MAN A ND WO M A N :

A ST U DY O F H U M AN SE C O ND ARY

SEXU AL C HARAC T E RS .

H A VEL O C K L S
E L I
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F
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O U R TH ED IT I O N . R EV S EDI AN D E N LAR G E D .

1 USTE A TE L)
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171 . .

W A L TE R SC O TT P U BL I SH IN G C O L Tll ,
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.
,

P A T E R N O ST E R SQU A R E L O N D O N E C , ,
. .

CH A R L E S SCR I BN ER S SO NS ’
,

1 5 3 - 15 7 F I F T H A V E N U E N EW Y O R K , .

1 04
9 .

{if
 P R E FAC E TO THE FO U RT H E D IT IO N .

TH I S b oo k wa s w ritt en t e n y ears ago as a s t u dy o f

h u m an s e c o nd ary s e x u al c h arac t e rs I t was at t he
.

sa m e ti m e i n t e n d e d as an i n tr o d u c ti on t o a m o r e

e l a b o r at e s t u dy o f t he pri m a ry ph e n o m e n a o f s e x o n

t he p s y c h o l o g i ca l s id e
. As su c h t he b oo k was i n t he
fir s t p l ace u n dert ake n for m y o w n h e l p an d i n s t ru c
ti o n m o r e th a n fo r th at o f o th e r s s i m p ly as a
, ,

n e ce s s a ry
p i e ce o f p i o n ee ri ng wo rk a t t he approac h t o
i

a diffi c u lt a n d co n fu se d fi e ld . I t has b ee n a s a ti s
fac ti o n t o m e t o fi n d th a t v ari o u s di s ti n gu i s he d
w o rk e r s i n a n thr o p o l og y an d p sy c h o l o g y h av e fo u n d
m y littl e b oo k h e lp fu l ; w hil e it a l so ap p ear s t o h a v e
co mm e n d e d it s e lf t o a w id e r p u bli c b o th i n E n g li s h

a n d i n t he tr an s l a ti o n s w hi c h h ave b ee n m ad e i nt o

v ari o u s l an g u ag e s I do n o t m yse lf k n o w ho w m an y
.

tr an s l ati o ns are i n e xi s t e n ce fo r it has m or e th an

,

o n ce h app e n e d th at w ith a t o uc hi n g faith i n t he

,

i m p e r so na l a nd di s i n t e r e st e d c h ar ac t e r o f m y wo rk ,

tr an s l at o r s h av e n o t th ou g ht it n e cessary t o co m
m u n i c a t e t he h o n ou r th e y h ave p aid m e ; i n thi s way ,

I u n d e rs t and it has c o m e a b o u t th at i n a t l eas t o n e

,
 P RE F AC E TO T H E F O U RT H ED I T IO N .

co u n try ( P o l and ) t wo t rans l ati o n s of t he b oo k h ave

app eare d s i m u lt an eo u s ly .

Alth oug h it is o n ly t e n years s i n ce t he b o o k w as

u bli s h d d u r i n thi s bri ef i n t e rva l has app e ar e d
p e , g
m u c h a c cu r at e a nd va l u a bl e s p ec i a li s t wo rk i n w hi c h
t he q ue sti o n o f s e xu al di ffe re n c es has b e e n i n ve s ti

a t e d M o r e th an e v e r b e fo re th e re has b e e n a
g . ,

t e nd e nc y t o t ake n o t e o f t he e xi s t e n c e o f su c h
diffe re n ce s To so m e e xt e n t t he p re se n t bo o k m ay
.

h ave s ti m u l at e d th at t e n de n c y ; b u t i n a ny case it , ,

w as i n e vit a bl e . The res u lt has b e e n th a t t o co ve r

thi s fi e ld has b e co m e b o th m o r e e as y a n d m o re
di ffic u lt ; m o re e asy b e cau se t he m at e ri al i s n ow
co p i ou s a nd o f B
1

e tt er q u a lity m o re diffi c u lt b e c au se
,

o f it s i n c reas i n g e xt e n t an d c o m p l e xity I h ave .

t he sati s fac ti o n o f k n o wi n g th a t m y b oo k has

bee n t he p o i n t o f de p a rt u re o f v ari o u s hi g hly i n

s tru c tiv ei nv e s t i g a ti o n s i n v a ri ou s co u n tri es W ith ou t .

m e nti o n i ng livi n g w o rk e r s I m ay re fe r e s p e c i a lly t o

,

t he l at e P ro fe ss o r P fi t z n e r o f Str ass b u rg a n a n thr o ,

p o lo g i s t o f a d m ir a bl e ac cu r ac y a n d th o r ou g h n ess
“
,

w h o s e t oo e a rly d e ath occ u r re d l a s t y e a r I n t he .

firs t e diti o n o f thi s b oo k w h e n q u o ti n g ce rt a i n r e su lt s

,

re ac h e d by P fi tz n er I p o i n t e d o u t th at he had m i s
,

i n t e rp re t e d th e ir s i g n ifi cance W ith his u su al o pe n

.

m i n d e d can do u r P fi t z n er t o o k u p t he m att e r ag a i n on
,

a m u c h l ar g e r scal e an d w as thu s s t art e d o n a s e ri e s

,

o f r e sea r c h e s whi c h h av e g re atly co n trib u t e d t o o u r

k no wl e dg e o f s e x u al diffe re n ce s So fa r as I am . _-

awa r e o n ly o ne i n v e sti g ati o n t o so m e e xt e n t s t arti n

,
g
 P RE FACE To T H E F O U R TH E D I TI ON . vii

fro m m y b oo k has b ee n br o u g ht fo r w ard i n a h os til e

an d d e s tr u c tiv e s p irit A s thi s att ac k was se e m i n g ly
.

su p p o rt e d by a p o n d e r ou s a m o u n t o f d at a it has ,

ap p ea r e d t o m e t o r e q u ir e a n att e n ti o n it wo u ld n ot

o th e r w i se h av e r e ce iv e d an d I h av e d e v o t e d t o it a
,

s p e c i al a
pp e n dix .

F or t he r e as o n s th at I h v e n a m e d it has ha p
a
p e n e d th a t i n thi s n e w e diti o n of m y b oo k t he g r o u n d
has p e rh ap s b e e n c o v e r e d i n a l e ss co m p l e t e fas hi o n
th an w as t he c ase i n t he firs t e diti o n To e m b od y .

a ll r e c e n t re s e a r c h es it wo u ld b e n e cess a ry n o t o n ly t o

r e -w r i t e t he b o o k b u t t o e n l ar g e it t o an i n c o n v e n i e n t
,

e xt e n t. I tr us t h o w e v e r th a t i n i t s r e vi se d fo r m it
, ,

w ill s till b e fo u n d a u se fu l i n tr o d u c ti o n t o i t s s u bj e c t .

All t he gr o u n d has b ee n wo rk e d ove r ag ai n an d m u c h

n e w m a t e ri a l a dd e d I a m p l e as e d t o fi n d th at it
.

has n o t b e e n n e ce s s a ry t o co r r ec t a n y o f t he m a i n
c o n c l u s i o n s a n d t he l as t c h a t e r i s al m os t u n t o u c h e d
, p .

The o n ly c h ap t e r i n w hi c h it has b ee n n ece ssa ry t o

o ve rt u r n s o m e o f t he o ri g i n al co nc l u s i o n s i s th at o n

t he s e n ses ; a s o ri g i n ally w ritt e n t he c h a p t e r was

b ase d o n a c a r e fu l s t u dy o f all t he e xi s ti n g d at a ,

b u t th o s e d at a w e r e s c a n ty ; th e y a re n o w m o r e
n u m e r ou s a n d i n so m e r e s p e c t s th e y s e e m t o p o i n t i n
,

a di ffe r e n t dir e c ti o n .

A l e adi n g a i m i n thi s b o ok I m a y r e m i n d t he
,

r e ad e r was t he c o n s id e r ati o n o f t he q u e s ti o n ho w fa r
,

s e x u al di ffe r e n ce s a r e a rtifi c i a l t he r e s u lt o f tr aditi o n

,

a nd e n vir o n m e n t a n d ho w far th e y a re r eally r oo t e d

,

i n t he ac t u a l c o n s tit u ti o n o f t he m al e a n d fe m al e
viii PR E F A C E To TH E FO U RTH ED I T IO N .

o rg an i sm s Th at re m ai n e d a n d s till re m a i n s a
.
, ,

q u e s ti on th at c annot b e dec i s ive ly an swe re d i n a n y

d og m ati c m an n e r SO far as w e c an an s w e r it o u r
. ,

a n s we r i s n ot at n o s t p o i n t s o n e o f v e ry r e v o l u ti o n ar y
r
c h a rac t e r . I f h o we v e r w e c a nn o t al w ay s s ee o u r
, ,

way b ey o n d t he o p i n i o n s o u r fa th e r s h e ld if w e e v e n ,

l e ar n t o ap p rec i at e t he w i s do m o f so m e of o u r
re m ot e anc es t o r s at all e v e n t s it m ay b e s aid th a t ou r
,

o pi n i o n s b e co m e m o re an d m o r e ac c o rdi n g t o k n o w

l e dg e an d l e ss roo t e d i n p r ej u di ce I n th at at all .
,

e ve n t s li e s a r eal p r o g r e ss
,
.

I n th e se fi e ld s o u r k n o w l e d g e i s s till v e ry y o u n g .

The s c i e n ces o f h u m an life h ave b e e n t he l a t es t o f a ll

t o g ai n se lf-co n s c i ou s n es s A n th ro p o l ogy i s n ot t w o
.

c e n t u ri e s O ld ; sc i e n tifi c p s y c h o l o g y i s n o t h a lf a ce n

t u ry old M e n s t u di e d t he s t a r s b u t th e ir o w n s ou l s
.
,

a nd b o di e s see m e d t o th e m b o t h t oo s ac r e d a n d t o o

s h am e fu l fo r s t u dy I t i s b u t a fe w y e ar s s i n c e t he g r ea t
.

F r e n c h e th n o g r ap hi s t G a bri e l de M or t i lle t i n au g u
, ,

r at e d i n s av o y m e th o di c al a n d p r e c i se m e th o d s o f
p h o t o g r a p hi n g t o scal e t he u n c l o th e d o rdi n a ry p o p u
l ati on o f E u r o pe ; an d i n t he ad m ir a bly ill u s t rat e d
b oo k s o f t he i n de fa ti g abl e D r Str atz w e h av e i n a
.
,

s o m e w h a t m o r e p o p u l a r a n d l e s s s c i e n tifi c fo r m w h a t ,

i s r e a lly t he fir st a tt e m p t t o l oo k a t t he h u m a n b o dy
i n a n at u r a l a n d w h o l eso m e w ay a n d t o s e t fo rth ,

p i c t o ri ally i t s v a ri ati o ns a c co rdi n g t o se x r ac e ag e , , ,

a n d i n divid u al d e v e l o p m e n t ; w hil e o n t he
p sych o
,

l og i cal s ide t he co n t e m p orary e n de av ou rs o f P r o

,

fesso r St anl e y H all a n d hi s c oll ab o rat o r s i n Am e ri c a

 P RE FAC E TO TH E F O U RT H ED I T ION .

to x p l o r e o n a w id e b as i s t he co n t e n t s o f t he h u m a n
e

m i n d i n e a rly life ca nn o t e v e n y e t b e s a id t o b e
th o r ou g hly s y s t e m i se d B e fo re thi s ce n t u ry has
.

p asse d it m ay safe ly b e asse rt e d h u m an k nowl edg e i n

, ,

r e ga rd t o all t he su bj ec t s cov e r e d by thi s littl e b ook

w ill b e acc u r at e an d e xt e n s iv e t o a d e g r ee w e c an
n ow s ca r c e ly c o n c e iv e a n d t he att e m p t s o f a p i o n ee r
,

t o s t u m bl e a c r o s s an u n c u ltiv at e d fi e ld w ill h av e b ee n

fo rg ott e n o r o n ly pass i ng ly r e m e m b e r e d as o n e oft he

,

m il est o n e s o f p r o g r es s .

H AV E L O C K E L L I S .

F eér u a ry 19 0 4 ,

C AR BIS W A T ER ,
L E LA NT , C O R N W ALL .
 PR E FAC E TO THE F IRST E D IT IO N

( 189 4)

AB O U T tw elv e y e ar s ag o for m y own i n st ructi on I

, ,

b e g an t o co ll e ct d e fi n it e d at a co nce r n i ng t he con
s t it u ti o nal diffe r e n c e s b e t wee n m e n and w om e n . I
was m ov e d t o do thi s b e cau se I r eali se d th at su c h
diffe r e nces lie at t he r oo t o f m an y soc i al q uesti ons
i n w hi c h I t oo k g r e at i n t e r e s t a n d I k ne w o f no
,

fu ll and u np r ej u di c e d s t at e m e n t o f t he pr ec i se fact s .

I h ave co nti nue d t o co ll e c t s ift an d p o nd e r ov e r

, ,

m y d at a for so m e y e a r s a ft e r I had s ati s fi e d m y se lf

pe r son ally as t o th e ir g e n e ral s ig n ificance and drift ,

b ecau se I b e li e ve th at th e re are m any m e n an d

w o m e n w ho are i n t he s am e p os iti o n as I was
twe lv e year s ag o a nd who w ill we l c o m e thi s b oo k
,

as I s h o u ld h a v e w e l co m e d it at th a t tim e . W hen
I l o o k i nt o ne ws p ap e r s a n d m a gazi n es and o b se rve
,

t he r ec kl ess o r i g n o r an t s t at e m e n t s th at are s till

m ad e r eg ardi n g th e s e m att e r s I am st rength e ne d
,

i n m y b e li e f To t he b e s t o f m y ability I h ave
.

h e re pr ese nt e d an ant h rop o l og i c al an d p syc h o l ogi cal

s t u dy o f th os e s e c o n d ary se x u a l diffe re nces w hi c h
 P R E F A C E TO TH E F IR S T E D ITI ON .

re ce n t i n v es ti g ati o n has s h ow n t o e xi s t a m o ng
c ivili se d h u m an r ace s .

I h ave thro u g h o u t so u g ht t he a dvi ce o f ac k n ow

l e dg e d au th o riti es i n vari o u s co u n tri e s o n p o i n t s o f
de t ail co nce r n i n g w hi c h a s pe c i ali s t ca n al o ne g iv e
h e l p fu l a dvi ce ; if I ha d n ot dOne thi s m y w o rk
wo u ld h ave b ee n e v e n m o re i m p e rfec t th an I a m
co n s c i o u s th at it i s
. I am i n de b t e d t o t he s p e c i a li s t s
~

i n q u es ti o n fo r t he c o u rt e sy a n d r eadi n es s w ith w hi c h
th e y h av e i n e ve ry c ase r e s p o n d e d t o m y r e qu es t s .

I a m a l so i n d e bt e d t o va ri o u s fri e n ds w h o se n am e s
,

a re n o t m e n ti o n e d i n t he t e xt ,
for s u gg es ti o n s an d
he l p o f a m o re g e n e ral c h arac t e r .

H . E .
 C O N TEN TS .

C H A PTE R I .

I N TR ODU CT ION
The P r im i ti v e Se x ual D i vi s i o n of L abour— M an ch i e fly M i l i t ant ,
W o man c h i e fl y I nd us t ri al — A m ong Savag e R ace s W o me n
n o t In fe rio r t o M e n— The I ndus t rie s o f W o me n
grad ually
s h are d a nd th e n m o no po l i se d b y M e n— The St at u s o fW o me n
i n Barbar i sm— The M ed iaeva l A tt i t ud e t o ward s W o me n , a nd
i ts C ause s— The P hys i o l og ica l M y s t e ry o f W o manh ood
The M od e rn Sta tus of W o man .

CH A P T E R 11 .

H ow To A PP R O A CH TH E PR OB LEM
The D e fi ni t i o n of Se co nd ary Se x ual C h a ac t e rs— Te r t ia ry Se x ual
r
C h arac t e rs — Standard s o f C om pari so n — The I nfan t i l e a n d
r
the Se n i l e — The H um an C h arac t e i s t ics of I n fant A pe s
The P osi t io n o f t he L o we r H u man R aces — F all acies d ue
,

t o I n co m p l e t e D a t a and t o Bi as — Inco mp l e t e n e ss o f o u r
K n o wl e d g e.

C H A P TER Il I .

TH E G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N s OF TH E BOD Y

G e ne ra l C h arac t e ri s t ic s o f the M a l e and F e ma l e F o rms — Size at

r r r
Bi th — G re at e r D e v e l opm e n t o f G i l s a t P ube ty — Sex ua l
D i ffe e nces i n H e ig ht o f A d ult s— W e ig h t com parat i v e ly
r
u ni mpo rt an t — Se x u a l D iffe re n ce s i n t he G ro w th a nd P ro
or t i o n s o f the B ody -The A bd om en— The Br eas t s— The
p
C h est— The A rm — The H an d — The I nd e x F i ng e — The r
L eg— The F oo t—T he F u t ure of the L i ttl e To e — Gene al r
C o ncl usions .
 C ON T E N T S .

CH AP T ER IV .

P A GE

TH E P EL V I s

mos t pro minen t Secondary Se x ual C h aract e r— C onst rup ti on

of the P e lv i s— The P e lvi s i n C h i ldh ood
— The P e lvi s I n
R e l at io n to the Spi na l C o l umn— The In flue n ce of the Ere c t
P os t ure i n M an and W oman—P e lv i c I n c l i nati on— The
Saddl e -back— The Evo l uti o n o f the H uman Spi na l C o l u m n
— D i sadv anta e s of the Ere c t P os t ure — W ome n l eadi ng
g
E vo l uti o n i n e spe c t t o the P e lvis— The Evo l ut i o n of the
r
P e lvis i n rel ati on to t he Ev ol u ti on of Se x ual Emot i on .

C H AP T E R V .

TH E H EA D
The Skull— I n the I nfant — C hi e f C ause o f Se x ua l D i fle re nces i n
Sk ull — E arly O pinio ns— The th ree ch i e f Sexu al D i ffere n ce s
i n Sk ull — M i no r D ifference s— The C e ph al i c I nd e x— The
Face—Se xual D i ffere nces i n F acial D e vel o pment— The Eye
— The F acial Ang l e— The L ower J aw— The Te e th — Crani al
C apaci ty — Sex ua l D if fere nce s in F rontal , P ari e t al , an d
O cci pi t l a o f Sk ull
R eg i ons — M an s Sk u ll ap proach es the
’

Se ni le, W o man s the I nfant i l e Type

'

B ai n—D i f e e nce s i n Brai n-we i ght— A mong the I nsane

.

The r r
The Stand ard s of B ain -wei gh t—H e ig ht and W e ig ht
r
F all acies — V r r
Vo me n s B ai ns p o po rt io nate ly l a g e r th an
’
r
M e n s— A dv an t ag es an d D i sadvan tag e s o f a L arg e Brai n
’

r
Se x ual D i fe e nce s i n t he Evo l uti o n o f the B ai n— Se x ua l r
r
D i ffe re nce s i n the F ro n t al , P a ie tal , a nd O cc i pi tal R eg ions
r
o f B a i n— Bl o o d - s upp ly o f B rain— T he C e ebe ll um and r
r
o th er C e n t es be l o w t he C ere brum— D ef i n i te R es ul ts o f
r
St udy o f Se xual D iffe e nces i n t he Brain at p re se nt sm all .

CH A P T ER VI .

TH E SEN SEs

Touch — R es ult s of L ombroso , J as trow, G alt on , M arro , e t c

Great er Tac ti l e Se ns i bi l i ty o f W o me n —Ed ucabi l i ty o f t he
.

Tac ti le Se nse .

Sensi bi l i ty to P ai n— R esul ts o f J ast row, G i lbert , G riffing , e tc

Co mpl e xi ty o f t he Q uest io n— D is v u l nerabi l i ty mark e d i n
.

Savages, C h i ldre n, and perh aps i n W ome n .

Smell — Ex periment s o f N ic ho l s and Bai l e y, O tto le nghi , Garbi ni ,

M rro
a , e ta - D if r
fe ences of O pi nio n .
 C ON T E N T S .
xv
Tas t e—I nv es t iga tions of N i ch o l s and Bai l e y O tto le n hi Tou
PA G E

—
, g ,
l ouse , etc Se nse o f Tas t e k ee ner i n W o me n
.

H eari ng — Ex p eri me n ts on k eenness of H e ari n d uri n

.
.

g g H ealth
fe w a nd i nco nc lusi v e — R ang e o f A ud i bl e Se nsation ro bably
p
g re ter in M
a e n.
Sig ht- Bli nd ness
m
mmoner i n M en— M i nor Eye -d efects com
co
mone r In W ome n— N o mark e d Sex ual D i ffere nce i n k ee n
ness o f H e a lthy Vis ion— C o l our- e rce t io n and C o l our
p p
—
bl ind ness C o l our-bl i ndness v ery rare i n W omen—A l so
rare among Savages .

C o l o ure d H eari ng — This and all ie d P h e no me na more commo n i n

W o m e n and i n C h i ldren th an i n M en— The C on fusion
be t we en Se nsibi l i ty and Aflectab ility '

C H A PT E R V II .

M O T ION
M l r Str
us cu a eng th — W ome n s J oi nt s Small er— R iccardi s
’ ’
Ex pe ri
me nts s h owi ng M ax i mum En e rgy mo e quick ly reach e d by r
VVo m e n— R eac ti o n-Ti me—R a te of M o ve me nt sl o we r i n
W o m e n— Bryan’ s Ex pe i me n ts on R a t e of M o t i on— R a i ty
r r
o f W o me n A c obat s— W o me n an d P hys ica l T ai ni ng
r r
Se x ua l D iffe e nces i n Vo l un ta y M o to A bi l i ty— W o me n
r r r
Te l e g aph C l e k s— H and wri ti ng— W o me n s Sl ig ht e r M us
r r '

r r
c ular Ene g y p ob ably an O gani c C h a act e — M an ual r r r
D exte r i ty -O pi ni on s of Te ach ers— The G e n e ral O pini o n
th a t W o me n h ave l ess M anual D e xt e i ty than M e n r
D e xt e i ty o f W o m e n i n Va i ous T ad e s — Se nse -j udg
r r r
me n t s Bus i ness Ex per ie nce Va ious Ex pe i me n t s r r
r
W o me n p o bably as we ll a bl e to fo m A cc u at e Se nse r r
j udg ments as M en .

C H AP T E R VI I I .

TH E I N T E LLE CT U A L I MPU L S E

There i s no r r —
pu e ly A bs t ac t Th oug ht D i fficulty o f accura te ly
v t i t
I n es ga i ng In t e ll e c t ual P o ce sses —
J as t r orw
’
s I nve s t ig a
t i ons i nt o Th oug ht -h abi ts and A ssociati ons — M e mo ry
R api d i ty o f P erce pt i o n— W o me n e ad R api dly— The eady r r
W i t o f W ome n—The i te nd e ncy to R use , an d i ts C ause s
r
P re co ci ty— M o e ma k ed i n G i l s— C o nd uct — P ube ty a nd
r r r r
M e n t al A c t i v i ty — I nd us t ia l a nd Busi ness C apaci ty— Ex
r
peri e nces o f t he P os t O ffi c e
— A bs t rac t Th o ught — The
G re a t e I nde pend e n ce o f M e n— W o me n as P h i l o s o ph e s
r r
and M ath e mati ci ans — R el i g i o n— R e l i g i ous Sects fo und ed
—
by W o me n Th ei G e nera l C h a act r er — W o m e r ’
n s C o n tr i bu
t i ons to the St ucture of the C ath oli c C hu ch— P ol i ti cs
r r .
xvi C O N TE N T S .

C H A P T ER I X .

PA GE

M ET A BO L I SM

The Bl ood— R e d C orpuscl es more n ume ro us i n M en—A moun t of

"

H aemog l obi n grea te r i n M e n — Sp eci fic Gravi ty hi g h er i n

M e n—The Sex ual D iffere n ces i n the B l o o d coi ncrde W It h
o

berty— R i se
i n the Spe ci fic Grav i ty of
'

t he appearance of P u
the B l ood o f W o man i n O ld A g e —The P u l se at e
- — A l ways r
h ig h er i n Small th an in L arge A ni mals— Se xual D iffer ences
r
i n the H uman and o th e Spe ci e s— N o t no t ably g eate than r r
r
D i fe e nces i n Size wo u ld l ead us t o e x pec t .

R espi ation- Vi tal C apa ci ty much gre ate i n M e n— M e n prod uce

r r
r
mo e C arboni c A ci d— C ost al R e spi a ti on o f W ome n andr
A bdominal R espi ati o n o f M e n — R ece n t I nves tig at i ons
r
r
sh o wi ng th at th is Se xu al D i fe e n ce i s pur e ly ar tifici al
—I t
does not e xi s t among Savag e W o me n, no r among th ose
who do not wear C orse ts — T he O ri gi n o f C o se t s—Th ei r r
In fl ue nce on the A ct i v i ty o f W o me n— D e v e l o p men t o f
C h es t— I ts R e l ati on to C ons um pt i on — Te mperature— N o
r
Sex ual D i ffe ence ye t c l ea ly sh o wn r .

Ex cre ti o n r
U ri ne p obably re l at i ve ly g e at er i n amount i nr
r
W omen, and U ea r e l at i v e ly l e ss— Spe cial In fl uences affec t
i ng W o me n .

Susce ptibi l i ty to P o isons— Se xua l D i ffere nces i n the Se l ecti ve

A cti on of P o iso ns o n d iffe re n t O g ans — Ar seni c— O pi um
r
M ercury Spe ci a l Se x ua l Susce p ti bi l i ti e s t o P oi sons
C hl o oform— L ead— A l co h o l the bes t e x ampl e o f Sex ual
r
r
Se l ect iv e A c ti o n o n N e v ous Sys te m— T e nds t o attack t he
r
B ai n i n M e n, the Sp i nal C o rd i n W o me n .

H air and Pi g me nta tio n— Se x ual D i ffe re nces i n D is t i but io n, e tc , r .

o f H ai — The Eyes a n d p o ba bly H ai are d ar k er i n W ome n

r r r
— P oss ibl e A dvantage s o f P ig me nt a t ion .

C H A PT E R X .

TH E V IS C ER A

P sych ol og ical Sig n ifi canc e o f the Vi sce a— The Thy ro i d r

Gl and— Its P hys io l og ica l a n d P a th o l o g i cal Va i at ions i n r
W ome n—Ex ophth al mi c G oi t e a nd i t s A n al ogy to the State
r
o f Te ror— The L ar yn x an d th e Vo i ce—C h an es at P ube r ty
r g
—R e l a t ion of the Voi ce t o the Se x ua l O r ans — The
g
Th oracic Visce ra— H ear t— L u ngs— The A bd o minal Viscera
— Stomach -D ig est i o n— L i ve r— Spl e e n— Ki dney s— Bl adde r
— The Vi sce a a F act o i n the P rod uc ti on o f Emoti onal
r r
Stat es .
 C O N TE N T S . xvii
C H A P T E R XI .

P A GE

TH E F UN CT I O N A L P ER IODI C I TY OF W OM E N
The P h eno mena of M ens truat ion— Orig i n— The Th eory th at
W o men are N atural I nv al i ds — The C ycl ic L i fe ofW omen
I ts R ece nt D i scov e ry —I ll u s t rate d by the O bservat i on of
-

Vario us F unct io ns— The H e art , the Eye etc —The S ecial
, p
P hy si cal and P sy ch i c P h e nom e na of the M o n thly C l imax
Th ese are i n te nsi fi e d i n I ll-h e al th— The L egal , Scie nt i fic,
a nd Social I m or tance o f W ome n s P e ri odici ty o f F unct i on
’
p .

C H A P T E R XII .

H Y PN OT I C PH EN O M EN A
The Various P h enomena h ere i ncl u d e d u nd er th is t erm— Som
namb uli sm H y pnot ism Ec s tas y — Trance — C atal e psy
M ag ical P h eno mena—W o me n h av e pl ay ed a l arg er par t i n

—
n ea rly all
D reams W omen as D eame s among P ri mi t i ve R ace s—I n the
.

r r
M i ddl e Ages— I n M o d e r n Ti mes — R esults obt aine d by
.

r
H eerwagen, J as t o w, and C h i ld .

H all ucinati o ns i n t he Sane — Si dg wi ck s Inv estigati ons Greate r

’
~

r
P ev al en ce among W o me n .

r
The A ct i on o f A naes th e t ics— N i t o u s O x id e — Si llt s O bse v at i ons
’
r
— A bno mal A ct i o n unde A naes th esia occ u s on the wh ol e
r r r
ch i e fl y i n W o men .

M e te o ro l ogi c Sensi bi li ty— Su ici de — I nsan i ty— C o ncl usi on as to

r r
Se x ual D iffe e nce d oubt fu l— P e i o di ci ty i n Gro wth .

N eu as th eni a an d H ys t e ia— D e scri p tio n o f N e urastheni ar D e

r r
fi niti on of H ys t e i a— I t s C ha ac t e i s ti cs — Sugges t ibi l i ty
r r r
r
R e l at i v e f equency i n the Se x e s .

R e l ig ious H y pnoti c P h e nom e na— N a tu e o f the pa t p l aye d by r r

W omen i n R e l igi ous M ove me n t s— Sh ak e rs— Th eosophi st
D anci ng M ani a— C amisard s— M od e rn H y st eri cal R el i g i ous
Epi demi cs— C h ris ts— Sk o p t sy— H ypno ti c R e lig i ous P heno
mena a mong U nci v i l ise d R ac es— N at u e and C ausat i on r .

C H A PTE R XI I I .

TH E A FFECT A BI LI TY OF W OM E N

W ha t is anEmo tion — R e ad ie R es ponse of the r aso- mo tor V

r
Vascul a Sys te m i n W o me n P hysi ol ogi ca and P a tho
l
—
logi cal Ev idence—The H e ar t The C onvu ls i ve Tende ncy
of W o m — E i l y — B l h i n — T he R e fl e x es — Ti ck li sh
e n p p e s u s
g
.

—
mess L aug ht e and Tea s— F aci al Exp essi on— The I i s
r r r r
xviii CO N TE N T S .

PA GE

The Bl adder—Susce pti bi l i ty F right— M e nta l Sugg e s

to
ti bi li ty—Ob s si ons— Emo t i ona l C ausat ion of D i sease pre
domi nates ln omen— D es tr uct ive Te nde nci es B eak i ngs r
out — The So urce o f th es e
— The C ong e ni t al Exh austi bi l i ty
o f W o men — The A dvan tag es of W o me s Affe ct abi l i ty
n
’

r
A naemia and Af ectabi l i ty — The G e a te A f ec tabi l i ty o f r
W omen to so me e xt e nt t he R e sult o f C ircums tances, to
r
some ext en t O ga ni c .

C H AP T E R XIV .

TH E ART IS T I C I MPU L S E

The Indus tries r ’

i n W o me n s H an ds, the A r ts i n M e n s
’
a os e
P o tt e y —Tattooi ng — P ai n ti ng — Scu l p t u e
r — M usi c —W hy
r
W ome n h ave fai l e d i n M usi c— M e t aphysics— M ysticism
P oe tr — F i c tio n— W h y W o m e n h av e s uccee ded i n F i ct i on
The upremacy o f W o men i n A ct i ng — The A t ist ic Impul se r
e nr
e ally i s m o e m ar k ed i n M e n— The C ause o f th i s
r
g .

C H AP T E R X V .

M O R BID P S YCH I C PH ENOM EN A

Suicid e —F act ors In fl u e nce i ts F re que ncy—Se x ual P op o
th at r r
t ions i n Europe —The In fl uence of A ge — The C auses of
Suicid e —M e th od s of Sui ci d e — M e n p e fe A cti v e, IVome n
r r
P assi ve M e th ods— R aci a l Se x ual D ifle re nces
'

Insanity— I n Va i ous P a ts o f the W o r ld— C ause s o f Insanity

r r
—F o ms of Insani ty— A l co ho l ic Insani ty and Ge ne al P a a
r r r
lysis i ncreasing amo ng W o me n— G e ne al P aralysi s as a r
typically M ascul ine I nsan i ty — Insani ty and C i vi l isat ion
C imi nal i ty— D ifficu lti e s i n the way of the s tudy of Sexual D if
.

r fe r
e nces—W hy W ome n are l ess C ri mi nal th an M e n— The
l m W m s C ri mi nali ty—C i minal i ty and r
’
Sp iec a F o r s of o e n
C i vi li satton.

CH AP T E R XV I .

TH E V A R IA T ION AL T END EN CY OF M EN

r r
M os t A bno mal i ti es mo e c o mmo n i n M e n— The I nfl uence of the
r
P e lv is on the si d e o f M ed io c i ty— St i ll -born C h i ld en r
Sex ual P ropo tion of C ong e ni t al M al fo mati ons— M uscul a
r r r
Abno mal i ti es— The Ear an d i ts A bnormal i t ies—P sych i c
r
 M AN A N D WO M AN .

C H A P TE R I .

I N T RO D U C T I O N .

TH E P R IM I T I VE S EXUAL DI VISION O F LA BOU R— M A N C H I EF LY

MI L I T A N T W O M A N CH I EF LY I N DUS TR I AL— A MON G SAV
,
.

AGE R A C ES W OM E N N O T INF E R IO R TO M EN — TH E
INDUS TR I ES O F W OM EN GR A DU ALLY S H A R ED A N D
TH EN MONOPO L IS E D BY M EN — TH E S TAT US O F W OM EN
IN B A R B A R ISM — TH E M EDI E VAL ATT I T UD E T O W A R DS
W O M E N A N D I TS C A US ES — TH E P HY SIO L O G I C AL M Y ST E RY
,

O F W O M AN H OO D TH E MOD ER N S TA T US O F W O M A N
fl
.

A M AN h u n t s sp ear s fi sh fi g ht s and s it s ab out

, , ,

K i ; t he re s t i s wo man 5
1
sai d a n A u s tr a li a n u r n a o n c e

w o rk . Thi s m ay b e ac ce p t ed as a fair s t at e m en t
o f the se x u a l divi s i o n o f l a b ou r am on g v e ry pri m itiv e

p e o pl e s. I t i s a divi s i o n o f l ab ou r whi c h i s alt o

g e th e r i n d e p en d e n t o f r ac e and c l i mat e A m o n g the .

E s ki m o i n th e ir s no w-h o u ses o n t he op p o s it e Sid e o f

,

t he lo b e th e r e i s t he s am e divi s i o n o f l ab ou r as a mo ng
,

t he u s t ra a sli n
2
The t as k s w hi c h de m an d a po we rfu l
.

d e vel o p m e n t o f m u s c l e an d b o ne an d t he re su lti ng ,

ca p ac ity for i n t e rm itt e n t s p u rt s o f e n e rg y i n vo lvi ng ,

F i so n and H owi tt , Xami lar oz an d [ fum e d M e lbourne , 18 80,

'

P 2 06 .

a
See . for i ns tance , I I H Bancroft , N at i ve R aces of the P a cifi c
‘

. .

Si d /er, v ol i p 66
. . . .
2 M A N AN D W O M A N .

co rr es 3ondi ng p e ri o ds o f re s t fa ll t o t he man ; t he
car e oi t he c hildr e n an d all t he v e ry v ari ous i n d u st r i e s
,

whi c h radi at e fr o m t he h ea rth a nd c all for an e x ,

p e ndi t u re o f e n e rgy m o r e c on ti nuo us bu t at a l o wer

t en s i on fa ll t o t he w o m an
,
.

That i s t he g e neral r u l e In su c h m att e rs t he ex .

c e pt i on s are v e r y n u m e r o u s F o r e x am p l e a m o n g .
,

t he Si milk am e e n I n di a n s o f B riti s h C o l u m bi a ao ,

co rdi ng t o M r s Al li so n w ho k no w s th e m we ll
.
, ,

fo rm e rly t he wo m e n w e re n ea rly as g oo d h u n te rs
as t he m en bu t b e i n g s e n s itive t o t he r idi c u l e o f t he
,

w hit e s e ttl e r s th e y h a v e g,
iv e n u p h u n ti n g 1
A m ong .

t he Y ahg an o f Ti e rr a d e l F u e g o fi s hi ng i s l e ft
en tir e ly to t h e w o m e n ; a m o ng t he T asm an i an s p er
2
,

h ap s t he l owes t h u m an r ace e ve r k n own t he w om en ,

al on e div e d for fi s h ; a n d a m o n g t he T as m an i an s al so

it was t he wo m e n w ho p e rfo r m e d t he re m ark abl e

fea t of climbi ng t he l o fty sm o oth -tr un k e d g u m -t rees
aft e r o poss u m s
8
I n all p art s o f t he wo rld in
.
,

Au str ali a and Afri c a as w e ll a s am ong t he anc i ent ,

C e lt s T eu t o n s a n d Sl av s w o m e n h ave fou g ht at
, , ,

n ee d an d som e ti m es e v e n h a bit u ally

, B ut u sually .

t he p e ril o u s an d fati g u i n g t as k s o f fi g hti ng an d

h u nti ng of su c h g reat m o m e n t i n e arly cu lt u r e are
, ,

l e ft t o t he me n To t h e se m ig ht for t he m os t p art
.

b e add e d d an c i n g w hi c h i s m o r e c l o se ly r e l at e d to
,

t he o th e r s th an i s p e rh a p s vi s ibl e at fir s t s ight ; it i s
at o n ce a p roc e ss o f p hys i c a l tr a i n i ng an d a m o de o f
re ac hi ng t he hig hly-w rou g ht m e n t al c o n diti on m ost
favou rabl e for w ar ; t he m o re e ve n ac tiviti es of pri m i
tive wom e n wou ld b e i m p aire d r ath e r th an assi ste d
by p o we rfu l s ti m u l an t s .

The Indi an s o f G u i an a as s t u di e d by a ve ry care ful ,

a nd s y m p ath e ti c o b se rv e r
4
p re se n t u s with a fairly ,

1
A ll ison, “ Si mi lk ame e n I ndi ans , j ou r n al A n t/i r opolog i m l I n sti tu te
F e b 189 2 , p 307
. . .

9 P H yad es c t J D e nik er, M i ss i on Sa en hfi qu e da Cap H or n t o me

'

. .

r
v n , P a i s , 189 1
. .
,

, q uot ed b y L i n g R o th , Tam za m a n s , p 16
3 R aclcho use
'

. .

4 r r
Ev era d i m Th u n, A mong llze I n di a n s of Gu i a n a, 1883 .
 I N T RO D U CT I O N .
3

v g pi c t u r e of t he se x u al divi s i on of l ab ou r am ong
a era e
a r ace w hi c h has y e t m ad e littl e p r o g r ess i n b arb a r
is m M en s w o rk i s t o h u n t a n d t o c u t do wn tr ees
’
.

w h e n t he cass av a i s t o b e p l an t e d W h en t he m en .

h ave fe ll e d t he tre e s an d c l e a re d t he grou n d t he ,

wo m e n pl an t t he c as s av a a n d u n de rt a k e all t he su b
se q u e n t o p e r ati o n s ; ag ri c u lt u re i s e n tire ly i n th e i r
h an d s Th e y are littl e if a t all we ake r th an t he me n
.
,

an d th e y w o rk all d ay w hil e t he m e n are o ft e n i n

th e ir h am m oc k s s m o ki n g B u t th e re i s no cru e lty .

or o pp r ess i o n e x e r c i se d by t he m en t owards t he
wo m e n P o tt e ry i s e n tir e ly i n t he h an d s o f t he
.

wo me n ; t he m e n are s p e c i ally s kilfu l i n b as k e t

m aki n g ; w hil e b o th m e n an d w o m e n s pi n a n d w eav e .

I f we t ur n t o t he h ea rt o f a n o th e r c o nti ne n t we fi nd
i n E as t C e n tr al Afri ca a c l ose ly s i m il ar d ivi s i o n o f
l ab ou r “ The w o rk i s do n e c hi e fly by t he wom en ;
.

thi s i s u n iv e r sal ; th e y ho e t he fi e lds sow t he se ed , ,

an d r e ap t he h a rv es t To th e m t oo fall s all t he .
, ,

l ab ou r of h ouse -bu ildi n g g ri n di n g c or n bre wi ng b ee r , , ,

coo ki ng was hi ng a n d c ari n g for al m os t all t he

, ,

m at e ri al i nt e r es t s o f t he co m m u n ity The m e n t e n d .

”
t he cattl e h u n t g o t o w ar ;,
th e y al so do all t he
,

t ail o ri ng and s p e n d m u c h tim e s itti ng i n cou nc il ove r

t he co n du c t o f a ff ir
a s
1
.

W hil e t he m e n am o n g all p ri m itive p e opl es are

fitt e d for w ork i n vo lvi n g vi o l e n t an d bri e f mu scu l ar
e ffo rt t he w o m e n are u su a lly m u c h b e tt er a bl e th an
,

1 James M ,ac do nald

Eas t C e n tra l A f ican C usto ms,
“
r j ou r na l
A nthr opolog i ca l I nsti t u te, A ug ust 189 2 , p 102 A nd for ano th e
. . r
p i c t u re o f t he se x ua l d i vi si on o f l abou r a mo ng a p i mi t i ve peo pl e s ee r
r
P o f H a o n s i nte es ti ng pape r o n t he
.
dd ’
r Eth no g a phy of the W es t e rn r
rr r
Tribes o f To es St ai ts, i n th e j ou r na l A n t/cmpotog zca l I nsti tut e,
’

F e uabr r y 189 0, p 3 4 2
“
. The m e n fis h ed , foug ht , bui lt h o uses, did a
.

r
l i ttl e g a de ni ng , made fish-l i nes , fi sh-h o ok s , Sp ea s, and o th e i mple r r
me n t s , co ns t u c t e d dran c e -m as k s
,
h ea d -d e s ses
, r
a n d all t he
paraph e r
nal i a for th e v ari o u s c ere mo n i e s a nd d ance s Th ey pe rfo rme d a ll the
.

r i t es and d ances , and i n add i t io n d i d a g oo d d e al of s t rutti ng u p and

d own, loafi ng , and ‘ yarni ng ’ The w o me n coo k e d and prepare d the
.

d
fo o , di d m os t o f t he g a r d e n i ng , co ll e c t e d Sh e ll -5 5 h and s
peare d fish o n
r
t he eefs, mad e pe tt icoats , bas k e t s, and m at s .
4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he m e n t o u n d e r g o p r o l o ng e d p iv e ex er an d m o re ass

ti on and th e y are t he u n ive rs a l p ri m i t i ve c arr i e rs

,
.

Thu s am on g t he A n do m b i e s o n t he C o ngo ac c o rd
, ,

ing t o Si r H H J o h n s t o n t he wom e n th oug h

. .
, ,

wo rki ng v ery h a rd as ca rri e rs an d as l ab ou r e rs i n ,

ge ne ral l ead an e n tire ly happ y e xi s t e n ce ; th e y are

,

o ft e n s tr o n g e r th an t he m e n a nd m o r e fi n e ly d e
velope d so m e o f the m
,
he t e ll s u s h avi n g r ea lly, ,

s pl e n did fi gu r es A nd P a rk e sp e a ki n g o f t he M an
.
,
.

u e m a o f t he A r r u w im i i n t he sam e r eg i o n say s th at
y ,

th e y are fi ne an i m a l s an d t he wo m e n very h an ds o m e ;
,

the y carry l oads as h eavy as th o se of t he m e n and ,

”1
do it q u it e as w e ll I n N o rth A m e ri c a ag ai n a n
.
, ,

Indi an c hi e f s a id t o H e ar n e
“
W o m e n we r e m ade for ,

l ab ou r ; o ne of th e m c an c arry o r h au l as m uc h as , ,
”2
t wo m e n can d o Sc h e ll o n g who has c ar e fully
.
,

s t u di e d t he P ap u an s i n t he G e r m an pr ot e c t o r at e of
N ew G u i n ea fr o m t he an thr o p o l og i c al p o i n t o f vi e w ,

co ns id e r s th at t he w o m e n a r e m o r e s tr o ng ly b u ilt
th an t he m e n In C e ntral A u s tr a li a agai n t he men
8
.
, ,

occas i onally b e at t he wo m e n thro u g h j eal ou sy bu t on ,

su c h oc cas i o ns it i s by n o m e a n s r a re for t he w om an ,
-
s i n gl e h a d e d t o b
n e a t t h
, e m a n se v r e ly
e
4
At C u ba .
,

t he wo m e n fou ght b e s id e t he m e n an d e nj oy e d g r eat ,

i n depe nde n ce A m o n g so m e race s o f In di a t he

.
,

P ue bl os o f N o rth A m e ri ca t he P at ag o ni ans t he
“

, ,

wo m e n are as l a rg e as t he m e n So a m o ng t he .

Afg h ans with w h om t he w o m e n i n cert ai n tribes

,

e nj o y a c o ns id e r abl e am o u n t o f p o w e r E ve n am o ng .

t he Ar ab s an d D ru s e s it has be e n n o t e d th at t he
wom e n are ne arly as l a rg e as t he m e n An d am ong .

1
T . H . P ark e, E xper i en ce: in E qu a to r i a l Afr i ca, 189 1, p .

34 4 ~

3
H earne , qu o te d b y Bancro ft , N at i ve R aces , e tc , vol i p 1 17 .

The ch i e f add e d : “ The y a ls o pi tc h o ur te n ts , mak e and m e nd our

. . . .

c lo th i ng , k ee p us W ar m a t n ig ht ; and i n fac t th ere i s n o s uch th in

g as
t rave ll ing any consi derabl e d istance i n th is co un t y wi th out th eir assist r
a nce .

Sch ell ong , Bei t rag e zur A nth opol og ie d er P apuas, Zeitsclznfi /ur
3 r
E tknolog ze, h e ft i v , 189 1, p 17 3
‘

. . .

4 al A n t/zropo og i oal I n s t i t u te, A ug us t 189 0, p 6 1

’
j ou r n . . .
 I N T RO D U CT I O N .
5

R u ss i ans t he s e x e s a r e m o r e a lik e th an am on g t he
En g li s h or F r e n c h 1 .

The milit an t s id e o f pri m itive c u ltu re b e l ong s t o

'

t he m e n ; t he i n du s tri a l b e l on g s t o w o m e n The .

c h arac t e ri s ti c i m p l e m e n t o f w o m e n i s n ot a weap on
,

b ut th at k n ife c a ll e d by t he E s ki m o t he “ u lu ”
or w o m an s k n ife , w hi c h i s u s e d pri m itive ly fo r
’

all m an n e r o f i n d u s tri a l p u r o s e s, an d w hi c h s till

p
su rvives am o ng E u r o p ea n w o m e n as t he kit c h e n
c h o p pi n g k n ife
2
.The m an u n de rg oes t he fati g ue
o f h u n ti n g , and w h e n he has throw n t he g am e at a
wo m an s fe e t his wo rk is d o n e ; it i s her part t o
’

c a rry it an d t o coo k it , as w e ll as t o m ak e t he v esse l s

i n whi c h t he fo o d i s p l ace d The s ki ns and t he
.

r e fu se are h e rs t o u tili s e , a n d all t he i ndu stri e s con .

.

n e c t e d with c l o thi n g are c hi e fly i n her ha n d s 3 .

The d om e s ti cati o n o f an i m al s i s u su ally i n w om en ’ s

h and s Th e y are a l so u su ally t he p ri m itive arc hit ect s ;
.

t he hu t i n wid e ly di ffe r e n t p a rt s o f t he wo rld— amo ng

Kaffi rs , F ue gi ans , P o ly n e s i a n s , Kam t sc hat dals — i s
bu ilt by w om e n W o m e n are e ve ry wh e re t he pri m i
.

tiv e agri cu lt u ri s t s , th ou g h t he r ou g h e r and h eavi e r

wo rk o f m aki ng a c l e a ri n g ha s u su a lly fall e n t o m e n,
an d wo m e n h o ld th e ir o w n i n t he fi e ld s e v e n i n t he
highly c ivili se d E u ro p e o f t o -d ay ; thu s i n I t aly,
a m o n g e l e v e n m illi o n w o m e n o ve r n i n e year s o f ag e ,
m ore th a n thr ee m illi o n s are e m p l o ye d in ag ri c ult u re .

W om en h av e e ve ryw he re b ee n t he fi rs t p ott e rs ; e ven

“
1
H .
'

Schaafi hause n, D ie be i d e n me nschl i c h e Gesc hl echt e, " A uth .

St ud zen , Bonn , 188 5

’

9
See a n e l abora te s tudy by P ro f O t i s T M aso n o f Tne U lu, or
. .

W oman s Knife of the Es k i mo , R epor t of the U mted St at es N ati onal

' ’

M u seu m, 189 0 .

3 r r
Th e e are , as e v e , e x ce ptio ns I n Eas t C e nt ral A fri ca, for
.

x l
e amp e , a ll t he se wi ng f o r t h e i r o w n a n d t h e w o m e n
’
s g ar me n ts i s
d one b y the m e n, and ve y ll d r w e o ne ;
“
n ea t e r t ai l ors than A f i cansr
r
i t wo uld b e i mpo ss i bl e t o fi nd a ny wh e e , says M acd o nald . Sewi ng i s
r
h e e so e mph atically re cog n s d i e as m e n
’
s wo rk , th a t a wi f e may o bt ai n

r
a d i v o ce if s he can s h o w a n e gl t d
ec e re n d i n he r
p tt c t
e i o a
”
.
( M ac
do nald , “ East C e nt ral A fri can C us t oms, j ou r nal A nthropolog i cal
I nsti tu te, A ug 18 9 2 , pp 102
.
,
.
6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n E u ro p e , a l m os t u p t o t he p re se n t day , g i rls i n l

J utl an d w e re br ou g ht u p t o m a ke p t o s
1
B eco m i ng .

t he fir s t p o tt ers , w o m e n p re p ar e d t he w ay for
de co r ative art , bu t th e y n e ve r we n t b e yo n d i t s
ru di m e n t s ; o r n am e n t ati o n , ap art fr om u s e , s ee m s
u s u ally t o b e p ec u li a r t o m e n
.
2
W o m e n se e m t o .
'

h av e p r e p ar e d t he fir s t i n t o xi c ati n g liq u o r s ; w h at
e v e r we m ay thi n k o f t he o b s c u r e H e bre w m yth W t h
r ep rese n t s a wo m an a s p l u c ki n g t he fe rm e nt abl e ,

app l e , i n t he n o rth t he a n 01e n t l e g e n d s c l ea rly

3
re p r e se n t wo m an a s di sc o v e ri n g ale .

W o m e n are so m e ti es t
m h e p ri itiv d t r ; b u t
m e o c o s
4

thi s i s by no m e an s u n ive r s al , p ro bably be cau se

m e di c i n e -c r aft a t an e a rly p e ri o d i s n o t diffe r e n ti at e d
fro m p ri e s t -c raft , whi c h i s al ways c hi e fly i n t he h an ds
o f m e n ; th e i r m o re s ti m u l ati ng life o f alt e r n a t e fa s t s

a n d o rg i es a m id w an d e ri n g s far a fi e ld d u ri n g t he

h aza rd s o f t he c h ase or o f war m a ke s th e m m o re

ac q u ai n t e d w ith m or bid m e nt a l p h e n o m e na, a n d
”
with t he m o r e su pe r n at u r a l asp ec t s o f n at u r e .

r r
It i s wo th wh il e t o q uo t e f o m t he p i c t u e s q ue g e ne a l is e d r r
a c co u n t o f wo m e n
’
r
s i n d u s t ie s a m o n g p im i t i v e ace s g i v e n by r r
r r r r
P o fe ss o O t i s T M aso n , C u a t o o fth e D e pa t me n t o fE th n o l o g y
. r
i n t he U n i t e d St a t e s N a t i o n al M use um H e i s w i t i ng mo e . r r
r r
e s p e c ia lly o f t he t i b e s o f N o th A me i ca, t he p i mi t i v e a ce s r r r
o f w h o m o u r k n o wl e d g e i s m os t e xt e n s i v e (A m er i ca n A n ti

qu a r i a n , J an ua y r L e t u s fo ll o w t he s a v ag e wo man
r r r r
th o u g h he r d ai ly ca es , in o d e th a t we m ay com p e h e n d the r
s ig n i fi ca n c e o f he r p a t i n t h e p l ay r The s l ain d e e ly in g b e fo e
. r r
r r
h e r c a v e , o r b u s h -s h e lt e o r W ig wa m , s h a ll b e t he p o in t o f

1
Se e e vid ence t d by H e in “ A ltpre ussische W i rthschaftsges
quo e ,

ch i cht e b i s 2 111 O rd e nsze i t Ze i ts chr zft fur E thn ologi e 189 0 h e ft v p

'

, , , . .

2 04 .F o r a n ac cou n t o f t he pr i m i ti v e m anu fac tu re o f p o tt ery b y wo m e n ,

se e M a n N,
i co b ar P o tt e ry ”
j ou r n a l A n t/z I n st i tu te A ug ust 189 3
, .
, .

2
I m Th urn s t at e s th at i n G uia na e v e n th ou g h the w o m e n mak e all
,

t he po tt e ry ye t t he o r nam e nt at i o n i s as o ft e n t he work of me n as o f
,

wo me n .

3
M ag i c So ng s o f t he F i nn s, F o/h-lor e, M ar ch 189 2,
.

4
A m o ng the Ku rd s , fo r i ns tance , M rs Bi s h o p fo und th a t a ll th e .

me di c a l k no wl ed g e i s i n the h and s o f wo me n , who ar e t he h e r ed i t a ry

h ak i ms (j ou r n ey s i n P er s i a an d K u r d i stan , 18 9 1 A nd se e M ax
. .

Ba e s, lI eazczn der N at u rwlher , L e i pzig , 189 3 , pp 5 2 ,

rt l ' ' ’

’
i .
8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t rue h o we v e r tha t e v e ry fo rm d e corat io n an d fun c t ion o f

, , , ,

p o tt e ry we re i n v e n t e d by w o m e n In t he s t r ugg l e fo r .

e x is t en c e and e xa lt a t i o n wh i c h t ak e s p l ace amo ng m any

o c c u pa t i o n s a s a m o ng i n d i v i d ual s an d s p e c i e s
,
m i l i t an c y n o ,

l ong e r d e m an d s all man s wak in g m o v e me n t s ’

The ar t s .

d e v is e d by wom an are in the as ce n d e nc y an d t h e m an m i l i t an t ,

has g l o ri fi e d th e m by h is c o -O p e rat i o n Ide r v e r y a nc i e n t .

d ig g i ng -s t ic k i s no w a p l oug h ; he r r ud e c arry i ng -s t rap o v e r he r

ac h i n g fo re h e a d i s n o w t he rai l roa d t rai n ; he r wo m an s b oat
’
,

t h e o ce an s t e a m e r ; h e r s t o n e h an d -m i ll t he cos tl y r o ll e r m i ll ;
-
,

h e r s im p l e s crap e r fo r s o ft e n i ng h id e s t he g rea t t an n e rie s an d ,

s h o e -fac t o r ie s ; h e r d i s t a f f an d we ft -s t i ck t he p o we r-l o o m ; he r ,

c l a y a n d s m o o th p e bbl e t he p o tt e r s wh e e l ; he r s h arp e n e d s t i c k
’
,

a n d b u n dl e o f h ai rs a r e a ll t he a pp ara t us o f t he p l a s t i c an d

p i c t o rial ar t s In t he e arly h i s t o ry o f art l ang uag e s o cia l

.
, ,

l ife an d re l i g ion wo m e n were th e i n d u s t rial e l ab o rativ e

, , , ,

co n s e rv a t i v e h al f o f s oc i e ty A ll the p e ace ful ar t s of t o -day

.

we re o n ce wo man s p e c ul iar p ro v in ce A l ong t he l ine s of

’
.

i n d us t ri al i s m s he was p io ne er i n v e n t o r au th or o rig i n a t o r ” , , , .

A s a m o re s p e c ia l d e t ai l e d e x am pl e o f t he pri m i t i v e s e x ual
d i v ision o f l ab our we m ay t ak e the C e n t ral E s ki m o as d e sc rib e d
by D r Bo as ( F Boas “ The C en t ral Es k im o ” A n n u a l R ep or t
. .
, ,
“
B u r e u o
a
f tl l gy
E ma o 1 88 4 8 5 p p 57 9
-
,
The prin ci p a l
, .
,

p art o f t he m an s wo rk i s t o p ro v i d e fo r hi s fam i ly by h un t ing

’
,
fo r h i s wi fe an d c h i ld re n and for h is re l a t ive s who h a v e no
pro v i d e r .H e m us t d riv e t he s l e d g e i n t ra v e ll in g fe e d t he d o g s , ,

b u ild the h o u se and make and ke e p in o rd e r hi s h u n t in g im ple

,

m e n t s, t he b oa t -c o v e r an d s e a l -float s e x ce p t e d The wo m an .

h as t o d o t h e h o us e h o ld wo rk t he s e win g a n d t h e co o k in g , , .

She m us t l o o k a ft e r the l a m ps m ake and m e n d t he t e n t and ,

b o at -c o v e rs pre pare the s kins an d b ring u p y o ung d og s It
, , .

fall s t o he r s h are t o m ak e t he inn e r o u tfit o f t he h ut t o s m o o th ,

t he p l at fo rms l in e t he s no w-h o u se e tc
, O n D av i s St rai t t he , .

m e n c u t up all k i nd s o f an i mal s wh ic h th e y h av e caug h t ; o n

H ud s o n B a y h o we v e r the wo m e n c u t u p t he s e al s
, , Th e re t he .

m e n pre pare t he d e e rs ki n s w h i c h i s d o n e by the wom e n am ong

,
t he E as t e rn t ri b e s E v e ry wh e re t he wo m e n h a v e t o d o t he
.

rowing in t he l arg e b oat s wh i l e t he m an s t e e rs C rip pl e s who .

are un abl e t o h u n t d o t he s ame k in d o f work as wom en .

W hen t he
th no grap hi c k no wl e d g e o f p ri m itive
e

races was l e s s a dvan c e d th an at p r e s e n t it w as fre

q u e ntly s t at e d th at wo m e n ar e a so u r ce o f w e ak n ess
a m o ng sav ag e s a nd th at th e r e fo r e th e i r p os iti o n i s so
,

d e g r ad e d th at th e y ar e al m os t i n t he p os iti o n O f
s l ave s E ve n at t he pr es e n t ti m e a n thr op o l o g i c al
.
,
 IN T R O D U C TIO N .
9

wr it e r s w h o se fa ith i n t he fu t u re l e ad s th e m t o b e
u nj u s tly s co r n fu l O f t he
p as t h av e u n i n t e n ti o n a lly ,

m i s r e pr e se n t e d a n d di s t o rt e d t he fac t s O f sav ag e life .

A m o r e com p l e t e s t at e m e n t of t he fac t s an d t he ,

d ee pe r i n s i g ht w hi c h w e n ow p osse ss r e g a rdi ng th e ir
i n t e r p r e t ati o n e n a bl e u s t o as s e rt th at w hil e am o n g
,

m a ny r a c e s w o m e n h av e b e e n t o a g r e at e r o r l ess
e xt e n t i n s u b o rdi n ati o n t o th e ir m o r e p ow e rfu l m a t e s ,

o n t he w h o l e t he w id e r c o n tr o l w hi c h w o m e n h av e

had o v e r t he m e a ns o f p r o du c ti o n as w e ll as t he s kill ,

O f w o m e n i n di p l o m ac y h av e g iv e n th e m i n fl u e n ce
1
,

a n d e ve n a u th o rity To th e se r e su lt s h av e c on
.

tribu t e d i n m an y cases n o d ou bt fac t o rs O f a diffe r e n t

o rde r d u e t o c e rt ai n m o d e s o f m a rri ag e a n d fili at i o n

w hi c h h av e t e n d e d t o g ive g r eat er di g n ity t o w o m e n .

M ‘L e nna n, L ubbo ck , and L e t ou ne au are p o b ably t he m os t r r

r r
p o m in e n t an th o pol o g i s t s wh o h a v e a g ue d , appa e n tly f o m r r r
r
th e i kno wl e d g e o f c i v il ise d wom e n, th a t amon g s a v ag e s wome n
ar e a
“
r
sou ce o f w e a k n e s s ,
”
an d in c o n s e q ue nce l i abl e t o
r
o pp e s s io n . B ut, as ha s O ft e n b ee n p o i n t e d o ut by th o s e who
p o s s e s s mr o e th a n a s e co n d -h an d ac q u a i n t an ce wi th s a v ag e l ife ,

a lth o ug h t h i s i s s o me t im e s t he c a s e , i t i s n o t s e ld o m t he v e y r
r r
e v e s e o f th e t u th r Th us F i s o n and H o wi tt , who d i sc u s s th is
.

r r r r
p o in t , e m a k , i n e g a d t o A u s t a l ia n wo e :
m n r In t ime s o f
r r
p e ac e , as a g e ne a l ul e , th e y a r e t he h a ” d e s t w o k e s an d t h e r r r
r
m os t u s e fu l m e m b e s o f t he c o m m u ni ty In t i m e s o f wa r , .

ag a i n , r
th e y are p e fe c tly capabl e o f t ak ing c a e o f th e ms e lv e s r
at all t i m e s ; r
a nd , s o fa r f o m b e i n g an e n c um b an ce o n t h e r
rr r
wa i o , th e y w i l l fi g h t , i f n e e d b e , as b av e ly as t he m e n , and r
r r r
wi th e v e n g e a t e fe oc i ty ( F i s o n an d H o witt , A a mzla r oz and
‘
’ ’

K na , p p
u r i . 1 -
33 47 ,
1 B u c kl e y ,
w h o l i v e d fo r th i ty -t wo r
r r
y e a s am o ng A us t al ian s av ag e s, m e nt i o n s th at wh e n th os e he
“
r
l i v e d wi th we e a t t ac k e d by a n u m e o us i
h t l p ty, th e y
o s e a r r
r a is e d a w ar — r
c r y ; o n h ea i n g th is t he w o m e n t h r e w o ff th e i r
r r r
'

ug s a nd , e ac h a m e d wi th a s h o t c l u b , fle w t o t he as s i s t an ce o f

1
O f t he wo m e n o f m any ra ce s i t may b e said , as th e R ev C . .

“
H arr i s o n says o f the H aid a s o f t he Q ue e n C h l tt
a r o e I s l a nd s , The
r
wo m e n are g re a t d i pl o m a t s , and g e ne a lly co n t ri ve to h av e th ei o w n r
l

r
way , and i t i s a g e a t m i st a k e to i mag i n e th at th ey are t eat ed as r
s l a ve s (j ou r na l A n t hr opolog i ca l I n st ztu le , M ay 18 9 2 , p
'

r r
A mo ng the A us t al i a n D i e y e ri e , C u r (A u st r a li an R a ces ) s t a t es th a t t he
r
wo m e n ac t as a mbassad o rs to a rang e t r eat i es, and i nvariably s ucceed
i n the i r m i ssi o ns .
IO M AN AN D W O M AN .

t h e ir h us b an d s b ro th e rs ” (L ife an d A d z/ent u r es of W i lli a m

an d
'

“
B u ck ley p ,
. Th e y who are a cc us t om e d t o t he wa y s o f
“
c i v i l ise d wom e n o n ly
”
re m ark s M r F i s
,
o n c a n h ardly b e l i e v e .
,

w h a t s a v ag e wo m e n are c apabl e o f e v e n wh e n th e y ma y we ll b e ,

s up ose d t o b e a t th e ir we ake s t o r i n s t an c e an A u s t ra l i an
o

p F .
,

t rib e o n the m arc h s carce ly t ake the t ro u bl e t o h al t for s o s l ig h t

a pe rfo rm an ce as a c h i ldb irth The n e w ly -b orn i nfan t i s
.

wra p pe d in s ki n s t he m arc h i s re s um e d a n d the mo th e r t r ud g e s

, ,

o n wi th t he re s t M o re o v e r a s i s we ll k no w n am o ng m a n y
.
, ,

t rib es e l s e w h e re it i s the fa th e r who i s p ut to b e d W h il e the ,

”
m o th e r g o e s ab o u t he r work a s if o th g n i n h a d h pp
a e n e d .

M a n has b ee n t he m o s t h ig h l y fa v o ure d a nd s u cc e s s fu l o f a ll
Sp e c i e s an d as P ro fes s o r M a so n w e ll re m ark s
, ,
If o n e h a l f O f ,

th is s pe c ie s the m a t e rna l h al f i n a dd i t ion t o m an y n a t ural we ak

, ,

n e s se s had b e e n fro m t he fi rs t t he v i c t i m o f m al ic i o us i m p os i
,

t io n and p e rs e c ut ion at t he h an d s o f t he o th e r an d s trong e r

h a l f h umani ty wo uld n ot h av e s urv i v e d ( M as on “ W om an s
, ,
’

Sh are in P ri mi t i v e C ult ure

”
A mer i ca n A nti qu a r i a n J an
, , .

Mr H o ra t i o H al e
. an o th e r we ll -k no wn A me rican
,

an th ro po l og is t i n a p ape r re a d at t he ann ual m e e t i n g o f the

,

R o y a l So c i e ty o f C an ad a i n 18 9 1 (an d re pri n t e d i n the j ou r na l

A n thr opolog i ca l I ns ti tu te M ay 189 2 p , l ike wis e o b se rv e s , .
,
“
The c o mmon o p i ni on th a t wo m e n a m on g s av a g e t ri b e s i n
g e n e ral are t re a t e d wi th h ars h ne ss and ar e re g ard e d as s l a v e s , ,

o r a t l eas t as i n fe rio rs i s l ike m a n y co mm o n o p in io n s b as e d o n

, , ,

e rror o rig in at in g in t oo l arg e a n d i n d isc ri m i na t e d e d u c t i o n fro m

,

n arro w pre m i s e s A wi d e r e x pe ri e n ce s h o ws th a t th i s d e pre s s e d

.

co n d i t io n O f w o m e n re a lly e x is t s b ut o nly i n c e rt ai n re g i o n s ,

an d u n d e r s pe c ia l c i rcum s t a nc e s The wi fe o f a Samo an .

l an d o wn e r o r a N av aj o s h e ph e rd has n o occas ion s o far as he r ,

p o s i t io n in he r fam i ly o r a m o ng he r ”p e o p l e i s co nce rne d t o ,

e n vy t he wife o f a G e rman p e as an t M r H al e g oe s o n t o . .

“
arg u e th a t i t i s e n t ire ly a q u e s t io n O f p hy s i cal co m fo r t a n d ,
m ain ly o f t he a b u nd ance o r l ac k o f foo d ” and i ll us t ra t e s th i s ,

p ro p os i t io n by t he d if e re n c e b e t w e e n the pos i t io n o f t he w o m e n
a m o n g t he n o r th e rn s ub -ar c t i c Tinne h a n d a mon
g t he s o u th e rn
Tinn e h (o r Na v aj o s ) in s u nn y an d fr ui t fu l A rizo n a ; am o n g t he
“
forme r t rib e s wo me n ar e s l av e s : a m on g t he o th e rs th e y ar e
q ue e n s ; ” wo m e n he c o n s id e rs are t he co mpara t i v e ly we ak
, ,

m e mbe rs o f t he c o m mu ni ty an d a re th e re fore t he fi rs t t o s uffe r

, , ,
un d e r h ars h c o n d i t io n s o f l ife .

In p ri m itive a n d u n s t abl e s t at e O f e xi s t e nce , m e n

a

are c hi e fly o cc u p i e d i n t he ab s o rbi ng d u ti e s o f w a r

an d t he c h ase As t he p os iti o n o f a tribe a n d i t s

.

m e an s b s i s t e nce b e co m e m o r e as s u re d t he m e n
O f su ,

are e n abl e d t o lay d own th e ir we a po n s a nd t o t ak e

 I N TR O D U C TI O N . 11

wom e n s i m p l e m e n t s , an d s p e c i ali se wo m e n s i n
’ ’
up
du s t ri es Thu s , as P r o fe ssor M as on po i n t s ou t , 1 t he
.

primitive wo m an h an d e d her u lu ov e r t o t he saddl e r,

t eac hi ng him , app ar e n tly , how t o wo rk in l e ath e r ;
t he saddl e r O f a n c i e n t E g yp t , a s d e pict e d o n m o n u
m e nt s , u se d t he u lu , an d t he s a ddl e r o f t o -day s till
u se s it It m ay th u s h a ve h app e ne d t h at , as we
.

so m e tim e s fi n d s till a m o ng r ace s w hi c h h av e

p asse d
fro m sav ag e ry i n to t he e a rli e r st ag es O f b arb ari s m ,
and a m o n g w h o m w ar h a pp e n s t o -occu py a s m all
pl ace , v ari ou s i n du s tri e s are fa irly divid e d b e t ween
t he se xes Th u s , am o n g t he M e l ane si ans, a h o rti
.

cu lt u r al p eo pl e w ho s h o w g r ea t s kill i n s u c h w o rk ,
“
t he r es p ec tiv e s h a r e o f m e n a n d w om e n i n g ard en
” 2
w o rk i s s e ttl e d by l o ca l c u s t om B u t an e q u ality
.

o f thi s c o mpl e t e ki n d r ar e ly s ee m s t o h av e b e e n t he
r u l e W o m e n i n v e n t e d a n d e x e r c i se d i n c o m m o n
.

m u ltifari o u s h ou se h o ld o cc u p ati o ns and i n du stri es .

Th e y were u n abl e t o s p e c i a li se th e ir work , an d i n

co nse q u e nce th e y c o u ld n o t d e ve l o p it hi g hly M en, .

libe r at e d m o re or l ess fr om t he t a s k s of h u n ti ng and

fi ghti ng , gr adu ally t o o k u p t he occ u p ati o ns o f wo m e n,
s p ec i ali se d th e m an d d e v e l o p e d th e m i n an e xtr a
o rdi nary d e g r ee W hy t he d ivi s i o n o f l abo ur sh ou ld
.

be a m ascu li n e an d n o t a fe m i n i n e c h ar ac t e ri s ti c ,
w h e t her it i s t he re su lt o f p h ys i c a l an d m e n t al
o rg an i sati o n , or m e r e ly d u e t o soc i al c au se s , i s no t
q u it e o bvi ou s ; pro ba bly it i s du e t o both se t s of
cau ses .M at e r n ity favo u r s a n u n diffe r e n t i at e d co n
diti on O f t he v ari o u s avo c a ti o ns th at are g rou pe d
a rou n d it ; it is p o ss ibl e th at h a bit s o f war - p ro
d uce d a s e nse o f t he a dvan t ag e s o f sp ec i ali s e d a nd
s u b o rdi n at e d w o rk I n a n y c ase t he fac t it se lf is
.

u n d o u bt e d, and it has had i m m e n se r esu lt s o n

c ivili satio n .

To s p eak with as su r an c e r eg a rd i n g t he r e spec t i v e

s t at u s o f t he s e x es i n s av ag e ry an d t he e arly st ag es

U , j ag/ ar t U S N at i on a l i ll u seu m, 189 0,

1 “ ”
T h e lu .
p 4 14
. .

9
Cod ring t on, T/ze M ela n esi a n s , 189 1, p 304
. .
IZ M AN AN D W O M AN .

Of barbari s m i s n ot e as y Th e re are not m any r aces

.

i n an u nc o n t am i n a t e d s t ag e O f e arly b arb ari s m ; it i s

r ar e t o fi nd an O b se rv e r who is s u ffi c i en tly i n t e llig e n t
an d sym ) ath e ti c t o b e a bl e t o u n d e rs t an d t he co n
di ti ons ofsu c h r ace s ; an d it i s di ffi c u lt t o es ti m at e
the di s t u rbi ng i n fl u e n c e O f var i ou s con diti o n s w hi c h
de vi at e t he c ircu m s t an ces o f s u c h race s from t he
typ ical o rde r W h e n we t u rn t o races i n a hi g hly
.

deve lope d s tat e o f barba ri s m su c h as we fi nd i n ,

m e di e val E u r op e t he di ffi c u lti es ar e o f ano th e r ki n d

,
.

The m at e ri al s o n w hi c h t o fou n d a j u dg m e n t are so

am pl e th at it i s i m p oss ibl e t o g e n e r al i s e i n a broad
and u nm o difi e d m a nn e r W e h ave be fo re u s c hro n
.

ic le s ro mance s fa bli aux oontes acta sanctorum co d es

, , , , , ,

c u s t om ari e s r v r b — alt o e th e r a vas t am o un t

p, o e s g
o f o rig i nal d o c u m e n t s— all thro w i ng m o r e or l ess
u n i nt e nti o nal li g ht o n t he res pec tiv e p art s pl ay e d by
m e n a nd wo m e n i n t he d e ve l op e d b a rb ari s m o f
m e di ae val E u rop e O n e who has on ly b ee n a bl e t o
.

d ip h e r e and th e r e i n t o thi s fas c i nati ng m ass o f

.

lit e rat u re cannot p re t e n d t o s p e ak o f any d e fi n it e

and assu r e d re su l t B u t th e r e are ce rt ai n p o i n t s th at
.

s trike o ne ag ai n a n d ag a i n The m ilit an t e l e m e n t

.

r u l e d throu g h ou t m e di ae val E u ro p e an d th at m eant ,

t he pr e d om i n an ce O f m e n Thu s if we e x am i ne t he
.

1
gr eat F r e nc h e p i c c yc l e as Kra bbe s has done w e se e ,

su c h a s t at e O f s o c i e ty d e p i c t e d t he m o re v e rac i ou s ly
becau se i nc ide n t ally an d u n i n t e n ti o n ally The m e n .

we re ab ov e all fi g ht e r s and e ve n t he wo m e n d e li g ht e d
,

i n fig hti n g ; wo m e n ha d u tt e r co n t e m pt for t he m a n
who was a cowa rd i n war a n d at ti m e s t oo k a su b
,

o rdi n at e p art i n war the m s e lve s g u a rdi ng p ri so n e rs

,

for e x am p l e .The e n tire a bso rp ti o n o f t he m e n i n

fi g hti ng had a m a rke d e ffe c t o n t he p ass io n of l ove .

The wo m en i n the se e p i c p oe m s are u su ally t he

wooe rs ; t he m e n are g e n e rally i n diffe r ent r ar ely ,

Th e od or Krab bes , D i e F r a u i m a lt/r a n zoes i sclzen K ar ls-epos, 1884 .

( St e nge l s Series o A g A M amt/u ng m a u s dem Gebzete der

’ ’
f b
’

u s a en u n a

manzseltm
'

ro
 I N TR O D U C TI O N . I 3

ac tive ly i n l o v e w ith t he wo m e n t o w h o m th e y yi e ld ;
th e y m e re ly r e s po n d an d O ft e n n o t s o war m ly a s t he
,

w o m e n d es ir e ; t he w o m e n O p e n ly e m br a c e t he m e n
w ho a ttr ac t th e m a n d o n ly o n c e do w e re a d O f a
,

w o m an w ho was as h am e d t o ki s s i n p u bli c w hil e m e n

,

are r e p r ese n t e d as d e c id e dly l es s se n s u a l th an w o m e n .

B u t n o t w ith s t an di n g thi s fre e d o m o f i n iti ativ e w h e n

,

t he w o m an b e c o m e s a w ife s he i s e n tir e ly i n t he
p owe r O f he r h u s b an d who m ay a ddr es s he r in t e r m s
,

o f t he g r eat e s t c o n t e m p t .

The b e g i nn i n g s O f i n d u s tri ali s m w e re no t de s t r u c

tive O f t he m ilit an t s p irit an d it s p r e d o m i n an c e .

E ve n i n re p u bli c a n i n du s tri al t o wn s it w as fr e q u e ntly

n e ce ss a ry th a t t he wo rk e r s s h ou ld al so b e fi g ht e r s .

I n e a rly b a rb a r o u s s o c i e ti es we s ee m e n g ra d u ally
t aki n g u p a n d s p ec i ali s i n g t he i n du s tri es o ri g i n at e d
by w o m e n ; i n t he d e ve l o p e d b arba ri s m of E u r op e
o n ly a fe w s i m p l e h o u se h o ld i n d u s tri e s w e r e o n t he

w h o l e l e ft t o w o m e n E v e n i n t he m o n as t e ri es w h e r e
.
,

m e n a n d w o m e n liv e d u n d e r s i m il a r co n diti o n s it ,

c a n n o t b e sa id th a t t he ac hi e ve m e n t s o f wo m e n i n

an y fi e ld riv all e d th ose O f m e n . F o r w o m e n th e r e

w a s t he h o m e a n d it m u s t b e a dd e d t he br o th e l ;
, ,

w hil e a v as t s tr e am o f w o m e n for w h o m th e r e w as
— a s tr e am i n c l u di n
n o o th e r ou t l e t g t he i n s an e an d
t he hy s t e ri c a l b u t c e rt a i n ly m an y who we r e n e ith e r
,

— fe ll u n d e r s u s i c i o n o f so r ce ry an d p e ri s h e d as
p
w it c h e s. Thi s div e rg e nc e O f t he p ath s o f w o m e n
fro m t he p ath s o f m e n had t wo di ffe re n t cl asses O f
e ffe c t s : o n t he o n e h a n d m o r e m ark e d se xu a l diffe r
,

e n c e s i n p hy s i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t s e e m (w e can n o t s p eak
d e fi n it e ly) t o h av e d e v e l ope d th an are u su ally t o b e
fo u n d i n s av ag e s oc i e ti e s ; an d on t he o th er h and t he ,

a ttit u d e s O f m e n t o w a rd s w o m e n a n d o f w o m e n
t o ward s m e n w e r e c o rr e spo ndi n g ly w r oug ht u p to
it c he s Of e m o ti o n a l i n t e n s ity b e fo r e u nk n ow n
p
.

W h e n We l oo k i n t o thi s wo n d e rfu l m e di aeval lit e r a

t u re we n e ve r fi n d m e n a nd wo m e n i n t he attit u d e O f
c o m r a d es a n d fe ll o w wo rk e r s
-
, as we n e arly e v e ry .
 I 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w h e r e fi n d th e m i n e a rli e r s t ag e s o f s oc i e ty \Ve .

fi n d, i n s t e ad , m e n , i nfl u e n ce d t o s o m e e xt e nt d o u btl ess
by t ra diti o n s o f C hri s tian a sce ti c i s m , as w e ll as by
t he ac t u al fac t s o f m e di aev a l life , r e g a rdi ng -wo m e n a s
t he s ym b o l s o f t he se n su al e l e m e n t i n l i fe , as t he
fo rce th a t r e t ards p rog re ss an d g r ow th , an d at t he
s am e ti m e — a m o r e P ag a n e l e m e n t p e rh ap s co m i ng

i n t o g e th e r w ith a ti ng e o f m ys ti c i s m— w e fi n d th at
w o m e n a r e r eg ard e d a s t he i nsp i r e r s O f m e n , t he
s p irit u al a n d r e fi n i n g e l e m e n t s O f li f e P a rtly, it .

s e e m e d , wo m e n w e r e g oo d t o p a
l y w ith , p a rtly g o o d

t o wo s pr hi 1
A l arg e p art of t he real w o rk o f t he
.

w or ld was w o m e n s t o d o — alth ou g h u n d e r m ilit a ry

’
'

a s w e ll as m o n as ti c co n diti on s m e n an d wo m e n w e re

r e l a tive ly i nde p e n d e n t o f e ac h o th e r— b u t th e ir w o rk
see m s t o h ave b e e n r e g a rd e d as littl e w o rth m e n ti on ;

w o rk did n o t fit i n w ith t he m e di mval th eo ry O f

wo m e n .

A n i m po r t a n t o ri g i n o f t h e e l e m e n t of m y s t e ry wh i c h wo me n
hav e r d i n me n
a o use i n th e m s e lv e s l ie s i n t he p e rio d i c
an d e v en
m e ns t rua l func t i on . Th is fu n c t io n , u n l i k e a ny n o rm al p hy s i o
l og ic a l fun c t ion i n m e n , has b e e n an e v e rl as t in g s o urc e o f
m arv e l an d o f p ro fo und re pug nan ce a mong all prim i t i v e ra ce s .

Th e y h av e -b e e n s ing u l arl y u n an im o u s o n t h i s p oi n t , an d e v e n
s e e m t o s h o w a c e r t a i n amo un t o f u n an imi ty i n th e ir e x l a n a t io ns
p .

A s has b e e n s h o wn by P l os s and M ax Bar t e l s , t he s n ak e ( o r

oc cas i o nally s om e a ll i e d re p t i l e , s uc h as t h e c roco d i l e o r l izard )
has b ee n c o nn e c t e d wi th th i s func t i o n o r wi th i t s m yth ical
o rig in ; i n N e w G u i n e a, i n G uian a , i n P o r t ug al , i n G e rm any ,
t race s m ay b e foun d o f th is co nn e c t ion , oft e n s e e m ing t o in d i ca t e
th at a s n a k e , wh e th e r fro m l o v e o r a h os t i l e purpo se , had b i tt e n
t he s e x u al o rg an s o f wo m an a n d s o cau se d t h e p h e no me n a I .

1
The co l i t e ratu re o f m ed iae val t i mes —far ms fabli au x con tes
mi c , , ,

e t c —i s i m p re g na t e d wi th t h e fe e l i ng o f su s pi c i o n an d h orr o r as re g ar ds
.

w o me n . The o p posi t e a nd co mpl e m e nt ary t e nd e ncy t o g l or i fy wo me n

may b e fo un d no t o n ly i n the l o ve -poe try o f the e p o ch b u t a l so i n a ,

l arg e b u t no w fo rg o tte n g ro up o f prose -l i t erature Tho mas i n hi s.

,

E ssa i su r lo ca a cte e les m azu r s f t

r r , ,
“3 5 F emm es g i ve s a n ,

acco un t O f s o me p o r t i o ns o f th i s l i t e ra t u r e A co n t e m po rary i c t ure O f

p
.

t he fa sci na t i o n a n d d u pl i c i ty o f t he me d i aev a l wo man d r awn wi th a ,

sycho lO gi C s ubtl e ty alt o g e th e r m od ern i s e mbod i e d i n P et i t j e/za n ae

’
p ’
,

Sa i nt r e.
16 M A N AN D W O MAN .

co me un d er his o wn pe rso nal o b s e rv a t ion : F or t wo t housan d

y ears the I t al ians h av e had th is i d ea o f me ns t ruat ing wom e n .

W e E ng l is h h o ld t o i t t he A me ric ans h av e it, a l so the

,

A us tral ians . N ow I s h o u ld l ike t o k no w t he co un t ry W h e re

t he e v i d e n ce of any s uc h o b s e rv at i o n i s unk no wn
”
W ome n o f
.

e v e ry c l as s pre se rv e th i s b e l i e f and s t i ll re g ard th e pe rio d ic

func tion —al th oug h it i s fre que n tly a fac t or o f t he v e ry fi rs t
,

import ance i n th e ir pe rs onal an d s oc ia l l ife— as al mos t too

s h ameful to b e all ud e d t o .

The e ffe c t wo m e n o f t he milit an t m edi aeval

on
o rg an i s ati o n and i t s c o rr e l at e d c o n diti on s was p e ou
li ar , and may s till be fe lt O p e nly th e y tri e d t o
.

live u p t o t he ange li c ide al s of m e n ; sec re tly th e y

p l aye d with m e n ; u n os te n tati o us ly th e y wo rke d ,
e ith e r h on e stly i n th e ir h o m e s , o r by i n tri g u e i n
pu blic affairs I n t he g r eat c e n tr es O f E u r op ean
.

life, du ri ng m edi aeval and l at e r ti m es, th e se co nfli cti ng

ideal s h av e p rodu ce d v e ry co mp l e x an d attrac tive
fe m i ni ne p ersonaliti e s o ft e n m u c h m o re de li g htfu l
,

and e ve n m o re wh ol eso m e th a n t he i nfl u en ces whi c h

m ou ld e d th e m w o u ld l ead u s t o e xp e ct bu t u s ually ,

m o re or l ess pr ofou n dly ti n g e d by t he unavoid abl e

dupli city of confli cti ng ide al s .

M any of th e se s e xu a l c h ar ac te ri s ti cs h ave d o u btl ess

pe rs i st e d t o m o de r n ti m e s b u t t he con diti ons whi c h
,

g ave r i se t o th e m h ave i n l a rg e m easu re c h ang e d .

The eight eenth century i n Eu rop e and m o re es p e ,

c i al ly in E ngl an d a n d F ran ce w as m arke d by a,

widespread reso lve t o re ason c l e arly conce rn i ng t he

nat u r e and causes of thi n g s ; s o far as p o ss ibl e cas ti n g
of f p rej u di ce and it co u ld n o t fail t o t ouc h t he
,

que stions th at co nce rne d t he s t at u s o f wome n ; su ch

pro bl em s we re n o l o n ge r l e ft t o wo rk th em s e lv es ou t
i n u no b serve d s il ence At t he s am e ti m e an e cono m i c
.
.

re vo lution w as t akin g p l ace w hi c h t ende d t o w ith

draw women from th e ir h om es and me n fr om th e ir
p re vi ou sly m o r e i n d ep e n d e n t an d i n t e r m itt e nt l ab ou r .

A n ew i ndustri al r eg i me was e m e rg i ng by w hi ch work

’

b ecame o rg ani sed in l arge ce n tres and t he i ntro duc ti on ,

of m achi nery enabl e d m e n and wo m e n t o wo rk s id e by

 I N TR O D U C TI O N . I 7

s id e at t he sam e o r c l ose ly alli e d oc cu p ati o n s Thi s .

i s s till g o i n g o n t o -d ay I t i s al s o b e i n g r eco g ni se d as
.

r easo n abl e th at b o th se x es s h o u ld s t u dy s id e by s ide

at t he sc h o o l a n d t he c o ll e g e a n d wh e r e n o t s id e by
,

s id e s till i n c l ose ly s i m il ar fas hi o n w hil e t he r e c re a

, ,

ti o n s o fe ac h s e x are t o s o m e e xt e n t b e co m i ng co mm o n
t o b o th . Su c h c o n diti o n s h av e t e nd e d t o r e m o v e
a rtifi c i al se x u a l diffe r e n c e s an d h av e l a rg e ly o blit e r at e d
,

t he c oa r s e r s i g n s o f su p e ri o rity w hi c h m ay b e fo re
h av e b ee n p o ss e sse d by o n e s e x ov e r an o th e r The .

p r o c ess o f tr an s iti o n i s still i n r ap id p ro g r ess It .

b e g an i n t he l ow er and m o r e m ec h an i cal fi e ld s o f
l ab ou r ; it i s p rocee di n g t o t he hi ghe r and m o re
s p ec i ali se d fo r m s. W o m e n h ave e n t e re d o r ar e ab ou t
,

t o e n t e r t he v a ri o u s l e a r n e d p r o fe ss i o n s an d ar e
, ,

t e n di ng t o ac q u ir e t he s am e ri g ht s o f c itiz e ns hip as
men .

As h so c i al c h ang e s t e n d m o r e and m o re t o
su c

a b o li s h a rtifi c i al se x u al di ffe r e n ce s thu s ac ti n g i n

,

ve r s e ly t o t he w e ll -m ark e d t e n d e n c y o b se rv e d i n
as s i n g fr o m t h e l o we r t o t he hi g h e r r ace s w e ar e
p ,

br ou g ht face t o face w ith t he co n s id e r ati o n o f th ose

diffe re n c e s w hi c h a re n ot artifi c i al an d w hi c h n o,

e q u ali sati o n o f s o c i al co n diti o n s can e n tir e ly r e m ov e ,

t he n at u r al cha r ac t e r s a n d p re di s p os iti o n s w hi c h Will

a l wa y s i n e vit a bly i n fl ue n c e t he s e x u al all o t m e n t o f
h u m an ac tiviti e s So l on g as w om e n are u n like i n
.

t he p ri m a ry se x u al c h a rac t e rs a n d i n r epr o d uc tiv e

fu n c ti o n th e y c an n e ve r b e ab so l u t e ly a l i k e e ve n i n
t he hi g h es t p s y c hi c p r o ce sse s W h at Is t he n at u re
.
,

so far as w e ca n v e n t u r e t o t e ll it t o day of th e se
-
,

fu ndam e nt al s e co n d ary s e x u al c h arac t e rs ?

 C H A P TE R I I .

H OW TO AP P R O AC H TH E P R O B L E M .

TH E D EF I N I TIO N OF SEC ON D A R Y SE XU A L C H AR AC TER S

TER TIAR Y SE U A L X C H A R A C TER S— STAN D AR D S O F C OM

P A R I SON — TH E I N F A N TI L E AN D TH E SEN I L E — TH E
H U M AN C H AR AC TER I STIC S OF IN F AN T A P ES — TH E
P OSI TI ON OF TH E L O W E R H U M AN R A C ES— F A L L A C I ES
DU E TO I N C O M P L ETE D A TA AN D TO BIA S— I N GO M ~

P L ETEN ESS O F OU R K N O W L ED GE .

TH E t e r m second ary s e xu al c h ar act e r was firs t

u se d by H un t e r H e ap pli e d it t o su c h a s tr u c t u re
.

as for i ns t ance t he c o m b o f t he coc k b u t s o far a s

, , , ,

I h ave b e e n abl e t o fi n d he d o e s n ot any wh e r e d e fi n e

,

p rec i s e ly w h at he me an s by t he t e r m D a rwi n a l so .
, ,

who w r o t e o ne o f hi s m os t i m po rt an t b o o k s The ,

D escent of M cm and Selecti on i n R elati on to Sex

, ,

c hi e fly o n thi s su bj e c t re frai ns fro m d e fi n i n g ve ry

,

p r ec i se ly wh at is t o b e i nc l u ”
d ed u n der t he t e rm
se co n d a ry sex u al c h ar a c t e r s o n ly r e m arki ng th at
,

th e y g radu at e i nt o t he p ri m a ry se x u al o rg a n s an d ,
“
th at u nl ess i nde e d we c o n fi ne the t e r m p ri m ary ‘ ’

t o t he r e p r o ductive g l an d s it i s scar ce ly p os s ibl e t o

,

dec ide w hi c h oug ht t o b e c all e d p ri m ary and w hi c h

”1
s eco n d a ry .

W h e n we ar e d eal i n g w ith M an it i s p e rh ap s m os t
c o nve n ie n t t o set as id e as p ri m ary t he se x u a l
g l an d s
i n e ac h s e x and t he o rg a n s fo r e mi s si o n and r e c e p ti o n
,

i n i m m e di at e co nn ec ti o n w ith th ese gl an d s Th at i s .

1 D escen t of fll a tz ch ap v iii
, . .
 H OW TO A P P R O A C H TH E P R O B L EM . 19

t o s ay, t he pri m ary se x u al o rg an s are th ose th at m ay

fai rly b e r e gard e d as es s e n ti al t o r e p r o du cti on The .

breast w hi c h i s no t n ecessary t o r e pro duc ti on bu t is

, ,

an au xil i ar y of t he firs t i m p or t an c e i n t he
p r o p ag a
ti on of t he r ace m ay b e co u nt e d as t he c hi e f o f t he
,

seco nd ary se x u a l c h arac t e r s ; o r e l se (w ith D a r wi n)

as occ u pyi ng a b o rde rl an d b e t wee n t he p ri m ary and
seco n d ary c h a r ac t e rs .

The difli cu lty li es n ot so m u c h in de t e rm i ni ng t he

bou ndar y b e t we e n p ri m ary an d seco nd ary se xu al
c h ar ac t e r s as i n li m iti n g t he e xt e n s i o n o f t he l att e r
c h arac t e r s .P e rh ap s t he m os t m ark e d h u m an
s e con d ary s e x u al c h a r ac t e r s a r e t he diffe r e nce i n t he
m assi n g a n d a rr an g em e n t o ft he h air so th at whil e t he ,

m an s i s l arg e ly co n ce n trat e d o n hi s fac e t he wom an s

’ ’

i s c hi e fly m as se d o n he r h e ad a n d t he diffe re n ce i n
,

the l ary n x and v o i ce by w hi c h a fu rth e r d e g ree o f

de v el op m e nt fo r m s a p art o f m al e evo l u ti on at
p u be rty w hil e i n wo m an th e r e i s c o m p arative ly littl e
,

d e ve l opm en t Th e s e are typ i c al s e con dary se x u al

.

c h ar ac t e r s a n d w e m ay p e rh ap s d e fi ne a h u m an
,

s e co n d ary se x u al c h a r ac t e r as o n e w hi c h by m ore ,

highly diffe re nti ati ng t he se xe s h e l p s t o m ake th e m

,

m o r e att rac tiv e t o e ac h o th e r an d s o to pro m ot e t he

,

u n i o n o f t he s p e r m -c e ll w ith t he o vu m -ce ll O th e r .

thi n g s b e i ng e q u al a m an i s m o re attract e d t o a
,

w om an with l u xu ri an t h a i r o n he r h ead th an t o o ne
wh ose h air i s s p a r s e ; o th e r thi n g s b e i n g e q u al a ,

w om an i s m o re attrac t e d t o a m an w ith d ee p vibrant

v o i ce th an t o a m an w ith a s hrill fe m i n i n e vo i ce The .

se x e s are n ot gre atly a ttra c t e d by any pu r e ly aes th e ti c

qualiti es ; it i s t he wo m an ly q u alitie s of t he wo man
whi c h are attrac tive t o t he m an t he m an ly q u aliti es ,

o f t he m an w hi c h are a ttr a c tiv e t o t he w om a n 1

The .

s eco n d ary se x u al c h ar ac t e r s as thu s u n d e r st oo d are

, ,

h t
A s C a eau ian br d so m e w h e r e re m a rk s :
“
O n sai t qu i nstinct ive
m en t la nature orte la fe mme apréfére r l h om me fort e t vi goure ux a
’

l é t re ch ét i f e t éli cat e t j ai ln q ue si on prése n t e aune j e une fille nu

’ ’

,
”
A d onis o u un H ercul e e ll e r g
,
ou i ra m,
a i s c h o i s i ra H er l
cu e.
 20 M AN AN D W O M AN .

th ose w hi c h i n dire ctly fav ou r re p ro du cti on an d w hi c h

m i g ht co n c e ivably b e d e ve l o pe d by se x u al se l ec ti o n as
u n d e rs t oo d by D arw i n w h e th e r o r n o t th e y ac t u ally
,

are s o d e v e l o p e d .

The re are h owe ve r o th e r se xu al diffe r e n ce s w hi c h

, ,

do no t so e as ily fall i nt o thi s g rou p Th e se di ffe re n ce s .

a re l e s s o bvi o u s ; m a n y o f th e m a re re l ativ e o r o n ly ,

p e r ce p tibl e w h e n w e t ak e ave rag es i n t o co n s id e r a ti o n ;

b u t th e y are ve ry nu m e r ous Thu s w e h ave fo r i h .
,

s t a nce t he m u c h g re at e r s h all o w n ess p r o p o rti o n a t e ly

, , ,

o f t he fe m al e s k u ll ; w e have t he g r eat e r s iz e an d

ac tivity o f t he t hyro id g l a n d i n wo m e n a n d t he

s m a ll e r av e r ag e p r o po rti o n o f r e d bl oo d co r p usc l es ;

a n d we h av e a diffe re n t av e rag e r e l ati o n s hi p o f t he

p a rt s o f t he br a i n t o e a c h o th e r Th es e diffe r e n ce s .

ar e p ro b a bly r e l at e d i n direc tly t o p ri m ary a nd

seco n d ary s e x ual di ffe re n ces ; th e y ar e n o t o f g re at

i m p o rt an ce fro m t he zoo l o g i c al p o i n t o fV i e w b u t th e y ,

ar e o f co n s id e r a bl e i n t e re s t fr o m t he a n thr o o l o i c al
p g
p o i n t o f vi e w v e ry o ft e n o f i n t e r es t fr o m t he p ath o
,

l o g i ca l p o i n t o f Vi ew an d occa s i o n ally o f g r eat ,

i n t e res t fro m t he soc i al p o i n t of vi e w Th e y c a n n o t .

b e e as ily p u t i n t o t he s am e g ro u p as t he seco n d ary

se x u al c h ar ac t e r s a s u s u a lly u n d e r s t oo d ; a nd p e rh a s
p
it w o u ld b e co n ve n i e n t if we w e r e t o ag re e t o dis
t i n g u i sh th e m a s t e rti ary se xu al c h ara c t e r s .

r
It wo uld b e d e s i abl e t o h av e a fai ly d e fi ni t e c l as s ifi cat i on r
r r r
o f s e x u al c h a ac t e s i n t o g o u p s, b u t th e e i s n o d i s t in c t n at u a l r r
r
d i v is i on b e t we e n t he g o ups wh ic h t e n d t o m e g e i n t o e ac h r
o th er. r
P o fe s s o r r r
C h a l e s St e wa t d e fi n e s s e co n d a y s e x ua l r
r
c h a ac t e s r as c o m p i s in g r
th o se fe at u es by wh ic h we are r
e nabl e d t o d is t i n g ui s h t h e m al e f o m t he fe m al e q ui t e i r e rr
r r r
s pe c t iv e o f t he e s se n t ia l o g an s o f e p o d uc t i o n, a nd wh ic h are
r
n o t co n ce ne d e i th e r r
in t he n ou i s h m e n t o r i n the e p o d uc t io n r r
o f t h e y o un g Th is s e e m s t o m e t o g i v e an i n con v e n i e n tly l a g e
. r
r r r
e x te n s i o n t o th e p i m a y g o u p, wh i l e i t all o ws n o p l ace fo r w h a t
r r
I h a v e c all e d th e t e t i a y s e x ua l c h a act e s r
U l t i mat e ly, i f we r .

r
t ak e a s uffi ci e n tly b oad o utl o ok, a ll se x ual c h a ac t e s, as W eis r r
r
m an n p o in t s o ut , are e ally s e co nd a y ( in t he s e ns e i n wh i c h I
“
r
r r
h av e d e fi ne d s u c h c h a ac t e s) : J us t a s the d i ffe e n t ia t i o n o f r
ce ll s i n t o m al e and fe m al e r r
e p od uc t iv e e l e m e n t s i s s e co n d a y ”
,
r
 H OW TO A P P R OA C H TH E P R O BL E M . 21

he re mark s s o i s th a t o f m al e and fe mal e in d iv id ua l s All the

,
“
.

n u m e ro u s d i ffe re n ce s i n fo rm an d fun c t io n wh ic h c h arac t e r

0

ise
s e x am o n
g t h e h i g h e r ani m al s a ll t he s o -call e d s e co n d ary
‘
,
s e x ua l c h ara c t e rs ’
a ffe c t i n
g e v e n t he h ig h e s t m e n t a l q ual i t i e s o f
,

m an k i n d ar e n o th in g b ut a d ap t a t io n s t o b ri n a b ou t the u n io n
, g
o f t he h e re d i t ary t e n d e n c ie s o f t wo i n d i v id ua l s ” A VVe i s mann
“ ( . .
,

R e mark s o n C e r t ai n P ro bl e m s o f t he D a ” 18 0 in E ss s
y 9 y , , a
u pon H er edi ty , vol . ii p
. .

I t i s w ith d ary se x u al c h a rac t e r s or with

se c o n ,

seco n d a ry an d t e rti ary se x u a l c h a ra c t e r s as I h av e ,

d e fi ne d th e m an d m o re e sp ec i ally t he l att e r th a t
, ,

w e h av e he re t o d e al I n o rd e r t o e s ti m a t e t he s i g mi
.

fi ca n c e o f e a c h c h a r ac t e r a s it c o m es b e fo r e u s w e
m u s t h av e ce rt a i n s t an d a rd s ag ai n s t w hi c h t o
m e a su r e it W h at ar e o ur s t an d a rd s o f co m p ari s o n
.

for s e xu a l c h a r ac t e r s i n a m an or i n a w o m a n
The r e ad e r w ill s o o n p e r c e ive th at th e r e a r e t w o
s t an d a rd s The fir s t i s c o n s tit u t e d by t he c hild a n d
.

i t s a n at o m i c al a n d p hy s i o l o g i c al c h a r a c t e ri s ti cs The .

seco n d i s c o n s tit u t e d by t he c h a rac t e r s o f t he a e t he

p ,

sav ag e an d t he a e d h u m an c r eat u r e A s eac h c h a r

, g .

ac t e r i n a m an o r i n a w o m a n c o m e s b e fo r e u s for

c on s id e r ati o n w e s h all i n s ti n c tiv e ly

p l ace it b e t we e n
t he s a m e c h a r ac t e r s as th e y ap pea r assoc i at e d w ith
i nfa n tili s m an d w ith se n ility W h e n it i s th e r e p l ace d .

w e s h a ll o b se rv e w h e th e r o n t he w h o l e it t e n d s t o
l ean t owa rd s t he o n e s ide o r t he o th e r t o wa rd s i n fan t ,

i lis m o r t o w a rd s s e n ility L e t m e s ay at t he o u t se t
.

th at i n p o i n ti n g o u t th a t s u c h a nd s u c h a c h arac t e r
i n m e n or i n w o m en bri n g s m e n o r wo m e n n ea r t o
c hildr e n or t he ap es I h av e n o w i s h t o di s p a r ag e t he
,

sex i n q u e s ti o n I t i s s i m p ly th at th e re by w e m a y
.

b e h e l p e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t he s i g n ifi can ce o f t he p ar
t i c u la r m as c u li n e o r fe m i n i n e c h a r a c t e r b e fo r e u s ,
.

The l a rg e r q u e s ti o n o f t he s i g n ifi c an c e o f i n fan tili s m

a n d s e n ility th e m se lv e s i n t he e v o l u ti o n ary p r oces s

w ill p e rh ap s b e c o m e c l ea re r as o u r e x am i n ati o n
p r ocee d s .

The r e ad e r w ill h o w e v e r p e rc e iv e i m m e di at e ly
, ,

th at th e se t wo s t and ards o f i n fan tili s m an d s e n ility

 22 M AN AN D W O M AN .

are of very u neq ual v al u e The s t and ard offe r e d by

.

t he c hild i s co mpar ative ly s i m p l e an d u n c o mp li c at e d .

The c hild with i t s re l ative ly e n o r m ou s h ead i ts larg e ,

“ ”
p r ot u b e rant abd o me n a ll br ai n an d b e lly as ,

D IAGR A M mo
su o w R EL A TI VE P R O P O R TIO N S o n c a m, AND A D UL T
(L a ng er ) .

l
so me on e ef
i ne s i t— i t s s m all c h e s t , sh o rt fee bl e l e s
-d g
c omparat we ly vi g o r o u s a r m s s m ooth alm os t h air :
,

l e ss s ki n, l arge live r , kid n e ys thy m us, and su pr ar e nal

,

cap su l e s, prese nt s u s w ith a di s ti nc t anat o mi cal

24 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he r hi s life fa ll s away m o r e an d m o r e fr o m
co u s e O f

t he s pec ifi c ally h u m an t y pe o f hi s e a rly y e a r s b u t t he ,

A p e i n t he co u r se O f hi s s h o rt l i fe g oe s ve ry m u c h

A . SK U L L OF A D U L T G OR IL L A . B . SK U L L O F Y O U N G G O R IL L A .

C . SK U L L OF M AN .

zt zs lz Ill u seu m Gu ide t o Al amma li a

'

(8 ;
'

.
)

farth e r al o ng t he road o f d e g ra dati on an d p re m at u re

se n ility The Ap e s t a rt s i n life w ith a c o n s id e ra bl e
.

h u m an e ndow m e n t b u t i n t he cou rse O f life fall s far

,

away fro m it ; M a n s t art s i n life w ith a s till

g r e at er
 H OW TO A P P R O A C H TH E P R OBL E M . 25

po rti o n o f h u m an o r u ltra h u m an e n d owm e n t an d t o

-
,

a l e ss e xt e n t fall s fr o m it i n a du lt life a
p p r o a c hi n g ,

m o r e an d m o re t o t he A p e I t see m s th at u p t o
.

birth or s h o rtly aft e r wa rd s i n t he hi g he r m am m al s

, ,

s u c h as t he Ap e s a n d M an th e re i s a rap id and ,

vi g o ro u s m o v e m e n t a l o n g t he li n e of u pw ard z oo
l o g i cal e v o l u ti o n b u t th at a ti m e c o m es w h e n thi s
,

foet al o r i n fan til e d e v e l op m e nt c eases t o b e u p ward ,

b u t i s s o dire c t e d as t o a n sw e r t o t he li fe -w a n t s O f
t he p a rti c u l a r s p e c i es s o th at h e n ce fo rth a n d thr o u g h
,

life th e re i s c hi e fly a d e ve l op m e n t O f l ow e r c h ar ac t e rs ,

a s l o w m o ve m e n t t o w a rd s d e e n e r ati o n an d s e n ility
g ,

a lth o u g h a m o v e m e n t that i s a b so l u t e ly n ece s s a ry t o

e n s u r e t he p r e se rv ati o n a nd s t a bility O f t he i n divid u a l

a n d t he s p e c i e s W e m ig ht say th at t he foe t a l e v olu

.

ti o n w hi c h t a ke s p l ac e s h e lt e r e d fr o m t he w o rld is
i n a n a b s tr ac tly u p w a rd dir e c ti o n b u t th at aft e r ,

birth all furth e r de ve l o p m e n t i s m e r e ly a co n c re t e

a d ap t ati o n t o t he e n vir o n m e n t w ith o u t re g ard t o ,

u p w a rd z oo l o g i c a l m o v e m e n t .

W e s e e th e r e for e th a t t he i n fantil e co nditi on i n

, ,

b o th t he A pe s an d M an i s so m e w h at alike and
app r o xi m a t e s t o t he h u m a n c o n diti o n ; t he ad u lt

co n diti o n o f b o th a l s o t e n d s t o b e so m e w h at a lik e

an d app r o xi m a t e s t o t he a p e lik e c o n diti o n The - .

p h e n o m e n a w hi c h w e fi n d a m o n g t he l ow e r h u m a n
ra ce s a re i n h ar m o n y w ith th ose we fi n d am o ng t he
A p es a n d i n M an g e n e r ally alth ou g h t he div e rg e nc e s
,

are s o w id e th a t w e cann o t s p e ak d e fi n it e ly In .
(

so me

th at
m v d fr
re m o
t he
i en ;
e
llo w r c
e

N e g ro e s
om it , O ft e n a
m
s __a

an d m
lth h oug
e a re s t

not
t o t he
m
a
i n fantil e

l w ays i n t he
dir e c ti o n of t he Ap e ; w hil e t he W hit e r aces o cc up y
 26 M AN A N D W O M AN .

an i nt e rm e di at e pos iti on I a ce rtai n c h ar ac t e rs

,
.
1
,

h oweve r t he adu lt Eu ro p ean IS di st i n ctly a t t he

,

farth es t r emove as we ll fro m t he Si m i an an d t he

sav ag e as fro m t he i n fan til e con diti on ; thi s is
he s
he r

h fro m th e s __
ec ifi c ally
co n dition an , re m e lv

' The v ar i ati o n s rt ai n ti e s are so con s ide r

an d u n c e

able th at w e c an n e ve r ass u m e th a t b ec au se a give n

c h arac te r i s s i m i an o r s av a g e o r s e n il e it b e l on g s t o ,

all three g r ou ps ; n o r c an w e b ase a rg u m e n t s o n a ny

s uc h as s um e d id e ntity o f t he t hr ee g r ou ps F r acti .

c ally ,
h owe v e r w e do fi n d th at th ese thr ee group s
,

agr ee i n v ari ou s p a rti cu l a rs t o fu r n i s h c h arac t e r s

whic h are r e mo v e d t o t he fa rth e s t e xtrem ity fr om
t he c hild Su c h c h ar ac t e rs ar e t he com parat ive ly
.

sm all h ead t he l arg e an d fi e r ce fac e t he l o ng li m b s

, , ,

t he ge neral t e n de nc y t o h airi n e s s t he d ark an d ,

wri nkl e d s ki n the com p a rative a b se n ce u sually of

, , ,

fat a nd t he e x agg e r ati o n o f t he m u s c u l ar and b o ny

s yst e m s a g e ne ral t e n d e n c y t o os s ifi cati on an d o n
, ,

the n e rvou s and m e n t a l s ide a g e n e r al i n c li nati on t o

ri g idity a nd r o u ti n e Su c h c h a r ac t e r s ar e u su ally
.
,

th ou gh not qu it e u n iv e rsa lly s i m ia n sav ag e and , ,

se n il e . SO th a t w e h ave o n t he o n e s id e t he g rou p
o f im m at u re c h arac t e rs a nd o n t he o th e r s id e t he
,

r f v r -m at u r e c h a r ac t e r s
g o u p o o e ; and any c h ar ac
t er i s t i c o f the m al e o r fe m ale a du lt i n dividu al m ay
'

l ean i n e ith e r of these dire c ti o n s .

E ven th e re fo re w h e n t he fac t s o f sec on d ary

, ,

s e x ual diffe rences ar e fairly e s t abli sh e d the r e i s ,

so m e tim e s a c e rt ai n d ifli c u lty i n a rrivi n g at t he

s ig n ifi cance o f t he fac t s I t ha s t o b e add e d as a
.
,

fu rth e r di ffi culty th at t he fac t s th e m s e lve s are i n a

,

1
See Pro f ssor I R nk
e . U b r d s M ong l n ug e
a e, ee tc at the
e a o e a , .
,
Bonn mee ti ng of the Ge r man Anth rop o l og i ca l Soci e ty , 1888.
 H OW TO A P P R O A C H T H E P R O BL E M . 27

v e ry l arg e nu m
b e r O f c ases by n o m e an s we ll est ab
li shed F e w p e rs o n s h a ve m ad e it th e i r b u s i n ess t o
.

asce rt ai n s e x u al di ffe r e n ces ; s u c h diffe r e n ce s h av e

m o s t u su ally co m e t o li g ht i nc id e nt ally i n t he c ou rse
o f m o re g e n e r a l i n v e s ti g a ti o n s A gai n n e arly all
.
,

th ose s e xua l diffe re n ce s w hi c h I h ave pro pose d t o

c all t e rti ary ar e m e re ly a m att e r O f av e r ag e s In .

o rd er t o O bt ai n r e li a bl e re s u lt s n ot o n ly m u s t t he
,

i nves tig ati o n b e acc u rat e ly and u n ifo r m ly carri e d

o u t it m u s t b e e xt e n de d t o a ve r y l arg e n u m b e r O f
,

i n dividu al s B y c o n fi n i n g o u r O b s ervati ons t o a

.

s m a ll n u m b e r o f i n dividu al s we e ith e r r eac h r es u lt s

th at are e xp e c t e d o r th a t ar e u n e x pe ct e d ; i n t he
form e r c ase w e a cc ep t th e m w ith o u t q u e sti on ; i n
t he l a tt e r c ase w e s u sp e c t a fall ac y an d r ej e c t th e m .

Th u s for e x am p l e Q u e t e l e t a n u nre li abl e s t ati sti c i an

, , ,

b u t a m an O f g e n i u s W ho did m u c h t o op e n ou t n e w
li n e s O f i nv esti g ati o n a n d t o p l ace t he k nowl e dge O f
m an o n a s u re b as i s u se d t o dra w hi s conc l us i on s fr om
,

a fe w se l ec t e d c as e s w hi c h he r e g ard e d as typi cal .

Thi s w as a th o rou g hly vi c i ou s m e th o d whi c h cou ld

o n ly l e ad t o e x p ec t e d r es u lt s Thu s he p r ep are d a
.

t abl e t o s h ow t he c om p ar a tiv e h e i g ht an d we i g ht o f
me n an d w o m e n at all ag e s ; thi s t abl e s h ows with
b e au tifu l u n ifo r m ity th at at n o age are fem al es t all e r
or h e avi e r th an m al e s Su b s e q u e n t i nv es ti g ati o n o n
.
,

a m o r e e xt e n s iv e s c a l e a n d i n a l a rg e n u m be r o f

c o u n tri es has s h o w n t h a t d u ri n g ce rta i n year s o f

,

d ev el o p m e n t g irl s ar e dis ti nc tly h e avi e r and t all e r

th an bo ys Thi s fac t w as n ot su sp e c t e d in Quete let s
.
’

ti m e an d it i s e vide n t th a t if i n hi s g r ou p of case s of
,

b oys a nd g irl s at t he ag e o f thirt e e n he had foun d

.

th at t he g irl s we re h e avi e r a n d t all e r th an t he b oys ,

“
he wou ld h ave s aid t o hi m se lf : Thi s r esu lt is so
e xtr e m e ly i m p r o b a bl e a n d at v a ri an ce w ith m y o th e r
r esu lt s th at I h av e e vid e n tly c o m m itt e d an e rr o r O f
,
”
j u dg me nt h e re Th e n he w ou ld p e rh aps sel ec t a
.

fr e s h s e ri e s o f c ase s a n d if t he r e s u lt h app ene d t o

,

r e ve r se his p r e vi ou s q u es ti o n abl e r e su lt he would be

 28 M AN AN D W O M AN .

at o nc e r eassu re d i n hi s e rro r A g ai n u n til q u it e

.
,

re c e n t ti m e s it has ove r an d o v e r ag ai n b e e n
e m h ati c ally s t at e d by bra i n
p an a t o m i s t s th at t he
_
fro n t al re g i on is re l ativ e ly l a rg e r in m e n t he pari e t a l ,

i n wo m e n Thi s con c l u s i o n i s n o w be g i n n in g t o b e
.

reg arde d as t he re ve r s e of t he t ru th b u t we h ave ,

t o re cog n i se th a t it w as i n e vit abl e I t wa s firm ly

.

b e li e ve d th at t he fro n t a l re g i o n is t he s eat o f a ll t he
hig h es t an d m os t abs tr ac t i n t e ll e c t u al p ro c esses a n d ,

if o n e xam i n i n g a doz e n or t wo bra i n s a n an at o m i s t

fo u n d hi m se lf l an d e d i n t he co n c l u s i o n th at t he
fr o n t al r eg i on is re l ative ly l a rg e r i n wo m e n t he p r o b ,

a bility i s th at he w ou ld fe e l he had re ac h e d a
co n c l us i o n th at w as a b s u rd I t m ay i n de e d b e
.
, ,

said th a t it i s o n ly s i n ce it has b e c o m e k n o w n t h at
'

t he fr o n t al r e g i o n O f t he br a i n i s o f g r eat er r e l a tiv e
e xt e n t i n t he A p e th an it i s i n M a n an d has n o ,

s pec i al c o n n e c ti o n w ith t he hi h e r i n t e ll e c t u a l
g p ro
c e sse s th a t it has b e c o m e
, p oss ibl e t o r eco g n i se t he
fac t th at th at re g io n i s re l ative ly m o re e xt e n s iv e i n
w o m en .It i s o n ly i n t he c as e o f O b se rv ati o n s w hi c h
a re c a r e fu lly a n d m e th odi cally carri e d o u t o n a l a r e
g
n u m b e r o f s u bj ec t s a n d w ith o u t r e ossess i o n — as
, p p
i n t he case O f B ro c a s brai n r e g i s t e r s w hi c h w e r e n o t
’

w o rk e d o u t u n til aft er hi s d e ath— th a t r es u lt s c a n b e

O bt ai n e d w hi c h can n o t b e q u es ti o n e d .

W e h av e t o r ecog n i se it w ill b e see n n o t m e re ly

, ,

t he di ffi c u lti e s w hi c h co m e fro m t o o s m a ll a n u m b e r
O f o b se rvati o n s , w h e r e we h ave t he r eso u rc e O f
p u tti ng o n e s e ri e s O f O b se rvati o ns a g a i n s t a n o th e r ,

b u t al so t he m o re se ri o u s di ffi c u lty o f i ne vit a bl e bi as
i n t he i nv es ti g at o r s m i n d Thi s bi as has an u n
’
.

fo rt u n at e t e n de nc y t o r u n o n s i m il a r l i ne s so th a t ,

we g a i n no thi n g by p u tti n g o n e o b se rve r s r es u lt s ’

ag a i n s t a n o th e r O b se rv e r s r e s u lt s O r a g ai n t he
’
.
'
, ,

r esu lt s o b t ai ne d by t wo o b se rve r s eac h wo rki n

, g in
ac c o rd ance w ith hi s o w n bi a s m ay b e s o di s a r at e
, p
th at the re is n o c o m p a ri so n Thu s o n e c o n sc i e n ti o u s
.

i nve stig at o r (like M ano u vri e r) m ay fi nd th at all t he

 H OW T O A P P R O AC H TH E P R O B L E M . 29

fac t s Of an a o m t y an d p hy s i o l o g y poi nt to t he
su pe ri o rity O f wo m e n ; an o th e r e q u ally c o n sc i e nti o u s ,

(like D e l au nay ) m ay fi n d th a t th e y all p o i n t t o t he

,

s u p e ri o rity O f m e n .

I h av e e n d e av o u r e d t o se t i n t he c l ea re s t li g ht
th os e fact s of s e xu al diffe r e n ce w hi c h m ay b e r eg arde d
as fa i r ly w e ll asce rt a i n e d by a l ar g e n u m b e r O f
'

O b se rv ati o n s i n t he h a n d s O f n u m e r o u s co m e t e n t
p
i nv e s ti gat o r s SO far a s p oss ibl e I h av e i g n o re d o r
.
,

p l ace d i n t he b ac k g r ou n d th o se fac t s w hi c h ar e s till

u n se ttl e d .I n m an y c ase s I h av e b ee n a bl e t o p l ac e
s id e by s id e fac t s w hi c h alth ou g h by no mean s ,

n ece ssa rily n e w had n o t p r e vi o u s ly b ee n p l ace d i n a

,

j u xt ap os iti o n w hi c h br ou g ht o u t th e ir s i g n ifi c an ce .

I n o th e r c ase s I h av e fo u n d a ft e r m u c h tr o u bl e an d ,

i n q u iry e ve n o n m a tt e rs wh e r e p rec i s e k nowl e dg e

,

seem e d e as ily att a i n a bl e th at t he r esu lt s so far

,

r e ac h e d are s o c o n tr adi c t o ry or i n co m pl e t e th at
n o thi n g c a n b e d o n e w ith th e m O c c a s i o n ally I .

h av e n o t e d s u c h r e s u lt s i n p ass i n g m e re ly t o i n di cat e ,

ho w t he m att e r i n q u e s ti o n at p r ese n t s t an d s An .

i n co m p l e t e o r u n su pp o rt e d re s u lt m ay at l e as t s e rv e
as t he s ti m u l u s t o a m o r e c o n c l u s iv e i n v e s ti g ati o n .

W ith thi s th o u g ht I h ave w illi n gly e x p ose d t he p ai n

fu lly b arre n tr ac t s i n o u r k n owl e dg e o f seco n dary
s e x u a l c h a r ac t e r s .

W h i l e t h e pr e s e n t v o l u me i s , far as I a m a wa e , the o n l y
so r
r
a tt e m p t t o d e al c o m p e h e n s i v e ly w i th t h e q u e s t i o n o f h u m an
r r r r
s e co n d a y s e x ua l c h a a c t e s f o m t h e m o d e n s t an d po m t , th e e r r
r
a re s e v e a l b oo k s O f e a l i e r r
d a t e wh ic h m u s t b e m e n t i one d i n
th is conn e c t i on . r
Th e fi s t g e n uin e ly s c ie n t i fi c e ffo t i n th is r
r
d i e c t io n w i th w h ic h I am acqua i n t e d i s A c ke mann ’s Ueber d i e r
k orfier lzclze Ver s e/zzedenlzezt des M a nn ex tj am W ezbe a uss er den
’ '
’ '

A c k e mann was a p u p i l o f r
r
t he fam o us an at o m is t So e m m e i ng , a n d h i s b o o k , th o ug h b i e f r
an d b ald (co rr
e s p o n d i n g w i th t h e s t a t e o f k n o wl e d g e at th a t
_
t im e ), i s co m m e n d ably s cie n t i fi c and f e e f o m s pe c ul at i o n r r .

Th e n c o me s B u d ac h r r r
In h i s g e a t wo k o n p h y s io l og y ( D ze
.
’

P hy s i o/ogre a ls E rf a k r u ng s w zs se m d zafl ,
18
’

2 6 - 0 th a t r e m a k
4 ) r
r
a bl e m a n d e a lt v e y fu lly wi th all t h e a s p e c t s O f s e x u al difi e re nce

wh i ch a t th a t t i m e i t was p os s ibl e t o d e a l wi th W h il e his .

30 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t t m e n t s are s o m e t imes t oo b o ld and oft e n re q u ire s om e

s a e

re v is ion his t re at me n t o f t he q ue s t ion o n t he wh o l e is as t on is h

,

i ng ly acc urat e . B urd a c h n e g l e c t e d s o me l in e s o f s c ie n t i fi c

adv an c e wh i c h we n o w re g ard a s v al ua bl e a n d was t o o m u c h ,
u nd e r t he i n fl u e n c e o f
p h i l o s o ph ica l c o nce p t io ns b ut he face s
,

th is p robl e m in t he b ro ad e s t an d m os t g e n u ine ly s c i e n t ifi c
m anne r and an t ic ip a t e s v e ry m any o f t he re s u lt s o f s ub s e q ue n t
,
i n v e s t ig a t io n .E v e n u p t o th e p re s e n t d ay th e re ha s be e n n o
b e tt e r s t at e me n t O f th i s co m pl e x pro bl e m th an th a t of t he
i n s pi re d p h y s i o l o g i s t o f Kon ig s b erg B urd ac h s re s u l t s we re
’
.

o ft e n a l i t tl e a h e ad o f his fac t s ; i n s pira t i o n i s n o t a re co g n i s e d

m o d e rn m e th o d o f s ci e n t i fi c re s e arc h and n o bi o l o g i s t o f
,

B urd ach s i mme n se rang e has s ince hi s t i m e b e e n a bl e t o t re a t

’

t he p ro bl e m i n t he s a m e bro ad a n d ass ure d m an n e r D arwin.

t ouc h e d on h uman s e con d ary s e x ual c h arac t e rs i n h i s D es cent

of M a n b u t o n ly i n s o far as th e y i ll us t ra t e d hi s g e n e ra l th e ory
,
o f s e x u a l s e l e c t io n The g rea t wo rk o f P l os s an d M a x B ar t e l s
.
,

D as W ezb i n der N a tm d a nd Vol/aer /zun de ( 7 th e d i t io n L e i p zig

' '

, ,
d e al s prim ari ly wi th an th ro po l o g i cal an d e th nog raph i c
d iffe re nces am ong t he l o wer h u man race s ; i t is a v al uable
t re as ure -h o us e o ffac ts an d i s r ich ly i ll us t rat e d W om an s Shar e
,
’

i n P r i mi i i ue C u ltu r e
'
by O t is M as on m ain ly fo un d e d o n
,

t he d a t a o f A me ri can e th n o g raph y m ay b e re a d wi th p ro fi t
, Dr . .

H arry C am p b e ll s D z fi r en ees i n the N er v ou s Org a n i s a ti on of

’ ’

M a n a n d W oman : P fiy s i olog i ea l a na P a tholog i ca l ( L on d o n

'
’

,
18 9 1) i s i n t e re s t ing t hou g h d i sc u rs i v e L o mbros o an d F e rre ro s ’
.

L a D onn a D eli nqu ente, la P r os ti t u l a e la D onna N or ma le ( Turin

a n d R o m e , 189 3) m u s t al so b e m e n t i o n e d , b e cau s e, a l th ou h i t s
g
c h ie f s u bj ec t i s t he c ri mi n a l wo m an, t he fi rs t p ar t i s d e v o t e d t o

t he i n v e s t i g a t io n o f t he ch arac t e ris t i c s o f t he n orm al wo m an ; i t

i s o rig in al a n d s ug g e s t i v e , th o ug h at m an y poi n t s q ue s t i o n a bl e .

’
M an t e g azza s F i s i olog i a a’e lla D onn a th o ug h on ly in
p ar t s ci e n t ifi c , i s o f i n t e re s t as e m b o dy ing t h e m o s t m at ure
co n c l u s i o n s O f an an th rop o l o g i s t , t rav e ll e r, and m a n o ft he world ,
w ho s e e m s a l wa y s t o h a v e re g a rd e d wo m an as t he c h i e f s t ud y
o f m an M arro s L a P u ber t a ( 189 8 )— t he wo rk o f an I t al ian o f
’
.

v e ry d iffe re n t ty pe , a m an o f t he l ab ora t o ry , a c au t iou s and

s e arc h i n g s t ud e n t — con t ai ns m uc h ori g i nal work b e arin
g o n t he
probl e ms we are h ere co nce rne d wi t h .
32 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t t O f com p ar ative re p ose and see m s t o fi n d

s a e ,

sati s fac ti o n i n an attit u d e o f o v e rth ro w .

The s e x u al co ntr ast s O f thi s s i m p l e ki n d ar e fa irly

o bvi o u s a n d th e y h av e th e i r s i g n ifi can c e
,
A m o re .

p rec i s e k n owl e dg e o f t he s e xu al di ffe re n ces i n t he

hu m an fo r m has o nly g ro wn u p d u ri n g t he p as t
ce n t u ry The O ld m as t e rs lik e L eo n ard o an d D itt er
.
, ,

see m t o h av e
possesse d a co n s id e ra bl e s c i e n c e o f
h u m an prop orti on b u t th e ir s c i e n c e d oes n ot app ear
,

t o h av e be e n b as e d o n a w id e i n du c ti o n o f fac t s a nd ,

th e y u su ally s u b o rdi n at e d it t o th e i r art D u ri ng .

rece n t years anat o m i s t s and an thro pol og i s t s h ave

bee n e ng ag e d i n bu ildi ng u p a de t ail e d k n owl e d g e
O f t he g ro w th a n d p r o p o rti o n s o f t he h u m an b o dy

ac c o rdi n g t o ag e an d t o s ex Th e y are y e t far fro m

.

h avi n g r e ac h e d t he e n d o f th e i r l abou r s b u t ce rt a i n ,

d e fi n it e co nc lu s i o n s are be co m i ng evide n t an d w hil e

it i s h e r e i mpp ss ib le t o di s c us s fu lly a su bj e c t w hi c h
ha s p r o d u ce d so l a rg e a m ass O f w o rk it w ill b e ,

p oss ibl e t o i n di c at e so m e O f t he m ai n r e su lt s .

At birth m al e i nfant s are alre ady r ath er h e avi er

th an fe m al e i nfant s an d som e wh at t all e r (ab ou t o n e
,

fi ft h O f a n i nc h i n E ng l a n d an d Sco tl an d acco rdi ng t o ,

t he A n thr o p o m e tr i c C o mm itt ee of t he B riti s h A ssoc i a

ti on) and th e i r c h es t -g irth i s g r eat e r D u ri n g t he
, .

early y e ars of life t he c o m p a r ative g r ow th o f t he se x e s

ha s no t b ee n ve ry c l o se ly s t u di e d ; b o th b oys an d g irl s
g r ow r ap idly d u ri n g t he fir s t t w o ye a r s o f life a n d ,

s l ow ly d u ri n g t he third a n d fou rth t he b oy s a

pp e a ri ng
,

t o k e e p a h ead as th e y do al so fr o m t he ag e s o f fi ve
,

t o n i n e or t e n i n E n g l an d 1 I t was a l way s s upp ose d

.
,

u ntil so m e thirty y e a r s ag o th at thi s s u e ri o rity O f

, p
t he m a l e i s m ai n t ai n e d thr o u g h o u t t he w h o l e p e ri o d
O f d e ve l o p m e n t ; thi s c o nc l u s i o n ag r ee d w i t h a
pr i or i
ideas o n t he su bj ec t a n d w as s up po rt e d by a fe w
,

O b se rv ati o n s m a d e by Q u e t e l e t I n 1 8 7 2 B o w dit c h
.

b e g an t o c oll ec t an d p u bli s h st ati s ti cs O f t he h e i g ht

1
R ep rt f the A n thro pomet ic C o mmi tt ee o f the B it i h A s ci t i n
o o r r s so a o ,

188 3, p . 2 88 .
 G R O W TH AN D P R OP O R TI ON S O F TH E BO D Y .
33

an d w e i g ht O f n e a rly b oy s an d g irl s i n
B os t o n a n d i t s n e i g hb o u rh oo d Th e se i nv e s ti g ati o n s .

m a rk an e p oc h i n o u r k no wl e dg e O f h u m a n d e v e l o p
m e n t ; th e y we r e fo ll owe d a n d c o n fir m e d i n 1 8 7 6 by
th o s e O f P agli an i o n a l arg e n u m be r O f I t ali an
c hildr e n ; i n 1 8 83 by t he A n thr o p o m e tri c C o m
m i t t e e s R e po rt o n B riti s h c hildre n ; i n 1 89 0 by
’

Ax e l Ke y s O b se rvati on s o n ’
b oys an d 3 000
g irl s i n Swe d e n ; a nd i n 189 1 by E m il Sc h m idt s
’

i n v e s ti g at i o n O f n e arly 5 000 boy s and 5 000 g irl s at

L e i p zi g .

r
B o wd i t c h s o ig inal t abl e s w e e publ is h e d i n the B os ton M edi
’
r
ca l a n d S u rg i ca l j ou r n a l, D e ce m b e 18 7 2 ; h is co m pl e t e s t udy , r
r ”
r
O n t h e G o w th o f C h i ld e n , a pp e a e d i n t he E ig fl l/c A nn u a l r
R ep or t of til e Sta te B oa r d of H ealt/z of M as s a c/zus ells , 18 7 7 s e e
l
a s o , fo r a s u m m a r y o f B o w d i t c h ’
s e s u lt s an d fo r t he B i t i s h r r
r e s u l t s, C . r
R o b e t s , M a n u a l of A n thr opometry , 187 8 L u ig i .

P ag l i a n i ’
r
s fi s t m o n o g a ph , r
So p a a l c un i F a tt o i d e lIO Sv il up p o r r
”
U m an o , a p p e a e d i n h r
t e A cfi w per l A n l r op olog i a , 18 7 6, v o l
r i o
’
’

v i ; h i s co m p l e t e i n v e s t ig a t i on s we e p u bl i s h e d i n t he A r cn
.
iwo r ’

’
a z Sta li
’

s l ic ,
a A n n i ,
v o l i.v ,
18 7 7’
. P. o fe s s.o A x e l K e y ’
s p a pe ,
. r r r
D i e P u ber talsen lw i c/éelu ng u n a a a s Ver na l/ni x d er selben an den
' ’

K r a nk/zei lser s cli ei n g u n e n a

’
er Schu l n cna, was e a d a t t he In t e
j g
'

r r
r
n a t io n a l M e d i ca l C on g e s s o f B e l i n, b u t was p ubl i s h e d s e pa r r
a et ly ,
18 9 0 Sc h.m i d t ’
s r
e s ult s ar e b ie fly s t a t e d i n the C or r e r
aeu ts c/zen Ges ells clzafl fier A n nr ofi olog ze,
'
’
s on den z o
p
- la tl cler
l
r
A p i l 18 9 2 ; i n t he sa me p ap e wi ll b e fo u n d b i bl i og a ph i c a l r r
r r
e fe e n c e s t o s o m e o th e r
i n v e s t ig a t ion s i n t he d e v e l o pm e n t o f
c h i ld e n r .A ll t he in v e s t i g a t io ns I h a v e nam e d are i mpo t an t r
an d i n s t trv
uc i e ; p e h a p s A x e l r K e y ’
s pam p h l e t i s a s u s e fu as
k
r
a n y , a s i t i s s h o t an d i s a l s o r ic h i n d i ag am s a nd t a bl e s wh i c h r
r
s e t fo th a t a g l a n c e t he e s ul t s o f o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o s as we ll as r r
r
th os e of t he au th o h i m se l f O th e in t e e s t i ng and e x te ns w e r r
.

i n v e s t ig a t io n s i n w h ic h t he s am e se x ua l d iffe en ce s ar e _b r o ug ht r
o u t a r e th o s e O f Jas t c h in sk y o n P o l i s h a
n d J e wi s h c h i ld e n i n r
r
W a s aw s c h o o l s , a n d th o se o f Ge is l e a nd U li t zs c h o n r
r r
G e m an c h ild e n , b o th o f w h ic h ar e s u m m a i s e d’ i n t he j a /zr es r
eer i e/l i e a er A n a l u n a P hy s , 189 0 ; D r Sa g e n t s i n v e s t i g a t i o n
’ ’
.
. r
r
of 1600 A m e i c an s c h oo l c h i ld e r
n a n d s t u d e n t s e co d e d by him r r
r“
i n a p a p e o n The P h y s i c a l D e v l p
e o m e n t o f W o m e n ,
”
S c r
ibn er
’
s

r
Ai ag azi ne , 1889 ; P o r e s i nq u i y i n e g a d t o A e i ca n c h i ld e n
t ’

’
Sci St L ou i s , 189 4 ; [ A]?E ll a, 189 3 ;
r r r mr r
a t St L o ui s , Tr a n s A c a a . .
. .
.

P u b A m e r 5 t a li s l A s s oc , 189 4 ; M acd o n a ld s o b s e v a t i o n s o n
. .
'

.
‘
r
r
A m e i ca n c h i ld e n a t W r a s h i n g t o n ,
E d u ca ti on R ep o r t ,
1 8 7 - 8
9 9 ;
34 M AN AN D W O M AN .

C o mb e’s o seb rv at ion s r

Swi s s c h ild e n a t L ausann e, 2 1 j :
on .

189 6 A u se fu l s umma y o f s om e o f
. r
t he ab o v e inv e s t ig at io ns , as we ll as o f many o th e s , t og e th e wi th r r
r
a b ibl iog a h y wi th o v e
p r r
o n e h u n d e d e nt ie s , will b e fo un d i n r
r
an a t i c l e by F r r
Bu k , “ G o wth o f C h i ld e n in H e ig h t and
. r
W e ig h t, ” A m j ozcr P sy ch , A p i l 189 8
. . r .

Th e r e can now b e n o d ou bt th at for a p e ri od of ,

seve ral y ea rs d u ri n g t he d e v e l op m e n t o f p u b e rty ,

girl s of E u rop e an race are b ot h t all e r an d h e avi er

th an boys of t he sam e ag e The am ou nt o f t he
.

diffe re nce and t he e xac t ag e at w hi c h thi s pre dom i

,

n an ce O f g irl s be g i n s an d c e a ses v ary i n diffe rent ,

races an d u n de r diffe re n t c on diti o ns .

In G re at B rit ai n g irl s g r o w m o re r apidly th an b o ys

bet we e n the ag es o f 1 0 an d 1 5 ; and at t he age s of
1 1} t o 14% th e y are ac t u ally t all e r a n d b e twe e n t he ,

ag es O f 1 2 ; an d 1 5 % ac t u ally h e avi e r th an b oy s at t he ,

sam e ag e The acce l e rati o n i n t he g rowth of g irl s

.

see m s t o b e coi n c id e n t w ith a re t a rd ati on i n t he

g r owth O f b oy s At t he ag e O f 15 b oys ag ai n t ak e
.

t he l ead g ro wi ng at fir s t r ap idly and th e n m o r e

, ,

s l owly and th e ir co m p l e t e g ro w th i s att ai n e d pr ae

, ,

ti cally ab ou t the ag e of 2 3 G irl s on t he oth e r h and

, .
, ,

g ro w v e ry s l o wly aft e r t he ag e O f s ixt ee n and att ai n ,

the ir fu ll st at u r e abo u t t he t we n ti e th year Both in .

E u ro p e a n d t he U n it e d St at e s t he ye ar O f m os t ac tive
g ro wth app ears i n b o ys t o b e t he s ixtee n th i n girl s ,

t he thirt e e n th or (a s i n Swe de n ) t he fou rt e e n th The .

p e rio d O f ac tive g ro wt h is p r e ce d e d by a p e ri o d o f
m arke d de l ay i n g ro w th reachi n g a m axi mu m i n
,

a b ou t t he e l e ve nth y ea r i n b oy s a n d t he t e n th i n
g irl s ,

i n wh om h owe ve r it i s l e ss r eg u l ar an d co nsp i c uou s ;

, ,

thi s has b een ve rifi e d i n A m e ric a E n gl an d G e rm any , , ,

Swe de n D e nm ark an d I t aly

, , I n t he U n it e d St at e s
.

d uri ng t he fir st t welve y ears o f life b oys are fr o m o n e

t o t wo i nch es t all e r th an g irl s o f t he sam e age ; at
ab ou t 12 } y ear s o f ag e g irl s b e g i n t o g r o w fas t er th an
b oys an d d u ri ng t he fou rt e e n th y ear are about o ne
,

i nc h t all e r th an b oys o f t he sam e ag e ; du ri ng t he

36 M AN AN D W O M AN .

s ixt e e n th ye ar b o ys ag ai n be co m e t all e r The .

E n g li s h a n d A m e ri c a n g irl s re s e m bl e e a c h o th e r o n
t he w h o l e m o r e th an t he E n g li s h an d A m e ri can b o ys ,

b u t t he p e ri o d O f t he d e ve l o p m e n t al su p r e m ac y o f t he
A m e ri ca n g irl i s s h o rt and it s d eg r e e is i n co n s ide rabl e ,

w hil e i n Swe de n it e xt e n d s fro m t he t we lfth t o h alf

w ay thro u g h t he s ixt e e n th y e a r ; i n G e r m a n y it b e g i n s
du ri n g t he e l e ve n th ye ar an d e xt e n ds u p t o t he s ix
t e e nt h ye a r ; 1 i n I t aly a l s o it co v e rs t he s a m e p e ri o d
, , ,

a n d i s w e ll m ark e d i n d e g r e e Thi s co m p arative ly

.

s li g ht p r e p o n d e r an ce o f t he A m e ri c a n g irl i s n o d ou bt

du e t o t he g r ea t d e v e l o p m e n t al ac tivity o ft he A m e ri can
b o y du ri ng t he w h o l e p e ri o d O f p u be rty ; fr o m hi s
t hirt e e n th t o his e i g ht e e n th y e a r he i s t he t all e s t an d
heavi es t b o y o n t he a ve r ag e y e t p ro du ce d a n d
, ,

m easu re d ; d u ri n g all o th e r y e a r s b e fo r e a n d a ft e r , ,

t he Swe di s h b oy c o m es t o t he t o p The Swe d i s h g irl .

k e e p s at t he h e ad of E u r opean an d A m e ri can g irl s

throu g h ou t he r w h o l e e vo l u ti o n e x c e p t as re g a rds , ,

w e i ght al o n e d u ri n g he r fou rt e e n th ye ar w h e n s he
, ,

yi e ld s t o her A m e ri c an s i st e r I n Sw e de n pu b e rty
.

b o th fo r b o ys an d g irl s i s a ye ar l at e r i n r e ac hi n g
c o m p l e ti o n th an e i t h e r i n A m e ri ca o r It aly All .

th e s e va ri ati o n s are b u t m i n o r m o difi c ati o n s o f t he

g e n e r al r u l e th at t he e v o l u ti o n O f p u b e rty i s m o re
p reco ci o u s i n g irl s th an i n b o y s b e i n g b o th b e g u n ,

an d c o m p l e t e d at a n e a rli e r ag e .

r r r
P o t e c o n c l ud e d f o m hi s i n v e s t ig a t io n s a mo n g St L o ui s .

r
c h i ld e n th a t t he t all e s t an d h e av i e s t c h i ld e n a re t he m os t r
i n t e ll ig e n t
. H is r r
e s u lt s h a v e , h o we v e , b e e n c i t ic i s e d
, an d r
r r
G i lb e t fo un d th a t a m o ng I o wa c h i ld e n, s o far as th e e i s a ny r
r r
d iffe e n ce at all, i t would app e a th at th e t all e an d h e av ie the r r
r
c h i ld e n t h e d u ll e r
th e y are .

A x e l Ke y p oin t e d o ut th a t i n Swe d e n the p e i o d o f m os t r

r r r
a p i d g o wth i n b o y s i s a l so t he pe io d o f g e a t e s t f e e d o m f o m r r r
r
d ise ase , b u t foun d th i s e l at i o n b e t we e n g owth an d e s is t an ce r r
r r
t o d is e ase l e s s m ar k e d in g i l s , a tt i bu t i n g t he d iffe e n ce to r
r
t h e c om p a at i v e ly un h e alth y co n d i t io n s u n d e wh i c h g o wing r r
Th is is sh ow n b y G e i s l e r x aminati on
’
1 an d U li tzs ch s e of

ch i ld re n be l o ng i ng t o F re i bu rg , i n Sax o ny .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N S O F TH E B O D Y .
37

gi rl s p l ac e d ; the s a m e e l a t io n h as b e e n fou n d in o th e
ar e r r
r
c o u n t i e s , e s e c i a lly i n A m e ica
p r
Th u s at C h i cag o C h i s t o p h e . r r
fo un d ( j ou r A m M ea’ A ssn, 14 th Se p t 19 0 1) th a t th o ug h th e e
. . . . r
r
i s a m a k e d t e n d e n c y t o d i s e as e d u ing t he p ub e t al p e io d , t he r r r
r
m o t al i ty i s lo w ; and at Bo s t o n, as H a t w e ll s h o we d R e po t O f r r
th e D i e c t o r r
o f P h y s i cal T a in i n g ,
”
r
S clzoo l D ocu men ts , N o 8 , .

B os t o n, 189 4, p p 4 3 et seq) , d u in g t he p e io d f o m t e n t o fi ft e e n
. r r r
r r
y ea s , w h e n i n c e as e in h e ig h t an d we ig h t i s m o s t a pid , t he r
fe we s t d e a th s o cc u r
The y e a o f l o we s t d e a th - a t e s fo r b o y s
. r r
r r
H a t we ll fo un d t o b e t h e th i t e e n th , fo r g i l s t he t we l fth, s o th a t r
r r
p u b e t al e s i s t a n c e t o d is e as e u ns p a all e l w ith g o wth , th o ug h r r r
r
i n b o y s t he m a x i m um g o w th fa ll s a l ittl e l a t e th an t he m ini m u m r
r
m o t al i ty r
H a t we ll (i d , p p 8 2 cl seq ) h as p o i n t e d o u t an
. . .

r r
i n t e e s t ing p a all e l b e t we e n t he p e v a l e n ce o f s t u tt e ing and r r
r
p ub e t al d e v e l o p m e n t The p e v a l e n ce o f s t u tt e in g v a ie s
. r r r
r
at d iffe e n t ag e s , an d t h e v a i at io n m ay b e r
e g a d e d a s an i n r r
d i cat i o n o f n e v o u s b al an ce r H e fo un d th a t b oy s O f e ig h t , .

r r
th i t e e n , an d s ix t e e n , an d g i l s O f se v e n , t we lv e , an d s ixt e e n are
r
s p e c i ally a p t t o s t am m e , a n d co n c l u d e d th a t t h e i r i t ab il i ty o f r
r
th e n e v o u s s y s t e m o f w h i c h s t u tt e in g i s an e x p e s s io n i s r r
co rr e l a t e d w i th t he m o s t m a ke d u p wa d an d d o wn wa d fl u c t ua r r r
r
t i on s O f t he p o we o f t h e o g anism to e s is t d eath -comp e ll ing r r
i n fl ue nce s .

r
It w o u ld a p p e a th a t t he m o e p e coc io us d e v e l o p m e n t o f t he r r
r
fe m a l e i s n o t a m e e ly h um a n b ut a w i d e ly s p e a d zo o l o g ica l r
p h e n o m e n on A m o n g m a n y a n i ma l s i t ha s b e e n fo und th a t t h e
.

fe m al e s a r e a h e a d o f t he m al e s i n g o wth ( H d e Va ig n y , a r t r . r .

r ”
C o i s s an c e , D i et rte th u s , al th o ug h t he ad ult m al e
.

r r
g i affe i s t all e th an t he fe m al e , a t p u b e ty t he fe m a l e i s t all e r r .

The d e v e l o pm e n t o f pub e ty i s , h o we v e , co n s id e a bly i n r r r ~

flue n ce d by al i m e n t at i o n a nd hyg ie n e t hat i s t o s a y, by t he fl

s o ci a l c l as s t o w h i c h t h e c hi l d b e l o n g s B ut t he i n flue nce fi f .

s o c ia l co n d i t i o n s e e m s t o b e s t i c tly l imi t e d P ag liani an d A x e l r .

Ke y h a v e g iv e n s pe c i a l a tt e n t io n t o th i s p o in t : In I t aly t h e
r
d iffe e n c e s i n d e v e l o p me n t b e t we e n we ll -n o u i s h e d an d i ll r
r r r
n o u i s h e d c h i ld e n ar e v e y m a k e d , b ut P ag lia n i has s h o wn th a t r
th o u g h t he d e v e l o pm e n t o f the ill-n ou i s h e d i s s l o w, th i s i s r
r r
l a g e l y co m pe ns at e d by i t s p o l o ng at i o n , w h i l e the d e v e l o pm e n t
o f t he w e l l -n o u i s h e d i s r r
ap i d an d p r e co c l O U S, b u t s m a ll i n i t s
r r
l a t e s t ag e s ( It i s wo th n o t in g th a t in th i s e s pe c t g i l s fo ll o w
.
r r
t h e la w o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e w e ll n o u i s h e d c l as se s )
- W hile r .

r
a l i m e n t a t i o n e n o m o us ly i n fl u e n c e s t h e a t e o f g o w th i t has r r
r
th us co m p a a t iv e ly s m a ll i n fl ue n ce o n t he fi n al es u l t , wh i c h i s r
c h ie fly a f fe c t e d by a c e a nd s e x r
A x e l Ke y d o e s n o t fi n d th at t he .

r r
c o m p e n s a t o y p o c e ss t ak e s p l ace q u i t e i n th e sa me m ann e r
r r
o b s e v e d by P a g lia n i ; a c co d i n g t o h i m t he p e i o d o f p u b e ty i s r r
r
d e l a y e d i n c h i ld e n o f t h e poo e c l a s se s , b u t th e n t ak e s p l ace rr
r r
v e y ap id ly , t o b e co m p l e t e d at t he s ame p e i o d as i n the we ll r
 40 M AN AN D W O M AN .

The m i d -s t at u r ew e ll -t o -do m al e Of t he
m e m b e r s o f t he B riti s h A s s oc i a ti o n a t N e wc as tl e i n
1 88 9 w as m , o f t he fe m al e m e m b e rs .
m .

The s e x u a l di ffe re n ce i n st at u re i n E n g l an d , th e r e fo re ,
co rre s p o n d s ve ry c l ose ly w ith th at fou n d i n n e i g hb ou r

i n g co u n tri es ; i n F r a n ce , ac c o rdi n g t o T o p i n a rd a n d
R o ll e t , it i s 1 2 c e n ti m e tr es ; i n B e l g i u m , a cco rdi n g t o
Q u e t e l e t , 10 c e n ti m e t re s ; i n t he U n it e d St at e s , acco rd
i n g t o Sa rg e n t , it i s s o m e w h at g r eat e r , b e i n g n e a rly
1 3 c e n ti m e tre s I n A m e ri c a , w hil e t he s e x u al di ffe r
.

e n c e i n w e i g ht i s s o m e w h at l e ss th a n i n E n g l a n d , t he

s e x u a l di ffe r e n ce i n h e i g ht a n d a l so i n vit al cap ac ity

i s t o a m ark e d e xt e n t g r eat e r , t he g r e a t e r s e x u al
di ffe r e n c e s b e i n g , it s e e m s, du e t o t he g reat e r d e
v e lo p m e n t O f A m e ri ca n m e n r a th e r th a n t o t he l ess
‘

d e v e l op m e n t o f wo m e n .

r r r
D r Sa g e n t p e pa e d fo r th e C h i cag o W o ld s F a i t wo n u d e
. r ’
r
r
c l ay fi g u e s o f m an a n d wo m an , fo un d e d on t he a v e ag e r
r r
m e a s u e m e n t s o f se v e a l th o us an d s t u d e n t s o f H a v a d a n d o f r r
r r
v a io us g i l s ’ co ll e g e s The g e n e al c h a ac t e is t ic s o f t he t wo
. r r r
r
s t a t u e s a r e th u s d e sc i b e d i n Scr i bn er s M ag az i n e, J u ly 18 9 3 :
’

“
O n e ad m i t s th a t t he y o ung m a n is t he fi n e fi g u e o f t h e r r
t wo . r
St a nd in g s qua e ly, c l e an -l im b e d , s t o n g -n e c k e d , h e l o o k s r
r a th e r r r
l ike a unn e th an a o we ; b ut th e e i s n o th i ng so d id , r r r r
r
n o th in g wa p e d , n o th ing t o i n d i cat e t he d e t e i o a t io n o f a r r
c i v i l i sat i o n o f t o o m a n y wh e e l s , t he s t u n t in g , o r t he a b n o m a l r
on e — s i d e d d e v e l o p m e n t , o f t he fac t o y o r o f c i ty l ife r
Th e p os e , .

r
o f co u se , m u s t b e t he s c u l p t o r s , b u t t he m e as u e s s h o w : h e i g h t ,
’
r
fi ve fe e t e ig h t ; we ig h t , o n e h un d e d a n d th i ty -e ig h t ( t he r r
r
e q u i v al e n t o f o n e h un d e d and fo ty -n i n e , as w e c l o th e o ur r
s e lv e s ) ; r r
c h e s t , th i ty -fo u , t o th i ty -s e v e n i n fl a t e d r
It i s r e .

r
as s u in g th at b o th in h e ig h t a nd we i g h t a n d s t e n g th as we ll , r
th i s s t at ue far e x ce e d s t he av e ag e of any o th e na t ion, e ve n r r
E n g l an d .

“
W h e n we c ome t o t he wom an , we m us t — g li ssons u n fie u A .

r r
p o mi ne n t a t is t l o ok e d h e r o v e f o m a p o fe s s i o n a l p o in t O f r r r
1
R e por t C o m mi tte e o f Bri t i s h A ss ocia ti o n , 188 3
o f A n th rO po m e t ri c .

A s e x presse d b y G a lt o n (N at u r a l [n fier i la n ca a bo u t 12 t o 1
3:
C onse que n tly by add i ng t o each obse rve d fe mal e s t a t ure a t the ra t e
o f o n e i nc h for e v e ry fo o t , we are e nabl e d t o co mpare th e i r s tat u r e s ,

so i nc rease d an d t ra n s m u t e d , wi th the o bse rv e d s t a t u r es o f mal e s o n

”
e ual t e r ms I n Be l g i um , wh e re the race i s m uch s h or te r, the r at i o ,
q .

acc o r di ng to Que t e l e t , i s as 16 to 15 .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N S O F TH E BO D Y .
41

v ie w a nd re f s e d t t
t o acce p t he s a u e a s t h e u i m a e m o e
u t
lt t d l .

r r t r
O f c o u s e , s ai h e r c e a o ; fo r
d a yo u wo uth t ld
i n fa i n e s s s e e cr l t
r
a fi g u e o n t h e e ig h ty
o r n in e pe r c e nty in e, n o t t lis , w i c th h h .

m e e t s e x a c tly fi fty p e r c e n t o f th e m a ll a n d i s h a l f-way fro m t h e

.
,

b e s t t o t he wors t ; o r t o p u t i t m ore pre c is e ly i s only the

, ,

g r ea tes t g ooa af the g r ea tes t n u m ber H e th e n n ai v e ly e x p l ain e d

’
.

he r i n fe ri ori ty t o t h e b o y o n a g ro u n d o n e h ardly d are wh i s p e r

— n a m e ly th a t wo m e n s t u d e n t s i n c o ll e e s c am e fro m a c l as s
.
g
n ot e q u a l ,
s oc iall y o r i n t e ll e c t u al ly t o th at wh i c h u n iv e rsal ly ,

s e nd s i t s b o y s
[ W h e th e r th is i s th e case o r not i t cou ld
.

s c arce l y acco u n t for t h e fa c t s in q u e s t i on ; t h e w o m an o f lo w

s o c i a l c l as s a t all e v e n t s i n t h e c o u n t ry i s fav ourably s i t ua t e d
, ,

s o fa r a s th e a tt a i n m e n t o f a we ll -d e v e l o pe d an d b eau t ifu l b o dy
i s c o n ce rned ] The fi g u re has m o re fra g i l i ty wi th o u t a co rre
s p o n d i n g g a in i n g rac e ; t h e l o we r h al f i s b e tt e r th an t h e u pp e r ;

i t i s n o t th a t t igh t -l ac i ng ha s l e ft e v i d e n t t race s ( the wa is t i s

o v e r t we n ty -fo ur) b ut t h e i n war d c ur v e o f t he b ack t he th in ne s s
, ,

o f t h e b o dy l ac k s t re n g th an d e re c t n e ss o f p ose The h e ig h t
,
.

i s fi v e fe e t th re e t he we ig h t o n e h un d re d and fo ur t e e n t he c h e s t
, ,

m e a s u re m e n t b u t th ir ty an d t he fee t t e n i nc h e s l o n g ”
,
.

D iffe re n c e s i n w e ig h t a l th o ug h i ns t ru c t i v e as re g ar d s t he
,

i n d i v i d u al s c o n d i t io n ar e n o t o f a ny g re a t s ig n ifi can ce i n t he
’
,

a d u l t fro m o u r p re s e n t p o in t o f v i e w a n d a re i n s o m e re s p e c t s ,

fa ll a c i o us. Th i s i s d ue t o t he t e n d e n c y o f wo me n t o d e v e l o p
e x u b e ran t fa tty co n n e c t i v e t i s s ue Th i s t e n d e n c y wh i l e i t i s
.
,

c h i e fly re s p o n s ibl e fo r t h e c h ar m an d s o ft n e s s o f t he s mo o th ly
ro und e d fe m in in e fo rm re s u lt s i n wome n p os se s s ing a l arg e r
,

a m o u n t th a n m e n o f c o m p ara t i v e ly n o n v i t a l t i ss u e a n d m ak e s
-

th e m a pp e ar l arg e r th an t h e y re ally a r e B is ch ofl o n c e t o o k
'

t he t ro u bl e t o i n v e s t ig a t e t he p ro p ort i o n s o f t he v ario us t is s u e s
i n a m an o f th i rty -t h re e a wo m a n o f t we n ty -t wo an d a b o y o f
, ,

s i x t ee n
, wh o all d ie d ac c id e n t ally i n g o o d ph y s ica l co n d i t i on .

H e fo un d t he fo l l o wi n g re l a t i on b e t we e n m us c l e and fat :

It i s o w in g t o th i s t e n d e nc y t o pu t o n fa t th a t , a s Qu e t e l e t
r
fo un d , wh il e m an e ac h e s h is m a x im um we i g h t a t t he a g e o f
.

r r
fo ty , wo m a n e ac h e s h e s o n ly at fi fty r
The s am e t e n d e n c y .

r
c a u s e s a l ia b i l i ty t o m o b i d o b e s i ty wh ic h all au th o i t ie s a g e e r r
r
t o fi nd m o e c o m m o n i n wo m e n ; th u s ,
fo r i ns t a n ce ,
o f B o u c ha d s
’
r
e ig h ty -s i x cas e s , s ixty t wo we e i n wo me n, an d o n ly t we n ty fou
- r - r
in m e n .

The p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f t he a d u lt m an o v e r t he adu lt
w o m an i n t o t al s t a t u re an d b u lk i s fairly o bvi ou s and
42 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w e ll e st abli s h e d ; t he l e s s o bvi o u s se xu a l di ffe r e n c es

i n t he g ro w th a n d p ro p o rti o n s o f t he v ari o u s p a rt s o f
t he b o dy are , h ow e v e r , m o r e i n t e r e s ti n g a n d s i g n ifi c an t .

Sp eaki ng g e n e rally, it m ay b e s aid th at , r e l ativ e ly t o

t he t o t a l h e i g ht , i n wo m e n t he h ea d i s l o ng e r th an i n
m e n t he n e c k s h o rt e r , t he tr u n k l o ng e r , and t he l e g s
,

a nd ar m s s h or t e r .

To pin ard fo un d th at rec k o n ing t o t a l h e i g h t as 100 i n 7 8 m e n

, ,

o f E uro p ean rac e t he t run k e q uall e d a n d i n 3 0 wo m e n

E H arl e s s at M un ic h fo un d th a t i n 9 m e n an d 7 wo m e n
.
, ,

t he t ru nk e q ua ll e d i n t he fo rm e r a n d i n t he l a tt e r .

Q ue t e l e t o bt ai ne d s im il ar re s u lt s in Be l g i u m P rofe s s o r R iccard i
.

(D z a /ezm e Cor r elazzom dz Sw lufifi o M o d e n a 18 9 1) has e x

’ ‘ ' ’ ’

, ,
am in e d 12 00 B o l o g n e se an d M o d e n e s e p e rs o n s o f a ll ag e s an d
b o th s e x e s wi th re fe re n ce t o t he h e ig ht o f the se at e d b o dy an d ,

fi nd s th at i n c h ild re n u n d e r s i x th e re ar e n o s e x ual d if e re n c e s ;
th e n c o m e s a p e rio d of o sc ill at io n b e t we e n t he s e x e s an d fi n ally ,

t he p ro po rt io n o f the h e i g h t o f t he s e a t e d b o dy to t he t o t a l
s t a t ure i s i n m e n as 5 2 t o 100 an d i n w o m e n as 53 t o t oo ; th u s
,

a wo m an ,
w h e n s e a t e d i f we j ud g e he r by mal e s t an d ard s
, ,

a pp ears t a ll e r th an s he really i s .

R an k e s t at es u n co n diti on a lly th at r e l ative s h o rt

n e ss o f tr un k i s a c h ara c t e r o f s u p e ri o rity, a s it
i n di c at e s a n o rg an i s m arriv e d a t m a t u rity 1 I f w e .

co mp a r e t he h u m an adu lt w ith t he h u m an i nfa n t ,

or w ith t he ap e , thi s s t a t e m e n t i s p e rfec tly j u s tifi e d .

2
A s Q u e t e l e t ha s p o i n t e d o u t , w hil e t he a d u lt h e a d
i s o n ly d o u bl e t he h e i g ht o f t he h e a d a t birth , t he
t ru n k i s n e arly tri p l e d i n l e ng th , w hil e t he arm s are
n early fo u r ti m es , an d t he l e g s as m u c h a s fi ve ti m e s
as l o n g as th e y w e r e at birth Thi s i s o n e of th o s e
.

se x u al di ffe re n c e s w hi c h a re s i mp ly t he r es u lt o f t he
t o t al diffe re n ce i n bu lk an d s tat u r e d ue t o t he p re
coc i ty an d e arli e r a rr es t o f g ro wth i n w o m e n In .

fairly we ll -p rop o rti o n e d m e n , i n w h om g ro w th has

b ee n a rres t e d b e fo r e th e y h ave r e ac h e d t he ad u l t
m a l e s t an d ard , we fi n d t he sa m e p ro p o rti o ns as i n
wo m e n . I n a dw arf o f t he u s u al ty p e , w ith hi s h u g e
1
B ei lm g e zu r Bay er /15 , Bd . v i ii .
, F asc . 1 a nd 2 , 1883 .

2
A n t /t r opamétr i e, pp
. 19 4 , 19 5 .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N S O F TH E BO D Y .
43

h e ad and di m i nu tive l eg s t he s am e i n fan til e ty p e i s

,

s e e n i n an e xa
g g e r at e d d e g r ee I n d e fec tive d e ve l o p
.

m e n t d u e t o t he i n fl u e n ce o f ri c k e t s it has b e e n
, ,

fou n d th at t he tr u n k i s on t he av e r ag e o nly ab o u t
o n e i n c h s h o rt e r th an u s u al t he a r ms t w o a n d a h alf
,

i nc h es s h o rt e r whil e t he l e g s m ay be as m u c h as t e n
,

a n d a h alf i n c h e s s h o rt e r th u s
p re se rvi n g t he i nfa ntil e
,
1
typ e . I n g i an t s o n t he o th e r h a nd t he i n c r ease d
, ,

s t a t u r e i s c hi e fly du e t o u n d u e gr ow th o f t he l e s
g .

I t i s n o t h ow e ve r tr u e th a t re l ativ e s h o rt ne ss o f
, ,

tru n k i s a m ark o f su p e ri o rity if w e co m pare t oge th e r

t he a du lt s o fv a ri o u s h u m an r aces Th u s as Top i n ard .
,
2
s h o ws n e g r o e s p os se ss r e l ativ e ly t he s h o rt es t b o di e s
, ,

t he y e ll ow r ace s t he l o n g es t whil e t he w hit e r ac es ,

oc cu p y an i n t e r m e di at e p os iti o n .

F r o m th e se diffe r e n ce s i n p r o p o rti on th e re nat u r ally

r e su lt s a diffe re n ce i n t he p os iti on of t he Ce n tre o f t he
b ody acco rdi n g t o ag e an d se x The old a rti s t s an d .

au th o r s w ho o c c u p i e d th e m se lv es w ith t he c an o n s o f

p ro p o rti o n fo ll o w i ng t he l ead o f V itru vi us r eg a rd e d

, ,

t he n a v e l a s t he c e n tr e o f t he b o dy Thi s is n o t .

e x a c tly t he c as e The m o r e i m m at u r e t he h u m a n
.

bo dy i s t he l o w e r t he n av e l is a n d t he hi g h e r t he ,

c e n tr e o f t he b o dy At birth t he m iddl e p o i n t o f t he
.

b o dy c l ose ly co i n c ides w ith t he nave l or rath er it is , , ,

t w o o r thr e e c e n ti m e tr e s ab ov e it b u t as g r o wth p ro ,

c e e d s t he ce n tr e o f t he b o dy fall s u n til u lti m at e ly it i s

a littl e b e l o w t he s ym p hi s i s p u bi s i n m e n r e m ai n i ng ,

a littl e hi gh e r i n w o m e n .

I n w o m e n t he di s t an ce b e twe e n t he n av e l and t he
u b e s i s r e a t e r th an i n m e n ; th at i s t o say th at i n
p g
w o m e n t he a bd o m e n i s l a rg e r Thi s is t he r u l e as
.

s t at e d by M a n ou vri e r an d P r o fe sso r C u nn i ng h am
,

ha s fo u n d fr o m t he e x am i nati on o f n u m e ro u s s u bj e ct s
th a t t he v a ri ou s abd o m i n al z o n e s h av e t he sam e
av e r ag e d e p th i n wo m e n as i n m e n ; t aki n g i nt o
1
Sh aw co n fi rme d
b y W alt e P ye , r
L ect ures on Gro wth R a tes of

t he B o dy , L an cet , lu ly 2 6 and A ug us t 16 , 189 0 .

pp 10 65 et seq
'

2
A n t /zropolog ze . .
44 M A N A N D W O M AN .

accou n t the g reat e r s iz e of

re l ative siz e t he m e n , the
o f t he abd o me n b e c o m e s th u s di s ti n c tly g re at e r i n
w om e n 1 Thi s ch arac t e r i s i n h arm ony w ith t he
.

rep ro du ctive functi on s o f w o m e n and in t he arti s t s ,

’

h ands the fu ll and fi r m abdo m e n i s o n e O f t he be auti e s

o f w om an s for m i n c o n tr as t t o m an s co m p arativ e ly
’ ’

flat and i nco nsp i c u ou s a bd om e n b u t a t t he s am e ti m e ,

a l a rg e abdo m e n i s b o th a n i n fan til e a nd a p rimitive

c ha rac t er ; it was for e x am p l e ve ry m arke d i n t he

, ,

F u e g i an s who we re i n L o n do n a fe w ye ar s ag o an d a ,

F ueg i an boy w ith his a bdo m e n e xp o se d b o re a s tr o ng

re se m bl ance t o a W om an .

A still m o re obviou s se xu al di s ti n cti on li e s i n t he

b reas t s bu t fr o m t he p r ese n t p o i n t o f vi e w th e y
,

canno t b e v e ry p r o fit ably s tu die d The on ly se x u a l .

diffe re nce wo rth m e n ti o n i ng h e re i s t he di st ance

be twe en the ni ppl e s Thi s is o ft e n g r eat e r i n m e n .

th an in wom en ; t he r e aso n for thi s is as B r uc ke ,

p o i nt s o ut th at i n i t s d e ve l o p m e n t t he br e as t i n wo m e n
,

re qu ires a l arg e am o un t O f s ki n fo r it s i n cr eas i n gly

c onv e x su rface a n d a s t he s ki n o n t he s id e of t he
,

b ody yi e lds m o re r ea dily th an th at b e t ween t he

“
breast s t he n i p p l e s t e n d t o app roxi m at e
,
2
The .

”
br east s s h ou ld al ways liv e at e nm ity a scu l p t or ,
“
o n ce s aid t o B r ii c k e ; t he ri g ht s h o u ld l oo k t o t he
rig ht and t he l e ft t o t he l e ft
, I n we ll -de ve lo p e d .

i ndividu al s thi s is s o and in t he car e ful m easu re ,

m e nt s o f arti s t s m o de l s g ive n by Q ue t e l e t at t he e nd
’

O fhi s A nthr ofiométme t he e x ce p ti o n al di s t an c e b e t wee n

’

t he n i p p l es i s n o t e w o r thy es p ec i al ly i n t he case o f ,

wo m e n b e l ongi ng t o R o m e a n d C a diz .

1 “
D e l i mi tat io n R eg i ons of the A bd omen,
of the j ou r n al of
A natomy a nd J an 18 9 3 . .

9
E Bruck e, T1
. 25 H u man F or m, p p 7 1, 7 2 C hap te I I I o f th is
. . r .

book i s an inte rest i ng discussio n o f the ar tis t ic anatomy o f the fe mal e

breast F rom the anth ro po l ogi cal poi nt o f vi ew the b east has bee n
. r
fully s tudi ed i n the gre at work o f P l oss an d M ax Ba t el s, D ar W eft) , r
Bd i , C h v iii
. . Th ese wri t e r s recog ni se fou d i ffere nt forms of b eas t
. . r r
t he bo wl -sh ape d ( l i k e h al f a Ta ng eri ne orang e ) , the h e misph e i cal ( l i k e r
r r
hal f o r th ee -qua t e rs o f an app l e ) , t he coni cal , and the g oat s udd er
’

sh ape .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N S O F TH E B OD Y .
45

W i th re fe re nce t o t he x ual d iffe re n c e s in the th orax o r c h e s t

se
i t s e l f t h e m o s t a u th o r it a t i v e ana t o mi s t s a r e at pre s e n t s ing u l arly
,

a t v arian ce Th i s i s p ar tly d u e t o t he fac t th at n o t m an y

.

d e t ail e d i n v e s t ig a t i o n s o f a l arg e n um b e r o f s u bj e c t s h av e y e t
b e e n m ad e and partly t o t he fa c t th at i t i s n e c e s sary t o all o w
,

for t h e ar t ifi c ia l d e fo rm at i o n O f t h e c h e s t wh i c h i s s t ill v e ry ,

c o m m o n am o n g c i v i l i s e d w o m e n I t s e e m s m os t pro b abl e th a t
.
,

as G e g e n b aur as se r t s t he fe m a l e th ora x i s re l a t i v e ly s h or t e r an d
,

b ro ad e r th an t he m al e Th is i s al s o s ug g e s t e d by t he s h o r t ne s s
.

O f t h e d or sa l r e g i on o f t h e s p i na l co l u mn i n wo m e n a n d t he

re l a t iv e s h ort n e s s of th e breas t -b one (as s h own by D wig h t as ,

we ll as by e arl i e r a n a t o mi s t s ) an d a l s o by t he g re at e r re l a t iv e
,

l e n g th o f t he c l a v i c l e i n wo m e n (as s h o wn by Broca an d o th e rs ) .

It a l so s e e m s pro b abl e th at t he d e p th o f t h e c h e s t an t e ro
p os t e ri orly i s l e s s i n wom e n th an i n m e n It was as s e r t e d by
.

t h e o ld an at o m i s t s th a t wh il e m a n h a s a l arg e c h e s t a n d s m all
b e lly wo m an has a s m al l c h e s t an d l arg e b e lly W h i l e th i s
,
.

co n c l u s i o n wh i c h i s i n h arm on y w i th t he m ark e d i n fe r io ri ty of
,

t he re s p ira t ory s y s t e m i n wo m e n i s n o d o u bt t r u e s uffi ci e n t

, ,

a ll o wa n ce d oe s n o t a pp e a r t o h av e b e e n m a d e fo r t h e ar t ifi c ia l

c o n s t r i c t io n o f t he l o we r p ar t o f t h e c h e s t i n wo m e n .

C har p y h as m a d e a car e ful s t u dy o f 2 00 s ubj e c t s — m ale and

fe m al e s h o r t a n d t all fai r an d d ark i n th e d is s e c t in g roo m
, ,
u

w i th s pe c ia l re fe re n c e t o t he s h ap e o f t he c h e s t H e fi nd s n o .

n o t abl e s e x u a l d iffe re n ce s u n t i l t h e ag e o f fi ft e e n an d l e s s we ll ,

m ark e d aft e r th i s th an m an y p e o p l e i m a g i ne H e re cog n is e s .

th re e d iffe re n t ty pe s o f t h e fe m al e c h e s t wh i c h are h o we v e r , , ,

m o re o bv i o us t o t he ar t is t th an t he an th ro p o l o g is t : ( 1) t h e br oa d
ty pe s q uare a nd fu l l l i k e th at O f a m an w i th we ll s pre ad
-
, ,

s h ou ld e rs an d b re as t s l i k e e x p an d e d d i s cs ; i t I S t h e ty p e -
.

o f t he
,

an c i e n t g o dd e s se s o f t h e wo m e n O f Tusc an y a n d L i g u ri a an d
, ,

t he R o m an wo me n o f Tran s t e v e re ; ( 2 ) t he r ou n d typ e, a e r rr
r
a n d o f m o e d e l i c a t e a n d h ig h ly s e x u a l i se d c h a ac t e ; i t i s r r
s m a ll e r r r
a n d m o e fo ld e d i n th a n t he fi s t ty p e , wi th l e ss an t e o r
p os t e i o r r
d i r
a m e t e , a n d i s t h e c h e s t o f t he V e n e t i an wo m e n ; ( 3 )

t he long,J tygfie, wi th O bl o ng l u n g s , th o ug h i t s c a paci ty ls p o b ably r

by n o m e an s d e fe c t i v e ; it i s t he ty pe o f E ng l i s h w ome n, an d
r r
A a b w o me n w it h t h e i s l o pin g s h o u ld e s and g ace fu l ca i a g e r ”
r rr
O ft e n h a v e t h i s fo m r . r
( A d ie n C h ar py, L A ng e x ip o idie n,
’
l h
R e v u e d A n tfzr ofi oZog i e, 18 84, p
’
.

I n w o m e n , g e n e r ally s p eak i n g aw hile t he tr u n k i s

r e l ative ly l o n g , t he li m bs are re lat 1v e ly s h o rt By he r .

e s t he i n fan til e co n diti o n

s h o rt a r m s w o ma n ap p r o ac h

m o r e c l o s e ly th an m an , as R a n k e p o i n t s o u t , b u t it
m u s t b e a dd e d th a t by t he s am e c h a r a c t e r s he i s
fa r t h e r re m o v e d th an m an fr o m t he ap e a n d t he
 46 M AN AN D W O M AN .

v ge am o n g w h o m t he fo r ear m i lly is ve ry
pg
a a , esp e c a
on .

The d iffe re nce is u sually t rifl ing b ut th ere i s ag re e m en t u pon ,

the p o i n t a m o n g m o s t o f t he c h ie f a u th o ri t ie s It was fo un d t o .

h o ld g ood among v ario u s l o we r race s e x am ine d d uring t he

v o yag e o f the N or/am and by W e is b ach for G e rm an wo m e n
,
al so ; To p i nard l ay s i t d o wn a s a g e ne ral r ul e (A n thr op olog e
‘

Gener ale p , . Sarg e n t foun d th a t t he fo re arm s o f A me ri can

g irl s are d ec i d e dly s h or t e r t he arm s v e ry s l ig h tly s h o r t e r th an
,
th o se o f b oy s ; and R anke conc l u d es as the res u lt o f hi s o bs e rva
t ions th at wome n h ave s h ort e r arms an d fore arms th ig h s and ,
le g s re l a t i v e ly t o th e i r s h or t uppe r arms s t i ll s h o r t e r fo re arms
, ,

re l at i v e ly to th eir s h ort th ig h s s ti ll s h ort er l e g s and re l at i v e ly t o ,

t he wh ol e up pe r e xt re m i ty a s h ort e r l o we r e xt re m i ty ( R an k e .
,

Be i t rag e zur p hy s i s ch e n A n th ro po l o g ie d e r Baye rn ” B eztr age

'

z ur U rg es cl uelzte B ay er n s B d v i ii , F a s c 1 an d 2 , The
‘

. . .
,
arm s o f wo m e n are re l at i v e ly m o re s h ort e n e d th an ar e t he l e g s .

( Pfit zne r Z t f M orph 189 9 p

, .
,
A l ong fo rearm i t m ay
,
.
,

b e add e d a s we ll as a l o ng le g are am on g t he c h aract e rs w h i c h

, ,
i nd icat e s up e ri o ri ty wh e n we co mp are t he ad ul t t o t he i n fan t ,

b ut i nd i cat e i nfe rio ri ty wh e n we co m pare t he E uro pe an t o l o we r

race s l ike the n e g ro and the A us tral ian i n wh om t he arms are
, ,

e s pe c i ally l o n g .

The m al e ar m d i ffe rs from t he fe m al e by b e in g fl a tt e r i n

y ou th and m ore h ig h ly m ou ld e d an d l e s s c yl in d rical in ad u l t
ag e ; i n wo me n t he ar m i n ad ul t ag e d e v e l op s i n ro t u n d i ty i n
co n se q ue n ce o f t he d epo s i t o f fat and con s t i t u t e s o ne o f t he ,

c h i e f b e a ut i es o f ad ult wo man h oo d ; i t i s al s o o ft e n s o m e wh at
l at e rally com pre sse d an d (as Brii cke re marks ) i t is so d e
,

p i cte d by R e n ai s s ance ar t i s t s i n c o m p aris on wi th the bro ad,

s h all o w fore arm A r t i s t s h av e d iffe re d in th e ir pre fe re nce s wi th

.

re g ard t o bo y s arms and g irl s arms ; th us wh i l e P al ma G io v an e

’ ’
,

and m an y o th e r ar t is t s h av e g i v e n th e i r an g e l s g ir l s ar m s
’
,

A nd re a d e l Sart o pre fe rre d b oy s arm s

’
.

B rii ck e has so m e s e n s i bl e o b s e rv a t ions o n t he e ffe c t s o f

e x e rc is e on t he arms o f g irl s : M any m o th e rs a r e afra i d o f
lt he ir d aug h t ers d oing any e x erci se s wi th th e ir arms le st the
l att e r s h ould ac quire a mas cu l ine s h ape It i s re mark a bl e ,
l

h owe v e r th at no appre h e n s io n i s s h own i f t he s e s am e d aug h t e rs

,

,p rac t i se th e p ian o fo r s e v e ral h o urs e v e ry d ay e x e rt i n g c e rt ai n ,

m us c l e s of t he forearm in a v io l e n t and e x c l us i v e fas h i o n in

'

d oin g so Y e t th e re i s i n g e n e ral no fo un d at ion fo r t he fear

.
, , .

B o d i ly e x e rc i s e s o n ly a ffe c t t he fo rm o f t he b o d y di s ad v an
t ag e o u s ly un d e r t wo co n d i t io ns : e i th e r wh e n th e y b e g in at t o o
e a rly an ag e or wh e n th e y are s o e x c e s s i v e as t o p ro d uc e
,

e mac iat i on Vio l e nt e x erc ise may b e t ak en wi th o u t i nj ury

.
48 M AN AN D W O M AN .

fi ng e r E x am i n i n g t we lve ve ry b eau tifu l w o m e n

.

fro m vari o u s p a rt s o f I t aly he fo u n d a l o ng e r i n d e x ,

fi n g e r i n s i x — a p ro p o rti o n co n s ide r ably a b o ve t he

av e rag e ; he add s th at he i s n o t p r e p a re d t o say th a t

he fi n d s t he l o n g e r i n d e x -fi n g er it s e lf m o r e b eau ti fu l 1 .

P fi t z n e r co n fir m e d t he fac t O f t he g re at e r l e n g th O ft he
i n de x -fi nge r i n w o m an and fi n d s al so th at wo m an s ,
’

thu m b i s r e l ative ly s h o rt e r th a n m an s 2
The l att e r ’
.

c h arac t e ri s ti c g oes w ith a co m p ar ativ e ly lo w ty pe o f

o rg a n i s m b u t t he l o n g i n d e x -fi n g er has i t s i n t e re s t
, ,

b eari ng i n m i n d t he co n se rvative m o r ph o l o g i cal

t e nde n c i e s of wo m en becau se it i n di c at e s s u p e ri o r
,

e vo l u ti o n .

W e i sse n be rg su p p ort e d th ese con c l u s i ons ; he fou n d

t he p re d o m i nan ce o f t he i n d e x -fi ng e r u n u su ally
m a rk e d i n J e w s a n d esp e c i ally i n J e we ss es a n d he
, ,

n o t e d th a t i n A s s yri an re li e fs an d E gyp ti an s t at u e s
t he ri n g -fi n ge r i s g e ne r ally l o ng e r th an t he i n d e x an d ,

i n t he fo r m e r case a t all e ve n t s o f b e au ti fu l ty pe 3 , .

F é r é W ho has s t u di e d t he p r o p o rti o n s o f t he h a n d s
,

a n d t he fi ng e r s b o th i n m e n an d w o m e n a n d i n a es
4
p ,

fi n d s th at if w e c om p are t he l e ng th o f t he diffe r e n t
,

fi ng e r s t o t he m id d l e fi n g e r w hil e t he th u m b i s ,

s h o rt er i n w o m e n th an i n m e n t he littl e fi n g e r i s
r e l ative ly s till sh o rt e r whil e i n t he ape t he littl e ,

fi nge r i s l o ng th ou g h t he th u m b i s s h o rt .

I t i s by his r e l ative ly l o n g l e g s th a t t he a d u lt
c ivili se d m a n m ost c on s p i c u ou s ly di f fe r s i n p r o p o rti o n
from t he i nfan t alth ou g h n ot n ece s s a rily fr o m t he
,

s av ag e wh o se l e g s are so m e ti m es v e ry l o n g ; a n d t he
,

leg i s t hat po rti o n o f t he b o dy w hi c h g r o ws m os t

r ap idly and t o t he m os t v ari abl e e xt e n t ; it i s a l so
1 P M . an t e g azza , D e ll l
a ung h e zza re a l t i va de ll ’
i nd i ce , A r ch .
per
l A n tr opolog za, 18 7 7 , p 2 2
'
’
. .

2
W P fi tzner , Be i t rag e zur K e nn tni ss d es m e nschl ic h e n E x t re m i
'

”
t ate nsk ele tts , an d
“
A n th r o po l o g isch e Be zi e h ung e n d e r H and u n d
i n Sch walb s Jl/orpholog i sehe A r bezt en , Bd i -i i , 189 0-9 2
” ’
F ussmass e ,
’
‘
e . . . ,

3
S W ei sse nbe rg ,
. D i e F or men d e r H a nd und cles F usse s , Z t j l .

E /h , 189 5 , h e ft 2
. .

e ZA n at et de P hy s , M ay J une , 19 00
’ -
f ou r d . . . .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N S O F TH E BO D Y .
49

th at p art of t he b o dy whi c h i s m os t affect e d by an

e a rly a rr e s t o f d e v e l o p m e n t alth ou h i n thi s t he ar m
g ,

al so l a rg e ly p arti c i p at es
1
The thig h grow s w ith
.

g r eat e s t r ap idity an d s h o w s a l so t he m os t dec id e d

,

s e x u a l di ffe re nces I n wo m e n the thigh i s m a rk e dl y

.

s h o rt e r th an i n m e n ; it i s l arg e r an d i s s e t at a ,

diffe re n t angl e A s t o t he g re at e r ab so l u t e a nd
.

r e l ativ e l e n gth o f t he thi g h i n m e n th ere see m s t o b e

n o q u e s ti o n alth ou g h t he re s u lt s o f i nv es ti g ati o n d o
,

n o t s h o w any s i m il ar m a rk e d differe n ce fo r t he le g ,

an d ac c o rdi n g t o so m e O b se rv e r s t he le g i s r e l ativ e ly
v e ry s li g htly l onge r i n w o m e n The great e r c i rc u m .

fe re n c e o f t he thigh i n w o m e n i s v e ry we ll m ark e d ,

an d b e g i n s at a c om p ar ativ e ly ea rly ag e I t i s i n d ee d .

t he o n ly m e as u re m e n t o f w hi c h we c an s afe ly s ay
th a t it i s from an e arly p e ri o d of pu be rty on wa rds
b o th ab s olu t e ly and re l ative ly al ways dec ide dly
g r e a t e r i n b oth E u r op e a n and A m e ri c an w om e n
th an i n m e n ; for alth ou gh t he di am e t e r an d s till
m o r e t he c irc u m fe re n ce o f t he hi ps ar e re l ative ly
r ea t e r in w o m e n th an i n m e n t he e x cess see m s
g ,

g r e at e r th an it r eally i s ari d d oes no t i n v ari a bly

,

e xi s t , o r at all e v e n t s at s o early an ag e w he n ,

we d e a l with ab so lu t e fi g u r es A cco rdi n g t o t he .

m e a s u r e m e n t s o f Q u e t e l e t o n Be l g i ans t he c irc u m ,

fe re n c e o f t he t op of t he thig h becom es ab so lu t e ly
g re a t e r i n girl s of fo u rt e e n a nd i s r e l ative ly g re at e r
,

t h a n i n b o ys e v e n aft e r t he age O f t we lve ; w hil e

D r Sa rg e n t s h ows th a t t he thigh o f t he A m e ri can
.

g irl o f fift ee n i s on t he av e rag e i n ab sol u t e fi g u re s , ,

t w o i n c h es l arg e r th an th a t o f t he A m e ri can b oy o f
fift e e n T aki ng 400 m al e an d fe m al e s tu de nt s (who
.

i n A m e ri ca fairly r e p r es e n t t he ave r ag e p o p u l a ti o n) ,

o f t he m e an age o f t we n ty Sarg e n t fo un d th a t t he ,

irth o f thigh i n t he wo m e n e x cee d s t h at i n t he m e n

g
by 15} i nc h es and i s the o n ly m e as u re m e n t i n w hi c h
,

t he w o m e n do ab s o l u t e ly e x c e e d t he m e n Dr . .

H mphry H u man Sk l t n ; T pi n rd A nth op l g e

'

1 e e o o a r o o z
u , ,

pp . 1030 - 1
3 ; R o bert s A n th, p m t m pp 115
ro o -11
7 e '
, . .
50 M AN A N D W O M AN .

Sarge nt su gge st s th at t he l ar ge thi g h s o f wo m e n

are due t o i mp e di m e n t t o t he bl o o d -s tre am cau s e d
by artifi ci al con stri c ti o n at the w ai s t , b u t t he O pi n i on
i s unsuppo rt e d an d i s hi g hly i m p r o b abl e I n w om an
.

t he thi g h , th ou g h s h o rt , t ap e r s r ap idly, an d at t he
l owe r part it i s, a bso lu t e ly, sca rc e ly if at all l arg e r
th an th at of a m an ; so th at w hil e t he m ascu li n e
thi g h t en ds t o b e co l u m n a r t he fe m i n i n e thig h t en ds
t o b e con i cal Thi s c h arac t e ri s ti c i mp art s som e
.

appe aran ce o f i n s t ab i lity t o t he fe m al e fi g u re , an d

t he e ffe c t i s i nc re as e d by t he m a rk e d i n ward i n c li na
tion O f t he thig h s in wo m e n , re sulti ng from t he
breadth o f t he pe lvi s , an in c li n ati o n w hi c h, w h e n it
e xi s t s i n a ve ry m a rk e d de g r ee , g ive s a n app e ar anc e
of k n oc k -k nee , an d t he i nwa rd i n c li nati on o f t he
thig h i s com p e n sat e d by a n o u t ward i n cli nati on o f
t he le g Th e r e i s a n a n a l ogou s o bliqu ity o f t he
.

u pp e r e xtr e m ity ; t he fo rearm i s n e v e r i n a s tr ai ht

g
li ne with t he arm and thi s o bliq u ity i s al so e m p ha
s ised i n w o m en I n 9 0 w o m e n P o tt e r foun d th at t he
.

an gl e o f o bliqu ity o f t he fo r ear m w ith t he upp e r- ar m

was degr ee s ; in 9 5 m e n t he ang l e was
de gree s 1 But whil e t he l ac k o f s tr a ig ht ness i n t he
.

ar m i s i n cons pi cu ou s a n d c on fli c t s w ith no d e m an d
of t he e ye , s i nce t he a rm s are n o t n o rm ally c all e d t o
s u pp o rt t he we i g ht o f t he b o dy, it i s n ot so with t he
l egs . Thi s obliq u ity o f t he l e gs i s t he m o st con
sp i cu ous aesth e ti c de fe c t o f t he fe m i n i ne fo rm i n t he
e rec t p os t u re , w hil e it u n fi t s w om e n fo r attit u d e s o f

e n e rg y, and co m p e l s th e m t o r un by alt e r nat e s e mi

c irc u l ar rot ati ons o f t he l e gs I n l arge -hi pp e d
.

c ivili se d wom en t he c h a rac t e ri s ti c i s m u c h m o re

O bvi o us th an i n s m all -hi ppe d s av ag e w o me n A rti st s
.

h ave adopte d v ari ou s de vi ce s t o di sgu i se it It i s .

mi ni mi se d by ton i ng do wn t he hi p s and g ivi ng t o

wom en a comparativ ely m ascu li n e o utli ne, or by the
1 H . P o tte , “ O bl iqui ty o f the A rm of the F e mal e i n
Pe rcy r
Extension, j ou r n A nat a nd P hy s ? J uly 189 5 C L ang er, A natomi c
"
. . .

aer a
'

. . r
usseren F or men, p 2 69 ; E B uc k e , H u man F zgu r e, 18 1
9 , p 83 . .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TIO N S O F TH E BO D Y .
51

l g ati o n o f t he thi g h s an d l e g s ; th u s t he l o ng
e on
,

s tr a i g ht a n d b e au tifu l l e s w hi c h Ti n t o r e t
, g g av e t o
hi s w o m e n a l m os t c or re sp o n d t o h e r o i c c a n o n s o f
p r op o rti o n w hi c h i n n at u re a re r a r e ly fo u n d i n
wo m e n .

The foo t has re ce iv e d e ve n m o re s t u dy th an t he

h an d , an d ce rt ai n i n t e re sti ng s e x u al diffe r e n ce s
e m e rge . P fi t z n e r, w ho has s t u di e d t he fo o t 1 w ith
t he s am e c a r e as t he h an d , fi n d s th at th e r e are t wo
typ es O f foo t : t he elong ated typ e w ith l o n g an d w e ll
d e v e l op e d m iddl e p h al ang es , an d t he a bbr evi ated typ e
i n w hi c h t he m iddl e p h a l a n g e s are s h o rt a n d coa r se .

The firs t ty p e i s m os t c o m m o n i n m e n , t he se c o n d i n
w om en . W hi c h i s t he m o re p ri m itiv e fo rm ? W e
ar e a cc u st o m e d , he r e m ark s , t o r e g ard wo m e n s fo r m s
’

as m o r e pri m itiv e , b u t n o t w ith s t an di ng thi s he i s

i n c li ne d t o l oo k u p o n t he abbre vi at e d typ e co m m o n
i n w o m e n as a m o re r e ce n t ac q u i s iti o n O f t he r ace .

At t he sam e ti m e he r e g ard s t he abbre vi at e d fo r m as

r ath e r a r e trog re ss ive th an a p rog ress iv e e vo l u ti o n ;
n o o n e can l oo k at a m iddl e p h al an x O f t he ab
“

br ev i at e d ty pe a n d n o t r eco g n i se th at it i s u nw o rthy
O f a ny n o bl e m am m al
‘

an d o n ly t o b e r e g arde d as a
,
”
par ti e honteuse B y th e ir g re at t oes a s we ll as th e ir
.
,

th u m b s w o m e n ar e l e s s de ve l op e d th an m e n ; a l on g
,

g r e a t t oe an d a l o n g th u m b ar e r ece n t ac q u ir e m e nt s
2
o f t h e r ace a n d
,
th e y a r e r e l ativ e ly l o n g e r i n m e n .

P fi t z n e r ha s al s o m ad e an i nt e r es ti n g di sco ve ry with
r e g a rd t o t he p r ese n t p os iti o n an d p ro b a bl e fu t u r e

O f t he littl e t oe I t i s we ll k n o w n th at whil e t he
.

fi n g e r s an d t oe s g e n e r ally are m ad e u p of thr ee b o n e s

a n d ar e thre e j o i n t e d t he th u m b and g reat t oe
-
,

o ss e ss o n ly t wo p h al a ng es a n d ar e th e r e fo r e o n ly
p ,

t wo -j o i n t e d P fi t z n e r fi n d s th a t th e r e i s a t e n d e n c y
.

for t he littl e t oe al s o t o p os se s s o n ly t wo j o i n t s t he ,

Sch wa lbe s M orp holog zsehe A r bezten , Bd i , p p 9 4 et seq

' '
’
1 . . . .

2 r
I n h a mo ny wi th i ts p r i mi t i ve n at ure , t he l o ng seco nd toe is al so a
r r
foet al c h aract e r, as B au ne has s h o wn (quo t ed by St atz, D i e Sehon hezt
aes W e zblzehen K b rp er s , 19 03 , p
' ' ’
’
.
52 M AN AN D W O M AN .

m iddl e an d p h al an g es
be i n g w e lde d t og e th er
e nd .

Thi s r es u lt i s n ot artifi c i ally p ro du ce d as it is n early ,

a s c o mm o n i n t he e m bry oy an d t he c hild as i n t he

ad u lt Th e re appears th e re fo re t o b e at t he pre se n t
.
, ,

ti m e a p rog ressi ve o r as P fit z n er r eg ard e d it re tr o ,

g r essi v e d e ve l o p m e n t o f t he littl e t oe ; t hoii g h it

, ,

s h o u ld p e rh ap s b e add e d th at i n su c h a m att e r t he
, ,

d ege n e r ati on o nly ap pli e s t o t he p arti cu l ar p art an d

n o t t o t he o rg an i s m
g e n e r ally The cou rse o f hi g h e r ”

e v o l u ti o n ha s a l way s b ee n acc o m p a n i e d by t he d i s

app e ara n ce o r d e g e n e rati o n O f p a rti c u l a r o rg ans an d

p art s whi c h are n o l o n ge r n e e d e d I t i s i n t e r e s ti n g .

t o n o t e th at w om e n se e m t o b e l eadi n g thi s m o v e
m e nt A m o ng 1 1 1 fe e t O f m e n an d w o m e n
.
p er
ce n t O f t he wo m e n s h o w e d fu s i o n o f t he j o i n t
. an d ,

o n ly p e r ce n t o f t he m e n B u t as P fi tz n er . .
,

hi m s e lf r e m a rke d n ew i nv es ti g a ti o ns w ith a l arge r

,

n u m b e r o f su bj ec t s are n ee d e d t o co n fir m thi s se x u al

di s ti n c ti on 1
.

re l a t iv e l e n g th o f the b ig toe an d t he s e con d t o e o c c u pie d

The
t he a tt e n t i o n o f W e is s e n b e rg w h e n i n v e s t ig a t i n g t he fi n g e rs (Z t .

f E t h 189 5 h e ft 2 p
. .
, ,
H e foun d th a t i n m o re th an h al f
,
.

t he c as e s O b s e rv e d ( Gre e k s J e ws e t c ) t he b ig t oe wa s l o n g e r , , .
,

b ut in Ba s h k irs the s eco n d t oe t e nd e d t o b e l on g e r The G re e k .

w o m e n ha d a l o n g e r b ig t o e m ore o ft e n th an t he m e n b ut ,

J e we s se s n o t s o o ft en as J e ws In Eng l an d P ark H arri s o n .

(j ou r . A u th . I ns t , v ol . x iii
fo un d th a t t he s e co nd .
, 18 84 )
r
t oe t e nd s t o b e l o n g e i n wo me n , t h e b i g t oe i n m e n ; i n v a i o u s r
r
g o up s t he s e x ual d iffe en ce was m a ke d r
P a p i llault fo un d i n r .

r r
P a i s a v e y s l ig h t e x ce ss o f wo m e n am o n g i nd i v i d ual s s h o wi n g
a l ong e r
s e c o n d t o e ( 18 p e r c e n t as a g a i n s t 16 p e r ce n t m e n ) , . .

r
a n d co n s i d e s th at t he b e s t co n fo me d fo o t has a l o n g b ig t oe r .

r r
St at z, o n t he o th e h an d , b e l i e v e s th at th e b e s t d e v e l o p e d fo o t
s h o ws a l o n g s e co n d t o e , an d th e e can b e l i ttl e d o ubt th a t th i s r
i s t he m os t b e a u t iful fo m , a s may b e s e e n by an e x am in at i o nr
r
o f t he p ic t u e s in t he N a t io n al Gall e y, o r an y o th e la ge r r r
c o ll e c t i o n The t e nd e nc y to t he g e at e p e v al e n c e i n wo me n
. r r r
o f a l on g in d e x fi n g e r
th u s appe a s t o b e accompan i e d by a r
s i mil a r
th ou Dg h l e s s cons t an t t e nd e nc y t o a l ong s e c on d t oe .

W e is s e nb e rg n ot e s th at anc ien t G e e k s t a t ue s u s ually s h o w a r

1
W
P fi tzne r,
. D ie “
k l e i ne Ze h e , A r ehw f
ur A na l . u nd P hy s ,

h e ft i and ii , 189 0
. . . .
 G R O W TH AN D P R O P O R TI O N S O F TH E BOD Y .
53

l ong e r s e co nd t o e an d th e re are he ob s e rv e s a sthe ti c re ason s

, , ,
for s u c h a pre fe re n c e I n E g y p t ian s c u l pt ure ( th o u g h n o t i n
.

E g y p t ian s t at ue tt e s ) W e i s s e n b e rg a l s o fo un d th e s e co n d t oe
u s ually l o n e r ; i n A s s y ri an re li e fs t h e b i
g g t o e i s a l way s l ong e r .

The P a puan s who t e n d e s pe c iall y t o h av e a l o n g s e co n d t oe

, ,

wo uld th u s a ppe ar t o a pp ro ac h t he c l as s i c i d e al m uc h m ore

th an d o m o d e rn Europ e an s L o m b ro so at Turin has re c e n tly .

e x am i n e d v ar i o us g ro u s o f s ubj e c t s n orm a l and ab n orm al

p , ,

w i th re fe re n c e to t he p o in t and h as fo un d i n e v e ry g ro up ,
th a t t he wo me n showe d a l arg er propo r t io n of s h ort e r b ig
t o e s th an the m e n (A r ch L o mb ro so s
’
19 0 1 p
.
,
.

g e n e ra l co n c l us io n s o n t he s ig n ifi c an c e o f th i s v ar ia t io n a re ,

h o we v e r faul ty s in ce he is i mperfe c tly acq uain t e d wi th the

, ,

re s ult s o bt a in e d by p re v io us o b se rv e rs .

O t t o le ng hi and C arrara h av e e x am i n e d t he fe e t O f a l arg e

n u m b e r o f pe rs o n s — m e n an d wo m e n sa n e an d i n san e c ri m in a l s , ,

an d r o s t i t u t e s — i n o rd e r t o fi n d Ou t t he amo un t O f s ac e b e t we e n
p p
t he g re a t t oe an d i t s n e ig hb o ur an d s o t o e s t im a t e t he e xt e n t t o
,

wh ic h t h e i n d i v i d ua l s fo o t a pproac h e s t he p rim i t i v e pre h e ns i l e

’

co n d i t i on . C are fu lly e x am in in g 100 n orm a l m e n and 6 2 n ormal

w o me n th e y fo un d th a t t he s p ace be t we e n t he fi rs t t wo t oe s an d
,

t he p o we r o f s e para t i ng th e m a r e m uc h m o r e m ark e d i n wo m e n
th an in m e n ; t he p ro p ort ion o f we ll -marke d case s b e ing 2 8 pe r
ce n t a m o n g wo m e n an d on ly 11 p e r c e n t am o n g m e n ; a lth o u g h
. .

t he t e n d e n c y o f wo m e n t o c ram p th e fe e t wo uld l e a d u s t o
e x p ec t an o p p o s i t e re s u l t A m o n g m al e cri m i n a l s p ro s t i t ut e s
.
, ,

e p i l e p t i cs ,
a nd i d io t s t h e re was a s t i ll n e are r a p proac h t o t he

pre h e n s i l e co nd i t i o n w h i c h i s fre que n t am o n g l o we r race s .

( O ttole ng h i ”e C arrara l l P ie d e pre n s il e n e g l i al i e n a t i e n e i

,
d e l in q ue n t i A r ch a z 18 9 2 F as c i v v ) I ma y
’ '

, .
, . .
, .

ad d th a t i t i s pro b a bl e th a t wo me n i n ord inary l ife u se th e i r t oe s

m ore th an d o m e n A l ady who has wri tt e n t o m e on th i s
.

p o i n t d e m u rs t o t he s t a t e me n t o f O tt o le n g hi and C arrara th a t
w o me n s s h oe s e v e n wi th th e p o i n t e d t oe affe c t e d by wo me n
’
, ,

re ally in t e rfe re g re a tl y wi th th e ir l at e ral mo v e me n t o f the t oe s ,

w h i l e t h e fac t t h a t th e y are th inn e r and m o re fl e x i bl e th an

m e n s b oo t s i s a l s o fav o ura bl e t o m o v e m e n t
’
She n o t e s in he r .

s e l f w h e n s t an d i n g a t e n d e n c y t o t urn t h e an kl e s s l ig h tly o v e r
o u t wa rd s a nd t o c l aw d o wn w i th t h e t o e s i n a n i n s t in c t i v e e ffo r t

t o o bt a in g re a t e r s t a b i l i ty She b e l ie v e s th i s i s co mmo n am o n g
.

w o m e n b o th i n wa lk ing a nd s t an d ing wh i l e wo m e n und o ubt e dly ,

u se th e ir t o es m o re th an d o m e n in d an c in g an d s he has o b s e rv e d ,

th a t the h e e l s o f wom e n s s h oe s e s pe c iall y among t he l o we r

’
,

c l as s a r e o ft e n wo rn d o wn o n t h e o u t s i d e b ut n o t s o o ft e n m e n s
’
.
, ,

The g re a t e r p re h e n s il i ty a nd fl e x ib i l i ty of wome n s t oe s m ay
’

th us i t i s po s s i bl e w h il e i nv o lv ing t he re t e n t i on o f a u s e fu l
, ,

p r i m i t i v e c h arac t e ris t ic b e a p h e n o m e n o n anal og ous t o t h e

,

g r e a t e r u s e of t he fi n g e rs by wom e n 1n g e s t i cu l a t i on .
54 M AN AN D W O M AN .

I n t he s om e w
h at bird s -eye vie w we h ave O bt ai ne d
’

i n thi s c h ap t e r o v e r a ve ry l a rg e fi e ld o f a n thr o
p o lo g i ca l i n v es ti g a ti o n 1 it has b ee n s u ffi c i e n tly e vid e n t

t h at t he diffe r e n c e s b e t we en m e n a n d wo m e n e xt e n d
n o t o n ly t o g e n e r al p ro p o rti o n s a n d l aws o f g ro wth

b u t t o eac h p art o f t he b ody t ak e n s ep ar at e ly ; th at ,

t ak e n in t he ave r age a m an i s a m an e ve n t o hi s ,

thu m bs an d a wo m an i s a wo man d own t o her littl e

,

t oe s .Three g e n e ral con c l us i on s c l e a rly e m e rg e : ( 1)

wo m e n ar e m o r e p re c oc i ou s th an m e n ; ( 2 ) i n wo m e n
th e re i s an e a rli e r arre s t of de v e l op m e n t ; (3 ) as a
re su lt of th e se t wo fac t s t he p ro p o rti on s o f w om e n ,

t e n d to app r oac h th ose o f s m all m e n an d O f c hildre n .

Thi s g reat e r you thfu l ne s s of p hys i cal typ e i n w om e n

i s a ve ry r adi c a l c h a r ac t e ri s ti c and i t s i n fl u e n ce ,

vibr at e s t o t he m os t re m o t e p s yc hi c rec e sse s I t i s .

an i m p o rt a n t fac t o r b u t by n o m ean s t he o n ly fac t o r

, ,

i n t he co n stit u ti o n o f s eco n dary se xu al di ffe re n c e s .

M ny f rth d t i l s m y b e fo nd i n D fln D W h t m '
1 a u
’
a u er e a a e r, ar ac s u a es

M ensche n , Buschan , a rt KOr p erg e wi cht (de al i ng both wi th the body

.

a s a wh o l e and wi th i ts part s ) ; R ea l E n q clopdaze o’er Gerammt en

“
’ ’

H e zlhu n ae, 3 rd cd , 18 9 6 ; i n Pfi tzner, Ei n Be i trag zur Ke nn tniss d e r

'
’
.

se k undare n G eschl echt sunt ersch i ed e be i m M e ns ch e n,

”
zWor holo i rehe
p g
A r bezten , 18 9 6 , Ed v i i ; a nd i n t he same au th or s e l aborat e Sozi al
’
’
. .

”
A n th ro p o l og isch e St udi e n, publ ish ed i n the Zeztschr z ftfu r M orpholog ze
' ’ ’

fro m 189 9 t o 19 02 .
 56 M AN AN D W O M AN .

fo r i n s t an ce , w h e n vi e we d fro m b e hi nd , c a n scar c e ly
b e di s ti n gu i s h e d fr o m m e n ; e v e n Ar al) w o m e n , i n
wh o m t he pe lvi s (a s Ko c h e r a nd o th e rs h ave de
s c rib e d it ) i s bro adl y e xt e n d e d , s h o w n o thi ng o f t he

g l o b u l a r fu l n ess o f t he w e ll d e ve l o pe d E u ro p ean
w o m an The p e lvi s has d e ve l op e d du ri ng the c ou rse
.

o f h u m a n e v o l u ti o n ; w hil e i n so m e o f t he d ark r a c e s

it i s ap e -lik e i n i ts n arr own ess a n d s m all c ap ac ity,

i n t he hi g h e s t Eu r op ean r a c e s it b eco m es a s e xu a l
di s ti n cti on whi c h i mm e di at e ly strik es t he e ye s an d
ca n scarce ly b e e ffa ce d ; w hil e t he wo m e n O f th e s e

races e n deav ou r s till fu rth e r t o acce n t u at e it by

a rtifi c i al m e a n s It i s at o n c e t he p roo f o f hi g h
.

e vo l uti o n an d t he p r o m i se o f c a p a bl e m at er n ity .

A n c i e n t au th o riti e s e m p h as i se d thi s m os t p r om i n e n t
o f all s eco n d ary s e xu a l di s ti n c ti o ns by s ayi n g th at

whil e i n both m e n and wo m e n t he tru n k re p re s e n t s

a n o vo id fi g u re co m p a rabl e t o a n e g g w ith a l a rg e
, ,

e n d an d a s m all e n d i n m e n t he l a rg e e n d i s a b o v e
, ,

i n w o m e n it i s b e l o w Th at i s t o say th at i n m e n
.
,

t he di am e t er of t he s h ou ld e rs i s g re at e r th an th at o f
t he hi p s l n w o m e n t he di a m e t e r O f t he hip s g r eat e r
,

th an th at o f t he s h ou lde rs Thi s s t at e m e n t a s.
,

M athi a s D u v al an d o th e r s h ave s h o w n is ex ,

agg e r at e d The c o rre c t fo r mu l a wo u ld b e e xp re s s e d

.

by sayi ng th at whil e i n b oth m e n an d w o m e n t he

tru n k i s an o vo id with t he l arg e e n d u pp e r m os t i n ,

m e n t he di ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n t he u pp e r an d l o we r e n d s
i s c o n s id e r abl e i n w o m e n it i s s li g ht 1 Th u s as D r
,
.
, .

Sa rg e n t s h o ws for A m e ri can s b e t we e n t he ag e s O f 17
a n d 2 0 t he wo m an s hi p s th ou g h r e l ativ e ly 4 i n c h es
’
, ,

l arg e r are ab s ol u t e l y s m all e r th an m an s ; at t he age

,
’

o f 2 0 g irth O f hi p i s i n ac t u al m e as u r e m e n t s
,
-i n c h

s m all e r I n wo m e n th a n i n m e n b u t if we t a k e m e n ,

an d w o m e n o f t he s a m e h e i g ht t he g irth i s as m u c h

as 6 i n c h es l arg e r i n wo m e n th an i n m e n The g irth .

o f thi g h r e m ai n s t he o n ly e xt e r n a l m e asu r e m e n t th at

i s ab s o l u t e ly an d a l m os t con s t antly g r eat e r i n wo m en

D uv al , d A n atom ze A r t i st zg u e, p
’
1 M . P r efers . 12 5 .
 TH E P E L VI s .
57

th an i n m e n alth o u g h i t s s iz e l arg e ly de pe n ds u p on
,

t he r e l ativ e ly g re at s iz e O f t he p e lvi s .

The p e lvi s— t he b on y g irdl e _ O f t he l ow e r pa rt O f

t he b o dy— ac t s u n d e r v e ry diffe r e n t c o n diti o n s i n
m e n fr o m th os e fo u n d i n q u adru pe d s I n an i m al s .

it fo r m s an arc h whi c h s u pp ort s t he p os t e ri or h alf o f

t he b o dy w hil e at ri g ht a n g l e s t o i t s w e i g ht -b e a ri n g
,

a xi s t he a r c h i s l e ft fr e e t o fo r m t he g at e by w hi c h

O ffs p ri n g e n t e r t h e w o rld I n m an it n o t o n ly su p
.

p o rt s t he w e i g ht O i t he w h o l e o f t he tr u nk b u t t he ,

w e i g ht fall s i n a l m os t t he s am e li ne as t he axi s O f t he
e xit fr o m t he b o dy The a d ap t ati o n o f t he p e lvi s
.

t o t he e r e c t p o s iti o n b e co m es th e n a v e ry d e li cat e
a dj u s t m e n t O f p hy s i c al fo r ces an d a s thi s adj u s t m e n t
,

m u s t b e c a rri e d t o i t s hi g h e s t p o i n t i n wo m e n t he ,

p e lvi s o f wo m e n i s i n m an y r esp ec t s m o r e hi g hly

d e ve l op e d th an th at of m e n whi ch re t ai n s m o r e ,

an i m a l -lik e C h a r ac t e r s .

The p e lvi s co n s i s t s a b o ve o f t he hip -b o n es o r ili a

, , ,

w hi c h are i n M an bro a dly s p re a d o u t a n d e x cav at e d ;

b e hi n d o f th at fu se d p o rti on o f t he sp i n al co l u m n
,

w hi c h i s c a ll e d t he sac r u m a n d w hi c h t e r m i n at es ,

b e l o w i n t he r u di m e n t ary c au d al v e rt e br ae c a ll e d t he
cocc yx ; i n fr o n t o f t he t wo p u bi c b o n e s w hi c h m e e t
,

t o fo r m a n a ng l e o f v aryi ng d e g ree ; an d u n d e r n eath ,

o f t he t w o i sc hi al b o n e s w hi c h s u pp o rt t he we i g ht

o f t he b o dy i n t he s itti n g p o s t u re All th e se fo u r .

g r o u p s o f b o n es w hi ch co n s tit u t e t he p elvi s are

di ffe re n tly arra ng e d i n m an an d i n w o m an an d t he ,

di ffe re n ces are n u m e r ou s an d w e ll -m ar k e d l Th e y .

may h o w e ve r for t he m o s t p art b e eas ily e x p r esse d

, ,

by s ayi n g th at w hil e i n m an the p e lvi s i s l o ng ,

1
Th e y h ave bee n s t udi ed i n de t ai l b y n u m e ro us ana to mis ts The .

C l as s i c w o r k o f R Ve r n eau L e B a sszn da ns le: Sex es et da m [es R acer

'

.
, ,

P ari s 18 7 5 m ay s t i ll b e co ns u lte d
, ,
The F re nch anat o mi st Sap pey
. , ,

a l s o g i v e s a c l ear s umm ary o f th e se x u al d i ffe re nces Se e al s o G a rso n .

,

P e l vi m e t r
”
y j ou r n a l A n a l a n d P hy s
,
. 188 1 F o r d iffere nce s i n t he
, .

p e lv i s a nd h i ps i n t h e wo m e n o f v a ri o u s aces see t he i ll us t ra t e d
r ,

c h a pt e r i n P l o ss a n d M a x Bar t e l s D as We zh Bd i D as we i b l i ch e
'

. .
, , ,

Bec k e n i n an th rop o l og i sc h es Bezi e h ung ; al so E M a rr i

”
Sulla fo rma .
,
”
d e i Baci n i i n R azze d iv e rse
’
A r c/zi t) pe l A n tr op 189 2 F as c 1
r
.
,
. .
, ,
58 M AN AN D W O M AN .

na rrow an d s tro ng ly bu ilt in w o m an it i s broad

, , ,

re l ative ly s h all ow an d d e li ca t e ly m ade It i s as

,
.

th ou g h t he com par ative ly p ri m itiv e and ap e -hk e

.

e lvi o f m n h d b n r ess ed o ut wa rd by fo r ce s
p s a a e e p
a c ti ng d ow n ward fr o m w ithi n w ith t he o bj e c t o f ,

e n larg i ng t he d oor o f life fo r t he u n b o r n c hild As .

u su ally e x p l a i n e d by o b s t e tri cal w rit e r s t he l arg e r ,

p e lvi s O f w o m e n i s a c t u a lly d u e t o s u c h a fo r c e
e x e rt e d by t he se x u a l o rg a ns w hi c h i n w o m e n ar e

co n t a i n e d w ithi n t he p e lvi s A seco n d ary an d .

acc id e n t a l r es u lt o f t he broad e n i ng an d o pe n i ng o u t

o f t he p e lvi s i n w o m e n li es i n t he i nc r e ase d s iz e

o f t he thi g h an d t he g re at e r di st anc e b e t we e n t he

o ri g i n s o f t he thi g h -b o nes w hi c h fo r m su c h co n ,

s pi c u o u s c h ar ac t e ri sti c s of t he fe m al e fo r m .

The d is t ance b e t we en the i l iac c re s t s o f the hi p-b ones i n

wo me n , al th o ug h t o t he e ye it ap p ears ab s o l u t e ly g rea t e r th a n
r
in m e n, i s , as we h a v e se e n, o n ly e l at i v e l y g eat e b u t ab so l u t e l y r r
r r
s mall e ; t he b e adth o f t he u p pe o pe n in g o f t he p e lv is i s, h o w r
r
e v e , b o th r
e l at i v e ly an d ab s o l ut e ly g eat e in wo m e n , b o th i n r r
t he hig he r a nd l o we h uman aces r r
Se g i has t ake n a dv an t a g e
. r
of t he fac t t o d e v i s e an i l i o -p e lv i c in d e x , fo m e d by m u lt ip ly ing r
r r r
t he t a n s v e s e d iam e t e o ft he p e lv i s b im by 100 , and d i v i d i ng by r
t he d i s t an ce b e t we e n t he i l ia c c es t s r
Th i s g iv e s , o n t h e b as i s .

o f V e r n e a u
’
s d a t a, fo r E u o p e an m e n an i n d e x ofr and fo r
w o me n r
By me as u ing p e lv e s f o m all p a t s o f t he wo ld , r r r
r
Se g i has fo un d th a t th e i l io -p el v i c i n d e x i s al m o s t i n v a ia bly r
r r
g ea t e i n wo m e n th an in m e n , d i ffe e nce s i n ace ap p e a ing to
“
r r r
r r
p o d uce v e y l i ttl e c h an g e in th is in d e x ( Se g i, L ln d ice l l io
’
r
P e lv i co, ” L a Clzn zea Os tetr zea , F asc iii ,
' ’ '

. .

Se xual diffe rences i n t he pe lvi s b ec om e m arke d ,

acco rdi n g t o F e hli ng as soo n a s t he b o ne s b e i n

g ,

t o o s s i fy o r i n t he fo u rth m o n th
1
F e hli ng s c o n
’
.
,

c lu s io n s h ave b ee n co n fo r m e d by P r o fess o r Arth u r

Th o m so n O f O xfo rd w ho fi n ds s u c h diffe r e nce s d i s ,

cer n ib le fr o m t he third m o n th I n a ve ry d e t a il e d .

a n d fu lly ill u s tr a t e d p ape r o n thi s s u bj e c t he g iv e s

p h ot o g r ap h s s h o wi n g th at t he p u bi c an g l e i s fr o m
1
D i e F m d s Be k e ns bei m F tus und N e ug eborenen
or e c A hi e o , rc

Bd 187 6
f
. . x. , .
 TH E P E L VI S .
59

t he fo u rth m onth onward s p e r ce p tibly l a rg e r throu g h

ou t i n t he fe m al e a n d c o n c l u d e s th a t
“
, d u ri n g foe t a l
life t he e sse nti ally s e x u al c h ar ac t e r s are as w e ll d e fi n e d
as th e y a re i n a d u lt fo r m s a n d th at a n
y di ffe r e n c es ,

th at oc cu r d u ri n g g r ow th b e t w e e n t he ad u lt an d
foe t al fo r m s du e it m ay b e t o t he i nfl u e n ce O f
, , ,

p re s su re or m u s c u l ar tr ac ti o n affec t b o th s e x es a lik e , ,

an d th a t s u c h i n fl u e n c e s a re i n n o wa
y a ccou n t abl e ,

as has b e e n m ai nt a i ne d fo r t he C h a rac t e ri s ti c fe a t u r e s
,

O f t he
p e lvi s o f t he fe m al e a s co n tr as t e d w ith t he
” 1
m al e A t birth R o m iti fo u n d se x u a l diffe r e n ce s
.
. ,

di s ti n c t m o re e sp ec i ally as re gards g reat e r bre adth

,

o f t he s u b pu bi c a r c h l ess h e i g ht of pe lvi s an d l e ss
, ,

s tr ai g ht ili a i n t he fe m al e
2
J ii rg en s who st u di e d .
,

t he p e lv e s o f 2 5 b o y s an d 2 5 g irl s u n d e r the ag e o f
fi v e fo u n d th at th o s e o f t he girl s we r e m a rk e dly
,

l arg e r e s pe c i ally i n t he transv e r se di am e t e r 3 W hil e

, .

s e x u a l di ffere n ce s thu s ap p e ar at t he e arli e s t ag e ,

t he i n fa n til e p e lvi s i n i t s g e n e r al as pe c t s i s l o n g ,

n arr o w a n d s tr ai g ht
, th u s ap p ro xi m ati ng t o t he
,

p e lvi s o f t he hi g h e r a pe s an d the l ower h u m a n r ac e s ,

s u c h a s Ka ffi r s A u str ali ans and A n dam anese ; i n

, ,

E u r op e a n c hild re n a l s o as L itz m a nn has s h o wn , ,

t he tr an s v e rs e di a m e t e r o f t he p e lvi c bri m c l ose ly

app r o xi m at e s t o t he a n t e r o -p o st e ri o r di am e t er a ,

c h a r ac t e ri s ti c o f t he l owe r race s whil e i n adu lt ,

E u r op e an s t he tr an sv e rs e di am e t e r m u c h e x ce e d s
t he a n t ero -p os t e ri o r an d i n wo m e n m o r e th an i n
,

I n n e arly all re s pe c t s t he adu lt w o m an s

’
m en .

p e lvi s is i n m o re m a rk e d c o n tr as t t o t he i n fan t s th an
’

i s t he a d u lt m an s ; all t he l o we r p a rt s are op e n e d o u t
’

i n s t ead o f c o m p r e s se d t he i sc hi a l sp i n e s e sp e c i al ly
,

be i n g W ide ly s e p a r at e d I f we co m pare t he bre adth .

o f t he p e lvi s t o i t s l e ng th as T o p i n ard has d o n e o n ,

A r thur Th o mson, The Se x ual D ifferences o f the F oet al P e lvi s ,

“
‘

fou2 r A n at a nd P hy s , A p 189 9
. . . . .

G R o m i ti , A tt z rte /1a Soc Tos an z Sci N at , v ol v i i i , 189 2

'
' ’
.
c a a . . . . . .

3 r r
B ei t ag e zu r n o mal e n und path o l o g isch en A nato mi e d es mensch
'

l i ch e n Beck e ns, " R udolf Vzr chow F est schr ift , 189 1
’

.
60 M AN A N D W O M AN .

a l arge scal e to asc e rt a i n t he p e lvi c i n dex, we fi nd

th at W i th v ert ebrat e e vo l u ti on from the l owe r an im al s

to E u rop e an m a n t he p e lvi s has c o ns t an tly b ee n

b ecom i ng broad e r i n r e l ati on t o it s l en gth , and th at
In wo m en t he p e lvi s i s al way s br oad er i n r el ati o n
 TH E P E L VIs . 61

th an i n me n
t o i t s le n g th As we ri se i n t he h u m an
.

“
se ri e s
,
Top i n ard conc l u de s t he p e lvi s enl arg e s and
, ,

c ons e q u e ntly t he su p r e m e ly b eau ti fu l p e lvi s i s an

A ve rage A ndam anese F emal e P e lv is (adapt ed from Garson) .

A ve rage E rope
u an F emal e P e lvi s (adapt e d from C arson)
.

a mpl e p e lvi s The G r ee k s by narrowi n g t he p elvi s

. ,

i n th e i r s cu lpt u re not o n ly d e pri ve d wo m an o f o ne

,

o f he r m os t d e se rv e d c h ar c t r t
a e i s i cs but m a de her ,
62 M AN A N D W O M AN .

”1
b esti al . By t he breadth o f he r sacru m al so ,

wom an s h ows a hi g h e r d e g re e o f e vo l u ti on th an man .

The sac ru m i n ap es an d i n t he l ower h u m an races

i s l o ng s trai g ht and n arro w i n h ar m ony w ith t he
, , ,

re st of the pe lvi s ; t he s ac ra l i ndex w hic h e xpresses

t he d e gre e of breadth o f t he sac r um s hows a pro
g ressive ri se fro m H o tt e n to t s t o Eu rop eans w hi c h
cu lmi nat es i n E u r op ean
An e xt e rnal i n di c ati o n of t he s iz e o f t he p elvi s m ay
p roba bly b e fo u nd a s Stratz has l at e ly p o i nte d ou t
, ,

i n t he l oz e ng e -s h ap e d sp ac e o n t he su r face o f t he
sac ru m w hi c h has bee n c a ll e d a ft e r M i c h ae li s Thi s .

s p ace i s fo r m e d l at e r a lly by t wo di m pl es co rr es p o n d

i ng t o t he s up e ri o r p os t e ri o r ili ac sp i ne s a b ove by ,

anoth e r di m p l e u su ally s itu at e d at t he s pi nou s

pr ocess of t he l as t l u m b ar v e rte bra and b e lo w by ,

t he p o i nt at w hi c h t he g l u t e al fi ssure b eg i ns In .

men t he l at e ral di mp l es if fou n d at all are sev e r al , ,

c e n ti m e tr e s nea re r t o eac h o th e r .

St ratz who has fully d i s c us s e d th is re g io n consid e rs th at

, ,

th e s e s acral d impl e s are s e cond ary s e xu al c h arac t e rs scarce ly

i nferior t o the b re as t s i n i m port an c e Th i s can s carce ly b e .

ad mi tt e d th oug h on t h e o th e r h and Bruc ke and W ald e ye r

, , ,

h av e g one t oo far i n d e n yi ng th a t th e y ar e a s e x ual d is t in ct ion

at all . In all yo u th ful and we ll -n o u i s h e d wo men th e se d impl e s r
r
ar e l a g e and d e e p, a nd th e e n c l os ing s p ace we ll d e fi ne d and
‘

i ncl ine d to the h o izo n r

a io u s an c ie n t a uth o s
. efe V rwi t h r r r
r
s pe ci al ad mi at ion t o th es e d im p l e s , as a fe a t u e of fe mi n ine r
r
b eauty , compa ing th e m to the d i mp l e s o f t he face In men .

r
th e y are muc h l e s s ma ke d , and, a cco d in g to St atz, onl y occu r r r
r
i n f om 18 to 2 5 p er ce n t cases ( C H St a t z, A r c/1171 f A n t/L ,
. . . r °

. . r
Bd 2 7 , 19 00, p 12 2 ; G F i t s c h , ZA fi E lla, 189 8, h e ft 2 , p 142 ;
.
.

P l oss , D ar W ezb, 19 0 1, p p 18 1-18 8 ; n ume o us i ll us t a t io ns are r r

'

g i v en) .

W e may g ai n a som ewh at d eep e r i ns ight i n t o t he

probl ems th at are g roup e d a rou n d t he p elvi s if we
1
Topi nard A nt/ Gén pp 1049 -5 0
, z. .
,
. .

g radual ev ol u t i n f the f m l pe lvi s nd i ts d e parture fro m

2 The o o e a e a

the mal e ty pe i s we ll s h own by D G a s n s c e fully prepared

'
r. r o ar
d iagrams of the ty pi c l A nd am nese nd Eur p n pe lves ( See
a a a o ea .

accomp nyi nga fig ures ) Th ey c ns t u t ed

. f om the av era e
g
are o r c r
di mensions of r3 A nd m nese nd 14 Europ n fe mal e pelves
a a a ea .
64 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he a ri st ocrat i s m o re e r ec t th an the p l ebe i an I n .

thi s r es pe ct wom e n app e ar t o be ne are r t o t he

i n fan til e c onditio n th a n m e n It has b ee n .

ob se rv e d am on g t he n a tiv e s o f C e yl o n r e m arks ,

D e lau n ay th at t he wo m e n ar e m o re cu rve d fo rwa rd s

,

th an t he m e n In ou r E u ro pean soc i e ti es it i s e as y
.

to see th at w o m e n g e n e ra lly d o n ot h o ld th e m se lve s

qu it e u p ri g ht and walk w ith t he b o dy and h e ad b e n t
”
fo r wa rd The carri age o f t he hu m an fe m al e t o a ny
.

c a re fu l o b s e rve r has (e x c e p t d u ri ng p re g n an c y ) a
s i nuo u s c h ar ac t e r an d a fo r wa rd t e n dril -lik e m o v e

m e nt w hi c h i s fu ll o f c h ar m a nd c o ntrast s w ith t he ,

m o re p rou d and ri g i d al m os t c o nve x c arri ag e o f , ,

t he h u m an m al e The hea d t e n d s to fall forwa rd

.
,

a n d th at thi s t e n d e n c y i s n o t d u e t o trai n i n g see m s

t o b e s h own by t he fa c t th a t it has an an a t o m i c al
b as i s a s was p oi n t e d ou t by C l e l an d F rom c hild
, .

h oo d o n wards the sku ll i s s l owly tilt e d m o re an d

m o re b ac kwards i n o rder t o thr ow m ore an d m o r e
“
o f t he we ight b e hi n d The fem al e s ku ll .
”
C l e l an d ,

r e m ark s “ i s mu c h l e s s tilt e d bac k th an t he m a l e

, ,

b e i ng i n thi s as i n v ari ou s o th e r r esp e c t s m o r e

, ,

c hild lik e th an t he m al e s k u ll
-
” 1
W hil e t he h e ad is .

m o r e tilt e d fo r ward i n wo m e n t he p e lvi s i s a ls o m o r e ,

tilt e d Thi s is du e t o partial arres t of an i n fan tile

.

c h a r ac t e r The ang l e fo rm e d by t he su pe r i or p l an e
.

o f t he p e lvi s w ith t he h o riz on wh e n s t a n di n g i s

ab o u t — 80 in t he i n fan t 5 0 —5 5 i n m e n 5
° ° ° °

5
h
, ,

6 0 i n w ome n ( P apillau lt s m e th o d of m eas u r e

° ’
.

m e n t g ives a w id er ang l e b u t a s i m il arly l ar g e se xual ,

diffe r e nce ) Thi s i n cli n ation— w hi c h t en ds t o efface

.

the m o n s V e ne ri s b e t we e n t he thi g h s and t o g iv e a n

a bd o m i n al c u rve o ft e n a dop t e d by arti s t s— b e tt e r s u
p
p o rt s t he pe lvi c c ont e n t s I n an i m al s i t appe a r s th e re
.

i s a l so a se xu al di ffe r e n ce ; thu s i n t he h o r se t he ang l e

i s said t o be i n t he m a re Th e re i s so me
re aso n t o su pp ose th at w h e n t he angl e i n w o m e n
1
C l el nd “ The V ri t ions of the H uman Sk ull ” P l l r p/z l
' '

a ,
a a , uo o zca

Tr am .
f R oy
o . Soc ,
. 187 0.
 TH E P E L VI S 65
‘

is v e ry littl e i n c li n e d (fro m 2 4 t o th e re i s a
”

t e n de ncy t o u t e ri ne p ro l apse The r aci al diffe re nc es .

ar e c o n s id e rabl e ; th u s i n M e xi can wo m e n wh o s e ,

p e lvi s i s i n m any r e s p ec t s r e m ark able t he ave r ag e ,

i n c li nati on i s fr om 6 1 t o °

In h arm on y with th is t he anus a ppe a s t o r

b e rat he r far the r
bac k a nd nearer t o the co cc yx in wo men th an in me n ; in t he
a p e s ( an d al s o t o some e xt e n t i n t h e c h i ld ) th ere i s a l o n g
d is t an ce b e t wee n the t ip o f t he c occ yx and the anus ( C unning
ha m) . In ce r t ai n A frican race s , e v e n ( ac cord i ng to D elaun ay )
a m o n g t he M oors, t he v ag i n a i s o ft e n s o far d ire c t e d b ac k ward s
a s t o re n d e r n e ce s s ary t he q uad rupe d al me th o d o f coi t us The .

o ld e r an th ro po l og is t s u s e d t o j u d g e o f t he i nc l i nat i on of t he

p e lv is by the d irec t ion o f t he uri na ry s t re am i n t he fe mal e A .

s t re a m d ire c t e d b ack ward s i s an an i ma l - l ike ch arac t e r rare ly

fo un d , e v e n in the l o we r race s ; a fo rwar d d ire c t ion o f t he
s t re am in d i cat es th at the d i s t in c t i v e ly h uman uprig h t pos i t i o n
h as re ach e d a h ig h d e gre e o f at t ain m e n t .

A n anat o m i cal e x pl an at i o n has s o m e t imes b een g iv en (zi e , .

by W e rn ich in the cas e o f J apan e se women) for t he pri mi t iv e

a t t i t ud e o f wo me n d uri ng u ri n a t i o n Th is at t it ud e , it may b e
.

n e ce s sary to re mark, i s for b o th s e x es t he oppos it e of t he

c iv il is e d ; t he me n s q ua t , t he wo m e n s t an d Th is was t he.

c u s t o m e v e n i n an c ie n t E g y p t ( accord i ng to H e rod o t u s ) ; i t wa s

a l s o t he c us t o m i n a nc ie n t I re l an d (a cc or d ing t o Gi rald us C am

b re ns i s ) . It i s t o -d ay, or was un t i l l a t e ly, t he c us t om in l arg e

p a r t o f A us t ra l ia ( t h e 7m k a -o p e ra t i o n h e re mak es t he s i tt in g
'

p o s t ure m o re c on v e n ie n t fo r m e n, b ut i t wou ld b e h azard o u s t o

s u gg e s t th at t h i s o pe rat ion was e v e r un i v e rsa l ), i n N e w Z e al an d ,
th ro u g h ou t N orth A me ri ca — am ong the A pac h es , in C ol orad o,
i n N icarag ua — and i n A ng o l a and s o me o th e r par t s of A fri ca .

( S o m e o f t h e e v i d e n ce i s g i v e n i n C ap t ai n J G B o urk e
’
s . .

S ca ta lq ezc R i tes of a ll N a ti ons , 189 1, pp 148 To s i t on

'
‘

t he h ee l s is fo r m al e s the o r th o d o x M oh amme d an c us t om .

Th e re i s no re as on t o s u ppo s e t hat an a t omical cons i d e rat io n s

co m e i n h e re t o an y m ark e d e xt e n t ; i t i s p artly a ps y c h o l o g i ca l

p ar tly a ri t ual m a tt er, p ar tly a q ue s t i on o f c l o th ing In t h e .

ca s e of J apan e s e wome n , P ro fe ss or W A n d erson wro t e t o m e , .

th e re i s no re as on abl e g ro und for s upp os ing any anat om ic a l

p e c u l iari t i e s, and he po in t e d o ut th a t t he t ig h t s k ir t s o f t h e

Sap ey ; l
a so . r
H M eye , “ D i e Be ck e nn e igung , A r c/1521] : A n a t ,
”
.

e tc ,
. 1 6 1, p 1 37 ; F e
. lse nr e i ch , Be ck e nne i n
g g,
u

Wod m u c/l nft , 189 3 ; D e Y t a, “ L e P e lvi s M e x icai n, A l l i dell x i .

C ong r esso M ea’zco ( R o me , v ol v p 137 L H o mme

’
P api llault,
'

. . .

”
r
M oye n aP a s, B u ll Soc J A M /i , 19 02
i . . . .
66 M A N AN D W O M AN .

wo men mak e i t d iffi cu l t t o ai s e th e m r

M r Tr e g e ar, o n e o f . .

r
t h e c h i e f a u th o i t i e s o n t he M ao is , an d Se c e t a y o f t he r r r
r
P o ly n e s i an Soc ie ty, w i t e s t o m e t ha t at t he p e se n t d ay i t i s r
r r
i nv a iably t he ul e fo r b o th se x e s amo ng s t the M ao i s t o s q uat , r
b ut th a t i n o ld t i m e s t he wo m e n s t oo d , an d he m ak e s t he
r r
i m p o t an t o b se va t io n th at t he g i dl e o r m at o f m os t p i m i t i v e r r
r ace s make s it e as y ( b ea i n g i n m in d t he s e x ual d if r fe e nce i n r
r
t he p o s i t i o n o f t he o g an s ) fo r t he wo me n , d iffi c ul t for t h e me n,
'

r
t o u in at e i n t he s tan d in g p o s i t io n wi th ou t e x pos u e r .

r
A mong m os t u n ci v i l is e d ace s , it i s a ma tt e o f e l ig i ou s i t ua l r r r
r
t o a v o i d e x po s u e o f t he s e x ua l o g an s ; t he co n s i d e a t io n s o f r r .

hyg i e ne wh ic h the m e n amon g the M ao is and o th e ace s b ing r rr r

r r r r
fo wa d t o e x pl ai n th e i p ac t i ce o f s q uatt i ng i s m e e ly an aft e r r
r r
th o ug h t ; the p im a y cons id e a t i o n i s o f a i t ual c h a ac t e r r r r .

r
The s am e co ns i d e at i on s t i ll p e v ai l e d wh e n m e n (on ac co un t o f r
r
t he d e v e l opm e n t o f th e i g a m e n t s , o r fo r wh at e v e r
e as o n) g av e rr
up t he s q ua tt ing p o s i t i on ; an d H e s i o d e co mm e n d s m e n t o r
r r
u in a t e b e fo e an o bj e c t s t an d ing fu ll b e fo e th e m , s o th a t n o r
d i v ini ty may b e offe n d e d by th e i n ak e d n e s s ( W or k s an d r .

D ay s , 1 7 2 7 et s eq,
. s o al so P yth ag o as , L aer t I II i r . V . .

Th is h ab i t has b ecom e i ng ai n e d i n c i v il is e d m e n u n t o the r

r
p e s e n t d ay, a lth oug h th e y h av e l ong c e as e d t o co ns i d e ho w r
t he g o d s v i e w t he m att e r .

r
I t i s c u io us th at as m e n b e g an t o d e v e l op th i s h ab i t wo m e n
r r r
s ee m n e a ly e v e y wh e e t o h av e ad op t e d t h e c u s t o m d i s c a d e d r
r
by the m e n P e h ap s i t was fo s t e e d by the g e n e al con t —a" i
. r r r r
n e ss o f m e n a d w
n ’ g m e n, wh i c h e v e y wh e e m ak e s m e n u n wil n g
/
r r
t o ad o p t wo me n s way s an d wo me n un will i ng t o a d o p t m e n s ;
’

r
for i t i s o n ly wi th in co m pa at iv e ly e ce n t t i me s th a t t he d e v e l o p r
men t o f w o m e n
’
r
s g a me n t s has o ffe e d m uc h o b s t ac l e t o t he r
r
p i mi t i v e c u s t o m In a n y cas e th e e are n o w b ut fe w c o u n t i e s
. r r
r
wh e e t he h ab i t i s fo r b o th se x e s t he s am e , and th e s e co un t ie s r
s e e m t o b e i n a t an s i t i o n s t a t e r In m o s t c o unt ie s t he h ab i t s
. r
o f t he s e x e s i n th i s m att e r
a re o p pos e d , an d a s a g e n e al ule r r
al so t h e
p r r
ac t i c e o f t he m o e c i v i l i s e d c o un t ie s i s the e ve s e o f r r r
r
t he p i m i t i v e p ac t ice r So far as I am awa e , t he e v o l u t i o n o f
. r
r
th e se c us t o ms has n e v e b e e n d is cus se d , b ut th e y are as i1i
r
s t uc t i v e an d as wi d e r
e ach i n g ( al so as co m p l ic a t e d ) a s m an y
r r
m o e d ig ni fi e d p o bl e m s 1n the o i g in of c i v i l i s at ion r .

The i n c li n atio n o f t he p e lvi sl t d t o th o u g h it 15 re a e ,

i s not id e n ti c a l w ith t he s addl e b ac k or l u m b o s ac r al,

c u rve whi c h i n i t s e x ag g e rat e d p ath ol o g i c al fo r m i s

c all e d l o rd os i s Thi s 15 on ly sli g htly m ark e d i n t he

.

ap e an d d oes n ot e xi s t i n t he h u m an e m bry o
, It i s .

o n e o f t he s u p e ri o r q u aliti es o f Afri can r ac e s an d ,

 TH E P E L VI S .

a ppears t o be i n c r ease d by
t he m u scu l ar a c ti o n o f t he
bac k as i n rowi ng u p ri g ht
,

and i n c arryi n g c hildr e n o n

t he hip s It I S a l w a y s m o r e
.

p ronounce d i n wo m en t h an
i n me n as D u c h e nne fir s t
,

s h owe d 1 an d i s e sp e c i ally
,

we ll m arke d i n Span i s h an d
C reo l e wo m e n con s t i t u ti n g ,

t he m ai n an afo m i c al b as i s
to th e ir b eau ty o f car ri ag e 2 .

C u n n i n g h a m s lum b o
’

v ert e bral i n de x s h ow s t he
t en d en cy t o cu rvat u r e ; a
high i n de x i n di c at e s
th ou gh n ot i nva ri ably — a
low cu rve and a low i n d e x
,

a high d e gr ee of cu rv at u r e .

In t he c himp a n z ee t he
i nd ex i s 1 17 i n t he Au s ,

t rali an 108 i n t he m al e
,

A ndaman 106 i n th e fe m a l e
'

A n dam an 105 i n n eg roe s m mb , ar

105 , i n Europ ea n s 9 6 , i n
(2 1) I ri s h m al es i n (2 2 )
I ri s h fe m al es (A n
i n de x b el o w 100 m ean s th at
t he a n t e ri o r m e asu r e m e n t s
of t he l u m b ar v e rt e bra
e x cee d t he p o s t e ri o r ) So .

th at cu rvatu re i nc re ases o n
t he wh o l e a s we asce n d t he
scal e and t e n d s t o b e g r e at e r
,

i n wo m e n A m o n g N o rth
.

P fizszologze [fl ou r/em

‘

dos u l s,

1867 , pp 7 2 6-7 34
A rt “ Ense ll u e ,
. r c t . dos scz.

A u thr op
 68 M AN AN D W O M AN .

A meri can Indi ans who h ave a m e di um l u m bar i n de x

, ,

D or se y has fou n d th a t t he se xu al di ffe r e n ce i s m ark e d

and c on st an t 1 L u sc hka B al an di n C har py R av e ne l
.
, , , ,

all con sid er th at t he l u m b a r c u rv e i s m os t m a rk e d i n

wom en C harpy p o i n ts ou t th at the deg ree o f t he
.

cu rve i s i n p ro p o rti o n t o t he i n c li n ati o n o f t he

sac r u m and thi s i s c o n fir m e d by P ap illau lt
, who ,

p o i nt s o ut th at t he p ro m i n e n c e o f t he b u tt o c k s i n
re lation with thi s sac ral o bliqu ity i s an i nde x of
,

func ti onal u t i lity As sac ral o bliqu ity m ay b e due

.

e ith er t o an acu t e sac ro -ve rt e bra l an g l e o r t o a

pronou nce d l u m b a r c u r ve P apillau lt re m arks th at ,

we h ave t wo diffe r e nt typ e s w hi c h m ay p ossibly b e

o f r ac i al s i g n ifi can ce .

I n assoc i ati o n w ith thi s g re at e r c u rv at u re we fi nd ,

if we com p are t he b on y sp i n al co l u m n o f man with

th at Of wom an that t he c hi e f diffe rence i s t he
,

r el ative ly g r eat e r l e n g th O f t he l u m bar reg i on i n

wom an I n wo m an al so t he c u rve see m s t o b egi n
.

hi g h e r and t o att ai n it s s u m m it at a hig h er p o i nt .

Thi s i s a ch aract e r whi c h i n asso c i ati on with t he

great er r e l ative s ize o f t he abdo m e n fit s wom an for
he r m at e r na l fun cti o n W hil e i n w o m en t he lu m bar .

reg i on constit u t e s p er c e n t o f t he e n tir e co l u m n .

,

i n m e n it cons tit u t e s o nly p e r c e n t 2

; an d o n .
,

t he oth er h an d t he d o r s al sec ti o n o f t he co l u m n i s
,

i n m e n ag a i n s t in w o m e n The l u mb ar .

reg i on of t he co l um n i s th us n ot o nly l onge r i n

wome n th an i n me n bu t it i s m ou lde d o n a differen t ,

pl an be i n g m o re a rc h e d an d t he ve rt e brae
,

m ou lde d m ore dis ti nc tly i n adap t ati on t o thi s arc h

1
G A D orsey
. . Th L mbar C v e i n s me A merican R aces
, e u ur o
,
Bull E ssex I nst , vol 2 7 , 189 5 , Sale m, M ass
. . .

5
These are the figure s gi ve n by P o fessor D J : C unningh am, who r .

has v ery carefully stud ie d t he re l ati o ns o f the s pi na l co l umn i n the

C u nn i ng /1am M emoi r s of t he R oyal I ri s h A cade my , N o 2 , 1886, and .

r
i n The L u mba Sec ti on o f the Ve te b al C o l u mn , j ou r n al of A nal
”
r r .

a nd P hy s , O ct
. 18 88
. G A D o sey , who has s t ud i ed t he l umba
. . r r
r
i nd e x in A me i can I ndxan s ( B u ll E ssex I n szt , Sal e m, M ass , vol
.
. .

r
finds i t an i mpo tant sex ual dist inct io n, as we ll as a t est of acial r
r
supe iori ty .
 TH E P E L VI S . 69

All th ese di s ti n c tions C u n n i ng h am b e li eves m ay

, ,

b e ac c ou nt e d for by t he di ffe r e nt h a bit s p u r su e d by

t he t wo s e x es Th e re i s n o p art o f t he v e rt e bra l
.

c o l u m n whi c h i s m o re r e adily m o u ld e d by t he fu n c

ti o ns th at t he s pi ne has t o p e rfo rm b ecau se it i s ,

th at secti on o f t he col u m n w hi c h wo rk s u nd e r t he
”
g r ea t es t d e gree of su p e ri n cu m b e n t pr es su r e .

So ularue , by the me th o d m e as uri ng the an t erior face o f

Of
e ac h v e rt e b ra s e parat e ly , fo un d t he s ame re l at i v e ly g reat e r l e ng th
o f t he l u mb ar v er t e b rae a nd a s ce rt ai n e d th at i t a pl ie d al s o t o
p
t he l o we r d ors al v e r t e bra The d iffe re nce was al mos t e q ua lly
.

g re a t in E uro peans, M o ng ol s , A me ri can Ind ians, and N e g ro e s .

So ular ue found th at the s ac rum i s v e ry s l ig h tly l arg e r and a l s o

m o re c urv e d i n men ; i n M o ng o l a nd A me rican Ind ian wome n ,

h owe v e r, i t was re l at i v e l y l arg e r i n wo m en 1 .

R o s e n be rg ( M orpholo g y /res j a /zr bu clz, 18 7 6) from his re

s e arc h e s i n t o the d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s pinal c ol umn has co me
t o t he c onc l us io n th at it i s sh or t e n i ng i n M an The ance s t ral .

fo rm , he con si d e rs, had 2 5 m o v abl e v er t e bra e an t e rio r t o t he

s ac r um ; n ow th e re are 2 4 ; in t h e fu t ure th e re wi ll b e o nl y 2 3 .

In th i s conne c t ion he poin t s o ut th at on t he t rans v erse pro ce s s

o f t he fi rs t l umb ar v ert e bra o f t he foet us is foun d the c art ila
g in o u s r ud ime nt o f a r i b wh ic h s ub se q uen tly d i sap pears th ro ug h
i ts fus ion wi th t he t ran s v e rs e proc e s s s ug ge s t i ng th a t t he ,

ance s t ral ty pe was a co n d i t i o n n o w mos t fre q ue n tly fo u n d i n

t he g i bbon 13 ri b s an d 2 5 m o v a bl e v e r t e b rae
,
Th is anc e s t ra l .

ty p e is s ome t ime s fo un d in M a n at the pre se n t day P ro fe s sor .

A m bro s e B irmi ng h am s up p o r t s R o s e n b e rg s v ie w (j ou r n a l
’

A n a l an d P la
.
y s , J u ly W e id e rs he im who al so app ears ,

t o s uppor t R ose n b e rg s v ie w ( D er B a a des M em o/zen

’
,

re mark s th at the s pina l co l um n s wi th the mos t re d uce d numbe r

o f v e rt e b ra al way s o cc ur i n wo me n s o th at wo me n i n th i s
,

re s pe c t woul d b e l ead ing the e v o l u t ionary mov e me nt a s up ,

p os i t io n in h armo n y wi t h t he h ig h e r mo rph ol og ical d e v e l o p m e n t

o f t he p e lv i s in wo me n R o s e n b e rg s v ie w h o we v e r i s n o t
’
.
, ,
“
u n i v e rs a ll y acce t e d ; th u s P rofe s s o r P at e rs on ( The H u m a n
p
Sacrum ”
, P r os R oy Soc 189 2 ) d o e s not acce p t it o n t he
. .
, ,

g ro u n d t hat th e re i s m o re o ft e n e l o n g at io n th a n con tra c t io n

o f t he re g ion a b o v e t he s a c rum ; b u t hi s fac t s and arg um e n t s ,

a s co n t ai ne d i n t he a b s t rac t p ubl is h e d by t he R o y al Soc i e ty ,

d o n o t c l early s uppor t h is o bj e c t io n t o R ose nb e rg s v ie w a nd

’
,

he ad mi t s th at a proces s o f fu s io n i s g o i ng o n at t he caud a l e n d
o f t he c ol umn .

So ularue, “ Et ud e d e s P o po t io ns d e la C ol o nne Ve t éb al e c h e z
1 r r r r
l h omme et ch ez la fe m me , ” B u ll at Ill em Soc
'
.
'

.P a is, 19 00 . r .
70 M AN AN D W OM A N .

The q ues t i o n has s in ce b e e n d i scus se d by P rofe ss or D J . .

C unni ng h am, who d is put es P a t e rs on’s v i e w s an d l e a n s t o ward s

”
R o s e nb e rg’ s ( “ The Sig nifi can ce o fA n at o mi ca l Varia t i o ns, B r i t .

M ed / au x , 10 th Se p t . H e b e l ie v e s th a t t he l u m b o -s acral
re g ion of the s pine , wh i c h i s in a pos i t ion of v e ry k ms t ab le e q u i
li b r i um, m ay e xh i bi t b o th r e t ros pe c t i v e an d pro s pe c t i v e v ari a t i o n s ,
'

an d
po i n t s o ut (a s ag ains t P a t e rs o n ) th a t s t at i s t i cs a l o ne d o n o t s uf
fi ce t o s h ow t he d irec t i on o f t he m o v e m e nt ; a p ro s pe c t i v e o r p ro
phe t i c v aria t io n ca n at fi rs t m ak e l i ttl e way ag ain s t th e s t ro n g
c o u n t e r-c urre n t o f n orma l an d a t av i s t i c t e n d e n c i es , s o th a t a l on g

p e rio d m us t e l ap se b e fore i t wi ns it s way t o a h ig h p l ace o n t h e s ta

t i s t ical t abl e . If we s u pp os e, C unn in g h a m arg u e s , th a t m an an d
t he an th rop oi d ape s h av e d e sce n d e d fro m a g i bb on -l i k e ance s t or
wi th at l e as t 2 6 pra s acr al v e rt e bra , we fi n d th a t m an has 2 5,
the g o ri ll a and t he c h im p an zee 2 4 , an d t he o ran g 2 3 . The
o ran g has th us t ra v e ll e d far th e s t on th is l in e and re ac h e d i t s

g oal , for i t e xh i b i t s co m p arat i v e ly fe w v a ria t i on s . M an and t he

g i bb on are l agg i ng be h ind , th oug h th e y h av e m a d e co n s i d e rabl e
prog re ss a l o ng t he s am e p ath .C unn in g h am a dd s , th oug h n o t
as an arg ume n t h av in g any an at o m i cal v al ue , th a t t he a stheti c
t as t e of m an emph at i cally cond e mns a l ong t runk w i th s h or t
l e gs.

I f w o m an bo dy s e e m s t o b e s om e w h at m o re
’
s
re mi n i sce n t o f t he q u adru p e d al pos t u r e th an m an s ’

s he has e x c e ll e n t re aso n for i t Th e re c an b e littl e

.
,

do u bt th at as D r B ak er s h ows i n bo th s e x e s all
, .
,

s o rt s o f path o l o g i cal a n d u n wh o l e so m e c o n diti o n s

h ave been e nc o u rag e d or p r o duce d by t he ass u m p ti o n

o f t he e r ec t p o s t u r e ; it i s su ffi c i e n t t o m e n ti o n h e r n i a ,

stone , di sease of t he v e rm ifo r m appe n dix o f t he

i nt es ti n e v ari co s e ve i ns e x posu r e of t he g r e at art e ri e s
, ,

t o i nj u ry t o r p idity o f g all -bl add e r g r e at e r c o n s t r i c

, ,

ti o n o f l u n gs and th e re fo re i nability t o su s t a i n
p r o l o n g e d a n d rap id m u sc u l ar e x e rti o n di s o rd e r s o f,

t he liv er fr o m t he di ffi cu lty o f rai s i n g bl oo d thr ou g h

t he asce n di n g vend cam an d t he t e n d e n cy t o s y n co pe
, .

W o me n s h are the se di sabiliti e s w ith m e n b u t i n ,

a dditi o n the y suffe r o th er sp e ci al di s adv an t ages .

The e rec t p o s iti o n has c o m p arative ly s li g ht e ffec t

o n m a n s se x ual o rg an s b e yon d p ro du c i n g a pre
’
,

di sp os iti o n t o s c rot al vari cos ity an d g re at e r e x p osu re

t o i nj u ry ; i t t e nds v e ry se ri ou sly t o affe c t wo m an s
’
.
72 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n c rease d s ize o f t he o u tl e t w hi c h w ill p e r m it t he

birth o f l arge -h e ad e d c hildre n The m os t d e li cat e .

a dj u s t m e n t i s r e q u ir e d t o p re ve n t th e s e dire c tly
1
o p pos it e n e cess iti es fr o m co n fli c ti ng w ith e ac h o th r
e .

I f w e w e r e b o r n thro u g h t he n av e l (a s so m e of
u s s u pp o s e d w h e n w e w e r e c hildr e n ) t he dil e m m a

wou ld n o t e xi s t ; b u t w hil e su c h a m e th o d o f p ar
t u r i t i o n w o u ld b e i n p e rfe c t h a r m o n y w ith t he
bi p e d p o s iti o n I t w ou ld h ave b e e n i m p rac ti cabl e
,

i n t he q u adr u p e d a l p os iti o n O n t he w h o l e as .
,

w e k n o w w hil e t he adj u s t m e n t i s n ot a b so l u t e ly
,

p e rfec t a nd w e su ffe r fr o m t he di s a dvan t ag es o f t he

bi p e d p os iti o n t he de m ands o f t he hi g h e r e v o l u ti on
,

o f t he r a c e h av e c au s e d an d w ill n o d o u bt c o n ti nu e
,

t o c a u se a n i nc re as e d e x p an s i o n a nd d eve l o p m e n t
,

o f t he p e lvi s a m o v e m e n t i n w hi c h w o m e n ar e t he
,

n at u r al l ead e rs B u t t he c hildr e n a l way s t e n d t o b e

.

s om e wh at t oo d e v e l o pe d for t he g at e by w hi c h th e y

e n t e r t he wo rld ; thi s c u n n i ng ly co n triv e d g irdl e o f

bo ne i s a fo rce o n t he s ide o f m e di o c rity s h u t t i n g ,

o u t t he hi g hly d e v e l o p e d fr o m t he c h an ce s o f li fe ,

a lth o u g h it i s a fo r ce whi c h t e n d s t o b eco m e w e a k e r ,

fo r t he s iz e o f t he h ead d e p e n d s o n b o th p a r e n t s an d ,

t he w o m e n w ith s m a ll p e lves t e n d t o p r o d u ce s till

bo rn c hildre n o r we a k c hildr e n u n lik e ly t o s u rvive ,

a n d so it i s n ot e as y fo r th e m t o tra n s m it th e ir s m a ll

p e lv e s .I n t he hi g h e r evo l u ti o n o f t he rac e t he i n
c r ease d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t he h e a d m u s t a l way s b e

a cc o m p an i e d by t he i n c r ease d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t he

pe lvi s .

r
A wo d may p e h ap s b e sai d h e e o nr r a p o in t wh ic h has a

co nn e c t io n wi th th is q ue s t i o n u s ually i g no r ed. r r
M an y w i t e s

1
The d ifficu lty of th i s j t me nt
i s s h o wn by the case s , o cca
ad us

s i onally occ urr i ng , o f co ng e ni t a l d i as t asis o f t he sy mp hys i s p ubi s In .

s uc h cas e s th e r e i s i n cre ase d p e lv i c e l as t i c i ty , and the p e lvi c r i ng t e nd s

t o g ape at t he p ubi s The r e s u lt i s (as i n a c ase re co rd e d by Sch au t a,

.

Cen t r albl fl Cy ndi /a , A ug 18 9 9 ) th a t l abou r i s e asy , qui ck , al mos t

. .

pai nl ess , and wi th o u t b ad re s ult s r

Bu t , on t he o th e h and , add i t i o nal
.

r
ca e and a r t ific ial su ppor t are re qui re d d ur ing p re g nan cy .
 TH E P E L V I S.

r
I th i nk e s pe c ially o f St au s s ( The Old F a i th a n d fl u N ew ) a n d
r r
R e nan ( I n t o d uc t i o n t o t an s l a t io n o f L e C a n /29 m; des C a n lzgu es )
— h av e s oke n i n g l o w ing t e i ms o f a fu t m e of h uma n i ty i n wh i c h
p
s e n s ual i ty , by wh i c h th e y m e an t h e s e x u a l e m o t i o n s , s h all h a v e
r
a l m o s t d i s appe a e d , t o g i v e p l ace t o p u e r r a t i o n al i ty Th e e i s
. r
n o fo un d a t io n w h a t e v e r for an y s uc h s uppo s i t io n .W e d o n ot
r
k no w v e y m u c h of t he s e x u a l e m o t io n s (as d is t in g u i s h e d f o m r
s e x ua l c u s t o m s ) a m o n g t he l o we r r
ace s , b u t w h il e th e i r
s e x ual

r r r r r
p ac t i ce s are o ft e n v e y f e e , th e e i s co n s i d e abl e e v i d e n c e t o
s h o w th a t th e i r r
s e x ual i n s t in c t s a r e n o t v e y in t e n se ( Se e
.

H a v e l o c k E ll i s , St u d i es i n t he P sy cholog of Sex , v ol i ii , . .

r
A pp e n d i x A , in wh i c h i n fo m at io n o n th i s p o i n t i s b o ug h t r
r r
t o g e th e ) It would p o b ably b e foun d th at t he h ig h e ac e s
. r r
r r
th o s e wi th t he l a g e p e lv is ) h av e n e a ly al way s t he r
r
s t o ng e s t s e x ual i mpu l se s A s c i v i l i s a t io n a dv an ce s ab u o r
r r
m ali t ie s b e co me m o e f e q ue n t, t he i nd iv i d ual s a re m ult ipl ie d .

i n w h o m t he s e x ua l i m p u l s e i s w eak o r e v e n no n e x is t e n t B ut .

th e s e , e v e n if h e al th y o r h ig h l y i n t e ll i g e n t in d i v id ual s , a re n o t
t he i rid i v id uals wh o t e n d t o p o p ag a t e t he
r r
ace . The p e s o n s r
r r
b e s t ad ap t e d t o p o pag at e t he ace are th o s e wi th the l a g e r
pe lv e s, a n d as t he p e lv i s is t he s e a t o f t he g e at c e n t e s o f r r
s e x u a l e m o t i o n th e d e v e l o pme n t o f t he p e l v is an d i t s n e v o u s r
a n d v as c u l a r r
s u p p l y i n v o l v e s t he g e a t e r h e ig h t e ning o f t he
s e x u al e m o t io n s . r r
A t t he s ame t i me t he g ea t e ac t i v i ty o f t he
r r r r
c e e b a l c e n t e s e n abl e s th e m t o s ub o d in a t e an d u t i l i s e t o th e i r
r
o wn e n d s th e i n c e a s i n g ly a c t i v e s e x ual e m o t i on s , s o th a t r e
r
p o d uc t io n i s c h e ck e d and the b al an ce t o s o me e xt e n t e s t o e d r r .
 C H AP TE R V .

TH E H EAD .

TH E SK U L L — I N TH E I N F A N T— C H IE F C AU SE OF SE XU A L
D I F F ER EN C ES IN SK U L L EA R L Y O P IN I O N S TH E
TH R EE C H I EF SE XU A L D I F F ER E N C ES IN SK U L L
M IN O R D I F F ER EN C ES— TH E C EP H AL I C IN D E X— TH E
F A CE— SE XU AL D I F F ER EN C ES I N F A C IA L D EVEL OP M EN T
— TH E EY E— TH E F A C IA L A N GL E— TH E L OW ER J AW
TH E TEETH — C R A N IA L C AP AC I TY— SE X U AL D I F F ER
EN GES IN F R ON TA L , P A R I ETA L , AN D O C C I P I TA L
SK U L L —
’
R EG I O N S OF M A N S SK U L L A P P R OA C H ES TH E
’
SEN I L E, W O M A N S TH E I N F A N TIL E TY P E .

BR A IN — D IF F ER EN C ES IN BR A I N -W EI GH T— A M O N G TH E
I N SA N E— TH E STAN D AR D S O F BR AIN -W EI GH T— H EI G H T
AN D W EI GH T — F A L L A C I ES — ’
W O M EN S BR A IN S P R O
M EN S— A D VA N TA G ES
’
P O R TIO N A TEL Y L A R G ER TH AN
AN D D I SA D VA N TA GES O F A L A R GE BR A IN — SEX U A L

D I F F E R EN C ES IN TH E E VO L U TION OF TH E BR A I N
SE XU A L D I F F ER EN C ES IN TH E F R O N TA L , P A R I ETA L ,
AN D O C C IP I TA L R EG I O N S O F BR A IN fl —BL OO D -SU P P L Y OF
BR A I N — TH E C E R E BEL L U M AN D O TH ER C E N TR ES
BEL O W TH E C ER EBR U M — D EF I N ITE R ESU L TS O F STU D Y
OF SE XU AL D I F F ER EN C ES I N TH E BR A I N A T P R ESEN T

SM A L L .

TH E t dy
s u of t he p e lvi s n at u r ally bri ngs us t o t he
t dy o f t he h ead w ith whi c h it is i n s u c h i n ti m at e
s u

r e l ati on I n s t u dyi ng t he h ead w e m ay fir s t of all

.

c on s id e r t he skull u n i m p o rt an t i n it se lf as b e i n
, g
m e r e ly t he co m p ar atively i ne rt ga r m e n t o f t he livi n g
brai n whi c h t o som e e xt en t it m ou lds and by w hi c h
, , ,
 TH E H EAD .
75

to a l ar ge e xt e n t alth ou g h n o t in d e t ail it i s it s e lf
, ,

m o u ld e d ; at t he sam e ti m e w e w ill g l a n ce at t he
i n t e re s ti ng b u t as ye t n o t g r e atly c u ltiv at e d s t u dy o f
t he face ; th e n w e w ill t u r n t o t he br ai n u n q u e sti o n ,

a bly an o rg a n o f t he fir s t i m p o rt an ce as b e i n g a

c o ll e c ti o n o f t he c hi e f n e rv ou s ce n tr es w hi c h a re

p r o b ably m o r e o r l es s co n ce r ne d i n e v e ry p r ocess
th at g oe s o n i n t he o rg an i s m b u t u n fo rt u n at e ly an
,

o r g an w hi c h d o es n o t e a s ily l e n d it se lf t o st u dy .

TH E SKU L L .

I f we t ak e u p t he s ku ll o f an i n fa n t we fi nd th a t
it i s v e ry lig ht an d v e ry s m ooth , w ith thi n , tran s
l uce n t w all s de li cat e ly v e i n e d by t he bl oo d -v es s e l s .

The o rbit s app ea r l a rg e ; t he l o we r j aw i s s m all and

s h all o w , an d i t s a ng l e s ve ry w id e ; t he face , t ak e n

alt o g e th e r , i s r e l ativ e ly s m all . The p ari e t al b o n es

a re v e ry l ar g e , fo rm i n g t he g r e a t e r p a rt o f t he r o o f

a n d a l a r g e p a rt of t he wa ll s o f t he s k u ll , an d e ac h

ri t l b n e r e se nts a w e ll -m ark e d b oss , the

p a e a o p
r e su lt an t of m ix e d co m p r e ss ive for ce s, w hi c h g iv es
t he i m p r ess i o n th a t t he s k u ll i s n o t y e t fu lly e x
p an d e d . The o th e r b o n es a re m os tly i n a v e ry
u n d e v e l o p e d c o n diti o n , a n d th e ir c o m p o ne n t p a rt s
are s till i n co m p l e t e ly w e lde d t og e th e r The b o n y .

p r oce s s e s a n d c o rr ug ati o n s , w hi c h a ft e r wa rd s g iv e a
foo th o ld t o p ow e rfu l m u s c l e s t o s u p p o rt o r t u rn t he
h e ad , c an s ca rce ly b e tra ce d at all W e n oti c e , .

fu rth e r, th at t he h o l e thr ou g h w hi c h t he s p i nal c o rd

e m e rg e s t o e n t e r t he s p i n al co l u m n i s p l ace d v e ry fa r

b ac k , s o th a t w h e n s u ppo rt e d at thi s p o i n t o fj u n c ti o n
b e t w e e n t he h e ad a n d t he b o dy t he h ead t e n d s to
fall fo r ward s .

Th e r e w ou ld be n o di ffi cu lty w h at e v e r in r ecog

n i s i n g an i n fan til e s k u ll e v e n if it we r e m ag n i f i ed to
ad u lt p r op o rti o n s. B u t it i s an o th e r m att e r w h e n w e
t u r n fr om ag e di s ti n c ti on s to co n s id e r t he se x u al
76 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c h arac t e rs i n an adu lt s k u ll So m e i nv es tig at o r s .

(like A e by) tho u g h n o t i n ve ry r ece n t d ay s h ave

, ,

g o n e so far as t o d e c l a re th a t th e r e ar e n o se x u al
diffe re n ce s i n t he s k u ll e x ce p t s iz e A n d m os t c o m .

p e t e n t c r an i o l o g i s t s lik e Virc h o w o n e o f t he m o s t
, ,

di sti n g u i s h e d i n s i s t th a t am on g n o n-E u ro p ean

, ,

races it i s e xtre m e ly di ffic u lt t o de t e r m i n e the s e x

,

fr om t he s k u ll as t he c rit e ri a fu r n i s h e d by o n e race
,

do n o t h o ld fo r o th e r r a c e s alth o u g h a m o n g s o m e ,

sav ag e r ac es (as i n N e w B rit a i n) t he s e x ual di ffe r e n ce s

i n t he s k u ll m ay b e “
c o l ossal W h e n att e m p ti n g .

t o d e t e r m i n e by i n sp e c ti o n al o n e t he se x o f s k u ll s o f
k n own o ri g i n M a nt e g azza an e xpe ri e n ce d a n thro
, ,

p o lo g i s t fou n d th a t hi s m i s t ak e s w e r e fro m three t o

,

fi ve p er ce n t R e b e n t i sc h a y ou n g e r a n d l e s s e x p eri
.
,

e n ce d o b s e rv e r fou n d th a t hi s e rro rs we re n i n e
, per
ce n t .

The s ku ll i s of i n c o m p arably l e ss i m p o rt an c e fro m

thi s p o i n t o f vi e w th an the p e lvi s An d a lth o u g h it .

i s i m p oss ibl e t o asse rt th at diffe r e n ces b e t w ee n t he

s k u ll s o f m e n a n d o f w o m e n are o n ly th o s e o f s iz e ,

it i s e xtre m e ly p r o babl e th at as M a n ou vri e r argu e s , ,

s u c h se xu a l c h a r ac t e r s as m ay b e fo u n d a re du e
m ai n ly t o t he di ffe r e n ce s i n g e n e r a l p hys i cal p r o p o r
ti o n ; th at i s t o s ay th at th e y de p e n d c hi e fly o n t he
,

g re at e r p re coc ity o f w o m a n a n d he r e a rli e r a rr e s t O f

g ro wth I t n ee d scarc e ly b e add e d th a t t o s ay th a t
.

t he se x ual di ffe re n ces i n t he s ku ll ar e l a rg e ly t he

r e su lt o f t he ge n e ra l p hy s i c al di ffe re nces is n o t to say
th at th e y are o f n o s i g n ifi c an ce .

J acob a u s C o pe nh ag e n, who i n 17 0 9 w o t e a b o o k D e
of r
C a da v er zbu s fi er C r a m a, s h o we d th a t th e e we e
' ’

r r
r
s o m e s e x ual d iffe e n c es in t he s k ull So e mme in g ( D e corp o r a:
. r
r
fi u ma m fa br zca , 17 9 4 ) co ns i d e e d th a t t he h e ad was e l a t iv e ly
‘ ’

r
r ath er r r
l a g e in wo m e n H is p u pi l A c k e man n d is co v e e d a
. r r
n um b e r r
o f p e c i s e d if r
fe e n c e s wh i c h h a v e s ince b ee n c e d it e d r
t o o th e r a n a t o m is t s B i c h a t (A na tamze d es cn ptzw , 180 1)
.
' ' '

r
th o ug h t th e e was l i tt le s e x ual d iffe e nc e Gall ( F onctzo ns d a r .
'

r
Gen /ecru , 182 2 ) s t a t e d th at t he an t e o -p o s t e io diam e te r i s l o ng e r r r
in wo me n, and t he o th e d ia me t e s s h o t e r r
Th e se s t a t e me n t s r r .
 TH E H E AD .
77
a re r
wo th q uo t ing as the o pinio n s o f t he m o s t d is t i n g ui s h e d
r r
au th o i t i e s o f th e i t i m e , b ut th e y we e n o t fo u n d e d o n e xt e n s i v e r
and ac c u a t e d at a r r r
Ba na d D a v i s a n d Thu rn a m ( C r a m a
.
’

B r zfa n m m , 18 56 -6 5 ) s e e m t o h a v e b e e n t he fi s t t o e co g n i se r r
’ ’

t he n e c e s s i ty o f al wa y s s e pa a t in g t he s e x e s i n c an io m e t i c al r r r
t abl e s D ure au ( “ D e s ca ac t e e s s e x ue l s d u c ane h umain , ”
. r r r
R ev u e d ’A n /lzr op olog i e, 18 7 3, t ii pp 4 7 5-4 87 ) g av e an e x ce l . . .

r r
l e n t s um m a y o f t he h is t o y and d at a o f t he s u bj e c t u p to th a t
d a t e ; a n d M ant e g azza ( “ D e i ca a tt e i s e s s ual i d e l c an io r r r
”
u m a n o ,
A r c/z p er . 18 7 2 , v o l ii p p 11 et s e )
q . . . .

r r
g a v e a b i e f c i t ica l s u m m a y o f t he m a tt e r
Th e m o s t i m r
.

r r
p o t an t e c e n t s t u d i e s ar e e mb od ie d i n t wo i naug u a l d i s s e r r
t at ion s : E R e b e n ti s c h ( St a s s b u g ), “ D e r W e ib e r s chad e l,
. r r ’

Al orp /zolog zse/ze A r bezten, i i 2 , a n d P a ul Ba t e l s

( Be l in) , r r
' '

U eber Ges chled zts un ter s efi zede a m F o r a g oo d

’

1 89 7 .

r r
g e ne a l acco un t o f t he h i s t o y o f h ea d -m e as u e m e n t s s ee M a ag e
“
r r ,

r r
H i s t o i q ue d e s R e ch e c h e s s u r la C é pha lo m é t ri e , ” L ’A m zee
’
’

r
P v c/zolog zg u e, st h y e a , 189 9 , p p 2 4 5 -2 9 8 A n d fo r a d i sc us s ion . .

o f m e th o d s , 5 5 8-
59 1
pp . .

P a n i c hi ha s h o wn by his o b se rv ati o n s o n t he s k u ll s
s

o f c hildr e n a t F l o r e n ce th a t se x u a l di ffe r e n ce s b e g i n
t o b e vi s ibl e at t he ag e o f s i x an d th a t m os t o f t he ,

c hi e f s e x u a l di s ti n c ti o n s a re fa irly w e ll m a rk e d b e fo r e

t he ag e o f t w e lve 1 A s t o w h a t t he m os t co n s t an t .

se x u al diffe r e n ce s t ak e n co m p re h e n s iv e ly are it
, , ,

c a n n o t b e s aid th at a n y t wo au th o riti e s ar e q u it e

ag re e d fo r e ac h c r a n i o l o g i s t has hi s o w n p r e fe r e n ces
, ,

a n d we h av e t o b e a r i n m i n d th at so m e ti m e s a s k u ll

m ay b e m asc u li ne i n s o m e o f i t s c h ar a c t e r s fe m i n i n e ,

i n o th e r s ; w hil e a m a n s s k u ll m ay app r o ac h a
’

w o m an s i n c h ar ac t e r o r (m o r e fr e q ue n tly i n M a n t e
’
~

, ,

g azz a s e x p e ri e n ce ) a w o m an s s ku ll m ay r ese m bl e
’ ’

a m an s Th e r e i s n o o n e co n s t a n t s e x u al c h arac t e r
’
.

i n t he s k u ll , b u t th e r e are a fe w c h a r a c t e rs w hi c h ,

w h e n t a k e n t o g e th e r u n m i s t ak ably i ndi cat e i t s s e x , .

I w ill bri e fly s t at e th ese fo ll o w i ng so far as p oss ibl e , , ,

t he O p i n i o n s o f fou r a n thr o p o l og i s t s b e l o ng i ng t o
diffe re n t c o u n tri e s— B roca i n F r ance Sc haaffhau se n ,

i n G e r m a n y M an t e g azz a i n I t aly a nd Tu r n e r i n
, ,

1
R P ani ch i ,
. R i ce rch e di craniol ogia sessual e , A r e/z .
p er
’
l A n /r o/i
18 9 2 , F as c i . .
78 M AN AN D W O M AN .

G r e at B rit a i n 1 ( L ) P e rh ap s t he m ost c o ns pic ou s

.

an d di sti n c tiv e o f all t he c h ar ac t e ri s ti cs o f t he m a l e

h u m an s ku ll i s t he p r om i n e n ce of t he g l ab e ll a (or
b ony p roj ec ti o n ove r t he n ose ) an d o f t he sup r ac iliary
ridge s ; th at i s t o say, th at m e n h ave ove rh ang i ng
bro ws W hi c h are littl e m ark e d i n w o m e n, whil e th e y
do n o t e xi s t i n c hildre n ; th e y d e ve l op at pu b e rty and

TY P I C A L M AL E SK U L L

i n c r e ase with age an d for m a di s ti n c tly re trog ress iv e

,

c h a rac t e r b ei ng e x agge r at e d i n m an y l ow e r race s

,

an d t o an e xtr e m e e xt e n t i n t he an throp o i d a p e s .

A ssoc i at e d W i th th e se b ony p ro m i n e n ces i n m e n ar e

Br mel g Sh f
' '

In t u ti n n l gi g
'

1 s r c oet s cr a za o u es cr a n zo r z u es
oca, ; c aa

h ausen , U ebe r di e h e utig e Schad e lleh re , Cor r espon den zblalt

“
Gesell A n tlzr op , 188 9 , p 16 5 ; M an t eg azza,
. . . D e i c aratt s ess d e l . .

c ra ni o, A r ciz p er
. Z
’
A n t r op , vo l i i p 14;
. Si r W. T.u r ner
.
,
“
R e por t .

on the H um a n C an i a ,r”
Cl m lleng er R epor ts , Zoo/0g vo l x . .
 80 M AN AN D W O M AN .

as are m ast o id p r ocesses b e n e a th t he e ar , w hi c h

t he
i n c hildr e n ar e ve ry s m all The rid g e s o n t he s k u ll
.

fo r t he att ac h m e nt o f m u s cl e s a re a l so m o re m a rk e d
in m e n W ith re ga rd t o th ese thre e p o i n t s it m ay b e
.

c o n fid e ntly s a id th at th e r e i s ve ry
g e n e r a l ag r e e m e n t
am o n
g an at o m i s t s Th e re are o th e r s e x u a l d is t i nc
.

ti o n s whic h see m t o be fairly we ll m ark e d b u t w hi c h

ar e l e ss O bvi o u s : th u s i n w o m e n t he t o
p o f t he h e a d
a pp e a rs t o b e fl att e r, an d at a m o r e m a rk e d a n g l e

w ith t he s tr ai g ht fo r e h ead w hil e i n m e n t he c u rv e ,

fro m be fo r e bac kward s i s m o r e s m oo th a n d e v e n — a

dis ti nc ti on i n s i s t e d u p on by E c k e r an d M a n t e g azz a ,

an d re c o g n i se d by t he G re e k s c u l p t o r s ; w o m e n s
’

s k u ll s , a l so i n m o s t r a c e s a re r el a tive ly s h all o we r
, ,

th an th ose of m e n i n de p e n de n ce o n t he g r e at e r flat
,

n e ss o f t he h ead ; i n w o m e n a ai n w hil e t he b ase o f

g , ,

t he s ku ll i s u su a lly s m all e r th an i n m e n t he a r c h o f ,

t he s k u ll m e asu re d fr o m t he b a s e o f t he n os e t o t he
,

o cc i p it al fo r am e n i s O ft e n a s l a r e as i n m e n
, g .

Th e s e ch arac t e rs h av e n o t the s am e d e fi nite n e s s o r co n s t an c y

a s t he th re e c h arac t e rs fi rs t m e n t i o n e d The l o w n e s s o f t h e .

fe m al e s k ull w h i c h i s acc e p t e d by W e l ck e r W e is b ac h E c k e r
, , , ,
C l e l an d an d Be ne d ikt se e m s t o b e d ue t o t h e p e rs i s t e n ce i n
, ,

wo m e n o f t he i n fa n t il e c h ara c t e r o f fl a t n e s s o f t he ro o f; at
b irth the m al e an d fe m al e s k ull s a e o f e q ual h e ig h t b u t t he
r ,

fe mal e s k u ll i n i t s ad ul t s h a pe lack s t he fi n a l i n c re m e n t s o f
h e i g h t g aine d by the m al e Th ere are h o we v e r m an y race s
‘

.
, ,

am on g w h o m t h e s k ull i s n o t l o we r i n w o m e n th an i n m e n
s u c h a re t he s t o ne -ag e fo lk o f t he H o m m e M or t C av e rn ( B ro ca) -
,

A uv e rg nat s ( Bro ca) N e w C al e d o ni ans ( Broca) N e g ro e s ( D av i s

, ,

an d B roca ) C ran i a H e l v e t i c a ( v o n H o ld e r) C ors i can s ( Br o c a)

, , ,

A n ci e n t R o m an s ( D av is an d Thu rnam) Iri s h ( D a v is ) A n g l o , ,

Sax o n s ( D av i s and Th urh a m ) The r e l at i o n o f t h e arc h

.

o f t he s k u ll t o i t s b ase (t he d i re c t l ine b e t wee n t he t wo

e n d s o f t h e arc h ) h as b e e n wo rk e d o u t fo r v ario u s rac e s by
“
C l e l an d in hi s i n t e re s t i g pap e r o n
n The V ria t ion s o f t he a
”
Hu m a n Sk u ll ,
in t he P hi los op hi ca l Tr a ns acti ons of t he R oy a l
Soc , 187 0
. In in fan cy and c h i ldh o o d t he b a s e i s v e ry s m all
.

c o m pare d t o t h e arc h ; i n wo m e n t he b as e i s al m os t a l wa y s
s h or t , wh i l e t he e xt e n t o f t h e arc h i s i n s o m e i n s t an ce s a s

g rea t as in th e m al e C o m paring race s , t he Iris h h a v e t he

.

l arg es t pro po rt ion of arc h t o b as e , the C h ine s e n e xt The .

s h or t b as e l i n e o f wo m e n i s th e re f ore an i n fan t il e c h arac t e r

,
 TH E H E AD . 81

b ut on th e o th e r h an d
l o n g e r b as e l in e o f m an is a s av ag e
th e
c h a rac t e r The m o s t s t ri k in g an d a l t o g e th e r re m ark abl e
.

fa c t ” as C l e l an d p o in t s o ut “ i s th a t i n u nc i v il i se d n at i ons
, , ,

w h i l e t he l e ng th o f t he arc h i s v e ry v ari abl e t he l e ng th o f the ,

b a s e l e s al ay s g rea t
i n i w ”
H e re a s i s s o o ft e n fo und t he
.
, ,
i n fan t il e co n d i t io n i n d i ca t e s th e d ire c t i on o f e v o l u t io n .

C ephci lzc I mi me — A
'

v e ry g r e at am ou n t o f s t u dy has
be e n e x pe n d e d o n t he ce p h ali c i n d e x e sp ec i ally i n ,

r e g ard t o r ace an d t o s e x I n r e g ard t o r ace t he .

,

g r e a t v a l u e o f thi s i n d e x i s u n q u es ti o n e d ;
1
i n r e g ard
t o se x alth o u g h t he a s s e rti o n s o f c r an i o l o g i s t s h av e
,

b e e n e q u ally e m p h ati c i n O pp os it e dir ec ti o n s i ts ,

v al u e i s by n o m e an s so c l e ar Thi s i n de x w hi c h .
,

w as d e vi se d m an y y e a r s a g o by R e tzi u s an d p e r
fe c t e d by B r o ca s h o w s t he r e l a ti o n o f t he br e adth
,

o f t he s k u ll t o i t s l e n g th ; it i s as ce rt ai n e d by ,

m u lti p lyi n g t he m a xi m u m tr an sv e r se di am e t er by
10 0 a n d dividi n g t he r e s u lt by t he m a xi m u m an t e ro
,

p os t e ri o r di am e t e r ce rt ai n p r e c au ti o n s b e i ng o b se rve d
,

i n t a ki n g t he m easu r e m e n t s A h e ad or a s k u ll O f .

w hi c h t he ce p h ali c i n d e x i s fr o m 7 0 t o 7 4 i s (a c co rd
i n g t o t he i n t e r n ati o n a l a g r e e m e n t o f F ra n kfo rt ,

u s u ally a c c e p t e d i n E n g l an d ) call e d d o li c h oce phali c ;

.

fro m 7 5 t o 7 9 it i s call e d m e sati ce p h a li c ; fro m 80

t o 8 4 br ac hy ce p h ali c ; b e l o w 7 0 it i s hy p erd oli cho
c e p h ali c ; a n d a b o ve 8 4 it i s hyp e rbr ac hy ce p h ali c .

Th e r e fo r e t he m o r e an i n dividu a l i s r e l a tiv e ly broad

,

h ead e d t he hi g h e r i s his ce p h ali c i n de x and l o n g ,

h e ade d p e rs on s h av e a low ce p h ali c i n de x W hil e .

s o m e a n thr o p o l o g i s t s (lik e D e n ik e r i n hi s R aces of

M an) re ali s i n g th a t t he di ffe re n ces are i n a ny c a se
,

s li g ht a r e c o n t e n t w ith t he co n c l u s i o n th at th e r e a r e
,

n o i m p o rt a n t s e x u a l diffe r e n c e s i n thi s r e sp e c t a l a rg e ,

n u m b e r o f o th e r di s ti n g u i s h e d a n thr o p ol o g i s t s
— De

Q u atre fage s W e l c k e r B roc a C al o ri — asse rt th at i n

, , ,

E u r op e w o m e n are m o r e d o li c h oc e p h ali c th an m e n ,

1
Serg i ( Specze e Va r i et d U ma n e, 19 00 , and M edi te r r a n ea n R ace ,
19 0 1) has s h o wn t he i mp or t a nce o f s t u dy ing t he sk ull by a zo o l og i cal
m e th o d base d o n for m , b ut the cep h al i c i nd e x , wh e n use d wi th di s cre
‘

r
t i o n, s t i ll e t ai ns much val u e .
82 M AN AN D W O M AN .

th at 13 to th at w o m e n s h e ad s t e n d t o be r ath e r
say ,
’

l o nge r o r no t so br o a d Bu t o n t he o th e r h and o th e r
.
, ,

e m i n e n t an thro o l o i s t s
p g W e i s b ac h M an t e g azz a , ,

H a m y To p i n a rd— fi n d th at w o m e n are m o r e br ac hy
,

c e p h ali c th a n m e n C r o c hle y C l aph a m g ive s t he

.

m e asu re m e n t s o f n early 2 000 i n s a n e m e n an d a b o u t

t he sam e nu m b e r o f i nsan e w o m e n a t W ak e fi e ld
as yl u m ;
1
he al s o e x am i ne d a m u c h s m a ll e r n u m b e r
o f n o r m al m e n a n d wo m e n ; c a l c u l a ti n g t he c e p h a li c
i n de x fro m t he fi gu res g ive n by C l ap h am I fi n d th at ,

for i n san e m al es it i s for i n s a n e fe m al e s

for san e m al es for san e fe m al es th a t i s t o
s ay , th at t he s an e are s lig htly m o re b rac hyce p h ali c
th an t he i n sane and t he m e n ve ry sli ghtly m o r e
,

brac hy ce p h ali c th an t he w o m e n .

I f w e t u r n t o con s ide r t he ce p h ali c i n d e x a m o n g

hu m an r ace s ge n e r ally t he di sc re p ancy co n ti nu e s ,

e q u ally g re at A m on g t he fo ll owi ng t he m e n are

.

m o re brac hy cep h ali c th an t he wo m e n — P a ri s i an s

an t e ri or t o n i n e t ee n th ce n t u ry (T o p i n a rd) A u v e rg n at s ,

( B roca) Tr og l o dyt e s o f L o ze r e ( B roc a) P ap u an s o f

, ,

N e w G u i n ea ( M a nt e gazz a) Ad m iralty I s l ande r s ,

(Tu rne r) I t ali an s o f B o l o g na (C al o ri) F l e m i s h

, ,

( H ou zé ) A nnam it es ( M o n dier e) P o ly n es i ans ( C l ave l )

, , ,

L e tt s (W o e b e r) L apps b o th N o rw e g i an an d R u ss i an
, ,

( M an t e gazza Khar ou z i ne D e nike r) A n c i e n t B rit o n s

, , ,

( D avi s) B as B r e t o n s ( B roc a) Als ati a n s ( Sc h w alb e

, , ,

P fltz n er) E ng li s h ( D avi s) A n c i e n t R o m an s ( D avi s)

, , ,

B as q u e s ( B r o c a) M o d e r n A s i ati c G ree k s (N eo p hyt o s)

, ,

H i nd us ( D avi s ) G r e e n l a n d e rs ( D avi s)
, A m o n g t he .

foll o wi ng o n t he o th e r h an d t he w o m e n ar e m o r e
, ,

b rac hyc e p halic z— B e rb e r s of B i s kr a (T op i n a rd ) ,

N e o lithi c m e n o f t he M a r n e ( B r o c a) C alifo rn i an s o f ,

Sant a -B arb a ra I t a li an s o f B o l o g n a ( M an t e
g azz a) A n dam a nese ( F l ow e r) N e g roe s ( B r oc a
, , ,

H u sc hk e an d D avi s) Tahiti an s ( D e n ik e r and L al o y)

, , ,

Au s tra li ans ( F l owe r Kr au s e D u c kwo rth ) P apu an s

, , ,

”
1
A r t. “
H ead , Size and Sh ape o f, in c f P sy cbolog zra l
'

l .
o
' '

Al ed zczne .
84 M AN AN D W O M AN .

an d in a g re at e r d e g ree ; 1 fi n ally , so m e o b se rve rs

( P r u ne r B e y a n d D u r a n d d e G r o s) fo u n d th at br a c hy
c ep h aly t e n ds t o -b e assoc i at e d w ith l arge p e lv es i n
w om e n .
2

The diffe re nce s are o ft e n ve ry s m all b u t e ve n ,

i n th e s e c a se s t h e y ar e so m e ti m es s o p e r s i s t e n t o r
h ar m on i ou s th at h e s it ati o n i s n e cess a ry i n rej e c ti ng
th e m ; s li g ht diffe re n ce w ith h arm o n i ou s arran ge m e n t
w as fo u n d t o b e t he case a m o n g t he Al sati a n s by
P fi t z n er and i n Sp a i n A ra n za di fou n d th at i n e i g ht
,

diffe re n t g r ou ps b e l o n g i ng t o e i g ht diffe re n t p r o vi n ces

t he wo m e n w e re s li g htly b u t i n e ve ry c as e di s ti n c tly
, ,

m o re br ac hy ce p h ali c th an t he m e n .

I t m u s t b e add e d th at t he vari o u s se ri e s o f m e as u re
m e n t s o f t he h ead o f w hi c h t he r es u lt s h av e b ee n
bri e fly g ive n ar e o f ve ry u ne qu al val u e ; th e y h ave
bee n m ade by a v ari e ty o f i n dividu al s an d s om e ti m e s
o n v e ry s m a ll s e ri e s o f s u bj ec t s It w as t he o p i n i o n .

o f B ro c a t he g r e at es t o f F r e n c h a n th ro p o l o g i s t s— an
,

o p i n i o n fou n d e d o n e xt e n s ive e x p e ri e n c e — th at am o n
g
t he d a rk r ace s w o m e n ar e m o r e brac hyce p h ali c th an
m e n alth o u g h he fou n d th em l e ss so a m o n g t he
,

e xi s ti ng r ace s o f W es t e rn F ran ce 3 V ir c h ow t he
,
,

g reat es t o f G e r m a n a n thro po l o g i s t s i n a s t u dy o f ,

the s ku ll s o f t he a b o ri g i n e s o n t he wes t coas t o f

A m e ri ca fou n d t he w om e n m u c h m o re brac hy
,

c e p h ali c th an t he m e n ; d o li c h o ce p h aly a n d hy e r
p
do li c h o ce p h aly he fou n d c hi e fly an d t he l a tt e r ,

m o ng m e
4
al m os t e x c l u s ive ly a ,
n .

I t i s d ou btfu l w h e th e r we c a n say th at o n t he w h o l e
,

t he c ou r s e o f e v o l u ti o n i s fr o m t he d o li c h o ce p h ali c
t o t he br ac hy ce p h ali c A s B i s c hoffs i nve s ti g a ti o n s
’
.

s h owe d w e m ay m os t p r o p e rly r e g a rd t he a n thr o o id

, p
1
See , fo r i nst ance , M Be ned i k t , K r a m omet me u n a’
' ’

Vi enna , 18 88, p 2 3 ; al so C l apham, A rt

. H ead , Size and Shape
. o f,
”

D i et P sy c/c M ed
. . .

2
D e l aunay , B u ll Soc . . P aris , 5 M ars 18 85 .

3
R ev u e t 11 p 2 8 . . . .

4
R Vi rch o w ,
“
B e i t rz
i
ge zur C ran io l o g i e d e r I n sulan e
' '

vo n r l
( er

W es tk i i ste
’
N o rd a me i k ,
a s r
”
El k 18 89 h e ft 5 , .
 TH E H EA D . 85

a p e s as m ark e dly br ac hyce p h ali c ; m o r e o v e r , th e y ar e

m o s t s o i n e a rly life , a n d t he o r a n g , w hi c h m ay p r o b
a bly b e r e g a rd e d a s t he a n thr o o id w ith t he b e s t
p
d e v e l o p ed brai n , is t he m os t br ac hyc eph ali c In .

t he h u m an s p e c i e s t he n e w -b o r n i n fa n t t e n d s t o b e
so m e w h a t d o li c h oce h ali c b u t q u i c kly r eac h es t he
p
m axi m u m br ac hy c e p h aly .

C hildre n n ea rly e v e ryw h e r e a re m o r e br a c hy

c e p h a li c th an a d u lt s ; thi s occu r s i a d o li c h oce h ali c
p
as w e ll a s br ac hy ce h ali c r ace s , a n d ( as D a n i e lli
p
fo u n d a m o n g t he N i as o f Su m a tr a) w h e n t he m o th e r
i s m o r e d o li c h o c e p h a li c th an t he fa th e r Thu s , for
.

e x a m l e , Sk o ff fo u n d th a t for R u s s i a n s t he ce h ali c
p p
i n d e x p rese n t s i t s m axi mu m i n c hildh oo d and
di m i n i s h e s w ith ag e , so th at s ku ll -g r o wth i s m o r e
e s p e c i ally i n t he a n t e r o p os t e ri o r dir e c ti o n ; i n ad u lt
-

R u ss i an s k u ll s P o p ow ha s fo u n d littl e di ffe r e n ce i n
c e p h a li c i n d e x . I t i s w o rth n o ti n g th at i n e arly life ,
o n t he w ho l e , a t all e v e nt s a m o n g E u r o p ea ns , g irl s

ar e d e c id e dly m o r e br ac hy ce h ali c th an b o y s Th us
p .

M an t e g azz a fou n d by m e a s u ri n g n early 100 b o y s

an d o v e r 100 g irl s b e t w e e n t he a g e s o f 4 a n d 1 4 ,

b e l o n g i n g t o t he p oo r e r c l asses at B ol o g n a, th a t
w hil e t h e a v e r ag e ce p h a li c i n d e x i n t he b o y s w as
o n ly i n t he g irl s it w as a s hi g h as it
m a y b e a dd e d th at t he i n d e x O f t he g irl s i s a l m os t
t he s am e as th a t o f a d u lt B o l o g n e se m e n ( as as c e r
t ai n e d by C a l o ri ) , t he w o m e n b e i ng r a th e r l o w e r It .

i s n o t e w o rthy th at w hil e C l ap h am fo u n d t he a v e rag e

c e p h a li c i n d e x o f h i s i n s an e m e n t o a s m all fr a c ti o n a l

e xt e n t g r e a t e r th a n th at o f t he w o m e n , b e l o w t he a g e

o f t w e n ty t he i n d e x o f t he w o m e n w as m ark e dly

hi g h e r ag a i n s t a n d thi s di ffe r e n ce w as

c hi e fl y d ue t o d e fec tiv e a n t e r o -p os t e ri o r d e v e l o p m e n t

i n t he g irl s . G e r a ld W e s t , w ho has m easu r e d o v e r

3 00 0 c hildr e n b e t w e e n t he a g e s o f fo u r and t w e n ty
O ne i n t he sc h o o l s o f W o r c e s t e r, fi n d s th at
1
M an t eg azza, St ud ii di C r l l
ani o og i a sessua e, A r c/z .
per
vo l
. v
.
86 M A N AN D W O M AN .

t he m axi m u m w idth h ead i s re ac h e d e arli e r i n

of

g irl s th a n i n b oy ys ; th at t he i n d e x of g irl s du ri n g t he
p e ri o d o f g ro w t h i s o n t he w h o l e hi g h e r th a n th at
o f b oy s ; a n d t h a t w hil e t he fi n al i n d e x fo r g irl s i s

n e arly t he s am e as th at r eac h e d at fi ve y e a r s o f a g e ,

t he fi n al i n d e x for b o y s i s 11 p er c e n t b e l o w th a t .

att a i ne d at fi v e y ear s o f a e I n li n e w ith th e se

1
g .

i n q u iries w e m ay p r o b a bly p l ace t he i n v e s ti gati o n s

o f G o n n er w ho fo u n d by t he e x a m i n ati o n o f 100

i n fan t s at birth th at t he cep h ali c i n d e x o f t he c hild at

thi s p e ri o d t e n d e d t o b e n e are r t o th at o f t he m o th e r
th an t o th at o f t he fath e r whil e 2 5 p er ce n t o f t he ,
.

i n fan t s h e ad s fe ll i n t o t he s am e i n d e x g rou p as t he
’

m o th e r s o n ly 1 8 p e r c en t fe ll i n t o t he s a m e i n d e x
’
.
,

g r ou p as t he fa th e r s ; so th at t he m o th e r s h e ad s
’ ’

w e r e s o m e w h a t m o r e i n fan til e th an t he fath e r s 2

’
.

A s r eg ard s E ng li s h c hildr e n M a cali st e r fi n d s th at t he ,

c h an g e fr o m br ac hyc e p h ali s m t o m e s at i c e p h ali s m

t a ke s p l ace s h o rtly aft e r t he c om p l e ti on o f t he fir s t
d e n titi o n .

It I S thr ou g h su c h i n ve sti g ati o n s th at w e m ay h o p e

t o l e a r n m o re th an w e k n o w at p r ese n t c o n c e r n i n g
t he s i g n ifi c a n ce o f t he ce p h a li c i n de x I t w ill b e .

o b se rve d th a t t he y o u thfu l br ac hy ce p h aly o f w o m e n

i s o w i n g l ess t o e x c e ss ive br e adth th an t o d e fec tive
l e ng th o f t he s ku ll Thi s l at e a n t e ro -p o s t e ri o r
.

g r o wth i s d u e n o t s o mu c h t o br ai n d e v e l o p m e n t
,

a s t o t he e x p a n s i o n o f t he a i r -s i n u se s i n t he fr o n t a l

b o ne w hi c h i n c hildh oo d scar cely e xi s t W e h av e

, .

alr eady s e e n th at t he r ac e s i n whi c h t he wo m e n a r e

1
C . W es t “
The G ro wth of the Body , H e ad , a nd F ace , Sci en ce,
6 th J a 11 18 9 3 .

2
Go nn e r ,U e b e r Vere rb urg d e r F o rm u nd G o sse d es Schad e ls r ,

2 1 f Ge bu r ls /z u
. . Gy 7 za/ , 189 5 . The s pe ci al ch a rac t e rs o f t he
. .

foe tal s k u ll h ave be e n s t ud i e d b y Se rg i ( k i ms ta d z Scze n ze B zolooo zc/ u,

' ' '

v o l ii . . who fi nds th a t the cha rac te i is t i c sh ape o f t he foe ta l s k u ll

i s pe ntag o nal , th i s be i ng d ue to t he p ro min e nce o f t he ce n t r e s o f
o s s i ficat i o n, a nd th a t the p rese nce o f th is sh ap e 1n ad u lt l ife , i ns t ea d o f

t he mo re u su al e ll i psoi d o r o v o id , i nd i cat e s t he p e rs i s t e nce o f a foet a l .

c h aracter .
88 M AN AN D W O M AN .

nu m be r of s ubj ec t s i s th at c a rri e d on a t W o rce s t e r

, ,

by P ro fe s so r W es t o f C am bridg e M ass , ,

o n 3 2 5 0 i n dividu al s b e t we e n t he a g e s o f fi ve a n d
t we n ty -o n e l Th e re se e m s t o b e a c e rt ai n a m ou n t
.

o f p a r a ll e li s m b e t wee n face -g ro wth an d s t at u re

g r o wth b o th i n t he t e nd e n c y t o p e ri o d s o f re t a rd a
,

ti o n o f g ro wth i n t he t e m p o r ary re l ative p re dom i

,

n a n ce o f g irl s at p u b e rty a n d t he m o r e co n ti nu e d
,

g r o w th i n m e n The e vid e n c e p o i nt s t o t he e xi s t
.

e n ce o f three p e ri o d s o f g r o w th t he fir s t e n di n g a t ,

ab ou t t he se v e n th y ear w hil e t he third b e g i n s a t

,

a b o u t t he ag e o f fi ft e e n B e t w ee n t he ag e s o f e l e v e n
.

a n d thirt e e n g irl s a pp roac h b o y s i n t he di am e t e r o f

t he h e ad w hil e i n t he di am e t e r o f t he fa ce at t he
,
“
ag e o f t we lve g irl s se e m q u it e t o r e a c h b o y s In .

p ro p o rti o n t o t he l e n g th o f h e ad W es t re m arks ,
”
,

t he w idth o f h ead a n d w idth o f fa ce o f g irl s a r e

g e n e r a lly g r eat e r th an th ose o f b o ys a nd i n p r o p o r ,

ti o n t o t he w idth o f h ead t he w i d th o f fac e i s a l s o

”
g r e at e r i n g irl s th an i n b oy s It was fo u n d th at .

w hil e t he fac e i n g irl s ce ases t o g r ow at t he ag e o f

s e v e n t ee n i n b o y s it i s s till g ro w i n g at e i g ht ee n a n d
, ,

p ro b a bly co n ti n u e s t o g r o w a ft e r w a r d s Th ese re su l t s .

s ee m t o s h o w th at w o m e n s fa c es m ay b e re l ativ e ly
’

br oade r th an th ose o f m e n tho u g h at t he sam e ti m e , ,

i n a c co rd an c e a l s o w ith t he i m p r ess i o n g a i n e d by
o b s e rv ati o n a n d i n d e e d w ith t he r e s u lt o bt a i n e d by
, , ,

Ko llm a n n s fac i al i n de x th e y are r e l ati v e ly s h o rt a s

’
, ,

i n c hildr e n Th ese r esu lt s ar e co n fir m e d by P fi tz n e r s

’
.

o b s e rvati o n s o n a v e ry l ar g e n u m b e r o f a d u lt s u bj e c t s

i n t he A n at o m i c a l I n s tit u t e at Str as s b u r g he fo u n d
th at t he face i n wo m e n i s r e l ative ly br o ade r a n d
s h o rt e r , th e s e c h arac t e ri sti cs l eadi n g t o a g re at e r
c o n s e rv ati o n o f t he i n fan til e ty p e P fi t z n e r fo u n d .

t he se xu a l di ffe r e n ce s i n t he l e n g th -br eadth i n d e x

o f t he fac e v e ry c o n s t a n t r e gu l a r a n d m arke d w h e n
,

c om p ar e d w ith t he trifli n g se x u a l diffe r e n ce s i n t he

1 “ The G ro w th o f the F ace , Sci ence, 3 rd J u ly 189 1 ;

G r wth
o o f t he Bo dy , l
”
le ad , and F ace , Sci en ce, oth J a n . 18 9 3 .
 TH E H E A D . 89

l e n g th -breadth i n d e x o f t he h e a d 1 A s t he l ow e r .

p a rt o f t he face w ith t he l o w e r j aw i s l e ss d e v e l o p e d
i n w o m e n th a n i n m e n t he u pp e r p a rt w ith t he ,

o rbit s fo r m s a r e l ativ e ly l ar g e r p a rt o f t he face (as

H u sc hk e r e m ark e d) an d t e n d s t o a pp ear l arg e r th a n
it ac t u ally i s an app ear an ce w hi c h i s p r o b ably s till
,

fu rth e r e m p h as i s e d by a fr e q u e n tly r o u n d e r o r
m o r e o v a l s h ap e o f t he o rbit i n wo m e n a n d p e rh a p s ,

a r e a lly r e l ativ e ly g r eat e r h e i g ht o f t he o rbit The .

r eal di ffe re n ce i s l e ss th an it appear s P au l B a rt e l s .

o u n d th at e x c e p t a m o n g M a l ay s a n d Si ng h a l e s e it
f , ,

i s n o t ab so l u t e ly g r e a t e r i n wo m e n b u t 1n ag r ee m e n t , ,

w ith W e l c k e r W e i s b ac h E c k e r a n d R e b e n t i sc h
, , , ,

fi n d s th at it i s r e l ativ e ly l arge r Ze il e r 2 o n t he o th e r .
,

h an d fi nd s th at t he c ap ac ity o f t he o rbit i s r e l a
, ,

t iv e ly as w e ll a s a b so l u t e ly l e ss i n t he fe m a l e s b o th ,

o f a p es a n d t he h u m an s p ec i e s R e l ativ e ly he c o n .
,

c lu d e s it i s m u c h g re at e r i n a p e s th an i n m e n and
, ,

th e r e i s an i n c re as e w ith age w hi c h i s s pec i ally

m a rk e d i n t he case o f a p es .

I t m u s t b e add e d th at T o p i n ard s fr o n t o zyg o m ati c

’
-

i n d e x s h o ws the r e l ative ly g r eat e r br e a dth o f t he face

a s co m p a r e d t o t he bre adth at t he t e m pl e s ; t he
hi g h e r thi s i n d e x t he bro ad e r t he t e m p l e s o r t he
n a rr o w e r t he fa ce so th a t t he hi g h e s t i n di c es ar e
,

fo u n d i n hydr oce p h a li c h eads ; t he i n d e x i s hi g h e r

i n c hildr e n th a n i n a d u lt s an d i s i n va ri ably hi g h er i n ,
3
w o m e n th a n i n m e n .

O n c a s u a l i n sp e c ti o n w o m e n s e ye s see m t o b e
’

g e n e r a lly l a r g e r a n d m o r e p ro m i n e n t th an m e n s
’
.

Thi s e ffec t IS fo r t he m os t p a rt app are n t o n ly a n d ,

i s du e t o a l a r g e e xt e n t t o t he o ve r a rc hi n g o f t he
b o n y rid g e s ab o ve t he e y e s i n m e n The r aces i n .

w h o m thi s di s ti n c tive ly m a s c u li n e c h a rac t e r i s de fi

1 VV Pfi tzne r, “ Ei n Be i t rag zur K e nn tn i s s d e r se lt un dare n G e sch
.

le chtsu n t e rschi e d e be im M e nsc h e n , M ary /zolqg lrc/ze A r lw

e zt m , Bd v i i ,
'

. .

h e ft 2 , 189 6 ; zé , Zc f M arp le , B d i ii , h e ft 3 , 19 0 1, pp 5 2 4 , 5 7 3
’

. . . . . . .

2
. r
j Ze il e , B ezt r czg e za r A nt /z
' ' '

I naug D i ss , 189 9 ; I
. . .

h av e n o t be e n abl e t o see th is pam phl e t .

r
To p i na d , A n t/cr op Gem , p 9 5 6 . . .
90 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i
c en t have an i nfantil e o r fe m i n i ne app earance The .

e ye it se l f a c co rdi n t o P ri es tl e y Sm ith i s a t all ag es

, g ,

v e ry s lig htly l arg e r i n t he h o riz o n t a l di am e t e r i n m e n

th an i n wo m e n b u t t he diffe re n ce is e xtre m e ly s m all
, ,

o n ly ab o u t I m ill . .

The F aci al A ng le — Thi s an g l e w hi c h s pe ak m g

.
, ,

r ou g hly i n di cat es the am ou n t o f p ro tr us i on o f t he

,

u pp e r j aw has n ot — i n t he g e n e r al n e g l ec t o f t he
,

face i n favo u r o f th at p o rti o n o f t he s k u ll i n c o n

t ac t w ith t he bra i n— le d t o t he ge n e ral r ec og n iti o n
o f a n y s e x u a l di s ti n c ti o n s Thi s is ve ry l arg e ly d ue
.

t o t he ve ry v ari o u s w ay s i n whi c h c r an i o l o g i s t s h av e
de te r m i n e d it A s h o w e v e r d e fi n e d by c e rt a i n i n
.
, ,

v es t i at o r s t he fac i al i n d e x has so m e i m p o rt a n c e a n d
g ,

has led t o fairly c l e a r r e s u lt s W e l c ke r (fo ll ow e d .

by a l arge n u m b e r o f c r an i ol og i s t s) m eas u re d t he
fac i al an g l e by t he de g re e o f p roj ec ti o n o f t he
s p i n e o f t he n ose a t i t s b ase as c o m p ar e d t o t he
r oo t of t he n ose Thi s i n de x i n t he h an d s of m os t
.
,

o b s e rv e rs s h o w s wo m e n t o b e m o r e p ro g n ath ou s th an
,

men . Thu s B e ne dikt i n ve s ti gati ng thi s an g l e fo u n d

, ,

p r o g n athi s m m o re m a rk e d i n i n fa n t s th a n i n a d u lt s ,

and th at w hil e p r og n athi s m de c r e as e d w ith ag e

(i n s t e a d o f a s am o ng t he l o we r an im al s i n c r e as i n g
, ,

w ith a g e ) wo m e n r e m a i n e d s li g htly m o r e p r o g n a th o u s
th an m e n u s u ally ab o u t half a d e g re e 1 To p i n a rd
, .

c o n s id e rs th at t he m os t i m p o r t a n t o f all t he fa c i al

i n di c e s for i ndi cati ng m o rp holog i gal r an k i s t he

alv eol a r s u b -n a s al
- i nde x w hi c h m a s o m ew h a t ,

di ffe re n t way al s o i n di c at e s t he d e g re e o f p r ot ru
s i o n o f t he u pp e r j aw The i n v es ti g ati o n o f thi s
.

i n de x s h o w s th at p r og n athi s m i s v e ry m u c h
g r e at e r a m o n g l o w e r th a n a m o ng hi g h e r ra ce s .

A m o n g H o tt e n t ot s for e xam p l e it i s n early 5 0 ;

, ,

a m o n g E n g li s h F r e n c h and G e r m a n s it osc ill at e s

, , ,

a ro u n d 2 0 w hil e M o ng o l s an d P o ly n e s i a ns c o m e
,

m idway . In e v e ry l arge In d o -E u r o pe an se ri e s
wo m e n a re m o re pr og n ath o u s th an m e n A m o ng .

1
Ben ed ik t, [ Ga u ze/M etr i c w ed K ep/zalometr i e, 1888 ,
p 31
. .
92 M AN AN D W OM AN .

m as s o f t he brai n or t o t he bi p e d attit u de b ecau se i t ,

e n abl e s u s t o a rr a ng e m an y z oo l o g i c a l s p e c i e s i n th e ir

o rd e r o f m o r p h o l o g i c al e v o l u ti o n a s w e ll as t o c l as s ify ,

t he i n dividu al s w ithi n a s p e c i e s The l a rg e r t he .

m a xill a ry a n g l e t he hi g h e r t he d e g ree o f e v o l u ti o n .

I t i s fo u n d th a t i n w o m e n b o th a m o n g t he hi g h e r ,

an d t he l o we r r a c e s t he m axill ary a n g l e i s al w ays

,

m ark e dly s m all e r th an i n m e n The a n g l e fo r m e d .

,

th e re for e by t he w h o l e fac e s u pp o rt s t he c o n c l u s i o n
, ,

r e ac h e d by t he i n ve s ti gati o n o f t he alveo l a r r eg i on
o f t he u p p e r j aw th at w o m e n ar e s o m e wh at m o re
,

p r o g n a th o u s th a n m e n .

W hil e p r og n athi s m o f t he l o w e r p art of t he u pp e r

j aw m u s t be r e g arde d as a r e m i n i sc e n c e o f a m o re
p ri m i t i v e a g e t he p ro tr u s i o n o f t he l ow e r p art o f t he
,

l ow e r j aw i s a di s ti n c tive ly h u m a n c h ar ac t e r w hi c h i s
m o s t m a rk e d i n t he hi g h es t E u r o p e a n r aces A .

re c e di n g c hi n i s a c h a rac t e r O f de ge n e rac y and

a n i m ality I n w o m e n t he c hi n i s u s u ally l ess p r o
.

m i ne n t . I n w o m e n a l s o a s i n c hildr e n t he a n g l es o f , ,

t he j aw a re d e c id e dly l a rg e .

O n t he o th e r h an d w o m e n s how a hi g h e r d e g r ee ,

o f e v o l u t i o n th a n m e n a n d at t he s a m e ti m e app r o a c h
,

t he i n fan til e ty pe by t he r e l ativ e ly s m all e r w e i g ht o f

,

t h e ir j aw s a s h as b e e n s h o w n by B e rtill o n M o r se lli
, , ,

O rc ha n s k i a n d o th e r s
,
The l o w e r h u m an r ace s as .
,

w e ll a s a p e s h av e r e l ativ e ly l a rg e r l o w e r j aw s a n d
, ,

t he s am e t e n d e n c y has o ft e n b e e n fo u n d a m o n g
c ri m i n al s ; b u t w hil e w o m an s s k u ll i s t o m a n s as 8 5
’ ’

t o 100 w o m an s j aw i s t o m a n s as o n ly 7 9 t o
’ ’

The Teeth — I t i s r ath e r s u rp ri s i n g t h at v e ry littl e

.

att e nti o n ha s b e e n g iv e n t o t he a n thr o p o l o g i c a l e x am

i na t i o n o f t he t ee th a m o n g E u r o p e an r ac e s alth o u g h ,

it i s a p ro m i s i ng fi e ld a n d o n e w h e re e x am i n ati o n is
co m pa ra tiv e ly e a s y A fe w an thr op o l og i s t s Sc h aaff
.
,

1
E M orse ll i ,
. Sul P e s o d e l C rani o e d c lla M a nd i bul a i n R appo r t o
” ’
c ol Se ss , A / I A n t r op , 18 7 6 ; R e b e nti sch ( op czt , pp
'

o r c z p er . . . . .

- r r
33 39 ) e g a ds th is as the mo s t i m port an t o f s e x ual d i s t i nct i o n s ; c f .

r
l ’au l Ba t e l s (op ccl , pp 2 2
.
'

. .
 TH E H E A D .
93
'

h au s e n and F l o we r for e x am pl e h ave r e ac h e d ,

i n t e re s ti ng res u lt s bu t d e n t al su rg eo ns so far a s I
, ,

h ave be e n abl e t o e li c it by i n q u iri e s of som e o f t he

h e ads o f t he pro fess i o n h ave adde d little t o o u r ,

k n ow l e dge of se x ual diffe re n c es G o rh am w ho .

,

we i g h e d s e ve r a l th ou s an d t e e th say s n othi n g w h at ,

e v e r a s t o diffe r e nc es ac c o rdi n g t o se x
1
A m o ng t he .

l o w e r as c om p ar e d t o t he hi g h e r h u m an r ace s it i s
g e n e r a lly agree d th at t he t ee th are l arg e r and m o re
r e g u l arly arrang e d th at the w i s d om t eeth r ese m bl e
,

t he o th er m o l ar s and ar e l e s s c r am p e d and n ot so
fre qu e n tly ab se n t w hil e t he d e n t al a rc h i s s q u are r
,

an d n o t so r o u n d e d as i n t he m o r e c ivili se d r aces
2
.

Th e re i s al so n o d ou bt th a t am on g p ri m itive r aces ,

w h e th e r o f earli e r o r o u r o w n ti m es t he u pp e r j a w ,

an d p al at e e xhibit fe w e r i rre g u l ariti es an d m alfor

m ati o n s b e i n g u su ally e xtr e m e ly we ll fo r m e d a n d

,

d e v e l op e d ; it wou ld al s o appear th at am o n g t he
hi g h e r an d m iddl e cl as s e s irre gu l ariti es are of m o re
fr e q u e n t o ccu rr en ce th a n am o n g t he wo rki ng c l as s e s .

A p ow e rfu l j aw; and p e rh ap s al so v ari ou s m e n t al

q u aliti e s corre l at e d w ith s uc h a j aw are o f l e s s ,

ri m a ry i m p o rt an ce u n d e r t he co nditi ons o f c ivili se d

p
th an of savage an d b arba rou s life The t e n de n c y .

o f c ivili s ati o n i s t o d e c r e as e t he n u mb e r an d s iz e

o f t he t e e th an d t o d e c r eas e t he s iz e an d O ft e n t o
, ,

d e fo r m t he b on y c avity o f t h e m o u t h
,
s

A s t he l o we r j aw i s i n wo m e n m ark e dly s m all e r

th an i n m e n whil e t he t e e th s h ow no co rr esp on di ng
,

r e du cti on we s h ou ld e x p e c t di st u rb an ces of de ve l op
,

m e n t t o occu r w ith s p ec i al fr e q ue ncy i n w o m e n Thi s .

s ee m s t o b e t he c as e Th at t he j aw s of wom e n h av e
.

a m a rke d t e n d e n c y t o b e d e fe c tiv e i n s iz e a n d co n se
q u e n tly t o c ram p t he t ee th th e re i s m u c h e vid e nce ,

t o s how Mr C
. S Tom e s
. . . w rit e s i n a
,

riv a t e l e tt e r : S p e a ki n g fro m a g e ne r al i m p re ss i o n
p ,

1
M e d 7 w ees, 9 th J anuary , 18 7 5
. .

C S Tomes , M a n u al of D e n t a l A n a lomy , 1889 , p 4 5 9

. . . .

Se e , fo r i ns tance , O ak l e y C o l e s, D efor m znes of the M au l /

i , p 34
’ '

3 . .
94 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w hi c h , as k now i s nearly v a l u e l e ss i n s u c h a
you ,

m att e r I s h o u ld say th at co ntr ac t e d d e n t al a r c h e s

,

n ecess it ati n
g t he e xtr ac ti o n o f t e e th fo r s p a c e a re ”
c om m o n e r i n fe m a l e th an i n m al e c hildr e n An .

e x am i n ati o n o f t he v a ri o u s t a bl e s appe n d e d t o t he

fou rth e diti o n ( 19 01) o f Talbo t s ve ry i n t e re s ti n g a n d ’

i n s tr u ctive w o rk The I w eg u lamti es of the Teeth see m s

'

, ,

t o s h o w th at o n t he w h o l e ab no r m aliti es o f t he j aw ,

m o r e esp ec i ally a t e n d e nc y t o t he V-s h ap e d a r c h ar e ,

e s p ec i ally fre q u e nt i n wo m e n .

M ag i t o t has fo u n d by a n e x am i n a ti o n o f t he
w i s d o m t e e th i n 2 4 1 m e n an d 2 5 9 w o m e n th at th e y
ar e m o r e p recoc i o u s i n w o m e n th an i n m e n i n
F r an ce t he m axi m u m nu m b e r a pp ea ri n g at 2 2 y e a r s
, ,

i n m e n at 2 3 y ear s — alth o u g h at 2 5 y e a rs th e re
,

h appe n e d t o b e I O w o m e n t o 6 m e n 1 .

G a li pp e fou n d t he d e ns ity o f t he t ee th t o be
s li g htly g reat e r i n m e n th a n i n w o m e n ; b u t if w e

e x am i n e t he d at a whi c h h ave b e e n a cc u m u l at e d
du ri ng re ce nt ye ars as t o t he i n c ide n ce o f c ari e s ,

the r e are n o m ark e d se xual diffe re nces I n so m e .

cou n tri e s o n e sex see m s m o re li abl e t o c a ri e s th a n

t he o th e r b u t o n t he w h o l e t he i n c id e n ce i s e q u a l 2
, .

W e ow e t o P ro fe ss o r F l owe r a d e n t al i n de x w hi c h
i s c o ns tr u c t e d by m u lti p lyi n g t he d e n t al l e n g th by
I CC and dividi n g
, by t he bas i o -n as a l l e ng th (or
l e ng th fro m t he naso -fro nt al s u t u re t o t he e dg e o f t he
for amen mag num) H e fi n d s th at t he w hit e r ac e s are
.

m i c r o d o n t (p ossess i n g th at i s s m all t ee th an d a
, ,

s m all d e n t al i n d e x ) ; t he y e ll o w r aces ar e m eso d o n t ;

t he bl a c k r ace s m e g ad o n t w ith l a rg e t ee th a n d a
,

l arge de nt al i n de x W hil e am ong t he an thr op o id

,

a p es t he d e n t al i n di c e s ar e s till l ar g e r A m o n g t he .

ape s t he d e n t al i n de x am ong fe m al es i s al ways

’
B u ll Soc; d A n thr opoZ
’
1
. og ze d e P a ri s , 2 0 F e v 18 7 9 . .

2
A s umm ary o f t he o bs e rv at i o ns so far mad e wi ll b e fou nd i n
L ps h t ,
i c i z C ar i e s fre que nz b e i S ch l k d , Complex R endu s X11
u i n e r n
”
.

I n t C on g fli ed ( M o s co w, vol v F o r R e por t o f C o m
. . .
p 6 . . . .

mi t te e o f Bri ti sh D e nt al Associ ati on, se e B r i t fil ed form , 2 1 J uly . .

19 00 .
 96 M AN AN D W O M AN .

b ee n n o t e d t o b e t he c ase am o n g t he A u s trali an s by
P r o fe s s o r Klaat sc h l .

In con s i d e ri n g t he l o we r p art o f t he fa c e i n t he t wo s e x e s we
th us s ee th a t th e re are v e ry n o t abl e d iffe re nce s i n fac t co n s t i ,

t u t ing s e c ond ary s e x ual d is t in c t ion s of t he fi rs t o d e r In m e n r .

t he j aws d e v e l o p t o a m uc h g rea t e r e xt e n t ar e furn is h e d wi th ,

m o re p o we rfu l m usc l e s a nd b e co m e t he se a t o f p ro m in e n t h a iry

,

ap pe nd ag e s . In wo me n th o ug h t h e i n c i so r t e e th at all e v e n t s
,
re main l arg e th is re g io n g e ne rall y re main s s o ft e r m o re roun d e d
, , ,

s ma ll e r, al t o g e th e r m ark e dly l e s s d e v e l o p e d th is d iffe re n ce ,

e xt e n d i n g fro m t he e xt e rn al e ars t o t he l a ry n x Th is re g i on i s .

in wo m e n b o th m o re i n fan t il e an d m o re prim i t i v e w h il e at t he ,

s am e t i me re v eal i n g l e s s an i mal i ty an d h ig h e r rac ia l th o u g h n o t

in d i v id ua l e v o l u t io n Th e s e d i s t i nc t i on s wh i l e o f i m p o rt a n c e as
.
,

s e co n d ary s e x u a l c h arac t e r m a y al so p os se s s a s ig n i fi can ce o f

,

q ui t e an o th e r o rd e r an d W ood s H u t c h in son has i n g e n io u s ly

,

s u g g e s t e d t h a t th e y m y h e l p t o acco u n t fo r t h e v ary i n g s e x u a l
a

i n c i d e n ce o f c an c e r It is we ll k n o wn th a t t he t wo o rg an s m o s t
.

af fe c t e d by c an ce r a e t h e bre as t a n d t h e wom b W h e n we
r .

l e a v e th e se t wo fe m in ine se x ual g l an d s o ut o f accoun t i t i s

fo un d th a t can c e r i s s o m e wh a t m o re p re v a l e n t i n m e n a n d t h e ,

re g io n co mm o n to b o th s e x e s in w h ic h it mos t mark e dly p re

v ai l s i n m e n i s pre c is e ly t he d is t ric t aro un d t he m o u th C a nce r .

o f t he e ar l ary n x p aro t i d m o u th
, , p h ary n x th roat oeso ph ag u s
, , , , ,

n e c k a n d j a ws i s i n n early e v e ry c a s e t wic e as fre que n t i n m e n

,

as i n wo m e n a nd o n t he wh o l e n early th re e t im e s as fre q u e n t
,

a s i n wo m e n ( s e e e g G B L o ng s t afl “ E t io l o g y o f C ance r ”
'

. .
, . .
, ,

B r i t M ed f aw n 2 1 Se p t
. .
, N o w all th e s e org a n s ar e
.

c l o s e ly conn e c t e d wi th t h e m o u th an d i t is u s u al t o p u t fo rwa r d ,

t he i d e a th a t t h e g re at e r fre q ue n c y o f can ce r h e re in m e n i s d ue
t o sm o k ing . Th i s e x pl an at i o n co mm o n a s i t is s e e ms ra th e r , ,

fa r -fe t c h e d
. W ood s H u t c h in son po in t s o ut ( Stu di es i n H u ma n
a n d C ompar a ti v e P a thology 19 0 1 p 2 6 8 ) th a t c an ce r t e n d s t o
, , .

a ppear i n th ose o rg an s i n wh i c h fu n c t io n i s d eca y i ng wh i l e t he ,

v i t a l i ty o f th e re s t o f the b o dy i s we l l m ain t ai n e d Th i s i s con .

s p i cuo u s ly t he case as re g ar d s t h e b reas t and wo m b B ut i t i s .

a l so t he cas e W o o d s H u t c h i n s o n o b s e rv e s wi th re g ard t o t he
, ,

h ig hl y d e v e l o pe d masc u l in e mou th -re g ion Aft e r t he ag e of .

fi ft y s e n i l e re g re s s i v e c h ang e s h e re b e g in t o t a k e p l ace t o ward s

t he in fan t i l e c o n d i t i o n a n d re l at i v e ly th e s e chan g e s ar e m uc h
,

g re a t e r i n m e n b e ca u s e i n wo m e n th is re g io n al re ady a pp ro x i
,

m a t e s t o t he i n fan t il e ty pe Th e l iab i l i ty o f th is re g io n t o ca nce r

.

i n m e n wo u ld th us b e a ph e no m e n on o f d e g e n e ra t ion i n a
h ig h ly d e v e l o pe d re g ion of s e x ual s ig n ifi c an ce s t ric tl y co m par ,

a bl e t o t he l i ab i l i ty o f t he wo m b an d b re as t t o c a n ce r .

1
Zn ]: E rie , 19 0 1, h e ft 3, p . 13 7 .
 TH E H E A D .
97

C r ani al C apaci ty — A co n s id e r a bl e am o u n t o f att e n

.

t i o n h as b e e n g iv e n t o t he q u e s ti o n o f se x u al di ffe r
‘

e n c e s i n c r an i a l cap ac ity , b u t t he r es u lt s h av e b ee n

s m a ll I n n ea rly e v e ry l a rg e se ri es o f s k u ll s , an c i e n t
.

o r m o d e r n , s av a g e or c ivili se d , t he c r an i a l c a ac ity i s
p
fo u n d t o b e co n s id e r a bly g r eat e r in m e n th an i n
wo m e n B u t w h e n w e c o n s id e r th at t he b o dy
.

w e i g ht i s a l so c o n s id e r a bly g r eat e r i n m e n thi s r esu lt

i s n o t s u r p ri s i n g , a n d w hil e so m e a n thr o p o l o g i s t s
h av e as se rt e d th at t he c r an i a l cap ac ity o f m e n i s
r e l ativ e ly so m e w h at g r e at e r th a n th at O f w o m e n ,
o th e r s h av e b e e n a t l e a s t e q u ally j u s tifi e d i n d ec idi n g

th at t he c r an i a l cap ac ity o f w o m e n i s r e l ative ly

g r e at e r th an th at o f m e n At t he be s t , cran i al
.

c a p ac ity i s n o t a n e x a c t i n di c a ti o n o f br a i n s iz e ;

a n d t o m e asu r e br a i n s iz e by t he e xt e r n al s iz e o f

t he s k u ll fu r n i s h e s s till r o u g h e r a n d m o r e fall ac i o u s
a pp r o xi m a ti o n s , s i n ce t he m al e s k u ll i s m o r e m as s iv e

th an t he fe m al e 1 .

A p o i n t o f s o m e i n t e r e s t , w hi c h wa s n o t e d l o n g
a nd ha s s i n ce o ft e n b e e n r ai se d , i s
2
ag o by R e tzi u s ,

t he r e l a tiv e se x u a l diffe r e n ce i n t he hi g h e r an d i n t he
l o we r r ac e s ; it i s a q u es ti o n w h e th e r i n t he hi g h e r
r ac e s th e r e ar e n o t g r e at e r se x u al di ffe r e n ces th an i n
t he l o w e r r a ce s I h a v e p r e p a r e d t he fo ll o w i n g t a bl e
.

b e a ri n g o n thi s p o i n t , u s i n g m an y o f t he fi gu re s
o bt ai n e d by W e i s b ac h , a n d al so w o rki n g o u t t he
r rti n s g iv e n by T o p i n a rd , F l ow e r s as h a r m o n
’
o o o
p p
i s e d by To p i n ar d , an d a ddi ng o th e r s fr o m diffe re n t
,

I t i s wo rth no t i ng th a t wo m an s s k u ll cons t i t u t e s a l arg e r par t o f

’
1

the t o t al bo ny sk e l e t o n th an m an s Th us M an ou v ri e r s cr ani o -fe mora l

’ ’
.

i nd e x g i v es t he re l at i o n o f t he wei g ht o f the th i gh -bo ne s t o th a t o f the

s k ull ,
t he l att e r e qu a ll i ng 100 M os t wo m e n (8 3 p er ce n t ) h av e
. .

h eav i e r s k u ll s th an th igh -bone s ; i n mos t m e n (8 1 p e r ce nt ) the th ig h .

bo ne s are h e av ier F ro m th is poi n t o f vi e w the r e l at i v e size of t he

.

s k u ll d imi ni sh es i n the fo ll o wi ng o rd e r : ch i ld w o man s h ort m an t a ll

, , ,

m an , a pe .

M ull e r s A r chi e f ur A t , 184 5 , p 89 ; a nd se e R o ll e s t on s

’ ’
2 na . .

r r
P es i d e n t ia l A dd e ss t o A n th ro po l og i cal Se c t io n Bri t A ssoci a ti o n , .

187 5 ; a l so L e Bon ,
J r
’
emce 18 7 9 , p 5 6 H usch k e i n 18 5 4 ,
. .

Vog t an d W e l ck e r a fe w y e ars l a t e r, po i n t e d ou t t he t e nde n cy to

r r
g e a t e se x ual d iffe re n ti at i o n o f the s k u ll a mo ng c v l i sed pe o pl es
i i .

7
98 M AN AN D W O M AN .

r
s ou c es 1 The fi g u r e s g iv e t he a ve rage c r an i al c a p ac ity
.

of wo m an s s ku ll if t he m an s b e t ak e n t o e q u al
’ ’

I ooo .

N e g ro ( D a v i s ) , 9 8 4 . r
B av a i an, t o wn-d we ll i n g
B us h m an ( F ( R an ke ), 89 3 .

H ot te n t o t an d B us h man A ino ( Ko pe rn ick i ), 8 9 0

(Bro ca) , 9 5 1 . r
A u s t al ian ( F l o we ) , 889 r .

H ind u ( D a v i s ), 9 44 . r
Ba v a i an, co un t y d we ll i ng r
N e g ro ( Ti e d e mann), 9 3 2 .
( R anke ), 888 .

E sk i m o ( Bro ca), 9 3 1 . Sco t c h ( Tu ne ) , 8 8 7 r r .

A us t ral i an ( Bro ca), 9 2 6 . R us s ian ( P opo w), 884 .

M al ay ( Ti e d e m ann), 9 2 3 . r
G e m an ( D av is ), 88 3 .

D ut ch ( Ti e d e mann) , 9 19 . A l s a t ian ( Sc h walb e ), 880 .

P rus s i an ( Ku p ffe r), 9 18 . G e man (W e i s b ac h ) , 8 7 8

r .

Iri s h ( D av i s ) , 9 12 . r
A nc i e n t B i t is h ( D a v i s ), 8 7 7 .

A nd aman e s e ( F l owe r), 9 11 . J avan e s e (Tie d e ma nn ) , 8 7 4 .

N ew C al e d o ni an ( Broca), r
A u s t al ian (Tu ne ), 8 7 1 r r .

9 11 . C h ine se ( D av i s ), 8 7 0 .

( Broca ) 9 09
D ut c h , . r
G e m an (Tie d e man n ) , 86 4 .

Tas man ia n ( Broca), 9 0 7 . A n g l o -Sa x on ( D av i s ) , 8 6 2 .

Kanak a ( D av is ) , 9 06 . r
P a i s ian Of 12 1h ce n t u y r
Ve dd ah ( D av i s, F l o wer Vir , ( B oca), 862 r .

c Th o mso n), 9 03
h ow , . E n g l i s h ( D av is ), 860 .

M arqu is as ( D a v i s ), 9 02 . r
P a i s i an o f l g th c e n t u y r
Ge rm an ( W e l cke r), 89 7 . r
( B oca), 8 5 8 .

A u v e rg na t ( Bro ca) , 89 7 . J av anese ( B oca ), 8 5 5 r .

A ino ( Ko g ane i ) , 89 4 . E s k im o ( F l o we ) , 8 55 r .

Ty ro l e s e ( Tappe ine r), 89 3 . r

G e m an ( H us c hk e) , 8 38 .

Thi s t abl e see m s t o bri n g s ou t on t he Wh o l e a

gr adu a l se x u al dive rg en ce i n c ran i al cap ac ity u n der
t he i n fl u e n ce o f e v ol u ti o n a n d c ivili sati o n Th e r e are .

n at u r ally m an y di sc r e p an c i es d ue t o s o m e o f t he ,

se ri e s i n c l u d e d b e i n g t o o s m all Or a b n o rm al or t o , ,

diffe re n c e in m e th o ds o f m e asu re m en t Thu s if from .

t he s e ri e s o f V e dd a h s ku ll s t w o we r e t o b e o m itt e d
ah ab n o r m ally l a rge m asc u li n e an d an a b n o r m ally
s m all fe m i n i ne s k u ll — i t wou ld b e fo u n d th at t he
V e ddah s a v e ry p ri m itive r ace w ou ld com e at t he t op
, ,

o f t he li s t wh e re th e y p e rh a p s b e l o ng
, I t m u st of .

c ou r se b e re m e m b e re d th a t We cann ot r as hly a ss u m e
“
1
W e isbach , D e r de uts ch e W e i be rschfidel, ” A r chi e fzcr
’ ’

A nt h .
,
; T p d, H omme, e tc , 189 1, p 2 18
’
Bd i ii
. .
, 18 6 8 o i nar L . . .
 I OO M AN AN D W O M AN .

an d hig h o rbit al i n de x all c on s tit u t e d i m po rt ant

t he ,

feat u re s of diffe re n c e be t we e n t he fe m al e and t he

m al e s ku ll s The r e l ative ly g re at e r diffe rence i n
.

c r ani al c ap ac ity a m o ng c ivili se d th a n am o ng _savag e

races g e ne r ally h ow e ver re m ai n s a fac t of som e
, ,

i nt e rest and s ig n ifi c an ce .

I t has o ft e n b ee n a sse rt e d a n d m o r e e sp e c i ally i n ,

t he ea rli e r d ay s o f c r an i o l o gy th a t t he fr o n t a l r e gi o n s ,
“ ”
o f t he s ku ll re g a rde d as t he , n o bl e r re gi ons are ,

m o re de ve lo p e d i n m e n th an i n wo m e n Th e re is .
,

h owe ve r n o re aso n fo r s u pp o s i ng th at t he fro nt al

,

re g i on i s hig he r or m o re c h a rac t e ri sti cally h u m an

th an any o th e r c ran i a l reg i o n ; an d th e r e i s j u st as
littl e r eason for s u p p os i n g th at t he fr ont al r egi on i s
m o r e hi g hly d e ve l o p e d i n m e n C l e l an d w ho c o m .
,

a r e d t he thr e e r e g i o n s o f t he s k u ll — fr o n t al p ari e t al
p , ,

and occ i p it al— i n m e n a n d w o m e n co u ld fi nd n o ,

n ot ewo rthy diffe r e n ce M a n o u vri e r who has m ad e

.
,
.

the m os t e xt e ns iv e an d r e li a bl e i n v e s ti g ati o n s o n thi s

p o i nt fou nd by t he e x am i nati o n o f B roca s r e gi s t e r s
’
, , ,

th at t he fr ont al cu rve i s re l ativ e ly l arge r in wom en

th an in m e n i n 14 s e ri es o f s k u ll s o u t O f 1 7 ; th at t he
p ari e t al cu rve was r e l ativ e ly l a rg e r i n wom e n in 6
ou t o f 1 7 s e ri e s H e th e r e fo r e c a m e t o t he co n °
.

c lu si o n th at wo m e n e xhibit a fro n t a l typ e o f s ku ll ,

m e n a p ari e t al ty p e 1 Th a t t he oc c i p it a l r e gi o n i s
.

al s o r e l ativ e ly l a rg e r i n w o m e n has b ee n fo un d as

we ll by M an ou vri e r as by W e i s b ac h who i n hi s ,

c a re fu l i n v es tig ati o n s o f t he G e rm an s ku ll cam e t o

1
M anou r e v i r Sur la grand e ur d u F ro nt e t
, de s pr inci pal es reg ions
d u C ane r ch ez l H o mm e e t c h e z la F e m me
'

, B u ll a
'
e I’
A rs fr an . . .

r l aoan cement des Sci 18 82 l x

’
6 -6 “ ”
p ou pp 2 3 39 A so ,A r t Se e ,
. . .

D i ct des sci A nt/t r ap

. . B aifne r ( D ar Wachs t hu m des M en sche n)
.

r
found the fro nta l b eadth prac ti cally the sam e i n bo th se x es, alth ough
r
the ci rcumfe e nce was m uc h g re a te r i n males .

I t may b e n o t ed h ere th a t a h ig h fo reh ead is b y no means, as

commonly s uppose d, the n ece ss ary a cco m pani me nt o f h ig h ment al
c apaci ty In wo men Be n ed i k t ( J fr a n u K eph , p 12 5 ) is accus t omed
. . . . .

r r
t o ega d i t as an i nd i cat i on o f con v u l si v e deg ene at i on, and he refe s t o r r
the i ns ti nct i ve conceal me n t by wome n o f a h i g h for eh ead by ar ange ment r
of h ai r .
 TH E H EAD . I OI

t he co n c l u s i o n th a t th e r e i s g r e at e r h e i g ht an d l e n g th
i n t he o cc i p it al s k u ll i n w o m e n w ith e q u al bre adth .

T o p i n ard s fi gu re s o f t he r e l ativ e bre adth o f t he

’

di ffe r e n t r e g i o n s o f t he h e a d i n P ari s i an m e n an d
wo me n h o w littl e o r n o s u pe ri o rity o f bre adth o f t he
s

fro n t al re g i o n in w om e n b u t a ve ry m a rk e dly g reat e r ,

br ea dth o f t he p os t e ri o r r e g i o n o f t he h ead in dic at ,

i n g l a rg e s iz e o f occ i p it al l o b e s a nd ce r e b e ll u m As .

T op i n ard p o i nt s o u t as a r u l e thi s bre a dth i s g re at e s t

,
“
i n t he s u p e ri o r r a ces ; t he c e p h ali c i n d e x o f R u s s i an s
a n d J av a n e se i s a l m os t t he s am e b u t t he fo r m e r a , ,

hi g h e r r ace h av e g re at e r occ i p it o -ce re b e ll ar br e adth ;

,

t he B as q u e s h av e a l m os t t o a de c i m al t he ce p h a li c
, ,

i n d e x of t he T as m an i an s b u t th e y h av e g r e a t e r ,

oc c i p it al bre adth ; P a ri s i a n m e n h ave o n ly t wo

u n it s o f ce h a li c i n d e x m o r e th an P a ri s i a n w o m e n
p ,

b u t t he l att e r h av e e i g ht u n it s m o r e o f oc c i p it al
”1
bre adth .

P i co zzo (A r ch ai P s i ch , 189 5, F a s c v i , p u t i l is i ng t he
’
. . . . .

r
m a t e ia l co ll e c t e d by M ace d o, has e x am in e d t h e c an ia l s u t u e s r r
r r
i n 1000 s k u ll s o f P o t ug ue s e o ig in , a b o u t e q ually d i v i d e d b e
t we e n t he t wo s e x e s H e fo u n d th at t he s ut u e s i n wo me n we e
. r r
o f s im p l e r r r
c h a ac t e , th a t fu s io n t ake s p l ac e a t a lat e r a g e i n
w o m e n , a n d th a t i n w o m e n a l so t h e s o l i d i fi c a t i o n o f t h e s u t u e s r
o f t he an t e i o r r r r
pa t o f t he s k ull i s e l a t i v e ly e a l ie th a n i n m e n r r .

r r r
The p o l o ng e d e t e n t io n o f t he f e e s u t u e s i s , a s P ic o zzo p o i n t s r
o u t , a n o bv i ou s ly i n fan t i l e c h a ac t e r r
H e b e l ie v e s , a l s o , th a t
.

r r r
t he e l a t i v e ly e a l ie fus io n o f t he s u t u e s an t e io ly i n wo m e n i s r r r
a s i g n o f i n fe i o i t y r r r
Th i s ca n s c a c e ly b e a d m i tt e d , wh e n w e
.

r r r
e c a l l th a t t h e e i s n o g o u n d fo r a t t i b u t i n g a n y s p e c ia l i n r
t e lle c t u a l p r e -e m i n e n ce t o t h e f o n t a l r
e g i o n, an d th a t i n a n y r
1
To pi nard ,
’
L A nt h . Geri , p
. 69 4 . D is W i l k s (L ectu r es on .

N er vou s Sy ste m) re mark s, “ W e h ave o nly t o l o o k a t t he h e ad o f a

pe rso n wi th hi s fac ult i es we ll d e v e l o p e d t o se e a co nsi d e rabl e proj e ct i o n
b e h i nd , w h i l s t i n a p e rso n o f lo w d e v e l o p me n t t he n ec k an d h e ad a re
i n o ne l i ne I t wo uld pe r h ap s b e be tt e r t o say ec t r a th e r
” “ ”
.
( i m p e rf
th an “ low d e ve l o pm e nt , s ince th i s s mall occ i pi tal d e ve l o pme n t is
s o m e t i m e s fou n d i n m e n of m a rk e d i n t e ll e c t ual abi l i ty ) C l a ph a m has .

fo u nd , as a res u lt of t he m eas ure me n t o f 4000 h e ad s , as r e g a d s t he r

p ro p or t i o n o f the an t e ri o r se g me n t to the wh o l e ci rcu mfe re n ce , th a t t he
r
a n t e i o r s e g me n t i n cre ases ra th e r th a n d i mi ni s h e s i n passi ng fr o m the

r
s an e t o t he i ns a ne , and f o m t he i nsane t o i d i o t s ( fou r 1 11m l Sci , . . .

A p r i l 18 9 8 , p .
1 02 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c as e t he r r
f o n t al r e g io n i n wom e n i s , e l a t i v e ly , as fully d e v e l o pe d
as i n m e n I t i s s uffi c i e n t t o s ay th a t t he a n t e io s u t u e s c l o s e
. r r r
r r
e a l ie r r
in wo m e n th an t he p o s t e io , b e cause the f on t al e g i o n r r
r
i s p e c o c io us ly d e v e l o pe d i n wo me n .

O n t he w h o l e , w e h ave fo u n d n o valid g r ou n d for

co nc l u di n g fr o m an e x a m i n a ti o n o f t he s k u ll th a t o n e

se x i s m o rp h o l o g i c a lly s u p e ri o r t o t he o th e r se x .

The o n ly w e ll -m arke d an d g e n e ra lly a c c e p t a bl e

se x u al c r an i al di ffe r e n c e s , so fa r as o u r p re s e n t k n o w
l e dg e e xt e n d s , ar e th ose p o i n t e d ou t at t he o u t s e t :
i n m e n t he ai r -s i n u ses an d m u s c u l a r p roj ec ti o n s are
m o re m ark e d , an d i n w o m e n t he b o s se s are m o r e
p r o m i n e n t I n a ll thr. ee o f th e se r es p e c t s m en

ap p ro ac h t he s av ag e , s i m i a n , a n d se n il e ty p e (fo r
th e se , as w e h ave se e n , an d a s Vir c h o w p o i n t e d
o u t , ap p ro xi m at e t o e ac h o th e r) , w hil e i n all th e se
r e sp e c t s al so w o m e n app ro ac h t he i n fan til e typ e 1 .

I t i s o pe n t o a m an i n a P h a ri s a i c m oo d t o th a n k
G o d th at hi s c r a n i al type i s far re m o ve d fr o m t he
i n fan til e It is e q u ally o p e n t o a w o m an i n s u c h
.

a m o o d t o b e th an kfu l th at he r c r a n i a l ty p e d oes n o t

app r oac h t he se n il e .

TH E BR AIN .

The hi s t o ry i i r e g ardi n g ce re br al se x u al
of Op n on

diffe re n ce fo r m s a p ai n fu l p ag e i n s c i e n tifi c an n al s .

I t i s fu ll o f p rej u di ce s assu m p ti o n s fa ll a c i e s o ve r
, , ,

h as ty ge n e r ali sati o n s The u ns c i e n tifi c h av e had a

.

p re dil e c ti o n fo r thi s su bj ec t ; a nd m e n o f sc i e n c e
see m t o h av e l os t t he sc i e n tifi c s p irit w h e n th e y

app r oac h e d t he s t u dy o f i t s seat M an y a r e p u t ati o n .

1
Th p i l m ph l g i l h
e s ec a t r f th f mi ine k ll i t
or o o ca c arac e s o e e n s u as n er

m e d i at e b e t we e n i nfant i l e a nd m as c u l i ne ty pe we re sh o w n b y
t he
a nd th is
L i ssa ue r A n t /L , po i n t was o ft e n e m ph as i sed
b y Vi rch o l B t l (U b a m Sr/zd el,
’
w P a u . a r e s e e r a

18 9 7 , p .
9 7 ) co nsid e rs th a t t he abse nce o f an i ma l ch ara c t e rs i n the
fe mal e sk ull as co mpare d t o th e mal e i s o ne of the ch i ef e su lts o f hi s r
i nv e s tig a t i o n The arg u me n t s o f an e cce n t r i c zo o log i s t , A lbre cht , i n
.

favo u r of t he
“
r
g re a t e be s t i al i ty
”
o f wo m e n i n a na t o mi ca l e sp ect s r
( Cor r B l D eu tsc/z Gesell A nt/i ,
. . . . n ee d no t b e
. se r i ou sly
disc ussed .
1 04 M AN AN D W O M AN .

It i s r th at i n E u r op e m e n p osse ss a b s o lu t e ly
c ea l
l arg e r brai n s than w o m e n Th e re is n o dou bt o n .

thi s po i n t The diffi c u lty has a r i se n at t he n e xt

.

s t ag e . H av e m e n r e l ative ly l a rg e r br ai n s th an
wo m e n ? W e h ave fir s t t o d e c id e r e l ative ly t o
w h at w e are g o i n g t o co m p ar e t he br a i n H e i g ht .

has u su a lly su g g e s t e d it se lf a s t he m o s t c o nv e n i e n t
t e r m of c o m p ari so n It wou ld b e b e tt e r as T op i n ard
.
,

su g g e st s t o t ak e t he h e i g ht o f t he b o dy o n ly i g n o ri n g
, ,

t he l e g s b u t s o far a s I a m a w a re thi s i s n e v e r d o n e
, , ,
.

I t i s n o t di ffi cu lt t o asce rt ai n w ith fa ir ac c u rac y t he

av e r ag e h e i g h t o f a p o p u l ati o n a n d it i s e vid e n t th at ,

w h e n we h ave br ou g ht t he br a i n i n t o r e l a ti o n w ith
t he st at u re w e h av e m ad e s o m e a p p ro xi m a ti o n t o
a fair es ti m a t e R e l a tive ly t o s t a t u r e it i s n ea rly
.
,

a l ways fou n d th a t m e n still p osse ss so m e w h a t

h eavi e r br ai n s th an w o m e n Thu s ac c o rdi ng t o .
,

B o yd s ave r ag e a s we ll as B i sc ho ff s m an s br a i n
’ ’ ’

we i g ht i s t o w o m an s as 100 t o 9 0 ; t he av e r a g e
’

s t at u r e o f m e n an d w o m e n i n E n g l an d i s a s 100

t o 9 3 ; so th at t a ki n g s t at u re i n t o a cco u n t m e n h av e
, ,

a s li g ht b u t di s ti n c t e x c e s s o f br a i n (a m ou n ti n g ,

rou g hly s peaki ng t o so m e thi n g o v e r an ou n ce ),

o ve r wom en P r e c i se ly t he sa m e di ffe r e n ce i n
.

r ati o has b e e n fou n d i n F ra n ce 1 O n t he s t re ng th .

o f thi s o u n ce a d i s ti ng u i s h e d br a i n a n at o m i s t has
“
de c l ar e d th at t he diffe re n ce th e r e fo r e i n t he s iz e , ,

a nd w e i g ht o f t he br a i n i s o bvi ou s ly a fu n d am e n t a l

se x u al di s ti n c ti o n a n d t he sam e asse rti o n has o ft e n

,

b ee n m ad e by o th e rs .

O n c o n s id e r a ti o n h owe v e r it b eco m es c l e a r th a t
, ,

whil e it i s ve ry c o n v e n i e n t an d e ve n a pp r o xi m at e ly ,

co rre c t t o es ti m at e s e x u al di ffe re n ce s i n br a i n -m a s s
,

re l a tive ly t o se x u al diffe re n ce s i n bo dy -h e i g ht it is ,

n o t q u it e fa ir t o w o m e n M e n are n o t o n ly t all e r .

th an w o m e n th e y are l arg e r , If h u m a n b e i n gs .
,

w hil e re t ai n i n g th e ir p r e s e n t h e i g ht w e re m ou ld e d ,

A d iscussi on
1
th is po i nt wi ll b e found i n To pi nard’ s A nt/zr o
'
on
pologi e
l

Gén ér ale, p 5 5 7 . .
 TH E H E AD . 1 05

into irc u l ar co l u m n s t he s am e siz e all the w ay u p

c ,

t he m a l e co l u m n s w o u ld b e u s u ally o f g r e at e r c ir
c u m fe r e n ce th a n t he fe m al e co l u m n s A s w e fo u n d .

i n C h ap t e r I I I th e r e i s o n ly o n e m e asu r e m e n t — t he
.
,

irth f t h thi h — w hi c h i s al m os t co n s t a n tly l a r e r

g o e g s g
in w om e n I t i s c l ea r th at w e s h ou ld be d o i n g a n
.

i nj u s ti c e by c o m p ari ng t he am ou n t o f brai n o f t he
fe m al e c o lu m n t o th at o f t he m al e c o l u m n fo r t he ,

m a l e c o l u m n m u s t n e cessa rily p osses s an a b so lu t e ly

l arg e r am ou n t o f br ai n -ti s s u e p er fo ot m e r e ly i n o rde r ,

t o e q u al t he p e rc e n t ag e a m o u n t o f t he fe m al e co l u m n .

Th at additi o n al o u n c e i s fu lly n ee de d m e r e ly t o p l ace

m e n o n a fair e q u ality w ith w o m e n .

The e vid e n t i n a cc u r ac y o f the s t at u re c rit e ri o n has

th e re fo re le d a n u m b e r o f e m i n e n t c r a n i o l og i s t s
Gl e n di nn i ng Ti e d e m a nn R e id W a g n e r W e i s b a c h
, , , , ,

-t o a d o t t he m e th o d o f e s ti m ati n
etc .
p g se xu a l di ffe r
e me e s i n br a i n -we i g ht i n ac c o rd a n ce w ith th e ir r ati o

t o b o dy -w e i g ht Thi s i s o bvi o u s ly a m o r e l o g i cal

.

m e th o d The a l m o st c o n s t an t r es u lt i s th at p r o p o r
.
,

t i o n at e ly t o b o dy -w e i g ht w o m e n ar e fo u n d t o p osse ss ,

br ai n s s o m e w h at l arg e r th a n m e n s o r e l se br ai n s o f ’

a b o u t t he s a m e s iz e Thi s w as asce rt a i n e d m an y.

y ear s ag o by P ar c hap p e Ti e de m an n Thu r n am a n d , , ,

o th r
e s i n E n
, g l a n d F r a n c e a n d G e r m a n y,
1
M o re ,
.

re ce n tly B i sc h o ff i n his i m p o rt an t an d acc u ra t e w o rk

,

s h o w s s i m il a rly th at w hil e w o m a n s
’
o n t he br a i n ,

br a i n -w e i g ht i s t o m an s a s 9 0 t o 1 00 w o m an s b ody ’
,
’

w e i ght i s t o m a n s a s o n ly 8 3 t o 1 00 ; Vi e ror dt ha s
’

a l s o ill u s tr at e d t he sam e fac t th a t r e l ativ e ly t o b o dy ,

we g i ht w om en a e h v l a r g e r br a i n s
2
It m ay b e t a k e n .

a s p r ov e d th at i n r e l ati o n t o b o dy -w e i g ht
— a m o re

l og i c al r e l ati o n th an th at t o b o dy h e i g ht — w o m e n s
’
-

fo r i ns tance T Ti e d e m ann
oy al Soc , 18 36 , vo l
’
l l [
'

1
Se e , , , P zz r a n s i . . . .

c xxv i , p 306 ; P archap pe , R ee e c em épf za le , 18 36 , e tc

’
. . /
z r fi es s u r l .

T L W vo n Bi sch o ff, D ar H zr ng ew zc/zt des M en s chen , Bo nn ,

' ’

2
. . .

Vi e r o r d t, “ D as M asse n wachsthum d e r K orpe ro rg ane d es

'

18 8 0 ; H .

M e n sc e n, A r e/t i ?) f ur A n at u P hy s , 189 0 ; a l so tabl e s i n t he s am e

h ”
. .

au th r
o s A n atom zsclze Ta bel/en , 18 9 2
’
'

To pi nard (A n t/t r ap Gen , pp . .

’
. .

5 30 et seq ) has a l so d i scu ssed th i s que s t i o n

. .
1 06 M AN AND W O M AN .

bra i n s le as f as l ar g e m en s , an d are u su a lly

’
ar e at as

l arg e r .

W e h av e h o w e v e r
, , n ot e ve n
re ac h e d a fa ir ye t
s t at e m e n t o f t he r e l a tiv e am o u n t o f br ai n -m a s s i n

m e n an d wo m e n To e s ti m at e br ai n -w e i g ht by i t s
.

rati o t o bo d y -we ig ht i s s ati s fac t ory e n ou g h if w e ar e

de a li n g cau ti ou s ly w ith v e ry l arg e ave rag es B u t .

it has t o b e r e m e m b e re d th at w e ar e c om p ari n g a
co m p ar ativ e ly s t a bl e e l e m e n t w ith o n e w hi c h is
e xtr e m e ly u n s t abl e The w e ll -t o d o w e ll n ou ri s h e d
.
-
,
-
,

a n d c o m p ar a tiv e ly l azy c l as se s w e i g h m u c h m o r e

th an t he u n de r -fe d a n d ove r wo rke d c l asses The .

re l a ti o n s b e t w ee n b o dy a nd br ai n m ay b e q u it e
diffe re n t i n the i n dividu al s w ho die i n a w o rkh o u s e
fro m wh at th e y are i n t he o rdi nary p o pu l a ti o n .

Th e r e ar e n ot o n ly diffe re n ces b e t we e n i n dividu al

an d i n divid u al ; th e r e ar e v e ry m a rk e d fl u c t u a ti o n s

i n t he s a m e i n divid u al A we ll -n ou ri s h e d i n divid u al
.

dyi n g aft e r a s l ow a n d w as ti n g di se ase has ru n it s

c ou r se w ill ap pea r t o p ossess a r e l a tiv e ly m u c h l ar g e r
,

br ai n th a n if he had di e d at t he o u t se t of t he di sease .

B r a i n a lth ou g h n o t t he m o s t s t a bl e ti ssu e i s r e l ativ e ly

, ,

s t abl e m o r e s t a bl e e v e n th a n b o n e ; fat w hi c h m a k es
, ,

u p a v e ry l a rg e p a rt o f t he g e n e r al b o dy -we i g ht i s t he ,

m os t u n s t a bl e ti ssu e i n t he b o dy ; i t i s u s e d u p o n
'

t he fir s t c all fr o m t he o v e r -s tr a i n e d or u n d e r fe d -

o rg a n i s m ; w hil e a c c o rdi n g t o V o it s a n a ly se s 9 7
’

, ,

pe r c e n t o f t he fa t has di sapp ea r e d at t he c o m p l e ti o n
.

o f s t arv a ti o n t he n e rv o u s s y s t e m has o n ly l o s t
,

p e r ce n t o f. i t s w e i g ht 1
W h e n w e c o m p ar e br a i n
.

we i g ht w ith s t at u r e w e a r e fa lli n g i n t o a fall ac y b u t ,

we ar e co m p a ri n g e l e m e n t s th a t a re at a ll e v e n t s
fairly c on s t an t a n d the re fo r e o u r e rr o r i s fairly c o n
,

s t a n t ; w h e n w e co m p a r e br ai n -w e i g ht w ith b o dy

w e i g ht w e ar e o n so u n d e r g ro u n d b u t o n e o f o u r t w o ,

e l e m e n t s fl u c t u at es t o a m u c h g r e a t e r e xt e n t th an t he

Se e , fo r i ns t an ce , i n W a ll e r s P lzy szology , d iag ram sh owi ng

’ '
1 a

r e l a t i v e l o ss of di f r r
fe e n t t i ssue s u nd e the i nfl ue nce o f s tarv at i on .
10 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

se xu al ratio i n br ai n -we i ght m ay b e p u t w ith fa i r

c o n st an c y as w e h ave see n as 9 0 t o 1 00
, ,
.

The t wo u su a l an d m os t c o nve n i e nt m e th od s o f
es ti m ati n g t he se x u a l p ro p o rti o ns o f br ai n -m ass
— t he
rati o t o b o dy -h e i g ht and t he rati o t o b o dy -w e i g ht
ar e th u s b o th e rr o n eo u s an d i n b o th case s t he e rr o r
,

l e a ds t o t he ass i g n m e n t to w om e n o f an u n fairly s m all

m a s s o f br a i n I t m i g ht b e th o u g ht th at th e r e i s
.

so m e fall ac y o n t he o th e r s id e w hi c h w o u ld t e n d t o

re s t o r e t he b al an ce Su c h a sou rc e o f fall ac y m i g ht
.

b e th ou g ht t o li e i n t he m a s s ive bo n y s k e l e t o n o f
m e n b u t thi s d oes n o t see m t o b e t he case t o a ny
,

ap p r ec i a bl e e xt e n t I f fo r e x am p l e w e t a k e t he
.
, ,

s k u ll t he av e rag e r e l ati o n o f t he we i g ht o f m a n s t o
’

w o m an s i s (i f w e acce p t M orse lli s fi g u r es ) as 1 00 t o

’ ’

86 ; t he se xu al r a ti o o f w e i g ht o f t he l a r g e a n d w e ll
t o -d o m e m b e rs o ft he B ath m e e ti n g oft he B riti s h A s s o
c i at i o n w as I OO t o 7 9 o f t he s m all -s iz e d B e l g i a n r a c e

(ac c o rdi n g t o Q u e t e l e t ) it i s 1 00 t o 8 7 : so th at w hil e

th e s e t wo r ati os o f bu lk diffe r w ide ly (as w e s h ou ld
e xp e ct ) th e y osc ill at e ar ou n d t he se xu al r ati o of
,

b o ne -m ass Th e re i s in de e d o n e c o rr ec ti o n w hi c h
.

m u s t y e t b e m a d e a n d it i s a c o rre c ti o n w hi c h d oe s
,

so m e thi n g t o wa rd s re s t o ri n g r e l a tiv e p r e d o m i n an ce o f

br ai n ti ss u e t o m e n In de p e n d e n tly o f s e x an d (at
.
,

a ll e v e n t s am o n g M a mm a li a) i n d e p e n d e n tly e v e n o f

s p ec i es i n c re ase o f b o dy-s iz e has a fairly co n s t an t

,

an d r e g u l a r t e n d e n c y t o b e acc o m p a n i e d by a n i n

c re as e o f br ai n w hi c h i s re l ativ e ly l e ss i n am o u n t .

Ta ll m e n h ave s m all e r br ai n s re l ativ e ly th an s h o rt , ,

m e n ; t all w o m e n h av e r e l a tive ly s m all e r br ai n s th an

, ,

s h o rt w o m e n ; a n d t he s h o rt e s t w o m e n h av e br ai n s

th at are re l ative ly m u c h l ar g e r th an th o s e o f t he t a ll es t
m e n 1 Thi s law i n v o lves a c o rr e c ti o n w hi c h i s n o t
.

1
Bi sch o ff, Bro ca, To pi nard , e tc , h av e sh o w n th a t th is h o lds g o o d
.

r
fo r ei th e r the st at u e -rati o , the bul k -ra ti o , o r bo th Se e , fo r e x ampl e , .

Bi sch off, D as H i m g ew zcht , p 3 2 ; To pi n ard , A mhr op Gem , p 5 33

'

. . .

J. M a s r
h a ll ,
“
O n t he R e l at i o n be t wee n the Br ai n an d t he St at u e
”
r
a nd M ass o f the Body , j ou r n a l of A nat a nd P hy s , J uly 189 2 , . .
 TH E H EA D . 1 09

l a rg e b e i n g scar ce ly t w o p er c e n t a n d p e rh ap s e ve n
, ,

l e ss for B i sc h off an d Ti gge s h av e s h o w n th at br ai n

,

i n c r e as e s w ith h e i g ht t o a g re at e r e xt e n t i n w o m e n
th an i n m e n Thi s c o n s ide rati o n h o we ve r se rv es t o
.
, ,

co m p li c at e t he p r o bl e m o f t he br ai n -r ati o an d t o ,

r e du c e s o m e w h at t he e s ti m at e o f t he re l ative p re do m
i n a n ce o f br a i n ti ss u e i n w o m e n N o sati s fac t o ry .

p l an has y e t b e e n d e vi se d fo r av o idi n g t he fall ac i es

i n v o lv e d i n m e as u ri n g t he br ai n by t he r ati os t o
s t at u r e a n d b u lk The re l ati o n o f t he br a i n t o a
.

b o n e (s u c h as t he fe m u r ) o r t o t he h e a rt o r to so m e
,

p a rti c u l ar m u sc l e ar e a m o n g t he m e th o d s th at h av e
,

b e e n s u gg e s t e d Th e r e i s a m pl e sco p e h e re i n t he
.

fu t u r e fo r t he e ffo rt s o f t he m ath e m ati c al a n thro

p o m e t rist I t i s s u ffi c i e n t at p re se n t if w e a r e
.

g e n e r a lly a g r e e d as t o t he n a t u r e an d dir ec ti o n s o f
t he e rr o r s i n t he u s u al m e th o d s .

Th e re i s th e r e fo r e n o d ou bt th at w h e n w e h av e
, ,

e li m i n at e d t he c hi e f di s trib u ti n g e rr o r s w e ar e c o m ,

p e lle d t o c o n c l u d e th at w o m e n p o s se ss a r e l ative ly
la rg e r m ass O f n e rv ou s ti ss u e th an m e n Thi s by n o .

m e a n s n e ce ss a rily i m p li e s th at w o m e n h a v e a ny n at u r al
adv a n t ag e o v e r m e n The fac t th at t he a b so l u t e ly
.

l arg e br ai n i s t o a g r e at e xt e n t t he app an ag e o f a l a r ge
m u s c u l a r s y s t e m ap p a r e n tly c o n trib u t e s t o i t s s t ead i
n e ss a n d t o n e A r e l ativ e ly l arg e br a i n n ot roo t e d i n
.

a g o o d m u s c u l a r fo u n d a ti o n i s n o t al w ay s a g oo d g i ft

o f t he g o d s ; it i s o ft e n di ffi c u lt t o t u r n o n e ffe c tiv e ly

t o i n t e ll ec t u al t as k s ; it ac t s u n c o n t ro ll ably a n d w ith
t oo m u c h fac ility ; it m ay b e li a bl e t o e x p l os iv e ou t
b u r s t s ; it i s a fac t o f so m e s i g n ifi can ce th at t he
1
il ti
e p e p c p o s ses s e a r l tiv e ly l a rg e br a i n s A ve ry co n .

s i de rable p r o p o rti o n o f t he g oo d w o rk o f t he wo rld

has b e e n d o n e b y br a i n s w hi c h w e r e l ar g e th o u g h , ,

r e l ative ly t o t he b u lk o f t he b ody n o t i n o rdi nat e ly ,

lar
T
e .

h r e e is no d ou bt th at s om e me n of geniu s ,
i n t he
1
Se e , fo r i ns t ance , C l aph am , A rt .
“
Brai n, W e igh t of, D i rt P sy ch
. .
I IO
'
M AN AN D W O M AN .

de p art m e n t s b o th of sc i e n ce an d o f art h ave p osse sse d ,

bra i n s th at w e re e n o r m ou s ly l arg e bo th a b s o l u t e ly ,

a n d r e l ative ly B u t it i s n o t d o u btfu l th at a br a i n
.

bo th ab s o l u t e ly and re l ative ly l a rg e i s a p oss ess i o n o f

m o s t u n c e rt a i n va lu e Taki n g t he s i x l arg e s t r eco rd e d
.

m al e br ai n s (w ith o u t sp ec i al r esea rc h bu t e li m i n at
i ng th ose o f du bi ou s au th e n ti c ity) w e fi nd o n e ,

(g uar an t e e d by B i s c h off) as l arg e as 2 2 2 2 grs w hi c h .

,

be l o nge d t o a t o t ally u ndi s ti n gu i s h e d i n divid ual ; th e n ,

s li g htly s m all e r t he br ai n o f an i m b e c il e e x am i n e d by
, ,

Lev i n g e at t he H an t s C o u n ty A s yl u m an d s aid t o b e ,

o f n o r m a l co n s i s t e nce ; th e n w e h a v e Tu r g u e ni e ff t he ,

g r e a t R u ss i an n o v e li s t a t all bu t n o t e xtr e m e ly l a rg e
,

m an w ith a br a i n o f 2 0 1 2 g r s ; t he fo u rth 1 9 2 5 g rs
,
.
,
.
,

be l o n g e d t o an o rdi nary l a b ou ri ng m an a n d w as ,

e x am i n e d by B i s c h off; t he fi fth 1 9 00 g r s be l o n g e d
,
.
,

t o a bri c kl aye r ; t he n e xt 1 8 3 0 g r s w as t he br a i n o f
,
.
,

C u vi e r t he fam ou s z oo l og i s t 1 The s i x l ar g e s t br a i n s
, .

o f w o m e n k n o w n (as re c o rd e d by T o p i n a rd ) ar e : fir s t ,

th at o f an i n s an e w o m a n w e i g hi n g 1 7 4 2 g rs ; s he
, .

di e d of c o n s u m p ti o n and he r case w as re c o rde d by

,

Sk ae ; th e n co m es o n e o f 1 5 8 7 g r s b e l o n g i n g t o a .
,

s a n e w o m an who di e d a t t he ag e o f 6 3 ( Si m s ) ; th e n
,

a n o th e r o f t he sam e w e i g ht b e l o n g i n g t o a n i n s an e
,

wo m an a n d r e co rd e d by C l ap h am a t W ak e fi e ld
,

A s yl u m ; th e n t wo c ase s o f 1 5 80 g r s b oth i n s an e .
,

wo m e n a n d r e c o rd e d by B o yd ; fi n ally a n o th e r al so
, ,

o f I 5 80 g rs w hi c h b e l on g e d t o a m e di c a l s t u d e n t w ho
.
,

is said t o h av e p ossesse d e x ce p ti o n al a bil i ty an d t o ,

h av e sh ow n n o s i g ns o f i n s a n ity b u t w ho co m m itt e d ,

s u i c id e b e li e vi ng th at s he had fa il e d t o p a ss he r fi n al

e x am i n ati o n A l arg e br ai n i s a p e ril ou s p o s se ss i o n

.
,

1
I t may b e add e d th at s i nce I co m pi l e d the abo v e l i s t , a brai n
r
l arge th an any of th ese h ere me nt ioned has be e n d escri bed i n H o ll and
b y G C van W a lse m ( N eu r olog C en tr albll , I st J uly
. . . . i t was
th at’ of an e’ pi l e ptoid i d io t , and weig h e d 2 85 0 grs M ano uv rie ( R ev . r .

de ZE cole d A n t h , D e c 19 02 ) has al so d esc ri be d a brai n we ig h i ng

. .

19 3 5 g rs ; i t was th at o f a m an e s t ee m e d for hi s j udg me n t and t he

.

re c t i t ud e o f hi s cond uc t , b u t who r e mai n e d o b scu e The acc uracy of r .

the we g i ht o f T u rg u e ni e f
f
’
s b rai n has bee n
ques t ioned wi th ou t r eason .
I IZ M AN AN D W O M AN .

a du lt it fo r m s m e r e ly a b o u t a thirty -third p a rt By .

t he ag e o f s ix m o n th s (a cco rdi n g t o B o yd s fa irly

’

l a rge fi gu re s ) t he a b so l u t e we i g ht o f t he br ai n has
dou bl e d i n g irl s , an d n e a rly dou bl e d i n bo ys ; by t he
ag e o f se ve n y ea r s t he w e i g ht o f t he br a i n ha s q u a d

ru p le d i n g irl s , an d b e fo re t he ag e o f fou rt e e n it has

q u adru p l e d i n b o ys The p re c oc ity o f t he fe m al e
.

br ai n i n c hildh oo d i s th e r e fo re e xtr e m e ly m arke d .

E ve n B o yd s fi g u r es , w hi c h g iv e g irl s at r e l ativ e ly
’

s m all am o u n t o f bra i n a t birth , s h o w th at b e t we e n

t he ag e s o f fo u r an d s e v e n g irl s p ossess l a rg e r br ai n s
th an b oy s i n r e l ati o n to h e i g ht W hil e g irl s be t we e n
.

t he ag es o f fou r a n d s e ve n h av e a l re a dy g a i n e d 9 2 p er
ce n t o f th e ir fi n al br ai n -w e i g ht , b o y s at t he sam e ag e
.

h av e o n ly r eac he d 8 3 p e r c e n t The g irl s br ai n .

’

g ro w s b u t littl e aft e r t he ag e o f s e ve n , an d has

p r ac ti cally cease d t o g ro w by a b o u t t he ag e o f t w e n ty ;
t he m an s bra i n do e s n o t r e ac h i t s m a xi m u m s iz e
’

u n til aft e r thirty y e ars o f ag e O wi n g t o t he r ap id

.

g r o wth o f t he br ai n i n t he fir s t y e ar s o f life , it i s i n
c hildh oo d , an d m o r e e s p ec i ally d u ri n g t he ag e s o f t w o

t o fo u r , th a t b o th se x e s p osse ss t he l a rg es t am o u n t
o f b ra i n i n r e l ati o n t o h e i g ht The p r e m at u re an d
.

fall ac i ou s m axi m u m i n t he w e i g ht o f t he br ai n b e fo re
t he ag e o f t w e n ty , w hi c h i s fo u n d c hi e fly or e x c l u s iv e ly
i n t he fe m al e br ai n by t he l a rg e se ri es o fB o yd , B i sc h o ff,
an d B ro c a i n three co u n tri e s , s e e m s t o s h o w , as To p i n

ar d p o i n t s o t , th at t he p r e c o c ity a n d e xt e n t o f br a i n
1
u

g ro wth i n wo m e n at thi s e a rly a g e e xp oses th e m t o

g r e at e r c h an ce o f d eath th a n m e n , j us t as b o y s ar e
m o r e e x p o s e d at birth ; fo r it m u s t a l ways b e r e m e m
b e r e d th at brai n -s t ati s ti c s i n early life ar e e x c l u s iv e ly
fou n de d o n th ose m e m b e r s o f t he c o m m u n ity w ho
h av e b ee n fa ilu re s i n t he r ac e o f life ; we can n o t
n ece s s arily a rg u e fr o m th e m t o t he s u cces sfu l m e m b e r s

o f t he co m m u n ity w ho re ac h ad u lt life So o n aft e r

.

t he ag e o f t we n ty t he av e r ag e w e i g ht o f t he br a i n
b eg i n s t o fall ; i n m e n th e re i s n o n o t abl e fall u ntil
1
A ni hr op . Gen ” p 5 5 7
. .
 TH E H E A D . 1 13

a ft e r fi ft y -fi ve ; i n b o th s e x e s th e r e i s a so m e w h a t
r ap id d e c li n e a ft e r thi s ag e a nd th e r e i s s om e r e aso n
,

t o thi n k th a t i n o ld a g e m e n u n d e r o r e l ativ e ly
g
g r e a t e r br a i n l o ss th a n w o m e n
-
.

The l a rg e r a m ou n t o f br a i n i n w o m e n w hi c h w e ,

h av e fo u n d t o e xi st aft e r t he e li m i n ati o n of fall ac i e s

cau se d by i n c o rre c t c rit e ri a o f r o o rti o n i s c o rr e l at e d
p p ,

w ith t he p r e coc ity a n d ea rli e r a rr e st o f g r o w th i n

w o m e n w hi c h e xi s t s as w e ll for t he bra i n as for t he
g e n e ra l p r o p o rti o n s o f t he b o dy T all p eo p l e h av e
.

l arge r bra i n s a b so l u t e ly th an s m all p eo p l e t he t all es t

, ,

a n d l a r g e s t p e o p l e o n t he av e r a e h av e t he l a r e s t
, _ g , g
br ai n s ; b u t th e ir br ai n s do n o t i n c r e ase i n t he sam e
r ati o as th e i r b o di e s g e n e r ally ; t he fi g u r es o f B i sc h off ,

B r oca a n d o th e r s s h o w th a t a s b o dy -h e i g ht a nd b o dy
, ,

w e i g ht i n c r e ase i n b o th m e n a n d w o m e n so t he p ro ,

p o rti o n o f br a i n d e c r e a ses A r e l ativ e ly l arg e m as s

.

o f br a i n -ti ss u e i s a c h a r ac t e r w hi c h w o m e n s h a r e w ith

s h o rt p eo p l e g e n e r ally a n d w ith c hildr e n .

I t i s ti m e t o t u r n t o t he q u es ti o n o f s e x u a l di ffe r
e n ce s i n t he r e l a ti o n o f t he v a ri ou s p a rt s o f t he br ai n .

I n d o i ng thi s w e h av e t o co n s id e r t he r e l ati o n o f t he
t wo h e m i sp h e r e s o f t he ce r e br u m o r br a i n -m a n tl e t o
, ,

t he ce r e b e ll u m o r s m all e r br a i n a n d t o t he u pp e r
,

p a rt s o f t he s p i n a l co rd call e d t he p o n s a n d m e d u ll a
o bl o n ga t a ; i n th e c e r e br u m w e h av e t o di s ti n g u i s h
'

b e t w ee n t he fr o n t al l o b e i n fr o n t t he occ i p it al l o be
,
'

a t t he b a c k , an d t he i n t e r m e di a t e t e m p o r o -p a ri e t a l

r e g i o n ; a n d we m ay t ak e th e se l as t thre e su b
divi s i o ns o f t he m a n tl e fir s t .

I t ha s b e e n s a id by M e y n e rt th at se xu al d i s t i n c
ti o n s i n t he br a i n a re m u c h b e tt e r m a rk e d i n t he
r e l a ti o n o f i t s p art s t o o n e a n oth e r th an i n t he or ga n
t ak e n a s a wh o l e B u t if thi s i s so it i s n ot w e ll
.

ill u s tr at e d by t he c u ri ou s m an n e r i n w hi c h t he
o pi n i o n s o f br ai n a n at o m i s t s co n c e r n i ng se x u a l diffe r

e n ce s i n t he p r o p o rti o n o f t he ce r e br a l l o b es h a v e o f

l at e y e a r s b ee n t u r n e d u p s id e d o w n So m e y e a r s
.

ag o it was as se rt e d w ith g re a t e m p h as i s m o r e ,

8
 1 14 M AN AN D W O M AN .

e s p ec ai lly i n G e rm any th at e ve n fro m an e arly ,

e ri o d o f f t l lif th r m rk e d se x u a l di ffe r
p o e a e e e a r e a

e mee s i n t he l o b e s o f t he ce r e br u m t e n di ng t o s h o w ,

t he g r eat i n t e ll e c t u al s u p e ri o rity o f m an o v e r w o m an .

B u rd ac h co ns id e re d th at m e n ar e di s ti n g u i s h e d fro m
wo m e n by t he d e ve l o p m e n t o f th e ir fr o n t al l o b e s ;
H u sc hk e i n 1 8 5 4 cam e t o t he c o n c l u s i o n th at
, ,

wo m an i s a homo par i etali s w hil e m an i s a homo ,

fr ontali s ; R u di ng e r i n 1 87 7 fou n d t he fro n t al l o be s

o f m an i n e v e ry w a
y m o r e e xt e n s ive th a n th ose o f
wo m an a nd se x u a l di ffe r e n c es acc o rdi n g t o hi m
, , ,

are di s ti n c t d u ri n g foe t a l life ; hi s p u p il P asse t a s , ,

rece n tly as 1 88 2 co n fir m e d the s e r esu lt s th o u g h i n

, ,

a m o r e m o difi e d fo r m I t i s q u it e p o s s ibl e t o e x p l a i n
.

th e se c o n c l u s i on s I n divid u a l v a ri ati o n s a r e v e r y
“

co n s id e r abl e ; m os t o f th e s e r es u lt s w e re fo u n d e d o n

ve ry s m all se ri es o f br ai n s ; t he brai n m o re o v e r i s a , ,

ve ry di ffi cu lt o rg an t o e x a m i n e ; a n d fi n ally a s it , ,

had al w ay s b ee n t ak e n fo r g r a n t e d th at t he fr o n t a l
re g i on s are t he seat o f all l ofty i n t e ll ec t u al p r oce s ses ,

o n ly a r e s u lt w hi c h g av e fr o n t a l p r e -e m i n e n ce t o m e n
’

co u ld b e r e g ard e d as p r o b abl e .

I t i s n o l o n g e r p os s ibl e t o a cce p t t he o p i n i o n th at
t he fr o n t al l o b e s a re d e fe c tiv e i n wo m e n B r oca .

e x am i n e d so m e 3 6 0 br ai n s w ith g r e a t ca r e a n d -

u n ifo r m ity o f m e th o d ; hi s r e su lt s s h o w th at t he .

w h o l e c e re br al h e m i sp h e r e b e i n g t ak e n a s 1 000 ,

w hil e t he p r o p o rti o n o f fr o n t a l l o b e i n m a n i s a s
4 2 7 i n w o m a n it i s as 4 3 1 ; it i s o n ly a diffe r e n c e
,

i n fav o u r o f w o m e n o f 4 i n 1 000 b u t it i s e n o u g h ,

t o s h ow at l e as t a p r ac ti c a l se x u al e q u a lity ; - on
an aly s i n g t he fi g u r e s a c c o rdi n g t o a e it i s fo u n d
g ,

th a t whil e i n early adu lt ag e m e n h ave s o m e fr o n t al

a dva n t ag e o v er w o m e n thi s p os iti o n is d e c ide dly
,

r e ve rse d i n l
o d ag e
1
A m o ng t he i n san e C ri c ht o n
.
,

B r o wn e has s h o wn th at t he p r o p o rti o n o f t he fr o n t al
lOb e t o t he r es t o f t he br ai n i s n o t l e ss i n wo m e n ,

1
T p in d A nth p Ge
o ar , p ro 5 80 and m re e peci lly M nouv i er
. n , .
, o s a a r ,
”
C e rv e au , P hy s i o/og re
'
’
ar t . D zel . a e .
1 16 M AN AN D W O M AN .

th e re i s n o re al g r ou n d fo r a ss ig n i n g an y s p e c i ally
e x alt e d fun c ti o ns t o t he fr o n tal l o b e s Thi s o p i n io n .

had b ee n ve ry w id e ly ac c e p t e d w ith o u t a n y d e fi n it e
re aso n s at all an d e ve n H itzi g t he p i o n ee r o f
, ,

m o d e r n p r o g re ss i n t he p r ec i s e k n o w l e dg e o f ce r e br a l
l oc ali sati o n had g ive n it t he w e i g ht O f hi s au th o rity
,

by ass i gn i ng t o t he fr on t al l o b e s t he se at o f l og i cal
th ou g ht I t i s n o t di ffi cu lt t o accou n t fo r thi s an
.

c i e n t n o ti o n ; th e re i s a d ee p ly i m p l a n t e d fe e li n g i n
“ ”
t he hu m an m i n d w hi c h assoc i at e s w ith abo v e ,
“ ” “ ”
fr o n t , to p m o re di g n ifi e d id eas th a n w ith
,
“ ” ”
be l ow ”
,
bac k “
b o tt o m ,
The fro n t al re g i o n
.

e x a c tl y fi t s i n w ith thi s i m p li c it m e n t a l assu m p ti o n ;

it i s p r ec i se ly th at p art of t he b ody w hi c h is m o s t
ab o v e , t o t he fr o nt an d t o t he t o p ; it i s n o t th e r e ,

fo r e su r p ri s i n g th at t he ce n tr es for t he hig h e s t
,

i n t e ll ec t u al p r oc e sse s s h ou ld h av e be e n p l ace d i n a
p o s iti o n w h e r e w e can s c a rce ly b e li e ve th at a q u ad
r u e d al c r a n i o l o g i s t w ou ld h av e p l ac e d th e m ; nor
p
i s it su r p ri s i n g th a t it i s o n ly w ithi n v e ry r e ce n t
ye a r s th at w e h av e br ou g ht Ou r s e lve s t o be li e v e th at
t he occ i p it a l l o b e s a r e i n ti m at e ly co n c e r n e d i n s o
hi g h a p rocess as th at o f vi s i o n The e xtr e m e .

a n t e ri o r p art o f t he br ai n u s u a lly c a ll e d t he
, p re
fr o n t al l o b e g ive s littl e de fi n it e re ac ti o n t o e l e c tri c a l
,

sti m u l u s (th o u g h t he fa c t th at t he fr o n t a l r e g i o n i s
i ne x c it abl e t o e l e c tri c al s ti m u l u s i s n o a rg u m e n t
a g a i n s t i t s i m p o rt a n c e i n i n t e ll ec t u a l p r oce s s e s) ;
1
an d
th e re i s n o d e c i s iv e e xp e ri m e nt al g rou n d fo r asso
c i at i n g t he fro n t a l r e g i o n w ith i n t e ll e c t u a l p r oce s s e s

i n an y s pec i a l a nd p ecu li a r m ann e r M o r e o v e r t he .

,

fr o n t al r e g i o n i s r e l a tive ly v e ry co n s ide r a bly d e

, ,

ve lo p e d i n t he an thr o p o id ap es i n w h o m t he i n t e l ,

l ec t u a l p rocesse s are n o t u su a lly r eg a rd e d as hi g hly

de ve l op e d N or i s the fr on t al l o b e r e lative ly m o r e
.

1
A s Sh erri ng t o n andG rti nb aum h av e poi nt e d out, i t is pro babl e th a t
furth e r prog e ss i n r t his fi e ld will b e made rath e r by the pat i e nt co m
bi nat ion o f c l i nical r
and mi c oscopi cal researc h th an b y ex ci t at i o n e x e ri
p .

men t s i n the l aboratory .

 TH E H E A D . 1 17

d e v e l o p e d i n t he adu lt th an i n t he foet u s And it .

m ay b e add e d th at i n w o m e n i n w h om it i s if any ,

thi ng m o re d eve l o p e d th an i n m an t he r el ati on s o f ,

t he fro nt al r e g i on (a s C u n n i n g h am s r e su lt s s h ow)
’

m o re n early app roac h t he an throp o id fo r m th an

m an s ; alth ou gh i n o ne i m p o rt an t r e s p e c t as C u nn i n g
’

ham p o i nt s ou t m e n i n t he r e l ati o n s o f thi s r e gi o n

,

app r oac h t he ap es m o r e n ear ly th an wo m e n : t he a rea

o f t he fr o n t al l o b e c Ov e r e d by t he p ari e t al bo n e i s

r e l ativ ely l ess i n m e n th an i n wo m e n I t m us t b e .

a dd e d th at w hil e at
p re se n t it c an n o t b e d e fi n it e ly
asse rt e d th at t he fro n t a l p a rt s of t he brai n are
Sp e c i ally co nn ec t e d w ith t he hi g h e r m e nt al processe s ,
1
n e ith e r can it b e d e fi n it e ly d e n i e d A c ons id e r ati on .

w hi c h m ak es it v e ry i m p r o b a bl e is t he high per
cen t ag e o f t he fr o n t al lo b es t o t h e br a i n as a w h ol e ,

fu r n i s h e d by idi ot s an d i m be c il e s ; i n C lapham s ’

fig u re s it i s scarce ly s eco n d t o th at give n by ev e n

t he m os t i n t e ll ec t u al fo r m s o f i n s a n ity The q uesti o n .

r e m ai ns O pe n th o u g h it see m s m os t r eason abl e t o

,

su pp o se th a t t he w h o l e o f t he b rai n i s c o nce r n e d i n
m e n t al o p e r ati o n s a n d c e rt a i n ly by n o m eans l e ast
,

t he se n so ri -m o t o r r e g i o n s o f t he m iddl e o f t he br ai n
c o rt e x o f w hi c h w e h av e t he m o s t d e t ail e d e x p eri
,

m e n t al k n o w l e d g e .

Th ese ce n tre s are co n ce n tr at e d i n t he p arie t al

p o rti on s o f t he c e re bru m an d th e r e se e m s n o w t o
.
,

b e no d ou bt th a t th e y p r e d o m i nat e i n m e n Thi s .

’
re su lt has been o bt ai n e d by B roca ( th ou g h B roca s
fi g u res s h ow o n ly a s li g ht p rep o n de ran ce o f thi s
r eg i on i n m e n ) M e y n e rt R udi n ge r C ri c ht on-B rowne
, , , ,

Tigge s e t c Th e r e i s so m e re as on t o su p po se th at
, .

t he p ari e t al re g i o n i s ve r y l a rg e ly de v e l o p e d i n
p e rson s of e x c e p ti o n al i n t e ll e c t u al p owe r ; th u s
R udi ng e r e x am i n i n g e i g ht ee n br a i n s of di sti n gu i sh e d
,

1
The cas e h s h w v e b n r p ort d (D i d e R ev N eu rol 19 01
a , o e r, ee e e , . .
, ,

pp 446-46 2 ) of a wo man who l i v e d a n or mal l ife , th oug h she ev ent ually

. .

became i nsane , i n wh om t he fr on t a l l obes we re at oph ied to an ext re me r

r
d eg ee ; microscopi cal i nv es t igat i on sh owe d th at th is at ophy was not r
r
acqui ed b ut co n e ni t a l
g .
1 18 M AN A N D W O M AN .

m e n, fou n d th at i n all of the m t he pari et al l o b e s

w e re l arge ly d e ve l o pe d i n t he fr o n t al dir ec ti o n In .

a pes t he p ari e t al r e g i o n i s s m a ll ow i ng t o t he i nc u r .

1
s i o n b o th o f t he fro n t al an d o cc i p it al l o b es .

I t i s so m e wh at d ou btfu l w h e th e r t he occ ipit al l o b e

i s l a rg e r i n w om e n th an i n m e n ; B roc a s figu r e s s h o w
’

it t o be on an av e rage r e l ativ e ly t he sam e s iz e i n ,

e a rli e r ad u lt age s o m e w h at l a r ge r i n o ld ag e som e ,

w h at s m all e r ; C ri c ht on — B r o w n e fo u n d it l ar ge r i n
w o m e n ; m an y au th o riti e s s p eak u n c e rt ai n ly o r ar e ,

i n c li ne d t o fi nd it l arge r i n m e n C u n n i n gh am fi n d s .

it l arg e r i n wo men I t m ay b e a dde d th at t he

.

g e n e ra l t e nd e nc y o f t he occ i p it al l o b e i n t he
m amm ali an se ri e s i s t o de c re a se ; it i s r e l a tive ly
s m all e r i n t he an throp o id s th an i n t he mo re p ri m i

tiv e ap e s and i s still sm all e r i n M an ; on t he o th e r

,

h an d it t e nds t o b eco m e m o r e conv ol ut e d so th at

, ,

w e c anno t r e g ard it as i n p r o c e ss o f atr op hy ;

G am be tt a s br ai n w hi c h w as s m a ll was a m arv e ll o u s
’
, ,

e x am p l e o f occ ipit al co n v o l u ti o n .

Se x ual d is t inc t ions i n t he i m port an t m att er of the v as cul ar

s upp ly o f t he b rain h a v e as y e t r e ce i v e d l i ttl e a tt en t i o n Sir .

J a m e s C rich t on-Browne and D r Si d ne y M art in h a v e h o w

.
,

e v e r m ad e a fe w ob s e rv a t i o n s
,
Th e y fo und t ha t the co m
.

b ine d d iame t e rs o f t he i n t e rna l c a ro t i d and v e rt e b ra l ar t e ri e s

w h ic h s upply t he b rain t a ke n t o g e th e r are re l at i v e ly t o t he
, ,

b rain-m as s rath e r l arg e r in wom e n th an i n m en So th a t .

w o m e n s b rai ns rece iv e a p ro p o r t io na t e ly l arg e r bl oo d -s upp ly

’

th an m e n s and would no t s uffe r as th e y o th e rwis e woul d fro m

’
,

t he co mp arat i v e po v e r ty wh i c h as w e s h al l s e e l at e r c h arac t e r
, ,

i s e s th ei r bl o o d The s am e in v e s t ig a t ors h av e fo un d t he
.

i n t e rnal caro t i d s l igh tly l arg e r in m e n the v e rt e b ral s l i g h tly

,

l arg e r in women “ Th e s e re s ult s we re foun d e d on a s m al l

.

1 “
It wo uld b e r
i n t e est i ng fi e ld for s pecul ati on ,
an C unni ngh am
r
r e ma k s,
“
r
to consid e wh e th e r th i s pari e tal i ncre ase in t he h u man
brai n has anyth ing to d o wi th th e acqu isi tion o f the e ducate d m ove
me nt s o f t he l i mbs— mo re e specially o f the u ppe l i mbs — a nd th at
”

r
wo nde rful h armony o f ac ti on w h ich e xi s ts be t wee n the brai n and the
hand s, and wh i ch has pl aye d so i m po r tan t a par t i n t he e vo l uti on o f
” ”
t he Spe cies C o
.nt r i b u t i o n t o t h e Su rfa ce A nat o my , e tc ,
p 59 . . .

2
. r
Si r J C icht on-B o wne , r ”
Se x i n Educa ti on, B r i t M ed j ou r n al, . .

7 1h M ay 189 2 .
 12 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

of t he p art s of t he bra i n t o t he wh ol e in d ec i m al
p art s of an oun ce to e ve ry i n c h o f h e i g ht

M EN
N_o . of
Enc e phal
- 0
3 4
0

W O M EN .

85 3 4
0 -0 . 69 5 . 6 11 . 07 6 l . 0 15

Thi s s hows th at whil e m e n p os se ss re l ative ly t o

h e ight m o re c e re bru m th an wo m e n i n t he d istribu ,

tion of t he l owe r ce n tres t he s e x e s are e qu al R eid .

,

P eacoc k W e i s b ac h M ey n e rt and B i sc h off h ave

, , ,

ag re e d th at th e r e i s littl e s e x u a l di ffe re n c e i n r e g ard

t o t he r e l ativ e p r o p o rti o n s o f t he c e re b e ll u m It .

m u st be adde d th a t i n acco rd an c e w ith wh at has

,

been al ready said in re g a rd t o t he br ai n g en e rally ,

thi s se xual ce re be ll a r e qu ality r e l ativ e ly t o h e ight

really m eans ce r e be ll ar p re do m i n an ce i n w om e n .

So m e o f t he b as a l g an g li a o f t he br ai n acco rdi n g ,

t o Tigges an d o th e r s a re a b s o lu t e ly as we ll as re l a
,

t i ve ly l arge r i n w o m e n P u tti ng t o g e th e r nu m e r ou s
.

fact s it seem s c l e ar th a t t he m an tl e i s th at p art of

,

t he br ai n w hi c h i s m o s t li abl e t o v a ry The ce re .

b e llu m t he v ari ou s b asal g an g li a an d t he sp i nal

, ,

co rd see m t o b e m o re co ns t an t th an t he c e re b ru m ;
th ey do not was t e t o t he sam e e xt e n t w ith ag e or
with i n sanity .

It is wo rth n oti ng th at t he ce r e b e llu m in wo m e n

is re l ative ly l arge r th an i s t he ce re br u m B ut t he .

s i g n ifi cance o f thi s fac t i s at p r e se n t b

y no m eans
o bvi ous Th e re i s l e ss t o b e p o s itive ly affi rm e d
.

t o -day ab ou t t he fu n c ti o n s o f t he c e r e b e ll u m th an
the re was fifty ye ars ag o I t has n o co nnecti on as .
,

w as o nc e s u pp ose d w ith t he se x u al i n sti n ct

, I ts .

d est ru cti on d oe s n ot p ro du ce e ith e r p aralys i s or l oss

o f i n t e llig e nce Th e o n ly de fi n it e fu n cti on whi c h
‘

.
,

so far as i s y e t k n own it see m s t o p ossess is t he , ,

 TH E H E AD . I ZI

fu n c ti o n o f t o s o m e e xt e n t co o rdi nati ng m u s c u l ar
, ,
-

m o v e m e nt . P er ri e r ha s s u g g e s t e d th at vi sce r al o r
o r g a n i c s e n s o ry i m p r e ss i o n s are r e r e se n t e d i n t he
p
c e r e b e ll u m . I t m ay b e a dd e d th at t he ce r e b e ll u m
i s a c h a r ac t e r i s ti c a lly ad u lt o r g a n ; i n t he n e w-b o r n
c hild it m ay o n ly fo r m a b o u t o n e -thirt e e n th o r l e ss

o f t he br ai n -m ass ; i n t he a du lt it fo r m s abo u t
o n e -s e v e n th . I t s d e v e l o p m e n t i n di c at e s h e i g ht i n
t he z o o l o gi c al s c al e a n d it i s r e l ativ e ly l arg e s t i n
,

m an .

W hil e t he se x u al diffe re nc e s i n t he br ai n are at t he

m o s t v e ry s m all it w o u ld appe ar th a t t he diffe r e n ce s
,

i n t he r e l ativ e a m ou n t o f t he s p i n al c o rd are s o m e
w h at m o r e m a rk e d M i e s fo u n d th at b o th i n n o r m a l
.
,

su bj e c t s a n d in t he i n s a ne wo m e n h av e thr o u g h ou t
,

life a l a r g e r co rd as c o m p a r e d t o t he brai n th an
, ,

m e n 1 The r e su lt s o bt ai n e d by t he C o ll e c tive I n
.

v es t i g at i o n C o m m itt ee o f t he A n a t o m i c a l Soc i e ty o f

G r e a t B rit ai n 2 g o fu rth e r th an thi s a n d i n di cat e th at ,

as r e g a rd s t he l e n g th o f t he co rd wo m e n t e n d t o ,

s h o w a n e v e n a b s ol u t e s u p e ri o rity I n t he 1 1 5 c ases .

e x a m i n e d t he co m m itt ee fo u n d a m ark e d t e n d e n c y

for t he c o rd t o d e sc e n d l o we r i n fe m al e s th a n i n
m a l e s R e l ativ e ly t o t he l e n g th o f t he s p i nal co l u m n
.
,

t he c o rd i s l o ng e r i n fe m al e s a n d thi s g re at e r e xt e n
,

s i o n m ay b e a se x u al p ec u li arity I n fe m al es al so .
, ,

th e r e w as g r e at e r v ari ati o n th an i n m al e s ; w hil e

a b so l u t e ly l o ng e r o n t he av e r age i n wom en t he ,

l o n g e s t c o rd m e as u re d was i n a wo m an (4 7 c m s a s .
,

ag ai n s t t he l o n g e s t i n a m a n ) R e l ativ e ly t o .

t he a v e r a g e l e n g th o f t he s p i n al c o l u m n fr o m t he ,

fo r am e n m ag n u m t o t he b as e o f t he s ac t he c o rd i s ,

s li g htly l o n g e r i n fe m a l es th an i n m a l es ; w hil e t he
fe m a l e s p i n al c o l u m n t o t he m al e sp i nal c o l u m n w as
as t o 100 t he fe m a l e c o rd t o t he m al e co rd w as as
,

t o 1 00 .Thi s s p i n al p r e d o m i n an ce i n w o m e n
(w hi c h i s al so an i n fa n til e c h a r ac t e r all t he foet u se s ,

1
C /bl/l f A n t/x , h e ft 3 , 189 7 , p 2 7 3
. . . .

f ou r A nat a nd P hy s , O ct 189 4
9 .
. . . .
12 2 M AN A N D W OM AN .

e x am i ne d s h owi ng a l ong c ord) may p oss ibly b e of

so m e s i g n ifi cance .

I t can s c ar ce ly be sa id th at t he s t u dy o f t he bra i n
fro m o u r prese nt po i n t o f vi e w l ead s to t he re ve l ati o n
o f a ny i m p o rt ant s e xu a l di s ti n c ti o n s
1
In t he fu t u re .
,

w h e n t he fac t s are m o re p r e c i s e ly asce rt a i n e d and ,

th e ir s i g n ifi cance m o re o bvi ou s th an th ey are n ow it , ,

m ay b e di ffe r e nt At p rese n t it i s ne ce ssa ry t o i n s i s t

.

u p o n t he fac t th at t he i m p o rt an c e o f t he bra i n has

bee n g re atly e x agg e rat e d It s i m po rt an ce u n q u es ti on .

,

a bly i s g r eat b u t it i s an i m p o rt ance th at i s s tri c tly

, ,

r e l at e d t o t he br ai n s v e ry i n ti m at e co nne c ti o n w ith ’

t he b o dy g e ne r ally W e h ave b ee n ap t t o re g a rd it .

as t he d es po ti c ru l e r o f t he b o dy w h e r e as so far a s , ,

it i s a ru l e r at all it i s a di s ti n ctly de m oc rati c ru l e r

, .

The brai n e le me nt s for t he m o s t p art ar e b u t , ,

s e ns o ri -m ot or d e l eg at e s br o u g ht t og e th e r fo r t h e s ak e
o f e x ecu tive co n v e n i e n c e W e m u st n ot th e re fo re b e .
, ,

su r p ri se d if we can ofte n b e tt e r s t u dy th ese c e r e br al

re p r ese n t atives of the o rg an i s m by i nv esti gati n g t he
o rg a n i s m it se lf .

W hil e h o we ve r t he brai n i s at p rese nt an u np r o

, ,

fit able r eg i on for t he s t u dy o f s e xu al diffe re nce it i s , ,

as W e h ave see n an e xtre m e ly i n s t ru c tive r e g i on fo r

,

t he s t u dy o f se xual e qu a lity M e n p os s e ss n o r e l a .

tive su p e ri ority of brai n -m ass ; t he su p e ri o rity i n .

br ai n -m ass so far as it e xi s t s i s on w om e n s s id e ; 2
, ,
’

1
G t f R e t ius i n his v e y
us a r f l nd j udi cial study of the h m n
z , r ca e u a u a
b in t k acc unt of sex l di ffere n s ( D M en sch nh
ra , a es o I pp ua ce as e
'

zr n , .
, .

166 7 - St k h l m
, oc H e c n l d s th at wh i l e th r
o , n o c u e , e e ar e o
sp ifi
ec h ract eris tic sex l diff r n s we may say on the wh l e
c or c a ua e e ce , o
th t th br i ns o f w men sh w mewh t fe we d e viati ns fr m th
a e a o o so a r o o e
typ nd gre t si mpl i ci ty nd reg l ri ty Wh il e m t dev i t i ns
e, a a a er a u a . os a o
m y b e f n d i n t he brai ns o f w m e n th p rce nt ge of th ir c
a ou r nce o , e e a e o c ur e
is i n g n l m ll er I t may b dd d th t W ald eyer one of th h i f
e era s a . e a e a , e c e
of G m ner th ori ties h s e xpr d h i m l f as i n agre me n t i n th is
a au , a esse se e
m tte w i th R t ius
a r It i s a r lt wh i h acco d s wi th the e s lt s w
e z . esu c r r u e
sh ll fi nd l t r o n i n v a i ous o th r fi e ld
a a e r e s .

I t w ld b e i nt erest ing t k n w h w f r the same rul

ppl i s to
2
ou o o o a e a e
the l ow r im al e In the fr g wh ich h s bee n most car fully st d i d
an s. o , a e u e ,
D n ld n n d Sh oemaker
o a so a N erv u Sy t e m of F rogs ” f C o s s , ou r . o
N eu r ology , 19 00, p
.
300) h
s o w, in o pposi t io n to F urb ini , th at the
 C H A P T ER V I .

TH E SE N SE S .

TOU C H — R ESU L TS OF L O M BR OSQ , J A STR O W , GA L TO N ,

M A R R O, E TC .
— ~
G R EATER TA C TI L E SEN SIBI L ITY OF
W O M EN — ED U C A BIL I TY O F TH E TA C TI L E SEN SE .

SEN SIBI L ITY To P A I N — R ESU L TS OF J A STR O W , GI L BER T,

GR I F F I N G, ETC — C O M P L E X ITY OF TH E Q U ESTI O N — D IS
VU L N ER A BI L I TY M A R K ED IN SA VA GES, C H I L D R EN , AN D

P ER H A P S I N W O M EN .

SM EL L — E X P ER IM EN TS OF N IC H O L S AN D BA I L E Y , O TTO
L EN G H I , GA R B I N I , M A R R O, ETC . D I F F ER E N C ES OF
O P IN I O N .

TA STE — I N VESTIGA TI O N S OF N IC H O L S AN D BA IL EY , O TTO

L EN GH I , TO U L O U SE, ETC — SEN SE OF TA STE K EEN ER
IN W O M EN .

H EA R IN G — EX P ER I M EN TS ON K EEN N ESS OF H EAR IN G

D U R I N G H EA L TH F EW AN D I N C O N C L U SI VE — R A N GE OF

A U D IBL E SEN SA TI O N P R O BABL Y G R EA TER IN M EN .

SI G H T— BL I N D N ESS C OM M O N E R IN M EN — M IN OR EY E
D E F E C TS C O M M O N E R IN W O M EN — N O M A R K ED SEX U A L
D I F F ER EN C E IN K EEN N ESS OF H EA L T H Y V I SI O N
C O L OU R -P ER C E P TI O N A N D C O L O U R -BL I N D N Es s — C O L OU R
B L I N D N ESS VER Y R A R E I N W O M E N — A L SO R AR E A MON G

SA VA G ES

C O L O U R ED H EA R I N G— TH I S A N D A L L IED P H EN OM EN A M O R E

C O M M ON IN W O M EN AN D IN C H I L D R EN TH A N IN

M EN — TH E C O N F U SI O N BETW EEN SEN SIBI L I TY AN D

A F F EC TA BIL I TY .

TO U C H .

T H E R E c an b e littl e dou bt th a t re g ard s t ac til e

as

se ns ibility w o m e n ar e s u p e ri o r t o men The e arli e r

.
 TH E SE N SE S . 12 5

e x p e ri m e n t s o n se x u a l diffe re nc e s i n thi s r e s p e c t ,

m a d e c hi e fly i n I t a ly by L o m br os o a n d o th e r s fo r ,

t he m o s t p art o n a b n o r m a l s u bj e c t s w e r e i n co n ,

c lu s i v e L at e r e x p e ri m e n t s fr e q u e n tly m a d e w ith
.
,

m o r e d e li cat e i n s tr u m e n t s h av e s h o w n th a t g irl s a n d ,

w o m e n are d i s t i n c t ly m o r e se n s itive t o t ac t u a l im ,

p r e ss i o n s th an are b o y s a n d m e n Thi s is fou n d t o .

b e so e v e n i n I t aly E v e n L o m br o s o w ho cam e t o
.
,

t he co n c l u s i o n th a t wo m e n h av e a l ess ac u t e t ac til e
se n s ibility th a n m e n fo u n d th at it w as hi g hly d e ,

v e lo e d i n y o u n
p g g irl s b e t w ee n t he ag e s o f s i x an d
t we lv e D i M att e i e x a m i n i n g 1 60 C hildr e n fou n d
.
, ,

t he t a c til e s e n s ibility o f g irl s g re at e r th a n o f b o y s 1 .

.

O t t o le n g hi a g a i n i n I t aly m a d e a n e xt e n sive e x
, ,

a m i n ati o n a m o n
g g irl s a n d w o m e n o f a ll C l asses a nd
ag e s (n e a rly 7 00 i n n u m b e r ) a n d fo u n d th at o n t he ,

w h o l e th e y are m o r e se n s itive t ha n b o y s a n d m e n 2
,
.

D e n i n R u ss i a t e s ti n g se n s itiv e n e s s t o t e m pe r a t u r e
, ,

e l e c t r i c c u rr e n t a n d l ocality fo u n d littl e s e x u a l di ffe r

, ,

e n ce b u t s u c h di ffe r e n ce s as o c c u rr e d we r e i n fav ou r
,

o f t he g r e at e r s e n s ibility o f w o m e n
.
I n G e r m an y .
,

St e r n a t M u n i c h am o n g a l a rg e n u m b e r o f i n d i v i
,

du al s fou n d th at w o m e n ar e de c ide dly s u pe ri o r t o

,

m e n i n t ac til e s e n s ibility o f t he fi n g e r an d g irl s t o ,

b o y s ; c o m p os it o rs a l so s h o we d a v e ry hi g h d e g r ee o f
se n s itiv e n e ss w hil e t he hi g h e s t d e v e l o pm e n t o f t a c til e
,

se n s ibility w as fo u n d i n t he bli n d I n E n gl an d a l s o
3
.

G a lt o n u s i n g c o m p asse s app li e d t o t he n a p e O f t he
,

n ec k (th u s av o idi n g t he r es u lt s o f v a ryi n g e x e r c i se

a n d v a ryi n g ro u g h e n i n g o f t he s ki n ) fo u n d am o ng ,

i n dividu al s th at w o m e n Sh o w m o re se n s itivity
th a n m e n t he r e l ative se n s itivity b e i n g r o u g hly
, , ,

ab ou t 7 t o 6 H e fo u n d gr e at e r v a ri ability i n t he
.

1 D I M a tte i , “ L a Se nsi bi l i t a n e i F ancI u lli i n R a ppor t o a l Se sso

e all e ta , A r r/z d z Er i ch , 19 0 1, F asc I II
'

. . .

2
O tto leng hi , L a Se nsi bi l i té de la F e mm e , R ev Sa l , 2 8 1h M arch .

189 6 .

A St e r n , Zu r Eth nog raph isch e n U n t ers uch ung des Tas tsi nn es
3 “
.

B e zzr zu r A n t /t r ap u U rg esc-
”
d e r M un c he n e r Stadt b e vo lk e ru ng , Jz
'
‘
. . . .

B a zcr m , 189 5 , Ed x i , h e ft 3 -4 ; su mm arise d i n C l blA f A n t/i , 18 9 7

'

. . .
. . .
r2 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w o m e n, and a ttrib u t es thi s

dou bt co rr e c tly t o
,
no ,

t he fac t th at wo m e n m u c h m o re th an m e n are
, ,

d e fective i n t he e x e r c i se O f s u s t ai n e d att e nti on ; th eir

c are l essness wou ld a ffe c t t he r esu lt i n t he s am e d irec
ti on as di m i n i s h e d se n s itivity 1 G alt o n s resu lt s are .
’

s pe c i ally r e li abl e becau se th e y are m a d e o n a r e gi o n

o f t he b o dy v e ry fav o u r a bl e for s u c h a t e s t an d o ne ,

al so wh e r e n o e xtre m e p r ec i s i o n o f m e asu re m e n t i s
re qu ire d t he ave rag e fi rs t -p e rce p tibl e i n t e rv al at t he
,

nap e o f t he ne c k b e i n g a bo u t a s m uc h as h alf an
i nc h .

I n A m e ri ca P r o fe ss or J as t ro w 2 has br ou ght fo rw ard

,

a s m all se ri e s o f o b se rv ati o n s o n m al e an d fe m al e
s t u den t s whi ch th ou g h n o t co n c l u s ive h ave the
, , ,

adv an t ag e o f b e i n g p e rfe c tly co m p ar a bl e ; t he t e s t s

we r e s e l e ct e d i n o rd e r t o yi e ld q u i c kly a fe w ty p i c al
resu lt s The aesthesi o m e t e r u se d w as one d es ig ne d
.

by P r o fe ssor J astro w hi m se lf : o n t he tip O f for e

fi ng e r t he av e rage for 3 2 m e n w as fo r 2 2 wo m e n ,

o n t he b ac k o f h an d t he av e r ag e for 3 0 m e n
was fo r 2 2 wo m e n The sen s itiv eness o f
,

t he p al m was t e s t e d by d e t e r m i n i n g t he m i n i m u m
h e ight from w hi c h t he fall of a bit of cardboard
(we ig hi n g 9 m g r an d c u t i n a r e c t angl e of 1 by 2
. .
,

mm fro m a s h e e t o f m illi m e tr e p ap e r p as t e d o n c ard

.

board) co u ld b e p e rce ive d ; thi s di s t an ce was in

2 7 me n b u t o n ly ,
i n 2 2 wo m e n A n a tt e m p t t o .

t es t t he pre s su re s e n se a s e xhibit e d in t he fi n ge r
,

res ti n g on t he b e am of a m o difi e d p os t -offic e b al ance ,

s h o we d m e n a n d wo m e n a b o u t e qu al o n e -s ixth or ,

o ne -se ve n th o ft he i n iti a l w e i g h t i n t he scal e -p an b e i ng

c orrec tly app rec i at e d .

D r Arth u r M ac do n ald fo u n d th at on the vo l a r

.

su rface o f wri s t s g irl s are m o re s e ns itiv e t o l ocality

th an b oys b oth b e fo r e and aft e r p u b e rty w hi ch i n ,

1
Galto n, The R e l a t i v e Sensi t iv i ty o f M e n and \Vo men," N atu r e,
l oth M ay 189 4 .

2
'
r
St udi es fro m the L aborat ory o f Ex pe i me n tal P sy ch ol ogy o f the
r
U ni ve sity o fW isco ns in, A rzzer zca n j ou r n al of P sy clzology , A pri l 189 2
" '

.
12 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

2 mm A g ai n P r o fe ss o r Kro h n has fo u n d th a t t he
.
1
,

s ki n can b e r o r iv e ly d ca t e d t o l o cali s e se n sa
p g e s s e u

ti o n s o f p ressu r e m o r e and m o re co rre c tly At fir s t .

i n t he di ffe r e n t i n dividu a l s e ri e s t he s u bj e c t c ou ld ,

g e n e r ally l o c a li se b u t t wo ou t o f s e v e n b u t a ft e r a ,

nu m b e r o f s itti n g s ( 1 3 0) he had n o tr o u bl e i n l ocal

i s i n g fi ve ou t o f se ve n Thi s i m p r ove m e n t fro m .

p r a c ti c e i s v e ry r a p id 2
The e d u cati o n o f t he s ki n
.

by m e an s o f t he aest he s io m e t er has al s o b e e n car e

fu lly s t u die d by D r ess l e r 3 .

SE N SI B I L I TY TO P AI N .

J as trow m ade so m e att e m p t s t o m easu re

P r o fe s so r
se n s itive n e s s t o p a i n i n m a l e a n d fe m a l e s t u d e n t s ,

u s i n g a li g ht h am m e r
p ivo t e d at a p o i n t 2 00 m m ,
.

fro m it s ir o n h e a d an d a ll o w i n g it t o fall o n t he
,

t ip o f t he fo re fi ng e r o f e ac h h a n d ; b o th fi n g e r an d
h an d we r e s u p po rt e d The m in i m u m n u m b e r o f .

de g re e s thro u g h w hic h t he h am m e r m u s t fa ll i n
o rd e r t o c au se a p ai n fu l se n sa ti o n w as fo u n d t o b e

s u r p ri s i n g ly co n s t an t an d as m i g ht b e e x p e c t e d it
, , ,

wa s m u c h s m a ll e r i n w o m e n The fi g u r es for t he .

ri g ht h an d w e re in m e n in wom e n
,
fo r , ,

t he l e ft h an d m e n ,w om e n It i s n o t e
w o rthy t h at as r e g a rd s t he l e ft h an d m e n a n d w o m e n
are m o r e n e a rly e q u al b u t th a t th e r e i s a v e ry c o n ,

s i d e rab le di s p r o p o rti o n as r e g ard s t he ri ht h an d

g ,

app a re n tly i n di cati n g t he r ou g h u s ag e u n d e r o n e by

g
t he ri g ht h a n d M ac d o n a ld fou n d w ith a n al g o m e t e r
.
,

o f hi s o w n d e s i g n a pp li e d t o t he t e m l e s th a t
p g irl s ,

an d w o m e n are at all ag e s m o r e se n s itiv e t o

p ai n
th an b oys an d m e n ; th e re w as i n g e n e r al de c re ase d
se n s ibility w ith ag e an d t he l e ft t e m l e (as w e ll as
p ,

1
F e lk i n , D iffe re n ces o f Se n si bi l i ty be t ween Europe ans an d
r ”
N e g o es , B r i t t s/z A ss R ep or t , 1889
'

. .

2
W O K roh n, “ A n Ex pe ri me nt al St udy of Si mult aneous Sti mu
. .

”
la ti o ns o f the Se nse o f To uch , j ou rn a l of N erv o u s a n d M e n ta l D i sease,
M arch 18 9 3 .

3
A na j ou r P sy ch , J une 189 4
. .
 TH E SE N SE S '

. 12 9

t he l e ft han d) w as m o r e se n s itiv e th a n t he ri g ht .

The n o n -l ab ou ri n g c l asse s i n b o th se x es w e r e m o re
s e n s itiv e th a n t he l a b o u ri n g c l asse s Ad a C a r m a n
1
.
,

u s i n g M a c d o n a ld s al g o m e t e r r e ac h e d s i m il ar r esu lt s
’

i n a se ri e s o f e x p e ri m e n t s w ith 1 5 00 s c h o o l c hildr e n
?
i n M i c hi g an G ilb e rt ag ai n a m o n g I o wa s c h oo l
, ,

C hildre n t es t e d t he p a i n thr e s h o ld u s i n g an al g o
, ,

m e t e r w hi c h e x e rt e d p r e s su r e o n t he n ail o f t he r i g ht
i n d e x fi ng e r ; it is c l ai m e d fo r thi s m e th o d th at it n ot
o n ly o bvi at e s t he di ffi c u lty d u e t o v a ryi n g call os ity
o f t he s ki n b u t th at th e r e i s a d e fi n it e po i n t at
,

w hi c h p r e ssu r e g iv e s w a y t o p a i n I t w as fo u n d .

th at b o ys are al w ay s l e s s s e n s itiv e a n d th at th e r e ,

i s a g r ad u a l d ec r e as e o f s e n s ibility throu g h o u t fr o m
t he a g e s o f s ix t o n i n e t e e n The a v e r ag e di ffe re n ce
.

b e t w e e n t he s e x e s c o n ti n u e d ab o u t t he sam e u p
t o t he ag e o f thirt ee n b u t a ft e r th at ag e w hil e
, ,

t he g irl s r e m a i n e d al m os t s t ati o n a ry r e t a i n i n g th e ir ,

y ou thfu l s e n s ibility t he b o ys p r og r e s s ive ly l os t

,

se n s ibility
?

I t w o u ld th u s app e a r th at w e are j u s tifi e d o n t he

w h o l e so far a s e x ac t m e a su r e m e nt s ca n b e tru s t e d
, ,

i n c o n c l u di n g th at w o m e n are m o r e s e n s itive t o
p a i n th a n m e n The m att e r i s n o t a lt o g e th e r s i m p l e
. .

A s G r i ffi n g r e m a rk s a s t he r e su lt o f e x p e ri m e nt s
,

w ith C att e ll s p r e ssu re a l g o m e t e r a n d w ith t he i n

’

du c ti o n c o il w hil e thi c k n e s s o f s ki n i s an i m p o rt a n t
,

fac t o r it i s n o t t he o n ly fac t o r co nce r n e d so m e

, ,

p e r s o n s b e i n g m o r e an d o th e r s l e s s s e n s itive th an
, ,

t he ap p e a r a n ce o f t he s ki n s u g g e s t s ; n d r i s th e r e
a n y n e c essa ry c o n fo r m ity thr o u g h o u t t he b o dy so ,

th a t a hi g h p ai n thr es h o ld fo r t he h an d is n ot me ces
s ar ily assoc i at e d w ith a s i m il a rly hi g h thr es h o ld
fo r t he fo r e h e a d M o r eo ve r se n s ibility t o e l e c tri c
.
,

ti l
s m u us is q it i d d t f r r ibility 1 ‘

u e n e p e n e n o p e s s u e s e n s .

1
P sy c/z R ev , 189 6 an
. . d 18 9 8 2
. A m ] ou r P sy ch , A p 189 9
. . . .

3 r
Gi lbe t , U n i ver s i ty of I ow a Stu d i es i n P sy chology,
”
p .

4
H . G ri fii ng,
“
O n Ind i v i d ual Se nsi bi l i ty t o P e nn, P sy t /z R ea .
,

J uly 189 6 .
130 M AN AN D W O M AN .

It wou ld ap pear th at o n the w ho l e se n s ibility to

, ,

p ai n in i ts se x ual va ri ati o n s corre sp on d s t o t he

, ,

g e ne ra l t ac til e se n s ibility I t i s h o we v e r n o t a ve ry
.
, ,

sati s fac t ory t e s t t o ca rr y o u t n o r ar e i t s r e su lt s q u it e

,

eas y of i nt e r p re t a ti o n O n thi s accou n t th e re i s

.

s till s om e diffe re n ce o f o p i n i o n as t o w h e th e r me n
or wo m e n are m o re se n s itive t o pa i n I n I t aly .
,

O ttole nghi who fo u n d g e n e r a l se n s ibility m o r e ac u t e

,

i n wo m e n fo u n d se n s ibility t o p a i n m o re acu t e i n
,

men H e us e d E de l m an n s fa ra di m e t e r o n t he
’
.

m o is t e ne d b ac k o f t he han d H i s resu lts s h ow i n .

c r ease o f se ns ibility t o p a i n u p t o t he t we n ty -fou rth

year aft e r w hic h ag e wo m e n s h ow e d thr e e ti m es as
,

m any C ases o f o btu s ity as m e n H e ad m it s how .

,

e ve r , th at the m att er i s s o m e w h at com pli cat e d by

”
a g re at e r r es i s t an ce t o p ai n o n t he p art of wo me n ,

and at o ne s ch oo l so m e o f t he g irl s i n a sp irit o f ,

brav ado re fu s e d t o ad m it p ai n u p t o t he e xtre m e

,

li mit of t he far adi m e t e r .

The q uesti on of t he r e l ativ e se n s itiv e ness t o p ai n

o f m e n an d w o m e n has u s u ally b e e n se ttl e d by t he
con s id e rati on o f d a t a o f a m o r e g e n e r al C h ar ac t e r .

Th e r e are nu m e r ou s fac t s a n d s t at e m en t s t e ndi n g

t o s h ow th at w om e n are l es s affe c t e d by p ai n an d
s uffe ri ng th an m e n P r o fe sso r Se rg i c ons id e r s th at
.

t he fac t th at w om e n su ffe r l ess i s s h o wn by th e ir

great er re sig nation a s it c an s c a rce ly b e C l ai me d th at
,

wom en possess g reat e r s tre n g th o f w ill ; an d he

poi nt s out th at m e n w ho nu rse the i r re l atives rapidly
l ose fl es h an d h e alth whil e wo m e n e v e n m o the rs
, , ,

o ft e n re t ai n th e ir g oo d hu m o u r a n d ap p e tit e 1 Mr . .

W illi am s a p ro fess io n al t att ooe r s t at e d t o a re pre

, ,

se nt at ive of t he P all M all G azette L adi es h ave ,

»

m u c h m o re c ou r ag e an d b ear p am m u c h be tt e r th an
m e n th ou gh I mu s t t e ll y ou th at t att oo i ng if
, ,

s c ie n tifi cally d on e i s all b u t p ai n l e ss

, H o we v e r .
,

1
r
Se gi , “
Sensibil i t a F e mm e n i le,
’ "
L A n oma lo, O c t . 189 1 . Se gi r
t t
s a es th at he has e xa mi ned e mo t i o n al se ns i bi l i ty a th e r r th an o r
ganic
sensi bi l i ty .
13 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

fe ss Or H ors l ey s s t a t e m e n t th a t “ a s far a s o p e r ativ e

’

m easu r es g o , th e re i s n o d o u bt w h at e ve r th a t t he
n e rv o u s s y s t e m o f t he C hild i s l e ss i n fl u e n c e d b y
t ru m at i s m th an th at o f t he ad u lt M a l g a i g n e a l so .

s h o we d th a t w o m e n b e ar am p u t a ti o n b e tt e r th a n

m e n , a c o n c l u s i o n w hi c h has al s o b ee n c o n fir m e d .

L e g o u es t has u n it e d t he fi g u r es o f M a l g a i g n e o f
P ari s , L au ri e o f G l as g o w , F e nw i c k fo r N e w c as tl e ,

G l as g o w, an d E di n bu rg h I n a t ot al o f cas e s .

o f a m p u t ati o n i n m e n th e r e w e r e 44 1 d eath s , i e , . .

p e r ce n t I n a t o t al o f 2 84 case s o f a m p u t a ti o n
.

i n wo m e n th e re w e re 8 3 d e a th s , i e , per cent ; . . .

th at i s t o s ay, a co n s id e rabl e diffe r e n c e i n fav ou r o f

w o men 1
A cco rdi n g t o o n e t abl e , t he di ffe re nc e i n
.

fav o u r o f wo m e n i s as m u c h a s p e r ce n t It .

m ay b e a rg u e d th at t he diffe re n ce i s du e t o t he m o r e
s e ri ou s c h a r ac t e r o f t he ac c id e n t s t o w hi c h m e n are
li a bl e ; b u t t he diffe r e n ce is m a rk e d n o t o n ly i n
a m pu t ati o n s d ue t o i nj u ri es , b u t a l s o i n th os e oc c a

s i o n e d by di sease I t w ill p r o b ably b e fo u n d th at w e

.

h e re h av e a se x ual di ffe r e n c e whi c h i s C l ose ly c o n

n e c t e d w ith t he w e ll -r eco g n i se d r e s i s t an c e t o d e ath
s h o w n n o t o n ly at birth by fe m a l e i n fan t s , b u t i n o ld

ag e by t he g r e at e r l o n g e vity o f w o m e n .

“
In a p ap e by L o m b os o r o n r
L a Se n s ib i l i t é d e la F e mme , ”
r r
e ad at t he I n t e na t io na l C o n g e s s o f E x p e im e n t a l P s y c h o l o y
g r r
( 189 2 ) i n L o n d on ( and publ is h e d i n an ab id g e d a nd t an slat e d r r
r
fo m i n t he P r ocee di ng s o f t h e C o n g e s s , p p 4 1 v a io u s r . r
r r
a g um e n t s ar e b o u g h t fo wa d i n fav o u o f t he g e a t e r r
s e ns o y r r r r
o bt u s e n e s s o f w o m e n a n d th e i g e a t e d i s v u l n e ab i l i t y The r r r r .

r r r
pap e i s n ot i c h i n p e c i s e d e t ai l s , a n d i s s o me wh a t o p e n t o
r
c it i ci s m The fo ll o wi ng p as s ag e m a y b e q uo t e d z— “ B i ll o t h
. r
r
e x p e im e n t e d o n w o m e n w h e n a tt e m p t i n g a c e t ain o e a t i o n
p r r
r
(e x ci s io n o f t h e p yl o us ) fo r t he fi s t t i m e , j u d g ing th at th e y r
r
we e l e s s s e n s i t iv e an d th e e fo e m o e ctzlr v u luer a ble r r r
r r
b e tt e abl e to e s is t pain C a l e as s u e d m e wo m e n wo uld le t . r r
r
th e m se lv e s b e o pe at e d up on a l mos t as th o ug h th e i fl e s h we e r r
a n al ie n th in g . r
G i o d ano t o ld m e th a t e v e n t he p ains o f
r r
ch i ldb i th cau s e d e l at i v e ly l i ttl e s uffe in g t o wo m e n , i n s p i t e o f r
r r
th e i app e h e ns io n s D r M a t in i, one o f the m os t d is t ing uis h e d
. . r
1 “
A mput ati o ns, D i ct
'

A rt . . en cy . des Sci en ces M ’

ea i cales .
 TH E SE N SE S . 13 3

d e n t is t s o f Turin has info rm e d m e o f t he am aze m e n t h e has

,

fe l t a t s e e ing wo m e n e n d u re m o re e as i ly a n d co uI ag e o us ly th a n
m e n e v e ry k i nd of d e n t a l o p e ra t i on M e l a t oo has foun d th a t .
, ,

m e n wi ll u n d e r s uc h C i rcu m s t an c e s fai n t oft e ne r th an wo me n

, , .

P ro v e rb s o f d ifle re n t pe o p l e s co n fi rm t he fac t o f wo m e n s c a p
'
’

a b il i ty o f re s is t in g p ai n— e a wo m an n e v e r d ie s h as s e v e n
‘
g n
, ,

s k in s has a so u l an d a l i ttl e s o u l
, e tc The s ame arg um e n t s ,
’
.

a re m o re fu lly s t a t e d an d d e v e l o e d i n L o m b ro so e F e rre ro
p ,

L a D on n a D eli n qu eu te 189 3 pp 5 8 66 , Se e a l s o D r H
, . . . .

C am p b e ll s N er v ou s O rg a n zs a tzo
’
Wu e t c p p 5 4 55 1 18 D r
'

. . .
, ,
.

C am pb e ll p o i n t s o u t ho w w e l l wo m e n b e ar b o t h l o ss o f bl o o d
N o th i ng has s urpri s e d m e
“
an d l o s s o f s l e e p a n d I e m a rk s , ,

m ore th an t he e xt raord i nary re s ig n a t ion al m os t i t wou ld se e m ,

a p a th y w i th w h i c h m an y wo m e n e n d ure
, p h y s i c a l s uffe ring and ,

face i m p e n d i ng d e a th ” .

W i th re g ar d t o the s t a t e me n t a tt rib u t e d t o P rofe s sor Bill ro th ,

I m ay add th a t I w ro t e t o P ro fe s s o r Ei s e ls b e rg who was th e n ,

t h e c e l e b ra t e d Vi e nn e s e s urg e o n s c h i e f ass i s t an t an d b e c o n
’
,

fi rm e d P ro fe ss or L o mb ro s o s s t at e me n t : “ P rofe s sor B ill ro th

’

really th in ks th a t for all operat ions o f t he abd ome n wome n h av e

m ore re s i s t a nce s o th a t o p e ra t i o n on th e m g i v e s m ore C h an ce
,

o re co v e ry Th is O p in io n fro m s o h ig h an au th o ri ty a l th o ug h
”
f .
, ,

u n acco m p an ie d by s t a t i s t i cs i s e nt i tl e d t o a tt e n t io n and i t
, ,

h arm o n i s e s wi th the re co rd e d re s ul t s o f a m p u t a t i o n Th e s e x ual .

d iffe re n c e can n o t b e g re at s ince m an y e m i n e n t s urge on s ( Sir

,

J ame s P ag e t fo I e x amp l e ) h a v e n o t O b se rv e d i t ; b u t i t s e e m s t o
,

b e re al .Si n ce t he fi rs t e d i t i o n o f th i s b oo k a ppeare d t he q ue s
t io n has b e e n d e al t wi th by M a I c e l B a u d o ui n L a Supe r io rit é ,

d e la F e m m e a u po in t d e v ue d e s O pé ra t io ns A bd o m in a l e s ,

L e P r og r es M ed i ca l ro th J uly 180 7 , H e q u o t e s G e r m an .

s t a t is t i c s (A r clt f K i m C/ci r . 18 9 5 -9 6
.
p p 4 8 4 86 1) s h o win g
.
, ,
.
,

t h at i n a l arg e n um b e r o f c as e s o f g as t ro-e n t e ro s t o my t he mo r
t al i ty am on g m e n was 54 p e r c e n t am o n g wom e n o n l y 3 5 p e r .
,

ce n t ; w h i l e i n a n um b e r o f cas e s o f p yl o re c t o m y i t wa s
.

a m o n g m e n t o 5 2 8 a m o ng wo m e n . B aud o ui n b rin g s fo r war d .

i n e x pl ana t io n o f th i s d iffe r e n ce a n u m b e r of p o s s ibl e cause s ,

b ut th e y d o n o t s e e m v e ry co n v in c i n g .

W hil e x p e ri m e n t al e vid e n ce o n t he W h o l e
t he e

g o e s t o s h o w th a t se n s ibility to p a i n a s w e ll as
g e n e r al t ac til e s e n s ibility i s m o re ac u t e i n w o m e n
th an i n m e n it m u s t b e a d m itt e d th at t he fo r m e r
,

se n s ibility i s o f a m o r e c o m p l e x C h a r ac t e r th a n t he

l a tt e r a nd i n i t s de t e r m i n ati o n w e e n c ou n t e r e l e m e n t s
,

w hi c h d o n o t tru ly b e l o n g t o t he r eg i o n o f se n s ibility
pr o p e r A ccordi ng t o so m e o bse rve r s as we h ay e
.
,
13 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

se e n , it app e a rs th at e ve n if wo m e n fee l p ai n soo n e r ,

th e y h av e a g re at e r res i s t an ce t o p ai n th an m e n an d ,

a re l ess affec t e d by it I t i s p o ss ibl e th at n o t wi t h

. ,

s t an di n g th e ir
g r eat e r n e rvo u s irrit a bility i n m os t
re spe c t s wo m e n are re ally be tt e r abl e th an m e n t o
,

r es i s t pa i n a n d di sco m fo rt The so c i al life o f w o m a n

. ,

he r s u b o rdi n ati o n t o p ar e n t s an d h u s b an d a n d
C hildre n t he d u ty o f su b m i s s i o n an d co n ceal m e n t
,

i m p os e d u po n he r h ave all t e n d e d t o fos t e r t o l e r ance

,

o f p ai n It i s re aso n a bl e t o s u pp ose th a t w o m e n
.

w o u ld n o t h ave s o g e n e r a lly fall e n i n t o thi s r éle

u n l ess th e r e w e re so m e o rg an i c b a s i s w hi c h m ad e it
m o re n at u ral a n d l e ss a rd uo u s th a n it w o u ld b e i n
m an . W e s h a ll app r oac h thi s p r o bl e m fro m an o th e r
p o i n t o f vi ew w h e n w e co m e t o co n s id e r t he affec t
ability o f w o m e n .

SM EL L .

Se x u a l diffe r e nces in k ee nne s s o f s m e ll w e re fir s t

acc u r at e ly m e asu re d by P r o fesso r s E H S B a il e y . . .

an d E L . N ic ho ls . I n t he P r oceedi ng s of the K ansas

.

A cademy of Sci ences for 1 8 84 th e r e i s a p ape r by M r

B ail e y s h o w i ng th at w ith r e g a rd t o m a n y c o m
.

m on
o d ou r s d e li cac y o f p e rc e p ti o n i s m u c h m o r e m a rk e d

a m o n g m e n th a n a m o n g w o m e n I h ave n o t b ee n
.

a bl e t o s e e thi s p ap e r ; bu t i n N atu r e 2 5 t h N o v e m b e r ,

1 886 ,
th e re is a l e tt e r fr o m P r o fe s so r s N i c h o l s an d
B ail e y bri e fly su m m a ri s i n g th e ir m e th o d s a n d r esu lt s
,
.

The y m ade u se o f t he fo ll o w i ng su b s t anc e s O il

o f c l o ve s (2 ) n itrit e o f am yl ( 3 ) e xtr ac t o f g a rli c
, , ,

(4) bro m i n e (5 ) c y an id e o f p o t ass iu m

, A s e ri e s o f .

s o l u ti o n s w as p r e p a re d o f w hi c h eac h m e m b e r w as
,

h alf t he s tre n g th o f t he p re ce di ng o n e Th e y w e re .

e xt e n d e d i n s u cc e s s iv e dil u ti o n s till it w as i m p os s ibl e

t o d e t ec t t he s u b s t a n c e s by th e ir o d ou r s The b o ttl e s .

w e r e th e n p l a c e d at r an d o m for t he s u bj e c t t o
c l a s s ify by t he s e n s e o f s m e ll I n t he fir s t s e ri e s o f
.

e x e ri m e n t s th e r e w e re 1 7
p m a l e s an d 1 7 fe m al e s .

The r e su lt s m ay b e e x p r e ss e d i n t he fo ll o w i ng
 13 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

the ph y s io l og y o f t he s e n se s H is i n t e e s t i n the ma tt e lay in

. r r
r
it s b ea ing s -upon c h e m i s t y , r
m ine i n i t s e l at ion to ph y s i cs r .

r
The poin t s o f s e x ual d i ffe e nce m e t w i th we e not l ooke d fo r In r
r
p l an ning o ur e x pe ime n t s Th e y we e , a l mos t wi th out e x ce ptI on,
. r
r
j us t the op pos i t e of our p e co n c e i v e d n o t io n s conce n i ng s uch r
r
diffe e nc e s r
The n um b e o f i n d i v i d ua l s t e s t e d was p o bably
. r
i ns ufi‘i cie nt to e nabl e o n e t o d aw v e y b o a d co nc l us i ons r r r .

W e d ee me d the d iffe e n ce s wo th y o f e c o d , h owe v e ; t o b e

r r r r r
r
g i v en s uch we ig h t as th e i l im ite d C h a ac t e w ou ld j us t i fy As r r .

to t he c l ass o f i nd i v i d ual s t e s t e d : th e y we e al m o s t e n t i e ly r r
r
s t ud e n t s o f t he U n i v e s ity o f Kan sas , a co -e d u ca t io na l in s t i t u t i on
o f fai g ad e , wh ic h at th a t t i me co n t a i ne d n e a ly e q ual n umb e s
r r r r
o f y oung me n an d wo m e n A g e s c h i e fly 17 to 2 5 y ea s . The r .

o nly d is t in c t io n wh ic h o n e co u ld d aw, o th e th an s e x ual , was r r

r r
th a t wh i ch a ise s f om th e fac t th a t bo ys , in an ins t i t ut ion
of r r
fe ing a co ns id e abl e c h o ic e o f s t u d ie s , s e l e c t t he s ci ences
r r
a th e th an letter s , g a i n i n g th e e by s o m e t ain i ng o f th e s peci al r r
se nses The fe w case s i n wh i ch w e d e e m e d it ce t ain th a t
. r
r r
t r ai ni ng e n t e e d, we e th os e o f s t u d e n t s o f p h a macy who had r
r
bee n g iv e n muc h p ac t ic e i n t he e cog ni t io n of d ugs, e tc , by r r .

use o f t he unaid e d s ens e s , t o uc h , t as t e , s m e ll , e tc W e d id n ot .

r r r
th ink mal e o bs e v e s p e ce p t i bly a ffe c t e d by i n d ul g ence in
t ob acco or al coh ol The u s e o f e ith e was t he e xcep t ion, and
. r
att e m p t s to t ak e ac co u n t o f th e i nfl ue n ce o f s uc h h ab i t s by
r r
av e ag ing s mo k e s a n d n o n -s m o k e s , e t c , s e eme d to s h o w n o r .

ef fe c t .To s um up th e n :
“
The c l ass d ealt wi th was in o n e way a s pecial o ne (c o ll e g e
t d
s u en s t ) .

“
Th e re was no a tt e m p t to s e lect wi th in th at l
c as s ; n o r to
e xc l ud e s mok e rs e tc , .

“
The ex pe rIm e nt s we re n o t co n d uc t e d w i t/z a v i ew t o s e u a x l
d iffere nces
!
.

“
The mal e and fe mal e bs e rv e rs we re no t the s ame in the
o
v arious e x pe rime n t s , a lth o ug h t he g ro u p s t e s t e d had man y
me mb e rs i n comm on .

Dr O tt ole ng hi, i n t he L a b o ra t o ry o f F o re n s i c
.

M e di c i ne o f Tu ri n U n ive r s ity , m a d e a s e ri es o f
o bse rvati o ns on 3 0 n o rm a l m e n a n d 2 0 n o r m a l
wom e n (o f t he m iddl e an d l o we r c l ass es) , n on e of
wh o m t oo k t o b ac c o o r p re s e n t e d a ny di so rde r o f t he
-
nasa l p as s ag e s ; at t he s a m e ti m e he e xp e ri m e nt e d o n
80 cr im i n alm e n an d wo m e n H e co n s t ru c t e d a ki n d o f .

os m o m e t e r w ith t w e lv e a q u e o u s s o l u ti o n s o f esse nce

Of c l ove , r ang i ng i n s tre ng th fro m “ gm, to tri m; i n

 TH E SE N SE S . 137

o th e r re s p ec t s he fo ll o we d t he m e th o ds o f N i c h o l s
a n d B a il e y E s se n ce o f c l o v e w as se l e c t e d as b e i n g
.

a v e ry o d o r ou s s u b s t an ce v e ry fr ac t i o n ab le a n d we ll , ,

k n ow n H e fou n d th at o lfac t o ry a c u t e n es s was

.

s li g htly l es s i n w o m e n th a n i n m e n
1
O tt o le n g hi s
’
.

co n c l u s i o n s h av e b ee n c riti c i se d by G arbi n i w h o r e ,

m a rk s th a t th e y ar e scarce ly s u pp o rt e d by O tt o
le n g hi s o w n fi g u r e s G arbi n i has hi m se lf s t u di e d t he
’
.

e v o l u ti o n o f t he s e n s e o f s m e ll i n 4 0 0 y o u n g c hildr e n ,

a n d fi n d s th at o lfa c t o ry se n s ibility i s b o th g re a t e r a n d

m o r e p re coc i ou s i n g irl s th a n i n b o y s 2 Thi s di ffe r .

e n c e i s h o w e ve r o n t he av e r a e v e ry s m all a n d it
, g
, ,

d ec re ases with ag e so th at at t he ag e o f s i x bo ys an d
,

g irl s are p r ac ti cally e q u al A s B i ne t has r e m a rk e d i n .

_

c riti c i s m o f G ar b i n i s c o n c l u s i o n s w e c ann o t r e g ard

’

th e m as p r o vi n g th at wo m e n are su p e ri o r t o m e n i n
o lfa c t o ry a cu t e n es s ; th e y m ay b e m e r e ly du e t o t he

g r e at e r p r e coc ity o f g irl s I t m u s t b e adde d th at D i .

M att e i a m o n g c hildre n b e t w ee n t he ag e s o f fou r a n d

,

t we lv e i s i n ag r e e m e n t w ith G arbi n i i n fi n di ng th at
,

t he s e n s e o f s m e ll i s su p e ri o r i n g irl s The r e su lt s .

r eac h e d by To u l ou se an d Vas chi de p o i n t in t he sam e

dire c ti o n .

M a rro al so w ho ha s i n ve s ti g at e d thi s q u e s ti o n w ith

,

so m e c a re o n a l a r g e n u m b e r o f c hildr e n a n d y o u n g

p e o p l e i n t he N o rth o f I t aly u s i n g Z w aard e m ak e r s

’

o lfa c t o m e t e r fi n d s th at t he se n se o f s m e ll i s g e n e r ally
,

m o r e ac u t e i n w o m e n a n d m o r e so a ft e r p u b e rty th a n
,

be fo re H e c on s id e r s th a t thi s se n se is de v e l o p e d i n
.

a ssoc i ati o n w ith t he se x u a l a c tiviti es o f w o m e n a n d ,

th at it s d e v e l o p m e n t a t p u b e rty is c o nn ec t e d w ith a
r e l a tive ly d ec re as e d ac u t e n e ss i n t he o th e r s e nse s 3 .

So fa r as it g o e s t he e vid e n ce fu r n i s h e d by ,

e x pe ri m e n t i s n o t a t p r ese n t v e ry C l e a r C ase s o f .

e x c e s s iv e ly ac u t e k e en ne ss o f s m e ll c e rt ai n ly occu r

1 “
C ri mi nal i , P s i clt i at r i a , 1888 , v o l ix
'
’ ’
L O lfa tto ne i A r clzzv i o ai . .

F asc 5
. .

2
G ar b i ni , A r c/z per l
’
A n tr op
. .
, 18 9 6 , F as c 3 . .

3 rr
M a o , L a P u ber te‘, p 5 9 . .
13 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

no t ve ry rar ely i n w o m e n p e rh ap s m u c h mo re ,

fr e q u e n tly th an i n m e n b u t th e y u su ally o ccu r i n ,

y ou n g hys t e ri cal w o m e n The p oss ibility th at wom e n

.

are not v e ry se n s itive t o o d ou r s i s o ft e n su gg es t e d t o

m e n by t he p e rfu m es o f o p pr ess ive s tre n gth whi c h
wo me n fr e qu e n tly u se 1 I t i s i n t e re s ti n g t o n ot e
.

th at t he abu se of p e rfum es by wo m e n i s n ot con fi ne d

t o m o de r n ti m es I n t he P cedag og us th at d e lightfu l
.
,

m anu al for t he u se of s e m i -pa g a n C hri s ti an s I r e m ark ,

th at St C l e m en t of Al e x an dri a s u pp li es an i n di cati on
.

th at i n hi s day m ascul i n e n o stril s see m e d m o re se n s i

tiv e th an fem i n i ne I n p e rm itti n g a li m it e d u se o f
.

p e rfumes he says , L e t a fe w u n g u e n t s be se le ct e d
by w om en su c h as w ill n ot b e o v e rp oweri n g t o a
,
” 2
h u s b an d A l ove o f s tro n g p e rfu m e s m us t not
.
,

h oweve r b e h e ld ne c e ssa rily t o i m ply a de fective

,

se ns itiv e ne ss t o th e m .

TA STE .

M en h ave a mo n op o ly hig h e r walk s of of t he

cu li nary ar t ; wo m e n ar e n ot e m l oy e d
p i n su c h
occ u p ati o ns as t ea -t a s ti n g w hi c h r e q u ir e sp e c i ally
,

d e li c at e di s c ri m i n ati o n ; th e y ar e r are ly goo d con

n oi s seu r s o f wi n e ; an d w hil e g our mandes are co mm on ,

t he m o re re fi n e d e x p re s s i o n g our met d o e s n ot e v e n
p o s se s s a fe m i n i n e fo r m O n th e se g rou nd s it has
.

s o me ti m es b e e n a s s e rt e d th at t he se n se o f t as t e i n
wo m e n lik e t he s e nse o f s m e ll i s n ot so hi g hly
, ,

d eve l op e d as i n m e n Thi s co n c l u s i on has not

.
,

h owe ve r bee n j u s tifie d by ac c u ra te i nves tig ati on

, .

The se xu al diffe re n ce s i n t he se n se o f t as t e like ,

th os e in t he s e n s e o f s m e ll s e e m t o h ave been ,

firs t accu rate ly m e as u re d by P ro fes s o rs Ba il e y an d

1
I do n o t wi sh to i mply th at the l o v e o f s t on g pe fumes is i tse l f r r
pro o f o f d e fici ent se nsi t i v e ne ss wi th re g ard t o smell I t mus t al so b e .

r
re me mbe ed th a t t he u se o f pe r fum e s has o ft e n been i ncu l cat e d i n
wo men as a m e th od of co v e rin g mo re nat ur al o d o urs .

1
1
Bk i i , ch ap 8,
. . O n the U ses o f O i nt m e nt s and C o wns
. r .
1 40 M AN A N D W O M AN .

diffe r ence or as lik ely t o di sapp e ar i n mo re e xt e nde d

,
”
i n ves tigati ons Th e y n o t e d th at wid e i n dividu al
.

diffe r ences p re se nt e d th e m s e lves (as m uc h as in t he

rati o of o ne t o thr ee ) an d th at t hese variat io ns we re ,
'

n ot e xpli cabl e as r e s u lt s o f e d u c a ti o n m e n w ith g r eat ,

e xp e ri e n c e i n h an dli n g dr u g s b e i n g s u r p asse d by

wo me n w ith ou t any su c h tr a i n i n g I n a fe w cases .

t he ability t o de t ec t a dil u t e s we e t w as a c c o m p ani e d

by an i nability t o de t ec t a dilu t e bitt e r P ro fesso r .

N i c h ol s r e m arks o n p 13 5 app ly e q u a lly t o th e s e

’
.

e x pe ri m e n t s and t o th ose o n t he s e n se of s m e ll
1
.

Sh o rtly aft e r wa rds t he q u e s ti o n w as i n de p e n de ntly

t ak en u p an d i n ve sti g at e d w ith g rea t care by D r .

O t t o le nghi at Tu ri n ? H e e x p e ri m e n t e d o n 1 9 0
pe rso n s i e 60 m al e co ng e n it al c ri m i n al s 2 0 m a l e
, . .
,

occas i on a l c ri m i n al s 2 0 n o rm al m al es o f t he l o we s t
,

s o c i al c l ass 5 0 s t u d e n t s a n d p r o fess i o n al m e n 2 0
, ,

c ri m i n al wo m e n an d 2 0 n o r m a l w o m e n ; all w e re
,

h ealthy and of r ob u s t co n s tit u ti o n t he g reat e r p art ,

b et wee n the ag e s o f 2 0 a nd 5 0 H e e x pe ri m en t e d .

w ith bitt e r swe e t a nd salt se n sa ti o n s

, ,
F or t he fir s t .

b e s e l e c t e d su l p h at e o f s try c h n i n e an d fo u n d th at 1 2 ,

p e r ce n t o f his n o rm al p e r s o n s p e r ce iv e d o n e p art i n
.

s e tti n g o u t fro m thi s s tr e ng th he m ad e

e l e v e n g r a du at e d s o l u ti o n s t he s tro n g es t b e i n 1 p a rt
,

in as a s we e t s u b s t a nc e i n p l ace 0 s u g a r , ,

w hi c h i s n o t ve ry divi s ibl e he u s e d s ac c h a ri ne , ,

m a ki ng e l e ve n g ra da ti on s be t we e n 1 i n p a rt s
(whi c h cou ld b e t as t e d by 2 5 p e r ce n t o ft he n o r m al .

m e n a nd 4 5 per c e n t o f t he no r m a l wo m e n) an d .

1 in t he e l e ve n c o mm o n s a lt so l u ti o n s r an ge d
from 1 t o 5 00 t o 3 i n 100 N u m e rou s p re c au ti o ns .

1
M ore rece ntly D B i l y h s t st d the s ns
r . a ef t as t e among
a e e e e o

Ind ians i n a si mi l ar way ; he fi nd s th a t the orde r o f d e l icacy i s abo ut

the same as i n wh i t e pe rso ns , b u t th at the abi l i ty to d e t ec t d i l u t e
'

sol uti o ns i s l ess among the I ndi ans The se xual diffe e nces fo und we re
. r
t he s ame as amo ng t he wh i t es ; m al e s had a more d e l icat e se nse for .

salt , wh i l e i n o th e r
re s p e c t s t h e fe ma l e s
p osse ssed a m o e d e l i cat e r
o r an .
(Ka nsas Un i ver si ty Qu ar ter ly ,
Il Gus to ne i C ri mi nal i i n R app o rt o co i N ormalI , A r clzzv i o a’i
'

P si cl uatr i a, vol x , F asc i ii -i v , pp 3 3 2 -338

‘

. . . . . . .
 TH E SE N SE S . 14 1

w e r e t ak e n : t he m ou th was w e ll ri nse d with l u k e

w a r m w at e r ; eac h e x pe ri m e n t wa s r e p eat e d , an d
co n t r o l e xp e ri m e nt s w ith di s till e d wat e r we r e m ad e

t o a v o id t he di s t u rbi n g i n fl u e n c e o f e xp e c t ati o n an d
s u bj e c tiv e se n sati o ns ; t he so l u ti o n s w e r e k e pt at t he

t e m p e rat u re of t he ai r I n m aki ng t he t es t t he
.

s o l u ti o n was s q u irt e d o n t o t he t o n ue fr o m a pi e tt e ,
g p
a n d c ar e was t ak e n th at t he am ou nt (h alf a c c m ) . .

s h ou ld al way s b e t he sa m e .O t t ole ng hi p r e s e nt s hi s
re s u lt s i n a t abl e w hi c h divid e s t he su bj ec t s i nt o thre e
g r o u p s ( i n di cati n g d e li c a t e , m iddli ng , and o bt u s e
”
s e n s a ti o ns ) u n d e r e ac h h ea d o f bitt e r , s wee t , an d
“ ”
sa lt ; t he t a bl e i s so a rr an g e d th at it al so p re
se n t s t he p e r ce n t ag e o f i n divid u al s i n r e l ati o n t o e ac h

s o l u ti o n
. Sp eaki n g g e ne ra lly , t he c ri m i nals , m o r e
e s p e c i ally t he m al e c ri m i n a l s , s h o we d a v e ry s m all

p r o p o rti o n o f p e r so n s w ith d e li c at e se n se of t as t e ; t he
p r o fe s s i o n al m e n s h ow e d k e e n se n s e o f t ast e ; i n
r e g ard t o bitt e r , for e x am p l e , th e r e we r e 5 4 per ce n t .

p r o fe ss i o n al m e n i n t he c l ass s h o wi ng d e li cat e p er
c e p ti o n , as ag ai n s t 1 5 p e r ce n t c o ng e n it al c ri m i nal s
. .

The m a l es o f lo w s o c i a l C l ass c am e m idw ay b e t w ee n

p r o fe s s i o n al m e n a n d c ri m i n al s , bu t ne a re r t o t he
c ri m i n al s .The c ri m i n al w o m e n m ay be said t o r an k
w ith t he m e n o f lo w s oc i a l c l ass , w hil e t he n o r m a l
w o m e n o n t he w h o l e r a n k w ith t he pr o fe s s i on a l
m en . Th u s 5 0 p e r c e n t n o rm al w om e n b e l on g t o
.

t he r e fi n e d c l ass as re g a rd s bitt e r , ag ai ns t 5 4 p e r
c e n t p r o fess i on al m e n ; w hil e 1 0 p e r c e n t b e l o n g t o
. .

t he o bt u s e C l ass , ag ai n s t 14 p er ce n t pr o fess i o n al m e n
. .

The weak es t bitt e r s o l u ti o n w as , h owe ve r, o n ly p e r

ce i v e d by (4 ) pr o fe s s i o n al m e n E ighty p e r ce n t o f
. .

t he n o r m al w o m e n b e l o n g e d t o t he r e fi ne d c l as s as
r e g a rd s swe et , as ag ai n s t 7 0 p er c e nt pr ofess i o n al .

m e n ; t he weak es t s o l u ti o n b e i n g p e rc e ive d by 4 5
p e r ce n t wo m e n t o o n ly 2 5 p e r ce nt pro fe s s i o n a l
. .

m e n ; w hil e o n ly 10 p e r c e n t b e l o n g e d t o t he o bt u se
.

c l as s as a g a i ns t 14 p e r c e n t o f the p r o fess i o nal m e n

. .

N i ne ty pe r c e n t o f t he n o r m al wo m e n p o sse sse d
.
14 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

r e fi ne d t as t e as re g ard s s alt ag a i n s t 8 0 p e r c e nt o f ,
.

t he p r o fe ss i o n al m e n t he di ffe r e n c e i n fav o u r o f
,

w o m e n b e i n g m a rk e d i n t he case o f t he w ea k es t salt
so l u ti o n (9 0 p er ce n t o f t he w o m e n t o 4 0 p e r ce n t o f
. .

t he p r o fess i o n al m e n) ; thi s r esu lt i s i n c u ri o u s co n

tr as t it i s wo rth w hil e t o n o t e t o t he e x ce p ti on al
, ,

de li c ac y as re g a rd s sa lt p o s s e s se d by t he m e n i n ve s ti
g at e d by B ail e y a n d N i c h o l s
. .

O tt o le n g hi c o n s id e r s th at hi s r e s u lt s s h o w th at m e n
a n d w o m e n p osse s s n e a rly e q u a l ac u t e n e s s as r e g ard s

a ll thre e t as t e s b u t he b e li e v es th at if o th e r c o n diti o n s
,

w e re e q u al a n d m al e h a bit s o f s m o ki n g a n d dri n ki n g
,

w e re t a k e n i n t o ac co u n t it w ou ld b e fo u n d th at m e n
,

p ossess a m o re d e li cat e sen se o f t as t e I t i s C l ea r .

,

h o w e v e r th at a n e x am i n ati o n o f O t t o le n g hi s c ar e
,
’

fu lly m ad e a n d c l ea rly r e p o rt e d r e s u lt s d oe s n o t
j u s t ify thi s c o n c l u s i o n N o e vid e n ce i s brou g ht fo r
.

w a rd t o s h o w th at a l c o h o l a n d t o b acco — as u se d
t e m p e rat e ly by ave r age s t ud e n t s a n d p r o fe ss i o n al
m e n— p r o d u c e s any d e g e n e r ati o n o f t he g u s t a t o ry
a pp a r a t u s w hil e t he o b se rvati o n s o f B a il e y a n d
,

N i c h o l s bri n g n o su pp o rt t o thi s vi e w M o r eo v e r .
,

t he i n fl ue n ce o f soc i al C l as s as s h o w n by O t t o le n g hi s
’

m al e s i s s o e vid e n t a n d so m ark e d th a t it i s o bvi o u s

,
“
w e o u g ht t o k n o w t o w h at soc i al C l as s hi s n o r m al
w o me n b e l o ng e d If th e y b e l o n g e d t o t he s am e
.

c l ass as t he s t u d e n t s a n d p r o fess i o n a l m e n th e n ,

t he e vid e n ce as p r e se n t e d by O t t o le n g hi s i m p ly s h o ws
th a t m e n a n d wo m e n are e q u al i n thi s r e s p e c t I t is .

m u c h m o r e p r o b abl e h o we ve r th at t he w o m e n
, ,

c hi e fly b e l o n g e d t o a m u c h l o w e r s oc i al C l ass a n d

w e r e m o r e n early c o m p ar abl e t o t he m ale s o f ve ry

‘

lo w soc i al c l ass 1 I f s o O t t o le n g hi s r es u lt s m ay b e
’
.
,

sa id t o s u pp o rt th ose o f N i c h o l s an d B ail e y .

D i M a tt e i i n v es ti g at e d g u s t at o ry a c u t e n ess a m on g
1
Th i s s ms t b i nd i t d i n D O tt l ng hi r m k — i n te
ee o e ca e r. ti ng
o e
’
s e ar res
a l s fr m noth p i nt of vi e w th t m g th n m l w m n w e
o o a er o a a on e or a o e er
so m e who we re “ g i v e n t o v i ce s and d e bauch e ry ,
”
an d th at th e s e
sh o wed a p er ce n t ag e o f o bt use ne ss at l e as t as
g e at as r th at sho wn b y the
cri mi na l wo me n .
1 44 M AN AN D W O M AN .

be d ro ppe d u p o n a g l ass p l at e so th a t t he so u nd
m i g ht b e h ea rd by t he s u bj e c t a t a di s t an ce o f
2 5 fee t . I t w as i m poss ibl e t o se c u r e a b so l u t e a n d
c o n s t an t q u i e t bu t t he h ea ri n g o f t he wo m e n wa s
,

d ec ide dly m o r e ac u t e th an th at o f t he m e n t he ,

re s u lt s be i ng 1 7 an d 3 5 mm re s p ec tiv e ly? .

Thu s the s e o b se rvati o ns so far as th e y g o l ead t o , ,

di s ti n c tly o ppos it e r e su lt s .

In re g a rd t o ra n g e o f a u dibl e se n sati o n M r G a lt o n ,
.
,

u s i ng hi s w hi s tl e at t he A n thr op o m e tri c L a b o rat o ry

a t So u th Ke n s i n t o n fo u n d th a t 1 8
g p e r ce n t m al e s
, .

co u ld h e a r t he s hri ll es t t es t -n o t e as a ai n s t o n ly 1 1
g
p er ce n t fe m al e s ; a n d th at 3 4 p er c e n t m a l e s h e ard
. .

t he n e xt s hrill es t t es t -no t e a s ag a i n s t 2 8 p e r ce n t .

o f t he fe m al e s Thi s r esu lt h ar m o n i se s w ith w h at

.

w e k n o w o f s i g ht .

I t i s w o rt hy o f n o t e th at p i an o fo rt e t u n e r s ar e
u sually m e n . I a m n o t aw ar e w h e th e r thi s i s o w i n g
t o t he i n a bility o f w o m e n t o rival m e n i n thi s fi e ld .

SI G H T .

B li nd n e ss i n thi s co u n try (acco rdi n g t o t he ce nsu s

o f 18 9 1 ) i s m u c h m o r e c o m m o n a m o n
g m a l e s th an
am o n g fe m a l e s at all ag es u p t o 6 5 ; t he
p re po n d e r
an c e o f w o m e n a ft e r t hi s a e i s d u e s i m ly t o t he
g p
g r e at e r l o ng e vity o f w o m e n It d o e s n o t see m .

t o b e tr u e , h o w e v e r , th at m i n o r d e fe c t s o f s i g ht ar e
m o r e co m m o n i n m e n The m os t c o n ve n i e n t m e th o d
.

o f e s ti m ati ng t he se xu al di s trib u ti o n o f de fe c tive

e y es i g ht i s by r e fe rri n g t o t he d at a c o ll ec t e d by
o p hth al m i c s u rg e o n s Th u s M r R B ru de ne ll C arte r
. . .

has an a ly se d hi s n o t es o f cas e s o f di se ase o r

di s t u rb an ce o f t he e ye s i n hi s o w n p riv at e p r ac ti ce ,
an d fi n d s m al e s t o fe m al e s ; thi s is o v e r
600 m o r e fe m a l e s th an th e re w o u ld h ave b e e n had
hi s p at i e n t s b ee n i n e x ac t r ati o t o t he g e ne ra l p o pu
1
St ud ies , e tc .
, A mer .
j ou r n a l P sy clz .
, A pril 189 2 , pp 4 2 2 , 4 2 3
. .
 TH E SE N SE S . 1 45

l a ti o n . In l ifyi n g his case s

c as s acco rdin g t o t he
s h ap e o f t he e y e b all he fi n d s :
,

M al es . F emal es . Tota l .

r r
E mm e t o p ia or no mal e ye -s ig h t
r
Sh o t -s ig h t o r my o pi a,
s im p l e an d c o m o un
p
as t i g m a ti s m (or I e rr
e ye - ab l l)
L o n g -s ig h t or h y pe r me t ro p ia ,

i n c l u d ing s im pl e a nd c o m
99 5
po u n d h y pe rm e t ro pic as t i g
m a t Is m
M i x e d as t i g mat is m

To t al s 5, 3 7 9

Th e r e fo re am o n g Mr C art e r
b e l o ng i n g p ati e n t s ,
’
. s

t o t he we ll -t o -do c l a s ses th e r e has b ee n e v e n wh e n

, ,

t he s e x u a l r ati o i n t he g e n e r al p op u l a ti o n i s t a k e n
i n t o accou n t a di sti n c t p r e p o n de ran ce of w om e n a n d
,

g irl s . The p r e p o nd e ran c e i s n ot t o b e e xpl a i n e d M r , .

C a rt e r p o i nt s ou t by s p e c i al pr oc livity o n t he p a rt o f
,

w o m e n t o any s i n g l e fo r m o f e ye -di s eas e H e is .

“
i n cli n e d t o re fe r it t o t he g re at e r se n s itive n e ss o ft he
fe m al e sex t o t he m o re se d u l ou s e m pl oy m e n t o fth e ir
,

e y e s o v e r a v a ri e ty o f s e d e n t a ry occ u p ati o n s an d t o
"

th e i r w eak er m u sc l e s w hi c h are l ess abl e as a ru l e

, , ,

th a n th ose of m en to m a i n t a i n p r o l ong e d effort s o f

” 1
ac c o mm o d ati o n o r o f co n v e r g e n c e M r C art e r s
’
. . .

c ase s are fairly c h o s e n an d su ffi c i e ntly l arge i n

,

n u m b e r to be r e li abl e W e m ay acce pt th e m as
.

s h o w i n g th at vi s i o n i s i n all dir e c ti o n s m o re fre q u e n tly

d e fe c tiv e i n w om e n th an i n m e n .

A n u m b e r o f i nve s tig a ti o ns h av e b ee n m ad e i n
s ch o o l s i n v a ri o u s c o u n tri e s m o re e spe c i ally i n t he ,

U n it e d St at es G e r m an y a nd Swe de n with t he
, , ,

1 “
A n A nalysi s o f Te n Th o usan d C ase s o f D ise ase or D is t urbance
"
o f the Ey es, se e n i n P r v t
i a e P r ac t , L ancet, O ct 2 9 ,
i ce . 189 2 .
1 46 M AN AN D W O M AN .

s p ec ai l o bj e c t o f de t e r m i n i ng t he p r e val e n ce o f e ye
d e fec t a m o n g sc h oo l -c hildre n an d t he m o r e e xt e n s iv e
,

a n d r e li a bl e o f th e se i n ve s tig ati o n s s h o w a p re
f -s i ht e d a m o n
p o n d e r a n ce o t h e s h o rt g g g irl s w hi c h i s
m u c h m o re m ark e d th a n a m o n g M r C a rt e r s p ati e n t s
’
. .

Th u s a m o ng bo ys i n Swe de n P r o fe sso r Axe l ,

Ke y fo u n d th at s h o rt -s i g ht e d n e s s r an g es fr o m 6 p e r
ce n t a t t he ag e o f I I t o
.
p e r c e n t a t t he a g e .

o f 19 B u t a m o n g 3 000 Sw e di s h g irl s he fo u n d th at
.

s h o rt -s i g ht e d n e ss ran g e d fro m p e r c e n t at t he .

ag e o f I O t o 5 0 p e r ce n t a n d o ve r at t he ag e o f
.

I n A m e ri ca D r W e st e x a m i n e d t he s i g ht o f 7 9 3
.

bo ys a n d 602 g irl s i n t he p u bli c s c h ool s o f W o r c e s t e r ,

M ass u si ng Sn e ll e n s t e st -typ e s fo r t he y o u n g e r
’
,

c hildr e n t he G alt o n e y e t e s t fo r th ose i n t he hi g h e r

,
-

g r ad e s I n all t he n i n e g r ad e s e x c e p t t he fir s t w hi c h
.
, ,

i n c l u d es t he you n g e s t c hildre n it w a s fo u n d th a t t he
,

p e r c e n t ag e o f d e fe c tive e ye s w a s di s ti n c tly g re at e r
a m o ng t he g irl s t he di ffe r e n c e u s u a lly b e i n
, g o v e r 10
p er ce nt ; b u t a m o n g b o ys t he d e fe c t see m e d t o b e
.

m o r e se ri ou s i n a l ar g e r n u m b e r o f c a ses 2 D r F . . .

W a r n e r s o b se rvati o n s b as e d o n a n e x am i n ati o n o f
’

s c h o o l c hildr e n a l so s h o we d th at s e ri o u s e e
, y
d e fe c t s ar e m o re c o m m o n i n b oy s 3 .

I n 1 9 0 2 e i g ht oc u li s t s w e r e t e m p o r arily app o i n t e d t o
e x am i n e t he e y e s i g ht o f t he c hildr e n i n L o n d o n B oa rd

Sc h oo l s b oy s a n d g irl s ) The re po rt .

o f t he m e di c a l o ff i ce r t o t he L o n d o n Sc h oo l B o ard ,

D r J a m e s Ke rr s h o w s th a t am o ng th e se c hildr e n
.
, ,

w ho w e r e b e t we e n t he ag es o f e i g ht an d t we lv e t he ,

p e r ce n t a g e w ith d e fe c tive vi s i o n w a s a t e ve ry ag e
d e cid e dly g re at e r i n t he g irl s th an i n t he b o ys .

W he n t he c hildr e n w e re divide d i n t o t w o g r ou p s
— re coc i o u s y o u n e r th an t he a v e r a e a
p ( g g g e i n th e ir
s t an d ard ) an d r e t a rd e d (o ld er th an t he av e r a e
g )
t he se x u al diffe r e n ce w as s till i n v a ri a bly m a i n t a i n e d ,

1
D ie e tc , .
p p 30 , 6 1 . .

2
A w ay /ca n [ou r n a i of P sy c/zo/qaj z, A ug us t 18 9 2 , p
P 59 5 5 9 9
3
. . f
B r i t M ed j ou r na l, 2 5 th M a eh 189 3 .
 14 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

sm a ll e s t typ e was th e n asce rt a i n e d w hi c h was vi s ibl e

at 2 5 fee t ; thi s w as fo u n d t o b e ( i n d i 0 t r i cs ) fo r
p
t he m e n , fo r t he w o m e n A c u t e n e s s o f Vi s i o n .

w as t es t e d i n s e ve r a l wa y s : it w a s fou n d th at a s e ri e s
o f li n e s 1 mm w id e a nd se p ar at e d by s p ac e s o f
.

1 mm . co u ld be di s ti n c tly di sce r n e d at a di s t a n ce o f

1 1 7 i n c h e s by t he m e n o f 9 7 i n c h es by t he w o m e n ;
’

a s i m il a r d e t e r m i n ati o n w ith a c h ec k e rb oard p a tt e r n ,

b o th bl ac k an d w hit e s q u ares b e i n g 4 m m s qu ar e .
,

g ave 1 2 1 i n c h e s for t he m e n 12 4 i n c h e s for t he

“

w o m e n ; an d it wa s fo u n d th at irr e g u l arly a rr an g e d
d ot s cou ld al so b e cou nt e d at ab ou t t he sa m e di s t a n ce
by b o th m e n a n d w om e n alth ou g h w h e n t he do t s ,

b ecam e r ath e r nu m e ro u s the m e n had a s li g ht adv an

t ag e The s tre ng th o f V i s i o n w as t e s t e d by n o ti ng
.

t he s m all e s t s iz e o f l e tt e r r e a d a bl e a t 2 5 fe e t thr o u g h
o n e an d thro u g h t wo thi c k n e s s e s o f c o m m o n c h e e s e

c l o th ; t he re s u lt i n di o p tri cs w as thr o u g h o n e thi c k ,

n es s , for t he m e n an d fo r t he w o m e n ;
thr ou g h t wo thi c k n esses fo r t he m e n , fo r
w om e n .

T aki ng t he e vide n ce as a w h o l e we m ay co n c l u d e ,

th at i n m os t if n o t all c ivili se d cou n tri e s w o m en are

, ,

m o r e li a bl e t o t he s li g ht di s t u rb an ce s o f e y e -s i g ht ,

d u e t o d e fec tiv e acco m m o d ati o n w hi c h ar e p ecu li a rly ,

assoc i t e d ith ivili s ti o ; w hil e m e n are p r o b ably

1
a w c a n

m o re li abl e t o s e ri o u s e y e -d e fe c t s I f h o we v e r w e .
, ,

t ak e m e n and w o m e n b e l on g i n g t o t he h e a lthi e s t
c l asses o f t he c o m m u n ity an d t es t t he s tr e n th an d
g
acu t e n e ss o f th e i r vi s i o n th e re is fo u n d t o b e no
,

m a rk e d s e x u al di ffe r e n c e .

Su c h a re su lt i s i n acco rd a n c e w ith w h at w e k n o w
c o n ce r n i n g t he vi s u a l ac u ity o f sav a e s At p re se n t
g .

o u r k n o wl e d g e i s i m p e rfec t b u t so far as it
g oes it
,

1
A ni m l f ni h
a s ur nfirm t i
s a f th
co sso i t i n
a f ey d f t s
on o e a c a o o e- e ec
w i th ivi l i d cond i t i ns
c se M t i io .con t i b t i n t
o a s, t he P ri n a r u o o a s
A cade my of dici ne s t a t ed th at h av ing e x ami ne d t he e ye s o f wild
M e ,

b east s capt ured aft er th ey had r e ach e d ad u lt age he found th e m

, ,

n o rm a l ; th ose ca pt ure d e a r l i er a nd s t i ll mo re th os e bor n i n ca t i vi ty

, p ,

we re s h or t -si ghte d .
 TH E SE N SE S . 14 9

“
t e n ds t o s h ow th at i n a s t at e o f n at u r e th e r e i s n o
m a rk e d s e x u a l di ffe r e n ce i n vi s u a l a cu ity 1 .
”

C olou r -peecepti on an d C olonr -bli n dness — N e w t o n w as

’

a bl e t o m ak e o u t se v e n co l o u r s i n t he s e c tr u m
p .

Th o se w ho p osse s s thi s p o we r can see a d a rk bl u e

b an d be t w ee n bl u e an d vi o l e t and th e y al s o se e a ,

br oad e r o r an g e b an d th an o rdi n ary pe o p l e ; th e y ar e

a l way s v e ry fo n d o f c o l o u r G r e e n has fo u n d o n ly '
.

thr ee p e r so n s w ho s aw t he s e v e n co l ou r s (an d co n
s id e r s t h e y are a b o u t 1 i n 2 000 or 3 000 i n divid u al s) ;

th e y we re all m al es 2 P r o fe sso r N i c h o l s has m ad e

.

s o m e i n t e r es ti n
g e x p e ri m e n t s as t o s e xu a l di ffe re n c e s
i n t he s e n s itiv e n es s o f t he e ye t o fa i n t c ol o u r 3 The .

p i g m e n t s se l ec t e d w e re r e d l e a d c hr o m at e o f l e ad , ,

c hr o m i c o xid e a n d u ltr am ari n e bl u e

, E ac h o f th e se .

p i g m e n t s w as m ix e d i n a ca r e fu lly g r a du at e d w ay
w ith w hit e m a g n e s i u m c arb o n at e so th at a se ri e s o f ,

c o l o u r e d p o w d e r s w as fo r m e d o f w hi c h t he
pu re pig
m e n t fo r m e d t he fir s t w hil e t he su ccee di n g n u m b e r ,

w e r e o f l e ss a n d l e ss s at u r at e d hu e an d fi n ally c o u ld ,

n o t b e di s ti n u i s h e d fr o m w hit e Th e se w e re pu t
g .

i n t o s m all g l as s p hi al s The fo u r se t s o f bo t t l es .

l b ll d by m f m rk — th u s co n t a i n i n g
( a e e e a n s o a s )
m ixt u r e s o f r e d a n d w hit e y e ll o w a n d w hit e g r ee n , ,

a n d w hit e bl u e an d w hit e — w e re th e n m i ng l e d i n
,

di sc ri m i n at e ly an d t he o b s e rv e r w as r e q u e s t e d t o
,

a rr a n g e th e m ac co rdi n g t o hu e a n d d e g r e e o f c o l o u r

s at u r a ti o n The i n divid u al s e x a m i n e d w e re 5 4 i n
.

n u m b e r ( 3 1 m a l e s a n d 2 3 fe m al es ) m o s tly b e t we e n ,

t he ag e s o f fift ee n a n d thirty F ive w e r e m o r e o r l e ss .

co l o u r -bli n d b u t thi s d e fe c t w as n o t fo u n d t o i nj u r e
,

i n a m a rk e d w ay th e ir a bility t o c l as s ify t he co l o u r s .

I n t he fo ll o w i ng t a bl e t he fi g u re s i n di cat e t he a m o u n t
o f c o l ou ri n g m att e r p r ese n t i n v o l u m es
1
W H R R i v e rs, i n R epor t: of t lze Ca mbr i dg e A nthr opolog i cal E x
. . .

pedi t i on to Tor r es St r a i ts, vol . i i pa

. rt i .
p . 2 8 .

2
C olou r -B li n dn ess , p 103 . .

3
O n the Se nsi t i v e n e ss o f the Eye to C o l o u rs o f a L o w D e g re e o f
Sa t ura t i on , by E L N i ch o l s, P h D , A meri ca n j ou r n a l of Sci en ce,
. . . .

v o l xxx , 18 8 ,
. .
5 pp 3 7 4 1 . .
1 50 M AN A N D W O M AN .

of w hit e i n t he m o st dil u t e m ixt u r e w hi c h can be

di sti ng u i s h e d fr om a pu re w hit e by t he a v e rage
o b se rv e r :

A ve rag e for mal

fe m al

A s w ill b e s ee n from
b o ve t abl e t he a v e r ag e
t he a

m a l e o b s e rve r i s m e asu r a bly m o re s e ns itive t o r e d ,

y e ll o w a n d g r ee n whil e t he fe m al e s h ows su p e ri o rity

, ,

i n t he bl u e alo ne
”
The li g ht re fl e c t e d by p ig m e n t s
.
,

as P ro fes s o r N i c h o l s p o i n t s o u t i s n ot m o n o c hro ,

m ati c s o th at th e se r e su lt s can no t b e h e ld t o s h o w
,

us a cc u r at ely t he r e l ati o n o f t he eye t o t he p u re

s p e c tr u m .

The i n d iv i d ual v ariat ion s we re v e ry g re at : 8 person s ( 5 m al e s

an d 3 fe mal e s ) could d i s t in g u i s h y e ll ow i n a m ix t m e o f 3
ar t s i n wh il e 2 (b o th fe m al es ) co uld o n ly d e t e c t
p
i t i n a m i xt ure con t ai n i n g 19 0 p ar t s t o The l ac k
o f d e l i cac y wi th re s pe c t t o g re e n was a g e rie ral t ra i t p os s i bly , ,

re m arks P rofe s s or N ic h o l s t race a bl e to famil iari ty wi t h fo l iag e

, .

In a rran g ing the p h i al s i n o rd e r m t he s e rie s wo m e n o n t he ,

a v e rag e we re s uperior t o m en th o ug h the t wo neare s t app roac h e s

,

t o co m p l e t e acc uracy we re b o th m e n In the fo ll o win g t abl e

.

100 w o u ld i n d i c at e co m pl e t e ac c urac y

r r
I t wou ld b e i nt e e s t ing t o c o n s i d e wh e th e spe c ia l d e l icac y r
r r
i n d i sc i m in at i on o f a co l o u l S acc o mpan ie d by s p e c ia l p e fe r r
r r r
e n c e fo r th at c ol o u , or t h e e ve s e , b ut th e e I S n o e v i d e n ce at r
r
p e s e n t t o d e c id e th i s r r
P o fe s s o Ea l Ba n es fo un d i n C a l i
. r r
r r
fo rn ia , am o n g ne a ly 1000 c h ild e n o f all g ad e s, th a t wh i l e t he r
r r r
fa v o u i t e co l o u s of b oy s a n d g i l s we e e s sent ially the sam e , r
m o e g i l s s e l ec t re d, m e b y s bl e
r r o o r
u
“
If, ” he e ma k s ,. w i th r r
r r r r
in c e as i ng y e a s c h ild e n g e n e ally s e l e ct m o e re d an d l e s s bl ue , r
as s e e m s to b e the case, th i s wo u ld i n d i cat e th at g i l s ar e m o i e r
15 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

I n A m e ri ca G ilb e rt t e s t e d t he co l o u r di sc ri m i n ati o n
o f a l a rg e n u m b e r o f N e w H a v e n s c h o o l c hildr e n
b e t wee n t he ag e s o f s i x a n d se v e n t ee n H i s e x am i n a .

t i o n w as co n fi n e d t o o n e c o l o u r , an d t he t es t c o n s i s t e d
o f t e n s h ad es o f r e d c l ose ly
g rad e d ; t he c hild w as
g ive n t he li g ht e s t s h ad e fr o m o n e se t a n d t o ld t o
p i c k o u t all th ose s h a d e s th at w e re lik e it fr o m
an o th e r se t The advan t ag e w as s li g htly i n favo u r
.

o f t he g irl s , b u t t he c u rve s fo r t he t wo se x e s c ro s s a n d

r ec r oss ve ry fre q u e n tly The b oys are a h ead at s ix ,

.

b ut at se v e n t e e n , w h e n t he c u rve s e n d , t he g irl s t ak e
t he l ead A g e n e r al av e rag e for all ag es g iv es a v e ry
.

s m all adva n t ag e fo r t he g irl s B u t th e y h ave a n

.

a dditi o n al adv an t a e i n th a t on ly
g p er ce n t o f .

th e m fa il e d t o di sc ri m i n at e at all, W hil e o f t he b oy s

fail e d i n so do i ng 1 The g irl s , p ro b a bly fro m g re at e r

.

fam ili a rity w ith t he m at c hi ng of co l ou r s , had a s li g ht

a dv an t ag e i n thi s t e s t , w hi c h was o f t oo li m it e d a

c h ar ac t e r t o b e q u it e co n c l u s iv e .

W h e n we t u r n t o t he se xu al di ffe re n ce i n re g ard
t o co l o u r -bli n d n e s s , a su bj ec t w hi c h has b ee n v e ry
fu lly i n ve s tig at e d, th e re i s n o d ou bt w h a t e v e r a bo u t
t he r e s u lt s M e n ar e m u c h m o r e fre q u e n tly co l o u r
.

bli n d t han wo m e n The c o m m itt e e o n co l ou r

.

bli n d n ess o f t he O p hth al m ol o g i c a l Soc i e ty fou n d

th at a m o n g m a l e s g e n e r ally ou t of
i n dividu al s ) t he p e rce n t ag e o f p ro n ou n ce d case s
o f co l ou r -bli n d n e ss w as t he a v e r ag e p e rc e n t ag e
b e i ng Th e y fou n d th at c o l ou r -bli n dn e ss w as
n ea rly al w ay s m u c h s li ht e r i n fe m al e s th an i n
g
m al es , an d e v e n th e n o nly e xi s t e d i n p e r ce n t 2
.

H o l m g r e n , fr o m an e x am i n a ti o n o f m en,
fo u nd p e r ce n t co l ou r -bli n d
. D r j o y j e ffe ri e s
. .

o f B os t o n , fr o m a n e x am i n ati o n c a rri e d o n c hi e fly i n
“

e du cati o n al i ns tit u ti o n s , o f o v e r m al e s , fou n d

1
J . A . G ilber t , Stu di es fr om t /ze Ya le P sy ch L a b . .
,
vo l. IL , 189 4 ,
p 58
'
1 “
R e por t o f the C o mm i tt ee o n C ol o u -Bl i nd ness
”
r of the O pht ha l
m olog i cal Soci e ty, Tr a m Op lztlcal Soc 188 1
. . . .
 TH E SE N SE S . 15 3

p er t co l o u r -bli n d an d am o n g o ve r
ce n .
,

fe m al e s o n ly w e r e c o l o u r -bli n d Mr T H . . . .

B i c k e rt o n fi n d s t he pe r c e n t ag e Th e r e fo r e
w hil e co l o u r bli n d n e ss e xi s t s i n a b o u t 3 0 o r 4 0 p e r
-
.

th o u san d m al e s o ft he g e ne r a l po p u l ati o n o f Eu ro p e an
c o u n tri e s it i s fo u n d i n o n ly 1 t o
4 p e r th o u s a n d
fe m al e s b e i n g th u s at l e as t t e n ti m e s m o re fr e q u e n t
,

i n m e n t ha n i n w o m e n O n e w om an t o t e n m e n i s
.

t he p r o p o rti o n fo u n d by F avr e i n F r an ce 1 .

Th e r e ar e c e rt ai n v a ri ati o n s i n t he i nc id e nce o f
c o l o u r -bli n d n e ss a m o n g c l ass es o f t he
, p op u l ati o n
a n d a m o n g r ace s w hi c h a r e o f i n t e r es t a n d m ay
, ,

p os s ibly b e a r o n t he s i g n ifi ca n c e o f c o l ou r -bli n d n e ss .

A m o ng t he p r o fe ss i o n al c l asses (m e di ca l s t u d e n t s ,

e tc ) t he O p hth a l m o l o g i c al Soc i e ty s C o m m itt ee

’
.

fou n d t he p ro p o rti o n t o b e p er ce n t ; am o n g .

E t o n b o ys p e r ce n t ; a m o ng t he b o y s a n d
.

m as t e r s a t M a rlb o rou g h Sc h oo l (acco rdi n g t o t he

A n thr o p o l o g i c al C o m m itt ee o f t he B riti s h A ssoc i a
ti o n ) i t i s pe r c e nt O n t he o th e r h an d a m o n g
.
,

t he p o li ce a n d i n s c h oo l s o f t he s am e s oc i al r a n k
t he O p hth al m o l o g i c al Soc i e ty s C o mm itt ee fo u n d
’

p r o n o u n ce d c ases i n t he p r o p o rti o n o f pe r ce n t .
,

a n d i n m iddl e -c l ass s c h oo l s I n I re l a n d t he so n s
o f l a b o u r e r s a re t w i ce as li abl e t o co l o u r -bli n d n e ss

as t he b o y s o f t he we althi e r c l asse s A co m pa ri so n .

o f u rb a n a n d r u r al p o p u l a ti o n s so far as it s h o w s ,

a n ythi n g p o i n t s t o co l o u r bli n d n ess b e i n g m o re

-
,

co m m o n i n t he co u n try J e w s a n d Q uak e r s are

.

m o r e s u bj e c t t o co l o u r -bli n d n e s s th a n t he o rdi n a ry
o u l a ti o n A m o n g (7 3 0) fe m al e s o f J e wi s h e xtr a c
p p .

ti o n , p e r c e n t w e r e affec t e d ; a m o n g fe m al es
.

b e l o ng i ng t o t he So c i e ty o f F ri e n d s th e y w e r e , ,

h o we ve r s li g ht cases It was t he sam e am o ng t he

,
.

m a l e s ; a m o n g 9 49 o f J e w i sh e xtr ac ti o n we re
affe c t e d ; am o n g (49 1) Q u ake r s It m u s t b e ,

n o t e d th at t he J e w s w e r e o n t he w h ol e of p oo r e r

c o n diti o n o f life th an t he a v e r ag e a n d th e ir d e fec t s ,

1
C o mm uni cat io n to th e A cadem ic des Scie nces i n 18 7 8 .
15 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w e r e o f p ro n ou n ce d c h ar ac t e r ; t he F ri e n d s b e l o ng e d
t o t he m iddl e c l ass , a n d th e ir d e fec t s , c hi e fly co n
fi ne d t o t he p a l e r s h ade s , w e re s li g ht ; t he we althy
F ri e n d s w e r e le ss c ol o u r -bli n d th an t he p oo r , th ou g h
1
s till , am o ng m al es , e x cee di n g t he av e r g a e J ac o b s .

a n d Sp i e l m an n fo u n d n o fe we r th a n p e r ce nt o f .

L o n d o n J ews t o b e co l o u r -bli n d ; it m u s t b e add e d

th at w hil e i n t he E ast E n d t he p ro p o rti o n w as as
hi g h as p e r c e n t , i n t he W es t E n d it w as o n ly
.

per cen t ; th e se o b se rve rs ass o c i at e thi s t e n de n c y

.

t o co l o u r -bli n d n ess w ith t he a b se n ce o f g re at p a i n te r s

am o n g t he J e ws a n d t he b ad t as t e i n dr e ss s h o wn by

J e we s se s b e l o ng i ng t o t he l owe r so c i a l g rad e s 2 .

It i s n ecessa ry t o t ak e a so m e w h at w id e r s u rve y
i n o rd e r t o ap p r ec i at e t he s i g n ific a n c e o f co l o u r
bli n dn e s s Alth ou g h a m o n g ci vili s e d r aces co l ou r
.

bli n d ness i s m o re p r e val ent in t he l ow e r th an i n t he

hi g h er soc i al c l asses a m o ng b arb arou s an d s avage
,

r ace s it is v e ry i n fr e qu e n t O n e o f t he e a rli e s t
.

i nve s ti gat or s o f co l ou r -bli n d ne ss P r ofe ss o r G e or ge ,

W il son e x am i n e d se v e r al fo r e ig n s t u d e n t s i n E ng l an d
,

— C hi n e se Kaffir e tc : th e ir a p re c i ati o n o f co l ou r
, , p .
,
“
he r e m a rk s i s e x c e ll e n t a n d ce rt a i n ly s u p e ri o r t o
, ,

th a t o f t he m aj o rity o f ou r o w n s tu de n t s w ho h ave ,

no t acc id e n t ally or d es ig n e dly m ad e co l o u r a s p e c i al

o bj ec t o f s t u dy The m os t e x p e rt o f th e m all wa s
.

” 3
t he y o u n g C affr e L at e r a n d m o r e e xt e n d e d
.

i nve s ti g ati o n has s h o w n ve ry c l early t he fre e d o m o f

l o we r r ace s fro m co l ou r -bli n d n e s s as w e ll as th e ir
de li cac y o f c o l o u r -pe rce p ti on Sc h e ll o n g am o n g t he .

P ap u a n s of t he N e w H e brid e s fo u n d th a t t he co l ou r
se n se i s hi g hly de ve l o p e d ; th e y are a bl e w ith ou t
h e sit ati o n t o d i s ti ngu i s h e v e n d e li cat e s h ade s o f
diffe r e nce alth ou g h th e i r c ol ou r vo c abu l ary i s e x
,

t r e m e ly li m it e d an d th e y p os s e ss o n ly o n e w o rd fo r
,

1 “
r r
R e po t o f the C o mm itt ee o n C o l ou -Bl i nd n ess o f the O phthal
mo log i cal Soci e ty .

2
j ou r n a l A n t /cr op I nst i t ute , A ug 1889
. . .

R esear ches on Colou r -B li n dness , Ed i nbu rgh , 18 55 , p 7 7 . .

15 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

C o l ou r -bli n d n e s s i s c l e arly no t a r es u lt o f di s eas e ,

“

n o r i s it as so c i at e d w ith di sease d c on diti o n s It i s .

tr u e th at it is r ath e r m o re co mm o n am o n g d eaf
m u t es th an am o n g t he av e r a g e o f t he p o pu l ati o n ,
b u t t he d e af-m u t e s e x a m i n e d h ave l a r g e ly b e l o n g e d
t o t he lo w s oc i al c l ass i n whi c h c o l o u r -bli n d n ess
has b ee n fo u n d m os t p r e va l e n t A m o n g i m be c il es
.

c o l ou r -bli n d n e s s i s r a r e A m o ng c ri m i n al s al so i f
.

has n o t u su ally b ee n fo u n d co m m o n A m o n g c re ti ns .

t he co l ou r se n se i s u s u a lly p re s e n t , alth o u g h s p eec h ,

h e a ri n g , and s m e ll are ne arly al w ays v e ry d e fe ct ive 1 .

A nd , o n t he o th e r h an d , J ew s , am o n g w h o m c o l o u r
bli n d n ess is s p e c i ally p r e v a l e n t , are a h e althy c l as s o f
t he p o p u l ati o n (e x ce p t for th e ir t e n d e n c y t o n e rv o u s
di sease) , an d s h o w a v e ry hi g h ave r ag e o f a bility ;
a n d th e Q u a k e rs a l s o are a di s ti n g u i s h e d c l a ss o f t he
'

c o mm u n ity .

The p re c i se s i g n ifi c an ce o f t he se xu al di ffe re n ce
r e ga rdi n g co l o u r -bli n dn e s s canno t ye t b e de t e r m i n e d .

The w h o l e q u e s ti o n o f co l ou r -bli n d n es s a n d o f t he
m ec h an i s m o f c o l ou r -vi s i o n g e n e r ally i s s till u n d e r
di sc u ss io n B u t th e re can b e littl e d o u bt n ow th at
.

t he g r e at e r li abi lity o f m al e s t o c o l o u r bli n d ne s s i s -

i n h e r e n t an d o f w o rld w id e e xt en s i on - Tr ai n i ng .

has littl e t o do w ith it ; an d c o m p a ri so n s b e t w ee n

childre n u n d e r t e n y ea rs o f ag e an d ad u lt s (i n t he
h a n d s of t he O p hth al m o l og i c al Soc i e ty s C o m m itt e e ) ’

h av e s h ow n fe w diffe re n c e s O n t he o th e r h an d i t s
.
,

h e re dit ary n a t u re is w e ll r e cog n i se d ; it i s su ffi c i e n t

t o m e n ti o n o n e c as e : D r P li n y E a rl e P r o fesso r
.
,

W il s o n t e ll s u s o u t o f 3 2 m al e a n d 2 9 fe m al e
,

r e l ati o ns had 2 0 w ho w e r e co l ou r bli n d o n ly tw o , ,

h ow e v e r be i n g fe m al e
,
The u n d o u bt e d fac t t h at
.

wo m e n a re m o re fa m ili a r w ith t he n a m e s o f co l ou r s
has b e e n c o n s id e r e d a so u r c e o f fa ll ac y bu t m o d e r n ,

m e th o d s o f e x a m i nati o n do n o t r e q u i r e an y ac q u a i n t
a nc e w ith n am e s The g reat e r fam ili a rity o f w o m e n
.

Prof or H C t i ni sm in H ck T k
“
1
ess l y A t
ors e
’
, i . re Di t j a u
’
e s
'

c zon af /

f
o P sy clzologi cal Al ea i ci ne, 189 2 .
 TH E SE N SE S . 15 7

w ith dr e ss has b e e n c o n s id e r e d t o ac c o u n t fo r t he
diffe re n c e ; t he c o l ou r -bli n d n e s s o f Q u a k e r s w ho a r e
,

u s u ally c o n s id e r e d a s i n di ffe r e n t t o dr e ss an d fav o u r

i n g s o m br e h u e s m i g ht b e br o u g ht fo r w a rd t o
,

s u p p o rt thi s th eo ry . B u t it c an s c ar c e ly be u se d t o
e x l a i n t he v e ry m a rk e d s e x u al di ffe r e n ce a m o n
p g
l o w e r r aces ; an d it m ay b e q u it e as r e aso nably
a r g u e d th a t t he So c i e ty o f F ri e n d s fo u n d a s p e c i ally

l a rg e n u m b e r o f r e c r u it s am o n g i n dividu al s i n diffe re n t
t o c o l o u r an d d e fec tiv e i n p e r ce ivi n g it .

I t i s d o u btl e s s s i g n ifi c a n t th at su c h scan ty e vid e n ce

a s I h av e b e e n a bl e t o g ath e r co n ce r n i n g k e e n n e s s o f

co l o u r -p e r ce p ti o n d oe s n o t s e e m t o ag r ee w ith t he

v e ry c l ear e vide n ce c o n c e r n i n g c ol ou r -bli n d ne s s It .

i s n o t e w o rthy th a t i n P r o fesso r N i c h o l s e x p e ri m e n t s
’

— th ou h th e s e w e r e n o t o n a d ec i s ive n u m b e r o f
g
e r s o n s — t he c o l o u r s i n r e g a rd t o w hi c h t he m e n
p
w e r e e s p ec i a lly m o r e s e n s itiv e th a n t he w o m e n w e r e
re d a n d g re e n , p r e c i s e ly t he co l o u r s th a t ar e d e feo
t iv e ly se e n i n co l o u r bli n d n e ss
- . A n d M r G r ee n .

fo u n d th at e x ce p ti o n a l r ang e o f co l o u r -pe rce p ti o n

occ u rr e d e x c l u s iv e ly i n m al e s . I t w o u ld s e e m th at
w e a r e d eali n g w ith t w o di ffe r e n t c l ass e s o f p h e n o
m e na . C o l o u r -bli n d n ess i s a d e fec t c o m p a r abl e t o
a lbi n i s m an d t o t he o th e r c o n g e n it al a b n o r m aliti es

th at ar e m o r e c o m m o n i n m al e s I t has n o thi ng t o
.

do w ith k e e n n e ss i n s e n so ry di sc ri m i nati o n a n d it ,

i s p r o b a bl e th a t as s e e m s t o b e tr ue i n r e g ard t o
,

so m e o th e r se n s e p e r ce p ti o n s th e r e i s g r e at e r r ang e
,

a nd ac u t e n e s s o f co l o u r -p e r c e p ti o n i n m e n .

COL OU R ED H EA R I N G .

Thi s is o ne o f t he n am es for t he b e s t k n own o f a

l arg e g r o u p o f s li g htly ab n o r m a l p sy c hi c p h e n o m e n a .

A p e r s on i s t he s u bj e c t o f c o l o u r e d h e a ri n g w h e n a
a rti c u l a r so u n d i m m e di a t e ly a n d i n v o l u n t arily bri n g s
p
a p a rti c u l a r co l o u r t o t he m e n t al e ye U s u ally e ac h
.

o f t he v o w e l s o u n d s ha s a c o l o u r o f i t s o w n and ,
15 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w o rd s r d a c co rdi n g ly B e s ide s co l ou re d
ar e co ou e l .

h eari n g w e m ay h ave o th e r au t o m ati c se n s e -asso

c i at i o n s s u c h as co l ou r e d g u s t ati o n
,
co l ou re d o lfac ,

ti o n co l ou re d t ac tility c o l ou r e d m o tility
,
1
,
.

M r F r a n c i s G a lt o n m an y y ea rs ag o i n v e s ti g at e d
.

v ari ou s o f th ese assoc i ati o n s H e s e e m s t o h av e .

fou n d co l o u r asso c i ati o n m o re co m m o n i n wo m e n

“
th an i n m e n ; he al s o fou n d th at it app ear s t o b e
ra th e r co mm o n th o u g h i n a n ill -d e v e l o p e d de g ree
, ,

am o ng c hildr en
” 2
The a lli e d p h e n o m e n o n o f t he
.

nu m b e r -fo r m t he su dd e n a n d au t o m ati c ap p e a r
a n c e o f a vivid an d i n v a ri a bl e fo r m i n t he m e n t al

fi e ld o f vi e w w h e n e ve r a n u m e r al i s th o u g ht o f a n d
, ,
”
i n w hi c h e ac h n u m e r a l has i t s o w n d e fi n it e p l ace )
wa s a l s o fo u n d by G a lt o n t o b e m o r e co m m o n i n
w o m e n ; sp e a ki n g r o u g hly it e xi s t s i n 1 o u t o f 3 0 ,

m al e s a n d i n 1 o u t o f 1 5 fe m al es
,
N u m b e r -fo rm s .

o ri g i n at e at an e a rly ag e a n d a re co m m o n e r i n ,
'

i
you ng p e rso n s t han n adu lt s 3
F ec h n e r co ll e c t e d .

7 3 cases o f co l ou r e d h eari n g 3 5 o f m e n 3 8 o f w o m e n ; , ,

th e y we re nearly all adu lt s an d o f t he e du c at e d

c l asse s
4
Kr o h n fou n d th at c o l o u r e d h ea ri ng an d
.

1
Se e A r t Seco nd ary S
.
“
ti o ns , b y Bl e u l e , i n Tuk e s D i ct of
e nsa r ’
.

“
L A udi ti on C o l oré e e t les P héno mén e s
' ’ ’
P sy ch M ea
. G r ii b e r s
.

s i mi l ai res i n P r oceedi ng s of t lze I n t er n a t i on a l C ong r ess of E xper i ment a l

”
P sy c/zology , L o n do n , 18 9 2 ; a nd K rohn s P se u do C hr o m z s the s ia
’ “ -

i n A mer i can j ou r n a l of P sy chology , O ct ober 189 2 The l as t con tai ns a .

full bi bl io g rap hy .

2
I n qu i r i es i n to H u ma n F a cu lty , p 14 7 . .

3 1
m
a , p 119 , Galto n re mark s th at t he so me wh a t a ll i ed po we r o f
.

r
vi sual is i ng - or of u nconsci ous ly s to i ng u p i n t he m ind m e n tal p ic t ure s
wh ic h m ay b e v ol u n tar i ly eca ll e d r i s h ig h e r i n the fe mal e se x tha n
i n t he mal e , a nd i s so me wh a t , b u t n o t m uch h i g h e r i n p u bl i c sch o o l
b oys th an i n me n r
Th e e i s r eason t o be l i e v e th a t i t i s v e ry h ig h
.

i n so m e y ou ng c h i ld re n , who se e m t o spe nd y e ar s o f d i ffi cu lty i n

d is ti ng uish i ng be twee n the s ubj ect i ve and obj ecti ve wo rld L ang uag e .

a n d b oo k -l e ar n i ng ce r t ai nly t e nd to d u ll i t (P The m e n of . . .

sc ie n ce he s po k e t o k ne w n o th i ng o f i t O n t he o th e h and . r
r r
many m e n, a nd a y e t l a g e nu mbe o f wo me n , a nd many boys an d r
r r
g i l s , d e c l a e d th a t the y h abi t ually s aw m e n tal i mag e ry , and th at i t was
p e rfe c tly d i s t i nc t t o th e m , a n d fu ll o f c o l o u C ro s s -e x a mi na ti o n r .

bro ught ou t the t r uth o f th ese asse rti o ns ( P . .

4
F e chne r , Vor scku le aer A est/zet i lz, Zwei t e Th e i l , p 3 16
’
r . .
1 60 M AN AN D W O M AN .

co rrec t i s r e ally fo u n d e d o n t he co n fu s i o n o f tw o
,

t o t ally di s ti nc t n e rvo u s q u aliti e s — s e n s ibility a n d

irrit ability o r as it i s p e rh ap s b e tt e r c all e d
, , ,

affec t ability The firs t m e an s p r e c i s i o n a n d i n

.
~

t e n s ity o f p e r ce pti o n o f s ti m u l u s ; t he s eco n d i s t he

r eadi n e ss o f m o t o r r es p o n se t o s ti mu l u s Th e se t wo .

n e rvo u s q u aliti e s m ay a n d us u a lly do v ary i n , ,

de p e n de n tly 1 The c l e ar di s ti n c ti o n be t w e e n se n s i
.

bilit y a n d irrit a bility i n t he p r e se n t c o nne c ti o n has

bee n o f l at e c l early s t a t e d by Se rg i a n d by L o m broso ,

a n d F e rr e ro bu t t he k ee n i n t u iti o n o f C o l e rid g e
,

had l o n g b e fo r e n o ti c e d th a t a n i m p o rt an t s e x u al
diffe re n ce i s t he g re at e r irrit ability o f w o m e n t he ,

d e e p e r s e n s ibility o f m e n I t w as al so p e r c e ive d .

so m e y e a r s ago by G a lt o n who w a s t he fir s t t o ,

m a k e acc u r at e i n ves ti g a ti o n s o f s e x u a l se n so ry
“ ” “
di ffe re n c e s At firs t he re m ark s
. owi ng t o m y
, ,

co n fu s i n g t he q uality (se n s itivity) o f w hi c h I am

s p ea ki n g w ith th a t o f n e rvo u s irrit a bility I fan c i e d ,

th at w o m e n of d e li c at e n e rv es w ho are di s tre s s e d
by no is e s u ns hi ne e t c w ou ld h av e acu t e p o w e r s
, ,
.
,

o f di sc ri m i n ati o n B u t thi s I fo u n d n o t t o be
.

t he c a se I n m o rbidly se ns itiv e p e r so n s b o th p a i n
.

an d s e n s a ti o n are i n d u ce d by l o w e r s ti m u li th a n i n

t he h ealthy b u t t he n u m b e r o f j u s t p e r c e p tibl e
,

g r a d es o f s en sa ti o n b e t w ee n th e m i s n o t n ece s s a rily
di ffe r e n t I fou n d as a r u l e th at m e n h av e m o re
.

de li cat e p owe r s o f di s c ri m i n ati o n th an w o m e n a n d ,

t he b us i n e ss e x p e ri e n c e o f life se e m s t o co n fir m
thi s ” 2
. W h e n w e c o m e t o co n s id e r t he affe c t ability
o f wo m e n thi s i m p o rt a n t di s ti n c ti o n w ill b e co m e s till

c l e a re r .

Th gr t
1
e ff t bi l i ty i i t bi l i ty o f wom n m y b p c i v d
e a er a ec a or rr a e a e er e e
a t v ya ly t ge f p i mi t iv ult e nd nf se d wi th g t r
er e ar s a o r e c ur a co u re a e

se ns ibi l i ty A n i n t e s t i ng x m p l e i s f ni sh d b y M
. re i m Th rn who
e a ur e r . u ,

t ll s s th t w me n m t i m t k p t i n th v e y v ig r u wh i ppi ng
e u a o so e es a e ar e r o o s

g ame o f the A ra wack s o f G ui a na ; o n s uc h o cc as i o ns a wo od e n fi g ure

o f a bi rd i s subs t i t u t ed for t he wh i ps , a nd a g e n tl e pe ck
g i v e n i n p l ace
r
o f t he m o e s e r io u s l as h (j ou r n a l A n thr op I ns t i t u t e, F e bruary 189 3,
. .

p .

2
F . G alt o n, H u man F acu lty , p . 29.
 C H A P T E R VII .

M O TI O N .

STR E N GTH — ’
W O M EN S SM A L L ER — R IC
M U SC U L A R J O I N TS
C AR D I S
’
E X P ER I M EN TS SH O W I N G MA X IM U M EN ER GY
M OR E QU I C K L Y R E AC H ED W O M EN — R EA C TI O N -TI M E
BY
— M O VEM EN T SL O W ER I N W O M EN — BR Y A N S
’
R A TE OF
E X P ER I M EN TS ON R A TE OF M O TI O N -R A R ITY OF
W O M EN A C R O BA TS— W O M EN A N D P H Y SIC A L TR A I N I N G
— SEX U A L D I F F ER EN C ES IN VO L U N TA R Y M O TO R
A BI L I TY — W O M EN TE L EGR A P H C L ER K S— H A N D W R ITIN G
— W O M EN ’S SL I G H TE R M U SC U L AR EN ER GY P R O BABL Y A N
O R G A N IC C H A R A C TER — M A N U A L D E X TER I TY — O P IN IO N S
OF TEA C H ER S— TH E GEN ER A L O P I N IO N TH A T W O M EN
H A VE L E SS M A N U A L D E XTER ITY TH A N M EN — D E X TER ITY
OF W O M EN IN VA R I O U S TR A D E S— SEN SE-J U D GM EN TS
B U SI N ESS E X P ER IE N C E— VA R I OU S EX P ER I M EN TS— W O M EN
P R O BA BL Y AS W EL L A BL E TO F OR M A C C U R A TE SEN SE

J U D GM EN TS A S M EN .

W H ATE VE R d ou bt th e r e m ay b e ab ou t se x u al diffe r
e n ces i n t h e se n so ry app e al th e r e i s littl e d o u bt as t o

t he s e xu a l diffe r e n ce s i n m o t o r r es p o n se a t all e v e n t s ,

i n i t s c o a r se r o u tli n e s E x c e p t a m o n g ce rt ai n l o we r
.

r ace s an d th e n al m os t e x c l u s iv e ly i n th at m o r e
,

p as s ive fo r m o f m u scu l a r a c tivity i n v o lv e d i n ca rryi n g

b u rd e n s wo m e n e ve ry w h e re r e v e a l a so m ewh at l ess
,

c ap a c ity for m o t o r e n e r g y th a n m e n an d a l es s d e g r ee

o f d e li g ht i n i t s di s p l a y A m o n g c ivili se d r ac e s t he
.

di ffe r e n ce i s g r eat an d o bviou s t o all Th e r e i s n o .

fo r m o f vi g o r ou s m u s cu l a r ac ti on w ith t he so l e ,

I I
16 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

e x ce p ti o n of d an ci ng for whi c h c ivili se d wo m e n

,

s h o w g re a t e r attra c ti o n and ap tit u d e th a n m e n .

E ve n at th at p e ri o d i n t he e v o l u ti o n o f p u b e rty
w h e n g irl s are i n m os t r e s p ec t s a h e ad o f b o y s th e y ,

s till r e m a i n as P ag li a n i an d o th e r s h av e s h o w n b o th
, ,

i n vit al capac ity an d m u s c u l a r p owe r v e ry m u c h ,

be hi n d b o ys R o u g hly s p eaki n g t he fo r ce o f t he
.
,

fe m al e h an d m easu r e d by t he dyn am o m e t e r i s o n e
, ,

third l ess th an th at of t he m al e h and ; b oy s c an

c arry a b ou t o n e -third m o r e th a n g irl s ; a n d w hil e a

m an can c arry ab o u t d o u bl e hi s o wn w e i g ht a w o m an
can c arry o n ly ab o u t h alf h e rs ( L a n d o i s a n d Stirli n g) .

W hil e t he ave rage m al e golf pl aye r (acco rdi n g t o

W hit n e y) can lift t he ball fro m 1 2 0 t o 1 40 ya rd s the ,

ave rag e fe m al e p l ay e r lift s it o n ly fr o m 7 0 t o 100

y ards At t he Bath m ee ti n g o f t he B riti s h A sso
.

c i at i o n t he m ean s tre n g th o f s q u e e z e w as 3 5 -4 0 kil o s

in m en 2 0-2 5
,
in wom en The A n thr o p o m e tri c
.

C o mm itt ee o f t he B riti s h A s s o c i ati o n fou n d th at

w o m e n (c hi e fly s h o p ass i s t a n t s an d pu p il s i n tr a i n i n g
i n s tit u ti o n s for s c h oo l -m i str esses) are littl e m o re th an
h alf as s tr on g as m e n 1 M an ou vri e r co m p ari n g
.
,

we i g ht o f fe m u r w ith dy n am o m e tri c p r essu re fo u n d ,

th at m u scu l ar fo r ce i s t o b o dy -we i g ht as t o 10 0
i n m e n an d o n ly as t o 100 i n w o m e n Sa rg e n t .

fou n d th at i n s tre ng th of e x p ir at o ry m u s c l e s t he
w eak es t b o y s ar e s tr o n g e r th an t he av e r ag e g irl an d ,

alth o u g h i n s tr e n g th o f b a c k l e g s c h es t an d a r m s
, , , ,

t he g irl s are s li g htly b e tt e r s till 5 0 p er ce n t g irl s

, .

fail to r e ac h a p o i n t o f s tre ng th su r p as s e d by 9 0 p e r
ce n t b o y s G a lt o n fo u n d i n hi s l ab o r at o ry th at o f
2
. .

s o m e 1 6 00 w o m e n o f v a ri o u s ag es t he s tro n g e s t co u ld
o n ly e x e rt a s q u ee z e o f 86 lb s o r a b ou t th a t o f a.
,
“
m e di u m m an I f w e w i s h e d t o se l ec t t he 100
.

” “
s tr o n g es t i n dividu al s he r e m ark s
, ou t o f t wo ,

g rou p s on e
, co n s i s ti n g o f 100 m al es c h o se n at
1
R epor t A nth Com B r i t A ss , 1883
. . . . .

2
r
Sa ge n t, “ P h ysical D ev e l o pme n t o f W omen , Scr i bner ’ s M ag .

1889 .
 16 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

H e rz e n m ade a se ri es o f e x p e ri m e n t s at F l o re n c e
i nt o t he i n fl u e n c e ofage an d s ex i n m o difyi n g r e ac ti o n
ti m e— th at i s t o say, t he ti m e t a ke n in reac ti n g t o “

a s i g na l H e w as i m p resse d by t he s l own e ss w ith

.

w hi c h c hildr e n co -o rdi n at e o r assoc i at e t wo m o v e

m e nt s , as o f t he h an d an d foo t H i s fi g u re s s h o w .

th at g irl s reac t at firs t m o re qu i c kly th an b oy s , b u t

w hil e i n t he l att e r t he r e ac ti o n acce l e r at es r e g u l a rly
u p t o ad o l esce nce , i n t he fo rm e r it a cce l e r a t e s l e s s

rap idly, an d s t o ps s h o rt at a l owe r rap idity th an th at

o f t he m asc u li n e se x 1 .

V ario u s i n ves ti gati o n s h ave b ee n m ade i n r e c e n t

years w ith r e g ard t o r eac tio n -ti m e Th u s G ilb e rt , i n .

a v e ry c a r e fu l s e ri e s o f e x p e ri m e n t s o n o v e r 1000

c hildr e n i n t he sc h o o l s o f N e w H av e n , C o n n ec ti c u t ,

fou nd th at c hildre n g r ow s t eadily q u i c k e r i n s i m p le

reac ti on -ti m e a s th e y g row o ld e r , an d th at b o ys are
rath e r q u i c k e r th an g irl s at all t he ages i nv es ti g at e d
(6 t o t he bri g ht c hildr e n we r e q u i c k e r th a n t he
du ll c hildre n , th ou g h at so m e age s thi s di ffe re n c e was
n o t fo u n d W h e n di sc ri m i n ati o n an d c h o i c e w e r e
.

i n vo lv e d i n additi o n t o s i m p l e r e ac ti on , t he s e x u al
di ffe re n ce w as di m i n i s h e d, an d t he g irl s we r e al m os t
2
a s q u i c k a s t he b o y s Alb e rt L L e wi s , w ho m ad e a
. .

l arg e n u m b e r o f e x pe ri m e n t s o n r eac ti o n -ti m e (for

lig ht , sou n d , an d e l ec tri c s h oc k ) i n diffe r e n t c l asses o f
p e r so n s , fo u n d th a t t he o rd e r o f d ec r e as i n g r ap idity
was A m e ri c a n m e n , I n di ans (th ese t w o g r o u p s b e i ng
e q u al ) , N e g r oe s , A m e ri can wo m e n t he N e g roe s , ho w
e v e r , cam e l as t i n r es p o n se t o li g ht
3
.

R e ac ti o n i s q u i c k e r (acco rdi n g t o B u cc ol a ) am o n g
t he e d u c a t e d th a n am o ng t he u n e du c at e d , b u t
t he i nv es ti g a ti o n o f s o m e It ali an m e n o f g e n i u s
has s h o wn th at i n th e m re ac ti o n -ti m e i s s l o w , 1 ‘

an d W i s s l e r fou n d th at r eac ti o n ti m e i s a v e ry
H e rze n, L e Cer veau et l acti m te ctr éhr a le pp 9 6 -9 8
’
f
' '
1
A . . .

2
J . A ll e n Gi lber t, St u di es fr om t he Yale P sy cholog i ca l L abor a tory ,
vo l . i i , 189 4 , p 7 7
. . .

3
P sy cholog i ca l R ea , M ar . 18 9 7 .

1
A r chi o i o di P s i chi atr i a , 189 2 ,
‘
pp 39 4, 39 5
'
. .
 M O TI O N . 1 65

p oo r easu re o m e n t a l e ffic ie n cy
m f 1
I t i s al so v e ry .

s l ow i n t he i nsa n e , a n d e xtr e m e ly s l o w i n idi o t s .

So m e J ap an e s e j u gg l e r s e x a m i ne d by H e rz e n r eac t e d
ve ry s l o wly The n orth I t ali ans , he fou n d , re ac t e d
.

m o r e q u i c kly th a n t he s o u th I t ali an s , a n d a N o r
w e g i an r e ac t e d m o st q u i c kly o f all .

Se ve r al ser i e s o f i n v es ti g ati o n s h av e b ee n c a rri e d o n

co n ce r n i n g se x u al diffe r e n ce s i n t he r at e o f v o l u n t a ry

m ove m e n t s C att e ll an d F u ll e rt o n fo u n d th at thi s

.

r a t e , w hi c h i s v e ry co n s t an t , i s d e c id e dly s l o we r i n
wo m e n th an i n m e n 2 J as tr o w fou n d , a m o ng t he
.

s t u d e n t s o f W i sco n s i n U n iv e r s ity , th at n o r m a l m o v e

m e n t s , w h e n n o s pe c i al dir e c ti o n i s g iv e n , ar e q u i c k e r
i n wo m e n , b u t th at t he m axi m u m m o ve m e n t s , p a rti
c u lar l
y i n t he c ase o f l o ng e r m o ve m e n t s , are q u i c k e r
i n m e n 3 B ry an has m a d e a n e l a b o r a t e s t u dy o f r a t e
.

o f m o v e m e n t o n a b ou t 8 00 s c h oo l c hildre n (t he s e x es

b e i ng rly e q u a lly divide d) b e l o n g i n g t o W o rce s t e r

n ea ,

M as s . A fairly s i m p l e i n str u m e n t w a s d e vi se d t o
r e c e iv e t ap p i n g m o v e m e n t s o n t he b u tt o n o f a M o r s e
k e y a n d t o r e co rd th e m o n a c l oc k fa c e ; t he a m o u n t
o f fo r ce r e q u ir e d w as i n s i g n ifi can t a n d t he t app i n g ,

m o v e m e n t s co u ld b e e x ec u t e d by t he a r m fo r ea r m o r , ,

fi n ge r so as t o g iv e t he ra t e fo r t he v a ri o u s j o i n t s
,
.

The di ffe r e n c es b e t w e e n b o y s a n d g irl s w e re n o t fo u n d

t o b e c o n s id e ra bl e b u t th e r e w a s a s li g ht su p e ri o rity
,

o f b o y s o v e r g irl s o n t he w h o l e It m u st be n o t ed .
,

h o w e v e r th at t he b e s t s i n g l e r e c o rd w as m ade by a
,
“ ”
g irl o f t w e lv e w ho l oo k e d t he ty p e of r o b u st h ealth
, ,

a n d w h e n as k e d if s he p l aye d t he p i an o r e p li e d , ,
”
O n ly by ear ; b u t I p l ay b ase b all th o u g h ,
“
a ddi n g ,I c an s trik e t w o o v e r a n oc t ave o n t he
”
p i an o . A no th e r i n t e re s ti n g r e co rd w as th a t o f a
g irl o f thirt e e n w ho had t a k e n l e s so n s o n t he vi o li n
fo r t w o y e ar s a n d w ho s h o we d t he i n fl u e n ce o f
,

1 “
C orre l at i o n o f P hysi ca l and M e n t al Te s ts ,
"
P sy ch P en M . . on o

g r aphs , v o l i i i , 19 0 1
. . .

On the P er cep t i on of Sma ll D cfi fi r m ces , P h i l ad el ph ia, 189 0, p

2
. 114 .

3
A m j ou r n a l P sy ch , A pri l 189 2 , p 4 2 5
. . .
16 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

s p ec a i l p racti ce by t he hi g h r at e s o f t he j o i n t s
i n vo lve d i n p l ayi ng t he vi o li n an d t he low r a t e s o f
o th e r s s u c h a s t he l e ft s h o u ld e r n ot th u s e x e r c i se d
, ,
.

The s u p e ri o rity o f t he b oys o v e r t he g irl s i n c r e ase s

s li g htly fr o m t he a e o f 6 t o th a t o f 9 a n d m o re
g ,

d e c ide dly fr o m 14 t o 1 6 Th e y are n e a r es t t o ge th e r

.

b e tw e e n 1 0 an d 12 At 1 3 t he g irl s are s u p e ri o r t o
.

t he b o y s fo r e ac h o f t he e i g ht j o i n t s t e s t e d The .

p e ri o d fro m 1 2 t o 1 3 i s o n e o f r e t a rd ati o n o f r a t e i n
b oys an d acce l e rati o n i n g irl s B oy s are m o re s u p e ri o r
.

t o g irl s as r e g a rd s t he ri g ht s id e th an as r e g a rd s t he
l e ft so th a t t he t wo s id e s are m o r e a lik e in g irl s th an
,

i n b oy s . The a cc e l e rati o n o f r at e i n g irl s b e t w ee n 1 2

a n d 1 3 i s fo ll ow e d by a r e t a rd ati o n b e twe e n 1 3 a n d

i
14 ; w h l e i n b oy s b e t w e e n 1 3 a n d 14 th e r e i s a n

acce l e r ati o n fo ll ow e d by a d ec li n e b e t w ee n 1 4 an d 1 5 .

I t is s i g n ifi can t th at t he d e c li n e a n d a n t e c e d e n t
’

acce l e r a ti o n s ar e m o r e e xtr e m e i n
g irl s and th a t t he,

reco ve ry i s s l owe r ; so th a t g irl s o f 1 3 al m os t r eac h ,

a n d so m e ti m es su r as s
p , g irl s o f 1 6 a n d g irl s o f 1 3
,

al s o s u r p a ss i n e v e ry j o i n t b o y s o f 1 3 an d i n t he c a se
,

o f fou r j o i n t s a re fa s t e r th a n b oy s o f 1 4 C o m p a ri so n
.

o f t he i n c r e m e n t s o f r at e i n b o y s fr o m 1 5 t o 1 6 w ith

th o se in g irl s fro m 1 4 t o 1 5 s h ow s t he fo rm e r t o b e
de c id e dly g re at e r i n t he c as e o f e v e ry j o i n t an d i n ,

t he case o f s e v e n o f t he e i g ht j o i n t s t he i n c r e m e n t o f
r at e i n b o ys fr om 1 5 t o 1 6 i s g r eat e r th an i n girl s
fro m 14 t o 1 6 So m e additi on al e x pe ri m e n t s w ith
.

r e fe r e n ce t o p rec i s i o n o f m ov e m e nt al s o s h ow e d a
s li g ht s u pe ri o rity o f b oy s I n su m m i ng u p his
.

“
g e n e r a l r esu lt s B ry an r e m ark s :
, I t w ou ld see m
so m e thi ng m o re th an a r easo n abl e su r m i se th at t he

g e n e ra l a c c e l e r a ti o n o f t he r at e i n g irl s fr o m 1 2 t o I 3 ,

a n d i n b o y s fr o m 1 3 t o 1 4 i s an e x r e ss i o n o f hi h
, p g
t e n s i o n in t he n e rve c e n tr e s i n m an y i n divid u al s at
-

th ose age s ; th at t he de c li n e fo ll o w i ng is an e x p r es
s i o n o f ne rv ou s fati g u e c o ns e q u e n t u po n t he fu n c ti o n al

c h a rg es a t th o s e p e ri o d s ; a n d th at t he re -ac c e l e r ati o n

i s a s ig n o f r e cove ry fr o m th at fati g u e It i s s i g n i fi
.
1 68 M AN AN D W OM AN .

i s p e rh ap s a soi n h arm on y w ith t he r e s u lt s of th o se

l
i nvestigat ors ( B ibra, P aglian i, etc ) who h ave fou n d .

th at , as i n t he bl ood o f w o men , so al so i n th e i r
m u sc l es th e re i s m o r e wat e r th an i n th ose o f m e n 1
.

To a ve ry l arg e e xt e n t it i s ce rt ai n ly a m att e r o f
diffe re nces in e xe rc i se and e n vironm e n t It is pro b .

a bly , al so , p ar tly a m att e r o f o rg an i c c o n s tit u ti o n .

Th at thi s l att e r fac t or can i n any case ac c ou n t fo r

m o r e th an a s m all p r o p o rti o n of t he i m m e n s e
m u sc u l ar diffe r e nce whi c h e xi st s b e t w e e n c ivili se d
m e n and wo m e n i s i mp os s ibl e , w h e n w e co ns id e r
t he m u scu l a r s tr e ngth di s p l aye d by t he wo m e n
a m o n g so m e s avag e r aces B u t it i s s u ggest e d by
.

Wmsr I1rr .

t he p ar all e lis m b et ween r at e of m ove m e nt and ra t e

o f g rowth . G ilb e rt am o ng I owa s c h o o l c hildr e n
, ,

fou n d in dee d that the s tre ng th of g irl s as m easu re d ,

by wri st -lift w as fairly re gu l ar in i t s i nc rease bu t ,

the re was a m a rke d sexu al dividi ng p o i n t at t he ag e

o f fou rt ee n b o ys th en b e g i nn i ng th e ir m ost r ap id
,

i nc r ease whil e t he r at e o f de v el op m e n t of t he g irl s

,

w as s light ly b u t p e r m an e n tly re t arde d so th a t at ,

t he age o f n i n e t ee n a b o y i s a bl e t o li ft j u s t a bo u t
t w i ce as m u c h as a g irl (se e D i ag ram ) It i s a .

s i g n ifi can t fa c t th at o n t he m us i c h all s t ag e fe at s
‘

o f s tr e ngth a r e co m p ar ativ e ly r are ly p e rfo r m e d by

, ,

wo m e n and t he pro fi c i e nc y th e y r eac h i s l e s s

, A .

1 ’
A r ch . er c A n tr o
p p
.
, vo l
. vi . p . 17 3 .
 M O TI O N . 16 9

v e ry c o m pe t e n t au th o rity r e m ark s : It i s a q u e s tio n

w h e th e r w o m e n s h ou ld e v e r b e tr a i n e d a s ac ro b a t s ;
it i s ce rt ai n th at th e y c an n e v e r att a i n t he sam e p ro
fi c i e n c y as m e n A s a m att e r o f fac t v e ry fe w w o m e n
.

are tr a i ne d f or thi s p a rti c u l a r ki n d o f

p e rfo r m a n c e ,

a n d i n so m e a a r e n t x ti n — i n t he we ll -k n o w n
pp e ce p o s
F r a n tz fam ily fo r i n s t an ce w h e re so m e o n e dr esse d
, ,

as a w o m a n h o ld s a m a n o n t he s h o u ld e r s an d t w o

irl r m l th — t he
p e rfo r m e r i s a m an i n
’

g s a t a s e n g
w o m an s c l o th e s C o m p a re t oo t he p r o fess i o n al
’
.
, ,

s tr o n g w o m e n s u c h as Athl e t a w ho i s v e ry g oo d i n
’
, ,

he r w ay w ith t he s tr o n g m an s u c h as Sa n d o w a n d ’
, , ,

y o u w ill see th at n o co m p a ri s o n o r c o m p e titi o n i s

p o s s ibl e It m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d th at ac r o b at s
.

are fr e q u e n tly t he c hildr e n o f a c r o b at s an d r ece iv e ,

t he m os t s kill e d a n d ca r e fu l tr a i n i n g fr o m t h e
ea rli e s t ag e a n d th at g irl s p r o b ably h av e as g oo d
,

a c h a n ce o f b eco m i ng su cc e s s fu l ac r o b at s a s m e n .

The g e ne r al t e n d e n c y o f m e n t o vi o l e n t m u sc u l a r
ac ti o n a n d t he g r eat e r t e n d e n c y o f wo m e n t o r e p ose
,

a n d t he s t o ri n g u p o f fo r ce ha s b e e n e x p resse d by ,

s ayi n g th at m e n ar e k a t ab o li c w o m e n a n ab o li c ; ,

thi s g e n e r ali sati o n w hi c h is p e rh aps a littl e t oo

,

w id e d oes n o t e x p l ai n ; it s i m p ly s t at e s
,
The m o t o r .

s u p e ri o rity o f m e n an d t o so m e e xt e n t o f m a l e s
,

g e n e r a lly i s it c an s ca r ce ly b e do u bt e d a d e e p
, , ,

lyi n g fac t It i s r e l at e d t o w h at i s m os t fu n d a
,
.

m e n t a l i n m e n a n d i n w o m e n a n d t o th e ir w h o l e ,

p s y c hi c o rg an i sati o n I t w as n o t a n acc id e n t th a t a t
.

P o m p e ii a n d H e rc u l an e u m w hil e t he m e n w e r e fo u n d ,

i n a s t a t e i n di c a ti n g vi o l e n t m u s c u l a r e ffo rt s o f r es i s t
a n ce , t he w o m e n we r e i n a c o n diti o n o f r es i g n e d
d e s p air or c l as p i ng th e ir c hildre n
,
.

I f w e p rocee d t o i n q u ir e i n t o t he r e l a tive se x ual

diffe r e nce s o f m u scu l ar s tr e ng th i n t he v ari ou s p art s
o f t he b o dy w e m ay fi n d p r e c i s e i n fo r m ati o n i n a
,

s t u dy by Ke ll o g g o f 2 00 m e n a n d 2 00 wo m e n m ad e ,

w ith a s p ec i ally d e vi se d dy n am o m e t e r H e shows .

th a t t he m u sc l e s o f t he c h es t are n o t ably w eak i n

17 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w o m e n , ag r ee i n g with t he w eak i ns p ir a t o ry p ow e r
o f wom e n ; t he m u sc l es o f t he b ac k a re a l s o v e ry

we ak i n w o m e n (wh e n ce p r o b ably t he fr e q u e n c y w ith

w hi c h th e y c om p l a i n o f b ac k -ac h e ) ; w eak e s t o f all
_

are t he fle x ors o f t he ar m an d t he p r o n at o r s an d

su p i n at o r s o f t he fo r ear m It i s i n t he l eg s , an d
.

e s p e c i ally i n t he thi g h s , th at w o m e n a re r e l ativ e ly

s tr o ng e s t ; t he a bdu c t o r s an d a dd u c t o r s o f t he thi g h

ar e t he s tr o n g es t m u sc l es o f t he ave r ag e w o m a n .

Thi s is i n ac c o rd an ce w ith t he fac t , alr eady c o n s id e re d

i n a p r e vi o u s c h ap t e r , th at thi g h c irc u m fe r e nce i s t he
o n ly l arg e e xt e r n al p r o p o rti o n o f b o dy i n w hi c h

wo m e n s u r pas s m e n a b s o l u t e ly as w e ll as r e l a tive ly ,
an d i n di cat e s th at t he l arg e r thi g h s o f wom e n are
1
n o t d u e m e r e ly t o g r e at e r a m ou n t o f a di p ose ti ss u e .

The m ark e d we ak ne s s of t he m u sc l e s o f t he b ac k
i n w o m e n du e t o d e fec tiv e b o dy m o ve m e nt s i s n o t
, ,

o n ly as Ke ll o gg n o t e s co n nec t e d w ith t he fr e q u e n t
, ,

t e n d e nc y t o b ac k -ac h e ; w e m u s t ce rt ai n ly as s oc i ate
it al so w ith a m u c h m o re se ri ou s co n diti o n It is .

we ll k n o wn th a t l at e r al c u rva t u r e o f t he s p i n e (or
s co li os i s ) i s m u c h m o r e fr e q u e n t i n fe m al es th a n i n

m al es Thu s B r adfo rd an d L o v e tt am o n g
.
, cases ,

fou n d th at th e re w e re p e r ce n t fe m al e s t o o n ly .

m a l e s a n d B e r n ard R o th 2 a m o ng 1 000 c a s e s
, , ,

fo u n d a s till hi g h e r p r o p o rti o n o f fe m al e s to ,

m al es The m aj o rity of th e s e case s occ u r

.

be t wee n t he age s of t e n an d fift ee n an d th e re can ,

b e n o d o u bt th at d e fec tive m u s c u l a r d ev e l o p m e nt
o f t he b ac k occu rri n g at t he ag e o f m axi m u m
d e v e l op m e n t — an d du e t o the co nve n ti o nal r es tr ai n t s
on e x e r c i se s i n v o lvi n g t he b o dy a n d al so t o t he
,

u se o f s t ay s w hi c h h a mp e r t he free d o m o f su c h m o v e

m e nt s— i s h e r e a fac t or o f ve ry g r e at i m p o rt an ce .

In t he in t ro d u c t o ry c h a p t e r I h av e re fe rre d to t he e v i d e n ce
wh i c h s h ows th a t a m o n g t he l o we r ra ce s i n m any p ar t s o f
“
1
J H . K e ll gg, The Val ue of St re ng th Tes ts,
o . a
pape r r ea d to
A m A ss A dv ance m e nt P hy s Ed ucat i on, 189 5
. . . .

2
B r i t M ed j ou r , 9 th O c t 189 7
. . . . .
17 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t r
n a u e o f m us cu a l r d e v e l opm e n t ar e i n En g l an d d riv ing wom e n
,
o ut o f h ealth y o ut -d oo r av ocat io n s i n t o u n h ealth y i n d oo r a v o ca
t ion s A d is t ing ui s h e d A m e ric an g ynmcolog i s t D r G J
.
,
. . .

Eng e l mann fi n d s th at t he e x pe rie nce s o f co ll e g e s a n d h i g h

.

s c h oo l s s h o w i m p ro v e m e n t in t he fu n c t i o n al h e alth o f wo m e n
running parall e l wi th g rea t e r att e n t io n to s port s ”an d phy s i cal
t rain ing . P hy s ica l t rain i n g b e g un i n e arly l ife he re m ark s , ,

t he h a b i t o f e x e rc is e wi ll d o m uc h t o re m o v e t h e s usce p t 1
“
,

b i lit y t o inj ury d uring t he p h y s i o l o g i cal fl u c t ua t io ns o f t he

fun c t i o n a l wa v e as we ar e t a ug ht by t he ac r o b a t who und e r
'

, , ,

co n s t an t t ra in in g fro m c h i ldh oo d o n p e rs is t s i n he r t ry i n g
,

fea t s re q u iring t he g rea t e s t n e rv e an d m us c l e s t ra i n an d t he

, ,

h ig h e s t co -ord ina t io n o f all p o we rs u n affe c t e d by t he m e n s t rual

,
The A m e rica n G irl o
”
p e rio d ( G J E n g e l m ann
“
”
. .
,
t T o -d a
y _
,

Tr a ns A m Gy n ecol Soc
. . . A t t h e s am e t i m e 1t 15 v e ry
.
,

i m po r t a n t t o re m e m b e r th at t h e in fe rio r s t re n g th an d m usc ul ar
d e v e l o pm e n t o f woman a s co m pare d t o m an i s i n re l at ion t o
, ,

h e r i n fe rior s ize an d t o v ario us fun d a m e n t a l a n d o rg an ic

c h ara c t e ris t i c s It i s h ig h ly d e s ira bl e th at wo m e n s h o u ld p ay
.

a tt e n t i on t o th e ir m us c ul ar d e v e l o pm e n t an d th e i r p hy s ical
t raining b ut it is n ot d e s irabl e th at th is s h ould b e d one wi th
,

t h e am b i t io n o f c o m p e t in g wi th m e n fo r s in ce m e n ar e p l a c e d ,

a t a n a t ural adv an t ag e t he e xt ra s t rai n th ro wn u pon wo m e n

,

i n t he e ffor t t o co m pe t e wi th m e n n e c e s sari ly l ea d s t o s e rio us

s ac r i fi c e s i n o th e r re s e c t s To wo m e n t he in v o l un t ary m us
p .

c u lar s y s t e m i s o f s p e c ia l imp or t an ce m ore e s p e ci a lly in i t s ,

b e arin g o n the m at e rnal fu nc t ion s an d it d oe s n ot app e ar ,

th a t d e v e l o pm e n t of t he v o l un t ary m u sc l e s h as a ny n e ce s s ary
b e ne fi c ial e ffec t o n th e in v o l un t ary m us c l e s I h av e n o t i ce d .

th at we ll -d e v e l ope d m us cul ar an d ath l e t ic wo m e n s om e t i m e s

s h o w a v e r y m ark e d d e g re e o f u t e rin e as w e ll as v es i cal , ,

i ne rt ia in c h i ldb irth wh il e o n t he o th e r h an d t he p roc e s se s o f

,

part uri t io n are o ft e n c arrie d o u t i n t he m o s t a d m irably e ffi c i e n t

m an n e r i n frag il e wo m e n who s h e w a m in im u m d e v e l o pm e n t o f
t he e xt e rn a l m u sc l e s So fa r as I h a v e m a d e a n y in q uirie s
.
,

th is o b se rv at io n i s in h arm on y wi th the o pin ion o f e x pe rie n c e d

o b se rv e rs Th us D r E n g e l ma nn who as we h av e s e e n in s i s t s
. .
, , ,

o n t he i m p o rt a n c e o f p hy s i ca l t rain i n g fo r wo m e n y e t writ es ,

(i n a pr iv a t e l e tt e r) In re g a rd t o th i s i n t e re s t in g an d s ug g e s t i v e
q u e s t ion it d oe s s ee m a fac t th at wome n who e x e rc is e all th e ir
,

m usc l e s p e rs i s t e n tly m ee t wi th in cre as e d d iffi c u l t ie s i n p ar t u r i

t io n It would ce rt ai n ly s e e m th a t e x ce s s iv e d e v e l o pm e n t o f
.

t he m us cu l ar s y s t e m i s u n fa v o urabl e t o m a t e rn i ty I h e ar from .

i n s tru c t ors in p h y s i ca l t ra in in g b o th i n the U n i t e d St a t e s a n d

,

i n E ng l an d o f e x ce s s i v e ly t e d i o us an d p ai nful c onfi n e me nt s
,

a m o n g th e ir fe ll o ws — t wo o r th re e cas e s i n e a c h i n s t an ce o n ly ,

b ut th i s wi th in t he k n o wl e d g e o f a s ing l e i n d i v i d ual a mo ng hi s
fri e n d s . I h av e al so s e v e ral s uch re po r t s from t he c irc us
 M O TI O N . 17 3

pe rh a ps e x ce pt io ns I l oo k u p o n th is as a n ot i mpo ss ibl e
.

.
re s ul t o f mus c ul ar e xe rt ion in wom e n the d e v e l op me n t o f ,
m u s c l e mus cul ar att ac h m e n t s a n d b o n y frame l e ad ing t o
,

a pp ro x i ma t io n to t he ma l e I t i s t rue th at peasan t s an d
”
.

l ab ouring wome n are n ot s p e cia lly l i abl e t o s uffe r in th i s way b u t ,

i n s uc h c as e s t he mus cul a r d e v e l o p me n t i s g ene rally g rad ual

an d d i ffu s e d an d pro b abl y l e s s l i ke ly t o l ead t o an
, y d i s t urb an ce
i n the ne r v o us b al an ce o f t he b o dy .

The p h y s ical d e v el o pm e n t o f wo me n s h oul d n o t th e re fo re , ,

p ro c e e d al ong the same l ine s as th a t of men an d L ag rang e , ,

M O S5 0 and o th e rs are on s o un d g ro un d wh e n th e y arg ue th a t i t

,

s h o ul d n o t b e athl e t i c i n i t s m e th o d s The poin t s o f g re at e s t

.

we ak n e s s in mo d e rn w om e n a re a s we hav e s e en t he re s pira
, ,

t o ry m u s c l e s of t he c h es t wi th th os e o f the arms and t he m us c l e s

,

o f t h e b a c k wi th t he co mp l e m e n t ar y m us c l e s o f t he abd o m e n .

Suc h m o v e me n t s as are i n v o l v e d i n s o m e of t he s l o wer Spani s h

d an ce s are ad m irably a d ap t e d t o co rrec t t h e s e d e fec t s and as , ,
M a rro i ns is t s ( L a P u ber t e ch s wim ming i s e v e n m ore
’

.
,

v al uabl e ( In St ratz s Schonhei t des W ei bli chen K orp er s is an

’ ' ’

i n t e re s t i n g c h ap t e r on p o s t ure an d m o v e men t in wo me n e x ,

ce lle n t ly an d full y i ll us t ra t e d by p h o t og raph s of t he n ud e ) .

It m ay b e add e d th at , a s M o s s o has p oin t e d o ut in a

l e c t ure o n the ph y si cal e d uca t ion of wome n ( t rans l at e d in
P edag og i ca l Semi n ary , M arc h th e se respirat ory an d
a bd o m in al d e fec t s ar e o f q u i t e m o d e rn appearan ce and by n o ,

m e an s n e ce s sari ly i n h e re n t i n wo me n H e po in t s o ut th a t the
.

m o d e l s fo r t he V e nus o f M i l o an d t he Ve nus o f C nidos mu s t c e r

ta i n ly h av e b ee n wo me n t ra in e d i n g ym nas t ic s a nd g ame s The
‘

co n fo rm a t i on o f th e ar m-p i t o f t he V e n us o f M i l o i n d i ca t e s a
h ig h d e g re e o f m usc ul ar d e v e l op m e n t of the c h e s t and t he m us ,

c u lar d e v e l o p me n t i s par t ic ul a r ly n o t i ceabl e i n t he mo d e ll in g o f

t he rec t al m us c l e s o f t he abd omen ar e c l e arly

“
t h e a bd ome n ;
s e e n ; t he uppe r p ar t o f t he b e lly a s far as the nav e l is d i v i d e d
by a l in e in t he mi ddl e and on e s i d e and on the o th e r are s e e n
,

t wo furro ws mark ing t he ou t e r m arg in o f t he rec t al mus c l es I .

h av e n o t see n a mod ern s t at ue i n wh i c h th is g re at d e v e l o pm e n t

o f t h e abd om i nal m us c l e s was s o we ll ind i cat e d
”
Th e re i s n o
.

g ro up o f m usc l es wh i c h i t i s m o re d es irabl e fo r a wo m an t o
p o s s es s in a d e v e l o p e d con d i t io n th an th os e of t he abd o m e n .

G ilb e rt 1 has i n v e s ti g at e d t he se xu al diffe r e n ces i n

v o l u n t a ry m o t o r ability w ith t he ai d of a s p e c i al
r e ac ti o n -b oard with a bu tt o n w hi c h the su bj ec t w as
re q u ire d t o t ap as r ap idly as po ss ibl e for five s econ d s .

A m o n g ov e r 1000 c hildr e n at N ew H av en b e t w ee n
1
St udi es fr om the Ya le P sy chologi cal L abor atory , vol. 11 .
p 63. .
17 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he ag es o f si x ve n t e e n it w as fo u n d th at
a nd se ,

r ap idity i nc re as e d w ith age t o t we lv e y e a rs b e i n g ,

s li g htly l o we r e d at thirt e e n th e n i n c reas i n g t o a

,

m axi m u m at s e v e n t ee n B oy s thro u g h o u t s h o w e d a
.

hi g h e r r at e o f t app i n g th an g irl s B o th s e x es fall off .

1

at t w e lve b u t w hil e t he b oys g o o n i n c r e as i n g i n

, .

r ap idity at thirt ee n t he g irl s con ti nu e t o l o se u p to

,

t he a g e o f fo u rt e e n wh e n th e re i s t he m axi m u m
,

s e x ual di ffe re n ce a n d ag a i n fall o ff at s ixt ee n w h e n

, ,

t he b o ys a r e s t e a dily i n c r eas i n g i n r ap idity The .

t e nde n c y o f t he g irl s t o fall off at th ese ag e s is u m

d ou bt e dly du e as G ilbe rt r e m ark s t o t he i n fl u e n c e o f
, ,

p u b e rty ; an d s e xu al p hy s i cal d e ve l o p m e n t r e t a rd s
n e rvo u s d e v e l o p m e n t i n o th e r di re c ti o n s I n an o th e r .

s e ri e s o f e x p e ri m e n t s t he t app i n g w as co n ti n u e d fo r
fo rty -fi v e se co n d s i n o rd e r t o j u d g e o f t he i n fl u e n ce o f
,

fati gu e Thi s i n fl u e n ce w as fou n d t o b e l e as t m ark e d

.

at t he ag e o f fi ft e e n ; w h e n t he d at a w e r e c al cu l at e d

s e p ar at e ly fo r b oys an d g irl s it wa s fou n d th at g irl s ,

tir e m o re eas ily at thirt ee n th an at t we lv e w hil e for ,

b oys thi s oc cu r s b e t wee n thirt ee n and fou rt e e n B oys .

tire m o r e q u i c kly th an g irl s At thi s p o i n t G ilb e rt .

m ak es so m e o b se rvati o n s w hi c h a r e o f c o n s id e r a bl e
s i g n ifi c a n c e B o ys tir e m o r e qui ckly thro u g h o u t
.
,
”

“
m
he r e a rk s i n v o l u n t a ry m o ve m e n t th a n g irl s
, .

B u t t he s t at e m e n t th at b o ys tir e m o r e easi ly th an
g irl s cou ld s car ce ly b e m ad e u p o n t he b as i s o f m y
d at a for t he rat e o f t app i ng by t he b oys w as
,

fas t e r th an th at by t he g irl s The s t at e m e nt .

th at b o ys tire m o r e easi ly i s u n warran t abl e fo r by , ,

av e r ag i n g a n d co m p ari n g t he r at e o f t a
p p i n g for
a ll b oy s an d g irl s se ar at e ly it i s fo u n d th at t he
p , g irl s
1
In an o th er si mi l ar s e ri es o f e x pe r i me n t s a t I o wa C i ty , G i lbe t found r
th at fro m si x to e ight t he g irl s ex ce lle d the boys , th o ug h t he boy s
r
t appe d fast e fro m nine o n t o n i ne t ee n ; the de cl i ne o f t he g ir l s i n
ra pi di ty at t he ag e of fo ur t ee n was , h o we v er , l e ss th an a t N e w H av e n .

I t may b e not ed , as po s si bly beari ng o n th i s d i ffe re nce , th a t the hy sical

p
r
d e ve l o pme n t of t he Iowa ch i ldre n i r espec ti ve of se x , was sup e i o t o r r
th at of the N e w H av e n ch i ld re n ( I owa Stu di es i n P s ycholoy , v ol i ,
.
. .

18 9 7 , p .
17 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

of C h ap t e r 1 . W h e n wo m e n
worki n g at th e ir are
own n at u r al l e v e l o f e n e rg y th e y tir e l ess q u i ckly th an
,

m e n do wh e n w o rki n g at th e i r nat u r al l e ve l o f
e ne r y ; b u t w h e n wo m e n att e m p t t o wo rk at t he
g
m ascu li n e l e ve l of e ne rg y the y tir e ve ry m u c h m o r e
,

rapidly th an m e n
1
.

In prac t ical l ife s e x ua l d iffe re nce s i n mo t or ab il i ty as shown

i n t apping may b e s t u d ie d i n t he t e l e g rap h ofl‘i ces I am .

i nd e bt e d to M r C H Garl an d fo r t he fo ll o win g o b se rv a t ions :

. . .

“
P os s ibly yo u may k no w th a t i n t e l e g ra p h i ng us e i s mad e of
a s y s t e m of s h o r t an d l o ng c urre n t s , w h i c h , pass ing th roug h
e l e c t ro m ag ne t s , mo v e an arma t ure w o rk ing a g ai ns t a s pring ,
d e pres s ing i t for a l ong e r o r s h ort e r t im e Th is armat ure pro .

d uces e i th e r a soun d o r p rin t s a d as h , o r d ot, o n a paper ri bb on .

The curre n t s are s e n t by a ‘k e y, ’ w h i c h i s e sse n t i ally a b rass

l e ve r p i v o t e d in cen t re , o ne e n d o f wh i c h b e ars a h an dl e The .

o th e r e n d i s d e pres se d by a s piral s prin g W h en the h andl e is

.

d e presse d the t wo con t ac t s s tri ke t o g e th e r and compl e t e the

circui t , and t he e l e c t ro m ag n e t s at t he d i s t al e nd of wire mov e
arm a t ure in corre s p on d ing m ann e r Se n d ing by h and on s uc h
.

a k e y re q uire s c o n s i d e rabl e s k i ll an d d e l i cacy , e s pecially when

h ig h spee d s of 30 to 3 5 word s p e r mi n ut e are obt aine d M r J . . .

Grant , s peak i ng b e fore the P o s t mas t e r-Ge ne ral o n D ece mbe r

18 th , 189 3, mad e som e i n t e re s t i ng c a l c u l a t io n s, from wh i c h it
appears th at e v e n wh e n s e n d in g at t he mo d e ra t e rat e o f 2 0
word s pe r m i nut e , 300 si g n al s ar e s e n t i n e ac h m inu t e The .

s ig nal s d iffe r in l en g th , and s pace s h av e t o b e mad e o f v ar y ing

l e ng th s b e t ween l e tt e rs and word s F ro m an e xperience of .

th irt een y ears , I can s ay th a t wo me n are o n an av e rag e s l o we r

s end e rs th an men The m e n c an fo r s h ort pe rio d s se n d e v e n at
.

the ra t e of 4 5 word s p er m inu t e , ne ce s s i t a t ing o v e r 600 s ig nal s .

The s ig nals of the m al e c l e rks are c l e an e r c ut, t he d is t inc t ions

be t wee n d o t s and d as h es b e ing m ore re g u l arly and b e tt e r mad e .

The se n d i ng of wome n t e n d s , as we e x p re s s i t, t o ‘d rag ’ The .

1
M any o th er se ries
xperi men ts chi e fl y carrie d on i n A merica
of e , ,

confi r m th ose su mmari se d a bove Th us C h rist o ph er e x peri me nti ng

.
,

on C h i cag o sch oo l ch i ldre n wi th the e rgo g rap h fo un d t he boys s u pe rior

,

to t he g irls through o u t ; the g i r l s r e ac h e d th ei r maxi mum at fo urt e en ,

and fro m th e n o n t o t we n ty re mai ne d s t a t i o nary ; the b oys i ncreased
co nti nuous ly u p to t we n ty wh e n th e i r e nerg y was ne ar ly d oubl e th at o f
,

t he girl s M ary H armo n a mo ng k i nd erg art e n c hi ldren found th at i n

.
, ,
fi exio n an d e xte nsion o f the a r m girl s are n o tably s l ower than boy s .

L ewi s i n comparing rate o f m o v e me n t i n fle x io n and ext ension o f

,
arms found th at A me ri can m al e s we re d e ci d edly su erior to A meri can
, p
femal es and that Ind ians were i nt ermedi ate
, .
 M O T IO N . 17 7

s i g na s s e e
l m to s u rl in t o o n e ano ther . The fo r m a t io n i s m o re
fre qu e n tly l th o ug h th e re are
fa ul ty , a man y e x c e ll e n t fe m al e
c l e rk s a n d m an y i n d iffe re n t m al e c l e rk s I Sp e a k o f a v e rag e s . .

The h a n dl in g o f t h e k e y i s an o th e r pe c ul iar po in t The n orm al .

m e th o d a n d th a t p ro d uc i ng t he b e s t re s u l t s i s o bt a in e d wh e n
, ,
t h e k e y i s g ras p e d l ig h tl y by t i p s o f i n d e x fi n g e r m i ddl e fi n g e r , ,

an d th u m b Th is i s t he c o mm on m e th o d by m al e s The
. .

fe m al e s h o we v e r s h o w a t e n d e n c y t o
, ,
d an ce o n t he k e y ‘ ’
.

Th a t i s t o s a y th e y fre q u e n tl y c h an g e t he me th o d o f o pe ra t io n
, ,

al t e rn a t e ly t a pp i n g t he h an dl e w i th t he t i p s a n d t he m i ddl e

j o in t s o f i n d e x an d m i ddl e fi n g e r a n d g ra s p in g i t The h an d i s
, .

fre q u e n tl y l i ft e d fro m t he k e y i n a s or t o f fl o uri s h a n d has a ,

p e c u l ia r e ffe c t wh e n w a t c h e d Th e fe mal e s o n o c c as i o n s ch an g e
.

t he p o s i t io n o f t h e i r h a n d o n t h e k e y t wo o r th re e t i me s d ur in g
t he form a t i o n o f a s i n g l e wo rd The r ul e s e e m s t o b e t o t a p
.

d o t s wi th t i p O f fi ng e r an d d as h e s wi th m iddl e A n e x pe rie n ce d
.
.

o p e ra t o r c a n i n m o s t cas e s d is t i n g u i s h b y t h e m a rk s re c e i v e d

w h e th e r h e h as a mal e o r fe m al e o pe ra t o r s e n d i n g t o h i m .

F e m al e s al s o e xh i b i t s y m p t o m s o f fa t ig ue o n c irc u i t s v e ry ,

q u ic kly b e c o m in g i m pa t ie n t an d ce rt ain ly app e arin g l e s s abl e

,

t o t a lk a n d wo rk a t t he s a m e t i m e In c o nc l u s i o n I m i g h t s ay
.
,

th a t th o s e s t a t io n s w h e r e w o m e n are al m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y e m
p l o y e d a r e n o t o”ri o u s a s b e in g i m p a t ie n t s n a pp y a n d in t o l e ra n t
’
, ,

o f a n y s t u m bl e l n co n fi r m a t io n o f M r Ga l l a n d s o b s e rv a t io n
- ’
. .

th a t t e l e g ra p h o p e ra t o rs ca n a l way s for m a n o p in i o n as t o t he
s e x o f t he o p e ra t o rs w i th w h o m t h e y a r e i n c o m m u n i c a t lo n I ,

m a y m e n t ion th a t I h av e b e e n t o l d by a fe m a l e t e l e g ra p h c l e rk
th a t s he has fro m t im e t o t im e b e e n add re s s e d th ro ug h t he W l l e S '

as
“
o ld m a n
”
by c l e rk s who c a nn o t b e pe rs uad e d th at s he 15 a
wo m a n .

Se x u a l d iffe r e n c e s m ay b e tr ace d i n h an d w riti n g ,

th o u g h s u c h di ffe r e n c e s are n o t e as y t o s t u dy by
m e th o d s O f sc i e n tifi c p r e c i s i o n O f r e c e n t y e ar s , .

h o w e v e r e ffo rt s h a v e b e e n m ad e t o s t u dy h an dw rit
,

i n g e x a c t ly , w i t h t he a i d O f a s p ec i al c u rvi m e t e r an d
o th e r i n s tr u m e n t s o f p r e c i s i o n , m o r e e s p ec i ally by

G r os s a n d D i e hl The l a tt e r , w o rki n g i n Kra ep e li n s

’
.

l a b o r at o ry at H e id e lb e r g , fi n d s th at w o m e n w rit e
m o r e r ap idly th a n m e n Th e ir w riti n g i s al so l ar ge r
.

th a n m e n s a n d t he p r e ssu r e th e y e x e rt i n w riti n g i s
’

s c a r c e ly h alf a s m u ch a s th at e x e rt e d by m e n But .

t he w o m e n ca n n o t i n c r e a s e th e ir r a p idi t y O f w riti n g
t o t he s am e e xt e n t as t he m e n , a n d s u c h g r e a t e r
r a p idity a s th e y a tt a i n i s d u e t o di m i n u ti o n i n t he
17 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

s iz e o f t he w riti n g w hil e i n m e n it is p ro d uce d by

,

p u tti n
g fo rth a g r ea t e r e ffo rt l
.

M anu a l D ex ter i ty —C a rl V o g t w h os e o p i n i o n i s
r ,

e n titl e d t o co n s id e r ati o n s p e a ki n g o f hi s u n ive r s ity

,

e x p e ri e n c e i n Sw itz e rl an d w h e r e th e re i s so l a rg e a ,

nu m b e r o f w o m e n s t u d e n t s w hil e b e a ri ng w it n ess t o ,

th e ir q u i c k n ess an d e x ce ll e n t m e m o ry fo r w h at th e y
h ave l e a r n e d by he a rt s t at e d th at th e y are n ot s kilfu l
,

w ith th e ir h an d s : W h at m akes l abo ra t o ry w o rk p ar

t i cu lar ly di ffi c u lt t o w o m e n i s— th o u g h o n e w o u ld
h a rdly b e li e ve i t— th at th e y are o ft e n aw k w a rd a n d,

u n s kilfu l w ith th e ir h an d s L a b o rat o ry a ss i s t an t s a re

.

u n a n i m o u s i n co m p l a i n i n g th a t th e y a re q ue s ti o n e d

o n t he s m all es t m att e r s a n d th a t o n e w o m a n g iv e s ,

m o re tro u bl e th an three m e n O n e w ou ld h av e th o u g ht .

th at t he de li c at e fi n g e rs o f th ese yo u n g w o m e n w e re
s p e c i a lly ad a p t e d fo r m i c r o s c o p i c w o rk for t he m an i ,

p u lat i o n o f thi n lami nae O f g l ass a n d t he p r e p a r ati o n ,

o f m i n u t e s e c ti o n s ; b u t it i s t he c o n tr ary th at r e a lly -

h ap p e n s O n e r ecog n i s e s t he p l ac e o f a fe m al e
.

s t u d e n t at a g l an ce by t he fr ag m e n t s o f g l as s br o k e n ,

i n s tr u m e n t s n ot c h e d k n ive s t he s t ai ns o f c h e m i cal s
, ,

a n d c o l o u ri n g ag e n t s t he s p o il e d p r e ar ati o n s Th e re
, p .

a re e x c e p ti o n s w ith ou t d o u bt b u t th e y ar e e x ce p ,

ti o ns ” 2
. Thi s p o i n t i s O f s o m e i nt e re s t a n d throu gh ,

t he ki n d n e ss o f a fri e n d I h av e o bt a i n e d t he o p i n i o n s
o f s e v e r a l e x p e ri e n ce d an d w e ll -k n o w n t e a c h e rs a s t o

t he r e l ativ e aw k w a rd n ess o f m e n a nd w o m e n i n
m an u al O p e r ati o n s The l e tt e r s i n r es p o n se co v e r
.

r ath e r m o r e th a n t he g r o u n d o f aw kw ard n e ss but ,

th e y a re w o rth q u o ti n g P r o fe s s o r M Ke n d r ic k o f .
‘
,

G l a sg o w U n iv e r s ity w rit e s , M y e x p e ri e n c e has

be e n th a t w o m e n are o n t he ave r ag e as n e a t an d , ,

s tr o ng and d e ft i n m a n i pu l a ti o n as m e n B y s tr o ng
’
.

I m e a n th at th e y p osse s s s u ffi c i e n t a nd we ll c o

1
A D ie hl ,
. r
U e be die Eig e nsch aft e n de r Sch ri ft b e i Ge su nd e n,
P sy cholog zs c/ze A r lzezt m , v o l 3 , 18 9 9 , p 3 7
’ '

. . .

2
C ar l Vog t , R evue 1888 ,
quo t e d i n P l os s, D d s
Wezb, Band i p 34
'

. . .
1 80 M AN AN D W O M AN .

h o we ve r g o o d as t he b e s t m e n
, so Th e y do n ot g e t .

t he sam e gras p o f t he s u bj ec t ; th e y are m o r e b oo ki s h

an d n ot so p r ac ti c a l ; th e y e x c e l , h o we v e r , i n an
i n fi n it e cap ac ity for t a ki n g p ai ns , su c h as o ne s e ld om
if e ve r s ee s i n a m an W ith bo th m e n and wom e n
.

o ne ft e n fi n ds th a t g oo d a bility i nt e lli g en ce in
O , ,

dust ry an d e xt e n s ive th eo r e ti c al k n o wl e d g e are co m

,

bi ne d with an i n a bility t o do p r ac ti cal wo rk Thi s i s .

n ot h owe v e r t he r u l e i n e ith e r s e x
, , Still e ve ry n ow .
,

and th e n we c o m e ac ross i n s t a n c e s o f p eop l e who ar e

n ot abl e t o u s e th e ir fi n g e rs b e th e y n e v e r so i n dus
,

t riou s o r g ift e d i n o th e r w a y s ; a n d m y fu rth e r

i m pressi o n is th a t o n e m ee t s w ith thi s m o re o ft en i n
wom e n th an am o ng m e n .

M r V au g h an J e nn i n g s w ho has t au g ht B i o l ogy t o
.
,

m ix e d c l as se s at t he B irkbe c k In s tit u t e for s e v e r al

year s w rit es
, I thi n k th at i n t he m att e r o f m anipu
l ati o n m e n ar e o n t he w h o l e b e tt e r th an wo m en I n .

a c l ass e q u ally d ivid e d I s h o u ld e xp ec t I thi n k t o , ,

fi n d m o r e m e n th a n w o m e n s h o w i n g n at u r al s kill i n
di sse c ti on or in u s i ng de li c at e app a rat u s ( If one had .

t o s e l ec t a n u m b e r o f u n tr a i ne d r e c r u it s t o l ear n su c h
wo rk o n e w o u ld c h o os e th e m m a i n ly fr o m sail o r s ) .

At t he s am e ti m e t he m e n who h av e n o c ap ac ity for

su c h wo rk ar e lik e ly p e rh ap s t o b e wo rse th a n t he

av e rag e wo m a n p ro b a bly be c a u s e th e y t a k e l ess

,

trou bl e It is di ffi cu lt t o s ay w h e re t he diffe ren ce

.

lie s It is i m p oss ibl e t o t e ll how m u c h i n h e rit e d

.

h abit has t o d o w ith an y o f t he m e n t al diffe re nces

.

be twee n t he se x es Som e diffe re n ce i n t he n e rvous

.

s ys t e m see m s t o b e at t he r oo t o f m o s t o f it A .

ce rt ai n l ac k o f i n iti ative a n d a h es it ati on a bou t

‘
t aki ng t he n e xt s t e p see m s t o c au se a g oo d d eal
’

o f app are n t s l ow n e ss I a m su re a l s o th at g r eat e r

.

ne rvou s irrit ability i s re s p o n s ibl e fo r m u c h The .

o rdi n ary wo rd s
‘
n e rv ou s n e ss i m p ati e nce e tc do
,
’ ‘

,
’
.
,

n ot e xpr ess wh at I m ean— b u t th e r e i s a so rt o f

al m o s t u n co ns c i o u s a n d au t o m ati c e xh au s ti o n o f t he
ne rv o u s sy s t e m w hi c h O ft e n s p o il s d e li cat e h a n di
 M O TI O N . 18 1

w o rk ; an d t he
tro n g m an w ith t he h e avily -b al an ce d
s

n e rv e s has a fa r
g r e at e r a dv an t ag e th a n i s g e n e r ally
b e li e v e d H o w e v e r thi s i s o n ly th e o ry M y O p i n i o n
.
, .

i s by n o m e a n s a s tr o ng o r d ec id e d o n e b u t I thi n k ,
”
o n t he W h o l e it
g o e s t o t he m asc u li ne s id e .

I t w ill b e se e n th at t he w rit e r s O f t w o o f th ese

l e tt e r s (w hi c h I m ay add we re addre sse d t o a l ady)
, ,

c au ti ou s ly s u pp o rt P r o fe sso r V o g t s e x p e ri e n c e
’
,

th o u g h w ith n o thi ng O f his c h a r ac t e ri s ti c br usqu eri e

o f e x p r e ss i o n The O p i n i o n s as t o t he g re at e r aw k
.

w ar d n e ss o f w o m e n s t u d e n t s i n m an i p u l ati o n are
thr ee t o o n e w hil e P r o fe sso r M Ke n d ric k w ho fo r m s
,
‘
,

t he m i n o rity g u a rd s hi m se lf fr o m t he as s e rti o n th at
,

w o m e n a re l e ss aw k w a rd th an m e n Th at w o m e n .

“
p oss e s s i n s p e c i ally hi g h d e g r e e t he w e ll c o o rdi n at e d
-

m u sc u l a r p o we r w hi c h a s P r o fesso r M Ke n d r i c k ,
‘

p o i n t s o u t i s i n v o lv e d i n s kilfu l m an i p u l ati o n th e r e
, ,

i s so far as I a m aw a r e n o p r ec i se e x p e ri m e n t a l
, ,

e vid e n c e t o s h o w ; w hil e as w e s h all see l at e r o n t he , ,

“ ”
n e rv o u s ir r it a bility i n v o k e d by M r J e nn i ng s is an .

i m p o rt an t fac t o r i n t he ac tiviti e s o f w o m e n .

I t i s n o t e as y as I h av e e l s e w h e r e ha d t o p o i n t o u t
, ,

t o co m p a r e t he r e l a tiv e s kill o f m e n a n d w o m e n
w o rk e r s b e c a u se m e n a n d w o m e n r a r e ly p e rfo r m t he
,

s a m e w o rk u n d e r t he sam e c o n diti o n s The c i g a r .

a n d c i g a r e tt e tr ad e s fu r n i s h a g oo d fi e ld fo r c o m p a ri

so n ; thi s w o rk r e q u ire s i n i t s m o re i m p o rt an t
br an c h es v e ry c on s id e rabl e m a n ual d e xt e rity an d
n e a t n e ss a n d a q u i c k accu r at e e y e
,
I t d oe s n o t c all
,
.

fo r g re a t m u sc u l a r s tr e n g th a n d i s th e r e fo re w e ll ,

fitt e d fo r w o m e n ; as a m att e r O f fac t i n E as t L o n d o n ,

a n d H ac k n e y c i g a r -m a k e r s a r e i n t he p r o p o rti o n o f

b
a ou t 8 00 m e n t o 1 1 0 0 w o m e n a n d g irl s
1
The .

w o m e n h o we v e r s p e a ki ng g e n e r a lly a re s e t t o d o a
, , ,

l o w e r c l as s O f w o rk ; th e y r e ce ive fr o m 1 5 t o 40 p e r
c e n t l e ss w ag e s th a n t he m e n a n d it s ee m s t o b e
.
,

Se e i n Bo o th f M e P ”eople 18 89 vo l i th e
’
1
s L a éou r and L ife o , ,
. .
,

r
i n t e e s ti ng C h ap . v i. on
“
To b acco W o rk e rs from wh i ch t he
,
fac ts
t t d abov e
s a e ar e mai n ly t ak e n .
1 82 M AN AN D W O M AN .

ge n e rally ag ree d t hat th e ir w o rk i s i n fe ri o r It s hOu ld;

'

b e a dd e d h o we ve r th at t he p hy s iq u e a n d i n t e lli g e n ce
“

, ,

o f t he m e n ar e re c k o n e d a s a b o v e t he a v e rag e A .

l arge nu m be r O f w o m e n a nd g irl s are e m p l oy e d a s

c i g a r e tt e -m ak e r s Thi s it n e e d s car c e ly b e s a id
.
, ,

re q u ir es l o ng p rac ti c e an d g re at de xt e rity e s p e c i ally ,

w h e n as i s n o w t he case s o n a rro w a m ar g i n o f t he
, ,

pap e r i s all o we d t o o ve rl a p All t he b e s t w o rk is at .

p r ese n t d o n e by me n ; t he w o m e n are e m p l o y e d
“
c hi e fly i n wh at i s call e d pu s h w o rk w hi c h m ean s ,

th at t he p ap e r w r app e r i s fir s t c o n s tru c t e d a n d t he
t o b acc o i n s e rt e d su bse q u e n tly ; thi s i s m u c h l e ss
“

s kill e d w o rk an d p r od u ces a n i n fe ri o r ki n d o f c i g a r e tt e .

I n L e e d s a l so a c c o rdi n g t o M i ss C o ll e t e xp e ri e n ce
, ,

s e e m s t o b e i n fav ou r Of m e n s w o rk ; i n t he c i g a r
’

trade th e re m e n ar e said t o h av e a li g ht e r t ou c h th an '

w o m e n an d t o p r o d u ce c i g a rs as a r u le o f m o r e e q u al
, , ,

q u ality 1 .

I n co tt o n w e avi n g (th o u g h n o t i n c o tt o n s p i n n i ng ) ,

bo th i n E n g l an d an d F ran ce it appe ars th at m e n a n d ,

w o m e n ar e e q u al an d w o m e n (e ve n as far b ac k as
,

h av e ear n e d as m u c h o r n early as m u c h as
men .

Th e re i s fi nally at l e as t o n e occu pati o n c hi e fly

, , ,

i n vo lvi n g m an u al de xt e rity i n whi c h w o m e n ar e ,

s t at e d t o b e di s ti n c tly su pe ri o r t o m e n W om e n .

s tit c h t he s e rg e li n i n g s t o saddl e s as w e ll as m e n

a n d 4 0 p er c e n t m o r e q ui c kly Th e y are p a id at
. .

t he s am e r at e an d e a r n 3 5 s , a w e e k as a g ai n s t .

2 55 . fo r m e rly e ar n e d by m e n I t i s an o ccu p ati on .

fo r w hi c h w o m e n h av e b ee n m o r e hi g hly tr ai n e d th a n
men .
2

Th e re is a ge n e ra l b e li e f th at w o m e n are n i m bl e
a nd de xt e ro u s w ith th e ir fi nge r s If h o we v e r w e .
, ,

e x ce p t n e e dl e -wo rk i n w hi c h wo m e n ar e a s a r u l e
,

1
C l r E C ll e t W m n s W o k i n L ds E n mi j
“ ’
a a . o , o n l a r ee , co o c ou r a ,
S p t mb r 18 9 1
e e e .

2
I quo t e _t he t wo l a s t c ases fro m a ve ry abl e d iscussi on b y Sid ney
W e bb, A ll e g e d D iffe re nce s i n the W ag e s pai d to M e n an d to W o me n
r
fo r Si mil a W o r k , E con omzcj ou r n a l, 18 9 1, p 6 3 5
" '

. .
 M AN AN D W O M AN .

wom en in A m e ri ca are said t o b e m u c h m o re e x p e rt

'

th an m e n s e ld o m m aki n g a m i s t a k e o r p as s i n g
,

cou n t e rfe it c o i n Th e y c an t e ll a b ad bill by fee li n g

.

it o n ly it i s as s e rt e d an d a b an k c as hi e r w ill m ake a
, ,

u n
h dre d m i s t ak es W h e re th e y m ake o n e
1
All th e se .

as s e rti o n s ar e a littl e d u bi ou s .

I f w e t u r n t o t he m o r e ac c u r a t e a n d m e as u r abl e
de t e r m i n ati o n O f se x u al di ffe re n ces i n t he fo rm ati o n
O f se n s e -j u d g m e n t s it i s p oss ibl e t o fi n d a fe w th o u g h
, ,

n o t m an y att e m p t s t o m e as u r e ac c u r ac y O f m o t o r
,

re s p o n se t o se n so ry i m p re ss i o n s A fe w t e s t s w e r e .

a pp li e d a t t he A n thr o p o m e tri c L ab o r at o ry d u ri n g t he

B a th m ee ti n g O f t he B riti s h A s s o c i a ti o n I t w as .

fo u n d th a t i n dividi n g a li n e i n h al f w o m e n s e y e s
’
,

we r e a b s o l u t e ly co rr e c t i n 1 0 p e r ce n t m o re c ases .

th an th ose O f m e n— L a p e r c e n t o f t he m e n w e r e
, .

su ccess fu l ag a i n s t , p er c e n t o f t he w o m e n The . .

divi s i o n o f a li n e i n t o third s w as d o n e abo u t e q u a lly

c o r r e c tly by b o th se x e s w hil e t he m e n w e r e c o n s id e r
,

ably m o re a c c u r at e th an t he w o m e n i n es ti m a ti n
g
a ri g ht a n g l e — 11a 6 3 p e r ce n t m e n w e r e co rr e c t
, .
,

aga i n s t per c e n t w o m e n I n i n v e s ti g ati n g N e w

. .

H av e n sc h oo l c hildr e n G ilb e rt fo u n d th at i n j u d g m e n t
o f w e i g ht di ffe r e n c e s b o th b o y s a n d g irl s i m r o v e
-
p
w ith ag e At s i x t he b oys are d e c id e dly s u p e ri o r t o
.

t he g irl s fr o m se v e n t o thirt e e n th e y o s c ill at e b u t o n

,

t he W h o l e k e e p p ace w ith e ac h o th e r ; a ft e r th a t th e re
i s a d e c id e d s u p e ri o rity o f b o ys At Io w a G ilbe rt .

fu rth e r i n v e s ti g at e d t he acc u r ac y w ith w hi c h s p a ce i s

j u d g e d i n t e r m s o f m o v e m e nt : t he su bj e c t h avi n g
fir s t had an o pp o rt u n ity O f m e as u ri n g t he di s t an c e
b e t we e n t w o p o i n t s w ith hi s e ye s had th e n t o m ark it ,

O ff w ith e y e s co v e r e d A c cu rac y i n c re ase d w ith a ge ;

.

b e t we e n t he ag e s o f s i x a n d t e n g irl s w e r e m o r e a c
cu r a t e bu t aft e r th at b oy s b e cam e m o r e a c cu r at e
, .

I n t he es ti m ati o n o f l e n g th by s i g ht it m ay b e ,

[Va i l Gazct /c,

a l/ 7 th Se pt e mb e r The th o ri ty th i s
’
I ‘
2 188 6 . au fo r
s t at e me n t i s no t g i v e n .
 M O TIO N . 185

r e m ark e d G ilb e rt fou n d th a t at n ea rly all ag e s b oy s

,

ar e m o r e acc u r at e th a n g irl s
1
.

F r a n z a n d H o u s t o n i n N e w Y o rk fou n d th at i n
e s ti m ati n
g ti m e di s t a n ce p r o p o rti o n a n d i n q u a n ti
, , ,

t at i ve m easu r e m e nt s g e n e r ally b o y s are m o r e e x ac t ,

th an g irl s ?
P r o fe s so r J a s tr o w i n e x p e ri m e n ti n g o n t he m al e
,

a nd fe m al e s t u d e n t s O f W i s co n s i n U n iv e r s ity d e vi se d ,

a s e ri es O f t e s t s O f s e n se -j u d m e n t s th ou g h he w as
g ,

o n ly a bl e t o c o m l e t e s m all
p a
p o rti o n O f th e m ,

n am e ly th ose r e l ati ng t o p r e ssu r e a n d o n e r e l ati n g

"

t o t he s p ace -se n se o f t he s ki n The su bj e c t s w e r e .

fir s t r e q u ir e d t o p ou r as m u c h s h ot i n t he p al m o f
th e i r ri g ht h a n d s as th e y th ou g ht w o u ld w e i g h an
o u n c e ; t he m e n o n t he av e r a e d e c id e d o n 4 7
g gm .

a n e x ag g e r a ti o n O f 6 5
p e r ce n t ; t he w o m e n o n t he .

av e r ag e c h ose 2 2 g m — a n u n d e r e s ti m a ti o n O f 2 1 p e r
.
-

c e nt . The s u bj ec t s w e r e n e xt a s k e d t o p ou r s h o t
i n t o a b o x s o th at b o th s h o t a n d b o x s h o u ld w e i g h
a n o u n c e ; i n thi s t e s t a w e ll r e co g n i se d ill u s i o n w as
-

i nv o lv e d a s a s ti m u l u s app e a r s l e ss i n t e n se w h e n
,

s p r e a d o ve r a l ar g e r a re a ; b oth m e n an d w o m e n
l a rg e ly e x agg e rat e d t he am o u n t n e c essary b u t t he ,

e x agg e r a ti o n w a s so m e w h a t g r e at e r i n t he case o f

t he m e n .W h e n t he O p e rati o n w as r e p e at e d w ith
t he i n t e n ti o n o f m aki n g b o x a n d s h o t we i g h o n e
p o u n d th e r e w a s a s li g ht e x agg e r ati o n w ith t he m e n ,

b u t t he w o m e n s e rr o r w as v e ry s m all
’
The s u bj e c t .

w as th e n g iv e n t he b o x w hi c h he c o ns id e r e d t o w e i g h
o n e p ou n d a n d a s k e d t o p u t s u ffi c i e n t s h o t i n t o
,

a n o th e r b o x t o m ak e it w e i g h d o u bl e t he fir s t ; i n

thi s t es t t he w o m e n w e r e v e ry s li g htly m o r e s u c ce ss
fu l th an t he m e n The s p ac e -t e s t c o n s i s t e d i n
.

s e p a r a ti n g t he p o i n t s o f t he ae s t he s i o m e t e r o n t he
b ac k O f t he s u bj e c t s h an d u n til he re g arde d t he
’

G i lbe rt , S/u d zes fr oz/c Toe Ya fe P sy cfi L a in , 18 9 4 ; zb , I ow a U mo

’ ’
1
'

. . .

S/zcd zes i n P 5y c/z , 189 7

’

. .

3
F ra nz a nd H o u s t o n , The A ccu racy o f O b se rv at i on an d o f R e co lle c
r
t io n i n Sch o o l C h ild e n, P sy c/z R ea , Se p t 189 6 Th e se e s u lts
. . . r
ag re e wi th th ose o f Bo lt o n .
18 6 M AN A N D W O M AN .

di s t a n ce b e t wee n t he p o i n t s to b e o n e i n ch ; b o th m e n
a n d w o m e n o v e r es ti m at e d t he se par ati o n n e cess ary ,

t he m e n sli g htly m o r e th an t he w o m e n
1
J as tro w 5 .
’

O b se rv ati o n s w ith o u t e x c e p ti o n s h o w g re at e r acc u r ac y

o f j u d g m e n t o n t he
p art O f t he wo m e n ; h e re ho w ,

e ve r i t m u s t b e b o r n e i n m i n d th at t he e x p e ri m e n t s
,

w e r e m ad e thr o ug h t he m e di u m o f t he d e r m a l se n s a
ti o ns o f t he h an d an d as ha s alr eady b e e n p o i n t e d
, ,

o u t s u c h e x p e ri m e n t s p l ace m e n a t a di sadv a n t ag e
,

fro m t he ou t s e t a n d h ave littl e val u e i n de t e r m i n i n g

,

se x u al differ e n ce s i n n a t u r a l fa c u lty Th e y h ave .

,

h owe v e r a ce rt ai n v al u e i n r e l ati o n t o t he p rac ti cal

,

affairs o f a wo rld i n w hi c h m e n a n d w o m e n m u s t

b e ac c e pt e d as th e y s t an d s i n c e it i s th u s d e m o n
,

s t r at e d th a t t he coa rse n i n g o f t he s ki n by r o u g h

u s age i s a r e a l di sadv an t ag e i n fo r m i n g se n se
j u d g m e nt s 2
.

1
Jas tro w , r
Studi es fro m U niv e si ty o f W i sco n s i n, A mer j ou r n al
.

P sy ch , A pr i l 18 9 2 .

2
r r
Th os e who wi s h to foll o w i n g eat e d e t ai l the c ons id e rabl e body o f
r e ce n t e x e ri me nt al wo rk , beari ng o n the Sex u al d i f fe re nces bro ug ht o ut
p
r
i n th is and the fo ll o wi ng ch apt e , wi ll fi nd ampl e m a t e r ia l i n t he
P ry c/zolq cal R ev i ew , the A mer i ca n j ou r n a l of P sy c/zology , an d the
'

P edag og i ca l Semi n ary Vari o us o th e r pe ri o d ica l s and y ear -bo ok s may

.

a l so b e co nsu lt e d , su c h a s t h e Zezt sc/zr z

flf
'

P h w ’
P /zy szo
'

u r s y c ol og i e z a
log i c der Szn nesmg'on e, the A n n ee s clzolog l qu e, an d the A r c/l i mo a’c
' ' ' '

'
1 88 M AN AN D W O M AN .

be sa e f ly s aid th a t n o t wo p e r son s p osse ss t he sam e

m u lti pli c ati o n t a bl e .

The fa c t th a t e ve n i n SO s i m p l e a s h ap e t he i n t e l
l e c t u al i m p u l s e i s hi g hly co m p li c at e d m a ke s t he
d e fi n it e O bj ec tiv e k n o w l e dg e o f p s y c hi c p r oce ss e s a
v e ry v as t a n d di ffi c u lt fi e l d It i s t he m o re di ffi c u lt
.

be cau s e t o g e t r e li abl e re su lt s we m u s t s e c u r e u n i
fo r m ity an d s i m p li c ity o f m e th o d w o rki ng o n a
l arg e b o dy o f s u bj e c t s In tros p e c ti o n fri g ht e n s a n d
.

p a r a ly s e s o u r p s y c hi c p r oce ss e s ; th e y ar e a s P r o ,

fessor J as tr o w w e ll e xp r esse s it lik e c hildr e n w ho ,

r om p a n d e x p r e ss th e m se lv es fr ee ly i n t he p riv ac y
o f t he fam ily c ir c l e b u t b e c o m e b as h fu l s il e n t a n d
, , ,

c o n ve n ti o n al b e fo r e s tr an g e r s At p rese n t a n O bj e c
.

tive k n o wl e dg e o f m e n t al p r oce sse s has be e n s ou g ht

a t s o fe w p o i n t s a n d by s o fe w i n v e s ti g a t o r s eac h ,

o f th e m u s u ally ad o p ti n g his o w n m e th o d s th a t o u r ,

k n o wl e d g e O f se x u al diffe r e n ces i n t he m an i p u l ati o n

O f t he i n t e ll e c t u a l i m p u l se i s fr ag m e n t a ry an d i n c o m

p le t e a n d thi s c h a r ac t e r w ill b e r e fl ec t e d i n t he
,

p r ese n t c h apt e r .W h at has b ee n s aid as t o t he

co m p ar a tiv e ly littl e li g ht thr o w n o n se x u a l di ffe re n c e

by t he s t u dy O f t he bra i n app li es at p re se n t i n a , ,

s till hi g h e r d e g re e t o t he s tu dy o f i n t e ll ec t u al
p r o cesses .

To a rriv e a t a n y r e li abl e k n ow l e d g e O f m e n t al
se x u a l di ffe r e n c e s it i s n o l o n g e r e n o u g h t o fo r m u l at e

s u g g e s tiv e i m p re ss i o n s o r brilli a n t th e o ri e s Th ese .

h av e a ce rt ai n i n t e r e s t an d v al u e it i s tr u e b u t th e y
, ,

h av e n o p art i n a n y k n o wl e d ge th a t can b e c all e d

sc i e n ce . I t i s al o n g t he li n es o f p re c i se e x pe ri m e n t
th a t w e m ay r e as o n ably h o pe t o O bt ai n a m o r e
d e fi n it e a n d O bj e c tive k no w l e dge o f se xu al m e n t al
diffe r e n ces . Tw o s e ri e s o f i n v e sti g ati o n by P r o
fesso r J as tro w o n e o f t he fi r s t t o i n au g u r at e s u c h
,
'

i nv e sti gati o ns m ay h e r e b e m e nti o n e d 1 Th e y w e re

, .

”
1 “
A Study i n M e nt al St at i s t i cs , N ew R evi ew , D e ce mbe r 18 9 1 .

A St a ti s t ical St udy o f M e mory a nd Associ at i o n , E du ca t i on a l lfev zew ,

” ’

N e w Yo rk , D ece mbe r 189 1 .

 TH E I N T E L L E C TU A L I M P U L SE 18
.
9

ca rri e d o u t o n m al e an d fe m a l e u n iv e r s ity s t u d e n t s.
The fir s t i nv e s ti g ati o n w as i nt o c o m m u nity O f id e a s
a n d th o u ht -h a bit s
g t he n at u r e o f t he m o r e u s u a l
,

ty p e s O f as soc i ati on s a n d t he ti m e r e l a ti o n s O f th e s e
,
-

p r o c e s s e s .F ifty s t u d e n t s ( t w e n ty -fi v e o f e ac h s e x
)
w e r e as k e d t o w rit e d o w n o n e h u n dr e d w o rd s a s
r ap idly as p oss ibl e an d t o r e c o rd t he ti m e W o rd s
, .

i n se n t e n c e s w e r e n o t a ll o we d Th e r e w e r e th u s
.

o bt a i n e d 5 0 00 w o rd s a n d O f th e se n e a rly 3 000 w e r e
,

t he sa m e s h o w i n g h o w g r ea t i s t he c o m m u n ity o f
,

o u r th o u g ht s . Thi s co m m u n ity O f th ou g ht i s g r e at e r
i n t he w o m e n ; w hil e t he m e n u s e di ffe re n t
w o rd s t h e ir fe m al e c l ass -m a t e s u s e o n ly
, Of
u n iq u e w o rd s u s e d p e r c e n t w e r e m al e o n ly
,
.
,

p e r c e n t fe m al e. I f t he wo rd s ar e all divid e d
.

i n t o c l a s se s it is s e e n th a t a m o n g t he m e n th e r e w a s
a m u c h m o r e fr e q u e n t o c cu rr e n c e o f w o rd s r e fe rri n g

t o t he A n i m a l Ki n g d o m P r o p e r N am e s
, V e rb s , ,

I m p l e m e n t s a n d U t e n s il s Adj e c tiv e s V e g e t abl e

, ,

Ki n g d o m , Ab s tr a c t T e r m s M e t eo r o l o gi c al an d,

A s tro n o m i cal O c c u p ati o n s a n d C alli ng s C o n v e y

, ,

a u ce s, O th e r P a rt s o f Sp e e c h G eo g r a p hi cal a n d ,

L a n d scap e F e at u r e s A m o n g t he w o m e n th e r e w as
.

a d e c id e dly g r e a t e r t e n d e n c y th a n a m o n g t he m e n

t o u s e w o r d s r e fe rri n g t o W e ari n g A pp a r e l an d
F a bri c s I n t e ri o r F u r n i s hi n g s F oo d s B u ildi n g s an d
, , ,

B u ildi n g M at e ri al s M i n e r al Ki n g d o m St ati o n e ry
, , ,

E d u c a ti o n a l Art s A m u s e m e n t s Ki n s hi p
, ,
The re , .

m a i n i n g c l ass e s O f w o rd s w hi c h w e r e u se d w i t h
a l m os t e q u a l fr e q u e n c y by b o th s e x e s w e re P a rt s o f

B o dy M i s c e ll a n e o u s an d M e r c a n til e T e r m s
, , The .

r u p i n t o w hi c h t he l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f t he m e n s
’

g o

wo rd s fall i s A n i m al k i n g d o m (2 5 4 t o t he g r o u p
i n t o w hi c h t he l ar g e s t n u m be r O f t he w o m e n s w o rd s ’

fall is W e ari ng A pp a r e l an d F a bri c s (2 2 4 t o

t he i n fe r e n ce fr o m thi s th at dr e ss i s t he p r e d o m i n a n t
c at e g o ry o f t he fe m i n i n e (o r t he p rivy fe m i n i n e ) m i n d

i s v a lid w ith p r o p e r r e s e rv ati o n s ; b u t w e s h o u ld

re m e m b e r th at t he d re ss o f a w om an i s m o re c on
19 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

s p i cu ou s , m o r e co m p l e x , a n d m o r e v a ri ou s th a n th a t
O f a m an , an d th at s he has m o r e t o d o w ith t he

I n r eg ard t o F o o d s t he di ffe r e n ce i s
”
m a ki n g o f it .

ve ry g r eat , m u c h g reat e r i n fac t th an i n r eg ard t o

al m os t a n y o th e r c l ass o f wo rd s ; w hil e t he m e n o n ly

u se 5
3 w o rd s b e l o n g i n g t o thi s c l a ss , t he w o m e n
u s e 1 7 9 ; wh e th e r t he p art p l ay e d by w o m e n i n t he

r e a r a ti o n o f foo d i s su ffi c i e n t t o ac c ou n t for thi s

p p
g r e a t di s p ro p o rti o n P r o fe sso r J as tr o w r e fr a i n s fro m
”
d e c idi n g . I n g e n e r al , P r o fesso r J as tr o w c o n c l u d e s ,
t he fe m i n i n e tr a it s r e v e a l e d by thi s s t u dy ar e a n
att e n ti o n t o t he i mm e di a t e s u rr o u n di n g s , t o t he
fi n i s h e d p ro du c t , t o t he o rn am e n t al , t he i n dividu al ,
an d t he co n c r e t e ; w hil e t he m a s c u li n e p re fe r e n c e
i s fo r t he m o re r e m o t e , t he c o n s tr u c tive , t he u s e fu l ,
”
t he g e ne r al , a n d t he ab s tr ac t . A n o th e r p o i n t w o rth
m e n ti o n i s t he t e n d e n c y t o s e l e c t w o rd s th a t rhym e ,
a n d a llit e r a tiv e wo rd s ; b oth th e s e t e n de n c i e s w e re
d e c id e dly m o r e m ark e d i n m e n th an i n w o m e n I n .

r e g ard t o t he ti m e t ak e n by t he wh o l e p rocess th e r e
w as p r ac ti c ally n o se xu a l di ffe re n c e .

A n o th e r se ri es o f e x p e ri m e nt s w as m ad e by P r o
.

fesso r j as tro w i n o rd e r t o t e s t t he p r oc e sses o fm e m o ry

a n d a sso c i a ti o n. The w ithdr aw a l o fa sc ree n re v e a l e d
a w o rd u p o n t he bl ac kb oa rd , w h e r e u p o n eac h m e m

b e r o f t he c l ass w r o t e u p o n a s li p O f p ap e r t he fir s t
w o rd su gge s t e d by t he w o rd o n t he b o a rd , a n d th e n
fo lde d t he p ap e r so as t o co n c e al w h a t had b e e n
w ritt e n ; an o th e r w o rd w as th e n s h o w n a nd t he
p roce ss r e p eat e d u n til eac h s t u d e n t ha d w ritt e n t e n
w o rd s .
(The t e n w o rd s o n t he bl ac kb oard , it s h o u ld
b e said , w e r e s i m p l e m o n osyll a bl es , i n c l u di n g m o s t o f
t he w o rd s w hi c h t he p re vi o u s e x p e ri m e n t h ad s h o w n
t o b e m os t g e n e r ally u pp e r m os t i n th o u g ht ) . Ex
ac t ly t wo d ay s l at e r , a n d w ith ou t t he s li g ht e s t
e x p e c t ati o n o n th e ir
p a rt , t he s t u d e n t s w e r e a s k e d t o
w rit e a s m a n y as p o s s ibl e o f t he w o rd s th e y had w ritt e n
fo rty —e ig ht h ou r s p re vi o u s ly , and i n the sam e o rder .

The o ri g i n al t e n wo rd s w e re th e n ag a i n w ritt e n o n
19 2 M AN AND W O M AN .

g r eat e r co m m u n ity i ti on
o f a ss oc a i n g irl s th a n i n
b o ys In a s u b se q u e n t se ri es o f e x p e ri m e n t s t o t e s t
.

t he n at u r e o f assoc i ati o n s (t he r e s u lt s o f w hi c h P r o
fe s s o r J as tr o w ki n dly co m m u n i cat e d t o m e ) e ac h
s t u d e n t w ro t e fi ve w o rd s t o e ac h o f t he s a m e t e n

w o rd s .A c o m p ari so n o f t he m e n a n d t he w o m e n
s u g g es t e d th at m asc u li ne p r e fe r e n c e s a r e p r o b a bly

fo r a ssoc i a ti o n s by so u n d (as m a n -c a n ) fr o m w h o l e ,

t o p a rt (a s tr e e -l e af) , fr o m o bj e c t t o ac tivity (a s p e n
w rit e ) , fro m a c tivity t o o bj ec t ( as w rit e -p e n ) , a n d
p e r h a p s by n a t u r a l k i n d ( a s c a t -d o
g ) ; w hil e fe m i n i n e
p r e fe r e n c e s a r e fo r as soc i ati o n s fr o m p art t o w h o l e
(as h an d -ar m ) , o bj ec t t o q u ality (as tre e -g re e n ) ,
qu ality t o O bj e c t (as bl u e -s k y) , a n d m i s c e ll an eous
(i n c l u di n g all th at are a m bi g u ou s o r n o t e as ily c l ass i
fi e d) . Thi s m o re s pec i al s t u dy o f se x u al di ffe r e n ce s
i n t he ass oc i a t i o n -e l e m e n t i n th o u g ht d oes n o t e n tir e ly
co n fir m t he r es u lt s s u gg e s t e d by t he
p re vi ou s s t u dy ;
a n d it n ee d sca r ce ly b e r e m a rk e d th a t a fe w s e ri e s O f

i nv e s ti ga ti o n s can o nly l e ad t o p ro vi s i o n a l r e s u lt s .

Su c h i n v e s ti g ati o n s p l ac e o u r k n o w l e d g e o f p s y c h
o l o g y u p o n a s u r e a n d p o s itiv e fo u n d ati o n b u t t h e y ,

n e e d t o b e e xt e n d e d t o a v e ry l a r e n u m b e r O f i n di
g
v i d u a ls b e fo r e a n id -r e ac hi n
y W e g g e n e r ali s ati o n s c a n
be att a i n e d .

V ari ou s se ri e s o f e x p e ri m e n t s h av e b e e n m a d e
d u ri n g r e ce n t ye ar s o n m e m o ry i n s c h oo l c hildr e n
"

. .

The g e n e ra l t e n d e n c y i s t o s h ow a s li g htly g r e a t e r
s u p e ri o r i ty i n t he
g irl s alth o u g h thi s s u p e ri o rity i s
,

n o t fo u n d i n e v e ry ki n d o f m e m o ry Th u s i n a n .

e l a b o r a t e se ri e s o fe x e ri m e n t s m a d e by M a x L o b s i e n
p
o n o v e r 4 5 0 c hildr e n a t Ki e l it w as fo u n d th at t he
1
,

t o t a l i n c re ase i n m e m o ry p o we r du ri n g s c h oo l ye a rs
w as g re at e r i n t he g irl s th an i n t he b o y s ; i n g irl s
th e re w as a g e n e r al d e v e l o p m e n t i n all ki n d s O f
m e m o ry a b o u t t he ag e O f t w e lv e b u t thi s u n ifo r m ity
,

1
M ax L o b s ie n, r r
Ex pe ri men t e ll e U n t e s uch u ng e n ube d ic G e d acht
n i sse n t wi ck e lung b e i Sch u l k i nd e r n Z l f P sy c/c u P /z s
’
Si n /zos
. .
y . a . . .

org a z ze, Bd . h e ft 1 and 2 , 19 0 :

- .
 TH E IN TEL L E C TU A L I M P U L SE . 19 3

was no t m ark e d i n
b oy s ; t he m e m ory O f g i r ls for ,

s o u n d s r o s e c hi e fly a b ou t t he thirt een th y ea r an d ,

fo r vi s u a l re prese n t ati o n s a b o u t t he fou rt een th y e a r .

W h e n a c o m p ari so n i s m ad e b e t we e n b oy s an d g irl s
o f t he ag e o f te n t o e l e ve n th e re i s o n t he w h o l e a
, , ,

ve r y s li g ht su p e ri o rity o f g irl s ; b e t wee n t we lv e a n d

thirt e e n— w h e n t he pre co c ity o f girl s co m e s i n t o
l y — th e r e i s a d ec id e d s u e ri o rity o f irl s s h o w
p a
p g n ,

i n s i x ki n d s o f t e s t o u t o f e i g ht ; at t he fi n al s t ag e ,

b e t w ee n t he ag es of thirt e e n a n d fou rt ee n an d a h alf ,

t he s u p e ri o rity o f girl s has v e ry Slightly fall e n b u t ,

i s s till s h own i n s i x t e s t s The m e m o ry fo r w o rd s

.

an d a l so fo r vi s u al r e p r e se n t ati o n s wa s d e c id e dly
b e tt e r d e ve l o pe d i n t he g irl s In t es t s i n vo lvi n g
.

re p ro d u c ti o n i n e x ac t s u c c e s s i o n b oys we r e s li g htly
s u p e ri o r a s r e g ard s fi g u r e s a n d so u n d s b u t i n t he ,

Sp h e re o f re al O bj e c t s t he g irl s we re d e ci d e dly
s u p e ri o r .

In r t ic l e by P rofe s sor St an l e y H all on “ The C on t e n t s o f

an a

C h i ld re n s M in d s o n e n t e ri ng Sc h o o l ” (P edag og i ca l Sem zfl ary

’ '

,
J un e 18 9 1; a l s o B er li n 18 7 0 p p 5 9 , a .

d e t ai l e d s um mary i s g iv e n o f an i n v e s t ig at ion c arrie d o n at

B e rl in in t o t he i d e as an d k no w l e d g e o f s e v e ra l t h o us an d
c h i ld re n o n e n t e ring sc h o o l A lth o ug h t he carry in g o u t o f th is
.

i n v e s t i g a t i o n was l e ft t o t h e t e ache rs c e r t a in fai rl y re l ia ble

,

re s ul t s s e e m t o e me rg e The fam il iari ty o f t he ch i ld re n w i th

.

7 5 d iffe re n t o bj e c t s an d i d e as was t es t e d and it wa s fo un d ,

th a t “ the e as il y and w id e ly d iflus e d conce pt s are c o m mon e s t

'

a m o n g g irl s t he h ar d e r an d m o re s pe c i al o r e x c e p t io na l o n e s
,

are c o m m o n e s t am on g b o y s Th e g irl s c l e arly e x c e ll e d o n ly in

.

t he fo ll o win g co n ce p t s — N am e a n d call in g of th e fa th e r ,

t h un d e r—s h o we r rain b o w h ai l p o t at o-fi e ld m oon s q u are c irc l e

, , , , , , ,

A l e x a n d e r Sq uare F re d e ric k s W o o d m orning -re d o ak d e w

’
, , , , ,

and B o t an i ca l Gard e n The g i rl s e x c e l i n s ace co n ce p t s a n d

{
.
,

b o y s i n n u m b ers Girl s e x c e l i n fai ry t al e s g irl s

.
pe r ce n t .

t o b o ys an d b o y s i n re l i g i o u s co n ce p t s [
bo y s t o g irl s
A s t he o pport uni t i e s t o l e arn both wo uld n o t p ro ba bly
d iffe r m uch t h e re se e m s h e re a d i ffe re nc e o f d is p o s i t i o n
, .

R o t hk app che n was b e tt e r k n ow n th a n Go d an d Sch n e e w i tt c h e n

,

th an C h ris t M ore b o y s cou l d re pe at s e n t e nc e s s ai d to th e m

.
,

o r s in g m us i cal ph ras e s su n g t o th e m, or s in g a s o n g th a n ,

r
gi s l .
”
P rofe s so r H a ll p ro ce e d s t o g i v e a n ac co un t o f a m o re
c are ful s t u dy o n s imil ar l in e s o f s e v eral h un d re d c h il d re n at

13
19 4 M AN A N D W O M AN .

B os t on . re s ult s a lth oug h not carrie d out on a s uffi c ie n t

The ,

n um b e r o f c h i ld re n co n fi rm o n t h e w h o l e th os e re ac h e d at
,
“
B e rl in In 3 4 re pre se n t a t i v e q ue s t i o n s o u t o f 49 th e b o y s
.

s urpas s t he g irl s as t he G e rman b oy s d id i n 7 5 p e r ce n t o f the

,
.

Be rl i n q ue s t io ns The g i rl s e x ce l i n k n o wl e d g e o f t he par t s
.

o f t he b o dy h o me an d fa mi ly l i fe th un d e r rai n b o ws i n k n o w
, , , ,

l e d g e o f s q uare c irc l e an d t rian g l e b ut n ot i n th a t o f c ub e

, , , ,

s p h ere a n d p y ram i d wh i c h i s h ard e r a n d l a t e r

, ,
Th e ir s t o ri e s .

ar e m o re i m ag in at i v e w h i l e th e ir k no wl e d g e o f t h i n g s o u t ward
,

an d re m o t e th e ir p o we r t o s i n g and a rt i c u l a t e c orre c tly fro m

, _

d i c t a t i o n th e ir ac q uain t an ce wi th n u m b e rs and a n ima l s i s di s

, ,

t i n ct ly l e s s th an th a t o f t he b o y s The B e rl i n re p o r t s in fe r th a t .

t he m ore c o mm o n n e ar o r e a s y a n o t io n i s t he m o re l ike ly a re
, ,

t h e g irl s t o e x ce l t he b o y s an d v i ce v er s d B oys do s e e m
, .

m ore l i k e ly th an g irl s to b e ig noran t o f co m mo n th ing s rig h t

a b ou t th e m
”
Th e s e in t e re s t in g d at a b e ar o n t he re s pe c t i v e
.

c a p ac i ty o f m e n an d wo m e n fo r a b s t rac t th ou g h t an d fo r p rae

t i cal l ife wh i c h i t will b e n e ce ss ary to t o uc h on l at e r

, .

O ne o th e r s e ri e s o f o b s e rv a t io n s m a y b e m e n t i o n e d P ro .

fe s s o r C S M ino t s e n t o ut card s wi th t he fo ll o win g re q ue s t

. .

P l e as e d raw t e n d iag rams o n th is c ard wi th ou t re ce i v i n g an y

“
,

s u gg e s t i o n s fro m a n y o th e r p e rs o n and ad d y o u r n a me a nd ,

ad d re ss F i v e h un d re d s e t s we re re ce iv e d fro m p e rs o n s o f
”
.

b ot h s e x e s C irc l e s we re m os t c o m m o n th e n s q uare s th e n
.
, ,

t riang l e s th e n four s id e d fi g ure s an d s o o n It was fo un d th at

,
-
,
.

re pe t i tio ns m uc h pre po n d e ra t e d amon g the wo me n th o ug h th is ,

i s n o t t rue o f a ll c l a s s e s o f d i ag ra ms ; t he m e n e xh i b i t o n the
wh o l e m uc h m ore v arie ty th a n t he wo m e n ( C S M ino t . . .
,

Se co n d R e p o r t o n E x pe ri m e n t a l P s y c h o l o g y : U p on t he
“

D iag ra m Te s t s ” P r oceedi ng s A m Soc for P sy e/z R es ear ch v ol

, . . .
, .

i .
,
N o 4,
.

R api di ty of P er cepti on —Thi s i s an i n t e r es ti n g .

e x am p l e o f a c h ar a c t e ri s ti c w hi c h has b e e n ne a rly

al way s attrib u t e d t o w o m e n, b u t w hi c h can n o t b e

said t o h av e y e t b ee n d e m o n s tr a t e d i n a v e ry s ati s

fac t o ry m an n e r It can n o t , h ow e ve r , b e e n tire ly .

p asse d ove r W e m u s t for t he m os t p a rt s p ea k o f it

'

as c o m p li cat e d w ith v ari o u s m o t o r a n d i n t e ll e c t u a l

p r oc e s ses s u c h as h av e b ee n i n p a rt di scu ss e d i n t he
p r e vi o u s c h ap t e r .

R eacti o n -ti m e m e r e ly i n di c at e s t he m o r e o r l e s s
rap id m an n e r in w hi c h a p e rs on can r e sp o n d
m u sc u l a rly t o a s i g n al I t i s p e rh ap s i n m o r e co m .

p li c at e d p r o ce s se s , i nv olvi n g a l arg e r l me n t
e e of
19 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he ac ti o n r e t ard s it W e m ay say th a t t he
and .

i mp u l se a n d t he a c ti o n fo rm t he t wo e n d s o f a
c ir c u it w hi c h at t he c e n tr e o f i t s co u rse i s i n t e ll ec t u a l .

The l o n g e r an d m o re i nfo ld e d t he i n t e ll e c t u a l p o rti o n

o f t he c ir c u it t he l o n g e r it w ill b e b e fo r e t he i m pu l s e

i s tr a n s m itt e d i n t o ac ti o n .

The m a sc u li n e m e th o d o f th ou g ht i s m ass ive an d

d e lib e r at e w hil e t he fe m i n i n e m e th o d i s q u i c k t o
,

p e r ce ive a n d n i m bl e t o ac t The l a tt e r m e th o d i s .

a p t t o fa ll i n t o e rro r b u t i s ag il e i n re tri e vi n g a n
,

e rr o r a n d u n d e r m an y c ir cu m s t an ces thi s a g ility i s

,

t he p ri m e re q u ir e m e n t W h e n e ve r a m an a n d a
.

w o m a n a r e fo u n d u n d e r c o m p r o m i s i n g c ir c u m s t a n c e s
it i s n e a rly al ways t he wo m an w ho w ith re ady w it
au d ac i o u s ly r e tri e v e s t he s it u a ti o n E v e ry o n e i s .

ac qu a i n t e d w ith i n s t a n ce s fr o m life o r fr o m hi s t o ry

o f w o m e n w h o s e q u i c k a n d c u n n i n g r u se s h av e s av e d

l o v e r or h u s b an d o r c hild It i s u n n ece ss ary t o .

i n s i s t o n thi s q u ality whi c h i n i t s fi n es t fo r m s i s

,

c all e d t ac t fu l n e ss .

The m e th o d o f att ai n i n g re su lt s by r u se s (c o m m o n
a m o n g a ll t he w e ak e r l o w e r an i m al s ) i s s o h abit u a l

a m on g w o m e n th a t as L o m br oso an d F e rr e r o
,
“
r e m ark i n w o m e n de c e p ti o n i s al m o s t p hys i o
l og i cal A s D i d e r o t so m e w h e r e s ay s t he o n e thi ng
.
,

thaf w o m e n h av e b ee n th o r ou g hly w e ll t au ht i s t o
'

g
w e a r d e c e ntly t he fi g -l e af th e y h av e i n h e rit e d fro m
th e ir g r an d m o th e r E ve The sam e fac t i s m o r e .

co a r se ly a n d u n g r a c i o u s ly s t at e d i n t he p r o v e rb s o f

m a n y n ati o n s a n d i n so m e c o u n tri e s it has le d t o t he

,

l e g al t es ti m o n y o f wo m e n b e i n g p l ace d o n a l o we r
footi n g th an th at o f m e n B u t t o re g ard t he c au ti o n
.

an d i n dir e c t n e ss o f w o m e n as d u e t o i n n at e w i c k e d

n es s , it n e e d sc ar ce ly b e s aid w ou ld b e u tt e rly ,

irr ati o n al It i s i n e vit abl e a nd r es u lt s fr o m t he

.
,

co n s tit u ti o n o f w o m e n ac t i n g i n t he c o n diti o n s u n d e r
,

w hi c h th e y are g e n e r ally p l ac e d Th e r e i s at pre .

se n t n o c ou n try i n t he wo rld ce rt a i n ly n o c ivili s e d ,

c o u ntry i n w hi c h a wo m an m ay safe ly s t at e o p e n ly
,
 TH E I N TE L L E C TU A L I M P U L SE . 19 7

he r w i s h es an d d es ire s , an d p roce e d o pe n ly to se e k
.

th e i r ti s fac ti on sa .

L o m b roso and F erre ro h a v e a d m ira bl y ana ly s e d th is h ab i t o f

m i n d , the pers istegl gy o f wh i c h i n wo m e n n o one wi ll d oubt , an d
w h ic h i s { fi nd t o some e xt e n t e v e n i n t he mos t h ig h ly i n t e l
le c t ualis e d wo m e n Th e y t race i t t o s e v e n causes , wh ic h all a c t
.

c h ie fly o r e x cl us i v e ly o n wo m e n ( I ) l Vea k rzes s ; for c unn ing a nd /

d e c e p t io n ar e t h e n eces s a ry re s o r t o f t he we ak an d o pp e s s e r d;
0 n_l
_y _
r
t he s t o ng _ .
(2 ) M ens tr u a ti on ,
t h is fun c t io n i s t re at e d with a ce rt ain amoun t of d is g u s t ,

th e re fore wom e n t ry t o co n c e al i t ; s o th at e v ery mon th th e y a re

e x e rc i s e d i n d iss i m u l a t ion fo r t h re e o r fo ur d a y s d uri n
g wh i c h ,
th e y e ith e r e nd eav our t o c o n ce a l th e ir co n d it io n al t og e th e r o r ,

e l s e s im ul a t e s o me t ri v ial m a l a dy ( 3 ) M odes gl; th us in a wo ma n .

a n y d e mo n s t ra t i on o f l o v e w h i c h h as n o t b ee n in v i t e d by a
m an i s re g ard e d as i mm o d e s t wh e n c e a t raini ng i n d e ce p t io n ,

w h ic h i n the e x ci t a bl e n e rv o u s s y s t e ms o f wom e n i s p e c u l iarly

s e v e re ; ag ai n i n wom e n t h e e x e rc i s e o f t he n at ural fun c t i on s o f
,

u rin a t i on and d e fmcat io n i s re g ard e d as i mmo d es t so th at an y ,

n a t ura l c all o f th i s k in d m u s t e i th e r b e re pre s se d o r s o m e ,

i n g e n i o u s r us e m us t b e i n v e n t e d i n o rd e r t o g ai n a n o pp or t un i ty
fo r i t s sat is fac t io n ; t h e fact s co n ce r n i ng s e x ual re l a t io ns h i ps ,

ag a i n are al so re g ard e d as i mm o d e s t an d ar e so faf as po ss i bl e

’

, ,

c dr i fealed fro m wo men an d g irl s ; wh e n wo m e n fi nd th e m o u t ,

.

th e y i ne v i t abl y d o s o on e r o r l at er th e y h av e b e c o m e
" "

as !
,

h ab i t uat e d t o t he i d e a th a t t o b e m o d es t m ean s t e ll in g l i es
a b o u t s uc h th in g s , a n d s o th e y c o n t i n ue t he t ra d i t io n .

S ex u a l Selecti on ; a wo m an i ns t in c t i v e ly h i d e s he r d e fe c t s h e r ,

d is o rd e rs if ne ce s sary he r ag e — an yth in g wh ic h may inj u re h e r

,

i n t he e y e s o f m e n i nc l u d i n g e v e n he r b e s t q ual i t ie s i f s h e
, ,

t h in k s th a t t h e se m ay call o u t gid ic ule or dis lik e A wo m an .

u s ua lly fi nd s i t eas y t o m o u ld h e rs e l f on the i d e al o f t he m a n

p

s he i s w i th a t t he m o m e n t p ro v id e d s he ad mi re s h im ,
He .

w o uld usually b e rep e ll e d i f s he w e re i nde pe n d e n tly t o as s e r t

h e r o wn i n d iv i d ua li ty The a r t ifi ce s o f t he t o il e t h av e the s a m e
.

s o u rc e al th oug h as h as o ft e n b e e n p o i nt e d o ut th e y n o l o n g e r
, , ,

re fe r t o me n al one b ut a re al s o in t e nd e d t o i mp re s s o th e r
,

w o m e n o r t o o bt ai n a t r i u m ph o v e r th e m
, ( 5 ) The des i r e .

t o be i nter es ti ng l e ad in g t o s i m ul a t e d we ak ne s s es e tc an d
, , .
,

a s u p p os e d n e e d fo r p ro t e c t i on ; th i s s ee ms t o b e me re ly a n
e xt e n s i o n p re v i o us h e a d in g
’

(6) Sztgg esfzozlzq ; t h e

'

o f t he .

g re a t e r s ugg e s t i b i l i ty o f wo m e n (e l s e w h e re po in t e d o ut C h ap ,
.

XI ) n e ce ssarily in v o lv e s an o v e rl ap ping of the re al a nd t he

.

s im u l a t e d — wh ic h i s re a lly u n co n s c i o us an d i n v o l un t ar y (7 ) .

The d u /i es of M a ler m ly ; a l a rg e p ar t of t he e d uca t io n o f t h e

'

i nfa n t i l e m ind at the h a n d s o f m o th e rs a serie s o f

m ore o r l e s s s k i l fu l l i e s t o ld w i th the O bj ec t o f h i d i ng from

.
19 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c h ild re n t he fac t s o f l ife wh ic h are n o t con si d e re d prop e r o r

rig h t fo r th e m t o kno w ; fre que n tly al s o v ario us fal s e i d eas a re
t aug h t in o rd e r t o frig h t e n or o th e rwi s e in fl ue nce c h i ld re n ; s o
th at in t rain in g th e ir c h i ld re n wo m e n are al s o t rain in g th e m
s e lv e s in d i s s im u l a t i o n (L a D onna D eli nqu en i e 189 3 pp
.
, , .

13 3 I th i n k i t m ig h t b e a dd e d th a t a n o th e r cau s e o f
d i s s i m ul at ion l ie s in th e ir comp as s ion a fe m in in e q ual i ty o n
,

w h i c h L o m bros o and F e rre ro e l se w h e re rig h tly i n s i s t ; an

.

e x ag g e ra t e d d e s i re t o av o i d h ur t i n g o r s h o c k in g o th e rs i s o n e
o f t he m o s t fre q u e n t c au s e s o f m in o r d i s s i m u l a t io n s an d work s ,

m ore p o we rfully i n wo m e n th a n i n m e n I w o u ld a l s o a dd
.

th a t th is t e n d e nc y t o cau t ion and ru s e is by n o m e an s con fi ne d

t o t he h um an fe m al e ; i t appe ars t o b e a fac t o f c o n s i d e rabl e
zo o l o g i c a l e xt e n s i o n a n d i s roo t e d i n t h e n e ce s s i t y t h e fe m a l e i s
,

un d e r o f g u ard in g h e r o ffs pr in g fro m d an g e r ( Se e e g L es

.
, . .
,
R use s M a t e rne ll e s c h e z le s S c i 19 0 1 p p , ,
.

80 F e mal e m onk e y s ar e m o re c a u t io us a nd c unn in g th an

t he m a l e s an d i t i s sai d th a t t ra p pe rs o n t he a v e rag e c a n o n ly
,
cat c h o n e n u rs in g m o th e r an d th re e o r fo ur fe m a l e s o f an y k in d
for t wo s co re s pe c im e n s o f t he l e s s wary s e x .

B u c kl e has di g n ifi e d t he r eady w i t o f w o m an by
t e r m i ng it a t e n de n c y t o s t art fro m id e as r a th e r th an
fro m t he p ati e n t c o ll e c ti o n o f fac t s : m e n s m i n ds , he
’

as s e rt e d , ar e n at u ra lly i n du c tiv e , w o m e n s d e d u c tiv e 1

’
.

I t w o u ld p e rh a p s b e m o r e c o rr e c t t o say th at w o m e n
s t a rt m o r e r e a dily ,
p e rh ap s w ith o u t a ny co n sc i o u s
i n t e ll e c t u al p ro c e ss , fro m t he i m m e d i a t e fac t b e fo r e
th e m It i s u n q u e s ti o n ably a v al u abl e p osse ss i o n,
.

a n d , as B u c kl e r e m a rk s , w o m e n s fi n e a n d n i m bl e
’

m i n d s a r e n o d o u bt O ft e n irr e tri e v ably in u r e d by

i
“
th a t p re p os t egqus s ys t e m c a ll e d th e ir e duf ziti o n
_
.

H e r e fe F t he n o t abl e su p e r i o r i ty Of w o m e n i n
"

q u i c k ne s s o f i n t e lli g e n ce am o n g t he l o we r c l asses ,
a n d t o t he fac t th a t a s tr a n e r i n a fo r e i n l an d w ill
g g
a l w ay s fi n d th a t hi s di ffi c u lti e s a re m o r e r e a dil y
u n de r s t o o d by w o m e n I thi n k th e r e c a n b e littl e
.

d o u b t as t o t he m o re r e ady i n t e lli g e n c e O f wo m e n
a m o n g t he u n cu ltiv at e d c l as se s , w h at e v e r t he cau s e

m ay b e I n t he so lit u d e o f t he A u s tr a li a n b u s h , fo r
.

“
1
The I n fl ue nce of W o me n on the P ro g ress of K no wl e dg e ,
Buck l e Vzscel/a u eous W or ks,
’ '

s J vo l
. i .
 2 00 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c el ve re r th a n b oy s 1 B e ll e i ag a i n i n I t aly fou n d
.
, ,

th at sc h ool -g irl s o f an ave r ag e age o f n e a rly t we lve

y ears we r e m o r e d e v e l o p e d m e nt a lly th a n b o y s O f
t he s a m e c l ass a n d n e a rly t he s am e ag e
2
S aw
, h .

.
,

al s o , i n i n v e s ti g ati n g m e m o ry i n sc h oo l c h i ldr e n .
,

fo u n d th at t he c hi e f diffe re n ce w a s t he g re a t e r p r e
c oc i t y o f t he d e v e l op m e n t o f m e m o ry p ow e r i n
irl 3 A m o ng 1 000 W as hi n g t o n s c h o o l c h i ldr e n
g s . ,

M ac d o n ald s e l a b o r a t e d at a s h o w th at o n t he w h o l e
’

t he g irl s ar e a t t he u s u a l sc h oo l a ge a h e ad o f t he
b oy s 4 In av e r age ability t he g irl s w e re s u p e r i o r i n
.

n i ne s t u di e s i n fe ri o r i n fo u r a n d e q u a l i n o n e
,
The ,
.

r ity f irl s see m s t o e xt e n d b e y o n d t he sc h oo l

‘

p e co c o g
ag e ; i n A m e ri ca Sco tt Th o m as ha s fou n d th a t y o u n g

w o m e n g r a d u at e a t a n earli e r a g e th a n y o u ng m e n
i n t he sam e co ll e g e .

r
It i s an i nt e e s t i n g fac t , an d pe h a p s o f s o m e s ig n ifi can ce , r
r r
th at am o n g p im i t i v e ace s i n all p a t s o f t he w o ld t he c h ild r r
r r
r e n a t a n e a ly a g e ar e v e y p e co c i o u s i n i n t e ll i g e n c e r
It i s .

s o a m o n g t h e E s k im o as we ll as a m o n g t h e A u s t a l ian s r .

r
A m o n g t he A f i can F an t is , L o d V r
Vols e le y e m a k s , The b o y i s r r
r r r rr
far b ig h t e , qui c k e , a n d c l e v e e th an t h e m an Y o u c an a p pa . r
e n tly t e ac h t h e b o y an yth i n g u n t i l h e e ac h e s p u b e ty , th e n h e r r
r
b e c o m e s g ad ually d ull e r an d m o e s t up id , m o e l azy , an d m o e r r r
r
us e l e s s e v e y d a y
”
Kaffi r l a d s , a l s o , G al t o n w as t o ld , a r e oft e n
.

ah ea d o f wh i t e b o y s i n t he e a ly s t ag e s o f e d uca t i o n, b ut t he r
r
l im i t s of th e i d e v e l o pm e n t a re s o on e ach e d A m ong t he l o we r . r
r
y e ll o w ac e s t he s am e p h e n o m e n o n i s wi t n e s s e d Th u s L e c l e e , . r
i n h i s s t udy o f t h e C am b o dg ia n s , foun d th a t t he c h i ld e n are r
r
v e y i n t e ll ig e n t w h e n y o un g , b ut th at at the ag e o f fi ft e e n th e y

1 ’
It ev u e Sci en t z
fi qu e , 18 8 1, p 30 8
'

. .

2
R ev Sper a’i F r e n , v ol xxi x , p 4 4 6
. . . . . . .

3
P edag og i ca l Sem i n ary , O c t 18 9 6 Ea rl Ba n es wri t e s : “ W i th a
. . r
s t udy no w i n p ro g ress o n 2 9 00 ch i ld re n fro m M o n t e re y C o u n ty C a l i
,

fo r mia , foll o wi ng Bi ne t s t es t s i n p e rce p t io n, we a r e ce rt a i n ly abl e t o

’

d e mo nst rat e th at the g i rl s i n th at co unty fro m e l eve n t o th i rt e e n y ears

r
o ld h av e a c o nsi d e ra b ly mo e d e t ai l e d a nd e xt e nd e d k n owl e d e o f
g
co mmo n o bj e c t s a bo u t th e m th an i s
p ossesse d by boys o f the same
ag e , o r e l se th e y h av e s u e i or
p p o wer o f e x p r
res si o n
”—
P edag og i ca l .
‘

S em i n ary , M arch 18 9 3 .

4
E d u ca t i on R epor t , 18 9 7 -9 8 , p p 104 3, 104 6 . .

5
1 op Sci M on t hly , J un e 19 03
’
. . .
 TH E I N TE L L E C TU AL I M P U L SE .
‘
2 01

b e come s t at ionary an d t i v e ; a c e rt ain o b s curity— nu p eu

less ac
de u ni t — comes o n t h e ir m in d s an d a t the s ame t i m e th e i r
,

fe a t ure s b e come l e ss re g u l ar an d b e au t i fu l th an th e y we re b e fore .

“
( L e c l ere ,
M oe u r s e t C o u t u m es d e s C a m b o d g i e n s
”
R ev ue ,
Sci entifigue 2 1 j uin
, I t s e e ms th at t he l o we r the race
t he m ore mark e d is th i s p re c o c i ty a n d i t s arre s t at p ub er ty It .

i s a fac t t h at m us t b e t ak e n i n c o nne c t i o n wi th t he p e cul iarly

.

h u man c h arac t e rs o f t he y o u th fu l a n th ro po i d apes and t he m o re

d eg rad e d m o rph o l og ica l c h ara c t e rs o f t he a d ult s .

A mong t he c i v i l i s e d E u ro pe an race s -p re coc i ty o f i nte lli

g e nce s peak ing g en e ra lly i s n o t a fac t o f g oo d aug ury fo r
, ,

i n t e ll ig e nce in aft e r-l i fe Th i s s t a t e me n t i s s carce ly q ua l ifi e d

.

by t he fac t th a t amo ng p e rs o n s o f ab n o rm al in t e ll e c t o r g e ni us ,

e x t rao rd i n ary p re c oc i ty i s s o m e t i m es fo u n d The av e rag e re s ul t s

.

o fp recoc i ty o n aft e r-d e v e l o p m e n t ca nn o t a t p re s e n t b e d e fi n i t e l y

s t a t e d as re g ard s i n t e ll ig e n ce b ut a pp e ar m o re c l early i n o th e r
,

fi e ld s wh ic h are m ore e as ily o p e n t o e x a c t o b s e rv at ion Th us .

G al t o n, cons id e ring t he re s u lt s o f ce rt ain t abl e s o f the h e ig h t

o f the mal e po pul at io n w h ic h h e h ad p re p are d and wh i c h ,

a p pear i n t he R e por t o f t he A n th ro po m e t ric C o mmi t t e e o f t he

“
B ri t i s h A s so c ia t io n r e m a rk s : P re coc i ty i s o n the ,
w h o l e , o f no adv an t ag e i n l a t e r l ife a nd i t m ay b e a disad
,

v an t ag e . It i s ce r t ai n th a t th e p re cocious p ort ion d o not

m ain t ain t h e ir l e ad t o t he fu ll e xt e n t ; i t i s po s s ibl e th at t h e y
may ac t ua lly fal l ba c k a n d th a t m an y o f th ose who occ up ie d a
,

lo w p l ace in the s t a t i s t i c a l s e rie s b e t we e n t he ag e s o f 14 an d 16

o ccup y a h ig h p l ac e a ft e r t h o s e y e ars
”
.

It is pro b abl e th at re su lt s o f i nt e re s t i n re fe re nce

t o s e x u a l diffe r e n c e s i n i n t e lli g e n c e a n d i t s d e ve l op
m e n t w ou ld b e o bt a i n e d by t he c a r e fu l us e o f
sc h o o l -r eco rd s So m e thi n g has a lready b e e n d o ne
.

i n thi s dir e c ti o n by R o u sse l by R i cca rdi an d o th e r s ;

, ,

an d s u c h q ue s ti o n s ar e n o w b e i ng s e ri ou s ly t ak e n
u p i n A m e ri ca R o u s Se l fo r i n s t an ce has co m
.
, ,

p a r e d t he p u n i s h m e n t s r e ce iv e d by b o y s and g irl s
at diffe r e n t B e l g i a n s c h oo l s H e fou n d th at ou t
.

o f 100 b oy s 9 o r 1 0 a re p u n i s h e d fo r pil fe ri ng ;
,

o u t o f 100 g irl s not o ne ; ou t o f 100 b oy s 54 ,

a re p un i s h e d for q u a rre lli n g a n d s triki ng ; ou t o f

1 00 g irl s on ly 1 7 O n t he o th e r h and he fo u n d
.
,

th at girl s are m o re idl e th a n b oy s in t he pr o po rti o n

o f 2 1 girl s t o 2 b o y s O n t he w h o l e du ri ng 186 0-7 9
.
, ,

3 1 p e r c e nt o f t he b o y s w e r e p u n i s h e d 2 6 p er ce n t
.
, .
2 02 M AN AN D W O M AN .

Of t he g irl s .
1
fi n d s fr o m a n e x a m i n ati o n
R i ccardi
O f se v e r a l h u n dr e d s c h oo l c hildr e n o f M o d e n a a n d

B o l o g na th at g irl s h ave a g r e at e r fo n d n e s s for s t u dy

th an bo ys ( 6 1 pe r ce n t ag a i n s t 4 3 p er . th at .

g irl s h ave al so a g r e at e r fo n d n ess fo r m a n u a l w o rk

( 2 7 per ce n t ag ai n s t 2 2 p er ce nt ) w hil e t he nu m b e r
. .

o f b o y s w ith ou t a ny p re fe r e n ce i s m u c h g r e at e r th an

o f g irl s (3 5 p er ce n t ag ai n s t 1 2 p e r c e n t )
. R i cc ardi .

c o n s id e r s th at wo m e n h av e g r e a t e r e d u c a bility soc i a ,

bili ty d o m e sti c ity dili g e n c e a n d a m o r e p r o fo u n d

, , ,

p s y c hi c a t a vi s m th a n m e n
2
It i s n o t u n til a ft e r t he
.

ag e O f s ixt ee n th a t t he i n t e ll e c t u a l su p e ri o rity o f b oy s

a s s e rt s it s e lf I t w ill b e se e n th a t R i ccar di s r esu lt s d o

’
.

n o t see m q u it e t o ac co rd w ith R ou sse l s a s t o t he

’

fre q u e n cy o f idl e n ess am o ng g irl s I t m ay b e add e d .

t h at i n l u n ati c asyl u m s th e r e i s u s u ally sa id t o b e

m o r e di ffi c u lty i n p e r su a di n g t he w o m e n t o w o rk th an
t he m e n The b es t fi e ld for s t u dyi n g o bj ec tive ly t he
.

de v e l o p m e n t o f se xu al diffe re n ce s in c h ar ac t e r an d
m e n t a l d e ve l o p m e n t i s i n m ix e d s c h o o l s .

I t w ou ld ap p e a r fr o m v a ri o u s s e ri e s o f o b se rvati o ns
th at i n b oth se x e s t he o n se t o f pu b e rty has a v e ry
co n s id e r a bl e e ffec t i n m o difyi n g h e i g ht e n i n g o r , ,

de p re ss i n g m e n t a l a c tiviti e s It m ay n o t b e o u t o f .

p l ac e t o re fe r h e r e t o i t s v e ry m a rk e d i n fl u e n ce o n
c o n du c t Thi s i s c l early see n i n t he i n ve s ti g ati o n s
.

m ad e by M a rr o i n N o rth I t aly 3 The va l u e o fM a rr o s .

’

o b s e rv a ti o n s i s du e t o t he fa c t th a t i n b o th b o y s a n d

g irl s he di s ti n g u i s h e s b e t w e e n th ose who did a n d did

n o t s h o w t he s i g ns o f pu b e rty C o n s id e ri n g ag e .

al o n e he fo u n d th at th e r e i s a d e sce n t fr o m t h e a e
, g
O f e l e v e n w h e n co n d u c t i s g oo d t o fo u rt e e n w h e n it
, , ,

i s at i t s w o rs t ; aft e r th at ag e th e r e i s a s t eady an d
u n br o k e n ri se u
p t o t he ag e O f e i g ht ee n It wa s .

fou n d th at a t t he ages o f thirt e e n an d fou rt e e n t he

co n d u c t o f th ose b o y s w ho had r e ac h e d
p u b e rty was
1
T R ousse l , E n gu éte s u r les Ofp li elzn a ls , e tc , 18 8 1
'

. . .

R i ccard i A n t r opolog i a e P edag og i a , P ar t I , 189 1, pp

, . . 12 1, 16 1 .

3 ’

M arro , L a P uber te, pp 6 7 . et seq.

2 04 M AN AN D W O M AN .

D e l au n a y lt e d a n u m b e r O f m e r c h an t s co n
co n s u
.

ce r n i n g se x u a l di ffe re n c e s i n i n d us tri al o cc u p a t i o n s ,
“
a nd th e y g e n e ra lly ag ree d th a t w o m e n ar e m o r e
i n d ustri ou s b u t l ess i n t e lli g e n t th an m e n ; th u s i n
p ri n ti n g e st abli s h m e n t s fo r i n s t a n c e w o m e n w e re , ,

fou n d t o w o rk m e c h a n i cally w ith m i nu t e att e n ti o n t o ,

de t ail b u t w ith ou t fu lly u n de r s t an di n g w h a t th e y

,

w e r e d o i n g so th a t th e y co m p o se d ve ry w e ll fr o m
,

p ri n t e d c o p y b u t n o t s o w e ll fr o m m a n u s c ri p t a s
,

me n 1 M r Sidn e y W e bb r e m a rk s th at t he P r u d e n ti a l
. .

L ife A ss u r a n c e C o m p a n y e m p l o y s co n s id e r a bly o v e r
2 00 l a di e s i n r o u ti ne c l e ri c al w o rk (c o p yi n g l e tt e r s ,
“
filli ng u p fo r m s Thi s w o rk th e y p e rfo r m
, ,

I am assu re d r ath e r b e tt e r a n d m o r e ra p idly th a n

,

me n B u t th e y are a b s e n t fr o m s i c k n e ss (u su a lly
.

o n ly s li g ht i n di s p os iti o n ) m o re th a n t w i ce as m u c h a s

t he m e n M o reov e r it has b e e n fo un d i m p oss ibl e t o

.
,

e n tru s t th e m w ith m o r e th a n r ou ti n e w o rk w hi c h ,

i s a dr aw b ac k t o th e ir adv an t a g eo u s n e s s t o t he
e m lo ye r r u ti n e rk h v e r — th a t is t o
2
p I n o . w o o w e ,

s ay c o n ti n u o u s wo rk at a lo w p r e s s u r e — i t i s p ro b abl e
,

th at th e y are s u p e ri o r t o m e n p ossess i ng th us g re at e r ,

a p li cati o n a nd
p p ati e n ce ; thi s see m s a c h ar ac t e ri s ti c
3
o ft he w o rk O f b o th c ivili se d an d u n c ivili se d w o m e n .

It se e m e d t o m e a m at t e r o f so m e i n t e re s t t o
as c e rt a i n t he e x p e ri e n c e s O f t he P o s t o ffi c e s o l a r e -
g ,

an e m p l o y e r O f b o th m e n a n d w o m e n as t o se x u al ,

diffe r e n ces i n c ap ac ity I t i s n o t alt o ge th e r e as y to

.

o bt a i n s u c h i n fo r m ati o n a n d it d oes n o t s e e m p oss ibl e

,

a t p re s e n t t o O bt a i n it i n a d e fi n it e an d
p r e c i s e fo r m .

I h ave h o w e ve r r ece iv e d fr o m a n a u th o rit a tiv e so u r ce

, ,
.

a n u m b e r o f O p i n i o n s w hi c h r e p re s e n t t he e x e ri e n c e
p
O f v ari o u s l a rg e p os t o ffi c e s i n di ffe r e n t
p a rt s O f t he
-

ki ng do m a n d w hi c h are re g arde d as b e i n g ty p i c al
,

and r e li abl e r e s u lt s Th u s on e O f t he c hi e f p o s t
.
,

1
It evu e Sci en t zfirl zl e , 188 1, p 30 7
’
. .

’
2
S W e bb,
.
“
A ll e g e d D i ffe re nces i n the W ag e s paid to M e n an d to
Wo e W o k,
”
m n fo r Simi l a r r E con om i c f ou r u a l, 189 1, p 6 3 5 . .

3
L o mbro so and F e rre ro ( pp 17 7 -17 8 ) br i ng for ward e v id e nce on th is
.

poi nt .
 i

TH E I N TE L L E C TU AL I M P U L SE . 2 05

m as t e r s i s o fO p n o nth at as c ou n t e r an d i ns tr u m e n t al
i i
c l e rk s
, do i n g c o n cu rr e n tly m o ne y o rde r and savi n g s
b an k d u ti e s t aki n g in t e l e g ram s and s ig nalli n g an d
, ,

r ece ivi ng t e l e g r am s an d i n att e n di n g t o r o u g h an d

,

illit e rat e p e r so n s w o m e n c l e rk s ar e p re fe r abl e t o m e n

, .

Th e y k e e p th e ir s t o c k s i n ne at e r o rde r an d are m o re ,

c a r e fu l w ith m o n e y ; th e y s e ak b e tt e r as a r u l e a nd
p , ,

a re m o re
p ati e n t I n a n o th e r (we s t co u n try ) di s tri c t
.

w h e re t he t e l e gr ap h w o rk i s e n tir e ly p e rfo r m e d by
w o m e n it i s s t at e d t o b e ad m ir a bly d o n e
, At a v e ry .

l a rg e p r o vi n c i a l O ffi ce it i s fou n d th at w o m e n co m p a re
fav ou r ably w ith t e l e g r aphi s t s O f t he o th e r se x do i ng ,

th e ir w o rk a s a r u l e w ith e q u al i n t e lli g e nce an d

, ,

acc u r ac y B u t it i s fo u n d th at th e ir h a n d w r iti n g i s
.

n o t u s u a lly s o
g oo d a n d th at th e y r ar e ly e xhibit t he
,

sa m e d e s ir e a s m e n t o O bt a i n a t e c h n i cal k n o w l e d g e

O f t e l e g r ap hy O n t he p os t a l s id e th e y a r e a l so
.

r e ga rd e d as a di s ti n c t s u c cess at t he c ity i n q ue s t io n .

C o m p l a i n t s fr o m t he p u bli c o f i n att e nti o n a nd i n

c ivility ar e l e s s fr e q u e n t i n t he c as e O f O ffi ce s w h e r e

w o m e n are e m p l o y e d ; a n d w o m e n k e e p th e ir s t am p
s t oc k s i n b e tt e r o rd e r a re l e ss tr o u bl e s o m e i n m att e rs
,

o f di s c i p li n e a n d ar e r e g ard e d a s l ess li abl e t o g o

,

w r o n g i n m o n e y m att e r s th an m e n A s a r u l e th e y.

d o th e ir w o rk w ith i nt e lli g e n c e a n d acc u r ac y a n d ,

u n d e r o rdi n a ry c o n di ti o n s th e y p r o b a bly d o it a l m os t

as q u i c kly ; b u t a t ti m e s o f p r e ss u r e th e y are n o t abl e

t o m a i n t a i n a c om p e titi o n w ith m e n at t he h e avi e r

ki n d s o f w o rk e s p e c i ally at W h e at s t o ne c ir cu it s e t c
, ,
.
,

o w i n g t o a l a c k o f s t a yi n g p o w e r A n o th e r r e p o rt al so
.

e x p r e sse s d o u bt a s t o t he s tr e n g th an d s t ayi n g p o w e r

O f w o m e n fo r t he co n ti n u o u s w o rk O f a h e avy h ead

O ffi ce co u n t e r a n d m al e ass i s t a n c e has b ee n r e q u ir e d
,
.

A s a g e n e r al r u l e i n t he O p i n i o n O f a n o th e r p os t
,

m a s t e r fe m al e t e l e g r ap hi s t s p e rfo r m co u nt e r d u ti e s
,

s ati s fac t o rily b u t i n c as es o f e m e r g e n c y th e y are n o t

,

e q u a l t o m al e O ffi ce r s a n d t he p r o po rti o n o f e rr o r s
,

i s g e n e r ally g r eat e r a m o n g fe m a l e s th an m al es The .

l att e r al s o are fo u n d b e tt e r abl e t o m ai nt ai n o rd e r

2 06 M AN AN D W O M AN .

and di sc i p li ne am o n g t he m e s se n ge r s A s re g ards .

i nstr u m e n t r oo m du ti e s w o m e n w o rk m o de r at e ly bu sy
,

c ir c u it s j u s t as w e ll a s m e n b u t it i s c o ns id e r e d
,

g e n e rally nec e s s a ry t o s t aff t he b u s i e s t c ir c u it s w ith

m al e t e l e g r ap hi s t s ; thi s app li e s m o r e p arti c u l ar ly t o
n e w s w ir e s t he w o rk b e i n
, g t oo h eavy for wo m e n ,

w ho do n o t s e e m t o p ossess t he w ri s t p o we r re q u i s it e
-

fo r r ap id w riti n g a n d at t he s am e ti m e fo r m a ki n g
,

t he r e q u ir e d n u m b e r o f c o p i e s M o r eo v e r for thi s
.
,

c l ass o f w o rk m al e t e l e r a hi s t s ar e b e tt e r q u alifi e d
g p
becau se as a r u l e th e y are m u c h b e tt e r i n fo r m e d o n
, ,

a ll t o i cs o f g e n e r a l
p p u bli c i n t e r es t w hi c h i s a n
,

e l e m e n t o f i m p o rt an c e i n d e a li n
g w ith n e w s tr affi c .

A c co rdi n g t o a n o th e r op i ni o n fi n a lly as s u p e rvi s i n g

, ,

O ffi c e r s w o m e n c a nn o t s o w e ll s t an d t he c o n ti n u o u s

w alki n g a b o u t t he i n s tr u m e n t ro o m whi c h i s r e g a rd e d
as v e ry n e c e ss a ry an d it i s al s o fo u n d th a t th e y e vi nce
,

n o d e s ir e t o a c q u i re t e c h n i cal k n o wl e d e
g .

The g e n e r al s e n s e O f th e s e a n d o th e r au th o rit ative

op i n i o n s i s fairly h a r m o n i ou s as t o t he r e l ativ e
c ap ac ity o f me n a n d w o m e n fo r os t -O ffi ce d u ti e s
p .

Th e r e app e ar s t o b e g e n e r a l ag re e m e n t th at w o me n
are m o r e d oc il e a n d a m e n a bl e t o di s c i li n e ; th at th e y
p
can do li g ht w o rk e q u ally w e ll th at th e y ar e s t e adi e r
i n so m e r es p ec t s ; b ut th at o n t he o th e r h an d th e y
, ,

are o ft e n e r a b se n t o n a ccou n t O f s li g ht i n di s os iti o n

p ,

th e y bre ak d ow n soo n e r u n de r s tra i n (alth o u g h co n

s id e r ati o n i s s h o w n th e m i n t he m att e r o f h o u r s ,

a nd e xhibit l e s s i n t e lli ge n ce o u t s ide t he o rdi n ary

r ou ti n e n ot s h ow i n g t he sam e abili ty o r w illi n g n ess
,

(p oss ibly b ec au se th e y l o o k fo r wa rd t o m arri age) t o

ac q u ir e t ec h n i cal k n o w l e d g e I n L o n d o n it i s t he
.

g e n e ral e x p e ri e n c e th at w o m e n a re l ac ki n g i n co u rt e s y
t o t he pu bli c ; m an y co m pl ai n t s a re re ce iv e d c o n ce r n
i n g t he di sc ou rt e s y O f t he fe m al e c l e rk s a n d s o m e ,

os t -O f fi ce r s h a ve a n O bj ec ti on t o t he e m p l o y m e n t O f
p
w o m e n o n thi s a ccou n t I n s o m e o f t he l a r g e p r o
.

v i n c i a l o ffi ces , h ow e v e r it i s fou n d th at wo m e n are

,

m o r e c ou rt eo u s th a n m e n .Th e se re su lt s se e m t o
2 08 M AN AN D W O M AN .

in i ts ac t ual
c h e a pn e s s th a n i n i t s d o c il i ty and wan t of com ‘ ’

b inat ion ‘ W om e n s t rik e l e s s s ay s o n e A s im i l ar fac t is

.
,
’
.

record e d as t o t he e mpl o y me n t o f the n e g ro in manufac t uring

i nd us t ri e s i n the N e w So u t h ( U n i t e d St at e s )
‘
I fi nd i t ’
.

d iffi cult to d raw any g e n e ra l con c l us ion from the fo reg oing
fac t s .But t h e y s ug g e s t t o m e th a t t he fre quen t i nfe riori ty o f
wo me n s earni ng s i n m an ua l wo rk i s d ue i n the main t o a
’
, ,

g e ne ral b ut n o t i n v aria bl e in fe rio ri ty o f p ro d uc t iv e po we r ,

us ua lly i n q uan t i ty s o m e t im e s i n q u a l i ty an d nearly alway s in

, ,

n e t t adv an t ag eo usn e s s t o t he e m p l o y e r The pro bl e m o f .

the ine q ual i ty of wag e s i s o n e o f g re a t p l ural i ty o f causes and

i nt e rmi xt ure o f effe c t s an d o n e m ig h t n o t i mpro b ably fi nd th a t,
,

i s oft e n t he c as e th e re i s n o s pe c i al wo me n s q ues t io n
’
as ,

i n t he matt e r ( Sid ne y W e bb A ll e g e d D iffere nce s i n the

” “
.
,

W ag es, ”
E co nomi c j ou r n a l,
e tc .
,

r
It is i nt e e s t ing t o fi n d th a t t h e e x pe ie nce o f the P o s t-o th ee r
r
in E ng l an d i s co n fi m e d by t h e e x pe i e nce o f o th e E u o pean r r r
c oun t ie s r Th is qu e s t io n has b e e n s t ud ie d by M r C H
. . . .

r r r
G a l and , Sec e t a y o f t he P o s t a l Te l e g a p h C l e k s’ ssocia t io n, r r A
i n a pape on “ W o m e n as Te l e g ap h is t s , ” i n the E con omi c
r r
j our na l (j une H e fi n d s t h a t i n 3 5 o f the 4 7 Ad mini s
t rat io n s o f t he P o s t al U n i o n wo m e n ar e e mp l oy e d o r h av e b e en
e mp l o y e d as t e l e g ap h i s t s r
B e l g i u m n o l ong e e c ei v e s wome n
. rr
r r
i n t o the t e l eg ap h se v i ce , and fe m a l e t e l e g ap h is t s are a mo i r r
r
b un d c l ass in Ge man y The A u s t ian A d m in is t at ion fi n d s th at
. r r
r r
wome n are n o t i nfe io t o m e n i n all o cc up at ion s m o e or l e s s r
m e c h ani ca l , b ut th at th e y a re n o t sa t i s fac t o y i n t he h i g h e r r
r
g ad e s , not h av ing s uffi ci e n t e n e g y t o o bt ain auth o i ty o v e r r r
o th e r r
pe sons, so t h a t i t i s a l wa y s n e ce s sa y t o e n t us t the r r
r
s u v e i ll ance o f wo m e n to m e n In F a n ce , a s i n E ng l an d , i t i s
. r
r
found th at in e pl aci ng a m al e b y a fe mal e s t aff t he numb e mus t r
r r
b e consi d e ably i n c e as e d , and s i c k -l ea v e i s m uc h g eat e in the r r
case o f wo me n r
R e t i e m e n t i s n o t co mp u l s o y o n m arri ag e , b ut
. r
rr r
i t i s fo und th a t m a iag e d e c e a s e s th e i i n t e e s t and e n e g y i n r r r
r r
th e i wo k ; and a lth ou g h i t i s c o n s i d e e d th a t the e mp l oy me nt r
o f wo me n is on t he wh o l e s a t is fa c t o y w h e n t he wo k i s e ul a
g r r r r
and e q ual , th e i r
t e ch nical kno wl e d g e is fo u n d t o b e d e fe c t i v e,
r
th e y are l e ss api d th an me n , an d m o e l iabl e t o b e come con r
fus e d . r
G e many i s un d e ci d e d i n i t s o p ini o n , and i n t he mean
r
wh i l e no mo e are b e i ng a d mi tt e d i n t o t he s e v ice Be l g ium r .

has c ome t o the conc l u s io n t ha t , a l th o ug h wo me n are apt and

r
i n t e ll ig e n t i n t e l e g r aph wo k, t he i e m p l o y m e n t i s not compat ibl e r
wi th t he h ig h es t e ffic ie n c y, as th e y c o uld n o t wo k at h ig h p es r r
r r
s u e or m e e t s u dd e n e m e g e n c i e s , a n d we e m o e f e q ue n tly ill r r r .

I n H oll an d th e y ar e foun d q u i ck e t o t i e th an me n, and the r r

se x ual r
at i o o f s i ck a b se n ce i s as 1 to 2 o r e v e n
3 Swe d e n .

r
and D enma k i n the n o t h a n d R o um an ia in t he s o uth al ike r
s pe ak of the l ack o f e n d u an ce r
In It aly , wom e n are a
ppo int e d
.
 TH E I N TE L L E C T U A L I M P U L SE . 2C 9

to h ig h -g rad e p os t s i n t he s e r v i ce aft e r pas s in g e x am ina t ion in a

v ari e ty o f s u bj e c t s b ut t h e y ar e foun d t o l a c k a u th ori ty o v e r
,

th e ir s t aff to b e wan t i ng in j ud g me n t a n d d e c is io n and unabl e

, ,

t o a p p l y e ffe c t i v e l y t he t e c h n i ca l k n o wl e d g e th e y
po s se s s .

The c h arac t e ri s t ics th u s re v e al e d re s e m bl e t ho s e fo u nd i n

E n g l a n d b ut it m us t b e add e d th a t o n t he w h o l e E n g l i s h
,

w o m e n t e l e g ra p h i s t s s e e m t o c o m pa re fav o u rabl y w i th t h e ir
C o n t i n e n t a l s i s t e rs P o s s i bly o n acc o un t o f t he g re at e r fre e d o m
.

o f E n g l i s h l ife th e y s e e m t o s h o w m o re b us in e ss ca ac i ty n o r
p ,

a r e th e re a n y co m p l a i n t s i n t h e E n g l i s h s e rv ice o f t he in ab i l i ty
o f wo m e n t o e x e r c i s e s u e rv i s io n o v e r th e i r o wn s e x th ou h t h e
p g ,

d is c i p l i ne i n th e fe mal e s e c t ion s is l e s s s e v e re a n d m e c h an ic al ,

a n d t he h ig h e r d u t i e s o fo r a n is a t i o n an d m a n a e m e n t ar e a l wa y s
g g
i n t he h a n d s O f a m a l e s u e r in t e n d e n t G a rl a n d m e n t i o n s
p . .

th at o n e o f th e d i v is i o n s o f t he C e n t ra l Te le g ra p h O ffi ce i n
w h ic h p rac t i ca ll y all c l a s s e s o f o rd i n ar y t e l e g ra ph i c wo 1k ar e
p e rfo rme d an d i n wh i c h t he w ire s ar e o f co ns id e rabl e i m po r t
,

a n c e i s s t af
, fe d a n d s u p e rv i s e d e n t ire l y by wom e n und e r t he
fu r th e r s ur v e ill a n c e o f a m an It i s ad m it t e d th a t t he s t a ff is
.

a p ic k e d o n e b u t t he re s u l t s o bt a i n e d ar e s t a t e d t o c o m pare
,

e v e n t o t he d i s adv a n t ag e o f t he a v e ra g e ma l e d i v i s i o n .

A bstr act Thoug ht — I t i s e as i e r t o co m p ar e t he

hig h e r a n d m o r e e x c e p ti o n a l i n t e ll e c t u a l q u aliti e s O f
m e n a n d w o m e n th an th e i r av e r a g e m e n t a l q u a liti e s ,
a lth o u g h i n bo th c a s e s w e h a v e t he s am e d i ffi c u lty
— w hi c h
c a n n o t a t p r e se n t b e d e fi n i t e ly r e so lv e d
.

i n d e t e r m i n i n g p r e c i se ly t he b o u n d a ry b e t wee n
o rg an i c c o n s tit u ti o n a n d e d u c a ti o n .

I t i s d o u btl e ss in a c co rd a n ce w ith w h at B u c kl e
t e r m e d t h e s p e c i al d e d u c tiv e b e n t o f th e ir m i n d th at
i n s c i e n ce it ha s a l w a y s b e e n i n t he m ath e m ati c a l
fi e ld th a t w o m e n h av e att a i n e d t he hi g h e s t am o u n t
o f su c c e s s
1
Thi s has b e e n t he c as e fo r s o m e ce n t u ri e s
.

p a s t , a n d e v e n t o d y , w h e n t he bi o l o g i c al s c i e n ce s ar e
- a

so w id e ly c u ltiv at e d a n d ar e e v e ry w h e r e O p e n t o

Wom e n , it w o u ld s till appe a r th a t it i s i n t he m o re

m ath e m ati c a l r e g i o n s o f p hy s i cs th at th e y a tt ai n
m os t s u c cess .

1
P oss i b ly th e re i s so m e co nne c t io n b e t we e n th i s fac t an d the fac t ,
wh i c h we m ay r e g ar d as u nqu e s ti o nabl e th a t m ath e ma t i ci a n s t e nd t o
s h o w m o r e ad mi ra t i o n fo r t he i n t e ll i ge n ce o f wo me n th a n d o me n

b e l o ng i ng t o any o t he r br an c h o f sci e n c e .
2 10 M AN AN D W O M AN .

Th e r e i s n o s uc h thi n g h o we ve r— o ne c an n o t t oo
,

o ft e n r e p eat i t— as p u re r ati o n a lity The th o u g ht .

th at w e c all ab s tr ac t has i t s fou n d at i o n i n t he o rg a n i c

a n d e m o ti o n al c h a ra c t e r o f t he i n divid u a l Ab s trac t .

th ou g ht i n w o m e n se e m s u s u ally o n t he w h o l e t o b e , ,

m ark e d by a ce rt a i n d oc ility an d r e ce p tive n e s s Even .

i n trivi a l m a tt e r s t he av e rag e w o m a n m o r e eas ily

a c c e p t s s t at e m e n t s an d o p i n i o n s th a n a m a n an d i n ,

m o r e se ri o u s m att e r s s he i s p r e p a r e d t o di e fo r a ,

s t at e m e n t o r a n o p i n i o n p r o vid e d it i s u tt e re d w ith
,

s u c h a u th o rity a n d u n c ti o n th a t he r e m o ti o n a l n at u r e.

i s s u ffi c i e n tly thrill e d Thi s i s alli e d with w o m an s

.
’

s u gg es tibility a n d it see m s t o h a v e t o s o m e e xt e n t an
, ,

o r g a n i c b as i s s o th a t w hil e t he c u lt u re o f t he m o r e
,

ab s tr ac t p o w e r s o f th o u g ht m ay m a k e it i m p oss ibl e

t o o b e y thi s i n s ti n c t th e r e i s s till a s tr u g g l e ; o r e l s e
,

t he m o r e p u re ly r a ti o n al m e th o d is att a i n e d— a n d
o ft en di s t o rt e d i n t he a tt ai n i n g— by t he c o m p l e t e

s u pp re ss i o n o f t he o th e r e l e m e n t s P r o fe s so r St an l e y .

H all i n t he c o u rs e o f a s e ri e s o f v e ry ca r e fu l a n d
,

s u g g es tiv e o b s e rv a ti o n s o n c hildr e n re m ark s that ,

“
t he n o r m a l c hild fe e l s t he h e ro i s m o f t he u n accou n t
abl e i n s ti n c t o f s e l f s a c r ifi c e far e a rli e r a n d m o r e
-

k ee n ly th an it c an a pp re c i a t e t he s u bli m ity o f
1 ”
tru th . I n thi s r e s p e c t w o m e n r e m a i n c hildr e n ,

an d th at th e y d o see m s t o r e s u lt fr o m t he o rg a n i c

fac t s o f w o m e n s life 2 I thi n k we m ay ag ree th at

’
.
,

a s B u rd ac h s a id l o n g a g o
“
W o m en t a ke tr u th as
,

th e y fi n d it w hil e m e n wa n t t o c re at e tru th
, T he .
”

l att e r m e th o d l eads fu rth e r if o nly fu rth e r i n t o e rr o r

, .

I t i s n o t s i m p ly th at w o m e n a re m o r e r e a dy th an
m e n t o ac c e p t w h at i s alr eady ac c e pt e d a n d w h a t i s
C h i ld re n A m j ou r n a l of P sy chology , J anuary 189 0
’
1
s L i es , . .

2
Th e re a re far m o re wo me n th an m e n who can say wi th M rs .

Be san t L o ok i ng bac k t o -day ov e r m y l ife I s e e th a t i ts k e y -n o t e

th roug h all the bl und e rs a nd the bl i nd m is t ak e s a nd c l umsy fo ll i es
has be en th is l o ngi ng fo r sa cr i fi ce to s o me th i ng fe lt as g re a te r th an the
se l f .
—A u loozog r aplzy , x i v
'

W h i l e the i ns t i nc t o f se l f-sacri fice i s

.

c o mm o n amo ng w o m e n i t canno t b e sa id th a t t he a re ci at i o n of t he
p p
s u bl i m i ty o f t r uth
"
r
i s a m a scu l i n e c h ara c t e i s t i c i n anyth i ng l i k e a
co rresp o nd i ng d e g re e .
 2 12 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w h at app ear s t o b e w o m e n s t e n d e nc y t o b e vividly

’

i
i mpre sse d by i m m e di at e fa c t s , a nd t o n e gl ec t th ose
th at are r e m o t e , i s fata l t o t he p hil o sop hi c th ou ght
w hi c h m u s t se e all thi n g s su b speci e wter ni ta ti s It i s .

r o b a bly t o s u c h c au s e s a s the s e th at we m u s t att ri

p
bu t e t he fac t tha t i n t he firs t ra n k o f th ose who h av e
de vo t e d th e m se lve s t o m e t ap hys i cs th e re i s n ot o ne
wo m an , whil e i n t he s e c o n d a n d third r ank s , fr om
H ypa ti a t o C o n s t an ce N a d e n , it i s ve ry h ard t o fi n d
wom e n who o cc u p y an h o n o u ra bl e p l ac e .

r
It can s ca ce ly b e s a i d th a t we h a v e m uc h wa an t b e yo n d rr
he r fame for as s ig n i n g a h ig h p l a ce t o H y p a t i a Th a t s he was .

o f a c u ious ly a nalyt i cal an d u ne m o t io n al — to t he o d in a y

r r r
r
m as cul i ne p e s o n i t m ay e v e n s e e m c y n i cal — hab i t o f m in d i s
r
i n d ica t e d by t h e u n t a ns l a t a bl e a ne c d o t e e co d e d by Suidas r r
( th oug h we canno t acce p t t h i s as u nq ue s t i onably a u th o i t at iv e ) : r
C u m d e aud i to r ib u s q u id am e am d e pe ri r e t, panno s m e n s ib us
foedat os ill i o s t e ndi s se dic it ur e t d ix is s e : H o c q ui d e m ad amas ,
o ad ole scens ; e t s ic a n i m u m ej u s s an as se
’ ”
It i s a c u i ous. r
r rr
fac t , e fe e d to by L o m b o s o and F e e o ( p r rr rth at among .

r r r
t he G e e k s th i ty -fo u wo m e n d i s t i n g u i s h e d th e ms e lv es i n t he
r
P yth ag o e an sc h oo l o f p h i l o s o p h y, an d s c a ce ly th e e o r fo u r r r
r
i n any o th e s ch o ol , o nly o n e am o ng t h e C y n i cs Th i s i s d ue , .

a cc o rd in g to th e s e w i t e s ,r rt o t h e P yth a g o e a n s h
c oo l bre in g
“
a
r
s o t o f co m pan y o f J e s u s , a pp e a l i n g t o t he e m o t i on s a th e th an r r
t he i n t e ll ig e n ce, a mo n as t i c as s o c i at i on w i th i t e s p os s e s s ing r
r
s peci al m o al aim s an d in c u l ca t in g fa m i ly v i t ue s
”
Th at C on r .

r
s t an c e N ad e n p os s e s s e d i n a h i g h d e g e e t he p u e ly m e t a h y s i cal
p r
r
i mpul s e th e e c an b e no d o u bt , a l th o ug h , wh e th e i n co ns e q ue nce r
r r
o f he r ea ly d e a th o r o th e wi s e , s h e ac h i e v e d n o m on ume n t o f

p h i l os o ph i c th ou g h t r
It i s wo th w h i l e t o q uo t e H e b e t
. r r
r
Spe n ce r s e s t i ma t e o f he r i n t e ll e c t an d e m a k s o n in t e ll e c t in
’
r
r r
wo m e n ge ne a lly (co n t a i n e d i n a l e t t e p u bl is h e d i n t he ne ws
r y r — “ e y V r r r
p p
a e s a fe w e a s a g )
o :
g e n e a lly e ce p t i v i ty and
r
o ig i nal i ty are n ot a s s o c i a t e d , b u t i n he r m in d th e y a
ppea t o r
r
h av e b e e n e q ually g e a t I c an th i n k o f 110 wo man, s av e G eo g e
. r
r
E l io t , i n wh o m th e e has b e e n th is u n i o n o f h ig h p h i l o s op h ica l
capac i ty wi th e xt e ns i v e a c q u i s i t i o n U n q u e s t i o nably he r s ubtl e
.

in t e ll ig e nce would h av e d o ne m u c h i n fu th e ance o f at ional r r r

th o ug h t , and he r d e ath has e n t ai l e d a s e io u s l o s s W h i l e I r .

r
s ay th i s, h o we v e , I c an n o t le t p as s t he o c cas i o n fo r e ma k in
g r r
r
t h at in he r case, as in o th e cas e s , t he m e n t a l p owe s so h ig hly r
d e v e l ope d in a wo man a re in s o m e m e a s u e ab no m al , and i h r r
v olv e a ph y s iol og ical cos t wh ic h he r fe m i n in e o g anisa t ion will r
r r
n o t b ea wi th ou t inj u y m o e o r l e s s p ofo un d r ”
r .
 TH E I N TE L L E C T U A L I M P U L SE . 2 13

P au l L afi tt e P a r a dox e ne Zé g a lzlé, 188 7 , p p 1 17 e t s eq )

(L e
’ ’ '

. .

r
has s o m e o b s e v a t i on s o n t he d iffe e n ce s i n t he h ig h e m e n t a l r r
q ual i t ie s o f m e n an d wo m e n wh i c h are wo th q u o t ing , as th e y r
a r e m u c h fai e rr r
an d m o e j u d i c i o u s th an s u c h o b s e v a t i o n s r
u s u a lly a re . r r
H e e m a k s th a t i n wo m e n t he e ce p t iv e fa c ult i e s r
a re m o s t d e v e l o e d , an d co n t i n u e s : —
p
“
W h e n c h i ld e n o f b o t h
'

r
s e x e s a r e e d u c a t e d t o e th e
g ,
r
i t i s t he g i l s wh o a re at t he t o p r
r r
d u in g t he fi rs t y e a s ; i t i s at th at t im e ab o v e all a q ue s t io n o f
r e c e iv in g i m r
p e s s io n s an d k e e p in g t h e m , and we s e e e v e y d a y r
t h a t wo m e n by t he v i v ac i ty o f th e i im p e s s ion s an d th e i r r r
r r r
m e mo y a r e s u p e io t o t he m e n who s u o un d th e m To th i s rr .

r
fac i l i t y i n s e izin g a n d e t a in i n fac t s m u s t b e add e d th e t a s t e
g
r
s y mm e t y w h i c h s e e m s i n n a t e in th e m ;
yo u wi ll un d e s t an d r
t he ap t i t u d e wh i c h th e y a l way s s h o w fo r t he s t u dy o f e o m e t y
g r .

In t he s am e way at t he e x am in a t i o n s at t he Sc h oo l o f M e d i c in e
.

w e m ay s e e y o un g wo me n s h in e i n p hy s io l o g y o r p a th o l o g y ;
r
t h e y h av e s e ize d t he s e ie s o f fac t s w i th a c l e a ne s s wh i c h r
r r
s t i k e s t h e e x a m in e s ; b u t fo r t h e m o s t
p a t th e y ar e i n fe io i n r r r
r
t he c l i n i ca l t e s t s wh i c h b ing o th e m e n t a l fac u lt ie s i n t o pl a y r .

r
G e ne al l y s pe ak in g , a wo ma n s e e m s m o e t o uc h e d by t he fac t r
r
th a n by t he la w, b y t he p a t ic ul a i d e a th a n by the g e n e al i d ea r r .

r
If i t i s a q ue s t io n o f p o n ou n c in g an o p in io n o n a k n o wn i n d i
v i d ua l , th a t o f t he m an will pe h a p s b e m o e e x ac t in g e ne al r r r
o u tl in e ; b u t if w e pa s s t o s h a d e s o f c h a ac t e , t he w o m a n r r
i m m e d i a t e l y h as t he adv an t ag e : a fa mil i a g e s t u e , a wo d r r r
r
e m p l o y e d m o e o ft e n th a n a n o th e , a w i n kl e fo mi ng a t c e t a in r r r r
m o m e n t s , a l oo k , a s m il e , all a re n o t e d by he r, ca t al o g ue d , an d
r
a pp e c ia t e d at th e i j u s t v a l ue r The s a m e d iffe e nce s ar e fo u n d
. r
r r r
i n l i t e a y wo k s : a w o man’s b o o k , wh e th e by M ad a m e d e St ael r
r r
o r Ge o g e E l i o t , i s wo th m o e i n d e t a i l th a n a s a wh o l e r No .

o ne q u e s t io n s th a t w o m e n are s u e io
p r r
t o u s i n t he e p i s t o l a y r
s tyl e . r r
VVhe n c e co m e s th is s u pe io i ty ? W e c o m p o se a l e tt e r
a s we wo u l d d a w u r r r r
p a e p o t , and w i t e c o ldly : a wo m an , o n
r r r r r
t he c o n t a y , w i t e s u nd e t h e i m p e s s i o n o f t he fa c t s ; s he r e
r
t ace s th e m , l e av in g t o e ac h i t s o wn p h y s iog n o m y , an d n a t u a lly , r
r r r r
w i th o u t e s e a c h o r h e t o i c, s h e fi n d s l ife a nd m o v e me n t a t t h e
t i p o f he r pe n .The h ab i t o f m in d d iffe s as the fac ult ie s d i ffe ; r r
r r r
w e a r e m o e i n t e e s t e d i n t he e l a t io n s o f t h in g s th a n i n t he
r
th in g s t h e m s e lv e s L a B uy e e , o n m o e th an o n e s id e , i s a
. r r
r
fe m in in e g e n ius ; D e s ca t e s i s t he ty pe o f t he m asc u l i ne g e n i us ;
i t wo u ld h a v e b e e n p o s s i bl e fo r a w o m an t o w i t e t he C a r a c r
l ér es , b u t I d o u bt i f an y w o m a n co u l d e v e e m ak e t he D i s rr ’

( ou r : do [ a M eflzoo e
’
. r r
In a wo d, th e e a re e q ui v al e n t fac u lt i e s ,
b ut th e y a r e n o t t h e s a m h
e: t e w o m a n
’
s m in d i s m o e c o n c e t e , r r
t h e m a n
’
s m o e ra b s t ac t ”
r .

I t m ay b e a d d e d th a t a c e t a in n umb e o f wo m e n ha v e at r r
t a i n e d e m in e n c e i n m a th e ma t i cs , a lth o u g h n o n e are a s so c i at e d
r
w i th any g e a t ac h i e v e m e n t Th u s M a ia L e we n p u bl i s h e d a
. r
 “

2 14 M AN AN D W O M AN .

b ook o f as t ronomical t abl es i n t he s e v e n t e e n th ce n t ury ; the

M arq ui s e d u C h at e l e t t ran s l a t e d N e wt o n s So ph ie
’

Gem 1ain was a h ig hly g i ft e d m a th e m a t ic i an ; M ad am e L e pau t e

co n t rib u t e d t o he r h us b an d s wo rk a n d a s s is t e d L a l an d e ; M aria
’
,

A g ne s i wro t e a b ook o n t he D iffe re n t i a l an d Int e gr al C al cul us

wh ic h has b e e n h ig hl y p ra i s e d by m a th e ma t i c ians ; L au ra Bas s i
was appo in t e d t o a pro fe ss o ria l c h a ir a t B o l o g n a ; M is s H e rs che l
was d is t ing ui s h e d as an as s i s t a n t t o he r b ro th e r ; M rs Some r .

v i ll e o bt aine d a wi d e re p u t at ion by he r m ath e m at ical an d

g e ne ral s c i e n t ifi c ab i l i t i e s ; a n d So p h i e K o wale v sk y p os se s s e d
g re a t ma th e mat i cal p owe rs w h i c h o bt ai n e d fo r he r a p ro fessorial
,

c h air in Swe d e n I t ak e m an y o f th e se fa c t s fro m J Bo ye r

. .
,
“
(wi th p ort rai t s) R“ev ue des
”
L e s F e mmes d an s la Sc ie n c e ,

R ev ues i sth Se p t e m be r 18 9 8 ; M rs G C F r an kl an d
, . . . W omen ,
”
a n d Sc i en ce ,N at u r e 19 th J u ly 189 4 ; an d c f D Beal e R epor ts
, . .
,

i s s u ed by M e Se/zools ’ I nqui ry Comm i ss i on on tire E du cati on of

Gi r ls [ n o d at e], p x i ii . . In th is c o ll e c t i o n o f R e p or t s by h ig h ly
c ompe t e n t i nq ui re rs wi l l b e fo u n d a n um b e r of in t e re s t i ng
o pin ion s o n t he m e n t al c a pac i t ie s o f wo m e n as we ll as on t he ,

n at ure and re s ul t s o f th e ir ed u c a t i o n a l t ra in i n g .

E ve n withi n the p hil o s o p hi c a l fi e ld it ap p ear s th at

wo m e n h av e ce rt ai n ra th e r r e s tri c t e d t a st e s L adi e s
’
.

p hil os op h e rs ac c o rdi n g t o t he e x p e ri e nce o f a w e ll

,

k nown W e s t En d b o o k s e ll e r are Sc h op e n h au e r , ,

P l at o M ar cu s A u r e li u s E p i c t e t u s an d R e n an 1 Th at
, , , .

i s to s ay th at w o m e n ar e attr ac t e d t o t he m os t co n
,

c r e t e o f all a b s tr ac t thi n k e r s t o t he m os t
p o e ti c t o
, ,

t he m os t i n ti m a t e ly p e r so n a l an d a b o ve all t o t he
,

m os t r e ligi ou s fo r e ve ry o n e o f th e se thi nk e r s w as
,

sat u r at e d thro u g h an d thro u gh w ith re ligi ou s

e m o ti o n .

R elig i on — Thi s l ead s u s t o i n q u ire wh at p art

.

wo m e n h ave had i n t he c r e a ti o n o f r e li g i ons N o o n e .

w ill qu es ti o n wo m e n s a p tit u d e for re li g i o n w h at e ve r

’

t he o rg an i c b as i s o f th a t a p tit u d e m ay b e : w h a t p a rt
h ave wom e n had withi n hi s t o ri cal ti m es in the m aki n g
o f r e ligi o n s ?
I n o rd e r t o a ns we r thi s qu e s ti o n I h ave s e ar c h e d
A D i cti onary of all R eli g i ons pu bli s h e d i a t he early '

p art o f t he l as t c e n t u ry I t co n s tit u t e s a fasc i

.

n ati ng b u t p ai n fu l p ag e i n t he hi s t o ry o f h u m an ity .

1 Westmi nster Gazell e, I 3th M ay 189 3 .

 2 16 M AN AN D W O M AN .

S o c i e ty of Vi c ti m s w as a c u ri ou s b o dy o f asce ti cs
fou n d e d by M ad am e B re h an i n t he e i g ht e e n th
c e n t u ry ; it w as o f so m e w h a t c r a zy c h a r ac t e r a nd ,

a pp ea r s t o h av e h ad n o e l e m e n t s o f vit a lity The .

U n ive r sal F ri e nd s we r e e s t a bli s h e d by J e m i m a

W ilki n so n i n A m e ri c a i n t he la s t c e n t u ry She .

had a tr an ce i n e arly life b e c am e i n s p ir e d a n d a bl e

,

t o w o rk m ir a c l es se ce d e d fr o m t he Q u ak e r s a n d
, ,

fo u n d e d a t o wn c all e d J e ru s al e m She w as a n .

e l oq u e n t
p r eac h e r a n d i s sa id t o h av e b ee n an
,

a m biti o u s a n d se lfi s h w o m an w ho di e d v e ry w ealthy

fr o m t he d o n ati o n s o f he r fo ll ow e r s The W ilh e l m .

i n i an s w e r e t he di s c i p l e s o f W ilh e l m i n a a B o h e m i an ,

w o m an o f t he thirt e e n th ce n t u ry She b e li e v e d th a t
.

t he H o ly G h os t w as i n car n at e d i n he r a n e w a n d s he ,

had t he s o m e wh at b e au tifu l th o u g ht th at w hil e t he

bl oo d o f J e s u s o n ly s av e d d e v o u t C hri s ti a n s thr ou g h ,

he r th e r e w as salv ati o n fo r J e w s Sa r ac e n s an d u n , ,

w o rthy C hri s ti a n s . O n t he w h o l e it c a n s c a r ce ly b e
,

s a id th a t thi s g r o u p o f s e c t s s h o w s b a dly ; t h e y w e r e

m os tly t o l e r a n t w i t h a s tr o n g t e n d e n c y t o m y s t i c i s m
,

a n d di s r e g a rd o f rit u a l an d m e th o d a n d w ith a v e ry ,

p r o n o u n ce d e l e m e n t o f h u m an c h a rity Still t he .

c u ri o u s fac t e m e r g es th at w hil e w o m e n u su ally fo r m

t he l a rg e r b o dy o f fo ll o w e r s i n a re li g i ou s m o v e m e n t ,

a s w e ll as t he m os t re c kl e s s a n d d e v o t e d t he y h av e ,

i n iti at e d b u t fe w r e li g i ou s s e ct s a n d th e se h av e had
,

littl e o r n o s t ability W o m e n h ave u su ally b e e n

.

co n t e n t t o a c c e p t w h at e v e r r e li g i o n c a m e t o h a n d ,

a n d i n th e ir fe rvou r th e y h av e l os t t he ca ac ity for

p
co ld c l e a r -s i g ht e d o r g an i s ati o n a n d a tt e n ti o n t o d e
,

t ail s Th e y c an s u pp ly m u c h o f t he livi n g s p irit u al

.

s u b s t an c e , if a m a n w ill s u pp ly t he m ou ld for it t o
flow i n t o The s t u dy o f t he Salvati o n Ar m y t he m o s t
.
,

re m a rk abl e r e li g i o u s m o v e m e n t o f 1e ce n t ti m es i s ,

i n s tru c tive fr o m thi s p o i n t o f vi e w .

W o me n h a v e p l ay e d a v e i y la rg e p at t i n C h ri s t iani ty fro m
t he fi t st, th o ug h in e ai ly t im e s it wa s d is t i n g u i s h e d
an un

pa1t . As a r ul e wo m e n t ak e b ut a s mall pa t t i n re v o l ut i o n s
 TH E I N TE L L E C T U A L I M P U L SE . 2 I 7

( al th o ug h l arg e par t in re v o lt s w h i c h a re o f m ore has ty an d

a
t e m po rary c h arac t e r) b u t a n an aly s is o f t he m ort u ary e p ig raph s
,

fro m t he C a t aco m b s o f R o m e co n t ai n e d i n D e R o s s i s wo r k s L a
,
’
,

It o ma S o tter r a n ea s h o w e d th a t 4 0 p e r c e n t o f th e m w e re o f
’
, .

wom e n .
( L o m bro so an d L as c h i L e C r i me ,
18 9 2 t o m e ,

ii p
. . Th e y d ou btl e s s p l ay e d an e q ually l arg e par t i n re l i
i b o re C h ris t ian i ty aro s e A m o n g t he non a r za o r v o t iv e
'
f ’
g o n e .
,

o ffe ri n s o f ra t e fu l R o m an s t o t h e
g g g o d s o f he al ing a r e fo un d ,

h e ad s o f e v e ry s ize an d ag e ; “ s o m e fe w ” s ay s D r Sam b o n ,
.
,
“
a r e o f b e ar d e d m e n a l arg e n u m b e r o f y o u th s an d c h i ld re n
, ,

b u t t he g re a t m aj o ri t y i s o fw o m e n o f e v e ry ag e ( L ui g i Sam b o n ,
“
D o n a r ia o f M e d ica l In t e re s t ” B r i t M e d j au n ,
2 0 t h J ul y
. .
,
_

18 9 5 )
If w e ask w h a t d e fi n i t e an d p e rm an e n t c o n t ri b u t i on s t o th e
s t ru c t ure o f t he C a th o l i c C h u rc h h av e b e e n m ad e by i t s v as t
a rm y o f w o m e n fo ll o we rs w e m ay fi n d a b r ie f b ut au th o r i t a t i v e
,

a n swe r by C ar d i n a l M ann i n
g i n hi s P re fa ce t o t he t ran s l a t io n
o f St C a th e r i n e o f G e n o a s v e r y b e a u t i fu l l i ttl e d e v o t i o n a l wo rk
’
.
,

t he Tr ea ti s e on P u rg a tory s Two o f t he g re a t e s t fe s t i v al s o f
t h e C a th o l ic C h urc h h ad th e i r o ri g i n i n t he i ll u m i n a t io n o f
h u m bl e an d u nl e arn e d wo m e n The F e as t o f C orp u s C h ri s t i
.

w as the o ffs pri n g o f t he d e v o t i o n o f t he B l e s s e d J ul i ana o f

R e t i nn e ; t he F e a s t o f t h e Sa c re d H e ar t o f th a t o f t he B l e s s e d
M a rg are t M ary : t o St C a t h e ri n e o fSie nn a o u r L o rd v o uc h s afe d
.

t he h o n o u r o f cal l i n g b ac k a g a i n t h e So v e re ig n P o n t ifl fro m t he
‘

s pl e n d i d b an i s h m e n t o f A v i g n o n t o t he th ro n e o f t he A po s t o l ic

Se e ; t o St Te re s a t he s pe c ial g i ft o f i ll u m in a t i on t o t e ac h t he
.
,

way s o f u n io n wi th H im se l f i n pray e r ; t o B l e s s e d A n g e l a o f
F o l ig n o t he e ig h t e e n d e g re e s o f c o m p unc t i o n a n d H i s o wn fi ve ,

p o v e r t i e s ; a n d t o St C ath e r in e o f Ge noa a n i n s ig h t a nd pe r
.

ce pt i o n o f th e s t a t e o fP u rg a t o ry w h ic h s e e m l ik e t he u t t e ran ce s
‘

,
”
o f o n e i m m e rs e d i n i t s e x p i a t io n o f l o v e .

P oli ti cs — I t i s s o m e w h a t r e m a rk a bl e th at w o m e n
h av e s h ow n far l e ss i n t e ll e c t u a l ability i n t he c re ati o n
o f r e li g i o n s th an i n t he v e ry diffe r e nt s p h e r e o f
p o liti c s M o r e th an s ixty y ea r s a g o B u rd ac h r e
. .

m a rk e d th at w o m e n a re p r o b a bly m o re fitt e d fo r
p o liti cs th an m e n , a n d he i n s t an c e d t he l a r g e n u m b e r
o f a bl e q u e e n s
1
J S . M ill m an y y e a r s a ft e r wa rd s
. .

a l s o m ad e s o m e r e m a rk s t o t he sa m e e ffe c t i n hi s

Su bj ecti on of W omen A m o n g all r ac e s a n d i n a ll

.

a rt s o f t he w o rld w o m e n h a v e r u l e d brilli an tly a n d

p
w ith p e rfe c t co n tr o l o v e r e v e n t he m os t fi e r c e a n d
1
P fiy s zoi og ze,
’ ’

t om
e i .
p 3 38
. .
2 18 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t u rbu l e n t h o rd e s Am o ng m an y p ri m itive races al so

.

a ll t he di l o m ati c r e l ati o n s w ith fo re i g n trib e s a r e

p
i n t he h an d s O f w o m e n a n d th e y h av e so m e ti m es
,

d ec ide d o n p eace o r w ar The g am e O f p o liti cs

.

see m s t o d e v e l o p v e ry fe m i n i n e q u aliti e s i n th ose

w ho p l ay a t it a nd i t m ay b e p ayi n g n o e x ce ss iv e
,

c o m p li m e n t t o w o m e n t o ad m it t he j u s ti ce o f O ld

B u rd ac h s r e m ark s
’
W h e n e v e r th e ir e d u cati o n has
.

be e n su ffi c i e n tly so u n d an d br oad t o e n a bl e th e m to
free th e m s e lve s fr o m fad s a nd s e n ti m e n t aliti e s w o m e n ,

p ro b a bly p os s e ss i n at l eas t as hi g h a d e g r ee a s m e n
.

t he p o we r o f d eali n g w ith t he p r ac ti cal q u es ti o n s O f

p o liti c s
.

It cann o t be id th a t i n thi s c h ap t e r we h a v e
sa

r e ac h e d m a ny de fi n it e re s u lt s A fe w c a re fu l e x
.

p er i m e n t s w hi c h n ee d co n fir m ati o n a n d e xt e n s i on ,

a ce rt ai n nu m b e r O f O b se rv ati o n s o n irr e g u l a r m asse s

o f d at a acc u m u l at e d i n t he p r ac ti c al e x e ri e n ces O f
, p
life whi c h h ave th e ir v al u e alth ou g h th e y are O p e n
,

t o v a ri e d m i s i n t e rp re t ati o n— thi s i s a b o u t all th at

e x pe ri m e n t a l p s y c h o l o g y has
ye t t o s h ow u s i n
r eg ard t o t he i n t e ll e c t u al diffe re n ce s O f m e n an d
wom en . B e y o n d th at i s m e r e s p ecu l ati o n fo u n d e d
, ,

t o w h at e xt e n t w e can n o t y e t t e ll o n t e m p o r a ry
,

s oc i al an d e d u cati o nal di ffe r e n c e s .

2 20 M AN AN D W O M AN .

A C TI O N O N N ER VOU S SY STEM — TEN D S TO A TTA C K TH E

BR AI N IN TH E SP I N A L C O R D I N W O M EN
M EN , .

H A IR AN D P l G M EN TA TI O N — SE X U A L D IF F ER E N C E S I N D IS

TR IBU TI O N , E TC .
, OF H A IR — TH E EY ES A N D P R O BA BL Y

H A I R A R E D A R K ER IN W O M EN — P O SSI B L E A D VA N TA G ES
OF P IG M EN TA TI O N .

TH E BL O O D .

BY m e t a b o li s m w e m e a n t he i n ti m a t e vit a l p r oce s s
— so far as c h e m i s try an d hy s i cs c an r e v eal i t — w hi c h
p
i s fo r e v e r c h an g i n g a n d r e n e w i n g t he ti s s u es O f t he
b o dy W h e n w e re ac h t he bl o o d w e c o m e c l ose t o
.
'

t he ce n tr al m e t a b o li c p r oce ss O f life , fo r it i s t he
bl oo d w hi c h i s t he dir ec t sou r ce O f t he m at e ri al fo r
thi s p r oc e ss E x c e p t su c h e l e m e n t ary c r eat u re s as
.

t he P r o t o z oa, all a n i m al s posse ss bl o o d , th o u g h

w ith g r eat i n divid u al v a ri e ti e s w ith r e g ard t o c o n
s t i tu e n t s , c h a r ac t e r , a n d c o l o u r R o u g hly s p eak.

i n g , t he bl oo d o f v e rt e br at es co n s i st s O f thr ee
e l e m e n t s , t he p l as m a o r fl u id p o rti o n , t he w hit e co r

p u sc les , a n d t he re d c o r p u s c l e s O f th e s e , t he p l as m a
.

i s t he m o s t p ri m itive , an d t he re d co r p u sc l e s t he l at es t
t o app ea r i n t he co u r se O f e v o l u ti o n I n t he h u m a n .

s p ec i es d u ri n g c hildh oo d w e n a t u r a lly fi n d th a t th e r e

a r e fe w e r r e d co rp u sc l e s th a n i n ad u lt ag e , a n d a l so

th a t t he h ae m og l o bi n (t he o xyg e n -carryi n g e l e m e n t i n
.

th e r e d c o rp u sc l e s ) i s l ess i n am o u n t , w hil e t he w hit e

'

c o rp u sc l e s ar e m o r e ab u n d a n t th a n i n l at e r life
( H ay e m ) .

D e n i s , a n d a ft e r wa rd s L e canu , w e re t he fir s t t o
draw a tt e nti o n t o t he fac t th at th e re ar e any s e x u al
diffe re n ces i n t he bl oo d ; and t he r e s u lt s o f th e se i a .

v e s t i g at ors , co n fir m e d a t a so m e w h at l a t e r
p e ri o d by
B e c q u e re l and R o di e r , s h o w e d th at t he bl oo d O f m e n
co n t ai n s l ess w at e r a n d m o r e r e d co r p u sc l e s , a n d i s

c o n se q u e n tly O f a hi g h e r s pec ifi c g r a vity , th an th a t

O f w o m e n ; th e se s t a t e m e nt s h av e s i n ce O ft e n b ee n

de m o n s t rat e d .

Th e r e app ears to be no e vide nce s h o w i ng co n

 M E TA B O L I SM . 22 I

c lu s i v e l th at t he w hit e co rp u s c l e sle ss a re m o re
y or
n u m e r o u s i n w o m e n th a n i n m e n b u t a ll p hy s i o l o g i c a l
1
,

c h e m i s t s a r e ag r e e d th at th e r e are m o r e r e d c o r p u s c l e s
i n t he m al e th a n i n t he fe m al e n o t o n ly i n m an b u t , ,

a l so i n m an y l o we r an i m al s .

C ad e t fo un d i n m e n o n an a v e ag e r re d co pus c l e s t o r
i n wo m e n , a n d Ko r n i lo ff, u s i ng a d iffe re n t m e th o d
r
V ie ro rd t’ s s pe c t os co p e- fo un d a s i m il a s l ig h t d iffe e n ce r ( Se e r .

r r
H ay e m s g e a t w o k , D u Sa ng , P a is , 18 89 , pp 184 et s eq )
’
r . .

W e l c k e g i v e s the n u m b e o f r e d bl o o d c o p u s c l e s p e r c m m
r r r . .

as in m e n , i n w o m e n ; o r, o th e wi s e e x r
r
p e s s e d , as 100 t o 9 0 L aa c he , i n a n an aly s i s o f s ixty case s ,
.

h as fo un d t he m e an t o b e pe r c mm fo r m e n , and . .

p e r c m m fo r w o m e n
. M ac ph a i l fi nd s
.

fo r h e al th y m e n , a n d fo r h e al th y w o me n ( M ac p h ail , .

A rt o n
“
. B l o o d o f t he In s an e ” i n D i et P sy e/z M ed ) Eh m an n
. . . r
a n d Sie g e l fo u n d in m e n t o i n w o m e n ; O tt o ,
in m e n t o i n wo m e n D u ing m e n s t ua t io n ,
. r r
r r
a s G o we s , St oc k m a n , an d o th e s h a v e fo u n d , th e e i s a r e clu c r
r
t io n t o the e xt e n t o f f om 10 t o 2 0 pe r c e n t .

I t i s , h o we v e r , by t he am o u n t O f h ae m o g l o bi n th a t
w e m o r e ac c u r a t e ly m easu r e t he fu n c ti o n a l p o we r of .

t he bl o o d L e i c ht e n s t e r n s t at e s th a t w o m e n fr o m
.

t he ag e s O f e l e v e n t o fifty av e r a g e 8 p e r c e n t l e ss .

h aem o gl o bi n th an m e n 2
A cco r d i n g t o M Ke n d r ic k ,
.
‘

th e r e i s p er ce n t h ae m o g l o bi n i n m a n s bl oo d ,
’
.

1 3 3 p e r ce n t i n w o m a n s ; a cco rdi n g t o P r e y e r , it i s
’
. .

2 2 t o 1 5 p e r ce n t i n m a n , 1 1 t o 1 3 p e r ce n t i n w o m a n ;
. .

d u ri n g p re g n an c y t he am o u n t o f h ae m og l o bi n I S o n ly
a b o u t 9 t o 1 2 p e r ce n t B u n g e has s u gg e s t e d th at a
.

s t o r a g e O f t he 1r o n i n hmm o b g lo b i n t ak e s p l a ce i n t he
m a t e r n a l o rg a n s e ve n b e fo r e t he fir s t co n c e p ti o n, i n
r e adi n e s s for t he s u pp ly O f t he foe t u s thr ou g h t he
p l a c e n t al c ir c u l a ti o n , an d h e h as s upp o rt e d thi s

1 r
R o b i n as se r t e d th a t th e y ar e m o r e n ume o us i n wo me n ; H ay e m
has d e nie d i t D i ltt ti o n O f t he bl o od t e nds , h o we v e r , i n g e ne ra l t o
.

i nc re ase o f t he w h i t e c e l ls , as ha s b e e n s h o wn b y, fo r i ns t a nce , Be a rd
”
a n d W i l co x , St ud i e s i n t he M e t a bo l i s m o f t e Bo dy F l ui ds , B r i t
h .

11
./ed f at/K , 13 th N o v e m be r 18 9 7
.
.

L e ipzi g ,
’
es B t u /es ,
’
U /z/er s zu /zu ug e u u o e r a en a
p ositi on by s h o w
i n g th at y o u ng
an im al s co n t ai n

a m uc h g r eat e r
a m ou n t Of iro n
th an ad u lt a n i m a l s .

I n h ar mo n y w ith
these O bse rvati o n s
are t he r e s u lt s of

F r i e d j u ng w h o
,

fou n d th at h u m a n
m ilk c o n t a i n s a
s m all b u t s t e a dy
am ou n t O f ir o n n o t ,

di m i n i s hi n g i n t he
co u r se O f n u r s i n g ;

th e re i s l e s s iro n i n
t he m ilk O fm o th e rs
o f m at u re ag e a n d ,

i t s di m i nu ti o n i s
li abl e to p r o du c e
d e r a n g e m e n t Of
n ou ri s h m e n t i n t he
i n fan t. W e m ay
say as L l o yd J o n e s
,

e x p r es ses it th at
,

thi s i s p art o f a
g e ne r a l s t o ri ng u p
of t issu e fo o d ,

p artly as fat p a rtly

,

as p r ot e id s a n d a
,

g e ne ra l r e d u c ti o n
o fk at ab o li c e n e rg y .

A c onven ie n t
an d wid e ly u se d
m e tho d for e s ti
m ati n g t he q u a lity
o f t he bl oo d i s by
ob t ain i n its
g
sp e c ifi c g r avity It .

i s w e ll r e co g n i s e d
that t he s p ec ifi c
 M E TA B O L I SM . 225

l
co o u r o f the iris h a ir a nd co mpl e x ion one can form a fairly
, , ,

ac c ura t e e s t i m a t e o f wh a t t he s pe c i fi c g rav i ty o f hi s or he r bl ood

oug h t to b e ” .

L l o yd J o n e s ha s re ce n tl y m a d e the i n t e re s t in g d is co v e ry
t h a t n o t wi th s t an d in g t he g e n e ra l lo w s p e ci fi c g rav i ty o f t he
,

bl o o d i n wo m e n t he p l as ma in wo me n has a s o me wh a t h ig h e r
,

sp r th an i n m e n r is ing at ub e r t y w h i l e i n m e n i t re m ai ns
.

g .
p , ,

s t a t i o n ary .

I t w ill th u s b e s ee n th at it i s a t pu b e rty t he se x u al
di ffe re nc e b e com es m ark e d The a ppe a r an c e o f
.

m e n s tr u a ti o n c o i n c id e s w ith low s p e c ifi c g ravity , an d

t he p e ri o di ca l r e c u rr e n c e o f m e n s tr u ati o n app e ar s t o
p r o d u c e a s li g ht fa ll i n t he s pe c ifi c g r avity A v e ry .

n o t e wo rthy s e x u a l di ffe r e n c e i s t he g r ea t r an g e i n t he
s p e c ifi c g r avity o f t he bl oo d , c o n s o n a n tly w ith h e alth ,

i n g irl s fr o m t he ag es o f fift e e n t o t we n ty -t wo ; a n d
t he l o we r li m it d u ri n g thi s p e ri o d fall s t o a v e ry low
poi nt I t i s t he ag e o f a n ae m i a , a n d D r L l o yd J o n e s
. .

m a k e s t he v e ry r e aso n a bl e s u g g e s ti o n th a t C hl o ro s i s ,
w hi c h i s es se n ti ally a di se ase o f y o u n g w o m e n , i s b u t
a n e x ag g e r ati o n o f a c o n diti o n w hi c h i s p hy s i o l o g i cal

at thi s ag e ( Se e c h art o n O p p os it e p age )

. .

I n O ld w o m e n t he s pe c ifi c g r a vity ri ses , an d D r .

L l o yd J o n e s su gg es t s th at thi s ri se m ay b e a fac t o r i n
t he g r e at e r l o n g e vity o f wo m e n I t i s c e rt a i n th at .

g o o d p hy s iq u e i s assoc i at e d w ith hi g h s p e c ifi c g r avity

o f t he bl oo d , a n d p oo r p hy s iq u e w ith a lo w s p ec ifi c

g r avity ; t he bl o o d o f C a m brid g e u n d e r g r ad u at es i s o f
v e ry hi g h s p ecifi c gravity ; t he bl oo d o f wor kh ou se
b o y s o f v e ry lo w s p ec ifi c gravity
Thi s diffe re nce i n t he q u ality O f t he bl oo d o f m e n
a n d wo m e n i s fu n d a m e n t al , a n d i t s i m po rt a n ce c an

n o t b e e x ag g e r at e d ; a lth ou g h i t i s p o ss ibl e th at i t s

s i g n ifi can c e m ay b e t o so m e e xt e n t n e u tr a li se d by

o th e r fac t or s .

P l u se-r ate. — The r ap idity of

h e art s ac ti o n t he
’

va ri e s ve ry g r eatly am o n g an i m al s t he h eart be ati n g ,

m o re s l o w ly i n p ro p o rti o n t o t he an i m al s g r eat e r s iz e
’
,

b u t t he r u l e n o t b e i n g p e rfe c tly c o rr e c t if w e c o m p ar e ,

fo r e x a mp l e bird s w ith m amm al s

,
The p u l se -r at e .

15
226 M AN AN D W O M AN .

u su a lly p re se rve s w ith t he r e sp irati r t r e l ati o n on - a e

-
a

Of ab ou t 4 t o I I n bird s t he p u l s e -r a t e i s v e ry
.

rap id ; i n t he m am m ali an se ri e s w e fi n d fo r i n s t a n c e , ,

th at t he pu l se -r at e o f t he m ou se i s 1 2 0 th at o f t he ,

d o g 7 5 o f t he h o rs e 4 2 o f t he e l e p h an t 2 8
, ,
I n t he .

s a m e s p e c i e s th e r e ar e diffe r e n c e s w hi c h ar e c l e a rly

a ss o c i at e d w ith t he b u lk o f t he o r g an i s m L arg e .

vi go rou s r ace s o f d og s h ave a s l o we r p u l s e th an

s m all e r r ac e s D r Se y m o u r T ayl o r r e m a rk s th at he
. .

has t a k e n t he pu l se -r at e o f g i g a n ti c m u s c u l a r m e n
e m p l o y e d i n q u a rryi ng a n d o th e r l ab o ri ou s oc c u p a

ti o n s m e n o f t he C u m b e rl an d fe ll s acc u s t o m e d t o
, ,

vi o l e n t s tru gg l e s i n t he w r e s tli ng ar e n a b u t o f
n a t u r ally p o n d e ro u s d e lib e r a t e n at u r e a n d has b ee n
, ,

s u r p ri se d t o fi n d th at th e ir h e a rt s w h e n a t r e s t an d ,

i n p e rfe c t h e alth h ave g o n e thr ou g h b u t 6 0 c y c l es i n

,

t he c o u r s e O f a m i n u t e i n o n e case o n ly ,
Th e re
a r e v a ri ati o n s a m o n g h u m an r aces w hi c h see m t o b e

a c c o un t e d fo r by c o n s id e r ati o n s o f s iz e an d n o t a s , ,

D e l au n ay 2 tri e d t o s h o w by a c o nn e c ti o n b e t we e n ,

i n fe ri o rity an d a q u i c k p u l s e : th u s if we t ak e 7 2 ,

w hi c h i s B ec l a rd s s t a n d a rd fo r t he F r e n c h m a n t he
’

u l s e -r at e o f t he s m all -b o di e d J a v a n e se i s sa id t o b e
p
as hi g h a s 84 th at o f t he C hi n e se and N i co b ar
,

I s l an d e r s 7 7 w hil e J o u ss e t s t at e s th at a m o n g
,

A s i ati c s an d Afri c a n s g e ne rally t he p u l se -r at e v a ri e s

b e t wee n 7 7 a n d 86 A m o n g B as hkir s h o we v e r .
, ,

w h o se av e ra g e h e i g ht was n o t m o r e th a n m m 1 66 1 .
'

W e i sse n be rg fo u n d th at t he av e r age p u l s e -r at e was

63 .

A m o n g n early all an i m al s t he h e art o f t he m al e

b eat s m o re s l o wly th an th at O f t he fe m a l e I n so m e .

a n i m al s if w e ar e t o ac c e p t o b se rv ati o ns th at a re
,

p ro b a bly n o t ve ry r e li abl e t he diffe r e n ces ar e c o n ,

s ide r ab le : t he li o n s p u l se -r a t e i s 4 0 ( D u b o i s ) t he
’

li o n e ss s 68 ( C o li n ) ; t he b u ll s 4 6 t he h e ife r s 5 6
’ ’

1
R e mark s o n the Sl o w H e ar t , L a n cet , J u ne 6 th , 189 1 .

2
Se e his i n te res t i ng d iscussi on o f the v ari o us i n fl ue nces wh ic h m od i fy
t he p u l se ,
E t u des d
’
e B zolog ze Com a r ée , zme P ar t i e
'

p
’

, P hy s i o l o g i e
”
.
228 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he w h o l e , we m ay w ith M Ke n dri ck , th at , at all

‘
s ay
e v e nt s i n N o rth e r n E u r o e , 7 2 i s t he u su al p u l s e -rat e
p
i n m e n , 8 0 i n w o m e n ; o th e r O b se rve r s g ive t he
av e rag e di ffe r e n ce a s so m e w h a t g re at e r ; th us , a c co rd
"

i n g t o H ardy a n d B é hi e r , wo m e n Sh o w 10 t o 1 4 m o re
p u l s ati o n s a m i n u t e th an m e n Qu e te le t s fi g u r e s
’
.

(ab so l u t e ly r ath e r l o we r th an G u y s) , g ivi n g a r athe r

’

g r e at e r se xu al di ffe re n c e for early m a n h oo d a n d

w o m an h oo d , a r ath e r l ess diffe r e n c e for a du lt a g e ,
p r o du c e t he s am e ave r ag e di ffe re nce as G u y s
’
.

A cce p ti ng , th e re fo re , G u y s c ar e fu l fi g u re s , w e s e e
’

th a t t he ave r ag e pu l s e -rat e o f c ivili se d wo m e n is t he

s am e a s th a t o f b o y s a b ou t t he a e O f
g p u b e rty It .

can no t b e s aid th a t thi s di ffe r e n ce i s v e ry n o t a bly

g r e at e r th an t he g e n e r al p hys i cal p r o p o rti o n s o f t he

se x e s wo u ld l ead u s t o e x p ec t .

R E SP I R ATI O N .

“
It i s we ll r e co g n i se d th at t he
vit al cap ac ity , as
t he br eat hi n g p o we r i n di c a t e d by t he s p ir o m e t e r i s
c o m m o n ly call e d , i s d e c id e dly l e ss i n w o m e n th an i n
m en E ve n d u ri n g th at s t a g e o f t he e v o l u ti o n o f
.

pu b e rty w h e n t he g irl i s h e a vi e r an d t all e r th a n t he

b o y , s he i s s till , as P ag li a n i a n d o th e r s h ave s h o wn ,
ve ry m ark e dly i n fe ri o r i n vit al cap acity as w e ll as i n
m uscu l a r fo r ce . G ilb e rt fo u n d , by t he e x am i nati o n
o f s e v e r al th o u s a n d s c h oo l c hildr e n , at N e w H a v e n

an d at I o wa , b e t wee n t he a g e s o f s i x an d n i n e t e e n ,
1

th at t he b oy s we r e throu g h ou t su pe ri o r i n l u ng
c a pac ity ; t he di ffe r e n ce w as s li g ht u n til t he ag e o f
t we lve , b u t while t he g irl s had al m os t r eac h e d th e i r
m axi m u m l u ng -c ap ac ity at th at ag e , it w as n o t u n til
aft e r t he a g e O fthirt ee n th at t he p e ri o d o fm os t r ap id i n

c r e a s e e v e n b e g an i n b o y s .A m o n g t he Io wa c hildre n ,
w ho we r e b e tt e r d e v e l o p e d th an th ose at N e w H av en ,
it i s n o t e worthy th at n ot on ly was t he l u n g -cap ac ity
1
J . Gi lbe r t, St u d i es fr om til e Ya le P sy cfiologfca l L abor atofj
A . f
,

189 4 , p 7 5 ; HA , I owa U n i ver si ty St u di es , 189 7 , p 2 3

. . .
 M E TA B O L I SM .
22 9

gr e at e r i n b oth se x e s bu t th at t he i n iti al diffe r e n ce

,

b e t we e n t he se x e s w as l es s I n a du lt ag e w h e n
.
,

th e re i s the sam e h e i g ht an d c ir cu m fe r e n ce o f c h e st ,

L U N G C A P A C ITY O F N EW H A V EN C H I L D R EN .

t he .
r a ti o is 10 to 7 ( H allib u rt o n) . The vit a l c ap ac ity
of a m an 1 5 m e tre s i n h e i g ht i s lly 2 3 5 0 c c m ;
u su a . .

in a w o m an o f t he sam e h e i g ht 2 000 c c m ,
. .

The vit a l cap ac ity i s 3 litres i n

2 30 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w o m e n t o 3 1 i n m e n , a t e q ual h e i g ht t he v o l u m e
e x p ire d b e i ng 7 00 c cm l ess i n wo m e n A c c o rd
. .
.

i n g t o Ar no ld , for a n i n c r e a se i n h e i g ht o f 2 5 .

c e n ti m e tr es , th e re i s i n m e n a n i nc r eas e i n VIt al
cap a c ity O f 1 5 0 0 c m , i n w o m e n o f o n ly 1 3 0 c c m
. .
. .

( D e l au nay ) The i n ve sti g ati o n s O f t he B riti s h A sso

.

c i at i o n h av e s h o w n th a t i n E n g l an d i n m a l e s t he

m id br e athi ng c ap ac ity is 2 17 c i n s i n fe m a l e s . .
,

abo u t 13 2 c i n s t he m axi m u m di ffe r e n ce b e i n g a t

. .
,

t he ag es O f 2 0-4 0 a ft e r w hi c h th e r e i s a r e g u l a r
,

d e c re ase i n t he br e athi ng c ap ac ity o f m e n b u t l e s s ,

falli ng Off i n th at o f w o m e n .

The n u m b e r o f r e s p ir ati o n s at birth i s 44 pe r

m i nu t e a n d g ra du ally d ec re a se s t o 1 8 i n t he a du lt
, ,

be i n g v e ry s li g htly hi g h e r i n wo m e n th an i n m e n
(Q u e t e l e t) Siz e has m u c h t o d o w ith t he n u m b e r
.

o f r e s p ir a ti o n s i n e ve ry z o o l o g i c a l g ro u p ; th u s t he

rhi noce ros has 6 r es p irati o n s a m i nu t e t he rat 2 10 ,

.

Thi s m att e r has b e e n s t u di e d i n r ece n t ye ar s by

R i c h e t 1 w ho a rg u e s th at it i s o n e O f t he gr e a t e s t l aw s
,
“
o f co m par ativ e p hy s i o l o gy th at all t he fu n c ti o n s i n

the ir activity an d i n th e ir i n t e n s ity ar e d e t e r m i n e d

”
by t he s iz e o f t he an i m al A cco rdi n g to Sibso n t he .
,

rati o o f i n sp ir ati o n t o e x p irati o n i n m a l e a d u lt s i s

6 t o 7 ; i n w o m e n c hildre n a n d o ld p e r so n s 6 t o 8
, , ,

o r 9 ; o th e r O b se rv e r s g iv e r ath e r di ffe r e n t r e s u lt s .

M e n p ro d u c e m o r e c a rb o n i c a c id th a n wo m e n .

A cco rdi n g t o A n dr al and G avarre t t he a m o u n t o f ,

ca rb o n b u r n t p er h o u r i s fr o m e i g ht t o fift e e n y e a r s ,

o f ag e i n t he b o y 7 g r 8 i n t he g irl 6 g r 4 ; fr o m
‘

.
, , .

s ixt ee n t o thirty i n t he m a n 1 1 g r 2
, i n t he w o m a n .
,

6 g r 4 ; th a t i s t o say t he a m o u n t c o n su m e d i n m a n
.
,

ri se s at p u be rty t o n e a rly d oubl e th at co n su m e d i n

wo m a n Th e re is a n i n c re ase i n wo m e n d u ri ng
.

p re g n a n c y a n d al so a ft e r t he c e s sati o n o f t he m e n s e s
, .

E ne r g e ti c peo p l e e x c r e t e m o r e th an l e ss ac tive p e o p l e
o f t he sam e w e i g ht an d re l ative ly a c hild g iv e s O ff
, , ,

t wi ce as m u c h as an a d u lt .

1
L a Cli o /cu r A n i ma te .
2 32 M AN AN D W O M AN .

brea thi n g o f w o m e n b e g i n s ac c o rdi ng t o Sib so n , ,

a b ou t t he t e n th y e a r o f life Sib s o n as w e ll as .
,

W al s h e an d o th e r i n v e s ti g at o r s attrib u t e d i t s appear ,

a n ce t o t he u se o f co r se t s an d Si m il a r e xt e r n a l

i m p e di m e n t s J o n ath an H u t c hi n so n s t u di e d t he
.

m att e r c ar e fu lly 1 an d cam e t o t he co n c l u s i o n t ha t _t he

,

diffe r e n c e o f bre athi ng was n ot d u e t o t he re s t ram t s

o f c l o thi ng for he fo u n d cos t al b re athi n g i n y o u ng
,

g irl s w ho had n e v e r w o r n ti g ht -fi tt i ng c l o th e s He .

ar g u e d th at it was a n at u r al ad ap t ati o n t o t he c h i ld
be a ri ng fu nc ti o n i n wom e n H u t c hi n so n s i n v es ti .
’

g at i o n s w e re for m any y e a rs acce p t e d as fi n al ; It

be cam e at l e as t ne ce ssary as R os e n th al p o i n t e d ou t , ,

t o ad m it th at t he cos t a l bre athi n g o f w o m e n had

b e com e fixe d by h e re dity i nt o a se c o n dary se x u al
c h a r ac t e r .

D u ri ng t he l as t fe w y ears h owev e r so m e fre s h , ,

s e ri es o f i nv es ti g ati o n s o n a w id e r b as i s a n d w ith
,

m o r e ac c u r at e m e th o d s h av e c h a ng e d t he acce pt e d
,

as p e c t o f t he m att e r At t he B ir m i ng h am m ee ti n g
.

o f t he B riti s h M e di cal A s s oc i at i o n i n 1 8 9 0 D r ,
.

W ilbe rforce Sm ith r ead a pap e r co n ce r n i n g s o m e

“
i n ve s ti g ati o n s he had m ade O n t he All e ge d D i ffe r
e n ce b e t w e e n M al e an d F e m al e R e s p ir at o ry M o v e

m e n t s 2 U s i n g Bu rd o n San d e r so n s s t e th og r ap h i n
” ’
.

a m o difi e d fo r m D r Sm ith t oo k tr ac i n s o f a b ou t
, .
g
fifty p e rs o n s at t he an t e ri o r m iddl e li n e o v e r ( 1 )
, ,

s t e r nu m (2 ) liv e r b e l o w e n s ifo r m c artil age (3) j u s t

, ,

a b o v e n av e l (4 ) j u s t b e l o w n av e l (5 ) m id w ay b e t w ee n
, ,

n a ve l a n d p u b e s The dr ess w as e ntir e ly l oose n e d ;

.

a n d it wa s ri htly re a rd e d a s o f co n s id e r a bl e i m o rt
g g p
a n ce t o k e e p t he s u bj e c t o f t he e x e ri m e n t i no r an t
p g
o f i t s o bj e c t I t w as fo u n d th at a t t he s t e r n al l e v e l
.

o f t he c h e s t i n b o th s e x e s th e re was fr ee r e s i r at o ry
p
m o ve m e n t a n d al so th at o ve r t he liv e r th e r e w as
,

fr e e and r e gu l ar m o ve m e n t i n bo th s e x e s ; j us t ab ove
1
Todd and Bowman, Cy cloped i a o f A n at . an d P éy s .
, A rt .

Th o rax
”
.

2
P ubl ish ed i n t he B r i t . til ed .
j ou r na l, 11th O ct . 189 0 .
 M E TA BO L I SM . 2 33

t he na e v l t he
r esu lt s w e r e v ari abl e and b e t wee n t he ,

n av e l a n d
p u b e s i n m an y c ases th e r e was n o r e sp ir a
t o ry m o ve m e n t The m os t c h ar ac t e ri s ti c diffe re n ces
.

o c cu r r e d j u s t b e l o w t he n av e l : a m o n g t he m e n a

p ri n c i p a l gr o u p s h o we d fr e e m o ve m e nt w hil e a ,

s m a ll e r g r o u p h avi n g so ft abd o m i n al w all s o n ly

, ,

Sh o we d s li ht m o v e m e n t ; a m o n
g g t he wo m e n h a bit u ,

a lly dr e sse d a n d c o r s e t e d i n t he u su al m a nn e r a l ar e
g ,

g r ou p s h o w e d e x c e ss ive di m i nu ti o n o r e n ti re a b o liti o n
o f m o v e m e n t w hil e a s m all e r
, g r ou p o f y o u n g a n d
m u scu l a r w o m e n w e a ri n g c o r se t s r e t a i ne d fr ee m o v e
, ,

m e n t ; am o ng wo m e n h a bit u a lly w e a ri n g n o co r se t s ,

a l a rg e g ro u p s h owe d free m o v e m e n t i n n o d e r ee
g
l e ss m a rk e d th an am o n g m al es an d i n at l east ,

o n e c ase ac t u ally fr ee r th a n a m o ng m os t m al e s ,

a n d a s m all er g r o u p o f n o n -c o r s e t e d W o m e n h avi n g ,

s o ft a bd o m i n a l w all s s h owe d o n ly s li g ht m o ve m e n t
,
.

Dr . Sm ith al s o i n d e p e n de ntly e x am i n e d n i n e
ay a h s ; th e y a ll wo r e O ri e nt al dr e ss a n d ha d all
b o r n e m o r e th an o n e c hild W ith o u t e x ce pti o n
.

th e y e xhibit e d r e s p ir at o ry m ove m e n t be l ow t he
n av e l n o t l e s s fr ee th a n i n av e r ag e E n g li s h m e n .

A s a r es u lt o f hi s i n ve s ti g ati o n s D r W ilb e rfo r ce ,

.

Sm ith c o nc l u d e d th a t t he tr ac i ng s e xhibit e d t e n de d
t o i n v alid at e t he r o u ti n e p hy s i o l o g i cal t eac hi ng th at
th e r e i s a n a t u ra l di ffe r e n ce i n t he r e sp ir at o ry m o v e
m e nt s o f t he s e x e s a n d th e y t e n d e d t o co nfi r m t he
,

be li e f o f Sib s o n th at t he all e ge d diffe r e n ce i s c hi e fly

o r w h o lly d u e t o t he e ffe c t s o f w o m a n s co n v e n ti o n al
’

P r o fesso r C u n n i n gh a m a ft e r t he p ap e r w as
”
dr e ss .
,

r e ad re m ar k e d th a t th e se p hy s i o l o gi cal e x p e r i m e nt s
,

c o n fir m e d hi s o w n vi e w s fo un de d o n anat o m i cal
,

g r o u n d s th at th e r e o u g ht t o b e n o e ss e n ti a l di ffe r
,

e n c e i n r e s p ir at o ry m o v e m e n t s i n m an a n d w o m an .

C harp y I m ay a dd ha d a l so p r e vi o u s l y c o m e t o t he
, ,

c o n c l u s i o n fr o m e xt e n s iv e a n at o m i c al i n v e s ti g ati o n s
, ,

th at u p t o t he ag e o f 1 5 b o y s an d g irl s h av e ide n ti cal

c h es t s a n d th at t he th o r a c i c ty p e o f br e athi n g i s
,

o nl y fo u n d In wo m e n o f at l e as t 2 5 y ears o f ag e w ho
2 34 M AN AN D W O M AN .

b e a r o n th e ir vi s c e ra e sp e c i ally t he live r , , s ig n s of

d e fo r m ati o n p r o du c e d by ti g ht c l o thi n g 1

D r Sm ith mad e t he fo l l o wi n g s u pp l e me n t a y e ma k s i n a
. r r r
r
p i v at e l e tt e ( 5 11 r
1 O c t 18 9 2 ) I m ig h t hav e add e d i n 189 0
.

th a t t he cas e s o f wh i c h I had o bt ain e d g aph i c e co d we e r r r r

r r
p e ce d e d by d ai ly o b s e v a t i o n fo r m any y e a s wi th ou t s u c h r
re co d r Th e y h av e b e e n fo ll o we d by s im i l a d ai ly o b se v a t i o n
. r r
e ve r
s i n c e , an d a r e , I h av e n o d ou bt , fo un d e d o n u na l t e a bl e r
t ru th .

The ly r
fac t o f i n t e e s t I h av e t o add i s , th at s o fa r f o m
on r
r r r
p e g nanc y affo d ing a e as o n fo r a d iffe e n t m o d e o f e s pi a t i o n ,r r r
r r
i t i s as so c ia t e d wi th m a k e d a bd o m i n a l e s p i a t o y m o v e m e n t s r r .

r
I t ak e i t th a t t he co m p a a t i v e ly fi rm m a s s o f the g av i d u t e us , r r
r r
l ik e t he l i v e , e ad i ly con v e y s m o v e m en t s of the d iaph ag m to r
th e s u face r .

“
The sam e d i ffi c u l ty occas ional ly o cc u s i n m e n wh e e t he r r
r
ac t io n o f t he d ia p h ag m i s im p e d e d by an e n l a g e d s t o mac h , r
r r
t he e s u l t o f a e c e n t m e a l , o r u n d ue c o p u l e n ce
”
r .

r
I m ay h e e add th a t M r L e nn o x B o wn e , f o m an o t he p o in t
. r r r
r
o f v ie w, ha d eac h e d t he s am e c o n c l us i o n th a t th e e a r e n o se x u a l r
r r r
d iffe e nc e s i n e s pi a t ion H e w o t e in a p iv a t e l e tt e : I t
. r r r
r r
is o n ly wh e e t he c o s e t co n fi n e s t h e l o we r ib s o r in cas e s o f r
r r
p e g nan c y o r a bd o m i n a l t um o u s th a t d iap h ag m at ic b e a th ing r r
r
i s i mp ai e d, an d th a t c o s t al br e a th i n i s e s o t e d t o ”
g r r .

Si m u lt ane o u s ly with t he p u bli cati o n o f D r Sm ith s

’
.

i n v es ti g ati o ns , a dditi o n a l e vide n ce o n t he s a m e p o i n t

fr o m A m e ri ca w as pu bli s h e d i n a p ap e r by P ro fesso r
H Se w all ( M i c hi g an U n ive r s ity ) a n d M yr a P o ll a rd 1
. .

So m e o ri g i n a l o b se rvati o n s w e r e h e r e g iv e n by D r .

M ay s , o f P hil a d e l p hi a , m a d e by m ean s o ft he g r a p hi ca l
m e th o d o n t he re s p ir at o ry m ove m e nt s o f fe m a l e de
sc e n d a n t s o f an u n c ivili se d r ac e H e w rit e s I n all .

I e x am i n e d t he m o ve m e nt s o f 8 2 c h es t s , a n d i n e a c h
case t oo k a n a bd o m i n al an d a c os t a l tr ac i n The
g .

g irl s w e r e p a rtly p u re an d p artly m ix e d w ith w hit e

bl oo d , an d th e ir ag es range d fr o m b e t we e n t e n an d
t we n ty year s Th us th e r e we re 3 3 fu ll -bl o o d e d
.

I n di an s , 5 o n e -fo u rth , 3 5 o ne -h a lf, a nd 2 we r e thr ee

A C har py , “ L A n g le Xi pho i di e n , It’ eo ue

1 ’
.
1884 .

O n t he R e l at i o ns o f D iaph rag m a t i c an d C o s ta l R e sp i at i o n , w i th r
p t c l
ar i u ar e fe e n r r
ce t o P h o nat i on , j ou r n a l o P hy si olo
"
f gy , 189 0 , N o 3 . .
 M E TA B O L I SM . 2 37

iii , 189 1, and an i n t e re s t ing pam ph l e t o n Tire I nfluence of

.

D r es s , b o t h fully i ll u s t ra t e d ) The t w o acco mpany i ng fi g ures

.

are re pro d uce d by D r Ke ll o g g s p e rm i s s i o n O ne re pre se n t s a

’
. .

German peasan t wom an, ag e d 2 9 , who had ne v e r b ee n t rai ne d

i n g y mnas t i cs , b ut wh o had b ee n acc us t ome d to carry h e avy
we ig h t s o n he r h e a d u p t o t he ag e o f 2 0 ; s he s h o ws the na t ural
h e al th ful fe mal e fo rm The o th e r fi g u re is th at of an ord inary
.

A m e rican woman o f t he s am e ag e , who wore the o rd inary

c i v i l ise d d re s s and t o o k l i ttl e e x e rc i s e W h e n i n E ng l an d D r
. .

Ke ll ogg we n t to t he “ bl ac k co un t r y ” t o s t udy t he wo me n nai l

ma ke rs and b ri c k -m ak e rs , an d foun d a m ong th e m some o f the
be s t d e v e l ope d wom e n he had e v e r s ee n H e asce r taine d al so
.

th a t th e y are e xt re me ly h e al th y .

It may b e men tio n e d th a t H ultk ran tz, o f U psala, e nd e av o ur

i ng t o a v o i d t h e p o s s i bl e fa ll ac ie s o f ex t e rnal me as ure me n t in
e s t i ma t i ng t he i n fl ue n ce o f th e d iap h rag m in res pirat ion, i ntro
d uce d an e l as t ic b all i n t o t he s t o mac h and th en i nfl at e d i t .

H is e x p e rime nt s we re p e rfo rm e d o n t o o small a numbe r o f

p e rs on s t o l e ad t o an y g e ne ral co nc l us i o n s, b ut he was abl e
t o d e mons t rat e t h e l e ss e r d i ap h rag m a t i c mov e me n t in wo me n,
and al so t o Sh o w th a t p re s s ure by a b an d in me n p rod uce d
l es sene d d iaph rag mat ic m o v e m e n t . U e b e r d ie re s pira
t or i s che n Be we g ung e n d e s m e ns c h l i c h e n Z we rc h fe ll s,
”
St an
A r c/zzufur P hy s i olog i e, 189 0, h e ft i )
' '

The ev ide nce c l early p o i n t s t o t he con cl u s i on th at

the se xu al differe n c e s i n r es p ir ati o n fo u n d am o n g
c ivili se d r aces ar e n o t n at u r al se c o nd ary se xu al
c h ar ac t e r s b u t are m e r e ly t he r e s u lt o f t he artifi c i al
,

co n st r i c ti o ns o f t he dr ess u s u ally wo r n by wo m e n .

It would b e i nt e re s t ing to t ra ce t he o ri g in and d e v e l op men t

o f t he m od e rn wai s t i n wo m e n . The Gre e k s of the fi ne s t pe rio d
kne w no th i ng o f i t, b u t d uri n g t he pe rio d o f d e cad e nce wo me n
be g an to compre s s t he bo dy wi th t he ap paren t o bj e c t of
e m p h as i s i n g the se x ua l a t t rac t io n of a c o ns picuous ly l arg e
p e lv is
. H i ppo cra t e s v i g o ro u s l y d e noun ce d t he wome n of C os
fo r cons t ric t ing the wa i s t wi th a g i rdl e A mong the R o mans,
.

who ad o p t e d th is p rac t ice fro m t he d e pra v e d G re e k s, M ar t ial

o ft e n all ud e s t o t he s m all wai s t s o f t he wo m e n o f hi s t ime, and
Gal e n s peak s muc h i n t he s am e way a s a m o d e rn p hy s ic ian
re gard ing the e v i l s o f t ig h t -l ac in g Since th e n matt e rs h av e
.

c h ang e d b ut v e ry s l i g h tly . The appare n t d e v e l opme n t of the

pe lv i s has b ee n fur th e r ar t i fi c ia lly e x ag g e rat e d by“ t h a t con
t r ivance wh ic h in El izab e th an t i m e s was c all e d a b um-ro ll ,
and mo e r rec e n tly a b us tl e
”
.The t ig h t e ning o f the wais t
d oes not me re ly emph asise the pe lvic sexual charact ers ; i t al so
2 38 M AN AN D W O M AN .

e mph as is e s t he n o tl e ss impor t an t th orac ic s e x ual c h aract e rs ;

L oui s R o b in s o n e x pre s se s i t (i n a pri v a t e l e t t e r) — I
“
as D r .

th ink i t v e ry l ik e ly one of t he re aso n s (an d th e re m us t b e s t ro n g

o n e s ) for t he p e rs i s t e nt h ab i t o f t i g h t e n i ng u p t he b e lly -g i rth
a mo ng C h ri s t ia n d am s e l s i s th a t s u c h co n s t ri c t io n re n d e rs t he
b re ath ing th orac ic an d s o a dv e rt i s e s t he a ll urin g b os o m by
,

k e e pi ng i t i n con s t an t and m an i fe s t m o v e m e n t The h e av ing .

o f a s ub c l a v i c ul ar s ig h i s l i k e ly t o c au s e m o re s e n s at i o n t h a n

t he h e a v i n g o f a n e p ig as t ri c o r u m b il ica l s i g h
”
Th i s d o u bl e .

ef fe c t o f wai s t -co n s t ri c t i o n u p o n h i ps a nd c h e s t i s fu lly s uffi c i e n t

t o acco un t fo r i t s o rig i n an d i t h as b ee n k e p t u p p ar tly by
,

c u s t o m a n d p ar tly fro m th a t s e n s e o f s u p po r t a l wa y s fe l t by

th os e wh o h av e fo r y e ars b e e n s ubj e ct e d to the p rac t i ce .

All vid e n ce th at has s i nce ap p eare d co n firm s

t he e

t he co n c l u s i o n th at th e r e ar e n o tr u e a n d n at u r al
se x u a l di s ti n c ti o n s i n re s ir a ti o n
p Thu s a m o n g t he .
,

j ap an e se B ae lz has fou n d th at o n ly th o s e w o m e n
w ho bi n d th e m s e lv es r o u n d by t he br o a d w o m a n s
’

g irdl e (obi ) s h o w th o r ac i c r e s p ir ati o n w hil e t he ,

p e as a n t wo m e n w ho d o n o t th u s co n s tri c t th e m se lv e s
bre ath e a bd o m i n ally lik e t he m e n 1 F itz i n an .
,

i m p o rt an t p ap e r 2 has al so s t u di e d t he w h o l e qu e s ti o n
,

tho r ou g hly an d fou n d n o se x u al di ffe re n ces The

, .

id e a th at w ai s t -b e lt s a n d co rse t s m ay pe r fo rm a
us e fu l p u r p ose i n ass i s ti n g t he flo w o f bl oo d t o t he
br a i n a n d m u sc l e s (as su gge s t e d by R oy a n d Ad am i )
a p p e a r s t o b e w ith o u t fo u n d ati o n ; a nd i n a n y ca s e , ,

s u c h m e th o d s are u n n e cessary s i n ce
p e r fe c t co m p e n
,

sati o n i s att a i ne d u nd e r n o r m al co n diti o n s

3
O n t he .

o th e r h a n d th e re i s r e as o n t o b e li e v e th at t he i n
,

flu e n c e o f w o m e n s c l o thi n g i n c au s i n g cos t a l
’

r e s p ira ti o n a nd so di m i n i s hi ng t he ac ti on o f t he
di ap hrag m has a n i nj u ri ou s i nfl u e n c e n o t o n ly o n ,

t he th o r ac i c b u t al so o n t he a bd o m i n al vi s ce r a .

Th u s it i s e v e ry wh e re fou n d th at w o m e n s u ffe r m u c h
m o r e fr o m g all -s t o n e s th a n do m e n I n a ca r e fu l .

an d th o r ou g h s t u dy o f t hi s q ue sti o n D r C l e li a .

1
Zt . EM , 19 0 1, h e ft 111 p 2 11
f
. . . .

2
j ou r E xpef M eat , v ol i p 6 7 7
. . . . . .

3
L eo n ard H ill, C er ebr a l C u m /ari a”, 189 6 , p . 1 12 .
2 40 M AN AN D W O M AN .

That re s pira t ion w ill be come l ess common and t his

cos al t ,
art i fi c ial s e x ual d iffe re nce b e g rad ually ab ol is hed we may ,

re asonably e x pe c t no w th a t the adv an t ag es of al l owing free

,

pl ay to the d ia ph rag m are b e in g s l o wl y re co g nis e d It is pro b .

abl e as P ro f
,
e s s o r Se wall an d M i s s P o ll ar d ( i n t he pape r i n

t he j our n a l of P hy s i olog y alre ad y re fe rre d t o ) po in t out th at ,

d iaph rag mat ic con t rac t io n by p re ss ing upon the abd o minal ’

v i sc era has an i m po r tan t func t ion i n s q ue e zing bl ood to t he

h e art and so as s is t ing c i rc ul a t i on ; i t al s o p ro mot es as th e se ,

auth ors s h ow the me c h an ica l m i xt ure o f ai r in t he l ung s th us

, ,

caus ing in th e m os t p e rfe c t m ann e r po s s i bl e the m ixt ure o f

fres h wi th fo u l ai r wh i c h i s t he g rea t func t i on o f resp ira t ory
,

mo v e me n t It i s n o t e wo r thy th a t wo me n who e x pe n d an u nus ual

.

amo un t o f e ne rg y i n wo rk i n a l arg e num b e r o f case s find i t

be tt e r to d is card o r m inim ise the u s e of co rse t s So far as .

acc ura t e o b s e rv a t io n has g o ne i t i s a l so c l e ar th at t he c o rse t ,

wearing wo man i s i n fe rio r i n m us c ul ar p o wer and p h y sical

’

e nd urance t o t h e n o n -cors e t -we arin g wo man Th is i s fo r .

,

i ns t ance we l l sho wn i n s o me o bs e rv at io ns o n the pupil s at t he

,

N or th L o nd on C o ll e g ia t e Sc h oo l fo r G i rl s t he re s ul t s of wh i ch ,

we re publ is h e d in t he W omen s Gazette J anuar y 189 0 by M rs ’

, , .

B ry a n t The t ri al i nclud e d a h ig h l e ap a l ong l e ap a t ug -of

'

. ,
, ,

wa r and a r unnin g co mp e t i t io n
,
The s t rugg l e was b e t we e n .

“
l oos e s t ay s an d n o n e ” and th e re we re s i xt een g irl s on e ac h
,

s id e In a b rie f mus cul ar e ffo rt s uc h as l e aping t he c orse t

.
, ,
we are rs came o ut as w e ll as the n o n-corse t -weare rs b ut in ,

ef fort s req uiring more su s t aine d e n d uran ce as in running and ,

t he t ug -of-war the no n cors e t -weare rs ha d m uc h t he b e st o f it

,
-
.

The res ult s as m eas ure d by the p ul s e -rat e s and b re ath ing
,
c apaci ty aft e r ,en d ur an c e r unn ing we re d e cid e dly unfav o ur ,

abl e t o the corse t - weare rs .

D r Sarg en t o f H ar v ard U ni ve rs i ty has al s o record e d s ome

.
, ,

in t e re s t ing e x pe rim e n t s o n wo m e n s t u d e n t s (“ The P h y s ical

D e v e l o pme n t m W om e n ” '
’
,
S bfl e r of
s M ag a zi ne, In
r r r
o d e t o asce t ai n t he i n fl ue n ce o f t ig h t c l o th i n g upon the ac t i o n
r r r
o f the h ea t d u in g e x e c i s e a d o ze n y o un g wo m e n cons e n t e d
r
th is s umme to run 540 ya d s in t h e i l o ose g ymnas ium r r
r
g a me n t s and th e n to r un t h e s ame d is t ance wi t h co se t s o n r .

r
The unning t ime was t wo m i nu t e s an d th i ty s e con d s for e ac h r
r r
pe s o n at eac h t i al , and i n o d e th a t th e e s h ould b e no r r r
r
ca d iac e x c i t eme n t o r d e p e s s ion fo ll o win g t he fi s t t e s t t he
,
r r
r
s e con d t ial was m ad e t h e fo ll o wi n g d ay B e fo e be g i nni ng t he . r
r r r
unn ing t he av e ag e h e a t -i mp ul s e was 8 4 b e at s t o t he minu t e ;
aft e rr
unning t he ab o v e -n ame d d is t an ce t he h ea t - impul s e was r
15 2 b eat s t o the mi nu t e ; t h e a v e ag e n at u al wai s t - i t h b e in
g g r r r
2 5 i nc h es The ne xt d ay co s e t s we e wo n d ur ing t he e x e cise ,
. r r r r
an d t he av e ag e g i t h o f wai s t was r r
e d uc e d t o 2 4 i nch es The r .

same d is t an ce was r un in t he sam e t im e by all, and imme d iat e l y

 M E TA B O L I SM . 2 41

af et rward the av e rag e h e ar t -i m pu l s e was fo un d t o b e 168 b e at s

pe r m in u t e W h e n I s t a t e th a t I s h o u ld fe e l m y s e l f j u s t ifi e d i n
.

a dv i s in g a n a th l e t e n o t t o e n t e r a r unn i n
g o r ro win g rac e wh o s e
h eart -im p u l s e was 160 b e at s p e r m in u t e aft e r a l i ttl e e x e rc is e ,
e v e n th o ug h th e re w ere n o t t he s l ig h t e s t e v i d e n ce o f d i s e ase ,

o n e can fo rm s o m e id e a o f t he w e ar an d t e ar o n th i s im o r t a n t
p
o rg an an d t he p h y s i ca l l o s s e n t a i l e d u o n t he s y s t e m i n w o me n
, p
who fo rce i t t o l ab o ur for h a l f th e ir l i v e s u n d e r s uc h a d i s
a dv an t ag e as t he t i g h t c o rs e t in v o lv e s I n o rd e r t o a s c e r t a i n
.

t he e ffe c t o f t ig ht c l o th in g u p on r e s p ira t io n t he s p iro m e t e r was

t ri e d The av erag e n at ural g irth o f the c h e s t o v e r t he n i n t h
.

r i b was 2 8 i n c h e s and w i th co rs e t s 2 6 i n c h e s
, The a v e rag e
.

l un g c apac i ty wh e n co rse t s we re wo rn was 134 c ub ic inc h e s ;

wh e n t he co rs e t s we re re m o v e d t he t e s t s h owe d an av e rag e
l un g c ap ac i ty o f 167 i n c h e s — a g a in o f 3 3 c u b ic i n c h e s .

I t m a y b e a dd e d th a t t he e v id e n ce b e fore u s d o e s n ot n ece s
s a rily p ro v e t he d e s ira b i l i ty o f t h e d i s us e o f co rs e t s by a d u l t
c i v i l i s e d E uro e an w o m e n So m e o f t he m os t s e rio us cas e s o f
p .

t he re s u l t s o f wa i s t co ns t ric t io n fo u n d by M e in e r t we re i n
y o un g Ba v arian wo m e n who had ne v e r wo rn s t ay s at all If a .

n u m b e r o f h e a vy l o we r g arm e n t s ar e worn s u s p e n s i o n fro m t he

,

wa i s t i s s t i ll t he m o s t co n v e n i e n t m e th o d fo r th e ir s u ppo rt a nd ,

th is in v o l v e s a t ig h t wai s t -b an d So m e O f t he m od e rn kin d s O f
.

c o rs e t s w h i c h e n a bl e t he g arm e n t s t o re s t o n t he h i p s wi th o u t
u n d u e co m pre s s i o n O f t he c h e s t an d a bd o m e n a re wh e n
,

s e n s i bly us e d p ro b abl y b e t t e r e v e n th a n n o n e at all

,
.In th i s
m a t t e r t he p o s i t io n t ak e n u p by St ra t z
,

’
o er

K brper s c h a ps v i i i a n d x v i ) is e nt ire ly re as o n abl e a l i k e fro m

'

.
,
.
, .

t he p o in t o f V i e w o f h e al th an d o f b e au ty In y o u n g g irl s he
.

e n t ire ly p ro h i b i t s s t a y s an d t he us e O f g ar m e n t s n e c e s s i t at in g
th e m ; w h e n full b o d il y d e v e l op m e n t has be e n a tt ai n e d a n d ,

c e r t a in l y n o t e arl i e r th a n t h e ag e o f fi ft e e n ( o r muc h l a t e r if fu ll
d e v e l o p m e n t o f h ip s is d e l a y e d ) he re co m m e nd s t h e u s e of
,

ce rt ai n k i n d s o f co rse t s a d a p t e d t o t he n a t ural for m o f t he

b o dy .

W e h av e th a t t he c h es t r e g i o n t e n d s t o
see n
r e m a i n u n du ly u n d e v e l o pe d i n wo me n as co m p ar e d
to m e n The vit a l c ap ac ity O f w o m e n i s i n fe ri o r t o
.

th a t O f m e n o u t O f all p ro p o rti o n t o t he s m all e r s iz e

O f w o m e n ; th e ir l u ng s a l so as we s h all s ee r easo n t o
,

b e li e v e are u n du ly s m a ll ; w hil e i n s tr e n gth o f ar m

,

a n d O f c h e s t m u sc l es a s w e h av e fo u n d i n a p r e vi ou s
,

c h ap t e r ( p . th e y a re ve ry m uc h we a k e r as
c o m p a r e d t o m e n th a n th e y are i n s tr e n g th O f le g

m u sc l e s fee bl e n es s o f a r m s a n d c h e s t b e i n g i n d e e d
, ,

16
2 44 M AN AN D W O M AN .

by g irl s in t he try Thi s i s h o we v e r as

cou n .
, ,

H u t c hi ns o n p o i n t s o u t p r ec i se ly t he ki n d o f e x e r c i se
“

,
“
th e y n ee d t o d e v e l op the i r c h es t s I t wo u ld al m os t .

” “
see m , re m a rk s H u t c hi n so n as if a r e v e rs i o n t o
,

t he a rb o re al h a bit s O f ou r a nces t o rs w a s t he c hi e f
r e q u i s it e fo r p r op e r c hést d e ve l op me n t i n t he i n
dividu a l as we ll as i n t he r ace The w e ll -m ar k e d .

c hild -i ns ti n c t fo r tree -c li m bi n g o ug ht t o b e r e g a rd e d

w ith r es pe c t i n b o th g irl s an d b o y s e ve n at t he ri s k ,
”
O f t o r n c l o thi ng o r a n occas i o n a l br o k e n li m b At .

p r e s e nt t he se xu a l di ffe r e n c e i n m o r t a lity fr o m c o n
s u m p ti o n i s e v e n m o re m a rke d i n r u r al th a n u rb a n
!

t he co u n try b o y e nj o y s g re at
adv an t ages o v er t he t o wn b o y hi s s i s t e r s life i s
' ’

mu ch m
,

o re lik e ly t o b e re g u l at e d by t he sam e
m axi m s a s th at O f t he t o w n g i r l The n at u ra l i n .

s t i n c t o f g irl s t o c li m b tr ees as w e ll as t he pe r s i s t e n c y

w ith w hi c h it i s r e p re ss e d a re alik e e vid e n ce d by

t he fr e q u e n c y w ith w hi c h St an l e y H ill fo u n d th at
g irl s s t at e th at c li m ”
bi ng trees i s o n e O f t he thi n g s
w hi c h it i s w ro n g t o do .

Temper a tur e — The e vid e nce co n ce r n i ng s e x u a l

diffe re n c e s i n t e m pe r at u re i s s m all a nd i n co n
s i st e n t W e k n ow th at i n c r e ase d m e t abo li c a c tivity
.
,

as we ll as a g r eat e r a fflu x o f bl o o d p r o d u ce s hi g h e r ,

t e m pe r at u r e I n c hild re n and ado l e s c e n t s it is we ll

.

r e cog n i se d th at t he t e m p e rat u re i s hi g h e r th an i n
ad u lt s , a nd m o re li a bl e t o v a ri ati o n s w hi c h are o f

l e ss s ig n ifi cance th an i n g ro w n -u p p e rs on s D avy .
,

R og e r M i g no t an d D e l au n ay fo u n d t he t e m p e r at u re
, ,

O f m e n hi g h e r th a n th at O f w o m e n by a b ou t
°

5 C ; . .

O g l e a n d W u nd e rli c h fo u n d t he t e m pe r a t u r e O f
wo m e n hi g h e r by a b o u t t he sa m e a m o u n t St oc kt o n .

H o u g h fou n d th a t m al es h ave as a r u l e fr o m t he , ,

be g i nn i ng t o the e nd O flife a hi g h e r t e m pe rat u r e th an

,

w o m e n an d g re at e r i n divid u a l v a ri a ti o ns l W e ar e .

p r o b a bly j u s tifi e d i n ag ree i n g w ith th o se p hy s i o l o g i s t s

1
P ape r i n P l ulade lplzza M edi ca l Tzmes , 8 th N o v
' ' '

. 18 7 3 , s u mma rised
in P op u la r Sci en ce {ll ama/y , 18 7 4 , p 9 7 . .
 M E TA B O L I SM . 2 45

w ho rt th at xu al di ffe r e n ce has ye t b ee n
“

as s e no se

e s t abli s h e d .

W all e r t t th a t the v ariat io ns o f t e m pe rat ure in wo me n

s a es
fro m t i m e t o t i me a re g re at e r th an in m e n a n d o f l e s s s ig nifi
can c e . Sq uire fo un d a s l ig h t ri s e o f t e mp e rat ure b e fore
m e n s t rua t i o n an d a fall aft e r i t D l M ary J a co b i fro m a n
. r
‘

“
e x am i n a t i o n o f s ix case s o un d th at
f th e t e m p e ra t ure ri se s from
o n e t o e i g h t -t e n th s o f a d e g re e d uring t he we e k pre ce d i n g m e n
s t r u at i o n It fa ll s g ra d ually d uring t he fl o w b u t i n t he m aj o ri ty
.
,

o f c a s e s d oe s n o t e v e n th e n re ac h th e n o rm a l av e rag e
”
(M P . . .

J aco b i The Ques lzon of R est for W omen du r i ng ril ens lr u a tzon
’ '

, ,

N e w Yo rk ,

M a r t i ns t o o k t he t e m pe ra t ure o f 8 5 d o me s t i c d uck s — in t he
n o r th a n d s o u th o f F ran ce — u n d e r v ario u s co n d i t i o n s an d ,

fo u n d t he t e m p e ra t ure o f the fe m al e s hi g h e r (av e rag i n g

‘

a g a in s t fo r t he m a l e s ) an d als o m ore v ariabl e ( Ga v arre t .

,

A rt .
“
h
C ae l u r A n i m a l e
”
i n D i et en cy des Sci ences M eclzca les ;
, . .
' ’

an d i n t he s a m e wri t e r s P /ze n omen es P /z y s zg u es de la Vi e 186 9

’ '

, ,

8 9 t he t e mp e ra t ure o f a l arg e num b e r o f an i mals i s

-8

3
pp .
,

g i v en .

E x cr eti on — The se x ua l di ffe r e n ces i n t he m e t a b o li c

p r o c e s se s w h i c h w e h ave alre ady fo u n d a r e al so i n di
c at e d by a n e x a m i n at i o n O f t he e x c re t a ; t he b e s t

k n o wn an d m o s t i m p o r t an t r e s u lt s c o nce r n t he u ri ne .

N ot o nly d oe s t he a m o u n t O f l i q u i d and O f n i tro

g e n o u s foo d ve ry l a rg e ly i n fl u e n ce t he u r i n e and i t s
c o m p os i t i o n , b u t t he k i d n e y s ar e e s p e c i ally su sce p t i bl e

t o a v a ri e ty O f i n fl u e n ces ; t he n at u re O f t he food , o f
t he s alt s it c o n t ai n s , e m o t i o n a l e x c i t e m e n t , m e n t a l
e x e rti o n , n e rvo u s t o n e ,
1
fr e q ue n c y o f u r i n at i o n , t he
t e m pe r at u r e O f t he ai r , ar e am o n g t he fac t o r s t o b e
t a k e n i n t o ac cou n t , an d th e r e i s a co m p e n sat ory
r e l ati o n s hi p w ith t he e x c re t a by t he s k i n D u r i n g .

1
B e n ek e (A r e/t i n aes Ver ezu s f ur w i ss H e ll/a , B d i ) — re ma k s
’
'

. . . r
P ark e s, Composzl zon of t he U r i n e , p l oo—
' '
“
fro m O bse vat i o ns o n
. r
h im se l f has not i ced th at w h e n the ne rv ous sys t e m is, s o t o s pe ak , i n
g o od t o ne , r
wh e n th e e i s a fe e l i ng o f v ig oro us h ealth , a nd wh e n all
r
t he fun c t i o ns are r ig htly p e fo r me d , t he a mo u nt o f u ri n e i nc e ase s On r .

t he o th e r h and , wh e n th ere i s l ang uo r a nd d e p essi on , t he ur ine i s l ess r

i n a m o un t r
The d i ffi cu lty h e e , o f co urse , i s to d e fi ne the t e rm . ‘ t o ne
.

r
o f t he n e vo us sy s t e m ; th at so me th i ng
’
r
e a l i s me an t i s ce t ai n ; a nd r
the i m m e d i at e i n fl u e nce o n the amo u n t o f t he u ri ne i s , I th i nk , p ut
be yo nd doubt by Be nek e ’s e lab o at e i nquiry ” r .
2 46 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he n i g ht we h ou ld e x pe c t th ese i n fl u e nce s t o cau se

s
l e ss di s t u rb an ce th a n du ri ng t he day ; a nd B e i g e l s ’

O b se rv ati o n s s e e m t o c o n fir m thi s ; he fo u n d th at t he

am o u n t O f u ri n e e x c re t e d d u ri ng t he n i g ht i s al m o s t
'

e qu al i n m e n a n d w o m e n b u t th at d u ri n g t he d ay ,

th e re i s a m ark e d e xcess i n m e n B e au ni s has .

fo u n d th at n o t w ith st an di n g t he di s t u rbi n g e l e m e nt s
, ,

an d i n d e p e n d e n tly O f t he w at e r dru n k a regu l ar ,

diu rnal rhyth m m ay be tr ace d i n t he e x c re ti o n O f

u ri n e
1
.

A s li g ht se xu al diffe re nce app e ars so o n aft e r birth ,

b o th t he so lid an d liq u id c o nstit u e n t s O f t he u ri n e O f

t he fe m al e i n fan t be i n g l ess At fr o m 3 t o 7 ye a r s o f .

ag e t he a m ou n t O f u ri n e e x c r e t e d by b o y s d u ri ng 2 4

h ou r s acc o rdi ng t o B e au n is is 7 5 0 c c m by g irl s

, , . .
,

7 00 c c m Thi s i s 15 ti m e s m o r e th an i n t he adu lt
. .
»

i n p r o p o rti o n t o b o dy -we i g ht The a m o u n t O f u r e a .

e x c re t e d by t he c hild i s e v e n g re a t e r r e l ativ e ly th a n

th at O f w at e r and t he i m p o rt a nc e O f thi s fu n cti o n O f

,

e li m i n ati o n i n c hildre n i s i n di cat e d by t he l a rg e s iz e

O f th e i r kid n e y s At t he ag e O f e i g ht e e n t he u ri ne.

re ac h e s t he adu lt s t an da rd 2 The am ou nt i s ab s o .
,

lu t e ly u su ally r ath e r s m all e r i n wo m e n b ut r e l ativ e ly

, ,

it is u su ally g r e at e r .

The amoun t i s roug h ly s p eak i n g i n a m an ab ou t 1000 t o

, ,

15 00 c . cm .
(o r a b ou t
wo m a n a b o u t 9 00 t o
50 an d in a
r
12 00 c c m , d u in g th e 2 4 h o u s ( L an d o i s an d St i l in g ) ; a cco d
. . r r r
Y
i ng t o v on and B e l i o z, i n m an 1360 c c m , in wo m a n 1100 r . .

c . cm (R ev u e M ecl , v i ii p
. acco d i n g t o B e aun i s , t he
’
. . r
r
a m o u n t i s p ac t i c a lly i d e n t i c al i n b o th s e x e s , a nd th e e fo e r r
r e l a t i v e ly g e a t e r r
i n wo m an , in m an t he a v e ag e b e in g 18 7 5 r
c c
. m ,
i.n w o m a n 18 12 ; w hl
i e M ‘
Ke nd ri ck p l ace s i t at 1 500-2 000
c c m fo r a m an , a n d 4 00 -500 c
. . c m l e s s in a wo m an Be c . .
.

r r
qu e e l a n d R o d i e , o n t h e o th e h and , as t he e s u l t o f a l a g e r r r
r r
n u m b e o f e x p e im e n t s c am e t o t he co n c l us io n th a t t he q uan t i ty
r r
O f u i n e d is c h a ge d by wo m e n d u i n g 2 4 h ou s i s , e v e n ab s o
-
r r
r r
lute ly , s l i g h tly g e a t e th a n in m e n, the a v e ag e b e i ng as 12 2 7 r
i n m e n t o 133 7 i n w o me n ( Be c qu e e l and R o d ie , Tr a i le de r r .
'

Ck znzze pat/zolqgr i g u e,
' ’

M o s l e fo un d ( co m pa i ng m e n r r
1
R echer ches E xp er i men tal“ , P ari s , 18 84 , p . 14 .

2
P ark e s , C ompos i t i on of U r i ne .
2 48 M AN AN D W O M AN .

B e i g e l fo und l e sse n i ng O f u r e a d u ri ng , an d i nc re as e
aft e r , m e ns truati on D r M a ry J aco bi m ad e fou rt ee n
. .

se ri e s o f O b se rvati o ns o n s i x w o m e n , an d fou n d th at

i n n i ne t he u r ea was di m i n i s h e d d u ri ng t he flo w , i n
five i n c re ase d .Bu t i n t he m aj o rity t he u re a du ri n g
t he m e n s t rual p e ri o d was m o re ab u n d an t th an d u ri n g
t he fo ll o wi n g wee k , w h e n t he l o wes t p o i n t w as
re ac he d, and befo re t he flo w th e re was u su ally a n
i n c rease O f u r ea M arr o fou n d by a se ries of O bs e rv a
.

ti o n s o n e i g ht girl s an d yo u n g wo m e n be t we e n the
ag e s O f e l e ve n an d t w e n ty -s ix , th at th ere w as a
g r a d u a l i n c r ease o f u r ea i n
p ro p o rti o n t o b o dy -we i ht
g
i n t he y ear s prece di ng p u b e rty, b u t th at t he e s t ab
li s hm e nt o f m e ns tr uati o n p r o du ce d not m e re ly a rre s t
b u t e ve n dimi nu ti o n i n t he e limi nati o n o f u re a He .

fo un d th at t he am ou n t o f u re a w as n early al way s
di m i n i s he d du ri ng m e n s tru ati on, s l owly ri s i n g aft e r
w ard s , and app ar e ntly r e achi n g a m axi mu m a t t he
p e ri o d m o s t r e m ove d fr o m m e n str u ati on 1 A l arg e r .

s e ri e s O f O b se rv ati on s i s , h o we v e r , n ecessary t o O bt a i n
de fi n it e result s .O u r k n o wl e dg e O f t he i n fl u e n c e
O f p re g n anc y and l ac t ati o n o n m e t ab oli c ac tivity ,
as m e as u re d by t he u r i ne , i s ve ry s light Dr . .

H ag e m a n n, at a m ee ti n g O f t he Be rli n P hy s i o l o g i c a l
So c i e ty (6t h J u ne g a ve an acco u n t O f s o m e
e x e ri m e n t s o n t wo d og s w ith r e fe r e n ce t o thi s
p
p oi n t Th e y we re su pp li e d w ith a con s t an t n itro
.

g e n ou s di e t , and it was fo u n d th at du ri ng t he fi r s t
h alf O f t he p e ri od of pr eg n an cy m or e ni trog e n was
e x cre t e d th an was t ak e n w ith t he foo d , so th a t t he
n itr o g e n r e q u i s it e fo r t he g ro wth O f t he foet u s m u s t
h ave bee n d e rive d fro m t he ti s sue -pr ot e id s O f t he
m o th e r ; aft e r thi s p e ri o d t he n itrog e no u s e x cre ti o n
san k t o a c o n diti o n of e q u ilibri u m i n t he middl e o f

p re g n anc y, and th e n fe ll fu rth er, u ntil t he birth o f

1
M rro
a , L a P uber te,
'

p H e bel ieves ( p 2 4 1) th at th i s di mi nu
.
44 . .

r
t io n o f u re a at p ube ty, i n asso ciat io n with the d i mi nish e d o u t pu t o f
car boni c aci d , cons ti t ut es a s t a t e o f l owe re d me t abol ism wh ic h i s o ne o f
the physi o l og ical bases o f hys t e i a r .
 M E TA BO L i SM . 2 49

t he f ri ng ; whil e i m m e di at e ly a ft e r p art u riti o n

O f sp

th e r e w as a v e ry m ar k e d i n c r e ase i n t he e x c re ti o n
O f n itr o e n foll o we d by a s u dde n fall w hi c h le d t o
g , ,

t he o u t pu t b e i n g d u ri ng fo u r we e k s O f t he p e r i o d O f
,

l ac t ati o n l e s s th an t he i nt ak e It i s p r o ba bl e th at i n
, .

w o m e n t he m e t ab o li c c y c l e d u ri ng p re g na n c y a nd
l ac t ati o n i s so m e w h at s i m il ar ; th u s L au lan ié an d
C ha m b re le nt h av e n o ti c e d a m ark e d di m i n u ti o n
i n t he t o xi c ity O f t he u ri ne O f p r e g na n t wo m e n ,

e s p e c i a lly t o w a rd s t he e n d O f thi s
p e ri o d (w h e n i n t he
dog s t he e x c re ti o n O f u re a was al so l o west ) ; i n t w o
e x p e ri m e n t s o u t O f t e n t he u ri n e O f re n an t wo m e n
p g
w as e n ti re ly fr e e fr o m t he t o xi c su b s t an ce s p r e se n t i n
n o r m a l u ri n e so th a t th e se a
, pp ear t o be r e t a i n e d
t o w ard s t he p e r i o d O f c hildbi r th .

SU SC E P TI B I L I TY TO P O I SO N S .

Th e re ar e v ari o u s w ays i n w hi c h t he v a ryi n g

e ffe c t s O f p o i so n s o n m e n a n d wo m e n m i g ht thr o w

a n i n t e res ti n g li g ht o n di ffe re n c e s i n m e t a b o li s m a n d

i n n e rv o u s o r g a n i sati o n W e k n o w som e thi ng O f

.

t he s p e c i al s u s c e p tibiliti es o f c hild r e n w ith r e g a rd t o

p o i s o n s w h e n g iv e n i n s m all d ose s a s dr u g s t o
,

p ro d u ce b e n e fi c i a l e ffe c t s an d a l so
, as t o th e ir
e ffe c t s o n v a ri o u s a n im als b u t n o t m u c h i s k n o wn
,

a s t o s e x u al diffe r e n c e s .Th e se diffe r e n ce s are u su ally

O f so s li g ht a c h a r ac t e r th at co n s id e ra bl e p r ec i s i o n O f

O b se rv ati o n a n d a l a r g e b o dy O f c ase s ar e n e c e s s a ry

t o r e ac h d e fi n it e r e s u lt s The p o i so n w hi c h has m o s t
.

p e r s i s t e n tly b e e n O b se rve d t o e xhibit se xu al di ffe r

e nce s i n i t s e ffec t s i s a l co h o l ; it i s e vid e n t th a t thi s

i s s i m p ly b e cau se t he e ffe c t s O f n o o th e r po i so n h ave

be e n SO w ide ly s t u di e d I f m e di ca l m e n t o o k t he
.

tro u bl e t o n o t e s y s t e m ati cally t he e ffe ct s O f t he dru g s

th e y a d m i n i s t e r e d we s h ou ld b e i n p os se ss i o n O f a
c o n s id e r a bl e b o dy O f e vid e n ce ; b u t th e y h av e r a re ly ,

if e ve r d o n e SO o n a n e xt e n de d s c al e
,
.

F r o m o u r p re se n t p o i n t O f V i e w th e r e ar e v ari ou s
,
2 50 M AN AN D W O M AN .

q u esti o ns w hi c h O bse rvati o n O f the e ffe c t O f dr u g s

wou ld h e l p t o e l u c id at e F o r e x a m p l e : ( 1) D O a n y
.

dru g s t e nd to p ro du c e g reat e r e ffec t o n an o rg an

“

i n o n e se x th an i n t he o th e r ? (2 ) A re th e re i n
o ne or t he o th er se x e xa m p l es O f suc h m a rk e d
s u sce p tibility t o a p o i so n th at t he th e r ape u ti c a l
dose s m u s t b e dec ide dly s m all e r th an c o n s id e r a
tio n s O f s iz e e t c wou ld l e ad u s t o an ti c i p at e ?
, .
,

(3 ) E s pe c i ally are t he hi g h e r n e rvou s c e ntre s m o r e

,

ap t t o b e affe c t e d i n o n e se x th an i n t he o th e r ?

( L ) O b se rvatio n s o n a l arg e sc al e o r c are fu lly ,

r eco rd e d i n th e ir de t ail s t e n di ng t o p r o v e o r di s p r o ve
,

a ny s e l e c tiv e ac ti o n O f p o i so n s o n di ffe r e n t o rg an s i n

t he t w o s e x es are s o fa r a s I a m a wa r e v e ry fe w
, , .

I h av e m e t w ith a p ap er by D r F A u g u s t u s C o x , . .
,

c o n t ai n i n g a s u m m ary O f t he n o t es O f o v e r 1 7 00

cas e s tre at e d w ith ar se n i c w hi c h had b ee n u n d e r

hi s O b se rvati o n I n thi s p ap e r 1 s o m e s e xu a l diffe r

.

e n c es i n s y m p t om s are n o t e d alth o ug h it w a s n o t ,

fou nd th at t he i nfl u e nc e O f se x w as m arke d i n t he
e v o l u ti o n O f u n p l easan t s y m p t o m s G as tri c sy m p .

t o m s we r e co mm o n e r i n wo m e n i n t es ti n al i n m e n ,

co nj un c tiv al s y m pt o m s we r e m e t w ith r ath e r o ft e n e r

i n t he m al e se x ; n e rvo u s sy m p t o m s we re O f m o r e
fre q u e n t oc cu rre nc e i n w o m e n It m ay b e add e d .

th at i n M r J o nath an H u t c hi ns o n s e x p e ri e n ce
,
.
’
,

c hildre n an d t he y o u n g b ea r a r se n i c we ll w hil e ,

t he O ld are s u sce p tibl e t o it an d it i s Sp e c i ally a p t t o ,

c all ou t t he s i g n s O f n e rv e d e g e n e r ati o n w h e n e v e r

thi s is p r ese n t 2 .

Trou sse au a n d P idou x r e co rd so m e i n t e r e s ti n g

O b se rv ati o n s on t he v aryi n g ac ti o n O f o pi u m o n
m e n an d wo m e n Th e y fou n d th a t i n w o m e n it
.

a ct s m o re o n t he s ki n i n m e n o n t he kid n e y s , ,

th e y o n ly O b se rve d hy pe r se c r e ti o n O f u ri n e t w i ce i n
wo me n Th e y fou n d al so fro m O b se rvati o n o n 2 2
.

1 “
The A d minis trat ion of A rsenic , P r ovi n ci al { Vert i cal j ou r n a l,
F eb . 18 9 1 .

2
A r
s i
e n c as a D r
ug , B r i t Ill ea
.
’
.
j ou r n a l, 6 th J u ne 189 1.
252 M A N AN D W O M AN .

au th ors t he o v e r wh e l m i ng m aj o rity O f de ath s fro m

,

c hl o r o fo r m ar e i n m al e s The m a t e ri al s fu r n i s h e d by
.

Sans o m s h o w th at acco rdi ng t o v a ri ou s a u th o riti e s

, ,

t he p r o p o rti o n i s at t he hi g h e s t e s ti m at e t wo m e n
t o o n e w o m an an d acco rdi ng t o o ne e sti m a t e fo u r
,

m e n t o o n e w o m a n alth o u g h a s Sa n s o m re m a rk e d
, , ,

c hl o r o fo r m i s SO e xt e n s ive ly u se d i n c hildbirth .

The R e p o rt O f t he A n ae s th e ti cs C o m m itt e e O f t he
B riti s h M e di c a l A ssoc i ati o n ( 1 9 0 1) fo u n d e d o n n ea rly
case s s h o we d t h at t he p e r ce n t ag e O f c o m
,

p li c ati o n s u n d er all a n aes th e ti cs t o g e th er wa s i n t he

r ati o of abo u t m al e s t o 1 fe m a l e w hil e t he p e r ,

ce n t ag e O f d an g er c a s e s was s till hi g h e r i n m a l e s ,

be i n g i n t he r atio O f ab ou t to 1 U n d e r c hl o ro .

fo r m t he da ng e r ra t e was fo u n d t o b e g re at e r fo r
-

m al e s i n t he r ati o O f o ve r 2 t o 1 U n d e r e th e r .
,

i n de e d t he dan g e r -rat e w as so m e w h at g r eat e r for

,

fe m al e s th a n fo r m a l e s t o I ) b u t m i n o r co m p li ca ,

ti o n s we re no t ably m o re fr e qu e n t w ith m al e s e ve n
u n d e r e th e r C hildr e n as t he ve ry l a rg e e x pe ri e n ce
.
,

O f t he M oo r fi e lds H o s p it a l s h o w s b ear c hl o r o fo r m ,

e xtr e m e ly we ll The r o b us t an d h e althy acco rdi n g

.
,

t o Sa n so m see m m o re e x p ose d t o t he d an g e r o u s
,

e ffec t s O f c hl o r o fo r m th a n t he d e li c a t e a n d w eakly ,

an d t he l a rg e s t r e l a tiv e nu m b e r O f fat al c ases h as

o cc u rre d i n v e ry trifli ng su rg i c al c a se s w h e n t he

g e n e r al h e alth O f t he p ati e n t has b ee n t o l e ra bly

g oo d .

So me all us io n m ay h ere b e m ad e t o t he g ro up o f l e ad sa lt s
( wh ic h , acc o rd i ng t o G o e t zk e an d o th e rs pri mari ly affe c t t he
,

ce n t ra l n e rv ou s s y s t e m ) as th e re is re as o n t o b e l ie v e th a t w o m e n
,

are m o re s us ce p t ibl e t o th e i r ac t i o n t h an m e n Si r J A ld e rs on . .

in hi s L um le ian L e c t ure s in 18 5 2 co nc l u d e d t h a t m e n ar e m o re
fre q ue n tly a ffe c t e d b ut Tanque r e l fo u n d th a t w o me n ar e m o re
,

s u s c e p t i bl e t o l e ad -p o i so n in g a nd P ro fe s s o r T O l iv e r o f
, .

N e wc as tl e o n e o f t he c h ie f ce n t re s o f t he l e ad i n d u s t rie s i s
, ,

d e cid e dly o f th is o p inio n In h is G ou ls t o n i an L e c t u re s o n

.

L ea d r m rk — “ Th e re i s i n m
5) h
2 1-2 e e a s
pp . : y ,
O p in i o n n o d o ub t i n re g ard t o t he v e ry m uc h g re a t e r s us c e pt i
,

bility o f t he fe mal e t o b e co n t am ina t e d wi th l e ad co m pare d t o

 M E TABO L I SM . 2 53

t he m al e ; th i s i s n ot d u e s im ply t o t he fac t o f e x po s ure i n

an d
a l e ad fac t or y t o wh a t m a
y b e re g ard e d a s t he g rea t e r d an g e rs ,
b u t d e pe n d s upon s e x ual i d io s y n cras y Th is i s an O pi n io n s o
.

t o t ally at v ariance wi th th a t g i v e n by s e v e ra l auth ors th at I

re q uire t o e x pl ain m y s e l f M y e x pe rie nce d rawn from h und re d s
.

o f cas e s i s th a t b o th a s re ar d s t he acu t e a n d c h ro n ic fo rm s o f
, g
l e a d -po is o ning wo m e n ar e m uc h m ore q uickly bro ug h t u n d e r
,
i t s i n fl u e n ce th an m e n The ra t i o o f m e n t o wo me n e m p l o y e d
.

i n lea d fac t o rie s i s i n fav o u r o f t he wo m e n and a t fi rs t s ig h t i t ,

m i g h t a ppe ar a s i f the l ia b i l i ty was e x pl a in e d by the g rea t e r
n u m b e r o f wom e n e x os e d Ta k ing a pe rio d o f fi ve y e ars I
p .
,

fi n d th at 13 5 case s O fle a d -p oi s on i n g we re ad m i tt e d as ih -p at ie n t s
a t t h e R o y a l I n fi r m a ry i n N e wcas tl e O f th e se n i ne ty -on e
, .
,
we re wo me n an d for ty -fo ur we re m e n TO m e th e re i s n o .

c o m pari so n o f t he g re a t e r s u s c e t i b i l i ty o f t h e fe m a l e ; an d
p
th a t i t i s n o t alt og e th e r a q ue st io n of t rad e is Sh o wn by
_

t he fac t th a t i n t he re ce n t e pi d e m i c of l e a d - o i so n i n g i n
p
Y o rk s h ire wh e re o u t o f 1000 ca se s d ue t o t he d rink ing o f
,

wa t e r co n t am i na t e d by t he m e t a l , t he s pe c ia l corre s po n
d e n t o f t he B r i ti s h M e di ca l j o u r n a l 189 0 v o l i p 9 7 4 , , . . .
,

fo un d t he pro p o r t io n o f fe m al e s t o m al e s t o b e as fo ur t o
o ne . A g ai n s t th i s m ay b e u rg e d t he fac t th a t w o m e n pro b
a bly d rin k m o re wa t e r th an m e n ; b u t a ll o wi ng fo r th i s t he ,

p ro p o rt i o n wo u ld s t i ll b e i n fa v our o f t h e fe m al e ; Bro wn fo und

1 5 3 m al e s as ag a in s t 2 5 1 fe m a l e s N o t o nl y is t he fe mal e
.

m o re s us ce p t ibl e b ut s he i s s o a t a n e arl i e r ag e th an t he
,

m al e a nd i s m o re l ik e l y t o s uf e r s e v e re ly a n d fro m s uc h
, ,

n e rv o u s a c c id e n t s as e pi l e p s y The i n t e re s t i ng p o in t i n
.

re g ard to e x pos ure to l e ad i s th a t wh il s t y oung wome n s uffe r

re ad i ly fro m s a t urn ine p o is on ing re c o v e ring q u ickl y fro m col ic
,

o n ly t o b e m o re re a d i ly a n d s e v e re ly affe c t e d o n ag a i n e x pos i n g
th e m s e l v e s m e n m ay g o o n work in g for y ears t e n t o t we n ty
, , ,

h av i n g o n ly o ne o r t wo at t ac ks o f co l i c a nd th e n a ft e r a v e ry , ,

l e ng th e n e d p e rio d o f s e rv ice m ay s t ill fall v i ct im s e i th e r t o l ead

,
.
,

p ara ly s i s o r d ie from t he e ffe c t s o f a k id ne y le is o n d ue t o t he

,

p o is o n . O ne o f t he fi rs t n o t i ce a bl e e ffe c t s o f t he p e rn ic io us
i n fl u e n ce o f l e a d i s t he p ro d uc t i o n o f anaem ia o r cac h e x ia .

N e arly all y o ung w o m e n t h o s e p art i cul arly b e t we e n t he ag e s

,

o f e i g h t e en t o t we n ty -fo u r wh e n th us e x po s e d s u ffe r fro m

,

d e ran g e d m e n s t rua l fun c t ion ; li ee mat os is an d o v arian ac t i v i ty

a re in t e rfe re d w i th an d t h e re s ul t i s e i th e r a m e n o rrh oea o r
,

m e no rrh a g ia O n ce t he fun c t i o n al ac t i v i ty o f the o v a rie s an d

.

bl o od -mak in g i s in t e rfe re d w i th th e n i s th a t wo man a l re ad y i n

,

a c r i t i ca l co n d i t i o n an d at an y m o m e n t s he m ay b e co m e t h e
,

s u bj e c t o f a n y O f th o se e x p l o s i v e o u tb urs t s o f p l u m b is m k n own
by t he nam e O f l e a d e n ce p h al opa th y To s e x ual p e c ul iari ty .

I th e re fore a t t ri b ut e m u c h o f the d an g e r fro m e x p os ure to l e ad .

L e ad a s a p oi s on s t rik e s e arly at the fun c t io ns o f bl o o d -m ak i ng

2 54 M AN AN D W O M AN .

a nd r e p o r d uc t ion pro d ucing s t e ri l i ty l iabili ty t o ab ort ion and

, , ,

a me n orrh oea o r m en o rrh a ia W o man fro m he r co ns t i t u t ion a l

g o
.

”
,
i d io sy n cras y i s the re fore mo re l iabl e t o b e i m pre s s e d by l e ad
,
.

M r . W
Be v an L e wi s ( Tex t-B ook of M en ta l D i seas es 18 89 ,
.

r r
p 3 50 ) in d i e c tly co n fi ms D r O l i v e by t he v iv i d pi c t u e w h i c h
. . r r
r r
he p e s e n t s o f t he v a io us n e v ou s s y m p t o m s w h i c h ar e fo un d r
“
amo n g the y o u n g g i l s ( wh i t e l e a d
g h r
os t s
”
th e y ar e c all e d i n
r
t he n e ig h b o u h oo d ) who wo k i n l ead man u fa c t o ie s r
Th e s e r .

rr
i nc l u d e a e s t o f s e x ual d e v e l o pme n t wi th p e v e t e d i n s t in c t s r r
r r r
a n d u nn a t u a l d e s i e s , hy s t e ia, c h 01e a, e i l e t i fo m s e izu i e s ,
p p r
cat al e p t i c s t a t e s , a n d ac t ual i n sani ty If we are j us t ifi e d in .

c o n c l ud ing t h at wo m e n s u ffe e a l ie r
a n d m o e s e v e e ly f o m r r r r r
l e ad -poisoning, we m ay p e h aps c o nn e c t th is wi th t he l e s s r
m e t ab ol ic a c t i v i ty o f wome n In l ea d -p o i s oning th e e i s m a k e d
. r r
m e t ab ol i c d e fi c ie n cy If th i s 18 so , we s h o uld e x pe c t t o fi nd
.

r
th at wo me n are m o e s u sce pti bl e th an m e n t o all th e se s l o w
.

p oi s o ns o f wh i c h l e a d is t he s u btl e an d t e i bl e ty pe B u t t he rr .

r
e v i d e n ce b e fo e u s i s n o t co n v i n c i n g ly p e s e n t e d r .

W om e n hildr e n it i s ge n e r ally
, as we ll as c ,

ad m itt e d a re v e ry s e n s itiv e t o t he i n fl u e n ce O f O p i u m
, .

“
T he re can b e littl e dou bt F o n ss ag r iv es s t at es as , ,

t o t he e xtre m e i m p r e ss i o n ability O f wo m e n t o O p i u m ,

a n d m os t o f t he c a s e s O f t o xi c s a t u r a ti o n fo ll o w i n g

t he u se O f O p i u m are i n w o m e n 1 L au d e r B ru n t on .

m ak es a s i m il a r s t at e m e n t .

O p i u m ac t s c hi e fly o n t he n e rv ou s s y s t e m b u t ,

m o r e e s p e c i a lly o n t he br a i n C hildr e n p osse s s a .

g r eat e r p r o p o rti o n O f n e rvous ti ssu e a n d br a i n th an

a d u lt s g re at er ce ll ac tivity an d a g r e at e r p o we r O f
, ,

a b so r p ti o n
2
Th e re fo r e it is n ot su rp ri s i ng th at
.

c hildre n are s u sce tibl e t o O p i u m

p The s a m e i s tr u e .

O f m a mm a l s g e n e r ally If p o i so n i s g iv e n t o a n ad u lt
.

r abbit an d t o a y ou n g rabbit t he p o i so n in e ac h case ,

1
A rt “ O pi um i n D i et ency a es Sci en ces nu‘a i cales
’
. . . .

2
r
The g rea ter ra pid i ty of abso p tio n i n ch i ld re n has bee n we ll sh o wn
b y Yat suty, who se l ec te d he althy mal e s u bj e c ts fro m e i ght ye a s o ld t o r
e ighty , an d e x pe r i m e n t e d w i th i o d id e o f po t assi um a n d sal i cyl at e o f
So d a The d ose was m ad e to d e pend o n the b ody-we ig ht, and the
.

r
u i ne was e x ami ne d e v e y th e e mi nutes r r
The g e ne ral r e sult was tha t .

r
t he y o ung e the s ubj e c t t he mo re ra pi d the abso rp t i o n Th us wh i l e t he .

r
sal i cyl a t e was abs o bed i n boys and y o ung me n i n abou t fi ft e e n m i nu t es ,

i n mi ddl e - ag e d m e n i t re qui re d abou t t we n ty m i nut es , a nd i n o ld me n

abo u t t we nty - fi ve mi nut es ( L ancet , l o th J anua y. r

2 56 M AN AN D W O M AN .

any l arg e h osp it al It i s w o rth m e n ti o n i n t he s am e

.

co n n ec ti o n th at B all fou n d th a t s e x u al e x c it e m e n t , as

a c o m li cati o n O f di s o m a n i a i s m o re fre q u e n t i n
p p ,

wo m e n th an i n m e n 1 .

Thi s we ll -m arke d diffe r e nti al ac ti o n O f al c o h ol o n

t he n e rv o u s ce n tres i n m e n an d w o m e n i s o f so m e
i nt e r es t and m u s t b e t ak e n in c onne cti o n w ith oth e r
,

fac t s re fe rre d t o e l se wh e r e .

The re i s com para t i v e ly l it tl e o p po rt un i ty of s t udy ing chro nic

al co h o l i s m i n c h i ld re n P ro fe s so r D e m me o f Be rn e has , ho w
.

e v e r, fo u n d i t s o m e wh a t c o mmo n am on
g t he p o o r in c e rt a in
di s t rict s an d has writt e n a pam p hl e t on the influe n ce of al coh o l
,

on c h i ld re n . I h av e n o t se e n th i s b ut i t a p peaItSt hat he fi nd s
,

t hat the m ain s y mp t o m o f al co h o l ic p o ison in g i n c h i ld re n i s

ab no rm al e x c i t e me n t e n d in g in e xt re m e ca s e s i n co n v u l s ion s
, , , ,

an d fo ll o we d by m e n t al an d b o d i ly d e b i l i ty o f t he n a t ure o f

paraly s i s (L a ncet 19 t h Se p t 189 1 p

, . Th e re i s he re
, .

co n s i d e rabl e re s e m bl an ce t o t he s y m p t o m s o f c h ro n i c al c o h o l ic

po i s on in g i n wo m e n It i s a l s o o f s o m e i n t e re s t to o b s e rv e th a t
.

d eli r i u m t r emens i s a n e xt re me ly rare re s u l t o f a l c o h o l i s m

amo n g l o we r race s Th u s i n A m e ric an n e g roe s ( as D r
. .

R e yb urn has s h o wn fro m an a naly s i s o f o v e r n e g ro

pa t i e n t s t re a t e d by t he M e d ica l D e part m e n t o f t he A me ri can

B ure a u o f R e fug ee s ) deli r i u m tr e men s is o f v e r y rare o c c u rr e n ce ,
a l c oh o l i s m b e i ng m uc h m ore ap t t o l e ad t o e p i l e p t ifo rm c o n v u l
s io n s o r mania .

H AI R AN D P IG M EN TA TI O N .

It i s p r o b abl e th a t t he g r o wth o f t he h a ir , i t s
co l o u ri n g , a nd th at O f t he b ody g e n e r a lly , h av e a n

i n ti m at e co n nec ti o n with t he m e t a b o li c ac tivity of

t he o rg an i s m A m o n g an i m al s o f all ki n d s h air , a nd
.

m o r e e s pe c i a lly p i g m e n t a ti o n , p l ay a part O f t he fir s t
i m p o rt an c e as seco nd a ry s e xu a l c h arac t e r s A m o ng .

a n i m a l s g e ne r ally , i n a v e ry O bvi o u s m a nn e r , b r illi a n t

p i g m e n t ati o n an d ab u n d a n t h a ir p re d o m i n at e am o ng
t he m a l es B u t i n m an p i g m e n t ati o n has b e c o m e
.

ve ry r u di m e nt a ry a n d co m p arativ e ly s t abl e , w hil e

s e x ual h a ir di s trib u ti o n has b e c o m e fa irly e q u ali s e d .

It i s tr u e th at m e n h a ve a g r o wth O f h air o n t he face ,

'
1 ’
L E ncep hale, 1882 , N o 3 , p 4 46
. . .
 M E TA B O L I SM . 2 57

b u t , o n t he o th e r h a n d , w o m e n h av e a m o r e vi g o r o u s
g r o wth O f h air o n th e ir h e ad s ; e ve n am o ng r ac e s lik e
t he Si n g h al e se , who p re se rv e th e ir h air l o n g , th at O f
t he w o m e n i s l o n g e r th a n th a t O f t he m e n , an d ,
ac co rdi n g t o P faff a n d W ald e y e r , t he i n divid u al h air s

are i n G e r m an y thi c k e r i n wo m e n th a n i n m e n .

E v e n a m o n g c hildre n (a s W a ld e y e r p o i n t s ou t ) b oy ys ’

h a ir , if l e ft u n cu t , d oe s n o t g r o w t o t he l e ng th o f
g irl s
’
W o m e n d o no t t e n d t o b eco m e b ald e ith e r i n
.

E u r o p e o r a m o n g l o w e r r a c e s lik e t he N i c o b a r ese ,
a n d d o n o t s u ffe r SO O ft e n as m e n fr o m a lo eci a ar ea ta
p .

A g ai n , w hil e m e n i n E u r o p e o n t he av e rag e h av e a
m o r e e xt e n d e d g r o w th O f h a ir o n t he b o dy g e n e r ally ,
t he m o re co n ce n tr at e d h air r e g i o n s O f wo m e n t e n d t o
b e m o r e vi g o r o u s l y d e ve l o p e d ; th u s o n t he p u b es it i s
fre q u e n tly g r eat e r i n am ou n t i n w o m e n th an i n m e n ,
a n d t he i n divid u al h air s i n thi s r e g i o n are al s o ( a s

b o th P faff an d W alde y e r h av e fou n d ) O f g r eat e r siz e

th an th ose O f m e n The se x u al diffe r e n ce s are th e r e
.

fo re o n t he W h o l e co m p e sat o ry
n
2
I t m u s t b e a dd e d ,
.

h ow e v e r , th a t a r ea l se x u al di s ti n c ti o n , an d o n e O f
s o m e i n t e re s t , li e s i n t he g r e at e r p e r s i s t e n ce i n w o m e n

O f t he foe t a l lanug o o r d o w n O n th e ir face s , ne c k s ,

.

a n d b o di e s g e n e r a lly w o m e n r e t ai n thi s i n fan til e

c h a r ac t e ri s ti c O f d o w n t o a m u c h g r ea t e r e xt e n t th an

m e n, a n d i n so m e cas e s i t s p r ese n ce i s v e ry m a rk e d .

The pre s e n ce Of h air o n t h e face i n me n i s on e of th e mo s t

r r
p o n o u n c e d o f a ll t he s e co n d a y s e x ua l c h a ac t e s Th e e i s r r . r
r r r r
pe h ap s s o m e i n t e e s t i n e m a k ing th a t , p o b ably as a re s u lt o f r .

r
th i s , the s pe c ia l p e v a l e n ce o f ac n e ( o r o f p i m p l e s n o t a m o un t ing
t o acn e ) i n y ou ng m ale a d u lt s h as a l so b e e n e g a d e d as a r r
r r r
s e c on d a y s e x u al c h a ac t e , s in ce i t i s co m p ar a t i v e ly a e in r r
1
The a ve rag e l e ng th of t he h ai r
i n wo me n i s usually s t a t ed t o b e
be t wee n 60 an d 7 5 c m , b u t a co n side rab ly g re at e r l e ng th is f eque n tly
. r
a tt a i n e d th u s i n M unic h St r at z fo u nd a l ady , 16 4 cm (abou t 5 ft 4 i n ) . . .

i n h e ig ht, wh o se h a i r was 1 5 5 c m ( 5 ft 1 i n ) i n l e ng th , an d he has

. . .

a l s o m e t fo u r
o th e r
wo me n wi th no t ably b eauti ful h ai wh i c h v ari e d r
be t we e n 12 0 and 15 3 cm s i n l e ng th . .

2 r r
A fai ly fu ll d i sc ussi o n o f the c h a act e ri s t ics of t he h ai r an d i t s
r
d i s t i but i on wi ll b e found i n P l oss an d Bart e l s , D as W ei b, 7 th cd , .

pp . 2 8 ,
2 4 6 -2 6
5 .
2 58 M AN AN D W O M AN .

wom e n A s W ood s H u t ch ins on p o in t s o ut ( Stu di es i n H u m a n

.

a n d C om a r a ti v e P a tholo
p gy , p acn e i s a d i seas e o f t he s o
.

c a ll e d s e b ac e ous g l an d s, wh ic h a re i m ma t ure o r ab o rt e d h a i r
fo ll i c l e s , a n d i t i s th e re fo re i mp o s s ibl e not t o c o nn e c t t he
o cc u rre n ce o f acn e , wh i c h us u a l ly app e ars at a d o l e sce n ce , w i th
!

t he n o rmal i mp ul s e to t he g ro wth o f hai r o n t he fa ce a t th is

t i me .

The re is ,
h owe ve r o n e q u es ti o n whi c h as we s h all
, ,

s e e h as a c e rt ai n d e fi n it e s i g n ifi c anc e an d t o w hi c h
, ,

it s e e m s p oss ibl e t o g ive a g u ard e d an s we r : A re

wo m e n d ark e r th an m e n
Th e re i s n o dou bt th at c hildr e n h ave faire r h a i r an d
fa ir e r s ki n s th an adu lt s i n v e ry v a ri ou s p art s O f t he
wo rld s u c h a s Sou th A m e ri c a J ap an N e w G u i n e a 1
, , , .

A m o n g m an y di ffe ren t race s al so trave ll e rs h ave , ,

re co rde d th at t he wom e n a re faire r th an t he m e n ;

B alz says th at t he J ap a ne s e wo m e n h ave a so m e w h a t
li g ht e r -c o l ou re d s ki n th an t he m e n ; D Alb ert i s fo u n d ’

th at P apu an wom en i n N e w G u i nea are al w ays

li g ht e r -c ol ou re d th an t he m e n ; t he Ai n u wom e n are
al s o s ai d t O b e fair e r th an t he m e n whil e a m o n g
‘

t he V e dd ah s (as D e sc h a m p s n ot e d) t he wo m e n ar e
n o t fa ire r th an t he m e n th o ug h t he c hildr e n are fa ir
, .

A m o ng t he F uegian s H y a de s an d D e n ik e r re m ark
th at t he s ki n col ou r is li g ht e r in w om e n th a n i n m e n ,

b u t b e fo r e p u b e rty d ark e r i n t he g irl s A m o n g m an y .

Afric a n peopl es t he wo m e n are l e ss bl ac k th ou g h ,

b o th se x es alike ar e e x p ose d t o t he su n an d M an ,

t e g az z a m ad e t he s a m e O b se rv ati on r e g a rdi n g t he
T o das i n I n di a Bu t am o n g a l ar ge nu m b e r O f J e ws
.

an d J e wesses i n A m e ri c a F i s hb e rg fou n d t he w o m e n
m u c h d ark e r 7 4 p er c e n t o f J e we ss e s h avi n g d ar k
,
.

s ki n an d o n ly 2 3 p e r c e n t J e w s
,
2
The d e t e r m i n a ti o n
. .

o f se xu al dif fe r e nce i n s ki n co l ou r i s n ot v e r y sati s -

fac t o r y n or can we al ways b e su r e th at bo th se x e s

,

rece iv e t he s am e am ou n t o f e x posu r e t o t he s u n .

I t i s O f m o r e i nt e r es t t o i n ve s tig at e t he c o l o u r O f
See , fo r i ns tance , F ri tsch , “ Be rme rk ung en zur anthr Opolog ische n
1
”
H aar u nte rsu chung , Ze i tschr ifl fii r E thn olog i e , 1888, h e ft iii p 19 0 . . .

2
A m A n thr opologi st , 19 03 , p 9 2
. . .
2 60 M A N AN D W OM AN .

t he l at e r d ark e n i n g O f hai r i n t he m e n w hi c h w ou ld ,

l e ad you ng m e n t o be cou nt e d as so m e w h at faire r

th an if th e y had r eac h e d th at p i g m e nt ary m at u rity
whi c h has b e e n re ac h e d by yo u ng w o m e n o f t he sam e
F ro m a n e x am i n ati o n O f D r B e dd oe s t a bl e it
’
ag e . .

a p ear s th at w o m e n h ave d a rk e r h air th a n m e n i n

p
C o m r i e ( P e rth s hire) Thi rs k B os t o n L e i ce s t e r W or
, , , ,

ces t e r N o rw i c h an d So u th am t on w hil e m e n h av e
, , p ,

d arke r h air i n F o rt e vi o t (P e rth s hire ) St o ke -o n -Tre n t , ,

Shr e ws b u ry H e re fo rd a nd N o rth W a l e s
, , It c a n .

scar ce ly b e said th a t thi s

p arti c ul a r li s t s tro n g ly
s u ppo rt s D r B e dd oe s O p i n i o n as t o t he p re val e n ce
’
.

O f d a rk
p i g me n t a m o n g wo m e n The e vide n ce fu r .

n i s he d by t he e y e s i s c l e a re r D ar k e ye s w e re a l m os t .

co n st an tly m o r e nu m e r o u s i n wo m e n th an i n m e n ,

thi s be i n g fou n d at F or te v io t C o m ri e Thir s k B o s t o n , , , ,

L e i ce s t e r Shr e ws bu ry H e r e fo rd W o r ces t e r L o n d o n
, , , , ,

So u th a m p t o n a n d N o r t h W al e s ; o n ly Ip s w i c h s h o we d
,

m e n t o p osse ss d ark e r e y e s w hil e St o k e -o n -Tre n t an d ,

N o rw i c h s h o we d t he s e x e s t o b e e q u al D r B e dd oe . .

re gard s th e se re su lt s as fairly re p re se n ti n g t he fac t s

as th e y w o u ld e m e rg e fro m a m o r e e xt e n s iv e i n v e s

t i g at i o n O f his m at e ri al s an d it c e rt a i n ly fu lly ill u s

,
“
trat e s his g e n e r al c on c l u s i o n : I h av e u su ally fo u n d
a d e c id e dly l a rg e r p ro p o rti o n O f d a rk e y e s am o n g t he
”
wo m e n b u t n o t so O ft e n O f d a rk h a ir
,
I g a th e r th a t .

he r e g a rd s b ro wn h air and bro w n e y e s as c hi e fly

c o mm o n a m o n g wo m e n bl ac k h a i r an d g r e y e ye s
,

am o n g men
’

as m o re p re v al e n t A n i n de p e n de nt .

i nv es ti gati o n O f t he m e m be r s O f t he B riti s h A s soc i a

ti o n d u ri ng t he Bath m ee ti ng at a l abo r at o ry e s t ab ,

li she d for t he o c c a s i o n e n tire ly co n fir m e d D r , .

Be dd oe s re su lt s a s reg ard s ey e -co l o u r ; w hil e t he

’

e y e s O f m e di u m c o l o u r w e r e a b ou t e q u al i n t he s e x e s ,

p e r ce n t O f t he m e n posse s se d li g ht e y e s ag a i n s t
.
,

o n ly p e r c e n t O f t he w o m e n whil e
.
p e r ce n t , .

o f t he w o m e n p osse s se d d a rk e ye s ag a i n s t o n ly ,

e r ce n t O f t he m e n At t he N e w cas tl e m ee ti n g it
p . .

w as fo u n d th at a l a r g e r pe r ce n t ag e o f t he m e n had
 M E TA BO L I SM . 2 61

li g ht h air li g ht e ye s a s li g htly l arg e r p e r c e n t age

an d ,

O f t he m e n s h o we d li g ht e y es a n d d a rk h ai r a n d a ,

co n s id e r a bly l ar g e r pe rc e n t a g e O ft he w o m e n
p os s e s se d
d ark e ye s an d d ark h air ; thi s re su lt i n a pa rt O f t he
c o u n try O f v e ry di ffe r e n t e th n o l o gi cal c h a r ac t e r fr o m

B a th ( a nd 5 0 p er ce nt O f th ose e x a m i n e d at N e w .

c as tl e w e r e n a tiv e s O i N e wc as tl e ) al so co n fir m s D r .

B e dd o e s r e s u lt s Still m o re r ece n tly P r o fe sso r

’
.
,

H a dd o n a n d D r B r o w ne h av e i nv es ti g at e d t he h a ir
.

a n d e y e s o f ov e r 4 00 i n h a bit an t s o f t he Ar an I s l an d s ,

o n t he wes t c o as t O f I r e l a n d Th e y ado p t e d B e dd oe s ’
.

m e th o d s and i n d e p e n d e n tly c o n fir m hi s r e s u lt s as t o
,

se x u a l di ffe r e nce s B o th d a rk e y e s an d d ark h air

.

we r e fo u n d m o re p r e v a l e n t a m o n g fe m al es th a n
a m o n g m al e s t he r e s u lt s b e i n g m o r e s y m m e tri cal a s
,

h
r e g ard s t e e ye s th an as re g ards t he h a ir 1
.

I n a priv at e l e tt e r D r Be dd oe m ak e s s o m e i n t e re s t ing
.

rem arks o n s e x ual d iffe re n ce s in p ig me n t at ion and rai se s t he ,

q ue s t io n as t o th e ir c a u s e s : “ It is e s pe c ia lly o n t he W e l s h
b o rd e r fo r e x am p l e H e re for d a n d Sh re ws b ury ] th a t t he
,

m e n c o m e o ut wi t h d ark e r h ai r Th at m ay h av e b e e n d u e t o
.

t he p re s e n ce o f m ore W e l s h b re d m e n t ha n wo m e n -
I th in k .

t he e x ce s s O f d ark wo m e n i s m os t m ark e d i n t he m os t p ure ly

A n g l ian ( o r s ay Te u t o n ic ) d i s t r ic t s s u c h as B o s t o n
, ,
D o t he
,
.

wo m e n s t i ll re p e a t t he c o l o u rs o f t h e ir a n ce s t re s se s t he B ri t is h ,

wo m e n who e s po us e d t he Sax o n i n v a d e rs ? P o s s ibly ; no d o u bt

t h e re was i n t e rm arriag e o f th a t s o rt th oug h as t he Sax o n s ,

b ro ug h t t he i r co ws o v e r I d on t d o ubt t h at t h e y b roug h t a g o o d
,
’

man y wo m e n t oo D o t he wo m e n d e po s i t m o re pig me n t i n
.

t h e ir iri d e s and h air b e ca u s e th e y h av e n o b e ard s wh ere in t o

e x pe n d it ?
”
The l a tt e r s upp os i t io n m ay s e e m to fin d s u p p or t
i n t he fac t th a t t he d a rk e ni ng i n wo m e n o ccurs a t a b o u t t he
t im e a t wh ic h the b e ard b e g ins t o g ro w i n m e n ; b ut we m u s t
re m e mbe r th a t i n am oun t O f h a ir th e re d o e s n ot s e e m any
m ark e d s e x ual i ne q ual i ty o n t he wh o l e .

The m os t l b o r at e r e c e n t i n v e stig ati on

e a i n G r e at
B rit a i n is th at O f G r ay an d To c h e r i n E as t
1
Se e the care fu lly d e ta i l e d s t at i s t i cs , A C H add o n and C R . . . .

Eth no g raphy o f the A ran I s l ands ,

“
Bro wn e , P r oceedi ng s R oy a l I r i sh
A ca demy , 189 3 p p 7 82 -7 86
, . . r
I n a l a t e i nve st ig at i on i n Gal way ( i h , .

18 9 9 , p. 2 2 8 ) Br o wn e fou n d the i nd e x o f n i g r esce nce h ig h e i n g irls r

th an i n b oys , and much h i gh e i n wo me n th an i n me n r .
2 62 M AN AN D W O M AN .

Abe rde e n s hir e Th e se O bs e rve r s n o t e d t he eye an d

.

h a i r co lou r O f o ve r c hildr e n a n d fo u n d th a t ,

i n p e rce nt ag e O f d a rk h air t he s e x e s w e r e a bou t

e q u al w hil e a s re a rd s e e -c o l o u r t he
, g y g irl s s h o w a
s m all ( 3
p er ce n t ) e x ce ss O f d ark e y es .A mo n g .

se v e ra l th ou sa n d ad u lt s h o w e v e r t he
g r e at e r d a rk , ,

n e ss O f t he w o m e n w as c l e a rly m a rk e d ; t he w o m e n

had 1 1 p e r ce n t m o r e d ark h a ir th an t he m e n a n d
.
,

1 6 1 p e r c e n t m o r e d ark e ye s 1
. .

I n G e r m an y thi s q u es ti o n h a s b ee n m o s t fu lly
s t u di e d by t he l at e P r o fe sso r P fi t z n e r At t he .

A n at o m i c a l I n s tit u t e at St ra ss bu r g P fi t z n er fo u n d ,

th at fair m e n are al w ays i n e x ce s s O f fair w o m e n .

Taki n g o v e r 5 00 s u bj e ct s his p e rce n t ag e s we r e as ,

fO llO W : -2

M ALE . F EM A L E.

D ark . D ar k .

The se fi g u re s s h ow a v e ry m ark e d a n d c o n s t an t
s e x u a l diffe r e n ce at a ll a g e s P fi tz n e r e n d e a v o u r e d .

t o fi n d a n e x p l an ati o n i n t he p o s s ibility O f t he s e x e s
re ac hi ng t he In s tit u t e i n diffe re n t r a c i a l m ixt u r e s .

Thi s is n o t i mp oss ibl e b u t a s w as p o i n t e d o u t i n , ,

t he fir s t e diti o n o f t he p r e se n t b oo k thi s se x ual ,

differe n c e i s i n t e r n a ti o nal and has b ee n O b se rv e d ,

am o ng t he livi n g a s w e ll as am o n g t he d ead The .

sam e diffe r e n ce s e xi s t i n D e n m a rk I n th at c ou n try .

P r o fesso r W ald e m a r Sc h m idt (a s D r B e dd oe ki n dly .

i n fo r m s m e) fou n d m o r e fa ir -h air e d an d fewe r d ark

J G y nd J F T h r P hy i l C h act ri ti c f A d ult nd
1
. ra a . . oc e ,
s ca ar e s s o s a

S h l C hi ld r n i E t Ab d n h i e f
”
c oo e n A th 1 t J n
as er y ee s r , ou r . u . ns .
, a u ar

J u ne
-
,
Kar l P e arso n and A l i ce L e e co nfi rm t he c onc l us i on th a t
19 00 .

t he e yes of wo me n are dar k e r th an th ose o f m e n , P r oc R oy Soc , . . .

vo l .lxvi , 19 00, p 32 4 C f K P e arso n, P hi l Tr an s , 19 0 1, v ol

. . . . . . .

19 5 A , p 108 . .

Sc wa e s M orpholog i sche A d e -
h lb ’
t en , 1
3d 189 2 . .
2 64 M AN AN D W O M AN .

a l arge n u m b e r O f Bu l g ari an s c h oo l c hildr e n b oth ,

i n B u l g ari a a nd i n Tu rk e y b e t we e n t he ag e s O f s ix ,

and t w e nty W ate ff has fo u n d th a t t he dark ty p e

,

p r e v ail s a m o n g t he g irl s t o a s li g htly g r e at e r e xt e n t

th an a m o ng t he b oy s t he bl o n d typ e b e i n g e q u al ,

i n b o th so th at a s i n P o l an d th e r e w as a d e fi c i e n c y
, , ,

O f t he m ix e d ty e a m o n
g t he g irl s C o n s id e ri ng e ye s
-
p .

an d h a ir se p a r at e ly t he
g irl s had m o r e d ar k e y e s b u t ,

t he b o y s m o r e li g ht h a ir 1 .

W e t hu s see th at th ou g h am o n g c hildr e n thi s ,

di s ti n c tio n i s l e s s m ark e d or n o n -e xi s t e n t w o m e n , ,

h ave da rk e r h air th a n m e n a n d d ec id e dly d a rke r ,

e ye s W e s e e m t o b e j u s tifi e d i n c o n c l u di ng th at thi s
.

h o ld s g en e ra lly go od for t he faire r r ac e s o f N o rth e r n

2
E u rop e .

A mo ng t he xt ra-Eu rope an and d arke r races ob s erva t io n s h av e

e ,

b e e n m ad e o n a s mall e r scal e an d d o n o t al way s po in t in th e ,

s am e d ire c t i o n C h an t re fo un d t he wo m e n d ark e r am o n g t he
.

A rm e n ian s t o a v e ry d e c id e d e xt e n t ; th e r e w e re 5 1 p e r c e n t .

d ark -h a ire d m e n t o 7 1 p e r c e n t d ark -h aire d wo me n a n d 5 1 pe r .

,

c e n t d a rk -e y e d me n t o 7 7 p e r c e n t
. d ark -e y e d wo me n ( d ark .

n e s s o f t he e y e s b e in g th u s as u s ually i n E uro p e e v e n m o re , ,

m ark e d i n wo me n th a n d ark ne s s o f t he h ai r) ; a s re g ard s t he

l ig h t -h aire d th e re were 12 p e r c e n t m e n a g ai ns t 3 p e r ce n t
,
. .

w o m e n an d a s re g ard s l ig h t -e y e d 12 pe r ce n t m e n an d n o wo me n
, . .

A mo n g Tart ars he fo u n d 6 3 pe r ce n t d ark -h aire d m e n t o 7 8 .

p e r ce n t d ark h a ire d wo m e n a n d 56 p e r c e n t d ark e y e d m e n to

— .
-
, .

7 2 p e r c e n t d ark e y e d wo m e n A mo ng the Kurd s t he s e x es

- . .

we re e q ua l a s re g ard s d ark h air b ut as re g ard s d ark e y e s t h e re ,

we re 6 6 p e r ce n t m e n t o 80 p e r ce n t wo m e n .
( E C h an t re . . .
,
“
M is s i o n Sc ie n t ifi que e n A m en i c R u ss e , ” N o u n A r ch des r . .

M i ss Sci , v o l iii ,
. A m ong -
. t he L ap p s M an t e g azza an d
.

r
So mm i e fo u n d th a t a b o u t 50 pe r c e n t O f t he wom e n , an d o nl y .

a b o u t 30 p e r c e n t o f t he m e n , h ad b o wn e y e s , b u t th e e was
. r r
110 s i m il a r r r
p e p o nd e an c e o f d a k h a i a m o n g t he wo me n r r .

A m o ng t he J a pan e se (acco d in g t o C o ll ig no n ) s e x ual d iffe e n ce s r r

r r
in t he co l o u o f t he h a i a n d e y e s ar e s l ig h t , t h e wo m e n b e in g
a l i ttl e l e s s d a k r
A m o n g t he F ue g ian s , acc o d i ng t o H y a d e s
. r
a n d D e n i ke , th e e i s a l a g e r r r r r
p o p o t i o n o f d a k e y e s a mo n g r r
r
t he m e n , b ut t he h ai i s e x c l u s i v e ly d a k amo n g t he wo m e n , an d r
r
o n ly p e d o m in an tly d a k a m o n g t he m e n r .

1
S W ate ff, Cor r esp -B la tt d eu tsch Gese ll A u t h , M arch
. . . . . . 19 02 .

C f R i pl ey , The R aces of E u r ope, pp 3 2 2 , 3 5 7 , e tc

. . .
 C H AP TER X .

TH E V I SC E R A .

TH E P SYC H O L O GI C A L SIGN I F I C A N C E OF TH E VI SC ER A — TH E
TH Y R O I D GL AN D — ITS P H Y SIO L O G IC A L AN D P A TH O
L O GI C A L VA R IA TI O N S IN W OM E.

G O ITR E A N D I TS A N A L O GY TO TH E STA TE OF TER R O R

— TH E L A R v A N D TH E VO I C E— C H A N G ES AT P U B ER TY

R E L A TI O N OF TH E VO I C E TO TH E SE XU AL O R GA N S
TH E TH O R A C IC VI SC E R A H EA R T L U N GS— TH E
A BD O M I N A L V I SC ER A — STO M A C H — D I G E STI O N — L I VER
SP L EEN — K I D N EY S— B L AD D ER — TH E VI SC ER A A F A C TO R
IN TH E P R O D U C TI O N OF EM O TI O N A L STA TE S .

T H E R E c an b e n o d o u bt th at t he co n s ide r ati on O f t he
i n t e r n al o r g a n s O f t he b o dy th e i r v ari e ti es ac c o rdi ng
,

t o a g e se x a n d r ace a n d t he c h a ng es th e y u n d e r g o
, ,

u n d e r v a ryi ng co n diti o n s co n s tit u t e s a s t u dy O f g re a t

,

i m p o rt an ce B u t it has s car ce ly ye t b een u nde rt a ke n

.

i n an
y se r i ou s o r c o m p r e h e n s iv e m an ne r I t i s no t .

y e t g e n e r ally r ec og n i se d th at j u s t as a n thr o p o l og y
i s fou n d e d o n a n a t o m y SO p s y c h o l o g y i s fo u n d e d o n
,

p hy s i o l o gy . W h e n w e say th at t he s u pr ar e nal
c a p s u l e i s a g an g li o n i c b o dy m ou ld e d o n t o t he t o p

O f t he kid ne y w e a ss e rt a n a n at o m i c a l fa c t ; w h e n w e
,

g o o n t o s ay th at t he s u p r a r e nal c ap su l e i s l a rg e r i n
w o m e n th a n i n m e n a n d v e ry l a rg e i n N e g r o e s w e ,

a s s e r t a n a n thr o o l og i c al
p fac t In t he sam e w ay
.
,

w h e n we ac cu r at e ly e s ti m a t e o r gr ap hi c ally re p re se n t
t he o rdi n a ry a c ti o ny O f t he h e a rt o r t he p u l se w e a re ,

w e ll w ithi n t he re g i o n o f p hy s i o l o g y But when we .

b e g i n t o m ak e t he s am e O b se rvati o n s o n t he h e art
2 66 M AN AN D W O M AN .

and p ul se u nde r va ryi n g c on diti on s O f t he i ndividu al

“

o rg an i sm w e are n o t far fr o m t he r e g i o n O f p sy c h o
,

l ogy Thu s t he e l ab o r at e p hy s i o l og i cal s t u di es o f

.

M osso o n t he v asc u l a r s y s t e m h ave a v e ry i n tim at e

c onnec ti o n w ith p s y c h o l o g y N O o n e no w ca n b e a .

co mp e t e nt p s c h o l o g i s t w ho i s n o t s o m e thi n g O f a
y
p hy s i o l og is t j us t as no o ne can be a co m pe t e nt
,

p hy s io l ogi s t who i s n o t so m e thi n g O f a c he m i s t an d

a phys i ci s t The p hy s i o l og y o f t he s en se s l e ad s u s
.

t o t he p s y c h o l o gy O f i n t e ll e c t a n d t he p hy s i o l o g o f
y ,

t he vi sc e r a l e ad s u s t o t he p s yc h o l og y o f e m o t i o n .

I f we p osse ss e d fo r i n s t an ce a th o ro u g h p hys i o l og i c a l
, ,

k nowl e dg e O f t he thyro id g l an d w e s h o u ld pro b ably ,

k now mo re O f t he n at u re o f e m o tio n th an all m e re

i nt rospecti on o r m e re g e n e r al p i c t u r es q ue descrip
,

t i on has e v e r t aug ht u s
, .

The Thy r oi d Gland — Thi s i n t e res ti n g gl an d O f t he

.

nec k i s i nti m at e ly c o nn e c t e d with t he m e t ab o li s m O f

t he bl oo d an d t he fu nc ti o n i ng O f t he n e rv ou s s ys t e m .

It i s assoc i at e d to a re m a rk a bl e e xt e nt with t he
s e x u al s y st e m 1 .

I t i s g e ne r ally ag ree d th at as a ru l e the gl an d i s

ab so l u t e ly l ar g e r i n w o m e n th a n i n m e n and th at ,

re l ative ly it i s v e ry l arg e i n C hildh o od W hil e i n t he .

n e w-b o r n C hild i t s p r opo rti o n t o t he w e i g ht O f t he

bo dy i s as 1 to 4 00 or e ve n t o 4 2 0 i n t he a du lt it i s
, ,

o n l y 1 to 1800 ( H u sc hke a n d Kr au se ) I n o ld ag e .

t he t hyr o id i s v e ry c o n s id e r ably di m i n i s h e d i n s ize ,

an d as Ko c h e r a n d o th e rs h av e s h o wn w hil e t o t al
, ,

e xtir p ati o n o f t he thyr o id i n o ld a g e i s not lik e ly t o

b e fo ll ow e d by se ri o u s r e s u lts b e fo r e t he age O f ,

u be rty it will al m os t ce rt a i n ly b e fo ll owe d by se ri o u s

p
i nj ur y t o h e alth .

1
r r
See Sir Vic t o H o s l e y , “ The F un c t io n o f the Thvroid Gl and , i n
the Vi rch ow F estschr ift and i n t he B r i a fil ed j ou r n al, 3oth J an and . .

r
6 th F e b 189 2 ; R o sari o T ai na “ R ice c h e spe rime nt al i sul sis t ema
. , r
r
ne vo so d eg l i ani mal i ti r e o pri vi ,
”
I l P oli clzn i ro, O c t 189 8 , G R
'

. . .

rr
M u ay , “ Go uls to ni an L ec t ures o n t he P ath o l o g y y o f the Thy oi d r
G l a nd ,
”
a nd 18 1h M a c h 18
99 r
The l i t e rat u e . r
of th is subj e ct 15 no w v e ry e xt e n si v e .
2 68 M AN AN D wo M A N .

fift e e n w o m e n 1 C r e ti ni s m — o r idioc y re su lti ng fro m

.

di s ease o f t he thyr o id g lan d app e ars t o b e u su ally fi

rath e r m o r e comm o n i n m al e s b u t it is s t at e d th at ,

i n thi s co u ntry Sp o r adi c c r e ti n i s m i s m o r e c o m m o n

i n fe m al es M yx oe d e m a— a C l ose ly alli e d p hy s i c a l
.

an d m e n t a l di so rd e r d e p e n d e n t o n d e g e n e r ativ e
di s e ase O f t he thyr o id— i s c hi e fly fo u n d i n m iddl e
ag e d w o m e n E x o p hth a l m i c g o itr e ( G rav e s di se a s e
’
.

o r B ase d o w s di s e ase ) i s a so m e w h a t m o re co m p li
’

c a t e d di so rd e r a n d has b e e n t e r m e d a n e u ros i s O f t he
,

e m o ti o n al n e rvou s s y s t e m ( B u r n e y Y e o ) B u t g o itr e .

is u s u all a C h arac t e ri s ti c fe a t u r e an d thi s di s ease

i s p os s ib f
,
2
y a p ri m a ry affec ti o n o f t he thyr o id g l an d .

I t s s y m pt o m s p r e se n t a p i c t u r e w hi c h i s t he r e ve r se
O f th at p r e se n t e d i n myx oe d e m a an d ar e p r o b ably ,

du e t o e x c e ss O f thyr o id sec r e t i o n a s m yx oed e m a u n ,

d ou bt e dly i s t o de fe c t O f thyr o id sec re ti o n All .

au th o riti e s ar e ag ree d th at it i s m o r e co m m o n i n

w o m e n th a n i n m e n ; t he p ro p o rti o n s g ive n di ffe r

fr o m o ne t o t w o t o o ne t o e i g ht so m e fi n di n g it ,

al m o s t e x c l u s iv e ly i n w o m e n .

The a p peara nce o f t he p a t ie n t s u ffe rin g fro m th i s d i s eas e

t he s t ar in g p ro t rud e d e y e s t he b i e a t hle s s n e s s an d ra
.
p i d h e ar t ,

e tc — s ug g e s t s a p e rs o n s u ffe rin g fro m t e rr01 a n d i t s re m ark

‘

. i

a bl e th a t frig h t has O ft e n forme d t he s t art in g p o in t o f t he

d is e ase ; a n umb e r o f case s fo r e x am p l e o cc urre d i n A l s ac e
, ,

an d L orra i n e a ft e r t he F ran c o -Ge r ma n w a Dr H W G r . . . . .

M a c k e n ie who has m a d e a care ful s t u d y o f th i s d is e as e

z ,

1
Th i p v l nc
s re f g i tr
a e m g w m n i n t m re ly f nd i n th
e o o e a on o e s o e ou e

P e nni n e v all eys i n Eng l a nd a nd i n t he o th e r part s o f Euro pe wh e re i t

r
i s e nd e mic , b ut , i t wo uld see m, i n n e a ly all p ar t s o f the wo r ld wh e e r
t he d ise ase i s fo und Th us M unso n , who mad e a co ll e c t iv e i nv e s t ig a
.

t i o n c o nce rni ng g oi tre amo ng A me rican I ndia ns , fo und th a t fu lly 80 pe r

ce n t o f t he case s o cc u rr e d i n fe mal e s , t he d i s e as e t e nd i n
.
g to ap pear a t
p ube r ty wh e n fo und i n m e n i t wa s a m uc h l ess se ri o us d ise ase F om . r
K afi ri stan, t o the n o r th o f I nd ia , t he sa me r e po r t i s m ad e “
G o i t re i s .

”
a co mmo n d ise ase , Si r G S R ob e rt so n wr i t e s i n The [re/ u. of t he
. .

H i n du -K u sh , b u t i s al mo s t e xc l usi ve ly co nfi n e d t o wo m e n Bash g u l
me n an d wo me n l i v e und e r the same co nd i t i o ns of l ife , d r i nk fro m t he
s a m e s t r eam s , a nd e a t m or e o r l e ss t he s a me k i nd o f foo d ;
"
y e t the
wo m e n al o ne ar e a ffe c t e d .

2
r r
See P ro fe s sor G e e nfi e ld s B ad s haw L ectui e on the Thy roid G l and ,
B 1i t filed j ou r na l, D ec 9 , 18 9 3
. . .
 TH E V I SC E R A . 2 69

C l i ni cal L e c t u re s o n G rav e s ’ D i se as e , L a n cet, Se p t .

has so me v e r y in t e re s t i ng an d s ugg e s t i v e re m ark s o n t he re

s e m bl an ce b e t we e n e x o p h t hal m i c g o i t re and t e rror whi c h m a
y
h e re b e q uo t e d
“
F rig h t , in t e ns e g ri e f, and o th e r p ro fo und e mo t io nal d is
t urb ance h av e b e e n re co g n i s e d as cau s e s o f t he pat ho l og ical
con d i t io n, b ut I d o n o t th in k th a t s uf fi ci e n t a tt en t i on has b e e n
p ai d t o the v e ry c l ose co nne c t i o n b e t we e n the c h ro nic s y mp t oms
o f Grav es d isease and t h e m o re i mm e d i at e e f ec t s o f t e rro r
’
.

The d e s crip t ions g i v e n by D arwi n and Si r C harl e s Be l l o f t he

con d i t ion o f man i n in t e n s e fe ar m i g h t a l m os t h a v e b e e n wri tt e n
i n re g ard t o o ne o f t he p a t i e n t s we h a v e b e e n co ns i d e ring The .

h ear t b e at s q uickly and v io l e n tly , s o t ha t it pal p i t at e s or k noc k s

ag ains t t he ri b s . Th e re i s t re m bl ing o f all t he musc l es o f t he
b o dy The e y e s s t art fo rward , an d t he u n c o v e re d and p rotr ud
.

ing e y e b al l s are fixe d o n t h e o bj e c t o f t e rror . The s urface

b re ak s out i n t o a c o l d c l a m m y s we a t The i n t e s t ine s are
.

a ffe c t e d . The s k in i s flus h e d o v e r t he fac e and ne ck d o wn t o

t he c l a v ic l e s T h h r t i d re c t O f all e mo t ions fe ar
‘
. e a s a n s e .

n o t ori o us ly i s the m os t a pt t o in d uc e t re m bl ing The s y mp t oms

’
.

of t e rro r are co m m o n t o m an an d t h e l o we r an im al s . Th e re are

o n e or t wo o f t he m in o r s y m p t o m s o f G rav e s d i s ease wh ose
’

i n d e pen d e n t occurre n c e un d e r t he in fl ue nc e o f e mo t ions is we ll

k nown Th es e are pig m e n t ary c h ang e s in the s kin and hair,
.

fall ing o ut o f the h air, an d e p i s t a x is .

Suc h b e ing t he co n d i t i o n re s u lt in g fr o m se v e re t erro r, we

“

h av e onl y to imag in e the con d i t ion t o b e co me pro l ong e d by a

fai l ure o f the n e rv o us s y s t e m t o re co v e r i t s b al an c e and t o rig h t
i t s e l f, and we h av e a m ore o r l e s s co m pl e t e c l i nical pic t ure o f
G rav e s ’ d i s ease . W e h a v e all t he we l l -k n o wn s y mp t oms
t re m bl ing , pal p i t at ion, fl us h ing , s we a t in g , e x op h th al mos, rel ax a
t ion o f t he b owe l s Th e re i s n o i n form a t ion th a t I know of in
.

re g ard t o the e nl arg e m e n t o f t he th y roi d g l an d und e r t he influ

e n c e o f pro foun d e mo t i o n a l d i s t urb an c e . All o ne can say on
t h a t p oin t i s th at the e n l arg e m e n t wh ic h t ak es p l ace in th ose
case s wh e re t he s y mp t o m s d e v e l o p ra p i dly aft e r such d is t urb
a n ce mak e s i t p ro b abl e th a t th is i s ac t ua lly t he cas e . If th is b e
s o , we h av e had assoc i a t e d w i th o n e an o th e r, p ro b ably as l ong
as t he h uman race an d it s an ce s t o rs hav e e x i s t e d , t he s y m p t oms
wh ich we fi nd in Gra v e s d i s e as e The e x is t e nc e of a ce rt ain
’
.

a b no rmal c on d i t io n o f th e n e r v o u s s y s t e m h a v i ng b ee n on ce
e s t abl is h e d , we k n o w ho w i n t im e i t b e co m e s d issoci at e d from
i ts e x c i t i ng cause , ris e s t o i nd e p e nd e nc e as a d is eas e in it s o wn
r ig h t , and m ay req uire only a m in im a l i ncit e me nt t o s e t it o ff .

In many cases t he d i s e as e i s s t ar t e d an e w b y se v ere men t al

s h o ck; pro b abl y i n a g oo d m an y m o re it i s t he e x press ion o f the
u n c on s ci ous me mor y o f th e i n d i v id ual of s o me suc h s h oc k in an
an c e s o t r .
270 M AN AN D W O M AN .

Suc h i s wh a t I wo uld s ug g e s t t o yo u as the o rig in a n d

d e v e l o p m e n t o f th i s v e ry c urio us d is e as e It i s l i ke l y th a t the .

al t e rat i o n o f t he fu n c t i o n o f the thy ro i d b o dy , wh os e i m po rt an c e

i n co nn e c t i o n wi th n ut rit i o n a nd t he t ran s m i s s i o n o f n e rv e -fo rc e
h as b e e n am p ly d e mo ns t ra t e d , has a g oo d d e al t o d o wi th man y
o f t he s e co n d a ry s y mp t o m s t o w h i c h I h a v e c a ll e d att e n t i o n,
b ut t he re al d is eas e i s a wid e l y d i s t ri b u t e d d e ran g e m e n t o f the
e m o t o n a l ne r v ous s y s t em
”
i .

The L ary nx and the Voi ce —So m e thi n g m ay h e r e

.
~

be sa id of t he fu n c ti o n s o f t he l a ry n x , a n o rg a n i n
l
c os e p ro xi m ity t o t he thyro id a lth o u g h p e rfe c tly ,

di s ti n c t .

I n t he l o we r h u m a n r ace s g e n e r ally t he l a ry n x i s
co m p ar a tiv e ly u n d e v e l o e d a n d t he v o i ce i s u s u ally
p ,

i n c li n e d t o b e hi g h an d s hrill It i s i n E u r op e th at .

b o th l a ryn x and v o i ce are m os t hi g hly d e v e l op e d ;

a ll g reat s i ng e rs ar e o f E u r o e a n r a c e a n d t he E u ro
p ,

p ean v o i ce i s t he m os t so n o r ous ; t he T a rt a r s a re ,

h o we ve r said t o p osse s s t he l o u des t a n d m os t p o w e r

,

fu l v o i ce s t he G e r m a n s co m i n g n e xt 1 O n t he w h o l e
, .
,

it m ay p ro b ably b e s aid w ith tru th th at t he t e n d e n c y

o f e v o l u ti o n i s i n t he dir ec ti o n o f t he e n l a rg e m e n t o f

t he l a ry n x a n d o f t he d e e p e n i n g o f t he v o i c e 2 .

U p t o p u b e rty t he se x u a l di ffe r e n ces i n t he l a ry n x .

a n d i n t he v o i ce are no t m ark e d b u t at thi s e oc h

p ,

th e y b e co m e co ns i de rabl e The b o y s l a ry n x e n .
’

l arges t o a g re at e r de g re e th an t he g irl s w hil e his ’

,
”
v o i ce bre a k s an d be co m es d e e p e r The wo m an s .
’

l aryn x an d vo i c e r e t ai n m o re n early t he c h ar ac t e ri s ti cs
o f t he c hild s W hil e t he g ro w th o f t he m al e g l o tti s
’
.

a t p u b e rty i s as 5 t o 1 0 t h at o f t he fe m al e
g l o tti s i s
,

o n ly as 5 t o 7 ( C L a n g e r) . .

In cas t rat e d p e rs ons h o we v e r t he l ary n x re mains p ue ril e

, , ,
a l th o ug h pe rh ap s s l ig h tly l arg e r th an i n wo m e n The old .

1
Si r D u ncan Gi b b, r
The C h aract e o f the V oi ce i n t he N at i ons o f
A si a an d A fr i ca, co n t ras te d wi th th at of t he N a t i o ns o f Eu o pe , ” M om r .

A n t/t r ap Soc , v o l iii , 18 7 0 , p 2 44

. . . . . .

3
Th i s i s the conc l us i o n r e ach ed by Gaetan D e l aunay i n an i nt e res t
i ng and i ng eni o us d iscussi o n of th is po i nt i n hi s Et u des a’o B i olo i c
g
Compa r e‘e, 2 e P art i e p p 9 7 -1 10 , . .
272 M AN AN D W O M AN .

The diffe re n ce i n vo i ce i s o n e o f the m o s t o bvi ou s

o f t he h u m an se con dary se x u al c h ara c t e r s The .

hig h e r an d s hrill e r vo i ce o f w o m an D e l au n ay r e ,

m a rk s see m s t o h av e d e t e r m i n e d t he n at u r e o f t he
,

g r am m ati cal fe m i n i n e e n di n g s O f w o rd s an d t he ,

s h a r pe r q u ality o f t he fe m i n i ne e ndi n g s m ay b e we ll

s t u di e d i n t he F re n c h l ang u ag e Thi s s e x u al voc al .

di ffe r e n c e i s by n o m ean s p ec u li a r t o M an : i n m os t
an i m al s t he fe m al e ha s a s hrill e r a n d we ak e r v o i ce

th an t he m al e as t he he n bit c h an d m are fo r , , , ,

e x am p l e ; a n d B u ffo n o b s e rv e d th at t he s he -ass has

a c l e ar e r a nd m o r e p i e r c i n g vo i c e th a n t he m a l e .

D ar wi n di s c u ss i n g t he l o u d vo i c e s o f m al e a n i m a l s
,

a t t he b ree di n g se as o n cam e t o t he co n c l u s i o n th at t he
,
“
m os t p ro b a bl e vi e w i s th at t he fre q u e n t u se o f t he
v o i ce u n de r t he str on g e x c it e m e nt o f l o v e j e al ou s y
, , ,

a n d r a g e co n ti nu e d d u ri n g m an y g e n e rati o n s m ay at
, ,

l as t h ave p ro du ce d an i n h e rit e d effec t o n t he vocal

” 1
o r g an s I t i s s car c e ly p oss ibl e y e t t o s p ea k m o r e
“

de fi n it e ly as to t he cau se o f thi s seco n d ary s e x u al

c h ar ac t e r or i t s u tility ,
Th at t he dee p e r v o i ce o f .

a m a n a n d t he g e n tl e r b u t hi g h e r -p it c h e d v o i c e i n
,

w o m a n h a ve th e ir effec t i n h e i g ht e n i n g t he p l e asu re
,

o f t he s e x es i n e ac h o th e r s p e r s o n i s a we ll rec og n i s
’

abl e fac t .

A m o n g t he l o we r an i m al s it is n e arly al w ay s t he
m al es th a t a re m os t voc a l Thi s is n ot t he c ase i n .

t he h u m an Sp ec i es W o m e n are b o th r e adi e r an d
.

m o re acco m p li s h e d th a n m e n i n t he u se o f t he v o i ce .

Th us M o n roe fo u n d i n A m e ri c a th at at a ll ag e s g irl s
s u r p ass b o y s i n a bility t o s i n g t he sc al e a n d al so , ,

th o u g h t o a l e ss d e g r ee i n m e m ory fo r t o n e s 2 , ‘
.

The Thor aci c Vi scer a —The h e art at a n e a rly ag e .

”
t o pog raph isch e n A nato mic des Kehl k o pfs A r chzvfzi r A n al u P hy s ,
' ‘

. . .
,

1889 ,
h e ft v -vi The accompanying d iag ra m sh o ws roug hly the
. . .

m ai n d iffere nce be t wee n the ty pi cal mal e l ary nx and the ty pi ca l fe mal e
l ary nx .

1 D escen z o
f M a n P a r t I I C h ap x v iii Th is concl usion i s no t
, .
, . .

u ni ve rsally acce pt e d .

2
W M onroe P sy ch R ev M arch 19 03 p 15 5
.
, .
, . .
 TH E V I SC E R A . 2 73

is as l ar g e i n t he fe m al e as i n t he m al e o r e ve n ,

l ar g e r A c co rdi n g t o B o yd s t abl e s it is still ab so

.
’

lu t e ly l arg e r i n g irl s b e t w ee n t he a g e s o f fo u rt e e n
a n d t we n ty b u t fr o m th a t a g e o n it k e e p s a b ou t
,

t wo o u n ce s s m a ll e r ; t he m axi m u m w e i g ht i s o n ly
a tt a i ne d a t a m a t u r e a e I n R u s s i a F a lk fou n d t he
g .

h e art l arg e r in b oy s u p t o t we lve ye ar s an d fro m ,

th e n t o fift ee n l a r ge r i n g irl s A cco rdi n g t o F W

~

. . .

B e n e k e t he c hild has a re l ativ e ly l a r g e a rt e ri al

,

syste m b u t at p u b e rty thi s r e l ati o n i s c h a n g e d '

,
“
t he l a rg e r t he h e a rt r e l ativ e ly t o t he v e sse l s t he
hi g h e r t he bl oo d p r e ss u re an d t he e arli e r thi s ,

b ec o m e s t he c a se t he e a rli e r s t i o n ge r a nd m o r e , ,

c o m p l e t e 15 t he d e v e l o p m e n t O f p u b e rty A c co rdi ng
1
.

t o Vi e r o r dt 5 t a bl e s t he m a l e h e art fr o m birth o u
’
,

w a rd s i n c r e ase s i t s o ri g i na l we i g ht fu lly thirt e e n

ti m e s t he fem a l e h e a rt l e ss th an t w e lv e ti m e s
,
.

H yp e rtr o p hy o f t he h e a rt i s a b ou t t w i ce as co m m o n
i n m e n as m w o m e n w hil e atr o hy I S so m e wh at m o r e
p ,

fre q u e n t I n w o m e n .

The ri g ht l u n g ac co rdi n g t o B oyd i s ab s o l u t e ly

, ,

l arg e r i n t he fe m al e c hild at birth b u t b e t wee n t he ,

a g e s o f t w e n ty a n d thirty t he m a l e l u n g ha s b e c o m e

by as m u c h as a third o f i t s w e i g ht h e avi e r th a n t he
fe m al e 2 .

I t i s n o t e as y t o a s c e rt a i n t he n o r m al w e i g ht s o f
t he l u n g s a n d h e a rt as th e s e are so fr e q u e n tly i n
,

c r e a s e d o r di m i n i s h e d thr o u g h di sease I t s ee m s .

p r o b a bl e h o we v e r th a t th e r e i s a t e n d e n c y i n e arly
, ,

life for t he h eart an d l u n g s i n t he fe m al e c hild t o

d e v e l o p fas t e r th an i n t he m a l e I f so it m ay be .
,

a n o th e r c ase o f p r e co c ity r e s u lti n g i n di m i n i s h e d

fi n al att ai n m e n t for th e r e is r easo n t o thi n k th a t i n

,

w o m e n th e se o r g a n s a re r e l ativ e ly so m e w h at s m all e r
th an i n m e n Thi s r e su lt i s i n h ar m o n y w ith w h a t
.

1
F W Be ne k e , D ze an al Gl fm alag en a er
'
’ ’
. . .

d es [Me m e/zen , M a bu g , 18 7 8 r r .

2
Boyd s “ Ta bl e o f W e i gh t s o f t he H u ma n Body
’
an d I nt e rn la

O rg a ns , fo u n d e d o n t he r e su l ts o f 2 600 pos t -m o r te ms ,
7 mu scl e/i on s , 186 1
274 M AN AN D W O M AN .

we k no w o f t he iz e o f t he th o rax i n wo m e n an d
s ,

o f th e ir m ark e d i n fe rio rity i n vit al c ap ac ity an d i n

m u scu l a r e ffo rt s .

The A bdomi n al Vi scer a -The s t o m ac h ap p ears t o .

b e r e l ative ly l a rg e r i n w o m e n th an i n m e n Th us , .

ac c o rdi n g t o B o yd s t a bl es it i s t he s a m e s iz e i n b o th
’
,

s e x e s at birth ; b e t w e e n t he ag e s o f 1 4 a n d 2 0 it i s

s till of e qu al s iz e i n b o th se x e s or i n d e e d so m e wh at ,

h e avi e r i n g irl s alth ou g h t he t o t a a ve rag e we i g ht o f

,

t he b o ys i s fi ve po u n d s m o re th a n o f t he girl s .

At t he age of 2 0 t o 3 0 it is s till n early t he s am e s iz e

i n m e n an d wo m e n , a lth o u g h t he p re p o n de r ance o f
m e n i n t o t al wei g ht has by t hi s ti me b e c o m e m u c h
g r e at e r .
—
It i s s t at e d by B u rd a c h a n d o th e r o ld w rit e r s th at
t he i n t e s ti n al c an al i s l o n g e r i n w o m e n th an i n me n .

W ome n a re s ai r
Bu d ac h a n d o th e s to d ig e s t mo e ap i dly
d by r r r
th an m e n .D e l a unay fo un d o n m ak in g i n q ui ie s f o m the
‘

r r
r r
m a t ons o f o ph an as y l um s th a t l i ttl e g i l s b e co me h ung y m uch r r
o t e ne
f
r th an l i ttl e b o y s , an d he al s o fo un d th at in al ms h ouse s for
r r
t he ag e d wh e e th e e are th re e e g u l a t io n m ea l s a d a y, t he o ld r
wome n o ft e n p ut a s id e a p o t io n o f th e i m e al s t o e at d u ing t her r r
r
i nt e v a l . The ne e d fo r foo d a t f e q ue n t i n te v al s i s com mon r r
a mo ng t he y o un g .

A t t he s a me t i m e w o m e n e a t l e ss th a n m e n In p is o ns a nd . r
r
h os pi t al s, acc o d i ng t o B u d ac h , wo m e n t ak e n ea ly o ne -fi ft h r r
l e s s food th an m e n A L o n d on v e g e t a ian e s t au an t -ke e pe
. r r r r
r r
s ai d th a t t he a v e a g e p i ce a m a n p a y s fo r a v eg e taria n di n ne r
i s t e n e nce , w h i l e t he w o m e n o n ly a v e ag e Si x pe nce It wo uld r .

r
p ob a ly b e e as y t o a dd p o o fs o f t he s m all a ppe t i t e o f wome n, r
b ut i t mus t b e a dd e d th a t w h e n wo m e n wo k, are u nd e g oo d r r
r
c o n d i t io n s , an d n o t fo ce d t o e co n om i se , t he s ex ual d iffe re nce i s
'

by no m e ans marke d .

It has t
of e n d th at g l u tt on y i s m ore co mmon in
be e n s ai
wo me n th an i n m e n D e l a un a y who h a s a c u rio us d i scuss ion
.
,

o n t he freq ue n cy o f g l u tt o n y i n v ario u s c l a s s es of t h e co m ,

m uni ty 1 came t o th is c o n c l u s io n as t he u nan imous res ul t o f his

,

i nq uiries ; he fo un d i t Was m os t m ark e d d uring me ns t rua t io n

and preg nan c y B r i ll a r Sa v arin th o ug h t th a t wo me n are i n '
.

c line d t o b e g ou r m a n des t he r e aso n b e in g th at t he v k no w i t i s

,

E/uaes ’
t ie B i ol Com o .
,
P h ys io l og ie , pp . 16 -
2 5.
 2 76 M AN AN D W O M AN .

diffe re nce i n c r eas i n g i n t he adu lt Sapp e y has fou n d .

t he av e r ag e l e n g th br e adth a n d thi c k n ess e q u al i n

, ,

t he se x e s a n d th e r e fo r e re l ative ly g reat e r i n w o m e n
, .

W hil e t he a bso l u t e We i g ht i s s o m e w h at l ess i n w om e n ,

r o rti n t ly t b dy -we i ht th e r e s ee m s t o b e
p p o o a e o o g
littl e s e x u al diffe r e n ce .

The bl add e r i s r e l ative ly s m all i n i n fan c y a n d i t s ,

s h ap e i s at thi s ti m e i n c li n e d t o b e fu s ifo r m ; i n m e n

it is o v o id an d i n w o m e n e lli p so id o r r o u n d e r It i s
, ,
.

al so r e l a tiv e ly l a rg e r i n w o m e n w ith a t e n d e n c y t o ,

l a t e r al e x pans i o n a n d m o re dil atabl e t he m aj o rity o f

,

c as e s o f e n o r m o u s di s t e n s i o n o f t he bl a dd e r h av e b ee n

fo un d i n wo m e n It m ay p e rh aps b e s aid th e re fore

.
, ,

th at t he bl a dde r is m o re hi g hly e vo lv e d i n w o m e n
than i n m e n .

Th ere has b e e n co ns i d e ra bl e con t ro v e rs y a s t o th e re l a t iv e

s ize o f t he m al e and fe mal e bl add e rs C ruv e i lh ie r s t a t e d th a t
.

it i s l arg e r i n wo me n Sa p pe y , as we ll as H o ffm ann, o n t he

.

o th e r h an d , c l a i m a v e s ic a l pre d o m i n a n c e fo r m e n, an d co n
c lud e th a t wh e n i n wo m e n t he v is c u s i s l arg e i t i s s i m p ly d ue
t o u nn a t ura l h ab i t s o f d is t e n s io n , t he re s u l t o f so c ia l ca u s e s .

C har py, who a tt ri b u t e d mu c h im p ort an c e t o s e x ual d i f e re n c e s

o f s ize i n t he bl a dd e r, fo un d th at i t w as a na t o m i c a lly s m all e r i n
wo m e n, b ut o f g rea t e r p h y s io l o g i cal ca pac i ty H e i t zman n and .

W inck e l ( who has m ad e a s pe cia l s t u dy o f t he fe m al e bl a dd e r )

fi n d i t l arg e r in wo m e n H ar t a nd Barb o ur fi nd t ha t , re l a t i v e ly
.

t o b o dy -we ig h t , i t i s m ore ca pacio us in wo m e n Th i s re s ult i s .

d o ubtl es s corre c t .

The q ues t io n o f t he d i l a t ab i l i ty o f t he bl add e r has b e e n

care fully s t ud i e d by G e n o uvi lle E t u d e C o m para t iv e d e s
O rg ane s de M ic t io n d an s le s d e u x Se x e s ” A r chzz/es d e Tocolog ze
' '

e t d e Gy necolog i c M ai ,
Th i s i n v e s t ig a t o r e x am ini ng t he ,

b o d ie s o f 2 5 m e n and 2 5 wo m e n aft e r d e ath fo un d t h a t on an ,

a v e rag e

M al e bl adde r wi th t pr ou e ssure con a ine t d 88 g r .

F e m ale 58 gr .

M al e bl adde r wi th 2 38 g r .

F e mal e 33 7 g r .

So th a t wh il e wi th ou t pre s s ure the fe mal e bl add e r o n ly con t ain s

ab ou t t wo -th ird s o f t he am o un c o n t a in e d i n t he m a l e wi th
t _ ,

pre s s ure t he pro por t i o n IS a l mos t re v e rs e d ; t he m al e bla dd e r .

 T H E VI SC E R A . 277 .

wi th ap re s sure o f O m 2 0 h e ig h t o f wa t e r co n t aine d n e arly th ree

.

t im e s wh at it co n t aine d b e fo re , the fe m al e bl add e r n e arly

s i x t i m e s w h a t i t c o n t a in e d b e fo re .
( I t m u s t b e re m e m b e re d
th a t the re s ult s wi th o ut pre s s ure do not co rre s po n d t o wh at i s
n o rm al ly fo un d d uring l ife , t h e p re s s ure o f t he m us cul ar t o n i c i t y
o f t he S h i n c t e r in l ife , as H ac h e has
p po in t e d ou t, m ak in g a g re a t e r
d iffe re n c e b e t we e n the d e ad an d l i v in g bl ad d e r i n wom e n th an
i n m e n ) D uchas t e le t i n t he l i v ing s u bj e c t al s o fo un d th a t t he
.

t o l e ran ce of the fe mal e bl add e r o n inj e c t ing wat er is m uc h

g re a t e r th an o f t he m a l e . A nd D uc has te le t al s o foun d , l ik e
M O SSO an d P e llacau i , th a t t he d e s ire t o urin a t e a l way s m ak es
i t s e l f fe l t at t he s am e p re s s ure ; t he th re s h o ld o f d e s ire i s n o t
d e t e rm in e d by t he am o u n t o f u r ine , b ut by t he e ne rg y wi th
w hi c h t he bl add e r wal ls co n t rac t o n th a t a m o un t , an d t hi s
th re s h o l d is co n s t an t in an y o n e i n d iv id ual Ge no nv il le c o n
.

s i d e rs th a t hab i t m a y p o s s i bly h a v e s o m e th i n g t o d o wi th t h e

g re a t e r d i l a t ab il i ty o f t he bl add e r in wo m e n , b ut th at i t i s c e rt ain
t hat t he fe m al e bl add e r i s p re d ispo se d t o th is , and p os s e s se s a
n a t i v e d i l a t ab il i ty
. It i s l e s s h ea vy and m us c ul ar th an th a t o f
m en . The c h i ld ’ s i s e v e n l e s s d il at abl e th an th at o f m e n . The
an a t o m i c al c a pac i ty o f t h e bl add e r aft e r d e at h ), G e n o nv ill e
co n c l ud e s wi t h C har py, i s g re at e r i n m en ; t he p h y s io l o g i ca l
ca p ac i ty i s g re a t e r i n wo m e n .

O n t he w h o l e , thi s g l an ce at t he vi sce r a s e e m s t o
Sh o w th a t t he th o r ac i c o rg a n s so m e wh at p r e d o m i n at e

i n m e n a n d t he a bd o m i n a l i n wo m e n O u r k no w .

l e dg e is i m p e rfe c t a n d t he fa ll ac i e s ar e so co n s id e rabl e
th at w e c an sc a r ce ly h op e t o att ai n v e ry acc u r at e
i n fo r m ati on Su c h r e su lt s as w e s e e , h o w e ve r , are i n
.

h a r mo n y w ith w h at we h av e a lr e ady fo u n d as t o t he
se x u a l diffe re n c e s i n t he th o r ac i c an d a bd om i n a l

c aviti e s Th e y are i n h arm o n y , a l so , w ith t he o p i n i o n s

.

o f t he o ld e r w rit e r s , w ho a ttrib u t e d a bd o m i n al p r e

do m i nan ce t o wo m e n The m u scu l ar e ne rg y w hi c h

.

i s SO m a rk e d a c h ar ac t e ri s ti c o f m e n d e p e n d s l a r g e ly
o n t he s tr e ng th o f t he h ea rt a n d l u n g s .

It i s n o t p os s ibl e t o s ay m u c h a t p r ese n t o f t he
vi sc e r a as o rg an s o f e m o ti o n , alth ou gh th e re i s r e as o n
t o b e li e v e th at t he o rg a n i c b as i s o f e m o ti o n i s l a rg e ly
t o b e tr ace d h e r e A ve ry an c i e n t and w ide sp r ead
.

s y c h o l og y has p l ace d t he s e a t o f t he m an ly virt u e s

p
o f c ou r ag e a n d e n d u r a n ce i n t he br eas t , a nd t he
2 78 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w o m an l virt u e s o f l o v e and p ity i n t he b e lly C oeu r

y .

de li o n i s e m p h ati c ally a m a n ly titl e o f h o n our , t he

'

liv e r was fo r m e rly re g a rd e d as t he o rg an o f l o v e ,

t he H e bre w a n d o th e r r ac e s , e v e n as fa r O ff a s
P ac ifi c , h av e fo u n d t he Seat -O f c o m p a ss i o n i n th e ir
b ow e l s
.
2 80 M AN AN D W O M AN .

rac e , hab it s
l ife s o cial p os i t ion the i n fl ue n ce o f t owns as
of , , ,

we ll as co ns t i t u t io n an d heal th may all h a v e an i nfl ue n ce i n ,

m o d i fy ing t he ag e F o r a s umm ary o f t he fac t s b earin g o n

.

th e s e i nfl ue n c e s s e e P l o ss D as W et o 7 th e d 19 0 1 v o l i p p
’

, ,
.
, , . . .

3 6 2 -3 8 1 So far as t he N o r th A m e rican C on t in e n t i s co n c e i n e d
.
,

t he qu e s t i o n h as l at e ly b e e n v e ry th oro ug h ly i n v e s t i g a t e d by a n
e m in e n t g y n ae c o l o g is t D r G J E ng e l m ann wh o has s uc
, . . .
,
ce e d e d m ac c u m ul at i ng a v as t am o un t o f d a t a H e fi n d s th a t
wh il e the av e rag e a g e o f fi rs t m e n s t ru at io n i n E uro pe i s in
t he A m e ric an C o n t in e n t i t i s 14 wi th a ran g e fro m i n t he
,

ca s e o f g irl s o f r e fi n e m e n t an d e d u ca t i o n to i n t he c as e ,

o f A me r ic an -b orn l ab o ur i n g -c l as s g irl s o f Iri s h a n d G e rma n

pare nt ag e E ng e l m a nn c on s id e re d th a t i n A m e ri ca c l i m a t e has
.

had prac t ically no i nfl ue nce race v e ry l i ttl e m e n t al i t s urro u nd

y , , ,

i n g s e d uca t io n a nd ne rv e s t i mul a t io n b e in t he m ai n fac t o rs o f

, ,
g
A me ri can p re co c i ty It i s c uri o us th at i n th i s r e s pe c t t he
.

A m e ri can g irl re s e m bl e s t he A m e rican In d i an who m a t ure s a t

an e arl ie r ag e th an th e g irl s o f a n y o th e r l an d i n t he t e m pe rat e
“
zo ne ( C
.
J E n g e l m a nn . The A g e o f F irs t M e n s t rua t i o n
, ,
’

Tr a n s A m Gy necolog zca ’ Soc ,

. . .

p e ri o di c flu x e xi s t s i n a ll r ace s , an d s o m e
Thi s
trac e s o f it m ay b e fo u n d am o n g t he hi g h e r m am
m a l s , su c h as t he m a r e a n d co w as Ari s t o tl e ,

re m ark e d ; it is fou nd al so i n t he bit c h ; an d a m o n g

m o n k e y s an d ap es i n th e ir w ild co n diti o n th e re
i s a we ll -m ark e d m e n s tr u al di sc h a rg e I n t he hi g h e r .

a p es , w h e n th e y d o n ot s u ffe r fro m c ap tivity , t he

flo w i s s a id t o b e so m e ti m e s q u it e a s c o p i ou s
a s i n w o m e n ; so m e m o n k e y s b e co m e s w o ll e n a n d

brilli an tly p i g m e n t e d , SO th at t o m at o -lik e , v e r m ili o n

t i nt e d m asses r e n d e r th e ir c o n diti o n co n s p i cuo u s 1 .

O n t he W h o l e h ow e v e r , it m ay b e s a id th at m e n s tr u a
,

ti on i n i ts fu lly -d e v e l op e d fo r m i s a h u m an c h ar ac t e r .

1
So me th e se fact s we re ascertai ned by the l ate D W i ltsh i re ; s ee
of r.

h is v al uabl e l e c tu res 011 “ C o m parat i v e P hys i ol ogy o f M e ns t ruati on

"
,

B r i t M ed j ou r n a l 1883
. . D uring r ece n t y e a rs the wh o l e que st i o n has
, .

b ee n gre atly e l ucida t e d by t he re search e s o f W altc r H e ape : “ M e n

'

”
s t rua ti on o f Se mno p i th e cus Ent e ll us Tr an s I oy a l Soc 189 4 ; , .
’
t .

“
M e nstruat i o n an d O v ul at i o n o f M acacus R h esus “
The ,

M e ns t ru at i on o f M o nk e y s an d the H u m an F e mal e ” T7 a n s 01 ) s tet , . .

“
18 9 8 ; The Se x ua l Season o f M ammal s ’ "
'
‘
.Soc .
Qu a r t er ly j ou r , .

M zcr oscop Soc 19 00 ( the l as t P a per co nt ai ns a use ful bibl i og ra phy )

. . .

Se e al so H ave l ock Ell i s “ Sex ual P eriod i c i ty

”
St u di es are t he I sy
, ,
’

chology o f Sex .
2 82 M AN AN D W O M AN .

N ot oni s t he flo w m o r e c o p i ou s g e ne r ally as t he
ly
an i m a l a r oac h e s M an , b u t am o ng the lo we r h u m an
pp
rac e s it i s l ess p ro n ou n ce d t han a m o n g t he hi g h e r
r ace s ; A m e ri c an I n dian w o m e n, fo r i n st an ce , as
D r H o ld e r ha s fo u n d , u su ally o r i m e ns tr u at e fo r
.

t wo d ay s .

Th e c u ri o u s r e se m bl an ce t o t he l u n a r c y c l e w a s
l on g ag o n o ti ce d M o re r e c e n tly D arwi n s u g g es t e d
.

th at the c on n e c ti o n be t we e n p hy s i o l o g i ca l p e ri o di c ity
an d t he m o o n w as dir ec tly fo r m e d at a v e ry r e m o t e

p e ri o d o fz oo l o g i c a l e v o l u ti o n , an d th at t he p e ri o di c ity
th e n i m p re sse d o n t he o rga n i s m has s u rvive d u ntil
t he p re se n t d ay C r eat u re s livi n g n e a r lo w or hi g h
.

w at e r -m ark w o u ld h ave th e ir n u triti o n p ro fo u n dly

m o difi e d by th e ir p os iti o n , a n d t he fo rt n i g htly c y c l e s
th e y p ass thr o u g h wo u ld l ead t o a g e n e r al t e n d e ncy
t o p e ri o di c ity 1 . H e did n o t , h o w e ve r , so far as I
a m aw ar e , dir ec tly co nne c t thi s p arti c u l a r fu n c ti o n

w ith t he tid e s , an d th e re i s pe rh ap s a di ffi c u lty o n

a c co u n t o f t he c o m ar ativ e ly r e ce n t p e ri o d d u ri n g
p
w hi c h t he fu n c ti o n has e vo lv e d 2 .

The fac t th a t wom e n are th u s, as it we r e , p e rio d

i cally wo u n d e d i n t he m os t s e n s itiv e s p o t i n th e ir
o rg an i s m , an d su bj ec t e d t o a m o n thly l o s s o f bl oo d ,

m
i s fa ili a r , a n d has b e e n u se d , l e g iti m at e ly or illeg it i
m at e ly, a s we h ave i nd ee d alr eady s e e n , t o e x p l ai n
nu m e r o u s p h e n o m e n a I t ha s e v e n b e e n sugg e s t e d
.

th at t o t he w eak e n i ng i n fl u e nce o f thi s cau se w e m u s t

attri bu t e t he e arly a rr e s t o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f g irl s i n

h e ig ht , m u sc l es , l a ryn x , e t c I n s u pp o rt o f thi s
.

p os iti o n , D r F o th e rg ill , fo r e x a m p l e , has s t at e d th at ,

.

i n his e x p e ri e n ce , a p r o l o n ge d m e n s tr u a l p e ri o d i s

1
D arren ! of Al a n P art I , C h ap v i
, . . .

2
The no n-ap pe arance o f any c o rre spo ndi ng perio d i c cyc l e i n m en
i s l e ss o f a d ifficu lty , fo r, as we sh all se e ( C h ap . m e n h av e a
r
g re at e t ende n cy th an wo m e n t o v ary from pr imi ti v e co nd i ti ons . A par t
r
f o m th is th e re i s so me re aso n to be l i ev e th a t me n m ay possess t aces r
r
o f a r ud ime nt a y me n s t ru al cy cl e , affe ct i ng
”
the wh o l e o rg ani s m.

( l l a v e loc k E ll is,
“
Se x u a l P e ri o d i c i ty , St u d i es i n fi re I sy c/zology
‘
2 84 M AN A N D W O M AN .

b ut wound e d . She s uffe rs i nce s s an tly the e t e rn a l wo un d o f

l o v e ” Quit e recen tly a woman has s o ug h t to re v i ve the i d e a
.

th at wome n are norm ally i n a p ath o l og i cal co nd i t ion, owing t o

th i s func t ion, t he cause o f wh ic h she fi nd s, i n s om e une x plain e d
way, in t he brut al i ty o f m e n . I t i s s c arce ly ne cessar y t o p o i n t
o ut th a t a
p ath ol o g i cal c o n d i t i on can scarce ly b e call e d n ormal .

A func t ion wh ich af fe c t s h al f t he h uman race canno t b e d is

m i s s e d as a mere s y mp t o m o f ill-he al th .

O th e r wri t e rs hav e g o ne t o t he op pos i t e e xt re me, and h av e

asse r t e d th at th is fun c t i on , n orm ally an d e v e n g e ne rally , ha s n o
e ffec t what e v e r on t he h eal th o r
g e n e ral p hy s ical cond i t io n o f
wom e n . Th us M iss F ran c e s P o we r Go bb e has mad e th i s
as s e r t io n i n re p ly to M i c h e l e t . M rs F awce tt , ag ain, has m o re
.

re ce ntl y mad e a s imil ar ass e rt ion in re ply ing t o M r F re d e ric k .

H arri son -“ H e say s ‘ all wo m e n ’ wi th v e ry fe w e x ce t i o n s

, , p ,
s u bj e c t to func t ion a l in t e rrup t i o n ab so l u t e ly i nco m pa t i bl e
‘
a re
w i th t he h ig h e s t fo rms of c o n t inuo u s pressure ’ Th i s as se r
.

t ion I v ent ure mos t e mp h a t icall y t o d e n y The ac t ual p eri o d

.

o f c h i ldb ir th a ar t , t h e o rd in ari ly h e alth y wo man i s as fi t fo r

p
w o rk e v ery d ay o f he r l i fe as t he o rd i nari ly h eal th y man ” M rs . .

F a wce tt a ppe ars t o at tri b ut e th i s t o a m ar v e ll ous i m prov em e n t

i n th e h eal th o f wom e n, b roug h t ab o ut i n re cen t y e ars by
a tt e n t i on t o hy g i e ne (F or tmi g lztly R ev i ew, Se p t e mb e r
U n fo rt unat e ly th e re i s ampl e e v id e nce t o s h ow th at th is ro s e
co l o u re d v ie w i s s carce ly j us t ifi e d , al tho ug h n o one d oubt s
th a t i t is fairly t rue conce rn i n g a ce r t ain proport ion o f wome n “

The q ues t ion is , as we s h al l s e e : W h a t pro por t ion of wom e n

ord i narily h e al th y
”
ar e

W hil e thi s p eri odi c l oss of

bl oo d has al ways
a ttrac t e d att e n ti o n an d has fu r n i s h e d a m o re or
,

l e ss h az ardou s b as i s fo r va ri ou s p oe ti c and s c ie n tifi c

s u pp o s iti o n s it i s o n ly w ithi n re ce n t y e ar s th at it has
,

co m e t o b e r e co g n i s e d th a t m en s tr uati on i s n ot a n

i so l at e d ph e nom eno n I t i s b u t t he ou t ward m an i

.

fest at io n o f t he c li m ax o f a m o nthly p hy s i o l o gi c al
c y c l e w hi c h i nfl ue nc e s thr ou gh o u t t he mo n th t he

w h o l e of a wom an s phys i cal an d p sy c hi c o rgan i s m

’
.

W h at e ve r o rg an i c ac tivity we i n ve s tigat e d aily w ith

an y p rec i s i o n we fi n d tr ace s o f t hi s rhythm W hil e .

a m an m ay b e s a id at all e ve n t s r e l ativ e ly t o live o n

, ,

a p l ane ,a wom an al way s live s o n t he u pward o r

d ownward sl op e of a c u r ve Thi s i s a fac t of t he

.

ve ry firs t impo rt ance i n t he s tu dy of phys io l ogical o r

 TH E F U N C TIO N A L P E R I OD IC I TY O F W OM EN . 2 85

p sy c h o l ogi cal ph e n o m e n a i n wo m e n . U n l e ss we
alw ay s b ear it i n m i n d w e c ann o t att a i n to any tr ue

k nowl e dg e of the phy s i cal m e n t al

, , or m o r al life of
w o m en.
2 86 M AN AN D W OM AN .

O u1 k no wl e d g e o f t he p hy s io l o g i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i ca l
“
p e r i o d ty o wo me n i s c h ie fl y o wmg t o G d a , The
ic i f o o m n
r
C y c l ica l The o 1y o f M e n s t uat io n, ” A m er zea n j ou r na l of
Obs tetr i cs , 18 7 8, p 6 7 3 ; D r M a y P u t n am J aco b i, T/te Qu es
. . r
ti on of R es t for W omen a u r zng M en s tr u a ti on , N e w o k ,
’ '

Y r
18 7 7 ; St e ph e ns o n, A m er i ca n j o u r na l of O bs tetr i cs , 188 2 , p .

2 8 7 ; R e i ml, V
o lk mann s Sa mm lu ng , N o 2 4 3 ; P o fe s s o
’
O t t (o f. r r
St P e t e rs b m g ) , “ D e s L o is d e la P é io d ic i t é d e la F o n c t io n
. r
P hy s i o l og i q ue d a n s l’ O 1g an i s m e F é m i n in, N ou v elles A r t f ul/es '

d ’ Obs tetr zqu e, P ai is , a st h Se p t e m b e 189 0

’

r
Th e e ar e s e v e a l . r r
r r
i n t e e st ing c h ap t e s d is cu s s ing “ Th e M o n th ly R hyth m in D r .

H C am p b e l l ’ s D z
.
fi er ences i n t he N er v ou s Org a n i s a ti on of M a n
'

a n d W om a n 189 1 l h av e n ot b e e n a bl e t o s e e all th e s e p a pe s r
, . .

In rde r t o g iv e a fairly c o rr e c t g e ne r al vi e w o f t he
o
m o nthly p hy s i o l o g i c a l c u rve i n w o m e n I h e r e r e p r o
d u ce a di ag ram p re p ar e d by P ro fe s so r O tt w hi c h
’

, ,

s u m s u p a v e ry l ar g e n u m b e r o f d a ily O b se rv ati o n s
“

c a rri e d o n d u ri ng 68 m o n thly c y c l e s o n ab o u t 6 0

h ealthy w o m e n The o b se rvati o n s c o n c e rn e d t e m

.

p e r at u r e m u sc u l ar fo r ce vit al c ap ac ity a n d r e fl e x
, , ,

ac ti o n W hil e thi s c u rve r e p re se n t s t he av e ra g e

.

re s u lt t he p e ri o d o f m axi m u m e xc it a bility (u su ally

,

a tt a i n e d it w ill b e s e e n n e a rly thr ee d ay s b e fo r e t he

, ,

o n s e t o f m e n s tr u a ti o n ) m ay s o m e ti m e s b e d e l ay e d

u n til t he a ppe a r a nce o f t he flo w The li n e A B .

,

re p re se nt s t he c u rve o f p hys i o l og i c a l osc ill ati on

du ri n g t he t w e n ty -e i g ht d ay s o f t he c yc l e (n ot e d at
b o tt o m o f t he di ag ram ) ; t he de g r e e o f i n t e n s ity o f
t he fu n c ti o n s i nve s ti g at e d i s re p r e se n t e d al o n g t he
li n e E C ; t he ac t u al p e ri o d o f m e n s tru at i o n (som e
,

w h at m o re p r o l o n g e d th an w e u su ally fi n d it i n thi s
cou n try ) co rre s p o n d s t o t he s h a d e d p o rti o n o f t he

di ag r am 1 .

r r
Va i ous i nv est ig ato rs h av e p e pared ch ar ts o f t he me ns t r ual wav e ,
1

b ut Van O tt s p ro bably re mains t he m o s t a c cu at e

'

Eng e l ma n
n r .

r e mark s ( Tr a n s A m Gy n ecol Soc , 19 00) th at i t i s th oro ughly i n

“
. . . .

acc ord with m y o wn o bse rva t i o ns with re f e i e n ce t o t he

p hys i ca l a nd
psyc h i ca l ch a ng e s d u ri ng t he m o n thly p e riods, c ha1ac te r i si ng t he m e n
\s t r ual wav e i n a ll i ts
p h ases I t i s al m os t e qually co 1r c e l fo r m o r b i d
.

n e r vo us sy m p t o ms as ch arac t e ri se d b y t he hys t e ro -n e u ose s D uri ng r .

r
pre g nan cy a nd l a b o ur we h a”v e s i mi l a co nd i t i o ns b ut o f l o ng e r d ura t i o n
a nd m uc h g re at e r i n t e nsi ty .
2 88 M AN AN D W O M AN .

m os t h ealthy wo m e n t he se x u al e m o ti o ns ar e
s tr o ng es t at t he m ax im u m b e fo r e t he
p e ri o d a nd l ,

at t he l e sse r m axi m u m
_ aft e r it Th at t he i n t e l .

l ec t u al vi g ou r is al so g r e at e s t at t he sam e p o i nt s
i s so m e wh at l es s e a s y t o p r o ve bu t i s e xtr em e ly ,

p ro b abl e Th at t he m e n t al e n e rg y a s w e ll as
.
,

t he m u sc u l a r s tr e ng th a n d d e xt e rity e ve n in ,

t he s tr o n es t
g h e althi e s t an d m o s t d e t e r m i n e d
, ,

w o m e n ar e u su ally so m e wh at i m p a ir e d d u ri n g t he
,

m e n s tr u al p e ri o d it se lf is a fa c t th at i s fa m ili a r t o
-

m os t w o m e n ; I a m n o t h o w e ve r a w a re o f an y , ,

d at a s h o wi n g a m axi m u m du ri n g t he i n t e r m e n
s t r u al p e ri o d .

Th e re can b e l i ttl e d ou bt th at a da ily e x am i na

ti on o f a n y o f t he s e n s e s w ou ld s h ow a m o n thly
rhyth m I am
. h owe ve r o n ly ac q u ai n t e d with
, ,

o n e se ri es o f o b se rv ati o n s o n thi s p o i n t t h ose o f ,

F i n ke l st e i n of St P et e r s b u r g c a rri e d
. out on ,

t he e y e u n d e r t he s u p e ri nt e n d e n c e o f P r o fesso r
,

M i e rz ej ews ki F i n k e l s t e i n s tu di e d t he fu n c ti o n a l
.

a c tivity O f t he e e d u ri n g
y m e n s tr u ati o n i n t w e nty
he althy w om e n age d b e t we e n n i ne t ee n an d thirty
,
'

three H e fou n d th at d u ri n g t he p e rio d th e re i s

.

a co n c e n tri c n arr o w i n g O f t he fi e ld o f vi s i o n be ,

g i nn i n g o n e t wo o r thr ee d ay s b e fo r e h and r e ac h
, , ,

i n g t he g r eat e s t i n t e n s ity o n t he t hird or fo u rth

day O f m e ns tr uati o n a n d g r ad u ally di sapp e ari ng
‘
,

o n t he s ev en th or e i hth da
g y aft e r i t s a pp e ar a n c e .

The n arro wi n g i s m o r e p r o n o u nc e d i n th o s e w o m e n
i n w h o m m e n str u a ti o n i s a s soc i a t e d w ith malai se ,

h e adac h e cardi ac p al p it at ion a n d o th e r n e rv o u s

, ,

s y m p t o m s as w e ll as i n th ose w ho l ose l a r e q u an
, g
titi es o f bl o o d N o t o n ly t he fi e ld o f vi s i o n for
.

w hit e b u t al s o t he vi su a l fi e ld s fo r g r ee n r e d y e ll ow , , ,

a n d bl u e u n d e r o a r e u l ar di m i n u ti o n P e r ve r s i o n
g g .

o f p e r ce p ti o n o f g r e e n (whi c h i s s ee n a s y e ll o w) i s

O b se rv e d fa irly o ft e n (i n 2 0
pe r ce n t c ase s) C e ntr al . .

vi s i o n i s b u t s li g htly i m pair e d and rap idly r e t u r ns t o ,

t he n o r m al s t an d a rd aft e r t he pe ri o d a n d r e fr ac ti o n ,
 TH E F U N C TI O N AL P E R IO D I C I TY O F W OM EN . 2 89

1
r m i
e a ns i t t Th e r e c an b e littl e d ou bt th at
n ac .

o b se rv ati on o f t he o th e r se n se o r g an s w ou ld yi e ld
s imil ar pr oo f o f m o n thly p e ri o di c ity .

As soo n as t he c li m ax o f vit al a c tivity is r e ac h e d ,

o r a d ay o r t w o aft e r w a rd s t he m e n s tr ual flo w
,

b e gi n s E ve n i n p e rfec tly h ea lthy wo m e n thi s affec t s

.

t he w h o l e o rg a n i s m t o a m o r e or l e ss m ark e d d e gr e e .

Th e re i s a ge n e ra l fe e li n g o f t e ns i on i n t he pe lvi c
o rg an s ; t he br e a s t s a l so are s li g htly e n l a rge d an d ,

m ay co n se q u e n tly b e s o m e w h at t e n d e r and p ai n fu l .

The sam e co n ge s tiv e t e n d e n c y s h o ws it s e lf i n t he

e n l a rg e d thyro id The t e m p e rat u re e v e n u nd e r
.
,

s tri c tly p hys i o l o g i ca l c o n diti o n s m ay ri se o s F ahr

°
.
, .

The su rfac e b loo d v esse ls t e n d t o b e fu ll e r th an

~

u s u al so th at th e r e m ay b e fl u s hi n g o f t he fac e
, .

Th e re i s i n c re ase d n e rv ou s t e n s i o n and gr e at e r
m u s cu l ar e x c it ability ; r e fl e x a c ti o n i s m o r e m ark e d ,

a n d th e r e m ay b e s li g ht t w it c hi n g s o f t he l e g s ; al so
y awn i ng an d s ti ffn e s s i n t he n e c k an d s l ee p is ,

h eavi e r th an u sual The r e i s l os s o f ap pe tit e and a

.

ce rt ai n a m ou n t o f di g es tiv e a n d i n t e s ti nal di s t u rb
ance w ith a t e n d e n c y t o fl at u l e n c e Thir st m ay b e .

prese n t an d u ri n ati o n m o re fre q u e n t th an u su al

, .

Th e re i s a fall o f u re a a n d an i n c re ase o f u ri c acid .

Th e re i s a t e n d e n c y t o p i g m e n t ati o n ; t he pi g m e nt e d
c i rc l e arou n d t he n i pp l e u s u ally b e co m es so m e wh at
d ark e r t he com pl e xi o n i s c h an g e d l os i ng it s c l ear
, ,

n e ss and a d ark ri n g m ay so m e ti m e s b e p e r ce ptibl e

,

a ro u n d t he e yes ; th e s e p i g m e n t a ry c h a ng es are m o r e
es p ec i ally o b s er ve d i n br u n e tt e s a n d like m an y oth e r , ,

di s t u rb an ces o f m e n s tru ati o n du r i n g pre g nanc y th e y

,

b ecom e s till m o re m arke d I n m any wo m e n t he .

bre ath and al s o t he s ki n e xh al e an o dou r (qu it e dis

ti n c t fro m th at d ue t o t he di sc h arg e) o f a p e cu li ar
a r o m ati c and n ot u n p l e a s a n t c h a r ac t e r The vo i ce .

al so m ay u n d e rg o s om e c h a n g e ; th e r e i s a t e n d e ncy

1
Summarised i n Op/zt/za lm i c R ev i ew , 188 7 , pp 32 3-32 6 The . .

i nfl ue nce of n ormal me ns t ruat i on on the e ye i s al so d eal t wi th by Sal mo

C ohn, Uter u s u n d A ng e, 18 9 0, pp 13 -19 . .
290 M AN AN D W O M AN .

to h oar seness and s i nge r s so m e ti me s l ose t he bril

,

liancy o f th e ir hi g h n o t e s so th at at thi s p e ri o d ,

(as i s ge ne r ally re co g n i se d o n t he C on ti nent ) it i s n ot

d esi rabl e for p u bli c s i n g e r s t o appea r 1 .

W i th re fe renc e to the in fl ue nce o f n ormal me ns t ruat ion on the

v oice L e nno x Bro wne a we ll -kno wn s pe cial i s t wro t e t o me as
, , ,

fo ll ows W i th re g ard t o s in g e rs I be l ie ve th a t t he pi t c h o f ,

t he v o ice i s o ft e n l o we re d at t he m e n s t rua l e poc h al th o ug h I ,

h av e n ot foun d th is t o b e univ e rsa lly a d m i tt e d by pat ie n t s t o

wh om I h ave s po ke n o n t he s ubj e c t M an y h av e t old me th at .

th e y h av e a d is posi t ion t o s in g flat and in t wo case s in my ,

re c o ll e c t io n t he p a t i e n t s who s u ffe re d fro m dy s me no rrh oea,

,
t old me th a t th e y s an g s h arp o f w h ic h th e y we re cons cious ,

prob ably fro m i nfo rmat io n fo r o f cours e yo u k no w th at th os e ,

who s ing s h arp a re no t g e ne rally s e n s i bl e o f t he d e fec t It i s .

,
h owe v e r g e ne rally ag re e d th at t he ti mbr e a nd t one -q ual i ty is
,

i mpai re d t he v oice b ei ng d e ci d e dly th inn e r and p oore r d uring

,

the e poch .

O n th i s p o i n t y o u m ay l i ke t o k no w th at i n all C o nt inen t al
e ng ag e me n t s wi th fe mal e s in g e rs p ro v i s io n i s ma d e fo r s usp en
s i o n of d u ty d uri n g t he m e n s t rua l p e rio d b ut th is d oes not ,

o bt ain i n Eng l is h co n t rac t s al th o ug h t he zmfir esar i o i s i n

'

practice oblig ed t o re co g ni s e i t I t w o uld b e we ll we re th i s .

con cessi on mad e u ni v e rs al n o t o n l y i n g ra n d o p era, b ut i n

,

s mall e r ly ri c v e n t ure s i n w h i c h t he a r ti s te s i n g s e v e ry n ig h t in
”
t he wee k, and con t i nu o us ly fo r m a n y m o n th s .

M os t th ese p hys i c al s ig n s m ay e xi s t i n wome n

of
wh om we m u s t c o n s id e r t o b e i n a s t at e o f g oo d
h ealth alth o ug h w e n ee d no t e x p e c t t o fi n d th e m all
,

in t he sam e p e r s o n ; t o a s kill e d o b se rve r it is o ft e n

e as ily p os s ibl e t o d e t e c t t he p re se n ce o f t he m o n thly
p e ri o d O n t he p s yc hi c s ide e ve n i n g oo d h e alth
.
, ,

th e re i s ano th e r se ri es o f p h e n o m e n a Th e re i s .

g r eat e r i m pr e s s i on a bility g r eat e r s u gg e s tibility and , ,

m ore o r l ess di m i n i s he d se lf-co n tro l B u rdac h s t at e d

th at at this ti m e wo m e n are m o r e u n de r t he i n fl uen ce
1
D r R obert B n s h
. Speci lly dr wn tte nt ion to so me of the
ar e as a a a

poi nts i n the b ve pic t e (B i t M d j

a o l and M rch
ur . r . e . ou r n a , a

I n Ti lt s Uter i n e a nd O va r i an I nfl a mmat i on , 186 2 , C haps i -x i v ,

'
. . .

r
the e is a full account o f mens t r uat io n , g iv i ng fact s and st atist ics
r
rega di ng the v a i ou s nerv o us an d o th e r n o ma l ch aracte s o f th is r r r
fu ncti on See al so t he work s on me ns tr uat i o n b y Brierre de Boismont,
.

r
K iege , e tc r .
292 M AN AN D W O M AN .

p h e n o m e na of t he m e n s tr u al fairly c yc l e w hi c h c an

b e re g ard e d as s tri c tly n o r m al an d p hy s i o l o g i c a l It .

i s i n s tr u c tive t o g l a n ce at t he c a se s i n w hi c h m e n s tr u a
ti o n p r o du ce s ab n o r m al a n d di s e ase d co n diti o n s b e ,

c au se w h a t w e se e u n d e r su c h c o n diti o n s i s s i m p ly an

e x agg e ra ti o n o f w h at t ak e s p l a ce u n d e r o rdi n a ry co n

d i t io n s . Th e re m ay b e so hi g h a d e g r ee o f p hys i c al
p ai n an d di sa bility th at t he wo m an i s r e a lly a n i n v alid
for s e ve r a l d ay s e v e ry m o n th All s o rt s o f s li g ht .

vi sce r a l affe c ti on s o f a co n ge s tiv e c h ar ac t e r m ay b e

, ,

dir ec tly du e t o m e ns tru ati on a n d r e cu r p e ri o di cally 1 , .

O n t he m e n t al s id e t he irrit ability o r d e p r es s i o n m ay
b e s o p r o n o u n ce d a s t o a m o u n t t o i n sa n ity M i g r ai n e .

i s a di s o rd e r co m m o n at thi s p e ri o d ; hy s t e ri c a l an d
e p il e p ti c fi t s O ft e n o c c u r
2
E r o t o m a n i a di p s o m a n i a
“

.
, ,

a n d kl e p t o m a n i a a r e al so s pe c i a lly li a bl e t o b e d e

v e lo p e d a t thi s ti m e a n d o f a ll fo r m s o f i n san ity

,

m e l a n c h o li a i s t he m o s t li abl e t o o c c u r W h e n e ve r .

a w o m a n c o m m it s a d e e d o f c ri m i n al vi o l e n ce it i s

e xtr e m e ly p r o b abl e th at s he i s a t he r m o n thly p e ri o d ;

it i s u n fo rt u n at e ly diffi cu lt t o g iv e p r ec i se fi gu r e s as ,

th e r e i s O ft e n ne g l ec t t o as ce rt a i n thi s p o i n t L o m .

br o so h o we v e r fou n d th at o u t o f 8 0 w o m e n arre s t e d
, ,

for o pp os iti o n t o t he p o li c e o r fo r a ssau lt o n ly 9 w e r e , ,

n o t at t he m e n s tr ua l p e ri o d 3
L e g r an d du Sau ll e .

fou n d th at ou t o f 5 6 w o m e n d e t e c t e d i n th eft at
s h o p s i n P a ri s 3 5 w e r e m e n s tr u a ti n g
,
Th e r e i s n o .

dou bt w h at e ve r th at s u i c id e i n w o m e n i s s p e c i ally
li abl e t o t ake p l ace at thi s p e ri o d ; Kr u g els t e i n s t at e d
th at i n all c ases ( 10 7 ) o f s u i c id e i n a w o m an he had
m e t w ith t he a c t w as co m m itt e d d u ri n g thi s p e ri o d
, ,

an d alth o u g h thi s c ann o t b e acce p t e d as a g e n e r a l

r u l e (esp ec i ally w h e n we b ear i n m i n d t he fr e q u e n cy
1
See a paper b y Pli cque o n
“
r
Vi sce al Affe ct io ns o f M e nst rual O rig in ,
Ga zett e aes H a p i ta u x , l gth O c t 189 3
’
. .

2
Th us D r F i sh e r fou nd th at out of 6 0 e pi l e p ti c wo me n , i n 16 th e
.

m e nst ru al peri o d was e i th er the o nly t i m e a t wh i c h the a tt ack s t oo k

pl ace , o r th ey we re mu ch i ncrease d i n fre qu e ncy at th at t i me ( N ew .

Yor k M ea N ews N o v e mbe 189 1

’
. ,
'
r .

3 L a D onn a D elzn u ent e,

g p 37 3 . .
 TH E F U N C TI O N A L P E R I O D IC I TY OF W O M EN . 29 3

of su c i ide in o ld ag e ) E s q u iro l
, ,
B ri e rr e d e B o i s m o n t ,
C o s t e , M o r eau d e T ou r s , R B a r n e s , an d m a n y o th e r s
.

h ave n o t e d t he fre q u e n c y o f t he s u i c id a l t e n d e n c y at
thi s p e ri o d In E ng l an d W y n n W es t co tt has s t at e d
.
1

th at i n his e x pe ri e n ce as a co ro n e r , o f 2 00 w o m e n
w ho c o m m itt e d s u i c id e , t he m aj o rity w e r e e ith e r a t
t he c h a n g e o f life o r m e n s tr u ati n g ; 2 an d i n G e r m a n y
H e ll e r asce rt ai n e d by p os t -m o rt e m e x a m i n ati o n o f 7 0
w o m e n w ho had c o m m itt e d su i c id e th at 2 5 (o r i n t he
p r o p o rti o n o f 3 5 p e r ce n t ) w e r e m e n s tr u a ti ng , a c o n
.

s i d e r a b le
p r o p o rti o n o f t he r e m ai n d e r b e i n g p r e g n a n t
or i n t he
p u e r e
p r a l co n diti o n 3
W o m e n i n p ri s o n ,
.

a g a i n , are a t t o e xhibit
p p e ri o di c ou tb u r s t s o f u n
m o tiv e d an d a pp a r e n tly u n co n tr o ll abl e vi o l e n c e :
th e s e bre a ki n g s o u t , as N i co l so n and o th e r s
h av e o b se rve d , are e sp e c i ally li a bl e t o occu r at t he
m e n s tr u a l e p oc h 1 A m o n g t he i n s a n e , fi n ally , t he
‘
.

fa c t i s u n iv e rs ally r e cog n i s e d th a t d u ri n g t he m o n thly

p e ri o d t he i n sa n e i m pu l se b eco m e s m o r e m a rk e d , if,
i d ee d , it m ay n ot app e a r o n ly at th at p e ri o d
n
“
The
m e l a n c h o li cs a r e m o r e d e p r e sse d , as C l o u st o n p u t s
“
it , t he m a n i acal m o r e r e s tl e ss , t he d e l u s i o n al m o re
u n d e r t he i n fl u e n ce o f th e ir d e l u s i o n s i n th e ir c o n

d u c t ; th ose s u bj e c t t o h a ll u c i n ati o n s h ave th e m m o r e

i n t e n se ly , t he i m p u l s iv e c a se s are m o r e u n co n tr o l
l abl e , t he cas e s o f s t u p o r m o r e s t u p id , a n d t he d e
”
m e n t e d t e n d t o b e e x c it e d Th e s e fac t s o f m o rbid
.

p s y c h o l o g y are v e ry s i g n ifi c an t ; th e y e m p h a s i s e t he
fac t th at e v e n i n t he h e althi e s t w o m an a w o r m , ho w
e v e r h a r m l es s an d u n p e r c e iv e d , g n aw s p e ri o di c ally at

t he r oo t s o f life .

W e see , th e r e fo r e , th at i n s t e ad o f b e i n g an i so l at e d
a n d t e m p o r a ry p r oces s , m e n s tr u a ti o n i s a c o n ti n u o u s

1
r
A fu ll a nd ca e fu l s t at e me n t o f t he p re se n t s t at e o f k no wl ed g e
r e a rd i n
g g the m e nt a l c o nd i t i o n o f wo me n d u ri ng the me ns t r ual p e r i o d
w i ll b e fo u nd i n I card , L a F em me P en da n t la P ér zoae M en st r u elle,
’
'

P ari s , 18 9 0.

2
L a n cet , 1 1th A ug 19 00. .

3
M un e/zen er M ed W oe/zen scr ift , 19 00, N o 4 8
. . . .

4
r
Se e H av e l ock Ell is, Tfie C r i m i n a l, th i d ed i t ion , pp 17 2 et seq . .
294 M AN AN D W O M AN .

p r oce s s , a nd o n e w hi c h p e r m eat es t he wh o l e o f a
w o m an s p hy s i cal an d p sy c hi c o rg a n i s m A wo m an
’
.

d u ri ng he r r e p ro du c tiv e life i s al ways m e n str u ati n g ,

as D r H arry C a m p b e ll
.
p u t s it , j u s t as t he m oo n i s
al way s c h an g i n g . So u v e n t fe m m e v a ri e , it m ay b e
s aid , i s a p hy s i o l o g i cal fac t ; it i s n o t t he r e su lt o f
w ilfu l c ap ri ce . The fac t i s o n e o f co n s ide rabl e i m
p o rt a n c e , n o t o n ly t o t he p hys i c i a n a n d t he m e di co
l eg al e x pe rt , b u t t o the m an O f sc i e nce g e n e rally , t o
t he soc i o l o g i s t , an d i n d e e d t o t he w h o l e co m m u n ity .

I n t he i nve s ti g ati o n o f a n y fac t i n a w o m a n s life o r

’

o r g an i s m , w e o u g ht t o k n o w i t s e x ac t p os iti o n i n t he

w o m an s c y c li c life If w e h ave t o i n v e s ti g at e t he
’
.

c o m p a rative re ac ti o n o f a m an an d a w o m an t o an y

sc i e n tifi c t e s t , we h av e t o r e co g n i se th at t h e w o m a n

liv es o n a c u rve , an d th at he r e x ac t p os i t i o n o n t he
c u rve at a g iv e n m o m e n t m ay affe c t he r s up e ri o rity

o r i n fe ri o rity t o t he m a n . I n tri a l s o f skill o r s tr e n g th

am o n g w o m e n (a s I n a s w i m m i n g m at c h , for i n s t a n ce )

e v e rythi ng m ay d e p e n d o n a w o m a n s p os iti o n i n h e r
’

m o n thly c y c l e ; he r fu ll p oss e ss i o n o f s tre n g th , n e rv e ,

a nd d e xt e rity w ill d e p e n d t o so m e e xt e n t , e v e n if s he

i s i n p e rfe c t h ealth , o n t he ti m e o f m o n th , an d a fe w
d ays so o n e r o r l at e r m ay e ve n m ak e it i m p oss ibl e fo r
he r t o e ng ag e i n t he co n t es t ; it i s n ee dl e s s t o a dd
th at thi s fac t o pe ns t he d o o r t o co n s ide r a bl e i n
tri g u e. A g ai n , w h e n e ve r a w o m an has co m m i t t e d
a ny O ffe n ce ag a i n s t t he law , it i s e sse n ti a l th at t he
r e l ati o n o f t he ac t t o he r m o n thly c y c l e s h ou ld b e
asce rt a i n e d as a m att e r of ro u ti n e ; it i s a fa c t th at

co n tr o l i s p hy s i o l o g i cally l esse n e d a t t he m e n s tr u a l

p e ri o d e v e n i n h ealth , w hil e it i s v e ry m u c h m o r e
l e s s e ne d in t he n e u r o ti c and u n b al an ce d ; it m u s t b e
l
c ea rly re cog n i se d th at gu ilt al s o 15 l esse n e d .

The e xi s t e n c e O f t he m o n thly c y c l e i s las t ly a, ,

fac t o r w hi c h c a nn o t b e e n tire ly i g n o re d I n co n s id e ri n g
t he fit n e s s o f w o m e n fo r a n y b u s i n e s s p os it i o n I t 15
.

fo u nd at t he P os t -o ffi c e a n d e l se wh e re w h e re m e n
,

a n d w o m e n are e m p l o y e d th a t t he wo m e n a r e m o r e
,
 2 96 M AN A N D W O M AN .

m e n t al p h y sical l abo ur, a n d, b e t we e n the t wo , the N orm a l

and
Sc h o ol for p hy s i cal t raining a ppro x ima t ing me n t al l abour, and
t he Training Sc h oo l fo r N urs es n earin g p hy s ica l l ab our, t h e
a v e rag e ag e b e i n
g in t he H ig h Sc h oo l 16 ; i n N ormal Sch oo l
an d C o ll eg e , 19 t o 2 0 i n P h ys i ca l Tra ining , t he N urs e 2 6 ,
a n d th e work in
g g irl from r 5 t o The result s are s ummari s e d
i n the foll owing t abl e

P ercen tag e of s ’
u fi e r ers .

Group . C lass .

F reshman
H ig he r C a ssesl
N u rses
t
Sta e N or ma Schoo l l
N gr m Sch . . of Gy m .

N orm Schoo . l ,
t
Ci y

Co ll eg e

l
N orma Scho o , C i y l t
H ig h Schoo l t oo

“
The b r n um e s are
h ig h ,
”
re mark s owing
D r . E n g e l mann ,

t o t he fa c t th at I h a v e i n c l u d e d m o d e rat e pain i n th i s g ro u p ,

s uf fe ri ng o f e v e ry d e g re e a n d k in d s av e t he more t rifl in g di s
c o m fo r t s suffe ri ng b e ing c l as s ifi e d as s e v e re some n o ne
, , , ,

s e v e re an d some b e in g h e re c o m b in e d an d the re su l t v e ri fi e d ,

by a s econd q ue s t ion a s to k in d o f s uffe ring l ang uor h ead , ,

a c h e or , p ain ; l ang uo r o r h e a d ac h e al one us ually ab o ut 15 p e r ,

c e n t , i s n o t h e re c ons id e re d as s uf
. fe ring It may b e we ll t o .

n o t e t he fac t th a t s e v e re s u f
fe ri ng e x is t s i n from 11 p e r c e n t t o .

18 p e r c e n t one -fi ft h t o o n e -fourth of th ose e x p e r ie n c in g

.

d i s com fort d uring t he pe rio d s uffe r s e v e re ly The v ery h ig h .

p e rce n t ag e o f s uffe ring ( 9 5 per c e n t ) i n one of the h ig h e r i n s t i

.

t ut io ns o f l earn ing i s ra th e r s urp ri s ing and can on ly b e e x p l ai n e d

,

by t he fac t th a t all d is c o m fort has h e re b een cons id e re d b u t ,

t he fi g ures are co rre c t as th is i n v e s t ig a t i on was m ad e wi th t he

,

u t m os t care by on e o f t h e m e d i cal of fi ce rs of t he i ns t i t u t ion .

“
A s is to b e ex pe c t e d , g rea t s uffe ring is l ik ewis e foun d in the
 TH E F U N C TI O N A L P E R I O D IC I TY OF W O M EN . 297

b us in e s s wom an av erag ing in t he c l as s h e re co n s id e re d 8 3 pe r

,

ce n t . b ut th is v ari e s e v e n i n t he s a me c l a s s o f b us in e s s w i th
, , ,
t he c h ara c t e r o f t he w o rk The g ir l b e h in d t he c ou n t e r who
.
,
15 o n h e r fe e t m os t o f t he d a
y w i th b ut l i ttl e s pa c e fo r c h ang e
,

o f p os i t io n s h o ws
, 9 1 p e r ce n t ; th o s e w h o s it b ookk ee p e rs an d
.
,
s t e n o g ra h e rs s h o w 8 2
p , p e r ce n t ; a nd th o s e w ho h a v e a c e r t a in
.

fre e d o m o f m o t i on— floo r -walk e rs ca s h g irl s ack e rs — are n o t e d

p , ,
W i th o n ly 7 8 p e r c e n t .

“
F o r t he p u pi l s o f t he N urs e s Train ing Scho o l s ( 7 3 pe r ce n t )
’
.

t h e n u m b e rs are as y e t s m all an d t he re c o rd s l e s s
p e rfe c t th an
t h o s e o f a n y o th e r c l as s ; b u t t he re s u l t s s uc h as th e y are , ,

d e m an d i n v e s t ig at io n s in c e we k n ow th at on ly wom e n i n
,

p e rfe c t h e a lth a re a d m i tt e d .

Th a t p u p il s in t he N orm a l Sc h oo l for p hy s i ca l t ra i n i n g s h o u l d
a p p e a r w i th 7 1
pe r ce n t wo ul d s e e m i n e x p l i ca bl e as th e se ar e
.
,
y o un g wo m e n u n d e r the b e s t p o s s ibl e con d i t io n s w ith an ,

a p are n tly m o s t fa v o ur a bl e co m b i n a t i o n o f m e n t a l a nd
p p hy s i ca l
w o rk A b e tt e r s t at e o f fu n c t i o n al h e a lth i s t o b e e x pe c t e d an d
.
,

we s h o u ld c e r t a i n l y fi n d v e ry d iffe re n t c on d i t io n s we re i t n o t fo r
t he fac t th a t g irl s al re ady b ro k e n d o wn fre q u e n tly u n d e r t ak e
t h is co urs e fo r t he p urpo se o f re s t orin g h e al th wre ck e d in pre
v i o us o c c u a t i o n s
p .A s a con s e q ue nce th e y e n t e r u n d e r m o s t
u n fa v o ura bl e co n d i t i o n s .

“
I n s c h o o l a n d c o ll e g e we fi nd t o o l arg e a pro po rt io n o f
s uffe re rs — fro m 4 0 t o 7 0 p e r ce n t - n d I m u t c a ll a tt e n t io n t
a s . o
a N o rm a l Sc h o o l i n w h i c h o n e -h a l f o f t he
p u pi l s d e v o t e b ut t wo
fo r ty -fi v e m i n u t e p e r io d s we e kly t o g y m n a s t i c e x e rc i se s wh i l e ,

o th e rs a l l o w fo u r an d m ore A m ong th os e d e v o t ing m ore t i m e

.

t o p hy s i c a l e x e rc i s e w e fi n d 64 p e r ce n t o f s uffe r in g as co m .
,

pa re d w i th 6 7 p e r c e n t i n t he o th e r g ro u p The l o we s t p e r
'

. .

c e n t ag e i s fo u n d i n o n e o f t h e N o rm al Sc h oo l s an d i n a H ig h
Sc h o o l A l m o s t i n v ari a b ly t h e pe rc e n t ag e o f s u ffe rin g i s g re a t e r
.

i n t he m o re e x ac t i n g w o rk o r t h e s t u dy o f m o re a dv an ce d
c l a s s e s th an i t was b e fo re i n y e ars o f g re a t e r fre e d o m ; y e t w e
fi n d th a t fro m 6 5 t o 7 0 p e r c e n t e n t e r t he h ig h e r i n s t i t u t io n s o f
.

l earn in g — N o rm al Sc h o o l C o ll e g e — an d b u s in e s s w i th m e n s t ru a l
,

s u ffe rin g o f s o m e k i n d a n d a s a r u l e th i s s uffe ri n g in c re a s e s

, , ,

in t he m e n t a l a n d p h y s i c a l o cc up a t io n s h e re co n s id e re d w i th ,

s o m e fe w e x ce p t i o n s i n t h o s e e d uca t io n a l i n s t i t u t io n s w h e re
m a rk e d a tt e n t io n i s g i v e n t o p hy s ica l t ra in in g Th us w e fin d i n .

o n e o f t he N o rm a l Sc h o o l s 5 4 p e r ce n t i n t he j un io r a n d 5 3 p e r
.

ce nt . i n t he s e n io r c l as s t h e fi rs t h av in g e n t e re d w i th 66 p e r
,

c e n t an d t he s e co n d w i th 7 1 p e r ce n t ; b u t t he m os t m a rk e d
. .

e x c e p t i o n i s i n t he v e ry y o u n g e s t c l a s s in o n e we ll c o n d u c t e d
-

H ig h Sc h oo l wi th an a d m ira bl e s y s t e m o f p hy s ic al t ra in in g ,

w h e re we fi n d t he m o s t p l iabl e a n d i m pre s s i o nabl e co n d i t io n

t he m e n s t rua l func t io n b are ly e s t a bl is h e d an d t he s l ig h t i rre g u
lar it i e s whi ch m ay h av e ari s e n y ie ld i ng re ad i ly t o e x ce ll e n t
298 M AN AN D W O M AN .

su rround ing s and j ud ic ious manag e me n t H e re we find 42 per .

c e n t i n the j uni or c l as s an d o n ly
.
3 2 pe r ce n t in the s ame g i rl s .

a t t he close o f th e ir s en io r
ye ar s o me e ig h t e e n mon th s aft e r the
,
fi rst record W e hav e s e e n an ag g rav at io n of s uffering wi th
.

adv ancing g rad e as mu c h as 10 p e r c e n t a n d ye t in s c h ool an d

, .
,
co ll e g e a c e rt ain n umb e r re co rd th e ir g e n e ral h e alth a s b e tt e r ,

and th is is as it s h ould b e o win g t o t he o ft e n i mpro v e d h ab i t s

,

o f l ife and g re a t e r re g u l ari ty It m us t b e n o te d th a t wh il e the

.

p e rce n t ag e of suffe rin g i s g re a t e r s e v e re s u ffe ring as a rul e, , ,

g ro ws l e ss ; In on e ins t i t u t io n 18 p e r ce n t s uffe re d s e v e re l y .

b e fore and on ly 10 p e r ce n t d uring o r aft e r e n t e ring upon t he

.

co urs e Th i s i s e s pec ial ly m ark e d in t he p upi l s o f p hy s ica l

.

t raining s c h ool s In the working g irl h owe v e r se v ere s uffering

.
, ,

i ncreases m os t so in the g irl b e h in d t h e c o un t e r who s t an d s

, ,

m os t of the day The pe rce n t ag e of s u ffe ring may appe ar h ig h

.
,

b ut i t i s ne v e rth e l e s s c o rre c t as t he fi g ure s ar e b as e d upon l arg e

,

( G J E ng e l mann The A me rican Girl of To day

” ”
n umb e rs
“ -
. . .
, ,
Tm m A m Gy necolog i ca l Soc ,
. .

It m ay b e a dd e d th a t D r C l e l ia D uel M o s h e r, . J oh n of the
H o pk in s H o s pi t al who has m ad e a s pec i a l s t udy o f t he p h y s i
,

o l o g y o f m e n s t r uat i o n o
p “ i n t s ou t th
,
a t s o -ca ll e d m e n s t rual
s uffe ring i s v e ry l arg e l y s im p ly c o in c i d e n t func t ional d i s
t urb an ce i n o th e r o rg an s i n d uce d p oss i bly by t he fav ouring
, , ,

con d i t i on s of a l owe r g e n e ra l bl oo d p re s s u re o c c urr ing n e ar or

at t he t i m e o f m e n s t r u at i o n r N ormal M e n
” “
( C D M o s h
. e . .
,

s t r uat ion an d s ome o f th e F a c t ors M o d i fy i ng It

”
j of mH o ki ns ,

H osp B u ll , A p
. Th i s i s no d oubt t he cas e b ut s u e ring
.
,

occ urring at t he m e ns t rua l p e ri o d wh e th e r d ire c tly o r o nly ,

i nd ire c tly d ue t o t he m e ns t rua l proc e s s is q ui t e p rope rly ,
d escrib e d as “ me n s trual s uffe ring .

O ne p oi ntv e n t s i s c l e ar : it i s no l ong e r
at all e

p oss ibl e t o re g ard t he p hys io l og i cal p e ri o di c ity o f

wo m e n and t he r ec u rri n g m e n s tr u al fu nc ti o n as t he
, ,

pu re ly p rivat e con c e rn o f t he wo m an w h om it affec t s .

3 00 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n t he n arro w se n se o f t he t e r m , b u t a ll th ose g r o u p s
o f p s y c hi c
p h e n o m e n a w hi c h are c h a r ac t e ri s e d by
a d e c r ease d c o n tro l o f t he hi h e r n e rv o u s ce n tr e s ,
g
a n d i n c r e ase d ac tivity o f t he l o w e r c e n tr e s Th e s e
1
.

g r o u p s o f p h e n o m e n a ar e c l ose ly r e l at e d , a n d a r e all
m a rk e d by di m i n i s h e d c o n sc i o u s ne ss o f t he s u bj e c t ,
or di m i n i s h e d
p o w e r o f c o n tro l , o r b o th T ak e n .

a lt o g e th e r th e y c o n s tit u t e t he p h e n o m e n a w hi c h
“ ”
h ave o ft e n b ee n call e d s u p e r h u m a n , b u t w hi c h ,
-

as C h am b e r s l o n g ag o r e m ark e d , m ay q u it e as
“
A

tru ly b e call e d s u b h u m an -
”
The b e s t k n o w n o f
.

s u c h p h e n o m e n a i s th at w hi c h w e h av e a ll e x p er i

e n ce d d u ri n g o rdi n a ry s l e e p , w hi c h i s p e rh ap s t he m os t

p ri m itiv e a n d fu n d am e n t a l fo r m o f co n s c i o u s n ess .

Th a t m o difi e d ki n d o f s l e e p , t he con diti o n o f

o rdi n ary s o m n am b u li s m or s l e e p -w alki n g , i n w hi c h

t he m o t o r c e n tr e s ar e a w a k e a n d r esp o n d t o o rdi n ary

s ti m u li w hil e t he hi g h e r c e n tr e s a re as l ee p an d fa il t o

co n tro l t he r es p o n ses o f t he m o r e au t o m ati c c e n tr es ,

i s fairly co m m o n t o a s li g ht d e g r e e , o r at r a r e
i n t e rva l s , e s p e c i ally am o n g c hildr e n 2 Th e r e ar e n o .

e x a c t s t ati s ti cs , s o far as I am aw a r e a s t o i t s ,

fr e q ue n c y am o n g adu lt s ; t he m aj o rity o f th os e w ho
h av e occu p i e d th e m se lves w ith t he s u bj e c t s e e m t o
r e g a rd it as m o re co m m o n i n w o m e n , or h av e at all
e v e n t s fou n d t he w o r s t a n d m o s t p e rs i s t e n t c as e s i n

wom e n Alth o u g h thi s is p r o b abl e , it i s n o t ye t

.

l
c ea rly e st a bli s h e d .

The p h e n o m e n a of m e sm e
ri s m an i m al m abgn e ti s m , ,

etc n o w u su ally g r o u p e d u n d e r t he
.
, h ead o f hyp
no t i s m h av e al w ay s b e e n s pe c i ally id e n tifi e d w ith
,

1
I t may no t r
b e s upe fl uo us to r e mark th a t wh a t i n n e rvo us phys i
l y
o og a re t er m e d t he arr
l o wer c e nt es e b y o me ans lo w i n the
n
“ ”

o f be i n
se n se g u ni m p o r t an t ; on t he co n t rary , th ey a re the m os t funda
m e n t al .

2
Dr . de r St ei n ( 05 55 ? do” n at u r lzc/ze n Samn o r/1621115 71120 ,
E . v on

r
H e id e lbe g , 18 8 1) fo und b y i nv e s t i g at i ng o r p h an a syl ums i n Bad e n th a t
o u t o f 1000 c h i ld re n 17 (o r pe r c e n t ) s h o w e d s o mnambul is t i c
.

ph e no me na; th e re were n o t nece ssari ly any si g ns o f n e u op ath i c co n r

s ti tuti o n .
 H Y P N O TIC P H EN O M E NA .
3 01

wo men . W o m e n h av e m ost d e r th e i r e as ily fall e n un

i n fl u e n c e a n d t he c hi e f a dv an ce s i n o u r k n owl e dg e
,

o f hy n o ti s m h a v e c o m e thr ou g h i n v e s ti ati o n s on
p g
wo m e n .O n e o r t w o e n th u s i as t s h av e d e c l a r e d th at
m os t p e r s o n s t ak e n at r a n d o m a n d ir re s p e c tiv e o f
,

s e x ( 80
p e r ce n t a c c o rdi ng t o L i é b au lt ) a r e hyp n o
.
,

t i sab le I t 15 p r o b a bl tr u e th at w ith t he e x e r c i se o f
.

y ,

s u ffi c i e n t s kill a nd p at i e n ce t h e p h e n o m e n a m i g ht b e ,

e li c it e d i n e v e ry one p osse s s i n g a fair d e g r ee o fm e n t al

h e alth (fo r it i s n ot o ri ou s ly di ffi cu lt t o hyp n o ti se t he

'

i n s an e e ve n w ith t he e x e rc i se o f v e ry co n s ide r abl e

'

s kill a n d p ati e n ce ) b u t it r e m ai n s tr u e th a t i n t he
, ,

e x p e ri e n c e o f t he m os t s kilfu l i n v e s ti g at o r s wom e n ,

m o r e e a s ily fa ll i nt o t he hy p n o ti c c o n diti o n an d
1

e xhibit t he p h e n o m e n a i n a m o r e m ark e d fo r m In .

e v e ry hy p n o ti c cli m qu e w e fi n d w o m e n i n a g r e at
'

m aj o rity Th u s P itr es a c hi e f au th o rity fi nd s th at

.
, ,

w ith t he g r e at e s t p o ss ibl e p e r su a s i o n t w o -third s o f

hys t e ri cal w o m e n a n d o n ly o n e -fi ft h o f hys t e ri cal
,

m e n c a n b e hy p n o ti se d 1 A g a i n B é r illo n a n e n t hu
,
.
, ,

s i as t i c a n d at t h e s am e ti m e j u di c i o u s b e li e v e r i n

hy p no ti c th e r a p e u ti c s d u ri n g 1 8 9 0 an d t he e arly p a rt ,

o f 189 1 (as he s t a t e d at t he B e rli n In t e r nati o n al

M e di c a l C o n g r e ss ) tr e at e d 3 6 0 p ati e n t s by hy p n o ti s m ;
,

o f th e se 2 6 5 w e r e w o m e n 4 5 w e r e c hildr e n o n ly 5 0 , ,

w e r e m e n— a s t at e m e n t ag r e e i n g w ith m y o w n re co l
l e c ti o n s o f D r B é r illo n s cli n i qu e at ab ou t t he sam e
.
’

p e ri o d . Th e s e fi g u r es d o n o t n e ces sarily i n di c at e
t he s e x u al p r o p o rti o n o f hy p n o ti s a bl e p e r s o n s a m o n g
t he g e ne r al p o p u l ati o n b u t th e y a t l e a s t s h o w th a t a ,

c o m p a r ativ e ly s m a ll p r o p o rti o n o f m e n ca n b e tr e at e d
by hy p n o ti s m w ith an y c h a n ce o f s u cc e s s I t m ay .

b e a dd e d th at c hildr e n m ay e a s ily b e p u t i n t o
t he hy p n o ti c s t at e B e au n i s fo u n d th at o u t o f 100
.

c hildr e n b e t w ee n se v e n an d fou rt e e n y ear s of ag e ,

5 5 a re hy p n o ti s a bl e a n d B é r illo n co n s id e r s th at thi s
,

i s b e l o w t he tr u th as he fi n d s th at m os t c hildr e n
,

1 clzm qu es , e tc
’ ’

.
,
to m . ii .
p .
404 ; c f . G
rasse t ,
’
L H ypn ot i sri za
oi [a Sugg es t i on , 19 02 , p 93 . .
3 02 M AN AN D W O M AN .

a bove t he ag e o f se
ve n p r o vide d th e y are not idio t s ,

m ay e as fly b e hy p n o ti se d 1 .

The all i e d p h e n om e n a o f e cs t as y t ran ce a n d , ,

c at al e p s y it i s
g e n e ra lly ag re e d ar e m o r e fr e q u e n t i n
, ,

wo m e n an d i t m ay b e a dde d th a t t he m os t r e m a rk
,

a bl e cases o n re c o rd w ith fe w e x c e ti o n s occu rr e d i n

p , ,

wom e n I n cat al e ps y t he su bj ec t s m e n t a l fu n c t i o n s
’
.

ar e l ar g e ly o r a lt o e th e r s u s e n d e d as re ard s t he
g p g
e xt e r n al w o rld ; t he m u sc l es a re
p ass iv e a n d r e t ai n
a ny p o s i t i o n i n w hi c h th e y m ay b e p l ace d In .

e c s t as y w h i c h c a nn o t b e ve ry c l e a rly di s ti n g u i s h e d
,

fr o m tr an c e th e re i s n o t t he sam e ab se n c e o fm u sc u l a r
,

c o n tr o l a n d t he s u bj e c t s m e n t al fu n c ti o n s i n s t ead o f
’
, ,

b e i n g su s pe n de d are ac tive ly e m p l oy e d i n see i n g

,

v i s i o n s ; d u r i n g t he tr anc e t he s u bj ec t s c o u n t e n a n c e
’

e x p r esse s i n s p ir e d ill u m i n ati o n o f a m o r e th an e arthly

c h ar ac t e r an d o n aw a k m g he i s abl e t o r ec a ll hi s
,

Vi s i o n s w h i c h h av e p l aye d a c o n s id e r a bl e p a rt i n
,

t he w o rld s s p i r i t u a l h i s t o ry B o th c at a l e p sy a n d
’
.

ecs t as y ar e all i e d t o hy s t e r i a b u t ar e n o t n e ce ssarily ,

ide n ti cal W i th i t 2 .

All t he p h e n o m e n a w hi c h o f o ld we re t e r m e d
”
m ag i cal c om e u nde r t he g r ou p h e re t e r m e d
hyp n o ti c an d th e y h ave al ways b ee n r e ga rde d as
,

e s p e c i ally c o n n e c t e d W i th w o m e n P li n y t e ll s u s .

th at wo m en ar e t he b es t s u bj ec t s for m ag i cal e x p e r i
e me es Q u i n t i l i an w as of t he s am e o p i n i o n B o di n
. .

e s ti m at e d t he p r o p o rt i o n o f W i t c h e s t o w iz ard s as n ot

l e ss th an 5 0 t o The o r ac l es w h i c h i n v ari ou s ,

D r E Béri llo n , H ypn ot i s me et Sugg es t i on , P a ri s , 189 1, p 3 7

1
. . . .

2
r
The sh o r t a ti c l es , “ C a t al e psy ,
” “
Ecs t asy ,
”
a nd
“
Tra nc e , by
D r H ac k Tuk e i n the D i et P sy c/z M eat , m ay b e co nsult e d ; al so t he
. . .

e x ce ll e n t ar t i c l es ( th o ug h wri tt en s o me y ea rs ag o ) by D r C h ambe s 011

”
’

. r
Ecs t asy , So mna mbul i sm , an d C a tal eps y ” i n R ey no ld s’ Sy st em
"

f Al ed i ezne, v o l ii ; fo r an e l abo rat e s t udy fro m t he mod e rn p o i n t of

' '

o . .

v i e w of t he d ife re nce s b e t wee n cat al epsy , e cst asy , l e th a gy , so mnam r

h o l is m , e t c , r e g ard ed as ty pi cal and mi x ed fo rm s o f hy pno si s a mo n g
.

t e hy t
h s e i r
ca l, se e P i t ,
re s L ee om elz m g u es s u r l
’
H y s t ér i e et l
’
' '

H yp n o
t zs me, 18 9 1, t o m 11 p p 1 17 -14 2
'

. . . .

3
M i ll ing e n, C u r i os i t i es of [M edi ca l E xper i e n ce, 18 57 , vo l i p 2 2 5 ; . . .

a nd see L omb ro s o a nd F e rre o , D onn a D eli n qu e n te , p r p 2 03 2 08 ; al s o

- .

. r
J G i mm, Teuton i c M y t/zology ( t ransl ati o n), pp 1038-4 1 . .
3 04 M AN AN D W O M AN .

m y s t ery o f wo m an h ood t o wh ic h re fe re nce was m ad e i n C h ap t er

,
I. W o m e n in s av ag e a nd b arb arou s s t ag e s of e x is t e n c e a r e
b e l ie v e d t o h av e a s t ran g e i nfl ue nce o v e r t he w h o l e o f na t ure .

Th u s P l in y (N a tu r a l b zs tory Bo o k v ii c 13 ) t e ll s u s th a t “ o n
’
’

.
,
.

t he appro ac h o f a wo man i n th i s s t a t e [ t he m e n s t rual ] m e a t ,

wi ll b e co m e s o u r s e e d s whic h a re t o uc h e d by h e r b e com e
,

s t e ri l e
, g raft s w i th e r a wa y g ard e n p l an t s ar e wi th e re d up and
,
-
,

t he frui t w ill fall fro m t he t re e b e n e a t h wh ic h s he s i t s

”
e tc At , .

Bord e a u x an d o n t h e R h ine wo m e n m u s t s t i ll a v o i d e n t e rin g

w n e ce ll ars d urin g th eir p e ri o d s ( A Bas t ian in t h e Vo rwor t
“
i -
. .

an d n o t e s t o hi s I m elg r ugfi fi en i n Good m e n B e rl i n 188 3 has

'

, , ,

co ll e c t e d a l arg e n u m b e r o f s im i l ar b e l i e fs ) It was n o t o n ly .

wh e n in th i s s t a t e th a t a w o man p o s se ss e d th i s m ag i cal i n
flue n c e ; i n an o th e r par t o f h i s work ( Bo ok xxv iii c 2 3 ) P l iny . .

wri t e s : H ai l s t orms th e y say wh irl wi n d s an d l ig h t n i n g e v e n

, , , ,

will b e s care d awa y by a w o m an un co v e ring h e r b o dy w h i l e

h e r m o n thly c o u rs e s are u po n he r Th e s a m e t o o w i th all
.
, ,

o th e r k in d s o f t e m pe s t uo us we ath e r ; an d ou t at s e a a s t orm
m ay b e l u ll e d by a w om an u n co v e ri ng he r b o dy m e re ly e v e n ,

th o u g h n o t m e n s t rua t in g at the t i m e A t an y o th e r t i m e al s o
.
, ,

if a wo m an s t ri ps h e rs e l f n ak e d wh i l e s he i s m e n s t rua t i ng ,

a n d wa lk s ro un d a fi e ld o f w h e a t t he c a t e rp ill ars
, w o rm s , ,

b e e tl e s an d o th e r v e rm in wi ll fall fro m o ff t he e ars of c or n ”

, .

M a n y of th e s e b e l ie fs s urv i v e i n I t aly ( an d i n o th e r par t s o f th e

world ) up t o t he pre s e n t d a y ; th us at B e ll uno a cco rd ing t o ,

B as t a nzi i t i s c us t o m ary for a p rie s t an d fo r a n ak e d y o u n g g ir l

,

t o g o (se p arat e ly as a r ul e ) e arl y i n t h e m o rn i ng i n t o t he fi e ld s

t o d ri v e awa y t he ca t e rpi ll ars ( The i n t ro d uc t io n of t he pri es t
.

i s m e re ly an e x am pl e o f t he way i n wh i c h C h ri s t ian i ty has

s o u g h t t o s an c t ify t he P ag an ri t e s i t cou ld n o t e rad i cat e ) .

Si m il ar c us t o m s m a y b e fo un d all o v e r t h e wo rld Th u s t he .

wo nd e r e x ci t e d by wo me n has in th e pa s t i f n o t in t he p re s e n t , ,

p o we rfully re in fo rce d t he in fl u e n ce th e“y h av e g ain e d t h ro u g h

wh a t I h a v e h e re b ro a dly t e rme d h y p n o t ic p h e n o m e n a .

( M an y fa c t s b earing o n t he pre v al e n ce of t he b e l ie f i n t he
m a g ic a l ap t i t u d e o f wo m e n b o t h i n anci e n t an d m o d e rn t i m e s
, ,

a re b ro u g h t t o g e th e r by P l o s s a n d B ar t e l s D as W ei b 7 th e d , , .
,
B d i i pp 66 3 -680 ; t h e se au th o rs b e l i e v e th a t th e s e p h e n o m e na
. . .

ar e o f un i v e rs al e xt e n s i o n an d prob ably co n s t i t ut e a fun d ame n t al

h u m an b e l i e f ) .

A l ar g e p art of t he
fasc i n ati o n w hi c h w o m e n
p o s se ss fo r m e n li e s i n th e ir li ability t o su c h
hyp no ti c e x pl os i o ns as we h av e h e r e t o c o ns ide r .

I t has b ee n a m y s t e ry whi c h m e n h ave n e v e r g r o wn

tire d o f co nt e m p l ati n g and w hi c h has l e ft a n i nefface
,

a bl e m a rk o n t he lit e r a t u r e pro d uc e d by m e n .
 H Y P N O TIC P H E NOM ENA .
3 05

The m y s t e r y has b e e n s y m p ath e t i ca lly d e s cri b e d by D id e ro t ,

w h o h i m s e l f co m b i n e d t he m a n’ s t e m pe ram e n t an d t he
w o man ’s , i n h i s rh ap s o d i ca l fra g m e n t Szzr les F emm es :
“
I t i s e s pe ci ally in t he p as s ion o f l o v e , t he a tt ack o f j ea l o us y ,
t h e t ran s p ort s of n a t u ra l t e n d e rn e s s , t he i n s t i n c t s o f s u pe r
s t i t i o n , t h e way i n w h i c h th e y s h ar e po pul ar e p id e m i c e m o t i o n s ,

t h a t wo me n as t on is h us , b e au t i fu l as Kl o ps t o c k’s s e raph i m,
t e rri bl e as M il t o n s an g e l s o f d ark ne s s I h a v e s e e n l o v e
’
.
,

j e al o us y s u p e rs t i t io n ang e r i n wo me n carrie d t o h e ig h t s wh ic h
, ,

m a n h a s n e v e r re ac he d A m an n e v e r s a t at D e l p h i o n
.

t h e s a c re d t r i p o d . The p ar t o f P yth i a o n ly s u i t e d a w o man .

It n e e d s a wo m a n s h ead t o fe e l s e ri o us ly t he a p proac h o f a
’

g o d t o b e co m e e x al t e d a nd ag i t a t e d d is h e v e ll e d fo a m i n g t o
, , , ,

I fe e l hi m I fe e l him t he g od i s co me ! a n d th e n
‘ ’
c ry o u t : , ,

t o re p e a t t ru ly hi s word s A wo m an c a rrie s wi th i n h e r an
.

o rg a n c a pa ble o f t e rri bl e s p as m s wh i c h d o as t h e y w il l
'

wit h h e r a n d e x c i t e i n h e r p h an t o m s o f all k i n d s In h e r .

h y s t e rical d e l iri um s he s e e s t h e pas t o v e r ag ai n s he i s p ro ,

j e c te d i n t o t he fu t u re all t i m e s a r e p re s e n t to h e r N ot h in g
,
.

c l o s e r t o g e th e r th an e c s t a s y v is i o n pro ph e c y p oe t ry an d
, , , ,

h y s t e ri a . M ad a m e G u y o n i n he r b o o k o f Tor r en ts h a s
, ,

l in e s o f a n e l o q ue n ce wh ic h k n e w n o m o d e l s I t was Sai n t .

Th e re s a w ho s a i d o f t he d e v i l s H o w u n h a p p y th e y ar e !
‘
,

t h e y d o no t l o v e ! It wa s a w o m an wh o wa lke d b are foo t e d

’

t h ro ug h t he s t re e t s o f A l e x an d ria w i th a t o rc h in o n e h an d an d
,

p i t c h e r i n t he o th e r s ay i n g : I w i ll b urn h e a v e n wi th th is
‘
a ,

t o rc h a n d e xt in g ui s h he ll w i th t h i s wat e r s o th a t m an m ay ,

l o v e hi s G o d o n ly fo r H im se l f Su c h a p ar t b e l on g s o n l y t o a
.
’

w o m an . Bu t th i s fi e ry i m a g i n a t io n th i s t e m pe r w h ic h s e e m s,

i n coe rc i bl e m a y b e a ba s h e d a t a w o rd
,
M o re c iv i l i s e d .

t h an m e n o u t s id e wi th i n th e y h av e re mai n e d t rue s av ag e s
, ,

an d th e y a r e all o f t h e s e c t o f M a c h i a v e ll i m o re o r l e s s The ,
.

s y m b o l o f wo m an i n g e n e ra l i s th a t o f t he A poc a lv ps e o n t h e ,

fo re h e a d o f w h ic h wa s writ t e n M y s t e r y .

D R EA M S .

A m o ng p ri m itiv e p e o p l es t he dre a m s o f wo m e n
o ft e n p l ay a n i m p o rt a n t p a rt I n t he L a k e Shi rw a .

di s tri c t o f C e n tr a l A fri c a fo r e x am p l e v e ry sac r e d , ,

.

fu n c ti o n s a re p e rfo r m e d by t he p r o p h e t e ss It i s t o .

he r th at t he g o d s o r a n c e s tr a l s p irit s m a k e k n o w n
th e ir w ill a n d thi s th e y do i n dr e am s
,
The .

’
r o p h e t e s s w ho i s fr e q u e n tly o n e o f t he c hi e f s w iv e s
p , ,

dre a m s he r dr ea m s an d th e n g iv es fo rth o r ac l e s at
20
3 06 M AN AN D wo M A N .

i n t e rva l s acco rdi n g t o t he e xi ge n c i e s o f t he c as e ;

,

th e y are u s u all y de liv e re d in a fre n zi e d s t a t e 1 It .

see m s c l e ar h o we ve r fro m t he desc ri p ti on g ive n o f

, ,

t he e m o ti o n al an d o t h e r p h e n o m e n a a c co m p an yi ng
t he d e liv e ry o f th e s e o r ac l e s th at th e y a r e l a rg e ly
m an ifes t ati o n s o f hy s t e ri a N o r if w e t ak e s avag e
.
,

r ace s g e n e rally c a n it b e said th a t th ese p h e n o m e n a

,

ar e m o r e c o m m o n a m o n g wo m e n ; w e fi n d th e m fu lly

de ve l o pe d am o n g m e n .

I t is n o t u n til w e t u r n t o r a ces w hi c h h av e r e ac h e d
a hi g h d e g r ee o f b a rb ari s m th at w e fi n d c l e a r e vid e n c e

co n c e r n i n g t he r e l ativ e fr e q u e n c y o f dr e am i n g i n t he

se xe s . The o ld F r e n c h e p i c c y c l es fu rn i s h u s w ith
i n t e re s ti n g m at e ri al for t he s t udy o f thi s q u es ti o n i n
m e di ae va l E ur o p e ; a nd t he dre a m s o f t he Arth u ri an
a n d Kar o li a n e p i c s h av e b ee n c a r e fu lly s t u di e d by

M e n tz 2 D re am s are r e p r ese n t e d thr o ug h ou t th ese

c y c l e s as o f g re at i m p o rt a n c e a n d s i g n ifi can ce ; th e y

ar e vi s i o n s fro m G o d H e roes an d p ri n ces we r e.

g r eat dr eam e r s ; h e at h e n s r a r e ly o r n e ve r The .

g r e at e s t dr e a m e r o f all w as Karl t he G r e at th o u g h ,

o n ly wh e n he w as y o u n g a n d vi g o r o u s B ut wo m e n .

dr eam e d m u c h a n d M e n tz a rg u e s fr o m thi s th a t th e y
,
“
m u s t h av e b e e n hi g hly th o u g ht o f
, Th e se p oe t s .

h av e w ith s p e c i al p r e fe re n ce attribu t e d dr eam s t o

w o m e n a n d thi s i s s h o w n n o t o n ly by t he n u m b e r o f
,

e x am p l e s o f w o m e n dr eam i n g b u t by s o m e v e ry ,

re m ark a bl e c ase s F o r e x am p l e w h e n a n y co m m o n
.
,

m i s fo rt u ne o v e rt ak e s a m a rri e d co u p l e o r t w o l o v e r s ,

it i s a l way s t he w o m an w ho r ec e iv es i n fo r m ati o n o f
t he m i s fo r t u n e Aft e r g ivi n g n u m e ro u s e x am pl es
.
,

M e n tz a dd s : I h av e n o t fo u n d a s i ng l e case i n
w hi c h o n s u c h an occ a s i o n t he dr e a m ha s c o m e t o
, ,

t he fath e r o r t he h u s b an d ; t he dr e am e r s a re a l way s

1
J ames ‘

M ac d o nald East C e nt ral A frican C us to ms , j ou r n a l of

,
“

t il e A n t lzr o/folog i ca l I n st i tu t e, A ug 189 2 , p 10 5 . . .

2
R i ch ard M e ntz, D i e Tr fizt me i n den a ltfm n zos i sc/t en K ar ls zm a’
A r ms -eye”, 188 8 ( St e n g e l s A u sg a bm zmd A b/zan dlzmg en a u s dem
’
.

er r oma n i srlzen P / zi lo/og i e, lxx i ii )

’
Ge oi et o .
3 08 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i m p a ire d . W hil e
‘

of t dre am
t he m a l e s p er ce n .

se ld o m ,
p er c e nt fr e q u e n tly a n d .
per c en t ,
.

e v e ry n i g ht s i m il ar n u m b e r s fo r t he fe mal e s are
,

an d
p er c en t t he fe m al es i n c l u de
.

“ ” “ ”
m o r e fr e q u e n t a nd fe w e r o c c as i o nal dream e rs .

P r o fe sso r J as tro w r e m arks : Thi s favo u rs t he vi e w

th at it i s t he vividn e s s o f t he e m o ti o n al bac k
g r o u n d e l ab o rat e d by t he i m ag i nati o n th at fu r n i s h es
t he p r e d o m i n an t c h ar a c t e ri s ti c an d t e n d e n c y t o
dream s ; for it is in t he de ve l op m e n t o f j us t th ese
qu aliti e s th at wo m en ex ce l m e n ; t he sam e vi e w i s
favo u r e d by t he p re val e n ce of d re am s t o ag e I n .

m y t a bl e s th e r e i s a l oss o f t he t ot a l a m o u n t o f
dre am i n g in p as s i n g fro m t he pe ri o d of fiv e t o
.

n i n e y e a r s t o th a t o f fro m t e n t o fou rt e e n y e a r s .

A s li g ht e r dec rease is n o t e d i n p ass i n g fr o m t he

l att e r p e rio d t o th at o f t he n e xt five years an d thi s ,

v e ry g r adu al de c r ease s e e m s t o con ti nu e fr o m th e n

on . C hildh ood t he p e ri o d o f t he liv e ly i m ag i n ati o n
,

an d hi g hly ti n g e d e m o ti o n a l life bri ngs t he ri c h e s t ,

h arves t o f dr eam s .

A s to sex ual d iffe re nce s in t he c h aract er of d re am s a nd

t h e m o d e s o f d rea mi ng we p o s se ss at prese n t l i ttl e d e fi n i t e
,

e vi de nc e. I wi ll o nly a ll ud e t o a s t u dy o f “ The St a t is t ics o f

U n co n s c iou s C e re b rat i on (A mer i ca n j ou r n a l of P sy chology ,

N o v 189 2 v o l v N o
.
, . by M r C h arl es M C h il d o f W e s l e y an
. . . .

U n i v e rs i ty U S A
, .Th is in v e s t ig a t i o n c arri e d out u n d e r t he
. .
,

s u peri n t e n d en c e o f P ro fe s so r A C A r ms t ro ng was m a d e o n
. .
,

2 00 c o ll e g e s t u d e n t s ( 15 1 m e n an d 4 9 wo m e n) It d o e s n o t .

re fe r e x c l us iv e ly to d re am ing b u t v arious po in t s b e arin g o n

,

d re am s came with in i t s s c o pe Th us it was foun d th at o n ly

.

12 p e r c e n t o f th e wo me n re m e m b e r h av i ng a ny l o g i c a l o r
.

c o n n e c t e d t rain o f t h o ug h t i n a h al f-s l e e p b u t t he g e ne ral ,

p e rce n t ag e is t wi ce as l arg e The lo w p erce n t ag e o f t he

.

wo m e n h e re m ay b e c on n e c te d wi th the fac t w h i ch wa s a l s o ,

bro ug h t o ut in th is in v es t ig a t ion th at a v e ry l arg e pe rce n tag e

,

o f wo m e n wake d ire c tly 0 n t he o th e r h and 2 4 pe r c e n t o f

.
, .

t h e wo m e n re ac h re s u l t s wh i c h ar e at l e as t fa irly accu ra t e th i s ,

b e in g ra th e r ab o v e the g e ne ral pe rce n t ag e The p e r

ce n t ag e s for d if fe re n t ag e s d o n o t v ary m uch n or wi th an y ,
re g ul ar i ty It was found th at t he d re ams o f wome n are more
.

affe c t e d by pos i t i o n th an th o se o f men, and th at a l arg e r p e r

 H Y P N O TI C P H E NOM ENA .
3 09

t
c e n ag e o f wo me n t h an m e n a re co n s c io u s o f a m oral s e n s e
of

w h e n d re a m ing P o s s ibl y t he g re at e r v i v i d n e s s o f wome n’s

. .

d re a m s m ay accoun t fo r t h is A ft e r 30 y e ars o f ag e c on s c io us
.

n e s s o f m oral s e n s e i n d re a m s d i m i n i s h e s P e rs o n s u n d e r 2 5
.

ar e l e as t a ffe c t e d by p o s i t i o n , p ro b ably b e c a us e at t h i s a g e
d re a m i n g is a m ore c o n s t an t an d n o rma l p h e n om e non Th e re .

was fo un d t o b e a c o n t i n uo u s d e c re as e wi th a g e in t h e n um b e r
o f t h os e wh o d re am , a l th o u g h s e x ua l d i ffe re n c e s i n t he n u m b e r

o f s t u d e n t s who d re a m ( a p ar t fro m t h e v i v i d n e s s , e t c , o f t he .

d re am s ) was fou n d t o b e t rifl in g , a re s ul t w h i c h i s fairly in

acco rd an ce wi th H e e rwag e n s co n c l u s io ns The fi g u r e s s h o w
’
.

a s l ig h tl y l arg e r p ro p o r t i o n o f m e n th an o f w o me n who t alk

i n th e i r s l ee p, b ut t he p e rc e n t ag e o f wo me n who a n s we r
q u e s t i o n s wh e n as l e e p i s m uc h l arg e r t h an th a t o f m e n ( 56
p e r ce n t as a g ain s t 3 2 i n m e n )
. W h i l e t h e m e n c an u s u a lly
.

o n ly an s we r q u e s t i o n s o n t h e s u bj e c t th e y a r e t al k i ng a b o u t ,

t he wo m e n ca n m o re o ft e n an s we r q u e s t i o n s o n an y s ubj e c t .

The p e rc e n t ag e o f th o s e who t a lk i n th e ir s l e e p i s m uc h h i g h e r
u n d e r 2 5 y e ars o f a g e th a n a b o v e , a n d t h e a b i l i ty t o an s we r

q u e s t i ons al s o d im ini s h e s w i th ag e .

H AL L U C I N ATI O N S I N TH E SA N E .

H all u c i nati o n s o f t he se n se s o cc u rri n g u n d e r o rdi

n a r y co n diti o n s , w h e n t he s u bj e c t i s i n fa ir h e alth a n d

o th e r w i se s an e , are v e ry c l o se ly alli e d t o t he dr e am s
th at o cc u r du ri n g s l e e p 1 Th e ir occas i o n al occ u rr e n c e
.

has o ft e n b e e n r e c o r de d m o r e e s p e c i a lly i n m e n o f
,

ge n i u s o r i n
p e r so n s u n d e r m e n t a l s tr e s s 2
Th e y m ay .

a l so b e p ro d u ce d as a ki n d o f e m bry o n i c hy p n o ti c

s u gg e s ti o n i n o rdi n a ry life a n d P r o fe ss o r J u n g ha s
,

fo u n d th at s u c h h all u c i n ati o n s are m o re e as ily p ro

d u ce d i n wo m e n c hildr e n an d t he u n e d u cat e d
, , ,

a lth oug h by n o m e a n s e x c l u s iv e ly i n th e m 3
.

O u r c hi e f so u r ce o f s t ati s ti c al i n fo r m ati o n at p r e s e n t
c o n c e r n i n g th e ir fr e q u e n c y i n t he g e n e r a l p o p u l a ti o n i s

t he i n q u iry i n t o t he n at u r e an d fr e q u e n c y o f h all u

1 r
P a is h in h i s acu t e an d e l aborat e s t udy , H a llu ci n at i on s a nd I llu
s i on s , 189 7 , has s h o wn th a t th es e ph e no m e na t e nd to app e ar o n the
r
bo rd e l and o f s l e e p .

2
Se e , fo r i ns t an ce , L o mb ro so , M a n 0] Gen i u s , pp 5 6 , 5 7 . .

3 ’
r ”
D e s H all uci na t i o ns s ugg é ées a l et at d e v ei ll e , R ev de l H j /p n o
'
.

t i s me, I 889
'

.
3 10 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c i n at o n s
i of t he rri n g t o s ane p e rso n s
se n se s occ u ,

c o n d u c t e d by P r o fesso r H e n ry Sid w i c k
g
1
A s t he .

a ffir m ative or n e ative e x e ri e n ces o f

g p p e r so n s
(c o m p ri s i n g m e n and w o m e n i n n e a rly e q u a l p ro p o r
ti o n s) are r e co rd e d i n P r o fe s s o r Sidg w i c k s t abl es ’

th e y carry co n s ide ra bl e w e ig ht I t was fou n d th at .

6 5 6 (or p e r ce n t ) o f t he m e n a n d 1 03 3 (o r
.

p e r c e n t ) o f t he w o m e n affir m e d th at th e y had at
.

s o m e ti m e e x e ri e n c e d a h a ll u c i n ati on I t i s p ro b
p .

a bl e th a t thi s
p r op o rti o n app ro xi m at e s t o t he fa c t s ;
a t t he sam e ti m e it i s q u it e
p oss ibl e th a t w o m e n a re
m o r e e a s ily pe rsu ad e d th an m e n th a t th e y h av e e x
p e r i e n ce d a h all uc i n ati o n a nd al so th at wo m e n ar e
,

m o re r eady t o c o n fe s s t o su c h a n e x p e ri e n c e So m e .

de du c ti o n m ay p e rh ap s h av e t o b e m ade o n thi s
acc o u n t fr o m t he fe m i n i n e p e r ce n t ag e b u t a g r e at e r ,

li ability t o h a ll u c i n ati on in wo m e n i s i n h ar m o n y
w ith t he g r eat e r p r e v al e n ce O f o th e r a lli e d p h e n o m e n a
i n t he sam e se x A c l ass ifi c ati o n o f t he an swe rs
.

acco rdi n g t o t he co m p e t e n ce o f t he c o ll e c t o r s

s tr e ng th e n s r ath e r th an w eak e n s t he p r e p o n d e r a n c e

of w om en for if w e s ep ar at e 1 649 a n s w e r s w hi c h
,

w e r e o bt ai n e d by sc i e n tifi c i n q u ire r s o n ly p s y c h o ,

lo g i s t s or m e di c a l m e n w e fi n d th a t t he p e r c e n t a g e
,

o f w o m e n i s n early d ou bl e th at o f t he m e n— L en ,

p e r c e n t m e n ag ai n s t
.
p e r ce n t w o m e n . .

It m ay b e adde d th at t he p e r so n s i nv e s ti g at e d
w e re c hi e fly E n g li s h or at l e a s t E n g li s h -s p e a ki n g
, ,

b u t th e r e w e r e a c e rt ai n p r o po rti o n o f fo r e i g n e r s ,

m o r e es pe ci a lly n e arly 6 00 R u ss i an s a n d 2 0 0 B r azil

i an s an d t he diffe re n ce s a cco rdi n g t o n ati o n ality
,

w e r e c o n s id e r abl e Thu s i f w e t ake t he E n g li s h

.
,

s p eaki n g a l o n e we fi n d th at
, p e r c e n t m en an d .

p er c e n t wo m e n g ive a ffir m ative an swe r s

. If .

w e t ak e t he R u ss i a n s w e fi n d th at , p er c e n t m e n .

an d p e r ce n t w o m e n g iv e affir m ative a n s w e r s
. .

A n d if w e t ak e t he B r azili a n s w e fi n d th at , p er
1
R e po r t o n the C e n s us of H all uci nati ons, P r o Soc P sy elz k
. . . e

s ear elt , A u
g 189 4
. .
 3 12 M AN AN D W O M AN .

for d e n t al pu rp oses w e re care fu lly o b se rv e d an d re

co rd e d o n a l ar e scal e w e s h o u ld p os se ss a v a l u abl e
g ,

an d e x ac t k e y fo r t he s t u dy o f m a n y o f t he m os t

i m po rt a n t s e x ual n e rv ou s diffe r e n ces fo r d u ri n g t he ,

e vo l u ti o n o ft he a n aes th e ti c p roc e s s w e h a v e t he sec re t

m ec h an i s m th at u n d e rli e s p s yc hi c ac ti o n l a id b a r e i n
a n o bj ec tiv e m a n n e r w hi c h w e c a n n e v e r u n d e r an y

c i rc u m st a n c e s h o p e for d u ri ng t he s u bj e c t s co n s c i o u s
’

li fe .

I t can sca r ce ly b e sa id th a t t he i m po rt an c e o f thi s

'

fi eld for su c h r e sear c h has ye t b e e n a d e q u at e ly

r eali se d Th e re are h o we ve r c e rt a i n o b s e rv ati o n s
.
, ,

a n d r esu lt s re co rd e d by sc i e n tifi c i n ve s ti g at o r s w hi c h

thr o w c o n s id e ra bl e li g ht o n o u r p re se n t i n q u iry '

I t i s u s u ally c o n s id e r e d th a t w o m e n yi e ld r a p idly
t o t he i n fl u e n ce o f a n aes th e ti c s g e ne r a lly ; p r e g n a n t
w o m e n t a k e th e m w e ll ; an d alth o u g h t h e y yi e ld so
rap idly th e r e i s no r e aso n t o s u pp o s e th a t w o m e n ar e
,

m o re e x p os e d t o d a n g e r fr o m a n ae s th es i a ; it s e e m s
m o re p r o b a bl e th at th e y are l e s s e x p os e d C hil d r e n .

‘
a l so fa ll ra p i d ly an d d e e p ly u n d e r c hl o r o fo r m a n d o th e r

an a e s th e ti cs ; b u t th e y b e a r th e m we ll a n d r e co v e r

w ith e q u al fac ility 1 A c o m m itt e e a pp o i n t e d by t he

.

O d o n t o l o g i c al A s soc i ati o n fou n d t he fo ll o wi n g ave r

ag e ti m e s for n itr o u s o xid e an a e s th es i a

Ti me g oi ng of
f
.
t
D ura i on .

M a es l 1 m in . 2 1 s e cs . 2 4 s e cs . 1 m in 55
. s e cs .

F e mal e s

C h i ld re n ( u n d e r 15 ) 1

The x ac t d u ra ti o n o f a n ae s th e si a
e is no t , h o we v e r ,

eas y o f ve ry e x a c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

1
D . W Buxt o n ,
. A na’ s /ne ars , L o nd o n , 189 2 ; M au ri ce P e rr i n, A r t .

A nes th ésie ,
”
D i et e n ty des Sr i M ed
‘

. . . . .
 H Y P N O TI C P H E N O M E N A. 3I 3

W e h ave s e en th a t t he effe c t o f an an aesth e t i c

su c h as n itr o u s o xid e i s p r a c t ic ally t o 11111 t he
hi g h er n e rvo u s ce n tr e s an d t o g ive t he l owe r
n e rv ou s c e n tr es t he o p p o rt u n ity o f i n du l i n g i n a n
g
o rg y . Is it t he n e rv o u s s y s t e m o f m e n or o f .

w o m e n th at m os t re a dily t a k es advan t age o f thi s

o pp o rt u n ity
I t has fr e q ue n tly b e e n n o t e d as a g e ne r al o b se rv a ,

ti o n th at va ri ou s p h e n o m e n a w hi c h m ay oc cu r
,

du ri n g an ae s th e s i a are m o re c o mm on i n wo m e n .

Th u s c hl o ro fo r m e th e r n itro u s o xide cocai ne and

, , , ,

p oss ibly o th e r a n aes th e ti cs p os s e s s t he p r o p e rty o f

,

e x c iti n g t he se x u a l e m o ti o n s W o m e n are esp e c i ally

.

li abl e t o th e se e ro ti c h a ll u c i n ati on s du ri ng an aes th e s i a ,

a n d it has som e ti m e s b e e n al m os t i m p os s ibl e t o co n

vi n ce t h e m th a t th e ir s u bj e c tiv e se n sati o n s h ave had

n o o bj e c tiv e c a u se
1
Th o s e W ho h av e t o ad m i n i s t e r
.

e s th e ti c s a r e w e ll aw a r e o f t he ri s k s th e y m a
an a
y th us
i n cu r I t has al s o b e e n n ot e d (as by P e rri n) th at
.

wo m e n are m o r e li a bl e t o dr e a m u n d e r amee he s ia .

G e ne r al m u scu l ar e x c it e m e n t b o th i n t he ear i e r and,

i n t he l at e r s t ag e s o f n itr o u s o xid e a n aes th e s i a h ave ,

b ee n o b se rv e d t o b e m o r e c o m m o n i n wo m e n .

A m on g g irl s an d wo m e n e s pe c i ally if o f hyst e ri cal

,

t e m p e r am e nt D r Silk re m ark s th at du ri n g t he u sually

, .

“
q u i e t e arly s t ag e o f a n ae s th e s i a e v e ry v ari e ty of anti c
m ay at ti m es b e i n d u l g e d i n o f w hi c h s i n g i n g a nd ,

ki c ki n g are t he m o s t co m m o n ; w hil e j us t as th e y
are p ass i n g fu lly u n d e r t he i n fl u e n c e o f t he g as g irl s ,

w ho h ave hith e rt o b e e n q u i e t m ay b e g i n t o sc re am
a n d ki c k i n a m a nn e r th a t i s u s u ally e n tir e ly r e fl e x
,

“
a n d au o m a c ;
t ti dur i n g t he s t ag e o f r e c o ve ry t oo , ,

t he p e ri o d o f e x c it e m e n t i s o ft e n v e ry m ark e d ,

e s pe c i ally i n fe m a l e s H a ll u c i n ati o n s w ith a d es ir e

.

t o g o so m e wh e r e or d o s o m e thi n g a r e v e ry co m m o n ;
th e r e m ay b e al so m o r e o r l e ss vi o l e n t s c r eam i n g ,

1
See , fo r i nstance , D .Buxt o n , A n a s t lt eti es, p .2 04 . Dr . Sil k
re m rk th t s exual
a s a e mo t i o n s d u ri ng a na
e s th e si a a re r
r a e ly bservabl e
o
”
i n men .
3 14 M AN AN D W O M AN .

b e ati n g o f t he fee t j ac tit ati o ns e t c fo ll owe d by , ,

.
,

hy s t e ri cal c ryi n g 1 .

D e fi n it e fi gu r e s ar e o f m uc h g re at e r v a l u e th a n
g e n e r al o b se rv a ti o n s an d th e se o n t he w h o l e fu lly ,

co n fir m t he g e n e r al i m r e ss i o n s a lr eady r eco rd e d
p .

Th u s M r G u n n has fou n d th at fe m al es are m u ch

.

m o r e li abl e t o v o m it a ft e r a n aes th e ti c s th a n m al e s ; of
a b ou t 2 000 m al e s an d n e a rly 2 000 fe m al e s w ho w e r e

an a e s th e ti s e d at M oo r fi e ld s O hth al m i c H o s p it al 5 1
p
p er c e nt o f t he fe m al es an d 4 0 p e r ce n t o f t he m al es
. .

w e re s i c k ; 2
it m u s t b e add e d th at D r Silk fi nd s .

v o m iti n g b o th i n c hildh oo d an d adu lt ag e m o r e

, ,

c o m m on i n m a l e s th o u g h h e al so fi n ds th at e x ce ss iv e
,

e v o l u ti o n o f i n t e s ti n al fl at u l e n c e u n d e r a n aes th e s i a

occ u rs al m os t e x c l u s iv e ly am o n g w o m e n It i s t o .

D r Silk th a t w e o we t he m os t v alu a bl e co n trib u ti o n

.

y e t m ad e t o t he p r e c i s e k n o w l e dg e o f s e x u al diffe r
e n ce s as r e ve al e d by an a e s th e ti cs 3 O f hi s 1 000 case s .

2 40 w e re i n m e n 7 6 0 we r e i n w o m e n ; t he av e r ag e,

ag e i n e ac h s e x W as 2 4 y e a r s I t i s t he t e n d e n c y t o .
“
m uscu l a r m o v e m e n t w hi c h m ay b e m os t e a s ily
o b se rv e d R hyth m i c m o v e m e n t s s u c h as s w i ng i n g
.
,

t he l e g s b e ati n g ti m e t o m u s i c w ith t he h a n d s e t c
, , .
,

w e r e o b se rv e d 2 7 ti m e s ; it i s i m p oss ibl e t o say i n

W h at c l ass o f p ati e nt s su c h m o v e m e n t s are t o b e
e x p ec t e d ; 6 (or p e r ce n t ) o f D r Silk s m al e cases
’
. .

s h o w e d suc h m ov e m e nt s ; 2 1 (o r p er c e n t ) o f t he .

fe m al e c ase s The e x c e s s o f fe m al e s i s h e r e sc arc e ly

.

p e r c e p tibl e ; it i s m u c h m o r e m a rk e d i n r e g a rd t o
ri g id m u s c u l a r c o n tr acti o n s of a n o p i sth o t o n i c
c h ar ac t e r ; th e y w e r e n o t e d i n o n ly 1 7 (o r
per c e nt ) .

m al e s b u t i n 8 9 (or
, p e r ce n t ) fe m a l es A . .

t e n d e n c y t o o p i s th o t o n os w as o b se rve d i n 7 m al e s
(o r p er c e n t ) a n d i n 44 fe m al e s (o r
.
p er
1
J F W Si l k , tll a n u a l of N i t 0x A n e st hes i a
. . . . . .

2
R M ar cus G u nn , B r i t M ed j ou r n a l, J u ly 2 1, 18 83
. . . .

3
J F. W S.i l k ,
“
A n A nalysi s o f a Se ri e s o f 1000 N i t ous O x i d e
. r
Ad mi n i s t t
a i o ns r R e co r i ”
d ed Sys t e mat cally , Tr an s Odorztolofi cal Sou , .
'

J une 189 0 I am i nd ebt ed to D r Si l k for fu r th e e l ucidati ons egard

. . r r
i ng se v e ral po i n t s , an d al so for addi t i o nal fig ure s .
3 16 M AN AN D W O M AN .

The vide nce fu r n i s h e d by t he h u m an o rg an i sm

e

u n d e r t he i n fl u e n ce o f a n a e s th e ti c s w hi c h a b o li s h ,

c o n sc i o u s an d v o l u n t a ry ac ti o n i s p e c u li a rly r e li abl e
, ,

a n d t he fi g u r e s h e r e g iv e n w hi c h i n cl u d e a s u ffi c i e n t
,

n u m b e r o f c a s es t o e n s u r e tr u s t w o r t hy r es u lt s a ll ,

p o i n t m o r e o r l ess p la i n ly t o o n e c o n c l u s i o n : hy p n o ti c
p h e n o m e n a a re m o r e fr e q u e n t a n d m o r e m a rk e d i n
w o m e n th an i n m e n ; t he l o w e r n e rvo u s c e n t re s i n
w o m e n are m o r e r e b e lli o u s t o c o n tro l th a n th ose o f
m e n a n d m o r e r eadily br o u g ht i n t o ac ti o n
,
.

M E TE O R O L O G I C SE N SI B I L I TY .

Thi s i s n o t , s tri c tly s p e aki n g , a fo r m o f s e n s ibility

a t all, a n d it has n o c o n n e c ti o n w it h an y o f t h e s e n s e

o r g an s . I t i s r e ally a fo r m o f w h at w e s h a ll l a t e r o n
“
b e co n c e r n e d w ith as affe c t a bility , a n d i s th e r e fo r e
a lli e d t o e m o ti o n a l s t at e s It m ay p e rh a p s b e fairly
.

c o n s id e r e d a m o ng hy pn o ti c p h e n o m e na .

At m os p h e ri c c h an ge s are an n o u n c e d , s o m e ti m e i n
a dv an c e , by m o difi cati o n s o f t he e l e c tri c , b ar o m e tri c ,
th e r m i c , hyg r o m e tri c , an d p oss ibly m ag n e ti c c o n di
ti o n s , an d by a n u m b e r of oth e r p hy s i c a l c h an g e s , t o
w hi c h , fo r t he m os t p a rt , c ivili se d p e op l e h av e b eco m e
i n se n s itiv e .

A n i m al s h owe v e r o f all ki n ds — s h ee p p i g s fi sh
, , , , ,

d u c k s g r ou s e e t c — can p e r c e iv e th e se c h an g es an d
, , .
,

u n d e r s t a n d w h at th e y fo r e t e ll I t ha s i n d e e d b e e n
.

s a id by a n ac u t e o b s e rve r o f a n i m al li fe th at th e r e
a r e fe w a n i m a l s whi c h d o n o t affo rd ti m e ly a n d s u re
”1
r o g n os ti c a ti o n s o f c h an g es i n t he w e ath e r
p .

I n m an a lth ou g h t he m e t e o r o l o g i c se n se a s B eau n i s
, ,

c a ll s it i s n o t u n iv e r sal i t i s by n o m e an s u n c o m m o n
, ,

t o fi n d i n divid u a l s w ho a re v e ry s e n s itiv e t o t he
a p p r o ac h o f at m os p h e ri c di s t u rb an ce s m o r e e s p ec i ally ,

t o s torm s Thi s s e n s ibility m ay b e e xhibit e d by

.

v a ryi ng p h e n o m e n a— h e avi n ess o f t he h ead g e n e r al ,

d i sco m fo rt a s e n s e o f o pp r ess i o n v ag u e p a i n s e t c
, , , .

1
St .
J oh n, Wzla Spor t s of t /re H ig h /a nds,
’
h
c ap . xxxiii .
 H Y P N O TI C P H ENOM ENA .
3 17

Th u s a s n o w s t orm m ay be i n v ari ably p r e ce d e d by

g as tri c di s t u rb an ce s n e rv o u s irrit ability m e n t a l and
, ,

g e n e r a l d e p r e ss i o n a d ay or t wo i n a dv an c e ; a n d
rh e u m a ti c s u bj e c t s o ft e n e x pe ri e n ce p ai n s i n th e i r
b o n e s w ith b ar o m e tri c ce rt a i n ty B eau n i s s t at e s (as
.

a l so G av a rr e t ha d
p r e vi o u s ly s t a t e d ) th a t s u c h se n s i
bili t y i s m o r e co m m o n i n w o m e n a n d i n c hildr e n a n d ,

an
y o n e w h ose att e n ti o n ha s b e e n c all e d t o thi s p o i n t
w ill p r o b a bly h av e o b s e rve d t he g r e a t e r fr e q u e n c y o f
m e t e o r o l o g i c se n s ibility i n w o m e n The b e s t s u b
.

j e c t s ar e o f n e rvo u s o r n e u r o ti c t e m p e r am e n t .

M e t eo r o l o g i c se n s ibility has b ee n car e fu lly s t u di e d

i n A m e ri c a by P r o fe sso r E G D e xt e r o n t he b a s i s o f
. .

a l a r e a m o u n t o f d at a o bt a i n e d fr o m s c h oo l s
g p o li ce ,

a n d p ri s o n r e co rd s e t c 1 , H e fi n d s th a t s u c h s e n s i
.

bi li t y i s i n m a n y re s p e c t s m o r e m a rk e d i n c hildr e n
th a n i n adu lt s an d th a t am o n g c hildre n at sc h oo l
,

b o y s s ee m t o b e m or e s u sce p tibl e th an g irl s ; thi s

w as i n di c a t e d b o th by t he ac t u a l c u rve s o fd at a so far ,

a t l e a s t a s he a t co l d an d w i n d are c o n c e r n e d a n d by
, , ,

t he o p i n i o n s o f t he t e a c h e r s I t i s su g g e s t e d th at
.

t hi s m ay b e d u e t o t he fac t th at t he b o y s ar e o ft e n
u n d e r l e s s di sc i p li n a ry c o n tr o l th a n t he g irl s a n d o n e ,

t e ac h e r r e m a rk s th a t t he g irl s a re g re at e r ad e pt s b o th
a t r e s tr a i n i n g a n d at co n ce a li n g th e ir i m p u l se s t o

m i s c hi e f . A m o n g a du lt s h o w e v e r t he sam e t e n d e n c y
, ,

i s n o t se e n .D e xt e r fo u n d th at w h e r e v e r th e r e w as
a n y c l e a r se x u a l di s ti n c ti o n it w as i n t he dir e c ti o n o f

a g r e a t e r m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s e n s ibility o n t he p art o f t he

wo m en . Thi s acco rd e d w i t h t he e x p e ri e n ce o f se v e r a l
p ri n c i p al s o f s c h o o l s a cc u s t o m e d t o d e al w ith t e ac h e r s
o f b o th se x e s The s e x u al di s ti n c ti o n was v e ry
.

m a rk e d i n r e g ard t o t he N e w Y o rk p o li ce r e c o r d s
fo r a s s au lt . The ho t w eath e r i n c r e as e s t he p u g n ac ity
o f w o m e n t o a v e ry m u c h g re at e r e xt e n t th an th at o f

men . St a rti n g at t he l o w e r t e m p e r at u r e w ith a

d e fi c i e n c y m u c h g re at e r th a n th at fo r m al e s t he ,

E G D e x te r, C on d u ct an d t il e W eat /zer , M onog raph Su ppl e me nt ,

’

1
. .

P sy ch Ken , N o 10, 189 9 ; 274 , P opu la r Sci en ce M om/11

.
1 5 A p 19 02 . .
3 18 M AN AN D wo MA N .
,

cu rve i n di cat e s a so m e w h at g r a d u al
i n c r eas e t o an
e x c ess o f 1 00 o r d o u bl e t he e x p ec t e d
per c e n t .
,

n u m b e r fo r t he t e m e r at u r e
g r ou ps 8 0 t o
°
at
, p
w hi c h p o i n t it m a k e s a dr o p t o 33 p e r c e n t (d u e t o .

t he e xh au s ti n g a nd d e vit a li s i n g i n fl u e n c e o f g re a t
h e at ) The c u rve fo r m al e s s h ow s n e ith e r e xtr e m e
.

s o far fr o m t he e x e c t e d r es u lt n o r i s t he dr o p at t he
p ,

e n d so m a rk e d .

Se n s ibility t o t he i n fl u e n c e o f season al c h an g es
i s s h o wn i n a m a rk e d m an n e r by t he p r e va l e n ce o f
i n san ity an d s u i c ide du ri n g t he sp ri ng an d s u m m e r
m o n th s 1 Su i c id e by n o m e a n s n ecess a rily i m p li es
.

i n s an ity ; it i n vo lve s h ow e ve r a s i m il a r co n diti o n o f

, ,

m e n t al i n s t a bility an d it i s l a rg e ly s u bj e c t t o t he
,

s am e cos m i c l a ws .

M o r se lli i n hi s m o n o g r a p h o n Sui ci de n o t e s i n
, ,

w o m e n t he q u i c k e r d e ve l o p m e n t o f s u i c id al t e n d e n c y
du ri n g t he s u m m e r seaso n o r t he fir s t w ar m th o f
“
s p ri n g The g r e at e r p r o p o rti o n o f s u i c id es a m o n g
.

“
wo en m he r e m ark s
, is m a n i fe s t w h e th e r d u ri n g
, ,

t he w h o l e s e as o n ( I t aly P ru ss i a a n d Sa x o n y ) o r , ,

i n t he w ar m e s t m o n th s o f J u n e ( F r a n c e ) or J u ly
( B av ari a) I n I t a ly an d Sa x o ny i s t o b e n o t e d t he
'

s am e
p r e va l e n c e o f su i c id e s a m o n g w o m e n i n t he
m o n th s o f A p ril a nd M ay w hil e t he p r o p o rti o n ,

of fe r e d by w o m e n i n c e rt a i n w a r m m o n th s (as J u ly
i n B ava ri a ) l a rg e ly e x ce e d s t he hi g h es t m o n thly
a v e r ag e o f m e n Tu r n i n g t o t he q u e s ti o n
.
“
W h at ,

i s t he m o n thly a ve r ag e o f s u i c id e s thr o u g h m e n t a l
”
di s e as e i n t he t wo se x es ? M o rs e lli fou n d fr o m t he
d at a he c o ll e c t e d th at am on g w o m e n vi o l e n t d e a th s
thro u g h m a dn e ss ar e p ro p o rti o n at e ly m o r e n u m e r o u s
i n th ose m o n th s w hi c h by r e aso n o f th e ir av e r ag e ,

t e m pe rat u re o p e rat e fat ally— th at i s i n A p ril w h e n

, , ,

t he fir s t b e at th o u g h n o t i n t e n se i s fe lt e x ce e di n g ly
, ,

by t he ce r e br al o rg an i sm n ot ye t accu s t o m e d t o it ,

1
D urk h e i m i n his l
soci o og ic a l t y
s ud , Le 18 9 7 , ch
. i ii ,
.

re
ga rd th
s ese s e a son a l
p he no m ena as re a lly so ci a l , an d d ue t o t he

g re at er l eng th o f t he day i n s umme r .

32 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

1
p li e d by t h yl
Sco c as u m s u n g e g d ri i ht ee n y ea r s P er .

1 000 m e n d u ri n t h y r 86 5 - t h e e x cess o f
g e e a s 1 7 4
a d m i s s i o n s d u ri n
g t he s p ri n g a n d su m m e r o ve r t he
a u t u m n a nd w i n t e r w as 5 4 a n d d u ri n g t he y ea rs
,

1 88 0 -8 7 it w as 5 8 F or w o m e n du ri n g t he firs t
.

p e ri o d t he e x ce s s i n s p ri n g an d s u m m e r o v e r au t u m n
an d w i n t e r w a s 66 an d d u ri n
, g t he s e c o n d p e r i od 7 6 .

D u ri n g t he thr e e s p ri n g m o n th s t he p r o p o rti o n o f
m al e i n s a n e a d m itt e d w a s p e r c e n t th at o f .
,

fe m al es p e r ce n t O r e x press e d i n a no t h e r w ay
.
, ,

w hil e i n t he m o n th s o f J an u a ry d u ri n g t h e se y ear s
t he a d m i s s i o n s o f m e n a n d w o m e n w e r e n e a rly e q u a l ,

b e i n g 1 49 3 m e n t o 1 48 1 w o m e n i n M ay th e r e w e r e ,

16 6 9 m e n a d m itt e d t o 1 9 5 2 w o m e n b e i n g a l arge ,

e x ce ss of wom e n The g r e a t e r se n s itiv e n e ss o f

.

w o m e n t o thi s s e a so n al i n fl u e n c e i s th e r e fo r e i n
Sc o tl a n d fa irly c o n s t a n t a n d w e ll m a rk e d In N e w .

Y o rk D e xt e r has l at e ly fou n d th at t he y early c u rve

o f t he i n c id e n c e o f i n s a n ity i s m o r e m a rk e d i n fe m a l e s

(t h ou g h his n u m b e r s are h a rdly s u ffi c i e n tly l a r g e ) ; a

c hi e f c li m a x i n M ay a n d m i n o r c li m a x e s i n M a r c h

a n d Se p t e m b e r we r e a ll m o r e m a rk e d i n t he fe m al e s .

D ai ly o b s e rv at ion s o f t he p ul s e ra t e t e m pe ra t u re e tc all
-
, ,
.
,

furn i s h a fru i t fu l fi e ld fo r t he in v e s t ig a t io n o f t he v ari o u s m o n thl y ,

y e arly and o th e r p hy s i o l o g ica l rh yth m s wh i c h has at pre se n t

, ,

b ee n v e ry l i ttl e e x pl o it e d ( I m ay re fe r h o we v e r t o t he ln
.
, ,

t e r e s t i n g o b s e rv a t i o n s o f M r F H P e rry C o s t e
“
. . . The R hy th m
-
,
”
o f t he P u l s e ,U ni v er s i ty M ag F e b 189 8 ; c f H av e l oc k E ll i s
,
. .
,
.

Se x ual P e ri o d i c i ty Stu d i es i n M e P sy cho logy of Sea v o l i )

“ ” ‘

, , . .

Th e re is a l s o an i n t e re s t in g co n ne c t i o n b e t wee n m e t e o ro l o g i c
s e n s i b i l i ty a n d s e as o n a l i n fl ue nc e s o n t h e ra t e o f b o d i ly
g ro w t h .

The i n v e s t ig a t i on s o f W r e t lind i n Swe d e n an d o f W a h l an d ,

e s p e c ially M a ll i n g -H a n s e n i n D e n m ark h av e s h o wn th a t s e as o n
,

e x e rc i s e s a t v e ry m ark e d i n fl ue n c e o n t he ra t e o f
g ro w th o f
c h i ld re n . I t i s n o t ye t q u i t e c l e ar t o wh a t e xt e n t th i s s e as on a l
i n fl ue n c e i s c o nne c t e d wi t h t he i n flue n c e o f h o l id a y s b ut th e re ,

1
R epor l s B oar d of C om m i ss i on er s i n L u n acy , Scot /a n d , 17 th
f
c

r
R e po t , p 2 6 , a nd 3 I s t R e po rt , p 2 8
.
Quo t e d , w ith many obse rv a
. .

t io ns o n the phys i ol o g i c al i nfl ue nce o f season , i n L e ffingwe ll s I nfl u

e n ce o
f Sea son s upon Con du ct (So ci al Sci ence Se ie s ) , 189 2 , pp I O I , r .
 H YP N O TI C P H E N OM E N A .
32 1

is no d oub t th at i t is v e ry l arg e ly a g e nu ine and re g ul ar phy s io

l og i cal p h e n om e n on M all ing -H an s e n h as s h o wn th at fro m t he
.
‘

po in t o f v i e w o f b o dy g ro w th th e re ar e th re e s e aso n s in a c h i ld s
- ’

ye ar z ( i ) fro m t he e n d o f N o v e m b e r o r b e g i n n ing o f D e ce m
—
b e r un t i l t he e n d o f M arc h o r b e g i nn in g o f A pri l ; d urin g t h e
w h o l e o f th is pe rio d d e v e l o p m e n t b o th as re g ard s h e i g h t an d
, ,

w e i g h t i s a t a lo w e b b ; ( 2 ) fr o m M arc h -A p r il un t i l J u ly -A ug us t ;
,

d u ri n g th i s pe rio d th e re i s g re a t d e v e l o p me n t i n h e ig h t b ut n o
i n c reas e i n we ig h t e v e n s o m e l os s ; ( 3 ) fro m J u ly -A u g u s t t o
,

N o v e m b e r-D e ce m b e r ; t h i s i s t he p e ri o d o f g ro wth i n we ig h t ;
t he d ai l y in c reas e i s at th i s t im e th re e t i m e s as g re a t as d urin g
t he w i n t e r b u t i n c re as e i n h e ig h t i s a t a m in im um
, .

The re are s l i g h t i n d e p e n d e n t o sc i ll a t i on s i n g ro wth c h ie fly ,

d e pen d i ng o n c h an g e s i n t e m p e ra t ure ; th us M all ing -H an s e n

s h o ws th a t e v e n a n e l e v a t e d t e m p e ra t u re l a s t in g o nly a fe w d a y s
w i l l p ro d uc e a n in cre a s e i n g r o wth It i s o f g re a t i n t e re s t t o
.

o b s e rv e th a t t he p e r io d o f p hy s i cal q ui e sce n ce corre s p o n d s

a l m os t p re c i s e l y w i th t h e p e r io d o f e m o t io n a l qu ie s c e n ce as ,

s h o wn by t he c o m para t i v e i nfre q ue n c y o f i n s an i ty s u ic id e , ,

m urd e r an d o ffe n c e s a g ai n s t c h as t i ty
,
l h a v e n o t s e e n M al l i n g
.

H an s e n s o rig i n al m e m o ir an d ca n n o t s ay wh e th e r hi s fi g ure s
’
,

s h o w an y m ark e d s e x ua l d iffe re n ce s .

N E U R A STH E N I A A N D H Y STE R I A .

N eu r as th e n i a and p r o b a bly t he typi cal

hy s t e ri a ar e

n e rv o u s di s o rd e r s o f w o m e n O u r att e n ti o n i s call e d
.

t o th e m h e r e b e cau se i n th e ir m a i n o u tli n e s th e y
e xhibit t he c h a r a c t e ri s ti cs c o m m o n t o hy p n o ti c

p h e n o m e n a g e n e r ally .

N e u r a s th e n i a, a s it i s n o w g e n e r ally call e d , — or

s p i n a l irrit ati o n , n e rv os i s m , e t c , as it was fo r m e rly

.

c a ll e d , — i s n o t a m o d e r n c o m p l ai n t I t i s at l eas t as
.

O ld a s H i ppo c r at e s , t he F a th e r o f M e di c i n e , a lth o u g h
it w as n o t u n til t he l as t c e n t u ry th at— ow i n g
c hi e fly t o B e a rd i n A m e ri c a a n d B ou c h u t i n F r a n ce
-
i t w as fu lly d e s c rib e d E v e n n ow , h o w e v e r ,
.

n e u ra s th e n i a i s o n ly a l ar g e co ll e c ti o n o f v ag u e
n e rv o u s s y m p t o m s w hi c h no t all au th o riti e s c a n

r e c k on as a d e fi n it e di so rde r ; thu s Sc h ul e an d M e n d e l
are i n c li n e d t o c l as s a l a r g e n u m b e r o f su c h c ase s as
hy p o c h o n dri as i s , w hil e oth e rs w ou ld c o n s ide r th e m as
m ild e x am p l es o f m e l an c h o li a, hy s t e ri a, e t c It i s o f .

ZI
32 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

no i nt e re s t fro m our vi e w how t he

p re se n t p o i n t of

p h e n o m e n a a re c l as s ifi e d o r w h at
th e y a r e call e d .

Th e re i s ge ne r a l ag ree m e n t th at u n de r a ny n am e
th e y ar e m u c h m o re co m m o n i n w o m e n In t he .

e x p e ri e n ce o f so m e au th o riti es as m an y a s fou rt ee n
o u t o f e v e ry fift e e n c ase s a r e w o m e n th o u g h thi s i s ,

n o d o u bt an e x ce ss iv e p ro p o rti o n The s y m p t o m s .

are , g e n e r a lly s p e aki n g a w eak n e s s o f t he n e rvo u s

,

s y s t e m — i n c l u di ng b o th br a i n a n d s p i n a l co rd — du e

p a rtly t o i n su ffi c i e n t or i n app ro p ri a t e n u triti o n a n d

p a rtly t o fau lty d e v e l o p m e n t s h o w i n g it s e lf by a ,

t e n de n c y t o o ve r -ac ti o n a n d irrit a bility O f t he n e rv ou s

s ys t e m m o rbid s e n s ibility a n d m e n t a l a n xi e ty
, ,
It .

m ay p r e s e n t a ll d e g r e e s o f i n t e n s ity a n d a lth o u g h it ,

i s n o t a d e fi n it e o r g an i c di s ease t he n e u r as th e n i c ,

c o n diti o n i s t he so il o n w hi c h o r g a n i c n e r v o u s di s e as e s

m ay g r o w .

The s u t dy r
o f ne u a s t h e n ia th ro ws so m uc h l ig h t on t he
t r an d o n t he be g inn ing s o f t he n e rv o u s an d h y pn o t ic
na u e
c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h a r e e s pec i al ly co m m o n i n wo m e n th a t i t ,

s e e ms wor th wh i l e t o i n d i ca t e i ts c h ie f o utl in e s I wi ll e s p e c i ally

.

fo ll o w th e a d m ira bl e an d p re c is e a cc o un t g i v e n by P rofe s s o r
Ru o d l f A rn d t o f G r e i fs wa ld i n h i s a r t i c l e o n
“
N r
e u as th e n ia
”

i n t h e D i cti on a ry of P sy cholo g i ca l M edi ci n e The d i s t in c t

.

p e c ul iari t ie s o f n e uras th e n ia ar e n e g a t i v e rath e r th an p o s i t i v e .

W e a re s ure t o fi n d e i th e r hy poc h o n d riacal o r p a raly ti fo rm

o r e p i l e p t o i d o r h y s t e ro i d s y m p t om s b u t th e y ar e n o t s u ffi c i e n tly
,

d e v e l o pe d t o e n a bl e u s t o s ay th a t h y p o c h o n d rias i s o r m e l an
c h o li a o r g e n e ra l paraly s is e pi l e p s y o r h y s t e ri a o r l o co m o t o r
,

a t axy ,
is re a lly pre s e n t alth o ug h a n y o f th e s e d i s e a s e s m ay
,

p o s s i bl y e me rg e u lt i m a t e ly ; i t m u s t b e re m e m b e re d th a t t h e re
i s n o func t io n wi th o u t a n o rg an a n d th e re fo re n o fun c t i on a l
,

d i s o rd e r w i th o u t an org anic b as is wh ic h m ay d e v e l o p in t o a
d e fi n i t e d is e a s e .

A lth o ug h i n n e ura s th e ni a th e re i s r e a lly d e fi ci e n t n e rv o u s

p o w e r th
,
e re a p p e ars i n acco rd ance wi th a w e ll -r e c o n i s e d la w
, g
o f n e rv e -s t i m u l a t i o n t o b e a n i n cre ase o f n e rv o us e n e r y Th i s
,
g .

i s b e cau s e th e re i s a d e c re as e o f n e r v e -res i s t an ce an d t he ,

n e rv o us s ys t e m re s po n d s t oo re ad il y and t o o e m h a t i c a l ly t o
p
a s l ig h t d e g re e o f s t i m ul a t ion Th i s e x ag g e ra t e d e x c i t a b il i ty
.

,
wh i c h i s c h arac t e ris t i c o f n e ura s th e ni a i s th e re fo re c l o s e ly
,

as s o c ia t e d w i th th a t l os s o f co m pl e t e co n t ro l wh i c h w e h av e
fo un d t o b e an e s se n t ial e l e me n t in all hy pno t ic p h e n om e na .
32 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

w rit e r s a ndth ose w ho are o ve r -s tre n u o u s i n so c i al

m o v e me n t s H y s t e ri a w hi c h i s o n e o f t he c hi e f o f
.
,

t he m o r e d e fi n it e di s e a se s t o w hi c h n e u r as th e n i a m ay
l e ad has no ne ce s s ary c o nn e c ti o n o f thi s ki n d w ith
,

m e n t al t e n s i o n I t occ u r s w ith m u c h g r e a te r fr e
.

q u e n e y a m o n g th o se w h ose n e rvou s a ctiviti e s are

u n e mp l o ye d .

Alth o u g h o ne o f t he g reat es t o f t he O ld E n g li s h
p hys i c i an s Syd e n h a m l aid ou r k n o wl e d g e o f hy s
, ,

t e ri a o n a sou n d and s c i e n tifi c bas i s t he w o rd has ,

t oo o ft e n b ee n u se d i n a l oose an d i n accu r at e se n s e ,

o r e v e n a s a m e r e t e r m o f ab u se a n d it i s o n ly ,

w ithi n r e ce n t y ear s th at it ha s b e e n s o m e w h a t m o r e
ri g idly d e fi n e d and i t s n at u r e m o r e p r ec i s e l y i n v e s ti
g at e d i n d e t a il Thi s a dv an c e i s ve ry l arg e ly o w i n g
.

t o t he i n iti ativ e o f C h ar co t a n d t o t he brilli an t an d

p ai n s t aki n g s tu d e n t s o f n e rvo u s di seas e w ho g re w
u p a r o u n d him at t he Salp é t r ier e
1
.

H y s t e ri a i s a di sease w hi c h affe c t s t he w h o l e n e rv o u s
s y s t e m a n d m o r e es p ec i ally t he brai n ; it i s a s C h ar c o t
, ,

t au g ht an d is n o w u s u ally ag r e e d e s s e n ti ally a p sy c hi c
,

di se ase 2 I fw e try t o m ake c l e a r t o o u r se lv e s t he br oad

.

g e n e r al c h ar ac t e r O ft he m e n t al p h e n o m e n a i n hy s t e ri a ,

we s h a ll fi n d th a t th e y m ay b e s u m m e d u p i n o n e w o rd
— su es tibility 3
R e s p o n s e t o s u g g es ti o n i s a fu n d a
gg .

m e nt al n o r m a l c h ar ac t e r o f all ne rv ou s ti ssu e Eve n .

am o n g b ee s it i s said t h at w h e n a b a n d o f bri a n d
g
b ee s e nt e r a s tr ang e hive t o d es p o il it o f h o n e y t he ,

o w n e r s o f t he hiv e ar e th e m se lve s s o m e ti m es s o
carri e d aw ay by t he c o n t a g i o n o f r ap i n e th at th e y

w ill e v e n g o o ve r t o t he r o bb e r s s id e a n d ass i s t i n
’

d e s tr oyi n g t he r e su lt o f th e ir own l a bou r s The .

l j udicious su mmary o f the p re se nt p o si t i o n o f k no w

1
F or a c e ar a n d

le d ge r eg a rd ing hys t eri a se e G i ll e s d e la To ure tt e

, , Tr a i n! cli n i qu e cl
’ ’
l lzer apen t i qu e d e l H y st ér i e, d apr es l en se ig n emen t de la Sa lpét r i er e,
’ ‘

P ari s , 18 9 1 . F o r a d i scussi o n o f t he d efi ni t io ns of hys t e i a, se e t he r

a r ti c l e s b y P i e rre J ane t i n the A r c/ fi ves a’e N eu r o log i e, v ol xxv , 189 3 . . .

2
C har co t , L econ s d a M ar d z, t i p 2 05 , 18 8 7
'

. . . .

3
Se e the ad mirabl e c h ap t er on the m e ntal condi ti on i n hys t e ri a -i n
G i ll e s d e la T o u re tt e
’
s Tr a i té cli n i qu e, e t c , 18 9 1,
.
pp 4 86 -5 5 5 . .
 H Y P N O TI C P H ENOM E NA .
32 5

sa m e irr ati o n al s u gg e stibilit 15 fou n d a m o n g h e althy

y
h u m an b e i n g s , at a ll e v e nt s i n an i n c i pi e n t s t at e A n .

E n g li s h p ri so n m atr o n c on fesse d th at so m e ti m es w h e n
“
s h e h ea rd t he w o m e n u n d e r he r c a r e bre ak o u t (as
it i s c a ll e d) a n d co m m e n ce sm a s hi n g and d e s tr o yi n g
e v e rythi n g th e y c o u ld
g e t h o ld o f, it was as m u c h as
s he c ou ld d o t o r es tr a i n h e r se lf fr o m j o i n i n
g i n an d
m an y p e r so n s h a ve e x p e ri e n c e d a s i m il a r i m p u l s e .

I n hy s t e ri a thi s t e n d e n c y i s so h e i g ht e n e d th a t it
b ec o m e s irre s i s tibl e an d m ay b e ar ou se d by t he ,

fa i n t e s t s u g g e s ti o n fr o m w ith o u t , and a l s o fr o m w ith

in Th u s th e r e i s w h a t H u c h a rd , w ho b e l o n g s t o a
.

s o m e w h a t o ld e r s c h oo l , c all s m o r a l at axy
1
And .

F é r é i n all u s i o n t o thi s a l m o s t u n co n tr o ll a bl e re
,

s p o n se t o s ti m u li , has call e d t he hy s t e ri c al s u bj e c t
“ ”
t he fro g o f p s y c h o l og y .

D r C o n o lly N o m an ( who co n s i d e s th at
. r r
we ak ne s s , wi th
rr
i i t a b i l i ty, i s t he fund a m e n t a l n o t e o f t he h y s t e i ca l cha ac t e ”) r r r
r
h as th e fo ll o wi n g o b s e v a t i o n s o n “ h y s t e i ca l man ia, ” a fo m r r
o f i ns an i t y w h i c h i s co m b in e d w i th h ys t e r ia z—
“
The s uffe e rr
r r
f o m h y s t e i c a l m an ia i s e x c e e d ing l y e mo t io nal The pa in o f .

m e l a n c h o l ia i s u n k n o wn , t he a p ea an ce o f d e p e s s io n i s v e y
p r r r
s h a ll o w r
A t ifl in g a n d p as s m g d e p i e s s ive e m o t io n i s re
.

r r
s po n d e d t o by i n s t an t t e a s , p e h a p s w i t h l o u d o u t c y an d by a r
r r
g e a t d i s p l a y o f g i e f, b ut t he fe e l in g i s q u i t e t e m p o a y Th e e rr . r
r
i s a ce r t ai n h y pe aes th e s i a s h o w ing i t s e l f b y a t o o q u i c k r e s po n s e
r rr
t o e v e y e m o t i o na l i i t a t i o n w i th o ut a n y p e m a n e n t s ub s t at um r r
o f a i n fu l fe e l in g
p r
In a s i m i l a way th e e i s a s h a p i i t ab il i t y
. r r rr
o f t e m pe r
wi th o u t t h e co n s t an t s t a t e o f ang e wh i c h w il l s o m e r
r r r
t i m e s o cc u i n o th e fo m s o f m an ia The e n t i e e m o t io n al . r
r
s t a t e i s u n s t abl e in t he e xt e m e , an d t he e x p e s s i on o f e m o t i o n r
r r
b e a s a p e cul ia wh i m s ica l a n d u nce t ai n c h arac t e , s uc h as i s r r
a l s o s e e n i n t h e e n t i i e co n d u c t o f t h e p a t i e n t Im pul s e 15 v e y . r
r
a pt t o b e t an s l at e d i n t o ac t i o n w i th a l a m i n g a p i d i ty r
Im p u l se r .

a n d w h i m s o m e t i me s r
is e a l m o s t t o t he d ig ni ty o f u l in g r
m o t i v e s i n a m in d i nc a pabl e o f fo m in g an y fix e d e s o l u t i on r r .

( A r t
“
M
. a n i a ,
H y s t e i ca l ,
”
r
i n D i et of P sy cli M e d ) . . .

Th i s m e n t al m o b il ity , e m o t io n a l fac i l i ty , an d u ncon t o ll a bl e r

r r
e s p o n s e t o s t i m u l i h a v e f e q u e n tl y le d t o c h a g e s o f wan t o n r
d e ce p t io n and s imul at ion ag a in s t the h y s t e ical Su c h c h a g e s r . r
1
H uc hard , r
C a ac t ere , m oeurs, éta t me n tal des H y s t éri ques, A r c/z .

N ezcr ologi e , 188 2 , p 18 7

’
ae . .
32 6 M AN A N D W O M AN .

ar e q ui t e un found e d “ The re al d ece i v e r ” as G i ll e s d e la

.
,

Toure tt e well re mark s ( Tr ai to cli n zgae e t c p i s an

’ '

, .
, .

ac t i v e and reas oning b e in g ; th e h y s t erical , wh e n th e y d e ce i v e

.

ar e n ot co n s cious of the d e c e p t i on ; th e y ar e pass i v e b e ing s,

p h o t og rap h i c pl at e s wh ic h re g i s t e r and sho w fo r th th e i r i m pre s

s io n s a s th e y h av e re c e iv e d th e m some t i me s amp l i fi e d i n d e e d , ,
,
‘
b ut a l wa y s wi th the g oo d fai t h o f u ncon s ci o us n e s s D e ce
p .

t ion i s a word wh ic h has be e n ab use d b e y on d m easure i n

’

hy s t e ri a s o as to h ave be e n ma d e t he c h arac t e ri s t i c o f a mo rb id
,

s pe c i e s
. It m us t b e a dd e d th a t th i s has b ee n l arg e ly d ue t o
ig no rance ” .

C l o us t o n has d e fi ne d hy s t e ri a a s “ the l oss o f t he i n h i b i t ory

infl ue n c e e x ercise d on t he re p ro d u c t i v e and s e x u a l i n s t in c t s o f
w o m e n by t e h ig h er me n t al and m oral
h fu n ct o
i n s
”
(E di nburg h .

M ed j ou r na l, J une 1883, p
. . The l o s s of t he comp l e t e
c on t ro l e x e rc ise d by t he h i g h e r ce nt res i s un d o u bt e dly an
e s s e n t ia l c h arac t e r of hy s t e ria as o f h y pno t i c p h e n o m e n a g en e
rall y, b ut it i s not usually acce p t e d th at th e re i s ne c e s sari ly any
s e x ua l e l e me n t i n h y s t e ria . F o rme rly t he s e x ual e l e me n t i n
hy s t e ria was s omewh a t e xag g e ra t e d ; th e re i s now a t e n d e n c y t o
“ -E ro t i s m ” S tu di es
un d uly m in i mi se it ( H.a v e l oc k E ll i s , A u t o ,

i n t he P sy chology q er , v o l i ) Se x ual irri t at io n i n a n y crud e

. .

form, o r any g ro ss d iseas e o f t he s e x ual org ans , i s c e r t a in ly not

e s s e n t ial i n hy s t eria, b ut many o f t he s y mpt oms o f hy s t e ria can
b e t race d b a ck t o a s e x ual o r ig in It i s no t e wor th y al so th at,
.

as L o m b ro s o p oi n t s out (L a D onn a D eli nqu en te, p

'

t he .

c ri min a l o ffe n ce s of t he hy s t e ri ca l v e ry l arg e ly re v o lv e ro un d t h e

s e x ua l fun c t io n s Th e re i s o ft e n s ome pe rv e rsi on o f t he s e x ua l
.

e mo t i o n , s o th a t , th o ug h t he h y s t e ri ca l m ay crav e fo r l o v e an d
t e n d e rn e s s from the O pposi t e s e x, norma l s e x ual re l a t io n s m ay
b e i ndifi e r e n t o r re pul s iv e B o th among t he “ po ss e ss e d ” o f
'

forme r d ay s and i n m o d e m t im e s i t has b ee n n o t e d th a t e ro t ic

d re ams are v e ry fre q ue n t i n t he hy s t e rical , b ut th at th e y are
o ft e n pai n ful ra th e r th an p l e as urabl e The mis t a k e of s u
.

p
p os in g th a t th e re i s some s pe cial co nnec t i on b e t we e n hy s t e ri a
and t h e s e x ual org an s has pro b ably ari se n fro m the u n d o ubt e d
fac t th a t in wom en the org an ic se x ual s ph ere i s o f g rea t e r e x t e n t
th an in m en W h e n, th e re fore , t he h ig h er c on t ro ll i ng ce n t re s
.

are t o so m e e xt e n t paraly se d we m u s t e x p ec t t o fin d all so r t s o f

phe n o me na t race a bl e to a s e x u al o rig in m ore p ro m in e n t in

wo me n . It is no t s o i n h y s t e ria o n ly, b ut in ne arly all v arie t ie s
o f ne rv o us and me n t a l d isord e r .

It i s ry t o say a w ord as t o t he r e l ativ e

n e c essa
fre q u e nc y of hy st e ri a i n t he t wo se x es U p till .

withi n abou t t we nty ye ar s it w as al way s su p pos e d th at

hys t e ri a was eno rm ous ly m o re fre qu ent i n w o m e n
328 M AN AN D W O M AN .

Th ere i s i n t ere s t ing p arall e l i s m , and pro b ably a re al d e e p

an
ly ing ne rv o us co nn e c t i o n, b e t we e n t he s ug g e s t i b i l i ty o f wo me n
an d t he Sp e ci al l iab il i ty o f fe ma l e b u tt e r fl ie s b ird s , a n d m amm al s
,
t o b e m i me t ic i n co l o ra t io n , e t c M i m i cry , o r s u g g e s t i b i l i ty , i s
.

a n a d a t a t i o n t o t h e e n v iro n m e n t e n s urin
p , g t he p ro t e c t ion o f t h e
s e x th at i s l e s s abl e t o fle e o r t o fi h t
g .

R E L IG IO U S H Y P N O TIC P H EN O M E NA .

Th e re i s a v e ry i n ti m at e co n n e c ti o n b e t w e e n
hyp n o ti c p h e n o m e n a— u n d e rs t o o d i n t he br o ad se n s e
i n w hi c h I h a ve h e r e u s e d t he t e r m — a n d t he
p h e n o m e n a o f r e li g i o n The p a rt p l ay e d by w o m e n
.

a s r e li g i o us l e a d e r s i s by n o m e a n s so l a r g e as t h e

l arg e p ro po rti o n o f w o m e n i n r e li g io u s m o ve m e n t s
w o u ld l e ad u s t o e x pe c t b u t it i s c o n s ide r a bl e a n d it
, ,

has b ee n m o s t co n sp i cuo u s ly e x e rc i se d i n th a t p a rt o f
r e li g i o n w hi c h co ve r s t he fi e ld o f hyp n o ti c p h e n o m e n a .

”
A s p r o p h e t e sses w o m e n w ho s e e m t o h av e fa ll e n
, ,

i nt o t he tra n ce s t a t e an d see n vi s i o n s o r h e ard

dog m as w hi c h th e y s u b s e qu e n tly de c l ar e d h av e o ft e n
, ,

b ee n o f t he g r eat es t se rvi c e t o r e li g i ou s l eade rs an d ,

c o n s p i c u o u s ly h e l p e d t o d r a w di s c i p l e s by t he c h a r m

o f t he s u p e r n a t u r a l A p e ll es t he fo u n de r o f t he
.
,

A p e llae an s o f t he seco n d ce n t u ry w a s p o we r fu lly ,

a ss i s t e d by t he p r o p h e t e s s P hi lu m e n e M o n t an u s .
,

w ho w a s hi m s e lf s i m il a rly affe c t e d w as c l os e ly ,

a s s Oc i at e d w ith t he p r o p h e t e sses P ri sc ill a a n d M axi

m ill a w ho w e r e s u bj ec t t o e c s t a sy d u ri n g w hi c h th e y
, ,

had vi s i o n s th a t s e e m t o h av e i n fl u e n c e d T e rt u lli a n ,

o n e o f t he g r e a t e s t o f t he L ati n F a th e r s The .

Q u i n tili an s le d by t he p r o p h e t e s s Q u i n tili a w e re a
, ,

br an c h o f t he M o n t an i s t s a n d th e ir virg i n s i n p u bli c
,

asse m bly wo r e whit e r o b e s a n d e x e r c i se d p r o p h e ti c

fu n c ti o ns ; th e y as s e rt e d th at w o m e n ar e e n titl e d t o
e x e r c i s e a ll t he s ac e rd o t a l a n d e p i s co p al fu n c ti o n s .

P e t e r se n a vi s i o n a ry M ill e n n a ri a n o f t he e i g ht ee nth
,

c e n t u ry ,
w as aid e d by hi s w i fe w ho w a s al so a ,

vi s i o nary an d w ith th e m w as as soc i at e d a n i n s p ir e d

,

co u nt e ss w ho was al s o h o nou r e d with vi s i o ns

, It .
 H Y P N O TIC P H E NO M E N A .
32 9

w o u ld no t b e diffi c u lt t o m u lti p ly e x am p l es o f w o m e n
p l a yi n g a n i m p o rt a n t p a rt i n r e li g i o u s m o v e m e n t s
w ho h av e e xhibit e d hy p n o ti c p h e no m e n a i n a hi g h
d e g r e e A v e ry l ar ge p ro p o rti o n o f t he m o s t e m i n e n t
.

fe m al e s ai n t s w ho le d a c o nv e n t u al life we re i n t he
hi g h es t d e g r e e hy st e ri c al I t w ill , h o w e v e r , b e s u ffi
.

c i e n t t o r e fe r t o t wo r e li i o u s se c t s w hi c h h av e b o th
g
b e e n fo u nd e d o r le d by w o m e n , an d whic h h av e
b o th b e e n i n ti m at e ly id e n tifi e d w ith (n o n -hy s t e ri c al )
fo r m s o f hy p n o ti c p h e n om e n a The Sh ake r s w e re
.

n o t fo u n d ed by a w o m a n , b u t by a m a n a n d a w o m an

i n c o nj u n c ti o n , J am e s W a rdl e y , a Q u ak e r t ail o r , a nd
hi s w ife ; th e i r m os t di s ti ngu i s h e d a n d s u cces s fu l
l e a de r w as , h owe ve r, A nn e L e e s , o f M an c h es t e r , who
tr a n s fe rr e d t he se c t t o A m e ri ca, w h e r e , u n de r he r
g u id an c e a n d by m e a n s o f he r m i ss i o n ary z eal , it
g r e w a n d fl o u ri s h e d . The c o mm u n ity w as fou n d e d
o n a c o mm u n i s ti c b as i s , a n d t he p r o p e rty w as adm i r

a bly m an a g e d ; t he r e li g i ou s c h a r ac t e ri s ti c s O f t he
s ec t , i n w hi c h w o m e n a l w ay s t oo k a v e ry p ro m i n e n t

p a rt , lay i n th e ir w o r s hi p , i n w hi c h m u s i c a n d s i n g i n g
w e r e e s p e c i ally c o n sp i c u o u s , t he m i n i s try a s o rdi n arily
un d e rs t o o d b e i n g e n tir e ly a b o li s h e d ; th e y h e ld th at
t he hi s t o ry o f t he r e t u r n o f t he p r o di g a l j u s tifi e d th e ir
a d o p ti o n o f m u s i c an d d a n c i n g a s l eadi n g p a rt s o f

p u bli c w o r s hi p fo r it w a s t he e ld e r so n r e p r ese n ti n g
, ,

t he n a t u r a l m an w ho c o n d e m n e d th e s e so u l -r e vivi n g
,

p r ac ti ce s . Th e i r r e li g i ou s e x e r c i se s w e a re t old co n
, ,

s i s t e d c hi e fly o f Shaki ng a n d tr e m bli n g s i n g i n g an d ,

d a n c i ng l eap i ng a nd s h ou ti ng an d p ro p h es yi n g a n d
, ,
”
s p e a ki n g w ith n e w t o n g u e s . H y p n o ti c p h e n o m e n a ,

l e s s c r u d e ly m u sc u l a r i n c h a r ac t e r b u t n o t l es s
,

w e ll m a rk e d fo r m t he c hi e f di s ti n g u i s hi ng c h a r ac t e r
,

i s t i c s o f t he Th eoso p hi s t s . I t i s i n s tr u c tiv e t o n o t e
th a t thi s i s at o n ce b o th t he on ly m o d e r n r e li g i o u s
s e c t o f a n y i m p o rt a n ce fo u n d e d a n d le d by w o m e n ,
”
a n d t he o n ly m o d e r n s e c t e s t a bli s h e d o n m ag i c a l
a n d e s o t e ri c d oc tri n es an d p rac ti ces I t i s th u s
.

o f p r o fou n d i n t e r e s t t o t he s t u d e n t o f hi s t o ry as ,
3 30 M AN AN D W O M AN .

it bl es him to un d e rs t an d ho w m ag i c a l an d
e na
esot e ri c sect s— i n w hi c h ag ai n wo m e n p l aye d a c o n , ,

s pi cu ou s p art— s pr ang u p an d fl o u ri s h e d u n d e r east e r n

i nfl ue nce on t he de c ay o f t he R om an E mp ir e .

Th e r e i s ano th e r g reat c l ass o f re lig i ou s m ov e m e n t s

i n whi c h t he va ri o u s hyp n o ti c p h e n o m e na esp e c i ally ,

those of a con t ag i ou s c h a rac t e r p l ay s o l arg e a p art ,

t h a t n early e v e ry i n t e ll e c tu a l e l e m e n t di s a ppears .

Su c h re li g i o u s m o ve m e n t s w hi c h a r e u n q u es ti o n ably
,

m o rbid i n c h a rac t e r a r e ve ry l a rg e ly an d som e ti m e s

,

e x c l u s iv e ly m an i fes t e d i n w o m e n a n d th e y r ar e ly ,

p ossess any p ro m i n e n t l e a d e r Th e y are o ft e n .

s alt at o ry i n c h a rac t e r an d ar e i n so m e case s v ari e ti es

,

o f th at e pide m i c n erv o u s di so rde r c a ll e d hy s t e ri cal

c h o r ea .The D an c e r s a re lig i ou s se c t o f t he ,

fou rt e e n th ce nt u ry w hi c h arose at Aix -la-C h ap e ll e

,

and s p r ead thr ou g h o u t B e l g i u m p r es e n t a n ad m ir abl e ,

e x am pl e o f r e li g i ou s hy p n o ti c p h e n o m e n a i n whi c h
wo m e n p l ay e d a p ro m i n e n t p art The D anc i n g .

M an i a b e g an i mm e di at e ly a ft e r t he p ag a n m id su m m e r
o rgi e s o f St J o h n t he B a p ti s t s D ay i n 1 3 7 4 M en
’
. .

a n d wo m e n s e e m e d t o h av e l os t all se lf-co n tr o l .

Su dd e n ly w h e th e r i n p u bli c o r p riv at e th e y w o u ld
, ,

b e g i n d anc i n g w hil e h o ldi n g e ac h o th e r s h an d s a n d

,
’

wou ld c o nti nu e d a n c i n g w it h e xtr e m e vi o l e n ce u n til

th e y fe ll d ow n e xh au s t e d ; du ri n g th e se p e ri o d s o f
m u scu l a r ag it ati o n th e y w e re i nse ns ible t o ou t ward
i mp re ss io ns and we re favou re d w ith w o n de rfu l vi s i o ns 1
, .

The C am i sa rds or p ro p h e t s o f t he C e ve nne s w ho

, ,

ar o se i n D au p hi n e a n d V iv a r a i s i n t he se v e n t e e n th
ce n t u ry an d m e t w ith m u c h s u c c e s s i n F r a n ce an d
,

E n g l an d e xhibit e d a va ri e ty o f hy p n o ti c ph e n o m e n a
, ,

i n w hi c h as u s u a l w o m e n w e re p ro m i nen t a d e pt s
, , .

Th ese pe ople w e re s u bj e c t t o e cs t as y and as th e y con , ,

s i de re d it t he i n s p irat i o n o f t he H o ly G h os t
, Th e y .

“
had s tr an ge fi t s w e a e t o ld
r , w hi c h c am e u p o n ,

th em w ith tre m bli ngs an d fai n ti ngs as i n a s woon ,

“
H eck er, Epidem i cs The D anci ng M ania,
1
f
o the M iddle Ag es,
C h ap i . .
332 M AN AN D W O M AN .

At M o rzi ne a littl e vill age i n t he H au t e -Sav o i e

, ,

d u ri ng 1 86 1 -65 th e re w as a hys t e ri c a l r e li g i ou s
e p ide m i c i n w hi c h g e n tl e y o u n g g irl s du ri n g t he
p a r o xy s m r e p li e d j u di c i o u s ly t o q u e s ti o n s i n v a ri ou s
l a n g u ag es u tt e re d a b o m i n abl e bl asp h e m i e s w e re
, ,

su bj e c t t o h all u c i n ati o n s c li m b e d tr e e s w ith m a rv e l

,

l o u s ag ility a n d g av e fo rth p r op h e c i e s w hi c h w e re
,

s o m e ti m es r eali se d The y k n e w n o thi n g a ft e rw ard s

'

o f w h a t ha d g o n e o n The e p id e m i c s e e m s t o h a v e
.

b ee n c o n fi n e d t o y o u ng g irl s a n d t he p op u l ati o n ,

g e n e r ally r e g a rd e d t he p h e no m e n o n as su p e r n at u r a l .

The e cc l e s i a s ti ca l a u th o riti e s att e m p t e d e x o r c i s m i n

v a i n b u t t he c ivil au th o riti e s w ith a bri g a de o f
, ,

g e n d a r m e ri e a n d i s o l ati o n o f t he affe c t e d i n divid u al s ,

w e re m o re su c ces s fu l A s o m e w h at s i m il a r ou tbre ak
.

al s o t oo k p l ace so m e years ag o at Ve rze g n i s a ,

m ou nt ai n vill ag e i n F r iu li aft e r a m i ss i o n p r e ac h e d
i

by a J esu it fath e r am o ng a s up e r s titio u s p o p u l ati on

p r e di s p os e d t o hy s t e ri a The p h e n o m e n a w e re th os e
.

O f p r o fou n d hy s t e ri a o f d e m o n i ac fo r m c hi e fly o r ,

e x c l u s iv e ly i n w o m e n an d th e y w e re di ss i p at e d w ith
,

g r e at di ffi c u lty by so m e w h at t he s a m e m e a n s a s th o se
1
a d o p t e d a t M o rzi n e A fe w ye a r s ag o t he littl e t o w n
.

o f Ali a n e ar P al e r m o b ec a m e fam o u s o n acc o u n t o f

, ,

t he r e li g i o u s e n th u s i as m O f i t s fe m a l e i n h a bit a n t s ;
i n sa n ity e p il e p s y a nd hys t e ri a a b ou n d e d a n d t he
, , ,

t own fe ll i n t o g r eat m o r al a n d p hys i cal m i se ry 2 .

R u ss i a i s t he o n ly co u n try t o -d ay i n w hi c h it i s
pos s ibl e t o s t u dy a ll t he v a ri o u s fo r m s O f hy p n o ti c
re lig i ou s p h e n om e n a an d h e re i n de e d th e y m ay b e
,

s t u di e d i n th e ir m o s t i n t e n se m a n ifes t ati o n s a n d o n

a v e ry w id e s cal e The s tr o n g re li g i ou s i n s ti n c t s o f
.

t he p e o p l e t he pri m itiv e c o n diti o n s o f th e ir li fe th e ir

, ,

se m i -p ag a n b e li e fs a n d t he s u ffe ri n g a n d o p p r e ss i o n
,

re vival o f 18 5 9 i n Ire l and h ave b e en ve ry we ll s t udie d i n a pam phl e t o f

g re a t i nt e res t b y A rchd e aco n Sto pford The W ork an d the C o un te r
,

wo rk D ub l i n 185 9
"
, , .

1
P i t re s L econ s cli n i qu es s n r l fiy s tér i e vo l i p p 4 0-44
’
, , . . . .

”
2
L a P sycho pathi c re l ig i e use d Ali a
’ ’
L E n cepna le 188 1
‘

, , .
 H Y P N O TI C P H E N OM EN A .
333

t o w hi c h th e y are su bj e ct e d all t e n d t o h e i g ht e n
,

t he p l ay o f hy p n o ti c r e li g i o u s e m o ti o n D u ri n g .

t he p a s t c e n t u ry a n u m b e r o f r e li g i o u s sec t s h av e
b e e n fo u n d e d o r h ave d e v e l o p e d Whi c h h av e p r ac
, ,

t i s e d d a n c i ng l e ap i n g flag e llat i o n e ve n c as tr ati o n

, , , ,

alth ou gh s o m e o f th e m h av e b ee n at t he sam e ti m e
o f a p r ac ti cal an d r ati o n ali s ti c c h ar ac t e r I n a ll .

th e s e s e c t s wo m e n p l ay a v e ry p ro m i ne n t p art ; i n
so m e t he m aj o rity o f t he m e m b e r s ar e w o m e n ; a

fe w h av e b e e n fo u n d e d by w o m e n I t i s n ot s u r
.

p ri s i n g th at i n th e s e R u ss i an se ct s w o m e n e nj o y a
p os iti o n o f fr ee d o m e q u al t o th at o f t he m e n .

The se c t o f C hri s t s (o r Khlys t s ) b e li e v e th a t e ve ry

p e r so n con t a i ns o r m ay c o n t a i n a p o rti o n o f t he
, ,

divi n ity a n d i s w o rthy o f ad o ra ti o n A m id d an c i n g

, .

an d s o bbi n g
, w hi c h p l ay a v e ry i m p o rt a n t p a rt
i n R u s s i a n m st i c a l s ec t s t he H o ly Sp irit d e sce n d s
, .

It is a w il a n d g iddy d an c e w hi c h b e g i n s at
m id n i g ht aft e r l o n g h o u r s o f p r ay e r s an d p s al m
,

s i ng i n g a n d r e li g i ou s di scu s s i o n Th e n t he C hri s t s
.

ri s e b o th m e n a n d w o m e n r e m o v e all th e ir g ar
,

m e n t s a n d p u t o n l o n g w hit e s hirt s a n d w hit e

c o tt o n s t oc ki n g s C an dl e s are li g ht e d a n d aft e r
.
,

s i n g i ng a m o n o t o n ou s c h an t a fe w b e g i n t o l e a p

a n d t o d a n ce . G r ad u a lly t he o th e r s j o i n a nd th e y ,

b e at ti m e w ith th e ir fee t t he m e n i n t he dir ec

,

ti o n o f t he su n an d t he w o m e n i n t he o pp os it e
,

dire c ti o n Th e ir m o ve m e n t s i nc r e a se i n r ap idity
.
,

a n d th e ir s o b s b e co m e m o r e vi o l e n t E ac h C hri s t.

b e g i n s t o r e v o lv e t he m e n t o t he ri g ht t he w om e n t o
, ,

t he l e ft w ith s u c h r ap idity th at t he fac e c an no t b e

,

di s ti n g u i s h e d Th e y l e ap t h e y co nt o rt th e m s e lv es
.
, ,

th e y ru n aft e r e ac h o th e r th e y flage llat e e ac h o th e r

, .

I n t he m id s t o f m ad l au g ht e r o f c ri e s a n d so b s l o u d
, ,
“
s h o u t s a re h eard : I t i s c o m i ng ! I t i s co m i n g ! The
”
H o ly Sp irit i s c o m i n g ! Th e n t he e x c it e m e n t of thi s
s tr a n g e danse maca br e O f s h ou ti n g h alf-n ak e d w hit e
, ,

g a r m e n t e d fi gu re s— w hi c h p ro du ce s a tr e m e n do u s
e ffe c t o n t he n o vi ce — b e gi n s t o c u l m i n at e M e n an d .
 3 34 M A N AN D W O M AN .

wom en th e ir g ar m e n t s g o a b ou t o n all fo u r s
t e ar o ff , ,

ride o n o n e ano th e r s b ac k s an d g iv e w ay t o t he
’

se x u al e r e thi s m w hi c h had b e e n e x alt e d t o t he hi g h es t

point The C hri s t s r ej ec t m a rri ag e a n d g e n e r ally

.
,

p r ac ti se asce t i s m b u t a t s u c h m o m e n t s th e y are
,

ca rri e d b e y o n d th e m se lv es an d th e y fe e l th at t he ,

p hys i cal e m o ti o n s th e y e x p e ri e n ce a re sa n c tifi e d .

Th e re ar e a g reat m any w o m e n a m o ng t he C hri s t s ;

a t o n e o f th e ir r e s o rt s t he
p o li ce i n 1 8 4 5 fo u n d , ,

n early o n e h u n dr e d y ou n
g g irl s W o m e n am o n g .

th e m e nj o y g r eat h o n ou r as w e ll as e q ual ri g ht s w ith

,

m en At th e ir re lig i ou s ce re m o n i e s so m e s tr o ng
.
,

beau tifu l an d i n t e llige n t yo u n g w o m a n is o ft e n

,

c h o se n fo r s p e c i a l a d o rati o n as t he
p e r so n ifi cati o n o f
divi n ity a n d t he e m bl e m o f g e n e r ative fo r c e ; th e y
c a ll he r t he Virg i n M ary a n d th e y id e n ti fy he r w ith ,

t he E a rth G o dd es s She i s th e ir p ri e s t ess ; th e y

.

p r os tr at e th e m se lves b e fo r e he r ; s he b e a r s o n he r
h e ad a sac r am e n t a l p l at e o f g r apes an d so l e m n ly ,

di s tribu t e s th e m t o t he w o rs hipp e rs A m o ng t he .

Sk o p t s y a sec t r e l at e d t o t he C hri s t s t he sam e

, ,

O b se rv an ces a n d t he s am e w o rs hi p o f w o m e n a r e

c arri e d t o a s till hi g h e r p o i n t ; t he c as tr ati o n o r

m u til a ti o n o f b o th m e n an d w o m e n i s p r ac ti s e d i n
th e ir rit es ; th e y so m e ti m e s w o rs hi p a n a ke d y ou n g
g irl co v e r he r w ith ki s se s a n d w h e n s he has r eac h e d
, ,

t he n e cess a ry p it c h o f r e c kl ess e x a lt ati o n s he all o ws

th e m t o c o m m u n i cat e i n he r bl oo d I t has s o m e .

ti m e s b e e n fo u n d am o n g g r o u p s o f Sko pt s y th at
m o r e th a n h alf t he m e m b e r s ar e w o m e n 1 .

R e li g i o u s m o ve m e n t s o f thi s e p id e m i c c h ar ac t e r
fi n d th e ir c hi e f ad ep t s a m o n g p e r so n s i n w h o m t he
i n hibiti n g i nfl u e n ce s o f t he hi g h e r i n t e ll e c t u a l ce n tre s
are i n b u t a l o wly s t ag e o f d e ve l o p m e n t The c o m .

1
Th nd th r mi C h i t i n my t ic l a d r ti n l ist ic sect
ese a o e se - r s a s a n a o a s a re
d escri bed i n th e i n t e res ti ng wo rk o f N Tsak ni , L a R u ss i e Sect a i r e ,
.

1888 The C h ri s ts o r K hlys t s h av e l ate ly bee n st ud ie d b y D r P au l

. .

J acoby of O re l (A r eli d A n tn C r i m , 1sth D ec

.
'
. he fi nd s th a t
. .

r r
th ei l e ad e s ar e o ft e n hys t eri cal or i nsane , and th at th e ir pract ice s
rese mbl e th os e o f F i nni sh sh a ma ni s m .
33 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

In Abyss i n i a agai n at t he b e g i n n i ng o f t he l as t
, ,

ce n t u ry t he ti g r eti er a s d esc rib e d by N ath an i e l

, ,

P e a r ce an u n e d u cat e d b u t r e li abl e w it n e s s c l ose ly

, ,

r ese m bl e d t he m e di ae v a l D an c i n g M a n i a an d w as ,
“
es p ec i ally co m m o n a m o n g wo m e n th ou g h m e n ,

ar e so m e ti m e s affli c t e d b u t n o t fr e q u e n tly In ,
.

Aby ss i n i a t o -day t he wom e n are v e ry s u bj e c t t o

hys t e ri a .

O n e m o r e fo r m o f hys t e ri cal hy p n o ti c e m o ti o n ,

p ro p a g at e d by i m it ati o n i s t he la ta fo u n d a m o n g ,

t he J avan ese a nd i n an alli e d fo r m call e d lattah i n

,

M al a cc a I t c hi e fly o c c u r s am o ng n ative w o m e n
.
,

bo th o f hig h e r an d l o w e r soc i al r an k a n d i s m ark e d ,

by p ar o xy s m al ou tbu rs t s o f i n v o l u n t ary m ove m e n t

w ith r ap id ej acu l ati o n o f i n arti c u l at e s ou n d s co rre ,
“ ”
s p o n di n g t o t he s p e aki n g w ith t o ng u es fou n d
am o n g C hri s ti an sec t s Th e re i s t e m po r ary l os s o f
.
~

c o n s c i o u s n e ss b u t t he m e n t al p o we rs ar e i n t ac t
,

e x c e p t d u ri n g t he p a ro xy s m L at a a s s u m e s m an y .

fo r m s b u t i n m os t o f th e m as i n t he T ar an ti s m o f
, ,

t he M iddl e A g e s an d i n d e e d i n n ea rly all hy p n o ti c

,

m a n ifes t ati o n s th e re i s a n irr es i s tibl e t e n de n c y t o

,

i m it ati o n a b ou n dl ess su gg e s tibility The c ase i s

,
.

m e n ti o n e d o f a wo m a n w ho appe a r e d t o b e q u it e
n o r m al b u t o n a ny o n e thr o w i n g o ff a c oat i n he r
,

p rese n ce s he w o u ld su dd e n ly p a ss i n t o a s t at e o f
fr e nzy s tri p h e r se lf o f her cl o th e s a n d c o ndu c t he r
, ,

se lf i n o th e r i n d e ce n t w ay s w hil s t all t he ti m e s he ,

k e p t abu s i n g t he i ns ti g at o r o f wh at s he r e g ard e d
as a n o u tr ag e A g ai n t he s hi p s coo k o f o n e o f t he
.
,
’

l oc al s t e a m e r s a p ro n ou n c e d su ffe r e r fr om t he di se ase
, ,

w as d andli n g hi s b a by o n t he d e c k O ne o f t he m e n .

n o ti c i n g thi s p i c k e d u p a bill e t o f w o o d a n d s t an di n g
, , ,

i n fr o n t c o mm e n ce d n u r s i n g it i n t he sam e way
, .

P re se n tly he b eg an t oss i n g t he bill e t u p t o t he

aw n i n g t he coo k i m it a ti n g hi s m o ti o n s w ith t he
,

b aby Su dde n ly t he s ail o r o pe n e d his arm s an d t he

.
,

bill e t fe ll t o t he d e c k ; t he u n fo rt u n at e coo k did t he

s am e a n d t he c hild falli n g o n t he
, p l a n ki n g was
, ,
 H Y P N O TIC P H E NOM ENA .
3 37

i n s t an tly kill ed I n o th e r r es pe c t s t he su bj ec t s o f
.

la ta a r e m e n t ally q u it e so u n d 1 .

I t i s i m p os s ibl e h e r e t o d e a l a t all a d e q u at e ly with

t he fa sc i n a ti n g su bj e c t o f r e li g i o u s p s y c h o l og y ; 2 b u t
it w ill p r o b ably b e s u ffi c i e n tly O bvi o u s th at all t he
v a ri o u s fo r m s an d s t age s o f hy p n o ti c p h e n o m e na (a s
h e r e u n d e r st ood) go t o m ak e up r e li g i ou s e x alt ati on
i n i t s m o s t c h a r a c t e ri s ti c fo r m s Thi s fac t i s p at e n t .

e v e n t o t he d e v o u t hi s t o r i an o f t he C a m i sa rd s w ho , ,

as w e h av e see n i s s tr u c k by t he c l ose r e se m bl a n c e
,

b e t we e n t he r e li g i ou s p h e n o m e n a p r e se n t e d by th a t
s e c t a n d t he
p h e n o m e n a o f a n ms t he s i a by n itr o u s
o xid e t he l o w e s t a n d l e as t i n t e ll e c t u a l o f t he hy n o ti c
, p
state s The g e n e r al c h a r a c t e ri sti c o f all t he v a ri o u s
.

hy p n o ti c fo rm s m ay b e e x p re sse d by sayi ng th at
th e r e i s l e s s e n e d co n tr o l by t he hi g h e r i nt e ll e c t u a l
ce n tr e s and i n c r e ase d ac tivity o f t he m o re sp o n
t an e o u s a n d au t o m ati c m o t o r a n d vi s c e r a l c e n tr e s .

O r if w e p re fe r w e m a y s a y th a t t he m o r e hi g hly
, ,

c o o rdi n a t e d a c ti o n o f t he n e rv e c e n tr es
g iv e s w ay t o
-

th e ir m o r e i n c o -o rdi n at e d ac ti o n an d th e r e fo r e t he ,

p r e se nce o f hy p n o ti c p h e n o m e n a i n di cat e s a so m e
w h at l o we r d e g r e e O f m e n t al i n t e g rati o n 3 I n .

c at a l e p s y an d a n aes th e s i a th e r e m ay b e co m p l e t e
q u i e sce n c e o f t he hi g h e r m o d e s o f a c ti o n ; i n dre am
i n g e c s t a s y a n d hy p n o ti s m p r o p e r th e y are t a k e n
, , ,

i n t o co m p a r ative ly u n c o n tr o ll e d s p h e r e s ; i n h all u
c i n at i o n s th e y r e m a i n i n t he n o r m a l s p h e r e b u t are ,

p e rv e rt e d ; i n n e u r as th e n i a a n d hy s t e ri a th e r e i s
m e r e ly a s li g htly l es s e n e d co n tr o l o f t he high e r
1
A t r .
“
K lik s hi Ik t u c L t
,
”
Ti gr t i o a,
”
Di t P y l a a,
” “
e er,
"
c . s c zr

fil de .F ver l of th
or se nd a ll i d hy pn t i ff t i n
e se a c i ng
a e o c a ec o s, o c urr

c h ie fl y o r e x cl usiv e ly i n wo me n, se e M ax Bar t e l s , M ed i ci n der N atu r

v 5l/eer , pp . 2 15 —
2 18 .

2
P ro fe sso r Sta rbuck s de t ai l e d s t udy, The P sy cfiolog y of l relzgi on , i n
’ ‘

wh i c h d ue a tt e n ti on i s g iv e n t o s ex ual d iffe re nce s , may b e co ns ult e d

wi th a dva n t ag e .

3 “
A s we asce nd the an i ma l s cal e , F e rri e re m ark s (F u nct i on s r
f
a i li e Bra i n ,
“
t h e ce n t r e s o f wh i ch t h e c e r e b ro -s pi na l sys t e m i s

c o m po s e d be co m e m or e a n d m o re i n t im a t e ly b o u nd u p and ass o cia t e d

w i th e a c h o th e i n a c tri o n
”
.
338 M AN AN D W O M AN .

ce n tre s ; whil e t he i n c r e ase d ac tivity o f t he l owe r

ce n tr e s m ay b e i n t e rt w i n e d w ith a c o n s id e r abl e
d eg ree o f i n t e ll ec t ual ac tivity i n t he m o d es o f re
lig i o u s e x alt ati o n .

r r
It i s not ne ce s s a y h e e t o d is cu s s t he cau sat io n o f h y pn o t ic
r e l ig i o us p h e no me n a To d o s o w o u ld b e t o o p e n u p m a n y
.

r
i n t e e s t i n g q u e s t i o n s w h i c h a r e s t i l l s ca c e l y r i e fo r s o l u t i o n
p r .

r m

Tyl o ( P r i i n ztw e C u ltu r e, 3 rd e d it , 189 1, v ol i i p p 12 8 14 2 , . . .

r
an d p p 4 10 -4 2 1) h as b ie fl y d i s c u s s e d i n h i s u s u a l m a s t e r l y
.

r
m a nn e t he e v o l u t io n o f wh at I h av e h e e call e d h y pn o t ic r
r r
e l ig i o u s p h e n o me n a, f o m t h e e a l ie s t s a i a g e t i m e s t o t he r
r e v i v a l s o f t he p e s e n t d a y r H e i n s i s t s o n t h e i m p o t an c e o f
. r
r
fas t ing i n th e i d e v e l op me n t : “ B e a d an d m e a t wo u ld h av e r
r o bb e d t he as ce t i c o f m any an an g e l s v i s i t ; t h e o pe n i n g o f t he
’

r r
e fe c t o y d o o r
m us t m an y a t im e h a v e c l os e d t h e g a t e s o f
h e av e n t o h is g aze ”
r
The i m p o t a n ce o f fa s t i ng i n t he e v o l u t i on
.

o f v is i on s i s ce t ain ly g ea t r r
I t m us t b e a dd e d th a t s e x u a l
.

ab s t in e n c e h as p l ay e d a v e y p o m i n e n t p a t i n p o d u c in g t he r r r r
r
m o e ty p ic a l m o t o p h e n o m e n a r C on t in e n c e i s e nj o ine d o n
.

t he ad e p t s o f n e a l y all e l ig io n s r r
I t i s o n ly a mo ng a fe w .

r
s e c t s , an d a t th e c l im a x o f e l i g i ou s e x c i t e m e n t , th a t t h e s e x u a l
e m o t io n h as b e e n r
e g a d e d a s s an c t i fi e d r I t s e p e s s i o n ha s . r r
r
us ually b e e n n e ce s s a y t o as s is t i n e l ab o a t i n g t he p o c e s s o f
~
r r
r e l ig i o u s a u t o -in t ox i cat i on B ut t he fi n a l e x p l o s io n o f t he
.

r
s upp e s s e d s e x ua l i n s t i n c t s i s o ft e n v io l e n t H a v i ng b e e n, as .

r r r
i t we e , d iv e t e d i n t o a fo e i g n c h ann e l , an d th e i i m pe t u o s i ty r
r
a t t he s am e t im e i nc e as e d , th e y fi n a lly b e a k v io l e n tly b ac k i n t o r
r r
th e i n o m a l c h an ne l s A n s t ie , an a c u t e o b s e v e o f s o me
. r r
o f t he i n t ima t e d e t ail s o f t h e e m o t i o n al l ife , has e m a ke d r r
(
“
L e c t u e s orn D i se as e s o f t h e N e v o u s S y s te m ,
”
L a n cet, Janr .

11th,
“
I k n o w n o fac t i n p a th o l o g y m o e s t ik in g an d r r
e ve n t e rr
ify in g th an t he way i n wh i c h t he p h e n o m e n a o f t he
e cs t a t i c s t a t e - wh ic h h a v e o ft e n b e e n s e ize d u p on by s e n t i
r r r
m e n t a l th e o i se s a s p o o fs o f s pi i t u a l e x a l t a t ion— m ay b e r
p l a in l y s e e n to b r id g e t he g ul f b e t we e n t h e i nn oce n t foo l e ie s r
r r
o f o d in a y h y p n o t i c pa t i e n t s a n d t he d e g ad e d a n d r e pul s i v e r
p he no m e na o f n y m p h o m ania a n d s aty ias i s A t t h e t i m e wh e n r .

A ns t ie wro t e t he co nn e c t io n b e t we e n s p i i t u al e x a l t a t i o n a n d r
r
o g an ic c o n d i t io n s was n o t s o p l ai n as i t i s a t p e s e n t , b ut h e r
r r
had c l e a ly pe ce i v e d t he e s pe c ia l fac il i ty wi th w h i c h t h e e cs t a t i c
c o n d i t io n p as s es o v e r
i n t o d iso d e e d s e x ua l e m o t io n r r Sin ce .

t h e n the al m os t con s t an t co nn e c t i on b e t we e n e cs t as y an d
s e x ua l e x c i t e me n t h as b e co m e fa i ly w e ll r ecog n i se d ( r
Se e , fo r .

t
i n s an ce , C o n o lly N o m a n ,
A r t
“
Mr a n i a ,
”
c t P sy cll M ed )
. . . .

r
The p h e no m e na o f t he e l ig io us l i fe g e n e ral ly are t o a l a g e r
e xt e n t b as e d o n t he s e x ua l l ife , an d t he m aj o r i ty o f co n v e r s i o n s
3 40 M AN A N D W O M AN .

( ab ou t 80 pe r cen t ) t ak e p l ace d urin g ad o l e s ce n ce ( Se e a

. .

“
s ugg es t i v e pape r by A H D an i e l s B D
. . The N e w L ife : A
, . .
,

St udy o f R e g e ne rat io n ” A m j ou r n a l P sy ch 189 3 v o l v i N o

,
.
, , . .
, .

1 ; Krafi t -Eb ing P sy chop a thza Sex u a lly 8 th e d i t 189 3 pp

’ '

, .
, ,
.
,

8-11 ; and e s pec i ally St arb u ck Tire P s ychology of R elig i on )

,
.

Starb uc k fo un d th at in e ac h s e x c o n v e rs i o n t e n d s t o occ ur
wi th in a y ear aft e r t he e s ta bl is h me n t of p u b e rty ; t he a v e rag e ~

ag e o f p u b e r ty b e ing re c kon e d as y e ars fo r g irl s and for

bo y s ; t he av e rag e ag e for con v e rs ion was fo r g irl s and
fo r b o ys .

It m u s t b e re m e m be re d th at hyp no ti c ph en o m en a
are s tri c tly p hys i o l og i c a l a lth o u g h th e y ar e li a bl e t o
,

b e i n c re ase d o r m o difi e d t o a d e g re e t hat i s di s ti nc tly

m o rbid ; a n i n divid u a l i n w h o m t he a c ti o n of t he
hi g h er c e ntres had l arg e ly aboli s h e d t he s tirri ng s of
t he l o we r hy pn oti c c e n tre s w o u ld b e m o rbid t o a s till
great e r d e gre e H yp n o ti c p h e no m e n a fo r m w ith t he
.
,

alli e d v aso -m ot o r m o ve m e n t s t he c hi ef p hy s i ol o g i cal

,
“ ”
bas i s of wh at we m o re g e n e rally c all e m oti on .

W h e n th e r e for e w e co n c l u de th at w o m e n ar e m o re
, ,

li abl e th an m e n t o p r e se n t hy p n o ti c p h e nom e na we ,

h ave bu t di sco ve re d i n a m o r e d e fi n it e an d fu n da
“ ”
m e nt al m ann e r th at w o m e n ar e m o re e m o ti o n al

th an m e n W e h ave n o w t o d e fi ne m o r e prec i se ly
.

wh at i s m eant by t he e m o ti o n ality o f w om e n .
 C H A PTER XI I I .

TH E A F F E C TA B I L I TY O F W OM EN .

W H AT IS AN E M O TI O N ?— R E AD I ER R E SP O N SE OF TH E
VA SO -M O TO R VA SC U L A R SY STEM IN W O M EN — P H YSI O
L O GI C A L AN D P A TH O L OG I C A L E VI D EN C E— TH E H EAR T

TH E C O N V U L SI V E TEN D EN C Y O F W O M EN — EP I L EP SY
B L U SH I N G— TH E R E F L E X ES— TI C K L I SH N ESS— L A U G H TER
AN D TEA R S — F A C IA L E X P R E SSI O N — TH E I R I S TH E
B L A D D ER — SU SC EP TI BIL I TY TO F R I G H T— M EN TA L SU G
G ESTI BI L I TY O BSESSI O N S EM O TI O N A L C A U SA TI O N
OF D I SEA SE P R ED O M IN A TES IN W O M EN — D E STR U C TI VE
TEN D EN C I ES —
“
B R EA K I N GS OU T — TH E SO U R C E O F
TH ESE— TH E C O N GEN I TA L E X H A U STIBI LITY OF W O M EN
— TH E A D VA N TA G ES OF
’
W O M EN S A F F EC TA BIL I TY
A N fEM IA AN D A F F EC TA B I L I TY — TH E G R EA TER A F F EC T

A BI L I TY OF W OM EN TO SO M E E XTEN T TH E R E SU L T

OF C I R C U M STAN C ES, TO SO M E E X TE N T O R GA N I C .

W O M E N r e sp o n d ti m u li p s y c hi c or p hy s i cal m o re
to s , ,

r e adily th an m e n Thi s g e n e r a l s t at e m e n t th ou g h it
.
,

m a y b e m o difi e d o r li m it e d i n ce rt ai n re sp e c t s i s u n ,

B y w h a t w o rd w e m ay b es t d e sc rib e thi s
'

c on t e st e d .

c h a r ac t e ri s ti c o f w o m e n s n e rv o u s c o n s tit u ti o n i s l e ss
’

c l e ar . W e m ay call it w ith p e rfe c t c o rre c t n e ss a

“ “ “
g r e at e r irrit a bility o r p l as ti c ity o r s u gge s ti
, ,

b i lit y . All th e se t e r m s ar e l e g iti m at e b u t on t he ,

w h o l e I p r e fe r t o u s e a n o ld w o rd app r o v e d by ,

L ay c oc k 1— su ffi c i e n t ly c o l o u rl e ss t o b e u n o bj e c t i o n
,

a bl e w hil e i t i n di c at e s b o th t he q u i c k p s y c hi c a n d
,

1
L ay cock , N er vous D i sease: of W omen , p 76. .
3 42 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he q ui c k phys i cal r e s p o n se t o s ti mu li — and t o s p eak ,

of t he great e r affec t a bili t y o f wo m en .

“
In c o ns id e ri n g t he p r e po n d e r a n ce o f hyp no ti c
ph e nom en a i n w o m e n— t he t e n d e n c y th at i s of t he , ,

m o r e pri m itive n e rvou s c e n tre s t o b e s tro n g er th an

t he m o re r e ce n t ce n tre s a n d t o ri s e u p i n r e vo lt
,

ag ai ns t th em— we we re app roa c hi ng on it s m os t

o b scu re s ide t he g reat e r e m o ti o n ality o f wo m e n We .

ar e n ow app ro a c hi n g t he e m o ti o n ali t y o f wome n fr o m

a s o m ew h at l e ss o b s c u re s id e
-
.

W h at is an e m o ti on ? W e s h all m o re eas ily g ath e r

t he drift o f t he fa c t s i f w e u n d e r s t a n d thi s at t he o u t
set . I t was fo r m e rly s u ppose d a nd i s n o d ou bt s till
,

su pp ose d by m an y p e o p l e th at an e m o ti on i s a p u r e ly
,

m e nt al ph e no m e n o n a n d th a t a ng e r o r l o ve m ay g o
,

o n i n t he br ai n s o m e w h at i n t he sa m e way as an
arith m e ti cal c al c u l ati o n “ Thi s i s n o t t he c as e It is .

co n ce ivabl e t hat if t he h e a d co u ld b e r e mov e d fr o m

,

t he b ody at w ill t he bra i n w h e n i s ol at e d cou ld p er

,

fo rm a m ath e m ati cal c al cu l ati o n ; it i s n o l on ge r

p ossibl e t o b e li e ve th at it cou ld fee l an ge r or l o ve or ,

any oth e r e mo ti o n s av e i n t he m o s t r e m o t e an d
,

i nt e ll ec t u ali se d fo rm If it w e r e fo u n d by t he appli
.

cati o n O f d e li cat e p hy s i o l o g i cal t e s t s th at a m a n s

’

v ascu l ar and mu sc u l ar s ys te m s w e r e wo rki n g at th e ir

u su al n o rm al t e n s i o n it c ou ld p ro b ably b e affirm e d
,

th at th at m an was n o t fe e li n g e m o ti o n N o am ou nt .

o f s e lf-c on tr o l o ve r t he coa rs e r e x pr e s s i o n s of e m o ti on
alt e r s t he c as e fo r e v e n t o u n s c i e n tifi c i n s p e c ti o n t he
,

i f h lf-co n tr o ll e d m an r e ve al s it
p a ss o n o t e s e se lf by
s o m e q u ive r o f m u sc l e so m e s u dd e n
, p all o r so m e ,

q u i c ken i n g Of h eart -be a t j u s t as it m ay b e sa id :

.

n o m u sc l e n o m o ti o n ; so it m ay e q u ally b e s a id : n o
,

m uscl e no e m oti o n
, .

Bocalos i, an I t al ian wri t e r o fth e e ig h t e e n th c e nt ury, i n his b ook

D ella F i szonomza, s e e m s t o h a v e h ad a g l i mm e ri ng o f t he t ruth
’ ’

th at e mo t ion d e pe nd s o n p hy s ical org an is at ion Its full and .

p recise s t at e me n t has had t o wai t for t he d e l icat e in v e s t i g at ion s

i ni t iat e d d uring rece n t y e ars by t he g re a t I t al ian phy s io l og is t ,
3 44 M AN AN D W O M AN .

ca ll e d gl au com a w hi c h i s acce p t e d by n early all

,

au th o riti es i s al so r e fe rr e d by P ri e stl e y Sm i t h t o
,

t he gr e at e r i n s t ability o f t he v as o -m ot o r s y s t e m i n
wom e n and parti cu l arly t o t he di s t u rb an ces of c ire n
,

l ati o n whic h e m a nat e fro m t he g e n e rative o rg ans 1 .

W o m en are m o r e li a bl e th an m en t o c onv u l s ive

m an ifes t ati o ns Thi s s p e c i al co nvu l s ive t en de nc y i s
.

e xpre s se d i n t he g r eat e r fre q u e n c y i n wo m e n o f

e pil e p sy whi c h m ay b e ro u g hly d e fi n e d as a v aso
,

m o to r and neu ro m u sc u l a r sp as m o f e xtr e m e vi o l e nce

-
,

affe c ti n g p ri m a rily t he br a i n a n d s ec o n d a rily t he ,

w h o l e b o dy As G o we rs p o i n t s o u t it i s b ase d o n
.
,

an ab no r m a l r e a di n e ss for ac ti o n or i n o th e r w o rd s ,

a n u n d ue affec t a bility .

I t was fo m e r rly s upp o se d

i n E n g l an d th a t e pil e p sy i s s om e
r
wh a t mo e c o mmo n i n m e n t h an i n wo me n Th i s was d ue , .

r r
a s Go we s an d o th e s h av e s h o wn , t o t he c on fus i on wi th t ue r
e pil eps y o f c on v uls i v e c o n d i t io n s c au s e d by s y ph i l i t i c b ai n r
r
d i sease an d o th e phy s ic al d is t u b an ce s It i s only in a d ul t ag e r .
’

( wh e n“ th e se s y p h il i t ic co n d i t i o n s a re m o s t l ike ly t o i nt e v e ne ) r
th at e p il e psy i s fo un d mo e comm o n i n m al e s In F ance r . r
e pi l e ps y has a l way s b ee n e c og n is e d a s m o e co m mon i n r r
r
fe mal e s, and Es q ui o l p l ace d t he p o po t i on as 3 t o 2 G o we s r r . r
in L ond on fi n d s i t t o b e 10 8 fe mal e s t o 100 mal e s , b u t, as he
h imse l f po in t s out , at t he h o spi t al wh e e h e g ath e e d mos t of r r
r
h is o b s e v a t i ons , t he m al e pat i e n t s a re i n e x c e s s The g eat e . r r
r r
p e v a l ence o f t ue e p il e p s y i n wom e n is in d ica t e d by the m uch
r r r
g eat e f e q ue ncy w i th w h ic h i n m a l e s e xt an e o us e x ci t i ng c auses r
can b e ass i g ne d fo r t he d i se as e , an d Go we s fu th e p oin t s o ut r r r
r r
th at e v e n in t he fi s t y e a o f l ife th e e are nea ly t wic e as m an y r r
e pil e pt ic fe mal e in fan t s a s m al e s The c h ief pe i o d o f l ife fo r . r
t he m an ife s t a t io n o f e p i l e p s y i s i n b o th se x e s p u be ty and r
r
ad o l e sc e n ce , and Go we s fi n d s th a t t he m axim um o f case s i n
r
mal e s i s eac h e d at t he ag e o f t we lve , i n fe ma l e s at t he ag e o f
s i xt ee n . r
It i s no t un t i l aft e t he ag e o f t we n ty -ni ne th a t e pi l e ps y
r r
b egins t o occu mo e f e q ue n tl y in m al e s The p og nos is is r . r
s lig htly b e tte r i n m al e s th an i n fe mal e s , wh o are al s o
'

ath e r r
1
P Smi th , P athology of Gla u com a , 189 1, p 132
. W agne has . . r
fo und i n his pract i ce at O d essa th at am o ng o ve r 12 00 cas es o f g l auco ma,
3 8 pe r cen t we re i n me n an d 6 2 per ce n t i n wo me n ; t he predomi napce
. .

r
o f wo men was ma k e d a t a ll a g es , e x ce pt u nd e r t we nt , wh en t he
y
d isease i s e xt e mely r a e C omp lex r en ews X1] C ongves I nt j ll ed
r - r . .
'

. ,

( M oscow), 189 7 , v ol vi p 180 . . . .

 TH E AF F E C TA B I L I TY O F W OM EN .
3 45

m o re l ik e l y t o s u fe r ro m
f m e n t al d e fe c t ( Si r W R G o we rs ,
. .

E pi lep sy , 2 n d e d . th is b oo k e m b o d ie s the m at u r e wo r k
o f a c l in i cal o b s e r v e r o f e xt re m e ac u t e n e s s a n d
p e n e t ra t i o n )
.

I n i t s g re at e 1 s e v e ri ty a n d fre q ue n c y i n wo me n, an d l e s s
pre co c io u s d e v e lo p m e n t a t p u b e r ty , e p il e p s y m ay b e s ai d t o
r e v e r s e t he u s u a l s e x u al d iffe re n c e i n
g ra v e d is e as e , an d may
th u s b e re g ard e d as a m om pe c ul iarl y fe m i ni ne d is e as e I t .

m us t al s o b e re g ard e d a s e s pe c ia l ly a sso ci a t e d in b o th s e x e s
w i th t he e fflo r e s c e n ce o f s e x ual l i fe ; in s o m e cas e s i t i s o n ly
d uri ng t he m e ns t rual p e rio d th a t th e at t ack s t ake p l ac e , an d i n
o th e rs t h e y ar e ag g rav a t e d a t t ha t t i m e . So m ark e d i s t he
t e n d e n c y fo r e p il e ps y t o appe ar i n e arl y l ife th a t Si r W ill ia m
B ro a db e n t g oe s s o fa r a s t o s ay th a t wh e n i t ap p ears i n a d u lt
l i fe we m u s t al way s s e e k fo r s o m e con t ri b u t o ry ca u se , o r e v e n
s u s p e c t th a t we ar e n o t d e al i n g w i th t r u e e i l e s y a t all (B r zl
p p .

M ed f aw n, 4 th j an
. . O f t he i mm e d ia t e c a us e s o f e p i l e ps y
t he m o s t g en e rally a s s ig n e d a re p s y c h i c al , -e x ci t e m e n t , an x ie ty ,
a n d a b o v e all ( m o re e s p e c i ally i n e arly l i fe ) fri h t Th e se
'

g .

a r e c a u s e s wh ic h are s e c i a lly o e ra t i v e i n w om an , b e in
p p g p ar t
o f h e r g re a t e r af e c t a b i l i ty I t m ay b e n o t e d th a t t he c h ie f
.

fe a t u re i n t he o rd in ar y c o n d uc t o f e pi l e p t ics i s th e ir i rr i t a b il i ty
and t e n d e n c y t o i m p ul s i v e ac t s , fre q ue n tly a s s o c i a t e d wi th
r e l ig i o u s o r e ro t i c i d e as The t e m pe r am e n t o f t he e p i l e pt i c
.

d e c l re s t s e l b e o e the fi ts a c t ua lly a pp ear

a i f f 1 .
“
W h e n o ne has
k no wn th e s e e p il e p t i cs i n c h i ldh ood , ” Vo i si n re mark s ( A r t .

E p i l e p s i e , ” J acco u d ’ s N ozw ea zc D zel cle M erl ) , “ b e fo re t he

“ ’

d i s e as e ha d d e v e l op e d , on e fo un d th e m q uarre l so m e , i n d o ci l e ,
r e s tl e s s , v e ry s e n s i t i v e , fa l l in g i n t o s uffo c a t in g a tt a ck s o f a n g e r,

g r o w i n g p a l e i n m o m e n t s o f i ll —h u m o u r m ak i n
, g s u dd e n m o v e
m e nts . Th e y a re fe e bl e i n a p pearan ce an d ra th e r s ad . I h av e
s e v e ra l t i m e s n o t i ce d th a t e pi l e p t i cs w e re s o t i m i d i n c h i ldh oo d
an d y o u th th a t th e y c o u l d n o t b e l e ft a l o n e in t he d ark
”
. A ll
th e s e s i g n s — wh i c h c ann o t , h o we v e r, b e fo un d in e v e ry cas e
a re th o se o f affe c t ab i l i t y .

The g e n e ra l co n v uls i v e t e n d e n c y o f wom e n i n i t s b road e s t

a s p e c t s ha s b e e n a d m ira bly d i s cus s e d by a n e m in e n t g yn mco

lo g i s t, D r R o b e r t B arn e s , i n h is L um le ian L e c t ure s o n t he

.

co n v u l s i v e d i s eas e s o f w o m e n W o m e n s s pe c i a l p ro c l i v i ty t o
.
’

c o n v u l s i v e n e rv o u s d i s e a s e s , h e re m a rk s , d e p e n d s u p o n t h e
re pro d uc t iv e fun c t ion s , t h e g rea t con v u l s i v e d is ord e rs o f wo m e n
b e i n g al m os t e n t ire l y l im i t e d t o t he p e rio d o f re pro d uc t i v e
a c t i v i ty .I t i s i n t h e b re e d in g s e a s o n th a t t he n e r v o u s e x
c i t a b ili t y o f th e fro g a t t ai n s s u c h a h e ig h t th a t s l i g h t i rr i t a t i o n

o f t h e s k in w i ll p ro d u c e a l m o s t t e t a n i c con v u l s i o n s ;
“
it i s e as y
t o p e rce i v e a n a l o g o us p h e n o m e n a, s o m e t i m es q u it e a s p r o
n o un c e d , i n t he h um an fe m a l e , a t t he a dv e n t o f p u b e r ty , at t h e

p e ri o d s o f o v u l a t io n , d u ring g e s t a t io n , an d e m in e n tly d urin g t he

L ab o ur, he o b s e r v e s , i s a s e rie s o f co n v u l s io n s ,
”
a c t o f lab o u r .
3 46 M AN A N D W O M AN .

an d d uring a l ab our pain “ the re s e m bl ance to e pi l e p s y is fo r the

, ,

mo me n t so c l os e th a t t he t wo co n d i t ions can h ardly b e d i s t in

,

g u i s h e d ”
. It is s carce l y n e ces s ary t o re fe r, fur th e r t o the anc ie n t ,
o b s e rv a t io n r ”
t
C o i us , b e v i l
s e p i e p s ia, an d m any p hy s ic ian s
h av e n o t e d th at coi t us m ay caus e e pi l e pt ic fits In s h o rt “ an .
,

e ne rg y wh i c h may b e com pare d w i t h i f n ot ide n t i cal i n n a t ure

,
wi th c o n v ul s ion i s an e s se n t ia l e l e me n t i n t he l e ad in g a c t s o f
,

t he g e ne ra t i v e func t ion The v e ry p e rio d ici ty o f t he s e x ual l ife

”
.

in wo m e n Barnes p oin t s o u t i n d i cat e s an accumul at i on o fn e rv e

, ,

forc e re ady t o us e wh e n t he p e ri o d i c occas ion ari se s o r t o b urs t ,

o u t t umult uo us ly Barn e s c l e arly re al i s e d the i nt im a t e a s so

.

c iat io n b e t wee n the con v u l s i v e pro c l i v ity o f wom e n an d th e ir

p roc l iv i ty t o e mo t i o n wh i c h t ake s a l arg e par t i n e v e ry act o r

,
“
p ro c e s s o f t he g e n e r a t i v e fu n c t i on In s h or t e mo t i o na l affe c t
.
,

a b i l i ty i s t he m eas ure of co n v u l s i v e l iab i l i ty r

” “
( R B a
. n e s The .
,

C on v u l s i v e D i s e ases of W o m e n ” B r i t M ed j ou n A pri l
, .
,

B l u s hi n g, w hi c h D a r w i n c all e d t he m os t h u m a n
o f all e xpres s i o ns , i s a v a so -m ot o r n er v e s t o r m o f

s p on t ane o u s and u n co n tro ll a bl e c h a r ac t e r Its mu c h .

g re at e r fr e qu e nc y i n w o m e n affo rd s e vid e n c e th a t
n ee d s n o i ns i s t e nce , o f t he g r e at e r affec t ability o f t he
v aso -mo t or s ys t em 1 P artrid ge fou nd th at i n th ose
.

c a se s i n whi c h he had d at a as t o a e , th e r e w as a
g
c hi e f m axi m u m be t we e n t he ag es o f fift e e n an d
e i g ht ee n ( m o r e e s pe c i ally at t he ea rli e r ag e ) , an d a

s e c o n d a ry m axi m u m at t we lve ; thi s co rre sp o n d s

c u ri o u s ly with t he m a xi m a fo r t he ap e a ra n ce o f
p
e p il e ps y , an d c l e a rly i n di cat e s t he i n ti m at e c o n
n ec t i o n o f bl u s hi ng w ith t he se x u al life .

O n e O f t he b ases o f t he affe c t ability o f wo m e n ,

an d t he c o n v u l s iv e t e n d e n c y , i s t o b e fou n d i n t h e

re fl e x e s TO say th at w o m e n are m o re affe c t abl e

.

th an m en , and m ore e m o ti o n al , m e an s i n p a rt t o
s ay th at r e fl e x ac ti o n i s m o r e d e v e l op e d th a n i n

1
The p hy si o l ogy and path o l ogy o f bl us h ing h av e been i n ve s t ig ate d
by D arwi n, E xpr essi on of tire E mot i ons , a nd D r H C a mpbe ll , I lu s/z
'

. .
v

i ng a nd M or bid B lur/ri ng U Sgo ) Ti lt found tha t fl ush es occu e d i n

. rr
2 4 4 wome n out of 5 00 . r
P a t ri dg e ( P edag og i ca l Semi n ary , A pri l 189 7 )
r
has ca e fu lly st ud ied the ph en o me na o f bl ush ing i n 12 0 cases (o f w h i c h
r
84 w e e fe mal es ) and of fl ushi ng i n 134 cases, o f wh ic h nea ly a ll we e r r
r
wo m e n , o r gi rl s who had eac he d the ag e o f ad ol esce nce B l us h i ng .

r
r e fe s t o t he o b ect i ve
j p h e no m e n a o f th is va s o-mo to r st orm and fl ush i n
, g
t o i ts s ubj ec ti ve ph e no me na .
3 48 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t we lv e ; it w o u ld be i nt e re sti n g t o k n ow if t he p l an t ar
a n d o th e r r e fl e x e s s h o w a s i m il a r d e vi ati o n at thi s

ag e I rr e sp e c tiv e o f ag e t he av e r ag e n u m b e r o f
.

w i n k s was 1 9 fo r a b o y a n d 3 4 fo r a g irl 1 Alli e d .

e vid e n c e o f t he c o n v u l s iv e t e n d e n c y i n w o m e n i s

fu rn i s h e d by t he fac ility w ith w hi c h th e y yi e ld t o

t ears an d l au g ht e r Te ar s are d e fi n e d by Sir B W . . .

R i c h a rd s o n 2 a s “ t he r es ult o f a n e rv ou s s t o r m i n t he
ce n tr al n e rv ou s s y s t e m u n d e r w hi c h th e r e i s s u c h a ,

c h a ng e i n t he v as c u l a r t e r m i n al s O f t he t e a r -se c r e ti n
g
g l a n d s th a t e x c r e ti o n O f wat e r fr o m t he g l an d s i s
p ro fu se ; he p o i n t s o u t th a t t e a r s ar e n o t p r o d u ce d
by p ai n e ve n w h e n am ou n ti n g t o ag o n y b u t occ u r ,

w h e n t he s y m path e ti c n e rvo u s s y s t e m i s m os t de
v e lo p e d an d m os t i m p r ess i o n a bl e an d t he g r e at ,

e m o t i o n s O f fe a r
g ri e f an d j o y m os t ac tive a n d th at
, , ,

h e n ce it i s th at w o m e n ar e m o re g iv e n t o t e ar s th an
m en A s r e g a rd s l au g ht e r D r L o u i s R o bi n s o n 3 has
.
, .

s u gg es t e d th at it ha s i t s b as i s i n t he r e fl e x
p he n o m e n a
O f ti c kli n g P o u ti ng a g a i n i s a c h a r ac t e ri s ti c a lly
.
, ,

c hildlik e m e th o d O f au t o m ati c r e s o n s e t o e xt e r n al
p
s ti m u li w hi c h i s ra r e ly see n i n i t s m o s t e m h ati c
p
fo r m i n a du lt s e x ce pt s o m e ti m e s d u ri n g i n s a n ity ; i n
'
,

a v e ry s li g ht bu t s till q u it e
p e r c e ptibl e fo r m it i s ,

h o w ev e r fairly c o mm o n i n w o m e n e s p ec i ally as t he
, ,

u n co n sc i o u s i n di c ati o n o f a n o ffe n d e d di n ity w hi c h

g
c a n n o t fi n d e x p r ess i o n i n wo rd s .

W o m e n s fac e s are m o re e x p r e ss iv e th an m e n s
’ ’
,

o r r ath e r it w ou ld b e b e tt e r t o s a
, , y th e y ar e m o r e ,

m o bil e ; th at i s t o s ay th at th e r e i s g r e a t e r n e u ro ,

m u sc u l ar affe c t ability I f w e wat c h t he fa ces o f t he

.

P art ri dg e , The C o nt ro l R e fl ex W i nk
1 “ ”
of the , A rm / ou r . P sy c/z , .

J an2 . 19 00 .

R i ch a rd so n , Art . Tears, P sych o l og y o f, Tuk e ’ s D i et .

f
o P sy ch

3
R obi ns o n , A rt Ti ck l i sh ness , Tuk e s D zcl o ’ '

.
f P sy clz M erl . . .

The P sych o l ogy of Ti ck l i ng ” has bee n s t ud i e d i n a v e y i n t ere s ti ng r

a nd s ugg es t i v e m a n ne r b y St an l e y H a ll and A r th u r A ll in A m
, ] ou r . .

P sy ch , O c t 18 9 7 . N ume ro us s t ud ie s o f l aught er h av e e ce n tly

. r
a
p pe ared , especi ally i n F ran ce .
 TH E A F F E C TAB IL I TY O F W O M E N .
3 49

m en an d wo m e n i n t he s tr ee t s O f L o n d o n , o r o f a n y
o th e r c r o w d e d c ity , w h e r e
p e o p l e thi n k th e m s e lve s
s h e lt e r e d by n u m b e r s fr o m i n q u i s itiv e O b se rv ati o n , it

w ill b e s e e n th at w hil e t he m e n m o r e u su a lly h a v e a

fix e d i m m o bi le e x p re ss i o n , t he wo m e n s faces ar e m o r e ’

u s u a lly i n ac t u al m o v e m e n t , t he m ou th s t w i s ti n
g an d
t he fo r e h e a d s w ri n kli n g , se e m i n g t o i n di c at e a n ea rly
s t ag e o f
p hy s i o l o g i cal di s tr e s s I t c an n o t s tri c tly
.

b e sa id th at t he wo m e n s faces ar e m o r e e x p r ess iv e ;
’

fo r if t he m e n s s t e r e o ty p e d feat u r e s m ay e x p r e ss a
’

m oo d th at i s p as t , t he fl u c t u ati n g a n d e v an esce n t
m u s c u l a r m o v e m e n t s o n t he w o m e n s fa c e s h av e n o t
’

y e t b eco m e co -o rdi n at e d i n t o t he e x p r e ss i o n O f a
d e fi n it e m oo d Th e y ar e fo r t he m os t p art t he p l ay
.

O f a n e u r O -m u s c u l a r m o bility s till s u b m e r g e d b e n e a th

t he l e v e l o f co n s c i o u s n e s s C hildr e n s face s are

’
.

e xtr e m e ly m o b il e . D r F r a n c i s W a r n e r , w ho h a s
.

e x am i ne d sc h oo l c hildr e n , fi n d s th at t he
s i g n s O f u n d u e n e rv o u s m o bility are m o r e c o m m o n
“
i n g irl s , a n d th a t d e fe c tive e x p r e s s i o n is m u c h
mo e a e
r r r ly m i h i irl 1
I n i n s a n ity w o m e n s
’
et w t n g s .

fac e s u s u a lly e x p r e ss i n a m u c h hi g h e r d e g r e e th an
,

m e n s t he a pp a r e n tly c o n s t a n t p r ese n ce O f i n t e n se
’

e m o ti o n al co n diti o n s The m o bilit y o f w o m e n s

’
.

fac e s i s d u e t o th e ir affe c t ability t o s ti m u li b o th fr o m

w ithi n a n d fr o m w ith o u t ; i n t he l a tt e r fo r m it i s
c l o s e ly r e l at e d t o s u g g es tibility , w hi c h i s i n d ee d b u t

o n e O f t he fo r m s o f w o m e n s affe c t a bility
’
A w o m an .

i n s ti n c tive ly r e s p o n d s m o r e e as ily th an a m a n t o
i n fl u e n ce s fr o m w ith o u t , e ve n i n s p it e O f h e r s e l f .

A y o u n g w om an , e s p ec i ally if he r n e rvo u s c o n tro l

i s a t all d e fec tiv e , i n v o l u n t a rily c h a n g e s wh e n a n
i n dividu al o f t he O p p os it e se x app r oac h e s ; h o w e v e r
i n diffe r e n t he m ay b e t o he r p e r so n a lly, she can n o t
r
F W arn e , R ep or t of a C onmzztt ee as t o A ver ag e D evelopmen t a nd
'

1
.

C on d i t i on of B r a i n F u n ct i on a mongr r
1888 ; M i l o y L e c t u res

o n P hysi ca l an d M e n t a l C o nd i t i o n o f Sch o o l C h ld e ,
’
’
i r n B r zl M e a . .

u r n al, 8 also a s ugg e s t i v e ar t i c l e b y t he sa me a u th or o n

j o 1 9 2 ;
r ”
Ex p essi o n , F ac i al , i n D zel of P sy ch fli ed
’

. . .
35 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

p r e ve n t t he i n s ti n c tive r e s p o n s e o f he r v aso mo t o r
a nd m u sc u l a r sy s t e m , an d b e co m es at o nce s h er
y
and m o r e alive A g ai n , a m an s ri g id fac i al e x p re s
’
.

s i o n d oes no t r es p o n d as a wo m an s do e s t o t he faces
’

it e ncou nt e rs I h ave n o ti ce d t he h ag ga rd face o f a

.

y ou ng wom an w h ose c hild had j u s t di e d bre ak out

m om ent arily i n t o a p l easan t au t o m ati c s m il e in
response t o t he s m il e o f an ac q u ai n t an ce ; thi s
cou ld scarce ly h a ve h app e n e d t o a m an A l arg e .

“
p o rti o n o f t he t ac t o f w o m e n has t he sam e
”

b as i s Thi s affec t ability has O ft e n b ee n bro ug ht as

.

a r e proac h ag a i n s t w o m e n e ve n by th e ir o wn se x
, ,

b u t w e m u s t r e m e m b e r th at t o a l arg e e xt e n t it i s
p hy s i o l ogi ca l .

The affe c t ability o f t he i nv o l u n t ary m u sc u l ar

s y st e m i s s h ow n i n w ay s th a t ar e n ot eas ily O p e n t o
i n s pe c ti on o r w hi c h ar e n o t O bvi o u s
, The p u p il O f .

t he e ye dil at e s i n v o l u n t a rily t o all so rt s o f s li g ht

s ti mu li .N o t o n ly i s it affe c t e d by li g ht as w e ll as
i n asso c i ati o n w ith a cco m m o d ati o n a nd co nve r g e n ce
o f t he vi su al ax e s b u t t he irrit ati o n o f al m os t any
,

cu t aneou s n e rv e as by p i n c hi ng o r p ri c ki ng t he n ec k
, ,

ar m o r le g a nd t he s ti m u l ati o n O f s o m e o f t he n e rv e s
, ,

o f s pe c i al s e n se s u c h as by a l o u d n o i se a n d v ari ou s
, ,

e m oti o n al co n diti o n s all p ro d u c e dil at ati o n o f t he

,

e y es . Thi s re su lt ac co rdi ng t o M oe li and o th e r s i s

, ,

m u c h m o r e co ns t a n t i n wom e n an d c hildr e n th an i n
m en . The bl add e r alth ou g h i t s affe c t ability t o fai n t
,

s ti m u li i s n ot e as ily d e m o n s tr a t e d i s as M OSSO , ,

an d P e llac an i h av e s h o wn an e ve n m o re d e li cat e
,

mst hesio m e te r th an t he iris an d i s p ro b ably t he m os t

,

de li cat e i n t he b o dy M O SSO an d P e llacan i fou n d th at

.

co n trac ti on o f t he bl a dd e r fo ll o w s dir ec tly o n t he

s light es t s tim u l ati o n o f a n y se n so ry n e rv e an d a l so ,

th at all t he v aryi ng c on diti o n s o f t he o rgani sm whi c h

ra is e t he bl ood -pr e ssu re a n d e x c it e t he r e sp irat ory
c e n tr es pr o d u ce an i m m e di a t e a n d m e as u r abl e e ffec t
u p o n t he bl add e r Th e se i n ve s ti gat or s fou nd by
.

e xp e ri m e nt s u p o n se v e r al y ou ng wo m e n th at w h e n ,
35 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

F ri g ht i s an m o ti o n i n w hi c h t he p h e n o m e n a I
e

h av e b ee n s pe aki n g O f p l ay a co n s p i c u o u s p a rt , a n d
fri g ht i s an e m o ti o n w hi c h i s s e e n i n w o m e n far m o r e
th an m e n . A m o n g t he l ow e r so c i al r an k s m o re
es p ec i a lly it i s n o t e w o rthy h o w t he w o m e n w ill s t a r t

a n d call o u t i n t he p r e se n c e o f a ny u n e x p e c t e d

p h e n o m e n o n , alth ou g h m e n O f t he s am e c l ass a r e
q u it e u n m o v e d So m e P r u s s i an s t ati sti c s o f s u i c ide
.

“
a m on g sc h oo l c hildre n s h o w th at w hil e fe a r o f
”
p u ni s hm e n t c au se d 19
p e r c e n t O f t he s u i c id es
.

am o n
g t he b o y s , it w a s r es p o n s ibl e fo r 49 p er c e n t .

a m o n g t he g irl s . Thi s c h arac t e ri s ti c has p r o b ably

b ee n fos t e re d by b o th m e n an d wo m e n , s i n c e it l e a d s
t o di sp l ay s O f s tr e n g th a n d p r o t e c ti o n o n t he p a rt o f
t he m a n t o wa rd s t he w o m a n w hi c h a re e q u ally g rati
fy i ng t o b o th p a r t i e s F ri g ht rs a fr e q u e n t o r rg rn O f
.

n e rv o u s di sease i n c hildr e n a n d m w o m e n , b u t r a re ly
in m e n . I n t he c au sati o n o f e p il e p s y , acco rdi n g t o
G o w e r s, it i s e q u a lly e ffe c tiv e 111 e ac h se x d u ri n g
c hildh oo d ; at p u b e rty it i s m o s t e ffe c tiv e i n
g irl s ;
aft e r t w e n ty it i s s e ld o m tr acea bl e i n m e n , b u t i s s t ill

a r e l ativ e ly fr e q u e n t c au se i n wo m e n C h o r e a, a g a i n ,
.

o r St V it u s s d an ce , i s a di s e ase w hi c h i s fr e q u e n tly
’
.

c a u s e d by fri g ht (i n 2 7 p e r ce n t c a se s , ac co rdi n g t o
.

t he C o ll ec tive I n v e s ti g a ti o n C o m m itt e e o f t he B riti s h

M e di cal A ssoc i ati o n ) , a n d s i m u l at e s t he d e fe c tive
m usc u l a r co n tr o l and i n c o -o rdi n a ti o n o f fri g ht ; it
i s so m e ti m e s c a u se d by i m it ati o n , a n d i s alt o g e t h e r
a di s o rd e r t o w hi c h fe m a l e s ar e
p r e di s po s e d . O n t he
w h o l e , ab o u t thr e e fe m a l e s ar e affec t e d for o n e m al e ;
t he p r e p on d e r an c e o f g irl s , as w e s h o u ld e x pe c t , i s
l e as t m a rk e d i n c hildh o o d , aft e r s ixt ee n , w h e n t he
di se as e fall s m ark e dly rn fre q u e n c y , it i s r are ly see n
i n b oy s , a n d b e t w e e n t he a g e s o f t w e n ty an d thi r ty it
i s p r ac ti cally c o n fi ne d t o w o m e n I t m ay b e a dd e d
.

th at all n e rv ou s di sease s are i n w o m e n l arg e ly du e t o

e m o ti o n a l cau s e s . H a m m o n d i s i n c li n e d t o thi n k
th at m o r al an d e m o ti o n al i n san ity w ith o u t m ark e d
i n t e ll e c t ual ab e rr ati o n rs m o r e co m m o n i n g irl s th a n
 TH E AF F E C TAB I L I TY O F W O M E N .
353

in b o ys 1 P it res fo u n d th at e m oti on is i nfl ue nti al i n

.

c au s i n g n e rv ou s di s e as e i n 5 4 w o m e n o u t o f 6
9 bu t ,

i n o n ly 8 m e n o u t O f I t i s du e t o th e i r su gg es t
i b i lity th at w o m e n a r e m o r e li a bl e th an m e n t o be
af fe c t e d by co mm u n i c at e d i n s an ity or foli e a deux 3 .

I t i s o wi n g t o t he g r e a t su g g es tibility o f wo me n
th at nea rly e ve ryw h e re hys te ri cal m anifes t atio ns i n
w om e n h ave fro m ti m e t o ti m e t e n d e d t o t ak e o n an
i m it ative c h a rac t e r so th a t t he wom e n th u s affect ed
,

h ave s i m u l at e d t he ac ti o n s an d esp e c i ally t he c ri e s Of

v ari ou s an i m al s— dog s cat s s h ee p do ves e tc The , , , , .

pre val en ce of su c h m an ife st ati o n s o f vocal hyst e ri a i n

w om e n has b e e n n o t e d for t w o th o usan d year s 4 .

O b sess i o ns whi c h as w e h ave s ee n ar e m u c h m o r e

, ,

fre qu e n t i n w o m e n are a s p e c i al fo r m o f m o rbid

,

e m o tivity and are m os t u s u ally c au se d o n a p r e di s

, ,

p ose d m e nt al s oil , by s tr on g m o r al e m oti ons re li g i ous ,

o r se x u al pr eoc c u p ati o n s t e rro r or ev en h o rribl e , ,

dr eam s ; P itr e s an d R é g i s fou n d th at it is at pu b e rty ,

b e t ween I I an d 15 y ea r s o f ag e th at o b se ss i on s m os t ,

u su ally b e gi n t o t a k e r o o t i n t he m i n d and th at it i s ,

b e twe en 2 6 an d 3 0 (al s o a so m e w h at c riti cal age i n

wo m en) th at th e y m os t u su ally de v e l op It is t he .

sam e s u gg es tibility th a t c au se s w o m e n t o b e l es s
s u bj e c t t o no s t al g i a or h o m e -s i c k n e s s
, th an men , ,

an d m o re ad ap t a bl e t o c h ang es o f h a bit and new

i m press i on s 5 In a s i m il ar m ann e r as i s fre que ntly
.
,

see n t he wife o f t he
,
s e lf-m a d e m a n i s O ft e n m u c h
be tt er a ble th an her h u s b an d t o ad ap t h e rse lf t o t he
'

m an ne rs and c u s t o m s o f t he n e w c irc l es i n whi c h s he

m ove s .

So m e r ece n t e x p e r i m e n t a l r es u lt s i n p s y c h ol og y

1
H ammond , I nsan i ty p 9 6 , . .

2
L ocans cli n i qu es s u r e tc , t i p 3 6 . . . . .

x
H ack Tuk e , A rt C o mmu n i ca te d I n sani ty , D i et P sy c/i M ed
. . . .

F H oussay ,
.
“
I mi ta t io n H ys t e que
r i d es c s d A ni mau x ,
i
’ ’ ”
R ev r .

lV/e n s
. a
’
e l
’
Ec . 18 9 8 , p 2 09 W e are h e e b ought near to
. . r r
r
manifes tati ons mo e or l ess i d e nt i cal wi th th os e hy pnot ic ph e nome na we
e ncou nt ere d i n C h ap XI I . .

W id al , A rt N os tal g , es Sci M ed
’
1
’
. i e D i et e n cy a . . . .
 354 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n di c at e th at t he affe ct abili ty o f w o m e n s h o ws it se lf
e v e n i n co m ar ativ e ly u n e m o ti o n al d e p a rt m e n t s , an d
p
x e rc i ses a di s t u rbi ng i nfl u e n ce o n th e ir se n se -j u dg
e

ments Thu s G ilb e rt fou n d th at i n e x p e ri m e n t s

.
,

de vi s e d t o s h ow t he i n fl u e n ce o f s iz e i n affec ti ng
j u d g m e nt s as t o w e i g ht am o n g 2 000 sc h oo l c hildre n
,

be t wee n t he ag es o f s ix an d s e ve n t ee n e x cep t at t he ,

ag e o f n i n e w h e n b o th se x es are e q u a l g irl s are ,

thr ou g h ou t m o re s u gg es tibl e th an b o ys t o t he dece p

tiv e i n fl u e n ce o f s ize g irl s be i ng m os t i n fe ri o r t o bo ys
,

d u ri n g t he l as t thr ee y e ar s 1 Tri p l e tt fou n d a l s o th at

.

6 0 p e r ce n t g irl s an d o nly 4 0 p er ce n t b o y s we r e de
.
,
.
,

ce ive d by t he p re t e n ce o f thr o wi n g a b all i n t o t he ai r

2
.

”
I r a sc ibility irrit a bility i n t he m o r e h o m e ly
se ns e o f t he w o rd— i s a fo r m o f affec t a bility w hi c h

h as i n all ag e s an d p e rh ap s q u it e l e g iti m at e ly b ee n
, ,

a ttrib u t e d t o w o m e n A s T e r e n ce s a id
3
.

r
M uli e r e s s un t fe m e, u t pue ri, l e v i s e n t e n t ia ;
r
F ort a ss e un u m aq uo d v e b um h a nc m t e e as r 1ra m co n c rver it .

I n i t s m o s t e xtre m e fo r m thi s t e nd e n c y s h o w s its e lf

i n r ec kl e s s a n d u nco n tr o ll a bl e o u tbu r s t s o f pu r p o s e
l e ss d es tr uc ti o n Thi s m ay be s t b e s t u di e d , alth o u g h
'

n o t e x c l u s iv e ly , i n t he p ri so n an d t he l u n ati c a s yl u m .

”
I n p ri so n s s p as m o di c
- bre aki n g s ou t o f w ild

des truc tive vi o l e nce ar e i n E n g l an d u su ally r eg a rd e d

as p ec u li ar t o t he w o m a n s s id e
’
4
.

The g reat e r O b str ep e ro us n ess o f t he fe m al e p ati e n t s

i n l u n a ti c asyl u m s i s w e ll re co g n i se d ; a s D r C l o u s t o n .

“
r e m a rk s , th e re i s t e n ti m es as m u c h n o i se i n t he
” 5
fe m al e w a rd s a s th e re i s i n t he m al e w ards ; and , as
Stu di es Ya le P sy cholog i ca l L a bor a t ory , vol 2 , 189 4 , p 6 1
1
. . .

2
A m f ou r P sy ch , J uly 19 00, p 111
. . I t sh o uld b e add ed th at
. .

D r ess lar (A m f ou r P sy ch , j une 189 4 ) t es t i ng i ll usio ns o f weig ht d ue

. .

r
t o si ze , amo n g a s m all g ou p o f c h i ld re n , fo u nd the boy s more sugg es t
i bl e ; he al so fo u nd th at the most i nte ll i g e nt ch i ld re n we re th e m o s t
su gg e s t ibl e .

3
rr
Se e , fo r ex ampl e , L o mbroso and F e e ro , L a D on n a D eli n on en te,
PP‘ 14 7 14 8
-
1
See , fo r e x am pl e , H Ellrs , The C r znzzn a l, p p 14 2 -15 2
. . .

j ou r na l of M enta l Sci ence, A pri l 189 3, p 3 14

5
. .
356 M AN A N D W O M AN .

t i on re g ard ing t he affec t ab il i ty o f wo me n g ene rally— wh ic h

i n i n s ani ty i s s e e n i n i t s m os t un re s t rai n e d form — th a t I v e n
t ure t o q uot e fro m i t a t s o m e l e n g th m ore e s pe cially as i t ,

i s p u bl i s h e d i n a s o me wh a t i nacce s s i bl e m an n e r A ft e r re m ark .

i n g th at wo m e n a re l e s s w ill i ng t o work i n as yl u m s th an m e n ,

i v e in fi n i t e l y m ore t ro ubl e th an m e n a n d cause

“
a nd th a t th e y
g
m uc h m ore an x i e ty ” ( a lth o ug h at t he s am e t im e i t m us t b e
, ,

re m e m b e re d in san i ty is m uc h l e s s s e rious in wo m en as t he y
, ,

far m o re fre q u e n tly re co v e r th an m e n ) he co n t in ue s : ,

The
n u mb e r o f w o m e n in an a s yl u m wh o r e q u ire e xt ra s upe rv i s io n
a n d c o n s e q u e n t d e p ri v a t i o n o f l i b e r ty far e x c e e d s th a t o f t he

me n . It i s o n ly e pi l e p s y and d ri nk th a t re d uce m e n t o t he
s am e c o n d i t i o n a s w o m e n . D e s t ru c t i v e n e s s i s a v e ry
d an g e ro u s an d t ro ubl e s o m e s ym p t om an d it m u s t b e s ai d th at
,

i t pre v ai l s t o a far g rea t e r e xt e n t amo n g wo m e n th an a mo n g

men . A l o o k at t he a iri n g -g ro un d s o f a n as yl um i s a s g o o d
a t e s t o f th i s s t a t e m e n t a s ca n b e g o t O n t h e m a l e s i d e t he
.

d am ag e d one i s co m parat iv e ly t rifl i ng b ut o n the fe mal e s id e,

t he g ard e n e r i s d ri v e n t o d e s pa ir fo r b rok e n t re es
,
t orn-up ,

fl o we rs an d t ro dd e n -d o wn p l an t s p roc l aim the pre se n ce i n i t s

,

e x a g g e ra t e d a n d i n s an e form o f t he s p i ri t th a t an i m at e d t he
o c c u p ie rs . In the matt e r o f c l o th e s t o o t he fe m al e p a t ie n t s
, ,

ar e m ore d e s t r uc t i v e th an t he m e n . I h av e b e e n u p t o n o w
Sp e aki n g m ore o f a im l es s d e s t ruc t io n b u t w h e n w e co me t o ,

purp o s e d d e s t ruc t i o n the wo m e n h a v e m uc h t he m ore u n fav o ur

abl e a cco un t . l mp ul si v e n e s s s h ows i t s e l f i n g l as s -s m as h ing o r
c ro c k e ry -b re ak i n g p ro b a bly b e c a u s e th e se ar e t h e re ad i e s t way s
,

i n wh i c h th e y c an v e n t th e i r s up e rab und an t e n e rg y ; and th o ug h

m e n wi l l at t i m e s d o th i s th e y n e v e r appro ac h t he o th e r s e x in
,

th e ir a tt e m p t s in th is d ire c t io n It would s e e m as if b rain-ac t ion

.

i n wo m e n i s q ui c ke r th an i n m e n an d th at th e i r p ro v e rbi al
,

rapid i ty in forming a con cl us ion i s p artly d ue to th e ir n a t ural

e x c i t ab i l i ty o r p ro n e n e s s fo r d i s c h arg e an d p ar tly al s o t o t he
,

n a t ural ed ucat io n of l ife Tak in g g o v e rn e s s e s fo r e x am pl e

”
.
, ,

D r Sh aw fi n d s th a t th o s e who had th e ms e lv e s re ce i v e d o n ly an
.

o r d i nar y “
l a d i e s s c h oo l ”
e d ucat i o n wi th t he m e re ly s upe rfi c ial
,

e m o t i o n a l t rai n i n g w h i ch i s us ua l ar e t ro ubl e so m e d e s t ruc t i v e

, , ,

un co n t ro ll a bl e pat i e n t s ; th o se who h ad b e e n t rain e d a b zm tzo to

”

b e h ig h c l as s g o v e rn e ss e s i n a t h o ro u g h g o in g m e th o d i cal way
,

( l ik e man y G erm an g o v e rn e s s e s ) th o u g h ori g inally th e y m ay

,

h av e b e e n o f ard e n t t e m pe ram e n t ar e abl e to s o me e xt e n t to

,

co n t ro l th e i r e m o t io n al e ffe rv e s ce n ce e v e n wh e n i n san e F ro m
“
.

m y e x pe rie n ce the G e rmans and t he Sco t c h form t he q ui e t e s t

a n d m o s t reas o n abl e p at i e n t s ; th e Iri s h a re as a r ul e v e r y n o is y , ,

an d e x c i t abl e : b ut fo r d o wn rig h t v in d i c t i v e ne s s an d unre as on i n g

a wk ward n e s s I h a v e n e v e r m e t t h e e q ual s o f th e wo m e n who
co m e fro m t he pari s h e s o f t he E as t o f L o n d o n To many .

p e o pl e th e m o s t s t rik in g d i ffe ren ce b e t we e n the s e x e s in asyl um s

 TH E AF F E C TA B I L I TY O F W OM EN .
357

i s i n t he l ang uag e , and h e re t he wo m e n h o l d t h e p a l m for

v o l ub il i ty , ab us e , an d fo ul m outhe d n e s s Th e re i s n o diffe 1e n c e
.

1n th i s re s e c t b e t we en t h e b are fac e d v i 1a o fro m t he l o we s t

p g
p a1t s o f t he t o wn and t he fas h i o n abl e wo m an fro m the b e s t
q uar t e r
. C e rt ai n i t i s th at n o is e , fil th y co n d uc t , and s e x ua l
d e prav i ty , b o t h by s pe e c h an d ac t, are m uc h more c o m m on o n
t he fe m a l e th an o n t h e m a l e s i d e o f an a s yl um . I n o m o re
e x p e c t t o fi n d q uie t an d u n o bt rus i v e m an ia a m o n g wo m e n th an
I s h o u ld h o p e t o s ee N i ag ara wi th o u t h e ari n g t he ro ar o f
it In a ll for m s o f ac u t e in san i ty t he s e x ual e l e m e n t 15 m o re
p ro ni ixie n t ly s h o wn in wo m e n t h a n i n me n a fac t n o t t o b e
.

—
wo n d e re d a t , c o n s i d e ri n g t he i m pm t a nt p ar t t he p hy s io l o g y o f
t he r e p 1o d uc t i ve O i g a n s p l a y s i n t h e l i fe o f t h e wo m an , c a us in g
he r wh o l e l ife t o b e i n s t in c t i v e ly bl e n d e d wi th i d e as m o re o r l e s s
t race abl e to the re arin g o f O ffs prin g ” The c om p ara t iv e fre
.

q ue nc y wi th wh i c h , as w e h av e s e e n ( p p 3 13 . s e x ual
e x c i t e m e n t o cc u rs i n wo me n un d e r th e i n fl u e n ce o f a n aes th e t ic s
i s an o th e r p roo f o f t he pre d o m ina n t se x ual i ty o f wo m e n . Dr
.

Sh aw p o i n t s o u t fi n a lly h o w t he n a t ura l i mpul s iv e n e s s an d

a f e c t ab i l i ty o f w om e n are i n c re as e d by h e r t rain i n g i n l i fe :
“
W om e n i n ac u t e s t at e s o f in s an i ty ar e ab us iv e , i nd is cri m in at e ly
v io l e n t , im p ul s iv e , o b s ce ne , and way ward o u t O f all prop ort i on t o
w h a t m e n ar e, b e ca us e th e y a r e fulfil l in g t he co n d i t i o n th a t h as
b e e n a ll o we d t o t h e m i n ord inary c irc u m s t an c e s M e n h a v e
.

re ce iv e d th e ir ab u s e wi th l e v i ty , an d th e y th in k th at th e y will
s t i ll d o s o . W h e n i n th e ir s an e ra g e th e y h a v e b rok e n t h e
fu rn i t u re o r use d fo ul l an g ua g e a n d h av e b e e n o n ly l a ug h e d at ,
i s i t n o t n a t ura l th a t th e y s h o u ld th in k th a t t he s a m e i mm un i ty
fro m p u n i s h me n t wi ll a tt e n d th e m i n o th e r c irc um s t a n ce s ?
W h e n th e y h av e p ou t e cl a nd s u lk e d u n t il th e ir w is h h as b e e n
g ra t ifi e d , i s i t n o t n at ura l th a t th e y s h o u ld d o t he s am e wh e n
t h ro ug h d is e a s e p l ace d am o n g s t ran g e rs ? W o m e n h av e b e e n
t re at e d in t he s am e way as an i m al s — th e y h av e b e e n pe tt e d o r
c u ffe d ac c o r d i ng t o t h e fan c y o f t he m o me n t ; an d b e c au s e m e n

h av e fou n d i t e as ie r to le t t h e m t alk th an t o arg ue w i th o r c o n

t r ad i c t t h e m, th e y ( wo m e n ) fan c y th a t th e i r s ure s t w ay o f s uc c e s s
i s by k e e p ing th e m s e lv e s c o n s t an tly on by n e v e r t ak in g
"
for an an s w e r, a n d , in s h o r t , by n e v e r c e as in g t o
"
ye s o r no
wo rry u n t i l th e y h a v e g a in e d th e ir e nd s B ut all t he s a m e ,
’
.

e v e n w h e n i n s a n e , wo m e n h a v e c h arm fo r t h o s e wh ose d u ty i t
i s t o care fo r th e m , a n d D 1 Sh aw co n c l ud e s by s a y in g th a t i n
.

i ns an i ty , as we l l as in o r d i nary l ,
“
ife d a s e wig -we i bl i c h e zie h t
”
u n s h i na n .

I n th is co nne c t ion m e n t i o n m a y b e m ad e o f t he e x t rav ag an t

e x a lt a t io n o f o b s c e n i ty an d c rue lty , far s urp as s i n g th a t o f m e n ,
t o w h i c h wo m e n h av e b ee n ca 11ie d i n t i m e s o f p o pu l ar e p id e m i c s
o f p as s io n an d e x c i t e m e n t ; th is h as b e e n p o in t e d o u t by D i d e ro t ,

D e s pine , a n d o th e rs ( s e e, for i ns t anc e , L o mb roso and F e r1e 10

358 M AN AN D W O M AN .

L a D on na D elzn qn ente, p
'

an d o l a h a s g i.v e n a n a t i s t ’
s Z r
r
p ic t u e o f i t i n Ger m zna l Th e e i s p hy s i o l o g i ca l g o un d fo r t he
'

. r r
sa y in g th a t e v e y wo man ca r rr
ie s a s l um b e in g fi etr olen s e in h e r r
r
b o som L o m b os o has p oi n t e d ou t th at wh il e wome n g e n e ally
. r
r r r
t ake a v e y s m all pa t in e v o l ut i on s, th e y t ake a l a g e p a t i n r r
r e vol ts . I m ay m e n t i o n a ty p i cal i n s t an c e , w h ic h o c c u e d wh e n rr
r r
I was i n Ba ce l o n a d u ing t he e v o l t o f t he wo k e s in 19 0 1, an d r r r
r
e x c i t e d g e n e a l co mm e n t A y oung C a t al an wo man o f t he
.

r
pe o pl e p l ac e d h e s e l f at t he h e ad o f a l a g e b o dy o f s t i k e s , r r r
m o s tly m e n , a n d d i s pl ay e d i mm e ns e e ne g y in o g an i s ing and r r
l e ad ing th e m N o b o dy k ne w who sh e was , an d wh e n m a t ial
. r
r
law w as p o c l a im e d in the c i ty an d t h e r e v o lt s ub s i d e d , s he
r r
s i l e n t ly r r
e t i e d i n t o t he O b s c u i ty f o m wh ic h for a m om e n t s he .

r
h ad e m e g e d .

The e vid e n c e I h ave br ou g ht t og e th e r i n thi s

c h ap t e r w ill h e l p t o m a k e c l e a r t he s t at e m e n t m a de
”
i n t he c h ap t e r o n The Se n se s th at a q u i c k r e s p o n se ,

o f t he v aso -m o t o r an d m u sc u l a r o rg an i s m t o s ti mu li ,

fr o m withi n o r fr o m W ith ou t has n o co nne c ti on w h at ,

e v e r W ith d e li c a c y a n d p re c i s i o n O f r e s po n se i n t he

se n se -o rg an s I t r e m a i n s t o p o i nt o u t th at t he re su lt s
.

h e re reac h e d are i n h ar m o n y w ith th ose we h ave

r e ac h e d w h e n co n s ide ri n g o th e r g ro u p s o fp h e no m e n a .

I n co n s id e ri n g M o ti o n I re fe rr e d t o t he i n t e r es t
i n g e x p e ri m e n t s o f R i c c ardi s h o w i n g ho w w o m e n , ,

i n m a ki n g m u s c u l a r e x e rti o n w ith t he dy n a m o m e t e r ,

t e n d t o r e ac h th e ir m axi m u m p ow e r at t he firs t e ffo rt ,

w hil e m e n m o r e O ft e n o n ly a t t a i n th e ir m a xi m u m
p o w e r a t t he s e co n d o r third e ffo rt 1
The fac t t h u s .

c l e a rly br o u g ht ou t has a di s ti n c t b e a ri n g o n t he

affe c t a bility o f wo m e n A s F é ré e x p r es s e s it wo m e n
.
,

e xhibit a c o n g e n it a l e xh au s tibility an d as am o ng , ,

c hildre n sav ag e s an d n e rv o u s s u bj e c t s th e ir m o ti o n s
, , ,

a n d th e ir e m o ti o n s ar e c h a rac t e ri s e d by a br e vity a n d

vi o l e n c e w hi c h ap pr oac h t o r e fl e x a c ti o n 2 To s o m e .

e xt e n t affe c t a bili t y i s s i m ly a t e n d e n c y t o fati g u e

p ,
.

I t m ay b e adde d th a t R iccard i has be e n co nfi r me d b y W i ss l e r i n

N e w Y o r k ( P sy clt l i ezz [li on og r ap/t s, v o l iii N o I ) ; \Vi ss le r fo und
’
. . . . .

th a t 80 pe r c e n t wo m e n re ach th e i r max imu m s t e ngth wi th the dyna

. r
m o m e t e r at the fi r s t e ffo r t , b u t o nly 6 1 pe r ce n t m e n . .

2
F ér é , P at holog r e a es E mot i on s , 18 9 2 , pp 39 8 , 4 80
’
'

Dr Ma y . . . r
j acobi mak es a si mi l ar s t at eme nt , Questi on of R est , e tc p 2 04 . . .
 3 60 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c ou ld no t co m p e e t w ith
m e n i n w o rk l e adi ng t o
se v e r ean d
p ro l o n g e d fati g u e ; i n w alki ng a n’ d r u n n i ng
a wom an w as as
g oo d a s a m an fo r o n e day s j o u r n e y ,
b u t n ot fo r l o ng e r di s t an ces The s a m e c h a rac t e ri s ti c .

m ark s s av ages as co m p a re d w ith E u ro p ean s ; th u s

t he R ev W G r e y , w ho i s hi m se lf a cc u s t o m e d t o
. .

m anu a l l ab o u r , w rit e s o f t he n ativ es o f T an n a '

“
I n s t eady p i c k a n d s h o v e l w o rk t he n a tiv es co u ld
do m o r e th an I co u ld t he fir s t d ay W e w e re abou t .

e q u a l t he s e c o n d d a O n t he third day th e y fe ll
y .

” 1
far b e hi n d m e .

I t m ay see m th a t thi s c h a r ac t e ri s ti c o f w o m e n s
’

n e u r O -m u s c u l a r e n e r y i s a n u n m iti at e d di s a dv an t a e ,
g g g
b u t thi s i s by n o m ea n s t he c a s e N o t o n ly i s it .

ass o c i at e d w ith t he
g re at e r r eadi n e ss o f w om e n , b u t
it i s an e xtr e m e ly v al u abl e safe gu a rd M e n ar e abl e .

t o u n d e rg o far m o r e p r o l o ng e d an d i n t e n se e x e rti o n
th an wom e n , b ut th e y p u r c h ase thi s c ap acity at a
p ri ce ; t he r e su lti n g co ll a ps e , W h e n it co m e s , i s m o r e
e xtr e m e an d m o r e di ffi c u lt t o r ecov e r fr o m W om en .

yi e ld t o t he fir s t s tra i n , b u t fo r th a t v e ry r e aso n th e y
q u i c kly re co ve r E ne rge ti c wo m e n , w ho are a bl e t o
.

di s r eg ard p hys i o l o g i c al w a r n i ng s n at u rally s uffe r ,

fro m m 01e s eri ou s co ll ap se as m e n w ou ld A s a ,

.

r u l e th e ir affe c t a bility p r o t ec t s w o m e n fro m t he

,

se ri ou s e x c esse s O f w o rk o r o f
p l ay t o w hi c h m e n
are li a bl e The fr e q u e n c y a n d c o m p a r ative trivi ality
.

o f n e rvo u s di s o rd e rs i n w o m e n th e ir m u c h g re at e r ,

s e ri ou s ne ss a n d fa t a lity i n m e n l a rg e ly fi n ds i t s ,

e x p l a n ati o n h e r e Th a t wo m e n a re m o re o ft e n
.

att ac k e d by m os t zy m o ti c di s e a s e s th an m e n bu t ,

m o r e ra r e ly die fr o m th e m s ee m s t o b e a fac t ,

be l o n g i n g t o t he s am e g r ou p .

The n e u r o -m us c u l a r e xh au s tibility o f w o m e n is n o
d ou bt i n s o m e m e as u r e du e t o t he fac t— W hi c h w e
e n co u n t e r e d w h e n c o n s id e ri n M e t ab o li s m — th at
g
t he bl oo d O f w o m e n i s m o r e w at e ry th a n th at O f m e n ;
i ii Wom e n at a ll e v e n t s a s w o m e n e xi s t t o d ay a
, ,
1
j ou r . A nt /z I n st
. .
, A ug . and Nov . 189 8 , p . 12 8 .
 TH E A F F E C TABI L ITY O F W O M E N .
361

ce rt a i n s li g ht d e g ree of an ae m i a m ay be reg ard e d as

p hy s i o l o g i c a l 1
B u t a n aem i a i n c r e ase s affe c t a bility ; i n
.

a n an z e m i c wo m an a v e ry s li ht s ti m u l u s or e x e rti o n
g
p r o d u ce s t oo s tr o n g a r eac ti o n ; t o liv e h e althily s he
m u s t live a t a v e ry lo w a n d s l o w r at e O f t e n s i o n .

As D r F o x w e ll , p o i n t i n g o ut ho w d an g e o us s ud d e n t an s i
. r r
t or y t o il i s fo r t he anae mic , e m a ks C o n t i n uo us t o il , r r
m e n t a l o r p h y s i ca l , i s a n i m p o s s i b i l i ty t o t he a nae m i c p a t ie n t .

B ut a n ae m i c p eo p l e who a re u p and a b o u t and t y i n g t o d o r

r r r
th e i wo k i n the wo l d, h a v e a c e t ain s t an d a d o f s pe e d r r
r
a n d p e s i s t e n ce s e t th e m by t h e h e al th y
p e o p l e th e y s e e a o un d r
r
t h e m Th is s t and a d th e y t y t o a tt ain ; th e y th e e fo e s t a t
. r r r r
of r
f w i t h t he v ig o u O f a h e alth y pe s o n , b u t th e i fe e bl e m us c l e r r
r
o r n e v e c e ll s s o o n p u ll th e m u p a n d t h e y h a v e t o e s t , s t a t i n g r r
of f ag a in i n a fe w m i nu t e s wi th m o e th an n o ma l v i g o u , t o r r r
ma k e u p fo r l o s t t i m e , b ut o n ly t h e s oo n e t o b e e a e s t e d by r r rr
r
h e l p l e s s d e b i l it y Th e i wo k i s th e e fo e d one in j e ks , the
. r r r r
r r
t o il d u ing the j e k b e ing far b e y on d th e i s t e ng th Th e y r r .

r
m ig h t p e h aps d o j us t as m uc h i n t he agg e g a t e wi t h o u t i nj u y r r
t o th e m s e lv e s i f th e y wo k e d f o m b e g inn in g t o e n d a t a r r
s t ea dy , s lo w r
a t e c o mm e n s u a t e wi t h th e i r
s t e n g th ; b ut t h e r r
r
fo ce s o f i m i t a t io n a n d e m u l a t i o n ar e to o s t o n g fo r th e m, an d r
r
th e y p e s is t in e xh ib i t ions of n o ma l e n e g y wi th su b n o m a l r r r
b o d ie s B ut e v e n had th e y p e fe c t con t o l o f th e m s e l v e s , ho w
. r r
c a n th e y a v o i d s u dd e n e ffo t s o f h i g h p e s s u e ?
‘ r Th e anae m ic r r
r
s c h o o l -g i l s t an d i n g u p i n c l as s has t o co n ce n t a t e h e r b a i n r r
r r
po we t o an s we wi th co s tl y s p ee d t h e q ue s t io n a pi dly pa s s e d r
r
d o wn f o m o n e t o a n o th e , o r has t o wo k s um s fo r m a k s r r r
ag a in s t t im e The h o u s e -m a id i s b o un d t o r u n up s t a i s q uic k l y
.
_
r
t o an s we r r
h e r m i s t e s s s he ll, t o ca y t ay s ful l o f fo o d ,
’
rr r
a nd s c u t tl e s fu ll O f c o a l Th i s q u i c k n e s s o f an s we , th e s e t ay s
. r r
an d s c u ttl e s h av e b e e n fo m e d fo r h e a lth y p e s o n s ; t o th e m r r
th e y wo uld ac t b u t as a s t u dy d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t im u l us , b u t to r
t he an ae m i c th e y b e co m e a b e a th l e s s an d e xh a u s t in g l a b o u r r .

If an ee m ics h e l d s wa y o v e t o i l th e e woul d b e no q u i ck n e s s r r
r r
o f p e fo m an c e , n o s t e n uo u s e f r
fo t all o we d L uc k i ly for t he r .

r r r
wo ld s p o g e s s , b ut u n l u c k ily fo r th e m , th e y ha v e t o p l a y a
’

r r r
v e y s u b o d in at e p a t o n l ife ’s s t ag e , an d t o b e c on t en t wi th
th ing s as th e y find th e m ” (A F o x we ll , In g l e by L e c t u e s o n
. . r
C o nd i t i o n o f t h e as c u l a V r
Sy s t e m i n A n ae m ic D e b il i ty , B r i t
”
.

M ed j ou r n a l, l ot h A p i l
. r
M ack e nzi e s L e tt so mi an L e c t ure s o n A nre mi a ,
St e ph e n
’
1
Se e D r .

B r i t M ed j ou r n a l, 18 9 1, v o l i , fo r e vi d e nce sh o wi ng th a t t he p hy si cal
. . . .

r
c h a ac t eri s t i cs of t he a na e mi c ar e an e x agg e a t i o n o f th o se of wo me n r
r
g e ne ally C f a n t e, p 2 2 5
. . . .
362 M AN AN D W O M AN .

The q u e sti on s till r e m a i ns ho w far t he affe c t ability

o f wo m e n i s n a t u r a l a n d o r an i c , ho w fa r it i s t he
g
m e r e ac c id e n t al res u lt o f e xt e r n al c irc u m s t a nc e s Is .

t he g r eat e r e m o ti o n ality o f w o m e n a p e r m a n e n t and

i n e ra di cabl e fac t ? Th e re can b e n o do u bt th at t o
a v e ry l a r e e xt e n t e m o ti on a lity m a
g y be m o difi e d .

H yp n o ti c p h e n o m e n a p e rh ap s as co m m o n i n m e n a s i n
,

w o m e n am o ng savag e s ar e r ar e a m o n g c ivili s e d m e n
,
.

The m e n o f t o d ay ar e no t as e m o ti o n al as t he m e n
-

o f t he thirt ee nth c e n t u ry ; t he m o d e r n E n g li s h
g e n tl e
m a n d o e s n o t t alk a n d b e h av e lik e t he E n g li s h g e n tl e
m e n who kill e d Th o m as a B e c k e tt The w o m a n o f .

t o -d a y ag ai n i s l ess e m o ti o n al th an he r g r e at -g r an d
, ,

m o th e r a ce n t u ry ag o ; s he i s n o t s u bj e c t t o
vap ou rs an d s wo o n s o n trivi al occas i on s t o an y
thi ng lik e t he s am e e xt e n t The m e r e fac t o f t he .

i mm e nse diffe re n ce o n t he w h o l e w hi c h e xi st s as
r eg ard s e m o ti o n ality b e t wee n w o m e n o f diffe re n t
.

soc i al c l asses (an d w hi c h as we h a v e s e e n i s r e m o v e d

, ,

w h e n t he r e s tr a i n t o f san ity i s re m o ve d ) s u gg es t s ,

th at e m o ti o n i n it s coa rs e r m a n ife s t ati o n s at all

,

eve n t s ,
i s t o a n i m m e n s e d eg r e e e du c a bl e The .

.
att e nti o n th at i s n o w fo rt u n at e ly b eg i nn i ng t o b e
, ,

g iv e n t o t he p hy s i ca l c u lt u r e o f w o m e n W ill u m
do u bt e dly t e n d t o s tr e n gth e n an d de ve l o p t he
n e u r o m u s c u l ar
-
sys t e m J u s t as w e h av e s u r e “

re aso n t o b e li e ve th at se ns ibility m ay by tra i n i n g

b e i n c r ease d so th e r e i s s till g r e a t e r r e a so n t o
,

b e li e v e th at affec t ability m ay by tr ai n i n g b e
dec re ase d .

Th at th e re is h o we v e r a li m it t o thi s s e xu al
, ,

e q u ali sati o n o f affe c t a bility r e m a i n s e xtr e m e ly

p ro b
a bl e. The co m p arative ly l a rg e r e xt e n t o f t he s e x u al
s p h e r e i n w o m e n a n d o ft he vi s ce ra l r e i o n s
g g e n e r a lly ,

— fo r i n w o m e n at
p u b e rty as D r C a m p b e ll pu t s it
,
.
,

a n e w k e yb o a rd a n d a fre s h se ri e s o f i e s a r e add e d
p p
t o t he i n s tr u m e n t — t he p hy s i o l o g i c a l t e n d e n c y t o
,

a n ae m i a a n d t he e xi s t e n ce o f i n e vit abl e
, p e ri o di c ity ,

o f fu n c ti o n i n w o m e n c o n sp ir e t o fu r n i s h a br oad e r
,
 C H A P T ER XIV .

TH E A R TI STI C I M P U L SE .

’
I N D U STR I E S A R OSE I N W O M E N S H AN D S, TH E A R TS IN

M EN S— P O TTE R Y— TA TTO O IN G—
’
P A I N TI N G— SC U L P TU R E
— M U SI C —W H Y W OM EN H A VE F A IL ED IN M U SIC

M E TA P H Y SI C S — M YSTI C I SM —P O ETR Y F IC TI O N WHY

W O M EN H A VE SU C C EED ED IN F I C TI O N — TH E SU P R E M
ACY OF W O M EN IN A C TI N G — TH E A R TI STI C IM P U L SE

G EN ER A L L Y IS M O R E M A R K ED IN M EN — TH E C A U SE S
OF TH I S .

P R I M I TIVE wom e n th e ir h an d s all t he

h ave in
i n du s tri e s , and, in
c o n s e q u e n ce t he r u di m e n t s o f
,

m os t o f t he a rt s B u t w h e n w e g e t b e y o n d t he
.

r u di m e n t s t he p os iti o n b e g i n s t o c h a n ge a n d w h e n ,

we re ac h fu lly di ffe r e n ti a t e d a rt s e ve n a m o ng ,

s av a g e s
, w e fi n d th a t th e y a re al m os t e x c l u s ive ly
i n t he h a n d s o f m e n .

The m aki n g o f po tt e ry i s an i n d u s try w hi c h

de v e l o p s al m os t i n se n s ibly i n t o an a r t I n n e a rly .

e ve ry p art o f t he w o rld p o tt e ry ha s a t t he o u t s e t

b e e n e n tir e ly o r al m os t e n tire ly i n t he h an d s O f
, ,

w o m e n a n d s o l o ng a s it r e m ai ne d i n th e ir h a n d s
,

t he p o tt e r s i n du s try ha s u s u ally r e t a i n e d a s e v e r e ly
’

p r ac ti c al c h a r ac t e r I t i s s u ffi c i e n t t o q u o t e t he e v i
.

de n ce o f o n e O b se rve r w ho p ossesse d a p e c u li a rly

i n ti m at e ac q u ai n t anc e w ith t he l o w e s t s t ag e s o f
pri m itive c u lt u re M i k lu c hO -M ac l eay s p e aki n g o f
.
,

P ap u an ar t i n N o rth -e as t G u i nea r e m a rk s I h av e
,

bee n s tru c k by t he abs o l u t e a b sence of o r n am e nt on

 TH E A R TI STI C I M P U L SE .
3 65

t he p o tt e ry t he c l ay e as ily l e n di ng it se lf t o all sort s

,

o f o r n a m e n t ati o n ; thi s l ac k o f o r n am e n t i s d u e t o
t he fac t th at t he m an u fac t u r e o f p o tt e ry i s e x c l u s iv e ly
c o n fid e d t o w o m e n w ho are n o t u s u ally v e ry a rti s ti c ,

by n at u r e I h ave fo u n d c o n fir m ati o n o f thi s an c i e n t

.

a n d j u s t o b se rv ati o n e v e n a m o n g P a u an wo m e n I
p .

a m a bl e t o s t at e th at I h av e n e v e r s e e n t he s li ht e s t
g
o r n am e n t i n v e n t e d or e x e c u t e d by a w o m a n D u ri n g .

a vi s it t o t he i s l an d o f B ibi -B ibi w h e r e p o tt e ry i s ,

m a n u fac t u re d fo r all t he n e i g hb ou ri n g V ill ag e s w h e n ,

o b se rvi n g a d o z e n w o m e n an d y o u n g g irl s fas hi o n i n

g
p o tt e ry I s aw se v e r al wo m e n d o i ng n o thi n g ; as th e y
,

had i n fr o n t o f th e m a m as s o f p o t s with o u t t he
s li g ht e s t o r n a m e n t I as k e d w hy th e y did n o t o r n a ,

m e n t th e m W h at i s t he g oo d I t i s n o t n e cessary !
.

we r e t he r e p li e s th e y g av e B u t thi s did n o t p re ve n t .

t wo y o u n g b o y s fr o m fi n di n g p l e as u r e i n i m p ri n ti n g
w ith th e ir n ail s a n d a p o i n t e d s ti c k a so rt o f o r na
” 1
m e n t a l b o rd e r o n so m e o f t he p o t s .

T att oo i n g is i n m an y p art s o f t he wo rld c hi e fly

i n t he h a n d s o f w o m e n Th u s am o ng t he N agas .

o f A ss am it i s o ft e n p e rfo r m e d by o ld w o m e n o f
”2
t he c hi e f s h o us e h o ld a n d as a m att e r o f ri g ht
’
.
,

A m o ng t he Ai n o al so t att oo i ng is d on e by wo m e n , , ,

a n d a t p r e s e n t i n d ee d it i s t he wo m e n a l o n e W ho are
t att ooe d 3 A g ai n am o n g t he So n g i s h o r L k u ng e n
'

.
,

I n di an s o f C a n ad a t he t att oo i n g i s d o n e by w o m e n ,

w ho i n tr o d u ce c h ar coal b e n e a th t he s ki n by m e a n s o f
a n e e dl e h e ld h o riz o n t ally
4
I t m u s t b e r e m e m b e re d .
,

h o we v e r th a t t att oo i n g i s by n o m e an s t he p u re ou t
,

c o m e o f t he a r t i m pu l se b u t a s oc i a l a n d r e li g i o u s ,

rit e o f a tr aditi o n al c h ar ac t e r Su c h se m i -rit u al ar t .

1
B u ll Soc d A n t /zr op olog i e,
. .
’
l g th D e c . 18 7 8 . A nd re e has b ro ught
o u t t h e sa m e p o i n t .

2
Pe , a l “
O n t he M o ro ng , j ou r n . A n tii . I n st i t u te, F eb . 189 3 ,

2 47
p
3
M ac R i tchi e , Supp l e me n t t o [n ter na t zona les A r c/ no fu r E tnn o
g r aplzze, Bd i v , 189 2
’

. . .

1
B r i t A ssoc R epor t on tfie N or t /z W ester n Tr i bes of C a nada , b y
‘
. .

D r Bo as , 189 0
. .
3 66 M A N AN D W O M AN .

m ay b e i n t he h an d s o f e ith e r m e n or wo m e n ; th u s
a m o ng t he P a u a n s (accordi n g t o S J H i c kso n)
p . .

t he d es i g n s o n h o u ses a n d p r au s are w r ou g ht by o ld
m e n or p ri es t s o f t he vill ag e t o k ee p off t he s p irit s o f
storms .

If w e t u r n t o t he p u re a rti sti c i m p u l s e , a s m an i
fe st e d i n t he hi g h e r s t ag e s o f cu lt u r e , w e fi n d th a t
t he su p r e m ac y o f m e n i n p a i n ti n g i s u n q u es ti o n abl e .

Th e re h ave b e e n th ou san ds o f w o m e n p ai n t e r s , b u t
o n ly t he m e n h av e b ee n r e m e m b e r e d ; it w ou ld b e

u n ki n d t o m ake a co m p r e h e n s iv e li s t of fam o u s
wo m e n p a i n t e r s E ve n t he g re at ce n tr al s it uati o n
.

o f C hri s ti an ity as o f life — t he r e l ati o n o f t he m o th e r

,

t o he r c hild— w hi c h ap pe a l s so s tr o n g ly t o a w o m an s
’

h e a rt , has n e ve r r e ce iv e d m e m o r abl e r e n de ri n g at a
w o m an s h an d I n s c u l p t u r e , a l s o , it i s s car ce ly
’
.

n ece ssa ry t o add, t he g r eat n am e s a r e a ll m e n , fro m

P hidi as t o D on a t e ll o , fro m M i c h ae l A ng e l o t o R o di n .

Th at th e r e h ave b ee n t wo o r thr ee w o m e n W h os e
n am e s d e se rv e h o n o u ra bl e m e n ti o n i s t he m os t th at

can b e said .

I n t he e v o l u ti on o f m u s i c wo m e n h ave p l aye d a
v e ry s m a ll p art It does no t app e ar th at a wo m an
.

ha s ev e r i n ve n t e d a ny w e ll k n o w n m u s i cal i n s t r u
m e n t , a n d th e r e i s n o t i n any p a rt o f t he wo rld a n
i n str u m e n t th at is p e cu li ar t o w o m e n or c hi e fly
p l ay e d by th e m ; it i s r a re ly e ve n th at th e y p e r fo r m
m e n s i n s tr u m e nt s I n a b o ri g i na l A m e ri ca
’
on .

P r o fesso r O ti s M as o n r e m ark s th at m u s i c al i n s t ru
m en t s are n e v e r p l ay e d by wo m e n , th o ug h th e y be at
t i m e o n v ari ous o bj e c t s a n d m ay n o w a nd th e n u se
t he r attl e , as w e ll as j o i n i n ce rt ai n c h o r u se s 1 .

M r r
H e n y Bal fo u , o f th e U n i v e si ty M us e u m, O x fo d , has
r . r r
r r r
b ou g h t fo wa d a fe w e x ce p t ion s t o th e g e ne al ul e f o m the r r r
“
So u th P ac ifi c I n t he So u th P ac ifi c t he ‘ n o s e fl u t e ’ i s v e y
. r
r
g e n e ally, th o ug h by n o m ean s e x c l u s i v e ly , p l a y e d up on by

1
N th O ct 189 2 Woman ’ m
at u r e , 13 . ib
.
, s P lace zn P r znzzt zoe C n lt m
'
e,
ch . vi ii .
3 68 M AN AN D W O M AN .

re cog ni se s th a t m as t e rs in m us ic h av e b e e n wom e n
n o ne o f t he .

H e g i v e s a l is t r ty g h t wo me n mus ic ians who l iv e d d uring

o ffo -e i

t he s e v e n t e e n th , e ig ht e e n th , an d n i n e t e e n th ce n t u rie s an d le ft co m

p o s i t io ns , b ut no ne o f th e m ros e a b o v e m e d i oc ri ty H o w s mall .

th is n u m b e r o f n o t e d wo me n m us ic ians i s we m ay re al is e by r e
call in g th at I t aly al o ne (a s L o m b ros o re m a rk s i n h i s M a n of
Gen i us ) has pro d uce d n o t l e s s th an 12 10 m us ic ians o f m o re o r l e s s
no e t M r U p t o n has , I th ink, v e y fe l i ci t o us ly e x p e s s e d o ne c h i e f
. . r r
r e as o n wh y wo m e n h a v e fai l e d i n mu s i c , th o ug h th e y h a v e ha d

r
n e a ly e qu al a dv an t ag e s wi th m e n C o nce d in g th a t m us ic i s
r
t he h ig h e s t e x p e s s io n o f t he e m o t i o n s , an d th a t w o m an i s
r
e m o t i o n a l by n a t u e , i s i t n o t o n e s o l u t io n o f t he p o bl e m th at r
'

wo m an d o e s n o t m u s ically e p o d uc e th e m b e cau se s he h e s e l f r r r
r
i s e m o t i ona l by t e m pe am e n t and na t u e , a nd c ann o t p oj e c t r r
r r
h e s e l f o u t wa dly , an y m o e th an s h e can g i v e o ut wa d e x p e s r r r
r r
s io n t o o th e m y s t e i ous and d e e p ly -h i dd e n t ai t s o f he r n a t u e ? r r
r
The e mo t i on i s a p a t o f h e s e l f, and i s as n at u al t o he r as r r
r
b e a th ing She l iv e s i n e mo t i on , a nd ac t s f om e m o t i o n
. r .

r
M an co n t o l s h i s e m o t io n s , and can g i v e an o u t wa d e x p e s s i o n r r
o f th e m I n wo m a n t h e y are t he d o m i na t ing e l e me n t , an d s o
.

l o ng as th e y are d o minan t s he a bs o b s m us ic G ea t ac t e s se s r . r r
r
m ay e x p e s s e mo t i on b e cau s e t h e y e x p e s s th e i o wn na t u e s ; r r r
r
b ut t o t e a t e mo t io ns as i f th e y we e m ath e m at i c s t o b i n d and r ,

r
m easu e an d l im i t th e m wi th in t he ig i d l aws of h a m o n y an d r r
r
co u n t e po i n t , and t o e x p e s s th e m w i th a b i t ar y s ig n s , i s a r r r
r
co ld -bl oo d e d o pe at i o n pos s i bl e o n ly t o t he s t e n e an d m o e r r r
o bd u a t e nra t u e o f m a n r
”
H e a dd s th a t i t i s s i g n ifi can t th a t
.

wh il e a m an who has o n ce l e a ne d t o p l ay o n an i n s t ume n t r r

r r
a e ly c e a se s to d e l i g h t i n it , a w om an s l o v e for m u s i c ce ase s
’

wi th ag e ; it i s no t a n aes th e t ic b ut an e mo t i o na l i n fl ue nce .

R ub e ns t e i n, in h is b oo k o n M u s i c an d i ts M as ter s , has s o me
r
,

e m ar k s wh i c h we ll s u p p l e me n t M r U p t o n s , th o ug h th e y are
’
.

s o me wh a t l e s s p e c ise r
Th i s i n c e as e o f t he fe mi n in e r
co n t i n g e n t i n m us i c , b o th i n i n s t um e n t a l e x e cu t i on an d i n r
co m p o s i t io n ( I e x ce p t th e d e p a t m e n t o f s in g in g , i n wh i c h th e y r
h av e al way s e x ce ll e d ), b e g i ns wi th t he s e co nd h al f o f o ur
c en t u y r r r
I e g a d i t as o n e o f t he s i g n s o f m u s i ca l d e c ad e nce
. .

r
W om e n l a c k t wo p im e q ual i t ie s n e ce ss a y fo r c e at ing r r
s ubj e c t i v i ty an d i n i t i at i v e In p ac t i c e th e y c an no t g e t b e y o n d
. r
o bj e c t i v i ty ( imi t a t i on ), th e y l ack co u ag e and co n v i c t io n t o is e r r
t o s u bj e c t i v i ty F or m us ic a l c eat io n th e y l a c k a b so p t io n,
. r r
r
c o n ce n t a t i on , p o we r
o ft h oug ht , l a g e n e s s o f e m o t i o n al h o izo n
,
r r
r
f e e d o m i n o utl in i n g , e t c I t i s a m y s t e y w hy i t s h ou ld j us t
. r
b e m us ic , t he n o bl e s t , m o s t b eau t iful , e fi n e d , s pi i t u al , an d r r
r
e mo t i o n a l p o d uc t of t he h u m an m in d , th a t i s s o i n acce s s i bl e
t o wo m a n , who i s a c o m po un d o f all th o s e q ua l i t ie s ; a ll t he
r r
m o e as s he has d o n e g e a t th in g s in t he o th e a t s , e v e n in t he r r
s c ie nce s The t wo th ing s m o s t pe cul ia t o wom e n—
.
l l v
o e of a r
 T H E A R TISTI C I M P U L SE .
3 69

m an a nd t e nd e r fe e l ing fo r a c h ild — h a v e fo un d n o e c h o f o m r
th e m i n m us ic . I k no w no l o v e d uo o r c a dl e s o n g co m po s e d r
by a wo man . r
I d o n ot s ay th e e a re n o n e , b u t o n ly th a t n o t
o ne co m po s e d by a wo m an has the a t is t ic v al ue th at c ould r
m ak e i t ty pica l .

M u s i c is at o n c e t he m o st ti on al an d t he m os t
em o

se v e r e ly a b s tr ac t o f t he a rt s Th e r e i s n o art t o
.

w hi c h wo m e n h av e b e e n m o r e w id e ly attrac t e d an d ,

th e r e i s c e rt ai n ly n o ar t i n w hi c h th e y h a v e s ho w n
th e m s e lve s m o re h e l p l e ss .

I t c a nn o t b e said th a t lit e r at u r e i s a n art It is .

m e r e ly a m e th o d o f r e co rdi n g v e ry div e r se m an i fes

t a t i o n s o f p s y c hi c aptit u d e a n d a rti s ti c i m p u l se It .

i s e n o u g h t o m e n ti o n fou r O f th e se— m e t a phy s i c s ,

m y s ti c i s m p oe try fi c ti o n
, ,
.

I t i s r e m a rk a bl e th a t a lth o u g h w o m e n ar e so
s tr o n g ly dr a w n t o r e li g i o n th e y h av e d o n e al m os t ,

n o thi n g t o g iv e c l ass i c e x p r ess i o n t o th a t m y s ti c i s m

w hi c h i s t he k e r n e l o f r e li g i o n e v e ry w h e r e The g r e at .

m a n u a l s o f d e v o ti o n w hi c h h av e fe d s o m a ny
th o u san d s o u l s an d w hi c h all say t he s am e thi n g
,

w ith a fe w v e rb a l di ffe r e n c e s — t he m an u a l o f L ao
Tze M a r c u s A n t o n i n u s s M edi ta ti ons E p i c t e t u s s
’ ’

, ,

E nchei r i di on t he g os p e l o f St j o h n a n d t he E p i s tl e s
,
.

o f St P a u l t he D e I mi ta ti on e C hr i s ti t he D eu tscli
.
, ,

Theolog i e m u c h o f t he w riti n g s O f Sch o p e n h au e r

,

ar e t he w o rk o f m e n a lth o u g h th e y h av e p r o b a bly ,

fou nd o n t he w h o l e at l eas t as m an y r e ade r s am o n g

, ,

w o m e n as a m o ng m e n St Th e r e s a i s s o fa r a s I
. .
,

k n o w t he o n ly w o m an w ho c an b e p u t i n t he fir s t
,

r an k b u t it m u s t b e adde d th a t th e re i s an e l e m e n t
,

o f u n q u e s ti o n a bl e m o rbidity i n he r w o rk w hi c h c an

n o t b e s aid t o c h ar ac t e ri se a ny o f t he g r e a t m y s ti c s I
h av e n am e d n o t e v e n St P au l o r Sc ho pe n h au e r
,
. .

M a d a m e G u y o n s n a m e o cc u r s bu t s he b e l o n g s t o
’
,

t he s eco n d r an k o f m y s ti c s w hi c h n u m b e r s a v as t ,

ar m y o f m e n .

The ar t o f m e t aphy s i c s b e l ong s al m o s t e x cl u s iv e ly

to m e n E v e n i n t he third r an k o f m e t ap hy s i c i an s
.

24
37 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he n am e s of no ve ry c l e a rly
w om e n c an y et be
di sce rn e d The p hil os o p h e r s a r t co n s i st s i n bu ildi n g
.
’

u p an id eal an d c o nj e c t u r al w o rld o n t h e b as i s o f hi s

o wn
p s y c hi c o rg a n i s m ; it i s o f all a rt s th at i n w hi c h
e m o ti o n i s m os t hi g hly i n t e ll e c t u ali s e d a n d t he ,

m at e ri al m o s t a b s tr a c t e d fr o m t he p r ac ti c a l a n d
c o ncre t e W h e th e r w o m e n s fail u re h e re m e a n s t he
.
’

c o n d e m n ati o n o f m e t a hy s i cs o r t he co n d e m n ati o n
p
o f w o m e n i s a p r o bl e m w hi c h e v e ry o n e w ill d e c id e
acc o rdi n g t o t he b as i s o f hi s o wn t e m e r am e n t
p .

I n p o e try w o m e n h ave d o n e m u c h m o r e th a n
i n e ith e r m y s ti c i s m o r m e t ap hy s i c s The s tro n g .

e m o ti o n a l p o e ti c e n e r y c hi e fl l r i c a l i n fo r m w hi c h
g y y , ,

i n E ng li s h i s p e rh ap s b e s t r e p r ese n t e d by M r s .

B r o wn i n g has b ee n e xp re sse d by t he w o m e n o f m any

,

l and s At t he sam e t i m e it has had a t e n de n c y t o

.

b e e ith e r r ath e r thi n o r r ath e r diffu se an d fo r mle ss .

Str o n g p oe ti c ar t w hi c h i n v o lv e s at o n ce b o th a hi g h
,

d e g r e e o f au d ac ity an d br oo di ng de lib e r ati o n i s v e ry

,
,

r ar e i n w o m e n W e h ave a Sap p h o an d a C hri s ti n a

.

R osse tti— o n e r e p r ese n t ativ e o f e a c h o f t he g r e a t

ti ti f E r — b u t it i s di ffi c u lt I w ill
p o e c n a o n s o u o p e (
n o t s ay i m p oss ibl e ) t o fi n d w o m e n p oe t s w h o s h ow
i n a n y n o t e w o rthy d eg r ee t he qu a liti e s o f i m ag i n a
ti o n s tyl e a n d a r c hit e c t o n i c p ow e r w hi c h g o t o t he
, ,

m a ki ng o f g r e at p oe try .

M rE d m und G o ss e h as mad e s o me e ma k s wo th q uo t in g
. r r r
as t o t h e p l ace o cc u p ie d by wo m e n i n t he p oe t i c l i t e a t u e o f r r
t he wo ld : — “
rTh a t Sh a k e s p e ar e s h o u ld h av e h a d no fe ma l e
r r
i v a l , th a t t h e a g e i n w h i c h m u s ic b u d e n e d e v e y b o ug h , a n d r
r r
i n w h ic h p o e t s m a d e th e i ap p e a an ce in h un d e d s , s h ou l d h a v e r
r r
p o d u c e d n o t a s o l i ta y au th e n t ic p oe t e s s , e v e n o f t he fi fth an k , r
r
t h is i s c u io us i nd e e d B ut i t i s as a e as c u ious, for th o ug h
. r r r
r
w o m e n h av e n o t o ft e n t ak e n a v e y h i g h p o s i t i o n o n P a n as s us , r
t h e y h a v e s e ld o m th u s wh o lly a b se n t e d th e m s e lv e s E v en in .

r
t he i o n ag e o f R o me , wh e 1e t he m u s e s e e m e d t o b r in g fo th r
n o n e b ut m a l e c hi ld i e n , we fi n d, b o u n d u p w i th t he s av ag e
r
\ e 1se s o f j u v e na l an d P e s i u s , th ose s e v e n ty l in e s o f
p u e an d r
n o bl e i n d ig nat i o n ag ain s t t li e b i u t alit y o f D o m i t ian wh ic h
r
a l o n e s u v i v e t o t e s t i fy t o t he g e n i us o f Sulp i c ia .

r
I t i s n o n e w th e o y th a t w o m e n , i n o d e t o s ucce e d i n r r
37 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n t he p r ope r m ak e s fa r l es s se ri ou s arti s ti c
sen s e
d em ands th an poe try, i n as m u c h as it i s s i m ply an
ideal i se d ve r s io n o f li fe, a n d m ay c l ai m t o foll ow any
o f t he s i nu ous cu rv es o f li fe W h at it dem and s i s .

a q u i c k p e r c e p ti o n o f h u m a n c h a r a ct e r an d soc i al
life, co lou re d by a m o re o r l e s s i n t e n se e m o ti o nal
b ac kg rou n d A vivid p e rc e p ti o n o f soc i al p h e no
.

m e na— o f t he i n t e r ac ti o n o f m e n a nd w o m e n w hi c h
i s t he b as i s o f fi c t i o n— i s n atu r a l t o a ll w o m e n , w ho
ar e , i n a s e nse , m o re c l o s e t o t he so c i a l fac t s o f life

th an m e n Th e y are , t oo , m o re re c e p tive of de t ail e d

.

soc i al i m p re ss i o n s a n d m o re t e n a c i o u s o f su c h i m

p r ess i o n s
1
.In t he p oo re s t a n d l e a s t cu ltu r e d r an k s
t he con v e r s ati on o f w o m e n co n s i s t s l ar g e ly of r u di
“ ” “
m e nt ary n ove l e tt e s i n w hi c h say s he an d s ays
s he p l ay t he c hi e f p art s E v e ry a r t , o ne m ay say ,
.

has an i n t e ll ect ual a n d an e m o ti o n a l e l e m e n t : wo m e n

h av e don e so w ell i n fi c ti o n b ecau se th e y ar e h e re
org an i c ally fitt e d t o s u p p ly b o th e l e m e n t s I n fi c ti o n .

w om e n p os se ss a m e t h o d o f s e lf-e x p r ess i o n whi c h i s

arti sti c ally we ll w ithi n th e ir g r as p .

O n t he w h o l e , h o w e ve r , e ve n w h e n we t ak e fi cti o n
i nt o ac cou nt , it c ann o t b e s aid th at wome n h av e
r eac h e d t he su m m it s O f lit e r at u re , alth ou g h lit e r at u r e
i s o f a ll me th o d s o f e x p r e ss i o n th a t w hi c h has b ee n
m os t eas ily w ithi n th e ir r e ac h Th e r e are d ou btl es s.

m an y r e aso n s why thi s s h o u ld b e so , alth ou g h at

pre se nt th ese re aso n s do n ot e as ily com e withi n the
1
Th is socia l ressi on bi l i ty
i mp wo me n mus t s ti ll b e ad mi tt ed ,
a of

e ve n th o ug h we acce p t the s t at e me n ts of G ro os and D ur k h e i m, tha t i n

r
t he d eep e se nse wom e n are l e ss so cia l ise d th an m en G roo s re mark s
.

( Sp i eIe der M em e/zen , p 4 38 ) th at wo me n p ossess i n a much l ess de

.

r r
gre e th an m en t he sense o f i g o r ous s ubo d i nat io n to abs t rac t law, and
r r r r
i ll us t at es th is by th e i g e at e wi ll i ng ness t o ch e at i n v a ious d epa t r r
me nts of li fe . r
H e associ ate s th i s c ha ac te ri s t i c wi th the absence o f the
r
discipl i ne i nv olv ed i n the e x e c ise o f t he mal e combat iv e i nst incts .

r
D u k h e i m (L e Su i ci de, p 4 42 ) fi nds th a t wo me n are n ea e t o natu e .
. rr r
r
l ess the p o duct of soc ie ty th an m e n , wh ose ac tiv i t i es, tastes, and
r r
as pi at i o ns h v e to a g re a t e e xt e n t a co ll e c t i v e ori g i n ; i n wo man s l ess
a
’

d egree of soci al isat i on he se e s the e x p l anati on of vari ous sociol og ical

r
ph e nomena, th o ugh he d o es n o t e g ard i t as a fi nal and ult imate fact .
 TH E AR T I STI C I M P U L SE .
37 3

r e g i o n of e x ac t r esear c h It i s p os s ibl e for i n s t an ce

.
, ,

th a t o n e fac t o r m ay b e fo u n d i n th a t q u i c k affe c t
a bility a n d e xh au s tibility w hi c h w e h av e se e n t o
c h a r a c t e ri se t he n e rv o u s e n e rg y o f w o m e n In .

w h at e v e r dir e c ti o n a w o m an e x e rt s he r e n e rg i es
th e y a r e all s w iftly e n ga g e d a n d n o r e se rve i s l e ft .

The q u aliti es o f A p hr a B e h n a n d o fE m ily B ro nt e h ave

n e v e r b e e n co m bi n e d i n o n e wo m a n Y e t t o b e at .

o n ce g ay a nd p r o fou n d— a c o m bi n ati o n s u p r e m e ly

e x e m p lifi e d i n Sh a k e s p e a r e — i s
p a rt o f t he fasc i n ati o n
a n d t he p o w e r o f n e a rly all t he fi n e s t lit e r at u r e .

W o m e n h av e ac hi e v e d co m p l e t e s u c c e s s i n l e tt e r
w riti ng a n d i n l o v e -l e tt e r s th e y ar e s u p r e m e 1 fo r
, ,

h e re th e ir s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e ri s ti c s b eco m e o f t he fir s t
i m p o rt an ce ; b u t th e y h av e n o t o n thi s b as i s w r o u g ht
a n y lit e r at u r e o f the hi g h e s t o rd e r I n M o n t ai g n e w e
.

h a ve a g r e a t w rit e r w ho m ay b e s aid t o h av e s e t o u t
,

w ith t he lit e r a ry m e th o d s o f a w o m a n— s p o n t a n e ity ,

ca r e l ess n e ss o f fo r m a v e ry p e r so n a l a n d i n ti m at e
,

fr a n k n es s— ye t w e can no t e v e n co n ce iv e a fe m i n i ne
M o n tai g n e .

Th e r e i s h o we v e r o n e ar t i n w hi c h wo m e n m ay b e
, ,

s a id n ot m e r e ly t o n ea rly riv al b u t a c t u a lly t o e x ce l

m e n : thi s i s t he ar t o f ac ti n g I n a l a n d an d i n a n
.

ag e p r o lifi c i n dr am ati c a bility B ac hau m o n t w r o t e i n ,

hi s M émoi r es i n 1 7 6 2 th at p e rh ap s no ne o f t he g r eat
ac t o r s o f hi s d ay w e r e s o tr a n sce n d e n t as i t s fo u r

r a t ac tr e sses — C l air o n D u m e s n il G au ss i n a n d
g e , , ,

D a n g ev ille . H alf a ce n t u ry l at e r R o u s se l w r o t e th at
th e r e w e r e m o r e g o od ac tre ss es th an g o o d ac t o r s 2 .

The sa m e m ay p r o b a bly b e sa id a t t he p re se n t d ay ;
d u ri n g r e c e n t y e a r s at a ll e v e n t s Sar ah B e r n h ardt
, ,

a n d E l ea n o ra D u se h av e had n o m al e riv al s A nd .

if w e l o o k b ac k at t he hi s t o ry o f t he s t ag e du ri n g the
1 Th ousand s o f wo me n s
’
l e tt e rs , t ru ly r e m ark s M antegazza th at ,

li e i n the cabi n e t s o f l ov e rs , an d a re e v e nt ua lly bur n t wo u ld i f th e y, ,

co uld b e p ubl i sh e d , co n v i n ce u s th a t M adame de Sevig ne has m any

ri va l s
.

2
P R o usse l , Sy sléme de [a F emme, P ar t ie I
. .
, h ap
c . iv .
37 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

l as t t wo hu n dre d years ag ai n s t e ve ry fam o u s ac t o r ,

w h ose n a m e s u rvives it see m s u s u ally p os s ibl e t o

p l ace a s till m o r e fa m o u s ac tr e s s W ith w o m e n s .
’

s u ccess as ac tre sse s m a

y b e a s so c i at e d th e ir p e rh ap s
,

e q u ally u n d o u bt e d s u cce ss as s i ng e r s s i ng i n g b e i n g ,

i n pa rt v o ca li s e d dr a m ati c ar t I t i s n o t di ffi c u lt t o .

fi n d t he o rg an i c b as i s o f wo m a n s s u c c es s i n ac ti n g
’
.

I n wo m e n m e nt al p r ocesses are u su a lly m o r e r ap id

th an i n m e n ; th e y h ave al so an e m oti o n al e x p l os ive
n ess m u c h m o r e m ark e d th a n m e n
p ossess a n d m o r e ,

e as ily w ithi n call At t he sam e ti m e t he c ir c u m

.

s t a n ces o f w o m e n s so c i a l life h av e u su ally fav o u r e d

’

a hi g h d e g r ee o f fl e xibility a n d a d ap t i bili t y a s r e g a rd s

b e h avi o u r ; a n d th e y are ag ai n m o re tr a i n e d i n t he , ,

v ocal e x p re ss i o n bo th o f th o se e m o tio n s w hi c h th e y
fee l and th ose e m o ti o ns w hi c h it i s co n s id e re d th e ir
du ty to fe e l W o m e n are th e re fo r e b o th by n at u re
.
, ,

a n d s o c i a l co m p u l s i o n m o r e o ft e n th a n m e n i n t he
,

p os iti o n o f ac t o r s It i s p r o b a bl e al so th at w o m e n
.

ar e m o r e s u sce p tibl e th a n m e n t o t he i m m e di at e
s ti m u l u s o f a d m ira ti o n a n d a pp l au se s u pp li e d by

co n t ac t w ith a n au di e n ce I n t he a lli e d ar t o f .

d an c i ng wo m e n are al so su p re m e .

r r r
It i s wo th e ma k in g , i n c onne c t io n w ith t h e s u pe i o i ty o f r r
r
wo me n in ac t in g , th a t i t has f e q ue ntly b e e n fo un d th a t wo m e n
ar e al s o b e tt e rr
e ad e s r
Th u s M r B y ce , i n a ep o t o n t he
. . r r r
r r
s t a t e o fe d u c a t i o n i n L a n cas h i e , e m ar k s i n e g a d t o e ad i n g : r r r
“
Th is is o n e o f t he fe w th i ng s in wh i c h g i l s ’ s c h oo l s ar e r
r
m a k e dly b e tt e t han b o y s ’r r
Th e e d o e s n o t s e e m t o b e m u c h
.

r r r
mo e d i e c t t a in in g in t he on e cas e th an i n t he o th e , s o i t i s r
r r
l e ft us to s up pos e th at t he s upe io i ty o f the g i l s i s d ue t o th e i r r
r rr r r r
m o e co e c t e ar, th e i q ui ck e pe ce p t io n o f t he m e an in g o f
r r
wh a t th e y ead , and th a t m o e pe fe c t h a mo n y w h ic h s e e m s r r
r
t o e x is t b e t we e n th e i i n t e ll ig e n ce an d i t s e x p e s s i o n i n v o i ce , r
r
fe a t u e , an d g e s t u e r r
E v e n w h e e th e y ha v e n o s p e c i al t ai n in g ,
. r
th e y ar e f e e f o m th at p l o dd ing awk wa d ne s s wh ic h g e n e ally
r r r r
r r
b e l on g s to a L an cas h i e b oy’s ead ing A nd in s e v e a l s choo l s , . r
r r
wh e e t h e m i s t e s se s h ad acc us t o me d th e i p up i l s t o e ad al ou d , r r
r
a n d h ad ca e fu lly c h e c k e d an y t e n d e n c y t o a fle c t at io n , t he
’

r e a d ing r
wa s e v e yth in g t h a t c o u ld b e d e s i e d i n p o i n t o f r
g race ,
v a r
i e ty ,
a n d e x p e ss i v e nre s s
”
A n d M r F e a o n , ep o t in g
. . r r r
 37 6 M AN A ND W O M AN .

N ati onal B i og r aphy ) , I fo u n d th at a m o ng t he m o s t

e m i n e n t B riti s h
pe rso n s i n a ll d ep a rt m e n t s , 1 03 0
i n nu m b e r , o n ly p e r c e n t w e r e w o m e n , an d.

it has at t he sam e ti m e t o b e ad m itt e d th a t a m i n o r

d e g ree o f a bility s u ffi c e d t o e n su r e t he i n c l u s i o n o f
t he wo m e n 1 .

G a lt o n fou n d , i n i nv es ti g ati n g n early 9 00 i n di

v i du als , th at 2 8 p e r c e n t m al e s an d 3 3 p e r c e n t
. .

fe m al e s s h owe d arti sti c t as t es— 11a , we re fo n d o f

m u s i c , dr aw i n g , e t c Th a t i s t o s ay, th at n o t wit h
.

s t an di n g all th at O u r e d u c a ti o n d oe s t o bri n g o u t
arti s ti c t a s t e s i n w o m e n , t he se x es r e m ai n n e arly

e q u al .
2
If w e g o b ac k t o e a rly ti m es w e m ay b e .

pe rfec tly s u r e th at t he r o u g h dr aw i n g s o f m e n ,
a n i m a l s , a n d o th e r n at u r al O bj e c t s w hi c h a r e fou n d

o n p ri m itiv e i m p l e m e n t s a n d o n r oc k s are t he wo rk

of m e n At t he p r ese n t d ay t he i m pu l se t o s c ribbl e ,
.

draw , an d c a rve — t he a rti s ti c i m p u l s e i n i ts m o s t

p ri m itiv e fo r m — i
s v e ry m u c h m o re m a rk e d i n b oy s

a n d m e n th an i n g irl s a n d wo m e n B o th i n c o ll e g es
.

a n d p ri so n s thi s di ffe re n c e i s d e c id e d I t m ay th u s .

p ro b a bly b e s a id th a t w o m e n are l ess i m ag i n ativ e

th an m e n In her s t u dy o f you n g c hildre n s fear s ,
.
’

Kath a ri n e F ac k e n t ha l fo u nd th at t he b o y s s h o we d
m u c h m o r e o ri g i n a lity th an t he g irl s , a n d a l a rg e r
r op o rti o n o f t he O bj ec t s o f th e ir fea r w e r e i m ag i n ary ,
p
th ou g h at thi s e arly ag e t he se xu al diffe r e n ce s w e re
s li g ht.
3
I f thi s di ffe r e n ce i s r e a l it i s n o t w ith o u t
s i g n ifi c a nce , fo r it i s o n th e ir fe a r s a n d th e ir d es ir e s

th a t m e n s ar t i s fou n de d I n s an ity , agai n , w hi c h i s

’
.

so i n s tr u c tiv e i n t he t e rribl e c l ea r ne s s w ith w hi c h it

bri n g s t o t he su rfac e t he m os t fu n d am en t al i m p u l ses ,

r e ve al s i n w o m e n a s i ngu l ar i m ag i n ative p o v e rty .

The d e liri ou s id eas o f Wo m e n r e m ark s T o u l ou s e , 4 ,

on e o f t he s u btl e s t p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t u d e n t s o f i n san ity ,

1
H av e l o ck Ell is, A Sl u d y of E r i ns/z Gen i u s, ch a p i
’ '

. .

2
F Galt o n , N at u r a l I n k ed /a u x , ch ap i x
. . .

3
P edag ogi ca l Se m i n ary , O c t 189 5 , p 3 2 2
. . .

4
Q u o t e d i n A r c
./z d
’
A n t /z C r zm , F e b 19 03 , p 12 2
.
'

. . . .
 T H E A R TI STIC I M P U L SE .
37 7

ar e fe w i n n u m b e r an d s i m p l e i n n at u r e ; “ t he i n s an e
w o m a n i s a lt o g e th e r l ac ki n g i n i n v e n ti o n i n t he c o n
ce p t i o n O f d e liri o u id e as ; s he s h o w s n o thi n o f t he
s g
w e alth O f e xtr av ag a n ce m a n ife s t e d by m e n The .

c h a r ac t e ri s ti c id e as O f g r a n d e u r w hi c h s o O ft e n a ffe c t

m e n are r a re i n w o m e n , a n d th e n u su a lly O f a
fe e bl e a n d p e d es tri an so rt , T ou l ou s e r e m ark s , fo r t he
m o s t p a rt co n fi ne d t o t he r e g i o n O f t he t o il e t , o r
p l ayi n g a r o u n d a s u p p o s e d se c r e t l e g ac y .

The as s e rti o n O f M Ob i u s 1 th at t he ar t i m p u l s e i s o f
t he n at u r e o f a m al e s e co n d a ry s e x u a l c h a r ac t e r , i n
t he sa m e se n s e as t he b e ard , c an n o t b e acce p t e d
W ith ou t so m e q u a lifi c ati o n , b u t it m ay w e ll r e p rese n t
a n app ro xi m ati o n t o t he tr u th .

F e rr e r o ha s so u g ht t he e x p l an ati o n o f t he s m a ll
p a rt p l ay e d by w o m e n i n ar t , a n d th e ir d e fe c tiv e
se n se fo r p u re ly aes th e ti c b e au ty , i n th e ir l e ss k ee n

s e xu a l e m o ti o s
n
2
Thi s i s d o u btl e ss an i m p o rt a n t
.

fac t o r The s e x u al s p h e r e i n wo m e n i s m o r e m ass iv e

.

a n d e xt e n d e d th an i n m e n , b u t it i s l e ss e n e rg e ti c i n

i t s m a n i fe s t at i o n s 3 I n m e n t he s e x u al i ns ti n c t i s a
'

r es tl e s s so u r ce O f e n e rgy w hi c h o v e rfl ows i n t o all

so rt s o f c h a n n e l s At t he s am e ti m e , t he r arity O f
.

w o m e n a rti s t s o f t he fir s t r a n k i s l a rg e ly du e t o
a n o th e r c au se w hi c h we s h all b e co n ce r n e d w ith l at e r

o u — t he g r e a t e r v a ri ati o n a l t e n d e n c y o f m e n .

1 P .
J . M o b i us , 19 0 1
.

2
W o man s Sph e re i n A r t, N ew R ev i ew , N o v 189 3
“ '
G F e rr e r o ,
. . .

The Se x ua l I mpul se i n W o m e n , St u d i es i n M e P sy
”
3
H El li s , .

e/ f Sex , v ol i ii
zology o . .
 C H A P TE R XV .

M OR BID P SYC H I C P H E N O M E NA .

SU IC ID E— F A C TO R S TH A T IN F L U EN C E I TS F R E Q U EN C Y
SE XU A L P R O P O R TI O N S IN E U R O P E — TH E IN F L U EN C E
OF A G E — TH E C A U SES OF SU I C ID E — M ETH O D S OF
SU IC ID E — M EN P R E F ER A C TIVE, W O M EN P A SSI VE
M ETH O D S— R A C IA L SE XU AL D I F F ER E N C ES .

I N SA N ITY— I N VA R I O U S P A R TS O F TH E W O R L D — C A U SES o r
I N SA N I TY— F O R M S O F IN SA N ITv L C O H O L IC IN SA N I Tv
AND GEN E R A L P A R A L v SI S I N C R EA SI N G A M ON G W O M EN
— G EN E R A L P A R A L v SIs As A TYP I C A L L Y M A SC U L I N E
IN SA N ITv — I N SA N ITY AN D C I VI L ISA TI O N .

C R IM IN A L ITY— D I F F I C U L TIES IN TH E W A Y OF TH E STU D Y

OF SE XU A L D I F F E R E N C E S— W H Y W O M EN AR E L ESS
C R IM IN A L TH A N M EN — TH E SP E C IA L FOR M S OF
’
W O M EN S C R I M l N A L I TY — C R I M I N A L ITY AN D C IV I L I SA
TI ON .

SU IC I D E .

TH E su c i idal i m p u l s e i s n ot nece ssarily m o rbid Bu t .

th e re c an b e no d o u bt th at i n t he m aj o rity o f cas e s
su i c id e i m p li es a c o n s id e r a bl e d e g r ee o f p sy c hi c ab n o r

m ali t y w h e th e r t he l ac k of m e n t al b a l an ce i s t he
,

r e su lt o f a s u dd e n s h oc k or i s s i m ply t he l as t s t age
i n a s l o w di s i n t e g rati o n Sui c id e is r a re ly the re su lt
. .

o f a d e lib e r at e we i g hi ng o f e vid e n ce re s u lti n g i n t he

d ec i s i o n th at a s M arc u s A n t o n i n u s e x p re s ses it t he
, ,

h o u se i s s m o ky an d m u s t b e q u itt e d The p h i l o
.

s o p h e r s w ho h av e g iv e n thi s advi ce h av e rar e ly th e m

s e lv e s fo u n d th at t he h o u se w as s m o ky A n d t he .
 3 80 M AN AN D W OM AN .

m a rri e d b e i ng e s p ec i ally m ark e d w h e n th e re ar e

c hildr e n ; y ou n
g w ido w e r s a n d w id o w s kill th e m s e lv es
t w i ce as o ft e n a s t he m arri e d o f t he sam e age a n d i n ,

o ld a g e t he s u i c id a l t e n d e n c y o f t he w id o w e d i s s till

m o r e m a rk e d The a g e d g e n e r ally c om m it s u i c id e
.

far o ft e n e r th a n t he y o u n g .

Su i c id e i n E u ro p e i s fr o m thr e e t o fo u r ti m e s m o re
fre q u e n t i n m e n th an i n w o m e n Thi s w as fir s t .

s h o w n i n t he l as t c e n t u ry by t he fa m o u s ali e n i s t ,

E s q u ir o l The c hi e f va ri ati o n s i n di ffe re n t cou n tri e s

.

d u ri ng r e c e n t ti m es w ill b e fo u n d i n t he fo ll o w i n g
t abl e w hi c h p re se n t s t he p ro p o rti o n s o f t he se x e s p er
,

h u n dre d s u i c id es : 1

F rance ( 18 2 7 —
80 ) Ba d e n ( 186 5 -83 )
r
Ba v a ia ( 184 4 -4 7 )
((
18 49 -5 4 )
18 7 0 ) r
A u s t i a ( 18 7 6 -7 7 )
18 8 6 ) r
H u n g a y ( 18 5 1-54 )
r
P a is ( 18 49 -5 4) r
Swi t ze l a n d ( 187 6 -83 )
L o n d o n ( 18 5 8-59 ) C an t o n of Ge n e v a
( 189 1) ( 18 3 8-5 5 )
E ng l an d ( 18 5 8-59 ) B e l g i u m ( 186 5 -8 3 )
( 18 6 1-88
) H o ll an d ( 18 7 5 -7 9 )
( 189 1) ( 1880 -8 2 )
r
I e l a n d ( I S7 4 -8 3 ) r
D e n m a k ( 18 3 5 -5 6 )
Sco tl an d ( 18 7 7 -8 1) ( 186 1-86 )
U n i t e d St at es C o pe n h ag e n ( 18 3 5 -5 6)
n r
N o wa y ( I SO6 -7 3 )
C on ne c t i c u t ( 187 8-8 2 ) ( 18 7 6 -8 2 )
r
N e w Y o k ( I 8 7 o -7 2 ) Swe d e n ( 18 6 5 -8 2 )
r
V ic t o ia ( 186 5 -7 0 ) F in l a n d ( 187 8 -8 3 )
r
P us s ia ( 18 50 -5 2 ) R uss ia ( 18 7 0 -7 4 )
I t aly ( I SO7 )
( 187 4-8 3 )
( 1889 )
Sa x o n y ( 186 5 -8 3)

1
h av e co mp i l e d th is tabl e mak i ng n ume ro us
I , a dd i t ions , fr o m
M auri ce Bl o ck St at zst zg u e d e la F r a m e and L eg oyt “
Sui c id e ,
”
' '

, , , A rt .

D i et en cy aes Sci M ed
’
. . . .

2
r
F r om I 8 5 8 to 18 8 3 , fo r e qual n umbe s l i v i ng , an d h av i ng s im il ar
r
a e -d i s t ibu t i o n , t he m al e su i ci d e -r a t e w as t o t he fe ma l e s ui ci de - at e
g ,
r
accord i ng t o O g l e , as 104 t o 3 9 , o r 2 6 7 t o 100 The v ary i ng a nn ual
.

r
proport i o n o f sui cid es p e r mi ll i o n pe so ns l iv i ng d uri ng the ye ars 186 1
 M O R B ID P SY C H I C P H E NO M ENA .
3 SI

It w ill be th a t Sp an i s h w o m e n a re m o r e
see n

i n c li n e d t o s u i c id e th a n t he w o m e n o f an y o th e r
c o u n try t he , p r o p o rti o n b e i n g ab o u t I w o m a n t o
m en . M o r se lli attrib u t e s thi s ap t n e ss o f Sp a n i s h
w o m e n t o s u i c id e t o “ t he fo r ce o f th e ir p ass i o n s ,

w hi c h bri ng s th e m n e a r e r t o t he m al e se x I t w ill .

b e n o t e d h o we ve r th at t he p r o p o rti o n o f w o m e n i s
, ,

a l m o s t e q u ally hi h i n H u n a ry a n d Sco tl a n d 1 In
g g .

Sw itz e rl a n d t he p r o p o rti o n o f w o m e n s u i c id e s t o
m e n i s l o w e r th an i n a n y o th e r E u r o p e a n co u n try ,

b e i n g (ac co rdi n g t o M o r se lli s fi g u r e s ) pe r c e n t

’
.
,

as ag a i n s t
p e r ce n t i n Sp ai n I t a pp e a r s
. .

th at t he os c ill a ti o n s are g r e a t e r i n t he fe m al e th an
i n t he m a l e s ex I t w ill b e see n fr o m t he t abl e th at
.

th e r e i s a de c ide d t e n d e n c y for t he p r o p o rti o n o f

w o m e n s u i c id e s t o d e c r e ase ; o r o n e s h o u ld r ath e r ,

s a y w o m e n h av e t ak e n a s m all e r s h a r e th a n m e n i n
,

t he m o d e r n d e v e l o p m e n t o f s u i c id e 2 W e m ay n o t e .

th at th i s i s t he case in F r an c e E n g l a n d a n d N o r w ay , , ,

th ou g h n ot i n P r u ss i a w h e r e s u i c id e i s d e c r e as i n g
,

i n r e l a ti o n t o p o p u l a ti o n b u t w o m a n s s h a r e see m s
’

Sli g htly o n t he i n c r e ase as i s w o m an s s h ar e i n ’

c ri m i n a lity O n t he w h o l e h o w e ve r t he p r o p o rti o n
.
, ,

o f m a l e t o fe m al e s u i c id e s i s far m o r e co n s t an t th a n

t he g e n e r a l p r o p o rti o n O f s u i c id e s t o t he p o p u l a ti o n ;
th u s i n Sa x o n y b o th i n 1 867 a n d i n 1 8 7 7 th e r e w e r e
, ,

1 8 fe m a l e s u i c id e s t o 8 2 m a l e b u t w hil e i n t he fo r m e r ,

y e ar s u i c id e s w e r e 3 12 p e r m illi o n o f t he p o p u l ati o n ,

i n t he l att e r th e y w e r e 3 9 4 I n I t aly a g a i n i n t he .
,

y e a r 1 8 7 7 for e x am p l e su i c ide s w e r e o n ly 4 1 p er
, ,

m illi o n o f t he p o p u l a ti o n b u t t he s e x u al r ati o wa s
,

1888 wi ll b f n d i n th v ry i n t e t i ng nd o mp h n i v
e ou e e ti l
er s a c re e s e ar c e,
“
Su i c i d e , b y D r H ac k Tuk e , D i et P sy ch M ea’
. .W h i l e t he ra t e pe r
. .

m i ll io n has fo r m al e s r i se n fro m 100 t o 12 4, fo r fe mal es i t has on ly ise n r

r
f o m 3 5 t o 39 .

1
I t i s o f i n t e re s t t o n o te th at t o wards the be g i nni ng o f the las t ce n t ury ,
wh e n i nsani ty was n e a r ly e v e ry wh e re m o r e c o m mo n i n m en, i n Spai n
(ac co rdi ng to Esqui rol ) and i n Sc o tl and th e re was an e x ce ss o f fe mal e
l u n ati cs .

2
Th is was o bser v e d so me y ears ag o b y L egoy t, A me M ea’ P sy e/z , . . .

r
M a ch 18 7 0, p 3 2 5 . .
3 82 M AN AN D W O M AN .

s till t he s am e as i n Sax o n y 8 0 t o 2 0 Thi s s e e m s t o

,
.

h o ld g oo d o f E ur op ean c ou n t r ie s g e n e r ally 1
’

Su i c id e a m o ng w o m e n appea r s t o b e e v e ry wh e r e
m o r e p reco c i o u s th an a m o n g m e n I n E n g l a n d t he .

r e l ative n u m be r o f fe m al e s u i c ides v e ry hi g h at t he ,

ag e o f 1 0 i s al m os t e q u a l t o o r
, g r e a t e r th an th a t o f
m e n at t he a g e s o f 1 5 t o 2 0 Th e n fo r a fe w ye ar s
.

t he fe m a l e r at e s i n k s t o ri se ag ai n h o w e ve r m o re
, , ,

e s p ec i ally a b o u t t h e a e o f
g 4 5 ; a s o ld a g e c o m e s
o n th e r e i s a m u c h s tro n e r t e n d e n c y t o s u i c id e
g
am on st m a l es th an am o n g s t fe m al es Thi s i s
g .

Sh o wn i n a t a bl e dra w n u
p by O g l e w hi c h e x hibit s
, ,

t he p r o p o rti o n o f t he m al e s u i c id e -r at e t o t he
fe m al e s u i c ide -rat e (re c k o n e d as 1 00) at s u cce s s iv e
a g e -p e ri o d s —
2

A g e -p e r i ocl
. F e male R a te . M a le R at e .

W ith r e fe re n ce m ark e d p r e d o m i n a n c e o f
to t he ,

fe m al e s u i c ides ov e r m al e s u i c ide s i n t he 1 5 -2 0 ag e
“
p e ri o d , O g l e re m a rk s th a t thi s i s al so t he o n ly p e ri o d
i n w hi c h t he g e n e r al d eath -r at e s , as s h o w n i n t he
R eg i s tr a r G e n e r al s r e t u r n s , i s hi g h e r i n t he fo r m e r
’
-

s e x , an d al so i s m a rk e d , as t he ce n s u s re t u r n s fo r

1 8 8 1 Sh o w , by an e x ce p ti o n ally hi g h e r r at e o f l u n ac y

1
H a rald W e st e rg aard , D i e Gr u rzaziég e aer Tb eor ze aer Sla t zst fl ,
’ ’ '
’ '

J e na 189 0, p I 3
, . .

2
W O g l e , “ O n Sui cid e i n R el ati o n to Ag e , Se x , e tc , j ou r n a l
. .

St an s/i ca l Soci ety , 1886

'

.
3 84 M AN AN D W O M AN .

o f s ui ci de r r
i n w o me n ; o v e s t a in and fi n an c i al t oubl e s a re r
c o mm o n e r i n m e n ; wh il e p hy s i ca l d i s e a s e i s a b o u t e q ua l .

( Se e M o r s e ll i’
s . r
p p 3 09 3 10 ; a l s o L o m b o s o an d F e e o , rr r
L a D om za D elzn g zcen te, P a t i v C h a p
'

r .
, . If w e t u n t o t he r
r r
P u s s i an s t a t i s t i cs , fo r e x a m p l e i n t he y ea 1883 , we fi n d th a t
p as s i o n i s s e t d o wn as a cc ou n t in g fo r p e r ce n t o f t h e m al e .

s ui c i d e s , b ut fo r o f t he fe mal e , an d i n 188 7 t h e p e ce n t ag e s r
ar e r
e s p e c t i v e ly an d r r
Sh am e an d e m o s e a re s e t d o wn
as r
e s p on s i bl e fo r r
o f t he P u s s ian m al e s u i c i d e s i n I 88 3 , an d
fo r o f t he fe m a l e , n o t a r
g e at d i s p ro p o t io n rIt i s n o t .

r
po s s i bl e , h o we v e , t o a tt ac h m uc h v a l ue t o o ffi c i al s t a t is t i cs
o f t he ca us e s o f s u i c id e .

D iffe r e n ces i n t he m e th o d s o f acco m p li s hi n g s u i c ide

thr o w a c u ri o u s s id e -li ght o n s e xu al p sy c h o l o g y , a n d
m ay b e s t u di e d w ith m o r e ce rt a i n ty th a n O ffi c i a l
re co rds as t o t he c au se s o f su i c id e Thro u g h o u t .

E u r o p e t he law , r o u g hly s t at e d , i s th a t m e n h a n g
the m se lv e s a n d wo m e n dr o w n th e m se lv e s , alth o u g h a
ve ry l a rg e p ro po rti o n o f m a l e s u i c id es dr ow n th e m
s e lve s , a n d a v e ry l a r e
g p r o p o rti o n o f fe m a l e s u i c id es
h an g th e m s e lv es 1 W ith m o difi cati o n s thi s r u l e
.

p ro b a bly h o ld s g o o d all o ve r t he wo rld I n I n di a , .

fo r e x a m p l e , it i s m o difi e d thr ou g h b o th s e x e s
s h ow i n
g a g r e a t e r p r e fe r e n ce th an i n E u ro p e for
dr o w n i n g ; ac c o rdi n g t o C hev e rs , s ix o u t o f se v e n
w o m e n i n I n di a who co mm it su i c id e p r e fe r t he w a t e r ,
W hil e m e n r e so rt t o dr o w n i n g a n d h an g i n g i n ab o u t
e q u al n u m b e r s I n E u r o p e t he g r e a t m aj o rity o f
.

b o y s u i c ide s h a n g th e m s e lves , w hil e t he g irl s dr o w n

t h e m s e lv e s The g reat e s t div e rg e n ce s i n E ng l a n d
.

be t w ee n m e n an d w o m e n are i n t he u se o f w e ap o n s
an d p o i so n , m e n
p r e fe rri n g t he fo r m e r , w o m e n t he
l att e r W o m e n al s o c h oose fall s fr o m h e i g ht s, ab ou t
.

t w i ce as m an y wo m e n as m e n ado pti n g thi s m e th o d ,

bu t o n t he o th e r h a nd a m u c h s m all e r n u m b e r O f
w o m e n th a n o f m e n thr o w th e m se lv es b e fo r e tr a i n s .

O g l e p r e p ar e d t he fo ll o w i n g t abl e s h o w i n g t he
1 I n D e nm a rk , fo r ex am pl e -d uri ng the y ea rs 186 1-8 6 ,
, pe r
ce n t o f mal e su i cid e s h ang ed th e mse lv es 56 pe r ce n t of th e fe mal e
'

. .
,

s ui ci d e s .
 M OR B ID P SY C H I C P H E N O M EN A .
3 85

v ari ou s m e th o d s ad o pt e d pe r 1000 s u ci id es duri n g t he

y e a r s 1 8 5 8 83

t
M e ho d . Ma l es .

H an g in g and St ran g ul a t io n
D ro wn ing
C ut or St a b
P o i s on
G un s h o t
J um p fro m H e ig h t
R ai l way Tra i n s
O th e r wise

It may b e s aid , g e n e r ally , th a t w hil e m e n p re fe r t o

ad o p t acti ve m e th o d s o f su i c id e , w hi c h are at t he
sam e ti m e usu ally m o r e d e lib e r at e an d m o r e r e p u l s iv e ,
w o m e n pr e fe r m o r e passi ve m e th o d s , w hi c h ar e at t he
s a m e ti m e u su all m o r e d e co r ous a nd r e q u ir e l e ss
y
reso l u t e pre p ar at i o n The o n ly e x ce pti o n i s in
.

r eg ard t o t he pas sw e m e th o d o f s u i c id e by b e i ng ru n
o v e r by a tr ai n . Ab ou t thre e m e n re sort t o thi s for
o n e w o m an . The r e a so n p ro b a bly i s th at , th ou gh a
p a ss iv e m e th o d o f s e lf-d e s tr uc ti o n , it r e q u ires c o n

s i d e rab le r es o l u ti o n t o face , an d o ffe n d s ag ai ns t

w o m e n s se n se o f p r o p ri e ty and th e ir i n t e n s e h o rr o r
’

o f m aki n g a m ess ; wo m e n u s u a lly avo id co mm itti n g

s u i c id e i n p u bli c . I f it w e r e p o s s ibl e t o fi n d an
eas y m e th o d o f s u i c id e by u hi c h t he b o dy y co u ld b e
e n tir e ly di s p ose d o f, th e re w o u ld p r o b a bly b e a co n

s ide rab le i n c r eas e o f s u i c id e s a m o n g w o m e n The.

se x u a l pr e fe re n c e s i n r e g a rd t o a c tive m e th od s o f

s u i c id e ( h an gi n g , s h oo ti ng , c u tti n g t he thr oat ) and

p ass ive m e th o d s ( dr o w n i n g , p o i so n , be i ng r u n o v e r by
tr ai n, fall fr om h e i g ht ) I S v e ry d e c i s iv e ly s h o wn if we
s u m th e m u p . I t ak e , fo r i n s t a n c e , t he y ear 18 88 I n
P r u s s i a, s e l ec ti ng a c o u n try i n w hi c h wom e n Sh ow
a m o r e m ark e d pr e fe r e n c e th an i s u su al for t he
2 5
3 86 M AN AN D W O M AN .

m as c u li n e m e th o d s o f h ang i ng an d t he u se o f t he
“
-

k n ife In thi s y ear o n ly 1 1 p e r c e nt O f t he m al e

. .

s u i c id es a do pt e d p ass iv e m e th o d s a s ag a i n s t 8 9 p e r ,

ce n t w ho ad o p t e d ac tiv e m e th o d s ; n o t l e s s th an 5 7
-
.

er ce n t o f t he w o m e n ad o p t e d p ass iv e m e th o d s 4 3
p . ,

p e r c e n t ad o p ti n g a c ti ve m e th o d s
. .

Th e r e i s a c o n s t ant c h an ge o f o p i n i o n g o i ng o n
i n t he co mm u n ity as t o t he m o s t d es ira bl e m e th o d s o f
co m m itti n g s u i c id e Thi s c h an g e at all e v e n t s i n
.
,

E n g l an d i s r e m a rk ably r ap id
,
I h av e s e l e c t e d for
.

co m p a ri s o n t he y e a r s 1 8 5 8 a n d 1 8 9 1 The r e s u lt s .

a re s h o wn i n t he fo ll o w i n g t abl e d e ali n g e x c l u s iv e ly
,

w ith t he fou r c hi e f m e th o d s o f s u i c id e

M a le . F e ma l e .

W e apo ns an d i m p l e me n t s
H ang ing
D ro wni ng
P oi s on in g

The t e n de nc y of c h ange i n re g ard t o w e ap o n s i s

a no m a l ou s ; thi s i s e m p h ati cally a m asc u li n e m e th o d

o f s u i c id e r a re am o n g w o m e n ; w hil e i n c re as i n g
,

a m o n g m e n it i s d ec r eas i n g am o n g w o m e n
, I n t he .

p r o g r e s s o f all thr ee o f t he o th e r c hi e f m e th o d s o f
s u i c id e a co m m o n
. t e n de n c y i s vi s ibl e : h ang i ng
has b e c o m e m u c h r a re r i n b o th m e n an d
w o m e n w hil e dr own i n g a n d p o i so n i n g h av e b e co m e
,

co m m o n er i n bo th Th at i s t o say th at w o m e n
.
,

h av e b eco m e m o r e wo m an ly th an e v e r i n th e ir
p r e fe r e nce s for t he p a ss iv e m e th o d s o f s u i c id e w hil e ,

m e n h ave b e c o m e l e s s m an ly i n th e i r su i c id al p re fe r
e nce s by e xhibiti n g a g r ow i ng di s like fo r ac tiv e
m e th od s o f su i c id e o n ly h avi n g ad op t e d ac tiv e
,
3 88 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he sp ec i al p sy c h o l o g y o f w o m e n, a nd it i s e vid e n tly
n o t t he o n ly fac t o r , for w hil e w o m e n s wo rk t o -da
’

y
m or e rly r ese m bl e s m e n s th an it did fifty years ’
ne a
we h av e s e e n th at o n t he w h o l e wo m e n s
’
ag o ,

t e nde ncy t o su i c id e as co m p are d t o m e n s is de ’

c r e as i n g M al e p r e po n de ran ce i n su i c id e has be e n
.

e xpl ai ne d by s ayi ng th at wo m e n ar e m o re s h e lt e r e d

i n t he s tru gg l e for e xi s t e n ce th at th e y are m o r e ,

ad ap t abl e m o r e se lf— sacr ifi c i n g m o r e r e s i g n e d m o r e

, , ,

i n fl u e nce d by re lig io u s sc ru p l e s an d p u bli c o pi n io n ,

and l ess g iv e n t o al c o h o li s m O ne writ e r o n t he .

s u bj ec t b e li e ve s th at t he s e x u a l di s p ro p o rti o n wo uld

n ot b e so g re at if w e c o u ld t ake i n t o accou n t all th os e

w ho co n t e m p l at e s u i c id e — i e w ho are su i c id al f
, .

M any m or e w o m e n th an m e n d e s ire o r thi n k th e y ,

d esir e b u t h ave n o t t he co u rage t o cau s e th e ir own

,
”1 “
d eath D r H arry C am p b e ll al so thi nk s it p ro b
. .

abl e th at t he ide a o f s u i c id e m o r e fre q u e n tly pr e se n t s

it s e lf t o t he wo m an th an t o t he m an b ecau se wom en ,

so m u c h
. mo re fr e qu e n tly s u ffe r fr o m t he m i n or
”
for m s of m el an ch o li a b u t he d oe s n ot thi n k th at
,

wo m e n h ave l e s s co u r ag e th an m e n b u t r ath e r m o re ,

r es ig nati o n and a s tro n ge r s e n se o f d u ty ; he b e li e ve s

th at the s e x u al diffe r e n ce i n t he r a t e l arg e ly d ep e n d s
2
u p o n e xt e r n al c ir c u m s t a n ce s Th at e xt e r n al c irc u m
.

st ances s ave i n a v e ry g e n e r a l w ay an d t o a li m it e d
,

e xt e nt h av e any m arke d i nfl u e n c e i n alt e ri n g t he

,

s e x u al i n c i d e n ce I d o n o t b e li e ve ; t he v e ry s light
vari ati on s i n t he s e xu a l i n c ide nce throug h ou t E u rope
m ak e thi s u n like ly Th at wom e n ve ry o ft e n co n
.

t e m p l at e s u i c ide is p ro bable an d it m ay b e adde d ,

th at a ve ry l arge nu m be r of w o m e n fail i n th e ir
att e m p t s at s u i c id e I f i n de t e rm i n i n g t he su i c ide
.

rat e we cou ld i n c l u de u n su cces s fu l att em pt s at

s ui c id e it i s pro b a bl e th a t w o m e n s s h ar e wou ld b e
’

l arge r The p ass iv e m e th o d s o f s e lf d e s tru cti on are

.
-

1
j ou r na l o f M enta l Sci ence J uly , 188 5, v ol. xxx i .
, p . 2 18.
C ampbell , N er vou s Or g a n zs a /zon IVoman , pp
' '
2
H f
o M an a nd
‘

. .

2 17 -2 18 .
 M O R B ID P SY C H I C P H E NO M E NA .
3 89

no t lw ay s av ail a bl e , a n d th e y are a l so li abl e t o

a

m i s ca rry ; m o r eo v e r , w h e n a wo m a n ad o p t s a m o r e
e n e r e t i c m e th o d o f s e lf-d e s tr u c ti o n s he i s m o re
g
lik e ly th an a m an t o m i scal c u l at e fro m i g n o r an c e ,
vi o l e n t m e th o d s o f d es tru c ti o n b e i n g m o re w ithi n
m a n s p r o vi n ce Th ese c ir c u m s t an ce s do u btl e ss do
’
.

m u c h t o m i n i m i se t he i n fl u e nc e o f t he m e l an c h o li c
d e p r e ss i o n t o w hi c h wo m e n are o ft e n s u bj ec t O n .

t he w h o l e , h o w e v e r , th e r e s e e m s e v e ry r e a so n t o
b e li e v e th at t he su i c id al i m p u l se , i n E u r o pe an r ac e s
at a ll e v e n t s , i s s o m e w h at s tr o n e r i n m e n th a n i n
g
wo m e n .

Si n ce the ab o v e s umm a y was w i tt e n , an i mp o t an t s t u dy r r r

r
o f s uic i d e f o m t h e s o c i o l o g i ca l s t an d po i n t has b e e n p ubl is h e d
r
by D u kh e im (L e Su i ci d e, P a is , r
t he q ue s t i o n o f se x ua l
r
d iffe e n c e s i s s ug g e s t iv e l y d is cus s e d in t he wo k (s e e e s pe cia lly r
pp 3 8, 18 5 , 18 9 , 2 3 1, 3 89 ,
. It has n o t s e e m e d n e ce s s a y r
r r
t o e place the s t a t i s t i cs h e e g i v e n by m o e ec e n t fi g u e s a s n o r r r
c h an g e can b e d e t e c t e d o v e a fe w y e a s W h e n , i n d e e d , we
r r .

r r r r rr
"

co n s i d e v e y l a g e m as s e s of p op ul at io n of fai ly s i mil a aci a l

a n d s o c i a l co m os i t i on , t he d iffe e n ce s b e co me s mal l
p Th i s i s r .

r
s t i k in g ly s h o wn by F L H o ffman, who fi nd s t ha t i f we t ak e
. .

c as e s o f s u i c i d e i n v a io us A m e i can St at e s an d r r
r
c as e s o f s u i c i d e i n E u o e , t h e p e ce n t ag e o f fe m a l e s fo r b o th
p r
s e c t i o n s o f t h e w o r ld i s e x a c tly t h e sa m e , n a m e ly pe r c e n t .

“ ”
( T he Se x R e l a t io
- n in Su i c id e , c bli ca /i ons of A m er i ca n
Si a ti s i i ca l A ss , M a c h -J un e . r
Y e t , a s t h e s am e w i t e r r
p o i n t s o u t, in s m a ll e a ea s ac i a l and r r r
e l ig i ous co n d i t i o n s r
r
m a i n t a i n a p e s i s t e n t i n fl ue n ce , an d i n C anad a , fo r i ns t an c e ,
r
whi l e i n O n t a io t he p o p o t io n o f fe m al e s uic i d e s i s r r
p e r c e n t , i n t he C a th o l i c F e n c h p o v in ce o f Q ue b e c i t i s
. r r
on ly

I N SA N I T Y .

Are t ae u s , t he G r e e k p hy s i c i a n
fir s t ce n t u ry of t he ,

a n d C oe li u s A u r e li a n u s a w rit e r O f u nce rt a i n ag e a n d ,

co u n try t au g ht th a t m e n a re m o r e s u bj e c t t o i n s a n ity
,

th an w o m e n E s q u ir ol w ho app ear s t o h av e b e e n
.
,

t he fir s t t o app ly s t ati s ti c s t o t h e m att e r s h o we d ,

el a b o r a t e ly th at m o r e wo m e n are i ns a n e th an m e n ,
39 0 M A N AN D W O M AN .

t he p ro po rti on b e i n g 3 8 w o m e n t o 3 7 m e n 1 G eo r ge t .
,

H a sl am an d o th e r s co n fi rm e d thi s co n c l u s i o n
,
Bur .

r ow s e v e n b e fo r e E s q u iro l
, had said m o r e w o m e n ,

were i nsa n e th an m e n i n l a rg e t o w n s b u t th a t it was ,

n o t so i n t he c ou n try P a rc happ e m ad e an i m p o rt a n t
.

s t e p i n adva n c e by
p o i n ti n g ou t th at i n o rd e r t o fo r m
a n ac c u r a t e e s ti m at e o ft he se x u al i n c id e n ce o f i n san ity

w e m us t co n s id e r t he ad m i ss i o n s t o asyl u m s a n d n ot ,

t he a c t u a l nu m be r o f i n m at e s w h i c h i s affe c t e d by ,

t he v a ryi n g r at es o f m o rt ality a n d r e co v e ry i n t he
t w o se x es H e co n s id e re d t he a d m i ss i o n s t o v a ri o u s
.

l arg e as yl u m s ( Be t hle m B i c etr e Salp é t r ier e C h a r e n

, , ,

t o n Tu ri n
, a nd fo u n d th a t w ith t he v e ry m ark e d
,

e x c e p ti o n o f B i c etre an d Sal é t r iere

p t he a d m i ss i o n s ,

o f m e n e x ce e d e d th o s e o f w o m e n H e c o n c l u de d .

th at t he s o l u ti o n o f t he q u es ti on w as s till d ou btfu l 2
. .

A fe w y ear s l a t e r Thu r n am m ad e a m o r e a c cu r at e
a nd d e c i s iv e i n v es ti a ti o n th a n a n
g y th at had g o n e
b e fo re 3 H e s h o we d th at t he p r o b ability o f re co v e ry
.

i s g r e at er i n w o m e n th a n i n m e n t he r e co v e ri e s o f ,

wo m e n e x ce e di n g th o s e o f m e n by fro m 4 t o 2 8 p er
ce nt . H e s h o w e d a l s o th at th e r e i s a s till g re at e r
diffe re n ce i n the r at e o f m o rt ali t y t he m o rt ality of ,

m e n b e i n g 5 0 an d so m e ti m es n e a rly 9 0 p e r ce n t .

r e t r th n th t f w m n — 11a n e a rly d o u bl e In
g a e a a o o e , .

2 4 as yl u m s o u t o f 3 2 (i n c l u di n g a t o t al o f
a d m i ss i o n s ) Thu r n a m fo u n d a d e c id e d e x ce s s o f m e n
,

a m o n g a d m i ss i o n s t he av e r ag e e x ce ss b e i n g
, p er
c e nt . Th e re was h o we v e r n o s u c h e x ces s o f m e n
, ,

i n t he a d m i ss i o n s t o L o n d o n a s yl u m s Thu r n am .

al so o b se rv e d th at a l a rg e r p ro o rti o n o f w o m e n
p
b eco m e i n s an e re l ative ly t o m e n a m on g t he l o w e r
c l ass e s th an am o n g t he hi g h e r H e c o nc l u de d .

“
th at i n n e a rly all p o i n t s o f V i e w wo m e n h ave

1
'

Ill a /ad zes [li en /a les , 18 38 .

2
C am e: de Z A lwn at zon fi l m /a le
’
R ec/zer c/zes s la/zszi qztes s u r
' '

les .

R o ue n , 18 39 .

3
t lze Staffs /{ cs f [m an i ly L o nd o n ,
'

Obser va lzon s an d E ssay s on o

184 5 .
39 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

we r e o n e x am i n ati o n a bl e t o v e rify it The L u nac y .

C o mm i ssi o ne rs h ave a d m itt e d t he c h ange i n t he

figu r es, and s t at e d th a t th e y we re n o t aw ar e o f any
fall acy u nd e rlyi ng th e m I t m u s t , th e r e fo re , b e
.

acce p t e d th at i n thi s c o u n try m e n ar e n o l on g e r

m ark e dly m o re li abl e t o i n s an ity th an wo m e n .

Thi s i nc rease d li a bility o f w o m e n t o i n san ity is,

m o re ove r, n ot an acc ide n t a l v a ri ati o n It i s t he ou t .

com e o f a g r adu al c h an g e w hi c h m ay b e tr ace d b ac k

i n thi s c o u n try fo r m o r e th an a c e n t u ry D u ri n g .

t he l att e r h alf o f t he e i g ht e e n th c e n t u ry th e r e w as
an o bvi ou s e x cess of m al e o ve r fe m al e l u n ati cs , b u t
'

th at e x ce ss was t e n di ng t o di m i n i s h At t he m iddl e .

o f t he l as t ce nt u ry Thu r n a m fo u n d it nece ss ary t o

an aly se t he fi g u r e s c a re fu lly i n o rd e r t o s h o w t he
gre at e r li ability o f me n t o i n s an ity I n t he e arly .

d ay s o f t he L u n acy C o m m i ss i o n e r s (fifty ye ar s ago)

t he r at e o f i n c re a se o f i n s a n ity t o p o p u l ati o n , as M r .

N oe l H u m phrey s p o i n t e d o u t , w a s g r eat e r am o ng
.

m al es th an am o ng fe m al es ; i n m o re r e ce nt y e a r s t he
rat e of i n c r eas e am ong fem al e s has s li g htly e x cee de d
th at am ong m al es D u ri n g t he t e n y e ar s 1 87 8-87
.

t he t ot al n u m b e r o f a d m i ss i o n s o f wo m e n t o t he
p u bli c and priv at e a syl u m s o f E n gl an d and W al es
w as a s ag a i n s t men Th e re i s h e r e
.

an o bvi ou s e x ce s s o f w o m e n , bu t if we t ak e i n t o
acc ou n t t he e x c ess o f w o m e n i n t he g e n e ra l p opu la

ti on , t he li ability o f t he se x es t o i ns an ity i s fou nd t o

b e a l m o s t e q ual D u ri n g l a t e r y e ar s , h o we ve r , t he
.

e x cess o f wo m e n , a lth o u g h s lig ht , has b ecom e c l e a rly

m arke d, e ve n w he n al lo wa nc e i s m ade for t he e x cess
of w o me n i n t he ge n e r a l p op u l ati o n W h e n we t u r n.

t o t he a d m i s s i o n s t o t he p u bli c a n d priva t e asyl u m s

o f E ng l an d an d W a l es fo r 1 8 9 0 w e fi n d th at
wo m e n we r e ad m itt e d aga i n s t m en The .

e x ac t prop o rti o n o f a d m i s s i o n s p e r o f t he
— 1
p o pu l ati o d ri g t he y e a r s 1 888 9 0 i s as foll o w s
n u n -

“
1
Art . St atis t ics o f I nsani ty , b y D r H ack Tuk e , D i et
. .
f P sy c/a
o .
 M O R BID Y
P S C H IC P H E N O M E NA .
39 3

r
In t he U n i t e d St a t e s o f A m e ic a a n d i n t h e E n g l is h co l on i e s
r r r r
(as i n fo e ig n co un t ie s g e n e ally ) th e e i s an e x ce s s o f ma l e
l una t ics The s t at is t ics fo r t he U n i t e d St a t e s are s t i ll v e y
. r
r r
i m p e fe c t , b ut in P e nn s yl v an i a , wh e e th e y e ce i v e m os t a tt e n r
r
t i on , the e x ce s s i s v e y c le ar ; th u s , d u ing 18 89 , an av e ag e r r
r r r
y e a , th e e we e 10 17 a d m i ss io ns o f me n t o 8 36 of wom e n In .

N e w So u th wal e s t he n u m b e o f i ns an e p e s o n s o n t he o ffi c ia l
r r
r r
e g i s t e s at t he e n d o f t he y e a r
18 9 0 was 19 06 m e n a n d 1 19 6
wo m e n A t t he C a p e , a t t he s am e t i m e, t he E u o pe an a nd
. r
r
c o l o u e d i n m a t e s o f t he as yl um s n um b e e d 3 3 5 m e n a n d 2 4 0r
r
wom e n , t h e e x ce s s o f m e n be i ng n ea ly as we ll m a k e d a mo ng r
t he w h i t e as am on g t he bl ack p op u l a t io n .

The x u al v ari a ti o n s i n t he ag e at whi c h i n san ity

se

fir s t app ear s h av e b ee n s t u di e d by M arro at t he T u ri n

A s yl u m du ri n g t he y ea r s 1 886 H e w as c a re
fu l t o i n c l u d e o n ly th ose c ase s i n w hi c h t he ag e at
t he fir s t app e aran c e o f i n sa n ity w as d e fi n it e ly k n o w n .

( H i s r e s u l t s are p re s e n t e d i n a g rap hi c fo r m o n
p . B e fo r e t he a p p e a r a n ce o f p u b e rty th e r e i s
littl e i n san ity a n d it i s th e n u su ally du e t o som e
,

a rr es t o f d e v e l o p m e n t (idi oc y i m b ec ility c re ti n i sm
, , ,

m o r a l i n s a n ity ,
Th e r e is a rap id ri se a t
p u b e r ty t a ki n g p l a c e e a rli e r i n g irl s a n d s u b s idi ng
,

l at e r . D u ri n g m at u re life m e n a r e m o r e li abl e t o
i n san ity b u t a t t he p e ri o d o f t he c h a n g e of life in
,

w o m e n th e y a g a i n b e co m e m o r e li ab le t o i n san ity _ ,

w hil e i n o ld ag e th e r e i s littl e se x u a l di ffe r e n ce .

The s t u dy o f se x u al di ffe r e n ces i n t he c a u se s o f

i n s an ity i s n o t v e ry s ati s fac t o ry Al c o h o li c e x cess .

(w hi c h h o w e ve r n ee d s fu rth e r a n a ly s i s) i s u su ally
, ,

bo th in E n g l an d a nd F r a n ce s e t do w n as t he c hi e f
c au se in m en fo ll o w e d by b o dily di se ase a n d
,

p e c u n i a ry tr o u bl e s ; w hil e i n w o m e n l o ve p e c u n i ary , ,

tr o u bl e s d o m e sti c m i s fo rt u n e s r e li g i on an d j e al ou s y
, , ,

a r e u s u ally s e t d o w n as t he c hi e f cau ses .

1
M a rro , L a F a ber /a, p . 2 33 .
39 6 M AN A N D W O M AN .

emo ti on al cau se s are m o re co m mo n in wo m e n ;

e xc esses bo th i nt e ll e ct u al an d sen su al
, , are m o r e
c o m m o n c au ses i n m e n .

I f we t u r n t o con s id e r se x u a l vari ati o ns i n t he

i n c ide nce o f diffe re nt fo r m s o f i ns an ity s o me wh a t ,

m o re r e li abl e r esu lt s ar e o bt ai n e d b u t w e m e e t ,

with t he di ffi c u lty th at t he n o m e nc l at u re is not ye t

u n ifo rm T aki n g t he ad m i s si ons fo r thi s cou ntry
.

for o ne ye a r the p r o po rti o n s p e r ce nt w e r e .

divid e d as foll o ws b e t we e n t he form s of m e nt a l

di so rde r recog n i s e d by t he L u n ac y B o a rd :

M a le . F emale .

M an a i
M l
e a nc h ol ia
O rd inary
D e me n t i a
Se n i l e
C o ng e ni t al insan ity (incl ud in g i d io c y and
o th e r m e n t a l d e fec t s from b ir th o r
i nfanc y )
O th e r forms o f i ns ani ty

G ar ni e r 1 g iv e s t he fo ll o w i ng r e su lt o f hi s e x pe r i
e nc es at t he P a ri s P r efe c t u re de P o li ce as t o t he

re l ativ e fre qu e n c y of va rio us type s o f i n san ity i n

m e n an d w o m e n d u ri n g t he ye a rs 1 886 -88 He .

a d o t s M a n an s c l ass ifi c a ti o n , and i s d e ali ng w ith

’

p g
8 1 3 9 p e r s o n s (4 83 1 m e n a n d 3 308 wo m e n) I h av e .

a rr ang e d th e m i n t he o rd e r o f fr e q u e n c y fo r b o th

s e x es , an d r e d uce d t he fi g u r es t o p e rc e n t ages In .

m a ki n g a n y co m p a ri son w ith t he E ng li s h fig ur es it
m u s t b e r e m e m be r e d th a t we are h ere d eali n g w ith
an u rb an p o p u l ati on .

1
L a F oli e a P an s, 189 0
'

.
 M O R BID P SYC H I C P H EN O M E N A .
39 7

M a e.l F e male .

A l co h o l ism (ac u t e , s ub -ac u t e, c h o n ic ) r

r
M e n t al d e g e n e a t i on ( i d io c y, i m b e cil i ty ,
r
p s y ch ic d e b i l i ty, h e e d i t a y d e g e n e at ion) r r
r
G e ne al pa aly s is r
I n t e ll e c t ual e n fe e bl e men t (due t o h e mo r
rhag e , s o ft e n in , or t umo u )
g r
M e l anch o l ia
M an ia
E p il e p s y
Se ni l e d e me n t ia
r r
P og e ss i v e s y s t e mat i c i nsan i ty, o r pa a r
n 01a

St at es of e
x alt ati on s p eaki ng g e n e r ally b e l on g t o
, ,
”
e a rly ag e ; m e nt al e x alt ati o n a s C l ou s t o n r e m a rk s , ,
“
i s p e r fe c tly n at u r al i n C hildh oo d I t i s i n fact t he .
, ,
”
phy s i o l og i c a l s t at e o f bra i n a t th at p e ri o d ; s t at es o f
d e p ress i o n be lo n g t o a so m e wh at m o re a dv an ce d age ,

w h e n m a n i a is e xtr e m e ly r a r e A m o n g n egroes .
,

al so m an i as ar e l arg e ly i n e x cess o f o th e r fo r m s of
,

i n s an ity 1 It s e e m s t o b e g e n e r ally ag re e d th at as
.
,

s h ow n i n t he t a bl e s alr e a dy giv e n m an i a is m o r e ,

co mm o n i n w o m e n th an in men M e n de l fi nd s .

th a t ou t o f o v e r 8 00 p ati e n t s o f t he m al e s
are m a n i aca l p er c e n t o f t he fe m al es o r n early
,
.
,

d o u bl e 2 I n it s m os t e xtr em e fo r m a l s o — acu t e
.
, ,

d e liri ou s m an i a — it i s m o r e comm on i n wo m e n and

, ,

”
W i nt er I n s ani ty i n the C o l o ur ed R ace , A lzem s t a n d N eu r olog i st ,
' '
1
,

. . r r
J an 189 1 Th e e are v a io us mi n or racial di ffe re nc es Th us Kure lla .

r r
re mark s , i n a n o t e to t he Ge ma n t a ns l a t io n o f t he p re se n t work , th a t
r
i n his e x pe r i e n c e c h ee fu l e x alt ati o n p r e d o mi nate s amo ng i n sane y ou ng
wo me n i n the P o l ish and mi x e d Sl a v o -Ger man d i s tr ic ts o f Eas t P ussia, r
r r r
wh i l e i n the P ussian ma i t i me d i s t i c ts t o the wes t , wh e e t he popal a r
r
t i on is mai nly o f L ow Ge man race , d epressiv e forms pre d omi nat e i n
wo me n a nd g i l s r .

2
M e nd e l , D i e M ame, W i en, 188 1, p 14 1 . .
39 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n wo m e n at t he s am e ti me th e r e is b e tt e r h op e of
1
r ecove ry .

W hil e m an i a i s m o r e co m m o n i n w o m e n th an i n
m e n m e l an c h o li a i s r e l ative ly still m o r e co m m o n
, , ,

i n wo m e n I t i s w o rthy o f n o t e th at w hil e m an i a
.

i s an i n s an ity o f t he y ou n g t he u nc ivili se d a n d t he , ,

s av ag e m e l an c h o li a i s a n i n san ity o f t he a d u lt a n d
,
“ ”
c ivi li se d To g e t a fi n e ty p e o f m e l a n c h o li a
. say s ,
”
C l ou st o n y o u m u s t g e t an e duc a t e d br ai n
,
A m on g .

t he e d u cat e d he re m a rks th e re are m o r e c as es o f

, ,
“
m e l an c h o li a o f m o n o m an i a , O f p ar aly s i s o f w ill ,

p o we r o ffoli e ci rcu lai r e

, It i s r e m ark abl e th at th ese
.

typ i c al e x am p l es o f t he i n san iti es o f t he e d u cat e d

a re all m o r e co m m o n i n Wo m e n th an i n m e n The .

g r eat e r p r e va l e n ce o f m e l a nc h o li a an d O fs y s t e m ati se d
de l u s i o n al i n san ity (fo rm e rly call e d m o no m an i a ‘‘
,

a n d n o w m o r e fr e q u e n tly c all e d p a ra n o i a m ay b e
s ee n i n t he t abl es alr eady g ive n ; p ar a ly s i s o f w ill

p o we r i h i t s c hi e f fo r m fo r e x a m p l e w hi c h i s c all e d
, , ,

foli e da dou te is al so m o r e co m m o n i n w o m e n an d
, ,

c ir c u l a r i n sa n ity i s fou n d (acco rdi n g t o J u l e s F a lr e t )

i n t he p r o p o rt i o n o f a b o u t o n e m a n t o fou r or fiv e
wo m e n O n t he o th e r h an d t he g r ave r an d m o re
.
,

i n cu r abl e fo r m s o f i n san ity whi c h c hi e fly p re v ail ,

a m o ng p au p e r s suc h as e p il e p ti c i n s a n ity ar e m u c h
, ,

m o r e fre q u e n t i n m e n W e m u s t n o t h o we v e r .
, ,

g e n e r a li se t oo h a s tily fro m th ese fac t s .

The fo r m s o f i n san ity w hi c h ar e n o w m os t r ap idly

i n c r eas i n g a m o ng s t wo m e n a re th ose whi c h h av e
hith e rt o bee n m o r e e s p ec i a lly p r e do m i n ant i n m e n
a l co h o li c i n sa n ity a n d g e n e r al p a r aly s i s I n e bri e ty .
,

a s i s n o w h app ily b e g i nn i ng t o b e r ec og n i s e d is
'

s o m e thi n g m o r e th a n a m e r e t as t e fo r dri n k ; it i s i n

a l arg e n u m b e r o f cases t he s i g n o f a d e e p roo t e d

di so rde r O f t he n e rvo u s ce n tr es I ne bri e ty 15 n o t o n ly .

a n i n c re as i ng c au se o f i n san ity am o n g w o m e n it 1s i n ,

r e a t p a rt r es p o n s ibl e fo r t he i n c re ase o f r e c idivi s m

g
R P e y Smi th A t A t D l iri “ "
1 . rc , M ni r . D id fPy /
cu e e o us a a, . o s c z.
 400 M AN AN D W O M AN .

C h a rit é , i n B e rli n , s h o w an y r e a l i n c r ease o f g e n e r al

p a raly s i s i n w o m e n , a d m it s it for m e n ; he fi n d s a
s e x u al diffe r e n ce i n t he s y m t o m s , w hi c h a re o n t he
p
w h o l e q u i e t e r i n w o m e n , w ith a t e n d e n c y t o d e l u s i o n s ,
o ft e n o f a se x u al c h a r a c t e r In F r a n ce t he i n c re ase .

o f g e ne ra l p a ra ly s i s i n b oth se x es i s w e ll m ark e d .

L u n i e r an d D u m e s n il p o i n t e d o u t i t s i n c r e a se a m o n g
w o m e n i n t he a syl u m s o f t he Se i n e b e t we e n 1 8 6 4 an d
187 4 G ar n i e r fi n d s th a t i n P a ri s it has n e arly
.

do u bl e d i n m e n du ri ng fift ee n y ears , an d in w o m e n
c o ns id e r a bly m o re th an d o u bl e d d u ri n g t he s am e
p e ri o d ; so th a t th e r e i s I w o m a n t o 2 3L m e n
2 .

G r e i de n b e r g co m es t o t he c o n c l u s i o n o n a g e n e ral ,

s u rve y o f t he q u es ti o n th at th e re has be e n a r e al,

i n c rease o f thi s di se ase i n w o m e n an d t o a re l ativ e ly ,

n m
g r e at e r e xt e n t th a a o n g m e n
1
.

W e m ay re g ard r r
g e n e a l p a a ly s is a s a ty p i cally m a s c u l in e
r r
d is e ase , an d it is th e e fo e o f s o m e in t e e s t f om ou r p e s e n t r r r
p o i n t o f v i e w t o an aly se it m o e m in u t e ly r
I t i s fu n d am e n t a l ly .

r
a g ad ual d i s o d e r r r
an d p a aly s i s o f t h e fi n e m o v e m e n t s o f t he r
r
m usc ul a s y s t e m a nd a bl un t i ng o f t he s e n se s , co m i ng o n at fi s t r
r r
i m p e ce p t i bly, o r o n ly b e t ay e d t o o b s e v a t io n by a p e c u l ia r r
r
s l o w t e m u l o u s n e ss o f s p ee c h Th e e i s s o m e e s e m bl anc e t o
. r r
r
t he e a ly s t ag e o f d u nk e nn e s s r C o n c o mi t an tly wi th t he s l i g h t
.

r r
p a a lyt ic s y m p t o ms a p pe a e q ually s l ig h t e mo t io nal an d i n t e l
r r
l e c t ual d is ord e s ; th e e i s a g e n e al co a s e n ing and e x agg e r a r r
t ion o f the th ou g h t s , fe e l ing s , and con d uc t , co e s p ond in g t o the rr
r r
l ac k o f s e n s o y and mo t o d e l i cac y o f d isc im in at i on, and at fi s t r r
r r r
th e e i s o ft e n g e at o v e -ac t iv i ty , as s oc iat e d w i th , and d ue t o,
r r
l os s o f co n t ol Th e e are v e y f e q ue n tly i d e a s of g an d e u ,
. r r r r
a n d B a u d e l a i e
’
r r
s mus e , a s d e s c i b e d by Sw in b u n e , w i th dee p r
r r
d i v i s ion o f p o d i g ious b eas t s ,” i s the c h a ac t e is t ic g o dd e s s o f r r
t h e g e n e al pa alyt i cr r .

r r
G e n e al pa alyt i cs , a n d th ose who are p e d i s po s e d t o g e ne a l r r
r
p a al y s is , s e e m t o h av e t o a c e t a in e xt e n t a g e ne al co m mo nr r
r
c h a ac t e r
Th is has b e e n ad m i ably d e s c ib e d i n d e t a i l by
. r r
1
r r
P og r e ssi ve P araly se b e i F au e n , Compl ex-R emi t” X1] Cong r és .

I n t M ea ( M osco w, 189 7 , vo l i v , part i , p

.
’ '

. . In th i s i nst uc t i v e
. . . r
su mmary G re i de nb e rg d i scu ss e s t he va ri ous se x ua l dif
fe e nce s i n ge ne ra l r
paraly si s r
H e co nsi d e s th at i n bo th sex es the s t uggl e for e x i s te nce
. r
i s the m os t g e ne ral p red ispos ing cause of th is d i s ease , p e par i ng t he r
s o i l for t he ac t i o n o f mo e spe c ifi c caus e sr .
 M O R BID P SYC H I C P H ENOM ENA .
401

Dr G R . . . W il s o n, wh o s e accou n t ,
w h i c h i s in s t ruc t i v e fro m o ur
r
p e s e n t p o in t o f v ie w, I wi ll h e e o u r n a l M en t a l r s um m a i se (j r
S ci en ce, J a n ua y r
r
Th e y o ft e n b e l on g t o l a g e fa m il ie s , an d n ot i n f e q ue n tly one r
o r b o th r
p a e n t s h av e l iv e d a th e t oo fre e ly r
A t s c h oo l th e y ar e r .

r
u s u ally fai ly ac t i v e an d i n t e ll i e n t a n d a re a t t o l ea v e e a ly
g , p r
r
an d t o s h o w co n s i d e abl e d e t e m in a t io n an d a m b i t io n i n c h oo s r
r r
in g a ca e e wh i c h th e y v e y o ft e n c h a ng e , fo r th e y a re o f r
r r
e s tl e s s s p i i t an d th e y cann o t s t an d t he h u m d um l i fe o f t he r
r
co u n t y ; th e y u s ua lly us h t o the t o wn s r
W h a t t he o cc upa t i on .

r
i s m ak e s v e y l i ttl e d iffe e n ce ; “ b e will l i v e l ik e a g e ne a l r r
p a a rly t i c w h e th e h e b e a m a s o r
n
’
s l ab o u e o r a b a i s t e
”
It r r rr r .

c a n n o t b e s a i d th a t th e y s h o w a n
y u ni fo m i ty i n p hy s i c a l ty p e ; r
r r
t h a t is a m a tt e o f ace ; b ut th e y p o s s e s s ce t ain g e n e a l r r
“
ph y s ic a l h a ct e s
c a r r
A s a r u l e th e y a r e w e ll -n o u is h e d , a n d
. r
n o t o f a n e u o t i c, r
p h th i s ic al , o r o th e wis e d e l i cat e a p pe a an c e r r .

rr
O n t he co n t a y, th e y ar e s p o k e n o f as m e n o f ‘ s t ong con s t i t u r
t ion s, ’ full -bl o od e d an d v ig o o us, we ll -fa v o u e d m e n In s h o t , r r . r
th e y are g o o d an i m a l s ” Th e y h a v e g o od n e v e and g ea t . r r
r
p o we o f e n d u a n ce r
B u t th e y a r e n o t g e ne ally a th l e t ic ; th e y
. r
us ual ly e s c h e w all k i n d s o f s o t s , a nd s e ld om
p r
p o s s e s s t h e p l ay ~

t
i ns i n c t .

“
A n i n q u i ry i n t o t he l i fe -h is t o th e s e m e n b rin g s o ut an ry of
r
i m p o t an t a n d a l m o s t co n s t a n t c h ara c t e ri s t i c Th e ir v ie w o f .

r r r
l ife i s a e l y , if e v e , th at o f m e n c o m m o n ly call e d g o od It i s
‘
.
’

e s s e n t ia ll y a s e lfi s h n o n -m o ra l v i e w Th e y ar e d e s c rib e d as
, .

m e n who w o u lcl d o n o b o dy a b a d t urn k in d -h e art e d

‘ ’ ‘ ’
, ,

g e n e ro u s h ard -wo rk in g s o m e t i m e s e v e n co n s c ie n t iou s

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’
, , .

B ut n o n e o f the m e n w h o s e h is t o ry I h av e g o t h a v e b e e n m e n
w ith a n y re l i g io u s i n t e r e s t s o r o f an y g re a t m o ra l am b i t io n .

The c h arac t e ri s t i c g e n e ral para l y t i c i s a m a n wi th a l arg e b e l ie f

in h i m s e l f re s tl e s s a m b i t i o u s an d w i th a re l e n tl e s s d e s ire fo r
, , ,
”
t he g o o d t h i n g s o f th i s l ife H e i s s o c ia bl e a n d i s o ft e n.
,

b r i ll ia n t in s o c i e ty ; a n x i o u s fo r t he wo rld s g o o d o pin io n ; an d ’

hi s fi t s o f d e pre s s i o n o r o f q u ic k t e m p e r ar e s oo n o v e r Um .

u s u a lly s t ro n g s e x u a l i m p u l s e s ar e am o ng t h e fun d ame n t a l

c h a ac t e ri s t i c s o f th e s e pa t ie n t s
r a n d o ft e n b rin g th e m i n t o ,

t ro u bl e ; th is c h arac t e ris t ic s e e m s al s o t o l e ad t o a co n s i d e rabl e

d e g re e o f r e s e mbl an ce i n t h e wiv e s th e y s e l e c t D r Sav ag e . .

s t r uc k by t h e fre q u e n c y o f t h e o ccurre n c e o f
“
s ay s h e h as b e e n

g e n e ra l p a ra ly s is i n t he h us b an d s o f s o m e wo m e n o f v o l up t u o us
a n d D r W i l s o n re m ark s th a t i t i s fre q u e n tly p o s s i bl e
”
p hy s i q ue , .

t o p i c k o ut t h e g e n e ra l p a ralyt i c s w ife in t he v is i t ors ro o m

’ ’
.

Suc h i n t he roug h
“
,
”
D r W i l s o n co n cl u d e s , ar e t h e
.
,

fun d a m e n t al c h arac t e ri s t i cs fre que n tly th ou g h by n o m e an s ,

i n v ari a bly as s o c i a t e d i n t he v i c t i m s o f g e ne ral par al y s i s

,
.

R e g ard e d as a w h ol e t he ty p e i s c h ara c t e ris t ic a s m u c h i n

,

wh a t i t l ack s as i n wh a t i t pos s e s s e s G e n e ra l i n t e ll i g e n c e .

2 6
40 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

a nd co m mon -s e ns e , b it i on and e n e rg y s oc iab il i ty a n d a

am ,

l arg e capac i ty for e nj o y m e n t a fi r m b e l i e f i n one s s e l f and

,
’
,

a p re fe re nc e fo r h an d s o m e wo me n ar e a ll e m i n e n tly s an e
,

c h arac t e ri s t ic s a ccord i ng t o o u r
p re s e n t s t an d ard O n t he .

o th e r h an d s o m e a d m i rabl e q u al i t i e s are n o t a bly wa n t i n g

,

q ual i t i e s wliich m ak e fo r a h ig h e r con t ro l t o t e m pe r t he t e n d

e n c y t o e x c e s s t he s e lfi s h n es s a n d t he re s tl e ss n e s s
, ,
I can n o t .

r e frai n fro m m e n t io n i n g M r R St e v e ns o n s b e au t i fu lly

’
L . . .

d rawn c h arac t e r o f W ill o f the M i ll as a ty p ical co n t ra s t

‘ ’

t o th e s e re s tl e s s g e ne ra l p aralyt ic s e xh i b i t i n g s o me o f th e ir
,

c hara c t e r is t i c s an d m an y more b e s i d e s wh ic h th e y c on s p i c u
,
”
o u s ly l ack .

I t i s wo rth wh i l e t o co mpare th is m asc ul i n e i n s an i ty w i th t he

d e s c rip t ion of n e uras th e nia (p a d is ord e r wh ic h i s ty p i c ally
.

fe m i nine .

It wou ld b e q u it e p oss ibl e t o t ak e i n d e t ail t he

di s e ase s of the br ai n a n d s p i n al co rd g e n e r a lly an d ,

t o di s c u s s th e ir s e x u al i n c id e n c e I re fr a i n fr o m .

d o i ng so b ecau s e a lth ou g h t he di ffe re n ce i n s e x u al

,

i n c ide n c e i s o ft e n ve ry m arke d i t s s i g n ifi c an c e c an n o t
,

b e said t o b e c l e a r i n d e t a il O n t he W h o l e t he m o r e
.
,

se ri o u s di seases w hi c h p r o d u ce v e ry g r oss l e s i on s o f

t he n e rv o u s c e n tr e s are m o r e co m m o n i n m e n ; t he
“ ”
s li g ht e r a n d so call e d
- fu n c ti o n a l di so rde rs a re
m o r e co m m o n i n w o m e n F or thi s r e as o n i n san ity
.

a n d n e rv o u s di se ase s g e n e r a lly ar e m u c h m o r e fat al

i n m e n ; w o m e n t e n d t o r ec o ve r e a s ily a lth o u g h th e y ,

m ay ag a i n r e l ap se Th ese fac t s ar e co nn e c t e d w ith

.

a g e n e r a l s e x u a l di ffe r e n ce w hi c h w e h ave m e t w ith

alr e a dy a n d s h all m e e t w ith a g ai n .

A d is e ase wh ich in vo lv e s t he ne rv o us s y s t e m th o ug h it m ay
n o t b e i t se l f o f p ri m a r i l y n e rv o u s c h arac t e r a n d w h ic h s h o ws ,

i n t e re s t ing s e x ua l d iffe re n c e s i s g ou t , G o u t t h o u g h n o t v e ry
.
,

u n c o m m o n i n wo m e n i s a n e s s e n t ia lly m as c u l i n e d i s e ase an d
, ,
a mo n g m e n i t t e nd s t o o cc ur i n m o s t pro n o unc e d fo rm i n t h o s e
i n d i v i d u al s w ho a re o f t he m o s t p ro n o un c e d ma s c ul ine ty pe and
h ab i t s an d o n th i s acco u n t p ro b a bly i s m u c h rare r i n i t s acu t e
,

fo rm n o w th an i t was i n t he d ay s w h e n E n g l an d was call e d

“
Sir Spe n c e r W e l l s ( P a cti ca l
”
t he c l ass ic l a n d o f g o ut .

r
Obser va ti ons on Go u t I 8 5 4 p 1 5 6 ) re m a r k s th a t i n i ts p r o
, ,
.

n o un c e d fo rm i t t e n d s t o o c c u r i n m as c ul in e w o m e n a n d th a t 111 ,

So u th e rn E uro pe wh e re t he h ab i t s an d co ns t i t u t i ons o f t he m e n
,
4 04 M AN AN D W O M AN .

su bj e c t e d du e s tre s s W h at w e s e e h e r e
to an un .

i s n o t t he re su lt O f wo rk u p o n w o m e n b u t t he re s u lt ,

O f w o rk u n d e r u nw h o l eso m e a n d u n n at u r al c o n diti o n s

w hi c h th e y h ave n o t th e m se lve s c o n tr o ll e d I t has .

b e e n r e pe at e dly s h ow n th a t t he fo u r c hi e f e vil s fr o m
w hi c h t he w o rk e r s O f t o -day su ffe r— l o n g h o u r s lo w ,

w ag e s irr e gu l a r e m pl o y m e n t i n s an it ary co n diti o n s

, ,

i n e ve ry c a se p r e ss m o r e h eavily o n w o m e n ; a p a rt
fr o m t he fa c t th at as c hildb e are r s w o m e n w o rk e r s
, ,

ar e alr e ady h a n di c a
p pe d The i n di c ati o n s o f thi s
.

b a r om e t e r o f i n san ity n e e d n ot th e r e fo r e b e r ec e ive d

w ith u n d u e al ar m Th e y ar e m e re ly t he ou t c o m e o f
.

t he s tre ss o f i m p e rfe c t a dj u s t m e n t t o n e w co n diti o n s ,

w ar n i n g u s th a t c e rt ai n r e a dj u s t m e n t s are n e c e s s ary .

C R I M I N A L ITY .

I do p r o p ose t o g iv e m o re th an a g l a n ce a t t he
n ot
q u e s ti o n o f se x u al di ffe r e n ce s i n c ri m i n ality I h av e .

e l se w h e re s a id w h at e v e r I h av e t o s a y o n t he g e n e r a l

q u e s ti o n , i c l u s iv e O e m i n i n e c ri m i n a lity
n f f ‘
M o re .

o v e r , d u ri n g t he l a s t fe w y e ar s t he s e x u al r e l a ti o n s

O f c ri m i n a li t y h av e b e e n s t u di e d i n v ari o u s c o u n tri e s

s o th o r o u g hly , an d fr o m s o m a n y di ffe r e n t p o i n t s O f

V i e w , th at it i s di ffi c u lt e ith e r t o b r i n g a n y n e w c o n tri

b u t i o n t o t he s u bj e c t , o r t o p r ese n t it m o r e c l e a rly 2 .

1
H . Ell i s, T/ze C r i m i n al, th ird edi ti o n ,
19 0 1; se e es e ci a
p lly p p . 26 1
2 68 .

2
L o mbroso e F e rre ro , L a D on n a D eli n qu en t e , la P r ost i t u t a , e la
D on n a N or ma /e, Turi n a n d R o m e , 18 9 3, i s t he l a rg es t a n d m o s t c o m
‘

r
p re h e ns iv e wo rk ; i t has be e n t ans l at e d i n to F e n ch an d G e r m an , a nd r
th e re is an i nco mpl e t e t ransl at io n o f a p ort i o n O f the boo k i n t he
r r
Eng l i sh C r i m i no l o gy Se i e s u nd e th e t i tl e o f l e F e ma le Oj e n a’er
’

R e fe r e nce m ay al so b e m ad e to N ack e , Ver br ec/zen u n a’ W a /zn s i n n

bei m W e i be , 189 4 R d e R yck e re , L a F emme clan s les P ri son s et
.

r
D eva n t la M or t ; a c h ap t e o n “ Se x , A g e and C ri me ” i n W D . . .

M o rri so n s C r i m e a n d i ts C a u ses , 18 9 1 ; P roal , L e C r i me et la P e i n e , P ari s ,

’

18 9 2 ; a c h ap te r o n L a C ri mi nal i t é F é mi n i n e i n J o ly s L e C r i me ,
“ ” ’

“ ”
18 88 ; K e llo r , Se x i n C ri m e , I n t f o u r E t /zi cs , 18 9 8 ; A B osco’ s
. . .

ve ry c are fu l and ab l e s t a tis t i ca l s t udy, St udi o a’ella D eli n qu en za ,

R o me , 189 2 F or a co n v e n i e n t s umm ary o f t he m ai n i n t e r nat i o na l

.

s ta t is t i ca l fac ts r e g ard i ng s e x ua l di f
fe re nc e s i n c r i m ina l i t y se e R o n co ro n i ,
 M O R BID P SY C H I C P H E N OM EN A .
4 05

It m u s t l
a so be
dd e d th at t he s t u dy O f t he se x u al
a

diffe re n ce s i n c ri m i n ality i s v e ry co m p li cat e d an d

fall ac i ou s m u c h m o re so th a n i n t he c a se o f s u i c id e
, ,

o r e v e n i n t he c a s e O f i n s an ity w hi c h i s a t a ll e v e n t s ,

r eco g n i se d by all a s W ithi n t he s c i e n tifi c p ro vi n ce .

L aw s va ry s o g r e atly t he se ve rity w i t h w hi c h th e y
,

ar e u p h e ld i s s o u n ce rt ai n a q u a n tity j u di c i al a n d ,

p o li ce p r ocee di n g s a r e s o u n r e li a bl e p o li ce s t ati s ti c s ,

o ft e n s o p ec u li a r th at o u r c o n c l u s i o n s wou ld be
,

d o u btfu l e ve n if w e w e r e su r e th at t he c ri m i n al w as
,

c au g ht th at he w as i n d ee d t he c u l p rit a n d t he so l e
, ,

c u l p rit Thi s al so w e can by n o m ean s b e su r e o f

.
,

a n d th e r e c an b e n o d o u bt th at o u r i g n o r a n ce O ft e n

s hi e ld s w o m e n W ho a lth o u g h i n t he b a c k g r o u nd
, ,

h av e e ith e r m o rally s h ar e d t he r e s p o n s ibility fo r t he

c ri m e o r h av e ass i s t e d i n a s u b o rdi n a t e c a p a c ity
, .

W h at e ve r de d uc ti o n s h o w e v e r h av e t o b e m ade , , ,

an d h o we v e r g r e a t m ay b e t he di ffi cu lti e s i n a rrivi n g

a t p r e c i se ly ac c u r a t e r e s u lt s th e re c an s car ce ly b e ,

d ou bt th at t he c ri m i n al and a n ti -soc i al i m p u l se i s
l ess s tro n g i n w om e n th a n i n m e n 1 I n E u rope
'

g e n e r ally t he c ri m es co m m itt e d by w o m e n a c c o rdi n g ,

t o H a u s n e r W ho has m a d e a s p ec i al s t u dy O f t he
,

s u bj ec t ar e 1 6 p e r c e n t o f all c ri m e s
,
W e s h ou ld
. .

b e i n c li n e d t o s u sp e c t thi s i n t he a b se n ce O f d e fi n it e ,

fac t s fr o m W h at w e k n o w o f t he n at u re o f w o m e n
,
.

N o t o n ly a r e w o m e n by th e ir m at e r n a l fu n c ti o n s
m o r e o rg a n i c a lly ti e d t o t he soc i a l re l a ti o n s O f life ,

b u t th e ir affe c t a bility r e n d e r s a n a n ti -soc i a l a n d

u n u s u al c o u r s e o f li fe m u c h m o r e o r g an i cally di ffi cu lt .

Th e ir p hy s i o l og i c a l ti m idity— fo r a s we h av e see n , ,

t he ti m idity o f w o m e n has a n e u rO -m u sc u l a r b as i s
m a k e s t he i m p u l s e t o c ri m e m o r e diffi c u lt e ve n by t he
v e ry v as o -m o t o r p e rt u rb ati o n t he i m pu l se p ro du ce s .

L C i m n li ta F m mi n i l e ll E t r A / i mb i P i / i t i
’ ’
a r l a e a ol s e o, rc l a s c z a r a, v .

i
x v . F asc 11 -i ii , an d m or e es pe ci ally a v al uabl e s t udy b y H ug o H o eg e l,
,
. . .

D i e St raffalli g k e i t des W e i be s , A r c/t i v fu r K r i m i n a l A n t lzr opolog i e ,

” '

v o l v , 19 00
. . .

1
Th i s has , h o we v e r , be e n d e m e d , an d b y so e mi ne nt a soci ol og i s t as
r
P r o fesso r D u k h e i m, L e Su i ci de, p 3 89 . .
406 M AN AN D W O M A N .

The i m pu l se is e x pe n d e d i n e m o ti on b e for e it
b ecom e s a d ee d The ab n o r m a l wo m an has m u c h
.

g reat e r e n cou rage m e n t t o b e co m e a p r o s tit u t e an ,

occu p ati on whi c h i s o n ly i n c id e n t a lly co nn e c t e d w ith

c ri m e, an d w hi c h i s n o t vi e w e d w ith t he s am e
u n m iti g at e d r ep r o b ati o n The fo r m s of c ri m i n ality
.

i nt o w hi c h w om e n m o s t e a s ily fa ll ar e t he s u btl es t
(lik e p oi son i ng) an d al so t he m o re d om es ti c fo rm s
,
.

M u rd e r s , ass au lt s bu rg l a rie s th e ft s comm e rc i al

, , ,

c ri m es — as we ll as t he so -c all e d p o liti c al c ri m es
are co m p ar ativ e ly r ar e am o n g w o m e n I n I t aly for .
,

100 m e n w ho c o m m it a n y o n e O f th e se O ffe n ces

t he p ro po rti on o f w o m e n i s fr o m s i x t o b e l ow o n e .

P o i so n i ng o n t he o th e r h a n d i s a c h a r ac t e ri s ti cally
, ,

fe mi ni n e c ri m i n al m e th o d I n G ree k d ays Eu ri p ides .

m ak es M e d e a say th a t p o i so n i s t he way o f m u rd e r
i n w hi c h w om e n e x ce l a n d t h e y have r e t ai n e d th at
,

r e -e m i ne n ce e v e r s i n ce 1 I n F r a n ce t he p r op o rti on
p .

i s ab ou t s i x wo m e n t o thr e e o r fo u r m e n : so th at
a b ou t t wo -third s of d e t e c t e d cases o f p o i s o ni n g ar e by
w om e n . I n I t aly fo r e v e ry 100 m e n fo u n d gu ilty o f
,

p oi s o ni ng th e re ar e 1 2 3 w o m e n I nfan ti c id e i s t he .

c ri m e i n whi c h wom e n s t an d ou t i n g re at e s t con tr as t

t o m e n ; i n I t a ly fo r e x a m p l e fo r e v e ry 100 m e n
, ,

g u ilty o f i nfanti c id e th e r e ar e 47 7 wo m e n Thi s m u s t .

b e so ; i mm e ns e so c i a l p re s su r e i s p u t o n a w o m an t o
i nd uce her t o de s tro y or ab an do n t he i n fan t w hi c h all
he r n at u r al i n s ti nc t s p ro m p t he r t o c h e ri s h ; an d t he
m an who co m m it s thi s c ri m e i s u su ally d o i ng it for
t he sake o f a wo m a n W o m e n as Q u e t e l e t l on g s i nce
.
,

re m a rke d are do m es ti c c ri m i n al s ; thi s i s s i m ply

,

b e cau se t he h om e o c c u p i e s so l a rg e a fi e ld i n th e ir
life g e ne rally ; e ve n ag a i n s t th e ir ow n c hildre n and ,

a part fr om i n fa n ti c id e m o th ers co m m it c ri m es s om e
,

wh at m or e fre q u e n tly th an fath e r s Thi s has for .

,

i n s t an ce b ee n t he e x pe ri e n ce o f t he Soc i e ty for t he
,

P r o t ecti o n o f C hildr e n w hi c h i n o ne ye ar (189 1) ,

1
O n the f eq e n y f p i ni ng mo ng wom n i n l wer
r u c o o so ces see
a e o ra ,

L o mbroso and F err r L D ne o, D li q n t pp 2 08-2 10

a o na e n ue e, . .
40 8 M AN AN D W OM AN .

n e ss , a s Ke rr p o i n t e d o u t , r ec idivi s m i s co m m o n e r i n
wo m e n th an i n m e n , a n d it i s p r o b a bl e th at t he
t e n d e n c y to t he i nc re ase o f r ec idivi s m am o n g wo m e n
i s l a rg e ly du e t o t he i n c r ease o f dr u n k e n n e ss I n an y
.

c ase t he r e c idivi s m o f w o m e n i s v e ry m a rk e d . In
E ng l an d , fo r i n s t an ce , d u ri n g t he y ear 1 9 00, w e fi n d
th at if we t ak e t he n u m b e r O f pe r so n s c o m m itt e d t o
p ri so n for t he fir s t ti m e th e re we r e o ve r m en
t o l e ss th an 6 000 w o m e n ; b u t a m o n g th o s e w ho ha d
a lr eady b ee n i n p ri so n m o r e th an t w e n ty ti m e s th e re

we r e o n ly 4 000 m e n t o wo m e n .

Eve n t o a g r eat e r e xt e n t th an i n su i c id e or i n
i nsan ity, th e r e i s a soc i al fac t o r i n c ri m i n ality, an d it
i s d e t e r m i ne d v e ry l a rg e ly by t he di ffe r e n ces b e t w ee n
t o wn an d co u n try To w n s m o di fy t he n at u r e o f
.

c ri m e s ; th u s t he w o m e n w ho co m m it i n fa n ti c id e i n

t he co u n try p r ac ti s e a b o rti o n i n t o w n s Thi s i n flu

.

e n ce i s s till m o r e m a rk e d i n i n c r e a s i n g t he t o t al

a m ou n t o f c ri m e . Thi s i s e s p e c i ally so w h e re we
fi n d w o m e n w o rki n g i n fac t o ri es , a n d , a b o ve a ll,
wo rki n g fo r lo w w a ge s an d w ith o u t a n y o rg an i sati o n .

I t i s l arg e ly t o thi s c au se , d ou btl e s s , th at , so far as

w o m e n are co n ce rne d , Sco tl an d occu p i es t he p os iti o n
o f b e i n g (e x c e p t so m e p art s O f G e r m an y) t he m os t

c ri m i n al co u n try i n E u r o p e . The b a d r e co rd o f
G l a sg o w, fo r i n s t a n c e , as r e g a rd s fe m i n i n e c ri m i n ality
i s n ot o ri o u s .I n G l asg o w (n o t w ith s t an di n g i t s m u ni
c i p a l e ne r gy i n m a n y dir e c ti o n s ) wo m e n w o rk e r s are

ill o rg an i se d , an d are o n ly abl e t o ear n h a l f as m u c h

a s t he w o m e n w o rk e r s o f L an cas hir e i n t he sam e

i n du s tri e s If w e t u r n t o t he U n it e d St at e s we fi n d ,
.

as D r F. . H W i n e s , t he c hi e f A m e ri can au th o rity o n
.

c ri m i n al s t ati s ti cs , has r ece n tly s h o wn , th at th e r e i s a

r e m ark abl e p re p o n de r an ce o f fe m i n i n e c ri m i n ality i n

t he N o rth Atl a n ti c g ro u p O f St at e s a s c o m p a r e d with
t he r e s t o f t he c o u n try .T aki ng t he w hit e p opu l ati o n
o n ly, it i s fou n d th a t i n t he n i n e St a t e s co m ri se d i n
p
N e w E n g l and , N e w Y o rk , N e w J e r se y an d C o n n ec
,
t i cu t , t he nu m b e r o f fe m al e p ri so n e r s i s 1 2 p e r c e n t .
 M O R BID P SY C H I C P H EN OM ENA .
4 09

Of t he t o t a l ; i n t he r e m ai n i n g thirty fi ve St at e s th e y
fu r n i s h o n ly 4 p e r ce n t The o nly e x p l an ati o n see m s
.

t o b e th at t he N o rth Atl a n ti c co r n e r o f t he co u n try

i s t he o ld es t an d m o s t hi g hly c ivili s e d ; it i s t he
r e g i o n o f c iti e s and o f fac t o ri e s e m p l oyi n g i m m e ns e
,

n u m b e r s o f wo m e n who i n t he r e s t o f t he cou n try

,

a re m o r e h o m e -livi ng I f w e t a k e E u r o p e g e ne r ally
.

w e fi n d th at fe m i n i n e c ri m i n ality i s v e ry hi g h i n
Sc o tl a n d a n d g e n e r ally 1n G e r m an y ; hi g h a l so i n
,

E n gl a n d a n d B e l g i u m a n d H o ll a n d a n d It aly a n d
D e n m a rk and N o r way ; so m e w h at l o w e r i n I r e l an d
a n d F r a n ce an d A u s tri a ; v e ry low i n R u ss i a an d

Sp ai n a n d p r o b a bly r e ac hi ng a m i n i m u m i n G re ece
,
.

I t w ill b e s ee n th a t t he e n e rg e ti c i n d e p e n d e n t i n , ,

d u st r i al T e u t o n i c r ac e s s t a n d at t he h e ad a s r e g a rd s
fe m i n i n e c ri m i n ality R u ss i a a n d Sp ai n o n t he o th er
, ,

h an d are t he t w o g r eat p re d o m i n an tly ag ri c u lt u r a l

,

c o u n tri e s i n E u r o p e h a vi n g i n thi s as i n so m e o th e r
, ,

r e s p e c t s m u c h i n co m m o n ; i n G r e e c e w o m e n m ay
,

a l m o s t b e said t o h av e n o ac tiviti e s ou t s id e th e ir

h o m e s W e h av e c l e arly t o r e co g n i se th at t he t e n d
.

e n c i e s O f m o d e r n life a r e d e v e l o p i n g t he c ri m i n ality

O f wo m e n n o t w ith s t an di n g th at t he o r g a n i c t e n d
,

e n c i e s o f w o m a n s n at u r e r e s tr a i n he r t o a co n s id e r a bl e
’

e xt e n t fr o m t he co m m i s s i o n o f c ri m e Th e r e i s ho w .
,

e ve r n o thi n g fat a l i n th e se t e n d e n c i e s o f m o d e r n life

, ,

a n d i n a v e ry l ar e d e r e e th e y ar e ass u r e dly w ithi n

, g g ,

o u r c on tr o l .
 C H AP TE R XVI .

TH E VA R I ATI O N AL TE N D E N C Y O F M EN .

M OST A BN O R M A L I TIE S M OR E C OM M O N IN M EN — TH E IN

F L U EN C E O F TH E P EL VI S O N TH E SID E OF M ED IO C R ITY
— STI L L -BO R N C H I L D R EN — SE XU A L P R O P OR TI O N OF
C O N G EN I TA L M A L F O R M A TIO N S— M U SC U L A R A BN O R M A L

I TI ES— TH E EA R AN D I TS A BN O R M A L I TIE S— P SY C H I C
A BN O R M A L ITIE S, I D I O C Y , G E N IU S, ETC .
— TH E P R IM I TIVE
R A C IA L EL EM EN TS IN A P O P U L A TI O N P ER H A P S M OR E

C L EA R L Y R EP R E SEN TED BY W O M EN — W O M EN M OR E
D I SP O SED TH AN M EN TO P R ESER VE A N C IEN T C U STO M
AN D A N C I E N T M ETH O D S OF TH O U G H T— TH E O R G AN IC
C O N SE R VA TI SM OF W O M EN — A D VA N TA GES OF TH I S
SE XU AL D I F F E R EN C E .

IT was at o ne ti m e d th at w o m e n ar e m o re
s u pp os e

v ari abl e th an m e n an d m o re li abl e t o e xhibit c o n ge n it a l

m a lfo r m ati o n s j o h n H u n t e r it i s tr ue w ho first
.
, ,

t o u c h e d o n t he m att e r fr o m a bi ol o g i c al s t an dp o i nt ,

vag u e ly i n di c at e d th at m al es are m o r e v a ri abl e th an

fe m al e s ; b u t M ec k e l o n t he co n trary c am e t o t he
, ,

c on c l u s i o n on, p a th o l o g i c a l g r ou n d s th a t i n t he ,

h u m an s p e c i e s fe m al e s s h o w a g re at e r d e g r e e o f
v ari ability a n d he th ou g ht th at s i n ce m an is t he
,

s u p e ri o r an i m al a n d v ari ati o n a s i g n o f i n fe ri o rity

t he c o n c l u s i o n w a s j u stifi e d
“
W e m ay s t at e as a
.

”
p ri n c i p l e M e c k e l w r o t e n i ne ty y e a r s ag o at t he
o u t se t o f hi s m anu al o f d esc ri tiv e an d ath o l o g i cal
“
p p
a n at o m y , th at ano m ali e s ar e m o r e c o m m o n i n t he
fe m al e This p h e n o m e n o n see m s t o d e pe n d o n t he
.

e i g hth law [ M e c k e l s law o f d e v e l o p m e nt a cco rdi ng

’ ‘ ’
,
4 12 M AN AN D W O M AN .

r i
c o n ce n n g v ari ati o ni n m a n a n d w o m an All t he .

e vid e n ce th a t he c ou ld fi n d p oi n t e d in t he s am e
dire c tio n , an d he co n c l u de d (P art I L , c h 8) th at th e r e .

“
is a g reat e r g e n e r al v ari ability i n t he m al e se x .

I t c a n n o t h o we v e r , b e a sse rt e d th a t all t he i m p li c a
,

ti o n s of thi s fac t ar e y e t c l e a rly re co g n i s e d .

The t e n d e n c y o f m e n t o b e a b n o r m a l has , s o far as

s iz e i s c o n c e r n e d , t o co n t e n d at a n e arly p e ri o d o f

li fe with a ve ry p o we rfu l fo r c e o n t he s ide o f e q u ality

a n d m e di oc rity Thi s , as w e h ave a lre ady s e e n
.

(p. i s t he n a rr o wn e s s O f t he m at e r n a l p e lvi c
ou tl e t , w hi c h p r o b ably all o w s b o y s t o p a s s thr ou g h

l e ss r e a dily th an g irl s Still -bo r n c hildr e n ar e m u c h

.

m o r e fre q u e n tly b oy s th a n g irl s , t he p r o p o rti o n i n

thi s cou n try b e i n g a b ou t 14 0 m al es t o 100 fe m al es .

I f it w e r e n o t fo r thi s l e ve lli n g i n fl u e n c e th e re can b e

littl e dou bt th at t he p r op o rti o n o f m e n r e m ark abl e
fo r e x c e p ti o n al p hy s i cal or m e n t al q u aliti es w o u ld b e
e v e n l arg e r th an it a c t u ally i s Th u s B o yd s t a bl e s ’
.

h av e s h o wn th at t he av e rag e br ai n -m as s in t he “

c hildr e n w ho ar e b o r n d e ad at fu ll ti m e i s l a rg e r

th an i n th ose w ho liv e ; an d th at w hil e t he av e r ag e

n e w -b o r n livi n g m a l e c hild a t fu ll ti m e has a t o t a l
bra i n -m as s o n ly a b ou t 152L ou n ce s h e avi e r th an t he
fe m al e (a n d t he m axi m u m br ai n -w e i g ht i n a livi n g
c hild w a s ac t u ally fo u n d by B o yd i n a fe m al e) ,
a m o n g t he s till -b o r n t he m a xi m u m m al e br ai n i s
n e a rly se v e n o u n c e s l a rg e r th a n t he m a xi m u m fe m a l e
br ai n , alth o u g h t he m i n i m u m s till -b o r n m a l e br ai n i s
o n ly a littl e o v e r an o u n ce l arg e r th an t he m i n i m u m

fe m al e bra i n St ati s ti cs o f E ng li s h an d Sc o t c h
.

i n fan t s c o ll e c t e d by t he A n thr o po m e tri c C o m m itt e e

o f t he
,
B riti s h A s soc i ati o n s h o we d th a t w hil e t he
r ang e o f h e i g ht i n t he m al e i n fant s w as 10 i n c h e s , i n
t he fe m a l e i n fan t s it w as o n ly 8 i n c h e s E x c e p ti o n al .

w e i g ht i n n e w -b o r n c hildr e n i s m os t u su a lly fo u n d
a m on g t he m al e s ; i n F r an ce , f o r w e i g ht s a b o v e 3 5 00

g r a mm e s th e r e ar e 2 9 b o y s t o o n ly 1 9
g irl s
1
.

1
D e paul , A r t . N o uv e au-n é i n D i ct . en cy . des Sci . M id .
 T H E VA R I ATIO N AL TE N D E N C Y O F M EN .
4 13

It i s b ec au se o f t he se l e c tiv e ac ti o n O f t he p e lvi s ,

a n d t he i n fl ue n c e s O f l at e r li fe w hi c h th e r e i s
g oo d ,

r e as o n t o b e li e v e do n o t ac t e q u ally o n b o th s e x es ,

th at w e a re n o t e n titl e d t o i n tro du ce t he fac t o r o f

s iz e i n di sc u ss i n g t he i n c id e n ce o f v ari ati o n s i n m e n

an d w o m e n Th e r e i s g o o d r e as o n t o b e li e v e th at
1
.

s o far as s iz e i s co n c e r n e d m e n ar e n o t m o r e v a ri abl e

th an w om e n a n d p r o b ably l e ss so z Thi s app ear s t o

, .

b e t he r e s u lt o f u n e q u al se l e c tiv e i n fl u e n c e s d u ri n g
life a n d has n o n e c e s s a ry b eari n g o n t he p ri m ary
,

i n c id e n ce o f v a ri ati o n s .

Ab n o r m aliti es o f m os t ki n ds h avi n g th e ir o ri g i n i n
so m e a rr e s t o f d e v e l o p m e n t or u n k n o wn p ath o l o g i c a l ,

a c c id e n t at a n e a rly p e ri o d O f e m bry o n i c g r o w th a re ,

fo r t he m os t p a rt m o r e co m m o n i n m a l es th a n i n
fe m al e s Thi s i s s h o wn b o th by t he R e g i s trar
.

G e n e r a l s R e p o rt s a n d t he s u r g i c a l r e c o rd s o f a n y
’

l a r ge h os p it al ; w hil e am o n g E n g li s h c hildr e n
W a r n e r fo u n d t he p e r ce n t ag e w ith m a i n c l ass es o f
de fec t s w as boy s and g irl s ; a n d a m o n g
3

1 000 A m e ri c a n c hildr e n M a c d o n a l d fo u n d th at n e arly

e v e ry c l as s o f a b n o r m a lity i s m o r e fr e q u e n t a m o n g

b o y s 4 H rdli c k a a l so i n an e l a b o r at e i n ve s ti g ati o n o f
.
, ,

10 00 c hildr e n i n t he N e w Y o rk j u v e n il e A s yl u m fo u n d ,

th at b o th am o n g t he w hit e an d t he bl ac k c hildr e n
b
a no m a r liti r
e s we e m o r e fre q u e n t i n t h e b o y s
5
.

I f w e c o n s id e r t he d e ath s p e r m illi o n fr o m co n
n it a l d e fec t s w e fi n d t a ki n g t he fi v e y ear s 1 8 8 4 -8 8
g e ,

1
Th is po i n t i s fu r th e rm ph as i s e d i n t he A ppe nd i x ,
e P ro fesso r Karl
P e a rs o n o n Va r i at i o n i n M a n a n d W o man .

2
K P e arso n , “ V a ri a t i o n i n M a n a n d W o m a n , C han ces of D ea l /z,
.

v o l i ; a l so G i u f r id a-R ugg e ri ,
. . L a M agg i o ra Va ri abi l i t a d c lla d o nn a
d i mos t rata co l m e t o d o C a m e ra no, ” Afan zt Zoo/0g 1 9 03 , N O 12 ;
'

. . .

a nd F r asse t o ,
t L a V a r i a bi l i t a d e l C a ni o u ma no ,
”
A t t i r
'
S oc It
’
om . . .

1n t r o
—
p .
, p 15 5
19 0 1, . .

3
M e n t al a n d P hy s i ca l C o nd i t i on a mong F i fty Th o usand C h i ld re n ,
f ou r . St a t i s t Soc , M arc h 18 9 6 , p 13 7
. . C f R epor t of B r i t i s/z A ssoci
. . .

a t i on on [Men t a l a n d P /iy s i ca l D ev i a t i on s fr om t he N or ma l a mong

C h i ld r en , 19 00 .

4
E du cat i on R epor t , 18 9 7 -9 8 , pp 10 3 2 , 108 7 . .

5
A H rrlli c k a , A zzt/i r op o /og i ca l I n vest i ga t i on s
.
-

f
o On e Tlzou sa n a’
189 9 .
4 14 M AN AN D W O M AN .

(as C am p b e ll has po i n t e d v e rag e i s

ou t ) th at
,
t he a

fo r t he m a l e sex h
fo r t e e f ,
m a l e
1
Su rg i c al .

e x p e ri e n ce am o n
g t he livi n g g iv es a s i m il a r r e s u lt .

Th us at St Th o m as s H osp it al if w e t ake for

.
’

, ,

i ns t an ce t he ye a rs 188 1 -87 w e fi n d th a t h a r e lip fo r

, ,
-
,

e x am l e w as fo u n d i n 4 3 m al e s t o 2 0 fe m al e s
p ,
.

B ry an t s n o t e -b oo k (acco rdi ng t o B ra xt o n H i c k s )
’

s h ow e d 44 m al e s t o 2 0 fe m al e s a l m os t t he s a m e ,

r
p p o o rti o n W hil e M
, a n l e y 2
fou n d 2 7 m al e s t o on ly 6
fe m al e s D ou bl e h a r e -li p i s al m os t e x c l u s iv e ly fou n d
.

i n m al e s H a r e -li p w ith c l e ft p a l at e i s al w ay s m o re
.

fr e q ue n tly fo u n d i n m al es ; acco rdi n g t o B ryan t i n ,

1 7 m a l e s t o o n ly f m l C l ft - al a t e al o n e i s
4 e a e s e p .
,

h owe v e r m o r e O ft e n fou nd i n fe m al es ; i n 5 8 fe m al es
,

t o 3 7 m al e s a cc o rdi n g t o t he e x p e ri e n c e a t St
, .

Th om as s Sp i n a b i fi da is al so u su ally s li g htly m o r e
’
.

co m m o n i n fe m a l e s ; 1 3 m al es t o 1 7 fe m al e s ac co rd ,

i n g t o B ry an t th o ug h t he r e c o rd s at St Th o m a s s ’
.
,

appe a r t o s h ow a m aj o rity O f m al es N ea rly e ve ry .

o th e r i m p o rt an t fo r m o f m a lfo rm a tio n i s fo u n d
m o r e fr e q u e n tly i n m al es th an i n fe m al es C on .

g e n it al a b se n c e O f t he fib u l a s e e m s t o occ u r al m o s t
e x c l u s ive ly i n m al e s Tali pe s e qu i no -v a r u s t he m o s t
.
,

i m p o rt a n t fo rm o f c l u b -foo t u s u ally i n di c at es an ,

a rr e s t o f d e v e l o p m e n t as it r e p r e s e n t s t he n o r m a l
,

p os iti o n O f t he foo t i n t he a pes a n d i n m an b e fo r e

birth ; it i s m u c h m o re fr e q ue n t i n m a l e s t he p ro ,

p o rti o n s b e i n g (ac co rdi ng t o e x p e ri e n ce at St .

Th om as s H o sp it al ) 4 4 m a l e s t o 2 6 fe m al e s ; w hil e
’

if w e i n c l u de all fo r m s o f c l u b -foo t t he p ro po rti o n i s ,

8 0 m al es t o 5 3 fe m al es I f w e t ak e l a r g e r fi g u r e s w e
.

fi n d acco rdi n g t o D u v al th at 3 6 4 m al es e xhibit

, ,

co n g e n it a l c l u b -foo t as ag ai n s t 2 1 0 fe m al e s w hil e t he ,

a c q u ir e d fo r m s a r e al so m o r e co m m o n i n m al e s
"

1
H C am pbe ll , N e r v ou s Org an i sat i on of M an and Woman , p 133
. . .

2
I n ter n at i on a l M ed M ag , A pri l 189 3
. .

3
I n fan t i l e pal s i es , acqui re d i n early y ears , an d i nvo lv i ng v ari ous
r r
d e fo mi tie s o f t he foo t , we e fo und by M ui rh e ad to affe c t t he se x e s
a l mo s t equally But th e y w e r e m o re o ft e n se ve re i n t he boys , and
.

more o ft e n affe c t ed b o th l i mbs (B r i t ti l ed j ou n , 1 < t Se pt

. . .
416 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n m al e bj ec t s I t w ou ld b e o f littl e i n t e r es t t o
su .

co n s id e r i n d e t ail t he r e s u lt s re ac h e d by W o o d ,

Sc h wa lb e M a cali s t e r W e n z e l G r u b e r an d o th e r s
, , , ,

b u t o n t he w h o l e th e re see m s t o be littl e d o u bt o f t he
fac t alth ou g h the re are e x ce p tio n s as re g ard s ce rt ai n
,

m u sc l es an d Tes t u t i s o f o p i n i o n th a t t he se x e s m ay
,

b e r e g a rd e d as a b o u t e q u al i n thi s r e s pe c t .

The fo ll o wing re ma k s by P ro fe s s or M aca l is t e r con ce rn ing

r

m usc ul ar an om a l ie s a re worth q uo t i ng : Varie t ie s ar e pro ba bly

more co m m on in m al e s th an in fe mal e s ; th o se of fi s s i on an d
s u p re s s i on o cc u r m ore fre u e n tly i n t he l a tt e r a s th e y u s ually
p q ,

p os s e s s a weak e r m us c ul ar s y s t e m A no mal ie s o f d u al i ty
‘

.
,
a l t e re d co u r s e a n d a t t ac h me n t a nd coa l e s ce n ce m os t fre q u e n tly ,

are t o b e fo un d i n m al e s N e w m u s cu l ar g e rm s are m ore

fre q ue n tly d e v e l o pe d i n the m a l e s e x a lth o u g h an e x c e p t i on has ,

b e e n c l ai m e d for s om e ” The mus c l e g erm s ar e m us c l e s .

u s ually fo u n d in o th e r an i mal s n ot i n M a n To th i s c l a s s ,
.

b e l ong al s o cas e s o f m us cu l ar d u al i ty d e pe n d i n g on v e g e t a t i v e ,

re pe t i t io n an d so me case s of s up pre s s ion ; wh il e m us c l e fi s s io n

,
-

a n d s om e c a s e s o f s u pp re s s i on d e p e n d o n d e fi c i e n t g ro wth an d ,

a r e a ss oc ia e t d
wi t h we ak n e s s ; a nd co a l e s ce n ce i s d e p e n d e n t o n
r r
e x u b e an t g o w th an d i s as s o c ia t e d wi th s t e n g th ( A l e x an d e r . r
“
r r r
M aca l i s t e , F u th e N o t e s o n M u s cu l a A n o m al i e s , ” P r oo R oy r . .

I r i s /t A ca demy , v o l x , 186 7 , p Sc h wa lb e a n d P fi tzn e r

. . .

“
( Va r ie t at e n St a t i s t ik, M orj holog i s d zo A r bezten , B d i ii h e ft . .

r
2 ) h av e s h o wn t he m a k e d p e v al e n c e o f v a i e t i e s o f m u s c u la r r r
r
s u pp e s s i o n a m o n g fe m a l e s .

r
The se x ua l d iffe e n c e s i n a b n o m al i ty a re s o m e wh at co m pl e x r .

W e m ay, fo r e x a m pl e , t ak e t he a n o m a l ie s of t h e e ar, w h ic h h av e
r
b e e n c a e fully s t ud ie d by n um e o us i n v e s t ig a t o s i n v a i o us r r r
c o un t i e s r r
It i s p e tty g e ne ally ag ee d th a t , as R a n k e s t a t e s ,
. r r
r
the e ar i n w o m e n i s m o e fi n e ly m o d e ll e d a n d l e s s s u bj e c t t o
r
a b no m a l i ty th a n i n m e n , th o ug h Sc h ae ffe i s o f o p i n i on th a t r
r r
th i s d iffe e n ce i s a ppa e n t on ly , an d i s m e r e l y d ue t o th e e a r
i n wo m e n b e i ng s m a ll e a n d d e fe c t s l e s s o bv i o us r Sc h wa lb e .

r
a g u e s th a t t he m a l e e ar i s m u c h c l o s e t o th at o f th e a pe s r
th an t he fe mal e e ar : W e ar e h e e con ce n e d , ” he s ay s , wi th r r
a ve y r r r
e ma k abl e fac t , th a t t he fe m al e s e x h e e d oe s n ot r
r r
e xh i b i t t he m o e p im i t i v e fo m s , as , fo r e x a m p l e , i n t h e fo ma r r
r
t ion of t he s e x ual o g an s, b ut t he d e iv e d fo m ” H e s h ows r r .

r r
th a t in v a io us e s pe c t s t he e ar in wo me n is fu th e e m o v e d r rr
r
f o m t he a p e s th an t he e ar i n m e n, m o e e s pe c ia lly as r e r
r r r
g a d s t he D a win i a n t ub e c l e ; th us , t ak i ng c h i e fl y A l sa t ians , h e
fi n d s th a t am o n g 109 m e n and 102 wom e n p e r ce n t o f .

t he mal e e a rs s h o we d t he t u be r cl e , a n d o n ly pe r c e n t o f .
 TH E VAR I ATI O N A L TE N D E N C Y or M EN .
4 17

the fe mal e r
wh i l e m o e th an th e e -fo u th s o f t he m e n an d
ea s ; r r r
r r
n ea ly th e e -fou th s o f th e i r
e a s , c ol l e c t i v e ly , e xh i b i t e d t he r r
r r
D a win i an t ub e cl e , ha dly h al f t he wo me n a n d o n ly a t h i d r r
of t h ei r r
e a s s h o we d i t Sc h ae ffe fo un d i t i n 4 7 pe r ce n t . r .

wo m e n ; wh i l e i n m e n i t v a ie d g e atly in d i ffe e n t e g i ons , r r r r

r
b ut was u s ually m o e f e q ue n t ; he c o n s i d e s t he pe cu l ia i ty r r r
e s p ec i ally co m m o n i n E n g l an d , an d v e y un us uall y s o a m o ng r
E ng l i s h wo m e n ; wh i l e he fo un d it i n o nl y 2 2 per c e n t ea s . r
i n Swa b ia and U p p e r
B av a ia , he fo un d i t i n 5 5 p e r ce n t r .

r
E n g l i s h e a s ; i n J e we s s e s , o n t he o th e h an d , a bn o m al e a s r r r
ar e r r
a e . r
G ad e n ig o fi n d s t he e a r n o m al i n 5 6 p er c e n t r .

m e n , i n 6 6 p e r ce n t wo m e n ; he fi n d s e v e y a b n o m al i ty, e v e n
. r r
r
ad h e e n t l o b u l e , m o e co mm o n i n m e n r a l i has fo un d e v e y . V r
r
a b n o m al i ty w i th t he e x ce p t i o n of a dh e e n t l o b ul e m o e co m m o n r r
in m en . r r
W a ne , i n an e xt e n s i v e i n v e s t ig a t ion o f E n g l i s h
sc h ool c h ild re n fi n d s ab n orm a l e ars v e ry m uc h com m on e r
i n b o y s th an i n g irl s L an n o i s s i n v e s t ig a t io n s s h o w t h e pr o ’
.

p o rt i o n o f n o rma l e ars t o b e 2 8 p e r ce n t i n m e n an d 4 1 p e r .

ce n t i n wo m e n
. The pro m i n e n t o ut s t a nd in g e ar (a d a ns a ) i s
.

e v e ry wh e re m ore co mm o n i n m e n ( 11 p e r c e n t m al e s an d 3 p e r .

ce n t fe ma l e s ac c ord in g t o G ra d e n ig o ) ; i t i s us ual ly as s oc ia t e d
.
,

wi th a l arg e m a s t o i d p ro ce s s W i ld e rm u th s e ar ( an t i h e l ix .
’

proj e c t in g b e y o n d h e l ix ) i s u s ually fo u nd t o b e m ore fre q ue n t i n

wo me n ; L anno i s fo u n d i t in 2 7 p e r ce n t wo m e n 2 0 p e r ce n t .
, .

m e n ; G ra d e nig o i n 2 0 p e r c e n t wo m e n 7 p e r ce n t m e n .
, . .

A dh e re n t l o b u l e i s a l so m ore c o mm o n i n wo me n i n t he
e x p e rie n ce o f m o s t o b s e r v e rs L ay co c k m an y y e ars a g o co n .

s id e r e d t h a t t he l o b ul e an d also t h e h e l i x ar e b o t h re l a t i v e ly an d
‘

a b s o l u t e l y s m all e r i n w o m e n ; i n m e n o f fe m in in e c h arac t e r he
fo un d th e h e l i x and l o b u l e l ik e th ose o f wo m e n and he th o ug h t ,

th at ac t i v e in s t inc t s an d ap pe t i t e s ar e o ft e n as s oc iat e d wi t h
l arg e l o b ul e s ( J R an ke D er M en s ch; Sc h walbe B e i t rag e zu r
. .
“
, ,

A n th ro p o l o g i e d e s O h re s R u dolf Vi r cfi o w F es ts clzr ift Be rl in

”
, , ,

18 9 1 Ed i ; L ay co ck
,
. .
“
L e c t r
u e s o n P hy g s,
i o n o m i ca l ag os s
D i n i ”
,
“
M edi ca l Ti m es za n d M a r c
,
h 18 6 2 ; L an n o i s P a v i ll o n d e l O r e ille ,
’

”
h j t A r c/Li v es ti e l A n l/l Gr i m J u i ll e t 189 2
’
c e z les S u e s Sa in s ,
.
, ,
’

“
O s car Sc h a e ffe r U e b e r O hre ntw ick e lung 11n d O h rform e n
, ,

A r c/zi z / filr A n ti
'
B d x x i 189 2 ; Ku ralla N a tu rg es c/zi c/zte ti es
,
. .
, ,

Ver br ec/zer s St u tt g ar t 189 3 pp 7 5 -84

, , ,
.
,

If we t u r n t o th ose c o n ge n it al v ari ati o ns w hi c h

are v e ry c l o se ly alli e d t o m e n t al c h ar ac t e r s w e s till

fi n d a n d i n a n e v e n m o r e m a rk e d d e g r e e th at m e n
, ,

h a v e a g r e at e r t e n d e n cy t o ab n o r m ality th an w o m e n .

L e ft -h an d e d n e s s wa s fo u n d by O g l e t o b e t w i ce a s
c o m m o n i n m e n as i n w o m e n C o l o u r -bli n d n ess .
,

w hi c h has b e e n di s c u sse d i n a pr e vi o us c h a p t e r i s ,

27
4 18 M AN AN D W O M AN .

an i nt e resti ng i n s t an ce o f a c ong e nit al v ari ati on

m ark e dly m o re fre q u e n t i n m e n th an i n wom en It .

m ay b e add e d h e re th at a lbi nis m or co ng e n it al ,

ab se n ce o f pi g m e n t ati o n i s an o th e r typ i c al v a ri ati o n

,

whi c h app ears t o b e e ve rywhe re m o re p reval e n t

a m n
o g m e n th a n a m o n g w o m e n ;
1
i n Eu r o pe th e r e
are three m al es t o t wo fe m al e s ; am on g m an y
s av ag es t he prop o rti o n o f fe m a l es i s s till s m all e r .

Th e re are nearly e ve rywh e re m o re m al e th an fe m al e

d eaf-m ut e s ; thu s in Sco tl an d 100 m en are deaf
m u t es t o 7 9 w o m e n an d if we t ake t he pro por
,

t i on t o p o pu l a ti o n for G re at B rit ai n g e n e r ally

t he se x u a l diffe re n ce i s s till m o r e m ark e d ;
i n G e r m any t he p r o p o rti on i s 100 m al e s t o 8 5
fem al e s ; an d i n N o rw ay acco rdi ng t o U c her ,

m ann for e v e ry 100 d e af-m u t e m al e s th e r e are

,

o n ly 7 8 fe mal e s O n ly a b o u t 5 0 per ce nt case s o f

. .

d eaf-mu ti s m are of co n ge n it al o ri g i n b ut t he m al e ,

pre pon de r an ce i s e q u ally m arke d b oth i n con ge nit al

an d ac q u ir e d cas es I di oc y a n d i m b e c ility p ro b ably
.

p ossess v e ry gr eat s i gn ifi c an c e as fo r m s of con ge n it al

m en t al vari ability and are p ro b ably t o som e e xt e n t
,

m ix e d u p with oth e r fo r m s o f m e nt a l v ari a bility with

whi c h th e y are far fr o m h avi n g an y o bvi o u s r e l ati o n
s hi p . Idi ocy is al m os t e ve ryw h e r e rec og n i se d as
m o r e co m m on i n m al e s th an i n fe m al e s ; M it c h e ll
e sti m at e d the p rop o rti o n as 100 m al e s t o 7 9 fe m al e s
i n Scotl an d 2 The P ru ss i an ce n s u s s h o w s th at p re
.

c i sely t he sam e p r o po rti o n o f idi o t s are b o r n i n th at

c ou n t ry ; i n F ran ce t he p r o p o rti o n i s 100 m al e s t o
o nly 7 6 fe m al e s L an g do n D own s om e year s ag o
.

fou n d th at t he ratio i n w hic h t he se x es are affl i c t e d

is t o 9 and thi s i s a b o u t t he pr o po rti o n i n
.
,

whi c h t he se x es are fou n d i n idi o t asyl u m s t o -day

i n E ng l an d— a s o m e wh a t l ar g e r p ro p o rtion o f m al es
th an am o ng idio t s i n t he g e ne r al p opu l ati on .

E n d e mi c c r eti ni s m a p arti cu l ar fo r m of idi ocy i n

,

1
Sel igmann , L a n cet , 2 0th Se p t . 19 02 , p 804
. .

3
E am M
’ '
. ea.
j ou r na l, v ol . x i.
p 6 39
. .
42 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

d own he fi nds n ot l e ss th an t we nty -on e m en t o o n e

,

wom an— L o rd M an s fie ld s d au g ht e r who al m os t

’
,

e q u all e d C olb o u r n The o n ly cal cu l at o r s o f t he

.

firs t r an k who h av e ap p eare d s i n c e Sc riptu r e wro t e ,

I nandi a nd D i am an di se r ve s t o i n c r ease t he m al e
,

pro po rtion W hil e a few di s ti ngu i s h e d m e n lik e

.
,

A m pere and G au ss a re t o b e nu m be re d am o n g
,

a rith me ti c al p r o dig i es thi s abn o r mality i s by n o

,

m e ans due t o e du cati on a n d i s s om e ti m es fou n d

,

i n u ne du c at e d p e rso n s w ho are al m os t idi o t s .

Sc ri p t u re give s fur th e r r e fe re n c e s t o e xtr ao rdi nary

m e m or y for fig u re s th ou g h no t s tri c tly o f c al c u l ati o n
, .

All t he e x amp l es g ive n ar e m e n .

The arith m e ti cal p ro digy l e ad s u s u p t o t he m ost

i n t e resti n g and i mp ort an t o f all fo r m s o f p syc hi c
“ ”
a b n o r m ality th at w hi c h we u su ally call g e n i u s
, .

W e m u st r ega rd g e ni u s as a n o rg an i c conge n it al
ab no r mality (alth o u g h t he e vid e n ce i n proo f o f thi s

c ann o t b e e n t e r e d i n t o h e r e ) an d i n ne a rly e v e ry
,

d e p art men t it i s u nde n i ably o f m o re fr e q ue nt occu r

, ,

r en ce am ong m e n th an a m o n g w o m e n 1 The s t at e .

m e nt o f thi s fac t has som e ti m e s b e e n r eg a rd e d by

wo me n as a sl u r u p o n th e ir se x ; th e y h ave sou ght
t o e x p l a i n it by l ac k O f o p p o rt u n ity e d u cati on e t c , , .

It d oe s not appear th a t wo m e n h av e b e e n e q ually

a n xi ou s t o fin d fall ac i es i n t he s t at e m e n t th at idi oc y

i s m o r e co mm on am o n g m e n Y e t t he t wo s t at e
.

m ent s m u s t be t ake n t oge th e r G e n i u s i s m o re .

co m m o n am o ng m e n by virt u e o f t he sam e g e ne r a l
t e n d e ncy by w hic h idi oc y i s m o re c o m m on am o n g
m en The two fac t s are b u t t wo asp e c t s of a l arg e r
.

z oo log i cal fact— t he g reat e r v a ri ability o f t he m al e .

“
The re are n o wom en o f g en ius ; wo me n of g en i us are all
me n ”
.Th is s ay i ng o f G on co urt s has b e e n
’ ‘

q uo t e d far mo e r
1
See an te, p 37 5 I f we may t rus t M acdo nald s s t ud ie s a mo ng
'

. .

r r r r
W as h i ng ton sch oo l ch i ld e n, t he g e at e v a i abi l i ty o fm al e i nte ll ige nce
r
would appea t o h old g oo d e v e n wi th i n the rang e of o d i nary s ch oo l r
r
e x pe ience ; he fo und ( Edu ca t i on R epor t , 189 7 -9 8 ,
p 1046 ) th at gi rl s .

r r r r r
s h o w h ig h e pe cent ages o f av e age abi l i ty and th e e fo e l e ss v a iat i o n r .
 TH E VA R IATI ON AL TE N D E N C Y O F M EN .
42 1

r
f e q ue n tly th an i t d e s e v e s t o b e r
I t i s o n ly i m p e fe c tly t ue ,
. r r
s i n c e m a n y wo m e n o f
g e n i us h a v e b e e n o f e n t i e ly fe m in i n e r
r
o g an is a t ion an d in s o far a s i t i s t u e i t i s wi th o u t
,
r
po in t , fo r t h e
r ea s o n th a t wh i l e m an y wo m e n o f g e n i us h a v e s h o wn m as c ul in e

r
q ual i t ie s , v e y m an y m e n o f g e n ius h av e s h own fe m in in e
r r
q ual i t ie s The e al t u th i s c on v e y e d i n t h e wi d e s t at e me n t
. r
r
th a t i n p e s ons of g e n ius o f e i th e s e x th e e is a t e n d e n c y for r r
s o m e th i n g o f t h e m an , t he wo m an , an d t he c h i ld t o c oe x is t It .

r
i s n o t d iffi c ul t t o un d e s t an d why th i s s h o u ld b e s o , fo r g e ni us
ca rr r r r
i e s u s i n t o a e g i o n wh e e th e s t o ng ly -d iffe e n t i at e d s ig n s o f r
m a s c u l in i ty o r fe m in i n ity, h av ing th e i e nd i n p o c e at i on, ar e r r r
o f l i ttl e s ig n i fi can ce .

F ro m rg an i c s t an d p o i n t th e r e fo re w o m e n
an o , ,

r e p r e se n t t he m o r e s t abl e a n d c o n se rv ativ e e l e m e n t
i n e vo l u ti o n I t i s a m e t a p h o ri cal as w e ll as a
.

lit e ral tr u th th at t he ce n tr e O f g ravity i s l o w e r

i n w o m e n a n d l e ss eas ily di s t u rb e d I n v a ri o u s p art s .

o f t he w o rld a n thr o o l o i s t s h av e fou n d r e a s o n t o

p g
s u ppo se th at t he p ri m itive r ac i al e l e m e n t s i n a
p o p u l a ti o n are m o r e di s ti n c tly p r ese rv e d by t he
w o m e n th a n by t he m e n L ag ne au has r e m a rk e d .

w ith r e fe r e n c e t o t he Sar a c e n i c e l e m e n t i n F r a n c e ,

t o t he B as q u e s a n d t o s o m e o th e r r a ce s th a t t he ,

w o m e n s ee m t o p r e se rv e e th n i c p e c u li a riti e s b e tt e r
th an t he m e n D a lly has so m e O b s e rva ti o n s t o t he
.

— “
s a m e e ffe c t
1
J ac o b s re m ark s . I s e e m t o o b se rv e
th at J e w esse s h ave m o re u n ifo r m ly w h a t we t e r m
The m e n o f Arl e s
2 ”
t he J e w i s h fa ce th an J e w s h ave .

— O f O ld t he G a lli c R o m e — are o f v e ry o rdi n a ry

,

p hy s i cal c h a r a c t e r ; t he w o m e n o f Arl e s o n t he c o n ,

t ra r y a re fam o u s fo r th e ir b e a u ty ; th e y are lik e

,

I t ali a n s w ith p al e fa c e s
,
bl ac k h a ir a n d no bl e , ,

c a rri ag e ; it is p r o b abl e th a t th e y re c all t he c h a r

ac t e r s o f t he p o p u l a ti o n o f Arl es w h e n th at d e cay e d

an d c u mr bli l
n g p ace w a s a c ity O f p a l a c e s
3
I n t he .

s a m e way t he i n fu s i o n O f Sp an i s h i n t he F l e m i s h ,

E D ally , A r t F e mmes, M éa’

'
1
. . D i ct . en cy . aes Sci . .

J J.a co bs ,
“
O n t he R acia l C h a ac t e r r i st ics of M o d ern J e ws ,

j ou3 r n a l A nt /z J n st , 2 4 th F e b 188 5
. . . .

A nd s e e El i see R e cl us (L a F r an ce, p 507 ) for . so me re mar ks on

th is poi nt , and efe e nce s r r .

42 2 M AN A N D W O M AN .

du e t o Sp ani s h d o m i n a ti o n d u ri n g t he s ixt ee nth

ce n t u ry, i s, C ou c k e r e m ark s , b es t se e n i n t he ha ir ,
e yes , com pl e xi on, a n d hi p s o f so m e o f t he wom e n
n ear Bru ge s l I t m ay b e s a id g e n e r ally th at tr ac e s
.

of t he primitiv e M o ng o l o id e l e m e n t s i n t he so -c all e d
”
C e lti c race are e ve rywh e re m o re app are n t i n t he
faces of t he wom e n than o f t he me n ; va ri ous
2
o b se rve rs h av e n o t e d thi s i n B ritt an y, M o rvan, e tc ,
'

and I m yse lf h ave o b se rve d it i n Sa v o y a nd i n C o r n

wall M ant e gazza ha s r e m a rke d th a t at C o rt o n a
.

a n d C hi us i t he wo m e n rec a ll t he a nc i e n t E tru sc an s ,

and at Alb ano t he anc i e n t R o m an s , m o r e th an do t he

m en M aj o r Syke s s ays o f t he g i ps i es o f P e r s i a th at
.

“
t he m e n can no t e a s ily b e di s ti n g u i s h e d fro m t he
s u rro u n di ng p eas an try , b u t t he w o m e n dr e s s diffe r
e ntly , whil e th e ir fe at u re s ar e c e rt a i nly n ot th os e o f
t he P e r s i an p easa nt
” 3
The G i ao -C hi, an anc i e nt
.

r ace re g arde d by t he A nn am it e s as th e ir an ce st o r s ,
are r e ma rk a bl e fo r t he p os iti on o f t he b i g t oe , s e t at a
co ns id e r abl e an g l e t o t he foo t , an d al m os t O p p osabl e t o
t he o th e r t oes N o t with st a n di n g a v e ry l arg e am ou n t
.

o f m i n g li n g w ith o th e r r a ces , thi s at avi sti c p e cu li arity

i s still m e t with i n t he To n q u i n d e lt a, say s D um o ut i e r ,
mo r e esp eci ally am o n g t he w o m e n 4 Th ere can be littl e .

d o u bt th at t he s m a ll e r s iz e o f wo m e n as com p are d t o
m e n i s co nne c t e d w ith t he p re se rvati o n o f a pri m itive
c h arac t e r Zoo l o g i s t s b e li e ve th at t he ea rly o r a n
.

ces tral m e m be r s o f a g ro u p ar e o f s m all s iz e , an d

th at t he st u dy o f t he s m a ll e r m e m b e r s w ithi n g ive n
grou ps of an i m al s p ro m i ses t he be st resu lt s as t o
th e ir p hyl oge ny W o m e n by th e ir s m all e r s ize.

appr oxi m at e t o t he p ro b a bly s m all er s t at u r e o f

M an s anc e s t o r s
’
.

1
L H u man zté N ozw elle, O c t 19 02 , p 8 3
’ ’

. . .

2
G H ervé, R ev M ons a e l E c J A M /t , 189 8 , p 2 04
’ ’
. . . . . . .

3
r
Sy k es, “ An th opo l og ical N o t es o n Sou th e rn P ersia, " j ou r . A n t/z .

I n st .
, 19 02 , p 344
. .

”
4 "
N o t es Eth no l og iques les Gi ao -C hi ,
’
su r L A nt k ropologi e, N ov .

189 0.
 42 4 M AN AND W OM AN .

i n B u m ah r ( r
w i t es E D Gu mi ng , I n tlze Sha dow of Ike . .

P ag oa’a, 189 3 ) “ are as p e man e n t and l as t ing as t he P ag o d a r

'

i ts e l f . r
O n the o th e h an d t he man i s a l way s e a dy t o a d o p t r
r
t he l a t e s t c e a t i on i n g ian t c h e c ks , an d t he E u o pe an me c h an t r r
r r
e m p l o y s a B u man d e s ig n e to e v o lv e n o v e l t i e s i n th i s d i e c t o n
i r
for t he g uid an ce o f t h e m an ufac t u e at h o m e ”
In c o nn e c t i o n rr .

r
wi th t he co ns e v a t i v e t e n d e n c y o f wo m an’s d e s s , t he fo ll owing r
p as s ag e , th o ug h s o me wh at l e ng thy , m ay b e q uo t e d f o m a p ap e r r
r r
by P o fe s s o P at r i ck z A mong t he wom e n o f the m o s t c iv il ise d
c o mm un i t i e s t he i d e a o f d e s s h as o n ly r
pa tly g i v e n p l ace t o r
th a t o f c l o th i n g The fl o wing and , u p on o ccas ion s , e v e n the
.

r r r
t a i l in g o be s t ill p e s is t s The h ai i s u n c ut and fan t as t ic ally
. r
a rr ang e d w i th b i t s o f s h e l l o r m e t al , and s o m e t i m e s d e co a t e d r
r
w i th o n a m e n t s o f s h e ll , s i lv e , o r g o ld , o r i m i t a t io ns o f th e s e r .

r r
F e a th e s ar e s t i ll wo n u pon t he h e a d -d e s s , and t he h e ad -d e s s r r
r r
i t s e l f i s p u e ly fo r a d o n m e n t, afi ord in g l i ttl e o r n o p o t e c t io n
’

r
fo r t he h e ad , an d i n i n c l e m e n t wea th e i s s o m e t im e s l e ft b e h i n d r
fo r s afe ty o r e x ch an g e d fo r a s i m p l e ki nd U p on t he s t e e t s o f r . r
r
E u o pe an t o wn s p e a san t wome n i n t he m o ning a r e us ua lly s e e n r
r
wi t h u n co v e e d h e ad s , an d i n A me ica n e ig h b o u ly wo m e n a r e r r
r
o ft e n s o s e e n p as s in g f o m h o us e t o h o us e , b u t n e v e u p o n s t at e r
o cc as io n s r
F u s a re s t i ll wo n by b o th s e x e s i n w in t e , b ut
. r r
r
m uc h m o e comm o n ly b y wom e n The us e o f s t i k i ng co l o u s , . r r
r
s uc h as re d , y e ll o w, bl ue , g e e n , an d p u p l e , i s s t i ll f e q u e n t i n r r
r
t h e d e s s o f w o me n and c h i ld e n, b u t m u c h l e s s s o i n m e n s r ’

r r
d e s s, wh e e t he bl ac k s, g e y s, and b o wns p e v a il Su v i v a l s r r r . r
r
o f t he p i m i t i v e c u s t o m o f l e av i n g p ar t s o f t he b o dy e n t i e l y r
e px os e d a n d u n p o t e c t e d a re s t irl l s e e n i n w o m e n
’
s e v e n i ng
r
d e s s, s h o wing h o w l i t tl e the i d e a o f d i s pl ay ha s g i v e n p l ace t o
th at o f u t i l i ty The use o f a e m e t al s an d s t one s as o nam e n t s
. r r r
r r r
fo r t he a n kl e s , w i s t s , fi n g e s , e a s , n o se , l i p s , and ne c k p e s i s t e d r
r
i n t he d e s s o f wo m e n l o n g a ft e i t b e cam e e xt inc t wi th m e n r .

r r
R in g s i n t he e a s we e co mmo nly wo n by wo m e n wi th in t h e r
r
m e mo y o f m an y o f us , and in g s and s t o ne s u p on t he w i s t s r r
r
an d fi ng e s a re s t i ll v e y co mm o n r
Su v i v a l s o f t he n e c k o na . r r
m e n t s are s t i ll s e e n i n t he v a i o us fo ms o f p in s an d ne c kl ace s r r .

B ead s , s o h ig h ly p ize d by t h e l o we r a ce s , s t il l p e s i s t t o s o m e rr r
e xt e n t i n t h e b d t
e a i m m i n g o f w o mr e n
’
s d e ss The us e o f r .

r r
p a in t t o d e co at e t he p e s o n i s n o w p ac t ic all y e xt in c t wi th b o t h r
s e x e s , b u t a s a m ean s o f d e co a t i n g t he fac e wa s r
p ac t ise d by r
w o m e n wi th i n co m pa at i v e ly e c e n t t ime s r r
I n e s p e c t t o v a i o us . r r
r
p o wd e s a n d p e rfu m e s , t he e v o l u t io n has n o t b e e n s o a p id , a n d r
t h e y are s t ill i n u s e a mong wom e n to s ome e xt en t M u t i l a t io n s .

r
o f t he b o dy fo r o n ame n t a l p u p o s e s ar e all b ut e xt i n c t b u t
,
r
r
a m on g wo me n c e t a in m u t i l at io n s , s uc h as p ie c in
g t he e a s , r r
r r
unn at u al c o n s t ic t io n o f t he wai s t , an d p i n c h ing o f t h e fe e t
,
r
h av e pe s is t e d a l mo s t t o t he p e se nt t i m e In co un t ie s l ik e r . r
r
C hina, wh e e the las t of th e s e i s s t i ll p ac t is e d , t he p ac t i c e i s r r
 TH E VA R IA TI O N A L TE N D E N C Y O F M EN .
42 5

co n fi ne d rt ain o th e r trifling m a tt e rs th e re is in
t o wo me n . In ce
wo m e n s d re s s a s ugg es t i v e s urv iv a l o f pri mi t iv e c us t om s
’
The .

d re s s o f t he prim it i v e m an was l o o se ly an d irre g u l arly a tt ac h e d

t o t h e b o dy an d was fas t e n e d wi th s t rin g s o r th o ng s o r aft e r
,
war d s wi th p in s o f m e t al L at e r th e se p ins w e re a tt ac h e d t o
’

t h e g arm e n t a nd b e n t i n t o t he fo rm o f b o ok s B uc kl e s a n d .
,

fi nally b u tt on s t oo k t he p l ace o f t he prim i t iv e p i n s and h o ok s

, .

B ut wo m e n s t il l us e th e m e t al p in s a n d t he p ri m i t i v e l ac k o f ,

d e fi ni t e c o rre s pon d e nce b e t we e n t he d re s s an d t he b o dy i s s e e n ,

fo r i n s t an ce , i n t he hat o r b o nn e t w h i c h d oe s no t fi t t h e h e ad ,
a n d m us t b e fas t e ne d o n w i th s t ing s or
p in s Th is e t a d e d r . r r
d e v e l o pm en t an d a b s e n ce o f d iffe e n t ia t io n i n wo me n’ s d e s s is r r
r r
c u i o us l y i ll us t at e d i n t h e case o f s h o e s O n ly a fe w d e cad e s .

ag o g i l s
’
r
an d wo m e n s s h oe s w e e m ad e s t a ig h t an d wo n
’
r r r
r r
i n d i s c im in a t e ly o n e i th e fo o t , w h i l e m e n’s s h o e s we e u n i fo m ly r r
r
m ad e i g h t s an d l e ft s But t he m o s t s t ik i ng case o f e t a d e d
. r r r
d e v e l o p me n t i n wom e n’s d e s s i s s e e n i n the p e s i s t e n ce of t he r r
r
i d e a th a t d e s s i s n o t s o m uc h a p o t e c t io n fo r t he b o dy a s a r
s y m b o l o f t he we a l th o f t h e we a e o r t he we a e s fam ily
’
r r rr .

r
It i s n o t u g e d th a t t he d e s s o f m e n i s p e fe c t o r f e e f o m r r r r
s av ag e e l e m e n t s , o r th a t t h e ae s th e t i c m o t i v e co m m o n t o t he
r r
d e s s of the p i m i t i v e m an and c i v il i s e d wo man is n o t a wo th y r
o n e, b u t on ly th at i n the e v o l u t i on o f d e s s th e e i s a d e fi n i t e r r
r r
p o g e s s iv e m o v e m e n t f o m t he p i m i t i v e con ce p t io n o f d i s pl ay r r
r
a n d e x p e n d i t u e t o t h e m o d e n co n ce p t io n o f u t i l i ty an d co mfo t , r r
a n d th a t i n th is m o v e m e n t w o m an s d e s s ha s b e e n
’
e ta d e d r r r
or a rr
e s t e d a t a p i m i t i v e s t ag e
”
( G T W r P a t i c k ,
“
The . . . . r
P s y c h o l o g y o f W o man, ” P 015 Sci M on thly , v ol 4 7 , . . .

W e h av e th e r e fo r e re co g n i se th at i n m e n as i n
, , to ,

m a l e s g e n e r a lly th e r e i s a n o r g an i c v a ri ati o n al t e nd
,

e n c y t o div e rg e fr o m t he a v e r ag e i n wo m e n as i n , ,

fe m al e s g e n e rally an o rg an i c t e n de n c y no t w it hs t an d , ,

i n g a ll th e i r fac ility fo r m i n o r o s c ill a ti o n s t o s t a bility ,

a n d co n s e rv ati s m i n v o lvi ng a di m i n i s h e d i n divid u al,

i s m a n d va ri a bility 1 .

1
O n th p y h i c si d e i t i s s m t i mes i d s l o ng si n by B rd h
e s c o e sa , a ce u ac ,

th t wh n w m n v y th y t nd to v y m r i n te mp e t ly th
a e o e ar , e e ar o e ra e an

m en Th us D
. B rn d s e lt f l ng e x p ri n
r. a ar m rk th t
o, a a r su o o e e ce , r e a s a

i n r g rd t o d pr v d h bi t d d p v d t lk t he g irl lw y “
e a e a e e a s an e ra e a s ar a a s

m h w r th n th e b y s
uc o se I h v h d n
a u h d gr o f d pr v i ty
. a e a o s c e ee o e a

c rd i ng t N rm n K r
”
wi th b y s wi th g i l s
o s a I n b i ty g in r . e r e , a a , ac o o o a er

a nd th er a th o i t i i m o e cu bl e i n m n th n i n wom n C r lty
o u r es, s r ra e a e . ue ,

a g in
a s w ll
, api ty see m mo e m rk d i w me n th n i n m n
e as ,
s r a e n o a e .

Th esend i mi l r ph e n m n
a s n t ah we ver s t i tly p k i ngo e a are o ,
o , r c s ea ,

m ni fes t t i ns o f ny v ri ti n l t nd e ncy b t si m ply th res l ts of

a a o a a a o a e , u e u

t he great r ffec t abi l i ty n d xh

[
e a ti bi l i ty f w m n a e a us o o e .
42 6 M AN AN D W O M AN .

M e n s h o w a m o re m a rk e d v a ri ati o n al t e n d e n c y
th an wom e n, an d thi s fac t i s c l ose ly alli e d w ith t he
fac t , t o w hi c h I h av e had to c all att e nti o n i n a n o th e r
c h ap t e r, th at m e n e xhibit m o re m ark e d p ath o l o g i cal

c h a r ac t e r s ; for , as V ir c h o w i n s i s t s , e v e ry d e vi ati o n

m
fro t he no r m al typ e m u s t h av e i t s fou n d a ti o n i n
a p ath o l o g i cal acc id e n t . It m ay n o t b e o u t o f p l a c e
t o a dd th a t i n e m p h as i s i n g t he v ari ati o n a l t e n d e n c y
i n m e n , t he co n s e rvative t e n d e n c y i n w o m e n , w e
ar e not t alki n g po liti c s , n or thr ow i n g any li g ht
w h at e v e r o n t he p oss ibl e effec t s o f w o m e n s s u ffr ag e
’
.

I t i s u n d e n i a bly tr u e th a t t he g r e at e r v a ri a ti o n al
t e n de n c y o f t he m al e i s a p sy c hi c as w e ll as a
p hy s i c a l fac t , b u t z oo l o g i c al fac t s can n o t e as ily b e
.

br o u g ht W ithi n t he s m all an d s hifti n g s p h e re o f

p o liti cs. O r g a n i c c o n se rvati s m m ay O ft e n i n v o lv e
p o liti cal r e v o l u ti o n
. So c i a li s m an d n ihili s m ar e n o t ,
I b e li e v e , u su ally r e g a rd e d by p o liti c i a n s a s c o n se rv a
tiv e m o v e m e n t s , b u t fr o m t he o rga n i c p o i n t o f vi e w o f
t he r ace , th e y m ay be tr u ly c o n se rv ativ e , an d , as i s
we ll k n o wn , th ese m o v e me n t s h ave p o w e rfu lly a p
p e al e d t o w o m e n . W o m e n O pp ose d t he F r e n c h
“
R e v o l u ti o n . I f it w e r e n ot for wo m e n , it w as s a i d ,
“
t he R e p u bli c w ou ld b e safe ; b u t , o n t he o th e r h a nd ,
t he es t abli s h m e n t o f C hri s ti a n i t y , t he m os t re v o lu
t io n ar y m o v e m e n t th a t ha s e v e r b e e n s e e n i n E u r o pe ,
w as t o a co n s id e r a bl e e xt e n t fu rth e r e d by w o m e n .

I t i s di ffi cu l t t o a r g u e fr o m z oo l o g i cal fac t s t o an

o rd e r o f fac t s w hi c h i s o f p u r e ly l ocal a n d t e m p o ra ry

c h a r ac t e r
. The m i s t ak e i s O ft e n m ad e , a n d it i s ,
th e r e fo r e , n o t o u t o f p l ace t o r e fe r to it h e r e .

A l arg e p art o f t he j oy th at m e n an d w o m e n t ak e
i n e ac h o th e r i s r oo t e d l n thi s s e x u a l di ffe re nce i n
Va ri a bility . The p r og re ss ive a n d dive r g e n t e n e r gi e s
Of m e n c a ll o u t an d s ati s fy t he t wi n i n s ti n c t s o f
w o m e n t o acce p t a n d fo ll o w a l ead e r , an d t o ex end
p
t e n de r ne ss on a r e c kl e ss a nd e rri ng c hild , i n s t i n c t s
Oft e n int e r m i ng l e d i n d e li c i ou s c on fu s i o n . And in
Wom e n m e n fi n d b e i n g s who h ave n o t wan d e re d
 C H A P TE R XV I I .

N A TA L I TY A N D M O R TA L I TY .

BI R TH -R A TE OF M A L ES H I GH ER TH A N OF F EM A L E S
TH EI R D EA TH -R A TE STI L L H IG H ER — C A U SES OF TH E
G R EATE R M O R TA L ITY A M ON G M A L E S— TH E R ESI STA N C E
OF W O M E N TO D I SEASE — A S I L L U STR A TED BY SC A R L E T
F EVER , SM AL L -F O X, I N F L U EN ZA , ETC — R EC E N T IM

P R O VEM EN TS IN TH E D EA TH -R A TE H A VE SP EC I A L L Y
BEN EF I TED W OM EN — G R EA TER L O N G EV I TY O F W OM EN
— TH E C H A R A C TE R I STI C SI G N S OF OLD A GE L E SS
M A R K ED IN W O M EN —TH E G R EA TER TE N D E N C Y TO
SU D D EN D EA TH IN M EN— TH E G R EA TE R R ESI STA N C E

OF W O M EN TO D I SE A SE AND D EA TH P ER H A P S A ZO O
L OG I C A L FACT .

I N t u r n i n g t o t he birth -r a t e s a nd d e a th -r at es t o se e k
w h a t li g ht th e y m ay h a ve t o thr o w o n t he o rg a n i s a
ti o n O f m an and w o m an , w e a re e n t e ri n g t he r e g i o n
o f d e m o g r ap hy . I t r e q u ir e s a s kilfu l s t a ti s ti c i a n t o
r eac h an y assu r e d r esu lt s h e r e, an d I p ro p ose t o t o u c h
v e ry lig htly o n t he m att e r F ro m t he m os t re li a bl e
.

i nv e s tig ati o n s i n t o se x ual di ffe re n ces i n n at ality a n d

m o rt ality , h o w e v e r , e m e rg e ce rta i n r e s u lt s w hi c h h a v e
a v e ry di s ti n c t b e a ri n
g o n t he p o i n t s we are h e r e
m a i n ly co n ce r n e d w ith I t i s n ecessary at all e v e nt s
.

to p o i n t ou t thi s b e a ri n g , h o we v e r bri e fly .

It i s w e ll k no w n th a t w hil e i n E ng l a n d , a nd i n
m os t o th e r O ld cou n tri es , th e re i s a n e x ce ss O f fe m a l es
i n t he ad u lt p o p u l ati o n , at birth th e r e i s a n e x c ess
 N A TAL I TY A N D M O R TA L ITY .
42 9

of
1
m l rly e v
a es n e a ryw h e r e
Th e r e are m o re boys
e .

th an girl s b or n am o ng t he G e rm an s F re nc h E ngli s h , , ,

and t he oth e r m os t c ivili s e d Eu ro p ean r aces ; th e r e

ar e e q ually m o r e b o y s th a n
g irl s b o rn am on g t he
V e dd ah s of C e yl o n o n e O f t he l o wes t of h u m an
,
2
races .

A cco rdi n g t o a R e p o rt p re pa re d for t he It ali an

G ov e r n m e nt i n 1 884 t he p ro p o rti o n O f m al e birth s
,

t o 1 00 fe m al e birth s i s i n v a ri o u s c ou ntri e s as
fo ll o ws
R us s ian P o l and Swe d e n
E ng l an d and I e l an d r D e n ma k r
r
F an c e r
E u o p e an R us s ia
Sco tl an d V e rmon t
r
P us s ia R h o d e Is l an d
Bav a ia r I t aly
Sax on y r
I e l an d
Thii ring ia A us t ia r
W ti rtem b e rg r
C oa t i a
B ad e n N o way r
r
Ge man Empi e r Se v i ar
A l sace -L o aine rr M as s ac h us e tt s
H ung a y r Spa in
r
Swi t ze l an d C o nn e c t i c u t
Be l g i um R o um an i a
H o ll an d r
G eece

The gre at birth s i n G r eece i s

e xc e ss of m al e
n o t abl e an d it m ay b e a dd e d th a t G re ece i s p e rh ap s
,

t he o n ly Eu ro p e an co u n try i n w hi c h m al e s are i n
m a rk e d e x cess am o n g t he a d u lt p o pu l ati on ; at t he
ce n su s o f 1 88 9 th e re w e re m al es t o 100
fe m al es B u t e v e n i n G re e ce a ft e r t he ag e o f 85 an
.
, ,

1
Suc h d emograph ic da ta as we po sse ss concerni ng e xtra-European
p opul at io ns po i nt i n the s ame d ire c t io n ; th us K arl R ank e ( Corr e
spon d - B lat t D eu tsclz Gese ll A ut h
. . N ov 189 8 ) fo und among the
.
, .

I nd ians o f Brazi l 1000 me n t o 8 7 9 wo me n the e x cess o f mal es being ,

mos t mark e d i n e arly l i fe a nd g iv i ng pl ac e after the age o fforty to a sl ight

,

e x ce ss o f fe mal es Th e re i s c o ns i d erabl e r eason to conc l ud e th at the

.

same e x ce ss of mal e s is fo und a mo ng a t a ll e v e n t s a l arg e number o f

the l ower an i mal s ; se e fo r e x am ple D arwi n D escen t q
, a n P art
, , ,

chap v iii .

L es Veddas L A n t hropolog i e 189 1 N o 3

’
2 D escham s
p , , , , . .
4 30 M AN AN D W O M AN .

e x cess femal es i n t he p opu l ati o n b e co m es m o r e

of
an d m o r e m ark e d A m ong R u s s i an J ew s it app ear s
.

th at no fe we r th an 1 2 9 bo ys are b o rn t o eve ry 100

girl s 1 A m ong J e ws e v e rywh e re t he m al e bi rth -rat e
.

is high er th an am o n g C hri s ti an s It is al s o n o t e .

wo rthy th at t he p rop o rti o n O f m al e birth s i n E ng l an d

i s d e c r eas i ng ; w hil e a b o u t fift y ye ar s ag o it w as
, ,

m al es fo r e ve ry 100 fe m a l e s it is n ow ,

O n t he W h o le t he v a ri ati o n s fro m ye ar t o y ear are n ot

ve ry great as t he fo ll o wi ng t abl e w hi c h pr ese n t s t he
, ,

nu m b e r o f b o ys i n 1000 c hildr e n at birth i n v ari ous

cou n tri es c l ea rly s h o ws —
2
,

Sco land t . Sax ony . R hode I s l and .

It i s u n n e ce s s a ry to ac c u m u a e
l t fi g u r es b u t it m ay ,

be add e d th at i n m o s t c o u ntri es th e re i s so m e diffe r

e nce i n thi s r e s p ec t b e t wee n l e g iti m at e an d ill e giti m at e
birth s t he pr ep on d e ran ce o f bo ys be i ng l ess am ong
,

t he ill e giti m at e birth s th a n am o n g t he l e g iti m at e b y .

1 or 2 p e r ce n t n o t w ith s t an di ng t he fac t th a t accor d

.
, ,

i ng t o B e rtill o n a wo m a n s firs t c hildre n are m o re

’

like ly t o b e b oys th g irl

a n s
3
.

I n Eng l and and W al e s, acc o rd ing

R e por t of the
to t he
r r
R e g i s t a -Gene ral for 189 1, if we t ake the b irth s for th irty
y ears as a b as is, the prop ort ion o f m al e i nfan t s t o 1000 fe mal e
i n fan t s v arie s from 10 3 2 t o 10 33 i n s o m e coun t ie s t o 10 5 5,
10 56, an d 10 5 8 i n o th e rs H e a dd s s o me s u g g e s t ions as to t he
.

p o s s i b i l i ty o f t he v aria t io n s b e in g d ue t o rac ial d i ffere nce It .

may b e not ice d t h a t t h e re g is tra t i on c oun t i e s with the h ig hes t

1
L einenb e rg , I n t K li n R u n dscha u , I 5 th Se pt 1889
. . . .

2
W e st ergaard , Thear i e aer Stat zst i /e, p 11
’ '

. .

”
3
Be rt i ll on, A rt N atal i t é, D i rt en cy o’er Sci M i d
. . . . .
43 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

sh owe d m any years ago th at w hil e t he p r op o rti on o f

, ,

livi ng c hildre n b o r n is 1 00 g irl s t o 1 05 bo ys t he ,

p r op o rti o n o f all birth s livi ng an d de ad i s 100 g irl s

, ,

to boys ; t he p ro p o rti on o f s till -b o r n c hildre n i n

B e l g i u m d u ri ng 1 86 0 -6 5 w as 1 00 fe m al e s t o n o t l e s s
th a n 13 6 m al es ; so th at s till -b o rn c hildr e n ar e m u c h
mo e r fr q
e ue n tly m a l e s th a n r
a e livi n g c hildr e n
‘
.

G i rl s o w i n g t o th e ir s m all e r s iz e p ossess a t t he o u t
, ,

s e t a b e tt e r c h a n c e o f s li pp i n g safe ly i n t o t he w o rld .

F o r so m e littl e ti m e aft e r birth t he s a m e fac t o r i s

o p e r ativ e C o lli n s o ft he R o t u n d a L yi ng -i n H osp it a l
.
, ,

D u bli n 2 s h o we d th at w ithi n h alf-an -h o u r a ft e r birth

,

o n ly 1 fe m al e di e d t o 16 m al e s ; w ithi n t he fir s t h ou r

o n ly 2 fe m al es t o 19 m al es an d w ithi n t he fir s t s i x
,

h ou r s o n ly 7 fem al es t o 2 9 m al es .

The l a rg e r s iz e o f t he m al e h ead ca n h ow e v e r o n ly , ,

b e a fac t o r at birth a n d fo r a s h o rt ti m e a ft e r wa r d s
, ,

b u t th e re i s s till a g re at e r m al e m o rt ality ; m a l e
c hildr e n u n d e r o n e y ear o f ag e are v e ry li a bl e t o d i e ,

a n d thi s as Si r G H u m p hry r e m a rk s i n hi s s t u dy o f
,
.

O ld A g e i s al o ne e no u g h t o s u gg e s t th o u g h by n o
, ,

m e an s t o p r o v e th at t he su p e ri o rity o f fe m al e s i n thi s
,

r es p e c t i s n o t d u e t o th e ir c om p a r ative fr ee d o m fr o m
e x p o su r e s an d t o th e ir g reat e r t e m p e ran c e D r . .

L o n gs t aff al so co n s id e rs th at t he gre at m o rt ality o f

m al es d u ri n g t he fir s t y ea r o f life m u s t de pe n d o n
”
so m e co n s tit u ti o n a l diffe r en ce D u ri n g t he fir s t
.

de n titi o n m al e c hildr e n are m u c h m o re ap t t o die o f

di se ase s o f t he n e rv ou s s ys t e m th an fe m al e c hildr e n .

F ro m t he third u ntil t o wa rd s t he thirty -fi ft h ye a r

th e re d o e s n o t app ear t o be g re at se x u al diffe re n ce i n
m o rt a lity ; thi s i s n o d o u bt du e t o t he g re at m o rt a lity
o f m al e s a t t he b e g i nn i n g o f life ; o n ly t he m o r e

ro bu s t o u t o f a l ar g e n u m b e r b e i n g l e ft t o c o m p e t e

w ith t he s m all e r b u t ap p a re ntly m o r e vi g o r o u s

1
Be rtill on , Art .
, M o rt-né ”
D i r t en cy des Sci M M . . . .

2
As q uo t e d by Braxt o n H i ck s ,
“
C ro o ni an L e c tur e s on the D iffe r
e nce s be t wee n t he Se x es i n r eg ar d to t he A s pec t and T e at me n t o f
”
r
D i sease , B r i t fil ed j ou r n al, 187 7
. . .
 N ATAL I TY AN D MO R TAL I TY .
43 3

fe m al e s ; aft e r t he dev e l op m e n t of p u b e rty i n w o m e n ,

fr om t he fift ee nth t o t he t we n ti e th year s t he fe ma l e ,

m o rt ality i s u su ally g r e a t e r th an t he m al e ; thi s i s t he

pe ri o d o fs pe c i al d ang e r for w o m e n Aft e r t he thirti e th .

o r thirty -fi ft h y ear s th e re i s a diffe r e n ce i n fav o u r o f

w o m e n whi c h st e adily i n c r e as es F o ur -fi fths o f t he .

e x c e ss o f w o m en i n thi s c ou n try co ns i st s o f w id ow s
1
.

The fa rth e r we p roc e e d t o wa rd s the e xtre m e li m it of

life a n d t he m o r e we ar e abl e t o eli m i n at e all bu t t he
,

i n h e r e n t cons tit uti on al fa c t o r s of vit ality t he m o r e ,

m a rk e d i s t he pr e p o n d e r an c e o f w o m e n Si r G . .

H u m p h r y i n hi s O ld A g e fo u n d o ppo rt u n iti e s for t he

, ,

de t a il e d s t u dy of 3 6 fe m al e c e nt e n ari ans as aga i n s t

o n ly 1 6 m ales The R eg i s tr a r -G e ne ral s R e p o rt s
’
.

s h o w th a t o f th os e p e rso n s w ho at d e ath ar e s u pp os e d
t o h av e di e d o v e r t he ag e o f 100 o n ly a s m all p r o p o r ,

ti o n a re m al e s 2 I n E ng l a n d i n 1 89 1 at t he a ge o f 8 5
.
,

a n d u p w a rd s wo m e n di e d t o o n ly
,
m en ;
b e t wee n 7 5 and 85 it is wo rth n oti ng the e x cess , ,

o f wo m e n i s by no m e a n s so g r e at m en to
w o m e n) The l as t ce n su s s h ows m o re th an
.

t w i ce as m an y wo m e n as m e n o ve r t he age o f 9 0 i n
“

E ng l an d a n d W al es I n F r a nc e fr o m 1 8 6 6 t o 1 8 8 5 .
, ,

t he ye a rly ave rag e o f d e ath s o f ce n t e nari an s ha s

be e n 2 7 me n t o 4 6 w o m e n 3 Am ong t he m o r e .

pri m itive h u m an r ace s it i s n ot s o e asy t o o bt a i n

de fi n it e s t ati s ti cs bu t it is p ro b abl e th at t he s am e ,

r e l ati o n h olds goo d as i n c ivili sati on ; th u s am o ng

1
L ng t ff St udi es i n St t i t i
o s a , p 8 The acco mpanyi ng d i gr m a s cs , . . a a

p od ce d fro m t he St di b y D r L ong s t ff s p e mi i n
’

(p . re r u u es . a r ss o ,

sh w o in s g ph ic form the s x l d iffere nces i n mortal i ty from all

a ra e ua

cau es s i n Eng l nd and W l es d ri ng th y e rs 18 7 1-

a 80 a u e a .

2
I t i pr b bl e th at not o n ly
s o a e w m n i n a m j ori ty mong ce n ar o e a a

t n i ns b t th at the abs l te ly m t e tre me cases

e ar a , u f l ng vi tyo u os x o o e

o cc ur i n w m n The fami l i
o eca es o f Th o mas P arr and H n y
. ar s e r

J nk i n
e no w re gard e d as myth i
s a re l b t th ere is no d o bt b t the ca , u u a ou

cas fM
e o H n b ry who w
rs . b a i n 17 9 3 and di ed i n 19 01 t t he
u ,
as o rn a

wh i l e T E Young ( C en ten ar zam , 189 9 ) ci t es 15 t rus t

‘

ag e o f 108 , . .

wo rthy cases of wo me n l i v ing to ag es be t we e n 100 and 106, an d o nly 7

o f m en .

Tu rqu an, “ St at ist ique des C e nt e naires, R evue Sri m t rfi g u e, I s t

'

Se pt 18 88
. .
43 4 M AN AN D W O M AN .

t he N i co b ar ese I s l a n d e r s , rdi ng t o M an o f th o se a c co ,
'

who su rvive t he s ixti e th y ear fu lly t w o -third s ar e

wo m e n 1 It m ay b e add e d th at if we t a k e a br o a d e r
.
,

z oo l og i cal vi e w t he sam e tr u th s ee m s fr e qu e n tly

,

t o h o ld g oo d .

I f we t u rn t o c o n s id e r t he b e a ri ng o n thi s p o i n t o f
t he m o rt ality fro m d e fi n it e di se ase s t he i m p r ess i o n ,

g iv en by a g l a n ce a t t he birth -r at e a n d d eath -r at e as

a w hole i s co n fir m e d I f for i n s t an c e w e t ak e t he
‘

.
, ,

zym o ti c g r ou p of i nfec ti ou s di s e ase s w hi c h c hi e fly

affe c t y ou n g c hildre n w e fi nd ne arly al wa y s th at t he
,

adv a n t a g e i s o n t he s ide o f t he fe m al e W h o op i ng .

c ou g h a n d di p hth e ri a o n ly ar e m o r e fa t a l i n t he fe m a l e ,

a re s u lt w hi c h has b ee n attrib u t e d t o t h e s m a ll e r

l aryn x O fg irl s an d t o th e ir c us t o m s O f fre q u e n t ki s s i n g

, ,

s h a ri n g sw ee t s e tc E ve n w h e n w e t a k e s t a ti s ti cs
, .

w hi c h s h o w o n t he w h o l e a g r eat e r li a bility t o i n
fec t i o n i n wo m e n t he m o rt ality i s n o t e q u ally g r eat
, .

Th u s if we t ake t he fi gu r e s o f t he M e tr o p o lit an
A s yl u m s B oard H osp it al s du ri ng t he ye ars 1 8 7 1 -9 1 ,

as g iv e n by D r W hi te le g g e w e fi n d
.
—2
,

Sca rl e t fe v e r
En t e ri c fe v e r

D i p hth e ia r
( 888 9 )
1 - 1

SO th at e x ce p t i n e n t e ri c if we t ak e i nt o ac cou n t t he
, ,

n u m b e r o f i n divid u al s att ac k e d t he m o rt ality O f ,

fe m al es is n ot g reat e r th an th at O f m al e s Thi s s m all .

fat ality with co n s ide r abl e su sce ptibility i s W h at w e see

i n br ai n di s e ase al so i n a m a rk e d c h a r ac t e r ; ne rvo u s
di se ase O f a sli g ht and n o n -fat al c h a rac t e r i s e xtr e m e ly
p re val e n t am o ng wo m e n ; n e rv o u s di s ease o f a g r ave
1
j A nt /z I n st i t u t e, M ay 188 9 , p 38 5
ou r n al . . .

2
W hi te le gge , “ M i l roy L ec t u es o n C h ange s
~

r of Type i n Epi d e mic

”
D i seas e , B r i t fil ed j ou r n a l, M a ch 18 th, 189 3
. . r .
436 M AN AN D W O M AN .

c h arac t e r is co m p ar ativ e ly rare Thi s i s p r o bably .

an o th e r as pe c t o f t he affec t ability o f w o m e n .

An an alys i s o f t he p h e n o m e n a O f o n e o f t he m os t
i m p o rt an t O f t he zy m o ti c di seases s carl e t fe ve r bri n gs , ,

o u t t he c h a ra c t e ri s ti c se x ual di ffe r e n ce s F r o m t he . .

R e g i s tra r -G e n e r al s R e p o rt s fo r 1 8 5 9 8 5 it a p p ea r s
’
-

th at the hi g h es t m o rt ality fr om scarl e t fe ve r o ccu rs i n

b o th s e x es i n t he thi rd ye a r o f life an d di m i n i s h e s ,

w ith eac h s u ccess ive ye a r -p e ri o d U p t o t he e n d o f .

t he t e n th y e a r o f life t he m o rt ality am o ng m al es c o n
s i d erab ly e x cee d s th at a m on g fe m al e s b u t i n all su b ,

wo me n
‘

se q u e n t p e ri o d s t he r e v e r se i s t he case

re m ain n e a re r t o c hildre n th an m e n O n t he w h o l e .
,

t he li ability o f m al e s t o a fa t al re su lt i s co ns id e r
ably g re at e r th an th a t o f fe m al e s B u t th ou g h t he .

a tt ac k s i n m al es ar e m o re lik e ly t o e n d fat ally t he ,

fe m al e se x thro u g h ou t life w ith t he p oss ibl e e x ce p

,

ti o n o f t he firs t y ear i s m o re li abl e t o b e att ac k ed by

,

sc arl e t fe v e r th a n t he m a l e s e x
1
.

Sm a ll -po x i s m o r e fa t al t o m al es th a n t o fe m al es
thr ou g h ou t n e arly t he w h o l e o f life e x ce p t du ri ng t he ,

year s fro m te n t o fift ee n C h ol e ra att ac k s w o m e n

.

m o re O ft e n th a n m e n b u t l ess O ft e n fat ally ; d u ri n g

,

t he e p id e m i c o f 1 8 5 4 t he m o rt ality for m al es w as
fo r fe m al es I n fl u e n z a acco rdi n g t o m os t ,

O b se rve r s a tt a c k s wom e n m o r e fre q u e n tly th a n m e n

, ,

b u t t he m o rt a lity a m o ng m e n i s m u c h g r eat e r th an
a m o ng wo m e n b e i ng as 1 t o 2 ; c hildre n are m o r e
,

rar e ly affec t e d an d s uffe r b u t sli g htly I t w ou ld b e

, .

e asy t o s h o w by t he e x a m i n a ti o n O f o th e r
g rou p s of
diseas e th a t w hil e w o m e n ar e fr e qu e ntly as i n t he ,

zym o ti c g r ou p m o r e sus ce ptibl e m e n u s u ally su ffe r

, ,

m o r e s e v e r e ly .

I t i s an i nt e re s ti ng fac t as p oi n t e d o u t by D r
, .

L o ng s t aff th at r e ce n t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t he d e ath
,

rat e h av e o n t he w h ol e b e n e fit e d w o m e n m o re th an
me n . I n c hildh oo d an d y ou th g irl s su ffe r m ore th a n
1
F or a su mmar y of the stati s tics of th i s disease , see San i tary R ecor d,
16 th J anuary 1888 .
 N ATA L I TY A N D M O R TAL ITY .
437

b oy s fro m p hthi s i s w h oo pi ng -c ou g h di p hth e ri a and

, , ,

h ea rt di se ase w hi c h are all di m i n i s hi ng i n fat ality

, .

O n t he o th e r h a n d b o ys s uffe r m o r e th an g irl s fr o m
,
“
vi o l e n ce kid ne y di sease br ai n di se as e
, , all o th e r ,
”
c au s e s ,
l u ng di se ase an d t o a l e s s d eg r ee fro m
,

d i a rrh oea] di seases s m a ll -p o x m e as l e s a nd s ca rl ati na

, , , .

O f th ese l u ng a nd kid n e y di se a se are i n c r eas i ng i n

,

fat ality t he res t de c li n i n g ; t he n e t r e su lt be i n g th a t

,

g irl s g ai n m o r e th an b o y s i n t he p r o p o rti o n o f 7
to 6 . D u ri n g ad u lt life it i s o n ly fro m c an c e r th a t
w o m e n s u ffe r m o re th a n m e n— t he l o ss h e r e b e i ng
m o r e th an d ou bl e —b u t t he r at e o f i n c r e a se i n c an c e r
i s g re at e r i n m al es th an i n fe m a l e s The n e t r es u lt s
.

s h o w th a t fe m al e s g a i n m o r e th an m al e s i n t he p ro

p o rti o n O f 7 t o 3 SO i n O ld ag e ; t he m o rt ality O f
.

b o th old m e n and o ld w o m e n i s i n c reas i ng bu t t he ,

de ath rat e of O ld m e n thr ee ti m es as fas t as th at

“ ”
O f o ld wo m e n I t i s q u it e p l ai n D r L o ng s t a ff ,
.

“
co n c l u d e s th at t he re c e n t fall i n t he d e ath -r at e
,

favo u r s t he ac c u m u l ati o n o f s u r p l u s wo m e n if o n e ,

m ay b e a ll o we d su c h an e x p r e ss i o n a n d s h ou ld t he ,

c h a ng e O f m o r t ality g o o n i n t he sa m e dir ec ti o n t he
” 1
r at e o f accu m u l ati o n w ill b e i nc r ease d .

The g re at e r t e n ac ity O f life i n w o m e n a n d th e ir

g re at c o n s tit u ti o na l y o u thfu l n ess are s h o w n al so i n .

t he l es s fre q u e n c y w ith w hi c h th e y e xhibit t he c h ar

a c t e r i s t i c s i g n s O f O ld ag e B ald n e s s i s r ar e i n
.

w o m e n ; it i s e q u ally r a r e a m o n g t he l e ss c ivili se d
r ace s ; fo r e x a m pl e am o n g t he N i co b ar ese Is l an de r s
, ,

w ith w h o m b a ld n ess i n m e n i s n o t u n co m m o n .

D e g e ne r ativ e di se ase O f t he a rt e ri e s i s l e ss co mm o n
i n O ld w o m e n th an i n O ld m e n Si r G H u m p hry . .

fo u n d a m o n g hi s ce n t e n ari an s th at t he e l as ti c ity o f
t he th o r a x as e vi n ce d by t he co n diti o n o f t he cos t a l
,

c artil ag e s an d i t s c ap ac ity for dil at ati o n d u ri ng i n sp i r

,

a ti o n are b e tt e r pr e s e rve d i n wo m e n th an i n m e n
,
He .

al so fou n d (as m ay i n d ee d be st at e d t o b e t he r u l e )
, ,

th at t he ar eas sen i lzs i n t he e ye a v e ry c h a rac t e ri s ti c

'

1
G B L ong s taff, Stu d i es i n St at i st i cs, pp
. . . 2 48-2 51 .
43 8 M AN AN D W O M AN .

i n di cati o n i n m e n , i s l ess m ark e d i n o ld

o f O ld ag e

wo m e n . The sp e c ifi c g ravity o f t he bl o od , al so , as
L l oyd J o n es has fo u n d , i s hi g h e r i n o ld w o m e n th a n
i n O ld m e n The m e n t al d e ra n g e m e n t s o f O ld a g e ,
.

ag ai n , ar e co m m o n e r i n m e n th an i n w o m e n ; th u s

W ill e fi nd s 1 0 p er ce n t m al e s t o o n ly 6 p e r ce nt .
.
.

fe m al es l Th e r e is al s o so m e r e as o n t o b e li e v e th at
.

o ld ag e p r o du ces r e l ative ly l e s s l o s s O f br a i n ti s s u e

i n w o m e n th a n i n m e n .

O n e o th e r fac t m ay b e br ou g ht fo r wa rd i n p r o o f O f
t he g r eat e r t e n d e n c y o f m e n t o d i e The m aj o rity o f .

s u dd e n d eath s fr o m i n t e r n al or
p a th o l o g i cal cau se s
ar e i n m e n F r e n c h s t ati s ti cs s h o w a v e ry c o n s id e r
.

a bl e di ffe r e n c e i n t he fre q u e n c y o f s u dd e n d e ath fro m

t he se x u a l p o i n t O f Vi e w D e v erg i e g ive s 3 9 c a s e s i n
.

m e n t o o n ly 5 i n w o m e n , a p ro po rti o n o f m a l e s e q u al
to per ce nt Tou rde s , am o n g 88 c ases , fo u n d 5 9
.

m e n— 12a , p e r ce n t L ac ass ag n e , co nsu lti n g t he

.

a r c hiv es o f t he L y o n s M o rg u e , fo u n d th a t fro m 1 8
54
t o 1 880, o u t O f 4 5 9 case s o f s u dd e n d e ath 3 6 5 w e r e
m e n— 11a , p er ce n t O u t O f 6 2 cas e s u n d e r t he
.

O b se rvati o n o f L ac assag n e , C o u t a n e , an d P B e r n a rd ,
g .

th e re w e re 4 1 m e n— L a , p er ce n t W e m ay c o n .

c lu de th at ab ou t three -fo u rth s ar e m e n It i s ra r e .

am o ng c hildr e n , a n d co m m o n e s t b e t wee n t he a es O f
g
5 0 an d I t s h o u ld b e a dd e d th at a g r e a t e r li a bility
t o s u dd e n d eath m ay t o a co n s id e ra bl e e xt e n t b e
re garde d as t he m an i fe s t a ti o n o f a g r eat e r li ability
t o d e g e n e r ativ e di sease o f t he a rt e ri e s .

All t he e vide nc e br ou g ht t og e th e r or r e fe rre d t o i n

thi s c h apt e r p o i n t s , w ith v aryi n g de g r ee s O f ce rt ai n ty ,
t o t he sam e c o nc l u s i o n— t he g r e at e r p hys i c al fra ilty
o f m e n , t he g r eat e r t e n ac ity O f life i n w o m e n 3 .

1
L ud wig W i ll e, A rt . Old Ag e and i ts P sy ch o ses, D
'

zct .
f P sy clz
o .

2
r
P aul Berna d , A r c/z de ZA n tlz C r zm , 1sth M ar ch 18 0
.
’
.
9
'

.
.

3
A n i nd e pe nd e n t co ll e ct i on o f d ata o n t he sam e sub e c t wi ll b e
j
fo u nd i n D r H C ampbell s N erv ou s Org a n i sa t i on of M a n a n d I/Voma n
. .
’

p p 12 1 12 8
.
- .H e co n cl ud es th a t wom e n pos se ss “
a g re a t e r i nn at e
”
r ec u erat i v e ow e
p p r .
 C H A P TE R XV I I I .

C O N C L U SI O N .

TH E K N O W L ED GE W E H A VE G AI N E D D OES N O T EN A BL E U S
D EF I N ITEL Y TO SETTL E SP EC IA L P R O BL EM S— W H A T I T

D O ES EN A B L E US TO D O— W OM E N AR E N EA R E R TO
C H I L D R EN TH A N AR E M EN — BU T W OM A N IS N OT

U N D EVEL O P ED M AN — TH E C H IL D R EP R ESE N TS A

H I GH ER D EGR EE OF EVO L U TI O N TH A N TH E AD U L T

TH E P R O GR ESS OF TH E R AC E H AS BEEN A P R OG R E SS

IN Y O U TH F U L N ESS— I N SO M E R ESP EC TS I T H A S B EEN

A P R OGR E SS I N F E M IN I SA TI O N — A BSU R D ITY OF SP E A K

IN G OF TH E SU P ER IO R I TY O F O N E SEX O VE R A N O TH ER
— TH E SE X ES P ER F EC TL Y P O I SED — BU T SOC IA L RE ~

A D J U STM EN TS M AY STIL L BE N EC ESSA R Y — WE M AY

F AC E A L L SU C H R EA D J U STM EN TS W I TH E QU AN I M ITY .

W E h ave e x am i n e d M an and W o m an as p re c i s e ly as ,

m ay b e fr o m v ari o u s p o i n t s o f vi e w
,
I t i s ti m e t o
.

p au s e a s we d o s o bri n g i n g t o g e th er a fe w g e ner al
,

o b s e rv ati o n s su g g e s t e d by t he m u ltifar i o u s fa c t s w e
h av e e n cou nt e re d .

I t i s a b u n d an tly e vid e n t th at we h a v e n ot r e ac h e d
t he e n d p r o p ose d at t he o u t se t W e h av e n o t s u c
.

c ee de d i n d e t e r m i ni ng t he r adi cal an d e s se nti al

c h a rac t e r s o f m en and w o m e n u n i n flu e n c e d by
e xt e r n al m o difyi n g c o n diti o n s So m e ti m e s a su ffi
.

c i e n t ly w id e i n d u c ti o n o f fac t s (as i n t he q u e s ti o n o f

t he all e g e d s e x u a l di ffe r e nce s i n r e sp ir ati on ) s u ffi c e s

t o s h o w u s w h at i s a rtifi c i al a n d wh at i s r e al ; a t
 C O N C L U SIO N .
44 1

o th e r ti m e s (as i n t he q u e s ti on o f diffe r e n ce s i n
s e n s ibility ) t he w id e r o u r i n d u c ti on o f fac t s t he
m o r e c o m p l e x a n d m o bil e b e co m e o u r r e su lt s We.

h av e t o recog n i se th at ou r p re se n t k n o wl e dg e o f m e n
a nd w o m e n cann o t t e ll u s w h at th e y m i ht b e o r
g
w h at th e y o u g ht t o b e b u t w h a t th e y a c t u ally are
, ,

u n d e r t he co n diti o n s O f c ivili sati o n B y s h ow i n g u s

.

th at u n d e r v aryi ng c o n diti o n s m e n and w o m e n are ,

w ithi n ce rt ai n li m it s i n d e fi n it e ly m o difi a bl e a p r ec i s e
, ,

k n o w l e dg e o f the ac t u al fac t s o f t he life of m e n an d

w o m e n fo rbid s u s t o d og m ati se ri g idly c o n c e r n i n g t he
re s p e c tiv e s p h e r es o f m e n a n d wo m e n It i s a m att e r
.

w hi c h e x pe ri e n ce al o n e ca n d e m o n s tr at e i n d e t a il If .

thi s i s no t e x ac tly t he r e su lt w hi c h w e se t o u t t o
a tt a i n it i s s till a r e s u lt o f v e ry c o n s id e r abl e i m p o rt
,

an c e . I t l ay s the ax e a t t he r oo t o f m an y p s e u d o
sc i e n tifi c s u pe r s titi o n s
. I t c l e a r s t he g r o u n d o f m u c h
u n ne ce ssa ry v e rbi ag e a n d fr u itl es s di sc u ss i o n and ,

e n a bl e s u s t o s e e m ore c l ea rly t he r e ally e sse n ti al

p o i n t s at i s s u e . The s m all g r o u p O f w o m e n w ho
w i s h t o p r o v e t he a b so l u t e i n fe ri o rity o f t he m al e s e x ,

t he l arg e r g r o u p O f m e n w ho w i s h t o c ir cu m sc rib e
r i g idly t he s p h e r e o f w o m e n m u s t a lik e b e r u l e d o u t
,

of c ou rt . N o r m ay w e li s t e n t o th o s e w ou ld -b e
sc i e n tifi c d o g m a ti s t s w ho o n a pr i or i gro u n d s o n t he
,

s tr e n g th O fso m e s i n g l e a n d o ft e n d o u btfu l a n at o m i ca l
fac t lay do wn s o c i al l aws fo r m an ki n d at l arge The
,
.

l u di c ro u s e rr o r s o f a rro g an t an d o v e r -h as ty b rai n
a n at o m i s t s i n t he p a s t s h o u ld al o n e s u ffi ce t o t e ac h

u s thi s c au ti o n . The fa ct s are far t oo co m p l e x t o

e n a bl e u s t o r u s h h as tily t o a c o n c l u s i o n as t o th e ir

s i g n ifi ca n ce . The fac t s m o r eo v e r a re s o nu m e r ou s
, ,

th at e ve n w h e n w e h av e as c e rt ai ne d t he p r ec i se s ig mi
fi c a n ce o f s o m e o n e fac t we c an no t b e s u re th at it i s
,

n o t c o n t ra di c t e d by o th e r fac t s . A n d s o m a n y O f t he
fac t s are mo difi abl e u n de r a c h an g i n g e nvir o n m e n t
th at i n t he a b se n c e O f e x p e ri e nce w e can n o t p r o
n o u n ce d e fi n it e ly r e g a rdi n g t he b e h avi ou r o f e ith e r

t he m a l e o r fe m al e o rga n i s m u n d e r di ffe re n t co n di
44 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

ti o n s Th e re i s b u t o ne tribu n al w h ose s e n t e n c e i s
.

fi n al and w ith ou t app eal O n ly N at u r e c a n p r o n ou n c e

.

co n ce r n i n g t he l e g iti m ac y o f s oc i al m o difi cati o n s .

The se nt e n c e m ay b e s t e rility o r d e ath b u t n o o th e r ,

tribu nal n o ap peal t o c omm o n -se n s e w ill s e rve

, ,

i n s t e ad .

Y e t th e re are ce rt a i n g e n e r al co n c l u s i o n s w hi c h
h av e ag ai n an d ag ai n p re se n t e d th e m se lv e s e v e n ,

w h e n w e h ave b ee n o cc u p i e d i n co n s id e ri n g ve ry
dive rs e as pe c t s o f t he phys i cal and p syc hi c p h e no
m e n a o f h u m a n life . O n e o f th es e i s t he g r e at e r
v ari a bility o f t he m al e ; thi s i s tru e for al m o s t t he
w h o l e o f t he fi e ld w e h av e co v e r e d an d it has so c i a l
,

a n d p r ac ti c a l co n s e q u e n ce s o f t he w id es t s i g n ifi can c e .

The w h o l e o f o u r h u m an c ivili s ati o n w o u ld h av e

b e e n a diffe r e n t thi ng if i n e a rly z oo l og i c al e p oc h s
t he m al e had n ot ac q u ir e d a g r e at e r v a ri ati o n a l
.

t e nd e n c y th an t he fe m al e An mhw em ra l c o n
.

u ally
c far -re ac hi n g c h a r ac t e r i s t he

p r ec o c ity o f w o m e n i n v o lvi n g g re at e r r ap idity O f

,

g row th a n d i t s e arli e r a rr es t th an i n m e n E li e .

r esu lt thi s re women t a ke n ,

alt o e er c t e rs O f s or m en ,

an d t o s o i ldre n The w h o l e o r g an i s m
.

o e ave r age w o m an p hy s i cal a n d p s y c hi c i s

, ,

fu n d am e n t ally u n lik e t h at o f t he av e rage m an o n ,

a cco u n t o f thi s fac t al o ne The diffe r e n ce s m ay

.

O ft e n b e o f a s li g ht or s u btl e c h ar ac t e r b u t th e y ar e ,

n o n e t he l ess re al a n d th e y e xt e n d t o t he s m a ll e s t
,

d e t ail s o f o rg an i c co n s tit u ti o n W e h ave fo u n d

.

o ve r a n d o v e r ag ai n th at w h e n wo m e n di ffe r fr o m

m e n it i s t he l att e r who h div e r e d l e avi ng

il lie e arli e r
, ,
’
wom e t
a rr es t o f d e v e l op m e n t i n w o m e n i s th u s co nn e c t e d

w ith t he v a ri ati o na l t e n de nc y o f m e n A n d a ll .

th e se se x u al diffe re n ce s p ro bably h av e th e ir o ri g i n
i n t he m o re i nti m at e c o n n e c ti o n o f w o m e n w ith
O ffs p ri n g .

F u rth e r e vid e nce r e g a rdi n g t he i nfa ntil e di a th e s i s

 444 M AN AN D W O M AN .

l ife th at an ap preciabl e p e rce n t ag e of cas e s can b e foun d and ,

o f th e s e o n ly h al f ar e wo m e n o r ac co rd i n g t o o ne a u th o ri ty , ,
,
o n ly a fi fth ( W .d
A n e s onr “
L e c t ure s o n C o n t rac t i o n s o f t he
,

F ing e rs an d Toe s ” L a n cet J uly 4 Brig h t s d i s e ase i s a

’
, , ,

d is e as e of m iddl e l i fe rare in c h ildh oo d and i t affe c t s a b o u t

, ,

t wice as m an y mal e s a s fe m al e s Sciat ica ag ain is an affe c t i o n .

, ,

o f m a t ure l i fe wh i c h i s m u c h co mm on e r i n m e n th us G i b so n , ,

at B ux t o n 1n 1000 c on s ec u t i v e cas e s fo un d
, pe r c e n t i n .

m en e r ce n t i n w o m e n H a -fe v e r rare ly a tt ack s

, p .
y .

c h i ld re n an d a m ong ad ul t s i t affe c t s ab o u t th re e m e n t o on e
,

wo man ; i t i s a d ise as e o f t he t o wn ra th e r th an the co u nt ry an d ,

i s c h i e fly fo un d am o ng t he re fi n e d an d e d ucat e d A ne uris m l s .

m uc h co mmo ne r i n m e n th an in wom e n and i s v e ry rare i n ,

c h i ld re n b u t caro t id ane uri s m i s ab o u t e q ua lly co m m o n i n
,

m e n and in wom e n a nd a pp ears t o b e fo u n d at a s om e wh a t

,

e arl ie r ag e th an o th e r form s of a ne uris m Som e o f t he .

d is eas e s th at are common i n m en and rare in wome n and

c h i ld re n i t c an e as i ly b e s e e n o we th e ir d i s cre panc y i n
, ,

s e x ual i n c i d e n c e m e re ly t o t he g re at e r e x p o s ure o f m e n t o
e x ce s se s and s t rain s o f v ar io u s k in d s The pre d o minan tl y .

m as c ul i ne d i se ase s a re th u s O ft e n as soc ia t e d wi th h i g h m e n t a l
or
p h y s i cal d e v e l o pme n t ; th e y ar e al so v e ry o ft e n d i s eas e s
th a t are on t he in c re as e and th at are fav oure d by t o wn l ife
,

and by c i v i l i s a t io n .

If we t urn t o t he g ro up o f d is e ase s wh i c h t e n d t o a ffe c t b o th

c h i ld re n an d wo m e n w e fi nd th a t s carl e t fe v e r a s San n é c o n
, ,
“
c lu d e s ( A r t Scarl a t i ne ” D zel en cy ti es Sci M ed ) i s a l m os t
’

. . . .
, ,
e q u ally c o mm o n i n b o th s e x e s u p t o ab o u t t we n ty y e ars o f a g e ,
w h i l e aft e r th a t wo m e n are m o re l ia bl e t o i t Su b un g ua l .

e x o s t o s i s i s co m m o n in early l ife a n d m ore fre q u e n t i n

g i rl s , .

Sc l e ro d e rma ( or h i d e -b o un d d i se ase ) i s m uc h co mm on e r i n
wo me n th an i n m e n (at l eas t th re e wo m e n t o o n e m an ) an d ,

wh il e i t a tt a c k s all ag e s i s v e ry fre ue n tl y fo un d a m o n g t he
q ,

y o un g H e rpe s zos t e r i s as c o m m o n i n c h i ld re n ab o v e t he ag e
.

o f t wo a s i n ad ul t s an d I s m u c h m o re fre q ue n t i n fe m al e s th an
,

i n m al e s .A p h th a o f th e m o uth wh ic h 15 c h ie fly fo un d In i n fa n t s
, ,
i s amo n g ad ult s m ore O ft e n fo un d i n wo me n th an in m e n
, , .

Th e re a re t wo i mp ort an t path o l og ic al con d i t ions o f t he h e ar t ,

o ne a f fe c t i ng t he m i tral v a lv e t he o th e r t he ao r t ic v a lv e , .

M i t ral d is ease i s c o m para t i v e ly co mmo n i n c h i ld re n ; ao r t i c

d ise ase i s v e ry rare in c h ild re n Bu t am o ng ad u lt s it i s . .

u n i v e rs ally a g re e d th a t m i t ral d ise ase i s m uc h co mm o n e r i n

w o m e n an d ao rt i c di se as e i n m e n ; B am b e rg e r fo un d ao r t ic
,

i n s uffi c ie n c y th re e t ime s as fre q ue n t i n m e n as in wo m e n and ,

m i t ra l s t e n o s i s acco rd ing t o v ario us a u th ori t i e s i s fo un d t o b e
,

fro m t wo t o fo i1r t i me s m o re fre q ue n t i n wo m e n th an i n m e n

,

I t i s s carce ly n e c e s sary t o add th a t no t all th e s e s e x u al d iffer

e n c e s c orre s pon d t o rad i cal o rg an ic d i ffe re n c e s .
 C O N C L U SI O N .
445

Thi s ge n e r al c h ar ac t e r o f w o m an s o rg an i c d e v e l o p ’

m e n t has l o n g b ee n r ec og n i se d 1 It s s i g n ifi ca n ce has .

by n o m ean s bee n so C l e a rly r eco g n i se d To ass u m e .

,

as H e rb e rt Spe n c er an d m an y o th e r s h av e ass u m e d
“
th at o n thi s ac c ou n t wo m an is u n d e ve l o pe d m an ,

i s t o s t at e t he m att e r i n an alt o g e th e r m i s l eadi n g

not m e re
g e n e ra lly To . add ,
h o we v e r th at wo m an i s u n ,

d e v e l o p e d m an IS o n ly tr u e i n t he sam e se n se as it

I s t o s t at e th at m a n i s u n d e v e l o p e d w o m an ; i n
eac h s e x th e r e ar e u n d e v e l o e d o r an s an d fu n c ti o n s
p g
w h i c h I n t he o th e r sex are d e v e l o p e d I n o r de r .

t o ap p r aIse r Ig ht ly t he s i g n ifi c a n c e O f t he fac t
th a t w o m e n re m ai n s o m e wh a t n ear e r t o c h i ldr e n
th an do m e n w e m u s t h av e a c l ear id ea o f t he
,

po s i t i o n o ccu p i e d by t he c hild i n t he h u m an a n d
a ll i e d s ec i es I n C h ap t e r I I I all u d e d t o t he
p . .

c u ri o us fac t th at am o n g t he a n thr o p o id s t he i n fa n t

a p e i s v e ry m u c h n e a r e r t o M an th an t he ad u lt a e
p .

Thi s m e an s th at t he i n fa n t ap e is hig h e r In t he li n e ,

o f e v o l u ti o n th an t he a d u lt a n d t he fe m al e ape by , ,

a pro xi m ati n g t o t he I n fa n t typ e IS so m e w h a t

p ,

high e r th an t he m al e M an I n carry i n g o n t he l i n e .
,

o f e v o l u ti o n s t a rt e d n o t , fro m s o m e adu lt m al e
s i m i an b u t fr o m t he In fa n t a pe an d I n a l e ss d e g r e e
, ,

fro m t he fe m al e ap e The h u m a n I n fan t b e ar s .

1Th us T pi n d co nsi d r th at s t ct u lly wo m n i i n t rm d i t e

o ar e s , ru ra , a s e e a

b t we en th h ild nd th d lt m n ; th i i n t s t i ctly r t
e e c a e a u a s s o r co re c ,

h we v r as i n s m
o e , p c t wom n are f th er re m v d f o m th
o e res e s e ar o e r e

i n fan t i l e s t at e th an are m e n D r H C ampbe ll (N er vou s Org a n i sat i on

. . .

of M a n a nd Woma n , ch aps vi i i , i x ) has a n in te res ti ng discussio n O f

. . .

th is que st i on Giu flr ida-R ugge ri (M on zt Zoolog I ta l , 19 03, N o

' '

. . . . .
‘

c ri t i ci si ng m y co ncl usi o ns o n th i s p o i n t , a rg ues th a t t he i nfan t i l e

”
c h arac t e r i s t i cs o f wo m e n ar e co i n ci d e nces I t is l e g i t i mat e so to .

r
re g a d th e m, p ro vi d e d we r
ecog ni se th at th ey a re h ighly si nifi can t
g
coi ncid e nces .
446 M AN AN D W O M AN .

p r ec i se ly t he sam e hi s sp e c i es a s t he
r e l ati o n to
s i m i an i nfa n t b ears t o hi s, a n d w e are bo u n d t o
co n c l u d e th at hi s re l a ti o n t o t he fu t u r e e v o l u ti o n o f

t he r ace i s s i m il ar 1 The h u m a n i n fa n t p r ese n t s i n

an e x agg e r at e d fo r m t he c hi e f di s ti n c tiv e C h a r a c t e r s

o f h u m a n ity— t he l a rg e h ead an d br ai n , t he s m all

face , t he h a irl e s s n e ss , t he de li cat e bo ny sy s t e m B y .

s o m e s tr ang e co n fu s i o n o f th o u ht w e u s u a lly i g n o r e
g
thi s fac t , an d assu m e th at t he a d u lt fo r m i s m o r e
hig hly d e v e l o p e d th an t he i nfan til e fo r m 2
F ro m .

t he p o i n t o f vi e w O f a d a p t a ti o n t o t he e n vir o n m e n t
it i s u n do u bt e dly tr ue th at t he c o ar se , h a iry , l arg e
bo ne d , a nd s m all -brai n e d g o rill a i s b e tt e r fitt e d t o
m ak e hi s w ay i n t he w o rld th an hi s d e li c a t e O ffs p ri n g ,
b u t fr o m a z oo l o g i c al p o i n t o f V i e w w e w it n e ss a n y
thi n g bu t p rog ress I n M an , fr om ab ou t t he third
.

year o nwa rd s , fu rth e r g rowth— th ou g h an ab so l u t e ly

n eces sary ad a t ati o n t o t he e n vir o n m e n t — i s t o s o m e
p
e xt e n t g r o w th i n d e g e n e r a ti o n a n d s e n ility It i s .

n o t c a rri e d t o s o lo w a d e g ree as i n t he a e s , a lth o u h

p g
by it M an i s t o s o m e e xt e n t brou g ht ne ar e r t o t he
ap e s , an d am o n g t he hi g h e r h u m a n r aces t he
p ro
g re ss t o w ard s s e n ility i s l ess m ark e d th a n am o n g t he
l o we r hu m an races The c hild o f m any Afri can r ac e s
.

i s s c a r c e ly if at a ll l e s s i n t e lli g e n t th an t he E u r o p e an
c hild , b u t w hil e t he Afri c an as he g ro w s u
p b e co m e s
s t u p id an d o bt u se , and hi s W h o l e s o c i a l life fa ll s i n t o .

a s t at e O f hid e -b o u n d r o u ti n e , t he E u ro p e a n r e t ai n s

m u c h o f hi s c hildlik e vivac ity A n d if w e t u r n t o

.

w h a t we a re a c c u s t o m e d t o re g ard a s t he hi g h e s t
h u m an type s, as r e p re s e n t e d i n m e n O f ge n i u s , w e
“
s h all fi n d an app ro xi m a ti o n t o t he c hild -ty e You
p .

G re e k s are al way s c hildr e n ; s u c h w as t he i m p r e s s i o n

1
I t m ay b e arg ue d ,in x pl anation o f the ph e nome na th at the ape
e ,

has d esce nd e d fro m a mo re h uman ancestor b ut the re i s no g round for

,

s u c h a n assum p t i o n .

The h o we v er o ft e n be e n po in t ed o u t
2
co nfusi o n has , , It is . a

gross e rror r e mark e d Bu rd ach wh o s e I n t ui t i o ns we re rar e ly w ro n

”
, ,
g
t o s uppose th a t I ncre as e i n ag e i s i ncr e as e i n the scal e o f e r fec t i o n
‘5

p .

(P hy s . 1. p .
448 M AN AN D W O M AN .

wo m e n andt aki ng u p the ir avo cati o n s wi t h m o re ,

e ne rgy m o re th o r ou g h n e ss O ft e n m o re e cce n tr IC It y
, ,
.

Sav age ry and b arb ari s m h a ve m o r e u s ually th an n o t

b een pr e dom i nantly m ilit an t th at i s to say m ascu l i ne , ,

i n c h ar ac t e r whil e m o d e rn c ivili sati o n i s b eco m i ng

,

i ndus tri al th at i s t o say fe m i n i n e i n c h a r ac t e r for

, , ,

t he i n d u stri es b e l o n g e d p ri m itiv e ly t o wo me n a nd ,

th e y t en d t o m ak e m e n like wom e n E ve n i n q u i t e .

re ce nt times and i n re fe re nce t o m an y Of t he de t ai l s

,

o f life , it i s pos s ibl e t o see t he w o rki ng s o f thi s

fe m i n i sati on ; alth ou g h it i s scarce ly ne ce ssary t o
, '

cau ti o n t he read e r thi s i s b u t o n e t e n d e n c y i n o u r

,

co m p l e x m o de r n c ivili sati on I h ave p o i n t e d ou t .

(p 3 86) how eve n du ri ng ve ry rec e n t y ears th e re

.
, ,

ap p ears t o h av e b e e n a m o v e m e n t a m o n g s t m e n i n

favour of adop ti ng fe m i n i n e m e th o ds o f comm itti ng

s u i c id e . W e h av e ag ai n b u t t o Co m p are t he v ari ou s
, ,

co nv e n i e nce s O f ou r s tr ee t s an d O f l oc om oti o n t o
day with t he co n diti o n o f t he s tr e e t s o f a l arg e c ity
a ce n t u ry ag o o r e v e n i n m a n y r e s e c t s thirty y ear s
, p
ag o t o r e ali se t he p r o g r ess th at ha s b ee n m a d e i n
,

affo rdi n g e q u al fac iliti e s fo r w o m e n w ith m e n and i n so ,

d o i ng to m ak e life e as i e r fo r m e n as w e ll as for wom e n .

St C l e m e n t o f Al e x an dri a w as o f O p i n i o n th at w o m e n
.

s h ou ld b e all ow e d t o w e ar s h oes ; it w as n ot he said , ,

“
s it bl e o
u a f r th e ir fee t t o b e s h ow n n ak e d ; b e s id es
wo man i s a t e n de r thi n g e a s ily h u rt B u t fo r a m an
, .

”1
bare fe e t are q u it e i n k e e p i n g TO -day a m an also .

“ ”
is a t e nd e r thi n g and th e re i s l ess and l ess i n
,

c li nat i on t o re cog n i s e a n y di s ti nc ti o n s o f thi s ki n d .

I t wo u ld not b e di ffi c u lt ha d it b e e n p art o f my t as k
, ,

t o m u lti p ly e xa m p l es o f t he way s i n w hi c h wo m e n
ar e l e adi n g e v o l u ti o n I n t he sayi n g with whi c h
.

G oe th e c l os e d hi s F aus t li es a bi o l o gi cal v e rity no t

u su ally su s p e c t e d by th o s e w ho q u o t e it .

A ny r ead e r who ha s t u r n e d t o thi s b oo k fo r fac t s

or arg u m e nt s b e a ri n g o n t he e v e rl as ti n di scu ss i on
“
g
r egardi ng t he all e g e d i n fe ri o rity of wom en and ”
,
1
P a dag ogu s , Bk IL .
, C h ap . x1i .
 C O N C L U SI O N .
449

who has fo ll ow e d m e so far , w ill alr e ady h ave g ath e r e d

t he n a t u r a l c o nc l u s i o n we r e ac h o n thi s p o i n t . We
m ay r e g a rd all su c h di sc u ss i o n a s a b so l ut e ly fu til e
an d foo li s h . I f it i s a q u e s ti o n o f de t e r m i n i n g t he
e x i s t e n ce an d s ig n ifi ca n ce o f so m e p arti c u l a r
p hys i c a l
or p s y c hi c s e x ual di ffe r e n c e a c o n c l u s i o n m ay no t b e
i m po ss ibl e To m ak e an y broad s t at e m e n t o f t he
.

p h e n o m e n a i s t o r eco g n i se th at no g e ne r al c o n c l u s i o n
i s p os s ibl e. N ow an d ag a i n we co m e ac r o ss fac t s
w hi c h g r o u p th e m s e lve s w ith a ce rt ai n d e g r e e O f
u n ifo r m ity , b u t as w e c o n ti n u e we fi n d o th e r e q u ally

i m p o rt an t fac t s whi c h g r o u p th e m se lves w ith e q u a l

u n ifo r m ity i n an o th e r s e n s e . The re su lt p ro d u c e s
c o m p e n s a ti o n . Thu s we fi n d th at t he sp ec i a l li ability
o f w o m e n t o b e affec t e d by m i n o r vit al o sc ill ati o n s

i s b a l a n ce d by a s p ec i a l r e s i s t ance t o m o r e se ri o u s
o s c ill a ti o ns ; th at ag ai n s t t h e af fec t ability o f w o m e n
w e m u s t pl ace th e ir di s v u l n e r ability . A g ai n , t he
g re at e r v a ri ability O f m e n w hil e it p r o d u ces m a n y
,

brilli an t an d st artli ng p h e n o m ena, al so pr o du ces a

g re a t e r pr o p o rti o n o f wo r thl e s s o r e v e n h ar m fu l
d e vi ati o n s , and t he b al an ce i s th us r es t o re d w ith t he
m o re e q u a bl e l e v e l o f w o m e n . I n t he i n t e ll e c t ua l
r e g i o n m e n p oss e s s g re a t e r ap tit u d e fo r d e ali ng w ith
t he m o r e re m o t e a n d a bs tr a c t i n t e r e st s o fli fe ; w o m e n
h av e , at t he l east , as g r e a t an ap tit u de i n de ali n g
w ith t he i m m e di at e p r ac ti c al i nt e r e s t s o f life
“
.

W o m e n , it i s true , r e m a i n n ear e r th an m e n t o t he
i n fan til e s t at e ; b u t , on t he o th e r h an d , m e n app r oac h
m o r e n e a rly th an wo m e n t o t he ap e -lik e an d s e n i l e
s t at e . The m o r e c l e arly an d bro adly we i n v es ti g at e
t he p h e no m e n a t he m o r e e m p h ati cally th es e co m
p e n s at i o n s s t an d ou t . I t c ou ld s c a r ce ly b e o th e r
w i se. A s p e c i es i n w hi c h t he m at e r n al h alf e xhibit e d
a g e n e r al i n fe ri o rity o f vit a l fu n c ti o n s co u ld s car c e ly

su rviv e ; s till l e ss co u ld it att a i n t he so m ew h at Sp e c i al

a n d ec u li a r p os iti o n w hi c h — h oweve r imp arti ally w e
p
m ay l oo k at t he m att e r— c an sca r ce ly b e d e n i e d t o
t he h u m an s p e ci e s .
45 0 M AN AN D W O M AN .

F r o m m any g r o u p s O f fa c t s , it i s tr u e , o n e m ay
c o n c l u d e th at t he w o rld , a s it i s n at u r ally m ad e , i s a

b e tt er wo rld for wo m e n th an fo r m e n N at u re , as .

H u m b o ldt pu t it , ha s t ak e n w o m e n u n d e r he r s p ec i a l
p r o t ec ti o n
. B u t s o far a s thi s i s a fac t it i s a z oo
l og i cal and n o t a m e re ly h u m an fac t The fe m al e .

a n i m a l e ve ry w h e r e i s m o r e c l o s e ly a n d fo r a l o n g e r

p e ri o d o cc u p i e d w ith th at p r ocess O f r e p ro du c ti o n
w hi c h i s N a t u r e s m a i n co n ce r n
’
. Thi s i s , i n d e e d,
m o r e th a n a z o ol o g i c a l fac t ; it i s a bi o l o g i cal fa c t ;
a m o n g p l a nt s w e fi n d th at t he s t a m e ns soo n fa ll aw a y
'

w hil e t he p i s til r e m ai n s . The fe m a l e r e t ai n s he r

y ou thfu l n e ss fo r t he s ake o f p oss ibl e offs p ri n g ; w e
a ll e xi s t for t he s ak e o f o u r p o s s ibl e O ffs p ri n g , b u t

thi s fi n al e nd o f t he i n dividu al is m o re O bvi o u s ly

wo ve n i n t o t he s tr u c t u r e O f wo m e n The i n t e re s t s o f
.

w o m e n m ay t he re fo r e b e s a id t o b e m o re c l ose ly
ide n tifi e d w ith N at u re s i n t e re s t s N at u r e has m ad e
’
.

wo m e n m o re lik e c hildr e n i n o rd e r th at th e y m ay
b e tt e r u n de r s t an d an d c a re fo r c hildre n , and i n t he
g ift o f c hildre n N at u r e has g iv e n t o wo m e n a m ass ive
an d s u s t a i n e d p hy s i o l o g i c al j o y t o w hi c h th e r e i s

n o thi n g i n m e n s liv es t o co rre s p o n d N at u r e ha s

’
.

d on e he r be s t t o m ake wo m e n h e althy and g l ad , an d

has o n t he w h o l e b ee n c on t e n t t o le t m e n ru n s o m e
w h at w ild .

M e n h ave had th e ir r e v e n g e o n N at u r e an d o n he r
pr otég ée W hil e Wo m e n h ave b e e n l arg e ly ab s o rb e d
.

i n th at Sp h e r e o f se x u a lity w hi c h i s N at u re s , m e n
’

h ave roam e d t he e arth , s h arpe n i n g th e ir aptit u d e s

a n d e n e rg i es i n p e r p e t u al co n fli c t w ith N at u r e It .

has th u s co m e ab o u t th at t he s u bj u g ati o n O f N at u re
by M an has O ft e n p r ac ti cally i n vo lve d t he s u bj u g a
ti on , p hys i c al an d m e nt al , O f wo m e n by m e n The .

p e ri o d s o f soc i e ty m os t favo u r a bl e for w o m e n ap p e a r ,

j u dg i ng fr o m t he e x p e ri e nces o f t he pas t , t o b e so m e
w h at p ri m itiv e pe ri o d s i n w hi c h t he m ilit an t t e n d e nc y
i s no t s tro ng ly m a rk e d . V e ry m ilit an t p e ri o d s, an d
th ose SO -call e d advan c e d p e ri od s i n whi c h t he c o m
45 2 M AN AN D W O M AN .

has b eco me as nearly p e rfe c t as poss ibl e and e ve ry

.
,

i naptit ud e i s accom p a n i ed by som e co mp en sat o ry

ap tit u d e e v e n if it has n o t
, as s o m e ti m es o c c u r s
, ,

it se lf deve l op e d i n t o an adv ant age ou s c h ar ac t er An .

o pe n -e y e d c hild -lik e y e t p ati e n t s t u dy o f t he n at u ra l

, ,

fac t s of life c an on ly l ead u S t o be re ve r e nt i n t he

face O f th os e fact s .

Thi s conc l u s i on m u s t n o t h o we v er be m i su nde r

, ,

s t oo d A cos m i c c o n se rvati s m d oe s n ot n ece s sar ily

.

i nv olve a s oc i al c on se rva ti s m The w i s dom o f M an .

,

wo rki ng thr ou g h a few c e n t u ri e s or i n o n e c o r ne r o f

t he ea rth by n o m e a n s n e c e s s arily co rr e s p o n ds t o
,

t he w i s do m o f N at u r e a n d m ay b e i n flat o p p os iti o n
,

t o it . Thi s i s e spe c i a lly t he c ase w h e n t he w i s dom

o f M a n m e r e ly m e an s a s so m e ti m e s h app e n s
, t he ,

e x p e ri e nc e o f o u r a n ce s t o rs g a i n e d u n d e r o th e r c o n di

t i on s or m e r ely t he O p i n i o n s o f O n e C l as s or o n e se x
‘

.
,

Taki ng a br oad vi ew o f t he m att e r it see ms diffi cu lt ,

t o av o id t he co n c l u s i o n th a t it i s safe r t o tru s t t o t he
c o nse rv ati sm o f N at u r e th an t o t he co n se rv ati sm o f

M an . W e are n ot at lib e rty t o i n tr o du ce any

artifi c i al s e x u a l b a rri e r i n t o so c i al con ce r n s The .

r espe ctiv e fit ness o f m e n an d o f wo m e n for any ki n d

o f wo rk or any ki n d o f p rivil e g e c an o n ly b e as ce r

t a i ne d by act u al O pe n e x p e ri m e n t ; and a s t he co n di
ti o ns for suc h e xp e ri m e n t ar e n e Ver twi ce t he s am e ,

it can ne ve r b e p os itive ly affi r m e d th at an ythi ng has

b ee n se ttl e d o nc e an d for all W h e n su c h e x p er i .

m e n t i s su cce ss fu l s o m u c h t he b e tt e r for t he r ace ;

,

wh e n it i s u nsu c cess fu l t he m i no rity who h av e

,

bro k e n nat u r al law al o n e su ffe r A n e x agg e r at e d

.

an xi ety l est n at u r al law b e o v e rthr o w n i s m i s pl ac e d .

The wo rld i s not SO i n se c u r e ly p o i se d W e m ay .

p r e se rve an a ttit u d e O f e n tire e q u an i m ity i n t he fac e

o f s oc i al r eadj u s t m e n t Su c h r e a dj u s t m e n t i s e ith e r
.

t he ou t co m e O f wh o l eso m e n at u r al i n sti n c t i n w hi c h ,

c ase ou r s oc i a l s tr u c t u re w ill b e s tre ng th e n e d a n d

broade ne d or it is n ot ; a n d if n o t it i s u nlik e ly t o
, _ ,

b ecom e organ ic ally i n g r ai n e d i n t he s p ec i es .

 C O N C L U SIO N .
45 3

O ur i n v e s ti g ati o n th e re fo r e s h o ws u s i n w h at
, ,
.

s t at e O f m i n d w e o u ht t o ap p r oac h t he w h o l e
g
p r o bl e m it c a n sc a r c e ly b e s a id th at it g iv e s u s t he
d e fi n it e so l u ti o n of d e fi n it e p ro bl e m s It i s n ot o n
.

th at acco u n t fr u itl ess Th e r e i s di s ti n c t adv an t ag e

.

i n c l ea ri n g away s o far as w e c an t he thi c k u nd e r

, ,

g r ow th O f p re p os s ess i o n a n d s u p e r s titi o n w hi c h
fl o u ri s h es i n t he r e g i o n w e h ave tr av e rse d t o a
g r e at e r e xt e n t th a n i n a n y o th e r r e g i o n . I t is
so m e thi n g t o h av e as k e d t he ri g ht q u e s ti o n a n d t o,

b e se t o n t he ri g ht roa d . I t i s s o m e thi n g a l s o
, ,

t o r e ali se th at w e m ay di s r e g a rd t he a s se rti o n s o r ,

e v e n t he fac t s o f th ose w ho h av e n o t face d all t he

,

di ffi cu lti e s th a t m u s t b e e n c ou nt e r e d At t he v e ry
.

l e as t it see m s i m p o ss ibl e t o fo ll ow t he p ath s w e

h av e h e re tr ave r se d w ith o u t g a i n i n g a m o re vivid
an d t o l e r an t i n s i g ht i n t o w h at fo r u s m u s t a l way s

b e t he t wo m o s t i n t e r e s ti n g b e i n g s i n t he wo rld .
45 6 A P P E N D IX .

r
G o m p e rz has s o me o b s e v at io n o n t he ps y c h o l o g y o f t h e
m a th e m a t i c ian, a nd on t he al m o s t u nav o i d abl e d e fe c t s of IN S .

q ual it i e s, ap tly fitt ing t he c as e we are no w c on s 1d e r1ng :

The m a th e ma t i c ian t e n d s in e v i t ably t o d og m a t ic j ud g m e n t s ,
a t e n d e n c y wh i c h i s d o ubtl e ss d ue t o t he fac t th at 1 115 p o o fs r
r
m us t e i th e b e v al i d o r m u s t fa i l H e i s a co m p l e t e s t ang e
. r r
t o n uan ce s o f t h o ug h t , t o d e l i c a t e in t e ll e c t ua l e fi ne m e n t , t o r
”
o p e n -m i nd e d l i a b i l i ty H i s a tt i t u d e , he add s , w h e n co n
p .

r r
f o n t e d wi th p o b ab i l i t i e s ye t u nd e m o n s t a t e d , wi ll d e pe n d r
r r r
i n a e m a k abl e d e g e e o n t he ac c id e n t s o f t e mp e a m e n t an d r
r
t ai n i n g ” .

I n t he s c ie n ce s o f l ife we ar e co n f o n t e d w i th a g e a t r r
r
m u lt i t u d e o f v a i ou s e l e m e nt s , and w h i l e we g a d ual ly l e a n r r
r r
t o m e as u e p e c i s e ly s o m e o f th e s e e l e m e n t s , th e co -o d i n a t i o n r
r r
a n d s ub o d in a t io n o f t he v a io u s e l e m e n t s cann o t b e m a d e

r
a m ath e m at i c a l p oce s s , b ut i n v o lv e a v e y w i d e k n o w l e d g e r
O f t h e c o m ple x i t y o f v i t a l p h e n o m e n a, an d at t he s a me t im e v e y
'

r
m uc h O f t h e s am e t ac t , i n t u i t i on, a n d s o un d j u d g m e n t th a t a r e
r r
e q ui e d t o d ea l s ucc e s s fully wi th t h e n o n -s c i e n t ifi c a ffa i s o f r
r
l i fe It is a m att e of we ig h ing and s ift in g e v i d e nce o f va y ing
.
‘

r
v al ue , an d o ft e n, o n the s u face , con t ad ic t o y r r r .

It i s o n a c co un t o f th i s co m pl e x i ty o f t he b io l o g i cal s c ie n ce s
th a t t he m a th e m a t i c ian c an g iv e s u c h v al uabl e aid in we ig h ing
r
t he p e c i s e v a l ue O f p a t ic u l a fac t o s r r r
B ut i t i s o n a c c o u n t o f
.

r
th at v e y com pl e x i ty th at wh il e the m ath e mat ic ian c an g i v e he
cann o t t ak e M ath e ma t i ca l m e th o d s c an b e e m p l o y e d i n t he
.

r
b io l o g ical s c ie nce s an d t he e s ult s e mb o d ie d , b ut t he b i o l og ical
s c ie n c e s cann o t a t p e s e n t b e t ake n o v er by t he m a th e ma t i c ian r
r
as a b an c h O f appl i e d m e c h an i cs The m a th e m at ic ia n s t e n d
.
’

r
e n c y , wh ic h i s i n d e e d h i s v i t u e , t o co n fi n e h i m s e l f e x c l u s i v e l y

r
t o t he d e d u c t i v e con s i d e a t i o n o f t he fac t o i mm e d i a t e ly b e fo e r r
r
h im , his i g n o an c e o f t he e xt e m e co mp l e x i ty o f b i o l og ic al r
h n m e n nn t f i l m t i m t o l d h i m — a s we s h a ll
p e o a , c a o a s o e e s e a

r
s e e i n t he c as e h e e t o b e c o n s i d e e d —t o s t a i n a t g n at s wi th r r
r r
e l ab o a t e p e c is io n wh i l e a t t he s am e t i m e h e i s u n c o n s c io u s ly
s wall o wi n g a c am e l r
A s up e c i l io u s o r i n t o l e a n t a tt i t u d e i n
. r
r r
o n e who a pp o a c h e s th e p o bl e m s o f b i o l o g y f o m t he m a th e r
m at i cal s i d e , — m ay we n o t , i n d e e d , s ay f o m a ny s id e ? —is r
r r r
th e e fo e alt og e th e o ut o f p l ace H e wh o v e n t u e s t o ad o p t it . r
r r
m us t n ot b e s u p i s e d i f h e fi n d s h i m s e l f i n a p os i t io n n o t
d is pl eas i ng t o t h ose wh o m h e a tt ac ks .

In C h ap t e XV l h av e d is c u s s e d th is q ue s t ion o f t he v a ia
r . r
t io nal t e n d e n c y , d e a l i n g w i th i t m o r co m p e h e n s i v e ly th an had r
r
p e v io us ly b e e n d o n e and d r awi n d a t a f o m a m u c h wi d e r r
r
fi e ld , b ut fi n d i ng n o e as on t o d iffe fu n d ame n t a lly f o m t he r r
con c l us i o n s o f H un t e , r r
B u d ac h , an d D a w in I c o uld n o t r .

r r r
i nd ee d as s e t th at as e g a d s man t he g eat e v a iab i l i ty o f t he
.
r r r
 AP P E N D I X .
45 7

m al e i s gene a r l ,
”
fac t s av a i l a bl e s i nce D ai wi n s
b ut a ll t he
’

r r
d a y i n d i ca t e d th a t a g e a t e v aI iab i li ty o f t he m al e o ccu e d 1n rr
r r
t he m aj o i ty of t he g oup s of d a t a in v e s t ig at e d A n d wh e n I .

r
c o n s i d e e d th a t th is g ea t e r r r r
o g a n i c v a i at i onal t e n d e n c y o f m e n
15 appa e n tly t ue o f p s y c h ic v a i at io n s a l so — o f g e n i us , o f i d i oc y
r r r
an d o th e r
m e n t al anom al ie s h av in g an or g an i c b as i s — i t s e e m e d
r r r
t o m e th a t i n t he g e a t e v a iat i on al t e n d e n cy o f m an we are in
r
t he p e s e n c e o f a fac t th a t h as s o c ial an d p ac t i cal co n se q u e nce s r
o f t h e wi d e s t s i g n i fi can ce , a fa c t wh ic h h as af fe c t e d t he wh o l e o f
o u r h u m an c i v i l i s a t i o n A l th o ug h th e g e a t e v a ia t io n a l t e n d
. r r r
e n c y o f m e n i s b al an ce d by th e m o e e q u a bl e l e v e l o f w o m e n , r
r
we h a v e t o e co g n i s e th a t t h e e x i s t e n ce o f t he e x ce p t i o nal m e n
r r
who h a v e l a g e ly c ea t e d t he l i ne s o f o ur p o g e s s i s b as e d o n r r
r
n a t u a l law I t i s a co n c l u s i o n wh ic h d oe s n o t y e t app ea t o
. r
m e t o b e fund ame n t ally a ffe c t e d .

r r
Th e e was , h owe v e , on e i m po t an t o m i s s io n i n m y s t at e r
m e n t o f th i s q ue s t ion, and I wis h t o e m p h as i s e t he i m po t ance r
o f t he o m i s s i o n b e ca u s e i t s s i g n i fi can ce wi l l s u b s e q u e n tly b e
co m e a p p a en t t o t her e ad e r r
I s ai d l i ttl e or no th in g as to the
.

r
v a iab i l it y of m e n and wo me n in si ze, e i th e as e g a d s t o t al r r r
r
s t a t u e a n d w e ig h t , o r t h e d im e n s i o n s o f p a t s o f t he b od y r .

r
The e as o n fo r th a t o m i s s i o n i s c l e a ly i nd i ca t e d in v a i o u s r r
r
p a t s o f t h e v o l um e , and we s h al l e n co un t e i t ag ain i n d ue r
co u s er .
1

In 18 9 7 , in a v o l um e o f m is ce ll ane o u s e ss ay s e n t i tl e d The
C it a n ces of D ea th, P ro fe s so r Kar l P e ars o n p ubl i s h e d a l e n g th y
p pa e r e n t i tl e d “
V a r i a t i o n i n M a n a n d W o m a n
”
Th i s wri t e r.

“
s t ar t e d wi th t he a s s e r t io n th a t i n M a n a n d W o m a n I h ad d o ne
m uc h t o pe r pe t ua t e s o m e o f t he wors t o f the p s e ud o -s c i e nt ifi c
s u pe rs t i t io n s , n o t a bly th a t o f the g re a t e r v a ria b i l i ty o f t he m a l e
” “
h um a n b e ing , a n d th a t i t i s the o bj e c t o f h is e s s a y t o lay t he
ax e t o t h e ro o t o f th i s p s e u d o sc ie n t i fi c s u p e rs t i t io n
”
- In fac t , a s .

he i s care ful t o t e ll u s a t fre q ue n t i n t e r v a l s , b e fo re he h i m se l f

e n t e re d t he fi e l d (a fi e ld , b e i t re me m b e re d , o cc u pie d by s o me

o f t he wo r l d ’
s g re a t e s t b i o l o g i s t s ) a ll w a s d o g m a ,
” ‘
s u p e rs t i
t io n, ” “ n e arly all part is an, ” at the b e s t “ q ui t e un pro v e n ” I am .

i n c l in e d t o th i nk t h a t th e s e t e rm s , w h i c h s pr ing s o e as i ly t o M r .

P e ai s o n s p e n , a i e a u t o ma t i c re m i ni s ce nce s o f the an c ie n t co n
’

t I O v e rs i e s he h as wag e d wi t h t h e o l o g ian s an d m e t ap h y s i ci an s .

Th e y ar e c e r t a in ly a l i ttl e o ut o f p l ace o n t he pre se n t o ccas mn .

In s e l e c t i n g t he m a t e ria l fo r hi s d e m o n s t ra t io n P rofe s s o r
P e a I So n t e ll s us , h e s o ug h t t o e l im ina t e all t h os e o rg an s 0 1

c h arac t e ri s t i c s wh i c h are t h e m s e lv e s c h arac t e ris t ic o f s e x ,

”

1 r
I d id n o t con s id e th at such e v i d ence m ust b e absol ut e ly rej e ct ed
-l ad mi tt e d i t i n o n e o r t wo cases — bu t s i mp ly th at as i t was l i abl e t o

a d i s co un t o f u nk nown e xt e n t i t cou ld no t b e p l ace d i n the fi s t ran k o f r

e vi d ence .
45 8 A P P E N D IX .

s uc h b e ing e g in his o pinio n g o u t and c ol o ur bl in d ne s s ; he al so

, . .
, ,
-

th re w as i d e all v ariat io n s wh ic h can b e re g ard e d as “ p ath o

l og ical ” ou t he h y p o th e t i cal g roun d th a t su c h “ pa th o l o g ical ”
,

v ariat ion s may h av e a t o t a lly d iffe re n t s e x ua l d is t ri b u t ion fro m

“ ”
n orma l v ariat io ns H e d e c i d e d th a t s ize i s the b e s t cri t e rio n
.

o f v ariab il i ty A s t o h o w a “ v ar ia t io n ” may b e d e fi ne d
'

.
,

P rofe s so r P e ars o n m ak e s no c ri t ica l i n q uiry th o ug h s uc h ,

i nq uir y woul d v e ry s e rio us ly ha v e mo d ifi e d hi s fi n al co n

c lus ion s
1
.

“
Wh t e
a w h a v e o , he s t at e s, i s to t ake h eal th y n o mal
t d o
”
r
p o p ul at i on s o f me n a n d wo m e n a n d i n th e s e p o p ul a t io n s ,

r
m e as u e the s ize o f o g an s wh ic h d o n ot a pp ea t o b e s e con d a y r r r
r r
s e x ua l c h a ac t e s , or f om wh i c h t h e s e x ua l c h a a c t e r
can b e r r
e l i min a t e d by d ea l i ng s o l e ly w i th a t io s
”
a i o u s k in d s o f s ize r . V r
r r
a re th e e fo e s e l e c t e d for t ea t m e n t , s u c h as th a t o f t he s k u ll , r '

r r
c h i e fly as e g a d s i t s ca pac i ty a n d l e n g th -b e a dth i n d e x , s t a t u e , r r
r
s p an , c h e s t -g i th , we i g h t o f b o d y a nd o f v a i ous in t e n a l o g an s , r r r
e t c , all th e se , i t i s o b s e v e d , b e ing v a io us as p e c t s o f t he o n e
. r r
r
fac t o o f s ize It i s s h o wn by c a e fu l t ea t m e n t o f t he av ai l abl e
. r r
d at a— the s o -call e d co e ffi cie n t o f v a i at ion b e in g acce p t e d as a r
p os s i bl e or in d e e d p o b abl e m eas u e o f s i g n ifi can t v a i at i on r r r
th at , as far as th e e is any d iffe e nce at all, wo m en are , o n the
-
'

r r
wh o l e , s l ig h tly m o e v a iabl e th an m e n r
H av in g eache d t h is r . r
r r
e s u lt , t he au th o l e aps b av e ly t o t he co n c l us io n , th a t acco d r r
r
i ng ly, t he p inc i pl e th a t man i s m o e v a ia bl e th an wo man m us t r r
b e p ut o n o ne s i d e a s a p s e ud o-s c ie n t ifi c s u pe s t i t io n ” r .

r
If a e p ly ha s s o far n ot b ee n fo th c o m i ng f o m t he w i t e r r r r
ag ain s t wh o m th i s e l ab o at e p ap e was c h ie fly d i e c t e d , th i s h as r r r
r
n o t b e e n e i th e b e cau s e I ad m i tt e d t he j us t i c e o f i t s c o n c l us i o n s
,
o r co m p l a c en tly acce p t e d a d a m n a t io n t o wh ic h I h a d b e e n
co n s ig n e d i n v e y e x c e ll e n t co m p a n y r
The s u bj ec t lay o nl y o n .

r
t he o u t s k i t s o f m y o wn fi e ld ; I co uld c l a i m n o o ig ina l i ty i n i t ; r ‘

all th a t I h ad d o n e wa s t o s i ft an d b i n g t o a fo c u s d a t a w h i c h r
r
had h i th e t o b e e n s c a tt e e d , an d t o s h o w th e i s i g n ifi cance r
At r .

t he s am e t i m e I ag a in p l ace d t he s ubj e c t o n m y ag en t i a p a p e r
fo r r e co ns i d e a t io n r
In t he m e anwh i l e i t s c a c e ly a ppe a e d th a t
. r r
r r
M r P ea s on s a g ume n t s m e t wi th m uc h acce p t a n ce , e v e n
.
’

am ong hi s o w n f i e n d s
2
r .

1
It i s true
i nd eed , th a t M r P earson re mar k s th at the ques tio n
, .

‘
W ha t a re t he m ost s ui tabl e organs o r ch a a c t er is t i cs fo r me as uri ng
”
r
t he re l a t i v e v ar iabi l i ty o f man and wo man ? re ally i nvo lv e s a d e fi ni

r
t i on of v a i ab il i ty ” But he add s that the d efi ni t io n g ive n may b e s o
.

v ag ue as to b e g o ff-han d the so l ut i on o f t he p obl e m we pro pose to r

di scuss ” Th at s uspici on, as we shall se e, i s no t alt og e th e nu
. r
j us2tifi ed .

r r
P o fe sso P e arso n , fo ll o wi ng Galt o n ( N a tu r e , l o th M ay has
e nd e av o u re d t o fi nd an o pp o n e n t o f the g re at e v ar ia t i ona l t ende nc
y of
v
r
m e n i n Te n nyson, who wrot e
4 60 AP P E N D IX .

a c t e rs , ke e ping the t e rm s e c o nd ary to i t s o rig in al s e n s e an d

re s e rv ing as “ t e rt iary ” all th ose min or d i ffe re n c e s th a t a r e
n o t o bv i o us wh i c h th e re fore can h av e n o d ire c t i n fl ue n c e o n
,
ma t in g and on ly e x i s t a s av e rag e s ; s u c h are t h e co m p os i t i on of
,

t he bl oo d an d t he s h ap e o f t he b on e s 1 .

It i s d iffic u lt t o corre c t all the e rro rs a nd c onfu s io n s wh i c h

P ro fe s so r P e ars on fall s i n t o at t h i s p o in t H e re m ark s th a t w e
.

m us t n o t re g ard t he g re a t e r p re v a l e n c e o f i d io c y am ong m e n a s
e v i d e n ce - o f g re a t e r m al e v aria b i l i ty u n l e ss we co u n t o n t h e
'

o th e r s i d e t he g re at e r pre v al e nce o f i n san i t y am o n g wo m e n .

The e rro r h e re i s d o ubl e A s a m a tt e r o f fac t a lth o ug h i n

.
,

E ng l an d an d W al e s d ur i n g re ce n t y e ars t he i nc i d e nce o f i a
s a n i ty h as b e e n a s g re a t o n wo m e n a s o n m e n n e arl y e v e ry
2
,

w h e re e l s e i t i s m ark e dly g re at e r i n th e c as e o f m e n In d e e d .

e v e n in En g l an d an d W a l e s at t he pre s e n t t im e if we m a y t ru s t
, ,

t h e C om m i s s io n e rs i n L un ac y i n th e i r an n ual re p o r t fo r 19 02 ,

t h e i n c i d e n c e o f i n sa n i ty as i n d ica t e d by fi rs t a d m i s s io n s t o
as yl u m s i s i n r a ti o to tlze m a le p op u la ti on s t i ll s l ig h tly g re at e r
, ,

in th e c as e o f m e n . P ro fe ss or P e arso n ha s b e e n m i s l e d by t he
g re a t e r acc umu l a t io n o f fe ma l e s in a s yl ums fai l in g t o t ake i n t o ,

co n s i d e rat io n th e g re at e r l o n g e v i ty o f wo m e n wh i c h a m o ng t he ,

insan e i s s p e c ia lly m ark e d 3 But e v e n i f th e fac t s h ad b e e n as

.

s t a t e d by P ro fe s so r P e arso n h i s i n fe re n c e wou ld s t i ll h av e b e e n
,

wro ng ; i d i oc y i s mainly a c on g e n i t a l co n d i t io n and th e re fore a

fairly g oo d t e s t o f o rg an i c v ar ia t i o n al t e nd e n c y ; i n sani ty th o ug h
-
,

u s u a lly o n a h e re d i t ary b as i s i s in v aria bly a n ac q uire d co n d i

,

1
P ro fe sso r \Valde ye r, who has d o ne m e the h o no u o f cri t i cally r
e x ami ni ng s om e o f t he m ai n p o i nt s i n my bo ok (i n the fo r m o f an

a dd re ss a t o ne o f the a nn ua l m e e t i ng s o f t he Ge r m a n A n th ro po l og i cal

Soci e ty ) i s i ncl i n e d t o d o ubt t he v al ue o f th is d i s t i nc t i o n si nce th e re i s

n o cl e ar l i n e o f d e m a r ca t i on b e t wee n s eco nd ar y a n d t e rt i a ry ch arac t ers .

Th at , h o we v er, I had m yse l f poi nt ed o u t , and the obj ec t i o n canno t

l og i cally b e h e ld by any o ne who acce p t s second ary sex ual ch arac t e rs
a nd reco g n i se s th a t th ey m e rg e i n t o t he p r i ma y r
Th e e a re many . r
nat u ral g ro u ps w h ich , as Galt o n has we ll sai d , h av e n u cl e i b u t n o
o utl i nes . M o re r e ce n tly t he con ce p t io n o f t e r t i a ry se x ual ch arac te r s i n
a s e nse p rac t i cally t he s am e a s th a t i n wh i ch I u se i t has b ee n ado t e d
p
b y a l e ad i ng F re nch anthro po l og i st , D r P api llault ”
L H om m e
’
.

”
M oye n a P a ris , B u ll Soc . .

2
I t so h ap pe n s th a t I was the fi rs t t o call a tt e nti o n t o the fac t th a t
t o wards the e nd o f t he l as t ce nt ury the numbe r o f wo me n ad mi tt e d t o
g r
a syl u ms i n En l and an d W al es had fo r t he fi s t t im e be u n to e x c e e d
g
r
t he n u mb e of me n .
( A r t
.
“
I n fl u e nce o f Se x o n I ns a i
n ty ,
”
k
i n Tu e s
’

D i ct i on ary of P sy c/zo/og i ca i M edi ci n e ) .

3
H o w se ri o us th i s fa ll acy i s m ay b e i nd i cat e d by an i ll us t rati on th at
c h ances t o co me t o h and a l m os t as I wri t e I r ead i n a So u th A m e ri can
.

m e di ca l j ou r nal th at i n the A sy l um of San ti ag o i n C h i l i o n t he I s t o f

J anuary 19 01, th ere were 5 60 m en and 6 5 5 wo me n, but d uring the y ear
5 39 me n we re ad mi tt ed and only 3 5 1 wome n .
 A P P E N D IX .
46 1

t ion d e pe nd e n t on all s o rt s o f e n v iro nm e n t al i nfl ue nce s s o th at

, ,

i t c an n o t po s s i bly furni s h an e q ua lly fun d am e n t al t e s t C o l o ur .

bli nclne s s M r P e ars o n al so t e ll s us i s a p e cul iarly m al e

, .
,

d is e as e ” an d m u s t n o t b e u se d as an arg u m e n t fo r g re at e r
,

v ariab il i ty i n m e n un l e ss we us e t he pre v al e n ce o f cance r o f t he

b re as t in wom e n o n t he o th e r s i d e A gain th e re i s a d o u bl e .

e rro r ; n o t o n ly i s a co n g e n i t a l an o m aly im pro pe rly c om p are d t o

an ac q uire d d ise as e b u t a g l an d l i ke t he b re as t wh i c h i s o n ly
, ,

fu n c t i o n a l i n o n e s e x i s p aire d O H wi th an o rg an l ik e t he e ye
, ,

wh i c h i s e q ually fun c t io na l i n b o t h s e x e s The p re v al e nce of .

g o u t am o n g m e n i s ag ai n p a ire d o ff ag ai n s t t he pre v al e n ce o f
, ,

h y s t e ria am ong wo m e n H e re t he e rro r i s s t i ll m ore co m p l e x

. .

N o t o n l y i s g o u t n o t a t ru ly c on g e n i t al co n d i t io n th o ug h , l i k e ,

i n s an i ty i t fre q u e n tly h as a h e re d i t ary b as i s b u t i f we t ak e i n t o

, ,
“
s u ppre s s e d
”
acco u n t co n d i t io n s o f g o u t i t i s by no m e an s
m o re p re v al e n t i n m e n th an in wo me n an d e v e n i f we d o n o t ,

t ak e s uc h co n d i t ion s i n t o acco un t i t i s s t i l l n ot p o s si bl e t o p air

,

o ff g o u t ag ain s t h y s t e ri a s i n c e a l th o ug h i n m os t co un t ri e s an d
, ,

s o c i a l c l as s e s h y s t e ri a i s m o re p re v a l e n t i n wo m e n in o th e rs ,

( as acco rd ing t o s o me au th ori t i e s among t he l o w e r c l as s e s in

, ,

F ra n ce ) i t i s fo u n d m o r e pre v a l e n t i n m e n But it wo uld b e .

t e d io us t o e x p l o re furth e r th is co nfus e d j ung l e of m i s s t at e me nt s ;

F ro m t he p o in t of v i e w o f s e x ua l d iffe re n ce s in v aria t io n a l
t e n d e n c y it i s n ot n e c e s s ar y t o e x c l u d e rig i dly e i th e r “ t e rt iary ” ,

s e co n d ar y pr a ry s e x u al c h ara c t e rs pro v id e d w e
“ ” ”
or e ve n ,
i m ,

a r e care fu l t o a v o i d fa ll ac i e s w h i c h are fairly o bv io us an d d o n o t ,

co m pare o rg an s a n d c h arac t e rs w h i c h a re n o t t ruly co m parabl e .

E v e n s e c o n d ary s e x u al c h a rac t e rs wh i c h are al mo s t o r e n t ire ly

co n fi n e d t o o n e s e x m ay p ro pe rly b e all o we d a c e r t ai n a mo u n t
o f we ig h t as e v i d e n ce e s p e c i a lly if we g ran t th a t s u c h c h arac t e r s
,

ar e m e re ly t he p e rp e t u a t io n o f co n g e n i t al v ari a t io n s If th e re .
,

fo re as i s g e n e rally a g re e d s u c h c h arac t e rs m o re o ft e n occ ur; i n

, ,

m ale s th a t fac t i s a p re s u m p t io n o n t he s i d e o f a g re at e r
,

mal e v ari a t io n a l t e n d e nc y wh ic h th er e i s n o re as o n e n t ire ly

t o i g n o re It i s n o t co n c l us i v e b u t i t m u s t re c e i v e i ts d ue
.
,

we i g h t To a s s um e wi th P ro fe s so r P e ars o n th a t a v ari at i o n
.
, ,

ha s n o v aria t i o n a l s ig n i fi c a n ce b e caus e i t o cc urs o ft e n i n o ne s e x

an d s e ld o m i n t h e o th e r 1
s e e m s alt og e th e r u n warran t abl e an d

e v e n a b su r d .

I f ho w e v e r P ro fe s s or P ears on s a tt e m p t t o d i s cri m in a t e
’
, ,

b e t we e n d iffe re n t k ind s of s e x ual c h arac t e rs from t he p o in t

o f v i e w o f s e x ua l v aria b il i ty fai l s t o wo rk o u t an d i s i n an y ,

cas e un n ec e s s ary a t an o th e r p o in t he fa ll s in t o t h e o pp o s i t e
,

1
In the cas e o f o rd i nary g o ut , wh i ch P rofe ssor P ea so n r eg a r rds
a s ty pi c a l of the t e s t s t o b e e x c l ud e d , o pi ni o ns d iffe c on si d e rabl
y as r to
s e x ua l l i abi l i ty ; acco rd i ng to o ne l eadi ng au th o i ty i t i s 68 me n t o r 12

wom e n .
4 62 AP P E N D I X .

mis t ak e o f ma king n o a tt e m pt to d is c riminat e wh e re d is c rim ina

t ion is o f the fi rs t importance A s we h av e al ready i n ci d e nt ally
.

see n i t se e m s t o hi m t o b e o f n o i m por t ance wh e th e r t he

,

v ariat ional t e n d e ncy is t e s t e d by v ariat io ns h av in g an o rg ani c ‘

co ng e n i t al b ase o r by v ari at i o n s wh i ch may b e m e re ly d ue

,

to e nv iro nme n t al in fl uen ce s d uri n g l ife To h im th e y a re

}
.

a ll al ike
“
v ar at i ons and the m os t im port an t are th ose th a t
i ”
,
c an m os t c o n v e n i e n tly b e ca ug h t i n t he math e ma t i cal n e t .

Ind ee d he g o es furth e r th an t h is
, H e ac t ually d is c rim i na t e s
.

ag a i ns t t he m o re org anic an d fu n d am e n t al k in d s o f v aria t io n .

It s e e ms t o hi m “ e rro ne o us ” t o t ak e i n t o acco un t co ng e n i t a l
ab normal i t i e s o f an y k i n d wh e n we wis h t o t e s t t h e re l a t i v e
v ariab i l i ty of t he s e x e s In d e t e rm ining the v aria t io na l t e nd
.

e nc i e s o f t he s e x e s we mus t l e av e o ut o f acco un t t he m aj ori ty

o f v aria t i o n s
The g rou n d on whi c h P rofe s s or P e arson rej e c t s ab normal i t ie s
i s th at th e y are “ p ath ol o g i ca l ” and th at i t i s co nce i v a bl e t h at
,

p ath o l og ica l v aria t io n m ig h t b e g re a t e r and n orma l v aria t io n

l e ss in t he sam e se x ” H e b e l ie v,e s t hat i n re g ard ing the
.

“
n o rm a l abn orm a l a s t wo alt o g e th e r d if
fe re n t an d
” “ ”
an d t he

p oss i bly o ppos e d g ro ups of p h e no m ena he is warran t e d by

c urre n t m e d i c al sc ie n ce .

Th i s i s v e ry far i n d ee d from b e in g the cas e If P ro fe sso r .

P ears on m e an s th at he has c o ns ul t e d hi s fam ily d o c t or o n

t he oi n t I c an We ll b e l ie v e th a t he has rece i v e d co n fi rmat i on
p ,

o f hi s v ie w for it i s q ui t e t rue th a t in ord inary c l i n i ca l work

,

t he p h y s ic ian d oes m ak e s uc h a d i s t i nc t i on ; i t i s p rac t ically

conv e ni e n t . But t he prac t i c al c o n v e n ie nce o f t he p hy s ic ia n has
n o th ing t o d o wi th t he sc ie n t i fi c q ue s t ion The p ro ble m b efo re .

us i s a s pe c i fi cally p ath o l o g i cal p ro bl e m and fo r i t s e l u c i d a t io n ,

we h a v e t o co ns ul t t he pa th o l o g i s t and not t he ord i n ary me d ical

prac t i t i o ne r I had th o ug h t i t s ufli ci e nt to q uo t e t he re m ark o f
.

t he g rea t e s t o f pa th ol ogi s t s V i rc h o w to the e ffe c t th at e v e ry

, ,

d e v iat ion from the pare n t al ty pe has its foun d at ion in a path o
log i cal acci d e n t — a s t at e me n t wh i c h P rofessor P e ars o n on the ,

s t re ng th o f w h a t i s really a v e rb al q ui bbl e co n t e m p t u o u s ly ut s
p ,
“
m e aning l es s ” W e o ug h t n ot to s ay “ t he pare nt al
'

as id e as .

” “
ty pe ,
h e t e l l s us
,
w e o gh t
u t o s ay a ty pe ly i ng b e t we e n t he

pa e r n ta l ty p e and t h e ra c e ty p e
”
: le t us s ay i t an d t he s t at e ,

1
I t i s scarce ly necessary to remar k th at the t wo groups canno t be
absol u t e ly se parat e d .

2
Th is conce p t i on Pro fessor P e arson re mark s seems ne v er to h ave
, ,
o ccu rre d t o m e I n th at sh ape h appi ly i t has n ot
.
, Bu t i n M a n a n d
, .

Woma n and e l se wh er e I h ave re pea t edly call ed att e n ti on t o t he fact

“

th at as regards vari ous psych ic and nervous cond it i ons wh il e gross

, ,
v ari a t i o ns a re m ore f requen t i n men minor variati o ns are so me times
,

more co m mon i n wome n This se e ms to cov er wh at e ve r t ru th th ere

.

may b e in P rofessor P earson s suppos i t i on

’
.
4 64 AP P E N D IX .

NO d is e ase is an ything m or e th an an e x ag g e rat io n o r d is pr o

p o r t io n o r d i s h a rm o n y o f n o rm a l p h e n o m e n a
”1
The n o t io n th a t .

d ise as e and h e al th ar e d is t in c t p ri nc ip l e s o r e n t i t ie s B e rnard ,

re g ard e d as a s o rt o f id e a b e l ong ing to the me dical l u m be r roo m .

Th e s e con ce p t ion s h av e b ee n bri ll ian tly d e v e l op e d in t he work

o f re ce n t p a th o l o g i s t s
2
.

A n d i f i t i s arg ue d th a t a ma th e m a t ici an cann o t b e s upp os e d

fam il iar w i t h th e prin c i pl e s of p a th o l o g y i t m us t b e re p l i e d th a t ,
M r P e ars o n has h e re e n t e re d a fi e l d th a t t o uc h e s t he v e r y
.

e s s e n c e of th e s e p ri n c i p l e s an d fu rth e r , th a t t he prin c ip l e in
, ,

q ue s t ion i s s o s im p l e an d e l e m e n t ary th at i t m ay al re ady b e s ai d

t o h a v e e n t e re d g e n e ral cu lt ure I t ak e u p t he l at e s t v o l u m e o f
.

N ie t zs c h e s wo rk s 3— wri tt e n m ore th a n t e n y e ars ag o t h o u g h o nly

'

’
, ,

n o w p u bl i s h e d — an d re a d : The v a l u e o f a ll m o rb i d c o n d i t io ns
“
,

i s th at th e y s h o w u s i n m ag n i fi e d fo rm ce r t ai n c o n d i t i o n s th a t
a r e n o r ma l , b ut i n t he n orm al co n d i t i o n n o t e as i ly v i s i bl e .

H ea l/it and D i s ea se ar e n ot e s s e n t ia lly d iffe re n t a s t he o ld ,

p hy s ic ian s and s o m e m o d e rn p ra c t i t i o n e rs h av e b e l ie v e d To .

re gard th e m as d is t inc t prin cipl e s s tru g g l ing for t he l iv in g

o rg a n i s m i s fo o l i s h n o n s e n se and c h att e r .

O n t he wh o l e th e n th e re i s n o re aso n fo r rej e c t ing ab u o r

|

, ,

m ali t ie s wh e n we a re co ns i d e rin g t h e re l a t i v e v aria t io n a l t e n d

e n c i e s o f m e n and wo m e n To t he m a th e mat i ca l m in d
.

P ro fe s s o r P earso n fo rce s u s t o ad m i t — it i s p o s s i bl e t o c o nce i v e

th at the l aws o f pat h o l o g y m ay re v e rs e th e l aws o f p h y s io l og y ,
b ut s uc h a co nce pt io n t he b i o l o g i s t re g ard s as a b s urd .

M ore th an th is m us t h o we v e r b e s ai d , N o t o n ly can we
, .

n o t l e a v e an o m al i e s o ut o f acco un t i n d e a l i n g wi th th i s q u e s t i o n
,

b ut i t i s pre c i s e ly t he ano m al ie s w h ic h furn is h u s wi th t he m o s t

re l iabl e e v i d e nce The wo rd “ ab n ormal i ty ” is ap t t o m is l ead
.
,
an d P ro fe s so r P e arso n s o m e wh a t p rej ud i ce s t h e m a tt e r i n
u n s c i e n t i fi c e ars by i n s i s t i n g o n i t s us e It i s n o t a s c i e n t i fi c .

t e rm t he s o-call e d an omaly i s n ot ab n ormal in t he se n se th at

i t i s m orb i d ; it i s o n ly e x c e p t i onal I t m e re ly in d ica t e s the
.

e xt re me s w in g s o f a p e n d ul u m wh o s e m o r e fre q u e n t os c i ll a t i o n s
“
ar e o
p p u l a r ly r e g a r d e d a s n o r m a l ”
W h a t i s com m on l y .

t e rm e d an a n o ma l y
”
m ig h t re ally b e re g ard e d as t he
v aria t io n fia r ex ce l/en ce
”
.

Suc h a n ass e r t i o n wo u ld b e by no m e an s arb i t rary It d o e s .

1
C l aud e Be rn d ar , L ego”: su r la elaa leu r am
’

ma le ( l gth L esson) ,
18 7 5 .

2
To th os e who may wi sh to g ai n tt ract i ve i ns ig ht i n to mode rn
an a
co n ce p ti on s o f p a th o l o gy — a ccord i n
g t o wh ich d i se as e i s a r el ati ve t er m
and i t s s t udy a bran c h o f b io l o gy— I wou ld r e co m m e n d P ro fes s or

W oods H u t ch i nson s h ighly suggesti v e St u di es i n H u ma n a nd C om

’

pa r at i ve P a l/ wing) !
3
D er W i lle zu r M ac/i t , W e rk e Bd , . xv .
 AP P E N D IX .
4 65

rr
i n fac t co e s p o n d wi t h t he us ag e o f m o s t o f the w i t e s who r r
r
h av e in v e s t ig at e d th is m at t e u n t i l the p e s e n t day, and it i s r
p o s s i bl e t o j u s t ify s u c h us a g e I f— t o e t u n t o t he i m a e of
.
g r r
t he pe n d u l um — we wi s h t o fi n d o ut wh e th e t h e m a l e o r fe m a l e r
‘ ‘

r
p e n d ul u m s win g s fa th e s t , we m us t s o far as p os s i bl e le t th e m
r
s w in g f e e ly ; t he m o e th e y ar e r r
e s t a in e d by e x t e n a l fo c e s r r r
t he l e s s t he s ig n i fi ca n ce of t he e s ul t s we e ac h r
N o w t he r .

“
c o n g e n i t al an o m al i e s
”
r
a re p e c ise ly t he k in d o f v a i a t i on th a t r
r rr
m o s t n e a ly co e s pon d s t o t h e f e e s w in g o f t he pe n d u l u m r It .

r r
i s t ue th a t t he e i s n o ab s o l u t e d i s t i n c t io n b e t we e n t he i ni t i a l
r
en e g y an d t he s ub s e q u e n t m o d ify i n g in fl u e n c e s , b u t i t i s
r
e q u a lly t u e th at i f we w i s h t o m e as u e an d co m pa e t he r r
r r
a b o i g i n a l e n e g i e s o f t he m a l e an d fe m al e o g an i s m s , we m us t r
r r
s o fa r a s p o s s ibl e d i s e g a d th e se c h a ac t e s wh i c h a re v e y r r r
r
c o n s i d e a bly in fl u e n c e d by l a t e m o d i fy in g fo c e s r .

r r r
P o fe s s o P ea s o n h as , h o we v e , c h o s e n , as a fi n a l a nd c u c i al r r
r
t e s t of t he v a ia t io nal t e n d e n c y i n m e n an d wo m e n , t he s ing l e
r
p o i n t o f d iffe e n ce in s ize , c h i e fly i n a d u lt s Th a t i s t o s ay , he .

ha s s e l e c t e d , as -a fi n a l an d un i m peachabl e t e s t , o ne o f t he
r
m o s t f a g i l e o f d i s t in c t io n s , a d is t in c t io n th a t has b e e n e x p os e d
t o a l i fe -t i m e o f m o d i fy i n g i n fl u e n ce s .

E v e n if we ad m i t t ha t s ize at b i r th co ns t i t ut e s a s o un d t e s t
an d th i s can n o t b e a d m i t t e d w ith o u t q ual ifi cat io n , as we s h a ll
s o o n s e e — i t i s e v i d e n t th a t t h e c o m pa a t i v e v a i a t i o n o f t h e r r
s e xe s i n th i s r
e s p e c t i s l i abl e t o b e a ffe c t e d by e n v i o n m e n t al r
r
c i c um s t a n c e s a s ag e in c e as e s r
Th e i n fl ue n c e s o fli fe d iffe e n tl y
. r
af r
fe c t i ng an d e x e c is in g t he t wo s e x e s , t he i n fl ue nce o f d e at h
pr o b r
a bly e x e t i n g a n u n e q u a l s e l e c t i v e in flu e n ce — b o th a l ik e

m us t b e all o we d fo r if th i s k in d o f e v i d e nc e i s t o b e e g a d e d as r r
r
a t e s t o f t he fi s t ra n k o f i m po t a n c e
1
r
O th e wi se we a r e n o t . r
d e al in g wi th t he in c id e n c e o f v a ia t i on s at all, b ut wi t h t he r
e l i m in a t io n of v a ia t i o n s — an r a lt o g e th e d iffe e n t m att e r r r .

r r r r
P o fe s s o P e a s o n h i m s e l f g a d uall y a wak e s t o a e a l isa t io n o f r
r
th i s fac t as he p o ce e d s wi th h i s t as k, a n d e m a k s at l as t th a t r r
r
he s t o n g l y s u s p e c t s th a t t he s l i g h tly g e a t e v a i ab i l i t y o f r r r
r
wo m an w h ic h his e s ul t s s h o w i s mai n ly d ue t o a e l a t iv e ly l e s s r
r r
s e v e e s t u g g l e fo r e x is t e n ce ! P o b ably he i s ig h t , b u t i f s o r r
r
his wh o l e a g u me n t fall s t o t he g o u n d The q ue s t i on o f t he r .

r r
o g an i c v a ia t i o n a l t e n d e n c ie s o f m e n a n d w o me n e m ai n s r
u n t o uc h e d ; r
we h a v e b e e n i n t o d uce d i n s t e ad t o a p o bl e m i n r
s e l e c t io n r
So t ue i s i t th a t , a s Ba co n s ai d , t he h al f o f k n o w
.

l e d g e l ie s i n as k in g t he ig h t q ue s t i on r .

W e ar e b oun d t o s u ppo s e th at wh e n P ofe sso P ea son s e t r r r

1
I t i s scarce ly ne cessary to r e mi nd the ead e r th at the i nfl ue nc es o f r
the e n v i ro n m e n t are limi t e d b y i nh e ri t e d a p t i t u d e Th i s l i mi t ati on i s .

v e ry c l e arly poin te d out by Galt on , H er ed i tary Gen i u s ( an d

‘

pp .

12 -14 , 40 .
4 66 A P P E N D IX .

o ut he in t e nd e d to us e the t e rm v ari a t ion ’ i n the same sen se

as his pre d e cessors ha d u se d i t, — fo r o th e rw i s e his re s ult s co u ld
n ot v al i dly he o p os e d t o th e irs — b u t i t wo uld a ppe ar th a t as he
p ,
we n t o n, by a n u nc o ns c io us p ro c e s s o f a ut o -s ug g e s t i on, he
i ns e ns ibly g l id e d i n t o a fam il iar fi e ld .

It m ay: see m unne ce s s a ry t o p urs u e P ro fe s s or P earson a ny

furth e r . It is s uffi c ie n tly c l e ar th a t t he i n q uiry he has carri e d
o ut, ho we v e r v al uabl e i t m ay b e i n o th e r re s pe c t s , has n o
d e c is iv e b earing on the q ue s t i o n h e un d e rt o o k t o ans we r, and
c an h a v e n o v e ry d amag ing e f fe c t o n t he wri t e rs he a ttac k s .

But th e re i s co ns id e rabl e i n t e re s t i n d ri v i ng the po int of t he

d iscuss ion s t ill furth e r h o m e .

It m ay b e ag re e d th at s in ce d i ffe re nce s i n s ize are pro b abl y

af fe c t e d by t he i n fl ue n ce s o f l ife and d e a th t o a cons id e rabl e
,

e xt e n t, and pe rh ap s un e q u a lly e l i m i n a t e d i n t he t wo se x e s , th e y
d o n o t form a r e l iabl e g u i d e t o t h e s e x ua l i n ci d e nce o f v aria
t ions B ut, it m ay b e arg ue d , th is canno t affe c t meas ure me n t s
.

mad e at b irth , a _ nd we m us t th e re for e a cc p t t e v l d ty

e h a i i of
t h ose of P rofes s or P e ars o n’ s me as ure m e n t s wh ic h conc ern the
infan t at b ir th H e re , h o we v e r, we e n co un t e r a fac t wh i c h i s o f
.

t he fi rs t i mpor t anc e in i t s b e arin g o n o ur s u bj e c t t he e l imi na

t ion o f v ariat ions in s ize has a l re ady b e g un at b irth , and th ere
i s r e as on t o suppose th a t th a t e l i m i na t i o n u n e q ua lly affe c t s
mal e s and fe mal e s Th i s was d u ly a l l o we d fo r in M a n aged
.

W oma n, b ut th e re i s n o h in t o f i t th ro u g h o u t P rofe s s or P ear son’s

l ong paper H e d o e s n o t d i s pu t e th i s infl ue nce , n or d oe s he
.

re al ise th at unt i l he has d is p u t e d it hi s con cl us ions canno t b e

broug h t t o b ear ag ai n s t m in e .P ro fe s s o r P e ars on s earl i e r
’

s t at i s t ic al e x curs i o n s i n t o t h e b io l og i cal fi e ld we re c h ie fly co n
c e rne d wi th c rab s ; i n p as s i ng fr o m c rab s t o h uman b e i ng s he
fail e d t o a ll o w for t h e fa c t th a t h u man b e in g s do n ot co me i nt o
t he world u n d e r t he same co n d i t io ns Th i s fa i l ure — p ar d onabl e
.

as it i s in o ne n o t at h o m e i n t he o b s t e t ri c al fi e ld— has profoun dly

af fe c t e d t he v a l i d i ty o f h is c h e ri s h e d c ri t e rio n o f se x v ariab i l i ty,
i n so far as i t i s u se d a g ain s t h is p re d e ce s s ors .

E v e ry c h i ld who i s b o rn i n t o t h e w o rl d un d e rg o es a se v e re
o rd eal d ue l arg ely t o t h e l i m i t e d e l a s t i c i ty o f the b on y p e lv ic
ri ng th roug h wh ich it h as t o p as s P ro bably as a re sul t of t h is,
.

a ce rt ain p roport io n p e ri s h as th e y e n t e r t he worl d or v e r y

s h or tly aft e r A mo ng t he n um b e r th us e l imi nat e d th e re
.

a ppe ars to b e a v e r y co n s i d e ra bl e
p ro po r t ion o f the l arg e s t
i nfan t s . It is d o u btl e s s b e c a u s e m a l e i n fa nt s t e nd t o b e l arg e r
th an femal e in fant s th a t m al e s s u ffe r m o s t at and s h or tly aft e r
b irth Th is app e ars t o b e the rul e e ve ry wh e re 1
. .

1
F o r the ex act pro po r ti o n o f m a l e to fe m al es ti ll -bor n ch i ld e n i n r
_
‘
r
most cm hse d count ies , se e mg P l oss , D ar Wezb, 7 th edi t ion, 19 01,
.
'

vol 1 p 336
. . . .
4 68 A P P E N D IX .

d ue to d iffe re n ce o f s ize wh i c h s e e me d s o s m all 1 O n e

a .

au th o ri ty i n d e e d r oun dly d ec l are d th a t t h e b e l i e f i n t he l arg e r

, ,

s e o f the m al e h ea d was m e re ly a p o pul a r pr j d

”
i z e u i ce ; th i s le d
t o fres h m e as ure m e n t s an d in th i s fi e ld St ad t fe ld t o fC op e n h ag e n
,

re ce i v e d cre d i t wh ic h re ally be l on g e d t o C l ark e of D ublin .

Ve i t s h o we d th a t e v e n at e qual we ig h t s m ore bo y s th an g i rl s
die at b ir th b ut on t he o th e r h and acc ord ing t o P fannk u c h s
’
, , ,

re su lt s e v e n at e q ua l we ig h t s boy s h e ad s are l arg e r t h an

,
’

g ir l s
2’
. I n an y case i t ce r t ain l y s e e m e d pro b a bl e th a t t he l arg e r
s ize o f t he m a l e c h i ld s h e a d was a n i m o r t an t fa c t o r in th i s
’
p
m o r t a l i ty and wh e n a t l e ng th t he q ue s t i o n b e g an t o a tt ra c t t he
,

a tt e n t i o n o f s t at i s t i cal an th ro p o l o g i s t s th i s co n c l u s i o n was co n
fi rme d The A n th ropom e t ric C o m m i tt e e of the B ri t is h A ss o cia
.

t ion pre s id e d o v e r by M r F ranc is G alt on i n i ts fi na l re por t in

, .
,

18 83 s t at e d i t s b e l ie f th a t
“
i t wo uld app e ar th a t t he phy s ica l
(a nd m os t prob ably the m e n t a l ) p rop or t io n s o f a ra ce and t h e i r ,

un i form i ty wi th in ce rt a i n l i m i t s are l arg e ly d e p e n d e n t o n t he

,

s ize o f t h e fe m a l e
p e l v is wh ic h ac t s as a g a ug e as i t we re o f
, , ,

t he race a n d e l i m in a t e s th e l arg e s t i n fan t s e s p e c i ally th o s e

, ,

wi th l arg e h ead s (an d p re s um a bly m ore b rai ns ) by p re v e n t in g ,

th e ir s urv iv al at b irth “ .

It m us t b e a dd e d h o we v e r th a t n o d irec t an d fi n a l d e m o n
, ,

s t rat i o n has b e e n b rou g h t forward o f t he t e n d e n cy t o th e

e l i mi n a t i on o f th e m al e s ( o r e v e n i n fan t s i n d e pe n d e n tly o f s e x )
o f t he g rea t e s t w e ig h t o r th o s e h a v in g t h e l arg e s t h e a d s F or .

th is we re q ui re to compare mal e and fe mal e s t illbo rn in fan t s at

fu ll t e rm wi th th o s e w ho a re b orn l iv ing and wh i c h s u b
,

s e q ue n tly s ur v i v e d fo r a t l e a s t a we e k (a l o n g e r
p e rio d wo uld
b e m ore d e s irabl e b ut d iffi c u lt t o s e c ure ) Su c h m eas ure me n t s .

ar e n o t t o b e fou n d in m e d ical l i t e ra t ure s o fa r as I c an ,

d i s c o v e r ; at the mos t we fi nd a v e rag e s wh i c h are m e an i n g l e s s ,

fro m the p re s e n t p o in t o f v i e w 4 I ap pl i e d t o o b s t e tr ical an d

.

1
Th ey usually rel i ed on av e rag es wh i ch a re h e re o f l i ttl e s ig ni fi cance .

Th us O l sh ause n m easured t he d i am e ter o f 1000 s k u ll s and found t he

av e rag e v ery mi nu t e ly great e r i n t he boy s W e s h o uld e x pe c t th i s i f
.

m al e s are m ore var i abl e than fe mal es ; we ne ed t o k no w the num ber o f

cas es fo r e ac h dif fe r e n t d eg ree o f si ze .

2
A r c/z . Gy n E
f i/e , Bd i v p 2 9 7
. . . . . .

3
I t i s o f s o me i n t e res t to po i n t o ut th at wh i l e i t i s probabl e th at t he
pre ssure of the pe lvi c ri ng thus t e nd s t o e l i mi nat e the l arg e s t m al e s ,
o n t he o th er h and , so far as psy ch i c a nd ne r v ous c h ar ac t e r a r e c o n

c e r ne d , th e re i s r e aso n t o s u pp ose th a t th i s p re ss ure s o me ti mes e x e r t s a

l i fe -l o ng i nfl uence i n i ncre asi ng mal e v a iat i on Se e e g Si r J r . . . .

C ri c ht o n-Bro wn e , West R i di ng A sy lu m R epor ts , vo l i , 18 7 1

'

. . .

4
I t i s n o t e wor thy , h o we v e r , th a t Boyd s data ( P izzl Tf a n s , 18 6 1)
’ '

s h o wed th a t t he s t i ll -bo rn mal e i nfan t a t fu ll t e r m i s re l a t i v e ly l a

g e r co m r
p are d t o t he st i ll -born fe mal e i nfan t th a n i s t he l i v i n
g mal e i n fan t co m
pared t o the l i v ing fe mal e i nfan t The size o f the mal e s i s re d uce d to a
.

r
g re ate e xte n t by t he d ifficu lti es o f bi r th than is the size o f the fe mal es .
 A P P E N D IX .
4 69

an a o m i c at lt hori t ie s i n v ariou s co un t ries an d re ce iv e d a

au
n umb e r o f i n t e re s t ing l e tt e rs an d d at a i n c l u d ing s e r ie s o f ,

e n t ri e s fro m t he re g i s t e rs o f m at e rn i ty h o s i t al s B ut n o ne o f
p .

t he s e ri e s s o far re ce i v e d co n t ai n s a s uffic i e n t n um b e r o f s t i ll
b o rn c hild re n So far as th e y g o th e y are co nfirma t ory o f t he
.
,

b e l ie f th a t i t is m o re e s pe c ially the l a rg e c h ild re n th a t are

e l im i n a t e d by t he s e l e c t io n o f b ir th The l arg e s t s e rie s ( wi th
.

6 0 s t i llb o rn m al e b ab ie s and 50 s t i llb o rn fe mal e s ) for wh i c h I ,

a m i n d e bt e d to D r C M .G re e n o f t he B os t o n L y in g -in
. .
,

H o s pi t a l s h ows th at am o n g t he s t illb o rn o f e i th e r se x t h e
,

rang e o f v ariat io n i s g re at e r th an amo n g t he l i v ing of the s ame

s e x t he a b so l u t e ran g e o f v ari a t io n b e in g n o t o n l y g re a t e r as
,

co m pare d w i t h t he l iv i n g b ab i e s o f t h e s am e s e x b ut th e re b e in g ,

a g re at e r p i l in g u p a t e a c h e nd i n t h e case o f t he s t i llb orn The .

d a t a do n o t s uffi ce t o i n d ic at e th a t th e re i s a g re a t e r m ort a l i ty
o f t h e l arg e s t s i ze d m a l e s th an o f t he l ar e s t s i ze d fe ma l e s
g ,

wh e n we co m pare t he s t i llb orn wi th t he l i v i n g o f t he sam e s e x

a n d we ig h t A n o th e r se ri e s m ore e l abo ra t e i n i t s d e t ai l s b ut
.
,

s t i ll s m a ll e r i n n u m b e r a s r e g a rd s t h e s t i llb orn — fo r w h i c h I a m

i n d e bt e d t o P ro fe s so r W h i t r id g e W i ll iam s o f J o h n H o pk i ns ,
’

H o s p i t a l — l e ad s t o a s i m i l arly i n co m p l e t e co n c l us io n 1 .

Th e re i s h o we v e r an o th e r t e s t wh i c h wh il e i t c an by n o
, , ,

m e an s b e p u t fo rward as h a v in g an y s t at i s t i ca l v al i d i ty ye t ,

furn is h e s a h i g h ly s ig n ifi can t i n d ica t i o n i n th i s m a tt e r J us t a s .

o n t he p s y c h i c s i d e ce r t a in v e ry rare i n d i v id ua l s a ppe ar in t he
—

w o rl d wh o s e i n t e ll e c t ual cap ac i ty e n orm ous ly e x ce l s th a t o f

th e ir fe ll ows s o corre s p on d i ng t o “ g e n i us ” we ha v e on the
, , ,

ph y s ic al s i d e ce r t a in e q ua lly rare i n d i v i d ual s wh o at b irth

e n orm o u s l y e x c e l th e ir fe ll o ws i n p h y s i ca l s i ze wh i l e y e t re ,

m a i n in g n orm a l an d we ll p ro po r t io ne d N o w w e m ay as k d o .
, ,

th e s e i n d i v id ual s p o ss e s s i n g co n g e n it al p hy s ical “ g e niu s ”

r e s e m bl e p e rs o n s o f ps y c h i c g e n iu s i n b e in g m o re o ft e n m a l e

t h an fe m al e ? O rd in a ry s t at i s t i cs ar e n o t h e re a v a il abl e fo r ,

th e s e cas e s are s o rare th a t th e y v e r y s e ld o m fal l i n t o an

o rd in ary s e rie s Sm e ll ie fo u n d o ne c h il d we ig h i n g o v e r 13
.

p o un d s in 8000 cas e s ; i n F ran c e a c h i ld o f 12 p o un d s wa s ,

o n ly fo u n d i n ca se s
2
A s a c h i ld o f e v e n 9 p o un d s i s
.

1
It s ee m s unn ecess ar y to d e al
wi th th i s p o i n t m o e i n d e t ai l h ere , r
no t o nly b ecause o f t he l ac k o f s uffi ci e n t d at a at p e s e n t , b u t be cause th e r
e s t abl is h m e n t o f th i s p o i n t i s by no m eans n ecess a y fo r t he d e fe n ce r
t t s a tt ack
’
o f my
p os i i o n ag a s i n P ro fess o r P e arso n .

,
2
I t mus t al s o b e said th at ( as i n t he case o f psy ch i c g en i us ) i t i s
a m ong t he we ll -t o -d o cl asses th a t th e s e v e ry l arg e i n fan t s are m os t
t d
u s ua lly fo und , n o t o n ly becau se t he pa e n r to b e l arg e r am o ng
"

n en
i

th ese cl ass es , b u t be cause , as has l ate l y _ e n sh own (se e e g Bach i . . .

t C giq 1a P u ér zcu lt u r e i n t r a
’
m d
’
’ '

m H i
'

mo , D o
n cu e n t s p ou r ser r l zs t o r é
u t e r zzze, Th ese d e P ari s, o th e r th i ng s $ei ng e qual , wome n who
’ ’

re s t d u r i ng p r eg nancy t e nd t o h av e l a g e r r
c h i ld r en .
47 0 A P P E N D IX .

r r r
g e n e ally con s i d e e d l a g e , it is c l e a th a t wh en we g e t b e y o n d r
13 p o un d s we r
e a c h a p o i n t at w h ic h t he a v e ag e d iffe e n ce r r
b e t ween m al e s an d fe mal e s i s t i fl i ng , s o th a t th e e i s al mo s t a s r r
r
g e at a c h ance o f fe m al e s a s o f m a l e s e a c h i n g t h e e xt e me l y r r
r r
l a g e we ig h t s The o n ly p ac t i cabl e way o f o bt ain i ng i n fo m a
. r
t io n con ce rn i ng th e s e cas e s lay i n co ll e c t in g th e s ca tt e e d r
r e co d s r I ha v e co ll e c t e d all th a t I can fi n d i n m e d i ca l
.

r
j ou nal s o f s t an d ing , c h ie fly En g l i s h , d u ing th e p as t h al f r
r
ce n t u y , b e in g a i d e d by t he efe e n ce s i n N e a e
’
r
l s M ed i ca l r
D i ges t I h av e o n ly n o t e d t he cas e s th at a p pe a t o h a v e b e e n
. r
h e alth y an d w e ll d eve l o p e d and we ig h e d o v e 13 po un d s at r
r
b i th O n e une x p e c t e d d iffi cu lty I e n c o u n t e e d : i n m an y
. r
cas e s , e v e n wh e n n u m e o us r
m e as u e m e n t s we e g i v e n , n o r r
r r
e fe e n ce was m ad e t o se x W h i l e s uc h case s we e ne c e s sa i ly
. r r
r ej e c t e d , I m a y say th at I th in k i t p o b abl e th a t m o s t , a n d r
r r
pe h ap s all, o f th e se ej e c t e d cas e s we e m al e s th i s w a s so in r
t he o n l y cas e i n wh i c h , by w i t ing t o t he m e d ic a l r
ep o t e r r r
i m m e d i a t e ly o n p ubl i ca t io n , I was abl e t o e pai t he o mi s s i on ; r r
r
t he m e d i c al m i n d s e e ms t o s ha e i n s o m e d e g e e t h e i n s t in c t i v e r
co n v i c t io n th a t t h e ty pical h um an b e i ng is a m a l e , an d th a t i n
t he cas e o f mal e s i t i s u nn e ce ssa y t o m ak e a n y e fe e n ce t o r r r
sex . M y case s w e e th u s e d uce d t o 2 1 r r
O f th e se th e e w e e . r r
o n ly 3 fe m al e s t o 18 ma l e s Th e fe mal e s all d ie d at b i th , a s
. r
we ll a s a b o u t h a l f t he m al e s H o we v e o ug h t h i s m e th o d o f
. r r
e s t i ma t io n m ay b e , i t i s h ig h ly i mp o b abl e th a t any m o e r r
r
m e th o d i cal in q u i y o n c h i ld e n of th i s s ize wo ul d e n t i e ly r r
r r r r
e v e s e s o l a g e a p e p o n d e an c e o f m a l e s
1
r .

r
Suc h a e s u lt , i t wi l l b e s e e n , wh i l e i t am p ly c o n fi m s th e r
co n c l us i on th a t e v e n in s ize th e m al e s h o ws t h e g e a t e v a ia r r r
t io n al t e n d e n c y , cann o t b e co n s id e e d as ab s o l u t e p oo f th a t r r
r r
th e e e x is t s a s e l e c t i o n at b i th w h ic h in i ts op e a t ion t e n d s t o r
r r r
t he d e s t u c t i on o ft h e l a g e m al e c h i ld e n e i th e at th e m o m e n t of r r
r r
b i th o r d u ing the suc cee d i ng d ay s and we e k s, th oug h i t e n d e s r r
s u ch s e l e c t io n p o b a bl e r
Th is e l e m en t o f d ou bt , h owe v e , by n o
. r
r r r r
m e an s e nd e s P o fe s so P e a s on ’s a tt ac k o n m y p o s i t io n a n y r
r
s t ong e r
It i s s uffi ci e n t t o s h o w th at fo r m o e th an a ce n t u y
. r r
p as t e v i d e nce has acc umul a t e d whi c h i n d ica t e s t ha t the g o up r
o f d at a o n wh i c h P o fe ss o r r r
P e a s o n s o l e ly an d ab so l u t e l y e l ie s r
fo r the fo un d a t i on o f hi s a rg um e n t i s m o d ifi e d by an i nfl u e n ce
r r
wh i c h e nd e s i t t ai n t e d fo r s uc h a pu po s e In v i e w o f th i s r .

r
c i c um s t an ce , an d o f the fac t t h at I h ad ej e c t e d th i s g ou
p of r r
1
I h ave si n ce me t wi th a d iscussi on o f th i s que st i o n fro m th e ob s t e t
r i cal s t and oi n t ( H b '

p D u oi s , L es G r
. os E nf a n ts a zt P oi n t de v u e O b st e
’
t
r i ca l, Th ese d e P ari s , 18 9 ) wh i ch i nd e pe nd e n tly co nfi rms m
2 y r e s u lt s .

A t we ig hts of ov e r 7 000 g rpns D uboi s found n i n e boys t o th e e g i r l s

‘

. r .

A mo ng o n ly mod era t ely p age i n fan t s th e re w as n o suc h ex cess o f m al e s ;

r
b ut o f t he th e e he avi e Slj b ab i e s o f all o nly one was a g i rl , and she was
the l east h e avy o f the th ree .
47 2 A P P E N D IX .

W e h av e now reache d t he c l i ma x r r P
ofe ar s
so n
’
P ofe s s o
arg ume n t It is from th is g iddy h e ig h t th at he s urv e y s wi th
‘

con t e mpt th ose fo o l i s h p e rs o n s wh o s t i ll b e l i e v e th at t he v aria

t ional t e nd ency i s g re at e r i n m e n th an i n wo m e n, and n o th i ng
furth e r remai ns t o b e s ai d I f, in s t ea d o f h as t en ing t o e x e cu t e a
.

war-d ance o n wh a t he i m ag i ne d was t h e b o dy o f a p ros t rat e foe ,

P rofessor P ears on had p o in t e d o u t , as h e w o u ld h av e b ee n q ui te
warrant e d i n d o ing , th a t hi s co nclu s i o n s , s o fa r as th e y re s t e d o n
a d e fi n it e b as i s of fac t , co n fi rm e d t h e th e s i s m ai n t aine d by
D arwin and m ore ful ly e nfo rc e d in M a n a n d W oma n, h is
posi t ion would h av e b e e n unimp e ac h abl e If, ag ai n, he had .

re fraine d al tog e th e r fro m a tt e mp t ing t o in t e rp re t his own d ata,

—a task for wh ic h , i t i s o bv io us, he was s in g ul arly ill-pre pare d ,
p ut th e m forth s im p ly as a s t u dy in n at ural s e l e c
_ and had

t ion, -wh ich i s what th e y re ally ar e , — h is p o s i t ion would , ag ain,

h ave b ee n alt og e th e r j us t ifi abl e But as t he m a tt er s t an d s he
.

has e nmeshe d h imse l f i n a t ang l e o f m i s appre h ens ions, co n

fus ions, and e rrors fro m wh ic h i t m us t b e v e ry d iffi cul t to
e xt ri cat e him .

It may b e we ll t o s um m ari s e b rie fly the mai n po in t s se t for th

in the fore g oing pag es .

1 In O ppos i t ion t o t he d oc t ri n e o f D arwin, more fully se t

.

for th in my M an a nd W o ma n , th a t t he v ariat i onal t e nd ency i s,

o n the wh ol e, more mark e d i n m e n th an i n women, P ro fe ssor
P earson re s o lv e d to s h o w th a t th is i s one of “ t he wors t o f the
p seud o s cie nt ific s upe rs t i t io n s
- .

2 .U nfor t unat e ly , h o we v e r, i t n e v e r occ urre d t o h im t o d e fi ne

wh at he meant by “ v aria t i o n, ” n o r t o as ce rt ain wh at the wri t e rs
wh o m he was o ppos ing m ean t by the t e rm 1 A v ery l i t tl e .

con sid e rat ion s h o ws th a t a ty pical v ariat ion, in wh at may

fairly b e c all e d i t s c l as s i c s e n s e , i s a c o ng e ni t al o rg anic c h ar
a c t e r on ro /t i c]: s elect i on w or k s , w h i l e, a s un d e rs t o o d b y P rofe s s or
f

P ears on, t h o ug h wi th o u t d e fi n i t e s ta t e m en t , a ty p i ca l v aria t io n

i s a c h arac te r—o f a l mo s t an y k i n d , o c c u rring at any peri o d o f
l ife —fi r odu ced by s ele cti on “ To t he b iome t rician, ” P rofe s sor
.

“
P e ars on has re ce n tly s t at e d , v ari at i o n i s a q uan t i ty d e t e rm ine d
by the c l as s or g roup wi th ou t re fe re nce t o i ts an ce s t ry ” Th at .

t ion, t
af er brie fl y ri i ng
his o wn o bs e vatio ns on th is poi n t ,
s umma s r
concl ud es r
I n g ene a l I co m e wi th H av e l o c k Ell is t o t he res ult
r r
that wo me n va y wi th i n a nar o we rang e th an me n ” ( Preside nt ial r
r r
add ess, Ge man A nat o mi ca l So ci e ty, Ver éa n dl A nat Gesell , . . .

I t i s i ndeed d iffi cult ( I d o no t say i m po ssi bl e ) to find any au th o i t i e s r

who co me to any o th e e su l t rr .

1
r r
I t i s some wh at un us ual , P ro fes so P e a s on has e mark ed in an oth e r r
r
cont rov e rsi a l pape ( B i om et r i l a , A p i l 19 02 ,
p
z “ r
i n a d isc uss i on
.

r
t o g i ve e nt i e ly d iffere nt m e a ni ng s to the t e ms o ri i nally u sed a nd
g r
,
r
l eav e y ou ”adve rsary to fi nd o ut wi th wha t sig nificance you may b e
usi ng th e m I t see ms to o c cu so me t i me s , h o we v e
. r r
.
 A P P E N D IX .
47 3

i s to s ay , d n o t b e o rg an ic o r co ng e ni t al and it m us t
it ne e
“

u s ually b e m o d ifi e d
e n v iro n m e n t
a n d s o m e t i m e s e n t i re l y
pro d uce d by i t s
, ,
Th i s d e fi ni t i on m ay b e b e t t e r th an t he m ore
.

c l as s i ca l c o n ce p t i o n o f a v ar ia t i o n B u t i t i s c e rt a i n l y v e ry.

d iffe re n t To s uppos e th a t co n c l us i ons re ac h e d co n ce rn in g th is

.

k in d o f v ariat io n can b e u se d t o o v e rth ro w co nc l u s i o ns re ac h e d

,

co nce rn i n g th e o th e r k i n d i s o bv i o us l y u n re aso n abl e .

3 H av i n g s i l e n tl y a d o p t e d th i s co n c e p t io n o f a v ari at io n
.
,
P ro fe s s o r P e ars o n p ro ce e d s t o i n qu ire wh a t “ d iffe re n t d e g re e s
o f v ari ab i l i ty are se co n d ar y s e x u a l c h arac t e rs c h ar
“
an d n o t
ac te r i s t i cs wh i c h ar e th e m s e lv e s c h arac t e ri s t i cs o f s e x ; an d i s
”

h e re by le d in t o v ario u s e cce n t ri c i t ie s of as se rt i on wh i c h it i s
u n n e ce s s ary t o re ca i t u l a t e r r r
“ ”
p S e c o n d a y s e x u
. a l c h a ac t e s

re main in h is hand s l ik e v ariat io n u n d e fi ne d

, , , .

“
4 .A l l a b n o r m a l i t i e s
”
a re a dd e d t o t h e m at e ria l rej e c t e d as
u n s u i t abl e for i n v e s t i g at i o n o n t he g ro u nd th a t th e y are ,
“ ”
p a th o l o g i ca l It has b e e n e as y t o s how t hat th i s n o t i o n
.

c ann o t b e m ai nt ai n e d a n d th a t i n h i s p i o us h o rro r o f
“
, p s e ud o
s c ie n t i fi c s u e rs t i t i o n s P ro fe s s o r P e arso n h e re l ay s h i m se l f
”
p
o e n t o r e t or t A n o m al i e s ar e n ot p a th o l o g i cal e x ce p t i n t he
p .
,

s e n s e o f V irc h o w who re ard e d

g , p a th o l o g y as s im p ly t he s c i e n ce
o f an o m a l i e s M ore o v e r s cie n t i fi c p a th o l o g is t s d o n o t a d m i t
.
,

th a t e v e n d is e as e can b e re g ard e d as i n v o l v in g an y n e w o r
d iffe re n t l aws M o rb id as we l l as n o rm al p h e no me na al ik e
.

furni s h pro p e r m a t e rial if i n t e ll ig e n tly u se d fo r t he i n v es tig a

, ,
t io n o f th is q ue s t io n .

5 P ro fe s s or P e ars o n d e c i d e s th a t d iffe re nce s i n s ize furni s h

.

t he b e s t m e as ure o f t he v aria b i l i ty o f t h e s e x e s In re ac h i ng .

t h is d e cis io n he m ak e s n o re fe re n ce t o the fa c t th a t t he prob

ab i l i t i es acc um ul a t e d d u ri n g a c e n t ury t e n d e d t o d i scre d i t th i s

g ro up o f e v i d e n c e fo r t he p ur po s e s he had i n v ie w .

6 I f h o we v e r we p u t as i d e th o se p ro b ab i l i t ie s wh i c h t e nd t o
.
, ,

re n d e r th is e v id e n ce t ain t e d s o fa r a s t he o bj e c t o f P ro fe s s or ,

P e arso n s s p e c i al arg u m e n t i s co n ce rn e d w e s t il l fi nd th a t t he
’
,

re s ult s he re ac h e s are pre c is e ly t he re s ult s we s h ou ld e x pe c t i f

t he p os i t i o n h e a s s a i l s i s s o u n d Th a t i s t o s ay th a t a t b ir th
.
,

b e fore t he re s ul t s o f t he as s u m e d s e l e c t iv e ac t ion o f t he p e lv i s
hav e ye t b ee n fri lly s h o wn th e re i s g rea t e r v aria b il i ty o f t he ,

m ale s s o far a s s i ze i s co n ce rn e d w h i l e l a t e r as a re s ul t o f
, , ,

t h a t s e l e c t ion th e re i s a t e n d e n c y t o e q u al i ty i n se x ual
,

v aria b i l i ty .

7 Th e n e t o u t c o m e o f P ro fe s s o r P e ars o n s p ap e r i s th us fo un d
’
.

t o b e a co n fi rm a t i o n o f th at v e ry d o c t ri n e o f t h e g rea t e r v aria
t io n al t e n d e n c y o f t h e m a l e wh ic h h e s e t o u t t o p ro v e t o b e
”
“
ei th e r a d og m a o r a s u p e r s t i t i o n .

I t m ay b e a s we l l t o s t a t e fi n a ll y th a t n o th i ng I h a v e s ai d , ,

can b e c o n s t rue d a s a n a tt e m p t t o d i s p arag e th o s e b i o m e t ri c a l

m e t ho d s o f a dv an c in g b io l og y o f wh i c h P ro fe s s or P e ars o n i s
47 4 A P P EN D I X .

t o -day the mos t b rill ian t an d co n s p i c uous cha mpion . I a m n ot

co mpe t e n t to j ud g e of the m a th e mat i cal

v al i d i ty o f s uc h
m e t hod s , b ut so far as I a m a bl e t o fo ll o w t h em I g l a dly
re cog nis e that th e y co ns t i t ut e a v e ry v al uabl e Ins t ru me n t for
b io l og ical prog re s s I s ay no th ing ag ain s t the i ns t rum e n t : I
.

me re ly poin t o ut th at o n th is o ccas ion the re s ult s obt ai ne d by

, ,

i t s appl i cat ion h av e b e en wro ng ly i n t e rpre t e d 1 .

1
A t cri t ic ism by M r H ave l ock Ell is of my vi ew th at th e re
r e cen .

i s no re po nderati ng variabi l i ty of man o v er woman see ms to need no

reply p( we read in B i omet r i/aa v ol
’
19 03 p
, .
“
for the _auth o r, .

d oe s not appear to under st and wh at we ig ht i s to b e g ive n to scre nti fic

e v i d e nce as com are d wi th v a u e
”
p g g e ne ra l t i
i es N o o ne can r eal i se .

more cl early than I do th a t t he -e vi d e nce I h ave had be fo re me i n

d iscussing this question was ve ry i mperfe c t It was h o we ve r l ess .
, ,

i mpe rfec t th an t he e v id e nce whi c h e n abl e d D arwi n to reac h a co n

e l usi o n i n t he matt er wh i c h i s s ti ll acc e t e d b y mos t
p person s qua l ifi e d
t o j u dg e P rofe ssor P earso n has i n t rod uce d more ex ac t me th o ds o f
.

de ali ng wi th biol ogical dat a and fo r th is we o we hi m a de bt o f

,

g ra ti t ude But i t i s necessary to po i n t o u t o nce more th at a sci e n t i fi c

.
, ,

m e th od i s s trictly an i nst r u men t

, , I ts v al ue d e pend s upo n t he u se r
. .

P ro fessor P earson possesse s a s ta ti s ti ca l i ns trume nt o f g re at pre ci s i o n ,

b ut t he best i nstrume nt i n t he world wi ll n ot e nabl e a man to se l ec t

his fac ts r ightly o r t o i n te rpr e t th e m correctly I h av e sh o wn ( as .

Spe c ifi cally as I am abl e ) th a t i n a tt ack i n

g my p osi tio n P ro fes so r
P earso n has appl ie d his me th od to the wrong fact s th at he has mo re , ,

o v er wrongly i nt erpret ed hi s own res ult s and th at he has fur th e r

'

, , , ,

fa ll e n i n t o many ext raord inary erro rs b y t he way N o w as he re tire s

. .
,
fro m th e assault he i s cont e n t t o say i n e ffec t :
, But th en you see
, , ,

my me th od s were so sci ent ifi c !” If th a t re ply were ad equat e to t he

o ccas io n i t wo uld cons t i t ut e a se ri o us c ri t i ci s m o f scie nt i fi c me th o ds .

I t re mai ns an i nstruct ive sel f— cr i ti ci sm .

47 6 IN D E X O F AU TH O R S .

Boyd . 104 , 1 10, 111, 112 , 1 19 , C h i ld , C M , 308 . .

2 7 3. 2 74 , 2 7 5, r
C h is toph e r , 37 , 17 6
Boye , 2 14 r C l aph am , C rochley, 82 , 84 , 8 5 ,
r
B ad fo d , 17 0 r 10 1, 103, 109 , 1 10, 1 15 , 1 17
r
B amwe ll , By om , 2 2 4 , 39 9 r C l ar k e , J , 4 67 .

r
B ri e re de Boismo nt , 2 9 3, 2 9 5 C l e l and , 80, 100
Brique t , 3 2 7 Gl e nd i nn i ng , 105
B roadbent , 2 5 5 , 34 5 C l o us t o n . 2 9 1. 2 9 3 , 3 2 6 . 354 , 39 7
r
B oca, 7 9 , 8 1, 84 , 100, 108, 1 12 , Gobbe , F P , 2 84 . .

117 , 118 , 119 , 12 3 C od ri ng to n , 11

r
B o wne, C R , 2 6 1 . . C oh n , Sal mo , 2 89
r
B o wne , L , 2 34, 2 9 0 . C o l e ri dg e , 160
‘

r
B uc e , M i tche ll , 4 15 C o ll e t , C B , 18 2
. .

Bruck e , 4 4 , 4 6 , 5 0 C o ll ign o n, 2 64
‘

Br unton, Si r L aud e , 2 5 1, 2 5 4 r C om be , 34
B ryan, 16 5 C orn e v i n , 2 5 5
B ryan t , M rs , 2 40 . C os t e , 2 9 3
r
B yan t , T , 4 14 . Go ue k e , 4 2 1
r
B yce , 3 7 4 C o utag n e , 4 38
Buccol a, 164 C o x , F A , 2 50
. .

Buck l e , 188 r r
C i chto n -B owne , 103, 114 , 117 ,
Buck l e y , 9 1 18 , 4 6 8
Buck ni ll, 3 19 r
C roc k e , R , 2 5 1 .

Butto n, 2 7 2 C ruv e i lh ie , 2 7 6 r
Bung e , 2 2 1 C ull e n , 2 8 7
Burd ach , 2 9 , 114 , 2 10, 2 17 , 2 3 1, Gum i ng , E D , 4 2 3 . .

2 7 4 : 2 9 0, 42 5 C unni ng h am , D , 4 3, 6 5 , 6 7 , 68, .

Burk , F , 34 .

rr
Bu o ws, 39 0 C urr, E , 9 .

B uschan, 5 4 r
C uv i e , 119
Buxto n, D , 3 11 .

D AF F N ER , 5 4 , 100, 2 63
’

’
C A D ET, 2 2 1 D A lb e r ti s, 2 5 8
C al k i ns , M W 15 9 . . D a lly, 4 2 1
C alor i , 8 1, 8 3, 8 5 D ani elli, 8 5
C ampbe ll , H , 30, 133 , 19 5 , 2 86, . D an ie ll s , C H , 340 . .

2 9 4 , 346 , 36 2 . 4 14 , 4 38 , r
D a wi n , 18, 19 , 30, 2 7 2 , 2 82 , 346 ,
44 5 4 57
C and oll e , A de, 2 59 . D avi s , B , 7 7 .

r
C a man, 12 6 D e l au nay. 2 9 . 6 3, 6 s, 84 , 16 7 , 19 9 ,
rr r
C a a a, 5 3 2 2 6, 2 2 7 , 2 4 ,
7 2 74
r r
C a t e , R B , 144 . . D e l isl e , 4 2 3
C att ell , J M , 16 5 . . D e mm e , 2 5 6
C at ull us, 2 67 r
D e mo c i t us , 2 6 7
C hambers, 300, 302 D e n , 12 5 , 14 2
C hamb rele nt, 2 49 r
D e ni k e , 2 , 2 3 , 8 1, 2 5 8, 2 64
C h an t re, 2 60 D e paul , 2 2 7 , 4 12
r
C h a cot , 3 2 4, 32 7 D esch amps, 2 5 8, 4 2 9
’
C harpy. 4 5 , 6 8 . 2 34, 2 7 6 D ESpi n e , 14 3
C h ateaub iand , 19 r D ev e rg i e , 4 38
C h e rv i n, 19 9 r
D e xt e , 3 17 , 3 2 0
C hevers, 383 D i d e , 117
 I N D EX O F A U TH O R S .
47 7
D id e ro t , 19 6 , 30 5 , 3 5 7 F o x we ll , 36 1
D i e hl , 17 7 F ranc o t te , 3 4 7
D i M att e i , 12 5 , 13 7 , 14 2 F r an k e nh aus e n , 2 2 7
D o na ld so n , 12 2 F ran k l a nd , G C , 2 14 . .

D orsey , 68 , 16 3 F ra nz, 18 5
D o wn , L a ng d o n , 4 18 F rasse t to , 4 13
D ub o i s , H , 4 7 0
. F re u nd , H , 2 6 7 .

D uchaste le t , 2 7 7 F r i e dj ung , 2 2 2
D u ch e nn e , 6 7 r
F i t sc h , G , 6 2 , 2 5 8 .

D umo uti er , 4 2 2 F u ll e r t o n , 16 5
D unca nson , 14 5 F urbi ni, 12 2
r
D u and de G ros , 8 4
D ure au , 7 7 GA L EN , 2 37
D u rk h e i m, 3 18 , 37 2 , 389 , 4 05 G ali ani , 2 8 3
D u v al , M , 5 6 , 4 6 3
. Gali p pe , 9 4
D wig ht , 4 5 , 16 3 G all , 7 6 , 119
Galt o n, F 39 4 0. 12 5 , 144 , 14 7 , ,

EBER STA L L E R , 1 15 15 8 , 16 0 , 16 2 , 2 00 , 2 0 1, 3 5 9 ,

E ck e r , 4 7 , 80, 89 39 6 , 4 5 8 , 4 6 5
Gar bi n i 13 7 15 1
.

Eise ls b e rg , 13 3 . ,

E l k i nd , 2 6 3 Ga rl and , C H , 17 6 , 2 08 . .

Ell i s , H av e l o ck , 7 3, 15 1, 2 80 , 2 82 , Gar ni er , 39 6 39 9 ,

2 9 3 , 3 2 0, 3 2 6 . 3 5 1, 3 5 4 . 3 7 5 , r
G a so n , 5 7 , 6 2
37 7 , 39 1, 4 04 Gas t o n , 2 7 5
Eng e l m a nn, G J , 17 2 , 2 6 7 , 2 80 ,
. . r
G av ar e t , 2 30 , 2 4 5
2 86 , 2 9 1, 2 9 5 Ge g e nba ur , 4 5 , 2 7 5
Esqui r o l , 2 9 3 , 380, 39 0 G e llé , 14 3
Eul e nburg , 3 2 7 G e n o u vi lle 2 7 6 ,

G ib b , Si r D , 2 7 0 .

F A C K EN TH A I , 37 6. G i lbe r t , J A 3 6 , 12 9 1 5 2 164 ,
. .
, , ,

F al k , 2 7 3 16 8 , 17 3, 184 , 2 2 7 . 2 2 8 , 3 5 4
F av r e , 15 3 , 155 G i l es , 2 8 7
F awce tt , M rs , 2 84 . Gi ll e s d e la Toure tt e , 32 4 , 3 2 7
’

F e a ro n , 3 7 4 G i u flri da-R ug g e r i , 2 13 , 44 5
r
F e ch n e , 1 5 8 G i r ald us C a m b ren si s, 6 5
F e hl i ng , 5 8, 19 9 Gme l i n , 335
F e lk i n , 12 7 G ock e , 2 7 5
F e lse nrei ch, 6 5 Go n ne r , 86
F é ré, 4 8 . 3 2 5 , 34 3, 35 8 Goth e , 4 4 8
rr
F e e ro , 30, 133, 16 0, 19 6 , 19 7 , Go mp e rz, 4 5 6
2 04 : 2 12 , 302 , 3 5 4 , 3 5 7 , 37 7 , G o ncou t , 4 2 0 r
3 84 . 4 04 , 406 , 4 07 , 4 2 3 Go od e ll , 35 1
F e rri e r, 12 1, 33 7 G ood m an , 2 86
F i asc h i , 17 1 Go rh a m , 9 3
F i nk e l s t ei n, 2 88 G o sse , E , 3 7 0 .

F is hbe rg , 2 5 8, 2 6 3 r
G o we s , Si r W , 2 2 1, 344, 35 2 .

F i son , 1, 9 Grad e n ig o , 4 17
F i tz, 2 38 G rasse t , 30 1
F l o we r , 9 3 , 9 4 a 9 7 Gray , J , 2 6 1 .

F onssag ri ves , 2 5 4 G ray , W , 360 .

F o th er gi ll , 2 8 2 G re e n, C M 4 69. .

F ox , W ebs t e r, 15 5 Gre e n , Ed r id g e , 14 9 , 15 7
47 8 IN D EX O F AU TH O R S .

H o wi tt , 1, 7
g p
re e field , 2 68
rei c enber
g 39 9 H rdl i ck a , 4 13
G ri ffing, 12 9 H u ch ard , 3 2 5
G ri mm, 302 H ultk ran t z, 2 3 7
r
G oos, 37 2 , 4 2 3 H u m ph ry , Si r G 4 9 : 4 3 2 : 43 31
Gross , 17 7 4 37
r
G ube , 15 8 r H u n te r, J , 18, 4 10, 4 6 3 .

Grunbaum, 116 H u sch k e , 8 9 , 9 7 , 1 14 , 2 6 6

Gunn, 3 14 H u tch i nso n , J , 2 32 , 2 5 0 .

GU Y. 2 2 7 . 2 7 9 H u t c h i ns o n , W o ods , 9 6 , 2 43 , 3 5 8 ,
4 15
H AC H a, 2 7 7 , 35 1 H yad es, 2 , 2 5 8 , 2 64
H add on, A C , 3 , 2 6 1, 4 2 3 . .

H ag emann, 2 46 IC A R D , 2 9 1, 2 9 3
H al e , H , 10 .

H all , M a sh a ll , 34 3r J a c oafs us 7 6 ,

H all , Sta nl ey , 19 3, 2 10, 2 11, 2 44 J aco bi , M .

, 24 5 , 2 48 , 2 86 ,
r
H all ibu t on, 17 9
H ammond , 3 5 3
H amy , 8 2 J acoby P 334 ,

H arl ess, 4 2 J ane t P 32 4 ’

.
, ,

r
H a ri son , P a k , 5 2 r Jast ro w J 12 6 , .
, , 12 8, 14 3 ,
r
H a t, 2 7 6 1 5 1, 16 5 , 18 5 , 188, 30 7
r
H a twe ll, 3 7 , 19 9 Jast row , M 30 3 .
,

H ausne , 405 r '

c fi e ri es , J oy, 15 2
H ay em, 2 2 1 J e nning s V ,
.
, 180
H e ape , W , 2 80 . J o h ns to n Sir , H . H .
, 4
H earne, 4 Jo ne s L l oyd, , 2 2 3, 4 38
H eck er , 330 J o usse t 2 2 6 ,

r
H ee wag e n , 307 J udso n 13 1 ,

H e id e nrei ch , 2 6 7 J urg e ns 5 9 ,

H e in, 6 J ung 3° 9 .

H e i tzmann, 2 7 6
r
H e ll e , 2 9 3 K EL L O GG 16 9 , 2 35 ,

H e pbu n , 163 r K ello r, 4 04

H erod o t us , 6 5 r
K e r, J , 14 6 .

H erve, 4 2 1 r
K e r , N , 42 5 .

r
H e ze n, 16 4, 16 5 Ke y. A x e 1. 33, 36, 3 7 , 146
H e si od , 66 K laats ch, 9 6
r
H icks , B axton, 4 14 , 4 3 2 Koc h e , 5 6 , 2 66 r
H i ck son, 36 6 r
K a bbe s, 12
H i ll , L , 2 38 K raflt -Ebi ng , 340, 4 19
'

H i ppo crates, 2 37 , 3 2 1
H i tzig , 116
H oe ge l, 405
H offmann , F L 389
r
H o ld e , 2 82
r
H o l mg e n, 15 2
r
H o s l ey, Si r V , 132 , 15 6 , 2 66
H ough , S , 2 44
H o ussay, 3 53
H oust on, 18 5
r
K ause , 2 66
K ro hn, 12 8 , 15 8
Krug els te i n, 2 9 2
. . Kupczank o, 4 2 2
K ur e lla , 39 7 , 4 17
. L AA C H E, 2 2 1
. L acass ag ne, 4 38
L afi tt e , 2 13
L ag ne au, 42 1
4 80 IN DE X OF A U TH O R S .

N ico l so n , 2 9 3 r
P r une Bey, 84
N i e t zsch e , 4 64 P ye , W , 4 3
.

N or man, C o no lly , 3 2 5 , 338 r

P yth ag o as, 66

O GL E, 380, 3 82 , 384 Q U A TR EF A G ES D E 8 1 , ,

O l iv e r , T , 2 5 2
.
Que te l e t 2 7 32 40 4 2
, , , , ,

O l sh ause n, 4 6 8 4 9 , 2 2 8 , 4 06
O ppol ze r, 44 3 Qui nt i l i an, 302
O r chansk i , 9 2
O s t e rl o h , 2 7 9 R A GG I , 3 5 5
O tt , Va n , 2 86 R an k e , J , 2 3 .. 2 6. 4 2 , 4 5 , 4 6.
O t tole ng hi , 5 3, 12 5 , 130, 136 , 14 0 9 9 . 4 17
R an k e , K , 4 2 9 .

P A GL IA N I , 33 , 3 7 , 2 2 8 r
R aube , 4 6 7
P ani ch i , 7 8 R av e ne l , 68
P api lla ult , 6 5 , 68 , 46 0 R e b e nti sc h, 7 6 , 7 7 , 89 , 9 2
P a rchappe , 105 , 3 19 , 39 0 R e c l us, Elis ée , 4 2 1
P a ri sh , 309 R é is , 32 3. 3 5 3
g
r
P a k e , T H , 4 , 13 1
. . R ei d , 10 5 , 12 0
r r
P a k e , R \V , 2 5 1 . . R ei nl, 2 8 6
P ark e s , 2 4 5 , 2 4 7 R e nan, 7 3
P ar re id t , 9 5 R e tzius , G , 12 2 .

P ar t r i dg e , 346 , R e y , 119
P asse t, 1 14 R e yb ur n , 13 1, 2 5 6
P a t e rso n , 6 9 R i cc ard i , 4 2 , 16 3, 2 0 1, 35 8
P a t ri ck , G T W , 4 2 3 . . . R i ch ardso n , Si r B \V , 34 8 . .

P e acock , 12 0 R i c he r, 2 30
P eal , 36 5 R i o s , 15 5
r
P ea ce , N 336
. , R i pl e y , 2 64
P e arso n , K , 8 7 , 2 6 2 , 4 13, 4 5 5
. R i v e rs , W H R , 14 9
. . .

et i er ]
. R o ber ts , C , 33 , 4 9 .

P e llaca ni , 2 7 7 , 3 50 R o bert so n , Si r G S , 2 68 . .

P e rri n , 3 13 R o bi nso n , L o uis , 2 3 8 , 34 8

r
P e r y -C o st e , 3 2 0 r
R od i e , 2 4 6
P faff, 2 5 7 R o ll es to n , 9 7
P fi tzne r , 4 6 , 4 7 . 4 8, SI , 5 4 , 8 4 , 88, R o ll e t , 4 0
2 6 2 , 2 63 R o man es , 19 5
Pi cozzo , 10 1 R o m i ti , 5 9
P i r og off, 13 1 R o n co ro ni , 14 3, 4 04
P i t r e s , 30 1, 32 3: 332 » 3 5 3 R ose nbe rg , 6 9
P li cque , 2 9 2 R ose n th al , 2 3 2 , 3 4 3
P l i ny , 302 , 304 R o th , B , 17 0
.

P l oss , 14 , 30 . 5 7 , 6 2 , 9 s. 2 5 7 . 2 80, R o th , L i ng , 2
R o usse l , P , 3 7 3 .

P o l i tze r, 14 3 R o usse l , T , 2 0 1 .

P oll ard , M y ra , 2 34 ,
P o ll o ck , Si r F , 3 7 9
P o po w, 8 5
P or te r , 33 , 36
r
P o tt e , H P , 5 0 .
2 40 R u di ng er , 11 1, 1 14 , 1 17
. R yck ere , D e , 4 04 , 40 7
SA M BO N , 2 17
. Sa nc t is , S d e , 30 7
.

P rey e r , 2 2 1 Sau né , 44 4
P roal , 404 Sanso m, 2 5 2
 IN D EX O F A U TH O R S .
481

Sappey , 5 7 , 6 5 . 2 7 6 Tappe ine r, 83

Sarg ent . 33. 40, 46. 4 9 . 5 6 . 162 r
Tarn ie , 2 6 7
Saundby, 44 3 Tarno wsk y , P , 12 7 .

Savar i n, B , 2 7 4 . Tayl or , S , 2 2 6 .

Schaaffhause n, 5 , 7 9 , 9 2 , 9 5 Te rt u ll i an , 15
Sch aeffer, 4 17 Te st ut, 4 16
Schaut a, 7 2 Th omas, Sco tt , 2 00
Sch e llong , 4 , 154 Th o m so n , A , 5 8 .

Sch mi dt , E , 33 . Th urn, E i m, 2 , 6 , 160

.

Sch mi dt, W 2 6 2 . Th urman , 7 7 , 105 , 39 0

Schii le , 3 2 1 Ti e d e mann, 105
Sch walbe, 4 16 , 4 17 , 4 7 1 Tigg es, 10 3 , 109 , 1 15 , 117 , 12 0
Scri p t ure , 4 19 Ti lt , 2 7 9 , 2 9 0
Sée , G , 2 5 1
. r
To ch e , 2 6 1
Serg i , 5 8, 8 1, 86 , 130 To mes, 9 3
Se wall , H , 2 34 , 2 40
. Tonni ni , 32 7
Sh aw, T C laye , 3 5 5
. To pi nard, 40: 4 2 , 4 3, 4 7 9 4 9 , 5 9 1
Sherring ton, 116 6 1, 6 2 . 8 3 , 89 , 9 1, 9 7 9 9 81
Sh oe mak er, 12 2 10 1, 104 , 105 , 108, 111, 114 ,
Sibson, 2 30, 2 32 44 5
Sidg wi ck , H , 3 10 . Tou l ouse , 13 7 , 14 3, 37 6
Si l k , 3 1 1, 3 15 To urdes, 4 3 8
Si lva, 2 87 Trai na, 2 6 6
Simpson, Sir J Y 2 6 7 , 4 67 . . Tr eg er, 66
Sk ofi , 8 5 Tri p l e tt 3 5 4
'

Smi th , P ercy , 39 8 Tro e ltsch, 14 3

/

Smi th , P riestl ey , 9 0, 34 4 Tr ousse au , 2 5 0

Smi th , W i lberforce , 2 32 Tsak ni 334 ,

Soe mmering . 7 6, 8 7 Tu k e . H ack . 302 . 3 19 . 3 53 , 38 1.

Soularue, 6 9 39 2
Spe ncer, H erbe r t, 2 12 Tur ne r , Si r W .
, 79 , 99
Spi e l mann, 9 9 , 14 7 , 15 4 Tu rquan , 4 33
Starbuck , 33 7 , 340 Ty l or, 3 38
Ste i n, E vo n de r, 300
.

St eph e nson, 2 86 , 2 87
U C H R R M A N N , 4 18
Stern, 12 5
U li tzsch, 3 3
Ste ve nson, 35 1
U m pfe n bac h , 2 5 1
Ste wart, C , 2 0
U p to n . 3 6 7 . 3 7 5
.

Ste war t , R D , 39 9
U rb an tsc hi t sc h, 14 3
. .

Stirl ing , 16 2
Stock man, 2 2 1
Stopford , 332 VA L L é E, 2 7 5
Stratz, C H , 5 1, 5 2 , 6 2 , 9 5 , 17 3 ,
. .
Varig ny , H de , 3 7 .

2 4 1, 2 5 7 Vaschid e , 13 7
St rauss, F , 7 3 .
Ve nn , 3 9
Suidas, 2 12 Vern eau , 5 7
Syd e nh am , 32 7 Vie ro r d t, 2 7 3, 2 7 5
Sy k es, 4 2 2 r
Vi c h ow, 7 6 , 83, 84, 9 1, 102 , 4 2 5,
462
TA G U C H I, 2 7 1 r
Vi t uv ius, 4 3
Tai t , L awson, 2 6 7 Vo g t , 9 7 , 17 8
Talbot , E , 9 4 .
Vo i si n , 2 5 1, 34 5
4 82 m ne x OF A U TH O R S .

W A GN ER , 10 5 W i ese ner 2 7 5 ,

W ahl , 32 0 W i l cox, 2 2 1
W aldeyer, 12 2 17 1 2 5 7 4 60 , , , W i ld e, 14 3
W aller, 106 2 4 5 , W i l ks, 10 1
W alse m, 110 W i ll e 4 3 8
,

W arner, F ; 14 6 34 9 4 13
.
, , W i lli am s W h i tri dge -46 9
, ,

W ateff, 2 64 W i l son G , 154 , 15 6

, .

W ebb, s 182 2 04 2 07 , 2 3 1
.
, , , W i lson G R , 40 1
,
. .

W ei l , 14 3 W i ltsh ire , 2 80
W ei sbach , 4 6 80 89 , 9 7 100, , , , W i nck e l , 2 7 6
105 , 12 0 W i ne s, F H , 408 . .

W e ismann 2 0 , W issl e r, 15 1, 164 ; 35 8

W eissenbe rg 48 52 , , W ol se l ey , L ord, 2 00
W e l ck er, 80 8 1, 89 9 0 9 7 , , , , 22 1 W ood J , 4 15
, .

W e ldon W F R 4 5 9
, . . .
, W re tlind 3 2 0 ,

W ells Sir Spe nce r 402

, ,

W ernich 6 5 , Y Ar s m Y , 2 54
' ‘

W es t , G , 8 5 8 8 146
.
, , Y eo , Bu n e y , 2 68 r
W estcott , W y nn 2 9 3 , Y oung , T E , 4 33 . .

W est ergaard 3 7 9 382 , 4 30 , , Yta, D e , 6 5

W hi t ehead 2 7 9 ,

W hi telegg e 434 , ZAU F A L , 14 3

W hi tne y, 162 Z r
e i le , 89
W i dal , 3 5 3 Zo la , 3 5 8
W i edersheim 69 ,
Z r
ucca e ll i , 2 5 1
4 84 IN D E X O F J
SU B EC TS .

C h est , 4 5 ; i n consumption , 2 4 3 r
C re ti nism, spo ad ic, 2 6 8 e nd e mi c,
C hi ld , m or ph ol ogical posi ti on o f . 4 19
2 1, 2 2 , 44 5 ; r
g owth , 32 et seq ; . r r
C i mi nal i ty , i n e l at i o n to me n
s k ull , 7 5 ; ce h al i c i nd e x , 8 ;
p 5 s truati on, 2 9 2 se x ual d iffe ences r
r
pe lvi s , 5 9 ; face , 87 ; b ai n , 111 ; i n, 4 04 et seq .

d isv ul ne rabil i ty , 13 1 ; ol fac t o ry r

C i mi nal s, 12 7
se nsi bi l i ty, 137
g ustat ory se n r
C ue lty , 407 , 4 2 5
sibi li ty, 14 3 e y esig ht , 14 6 ; C uv i er, 110
r
co l ou se nse , 15 1; reac ti o n t i me ,
16 4 ; m o t o r abi l i ty, 17 3 ; se n s e D A N C I N G, 2 , 35 5
j udg me nts, 184 ; memo y, 19 2 ; r D an ci ng games, 4 2 3
r
p ecoci ty a mong savages, 2 00 ; D anci ng mania, 330
bl ood, 2 2 3 ; pul se, 2 2 7 ; espi a r r D eaf-mut es , 4 18
t ion, 2 30 ; uri ne, 2 46 susce pti D eafness, 143
b i li ty t o po i sons , 2 49 et seq ; . r
D eath - ate, 4 32 et seq , 46 7 .

s o m nambu l i sm,
300 ; thy oid , r r
D e fe cat ion u nd e anaes th e t i cs, 3 15
2 66 hy pnot ism, 301 anaes r
D e l i i um t re me ns , 2 5 5
th e t ics , 3 12 ; d iseases, 44 3 D e ntal i nd e x , 9 4
r
C h i ldbi th among savages , 10 ; D iabe t es, 44 3
in re l ti n t o erect p t re
a o os u ,
D i gesti o n, 2 7 4
7 1 ; i n re l tio n to athl ti ci sm
a e , r
D i phthe i a, 4 34
17 2 D i pl o macy , 9
C h i mpanzee , 6 7 D ise ase , i n re l at ion to pu be ty, 3 7 r
C h i n, 9 2 r
i n el ation t o e rect po s tu re , 7 0
C h i nese , 2 3 5 in relation t o d eath -rat e , 4 34 ;
C hl oro fo rm, 2 5 2 , 3 12 , 360 sex ual d i f ference s i n 44 3 ,

C hl orosi s , 2 2 2 et seq 2 39 . D is v ul nerabi l i ty 13 1 ,

r
C h o l e a, 4 36 D o l i c h oceph al ism 8 1 cl s eq , .

r
C ho ea, 3 5 2 D o me s t icat ion o f ani mal s 5 ,

C h ri s ti an i ty an d wome n, 2 16 , 4 2 6 D o wn, 2 5 7
r
C ig a -mak e s, 18 1 r r
D ama ti c abi l i ty, 37 3
C l a vi c l e , 4 5 D re ams, 305 et seq .

C l e ft -pal at e, 4 14 D re ss , 4 2 3
C l ub-foo t , 4 14 D war f, 4 2
C occyx , 6 5 D y namome t ric e x peri me n ts , 16 2
r
C ol ou -bl i ndness, 15 2 et seq .

C o l o ured h eari n g , 15 7 et seq . EA R , anomal ies o f, 4 16

r
C ol o u -perce pt i o n, 149 ez ‘
seq . Ec stasy, 302 , 338
C ol o ur pre fe re n ce s, 150 Emm e tropia, 14 5
C ons umpt i o n, 2 4 3 Emoti on, 2 7 7 , 34 2
C o n t i ne nce , 338 Eng l i s h and A mericans , di f e e nces r
C o nve n ti o nal i ty , 2 11 r
i n g owth be t wee n, 34 , 40
r
C o nve s i o n , 3 38 , 340 r
En t e i c feve , 4 34r
C onv uls i ve man i fe st at ions, 344 et r
Enu esis, 35 1
seq . Epi l e psy, 344 , 3 5 2
r
C orse ts , i n e l a tio n to espi r rati o n, E p is t o l ary s tyl e , 2 13, 3 7 5
2 3 2 cl s e q . r
E ec t and quad uped a l p ostu es, r r
C ott o n-weav e rs , 182 63. 7 x
C ran ia l c apac i ty , 9 7 et seq . Ero t i c ph enomena, 3 13 , 3 15
r
C ani al s ut u es , 10 1r Esk i mo , 1, 5 , 8
r
C ania -fe moral i nd ex , 9 7 E th e r, 2 5 2
C rank s, 4 19 r
Exc e ti on, 2 4 5 et seq .
 IN D E X O F SU B E C TSJ .
4 85

r
Exe cise , e ffect s of, 4 6
Exo phth al mi c go i t re , 2 6 8
Eye, 8 9 col ou o f, 2 5 8 et seq
F A CE, 87 et seq
F acial ang l e , 88 et seq
r
F aci al e x p essio n, 34 9
F asti ng , 338
F atness, 107
H e ig ht , 3 4 ; i n re l at i on to i nte lli
g e n ce , 3 6
r . H i ps, 5 7
H o tt e nt o t s, 6 2
. H un t i ng , 2
. H ypat i a, 2 12
H y perme t opia, 14 5 r
H y p no ti sm, 300
r
H y s te ia, 3 2 4 et seq , 34 3, 35 3 .

F ea : 343r
F i cti o n, 37 1 I D I O TS, 4 18
F ighti ng , 2 I k o t a, 3 35
F i ngers , 4 7 l l i o -p e lvi c i nd e x, 58
F i sh i ng , 2 I nd ians, A me i can, r 2, 4 , 6 8, 140,
F l ush i ng , 346
F oo t, 5 1 et seq . In dus tri a l capaci ty, 2 03
r
F o ear m, 4 6 ; obl iqui ty o f, I nfancy , 3 2 , 4 6 7
wo men, 50 In fan t i cid e , 406
r
F ight , 3 5 2 I n fanti l e and ch i ldl ik e ch arac te rs
r r
F o ntal eg ion of sk ull , 100 o f wo me n, att i t ud e , 6 4 ; sk u ll ,
r
b ai n, 1 14 80, 102 ; ceph al i c i nd e x , 8 5 ;
r
F o nt o -zygo me tic i nd e x , 8 9 face , 8 8 ; j aw, 9 2 ; c an i al r
F ueg ians, 2 , 4 4 , 2 58, 2 64 s u t ures, 10 1 ; pul se - rat e , 2 2 8 ;
o ld -age , 43 7 ; d isease, 4 4 2
GAL L -sr O N Es, 2 38
'
r
g e ne ally, 44 5
r
Ga men ts, conse vat is m r of I nfan t i l i s m, 2 1, 4 2
wo me n s , 4 2 3 I n fl ue nza, 4 36
’

r
Ge ne al pa alysi s, 2 11, r 39 9 I nsan i ty , an d menst uation, 2 9 3 r
se
q . se aso na l p eriod ici ty o f, 3 19
Ge ni us, 2 13, 37 5 9 4 2 09 446 se x ua l d i ffere nces i n, 3 5 5 et seq , .

r
G e mai n, Soph ie , 2 14 37 6, 389 et seq , 460 .

G i a nti s m, 4 3 In te ll e c t , 18 8 et seq .

G i rafle , pube ty i n, 37
'

r In te ll i g e nce i n re l at io n t o h eig ht
G l a be ll a, 7 9 an d s ta t u e , 36 r
G l aucoma, 344 I r is , co l ou r o f, 2 5 8 et
'

afie c t
G l u tt ony, 2 7 4 a bi l i ty o f, 3 50

r
G o i t e , 2 6 7 ; conge ni tal , 4 15 rr
I i ta bi l i ty and se nsi bi l i ty , 160
G o ri ll a, 2 4
G ro wth , 3 2 ee seq , 3 2 0 . JA P A N ESE , 65 , 2 38, 2 5 8, 2 64
G uiana I nd ians, 2 j aw 9 0 et
,
seq.

J e ws and J e wesses ,48 , 5 2 ,

H mmoct onm , 2 2 1 14 7 , 15 3 , 154 , 2 5 8, 2 6 3 , 4 2 1
H ai d as, 9 J oi n t s ,
16 3
H ai r , 2 56 et seq .

H all uci nati ons, 309 KA F F I R S, 5 9 , 15 4 , 2 00

H and , 4 7 K a tabo l i sm , 169
H and wri ti ng , 17 7 K hlys t s, 333
r
H a e- li p, 4 14 Ki d ne ys, 2 7 5
r
H e a i ng , 14 3 K li k uschi , 335
.

H eari ng , co l o u e d , 15 7 r e! seq
. Ko walevsk y, Soph i e, 2 14
r
H e a t, 2 7 2 r
Ku d s , 2 6 4
r
H e sch e ll , M iss, 2 14 K urnai , r, 9
4 86 I N D EX O F SU B E C TS J .

L A N U Go , 2 5 7 M t
o n ani s s, t
32 8
L apps 2 64 M oral i nsani ty , 35 2 , 4 19
r
L a y nx , 2 7 0 M r
o tal i ty, 43 2 et s eq , 467
'
.

L ata , 336 M o to r
sex u a l d iffe e nces, r 16 1 e!
L attah , 336
z
se
L aught er , 348 M us ular abnor mal i ti es , 4 15
L e ad salts , 2 5 2 et seq . M u scul ar po we r, 16 1 et seq .

L e ft -h and ed ness, 4 17 M usi c, 3 66 et s eq .

L e g s , 46 , 48 ; o bl iqui ty of, M yo pia, 145

wome n, 50 M ys ti cism, 36 9
L e pau t e , M ad ame , 2 14 M yxoede ma, 2 6 8
r
L e tt er -w i ting, art o f, 2 13, 3 7 3
L e wen , M a ia, 2 13 r “

N A D EN , C , 2 12
r
.

L i ve , 2 7 5 N atal i ty , 4 2 8
L ong e v i ty. 4 33 N av el, 14 3
L o ng -si g ht , 14 5 r
N e g o, 2 5 , 4 3 , 2 56 ; disvu lne r
r
L o dos i s , 66 abi l i ty, 13 2 ; r
e ac t i on t i me , 164
L umb o -sacral curve , 66 sui ci d e , 3 7 9
r r
L umbo -v e te b al i nd ex , 6 7 r
N e u asth eni a, 32 1
L ungs , 2 7 3 Ni ppl e , 44 ; s upe rnume ary , r
N i t rous o x i d e , 3 11 et seq .

M A G IC , 303 t l gia 3 5 3
os a .
M al formati ons, 4 10 et seq , 46 3 .
umber- for ms 15 8
,
M ani a. 39 7
M anual d exteri ty , 17 8 et seq
M anyue ma, 4
,
.

O a rr v , 107 ; mo bid , 4 1
'
r
M ao ris, 6 6 O bse ssi ons , 3 2 3, 353
M arave rs, 9 9 O ccipi tal re gio n o f sk ull , 100 ; o f
r
M at e ni ty, 19 7 brain, 118
M a th e matics , 2 09 , 2 13 , 4 56 O ld age. 433
M atto i d s , 4 19 O pi sthotonos u nder anaes th e ti cs,
r
M ax i ll a y angle , 9 1 3 14
M ed ici ne - craft, 6
O pium , 2 50 , 2 5 4

M ed u ll a, 119 O racl es, 302

M e l anch o l ia, 39 8 r
O bi t , 8 9
M e l an esians, 11
r
M e mo y, 19 0 et s eq . P A I N , sensi bi l i ty to , 12 8 et seq .

r
M e n st ruat ion, a p imi t i v e sou ce r P ai nting , 366
o f mys t ery , 14 , 304 cu st o ms P apuans. 3. 4 . 5 3. 15 4 . 36 5
conn e ct e d wi th , 15 i n te ll ectual P aranoi a, 39 8
i n fl ue nce o n wo me n, 19 7 e ffec ts r
P a i et a l reg i o n o f sk ull , 100 ; of
o n bl ood, 2 2 5 ; o n u i ne , 2 4 7 ; r r
b ain, 117
thyro id, 2 6 7 p h e nome na o f, P atagonians , 4
2 9 7 et seq r
e l a ti o n t o cri mi n
. P e lvic ang l e , 64
a l i ty , etc , 2 9 2 , and ma i c,
.
g 304 P e lv ic ind e x , 6 0
M e r cury , 2 5 1 P e lv is, 5 5 et seq , 4 13 , 46 7 .

M e t aphysics, 2 12 , 369 r
P e fumes b y wo me n , use o f, 138
M e te oro l ogi c se nsi bi l i ty , 3 16 el seq . r
P e i odi ci ty o f physio l ogi ca l ph e n o
M i ll ers , wome n the fi s t , 7 r mena, 3 2 0
rr r
M i or -w i t i ng, 16 7 P h i l ad e l ph i ans , 2 05
M od es ty, 19 7 P h i l osoph i c th o ug ht , 2 09 cl seq .

M o nt ai gne , 37 3 P hth isi s, 2 43

 4 88 IN D EX O F J
SU B E C TS .

Social c l ass in relati on to g owth , r Tig ht-l aci ng , 2 37

37 Tigre t ie r, 336
Some rvi lle , M rs , 2 14 . Toes, 5 1
Somnambulis m, 300 Touch , 12 4-er seq .

r
Sorce re s , 303 Trance , 302
Southc o tt i ans, 2 15 Trunk , d e v e l opment o f, 42 61

Spani sh wome n, 6 7 seq .

Spi nal co l umn , 6 3 ; wh e th e sh or t

.
r Tur ue ni e fi ,
'

1 10
eni ng i n man, 6 9 Typ us fe v er , 4 34
Spina l cord , 12 1
Spl ee n, 2 7 5 U L U , 5 , 11
Stamm e ri ng , 37 , 19 9 r
U ni v e sa l F r i e nd s, 2 15
Stature, 34 et seq . U r e a, 2 4 7
Stern um, 4 5 U ri na ti o n , 2 7 6 , 2 89 , 3 15 atti t ude
Sti ll -
born ch ild ren, 4 12 , 432 r
du i ng , 6 5
Sto mach, 2 7 4 U ri ne , 2 4 5 et seq , 2 87 ; i ncontin .

St re ngth, 16 1 et seq . e nce of, 3 5 1

St ude nt s , 44 7
St utt e ring , 3 7 , 19 9 VA c xN A , 6 5
Sud anese , 12 7 Vari at ional t e ndencie s in brai n , ,

Sudd en d e ath , 438 se x ua l diflere nce i n

'

12 2 ; 4 10 ,

Sugges ti bi li ty. 19 7 . 32 4 . 32 8. 354 et seq. , 44 2 , 4 5 5 et

Suici de , 3 18 , 37 8 et s eq . Vaso -mo tor, c h anges and e mot ion ,

Sul ph o nal , 2 5 1 34 3
Swedis h boys and g i l s , d ev el op r Veddahs, 9 8, 2 5 8
ment of, 36 r r
Ve te b ae, 6 9
r r
Vis ce a, t anspo si ti on o f, 4 15
TA CTF U L N ESS, 19 6, 3 50 Visi on, 144 et seq ; d u r i ng men .

Tacti l e se nse , ed ucabi l i ty o f, 12 7 s truati o n , 2 8 8

Tanners , wo men as, 7 Vi t al capaci ty , 16 2 , 2 2 9
Taste , 138 ar seq . Vo i ce , 2 7 0 ; at mens t ruati on , 2 89
Ta tt ooi ng 36 5 , r
Vo l unt a y m o ve me nt , ra te o f, 16 5
Tears, 3 48 Vo mi t ing un d e r anaes th e ti cs, 3 14
Tee th , 9 2 et seq .

Te l eg raph wo me n i n, 17 6 , W mc n r , 34 et seq , 4 1
'

o fii ce s,
'
.

2 04 et seq . W h oopi ng -coug h, 4 34

Te mpera tu re , 2 44 ; a nd me ns t ru a W i lhe lmini ans 2 16 ,

t i on 2 8 7 2 8 9
, ,
W i nk , the re fle x , 34 7
Tertiar y se xual ch arac te rs , 2 0, 4 59 W i tch craft , 302
Th eosophi s ts 32 9 , W ri st -l ift, 16 8
Th igh 49
.

Th orax 4 5 ,
Y A H GA N , 2
Th umb 4 8 5 1
, ,

Thyroi d g l and 2 66 cl seq , . ZA NZIB A R I S, 13 1

Tick lis h ness 347 ,
Zymo tic dis eases , 4 36

T H E W A L TER SCOTT p u nu s u mc cc . . 1 1M 1Tnn , N EW C A STL E -

.
O N TY N E_ ~
 N EW B O O KS
IM P O R TED B Y

CH A R L E S SC R I B N E R S
’

SO N S ,

N E W Y O R K C ITY .

G R EAT W R ITER S .

A N EW SER I ES O F C R ITI C A L BIO GR A P H I ES O F F AM O U S

W R I TER S O F EU R O P E A N D A M ER ICA .

L IB R A R Y ED IT IO N .

P r i nted on la rg e p ap er qf ex tr a quali ty , i n fi andsome bi ndi ng ,

D emy 8 00, p r i ce
. ear/z .

A L P H A B ET IC A L L I ST .

P R E SS N O TI CE S .

L i fe of J a ne A u s t e n . By Go ld w i n Sm i t h .

M r Go ld wi n Sm i th has add e d ano th e to t he n o t i ncon sid e abl e oll

. r r r
”—
r
o f e m ine n t me n wh o h av e found th e i d e l ight i n J an e A us t e n C e tai nly . r
a fasci nat i ng boo k Speela /or
. .

L i fe of Ba lzac . By F r e de r i c k W e d mo r e .

A fi ni sh ed s t udy , a conce n trat e d summar y , a s ucci nc t a na lysis of

Bal zac s successe s
’
an d r
fail u e s , an d the cause s o f th ese
”—
suc ces ses and
fai l ures and o f th e f
sco p e o h s g
i i Seol t zs lz L ea der
'

,
e n us . .

Li fe of C h ar lot t e Br o nt e . By A . B i r re ll .

Th ose who k n o w m uch o fC harl o tte r

B on t e wi ll l earn mo e , an d those r
who k n o w n o th i ng a bo ut he r wi ll fi nd all th at i s be s t wor th le arni ng _in
”—
.
’
rr
M r Bi e ll s p l easa t book
n Sl j . . a mes s Gazer/e
’
.

ife of Br o w n i n g . By W i ll i a m Sh a r p .

Th i s l i ttl e v o l u me is a mod e l o fe xce ll e n t Eng l is h , and in ev e

”—
ry r esp ec t
i t se e ms t o us w h t bi hy h ld b P u blze Opi n i on
'

a a o ra
g p s o u e . .

N ew Y o rk : C H A R L ES SC R I BN ER
’
S SO N S .
L i fe Of Eml y nn . By C a no n Ve n ab le s .

A mo s t i nt e ll ig e nt , ap p e ci a r t ive , an d val uabl e me moi r .

L i fe of Bur ns . By P r o fe s s or Blac k i e .

The e d i to r ce r tai n ly m ade a hi t wh e n he p e r suade d Bl ack i e to wr1te

”—
abo u t B urns P alt M a lt Gazette. .

L i fe of By r o n .
By H on . R od e n N oe l .

M r N o e l ] has at any ra te g i v e n t o the wor ld the mo s

d b le
é mqi
cr
He [ .

an d c o m pr e h e ns i bl e p or t ra i t of the p o e t e v e r d rawn wi th p
e n an ‘

M a n e/zester E x a m i n er .

L i fe of Th o m as C ar ly le G ar n e t t , L L D . By R . . .

Th i s i s an ad m i r abl e boo k N o th i ng co u ld b e o

fa i rer th a n th e w ay i n wh i ch he t ak es us th roug h C arlyl e 5

.
mre f l i ci t ou e

l i fe and works
s and

— P a ll M a ll Gazet te .

L i fe of C e r v ant e s . By 11 . E . W at t s .

L et u s ra th e r th at no vo l ume o f th i s se rie s nor so far as we can

s ay , ,

r e co ll e c t ,
o f any o f t h e o th er n u m e r o u s s i m i l ar s e r i e s p r ese n t s the facts of ,

t he s u b e c j t in a m o r e wor k manl i k e s ty l e o r wi th m o re e xh aus ti ve k now ,

l ed g e .
—M a n clzest er Gu ar di a n .

L ife of C o le r i d g e . B y H all C ai ne .

Bri e f and v ig o ro us, wri tt e n th roughou t wi th spi ri t and g r ea t l i terary

sk i ll — Seotsma n
. .

L ife of By Ed m u n d Go s s e
C o ng r e v e . .

M r G o s se has wri tt e n an ad mi rabl e and m os t i n te est ing biography

. r
o f a man O f l e tt e rs who i s o f p ar t i cu l a r i n t e e s t t o o th er me n o f l e tte rs r .

—T/re A cade m
y .

L i fe of C r ab b e . By T E . . Ke b b e l .

N o Eng l ish p o e t s i n ce Sh ak e speare has o bserve d ce tai n aspects of r

n at u re a nd 0 1 h u m an l i fe mo re c l ose ly ; a nd i n t he
qual i ties ’o f manl iness
and o f si nc e r i ty h e i s su r as se d b M r Ke bb e l s monograph
p y n o ne . .

i s wo rthy o f t he s ubje c t _ A t /t en eeu m . .

L i fe of D arw i n B y G T Be t t any . . . .

M r G T B e ttany s L ife of D ar wi n i s d tious

’
. . . a so un and consci e n
wo rk .
-Sat z¢ r .la
y R ev i ew .

L ife of D i ck e ns . B y F r an k T . M a r z i a ls .

N o t wi th s t a n d i ng the m ass O f m a tte r th a t has bee n pri nte d re lati ng to

D ick e ns a nd h is w o r k s , we sh o u ld , u n t i l we ca me acr o
ss th i s vol u me
h ave bee n at a l o ss to r ec o m me nd a ny p op ul ar l i fe o f England s mosi ’

p o p ul ar n o ve l i s t as be i ng ” r e a lly sa t i sfa c t o ry The d i ffi cuIt 15 r e mo ved b

y
.

M i l l i t l b k —’
A l m y
Mr . arz a s t e o o t ze n ee u . .

L i fe of G e o r g e Eli o t . By O s car B r o w n i n g .

We th ank fu l
a re for th i s i n t ere s ti ng addi t io n t o our k “O W Ie dg e Of the
re a t no v e l is t — L z/er a ry ’

W or ld
g . .

N e w Y ork C H A R L ES SC R IB N ER
’
: S SO N S .
L ife of L o ng fe llo w . By P ro f Er i c S . . R o b e rt s o n .

A mos t read abl e l i t tl e bo ok — L zverpool M

’

. er cu ry .

L i fe of M a r r y at . By D av i d H a nn ay .

“
W h at H annay had to do —g i ve a c afts man-l i k e account of a
M r. r
r
g e at cra ftsman wh o h as be e n al mos t i nco mp r e h e nsi bly unde r” val ued
cou ld h ardly h av e b ee n d o ne be tt e th an i n th is l i ttl e v ol ume — M a n r .

c/
zester Gu ar d i a n .

L i fe of M i ll . By W . L . C ou r t ne y .

A m o st s ympath e tic an d d iscri mi nat i ng me moir — Gla sg ow H er a /d . .

L i fe of M i lt on By R i c h a r d Ga r n e t t , L L D
. . .

W i thi n e qual co mpass the l i fe -s to y of the gre at p oe t o f P uri t a nis m

”—
r
has r
ne ve been mo re ch ar mi ng ly o r ad e quat e ly t o ld Scott i s /z L ead er . .

L ife of R e nanBy F r anc i s Es p i n as s e

. .

“
Suffici ently full i n d e tai l s to g i v e us a l i vi ng
pi c t ure o f the g reat
sch o l a , r an d ne v e t i es o me or d u ll
”
r r . Westm i nster R ev i ew .

L ife of D a nt e Ga b r i e l R os s e tt i . By J . Kni g h t .

M r. Knig ht
’
s r
p i c t u e o f the” g rea t poe t an d pai nt e r is the full est and

bes t y e t presen t ed to the p ubl i c — l e Gr ap h i c

. .

L i fe of Sc h i lle r . By H e nr y W . N e v i ns o n .

Thi s i s a we ll -wri tt en l i ttl e v o l u me , wh ich prese n ts the l eadi ng fac ts

of the p oe t s l ife i n a n ea tly ro u nd e d p i c t ure
’
— Scot s ma n . .

M N e vi nso n has added much to the ch a m o f hi s boo k b y hi s Spi ri ted

r. r
r
t ansl at ions, wh ic h g iv e e x ce ll e ntly both the r ing and se nse of the
”—
o ri g i nal . M a nclzester Guar di an .

L i fe of A r t h u r S c h o p e nh a u e r . By W i l l i a m W allac e .

The se r ies of h ardly had a con tri bu t ion of more

G r ea t W ri t ers has
mark ed and p ecul i ar e x ce ll e n ce th a n the boo k wh ich th e W hyt e P ro fessor
o f M ora l P h i l os o phy a t O x ford has wr i tt en fo r i t o n t h e a tt rac t iv e a nd
”—
s t i ll ( i n Eng l and ) l i ttl e -k n o wn s u b e c t o f Sch o en h auer M an clzester
j p .

Gu ar di an .

L i fe of Sc ot t . By P r o fe s s o r Y o n g e .

F or ders and l ove rs o f the poe ms

re a and v l
n o e s o f Si r W alter Sco tt
th i s IS a mos t enj oy abl e bo ok ”— A ber deen . F r ee P r ess .

L i fe of S h e lle y By . W i lli a m Sh ar p .

The cri ti ci sms ti tl e”th is capi t al monograph to b e rank ed

en wi th
the bes t biog raph i es of She ll ey W est mi nster R ev i ew . .

N e w Y ork : C H A R L ES SC R IBN ER ’ S Sou s .

L ife of S h e r i d an . By L loy d S an de rs .

“
To s ay th at
L l oyd Sand e rs, i n th i s v ol u me , has prod uced the
M r.
b est ex is ti ng me moir of Sh e id an i s e ally to award much faint er praise r r
th an the boo k deser ves — M anekester .

R api d and wo rk man l i k e i n s tyl e, the auth o has ev id e ntly a good

”—
r
pr act i cal k nowl ed g e of t he s t a
ge of Sh e i d an
’
s d ay Satu rday R ev i ew r . .

L ife of A d am S m i t h By R B H ald a ne , M P
. . . . .

“
W ri tt e n wi th r
a p e s pi cui ty s e ld om ex e m l i fi ed wh e n
p d eal i ng wi th
e cono mi c s ci e nce .
—Seots man .

M r H aldan e
. h andl ing of his subj ec t i mpresses us as th a t of a man
’
s
who we ll u nde rs t and s his th e me and who k nows ho w to e l uci d at e i t ” , .

St otti slz L eader .

r
A beg inne i n p oli t ical econo my mig ht e asily d o wo rse th an t ake M r.
H aldane s book as his fi s t t ext -
’
book ”— Gr aptli e r . .

L i fe of S mollet t By D av i d H ann ay
. .

A capi tal record of a wri ter who s ti ll r e mains one of the g reat mast e rs
”—
o f the Eng l i sh no ve l Sat u r day R ev iew . .

M r.H annay i s e x cell e ntly equi pped for wri ting the l i fe o f Smoll e tt .

As a sp eci alis t o n the h i s to ry o f t he eighte en th ce n t u y navy, he is a t a r

g reat advantag e i n h andl i ng wo k s so fu ll of t he sea and sai l ors as r
r
Smolle tt s th ee p inci pal nov el s
’
r
M o eove , he has a co mpl e t e acqu ai n t . r r
an ce wi th the S ani sh ro mance s, from wh o m Smolle t d ew so muc h o f
p r r
r
hi s i nspi a ti on H i s cri ti c is m is g ene ally acut e an d d iscrimi nati ng ; and
. r
l is na rati v e i s we ll a anged , co mpac t , an d accurate ”—St [ames s
r rr ’
. .

aazette .

L i fe o f Th ac k e ray By H e r man M er i v a le an d F r ank T M ar zi als

. . .

The book , wi th i ts e x cell e nt bi bl i ography , i s one wh ich nei th er the

”—
s t ud e nt nor the
g e ne ral r ead er can w e ll a f
f ord t o mi s s
f all M all
'

The l ast book publ ish e d by M essrs M e ri val e and M arzial s i s full o f .

v ery real and t rue th ing s ”— M rs A N N E TH A C K ER AY R ITC H I E o n . .

“
Th ack e ray and his Bi og raph ers ” i n I llust r ated L ondon N ews , .

L i fe of Th o reau By H 5 S a lt . . . .

“
M r Sa s v o l ume o ug ht t o d o much t owards wid eni ng the k no w
lt ’
.

l edg e and appre ciati on i n Eng l and of one o f the m ost original men ever
prod uce d by the U ni te d States
”—
111ust r at ed L on don N ews . .

L i fe of Volt ai re By F r a nc i s Es p i nas s e
. .

“
U p to d at e , accurate , i mp ar tial , and bright wi th ou t any trace of
'

afi ectati on .
—A cad emy .

L i fe of W hit t i e r . By W L i nt o n
. J . .

M r. L i nt on i s a sy mpath e t i c a nd y et j u dici ous cri ti c of W h itt i er .

C omp l e te Bi bl i og raphy to eac h v ol ume ,

by J . P . A N D ER SON , Bri tish
M useum, L o nd on .

N ew York : C H A R L ES SC R I BN ER
’
S So ns .
 An ex cellent ser i es. —TEL EGR A P H .

E x cellent ly tr anslated, beaut ifu lly bound, and e leg an t ly pr i nt ed .

L I VER P OOL M ER C U R Y .

N otable for tire high stan da r d of taste and ar cellent j udgment t b at

f t /re li terat u r e
char acter i se the i r ed t t mg , as well as for tire br i lli an t] o
t /zat they cont ai n — BOSTO N G A ZETTE, U S A
. . . .

L ib r ar y of H u mou r .

Clot/z E leg a nt, L arg e 1 2 7710, P r ice p er vol.

VOL U AI ES A L R E A D Y I SS UE D .

The H u m o u r o f F r an ce . Tran slated ,

wi t h an I ntroduc t i on
and N o t e s b
y , EL IZABETH L EE . W i th n ume ous r I ll us trat i o ns by PA U L
F R ENZEN Y .

The H u m o u r o f Ge r m an y Translated . ,
wi t h an I ntrod uc
tion and N o tes by H A N S M U L L E R -C ASEN OV
, . W i th n u merous I ll us
trations by C . E BR OO K
. .

Th e H u m o u r o f Ital y Translated wi t h an I n trod uction and . ,

N o te s by A W E R N ER
, W i th 50 I ll ust rat ions and a F ront i spiece by
. .

A R TU R O me n u .

The H u m o u r O f A m er i ca Se lected wi th a . , i
co p ous Bio
graphical I nd e x o f A merican H u mori s ts by J A M ES BAR R , .

Th e H u m o u r o f H o l lan d . Transl ate d with an IntrodtIC tion ,

and N o t es b y A W ER N ER
, . . W i th n merous I ll us t t i ns by D U D L EY
u ra o
H ARDY .

Th e H u m o u r O f Ir e l an d Se l ec ted by D J O D O N OGH U E . . .
’
.

W i th numerous I ll ustrati ons b y O L IV ER P A Q U E .

Th e H um o u r o f Sp ai n . Translat e d , with an I n t roduc ti on

and N ot es b y SU SETTE M
,
. TAY L O R . W i th numero us I ll ust rati ons by
H . R . M IL L A R .

The H u m o u r of R u s s i a. Translated , wi t h N otes, by

E L
. .BO O L E, and an Int .
rod ction u b y STEP N IA K . W i th so I ll ustra
t ions by P A U L F R ENZENY .

N e w Yo rk : C H AR L ES SC R IEN ER ’ S SON S .
 TH E

USIC TO R Y ER IES .

A SER I ES OF L I TER A R Y -M USI CA L M ON O GR A P H S .

ED ITED BY F R ED ER I C K J . C R O W EST .

r
I ll us trated wi th P h o t ogravu e an d C o ll o typ e P o trai t s, H al f-t on e r an d

L i ne Pict ures, F acsi mi l es, e tc .

Squ a r e Cr own 8 00, C lai fe, 5 n et.

A L R E AD Y I SSUE D .

Th e St or y of O r at o r i o . By A N N IE W . P A TTER SON , BA. .

,

M us . D oc .

W ri tt e n i n bright styl e i n whi ch t e chni cal i ti es are as mu ch as

a ,

p ossi bl e av oid ed M i ss P atterso n s mo nograph s h ou ld fi nd fav our wi th the

’
,

musi cal publ i c — Seols man . .

Th e St ory of N o t at i o n . By C . F . A BD Y W I L L I AM S, M A , . .

M us . Bac .

Th e S t o ry of t h e O r g an By C F A BD Y W I L L I AM S, A u th o
. . . r of
Bach
”
a nd H and e l ” ( “ M ast e M usici ans r
Th e St o ry C h a m b e r M us i c
of By N KIL B U R N , M us . . . Bac .
( C an
t ab . r
C o nduc t o o f the M i ddl esbrough , Sun d e rland , '
a nd Bisho p
A uck l and M usi ca l Socie tie s .

[N P R E P A R A T101V .

Th e St o r y of t h e P i a nofo rt e . By A L GER N O N S . R ose , A u th o r of

Tal ks wi th Bandsme n
”
.

St ory o f H ar m ony By E nsu e s

”
.
J . BR EA K SP EA R E, A u th o r
M ozar t , M usi cal i Estheti cs, e tc
"
of .

St o r y o f t h e O r c h e s t r a By STEW A R T M A C P H ER SON , F e ll ow
.

r
and P ofesso , r
R oyal A cade mv of M usi c ; C o nd uct o of the W est r
r
mi ns te O rch es t ral Soci ety .

St o ry o f B b
i l M us i c E ’
e B y L EONO R E D ESTER R E-K E EL I N G,
.

Au oth o f Thre M usi ci ans

’
Bi th d ay Boo k ”
r .

Th e St or y of th e Vi oli n . By a P RA C TIC A L VI O L I N IST .

Th e St o ry of C h u r c h M us i c . By TH E ED ITO R .

Eta , E tc .
, Etc .

N ew Y o rk : C H A R L ES SC R IBN R R
’
s SO N S .
 e rs Of r
Se r i e s Of Illu s t ra t e d M ono
g ra phs
Ed i t e d by

J a mes A . M an s o n .

Ill us trat e d wi th P h o t og rav u e P tr i t

r or a s H al f-t o ne and L i ne R e produc tio n
o f the Be s t P i c t u re s.

Squ ar e C r ow n Clot/z, 5 mt .

L A N D S EE R , SI R ED W I N . By t he ED ITO R .

v o l ume may rank as the m os t comp l e t e acco un t of L andse

Th i s l i ttl e
th t the o ld i s l i k e ly to posse ss
a w r
”
Tzm es .
'

M r M anson has d o n e hi s wo rk wi th g re a t th o roug h ness comb i ni ng t

.
,

fact s he has g arn ere d i n t o a work manl i k e wh o l e ” — M ag azzn e of A r t

'

. .

R EY N O L D S , SIR J O SH U A EL SA D ESTER R
’
. By
K EEL IN G .

An dmi rabl e l i ttl e vo l ume

a M i ss K e el i ng wri tes v e ry j us tly a

sy mpa th e t i ca lly — D az/ Te le r a lz '

.
y g p .

U se fu l as a h andy wor k o f re fere nce A t /zen wu m .

_
.

TU R N ER , W M By R O BER T C H IGN EL L ,
. . Au thor
“
The L ife an d P ai nti ngs o f V icat C o l e , R A . .

Th is book is th oro ug hly co mpe t e n t an d at the same t ime , i t i s i n t he b l

”—
p p l i s tyl e and t ea t m ent L zt er ary W or ld
’

se nse o u ar n r . .

R O M N EY , GE O R G E . By SI R H ER B ER T M AXW EL
BAR T , . M P . .

r r
Si r H erber t M ax we ll s b ightly -w i tt e n and accu a t e mo n og aph wi ll r
’
r r
d isappoi nt e ve n e x ac ti ng s tu d e n t s , wh i l s t i ts ch arming re p o du cti ons are c r
r
t ai n to re nde i t an a tt rac t i ve g i ft -book ” — Stan a’ar d . .

I t i s a p l eas ure to r ead s uc h a bi og raphy as th i s, so we l l co nsi de red , a

wri tte n wi th such i nsig ht and l i t e rary sk i ll — D az1 y N ews
’

. .

W IL Kl E , SIR D AV I D . B y P R O F ESSO R B AY N E .

C O N STA BL E, J O H N . B y t he R IGH T H O N OU R A B L E L OR
W I N D SO R .

R A EB U R N , SI R H EN R Y . B y ED W A R D P IN N I N GTO N .

[N P R E P A R A T101V .

M lL L A l S— G A IN SBO R O U G H — H O G A R TH —L El ( i H TO
—H EN R Y M O O R E .

N e w Y ork :
’
C H A R L ES SC R IBN ER S SO N S .
The Contemporary Science Series .

Edited b y Hav e lock Ellis .

I zmo . Clollz . P r i ee $1 so p er Volu me . .

I . TH E EV O L U TIO N O F SEX . By P ro f P A TR IC K GED D ES

.

and J . A TH O M SO N
. . W i th 9 0 I ll us t rat ion s Se cond Ed i ti on
. .

th ors h ave bro ug ht to the tas k —as i nde ed th eir names guarante e
The au
—a we alth o f k no wledg e a l uci d and a ttrac ti ve m e th od of treat me nt and a
, ,

rich vein o f pi c turesqu e l ang uag e —1Vat u r e . .

II . EL EC TR I C ITY I N M O D E R N L IF E . By G . W . DE
TU N ZEL M A N N W i th 88 Ill us t ra t i o n s . .

A ly wr itte n and co nnecte d s k e tch o f wh at is k nown ab out e l ec

l
C ear
t ri ci ty a nd mag ne t is m the m ore pro mi n e n t m od e r n app li cat i ons and the
, ,

pri ncipl es o n which th y a

”—
e re b d
as e Sa / r i ay R ev i e w . u . .

III TH E O R I G IN O F
. TH E A R YAN S . By D r . I SAA C
TA YL O R Ill us t ra t e d . . Seco n d E d i t i o n .

r
C anon Tayl o is probably the mos t e ncycl o paed ic all- ound sch ol a no w r r
l iv i ng H is ne w vol um e o n the Or igi n of t he A ry am i s a first -rat e e xampl e
.

of t he e x ce ll e nt acco unt t o wh ic h h e can t u r n hi s e x ce p ti onally W i d e and

r
va i ed i nfo mati on r M as t e rly and e xh aus t iv e — P a ll M a ll Gazelle
"
. . .

IV P H Y SI O GN O M
. Y AN D EX P R E SSI O N . By P . M AN TE
GAZZA . Ill us t ra t e d .

“
e Bri ngs thi s h ighly i nte re sti ng subj e c t e ve n wi th the l at es t research es .

r
P ro fesso M anteg azza i s a wr i te r full o f l i fe an d Sp i i t , and the nat ural r
a tt r t
ac i v e nes o
s f his s ubj ec t i s n o t d e s t oye d b y hi s sci e nt i fi c h andl i ng of i t
”
r
—L zter m7 Wor ld ( Bost on)
.
’

E V O L U TI O N A N D D I SEA SE . By J B SU TTO N ,
-
. .

W i th I 3 5 I ll us t ra t ion s .

The book is as i n t e r es t i ng as wi th o u t sac i fice of accu acy or a no e v l , r r

sys t e m, and i s cal cu l at e d t o g i ve
an a p pr e cia t i o n o f the funda me n tal s of

r
pathol og y to the lay e ad e r, wh i”l e fo m ing a use fu l co ll e c ti on o fi ll us t ati ons r r
of dis ease for me d i cal re fe e nce — o um a l o M e nt al Sci ence:
j f r .

VI TH E . V IL L AGE C O M M U N ITY . By G . L . GO M M E .

I ll us t at e d r .

H is boo k wi ll pro bably re mai n fo r so m e ti me the bes t wo k o f re fe ence r r

fo r facts bearing on th ose t race s o f the v il l ag e co mmuni ty wh ich h ave n ot
bee n e fiace d by conques t , e ncro ach me nt , a nd the h eavy h and of R oman
'

law ”— Srotterlz L eader

'

. .

N ew Y or k : C H A R L ES SC R IB N ER
’
S SONS .
VI TH E M A N O F GEN I U S
. . By P ro f L O M BR OSO . . Illus
t rat ed .

By far the most c ompreh e nsiv e and fasci nat ing coll ecti on o f fact s an d
”
g ene ral i sat i ons conce ni ng g e n i us wh i r
ch ha s ye t b ee n brought t oge th e r.

j ou rn al of M ental Sezen ee
'

VI I TH E H I STO R Y O F TH E EU R O P EAN F AU N A ‘
.
.

By R . F SC H AR F F , B Sc
. . .
, Ph D . .
,
F ZS I ll us t rat e d
. . . .

V I II P R O P ER TY ITS O R I GI N A N D D EV EL O P M EN T
'

. : .

By C H L ETOU R N EAU , Ge ne ra l Secre t ary t o t he A nthro

.

p olo g i cal S oc i e ty ,
P a r is , an d P ro fe s s o r i n t h e Sc h ool of A n t hro

p ology, P aris .

M L e tourneau has read a g re at d eal , an d he seems t o us to h ave

.

selec t e d and i nt e r pre t e d hi s fac t s wi th consi d era bl e j u dg ment and l e

"
ar n ing .

Westmi nster R evi e w .

IX . V OL C A N O ES ,
P A ST AN D P R ESEN T . By P r of .

E D W AR D H U L L , L L D . .
,
F R S . . .

A v ery read abl e a cc ou n t of h

th e p enome n a of vol canoes and e ar th
”—
quak e s . N atn r e .

P U BL I C H EAL TH . By D r .
J . F .
J . SYKES . W ith
nume o us r Ill us t ra t i ons .

N ot by any means a mere co mpi l a t i o n or a d ry re cor d

de t ai l s and
of
st at i st i cs, b ut i t t ak e s u p ess e n ti al p o i nt s i n e v o l ut i o n , e nv i ronme n t prophy ,

laxi s, and sani tat ion beari ng upo n the p e se rvati on r o f publ i c h ealth
”
.

L ancet .

I M O D ER N M ETEO R O L O GY
. . AN ACC OU N T OF TH E
GR O W TH A N D P R ESE N T C O N D I TI O N o r SO M E B R A N C H ES
o r M ETEO R O L OGI C A L SC I EN C E By F R AN K W AL D O, P h D , . . .

M e mb er o f the Ge rm an an d A u s t ri an M e t e oro l og i cal Soci e t ies ,

e t c ; l at e J unio r P ro fe ss or, Si gn al Se rv i ce , U S A
. W i th 112 . . .

Ill us t rat ions .

The presen t vol ume

i s the bes t on the su bj ect fo r general use th at we
have seen. —D azly Teleg r aple ( L ondon)
'

I . TH E GER M -P L A SM : A T H EO R Y O F H ER E D ITY .

By A U GU ST W EI SM A N N , P ro fe sso r i n the U ni v e rs i ty o f
F rei burg -ih -Bre i s g a u W i th 2 4 Ill us t ra ti o ns . .

been no work p ubl i sh e d si nce D arwin s o wn books wh ich

Th ere has
’

has so th oroughly h andl ed the m atte r trea te d by hi m o r has d one so much ,

t o p l ace i n ord er and cl ear ness the i mme nse com pl ex i ty o f the fact ors o f
heredi ty or l astly has bro ug ht to l i ght s o m any n e w fact s and consi d erat ions
, , ,
b eari ng on the subj ect M edi ca lj ou r n a l
. .

N ew Y k or : C H A R L ES SC R I B N ER
’
S SON S .
XX II I . I N D U STR IES O F A N IM A L S . By E . F . H O U SSAY .

W i th n u me ro u s I ll us t ra t ions .

“
H is accu ac r yi s un d oubted
ye t hi s fac t s o ut-ma ve l all ro mance Th es e
, r .

facts are _ mad e use o f as ma t eri al s wh ere wi th to for m t he m ig hty fa bri c

h e re”—
of e v ol u t i on M a ne/tester Gu a r di an
. .

XX I V . M AN AN D W O M AN . B y H A V EL O C K EL L IS . Illus
t rate d . F ou rth a nd R e v is e d E d i t i on .

M H av el o c k Ell is be l ong s , i n so m e measu e , to t he c o n ti ne n ta l s ch oo l

r. r
r
of anth o po l ogi s t s ; b u t wh i l e e qually me th od i cal i n the co ll ect i o n o f fac ts ,
he is far mo re cau t io us i n the i nve n t i o n o f th eo rie s , an d he has the fur the r
dist inct io n of bei ng no t on ly ab l e to th ink , b ut abl e to wri t e H is boo k is .

r r
a sane and i m pa t i a l co nsi d e at i o n , fro m a psy ch o l o g ical an d anth o po l ogi cal r
p oi n t o f v i e w, o f a s ubj e c t wh i ch i s ce r t ai nly O f
p i m ary i n t e e s t ”
r r .

A tlzemeu m .

XXV TH E . EV O L U TIO N OF M O D ER N C A P ITA L I SM .

J O H N A H O BSO N M A
By .
,
. .

Every pag e affords ev id e nce o f wid e a nd m i n ute s t udy a we igh i ng o f ,

fact s as consci e n t i o us as i t i s ac u te a k e e n se nse o f t he i m po rt an ce o f ce r ta i n

,

poi n ts as to wh i c h econo m i s ts O f all sc h o ol s h av e h i th e r to bee n co nfuse d a nd

care l ess and an i mpar ti al i ty g e ne ra lly s o g re a t as to g iv e no i ndi ca t io n o f hi s
,

[M n H o bson s ] pers onal sy mpath i es -P a ll [Ma ll Gazette

’
. .

XXV I A P P A R IT I O N S A N D
. TH O U GH T TR A N SF ER .

EN C E By F R A N K P O D M O R E, M A
. .

A ve ry sober an d i n t ere s ti ng l i ttl e book Th at . th ought -trans fe r

e nce is a re a l th ing th oug h
, no t pe rh aps a v e ry co mm on th ing he certainly
,

h
s o ws .
— Spectator .

XXV I I AN . IN TR O D U C T I O N TO C O M P A R ATI V E
P SY C H O L O GY By P rofe s sor C L L O Y D M O R GA N
. W i th . .

D iag rams .

trong and co m pl e te ex posi t ion of P sych o l ogy as i t tak es sh ape i n a

A s ,

mi nd prev i ous ly i nfor me d wi th bi ol og i cal Sc i e n ce W e ll w ri tte n e x .

,
”—
tr emely e n t e r t ai ni ng and i n t ri n s cally
i va l bl
u,
a e Sa t u r day R ev i e w . .

XXV III . TH E O R I GI N S O F I N V EN TI O N : A STU D Y OF

“

IN D U STR Y A M O N G P R I M I TI VE P EO P L ES B y O TIS T M A SO N , . .

r r r
C u at o O f the D e p a t me n t o f E th no l og y in t he U n i t e d St a te s
N a t i o n a l M us e um .

A val uabl e h is t ory o f the d e ve l o pm en t O f t he i nv en t i ve faculty .

XX IX . TH E G R O W T H OF TH E BR A I N : A STU D Y OF

TH E N ER V O U S SY STEM I N R EL A TI O N TO E D U C A TI O N By .

H EN R Y H E R BER T D O N A L D SO N , P o fe s s o O f N e u o l og y i n the r r r
U n i v e rs i ty
h i cag o of C .

his
W e can say wi th con fid e nce th a t P ro fe ssor D ona”ld son has ex ecut ed
ork wi th mu ch care j ud g me n t and d i scri m i
na t i o n
,
The L ancet ,
. .

N e w Y or k SO N S
’
: C H A R L ES SC R I BN ER S .
XX . EV O L U TI O N IN AR T : As I L L U STR A TED BY TH E
L I F E-H ISTO R I E S OF D ESIG N S . By P rofessor AL F R ED C .

H AD D ON W i th . 130 r
Ill us t a t i o ns .

“
It is i mpo ss ib l e to too
s p ea kig of is mos
h hly th t unassuming and

inv al uabl e boo k —j

”
f A n t fir opolog r cal I nsti t u te
’

. ou r n a l o .

XXI TH E . P SY C H O L O GY O F TH E EM OTI O N S . By
r
R I BO T, P ofe s s o at t he C o ll e g e o f F ance , E d i t o of the
TH . r r r
R ev ue P nzlos opl uqu e
' ’

r r
P ofe sso R i bo t s t reat m en t i s ca eful , m d e ,
’
o r n an d ad q t
e ua e
”
r .

A cademy .

XX I I . H AL L U C IN ATI O N S A N D IL L U SI ONS : A STU D Y

O F TH E F AL L A C IE S O F P ER C EP TI O N . By ED M U N D P A R ISH .

”—
Th is re mar k abl e l i ttl e vo l ume N ews
’

. D a zly .

XX I II . TH E N EW P SY C H O L O G Y . By E . W SC R IP TU R E,
.

Ph D . .
( L e i pzig ) . W i th 12 4 I ll u s t ra t io n s .

XX I V . SL EEP : I TS P H Y SI O L OGY , P A TH O L OGY, H YGI EN E, A N D

P e t e rs b urg )
'‘

P SY C H O L O GY . BY M AR IE D E M A N A C EI N E ( St . .

Ill us t at e d r .

X X
V . TH E N ATU R A L H I STO R Y OF D I GESTI ON .

By A L OC K H A R T G IL L ESP I E, M D ,
. . . ED .
, F R S . . .

ED W i th a l a g e numb e o f Ill us t a t i ons

. r r r and D iag ra ms .

D r Gi ll espie s work i s o n e th a t has be e n g re atly need ed N o com

’
. .

r h v
p e ensi e co ll a t i o n o f th i s k i n d e x i s t s i n r e c e n t Eng l i s h L i t r t
e a u e
r
”
.

A mer i ca n j ou r na l o f t bc [Medi ca l Sci ences .

XXV I . D EGENE R A C Y : I TS C A U SES, SI GN S, A N D R ESU LT S .

By P o fe s s o r r E U G EN E S TA L BO T, M D , C h icag o ;
. W i th . .

Ill us t at i ons r .

The th or i s bo ld orig inal and

au , , sugg es d his wo r k i s a con
t i ve , an

t ri buti on o f real and i nd e e d g r ea t v al u e , r

m o e so o n the who l e th an anythi ng
th at has ye t appeared i n th u n try
”
A men ca n j ou r n al of P sy chology
’

i s co .
_
.

XXV II . TH E R AC ES O F M A N : A SKETC H OF ETH N O

GR AP H Y A N D A N TH R O P O L O GY . By J . D E N I K ER . W i th 17 8
I ll us t rat i ons
.

Dr . D eni k er has ach i e ve d a s u cce ss wh ich is we ll -nig h ph eno menal .

B r i tt s/I Al edi ca l j ou r na l.
'

XV II I . TH E P SY C H O L O GY OF R EL I GI ON . AN
EM P I R IC A L STU D Y
G R O W TH O F R EL IGIOU S C ON O F TH E
SC I O U SN ESS B y E D W I N D I L L ER STA R B U C K P h D , A ss is t ant
. . .

P rofe s sor o fE d uca t i o n , L e l an d St anfo rd J unio r U ni v e rsi ty .

No o ne i n te rested i n th e t dy
s u o f re l ig io us l i fe and e xperience can
af
fo rd to negl ect th s v l i o u me .
” —M or m ng
'
'

H er a ld .

N ew Y o rk : CH AR L ES SC R IBN ER
’
S SON S .
 ’
I B SE N S DR AM AS .

Edi ted by William Archer .

I zmo, C L O TH , P R IC E P ER VOL U M E .

We seem at last to be s hown m en a nd w omen as they ar e an d at fi r st t?

i s mor e than we can endu r e A ll I bsen s char acter s speak and act as if
’
.

they wer e hypn ot ised, a nd u nd er the i r cr eat or s i mper i ous d ema nd t o reveal
’

the mselves Ther e neve r w as s u ch a mi r r or held up to n atu r e before : i t i s

.

t oo ter r i ble . Yet we m us t r et u r n to I bs en , wi t h hi s r emor seless s u rg e ry ,

hi s r emor selef rht
, u nt i l we, t oo, have g r own s t r ong and lea ne
d’ to
'

rs electn c-lzg r

fac e t he n ake d— 17 necessa ry , t he fl ay ed an d bleedi ng — r eali t y

”
SP8 A K ER .
—
( L ondon) .

VO L . I . A
D OL L S H O U SE, TH E L EA GU E O F ’

Y O U TH ,” an d “ TH E P I L L A R S O F SO C IETY ” W i t h .

P or trai t of t he A u th o r ,
a nd B i og raphi cal Int ro d uct i on by
W IL L IAM A R C H ER .

T ” “ “
A N EN EM Y O F TH E P EO P L E,
VO L . II GH O
. S S ,
“
and TH E W IL D D UC K ”
W i th an Int ro d uc t ory N o t e . .

L A D Y I N GER O F OSTR AT,

“
TH E V I K I NGS ” “
VO L III
. .

” “
A T H EL G E L A N D , TH E P R E TE N D E R S ” W i t h an .

In t ro d uctory N o te .

VO L . IV . EM P ER O R AND GAL I L EA N W i th an
In t ro d uct ory N o t e by W IL L IA M A R C H ER .

“ ” “
VO L . V . R O SM ER SH O L M , TH E L A D Y F R O M TH E
SEA, ” “ H E D D A GA B L E R Tra ns l a t e d . by W IL L IA M
A R C H ER W i th an In tro d uc t o ry N o te
. .

“
VOL . VI P EE R
. G Y N T : A D R A M AT I C P O E M .

A uth oris e d Tran s l a t io n by W I L L IA M an d C H A R L ES A R CH ER .

The se quence of a s i n each volu m e i s ch rono l o ical

the p
l y g ; the comp l e te
set of volumes com ri smg the dramas th us
pres ents them in chronol og ical
.

p
o rder .

The art of prose t ransl at ion does not p erh aps enj oy a vet hi 1
i
ht
b ut we h av e no h esi ta t i o n i n numb eriri
g th
st at us i n Engl and ,
s pi
ve rsion of Ibsen so far as i t has gone ( Vo l s 1 and I L ) amon the ver
,

bes t ach ieve ments in th at k i nd o f our g eneration "—A cadem g y

,

,
y , .

“ W
e h av e s eld om if e v e r me t wi th a transl at ion so
idiomatic "
— Glasg ow H er ald
.
,

.
absol u t e ly

N e w Yo rk : C H A R L ES SC R I BN ER ’ S SO N S .