e e d t he m o st e s s e n t i al p ar t o f t he c o n c re t e ,

whe th e r we l o o k u p o n tha t co n c re te w it h a n e ye
eithe r to m a gn itu d e o r u t ilit y A n d i n d e e d we re
.
,

we to fix o u r sta n d w ithi n t he c i r c le o f ti m e an d ,

c a st n o loo k b e yo n d t he gra ve ; we ca n fo r m n o
othe r c o n ce p ti o n o f fle sh a n d b l o od tha n tha t the y ,

a re e ss e n ti al p a r ts o f o u r b o d i e s a n d the r e fo r e in
,

s e p ar a b l e f ro m th e m ; a nd th a t the l o ss o f fl e s h a n d

b l o o d m ust n e c e ss a r ily b e the t o t a l l o ss o f the i r

be i n g .

B u t w he n w e ste p b e y o n d t he b o u n d a r ies o f ti m e
, ,

a n d ta k e o u r st a n d in e t e rn i t y ; whe n we tak e wi t h
u s t he d e c lar a t i o n s o f t he a po stle t ha t t he d e a d ,

s ha ll be r a is e d in c o r r up t ible and
,
tha t fle s h a n d
blo o d ca n n o t in he r it t he k in gd o m of G o d ; t he t he
or o f o r l a st p a ra gr a p h s t a n d s i n v e r t e d a n d we
y u ,

f o rm n e w o p i n i o n s o f bo dy an d o f fl e s h a n d blo od
,
.
 S ect . IV .
] OF T HE H U MA N B OD Y . 431

An d , whe n t o this w e a d d tha t o u r bo d ies shal l

,

e xist he r e a f t e r in a sta te of in co r r up t io n in po we r , ,

in glo r y a n d e v e n b e c o m e c om p a r a t i v e ly s p ir i t u al ;
,

in stea d o f c on si d er in g fl esh a n d b loo d in t he ch ar a c

t e r of e ss e n t ia l p a r t s w e can o n ly v ie w the m a s
,

n e c e ss a r y a p e n d a e s o f b e i n g c o n fi n e d t o th o se
p g ,

lo c al a bo d e s w hi c h t he y h a v e fo r s a k e n f o r e v e r .

A s th e r efo r e fl e s h a n d blo o d c a n n o t in he r it t he
, ,

k in gdo m of G o d n o r co r r up t io n in he r it in c o r r up
,

t io n t ho s e c o rr u p t i b l e an d v isi b l e p a r t s whi c h we ,

b e ho ld m u s t d i s a pp e a r e ithe r thr ough t he p ro ce s s

, ,

of t he gra v e o r o f t ha t c ha n ge whi c h sha ll su p er s ed e

,

its n e c essity T he r e al b o d y whic h shal l b e he r e

.
,

a f te r , m ust th e r ef o r e a t p res e n t b e c on c e al e d b e
n e a th t h o se e xu v i ae w hi c h sha ll b e d o n e a wa y in
d e a th . It s e e m s r e se r ve d f o r a futu r e sta te o f e xis t '

e n c e ; w hile tho se p ar ts whi c h w ill a p p e ar a s a p .

e n d a ges fr o m e te r n i t y w he n w e l o o k b a ck o n ti m e
p , ,

see m d e stin e d to p e rf o r m the f u n c tion s o f the p r e

s e n t li f e .

In w ha t the n can we p r esu m e the i d e n tity o f o u r

f utu re as we ll a s p r es e n t b od i e s t o b e l o d ge d b u t
, , ,

in t ha t r a d i ca l st a m en o r ge r m w hi c h we h a v e a l
, ,

r e a d y c o n si d e r e d a n d su o se d ? it is a r in c i p le
pp p ,

w hi ch w ill a d m it o f n o d is p ute ; t ha t s a m e n e s s ca n
n e v e r be t r a n sf e r r e d ; it is e qu a lly c er ta in t ha t o u r ,

bo die s s ha ll r is e a ga in a n d it is e q u al ly c e r t a i n ,

t ha t fl e sh a n d blo o d c a n n o t in he r it t he k ingdo m qf

God . T he fi n al co n s e qu e n c e is the re fo r e c e r t a i n, ,

al s o,
tha t w he n w e v i e w o u r b o d ies in ete r n ity a n d ,

lo o k ba ck o n the sta tio n s whi c h the y o cc u p ie d a n d ,

the m a te r i al s w ith which they w er e in c o r p ora ted ;

 432 I D EN T I T Y AN D R E S U R R E C T I O N [ C ha p . V II .

we sha ll b e a bl e t o d isti n gu ish t he m fr o m t h o se e x t ra

n e o u s p a r t i c l e s w i t h w hi c h the y we re u n it e d ; a nd
,

fr o m t his V i e w we ca n n o w c o n c l u d e tha t flesh a n d ,

b l o o d ca n n o m o re fo rm a n y re al p a r t o f o u r b o d i e s ,

l n t he a b s t r a c t th a n th e y c a n i n h e rit t he k i n gd o m o f
,

G od
T he fi n al r esult o f the pr e c e d i n g r e a so n i n g whic h ,

S t P a ul ha s a d d u ce d in fa v o u r o f t he r e su r r e c ti o n
‘
.
,

a n d o f th o s e c h a n ge s thro u gh whi c h o u r b o die s m ust

a ss in o rd e r t o t he a tta i n m e n t o f t h a t fe lic it y a n d
p ,

p e rfe c ti o n whi c h a r e pla c e d b e y o n d t he r e a c h o f

d e a t h ; I S s u m m e d u p in v e r s e t he t h irt y t h ird In -
.

t hi s v e r s e he h a s a s s ure d u s t h a t t his c o r r up t ible

,

mu st in co r r up t io n , a n d t his mo r ta l m u s t
p u t on
p u t on

im m o r t a lit y .

In this p o in t o f i m m o r ta lity a ll t ho se c ha n ge sv

whi c h we h a v e b e e n c o n te m p la ti ng ha pp ily m e e t ,
.

t o get he r ; an d tho s e p ri v a te d iss e r ta ti o n s w hi c h the ,

r e a t a p o stl e ha d i n t r o d u ce d in t he i n te r m e d i a t e
g
s t a g e s o f his a rg u m e n ts a n d r e a s o n i n gs we r e a ll ,

c o n d u c i v e t o thi s ge n e r a l a n d i m p o r ta n t fa ct T he .

i n te rv e n i n g o b sta c les h a v e b e e n r e m o ve d by an a p
p e a l t o t h a t p o we r whi ch is i n fi n ite o r o b v i a te d by,

a h a pp y a n t i c i a ti o n T h p r o c e s s o f n a t u r e ha s
p e.

ta u ght u s t ha t d i ffi cu lti e s a r e n o a rgu m e n t s a ga i n st

,

c e r t a i n t y ; a n d th a t t he w o n d e r s w hi c h we e x p e ct ,

a r e n o t gre a t e r th a n t h o s e w hi c h we h a v e a l r e a d y

se e n .

T ha t this co r r u pti o n sh o ul d p ut o n i n c o r r u pt i o n ,

S t P a u l ha d t o l d u s in e ff e ct in m a n y p r e c e d i n g
.

p ar ts o f t his c ha p te r ; a n d m a n y o f his o b s e r v a t i o n s
t e nd e d to sh e w h o w t he gr e a t e ve n t shoul d b e
,
 AN D R ES U R R E C T I O N [C h a p
'

434 I D E N T IT Y . V II
.

fro m G o d T he a rgu m e n ts the r e fo re whi c h S t

.
, ,
.

Pa u l c o n d e s ce n d e d t o u se in c o n firm a ti o n o f t he
c r e d i b i lity o f t h a t fa ct w hi ch in p o in t o f c e r t a in t y
,

he re fe rr e d t o d iv in e p o we r a d d e d d ign ity t o t ha t
,

a u t ho r it y b y w hi c h he s po k e T he s a m e i llu s t ra
t io n s w hi c h t e n d e d t o re n d e r t he fa ct it s e lf c re d i b l e ,

t e n d e d a ls o t o re m o v e a l l s u s p i c i o n s from t h a t

a u t ho r i t y
, o n whi c h t he c e r ta i n t y o f t he fa c t u lt i

m a t e ly st o o d . H e n c e t he n ra t io n a l a n d p hilo s o
,

h ic al a rg u m e n t s w h e n a pp li e d t o s u bj e c t s o f D i
p ,

v i n e re v e la t io n ,
t h o u gh t h e y c a n n o t a d d t o t he a u

t he n t ic it y o f t he fa ct ye t t e n d t o re m o v e a ll s u s p i
,

c i o n s fr o m th a t a u t ho rit y o n w hi c h r e v e l a t i o n o h
,

ta i n s o u r a sse n t .

T hu s f a r t he e lu c id a t i v e a r gu m en ts a n d illustra ti v e
e xa m p le s whi c h ha v e b e e n a d d u ce d a r e o f i m p o r ,

ta n ce t o t h o se who s e b e lie f is u n sha k e n in t he re v e :

l a t ion whi ch we ha v e fr o m G o d B u t w he n fr o m .
,

t he m we t u r n t o t h o se wh o d e n y al l a u t h o ri t y a n d ,

l a c e t heir o n ly e v i de n c es o f ce r t a i n ty in t he c re d i
p
b ilit y a n d p r o ba b ili t y o f t he fa ct i t s e lf e v e r y ar gu ,

m e n t w hi c h c a n re m o v e e v e n a sh a d o w o f a d o u b t
m ust b e o f t he l a s t i m p o r ta n c e T he a pp e a ls whi c h
.

S t Pa u l ha s m a d e t o t he p r o c e s s o f v e ge t a t io n
. _
,

t o t he d iff e re n t s p ec i e s o f fl e s h a n d t he v a ri o us ,

g l o ri e s w hi c h t he h e a v e n ly b o d ie s e xhi b it t o our

s e n s e s a r e p ro o fs t ha t t o co n v i n c e t he s a dd u c e a n
, ,

gen e ra ti o n s o f m e n 111 a ll a ge s o f t he w o rl d wa s
“

, ,

o n e o bj e c t whi c h he ha d in v i e w W he n th ere fo re
.
, ,

we j o i n the s e t wo p ar ts o f his m e t h o d t o ge th e r a n d ,

c o m b i n e ar u m e n t w ith a u t ho r it w h e n we
g y ; co n

si de r t he f or m er a s a p p lyi ng to tho se who d en y the

 S e ct . IV .
) OF T HE HU MAN B ODY . 435

re su r r e c t i o n a n d t he l a tt e r t o t h o s e who a d m i t it ;
,
[

and
’

wh e n t o t hi s we a d d t he d ign it y whi c h t ha t
c o n fe r s o n t his t he w h o l e fo r m s a sys t e m o f e v i
,

d e n ce in whi c h phil o s o p hy a nd a utho r ity co m b i n e

,

t o p r od u c e c o n v i c t i o n .

F ro m t he p o s i t i v e d e c l a r a t i o n o f v e r se t he fi f ty
t hird whi c h we ha v e b e e n co n si d e r i n g t he s a m e in
, ,

S p ire d a u t hor p r o c e e d s in v e rs e t he fi f t y f o u r t h t o
,
-
,

te ll us wh a t t ho s e i m m e d ia te e ff e c ts ar e w hi c h shal l .

s u c ce e d t he gre a t e v e n t s w h ic h he h a d p re v io u s ly
d e s cr ib e d S o wh e n t his co r r up t ible s ha ll ha v e
.
,

t in co r r up t io n , and t his m o r ta l s ha l l ha v e
p u on

p ut on im m o r t a lit y , t he n s ha ll be br o u g ht to . p a ss
t he s a y in g t ha t is wr it t e n , D e a t h is sw a llo w e d up in

T he y in g t ha t is wr i t t e n wa s d e li ve r e d in p r o
sa

h e c y m o re t h a n s e v e n hu n d re d a n d fift y y e a rs
p
p r i o r t o this a pp e a l w hi c h t he a p o stle m a k e s It .

m a y b e fo u n d in I s a ia h t he t w e n t y flf t h a n d ,

e i ht h a n d t o b e co n v i n ce d th a t it a l lu d e d t o t he
g
r e su r r e c t i o n o f t he b o d y fr o m t he gra v e we n e e d ,

o n ly a d v e rt t o t he a pp li c a t i o n o f it w hi c h S t P a u l ,
.

ha s m a d e T he wo r d s o f Is a i a h ar e
. H e w ill ,

s wa llo w u
p d e a t h in v ict o r
y a nd t he L ord God
s ha ll w ip e a wa y t e a r s fl om o f a ll fi zc e s ; an d t he
r e bu k e of his p e op le s ha ll he t a k e a wa y f rom o
f a ll
t he e a r t h,
f p t he
o k e n it
br L or d ha t h s .

It is h o we v e r b u t o f lit t le c o n s e qu e n ce t o u s
, , ,

whe th e r th e s e wo r d s w hi c h p r e d ict t he d e s t r u c t io n
o
f d e a th o r igi n a t e d w ith Is a i a h o r S t
,
P au l W e . .

a e m or e d ee p ly i n t e r este d in t he issue than t he ori

r v
 435 I D E N T IT Y AN D R E S U R R E T IO N C [ C h a
p vn .
,

gin ; and it is t o t ha t we m ust tu r n o ur th o ught s ,

The la s t enem
y t ha t s ha ll be d e s t r o ye d is d e a t h ;
and t he i
y whi c h sha ll b e o b t a i n e d o v e r this
v ct o r

gloo m y c o n qu e r o r m u s t fi n a lly libe r a t e t he hu m an

,

rA ce . T he d e a th o f t he c a p t o r m ust m a n u m i t t he
c a pt iv e s a n d s e t t he
, p r ison e r s fr e e D e ath w h en .
,

d e str o ye d ca n b e f o ll o we d b y n o su c ce ss o r
, T he .

o w e r w ill a d m it o f n o d eleg a tion ; w he n o n c e s u b

p
d ue d it is f o r e v e r lost ; a n d t hose who sha ll b e r e s
,

c ue d f ro m his gl o o m y p riso n can die n o m or e .

It is o f n o c o n s e qu e n c e t o t h e a rgu m e n t whi c h
S t P a ul ha s u sed w hethe r we v ie w d e a th p e r s o n i
.
,

fi e d in the c h a r a c ter of a t y r a n t a s a p o sit iv e ,

p o we r o r a s t he m e r e n ega t io n of lif e
, In e ithe r .

v i e w t he r e sult is co n s p ic u o u s a n d w e a r e co n d u c t
, ,

e d t o a p o in t in w hi c h these d i ff e r e n t v i e w s m ust
,

m e et a t l a st If d e a th b e a t yr a n t he m ust b e
.
,

s u b d ue d . If d e a th b e a p o s it iv e p o we r a v i ct o r y ,

m u s t b e o b ta i n e d o ve r it A n d if d ea th b e n o thi n g
,

mor e tha n the m e r e n ega t io n of lif e it m u st b e ,

o v e rco m e In eithe r t he c o n qu e st o f d e a th is ce r
.
,
.

ta i n ; an d t he p o i n t in whi c h these d iff e re n t v ie ws

w ill m e e t a t l a st m ust be the fin a l r e stora ti o n o f hu
,

m an n a tu r e f r o m t he t o m b t o life .

T he l a st o f t he s e v i e w s in which we ha v e j ust co n
,

t e m p la t e d d e a t h a pp e a r s t o b e tha t w hi c h b e st a c
,

co r d s w ith o u r p hilo sop hi ca l i n qui r i e s an d o u r ,

r a ti o n a l c o n ce p ti o n s a n d a s a m e r e n ega ti o n o f lif e
,

a n d p o we r it see m s m ost n a tu r a l t o co n si d e r d e a th
, .

As a p e r s o n he ca n on ly ha ve a p o e ti ca l exist
,

e n ce whi c h m a y f u r n ish an a ll u si o n o r gi ve p e r
, ,
.

!cation to a rhet or i ca l fi gu r e Y e t if w e V ie w him .

,
433 I D E N T IT Y A N D R E S U R R E C T IO N (
Ch ap . V II .

d e stro y e d , is t he p l a in l a n gu a ge o f s cr i p tu re (v e rs e
t he t we n t y sixth ) an d tha t it sh a ll be s wa l l o we d u p
-
,

in v i ct o r y is t he p l a i n l a n g u a g e o f v e r s e t he fi f ty
,

fo u r t h A s t he n t he p re m is e s a r e u n qu e st i o n a b le
.
, , ,

a n d t he a d d u ct i o n s whi c h h a v e be e n m a d e a re t o o

e v id e n t t o be d e n i e d ; w e a r e le d b
y g u i d e s whi c h
w ill n o t d e c e i v e u s t o t he s a m e c o m m o n c o n cl u s i o n
,

whi c h we ha v e r e p e a te d ly d ra wn ; th a t t ho s e who
.

sle e p in t he d u s t o f t he e a r t h m u s t a wa k e t o im m o r
t a l l ife .

T ha t t he c o n qu e s t whi c h d e a t h o b t a in s a n d s ha ll ,

co n t in u e t o o b t a i n till t he fi n a l co n s u m m a t io n o f a ll
,

t hi n gs c o u l d o n ly a p p ly t o t he m a t e r i a l p a r t o f m a n
, ,

is t o o o b v i o u s t o r e qui r e a m o m e n t s p r o o f
’
T he .

im m a te r i a l p a r t o f m a n b ei n g s p irit u a l in its n a ture

, ,

is p l a c e d b e y o n d t he re a c h of d e a th T he r e m o
.

v a l o f d e a th ca n t he re fo re o n ly a pp ly t o t he b o d y ,

b e c a u s e it is o v e r this a l o n e t ha t d e a th e xte n d s its

s wa y T he v i c to r y whi c h sha ll be o bta i n e d o v e r
.

d e a th m u st b e a r e m o v a l o f th a t a b se n c e o f life
, ,

u n d e r w hi c h t he hu m a n b o d y lie s ; t he re m o v al
m ust issu e in t he r e ve r s e ; t he re v e rs e is life ; a n d
the r e fo r e t he bo d y m u st li v e a ga i n .

A s t he b o d y m u s t r i se a ga i n a n d j o in it s im m a t e
,

r i al p a r t n e r b o th in a st a te o f i n d iss o l u b l e u n i o n
, , ,

m u s t e n t e r i n t o a s t a t e e i t he r o f p u n ish m e n ts o r r e
wa r d s whi ch m ust co n t i n u e f o r e v e r It is t he
, .

d r e a d o f fu tu re p u n ishm e n t a r i s i n g fro m a c o n
,
.

sc io u s n e s s o f guilt t ha t a rm s d e a th wi t h a ll it s
w
,

t e rr o rs a n d m a k e s it a n a fu l thi n g t o d ie
,
H e n ce
.

s a ys the a o stle h h n d t he
p t , e s t in
g f o d e a t is s in a ,
S e ct . 1v .
) o r T HE HU MAN B ODY . 439

s tr e n
g t h o f s in is t he la w , bu t t ha n k s be to God
w hich g iv e t h u s t he v ic t o r
y t hr o u g h o ur L o rd

J e s u s Chr is t .

T he R e d ee m e r wo r l d th r ough t he e ff i ca cy
o f t he

o f his a t o n e m e n t is t he fo u n d a ti o n o f a ll o u r h o p e s
, .

It is t hr o ugh his m e rit tha t t he sti n g o f d e a th is

d ra wn ; a n d t he str e n gth o f s in is o b v i a te d b y t he ,

e x p i a t i o n w hi c h he ha s m a d e T hro u gh a n i n te r e s t
.

in him we c o n t e m p l a te t he r e s u rr e ct i o n o f o u r b o
,

d i e s fr o m t he gra v e w it h c a lm n e s s a n d t r a n qu illity ,

a s a n o bj e c t o f o u r w is h e s r a t he r t ha n o f o u r fe ar s .

T ho u gh t he gr a v e is a gl o o m y p a ss a ge it is b u t a ,

s u b te rr a n e ous roa d t o b liss It is w it h a n e ye t o .

tha t gl o r y w hi c h sha ll be r e v e a le d her e a fte r tha t ,

S t P a ul co n c lu d e s t he c ha p t e r w hi c h we ha v e in
.

a r t c o n si d e r e d w i t h t he w h o l e so m e a n d i m p o r t a n t
p ,

a d v ice ,
w h ic h h e ha s s e r io us ly a d d r e ss e d t o a ll tr u e
b e lie v e r s : The r ef b r e m y be lo v e d br e t hr e n be y e
, ,

st e d f i t im m v e a ble lw b d i i t h
zs , o a a
y s a, o u n n
g n e

wo r k of t he L o r d ; f o r a s m u ch a s y e k n o w t ha t
yo u r la bo u r is not in v a in in t he L or d .