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16 o 10 0 2 /s u = 300 m /s
V
ł l
m

i a 25° P 35 °

(i) B y m e a s u r in g EF
V .
12 0 0 m /s
po w er de v e lo p e d in th e s ta ge
S
o (a ) P =
S U
'
I/ .

V
w
12 0 0 m Ts
-
ĹX k 9 /s x (3 0 0 m /s )× 0 200 m /s )

w
l D
A l B 3
F 18 0 × 10 W į ı8 0 k w

(ii) D ia g r a m (b la d e ) e ffic ie n c y
2 u
nb -

TF

2 × (3 0 0 m /s ) × (12 0 0 m ls )
2
C (10 0 2 m /s )
E

= 0 7 17 o r 71 7%

(iii) S ta g e e fï ic ie n c y

r}s ıa
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ţ 3 0 0 n nls ) × (12 0 0 m /s ) A n a hy s

3
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,
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iz l @ 0 15 b a r 2 2 6 5 kj lk g ,
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g lc s ta ge ittıp u ı
s e tu r b in e is su p w he n so s l
pı
ie tłw ith s te u n ı(łt 4 h tır l 16 0 ° C d it is
t t tu a n ex h a tłs te d a t Ah ho ht 2 7 80 2265 = 5 15 k J R c g
(ıc o n d e n s e r
pn s s u re t
! f 0 ı5 b a r a t tł
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A c tu a l h e a t dro p
the s te a m e rp a n d s in a t\o z = ï t? w itiła n e ßic ie n c y p ï 9 0 %
T h e b la tle A hn c￠ T IN X Ah
s p c u { i is 250 l tiıe
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ı (ł? n o z z le s a r e in c lin e d
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ı g b [(ı[łe is 3 0
°
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in riıc o v in
n ı g b tu d e s d e te n n irıe V t 44 7 2 m ×
S te a n ı e j t veloci
44 7 2 × 4 [4 6 3 S U tk g )
(b ) P o w e r d e v e lo
ped
(c ) B la t fe 962 8 m /s
eßic ic tıc y
S ta g e c D ic ie n c y
T he v e lo c ity d ia g r a m can be ū aw n a s in
F ig 2 2 13
;
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U + V FD 12 8 0 m /s
G iv e n T he s in g le s ta g e im p u ls e s te a m tu r b in e ith
w
, .
2
w

4 b a r 16 0 °C Pow er d e v e lo p e d
p o p b 0 15 b a r
l ij 6 0 k g /m in P liı n/ . u
f 71N 0 9 s

C
u 250 m /s a 20 °

k 9 /' ' " 2 80 m ls )× (2 5 0 m /s )

中 30°

Į b $n d 32 0 × 10 W
3
320 k w
(i) S te a m je t v e lo c ity ,
(iii) B la d e e ffic ie n c y
(ii) Pow er d e v e lo p e d
(iii) B la d e e ffic ie n c y an d

(iv ) S ta g e e ffic ie n c y
2 × (12 8 0 m /s ) × (2 5 0 m /s )
n s 2
(9 6 2 8 n
(i) Is e n tr o p ic ex p a n s io n in th e tu r b in e
0 69 04 69 04 %
(ii) N o fr ic tio n a l lo ss e s , th u s n V f2
,
(iv ) S ta g e e ffic ie n c y

n.
&h
(12 8 0rm /s ) × (2 5 0 m /s )
J
51 5 × 10 3 lkg )

0 62 ı 6 2 1 %

Ex a m p le 2 2 6 T he r o to r o r a n i呷 tłts e tu r b in e is o ï

E t 260 m m d ia m e te r a n d łn s a
rı t 20 500 rp m T hc n o z z le

a n g le is 2 0
o
a n d is s u es a s te a m ju t w ir}ı a v e lo c ity o r
9 10 n s
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o w r a te th r o u g h th e tu r b in e n o z z le s

bı
a

c litłg r a n ı(łn d c «łlc u la te tiıe ((ł Rtın g e n tia

F ig 2 2 1 3

〒 イ

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b y ￠ł N fr lc lï o n ı
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(i) ı
s ho
ss
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,
o t

S o lu t io n

G iv e n A s in g le s ta g e im p u ls e tu r b in e = 2228 N = 2 228 kN

D 2 60 N 20 ,500 rpm a - 20°

th e b la d e
=
m m
(ii) A x in l fo rc e o n
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ı 2 0 k g /s e =
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l)
,
-
= liı ( V j,
' r '
ı
.

T o lin d (2 k g /吕) × (3 2 5 5 32 5 5 )= O

(i) T a n g e n tia l fo rc e o n th e b la d e s , d e v e lo p e d b y th e tu r b in e
(ii ) pow er

O i) A x ia l fo r c e o n th e b la d e s , p = F 1Ä

(iii) Pow er de v e lo p e d b y th e tu r b in e w heel - (2 2 2 8 k N ) × (2 7 9 m /s )

(iv ) E fï ic ie n c y o f th e b la d in g a n d , ◆ 62 1 6 kN m /s - 62 1 6 k w

(v ) In le t a n g le o f th e b la d e s fo r s h o c k le s s in Ħo w o f
(iv ) B la d e e ffic ie n c y
s te a m
2u V w
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T
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th e tu r b in e an d 2
,
(9 10 m /s )
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, . . fz
- 0 75 = 75%
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A n a ly s is e ar v
(v ) In le t a n g le o f b la d e fo r sho c k le s s in flo w ņ
e 29°

.
60
" " 26m )・ Ĺ ) " 79 m /s
H

v e lo c ity d ia g r a m is sho w n in 2 2 6 E F F E C T O F B L A D E F R ıL 1 1 u N
T he m e a su re m e n ts o n

F ig 2 2 1 4 , re v e a l th a t O N V E L O C IT Y D IA G R A M

R e la tiv e v e lo c ity a t in le t,
In th e e a r lie r s e c tio n ,
th e e fk ct o f fr ic tio n is
A x ia l v e lo c ity a t in le t
n e g le c te d an d r e la tiv e v eı
o c ity a t o u tle t , V is
x ia l v e lo c ity a t o u tle t, r
A z
a ssu m e d e q u a l to th e in le t r e la tiv e v e lo c ity V In
W n ir l v e lo c ity a t in le t . ľ ,

a c tu a l i h
p r a c t c e , t e b la d e s o ffe r fictional flo w o f
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s te a m o v e r th e m , a n d th u s th e e x it r e la tiv e v e lo c it
In le t b la d e an g le ,
y

r ig 2 2 1 4 V e lo c ity d i\ a m

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 S te a m ħu b ìn e « 711

is a lw a y s le s s th
a n th e in le t r e la t iv e
v e lo c ity T h is
ffic tio n a l e ffe c t re d
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% a s s te a m
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p a s s e s o v e r th e b la d e s
F A
L ・ 石
Tı ie t w o r e h tiv e a S» 19
v e lo c itie s a r e r e l
a te d a s P = 90
k u.
,
w h e r e k is ca lle d īı
ıe b la d e ve lo c ity coe ßic ie n t o r
h c nb n coecient T h e modified v e lo c ity d ia g ra m
is s h ? ĺw nin F ig 2 2 1 5
M a r k th e p o in t G o n B C
su c H th a t
B G k BC kv 宇
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N o w w ith B a s c e n tr e a n d G a s ra d iu s d r a w
,

an a rc a lo n g B D to lo c a th e
te p o s itio n D T hen
CO m p le te th e o u tle t v e lo c it
y tr ia n g le in th e u su a l E ı= ı 6 V e lo c ity d ia g r a m Jb r a x ia l llw im p u ls e
m a n rïe r h * r b in e

f ÄÄL
Ex a m p le 7 S te a m te a v es th e n o z z ł
e J ï u ıi n
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W
.
w
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o

.
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V
b l .
Tr ic lio n co e

C a lc u la te
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ßic e n t is 0 9

v e lo c ity

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o de ve

p o w er

S o lu tio n

G iv e n T he s in g le s ta g e im p u ls e s te a m tu r b in e

84 0 m /6 a ı8 °

t
F ig 2 2 1 5 A c tu a l o e lo c ity d ia gr a m
￠ 0 2 9° k - 0 9

P 300 kw
227 c O M ) r H o N F O R A X IA L
find
D IS C H A R G E
(i) B la ? v e lo c ity , u (m /s )
f a iıim p u ls e h ır b in e a r e d e s ig n e d O i) T he flo w ra t e in (k g /h )
W h e n th e b la d e s o m a ss

h b la d e s a t
in s u c h a w a y th a t th e s te a n ı le a v in g t e
A ly s is T h e v e lo c ity d ia g r a m e an b e d ra w n a s sho w ı
ı
l d e r i h e ra l na
its tip a t 9 0 ° to th e d ir e c tio n o f b a e p p
in F iß 2 2 17
th e n th e tu r b in e is c a e
: ll d a T ia t )fo w
v e lo c ity u ith
I th e p o in t À a -

(i) D r a w a horizomal lin e A w

lu rb iııe F o r a n a x ia l Ħo w tu r l
b i ıe þ 0 2 = =

lin e
,
18 ° an d V ı
- 84 0 m /s (to th e s c a le ) d ra w a

an d V - 0
. r
W A C
is s h o w in F ig 2 2 16 C D T hm h
A ty p ic a l v e lo c ity d ia \ n
t th e p o iılt C d r a w a v e r tic a l liı
ie
(ü ) A ,
ith
ia ł a o w tu r b in e 61 °
d e v e lo p e d b y a w
g le W
=
T he po w et ax th e p o in t C w ilh an an ,

t
e a s u T e m e ıı
V e r tic a l lin dra w lin e B C w h o s e m
W O) - e a ,
.)
535 /s
g iv e s us q = m

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 r ıť tT Ï T
1 \1 T tłe H n « l E tıg \ t

48 I5 d ￠ 2 9 ， d ra w
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ı
y o ï 10 00 m /s a t a n (r ï ıg ť o ï
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tu r b in e a t a v e ı
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lu a cie s
t th e b ı (ir e symmetrical
'
ł
lA t
'

r n te o í th e s te a n ı is 0 5 k g /s A llo w in g
(iv ) M ť e the m a ss Jow
a
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.

t / / Its m e a s u re m i te r m in e
(\ ) M fr ic tio n ía c to r o 】0 8 ( e
t ť

(a ) B la d e e ßic ie n c y
(b ) Po w ped
e r tle v e lo
n o z z le e ic ie n c y
ß is 9 5%
S ta g e e ßic ie n e y if th e
(e ) ,

S o lu tio n

A d e L a v a l s te a m tu r
b in e
G iv e n
/s a = 20°
V ,
- 10 0 0 m

- 300 m /s O ￠
u

08
k
i
=
-

ı
n. 0 5 k g ls

nN - 0 95

F ig 2 2 1 7 T o ñn d

(i) B la d e e ffic ie n c y ,
h s th a t d
T h e m e a s u re m e n t s o w (ii) pow er d e v e lo p e d , an

i
ł - 330 m /s flic ie n c y
(iii) S ta g e e

A ssu m p tio n s
pow d e v e lo p e d
er i th e tu r b in e
(i) A d ia b a tic ex p a n s io n n
P
m kw
o te n tia l e n e r g y
is n e g lig ib le
C h a n g e in p
=

10 0 0
is d r a w
d ia g r a m fo r g iv e n d a ta
n
/ ıf X 3 30 X 890 T he v e lo c ity
A n a ly s is
300 a l th a t
=

10 0 0 b e lo w T he m ea s u r e m e n ts r e v e
a s sho w n

i
ıtS,
- 1 0 2 k g /s
o r

be w o rk e d o u t
v e lo c itie s
(i) B la d e e ffic ie n c y
can
a tiv e ı
yl th c ,
A ı
te r n
ll n s fo llo w s
tr ig n o m e tr ic a y
F ro m M CF
ÅD = V ic o
s a

18 ° . 7 9 8 9 m /s
U = 84 0 co s
o r w. ı

F ro m AsACD an d BCD
s in a BC s in e
CD = Åc -

V i n s in O
ıs n a
-
or l

84 0 s in 1 8 /s
_ 53 5 4 m
qT _

s in 2 9
°
ı

481 9 m ls
V - KV ..
- 0 9 × 535 4 =

òs 2 9 ° 330 6 m /s
535 4
_
- 79 8 9 c

481 9 x cos 29 °
330 6
- V cos ￠ u =

115
,
W
. , 3 3o 6 = 90 9 m /s
90 9 8 89 8 9 m /s
798 9 + =
V - V + V w
. 胃 1 z

Scanned by CamScanner
 2 × 3o0 × ]ı
62
u
h 0 697 69 7%
2
(ıo o o )
(ii) P o w er U o v e lo p c d

P -
/iı
,
10 0 0

ılq J « w
10 0 0
(iii) S ta g e e ffic ie n c y

ìm
ı
4w
N o icz lc e ffic ie n c y
X B la d e e ffic ie n c y
0 95 x 0 697 0 6 62 66 2 %

ı .
In a

v e ln c
de La
iı
p u
va

ï 8 50
i tu r b in e
m /s
s te a m

The n o zz ı
is s u
e a n
es 加 m

g ie
(i) D ra w a lin e A B
F ig 2 2 1 9

e q u a l to th e b la d e v e lo c ity
fs 2 j 0
M b ltłd e v e lu c
e tłn iy is 3 5 0 m lx u n d th e b la d e s 350 m /s
(łr e \ u ia n u ltłr T h
g e mas sı ow r a te is ı0 0 0 k g /m in (ii) F ro th e p o in t A
T he m d ra w a lin e ÅC e q u a l to V
Jr ic tio rī ja c to r is 0 8 D e te r m in e 850 /s tan angı
,
m e 20
o
a

(u ) B la d e u n g le s (iii) M e e t th e p o in ts B an d C an d m e a s u re a n g le C B F
(b ) A x ia ıth e 34 an d le n g th B C (il ,) 53 5 m /s
.

(c ) P o w e r d e v e (iv ) F r o m th e p o in t B d r a w a lin e B D e q u a l to 0 8 V . ,
(d ) B la d e e ñ ic ie n c y atan an g le e qu a l to q 34 °

(e ) S ta g e T he m e a s u r e m e n ts s h o w
e jjic ie n c y ií n o z z le e ñic ie n c y is 9 3 % th a t
in le t r e la tiv e v e lo c ity V 535 m /s
r
l
So ı
u tio łt ex it r e la tiv e v e lo c ity V 0 8 V
., . ,

G iv e n T h e de L 4 28 m /s
av a l tu r b in e

V 85 0 /s (i) B la d e an g le þ q 34
r m a 20°
A ia l v e lo c itie s
ı
ı 350 m /s
x
*i 300 m /s an d V
tį
24 0 m /s
T h e to ta l w h ir l v e lo c ity V ' /
ı + V
/ii. ]0 0 0 k g /m in 1 6 6 6 7 k g Ts . .
ı ,o 2

790 + 20 8 10 m /s
￠ 0 nN 0 93
(ii) A x ia l th r u s t o n b e a r in g s
k _ 0 8 A x ia l fo il
rc e ı (V V
fz )
芞 .

(16 6 6 7 k g /s ) × (3 0 0 240)
T o ñn d
10 00 N
(i) B la d e a n g le s , (iii) P o w er d e v e lo p e d
(ii) A x ia l th r u s t o n th e b e a r in g s , iı. u
ı
Ų 16 6 6 7 × 3 50 × 8 10
p .

(iii) P o w e r d e v e lo p e d in k w , 10 0 0 10 0 0
(iv ) B la d e e fftc ie n c y a n d , 4 72 5 k w
(v ) S ta g e e Ħic ie n c y (iv ) D ia g r a m o r bł
a de e ffic ie n c y ,

A ssu m p tio n s
:0 4 1
/ et
2) ul N

nb 2
} vi
(i) A d ia b a tic tu r b in e ļ: t

f th e s te a m d u r in g į 350 8 10
O i) C h a n g e in p o te n tia l e n e r8 y o ī 2 × ×
2
ex p a n s io n is n eg lig ib le (8 5 0 )
į e lfi ,

0 784 7 78 4 7 %
ĝ A n a ly s is The ity d ia g r a m fo r g iv e n d a ta i d r a w
v e lo c n - or

a s sho w n in F ig 2 2 1 9 w ith s o m e c o n v e n ie n t s c a le
,

Scanned by CamScanner
 7 ı4 T he r m a l E p g in e e r in g

(i) In le t a n g le o fm o v in g b la d e e 24 °
fï ic je n c y
(v ) S ta g e e
TŁ In le t an g le o f ñ x lz d b la d e s Þ 4 2 5°
- T lb x N
nstow
= 0 7 84 7 × 0 93 = 0 7298 o r 72 98% B y m e a su re m e n t

E x a ï tłp le 22 Ih The n o z z le s o fa d e L a v a l tu r b in e V rı
ÀC 6 12 5 m /s

d e liv e r 1 5 k g /s o f s te (ım a t a sp e e d o ï 800 m /s to a r in g V 0 75 V 4 59 4 m /S

r ı
fz
fm o v in g b la d e s h a v in g d ï 2 00 /s T h e it F C 247 /s
o a sp ee o m ex
n - = m

a n g le o f th e n o z z le is ı8 ° 11 th e b ı
a de v e lo c ity co e ñic ie n t = 19 4 m /s
is 0 7 5 an d th e ex rt a n g le o ï th e m o v in g b la d e s is 2 5 ° 2u v w

ca lc u ı
a te O i) D ia g r a m e fric ie n c y , 17b

(a ) in te t a n g ı
e o ï o v in
n ı g a n d ftx e d b Įa d e s
977
2 × 2 00 ×
(b ) D ia g r a m e ßic ie n c y o r 71b
2
d (8 0 0 )
(c ) E n e rg y lo s t in b la d e s p e r se c o n
0 6 10 6 or 61 06%
P ow er d e v e Įo p e d a n d
(ū i) E n e rg y lo s t in b la d e s
ıļ x ia ıth n łs t o n th e itłr b in e r o to r

IH 1
S o h ł找o ıt
AE "
L r j
2 2
G iv en A de L av a l tu r b in e (6 12 5) (4 5 9 4 )
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2
lh s 1 5 k g /s
3
1 2 3 0 8 × 10 W
￠ 25 ° -
a 18 °

/s 123 08 k w
1 800
-
u 2 00 m /s m

(iv ) P ow er d e v e lo p e d
k 0 75
ti
ns
i ıį Ł
V p
L 10 0 0
m fiin d 977 × 200
1 5 × 2 93 1 k w
d ]b ce d b la d e s
-

(i) In le t a n g le o fm o v in g an
10 0 0
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(iii) E n e r g y lo s t in b la d e s p e r s e c o n d ,

(iv ) P o w e r d e v e lo p e d a n d ,
1 5 × (2 4 7 19 4 )

(v ) A x ia l th r u s t o n th e tu r b in e r o to r
- 79 5 Ń

T h e v e lo c ity d ia g r a m b e dra w n a s sh o w n tıłr b in e

y s is e d e L a v a l s te a m
s im p ı
c an
A ı
r ıa Ex a m p le 2 2 1 1 A
in F ig 2 2 2 0 B y m e a s u r e m e n t, w e ge\ n o z z le r in g is 5 1中 ı
ie d w ith 2 0 0 k g /h o íd r y s te a m a t 1 0 b a r
is 0 6 b a r T h e n o z z le a n g le is 2 0
o
T Jıe ex ha u st p re s s u re
V T he bı e is 2 8
a de tle t a
°
w a n d n o z z ze eßic ie n c y is 8 5 % gı
o u n

d b la d e s p e e d is 2 0 0 m ls T h e o c ity c o e ñic ie n t
b la d e v e ı
Y
a n
・

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 S te a m T u r b in e s 723

M o v in g B la d e e x it a n g le s ,
= 2 0 °, an d h = 30°
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s

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(ii) P o w er d e v e lo p e ￠ a n d = 18 0 m /s , an d Y f -
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(iii) Jo in p o im ıB a n d C b y a lin e B C to
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r e la tiv e v e lw v w
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(iv ) F n ū m th c p o in t B (i) A x ia l th r u s t o n th e b la d e s
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S {« a trï ı )ln «ņ 72 7

A co m po u n d e d im p u ls e tu r b in e h tıs
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d ra w n in F ig 2 2 3 4
eq u a l to V ąí
Se c o n d ru w v e lo c ity tr ia n g le 3 F r o m th e p o in t B d ra w a lin e BD atan g le a - 30°

GK M a rk th e gm en t GH d D to t .I 2 f
1 D ra w a h o r iz o n ta ılin e se 4 Jo in p o in ts Å an r e pre se n

as u n kn ow n b la d e v e lo c ity u 5 J o in p o in ts B a n d D b y a lin e B D to re p re s e n t V ,
y
dra w in e G J to
v e r tic a l ı r e la tiv e v e lo c ity a t o u tle t
p o in t G
a
2 FTo m th e
flo w tu r b in r e la tiv e v e lo c ity f s te a m a t in ı
e t to
a x ia l C a lc u la te th e
e 6
r e p re s m t l 2s fo r o

f 30° a s se c o n d ro w
3 D r aw a g le o
lin e H J at an an f? s t s ta g e
e le n g th H
l r e p r e s e n ts
m o v in g b la d e
an gı e T h
b la e s
h L en g th B D
o f s e c o n d ro w V _

v e lo c ity V .
-

o u tle t r e la tiv e
'
If kr 0 85
o n d ro w
it a t in le t to s e c
4 T h e r e la tiv e v e lo c y 7 F r o m th e p o in t B , ? aw a n a r c r a d iu s e q u
a l to V ,
v

ÁC ata n an g le a lf -
V 8 F ro th e p o in t Å , ù a w lin e
g b la d e s
m
m o v in . ..
K3 0 85
tC
20 °
to c u t th e a r c a t p o in
f 2 2 fix e d
°
ro w
g le o he v e lo c ity
d ra w lin Gï a t an an
R le te t
J o in t p o in ts B a n d C
5 N a e to com
ow 9
b la d e an g le tr ia n g le o f fir s t s ta g e
á

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10 .
M e a s u re th e le n g th o f lin e ÀC an d c a lc u la te th e
s c a le o f tria n g le as

L en g th Å C
S c a le 一

57 8 93 .

11 M e a su r e th e le n g th À B an d c a lc u la te th e b la d e v e
lo c ity u by u s in g s c a le o f tr ia n g le T h e m e a su re
m e n ts s h o w th a t

(i) B la d e v e lo c ity u -
117 m /s (L en g th Á B )
th e to ta l w h ir l v e lo c ity o f f? s t s ta g e
代ヶ ー
叭 rf 十 哆し2 f
， ，
一 7 62 m /S
T h e to ta l w h ir l v e lo c ity o f f? s t s ta g e
V w V w + n
=
2 3 4 m /S '
-

s ls 2s

(ii) B la d e o r d ia g r a m e ffic ie n c y

2 u (V + V 많)
w f
r lb -

2 × 1 17 × (7 6 2 + 2 34 )
_

2
(5 7 8 9 3)

1 17 × (7 6 2 + 2 34 )
3
18 6 2 × 10
= 0 62 5 8
. o r 62 58 % .

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