E V E R Y MA N S L I B R A R Y

E D I T E D B Y E R N E ST R H Y S

RE FE RENC E

I L L U ST R A T E D E NCYC LO
P fE D I A OF GA R D E N I N G
BY WA L T E R P W R I G H T
.
 H E RS O P EVG RYMJN S
TH E P U B L I S
‘

LI B WIL L B E P L E A S E D T O S E ND
F RE E LY T O A L L A P P LI C A N T S A LI S T

O F T H E P U B LIS H E D A ND P RO JE CT ED

V O L U ME S T O B E C O IVI P R I S E D U ND E R

TH E F O L LO WIN G THIRT E E N H E A DING S

T RA V E L 3 S CIE NC E 3 F IC TIO N
THEO LO G Y P HI L O S O P H Y
H I S T O RY 3 C L A S S I C A L
F OR Y O U NG P E O P L E
E S S AYS 3 O R AT O RY
P O E T R Y & D RA MA
I
B OG R A P HY
R E F E RE N E C
RO MA NC E

IN F O U R S TY LE S OF I
B ND N GI ; C L O TH ,

F LA T C K C O LO U RE D T O P LE A THE R
BA , ; ,

R O U ND C O R N E R S IL T T O P LIB RA RY
,
G ;

BIND IN G I N C L O TH 8 Q U A R T E R P I G K IN
,
: S
FI RS T I U
SS E OF T HI S E I IO N
D T

RE P R I NI ‘ ‘
ED
 I NTROD U CTI ON

THE E v erym n sL ib rary

a
’
h a sp l ac e d w i t h i n t h e r e ac h Of al l

cl as
se sa m ean sOf be n e fit in g by th e s d om o f e v e ry age
wi It .

h a su n l o c k d e Sto r e hou s e sOf l i te rary tre as u r e st h at h i t h e r t o

w ere op e n o n ly to the ri ch . Al mo s t e v er y s p h e r e o f h u ma n

acti v ity hasbe e n c o n s i d ere d .

Th e a d d i t i o n o f a v o l u me o n G ard e n i n g ma rk sa d e c i s i o n to
re c ogn is e the t re n d o f mo d e rn tas te G ar d e n ing asa h e al th fu l
.

a n d a r ee a bl e r e c re a ti o n
g ,
a s w e ll a s a so u r c e o f in c o m e h,
as

mad e a n o ta bl e a d v an c e i n r e c e n t ye a r s T h ou s . an d s fo ll o w i t
a sa p l e a s an t p a s t im e man y o th e rsasa m e an sof l ive l ih oo d
, .

R e a d e rsfin d a hap py as so c i a t i o n i n p l an t s a n d bo o k s P oet s.

g a i n i n s p i r a t i o n fr o m flo w er s Ar t i s . t s l e ar n t h a t t h e m a k i n
g
o f gar d e n s i sa n a i d to p a i n t i ng be au t i fu l p i c t u re s .

Th e p r e s e n t v o l u m e pr o vi d e spl an t gr o w er sg e n e ra lly i n ,

c l u d i n g a m ate u r g a r d e n e rs w i t h a gu i d e t o t h e c u l t u re o f
,

o l r l a n ts n d to a r d e n p ra c t i c e
p p u a p a g .

I t ss c o p e e mbrac e sall t h e flo w e rs fru i t s v e g e ta bl e s f er n s

, , , ,

p a lm s,
t r ee s a n d S h ru b s i n g e n e ra l c u l t i v a t i o n .

Th e t e rm p o p u l ar pl an t s ha sa re a l m e an i ng i n my min d .

Th e wr i te r o f a ga r d e n in g e n c yc l o p ae d i a h asa l w aysbe fo r e
h i se ye sthe s p e c t r e o f i n c o mp l ete n e s s .H e f e arst o o mi t an

O bs c u re p l an t l e s t an i ra t e p u rc h a s e r o f the vol u me w i th a tas te

fo r r ari t i e ss h ou l d be aggri e v e d . Th i sn er vo u s nes sre s p e c t i n
g
o mi s s i on sgro w s an d l e ad st o th e i n c l u s
,
i o n o f h u n d re dso f

p l a n t s w h i c h a r e o f n o re a l i m p o r t a n ce .

Thou s an d s of s p e c i e s a r e n e v e r s e e n o u ts i d e b ot a n i ca l g d ens
ar

o r th e co ll ec ti o nso f a h an dfu l Of vi r tu o s i .To in c l u d e t he m

O

V II
v iii E n c y c lop ae di a of G ard e n i n g
t
w i h th e p o p u l ar p l an tsme an st hat t h e y ro b r e a ll y i mpo r tan t
th ingso f va l u abl e s p a c e,
a n d p r e v e n t a d e q u a t e t r e a t me n t o f
t h e m e xc ep t i n a large an d e xp e n s
,
i ve vo l u m e .

Th e o bje c t i n th e p r e s e n t ca se be ing t o p ro du c e a prac t ic al

w or k w h i c h e ve ry o n e ca n afi or d th e a l t e rn a t i v e s
,
o f t r ea t i n g a

l arg e n u mbe r o f k i n d si n a d e qu a t e l y o r a l im i te d n u mbe r ad e

u at e l y p r e s
e n t t h e ms e l v e s Th e l a t te r h as b ee n Ch o s e n
q . .

S p e c ia l a tte n ti o n h a sbe e n d e v o te d t o B u l bsF lo w e r Ga r d e n

, ,

Fr u i t G r e e n h ou s
,
e an d K i tc h e n G ard e n u n d er w h ich h ead sa
, ,

c on s id e rabl e amo u n t o f d e tai l e d i n fo rma t i o n h a sbee n gat h ere d

t o g e th e r.

WALTER P WRI G HT . .
 ENC Y C LO P E D I A

G A RD ENI NG

A bel Tre ( l é l ) t he Whi t e Popl ar Popul s alba

e e a I -
e , , u .

A belia ( b e lia aft er D Abel Ord C aprifoliac eae) —Green

a -
r. . . .

house shrubs wh i c h are some t imes grown O u t side in mild d i strict s

,

They are propa ga t ed by layers in spring and by c u t tings under a

bell glass in summer Loam and pea t wi t h sand sui t them . .

Floribunda a pring bloomer wi t h rosy purple flowers is t he mos t

, ,

popular spe c ies S t he B t i l M g i t 4 3 6

, ,

. ee o a n ca a az n e , . 1 .

A bies S pru c e Firs ( a bies from b t o rise in llusion to the tall -

a eo , a

habi t Ord C oniferae) S ever l importan t spe c ies are now

,
, ,

. . .
— a re

ferred to o t her genera by bo t anis t s no t ably Al ber t iana now Tsuga

Me tensiana ; D ouglasii now P s d st g D ouglasii ; ex c elsa now
, ,

r eu o u a

Pi c ea ex c elsa ; Mer t ensiana now Tsuga Mer t ensiana Morinda now

, ,

Picea Morinda ; d S mi t hiana w Pi c ea Morinda These spe c ies

, ,

an no .

s t ill appe r under Abies in the c a t alogues f many nu rserymen O f

,

a O .

the mos t impor t an t spe c ies kep t under Abies by bota i sts may be n

named balsamea t he B alm f Gilead ; cephaloni c a c oncolor ( also O

known as lasio c arpa) grandis nobilis nordmanniana pect i a t a

, ,

( S il v er Fir ) and Pinsapo These are all good Conifers suitable f or

, , , ,

t he garden and make handsome trees in deep fer t ile soil If t he

,

natural soil is poor the young trees ought to be given a s t art wi t h a

, ,
‘

b arr o wl d O f loam each

oa Plan t in au t umn winter The Abies . or .

are closely connec t ed with t he Piceas but have uprigh t instead O f

drooping cones and flat soft leav es instead f round hard ones
,

, , O , .

They are evergree s n .

Abr ni ( abr o i from b s delica t e Ord Ny t gi ) —A

o a. -
n a, a ro . . c a n ae .

sm l l genus O f perenni al trailing plan t s sui t able for ro c keries They

,

a .

c ommonly known as S and Verbenas Cu t

,

like sandy soil and ar e .

ti ngs strike i sandy soil in spring under glass A s t o c k c an be

,

n .

r i sed in the firs t pla c e from seed whi c h may be sown in a frame in
a
au t umn Arenaria yellow July ; and fragrans whi te M y are pro
,

. a

curable B oth are swee t Umbellata pink spring is also grow

, , , , ,

. . , , , n .

Abrus (a brus from b s deli c ate Ord Leguminosae) — The

-
d ro . . .

spe c ies p t i sis a s t ove c limber wi t h purple flowers and is O f

, ,

rec a or u

in t erest a cc ount f the pret t y s c arle t and whi t e seeds whi c h are
, ,

on O

used for rosaries and also as weights Cara t a propor tional

,

measure f 5 1 f t he fineness f gold is said t derive from re tt i

, ,

O 1
7
. O O , o

( Greek k ti ) a name applied to t hese seeds They must be

e ra on .

sown in heat .

Abu til n ( b fi t ilon mallow like from the Arabi c Ord M l

o a - -
. . a
Greenhouse plan t s sometimes grown in pots but O ften
, ,

v a c e ae ) .
-

plan t ed t and l lowed t o run up raft ers walls p i llars They

, ,

ou , a , , or .

A
 2 E n c y c lop aed i a of G ar d e n i ng
produce large e v ergreen leav es and bright d roop i ng bell shaped -

flowers With the exceptio f Thomsonii whi c h is O ften mixed

, , ,

. n O
with flowering plants in the garden for the beau ty O f i t s mott led
,

leaves ; and v exillarium whi c h also has handsome foliage and

scarlet and yellow flowers the spe c ies have been dis c arded in favour
,

O f the modern v arieties Propaga t ed by c u tt ings and seeds The

,

. .

former ( pieces O f young fl w l sswood wi th the lower leaves o er e

removed ) may be inser t ed and t he latter sown in sandy soil in

,

gentle bottom heat in pring They thrive in sandy loam bu t a

, ,

S .

t hird O f peat may be added Pin c h t the tips firs t soon aft er
,

. ou
the cuttings have rooted and subsequen t ly when the resulting
, ,

shoots hav e extended a few inches Thi s will make them form ide
, ,

. S
shoots I f they are to be grown in pots they must hav e su cc essive
.

shifts as the potsget filled with roots say from 3 to 6 and from 6 to
inch Give a light position They lov e water both at the
,

10 -
. . ,

roots and over the foliage throughout the summer but t much no

will be required in autumn and winter The winter temperat ure

, ,

may be S d i m has beau t iful foliage

an e r an u .

Acacia ( a cia from k t sharpen

aC -
Ord Leguminosae) a a zo , o
Most O f these beautiful shrubs and trees have yellow pri mrose
. . .
,

or
white flowers in the form O f small globes cones with feathery
, ,

or

leaves ; but a few have flat foliage The well known mimosa O f
,

-
.

the fl i stsshops is Acac ia de lbata o t herwise known as the S ilver

or
’
a

Wattle Armat a yellow ; D rummondii lemon pret t y foliage ;

,

. , , ,

leprosa primrose harming against a pillar with the flowering C

shoots drooping pulchella deep yellow one f the smalles t growers ;
, ,

yellow gra c eful dependent habit ; and ver t icil la t a

, ,

Ri c e an a ,

yellow cone shaped all flower in spring and thrive in t he green

, , ,

house F c ut tings the tips f the shoo t s should be t aken a few

, , ,

. or ,
O

weeks after flowering when they a fairly well matured inserted re

in sandy soil and c overed with a bell glass A c a c ias will do in

, ,

fibrous loam lightened wi t h sand but one t hird O f lea f mould is an

,

ad v antage The soil hould be made firm at ea c h repo tt ing if t hey

, ,

. S
are grown in pots but they are ften planted t If s traggly
,

O Ou .

prune hard aft er flowering and new grow t h will break from t he O ld
, ,

wood especially if t hey are well syringed They mus t not be

,

.
,

allowed to su ffer for water in summer Winter temperature f all . or

the pecies named

S ,

Acaena S Flower Garden— R o kery

. ee o .

Acalyp h ( al yp h from k l p a nettle Ord E p h

a a c - -
a, a a e e, . . u or

bi —S tove shrubs prin c ipally grown f their handsome leaves

ac e ae ) ,
or ,

but hispida (s d i ) has crimson pikes f bloom in summer

an e r an a S O .

M f
ac a e e a n a and musai c a have m rbled foliage They may be i a . n

creased by cu ttings in a propagator in spring summer and thrive or ,

in equal parts f loam and leaf soil wi t h sand O -

, .

A c n thus ( a c an thus from k mth

a spine Ord Acan t haceae)
-
a c a, . . .

H erbaceous plan t s generally represented by the pe c ies mollis

,

S
whose lea v es suggested the C orinth an style ar c hite c ture
,

( i f ) o

although l si t i s(latifolius) i sfiner They grow about 4 f t

,

u an c u . .

h i g h and hav e white or pink flowers in summer bu t are chiefly

, ,
 E n c y clop ae di a of G ard e n ing
remarkable f t h ir handsome foliage They may be raised from or e .

seed in a warm greenhouse frame in pring and hould be planted or S S

S ubsequen t ly t hey may be in c reased by division

,

ou t in rich soil . .

A c r Maple (a cer from

e sharp Ord S apindaceae) — A i m -
a ce r , . . . n

portant genus f trees embracing t he Common S ilver Japanese

, ,

N orway and S c arlet Maples as well as the S ycamore

, , , ,

There is .

also t he v ariegated N egundo which although t qui t e hardy

, ,

no

survives the win t er in most dis tric t s if i t has par t ial hel t er The
, , ,

S .

following spe c ies may be named Campes tre the C ommon Maple :
with small divided leav es ; there are v arieties with gold and sil v er
, ,

margins ; dasycarpum t he S ilver Maple ; Japoni c um sever l a

v arieties ; N g d variegat a with green and whi t e foliage a smal l
, ,

e un o
tree ; palma t um t he Japanese Maple many varieties ; plat anoides
, ,

the N orway Maple many varieties ; Pseudo platanus t he S ycamore

, , ,

many v arieties ; and rubrum the S c arlet Maple with heart haped
, , ,

-
S
leaves The v arie t ies O f the Japanese Maple and N egundo varie
, ,

gata are well adapted for small gardens as they give wel c ome
,

c olour and beau t y O f form in places not exposed to c old winds

, ,

or
hard frosts in spring The S ycamore is perfe c tly hardy and being .
,

cheap as well as a rapid grower is very useful but it should t be no

plan t ed t oo largely as it is liable to be disfigured by blot c hes
, , ,

Propagat ed by layers or seeds the choicer v arieties also by grafts

,

and buds bu t the small plan t er wi ll buy young trees from nursery
,

men A sti ff damp soil is not suitable f t he maj ority whi ch

,

or
prefer well drained loam but the S carlet Maple will thrive in w t
. , ,

e
-

soil .

Achill a Milfoil ( h i l l é from Achilles w h used it medicinally

e ac -
a, o .

Ord Compositae) — Pretty hardy plants mostly sui t able f

, ,

. . or
whi c h has hoary leaves and bears white
,

borders but Cl av e n n a e ,

flowers in pri g ; and tomentosa whi c h has woolly leav es and

, ,

S n ,

produces yellow flowers in summer are good f the rockery also or

as t hey only grow from 6 t o 9 ins high Of the taller ones Milli
, ,

folium roseum t he red Milfoil ft high a summer bloomer ; and

. .
,

, 2 .

P t rmica The Pearl ft high with double white flowers are the
, ,

a , , 2 . ,

best known Propagated by division f the roots in autumn

,

. O or
spring by seeds if preferred They are no t at all particular as
or .

t o soil and will thrive in s ti ff

,

cool ground S eri c ea I ft

, ,

M y whi t e is pretty
,

a , , .

Achimen s( achim e ésfrom e -

n

sensitiv eness to c old

,

h m
‘ ‘

c ez a zn o , .

Ord Gesneraceae) —S B ulbs

.
S i fp i h A hi m s . ee .
e ct on o an w t c e ne .

lsB l
Ad — S e B ulbs ( 5 l 6’e a o u -

a e .

A c nit Wint r ( E ranthis h y m l i s

o )e, S Bulbs e e a .
-
ee .

A c nit m Monkshood Wolf s bane ( i tum grown near ’

o u ac o n -

A cona O rd R anunculaceae) — The common Monkshood A i

-

, ,
,

. . . , con

tum Napellus is O f the mos t poisonous yet most hand sme O f one ,
o ,

h rdy plants The root has been mistaken for Horseradish and
,

a . ,

e aten with highly unpleasan t results S ome people exclude it .

from their gardens ac c ount O f its poisonou sproperties but that

,

on ,
4 of G ar d e n i ng
E n c yc l o p ze d i a
o ught t no t o be necess y It grows about 4 ft high and bears
ar . .

blue helmet shaped flowers in summer ; there is a white v iety

,

,
-
ar .

Other handsome species are A th ft h igh yellow ; Fischeri n ora , 2 .

blue ; Wi l s i 4 ft pale blue ; and Ly c o ct onu m 4 f t

,

4 ft
,

on .,

yellow Propagation is by division in spring ; in v iew of t he

, ,

poisonous nature O f the r ots it should be done by some responsible o

person who may be trus t ed to avoid the dangerous pra ct i c e f c are O
lessly leaving portions f root abou t A cool subs t an t ial soi l su c h
,

as suits D ahlias S wee t Peas and R oses will grow Monkshoods t o

. ,

perfe c tion They enj oy a shaded position

, , ,

. .

A cro clinium ( l I ium ) — S Annuals Half hardy

a cr OC n -
. ee - — .

A d am s Needle — S Y u cc a’
. ee .

A d iant m Mai denhai r ( adi an t um from d t s dry Ord

u -
a
’

za n o . .

Fili c es ) — B eau t iful and popular ferns nearly l l re q ui ing green

, , ,

. a r

house or stove trea t ment There is an immense number f pe c ies

,

. O S
and a sti ll larger number f varie t ies The following are the prin
,

C apillus Veneris the B ri tish Maidenhair whi c h l though

.
_

c ip l a : -

. a
not generally hardy grows wild in C ornwall i m b i t m is a beau t i
, , ,

r ca u

ful v arie ty f i t ; c auda t um s t ove ; m good for baske t s

, ,

O i con c n nu
a s t ove spe c ies whi c h has a harming varie ty c alled latum ; cunea
, , ,

t um t he popular Maidenhair so grea tly est eemed as a t able plan t

and for asso c ia t ion wi t h c u t flowers g i ll i m m g d i p s and
, , ,

r ac u ran ce

t t i are pret ty varie t ies f i t i t likes a warm greenhouse ; F ar

, , ,

P ac o o
l y s beautiful broad t in t ed fronds s t ove ; ma c rophyllum a
,

e en e,

large s t ove spe c ies and pedatum hardy Propaga t ion is by spores
, , , ,

and division S w i a propagating c ase in heat and c over

,

. o n or
wi t h a bell glass B t c uneat um is easily propaga t ed by spli tt ing
, ,

-
. u

it up and F l y s whi c h does no t produ c e spores is ex c lusively

ar e en e,
in c reased in t his w y S oil parts f loam I ea c h O f pea t and leaf
, ,

a . : 2 o
mould and 5 par t f sand In the main t he plan t s mus t have hade
,

o . S

but i t should no t be dense ; a soft di ffused ligh t is bes t When

, ,

c uneatum has bec ome rusty through being used in rooms it should
,

be c u t right down in fa c t many growers make autumn pruning an

annual fun ct ion It may be kep t fresh in a li ving room for several
,

months if grea t c are is t aken in watering and while giving i t air

preser ing i t from c old draugh t s All ferns like mois t ure bu t the
, , ,

v
soil hould no t be kep t sodden When fronds O f Maidenhairs are
. ,

S .

t o be asso c ia t ed wi t h flowers t hey should be c ut and laid in wa t er

for a few hours before being used then t hey las t bet t er
,

.
,

A d ni s — S
o Flower Garden— R o kery ee o .

A erides a rid
( e e s from i O rd Orchidaceae ) — E vergreen a er , a r. . .

Orchids wi t h flowers in ra c emes F i l d i gi i whi c h bears whi t e

,

. e n , ,

rose and brown flowers in la t e spring and g ows about 3 ft high is

,

r . ,

t he prin cipal spe c ies The Aerides require a warm mois t house
, ,

. , .

They may be plan t ed in pans baske t s in cro c ks and phagnum or S

moss The spring and summer t empera t ure when t he plan t s are
.

bu t in autumn and win t er

,

growing may range from 75 to °

I O
°

less will su f c e A bundan c e f wa t er will be required t hroughou t

,

fi . O
t he growing period bo t h a t the roots and in the air bu t t he supply ,
‘

mus t be reduced in winter

,

.
 E n c y c lop ae di a of G ard e n i ng 5
A s cul sChestnut ( aes l sha vin g edible fruit fro m th Greek
e u ,
-
cu u , , e .

Ord S apindaceae) — The Chestnut Aesculus Hippocastanum is a

. . , ,

well known British t ee handsome in form and foliage and very

-
r ,

beautiful when in bloom There e se v eral v arieties including a

,

. ar ,

double with pink and white flowers and with v iegated leaves on e ar .

c c
,

P ifl
ar v ( small fl w d
or a) is a handsome dw f spe ies whi
-
h p o e re ar ro

du c es whi t e flowers in spri g Propagated by seeds for t he n .

c ommon and by grafting f the choicer varieties but the small or ,

planter should buy small transplanted t ees in autumn winter

,

r or
pring and plant and stake firmly S oil rich mois t loam but the
, ,

S . :
tree will attain to fair dimensions in most kinds O f soil
, , ,

Aethi n ma — S Flower Garden — R o kery

o e . ee o .

Ag ap anthus African Lily ( g p a thus from g p lo v e and a a n -

a a e,

Ord Lil ia c eae) A beautiful Cape plan t wi t h long

, ,
,

an th s flower
o . . .
-

sword shaped ligh t green leaves and blue flowers borne in an

, ,

umbel on a stout stern about 3 ft high I t is not perfe c tly hardy

, ,

. .
,

but is found to pass the winter in mild districts when planted t ou

near wa t er More O ften when used f outdoor effe c t it is grown

. or
i a large t ub
, ,

n pot so that it can be stood in appropriate positions

or .

such as at the t op O f flights f steps and moved indoors for t he

,

O
winter It is O ft en grown in tubs for the ador ment O f large
,

. n con

s t i s The only species is umbellatus but t here are sever l

e r v a or e . a
varie t ies O f it Most of them are blue but there are also whi t es and
,

a double Propagated by division in spring S oil 3 par t s loam

, ,

. . :
de c ayed manure I leaf mould and sand well mixed and made
,

I 1
, , 5 ,

firm .

A g aricus c m p estris S Kit c hen Garden— Mushroom a .

-
ee .

Agathaea c lestis — S Chrysanthemum— Marguerite oe . ce .

Ag ave Al oe ( g a from g sadmirable form O f flower O rd a -

ve , a a vo . .

— Handsome greenhouse plants with fleshy

, ,

A m yl l i dar ) e ae . piny S
leav es and greenish yellow funnel shaped flowers They are slow
, ,

- -
.

growers and bloom rarely A tradi t ion has grow n up t f the

, ,

,
. ou O
latter fact that they flower every years but it is an error Th e 1 00 .

prin c ipal species is ameri c ana and it is s nearly hardy that it is

,

o
made use O f for the garden ften being grown in large tubs and
,

stood in prominent positions but it wil l t pass t he winter in cold

,

no
districts There are sever l v rieties f it notably picta and varie
,

. a a O
ga t a which have variegated leaves Filamen t osa has leav es th
,

e
m rgins f whi c h are furnished wi t h long threads S artori is a
, .

a O .

dw f grower and a comparatively free bloomer Propaga t ed by

ar .

suckers whi ch form at the base f t he plant and may be pulled ff O O

and potted S oi l 3 parts loam I dried cow manure I leaf mould
, ,

. :
p t sand pressed quite firmly They will take a good deal f
, , ,

ar . O
wat er in summer bu t the supply must be reduced in au t umn and
,

ve y li ttle given the winter

,

r In .

Ageratu m ( agera tum from without and g m s Old always -

a, e

bright O rd Compositae) — Pre t ty dwarf plants generally treated as

, , ,

. . ,

annuals being raised from seed in spring and thrown away after
s d i g i au t umn If desired the fading flowers c an be pinched
, ,

ee n n .

O ff t o preven t seed formation and the plants preserv ed t hrough the ,

 ‘

6 E n c yc l o p md i a
of G ard e n ing
winter in a cool house t o be subsequently in c reased by cutti ngs
whi c h may be inser t ed ei t he in autumn or spri g this plan may
, ,

r n ;
be adop t ed in order to make qui t e sure f keeping a varie ty true O
but as a rule t hey c ome pret t y true from seed Where seedlings
,

are preferred t he seed may be sown in a greenhouse or hea t ed

frame in spring and the seedli gs h rdened and planted ou t as n a
margins t o borders or in mixed beds Any friable well drained
,

.
-

soil will do the plan t s do no t like a s t iff wet adhesive soil Mexi
, ,

; .

c anum is t he bes t known spe cies and is mu c h grown but su c h

, ,

varie t ies as Imperial D warf B lue and S wanley B lue are generally
, ,

preferred .

A g ros temma c r naria ( R ose C ampion ) —S Annuals— Hardy

o o . ee .

A g r stis — S Grasses under Annuals

o . ee .

Ailanthus (ail an thus from i l t tree O f heaven Ord S ima -

, a an o , . .

ru b )
e ae Ailanthus ( or Ailantus) glandulosus is a handsome smal l
.
-

tree whi c h may be regarded as hardy al t hough liable to inj ury if

exposed t o cold wi ds It loses its leaves au t umn At Kew the
,

n . In .

plan is adopted f growing young plants in ri ch soil and cutting O

them ba c k c lose t o t he ground in au t umn I n the following spring .

the best f t he shoo t s which s t ar t is sele c ted and grown

O t , on, o
produce beautiful leaves in due course .

Aj ug a — S Flower Garden— R o kery

. ee o .

Al d er ( Alnus glutinosa O rd C p l i f ) — A well known tree . . u u e r e ae .

-

not in great demand for parks and gardens but esteemed because
The name Al nus c omes from
,

O f its adaptability for damp positions .

a l near and I river bank It will thrive in swampy pla c es I t

an , -
. .

may be pruned annually and made to do du t y as cover t There are

, ,

se v eral distin c t v arieties O f it and O f these aurea with yellow foliage

,

is one f t he best k nown

, , ,

O .

Allaman da (allam an da aft er D A l l m d Ord Apocynaceae ) -

r. a an . . .

— B eau t iful s t ove plan t s whi c h produ c e large trumpe t shaped

,

flowers freely during summer All the prin c ipal spe c ies— and
, ,

among t hese H d s i is t he bes t known— have yellow flowers

en er on .

Their growth is so vigorous that t hey may be used as climbers

being trained along the rafters ; they may be t rai ned
,

balloon ‘

or on
shaped trellises in large p o t s Propaga t ed by c ut t ings in pring . S
formed O f t he ends f partially ma t ured sho t s inser t ed in sandy
,

O o
soil and pla c ed in a propagati g c ase S oil 4 par t s loam I each
,

n . :

de c ayed manure and leaf mould sand The young plants should
, ,

be pin c hed when t hey have fairly s t arted into grow t h They wil l
,

take a good deal f wat er when growi ng in summer but t he supply O

must be redu c ed in au t umn The plants may be pruned hard in
,

late win t er and repotted ; t hey will then s t ar t into growth

vigorously
,

Alliu m —S B ulbs. ee .

Al l tments— S mall pieces f land sui t able for cul t ure by work
o O
ing men f spe c ial benefi t in dis tric ts whether urban or rural
,

O
where the gardens at t a c hed to the dwellings are small unsui t able
, , ,

or

for cropping Flowers fruit and v egetables c an l l be grown on

,

. , , a
 E n c yc l o p azd i a O f G ard e ning
allotments and in some cases pigs and poultry may be kept o n
them ; but in view O f t he fac t tha t the plo t s are generally held
,

on
a yearly t enancy i t is not the rule for holders to go t o mu c h expense
for buildings fit t ings Large s tructures wh i c h might keep the
,

or .

sun from other plots should no t be permi t ted Land f l lotments

,

. or a
can gener l ly be got without serious diffi culty in the country bu t
,

a
in case f trouble parish c ouncils have the power f ac qui ing land
,

O O r

for t he purpose It is desirable that the ground be reasonably .

near t he c ot t ages and tha t it be fair agricultural land The pieces .

should be cut up into parallel re ctangular s trips Twenty square

,

rods poles or perches ( equal to an eigh t h of an acre) constitute a

ood a v erage size bu t it may v ary according to c rcumstan c es I t
, ,

i
g
sO ften m ore con v enient to make smaller plots Mu c h larger ones
,
.

i .

are best av oided as a man w h is following a regular occupat ion o

t hroughout the day can hardly keep more than rods clean and
,

2 0
well cropped Mos t f the coun t y c ouncils gi v e instruction in
. O

allotmen t cultiv ation through their staff instructors D eep culture .

and correct manuring are advised The soil should be doubl dug e
— B astard trenching) and manured s Manures
.

( see Ki t chen Garden ( ) ee

E x c ept in par t i c ular circ ums t an c es vegetables should hav e mos t

O f t he spac e The prin c ipal crops are Po t atoes Winter Greens
,

( B roc c oli B russels S prouts Kale and S avoys ) Onions C abbages

,

B eetroo t Carrots Parsnips C s Celery Toma t oes Peas

, , , , , ,

lifl w au o er
B eans Turnips Leeks Vege t able M
, , , , , , ,

arrows and R hubarb Arti .

chokes S pina c h S hallots Cu c umbers Horseradish S alads

, , , ,

( Le t tuces R adishes and Herbs (Mint S age Thyme and so

, , , , ,

, , , , ,

forth ) may also be grown if desired It is a good plan t arrange . o

t hese in some order and crop the ground in rotat ions This is not
,

, .

easy very small plots where it is necessary to give up nearly half

on

the ground t o Po t atoes but it is not altoge t her impossible I

,

n
'

t he firs t plac e the vegetables might be thrown into t hree groups

,

( I ) Pota t oes and Winter Greens ( t he latter to be planted between

,

or
aft er early Potatoes in summer) ; ( ) Peas B eans Turnips Celery 2

Leeks S pinach and Onions ( t he Turnips and S pina c h going between

, , , ,

the Peas and B eans the Leeks and Celery following t he early Peas
, ,

in summer) ; ( 3) B eet Carrot Parsnips and Tomatoes The .

following year S e ctions and 3 taken t ogether may change places

, , ,

2
with S ec t ion I The third year S ection may oc c upy the ground
, ,

. 2
whi c h S e c tion 3 h d the first year and S ection 3 that f S ection a o 2
S e ct ion I going ba c k to i t s original place The prin c ipal crops not
, ,

provided for may be arranged as follows C abbages for pring may : S

be raised early Augus t and planted in Oc t ober ground c leared
In on
o f Onions C lifl w sfor au t umn may be sown in spring and
. au o er
planted in summer aft er early Peas or Po t a t oes R hubarb Arti .

chokes and Herbs may have a permanen t pla c e at end O f the

,

o ne
plot Vege t able Marrows and C u c umbers may be raised in pots
,

and plan t ed out in summer between early Peas to subse q uently

,

succeed them Le tt u c es may be g rown Celery ridges or betw een

,
‘

. on

Peas The various kinds are all dealt with under Ki tc hen Garden
.

in thi s work It snot as a rule wise to plant mu c h fruit small

. I on
allotments and in any c ase the trees should not be mixed up i
, ,

, n
discriminately with the vegetables If planted theyshould either . ,
8 E n c y c lop ae di a of G ard e n i ng
form a g roup at end else be planted in straight lines at one or
in t ervals O f about f t across the plo t Gooseberries Currants
,

2 0 . .

the Paradise stock would be mos t

, ,

R aspberries and bush Apples on

sui t able A bed O f S trawberries may be pro vided if spa c e perm i t s
,

. .

Flowers such as annu l s may be grown in a border alongside t he a

main path Weeds should ne v er be t olera t ed

, ,

. allotments as on
apart from robbing the soil they may if they seed prove a sour c e f
,

o
inj ury t o o t her allottees t han t he man
, ,

whose ground they are on

permitted to grow The paths should be kept neat and c lean . .

Al lspic — S Calycanthus e. ee .

Alm n d — The Al mond is

o f the most useful f flowering on e o o
trees because i t blooms so early in spring In mild distri ct s it may
be t in March and it is r ely la t er t han April ex c ep t in very
, .

ou ar
c old parts The p l e pink flowers c over the long branches from tip
, ,

. a

t obase so tha t t he tree makes a very c heerful bj e ct There are O .

several v ieties f t he c ommon A l mond D ul c is is the S wee t

,

ar o .

Almond and Am a t he B i tt er Almond Propaga t ion need hardly ar .

be c onsidered be c ause those w h want trees will purchase the

,

ne c ess y number probably in au t umn S oil the Almond is no t

,

ar . :
in t he least par t i c ular ; i t wi ll grow almos t anywhere It is a
,

c ommon bj ec t in t he suburbs f London and other l rge tow s

O o a n .

Al e (al o from the Arabi c ll h Ord Liliaceae) — The Aloes

-
O e,-
a oc . . .

O ft en ex cite as tonishment when plan t ed t in publi c parks The ou .

flowers may be 3 ft above t he ground They used in

2 0 or 0 . . ar e
sub tropical g dens in summer and pu t under c over in win t er f
-
ar or

they are t hardy S everal O f the spe cies are suitable for c ultiva
, ,

no .

t ion in greenhouses notably striata wi t h spott ed leaves ; su c co

trina wi t h a rosette f glau c ous leav es ; and variegat a t he popular
, ,

v iegated Aloe Propaga t ed by suckers S oil equal parts f

, ,

ar . . : O

loam and pea t with a quar t er f shat t ered brick A t empera t ure o .

of about 4 5 will be suitable in Win t er when v ery little water mus t

,

°
,

be given .

Al ns a ( alonso after Al onzo Ord S p h l i

o o ) — A genus-
a, . . cro u ar n e a c .

O f g a c eful plan t s including several whi ch may be treated sannuals

r a
being sown under glass in a warm house frame in win t er pri c ked
, ,

or

ff and po t ted singly o cc asionally used in flower beds

,

O They . ar e .

Li i f li
n W s w i ii and W c ompac t a l l wi t h s c arlet flowers
o a, ar ce cz . a

may be treated in this w y S andy loam sui t s t hem

, ,

a . .

Al p in Gard en d Plants— S Flower Garden— R kery

e an ee oo .

Al s t Om i Sr B ulbs e r a .— ee .

Althaea Mallow ( l th aé from l th t o c ure O rd Malvaceae) a -

a, a eo, . . .

— A useful genus whi c h in c ludes t he popular Hollyho c k A rosea

,

t t t t t Hibis c us
,

Hollyhocks Ano her impor an plan is fru ex

,

( s ee ) ( s
. ee

syriacus) ; t here are several varie t ies Fi cifolia is t he Fig leaved .

-

Hollyho c k and has fringed flowers Th Al t haeas are handsome . e

shrubbery plan t s and t hrive in any good friable soil

,

Al yssum ( alyss um from wi t hout and l yss rage l l yi g -

a, a, -
.zz a a n

anger O rd Cru c iferae) Ch ming dwarf plan t s wi t h brigh t

, ,

ar

flowers produ c ed in grea t pro f usion Mari t imum is a fragran t

. . . ,

.
 E n c y c lop aed i a of G ar d e n i ng 9
whit n nu l O ft en grown under t he name O f Koniga maritima
e a a .

There is a v ariega t ed form whi c h is in great favour as an ed g ing

,

plant S xa til e is a yellow fl w d perennial and its va iety m

. a -
o ere , r co

pa c tum is highl y popular f spring bedding l so f ro c keries ; or , a or

t here are other v arieties including a double and a v iegated ar .

cuttings t he p renni l s also by di visi n

,

Propagated by seeds or e a o ,

but maritimum and saxa tile compactum

,

generally propagated ar e
by seeds the former in March or April to flower t he same ye the ar

lat t er in M y or June to flower the following year They

, ,

a t . ar e no

very particul as to soil but do not c e for a heavy w t medium

ar , ar , e .

Amaranthus ( am r an t hus from not and m m was t e a -

a, a
’

zn o ,

lluding t o t he durability Ord Am an t ha c eae) — C auda t us t he

, , ,

a . . ar .

Love lies bleeding ; and hypochondriacus The Prince s Fea t her

,
’
- -

, ,

ar e summer fl w i g hardy annuals and may be sown t f

-
o er n ou o

M l h li sruber s l i cifolius and tri c olor are

,

d oors in spring . e an c o cu a
handsome foliage plants The firs t is t infrequently used sa
, ,

. no a
bedding plan t where ri c h leaf c olour is wanted ; t he o t her tw -
o ar e
more ft en grown in po t s All are raised from seed whi c h should
O .

a ho t bed near a warm house t he seedlings pri c ked O ff

,

be sown on
when they begin t o crowd ea c h other subse quen tly hardened in a
,

c ool house and po tt ed as needed They will appre ciate abundan c e

,

f roo t and a t mospheri c moisture loam wi t h a t hi d f

,

o S oil . : r O

d e c ayed manure and a sprinkling O f sharp sand

,

A m aryllis S B ulbs .
-
ee .

A m erican Blig h t — The Woolly Aphi s S chi zoneura l anigera

atta c ks v ious trees but prin c ip l ly Apples whi c h i t O ft en damages
, ,

ar a

seriously in part by its dire ct ac t ion in par t by preparing t he

, ,

g ound for t hat fell scou ge cank er It fastens i t self t he ro t s

, ,

r r . on o
as well s the bran c hes and young trees bough t in should l ways
,

a on a
b examined to make sure tha t there none O f the woolly tuft s
,

e ar e

on them The inse c t is really a brownish aphis whi c h has the

.

power O f covering its colonies with fluff It pierces the bark and
,

extracts t he j ui c e Fem l es bring forth living young in summer . a ,

and lay eggs in autumn ; the former are termed viviparous In .

c se O f a light atta c k a part O f the tree easi ly ac c essible paraffi n

a S on
Oil methylated spi i t s may be applied with a small brush
,

or r e xe r
c ising c e to bri ng t he fluid to bear di ectly the bodies f the
,

ar r on o
insec ts In t he c ase O f bad attacks
. large trees t his method is on
impracticable The firs t step should be to apply water l one in a
. a
powerful pray preferably th ough a hose pipe in order to wash
S r -

away the fluff and expose the bodies O f the aphides Then a
, ,

p affin emulsion may be applied and this can be made by boiling

ar

I pi nt O f good sof t soap in I qu t f water stirring in pint O f

,

ar O

paraffin i l dire c tly it is t aken O ff t he fire and t hen churning up by

,

means O f a syringe in 6 gallons f wa t er Apply t hrough a knap

,

O .

sack sprayer spraying syringe This may be pu t on whil e t he

or .

trees are in leaf If the trouble c ontinues use the following as a .

wi nter spray
lb soft soap 5 pints paraffin i l
. g l lons sof t water (s O I O a ee
I
, ,

, 3 below) ;
2 , lb caustic soda (s 4 below) 2 . ee .

I D issolve the soft soap in I gallon f water

. O .
 I O E nc y c lop ed i a of G ar d e ning
2 Add the paraffin O il and bea t up
. .

3 Pump t hrough a pray nozzle and churn up the emulsion

. S .

4 D issolve the soda in 9 gallons f rain water

. O .

5 Add the emulsion and apply

. .

In c ase O f trouble from Ameri c an blight the roo t s f on 2 o z. o

bisulphide O f c arbon may be for c ed into t he soil f t from the s t er
,

2 . n,

avoiding the roots in early summer by means of a Vermorel inj e ct or

, , .

A merican C wsli p S D ode c atheon o .

-
ee .

Ameri c an Cress— S Ki tc hen G den— S alads ee ar .

Amp l psis Virginian Creeper ( m p l Op sis from mp l s a v ine

e o ,
a e -
a e o ,

and pssresemblance O rd A m p l i d ) The common Virginia

, ,
'

o z . . e e ae .
-
n:
Creeper Ampelopsis quinquefolia hedera c ea is a well known
,

or -

plan t which is rightly falling into desuetude It is rank coarse

, ,

and la c ks t he beautiful c olour f Veit c hii now c alled by botanists

, , ,

Vi t is i s The lat t er is a fine natural climber giving ri c h

,

s
t n c on an .

t in ts before losing its leaves in au t umn It hould always b

,

. S e
planted in preference to t he c ommon Propaga t ed prin cipally by .

c u ttings whi c h may be inserted in a greenhouse in S eptember .

The plant will grow almost anywhere and mos t soils suit it
,

, .

Anagallis ( g all is) — Pretty plants mostly grown as green

an a -
.

house annuals Li i f l i blue I ft high blooms freely in t h

,

. n o a, . e
greenhouse in summer The varie t y B reweri is O ften Offered by
, ,

seedsmen These may be raised from seed in spring in t he green

.

house pricked ff and subsequently potted S oil 3 parts loam

O , . : ,

I leaf mould and 1 part sand will suit them

,

, .

An chusa (an c hu s from k s a c osmetic O rd B g i -

a, ) anc ou a, . . ora n e ae .

Hardy annuals biennials and perennials f whi c h Itali c a a blue

-
o
flowered perennial blooming in summer and t he D ropmore v ariety
, , , ,

are t he most popular The latter is very rich in c olour and should
, , ,

be preferred t o t he type The An c husas are vigorous growers d . an

should not be given manure Propagated by division in au t umn
,

or spring by roo t c uttings in pring by seeds sown in summer

,
S , or

to g ve flowers the following year

i .

Andr med a ( d Om eda a c lassical name Ord E ri c aceae)

o an r -
. . .

The number f species in this genus has been greatly redu c ed by

,

O
bo t anis t s who have transferred t hem to other genera This applie s .

t o t he best known fl i b d which is now c alled Pieris fl i b d

,

or un a, or un a

t M t I t
,

( see he B t i l g i It
o a n cagrows 3 o 6 ft high
a andaz n e , . .

bears whi t e flowers in spring Of the rest t he most popular is

,

polifolia whi c h grows abou t a foot high has pink flowers June
,

in

and c oloured foliage in au t umn They like a well drained soil f

, ,

. O

sandy pea t and a sheltered position Propagated by layers in .

au t umn or by seeds ,
.

And r sace ( andr os a

o from man and sk sbu c kler form ce a n e r, a o ,

f an t her Ord Prim ula c eae) — Charming littl e rockery plan t s O f

, , ,

O . . ,

which c arnea 3 ins high pink flowers summer ; lanuginosa 9 ins . , In , .,

rose summer ; sarmen t osa 4 ins pink spring ; and villosa 4 ins
,

.,

rose spring ; are four of the bes t Ch m b yi resembles sarmentosa

, , , ,

. u .

Propaga t ed by division in spring or by c uttings inser t ed in sandy

,

soi l in a fram e in summer S oil peat with a liberal admixture O f

,

. : ,
 E n c y c lop aedi a O f G ard e ning I I
‘

sand and mortar rubbish They t hrive best in positions among .

stones where they get plenty of roo t but lit t le overhead mois t ure .

S mall s q uares f glass should be fixed for throwing fi rain in win t er

O O .

A n m ne Wind Flower ( an em
e o ,
from m s wind growin g -
ou e -
ane o

in exposed pla c es Ord R anun c ula c eae) — S B ulbs

, , ,

. . . ee .

Angeli c a ( angel i c a named from i t s medi c in l virtues Ord-

a . .

Umbelliferae) —S Kit c hen Garden— Herbs

,

. ee .

Ang raecu m ( g aé m from gm k Malay term f epiphy t a lan r -

Cu an e or
O rchids O d Or c hida c eae ) — Tropi c al Or c hids several f whic h
, ,

. r . . O

bo t h beauti ful and fragrant ; i t t m a dwarf species wi t h

,

ar e c ra u

lemon c oloured flowers is parti cularly sweet Falcatum whi t e

,

, . , ,

very dwarf is l so perfumed E b m } ft high white ;

a d . u rn e u 1 . an

sesquiped l e ft high w i t h white flowers in wi nter and spring

, , ,

a 2 .

are popular pecies The la tt er wi t h its long spur is particularly

, , ,

S .

quain t and interesting Propagated by offsets in pring C ro c k s

, ,

. S .

and S phagnum moss should be used instead O f soil The small .

kinds are general ly grown in baskets and the larger pots They In .

love a moist warm t emperature and in large es t ablishmen t s

,

are

grown in the E ast Indian house in which a high temperature and a

, ,

saturated atmosphere are main t ained The air may be kept

,

. a
little drier when the plants are flowering but arid conditions ar e
fatal t o t hem when they are making their growth
,

Ang ul a ( angul o from Angulo a S paniard Ord Orchidaceae)

o -
a, . . .

These handsome O r c hids do well in an in t ermedia t e house

,
'

-
z.e
with a win t er t empera t ure f 55 to At tha t season the y
,
°
one O

may be kept fairly dry and a satura t ed a t mosphere must be a v oided

while t hey
,

in bloom in pring but while they are making thei

ar e S r
grow t h in summer they enj oy abundance f root and atmospheric
,

mois t ure They shoul d be grown in crocks and S phagnum moss

. .

S oil is not required Cl w s

ii } f t high yellow is perhaps t h . o e I a . e
bes t known species ; bu t R k i % ft c rimson and yellow
, , ,

-
uc er I .,

é t c ream are also es t eemed

,

and i fl There are several

,

un f ora, I . .

varieties f b ot h t hese spe c ies Propaga t ed by division

, ,

O . .

An als — Annuals are plants whi c h complete their l i f y l

nu . e ~c c e,
from germination t o seed ripening w i t hin a year N experien c ed -
. O
gardener will negle ct t he annuals be c ause t hey will hav
,

fl w
o er -
e
proved t heir wor t h to him B ough t in t he firs t pla c e very cheaply
,

t hey will have show n that under a very simple system of c ul t ur e

,

they are c apable O f giving beautiful displays over a long period .

Cert ain O f t he annuals no t ably China As t ers Ten week S tocks , ,

-

Phlox D rummondii Godetias Clarkias and S weet Peas are indeed

,

amongs t t he most v aluable of all garden plan t s yet they c an b

, , , , , ,

e
bloomed from seed in a few we eks They give beau t y O f flower
,

neat habit long dura t ion and in some c ases deli c ious perfume
,

For garden purposes it is convenient t o divide t he annuals into tw

, ,

o
se ctions hardy and half hardy the former being so w n t f -

ou o
doors where t hey are to bloom the latter in a greenhouse or fram
, ,

e
and t ransplan t ed
,

S w i g h dy
o n l s— Hardy annuals may be used f
ar formin g
an nu a or
beds or for patches in herbaceous and other borders I t is t
, . no
1 2 G ard e ning
E n c yc l o p ze d i a O f
o ften perhaps that a whole bed is given up to a colle ct ion O f hardy
nnu l s but t here is no reason h y it should not be done Wi t h
, ,

a a w .

tall things like S wee t Peas and th beautiful pink Lavatera towards
,

e
t he centre and dwarfer ki nds like Godetias N st ti ms Clarkias a ur u

Larkspurs Love i mist Poppies and Mignonette near the fron t

, , , ,

-
n a - -

a bed O f annuals would be really beautiful I n such a case they

, , , ,

should be so wn in groups The ground should be well dug and .

may hav e a dressing O f manure if poor ; but it is easy t o make soil

,

t oo rich for annuals and if t he mould is fertile some burnt refuse

d a handful O f superphosphate per square yard will be preferable
,

an

t o dung The surface may be left lumpy when digging and raked
.

d o wn fine j us t before sowing As the seed O f many kinds is sm l l

,

. a

i t is particularly ne c essary t o prep e a fine til th E arly April is a

,

ar .

good t ime to s if t he wea t her is fav ourable Thought should be

ow .

given to space I t is t pruden t t o s patches f different kinds

. no ow O
O f plan t s wi t hin a foot f ea c h other making no allowan c e for their O

d evelopmen t R emember t hat even if only a small quanti t y O f seed

,

is sown there may be 5 plan t s in each patch As a safegu d 0 . ar

against c rowding which preven t s t he different kinds from being

well displayed and is bad f or t he individuals every dis t inct kind
,

hould be sown in a ring as far from its neighbour as that plan t

, ,

s
grows high (s table below) The ring system of sowing is prefer
ee .

a ble t o a broadcas t pat c h because it gives a defined area for ea c h

kind and at the same t ime redu c es t he labour f t hinning For o .

xample if a ring a foo t a cross is reserved for say a par t i c ular

,

e
v iety O f Godetia and the seed is prinkled thinly in a shallow
, , ,

ar S
ircular drill there is likely to be much less seed used t han if a
,

c
quare foot f ground is sown with the same kind moreover wi t h
,

s o ;
fewer surplus seedlings there will be less thinning out to do Y e t
,

-
.

t h ring O f plan t s will be j ust as fl

e ti as the pat ch It suffi c es e ec ve .

to co v er the small seeded kinds with half an inch O f soil and t he

-

larger with an inch I n thinning act before the plants hav e grown
,

. ,

la rge enough to get tangled and weakly A prelim in y run . ar

o ver with finger and thumb when the seedlings are about an i ch n
high fa c ilitates t he final singling as it giv es a sturdy l t f plants ”
o o
t o c hoose from One some t imes sees 5 annu l s crowding 6 ins
,

. 0 a .

o f ground ; there should o l y be plant that rea Three n one on a . or

four plants will make a better clump in a sm l l ea than a ar 1 00 .

S imil rings t o t hose sown in a bed may be sown in selected posi tions
ar
n ear the fron t O f borders .

S w i g h lf h d y
o n ls
a — A simple method O f raisi g half
-
ar annu a n

h dy annu l s is t o fill some shallow boxes wi t h fine soil about mid

ar a
Mar c h draw shallow drills from ba c k to fron t ins apar t sprinkle 2 .

seed in t hinly and put a small label to each row The boxes
, ,

th e .

may be s t ood
,

a greenhouse sh elf stage

on in a frame If or or .

a ho t bed t he plan t s must be hardened afterwards

,

they are put on

i nan unheated frame As soon as t hey begin t o crowd in the seed .

b xes they must be pri c ked ff 3 ins apart in other boxes kept in a
o O .

ligh t airy pla c e and only wa t ered su fficiently to prevent flagging

,

B y t he t ime t hey begin t o c rowd again t he wea t her will probably

,

be mild enough for t hem to be plan t ed t or t hey may be po tt ed ou ,

singly .
 E n c y c lop e d i a O f G ard e ning I3
S mm
u t tm t
er td
re a s H l f hardy annu l s may be planted
en ou oo r .
-
a -
a
i
n beds used as lines st i groups in mixed borders Aft er t hey e n .

hav e been planted t hey need practi c ally the same trea t ment s
, ,

hardy annuals which hav e been t hinned One point is hoeing .

whi c h is ben e ficial to l l c lasses O f annu l s ; it keeps weeds down

,

a a
and aerates t he soil S t aking will only be needed with a few f
. o
the latter kinds but when plants begin t o sprawl abou t t hey should
be drawn together and supported (s remarks under Flower Garden
,

ee
-
Herba c eous plan t s) If slugs d s i l sare t roublesome freshly an na
slaked lime should be dust ed over the plants a t night Mos t annuals
. . ,

bloom for a longer period t han they would do naturally if t h e

flowers are ga t hered before t hey have t ime t o ripen t heir seeds .

GOO D HA RD Y A NN UALS
N ME A C L U O O R.
umbella t a
.

Ab ronI a

Agrost emma coronaria

Alyssum S weet ,

Asperula azurea setosa

B art onia aurea
C l endula Prin c e O f Orange
a

Candytuft Whi t e S pir l

,

, a

carmine
C n tran thus macrosiphon
e

Ch ysanthemum inodorum
r ,

B rid l R obea white

Ch ysan t hemum E vening S t ar yellow
r
Morning S t ar primrose
,

B id g m crimson white and

urr e an u , ,

yellow
Clarkia elegans double s l mon
, a
pink
Fi refly orange red
m gina ta ar rose d whi t e an
dwarf pink pink
C llinsia bi c olor
o lil ac and whi t e
d id is
sim
c an whi t e a

Coll omia cocc inea orange

Con volvulus major v ious ar
m nor v arious
i

C oreopsis coronat a yellow

D rummondii brown and yellow
Cor flower Victoria
n blue
E rysimum k s m
,

ar yellow
an an u

E sc hscholtzia croc ea orange

R ose Cardin l rose a
B uto c a vis c ida blue
Gamolepis Tagetes yellow
Gil ia dichotoma whi t e
tri c olor lavender and white
alba
I 4 E n c yc l o p aad i a of G ard e n i ng
ME NA . LU CO O R. FEE T H IG H
yellow
.

Glaucium luteum
p h o e n i c e um orange
Godetia ridesmaid B rose and white
u chess Albany
,

D Of white
Lady Albem rle a c armine
Lady S atin R ose rose
S h mi i fl pleno
c a n or e double rose
Gypsophila elegans
muralis rose
Helichrysum ( E verl sti g) various a n
Iono p s
i d i m a c aule u violet
J a cobaea ( S enecio ) v io s ar u

K au lf s s
u i amelloides a blue crimson
Kochia t i p h il (s c oparia)
,

r co handsome leafage a

Larkspur B utterfly blue

D warf R o c ket
,

various
S tock fl w d v ious -
o e re ar
Lava t era rosea plendens pink S

l ba plendens a White S

Layia elegans yellow

L pt s
e o i ph hybridus on various
Limnan t hes D ouglasi yellow and white
Linaria various
Linum g d i fl m rubrum r an s c arlet oru

L ove i-
n a —mis t s N igella
-
ee

Lo v e lies bleeding
,

- -

Lupinus H tw g ar blue and whi t e

e I

hybridus t i ss c arlet and white a ro cocc ne u

al bus whi te
Malope g d i fl r an ora
M th i l bicornis ( Night —scen t ed
a o a
S t ock )
Mignonette Giant ,

Ma c he t
N astur t ium T m Thumb various o

varie
,

gated leaved -

N astur t ium t all rambl i ng

v r iegated
,

a
leaved v rious a rambling
N m p h i l insignis
e O a blue
whi t e
N igella Miss Jekyll
, blue
Oenothera rosea rose
D mm d nana yellow
ru on II

Phacelia campanularia blue

P oppies double v ious ar
v arious
,

S hirle y
The Mikado rose and white
umbrosum scarlet black spots ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing I S
N ME A LU CO O R.

P latystemon californi c us
.

P ortulaca single ,

double
P ince s Feather
r
’

R udbeckia Golden S unset ,

S alvia Blue Beard

vi t l ia procumbens
,

S an a

S aponaria c l abrica a

Vaccaria
S cab ous large fl w
i ,
d -
o ere
S chi opetalon W l k i
z a er

S ene c io s Jacobaea ee

rose
,

S ilene armeria
pendula pink
c ompacta pink
alba white
S ph enogy S pe c iosa
ne orange
S t ati c e spicata ( Ev erlasting) pu c e
S u w or o w i rose
S unflower double ,
yellow
single yellow
S wee t Peas s special notes , ee

S weet S ultan v rious a

Venus Looki g glass

’
blue n -

Venus N avel wort

’
white -

Virgi nian S tock red white

Viscaria c rdinalis
,

a crimson
o c ulat a pink purple eye ,

Wallflower annual v ious ar

Whi tlavia g d i fl violet
,

r an ora

X eranthemum ( E verlasting) v ious ar

N emophil as S ilenes and S aponarias may be sown

, ,

S eptember to flower in pring S .

GOO D HALF HA RD Y A NN UAL S -

Those marked 1 are good f po t s 9 or .

Those marked are no t true annuals .

N ME C LU
A O O R.

p Acroclinium ( Ev erlasti g)
.

rose t t n , e
Ageratum blue
Antirrhinums v arious
Arctotis grandis whi t e mau v e and , ,

yellow
Ast ers C hina Comet
, v arious,

P Chrysanthemum
flow er ed vario s u

p Asters China D warf Bou q uet

, various
v rious
,

Victoria a
Q illed v arious u
 1 6 E nc y c lop e di a Of G a r d e n i ng
N ME A CO LU
O R. F E ET H IG H .
Asters Chi na Ost i c h Plume
.

, , r
Paeony fl w d -
o ere

p B l sam Camellia fl w
a d -
o ere

c
,

p B ra hycome ( S wan R iver D aisy)

p C arnation Margueri t e ,

p Celosia plumosa aurea

p co cc inea
Cobaea s c andens purple
Cosmea (Cosmos) bipinnata pink w hite
D ian t hus ( Indian Pink )
,

v rious
a

H d d w i gi i e e various
p D ias c ia B b ar era e coral
D imorpho t he c a aurantiaca orange
Eccremocarpus scaber orange rambler
Gaillardia single shades f orange O

v ious
,

double ar

Gil ia c oronopifolia scarlet

Golden Feat her yellow leaves
p Helio t rope lila c mauve
Helip t erum ( E verlas t ing)
,

yellow
Lobelia spe ciosa blue
Maize Japanese S triped v ariegat ed leaves
F c oloured coloured foliage
,

our -

Marigold Fren c h s triped

Afri c an
,

lemon orange
Mar tynia fragrans
,

purple
Mim lus ti g i s u r nu spo tt ed yello w on

cardinalis s c arlet
p N emesia s t m s S tt i ru o a u on various
Mina lobata cream rambler
Ni c o t i an a a ffin i s whi t e
S a n d e r ae shades f red o
Pansy various
Peri lla nankinensis dark foliage
Petunia single v arious
double v arious
,

p
Phlox D rummondii v ious
ar

p Rh odan t he ( E verl s t ing) a pink whi t e

R i c inus Gibsoni
,

dark foliage
p S alpiglossis v ious
ar

1 S c hizanthus
) I to 2

S ta t i c e sinensis yellow and whi t e

sinua t a hybrida mauve white and , ,

yellow
1 to c k Ten w ek
) S e v ious
ar
-

v arious
,

W l l fl w leaved a o er -

Tagetes signa t pumi la a orange

Ve idium l d ln m ca en u ac e u orange
V rbena e
Zinnia single ,

p double
 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ar d e n i ng I
7 .

O r nam t l G s ss A c ollection f ornamental Grasses whi c h

en a ra e .
-
o
will t hrive under the treat men t giv en to h dy annual s as d sc i be d ar e r

above is a good and useful fea t ure f the flower garden Th fol low o . e

ing may be selected Agros t is nebulosa A v ena sterilis B r za max ma : ,

.

i i ,

Era gros t is elegans Hordeum j b t m Lagurus o vat us Pennisetum

,

u a u ,

t t
,

ipa penna a The sprays will be

,

l
on gi st yl m S u h mmg f . c ar or

vases if gat hered before they mature

,

A no m theca Sa B ulbs .
-
ee .

Antennaria — S Flower G den— R o c kery . ee ar .

A nth mis Camomile ( a t hemis from

e th m a flower O d n -
an e on , . r .

Composi t ae ) —S howy border plan t s thriving in l mos t any soil

,
,

. a ,

and e sily propagat ed by division in pring Tin c toria the dyer s

,
’
a S . ,

C amomil e is one of the best and there are several v ieties ; they ar

grow abou t f t high and bloom in July Aizoon M y whi t e

, ,

2 . . , a , ,

is pre t ty N obilis the c ommon Camomile h swhi t e flowers

. , , a .

Antheri c um ( th é i m from k k s a hedge and th s a an r -

cu er o . an o

t l l s t ems O rd Liliaceae ) — Graceful plan ts of whi c h

, , ,

fl w
o e rz a . . . ,

Lil i g
a the S t B ernard s Lily ; and L i l i st m the S t B runo s
o, .
’
a ru .
’ ’

Lily both growing 8 ins t o f t high and bearing whi t e flowers in

,

I . 2 .

June are t he t wo bes t known There is a large varie t y O f ea c h

, ,

c alled maj or Propagat ed by division f t he root aft er flowering

,

. O .

A fer tile wel l drained soil is desi able They -

hardy and may r . ar e ,

be plan t ed in au t umn or pring

,

S .

Anthurium ( th i m from r a t ail and th s a flower an

‘

II -
r u au a, an o :

t he spadix Ord A i d ) —Handsome s t ove plan t s wi t h larg e

, , ,

. . ro e ae .

leaves and brillian t spa t hes whi c h may be s c arle t crimson rose
,

or

whi t e The bes t known spe c ies are A d m whi c h has a

, , , ,

.
-
n r e an u

s c arle t spa t he and a whi t e spadix ; and S h m w hi c h is all

,

i c erz er an u

s c le t There are many varie t ies f ea c h varying in size and

,

ar . o

c olour Vei t chii and W q m are t he tw

,

. principal orna aro c u e an u o

men t al leaved pe c ies Propaga t ed by dividing t he crowns i

— S . n

spring ea c h por t ion wi t h roo t s a t t he base S oil 3 par t s f pea t . : o

in a fibrous lumpy s t a t e I par t f leaf mould I f S phagnum moss
,

O O

and I in equal proportions f broken cro c ks Char c oal and sand

, , , ,

O .

The po t s mus t be t horoughly drained wi t h abundan c e f crocks

, ,

O .

The plan t s enj oy moisture and a good de l f water should be a O

given t hroughou t t he summer bo t h a t the roo t s and in t he a t mo
,

sphere This c ombined wi t h o cc asional repot t ing as needed and

,

a t empera t ure with a nigh t minimum O f

, ,

will i nsure free and

heal t hy growth S hade is required during h t sunshine In . o .

win t er a tempera t ure less will su ffice and less wa t er wi ll be 10

°
,

needed .

Antirrhinum S napdragon ( t i h i num from ti like and hi an rr -

an r n,
a snout in re f eren c e t o t he form f t he flowers Ord S p h
, , , ,

O . . c ro u

as represented by i ts beau tiful

,

l i — Antirrhinum maj us
ar a c e a e
) .

modern ffspring has developed into a fl i st sflower and t he

,
’
O or

varie ties are grown under spe c ial names like R o sesand S w e t Peas
, ,

e .

The plant is espe cially es t eemed in S c o t land where mu c h good

,

work has been done in developing the flower Varie ties f one
,

. o
colo r only are pro c urable su c h as crim s
u on rose yellow and whi t e ; , , , ,

B
1 8 E n c y cl op e di a of G ar d e n i ng
and these are suitable f groups and masses But there are also or .

beautiful forms with flaked and s triped flowers A bed f these is . o

both bright and i nter sting The type which has pink flow ers e . ,

g ows about ft high There is a dwarf strain c l led the T m

,

r 2 . . a o
Thumb whi c h only grows about 9 ins high Compact strains . .

between the tw can be got and they are perhaps th mos t useful f
,

o e o
all The v alue f the S napdragons lies almost as mu c h in their
,

. o
long period f blooming and their adaptability to nearly all kinds
o
They grow con t inuously for
,

O f soil as in their beautiful flowers

, .

sever l mon t hs and almost every li tt le side shoot forms flower

a
buds They will t hri v e in shallow chalky soil ; and they will
,

luxuriate in c ool clay Propagated by seeds and cut t ings I t is

,

. .

always well t o raise some from seed because if care is taken to get
it from a well know florist good new v ie t ies are q uite likely to
, ,

-
n ar
appear If sown in a greenhouse or frame in February March
,

. or
the seedlings pricked O ff and kept sturdy by being grown close to
,

the glass and given plenty O f air the plants will be in flower before
midsummer Cuttings may be inser t ed in sandy soil in a frame in
,

summer autumn It is wise t o insert a few cut t ings f any

or . o
spe cially good variety that c omes from seed in order to make sure
f increasing a true s t o c k f it
,

O o .

Ants— Gardeners dislike an t s among t heir plants because

whether they do any dire ct inj ury t they cer t ainly encou age
,

or n o r
phides They probably do dire c t swell as ind i re c t inj ury p t i
,

a . a ar

l l y to frui t s The best means O f redu cing t heir numbers is to

,

c u ar .

trap t hem with old bones or wi th pie c es O f sponge smeared wi th

t rea c le ; boiling wa t er will do the rest
,

Paraffin il also disturbs . O

them .

A p hi d es ( green and o t her plant fl i s ) Aphides su c king flies e .

-
or
are famili t o all g deners because
ar spe c ies or ano t her a t tacks
ar on e

almos t every lass f plant The green fly f R oses S olanums

,

C o . o ,

Tulips and other plants ; t he bla c k fly of As t ers and B road B eans ;

,

the blue fly f Plums are all forms f aphis If t he aphides are

,

O O .

allowed t o mul t iply they speedily in crease to su c h an ex t en t as to

,

a l l bu t smo t her t he plan t s t hey a tt a c k and t heir rapidi t y f in c rease o

is such t ha t a few indi viduals soon grow to as many thousands
,

F or t his reason it is wise to at tack them dire ct ly they are seen and "

for t unately they are easy t o kill Those w h are t roubled with . o

aphides in glass s tru ct ures will find t ha t fumigat ing wi t h f the on e o

vaporisers whi c h are sold in various sizes t sui t large and o

small houses by nurserymen seedsmen and dealers in hor t i c ultural

sundries provides a ready and inexpensive means O f keeping them
, ,

down An ounce f washing soda dissolved in a g l lon O f wa t er

,

. O a

heated up t o I 5 forms a simple des troyer whi c h may be syringed

0
°

to O u t door plants t hrough gloved hands A de c oc t ion f quassia

,

on . o ,

made by soaking a handful O f quassia ch ips in a gallon f wa t er will o ,

also des t roy aphides Various proprie t ary washes are adver t sed .
i

for the purpose and may be applied a cc ording t o t he dire ct ons

,
i

supplied with them .

A p n g t n ( p g é t from p water (C eltic) and g i t

o o e o a ono -
on, a on , , e on ,

ne i gh b g w i
ou rzg ear water )ro S Flower Garden
n
—n Water -
ee .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g I
9
A p pl — S Fruite ee .

A pri c t — S Fruit o ee .

A quati c Plants— S Flower Garden— Water ee .

A q uil g ia C olumbine ( aqu i l e gia from

e q il an eagle ( al t er -
a u a,

nat ively from q i l g sa w ater c olle ct or ) O rd R anun c ula c eae )

, ,

a u e u -
. . .

The gra c eful C olumbine is one f t he most popular of hardy herba

,

c eou sflowers and t here are few g dens in whi c h i t is t represented ar no .

The maj ori t y are bes t suited for borders bu t a few are well adapted
,

for t he rockery The following are a few f the prin c ipal spe c ies
,

. o
and hybrids alpin a c harming blue ro c kery plant I ft high ; : a, . .

c aerulea 5 t 8 ins blue and whi t e ; c aerulea hybrida 8 to 3

,

1 o I ., 1 0
ins obtainable from seedsmen gives a variety f c olours and the
, ,

flowers have long spurs ; c h ysan t ha 3 ft yellow ; glandulosa

, ,

r .,

blue lila c and whi t e I f t an exquisi t e bu t shor t lived plan t t ha t

, ,

needs frequen t renewal and of whi c h there are several pre tt y

, , ,

varie t ies ; pyrenai c a blue and lila c onl y a few in c hes high suitable
,

for t he ro c kery ; ibiri c a t o ins blue good for ro c kwork ;

, , ,

S IO 12 .,

ft red green and yellow and S t ti 9 ins blue and

, ,

Ski nner i 2 u ar

whi t e a c harming hybrid The C l i m bi sbegin t o flower very

, , , , ,

. o I ne

early O ft en being in bloom i M y and they c ontinue f a long

,

n a or

period They are useful f c u t ting Propaga t ed by seeds sown

, ,

. or .

in June transplan t ed in Augus t and flowering the following year

,

Also by division S oil t he s t rong kinds will t hrive in almos t any

, ,

. :

soil from c lay t o halk The weaker ones like glandulosa pyre C .

naica and S t ti should have a ligh t warm well drained loam

, , ,

, u ar , , ,
-
.

Ara bis Ro c k C ress (a —abis O rd Cru c iferae) — Very c heap and r . . .

easily grown plan t s flowering ff and in mild spells t hroughou t

,

O on

the win t er bu t at t heir bes t in pring when t hey grow rapidly and
,

bloom as t hey extend They are charming in t he ro ckery in bulb

, , ,

beds at t he fron t f mixed borders and at t he edge f basins f

,

o o o
aquatic plants Alpina and albida both white fl w d and mu c h
, ,

.
-
o ere

alike but the former a li tt le dwarfer and more c ompact than t he

,

lat ter are t he tw prin c ipal spe c ies ; bu t the newer double whi t e
,

varie t y fl pleno bids fair t o ou t do bo t h in publi c es t eem I t is

,

ore .

very gra c eful having long spikes f bloom and lasts well Lu c ida
, ,

O .

variega t a whi c h has pre tt y green and yellow leaves is also a useful
, ,

Arabis A b i t i i d shas large pink flowers Alba variegat a

, ,

. u r e o e .

has a white edg d leaf The single varie t ies are propaga t ed by seed
-

sown ou t doors in M y June for flowering t he following season ;

.
,

a or

by c u tt ings by d ivision aft er flowering ; t he double by c u tt ings

or

whi c h may be taken from t he c lumps after flowering and s tru c k

, ,

in sandy soil in a frame or in a shady spo t t of doors They grow

,

ou .

well in all soils and no spe c ial provision need be made

,

, .

Aralia ( a lia Ord Aralia c eae) — Handsome foliage plants

ar -
. . .

some hardy o t hers requiring a greenhouse stove The most

,

or .

popular pe c ies Japoni c a S ieboldii (now called Fa t sia Japonica

,

S or

by bo t anis t s) is mu c h es t eemed as a greenhouse and room plant

,

being grown for i t s large dark g een deeply cu t leaves E l g ti s

, ,

r -
. e an
ima and V t h g i l l i m are t w beautiful sor t s bu t they
, ,

S eI c II r ac a o
re quire a warm house The same remark applies to K h
,

. erc o v e an a
 2 O E n c y c lop e d i a of G a r d e n i ng
and R egi nae R ac mosa i s h dy Japonica and most of the
. e ar .

indoor species are propagated by cuttings O f ripe wood preferably

in bo t tom heat ; Veit c hii g i l li m by graft ing ; ra c emosa by
,

rac a

division S oil 3 parts loam I leaf mould I peat } part sand

. : , , , 7 .

Ar u c aria ( au ca ria from the Arau c anos tribe Ord Coniferae )

a ar -
. .

—A large genus f Conifers whi c h embraces the well known Monkey

, .

o -

Puzzle imbri c ata f t he few re l ly hardy kinds and a con

,

one O a
O t O E
, , ,

S p i
cu ou s bj ec in the pleasure grounds f many places xcelsa .

is t he most important of t he greenhouse spe c ies and i t has se v eral

varieties su c h as glau c a G l d i and variegat a They make
,

o e an a , .

nice tabl plan t s All are evergreens Propagated by cu tt ings

, ,

e . .

t he tops f plant s bei g firs t s tru c k and then the shoots whi ch s t t
,

o n ar
from t he l d stumps ; they root readily in sandy loam and leaf
,

o
mould in a g eenhouse if kep t shaded S oil 3 parts loam I leaf
r . :

mould par t sand f the p t plan ts The Monkey Puzzle is t

,

or o . no

very fas t idious but does bes t in a deep well drained loamy soil
,

,
.
, ,

Ar b r vit e (Thuya) Cheap hardy and easily gro w n ever

o a .
-

greens O ften used f hedges as well as for individual e ffe c t When

, ,

or .

plan t ed for forming hedges t hey should be i nsert ed abou t 9 ins

, ,

apart They
. t qui t e so cheap as Prive t and Thorn but have
ar e n o
a li ttle more distinc t ion The Ameri c an Arbor vitae ( Thuya i
,

. occ

den t alis) is t he spe c ies most largely used for this purpose P p . ro a

ga t ed by seeds c u tt ings Almost any soi l t hat is deep sb st

or . u an

t ial and well drained will sui t S l s Tl y

,

,
. ee a o Iu a.

Ar bour S Flower Garden — S ummer houses

.
-
ee -
.

Arbu tus S trawberry Tree ( b tus from b i s (Cel t i c) referring ar

’

II -
ar o e ,

t o t he rough fruit Ord E ricac eae) — Arbutus Unedo is a hand

, ,

. . .

some evergreen shrub growing from 8 t o 5 f t high and bearing 1 .

whi t e flowers S e t ember whi c h are followed b y s c arle t f ui t s

, c ,

in p r

somewha t resemblin g S trawberries There are pink and red

,

fl w d v arie t ies O f i t I t is hardy o ere .

generally speaking t hough it may be

,

inj ured in severe win t ers if planted in

,

an exposed pla c e in a c old distri ct .

Propagat ed by seeds sown in spring .

Warm well drained peaty soil is de ,

-

sirable .

Ar c hes S Flower Garden . ee

Ar c hes .

Arctoti s( tO—tis from k t sa b ar ar c ar o e

and s an ear shaggy frui t Ord
, , ,

ou : . .

Annuals Hal f
,

Compositae) S . ee

hardy .

Areca —S Ch ysli d p s . ee r a o c ar u .

Ar naria (aren a ria from sand e -

a re n a , .

c
,

A pl i g l isd ia van h Ord Caryophylla

w re ar c
eae ) S Flower . . ee

Garden R o c kery
a n e .
— .

Arist l chia B irthwort ( i st l O chia from i st s best and

o o , ar o -
ar o
par t uri t ion Ord Aris t olochia c eae ) — S ingular climbers
, , ,

I h i
oc e a, . . . ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 2 1

some e v ergreen others de c iduous ; some hardy o t hers tender One ,

.

f t he bes t known is S ipho the D ut c hman s pipe a hardy

,
’
o ,

c limber with curious brown and yellow flowers la t e in spring and

,

with handsome foliage The mos t remarkable f t he indoor spe cies . O

is gigas S t t ti i a stove c limber with an immense greyish

u r e v an
flower furnished wi t h a long t ail Propaga t ed by c uttings O f young
,

wood with a heel preferably in a propagating c ase S oil 3 par t s . :

loam ea c h decayed manure and leaf mould sand f t he indoor

,

1 , , or

kinds ; ordinary garden soil for S ipho

,

Armeria (Thrift) S Flow er Garden— R ockery .

-
ee .

A rne bia Prophet Flower ( arn e bia Arabi c name Ord B g i -

. . ora
— Arnebias c ornu t a and e c hi oides are pre tt y dwarf plan t s
, ,

n ac e ae ) . ,

sui t able for the frame and borders or for ro c kwork The former . ,

whi c h grows 8 ins high and has yellow flowers in July is an

,

1 . ,

annu l and may be grown from seed sown under glass in spring
,

a .

It likes a loamy grit t y well drained soil E l i Oi d sgrows abou t

,

-
. C I e

9 ins high is a perennial and has yellow flowers wi t h five black do t s

, ,

marks f Mahome t hen c e the name Prophet Flower) in late

. , ,
”
o
pring ; the spots fade as t he flowers age I t is propaga t ed by
,

S .

cut t ings pie c es f root in s pring in h eat It t hrives in any good

or O .

soil if not d v r

Arr whead — S Flower Garden — \Vater

o ee .

Arti c h k — S Ki tc hen Garden

o e ee .

Ar ti fi cial Manures — S Manures . ee .

Arum (a um from r an E gyp t ian word Ord A i d )

-
a ro n . . ro e ae .

The Arums are distinguished by singular flowers resembling t hose

, ,

of t he Arum Lily in form and in some c ases by marked leaves

,

I t alicum which grows abou t 8 ins high and produ c es greenish

,

1 .

white flowers in April is perhaps the best known spe c ies I t has
, ,

-
.

variegated leaves and is hardy Ma c ula t um wi t h its poisonous

,

scarle t au t umn berries is t he native Cu c koo pint P l sti m

, ,

. a ae nu

S an ct um sometimes called t he B la c k C alla requires greenhouse

,

or

c ultiva tion C ornutum is t he s c alled Monar c h f the E ast

, ,

. o -
o .

The flowers are red spotted wi t h bla c k ; and the stems are spo tt ed .

It should be kept dry in winter and needs protection from fros t

,

Crinitum has immense red po tt ed flowers and marked s t ems

,

S .

D ra c un c ulus has mo tt led stems large leaves and purplish flowers

,

Propagat ion is by division in spring A y good mois t garden soil

, ,

. n

sui t s ; nearly all are the be t ter for li tt er over t he roo t s in win t er
,

Ar m Lily — This plant whi c h is remarkable for its beautiful

u .

whi t e spa t he is grown under v arious names such as Lily f t he N ile

,

C alla ae t hiopica R ichardia ae t hiopi c a and R Afri c ana The last

, , ,

. .

now the a cc ep t ed bo t anic l name Although t he plan t will some

, ,

is a .

times pass the win t er ou t f d oors unharmed it is t hardy and is o no

almos t universally grown for flowering in win t er and spring It is
,

par t i c ularly in demand for hur c h de c oration at E aster There are C .

several garden varie ties f it notably Ch il d si and g d i fl O an a r an ora ,

which are very large ; Lit t le Gem a minia t ure form ; Pearl f S tu t t
,

, o
gart dwarf ; and The Godfrey another miniature form All
, , . ar e
2 2 E n c y c lop e di a O f G ard e ning
white There are also t w yellow Arum Lilies namely E l l i tti
. 0 o an a

and P tl d ii The la tt er has dark green leaves with reddish

, ,

en an .

petioles Bo t h sorts are beau t iful bu t mu c h more expensive than

.

t he white Propagation is by division

,

. fi stsin spring S oil or o

‘
e . :

3 par t s loam par t de c ayed cow manure f p t sand The Arum

1 l
g
ar .

L i lies are f t en plan t ed t the garden summer and potted up

, ,

O ou in In

abou t t he middle f S ep t ember They will do a minimum winter

,

o . In

temperature O f 4 5 bu t re quire more hea t for early win t er bloom .

Ar ndinaria ( u d i a ia from d a reed O rd Gramineae)

ar u n n r -

arun o, . . .

— A genus f B amboos several f whi c h no t ably F l i 6 to 8 f t

,

O o a coner .

high green foliage ; Hindsii 8 to f t Japonica 6 to 8 ft ( also

, , ,

12
known as B ambusa Me t ake)
, , , .

i m to 4 ft ; humilis 3to 4 ft ; au r c o a, 2 . .

and nobilis 8 to f t are hardy S imoni and i t s variega t ed form

,

10 .

are v ery handsome but are no t quite hardy Fal c ata and Vei t chii
,

require a greenhouse Like the o t her tw genera O f B amboos

,

. o
B ambusa and Phyllos t c hys the Arundinarias are the be t ter for
,

shel t er when grown t f doors as they are liable to be severely

,

ou O

cut by cold winds They do bes t in a mois t c limate When they

,

. .

have flowered t hey die Propaga t ion is by division S oil loam . . : ,

peat and leaf mould , .

Arund Grea t R eed ( o, do from d a reed Ord a r II n

‘

-
a ru n o, . .

Gramineae) —Arundo c onspi c ua with its fine silky white panicles

,

whi ch m y rise t o 8 ft high in August is no mean riv al to the

, , ,

a .

Pampas Grass It looks bes t in a bed grass near water D onax

,

. on .

is s t ill t aller O ften attaining to ft Al t hough t he pani c les are 12 .

reddish a t first they fade ff white There is a dwarf v ie t y f

,

o . ar o
t hi s called versi c olor whi c h has v ariega t ed leaves Propagation is
,

by seeds division in pring Any c ool moist garden soil suits ;

,

or S . ,

a t hin dry soil is not good, .

Ash ( Fraxinus) —The Ash is f t he best known f timber. one O o

trees but is es c hewed as a garden tree owing to the greed f the o

roots whi h run all over t he place and rob t he c rops Fraxinus
, ,

c .

Americana is t he White Ash F E xcelsior the C ommon Ash and

,

F O rnus t he Manna Ash There are several v arie t ies of ea c h The

, ,

. . .

wood f Ash is tough and elas t i c ; gardeners like i t f the handles

o or

o f t heir to ls Propaga t ion is by seeds in spring for the species by

o .

grafti g for the varie t ies Any soil

,

n . .

Ash M nt in ( R owan ) — T hi s is quite distinc t from the ordinary

ou a .

h and belongs to a differen t genus Pyrus pe c ies Au c uparia

,

As — S .

It sa very handsome tree and is great demand for garden plan t

, ,

I in

a c count f its pret t ily c u t foliage and s t ill more on account

,

ing on o

f t he bright orange berries which i t bears in autumn It does no t

, ,

o .

as a rule grow t o very large dimensions ; a tree 5 f t high is a good

,

2 .

spe c imen There are several varie t ies ; one with yellow frui t is
,

c alled f t lu t eo ; others are distinguished by parti c ularly erect

, ,

ru c u -

or pendulous habi t by v ariega t ed foli ge Al t hough i t loses i t s or a .

leaves in au t umn the Mountain Ash should not be overlooked when

,

trees are being chosen for the garden ; and i t will grow in most soils
,

A s p rag s ( culinary) — S
a Kitchen G rden
u . ee a .
 E nc yc lop e d i a of G ard e n i n g 2
3
As p ar g s — rnamental
a u ( p a agus from sp os s to tear in aS r -
ara o,
allusion t o the pri c kles on some kinds Ord Liliaceae) — The
, ,

. . .

ordinary Asparagus of t he kit ch en garden is some t imes pressed in t o

servi c e for ornamental purposes in i t s season and o ther spe c ies are
stil l more ornamen t al apar t from t he fa c t that they are available at
,

di ff erent periods P l m ssand its variety nanus are par t i c ularly

,

. u o u
esteemed for c u t ting as they are gra c eful and lasting Popularly .

know n as Asparagus fern t hey riv l the Maidenhair in favour f

,
”
a or
associating wi t h c u t flowers S p g i and i t s v ariety v ariegat us
,

. ren er
are c h ming basket plan t s ; t f t sis also good f t his pur
ar r e ro rac u or
pose Verti c illa t us is a gra c eful vigorous spe c ies sui t able f grow
. or

ing up a pill under glass and bears abundan c e O f red berries

,

ar .

Medeoloides is t he plant popularly c alled S milax whi c h grows

,

freely when t back annually trained to perpendicular s trings in

,

ou ,

a warm house and syringed All f those named will succeed in a . o

warm greenhouse in a compos t f loam and leaf soil ( equal parts)
,

wi t h sand They may be raised from seed and division f t he roo t s

. o .

A s p n — T hi s tree is a pe c ies f Populus ( tremula

e . trembling S o or
The name comes from t he Anglo S axon sp Owing
,

P pl )
O ar .
-
ae e.

to the pe t iole of t he leaf being flattened at right angles to t he plane

O f the leaf near t he blade a ver ligh t wind sfli st o move it ; c on y u
‘
ce
se quen tly t he leaves are in mo t ion when other foliage is still I t is
,

a g od tree to plan t in damp places There are several varieties f

,

o . O
it in cluding a weeping form
, .

A s p r l a ( asp er ula from s

e u p rough Ord R ubiaceae
-

) —The a er, . . .

most us ful spe c ies is azurea se t osa whi c h is commonly grown as

,

e
an annual (s Annuals) I t has blue flowers in summer and grows
,

ee .

about a fo t high The whi t e fl w d B ritish p l t called S weet

,

o .
-
o e re an
W od fi is Asperula odorata Hir t a forms a whi t e carpe t in July
o ru . .

Asp h delus Asphodel ( sp h Od l s asp h d l from no t and

o a -
e u -
o e a,

ph l l t o supplan t sugges t ion f surpassing beauty O rd Lilia

, , , ,

s a o, a. O . .

f t he Asphodels are worth in c luding in the

,

— One
c e ae ) . tw or o O
herbaceous border notably ramosus a tall white fl w d plant -
o ere
which blooms in spring and will grow in a shady place A c aulis is
, , ,

a much dwarfer plan t wi t h pink flowers Treat like herba c eous

,

plan t s S Flower Garden

. ee .

As p idistra ( sp i d i stra from spi d i s a shield possibly r fer

a -
a eo n , e
ring t o t he form f the flower whi c h is pushed up dire ct from the
, ,

roo t s and mus t be looked for j ust above t he soil O rd Lilia c eae )
,

, . . .

The popul r Parlour Palm is about the best f all plants for rooms
-
a o
and c orridors as it will endure draughts bet t er t han almos t any
other plant Watering as needed and an o c casional sponging
,

keep i t in good health a long t ime Lurida and i tsform variega t a

, ,

may be grow n S andy loam sui t s t hem Propaga t ed by di vision

. .

in spring at which season t hey should be repotted when t hey need

i t but t ha t is not ften
,

, O .

As pi d iu m ( aspi d ium from spi i a small buckler Ord -

a
'
a on, . .

Fili c es) A genus of ferns to whi c h botanists have now added

,

-
.

C yrtomium and Polysti c hum toge t her with certain minor genera ;
consequen tly the ferns st i ll commonly grown as Polys t ichum
,

,
2 4 of G ard e n i ng E n c y cl op e d i a
aculeatum P angulare and P L hi ti s(respec t ively the H ard . . o nc
now c lassed as
, ,

S hi eld the S oft S hield and the Holly ferns ) ar e

Aspidiums There are several handsome forms f t he first t
, , ,

. o wo
no t bly aculeatum proliferum and angul e g d i p s For
,

a ar r an ce .

cultu e s Ferns r , ee .

As pl eniu m S pleenwort ( p l é nium from no t and spl aS -

a, en ,

ple n in allusion to medi c inal value Ord Filices) A large and

, , ,

S e , . . .
-

imp rtant genus f ferns including kinds suitable f cool and warm
o o or
greenhouses rooms and gardens The Lady Fern once c alled
,

is now c lassed wi t h the S pleenwor ts by

, , ,

Athyrium fili f m i x -
oe na,
botanists The fol lowing the prin cipal spe c ies
. ar e :

Adiantum ni grum the B lack S pleenwort h dy ; acutum is a

-
ar

nice form of i t
, ,

bulbiferum a greenhouse pe c ies which produ c es tiny swarthy S

plan t lets t he fronds by whi c h it can be propagated Fabi
,

on ;
anum and l m are good varie t ies ; bulbiferum is
,

f the ax u one o
b st O f room ferns
e .

Ceterach ( syn C eterach fli i m) t he hardy S c ale fern . o c n ar u .

fal c atum a greenhouse pecies

,

S .

the Lady Fern hardy f whi c h t he following are

,

fil i f m i
x -
oe na, o
i disse ct um and V i t i
, ,

good forms B s : ar n e c or ae .

baske t s
, ,

fl i d m g eenhouse good f
ac c u r or .

N idus t he B ird s nest fern a gra c eful spe c ies requ i ring a warm
, ,
’
—
, ,

greenhouse
Trichomanes the Maidenhair S pleenwort hardy
.

, , .

F culture s Ferns
or , ee .

As ter China (Aster sinensis ) — S Annuals

,
. ee .

As t r Perennial Mi c haelmas D aisy S tarwor t ( as t er from st

e a er,

a s t ar referring t o t he shape f t he original

, , , ,

o
single form Ord Composi t ae) —S Flower
,

. . . ee

Garden— Herba c eous borders .

Astil be ( as til b from no t and sti lb -

e, a, e,

brigh t ness flower no t showy O rd S axi

,

, . .

f g ) This genus would be unim ra ac e ae .

-

por t an t were it no t t ha t it in cludes t he

popular S piraea j aponi c a f whi c h roo t s are o

sold in large quan t i ties by bulb dealers in

,

au t umn for pring bloom It t hrives in t he S .

bulb soil and if giv n plenty f wa t er i t e o

will t hrow up beau tiful whi t e plumes in

,

p m
RO P A G A T p abundan c e I t may be pu t in t o ro ms
G E R E NN I A L . o
A E ( M I H E L M D I Y) when c oming in t o bloom A st il b i d s 3 f t
ST R C A AS A S o e
CU ING
. .
,

BY
high a pring bloomer ; rivularis 4 ft a
TT S '

S
d t d fi h sth summer bloomer good for t he wa t erside ;
, , .,

Th e o te n? S ow e
d p h t ms
and Th b g i f t a pring bloomer are
,
e t o ert '

un er , 2 S ,

all good species with white flowers and may be grown in borders
in mois t pla c es Propagate by division in spring
, ,

. .

Astrag l us Milk Ve tc h ( st ag alus from the Greek Ord

a a r -
. .

Leguminosae ) — A large but t v ery important genus Perhaps

, ,

. no .

m s onp s s l sean everg een trailer

u an u whi c h prod uces purple flowers,
r
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g 2 5
_

in e ly summe i sthe most useful as it can be used for th rock

ar r, e
g den It may be propagated by cu t tings in a cold frame sandy
,

ar . ,

soil being used .

As t n ti a (astr a tia from st

ra st and ti comp ison u -
a r on , ar an ar
al luding t o the arrangement f the umbels Ord Umbelliferae)
, , , ,

o . . .

H dy herbaceous perennials thriving in ordinary well dr i ned

ar -
a
friable soil and propagated by di vision in spring Carniolica with
, ,

w hi t e and maj or with striped flowers are perhaps the most

, ,

es t eemed
, ,

A bri tia R ock Cress ( aubri e tia after M A briet

u e Ord Cruci -
. n . .

ferae) — S plendid dwarf hardy plants for the ro c k garden and f

, ,

. , or
carpeting and margining beds They are evergreen form dense .

t uf ts and are in flower most f the year E asi ly raised from seed
,

o
in June and planted in autumn Any soil D Mules Leichtlinii
, .

. . r.
d s i ) rosea Fire King La v ender H Marshall
, ,

C m p b l l i ( syn H
a e . en er on .

Ll oyd E dwards argentea v iegata and Prich d s A I

, , , ,

, good ar , ar
’
ar e .

See a l s Fl ower Garden— R ockery

o .

Auc ba (afi cuba from the Japanese Ord C ornaceae) — Useful

u -
, . . .

everg een marbled leaf shrubs which wi ll grow in l most any soil
r -
a
in sun or shade in tow
, ,

count y
,

, n or r ,

and be abundance f beautiful

ar o
berries if both kinds are planted .

The sex —fl w s are differen to er on

plants Propagated by cuttings
.

outdoors in spring autumn and or ,

by seeds S l s Flower Garden . ee a o

— S hrubs .

Auri cul a B ear s ( aur i c ula ’

-
e ar -

from t he shape f t he leaf Ord

, ,

o . .

Primulaceae ) — Al t hough t he how . S

or st ge Auricula O f the florists
a

has hard work t o hold its own the ,

border varieties tend to grow in

favour S tage Auriculas have a
.

band of paste round t he tube P G ING AU U B BY C ,

and a margin of green grey L E S U MM E . ,

RO P A AT C AS
R.
U TT I N G S I N

and wh te round the border colour 1Th l

i
l ss h l db m d d
AT

l sst hey h a yellow dark h ow e r e ave ou e re o ve an

i g i s d h d d li
e
un e av e or n e r te to t o tt e
t e cu tt n e ne .

margin in whi c h c ase they are

c alled selfs ; border v ieties double the size and mos tly run
,

ar ar e ,

in shades f yellow primrose cream and white Alpine Auri

O .

culas hav e large flowers and ri c h c olours su c h as viole t plum

, , ,

, ,

purple and blue N lover O f spring flowers hould fail to sow a

,

. o S

mixed pa c ket f Alp i ne and border Auri c ulas every pring If the
,

O S .

s train is good some c harming varieties are sure t o appear Any .

p rticularly good ones can be propaga t ed and kept true by dividing

,

a
t hem aft er flowering and planting t hem t in a cool spot in rich ou
soil These Auri culas well adapted f fi lling a spring bed
,

. ar e or

in company with c oloured Primroses Polyanthuses and Oxl ips , .

They may be planted a foot apar t in autumn The how Auricula

,

. S

is a more delica t e plan t and should hav e frame cul t ure all the year ,
2 6 di a of G ard e ning E n c y c lop e
round The good exhibition varieties increase bu t slowly t here
.

fore t hey are never likely t o be c heap plan t s They are repot ted in
,

late pring when any ffsets which have formed are remov ed and
S O

po tt ed separa t ely t o be grown on into flowering plants A m

,

. co
pos t f loam (4 par t s ) de c ayed manure and leaf mould ( par t
,

o 1
ea c h) and sand is used A sui t able size f po t for t he l d plan t s i s
, ,

. o o
The frame is set to fa c e nor t h f the summer and is fully
,

5i n or
-
.

ventilated In au t umn it is t urned to t he sou t h and watering i s

,

reduced very li t tle being given in winter The plan t s are looked
,

over periodic l ly for louse whi c h is brushed ff and des troyed

,

a o .

The following are good varie t ies G

,

dg d R F D Hom e : re e n e-
e ev. . . r
and John Garrett g y d g d C olonel Ch m p ys and Georg
,

—e
; re e a ne e
d g d A c me and Hea t her B ell
,

R udd hi ; w te -
S lfs Heroine and
e e e

M sPotts A l pi sCelti c King yellow Mas t erpie c e maroon and

, .
,

r . . ne ;
yellow The botani c al name of the Auricula is Primula Auricula
, , ,

. .

A l ea ( a lea from l s dry referring t o t he habi t at O rd

za az -
a za e a . .

E ri c ac eae ) The Azalea is one f t he most brillian t of early fl

, , ,

.
— O -
ow er
ing plan t s It is valuable for t he flower garden (s S hrubs under
. ee

Flower Garden ) and also for t he greenhouse or c onserv a t ory I ts .

c ul t ure as a po t plant is made simple by the skill f B elgian gardeners O

h specialise t he plant j ust as D u tc hmen do Hya c in t hs Ins t ead

,

w o .

O f a bulb however t hey send a plant on a clean stem a few in c hes

long the head f which is well se t with fl
, ,

buds There is a
O ow er -
.

recognised special trade in t hese B elgian Azaleas The ama t eur

,

w h buys t hem through a floris t or bulb dealer is no t asked an

o
exorbitant price He pla c es t he plan t s in a mildly hea t ed house
.

waters t hem when t he pots ring hollow and sees t hem gradually
,

break into a shee t f glowing bloom These li tt le standard Azaleas

,

o .

are very useful for breaking t he uniformity f a fla t s t ageful f O O

dwarf bulbs o t her plan ts and t hey can be brough t in t o t he rooms
or
for spe c ial o cc asions A person with c ommand of t wo
,

more . or

houses can have a suc c ession O f bloom by for c ing some of t hem in
grea t er hea t t han the others Aft er flowering t he blooms hould . S
be pin c hed fi c arefully to avoid inj uring t he grow t h and t he plan t s
o
‘

and make leaves They may h s t ood ou t doors i

,

wi ll grow on . e n

summer and wa t ered as required when t hey will set a fresh l t of o

buds They like a pea t y soil and may be grown successfully
, ,

flow er -
.

in a compost f 3 par t s pea t loam and a good prinkling f sand

,

o 1 S o .

Y oung shoots may be removed as c u tt ings and s tru c k in sandy

, ,

peat under a bell glass in bot t om hea t Graft ing is done in t he -

.

nurseries Good varieties f t he Indian and Chinese sec t ions for

. o

po ts Fielder s white single R eine des Fleurs single salmon

:
’
; ;
B ernard A d e double viole t D euts c he Perle double early whi t e
, ,

n r ; ;
S ouvenir de Prin c e Albert double rose and S imon M d c armine
, ,

; ar n er ,

rose The following are good varie t ies for growing in pea t y soil in
,

t he garden
G l ze n t A z a l e a s
. M ll i sA l s
H ybr i d o za e a .

C omte de Flandre c armine . Alphonse Lav all ee orange .

Madame Thibaut cream An t hony Kos ter yellow

, ,

. .

Uni que yellow D u c hess f Por t land cream and rose

, ,

. o .

Glory O f B oskoop orange

, ,

, .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 2
7
B a bian ( babi a na from b bi
a baboon ( D u t ch) B aboons eat
-
a an er , .

the bulbs Ord I i d ) — S B ulbs R ingens scarle t ; and

,

. . r e ae . ee .

s tri ct a blue and whi t e wi t h the v arie t ies O f the latter are t he most
,

, , ,

popular .

B al m —S . Ki t chen Garden— Herbs

ee .

B ls m Ann l
a a ,
S Annuals— Half hardy
ua .
-
ee — .

Bam busa B amboo ( b m b s from b mb s the Indian n me a

'

II -
a, a o a .

Ord Gramineae) There are t hree grea t genera of B amboos

, ,

. .
-
:
Arundin ia B ambusa and Phyllosta c hys The B amboos
ar . are

gra c eful plants and do well ou t doors in shel t ered pla c es in nor t hern
, ,

climes espe c ially if t he soil is pea t y They do not thrive if exposed

,

t o cold winds They may be propagated by division The follow

,

. .

ing ar e t he prin cipal spe cies arundina c ea aurea nana palmat a .

pygmaea and t essellata Japoni c a and metake are both called

, , , ,

Arundinaria Japoni c a by bo t anis t s now S imoni is c alled A d i

,

. ru n n

aria S imoni Viridi glau c escens is c alled Phyllostachys iridi

.
-
V

glauces c ens .

Bart ni (b tO nia after D B arton Ord Loasaceae) — S

o a ar -

,
r. . . . ee

Annu l s a .

B as i l S
. Ki tc hen Garden— Herbs
-
ee .

Bastar d tr n ching — S Kit c hen G den and S oil

e ee ar .

B an s— S Ki t chen Garden
e ee .

Bear bind (B indweed ) — S C alys t egia . ee .

B d
e B
, d d in ge t — S Flower G rden -
ou . ee a .

Beech —The common B ee c h Fagus sylva t ica is

. of the larges t on e
and handsomes t f park trees and t he Purple —leaved B eech is
, ,

o one
f t he few large trees that should be admitted to gardens
,

o S . ee
Flower Garden .

B t ( B eetroot) — S Kit c hen Garden

ee ee .

B g nia (bego nia after M B egon O rd B egonia c eae) — This

e o -
. . . .

bri lliant plant has made grea t s trides in publi c favour bo t h as

,

a.
summer and a win t er blooming plant The same kinds are no t
,

-
.

used for both purposes Varie t ies resulting from hybrids be tween .

t uberous rooted spe c ies are used for summer flowering and t he ff
-
O
spring f fi b sroo t ed spe c ies are employed for win t er We see
,

o ro u -
.

therefore t ha t t here are t w distin c t types f B egonia f whi c h

,

o O one o
produ c es a tuber and ano t her whi c h does not The tuberou s
, ,

B egonias hav e sprung from t he S outh American spe c ies B l i i

,

s is o v en
Cl rkei D i si P and Vei t chii S ome hybrid s
,

a i
av sfl e arc e ro ae ora , .

have w been raised be tween sele ct ed tuberous rooted varie t ies

, , ,

no -

and the fib sroo t ed pecies s t ro u and they are very beau t i

-
S o c o ran a ,
ful The followi g are examples
. n :

Wi nter Cheer c armi e semi double t uberous orange scarlet varie ty

, n ,
- -

and s t oc o ran a .
Julius rose semi double t uberous whi te v arie ty and s t
, ,
-
o c o r an a .

These are semi t uberous -

.
 2 8 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
The tuberous B egonias are suit ble both for pot and g rden culti a a ~

vation but they should not be used ou t doors i shallow chalky n or

andy soils unless the g ower is prep ed t do a good deal O f water

,

s r ar o
ing in h t d y summe s He should al so mulch with sho t manure
o , r r . r

P RO P A BY L E V E L I D
G ING
AT N DY I L
RE x B E G NI O AS A S A ON SA SO .

s b s
1 . b s
Ve i n cut. 2 . Tu er .
3. Tu er pu t i n a bo x .

or cocoa nut fibre refuse to che c k t he evaporation f moisture

— o .

When t he B egonia is to be used as a bedding plant i t is wise to buy

,

m ixed tubers and embed them in leaf mould in boxes in Mar c h

,

If .

kep t in a frame greenhouse t hey ill break in t o growth and by

or w ,

June will be well advan c ed They c an then be given a good water .

G ING B E G NI G L I E
P RO P A AT P O G ING B E G NI G L I E
A O R RO P A AT O A O R
L IN E O RRAD E L IN E BY CU ING
. O RRA TT S.

A pl t w h i h h sg
an g i ft ro w n a

bi g b k c
e n
a
cu t ac
a n a er

I S h ts f th i sk i d si t b l
.

oo o n are u a
tt i gs
. e
f or cu n .

i g t o settle the soil about t heir roo t s

n d p l anted t a foot apart an ou .

They will probably be at t heir best O ct ober unless earl y fros t s In

heck them Wh en t hey are over they may be lifted the tubers
,

c . ,
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i n g 2
9
dried d stor d in fine sawdust for t he w i nter N amed v arie t ie s
an e .

may b chosen f pots if desired but mixed tubers are cheaper

e or , .

They may be potted in 5 i pots in bulb soil (s B ulbs) in -

n. ee

Febru y M ch and brought steadily i a greenhouse Any

ar or ar on n .

good variety can be propagated by striking cut t i ngs f the young

,

o
shoots in sandy soil or the t ubers may be cut in halves the follow ,

ing spri ng These B egonias can be flowered the same year from
.

seed if there is heat available for i t to be sown in win t er The seed .

is snuff like and a very fine surfa c e must be prepared for it Th

-
. e

pan should be sh aded with glass and paper un t il the seeds germinate
,

The seedlings will require careful wateri ng ( s Wa t ering) and h d ee an

ling t the firs t pri c king fi They will grow slowly unti l t hei
a o . r

t ubers are formed t hen much faster The best win t er fl w i g .

-
o er n

B egonia is the beau t iful pink Gloire de Lorrai ne whi c h has pret t y
,

foliage as well as abundan c e of flowers The habi t f thi s splendid

,

. o
plant is f its c hief c harms mak i ng it suitable for a hanging
o ne o
baske t It t hrives in a temperature f 55 to 6 5 in winter and
,

° °
. o

when in bloom may be kept somewhat c ooler Aft er i t has bloomed

,

i t may be gradually dried fl p d ba c k to shor t s t umps and

‘
O ru n e

res t ed Wi t h fresh wa t ering and syringi ng in summer shoots will

, ,

push and t hese may be t aken ff a t 3 ins long and stru c k s O . a

c u tt ings Ano t her me th od f propagation is to t ake mat ure leave s

,

. o
before dryi g ff ligh t ly ni c k t he ribs and lay t hem on the surfa c
n o e

of the soil when roo ts wil l form Plants from leaves c ome somewha t
, ,

more m p t t h t hose from c u t tings and bloom la t er While

,
'

co ac an .

in full grow t h plen t y f wa t er and a moi st atmosphere are good f

,

o or
Glo i re de Lorraine I t is beau t iful under art i ficial light Mas t er
. .

pie c e is deeper pink T f d Hall is a good whi t e form

a . u rn or
ano t her O t her beau t iful win t er fl w i g
,

and alba g d i fl r an or a .
-
o er n
B egonias are Gloire de S c eaux which has handsome brow ish leave s , n
and pi k flowers ; and W l t i si s with pink flowers Gloire de
n e on en .

S c eaux is a grand hybrid It may be propaga t ed by c uttings from

,

t he base in Mar c h and t he house should be fumigated every t hre

.

e
weeks to keep dow t he mi t e whi sh a tt a cks i t I t las t s in bloom
,

n .

many weeks The f oliage B egonias mus t no t be o v erlooked no t abl y

.

and de c ora The former is a popular window plan t

,

R ex . .

Bellad nna Lily —S B ulbs

o . ee .

B ell glas
-
s — A dome shaped glass fit ted with a knob and mad
.
-

e
in various sizes used f overing c uttings to exclude air t ill roo t ing
, ,

or c
has taken pla c e
,

B ellis D aisy ( b ell is from b l l s pretty Ord Compositae ) -

e u . . .

The garden D aisies v arie t ies of B ellis perennis are es t eemed f

, , ,

or
pring flowering They are low growers bu t t hey produce large
, ,

S .

brigh t flowers espe c ially in t he c ase of su c h v arieties as Alice Long

, ,

fellow R b R y and S nowflake The Hen and chi c kens is a curious

, ,

o o .
- -

varie ty produ c ing small se c ondary flowers The D i sies may b

, ,

. a e

plan t ed in autumn in ordinary garden soil ei t her as carpe t s for beds

,

or as lines ; and may be propagated by division after flowering

,

Be b rid p sis (b b i d Op sis from b b i s and psi s l ike refer

r e o er er -
er er o
ri ng to the resemblance to t he Berberis Ord B b i d ) Th
, , , ,

. . er er eae .
-
e
 3 0 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing

o nly species grown corallina is a handsome evergreen rambling

shrub (s the B t i l M g i t I t bears crimson
, ,

ee o a n ca a az n e , .

flowers at the ends O f the bran c h s in spring It is t v ery par t i e . no

l
c u ar as to soil but likes a mild shel t ered place I t may be pro
, , .

p g a t d by
a e cuttings f young wood in spring by layering the
o , or

branches in autumn .

Berberis B arberry (b é beris from b b ys(Arabi c) Ord Ber r -

er er . .

— E xtremely valuable
, ,

b id ) er eae
and beautiful shrubs par t i
l l y t he evergreen spe c ies
,

c u ar

most f whi c h have handsome

,

foliage as well as pretty flowers .

In D w i i orange ; and s t eno ar n

yellow ( the lat ter a

,

p h yl l a,

hybrid ) t he bran c hes are

c lothed in flowers from base t o
,

t ip in pring The c ommon S .

spe c ies vulgaris has h nd a

some frui t whi c h is some t imes

, ,

preserv ed Aquifolium O ften

,

g own under t he lder name

‘
,

r O
f Mahonia q i f li is a use o a u o a,

ful shrub as i t grows almost ,

anywhere is evergreen and

bears purplish frui t D w i i
, ,

. ar n

and s t enophylla give f their O

bes t when shel t ered from cu t

P G I G B E B E I BY S U K E IN t ing winds They may be
RO P A AT N R R S C RS
AU UM N
.

propaga t ed by su c kers
T
c ut or
1R ts ooY g g h st i g t ings of ripe wood in au t umn
2 o un ro w t ar t n
d dl
.

I s
.
n er t to o tte Ine

B rg m t — A name given t o
.

e a o
Monarda didyma whose leaves when ligh t ly rubbed give a
.

dour I t grows to 3 ft high has red flowers in

, ,

b erga m ot like
,

-
O . 2 .

la t e summer and may be grown as an ordinary herba c eous plan t

,

, .

B t a ( B ee t )
e S Ki tc hen Garden B e t a c i cla is some t imes used
.
-
ee .

f or t he flower garden and may be raised from seed in spring , .

B e tul a B ir c h ( b et ula from b t t he C el ti c name O rd C p l i

-
e a . . u u

f erae ) — The c ommon or S ilver B ir c h B e t ula lba is a gra c eful t ee

, , ,

. a r

w or t h plan t ing in parks and the ou t skir t s f gardens There are

, , ,

on O .

a good many forms f i t su c h as w eeping (pendula) a c u t leaved o —

w eeping ( la c iniata pendula) a dark leaved ( purpurea ) and a varie

, ,

ga t ed leaved ( f l i i s i g t i s) They will grow in mos t soils if

, ,

-
o -
v ar e a .

plan t ed in au t umn N i c e t rees f t he S ilver B ir ch c an be bough t

. o
with long straight stems and py amidal heads a t a low cost
,
r .

Bienni ls — B i i i l plan t s
a . t hose whi c h c omplete their life
er n a ar e

c ycle in t he se c ond year from germina t ion S own year they . one
bloom and ripen t heir seed the nex t S ever l hardy biennials are . a

o f the utmos t value in the flower garden and t he fragran t Wall

fl ower s t ands t prominently as an indispensable plant t hat is best
,

ou

t ea t ed as a bienni l
r The S weet Wil liam is another useful O ld
a .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 3I

plant that thrives wi th trea t ment as a hardy biennial If there .

were only these t w the se ct ion would be impor t an t but as the o , ,

t able shows t here are several The best method O f treatmen t f . or

t he bienni l s is t o sw t he seed in well pul v erised soil in drills drawn

a
,

o
-

a foo t apart in M y or June t hin h set t a few in c hes apart in

a oe , ou

au t umn
, ,

a sp e bed in July and plant in beds and borders

ar In .

Wh en treated t hus t hey s trong and sturdy transplant well

,

ar e ,
In

showery wea t her bran c h freely and bear a long success on f

, ,
i o

flowers .

GOO D HA R D Y B I E NN IAL S
N M A C L U
E. O O R.

Adlumia cirrhosa flesh

A drosac e l ti fl
n white
ac ora

Aster Bigelovi i lila c

C ampanula pyramidalis blue
white
Canterbury B ell blue rose white ,

Cup and S aucer blue white

,

D i nthus H d d w i gi i
a various
e e

Foxglove (D igitalis) various

Gilia aggrega ta s c arlet
Mi h i c mp l id s
au x a c a whi t e an u o e

Poppy I celand various

S t ock B rompton
,

,
various
S weet R ocket purple white ,

S weet William various

Verbasc um l ym p m yellow
O Icu

Wallflower red yellow brown , , ,

etc .

The D ianthuses are O ften treated as annuals (s Annuals) and ee ,

E s chscholtzias are almost always grown as annuals together with

al t hough both are biennials An t irrhinums
,

S weet S cabiouses , .

( S napdragons ) and Pentste m ons are admirable when s own in boxes

in autumn wintered in a frame and plan t ed t in pring ; they ou S
bloom nearly all t he following year t hus proving t heir worth as
,

biennials W l l fl w s become perennial if lef t but in regular

,

. a o er
garden pra ct i c e i t is mos t convenient to dis c ard O ld plants after
,

t hey go t O f flower in late spring and raise a fresh supply from

ou
seed for the following year W ll fl w sand S napdragons will . a o er
t hrive in mos t soils but they are t he bes t O f all hardy flowers f
, or
poor limestone .

Big n nia ( big o nia after Abbé B ignon Ord B ignonia c eae)
o u -
. . .

B rilliant hothouse c limbers with compound leaves well sui t ed to

,

tr i n up t he pillars roof f a l ge heated house They are best

, ,

a or o ar .

planted t in a compost f fibrous loam and pea t in equal parts

ou o ,

with sand They propagated by cutti ngs f half ripe side

. ar e o -

sho tskept c lose in hea t ; also by seed and layers The principal
,

o .

speciesare m g i fi with purplish crimson flowers ; speciosa

a n c a, -
or
picta pink ; tw d i
, yellow ; and v enust orange Capreolata
ee an a , a, . ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
which has sc let flowers may be grown outdoors in m i ld shel t ered
ar
pla c es This p cies may be increased by root c uttings B i gnoni
, ,

. S e . a
radic ns whi c h has orange flowers and is illus tra t ed in t he B t i l
a o an ca
Mag i t 4 8 5 is now called Tecoma radi c ans by bo tanists
, ,

az n e , . , .

Bil b rry — Thi s is t he Vaccinium My tyl l s f botanists a dw rf

e . r u o , a
hardy B ritish sh ub bearing pink flowers in pring Its dark blue
r S .

be rries edible I t is also c alled t he B laeberry VVh tl b y

ar e . or or e e rr .

The Cranberry is Vacci i um Oxycoccus n .

Bill berg ia ( bil l b e gia aft er B i l l b g a S wede Ord B romeliaceae )

r -
er . . .

— Hothouse plants wi t h thi c k fleshy leaves crowded on a shor t

, ,

s t em and dense heads f brilliant bloom They th ive in equal

, ,

o . r
parts f loam and peat with a little decayed manu e and a good
,

o r
prin k li g f sand Propaga t ion is by suckers M l i blue and
,

S n o . . ore
rose ; t h y si d s c arle t ; and vi tt a t a green red and viole t are
,

r o ea,

three O f t he best known species All bloom in autumn or win t er

, , , ,

. .

Bindw ee d — S Calys t egia . ee .

B ir c h — S B e t ula ee .

B ird Cherry Prunus Padus , .

Birds— Al t hough birds do damage t o v arious crops they are in

t he main friends f t he gardener t h ough des troying large numbers
,

o r
f c a t erpill s grubs and insec t s Ti ts swallows robins t hrushes
,

o ar . ,

s t arlings wrens fl y t h s whitethroats cuckoos and redstarts

, , , , ,

ca c er
mainly (in some c ases wholly) inse ct ivorous The mos t damage
, , , , ,

ar e .

is done t o cr ps by bla c kbirds thrushes starlings fin c hes and

0

house sparrow s S eedlings and fruit must be prote ct ed wi t h

, , , ,

t h ead ne tt ing and scares The balan c e f N a t ure should t be

r . O no

interfered wi t h and birds f prey su c h as O wls and hawks should

, ,

o ,

be preserved equally wi t h song birds

, ,

-
.

Bird s eye Primrose Primula farinosa

’
-
,
.

Bir d s nest Fern Asplenium nidus

’
-
,
.

B ir thwor t Aris t olochia ,

.

B itter Al m n d Prunus ( Amygdalus ) communis amara

o ,
.

Bitter sweet S olanum dul c amara

-
,
.

B i tt er V e t ch Orobus ,
.

B la c k b rry ( R ubus
e fru t i c osus ) — S Frui t . ee .

Bla ck Fly — S Aphides . ee .

Black Thorn Prunus spinosa ,

.

Bla d d er S enna C olu t ea ,

.

B ladderw r t U t ricularia o ,
.

B lanching — S Kitchen . Garden — Celery Lettu c e etc

ee , , .

Blandf rd ia ( bl d fO dia aft er the M quis f B landford Ord

o an r -
ar o . .

Lilia c eae) — Pre tt y semi —bulbous plants suitable for t he green

,

house They are propaga t ed by O ffse t s and th ive in t he bulb soil

,

. r

( s B ulbs )
ee The flowers are drooping and funnel shaped Grandi -

. .

flora (C i gh mi ) with crimson flowers in summer ; and fl m m

unn n a ,
a ea
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 33
aurea yellow s ,
ummer are tw f t he best Both grow about, , o o .

1 8 ins high . .

Bl chnum (blec num from bl k

e Greek Ord Fili c es) —A -
ec n on , . . .

l ge genus f ferns allied to Lomaria The popular spe c ies S pi c ant

,

ar o .

s w c alled by bo t anists Lomaria S pi c ant I t is a B ritish plant

,

i no . ,

and will therefore thrive outdoors in northern climes but it is worth ,

growing in pots for the c ool greenhouse F culture s Ferns . or , ee .

Bl d as manur — S Manure
oo ,
e ee .

Bl dw rt Bl dr t S anguinaria
oo o or oo oo ,
.

Bl m Bl ss m —These names are popularly applied to flowers

oo o o . .

B loom is also used t o describe the down like covering

,
the skins -
on

f Grapes and other fruit While bl m is used generally as an ‘ f

o . . oo

alternative for flowers blossom is usually reserv ed for the i ,

n

fl s
ore f fruit trees
c e n ce o .

Bl b ll —The E nglish B luebell is S c illa nutans (s Bulbs )

ue e . the ee

S cot c h is Campanula rotundifolia .

Bl e b ttl ( C entaurea Cyanus the C fl w ) The French

u -
o e orn o er .
-

c all it B luets S Annuals— Hardy

,

. ee .

B cc nia Plume Poppy (b O nia after D B o cc one Ord

o o oc c -
r. . .

Papaveraceae) —B o cc onia corda t a is a v ery handsome hardy herba

, ,

c eo u splant and in moist subs t an t ial soil su c h as well worked clay -

attains to a height O f 4 5 ft The foliage is expansive and the

, , , ,

or .

inflorescen c e is in the form f a tall pike of bu ff c oloured flowers

,

O S -
.

It may be propagated by division in spring This fine plant is well .

worth a place in the border It does not care for dry shallow soil . , .

B g Bean (Menyanthes trifoliata ) — S

o Flower Garden— Water . ee .

B iler — S
o Greenhouse— Heating
. ee .

B l ti ge — A term used t indi c ate the runni g to seed of Cabbages

n . o n

C lery Lettu c es etc It is c ommonly due to drough t S

,

e . . ee
Kit c hen Garden
, ,

B oltonia ( b l tO nia after Professor B ol t on Ord Compositae)

o -
. . .

B oltonia as t eroides is a vigorous au t umn fl w

,

i g hardy herba -
o er n

splan t w i t h pale pink flowers whi c h might easily be mistaken

, ,

c e ou
for a Mi c haelmas D aisy I t grows about 4 ft high and preads
,

. . S
freely in mos t soils I t is easily propagated by division in spring
,

. .

It swell worth adding to any border as i t s foliage is pretty For

i .

taking et c s Flower Garden

,

s , ee .

B n s— S Manures
o e ee .

B rag e — S Kitchen Garden— Herbs The blue flowered h dy

o . ee . ar
annual B orage B orago f i l i s i san aromati c plant beloved f o fic n a o
bees The leav es are some t imes used in s l ads and for fl
, ,

. i g a av o u r n
li quors It may b raised from seed in pring and thrives almost
,

. e S In
any soil that snot stiff and w t
,

I e .

B rd a x M
o ixt re —Modern agricultural s c ien c e has done no better
e u u .

servi c e than in putting at disposal certain liquids whi c h destroy our

th fungoid diseases f crops Of t hese the most famous st he
e o i

Bordeaux Mixture which originated in

.

f the great wine , one o

C
34 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
growing districts f Fran c e and has been found useful by Po t a t o
o ;

growers Tomato c ultiva t ors and fruit growers generally as well as

,

- -

viticulturists I t c onsists f sulphate f opper bluestone

, , ,

. O o C
lime and water The following are suitable propor t ions
, . :

F o r F r u i t Tr e e s
. F o r P o ta to e s
.

lb blues t one
8 .
4 lb bluestone 1 .

lb lime
8 .
9 } lb lime 7 .

gallons O f wa t er
1 00 gallons f wa t er 1 00 o

Fresh white s t one lime is impor t an t and as i t c anno t always be

pro c ured when wan t ed i t is a good plan t o make a s t ock solu t ion
,

pound of each ingredien t t o a gallon f water and keep i t in

,

o f one O

a c losed vessel When wan t ed for use the sto c k solution may be
,

dilu t ed with wa t er till brough t t o t he s trength advised above In .

preparing the sto c k solution firs t dissolve the pound f bluestone in , O

half a gallon O f w at er in a wooden vessel t hen place the fresh lumps

f lime in half a gallon of wa t er and leave bo t h for an hour S t ir
,

o .

the tw liquids and pour them t ogether through a piece of muslin

,

o
t o strain out any lumps Air slaked lime is no t suit able for making
,

B ordeaux M
.

ix t ure as i t s c or c hes t he foliage f frui t trees When o

applying B ordeaux Mix t ure use it a t the very first sign f atta c k
, .

O an
employing a sprayer which will dis tribu t e it in a dew like sta t e
, ,

-
.

F or Potat oes i t should be applied t o t he under as well as the upper

surfa c e f t he leaves One appli c ation at the end O f June and
o .

another at the middle of July su ffi c e .

Borden S Flower Garden— Herbaceous borders

— ee .

B orecole Kal — S Ki tchen Garden

or e ee .

Boronia (b O nia af t er S ignor B oroni O rd R u t a c eae ) —N w

or — . . . e
Holland plan t s wi t h wiry shoo t s and hair like roo t s whi c h need
,

- -

much c are in w a t ering t o keep heal t hy Given t his t hey are sui t able
,

f or c ulture in a greenhouse and are no t only pre tt y but fragran t .

O ne s p e c ies m g sti g m is deli c iously swee t ; i t has brownish

, ,

e a a,

flowers E latior wi t h rosy flowers is also swee t Heterophylla

,

. .

wi t h bright rose flowers is t he mos t showy but t he least fragran t

, , ,

Peat and loam in equal par t s wi t h sand suit Propaga t ion is by

,

c utti ngs O f t he young shoo t s inserted in sandy soil under a bell glass
, ,

in August .

Bo ttle Brush — S C allis temon ee .

Bougainvillea ( b g i i ll after M B ougainville O rd

ou a nv -
ea, . . .

Ny t g i
c a ) — B glabra
n e ae is a . handsome plant f vigorous grow t h
. o

well adap t ed for training up t he wall of a greenhouse I t blooms

,

profusely in fa ct it be c omes qui t e c overed wi t h bra ct s whi c h are

f a lila c rose shade f sa t i y tex t ure It is bes t plan t ed ou t
, ,
'

O -
d an o n .

in a border of loamy soil Af t er flowering i t should be kep t dry .

and in the winter t he young shoo t s may be pruned b ac k to t he l d

,

wood and a fr e sh crop will appear B looming in au t umn t he .

Bougai villea is a very useful plan t It may be propag ated by

, ,

n .

c uttings in sandy soil und r a bell glass e -

.
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g
B var d ia (bonv ar dia af t er D B ouvard O rd R ubiaceae
ou -
r. . .

One f t he pre tt iest f evergreen sh ubs and may be had in bloom

,

o o r
in winter The plan t s are dwarf and bushy in habit and may b
,

. e
grow su cc ess fully in 5 i or 6 i po t s in a compos t of loam
,

n -
n. -
n .

( 3 parts ) decayed manure

, leaf mo ld ( part) and sand They or u 1 , .

A BO UV D I AR B K F E F L WE
A CU T AC A B AK B UV D I
T R O R
ING Y I E LD S H CU
CU T
ING
-
AC O AR A,
w h i h h sp d
OO T S F O R
d mb f
To TT S.

I M t sh ts S t m 3 B d h si t b l f
c a
tti gs
ro uce a nu er o
oo 2s ts e u
s 6 D p th
a ur e

4 C ll
. . . . . . oo u a e or c u n .

. o 5 Rar . .
p toot . . e to o .

c an be grown in a frame th oughou t the summer or ev en stood out r

side and brought in t o a warm house in winter Propagation may b
,

. e
e ffected by taking pieces f the roo t and c overing them with half an
,

o
in c h f soil ; or young shoots may be s tru c k under a bell glass in
o -

S pring With care in wa t ering (s Wa t ering) and a mini mum

. ee

t emperature of the plants wi ll give t hei pretty sprays f whi t e r o

or pink fragrant flowers in win t er Af t er flowering t hey may b . e
par t ially dr ied ff t hen c ut ba c k hard and syringed when t hey
,

o , , ,

D i i di g l d B v A Sh t fB
n Od d p th t p l t o x. oo o o x an e o an .

will give plen t y f young shoots suitable for c u tt ings Pin c h youn g
o .

plan t s t o make them bushy Good varie t ies Priory Beau t y pink ; . :
D azzler s c arle t ; Presiden t Garfield double pink ; Alfred N euner
,

double whi t e
, ,
,

B B uxus ( bu
ox , sfrom pyk s dense in allusion to the wood
x u -

, no

Ord E uphorbia c eae) — The spe c ies and

, , .

. t s 1 B x are hardy. v ar I e I e 0 o
'
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
e vergreens some f which are used f the shrubbery border while o or

empervirens suffru t i c osa t he common B edging is used f

, ,

s , ox , or
b ordering beds It harbours slugs and likewise impoverishes the
.

soil bu t i t s O ld world appearan c e is in its favour and c auses people

,

to plan t it in spi t e f i t s drawbacks It looks par t i c ularly appro

, ,

o .

p i t in l d D ut c h gardens wi t h Y ew hedges and trained trees

r a e O .

When allowed to g t s c raggy d gappy it is not however pleasing

,

e an .

You g rooted pieces should be plan t ed against a s traigh t edge f

, ,

n o

soil cut down with the pade in spring or au t umn and soil trodden S ,

a gainst them Clipping should be done annually in June

. .

B rachyc m ( S wan R iver D aisy) — S o Annuals Ha1f hardy

e . ee - -
.

B r k e Fern Pteris aquilina

a ,
.

B r m ble or B lack berry ( R ubus fruti c osus) — S

a Fruit . ee .

Brassavola (b ss O la after S ignor B rassavola Ord O h i d ra av -

. . rc a

A genus O f Or c hids thriving either in pots

,

c e ae ) . blocks or in on
baskets if gi v en a warm house Peat and S phagnum moss should
, , ,

be used for compost The plants will re quire a g eat de l f water . r a o

whi le growi ng but very lit t le while at rest D i g by green and . an a ,
purple fringed lip is the most important spe c ies It has been
,

rossed with Cat t leyas gi ving the new genus B ss ttl y f

, ,

c , ra oca e a, O

whi ch B aron Cl i ft i H l f d i and L gl y s i sare good forms ;

on o or an e en

d wi t h Laelias resulting in the genus B f w hi c h some

, , ,

an ssl l i ra o ae a, o
f t he best representatives are C lio Helen and Veit c hii
,

o There is .

even the tri genus B ss ttl l i wi t h rare and expensive members

, ,

-
ra oca ae a,
s u c h as Fowleri Lawrencei and Wi g i , , an .

B rassia ( br ass ia a f t er M B rass O rd O r c hida c eae ) — A i

-
r. . . . n n

f Or c hids f whi c h the spe c ies verru c osa is the

,

t eres ti g genus n o o
most popular It is sui t able for culture in a l ge deep O rchi d pan
,

. ar ,

in a warm house and produces its yellow green and brown flowers
pring B eing borne on arching spikes t hey are very graceful
, , ,

i n S . .

Peat and S phagnum moss m ake a sui t able c ompost When in .

growth and bloom regular supplies f water are ne c ess y but the o ar ,

plants need little while at rest .

Brassica ( br ass i c a from b si cabbage ( Cel t ic) O rd Cru c i -

re c, . .

ferae) —This is t he generic name for B orecole B ro cc oli B russels

,

S prou t s C abbage C auliflower Colewor t Kohl R abi R ape S avoy

, ,

and Turni p . The B ore c ole B roccoli B russels S prou t

, , , , , , ,

S wede
C abbage Cauliflower Cole w or t and S avoy have all sprung from
, , , ,

t h w ild C abbage B rassi c a leracea whi c h grows wild

, , ,

e parts f O on o

Ki tc hen Garden
, ,

t h sea shores f Great B ritain

e -
S o . ee .

B ( brav
r a vo ao after S e nor Bra v o Ord A m y
-
l l i da, ) — A . . ar e ae .

s mall genus f greenhouse bulbs O f which the prin c ipal species is

o
which produ c es spikes f orange flowers in J uly I t
,

g m
e i i fl n ora , o .

m y be given the general bulb treatment

a S B ulbs . ee .

B reastw d Fruit growers generally speak f the summer

oo .
- -
o
shoots whi c h spring from t he front f the main bran c hes f fl t o o a

t rained trees as breas twood bu t some use t he term t o indi c a t e small

shoots generally and speak f front shoots as fore righ t shoots
,

o -
.

S uch frontal shoo t s may be cut out

,

Only the side shootsshould .

 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g 37
be trained in where young wood is w an t ed as in Peaches S
, , . ea

Fruit .

Brier C mm n S we t and Penzanc — The common B rier

o o e e or

dog R ose R osa c anina is used as a s t o c k for Roses being take

,
, , ,

from the h edges in au t umn and budded in summer (s R oses )

, , ,

ee .

The S wee t brier R osa rubiginosa is f t en used as an inner garden O

hedge c hiefly on ac c ount of the deli c ious dour whi c h it di ffuse s
, ,

after a shower The Penzan c e B riers are hybrids f t he paren t s

,

. , on e O
of whi c h is the S weetbrier They are strong growers in good soil . ,

suitable for pillars and bear abundance f large brilliant flowers o

followed by large scarlet hips The following are good varie t ies
, ,

Amy R obsart Anne f G i st i Lu c y Ashton M g M i l i s and

.

o e er e n, e err e

The Aus trian B rier R osa lu t ea is a pre tt y

, , ,

R ose B d w di ra ar ne . , ,

plant with pale yellow flowers .

B riza Quaking Grass (b i — from b i t o nod Ord Gramineae ) r za, r zo , . .

Annuals Maxima and m inor ( the latter also known s

,
-
S ee . a

minima and gra c ilis ) are both annuals .

Br c c li — S Brassica and Kit c hen Garden

o o . ee .

B r d iaea ( b d i aé
o after M B rodie O rd Liliaceae ) — S
ro -
a, r. . . . ee

B ulbs .

B rom lia ( brom e lia after B

e m l a S wede Ord B romelia c eae)
-
ro e . . .

— Handsome herba c eous perennials requiring a hothouse

, ,

B rac .

( now referred by bo t anists to the genus Ae c hmea ) with pink

,

tea at ,

flowers in S eptember ; and Pinguin (B i ti i ) red flowers in spring no

f the best spe c ies Loam with a third f decayed manur

, ,

are tw o o . , o e
and some sand is suitable Propagation is by suckers The plants
, . .

ought to be kept on the dry side in winter .

Br oo m — A name commonly applied to c ertain spe c ies f Cytisus

. o
Genista and S partium The B u t cher s B room is R uscus aculeatus ;
,
’
.

i t is a good plan t to grow under trees The Brooms are very usefu l
,

owing t o t heir adap t abili t y for light sandy soils The early B room .

C ytisus prae c ox ; t he Por t uguese B room C albus ; and the S p i s

, ,

. an a

B room Genista hispani c a are all good shrubs

,

S till m ore hand .

some is the beautiful brown and yellow Cytisus s c oparius A d

, ,

s n r e an u .

All t hese are worth planting in beds or shrubberies .

B rus s els Sp r t — S B rassica and Kitchen Garden

ou ee

B uck bean (M enyanthes trifoliata) — S Flower Garden— Wate . ee r

plants .

B ck th rn R hamnus
u o ,
.

B ck th rn S Hippophae rhamnoides
u o ,
e a, .

B dd ing — B oth fruit trees (s Frui t ) and R oses (s Brier

u d ee ee an
Flower G den ) are propagated by means f budding the bud s
ar o
being inserted in t he stocks in summer preferably after a shower
,

A proper budding —k ife such as seedsmen sell is desirable as with

,

t he fla t tip f the handle the edges f t he bark can be raised quickl y

, , ,

o O

and without t earing It is most desirable that the buds should b . e

kept moist ; if they are allowed to get dry they will t urn black and
shrivel If R oses are budded early they will O ft en make stron g
.
38 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
hoots
s the same year and even bloom ; but generally they do t no
grow till the following pring when t he s t o c ks may be shortened to
,

S
stumps t o whi c h the young OWth may be t ied until they h av e
,

,
U T
united thoroughly .

B u d dleia ( b d d l éi a af t er M uB uddle Ord Loganiac eae) r. . . .

B eau t iful shrubs some c ases so nearly hardy as t o be suitable for

,

in

planting outdoors in shel t ered pla c es B globosa (also c alled

,

. .

c apitata) bears i t s inflores c en c e in an orange ball in pring and S

when well flowered is an interesting and beau t iful bj e c t B v ria
,

O . . a
bilis and its varie t y V i t h i bear long Lila c like bunches f rosy e c an a — O
lavender flowers in July and Augus t All these may be planted
,

ou t doors In ri c h soil t hey may grow 5

. f t high They 1 or 2 0 . .

may be propagated by c ut t ings under a h d l i gh t in S ep t ember an .

Buds— A study f buds is interesting and it is impor t an t in the O

ase f frui t t rees as i t is ne c essary t o know t h di ff ren c e between
,

c O e e

leaf buds whi c h generally th in and c oni c al and blossom buds

,

ar e
whi c h t h i c k and globular
, , ,

ar e .

B ugle ( Aj uga rep t ans ) A useful ro c kery plant S Flower .

-
. ee

Garden— R o kery o .

B ugloss — S Anchusa .
~
ee .

B ul b — A bulb is an under ground bud wi t h fleshy scales t he roots

.

The O nion and t he Tulip may be ins t anced

,

o f which die annually .

a st ypical bulbs S ome plan t s form bulbs on t he stems . at the or

base O f the flowers S B ulbs . ee .

B ul boco d ium ( bulboc o dium from b l b s a bulb and b d i ~

o o o on ,
wo l in allusion t o t he woolly c overing O rd Liliaceae) — S
, , ,

o , . . . ee

B ulbs .

B ul bs — Always popular a cc oun t f t hei r use f ulness both for on o

garden and greenhouse c ulture bulbs have grown in favour since
t heir adap t ability for c ul t ure in bowls has been proved They are
,

v aluable for ev ery class f flower lover Those w h may not feel O . o
an y spe c ial predile c tion for the glowing Tulip or the bril liant
Hyacinth may su cc umb t o the c harm of the D affodil the fi or re ne

ment of the Iris Cheap easily grown flowering in spring when .

c t
, , ,

g y a blossoms are doubly wel ome after he long dreary months of

a t the c ommand f e v ery The maj ori ty f
,

winter bulbs ar e o one. o

bulb lovers only know f such popular kinds as Hya c inths Tulips
,

o
D affodil s Cro c uses and Irises but there are many other beautiful
, ,

bulbous flowers besides these and a lis t f them shall be given

, , ,

o .

Firs t however a few words about the principal kinds and the best
,

me t hods f culture
, ,

o .

B l bsf u th d — B ulbs are ex t remely useful for garden

or ar en
g e

d e c ora t ion be c ause they c an be planted when t he summer flowers

are over Thus when the ground is c le ed f the various summer
,

. ar o

bedders (s Flower Garden— B edding t) ano t her set of plan t s is

,

ee -
ou
ready to go in It is true that when the bulbs are planted and
.

c overed the ground is left bare for several weeks bu t soil is t an no

yesore if it is cul t iva t ed Moreover t hose w h strongly O bj ect to
,

e . o

bare ground may plan t t he bulbs in widely separated groups and

,

p lant clumps f W l l fl w samong them ; or they may plant dwarf

O a o er
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 39
t hings like Arabis Aubrie tia and Forget me not at the same time - -

that t he bulbs are put in The beds should be well dug when the
, ,

summer plan t s are c leared away and the soil crumbled wi t h the fork .

B efore finishing t he soil should be t hrown well up from the grass

,

verges and t hese neatly trimmed wi t h the shears S eparate groups

,

f bulbs look better than con c en t ri c lines

,

o The nu m ber per clump .

may vary from 3 to The bulbs composing eac h c lump may 12 .

s t and 9 ins from ea c h o t her and t here should be a c lear spa c e f

. O

a foot between the various groups It is a good plan t o sprinkle

,

some sand in the holes A light dressing f de c ayed manure supple . o

m t d wi t h basi c slag at the rate of half a pound per square

,

en e
yard will su ffi c e for enri c hing the soil Cro c uses may be c overed .

wi th an in c h f soil Hya c in t hs Tulips and the small bulbed

,

'

O -

N ar c issi wi t h
,

ins large D affodils with 3 ins It should be

,

2 .

remembered in grouping t ha t the large N arcissi are somewha t

tal ler than t he Hyac in ths and early Tulips but t hat most of th e
M y bl m i g Tulips are t only la t er in flowering than any
,

a ~
oo n no

o f t he pre c eding but are also t aller The order of blooming is :

M
.

C c c t
,

( ) I ro uses ; ( ) Hya in hs ; ( 3) D utch Tulips

2 ; ( )
4 y Tulips a .

There is not mu c h differen c e between ( ) and The drawback 2

t o plant ing bulbs in borders (s Flower Garden — Herbac eous ee

borders ) is t hat the plan t s are t of ight f the greater part of ou S or

the year and careless workmen plan t other t hings over t hem in
au t umn inj ure t hem in digging The remedies are ( ) labels
,

or . : 1
whi c h mus t be renewe d now and t hen ; ( ) c areful digging When
, ,

2 .

bulbs are unear t hed in au t umn i t is found tha t they are rooting
freely and have commen c ed t op grow th ; when replan t ed at once
t hey sus tain no inj ury .

B l bsi ss — I t is common to plant bulbs in t urf owadays n

ug n ra .

D aff odils are par t i c ularly sui t able and Crocuses and S nowdrops . ar e
also good Hyacinths and Tulips should be kep t for Open soil
,

. .

The bulbs may be planted in autumn either by taking up pieces f o

t urf here and there stirring the soil adding a lit tle sand and basic
,

slag and replac ing the turf ; or by using a spe c ial bulb planter an
, ,

implement which obviates lift ing t he t urf All the N ar c issi look
, ,

nice in grass and the Poet s mus t not be forgotten for late bloom ’

ing It is not advisable t o plant in t ennis lawns in grass c lose

,

. or
to the house as c ut t ing has to be deferred f the sake of the bulbs
,

or
t ill t he middle end f June ; and by that time the grass has grown
, , ,

or o

long and tangled B ulbs may be plan t ed freely in the woodland .

and wild garden .

B lbs i s — E very greenhouse owner learns the value of

u p t n o -

bulbs in win t er and pring They give him c harming material for S .

his s t ages D espi t e a little sti ffness Hyacinths

. pre eminent ; ar e -

bu t Tulips and D affodils are beau t iful too All love a grit t y
,

loamy soil ; and a plendid c ompost is 3 parts loam par t leaf

,

S 1
mould and par t sand all well mixed and used in a moist but
,

, ,

no t sodden s t a t e The bes t sizes f fl w pot are 5 i and . o o er - -

n.
6 i -
t he former for I Hyacin t h
n ., Polyan t hus N cissus the or ar
l at t er for 3 Tulips The po t ting may be done in
,

D a ffodils or .

Oc t ober and the soil should be pressed fi m l y though not qui t e

, r

hard round t he bulbs the tips O f whi c h may be lef t protruding

, _

, , .
4 0 E n c y cl op e
di a of G ard e ning
B y standing the po t s a bed f inders and c o v ering with a f on o C ew
in c hes of c o c oa nut fibre refuse t he bulbs can be safely disposed f
-

o
They will no t wan t watering The fibre wil l
,

for 6 8 weeks
or . .

c heck t op grow t h till roo t action has developed whi ch is desirable .

The tips should not ex t end more than an in c h in the fibre however
,

When brought t the plan t s can be kep t quite cool or subj ec t ed

,

ou
t o gen tle hea t ac c ording as late or early bloom is wanted S trong
,

, .

hea t snot desirable Wi t h wat er s t aking li quid manure t wi c e a

i .

week when buds show and a ligh t airy pla c e t he plan t s will be
, ,

, , ,

successful Tulips and D affodils may be planted t after they

. ou
hav e gone ou t f bloom if desired but Hya c inths are not wor t h
O ,

keeping .

B l bsi
u b l s f fib — This modern me t hod of growing bulb s
n ow o re

has m Ch to re c ommend i t especially from t he point f view f t h

u o o e
room g dener I t is clean in t eresting light and gives results
,

-
ar .

equal to t hose from pots Wide mou t hed dark green China bowls
, , ,

-
.

c os ting th eepen c e to a shilling ea ch ac c ording t o ize are sui t able

, ,

r S .

Peat moss fibre mixed wi t h fine shell and a little char c oal is the
, ,

material used It should be t horoughl y moistened whil it is being

, ,

. e
t urned abou t in the mixing proc ess Tulips and D affodils used in .

t hrees in 6 i wide bowls look well Hya cin t hs and Lilium s

,

-
n. -
.

may be used also The tips of t he bulbs may protrude slightly from
,

t he fibre whi c h should be made firm As soon as t he bowls are .

filled t hey should be s t ood in a dark c ool pla c e A dry cupboard

,

near a fire is no t good a c ellar is be tt er The fibre must never be

,

; .

allowed t o remain quite dry for long In 6 or 8 weeks the bowls .

may be brought into t he ligh t S t akes will be needed for the .

Hya c in t hs and the larger D a ffodils .

B l bsi
u — Wa t er c ul t ure is
n t practised much now tha t
w a te r . no

fibre has proved so good bu t Hya c inths may be grown in glasses if

desired The c o tt age widow loves to have a few glasses on her
,

window ledge and her better pla c ed sis t ers also find great interest
- -

and pleasure in this system O f culture All bulb de l ers and most
,

. a
crockery makers supply sui t able glasses whi ch only need filling
with clean water con t aining or 3 pieces O f c harcoal to be ready
,

“
2

for the bulbs Ev en fi m based bulbs should be chosen and s

. r -
et
in j ust above the water A few weeks in t he dark will set t he roots
, ,

mo v i g freely and t hen the plants c an have light Wire supports

n .

will be needed when the plan t s bloom

,

B l bsi
u b sf n sp l i g
—
ox e T dealing wi t h bulbs in
or tr a n ant n en
au t umn it is a good plan to fill t shallow boxes wi t h Tulips o n e or wo
and D affodils as i t ft en happens that pla c es can be found for bowls O

f bulbs in spring which are not v a c an t in autumn The plants

,

o .

c an be shift ed su c cessfully from the boxes when t hey in bud ar e

and if moss is pa c ked round and o v er t hem they look fresh neat
,

natur l and pretty when t hey come into bloom

, ,

a .

— B ulbs may l so be grown in bowls

,

B l bsi
u b ls f n ow o w a te r . a
parti l ly filled with brigh t c lean pebbles and t hen filled up with
a
wate Polyan t hus N arcissi look very ni c e done in this y The
,

r. wa .

Joss Lily so popular a few years ago belongs t o this class .

s —All t he popu l r kinds c ome in v ery useful

, ,

B l bsi
u i d b
n w n ow -
ox e . a

for window boxes hen the summer occupants are cleared away
-
w .
 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e ning 4 1

Th e hi nts height season f bloom and distance already given

on , o ,

will guide in plan ting .

S l
e ec ti s f b
onl bs— The following are selections O f the mos t
o u . .

impor t ant kinds f bulbs O :

A hi m
c s— A genus f Gesnera c eous plants forming t uber c le s
ene o
at t he root to whi c h the plants die back in autumn and from whi c h
,

they start again the following pring They are particul ly sui t
, ,

S . ar

able for hanging baskets and will thrive in bulb soil that is kep t i n

t he basket by a lining of moss The t uber cles may be started in t

,

. o
growt h in pans boxes in a warm house or frame in win t er and
or
potted or put 3 ins apart round the baske t s when they are 3 ins
,

. .

high The plants like a moist atmosphere and plen t y of wate

. r

whi le in growth When in full bloom t hey may be hung in a c ool

.

house Among many good varieties Admiration viole t magen t a ;

.
-

Ambroise V sh ff l t whi t e netted yellow ; D azzle vermilion ;

, ,

er c a e , , ,

and R ose Queen rose may be named (S ls page , , . ee a o

A i s — Closely allied t
c . the S nowflakes (s Leucoj um ) Th o ee . e

principal species is autumnale white t inged rose growing abou t , , ,

6 ins high and blooming in summer

. It does best in sandy peat . on
the rockery .

A con it Wi t ( E ran t his h y m l i s

e, ) A pret t y low win t er
n er e a —
. , ,

blooming plant with a green frill round the pale yellow flowers
Plant 6 ins apart and an inch deep
A l l i m —The white N eapolita um is the best known ; Moly
. .

u . n
yellow ; O st w sk y m rose ; and trique trum whi t e drooping
,

ro an u , , , , are

also good .

A ls t m i s These grow about a yard high and make thick

ro e er a .
-

c lumps bearing flowers s t eaked and spotted with orange red and r
yellow Aurantiaca C hilensis and Pelegrina are good spe c ies
, , ,

. .

There is a white v ariety of the las t Plant a foot apart

, ,

. .

A m yl li s— The beautiful large fl w

ar d hybrids which bloom -
o ere
in ad v ance O f their leaves in warm houses in winter are now c alled
Hippeastrums They handsome pot plants ha ving flowers 6 t
. ar e , o

9 ins across
. f handsome form and brilliantly coloured
O The bulb s .

go to rest in summer and may be s t arted in batches in autum

,

re -
n
and winter in order t o get a su cc ession f bloom Grow in 5 i
,

O .
-
n.
and 6 i po t s Amaryllis B elladonna is lo v ely in a sheltere d
-
n . .

place t f doors in S eptember The plants may be lifted and

ou o .

potted when they show bud The leaves c ome aft er the flowers . .

This beautiful plant is called the B elladonna Lily There are .

several forms d i fi i g in tint and size Amaryllis f m si ssi m is

er n . or o a
t he Jacobean Lily a plant which produces bright crimson flowers
,

in M y and is well adapted for the unheated greenhouse Amaryll i s

,

a .

purpurea o t herwise Vallota purpurea is the brilliant scarle t S car

borough Lily fi ne plan t for a c ool greenhouse or room window
, ,

, a .

Very little water is needed in winter and spring but a good deal in
summer Amaryllis ( more O ften S ternbergia) lutea is a beau t iful
,

little Crocus like bulb w i t h brigh t yellow flowers in early au t umn

-

borne in ad v ance f the leaves sui t able for the garden ; i t shoul d
,

o
be planted in late summer Amaryllis ( more corre c tly N erine )
,

s i s
ar n e n i sis t he lovely Guernsey Lily which requires t he sam e
We see t hat the Amaryllises a
,

t reatmen t as the B e l l don na a . re

4 2 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
g ood for both greenhouse and garden but t hey are chiefly valuab l e
as yielding beau t iful flowers in t he greenhouse
,

A mne s ( Wi d fl w son e ) — These t ogether with Crocus s

n o er . e
Gladioli many Irises R anunculuses and Winter
, ,

C yclamens
A c onites are no t bulbs botanically speaking bu t are generally
, , , ,

lassed with them Anemones are among t he most brilliant and

, ,

c .

useful f garden plants and

O kind or o t her can be had in bloom one
l l t he year round by using cool frames part
,

a f the year The O .

fulgens lass is very beau ti ful Annulat a single s c arle t ; King f

C . o

S c lets double s c arlet ; R ose de N i c e double pink ; and S nowball

,

ar

d ouble whi t e are gems in t his se c tion

, , ,

The tubers may be planted .

in late summer au t umn and winter The S t B rigid and Alder

,

. .

borough are large st ains of Poppy Anemone whi c h bear single

, ,

r
semi double and double flowers of the most bril lian t and varied
, ,

c olours S eeds may be sown in spring root s planted 9 ins apar t

,

. or .

pring or autumn The Japanese Anemone A j aponi c a is a

,

i n S . .

grand la t e s mmer pl n t wi t h large flowers on long stems This

, ,

u a .

may be grown in t he herba c eous border Honorine Jobert white ;

,

whi t e ; Que n C harlo tt e pink semi double ; S ilver

,

Lady A d i l r au n , e -

Vase double whi t e ; and \Vh i l w i d double whi t e are popular

, ,

r n

arie t ies O f the smaller spe c ies of Anemone A p i

, , ,

v . blue ; enn n a,

blanda deep blue a dwar f win t er bloomer ; nemorosa R bi s i

,

o n o n an a ,
blue form f the Wood A emone ; and Pulsa tilla silky purple
, ,

a O n ar e
perhaps the bes t These are all good for the ro c kery
, ,

. .

A m th
no The mos t popular species is cruen t a a pre tt y plant
a ec a . -

g rowing 6 t o 9 ins high and bearing c rimson flowers in summer

,

. .

It should have a warm spo t the ro c kery and be grow in a frame

,

on n .

sare pret t y C ape bulbs suitable for c ul t ure like Ixias

,

B bi a an a

( s pageee

B diro — This is a very c harming genus and a great favourite

a ea

with bulb lov ers al t hough no t known t o t he maj ori t y f amateurs

,

o .

The plan t s are good for ro c keries and c ool greenhouses C occinea
,

wi t h drooping crimson flowers ; g d i fl

,

violet ; ixioi des splen r an or a ,

d ens yellow ; and laxa purple are all good
, , , .

B lb u d i m — There is only
oco u important plant in this small
. one

g enus and it is t he pre tt y li tt le pu ple fl w d Crocus like B r -

o ere -
.

vernum whi c h flowers in win t er or early spring I t likes a sandy

, ,

loamy soil and a sunny spo t on the ro c kery or at t he front of the

, ,

border Propagat ion is by ffsets There is a v ie t y of i t c alled

,

. O . ar
v ersi c olor
t s(M
.

C l l a o c zo r u ariposa Lily) —A lovely genus with flowers as large .

sTulips and b au t ifully marked They t hrive in ligh t gritty soil

,

a e .

hel t ered sunny places and may be grown in pots They should
,

i n S .

be plan t ed 9 ins apart a d 3 ins deep in autumn Albus whi t e ;

, ,

. n . .

lu t eus yellow ; pul c hellus yellow ; plendens lilac ; and venus t us

,

S
whi t e are t he bes t spe cies
, , , ,

Useful f the herbac eous border M y

, .

C ssi
a r na s l t a e cu en a . -
or In a

Plan t ins deep

,

b earing handsome spikes f blue starry flowers O . 2 .

d 9 ins apar t in autumn

,

an .

Ch i d (
o no Glory f the S now
ox a ) — A exq isi t e li ttle blue nd
O . n u a
w hite bulb fl owering in win t er W t h t he S nowdrops It is good I .

the rockery for plan t ing in coloni s at the front f the border
,

f or , or e . o .
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard ening 43
Insert an inch deep d 3 ins apart in au t umn S d si sis a an . . ar en

Gen t ian blue qui t e dis tin ct from t he t ypi c al L il i

,
uc ae .

Ch i s tm sR s ( Helleborus niger )
r a N t a true bulbous plant
o e .
-
o

bu t none the less one f the mos t beautiful f t hose handled by bulb
,

o O

dealers The best time t o plant it is S ep t ember and t hose w h

. o

know t heir business t ake c are t o order it with their earlies t bulbs
,

and to plan t a foo t apar t before the summ e r has gone It t hrives
,

in mos t soils and enj oys hade Madame F

.

d is a fine v ariety S . ou rca e

and so is maximus ; bo t h have white flowers If t he c lumps c an

, ,

be c overed wi t h h d l i g h t st here ough t t o be no doubt f a supply

an O

o f s t inless flowers at C hris t mas

a The Lente . n

R ose ( Helleborus orien t alis ) may be c onsidered

with t he C hris tm as R ose to whi c h it forms a
su cc ession The foliage is brigh t er in c olour
,

and t he flowers are larger and more varied

,

. .

There are many varie t ies .

Cl i i (
v aIman t ophyllum ) — A grea t favouri t e .

for greenhouse and room decora t ion House .

gardeners esteem t he C livia highly not only

be c ause it has handsome habi t and bright
,

flowers but be c ause i t is not affe ct ed by ar t i

fi i l illuminan t s The plants t hrive in the P
,

c a .

s t o c k bulb compos t and bloom best when n SL i zg

W RO A ‘ I AS

t hey be c ome po t bound so that they hould D i g

,
E
-
S
no t be repo t ted frequently When they are
,
1 ra n a e
.

growing freely large quan t ities of water should be given with

liquid manure twi c e a week Miniata and its varieties may be
,

c hosen Propagation is by offse t s

. .

C l hi
o c m (Meadow S a ffron ) — Pretty autumn fl w i g bulbs
cu -
o er n .

Au t umnale is t he bes t known but peciosum is a finer plant They S .

t hrive in cool plac es and make pret ty clumps

,

C s— One f
r oc u most popular cheap early bulbs good for
O ou r
beds borders margins and grass but no t e ffe ct ive in po ts The
,

golden yellow is the best but mus t be pro t e ct ed from birds by

, , , ,

s tringing bla c k threads abov e i t o t herwise t he e ffect may be spoiled

,

King f the B lues and King of the Whi t es are two fine varieties ;
,

o
Purpurea g d i fl is a good dark S t 6 ins apart when lines
r an ora e
are being formed Many of t he spe cies are wor t h planting on the
. .

ro c kery no t ably vernus S i b i i i d i fl s and

, t s , e er , r oru ,
zo n a u .

C wro I m p i l ( Fritillaria imperialis )

n er a —A very handsome plant .

allied with t he c ommon Fri t illary bu t f totally di fferent habit

,

growing to 3 f t high and bearing a c luster f large drooping

, ,

2 . o
flowers A red and a yellow may be go t also a duplex variety
, ,

called Crown upon Crown These are plendid plants for the
,

- -
. S

border and hould be se t 8 ins apar t

, S 1 . .

Cy l m
c a — The hardy Cy c lamens are mu c h smaller t han t he
en

varie t ies f persicum whi c h w see grown in pots f green

O e or

house decora t ion but t hey are j us t as beautiful in their w y ; a

in fa c t it would be di ffi c ul t to find anyt hing in the w y f hardy
,

a o

flowers more c harming t han a c olony f c oum europaeum or N

,

o , , ea

p lit
o an um established in a shady spot To get th best result a . e
44 E n c y c lop e di a o f G a rd e ning
dozen or more c orms should be se t 6 ins apar t and 3 ins deep i a . . n

c lump They like peat y soil loam t horoughly impregnat ed w ith

.
, or
leaf mould ; lime rubbish is also
good for these dain t y li tt le
plan t s The greenhouse varie t ies .

are very beau t i f ul and may be

raised from seed in la t e summer
,

put singly in t o small po t s when

,

t hey have made 3 4 leaves or

and transferred to 5 i or 6 i
,

-
n .
-
n.

L N D FF D IL t he following summer D . ur
H w o

B s f l g b l b 5 i sf m h s f ing
TO
hot
P
summer
A T
wea tA
her theyO S.

a e o
T p f l g b l b 5 i sf m h s f
1 . ar e
hould u
be kep t n
in a frame
.
or
ro t e
t e
u r ac e .
S
2
S m ll
.

3.b l b si hf p 5i f m h c ool shady house The air

o o
a
ar
er
e
u
u
w t
2
to
n .

1
ro

n. ro
u r ace
t e
.

should be kep t humid by

,

u r ace ,

syringing fr quen t ly Any e .

flowers whi c h how should be S

pi c ked ou t un til mid au t umn -

when t he plan t s will c ome

,

gradually in t o flower and re

main in beau t y in a warm

greenhouse for several weeks
Mos t growers raise fresh s t o c k
.

every year and dis c d t he old ar

plan t s af t er blooming thus

,

treating t hem as biennials ; b t

,

o t hers keep the l d plan t s aft er O

flowering Cy c lamens grow .

slowly in the seedling s t age

be c ause they have t o form t he
,

corm .

( N arcissus) The ’
D fi il a oa .

most popular f all bul bs and o , ,

N I U B ULB D I U M as w have seen good alike for e

beds borders ro c keries grass
,
ARC S S S OCO .

woodland po t s and bowls The follow ing are good varieties

, , , ,

, , . :

E l y T mp t D fi di l s
Van VV s Gian t av e r e n
’

ar
Vi ct oria
ru e a o .

*
Golden S pur Ch li N is
s i a ce a rc
Henry Irving
.

B la c kwell
*

*
Ob l l i s va ar C J B a c khouse . .

T mp t V i ti s
C ynosure *
L t Frank Miles
_

a er ru e ar e e .

C ernuus Gloria Mundi

*
E mperor Homespun
*
Empress Lady M B oscawen .

Glo y f Le va r o S t ella superba *

*
H sfi l d i or e e S i Wa t kin *
r

King Alfred P ti sV i ti s oe
‘

cu ar e e .

Mad me de Gr aff a Almira a

M sWalter T Ware
r . B Jonson
. en
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning 45
* Ornatus ( early) *
D ouble i m p nco a r a bi l i s ( B ut t er
* Pheasan t s E y ’
e and E ggs )
*
Pl s( double)
enu
*
O range Phoenix ( E ggs and
B a c on )
Va r i o u sS e c ti o n s .
*
Poeti c us p l s enu
*
B ar r I consp c u s B
i st u ar r I ec I on *
S ulphur Phoenix
rb d g i se c ti on
,

F i r e br a n d B u , T l m i sp l s e *
e a on u enu
John Be nLee l s s t ,

l y th sN
u e c I on
s
s
Seagull P o an u a rc z z .

D uchess Wes t mins t er L d si i B athurs

of t ee
D ouble R oman
,

se c tion *

E lvira P t section z
d
g
oe az ran

a h te
,

er
Wlii t P earl
i

M
F R k
h s t oni Q ueen i g
or oc er e .
e
0 n p ain s
O
j l
,

inimus q on ui .

T d rusr I an
C m p 1l a e rn e e
D ouble *

D o u bl e D d fiOd l l S . O d o r u sr u gu l o s
us
‘

Cernuus p l s enu ingle wee t *

S S
A few c hoi c e varie t ies are here intermingled with the popular
inexpensive sor t s The latt er are marked
,

Di t ( D iely
ce n r a t ra ) — The popular spe c ies pec t abilis is t he well
. S

known B leeding Hear t whi ch has drooping ly e shaped c oral —pink r -

t m s It su c ceeds in shel t ered pla c es

, , ,

flowers on long p d l s en u ou S
'

e .

ou t f doors if roots are plan t ed in autumn

o I t is mu c h used for .

g eenhouse work and answers well if po tted in bulb soil in Au t umn

r

kept cool t hrough t he win t er and given a warm greenhouse ligh t

, ,

air and abundan c e of wa t er in spring E ximia and formosa are t wo

, , ,

good spe c ies of D icentra which may be grown in herba c eous borders
,

i m ( D og s Tooth Violet ) — Charming bulbs with quain t

’
E yth r ro n u .

flowers well adap t ed for ool s h ady spots in the ro c k garden where
,

C
t hey will flower in spring The c ommon D og s Too t h Violet varies
, , ,
’
.

in c olour ; t here are rose and whi t e forms f i t Americanum o .

yellow spotted wi t h brown ; and gigan t eum cream wi t h orange

,

p tches are good species They may all be planted abou t 6 ins
,
_

a . .

deep and 9 ins apar t in autumn

,

. .

F si — O ne f t he mos t fragrant f bulbs

re e a. o d a real gem for o an
blooming in wi n t er and spring B y pu tting several bulbs an in c h .

apar t in 5 i po t s in bulb soil in au t umn pla c ing t hem in a frame

-
n.

t tc t
,

(
no t plunged in fibre ) and bringing them into hea in ba hes i is
easy t o ge t a long su c cession O f bloom The plan t s are nearly h rdy
, ,

. a
and may be used for an unheated greenhouse They like a ligh t
,

airy posi t ion and plen ty f water once the buds have formed After
,

o .

flowering t hey should be dried ff by degrees and finally pread on

,

O S
a shelf in t he sun to ripen R efract a alba white wi t h yellow mark
,

ings is the original kind L i h tl i i major has primrose flowers . e c n

and is a very s trong grower Hybrids are being developed and
, ,

. ,

should be looked t for by bulb lovers ; Chapmanii yellow isou , , one .

F i ti l l i
r
( S nakear as Head Lily ) — The chequered lila c flowers
’
f o
Fri t illaria Meleagris have a subdued and c omposed appearance
.

There is no t hing brilliant and assertive about them but they e , ar

4 6 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g
quain t and pleasing They droop their stems a t a heigh t of
. on
abou t a foot from the ground The S nake s Head looks very well .
’

in grass and i t may be grown t he rockery near t he fron t f on or o

the border Well drained sandy soil should be provided and t he
, ,

-
.

bulbs may be put 4 ins deep in au t umn White and pink varie t ies
,

. .

o f Meleagris are pro c urable and t here is a yellow spe c ies named ,

aurea .

Plantain Li y — The bulb dealer handles t his pre tt y

F ki
un ( l a ) .

broad leaved Lily like plan t whi c h t hrives in shady places and
,

- -

looks well near t he fron t f the herbaceous border The variega t ed

, , ,

o .

leaved varieties look well in po t s in conserva t ories and rooms They .

may be pu t in the bulb compos t in au t umn For t unei and sb . u c or

da t a g d i fl are t w f t he best plain leaved forms for t he

r an ora o O -

garden Undula t a variegata is a pre tt y s triped sor t

. .

G l d i l s— The most beau t iful f all t he pseudo bulbous plan t s

a o u . o -

to which spe c ial a t tention should be de v o t ed C ombining

,

and one .

as it does beau t iful form

,

graceful habi t and bri l

. ,

liant c olours wi t h a period

,

O f blooming whi c h brings

i t be tween t he summer
and au t umn flowers i t
is almos t indispensable
,

Gladioli are no t di ffi c ul t
plants t o grow if t he soil
is well drained and free ’

from wire worm but t hey -

do not like s t i ff da m p
,

soil and on ne w ly broken

t t
,

IN E ING G L D I L I pas ure land hey su ffer -

CR
severely
AS
from ground A O .

Sp S m ll
IN , m e w c or

5 Ol d d d m“
ms .
pes t s
3. We l l drained loamy
awn . 4. a co r .
.
-

soil sui t s t hem bes t I t

e c ay e co
.

should be broken up deeply and a c oa t of de c ayed manure pu t

under t he t op pi t If t his is done in win t er t he surfa c e may be
-
S .

lef t rough and dressed wi t h soo t or w ood ashes t o whi c h super

,
’

phospha t e bone flour a t t he ra t e f 3 lb per square yard

Or O .

has been added This should be dug w ell in The c orms may . .

be plan t ed a foo t apar t and 3 ins deep in April The plan t s . .

wi ll need staking be fore they c ome in t o bloom The smaller .

e ly blooming varie t ies like B lushing B ride (deli c a tissima)

,

ar -

c dinalis and C l i ll i alba are g d for po t s and may be pu t in

, ,

ar o v e co

t he bulb c ompos t in au t umn and t a t ed like o t her bulbs The

, , ,

re .

flower gardener who does no t c are t o pe cialise Gladioli under S

names may buy mixed hybrids f G d s i s Ch i l d sii and o an ave n

He should also ge t t he fine s c arle t B

, ,

L m i
e i
o ne . hl y s is re n c e en
whi c h is brillian t in c olour las t s long in beau t y and is c heap If
,

however he wan t s a c ollec t ion f named varie t ies he migh t procure

, , ,

,
o

the following
Ang ele ti nt ed whi t e Cani c ule s c arle t lemon t hroa t
Armagnac crimson
, ,

Hall é blush
,

B la c k Prin c e iole t Herc ules scarlet

, ,

,
v ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 47
Marie Th er ese whi t e lemon S f yellow a ra n o ,

t hroat
, ,

S anspareil salmon pink w hi t ,

-

, e
Pearl white , throat
Pius X pink white and lemon Van D ael pi k
., , , ,
n

These are all O f t he fines t quality It is well to take the corms up .

wi th t heir labels in early winter and s t ore t hem in a dry fros t

,

pr of pla c e t ill spring Gladiolus lovers should look t for t h

, , ,

o . ou e

hybrids f primulinus and G d

o si s a modern ra c e the inne an av e n r

segment f whose flowers droops over so as t o make t hem look lik

, ,

O e

the O r c hid Anguloa The colours are shades of yellow. .

G sy L i l y — S Amaryllis and N erine

u ern e ee .

H ll b
e es— S C hristmas and Lenten R oses
oru . ee .

H m e ll i s( D y Lily) — Thi s short lived flower makes up for i ts

e r oc a a .
-

fugaci t y by blooming abundantly and t he plant is a graceful one

well adap t ed for sunny posi t ions in the herba c eous border I f
, ,

planted a foo t apart in c lumps in au t umn i t makes an e ffe ct iv e

display in early summer and goes on flowering a long t ime Auran .

maj or is a fine orange coloured varie t y Flava is a lemon

,

ti
ac a -
.

c oloured spe cies Fulva is a large orange c oloured species f whi c h

.
-
o
t here is a variegated leaved variety ; bo t h grow 3t o 3 f t high and
-
2 .

need more room t han t he o t hers Kwanso is a double with bronz y .

flowers ; there is a variegated leaved variety f this also The D y -

O . a
Lilies may be in creased by division in pring S .

H y i th — Perhaps t he mos t popular of all pot bulbs

ac n . Th . e

c ul t ure has already been deal t wi t h and it only remains to give a

sele c tion f varie t ies
,

V i ti s f P
ar e i g e or
La Grandesse
o rc n ’
L I
Whi t e Roman (pot in Augus t nn oce n c e

and su c cessionally) S i gl B l s
h n e u .

Italian various c olours Grandeur a Merveille

D u tc h M sc olours La Franchise
,

i i t i
n a u r e , v ar 0u

S i n gl e P i n k . S i n gl e B l u e .
C ard nal W sm
0

i I e an
Grand Maitre medium
G i m ude King of t he B lues dark
,

Queen f t he B lues ligh t

,

3322
3 11 3
15
2 11
S h t e l l ? ht
C 0
o

1
'
,

’
L O rn e m e n t R ose ,

S i n gl e Y e l l o w .
S i n gl e Re al .
Amy C ty3

i of Haarlem
R obert S teiger King o f the Y ellows
R i des B elges
o
D o u bl e s
.

S i n gl e Whi te
La Tour d A .
g white ’
u ver ne,

B aroness van T yl l Laurens Kos t er blue

u ,

I t is not ne c essary t o buy fi st size named Hya ci nths for bedding r -

as de l ers supply sp i l si bulbs in disti n c t c olours

,

a ec a ~
ze .

Grape Hyacin t hs (Mus c ari) beau tiful li t tle pl nts for c ool ar e a

shady parts f the rock garden B o tryoides blue ; b alba white ;

,

O . .

m Heave l y B lue are all c harming

, ,

and i
c on c u , n The bulbs may b , . e
planted an inch deep and 3 ins apart in autumn . .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n ing
Musk Hyac in t h (Mus c ari mos c ha t us) wi t h yellow musk scented -

fl owers is an in t eres t ing plan t whi c h may be treated like t h

, ,

e
Muscaris
,

The mauv Feather Hya c inth (Mus c ari p l m ss) the blue
e u o u
S tarch Hya c inth ( Mus c ari ra c emosus) and the Amethys t Hyacint h
,

( Mus c ari m t h ys
,

ti a s) may also be grown

e nu , .

H y i th s( G l t i )
ac n u di s— Thi s is the noblest of all the
a on a ca n ca n .

H yacinths be ing a fl w spike which rises t a height f 4 ft

ar o er -
o O
d a c luster f large expanded pendent bell shaped flowers
,

a
. n o A -
.

it in a border a bed plan t ed 3 f t apart and in terspersed

, , ,

g roup f o or .

with t he c heap s c arlet Gladiolus B

, ,

hl y s i s looks very fine renc e en .

B oth plan ts will thrive in any well drained soil and will probably
,

b at t heir b st in August
,

e e .

I i s— Sr . Iris ee .

I x i — Pre tt y if somewhat
a t i fi i l looking bulbs well adap t ed ar c a -

for culture in pots bu t also t hriving in sunny spots outdoors where

, , ,

t h soil is ligh t and well drained They are useful for a c ool green
,

e .

h ouse suc c eeding t he spring bulbs Three may be put in a 5 i .

-
n.

t
,

p t
o and given he bulb so i l and treatment generally The leaves .

a
. relong and slender like those f Gladioli and the flowers are borne o
Gladiolus like pikes The follow ing are pre tty varieties
, ,

i n -
S . :

Azurea blue , l Lady S lade pink ,

B rutus yellow Queen f R oses rose O

B u c ephalus c armine
, ,

S nowflake white
i d s s c arlet
,

green
,

C t ra ero e ,
Vi idifl r o ra ,

L h ac l i — Pretty gra c eful

ena a. free blooming bulbs sui t ed f -
or
t c
, , ,

p t
o culture and still more for hanging baske s Five bulbs ould .

pu t in a 6 i pot
,

b e several ins ap t round the sides of a

-
n . or 2 . ar

wi e basket lined with moss and filled wi t h bulb soil They are
,

r .

e h m i g for c ool greenhouses flowering late in pring

ar n The mos t ,
S .

popular kinds pendula red ar e , ,

green and purple ; N elsoni yellow ;

and t ri c olor yellow green and red
, ,

.
, , ,

L i li m A large and very i m u .

-

p or t an t genus giving us beautiful ,

plants for conservatory greenhouse , ,

and garden ; and exquisite flowers

for wreaths and table and c hur c h
de c ora t ion The Liliums are true .

bulbs and thrive in the bulb soil

already re commended The only
,

real differen c e in cul ture is that as

t hey have a habit f produ c ing o
roots above t he bulb at t he lower
part f the ste n i t is desirable to
,

o r

LI LI U M
,

O FF E S TS O Nplace the bulbs rather low in the S.

I Fi b s ts Offsts pots and give a top dressing O f oi l

ro o 2 e ’
'

S
when the s t em roots appear O ther
. rou . . .

'

wise t hey may be treated like Hyacin t hs They also do well in .

.b owls or po t s f peat moss fibre and shell o When used f garden

-

. or
d ecoration Liliums hould be gi v en heltered places S The soil hould S . S
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ar d e ning 49
b e well drained and if s ti ff lightened wi t h road s crapings leaf
mould peat and sand They may be covered twi c e t heir own dep t h
, , ,

. .

The bes t varie t ies for pot cul t ure are pe c iosum (lan c ifolium) K t
, ,

S r ae

zeri white ; pe c iosum roseum and rubrum whi t e spotted wi t h

S
red ; l g i fl m white ; and l g i fl m H i si i whi t e The
, ,

on oru on oru ar r .

most popular kinds f the garden are auratum t he Golden rayed

, ,

or ,
-

Japanese Lily and its varieties b i t t t m virginale and Wi tt i ru rO v-

a u e :

c andidum t he white Garden Madonna Lily and i t s double

, , ,

or

variety ; Ch l d i m t he s c arlet Turk s c ap ; c ro c eum the

, ,
’
a ce on cu
O range Lily ; Mar t agon purpl e and its whi te variety ; t igrinum
, ,

the TI ger Lily and its varie ties For t unei and plendens From 3 to
, , ,

S .

6 bulbs plan t ed a foot apar t in groups look well

,

Candidum ought .

t o be bought towards the end f summer the others in autumn O or

pring O ther good Liliums are g i g t m
,

S .
y tall pure white an eu v er
flowers likes a c ool moist pla c e ; Henryi orange ; pomponium
, _ ,

s c arle t ; pyre aicum t he yellow Turk s c ap ; and sl p h

, , , ,

m pale
’
n , u u re u ,

yellow .

L i l y f th V l l y ( Convallaria maj alis )

o e —This deli c iously scented
a e .

o l d favourite should be grown bo t h ou t doors and in It is f the . O

easiest c ul t iva t ion and inexpensive .

I t may be forced
,

treated as a or

simple greenhouse plan t wi t h equal

su cc ess Those who are sat isfied w i t h
.

flowers in April need give no artifi c ial

heat what ever It su ffi c es to pu t .

half a dozen flowering crowns

wi t h t he t ips exposed in a 5 i po t -
h
'

in autumn in the bulb soil plunge

t hem in fibre like Hyac in t hs and pu t
,

t hem in t he greenhouse a few weeks

,

la t er They will remain wi t h li tt le or

.

no ign of grow t h until the warm

S
weather f pring c omes and t hen
O S
will c ome into bloom rapidly Wha t
,

is more t he leaves will follow qui c kly

t he flowers When the crowns are
,

on .

for c ed in bot t om heat t he flowers

come in advan c e O f t he leaves B y OFF L I LY V LL E Y . S ET o p o r: TH E A

get ting retarded crowns — t hat is

,

c rowns kept dorman t by c old s t orage— fl w smay be had within

,

o er
a m on t h from s t ar t ing t he for c ing and wi t h suc c essions t he
supply c an be main t ained Over a long period The crowns may be
,

put in damp moss moist c o c oa nu t fibre refuse for forcing and or ,

should be kept in the dark until t he spikes are well up t hen put in ,

the light and pot t ed when the flowers how To su cc eed with S .

Lilies f t he Valley the garden it is ne c essary to choose a mois t

O in ,

Shady pla c e A dressing of peat and leaf mould will improve t he

.

soil I t swell to buy spe c ial c lumps for planting in autumn no t

. i ,

to rely on forced crowns Fort n Gian t sa fine v ariety B erlin . i 5 i .

crowns are good for forcing

M tb ti
.

on A quasi bulbous plant which bulb dealers handle

re a. - -

and which does well if bought and plant d in autumn The Mont
,

e .

D
50 E n c y cl op e di a of G ard e ning
b ti s
re a very useful for t hey will t hrive in almost any soil and
ar e
while they like a cool rather shady pla c e wi t h abundan c e f
, ,

o
moisture t hey will grow in mos t plac es They form t hick masses
, ,

f long narrow Iris like leaves from t he mids t f whi c h the fl w

,

o -
o o er
stems rise They may be propagated by division in pring Mos t
, , ,

. S .

o f the sor t s are yellow or orange in colour and t he flowers are borne
in large quanti ties Over a long period George D avison yellow ;
,

Germania s c arle t ; Golden S hea f yellow ; Pluie d apri c o t ; and

,
’
or,
Prome t heus orange are good varie t ies
, ,

, , .

N ss— S D a ffodil
is
a rc u . ee .

N i — A beau t iful genus

er ne. f half hardy and t ender bulbs suit o -

able for c ool houses or for warm shel t ered pla c es indoors in mild
,

dis tri c ts The bril lian t glis t ening flowers are borne in umbels in
,

la t e summer In creasing slowly and being impatient of disturb

,

an c e t hey are ra t her more expensive t han the maj ori t y f bulbs
,

O
but t he ra t es are not exorbitan t N erine ( Amaryllis) s i si s
, ,

. ar n e n
t he Guernsey Lily is o f t he mos t beau t i f ul f t he genus and
,

one o
t here is a large trade done in i t in late summer the plants being
, ,

bought wi t h R oman Hya c in t hs when the fl w pikes are rising

,

o er S -

from t he bulbs They make t heir growth aft er blooming and .

should be watered un t il they how signs f going to res t in spring

,

S o
when t hey should be dried ff for t he summer The bulb soil sui t s
,

o .

t hem I t is bes t to leave them in t he same po t un t il they ge t very

.

c rowded as frequent shift ing is bad The followi ng are beau t iful .

s maj or s c arlet ; F t h gi ll i maj or

,

N erines B w d i pink ;
: o en c oru ca o er

c rimson ; and S almon

, ,

Queen salmon
,

O i th g l m — B est known through t he pretty whi t e

,

rn o a u . S tar of
B e t hlehem O umbellatum a fragrant flower of t en grown the
”
. on
ro c kery or near the fron t f t he border hardy and t h iving in
, ,

o r
ordin y soil if t he bulbs are plan t ed an in c h deep and 6 ins apart ;
, ,

ar .

i t likes a shady spo t Arabi c um the other hand prefers a warm . on

sunny spot ; i t is a beau t iful and fragran t spe cies t he whi t e flowers
, , ,
‘

having a c entral boss of shining bla c k I t may be grown in pots for

,

S pring flowering d as i t is both pretty and sweet it is wor t h a an

pla c e in the greenhouse L t m whi t e with yellow anthers ; and
,

. ac eu

nu t ans grey
,

also popular ar e .

A beau t iful whi t e greenhouse bulb wi t h long

, ,

P ti m
an cra u .
—

sepals I t t hrives in the usual bulb soil and may be grown singly
,

po t s Most f t he Pan cra t iums are agreeably

. ,

in 5 i -
6 i
n. or -
n . . o
s c en t ed C l th i and fragrans whi t e swee t are perhaps t he
a a na

best known spe c ies Maritimum is also grown a good deal The
. , , ,

— . .

last may be grown t f doors in sandy well drained soil in a ou o -

sunny pla c e
,

l s This fl i s t s flower has lost some of its O ld —time

’
R an u n cu u .
-
or

favour and is rarely bedded by fl orists as w sonce t he c ase The a .

flowers are symme tri c al and brillian t ly c oloured but ra t her st i ff

,

The Turban lass are early bloomers and may be plan t ed ins deep
,

C 2 .

and a f oo t apar t laws downward in au t umn ; the French and

,

Persian whi c h bloom lat er may be planted in February March

, ,

, ,
or .

They all like a sandy friable well drained soil -

.

—The great v alue f t hi s

, ,

S hi s
c tyl i s zo i ( scarlet K ffi Lily) cocc n e a a r . o
bright little plant is tha t it blooms in autumn and early winter when ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 5 1

flowers are s c ar c e I t might be called a miniature Gladiolus f

. or
i t s leafage and flower spikes resemble those f the Gladiolus ; it is
,

o
however much smaller It is quite h rdy and a few c lumps f i t
,

. a o
look v ery cheerful in t he border a win t er day They should b
, ,

on . e

given a sunny shel t ered position and lef t t o pread The K ffi S . a r

Lil y is well worth growing in pots and 3 plants pu t into a 5 i p t

,

-
n. o
in bulb soil in au t umn will enliven the cool greenhouse in winter
,

cS i ll ( S quill ) — B right li tt le bulbs charming in spring beds

a . or on
t he roc kery They will grow almos t anywhere and bloom early
,

. .

Plant an in c h deep and 6 ins apart in au t umn They make pre tt y . .

margins and also look well in grass The S c illas c ome in t o bloom .

with t he S nowdrops and make c harming c ompanions for t hos

,

e
dain t y little flowers B ifolia dark blue ; and S ibirica brigh t blue
,

are pre t ty dwarf spe c ies ; and there are whi t e varie ties of both
, , ,

C ampanulat a the wood Hyac inth is a taller plant and t here ar e

now several good garden varieties of it blue whi t e rose lavender

, , ,

or
in colour N u t ans is the E nglish B luebell and t here are white and
, , , ,

pink varieties of it Peru viana t he C uban Lily is a handsom

,

. e

plant and t here are white and pink varieties f this also
, ,

o .

Pret t y li tt le hardy bulbs the

,

S
no w d p ( Galanthus nivalis )
ro .
—

S nowdrops never look ni c er than when hanging t heir bells above

,

the grass They are f course good for m argins for c olonies near
. o

the front of a border for ro c keries and also f pots They like a
, , ,

or .

cool shady spo t better than a dry sunny one ; and when they have
, ,

es t ablished t hemselves they should be lef t undis t urbed The bulbs

, ,

may be plan t ed ins deep and 6 ins apart B oth the c ommon 2 . . .

single and double are good but E l w si i and p l i t sare larger e ca u .

c — The S nowflakes su cc eed the S nowdrops

,

S
no wfl k ( Leu oj
a ume) .

flowering in pring and early summer B o t h aes t ivum and vernum

,

S .

have white flowers tipped with green and are lar ger in bloom and
taller than t he S nowd rops Vernum is the e lier in flower and is
,

. ar

fragran t The bulbs may be planted 3 ins deep and 9 ins apart
,

. . .

and a shady spot is desirable One of the fines t f all t he S now

,

. o

flakes is V g i whi c h flowers late in spring

a e n er .

m ) — A distin c t and
,

S l m
o o s S l ( Polygonatum m l t i fl
on
’
ea u oru .

gra c eful plant growing t o 3 ft high t hriving in shade and bear 2 .

ing greenish flowers a long ar c hing stern I t is perfe c tly hardy

, , ,

on .

and m y be plan t ed ou t in au t umn but many grow i t in pots using

, ,

bulb soil and for c ing i t gen t ly

, ,

Sp xi s
a ra — Cape bulbs somewhat resembling Ixias but flowering
.

rather e arlier and dwarfer They are good f ro c keries and t h

, ,

. or e
front f borders and thrive when plan t ed in ligh t well drained
,

O -

fer t ile soil ; t hey may be grown in po t s like Ixias The pecies
, , ,

or . S
pul cherrima is qui t e distin c t from t he others flowering in autumn
and growing several feet high I t is hardy in friable well drained
,

-
.

soil
,

Ti g i d i s— S hor t lived but richly marked flowers blooming la t

r a .
- -
e
in summ r They are fairly hardy thriving in sandy friable well
,

e .

drained soi l in a sunny spot ; but not reliable in c old damp soil
, , ,

the shell flower yellow spo t ted with red ; g d i fl

,

C
onc hifl ora, r an ora
alba white spot t ed ; g d i fl rosea pink ; and Pa v onia red
,

r an ora

with darker spots

, , ,

good sorts
,

, ar e .
52 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g
T i ll i m g
r udi fl m — The American Wood Lily is a beautiful
ra n oru .

a n d dis t inct plant admirably adap t ed for c ool shady posi t ions in
, ,

t h woodland
e wild garden The flowers or large and pure white ar e
borne in M y The bulbs may be planted ins deep and 9 ins
. ,

a . 2 . .

a part in autumn .

T i t l i — Pre t ty dwarf bulbs blooming in spring

r e e a. They are .

good for ro c keries and t he fron t f borders U i fl is th e best

,

o . n or a
k nown species ; t he white flowers are delicately suffused wi t h lil a c
an d ha v e a pleasan t perfume Viola c ea is a darker c oloured .
-

v ariety They may be planted ins deep and 6 ins apart in

. 2 . .

a utumn grown 3 in a po t and trea t ed like other indoor bulbs

or
for flowering in win t er under glass
, , ,

T it i r C
on a s mi — The spe c ies aurea whi c h be s long
or r oco a. ar

g raceful ra c emes f orange c oloured flowers in summer is a brigh t

, ,

o -

d popular plan t It is h rdy in warm sunny po t s and in well

,

an . a S
It is well worth g owing in po t s for the cool
, ,

d rained friable soil . r

greenhouse and may be given the gener l bulb trea t ment Cro c ata
,

is
a .

l so an orange c oloured species

,

a -
.

T b u s ( Polianthes t uberosa) — A fragran t pure whi t e bulb

e ro e .
-

with long flower s t ems w hi c h rise in summer The bulbs are pro
, ,

urable in win t er and pring and should be po tt ed singly like

,

c S
Hya c inths and given the general bulb trea t men t They are q ui t e
,

e asy to manage The fav ouri t e varie t y is Pearl which has double
.

fragran t flowers t ha t are c harming f bouquets wreaths and

, ,

or

g eneral c u t fl w
, ,

work -
o er .

T l i ps The Tulip grows rapidly in favour e very

u .
-
ear as a y

g arden flower and runs t he D affodil an in c reasingly hard ra c e for

upremacy Its grea t value lies in t he fac t t hat by making a hoi c e
,

s . C

o f varieties we c an have Tulips in bloom from mid April t o June -

Moreover w c an have plan t s with flower stems a foo t high

.

e d an

varieties 3 ft high Few flowers have a wider range of c olours t han

, ,

. .

t h Tulip bu t i t does no t give us blue

e It has already been pointed .

t that t h Tulip is v ery useful for pot cul t ure and in this respec t
,

o u e

early D u tc h v arie t ies beginning with t he D van Th l s are

,

th e ue o
t h mos t s The me t hod of c ul t ure has been indica t ed The
, ,

e m t bl a e. .

plan t s some t imes throw abortive flowers bu t t his rarely happens

wi t h large well ripened bulbs unless there has been a s rious error
,

-
e

culture su c h as keeping the plan t s t oo long in fibre (s previous

, ,

i n ee

emarks as t o pot t ing bulbs) for c ing t hem t oo hard

,

r giving i or n

s ffi i t wa t er I t may be remarked t ha t B ri t ish grown Tulips are

, ,

u c en .
-

quite as good as D utch and t he buyer mus t t be alarmed by loose no

skins as t hey do t affect t he flowering
,

The Tulip di ffers from

no .

Hyacinth in bulbing freely af t er flowering and c onse quen t ly

,

th e
t
,

a n y good varieties should be kept If the soil is good and he season . ,

no t a very dry they sometimes be t ter t he second ye than

one, ar e ar

th firs t I t has b een noted (s Flower Garden ) tha t t here are

e . ee

p len t y f plan t
o s whi c h may b raised in readiness for plan t ing .
e
o u t in June so tha t no need hesi t a t e t o plan t la t e Tulips freely
one
the ground t ha t they o c cupy the beds t oo long They make
,

on .

n oble colour groups in borders The following are beautiful early .

D utch single Tulips suitable for pots bowls and beds , , , :

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing 53
C h ysl
r yellow
o ora , Keizer s Kroon red and yellow ’

Cot t age Maid pink dwarf

, ,

very tall
Couleur de C ardinal cardinal O phir d O yellow
, ,
’
r,

Pink B eauty rose and whi t

,

van Thol red and yellow

,

Duc e
also o t her c olours
, , ,

Proserpine yellow
Joos t van Vondel striped also Thomas Moore orange
,

Vermilion B rilliant scarle t

, , ,

white form ,

Whi te S wan white ,

The following good early double v arieties ar e :

La Candeur white , Tournesol red and yellow ,

R ex R b u m red roru yellow

,

S alvator R osa rose Y ellow R ose sweet

, ,

The following are splendid M y bloomers a :

Caledonia cardinal Loveliness lilac pink -

Clara But t pink Maiden s Blush whi te rose edg

, ,
’
e
MsK l g mau ve white edg
, , ,

Gesneriana lutea yellow r . re a e,

‘

e
Grand Monarque chocolate
, ,

Pride f Ha rlem crimson o a

La Merveille oppery swee t
, ,

, S ummer Beauty rose flake

C , ,

La Tulipe noire purple Walter T W e orange . ar ,

Le R é mau v e
,

ve ,

W ts i — A sm l l genus of beau t iful C ape bulbs f which t w

a on a . a o o
sor t s A d i and M i i ha v e pure w h ite flow rs
,
’
,
r e rn e O B i e r an a r en ,
-
e .

They are worth g owing in pots and may be potted singly lik r , , e
Hyacinths but the bulbs are not procurable till early winter They .

may be started in pots in pring if desired and plan t ed out i earl y

,

S ,
-

n
summer The flowers are borne in long graceful spikes
. , .

B l l c ( Prunus insititia) — A fruit hardly worth growing S

u a e . . ee
Fruit— D amsons .

B u p h th l mu m ( b p h t h al mum from b s an
a and phth l m s
u -
ou ox, o a o

eye in allusion to t he disk O rd C ompositae) — These are tall

, , ,

. . .

hardy herbaceous perenni l s sui t able f the border d thriving

, ,

a or an

in ordinary well drained soil in a sunny position Propaga t ion i s

, ,

-
.

by division in pring The best are salicifolium g d i fl m S . r an or u

i m m (T l k i speciosissima ) and pe c iosum ( cordifolium )
,

sp i s
ec o iss u e e a , S
ll of whi c h grow abou t ft high and hav e yellow flowers in summer
,

a 2 . .

Burg ndy Mixtur — This is a substi t ute f B ordeaux Mix t ure

u e or ,

and is used for spraying Potatoes in order to keep ff blight S od o . a

is used ins t ead f lime and the propor t ions are 6 lb sulphate f
o ,
.
: . o
copper 7} lb washing soda 5 gallons f water
,
7 . , 0 o .

B rnin g Bush D ic t amnus Fraxinella

u ,
.

B tcher s Br m ( Ruscus) —A good shade plan t R us c u s

u
’
oo . .

derives from b s( Celti c ) box and k l m holly ; and the plan t is

eu , e e

also called t he B Holly The But c her s B rooms belong t o t h

,

ox . e
order Liliaceae and grow about a foot high They are grown s
, . a
foliage plants .

B t m us m bellat s ( Flowering Rush ) —S Flower Garden

u o u u . ee
Water plants .

B tt r bur Pe t asi t es v ulgaris

u e ,
.

B tt rc p R anunculus bulbosus etc

u e u , , .
54 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng

B tter fly Fl w r S chizan t hus

u o e , .

B tt w rt —S
u er oPinguicula
. ee .

B x s— S B
u u ee ox.

Cabbag — S B rassi c a and K itchen Garden

e ee .

Cactus Ca ct us is not a genus bu t a c lass The term is applied

.
-
.

ollec t ively to a number O f genera whi ch have a common character

,

c
uch as C ereus E chinocactus Ec hinopsis E piphyllum Mamillaria
,

s
Meloca ct us Opuntia Pereskia Phyllo c a ct us Pilocereus and Rh i p
, , , , ,

sal is All f t hese plan t s are Cacti The maj ori t y f t hem were
, , , , ,

. O . o

o riginally grouped in genus c alled C a c tus in allusion t o t he

one
pininess f the firs t member named They are fleshy plan t s
, ,

S o SO .

mostly f slow grow t h t hri v ing in a cool ai ry house O ne two

,

o . or

notably E piphyllums are good room plan t s The C a c tuses require

, , ,

plain gri tt y soil such as loam wi t h a good sprinkling f shatt ered

,

a O

brick and sand They may be given wa t er in summer when t he

, ,

soil be c omes dry bu t should be kep t wi t h hardly any in win t er .

They are propagated by seeds grafting cut t ings and division

,

, , , .

When seeds are available they may be sown in very gritty porous ,

c ompost in well drained pots preferably in a greenhouse in spring

-
.

Kinds t ha t form s t ems may be propagated by

,

cuttings of these g ow t hs whi c h should be laid in r

the sun for a few days t o get rid f some f the sap
,

o o
o t herwise they may damp ff ; t hey hould then be
,

O S

inser t ed in gri tt y soil S pecies f t uft ed habit may . O

be divided when the plan t s are repo tt ed in pring S .

E piphyllums are generally graft ed on to s t ocks f o

Pereskia Cereus As nat ives f arid dis tri ct s or . o

Cac t i are used t o a dry a t mosphere bu t t hey may

,

have a moist one when growing in summer The .

following some f t he prin c ipal pe c ies ar e O S :

C ereus fl g l l i f m i spink flowers in spring a e or , .

g d ifl s white summer a night r an oru , , ,

bloomer .

M d l d i whi t e and red summer ac on a ae .

l swhi t e summer a night bloo m er

, ,

y ti n c ca u .

i m s s c arle t summer
, , ,

s p i s is s ec o u .

Ech ino c act us g i bb ssw h i t e autumn

, ,

o u .

nobilis whi t e au t umn

, ,

, , .

Leean s yellow spring n .

Echinopsis cris t a t a cream summer

, ,

F ING
.
, ,

G RA T E AN PI purpurea purple summer .

M
t t
,

whi e summer swee

,
P H YLL U
PE E R I S K
ON
E
A
y i si i r e , , , .

pleno double
SK A TOC .

fl
T h g f s pi d ore .

d i i whi t e and red summer

,
t are
i h
e ra nn e
on w tpi s
s P tl en an .

f m h s k
ne
Ep iphyllum R ssl li m rose spring
, ,

ro t e to c . u e an u .

trun c a t um rose spring and summer

, ,

( The la tt er is a popular C a ct us for rooms and produ c es i t s

, ,

brillian t flowers the edges f the bran c hes hence t he name

,

on O ,
,
which comes from pi upon and phyll leaf There are e on, .

everal varieties di ffering in colour from t he original spe c ies

, ,

s , .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 55
I t is generally graf t ed to Cereus sp i si ssi m sor Pereskia on ec o u

c uleata bu t those who have no s to c ks may insert cutti gs

a n .

The plants may be s t ar t ed in a warm greenhouse about mid

,

winter put in t o a c ool house in summer and given v ery little ,

wa t er in winter )
,

Mamillaria ss
.

isp i red summer

cra n a, .

rose whi t e spines summer

,

d li h t o c ocen r a, , .

e c hinata yellow su m mer

,

, ,
.

elongata yellow summer , ,

.

l gi m m m onyellow summer a a, ,
.

Z i i crimson early summer

u c c ar n a n a , .

Melo c a c tus communis rose (Melon C a ct us)

,

.
,

O puntia decumana orange summer ,

.

( ursina) white early summer ( Grizzly Bear

,

l t i h euco r c a ,

Ca ct us)
,

O pun t ia R fi s q i red and yellow summer

a ne u

Pereskia a c uleata white au t umn (Ameri c an Gooseberry)

, ,

Phyllo c a ct us A k m i i c rimson summer

, ,

c er an n .

( There are many hybrids and varieties f Phyllo c a ct us f

, ,

o O

whi ch t he following are good Aga tha rose ; B rillian t s c arlet ;

,

Cooperi c ream ; E pirus pink ; N iobe deep red )

, ,

Pilo c ereus senilis white spines and long white hairs ( Old M
.
, , ,
1
an
C act us)
,

R hipsalis C assy t ha green and whi t e late summer .

sarmen t a c ea whi t e a good basket plant

, ,

.
, ,

Caladium ( cal a d i m from k l d i -

a cup Ord A i d )
u a a on , . . ro e ae .

E x c ep t f the spec ies argyrites t hese are large leaved expansiv e

,

or ,
-

plants and need large pots and a roomy

house to be done j us t i c e t They are grown
,

o.
en t irely for their foliage which is f grea t o

size borne hield like on t he s t ems so as t o

,

S -

how t advan t age and beau t ifully coloured

,

S o .

They thrive bes t in a warm greenhouse in

,

whi c h a humid a t mosphere c an be main

t i a ned When huddled wi t h o t her plan t s in A C L D I U M UB E
. A A T R
a small dry house t hey soon lose t heir glow
,

P i f di i s
i .
t
They form t ubers to whi c h t hey die ba c k
, I . o n o v on .

in au t umn and from whi c h t hey s t t afresh in winter spri g

,

ar or n
a cc ording t o t he heat available Loam ( 3 par t s ) leaf mould ( par t )
, ,

. 1
and sand sui t t hem They may be propaga t ed by division while at
, ,

rest Good varie t ies

.

Argyri t es ( pe cies) S R on c ador

Clio R ose Laing
D u c hess of Fife S ilver C loud
Calanthe ( c al an t he from h l s beau t iful and th s flower
-
a o an o .

Ord O r c hida c eae ) — The C alan the is one f t he mos t impor t an t f

, , , ,

. . o O
all O r c hids be c ause in addi t ion t o grea t beau t y i t has t he advan t age
f easy c ul t ure I t is wha t is c alled a terres trial O r c hid t ha t is
,

”
o .

i t is grown in soil t on blo c ks Mos t f t he spe c ies are evergreen

, ,

no . o

bu t ves t i t a is deciduous One f t he mos t valuable trai t s is t he

, ,

. o

long duration f the flowers and fortunately this quality is retai n ed

o ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
when the pikes are c ut and put in wa t er The deciduous kinds res t
S .

in win t er when no more wa t er should be given t han is required t o

keep t he pseudo bulbs fresh The plan t s may

,

-
.

be s t ar t ed in t o fresh grow t h in a warm house

towards t he end of win t er when t hey should be
repo tt ed The po t s should be filled up t o
,

. one
third t heir depth wi t h cro c ks and t he remainder
wi t h loam leaf mould ( or pea t) and S phagnum
,

moss in equal par t s t he whole ligh t ened with

, ,

sand and broken har c oal The ma t erial should

,

C .

be filled in nearly t t he brim and t he plan ts o

“ 2 se t on the t op This plan allows a free run to
,

t he strong roo t s The plan t s must have a ligh t .

A C L N HE T
place and be kep t mois t in a tempera t ure f 65 o
°

A A T
t o 75 When the pseudo bulbs are full grown
U BE R.
-

they may go in a cooler drier house Propaga .

tion is by division o f t he pseudo bulbs when

,

repo t ting The following are t he prin c ipal pe c ies and varieties
. S :

M s v iolet win t er bloomer ; Vei t chii rose winter (syn Lima

a u ca, .

whi te spring ; v estita pink and white

, , ,

todes rosea) ; t i f li v era r o a, , , ,

winter .

There several good v arieties f t he last notably nivalis whi t e ;

ar e O

lip ; and r bro o c ula t a

, ,

oculat gigantea white red blotch

a on u -

crimson and white There are also varie t ies f Vei t chii
, , ,

. o .

Cal c laria ( c alceol a ria from l l s a slipper referring to the

eo -
ca ce o u

form f t he flower O gd S p h l i
, , ,

o ) There are two dis

. . crO u ar n e ae .
-

tin c t types f Cal c eolaria the herba c eous and t he sh bby Th

O ru . e
former dies ba c k t o t he roots at t he end of t he growi ng seas n the
,

o
lat t er holds i t s s t ems and leaves Herbaceous C l ceola ias are
,

. a r
generally grown as annuals fresh batches being raised from seed
every year The prin c ipal seedsmen have raised be u t iful strains
,

. a
which form large plan t s under good c ul t ure c overed with large
,

richly coloured pou c hes The seed is somewha t exp nsive and
, ,

-
. e
being small hould be handled wi t h care (s B egonias and Wa t er
,

S ee

ing) It may be sown in spring When t he seedlings are fairly

,

. .

s t ar t ed t hey g row rapidly and may be repo tt ed till t hey have 6 i -

n .

po t s in whi c h t hey may bloom They will be safe in an

,

or 7i n
-
. ,
.

airy frame or ool greenhouse in su mmer and may be given a w m

C ar
greenhouse in autumn if early bloom is requi ed o t herwise t hey will
,

do in a c ool greenhouse The ordinary shrubby C l c eolaria is th

,

. a e
dwarf yellow whi c h is O ft en used in flower gardening I t is a .

brilliant plan t nearly hardy bu t is subj e ct t o disease whi c h c arries

off large numbers in summer I t hould be plan t ed a foot apar t in
, , ,

April and sprayed (s B ordeaux Mix t ure) Cut t ings f t he young

.

ee . O

shoots may be taken in O ct ober and pu t in sandy soil in a cold

,

frame over whi c h a ma t may be t hrown in c old wea t her in win t er

,

Golden Glory is t he bes t varie t y S everal hybrid yellow fl w d

,

.
-
o ere
C alceolarias of more vigorous grow t h t han t he bedders have been
,

raised and t hey are useful for flowering in greenhouses and

c onservat ories in autumn win t er and spring Cl i b i is a par
,

. r an

blooming profusely and being v ery brigh t

, ,

ti l l y good
c u ar one , .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 57
Bur bi d g i is al so good e They are of rambling habit and mak . , e

large showy plan t s

,
.

Calen d la ( Marigold )
u — S Annuals . ee .

C lla ( al la from k l s beau t iful

a c -
Ord A i d ) Mu c h th a o . . ro e ae .
-
e

most importan t plan t in this genus is t he Arum Lily f t en c alle d

, ,

Calla aethiopi c a bu t now c alled by botanis t s R ichardia afri c ana

,

.
,

See Arum Lily and B ulbs .

C lliop sis ( l l i Op i s) — S e C oreopsis and Annuals

a ca -
S . e .

Cal listem n B o t tle B rush (c allis t e mon from k l i st smost beau t i

o -
a o

ful and st m s t amen in allusion to the long s c arle t s t amens)

, ,
,

e on , .

S ingular and a ttra c tive evergreens ui table for a c ool house b t

, ,

S u

must be kep t safe from fros t in win t er The c lose spikes wi t h t hei
, ,

. r

long stamens have gained t he popular name of B ot t le B rush Th

,

. e

plant enj oys a compos t f pea t and loam in equal parts wi t h sand
,

o .

I t may be propaga t ed by c uttings inserted in sandy peat in la t

,

spring The principal spe c ies are lanceolatus ( syn sm p fl s e er o re n

also called Me trosideros i trina and M sm p fl

. . ,

s) and s
p i ss C . e er ore n ec o u

( also called Me t rosideros speciosa ) both of whi c h have crimso , n

flowers .

Callist ph s ( ll i step h s from k l i st s most beau t iful

e u ca d -
u a o an
s crow ) —The China Aster C hortensis ( syn c hinensis) i s
, , ,

s et ph ano n . .

O ffered by some seedsmen under the name f Aster si nensis and i s

, ,

well worth growing as i t produ c es large blue flowers freely in summer

,

I t should be grown as a half hardy annual S Annuals -

. ee .

C ll na Ling Heather ( l l na from k l l

a u ,
t o adorn Ord ca
'

II -
a uno, .

Eri c a c eae) — The common Ling or Heather is Calluna v ulgaris

, ,

. a
B ri t ish plant wi t h purplish flowers I t is well known as a Wi lding
,

. ,

but its varieties alba white ; Hammo di white ; pygmaea dwarf ; u

argentea sil v ery leaves are more esteemed for gardens They lik
, , , ,

, , . e
peaty soil but will grow in most good garden soils Propagation i s .

by c u ttings F t he bes t Hea t hs s E ri c a

,

. or , ee .

Call u s— A swelling a t t he base f a se v ered shoo t which springs o

from the cambium layer a t the j unction f bark and wood It i s
,

o .

the pre c ursor of rooting Gardeners speak of c uttings callusing . .

"

Cal chort s ( l h O t us from h l sbeau t iful and h t sgrass

o u ca oc r -
a o c or u
in allusion t o the slender leaves Ord Liliaceae) — S B ulbs
, , , , ,

. . . ee .

C ltha Marsh Marigold ( al t ha from k l th s a goblet O rd

a c -
a a o

R anuncula c eae ) — The Marsh Marigold is a useful wa t erside plant

, , , . .

and several good garden forms are pro c urable su c h as bicolor

,

white ; m st s fl pleno large double ; and nana fl pleno

,

on ro a or e ore
dwarf double They t hrive in moist soil and are in creased by
, ,

division in pring
,

S .

C l yc nthus Allspi c e ( l y a t hus from k l y calyx and th s

a a ,
ca c n -
a x, an o
flower referring to t he coloured calyx ) These plan t s are frag an t
, , ,

, .
-
r
both in bloom and leaf The brownish flowers f C fl i d sare t . o . or u no
conspi c uous but t hey are deliciously fragran t They are borne in
June I t is illus trat ed in the B t i l M g i t 5 3 Ther
, .

. o a n ca a az n e , . 0 . e
are several varieties f it O f wh ich sp l i f l i sand v ari egatus o , a en o u are
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
tw o f the best
O Occident l is which bears red flowers in August
. a ,

is l so very sweet These plan t s are nominally hardy in Great

,

a .

B ri t ain but it is best to give t hem a sheltered pla c e in a sh ubb ry r e

near a wall They like peaty soil but are no t fastidious P p

,

o r . . ro a

t
,

g a ti onis by layering in summer by seeds in a frame The plan or .

sometimes grown under the name f Caly c an t hus prae c ox is

,

C himonanthus fragrans .

Calystegia B earbind B indweed ( l yst e gia from k l y c l yx ca -

a x, a ,

and st g a cov ering from the c alyx being

, ,
,

a a,

obs c ured by bracts Ord Con v olvulaceae)

,

. . .

While some f these rela t ives f t he C o O on

volvulus have beautiful flowers no t ably ,

hederacea (pubescens) with rosy flowers in

early summer ; and sepium dahuri c a with
,

rosy purple flowers in summer t he genus as

,

a whole must be regarded wi t h suspi c ion

,

When the common B indweed gets a foo t ing

in a garden it is ap t t o become a nuisan c e ,

twining round many plants whi c h would look

much bet t er wi t hou t it The best w y f . a O

keeping i t under is to c hop ff the shoo t s as O

fas t as t hey appear above ground ; if h w o

ever t he roo t c an be t ra c ed it should be

,

pulled t altogether The C l ys t egias may

,

ou . a
be propagated by division in pring or by S ,

G F ING C ME LL I seeds
RA T A AS . .

C m ll i s m y b
a

a te
e a p p C m s
a
s ( c amass
e
g d b g f i g i Indian name O rd Lilia c eae —Q S B ulbs
t
from rO a
m sh the a a Ia I a, ua a ,

p i g if h b s f h
y ra n n

s r n t e a e o ) t e . . . ee .

$3 3
3
m
Cam llia ( m al l ia af t er C amellus
a
a e ca -

M O — O ne
, ,

S k Si
6

to c
orav an rd T st m ) f i . . e rn ro i ac e ae . o
1.
t he nobles t of
. 2 . c on .
evergreen hrubs the Ou r S
C amellia is so nearly hardy t ha t i t may be grown in c ool houses in
,

northern c limes and O utdoors in warm mois t

southern dis tri ct s of E ngland It is a beau t i
, , ,

f l plan t its habi t being bus h y and c om

u

pa ct i t s leaves glossy i t s flowers symmetri c al

,

subs t an t ial and f brilliant c olours

,

The
, ,

o .

w hi t e varieties are quite w

,

—like in texture ax .

Th e double C amellias are the most popular .

Th e one serious di ffi c ul t y with t he Camellia

i si t s habi t of cas t ing i t s flower buds whi c h i t
d oes on very sligh t provo c a t ion The trouble
,

i sless serious wi t h plan t ed out t han wi t h pot -

p lan t s and probably t urns c orrect wat er p m C M M on Ro p A G A T E LL S

i g (s Wa t ering )
n ee
,

Turfy loam and pea t in .

BY CU ING G
TT
A
S.

equal par t s wi t h broken c har c oal and sand Th i gs m y ss f e c u tt n a c on i t o

sui t as c ompost The plan t makes i t s grow t h g sfi d i smm

, ,

.
m y g W d d l ai o‘ n OO ’a B

a fter fl w er ng P p g t c an be effe ct ed b m h t
o i . ro a a I on
e In cr e
o tt o ea
In u er In

by s triking young shoots in s ndy soil in a a

shaded frame in July Graft ing layering and inar c hing are . ,

t t tt t
,

p rac ised in he nurseries R epo ing should never be done wi h .

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing 59
established plants un t il t he po t s are quite full f roots and then O ,

it is best done direc t ly t he buds se t Large plants in borders may .

be pruned into shape aft er flowering Good varieties

Alba plena whi t e ; C m t ss Lavinia Maggi whi t e c armine
.

o e a

s tripes ; C M Hovey crimson ; D k l i crimson and white ;

, , ,

onc e a ar
Lady Hume s B lush flesh ; Mar c hioness f E xeter rose
. . , ,

’
,
o , .

C mpan la B ell Flower (c amp an ula from mp

a u a bell in -
ca a na , ,

referen c e t o the form f t he flower O d C ampanula c eae) — A large

, ,

o . r . .

and valuable genus giving good ma t erial alike for greenhouse

'

border and ro c kery The C an t erbury B ell is a Campanula (C

,

. .

medium ) and t his wi t h C pyramid l is is best trea t ed as a biennial

,

. a

B oth f t hese beau t iful kinds may be grown in

, ,

( s B iennials )
,

ee . o

po t s The bes t f t he border Campanulas other t han t he Canter

. O

bury B ell are as follows :

carpatica blue early summer 9 ins high . .

alba whi t e early summer 9 ins high

, , ,

. .

venus t a lavender early summer 9 ins high

, , ,

. .
, , ,

glomerata blue early summer 8 ins high 1 . .

dahuri c a blue early summer 8 ins h igh

, , ,

, , , 1 . .

latifolia blue early summer 4 ins high 2 . .

ma crantha blue early summer 4 ins high

, , ,

, , , 2 . .

p s i f li blue early summer 4 ins high

er c ae o a, 2 . .

alba plena double whi t e 4 ins high

, ,

2 . .

Tra c helium blue summer 3 f t high

, ,

. .
, , ,

All f t hese are readily raised from seed sown t f doors in M y

o ou o a ,

and most of t hem may be propaga t ed by division in spring They .

will t hrive in ordinary well drained soil Pyramidalis and i t s whi t e -

.

varie t y should be sown in spring for pot work pri c ked O ff po tt ed

singly in 3 i shift ed t o 6 i and wintered in a greenhouse
, ,

-
n -
n .

The spe c ies fragilis (syn B arrelier i ) with blue flowers in summer ; .

and i sp h yl l blue summer are ni c e basket plan t s The whi t e

,

o a, .

varie t y f t he latt er is even pre tt ier t han t he blue For ro c kwork

, ,

o .

c arpati c a and i t s varie ties ; gargani c a and i t s varie ty hirsuta

,

por t ens c hlagiana ( syn muralis ) and t he B avarian variety ; A l l i

,

. onn

pulla and t he varie t y G F Wilson pusilla d R i i may be

,
'

. . an a n er ,

chosen S Flower Garden

,

. ee .

Camp ion — S Agrostemma Lychnis and Flower Garden

. ee , ,
.

Canary Creep er Tropaeolum d m canariense ( Ord a uncu or .

Gera ia c eae ) — A pre tt y y llow fl w d c reeper whi c h c omes in

n . e -
o ere

use f ul for verandahs palings window boxes bal c onies and o t her
,

pla c es Al t hough a perennial i t answers well to trea t men t as an

, , , ,

annual I t is generally raised under glass in March and plan t ed t

. ou
in M y bu t if the soil is friable and t he posi t ion shel t ered i t may
a

be sown t f doors a t t he end f April and will flower in summer

, ,

ou o o , .

Candytuft The pre tt y whi t e carmine c rimson and other

.
-

Candy t uft s whi c h w grow as hardy annuals (s Annuals ) are t he

, , ,

e ee

o ffspring f Iberis c oronaria and I umbella t a The la tt er is a very

o . .

o l d plan t a na t ive of S pain and bears purple flowers I t is illus

trat ed i the B t i l M g i t 06 The C andyt uft s are among
, , .

n o a n ca a a z ne , . 1 .

t he bes t of t he hardy annuals .

60 E n c yc lop e di a of G ar d e ning
C nk r — One f the commones t diseases f frui t trees c anker i s
a e . o o
par t i c ularly destructiv e to Apples I t atta c ks young as well s
,

o l d trees f c ertain varieties and in par t i c ular soils
o F
s Apple The following mixture f c hemi c al fer t ilisers has been
. a
remedies . or
, ,

ee . o
found good when pread under t he trees in February and poin t ed in S :
12 parts superphospha t e parts nitrat e f po t ash 8 par t s sulpha t e 10 o

f lime 4 par t s c ommon salt I p t sulpha t e of iron ; use 4

, ,

o per ar oz.
s quare yard
, ,

Ca nna (Ca na (Celtic) a c ane O rd S c itamineae ) —The Canna

n -

, . . .

grows in favour more rapidly as a greenhouse t han as an ou tdoor

plan t It is perhaps less used now in t he garden because sub
.

t ropical ga dening h sgiv en place to the culture of hardy herba

r a

c eou splan t s The w dwarf forms have finer flowers t han t h

. ne e

O ld ra c e and make really beautiful plants in 7 i pot s They -

n. .

de v elop large spikes f brillian t flowers at abou t f t high and the

,

o 2 .

rich c olours are w ell se t ff by t he abundant and handsome foliage

,

O
which in some v ie t ies is brown and in others green These
,

ar .

varieties may O f c ourse be planted t in beds if desired They

,

ou .

should be star t ed in pots and planted t ft apart in deep rich

, ,

ou 2
soil t owards the end f M y They enj oy wee k ly soakings of
, . ,

O a .

liquid manure Y oung plants s t ar t ed in spring and pu t in 6 i

. ,
-
n.

pots in a compost of loam ( 3parts) leaf mould ( part) and sand will 1
bloom well by midsummer but with more heat the roo t s c an be
, , ,

s t arted earlier and flowered by the end of M y When the plants

,

a .

die away in autumn the root sto ks c an be s t ored in a dry frost c

proof place like D ahlias They may be divided when grow t h starts
,

required Good v arieties

,

if more plants ar e .

Africa scarle t ; Charles N audin salmon ; E lizabe t h Hoss

yellow spo tt ed ; Hermann Fis c her vermilion ; I t alia orange and
, , ,

, , ,

yellow ; S ouvenir de A C y scarlet yellow edge ; Van der . roz

S choot yello w spot t ed

, ,

, , .

C nter b ry B e ll —S B iennials and Campanula

a u . ee .

Ca ntu a ( a —tua from t a Peruvian name Ord P l m i

c n ca n u , . . o e on a
C
,

c e ae ) antua
. buxifolia
-

( dependens ) is a handsome greenhouse

evergreen growing 4 to 6 ft high and bearing rosy flowers in spring . .

I t t hrives in a sandy mi xture of peat and loam and may be p p

, ,

ro a

ga t ed by cuttings under a bell glass

,

Ca p e G se berry — S Physalis oo . ee .

Cap e J s min — S Gardenia a e ee .

C p er Sp urge — S E uphorbia La t hyris

a . ee .

Ca pp aris ( ap paris from k b c aper (Arabic) O d C pp i

c -
a ar , . r . a ar

deae) —This genus is not impor t ant from the garden poin t f view
,

. o

but it has e c onomi c value as the spe c ies spinosa yields the com
,

merci i capers a It has white flowers and may be grown in a

”
.

greenhouse in peat and loam if desired Propaga t ion is by c uttings

,

o f mature wood inserted in sandy so i l under a bell glass ,

-
.

C p sicu m — S Kitchen Garden

a . ee .

Car d a min Lady s S mock ( d mi e, from k d m wa t er ’

c ar a -
ne, ar a on ,

c ress on
,
accoun t f the h t flavour Ord Cru c iferae ) — The
o o . . .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng 61
c ommon Lady s S mo c k with its white l i l flowers lady s ’
or ac
’

smocks all silver whi t e is Cardamine pratensis Garden lo v ers

,

prefer t he double whi t e They grow about 8 ins high and bloom
,

. 1 .

in M y C diphylla (D entaria diphylla f the older botanists) i s

a o
also pretty I t bears white flowers in M y and g ows about 8 ins
. .

. a ,
r 1 .

high Th ey like moist soil in a cool spot and may be propagated

. ,

by di vision .

C r d in al Fl w r Lobelia cardinalis
a o e , .

Car d n — S Kitchen G den

oo . ee ar .

Car x S edge ( a rex from k i to cut in allusion to the sharp

e ,
c -

, e ro , ,

edges Ord Cyperaceae ) — One two f the C

. . sare good for . or o ar e x e

growing in pools among Water Lilies and t h pe c ies Pseudo e S

c yperus may be mentioned parti c ularly in this connection I t has
,

t riangular stems and grows about 3 ft high Plant at the s m e , . . a

time as the Water Lilies S Flower Garden . ee .

Carnati ns Pic tees and Pink s— Whe t her represen t ed by the

o o
huge bloomed long s t emmed highl y perfumed American C rna
, ,
- -
a
tions ; the fragran t Malmaisons ; the flaked flowers belo v ed f O ld
, ,

o
t ime florists ; t he Cloves f t he border ; the Pinks f the cottage o or o
garden this l ovely genus wins
, admira t ion and lo v e . Carna our
tions Picotees and laced Pinks have sprung from D ianthus caro
t t
, ,

p yh ll s and u he common whi e Pink from D ianthus plumarius .

C nations have been spe c ialised for hundreds O f years and i t

,

ar

would be di ffi c ult t tra c e their upward progress from the small

,

irregular early forms to the large symme t rical v arieties which w

,

e
have t o day Florists have worked patiently on t hem for c entury
,

~
.

aft er c en t ury with t he resul t t ha t we have at command an our

almost em barrassingly ri c h assor t ment f lo v ely varieties
,

o .

G d
ar C ti
en s— The bes t garden Carna t ions are drawn from
arn a on .

the self c oloured class the modern representatives f which

or o ne -
o
c ombine perfect form with brilliant colours and (in many cases)
,

deli c ious scent Would that we could add freedom from inse ct s .

and fungi but the truth is tha t modern Carnations whether from
over fer t ilisation excessive propagation unne c ess y coddling
, ,

or ar
“
-

under glass are not c ons ti t u t ionally v igorous It is best to star t

, ,

with a collection f young c lean plants in spring and plant them

,

o
in deeply tilled bu t not heavily manur d soil Friable well
, ,

e .

drained sandy loam is t he bes t ; should the soil be stiff and heav y
,

it will be wise t o crumble it well by digging after fros t and adding

,

road. scrapings mortar rubbish and ashes bo t h O f wood and coal

,

If the soil is ri c h the plants had better be set 8 ins apart N eat
, , ,

1 . .

flower stakes must be put to the plan t s as the flower stems rise and
care must be taken no t t o bind s t em and stake t ightly The plants
,

may be grown in beds in border clumps Where there are or .

several beds to fill one m ight well be devo t ed to Carnations and

Pi c otees for the plants will be more v aried and more interesting
the summer through than Geraniums Begonias if less brillia t
, ,

or n
at a p t i c ular season It must be remembered that the plants are
, ,

ar .

e vergreen and as long as they are h e l thy they are attracti ve

, a .

D i s ss Unfortun tely the beauty O f the s i l v ery foliage i s

ea e .
-
a ,
62 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
o ften marred by fungi whi c h cause dark blotches rusty patches
and shrivelling The remedy is to spray the plan ts with wa t er in
, , ,

whi c h fresh liver f sulphur has been dissolved at t h rate f half an

o e o
oun c e per gallon and t his mus t be done a t t he firs t ign f atta c k S o .

I l l he l t h may arise from underground enemies such as wireworm

,

-
a

lea t her j ac ke t grubs and surfa c e c aterpillars bu t an at t a c k from

, ,

this sourc e is generally shown in puny growth rat her than pat c hed
, ,

leaves T p s f Po t a t o and Mangel lices may be se t among the

. ra o S

plan t s to draw ff t he grubs The pie c es should be impaledO . on

sti c ks and examined frequently Unwonted pallor in summer .

may be due t o a maggo t which works wi t hin the s t ems ; its bu row r

should be found and well probed wi t h a long needle .

P ti — I f t he plants are heal t hy and t he soil good they

p gro a a on

will produce s trong non fl w i g side shoo t s whi c h can be t rned -

o er n u
into separa t e plan t s by making a sli t along t he s t ern a few in c hes
, ,

from the roo t s t o c k in Augus t and pegging t hem in t o a small heap

7 weeks when t hey have rooted freely t h
,

of sandy so i l In 6 . or e

young plants may be severed from t he old ones and plan t ed t I t

, ,

ou .

is however well t o pu t a reserve in t o small potsand win t er them

in a c ool frame giving t hem plen t y of air in fine wea t her They
, ,

, .

may prove useful in filling gaps in spring .

S mm u s h w C tiers — A good garden self Carnatio is f t en

o arna on . n O
a good how varie t y t oo but so high is the st ndard f exhibi t ion
S a o

quality whi c h has been reached t hat i t is almost impossible t o

,

at t ain t o i t wi t hout growing the plants in po t s and giving them the

shel t er of glass A ligh t airy pi t or greenhouse is desirable ; and a
,

brisk lively atmosphere mus t be m i ntained Wi t h a close warm

,

a .

air the plan t s would fall a prey t disease Loam with a qu ter f
, ,

o . , ar O

decayed manure and a liberal dash f sand makes a good compost o .

po t and ea c h
,

Two plants may be grown in a 7 i 8 i -

n. or -
n. re

t i t d t o one flower s t em the buds on whi c h may be thinned t o

,

s r c e ,

t h ree .

Wi t d sp i g
n er an C ti s — There are
3 se ct ions
r n of w in t er and a rn a on

S pring C arnations t he Tree t he Ameri c an and the Malmaison : .

The Tree Perpe t ual is less popular t han i t was t he larger flowers
, ,

or
longer s t ems and ri c her fragran c e f t he Ameri c ans having brough t
, ,

o
t his class (which is really a glorified Tree) into greater favour The
,

c ul t ure is pra ct ically t he sam e as both kinds are raised from c u t

tings i spring in a warm house or frame po tt ed as required grown
,

n
under c ool airy c ondi t ions t hrough the summer and flowered in
, ,

gen t ly hea t ed houses t he following win t er They may be gro w n

, ,

singly in 5 i or 6 i po t s in a imil r c ompos t t o t ha t c m

-
n. -
n. S a re o
mended for how varie t ies They should be s taked as needed
,

S .

watered regularly in summer and as required in win t er and given

,

weak liquid manure twice a week when c oming in t o bloom The

,

Malmaisons are given subs t an t ially t he same t rea t men t but t hey
are no t so a cc ommoda t ing as t he o t hers and
,

easily upset by a ar e

mis t ake in wa t ering ven t ilat ing O n t h is a cc ount t hey are no t

,

or .

mu c h grown in mixed c olle ct ions of plan t s bu t are left t o larg e

establishmen t s where a separa t e hous c an be devo t ed to t hem and

,

they c an be pu t in charge of a skilled man

,

C ti
arn a sf m s d I days when t here is not much trouble
on ro ee -
n
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 63
from disease it is no t every C nation lover w h will bind himsel f ar o
t o named varie ties propagat ed vege t at ively by layers c uttings ; or

many prefer t o trust t o seedlings whi c h if t hey do t prod u c

,

. no e
flowers of t he highes t quality j udged by t he exhibi t ion s t andard
,

are never t heless beautiful and swee t I t is a good thing t o sw a

, ,

. o

pa c ke t of seed from a reliable floris t in spring using sandy friabl e

soil and aiding germinat ion wi t h gen t le bo tt om hea t In d
, ,

. ue

c ourse the seedlings are pricked ff hardened in an unhea t ed frame

,

and t hen plan t ed ou t 9 ins apar t in a spare bed In S eptembe

, ,

. . r

t hey are treat ed like ewly rooted layers i plan t ed t n — : . e., ou or

po tt ed for t he winter A sowing f hardy border mixtures may b . o e

made ou t f doors in June wi t h the W l l fl w sand o t her biennials

o a o er .

— Garden Pinks are propaga t ed by pulli g

,

P p groti f P i k s
a a on o n n
y oung shoots from the O ld plants and inser t ing in moist sandy so i l
in summer They are hardy healthy and will thrive in l mos t any
,

. a
soil wi t h the simplest treat men t The laced Pinks are more deli
, ,

cate and need c areful C arnation t rea t men t ; t hey are de c lining i n
favour The following are sele c tions in t he various c olours
,

. :

S lf C
e ti sf B d
arna d Al i sm d s c arlet flake
on or or er an e on ,

Sh w R b R y rose flake o . o o ,

B anner scarlet ,
Thalia rose flake ,

B endigo purple Pi t s f G d Sh w co e e or ar en or o
Ghazi c rimson
,
.

B rune tt e heavy red edged

B en

E xile rose
, -

B B ryan t heavy red edg d

,

Firebrand s c arle t
,

J . .
-
e
C tt
,

Garvil le Gem heliotrope harlo

,
e B ront e medium red ,

G il Polo c rimson
edged ,

Hildeg de whi t e
,
M sGorton light red edged r .
,
-

Lady Hermione salmon pink

ar
Thomas ,
Wi l liam light red "

edged
,
-

Lady N ina B al four pea c h

,

Lord R ober t s yellow M sPayne heavy rose edged ,

r .
,
-

Miss A C mpbell primrose Clio medium rose ,

edged -

E t
,

MsE ri c Hambro white

. a
thel ligh rose edged ,
,
-

r .

Queen of B edders pink Favouri t e ligh t rose edged , -

c
,

S eagu l l blush
Chan ellor heavy purple edged ,
,
-

Troj an whi t e
,
Zerlina heavy purple edged ,
-

Uriah Pike c rimson c love

,
Amy Robsart medium purple ,

s c ented edged , ,

Ann Lord light purple edged ,

-

B i za r r e and F l a k e C a r n a ti o n sfo r Tr e e .
S ho w . Deu t s c he Brant whi t e
Mdlle T Franco pink
,

Adm i ral Curzon s c arle t bizarre . . ,

R ob t H s c arle t bizarre Uriah Pike crimson

,

lg ou r av e ,

Master Fred crimson bizarre

. ,

Wm R obinson scarlet
.
,

crimson bizarre
,

Ri fl m e an , A me r i c a n .

S arah Payne pink and purple B ea c on scarle t

bizarre
,

ritannia s c arlet
,

B
Wm S k i i g pink and purple
,

. rv n Carola dark crimson

bizarre
,

E n c hantress pink
,

Gordon Lew s purple flake

,

i , Lady B ountiful white

James D ouglas purple flake
,

, Lady C Waring yellow . ,

 64 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
M y D y pink
a a Y e ll o w G ro u n d C a r n ati o n s a n d
MsB urne tt salmon
,

r . , P i c o te e s
.

Winsor soft rose

Wh i t E nchantress
,

l
e

G a rde n P i n k s .

A nne B oleyn purple

Asco t pink
,

E rnest L d h m sbl ush

,

a a
M sS i k i swhite
,

r . n n ,

C a r n a ti o n sfr o m S e e d .
D ouble B order mi xed colours , .

G renadin a type growing about a foot high scarlet flowers

Marguerite a mixed type single and double flowering the same
, .
,

ye if sown in a warm pla c e in la t e win t er

, , ,

ar .

Perpe t ual Prize S elf saved from exhibi tion varieties or , .

Carp ent ria c l ifornica (c arpent er ia after Professor C penter

e a -
ar .

Ord S i f g ) —A beau t i f ul evergreen shrub whi ch produces

,

. ax ra e ae .

l arge white fragrant flowers in June It may be grown ou t f doors

,

. O
in northern climes if it can be given the shel t er f a wall o t herwise
, ,

o
it mus t be kep t in a greenhouse It is well wor t h plan t ing t in a
,

. ou
large c onserva t ory It is t parti c ular as to soil and may be . no
propagated by c u tt ings A pla t e w ill be found in t he B t i l
,

. o a n ca

M g i t 69 a az n e , . 1 1 .

Carp inus Hornbeam (c arp i nus from wood (C eltic) and pi -

car, x,
head ; the wood w s used to make yokes O rd Cupuliferae )
, , ,

a . . .

T h Hornbeam C B e t ulus of whi c h t here are several varie t ies is

e .

used as a hedge plan t par t i c ularly by nurserymen who find its fas t
, , ,

grow t h and habi t O f holding its leaves useful for ge tt ing divisional
, ,

shel t ers qui c kly It t hrives in mos t 1 and is easily in c reased by

,

. $ 0 1 3,
seeds su c kers layers
, , or .

Carp oc p sa p m ll ( p ap s) the Codlin Mot h — S Fruit

a o one a c ar oc -
a ,
ee .

Ca rr t D aucus ( d an cus) caro t a — S

o ,
Kitc hen Garden -
. ee .

Cassand ra ( c assan d r myt hologi c al O rd E ri c aceae) —Allied t o -

a, . . .

Andromeda The hrubs often c alled Andromeda angus t i f olia and

. S
H c alyculat a are w c lassed as C assandras the former being con
. no

d a varie t y f t he la tt er They are N or t h American shrubs

,

s id ere o .

t t c t
,

g rowing abou f high and produ ing whi e flowers in spring

2 . .

They like a pea t y soil

,

Cassia ( ass ia from k si Ord Leguminosae) —The best

C -
a an . . .

k now spe cies is c orymbosa whi c h produces yellow fl owers in early

,

n
summer It is an evergreen shrub abou t 3 f t high and requiring a
,

c onservat ory (s t he B t i l M g i
. . ,

warm greenhouse or ee o an ca a az n e ,

t . Loam with a third f leaf mould and some sand suits o .

cu ttings in pring There are many

, ,

Propagation is by seeds or S .

o ther species and some yield t he senna f c ommerce ,

o .

C stan a Chestnu t ( casta nea from the Thessal ian town Ord
a e -
. .

The H orse Chestnut is

, ,

C upuliferae ) f . most beautiful trees

-
one O our
 E n c y c lop e
di a o f G ard e ning 65
when in full bloom and there are several v arieties (s Aes c ulus) ee .

The S weet Chestnut is Castanea sativa and i t s nuts are much

,

esteemed They wil l keep a long time if stored in dry sa d and

.
n ,

are very tasty when roasted There are several v arieties di ffering . ,

in t he form and c olour marking f t he leav es — o .

Cast r O il Plan t S R icinus

o -
— ee .

C tal p a (c atal p the Indian name Ord B ignonia c eae)

a -
a, . . .

Handsome trees f which th N orth American pe c ies bigno i oides

o e S n

is the mos t impor t an t I t is a tree g owing t o 3 ft high and

,

. r 2 0 0 . ,

bearing whi t e purple spotted flowers in July There are several -

.

varie ties in c luding wi t h yellow and ano t her with il v er v arie

,

one S -

gated leaves I t is a good town tree as it does not grow t o a grea t

,

size run immodera t ely at the roo t yet the head has a nice pread
,

or S

and the flowers are pret t y It is t par t i c ular as to soil and will
, ,

. no ,

g row near tow s Propagation is by

n seeds
. in pr i ng or layers in S

autumn Cordifolia ( pe c iosa) and Kaempferi are two other good

. S
hardy pe c ies S .

Catanan che (catanan c he from k gk i reference to its use -

a ta n a n e, n

in love po t ions hence also t he name C upidone under whi c h i t is

,

some t imes grown Ord Compositae ) C aerulea blue and i t s

, ,

—
. . . . , ;
blue and white variety bi c olor are h rdy herbaceous perennials , a ,

growing to 3 ft high and flowering in summer The flowers are

2 . .

dried f winter use They are not p rti c ular as to soil and may be
,

or . a ,

propagated by seed di vision or .

Catase tum ( t se t m from k ca a downward and s a bristle

-
u a ta , e ta ,

in allusion t the posi tion f the horns O f the c olumn Ord Orchi
, , ,

o o . .

d ace ae ) A large bu—t no t very important genus f hothouse Orc hi ds o

generally gro n blocks in baske t s but also available for po t

,

w on or
c ulture in k sand a fourth f peat and some S phag um moss
,

cre e o n .

They should be given a good deal f water while growing but when o
t t v v t
,

g row h is completed hey should recei e ery li tle Propagated .

by division when fresh growth star t s They want abundance f . o

heat and mois t ure in summer The most popular species is B unge .

ro th i i w hi c h has whi t e flowers there are several varie t ies O f i t ;

Macroc pum and splendens with their v arieties are l so esteemed
, .

ar , , a .

Ca t c h fly.
— ilene
S ee S .

Cater illar Caterpillars ha tc hing from the eggs f c ertain

p s — o
but t erflies and mo t hs are very des tru c tive to many kin d s f plan t s
,

o .

S everal kinds at t ack fruit trees ( s Fruit ) while o t hers infest green
,

ee

vege t ables (s Ki t chen Garden) D us ting them with H ellebore

,

ee .

powder is a simple mea s f dest oying c aterpil lars bushes f n O r on o

sm l l size Hand picking and syringing w ith brine may be resorted
a .
-

to B irds eat large quantities f c aterpillars and should be

. o

en c ouraged in gardens
,

Cattleya ( att leya aft er M C t tl y Ord Or c hida c eae) — One

C -
r. a e . . .

f t he most important genera f O rchids gi ving noble flowers

,

o f o o
beau tiful and varied colo rs They may be grown either in pots
,

u .

( alterna t ive l y pans ) baskets I n the former case t he pots should

or .

be nearly filled wi th fi bro us peat S phagnum moss and k s and cro o

the plants set th top The pots may be 3 partsfilled with
, , ,

on e .

E
66 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
crocks t begin with then the plant should be set a layer f moss
o on o ,

and the roo t s packed in with pea t and S phagnum in t he proportion

,

o f 2 and respec t ively R epot t ing may be done every other year
1 .

and the best t ime is when roo t s begi n to push from the yo ng
,

u
growth s They like a winter temperature f 55 to
. and a o
°

Spring heat f 6 to An airy house is required with light

o 0
°

shade in summer They must hav e abundan c e f water while grow

,

. o
ing but only enough t pr vent the pseudo bulbs from shrivelling o e -

in t he resting period They may be in creased by di vision when

,

fresh grow ths st t There is considerable variation in height and ar .

habit among Cat tleyas Of recen t years many hybrids have been .

raised both spe c ific and generi c Cat tleyas have been crossed with .

Laeli s and l so wi th B rassav olas (s B ss ttl y and B rasso

,

a , a ee ra oca e a
ca tl li )
ae The following are the principal species ; for the hybrids
a .

f whi c h there are large numbers specialists should consult a

,

o ,

standard book Orchids on :

A l di 6 ins high late pring

c an ae , . , S .

itrina 6 ins high spring

C , . , .

intermedia I 5 ins high spring , .

, .

labi t a vera ins high autumn a , 12 . , .

L w 9 ins hi gh
a pringr e n c e an a , . , S :
L d d ig s ii 5 ins high late summer
o e 1 .

M d l i i 5 ins high la t e pring

, . ,

en e 1 S .

Ms
, . ,

s i 5 ins high late pring

o ae , 1 . , S .

S h i ll i 6 ins high
c pring e r an a , .
, S .

Ski i ins high pring nn er I O . S .

I 5 ins high wi nter

, ,

T i r an ae , . .

W s w i i i ( gigas ) I 5 ins high early summer

,

ar c e cz , . , .

C lifl w
au S B rassica and K itchen Garden
o e r. -
ee .

Cean thus ( o O thus from k th s Ord

c e an Rh m ) -

ea n o u . . a n e ae .

Beau tiful sh ubs the most useful f which are the hardy deciduous
,

r O

kinds su c h as meri c anus wh ite and i t s variegated v iety ;

,

a ar
s blue and its fine v ariety Gloire de Versailles ; de ntatus
, , ,

azu r e u

blue ; and V i t h i sblue ; inasmuch as t hey c an be u t ilised f

, , ,

e c an u , or

house walls All flower in late spring or e ly summer They like

. ar .

a sunny aspec t and ordinary soil t hat is t heavy and damp no .

They may be plan t ed i au t umn late winter Propagation is by

,

n or .

layers by cu t tings f ide shoo t s in sandy soil under a bell glass

or o S -

in August Few wall plan t s are capable of making a more c harming

,

picture a dwelling than a heal t hy Ceanothus

on .

C d ar C edrus ( é dar é drus from k d

e ,
from C d c a -

, c -

, e ro n , or e ron ,

brook in Judea Ord Co iferae) — The Ced f Lebanon is Cedrus n ar o

Libani an impressive tree The Mount Atlas Cedar is C a t lantica
. . .

. .

I ndian Cedar is C D eodara All are hand

,

and the D eod ar or . .

some and not the least so is atlan t i c a which has a pyramid l habi t a .

There sev e l hort icultural v arieties f ea c h f the spe c ies named

, ,

ar e ra O o .

A deep well drained sandy soil is bes t S ti ff cold clay is unsuitable

,
-
. ,
.

C l andi n — The Greater Celandine is C helidonium maj us and

e e
t he Lesser Celandine is Ranunculus Ficaria B oth are B ritish
,

wildings .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
Cel r c Turnip roo ted Celery
e ia ,
-
.

Celery Apium (a pium ) graveolens — S Kitchen Garden

,
-
. ee .

C l mi s
e i ( l m i sia after C al m i s
i s a
ce my t hological being Ord
-
e u . .

Composi t ae) — The species c oriacea is t infrequen t ly grown as a

, ,

. no

hardy herba c e us plant It will thrive in ordinary soil and produ c e

o .

whi t e and yellow flowers Holosericea white yellow cen tre is

,

pretty Cover wi t h glass in winter Propagation is by seeds

, , ,

. . or

di v ision in spring .

C l sia ( cel o sia from k l s burn t in allusion to the scor c hed

e o -
e o

appearance f the flowers Ord Amaran t aceae) — The two most

, , ,

o . . .

popular members f t his genus are cristata t he C ocks c omb ; and o

t he feathered sub v iety plumosa They are greenhouse annuals
,

-
ar , . ,

generally grown in pots but plumosa red and its yellow form
aurea are sometimes used in fl w beds in summer These t wo
, , , ,

o er -
.

are really sub v arieties f c ristata pyramidalis the pyrami dal Co c ks

,

-
o
c omb They hould be sown under glass in late win t er pricked ff
,

. S O

potted singly and planted t in June I f kept in po t s t hey may be

, ,

ou .

transferred to 6 i
,

f large plants t 5 i and then to 8 i-

n ., or or o -
n. -
n.

They should be kep t warm and moist and hav e weekly doses O f
li quid manure til l the flowers how when they may go into a c on
,

S
flowering house The Co c ks c omb is grown in
, ,

s t y
e r v a or or .
”

pra c tically the same w y If the plan t s come leggy t hey may be a .

d ecapitated with a few inches f stem and struck in sandy soil after O

the head has formed if they are kept close in a warm place under a
hand light With dwarf plants the combs curl inwards until t he
-
.

tips nearly reach the side f the p t They like a compost f loam o o . o
with a little leaf mould decayed manure and sand or , .

Celsi ( él sia after Professor Celsius Ord S p h l i ’

a c -

) . . crO u a r n e ae .

A small genus allied t o Verbascum (Mullein) The best known

,

-
.

species is Arcturus a half hardy shrub growing about 4 f t high -

l M g i
, . ,

an d bearing yellow flowers in August (s the B t i ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t. It may be propagated by c ut t ings f the young wood in a o

greenhouse Cre t ica is a half hardy biennial with yellow flowers
.
-

in July and may be raised from seed in a greenhouse in spring

, .

C nta r a ( c entan rea from t

e u e Ord C ompositae ) — Inas -
ce n a u r. . .

much as this genus gives st h C ornflower and the S wee t S ul t an i t

,

u e

is one O f much interest C Cyanus is t he Cornflower and there are . . ,

sever l colours in addition to the popular blue This is a hardy

a
an u l and may be grown as such (s Annuals) Moschata is the
.

n a ee .

purple S weet S ultan f whi c h seedsmen ffer white and yellow

,

O O

v arieties ; the l atter is c alled odorat a by some botanists thus making

,

it a distinct species from the purpl e Grow as h d y ls . ar

'

an n u a .

D epressa is a dwarf blue annu l pecies The most useful f the a S . O

perennial species are C ineraria otherwise Cineraria d id is
sim , c an a,
which is grown f its sil v ery leav es and is raised from seed in hea t or
in pring ; macro c ephala a tall yellow perennial ; and montana
,

S
blue ft high ; t he white v ariety f the la tte is a good border plant
, ,

, 2 . O r ,

hardy and free fl w i g but needs careful tying as its habit is -

o er n ,

s traggly R gusina used to be grown a good deal f its silvery

,

. a or
leav es but C ineraria maritima is a better plant The hardy
, .
68 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
perenni l s grow in ordinary soil and
a , ar e propaga t ed by division i n
s
p rI n g .

Centr nthus Valerian ( centran thus from k t

a , a pur and -
e n ro n , S
th s a flower in l lusion to the spur a t the base
,

Ord Valeri
,

an o a . .

bright and free blooming plan t s

, ,

— The V l erians
a n e ae ) a ar e -

Macrosiph on red ; and albus its white v ariety

. .

tw good hardy ar e o
nuals whi c h g ow about ft high and bloom in summer R uber
, , ,

an r 2 . .

( Val eriana rubra ) is the c ommon red V alerian a h rdy perennial

,

a
O ften naturalised chalky c uttings in Great B ritain It in creases
,

on .

i t self by self sown seeds and must be kept in hand or i t wi ll spread

-

t oo mu ch There is a whi te variety B o t h will establish t hem

, ,

. .

selves w l ls if a few seeds are d opped into cre vices

Ou a r .

C t p g
en ro ( t p O gon from k t
o on a pur and p g a c en r o e n r on , S o on ,
-

d in allusion t o the fringe round the s igma

, ,

h e ar ,
t Ord C mp . . a an u
— The member widely grown s s a hybrid
l
a c e ae ) . L y one i uc an u ,

growi ng ft high and bearin g rosy flowers in autumn It may be

2 . .

grown a warm greenhouse equal parts f loam and peat and

in in o
propagated by cut t ings f the young shoots in bottom heat under a
,

o
bell glass using sandy soil
-
, .

Cep halaria ( cephal a ria Ord D ipsa c eae) — A unimportan t -

. . . n

genus except for the one species l pina ( S cabiosa alpina) which a
g ows abou t 5 ft high and produces yellow flowers in summer
, ,

r . .

I t wi l l grow l most anyw here and may be propaga t ed by seed

,

a , .

C rasti m ( c eras tium from k s a horn referri g to t he shape

e u -
e ra n
f t he seed vessel O rd C y p h yll ) — The Mouse ear Chick
, , ,

o . . ar o e ae .
-

weed is useful as a p t and may be grown t he rockery where c ar e er, on

there is room for it to spread without encroaching on more delicate
plants I t will t hrive in almost any soil and seeds freely pringing
. S
up in all directions The t wo species B iebers t einii and tomentosum
, ,

are mu c h alike and both may be increased by cuttings or di v ision

wan t ed ; or t he self sown
,

in spring where a good many plants ar e -

seedlings may be transplanted They have white flowers as wel l .

as silvery leav es They may be sw w l ls and are useful as

. e n on a ,

edgings .

Cerasus Cherry ( e asus from the t ow f that name in Asia c r -

n o .

Ord R osa c eae) — The genus Cerasus is w put under Prunus by

, ,

. . no

botanists but nurserymen and gardeners grow certain pec es S i

under the l d generic name notably avium ( dulcis domesti c a)

,

O or
t he wild Gean ; Cerasus the common Cherry ; Laurocerasus the
, ,

c ommon Laurel ; lusi t a i ns the Port ugal Laurel ; Padus t he B ird

, ,

n e
Cherry ; Pseudo c erasus ; and serrulat a There
, ,

sever l good
-
. ar e a
v ieties f each Multiplex double ; pendula weepi ng ; and
ar o . .

la cinia t a c ut leaved are varieties f avium Rh ii fl pleno is

, ,

-
o . ex or e
a good orname tal v ariety f Cerasus Argentea is a ni c e variety
, ,

n o .

o f t he B ird Cherry Wa t ereri a double form represents Pseudo . , ,

cerasus and may be grown in large pots to be gently forced in

wi nter The o t hers may be grown in the shrubbery where they
,

. ,

may be planted in autumn preferably in light well drained soil , ,

-
.

The special varieties propagated by buddi ng and grafting For ar e .

fruit i ng Cherries s Fruit , ee .

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 69
Cercis Judas Tree ( é cis from k k i s a shuttlecock so named c r -
er

by Theophrastus Ord Leguminosae) — Among t he several trees

,
, , ,

. . .

on whi c h Judas Iscariot is repu t ed to h ve ended his life is Cercis a

s i liquastrum a na t ive O f S outhern E urope which produ c es purplish
red flowers in M y (s the B t i l M g i t
, ,

The a ee o a n ca a az n e , .

flowers are attra c tive and the tree is worth plan t ing in the flower
garden but in c old districtsit should be gi ven a sheltered place
,

.
,

Cer us — S C a ct us
e . ee .

C str m ( estrum an O ld Greek name Ord S olanaceae)

e u c -
. . .

Al lied to H b t h m s The mos t popul species is aurantiacum

,

a ro a nu . ar ,

a warm house shrub whi ch produces orange flowers in early summer

-

and may grow to 5 ft high I t looks well agai nst a wall pill
,

. . or ar .

Loam with a little peat and some sand suits Propagation is by

, , .

cutti ngs in sandy soil in spring Prune after flowering . .

Ceterach (c et h from k t k the Arabic name ) — As w have

-
e rac e e ra . e

already seen the h dy S c ale fern Ceterach ffi i

, ,

m is w ar O c n ar u no

c l led Asplenium c e t era c h by botanists I t is sui t able for t he

, , ,

a .

ro c kery .

Ch l k — Useful san application to sou a c id soils S Manure

a a r, . ee

and Lime .

Ch maecyp aris (White Cedar ) — S Cupressus

a . ee .

Ch a ma p ce ( h m p efi from h m i dw f n d p k '

e eu c a ae -
ce , c a a ar , a eu e,

pine pine like leaves O rd Compositae ) — Two plants grown

,

-
. . . ar e
under this name al t hough modern botanists put them i n the genus
,

Cni c us They are C C sb the former O f

,

. and C d i th . a a o n ae . a c an a,

which is known sthe Fish bone Herring bone This t le They a -

or -
.

ar e grown for thei r foliage being planted t in sub tropical g rdens ou -

a .

They may be raised from seed in a warm house in spring and hav e
,

ordinary g den soil ar

Chama r p s ( chamae p s froi n h m i dw rf and h ps a

e o -
ro c a a a r o
twig— li t erally small palm Ord P l m ) — Fan leaved palms
, , , ,

. . a e ae .
-

gra c efully c u t C hu m ilis is a popul plant and is comparatively

, ,

. . ar
ha dy so that it may be grown in a cool house e v en t f doors
,

r or ou o
in mi ld dis tricts Loam with a little leaf mould and some sand
, ,

. ,
.

will suit Propagation is by seed in a warm house

. by suckers or .

It may be grown in a room and wi th c eful watering and an occa

,

ar
l spon gi g f the lea v es will remain he lthy a long time
,

s i
on a n o , a .

Charc l — The result

oa f b ning wood with exclusion O f
. i o ur a r,
c harco l is almost pure carbon and as such is good for mixing wi t h
a
compostsf plan t s f almos t l l kinds When broken in t o pieces
,

or o a .

about the size f cob nuts it may be put at the bottom O f fl w

o -
o er
po t s where it will help to keep t h soil sweet A few h i tsin bulb
, e .

glasses and bowls are good Orchid growers make considerable .

use f it
o .

Char d s — When t he prin cipal heads f Globe Arti c hokes have

. o
been used the plants are c u t back and new growt hs break When .

t hese are about ft high t hey are bound round wi th straw and
, ,

2 .

e t hed t blanch t hem In about 6 weeks the s t ems will be ready

ar o .

and are t hen called Chards

,

.
7 0 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning

Charl ck K tl k ( B rassi c a S inapistrum Ord Cruciferae )

o ,
e oc . . .

This yellow fl w d weed is common in the fi elds and sometimes

-
o er e

invades t he garden I t may be killed by an applica t ion f blue . o

s t one (sulpha t e f p p ) at t he rate f 5 lb per 40 gallons f water
O CO er o 1 . o .

Ch il nth s ( h i l a t hes from h i l sa lip and th s a flower

e a e C e n -
c e o an o
referring t o the form of the fructifying organs Ord Fili c es) A
, , , , ,

-
. . .

genus f ferns f whi ch tw

o three pe c ies are popular plan t s
O o or S
The best known is fragrans a h l f hardy perfumed spe c ies Mi c ro
, .

a -
.

elegans and farinosa which re quire a warm

,

p h yll m y i p h yl l
a, r o a .

house are also esteemed ; the last has powdery leav es (s th

,

ee e
i l M g i E qual parts f loam and peat with
,

B t
o an ca t a az n e , . O
sand and a li t tle charcoal make a suitable compost Propag tion
,

, . a
is by spores sown in a warm moist house , , .

Ch i m t bi b m ta ( Winter Moth) — S
e a o a Apples
ru a . ee .

Ch iranth s( h eiram thus from h i the hand and th s a

e u C -

, c e r, , an o ,

flower alluding to the popularit y f the Wallflower as a nosegay

, o .

Ord Cruciferae ) — B y far the most important member of this genus

.

is C h iri the c ommon Wallflower (s B iennials and Wallflower )

e , ee .

Alpinus which grows about 9 ins hi gh and has yellow flowers . in

M y ; and M sh ll i ft high orange flowers in M y are bo t h

,

a ar a 1 . a
popular plants and may be used the ro c kery Allionii orange
, , ,

, on . , ,

is beautiful and mutabilis bronzy orange a hybrid is also good .

They like a dry li mestone soil Propagati on is by seeds cuttings

, , ,

. , or
under a shaded bell glass in summer -
.

Chel n ( h l O m from h l
o e c a tortoise a fancied resemblance
e -
e, c e on e , ,

of the flower Ord S p h l i .

) — Allied to Pents temon .The crO u ar n e a e . .

best known pecies is barbata now called Pentstemon barbatus

-
S , ,

which grows about 3 ft high and bears scarlet flowers in July A . .

plate f it will be found in the B t i l R gi st t 6 L y i

o o a n ca e er, . 1 1 . on
Obli qua 4 ft p rple
,

4 ft purple flowers in August is also grown

., , . , ., u ,

August is sometimes seen They may be raised from seed in spring

, . ,

or propagated by division Ordin y garden soil . ar .

Ch en p d i m ( h o p o
o d i m from
u h a goose Cand p s
enO a -
u , c en, ,
ou ,

foot in allusion to the shape f the leaves Ord Ch p d i ) o . . enO O a c e ae .

members of this genus are grown to any exten t viz

,

— Only t w o , . :

t i p l i is( purpurascens ) an annual growing about 5 ft high with

a r c , . ,

purple flowers in August used as an ornamental plant ; and B onus

He ricus Mercury Good King Henry which is grown in Lincoln
,

n or

shi re as a substitute f S pinach A newer plant amaran t icolor is

, , ,

or .

beginning to res t attention I t will grow 7 ft high t he same year

, ,

ar . .

from a spring sowing in favourable c onditions and t he young leaves

may be c ooked They are brigh t red and when rubbed t he pigmen t
,

. ,

comes ff the fingers It does not ripen seeds in Great B ritain

O on . .

Ch rry — S Cerasus and Fruit

e . ee .

Ch rry L ur l another name for Common Laurel

e a e ,
.

Ch rry P i Heliotrope
e e, .

Ch rry P l m Prunu scerasifera

e u ,
.

Ch rvil —S K itchen Gard

e . ee en
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 7 1

Ch stn t Handsome trees S Aesculus and Castanea

e u -
. ee .

Chick ling Vetch (Lathyrus sativus) — Of t en bu t erroneously . ,

called Lord Anson s Pea which is Lathyrus magellanicus (syn

,
’
, .

nervosus) .

Chick w d (S tellaria media Ord Caryophyllaceae) — A common

ee . . .

weed easily kept under by regular hoeing

, .

Chic ry — S Kit c hen Garden

o . ee .

Chi m nanthus J apanese Allspi c e ( h i m a thus from h i m

o ,
c on n -
, c e a,

winter and th s flower in allusion to the season of blooming

an o .

Ord C l ycantha c eae ) —There is but

, , ,

. a pecies the deliciously . one S

perfumed fragrans whi c h bears yellow and red flowers (s the
,

ee

i l M g i t There is a larger v arie t y called grandi

,

B t o a n ca a az n e , .

fl s O ne flower laid in a saucer f water will perfume a fairly

or u . ,
o ,

large room It likes peaty soil and a sheltered wall angle P p

. , . ro a

g tai is
on by layers in autumn and by seeds sown in a warm house ,

in spring .

Ch i d x Glory O f the S now ( h i

no o d a, from hi snow and c nO -
a, c on, ,

d x o glory Ord Liliaceae) — S B ulbs

a, . . . ee .

Chiv s (Allium s c hoenoprasum Ord Lilia c eae ) — Used as a

e . . .

substitute f young O nions in spring salads Ordinary soil They

or . .

may be grown from seed O ffse t s in spring or .

Chl r ph yl l The green colo ring of leav es The granules must

o o .
-
u .

have light hen c e t he whi t eness f plants grown in t he dark Chloro O .

phyll is able to decompose c arboni c acid

,

Ch l r p hytu m ( h l p h y tum from hl s green and phyt a

o o c oro -
c o ro
‘

on ,
plant O rd Lilia c eae ) — This genus is allied to Anthericum and
, , ,

. . .

ela t um variegatum whi c h is used in summer bedding f its varie

,

or
gated foliage is ft en called Anthericum v ariegatum Loamy soil
,

O .

suits and propagation is by division It is an evergreen and

,

, .

should be wintered in the greenhouse

,

Ch isya ( h Oi sya after M Choisy Ord R utaceae ) The only

o c -
. . . .
-

spe c ies grown ternata is an e v ergreen shrub forming a dwarf bush

,

, , ,

in a sheltered place and bearing white flowers in early summer , .

The leaves are green and glossy It likes loamy soil and may be .

propagated by cu tt ings in sandy soil under a bell glass either in

,

S pring au t umn In c old districts it should be grown in pots in a

or .

cool house .

Ch moroze Ch ri e m a ( h é ma from ha or s a dance and o z c oroz -

c ore
a drink Owing t o t he dance f j oy which followed the disco v ery
, , ,

ze n a , ,
O

o f water near the habitat f the plant in N w Holland Ord o e . .

Leguminosae) — Attractive greenhouse e v ergreens liking peat with

.

a t hird of loam and some sand and char c oal Propagated by

, ,

c ut tings in sandy soil under a bell glass in summer T hey flower in -

.

S pring and may be put t of doors for the summer They will ou .

require a g od deal f water then but not mu c h in winter When

,

o o .

t hey star t growing they may be pruned and repot t ed A gusti

,

. u
folium with red and yellow flowers ; cordatum red and its variety .

splendens ; and H h m i scarlet (s t he B t i l M g i

, ,

e nc an n ee o a n ca a az n e ,
t
,

. are the principal kinds Flavum and superbum are the .

same as cordatum .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
Christmas R s (Helleborus niger) — S B ulbs o e . ee .

Chrysali d Chrysal is The stage O f insec t life before the perfect

,
.
-

winged but t erfly mo t h The study f chrysalids is interes ting or . O

sthey mimi c v ious things whi c h t hey are l i d to escape the
,

a ar on a
eyes f birds Those f re c ognised garden pests hould be des troyed
o . o S
when found .

Ch ysl i d r p s lu t
a es c ens — The same
o c ar s Are c a lutescens a
u a
handsome warm house palm whi c h t hrives in a sandy compost f
,
,

, o
loam and leaf mould S Palms . ee .

Chrysanthemum ( h ysa th m m from h yssgold and th s c r n -

e u c r a an o
flower Ord C omposi t ae) — Thousands f people who v isit Chrys
, , ,

. . . o
an t h m m shows in au t umn are impelled to grow t his beau t i f ul
e u

flower It gives us a g ea t range f c olours and large handsome

. r o

flowers a t a period f the year when bloom is getting v ery s c ar c e

,

O
Moreover it is a good town plant S ome of the most beau tiful
.

colle ctions are g own in densely popula t ed dis tri ct s in E ast London
,

r ,
in c ase— S ou t hwark Park— c lose t o t he Thames wh ere t he
on e
atmosphere is never f the pures t and where fogs no t n c ommon
,

o ar e u .

L ge flowers pre v ail in the prize c ompetitions and v ery remarkable

,

ar

they are as exhibi t ed by the best growers Blooms f the Japanese

,

. o
se ct ion ins deep and wide are not rare Of perfec t form beauti
,

10 . .

fully finished with broad e v enly folded flore t s and bright fresh
,

c olours they are indeed noble examples f fl i l t l kill At

, , , ,

o or c u ura S .

the same time the charming single a d smal l double ( generally

,
'

poken f as de c orative varieties have a wide circle f admirers

,

S o o ,

and w must remember that these play an important p t in small

e ar

houses and in pro viding abundance f flowers for c utting It is o .

m i nly from the ranks f the de c ora t ive v ie t ies t hat w draw
,

a o ar e
Chrysanthemums for outdoor c ul t ure and every year t he Autumn
Queen extends her sway in ou t side beds and borders
,

His t y — The hi story

or f the Chrysanthemum may be briefly o
summarised as follows The species indicum and sinense were :
nati v es of C hina and the latter w sintroduced to Great B ri t ain in a
From them c ertain v arieties were raised The firs t double
,

1 764 . .

v ie t y w sgrown at Kew towards the end O f the eighteenth century

ar a ,

and with in the next 5 years se v er l others appe ed The first 2 a ar .

S how is said to have been held at Norwich in 8 9 ; the firs t in 1 2

London w sheld at S toke N ewington in 8 47 The raising of new

a 1 .

varie t ies became active about 8 30 ; the first I ncur v ed appe ed 1 ar

about 8 36 and the fi rst Japanese in 8 6 or 8 6 The Pompon

1 1 0 1 1 .

Ch ysanthemum w sraised from a pecies in trodu c ed in 846

,

r a S 1 .

Cl s s
i fi ti
a — Wi t h the introdu ct ion
ca on f many di fferent typ es o ,

and the rise in popularity O f the flower a system f l ssfi ti ,

o c a r ca on

be ame desirable and by slow stages the fol lowing system w s

c a

arrived at The flowers were classified in groups namely

,

: 10 , ,

Japanese ( large flowers with long flat quilled florets) ; I ncurved or

( smaller flowers cup shaped wi t h qui l led florets that curv e - In

towards the c entre ) ; Japanese In c urved (larger than ord nary I

, ,

i n

curv ed wi t h long broad flore t s) ; R fl d ( small c ircular flowers e exe ,

wi t h fl d florets ) ; Japanese R fl d (like a small Japanese

, ,

re e xe e exe ,

flore t s broad and fl d ) L ge Anemone fl w d (flat ring f re exe ar -

o ere o
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g 73
floretsround a raised disc f quilled ones) ; Japanese Anemone o

flowered ( outer ring f flat drooping florets r ound a raised disc f o o

q u i l led ones) ; Pompon ( sm l l roundish double flowers not m ore a ,

than ins across) ; Pompon Anemone ( sm l l form of the large

2 . a

Anemone fl w d ) ; S ingle (round flat flowers with only or 3

-
o ere 2
rows f florets centre open) As w may reckon in with th
, ,

O . e e
Japanese the great maj ority O f the small fl w d double decora
,

-
o ere
ti ve v arieties grown for greenhouse and garden decoration
( although a few f these are Pompons) it is much the most important
o
c lass N ext to the Japanese for how only c omes the Incurv ed but
. S ,

f or general purposes the S ingle holds second place The rank and .

file f Chrysan t hemum growers could well afford to ignore all the
o
c lasses excep t t he Japanese and single .

G r wi g f o l g n h w bl ms —This is a distinct and peci l ised

or ar e S o oo . S a
form f culture which should t be embarked ex c ept by those
o no on
can gi v e a t tention to the plants for the better par t f a year
,

wh o O
make a s t udy f bud production pro vide special soil and pots and
,

o , ,

g ow large varieties
r The routi e is briefly as follows ( ) S t i ke
. n : 1 r
cuttings (preferably short sturdy suckers from the base) in Novem ,

ber or D ecember in 3 i pots filled with loam well lightened wi th

,
-
n.
leaf mould and sand ; keep close ti l l rooted then in a light cool
airy house til l March when they may be shifted to 5 i pots n d
, , ,

-
n . a
stood a bed O f inders in a cold frame a mat being put o ver
,

on C , on
fros t y nights; strike a few more cutti ngs from tops in spring
( ) S top such plants
.

2 as re quire it in spring so as to get 3 hoots f S or

givi ng crown buds August The v ar eties va y a gr e at deal in
,

in . i r

r spect t spring st p p i g s the following examples f c ertain

e o e n , a o
popular Japanese sortswill how S :

V I WHE
A R E TY . S N To TO P .

Algernon D avis end f Ma ch o r

B essie Go dfrey end f M y o a
B il li nt
r a nat ur l break a
D orothy G ld smi t h ou 3 d week in M y r a
D chess f S utherland
u o end f Apri l o
E dith Jameson end f April o
E J B rooks
. . e ly in April ar
E mily Towers 3 d week in M y r a
Florence Penfold natural break
F S Vallis
. . end f M y o a
F W Le v er st week in M y I a
George Mileham
. .

natur l break a
Harry Wood natural break
Hen y Perki ns
r early in Apr i l
H enry S towe st w eek in April I
H J Jones
. natural break
H on MsLopes
.

. r . t week in M
s arch I
H W Meadows
. . natur l break a

J H S il s
. .b y ur middle f April o

J Lock
. t week in April
s I
John Peed natural break
J W Moly eux
. . n natural bre k a
74 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e ning
C H R N THE MU M — ti d
YSA S con nue .

V I WH N S “
A R E TY . E To TO P .
Joseph S toney middle of Ap il r
Lady Conyers 3 d week in March r

Lady Frances R ider 3 d week in M rch r a

Lady Hope t oun end of Mar c h
Lady Talbot st week in M arch I

Leigh Park R ival early April

Leigh Park Wonder 3 d week in March r

Madame C Terrier .end f April o

Madame G Bi vol middle f April O

Madame Paolo R d ll i
.

middle f April a ae O
Madame R Cadbury midd l e f April
. o
Magni fi cent 3 d week in M ar c h r

Mar q uise V Venosta mi ddle of April

.

Master D avid middle f Ap ril o

Master James na t ural break

M l h t t B eauty
e c e natur l break a
Miss E lsie Fulton st week in June I

Miss Mildred Ware end f Mar c h o

Miss O live Miller na t ural break

M s A H Lee
r na t ur al break ‘

M sA T Mi ller
. . .

r . . . natural break
MsB ar k ley
r . natural break
M sB ecke tt
r . st week in April I

MsE ri c Crossley
r . end f Mar c h O

M s F W Vallis
r . . . st week in April I

M s F C S toop
r st week in April I
end f M y
. .

MsGeorge Mileham
.

r o a

end f Mar c h
.

MsG F C os t er
r . . . O

MsGreenfield
r early June
MsH Weeks st week in M ch
.

r . 1 ar
MsL Thorn
.

r . natural break
M sN D avis 3 d week in March
.

r . . r

M s Percy S C leave
r natural break
M sR H B Marsham
. .

r . . . st week in April
. I

M sR H Pearson
r . . .middle of April
M sTrevor Williams
r . mid —April
M sWalter Jinks
r early in April
MsW Knox
.

r end O f April
3 d week in Mar c h
. .

N C S Jubilee r

3 d week in Mar c h
. . .

N orman D avis r

O H B roomhead
. . natural break
P oc k t t sS urprise
e
’
e ly in April ar

Presiden t Viger early in March

R eginald Vallis 3 d week in Mar c h r

R evd R D E ves . m iddle f April o

3 d week in March
. .

R ose Po ke tt c r

S idney P f d en ornatural break

S i Al ber t R lli t
r st week in April
o I

S plendour end f March o

V alerie Greenham natural break

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 75
V I A R E TY . WH E N To S TO P .
Walter Jinks 3r dweek in April
W B eadle
. end O f March
I n c u r ve d

A. H Hall . na tural break

B aron Hirs c h na t ural break
B uttercup 3 d week in M y r a

C h les H Cur tis

ar 3 d week in M y r a

3 d week in M y
.

E mbl eme Poit e vine r a

I l
a ene 3 d week in M y r a

Lady I sabel 3 d week in M y r a

Madame E dmond R oger 3 d week in March r

Madame F l t er a middle of Mar c h

M sB arnard Hankey
r .
3 d week in March r

M sF Ashworth
r . . end f April o

MsG D enyer
r 3 d week in April r

3 d week in March
. .

Ms R obert H Hall
r . . r

S ou v enir de W Cl i b s
.t week in April
r an I
Topaze Orientale natural break
W B iddle na t ural break
e ly in M y
.

W Pascoe
. ar a

S t opping is nipping ff the top f the plant The result is that

O o .

t he plants break in t o t hree shoo t s Any side shoots which form on .

t hese throughout t he summer should be picked t at once Flowe ou . r

buds with leaf hoots round t hem will form in summer These
S . ar e

called crown buds I n the column for crown buds i t will be seen
.

that some are marked st and some d With those marked st I 2 n . I

t he first crown buds which form hould be kept and t he leaf shoots S

round them pi c ked out ; with those marked d the first crown
,

»
2 n
buds wi t h all but f the leaf shoo t s round them should b
one o e
removed ; the shoots left will t hen grow and form a se c ond
, ,

on
crown bud with leaf shoots as before ; in this c ase t he bud should
be kep t and the leaf shoots rubbed ou t This pro c edure varied s
,

. a
t o t ime O f firs t s topping acc ording t o t he pe culiari t y f each varie t y
,

mus t be adop t ed wi th all prize Chrysan t hemums Withou t i t i t

,

would be impossible t o get all t he varieties a t t heir best toge t her

,

The peculiari t i e s f every v ariety grown must be learned by c on

O
sl t t i
u a wi t h exper ts S peaking generally prize flowers requir
on .
’
e
to 3 weeks to arrive at perfe ct ion from the time f bud
,

from 12 1 o

formation ( 3) Transfer the plan t s t 8 i or 9 i pots abou t

. o -
n. -
h .

t he middle f June using some su c h c ompost as t he following and

o
ramming i t in well 4 p ts fibrous loam part de c ayed manure
, ,

: ar 1
I par t leaf mould and enough sand to make it gri tt y A quar t f
, ,

. o
bone meal may be well mixed in each bushel f soi l The pots O .

should be drained by laying some overlapping c rocks in the bo tt om

and c overing with rough flakes f soil S t and t he pots on a bed f O . o
c inders in t he Open air (4) S upport the shoots as they grow .

t hroughou t the summer and water regularly— several times a d y a

if necessary If the soil gets so dry as t o shrink from the side O f
,

the pot success wi ll be j eopardised v ry seriously Gi v e liquid e .

manure when t he buds show colour ( 5) Put t he plants u d e

,

. n r
76 E n c y c lop e di a O f G ard e ning
C H R A N THE MU MS — ti d
YS c on nue .

gl s a s by the end O f S eptember give plen t y f air and use t he o

yringe If there is any trace O f mildew dissolve an oun c e f fresh
, ,

s . O
liver O f sulphur in 3 gallons f water and syringe the plants with it
,

o .

This may be done ev en when they are in bloom The same remedy .

may be used for rust

h s— M
.

G wi g f
ro b s n uch less trouble is involved when i t is only
or u e .

a c se f growing plants as bushes to yield a larger number of

a o
s maller flowers To begin with a later star t may be made as it is
.

not necess y to strike the cuttings till spring The t or t uous ques
, ,

ar .

t ion f bud selection may be dropped entirely

o It is true tha t .

s t opping may be advi sable but it is merely to get a shapely plan t .

Thus if the ti ps are pinched fi when the young plants are abou t
,

O
6 ins hi gh i t will encourage them to throw
.
-

t side shoots Any ou .

plants whi c h tend to s traggle may be st p p d again Flower buds e e .

will appear in clusters late in summer and may be thinned t , or n o

at discretion If thi nning is done the buds left form larger flowers
.

t han wi thout t hinning but f c ourse t here are fewer O f t hem o .

— The C h ysanthemum is a very beau t iful

,

C lt u i th g d
u re n e ar en r
au t umn flower f the garden and every garden lover will take or
c are to have a collec tion f plants some for lifting when they come
,

o ,

into bud and replanting to fill bare places some f groups in beds or
borders some perhaps in a reser v e bed merely t o yield flowers
,

or
cutting I f plants are s hi fted from plac e t o ano t her in late
, , ,

f or . one
summer t he precaution should be taken O f gi ving the soil round
,

them a good soaking j ust before and they should also be watered
in B t perhaps a spell O f showery weather wil l come at a suit ble
,

. u a

time t favour the Operation Plantsset 3 ft ap t i clumps f

o . . ar n o

3 or more make beautiful colour groups The w y to make a star t . a

is to buy young plantsfres hl y rooted from cutti ngs in pring S .

Plant them in deep manured soi l and gi v e an occasion l soaking , ,

a
o f water and liquid manure in dry weather Give each plant a .

strong stake when necessa y and tie securely as the g owth s r r ar e

ra t her brittle and liable t be broken in wi ndy wea t her N
, ,

o . o

s t p p i g is re q uired
e n When the plan tsgo t O f bloom lift t hem . ou ,

cut them back t stumps pack them with their labels in boxes with
o ,

moist soil round them and put them in a shelter d place where some e
litter can be thrown o v er them in h d weat her
,

i a frame ar , or n .

When shoots p ush up from the roots3 or 4 ins long take them ff . o

st ike them and so get a fresh stock O f good plants f the c oming
,

r or
year I n sandy f iable well drained soils t he roots may be left in
,

. r -

t he ground l l the winter and they will throw up fresh hoots in

, ,

a ,
S

S pring like an herbaceous plant .

V i ti s— I t is somewhat dangerous to recommend v arie t ies f

ar e e . o
a plant w hi h l i k the Chrysan t hemum is still being dev eloped
c
'

e
act iv ely by the florists as the sorts are quickly t f date C er
, ,

ou o .

t i l y t hose w h want t o spe c ialise the flower f

,

a n exhi bition other

o or or
purposes should keep themsel ves touch with the principal socie ties In

and ra sers B t there are c er t ain varieties f established meri t

i . u O

Whi c h are not likely to be superseded quickly The Japanese and .

In curved varieties named in t he foregoing table are reliable The .

fol lowing good in th o t her classes

ar e e :
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning 77
Re flexe d . D o u bl e G a r d e n Va r i e ti e s
.

harp Aquitaine
s
Dr. S
King f Crimsons R
grj
i
am ggr
o ou

L a r ge A n e mo n e -

fl ow e red .
E v ely ii
Des c artes *
F i r e fly
Glu c k Gas c oigne
Lady M gare t ar *Guinea Gold
P o mpo n A n e mo n e .
Horace Mar t in
L Pa c tole
-

*
e
Calliope Minnie Carpenter
Gem f E rlswo d o a o N ina B li c k
R i des B lancs
o
P o mpo n . *
Ry ft Glory ecro
Mdlle E lise D orda
. n *
S eptember B elle
Wm Westlake . Vi ct or M w e

S i n gl e .
*
Wh t Quintus l e

Altri ncham Yello w D bl V i ti sf P t B s h s ou e ar e e or o u e

Caledonia Altman s Yellow ’

Florrie K ing F m fi l d Pink ra e

Gaiety Kathleen Thompson
Gem f Mers t ham o L Canning .

Ideal Market Gold

Ladysmith Money Maker
M sTresham G il b y
r . S ource d O e
’
r

Pyrethrum W H Lincoln . .

S ando wn R adiance Winter Cheer

Th se would make a good six *
e .

Th lis t inclu d es bo t h early and late bloomers

e .

S p i s f h d y smm
ec e o C h ys th m ms The v lue
ar f th
u er r an e u .
-
a o e
genus is f from being exhausted by the beautiful v ieties f th
ar ar o e

fl is ts C h rysanthemum whi c h blooms in autumn There

’
or . ar e
several good h rdy species which flower in the garden in summer
a
notably the O eye D aisy C Leucanthemum ; the Pyrenean
,

x -
or
Moon D aisy C Maximum ; and C ( otherwise Pyreth um ) l i gi
, .

, . . r u

mosum The two first grow about a y rd high and m ake good
. a
bushes They . extremely useful plantsas they t h rive in almos t
ar e
any so i l and bear their large W hi t e flowers
,

long stems The on

following are a few good v arieties f the Moon D aisy ; l l hav e whit
, .

O a e

flowers :

G H S age fringed
. . Princess He ry n

King E dward VI I
,

Triumph . .

C uligi nosum is a taller less b shy plant and blooms later A114
.
'

u .

of t he foregoing are hardy herba c eous perennials may be p p

, ,

rO a
gated by di visio i spring and are good for herba c eous borders
,

n n , .

For annual Ch rysanthemums s Flower Garden— Annuals Of the ee .

o t her Chrysan t hemums the most impor t ant are frutes c ens t he well
,

known Marguerite ; and Parthenium the Golden Feather The

,

Marguerite is a valuable pot plant f cool greenhouses and

, .

“ or c on
 E n c y cl op e di a of G ard e ning
s t i s and is also useful for W indow boxes It g o wsfre el y
e r v a or e -
. r

forms ice bushes blooms abundantly and is e sily grown C u t

, ,

n , , a .

tings f young shootso from the base s trike readily in pring or S

au t umn in sandy soil Good plants can be grown in
, , ,

s ummer or .

po t s I f gre lines show in t he leaves indicating the presen c e

,

6 i-
n. . y
f a grub they should be pin c hed between t humb and finger
,

o Th e

yellow Margueri t e E toile d O

.

is w almos t as popular as the

,
'
r, no
white and bo t h may be grown successfully under similar t ea t ment
,

r
The B lue Margueri t e belongs to a different genus I t is Aga t haea
, .

c oeles tis It may however be grown in t he same w y as t he true a

Margueri t es The Golden Fea t her is used for lines and designs in
. , ,

f ormal beds I t may be treated like an annual being sown in a box

.

in frame put in a heated frame greenhouse pri c ked ff hardened

,

or O

in an unhea t ed frame and planted t in summer The soil must

, , ,

, ou .

not be made rich the plants will grow rank and green They , or .

s hould be pinched regularly with finger and thumb to keep them

d warf .

Ch ys m r G oldilocks ( h ys O—ma from

oco a, h yss gold and c r oc c r o

hair alluding to the yellow flore t s Ord Compositae ) — The

, , ,

h mo e, . . .

bes t—known species is L y sy i sa hardy herbaceous plant now c alled

,

no r

Aster L i sy i sby bo t anists It may be grown in t he border

,

no r . .

C C oma aurea is a greenhouse evergreen growing abou t

.
-
ft high 2 .

d produ c ing yellow flowers in July (s the B t l M g i

,

an i ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t . Pea t and loam in equal p ts with sand suit Propaga ar .

t ion is by cu t tings under a bell glass in pring

, ,

-
S .

Chrys g nu m ( hrys og onum from h yss yellow and g

o o C a c r o on u ,

C t
, ,

O
,

j oint . rd omposi ae ) — Virginianum is a good yellow spring

. .

fl wo i g hardy herba c eous perennial

er n ft high Loamy soil , 1 . . .

Propagated by division in early summer .

Cib tium — S D i c ksonia

o . ee .

Cich riu m (C hi c ory) —S Kit c hen Garden

o . ee .

Ci mici f g B ugwort ( i m i i f uga from i m x bug and f g t o

u a, c c -
c e u o,

O rd R anuncula c eae) — Very handsome h dy herba

, , ,

d rive away . . . ar

c e ou splants well worth growing in the border They do best in a .

heavy moist soil In light dry soil they ought t o have a shady
,

, . ,

p lace Propagation
. is by division in pring The following are S .

g ood cordifolia
: 3 ft hi gh July W hi te flowers ( see B t i l . o an ca

Mg i t foetida (syns frigida simplex ) 3 ft white ; and

, , ,

a az n e , . . .

a c emosa 4 t 5 ft Augus t w h i t e
, , ,

r , o ., , .

Cinch na ( c in c ho na after the Coun t ess f Ci h

o Ord R ubia
-
o nc on . .

f medicinal in t erest as yielding

,

— O f no garden value but

c e ae ) . , o

q uinine which is,

prepared from the bark and is famous as a febrifuge .

Cineraria ( i a ia from i s ashes in allusion to the grey

C n er r -
c n e re
Ord Composi t ae) —The Cineraria f t he florists whe t her
, ,

l eaves
,

. . . o ,

r epresented by t he round fl w d smoo t h edged st ains tha t were -

o ere -
r

t h j oy f an older genera t ion type (stella ta )

,

e o the st fl w or ar -
o er

w hi c h enj oys so much favour to day is a free blooming brilliant

,

- -

, ,

d easily grown plan t well worthy of t he high esteem in whi c h it

,

an -

asheld E asil raised from seed almost hardy blooming in Winter

,

. y , ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 79
an d spring it is a m s t l bl plant
, Good strains O f seed are o va ua e .

rather dear but they are worth their cost They may be sown in .

M y and June similarly to Calceo

,

a
larias pricked ff into boxes then put O
ingly in small pots and finally t rans
, ,

s
ferred to 6 i 7 i and 8 i po t s in
,

-
n -
n -
n.

which they W ill flower They must have

,

c ool i ry conditions in summer and a

, a ,

frame suits them They may even be .

stood in the O pen air Green fly (s . ee

Aphides) must be kept away Cineraria .

maritima a dwarf plant wi t h silvery

foliage is of t en used in bedding It may
,

be raised from seed in spring S u c h

,

o ther pecies as are grown are now c alled

S

S ene c ios by botanis t s but only is one

mu c h used in gardens and tha t is
,

c ruenta a greenhouse perennial growing

ft high and With purplish A S EE DL ING CIN E I
,

about 2 . RA R A
flowers in summer (s the B t i l dy f p i ki g ff ee o an ca or r c n O

Mg i t
rea .

a az n e , .

Cinnam m um Cinnamon ( i o m o mum from ki m (Arabi c ) c nna -

na on .

Unimportant hor t i cul t urally but impor tan t

, ,

Ord L i .
) au r n e ae .
— ,

e c onomic ally as C yl i m yields c innamon and C Camphora . ze an c u .

g ives c amphor
,

Cinquef il —S Potentilla o . ee .

Cissus (ci ss s from k i sss Iv y in allusion to t he habit Ord

-
u o . .

— O ne spe c ies dis c olor is grown I t produ c es

, , ,

Am p li de ) e e ae . .

g reenish flowers in S ep t ember but is c hiefly grown for i t s handsome

, ,

leaves which are vel v e t y green marked with whi t e (s t he B t i l

,

ee o a n ca

Mg i t
,

a az n e , It may be grown in peat and loam in equal

.

par t s wi t h sand
, the roof of a ho t house Propagation is by on .

c uttings f side shoots under a bell glass in heat

,

o -
.

Ci st s R ock R ose ( i stus from k i st a box alluding to the shape

u , c -
e,

O rd Ci st i
, ,

o f the seed vessel ) — B rilliant shrubs suitable for . . n e ae .

t he ro c k garden flowering in June and t h riv ing in warm sunny

,

, , , ,

sheltered places They like well drained sandy soil Propagation .

-
.

by cu tt ings in
,

is by seeds in spring in a frame greenhouse or or

M y and layers in late summer The following are the bes t
, ,

a . :
albidus incanus white ; crispus purple ; yp i s whi t e ; and c r u

sl i f l i s W hi t e all ft high ; and ladaniferus whi t e and i ts

, , ,

a v o u 2 .

varieties such as maculatus spotted ; l i f l i sW hite ; l si t i s

, , , ,

au r o u u an c u

whi t e yellow ; and longifolius wh ite ; all f which grow 4 f t

, , , ,

or o .

high
,

Citrus ( i t rus from Ci tron a town in Judea Ord Ruta c eae) — A

c -
. . .

genus f li tt le value from the garden point O f iew but very i m

, ,

o V

portant e c onomi c ally giving as it does the Orange ( C Auran t ium )

,

the S haddock ( C decumana) the Ci tron ( C medica) the Lime

, , , ,

. .

( C medi c a Limetta) and t he Lemon ( C medica Limonum )

, ,

. The , . .

Otaheite Orange is sometimes grown as a pot plant (s Fruit p ee , . 1

nice dwarf plants can be grown in 6 i pots and low standards —n
.

in 8 i
,

-
n.
 80 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng
Clar k ia ( C l ark ia after Captain Cl k Ord O g
i ) -
— S , ar . . na r ar e a e . ee
Annuals .

Clary (S al via s clarea) —A old E nglish plan t gett ing i ts name f . n o

Clary (clear eye) from its supposed v l ue in eye affe ct ions It i s
,

-
a .

sown in spring for use sa pot —herb a .

Clay —S S oil Kit c hen Garden and D r i nage

. ee , , a .

Clematis ( l em a t is l m at is from k l m Ca vine shoo t l l d-

or c e -
e a, -
a u

ing t o t he habit Ord R anunculaceae) — O ne f mos t v l uable

, ,

. . . O our a
rambling plan t s thriving in mos t soils and giving a profusion f , o
beau tiful flowers The lovely Whi te montana which bloo ms in
,

early summer may be propaga t ed by cuttings aft er flowering

,

and mos t of the g den varieties and hybrids are p p

,

J k m
ac i i an ar ro a
ga t ed i t he nurseries by graft ing t he spe c i s Vi t alba (s Graf t
, ,

n on e ee
ing) ; but they may some t imes be s truck from c u tt ings f mat ure o
side shoo t s under a bell glass in summer from layers in S eptember -
or .

The Clema tises are not fastidious abou t soil ; t hey prefer light t o
,

heavy land if it i sman red ; damp stiff soil is no t sui t able They u .

should no t be planted W here the roots Will be subj e ct t o constan t

,

drip in w t weather It is W ise to plant t he J k m i i se t early

e . ac an

and c ut t hem ba c k to within a f ot f the ground a t on c e ; t hey are

,

o O
t hen sure to break strongly ; when planted late d unpruned t hey an

of t en fail The pruning O f the di fferent kinds varies and i t may be

, ,

well to classify t hem C i

,

g p these are hybrids from : oc c n e a rou coc

i
c nea ( syn Pitcheri ) a scarlet urn shaped spe c ies flowering in July ;
.
-

t he followi g are good Countess of O nslow deep red ; D u c hess f

, ,

n : o
Albany pink ; and S i Trevor Lawrence crimson ; t hin as required
,

r .

cool g eenhouses ; B a tt le f
, ,
‘

Fl id g or p these aare suitable f

ro u : or r O
Woki g double grey ; and D u c hess f E dinburgh double whi te
n o
are popular sor t s ; thi n t crowded shoots in lat e wi nter and leav e
, , , , ,

ou
the rest J k m i i typ J k m i i v iole t ; J alba S mi t h s ac an e ac an .
'

v ariety whi t e ; Madame E dou d A d e red ; and Prince f Wales

. ,

ar n r o

four O f the bes t f this set and they hould be pruned hard
, ,

puce
,

ar e o S
annu l ly t he flowered shoo t s f one year being cut back to the O ld
, ,

a o
W ood making w y f strong new shoots whi c h will bloom well t he
,

a or
same year L gi s g p t hese are large and beautiful flowers
, ,

. anu no a ro u

suitable for pillars ; B eauty f Worcester viole t ; E n c hantress

,

o
double white and Venus Vi c trix double lavender are three of the
, ,

, , ,

best ; they do well with the same pruning asthe Florida group
,

P t s a eng p beautiful f ar c hes

r ou and pillars ; Fai R samond blush ; or r o

Lady Londesborough silver ; Miss B a t eman white ; and The Queen

. ,

lav ender a good ; they should have t he same pruning as the

, , ,

re

Florida set Vi ti l l g p Lady B ovil l silvery blue ; V i ti ll

,

. ce a ro u ce a

l ba W hi te ; and V rubra g red are three f th bes t and

,

a d ifl . r an ora, o e
may have J k m ii pruning O f the l d species Fl m m l
, , ,

ac an . O a u a
hardy white sweet ; indivisa and its variety lobat a white green
,

house ; and Vitalba hardy Whi te the Traveller Jy or Old M

, , , ,
’ ’
8 o an 3
B eard may be men tioned t he hedgerows
, , ,

Th last is beautiful . e in

i autumn but mon t an is a mu c h better garden plan t the newer

,

n a
variety f i t rubra is desi able
,

o , ,
r .

Cler dendr n ( l d é dron from hl s chance and d d

o o c ero a n -

, ero , en ron ,

t ee in allusion to uncertain medicinal qualities Ord Verbena

,

r ,
. .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 81
— Although thi s is a fairly large genus only two species
c e ae ) . on e or
are grown to any ex t ent Mu c h t he m st popular is B lf i a
,

. o a our
varie ty f Th m s which produ c es i t s brilliant light sc arle t
,

O o on ae ,
flowers at the end f summer It is a beautiful plant but not asy o . e
t o do well It likes the temperature f a ho t house and a c mp s t
,

. o o o
f fibrous loam wi t h a four t h
,

o f leaf mould and some sand If o .

s t o c k is required a few f the young side shoots may be t aken ff in o O

spring and stru c k in sandy pea t under a bell glass Wa t er liber l ly
,

-
. a
in summer bu t sparingly in win t er B l f i s f vigorous habi t . a ou r i o
and may be used as a c limber Fallax sdwarfer and l so h ssc le t
,

. I a a ar
flowers This and plendens. e v er greens where s B l f i los s S ar e , a a our e

i t s leaves in Win t er .

Cl eth ra ( l é th from k l th adder ( Greek) in referen c to the

c -
ra, e ra , e
resemblan c e f the leaves Ord E ri c aceae) — O nly tw speci s e
,

o . . . o e ar

grown t any ex t en t alnifolia W hite 4 ft high h dy blo ming

o : . ar o
in late summer ; and arborea W hi t e flowering in S ep t ember and
, , , ,

requiring a g reenhouse The latter is illustrat d in t he B t i l

, , ,

. e o an ca

M g i t 57 It is a hrub growing 6 to 8 ft high ; there i sa

a az n e , . 10 . S .

d warf varie t y c alled minor and with v ariegated leaves c l led on e a

variegat a Pea t with a third f loam and sand suit the Cle th as
. , o , , r .

A borea is best propagated by cuttings in spring under a bell glass ;

r -

alnifolia by c u tt ings in summer layers in autumn or .

Clianthus Glory Pea ( h an thus from k l i s glory and th s

,
C -
, e o , , an o ,

flower Ord Legum i nosae) — B rillia t flowers The best known

. . . n .
-

spe c ies are D m p i i t he Parro t beak flower scarle t wi t h black

a er -

boss which does well in a hanging basket in a c ool house ; and

, ,

puni c eus crimson which will th ive outdoors in sheltered places

,

but is best in a c ool greenhouse in cold dis t ricts They are ever
, , ,

g een shrubs whi c h may be raised from seed in spring and furt he
r r
propagated by c u t tings in sandy so i l under a bell glass They l ike
, ,

-
.

peat and loam in equal parts wi th sand , .

CIi k bee tl e — S
e -
Wireworm . ee .

Climb rs and Creep ers People use the word climber in a some
e .
-

wha t loose way in c onnec tion with plants applying it equally t a o

Gloire de D ij on R ose whi c h spreads over a considerable area f wal l
,

O
by mere vigour and to V i t h sVirginian Creeper whi ch throws e c
’

t adhesive suckers and ac t ually climbs as cer t ainly as an Indian

, ,

ou
climbs with his slings Ac c ep t ing the broad definition w have a . e
l arge selection f climbers and there is no reason W hy walls fences
,

o ,

p alings arches pillars pergolas and summer houses should go

, ,

For hi gh walls t here is nothing better than the Virginian

, , , ,

b e ar .

Creeper and sele cted Ivies (s Hedera) ; but a vigorous R ose such ee
'

as William Allen Ri chardson w ill cover a considerable area f w l l

,

o a
if plan t ed in good soil Thi s R ose may be thought f for an eas t
,

. o
w ll a an aspe c t whi ch it will thri v e better than most plants
on .

I vy also does east and north walls R oses (s Flower Garden)

,

on . ee

and Ceanothuses ( s Ceanothus) may be c onsidered for south and ee

wes t walls wi t h Pyrus ( Cydonia) Japoni c a for l w positions under o
Windows The latt er plan t produ c es large brilliant flowers follow d
,

. e
by edible frui t A good Honeysuckle is Lonicera fl
,

s for it i s
,

. exuo a,
a strong grower free flowering and sweet Clematises (s Clema t is )
, . ee

F
 “
82 E n c y c l op e d i a of G ard e ning
must not be overlooked f they comprise two particularly v aluabl or e
plants in mon t ana and J k m i i and sever l others f much i m
,

ac an a o
more beautiful creeper than t he Flame
,

portance There is . no
N asturtium the Tropaeolum peciosum f botanists ; but it will S o
not thrive in dry h t positions It must hav e root and atmospheri c
,

o .

mois t ure to gi v e its tru beauty Climbers and creepers sometimes

,

e .

fail because t hey planted in a position where t hey catch drip

ar e
from a roof This should be a v oided if necessary by planting
.
,

rather farther from the wall and then t aining in An annual r .

mul c hing f manure h elps the plants In most cas

,

o es p ing takes ru n
-

the form f thinning t the lder growth to make room for younger
o ou O
wood In a few c ases no t ably the Wistaria the young wood is
.

spurred to O lder bran c hes Climbers must also be sele cted for arches
, ,

. ,

pillars pergol s and summer houses (s Flower Garden) The

a -
ee .

follo w ing sele ct ions m y be useful

, ,

a :

H dy P i l C l i mb s Clematis
ar

Ampelopsis
e re n n a
C lerodendron er .

Aristolochia Cobaea
Calys t egia Fi c us
Cle m a tis Gloriosa
Eccremocarpus Hoya
Ip m
Hedera ( Ivy) Lapageria
o ae a

Jasmine M dy
Lonicera ( Honeysuckle) Passiflora
au ran a

Periplo c a S milax
Polygonum Ta c sonia
R ose
Tropaeolum Thunbergia
Vitis Vitis
Wistaria H dy A l C l i mb s ar n nu a er .

T d en P eri l C l i mb s e re n n a
C onvolvulus
A llama da
Polygonum er .

Aris t olo c hia

n
Tropaeolum
Asparagus T d A l C li mb s en er nnua er .

B i gn on i a I po m ae a
ougainvillea
B Mina
Cestru m Th b gi un er a

A l l f the plants are dealt with under t heir w

o na m es o n .

Clivia Imantophyllum ( l i vea after a member f the Clive

,
c -

, o
family Ord A m yl l i d ) S B ulbs
. . ar e ae .
-
ee .

C ba a ( o baea after S e nor Cobo Ord Polemoniaceae) — Only

o e c -

, . . .

one member f thisgenus is grown to any extent and that is

o ,

scandens a rambler bearing purple flowers in summer (s the ee

i l M g i There is a v ariety wi th whi t e margined

,

B t o a n ca t a az n e , .
-

leav es It is suitable for the roof f a cool house f pill s t

. o , or or ar ou
side i summer and the best plan is to treat it as an annual sowing
n , ,

i
n heat in spring hardening in a frame and planting t in June
, , ou .

Ordinary soil .
 E n c y c lop aed i a of G ar d e n i ng 83
C ck ch f r (Melolontha vulgaris) I its grub stage the M y bug
o a e .
-
n a

fe e ds the roots f trees and as a bee t le the leav s The mos t

on o on e .

h m is done as g u bs more particularly becaus working under

ar r ,
e ,

ground they not se n If trees sfl from no apparent cause

ar e e . u er
it is well to fork up the soil and leav e t he starlings to find the p sts
,

e .

C ck sc mb — S Celosia
o o ee .

C ck sp ur Th rn Crataegus crista galli

o o ,
-
.

C c —nut Fi bre R fu s This is tli best m aterial for plungi g

o oa e e. -
e n

( s
ee B ulbs ) and it may be used repeatedly for the purpose In a .

mois t state it is good for freshening up imported Lil ium bulbs be fore
,

potting them It is l so useful for mulching b eds in summer

. a ,

che c king the escape f moisture o .

C c s( d cos from
o o c ( Portuguese
-

) a monkey in reference to c o co

t he shape Ord Pal mae) — The Cocoa nut Palm C nucifera has
, , ,

-
. . . .

horticulturally ; but the spe c ies W d d l i

, ,

no p ti l is
‘

ar l c u ar v a u e e e an a

one o f the most graceful f small palms f greenhouse and room o or

decoration S P lms . ee a .

C d iaeu m Croton ( d i aé um fr om d b the Malayan name

o co -
co e o, .

Ord E uphorbiaceae ) S Croton

, ,

. .
— ee .

C dlin M th — S Fruit— Apples

o o . ee .

C l g yne ( l og y from k i l s hollow and gy female

oe o coe -
ne, o o ne ,

alluding t o the pis t il O rd Or chida c eae) — A charming genus f

, , ,
‘

. . . o

Or c hids t he mos t popular members f which are cris t a t a and i t s

, o

v ieties The flowers f the species are white crested with yellow ;
ar . o
t hose f alba whi t e ; those of lemoniana white with lemon lip
o .

easily grown as t hey will thri v e in a cool house wi t h Cyp i

, ,

They ar e , r

pe d iu m insigne Odontoglossum crispum and , other kinds They , .

are best grow in baskets with fibrous peat S phagnum moss and
n
cro c ks They will appreciate abundance f wat er both at the roo t
, ,

. o
and overhead while in full growth ; the supply should be reduced
when growth is mat ure bu t t hey should never be dried ff If , o .

repotting is necessary it should be done when new growth starts

towards t he end f winter D ayama a beau t iful spe c ies with long
o .

drooping spikes f yel low and brown flowers should hav e a warmer
,

o
house as should pandu ata with green and bla c k flowers
,

, r , .

C ix ( Job s Tears ) — A small genus f grasses ( Ord Gramineae ) f

o
’
. o . o
which the species Lachryma Jobi is grown being t rea t ed as a -

t ender annual and raised from seed in heat in spring hardened in

,

a frame and planted ou t The seeds are ornamental S the

, ,

ee
i l M g i
. .

t 479
,

B t
o a n ca a az n e , . 2 .

C lchicum Meadow S affron ( ol h i m from Colchis in Asia

o c -
c cu
Minor Ord Liliaceae) — S B ulbs
, ,

. . . ee .

C le s( o lens from k l s a shea t h alluding to t he combina

o u c -
o eo

tion of t he stamens Ord L bi t ) — These evergreen sh ubs

, , ,

. . a a e ae . r
ar e valued for their coloured leaves ; the flowers are inconspi c uous
in most c ases One species howe v er th y soi d s has suffi ciently
. r eu
attractive flowers to be g own f its inflorescence alone ; the lea ves
, , ,

r or

are green and f little ornament The flowers are pale blue and
o . ,
 E n c yCIo p azd i a o f G ard e nin g
a re borne n long stems in winter The species is useful f growing
o . or
in a c olle c tion f plants in a warm greenhouse o c onserva t ory or .

The ordinary Coleuses are remarkable for the ri c h and v aried c olours
of their leaves in which c rimson and g een purple yellow and r

white m y be seen S ome ha v e c oloured leaves others are flaked

, ,
, , ,

a . o ne -

others m rbled o t hers margined Plan ts may be grown i nto a

, ,

a .

ni c e size the same season if seed is sown in hea t in early pring and
,

S ,

with a little pin c hing the yw ill be compac t shapely bushes S pecial .

varieties may be in creased by cuttings The weakest seedlings

,

. ,

G ING C L E U E P RO P A AT O S S
BY CU ING TT S.

C LE U E
D i g 1 ra n a e.
SM
Sh sb k i g f
P I NG
R h si l O S S .
2
.

ou g o

3 Fi
. .

1 oo t si l r ea a te r
h pi hi g
.

t 4 S
e d nc
n
n .
.

. an
ne
.
o .

show i ng t he mos t c olour are generally the bes t S i x in c h pots will .

-

be large enough to flower them in unless v ery large plants are

,

wanted as they develop the richest colour when p t bound Very o -

.

few species are now g own The following are good garden varie ties
,

r . :
B e c kwi t h s Gem C ountess f D udley D e c orator Pineapple
’
o
B eauty Pride f the Market and S unset
, , ,

, o , .

Col e w o rt — S Ki t chen Gar den ee .

Collinsia ( colli ns ia after M Collins Ord S p h l i -

) r. . . cro u ar n e a e .

Annuals Coloured plates f t he S pe c ies will be found sfollows

,

S ee . o a :
b tsar i f l i in the B t
ae o ai l M g i t 3488 g d i fl in the o a n ca a az n e , . r an or a
B t i
o a n cal R gi s t t I 0 7; v erna in the B t i l M g i t 4 9 7
e er , . 1 o an ca a az n e , . 2 .

B t bicolor is the most important

u .

C ll mia (c oll o mia from k ll glue in allusion to t he mucus

o o -
o a, on
t he seed Ord Polemoniaceae) — Pre tt y h dy annuals (s Annuals
, ,

. . . ar ee

for c ulture ) f whi c h the most useful are coccinea red ; and grandi
o

red and yellow B oth grow about f t high and flower in

, ,

fl or a , . 2 .

early summer .

Co ltsf o t Tussilago
o ,
.

C lumbin — S Aquilegia
o e ee .

Colu t a B ladder S enna ( col d tea from k l t a name given by

e ,
-
, o ou e a ,

The phrastus Ord Leguminosae) — The most important species i s

o . . .

arborescens a shrub growing some 0 ft hi gh and produ c ing yellow

, 1 . ,

flowers in summer followed by inflated seed pods It may be .

raised from seed in spring and increased by cut t ings in S ep t ember

,

N speci l soil is needed

o a .
 E n c yc 10p a3di a of G ard e ni ng
C nif rs ( Coniferae) — Trees and shrubs whi ch bear cones
o e . , or

woody bracts containing the flowers such as Cedars Firs Larches , , , ,

and Pines The different kinds are described under their own
.

names in this work .

C nservat ry —This st uc t ure is a display house intended t o

o o . r
show at their best and in a tasteful manner the plants grow in
,

, , n
other houses It is a somewhat expensive house as it is more
.

orna t e t han a greenhouse and i t must be well built

,

drip will , , or

p rove a nuisance It hould be ne the dwelling and may be ‘

. S ar

a t tached to it so that it can be entered from the drawing room

,

-
or

t her apartment In large conservatories beds are made f

,

o . or
A c a cias Camellias Palms and other large plants whil e such plants
as Passion Flowers Tacsonias and Lapagerias are planted to co v er
, , , ,

t he roof If there are fairly wide pat hs tubs c ontaining Clivias

, ,

Myrtles and other fav ourite plants may be stood here and there
. , ,

, .

S ee a l s Greenhouse
o .

C nv l laria ( Lily f the Valley) — S B ulbs

o a . o . ee .

C nv l v lus (
o o ol v ul s
u from ol t o en tw ine Ord
conv -
n con v vo , . .

C onvolvulaceae) —These beau t iful twiners are rela t ed t o Calys t egias

,

and I p m s There are many spe c ies and they di ffer a good
o aea .

d e l some being hardy and some t ender annuals o t hers g eenhouse

,

a r

s t ove evergreens and others again deciduous perennials It is

, ,

or .

unne c ess y t o enumerate a quar t er f the spe cies as they are f

,

ar o o

purely bo t ani c al interest A l th i d s a hardy perennial with

,

. ae o e

pink flowers in June is good ; it is illus trated in t he B t i l

,

o a n ca
Mg i t 359 C is an attra c tive dwarf species with
,

a az n e , n e o r u rn

pink flowers in M y and sil v ery leav es (s the B t M g t

. .

a ee o . a ., .

i t should be grown in the greenhouse

,

in a sheltered place or .

Maj or ( I p m purpurea) is the popul r c limbing Convolvulus

,

o ae a a

o f t he seedsmen and f cottage gardens Mauri t ani c us is a lovely o .

little trailing shrub well suited to basket culture in a g reenhouse , ,

or to the garden in summer ; it may be raised from seed in heat in

spring ; the flowers are rich blue and c ome in summer Tri c olor .

is t he dwarf annual Con v ol v ulus f the seedsmen o .

Cop r s ma ( p osma from k p s faeces and sm small in

o ce r -

, o ro o e,

allusion to the odour Ord R ubiaceae) — O nly

, ,

species B aueri
,

. . . on e
is grown to any extent and t hat is more often than not represented
, ,

by i t s varie t ies p i t t and v ariegata whi c h have handsome

,

c ura a

leaves They are greenhouse sh rubs t h riv ing in loam with a third
,

f pea t and some sand Propagation is by c uttings in heat under

,

o .

a bell glass in pring

-
S .

C ptis Gold Thread ( op t is from k pt to cut alluding t the

o c -
o o, o
leaf division Ord R anunculac eae) — A small genus the bes t
, , ,

. . .

know member o f whi ch is trifolia ( Helleborus trifoliatus) whi c h

,

n
grows about 6 ins high and produ c es whi te flowers i April I t
,

. , n .

likes a moist peaty soil and a sheltered place A herbaceous .

p erennial it may be propagated by di v ision after floweri g

,

, n .

Co b l ir —S B ulbs
u ar a . D a ffodils ee -
.

C rch rus J p nicu s— S Kerria Japonica

o o a o . ee .
86 E n c y c lopaedi a o f G arde n i n g .

C r dylin C lub Palm ( d yl i m from k d yl a club O rd

o e, cor -
e, or e, . .

Liliaceae ) — These plan ts whi c h

. related to D ra c aenas are ar e

grown for t heir foliage whi c h is slender and graceful Aus t ralis
, ,

t he two mos t popular pec ies t here are variegat ed

,

and indivisa ar e S

forms f bo t h They are some t imes plan t ed t of doors bu t t hey

o . ou

are t hardy Loam wi th a four t h of leaf mould and sand sui t

,

no .

t hem They are propagated by su c kers Tall leggy plants may

, , ,

. .

be decapita t ed the tops struck in bottom heat and the stems laid
,

in mois t soil cocoa nut fibre refuse in heat to induce hootsto

, ,

or -
S
break for cuttings S D ra c aena . ee .

C r p sis C alliopsis ( op sis from k i sa bug and psi s like

o eo core -
or o

in allusion to t he seed Ord Compositae ) — Useful plants t he

, , , , , ,

. . .
,

annual species f which are generally grown under the name f

o o
C alliopsis (s Annuals) Lanceolata is a good hardy per nni l
ee . e a ,

growing about ft high and bearing yellow flowers in summer (s

2 ee
the B t i l M g i t
.

o a n ca G d ifl (sy a l ongipes) is
az n e , . ran ora n .

also a good perennial with yellow flowers in summer D rummondii .

and tinctoria the best f the annuals ; both hav e red and yellow
ar e o
flowers G ti i yellow bloo m s in the greenhouse in winter
. r an , , .

C ri sm nsp eliensis —A pretty rockery plant ( Ord Primula c eae)

o o . .

whi c h grows about foot hi gh and produ c es lil ac flowers in June

,

a -

(s the B t i l M g i I t likes a dry sunny spo t

,

ee t
o a n ca a az n e , .

w i t h sandy pea t
, ,

It is easily raised from seed sown under glass in

.

spring .

C rn Flag — S Gladiolus under B ulbs

o ee , .

C ornfl w — S o Centaurea and Annuals

e r. ee .

C rnish M neyw rt S i bth p i europaea

o o o ,
or a .

C rn S ala d — S Ki t chen Garden

o ee .

C rnus D ogwood ( o nus from

o a horn alluding to the c r -
co rn n ,

hardness O rd Corna c eae) — D eciduous shrubs mu c h esteemed

, , ,

. . .

for the beau t y f their foliage and the brigh t ness f t he bark Alba
,

o o .

a S iberian spe c ies has white flowers in Jul S p at hi and variegata

,

y.
are popul v ie t ies f i t C api t a t a has whi t e flowers in Augus t ;
,

ar ar o .

i t is not qui t e hardy ; fruit some t imes ripens a wall in Grea t on

B ri t ain bu t i t is not edible ; this is the B th m i fragifera f t he en a a o

i l M g i t 464 Florida has whi t e flowers in spring ;

,

B t
o a n ca a az n e , . 1 .

i t is onef t he best and t here are good varie t ies in rubra and
o
pendula M s(syn mas c ula ) t he C ornel or C ornelian Cherry has
,

. a .

yellow flowers in February (s t he B t i l Jlf g i t

, ,

ee o a n ca a az n e , .

There are several varieties of i t aurea l g ti ssi m being f e e an a one o

t he bes t S anguinea is the c ommon B ritish D ogwood ; the berries
,

are bla c k ; i t is oft en plan t ed for winter e ffe ct the red bran c hes
being brigh t There are or two herbaceous perennials t he bes t
,

one

being canadensis (see B t i l M g i t

. ,

with yellowish o a n ca a az n e , .

flowers in summer sui t able f the ro c k gard n where pea t c an be or e

given The shrubby D ogwoods need no spe c ial soil bu t t hey do

,

no t like a dry spo t Prop ga t ion is by seeds layers c ut t ings and

,

. a , , ,

division .
 E n c yc l o pze d i a of G ard e ning 87
C o nil l a Crown Vet c h (
or ill from a crow n ll uding coro n -
a, co ro n a , a
to t he rrangement f the flowers Ord Leguminosae) — Th e most
,
,

a o . . .

popul member f t h is genus is glauca a greenhouse ev e gr n

ar o , r ee
S hr b bearing yellow flowers in late pring (s the B t i l
u S ee o an c a

t to 3 ft high ; variegata ( B t
,

bl g i a az n e , it grows 2 . o .

Mg t
.

a 79) is a garden form of it

., . 2 1 They like loam with a .

four t h f pea t and some sand Propagation is by cuttings under

,

o .

a bell glass C pp d i (syn iberica) cream fl owers in summer

-
. a a oc ca .

v
,

( B t A
o I g . t and
a aria pink
.,
( B t
. AI g t are hardy o . a ., .

trailers suitable for the r ckery ; they like loam peat and grit
,

o , , .

C ryd li sFu mitory ( yd alis from k yd l sa lark in llusion

o a c or -
or a o , a
t o the pur resembling a lark s Ord Fu mar aceae) — A sful
, ,
’ ’

S . . i . u e
genus as the plants wi ll thri v e in dry limestone soi ls but C lutea .

it will become a w eed C nobilis is

, ,

must be kept in hand or .

'

g od ; it grows a foot high and bears yell ow flowers from M y

,

o a
onward (s the B t i l M g i t Wil s i grey lea v es ;
,

ee o an ca a az n e , . on
and h i th i f l i cream flowers and fern like foliage are pret t y
,

c e r an o a, -
.

Any so i l that is t wet and sti ff suits Propagation is by division

,

no .

in spring .

Co yl s N t ( o yl s from k ys hood referring to the nut

r u ,
u c r -
u or

being c overed by the c alyx Ord Cupuliferae) S Fruit

, , ,

. . . ee .

C ryp h o s tral is— S L i vistona austral is

a au . ee .

C sm s Cosmea ( osm s from k sm s beautiful Ord C m

o o c -
o o o , . . o
A sm l l genus w hi ch includes n v ery useful plant in
, ,

p s oit ) ae a o e
-
.

the annual bipinna t us ; the type has purple flowers but seedsmen
sell mixtures whi c h in c lude t he purple whi t e and others ; they
,

flower profusely and long and the leav es are prettil y cut The
, ,

height is abou t 3 f t (s Annuals for cult re) C diversi folius is a

,

. ee u . .

hard tuberous perennial with lil ac flowers in S eptember (s t he

y ee

t there is a dark variety called a tro

,

B t i l Al g i
o an ca a az n e , .

sangu i neus .

C t neaster ( t aster from t

o o quin c e ( Pliny) and st
co on e -
co o n e a , a er
c
, ,

( ad instar ) like Ord R osa eae ) — Hardy s h rubs . suitable for . .

grow ing agains t walls Mos t of them g ow from 4 to 6 ft high and

, ,

. r .

t hrive in any well drained soil Propagation is by seeds sown when

,

-
.

ripe by c u tt ings i pring or autumn and by layers in autumn n S .

The most popular pe c ies are mi c rophylla and S imonsii ; the former
, ,

S
has smal l glossy evergreen foliage and produces white flowers in
spring followed by s c arlet berries (s the B t i l R gi st
, , ,

ee o a n ca e er,
t Gla c ialis (syn c ongesta) is a variety f it Buxifolia is a
,

. 1 1 . o .

dwarfer species sometimes used f ro c kwork or .

C tyle d n N avelwort ( co t yl e don name given by Pl i ny Ord

o o -
. .

Crassula c eae) — This with t he addit ions whi c h have been made t o
, ,

it by modern botanis t s is a v ery large genus The Ec heverias have

,

b en added to it and so hav e t he P h yp h yt msand Umbili c uses

,

e ,
ac u

with some smaller genera They are succulents with glaucous

,

foliage The Co t yledons proper are of s h rubby habi t whereas the

,

Ec hev erias are low and flattened The latter w ere more used in
,

the l d c p t bedding days than they are now Of the pecies

o ar e -
.
. S
 E n c y c lo paedi a of G ar d e n i ng
generally grown under the name f Cotyledon may b m ti n d o e en o e

c ccinea sc let ; g i bbifl pink and yellow ; and orbiculat a red ;

o ar or a ,
ll f whi c h flower in late summer and suitable for a c ool green
, ,

a o ar e
house The v iety f g i bbifl called metalli c a and other species
. ar o o ra
s ch sglauca ret sa and its variety glau c a se cunda and its v a i e ty
,

u a u r
glauca and rosea are commonly grown as E chev erias These may be
, ,

, , .

propagated by layi ng some f the outer leaves in sand in late o

s m m er and taki ng ff the little plants that form on them The
u , o .

Cotyledons may be propagated by cu tt ings i summer ; t hey mus t .

n
no t be kept c lose F soil use sandy loam Al t hough the Ec he . or .

i s
v er a used f the flower g rden in summer they should be
‘

ar e or a

wintered under glass Cotyledon umbilicus the B ritish N avelwor t

,

. ,

is hardy
,

C uch G r s
o sTwitch ( Triti c um repens) This l though a relative
a ,
. .
-
, a
o f whe t is a dangerous weed as its underground stems creep
a , ,

widely They must be forked t dr ed and burned

. ou , i , .

C uv Tr nchu da — S K it c hen G rden

o e o . ee a .

C W d u ng — S
O -
Manures . ee .

C ws l ip Primula veris
o , .

Crab Wild Apple ( Pyrus acerba Ord R osac ae ) —S Fruit

, . . e . ee .

Cr mbe m ariti ma (S eak l e) S Ki t chen G den

a a .
-
ee ar .

Cran b r y (Oxyc ccus palus tris Ord Va c ciniaceae ) —A fruit f

e r
li ttle v l ue The American Cranberry O ma cro c a pa is finer t han
a .
t he B ritish They are hardy evergreens liking mois t peaty soil
o . . . o
. r
, ,

. , , ,

and propagated by layers .

Cra e Fl y ( Tipula oleracea) — S

n D addy longlegs . ee -
.

Cr ane s bill —S Geranium

'

’
-
. ee .

ss t hi c k Ord Crassula c eae )

'

Crassu la ( crass ula from s -

c ra u . . .

These su cc ulents allied to K l s th sand R o c hea The most

, ,

ar e a o an e .

popular pe c ies is c o cci nea whi ch g ows about 8 ins high and
S r 1
l M g i
.

h ssc le t flowers in summer (s the B t t

,

a ar i ee o a n ca a az n e , .

J sminea whi c h has whi t e flowers blooms e rlier and is a sm l ler

a a a

plant ( B t M g t N one f t he o t her species are grown

, , ,

o . a . o

very mu ch The Crassulas t h ive in loam wi t h a third f leaf

,

. r o
mould and a liberal admix t ure f sand and shatt ered bri c k o .

C u tt ings f young shoots dried in the sun for a few hours then
o
inser t ed in sandy soil in pots root readily in summer Give t he
, ,

plants a sunny position in early summer and abundan c e of water ;

,

redu c e t he supply f water in lat e summer and cut t he flowered o

sho ts back ; give hardly any wa t er in winter

,

o .

Crata eg u sThorn ( taé gus from k t s strengt h Ord R osa cra -

ra o . .

— A mos t useful genus giving us as i t does t he useful hedge

, , ,

c e ae ) . , , ,

Quick (s Flower Garden— Hedges ) and a number f handsome

ee o
peci s sui t able for standard trees wall bushes The followi ng
,

S e or .

ar e a few of t he bes t Coccinea a handsome N or t h Ameri c an tree :

wi th white flowers followed by red frui t (s the B t i l M g i
,

ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t . there are several v ieties f it ; Mespilus coc ci nea is a ar o

sy onym C cordata whi te red fruit is a late spring bloomer

n .
‘

. , , , ,
 E n c y cl op e di a of G ard e ni ng 89
shown in the B t i l R gi st t 5 C crus g l li is the Cock o an ca e er, . 1 1 1 . .
-
a
spur Thorn so called be cause the thorns are long and c urv ed ; white
,

flowers in spring followed by d k red berries ; plendens is a good ar S

variety of i t C Oxyacantha is the common British Haw thorn

,

. or

M y f whi ch there are many garden v arieties ; one of these

.

”
a o ,

praecox is the Glastonbury Thorn an e ly bloomer which legend

,

, , ar
says sprang f om the staff of Joseph f Arim athaea ; Paul s D ou ble
r o
’

S carle t also the D ouble Crimson and D ouble White l so v arie , ar e a

ties f the common Hawthorn and make beautiful stand d trees for
,

o ,
ar

lawns and shrubberies they bloom in spring C Pyracantha is the . .

popul wall sh ub sometimes c alled the Fiery Thorn ; i t has various

ar r
synonyms such as Cotoneaster Pyracantha Mespilus Pyracantha
and Pyra c an t ha coccinea ; there are several v arie t ies of the Fiery
, , ,

Thorn and f the best i sL l d i (s

y L l
one o d i ) they will thri v e a an n . e an
in town gardens and hold their brilliant berries a long time if the
,

birds pare them The Thorns thrive in almost any soil S tandar d
S . .

trees should be staked securely Propagation of the species is by .

seed ; the spe cial varieties generally budded t o O xya c antha ar e on

’

The B la c k Thorn is not a Crataegus it is Prunus spinosa .

Cre p r s— S Climbers
e e ee .

Cress— S Kitchen Garden ee .

Crinu m ( i num from k i (C k ) a Lil y

cr -
Ord A m yl l i r n on ree . . ar
deae ) — B ulbous plants wi t h beautiful flowers and handsome
, ,

. ,

leaves One t w species

. nearly hardy and may be grown
or o ar e

outdoors in sheltered pla c es in light well drained friable soi l ;

,

-
one
f the bes t f t hese is P w ll i which grows abou t 3 f t hi gh and has
, ,

o o o e , .

red flowers in July ; album white ; and rubrum red forms f ar e o

i t Moorei is very popul for p t c ulture in a w m house ; i t
, , ,

. ar o ar
grows about 5 ins high and has rosy flowers in late spring (s
1 . ee

there
,

the B t i l JVI g i t
o a n ca whi te fl w d and a az n e , ar e -
o ere
variegated leaved forms of it ; M k i i M k y m and Colensoi
.

-
ac en a o an u

synonym s Longifolium is a hardy spe c ies with pink flowers

, ,

ar e .

in July growi ng abou t a ya d hi gh and enj oying a mois t spo t ; it

,

r
h sseveral synonyms such as capensis i p i m Amaryllis c ap nsis
, ,

a r ar u e
d A longifolia (s the B t M g t
, ,

Kirkii has red and

,

an . ee o . a . .

white flowers in S ep t ember ( s the B t bl g t

,

it grows ee o . a , .

about 8 ins high and should be grown in a warm house Gigan

1 . , .

teum is a tall white fl w d species blooming in July and shown -

o ere
in th B t M g t 9 3; Am yllis gigan t ea is a synonym ; i t
, , ,

e o . a ., . 2 ar
requires a warm house Loam wi t h a t h i rd f peat and some sand . o

sui ts the Crinums Propagation is by o ffsets in pring or by seeds

, ,

. S , .

C k s— S
ro c D rainage . ee .

Cr c s S B ulbs
o u .
-
ee .

C s s
ro mia —There is only one spe cies aurea a S outh African
co . , ,

bulb ( ord I i d ) growing . ft high and bearing orange

r e ae , 2 . ,

flowers in July (s the B t i l IVI g i t Bulbs ee o a n ca a az n e , .

S hould be plan t ed 4 ins deep in friable soil in autumn The bulbs . .

may be lif t ed in autumn and wintered like Gladioli It is wor t h .

growing in pots and the bulb soil (s B ulbs) wi ll suit it , ee .

9 o E n c yc l opazd i a o f G arden i n g
Cr ssf rtil isti n — S Hybridisation
o -
e a o . ee .

Cr t n ( o ton from k t a tick in l lusion t the seeds

o o cr -
ro o n , a o .

O rd E uphorbiaceae) — The great beau ty f t he Cro t ons lies in

, ,

. . o
t heir foliage whi ch is both graceful in form and beautiful in c olo r u .

I t va ies greatly alike in shape and hue In some the leaves

,

r , . ar e
broad and either upright or gently ched ; in o thers they are ar
narrow and t w isted Many c olours are represented in them
,

. .

Cro t ons are beau tiful plants for table decoration and it is c us t omary
to grow a colle ct ion for this purpose in most large pla c es The
,

usual home f the plants is a warm light house kept moist by

o
frequent syringing ; hea t light and moisture are indeed t he prin
, ,

Wi t h t hem the plan t s are he l thy and ri c h in

, , , ,

c i p l requi ements
a r . a
colour ; without them weak and dull They like a compost of 3 , .
'

parts loam with each f peat and leaf mould and some sand
, 1 o ,
.

Propagation is by cuttings f fi m young hoots in peat and sand o r S

under a bell glass in heat in spring Leggy plan t s are often dwarfed
-
.

by c utting a lit in the stem put t ing some t hing in to hold it O pen
S
binding wet moss round and keeping in a high temperature until roo t s
, ,

have pushed when t he plan t s are removed and potted The species
,

are f no importan c e horti c ulturally and need not be described

,

o .

The seed f C Tiglium yields Croton oil a strong purgative The

,

o . , .

following are beautiful varieties :

Golden Chain narrow twisted ; Golden Ring n row t wisted ; ar

H w k i broad ; Invi ct a broad ; M t i i broad ; W

, , ,

i i narrow
,

a er or ar r e n , ,

twisted
, , ,

Cr w f ot
o o troublesome weed which mus t b e

kept under ; it dies if forked t into sunshine ou .

Cr w I mp erial S Bulbs
o n .
-
ee .

Crypt gam — The non fl w i g members f the vege t able king

o .
-
o er n o

dom were c l led cryptogams because their me t hods of in crease wer

a e

no t obvious The word c omes from k ypt s hi dden and g s

. r o a rn o

marriage— literally c oncealed union The flowering plan t s were

, , ,

c alled Phanerogams from ph

,

s visible and g m s marriage , a n e ro , , a o , .

They now called Angiosperms

ar e .

Cryptomeria Japan Cedar ( yp t m é ria from k ypt shidden and cr o -

r o

m i s par t t he flowers being hidden

, , ,

O rd Coniferae) — O nly
,

er . . . one

species is grown t o any extent and that is j apo i ca a handsome

, ,

n
tree f which there are many v arieties different in habit ; elegans
, ,

o
t t
,

syn Veitchii Lobbii nana and spiralis are a few he mos

,

( .
) f o
popular The Japan Cedar likes a deep loamy soil and a shel t ered
, , ,

si t ua t ion A dry exposed pot is unsui t able

,

. ,
S .

Cu ck sp it — Many plan t s are soil ed by spittle like masses

oo -
.
'

c overing a green inse ct in summer S yringing wi t h a de co ct ion of .

quassia water is a good remedy ; i t may be brushed away or .

C c mber — S Kitchen Garden

u u . ee .

Cu ph a ( u phea from k ph s curv ed t he form f the seed pod

e c -
u o o .

O rd “L yt h i ) — Gra c e ful plants with slender tubular flowers

, , ,

r ar e a e

pecie sis grown t o y t t and that isignea (syn

. . , .

O nly
,

on e S an .e x en .

t
,

p l a t y t ) which
c e n ra grows abou a foot
,
high and ,
 Ency p G ard e ni ng c l o aed i a of
i
'

4
‘

9 1

whi t e flowers in June ; t here is a white variety c alled alba Although .

not hardy they are oft en planted in beds f the summer The y or .

can be raised from seed in win t er pri c ked ff potted singly and o
then hif t ed to 6 i po t s if wanted for t he greenhouse Loam
, , ,

S -
n. . ,

with a fourth f decayed manure and sand suits them Cuttings

o , .

may be struck in spring .

Cup id n — S Catananche
o e. ee .

Cu p r s ss Cypress ( p é
e u sfrom k to produce and p i ss cu r SS u -
no, ar o
equal al luding t o the symme try Ord Coniferae ) — One f t he
, , , ,

. . . o
most useful of the smaller evergreen trees giv ing us a number well
,

sui t ed to shrubbery borders and o t hers suitable f lawn specimens

,

or .

They like a deep loamy soil and shelter from c old winds P p
,

ro a
is by seeds in spring and by cuttings Most nurseryme
, , .

g ti
a on . n
s t o c k small plants f the best species and varieties which are sup
,

o
plied cheaply and may be planted in au t umn late winter Mu c h
,

or .

t he most important pe c ies is lawsoniana (syn Chamae c yparis

,

S .

Lawsoniana) a graceful C l ifornian tree Of its se v eral varie t ies a .

t he following may be recommended albo pi c a argent ea

,

: S
argen t eo v ariegata erecta viridis eri c oides gracilis pendula lutea
, ,

and nana glau c a ; erecta viridis is par t i c ularly good Ma crocarpa

, , , , ,

t he Monterey Cypress is also a C l ifornian tree ; C i pp si i is a goo d

.
,

a r

i s is good and has severa l v arieties

,

v iety f it N tk t s
ar o . oo a en .

O btusa the Japanese C ypress and its many varie ties are frequently
, ,

grown as Retinosporas Pisifera also grown under the name f . , o

Retinospora squarrosa is useful ; aurea and plumosa are two goo d
varieties
,

Currant — S Fruit ee .

Currant Fl wering ( Ribes) — S Flower Garden— S hrubs

, o . ee .

Cutting s —Large numbers f cultiva t ed plants may be p p

. o ro a

ga t ed by c ut t ings but t he t ime and me t hod di ffer so grea t ly that i t

,

is impossible to give general instructions S the various plants . ee .

Cyclam n S o wbread ( y lamen from k y l i sci cular in allusion

e e e -
c o r
t o the c orm Ord Primulaceae ) S B ulbs
, , , ,

. . .
-
ee .

Cycl b thra — S B ulbs— Calochortus

o o . ee .

Cycn ches S wan ne c k O r c hid ( y o c hes from k yk s a swan

o -
c cn -
no
neck referring t o t he c urved c olumn Ord O h i d
, , ,

and
,

auc h en , . . rc a

stove O r c hids re quiring plen t y of heat

,

— A small genus
c eae )
. f o

and moisture whil e gro w ing but lit t le in the resting season The y
,

do well in baske t s f S phagnum moss wi t h abundan c e f c rocks and

,

o o

a lit t le fibrous pea t Propagation is by div iding the pseudo bu l bs

.
-

Cyd nia Quin c e ( yd o nia from Cyd

o Ord R osa c eae ) — C c -
on. . . .

vulgaris is t he Quin c e whi c h is mu c h used as a sto c k for Pears (s

, ,

ee
Frui t) The best ornamental spe c ies are j aponi c a and Maulei Th
,

. . e
former is a popular plant for low walls owing t o its profusion f , o
brilliant red flowers i p i g The fruit is sometimes j ellied Th n S
'
r n e
la tt er is also very handsome (s the B t i l M g i t
. .

ee o a n ca a az n e ,

Modern botanists class t he genus with Pyrus

.

.
9 z E n c y c lop ae di a o f G ard e nin
g
Cymbi di u m ( cymbi d ium from k ymb a boat in reference to a -
e,
hollow in th lip Ord Orchidaceae ) — Ev ergreen sto v e Or c hids
, ,

e . . .

wi t h recurv ed leav es and l ge flowers The mos t p pul pe c ies

,

ar . o ar S
is b e m which bears white yellow c res t ed flowers la t e in
u rn eu -

the B t i l M g i
, ,

w i nter (s ee t Giganteum and o a n ca a az n e , .

L wio m also grown a good deal Hybrids hav e been raised

an u ar e .

b tween the lat t er and ebu cum L w i m does well in a cool

e ru . o an u
house and the hybrids will th ive in less hea t than b m The r e u rn e u .

Cymbidiums should be gro wn i pots in fibrous peat and loam and

,

'
n

given a good deal of water while growing but a redu c ed supply

,

when g owth is complete Propaga t ion is by division when growth

,

r .

starts .

Cynara —C Cardun c ulus is t he Cardo n and C c olymus t he

. . o . S
Globe Artichoke S Ki tc hen Garden
,

. ee .

Cyp erus ( y perus t he Greek name O rd Cypera c eae ) — O rna

C -
. . .

m en t al Grass like plants very useful for table de c ora t ion

,

-
Loam .

wi t h a fourth f peat and some sand suit s Propagat ion is by

, ,

o .

They mus t have abundan c e f

,

d ivision when repotting in spring . o

wa t er A l t i f l i sand its variega t ed forms are t h mos t i m

. ern o u e

por t ant ; but elegans and l sare also grown All wil l thrive in
.

ax u .

a greenhouse .

Cyp ress — S Cupressus . ee .

Cyprip ediu m Lady s S lipper ( yp i p é d i m from k yp i s Venus ’

c r -
u r

slipper from t he slipper like form of the lip Ord

, , , ,

an d p di o an , -
. .

O r c hidaceae ) — A large and highly impor t ant genus f Or c hi ds

,

. o
c omprising hardy as well as tender species Hybridisation has been
,

e x t ensively pra c tised wi t h t his genus t he result being tha t the

considerable lis t f spe c ies has been added t o by some hundreds f
,

o o

cross breds many f whi c h are very beau t iful ; they are however
-
o

xpensive to a degree in some cases and c an o l y be pecialised by

, , ,

e n S
we l thy people Mos t f the C ypripediums are evergreen but the
,

a . o
h dy kinds are de c iduous The indoor kinds should be grown in
,

ar .

pots with plen t y f crocks the c ompost being made up of fibrous o

p at loam and S phagnum moss The h rdy kinds lo v e a c ool
,

e . a

moist pea t bed in a sheltered pla c e R epo tt ing for t he t ender kinds
, , ,

is best done when t hey star t growing in spring a t whi ch perio d

strong plants may be di vided They like abundan c e f mois t ure
,

. o

bo t h at t he roots and in the atmosphere The following are the .

principal pecies and varieties S :

Wa r m H o u s
e .

barbatum ( B t i l M g i t o an ca a az n e , . varie t ies .

b l l t l m and varie t y album ; t hese

e a u u t he maj ori t y
hould be rested in au t umn
, ,

S .

B l li o xa .

c l losum and variety S d

a an e r ae .
c auda t um .

Ch l s w th i i
ar e or

m (B t M g t
.

F i i a r e an u o . a ., .

u ti s
h ir s si m u m.
 E n c y c lop ae d i a o f G ard e n i n g
L w a m and v ariety H y
r e n c e an u m e an u
ni v eum (B t M g t
.

o a

m (B t M g t
. ., .

R th sh i l d i
o c an u o . a ., .

The colours are mos t ly combinations f green brow o , n ,

yellow whi te and purple , ,

.

Cool H ou s
e.

insi gne and v rieties Ch ti i i a an n , S an d e r a e , S a n d e r i an u m , e tc .

S hl i m i i and variety l b i fl
c m a or u .

S pi i m c e r an u .

villosum and varie t y aureum .

H a rd y .

C lceolus yellow
a .

g tt t m rose and whi t e

,

u a u .

ma cran t hum purple

,

pubes c ens brown and yellow

,

spectabile rose and white (Moccasi n Flower)

, .

, .

album whi te , .

For the newes t hybrids it is well to consult a m odern work on

Orchids ; L m H is i m M g i
e e an u and S d i are g ood , ar r an u , or a n ae , e en

and inexpensive .

Cyrt mium falca tum This popular fern is now called Aspidium
o .
-

fal c atum .

Cyst p teris B ladder fern ( ystop t eris from k yst s a bladder

o c -
o
and pt i s fern Ord Fili c es) — A smal l genus f whi c h t he mos t
, , , ,

er . . . o

impor t ant spe c ies is fragil is a hardy B ritish fern liking a c ompos t
, ,

of loam pea t and leaf mould wi t h sand ; there are several varie t ies
, ,

Propaga t ion is by division when growth starts in spring

, , ,

Cytisus B room ( yt isus from Cyth s Ord Leguminosae )

,
c -

, ru . . .

B eautiful shrubs nearly all hardy and t h riving in light sandy soil .

They are allied to Genis t a and the yellow species racemosus is

, , ,

extensively grown for m arket under the name Genista racemosa .

O f the principal pecies A d i i with yellow flowers is good for the

S r o n

rock garden K w si sis a fine hybrid f pros trate habi t with

, , ,

. e en o ,

creamy flowers hardy Praecox pale yellow ve y early is ls , . , , r , a o

hardy and makes a nice bed ; as does albus with white flowers in
, ,

spring R acemosus
. fragrans should be grow in pots f t h or n or e
greenhouse ; it may be propagated by cu t tings in spring and with
a li t tle pinching soon makes a nice bush ; the plants will flower t h
,

e
following pring S c oparius is the common yellow B room ; a more
S .

important plan t is its v ariety d swhich has beautiful brown an r e an u

and yellow flowers ; sulphureus is a pale yellow v ariety f scoparius

,

o .

D ll i m
a i mauve is a hybrid ( albus
ore d s) Purpureus an r e an u .

and i t s varieties and decumbens are good for the rockery

, ,

, , .

See l s Genista and Laburnum

a o The choicer Brooms are grafted .

on Laburnums especi l ly f standards ; but cut t ings will root in

, a or

a frame in autumn .

D a b ecia ( d b é c ia S t D b sH eath Ord E ricaceae ) —A ’

o a o -
. a eoc . . .

sm l l genus of low evergreen shrubs much the most import n t

,

a a
species f whi c h is polifolia also called Menziesia polifolia It is
,

o , . a
 94 . E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning
a

l ovely little shr b growing about ft high nea t in h abit and bear
u ,
2 . , ,

ing abundance f purplish flowers It is a native f Ireland ando . o

se v ral v ieties f which the
,

thrives in peat loam There or . ar e e ar o

most desirable is the white l ba Propagation is by cut t ings and
,

, a .

layers .

D ctylis ( d a t yli s from d k t li s fi g

a bread t h Ord Grami
c -
a u n er -
. .

— D glomerata is the familiar Co c ksfoot Grass mu c h used in

, ,

n e ae ) . . ,

past res There is a variegated form which is used in flower

u .

g ar dening It thrives in ordinary soil and is propagat e d by di vi

.

sion N t q uite hardy

,

. o .

D dd y l n g l g s — The Crane fly Tipula O leracea is dangerous to

a -
o e .

gardeners as the paren t f the leather j acket grub which is v ery

, ,

o -

t roublesome in new gardens ; it is larger t han t he wireworm and

,

R eg lar cultivati on and trapping with Pota t o

,

d arker in colour . u
li c es imp l ed sti cks near cherished plan t s redu c e th ir numbers
,

S a on , e .

V p it
a or A p t i t may be dug in in pring
e or S tarlings clear ff
er e S . o

large numbers f the flies when they come ou t f the turf at the end
o o

o f summer .

D a ff d il — S o Bulbs . ee .

D h lia ( popularly d a h l i
a correctly d ab lia named after D ahl a -

a, -

, ,

A D HLI A I ED F M
A RA S RO P RO P A G ING D H L I
AT A AS BY D I VI I S O N
CU
o n TH E
A ING TT Ro o r s r o c x.

b hm
.

1. Tu er s . 2 . P o i ntso f d e tac en t .

S wede Ord Compositae) — A na t ive of Mexico the D ahl ia is no t

. . .

h ardy in nor t hern climes and may be killed in winter if left

,

t f ou o
d oors unpro t e ct ed al t hough in friable well drained soils it may
,

survive espe c ially if some li tt er is thrown over the rootsto c k af t er

, ,

t ops have been killed by frost The spe cies no t cultiva t ed

,

th e . ar e
st hey are so mu c h inferior t o t he garden varie t ies whi c h hav e been
,

a
r aised from variabil is co cc inea M k i i and J i i as to be erc u ar e z un

worthy f pla c es The horti c ultural forms are so numerous and so

, , ,

o .

varied in t ype that it has been found ne c ess y to c lassify t hem ;

,

,
ar
t hus w have ( ) S h w ( ) F y 3) C t s (4) D
e : 1ti o ,
2 anc , ac u , e co r a ve ,

5) P mp o B q t ( 6 ) S i
on g l ( 7) P or y fl w d and ou ue n e, aeon -
o e re

and 5 have double symmetri c al

, ,

( 8 ) P mp C t s Classes
o on -
ac u . 1 2
flowers the pe tal s folding o v er ea c h other evenly from bottom t o
, , ,

t op where no green must how ; N s and only differ in c olour ;

,

S o . 1 2
S hows have t wo c olours at the mos t Fancies three ; Pompo s are
,

coloured flowers about a quarter the i e f the S how and

,
‘

o ne -
S z o
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 95
Fancy Classes 3 and 4 hav e quilled florets spreading from t he
.

cent e t the c i r c umference ; the Cactus have pointed flore t s t he

,

r o ,

D ecorative blunt ones Pompon Ca c tus are practically a small .

-

type f Ca ct us not quite so loose and feathery

o Paeony fl w d .
-
o ere
have la ge irregular flowers t hrown up well above the leaves All
,

r .

requi e the same c ulture unless it be a somewhat modified system

, ,

r ,

o f pr ning for S ingle and Pompon which may be allowed to c ry

u ar

more bran c hes than the larger types

,

P p g ti
ro is effected by seeds cuttings and division If seed
a a on .

is sown in pots b xes f gri tt y soil in winter put in a warm frame

, ,

or o o
house t he seedli gs pri c ked t hardened in a c ool place and
,

or , n ou , ,

planted t in rich soil in June they will flower the same year The
ou .

flowers will be good bad from the fl i stspoin t f view according

,
’
or or o
t o the quali t y of the s train sold by t he seedsmen but they ,
ar e

hardly likely to be equ l to the best named i ti s A beginner a y ar e e .

wh o wan t s t o be sure f a good t ype will do well to buy plants f o o

re c ognised v ieties in pring for June delivery H e c an increase
ar S .

these by c ut t ings the follow ing pring if he likes to lift the tubers in S

autumn store them in a dry frostproof pla c e for the winter and
pu t them in a w rm light place in March ; f they will push up
, , ,

a or
young shoots which can be t aken ff at 3 ins long inserted si gly
,

o . n

in small pots placed in a warm house or frame and c overed t o

,

exclude air Propagation by division c an be effe ct ed by separa t ing

, ,

the tubers that form the roo tsto c k from each other starting them
in pots boxes and t hen plan t ing them out
,

or .

love a deep fer t ile moist soil (s Ki tc hen

,

S il o D ahl ias
.
-
, , ee

Garden— B astard trenching) The ground should be dug and .

manured a few weeks before planting t o allow for se tt ling Water .

and liquid manure will be helpful in dry weather If t hey gro w

,

slowly a t first dissolve an oun c e f nitrate f soda in a gallon f o o o

water and giv e them a good soaking
,

P i g — I f the branches threaten to become t hick some

ru n n f o
t hem should be c ut t as it is desirable to keep the cen tre f the ou , o
bushes pen O .

E w i gs — These must be t rapped with hollow B amboo

ar . B ean or

stalks with small pots filled wi t h hay S t aking must be t horough

or . .

It is b st t fix strong s t akes when plan t ing an inch square and 5 t o

,

e o
6 ft long. They may be painted green and the base t red The
. ar .

tyi ng should be se c ure .

V i ti s —The following
ar e good in the various se ct ions
e . ar e :

S ho w . F a n cy.
A M Burnie orange
. . C horister fawn
C omedian orange crimson and
,

B lush Gem white mauve tips

,

C rimson King deep red whi t e

, , , , ,

E thel Britton purple and white

,

D orothy fawn and maroon

Gaiety yellow red and whi t e
, ,

G lden Gem yellow

o
Mabel lila c and crimson
, , ,

James C k purple
,

oo er,

Matthew C ampbell buff and

,

John Walker white

M sGladstone blush
,

crimson
,

r .

MsS aunders yellow and white

,

R T R awlings yellow
. . r .

Pea c ck maro n and whi t e

,

Queen f the Belgians cream

,

o o o
No v elty purple and ros
, ,

d pink
an e ,
 9 6 E n c y c l op e di a of G ar d e n i n g
DA HL I A S —f o mfi n u ed .

C a c tu s
. Nc rissa whi te and rose ,

B rigadier crimson Phoebe orange ,

ri t annia s l mon Queen f the Whites

,

B a O

ut t ercup yellow S unny D aybreak apricot

,

B
Tommy Keith red whi t e tips
,

E Wilkins salmon pink

,

c. . ,
-
. ,

D ainty pink primrose centre P o mpo n C a c tu s

aisy E s t on yellow
, , -
.

D
E le c tra prim ose white tips
a ,
Freedom s c arlet
Goldfin c h yellow rose tip
,

, r ,

Fl d
ora dark red ora ,
Mary orange white tip
, ,

Galliard carmine ,
Mignon lilac rose
, ,

Harbour Light orange

-

Pea c e cream
,

H old Peerman yellow

ar ,
S overeign yellow
,

Ib s orange
1
The B ride whi te
,

salmon faw
,

I v e rn i a, -
n
N isi Prius vermilion P aw n fl o we re d
-

R adium orange suffused rose Cods l l R a yellow OS 6 ,

R evd Ar t hur Hall ruby

, ,

. Garibaldi maroon ,

R uby Grins t ed yellow and fawn K ing Leopold crimson

,

S aturn fan c y colours

, ,

Lady S aville art shade ,

lm ssp nk
,
.

L ove e i
S i n gl e . ,

eauty s E ye mau v e cr mson Paul Kruger crimson

Ms; T G B aker white
,
B , ,
i
r . .

S olfatara s c arlet
n
g
i i bi
l

Co l rose and ora ge

i ri ne n
Warr or dull red
,

D uke f Y ork scarlet

1 ,
o ,

Formosa crimson yellow centre D ec o r a ti ve .

A v ca crimson
, ,

Leslie S e l e lilac a o

Miss R oberts yellow

, ,

Glare f the Garden scarlet

o

Grand D uke Alexis whi t e

, ,

Peggy b fl su ffused magenta u

The B ride whi t e

, ,

S hell pink
,

S ea ,

Y el low Colosse yellow

,

P o mPo n .
,

Adelaide pink su ffused helio D w f S i gl ( b t f t hi gh)

, ,
ar n e a ou a oo

trope B tl swhite oo e
B a cc hus c rimson
,

Golden Fairy yellow

B u tt er c up yellow Mignon pink
, ,

Midge t orange Torn Ti t orange

, ,

, ,

The S how Fancy and Cactus the mos t esteemed for exhi bi tion ar e
the S ingle and C ac t us are t he mos t pleasing as flowers the Pomp n
, , ,

o
and Paeony fl w d are the best for t he garden The last have
,

-
o ere .

huge flowers wi t h broad al most flat florets and as the blooms ar e

thrown up above t he leav es long thi c k s t ems they are fine plants
, ,

on
making bold colour groups The Pompon Ca c tus are ch rming
,

for .
-
a
for cutting .

C llo tt D ahli sare a small class

a re e They single flowers wi t h
a . ar e
a ring f short flore ts round the c entre S t D ahl ias are ingles
,

o . ar S

with widely diverging florets These are both modern classes .

whi c h may be wa t ched f fu ture developments by D a h lia lo v ers

,

or .

D aisy — S B ellis
. ee .

D amas k R s — S R ose o e ee .

D m ask Vi let
a S Hesperis o .
— ee .
 E n c y c l op e di a o f G ar de n i n g 97
D a me sRo ck e t —
’
S ee H esperi s .

Da mp i g ff —A phrase used by gardeners to describe the collaps

n -
o . e

o f seedlings at the surface f the soil I t is directly caused by a o .

fungus but ind i rectly by t much moisture and insuffi cient air
,
oo .

S ee Watering .

D ms a on — S Fruit . ee .

D n d l i n — This plant is a nuisance

a e o law ns and should be on

kept under by vigorous pudding t I t is useful as a s l ad S

,
'

S ou . a . ee

Kitchen Garden
_

D p h ne ( d aph
a after the nymph D aphne Ord Thymelaea
-
ne, . .

— Pretty dw rf shrubs wi t h fragrant flowers w hi c h are borne

c e ae ) . a
in late winter and e ly spring S ome are evergreen and others
,

ar .

deciduous B l g y is a spri g blooming trai ler with sweet

. a a an a n -

white flowers sui t able f the rock garden Cneorum is l so an or . a

v ergreen trail er and prod uces its fragrant pink flowers in spring
,

( s the B t i l M g i t 9 3) there is a large fl w d variety

,

ee o a n ca a az n e , 1 -
o ere
c l led g d i fl m and l so with v ariegat ed leaves Mezereum
.

a ran or u a on e .

( the Mezereon ) is a grea t favourite l though not evergreen ; i t s

,

a
pinkish flowers c ome in late winter before the leaves and are deli
,

l y perfumed ; there are w hi te and other v arieties including a

,

i
c ou s
late summer bloomer Odora (syn indica) is e v ergreen and its
,

. .

purple flowers are very sweet ; it hould be grown in a greenhouse ;

,

S
M l li white or blush is probably a v iety of it ; it blooms earlier
aze , , ar ,

and is also sweet They do well in p at but a liber l addition f e a o

loam should be made for Mezereum The trailers
. ,

propagated . ar e
by layering in autumn t he others by c uttings under a bell glass in -

autumn in sandy peat In nurseries graf ting on to D Laureola

,

. .

the S purge Laurel is practised

, ,

, .

D arlin g t nia c l ifornica ( d li g t O nia

o after D D arlington
a ar n — r. .

O rd S arra c eni aceae ) — A in t eresti ng half hardy plant suitable f

,

. . n -
or
outdoor culture i a peaty bed in mild distri c ts but otherwise need
n

ing glass shelter It lo v es moisture The green yellow and red

,

. . , ,

flowers are produced in spring It may be propagated by division .

when it st ts growing S the B t i l M g i t 59

ar . ee o an ca a az n e , . 2 0.

D at Pal m Phoenix d
e tyli f ,
ac e ra.

D at r Thorn Apple (dat u

u a, from the Arabic T t l i Ord -
ra, a ora . .

S olana c eae ) Al t hough poisonous plants these

.
-
worth a tt ention ar e
for their beautiful flowers Fastuosa is an nual growing abou t
,

. an ,

2 ft high and produci g blue and white flowers in summer ; there

. n
ar e several v arieties including a double S uaveolens is a beautiful , .

gre nhouse shrub with large white fragrant flowers in August ; it is

e ,

sometimes cal led K i gh tii and it is l so grown as B rugmansia n a

suaveolens Meteloides ( syn Wrightii) is a greenhouse s h r b wi t h
,

. . u
whi t e flowers in early summer S tramonium whi ch grows f t . , 2 .

high and produces white flowers in August is the Thorn Apple t h , , e

large spiny fruit f which is familiar in autumn ; it is a B ritish
, o .

plant The annuals raised from seed i pri g t he shrubs by

c uttingsunder a bell —glass in S pring o summer with bottom heat
. ar e n S n ,

r .

S andy loam suits

,

.
9 8 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng
D c s ( Carrot ) S K it c hen Garden
au u .
-
ee .

D aval lia Hare s foot fern ( davall ia after S ignor D Ord

’
, lli - -
ava . .

Fili c es) A large genus f ferns several of whose members are very
,

— . o
handsome in po t s and hanging b aske t s in warm greenhouses They
,

t h ive in loam and leaf soil wi t h a lit t le pea t and sand Add
r .

S phagnum moss for baske t plan t s Propaga t ion is by spores (s

,

. ee
ferns) and division f t he rhizomes
, creeping stems ( t he likeness o or
f t hese t o a hare s foot has given t he popular name ) in the c ase o f
,
’
o

canariensis whi c h will thrive in a c ool greenhouse or roo m They

,

, .

all love mois t ure The fern balls seen in shops are made f t he . o
pliable dry rhizomes f D bulla t a Mariesii pa c ked wi t h S phagnum o .

moss A fe w f t he bes t spe c ies are canariensis disse ct a elegans

. o

hir t a cris t ata ( syn Mi l p i hir t a c ris t ata) and pallida (syns
, , ,

cro e a
Moorei and M
.
, .

) o or e an a .

D ay Lil y ( H emerocallis ) S B ulbs .

-
ee .

D a d Nettl e Lamium
e , .

D eciduous —A t erm applied t o plan t s which shed their leaves

.

a n n u a Hy.

el p hinium Larkspur ( delphi n —ium from d l phi a dolphin

D , e n, re
ferring to the resemblance f t he spur to a dolphin s head O rd
, ,
’
o . .

Ranun c ulaceae ) — A large and important genus f hardy herba c eous. o

perennials v aluable for c olour groups in large borders F c ul ture . or

and uses s Flower Garden Of the species Aj a c is is t he annual
,

ee .

R ocket L kspur and c onsolida is t he parent f t he annual branch

, ,

ar o
ing Larkspur N udi c aule growing abou t 8 ins high wi t h sc rle t
,

. 1 a
flowers in summer is used in borders S t he B t i l M g i
, . ,

. ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t 58 9 Few other sp cies are grown preferen c e being given t o

,

. 1 . e
t he garden forms whi c h hav e been raised from h i l th m elatum
,

c e an u , ,

g d ifl
ran m p g i m
o ruand f m sm The following are
, ere r nu , or o u .

beautiful varieties
Autolyc us B eau t y f Langport B elladonna Ki g f D elphiniums
, o , , n o ,

Persimmon and True B lue , .

There is a charming v arie t y called B lue B ut t erfly which raised

from seed in a frame in pring bloo ms t he same year ; thus treated
, ,

S ,

it only g ows about 9 ins high r . .

D en dr bium ( d d o bium from d

o d tree and bi s lif e in en r -

, en ro n , , o , ,

allusion to thei r growing trees Ord Orchidaceae) — A large on . . .

and beautiful genus of epiphytal O rchids requiring a warm house .

I n the growing season they enj oy abundan c e f heat and moisture

,

but they may be kept cooler and drier when growth is mat ure
,

They may be grown in pots baske t s and should be po tt ed when or

new growth begins Use cro cks liberal ly and pack a mixture of
,

fibrous peat and S phagnum moss about the roo t s The erect
,

growers such as nobile t h y si fl m d si fl m and fi m b i t m r or u en oru ,

r a u ,

may be grown in Or chi d po t s but those f pendulous habit are best

, , ,

in baske t s The winter temperat re may range from 5 t o

. u 0
°

spring 6 t o summer 6 5 t o 8 5 (with sun heat) autumn 6 t o

0
° ° °
0
°

The following are some of the principal spe c ies and varieti s
,

e :
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning 99
aureum red and yellow winter sweet .

m yellow win t er
, , ,

B ym i r e r an u , , .

d sifl m orange pring

en or u , , S .

fim b i t m l t m orange and maroon

r a u pri ng ocu a u , , S .

f m sm giganteum yellow and white

or o u pring , , S .

infundibulum orange and white early summer .

nobile purple rose and white winter

, ,

Phalaenopsis mauve au t umn

, , , ,

, , .

Pi d ii w hi te spring
e r ar , , .

speciosum b fl winter , u , .

superbum purple pring S .

m purple orange and whi t e winter

, ,

W di ar an u , , , .

There are many hybrids whi c h are seen at t he princip l hows a S

and in t he c olle ct ions f pe c ialis t s F details f parentage a
,

o S . or o
modern work Or c hids hould be c onsulted on S .

D e d ar S o C edrus.
— ee .

D s f t i e ( d sf t ai
on a n e a after M D sf t i Ord Logania e on n ea, -
. e on a n. .

c ea ) There is only species and t ha t is spinosa a dwarf hardy

o —
. one

evergreen shrub producing beautiful s c arlet and yellow flowers in

, ,

summer I t is well worth including in the shrubbery near the fron t

.

and it is not particular as t o soil so long as the ground is not stiff

, ,

and damp It is suitable for pot cul t ure Propagation i sby cut
. .

tings in a mixt ure f loam and peat with sand under a bell glass o -

preferably with bottom heat S the B t i l M g i t 478

, , ,

. ee o an ca a az n e , . 1 .

D t ia ( d eut zia aft er J D eutz Ord S i f g ) A valu

eu z -
. . . ax ra e ae .
-

two c ase s
,

able genus f deciduous shrubs quite hardy b t i

o u n o n e or
so arly in bloom as t o hav e the flowers inj red by late frosts Thi s
, ,

e u .

renders i t desirable to plant t hem where they wi ll have s helter from

.

o t her shrubs They are quite easy t o g ow t hriving in ordinar y

. r ,

so i l Gracil i s is sold by bulb dealers in autumn in the form f pre

. o
pared roo t s which put in 6 i po t s in bulb soil (s B ulbs ) and ar e -
n. ee
Crenata
,

g rown for flowering in the greenhouse in winter and spring . .

flore pleno double white is the best f the garden kinds ; it is an o

e rly and profuse bloomer The l d wood may be pruned t aft e
, ,

a . o ou r
flowering and the young f whi c h t here will be abundan c e if th o e
soil is good retained for t he f ollowing year Propaga t ion is b y
, ,

c utti ngs f young wood removed with a heel in pring and inser t ed
,

o S
in sandy soil They root bes t w hen kept close Or division may b
,

. . e
pra c tised when growth star t s L m i i is a dw f white hybrid . e o ne ar
and s c abra a tall strong pecies
;

, S .

D ev il in the Bush ( N igella ) — S Annuals . ee .

D w berry ( R ubus c aesius ) — A ha dy de c iduous B ritish shrub

e . r

growing abou t f t hi gh and with white flowers in June The

,

2 . .

frui t is of no importance
,

D ianth s( di an thus from d i s di v ine and

u th s a fl w -
— o an o o er m

Jo v e s Flower O rd C y p h yll ) — A mos t valuable genus givi ng

, , , ,
’
. . ar o ae .

us as i t does the C ation (s Carna tion ) t he Pink (s Carna t ion)

,

, , ar n ee ee

the Pi co t ee (s I ndian Pink (s Biennials) and the }

, ,

ee ee
S weet William (s B iennials ) in addition to many beau t iful pecies
,

ee S .
 1 00 E n c y clop e d i a o f G ar d e ning
suitable f the ro c kery (s Flower Garden ) D caryophyllus is
or ee . .

t he Carnation D plumarius the garden Pink D barbatus the , .

, .

S weet Wil liam and D chinensis the Indian Pink The following . .

the best Alpines ; l l thrive in sandy loam in cre v i c es alpinus

,

ar e a :
red June ( B t i l M g i t t op dress annu l ly with
,

, o a n ca a az n e , .
-
a
fresh soil ; caesius the Cheddar Pink pale pink July enj oys lime
s t one chips ; cruentus s c arlet July ; deltoides the Maiden Pink
, , , ,

p i nk June ; glaci l is red June likes a sunny aspe c t and a gritty soil
, , , , ,

, a , , ,

c ontai ing leaf mo ld ; neglectus rose June ; and superbus whi te

n u

summer ( B t M g t A t k i s i M y 9 ins c rimson is

, , , ,

o . a .
, . n on , a , ., ,

brilliant and likes shade , .

D i sea ( d i a s ea from d i s
a c k t o adorn in reference to t he
-
o , a eo , ,

beau ty Ord S p h l i .
) —One species is esteemed
. both
crO u ar n e a e .

for gre nhouse and fl w g den c ulture and that is B b

,

e a o er -
ar ar erae ,
half hardy annual with rosy flowers in e ly summer gr owing about
,

-
ar
a foot high (s th e B t i l M g i t
,

ee For culture s o a n ca a az n e , . ee

Annuals
,

D i bber D ibbl — A short pointed wooden tool useful for planting

, e

g reens .

D icentra ( dic e n tra from d i stwice and k t spur in referen c e

-
e n ro n

t o the form Ord Fumaria c eae ) — The old and popular name is
, , , , ,

. . .

D iely t ra S pe c tabilis with i tsbeautiful pink pendent flowers is

.

mu c h the most pop u l and is good both for herbaceous borders

, ,

ar
E ximia and formosa are also worth growing
,

an d pots ( s B ulbs ) ee .

i n the herbaceous border The former is illus tra t ed in t he B t i l o an ca

t 5 ; and the latter in the B t i l M g i t 335

.

R gi s
e t er, . 0 o a n ca a az n e , . 1 .

D ick snia ( d i k o nia after M J D i c kson

o Ord Filices ) A
c S -
r. . . . .
-

g enus f handsome ferns some f whi c h are c lassed with the tree
,

o o
ferns They th iv e in a compost f parts loam leaf mould and
,

. r o 2 , 1 ,

a li beral dash f sand Propagation is by spores (s Ferns) Like o . ee .

most ferns they enj oy abundance f wa t er An t ar ct i c a is t h o . e

principal pe cies
,

S .

D icta m nus D ittany ( d i t am nus Virg i l s name Ord R utaceae ) ’

c -
. . .

— The pecies Fraxinella t he B urning B ush

, ,

S B ast rd D ittany is or a
interes t ing on account of the stems being covered with resin whi c h
, ,

burns if t ouched with a ligh t ed match at night It is a hardy herba

,

c eou splant bearing its white flowers in late spring It c onforms .

t he general tre at ment f its class but does not lend itself to
,

t o o
nd may t herefore be propagated by seed
,

d ivision a The purple is .

v iety although t he two are often grown in t he re v erse w y i

,

a ar a . e

the purple as the speci s Giganteus ( caucasi c us ) is a large form

, ,

e . .

D ie ff n bachia ( d i fi ba h ia
e aft er D D ie ffenbach Ord e
‘
en c -
r. . .

— Handsome foliage plan ts suitable f

,

A idro
) e ae . warm houses A , or .

c ompost f loam wi th a t h i d f peat and leaf mould and some sand

o r o

suits them They hav e a distinct growing seas on during whi c h

, , ,

t hey must ha v e abundance f moisture bo t h at the root and in the

,

a t mosphere ; less water will be needed when they go to rest in

,

a utumn They should be haded from h o t sunshine Cuttings f S o

“
. .

y oung shoots will strike in heat in spring and so will pieces f s t em , o .

Three f the principal species are C h l s i I mperator and pict

o e on , , a.
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n in g 10 1

D i l ytr — S
e D icentra and B ulbs
a. ee .

D iervilla Weigela ( d i i ll w i g é la the f ormer after D D ier e rv -

a, e -
r.

ville t he lat ter after C E Weigel Ord Caprifoliaceae ) —These

, ,

, . . . . .

are amongst the most beautiful f deciduous sh ubs and should be o r

grown in e v ery garden Thriving in almost any well drained soil
,

-
.

few places in which they wil l not succeed I n deep

,

there ar e . ,

friable manured ground and with adequate moisture they w i l l

t hrow p a considerable number f shoots every year and the bes t
, , ,

u o ,

placed f these should be selected for a well shaped bush the others
o -

being removed after flowering as the new shoots wi ll bloom well t h e

amabilis) is the prin c ipal spe c ies ;

,

following year R osea (fl i d . or a or

it h srose flowers in spring Abel Carriere Ev a R athke and Van
a . ,

tt i are three fine v ieties

,

H ou e ar .

D i gg ing — The fert i lity of the soil turns gr atly the tillage and e on
proper digging has great influence The digger should ha v e both
,

spade and fork large and made f steel In some states f the soil
, , o . o
the spade is the better implement in others the fork ; experime t , n
quickl y decides whi ch should be chosen Ground is b st dug when . e
damp but not sodden wi th recent rain The blade or prongs .

should be driv en in with the foot at an angle f about

,

then o
the handle depressed the lower hand slid dow to the base n d the n a
portion lifted and turned over I t is well to throw it a little forward
, ,

in tur ing so as t keep a small trench open into which the manure
n o
t hat has been spread can be plac ed B y working in a straight lin
, ,

. e
a cross the pie c e and digging evenly a perfect le v el is maintained
, , .

It is a good plan to begin digging a piece of ground by taking t a ou

spit f soil and wheeling it to the other end as there is then an

o
open tren c h l l the way and materi l at hand to fill the last
,

a a one
with Annual weeds hould be buried as the work proceeds
,

. S
perennial ones forked t dried and burned
,

ou , , .

D i g ital is Foxglo v e ( digit a lis from d i gi t l

,
a fi g sto c k in -

, a e, n er -

allusion to the shape Ord S p h l i ) — The Foxglove is an. . cro u ar n e a e .

old fav ourite and seedsmen now sell splendid strains f the l d o o
species purpurea There is a form ( campanulata) whi c h bear s
,

flowers at t he t op f the stem Of the other spe c ies ambigua is o . one

o f the bes t It has yellow flowers F Foxglo v e culture s
. . or ee
B ienni l s
,

a .

D il l — S . Kitchen Garden— Herbs

ee .

D im o r p h theca ( d i m p h t h é
o from d i m pl s two formed or o -
ca, or io ,
-

and th receptacle the disc having di fferent forms f fl t Ord

,

e ca , o ore . .

Compositae) — A unimportant genus but the pecies aurantiaca

,

. n , S

which grows about a foot high and bears a profusion of ora g

,

n e
flowers in summer h scome t the front in recent years F , a o . or
culture s Annuals— Half hardy
, ee -
.

D i ci
oe s— A species w ith separat male and female flowers
ou . e on
separate plants .

D i na Venus s Fly t ap ( dioné e from D ione a name f '

o e a, -
r -
a, o
Venus Ord D roseraceae ) — The only species mus c ipula is i
,

. . .
, n
s ti g from the fact that the bristles on the leaf lobes are irritable
,

tere n ,
1 02 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
d when a small inse ct alights the leaf closes o v er it I t should
an
“
be grown in a greenhouse in a compost f pea t and S phagnum moss o
.

As it loves moisture the pot may be s t ood in a sau c er f water The

,
'

o .

white flowers are borne in July Propagation is by seeds division or

A c oloured plate appears in t he B t i l M g i t 78 5

. .

o a n ca a az n e , . .

D i pl s ( dip l a s Ord S p h l i
acu -

) — One
cu species is . . crO u ar n e a e .

g o
r w n a good de l and t ha t is glu t inosus whi
a c h botanists now call
Mimulus glutinosus It is a greenhouse Shrub wi t h small orange
, ,

flowers and sticky foliage Loam with a four t h f leaf mould and
,

. o
some sand suits it Propagation is by c u tt ings under a bell gl ass
,

, .

i n summer .

D i p la d enia ( d i p l d é nia from d i pl s double and a d gland

-

oo a en ,

glands in the ovary Ord Apocyna c eae) —Very

, , ,

t here are t w o . . .

beautiful evergreen twiners produ c ing abundance f large bril liant o

someti mes trained up
, ,

flowers in a warm g eenhouse They r . ar e

pillars but more frequently balloon shaped trellises fixed in on -

large po t s ; when the frame work is well covered and t he plants are
,

i n full bloom t h former make lo v ely obj ects Peat nd loam the
‘

e . a

former prep nderati ng with sand suit them R epo t ting is best
,

o , , .

done in spring when growth begins When in full growth they

,
.

will delight in large quantities of water but after flowering the

upply may be redu c ed A moist a t mosphere should be maintained
,

s .

by syringi ng Propagation is by cut t ings f the young hoots in

. o S
spr ng They ough t to be put in a propagating case
i . in bottom , or
heat with a bell —glass over them Amabilis rose ; b l i s is . o v1e n
yellow and white ( B t i l M g i t
, ,

and plendens
o a n ca a az n e , S

ar mine (B t M g t
.

are three of the bes t kinds

,

c o . a ., . .

D isa (d i s a native name -

a,Ord Orchidaceae) — A small genus . . .

o f Orchi ds t mu c h grow except in the case f g

no difl whi c h n o r an or a ,
is a great favouri t e partly becaus f i t s brilliant colour and
,

e o

partly be c ause i t will t hrive in a c ool house It hould be grown

, ,

. S
in pots liberally ,
k d and filled wi th a mixture of fibrous peat
cro o e ,

and S phagnum moss ; a little charcoal may be added for sweeten

ing E ly winter is the period for repotting Little water wil l be
. ar .

needed until the plants are seen to be rooting freely when regular ,

an d abundant supplies must be given ; at the end f the growing o

s eason the supply must be reduced and the plants rested Pr pa . e

g tia is by division when repotting There are varieties f grandi

on . o
flora and superba is v ery good
,
.

Di s b d d ing A ter m applied to the thi ning f gro w hs

u t
t n ou o or
-
.

flower buds in the former case to prevent t oo mu c h woo d

,
the ,
in

latter to get fewer but finer flowers S Fruit Carnations etc . ee , , .

D itt ny a S D ictamnus
.
-
ee .

D d cathe n Ameri c an Cowslip ( dodec a t heon a name gi v en by

o e o ,
-

Pliny Ord Primulaceae) —These pretty flowers thrive i sand

. . . n y

p ea t in cool hady pots the ro c kery in t he border Propaga

, S S on or .

t ion is by division seeds in spring There are many forms f or o

D M di
.

. ea Giganteu m is
a. of the best one .

Do g R s R osa ca ina
. o e, n .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n i ng 1 03

D og i l e t — S B ulb s
’
sTo o th V o ee .

D gw d — So Cornus oo ee .

D r nic m o o Leopard s B ane ( d or on i um from d

u i gi t he ’
-
o , oron ,

Arabi c name Ord Compositae) — S Flower Garden— Herbaceous

,

. . . ee

plan t s .

D v Orch i d — S
o e Peristeria elata ee .

D ra ba Whitlow Grass ( d a b,
from d b acrid Ord Cruci r -
a, ra e, . .

ferae) —S Flower Garden— R ockery

. ee .

D rac ena (d aé na
a from d k i a female dragon Ord
r ac -

,
ra a n o, . .

Lil iaceae) — Handsome foliage plants some nearly hardy others

. ,

requiring a hot house With c e some

,

. ar
kinds c an be kept healthy in living rooms -

the prin c ipal requirements being proper

watering (s Watering) a weekly spong ee
ing with tepid wa t er ven t il ation without
,

draugh t s and a ligh t position R epotting

,

.
,

should be done in pring when necessary S ,

bu t 6 i pots -
generally large enough
n. ar e ,

and in preference to shi fting on t he ball s

c an be redu c ed and the plants pu t in the
same ize f po t with some fresh soil well
,

S o ,

rammed down around the ball Loam P

W
s
.
m a
,

W t a d sand
n o p xe u c en n BY
y d m
.

sg
f d
l eggy p
M
l ien t h e p l an t s g
nure , a
a
l l il o eca e
S ,
P I E CE S OF O LD TE
l y can
.

u1 ec e
be shor t ened like Crotons which see Pro , .

p g a t i ais e f
f ected
on by cutting up pieces f o
stem in spring each with a j oint and laying them in moist soil , , or
cocoa nut fibre refuse in bottom heat As we have seen under
-
.

Cordyline these tw genera are related and se v eral plants which o

Cordylines are grown as D ra c aenas The
, , ,

strictly speaking , ar e .

following are some f the best o :

Austr l is A l ti gi s A l ti gi s R ssl l i B p ti s
a , . ti
en n o a, . en no a u e , a ,

C h l s i fragrans L i d indivisa terminalis

,

e on ,
i G ldi n en , o e an a , .

D rac c p hal um D ragon s Head ( d ep h l um fro m d

’
o e k
,
r ac o c -
a , ra on ,
dragon and k ph l a head Ord Labiatae) —Pretty summer
, e a e, . . .

fl w i g hardy herbaceous plants

o er n F culture s Flower Garden . or ee
—H erbaceous plants R
,

y s h i m with purplish lilac flowers . u c an u ,

-

in early summer growing about ft high is f the best

, 2 . , one o .

G difl
r an m blue 6 ins high is suitable f
or u ,the rockery , . , or .

D rainag — This subj ect may be considered under two heads

e
horticulturally the drainage of garden g ound and the drainage f , r o
fl w o pots D rain pipes hould not be laid until the necessity has
er -
.
-
S
been proved as the process is laborious and expensive ; moreo v er
, ,

it is possible to make ground too dry A simple test is t dig holes . o

3 ins deep in winter co v er t hem t o exclude rain and see if water

0 . , ,

rises into them and stands after a spell of wet weather If water .

lodges in the upper s trata f soil t he la tt er is likely to be c ome sour o

s crops B efore laying drain pipes look t
,

ti fl and unsuitable f
, or .
-
ou
for a spot where there is a fall and le t t he main drain lead to it If , .
 E nc ycl op e di a of G ar d e nin g
it is a ditch ri v er the water is carried off the place o t herw ise a
or , ,

small pond may be formed in the grounds and made ornamental

( s
ee Flower Garden — Water plants
) The t renches for the pipes .

may be 3 ins deep and 5 ft 0 . 1 .

apar t in sti fi soil 3 f t deep and . 2 0

f t apar t in ligh t er ground Two
,

. .

inch ear t henware drain pipes -

12
ins long are sui t able and t he cos t .

is abou t 3 shillings per

,

; the 0 1 000
ends may be lef t open Care mus t .

be taken that the bed f the tren c h o

is perfectly firm d level The a n .

pipes may be laid in diagonal lines

leading to the main drain With .

H w D IN L N D a proper fall and outlet water

c
,
RA
o
cannot ro
lie near the surfa e A .

D i g l p i p s st
a o na f p l di g ground thus treate d F l w
o t. a ar t ea n
in

d i pi p h i h di sh gsi
e I 2 0
P t o er O S
'

to a ra n e w c c ar e n a
di t h are provided with a bottom hole
-

c .
-

in order to allow superfluous water

t o es c ape but in the absen c e f drainage material the soil would o

fall through By laying cro c ks (broken fl w pot) over the hole

,

. o er -

the soil is upheld but wa t er is allowed to escape It is best to .

c hoose large piece f t he bot t om layer and place it c on c av e

,

one or

side downward t hen cover with smaller bits arranged so as to over

,

lap With a little clean moss or a few flaky por t ions f compos t
,

. o
over all perfec t drainage is provi ded but a few pieces of charcoal
are an impro v ement Pots for Orchids are filled two t hirds full f
,

.
-
o
drainage t al low for the large quanti t ies f water needed
, o o .

D r os er S undew ( dr e s era f om d s s dewy

a, Ord D s -
r ro e ro . . ro e
Interes t ing inse ct ivorous plants D rotundifolia is a
, ,

r a c e ae ) .
-
. .

B ri t is h plant c overed with glandular hairs that p kle wi th S ar

moisture It likes a c o l moist spo t with peaty soil Propaga

,

. o .

t ion is by division Binata and fili f m i sare pre tt y exoti c spe c ies
, ,

. or .

All may be grown in pots for the g eenhous if desired peat with a r e ,

surfacing of S phagnum moss being used .

D ryas ( d y as from d y d s wood nym ph referring t o the Oak

r -
r a e -

like leaves Ord R osa c eae ) —The bes t known pe c ies is o ctopetala
, , ,

. . .
-
S
whi c h is a B ri t ish evergreen shrub and has whi t e flowers in early
,

summer A trailer it is suitable for t he ro c kery I t t hrives in

,

. , .

loam peat and sand and m y b propagated by division in pring

, , , a e S .

D ut c hm a n s Pi p e Aristolo c hia sipho

’
.
,

D y r s Gre n Wee d Genista tinctoria

’
e e ,
.

E rw ig — When present in large numbers t he earwig is a grea t

a .

trial to gardeners a tt a c king both plan t s and flowers Traps f hay ,

. o
in small flower pots inverted stakes should be set on .

E ccr m c rp us ( m a —pus —from k k m s pendent and

e o a e c cre oc r , e re e , ,

k p s fruit
ar o Ord B ignoniaceae) The only popular sp cies
. . . e
s c aber is much esteemed as a trailer both indoors and t I t
, ,

, ou .

produces orange flowers freely in July It may be treated as

,

. a.
half hardy annual (s Annuals) I t is illustrated in the B t i l
-
ee . o an ca

I ll g i
a t 64 8 ( syn C l m p li sscaber)
az n e , . 0 . a a e .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g
E ch v r i ( h v é ia after M E h
e e a i ec Ord Crassulaceae)
e r -
, . c e ver . . .

S ee Cotyledon .

E hi n c ctus ( h i
c o a a tus from hi s hedgehog and
ec t s noc c -

, ec no , , c ac u

Ord Cactaceae) — S C ctus

. . ee a .

E ch i p sGlobe Thistle ( e c hi nops from hi s hedgehog and

no -
ec no ?

ritro is a hardy herba c eou s

, , , ,

a p si s like Ord Compositae )

.
— E . . .

perenni l growing abou t 3 ft high and resembling the E ry giums

,

a . n .

I tsblue m et l lic flowers are produced in summer (s the B t

’

a i l ee o a n ca
Mg i a t
az n e , F c ulture s Flower Garden— H erbaceou s
. or , ee

plants .

Echi p sis( hi op sis from hi s hedgehog and psi s lik

no ec n -
ec no , o e.

Ord Cac t aceae) — S Cactus

, , ,

. . ee .

E chi m Viper s B ugloss ( é chium from l i s a v iper the resem

’
u -
ec i

blance f the seeds to a viper s head Ord Boraginaceae) — The

, , , ,
’
o . . .

species v ulgare is the Viper s B ugloss It is a biennial growing ’

.

about 3 ft hi gh and with v iolet flowers in July There is a white

,

. .

variety alba F cul t ure s B iennials Candicans wi t h rosy

,

. or ee .

flowers ; f st sm blue and one two others r oc c asionall y

, , ,

a uo u or a e

grown in the greenhouse

, , ,

Ed l weiss (Leontopodium alpinum Ord Compositae) A

e . . .

silvery leaved Alpine with whi t e flowers easily grown on t h

-
e

rockery but the bet t er for protection from rain with a s qu e f

,

ar o
glass through the winter I t may be raised from seed in spring
,

. .

Edg ing s —There are v arious ways f pro v idi g edgi ngs to bed s
. o n
and borders S ome like B ( s B ) others grass others tiles
. ox ee ox .

S omet hi ng is re q ui ed in order to keep the soil ff the walks N othin g

, ,

r o .

looks better than a broad band f grass about ft wide ; whe o 2 . n

regularly mown the outer edge neatly clipped and t he soil thrown
well back from the inner edge it forms a cool foil both t o gra v el and
, ,

flowers S uch a band is best made with t urves Tiles look neat
,

. .

but me c hani c al ; if used a dwarf plant hould be grown near su c h S

as the Viola Virginian S t ock Cerastium Crocus ( for pring) Thrif t
, ,

or London Pride A c h ming edging may be made wi t h s t ones

, , , , ,

. ar

placed irregularly in a bed f good soil and t he interstices plan t e d o ,

with Alpine plants S Flower Garden R o kery . ee — o .

E g g Pl n t — S Kitchen Garden
a ee .

Eglantine — S Rose . ee .

Ei h c ( eich e r —nea
orn e a after Herr E ichorn Ord P d t i , . . on e er a~
— Aquatics that require a tank in a warm house Propagatio
c e ae ) . . n
is by division in pring S peciosa with blue flowers in summer is S . , ,

grow n a littl e .

El ag u sWild O live ( l ag nus— from l g sname given by

ae n e ae -
e a ea no

Handsome h ubs in c luding

, , ,

D ioscorides Ord E l g ) . . ea n ac e a e . S r

several e v ergreens which with thei r green or v ariegated foliag

,

e
.

and berries are good for winter effect They are not parti c ular as t o
, ,

soil and are easily propagated by c u tt ings in u t umn Angusti

,

a
folia w i th yellow flowers in M y ; macrophylla yellow ; au t umn
, .

leav es sil v ery below ; and pungens leaves

, ,

bloomer ; m l ti fl u or a , , .
1 06 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n ing
sil v ery below an evergreen are good Aurea margina t a glabra .

urea and S imoni variega t a are handsome garden varieties

, , ,

a , .

Elder S ambucus (samb u cus Ord Caprifoliaceae) — Few small -

. . .

t rees r more familiar t han the c ommon E lder wi t h its whi t e per
,

a e

fumed flowers in early su mmer followed by black frui t s It is a

,

soft wooded tree apt to g ow s t raggly and to be ugly in win t er

,

-
r
unless c arefully pruned Any well drained soil suits it P p
,

.
-
. r0 a

g a t i n is by cu t tings from which the buds on the lower par t have

e

been r emo v ed The c ommon species is S nig a but t here are . . r

several g rden v arieties f i t su c h as f l i i s

,

a i s golden ; and o o au r e

ariega t a silvery Viridis has green and racemosa scarlet berries

, ,

v , . .

Ele camp ane I nula Helenium ,

.

Elm Ulmus m p st i s(ti l mus Ord Urticaceae) —Handsome ca o r -

. . .

park trees bu t by no means suitable f gardens p tly because

,

or ar
roo t s ramble afar and impoverish the soil partly because the
, ,

th e

trees are ap t to c ast their branches in summer and partly be c ause

,

f t he noxious drip
,

o They should not be planted near drives .

be c ause f the branch c as t ing propensity mentioned The E lms

o -
.

like a friable loamy soil They are propagated by seeds and layers .

spe c ial v arieties by grafting Two good varieties of the c ommon

, ,

E lm are antar ct i c a aurea and variegata T h S c o tc h Wych E lm . e or

( Ulmus montana) is sui t able for g dens The Parsley leaved E lm ar .

-

is a v arie t y of i t ( crispa) and so are the Golden leaved E l m D m p i i ,

-

, a er

a urea and the Purple leaved purpurea

,
-

, .

E mbothri m ( m b0th i m from in and b th i a little pit

u e -
r u en, o r on ,

in referen c e to t he setting f the an t hers O rd Pro t eaceae) A

, , ,

o . . .
-

small genus of little importan c e generally but including v ery o ne

plant in the pecies c o cc ineum a half h rd e v ergreen sh ub
,

fi ne S -
a y r

w hich be rs clus t ers of beau t iful s c arlet flowers in early summer

,

a .

It grows t f doors in Cornwall and other mild districts Peat

ou o . or
l oam but preferably a mix t ure of both with gri t hould be pro S
Propagat ion is by seeds sow in spring S the B t i l
, , ,

v id d e . n ee o an ca
M g i t 48 56
.

a az n e , . .

Emp tru m Crowberry (em p t m from in and p t sa rock

e ,
-
e ru en , e ro

nativ e of stony places Ord E mpetraceae) — E vergreen shrubs

, , , ,

a
resembling Heaths and flowering in M y B erries follow the
. . .

a .

flowers Peaty soil in a cool mois t place suits them Propagation

,

. .

i sby cut t ings in summer under a hand light

,

There is but -
. on e

species nigrum with black berries ; scoticum and rubrum are

, ,

v arieties f it ; the latter has red berries

o .

E ndive — S Kitchen Garden . ee .

E ki n th s ( k i a thus
an from k s enlarged and th s
u en n -
en no an o

fl ower in referen c e to the flowers being enl

, , , ,

ged in the middle ar .

O d E rica c eae ) — A small genus f hrubs which includes

,

r . . o S , one or
two useful plants Loam with third f peat and some sand . a o
suits them Propagation is by cut t ings in a frame in pring
,

. S .

C ampanulatus wi t h red flowers in July ; and j aponicus with whi t e

flowers in late winter are hardy ( s t he B t i l M g i
, ,

. ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t 7 59 and t
,

. 0 .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 1 0
7
E p acris ( ep a ris from pi upon and k s t p referring t o t he
o -
e a ro o
hilly habi t a t Ord E p i d ) — B eautiful hard wooded ever
, , , , ,

. . a cr e ae .
-

greens but not easy to g ow owing t the hair like roo t s being very r o -

sus c ep t ible If kep t either too wet t oo d y they die They

, ,

. or r .

ough t to be grown in a batch t o themselves in a greenhouse and ,

given careful attention in wateri g The pots must be well drained n .

( s D rainage )
ee Fibrous pea t and sand make a suitable c ompos t
. .

Propaga t ion is by young t ips inserted in sandy peat under a bell

glass in pring summer Prune back after flowering The follow
S or . .

ing are popul kinds ar

Alba odorata whi t e swee t ; au t umnalis red and white O ct ober , ,

bloomer ; devoniana s c arlet

, ,

, .

E p i ttl y ca( p i at t leya a compound from E pidendrum and

e a e c -

Ca tt leya t he plan t s being hybrids be tween those genera) — S

,

. ee

C at tleya for c ul t ure

,

Ep idendrum ( p i d é drum from p—i upon and d d tree e n— e en ro n ,

growing t ees Ord O r c hida c eae) Gra c eful O r c hids requiring

, , , ,

on r . . .

ho t house culture and thriving in pots pans if se t high over

,

or

a mass of cro c ks and t he roo t s pac ked with fibrous peat and
,

S phagnum moss Large supplies f water must be given during

. o
t he growing season bu t t he supply must be lessened in t he au t umn
wi t hout howe v er being stopped al t ogether The following are
, ,

selec t ed from a large number

, ,

:
d ll e s hybrid orange spring ; Medusae purple early summer ;
en e, , , , ,

v i t l li
e m maj us orange late summer ; W ll i s
nu i crimson white a

and yellow swee t winter

, , , , ,

, , .

Epigaea M y fl w ( p i gaé from pi upon and a g i

— oear t h in er e -
a, e a a,

allusion t o t he trailing habi t O rd E ricaceae) — E repens is a

, , , ,

. . . .

t railing evergreen the principal charm f which is the fragrance f o o

i t swhi t e flowers whi c h are produced in summer It is hardy bu t
,

wil l t grow in dry sun scorched soil A cool moist hel t ered
, ,

no ,
-
. , , S
place should be found and peat provided Propagation is by di vi .

s on s
,

r
p min
g r .

Ep il li ( p il aé lia) —A hybrid be t ween E pidendrum and Laelia

ae a e -
. .

For c ulture s Cattleya Ch l sw th i i wi th scarlet flowers in

, ee . ar e or ,

July is a good hybrid

, .

Ep il bi m Will ow Herb ( p il o bium from pi upon and l b s

o u ,
e -

, e , , o o

p d in al lusion t the flowers being set the seed pod Ord

,

o , o on . .

— Tall hardy herbaceous perennials Two f the

O na
g i ) r ar e a e . . o
fines t species angus t ifolium and hirsutum do well by the waterside
,

Propagation is by division in spring There is a whi t e v ariety f

, ,

. o
angus t ifolium Ob d t m rose is a good dwarf species All. c or a u .

t hrive in any good soil

, ,

Ep im di m Barrenwort —( p i m é d i m from pi m d i Pliny s

e u , e -
u , e e on ,
’

name Ord B b i d ) Useful dwarf perennials for the shady

. . er er e ae .

parts f the rockery attrac t iv e both in leaf and flower Propaga

o .

t ion is by division They like sandy loam except Alpinum whi c h

,

. ,

should have peat This species is B ritish and has red and yellow
,

flowers in M y Macranthu m with blue and whi t e flowers in spring

. ,

a .

is good ; v iolaceum is a d k v i ty f it
, ,

ar ar e o
'

.
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ni ng
Ep iphyll m — S C a c tus u . ee .

Erag r stis— S Annu l s— Grass s

o ee a e .

Eranthemu m ( eran th m —m from t love and th s -

e u e r ao , o an o
flower Ord Acantha c eae) Pretty plants f a w m greenhouse
, , ,

. . . or ar

useful in that they bloom in win t er Loam with a fourth ea c h of

,

. ,

peat and leaf mould and sand suit Propagation is by cutti ngs .

under a bell glass in spring A lit t le pin c hi ng is required to insure

, ,

-
.

a bushy habit Andersoni with purple and white flowers (B t i l o an ca

m white ( B t M g t
.

Mg i
,

a t
az n e , l bi fl . and a oru o . a ., .

m sc rle t are useful species Pul c hellum is called

,

i
c nn a b i ar n u , a , .

D ae d l th s
a ac annervosus by modern botanists It h sblue flowers
u a
M
.

( see B t g o
; t . a . .

Eranthis h y m l i s(Winter Aconite) — S B ulbs e a . ee .

Erem rus ( m rus fro m m s solitary —and

u ere tai l inu -
’
c re o o u ra ,
allusion t o the flower pike Ord Liliaceae ) Tall hardy herba
, , , ,

S . . . ,

ceou splants with handsome spikes f bloom in summer Fert i le o .

friable loamy soil g i v es the best spikes and they may rise 6 7 ft
, ,

or .

high Propagation is easil y e ffe ct ed by seeds sown in a greenhouse

, ,

in pring but they will not flower for 3 or 4 years The roo t s are
S .

remarkable and as growth star t s early t hey hould be plan t ed in

,

S
autumn Guard against lugs in pri ng A hel t ered pla c e should
,

. S S . S

be pro ided for these noble plan t s as they suffer from strong winds
v , .

Him l i s white is a fine species B ungei yellow is g o od

a a cu . .

R obustus has silvery rose flowers and is v ery s t rong ; E l w s

, , , ,

i i is an -
e

early varie t y f thi s

,

o .

Erica Heath ( i from i to break in l lusion to the brittleer -

ca, e r co , a
ness Ord E ri c a c eae ) — These are amo gst the most valuable f
, ,

. . . n o
evergreens f in addition t o the greenhouse spe c ies t hey giv e us
or

such beau t iful hardy pecies as arborea carnea c inerea and Medi
,

te ranea The greenhouse spe c ies are not easily managed They
, , ,

r . .

are hard wooded plants with hair like roots requiring abundan c e f -
o

water in summer ye t liable to suffer from sodden as well as from

,

dry soil They should be grown in sandy pea t n d if repo t ting is

,

. a

required it should be done t owards the end of win t er The old soil
,

should be crumbled from the ball whi c h should be soaked if dry

and then put into a 6 i pot and well pa c ked w i t h fresh soil over
, ,

-
n.

ample drainage A greenhouse from whi c h fros t is ex c luded will

.

sui t them in win t er when mu c h less water wi ll be needed They .

will flower in spring and may be s t ood an ash bed in t he open

,

on
in summer Propaga t ion is by c u tt ings in summer in sandy so i l
,

. ,

under a bell —glass .

G r ee n ho u s
e H e a tl zs .

c a ffr a , whi t e M y , a .

C av e n d is
hi yellow July an a , .

g ra c il is purplish d Mar c h
,

,
-
re , .

h y m l i sros
e a e winter .

Massoni red and green summer

, ,

v en tricosa flesh late pring ( several varieties such as alba white

, ,

, , S , ,

erecta flesh ; and superba scarlet)

, , .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i n g 1 09

H a r d y H e a th s
a rborea whi t e M y several v arieties B rier pipes are made a .

from the wood The name h sno conne ct ion with the hedge
, , ,

. a

B rier but is a corrupti on f b ye the Fren c h f Hea t h o ru re , or .

c nea ( herba c ea) purple February

,

ar .

cinerea crimson July many varieties

, ,

, , , .

lusitanica ( d d s) pink February co on o e .

Mediterranea purple spring ( B t i l ll d g

, ,

,
t several , o a n ca a a zi n e , .

varieties .

vagans purplish red autumn C rnish Hea t her

,
-

, , o .

Erig er n Fl b (eri g —eron from pring and g

o ea l d man an e er, S e ro n , o

downy in pr i ng and hoary later Ord Compositae ) — F or c ulture

, , ,

S . .

s Flower G den— Herba c eous plants The most popul spe c ies
,

ee ar . ar
is aurantiacus whi c h has orange flowers in July and grows abou t a
foot high ; superbus is a fi ne v arie t y S p i ss( syn S tena ct is
, ,

ec o u

sp ciosa) B t i l M g i t 36 6 is a good plant Alpinus

. .

e o an ca a az n e , . 0 .

semi barbatus (syn Roylei ) swell wor t h growing

, ,

-
. i .

Erin s ( i nus from spring be c ause f the early blooming

u er er , o .

— The only spe c ies grow

, ,

O rd S p h l i )
crO to any extent is
u ar n e a e n

alpinus which be s magenta flowers in M y and is well adapted f

. .

ar a or
t he rockery (s Flower Garden) I t likes well drained sandy soil
, ,

ee .
-

and a warm pot Propagation is by seed S B t i l M g i

,

S . . ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t 3 There are whi t e and rose varie t ies

. 1 0. .

Eri trichium ( i t i h —ium from i wool and th i x a hair er r c e r on r on

accoun t of t he woolly hairs O rd B gi
, , , , ,

) The species nanum . . or a n e ae .

-

is a useful dwarf plan t giving bright blue yellow eyed flowers in

summer I t may be grown t he rockery (s Flower G rden) if
,

. on ee a

gi v en a pocke t f pea t and leaf mould wi th plenty of gri t P p

,

o . r0 a

gati n is by division in spring S B t i l JVI g i t 58 53

,

e . ee o an ca a az n e , . .

Er diu m Heron s b i ll ( o d i m from d i s a heron in l lusion

o
’
-
er -
u e ro o a
the form f the s tyle and ov ies Ord Gerania c eae) — Pret t y
, , , ,

t o o ar . . .

h dy plan t s l lied t o Geraniums and sui t able for border and

ar a .

ro c kery (s Flower Garden ) They like a light friable soil and

,

ee .

may be propaga t ed by seeds in spring Ch m d y i d s ( syn

, ,

a ae r o e
R i h d i ) with white rose veined flowers in summer ; M
. .

e c ar s i -
an e c av
wi t h purple flowers in June ; and m
, ,

m violet June
,

d ac ra e nu

(B t i l M g i t
, ,

o a n ca are all good a az n e , . .

Eryng i m S Holly (e yn gium from y g a name adop t ed

u , ea r -

, er n e on ,

by Pliny Ord Umbel liferae) — Tall preading hardy herbaceous

. . . S

pl n t s with metallic flowers tha t if no t beautiful have quaintness

,

and dis t inctness They are not particular as to soil and

, , ,

. e sily ar e a
propaga t ed by division in pring from seeds The following are
,

S or

t he principal kinds alpinum blue ft ( B t i l M g i

, .

: , , 2 . o a n ca a az n e ,

t . m t h ys
ti m blue } ft ; maritimum blue
a e ft O liveri nu , ,
2 7 . , , 1
anum blue ft ; and planum blue 3 ft All flower in summer
, , 2 . , , . .

Erysimum Hedge Mustard ( ysimum from y— to draw in er -

, er o,

l l usion to t he blis t ering power

,

Ord Cruciferae) S Annuals

,

a . . . ee
f or cult re P fsk i m orange 8 ins high July ( B t i l
u e ro au 1 o a n ca
Mg i t
. .

is the pri ncipal species I t is a biennial but

, , ,

a az n e , . .

g enerally t ated as a h dy annual

,

re ar .
 1 10 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
Erythrina Coral Tree ( yth i na from yth s red Ord
, er r -
, er ro , . .

Leguminosae ) — The most interesting member f this genus is Crista o

galli whi c h be a s ra c emes f s c arlet flowers in summer Although
r o .

no t perfe ct ly hardy it will thrive an ou t side wall if t he posi t ion

,

on
is sunny and shel t ered The sta t ion should be prepared by adding
,

loam pea t and road gri t or manure and sand It should be

mul c hed with manure in early summer Propagation is by c ut t ings
, , , .

whi c h should be removed wi t h a heel and kep t c lose in bo t tom hea t

,

the B t i l M g i t 6
.

S ee o a n ca a az n e , . 2 1 1 .

E ryth r nium D og s Tooth Violet ( erythr o nium from yth s

’
o ,
-
er ro

red O rd Liliaceae ) — S B ulbs

, ,

. . . ee .

Escallonia (escall e nia after S enor E s l l Ord S i f g )-

ca on. . ax ra e ae .

— This genus in c ludes very popular plan t in ma cran t ha a

,

one

beautiful shrub tha t thrives t of doors in mild dis t ri ct s and has

,

ou ,

pink flowers in summer followed by berries ( s the B t i l ee o a n ca

Mg i t I t is no t par ti c ular as t o soil and may be p p

,

a az n e , . ro a

gat ed by cu ttings f firm wood in a frame There are several

,

o .

v rie t ies
a f t he bes t being sanguinea
one o L gl y s i s a pink . an e en
whi t e are also good
, ,

hybrid ; and p h i l i p i an a , , .

E sh l l t — S
c Ki tc hen Garden— S hallo t
a o . ee .

Es chscholtzia ( sh sh ol t zia after D E sh sh l t Ord Papa e c c -

,
r. c c o z. .

ve r ac e a e) — S Annuals ee .

Esp alier — S Fruit . ee .

E calyptus ( l yp t us from good and k l ypt c overing in

u euca -
eu , a o,

t t c t M c
, , ,

al lusion o he calyx overing he flower Ord yrta eae ) — A . . .

large genus of trees Globulus is t he popular B lue Gum so often .

grown as a pot plant but sui t able for outdoor culture in mild dis
,

t i t s I t t hrives in peat and loam

,

r c . Propagation is by seeds . or

c u t tings in sandy soil in early summer under a bell glass Gunnii

,

-
.

is also an interesting pe c ies ; and c itriodora whi ch has itron

,

S ,
C

scented leaves is sometimes grown ,

.

E h idi u m (
uc ar h i d ium from h i s agreeable
euc Ordar -
euc ar . .

tt
, ,

O g i ) — G d i fl m is a pre y na r ar e a e . ran or u
rosy annual and t here are a whi t e and
other varieties F c ulture s Annuals
,

. or , ee .

Eu charis (eu c haris from h i s -

eu c ar

agreeable in t his case perhaps referring

, ,

to t he perfume Ord A m yll i d )

,

. . ar e ae .

One of t he most valuable f warm o

house plan t s ac c ount of the p on ro

fusion f i t s large substantial pure

,

o
whi t e flowers whi ch
, ,

good f ar e or
wreaths bouquets and general c u t
,

flower work I t is easy t o grow and

, ,

t
,

the comple e failures sometimes seen

“
P m m E m mss
l y ar se from t he at t a c k of a m t e wh c h
xo
l d p f l i sdi i d d i
cn c uc a .

A n o ot u v n ea r i i i

w i g m ll
e
r n d h an Pi s infes t s the bulbs mul t iplies enormously
t e S a er e ce
"s m
,

d 6 m P ts
and renders t he plan t s weak and dingy
, ,

1 a 5 1 an '

‘ ° °

It is impossible f the pla ts to thrive when th is pes t is a t work

,

or n ,

and when its presence is suspected the best course is t shake u t o o

 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning 1 1 1

the bulbs wash the soil from them and soak them for a q uarte r

f an hour in a solution f li v er f sulphur ( sulp hi de of potassium )

, ,

o o o ,

half a pound in 6 gallons f water Loam with a four t h of lea f o .

mould and some sand suits If potting is required i t should b

,

. , e

done aft er flowering bu t frequen t shifts are no t ne c essary ; with

,

plenty f water whi le growing and li quid manure from t he t im

,

o e
t hey begin to bloom t hey will flower well in 6 in 7 i pots
,

. or -
n. .

They hould be flowered in a hot h ouse and pu t into a c ooler

,

S
place af t erwards The water supply may be gradually redu c ed afte
,

.
-
r

blooming in order to rest the plants Propagation is by o ffsets .

which may be removed when repot t ing

,

G d ifl ( syn . r an ora

pecies ; Moorei and L w i i are form s

.

amazonica) is the popul ar S o

f it They are plendid wi nter bloomers Candida is sometimes '

o . S .

grown ; i t has whi t e flowers in autumn .

E mi s( eu c omis from
uco k s beautiful hai ed Ord Lilia
-
eu o rn e -
r . .

—The species punctata a half hardy bulb is grown as mu c h

, ,

c e ae ) .
-

for i t s potted leaves as its flowers I t will thrive out of doors in

, ,

S .

mild dis tricts It may be grown in sandy loam and propaga t ed by

.

offse ts It grows f t high and has green and brown flowers 2 in

August (s the B t i l M g i t 9 3 d 539)

. . ,

ee o a n ca a az n e , . 1 an 1

E ucryphia ( yp h ia from well and k ypk i a cover i

eu cr -
eu , r a, n.

allusion t o the calyx Ord R osaceae) —The spe c ies p i ti f l i i s

, , ,

. . . nna o a

esteemed for its beautiful white flowers whi ch are produced i , n

summer It is an evergreen shrub and may be g own outdoors i
. r n
mild distri c ts but in cold exposed places must hav e hel t er and
,

S
pro t ection in winter I t likes a compost of peat a d loam P p
, ,

. n . r0 a
ga t i n is by cu tt ings f youn shoots under a bell glass by layers
e o or
the B t i l M g g 7 67
, .

S ee o a n ca a azi n e 0 .

E l al i ( eula lia from well and l l i speech— liter l ly much

u a -
eu , a a, a
praised Ord Gramineae) — Japoni c a zebrina is one f
, , ,

. . most o our
gra c eful ornamental Grasses and a strong c lump looks well the on

lawn I t i snot particular as t o soil and may be increased by divi

,

sion in pring There are se v eral o t her v arieties f Japonica

,

S . o .

Eu —nymus S pindle Tree ( O ym s from good and

o ,
eu n -
u eu , o n orn a ,
name f good repu t e Ord C l st i
, ,

— These are handsome

o ) . . e a r n e ae .

s h rubs some de c iduous o t hers evergreen grown for their foliage

, , , .

The evergreens are good for winter e ffect and do well in towns
while they are among the bes t of s easide plants They will grow
, ,

in almost any soil Propagation is by cuttings of firm wood in .

autumn E uropaeus is a hardy de c iduous s hr ub wi t h whit e

flowers in M y There is a variega t ed v arie t y Japoni c a is ever
.
,

a . .

green and has se v eral varieties ; latifolius aureus is of the bes t o ne

R adicans is l so e v ergreen and has several v arieties
,

a , .

E p t ri m— ( p to —ium after E p t King f Pontus Ord

u a o u eu a r u a or, o . .

Compositae) S ome f the E upatoriums are hardy and will thriv

,

. o e
ordina y well drai ed soil with pr ng di vision Others requir
,

in r n S i . e
pot c ulture under glass and like a c ompost f loam a third of leaf
,

o
mould and sand These should be raised from c utti gs and pinche d
, ,

. n .

to make the m b u shy They should be cut back after flowering . .

 1 1 2 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
H a r d y H e r ba c eo u sS pe c i e s
.

ag rat oides white Augus t 3 ft

e .

al t issimum blush la t e summer

, , , ,

, , 4 ft .

purpurea purple August 4 ft

,

, , , .

G r ee n h o u s
e S pe c i e s
.

g white spring 3 f t
r an d i fl o r u m , , , .

i p i m white spring 3 ft
r ar u , .

Weinmannianum ( odoratum) white au t umn and winter 4 ft

, ,

, , , .

E u p hor bia S purge ( p h o bia after E uphorbus a physici

, eu r -
an .

O d E uphorbiaceae ) — A large and varied genus including annu l s

, ,

r . . a
d perenni l s hardy and t ender herbaceous and shrubby all with
,

an a
milky j ui c e Two or three are grow n for t he g eenhouse notably
, , ,

. r

) a brilliant e v ergreen growing about 3 f t

,

fulgens ( j q i fl ac u n ae ora .

high wi t h s c let flowers in au t umn d winter I t thri v es in loam

, ,

, ar an .

in a hothouse and is propagated by cuttings Lathyris i sthe C per

, . a
S purge and is hardy , .

E ury (eu rya from a ys large in allusion to t he flowers

-
Ord
, ca r , , . .

Ternstroemiaceae) — Latifolia variegata is the best f this genu s . o

I t is an evergreen re quiring
,

an d is gro w n for its handsome foliage .

Peat and loam in equal p ts suit wi t h

,

g eenhouse protection
r . ar
snd Propagat ion is by cuttings of mature wood in peaty soil
,

a .

under a bell glass -

.

B uto c a ( to from k t s frui t ful in allusion to t he seeding

eu -
ca, eu o o .

O d Hydrophyllaceae ) —The spe c ies vis c ida has blue flowers in

, ,

r . .

su m mer For culture s Annu l s

. , ee a .

Ev ning Primr se ( Oenothera Ord O g i ) —The Even

e o . na r ar e ae .

i g Prim oses
.

n comprise both hardy annuals and perennials For

r .

t h c ul t ure f t he former s Annuals ; f t he latter Flower G den

e o ee o ar
Herba c e us plants S l s O eno t her
, ,

o . ee a o a

Ev rg r ns Plants which hold their leav es throughout the year

e ee .
-
.

Many are v aluable as hardy shrubs these in cluding Hollies Aucubas

All the princip l kinds are de l t wi t h under their
, , ,

an d Laurels . a a
own names (s l s Flower G den— S hrubs) In pruning a knife
ee a o ar .

ho uld be used in preference to shears in order to avoid c ut t ing

,

t h lea v es The cu t s ho ld be made ne r the leaves below so tha t

,

e . S u a ,

bare s t umps do t how no S .

Everlas ting P (Lathyrus Ord Leguminosae) — B eautiful ea . . .

h dy ramblers sui t able f growing against fences and pillars

ar or .

The typi c al spe c ies is latifolius now c alled sylves tris platyphyllus
,

d has c armine flowers There is a plendid white v riety called

, ,

an : S a
White Pearl whi c h c omes true from seed They enj oy mois t
,
. ,

substanti l soil a .

Ev rlasting s — The principal everlas ting flowers su c h as

e .

Heli c hrysums A cro c liniums and Rhodan t hes are dealt with under
,

t heir o w names or under An uals

, ,

n , n .

Ex cu m (e a m f om t f and g t dri v e — c redited with

x ac u -

— B eau t iful plants for a w rm

r ea
r, o u o , a o, o
xpelling poison O rd G ti
,

e ) . . en an e ae . a
 “
n c yc lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng
E 1 1
3
g reen h ous flowering in wi t er They
e,like a compost f loam with n . o ,

a quarter ea c h of peat and leaf mould and sand The annuals are
'

raised from seed in a warm house or frame in spring and t he peren

,

;
ni l s from cuttings A ffine has v iolet flowers and grows 6 ins
a . .

high Z yl i m macranthum violet autumn is also grown

,

. e an c u , , ,
.

Ex ch rd a ( h o da f om
o o outside and h d a cord in
e xo c r -
r exo , c or e, ,

allusion t o the plac enta Ord R osaceae) G d i fl is a beau t i

, ,

— r an or a

d hrub blooming in M y
. . .

ful whi t e fl -
I t is t parti c ular as
ow er e S a . no

t o soil but likes a sheltered plac e Propagation is by layers in

,

autumn suckers in spring S B t i l M g i t 4 79 5

.
,

or . ee o an ca a az n e , . .

Fab Vicia ( B road B ean) — S Kitchen Garden

a or . ee .

F gu s B ee c h (fa gus from ph g to eat in allusion to the edible

a -
a o,

seeds Ord C upuliferae ) — The c ommon B eech is F sylvatica and

, , ,

. . . . ,

t here are many varieties of it such as dark purple v ariegated copper , , , ,

and pendulous S B eech and Flower Garden . ee .

F iry Ring s — Circles of fungi are some t imes seen gro wing in the
a .

grass and every year they get stronger owing t o t he ri c h nitro

genous deposit following the de c ay f the earlier members A
, ,

o .

fairy ring in a meadow is interesting and pleasing but i t is t ou

f place in a garden and may be des troyed by syringing with a

,

pound f sulpha t e f iron dissolved in 3 gallons of water

,

o o .

Fall w ing — T fallow ground is to dig it and leave it without

o . o
a crop f or a period in order that the c orruptible matter within i t
may de c ompose and the gro u nd be aera t ed Good gardeners
,

rarely d p t t his pra ct i c e B y proper tillage and manuring t hey

a e .

make the ground c apable of c arrying c ontinuous crops .

False Acacia R obinia Pseuda c ac ia ,

.

F f g i m S S ene c io
ar u u .
— cc .

Farm yard Manur — S Manure

-
e ee .

Fatsia ( fat i from f tsi the Japanese name Ord Araliac eae )
-
S a, a , . . .

— The one plant f importance in this genus is j aponica which is o

almos t universally gr wn under t he name of Aralia S ieboldii a half

,

o
hardy shrub mu h e s t eemed as a room plan t thriving in sandy loam
,

c , ,

and propagated by cuttings It will thrive out f doors in heltered . o S

pla c es .

Feather G r ss S tipa pennata a , .

F nces —I en c losing g ound to form a garden the nature f the

e . n r o
dividing line must be carefully considered A wall is best be c ause .

i t gives immediate privacy security from c attle and shelter besides

,

affording support f greenhouses fruit houses and trees I t is

, , ,

or .

however the most expensi v e The cos t varies and estimates

, , ,

should be got from local builders An k fen c e 6 f t high may

, ,

. oa .

cost 8 per yard run Galvanised wi e fences are very popular

5. . r .

A fence 4 ft high will keep ba c k stock The wires should be a foo t

. .

apart and the lower half protected with wire netting to exclude
,

lambs and rabbits The t p wire a t least should be b bed t

,

. o ar o
d iscourage cattle from putting their heads over ; but if there is any
thing tempting th other ide they wi ll try to get their head s
on e S

H
1 1 4 . E n c y c lop e di a o f G ar d e nin g

th ough below The posts should be f k the lower part t r e d

r . o oa , ar ,

and the upper par t t arred painted as taste di c tates S l s or . ee a o

Hedges .

F nn l — S Kitchen Garden— Herbs

e e . ee .

Ferns —Almost every lover of plan t s grows a few ferns and a

. con

b l number spe c ialise them

,

s id era e The latter class have their w . o n

publi c ations The ordinary species have no particular interest for

.

t hem On the o t her hand the general amateur could no t possibly

.

grow l l the varieties as in t he c ase of some species they number

,

a
hundreds but must c ontent himself with a sele c tion f the best kinds
,

o .

Most f the principal ferns mentioned under their w names in

,

o ar e o n

this work but a few general obser v ations may obviate repetition
with respe c t to cer t ain cultural poin ts
,

P ti — The majority of ferns do not flower and the

ro p g a a on ,

seeds must be looked for in t he form f spores the under o on

s ur f a c e of the fronds t o which they adhere unti l t hey ripen I n

,
.

G ING A L E NI U M BY m
P RO P A AT SP G ING A LE NI U M BY
S r : P RO P A AT SP
P L N LE LE F P L N L E
S ru n
A TF s TS O N TH E RO N D . A A T TS .

The d tt d l i sh wsth d p th t
o e ne D i g o R g h si l 3 Fi
e e sil o 1. ra n a e .
pl tl t d t h d f m
2 ou o ne o

4 Sp 5 B s f pl tl t
. . . .

i st
n er a an e f w t e ac e ro ace or a er.
p l i m b l bi f m
a e o e
g f dsst ti g 7 Ol d f d
. . an .

As en u u 6 Y e ru ou n ro n ar n ro n
g w i g pl p gg d d w
. . . .

on a ro n an t e e o n.

sowing a fine surface o f soil is prepared and the fronds are either
,

laid o n when the spores are mature held o v er the pot and rubbed
,

, or
with the fingers t scatter the spores The pots S hould be haded
o . S .

A plate like process— the prothallium— o n whi ch the male and female
-

organs develop forms ; from these the plants ise They may be ar .

pri c ked o ff potted singly and repotted a srequired the same as

,

, , ,

ordinary plants S ome kinds o f ferns which form a spreading root

.

sto c k— t h Maidenhair for example— may be propagated by divi

e
sion the plants may be cut up when growth star t s in spring S ome .

ferns form plantlets t he fronds ; t he latter can be draw down

on n
to the surfa c e f the soil in another po t and t here fixed in position
o
till the plan t lets have rooted freely when they may be se v ered
,

S i l — Fern growers no longer p t t heir plan t s l m s

,
’

o t t i e l y in o a o en r

peat ; it is recognised that loam contains more nutriment and n co

sequently it is used mu c h more largely for ferns th n was formerly
,

the case H al f each o f fi brous loam and peat with a q u arter f leaf
. , o
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n ing I I
5
mould decayed manure a heav y dash f sand to insure po rosity
or o
and a few bits f charcoal o v er the drainage will suit the maj ori t y
, ,

o ,

o f ferns admirably .

S h d — Another l d idea h asbeen modified

a e S peaking generally o .

ferns are c ertainly shade lovers ; but it is found that hardy kind s
,

may be grown in sunny parts f the garden if they hav e adequa t o e

ro t mois t ure Under glass t hey are liable to suffer from the aridity
o .

o f an unshaded house unless the grower is at hand to ply his syring e

in t he ho tt est part f the day o .

R p tti g — I t is wise to turn ferns

e o n t f their p tsevery pring ou o e S ,

if only to rearrange the drainage but it will be found wise to g o

farther as a rule and remove t he l d soil from the side and base f
,

o o
t he b l l without disentangling t he roots afterwards replacing in
, ,

a ,

the pot and ramm ng in fresh soil i .

F ern si ms— As a rule ferns soon fail in rooms because t h

n r oo . e

air is t dry ; but with care and j udgmen t t hey may be kep t
,

oo
healthy a long time The principal point is watering If the soil . .

goes dry f some time the plants are sure to su ffer ;

or the othe on r

hand a sodden state is bad The only w y f keeping things righ t . a o

is to test the pots e v ery day in summer (s Watering) and be guided

,

ee

by the sound In winter water may not be wanted more than on c

. e

a week Another important matter is to insure v entilati on wi t hou t

.

c old draughts An O pen window and a closed door generally

.

permit of t he happy medium being struck ; with both open together

the plants may be inj ured .

F e rnsi b s k ts— S ome ferns l

n k their bes t in baskets Wire
a e . oo .

re c eptacles may be used They should be lined with moss to keep .

t he soil in and a compost similar to that f pots used I n summe

, or . r

the baskets may be dipped daily in a tub f water o .

I dn f i s— I
oo r large places it may be possible to de v ote a
erner e . n
house to ferns and if s it hould be done thoroughly covering o S

the walls pro viding rocks and water and hading t he roof A
, ,

, S .

simple way f covering the walls is to fix wi e frames a few inches

o r
from the wall pack with compost and plant The ferns should no t .

be gro wn in p ts but planted among blocks f tufa

, ,

o , o .

O tdu f i s —A fernery is a good adj unct to a rock garden

oo r ern e r e .

and stones should be used in preferen c e to tree roots whi c h t down

,

ro

quickly The itua t ion should not be heavily haded Chris t ma s

,

. S S .

Roses and various hardy bulbs may be plan t ed be t ween the ferns
t o flower in winter and pring S .

F i l my f s The Todeas Hymenophyllums and Tri c homane s

e rn .
-

should be kept separate in a case ca v e where the shade is dens

, ,

or e
and the atmosphere saturated .

F e rn ph ss Ferns are c ryptogams ( whi ch see )

ra e . The creeping
-
.

s t ems f some spe c ies are called rhi omes The lea v es are c alled
o z .

fronds and t he stalks stipes The fi rst divisions f divided form s

, . o
are called pinnae and the subdivisions pinnules The seeds . are

c alled spores and the case covering the latter is t he indusium The
,

, .

clusters of porangia are called sori The female organs are called
S .

archegonia and the male antheridia B oth form on the membranou s

, .

plat e ( prothallium ) which is the first growth from the spore , .

1 1 6 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
G oo d Roo m F e r n s G oo d B a s
k et F e r ns
.

diantu m cuneatum (Maid

h

A Adiantum E d gw th i i en
-

or
Asplenium fl i d m ac c u
’

Asplenium bulbiferu m D avallia M o o r e an a

N p h d i m molle
e ro G ymu
g m m shi p h yl l no ra e c zo a
Pteris cretic a c ristata Mi l p i (D av l lia) hirta cris cr o e a a
serrulat t ta a. a
tremula N ephrolepis d l li i d s f s av a o e u r c an

F rtil isa ti n — S Hybridisation

e o ee .

F v rf w The Pyreth rum se c tion f C h ysanthemums are c alled

e e e .
-
o r
F everfews and t he name is perhaps mos t c ommonly applied to
,

Pyreth um a ureum ( Chrys anthemum Par t henium) the Golden

r

Feather S C hrysanthemum and Flow er Garden

, ,

. ee .

Fi c us Fig ( fi c u s from f g t he Hebrew name Ord Ur tica c eae)

,
—
’

a . . .

— This genus in c ludes s h w i d l

, ,

y different p lants as the India

‘

uc e
r ubber plant ( F elastica) of g dens and the delicious Fig ( F
.
‘

our ar .

C i ca ; s Frui t) The India rubber plant is popular for rooms

ar ee .
-

d may be kep t healthy in a c ompost f peat and loam in equal

,

an o
p ts with sand if carefully watered (s Watering) ventilat ed
ar , , ee ,

without cold draughts and the leaves sponged weekly I t may be .

-

propagated by pie c es of stem wi t h a leaf a tt ached in a propagating

,

c ase F pumila ( syns repens and s t ipula t a) is a gra c eful green

. . .

l eaved creeper sui t able for a greenhouse wall .

Fi g S .Fi c us and Fruit

-
ee .

E l ber t — S Corylus and Fruit ee .

Fing r a d t — S Ki tc hen Garden— Green Vegetables

e -
n -
oe. ee .

F i n — The general name fir ( from the Anglo S axon f h) is -

ur

a pplied t a c onsiderable number f resinous cone be ing trees

o o -
ar .

Thus Pseudotsuga (or Abies) D ouglasi is oft en c alled the D ouglas

,

Fir Abies p t t the S ilver Fir and Pinus syl v es tris the S c o t ch
e c 1n a a
Fir Par t iculars f the different kinds f fir are given under t heir
, ,

. o o
o w names
n .

Fl a m Fl w er — S eK i ph fi o . ee n o a.

Fl — S
are Linum ee .

Fl w er Garden — A well arranged well managed flower garden is

o .
- -

sour c e f immense pleasure and enj oymen t It is beneficial

,

a o .

physi c ally and morally The c ul t iva t ion of beautiful flowers is at .

o nce a pleas nt pas t ime and an ennobling pursui t In years gone

a .

by very narrow ideas f flower gardening were displayed the plan t s o :

grown were of a few kinds t ender in c ons t itution and garish in

bloom N owadays much greater bread t h and freedom prevail
,

. .

Hardy plants f many kinds are used the garden is more v aried o ,

an d more interesti g With abundance f flowers all round the n . o

house a cool stre t ch f gr ss belts f hrubs a r ockery water and o a o S
a j udi cious admixt re f t ees the home surroundings are made
, , , , ,

u o r
b autiful and fragrant The p incipal fea t ures f the flower garden
,

e . r o

may be taken s i ti m er a .

H b er s b d s —The most important feature of modern

a ce ou or er .
 E n cy c lop e d i a of G ar d e ning 1 17

flower gardens is its herbaceous b rders They should be spacious o .

— wi t hin the limits f t he place — varied and planted with s t erlin o g .

things It is easy to mismanage herbaceous borders and then they

.

are as unin t eres t ing as ever a bedded ou t garden was On t h

,

-
. e

o t her hand it is no t diffi cult to deal with them in su c h a w y as t a o

have t hem full of growth and bloom throughout the ou t do r season

,

o .

The borders hould be wide espe c ially if t hey have t o ac c ommoda t

S e

trees and hrubs and even wi t hout them there should be no stint f
,

S o

ground The borders may indeed range from 6 t

. ft in wid t h , , o 2 0 . .

The word border suggests a background and wherever belts f o

”

trees and hrubs are being plan t ed it is wise to leave a belt 6 ft wid
,

S . e

at the fron t in which t put herbaceous plants S i l The ground

,

o . o
should be prepared as thoroughly for herba c eous plants as f g t or v e e
ables and t he method of c ultivation and manuring may be the s m a e

( s under Ki tc hen Garden ) With this deep t i llage and liber l

,

ee .

manuring the plan t s will make vigorous growth and bloom long and
abundan t ly D i i si d pl ti g O ld herba c eous plants m y
. v on an an n : a

be divided and new ones planted from N o v ember to April inclusive .

S pring planting is q uite good and suits the majority f people as

, ,

, o
well as the maj ority of plants B t those w h are forming a w . u o ne
garden and propose to c ry a kit c hen g den as well as a flower ar on ar
garden will find a great rush f work in pring and may be advised
,

o S
t o plant their herbaceous borders in autumn if they have leisur
, ,

e
during daylight There is one disad v antage of autumn division in.

the case f existing borders and that is that y bulbs whi ch may
o an

have been planted in a pre vious ye a

,

t of sight They are not ar re o u .

dormant because the roots are moving but the stems ha v e not
pushed through t he soil A c areless workman might do mu c h
, ,

damage t the clumps f bulbs but if he is taught to lo k af t er

o o o
them and when he dislodges p t of a clump t lift it dig the soil
,

ar o
s c at t er in some fresh sandy loam remove the small o ffse t s and
, , ,

replan t he really does good rather than harm The clumps of

,

herba c eous plan t s m y be dealt with at the same time Firs t th

,

a . e
disfiguring“ dead shoo t s may be cut away t aking c are to hor t en S
well back s as to avoid leaving long ugly s t umps then t he old
,

c lumps may be vigorously cut through and t he portions replan t ed

, ,

after digging the ground and manuring it if ne c essary The p p . O or

tun i t y may be t aken of s c at t ering ashes c oarse gri t round t h or e
c lumps f any kinds which are f doubtful hardiness C l g p
o o o ou r r ou

Much is heard f colour grouping in borders— tha t is f form

.

i g
n o o
i g small c olonies of t he di fferent plants the c olours of which hall
,

n S
blend instead f dot t ing single plants indiscrimina t ely There i s
,

o .

much in favour f t he sys t em but to carry it t t horoughly through

,

o ou
out t he gardening year demands reserve gard en where a few
,

a
good plan t s c an be grown while they are t of bloom and when c
,

ou e
they can be shift ed when thei r flowering period approaches and
,

when the permanent o c cupants f the borders go ff A examples

,

o o . S
the following plants may be mentioned :

A ti h i
n rr ms( S napdragons) Sown under glass i Jan uary pricke d
nu , n
out in boxes h dened in a cool place and plant ed in J une
,

, ar , .

As t sA
er l sown in b
, si n S pring and planted out
nnu a , earl y oxe ~ 1n
summer
,

.
 1 1 8 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
F L W E R GA R D E N — ti d
O co n n ue .

B g i s the tubers started in boxes in spring and kept there till

e on a

plan t ing time comes

,

C h ys th m mss truck from c uttings in spring planted in June and

r an e u

h ifted w hen t hey how bloom

, , ,

S S
M i g l d streated like Asters
.

ar o , .

N i ti co s( Tobaccos ) treated like Asters

an a , .

P en ts t m s treated like Antirrhinums

e on , .

P h l x sA o l treated like Asters

e nn u a .

i s trea t ed like Asters

, ,

S lp i gl s
a s o .

S w t Wi l l i mssown the pre vious June and planted

,

ee a t in summer
, ou .

V b er s sown in boxes in a warm house in February hardened

ena . , ,

and planted t in June ou .

I t may be readily supposed that if a fairly large group goes t f ou o

bloom in late summer early autumn and there is nothing to take or

i tsplace a bare and even ugly spot is lef t

,

This is a weakness f . o
olour grouping which is not always recognised and pro v ided for
, , ,

c .

A spare bed f h dy Chrysanthemums is particularly useful as o ar

t he plants t only mov e well in showery weather but are v ery
,

no

beau t iful (s Chrysanthemums ) When the grouping system is

,
'

ee .

a dopted a li m ited number f kinds is generally deal t with f whi c h o o

t he followi ng are the principal
,

As t sP er i l (M
, ichaelmas D aisies S tarworts) beautiful for
e re n n a or ,

blooming from S eptember to N ovember easily propagated by

di vision and wil l thri v e in any soil
,

s lo v ely and fragrant flowers propagated by layers in

,

C a rn a ti on , ,

summer .

Ch is r tm s R ss c harming autumn and winter bloomers

a o e best
, ,

planted t and propagated by division in S eptember ou .

C l mbi
o u s( Aquilegias ) easily raised from seed ou t doors in June
ne .

ss bulbs bough t and plan t ed near t he fron t in O ct ober

,

C r oc u e .

i best plan t ed in early autumn

,

D fl d i l sand N
a o iss arc .

tall and stat ely plants wi t h

,

D l ph i i ms ( perennial Larkspurs )
e n u ,

spikes f blue flowers may be raised from seed in summer and

o ,

further propagated by division in pring S .

G l d i l i noble late bloomi ng flowers raised by planting corms

a o , t -

, ou
doors in Apri l .

H l l yh k s handsome l d fa ourites best raised from seed in June

o oc , o v ,

like Columbines .

I i ss ex q uisi t ely c oloured flowers f whi c h bulbs and tubers may

r e ,
o
be planted in autumn .

L i l i spure and refined may be plan t ed as bulbs in autumn

e spring or .

i s l ge brilliant fragrant flowers propaga t ed in nurseries

, ,

P a e on e ar
by graf t ing
, , , ,

P an si sand Vi l s lo v ely l w gro wing favourites propagated by

e o a o -

c uttings in autumn
, ,

P hl x s grand plants wi th large heads

o e f beau t iful perfumed o
flow ers p p g t d by cuttings di vision in spring
,
‘

, rO a a e or .

ms l bl f their bright colours profusion f bloom

i

P y th re ru , va ua e or , o ,

and early starting .

 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 1 1
9
Sw tP ee sch r ming in clumps and easily raised from seed outdoor s
ea a .

T l i psm ake glo wing masses f colour in spri g from bulbs planted
, ,

u , o n
in autumn .

W ll fl w s sweet and cheerful l d flowers raised from seed sown

a o er ,
o ,

outdoors in June .

The foregoing are howe v er only a few of the many kinds O f plants
, ,

which may be used in herbaceous borders and the following tables ,

giving the principal points about the best herbaceous plants may
,

be useful ; very dw f kinds are omitted as more suitable f the

,

ar , or
rockery :

H e r ba ce o u sP l a n tsn ot e xce e di n g 2 ft. h i gh .

K1ND . FL O W I
E R NG S E AS ON .

Achillea The Pearl

,

Anemone Pulsatilla
Anti rhinums
r

An t heri c ums
Aquilegia ( Columbine)
Armeria cephalotes
As t er Alpinus
Amellus
dumosus
C ampanula p th i c ar a ca
muralis
Centaurea montana
Corydal is nobilis
D elphinium nudi c aule
D ielytra pectabilisS
formosa
D ode c atheon ( American Cowslip )
D oronicum austria c um
Erigeron p i ss S ec o u

Funkia g d i fl r an ora
Gen t iana A d w s i n re

Geranium E d ssi n re

tr i e n s
Lan c as e
sanguineum
G eum coccineum
Gillenia t rifoliata
Hemerocallis
Lobelia cardin l is a
fulgens
Lychnis Viscaria fl pl
Meconopsis C ambrica ( Welsh
. .

P P PY)
O
Mon da d d ym ( B ergamot)
ar 1 a
Morina longifol i a
O robus ti s
a u r an u

Papav er nudi c aule ( Icelan d Poppy)

Plumbago L p t e ar en a
Polemonium Ri h d s i c ar on
12 0 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n i n g
F L O WE R G R D E N H E R E O U S PL N T — ti d
A ,
B AC A S c on nue .

K 1 ND . C L U FL W I O O R. O E R NG S E AS O N .

Primul Japoni c a
a rose pring S
R anun c ulus i ti f l i s
ac o n W hiteo u summer
S axifraga granula t a white summer
S enecio pul c her rosy purple summer
S piraea palma t a red summer
Tradescantia v irgini c a blue summer
Trillium g d i fl m r an W hite
oru spring
Tri t eleia g d i fl ran lila c
ora spring
Veronica longifolia sbss sili s blue u summer
e

F rom 2 to

Achi ll ea eupa t orium

m i ll i f li m roseum
o u

Aconitum (Monkshood )
Anemone Japoni c a and v arieties
late summer
Aster N ovi B el gii v arieties
-

ericoides
d iffusus horizontal is
Campanula persi c ifolia l ba plena a

Tra c helium
C entranthus ruber (Valerian)
C hrysanthemums
Ec hinops ritro
Geranium pratense
Geum rivale
Hemero c allis (D y Lily) a
Iris Germanica
Lilium c andidum
h l dc i
a cem on c u
martagon
Lychni s c oronaria
Vespertina fl pleno or e

Paeony
Pentstemo n

Phl ox
Pyre t hrum
R udbeckia g r an d i fl o r a

S piraea guta ar

fili p d l en u a

T l p slate v arie t ies

u 1

Y u cc a angus t ifolia
,

U p w a rd sof 4 ft. h i gh .

As t er N ovi angliae -
various autumn
D lphinium
e mos t ly blue su mme r ,
 E n cy c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i n g 1 2 1

K1 N D . F L O W E R 1 N G S E AS O N .
E pilobium angust ifolium summer
Eremurus h i m l i s a a cu summer
robus t us summer
Gynerium ( Pampas Grass) au t umn
Helianthus ( S unflower ) late summ r andf e
au t umn
Lilium auratum yellow ,

spotted summer
giganteum white summer
Polygonum ( Knotweed ) W h i t y l l w summer e, e o
R udbe c kia maxima yellow summer
S olidago ( Go lden R d ) yellow o la t e summe r

In addition t o t he na t ur l spe c ies t here are numerous garden vari a e»

t ies f the bes t plan t s P p g ti
,

o The maj ority f the herba

. ro a a on o

c eou splants are bes t propagated by division when t he borders ar e

gone t h rough as they hould be every year In di viding them it
, S . ,

should be remembered that the outside parts are generally stronger

than the c en tral por t ions Many good herbaceous plants may .

however be raised from seed and with a little forethought a v alu

,

able sto c k of plants c an be pro ided A simple w y f dealing with

, ,

v . a o
t hem is to sow the seed in drills outdoors in June with W ll fl w s ,
a o er

and other biennials thin the rows and set the plants in a par S e
bed in July drawing from t his nursery when plan t ing time c omes
, ,

Those which are not forw ard enough to transplant the first year
,

may be lef t t il l the se c ond Michael .

mas D aisies Phloxes S napdragons, , ,

and Pentstemons may be raised from

c u ttings the two first in spring
, ,

rooted in sandy soil in a frame and

t hen plan t ed ou t the others in au t u m n
,

in a c ool frame S t ki g Th obj e ct

,

. a n e

O f good cul t ure — t o get large vigorous

freely bloomed plan t s — is frus tra t ed
, ,

u l ess timely and adequate staking is

n

done I t is
. exaggeration t o say
no

t hat the beau ty of an herba c eous

border is doubled from mid July
onw d by good s t aking
ar Loose .

fl p p y plan t s are made compa c t fresh

,

O
grow t h is en c ouraged and wi t h w
,

“
ne

shoots c omes ano t her cr p f flowers

,

0 o .

O rdinary flower s t i c ks and bamboo E PL N

c anes are f li ttle use ; s trong square N h h h
o
H W
l d
O To S TA K A TS '

s t akes 4 to 6 ft long a cc ording t o t he

.
t h sk b h w
d
o e t a t t e S oo ar e o e

plan t are required These can be

,
0 t e ta e , n o t u nc e
.

bought from florists pain t ed green and with the base point ed
,

and tarred ; but the rough mat erial can be bought in win t er
, ,

planed pain t ed pointed and tarred This is a suitable j ob f r

,

. o
hands in w t wea t her There should be two bands abou t a
, , ,

e . , on e
third and the oth er about tw o thirds the he i ght Of the clump .
 2 2 E nc y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng
F L O WE R GA RD E N — ti d co n nue .

C ocoa nut str i ng is suitable

-
O the shoots may be 1 ped . r 00 .

B dd i ge t I these days bedding t does not mean

n -
ou .
-
n -
ou

q ui t e the same as it did in ye s gone by A mu c h greater v arie t y ar .

o f plants is used and more considera t ion is gi v en to the pro v ision

,

o f beautiful combin ations Once upon a time bedding out .

—

c onsis t ed in little more than putti g t so many thousa ds Of Zonal n ou n

G eraniums These plants were as much prized for their foliage as
.

t heir flowers and a new v ariety wi th richly coloured lea v es was -

er v aluable They were by no means wi t hout beauty and the

,

v y .
,

bright l d Geranium has much to recommend it but it must not be

o
sed to the ex c lusion f everything else A g oup f fl w beds
,

u o . r o o er on
a lawn is still a feature f many large gardens ; and it may b e made o
a ttracti v e most f the year by arranging two plantings o in : one
a utumn the other in spring At the former bulbs and W ll fl w s
,
. , a o er
may be used largely but as with the former alone the ground would ,

b bare until growth began at the end f winter and bare earth is
e o
n t liked in these days Arabises Aub ietias Forget me no t s mossy
,

o r
S axifrages and other dw f c arpeting plants are used with them
, , , ,

,
ar .

T h t h ree fi s
e t named easily raised from seed outdoors in early
r -
ar e
summer ; the last may be propagated by division D a ffodils . or

D affodils and Hyacin t hs in mix t ure may be used in some

,

f the o
beds ; but Tulips gi v e a richer glow of c olour and these noble
,

The early D u t ch v arieties bloom with

,

fl owers enj oy high favour .

th e other bulbs and are of low stature ; t he Cottage and D wi n ar

Tulips flower in M y and are tall growers with immense flowers
,

a .

They are in full bloom with t he W ll fl w sand may be cleared t

,

a o er ou
f M y together ; the Tulips t o be
,

o f the beds at the end laid in o a

somewhere in the reserve plo t the W ll fl w sto t he rubbish heap a o er .

An other plan for part of t he pring bedding is to raise a stock of

,

S
coloured Primroses Auriculas Polyanthuses and Oxl ips from seed .

in summer and plant t hem t a foot apart in beds i autumn

, ,

ou n

They are at t heir bes t with t he W l l fl w sand M y Tulips and

, .

a o er a

m y be plan t ed out with the latter in the reser ve garden

,

a When .

th e spring flowers are over the t urn of the summer and autumn ,
.

fl owers comes A good st ck f t hese should be prepared before

. o o

h and Ge raniums from c u t tings struck the previous au t umn and

:
w intered in boxes in a c ool house ; Cal ceolarias Pansies Violas and
Pen t stemo ns from cutti ngs struck in autumn ; Verbenas S nap
, , ,

d ragons Pentstemons and Indian Pinks from seed sown in a warm

, ,

house in Janu y and hardened in a cool house frame ; China

ar or
Asters Mimuluses Ten week S tocks Phlox D rummondii Marigolds
,

S alpiglossis and N i c o t ianas ( Tobacco ) from seed sown under glass

, , , , ,

in March ; t uberous B egonias from tubers started in boxes in a green

,

house frame in March ; S wee t Peas from seed sown in pots

or or
boxes in early spring ; and Carnations raised from layers in summer .

With a nice v ariety f plants such as this mu c h more beautiful o

an d diversified beds can be made t han with the O ld combination

o f Ge ranium C l ceolaria and Lobelia alone , There is room f
a , . or
the display f much taste and original ity in bedding with this class
o

o f material and it is free from the obj ections urged against the l d
, o
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 1 2
3
style f bedding t At each change the be ds should be well dug
o -
ou .

and manured but in preference to using a heavy dressing of dung

apply a light c oat and supplement it with superphosphate b ne
,

or o

flour at the rate f 4 per s q uare y d o o z. ar .

C p t b d d i g — This is the most form l

ar e e nf all systems be c ause a o ,

the plants used are low g owers with coloured leaves arranged in r

bands and panels and restricted by regular cropping wi t h finger

,

and thumb throughout the summer I t enj oys no favour and may
,

be considered obsole t e l though used occasionally in t he public

,

a
p ks to stimulate the curiosity f the cruder elemen t s f the
,

ar o o

c ommunity .

T r ees— What are known as park

. fores t trees are not wanted or

in the flower g rden because t hey depri v e plants f sun and food
a , o .

B t room hould be found for

u S t w ornamental trees notably o n e or o
C pper B eech V iega t ed Maple (Acer N eg ndo v iegata) Tree f
,

o ar u ar o
Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus) crimson and whi t e Thorns
, ,

Laburnum Tulip Tree ( L i i d d ) Magnolia Purple leaved

, ,

,
r o en on , ,
-

Plum R obinia Almond and Lilac The foregoing are leaf losers .
-
.

Amongst e v ergreens Holly Arbutus and Portugal Laurel may be

, , ,

c onsidered It is rare to see any f t h ese approa c hing t he d i m

, , ,

. o en

sions f t he park t ees unless i t be t he C opper B eech ; bu t all have

o r

beau t iful flowers foliage t recommend t hem The evergreen

,

or o .

cone bearing trees ( C onifers) are ex c ellen t for t h flower garden

-
e
because f their c ompa c t grow t h graceful form and handsome
,

leafage The Ced (C edrus ) J uniper C ypress ( Cupressus) Pines

, ,

ar
and Firs ( Abies Pi c ea and Pinus ) Monkey Puzzle Larch ( Larix)
. , , ,

Welling t onia Y ew ( Taxus) Maidenhair Tree ( Ginkgo) and Thuya

, , , , ,

are familiar examples C onifers should not be set amongs t sh bs

, , ,

. ru
bu t given isola t ed positions S t andard Thorns Laburnums
,

Moun t ain Ash False A c a c ia

. , ,

Purple leaved Plum R owan

-

, or , ,

and Almond may however be planted abundantly in shrubberies

to break up t he uniformity In this conne c tion too t he frui t
, ,

genera may be c onsidered Pyrus fl i b d is a beautiful tree and

, ,

. or un a
so is the B ird Cherry If a large fast g owing t ree is wanted f a
,

.
-
r or
boundary t he Poplar migh t be c onsidered ; if the heads are pruned
,

t o abou t half the leng t h f t he branches for tw suc c essive years

,

o o
they soon make a s creen .

Here are the names f some handsome e v ergreens for good o

positions :

Andromeda fl i b d D aph e or un a n
Arbutus Unedo Erica ( Heath)
Azalea K al mia latifolia
B erb ris e La v ender
C eanothus
Choisya ternat Ol ji H aasti i
a e ai a
Cis t us Pernettya mucronata
Coronilla glauca
Y ucca
 1 2
4 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g
F L OW E R G A RD E N— ti d con nue .

The following are beautiful flowering shrubs

Abelia fl i b d or un F syth i
a or a
Amelan chi er botryapium G nis t a e

Az le a a Hydrangea
B rberis
e Hypericum
B uddleia Kerria
Ceanothus Magnolia
Chim onanthus fragra s Ph iladelphus n

Cotoneas t er microphylla R hododendron

Cydonia Japonica Ri bes
C ytisus R ose
D aph e n R ubus
D eut ia z S pi aea r
D ierv il la ( Weigela) Viburnum
R eferring individually to a few f the most important f the o o
foregoing :

A uc u b swi ll grow ei t her in sun

a hade and mos t soils c ome l ike or S a

na t urally compact in habit t hey do t

,

to them As they . ar e no
need mu c h pruning If both m l e and female forms are planted. a

i the g den t here will be abundan c e O f berries

n ar .

The E g B
ve r ( B uxus sempervirens ) grows in a c lose dense
ree n ox

mass and will t hrive in most soils

,

The B ms perhaps t he best of all shrubs for ligh t sandy Soil

,

roo ar e .

They hav e a c lose pyramidal habit Genista Andreana has

,

beau tiful brown and yellow flowers .

E u on ym ss have handsome foliage

u e and t here are variegated
forms available They thrive near t he sea
,

. .

H l l i sare admired both for t heir foliage and berries

o e The S ilver
Milkmaid is a beau t iful sor t They grow slowly
.

. .

The S t j h sW tshave ample foliage and bright yellow flowers

. o n
’
or .

They wil l thrive in shade Calycinum is one f t he best . o .

V i
e ro n c a swill grow in t he poorest f so i l The y form neat bushes o .

and need no atten t ion Traversi is a g od species . o .

A l s
za e a the mos t brillian t f shrubs The hy brids of Azalea
ar e o .
'

Mollis su c h as An t hony Koster splendid plants and t he ar e

shades they give— range salmon and cream— are no t c ommon

, , ,

o , ,

among shrubs .

B b i ssare valuable plan t s because they wil l grow in mos t kinds

er er e

f soil and in addi t ion to having handsome evergreen foliage

,

o
t hey bear long streamers of brilliant orange or yellow flowers
,

D w inii and stenophylla

ar t wo f t he best ar e o .

Ceano th sslike t he shel t er of a wall and produce large Lila c —like

u e

heads f bloom f a soft lavender tin t o f t en quite into

, ,

o , o ,

N ovember They will thrive in most kinds of soil

. .

D b e i s are lovely lit t le hrubs t half enough known bu t

'

a o c a S no

eagerly bought and plan t ed by t hose who see t hem They form
, ,

neat compa c t lit tle bushes whi c h become covered with c harm ”

ing flowers in summer They th ive both loamy and pea t y

,

. r on

soils Polifoli a and alba

. bo t h desirable are .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 1 2
5 -

D ph sare desirable if only f their fra grance They make small ‘

a ne or .

e t b ushes and the M

,

h a ezereon is c overed w ith fragran t reddish

,

flowers before the leaves appear .

H th s( E ricas) are well k own inhabitants f pea t y plands

ea -
d
n o u , an

such spe c ies as c arnea mediterranea and lusitani c a are worth

growing in t he garden
, ,

D t i s
eu z a abundant bloomers and bear long prays f whi t e
ar e S o

flowers Crenata fl pleno is a grand variety

,

. or e .

Di e rv i ll s ( VV i g l s
a
) lovely shrubs whi c h c lothe themselves
e e a ar e
wi t h flowers from t p t bo t tom R osea alba and E va
,

o o .

They t hrive in mos t soils

, ,

R t h k é are all good

a . .

F s
or ythi s bloom early and profusely o ften being covered with
a

yellow flowers in Mar c h before the leaves appear S uspensa

,

f the best spe c ies

,

is on e o .

The best H yd g is pani c ulata g d i fl r an ea which produces ran ora,

i mm ense heads of w hi t e bloom It likes shelter
,

. .

The double K i is bes t against a low wall or in a heltered angle

e rr a S .

H ere it is comple t ely c lothed in small deep yellow roset t es

,

La ve n d wil l thrive in mos t soils and needs hardly any c ulture

er .

The perfume f the flower is t oo well known to need de

,

~
o
scrip tion
M g l i sa glorious sh ubs and will th ive t f doors if put in
.

a no a re r r ou o
sheltered pla c es S tellata and c onspi c ua par t i c ularly good
,

. ar e .

The former blooms in April before i t s leaves appear G randi .

fl is bes t agains t a w l l
or a a
P h i l d l ph sor M k O
.

a e u g is no t remarkable for handsome foliage

oc ra n e

or gra c eful f orm bu t i t is well worth growing for the perfume

,

f the flowers
o .

Rh d d d
o o en sare t he most beautiful f l l flowering shrubs They
ro n o a .

have e v ery merit ex c ept t hat f adap t ing themselves to all o

kinds f soil They love pea t and loam but they do not care
o .

for sand and they detes t li m estone John Waterer The

,

Queen Pink Pearl Mi c hael Wa t erer Memoir and Old Por t

, . ,
'

are six go d varie t ies f di fferent colours

, , , ,

o o .

Ri b sor F l w i g C
e o t is a very useful shrub
er n account f i t s
u rra n on o
early and abundan t blooming It is always of t he first t
,

. on e o

come into flower and i t c o v ers itself w ith blossom S . an

m are t hree f t he bes t
,

g i m album and t s g i
u neu a ro an u neu o .

The Flowering C rran t s will t hrive in almos t any soil The

, ,

u .

whole plant has a strong but no t disagreeable smell .

R ssare generally grown to themselves bu t one

o e two spe c ies are , or
good for shrubberies notably the l rge leaved si ngle fl w d , a -

,
-
o ere ,

bushy Japanese R ose This has l rge flowers and hips Alba . a .

is a good white v ariety Fellenberg and The D awson also . ar e

good shrubbery R oses a c coun t of t heir bushy habit and on

profuse blooming S l s Roses . ee a o .

The R b sis a fruit bearing genus and generally restricted to t he

u u

fruit garden but the spe c es deli c iosus swell worthy f a

,

, i i o
place the shrubbery because f the beauty f its large whi t e
in o O
flowers
,

S pi ra e a sare a host in the msel v es f they will t hrive in l most any or a

soil provided they hav e shelter and they bloom abundan tly
,

, .
 1 2 6 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
F L OW E R G A R D E N S H RU B s— ti d , con n ue .

Arguta is n f the best species be cause it has graceful foliage

o e o ,

as well scharming flowers a .

The best kno wn Vi b -

m is the Guelder R ose O pulus sterile withu rn u

i ts snowball like flower heads bu t a far finer plant for the

, ,

shrubbery is plicatum which forms a bush f handsome habit o

and bears a profusion f large W hite flowers I t likes a pea t y
,

o .

or loamy soil .

S il f o sh bs The phrase fre q uen t ly used that such and such

or ru .
- - —

shrubs are no t par t icular as to soil should not encourage people

to plant them in poor shallow ill c ul t iva t ed ground The soil -
.

should be broken up to a good depth (s B as t ard tren c hing under

, ,

ee

Kitchen Garden ) and well manured Moreover an occasional . ,

soaking f water o liquid manure will be a great help in a dry

or
summer Plan t early in November and press the soil firmly
. .

bs— When evergreen shrubs ha v e to be pruned in

,

P i g s
run nh ru .

order t o keep them W ithin bounds t o res t rict t hem t o a certain or

shape it should be done with a knife in su c h a way that the stumps

are hidden by t he leaves Those leaf losing flowering shrubs
,

-
.

whi ch bloom the w o d made the pre vious year ( and t hey are
on o
t he great m aj ority) should be pruned when they go t of flower ou ,

and the wood which has bloomed hould be cut t The new S ou .

shoots made will flower the following year .

G s s— Whether f
ra . paths tennis la wns flower gardens or or
shrubbery borders the grass is a mos t important consideration
, , ,

.
,

S imple sit is it will be found to ne d special and skilled attention

a e
if it is to be kept in good order and of a smart appearan c e Ther
,

. e

is an impression tha t because grass grows in every meadow it needs

no management Well the meadow grass would soon lose its beauty
. ,
‘

if it were t manured and grazed A person w h is making a

no . o
garden t f a meadow wi ll be disposed t o work
ou o the plan of on
cutting up only as much turf as is required for beds borders and
sh ubberies lea ving the rest f law ns Tha t is all right provided
, ,

r or .

( ) the grass has been w ell managed by the farmer and is no t full
,

f plantain do c k t histle butter c up and daisy ; ( ) the gardener is

,

o 2
prep red t o mow roll and c lip the edges regularly Meadow turf
, , ,

a .

can be made into g d garden turf by mowing i t weekly from April

, ,

oo
to Oc t ober W h i le dry rolling it when wet pudding t weeds S ou or

dressing them with sulph uri c acid ( whi c h must be kep t ff grass
, ,

and clo t hing) trimming the edges f the paths with a pair of long o
handled edging shears and every or 3 years spreading a mix t ure
,

2 on

f fine soil and dry c rumbly manure an in c h t hi c k in au t umn letting

,

o
it lie till pring Then prinkle on the following mixture nitra t e
, ,

S . S :

o f soda p t bone meal 4 parts ; use 5 lb per square rod In

1 ar , . .

forming grass it is best to use seed unless one is absolutely sure of

being able to buy turv es free from weeds ; giv en the latter howe v er
turves are to be preferred as by la ing t hem evenly and c losely on
, ,

y
a firm bed f soil in winter and bea t ing t hem t horoughl y a lawn
,

o ,

fi t f any t hing can be had in a few weeks It must be remembered

or .

tha t seeding does t necessarily give a weed free lawn and the no -
,

gardener must shun cheap seed from O bscure sources because it is ,

l ikely to contain as many weed seeds as grass seeds B y from . u one

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing 1 2
7
o f the large firms that specialise grass seeds e v en if the price i s
rather high because t hese dealers sele c t and clean their seeds wit h
,

great care And t he soil must be well prepared I t a good thin g

,

. . IS

t o d the work in S eptember digging manuring crumbling ll

o , an c

treading the soil thus making i t q uite fi ne and sowing half a

, , ,

pound to the squ e rod Ask the seedsman to add a li t tle c love
, ,

ar . r

t o the mixture ( he will know h w mu c h t o put) and mix the whol o e

well up before sowing Cover lightly wi t h fine sifted soil and pu t

,

. ,

bla c k t hreads some other prote c tion over it to keep ff birds I f

,

or o .

t he work cannot be done in S eptember do it in April The lawn i s .

likely to be good bad according t o the thoroughness with which or

the soil is prepared Tennis and cro q uet lawns are playable from .

t urf the same season but t always from seed There ought t b no . o e

a good t hi c k springy mat of turf before tennis begins ; otherwis

,

g ound is soon worn b re It is desirable to get a perfec t l y

, ,

th e r a .

firm piece f ground for turf at all times and par t i c ularly so f
o or
tennis otherw ise i t will soon fall into hollows A full sized tenni s
,

-
.

lawn is 78 ft long and 36 ft wide but it is well to allow extra spac

,

. . ,
e

when making a lawn for this purpose .

Sp i l f t
ec a s —The flower garden should be s v ied s
ea u re . a ar a

possible so that there is no ba eness deadness heav iness and r

form l ity about it Conse quently when t he main things such s
, , , ,

a . , a
sh ubberies herbaceous borders law ns and fl w beds have b ee
r , , , o er -
,
n

prov ided for the owner should consider a few special features
,

Here a few suggestions for such a Rose garden an Iris garden

ar e : , ,

a S weet Pea g rden a summer house a set of arches a scente d

a ,
-

, ,

garden a pergola a rockery garden a water garden If the plac . e

is q uite small it may not be possible t get all f them in in which

, , ,

o o ,

case a selection should be made .

S mmu h ss d g d e r — ou ms I n this age f gardening w

e an ar e n r oo -
.
-
o e

are not lef t W i t hout practical help from horticultural builders and
makers f rustic work in adding a pleasant Outdoor room to our
o -

flower gardens They how us structures f the most tempting. S o

descrip t ion bright airy and alluringly decorated with flowers I t
, , , .

is certainly a short cut to the possession f a suitable structur o e

t o make a deal with some pe c ial tradesman whose wares S ar e
offered in the c ountry and gardening papers The su mmer hous
,

.
-
e
may be a simple erection f rustic woodwork with a bo ded o , ar
floor and a weather boarded roof costing from £ to £ ; it -
10 2 0 or
may be an ornate building painted and glazed c os ting from £ 3 t
,

0 o
But a handy ama t eur will often put up his w summer
, ,

£5 0. o n
house building it f t imber whic h he has bought f the neares t
, o o
forester The buildin g . t likely to cost less than 5 e v en then 15 n o

if it is f fair si e and sbuilt to last ; and that modest sum will b

,

o z i e
exceeded by more less according to the amount of material pu t or
in S plit larch the rounded side outward looks v ery well but will
.

not keep t w t quite so thoroughly as weather boarding Th

, , ,

ou e -
. e
la t ter need not be condemned on the score f plainness as t wi ll b o i e
covered peedily if good plants are put in t o fertile soil and t ained
,

S r
on the house Roses D orothy Perkins C armine Pillar and Aliste
. r
S tella Gray ; Clema t is J k m
, ,

i i and C montana are well suite d ac an .

for coveri ng summer houses

,

-
.
“5
1 2 8 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar de n m g
F L OW E R GA RD E N — ti d con n ue .

A h s— Creeper clad
rc e ches a fford a ready and inexpensi v
.
-
ar e
m eans of breaking up garden sti ffness and should be introdu c ed
wherever t here is a le gitima t e pla c e such sthe j un ct ion of pa t hs
,

a
divisions between depar t men t s of the gardens ends of lawns and
, ,

Those t o whom t he metal arches O f the ironmonger are a

, ,

s o on.

c onvenien c e need n t hesi t at e t o use them but ar c hes o f sti o ru c

wo od ar e more suitable B oth kinds c an be bough t ready made at
,

. .

pri c es rangin g from a few shi llings upwards B t the country . u

g ardener will perhaps make his own He may be advised to display .

liberali ty in t he size and treatment f his pri cipal uprights not o n

nly selecting stou t pieces but dressing them well with t

,

o ar or
reoso t e and embedding t hem the better p t f 3 f t deep The
,

c ,
ar o . .

R oses named above also Crimson R ambler Philadelphia R ambler

B lush R ambler American Pillar E le c tra Alberic B arbier M s E
, , ,

, , , , r . .

W Flight and many others

. suitable for arches Any f the ar e . o

hardy Clematises may be used Honeysu c kles may be plan t ed and

,

. ,

most f the plants mentioned under Pergolas below may be used

o .

P g l s— A pergola might be des c ribed as a string of conne c ted

er o a

a r c hes and it is sui t able for forming a c ool al ley o panning a long r S
walk The drawback is the amoun t f materi al re qu i red the main
,

. . o
dvantage is the scope provided for a good c ollection o f plan t s In
,

a .

a ddi t ion to R oses C lema t ises and Honeysu c kles less familiar
reepers in the Passion Flower (in mil d sheltered pla c és) t he E
, , ,

c ccre

p s Cobaea s c andens Akebia quina t a

, ,

m oc ar u Jasmine Canary
C reeper Maurandia s c andens Periploca graeca and Tropaeolums
, , , ,

, , ,

may be pl anted on pergolas .

Th S et d G d is a c harmi ng c orner Here may be brough t

cen e ar en .

t oge t her L vender S ou t hernwood B ergamo t (h ighl y perfumed

a
when the hand is drawn across t he leaves ) S weet Peas Clove
, ,

C arnations N igh t scented S t ock W ll fl w s Ambrosia mexi c ana

, ,

-
a o er

S wee t R o c ke t S wee t S c abious D aphne Lily of t he Valley Helio

, , , ,

t rope Jasmine M ig one tt e S wee t S ultans R oses Mock O range

, , , ,

t t t t
, , ,

Philadelphus Win er Helio rope Tussilago many o her swee

, ,

( ) ( ) a,
d , n

fl owers .

Th R k y e To lovers f Alpine flowers the rockery is the mos t

oc er .
-
o
in t eresting and impor t ant feature f the flower garden— i fa c t with o n

many it i sthe flower g den N t for them t he g ish j oys f

,

ar . o ar o

bedding even the opulen t splendour f herbaceous borders

or o .

Gardening must be natural they find no pleasure in it S u c h

,

or .

flower lovers delight in making a garden from t he W ild and s t oring

,

it wi th the beautiful thi ngs whi c h they hav e seen in their travels .

There are many distri ct s in whi c h the ground on being broken up

reveals stone The ro c k lies in even s tra t a N building up f
, ,

. . O o

ar t ificial rockwork is needed in such places N atural rockeries lie .

ready t hand In o t her places there is no stone— t all even t s

o . a

near t he surfa c e— and t he lover f Alpines finds himself constrained o

t o cons tr ct rockeries for hi sfavourites A problem is thereby

u .

c rea t ed — problem whi c h requires good j udgment i the solving

a n .

S t one has to be bought and put in t o position and there are few ,

tasks in the flower g den more easil y spoiled B i l d i n g k w k ar . u roc or

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning 1 2 9
It i sal most impossible to describe the best plan f building ro c k o

work as good deal depends

a the configura t ion f t he ground on o

and the nature f the stone ; but a few hin t s may be of servi c e t
,

o o

beginners ( ) A sunny position should be chosen as Alpine plants

. 1 ,

are accustomed to
unrestri c ted light .

( )
2 I f the g round is
variable in contour its
ou t line may be util
ised to form natural
mounds and dells ; if
level the outline may
,

be broken by form PL B E I D E S E
ing mound s with the R AN TS S ocx T PS.

larger stones ( 3) The rock garden should not run in a straight

.

line but hould advance and re c ede so that bay su c ceeds p m

S ro on

tory (4) The body f the rockery should c onsist of soil rather
,
,

. o
than f stones be c ause the plants will not t hri v e under the c ondi
o
t ions which they have to face unless they have abundan c e f good
,

soil for rooting in ( 5) The ro c k garden looks well if formed in

.

irregular masses on both ides f a wi nding path whi c h should S o ,

i t self consist f stones large flat pieces being chosen and dwarf
o ,

plants pu t in crevi c es betw een them (6) Given such a pa t h the

, ,

. ,

rockery might be carried up ei t her ide f i t in low flat terra c es on S o , ,

each 3 4 ft wide and rising above the

or . below it at a height one

f about a foo t This s t yle f rockery building has several d

,

o . o a v an
t ages ( ) small stones may be used (b) if a mistake is made it can
: a
be rectified without t he laborious shifting f large masses of ro c k
,

o .

( 7) An eff ect f height

o can be g t in a small compass so long aso

everything is kept in proper proportions Any trees and shrubs .

which are used a small ro c kery must be small themsel v es the

on or
propor t ion will be lost (8 ) When stones whether large small
,
’

. or

are put in a sloping mound or bank of soil c are should be t aken t o

, ,

set them in su ch a w y that the rain and water supplies may f l l

a a
inwards instead f outwards— i other words o h

the stones shou l d deflect th mois t ure towards

,

e
the plants not away from them S i l f , . o or
k pl ts In making up the body f a rock
ro c an o
garden with soil it is generally c on v enient to
draw from soil in the neighbourhood but
While thi s may be good enough to form t h
,

e
nucleus it may not be suitable for actual
contact with the plants ei t her ac c ount f on o
i t s being heavy and damp or because it is
,

D NG E M E N
,

G OO A RRA very poor and fi b l ss The di fficulty can

T or re e .

be g t over by importing a few loads of

. o
m
th s wi m s p 1
we e n
1 for surfacing and espe
e 01 a c ially
50 1for
the pocke t s among t he stones in which
,
e .

the plants placed Here a mixture f good fibrous loam

ar e . o
and limestone grit will be very helpful The great maj ority f . o
Alpines lov e a ring f chippings around them P l ti g A l pi s
o . an n ne
The rockery maker should hav e before hi m the desi rabi lity (if
1
3 0 E n cy cl op e di a of G ar d e n ing
F L O WE R GA RD E N A N R O K E R — ti d D C Y con n ue .

ge t ting the stones well co v ered as quickly as possible and to this

p t sfreely Places may be pro v ided f
,

end should plant c ar e er . or

broad patches f these B t it is well to gu d against their
o . u ar en
c ro ac hi g the pockets f weaker things and smothering the
n on o

latter Arabises Aubrietias Cera stiums Alyssum saxatile Iberises

. ,
’

t
, ,

perennial Candytuf s and many the S axifrages are beautif l

,

( ) f , o u
plants and v ery useful for co v ering the surface f t he soil quickly ; o
but they mus t be kept within bounds Alpines may be planted at
,

almost any period f the year as dealers keep the best kinds in o ,

pots ; but planting from the ground may be done any time between
au t umn and spring when the ground is workable S l gs are a . u

sour c e f c onsiderable trouble to the rock gardener and it will be

o
found that t hey are the most abundant where a good deal f mois t
,

o
c over is provided by c oarse plan t s The repression f exuberan t . o
growth and a periodi c al dusting wi t h fre shly slaked lime will keep
,
-

them under Wi t p t ti f A l pi s Alpines will endure a

,

. n er ro e c on or ne

great deal f c old but t hose with woolly leav es are apt to suffer
o
severely from w t and c onsequently it is wis t o set small squ res
,

e e a
:

f glass above c hoice kinds in order t t hrow ff the rain

,

o Plenty o o .

o f c hippings round the plants will also serve as a preven t ive of loss .

from damp A l pi si sh d As we have seen the grea t maj ori t y

. ne n a e

f Alpine plants lo v e the sun but t here are a few desirable plants
,

o
notably Anemon esblanda Hepa tica and R bi s i
, ,

Campanula o n o n an a ,
Cyc lamens Ameri c an C wslips Corydalises E pi
, ,

H d s i
en er on o

mediums Funkias Gaultheria pro c umbens Omphalodes verna

, , , ,

O robus vernus Primulas Japonica and rosea S axifraga Geum and

, , , ,

the mossy varie t ies generally S isyrinchium g d i fl m Th l i

, ,

ran or u a c
trum minus Tiarella cordifolia and the lov el W hi t e Wood Lily
, ,
'

y
Trillium g d i fl m which enj oy shade It is often practi c able
, , ,

r an oru .

to pro vide that a cer t ain part f the rockery shall have a nor t hern
,

a spect ; if t stones must be used so as to form shady c orners

no , .

S l ti
e ec sf on k pl ots The lover
r ocf Alpines learns about plants
an . o
by travel in moun t ain regions by visits t o large botani c al gardens
b inspection f colle c tions at impor t ant flower shows and by frater
, ,

o
y
i g with amateurs f similar t as t es Meanwhile beginners may
,

ni s n o . ,

be glad f the following list

o :

Acaena microphylla Anemone Hepatica

Acan t holimon g l m m u Pulsatil la ac e u

Achillea Cl av e n n a e Antenn ia tomentosa ar

Adonis v ern l is a Anthemis ai oon z

Aethionema g d i fl Antirrhinum s i
r an ora a ar n a
Aj uga reptans Aquilegia Alpina
Alyssum saxatile n d the v ie Arabis l bida also t he double
a ar a

v ariety
,

tiescompactum and v ariegatum

Andr osa c e c rnea a Arenaria B aleari c a
lanuginosa Armeria c phalo t es e

s rmentosa a Arnebia e c hioides

Anemone blanda “ Aubrie t ia D Mules r.

fulgens Graeca
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g 1
3 1

Aubrietia L i h tl i i e c n Li t hospermum prostratum

Campanula c arpatica and C alba
Lychnis alpina .

gargan ca L g s
i a a c ae

Meconopsis cambrica
Portenschlagiana
Cerastium B iebersteinii M i si polifolia e nz e a

Cheiranthus Alpinus Mertensia vi rginica

M sh l li Muscari i m Heavenly B l e
ar a con cu u

C hrysanthemum Alpinum Myosoti s l pestris and varie ti es a

Cistus ladaniferus ( Forget me not) - -

Colchi c um speciosum N arcissus B ulbocodium

Corydalis nob i lis t i dr s r an u

Cyclamen c oum Ni m b g i rivul is er e er a ar

E uropaeum Oeno t hera c aespi t osa
Cypripedium Calceolus fru t i c osa
macran t humOmphalodes verna
D ap h ne B l g y a Ononis vensis
a an a ar
D elphinium nudicaule Onosma T i m au r cu

D ianthus cruen t us Orni t hogalu m umbella tum

deltoides Orobus vernus
D ielytr a pectabilis
S O is i c o c cinea ur a
D raba i id s
a zo Papav er Alpinum
e
D ryas octopetala nudicaule ( I c eland
Edelweiss POPPY)
Erica c rnea a Pen t s t emon s azure u
Erinus Al pinus glaber
Eritrichium nanum H tw g ar e u

E ryt h ronium g d i fl m Phlox amoena

r an oru
Gentiana acaulis rep t ans
Andrewsii su bulata varie ties
B avarica Polemonium Ri h d s i c ar on
v erna P o t entilla formosa
Gera ium argen t eum
n Primula J aponi c a
L st i s an c a marginata
r en e
Geum montanum rosea
Gypsophila repens viscosa
Helian t hemums R m d i pyrenaica a on a
Herni ia glabra
ar Ranunculus alpestris
Heuchera sanguinea and varie L y ll i
'

a
ties S anguinaria canadensis
Housto ia c aerule a
n S an t olina incana
H t hi s
u c i alpina
n a S aponaria ocymoides
Hypericu m l ymp i m o S axifr ga aizoon
cu a

Iberis G i a rr e x an a B si u r e r an a

G ib l t i ra ar c a C mp s i (W l l il a o a ac e
Inc villea D elavayi
ar c otyledon
g d i fl r an h yp
o ra id s no e
Iris s Iris ee longifolia
Le wisia rediviv a
,

oppositifolia
Linaria alpina Meg sea a
cymb l aria S cabiosa c aucasica
a
Linnaea borealis S cilla bifolia and v arieties
Linum alpinum S edu m acre
1
32 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar de n i ng
F L O WE R GA R D E N — n ti d co nue .

S edum lbum a Trollius si ti s a a cu

caeruleum E uropaeus
glau c um Tulipa Clusiana
S emper v ivum arachnoideum G r e i gi
montanum L e i c h tli n i
Te ct orum V eronica g e n t i a n o i d e s
S hortia g l i f l i a ac o a repens
S ilene acaulis V iola b ifl or a

S oldanella alpina c al c a r a ta

S tatice incana ornuta c

S ternbergia lutea cucullata
Thymus lanuginosus serpyllum Waldsteinia trifolia

M RIN
A O Po c '
r sF OR WA TE R h a m .

1. Lar ge s
'
to n es . 2 . S oi l . 3. P l an t . 4. Water .

Th e W aThe wa t er g den can oft en be associated

te r G a r d e n — ar

with the ro c k g den R eference has been made to the desirabili t y

ar .

o f providing di fferent aspects and forming cool bays If wa t er

, .

can be c ried to or more f these bays and peaty soil is pro

ar on e o ,

v i d d a number f beautiful m i s
e t l v i g plan t s c an be grown
o o u re ~ o n

su c h as J panese Irises ( Iris lae vigata Kaempferi varieties)

, ,

a or

Marsh M igold ( Caltha palustris) Water Violet ( Hottonia palus

,

ar ,

tris) V d Lily (Tril lium g d i fl m ) Primula Japonica and

V
OO r an or u
P rosea t he Wa t er Flag ( Iris
,
,

Pseuda c orus) the Water S oldier

,

(S tratiotes aloides ) the Flower

ing R ush ( B u t omus umbellatus)
,

t he B g B ean (Menyanthes tri

,

o
foliata) the Lady s S mock ( C ar ’

damine pratensis) t he Lady s

,

S lippers ( C ypripedium Calceolus

,

and C pectabi le) the Arrow . S

i t taria sagit t ifolia) the
,

A M LL T N W L s head ( S a g
Wa t er Haw t horn (Aponoge t on
,
S A A K FOR Ar E R 1L 1E

d is t
ach y ) and the reeds C arex riparia v ariega t a and Typha
on ,

latifolia A pool puddled with clay lined with cement may b

. , or e
made for Water Lilies If the plants are sunk in to 3 ft f water
,

. 2 . o
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n i ng 1
33
i n April with the roots packed in loam in pieces f l d sacking o o , or

bound round with moss they wi ll thr i v e When t he water i s

,

co vered with flat brow green and purple l av es and white ros
,

n, e , , e,

t
,

y ellow and blue flow rs he po l w i l l be a charm

e i ng sight
,
Th o . e

following are good hardy Water Lili s (N ymphae s)

,

e a
James Brydon red ; M l i carnea pink ; M h m t ll
,
ar ac e a , . c ro a e a,

yellow pygmaea whi te , .

Fl o w ri g Cur r a nt ( R ibes sang i eum ) — S

e n Flower Garden u n . ee

S hrubs .

Fl
o w r h
e i ng Ru s ( B utomus umbell atus ) — S Flowe G rden . ee r a

Water .

Fl wer p ts— Pots

o -
o . sold under number a cor d ing to the
ar e , c

q uanti ty in a cast sfol lows , a :

NA ME .

Clean fl w po t s should always be used N w ones should be

o er -
. e
soaked in water a few hours .

Fl w ers C t g th rin g
o ,
d p ack ing
u ,
I t is a good pri ciple to
a e an .
-
n
c u t flowers exc ept where seed is wanted and there are few cass in e
whi ch t he plants are t benefited by it Cu t ting the flowers while
, ,

no .

young prevents them from setting seed whi c h is the most exhaust
ing process a plant undergoes ; ga t he ing is therefore an incenti v e to
,

r
conti nuous flowering There are howe v er a few kinds that must
.

only be c ut with c are and j udgm ent because the new g o wth pri ngs
, ,

r S
from t he base f the bloom truss A al eas Camellias and Rh odo
,

o -
. z , ,

dendrons may be quoted as instances The cutting f flowers is . o

oft en a bone f contention between employers and gardeners the
o ,

latter contending that the appe rance f plants is spoil ed by c reless a o a

cut t ing Gathering may howe ver be done in such a w y as to
. a
leav e the fl t f the plants unimpaired and it should be done with
, ,

e ec o
dis crimination T gather a dozen flowers from one pl ant migh t
,

. o
a ffect a bed border but to gather
or 3 flowers from each f 2 or o
several plants would leave no gap I f flowers get somewhat fla cc id
,

they may be put into hot wa t er The flowers of hard wooded plants .
-
,

such as A l eas keep longer if the base f the stem i slightly scraped
za o
with a k ife before they are put in the vases Fl owers generally
,

n .

look best in v ases and bowls when little mixing f kinds is done ; o
1
34 E n c y c lop e di a of G a rd e n i n g
there may however be j udicious blending f colours such as ( ) red
, o 1
w h ite and blue ; ( ) s l mon and lav ender ; 3) cream and pink In
, , ,

, 2 a .

pa c king flowers avoid using dry cotton wool sit absorbs moisture a .

If t his materi l is ever employed it should be in the form f a damp

,

a o
wad round the base of the s t ems A lit tle damp moss may be used .

in t he same w ay The flowers themsel v es hould be d y and hould . S r S

be packed fi rmly preferably in tissue butter paper In cutting

,

, or .

for show it is best t o cut in the afternoon evening and keep the or
flowers in a c ool dark place with the stems in water until they can
,

be se t up the boards
, , ,

on .

Fly Gr n Black e tc —S Aphides

, ee , , . ee .

F am Fl w r Tiarella cordifolia
o o e , .

F reright sh ts— S Fruit— B reastwood

o oo ee .

F rg et me t —A deligh tful fl w garden fav ourite best raised

o - -
no . o er -

from seed annually (s B iennials) ex c ept in the case f the Alpine

,

ee o
species whi c h may be sown sre quired i ncreased by di vision
,

, a or .

The Forget me notsare c harming among late bulbs planted in

,

- -

aut mn d lifted after flowering in spri g For t hi s purpose none

u an n
is bet t er than Mysti sd i ssi t i fl
.

as i t is dwarf and compact There o ora , .

are several v arieties f it S ylva t i c a is t aller but v ery bright o . .

P l ustris is the best for damp pla c es Alpestr s and its v ar i e ties
a . i
are good f the ro c kery or .

Fo r k —S D igging . ee .

F rsythia Go lden B ell ( fors yt h ia after M Forsyt h O rd Olea

o ,
-
r. . .

— One the most valuable deciduous shrubs blooming v ery

,

c e ae) .f o
early in ad vance f the leaves and wrea t hed in yellow flowers from
,

o
t op t o bottom Two species are popular suspensa and i i d i ssi m
. v r a.

In t ermedia is a hybrid between the tw They grow 6 t o 8 ft

,

o. .

high Any well —ti lled fertil e soil suits t he m They should be
. .

planted in autumn Aft er flowering t he old wood may b c ut ou t

,

. e

t o make room f young whi c h will flower the following year or .

Propagation is by c ut t ings in summer l yers in au t umn For

,

or a .

t i and S i b l d i are varie t ies of suspensa

u ne e o .

F xg l v — S B ienni l s and D igitalis

o o e ee a .

Fragaria ( fraga ria from f g s in reference t o the perfume -

ra ra n .

O rd R osa c eae) Indica whi c h has yellow flowers in early summer

, ,

-
. .

is grown ro c kwork F ves c a sm p fl

, ,

on sis the Al pine S traw . . e er ore n

berry S Fruit . ee .

Fr m e — A frame is very useful in a garden With a hotbed

a .

benea t h i t (s Ho t beds) it may be u t ilised f raising tender plan t s

ee or
in pring growi ng Cu c umbers in summer and for c ing V iole t s in
S
autumn Unheated it will prove servi c eable f raising half hardy
, ,

. or -

plan t s and hardening garden plants which have been raised in hea t
,

A t w light frame 8 ins deep at the back and 4 in front ea c h

o -
1 . 1 ,

sash 6 f t by 4 wil l answer well

,

. , .

Franc a B ridal Wreat h (f O after S enor Franco O rd S axi

o r an c -
a, . .

— F ram os a is a g a c eful plant wi t h long ching spikes

,

f g
ra ) e ae . . r , , ar

o f small white flowers It thrives in a cool greenhouse and when . ,

 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g 1
35
in bloom can be d rafted into t he window of a room where it will
o v erhang the o t her plants and impart a loose p l sm g effe c t It ea .

c an be raised from seed whi c h may be sown in a warm frame

,

or

greenhouse in pring the seedl ings pricked ff potted and repot t ed

,

S o ,

as needed Five in c h pots wil l be large enough t o flower them in

,

-
. ,

and loam with a fourth f leaf mould decayed manure d some o or an

sand will do for compost S the B t i l M g i t 38 4

, ,

, . ee o a n ca a az n e , . 2 .

Fraxinus Ash (f ax inus from t he Lati Ord Ol i ) The r n e ne ae -

common Ash is F i sE x c elsior a B ritish tree flowering in M y

-
. . .
, ,

rax nu a ,

with very tough flexible wood There are many v arieties f it

,

, . o ,

such as b f li
au c uaurea h eterophylla variegata and pendula
ae o a, .

Americana is the Whi t e Ash Ornus is the Manna Flowering Ash

, ,

. or .

There are se v eral v arieties f both Ash trees hould not be plant e d o . S
in small gardens .

Fr sia ( fr ees ia a personal name Ord I i d ) — S B ulbs

ee -

, . . r e ae . ee .

French B m— S K it c h en Garden ea ee .

Fr nch G rd e ing — What is kno wn as French gardening is the

e a n
c oncentrated manu ring of the top spit f soil u til it becomes a o n

black mould and t h for cing in it under frames d l h s f a

'

e an c oc e o
number of vegetables mainly salads that lend themsel v es to i
,

tensi v e culture It is t wholly new to B ritish gardeners ;

, ,

. the no on
con tr y the main prin c iples hav e been practised for many years
ar
bu t less effort has been pent
, ,

the top soil fewer cloches have S on ,

been used and the number f different salads has been smaller
, o .

French gardening in its most intensified form needs expensive

equipment and must not be entered upon without c eful ar con
sidera t ion If walls and glass houses are ere c ted ( d p t ti
,

. an ro ec on
o f some kind is absolutely necessary) and the garden is well equipped
with p i tsf m sand adequate heating the cost may be expe ct ed
°
ra e
per acre This would t be j us t ified
, , ,

to be from £7 to £ 00 1 000 . no
unless t here was a good market for the produce hen c e the necessi t y
The prin cipal appliances re quired f a Fren c h garden
,

o f caution or

are reed mats— which m us t be d ressed with B ordeaux Mix t ure as

.

a fungicide and preservative— frames and cloches The principal .

crops grown are C li fl w s Cu c umbers Melons Tomatoes

,

au o er

Chi c ory S pina c h Parsley Lettuces Mushrooms R adishes E ndive

, , , ,

, , , , , , ,

B eans Carrots d Turnips Attention must be given to cropping

an .

t he ground suc c essionally Those w h are embarking c api t al in

, ,

. o
Fren c h gardening should consult a reliable work the subj ec t on .

S ee a l s Kit c hen Garden

o .

Fr nch M rig l d — S Annuals

e a o ee .

Fritil lari S nake s Head Lily Crown I mperi l (f i ti ll a ria from

a,
’
a r -

s a c hess bo d in allusion to the che q uered flowers Ord

, ,

fr i ti l lu -
ar . .

Liliaceae) — S B ulbs F Meleagris is the S nake s H ead Lil y F

, ,
’
. ee . . .

Imperialis the Crown Imperial A mena with purple flowers al so

,

. r

a yellow variety aurea yellow ; and recurv a e d and yellow are

, ,

: , r
all good for the rockery and bloom in pring
, ,

, S .

Fr st — Frost is mos t likely to occur on autumn winter

o pring or S
nights when the sky is c lear and heat escapes from the earth by
, ,

, ,
 1
36 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g
radiation I n cloudy weather this radiation is checked Frost i s
. .

likely t be the most sev ere l w sites but the presence f a body
o on o , o
o f water modifies it If hardy plants are frozen they h ould not
. n on -
S
be exposed t the sun but hould be sy inged Plantsin unheated
o , S r .

houses should be dry before evening A f w heets f newspaper . e S o

wi ll pro t ec t t he plants against a mil d frost S mudge fires . ar e
c oming into use am ong fruit growers to protect blossom Cotton .

waste is bur ed in Colorado heaters f whi c h 4 to 5 are re quired

n o 0 0
per cre Frost acts benefi cially on soil
,

a . .

Fruit — A s pply f fruit hould be regarded as indispensable in

u o S
all but the smallest gardens and even in t hese it is possible to grow
a few trees ei t her as bushes fi g sto c ks
,

dw, scordons a on ar n , a on
wall fence as fans a wal l Apples Pears Plums Cherries
or , or on . , , ,

Apricots D amsons Currants Gooseberries R aspberries and S traw

,

berries all claim attention whil e Pea c hes Grapes Loganberries

, , , , ,

and B lack berries have also to be c onsidered Crabs D amsons

, , , ,

Figs Melons Mulberries N uts Oranges and Quin c es swel l the list
. , ,

The frui tsnamed are dealt wi th in alphabeti c al order There are

, , , , ,

however c er t ain general points tha t may be dealt w i th here to

,

, ,

save repetition .

S i l — A c old subsoil is bad for all kinds f frui t trees ; it is there

o o
fore imprudent to plant in damp undrained ground I f a low si t e .

is unavoidable drain pipes should be laid in 3 ft deep The bes t

,

. .

soil for fruit is a reddish substan t ial loam ; the least suitable soils
,

are heavy undrained damp clay and light fi b l ssland c lose to

,

re e

c halk The soil hould be dug ploughed deeply

,

. S or .

S it Windswept places are bad and s are low spots S trong

e. -

, o .

winds worry the trees and blow the fruit ff In l w sites frost is o . o
liable to do damage to the blossom bu t a body f water ne is a o ar
preven t ive A south easterly aspect is unsuitable because t he sun
,

-
.

may strike direct t the trees while the bloom is tou c hed by fros t
,

on o
and destroy the crop F this reason a sou t h westerly aspect is . or -

better .

M — Fruit t ees are generally manured when young and

a n u re r
receive lit t le food when they have got into h i g The re v erse
,

e ar n .

would be better In ri c h loamy soils tons f manure per acre

. 2 0 o , or

barrow load per d su ffic at planting I n poor ground h alf as

, ,

1 -
ro e .

much again may be used Wh en the trees have got in t o regular

,

bearing a coat f manure may be pread round them every other

o S
yea alternately with a dressing f artifi c ial manure such as 1b
r, o ,
2 .

o f sulphate f potash and 5 lb f basic slag ( superphosphate instead

o . o

o f the latter limestone soils) per d applied in February and

on ro ,

raked in .

G ss—Only i n good soil dis trictsshould the fruit trees be planted

ra

in gras
.

s S ome marke t growers

. doing away with g ass where ar e r

Sheep d not pay and keeping t he soil open The early crops f
o . o

weeds are kept under by running t he shim through the or c h d and ar ,

the autumn crop is turned in with the fork a horse plough or one -
.

It is found that the frui t comes l arger but what falls is t so c lean ,
no

as on grass .

Pl ti g — N ovember is a good planting mon t h as the soil h a

an n s ,

not lost all its summer warm t h but if the ground is v ery wet i t s ,
'

1
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ar d e ning 1
37
better t plant la t er and it may be done up to the end f March
o o .

S t and d and half s t and d trees should be set 4 ft ap ar t th

,

ar -
ar 2 . e
dis tance to be in creased to 3 ft f B ramley s S eedling Newton
,
’
0 . or
Wonder E mperor Alexander L ane s Prince Albert B lenheim
,
’

Orange and o t her strong Apples l so f Plums and Cherries

, , ,

a or .

fi g s t ocks m y be
, ,

B ush and pyramid trees dw ft ap t on ar n a 12 . ar .

P i g — Practically
ru n n l l fruit trees requi e shortening when a r

young If they are allowed to grow right away f om the bud

. r or
graft (s B udding and Grafting) they make lank growth and the
ee

lower p t f the tree is bare A fi s

,

ar t ye
o maiden tree should . r -
ar
be pruned back to 6 buds in winter before it startsgrowing in or
pring A two year old tree should hav e its side branch s shortened
,

S .
- -
e
by three quarters and a three year old tree after transplanting by
-

,
- -

, ,

o ne half A th ee year l d h l f stand d

-
. standard should be
r - -
o a -
ar or
shortened by at least two thirds when t ansplanted -
r .

S mm u p i g
— This does
er t concern
ru n n hor t ening the main no S

branches to get a good head but de l s with the summer side shoots a

t o get frui t I t is a good practice because it exposes the wood to

,

the sun and accelerat es ripening Those w h want to grow h i bi

,

. o ex
t ion fruit and have plen t y f t ime may pinch ff the tips O f the o o
side shoots at the end f M y and serv e the second y shootsthat
, ,

o a , ar
break in the same w y 6 weeks later ; but busy people and market a

growers should make pruning suffi ce and do it from one ,

August to mid S eptember This -

.

a pplies t o Apples Pears Plums , , ,

red Currants and Gooseberries , .

G th i g
a G nerally speak
er n . e
i g fruit hould be gathered as
n , S
soon as it parts from the tree
under gentle pressure the on
stal k Late v arieties d
. t o no

ripen the trees and should

on ,

be gathered before h p frost S ar

c omes The fruit should be
.

pla c ed in the recepta cles gently ,

as if bruised it wil l t keep no .

S t i g — All the important

or n .

fruits ex c ept Appl s Pears and e

Grapes are ei t her used at once
, , ,

preserv ed Late Apples and

,

or .

Pears wil l keep for se v er l months a

in a cool ai ry frost proof place , ,
-

if spread t hi nly clean bo rds on a .

Grapes may be kept a long time

if cut with a portion of the
lateral and this Placed in b ttl P U NING Y U NG S N D D F T EE a O e R O TA AR RU 1r R S.
O f waten P i fp i sp i g Sid s h ts o nt o re v o u ru n n 2 e oo
t b p d
1.
—The most th y g g h . .

Typ sf t p p i s ( 3) O u w ro w t o e ru n e at

l
ar
e o
t ypes are the standard t he th bree.

i ly
s 5 S h t b m d ,
e ar
ou n
. oo t o e re o ve

hal f standard the bush the pyra

-
e n t re

mi d the fan the espalier and the cordon S tandards and h l f

, ,

. a

sta d rds hav e clean straight stemsabout 6 d 3 ft h igh

, , ,

n a ,
an .
 1
~

38 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n i ng
re sp ti ccl y They are
ve generally raised
. by inserting a bud in t h e

main s t em of a sto c k ( for best stocks s the v arious frui ts ) a few ee

inches abo v e the ground
,

in summer If t he bud .

dries up the s t o c k is cu t
back to about 6 ins and
,

whip grafted (s Graf t -

ee
ing) the following spring .

S ome nurserymen supply

st ndards wi t h frui t spurs a
the stems and t hes on , e

purs may be kept for a S

few years but should be ,

gradually cle ed away as ar

t he heads ext end B ushes .

and pyramids are gene

rally put on d w fi g ar n

stocks by budding or
graf t ing Bushes . ar e
gradually supplanting
standards except perhaps
wi t h market gr owers
,

S N D D F U I T EE F E B E ING U N E D
TA AR R T
They R P lanted A T
b t R PR
ar e a OU
E V I U WIN E half t he d s apar t as
TH E .

PR t O S T R. 1 an c e ,

t dan M i2 sm 3 P i tsa nf p i s tes w ha fe seen generally o n o re v o u

’ e ‘
g sh sth gh t d ground no t
y ear
Sp s 5 Y
. . . ,

m g
p ru n ur lt oun oo t at o u t on cu
d h b s h i s h y wi ll b k g ass l d
4. l va e
b p
. . .
,

to
k
wea
e ru n e at t e
ly t th ti ps 7 S h ts hi h h b be t ter than tandards f
a e
ar
They , ot er w et e
w c
re a
r an . ar e

dm k df s h ig oo
smm p
. ave ee n
OI
'

u er run e ar e or o r ten n S
small garde s and come
.

n
in t o bearing sooner Fans are good f walls especially in t he
,

. or
c ase f Plums Cherr i es and Peac hes E spaliers
o , trees wi t h , .
,

ar e
sever l tiers f horizontal branches and
a o v ery good for growing ar e
strai ned wires at the side f
,

on o
walks Cordons take up the
.

least room f all They are trees o .

wi t h only stem and may be one ,

planted diagonally ft apart 2 .

against a wall or fen c e They .

are pre v ented from making ide S

bran c hes and are kep t frui t ful,

by summer pruning Hori ontal . z

c ordons suitable for trai i ng n on

low st ained wires are procurable

r .

S t k i g — S tandards need s t ak
a n

ing and half standa ds are t he -

r
be tt er for i t S tron g ash stakes
,

about 8 ins longer than thé1 .

s t ems are needed The lower end F T E . FisA AN R E. . .

S hould b pain t ed t arred and S km m Fi sg i dg m3mS mm

'

e I - tOC 2 r t ru n n o u er

aft er drying driven well down

, ,

g 4 p g w ‘ ’ e °°n r‘ '

at t he t ime the hole is made f planting At t he point or .

w here the ligature is put a piece f old bicy c le tyre other p ,

o or ro
 E n c y c lop ae di a o f G ard e nin g 1 39

t tiec subs t ance should b w apped round the stem to preven t

ve e r
chafing .

S pp tsf u t i d t s Bushes
or d p yramids do not nee d
or ra n e re e .
-
an
supports but fans espaliers and cordons do I n the case f walls
, , . o ,

shreds and nails may

,

be used and the frui t ,

deal er seedsman or
will supply suitable
kinds f both O t her
.

o .

wise wire comes into

,

play One w ire fixed

.

2 ft above the ground

.

will support horizon tal

cordons whi c h how
e v er are inferior to
, ,

uprigh t ones U p
,

right cordons and also ,

espaliers may be sup ,

ported tiers of wire on

strained a foot apar t
t o a to t l heigh t of a
T EE
7 ft Fruit F F g B AN R i .
6
. .

F p R sl f p g ( s F g A p
‘

01 . .

dealers seedsmen and s s 1. ru i t ur . e u t o ru ni n a in i . , .

ironmongers supply strong me t a l s t raining posts with keys f

, ,

tightening the wi res Wooden posts may howev er be us

, or

ed . , , ,

provided the straining post is made absolutely mmo v able ; f t i i I

yields only 3 ins the wires will be slack2 I t should

or be a . .

strong thi c k post that will hold sti ff from bottom to t p whe o n

well bedded in S ingle wire will do al t hough strand m soften

,
.

.
e r

used I t should be unwound f om a reel otherwise it will run int

,

. r ,
o

bends and be full f kinks before the work is fi nished o .

R t p i g — When fruit t ees have been planted

oo ru n n or 3 ye s r 2 ar

i t some times happens that they grow far too s trongly espe c ally ,
i

if the soil is ri c h and the summers are w t To use fi gures as a e .

guide if t he summer shoots grow o v er a yard in length fruitfulness

is j p d i sd because when a tree makes c oarse wood t does no t
,

e0 ar e I ,

as a rule form f uit buds The remedy is not cutting back t h

,

r . e

gross wood which

,

only c auses back bud s

,

to start and so g g a ra

vates the evil bu t t , o

prune the roots in
win t er when the tre e
is at rest The soil .

should be forked
H I N C D N T EE
away from the roo t s .

Th b s sh th p i ts f p i g i i t f b
ow h carefully
OR ZO

e
and
s strong far running o n
t he
TAL

o
OR O

ru n n
R

n w n
S.

er or ran c e
,

th t h b smm pi h d
e ar -

deep striking roo t s

, ,
a a ve een u er nc e .

cut th gh coupl o f feet from the hole Fibrous roots may b

ro u
'

a e . e
left I n the case f a large tree growing in t he open it wil l b
,

. o e
prudent to restrict the pruning to a half circuit f the tree ; i f -
o
I 4 o E n c y c lop aedi a o f G ard e n i ng
F RU I T— ti d con n ue .

t his does not suffi ce ci rcle may be completed the following

th e
winter .

F it t
ru si p ts— N w that glass houses are relati v ely cheap
re e n o o
t he culture O f what is know n as orch rd house fruit is extending a -
.

When the trees are grown in large po t s tubs they bear heavy or
c rops in proportion to their size the bloom is protected from frost
d the frui t from b i rds not re quired The
,

an Heated houses . ar e .

structures should be large airy li g ht and well v entilated Apples , , , . ,

Pe rs Plums Cherries Peaches and N ectarines can all be grown

a , , , ,

s uccessfully as bushes in 0 and i pots The soil may be 1 I 2 -

n. .

d e c a yed turf with a fourth f decayed manure and some g it o r .

E very other year will suffi ce for repo tting ; in the alternate years
t he top ins f soil and hai roots may be torn t and a top dress
2 . o r ou
ing f fresh mould rammed in The trees may stand out of doors
o .

in summer after the fruit has been gathered to ripen the wood ,

indeed they may be left t l l the winter with the pots packed in ou a
o l ashes if the house is wanted for some t hi g else and housed
,

c a , n ,

when they come into bloom in pring S .

Wa t ering and keeping free from insec t s and

fungi must be attended to in the g owing r
season Liquid manure will improve the .

crop S i eight main bran c hes wi ll . x or

suffi ce and the side shoots may be summer ,

pruned and spurred (s under Apple) ee .

L b ll i g — All fruit trees should be a e n .

labelled their names and positions in or

t he garden marked a plan But wire
,

on .

should t be fastened round young no .

a

branch and forgotten it will become or

“
,

embedded as the tree grows .

The following the princip l fr its in are a

C IL WI E L B E L WH I H D E
u
O R A
al p h b t l orderC O S
m m G WING
a e l ca
mm
.
.
N01
T E RE A pp l ( Pyrus RO
malus ) — I t would be e .

diffi cult to write too emphatically in

.

c ommending the Apple for it is v l uable as a food useful as a , a ,

medici e beautiful in appearance delicious in flavour and may

n
be grown in many forms Every owner f a garden should grow
, , ,

. o
Apples The planting pruning and general culture will interest
.

him the flowers will please hi seye and the fruit will pro v e both
, ,

nj oyable and wholesome The Apple is a v ery O ld frui t in B ritish

, ,

e .

gardens and the tree is perfectly hardy I t is not howe v er equal ly .

t home in e v ery district All t he many v rieties d t thri v e

, , ,

a . a o no

e qually well all soil s The Apple mus t be studied therefore if

on . , ,

satisfactory resultsare to be secured C l ssi fi ti Apples are . a ca on

‘

subdi vided into two great classes v arieties for cooking and v arie :
ties for dessert A few are good for either purpose and a notable
. ,

e xample is the O ld B lenheim Orange ; but for general purposes the

tw osections must be kept separate S ubdivision may take t he .

form f pro viding c lasses f early medium and late —maturing sor t s
o or .

S t k s Applesare rarely gro wn from seeds

, ,

oc cuttings nowadays or ,
 E n c y c lop ae di a of G ar d e n i ng I 4I

but are budded grafted to allied plants Th reason f t hi s i s

or on . e o
that better habit earlier fr iting as the case may be is sec red
or u u .

A t the outset therefore o f a consideration f Apples we have t

, , ,

, , o o
treat the question of stocks The best stock for standard t ees . r
-
that is trees with a branchi ng head springi ng from a long clean ,

stem— is the E nglish Crab It is v ery hardy v ery healthy and h s

,

. a

a strong rooting system It does not howev er gi ve early fruit

, ,

. .

The bes t stocks for dwarf trees the branches of which spring from
, ,

a main stem a foot t w from the ground are t he B road leav ed

,

or o -

E nglish Paradise and the N onsuch B oth f these give good habit
,

. o
abundance f surface roots and e ly fruiting When c omparing
,

o ar .

the cost f Apple trees from di fferent dealers t he s t ock used should
,

o
be t aken in t o a cc ount Free stocks are c heaper than Crabs .
”

and the narrow leaved Fren c h P radise is cheaper than the broad
,

-
a
leaved E nglish The sto c ks are raised from seed cuttings or layers ;
. , ,

and should be ready for working in their third year B d d i g . u n

In budding a stock a young shoo t of the Apple whi c h is to be p p rO a

ga t ed is taken about midsummer and slic es about 5 i long

,

1 n. ar e
removed under the leav es The pith is picked out without tearing
,

away the growing germ t he leaf is cropped in to t he stalk and th e

bud is inserted in a T shaped slit made in the main s t em f th

, ,

-
o e
stock near t he ground and tied with raphia It will grow t h . e
followi g sp ring ; if it dies the t p f t he stock should be cut ff
,

n o o o
and a whi p or t ongue graft pu t
,

T h is is a piece f Apple shoo t on. o

abou t 4 ins long and as thi c k as a lead pen c il For fur t her par t i
. .

l s s Graf t ing
c u ar ee The propaga t ion of fruit trees is not mu c h
.

done in private gardens being lef t t o trade specialis t s P l ti g

,

an n
Apples may be planted f om N ovember to March in c lusive F
, .

r . or

de tail s s above S i l The best soil f Apples is friable well

ee . o or
drained loam brick earth Chalk in t he form f ragstone rock i s
, ,

or -
. o
good as a deep subsoil being relatively warm and well drained bu t
it lies c lose to t he surfa c e
, ,

is t suitable for most

no i t i sw h v ar e e
'

en
Undrained c lay is bad for mos t sorts S i t S t k i g M
.

. e, a n a n u re ,

under Fruit above T i i g Apples may b

,

P i g
ru n n S ee . ra n n e
grown as open bushes s t andards cordons and espaliers ; for detai ls
s under Frui t above Open bushes on the Paradise sto c k are bes t
, , , ,

ee .

for garden qu r t ers standards for or c hards cordons for walls and
.

esp l iers for wi re frames a t the side of pa t hs V i ti s The fa ct

, , , .

a . ar e e

that the sor t s of Apples vary not only in t heir flavour but in t heir
season f mat urin g and t heir suitabili t y for parti c ular soils renders
, ,

t he matt er f sele ct ion a diffi cult one The fol lowing suggestions
,

o . .

may be found helpful :

G d C k i g A ppl s
'

Golden
n
S pire
oo

Lord Grosvenor
oo
Warner s King e . ’

E a ly Vi ct oria Welling t on
N ew t on Wonder
r

B ismar c k
S t irling Castle
Lane s Prin c e Alber t ’

B ramley s S eedling
’

E k li c i ll S eedling
nv e

Royal Jubilee G d D s s t A ppl s oo e er e .

Lord D erby Gladstone

P s gea d sN onsuc
oo h
’
Beauty f Bath o
 1
4 2 E n c y c lop ae d i a of G ard e ning
FRU I T A P LE S — ti d
, P c on n ue .

Worcester Pe rmain Baumann s R d Winter R einette

a
’
e
Allington Pippin S t urmer Pippin
James Griev e Claygate Pearmain
Belle de Boskoop Winter Queening
Cox Orange Pippin ’
S D uke of D evonshire
Chri stmas Pearmai n Roundway Magnum B onum
The e liest v arieties are put the t p f the lists and the latest a t
ar o o
the bott om .

N e w e r Va r i e ti e sw o rth tryi n g .

Coo k i n g. D es
se r t.

Vic t oria
Re d B en s R d
’
e
e v d W Wilks
R . . .Langley Pippin
B yford Wonder Charles R oss
B eauty f S toke o Winter Ribs t on
N orfolk Beau t y Wm Crump .

King E dward VII Ri v al .

Crimson Bram ley C oronation

Those w h hav e v ery light soil should plant Lord S ffi l d K ing f
o u e , o
Tompkins County and B ramley s S eedling The last named will ’
.
-

lso t hrive in heavy soil and it may be ac c ompanied

,

a such a , on
medium by Lord Grosvenor Lord D erby and N ewton Wonder '

The follow i ng should be omitted from s trong soil gardens S t irling

, ,

-
:

C as t le E k l i Warner s King Welling t on and Lord S ffi l d ’

ill c nv e, , u e

st hey are very liable to canker

,

such ground C k is perhaps

, ,

a on . an er

t he mos t des tructive f all Apple enemies It rarely a ttacks o .

B ramley s S eedling and N ewton Wonder Lord Grosvenor and

’
.

Lane sPrin c e Alber t are generally free The d i s ase is very p

, , ,
’
. e re v a
lent w t stiff soils bu t it is also severe light shallow g round
on e on

d there are few places where it is not presen t Varieties t ha t

, , , ,

an .

su ffer from c anker in the dis t ri ct should be avoided When t he .

d isease shows i tself in the f m f crinkly patches and bare pie c es or o

o f wood t he wounds should be pared clean d painted with tar A an .

d ressing f manure should be gi v en b — This a ffec t s the

,

o Bl k S . ac ca .

shoots and fruit c ausi ng dark pa tc hes and cra c ks The remedy is .

t o spray with a pound f blues t one dissol ved in 5 gallons f wat er

,

o 2 o
when the leaves are unfolding repeating when t he petals fall and
gain a fortnigh t later Powd ery mildew affec tst h young shoo t s
, ,

a . e

overing t he ends with a whi t e me l The remedy s oz f

,

c a . i . o

fresh li v er f sulphur ( sulphide f po t assium) dissolved in a gallon

o o
o f water and prayed when the disease is seen B rown spot
S on .

ffects the fruit S mall brown dots are seen which d i s the
,

a . fig u re

fruit and working into t he flesh cause decay

,

The remedy is . .

gain liver f sulphur t t he s t ength j ust re c ommended sprayed

, ,

a o a r
as soon as t he po t appears Ameri c an bligh t causes whi t e
, ,

on S .

fl uffy patches t he bran c hes and roo t s The remedy is to syringe

on .

or hose v igorously so as t o force ff t he pro t ec ting flu ff and expose o

t h brown aphis underneath t hen to pray wi t h a para ffin i l and

e S o

of t soap solution (s Paraffin i l ) S k

,

s Ps 1 h i sis a
'

yl l
ee o . uc er or a .

l igh t g een len d er insect about an eigh t h

r S f an inch long whi c h o ,
 E n c yc l o p md i a of G ar d e n i ng 1 43
m ay be seen in flight in autumn when it lays eggs the shoots of on
Apple and oth er trees ; these hatch into wingless yellow lar v ae in
,

spring that feed the buds A good remedy is to pray with on . S

lime water in spring j ust before the buds start using 4 lb f lime
-
0 . o
The best whi t e s t one lime is ne c essary and
, ,

t 5 gallons f water
o 2 o . ,

i t hould be slacked in a small quantity f water first

S C t pi l l s o . a er ar

S everal caterpillars attack Apples but the worst is that f t he winter o

moth which ascends the trees in au t umn d lays eggs that hatch
,

an

t he following spring The caterpillars feed the bloom t usses

,

. on r
an d leaves As a preven t ive fasten strips f grease proof paper
. o -

bout 7 ins deep round the trees j ust under the crut c h (if the trees
,

a .

a re staked the stake must also be prote ct ed ) and smear with an

,

a pproved grease in order to trap the crawling moths their way

, on

TH E WIN TE R M O TH . TH E LAC KE YM O TH .

up If ca t erpillars should appear in spring in spite f t h is p

. o r e c au

tion pray with arse ate pas t e oz per gallon of water direc tly
S n
l
g .

t hey seen C d l i G b This c omes from eggs laid in the eye

, , ,

ar e . o n ru :
o f the frui t di ectly it forms The grub ea t s into the fruit and
r .

leaves a t rain f foul m atter behind it The remedy is to spray

,

o .

with the arsenate pas t e was h dire ctly the flowers se t B l ssm . o o
W i l In some distri ct s a weevil eats into t he frui t bud j ust before
eev

the breaki ng s t ages and des troying the fertilising organs pre v ents
fruit forming ; t he lime pr ay re c ommended under S u c ker is
, , ,

good M ss d l i h
. o When t he branches of frui t t rees tend t o
an c en

be c ome green they should be cleansed A lime pray is an ex c el . S

len t c leanser bu t in bad c ases something more may be requi d re

and it may be found in c austi c soda One p ound f t his wi t h I lb

, ,

. o .

f pearl ash in gallons of wa t er will c leanse the wood if sprayed

,
‘

o -
, 10 ,

on in winter .

A p i t ( Prunus ( Armeniaca ) v ulgaris )

r co O ne of the mos t deli c ious .
-

o f t he s t one fruits t he Apricot is also f the most c apricious one o .

It is d i flfi l t t suit in soil and e v en in good loam l i m st

,

cu o on e o n eQ
which is the ideal soil f or frui t— i t often casts its main bran c hes
,

after a few years It hould be gi v en firm soil with plen t y f lime

. S O
rubble It blooms v ery early and t his a cc oun t should t only
. on no
have the pro t ecti on and suppor t of a wall bu t should have ti fl y
,

an

netting hung in front of it while in flower when frost t hrea t ens

,

or .

In star t ing with Apri c ots it is best to buy a young trained t ee from r
a fruit dealer and plant it in autumn If i t grows v ery strongly .

root prune it The summer side shoo t s may be shor t ened as advised
,

for summer pruning under Fruit Varie t ies Blenheim Moor . :

Park Powell s Lat e
,
’
, .

B l kb ac
y B m bl ( R ubus fru t i c osus )
err or A w ilding in G rea t
ra e .
-

Britain where it is a feature f many hedgerows and i tsfrui t is

, o ,
1 44 . E nc y clop e d i a of G ard e ning
F RU I T— ti d co n n ue .

much sought aft er in late summer for stewing purposes d al so an

for maki g j elly The impro v ed v arieties are well worth grow i g
,

n . n
in gardens where the soil is deep fer t ile and moist ; bu t t hey are
As t hey are O ften shy s t arting
, ,

o f little use in dry sh l low soils a . In

it is wise t o adopt the plan gener l ly practised wi t h R aspberries

,

a ,

and prune them hard back at planting time in au t umn Thi s .

generally induces them to break from below Thereaf t er t hey can .

be kept in order by thinning t l d fruited wood If more are ou O .

wanted they can be g t by bending the canes over and pegging down o
the tips in late summer by dividing the stools in au t umn or .

Parsley leav ed is a good variety with large richl y flav oured fruit
,

-
, , .

Ch y ( Prunus Cerasus )
err The Cherry is suitable for culture as -
.

a standard half standard the Gean s t ock and also as a trained

or -
on
the Mahaleb stock It is not often grown as a
,

tree f wal ls or on .

bush pyrami d cordon It likes a loamy soil limestone On

or . on .

rich deep substanti l brick earth loams with rags t one beneath
, ,

, , a
it grows to a great size and crops heavil y The general remarks .

under Fruit apply With regard to prun ng while e rly cu tt ing . i a

back and shaping is necessary lit t le subsequent pruning should be
,

done o t herwise the trees may throw out gum and die If t hey .

get too t hi c k t hi n t hem while full of leaf in summer to av oid gum

,

ming ; they do not howe v er make a thick mass f wood as a rule

,

o
the con trary
, , , ,

if the early pruning has been done j udiciously ; on

t hey make fruiting spurs The Morello Cherry bears on the young
,

shoo t s so t hat only l d fruited pieces hould be cut t The new o S ou .

wood should be lef t Cherries are t troubled much with canker

,

. no

but t hey may be a t ta c ked by caterpillars and silver leaf (s under

,

ee

Fruit and Plum ) Trees on walls are some t imes attacked by .

black fly which clus t ers in t he tips f the young shoo t s I t may o .

be destroyed by syringing with a solu t ion f paraffi n and sof t soap

,

(s Paraff n il ) or wi t h l most any of the proprie t ary insecticides

ee i O a

sold by seedsmen Very h t water with an ounce f washing soda

,

. o o
forcibly is e ffica c ious S ome growers
,

to the gallon syringed on

pinch out the tips f the shoots in M y to av oid the fly When the
.
, ,

o a .

C herry is grown as a trained tree it is found that i t does bet t er wi t h

t he branches fastened horizontally than diagonally ver tically
‘

or .

B one me l and sulphate f po t ash

a f each per square o 2 o z. o
yard in March will do go d Varieties B la c k E agle Governor
,

o :
Wood N apoleon B igarreau Morello and K entish the last two for
,
. ,

, , ,

c ooking
,

C b Ora m t l ( Pyrus a c erba )

rn a The ordinary Crab is only of
en a .
-

val u e t o fruit growers as a sto c k (s Apples) but t he be tt er spe c ies

,

ee

whi c h are gener l ly described as Ornament l Crabs by frui t

, ,

a a

dealers are worth growing alike f their beauty and for the use f or o
t he fruit for j elly They are gener l ly grown as standards and
, ,

. a

w il l thrive under the conditions re c ommended for Apples

,

The .

fruit issmall but it is borne i considerable quanti t ies and is bril n

The four mos t popul v arie ties are D artm outh
,

li antl y coloured . ar ,

J ohn D ownie S iberian and Transcendent , , .

C t ( Ribesnigrum rubrum and a lbum )

u r ra n The reader must .
-
 E n c y c lop aed i a of G ar d e n i ng 1 45

t confuse t he garden and the grocer s Currants The former ar e

’
no .

true Currants the latter are Grapes and belong to a differen t genus .

and in a less degree whi te— Currants are v ery use

, ,

B lack d red an -

ful g rden fruits for they are excellent stewed make deli c ious
a ,

j ellies and t entirely negligible for eating raw The black

,

ar e no .

Currant is easily grown in any fai ly deep fertile soil ; it does t

,

r no

c are for poor dry shallow ground The large modern va ieties are
,

. r
vigorous g owers and hould be planted at least 6 ft apa t ; 8 ft
, ,

r S . r .

is not t much They may be planted with other frui t from

,

oo .

N ovember to March in c lusi v e either in a quarter to themsel v es

, ,

, or

among large trees su c h as standa d and h l f standard Apples d

,

r a -
an
Plums ; but they should not be put close to the stems f the latter
,

o ,

or both fruits will su ffer by robbing each other f the food in the o
soil P p g ti
. ro Currants are not put on to stocks like Apples
a a on ,

Pe s Cherries and Plums bu t are struck from cuttings f th

,

ar , ,
o e

same ye s wood taken about a foot long and inserted firmly i

,
’
ar n
The following year t he young shoots are cut back to
, ,

S eptember .

about 3 ins long and a year later shortened one half This makes
bushes f the m by encouraging them to form side branches The
-
. ,
.

o .

grow t hs may be left t o extend and any sucker shoots whi ch come
up from the roo t s may also be retained Thereaft er pruning will
,

merely consist in thinning t l d wood which has fruited ; but a ou o

black Currant must ne v er be cleared f young wood because that o

be s the best fruit This most useful fruit is unfor t unately harassed
,

ar .

by a dest u ct ive enemy in t he form f a mi t e ( Eriophyes ribis )

r o
whi c h ge t s in t o the heart f the buds feeds on the substance and
,

o
kills the trees I t s presence may be known by the buds be c oming
, ,

swollen and rounded The best remedy is to c ut out and burn any .

affec t ed shoots dire ct ly they are noti c ed and to dust the trees
at the end f M c h with partsflowers f sulphur and I par t
,

o ar 2 o
fres hl y sla c ked lime repeating at the middle of April and the begin
ning of M y This hould be done while the trees
,

a . damp with S ar e

dew B oskoop Giant and B l dwin s are two good v arieties The
. a
’
.

red Curran t is lit t le if any less useful t han t he bla c k and as i t

grows in c loser form and bears t he old wood it needs less room
, , ,

on

while yielding qui t e as heavily It is a most useful fruit and will

, , ,

grow in mos t soils unless t hey are either v ery poor hallow and
,

, , S
dry very sti ff and w t The bushes are r ised from cuttings the
,

or e . a
same as blacks ex c ept t ha t i t is c ustomary to prevent sucker growth
,

from the base by remo v ing the buds on the lower half f the cutting
,

o
and also for 3 4 ins above t he ground so as to allow f a clean
or . o
s t em The early pruning should be the same but the later pruning
.

should differ in shortening the young wood whi c h should be don

,

e
annually preferably in summer The red Currant is not subj ec t
,

t o the mite which works such hav oc with the black and is generally
,

a v ery healthy plan t R d D utch and Fay s Proli fi c are good

,
’
. e
varieties White Versailles is a useful Currant and re quires
.

j ust the same treatment as the red varie t ies

,

D ms a d B ll
on ( Prunus
an insiti t ia ) — The D amson is one
u f ace . o
the h dies t and toughest f fruits and that account is often put
ar o on
the outside f plantations in order to serv e as a wind break and
,

on o -

to protec t more valuable trees T h fruit i suseful f stewing and

,

. e or ,

K
I 4 6 E n c y c lop ae di a of G ar d en i ng
F RU I T— ti d c on n ue .

also for preserving ; it is less luscious than the good Plu m s It is .

suitable f culture as a standard The rem ks

or cul t ure made . ar on

under Plum apply to the D amson It needs v ery little pruning .

when once in bearing Varieties Prune B radley s K ing The . : ,

’
.

Bullace is n inferior D amson and ne d not be grown

a , e .

Fig ( Ficu sC arica ) — The Fig is a v ery l d and esteemed f uit but
. o r ,

i t i s t c lti v ated in the maj ority f small gardens

no u There are t w o . o

thi gs against it its rampant habit and n :

its wan t f c omplete hardiness It is o .

somet i mes given a snug corner in the

angle f two w l ls and then with a o a , ,

little haping to keep it within bounds S

i t j ustifi es its existence ; but if neglected
,

i t is apt to straggle badly and be come

rather a nuisance In such a case roo t .

pruning (s Fruit p I 39) will do good ee , . .

A firm soil with plenty f lime is de o

sirable The trees may be planted in
,

au t umn spring If increase is desired or .

i t may be effected by cuttings f mature o

w ood ea c h contain i ng a c ouple f buds o

whi c h may be inserted in sandy soil in

,

winter and plunged in a mil d ho t bed or

stood in a warm h u s Fi sare some

“
e o o

F U I ING
R mT F t imes grown in pots in large establish
o, ov ooa ro .

Th fi s
e t (l r ) f i tss ll d ments
ow er and the best v arieties yield
ru we an

c
,

fip e l
T m
’
l ( deli ious fruit
il f tgbi i a; ’g1? th ee c rops m a year Thus prun ng
d e They give two and
56 even .

lif Whig; 3d ii i i i s i a g must be done gu dedly

a l n l
r . i

fru t ng
e 1 n
ar , or i i

wood may be cut away If the pruning is restricted to t h inning .

crowded bushes and is m i l y concen trated m m g shoo t s a n on re ov

from whi c h fruit has been ga t hered t he grower does no t go far
,

wrong B rown Turkey is about the bes t variety for outdoors I t

,

. .

is also good for pots and so is N egro Largo Wh ere a fea t ure is .

made of Figs S t Joh s may be added for i t s earliness and Grizzly

,
’
. n

v
, ,

B j
our a os tt for its fine fla e our .

G sb y ( R ibes Grossularia) — The Gooseberry is an l d cottage

oo e err . o
and hal l garden fruit tha t is familiar e v e y c ountryside It has on r .

been growing in B ritish gardens as long as the immemorial E lms ”

.

Unfortunately familiarity has bred contemp t and the Gooseberry

, ,

bush h sbeen left very much to itself S uch a course could have
a .

but oneend in any fert i le soil— thick mass f interlacin g shoots a o

and small fruit d i fli l t to gather The Gooseberry is a really useful
cu .

fruit and it responds so readily to a v ery imple course of culture S

that common as it is it ought to be treated well Like the Currants
,

it is generally grown
, , ,

its w roots being struck sthey are on o n , , a ,

from cuttings in late summer and subsequently shortened in the

same w y Like the red C urrant it is best on a clean stem S piny
,

a . .

shoots pri nging up in a thicket from t he roots are a nuisance t

S o
the grower and hould be a v oided by picking the lower buds from
, S
 of G ard e ning E n c y c lop a
1 47 e di a

the cuttings I t is a double ad v antage to keep the Gooseberry.

bushes well open when they get to the frui t ing stage as larger berries ,

are produced and they can be gathered more quickl y This can be .

e ffe ct ed by restricting the number main branchesto 7 8 d

,

or , an

shor t ening the young side hoots S

in summer The stumps can be .

pruned back close to the buds in

w i n t er The Gooseberry likes a
.

fertile loamy soil As a rule it .

does no t c are for c lay but the

,

splendid variety Crown B b o

one f the best of all— thrives on
o
hea vy ground if the drainage is
good The Gooseberry has many
.

enemies and small birds have to

be t aken in t o a cc ount for t hey
,

a tt a c k t h e dormant buds in winter

,

and often strip many bushes l a

mos t enti ely This is great r . a

nuisance as t he crop is redu c ed ,

and the he l th f the bush i m a o

paired I n small cultures lime W IN E U NING G E BE IE T R PR
-
OO S RR S.

i
.

I L
spray ng the b h (s F t h m l f y i p d S i ddi g g t h p d p
uS
f
eS ee rul ’
. ea n row , un ru n e ,
e xc e t or

p 4 3 )
I s good black thread h
si s Sp s 01
Y g ‘
t e re
oo t
o va o an u nr
ur
e w oo . 2 .

oun
e

may be t w ined among t he shoots g h s Th i gh h d si d i sp d

°
. .

ro w t e r t an e ru n e
Th l
-
. .
,

It is doubtful whether either p d h l f p d

d mm h f m
h ld b t e l e t un ru n e . e
.
a tte r S ou e

would pay in large c ultures for P ru n e to C OH eS on t e or er

m ket but Gooseberries are often grow under big trees t hat
ar n
are lime sprayed and benefi t by t he process R d pider a
,

-
. e S
small mi t e may a tt a c k Gooseberries and do a great deal of
, ,

damage but i t is rarely v ery bad except in dry dus t y places A

,

p t f a plan t ation near a h igh road may su ffer and t he inner

, ,

ar o -

portions be quite clean More serious is the Ameri c an Gooseberry .

mildew whi c h attacks t he young growing shoots c ausing purplish

pa tc hes on the wood In bad c ases i t spreads to t he frui t c overing
, ,

. ,

it with a mat of down and poiling it This enemy should be looked S

for in M y and June and should be c ombated by c u tt ing ff and
.

a o
burning the affec t ed shoots and praying the bu shes with liv er f
.
,

S o
sulphur per gallon f wa t er Another serious enemy is
o z. o .

the c aterpillar whi c h at t acks the foliage in early summer and

,

when present in force does great damage The remedy for t his is
, ,

hellebore powder dus t ed o v er the bushes as soon as caterpillars are

seen but not when the fruit is at the picking s t age Well pruned
,
.
-

Gooseberry bushes will do 6 ft apart There is now a considerable . .

demand for stand d Gooseberries which are not grown from ar

c ut t ings but are grafted to stocks of Ribes aureum and allied
,

on
species They are sui t able for private gardens and when well
,

grown yield plendid fruit Gooseberries also giv e v ery fine berries
,

S .

when t eated as cordons that is spur pruned to a main s t em and

r

no side branches l lowed I n such a form they c an be grown

, ,

a .

agains t w l ls and fences V arieties Cro wn B b Whi h m s

a . : o n a
’

Indus try and Whitesmith If sorts are wanted of fi ne flavour

,

.
,
 1 48 E n c y cl op e d i a of G ard e n i n g
F RU I r —c o n ti n ue d .

E arly S ulphur R ough R d R d Champag e P i tm st Greengag

, e , e n ,
a on e,
Bright V enus and Langley G m may be chosen Ri fl m e . e an ,
An t agonist and Leveller are three large v ieties
,

ar .

s
,

G p Vi ra
( Vitis
e V inifera ) — The Grape is
ne f the oldest fruit . one o
c ltivated in British g dens I t was probably found in E gypt I n
u ar . .

mediaev l timesit sgrown somewhat extensively in t he open air

a wa ,

but cheap glass has enabled us t o g row superior crops economically

G ING V IN E BY E Y E
P RO P A AT P G ING VIN E BY E YE
S S. RO P A A T S S.

A b d t f
or em p i f i
e cu p t t l ro a G w th s
ece o t ti g r e a e ra ro ar n
u y . .

in houses and outside wall space is w gi v en to cordon fruit trees no

to beau tiful flowering climbers The Grape Vine is an interesting

, ,

or .

fr uit to grow from first to last and is well wi t hin the s c ope f o
amat eurs P p g ti
,

The plants are grown . ro a a on

o n their w roo ts like the maj ority f the o n o

soft fruits and may be struck ei t her f om buds

,

‘
r

cuttings whil e dormant in win t er A bud

,

or .

( technically termed an eye is a shor t piece

5 f side gro wt h with-
o e plump bud it and on on
se v eral are placed 2 ins apart in prepared soil
,

in a large pot The compost may consist of .

loam wi th a third f leaf mould and a liberal o

sprinkl ing o f sand If it is kept moist and t he . ,

pots are plunged in a mi ld hotbed the eyes

soon star t B t the rank and file of Grape
,

. u

growers would do well to leave t his work t o

fruit de al ers who can raise better plants than ,

amateurs Vi i s Grapes can be gr own . ner e

well in any light house bu t a wide lean to is ,

-

more conve i ent than a span roof Amateurs n .

m V ms
often get nice crops from sm l l houses when a
P n o p xc u
C m m s they c
resist
a
i
the t emp
-
.

t a t ion o f crowding in all

kinds o f other plan t s By plan t ing t he v ines
BY o .

H l f ld w d
ee o o oo .

B sl b ds( t b 4 ft apar t at the fr ont o f t he house they ha v e

1. .

2 . a a u o e .

fix fi;
ve
a cle run up the roof as far asar the ba c k wall .

The v inery should be light and w el l provided

b ds t bD th with ventilators It is not necessary that it
u o e te .

gf i fi 5 e P be heated
:
unless
°
early Grapes are wanted but
it is ad v isable t have hot water pipes in it
,
n
o -

if only a flo w and return 4 i ci rcuit WiresS hould be str i ned

,

-
h . . a

u nder the roof I 8 ins from the glass S oi l . An i nside border c . on

tin g of 3 ft of Old turv es wi th som e broken bo ne sand lim e
,

sis 1 . ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n i n g 14
9
rubbish mixed in wi l l grow Grape swell I f the site is damp it .

should be dr i ned otherw ise the roo tswill get into sour water
,

a ,

logged soil and the bunches wi ll shank — that is the footstalks

,

f t he berries wi ll shri v el up before the Grapes are ripe and they wi ll

, ,

ne v er colour de v elop proper flavour P l ti g A good plant

,

or . an n

ing Vine bought from a nursery in autumn winter will pro v e to

,

or
be f om 6 to ft long but the whole length hould t be retained
r IO . ,
S no .

After the Vine has been planted the cane hould be hortened and S S ,

the exten t wil l depend the height f the glass front ; if the Vine on o
is cut back to a point where the starti g shoot wil l hav e full light n
di rectly t he bud breaks into g owth it wil l be right The roots r .

should be co v ered lightl y and the soil trodden fi rmly but gently
round them P i g d t i i g The fi rst ye the Vine may
,

. ru n n an ra n n ar
reach the top of the house and while its progress may b reg d e d e ar
as sati sfa c tory in one way it would not be ad visable to retain l l
,

growt h w hi c h it makes On the contrary the d should be

,

th e . ro

c ut back to a third of its length in winter with the obj e c t O f thicken

,

ing the lower part The growth that goes to t he t op the second .

ye will be much stronger than the first but if the c ane h s o t

ar a n

thi ckened well it had be tter be shortened again by half Any

,

one -
.

side shoots that push must be pruned close in to bas l buds which a ,

it is the habit of Grape Vines to form near the main d and from ro

whi ch the next year s la t eral hoots push D eliberation in thus

,
’
S .

developing t h main d will be rewarded in future years F i t

e ro . ru

i g
n A few bunches of fruit may be taken the second ye if th ar e

rod is strong but t here hould not be anything like a crop until the S
third year in whi c h season if all has gone well with the vine each
,

lateral may be allowed to bear a bunch These la t erals should be

, , ,

chosen from t he best shoots that push on each side f the rod about o
a foot ap t and should be brought carefully down to the wires and
ar
tied at right angles with the rod When the lateral has made two
,

leav es beyond the bunch of fruit the end hould be pinched ff S o

as unlimi t ed extension is undesirable Wh en the fruit has been
,

gathered ea c h lateral may be cu t ba c k to h alf its leng t h and further

pruned back— this t ime to t he basal bud near the d — i au t um
,

ro n n .

M i st
o d u re ti l ti
an Air and water are important considera
ve n a on

t ions from the ver first The Grape Vine loves fres h pure but
y .

not dry i A well managed vinery is a pleasant plac e to enter

, ,

a r. -

be c ause the air is wh at gardeners well call buoyan t ; it is ligh t

,

fresh and sp kl ing The c ondition is se c ured by providing plenty

,

ar .

of v entilation keeping t he soil moist and syringing regularly from

,

t he time growth s t ts Let not t he grower be c aught napping

, ,

ar .

with h i sv entil ation If the sun breaks t a house whi ch is

. ou on
quite closed while he is s t ill abed t here may be scor c hing of leaf and
s c l d i ng f berry These troubles are the most likely to happen
a o .

after a damp pell T mp t s Artifi cial heat becomes i m S . e era u re

por t ant in propor t ion to the amount f forcing which is t be done o o .

If Grapes are wan t ed in April enough piping must be provided t o

maint i n a temperature f 5 to 60 in N o v ember by artifici l
,
° °
a o 0 a
mea s and 6 5 t 75 when the V i nes come into bloom ; this be i t
n ,
°
o
°

underst od without sun h eat I t means O f cours

,

o , e forcing all .
‘

throu g h the wi nter If Grapes e n t w anted be for July

, ,

. ar o e or
1
5 0 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning

F RU I T G RA E S — ti d
, P con nue .

Augus t things are simplified as the house need no t be started

before the end f Feb uary and in creasing sun heat will help t he
, ,

o r
for c ing in spring It should be noted that t he deli c ious white Grape
,

Mus c at of Alexandria needs more heat than t he hardier Foster s

.
’

S eedling and B uckl and S weetwater the popular bla c k Grapes or ,

B la c k Hamburgh and B lack Ali c an t e The i should be kep t fairly

,

. a r

dry whil e the Vines are in bloom in order to favour t he pread f ,

S o

the pollen If the weather is w t and dull at that period rendering

. e ,

it di fficult to get a pleasan t flow O f buoyan t i it wi ll be well to assis t a r

fer t ilisa t ion by shaking the rods When the V ines go t o res t in
,

autumn redu c e fire hea t t o a minimum as long as severe frost is

kept t O f the house they w ill be safe Th i i g A t edious bu t
,

ou . nn n -
.

ne c essary task Wi t hout it th bun c hes be c ome shapeless masses

. e
of berries large and small whi c h ripen irregularly some not a t l l a .

The beginner should c all and ask permission to wat c h a eighbour

, ,

4 4 9
A B UN H C OF G RAP E H INN E D
E N V ING V s
S T . R O AT I NE .

3 N t h s m d i th s g ts o c e a e n e tr o n r oo

4 Fi b s tsp s hi g . .

. rou r oo u n .

ing professional T bl s The real troubles begin when shank

. ro u e :
ing sc l ding s c orching mealy bug and red spider attack the
, a ,

Vines If shanking is persis t ent in young Vines over cropping may

, ,

.
-

be suspected and t he di ffi c ulty tackled by taking fewer l ar ge

,

bun c hes and giving liquid manure while the c rop is developi g ; if n
in l d v ines the roo t s should be examined D eep striking ones may
o .
-

be severed and o t hers raised in t o fresh soil near the surfa c e The
remedy for sc l ding and s c or c hing is proper v en t ilation Me l y
, .

a . a
bug is a serious pes t as when it once ge t s well es t ablished i t is d i ffi
c ult to dislodge and may pread to t he bun ches An infest ed house
,

S .

should be thoroughly c leaned in win t er t he woodwork being well

,

s crubbed with a solu t ion c on t aining p affin oil and the Vines freed
,

ar

of loose b k and scrubbed with an inse ct i cide Vigorous syri ging

,

ar . n
will help t o keep the enemy under R d spider will no t gai n a . e

foo t ing if t he house is kep t mois t S yringing is t he bes t remedy . .

Wasps sometimes prove des tru ct ive and mus t be kept t f t he ou o

house by covering t he ven t ilat ors wi t h muslin and keeping t he
,

door shu t V i ti s The t wo most useful all

. ar e d varieties for
e .
—r o u n

ind or c ultu e
o B la c k Hamburgh and Fos t er s S eedling
r ar e They ’
.

are vi gorous rela t ively hardy produ ct ive and f good flavour
, , , o .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g 1
5 1

Mus c at f Alexandria is superior in flavour but requires more hea t

o .

Gros Maroc is a large Grape of fair flav our For lat e use Ali c an t e
,

is t he most useful O t her well known sorts are Alnw ick S eedling
.
-

and Lady D owne s S eedling Gros C olman is very large bu t t he

’
. ,

flavour is t remarkable while i t is bad t o colour If Grapes are

no .

wan t ed for ou t door culture Ascot C i tronelle and Miller s B urgundy

,
’
,

may be chosen T k p G p s Grapes can be kept fresh and

. o ee ra e :
swee t for a long t ime if the bun c hes are c ut with a piece f lateral o

and this is fixed in a bottle of wa t er The store should be cool dry . , ,

and airy G p si mi x d g h ss It is hardly feasible t o

. ra e n e reen ou e :
grow good Grapes in a general greenhouse unless the plants ar e

res tri ct ed t kinds whi c h do not wan t much heat in winter and can
o
endure shade in summer If a house is kept w m for plants i . ar n

win t er i t s t ar t s the Vines too e rly It is best to work pl nts a . on a

whi c h pend t he summer outdoors and need little heat in winter

S .

The C hrysan t hemum is a no t able instance .

L g b — A hybrid frui t raised in America perhaps by i n

o an y e rr .

i g a B la c kberry and a R aspberry In Grea t B ritain the

, ,

tercro ss n .

Loganberry has been crossed wi t h t he R aspberry in the h p of e e

ge tt ing a sub hybrid of t he same vigour and cropping power as the
-

Loganberry but wi t h better flavour Poor quali t y is indeed the . ,

grea t defe c t f the Loganberry It is a tremendous grower es p e

, ,

o .

ri c h loam making shoo t s ft long

,

i ll y in moist clay land

c a or 10 . or

more and nearly an in c h thi c k in a season The fruit is mu c h

,

larger than t hat f either B lackberries R aspberries and is borne

, ,

o or
profusely I t may be s t ewed preserv ed as j am or canned in
,

syrup It is for the last purpose tha t i t is now being largely planted
, ,

. .

The hoots S trained horizontally or diagonally t o horizon t al

ar e
wires f whi ch there are generally 4 lengths ea c h a foot abo v e the
o

o t her str i ned on stou t posts The plants hould be ft ap t

, ,

a . S 12 . ar
and t he rows may be 7 f t apart Plants may be rooted from tips
, ,

. .

pegged down t owards the end of summer and will bear w el l in the
t hird ye Th ee tons to the a cre is a satisfa ct ory crop In
,

ar . r .

private gardens t he Loganberry is suitable for plan t ing ag i nst a

ar c hes or pillars It may be planted in deeply dug and manu ed
. r

soil be tween N ovember and Mar c h inclusive The c lumps should .

no t be l lowed to get crowded wi t h old wood but hould be kept

a S
t hin by pruning ou t in early autumn sh tswhich have frui t ed
,

ee
M d l (Mespilus Germanica) — A unimpor t nt frui t and
.

e ar . n a one
t hat need only be given space in large gardens The twis t ed grow t h
,

is peculiar and t he flowers are not wi t hout beauty so that it may be

plan t ed in extensive shrubberies I t will succeed in well drained
,

loamy soil Frui t dealers bud their Medlars t o Quince other

.

. on or
s t ocks B eyond a li ttle e ly haping no t mu c h pruning is
. ar S re
quired The fruit should be ga t hered at t he end of summer and
.

s tored un t il i t begins to de c ay It is then in what is known as the

,

ble tt ed s t age and ready for use

M
.

Ml e on ( Cu c umis elo ) — A large jui c y and deli c ious frui t

.

grown in prac t i c ally every l ge garden and in a good many small

, , ,

ar
ones I t is no t a di ffi c ult plan t to grow given hea t and glass The
.

French gardeners grow Can t eloupe Melons in small frames Melons

, .

are grow n in span roof houses in pits and in frames They thriv e
-

, , .
1 52 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng
F RU I T ME O N s
— ti d , L c on n ue .

wh n p l an ted o t in mounds
e soil m ade slates n the
u of on o
s t age f a warm span roof o -

house th same as Cucum , e

bers ; but they need more
air and less moisture than
C ucu m bers and the soil ,

should be firmer closer and , ,

l ess lumpy The structure .

must be light as without

the flav our will be poor ;
,

Sun
this account shade must on
be a v oided P p g ti . ro a a on

There is no di ffi cul ty in
get t i g a s upply f plants n o

“
from seed whi ch should be ,

sown singly in s m l l pots a

F U I ING S s
m ME L N
R T in a compost f loam le f
v n op O S. o a
A M i sm B O f h si d sh ts C m ould d sand I nter
,

te ne o t e e
F m l b l m D M l bl m E U p d “ pring accord i ng to
a n oo
. . . . .
, an ’ In
e a e oo a e oo no en e
m l fl s F P i f p i hi g
. . . .
01 S
o w er o nt o nc n
a e
when the crop re qu red
,
. . . .

15 i .

Approxi mately 4 months m y be l lowed from sowing to cutting a a

b t the time may be longer with spring crops a d horter with

,

u n S
s mmer ones I f the pots c an be plunged in bottom heat
u . or
stood in a warm house germination will be speedy and the plants
,

may be ready for putting t withi n the month When they hav e
,

ou .

rooted freel in t he sm l l pots they may be shifted to 5 i and

y a -
n .,

g rown in them u ti l the house i sre dy f them The leading

n a or .

shoot must not be stopped but side shoots should be pinched t ou

The length t o which t he plants may go must
, .

depend circumstan c es but they are gene

on ,

rally i go d condition f planting when they

n o or
are abo t a foot high and hav e se v er l rough
u a
le v s I f they are grown for frame culture
a e .

it is w ll to nip ff the ti p of the plant when

e o
i t has made a pair f rough lea v es and so o ,

enc urage it to push side shoots f training

o or
over the hotbed H s pi t l t The . ou e or cu u re

s t ructure should be a light airy one in w h ich a

minimum nigh t temperature f 6 can be
,

°
o 0
main t ained The mounds may be made up .

o f loam with a littl e decayed manure

,
leaf or

mould and some sand and there should be

“““
,

j ust enough soil to nicely cover the ball when

the plant is turned t of its p t Top dress ou o é

ings can be giv en afterw ds The leading M E L P L N ED

.

ON A T S TO P P

shoot may be al lowed to go up the roof 235353 E ar .

RA
?
t T
,

where it c an be se c ured to wi res strained

a bo t a foo t below the glass S ide shoots will form
u whi ch on
two kinds f blossom will show with an in cipient fruit at
, ,

‘
o one
the base the other wi t hout The la t ter is the pollen bearer d
,

,
.
-
, an
 E n c y c lo pe di a of G ar d e n ing 1
53
wh e n t h pollen is ripe and loose the flow e r shou l d be pick e d and
e
pressed into the centre of the fruit bearer which thus impregnated -

, ,

will begin t swell H alf a dozen fr itsmay be fertil i sed n ch

,

o . u o ea
plant and it may be done at i nterv als f 3 days The shoots o 2 or .

be in g the fruits may be st p p d 2 leav es beyond the bunch

,

ar e e .

While the air should be kept fresh it should t be saturated with no

To grow Melons
,

moisture like a Cucumber house F m l t . ra e cu u re

successfull y in a frame a hotbed of manure and leav es hould be S

3 ti m es at inter v l s to
,

made up after turning the manure 2 or a

sweeten it ; the heap should be w ell trodden d a mound f soil an o
pu t in th centre The plants will push side s
,

e .h tsas a result f ee o
t he stopping pre viously advised nd these can be trained o ver the a

t directions so as to well co v er it without crowding

,

bed in d i fl er en .

S ide sho ts may be remo v ed bod i ly if they push in l ge numbers

,

o ar

a n d crowd the frame A close co v ering but t a thick pack f . no o

leaves is desirable When roots how t hrough the mound f soil
, ,

. S o
top dress with fresh warm compost Give regular attention to .

watering ne v er allowing the soil to get dust dry C k may . an er

att ck t he stems f plants whether in houses pits

,

a o frames if , , , or ,

water lodges round the coll ar Keep the soil close and concave .

t here S ulphur and lime may be mixed and rubbed o ver the affected
.

p t V i ti s Imperial Green fl sh is v ery fine ; it is a l ge

ar . ar e e -
e ar ,

solid well fl , d fruit -

Hero f Lockinge (whi te flesh) is small er
av o u r e . o ,

but splendid in flavour and the same remark applies to R ead s ’

S carle t fl s S uperla t i v e is a large red fl s

,

h -
e . h sort Hero f -
e . o
Lo c kinge is good for a frame and so is Blenheim O range .

M l b y (Morus nigra) A interesti g l d tree the acid fruit

,

u err .
-
n n o
A S is well k o wn the
,

o f which is found agreeable by many people . n ,

leaves are used for feeding i lkworms and f this purpose the S or
species alba is liked The Mulberry will thri v e in any deep fer t il e
,

soil but does t c are for dry shallow ground I t may be planted
,

no .

c u ttings f young wood

, ,

in autumn and propagated by layers or o

if increase is desi ed It is rarely that the Mulberry is culti v ated
, , ,

r .

as a fruit ; it is generally planted to form a tree and the frui t is

considered a pleasant side issue But if culti v a t ed f the fruit it
,

. or
hould be restricted to a limited number f bran c hes and spur
,

S o
pruned S Apples and Pears. ee .

N t ( Corylus Avellana) — The cul t ivated nuts are much superior

u .

t o the wild forms and are well worth growing in gardens where t he
soil is sui t able They like a rich friable loam wi t h limes t one
,

. , ,

below and do not care for poor dry ground The Filbert is the .

mos t popular and f this class Lamber t s variety is f the bes t

,
’
o one o .

Cobs differ slightly from Fil berts but like the same soil and trea t
,

ment N uts require a lit tle study to get the best results as they
,

produ c e t wo dis t in c t forms f flower O ne t he nut be er is a small

,

o .
-
ar
pink blossom wi t h a swelling at the base ; t he other the m l e i sa
, ,

a
c atkin and bears t h pollen which is ripe d lo se
,

l ong yellow
,
”
e an o
late in win t er The female flowers are borne short ide sh o ots
, ,

. on S
d pruning should not b done un t il the pollen has spread excep t
,

an e
thi c k in whi ch case they hould be thinned at
,

where the bushes ar e S

v in winter The g ower need not be afraid t o
,

an y con enient t i m e . r
s acrifice a little fr it blossom at this thin ing ; bushes are nev r
u n e
 1
54 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e ning
F Ru n — ti d c on n ue .

more produ ct ive f being crowded The system f training is t

or . o o
pin c h b ck a young plant to induce it to push side shoots until abou t
a
a dozen hav e been secured t hat well placed round the c entre ar e
growth and then to let t hese ex t end as main bran c hes N cen tral
,

. o
is t aken up S ide hoots push from the main bran c hes and few or
. S
more are retained ac c ording to space N uts are propagated mainly
,

by suckers and layers The former which basal shoots

. ar e ar e
drawn away from t he root and plan t ed the lower buds being
, ,

remo v ed to leave a c lear s t em I n t he c ase f layers young shoots

,

. o

about ft long are drawn down horizon t ally and the lower p t
,
'

2 . ar

pegged t the ground I t fa c il i t ates roo t ing if they are parti l l y

o . a

cu t through When roo t ed t hey are trans .

planted and t he lower buds removed as in

t he c ase f the su c kers leaving however
, ,

o
su ffi c ien t to form the firs t set of ide bran c hes
, , ,

S
when t he head is removed In forming a .

plantation for com m ercial purposes a sheltered

pla c e hould be c hosen and the trees should S

be set ft apart The nut wee vil mus t be

,

12 .

kept in c he c k I t appears in M y and pier c es

.

. a

t he young nut When full fed it turns int

,

.
-
o

a hrys lis and lies buried in t he ground C a

throughou t t he winter If any weevils . ar e

seen pray w ith arsena t e paste 1 per
S -
oz .
gallon f wa t er ; pu t t arred boards benea t h
, ,

o or
t he bushes and shake t he weevils ff o .

O g ( C i trus Aurantium ) — The Orange is

ra n e .

n t c ul t ivated f commerci l purposes in t h

o or a e

northern countries but it is oft en grow n f or

ornament as small plants in po t s tubs
,

H w o To C RA FT or

look v ery e ffectiv e when full f fruit F

,
O RA NG E
o or
o

t i sm d i
.

A cu h s t m this purpose the Otaheite

a e n t e e Orange is very
dh g
gi gi z g tgfia
f
e

gg fi; suitable It does
a’
not require much hea t in .

hd fact mere pro t ection from frost in win t er

,
o
a ttac e .

will su ffi c e I t is thus suitable for c ool green .

houses and conserva t ories A c ompos t of loam leaf mould and .

sand suits it The habit is na t urall y compa c t s that v ery li tt le

, ,

. o
pruning is needed but the leaves should be sponged o c casionally
,

t keep the plant clean and heal t hy

,

o If seedling Oranges are raised .

from pips they may be made in t o good frui t ing plan t s by inar c hi ng
frui t ing branches f t he O t ahei t e Orange Wh en repot t ing is
o .

necess a y it should be d
r i spring on e n .

P h
eac d N t i an ( Prunus Persi c a )
ec ar n e—Pea c hes di ffer from .

N e ct arines only in ha ving a downy ins t ead f a smoo t h skin ; f o or

c ultural purposes t he two fruits may be c onsidered as one They .

ar e the mos t j uicy and lus c ious f al l t he l ger fruits with the o ar
possible ex c ep t ion f the Pear They are t however so hardy
,

o . no

stheir rela t ives t he Plum and t h C her y Pa tly from t hi s c ause

, ,

a e r . r .

and partly because they lend t hemselves so well to flat trai ing
,

they are almost ex c lusively grown in the c om

,
 “
E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning 1 55

p ar at i l y few
ve places where orch rd house c ultivation is pra ct ised a -

they are often in cluded in the c olle ct ion f pot t rees and grown as o

open bushes In the l d days Pea c hes and N t i swere generally

. o ec ar n e

grown ou t side bu t t hey are w given glass in most places if only no ,

in t he form f wha t is te c hni c ally know n as a c ase —that is a

,

o ,

narrow c orridor like stru ct ure I t may be that wi t h t he great e

-
. r

prevalen c e of glass houses t he modern s c hool f gardeners does t o no

fully learn t he art f Pea c h cul t ure in the pen air ; be t hat as i t
o O

may f ailures are c ommon and i t be c omes more and more t he rul e

t o grow t his deli c ious frui t under c over O td I t mus t

, ,

lt . u oo r cu u re

no t be assumed howe v er t ha t Pea c hes and N e ct arines c anno t b e

grown sa t isfa ct orily in t he pen air S ome gardeners are

, ,

O . con

S p i s
cu ou l y su cc essful wi t h t h em espe c ially in t he s u t h of E ngland o .

The mos t im p or t an t m att rs are shelter c are in t h early s t ages f

,

e e o

training and freedom from inse ct s and fungi The Pea c h is an

,

e ly grower and bloomer and i t s foliage is deli c a t e If exposed t

,

ar . o

c old pring winds t he sap is che c ked and a t errible disease called
,

S
blister a tt a c ks t he t rees whi c h seriously re t arded or even killed
,

ar e
ou trigh t The blis t er whi c h appears in t he form of large swellings
, ,

on t he leav es and c auses t hem t o shrivel and fall is the work f

,

o a

fungus called E xoas c us deformans B ordeaux Mix t ure (s B

, ,

. ee or

deaux ) is a good preventiv e if sprayed on as soon as the leaves m u

fold bu t i t is desir bl to avoi d t he atta c k if poss

,

a ible by providin g
e -

shel t er Where possible the Pea c hes should be grown the inne
,

. on r

fa c e of ki tc hen garden walls B lis t er m y appear on indoor Peaches

-
. a

i f the ven t ila t ors are left open when a c old wind is blowing from a
quar t er whi c h c auses it t o cu t through them to the trees Ou t on .

door Pea c hes are sometimes crippled by bla c k fly whi c h es t ablishes

i t self in for c e t he young shoo t s and su c ks out the life giving sap
,

on -
.

Th is pes t must be kep t under t he t rees w ill be poiled It c an or S .

be des troyed by syrin ging with a solution f paraffin i l and wa t er o o

wi t h almost any f t he proprietary washes fl d by floris t s and
,

or o o ere
seedsmen A mis t ake of t en made wi t h outdoor ( and some t ime s
.

indoor ) Peac h s is to pl an t t hem in ri c h loose soil and prov i de

e no

res tri ct i on f t he luxurian t grow t h t ha t follows The resul t is t hat

, ,

o .

the wood made in t he summer runs 4 5 ft and is as thi c k or .,

as a walking c ane ; in -

3 years the base f t he wall is nearl y

2 or o
bare and t he tree bears frui t onl on the smaller wood th y on e

upper par t f the wall Ordinary kitchen garden soil is generall y

,

o .
-

ri c h enough f Peaches as they are naturally vigorous growers

or
and more o f t en need c urbing t han ac c elera t ing In any c ase half
, ,

a barrow load f manure is likely t o be enough for ea c h tre W di

,

-
o e . oo

ashes and lime rubble are suitable ma t erials It is wise t o star t wi t h .

a two t hree year old tree and shor t en t he branches b k t o

or — ~
ac one

third of t heir leng t h The following year prune to half the leng t h .

o f t he bran c hes This insures the lower part f th wall being

. o e
well furnished with wood The growths then se c ured will form t h . e

skele t on of the t ree and should be fas t ened in qui t e c lear f ea c h o

other so as t o admi t f young frui ting ide shoo t s being laid i

,

o S n

be twe n t hem There sh l d b i g of sho t s and no shoo t

,

e . ss ou e n o c ro n o
mus t be allowed to gro w t from t he fa c e of th e wall ; all t ha t
,
‘
'

ou
Sp rin g from t he fron t of t he bran c hes shou l d be c u t c le n ou t ~
a .
 1 56 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng
FRU I T PE A C HE S — ti d , co n nue .

Planting may be done from N ovember to March in c lusiv e I t is .

an excellent plan to fix a wooden p i g about a foo t wide j ust ce n

below the top f the wall above the trees I t serv es as a prote ct ion
o .

d in pring w hen the trees are in bloom light canvas ( t i fl

,

an S an or
y
crim) or ev en tanned fish netting may be fi xed to it and allowed
, ,

s , ,

to hang down in front f the trees frosty nights P h s d o on . eac e un er

g l ss
a— T i i
g Peaches and N ec t ines are sometimes grown
ra n n : ar on
walls under glass and someti mes wire frames fixed under the on
roof f a lean to house With a wide house against a high strong
,

o -
.

I n each case a flat

,

w all both methods f training may be adopted o .

fan shaped tree is used Lit tle h eat isre quired unless e ly fruit is
,

-
. ar
wanted and a fl w and ret rn 4 i pipe wi ll su ffi ce F the
,

o u -
n. . or
roof the trees will be planted near the front that is at the lowes t
,

, , ,

part f the house ; and the branches will follow the rise f t h roof
o o e

f ot below where wires wil l be strained for the shoots to be tied

,

a o
to I n the c ase f the back w l l the trees wi ll f course be planted
,

. o a o
gainst it and the shoots attached to wiresfas t ened to it secured
, ,

a or
by sh eds and nails The fan system will be adopted E arly
, ,

r . .

pruning will be desirable as in the case f outdoor trees if they are o

bough t quite young I t is easy to get older trees already in an
, ,

d v anced stage f training and ready to gi v e fruit the first year bu t

,

a o
the cost will be rather high Unfortunately some people poil
, ,

. S

g ood t ees by neglecting to t rain up new wo d from t he bas

,

r e when o
t he older branches get bare near the base yet the work is simple if ,

taken in hand at the proper time S i l d pl ti g If decayed . o an an n

t urf is available no manure need be used even should the natural
soil be poor for a barrow load f good loam f each tree w ill c ontain
,

-
o or

l l the nutriment whi ch it re q u i res

,

a B t half a bushel f wood . u o

a shes and a quart f broken bones may be mixed with the loam o .

In planting the subsoil should be loosened some of the de c ayed turf

it in a lumpy state t he tree set in position the roots
, ,

spread on , ,

c overed and the top soil trodden well round them Planting may .

be done up to the t ime the buds b gin to swell P i g When

,

e . ru n n

t h necessary amount f wo d to form the framework f t he tree has

e o o o

been secured by early shortening t he grower may pro c eed to fill in

The best pla c ed f the summer sh tsshould
,

w ith fruiting wood . o ee

be chosen for t h is purpose If the tree is healthy more will push .

t han are needed and a selection hould be made among t hem S

ut t ing away t he front shoots first and re t aining su c h f the others
, ,

c o
sare well pla c ed for tying in between t he main branches without
,

a
c rowding These young hoots may be nea t ly laid in when the leaf
. S
falls and will bear frui t the following year They will also push
, .

side s h oots f their w but these must be gradually pinched

o t o n, ou
while small with t he excep t ion f one at the base and near the o one
The former may be allowed to extend unchecked because i t
,

t p o .

will pro v ide a frui t ing shoot f the following year ; but the latter
,

or
m y be sa t p p d at the se c ond leaf e Wt i g e d sy i gi g . a er n an r n n
Peaches soon suffer fro m dryness either at the root in the or
tmosphere I f th air getsv ery parched red pider may att ck
,

a . e , S a
th etrees I f the soi l is kept moist throughout the growing
.
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 1 57

season and the house is syr i nged d i ly during sunny weather ther a , e

will be no trouble this score T mp t s Low temperat res

,

on . e era u r e u
should be the rule to start with ; 4 5 (night) to 55 ( day) will d at ° °
o
first ; when the fruit has stoned and is swelling another may b Io
°
e
given The sun w i ll aid more and m ore as the spring ad v ances and
,

as it gai ns power the ventilation must be increased I f early spr ng

,

. i

for c ing is to be carried on 6 months must be l lowed from start ng a i

to ga t hering the p thus to have fruit in June a start must b

,

crO : e

made t owards the end of D ecember P p g ti Peaches . ro a a on ar e

l gely budded the S t Julien stock but the work i salmost ex
ar on . ,

e lusively carried n in nurseries S eedling stocks raised fr om

o .

stones can be budded in summer grafted in pring like othe or S r

fruits(s Apples) V i ti s S elections may be made according

ee . ar e e
a se ly midseason and late v arieties are wanted The f l l w mg
ar -
. o o

are good in t heir c lasses ; ( P) indica t es a Peach and (N) a N ectari e

, ,

n :

D ymond P)
(
Cardi n l (N) a Lord Nap er (N) i

E arly Ri vers (N) L t

H l e s E arly ( P)
a
’ a e.

B a m gt ( P) rr
Mi ds s
on
W l b t Admi able ( P)
ea on a ur on r
E arly Grosse Mignonne ( P) S E agle ( P) ea

The following suitable for outdoor cult re : H al e sE ly

ar e u
’
ar
E agle and S alwey
,

D ymond S , ea , .

Pyrus communis —A delicious fruit w ell suited a c cording

P (
ea r
) .

t o v iety ei t her for dessert stewing and admi rable for bottling
,

ar or .

Pears t largely gro wn as orch rd

,

ar e n o a
trees but in some distri c ts they thriv e
, .

They are excellent as neat pyramids

at the side f walls and may be o
grown successfully as fans and cor
,

dons walls Fruit lov ers often

on .

grow a collection f choi c e dessert o

Pears scordons in preference t a

a o
small number f pyrami ds in order o
t o get the bene fi t f a succession f
,

o o
fruit which can be got easily by
making a sui t able choi c e of v arieties
,

S ilo d s itan The remarks made e

under Apple and Fruit apply to Pears .

They are at their best a strong on

loam S t k s The best s t ock for
. oc :
g den Pears is the Quin c e but
ar

amateurs will be well ad vised to leav e A

,

propagation t o the trade xperts Q S K B U

I E D F M L YE
DD ING FE
e
U I NOE TO C F OR A RS

because man v ieties hav e to be

,
O N, RA S RO A A R.

S d
ar
double w lihd that is budded
-
or
”
E
t
ii éd i
i
on
x ' i
e
i e

another v ariety whi ch is itself budded

, ,

on the Quince Bergamott E speren Beurré d A m l i s Confer

. e
'

’
an
nce and Oli v e d S erresare Pears f double v l ue bec use they
, ,

e , r e o a a ar e
not only worth growing for thei r fr it b t ar al so v l uable as foster
,

u , u e a
1 58 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n ing
FR U I T— ti d co n nue .

mothers for more delicate Pears that do not take kindly t the Quince o
stock dire c tly but do so when f the foregoing v ieties inter one o ar
venes Knight s Monarch Marie B enoist M rie Louise Passe
,
’
. a
Thompson s and S ouvenir d C ngr es m y be indi c ated
, ,

C s
,
’
ra an n e , u o a
sdeli c ious Pears that only develop their best q uality when double
,

a
worked P l ti g d p i g The remarks made under Apple
. an n an ru n n

an d Fruit apply I s ts d d i s ss The remarks under

. n ec an ea e

Apple apply but a word may be said as to scale which oft en

fast ens on the bark in large q uantities The lime pray tends to
, ,

. S
reduce it the following spe c ial spray may be used in winter
or :
I g llon p fli i l 5 lb sof t soap 5 gallons wa t er V i ti s
,

a ar a n o . 2 . ar e e :
There is an enormous number f varie t ies from which the followi ng
, ,

o ,

may be selected ( ) Jargonelle ( ) Wil l i m ssB Chr étien , 3) D

: 1 ,
2 a
’
on r.

Jules G yot (4) Hessle ( 5) S ouvenir d Congr es (6) Fondan t e de

u u

Th i i t t ( 7) B eurré Hardy ( 8 ) E mile d H ys

,

t ( 9) Conferen c e
, ,
’
rr o e
Jersey ( ) Magnate ( ) Marguerite Mar ill at
, , ,

Louise onne
,

( ) 10 B f o , 1 1 ,
12

Fondante eurré ( 5) Knight s

,

m
’ ’
( )31 d A t ( 4 ) B C l i g u o ne, 1 a r e au , 1
Monarch ( 6) B eurré D i ] ( 7) B eurr é R an c e ( 8 ) Beurré d A m li s
1 e 1 1
’
an

( 9) D oyenné d Cornice ( ) Mar i e Louise ( ) P i tm s D u c hess

, , , ,

1 u t , 2 0 ,
2 1 a on
Thompson s Passe ( ) eurré S p fi ( 5) B
,

( ) 2 2 ( )
3 C s 4 B
’
2 r a an n e , 2 u er n, 2 er
M t
,

g ma tt E op (e 6 ) JosephineS de alines
er e n , ( )
7 Win er2 N elis 2

Mor ceau ( 9) E aster B eurré The list begins wi th earlies

, ,

( 8) G l
2 ou 2 .

d ends with lates

,

an N s 3 5 7 8 9 9 4 .
7 and 8 o . 2 I o, 1 2 o, 2 2 2
would make a good selec t ion f tw el v e Those who make a point f
, , , , , , , , ,

o . o
flav our should procure N s 7 3 7 9 o 4 and 6 o . , 12 , 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 .

Two fine stewi ng Pears are C ti ll and U v edale s S t Germains

, , , , , ,
’
a ac . .

P l m ( P m scommunis )
u The Plum is the most important f
nu .
-
o
t he fruits which form stones instead f pips and in some dis o

t i tsnotably Pershore E vesham and M aids t one hundreds f a cres

,

r c o
are g own f market The Plum lo v es a strong loam A certain
, , , ,

r or . .

a mount of lime in the soil benefits it but it is not at its bes t

shallow limestone soil whi c h is really not ferti le enough for any
,

o n
lass f fruit t ee Three four feet depth O f good loam with
,

c o r . or
limestone underneath it will grow Plums t perfe c tion if th si t e
,

o e
is suitable It must be remembered that in common with the other
,

s tone frui t s Apricots Cherries Peaches a d N e c tarines the Plum

, , , , n
flowers earlier than Apples and Pears and is liable to su ffer severely
,

from fros t a low si t e The rema ks under Fruit as t o manur

,

on . r

i g plan t ing and staking apply to Plums

n They are generally
worked t o B rompton and Mussel stocks although several others
, .
,

on
used for parti c ular v arieti s by the trade experts They are
,

ar e e .

grown as standards h l f standards bushes and fans more r ely , a -

, , , ar

a s cordons and esp l iers P i g After the early pruning to a . ru n n

form heads referred t under Apple and Fruit Plums do not o ,

require much pruning as stand ds half standards and bushes ar -

because the quantity f summer shoots which they produ c e is mu c h

, , ,

o
sm l ler as a r le than in the case f Apples and Pears ;
a u t he o on
ther hand the quan t ity f frui t spurs and stubby sh tswhi c h
, ,

o O ee
‘

naturally develop fruit buds is mu c h greater Wh ere there is a

,

g ood deal f summer growth summer pruning will be benefi c ial

o , .
 E n c yc l o p e d i ab f
'

G ard e nin g 1 59
E n e mi e s The Plum is t addi c ted to canker scab spot Ameri c an no

blight c odlin grub and blossom wee vil like the Apple but it is
, , ,

a tt a c ked by caterp i llars aphides il v er leaf and gum C ater

, , ,
‘ ‘
S , .

best c he c ked by grease —banding in au t umn and if t hat

, ,

pillars ar e
does not suffi c e by prayi g in spring (s Apple) Lime spraying
,

S n ee .
-

will check aphides S il v er leaf sa comparatively new but insidious. I

and dangerous enemy w hi h g tsqui t e into the system f the tr ee c

'

e o
and c auses t he leaves to assume a g ey shiny appearance If t he
,

r .

disease puts in an appearance an endeavour should be made t o

,

che c k it by promptly c utting out the a ffe c ted part and burning i t
,

even destroying a whole tree in case f emergency N other s t one

,

o . o
fruit should be plan t ed on the same spot V i ti s The following . ar e e

are good cooking Plums suitable for m r ket c ulture in order of a

ripening ( I ) R ivers Prolifi c ( ) Morocco 3) C zar (4) Heron
, ,
’
: 2

5) Vi ct oria ( 6) Pond s S eedling ( 7) Monarch ( 8 ) President

, , , ,

B elle
’

de Lou v ain White Magnum B onum and Pershore are also good
, , , .

Plums The following are garden var eties f good flav our Green
,

. i o :
gage E arly Transparent Late Transparen t B ryanston Gage
Jefferson s Gage and C oe s Golden D rop
, , , ,
’ ’
, .

Q i (
u n ce Pyrus Cydonia ) —A highly aromatic fruit colouring .

bright yellow when ripe and useful for j elly The tree is f ra t her
,

. o
s traggly habi t but t he roo t system is shallow and fibrous thus
,

renderi ng it valuable as a stock (s Pears) The Quince will thrive

,

ee .

in well drained loamy soil I t-

propagated by cutti gs . n
layers prin c ipally t he latter .

There are se v eral ornamental

,

varie ties and Japoni c a the on e ,

Japanese Quince is mu c h planted
, ,

as a sh ub for walls r account on

o f the profusion f large and o

bril liant flow ers with which it
c lo thes itself in p ing The S .

v ie t y Maulei also fine

ar 15 .

R s ap b y ( R ubus Idae us
e rr ) .

The R aspberry is an esteemed

fruit alike for c ooking and pre
servin g and fortunat ely it c an
,

be grown successfully in all but

t he poorest soils It does not .

like dry h t ground however o .

I tsna t ure is to spread a t the root

, ,

by underground su c kers near the

surfac e and to throw up long
,
T INING R B E I E WI E ,

S lender shoots bearing leaves ; RA AS P RR S ON R .

these hoots produ c e small fruiting clusters the following year

S
sometimes the same year but that is t desirable except where late no

fruit is wan t ed I t wi ll be gathered that the way to ge t heavy crops

,

o f R aspberries is to manage them so as to secure an annual succession

o f good fruiting canes There is no di fficulty abou t this I f young . .

suckers are taken from the l d stools in autumn planted in deeply o

tilled well manured soil either a foot apart i a w t be tied t o a

,

-
n ro o
horizontal wire a yard high
, ,

in clusters f 3 or 5 to form a , or o
 E nc y c lop e di a o f '

G ard e n ing
F RU I T— ti d con n ue .

clump and be suppo ted by a s trong stake and are then cut back r
t o withi n 6 ins f t he ground they will q uickl y become established
,

. o .

year may be pruned away after be ing and

,

The fruiters of the on e ar

gi v e place to the young shoots which wil l be the fruiters f the follow
,

o
ing ye The annual diggi ng should b hall ow T p dressings of
ar . e S . o
manure will sustain vigour and fruitfulness A wee vi l sometimes .

attacks R aspbe ries and should be s h aken ff t tarred boards

r o on o
at night whil e feeding The followin g are good v arie t ies S uper
,

. :
lative Hornet October R d ( the last for autumn bearing) e .

S t w b y ( Fragaria ) —Thi s delicious fruit occupies an almos t

, ,

ra e rr .

uni q e position inasmuch as it can be fruited wi t hin a ye O f the

u ,
ar
formation of the plant and
may therefore be brough t
,

w i t hin the cropping scheme

f a ki tchen garden if desired o :

Taking up little room it is ,

suitable f culture in the or

smallest gardens ; and a bed
f S trawberries might v ery o
well take the place f the o
coarse vegetables whi ch ar e
often allowed to o cc upy far
more space than their merits
deserv e in little places S i l o
BL M F ED
.

T H I NN I NO TH E S trawberries Will grow in mos t

OO S or O RC
S WB E I E TRA
hea v 1 ht They hke
RR S

Th s m k d W th
l
t b p k d ff y S Ol S , or .
b
o e ar e i
a friable fertil e m but they
a ar are o e ic e o .

, oa ,

will give good results well worked clay and also light sandy on -
on
soil provided it is well manured Fair crops c an be got from thin
, ,

c halky soil by manuri g liberally M

. ,

Two b rrow loads per

n . an u re a -

ro d 30 cartloads per acre f de c ayed yard manure supplemented

or o
8 c wt as t he case may be f tifi cial will give heavy
,

by 6 lb . or . o ar
c rops The arti fi ci l may c onsist f 3 parts kainit of sp p h s
,

. a o 2 u er o
phate ( or the same quan t ity of basic lag limeless soil ) and f
,

S on 1 o
nit olim provided it is t urned well in bu t kainit must not be spread
,

r , ,

externally a bed of young S t awberries or it will kill the plants

on r

M M
.

t fac t
,

Pl anti g ny be done from S ep ember

a to y inclusive — i a n
if young pot plants are used they could be put in during summer if
,

desired Most fruit de l ers strike S trawberries in small pots in

. a

order to be able t o exe c ute orders a t periods when it would no t be

safe to lift plants from t he O pen E ly au t umn is a good t ime to . ar

plant The rows may be made 3 ins apar t and the pla ts se t
. 0 . , n
1 8 i sapart in the rows
n . S pring Onions early Le ttuces some . or
other quickly cleared crop may be put betw een the row s the fi rs t
, ,

S pring P p g ti . Those who wish to raise thei r w plan t s

ro a a on o n

S hould fil l a number f 3 i pots firmly with light loamy soil in o -

n.

July set the first plantlets w hich form

,

the runners the soil on on

and k ep them in posi tion with a sto e peg I n about 6 w eeks
, ,

e n or .

they will hav e rooted freely n d may be cut away from the ru ner , a n
an d p lanted B t plants sho ld . t be l low ed to form any runners
u u no a
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n ing 161

the first year F i ti g . ru n S trong young plants are q uite likely t o

bear some fruit the first year that is the summer after being -

s tru c k Long c lean straw should be spread between the rows when
,

t hey come in t o bloom par tly to protect the flowers against a lat e
,

fros t but mainly to prevent t he fruit from being soi led in w t

,

weather If t he st aw is removed at the end f summer t he weeds

,

. r o
cleared ff runners cut away and the soil stirred t he plants will
,

o ,

bear a plendid c rop the se c ond year Thereaft er the cropping

, ,

S .

will turn upon t he treatment If t he beds are well dressed annually .

and are gi v en liquid manure in summer with artifi cial manure in

the form f sulphate f potash and superphosphate betw een the
,

o o
rows in February they will yield good crops for sev eral years On ,

the other hand if the beds are l lowed to get crowded and are not
,

properly cleaned and manured t he fruit soon be c omes small A

, ,

,
.

few plants in most beds fail t bloom and they hould be destroyed o , S ,

as if left runners may be taken from them inadvertently and the

s t ock of barren plants increased F i g Those who wan t
,

. o rc n

S t rawberries in spring hould ei t her buy plants ready prepared for S

t he purpose shift home raised plants from small in t o 6 i pots
or - -
h .

i S ep t ember using loamy soil with a dash f leaf mould and sand
,

n o .

The plan t s will make a ni c e plump fruiting crown before winter

,

They can be put into a gently hea t ed house in January later A or .

t empera t ure f 55 to 6 5 wil l be bet ter t han a very high one A

o
° °
.

pla c e near t he glass is desirable otherwise t he flower stems will run

up weakl and t he frui t be poor A dozen fruits will be enough to
,

y .

ea c h plan t Wa t er and weak liquid manure should be given whi le

t he crop is welling Mi l d w S trawberries are mu c h subj ect t o
.

S . e :
mildew w hi c h o f t en whi t ens the foliage c omple t ely The best .
-

remedy is liver of sulphur which howe v er is only e ffe ct ual when the
,

crys t als are kept perfe ctly fresh up to the t ime f use in a sealed
, , ,

re c eptacle Half an ounce per gallon f wa t er will suffi c e The

. o .

liquid thus made is green and has an o ff ensive smell It must be .

used at the firs t s t age f att a c k V i ti s F earliness produ c

,

o . ar e e or
sand good flavour c ombined there is no S trawberry superior
,

ti ven es
t o Royal S overeign Other good all rounders are S i Joseph Paxton
,

.
-
r

R eward and B edford C hampion One f t he bes t la t e sort s is

,

. o
sLa t e Prolifi c R oy l S overeign and S i Joseph Paxton are
,
’
Gi von . a r
t he two most importan t market v arie ties but B edford C hampion
gaining favour Those w h wan t t o make S traw
,

and Trafalg ar ar e . o
berry j am in quan t i t y should grow the li ttle variety Grove E nd
S c arle t as it keeps i t s hape well The same remark applies t S . o
Vi c omtesse H i t de Thury P p t l S t w b i s The non
,

e r c ar . er e ua ra err e

pro f essional w h reads of S trawberries that give large crops every

o

mon t h in t he year should remain scep ti c al bu t he may if he likes

try a few rows f L t sPerpe t u l S t Joseph as these small
, , ,
’
o a x on a or .

frui t ed v arie t ies c er t ainly bear suc c essional crops

,

W l t ( Juglans regia) The Walnu t is hardly a fruit f sm l l

a nu .
-
or a
gardens bu t it is ornamen t al enough t o c laim a place in a large
g den and al so in parks whi le t he nu t s are highl y esteemed It is
,

ar .

a hardy t ee and thrives in mos t soils unless ver poor dry and
, ,

r y
hallow The nu t s are t hrashed down in t h eir thick coats in early
, , ,

S .

autumn and stored for use in winter

, .
1 62 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng
H yb i d f i ts— There are several hybrid fruits a v ailable
r ru w no
some f which are dealt with under their o wn names in this work
,

o .

The Loganberry is the most important ( s p The S trawberry ee . 1

Raspberry is f no importan c e as t he flavour is very poor
o It is a .

Japanese plant a hardy herbac eous perennial with white per

,

fumed flowers The berries are globular and dark in c olour and
, , ,

are borne the new wood The repu t ed origin— cross be t ween
,

on . a

S trawberry and R aspberry— is very doub t ful The Japanese Wine .

berry is a pe c ies ( R ubus phoeni c olasius) and is a hardy shrub

S
which bears red fruit in clusters ripe in summer It is j uicy and
, ,

sweet and makes a good preser v e The Aus t en D ewberry is a

,

large form wi t h black fruit f good flavour ; i t th iv es in damp ites o r S

The Mahdi is a hybrid between R aspberry and Bla c kberry and
.

bears dark Raspberry like fruit f good flav our The L w b y is

,

-
o . o err
also a good hybrid .

F chsia (fi h si after Herr Fu c hs Ord O g i ) — This

u
'

I -
c a, . . na r ar e a e .

gra c eful plant has many admirers There few plants more . ar e
elegant and pleasing and the c ulture is not diffi c ul t B d dropping . u -

is t he only serious defe c t and that c an be avoided wi t h c are in

,

wa t ering (s Watering) The Fuchsia t hrives in a c ool greenhous

,

ee . e
in summer and may b grown as a window plant wit h su cc ess if e
properly watered and v entilated When pus h ed
,

by repotting . on
Spe c imens of grea t size may be grown and su c h plan t s 6 7 f t or .

high and laden with flowers are very beautiful obj e ct s ; but smaller
, ,

po t s are more useful to mos t g deners

,

plants in 5 l 6 i -
n. or -
n. ar .

These may be got by striking c uttings f young hoo t s about 3 ins o S .

long in sandy compost in spring ; t hey root more surely if c over d e

by a bell glass When 6 ins high the t ops may be pinch d ff and
-
. . e o ,

freely branched plants will follow A compost f loam 3 parts leaf . o ,

mould part and sand wi ll suit them With adequate moisture

1 .

t hey will grow rapidly and soon come into bloom At t he end f
,

. o

t he season the water supply hould be reduced and t he plants

,

S
brough t to rest They c an be stored in any dry frost proof place
.
-

for the winter ; and in spring c an be retarded by being pu t in a wa m

,

house and syringed They m y then be pruned hard back t . a o

en c ourage a fresh lot f shoots from the base The followi g o . n ar e

good v arieties
S i n gl e . D o u bl e .
Countess f Aberdeen o Avalan c he
Loveliness B alle t Girl
Lye s E xcelsior
’
Miss Lu c y Finnis
R ose f Castile o Phenomenal
The hardy pecies are often used for the garden and c ome up year
S
after year making large bushes in mild dis tri c ts In c old places i t
,

is well to put some lit t er o v er the roo t s af t er c utting t hem down in

,

autumn The fol lowing are good m

. s t m gra c ilis purpl ish : acro e a

i s c arlet The spe c ies

,

red ; m st m
ac roRi t e a m b i fl
c c ar o n
y . c or ora,

c arlet and its whi t e v ariety are sometimes grown under glass
,

S ,
.

F mig ti n The burning f t oba c co paper in plant houses

u a o .
-
o - -

w hi c h is what g deners understand by fumiga t ion has largel y

,

ar ,
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning 1 63

given place t vaporisation wi t h cones containing a prepara tion f

o o
nicotine Th cones are sold by seedsmen and florists One
. e . or
other should be practised periodically— say once a fort i ght n
th ough the gro w ing season
r .

F ng i F ng icide — A fungus is a l w v egetable organism devoid

u u . o
f c hl orophyll and deriving its nitrogen and carbon from a hos t
,

o
plant li ving dead There are large numbers f fungi which feed
,

or . o
on li ving plants and they are c alled parasites Those which liv
,

, . e

on decayi ng matter are termed saprophytes S ome f these fungi . o

are referred to under the plants which they attack B ordeau x

Mixture (which see) is

.

of the best f fungicides S ulphide f on e o . o

potassium is also good D y flowers f sulphur destroys mildew . r o .

F sti t S t w s i t V m i t and Woburn B ordeaux paste

o e, ra on e, er or e, ar e

good propriet y fungi cides C d y sfluid f a pink colour i ssaf

ar . on
’
o e
and good .

F nkia Plantain Lily (f m ki after Herr Funk Ord Lil iaceae )

u ,
i
'

-
a, . . .

— S B ulbs
ee .

Fur e G rse z ,
Whin — The c ommon Furze is Ulex europaeus
o ,
or . .

It is a well —known occupant f heathy sandy wastes and is in bloom o , ,

many months f the year The double —fl w d (fl o pleno) i s . o ere or e

p ticularly good ; it may be propagated by cuttings in spring
ar or
autumn S tri ct us the Irish Furze is a v ariety f europaeus bu t i s
. , ,
o ,

not a free bloomer N anus is a dwarf pecies blooming in autumn . S , .

Gail l ar dia ( gaill ard ia after M Gail lard Ord C ompositae) -

. . . .

Annuals and perennials with ri c h brown and yellow flowers born

,

freely in summer The annuals are varieties of pul c hell a pi c ta and

, ,

. ,

are sold in mi xed packets by seedsmen For culture s Annuals . ee .

is a form f pi ct a with tubular florets The perennial

,

L i
o r e n z an a o .

Gail lardias f which named varieties are be c oming known

o ar e
hybrids f G ista t a and are propaga t ed by div ision by cut
, ,

o . ar or
t ings in autumn kep t in a frame t hrough the wint er They
,

, . are

handsome plants for the herbaceous border and are not particula ,
r

as to soil .

G al anthus S nowdrop ( g l an t hus from g l milk and th s a -

a a, an o

flower referring to t he white flowers Ord A m yl l i d ) S

, , , ,

, . . ar eae .
-
ee

B ulbs .

G alax ( g a l lax from g l milk referring to the w hi t e flowers

-
a a, .

Ord D iapensiaceae) —One member f this genus is grown and t ha t

, ,

. . o
is aphylla a pretty hardy rockery plant at trac t ive bo t h in leaf and
,

bloom I t s whi t e flowers are borne in summer I t likes a ver y

, ,

. .

friable soil such as leaf mould wi t h a fourth f loam and a good deal o
Propagation is by division in autumn S t he B t i l
,

o f grit ee o a n ca
M g i t 754
. .

a az n e , . .

G al g a Goat s R ( gal e g from g l milk ; formerly supposed

’
e ue -
a, a a,

to be good for c ows Ord Leguminosae) — O ne f mos t brillian t

,

. . o ou r
and vigorous border plan t s t hriving anywhere and easily propaga t ed
by division between N o v ember and April B o t h the lilac species
,

o ffi i l i sand i t s white varie t y alba hould be grown

c na The v arie S .

ga t ed leaved may be grown if desired ; it be c omes green when in ful l

-

v gour in summer S Flower Garden— Herbac eous plants

i . ee .
 1 64 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
alt nia S Hyacin t hus candicans and B ulbs
G o .
-
ee .

G ard nia ( gard é nia e after D G den Ord Rubiaceae) -

r. ar . . .

P rodu c ing white strongly scented flowers f neat shape and con
,

, o
i
ve n e n t ize Gardenia fl i d is a popul plant It thrives in a
S , or a ar .

warm moist atmosphere and does bes t when planted t ; it may

, ou
howe v er be grown in pots 6 i and 7 i b ing suitable si es
, ,

-
n. -
n. e z .

A compos t of loam 3 par ts leaf mould and dried cow manure

, ,

1
par t each with sand suits it A te m pera t ure of 6 t o 7 should
,

° °
. 0 0
be provided in winter Propagation i sby cut t ings inserted under
, ,

a bell glass in bottom hea t in spring There are sever l v arieties f

-

. a o
G fl i d f which the double whi te is the best known Variega t a
. or a, o .

has yellow margined leaves Others are For tuneana and radi c ans
-
. .

Garl i — S Kitchen Garden

c ee .

Garry (g a rya after M Garry Ord Cornaceae) —The

a r -
r. . . . one
spe cies grown t o any extent ellipti c a is a hardy e v ergreen shrub
,

producing yellow flowers in pring It is not parti c ular as to soil

, , ,
“
S . .

Propagat ion is by cuttings under a bell glass in S eptember S -

. ee

the B t i l R gi st t 68 6
o an ca e er, . 1 .

Ga ltheria Wintergreen ( G l th é ria after D G l th

u Ord au -
r. au er. .

Eri c ac eae) —One t wo members f thi s small genus are esteemed

, ,

. or o

for t he rock gard n They are small evergreen shrubs t hat thrive e .

in pea t y soil and are propagated by layers Pro c umbens the Par t . ,

ridge B erry has white flowers in July S hallon has white flowers in .

pring S the B t i l M g i t 84 3
,

S . ee o a n ca a az n e , . 2 .

Ga nia (g al i from g
za richness alluding to the brillian t
az n a, az a ,

flowers Ord Composit e) — Half hardy plan t s uitable f t he

,

. . a .
-
S or
flower garden in summer S plendens is t he most commo l y grown . n

d i t bears orange flowers Ordinary friable soil sui t s i t and i t

,

an . ,

m aybe propagated by cuttings under a bell glass in summer -

.

Genista B room ( geni s t a Virgil s name O rd Leguminosae) -

’
. . .

These are allied to Cytisus They are easil y grown thriving in

, ,

. . ,

mos t soils and propagated by cu tt ings in a frame H ispa i ca t h . n , e

S panish B room ; t in ct oria t he D yer s Greenweed and i t s v arieties ;

,
’

d virgata are t he prin c ip l sorts

, ,

an S B room and Cytisus a . ee .

Genti na Gentian (g ti a na after G ti sKing f Illyria Ord

a ,
en -

, en u ,
o . .

G t i
en ) — Among
an e ae the most v l uable
. f Alpines account of a o on
t heir brillian t blue flowers whi c h are unexcelled for richness f
,

olour The Alpine spe c ies like a pea ty soil They may be raised
,

c . .

from seed in a greenhouse in spring divided in spring There are or .

no choicer flowers for ro c kwork

,

Gentian blue has become a .

-

p opul expression
ar t o indi c a t e brillian c e The following are the .

p rincipal Gen t ians

A c aulis blue spring 4 ins high ( B t i l M g i t , . o a n ca a az n e , .

Andrewsii blue summer ft

, ,

, ,
2 .

alba white
,

asclepiadea blue early summer ft ( B t M g t

, .
‘

, , , 1 . o . a ., .

l ba white a , .

Bav ica blue summer 3 ins

ar .

l u t ea yellow summer
, ,

ft yields the l Gent an

,

,
mm , , 2 ., co e r c 1a i .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n in g
sp t mfid blue summer 9 ins ( B t J
e e a, lI g t t 9 and o a " 12 2

v erna blue spring 3 ins ( B t M g t

, , . . .

, , , . o . a ., .

alba white
W l j w i pale blue early summer
,

a u e , , .

G e n ma ( g o O ma from g
o m s skilled con v eying that skill
e on -
, en o o ,

in propagation is re quired Ord Palmae) — Geonoma gracilis i s

,

. . .

one of the best f room plants d should be included in any colle

o , an e

tion f p l ms g own in small pots For culture s Pal ms

o a r . , ee .

G er nium Cranesbill ( ger a nium from g

a , s a crane i allu -
e ra n o n
sion t t he beak like proj ection from the seed Ord Geraniaceae )
, , ,

o -
. . .

The true Geraniums are hardy herbaceous plants with brigh t ,

flowers in summer They are not particular as to soil and are . ,

easily propagated by divi

sion in spring also by seeds , .

S uch pecies as argenteum

S ,

with light red flowers and

sil very leaves m m , ar en u ,

purple E d ssi rose ; san n re

m c rimson and its

, ,

g i u neu
v iety L st i s rose
, ,

ar an c a r en e,
striped are worth growing
in every herba c eous border w t f
,
‘

. r

The Zonal Geranium whi c h

w e grow as a bedding and
ribbon border plan t in
summer as a po t plant for
bo t h summer and winter
,

Window b X
,

an d as a H w L EGG Y Z N L G E NI U M
-
O 011 13 ”

o To p LA N T A O A RA

ment for t he warm season is

no t a true Geranium It has re al right t the name for it is a Pelar
,

. no o
gonium Mos t of the modern v arieties f what w call Geraniums
,

. o e
derived from Pel gonium Zonale and P i q i s They are dis ar . n u n an .

ti g i s
n h d from t he other Pelargoniums by having a marked leaf
u e
hence the term Zonal ; if this is used regul ly there is no fear f
,

ar o
c nfusion The Zonal Geraniums do not hold entire sway in t h
o . e
flower garden now as they did in ye s gone by be c ause borders of ar
the v ogue ; but they are stil l used
, ,

hardy herbaceous plants ar e

largely A start may be made by buying a stoc k of young plan ts
.

about the middle f M y which may be planted 8 i s apar t in o a 1 n .

well dug but not heav i ly manured soil These will flower c on t inu
,

-
.

ou sl y through the summer u l ess it is very we t Pic k ff de c aying n . o

trusses regularly ; fresh ones are thrown up continuously Abou t
,

mid Augus t a piece f ground in a sunny pot may be raked over

-
o S

and c ut t ings f the young sho ts 3 4 ins long taken ff j us t

o o or . o
underneath a j oint dives t ed of t heir lower leaves and i nser t ed
, ,

firmly ins deep Or cuttings may be pu t 4 ins apart in hallo w

, ,

2 . . . S
boxes of sandy soil They will make very li t tle growth before pr i ng . S
and i t is not desirable t hat t hey should They can be wintered
,

. on
a shelf in a cool house from which frost is excluded A few of the .

o l d plants may be lifted in N o v ember trimmed ro t and bran c h o

tie d in bundles and hung in a cool cellar as a reserv e In spring t h
, ,

, . e
1 66 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
plants young l d ( but the former preferred ) may be potted
, or o ,

s ingly into 3 i 4 i and stood in a frame -

pit until the
n . or -
n ., or
t ime comes for plan ting ; some f them may be potted for or o -
ou
flowering in the greenhouse T ge t bloom in a heated house in . o
w i nter s trike cu tt ings in spring repot the plan ts as required ntil u

t hey are in 6 i r pinch on c e twi c e to make them bushy and

,

-
n. or
pick t the flower buds sfast as they how until N o v ember then
,

ou a S
Loam with a little leaf mould and some
,

l t them come into bloom

e . ,

s and makes a suitable compost Zonal Gerani u ms generally . ar e

free from insects and diseases but the foliage wil l be c ome blotched
,

them The followi ng

,

if the falling pet l s are l lowed to d a a e c av o n .

ar e good v ieties ar

F B dd i g S axonia scarlet
or e n . ,

B eckwith s Pink
’
S i T Ha bury blush r
n . ,

Paul Crampel s c let Venus Wh t ar ,

l e

Flower f S pr ng l v er v e
,
.

bl s P ts
o i Si ar 1
D f
,
ou or
gated e o .

M s Pollock golden v ariega t ed ( 3 1

r cr mson 0 038 11 8 . i

M Henry C d k v iegated Californie orange

. ,

r. ox, ar ar ,

R osa B onheur p nk i
S i gl s
,

f P t Pierre Loti rose

n e or O S.

C armania salmon rose

,

King f D enmark s al mon -

o

p il Improved s c arlet
, ,

Hatfield pink R s a a
Lady Wa wick Picotee edge Hermione whi t e
, ,

r , ,

Gerb ra B arberton D aisy (g e bera after Herr Gerber Ord

e r -
. .

Composi t ae) — The beautiful Gerbera Jm s i is quite a modern

, ,

. a e on
plant in E uropean gardens having being introdu c ed from S outh
Africa in 8 8 9 (s the B t i l M g i t
,

1 It arrested
ee o a n ca a az n e , .

instant a t tention with its large starry brilliant s c arle t flowers , , , ,

an d being taken in hand promptly by the hybridists soon gave

d i fferent c olours
,

There is now quite a range f hues The plant . o .

is no t qui t e hardy and if grown outdoors hould hav e a heltered S S

place It is perhaps bes t trea t ed as a pot plan t being grown in a
,

fram e or c ool greenhouse A sandy c ompost f loam and peat in

,

. o
e qual par t s sui t s it S eed is pro c urable and may be sown in pans . ,

o f sandy soil in a warm frame g h ouse in spring the seedlings or re e n

being pri c ked ff potted singly and repotted as desired Five inch
,

o .
-

po t s are large enough and the soil m y consist f loam with a thi d f
, ,

a o r o
leaf mould and some sand If growths from the base can be se c ured
,

t hey may be used as c u ttings The plants come readily from seed .

sown in a greenhouse in spring the seedlings pri c ked ff potted , o ,

singly and repotted as needed

, .

Gesnera (g sé after C onrad Gesner Ord Gesnera c eae)

e n -
ra, . . .

Very brillian t warm house plants with large rough leaves and -

t ubular flowers borne loosely long stems The flowers are mostly
, ,

on .

both abundant and brillian t so tha t the plan t s are v ery showy .

They are suitable f p ts or baskets The t ubers should be started

,

or e .

in bo t tom heat in February and potted in a compost of loam ,

3 parts leaf mould and dried , w manure part each and sand co 1 .

They may be flowered in 6 i pots Giv e a warm house and

,

-
h . .

plenty f moisture until they come into bloom when they may go
o ,
 E n c yc l o pze d i a of G ard e ning
into a cooler house D y them ff after flowering Cardinalis . r o .

scarlet and white ; maculata purple spotted ; and f l g sv iolet

,

, ,
re u en ,

and white are good , .

G m Avens (g é um from g y t stimulate owi ng to the pro

eu ,
-
, e a, o ,

p rties f the root Ord R osaceae) B rilliant orange fl w d

o o . . .
- -
o ere
h rdy herbaceous plants blooming in spring and early summer
a , .

Thriving in al most any soil and flowering e rly and long they are a ,

very useful F culture s Flower G den— Herbac eous plants

,

. or , ee ar .

Ch i l oe n es ( coccineum) scarlet ( B t i l R gi s t t and its o an ca e er, .

varie t y m i i t m ; and montanum yellow with its v arieties are

,

n a u , , ,

most grown .

Gilia (gi l ia after S e nor Gilio 0rd Polemoniaceae) — The most

-
, . . .

popular members f this small genus are the hardy annuals tricoloro
and alba whi c h grow abou t a foot high and bloom in summer ; but
t here is a much fi ner pl ant in the old species coronopifolia which
,

grows about 3 ins high and produces beautiful rosy flowers in

0 .

summer I t is best treat ed as a biennial (s B iennials) Tricolor ee .

is illustrated in the B t i l M g i t 346 3

.

o an ca a az n e , . .

Gillenia (gill e nia after G il l i s Ord R osaceae) —A sm l l

-

, en u . . . a
genus f hardy herbaceous plants only
o of which trifoliata is one
much grown For culture s Flower Garden— H erbaceous plants
, , ,

. ee .

It produ c es red and white flowers in July and grows 3 ft high S

,

. ee
the B t i l M g i t 48 9
.

o a n ca a az n e , . .

G il l ifl w o — The l d name f
e r .~ Carnations W l l fl w s and o or a o er
S to c ks I t was spelt in various ways including G il l yfl w G i l f
, ,

. , o er, o re ,
and G i l l i It probably originated from c ryophyllus the name f
vor. a o
the Indian clo v e tree Caryophyllus m ti sbecause f the clov e
,

,
ar o a cu , o
scent .

Gink g Maidenhair Tree ( Gi nk g the Japanese name Ord

o, — o
. .

of the most distin c t f C onifers its

,

Coniferae) — Ginkgo biloba is one o

foliage resembling that f the Maidenhair Fern I t does not grow

,

o .

rapidly and may therefore be used as a lawn tree in sm l l gardens

, a .

It t h rives ne r towns and will grow in any well drained fertile soil
a -

.
‘

It may be planted in autumn or spring Propaga t ion is by seeds

,

sown in heat in spring There are several garden forms f it such . o

as la c iniata fastigia t a and pyram i dalis
,

, , .

Gla diol s (gladi olus from gl d i sa sword referring to the shape

u -
a u

f the lea v es
, , ,

o Ord I i d ) — S B ulbs
. . r e ae , ee .

Glast nbu ry Thorn — S Crataegus

o . ee .

G laucium Horned Poppy ( gl afi ium from gl k s grey green in -

o au o -

l lusion to the c olour f the leaves Ord Papavera c eae) —A small

, , , ,

a o . . .

genus f Poppies the mos t familiar of whi c h is lu t eum the yellow

o
H orned Poppy ; it bears large yellow flowers in summer It may
, , .

be raised from seed in spring and does not require special soil , .

Gl c us greyish green
au o ,
-
.

G l eich nia ( glei c h e nia after Herr Gleichen

e Ord Filices) — A -
. . .

small genus f ferns re quiring a warm h o use They form c reeping

,

o .

rhizomes on the surface of the soil Peat with broken sandstone .

, ,
1 68 En c ycl op aed i a of G ard e n i n g
forms a good compost Propagation is by division in pring . S or
spores Cir c inata fl b ll t and rupestris are the principal species
,

a e a a, .

There are sev eral v arieties f each

,

o .

Gl be Amaranth S Gomph ena

o .
-
ee r .

Gl be Fl wer — S Trollius
o o . ee .

G l b Thistl e — S
o e E chi nops ee .

G l ri sa ( glori o s from gl i ss glorious in reference to the

o o -
a, or o u , ,

beautiful flowers Ord Liliaceae) — Gloriosa superba is a bril liant

. . .

hothouse twi ner with long orange and yellow flowers whi c h are
curiously contorted I t should be repotted when re q uired in
,

January ; but that is o l y when the potsget v ery crowded The

, ,

n .

Opportu i ty should be taken of remo ving some of the o ffse t s for

n

fresh stock It likes plenty f moisture in summer but none in

. o

winter Peat and loam in equal parts with sand suit The
,

variety g d i fl is shown in the B t i l M g i t 5 6

, , .

r an ora o a n ca a az n e , . 2 1 .

G l ry P a — S
o Clianthus
e ee .

G l xini
o (g l i a ia after P B G
ox n l x i Ord
-
Gesneraceae ) . . o n. . .

The Gloxi nia is one f the mos t beautiful f all tuberous rooted
,

o o -

plants for it produces broad handsome leav es and abundan c e of

large bell shaped flowers I t is very easy to grow and therefore
, ,

-
.

H eat is required
, ,

takes rank as f the best plants for amateurs

on e o .

in the e rly stages f growth but when the plants come into bloom
a o ,

they are best in a cool house where the flowers last well The l d . o
t ype had drooping flowers but the modern class has erect ones
,

, .

Gloxinias may be raised from seed in winter in the same way as

tuberous B egonias and good plan t s can be flowered in less than 6
,

months By using o withholding heat for different batches a suc

. r
cession f bloom can be had Those w h do not wish to raise plants
o . o
from seed every year may store the tubers in winter like those f o
B egonias and rest t them in spring Loam with a fourth ea c h f
ar . , o

leaf mould and decayed manure and some sand is suitable P p , . ro a

g tai onmay l so be ef fected bya leaves either inserting the leaf stalk ,

in sandy soil nicking the midrib and laying it in the soil The
or .

tubers may be div ided in spring The spe c ies of Gloxinias are
,

rarely grown in gardens nowadays attention bein g devoted to th e ,

fl ori stsv arieties

’
.

G oat sBe ar d S p i raea aruncus

’
,
.

G t sR Galega
oa
’
ue, .

G d io t a ( god
e é —t ia after M Godet Ord O g ,
i ) — Beau t i . . . na r ar e a e .

ful hardy annuals remarkable for their profusion f large bril liant o ,

flowers and late flowering F c ul t ure s Annuals— Hardy Th

,

. or ee . e

following are good varie t ies D warf Pink D ouble R ose S h m i i i

,

: , , c a n

fl or epleno double pink ; Lady Albemarle carmine ; and D uchess

, ,

o f Al bany white B otanists refer the genus to Oenothera

, . .

G l d n Chai m— S
o e Laburnum ee .

G l d n Fe th er — T hi s once popular plant is the Chrysanthemum

o e a .

Parthenium ( formerly Pyrethrum p th i f l i m aureum) f the ar en o u o

b otanists F culture s Chrysanthemum

. or , ee, .
 E n c y cl op aedi a of G ar d e n i n g
G l d n R d —This graceful late bloomi ng h rdy herbaceous
o e o .
-
a
perennial is the S olidago virg aurea ( solid i g fr om sl i d to
, ,

- -
o, o a re ,

unite in reference to the healing properties Ord Co mpositae ) f . . o

the botanists I t will thri v e in l most any soil but does bes t on
,

. a ,

c ool moist peat where it becomes a noble obj ect There are several .

forms but the common ser v es when well g o wn I t is easily p p

, ,

r . ro a

gat d by di vision
,

e .

G ld F rn — S
o G ym eg m m . ee no ra e.

G l d il ck s
o — Ch r ysoo m ( Aster) Li s
.
y is co a or no r .

G o l d Thr d Co ptistrifoliata ea ,
.

G o mp h r n Globe Amaranth (g mp h é na from g mph sa club

e a, o r -
o o

referring to the form f the flowers Ord Amaran t aceae) — Pre tt y

, , ,

o . . .

half h rdy annu l s wel l adapted for cool greenhouses in summer

-
a a , .

The popular species is globosa which has small roundish red flowers
like littl e crimson balls There are se v eral v arieties and in all t h
, ,

. e

flowers are so persis t ent as to be suitable f use as everlas t ings or .

”

They are easily raised from seed under glass in pring and are t S no
parti c ular as to soil S Annuals — Half—h ardy
,

. ee .

G ood Kin g H n ry M rcu ry (Chenopodium) S K itchen

e or e .
-
ee

Garden .

Go dy ra (g d yé af t er M J Goodyer Ord Orchidaceae)

o e oo -
r a, r. . . . .

Tuberous rooted terrestri l Orchids thriving in peat wi t h a fourth

-
a ,

o f leaf mould and propagated by young shoots with a portion of

t uber They are grown for t heir beau t ifully marked leaves D i s
,

. .

color pubescens and velutina are the prin c ipal species Pubescens
(B t i l M g i
, , .

t 54 ) i shardy ; the others re quire a warm

,

o a n ca a az n e , . 2 0
house
.

G oos e b r y — S Frui t e r ee .

G o rse — S Furze. ee .

G urd Cucurbita ( cuc ur bita from

o , bi t a gourd Ord Cucur ~ -
c ur a, . .

v t
,

bi ta c e ae ) A ery large class

-
. beari g frui s f different shapes and n o
c olours They may all be grow as half hardy annuals t he same
,

. n -

as Vegetable Marrows (s Ki t chen Garden ) They are suitable for ee .

growing against pill s and over arches The following are a few of ar .

t he mos t popular kinds :

E gg shaped -
S ummer Crookneck
Hubb rd S quash Turk s C ap
a
’

Ohio S q uash Y okohama

G rafting — The process f grafting is an inter sting and useful o e one .
B y its m eans a v ariety may be changed a stock converted int , o
a fruit tree and a B rier into a R ose B udding (s Fruit and R oses ) . ee

is a form f grafting which is done in summer when t he plants

,

o , ar e
in full growth Outdoor grafting is best done in spring when th
. e
sap is beginning to flow strongly Indoor graf ting whi c h is pra
,

. , e

ti sd with R oses Clematises and other popular plants is generall y

e
done in winter in a warm house
, , ,

O tdu fti — This is generally limited to fruit trees

oo r ra n If a
g g .

v arie ty is unsatisfactory a stronger can be grafted to it , one on .

 E n c yc l o p md i a of G ard e n ing
’

1
7 0

This is done by taking a few shoots f the chosen varie t y wh il o e

d ormant in winter and put t ing them in a co l shady pla c e then o , , ,

w hen t he sap moves in the trees ( an action which can be told by a

,

s ligh t c hange in t he buds) t he tops are shortened to stumps and ,

t he g afts cut up into pieces about the size f a Turkish cigarette

,

r o ,

e a c h with 4 dormant buds The lower inch is sliced down wedge .

shaped tapering t a point at the base The stumps w deal t

o . ar e n o

wi th a slit the length of the wedge shaped slice is cut in the tw

,

:
-
o

sides and the edges f the b k gently raised ; the graft is slipped o ar
and tied s e curely wi th raphia T fu ther the chances f mon
,

i n . o r o u ,

WH I P NG UE on F ING TO G RA T . F ING
G RA EE T F RU xr TR '
S.

Sc i o n p p d 4 Fi st t 5 S d
re ar e r cu e c on Whi p t g g fti g Fi s
or t on ue ra n
g B i
. . . . r
c u t. 6 P i t f is
mg h
o n o ra t e to n u e . S ls A
cu t . ee a o
d i st k t h t g mp yi g fig
. , , n
B . S c i on i s n e r te n oc cu VI I
V a on ue acc o s an n ur e .

to r ec e i v e i t.

p aint all over the t p rt some melted composition wax candle ;

ou a

or the following melted t oge t her in a pot over a fire 6 parts resin :

beeswax tallow The w will ex clude t he air S ome grafters

, ,

2 1 . ax .

gain the same end by plastering a c ompound f cow manure horse

,

o
manure and loam in a large c one round the graf t Wh en the grafts
,

begin to grow it is a good plan to tie flower s t icks to t he clumps and

,

a tt ach t he g aft s t o the sti c ks as a safeguard agains t their being

r
blown t ; but this is not necess ry in shady plac es They should
,

ou a .

be in a ct ive growth within a month The process is c alled crown .

g raf t ing Where young Paradise Crab Quince other stocks are
. or
being de l t wi t h a di fferent system is necessary As a rule nursery
, , ,

a .

first bud such s t ocks and the process is the same as budding
, ,

m en
R ose s One bud is inser t ed in the s t em f each stock a few in c hes
,

. o
a bo v e the ground I f it remai ns fresh the shoot grows t he follow
.

ing spring ; but should it fail the top f the stock is taken ff abou t o o
6 ins from the ground and graf t ed
. Here whi p tong e . u
grafting is performed A sli c e is made upwards in the s t ock and .

Th e graf t is
,

h alf w y along the cut face a cut is made downwards

a .
 E n c y c lop ae di a
of G ard e n ing 1
7 1

also prepared with a sli c e and a cu t (upw d and downward in this ar

c ase however) the t are fitted toge t her t ied and waxed wo .

t
, ,

This is the work exper propagators in nur

, ,

I d f i g
oo r f
ra t n — o
n
g
series and is rarely done outside the t rade es t ablishmen t s The .

process adop t ed is generally c alled saddle graft ing The s t ock

,

is cu t upw rds two sides forming a ridge and t he graf t is lit up

a on S

t he c en tre s that it c an be pressed gently on to the rid ge saddle

, ,

o or

and tied B o t tom hea t is desirable

. .

Grap e S Fruit .
-
ee .

Gra p e Hyacinth — S B ulbs— Hyacinth ee .

Grass— S Flower Garden and Lawn ee .

Grasses Ornament l S Annu l s ,

a .
— ee a .

Green F1y — S Aphides . ee .

Greenh us — Wi t h the aid f a greenhouse heated unheated

o e o or

many plants may be grown whi c h have t o be omitted wh ere t here

, ,

is no glass and flowers c an be produced a t periods f the year when o

they would have to be procured by pur c hase or done without if there

,

w sno plant stru ct ure avail able

a Greenhouses therefore are a .

useful auxiliary to t he garden A t t he same t ime they entail addi

, ,

l expense and responsibility and these t hings should be con

,

ti
on a
Greenhouses are of many shapes and sizes and t hey are
,

s id ered .

devoted to various purposes ; but in large es t ablishmen t s where

,

t here are several differen t glass stru ctures g eenhouse has a

,

specifi c meaning It is no t a stove an in t ermediat e house a

,
”
.

pi t or a c onservatory ; it is t he greenhouse — mildly

,
”
a

hea t ed house used mai nl y for bringing young plants whi c h are
,

on

t o be flowered in a c onservatory Wit h amat eurs f limi t ed means

,

. o

however t he greenhouse is a general s tructure in which all kinds f

,

plants are grown and whi c h is used for flowering mature plan t s as
, ,

well as bringi ng on young ones .

F orms f g h s — A greenhouse may have a single roof lean

o ree n ou e

ing agains t a wall or o t her support ; or it may have a span roof

each side suppor t ing t he other against a ridge board Against a
,

-
.

l w wall it may rise make a short lip and rise again to t he wall
o c

A plain span lean to is bet t er t han a m

,

f orming a hip
, ,
”
. or -
co
pound s t u cture f ama t eursr or .

M t i l s— The g eenhouse should consist f well seasoned

a er a . r o -

t imber painted 4 c oats and glazed with glass without z r oz. -

putty It hould be well supplied with ven t il a t ors In a pan roof

, ,

. S . S
t here should be at least ven tilator eac h side I f the s tru cture one on .

is t o be movable it should be made in sections t o rest on loose bri c ks

and fixed to t he wall with s crews turne d in t o blo c ks In t he case of
,

a freehold ow er t he house may res t on mort ared brick walls

n .

U b
r b i l di g l
an s— I distri ct s where urban building laws
u n a te . h

apply a person may t erect a greenhouse f any kind before sub no o

mi t ting pl ns t o the corpora t ion district council or other authority
,

a , , .

U h t d g
n h ss— I t will not be possible t o get bloom l l
ea e ree n ou e a
the year round from an unheated house by growing the ordinary
1
72 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i n g
G REE N H O U E ti d S -
con n ue .

pot plants but by usi ng bul bs and s

, o me garden plants as well there
will gener l ly be flowers The following are available
a . :

P l a n tsr a i s
ed fro m S e e d .

Various h l f hardy annuals (s Annuals)

a -
ee
Auriculas also fi sts(s Auri c ula) o e ee

Carnations Marguerite and Grenadin (s Carnation)

,

, ee
Primroses and Polyanthuses (s Flower Garden ) ee
S weet Peas (s S weet Peas ) ee

Various Alpine plants (s Flower Garden ) ee

P lan tsf m B lbs T b s O ffsts(f p ti l s see B

ro u , u er , or e or ar cu a r , ulb s
)
.

Arum Lilies Hya c inths

C annas (s Canna) I rises
ee
D a ffodils Liliums
Freesias Tulips
Gladioli
P l a n tsfr o m Cu tti n gs
.

A aleas (s Azalea)
z ee

Camellias (s Camellia) ee

Chrysanthemums (s Chrysanthemum) ee

Geraniums Zonal (s Geranium Zonal ) , ee ,

R oses l so from buds (s R oses )

, a ee
V iolets also divisions and runners (s Violets)
, ee

P l a n tspr o pa ga te d by D i vi s
i on .
Christmas R oses (s B ul bs) D ielytra pectabilis (s B ulbs )
ee S ee

D eutzia gracil is (s D eutzia) S piraea Japonica (s S piraea)

ee ee

The Auriculas Primroses Polyanthuses Alpine plants Arum

Lilies v arious early bulbs and Violets will bloom in mild pells
, , , ,

S
during t he winter
, ,

in early spring The bulk f the bulbs wi ll or . o

flower in spri g followed or a cc ompanied by the Azaleas and
,

n
Camellias The Carna t ions v arious annuals D eutzia D ielytra
,

S piraea S weet Peas C annas Gladioli Liliums Geraniums and

, , , ,

The Chrysan t hemums Zonal Gera

, , , , , ,

R oses will bloom in summer .

i m s and C hris t mas R oses will bloom in au t umn and e rly

,

n u ,
a
winter .

C l g
oo h ss— A cool g eenhouse is
re e n ou e in which the r on e
t empera t ure ranges from 4 5 to 5 in win t er no t falling below t he °
0
°

former figure even in v ery cold weather The following plants may
,

be grown in it :

Pl ts f m S dsan Calceolaria herbaceous (s Cal

ro ee . , ee

Abut i lon (s Abutilon ) l i )

ee c e o ar a
Acro c linium (s Annuals) Campanula pyramidalis ee

A lonsoa ( s Alonsoa ) B iennials )

ee

B al sam (s Annuals ) Carnations (s Carnation )

ee ee
B egonia ( s B egonia) Celosias(s Annuals)
ee ee
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g 1
73
P l a n tsfr o m S e e d s
— c o n ti n u e d . Sweet Peas
Ciner rias (s Cineraria)
a ee Verbenas (s Annuals) ee
Coleuses (s Coleus)
ee Zinnias (s Annuals) ee
C yclamen (s B ulbs)ee
P l a n tsr a i s fr o m C u tti n gs
D ias c ia (s Annuals) ed .
ee
Fr an c o as( s F ee ) ranc o a Acacias (s Acacia) ee

Gerberas (s Gerbera)
ee Ch ysanthemums (s
r ee Ch r ys
an

Gloxinias ( s Gloxi nia)

ee th e m u m)
Gre v illea robusta (s Grevillea) ee Coleuses (s Coleus) ee

Humea elegans (s Humea) ee Cytisus racemosus (s Cyt isus) ee

Mignonette (s Annuals) ee F h si s(s Fuchsia)

uc a ee

Musk (s Mimulus)
ee Geraniums Zonal (s Geranium ) , ee

Petunias (s Annuals)
ee Hydrangeas (s Hydrangea) ee

Primulas (s Primula)
ee O leanders (s N i m ) ee er u
R hodanthe (s Annuals ) ee Pelargoniums (s Pelargonium ) ee

S c hizanthuses (s Annual s) ee Plumbagos (s Plumbago) ee

S treptocarpuses (s S trepto ee S l vias (s S al v ia )

a ee

carpus) S olanums (s S olanum ) ee

P l a n tsfr o m B u l bso r Oflsts( see B l bs

e ) u .

Gladioli
H yacinths
Liliums
Tulips
P l a n tsp r o pa ga te d by B u dd i n
g or G r afti n g .

Lilac (s Lila c)
ee 1 ose (s R oses )
R ee

It will be seen tha t a good many f the kinds re c ommended for o

t he unheated house are l so available for t he c ool struc t ure ; in the
a

latter t hey m y be expected to flower earlier

a .

W m g
ar h s — S ome f the preceding kinds can be for c ed
ree n ou e o
into earlier bloom and the stru c ture will al so be useful for raising
seedlings for the flower and kit c hen gardens I n a house in whi c h
,

a minimum winter temperature of 6 can b obtained t he 0

°
-
e

following plan t s may be grown ; except where o t herwise stated each

plan t is dealt with separately under i t s w name o n :

A c himenes (s B ulbs) ee Gardenias

Allamandas Gesneras
Amaryllises Hoyas
Anthuriums I mpatiens
B egonias I xoras
B ougainvilleas Jacobinias
B ouvardias Jasmines
C aladiums Jus t icias
C arnations Lapagerias
C lerodendrons Lily of the V l ley Bulbs ) a
Co c kscombs N p th s e en e
Cro t ons Poinse tt ias
D ipladenia s S t ephanoti s
E u charises Thunbergias
E xacum Torenias
 1
74 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng
G REE N H O U E— ti d S c on nue .

As p t — S pan roof houses should run north and south

ec .
-
Lean t o .
-

houses should face south as near it as possible or .

Th is a subj ect that must have careful considera ti on

,

H ti g
ea n .
-
IS .

In l rge houses it is only a ques t ion f which particular fi boiler

a o re
should be used but wi t h smaller s tru ct ures the c laims f i l and gas
, o o
may be considered The smaller a fi boiler is the more di ffi cult . re -

is the task f stok ing it and d m p i g it in su c h a w y as to keep i t

o a er n a
a l ight f 0or consecutive hours On this accoun t il hea t ers
or 10 . o
may be chosen f very small houses The types in whi ch a lamp
or .

and boiler c an be fixed outside the house and connect ed wi t h a set

f pipes wi t hin are safest A slight smell f pe troleum is no t i
,

o . o n
j urio s to plants but thi c k fumes are deadly and e v e y
,

n , knows , r one
how ready a flame i st run up spontaneously Whenever an o .

o il s t ove is se t inside a house a wide wi c k rubbed clean dail y should ,

be used t oge t her wi t h the best quali t y of il The light should be

, ,

o .

kep t low when first lit and wa t ched t i ll the danger poin t f running
,

-
o
up is past F small medium houses an uprigh t boiler set in t he
,

. or -

wall f the house and conne cted with a fl w and return 4 i pipe
o , o -
n.

a l ong two sides and end may be used The pipes may be j ointed
on e .

with india rubber ri ngs and end in an expansion cis t ern They
,

S hould rise slightly from the boiler For l rge ranges f houses a . a o

fla t boiler should be used The set t ing and fitting of t he pipes .

should be a matter f c ontract in buyi g t he hea t ing apparatus o n .

Anthracite coal c oke may be used as fuel wi t h a little breeze

or
and refuse house cinders for upright ones S toking c an be learned
, , ,

by practi c e and observation The fire should have a bright bottom

,

. ,

and the bars should be clear last thing at night The fire may be .

t opped with some small damp fuel In a fl t boiler furnace the

,

. a -

glowing embers should be drawn to the front and the fresh fuel
thrown well back The ashes should be c leared daily and the fi nes
,

once a mon t h .

S t gi g —The most durable flat stage and the b s

a n . t f the plants e or
consisting f large slates res t ing a s trong wooden frame
, ,

is one o on

work and surfaced wi t h white shell s hi ngle Thi s n be kept or . ca

moist in ho t weather .

S h d i g — S hade is essen t ial to some plants when grown under

a n

glass no t ably Ferns Cu c umbers and many Or c hids ; and it may

, , ,

be said to be beneficial for all in hot weather whi le it lessens labour

by reducing the necessity for wa t ering Movable shading in the
,

form f ti ffany scrim blinds mounted

o or roll ers whi c h can be on
drawn up under a co ver at t he top f the house in dull or w t weather o e
is t he ideal The larger seedsmen and nurserymen supply tiffany
.

and s crim t he latter makes admirable blinds A c heap form f . o

shading is to paint the glass wi t h f the special preparations

,

one o

sold by seedsmen Thi s must f course remain in dull as well

. o on

as in brigh t weather It should be removed in autumn

, ,

. .

Gr n M i
ee —S Manure
ar u r e . ee .

Grevillea ( G i l l after M C F Greville Ord Proteaceae)

re v -
e a, r. . . . . .

— Grevillea robus t a is a gra c eful plan t grown for the sake f its o
It is v ery useful for
,

S lender branches and elegantly cut foliage .

 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 1
75
mi xing with other plants in a greenhouse and may also b used e
for rooms With care in water i ng (s Watering) and v entilating a
,

. ee

room plant may be kept healthy for a long time It is not qui t . e
h rdy and should be withdrawn from a window in cold weathe
a r
and protected wi t h a newspaper Plants may be raised from seed
,

so n in soil in a frame greenhouse in pring pricked ff potted

w or S o
si ngly and repotted S i inch is a good size for the fi nal p t
, ,

. x -
o .
Loam and peat in e qual parts with a good deal f sand make
,

o a.
suitable c ompost G robus t a i sillustrated in the B i lMg i
, ,

. . o ta n c a a az n e ,

t .
31 8 4 .
Ground I vy N p t Glechoma ,
e e a .

Gr ndsel S ene c io v ulgaris

ou ,
.

Guan — A excellent nitrogenous fer t iliser I n addition t th

o. n . o e
c oarse imported product called Peruvian there are refined forms
su c h as Canary I t may be used with special advan t age to green
, , ,
'

vegetables and O ions a t the ra t e of oz per square yard A thinn 2 . .

coa t spread over t he soil f well rooted pot plan t s and watered in o -

is good A use f ul li quid manure may be made by mixing half

. an

oun c e in a gallon f water o .

G el d er R se S V iburnum
u o .
-
ee .

Guernsey Lily (N erine s i si s) —S B ulbs and N erine ar n e n . ee .

G m Blu — S
u ,
E u c alyptus e ee .

Gum Cis tu s— S Cistus ladaniferus ee .

Gum ming —S tone fruits such as Plums Peaches and Cherries

.

are liable t o exude gum par t i c ularly af t er hard pruning wh ile t h

, , ,

e
trees are leafless S ummer pruning is preferable The branches
,

. .

should not be l lowed t o grow across ea c h other and rub O v er

a .

luxuriance should be che c ked by root pruning S l s Fruit . ee a o .

G nn ra (g u nera aft er J E Gunner Ord H l g )

u e n -

, . . . . a ora e ae .

Gunnera scabra is a hardy herbaceous perennial with large pread S

ing hairy leav es A healthy plant makes a fine obj ect by t he wa t er
, ,

, .

side It likes plen t y f peat and leaf mould with a c overing f

. o o
litter in winter Propaga t ion is by division in spring
,

. .

G ymn g mm Gold fern S il ver fern (g ym g am me fro m

o ra e, nO r -

s naked and g mm wri t ing alluding to t he spor cases

, ,

gym no , ra a, e .

O rd F i li c es) These are among the mos t beautiful ferns for pots
, ,

-
. .

and hangi ng baskets ; baske t culture permits f the charming o

c olours being c learly seen Loam peat and leaf mould in abou t .

equal par t s with sand suit Propaga t ion is by spores in heat (s

, ,

, , . ee
Ferns) They need a good deal f water with hade from hot sun
. o S
in summer C l m l sc hrysophylla yellow ; and sh i p h yl l
,

. a o e an o c zo a,
il very are the prin cipal kinds There are se veral beau t iful forms
,

S , .

o f bo t h El g ti s
sim
. pulchella and the crested v arie t y f th
e an a, o e
latter c alled W tt h l l i
,

are also very goode en a an a .

Gynerium Pampas Grass ( gyn e i m from gy female and

,
-
r u ne,
wool in allusion t the woolly s t igmas Ord Gramineae)
, ,
.

i
e r on , o . . .

Gynerium argen t eum is the nobles t f grasses t h rowing up long

,

ilky w hite plumes in late summer whi c h remain beautiful many

,

S ,
'
 of G ard e ning E n c y c lop e d i a
weeks ; before frost tou c hes t hem a few may be c ut f house decora or
t ion The Pampas Grass makes a plendid bed the ou tskirts
. S on
o f a lawn if the position is heltered and the soil well drained It S , .

is a hardy perennial and may be planted in au t umn spring or .

Propaga t ion is by seed sown under glass in spring

,

, .

Gyp s phila ( g yp sp h il from gypssc halk and phi l to lo v e —

o o -
a, o eo, a
c halk lover O rd C y p h yl l ) — Grac eful plan t s spe c ies f
, ,

. . ar o e ae . on e o
which panicula t a is a hardy perennial t hat spreads into a broad bush
,

, ,

and bears numerous prays of lace like bloom it is good for mixing S -

;
with c ut flowers It may be propagated by division raised from . or
sed in spring and thri v es in mos t soils There is a double v ariety
,

e , . .

G elegans is good as an annual ( for culture s Annuals) G repens

. ee . .

i sa cre ping whi t e fl d perenni l sui t able f

,

e the rockery -
ow ere a , or .

Gyp sum (S ulphate of lime ) — A useful fertiliser valuable f fixing . or

ammonia For this reason i t may be used with ad vantage o v er a
,

manure heap spread in a thin coat , .

H abenaria (haben a ria —from l b a rein in allusion to the -

, i a ena ,

spur O rd Or c hida c eae) A genus f Orchids t he most popular

,

. . . o

pecies f which are hardy and th ive in sandy peat in t he rock

,

S o r

garden Among t hese may be mentioned bifolia the B u tt erfly

,

O rchis which grows about a foot high and produ c es whi t e flowers
,

in early summer ; and fi m b i t lila c Propagation is by division

,

r a a, .

t he pieces being po tted and s t arted in a frame

,

H b l ( hab er lea after Professor Haberle

a e r ea Ord Gesnera c eae) -
. . .

—H rba c eous perennials the most popular of whi c h is h d

,

e p si s r o 0 en
a plant es t eemed for the rockery where it t hrives in peaty soil if
, ,

given a lit tle pro t c tion in w inter I t may be propaga t ed by seeds

,

e .

or division in spri g It bears i t s l ila c flowers in spring on s t ems a

n
few inches high S the B t i l M g i t 66 5
.

. ee o a n ca a az ne , . 1 .

H b th m a s— S Cestrum
ro a nu . ee .

H emanth s ( h m a thus from l i

a blood and th sflower
u ae n -

, i a ni a , , an o , ,

r ferring to the colour Ord A m ylli d ) — Warm house bulbs

e . . ar e ae .
-

t hriving in sandy loam with a t hi d f peat propaga t ed by offse ts

,

r o
and easily man ged if gi ven plen t y f water in summer and kep t
, ,

a o
dry in winter A li ttle of the t op soil should be remo v ed every
.

spring and fr sh subs t ituted The flowers are bril liant The e . .

followi ng are a few of t he best Ci b i sred spring ; cocci eus : nna ar n u n

s c arl t lat e summer (see B t i l M g i t 7 and multi
, , ,

e o an ca a az n e , . 10
flor s u
- scarlet spring ( B t M g t t 9 6 and , o . a ., . 1

H h — A sunk f nce
a -
a. e .

H l si S nowdrop Tre ( hal é sia after D Hales Ord S t y

a e a, e -
r. . . r a
t t c
,

c eae ) H etrap
.
-
era is a beautiful. small de iduous tree which
bears c harming white S nowdrop —like flowers in July I t l ikes a
,

s hel t ered position in t he shrubbery and a light loamy well drained -

soil Propaga t ion is by root cut t ings in a frame in spring

, ,

. by or

se d s Very lit t l pruning is re quired but the bush sh ould be kep t

,

e . e ,

shapel y .
 E n c y c lo pe d i a o f G ard e n in g 1
77
Hamam l i sWitch Ha el (hamam e lis from h m together and
e ,
z -
, a e, ,

m l fruit in allusion to the flowers and fruit being

e a, the tree on
at the sam e t ime Ord H m m li d ) These small deciduous
,

. . a a e e ae .
-

trees are valuable because th y fl w early in the year and wil l e '
o er
t hri v e in t own g dens They enj oy a good loamy soil P p ar ro a
is by c uttings and layers in autumn Mollis is the best ; it
. .

g tia on .

is co vered with yellow flowers at mid winter when bare f leav es -

o
d is pleasantly s c ented
, ,

an Arborea l so has yellow flowers This a

is the Japonica f the B t i l M g i t 66 59

. .

o o an ca a az n e , . .

H nd g lass H and lig ht — A small glass case sometimes made

a -
or -
.

wi t h a light mo vable t op v ery useful for protecti ng half h dy

,
‘

, ,
-
ar
plants for keepi ng cutti gs close until rooted ; generally made
or n
with a cast iron fram e
,

Hardening ff —A term used to distinguish the treatment of a

-
o .

st of young plants whi c h have been raised in hea t and hav e to be

e ,

inured to the open air The process is generally performed by .

putting t hem in a cold frame .

H rebel l H i r bell Campanula rotundifol ia

a or a , .

H r sfo ot Fern D avallia c anariensis

a e
’
-

,
.

H ar s t il G rass(Lagurus o vatus) — S Annu l s

e
’
-
a . ee a .

H aric t — The ripe seeds f K idney B eans They rarely m ature

o . o .

in Great B ritain .

H p l i m ( harpa lium after Harpalyce

ar a u Ord Compositae ) -
. . .

H dy herbaceous perenni als with showy yellow flowers propagated

,

ar
by division in pr ng Rigidum the only species grown is w
,

S i . no
alled Helian t hus rigidus by botanis t s
, ,

c .

H art s —t ngu e Fern S c olopendrium vulgare

’
o , .

Hautbois — A small S trawberry S Frui t . . ee .

H aw k w ee d H ieracium ,
.

H aw th rn — S Crataegus o . ee .

H a el N t ( Corylus Av ellana) S Fruit

z ,
u .
-
ee .

H azel Witch S Hamamelis

, .
-
ee .

H e rt sease —S Pansy
a
’
-

. ee .

H e th — S D abo ec ia and E ri ca
a ee .

H eath en — S Calluna ee .

H eating — S Greenhouse ee .

H ed ra Ivy (h ed era from

e h dd ( Celtic) c ord referring to the -
e a

tems O rd Araliaceae) — Many people would not recognise the

, , , ,

s . . .

I vy green under the name of Hedera helix but it is well to keep

the bo t anical name in mind because nurserymen often exhibit i m
,

prov ed forms f I vy as H ederas The c ommon green I v y is r rely

,

o . a
plan t ed houses nowadays as the variegated sorts are more t
on a

t a ct i v e But the common Ivy is useful for making a screen co v er

,

r .

i g a bank planting agai st an ou t house That and the I rish

,

n or n .

( Canariensis) are tw o f t he fastest growers

,

Those w h want a o . o
s creen as quickly as possible should buy strong plants o stakes in n

p ots E.ach plant w il l hav e sever al shoots w hich m y be spread , a

M
m
 di a of G ar d e n in g E n c y c lop e
ou t and ti ed in position One f the largest leaved Ivies is dentat . o -

a,
and t here is a handsome form f this c alled variegata the dull gre n o e
leaves f whi c h have a yellow edge Another handsome form is
,

o
Md
.

a si sv iegata green with a broad white edge

eren ar Marginata , .

aurea ma morata R g i and h mb are also handsome

r ae n e r an a , r o ea
forms The Ivies may be plan t ed in autumn spring and will
, ,

. or
thrive most ki nds f soil t hough if planted late poor c h l ky
,

on o on a
soil t hey are slow in making a start They are propaga t ed by
,

c u tt ings in a cold frame autumn and in the nurser es by grafti ng ln i .

C lipping shoul d be done j ust before new growt h starts in spring

,

The tree I v y arborescens has many forms which may be g own

, , , r
in hady pots and need no support
S S .

Hedg s —A good hedge serv es the double purpose f a fence and

e . o
a shel t er ; consequently many w h are en c losing ground for a o
g rden turn their t hou ghtsto a living di iding line It must be
,

a v .

remembered however that

several years are re quired to
, ,

make a go d hedge t he ti me o
v arying with the soil and
,

climate With ri c h soil and a .

2 moist climate it is possible to ,

get a fai hedge in 6 years ; r

with poor soil and a dry climate
H L N H E D GE are required For t hi s 10 .

1 L l fg
2
reason
ow
a hedge enclosure
TO P

d 3 S i l m d h f no serv ic e as an immediate
e ve o r oun
is
A T A

o re
.

o ve e ac
id d m d i t i dg
. . .
o
s
,
.

guard against heep and cattle

e an a e n o a r e.
S
and a wooden wire fence is needed in addi t ion (s Fences) It
,

or ee .

is a good plan to plant a hedge w ithi n a fence for the sake f th o e

shel t er whi c h it pro vides It hould not be made close t the
,

. S o
fence or it could not be pruned properly If the fen c e is an open .

one of wire 4 ft must be left c attle will eat it dow At tha t

,

. , or n .

distance and with wire etti g at the lower part to keep t lambs n n ou
i t will be safe Whitethorn ( Qui c k) is the best hedge plant It
, ,

. .

should be planted 9 ins apar t all ways in a double row t hus . ,

each t hree plants forming a triangle The soil should be manured .

beforehand and t he Qui c k should be shortened to abou t 9 ins high

,
. ,

in order to make it break freely at the base If pruned annually it .

will grow bushy and make an impenetrable barrier t stock whi ch o

will keep clear f i t When in bloom in M y it will be at tra c ti v e
,

o . a .

Privet another good he d ge plant and may be treated in the same

IS

way as Quick excep t tha t a ingle w suffices if t he plants hav e

,

,
S ro

been well shortened in the nursery ; but it must be well protected

while young or sheep will eat it dow The oval leaved is nominally n .
-

evergreen bu t a good many sometimes l l the leaves fall in win t er

,

a .

I t should be pruned twice annu l ly in June and S ep t ember A

, , ,

a .

drawba c k to Privet in the estimation f many is t he odour of the

,

o
flowers which they find disagreeable and e v en inj urious Myro
, , .

b alan Plum makes a good inexp ensive hedg F inner hedges , e. or

 E n c y c l o p e di a o f G ard e n ing 1
79
Yew (whi c h is poisonous to ani mals) S weet Brier (s B rier) Horn ,
ee ,

beam B eech Laurel B

, and Holly may be mentioned Y w
, , ox , . e
hedges are very appropriate f formal gardens and may be clipped or ,

into shape as desi red but they grow slowly , .

H l eni m ( hel é nium after Helen of Troy O d Compositae)

e u -
. r . .

Hardy perennials with showy flowers in late summer Pumilum

,

is t he most popular ; it has yellow flowers stems about a foot high

,

on .

In the varie t y s triatum the flowers striped with red Grandi ar e .

fl m has large flowers

or u All these v arie t ies f au t umnale f . ar e o or
which s the B t i l M g i t 994 For culture s Flower
,

ee o an ca a az n e , . 2 . , ee
G den— Herbaceous plants
ar .

H l ianthem m S R ose ( helian th m— m from h l i s the sun

e u ,
un -
e u e o ,

and th m flower O rd Ci sti

, ,

an e on , ) B ril liant plants for t h . . n e ae . e

rock garden where t hey will th i v e in light sandy soil in sunny
, r ,

Spots and make a bright display in early summer They may b . e

raised from seed propaga t ed by cuttings in a frame The common
,

or .

species is vulgare a yellow fl w d trailer but many flower lovers -

o ere
prefer to sele c t a few good named forms for their rockeries su c h as
, ,

Fi eball Golden Queen Innocence Primrose D ame Jubilee

r ,
:

Garibaldi and Pink B eauty There are many colours t o choos

, , , ,

, . e
f om
r .

H elianthus S unflower (helian thus from h l i s d th s -

e o Su n, an an o

a flower ; so c l led because the flowers are believed to follow th

, , , ,

a e
sun round Ord Composi t ae) — The S
. . . un

flowers annu l and perennial are among the a

most popular f h dy herba c eous plants
, ,

o ar ,

and should always be planted in l ge borders ar

t o giv e a display when most f the summer o

flowers are over The species v ary a great .

deal in height some being no more t han 3 or

4 f t while others rise to 8

,

ft They or 1 0 .

make their finest growth in a mois t ferti le ,

soil The p rennials are easily propagated

. e
by div ision from autumn to pring and the S ,

annuals by seed (s Flower Garden and ee

Annuals) Of the ann als m if li s u cucu er o u

N w Miniature M s
. , ,

e t d Primrose and un ea
M l ti fl smaxi mus is a
, ,

S tella are good . u or u

fine s i ngle perennial form and fl pleno a , ore

S plendid double All the foregoing grow .

about 4 ft high Rigidus Miss Mellish is

. .

also a good plant .

H el ichrys m ( Ev erlasting) —S u Annuals ee

G ING
.

P H m
Heliotr p e Heliotropium (h li t G pium
o , CU ING e o I
'
-

,
RO P A
By
AT
TT
u ro
S.
opn

from h l i s sun and t p t wining in al lu G i g i p

e o , , p i f ro e, , 1 ro w n t 2 o nt o

sion to the tw ining shoots Ord B gi s s

, , ,

) 3 L . . ora n e ae . e ve ran c e . e av e to
— One f the most richl y perfumed
o f al l
b m d D p th f
o
e re o ve 4 ° e O

flowers and if not bril liant yet pretty

and pleasing It may be grown in pots and if pin c hed can be
,

kept fai ly compact and suitable f a small house On t he othe

,

r or . r
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
hand if there i splenty f ro m against a w l l
, p i ll it may b o o a or ar e
planted t under glass and l lowed to ramble when it will soon
ou a ,

co ver a considerable area and bloom p rofusely S tandard Helio .

tropes can be formed by pinching t the ide shootsto a height f ou S o

a foot and then letting a few shoots st t These c an be stopped at
, ar .

a bout 4 ins long to induce laterals and so a head is formed Loam

. .

with a fourth f de c ayed manure and s me sand is suitable

, ,

o o .

Propagation is b y seeds sown under glass in spring by cu tt ings

, ,

or
in late summer i a warm house Heliotropes are tender plants n .

but they may be plan t ed ou t f doors in June The follo wing are
,

o
good Ad ele Miss N ightingale Rose Clair and Whi t e Lady Bu t
.

: .

the l d lilac species peruvianum should not be overlooked as i t is

, , ,

o
v ery fl i f sand sweet
, , ,

or ero u .

H l l b r sCh istmas and Lenten R oses (h l l éb orus from h l i

e e o u ,
r e -
e e rn ,

to kill and b food indi c ating i ts poisonous nature Ord R anu m

,

ora , . .

— C hris t mas and Lenten R os s

, ,

l
c u ac e a e ) — S B ulbs . ee e .

Hemer callis D y Lily (h m al lis from h m

o day and a e ero c -
e e ro ,

k l l s beau t y alluding to the brief duration of the flowers

, , ,

a o , , Ord . .

Liliaceae) — S B ulbs . ee .

H en and chickens S B ellis (D aisy) The name is sometimes

- -
.
-
ee .

a pplied to S axifraga umbrosa .

H e p ti ca (hep at ica from h p ti s liver in allusion to t he lob d

a -
e a co . e
Ord R anunculaceae) — These charming li t tle plants are
, ,

l eaves . . .

now c lassed wi t h the Anemones by botanists bu t they are generally

grow separa t ely in gardens They are beautiful lit t le plan t s
,

n .

blooming freely in win t er They are t particular as to soil bu t

,

. no ,

must have shade Propagation is by seeds There e se veral . . ar

varietieswi th di fferent c olours .

H rbac sB rd ers d Plants— S Flower Garden

e e ou o an ee .

H erb Ro b rt Geranium Robertianum e ,

.

H rbs— S Kitchen Garden

e ee .

H rmaphr dite — Flowers which contain both m ale and female

e o .

o rgans .

H erniari R upture Wort ( herni a ria from h i a rupture

a, -
e rn a , .

Ord Illecebraceae ) — The small species glabra is in demand by c arpe t

,

bedders w h use it for making lines and cushions f green I t is a

, o o .

hardy plant t fastidious as t soil and easily propagated by

no o ,

d i vision in autumn
,

H er n s bill — S E rodium
o
’
-
. ee .

H sp eris R ocket (h esperis from h sp s e v ening

e star alluding -
e e ro , ,

t t he strong perfume at night Ord Cru c iferae) H dy biennials

, ,

o
— . . . ar

and perenni l s th i i g in ordin y soil and easily propagat ed by

a r v n ar ,

eed division The S weet R ocket H matron l is is a perennial

,

s or . . a ,

wi t h purplish flowers but the colour sv iable There are se v eral 1 ar .

forms f t his handsome and fragrant l d plant which w ill grow

,

o o ,

a lmost anyw here and thri v esin chal k T i st sis a b l also . r 1 1e n n 1 a ,

v ariabl in c olour and sweetest at night (s the B t i l

,

e ee o a n ca

Mg i t
,

a a z ne , .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ni ng 1 8 13 :

“
H cher (h en chem ; afte r Professor H h Ord S axi
eu a -
eu c er . .

fr g — Heu c hera sanguinea is a highly es t eemed hardy plant

a )e ae .

produ c ing c lose tufts f roundish leaves and l ong g ra c e ful sprays
,

o
o f brillian t rosy c mine flowers Other c olours have been go t by
-
ar .

sele ct ion and crossing The plant is a hardy herbaceous perennial . ,

and may be raised from seed by division in spring It is t or . no

par t i c ular about soil and does well limestone It enj oys a lit tl on . e
oth as a border and rockery plant the H euchera is desir
,

shade .

able T e flowers are c harming for cut ting (s the B t i l ee o an ca

Mg i t Mi crantha with yellowish flowers is also wor t h
.

. a az n e , . , ,

growing .

Hi bbertia ( b ibb er t ia after M G Hibbert Ord D illeniaceae )

‘

-
r. . . . .

Ev ergreen greenhouse trailers D entata the yellow flowers f

,

. o
whi c h contrast well wi t h the da k leav es and ruddy stems bloom s
,

r
in winter S andy loam wi t h a third f peat sui t s Propagation
,

. o .

is by cuttings i a propagating case in spring n .

.

Hi bis c us (h i bi scus the c lassi c al name for the Marsh Mallow -

Ord Malvaceae) — This genus includes bo t h herbaceous and sh ubby

, .

. . r
plants annuals and perennials All are sho wy The followin g .

are popular Manihot is a greenhouse rambler with yellow spo t ted

, .

:
flowers (s the B t i l l VI g i tt 7 and
ee R osa o an ca a az n e , . 1 02
sinensis is a sto v e rambler with ros crimson flowers which y -

ar e
borne in winter There are se v eral varieties f this brilliant o
spe c ies whi c h is shown in the B t M g t 58 S yriacus is a
.

o . a ., . 1 .

hardy de c iduous shrub with pu rple flowers and there are many
,

varieties f it ; it th i v es near towns (s the B t M g t

,

o r ee o . a ., .

Propagation is by cut t ings those f the i ndoor species in hea t o

t hose f the hardy ones in cold frames S andy loam with leaf
, ,

o .

soil makes a good compos t

,

, .

Hi racium Hawkweed (hi era ium from Pliny s name given

e ,
-
o
’

because f t he supposed virtues of the j uice Ord Compositae)

, ,

o . . .

Hardy herba c eous perennials f whi c h gym p h l m wi t h , o noce a u

d ow y leaves and yellow flowers in July is f the best for t h
,

n one o e
rockery Ordin y soil Propaga ti on by division
,

. ar . .

Hipp eastr m ( Am ryllis ) S B ulbs u a .

-
ee .

Hipp ophae S B u c kt horn (h i p p op—h from l i pp s a horse and

,
ea -
ae , i o
to kill Ord E laeagna c eae) H rhamnoides the S B uck
, ,

ph ao, . . . . ea
thorn is a dwarf hardy deciduous shrub which th ives sand hil l s
,

r on
c lose t o th sea It bears a crop f yellowish fruits I t may b
,

e . o . e
propagated by seeds suckers and layers , , .

H — One f the mos t useful f garden tools

oe o The D utch h o . oe
is good for running th ough the soil to loosen the surface and uproot r

small weeds The draw h f whi c h the swan neck is an i m

. oe , o -

proved form is good for dealing with larger weeds when a chopping
,

a ction is required The S proughton may be used ei t her as a push

.

or draw hoe and is a valuable althou gh somewhat heavy tool Th

.

. e
C an t erbury made with
,

3 tee t h good f drawing large drill s 2 or 15 or

and for ear t hing Po t atoes R egular hoei ng is good for c rops par t i
, ,
‘

l l y in dry wea t her be c ause i t preven t s the soil cracking and

,

c u ar ,
.

drying The various forms of hoe should be f s t eel mounted

. o on
ash handles
,

.
 1 82 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
H l ly Ilex (i lex from Virgil s Ilex the name being given owing
o -
’

t t he r semblance f the leaves mos t

, , ,

o e Ord I l i i ) — O ne of o . . c n ae . our
be autiful e v ergreens the Holly does good servi c e in t he garden and
rooms at Chris t mas
,

s hi nes with a bright and cheerful glow in o ur .

I t wil l thri v e in most soils but i t is a slow grower in its e ly stages , ar

on the best f land and on poor chalky soil may how only a few
o S
inches f fresh growth a year until it is well es t ablished A deep
,

o .

fertil e moist but drai ned soil is desirable The best time for plan t
,

ing is April when s hi fted with a mass of fibrous roots planted

,

immediat ely and wa t ered in they generally t hriv e Propagation

, , ,

, .

is by seeds but the choice v arieties

,

increased in the nurseries ar e

by g fting common stocks Cuttings w ill strike in summer
,

ra on . .

F pruni ng s E verg eens The followi g are good v ieties

or ee n ar
gentea marginata argen t ea medio picta ( S ilver Milkmaid ) aurea
r . .
,

ar
-

medio picta ( Gold Milkmaid ) aurea regi na (Golden Queen) ferox

, ,

argentea ( S ilver H edgehog) H d gi si i and

, ,

o n

All excep t H d gi si i have

, ,

W t i a e re r an a. o n

v ariegated leaves .

H llyhock ( Althaea rosea Ord Ml vaceae) o . . a .

—A grand l d fa v ourite the Hollyhock has o

su ffered in recen t years through the attack
,

of a fungus Puc cinia m l m which b a v a c e ar u e

gins the lower leav es and works its way up

, ,

ou
t he stems completely disfiguring the plants
An early application f B ordeaux Mixture
, .

( which see) is a remedy Many c onsider tha t .

the disease w sinduced by excessive g a ve e

H LLY H K D I E E
t ti propagation in bygone years when a ve
named v arieties were in demand ;
,
O OC S AS
s c on e

i 3 222 2g; igfé

'

quen t ly
5
they now
r
grow Hollyhocks
r
as seed
lings raising them ou t of do rs in early summer
,
5
o

and plan t ing t in au t umn t he same as W ll fl w s I n c old

,

ou a o er .

exposed places the plan t s ought to be wintered in frames P p

, ,

. r0 a

g tia may also be effe c ted by c uttings in spring in sandy soil in

on
hea t and by graf ting A deep fer t ile well drained soil is desirable
,

, . , , .

H lly S —S E ryngium
o ,
e a. ee .

H l m O k —S Quercus
o a . ee .

Honesty Lun ria biennis ( lun a ria from l

,
moon in l lusion
a -
una a
the seed vessels Ord Cru c i ferae ) “ The Hones t y derives i t s
, , ,

t o . . .
-

name from t he flat whi t e transparen t seed pods whi c h follow t he

flowers These pods may be c ut in sprays and used f ro m
. or o
de c oration in winter The plan t is easily raised from seed in la t e .

S pring is a hardy perennial and will t hrive in mos t soils if the si t e

is shady but prefers a mois t heavy soil It is a ttractive when in
, ,

bright rose in c olour

, ,

bloom f the flowers are bor e freely and

, or n , ar e .

There is a white i tv v ar e .

H n y Plant — S Hoya
o e ee .

H n ys ck l Loni c era ( loni era after D L i

o e u e, Ord Capri o -
r. on c er. .

— B eau t iful and fragrant twiners uitable for cov eri g

,

f li
o )
ac e ae . , S n
w alls pillars pergolas t elliswork and fences
, , They are hardy ,
r , .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 1 8
3
.

deciduous perennials thriving i most soils Plan t i g shoul d be n . . n

d one between N ovember and mi d April in c lusive

,

Propagation -
.

is e ffe ct ed by layers in autumn The red frui t s f some of the . o

species are attractive Flexuosa ( syns bra c hypoda and Japoni c a . .

c hinensis) (s t he B t i l R gi st t 7 ) sone f t he best of

ee o an ca e e r, . 12 i o
t he Honeysu c kles and its variety aureo re ticulat a whi c h has m l l -
S a
gold nett ed leaves is a pre tt y plant Caprifolium with pale
, , ,

. ,
,

yellow flowers and Peri clymenum yellow and red are fragr ant ,

Br itish spe c ies with a tt ra c tive fruits S empervirens has s c let

, ,

ar

and yellow flowers (s the B t i l M g i

.

t Frag ee o a n ca a az n e , .

t an t issima and S t d i sh i are winter bloomers and bear white flowers

an .

H p S o Humulus
.
-
ee .

H rd m j bat m (h o deum t he Latin name f b ley Ord

o eu u u r -

, o ar . .

Gramineae) —A hardy annual Grass F culture s Annuals

. . or ,
ee

H dyar .

H reh n d — S Ki tc hen Garden— Herbs

o ou . ee .

H rnb am — S C pinus and Hedge

o e . ee ar .

H rsera d i s
oh — S Kit c hen Garden . ee .

H tb d s — A hotbed is very useful in a garden It may be made

o e . .

up in pring wi t h manure alone The ma t erial should be taken

S .

s t aigh t from t he s t ables and turned well

r s s s days to on u cce 1v e

d rive ff the rank gases ; i t should then be built up into a bed

o
ab ut a yard high being well trodden as t he work pro c eeds A
o .

frame c an t hen be pla c ed

,

H l f hardy annuals Tomatoes on. a -

Cu c umbers Vegetable Marrows Celery and o t her crops c an be

, ,

, , ,

r i sed in a manure heated frame in spring being sown in pots

a -
or
boxes and s t ood the manure D ahlias and o t her plants c an be
,

on .

star t ed in it A ho t bed c an also be used f .growing Cu c umbers

. or
and Mush ooms In au t umn manure and leaves c an be mixed to

“
r .

for c e a frame of Viole ts .

H t i S Astilbe
o e a. -
ee .

H oth s — S Greenhouse
ou e ee .

Hott nia (Water Violet) —S Flower Garden — a t er plants

o . ee
l
.

H ouseleek — S S empervivum . ee .

H ust nia (h sto nia a ft er D Hous t on Ord R ubiac eae)

o o ou -
r. . . .

H c aerulea a c harming li ttle plant for t he ro c kery c linging c losely

,

. 18

t t he s t ones and bearing bl e flowers in spring I t likes a loamy

,

o u .

soil bu t does no t obj e ct t o lime Propaga t ion is by division

,

. or
seeds in pring There is a white varie t y
,

S . .

H ya VV F lower (h oy af t er M Hoy Ord A sl p i d )

o ,
ax - -
a, r. . . c e a eae .

There are several species of Hoya all dis tinguished by flowers f o

waxy texture The most popular is c arnosa pink blooming in
,

sum mer (s the B t i l M g i t

, ,

ee There is a variety o a n ca a az ne , .

with variega t ed leaves B ella wi t h purple and whi t e flowers ( B t o

Mg t
. .

is also grown They are rambling plan ts sui table

,

a ., . .

f orthe roof f a warm greenhouse a pil lar They like pea t wi t h

o or .

a third of loam and sand Propagation sby c ut ti ngs in heat in

, ,

. i
1 84 E n c y cl o p e d i a of G ard e n in g
T
'

S pring summer The hoots sh l d b th i d t w hen they

.
or . S ou
'

e
‘

nne ou
become crowded V igorous sy m gi g in summer will keep down . r n

m ealy bug Very little wa t er sh ould be gi v en in winter We know

. .

o f a plant thri vi ng for years in a itting room S -

.

H m (h fi mea after Lady Hume Ord Compositae) — Humea

u ea -
. . .

f the most dis t incti v e f p l ants

,

elegans is on e o t only account o no on

f i tsappearance l though that is uncommon but be c ause f its
,

o a o

piquant and agreeable perfume It grows several fee t high in a

, ,

season and produces long plumes f red inflorescence Tw o . o or

three plants will scent a large house I t is easily raised from
,

seed w hich may be sown in a w m frame or greenhouse in summer

, ar
t he seedlings pri c ked ff potted singly and repotted till they are in
,

o
Loam wi t h a third f
, ,

w h i h t h y may bloom
‘

6 i -

7i
n . or -
n in c e . . . o
decayed manure and some sand makes a suitable c ompost The
,

plants may be discarded after flowering I t is thus trea t ed as a

,

bienni l a .

H mu lus (h fi mulus from h m s the ground in reference to the

u -
u u

creeping habit Ord Urticaceae) — This genus gives us t he c om

, , ,

. . .

m i l h p whi c h is used for fl

erc a 0 i g beer The Japanese H p av o u r n . o
H Japonicus is worth plan t ing in t he garden for the pillar f a
, ,

. o
pergola It will thrive in ordinary soil and may be in creased by
,

di vision in spring There is a golden lea v ed v ariety called aureus

,

.
-
.

H um s —S Manure and Lime u . ee .

H nnemannia (h m a nia after Herr H m

u O d u nne n -

u nne an n . r .

Papavera c eae) —H f m i f li is a brilliant Poppywort with

,

. . u ar a e o a ,

yellow flowers in summer It is a herbaceous perenni l not enti ely . a r

hardy and needing a sheltered pla c e or frame protection in winter
,

, .

It may be propagated by seeds sown outdoors in summer and likes

light well drained soil S the B t i l M g i t 3 6
,

— . ee o a n ca a az n e , . 0 1 .
,

H t hi s i
u c ( hutchi n sia after Miss Hutchi ns
n a Ord Cruciferae) -
. . .

— The mos t popul

,

species f this small genus is alpina a pretty ar o ,

little plant for the rockery clinging closely to the stones and cover
.

i g itself wi t h white flowers in spring

,

n It likes a sandy compost .

and thrives in limes t one Propagation is by seed in spring

,

. .

Hy cinth — S Bulbs
a . ee .

Hyacinthus (s l s B ulbs) — H m th ysti sis the S pani sh ee a o a e nu

Hyacinth (s the B t i l M g i t
. .

ee H orientalis is th o an ca a az n e , e
common Hya c inth ( B t M g t
. .

The v arie ty f orientalis o . a ., . o

called l b l sis the white R oman Hyacin t h H c andi c ans is also
.

a u u . .

c alled Galtoni a candicans It is a good plant f t he herba c eous . or

border .

Hybrid Hybridisati n — A hybrid is a cross between two spe c ies o . .

amongst a few kinds f Or c hids) genera have

,

In rare cases o
been crossed and the o ffspring called bigeneri c hybrids When ar e .

hybrids are crossed between themselves the o ffspring are c alled

,

varieties When species are crossed the work is des c ribed as

.

hybridisation ; when v arieties are crossed it is poken f as c ross S o

fertilisation I n both casesit sistsi . t aking pollen from th c on n ~
e

nthers f flower and placing it n the stigma f ano t her Th is

‘
,

a o o ne o o .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard en i n g 1 8
5
'

process would be i sif the stigma had been already fertilised

no cu ou
either by pollen from the same flower ( self fer t ilisation slfi g )
,

-
or e n , or
had been transferred by wind bee from another flower ; therefor or e
the anthers must be remo v ed f om the flower to be crossed befor r e
the pollen is ripe and the blossom enclosed with a muslin bag Thos e
wish to hybridise sys t emati cal l y should study Mendel s laws
.
’
wh o .

Hyd r ng ea (h yd a gea from hyd water and gg i a v ssel

a r n -

, or, a e on , e
in allusion to the cupped shape f the seed v essel Ord S x i f
, ,

o . . a ra
— The Hydrangeas are
g e ae ) .

hardy de c iduous shrubs and

.

some spe c ies

,

grown ex ar e
c ul s i l y in the open i ; but
ve a r

hortensis is much esteemed s a

a p t plan t
o account f the , on o
large heads f pink blooms o
whi ch it produce s I t is easily .

raised from cu t tings S hoo t s .

may be taken in spring and ,

inserted si gly in small pots n

in sandy compost containing
leaf mould in a warm frame
or shoots with buds may be
,

struck in au t umn When the .

plants are well rooted they

may be shifted to 5 i 6 i -
n . or -
n

in whi ch they may flower .

Loam with a little decayed

,

manure leaf mould and or

some sand W ill ult When P G ING H YD NG E BY C m s
,

S RO P A AT RA AS o rr c
plan t ed t in soil c ontaining
, i .

ou
i ron the c olour c hanges to blue F pot plants use l um in . or 1 oz . a 1
gallon f water Y oung po t plants may be wintered in unheate d
o .

frames The species most c ommonly grown in pots is Hort ensia

.

( hortensis ) whi c h is t quite hardy There are several v rietie s no . a

f it notably Mariesii and Thomas Hogg Pani c ulata g d i fl

,

o . r an or a
is a splendid hardy variety with whi t e flowers in late summer
,

Peti ol is has white flowers in pring and is sometimes seen an

ar S , on
outside wall in mil d districts but t is not quite hardy S t h i ee e
B t i l M g i
, .

o a n ca t 6 788 a az n e , . .

Hym en call is — S Pa cratium under B ulbs

o . ec n .

Hymen p hyllu m (h ym p h yI lum from hym a membran

o e no -
en , e,
and phyll leaf O rd Filices ) Filmy ferns They thri v e pea t
,

on , . . .
-
. 1n

with S phag um moss broken sandstone and sand They must

n .

have a sa t ura t ed a t mosphere (s Ferns) T b i d g s and

, ,

ee . un r en e
unilaterale are the best known species -
.

Hyp ericum S t John s Wort ( hyp er —i um from yp i k .

’
o er on , on ac
c—ount f and i k heath from the habi tat Ord H yp i i )
, ,

o , e re e, , . . e r c n e ae .

Useful hardy perennials some herbaceous others shrubby wi t h , ,

dense green foliage and yellow flowers The best spec es s l y

,

. i i ca
c nui m the R ose of S haron for it will thri v e
, dry banks as well s on a
under trees It should be planted a foot apart autumn if a clos
,

. in e
1 86 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
m ass is wan t ed S B t i l M g i t 1 46 The shrubs are
. ee o a n ca a az n e , . .

propagated by cut t ings in a frame t he herbs by division in spring .

Androsaemum is a good sub sh ub Hookerianum is wor t h grow

,

-
r
nd M s i
.

i g
n , a m is a fi ne hybrid
o All those named
e r an u sh ubs . ar e r ,

an d have yellow flowers in summer .

Hyss p —S Kit c hen Garden— Herbs

o . ee .

Iberis Candyt uf t (i b e ris from Iberia Ord Cruciferae ) — Use -

. . .

ful h dy annuals and perennials F the former s Candyt ft

, ,

ar . or ee u

grown in t he rock garden and

,

an d Annuals The perennials . ar e

o n c over a considerable area They are not fas t idious about soil
,

s o . ,

an d are easily increased by cuttings or seeds The following are a .

few f t he best
o i f li e v ergreen 4 ins ; g i b l t i no t qui t e
: c or o a, ra ar c a ,
hardy f t ( see B t i l M g i t
, .

1 . sempervirens ever
o a n ca a az n e , .

t c
, ,

g reen ft and i
1 s variety G xi whi h has larger flowers a rr e an a , .

They hav e white blossoms in early summer G i b l t i is p i nk

,

. ra ar c a .

I ce Plant — S Mesembryanthemum ee .

I lex S Holly
.
-
ee .

Imant p hyllu m — S Cliv ia and B ulbs

o ee .

Imbricate d — A flower is said to be imbri c ated when the pe t als

.

lap over ea c h o t her .

I mp atiens B alsam (imp a t iens from i mp ti s referring t the -

a en o
t ,

c —One f t he most
, ,

q uick discharge f he seeds O rd Gerania eae )

o . . . o
popular spe c ies of Impatiens is S ultani a dwarf plant with brillian t ,

c armi ne flowers easily raised from cutti ngs in a warm house and
sthat i t is h dly rooted before it begins to bloom I t
, ,

so fl if or ero u ar .

t hrives in loam with a lit t le leaf mould and sand S B t i l . ee o a n ca

M g i t 664 3 E pis c opi is a good varie t y of it H w k i is

,

a az n e , . . . a er

a l so a good hothouse spe c ies with s c let flowers The most popular ar .

o f the Impa t iens is however t he half h dy annual B alsam , S ,

-
ar . ee

B alsam and Annuals .

Imp reg nation —S Hybridisation . ee .

Incarvillea (i ill after P In c arville Ord B ignonia

n c ar v -
e a, . . .

— B eauti f ul hardy plants f which the most popul pecies

c e ae ) . , o ar S

ar e D elavayi and g d ifl B oth have large deeply cut leaves

r an ora.

d bell shaped c armine rose flowers in summer

,

an -
They are h dy -
. ar
perennials growing in most soi ls and easily raised from seed under
t t
,

lass in spring or propagated by division The heigh is abou

,

g .

is considered by many t o be merely a varie t y

,

1 8 ins G d ifl
. r an or a

o f D elavayi O lgae is a purple —fl w d spe c ies growing somewhat

. o ere

t aller .

I nd ian Corn — S Maize . ee .

Ind an Cr s s— S N astur t ium

1 e ee .

I n d i n Fig ( O puntia ) — S
a Ca ct us . ee .

I n dian Pin k — S D ianthus and B iennials ee .

I ndian S h t — S C anna o ee .

I n d i ru bb r Plan t
a -
S Ficus e -
ee .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 1 8 :
7
Insects— The principal insect pests f plantsare referred to under
. o
their w names in this work
o n in co nect ion with the crops whi c h , or n

they affect and remedies gi v en ,

.

I n la (i ula perhaps a corruption f Helenium Ord C m

u n -

,
o . . o

s — I glandulosa is a fine hardy herbaceous perennial grow

po i t ) ae . . ,

ing about 8 ins high and with large deep yellow flowers in summer
1 . .

It is well worthy f a place near t he fron t f the border I t t hrives

,

o o .

in most fertile soils and likes clay if friable Propagation is by .

di vision in spring I Helenium the E le c ampane is a t ller plan t

,

. . , a .

Hookeri is a fine pale yellow spe c ies blooming in late summer (s

,

ee

t he B t i l M g i n t
o an ca a az e, .

I ps
ono i di m Violet Cress (i p s
u i d ium Ord Cruciferae) ono -
. . .

I acaule is a dain t y li tt le v iolet fl w d hardy annual only g ow

,

.
-
o ere r

ing about ins high It will grow in almos t any soil and i sraised
2 . . ,

from seed sow where it is t bloom in pring ( syn Cochlearia

n o S .

a aulis)
c .

I po m Convolv lus (ipom é e

ae a, from i ps bindweed and u -
a,
Ord Convolvula c eae) —This genus is c losely
, ,

h m i s simil
o o o ar . . .

allied t o t hat f C onvol vulus and some plan t s commo l y c alled

,

o n
Convolvuluses really I p m s C maj or f ins t ance is
,

ar e o ae a . . or
re l ly I purpurea O f the plants usually grown under the name
, ,

a . .

Ip m o may be mentioned B ona nox a white hothouse evergreen

ae a -

c limber blooming in late summer (s the B t i l M g i

,

ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t hederacea ( syn N i l ) a blue half hardy perennial ( B t M g

,

. .
-
o . a

t and i t s v ie t ies g d i fl
,

. and H b i variegata ; Hors

ar r an or a u er
f l li
a ae ,a rose w i nter fl w i g hothouse e v ergreen ; L i ( syn -
o er n e ar .

Pharbi t is L ii ) a blue au t umn blooming hothouse evergreen

e ar -

(B t M g t and versi c olor ( syn Mina loba t a)

,

o . a ., . hardy . . a

annu l various colours The annu l s are raised from seed t he

,

a . a

perenni l s from c u t tings in sandy peat in heat Loam with some

, ,

a .

leaf soil decayed manure and sand makes a sui t able compost The
,

, , , .

hothouse climbers s h ould be thinned after flowering .

Iresine (i esi from i swool in allusion to the wo lly shoo t s

r -
ne , e ro o .

O rd Amaran t a c eae) — The Iresines were more important plan t s in

, ,

. .

t he l d c arpe t bedding days than they are now They t ender

o -
. ar e

perennials dwarf wi t h narrow highly c oloured leaves whi c h made

t hem useful f formal designs They thrive in mos t soils P p
, , , ,

or . . ro a

ga t i on is by cu tt ings in gen t le heat t owards the end of summ er.

They should no t be po tt ed ff t ill spring and need very li tt le wa t er o

in winter H bsti i (see B t i l M g i t

,

. er W ll isi i and o a n ca a az n e , . a ,

Li dn i all have dark leaves

en .

Iris (i ris from i i s t he eye Ord I i d ) —The Iris is a s trik

-
r . . r ae .

i g l y beau t iful hardy flower d it is no t surprising that m any

, ,

n an
people like t o grow a colle ct ion B t t he species need no t all be
,

. u

pu t t ogether The larger su c h as t he Flag E nglish and S panish

.

may be planted in herbaceous borders ; and t he smaller t he

, , , ,

on
rockery The Flags have rhizome roots n d evergreen foliage ; t he
. a
E nglish and S panish hav e bulbous roots and lose thei leaves every r
 1 88 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g
year The foll o wing are b autiful Flag I riseswhich may be bought
. e ,

and planted in ordinary s oil in autum n :

Bridesm id H an ib l
a n a
Pall ida D al matica Madame Chereau
Gracchus S ibiri c a
Any who is fond f S panish Iri ses and likes to form a little
one o ,

coll e c ti on f named sorts may plant the bulbs among his R oses
o .

plants d not interfere wi t h each other to any inj urious

,

Th t w
e o o
ext ent and they look well in association The Irises may be planted
, .

in October N ovember about ins deep The following are

or 2 . .

pretty v arieties
,

Blanche S uperbe Le ander

Ch ysl r Louise
o o ra
King f the Blues o S nowball
La Tendresse I Thunderbolt
The re l I ris lover is t l i kely to stop short with the Flags
a no
E nglish n d S panish H e she will want to have a number f
,

a . or o
beautiful species and the followi ng are al l lo v ely
,
'

Pa v onia ( not hardy)

Persica
pumila
reticulata
S indj sis ar e n
S isyrinc hium
stylosa
iberica S usiana
la vigata e T b g i u er e n an a

L o r t e t ti
These with the hybrids now sold by hardy plant specialists make
an interesting selecti on The v arieties of lae vigata ( Kaempferi) are
, ,

splendid waterside plants M st f t he small bulbous varie t ies

.

. o o on
t he other hand do best i warm dry sunny spots the rockery
,

,
n , , on .

Irish Heath — S D aboe cia . ee .

Irish Ivy — S I v y . ee .

Isti s D yer s Woad (i sa tis from i s

a ,
’
to equ l al luding to i ts -

, azo , a
smoothing power Ord Cruciferae) — A sm l l genus only
,

. . . a ,

species f which glauca a yellow hardy biennial blooming in

o
summer is g own t o any extent Propagation is by seed and
, , ,

r .

ordinary soil suits Woad is obtained from I t in c toria The

, ,
‘

. . .

industry is now f small proportions o .

I sl p i s (i s l e pis from i ss e q u l
o e -
and l pi s a sc l e Ord
o - -
o a e a . .

Cyp eraceae) — I gracilis is a pret t y grassy plan t well adap t ed f

, , , ,

. . or
growing in sm l l po t s to stand at the edge of greenhouse stages
,

a
where drooping over and making a foreground to flowering plants
,

i t serv esa useful purpose It may be raised from see d in a frame

, ,

or greenhouse and when establ i shed may be increased by division

in heat in pring Loam wi t h a third of leaf mould d some sand
,

S . , an ,

s uits it .
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
Ivy — S Hedera. ee ;

Ivy l v d G erani m — S Geranium and Pelargonium

-
ea e u . ee .

I vy le v d T d fl x ( Linaria Cymb l aria)

-
a e oa a a .

Ixi (i ia from i xi birdlime because f the thick j uic e Ord

a x -

,
a, , o . .

I id
r )
ae — S B ulbs
. ee .

I xi l i io ( i i l i
r onion from i x i and
x o l i i lily — the Ixia like
r -
a, e r on , -

Lily Ord A m yl li d ) — C harming hardy bulbs flowering in

,

. . ar e ae .

June sui t able f t he ro c kery the front f t he border They are

,

or or o
not pa t i c ular as t o soil Propagation is by offse t s Montanum
, .

r . .

and P l l si f t high with blue flowers in June are tw of the bes t

a a , 1 . , , o .

Ix r (i o after t he god Iswara Ord Rubiac eae) — B ril liant

o a
‘

x r a,-
. . .

ho t house plants somewha t resembling B ouvardias but with larger

, ,

heads f bloom They like a compost f parts loam each leaf

o . o 2 1
mould and de c ayed manure and some sand Propagation is by
,

cut tings in heat when the hoots are h l f ma t ured The young
,

S a .

plants may be pin c hed to make them bushy R egul syring ng . ar i in

summer will do a good deal tow ds keeping insects under bu t ar

if ne c essary the leaves hould be syringed wi t h an i s t i d S n ec l c e.

Vaporise wi t h c ones The bes t are c o cc inea scarlet summer .

t h y s) s c arlet summer
, ,

bloomer ; and D ffii (syn m u Grandi . acro r a .

t i sof c oc c inea
,

flor a, Fraseri and superba are good ,

v ar 1 e e .

Ja c ba — S S ene c io
o ea ee .

Jaco baea Lily S Amaryllis ( S prekelia ) f m s . s

-
i m under Bulbs
ee or o a .

Jaco binia (j a c obi n ia Ord Acanthaceae) — H othouse shrubs -

. . .

wi t h brilliant flowers J h y st p h blooms in winter when . . c r o e an a ,

it produces l rge clusters of beautiful yellow flowers (s the

a ee

B t i l M g i
o a n ca t Carnea (sy Jus t i c ia carnea) has
a az n e , . n.
pale rose flowers in summer ( see B t i l R gi st t o a n ca e e r, .

G hi s b gh t i
e re has sc let flowers in w inter All grow about f t
an a ar . 2 .

high Equal par t s f loam and pea t with a li tt le de c ayed manure

. o
and some sand suit Propaga tion is by cuttings in a propagating
,

, .

c ase .

Jaco b s La dd er Polemo i um caeruleum

’
,
n .

Japan Ced ar Cryptomeria ,

.

J p nese D warf Trees Considerable in t eres t is taken in thes

a a -
e
quain t examples f E stern art and colle ct ions are grown in various
o a

B ri t ish and American gardens By cramping the roots and twis t ing
,

t he shoo t s trees many years l d kep t a t a height of or 3 ft o ar e 2 .

generally grown in ornamen t al bowls Genuine pe c imens

,

They ar e . S
are somewhat expensi v e .

Jas mine Jasminum (j smi num from ys y ( Arabic) Ord a -

in n . .

Oleaceae) — These swee t scented ramblers

, ,

. great favourit esand -

ar e ,

on e hardy species d ifl m is common in most gardens l ge nu o ru ar

and small bearing its yellow flowers during mild spells in win t er
, , ,

when de v oid f leaves ( s the B t i l M g i t

,

o ee o an ca a az n e , .

The pretty whi te J asmine g il l i m m is also a great favourit r ac u e

(B t M g t It re q uires a warm house G d ifl m

, ,

o . a ., . . r an oru
1
9 0 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
wil l thrive in a greenhouse and bears whi te flowers in late summer
l is the common w hi t e h dy
,

( see B t i l R gi s t t
o a n ca O ffi i e er, c na e ar
Jasmine ( B t M g t
.

The hardy J asmines will th ive in

o . a ., . r
any fertile soil ; equal parts of peat and loam with
some sand suit t he others The outdoor kinds
,

may be in creased by layers su c kers the indoor

,

or
by cuttings taken fi with a heel f l d wood and
,

o o o
inser t ed in sandy peat under a bell glass When -
.

the young plants begin to grow the t ip hould b S e

pinched t when side shoots w ill break freely ou .

The branches should be thinned when t hey get

,

crowded and young wood c u t to pars , S .

J smine Rock —S Androsace a , . ee .

Jerusalem Artichok — S Ki tc hen Garden e ee .

Jessamin — S Jasmine e ee .

Jo b s Tear s— S Coix ’
ee .

J n q il — S B ulbs o u . ee .

J das Tre — S Cercis u e ee

P U NING J M IN E
.

L di g sh Juglans Walnut
AS
(jfi
.
glans from j p i t j i sthe ,
-
u er ov
t
, ,
1. ea

3 4 5 Sp s
god and n
gl s a
oo t.
nu — literally
, Jupiter s nut an , ,
’
.
2 , .
Ord Jgl d ) — The Walnut Juglans regia is a
, . ur .

. u an e ae .

hardy deciduous tree t hriving in any fertile soil The nut is

, ,

encased in a t hick green case whi c h will decay after storing in

,

a utumn Propagation is by seeds for the common kind by budding

.

grafting for the pe c ial varieties There se v eral v arie t ies

,

or S . ar e .

J u l s (Millipede) — The species c omplanatus and pul c hellus

u .

gutta t us are short many legged qui c k movi ng insec t s often - -

”

f ound about the roots f plan t s S oot wa t er and brine may be used
, , ,

o
to get rid f them ; or they may be trapped with pie c es of Mangold
.

o .

J ni p erus Juniper (j i p crus from j i p s ( Celtic) rough

u ,
un -
un e ru .

Ord C oniferae) — Handsome e v erg eens some hardy others

, ,

. . r re

quiring the shelter f a greenhouse Good varie t ies are well worth
, ,

o .

grow ng as lawn plants They do t care f stiff damp soil

i . no or
th iving best in li ght fri able ground Propagation is by seeds or
, ,

r .

c ut t ings Augus t a frame under a bell glass Chinensis aurea

,

in in or -
.

and C l bo variegat a are good lawn trees There are several good
. a -
.

varieti es f communis the c ommon Juniper notably fastigiat a and

o , ,

glauca Virginiana is the R d Cedar and there are many varieties

. e
of it such as argen t ea aureo variegata and pendula Bermudiana
,

-
.

t he B ermuda Cedar must be grown in a greenhouse

, , , ,

,
.

Justicia (j usti cia after M J Justice Ord Acantha c eae)

-
r. . . . .

This genus is closely rela t ed to Jacobinia and in fact is in c orporated

,

wi t h it by modern botanis t s but certain species

,

grow in ar e n

gardens under the name f Jus t i cia Carnea c ccinea gh i sb gh

,

o . o e re

t iana and m g i fi are c ases in point F culture s Jacobinia

, ,

,
a n ca . or , ee .

K ffi L il y ( S hi
a styl i sc oc c inea)
r —S c Bulbs
zo . ee .

K al anch o (k l h o the Chinese name Ord Crassula c eae)

e a an c -
e, . . .
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n in g 1
9 1

S u c ulent plants w ith flowers

c termi nal heads K fl mm sa
, on . . a ea 1

brilliant warm greenhouse plant g own for its beautiful orange r

flowers in pring I t l i kes loam w ith a thi r d f leaf mould and

,

S . o
sand Propagation by cuttings in sandy soil
. 13 .

Kal e — S Kitchen Garden

ee .

Kal mi a ( k alm ia after Peter K al m Ord E icaceae) — H and

-
. . r .

some hardy e vergreen shrubs K latifolia is worth growing as a

,

. .

foliage shrub alone They like pea t and are propagated by seeds .

cut ti ngs of side shoots in summer

,

in spring layers in autumn or .

The three species angus t ifolia glau c a and latifolia

, ,

l l grown ar e a .

se v eral v ieties f the first and last They all dislike

, ,

There ar e ar o .

lime .

K l s th s S
a o an Crassula and R ochea
e .
-
ee .

K enti ( k é ta after Lt Co l Kent Ord Palmae) — A genus of

n 1a , .
-
. . . .

palms givi g us
, n tw spe c ies such as B l m on e Canter
or o , e o r e an a ,
b y
ur and F s
a n a, t i whi ch are good for rooms as well as for
or e r an a ,

greenhous s F culture s Palms B otanists now refer the firs t

e . or , ee .

and last to the genus Howea and C t b y n to H d ys p , an er ur a a e ce e.

K r i J p ni ca ( k e ria after M M K err

e r a a o Ord R osa c eae)
r -
r. . . . .

A useful dwarf yellow fl w d deciduous shrub t hriving in almos t

,

-
o ere
any soil and blooming profusely in late pri g (s t he B t i l
,

S n ee o a n ca
M g i t t 8 73 and
,

a az n e , . Corchorus Japonicus is a synonym ;

1

t he double fl pleno is a s till bet t er plant giving a richer and mor

or e e

lasting e ffec t wi t h i t s larger flowers They may be grown in th

, , ,

. e

shrubbery but are be t ter walls fences Propagati on is by on or .

c uttings of young shoots under a hand ligh t Pruning may consist f

,

-
. o

c ut ti g out crowded shoo t s The plan t s may be for c ed in pots if

n .

desired .

Ki d y B a m— S
ne Kitchen Garden
e ee .

Ki tch n G ard en — A wel l managed kitchen gar den is a sour c e f

e -
o

much benefi t t o the household as a constan t supply of deli c iou s

and w holesome v egetables can be provided I t wi ll c ontain no t
,

only an adequate supply f the table v egetables whi c h are most o

appre c iat ed bu t l so plen t y f fresh salads and a su fficien c y f
a o o
herbs In large ki tc hen gardens fruit (s Fruit) is generally asso
,

. ee

i t d with vegetables trees being grown alongside t he paths and

c a e

also the w l ls The frui t and plan t houses are generally pu t in

, ,

on a .

t he ki tc hen garden I n very small establishments where t he spa c

. e

for vegetables is limited in ea and is near the house i t m y be well

,

ar a
t o omi t the c oarser winter Greens partly be cause t hey t ake up room
,

whi c h c ould be better de v oted to c hoice things such as Asparagus

,

S eakale Celery C
,

l i fl w s spring Cabbages and salads ; and

,

au o er

par tly because their odour is dis agreeable in w t wea t her Wher
, , , ,

e . e
t here is a fair amount f ground available t he kitchen garden m y o a
be separated from the house by flower gar d ens and sh ubberi s r e .

S helter f some kind is desirable

o A hi gh s trong wall is the best .

not only be c ause f the complete shel t er whi ch it provides but als
, ,

o o
because it is capable f suppor t ing lean to and hi p roofed green
,

o - -

houses vineries and other glass str uct r s and fr it trees Mor
, , u e , u .
’

e
 1
9 2 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
K I T HE N G R N Q nti d
C A DE o nne . 0

o ver Wide borders c an be made on the inner Side and those with
south and west aspects will be fa v ourable for early crops Faili g
, ,

. n
the wall there mus t be a hedge f Quick Prive t Hornbeam o , , , or
B eech ; a fence or .

P th s a — S ubstantial paths desirable and the best made ar e ar e

w i t h 6 ins f rubble well rammed in with clinkers and surfaced
,

. o
with ins f gravel They should slope from centr e to sides t
2 . o . o
c arry ff water o .

S il o —The soil should be cultivated deeply and manured liberally

. .

A excellen t plan is to take

n strip at a time and bas t ard t rench one -

i t— t hat is take ff the t op soil o

the fu l l dep t h of a spade

,

t o ,

break up the soil underneath t o

t he depth of a spade fork or ,

put manure and any garden on

refuse and repla c e the top soil , .

In the case f light land this o

may be done in au t umn if con
i t ; in the c ase of heavy ven en
G FE T RO U N D
lan d in win t er after frost If
A T R RE N CH ‘NG

l i s isd) the soil is stiff and the site low

.

5 T P q (
. O t h 5th l no e ow e e ve ra e
s ? m
it ought to be drained s
2:Ilii dirii gfgk gg3
d a n ur e

2
l o
”
( ee

D ra nage ) The t p 1 may

r
i . o 501
b lef t lumpy and the late f ost W ill c rumble it
e It c an t hen be r .

aked do wn fine f sow i ng in spring

,

r or
M
.

— D ecay d stable
a n u re .
loads per s qu e d
yard manure at the rate f barrow
e or o 2
3 loads per acre will be good
ar ro or Light 0 .

shallow dry soil is impro v ed by green manuring— that is sowing

, , ,

Mus t d at the ra t e of lb per squ e o d ground that be c omes

, ,

ar 2 . ar r on
va c ant in summer and digging i t in during autumn ; or wi nter ,

Tares may be sow at the rate f } lb per rod in autumn and dug n o 11 .

i n in p ing A qu ter f a pound each f basic slag (sp p h s

S r . ar o o u er o
pha t e for preference on l i mes t one soil ) and kainit per square rod
m y be turned in wi t h the dung
a

C pp i g — Many gardeners arrange for a rotation f the annu l

.

ro n o a
c rops using di fferen t c rops on piece f ground in su c cessive on e o
years I t is feasible to have a perfe ct four c ourse ro t a tion if the
,

-
.

d i fferen t c lasses g own in t he same quan t i t ies bu t t if one c lass

ar e r no

i sgrown in much larger propor t ions t han another

,

Given equ l . a

p roportions t he following migh t follow each other in su cc essive

y ears ( ):Po t a t oes ; 1( ) Peas B eans C elery and Leeks ; 23) B eetroot
C arrots Parsnips S alsify and S c orzonera : (4) Greens and O nions
, , , ,

A t ap rooted cr p is a good su c cession t o a fi b sroo t ed

, , ,

-
0 ro u -
one .
G round may be heavily manured for Peas B eans Celery Leeks
and Onions but t for Po t a t oes B ee troo t Carro t s
, , , ,

G reens no
Parsnips and Tomatoes In t ensiv e cul t ure provides f q ui c k
, , , , ,

. or
suc c essions f vegetables and may be c onsidered in connecti on
,

o
wi t h French Gardening (whi c h see)
,

S pe c i l remarks a the c ulture f all the principal v egetables

on o ,

salads and herbs are appended

, .

A ti h k — There are two distinct kinds grown in gardens

r c o e ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 1
93
n mely the Globe and t he Jerusalem ; a third the Chinese— is
a -

seen oc c asionally The Globe Artichoke ( Cynara S c olymus ) gets

, ,

its popular name from the large globul r fl w heads whi c h a o er -

ar e
cooked and eaten with sau c e They are produced
, ,

t hroughout the summer The plant is a h dy . ar

perennial and dies to the root in the autumn .

The large Green Globe is a good v ie ty P p

,

ar . ro a

g ti
a on To get a sto c k of plants in the fi st place ,
r

seed issown in spring heat being given if it is

desi red to push t he plan t s rapidly but t being
,

on no
o t herwise ne c essary The seedlings c an be t hinned
,

and a year la t er put t in rich soil 4 ft ap t

,

ou . ar .

S ubsequen t ly the s t ock can be increased by taking

o ff suckers in April and it is well to do this every ,

2 or 3 years as old plants soon get worn

, t S il ou . o

Plant m deep well manured 1 as the plant Tm Cm

-
$ 01 13

a gross feeder Ashes may be heaped round t he A m

, ,
: NE S E
.
R H O KE
plants in autumn Chards are the young growt hs (S t hys b i f )
. ac tu er e ra

t ha t push as a result f cu tting dow the Ar tichokes

,

o n
i
n July aft er a crop of heads has been taken ; they are blan c hed
wi t h s traw when f t hi gh The Jerus l em Ar t i c hoke ( Helian t hus
,

2 . . a
t uberosus ) produces tubers whi ch form the edible p t They do ar .

t contain st c h and t heir c lose texture no t less than their some

,

no ar ,

what earthy flavour renders them unpalatable to many The plant

,

is a s trong g ower and should be plan t ed at t he end f the garden

,

r o

where it will no t interfere with o t her crops and where it wil l also
, ,

form a w i d b k P p g ti B y t ubers about oz in weigh t

,

n v
re a . ro a a on 1 . ,

plan t ed 6 ins deep and 8 ins apart in rows 3 ft asunder in pring

. 1 . . S .

A ligh t well drained poorish soil is best if the cr p is grown

, , ,

S ilo -
o

for home c onsumpt ion ; deep rich moist soi l may yield a heavier
, ,

cr p bu t t he produ c e will be coarse The tubers may be lifted in

, ,

0 , .

N ovember and c overed with s traw and soil simil ly to Potatoes ar .

The Chinese Arti c hoke ( S tachys tuberifera) has smal l corks crew
like tubers f agreeable flav our by means of which it is increased
,

o .

They may be planted 9 ins apart in rows 8 ins asunder in pring

,

. 1 . S .

They like a well drained w m soil but t a grea t de l f manure

, ,

ar no a o ,

whi ch causes c oarseness The crop may be l i ft ed and s t ored in

, ,

sand in the au t umn .

As p g s ( Culinary
a ra u
) — Asparagus off cinalis is f the most . i one o
delicious f l l garden vegetables and as it is mu c h more eas i ly and
o a

inexpensiv ely grown than many people suppose t here is no reason

,

w h y i t should no t be
,

grow in nearly all gar n

dens S pe ci l raised beds . a

A A G U KNIFE are only ne c essary in

N
heavy damp so i l P
S P ARA S .

, . ro

p g lt
a a B y seeds whi ch may be sown in April in well pulverised soil
on : -

in drills a foot apart If the plants come very t hi ckly t hey may be
, ,

t hinned and th en by the end f t he season t hey wil l be s turdy li t tle o

spe c imens a foot
, , ,

8 ins high and wi th a nice mass f fibrous roots

or 1 . o .

They may be transplan t ed in pring— t hat is a year f om sowing

,

S r
in t o rows f t apar t and t he plants a foot asunder In another
,

2 .
, .

N
1
94 E n c y c lop e di a of G a rd e ning
K I TCHE N GA RD E N— ti d con n ue .

year they may be transplanted to the beds S i l Asparagus likes . o

a friable well drained warm loamy soil It will t hrive c lay in
when well drained and pulverised Mortar rubbish and road sweep
, , , .

ings wi ll impro v e it The ground should be deeply c ulti vated and .

liber l ly d essed With de c ayed y d manure O nl y modera t e

,

a r ar .

success may be expected thi n soil overlyi g chalk unl ess t he on n

chalk be broken up and the ground deepened by manuring and
,

mulching with manure wood ashes and leaf mould F mi g b d s

,

, , . or n e
In the olden days very elaborate beds were prepared for Asparagus .

The soil was exca v ated and in the pit thus formed faggots were
laid which were cov ered wi t h roots and garden refuse The soil
,

, . ,

heavily manured w sput on t hi s foundation If the ground is a .

drained wi th pipes this is unnecessary even in the c ase f c lay as

,

o
t here is little fear f t he soil be c oming sour t hrough t he acc umula
, ,

o
t ion f s t agnant wa t er In undrained c lay it would be a wise pre
o .

c aution to adopt some such plan To make a pai of beds proc eed . r
as follows After preparing t he soil mark t two strips 4 ft wide
: ou .

ea c h with a ft s trip be t ween them Throw the soil from the ft

2 -
. . 2 -
.

s trip to the depth f a foot right and lef t The alley t hus formed
,

o .

will serve as a path and the soil thro w n t will deepen t he soil f ou o
t he beds P l ti g Asparagus may be planted any time in April
,

. an n .

It does not matt er if growth has star t ed so long as the roots are
not allowed t o ge t dry ; the lat t er is very bad and throws the cr p
,

0
ba c k seriously If it is desired to get a bed more qui c kly than c an
,

be done from seeds roo t s should be purchased from a nurseryman or

seedsman These t hree year —old plants will be f a sui t able s treng t h
,

.
-
o .

A 4 ft bed will accom modate rows f plan t s which may be inser t ed

-
. 2 o
triangularly ins t ead f exactly Opposi t e to ea c h o t her in parallel
,

o
rows The clumps may be a foo t from t he edge f the bed and
. o

They c onsis t f a cen tral cro w n and a mass f large

,

1 8 ins apart . . o o
fibres which may be pread out and covered with 4 ins f soil S . o .

The bed should not be cu t from the firs t year bu t

,

S mmu lt er cu u re ,

grow t h encouraged by fre quen t hoeing whi c h wi ll serve the double

purpose of aerat ing t he soil and keeping dow weeds A t m
,

n . u u n

tre a tm t The growth wil l ripen ff in O ct ober and a t t he end of

en o
t hat month i t may be removed and t he bed top dressed wi t h short
,

( and preferably in t he c ase of damp so i l ) wi t h

,

decayed manure or
burn t refuse N ear the sea seaweed may be heaped t he beds
,

. on .

A pring dressing consis t ing f 3 of sp p h s

,

Sp i g d s
r n si g re n . S o oz. u er o

phate and of ni tra t e f soda per square yard will do good ; or

1 oz. o

c ommon s l t may be applied a t t he rat e f 4 per square y d

a o oz. ar .

C tti g
u Heads may of t en be t in April and in M y c u t ting will
n cu a

be general I t hould c ease at the end f June An Asparagus

,

. S o .

knife will be found useful for the purpose I t c onsis t s f a shor t . o

handle a long pie c e f round s t eel and a short t oo t hed blade whi c h o
se v ers the s t em when t hrus t into the ground The heads are ready
, , ,

to t when a brownish green knob about ins long and as t hi c k

ou -
2 .

as a finger protrudes through t he soil The head should no t be

,

lef t till i t ssever l in c hes long and t he s c ales are burs t ing L g
,

i a . ar e

bl anc h d As p g es Fren c h growers se c ure

a ra very large
u blanched .

Asparagus by growi ng a giant varie t y rich soil and ear t hing it as in ,

 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 1
95
i t pushes th ough the so i l Immense q uantities are expor t ed t
r . o
Great B rit i n I t has onl y a small green tip and is v ery wasteful
a .

if cooked in the ordinary way as before the blanched p t is sof t

,

ar

t he tender green tip is scattered It should be cooked on end until

,

the whi te part is soft and only laid its side to fi nish ff t he green on o

tip F i g : A e rly crop f Asp agus may be se c ured by

,

. orc n n a o ar
forcing One plan is to place a light framework of lathsover the
.

bed and cover it wi t h hot manure Another is t o make up a ho t .

bed c over it with light friable soil about 4 ins deep pack t he roo t s .

in with a few inches f soil o v er them and then place

, , ,

a lighto on .

Where a h eated pit is avai lable the roots need merely be pa c ked in
,

soil w atered as re quired and brought in a temperature of about on

Wh ere for ci ng is pra ctised i t is ad visable to have a cons t an t
, ,

6
succession f roots coming o so that the forced roots which are on , ,

greatly weakened can be th own away A sp g sb tl The ,

r . a ra u ee e :

greenish larvae f the Asparagus beetle ( Crioceris Asparagi) do

o
much harm by feeding the young shoots and foliage ; bu t t he
,

on
bluish beetle whi ch is about 3 ; in long also feeds I f an at tac k is . , .

noticed boil 5 lb f soft soap in a gallon of water stir in 3 l h eac h

,

,
. o , , .

o f soot and flowers f sulphur dip the shoots in and afterwards o

syringe R st Thi s fungoid disease sometimes bla c kens t he
, ,

. u :
foliage in summer B efore the attack has g t far spray wi t h B o or
deaux Mix t ure (whi c h see) V i ti s CO
.

s Colossal is . ar e e n n over
’

v ery reliable E arly Giant Argenteuil is also good

. .

B — I
ean its different species w h ich vary greatly t he B ean is
n
f the most es t eemed of hardy vegetables
, ,

one o The B road B ean .

( Faba v ulgaris ) is hardy but the Kidney B ean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) ,

is not and the S carlet R unner ( Phaseolus m l ti fl s

, ) still less so u or u .

Both f the latter are perhaps more valuable than the B road B ean
o

certainly the R unner is as in addi t ion t more delicate flavour it

,

c rops much longer las t ing well in t o t he autumn if frost p rmits

,

, e .

All the Beans like a deep well manured soil The B road B ean -
.

may be sown in N ovember or March the seeds being set singly

,

When they come into flower black aphides will a tt ack

,

8 ins apart . .

the tips f the hoots whi c h must be broken ff with fi nger and
o S o
thumb below the point f a ttack and destroyed The plants will
,

o .

not re quire sticks but if the row is in an exposed place it may be

well to drive in stakes e very few feet and run two tiers f strong
,

o
string l ong as a support There are two classes Longpod and
a .

Windsor and there are white and green seeded se c tions of ea c h

,

, .

E xhibition Longpod (white seed ) is the mos t useful f all The o .

dwarf French Kidney B ean should t be sown before mid April

or no -

and the seeds may be dropped singly 6 ins apart ; if very strong
,

gro w th follows the plan t s may be thinned This B ean likes moist .

fertile soil in a sheltered place I t must be pi c ked regularly while

,

the pods are young it will be o v er quickl y Canadian Wonder or .

an d S uperlati v e are two f the best v arie t ies There is w a climb o . no

ing se c tion f which Tender and True and Princess f Wales are
, o o

g ood representa t ives The S c arle t Runner is the most useful f . o

all the Beans and in rich mois t soil and with regul ar pi c king i t
,

In hot dry soil it of t en falls a

, ,

will keep i g for months

,

h on e ar n .

E arly crops may be had by sowing seed i

,

p rey to red pider S . n

1
96 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
K I T HE N GA RD E N— ti d
C c on n ue .

boxes under glass in March and planting in J une ; by wint ring or e

and planting old roots It is rarely saf to sow seed t f doors e ou o
before mid M y The seeds may be set 9 ins ap rt and gi ven a
.

-
a . . a

7i
-
n. pole each S oakings f li q uid manure and a mulching f
. o o
short manure wil l help the plants S carlet E mperor and B est f . o
All are fine v arieties The White and Painted Lady R unners
. ar e
not so much grown n w as they used to be o .

B t t ( B e t a v ulgaris ) — With the revival of B eetroot culture

e e ro o .

for sugar making fresh interest has c en t ed in a garden vegetable

-
r
that had pre viously held only a modest position B ee troot will .

grow i almost any soil but does best in rather heavy moist ground
n .

Little manure is re q uired in such land and if the cr p follows

, ,

0 one
f r which the soil was well manured t he previous ye ar such as Peas
,

Celery none at all E arly sowing results in co se roo ts and i t

,

or ar

is best t o defer it un t il M y If roots

.

wan t ed before S eptember

, ,

a . ar e

sow a round varie t y at mid April It economises seed and redu c es -

.

the labour f thinning to drop t hree seeds in a c luster at every 9 ins

o
and these can be reduced t later Cover ins deep B i rds o one on. 2 . .

must be kept away wi t h tanned fish ne tt ing bla c k thread sc es or ar .

The rows may be 5 ins apart In O ct ober t he leaves hould be

, ,

1 . . S
remo v ed wi t hou t inj ury to t he cro w s and t he roots laid in a heap n
and covered with sand or wi t h straw and soil Good varieties
,

. :

L o n g.
ell s Crimson
D
’

Cheltenham Green t p -
o

B l
o r ec o e K l ( B rassi c a O leracea aceph l a)
or a e The Kales are a .
-

t he hardiest f l l Win t er Greens and it is not oft en t hat they

o a ar e
inj ured by frost however severe In t he few seasons when inj ury
,

is done a ha d Win t er follows a mild autumn whi ch kept the plants

,

r
t w
,

gr een and sof too long The Kales are gro n in the
. same way as
B roccoli and B russels S prou t s and the rema ks made under t hose r
heads apply E arly April is a good t ime t o sow The curled Kales
,

. .

th row out small side shoo t s in mild spells l l through the winter a

and pring and these are the edible par t S ome are ornamental as
S .

well as useful having coloured foliage The plants are subj e c t to

,

t he attack f the enemies des cribed under B ro c coli and are pro
,

Good varie ties Ar ct i c Asparagus

,

t t d in the same w y
ec e a . : , ,

D w f Green Curled Hear t ing

ar .

lera c ea botrytis asp agoides) — B roccoli is

,

B l i ( B rassica
r o c co O ar .

the win t er and pring representative f the Cauliflower It i s

S o .

nominal ly somewha t co ser and less pure whi t e t han the latter ar
but h rdier B ro c colis may be had from O c tober to June in clusive
,

a .

by making a sui t able c hoi c e f varie t ies and sowing at di fferent o

periods ; bu t in mild dis tri ct s C l i fl w sare preferred t o au t umn au o er

B roc c oli After Ch is t mas B ro cc olis would t ake pre c edence f

. r o

C l ifl w s To get autumn and early W in t er B ro cc oli seed sho ld

au o er u

be sown t f doors a t the end of March ; to ge t la t e wi nter and

. ,

ou o
early pring B roccoli sowing may be pract ised at the middle f
S ,
o

April ; and to get late pri ng and early summer produce seed mayS ,
 E n c yc lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 1
97
b e so w n at the end f April The followi g good v ar ieties f
o . n ar e or

the v ious seasons

ar :

Model
First f Al l o
L t
S elf Protecting
a e.

Late Queen
-

M ds s i M th
e a on . sJun e ven
’
e
Leami ngt on
Many fi nd the purple and white prouting B roccoli useful In S .

all c ases the seed hould be sown thinly B roadcas t sowing is S .

general ly practised wi t h greens f l l kinds but i t is preferable t o a o

sow in rows a foot apar t and hoe be tween t he seedlings to keep
,

weeds do wn The seed should be sprinkled in v ery t hinly and the

.

eedlings thinned if t hey begin to crowd each other The seed may
,

s .

be c overed wi t h half an in c h f soil and t he bed pro t ec t ed wi t h o

t anned fish netting black thread o t herwise birds will c ry ff
,

or ar o
t he young plants S howery wea ther in June July hould be
,

. or S
t aken advan t age f to plant t 3 ins apar t Firm moderately o ou 0 . .

rich soil is desirable B ro c coli and other win t er Greens

,

B russ els S prou t s S avoys and Kales) as well as C l i fl w s are au o er

ften plan t ed between s trong haulm Potatoes wi t h t he result that
, , , ,

O —

the Greens be c ome drawn and flabby in whi c h s t a t e t hey are weak
,

and easil y i nj ured by frost O ne f t he following precau t ions should

,

. o
be t aken ( ) to plant be tween e ly sm l l t opped Po t atoes only ;
: 1 ar a -

t large Potatoes not less t han a yard apar t wi t h

,

( )
2 o set the rows f o

t he express obj ect f accommodating the Greens ; 3) t o plant onl y

o
betw een l ternate Po t a t o rows and draw t he t ops of t he Potatoes
a
whi c h are no t inter cropped away from the Greens the other ide
,

on S
o f them When the Potatoes are lifted the soil should be rammed
.

h d round t he B roccoli When B ro c olis have formed t heir hearts

ar . c

a leaf hould be broken o v er t hem and left t ill t hey

S cut Club ar e .

root ( Plasmodiophora brassicas) gall weevil (C t h y h ssul -

eu or nc u

i
c co llis ) and t he c aterpi l lars f the Large Whi t e S mall W hi te and o
Green banded bu tt erflies a tt ack B roccolis and other Greens Club
, ,

-
.

root causes large ugly excres c en c es t he stem and roo t s che c king on
growth Where pre v alent fal low a pie c e f ground speci l ly for
, ,

. o a
t he Greens and lay on a coa t f gas lime half an in c h thick Let o .

t his lie i weeks t he urfa c e and t hen turn i t in Leave the

,

S x on S .

g round another month before plan t ing the Greens Further earth .

up t he stems when the plan t s are half gro w n t o encourage new

,

roots Gall weevil c auses small marble like swellings which may
.
- -

be liced ff into a vessel containing a li tt le paraffin when transplant

, ,

S o
ing and the roots drawn through a puddle f soo t lime and water o .

The gas lime treatmen t is also e ffi c a c ious The bes t remedy f
, , ,

-
. or
caterpillars is to hand pick the first comers and then syringe the -

plants forcibly with wa t er in whi c h a li tt le s l t has been s t irred I n

,

a .

c old district s it is c ommon to g ow t he B roccoli in rows running r

east and wes t and when sev ere weat her approaches t o take soil
from the north side f the w and for c e t he plan t s o ver to that
,

o ro
quarter until they are nearly flat This prevents the sun striki ng .

on the heads W hile they are frozen and pre v en t s se v ere i j u y , n r .

 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng
K I T HE N GA R D E N — ti d
C con nu e .

B
ru ssl s S p ts ( B rassica O leracea bullata gem mifera) I
e ro u .
-
n
au t umn and wi nter few f the coarser v egetables are m ore appr o o
i t d than B russels S prouts and when w ell gro wn a few ro wswill
c a e
gi v e a supply f several weeks When an e ly crop is wanted
,

or . ar
seed is sometimes sow in August but for the pri cipal supply t h n n e

seed is sown out f doors in the fi st half f Apri l The seed and
,

o r o .

seedl i ngs may be treated imil ly t Broccoli and the same remarks S ar o
apply In autumn a few f the leaves should be cropped back to
. o
s t umps in order to check grow th and encourage the production f o
sprou t s ; bu t it must no t extend to l l the leav es at once a good a or
deal of sap wil l be thrown ba c k the stems and the resul t ing shoots
,

on
wil l be loose The top crow growth hould be left intac t
. or n S .

E ach stem ought to become well c lothed with prouts by mid S

autumn and these can be picked as required In the case of rich

“
.

moist soil whi c h favours gross growth t he larger v arieties such as

, ,

Aigbur t h and E xhibition should be avoided and sm l ler kinds lik

, , ,

a e

D warf Gem and N orthaw Prize selec t ed instead ; but for poor ground
, ,

s
g trong
varieties had better be c hosen E xhibition is one f the bes t . o .

A C abbage B russels S prout is now procurable and it is a hi ghly

-

pro mis ng vegetable as in addition t o the sprouts the stem th

,

i on e

plant produ c es a nice C bbage at the top in place f the loose c luste
,

a o r

o f lea v es which distinguishes the ordinar B russels S prout B russel s

y .

S prouts are attacked by the same enem es as o t her members of th i e

Brassi c a tribe S remarks under B ro cc oli

. ee .

aC bb g ( B rassica leracea capitata ) — One f the m ost useful of

a e O . o
all t he Green vegetables and particularly valuable in spring when
good hear t s t ake the plac e f B russels S prouts and S avoys and
, ,

o
supplement B ro c coli A Cabbage bed hould be formed in every . S
ki tc hen g den in spring S eed should be so wn e ly in Augus t
ar . ar

bu t i t is a good plan to make two sowings one a fortnight earlier

,

.
,

The seed m y be sown thinl y in a reserve bed f fine soi l and

a o
c overed about h l f an inch If birds are troublesome protect th
,

a . e

seed bed wi t h fish ne t ting Thin the plan t s if t hey become crowded .

during S eptember Towards t he end f that mon t h or by the

. o
middle of O c tober plant t he young C abbages t 8 ins apart A
,

ou 1 . .

pie c e f ground must be c hosen from which a summer vege t able has
,

been c leared and an Onion bed is good be c ause the ground is both
fer t ile and firm D ire ct ly the ground is dry enough to be trodden
, ,

on in lat e win t er run the h be t ween the plants and sprinkle oe

nitrat e f soda ulphate f ammonia among them a t the rate o f

,

o or S o
1 .oz per square y d taki g c e to keep i t ff t he lea v es If
ar n ar o .

t he soil is loose it should be rammed firm S hould any plants throw

,

up flower stems they hould be pulled up and t hrown away a t once ;

S

but there will not be much trouble this s c ore if suitable varie t ies on
are sow The following are reliable
n .

E ly Offenham
ar E mperor
E ll m sE ly Flower f S pri ng
’
a ar o

C abbages may be had in summer and autumn by sowing in Mar c h

April and M y and transplanting when about 4 ins high The
,

a . .

following are good v arieties f t his purpose

, ,

or
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng 1
99
efianc
D e
Improv ed N onpareil
When cu tt ing Cabbages the stem hould not be remo v ed with the S
heart be c ause if left small secondary Cabbageswill form it The on .

pri cipal enemi es f Cabbages are club root gal l weev il and cater
,

n o -

,
-

pil lar F remedies s under B roccoli C bbages f pickling

. or ee . a or
hould be sown t f doors in Augus t and transplanted i autumn ;
,

S ou o n
they will then make close firm hearts in July f the followi ng year o .

E arly D w f R d is a good variety Chou de B urghl ey is a hybrid

,

ar e .

C abbage f good flavour which may be sown in spring and trans

o
planted ft apart C ou v e Tron c huda
2 . B raganza Cabbage is
. or
grown for the thi c k midribs f the l rge leaves which make a good
, ,

o a ,

substitute for S eakal e S w in pring and transplant ft apart . o S 2 . .

Coleworts may be sown in late pri ng The R osette is good S . .

C psai m d C h i l i — These
cu an mostly grown in gardens for their ar e
or namental fruit The Cayenne which h slong n row red fruit ; a ar
and the Mammoth R d Chili whi c h has large fruit are the best
. , , ,

e
know There are varie t ies wi t h yellow s c arle t crimson and
, ,

n .

c oral fruits The Long R d Capsi cum is used in pickl es The best
, , ,

. e .

me t hod of c ulture is to sow in heat in pring prick ff and sbs S o u e

quen t ly pot singly
, ,

C d ar ( C y ara
oo n C ardunculus ) — The S panish Cardoon is much
n .

esteemed by Con t inen t al cooks w h use the midribs f the leaf and o o
t he stem in soups and stews E xcept in damp soil the plants should
,

be grown in tren c hes like Celery They may be raised from seed .

sow in hea t in M c h or t of doors in a warm border in April

n ar ou .

They should be planted 8 ins apart and given abundance f 1 . o

water In August the stems may be draw together tied and
. n
eart hed so as t o ex c lude light and air
, ,

and left for two months when t hey will

,

be blan c hed and ready for use

,

C t
a rr o( aucus Carota)
D Carro t s .

th i v e best in sandy friable soil and

r , ,

should only be put heavy wet land on ,

when there is no other alternative In .

su c h a case it is a good plan to grow

t hem ridges a foot high The ground
on .

should not be manured heav ily and if i t

c an be arranged for t he crop to follow
,

Peas Celery for which the ground w s

or , a
well done no manure will be needed .

I t is a good plan to draw drills 5 ins

,

1 .

apart and to half fill them with crushed

oyster shell and wood ashes in mix t ure L G E S M LL C

“
. AR A ND A A RRO TS .

The seed may then be sown thi nly and A p i t i sil m g m o n n o an a e e n t.

c overed with an in c h of soil From mid S m llb tl t mi k sh ll9 3 l sgil

s
I a oo n a ow o

March to mid April is a good t ime t o g i gfgfi

. .

-
’ en ar er

sow choosing a period when the soil is

,
o ov

dry enough to crumble up readily Thin early and press the soil .

firmly round the plants left to exclude the Carro t fly whose grubs
,

are v ery destructive A fur t her pre v entiv e is to moisten some

,

.
 2 00 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e ning
K I TC HE N GA R D E N — ti d c on nue .

sand W th p affin il and prinkle it among the plants Lift i

i ar O S . n
October and store im ilarly t o Beetroot Good v ieties S . ar

L o n g.
James s Intermediate ’

S t V l ery . a

F or forcing or frame culture the Parisian may be selected S . ee

Fren c h Gardening .

C li fl w
au ( B rassica O leracea
o erbotrytis l i fl ) — One f the c au or a . o
mos t deli c ious and es t eemed of all Green vege t ables C li fl w sare au o er
in season from June to N ovember inclusive bu t crops c an be got in
,

early summer by sowing t he previous au t umn in heat in winter

,

or .

Au t umn crops may be se c ured by sowing t hinly in a reser v e bed t

,

ou
o f doors in April covering wi t h h l f an inch f soil screening with a o
t anned fish ne tting to keep ff birds and transplanting after rain
, ,

O
July It is i m portant that young C l i fl w s
,

during June or . au o er
S hould no t be crowded in the seed bed and if t hey get t thick i oo n
spite f t hinning i t is wise to set them ou t 9 ins apart in a reserve
,

o .

bed until t he i r permanent quar t ers are ready S mall v arieties .

should be planted ft apart ultimately and large ones % ft 2 . , 2 .

asunder The ground should be dug deeply and manured liber l ly

. a .

D ecayed farmyard manure is good and light dressings f nitrogen o

sfer t ilisers (s C abbage) may be given when t he plan t s are in

,

ou ee

full grow t h It is often c on v enient to plant autumn C l i fl w s

. au o er
between Potatoes bu t t hey hould not be overgrown by the latter S .

Wi t h respe ct t o autumn sowing it is bes t done in a frame at the end

,

f S ep t ember al t hough in the absence

,

o f glass a sowing
, t f o ou o
doors early in that month may be tried Frame raised plants .
-

Should be put t i April B y sowing seed in heat in January

ou n .

pri c king t t he seedlings in boxes and hardening in an unheated

,

ou

frame in March C l i fl w sm y be got ready f plan t ing in

,

, au o er a or
April All classes f C l i fl w sdo badly in poor dry shallow
. o au o er
soil They like mois t fertil e ground The followi ng v ieties
, ,

. , . ar ar e

good
E a rl y. L a te .
E arly Erfurt Autumn Giant
E arly London Pearl
Puri t y
For enemies s under B roc c oli ee .

C l y ( Apium graveolens ) — D eli c ious as a relish ex c ellent when

,

e er .

c ooked and wi t h t he proper t y f relieving rheumatic su fferers

,

o
Celery is a v l uable crop It benefi t s t he whole g den indirectly
, ,

a . ar
as t he deep c ultivation and t horough tillage en t ailed in i t s c ulture
,

ar e good for su cc eeding crops The t ren c h sys t em is c onve ient . n

as i t allows f abundant watering and liquid manuring and pro
,

o
vides plen t y f e t h f blan c hing but i t is no t indispensable
,

o ar or .

N i c e c rops f Celery may be had by planting be t ween Potatoes

,

o .

F or e ly crops t he seed should be sown in heat in Febru y f later

ar ar or

rows in a cool house in March The plant grows v ery lowly i i t s

,

. S n
 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e nin g
early stages and does not therefore demand much room When .

howe v er the seedlings begin to crowd it is a good plan to make a

, ,

reserve bed w i t h a li tt le manure co vered with 3 4 ins f soil n d

,

or . o a
fix a glass sash over it until t he weather
,

becomes mild If ground is v e y . r

limi t ed the tren c hes need t be made no

till an early crop su c h as Peas is

finished They may be c ut 8 ins deep
, ,

. .

dressed wi t h de c ayed manure and

,

surfa c ed wi t h a li tt le f the fine top

,

soil Planting is bes t done a foo t apart

.

after rain in June July S hade in or .

hot sunshine un t il the plants are g ow r

ing S oakings of wa t er v ied with

. , ar
liquid manure and d u stings of soot ,

will do good S hould maggots make .

grey li es in the leav es pinch t he

n ,

a ffected parts and pray with p affin S ar

o i l and sof t soap (s Para ffin ) in solu ee

t ion Wh en the plants are a foot hi gh

.

draw the stems together tie them and , ,

e rth up partially finishing in October

a .

In h d wea t her spread some litter o v er

,

ar
the t ops Good varie t ies S tandard
. :
B e er ar red S ulham Pri e pi k z n

Wright s Gian t whi t e The Turni p B

, ,
’

roo t ed Celery is a good v egetable and

,
E LY
B WN P E
CE L E Y WI H
.

LAN CI H N G
'
-
AR R T

useful f soups and stews It may be

or .
RO AP R.

raised from seed in pring and planted a foot apart on level ground S
in early summer .

Chi y ( Ci c horium
co r Intybus ) —Grown mainly for salads in this .

c oun try t he seed being sown outdoors late in spring in rows a foot
ap t and the plan t s t hi nned to 9 ins asunder R oo t s are formed
,

ar . .

which are lift ed in autumn pricked in oil in boxes and kept in a

,

dark pla c e The blanched leaves which push c ons t itute the salad
,

. .

The Witloof Chi cory is extensively for c ed the Con t inent parti on
yielding S eak l e like s t ems which
,

l l y in B elgium f
c u ar or cooked a -
ar e
and form a deli c ious v ege t able
, ,

C S l d
o rn L m b sL tt a a ( Valerianella
or O litoria
a ) —A useful
’
e u ce .

s l ad which may be had in winter by sowing in S eptember in f i able

a r
soil a sheltered south border S owings may be made at interval s
on .

in pring and summer if e lier supplies are wanted

S ar .

C s s( Lepidium sativum ) — The plain and c urled forms of Cress

re .

are largely used in association with Must d ss l ads and fl ar a a av o u r

ing ; the c urled is also used for garnishing The seed may be sow n

4 days earlier t han M

.

ustard to al low f its slower growth The or .

seed hould be sprinkled thickly the surfac e f fine level soil in

S on o

t he open in boxes under glass ; on flannel stret c hed tightly on

,

or or
a Wi re frame and wi t h one end dripping in water The American .

Land Cress is neglected in Great B ri t ain but i t is very useful as i t , ,

may be grow n from seed in spring and w i ll yield conti nuously f , or

a long time i summer The fl avour is brisk and pungent VV t
n . . a er
 E n cy c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng
K I HE N G RD E N — ti d
TC A con nu e .

cress isn t generally cultivated and when established in a st ea m

o , r
grows wi thout attention other than picking I t may be raise d .

from seed .

C u cu mb ( Cucumis sativus
er ) — Few relishes are more appreciate d .

than the Cu c umber and those who like it general ly cont i v e to hav r e
a long supply of t ender fruits by sowing successionally in Winte
,

and pring A healthy plant that kep t growing by the m i t

S . IS a n en
ance f a humid atmosphere will bear a prodigious quantity O f fr it
o u ,

but a plant that allowed to struggle along a h t dry atmospher

IS In o , e
will soon go t f be ing and lose its colour One fi m seed may
ou o ar . r

be placed in a sm l l pot and sto d a hotbed in a warm hous a o on or e

in January February or March , successionally I f to be grow , , or . n
in a house make up mounds f lumpy loam slates the green
,
o on on
house stage s that the plants ne the glass and train t h
o ar e ar , e
growths wires strained about a foot below the glass Al l ow
on .

enough later l s to extend to cover the glass but not more breaki n g
a
out shootswhere necessary t o prevent c rowding When roots how
, ,

S
a t the t p f the mounds add fresh w m soil Gi v e water s
,

o o ar . a
needed and damp dow frequen t ly to maintain humidity Giv
,

n . e

weak li quid manure twice a week while the plants are in full bearing
,

C u t the fruits young F frame culture make up a hotbed f . or o

manure and leav es trample it well down and put in mounds f soil o
under ea c h ligh t S pread the hoots over the bed as they grow
, , ,

one . S
t o prevent crowding S yringe and wat er to mai ntai n a moist .

a t mosphere Good crops f Cucumbers may be gro wn outdoors by

. o
planting early in June be t ween Pea rows or in some other v acant
spot where the soil is rich Water and liquid manure hould be . S
given in dry wea t her otherwise the plants will be atta c ked by red
spider which is the worst enemy f C ucumbers Canker sometime s
,

o .

a tt a c ks the stems f plants under glass ; the most common c ause i s

,

o
c lose w t soil Al ways use c oarse lumpy soil R b in sulphur a t
e . . u

once if an at t ack is seen I f t he plants collapse from no external

, ,

c ause eel worm may be suspected Remov e plants and soil and
,
-
.

make a fresh st art using soil which has been well scorched Good
varie ties Lockie s Perfe ct ion Matchless S tockwood Ri dge ( for
, .
’
:
ou t doors)
, ,

D an d li ( Taraxa
e c um ffi
on i l ) — The c ommon D andelion is f o c na e . o
c ourse a weed ; bu t the forms selected by seedsmen are well wor t h
,

growing in order to provide a component for salads The method .

o f c ul t ure is t o sow t he seed in dril ls a foot apar t in April t hin the

plants till they stand clear of each other and let them grow unt il
,

autumn when t he roots are lifted and stored They may b forced
,

. e
at in t ervals in a dark place t h oughout t he winter in t he same
,

r
manner as S eak l e a .

E gg P l t ( Aubergine ) ( S olanum esculentum ) — These interesting

an .

rela t ives f the Potato are grown in t he l ger gardens more perhaps
o ar
for ornament than use although in France t he fruits are cooked
, ,

They are tender plants and although they c an be g own t f

,

, r ou o
doors during the w mest p t f the ye r they are best under glass ar ar o a .

The seed should be sown a hotbed or in a warm house in February on

or early March the seedlings pricked fi into boxesthen put singly

, O ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 2 0
3
in small pots and finally hifted to 6 i n pots They wil l p p S -
. . a re

cia t e liquid manure when the fruit is swelling F the res t atten
,

. or
tion t w atering warmth d oc c asional syringing are the principa l
,
‘

o an i
re quirements Purple sc let and whi t e frui t ed v ieties
, ,

. , ar ,
-
ar ar e
procurable .

E di
n ( Cichorium
ve endi v ia ) — One f t he most useful f salads . o o
as it i seasy to grow fairly h ar dy and f nice flav our the touch f
,

o , o
bitterness which distinguishes it from Lettuce being agreeable ra t he
, ,

than otherw ise A great thing in fav our f E ndi v e is that it

. o c an
be had in s in autumn wi nter and spring and where salads are
u e
.

much in re quest it should be sown succ essionally in spring and

, , ,

summer It requires substantially the same treatment as Le t tuce

.

. ,

namely a friable ferti le soi l thi n seeding in a spare plot trans

plan t ing when
, , , ,

3 ins high and quite sturdy to rows

2 or 5 ins . 1 .

apart and finally blan ching The first outdoor sowing may b ‘

. e
i

made in April and thereafter pinches of seed may be so wn a t “

,

interv l s until the end f S eptem ber The plants from the earlier
a o .

sowings will come into use in summer and autumn those from the ,

late ones in winter and pring The latter should be made and the S .

a warm sheltered border They pass mos t

,

plants put t ou , on , .

winters in safety but as their numbers are liable to be reduced in

as many as ac c ommodation can be found for should b
,

a severe one , e
lifted in autumn and planted in an unheated frame These will .

come in during late winter or early pring and those left t will S ou
be ready if t hey survive early in summer The su mm er and
,

autumn plants may be blanched in t he same w y as Lettu c es

.
, ,

namely by tying the outer leaves up but not tightly The winter
,
'

and pring plan t s may be lifted and put in a d k place The tw

, ,

S ar . o
most useful v arieties are B road ( Round ) leaved B atavian and
Green Curled The former is the more useful be c ause if abundan t
.

i t can be used as a vegetable for cooking I t is moreover easy to

,

blanch The Green C urled makes a more graceful salad and needs
, ,

less pa c e
,

S .

Gar l i ( Allium sativum )

c A white bulbed member of the Onion .
- -
.

tribe whi ch is generally treated in the same w y as S hallots i a . e.

bulbsare planted in la t e win t er about a foot apart and lifted and

, ,

ripened in summer .

Gou r d ( Cu c urbita) — The Gourds and Pumpkins are closely

related t Vegetable Marrows and the culinary v arieties may b
.

o e
grown in j us t t he same way (s Vege table Ma row) But som
,

ee r . e
gardeners prefer to limit t heir a tt entions t o t he ornamental v ieties ar
and to grow these over arches They v ary grea t ly in hape d
,

. S an
the colours are brilliant The seed m y be sown in a frame
,

. a or
house in spring and the plants put t in June ou .

H bs( S weet and Pot) —The good housewife makes ready use f
'

er O
kitchen garden herbs whether for soups fl u i g gar i shi ng
-
avo r n n .
medicinal purposes The mos t useful are the following
, , , .

or . :

Angelica (s) Chervil (s)

B l m (p)
a Chives (p)
B asil S weet and B ush ( )
, D ill (s
) 3
Borage (s) Fennel (p)
Chamomile (p) H orehound (p)
2 04 E n c y cl op e di a of G ar d e n i ng
K IT HE N G R D E N
C A

H Y OP (P) 5
2352 3 )
SS 1
La v ender (p) Winter (p) 13
Marigold po t (s) l i
Sgi ti iiiw d (p)
l
Marj oram p t (p)
,

o oo
'

i e
Marj oram S weet ( )
,

5 Tansy (P)
Mint (p)
,

T ragon (p)
ar
Pennyroy l (p) Th ym e m mo n (p)
f
a i o
R ampion (s ) l e m o n (p)
R osem y (p) ar Wormwood ( p)
Ru e (p)

The simplest plan f growi g all those m ked (p) is t buy roo ts o n ar o
and plant them in well dug and manured soil early in April bu t
eeds of se v eral are procurable and may be sown in spring if pre
,

s
ferred Mint preads rapidly at the root and should be div ided
. S ,

every 3 4 ye s Those m arked (s)

or gener l ly raised from
ar . ar e a
seed in pring sowi ng in drills a foot apart light friable soil in
S on
a sunny spot The herbs f drying hould be ga t hered when
, ,

. or S
mature and laid in a dry shady place When dry they may be .

stored in paper bags The uses of the v arious herbs m y be briefly

, ,

. a

indicated as follows :

Angelic — Cooki ng and candy Marj oram —Flavouring

a
Mint — Flav ouring
.

ing seeds f fl
,
i g or av o u r n .

B alm —Tea and wine

. Pennyroy l — Tea a

Basil s — Flavouring
. R ampio — Winter s l ads n a
B orage — Fla v ouring d ri ks also R osemary — Tea il n o
— M
.

edi c in l
, ,

for bees R ue a
Chamom i l — Medicinal e S age — Flavouri ng .

C hervil — S al ads garnishi g S a v ory — Fla v ouring n .

Chi ves— S l ads fl

,

i g a S o rel —S alads
, av o u r n r .

D ill —Flavouring
. S outhernwood — Perfume .

Fennel — Garnishing sauces Tansy — Garnishing .

H orehoun d — Medi c in l
. ,

T g 4 l d sfl i g a arr a on . a a av ou r n

H yssop —P t herb medicin l

,

Thym — Flavouring
o a e
Wormwoo d — Medi c inal
. ,

Lavender —Perfume
Marigold Flav ou ing
.

.
-
r

H s di s
or erah ( Cochl earia A moracia) — Well known as a relish and r .

component f sauces which are e l ivened by its pungent flav our

o , n .

The plant is a rank grower and unless kept under control may
be c ome a nuisan c e A few thongs should be planted in a small bed
,

in spring and when the plant begins to pread i t hould be replanted S S .

very good plan as tending to keep t he crop well in hand is to

,

O ne , ,

plant diagonally in the ides f a small ridge f soil made up over a S o o

ri c h coat f manure o .

L k ( Allium porrum ) —The populari t y

ee f the Leek tends to o
spread sou t hw d and it is becoming as great a favourite with
ar

E nglish as wi t h S cotch gardeners I ts advantages

,

threefold . ar e :
it is easily grow it is sui t able for following early crops it is hardy
n .

It answers well to Celery culture and fine pe cimens are g t by

, ,

, S o
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n ing 2 05

sowi ng under glass and planting in trenches ; but useful table produc e

i ssecured by sowing t f doors a p e plot in pring and plant ou o on S ar S

ing with a dibble in June It .

must be earthed if white stems

are w anted The crop may be .

left in the ground unprotected in

winter Good v arieties Mussel
. :
burgh The Lyon Prizetaker .

ct v
, ,

L tt e ( La
u ce uca sati a ) — The .

most popular f l l salads With o a .

the number f good varie t ies now o

a vailable there is no diffi culty in p L L A N TI N G EN S.
getting a long supply f sp D il l Pl t i h l
o crl
nutty Lettu c e O ver the grea t er
,
1. r . 2 . an n o e .

part f t he year The plant wil l grow in almost any so i l that is re son
o . a
ably fer t i le and ni c e hearts may often be got from ground tha t
,

would otherwise be wasted— space between Pea rows f example or

or t he ridges f soil that result from making Celery tren c hes Th
, ,

on o . e

one serious trouble w ith Lettuces is what gardeners term bolting ”

t hat is running to seed prematurely This poils the plant f

,

. S or
edible purposes I t is more common wi t h the upright Cos
,

v ieties than with the dwarf C abbage section and a reliable

ar
non —bolting variety such as Favourite Continuity should l ways
, ,

or a

be grown as a s t and by Howe v er there is no t as a rule mu c h

, ,

-
.

trouble from bol ting with t he Cos sorts if they are grown un c he c ked
, , ,

from the firs t and put out in mois t soil A light t f bone flou . coa
'

o r

superphosphat e say 4 per s quare yard spread on and forked

,

or , o z. ,

in before planting w ill help them to form hearts The ground ,

.

should be dug de ply and a dressing f decayed manure turned in

e o
during the process S w i g The firs t sowing f se d may b
,

. o n : o e e
made in a c ool house frame in winter I f Lettu c e is in grea t or .

dem d and t here is a frame

an pit available the seed may b or e

prinkled over it broad c as t and the plants thinned to a few inches

, ,

S
apar t When they have grown a little some may be drawn
,

. un

hearted and used whil e the others left t mature Otherwise ar e o .

the seed may be sown thi ly in boxes and the plants pu t out in
, ,

n
April S eed may be sown ou t doors on a warm border early i
,

Mar c h but in exposed pla c es t he end of the mon t h will be e ly

.

ar

enough for safe t y The soil hould be dug crumbled raked fine
,

. S
and dril ls drawn a foot apar t and about half an inch dee p Th
, , ,

. e
seed germinates quickly if the ground is moist but not sodden a t
sowing time If t he seedlings come qui c kl y t hey hould be thinned
, ,

. S

and when t he plants begin t o crowd ea c h other again they hould

,

S
b plan t ed
e t a foot apart after showery wea t her ; v ery larg
ou e
varie t ies like Giant White C s may be given more room When o .

the plan t s are fully gro w n t he hear t s hould be blanched by tying

, ,

S
t he outer leaves up j us t above the cen tre wi th a strip f raphia o .

They hould be t ied firmly bu t not drawn tightly

S t he hearts or
B ol t ing is known by t he plan t s t h rowing up a hoo t
, ,

may t ro . S
from the c entre ins t ead f remain ng firm It is useless to preserv o i . e
plants whi c h be tray this weakness but those who like cooked
Lettuces need not was t e t hem e ven though they may hav e no pets
,

, ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i n g
K I T HE N G R D E N — ti d
C A co n nue .

S u c h as rabbits t o give the plants to Wh ere Lettu c es i great . ar e n

d emand it is well to sow lit t le and often so as to main t ain a regular
,

supply f young plants some f whi c h will always be hearting in

,

o o .

large sowings with the obj e ct f maintaining a

,

To make tw o n e or o o
egul supply is a bad prin ciple as the plan t s come in toge t her in
r ar

la ge quantities and wi ll not keep A final sowi ng may be made

,

r .

l
tdou sabout mid August The plan t s t hus raised will be se t t a
oor -
. ou
f oot apart in au t umn to stand the winter which t hey will do mos t
y e rs if a h ardy v ariety is c hosen
,

a V i ti s Paris White and . ar e e

G iant Whi te are two reliable C os varieties with Hi c ks H ardy
’

White and B la c k seeded B a t h t o sow in Au gus t Favourite and

,

C on t inui t y are splendi d C abbage v arieties Those who for c e .

Le tt u c es (s l s French Gardening) should note the following sor t s

ee a o :
R omaine C os Acquisition Cabbage and I mproved Chavigny
, ,

C abbage N oire Parisienne is also good

M i ( Zea Mays ) —Maize or Indian Corn is not grown to any
. .

a ze .

xtent in Great B ritain because the c limate does no t permi t of

e

ipening it The cr p is an important one in the United S tates

,

r . 0 .

A early sug c orn hould be grown the seed being sow in a warm
n ar S n

frame in spring t he plants hardened and pu t ou t ft

,

h ouse
. or , 2 .

part in June
. a .

] 1I y ( Chenopodium
e rc u r B onus Henri c us ) — A hardy vege t able -
.

w hi c h is grown a good deal in Lincolnshire but is no t f any pe c ial

_

o S
value It may be so wn out f doors in pring
,

o S
‘

m ( Agari c us c ampest is ) —Al t hough the Mushroom is

. .

lV I s h u r oo r .

no t a vegetable bu t a fungus it is generally in c luded in ki tc hen

g den crops and often occ upies for part f t he year frames t ha t
, ,

ar o
are u t il ised for o t her t hings at e lier la t er periods In large
, , , ,

. ar or

stablishmen t s a Mushroom house is not an un c ommon adj un ct

.

t o other horti c ul t ural buil dings and this consis t s f a t hic k walled o -

k pla c e with pipes running through i t B t Mushrooms are

, ,

d ar . u

o f t en grown in he ds and s t ill m ore largely in the open air Hea t

,

S .

and d kness are t he two prin c ipal requirements and wi t h abun

,

ar

d an c e f fresh stable manure a t c ommand t here is no di ffi c ul t y in

,

g e tt ing su ffi c ient warm t h outdoors The manure must be well .

t urned and shaken t

"

3 4 su cc essive days in order t oou on or

sweeten i t When fresh from t he stable i t hea t s violen t ly and t he
.

g ases emit t ed foul bu t aft er repeat ed turnings t he hea t be c omes

,

ar e
subdued and the mat erial pleasan t t o the nos trils A t t his s t age i t
,

should be buil t in t o a firm bed 3 ins wide at the bo tt om loping 0 . S

up t o 6 ins a t t he top The manure mus t be briskly trodden in

,

. .

order to ge t it qui t e firm When the bed is finished a thi c k s t i c k .

should be thrus t in here and t here and left for a few hours then
drawn t and tes t ed for heat wi t h the hand If very hot wait a
,

ou .

d y A t the se c ond t es t ing t he sti c k may be s t i ll ho tt er in whi c h

a .

se wait ano t her day N t un t il the heat f the sti c k c an be

,

c a . o o

borne hould t he bed be pawned S eedsmen supply pawn in

S
"

S . S

fl t c akes bri c ks whi c h should be broken up in t o pie c es about ”

a or
size f eggs and t hrus t f ar enough in t o t he bed t o be hidd e n
,

th e o .

bed hould t hen be plastered c omple t ely over an in c h deep

“
"

Th e S
wi t h moi st loamy soil and finally c overed wi t h about a foot thi c k
, ,
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n in g 2 0
7
n ess f straw Whi te threads will run from the pawn form Mush
o . S
ooms and pierce the so i l growing abov e in thi c k clusters from
,

r , ,

whi ch they should be broken as they become large enough f use

,

or .

When grown under cover less manu e and straw will be needed as r
necess y heat and darkness c an be se c ured with a sm l ler
,

th e ar a

q uantity f the materials o .

M st d (S inapis alba) — A popul r s l ad

u ar relish generally . a a or
associated with Cress It may be grown in the same w y S
,

. a . ee

C ress .

O i (
n on Allium cepa ) A a c omponent f soups and stews the .
-
S o
O nion is ad m ittedly l most indispensable and cottagers at ll a a
events gi v e it a wider use not hesitating to promote it t t he rank f
,

o o
maj or vegetable nor even to eat it raw wi t h bread and cheese and
,

t h parti c ular be v erage which they favour

,

e For salads a white mild .

variety hould be chosen and sown in Augus t ; another sow i ng

,

S
may be made in spring It is customary to sow a larger stronger .

flavoured sort at the same time in summer and transplant in

,

u t umn or pring to yield large bulbs before the pring sown cr p

,

a S S -
0
is ready Varie t ies treated are c lassed as Autumn O nions
. SO .

F or t he main crop it suffi c es to sow when the ground becomes dry

e nough to crumble in March April A piece f soil is dug deeply or . o
and manured liberal ly The surface is cr mbled up dus t ed with . u

soot and then t rodden quite firm A little so i l for co v ering is

,

cratched up with the rake and the seed is sown t hinly i lines a
,

s n

foot ap t After sowing the seed is covered the bed well trodden
,

ar . , ,

and the surface lightl y raked over The plants subsequently . ar e

thinned t ill j ust clear f eac h other ; sev ere t hinning is avoided o

e x c ep t for prize bulbs It is well to spray the plan t s with soft soap .

an d para ffin i l in solution (s Para ffi n i l ) when t hey are

o 3 ins ee o 2 or .

h igh i n order to keep ff the Onion fly w hi c h otherwise will l y o a

ggs t he leaves M y and grubs hatc hi g t herefrom will work

, ,

e on In a n
t heir w y to the bulbs and destroy the plants Thereafter the plants
, , ,

a .

will grow steadily un t il mid June or July when they subj ect to -
ar e

t h a tt ack of a mould or mil dew This must be c hecked a t the first

,

e .

t ra c e by praying with li v er S f sulphur per gallon f water o -

1~
2
oz. o .

Augus t t he tops may be broken o v er to check growth and a

,

I n
fortnigh t la t er the bulbs may be pulled up and left
,

the sun to in

d y r When fully ripe t hey may be s trung t oge t her and hung up in
.

a dry c ool hed U sf l i ti s A Ailsa Craig B edfordshire

S . e u va r e e 1

C hampion James s Keeping Whi t e S panish Po t ato or under

, , ,
’
.

g round Onions are v ery useful and are grown from bulbs in the
, ,

same w y as S hallo t s (s p
,

a ee .

P sl y ( C arum Pe troselinum ) — The house w ife likes to have a

ar e .

ro w of Parsley in her garden from whi c h t o gather prigs for g nish S ar

ing her dishes and there is no t rouble in giving her what she wants
very day in the year pro vided frame room can be found in winter ;
,

o therwise she may go hort in spells f hard fros t Our seedsmen S o .

know well how grea t ly t he feminine eye is pleased by beauty f o

form and they have c ons eq uently given us va ieties f Parsley r o
t ha t beautifull y curled The seed f t hese may be sown in the
,

ar e o
pen in Mar c h The soil should be c overed with decayed manure
.

o .

an d then d g deeply turning the manure well in

u Four ounces of
, .
 2 08 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
K I T HE N GA RD E N — ti d
C con nue .

superphosph ate per s quare yard m y l so be dug in The seed a a .

should be sown t hi ly and c overed with about half an in c h f soil

n , O .

The see dl ings may b thinned to a few inches apart and t hen left to
e
grow with the result that there will soon be a plendid w f P sley
,

, S ro o ar .

P
ar n si p ( Peu c edanum sativum ) —I f not f the most popular . one o
vegetables the P snip sc er t ainly f the most nou i shing and
ar i one o r

is worthy f culture all kitchen gardens The seed is light and

,

o in .

soon loses its v itality ; it hould t herefore be sown as e ly pring S ar In S

as the state f the soil will permit Ground that was cropped wi t h
o .

Peas the pre vi ous yea that has been cleared f Celery willr, or o
generally gi v e a good cr p f Parsnips withou t further manuring
,

0 o
but it is a good plan t o dress the ground with soot and lime whi c h
,

may be pread at the rate f 5 lb ea c h per square y d and

,

S on o . ar
dug in towards the lose f winter When the ground is dry enough
C o
t o crumble in March early April draw dri lls 8 ins ap t and an
.

or 1 . ar
inch deep prinkle the seed in t hinly and co v er The plan t s may
,

S .

be thinned to 9 ins apar t They ought to be ready f pulling in

, ,

. . or
O c tober but they improve in flavour as the autumn wears so on ,
t hat there hould be no hurry in removing them from t he ground
,

S
except in su c h quan t i t ies s required for immediate needs a ar e .

Parsni ps are often a t tacked by a fungoid disease the root called on

rust Liber l dr ssings f soot and lime and the av oidan c e f
,

. a e o o
fresh manure will keep it in c heck A leaf mini ng maggo t some
,

-
.

t imes attacks t he leav es and it hould be met by crushing the

,

S
affected leavesimmediately and praying with a solu t ion f soft
,

S o
soap in whi c h a wi neglassful of paraffin i l has been stirred The O
followi ng are good v arieties Hollow Crown Maltese S t udent
.

:
Tender and True The four t h f these is the best flavoured
, , ,

. o .

P
ea, G ( P i sum
reensa t ivum ) — The Green Pea is f t he oldest . one o

of v egetables but it did no t c ome into general c ul tiva t ion in Grea t

B ritain unt i l the seventeen t h century and v ery li tt le progress w s
,

a
made in the improv ement f va ie t ies un t il the begin ing f t he
,

o r n o
ni neteenth when K night raised the first wrinkled seed marrowfa t -

variety The number f sorts which c ombine deli cious flavour

,

. o

with abundant podding is now c onsiderable and the Pea lover h s a

a choice that is so wide as to be almos t embarrassing S ome varie
,

ties pod early and some late so t hat crops may be had over a long
period In e rly dis tri c ts t he first outdoor crop wi l l be ready i
,

. a n

June and in late ones the last may be in use Nov ember The in .

bes t crops are generally se c ured in July and Au g st Those w h

,

u . o
want an early crop and have no glass hould choose a shel t ered S
pla c e with a sou t h sou t h west aspe ct and sow as soon as t he
or -

ground becomes crumbly af t er the end f February I t is a mis t ake

,

o .

t o sow when the soil is sodden and pas t y Thereaft er sowings .

may be made every 4 days un t il June A warm border

10 or 1 .

under a sou t h wall wil l some t imes yield early Peas in 3 weeks 1
bu t of t en 5 are required Later in the year when t he soil is
,

1 . ,

warmer crops can be se c ured in 3 months less The soil for or .

Peas hould be dug deeply or trenched (s S oil ) and manured

,

S ee

liberally (s Manures and Ro t ation cropping) In the case f

,

ee . o
heav y soil the seed m y be co v ered i s deep and in light 3 i s a 2 n . , n .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 2 09

It is wi se to make a wi de dri ll with a draw h or other tool and oe

S prinkle the seed well over it making a pint go at least 0 yards 2 .

To a v oid destruction by birds v erm in moisten the seed wi t h

,

or
paraffi n O il before sowi ng and when the plants come through plac e
short twigs among them and pri kl e fresh lime soo t about In
,

, S n or .

case f bird trouble at a later stage set up scares The sticks for
o .

supporting Peas should be 8 ins longer than t he nomin l height f 1 . a o

the Peas and forced well do wn after ha ving the base sharpened so
that they grip securely S i x should be allowed per yard th ee
, ,

. r on

each ide f the row and the ranks f sticks should not be se t
,

S o , o
nearer than a foot f each other S tring stakes and cord may be
o .

used for supporting Peas up to 3 ins high but sticks be t ter 0 . ,

ar e .

Wire netting attached to iron rods or st ong poles makes a very fair r
substitute f sticks When young Peas are nicely through they
or .

may be thinned if crowded and earthed up with a couple f inches o

o f crumbly mould Where se v er l rows a sown on the same pie c e
. a , re
of g ound it is customary to sow them the same distance ap t tha t
r ar
the plants g ow high and the ground between may be cropped
r
with S pinach Turnips or Lettu c es If weevil hould attack the
,

. S
Peas they hould be dus t ed wi th soot and lime in equ l p ts ; and
, ,

S a ar
mildew should be c h e c ked at once with fresh li ver f sulphur o
di ssol v ed in water at the strengt h of 5
,

per g l lon The 4

oz. a .

pods should be gathered young and pods o f different ages and

varieti esshould t be mixed in a dish I f v ery large pods
,

no . ar e

wanted for exhibition the plants should be stopped a foot short f o

their ful l height and li quid manure applied When the crop is
,

o ver the plan t s should not be left the ground to become a prey
, on
to mildew but should be cut ff j ust abo v e the ground level and o
cleared away The roots m y be left in the ground as they supply
,

. a ,

the soil with nitrates The following are good selections f varieties
. o :

D w f E ly ar ar M wf t V i ti esf fin
. a r ro a ar e o e

L ittle Marv el Fl a vo u r .

D w f M di m ar e D uke f Al bany 5 6 ft
u . o ,
-
.

D ai sy is
g 3 a er.

“
Dw f L t
eer l ess 4 ,

R ecord
ar a e.
56
D warf M ammoth
-
,

771738 to fo u r fe e t B 0 71) L a rge E xhi bi ti o n Va r i e ti es .

Gradus Alderm an
M y Que n 5 6 ft
-
, .
a e
D uke f Albany 56 o
Match less Marrowfat 5 6
,

Th t f W f t L t
re e o O ee a e. -

Gladstone Prizewinner
,

3
Michaelmas Quite Content
,

56 ,

P t t ( S olanum tuberosum ) — Ad m ittedly the most import n t

o a o . a
of all v egetables the Potato is l so often
, f the most disappoin t a on e o
ing owi g to its tendernessand liability t di sease Giv en warm
n o
dry weather from April to Aug s
, .

t there is cause for anxiety bu t

,

u no
in a c old pring t here is the fear f frost and in a w t summer f
,

S o e O
blight I f there is a choice of site it is well to plant the first crop on
,

0
2 10 E n c y c lop ae d i a o f G ard e n i ng
KI HE N G A RD E N
TC t d fi ori
'

zn u e .

a sheltered south west border in February then it is possible to

or
dig in M y in m i ld distri c ts In cold exposed places i t is not
,

a .

prudent to plant before April Potatoes will thri v e in both light

,

and heavy soils i f

friable but damp si t es ,

should be avoided
.

The ground should be

dug deeply and gi v en
a fair dressing f de o

ye d manure supple ca ,

m t d by 4 lb f en e . o

F ING P E mB E kainit and 3 1b f . o

S il Sp f
O RC
superphosphate
O TATO

g m t i l square rod applied in per

S OX S .

1. o 2 w t 3 D i
a ce or a er. ra n a e a er a

4 H l f sp
. . . .

t or w a e r t o e ca ,
. o e
February the whole e.

t urned well in The drills for early varie ties may be draw n f t and
,

. 2 .

t hose for late ones 3 ft apart l l 4 ins deep then wi t h a light ridge of
. a .

soil over all they will be c o v ered 5 6 ins The se t s may be a foo t
, ,

or .

apar t When the plan t s are 8 9 ins high soil should be drawn up
. or .

t o the tips About the end of June the plan t s should be prayed wi t h
,

S
B ordeaux M
.

ixture ( s B ordeaux) which should be go t well under

ee

the leav es Woburn B ordeaux Paste a proprietary c ompound

,

sold by seedsmen may be used instead if more c on v enien t An

,

Abol prayer will be found a good and inexpensi ve appliance suitable

,

S
for smal l cultures F o large c ultures a knapsack sprayer is prefer
. r

able If the weather is damp and the temperature low at mid July
.
-

a second spraying S hould be given The crop will be ready for lift .

G RO WING E AR LY P O TATO
h p h h DI E E E S m P O TS . TH E P O TA TO S AS

f Sp S i l w ate r . 2 o ( P yto t ora m fg tan s

)
g Sp s pp s f
ac e or

3 D i
1.
-

. .

h 1. ot t e u
D i s sd p h s d si d
. ra n a e . on er u r ace .

2 ea e a tc e

3 H l hy l f
. on un er e.
. ea t ea .

ing when the leaves being free from disease turn yellow ; t he period
will v ary with the sort and distric t E arly sor t s are frequently
, ,

lift ed while the t ops green bu t it is generally at t he sacrifi c e f

ar e o
flav our and quanti t y Tubers to be stored for future use should be
,

allowed to lie in the sun until the kins are se t bu t no longer other S

wise they will turn green In such a state t hey are good for seed
, ,

but t for food S eed Potatoes may be stored in a light place bu t

no . ,
 E n c y c lop aedi a of G ard e n i ng 2 I I

good tubers should be p t in a heap when dry and covered with u ,

straw and soi l All must be kept safe from frost If very e rly
. . a
Potatoes are wanted t ubers may be put in large po t s and placed
,

in a warm greenhouse planted in a frame Those who grow or .

Po t atoes from tubers of their w saving should get fresh seed

,

o n
every 3 years s preferably from a di fferent soil and dis trict
or o, ,

otherwise it will be found that the crop deteriorates Good varieties .

- o

E a r l y. L a te .
Midlothian E arly Factor
S harpe s E xpress U p to date
’
- -

R di sh ( R aphanus sa t ivus ) — The R adish presses the Le t tu c e

a .

hard for populari t y as a salad and relish All c lasses appreciate .

”

it and i t is a s t o c k line with market gardeners It is a fairly .

hardy vegetable and those w h think a good deal abou t having a

,

o
long supply sow in au t umn as well as in spring The firs t sowi ng
,

o f t he year may be m ade in a heltered place towards t he end f S o

February in well dug and manured soil the seed bei g sown broad n

c ast in ch deep and t he bed covered with tanned ne tting black

, ,

an or
t hread in order to keep ff birds Thereaft er sowings may be made o .

a t intervals until S ep t ember Those who force veg t ables in fr mes . e a

( s l s Fren c h Gardening) frequently prinkle a few Carrot and

ee a o S
R adish seeds in mix t ure in rows drawing the R adishes before the
Carrots wan t mu c h room ; they sw between frame Po t a t oes
,

or o .

The following v rie t ies are good if drawn young Turnip (red and
a :
white ) French B reakfast Wood s Frane For for c ing E arliest of ,
’
. ,

All
,

R h b b ( R heum rhaponti c um ) — A good stool

u ar f R hubarb is . o
very serviceable and t hose w h have the necess y accommodation
. o ar
may grow se veral and force a por tion either ,

by placing some litter a bottomless b or ox

or barrel round the roo t s in t he garden or
by lifting a few s t ools pa c king them toge t her
,

in soil in a warm pla c e and watering t hem

,

Thus a su cc ession will be se c ured as t he

unforced plants will c ome
,

later In on .

s t arting with R hubarb seed may be used

and sown in pring t he plants being hift ed
,

S S
t he following pring ; but sticks canno t be
,

S
pulled under 3 years R oo t s may howe v er A . , ,

be bought and if planted in good soil in

,

S pring will yield the following ye r ; it is a

not wise to pull from freshly established plan t s A c ool moist ite . ,
S

should be chosen f this crop and the soil hould be manured or S

liberally S oakings of water liquid manure house slops and
,

. ,

soapsuds will strengthen i t Good varie t ies C hampagne ( early)

, ,

. :
and Vi ct oria ( lat e ) .

S ls ify
a d S — Two minor roots but quite dis t inct from
an c o r zo n e r a .
the big crops su c h as Carrots B eetroot and Parsnip and f agree
,

, , , o

able fi S alsify ( Tragopogon p i f l i m ) has a cream

,

av o u r . orr o u

coloured root and good specimens are 9 ins long by

,
ins t hi ck at . 2 .
2 I 2 E n c y c lop ae d i a of G ar de n i n g
K I TC HE N GA RD E N — ti d con nu e .

t he top ; the foliage is l ender l most g assy S c orzonera ( S co S , a r . t

zonera hispanica) has a purple root rather larger and thi nner t han
S alsify and the foliage is broader B oth may be grown in the same .

way sother tap roots— that issown outdoors in deep well til led
,

a -

bu t not freshly manured soil and co v ered an in c h deep in April

, , ,

, .
,

The rows may be a foot apart and the seedlings th inned to 6 ins . or
rather more They will be ready for use in autumn and may be
.

lif t ed and stored like Beetroot but S corzonera at all events is hardy
,

enough to be left in the ground most f the winter if desired o .

S
a vo y ( B rassica O lera c ea bullata ) — A hearting form f Winter . o
Green with crinkl ed leaves very hardy and useful S avoys in . ar e
season from mid autumn to the end f Wi nter when they give w y
, ,

-
o a
t o summer sown C bbages S eed may be sown in April and the
,

-
a .
,

plants treated imilarly to B roccoli and B russels S prouts except

S
t hat t he smaller v ieties may be planted a lit tle closer They like
,

ar .

firm fertile ground They should t be t until the he rts . no ou a ar e

the flavour will be inferior S avoys are subj ect to
,

quite firm or .

t he same enemi es as the other Greens (s Broccoli) The following

,

ee .

are good varie t ies E arly D w f Ulm Perfection D rumhead : ar , ,

( large ) A S avoy
. B russels S prout is now on the market -
.

S
ea k l ( Crambe mariti ma) — One f the most delicious f
a e
g . o o ve e
t ables when forced The plant forms a tap root whi c h if protected .

v arious methods f
, , ,

will push up a thick whi te stem There . ar e o

forcing it being to heap soil or house cinders o v er the crowns i
one n
winter ano t her to pack in soil under the s t age f a warm house a
,

, o -

third to cover the crowns wi th deep pots and heap h t manure over o
t hem a fourth to place in a box in a warm room Friable soil and .

plenty f moisture hould be pro vided in l l cases f for c ing above

,

o S a o
ground The plants are easily raised and seed may be resorted t
. , o,
sowing in spring ; but 3 years may elapse before the crowns ar e
s trong enough to force If however pieces f side root taken . , , o ar e ,

planted up t the tip ft apart in fertile friable soil in pring and

o 2 . S
t he growths which spring from the crown t hinned to
, ,

strong on e ,
forci g crowns will be formed by autumn f the same ye
n Lily o ar .

Whi te is an impro v ement the common S eakal e on .

S h ll t ( Allium ascalonicum ) — Thi s useful member f t he Onion

a o . o
tribe i swor t h a place in e v ery kitchen garden for it comes into use
in e rly summer and may be utilised in soups stews and pi c kles
,

as well as f plain cooki ng I t is u s

a , , , ,

or ual to plant bulbs as seed does .

not as a rule gi v e a crop until the second year although it some

,

, , ,

times does so the first The bulbs hould be planted as early in . S

the new year sthe soil comes into suitable condition for worki ng
a ,

and may be half buried 9 i nsapart in rows a foot asunder If th . . e

soil is deep and well manured they wil l speedily throw up a cluster
o f narrow lea v es and presently begi n to form o ffsets w hi ch will
de v elop into a large closely packed cluster by midsummer when
,

, ,

they may be taken up and dried in the sun .

S pi h ( S pinacia oleracea)
na c Th e re are few more wholesome and .
-

healthful v egetables than S pi nach and i tsmedicin l prop rties are a e

well m ked All classes should gro w it ei t her as a mai n Op or
,

ar . cr
sa catch crop be tween Peas and B eans It i sh dy and easily
,

a . ar
 E n c y c lop ae d i a of G ard e n i n g 2 I
3
g ro wn and the one serious drawback t o it is i t s liabili t y t o run to
seed whi c h poils it The grower must look p tly to varie t ies and
,

S . ar
p tly to c ul t ure as a remedy for this The ordin y round and
,

ar . ar
prickly varieties (these nam s come from the cha acter of the e r
seed not from the leaf) are both addic t ed to it espe c ially in h t o
dry weat her and in poor soil The Long standing and Victoria
, , ,

-
.

varieties less prone The N w Zealand S pinach which is quite

ar e . e
different from t he res t is also a non bol t er
,

-
.

The soil for S pina c h should be deep moist

,

, ,

and fertile In addition to the ordinary .

manure bone flour or superphosphate may

be dug in a t t he rate f 4 per s quare 1
,

o oz.

yard The first sowing may be made in

.

February where there is a heltered border S

available and thereafter regular sowings
may be made until S eptember c overing an 3
,

,
;
inch deep I f several rows are sown in .

one bed they ought to be ft apart and 2 .

t he plants hould be thinned t o a foot

,

S
apar t The Perpetual S pinach or S pina c h
. ,

B ee t is useful as it produ c es v ery large

, ,

leaves .

T m t o ( y p
L s
a oi es c ulen t um ) CO er c u rn .

fruit vege t able ( botani c ally t he RE D U ING m F L I G E

“
N O or C y; O A op

Tomato is a frui t) developed in u c h an T M E S O ATO S

astonishing w y during t he last few years T m d S d 1 re e

a sz y
p e 2 i
a
é d
f t he 9t h c entury as the Tomato e ave or e e
o 1 .

From being little more than a botani c al curiosity it progressed un til

it became one of the most considerable items in the great industry f o
market gardening Hundreds f a cres f glass houses . devoted o o ar e

to its c ul t ure and i t is grown in the maj ority of private gardens A .

native f S outh Ameri c a the Tomato is a tender plant in N orthern

,

o
c limes and i t is unfortunately liable t o
,

fungoid diseases which are worst in cool , ,

damp summers This renders outdoor

culture precarious Much c an be done to
.

keep indoor Tomatoes healthy by growing

them in s t erilised soil and where trouble ,

from eel worm sleepy disease and other -

, ,
”

pests is persistent it is worth while to go

t o the expense f sterilisation whi c h is
,

o
effected by heating ei t her with s t eam
,

or
t t
,

M in a furnace If he soil be s eamed it .

hould be heated to a t empera t ure of

F RO
S

A g d pl
oo f i t fm i
an s 6o or and kept covered with a cloth dur
w n er te r i
°

g sh ts t k f m g t he process The only disease that is

,
.

Y a ro in
th b oun
e h s s t ms
r an c
s d y sil i
oo
e
ar e
d l kely to attack plants
or e
en

steran
l sed 1 s
i
.

in i i $ 01 i
p t i t
u
m
a u tu
n o
n. yellow spot ( Cladosporium f l m) and
an o n
u vu
t his can be kept under by praying every
,

S
few days with a solution f bluestone ( sulphate f opper) oz in o o C I .

50 gal lons f water ; with Wobu n Bordeaux Paste at the rate d

,

o or r a
vised by t he makers When attacked by the dreaded sleepy disease .
”
2 I 4 E n c y c lop ae d i a of G a r d e n i ng
K I T HE N GA RD E N ti d
C -
c on nue .

the soil h ould be dus t ed immedia t ely before watering with V l th

S e a,
a proprietary compound sold by floris t s It is a great aid to keeping .

indoor Toma t oes healthy t o m in t ain a brisk fresh buoyant tempera a

ture and t his may nec essi t ate lighting the boiler fire som t imes even
, ,

e
in summer when t he wea t her is c hilly and muggy Plain loamy .

soil wi t h no t hing beyond a ligh t admixture f potash ( I lb of S o .

sulphate f po t ash per barrow load ) sui t s Tomat oes If grown in

,

o -
.

po t s le t i be t he larges t size and when t he plants are hifted t

,

Io -
n. S o
t hem from smaller pots do not fill up a t onc e ; wait un til they are
, ,

ro o ti g f nl y then give a t p dressing

'

re e Toma t oes generally O . ar e

propagated by seed but c uttings are occasionally used in au t umn
,

by those who wan t win t er Tomatoes The seed is sown in winter

,

or S pring ac c ording to the season when the crop is re quired For .

ery early crops t he seed should b sw in January February

,

v e o n or

for summer c rops in March The firs t sowings may be m ade in a

.
,

propaga ting pi t hea t ed frame warm house t he la tt er in a c ool or

house The plants should be pri c ked off a few in c hes apart when
, , ,

t hey begin t o crowd each other and potted separa t ely when t hey
t ou c h eac h o t her gain Care should be taken no t to over wat e
,

a .
-
r

in spring E a c h plan t will need a strong s t ake As fas t as t he sid

. . e
S hoo t s how in the axils f t he leaves they hould be nipped t so
S o S ou

that t he plan t s are kept to one stem Flower clus t ers will appea
,

. r

in s h ort hoots on the main s t em When 3 bunches of frui t are

S .

formed the following mixture f c hemi c al manure may be prepared o .

S prinkled over t he soil and watered in twi c e a week }; part super : I a

phosphate I par t sulphate of ammonia p t sulphat e f po tash

,

ar o

i part V l t h a Plants for outdoor c ul t iva t ion may be raised imi

, , ,

e . S
l l y to th o t hers and either put in t o 5 i
ar e pots in April int
,
-
n. or o
fairly deep boxes They may be planted t about the beginning. ou

o f June a lit t le earlier lat er according to the dis trict They may or .

be set 8 ins apart agains t a sou t h wes t wall or suppor t ed with

,

1 . or

strong s t akes in t he open In either case it will probably be found

,

convenien t t o stop t hem at abou t 4 ft high The ide shoots may . . S

be suppressed as in t he case of p t plan t s If prayed wi t h Woburn o . S

B ordeaux Pas t e in solu t ion towards t he end f June and again a t o

t he middle f july if t he weather is damp disease can be kept a t
,

o
bay R ich soil hould be a voided and a light dressing of super
,

. S
phosphate and sulphat e f po t ash oz f the former t o I
,

o 2 . o

f the latter per square yard will be better than mu c h farmyard

,

o
manure The soil hould be made firm round t he plants R edu c e
,

. S .

t he foliage t o has t en ripeni ng B lac k pot is best kep t under . S

wi t h fresh liver f sulphur per gallon of water
o oz. .

The varie t ies f Tomatoes are numerous but the following will
,

o
be found reliable Ideal Lis t er s Prolifi c O pen Air S unrise F
,
’
: -
. or
exhibi t ion purposes Perfe ct ion may be chosen but i t hould be
, , ,

, S

grown under glass .

T i p ( B rassi c a R apa)
u rn A useful vegetable well adap t ed for .
-

c ulture as a c atc h crop betwe n Peas bu t also ui table for being

,

e S
sown broad c as t in beds Coming in t o use in 6 or 8 weeks from
,

sowing Turnips are handy for coming between two long season -

crops They may for instance be sown in lat e summer ground

,

. , , on
 E n c y c lop ae di a
of G ar d e n i ng 2 I 5

from which a crop has been cleared and gi v e produce t he same

au t umn The soil need not be heavily manured but i t should be
,

. ,

raked fine and the seed sown half an inch deep Outdoor sowings .

may begin in hel t ered spo t s in February if t he ground is dry

S
e ough and c on t inue until S eptember The c rops may fail in h t
n . o ,

dry weather espe c ially if they are atta c ked by t he flea beetle
,

Haltica nemorum whi c h riddles the lea v es A good remedy is

,

( ) .

to roll tread t he bed as soon as the young plants come through

,

or ,

and this may be supplemented by dusting early in the morni ng

with soot or wood ashes It is advisable to choose varieties a c cord
.
~

ing to the soil and season of sowing Thus of the bes t for early . on e
sowings is E arly Milan and this should be followed by S nowball
,
or

P A RT F M TU NI C ALL ROG EE N T TU NI G LL WEE V I L

A R P OR R HE R A
I H U B IN I D E
OF A ,
P -
.

W T GR S .

Model which may be sown again in Augus t but should not be so wn

in summer except in c ool moist dis tricts Two f the best hot
, ,

. o
weat her varie t ies are R d Globe and Green R ound A sui t able
,

e .

sort f sowing in autumn is Ch i rk Cas t le as i t is very hardy Gall

or .

wee v il some t imes attacks Turnips S remarks on gas lime under

,

. ee -

B roccoli
V g t bl M
.

e e a w ( Cucurbita
e vi f
a rro ) — The maj ority of people o e ra
enj oy Vegetable Marrows as a variant
. .

Peas and B eans in on

summer and there is rarely much di fficulty in ge t ting a good supply
as t he plant is easily grown The one serious trouble is the falling
, ,

o f t he f rui t in t he firs t s t age and that is due to faulty pollination .

It can be remedied by pla c ing the non fruit —bearing flowers in con
,

t act with the fruit bearers when the pollen is ripe Where an early
-
.

crop is wanted seed should be sown in February in a warm house

or heated frame and t he plants subsequently hardened in a cold
frame They may be plan t ed t early in M y i t the locali t y is a
,

. ou a
mild o and t he place heltered ; but mid M y is early enough in
ne S -
a

exposed pla c es and even then something should be kept at hand

for pu t ting o ver them c old nights With bush Marrows 6 f t
,

on . .

apart will no t be too close ; but if running v arie t ies are used t he
plants had bet t er be given ft S peaking generally the bush 12
Marrows crop earlier t han the runners bu t are no t such heavy
. ,

croppers S ome growers make small pit s whic h they fill up with
,

garden o ffal and manure planting t he Marrows

,

the top The on .

plan is o t t o be recommended as in w t seasons there is grea t

,

n e

trouble from fruit —dropping A barrowful of soil placed in a heap f

,

. o
manure will generally insure vigorous grow t h and a heavy crop
With well done ground in a good kit chen garden Vege t able Marrows
.

require nothing beyond plain soil The plants may be put be tween .

early Peas and can be allowed to pread o v er the ground when the
, S
2 I 6 E n c y c lop aed i a of G ard e n i ng
Pe s clea ed The followi ng are good varieties Long Wh ite
a ar e r . :

(running) Pen y E yd ( running) Tender and True ( bush)

,
- -
, .

Kni ph o fi Flame Flower R d h t Poker Tor c h Lily ( k i p h o fi

a, , e o , n -
a,
after Professor K i p h f Ord Liliac ae) —One f noblest n o . . e . o o ur
h dy herbaceous plants splendid for making bo ld groups The
ar , .

leav es are long and rchi ng and the flowers borne in the form a ar e
The pre v ailing c olours
,

o f a cone n a long s t i fi stem o yellow ‘

. ar e
orange and red They form thickened rootsto c ks and need c eful
, ,

. ar
div ision in spring if propagation is required Plants may be r i sed
, ,

. a
from seed in spri g I n rich loamy soil mag i fi cent plants n . n ar e
produced but they wil l thriv e well drained clay and ev en on
,

, on
ch l k if well w atered in dry pells until established S pecial sites
,

a S .

should be chosen for them in order to get fi ne colour effects The .

leav esmay be tied o v er the crowns in autumn t o th ow ff rain

,

r o .

The following r the principal sorts l oides ( syn uvaria) the a e : a

c ommon Flame Flower (s the B t i l M g i t
. ,

there ee o a n ca a az n e , .

ar e se v eral good named v arie t ies hybrids such sFranz Buchner or a

nobil is Obelis q ue P fi t i S d s
, ,

ii and S t r f B aden B aden ze r , au n er a o -

.

Coral lina and its v ariety sup rba

, , ,

dw f growers L i h tl i i e ar e ar e c n
has red and yellow flowers ( see B t M g t
.

L gi l lis o . a ., . on co

( syn p i m l i ) is a greenhouse species with p l e yellow flowers

r u na a

M w i is a dwarf pecies with c oral flowers R p i orange

. .

ac o an S . OO er ,

and yellow and T k ii red and yellow are good K i p h fi is

, uc , , . n o a
synonym ous w ith Tritoma .

Ko chia (k chi a after H err Koch Ord Chenopodiaceae) — K

'

ti -

, . . . .

t i r co
p i l i ( scoparia) is an uncommon
a hardy annual forming a sym
metric l bush of soft g een fern like foliage in summer which turns
,

a r -

This is used in fl w beds and borders It is no t

,

r ed in aut mn u . o er -
.

particul as to soil but does not care f dry c halk Grow as a

ar , or .

half h rdy annual S Annu l s

-
a . ee a .

K hl rabi Generally regarded as a f m crop the Kohl rabi is

o -
.
— ar -

well wor t h growing in gardens and needs the same trea t ment as
,

C bbages (s Kitchen Garden ) E arlies t Purple and E arlies t Whi t e

,

a ee .

are good v ie t ies ar .

L b ls —These are a ne essary evil in gardens and should be as

a e . c

in c onspi c uous spossible Plain wooden labels the upp r p t

,

a . e ar
t ouched w ith whi t e paint to take the impress f the pen cil are
,

o ,

cheap d handy They do not last long unless the lower part is
an .

soaked in creoso t e S to c kholm t some other preserv ati v e Zinc , ar ,

or .

labels with indelible ink are suitable for many purposes F . or

large permanent labels metal tallies wi t h the name s t amped in bold

, ,

raised let t ers hould be used Celluloid labels Sgood and c heap . ar e .

Labels wired to young trees should be examined t see that theon o

S hoo t is Ot growing round the wiren .

L b rnu m ( labur num t he Latin name Ord Leguminosae)

a u -

, . . .

Useful deciduous trees generally grown as standa ds and bearing r

abundan c e f l g drooping racemes f yellow flowers in spring
, ,

o On o .

The S c o tc h l pinum s liked bet t er than the common The

,

a , i .

Laburnums thrive in almost any kind f soil f om ch l k to clay and

,

o ,
r a ,

do t obj ect t banks They wi ll d o in towns They shoul d be

no o . .
 E n c y c lop aedi a of G ard e n i ng 2 I 7

planted in autumn late wi nter and staked secur ly P opaga or e . r

tion i sby seeds whi ch ar poisonous ; but budding n d grafting are

,

e a
practised in the nurseries The genus w as once included with
,

C ytisus the common Laburnum being kn own as Cytisus Laburnum .

t is now Labur um v ulgare There are se v eral v arieties such as

,

" n .

t he yellow leaved aur um ; and the O ak leaved quer c ifolium

,

-
e -
.

Th re are sev er l v arieties f the S cotch Watereri being good One

, ,

e a o .

f the mos t interesting f the Laburnums is Adami ( syn Cytisus

,

o o .

Adami) with purple flowers whi ch resulted from grafting Cytisus

the common L burnum ; se v er l hoots grew from
, ,

purpureus on a a S
the graft and the most vigorous propagated sep arately gav e o ne ,
all the plantsnow kno wn as C Adami S om e spec mens give a
, ,

. . i

p culiar example o f re v ersion f

e bud a tree will give the , or o n e on
yell ow Laburnum while others the same tree revert to the ,
on
pu ple parent B oth pecies are fertil e but th hybrid itself is
r . S e
steril e In other trees the hybrid remai s fi xed
,

. n .

La h n l i (l h a lia after M de la Chenal Ord Lilia c eae)

c e a a ac en -
, . . . .

S eeBulbs .

L ck y M th C t rp ill ar — S Fruit— Apples

a e o a e . ee .

L ctuc Lettuce (l t
a a, from l milk in allusion to the j uice ac
'

ii -
c a, ac , , .

Ord Co m positae) — S Kitchen G den

. . ee ar .

L dy F rn Asplenium fil i f mi
a e ,
x -
oe n a.

L dy sS m ck C damine pratensis
a
’
o ,
ar .

L lia (l ae lia after the v estal virgin Laelia Ord Orchidaceae)

ae -

, . . .

—B eautiful hothouse epiphytal Orchids resembling Catt leyas ,

with which they have been crossed The cultural remarks made
,

under Cattleya apply to them The following are t he principal .

sorts anceps win t er bloomer and its v arieties such as alba Ash
: , , , ,

w t hi n
or and P i l i
a a, different colours (s the B t i l erc va n a, ee o a n ca
R gi s
e t t I7 er, Autumn l is winter v arious colours sweet a

(B t i l M g i
. , , ,

o a n ca t al ba and atro rubens

a go daz n e , .
-
ar e o
v arieties Ci b i cinnabar spring P i i i wi nter red and
. nn a ar n a , . e rr n

white Pumila au t umn v arious colours Purpurata late pring

, , ,

. . S
purple et c ; several v arieties such as alba atropurpurea and
, , , ,

, . , ,

Tenebrosa late pring brown and purple ; the Tring

,

S h od
c r e r ae . , S ,

P k and Walton Grange varieties

ar good There many ar e . ar e
hybrids between the abo v e pecies l so bigeneric hybrids between S a

Laelias and Ca t tleyas ; and trigeneric hybrids be t ween Laelias

,

Cattleyas and B rassias F these a modern work on Or c hids

,

. or
counted by s c ores and the
,

should be consulted as they , ar e ,

descriptions highl y tech i cal ar e n .

La l i Cattl eya
e So -
abov e .
-
ee .

L gurus vat s Hare s tail Grass (l g rus from l g s a hair

a o u ,
’
-
a
‘

ii -

, a o ,

and a tail Ord Gramineae) — F culture s Annuals

,

o n ra, . . . or , ee
Grasses .

La mb sL ttu c — S Kitchen G rden— Corn S alad

’
e e. ee a .

L mi m D ead N ettle (l a mium Pliny s name Ord L bi t )

a u ,
-
’
. . a a e ae .

—L maculatum sthe only spec es gro wn t

,

.
ny extent It thri v es i i o a .

in ordin y soil and is propagated by di vis

ar ion pring cuttings in S or .

Aureum is a yellow leav ed v ariety

, ,

-
.
 2 I 8 E n c y c lop ae di a of G ard e n i ng
L n tan (lan t a na t he l d name for Viburnum Viburnum
a a -
o .

Lan t ana is t he Way faring Tree f the hedgerows Ord Verbenia

,

o . .

— Pretty dwarf shrubs suitab l e for t he greenhouse and f

c e ae ) . or
bedding in summer The foliage resembles t ha t f Helio trope and
,

. o
t he flowers are in Verbena like heads They thrive in ordinary soil
,

-
.

and are propagat ed by cuttings of young wood under glass in

,

summer The pe c ies are no t mu c h grown t he maj ori t y f peopl

. S o e
preferring garden v rieties su c h as D rap d O yellow ; La N eige
,
’
a r,

whi t e ; and Magen t a King purplish red S alvifolia whi c h has

, ,

-
.

mauve flowers and a purple t in t ed leaf is a good plan t for summe

, ,

, r

bedding and may also be used for winter blooming in a warm

,

greenhouse ( syn iolacea) . V .

La p ag ria (lapag e ria after Josephine de la Pagerie aft erwards

e -

Josephine B eauharnais and wife of N apoleon B uonaparte O rd

, ,

. .

Lilia c eae) — Lapageria rosea is . f t he mos t beau t iful f all one o o

indoor c limbers as in addi t ion t o marked vigour f gro wth it h s o a
t he advan t age of produ cing large quan t it ies f drooping tubular
,

o
flowers of a bright rose c olour in early summer The white v arie t y .

alba is also beau t iful The Lapagerias are sui t able for
,

a l bifl or a o r .

rambling the roof of a large cool glass house and if plan t ed ou t

,

on
in wel l drained pea t and kep t safe from frost t hey will t h rive
,

-
.

They are no t a t home in po t s Propagation is by l ayers Prun

, ,

. . e
by c utting t l d flowered hoots and any weak growt hs The
ou o S .

house should be vaporised frequen tly to keep the plan t s free from
inse c ts N ash Court is a fine variety R osea is illus trat ed in t h
. . e

B t o an cai l J V
I g i t 4447; and l bi fl in t 489
a az ne , . a ora . 2 .

L rch ( Larix europaea Ord C oniferae ) — One f the most ex

a . . . o

t en si l y plan t ed of hardy deciduous Conifers

ve I t is at i t s bes t .

when t he new leaves break in pring N parti c ular c ompos t is S . o

needed Propagation is by seeds ; t he seedlings mus t be trans
.

planted early or t he roo t s will not be fibrous L ch poles are

, . ar

good for making arches pillars and pergolas ( s Flower Garden ) ee .

There are se v eral varie t ies f t he c ommon Larch su c h as glauca

, ,

pendula and ibiri c a Larix pendula is the B lack Larch

, ,

,
S . .

L rksp r — 5 D elphinium and Annuals

a u .
‘

ee .

Larv — A cat erpillar grub maggot

a , , or .

L s a t —This genus
r ae a. f ferns is now allied t o N ephrodium by o
bo t anis t s wi t h the ex cep t ion f aristata whi c h is c alled Aspidium o
Filix mas is the famous Male Fern of which there are
, ,

ar ist t m
a u .
-

many varieties It is a hardy pe cies as also is dilata t a S Ferns

,

. S , . ee .

L tania B ourbon Palm (lat a nia from Latanier t he family name

a
-

t
, ,
,

o f he B ourbons Ord Palmae ) — One f handsomest room

. . . o our
and c onservatory palms is Latania borboni c a whi ch has broad
fronds B o tanis t s now call it Livis t ona c hinensis For cul t ure
,

. . ,

s Palms
ee .

Laterals —A term applied to the side hoots f Vines but equally

. S o
appli c able to the ide shoots f other plants
,

S o .

L thyrus ( l ath y s from l addi t ion and th s irritant in

a -
ru a, , o n ro

referen c e to t he seeds causing ex c itement Ord Leguminos e )

, , ,

. . a .
 E n c y c lop ae d i a of G ar d e n ing 2 I
9
The principal members of t his genus are t he S wee t Pea L odoratu s , .

(s S wee t Peas ) and the E verlasting Pea C la t ifolius or sylves t ris

ee . .

platyphyllus (s E verlasting Pea) L sativus is the dwar f annual

, ,

ee . .

Chi ckling Vetch the blue form of whi c h is often erroneously c alle d
Lord Anson s Pea L magellani c us ( y nervosus ) is the t rue Lord
, .

’
. . S n.

Anson s Pea d is a de c iduous perennial like the E verlasting Pea

’
an .

Tingi t anus an annual wi t h purple flowers ( B t i l R gi st

, ,

o a n ca e er,

t I 38 3) D rummondii a red perennial ; g d i fl sa rose peren

,

. r an o ru

nial ( B t i l M g i t 9
,

and ro t undifolius a rose peren

,

o a n ca a az n e , . 1
nial ( B t M g t
,

o .are some t imes grown They are all hardy

a ., . . ,.

and in creased by seeds or root division in spring Any good soi l .

sui t s .

Lattice leaf Plant Ouvirandra f st li s

-
,
e ne ra .

L ur l — This popular evergreen is t he Prunus laurocer sus ff

a e . a o
bo t anists A rapid grower and su c ceeding
. almost any soil i t on
is v ery useful for forming s creens and helters qui c kly Youn g
, ,

S .

plan t s hould be plan t ed between November and April and t hey

S
’

may be put 6 to 9 ft apart according t o the fertili t y f the soil ;

,

. o
the richer it is the more room t hey should have F pruning s . or ee

E vergreens When old plant s are shift ed t hey sometimes l se thei

,

. o r
leaves but they usually break again from t he l d wood and are soo O n
green Th Por t ugal Laurel P l si t i s has narrow leaves
,

. e . u an c u .

The Laurels may be propagated by c uttings and layers if desired

, ,

but they are so c heap t hat it is hardly wor t h while to raise stoc k
,

a t home The C herry Laurel is also P lauro c erasus The S heep

. . .

Laurel is Kalmia angustifolia The Aucuba is sometimes called t h . e

Variegated Laurel .

L r stinus L urustinu s This useful e v ergreen is the Vi h ur

au e or a .
-

num Tinus of the botanis t s Of compa c t habit not growing .

qui c kly to an unwieldy ize with handsome leaves and pretty

,

S
flowers cheap easily transplanted between N ovember and April
,

in c lusive and t hriving in mos t soils it is a very useful hrub d

, ,

S an
hould always be c hosen where inexpensi v e vergreens wan t ed
, , , .

S e ar e .

L urus bilis S weet B y ( l afi rus from l (Celti c ) green O rd

a no ,
a -

, au r , . .

— This handsome tree is well worth growing and i t

L i )
au r n e ae .

thriv es in fertile loamy soil Propagation is by cuttings in a green

,

house in S eptember or by seeds sown when ripe The lea v es

,

. ar e
aromatic and the flowers whi c h are yellow and borne in pring
,

, , S
are followed by purple berries Ang stifolia is a narrow leave d
,

. u -

variety In cold dis tri c ts plant in a heltered place

.

. S .

L vater R ose Mallow (lavat e

a a, aft er Lav ater Ord Malva -
ra, .

— The mos t valuable f the R ose M

.

c e ae ) . allows are the hardy annual o

rosea plendens and its white v arie t y ; the former makes a larg
-
S e
bush in summer from spring sown seed and bears a profusion f -

o
beautiful pink flowers whi c h last well Arborea v ariegata th
,

. e
variegated Tree Mallow is a handsome biennial
, ,

, .

L v n d er Lavandula (lavan dula from J t o wash O rd

a e ,
-

, a va , . .

Labiatae) —The common Lavender L . is a popular hrub .

i
v e ra , S
with its greyish leaves and perfum d flowers It will t hrive
, ,

e . on
most soils and has a partiality for c halk Propagation is by cut .
 2 2 0 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng
t ings f side shoots in late summer in a c old frame
o Plant in .

a utumn spring The flowers or generally ready for use about

. ar e
t h end f June when they can be dried
e o distilled
, or .

Lav nd r C tt S antol i na
e e o on, .

L w —The following are a few poin t s f law saffecting hor t i

a . o a
c ulturi sts : ( ) A gardener is a domestic servant He is entitled
i .

t o a month s notice but may be summarily dismissed for wilful

’
,

mi sconduct ( ) Trees and shrubs planted by a tenant hi ing free

. 2 r
h old property may t be remo v ed wi thout the consent f the no o
o w ner which hould be obtained taki g up the tenancy S uch
S on n .

onsen t is not necessary in trade establishments 3) Greenhouses

,

c .

nailed to wal ls and attached to mortared bricks may not be taken

a way without consent u l ess used for trade purposes ; if howe v er n

loose bricks and atta c hed by screws they

, , ,

e rected in secti ons on

may be remo v ed (4) Trees hanging over from a neighbour s
, ,
’
.

g round may be t if t he o wner refuses t o de l w ith

ou them Fallen a .

fruit may t however be appropriated ; the owner has right f

no o

cc ess t pick it up if it is not delivered voluntaril y 5) Poultry

, ,

a o .

an d animals trespassing on another property may t be killed bu t no

t h o w er is liable for any damage which they may do

,

e n .

Law s— N garden looks perfe c t without well kep t grass and

n o -

fl ower lovers mus t t allow t heir passion for plants to cause

,

no
neglect of the t urf It is common nowadays to plant bulbs in .

gr s s and v ery charming the flowers

a in pring (s B ulbs) This ar e S ee .

ccustoms the eye to seeing a certain amoun t f rough grass ; but

,

a o

it is no reason why the tennis lawn the broad g ass paths round r

h erbaceous borders the narrower strips al ong d ri v es and pi e ces f

,

o
the house should be negle ct ed On the contrary they
, ,

t urf ne ar .

hould be mown and rolled from t he time t hat the grass begins to
,

g row in spring F details s Flower Garden — Gr s

. s or , ee a .

L y ring —A meth d f propaga t ion practised with Quince and

a e . o o
Paradise stocks f fruit trees wi t h many trees and shrubs and or , ,

w ith Carnations S hrubby plants with low spreading branches lend

.

t hemsel ves to layering The process c onsists in drawing a portion

,

o f t he branch down to the ground pegging it and heaping soil on .

I t is gener l ly done late in summer In t he case f Carnations a

, ,

a . o

S lit is made in the s t em but this is no t so wi t h mos t hrubs whi c h , S ,

root from the bark They are best left a year before being severed . .

C arnations are ready in a few weeks A layer has no tap root and . ,

t his is an advantage with trees and sh ubs r .

Leaf M l d — A v aluable ingredient f potting c ompos t formed

ou o

f ro tt en leaves As a rule from a t hird t o a four t h is a sui t able

,

o .

propor t ion t he bulk f the c ompost being loam A larger pro

,

o .

t propagation as leaf mould wi t h sand

,

p or ion may be used f or

ncourages root production The e ffect f leaf mould is t o ligh t en
, , ,

e . o
soil and it is a good addition to stiff land
, .

L th rj ck t — The g ub of the Crane fly Tipula leracea It

ea e a e r O .

may be reduced by dressing the ground wi t h V p i t

,

A p t i t in a or e or er e
Spring B aits f Potato Ma gold hould be pu t ne r valuable
. o or ri S
'

p lants such as choice Carnations

,
.
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 2 2 1

L la — S Ki tc hen Garden
ee ee .

L g u m s Le gu min o u sCr p s P 0d bearers S Peas etc

e e or o .
- -
. ee ,
.,

under Kitchen G den ar .

L nt Lil y — S B ulbs— D affodil s

e . ee .

L nt p dium — S E delweiss and Flower Gar den— R o kery

eo o o . ee o .

Le o p ard s Ban e — S D oronicum and Flower Garden

’
ee .

Le p t s i ph o o(l p t s i phon from l pt s slender and s

n i ph t u be
e o -

, e o , , on , .

Ord Polemoniaceae) — Charming hardy annuals D si fl sand

. . . en or u

its w hite variety are par t icularly good F c ulture s Annuals or ee .

Modern botanis t s refer t he genus to Gil ia but it is kept separate i

. ,

,
n

gardens .

Le ttu c e — S Kitchen Garden ee .

Leuc j um S nowflake (leuc o j um from l h s white and i

o -
en o on,

violet— literally the whi t e Violet in reference to the puri t y and

, , , ,

, ,

perfume Ord A m yl l i d ) — S B ulbs

. . ar e ae . ee .

L w isia (lewi s ia after Captai n Le wis Ord P o t l c e ae )

e -
. . r u a .

Hardy plan t s suitable for the rockery and thri ving in dry sunny
,

, , ,

spots if given a com p ost o f loam leaf mould and sand They . ar e

propagated by div ision seeds in spring L redivi v a is a v ery

, ,

or . .

interesting plant growing about 4 ins high and wi t h rose flower s , . ,

in summer Tw e d yi has pink flowers in Aug st

. e u .

L yc steria ( leycest er ia after Mr W L ys

e e se Ord Capri -

, . . e r. .

f lio e ac ) Hardy
ae S hrubs . Formosa -
is the onl y species grown . .

It produces its purple and whi te flowers in summer is not p ar ticula ,

r

as to soil and may be propagated by cutti ngs of ripe wood

, in

autumn or young wood pring under a bell glass (s t h in S -

ee e
i l M g i There is a v iegated form
,

B t o a n ca t a az n e , . ar .

Liatris B lazing S tar (l i a tris Ord Compositae) — H ar dy herba

,
-
. . .

c e ouspla nts thriv ing in light soil and propagated by division in

, ,

S pring by seeds in a greenhouse frame P y n o st chya is th

or or . c e
most popular pecies ; i t grows about 4 ft high and bears purple
,
l
S . ,

flowers n long spikes in late ummer S picata purple sals

o S . , ,
i o
grown .

Li b ti a ( lib er tia after Madame Li bert

er Ord I i d ) — Useful-
, . . r ae .

plants f the border or rockery flowering late in spr ng They or i .

like light friable soil and a c o v ering o f li t ter ashes in wi n t er

,

or .

Propagation is by di vision o seeds in S pring Formosa i f t

, ,

r . I

3 ft and ixioides 3 ft al l with white flowers in la t

,
'

g nd ifl
ra or a , , e
S prin g e ly summer are good Pani c ulat a I } ft also with
or ar , . ,
‘

whi te flowers is pretty but more t ender (s the B t i l ee o an ca

M g zi t
, ,

a a n e, .

Libo ce d ru s(li b é drus from l i b sincense and d scedar oc -

, an o , , ce ru
literally the incense scented Ce d ar Ord Coniferae) — A small
,

, . . .

genus f ev er green con ifers th e most popul ar S pecies o f which i s

o ,

decu rrens a tal l slender and be autiful tr ee I t likes a w ll drained

, , , . e
loamy soil Propagation i sby seeds sown when ripe in a g een
,

. r
house o frame and by cuttings in summer Au reo v ariegata
,

r , .
-

yellow leave s ; and compacta glauca ar e v arieties .

 2 2 2 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g
Li b nia (lib o nia aft er M Libon O rd A c anthaceae) — A useful
o -

, . . . .

h othouse genus flowering i winter They t h ive in loam wi t h a

, n . r
t hird of leaf mould and some sand Propagation is by c u tti ngs .

benea t h a bell glass in pring Floribunda ft high yellow is

-
S . 2 .

t h popul species
, , ,

e ar .

Lich ns —When present with mosses

e . fruit trees the li c hens on
t f pla c e They are less c ommon trees growing in wel l
, ,

a re ou o . on
d rained soil t han on those in damp ground Old orchard trees are .

o ft en badly infested The bark can be c leaned by praying the . S

t rees in win t er with I lb f c austi c soda and I lb commercial . o .
“
po t ash ea c h mixed separately in t ubs containing 5 gallons f
, o
w a t er t hen mixing
, Gloves hould be worn . S .

Ligu strum Privet ( l i g i stru m from l i g l

, t o ti the hoots ‘

i -
u a re , e, S
being some t imes used for tying Ord O leaceae) — The popular
,

. . .

e vergreen hedge plant is Ligustrum ovalifolium ( s Hedges) ee .

T h genus is a l ge
e but of lit t le importance sa v e f the Prive t
ar one, or .

Lil ac S yringa (sy i g from the Persian S y i x Ord Oleaceae)

,
r n -
a, r n . . .

—The common Lilac is o f the best of sm l l flowering trees and on e a

very lover f this fragrant l d favourite should try to add a f ew
,

e o o
s elec t ed varieties to his shrubbery There se veral whi c h have . ar e
finer flowers than the c ommon Lilac while retaining its fragran c e .

O f such are
,

C harles X l ilac ., R ubra de M ly red ar ,

L l d m Lemoine double white

a a e S ouvenir de Louis S path dee p
Marie L g y whi te
, ,

e ra lilac
e,

These may be plan t ed in autumn spring preferably in deep or

l oamy soil but t hey are not f s t idious so long as the soil is t
, ,

a no

d ownrigh t poor Lila c s are also grown in pots f forcing into

,

. or
e ar ly bloom and for t his purpose t he v ariety Charles X is mu c h .

used S m l l plan t s may be pot t ed up into 7 i

,

. a 8 i in autumn -
n . or -
n.

in a c ompost f loam and leaf mould Propaga t ion is by cuttings

,

o .

a n d graft in g Persica is the Persian and v ulgaris t he common Lilac

. .

Lilium Lily (l i l —ium from l i ( C el t i c ) white Ord Liliaceae) — S

, , , . . . ee

B ulbs .

Lil y f the Val l y — S B u l bs and Convallaria

o e . ee .

Li me — Very useful in gardens although a shallow limes t one soil

i sby no means the bes t whi c h migh t be chosen for gardening
,

Limestone and chalk are c a bonates of lime ; when they are sub r

j t d t o grea t heat in a kiln a grea t de l f carbonic acid is driven

ec e a o
o ff and w ge t wha t is c alled qui c klime
e If t his is pla c ed in water .

i t c rumbles t o a powder giving ff heat In such a s t ate it is easy

,

o .

I t may be applied at the rate f 8 lb per square

,

o f application . o 2 .

ro d to land that has been heavily manured for several years and ,

will do good by neutralising the humic acid which has m acc u u

lat ed and whi c h c he c ks decomposi t ion and nit ifi c a t ion It should r

Milk f lime is used in

.

t be applied t o ground de v oid f humus

,

no o o
onj un ct ion wi t h c opper sulphat e as a fungi c ide (s B ord aux Mi
.

{
c ee e x

t ure ) Fresh powdered qui c klime may be dus t ed over t he ground

.

a t night t o kill slugs Gas lime may be used a t the ra t e f 4 lb .

-
o I .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 2 2
3
per square rod if land is badly infested wi t h club root and gall -

wee vil pro vided it is allowed t o lie the surface f 6 weeks before on or
being turned in T make lime wat er which is also good for
,

. o -

redu c ing lugs put 3 lb f lime in a gal lon of water and le t i t

,

S . o
stand a few hours then strain ff t he clear liquid and use
,

,
o .

Lim Tr eLind — This is the Tilia ( ti l ia Ord Tiliaceae) f

ee or en -

, . o

Virgil It is a handsome t ee wi t h yellowish highly scented

. r
flowers in spring which at tract the bees It does well in towns and
, ,

t he avenues in B erlin are famous A deep well drained loamy soil

, ,

-
.

is bes t The White S ilver Lime the under ide f the l af f

, ,

. or S o e o

which is silvery is T gentea ; orbi c ularis is a variety Vulgaris

,

. ar .

is the c ommon Lime and it has a variegated form O t her good

,

species are Ameri c ana the Ameri c an B ass Wood pe t iolaris and
,

platyphyllos ; there are many varieties of the lat t er

, ,

Limnanthes ( lim an thes from l i marsh and th sflower u -

, rn n e , , an o , ,

in l lusion to their love f moist places but they will thrive in the
a o
sun Ord Geraniaceae) — Pre t ty dwarf hardy annuals wi t h yellow
,

. . .

and whi te flowers belo v ed f bees D ouglasi is the mos t popular

,

, o .

species For culture s Annu l s

. , ee a .

Linaria T d fl x ( lin i ria from l i flax in allusion to the '

oa a e -
non ,
— Pre tt y dwarf hardy
, , ,

form f the leaf Ord S p h l i

o ) . . cro u ar n e a e .

plants some annu l o t hers perennial The former are raised from a .

seed in pring (s Annuals) the lat t er from seed and by division

, ,

S ee .

t par t icular as to soil

,

They ar e n o Alpina which grows about 6 ins . , .

high and has charming violet and yellow flowers in ummer is S

excel len t for the rockery C ymbalaria the Kenilworth Ivy
, ,

. or

Pennywort is a pre t ty lilac trailer for walls and banks ; there is a

,

white variety alba ; and a variegated variega t a R eti c ulat a f t

,

. 2 .

high wi t h purple and yellow flowers is a hardy annual ; and

, , ,

biparti t a splendida is a good purple annual There

, ,

numerous . ar e

o t her pecies f less importance

S o .

Ling — S C alluna ee .

Linnaea b re l is (l i ae after Linnaeus Ord Caprifolia c eae )

o a nn -
a, . . .

-
A hardy t railing evergreen of t en plan t ed in pea t y soil in the rock ,

g den It likes a hady position and may be propagated by

ar . S ,

division in spring The pale pink flowers sweet . ar e .

Linum F l (Ii num from l i,

flax Ord Lineae ) Hardy
az -

, non , . . .
-

annuals and perennials some being very desirable plants notably

t he hardy s c arle t annual g d i fl m rubrum (co c cineum ) ; and
, ,

r an oru

t he perennials fl m yellow I 5 ins high ; narbonense blue ft

,

av u . 2 .

and perenne blue I ft Alpinum is a c harming rockery plan t

, , , ,

growing abou t 4 ins high wi t h blue flowers in summer All these

, ,

. , .

are hardy herbaceous plants propagated by division in spring or

cut t ings f t he young shoots in pring ; g d i fl m rubrum by
, ,

o S r an or u
seeds They are no t particular t o soil so long as i t is t sti ff
. a
s
, no
and damp .

Li pp ia Lemon scented Verbena (l i p pia after M Lippi Ord

,
- -
. . .

Verbenac eae ) —Only pe c ies i sgrown t o any extent and t ha t is

,

. one S
citriodora the foliage of whi c h is strongly and agreeably scen t ed
,

, .

It is a white fl w d greenhouse hrub liking loam wi th a littl e

-
o ere S ,
2 2 4 E n c y c lop e d i a of G a rd e n i ng
leaf mould and a good deal f sand P ropagation is by cuttings i n o .

a warm house frame in spring S the B t i l M g i or . ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t 367 sAloysia ci triodora which s
. , a f the synonym s ; V erbena , i one o
triphylla is another .

Li quid M n r e — S Manure a u ee .

Li ri d ndr n tul ipi fer a Tulip Tree (l iri d én dron from l i i

o e o o -
r on ,

tr ee Ord Magnoli ceae) —A handsome hardy

, ,

Lil y and d d, en ron , . . a . , ,

spreadi g tr ee whi ch produces abundance f l rge T lip like

n , o a u -

green and yellow flowers summ w hen some years l d I t is a

, ,

in er o .

fi ne tree for a large lawn extensive pleasure grounds A loamy or .

soil li ghten d with peat suitsit best Propagation is by seeds in

, e , .

spr g in .

Li th sp erm m Gromwell (l i th s
o p e mum f om l i th s a stone
u , o r -
, r o , ,

and sp m seed Ord B gi — The speci sprostratum i sa

er
)
a, . . or a n e ae . e
good dwarf creeping hrub suitable f the rock garden and S or
I t i s t par ticul s
, ,

yi elding a profusion of bright blue flowers . no ar a

to soil and will th i v e lim estone Propagation is by seeds r on .

cuttings and di vision i spri g Gramini folium blue flowers in

, ,

n n .

pring is a good Al pine H ea venly B lue is very pretty

, ,

S , . .

Livist n (li vi stO na after M Murray f Li vi st

o a Ord Palmae) -
r. o on . . .

— Handsome fan lea v ed p l ms the most popular species f which

,

-
a o
It likes a warm greenhouse but wi t h care may be
,

isaust alis r .

grown in a room Chinensis is t he palm often grown under the

,

name f Latania borbonica For c ul t ure s Palms

o . , ee .

L am The fre quent mention f this as the princip l i g edient

o .
-
o a n r

in composts would lead to the supposition that it is important to

plants S uch is indeed the case The fibrous loam
. f the . o
g dener is the result f the decay f turv es The better the
ar o o .
’

pasture the better the loam The turf hould be stacked g ass ide . S r S
downwards and left for year when it hould be chopped up and a -

S
used The layer f soil im mediately beneath the t urf of a good
,

. o
meadow is also good for po tti ng loam if yellow light brown bu t , or ,

the grey soil from limestone the dark soil from clay is not good or
enough Loam is the best body soil for a g den as when ti lled
. ar ,

and manured it suits ne ly l l plants S l s S oil ar a . ee a o .

L b li (lob e lia after M Lobel Ord Campan laceae) — A

o e a -

, . . . u .

most useful genus giving sit does dwarf bedding and tall herba a
splan t s L erinus is the litt le dense t ender blue fl w d
, , ,

ceou . . , , ,
-
o ere
plant so much used for margi ns and it may be grown as a half ,

hardy annual being raised from seed i n a warm house frame in or

winter Afterw ards it may be perpetuated by cuttings taken in
,

winter from stock plants lifted in autumn potted and wint ered
,

the S helf f a warm house B nard s Perpetual and E mperor

,
’
on o . ar
William good ingle blue forms ; and Whi te Gem and White
ar e S
L dy good whites Prima D o na is reddish R amosa and i ts
a . n .

v ieties blue white and rose

ar t l ler and are often grown in ar e a ,

p ts L cardinalis isa h ardy herbaceous perenni al growi ng about

, , , ,

o . . ,

3 ft high wi th scarlet flowers in summer

. F lgens is al so fi . u a ne
sc let perennial blooming somewhat earlier ; there ar many v rie
,

ar ,
e a
ties f it differi g in colour Queen Victoria scarlet ; Lord Ardi
o ,
n . ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g 2 2
5
l aun cri mson ; and H eave ly B lue blue are good S yphilitica n .

blue is a fi ne tall summer fl w eri g species and is a hardy peren

, , , ,

,
-
o n ,

nial The p m l slike rich friable soil and are propagated by

,

. eren a , ,

cuttings in spring ; it is best to winter cardin l is and fulgens in a

frames They make beau t iful beds and border groups if plan t ed
ft apart in M y and well watered S the B t i l M g i
.

2 . a . ee o a n ca a az n e

for coloured pla t es f cardin l is t 3 0 ; and erinus t 39 Fulgens o a . 2 , . 1 .

is illus trat ed in the B t i l R gi st t 6 5

,

o an ca e er, . 1 .

L g o b yq
—S
an Fruit e rr ee .

L maria (lom a ria from l m an edge in allusion to the position

o -
o a,

f t he pores Ord Fili c es) — A l arge genus f ferns resembling

, ,

o S . . . o
B le c hnums some hardy notably S pi c ant the B ritish Hard Fern
,

which has broad green hard leat hery fronds ; cristata m l ti f

, , , ,

u ur

c at a and ramo —cris t at a are a few of t he many varieties They are

, , , ,

propagated by division G i bb requires a warm greenhouse ; . a

B l l i i is a pre tt y v iety f it
e Ciliata which resembles g i bb is a ar o . a,

good room fern ; grandis is a good variety f i t These hould be

,

o . S

g own in loam and peat equal par t s wi t h sand Propaga t ion is

r , , .

by pores (s Ferns ) and offsets

S ee .

L n d n Pride (S axifraga umbrosa) — A pretty edging plan t

o o .

hardy perennial t hrowing up prays f rosy flowers in summer

,

S o .

I t is no t par t i c ular as to soil and may be in creased by division in

, ,

S pring .

L nicer Honeysuckle (Ioni c era aft er Herr L i

o a, Ord -
on c er. .

C aprifoliaceae) — S Honeysu c kle and Climbers

, .

. ee .

L ph so p m m — S
o Maurandia
er u . ee .

Lord Anson s P Lathyrus magellanicus ( nervosus) ’

e a, .

L ve Grass (E ragrostis) S Annuals

o .
-
ee .

Love i t ( N igella) — A pret t y hardy annu l ( s Annuals )

is -
n a rn
- -
a ee

The largest v ariety is Miss Jekyll whi c h has fine blue flowers and
. .

of t he best late —blooming annuals espe c ially on limestone

,

is
,

o ne , .

L ve i i dl eness S Pansy
o -
n -
.
-
ee .

L ve liesblee d ing Amaranthus c audatus

o - -

, .

L li
u cu g ti ssim ( fi lia from l
l a ra li sw a native name a uc -
n cn a, .

O rd R ubia c eae) —This fragrant greenhouse hrub bears p l e pink

,

. . S a
flowers in autumn and is good for planting t in a large house I t ou .

t hrives in e qual parts f peat and loam with sand Propagat ion
,

o .

is by c uttings in hea t in early summer Prune back to the old wood

,

in winter (s the B t i l M g i t
.

ee o a n ca a az n e , .

Lunari — S Honesty a ee .

Lun g w r t — S Pulmonaria
o ee .

Lu p inus Lupin ( lupi s from l p s wolf ; a fan c iful name

,
-
n u u u

indica t ing its d struc t iv e power in o v errunning land O rd Legu

, , ,

e . .

m i s ) — Popular plants in c luding bo t h hardy annuals and

no ae . ,

perenni l s F t h cul t ure f the former s Annuals ; f t he

a . on e o ee o
latter Flowe Garden The shrubby spe c ies hould be propagated
,

, r . S
by c u t tings ; l mos t any soil uits t hem The following are the bes t
a S .

o f t he Lupins arboreus t he tree Lupin a hardy evergreen wi t h

: ,

purple and yellow flowersin summer growing 5 to 6 ft high (s th

,

, . ee e

P
2 2 6 E n c y cl op e d i a of G ar d e n i ng
B t i l Mg i
o a n ca t S now Queen is a good white v ariety
a az n e , . .

Hartwegi blue and whi te ft is a hardy annual ( B t i l R gi st 2 o a n ca e er ,

t sis a plendid annual scarlet wi t h

, ,

Hybridus tr i a oc o c c n e u S
whi te tips Mu t abilis is a half hardy sub hrubby perennial 4 t
.
,

.
- -
S o

5 ft high w i th blue and white flowers N anus blue and whi t e ft

,

. , . , 1
is h d y annual ( see B t R g t Polyp hyllus is a fine blu
,

a ar o . e ., . e
hardy herbaceous perennial 3 to 4 ft high ( B t R g t alba . o . e ., .

is a whi t e v iety Purple King a purple and S omerset a yellow

,

ar

ft ( B t M g t
, , .

S b u n ssblue and white

c ar o u ,
is a perenni l , 1 . o . a ., . a .

The annuals may be raised from seed in pring the herbaceous peren S
nials from seed and by division They are t parti c ul as to soil
,

. no ar .

Ly s t (l y é ste after L y s
ca e t daughter f Priam O rd Orchid
c -
ca e, o . .

w
,

a c e ae) A sm l l genus
.
-
f O rchids requiring a warma house ith o
abundance f w ater in the growing season and li ttle during the
, ,

o
period f rest They thri ve in fibrous peat Propagation is by
,

o . .

division after flowering ; 5 to 6 will be a suitable winter tempera 0

°
0
°

t ure 7 to 8 in summer S k i i with red and white flowers

, 0
°
0
°
. nner ,

in wi nter 5 ins high is the most popular pecies ; there are many
1 . S
varieties f it swell as some hybrids such as B alliac hybrida and
, ,

o a
Mary G t i Costa t a cream and gigantea purple and orange
, , , ,

ra r x . , ,

are also gro wn

, ,

Lychnis Rose Campion (l yc h nis from l y h sa lamp in l lusion

,
'

-
c no a

t o the bright c olour Ord C y p h yll ) — B eautiful hardy

, , ,

. . ar 0 e ae .

plants comprising both a nuals and perennials The most popul n . ar

f the la t ter is h l d
,

o i which g ows to 3 ft high and bears

c a ce on ca, r 2 .

light sc let flowers at t he top f the s t ems The latter

,

ar easily o . ar e
broken from t he roo t s t o c k d the plant should t herefore be handled an

carefully It may be propagated by seed di vision in pring I t

,

. or S .

is not fastidious about soil There are white and double varieties . .

L c oeli rosa t h e Vis c aria oculata f gardens is a pre t ty hardy

.
-

,
o ,

annual with ros e n d white flowers Coronaria ( syn Agrostemma a . .

c oronaria) is a pere nial 3 f t high wi t h red flowers and ilver y n . S

whi t e and double varie t ies Flos c uculi red f t

,

foliage ; there ar e .
-
1 .

high early summer is t he Bri t ish C u c koo Flower R agged R obin

, ,

, or
pretty W ilding Fulg ns vermilion ft early summer and its
, ,

3. . e 1
v arie t y H g s c arle t are perennials ; as is Vis c aria the German
, , ,

aa e an a ,
C t h fly whose double rose varie t y plendens plena is a beau t iful
, ,

a c S
late spring perennial wi t h rose flowers Vesper t ina ( syn alba) i s
, , ,

the perennial white C ampion Most of the Lyc hnises t hrive in

. .

ordin y garden soil and are easily raised from seed in spring
ar , .

Lyc persi c um esculentu m (Toma t o) 7— S Ki tc hen Garden

o . ee .

Lyc p odium C lub Moss (l y p O d i m from l yk s wolf and p s

o co -
u o ou
foo t referring to the form f t he roo t s O rd Ly c opodiaceae)
, , , , ,

o . . .

The Ly c opodiums form dense masses f verdure L c lava t um is

,

o . .

the B ritish Club Moss and selago t he Fir C lub Moss Pea t wi th .

a qu r t er ea c h f S phagnum moss and sand ui t s Tips of th

, ,

a o S . e
gro wi ng hoo t s soon make plan t s if pu t in a warm shady place
,

S .

The plan t s are bes t grown in wo den baske t s They mus t hav
,

o . e
shade and abundance f wat er in summer but litt le wa t er in win t er o , .

Lygo dium Climbing Fern (l yg o d i m from l yg s flexible -

u o ae
’
on
account f the twini ng habi t Ord Filices) — L Japo i cum ( syn
, , , ,

o . . . . n .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning 2 2
7
s candens of gardens) t he Climbing Fern is suitable f grow i g up or n

the pillars and w l ls f warm greenhouses and c onserva t ories

,

a o
espe c ial ly if it
,

be planted out Peat loam and leaf mould in

c an . ,

e qu l parts with sand make a suitable compost Propagat ion is

,

a , , .

by pores (s Ferns ) division in pring or summer They wi ll

S ee or S .

enj oy syringing on h t days Palmatum is a good greenhouse o .

S pe cies D ichotomum needs a stove

. .

Lysi m chia Loosestrife (l ysi m ii chi a from l ysi s end i ng and

a -

strife in reference to the reputed tran quillising influen c es

, , , ,

m h ac e, .

Ord Primulaceae) — Clethroides whi t e flowers in late summer

,

. . , ,

3 ft is of the best N ummularia is the popular creepi g

one . . n
Jenny which cottage folk love to grow in uspended pots It
”
S .

t hrives in any soil and i seasily propagated by division ; the v ie t y ar

aurea has golden leav es Vulgaris to 3 ft yellow is the c ommon

,

. , 2 ., ,

Loosestrife .

Lythrum (l yth um from l yth black blood in reference to th

-
r r on , e

d k c olour Ord L yt h i ) S alicaria is the purple L ose

, ,

ar . . r ar e a e .
-
o
s trife a hardy perennial 4 to 6 f t hi gh that luxuriates a t t he water .

varieties f i t Propagation is by
,

side R osea and superba

. ar e o .

division in spring .

Macartney R se R osa brac t eata o ,

.

Macr t m ia ( ma rot o mia Ord B gi

o o ) — A small genus e -
. . or a ne ae .

t he most prominent member of whi c h is echioides t he Prophe t

,

Flower l so c l led A rnebia e chi oides I t grows abou t a foot high

,

, a a .

and has yellow flowers potted with brown in early summer

,

S .

B t h mi purple summer
en a ft ( B t i l M g i t is als 2 . o a n ca a az n e , . o
grown They th ive in a sunny part f the ro c kery in loamy soil
, , ,

. r o

and are propagated by division in pring S .

Magn lia ( magn o lia after Professor M g l Ord Magnolia

o a no . .

some deciduous o t hers e v ergreen som

,

— B eautiful shrubs
ceae ) . e
hardy others half hardy All like a good loamy soil The c ommon
, , ,

-
. .

sor t s are propagat ed by layers in au t umn the c hoi c er ones by bud

,

ding and grafti ng Conspicua the Yulan has bea tiful whi t
,

. u e
flowers in pring ; i t is deciduous (s the B t i l M g i
, ,

S ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t . G d ifl large white is evergreen ( B t M g t

r an ora, o . a i .

pring is de c iduous S l g
, , ,

L i rosy purple
enn e -
purpl S . o u an e an a , e

and wh i t e spri g is deciduous ( B t i l R gi st t S t el

, , ,

n o a n ca e er, .

lat a dwarf whi t e bl oms in ad van c e f its leaves in pr i ng ( B t

, ,

o o S o

M g t 6 37 ) ( syn Halliana) deciduous The foregoing are t h

, , .
,

a . . 0 . . e

bes t f the pecies and hybrids but t here are many v arieties
, ,

o S , .

G difl
r an is a fine plant for a warm wall S tellata is a suitable
or a . . .
subj ect for pot cul t ure .

Mag p ie M th Caterp il lar S Frui t— Gooseberries

o .
-
ee ..

Mah nia q i f l i B erberis a q uifolium

o a u o a, .

Mi denhair Fern Adiantum cuneatum

a ,
.

Maidenhair Tree Ginkgo biloba ,

.

Mai d en Pink D ianthus del t oides ,

.

Mai e Zea ( é from z t o live in reference to its use as a food

z -
a, zeo ,

plant O rd Grami neae) — Maize Indian Corn is much es t eemed

, ,

. . . or
in the United S tates I t is less grown as a foo d
, ,

p in Grea t . CI O
‘

.
 2 2 8 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
B ritain t being so well suited by t he damp r climate but sever l
, no e a
sele ct ed form s
,

used for fl w g rden decorati on They ar e o er -

a . ar e
rai sed from seed sow in a w m house f ame in late winter and n ar or r
‘

t he plants h dened in a c old frame Zea Mays variegata Japanese

,

ar
striped Mai ze and Four colo red Maize are good Those w h
. ,

-
u o
w i sh to use M
, , .

aize for cooking hould plant 8 ins apart in rows S 1 .

5 f t asunder and gather t he cobs before they get h d

. ar .

M l mi mariti ma (m l O mi after M W Malcolm Ord

a co a a c -
a, r. . . .

C ruciferae ) — Onl y species is impor t ant and that is maritima

. on e
t he Virginian S t ock a hardy annual S Annu l s
, ,

. ee a .

M l Fern N ephrodium or Lastrea Filix mas

,

a e ,
-
.

Mal pe Mallow ( m l o pe from m l s soft in l lusion to the

o a ~
a o a
leav es Ord Ml va c eae ) — Tall strong h dy annuals T i fid
, , , ,

. . a . ar . r a

has d k rose flowers ; there is a white form c alled alba

,

g d ifl
r an or a ar .

S Annu l s
ee a .

Mal u s— S Py us . ee r .

Mal va Mallow (m é l ,
from m l h to soften Ord M l va -
v a, a ac o, . . a
— Hardy herba c eous annuals biennials and perenni l s the
c e ae) . a
m ost popular f w hi ch is m os c hata the Musk Mallow a hardy
, , ,

. o
perenni l with rose flowers in summer ; there is a whi t e v ariety
, ,

a .

A y good soil
n Propaga t ion by seed division in pring
. or S .

Mamillari — S Ca ct us a ee .

Mane tti — S R ose . ee .

Manna Ash Fraxinus Ornus .

Man res d Manuring — VVi t h t a proper choice and use f

,

u an . ou o

sgardening c anno t be c ried

an ur e su c cessfully and a study ar on ,

o f manures should be of the first tasks of the learner Virgin one .

g ound such as is found in new c ountries will produce good c rops

r

sever l years wi t hout manuring ; bu t where c rops have been

, ,

f
‘

or a

g rown over a long period frequen t manuring be c omes necessary .

D e l ing with na t ural manures first f all the following tables wil l
a o ,

b useful
e :

lb potash 12 .

ton f good decayed s t able

1 8 o phosphori c acid
manure contai ns I nitrogen 1
1 6 lfl e

47
8 lb potash .

3 phosphori c a c id
1 ton of cow manure conta ns i
9 nitrogen
10 l me

4 lb po t ash .

4 phosphori c acid
a to n of p g i manure cont ns ai
16 nitrogen
n

35 lime
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 2 2
9
Th plan f c l culating the v alue of manure by t he propor t ions
e o a
which it contains f the four ingredients q uoted is a good o one ,
be c ause they are the principal requirements f crops ; at t he same o
t ime it hould be poin t ed t that the proportions v ary with the
S ou
food f the anim l s The ex c rement f cows fed Turnips is not so
,

o a . o on

rich sthat f animal s which are l lowed cake We see that pig
a o a .

manure is nomin l ly the ri ch est but that much the l rgest propor
a a
tion f its fertilising constituents is lime and that is not so i m
,

o ,

portant sany of the other three On the whole manure from

a .

s t ables is the best ; but w manure is preferable on dry soil A

,

co .

double use should be got from every cartload f fresh manure in a o

g den The first use is to yield heat and this the manure will d
ar . , o
if when taken from the stables it is turned in and t 3 suc ou on
days and then trodden dow into a hotbed (s H otbeds
, ,

ce ssi ve n ee

Annuals Mushrooms ( K itchen Garden) Violets and o t her crops)

, ,

After it has served its purpose as a ho t bed it will be thoroughl y de

, , ,

ca y d and i
e excellent c ondition for manuring When manure
n .

has to be laid up for a time the heap hould be made at a pot S S

remo t e from dwellings and a bed whi c h will re t ain the ammonia on
enriched liquid that dr i ns t f the heap A ligh t c oa t f gypsum
,

a ou o . o
will fix the ammonia A good quantity of manure to use is . 2

b row loads per s quare rod of ground or 3 tons per acre In heavy
ar 0 .

soils it serv es t he best purpose when w rked under the top pit in
,

o S
bastard tren chi ng towards t he end f win t er (s Kitchen Garden ) o ee .

In light soils over sand or c h l k it is best laid the top after autumn a on
bastard trenching and dug into the top spit in spring Human .

ex crement is best laid up in a heap wi t h ashes and t urned int

,

o
ground which i sto be cropped with coarse Green v egetables Fowl
,

manure is v ery strong and is best mixed with a considerable bulk ,

o f earth or ashes before use D ried blood is a good fertiliser sp i .

, e ec
ally for Green vegetables and Onions When manure decays in t h . e
soi l humic acid a c cumulates and it someti mes happens tha t after a
piece f ground has been manured for several consecuti v e ye s
,

o ar
crops do badly i t To use the gardener s phrase it has becom
on .
’
e
manure sick To speak with greater exa cti t ude an excess of
,

-
”
. ,

humic acid h saccumulated The best plan in such a case is t

a . o
dress the ground with broken chalk or lime .

S t i l i sti
er —I t has been noti c ed that sterilising soil by burning
a on .

it in creases i t s ferti lity The reason is supposed to be that t h . e

burning des troys l ge quantities f bacteria whi ch prey on th ar o e
nitrifyi ng ba c teria t hat is those which working on t he ni tro on ar e
genous elements in the soil and c onver t ing them into nitrates
, ,

, .

Ni t b t i ro — The existence f b
-
ac er n e . fi t organisms in the soil o ene cen
is unquestioned and microbe Pseudomonas radicicola has t h
, on e , e
power f fixing f ee nitrogen from the atmosphere in the root
,

o r
nodules of leguminous crops such as Peas Beans and Tares Th , , , . e
plan has been t ied f applying laboratory cultures of this microbe
r o
under the name f nitro b t i to the soil not l together wi t hout
,

o -
ac er n e , a
success in some cases l though without appa ent resul t i others
,

a r n .

s The fact that na t ur l manures w thei

,

A t fi i l m
r i c a an u re .
-
a o e r
v l ue to the proportions which they cont i n f cert ain ingredients
a a o
has led t the development f what are c l led artifi c ial or chem ical
o o a
2
30 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning

manures I t was k now n that bones nouri shed crops but that their
. ,

action was slow Various pl s were tried to bring the bones into
. an
a quicker acti g state amongst them that f tr eating with ulphuric
-
n o S
acid Thi s pro v ed t be su c cessful and the product w sput
,

. o a on
the m arke t under the name f superphosphate f lime B one flour
,

o o . ,

bone me l d mineral superphosphate are other forms f prep ed

a an o ar
the per c ent ges of phosphoric acid in four
,

bone The followi ng

. ar e a

di fferent fertil i serswhi ch yield t hat i gredient n

basic lag S 38
bone flour 58
b one me l a 4 5 ( also yields ammonia)
phosphate f potash o 37 ( l s o yi elds potash ) a
superphosphate 8 2

Basic slag a by product f the ironworks is the most economic l

-
o a
form f phosphoric acid fertil iser f soils which la c k lime while
, ,

o -
or
superphospha t e is the best for soi ls contai ning lime Mi neral super
,

. .

phosphate t the rate f 7 lb per s qu e d is a v l uable ferti lis r f

a o . ar ro a e or
fruit t ees n d pod be ring crops I t may be applied in Febru ry
r a -
a . a
but should t be dusted o v er young gro wing crops Potash is
,

no .

also important This is yielded by fiv e di fferent chemical manures

.

as fol lows
sulphate f potash o 9 per cent 0 .

ni trate f po t ash
o 83 ( also contains nitrogen)
muriate f potash o 8 0
phosphate f po t ash 48 o ( also contains phosphoric acid )
.

kainit 2 0

N i trate f po t ash as also yielding ni trogen and phosphate f potash

o o
salso yieldin g phosphori c acid are p ticul ly v aluable but their
,
‘

a ar ar
cost is v ery high Kainit is good sa winter application turned
, ,

a
well under at the rate of 4 lb per s qu e d S ulphate f potash
,

1 . ar ro . o
is excel lent and may be used at the rate f 4 lb per s quare rod ; o . or

3 lb may be used w ith 4 lb f superphosphate the tw o being m ixed

,

. . o
and applied about midwinter The ni trogenous fertilisers are
,

v aluable according to the quantity f ammonia which they yi eld o .

The followi ng is a table f kinds and q uantities o

sulphate f ammonia o 4 per cent . 2 .

nitrate f soda o 8 1
nit ate f potash
r o 1 551
1 ( l so contains potash) a
nitrolim 8 1

The last is a modern ferti liser the c hemic l name f which is cal cium a o
cyanamide It c ontains
,

. to 3 per cent of free lime and is a 2 0 0 .

val uable manure for limeless soils I t could be used as a top dress
,

ing f weakly crops in the same w y as sulphate f m monia and

or a o a
ni trate f soda It is w steful to dig these into v acant ground in
o . a
wi nter S hoddy a waste from the wool factoriesyields ammonia
.

H oof parings yield phosphoric acid

, , ,

an d is used by H p growers o . .

R oad scrapings are good for s tifi soil .

Liq i d m — Plantscomi g into flower v egetables into

u a n u re p d n o ,

d trees into fruit are benefited by li q uid manure whether in the

,

an ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ar de n i n g 2 31

form f liqu i d from stables and cow houses broken down to the
o -
,

colour f weak tea with water ; house slops ; nitrate f soda and
o o

superphosphate at th rate f half an oun c e each per gallon of wa t er e o ,

or sheep droppings soaked in water S oot water is an ex c ellen t .

-

li quid and this may be made by putting some soot into a piece f
,
o

sacki ng and hanging it in a tub of water for a few hours D y soot . r

is a safe stimulant for most crops if spread n the ground half an o

inch thi ck and hoed in .

Mapl — Handsome trees f i d to under Acer

e ,
re e re
'

Maranta Arrow root ( mar an ta after S ig or M anti Ord - -

n ar . .

S ci t amineae ) —H thouse herbaceous perennials with handsome

, ,

. o
foliage thri ving in loam with sand and a third of leaf mould and
propagated by division when growth s t arts in spring pu tt ing th
, , ,

divisions in bo tt om heat Ch t i i maj or M ss g

,

and . an r er a an e an a ,
zebrina are popular the latter (now C alathea ebrina) p ticularly
, ,

,
z ar
so .

Marg erit — S Chrysanthemum fru t es c ens and Greenhouse

u e ee .

M rigol d — S Annuals— Half—hardy The Afri c an hav e large

a ee .

lemon and orange flowers the Fren c h smaller striped flowers , .

There are both dwarf and tall strains .

Marip sa Lily — S B ulbs— C alo c hortus

o . ee .

Marjoram — S Kitchen Garden— Herbs . ee .

M rr w Veg etabl — S Kitchen Garden

a o ,
e ee .

Marsh Ml low Althaea a ,

.

Marsh Marigold Caltha ,

.

Martynia ( mart yn ia aft er D Martyn Ord P d l i ) — The -

,
r. . . e a n e ae .

most popul member f this genus is fragrans a greenhouse annual

ar o
wi th perfumed crimson flowers in summer height ft sown in
,

, 2 .,

s
pn n g .

Marvel f Perm— S Mirabilis Jalapa

o ee .

Masd evallia (m sd v ll ia aft er S e nor M sd l l Ord O hi d

a e
‘

zi -

, a eva . . rc a
cea ) — B ril lian t O chids with flat flowers thriving in a warm
o . r
greenhouse in a compost f fibrous pea t and S phagnum moss over
, ,

abundance of crocks D uring t he gron season in summer they .

must have liberal supplies f wa t er but lit t le will be wanted in o

winter when they are resting Th ey thriv e in a cool house and are
,

propagated by division at midwinter w hen fresh growth starts

,

Coccinea red pring 8 ins high ; ig ea orange spri g sev eral

,

S . n n
i swhite winter 6 ins free flowering ( B t
, , , ,

varieties ; T
,

s
,

o v ar e n i l o a n ca
Mg i t
, , ,

a az n e , and V i t hi .vermilion pring ft are a e c an a , S 1

few f t he bes t pe cies ; but there is much interest in the modern
, ,

o S

hybrids for par t i culars f whi ch a good work Orchids should o on

be c onsulted
,

Matricaria (m t i a ria from m t i x female o wing to its use in

a r c -

, a r

feminine disorders Ord C ompositae) — The most useful of these

, ,

. . .

are t he hardy annual v ieties o ffered by seedsmen such as inodora ar

s double white ; and eximia Golden Ball and S il ver B all
,

p l i
ensi m a, .

For culture s Annuals , ee .

2
3 2 E n c y cl op e d i a of G ard e nin g

M tthi la (m tth i o la after S ignor Matthioli Ord Cru c iferae)

a o a -
. . .

The only species g own under the generic name is bi c ornis t h

,

r e
N ight scented S tock (s Annuals ) which has lila c flowers that are
,

-
ee ,

deliciously scented in the evening Incana is the p ent f the . ar o

B rompton and i annua of the Ten week S tocks S Annuals and
.
-
. ee

B iennials .

Ma rand ia or M
u dy ( maur an dya after Professor M dy
au ra n a -
a u r an .

O rd S p h l i Climbing plants for the cool greenhouse

,

. cro ) u ar n e a e .
-

, or
for the pergola a w m wall outside in summer B l y or ar . ar c a an a ,
with violet flowers in summ er ; and s c andens (syn L p h s p m m . o o er u
scandens) purple flowers in summer are the best known The .

former is illustra t ed in the B t i l R gi st t

, ,

8 ; and the latter o a n ca e e r, 1 10

as L scandens in the B t i l M g i t 36 5 They may be
. ,

. o an ca a az n e , . 0.
rai sed from seed in heat in pring and further increased by cut t ings
,

S ,

under a hand light in summer Friable loamy soil suits them

-
. .

Maxillaria (maxill e ria from m xi ll s insect s j aws in allusion -

a o e,
’

to the shape Ord Orchida c eae) — Terres trial Orchids with fleshy
, ,

. . .

flowers suitable for a c ool house th iving in pots in e q u l parts f r a o

peat and chopped S phagnum moss and propagated by di vision in
, ,

pring They are grea t moisture lovers and like a shady pla c e
,

S . , .

G r and ifl white and red ; L i d i white and pink ; S d i

or a, n e n ae , an e r an a ,
whi te and red ; and t enuifolia dark red and yellow are a few f the , , o
most popular pecies S .

M y — S Crataegus
a . ee .

M y B g — S Cockchafers
a u ee .

M y Flow er E pigaea repens

a ,
.

Mays— S Maize ee .

Mea d ow R — S Thalictrum ue ee .

M ad ow S a ffr — S Col c hicum

e on ee .

Mead w Saxifrage S axifraga granulata

o ,
.

Mea d w Sw eet S piraea Ulmaria

o ,
.

Mealy B g (C o cc us d i d m ) — O ne f t he wors t enemies f

u a on u . o o
plan t s I t a tt a c ks ho t house greenhouse and vinery o c cupants i
. n
dis crimina t ely The whi t e c ottony substance seen is merely a
, ,

c overing t he red insect lies beneath su c ks out t he sap and renders

t he foliage o ffensive with its excremen t R egular syringing in
, , ,

summer with an o cc asional v aporising by c one goes far in keeping

mealy bug under S yringi ng with a para ffin emulsion (s P fli )
, ,

. ee ar a n

is good where prac t i c able On emergen c y the leaves must be .

sponged If i neries become infes t ed t hey mus t be c leansed

. v
t oge t her with the rods in winter
,

Meconop sis ( m Op sis from m k popp y and psi s like

ec on -
e on, o .

Ord Papav era c eae) — H dy herbaceous annuals biennials and

, , ,

. . ar
perennials t he most popular f which is c ambri c a t he Welsh Poppy
, ,

o
a hardy perennial wi t h yellow flowers in summer ft high Wal
, , ,
’
, 1 . .

l i hi i 3 t o 4 ft blue summer is also a good perennial

c There is a .

Integri folia is a splendid

,

d ouble form of cambrica called plena

, ,

. .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n in g 2
33
modern yellow species Punicea has brownish red flowers The y .
-
.

like w r m sunny pots in the rock g den or border and are easil y
a S ar ,

raised f om seed which is best sown when ripe in the O pen F i bl

,

r . r a e

loamy soil is bes t

,

Me dl (Mespilus Germani ca) — S Fruit

ar . ee .

Mg asea — S S axifraga
e ee .

Meli ss ( B alm) — S K itchen Garden— Herb s

a . ee .

Ml c ctu s— S Cactus
e o a ee .

Ml n — S Fruit
e o ee .

Mentha (Mint) — S Kitchen G den— H erbs . ee ar .

Menyanth s(B g B ean) — S Flower Garden— Water plants

e o . ee .

M iesia p li f l i — S D aboecia polifolia

e nz o o a. ee .

Mercury — S Kitchen Garden . ee .

M rtensia (mert en sia after Professor Mertens Ord B gi

e -
. . ora w

— Hardy herba c eous perennials suited for the front of t h

,

n e ae) . e

the rockery thriv ing in l most any soil but preferring

,

border or a

peat and easily propagated by division in spring P l m

, ,

i id s u o n ar o e

( syn vi rginica) the Virginian Cowslip blue M y 8 ins hig h

.
,

. a 1

(B t i l M g i
.

is the principal pecies S ibiri c a wi th

, , , ,

o a n ca t a az n e , . S . .

blue and whi te flowers in M y is also good

,

a , .

M smbryanthem m Fig Marigold I c e Plant (m sm b ya

e e u , , e e r n
t h m m from m smb i
e u midday and th m flower in allusio
e e r a, an e on , n
to the lo v e f sun Ord Ficoideae) — A large genus f fleshy plan t s
, , ,

o . o
producing flowers f great beau t y M crystallinum whose leaves
. . ,

o . .

glisten and sparkle sthe I ce Plant ; it is used for lines in c pet

,

i ar
beds and for garn shing dishes The maj ori t y are grown in t h i . e
greenhouse They th ive in sandy loam wi t h a third f leaf mould
. r o 1

and a little lime and are propaga t ed by c uttings taken with a heel
, , ,

dried in the sun and inserted in sandy soil Coccineum scarlet

, .
, ,

July ft ; cordifolium variegatum a variegated trailer useful f

1 . or
bedding ; p y p m (syn tri c olor ) pink M y 6 ins
, ,

ro eu a f w of . a . ar e e
the bes t
, , , ,

Mesp ilus Medl (m espilus from m ss half and pi l s ball i ar -

e o o n
allusion t o the shape of the frui t ) — S Frui t
, , , , , ,

. ee .

M er n — S D aphne
ez eo ee .

Michael mas D aisy S As t er and Flower Garden — Herba c eou s .

-
ee

plants .

Mi h xi (m i h af xia after M Mi c haux O rd Campanula

c au a c i -

— M
. . .

l i d sis a fine hardy plan t wi t h large white

,

)
c e ae . mp . ca an u o e or
pale pink C ampanula like flowers I t is not parti c ular as to soil
,

-
.

and may be propagated by seed division in spring It grows

,

or .

about 4 ft high blooms in July and is best trea t ed as a biennial

the B t i l M g i t 9
. , ,

( s B iennials )
ee S . ee o a n ca a az n e , . 2 1 .

Mi l pi — S D avallia
c ro e a ee .

Mi g n nette ( R eseda odorata) — A perennial grown l most ex

o . a
c ul s
i l y as an annual be c ause it c omes so readily and flower s
ve ,
2
34 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng

so quickl y from seed It is unne c ess y to speak of its delicious ar

perfume Mignone tt e t hri v es well on limestone swell as most
.

. a on
o t her soils ; where it does no t bloom f eely lime may be added wi t h r
advantage N i c e pots f Mignone t te may be had by sowing about
. o
a dozen seeds in a 5 or 6 i pot in pri g and suc c ession l ly ti ll -
n . S n a
S eptember thinning t he seedlings to half a dozen They should be .

gi v en hort stakes The following are good v arieties Giant R d

,

S : e
Giant White Giant Y ellow Golden Queen (dwarf ) Mil ssS piral ;
. ,
’
, , , e
the last is good for pots .

Mil d ew — A fungus which attacks R oses and other plants t

. ou
d oors and many plants under glass D usting w ith flowers f o
sulphur preferably through a pair f Mal h e c bellows hould be
, .

o S
the affec t ed plants may be prayed with pe fectly fresh
, ,

tried or S r

li v er of sulphur ( sulphide f po t assium ) at the streng t h f

,

o , o oz.
per gallon f water for outdoor plants and oz per 3 gallons
o 1 .

for indoor plants The li quid is green and foul smelling but harm
,

-
.

l ess to v ege t ation

,

Mil f il — S Achi llea

o . ee .

Mil k Vetch —S Ast agalus . ee r .

Milla (m i l la after S e nor Mill a Ord Liliaceae) — Pretty bulbs

-

. . .

with white flowers in pring is the

, ,

a llied to B rodiaeas B ifl . or a , S
mos t popul pe cies ; it g ows 8 ins high and is good for a c ool
,

ar S r 1 . ,

greenhouse (s the B t i l R gi st t 55 ee U ifl is now o an ca e er, . 1 n ora

cal led B rodiaea i fl It has whi te flowers in early spri g

un ora. n
height 9 ins (s the B t i l M g i t 33 7) i olacea is a lil a c
,

. ee o a n ca a az n e , . 2 V

v ariety They like sandy loam and are propagated by o ffsets

.
, .

Mill i p d s4 m l l q uick moving many legged creatures belong

e e . a - -

ing to t he genus Julus They do t hurt plants as a rule bu t if

, ,

. no
they are present in large numbers and inj ury at the root is suspe c ted
,

, ,

pieces of C rot may be impaled ar sticks and inserted near the on

plants straps to be examined daily
a , .

Miltonia (mi l t o nia after E arl Fit wil liam Ord Orchidaceae)
-
z . . .

— B eau t iful Orchids

,

The popular species v il l i used to be . ex ar a

g rown as Odontoglossum vex i llarium I ts flat roundish o v l -

a

flowers are borne freely in a war m greenhouse The Miltonias

. ,

S hould be grown in sandy fibrous peat and S phagnum moss Pro .

v
,

p ga tai is by
ondi ision when new growth starts w hi ch is the best
s t age f repo t ti ng Liber l supplies of water will be n e ded
,

or . a e
t hrough the growing se son but little in winter The prin cipal a .

Miltonias
,

candida brown and yellow summer 8 ins ; grandi

ar e 1 .

flora is a l ge v ariety ; Cl w si i yellow whi te and purple ( B t i l

, , ,

ar o e o a n ca
Mg i
, , ,

a t 4 9) R oezlii purple whi te and yellow autumn

az n e , . 10
ft S h d i purple bro wn and yellow late summer ft
, , , , ,

1 c ro e r an a , 1
white to rose pri g 5 ins ( B t M g t
. , , , ,

an d il l i
vex ar a , , S n , 1 . o . a ., .

t here are many fine varieties .

Mim sa S ensitive Plant (mim o s from mi m s a mimic in al lu

o -
a, o

ion to the irritability f the leav es Ord Leguminosae) — M

, ,
,

S o . . . .

pudica the o l y pecies grown to any extent has the peculiarity f

n S o
d rooping its leaves w hen touched and is therefore an obj ec t
, ,

f , o
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 2
35
interest I t is bes t managed as a tender annual being raised from
seed sown in a warm house frame in pring Loam with a t hird
. ,

or S . ,

o f peat and some sand suits it I t be s rose flowers in summer , . ar ,

but they not particularly attractive (s the B t i l R gi st

ar e ee o an ca e er,

t
. I t hould be noted that the mi mosa f t he pring
S
”
o S

m kets does t belong to the genus Mimosa ; it is Acacia dealbata

ar no .

Mimul s Monkey Flower Musk (mi m ulus from mi m an ape

u ,
-
o, ,

in reference to t he w i de mouth Ord S p h l i

, ,

— The
) . . c ro u ar n e a e .

spo t ted Mim ulus t i g i sas we have already seen (s Annuals) is r nu ee

mu c h gro wn as a bedding plant being raised from seed in winter

, , ,

planted ou t in summer and dis c ded after blooming It i sa

,

ar .

cheerful showy plant and has the ad v antage f thriving in hady

,

o S

places Cardin l is is a good sc let Mimulus height 8 ins (s t he

, ,

. a ar 1 . ee

l M g i
,

B t i
o a n ca t cupreus orange
a ft is good
az n e , 1
Glutinosus has buff flowers and sticky leav es (s the B t M g
. , , ., .

ee o a

t 354 as aurantiacus) It needs greenhouse c ulture The Musk

. .,

. . .

is Mimul us moschatus This has much smaller flowers but the

,

whole plant is agreeably s c ented I t can be raised from seed in

,

spring in a warm house frame the seedlings pricked ff potted or ,

o ,

singly and repotted as needed A 5 i pot is large enough for

, .
-
n.

flowering and with a small frame f slender laths the plant can be
, o
well displayed When bloom it may be stood a room window . in In

I t may be further in creased by p e c es f root H rison s is a i o ar

’

l ger fl w d v ariety Although the spot t ed Mimuluses are

.

ar -
o er e
perenni l s they are commonl y g own sannu l s M glutinosus
.

a r a a . .

should be grown as a perennial and propagated by cuttings .

Mina l o bata I p m v ersicolor ,

o ae a .

Mint S Kitchen Garden— Herbs

-
ee .

Mirabilis Marvel of Peru ( mir ab ilis from mi bi l i s wonderful -

ra .

— M Jalapa the M v el f Peru is a showy plant

, , ,

Ord Ny t gi
.
) c a n eae . . ar o
t hat w son c e a great fl w garden favourite It is easil y grown s
, ,

a o er -
. a
a half hardy annual being raised under gl ss in spring and planted
-

, a
ou t in June ; but it sa perenni l It snot particular as to soil i a . i .

A bought f om seedsmen it gives se v eral distinct colours and the

S r
fragrant (s the B t i l M g i t
,

flowers ar e ee o a n ca a az n e , .

Mistl toe Viscum album (Mistletoe comes from the S axon word
e ,

mi sl t e Ord Loranthaceae) —This v ery interesting parasite is a

a. . .

native f B ritish woods I t w as used in D ruidical celebrations

o .

hundreds f years ago I t is supposed that bi ds hav e pread it

o . r S
by feeding the berries and scraping their bil ls
on the bark f on o
trees Those w h wish to establish it may press the contents f a
. o o
ripe berry the under side f a branch towards the end f winter
on o o .

In cool moist places it takesreadily to the Oak Apple Hawthorn

Lime and Poplar I t is v ery low in spreading
, , , ,

, . S .

Mistl etoe Cactu s— S Cactus ( R hipsalis ) ee .

Mitchella (mitch ell after D Mitchell Ord R ubi ceae ) — M -

a, r. . . a . .

repens is a hardy herba c eous creeper with whi t e flowers in early ,

summer and sm l l red berries w nter S andy peat suits The a in i . .

runni g stems may be layered for propagat on

n i .
2
36 E n c y cl op e d i a of G ard e n i ng
M ck Orang — S Phil adelphus and Flower Garden
o e ee .

M l —The m l i sa nuisance in gardens as it burrows under

'

o e. o e ,

beds and lawns and throws up mounds of soi l The run hould be . S
found a steel mole trap set in it with glo v ed hands and well co vered
,

-
,

t o exclude light
,

M ly (Allium Moly) —S B ulbs

o . ee .

Monarda Horse Mint B ergamo t ( mon a da af t er D Mon rdez

,
r -
r. a .

Ord Labia t ae) —The bes t known spe cies is didyma the S weet
, ,

-
. . ,

B ergamot Bee B alm Oswego Tea It grows about 8 ins high or . 1 .

and has scarlet flowers in summer (s the B t i l M g i

, ,

ee o an ca a az n e ,
t. Fis t ulosa the wild Bergamot is grown occasion l ly a .

Ordinary soil Propagation is by di vision spr ng

, ,

. in i .

M n yw rt — S Lysimachi a N ummularia
o e o . ee .

M k y Fl ow r — S Mimulus
on e e . ee .

M nkey P l Araucaria imbricata

o u zz e , .

Mon k sh d Aconitum oo ,
.

M ntbretia (montbr e ti after M M tb t Ord I i d ) — S

o -
a, . on re . . r e ae , ee

Bulbs .

M nterey Pine Pinus insignis

o ,
.

Monthly Ros R osa i dica e, n .

Mo n Dai sy Chr ysanthemum Leu c anthemum

o , .

Moraea ( m aé aft er M R Moore Ord I i d ) — Pret t y

or —a r. . . . r e ae .

plan t s resembling small Irises suited for frame c ulture

,

a cool , or
greenhouse They thrive in sandy loam and are propagated by
.

division B i c olor brown and yellow summer ft (syn Iris bicolor)

,

. 2 . .

and edulis v iolet spri g 4 f t

, , ,

( B t i l R gi s
o a n ca t t e er , n
M
. , .
, ,

( B t i l
o a n ca g i t 6 are tw of the most popular
a az n e , . 1 o .

M i si ( mori s ia after Professor Moris Ord Cruciferae ) — M

or a -
. . . .

hypogaea is a pre t ty hardy plant suitable for t he rockery bea i ng

,

r
yellow flowers in M y It likes sandy loam and is propagat ed by
,

a .

offse t s S eeds Growing only 3 4 ins high and with dense

,

or . or .

brigh t green mu c h cut foliage it is a good p t

, ,

,
-

, c ar e er .

M rning Glory S I p m
o .
-
ee o a.

Mos s— S Lichen ee .

Mo ther of Th usands S axifraga sarmen t osa

o ,
.

M th Or chid S Phalaenopsis
o -
ee .

Mo l d — S S oil and Mildew

u ee .

M untain Ash Py us Au c uparia

o ,
r .

M unt in Avens D ryas o ctope t ala

o a ,
.

M use ear Chick w d C rastium

o -
ee ,
e .

M w ing M wing Machin — S Flower Garden — Grass

o ,
o e ee .

Mu l b r y — S Fruit
e r ee .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 2
37
Ml ching — To mulch soil is to cover t he surface wi th a light
u
c ating f manure c o c oa nu t fibre refuse grass with t he obj ec t
o o -
or
by c he c king evapora t ion A mulch f
, , ,

o f conservi g m i s n o u re . o
manure also f eeds t he p near whi c h i t is placed c ro .

Mullein S Verbascum .
-
ee .

M sc ri — S B ulbs
u a . ee .

Mushr m — S Kit c hen Garden

oo . ee .

Mus k Hyacinth Mus c ari moschat us ,

.

Mus tard d Cres s— S Kit c hen Garden

an ee .

My sti di m N w Zealand Forget —me not (m y sti d ium from

o o u e -
o o -

my sti s and i d s like in allusion t the resemblan c e t o t he

, ,

o o e o o

Myoso t is Forget me not O rd B g i — A pre tt y herba

, , ,

or ) - -
. . or a n e ae .

c eou sperenni l ui t able for the ro c kery where it likes a cool shady
a S

spot and a pea t y compost Propagat ion is by division in spring

, , ,

M nobilis t he only spe c ies has blue and whi t e flowers in spring
.

height 8 ins (s the B t i l M g i t

. , , ,

1 . ee o a n ca a az n e , .

My s tis (m y sO tis from m smouse and ti s an

o o o in allusion
-
u o e ar ,

t o the form f t he leaves Ord B gi ) — S Forget me no t

, , , ,

o . . ora n e ae . ee - -
.

Myr b l an Plum — S Hedge

o a . ee .

My tus Myrtle ( m y —tus from mi

r ,
perfume Ord Myr t aceae) r ,
r on , . . .

—Handsome shrubs grown mainly for thei foliage They are ,

r .

g od f growing in tubs t stand large verandahs and in pacious

o or o on S
c onservatories The c ommon Myr tle c ommunis may b grown
. e
outdoors in sheltered pla c es Loam with a third f leaf mould and
, ,

. o

some sand suit Propagation is by c uttings under a bell glass in

,

-
.

early summer There are many varie t ies of the c ommon Myrtle
,

f whi c h B elgi c a fl pleno ( double) and v ariega t a may be

,

o or e .

men t ioned Ugni pink is the same as E ugenia Ugni (s t he

,

. ee

l M g i
, ,

B t i
o a n ca t a az n e , .

Narcissus ( nar c i ss s af t er N cissus a mythologi c al you t h -

u , ar , .

Ord A m yl li d ) —S B ulbs
. ar e ae . ee .

Nas turtiu m ( s t fi tium from ss nose and t t s tortured

na r -
na u or u

in allusion to the strong smell Ord Cru c iferae) — The N astur t ium
, , , , ,

. . .

o f gardens is a hardy annual with large brilliant flowers ( s ee

Annuals) It has no right t the name however for i t is a T p

, ,

. o rO ae

olum Owing to its pungency it w scalled Indian Cress and as t he

, ,

. a

common Wa t er Cress is Nas t ur t ium ffi i l the name N astur t ium

,

o c na e ,
became attached to it .

Navel wor t — S Cotyledon umbilicus Venus s N av elwort is ’

ee .

Omphalodes l i i f li n o a.

N p lita n Vi l t — S
ea o Violet o e ee .

N cta rin — S
e Frui t e ee .

N gu nd — S
e Acer N egundo
o. ee .

N l m bium ( l fi m bium from

e u l mb the Indian name
ne Ord -
ne u o, . .

N ymphaea c eae ) —The S i d B ean E gyptian Lotos N speciosum

,

or
'

ac e

(s the B t i l M g i
.

is a beauti ful aquatic w i t h

,

ee t
o a n ca a az n e , . ,
2
38 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
white red tipped fra gran t flowers in summer There are many
-
.

v arieties f it such as large white ( album g d i fl m ) double

, ,

o ra n oru

whi te ( album plenum) striped whi t e ( album striatum) double

, ,

, ,

rose (roseum plenum) and Osiris red It h sedible nuts N . a

luteum has yellow flowers and is also sweet (s t he B t M g
, , . .

ee o . a .,

The N elumbiums are no t perfe ctly hardy and should be

,

t .

grown in a hallow tank in a c ool house The roo ts may be packed

,

S .

in loam and bound round wi t h moss Planti ng hould be done in . S

la t e spring when grow t h s t arts at which s t age c rowded c lumps

, ,

may be propagated by division .

Nemesia ( nem e i D ioscorides name Ord S p h l i ’

-

)
S a, . . cro u ar n e a e .

This genus includes both annuals and perennials bu t t he only

species mu c h grown in gardens is st m s t he form of whi c h c alled
,

ru o a,

S ttu i is a beau t iful dwarf half hardy annual

on f several c olours -

,
o .

It is good both for pots and beds S Annuals . ee .

Nem ph i la ( m Op h il
o from m s grove and phi l t o love in
ne — a ne o o,

allusion t o the habi t a t Ord Hydrophyllaceae) — S Annuals

, , , ,

. . . ee .

Nepenthes Pi t cher Plant (nep en —t hes from s to allevia t e ’

, p th , ne en e ,

sorrow Ord N p t h
.
) — These remarkable plants have long
. e en ac e ae .

slender drooping s t ems whi c h t ermina t e in hollow urn like vessels

,

provided wi t h a cap or lid and c on t aining water They are c o se

, , ,

. u

quen t ly well termed Pit c her P l an t s The pitchers vary in size and .

colour They are ho t house evergreens best g own in suspended

. r

t eak baskets as then the pitc hers are seen to advantage A c om

,

post of ip am pea t and S phagnum moss wi th sand cro c ks and

,

charcoal sui t s t hem R b sk ti g should be done towards t he

, , , , ,

. e a e n

end f winter Throughout the summer t hey will enj oy abundan c e

,

o .

of wa t er and should be syringed daily In autumn and wi nter less .

wa t er wil l be needed Minimum t emperature The following .

are good sorts albomargina t a green whi t e ri ng ; C ti si green

: ur

pot t ed crimson ; R ffl si
, , , ,

S green spotted brown ; R aj ah a e an a, , ,

purple ; and sanguinea red , .

Nepet Cat Mint Ground I vy (nep e t a aft er t he Tuscan t own

a, -

Ord L bi t ) — The N epe t as are a genus of li t tle i m

, ,

N p t
e e . . a a e ae .

por t ance but the variegated form f t he Ground Ivy Gle c homa is o
wor t h growing It is a pretty dwarf plan t wi t h small Ivy l ke
, ,

-
i

leaves and dark blue flowers good f baske t cul t ure M ssi i a
. ,

or . u n

taller plant wi t h viole t flowers is also grown Th y w il l th i ve in

, ,

~
. e r

l mos t any soil and are in c reased by division in pring

,

a ,
S .

N phrodium ( nephr o d i m from

e ph s kidney in allusion to -
u ne ro

the shape f the pores O rd Fili c es) A immense genus c on

, , ,

o S . . .
— n

t aining hundreds f spe c ies some f c onsiderable impor t an c e Th

,

o o . e

genus Las trea has been added to it S ome of t he spe c ies are hardy
,

whil e o t hers need a greenhouse and o thers again a ho t hous

,

e .

Those spe c ies wi t h creeping rhizomes may be propaga t ed by division

,

in spring t he o t hers by spores (s Ferns for propaga tion and soil ) ee .

The following are a f ew f the prin cipal species m l m t he Hay

,

o : ae u u

s c ented B u c kler Fern ; v ar ramosum is good Cris t a t um the

,

. .

Crested S hield Fern many varie ties enj oys pea t and a boggy ite
,

S .

v ar glabellum is good E yth sm a good

, ,

D ecompositum , . . r ro u ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i n g 2
39
room fern Fi lix mas the Male Fern scores f v ieties L p i d m
.
-

, , o ar . e u ,

a graceful fern suitable f table decoration but hould be p p or S rO a

gated fre quently to get young plants Molle a popular marke t

, ,

M
.

fern ; v ar c
,

ym b i f m is nicely
c or rested ontanum the hard ye ru .

Mountain B u c kler Fern may be grown on t he ro c kery ; vars

. ,

ii and c ristatum are good S pinulosum t he Prickly S hiel d;

,

B s
ar n e .

Fern v ar dilatatum has many good forms such as c rispum

,

. , ,

H w di
o ar and S t s aefi l d ii
,
Thelypteris the Female B uckle an e . , r

Fern There are scores o f others

. .

Ne p h r l p i s( p hr l ép is from
o e ph s kidney and l pi s scale
ne o -
ne ro e

in allusion to the covering f the spore cases Ord Fili c es )

, , , , ,

o . . .

Graceful ferns mostly e v ergreens f pendent habit and consequently o

suitable f cul ture in baskets D l li i d s and its varie ties
, ,

or . av a o e
fu r c ansf splumosa and multi c eps are particularly good f
u r c an or
thi s purpose ; they like a warm house and may be propagated by
, ,

rhi zomes B si and cordifolia are also popular and may b

. au e e
propagated by the tubers whi c h t hey produ c e ; the former i s
,

deciduous E x l tata is a good spe c ies for a hothouse Those t h at

. a . .

produce pores may be increased by t hat means Loam wi t h a

S . .

t hird of leaf mould and sand sui t The evergreens mus t be given
,

a little water in winter and t hey will take l ge quantities bo t h t

, ,

ar a
t he root and overhead in summer
, ,

, .

Nerine ( ner i after Nerine daughter of N eri s Ord Amaryl

-
ne, , n . .

lid )
e ae — S B ulbs
. ee .

Nerium O leander R ose B y ( e ium Ord Apo c ynac eae) or a n r -

. . .

The Oleander is a well known shrub grown in large po t s tubs f

,
-
or or
t he sake of its beautiful double pink flowers It is not di ffi c ul t t
,

. o
grow but it is what gardeners t erm a dir t y plan t— that is mu c h
subj ect t o the at t a c k f insects (s Aphides) It must be kep t l
, ,

o ee . c e an
by regular fumigation sponging it wi ll soon fall in t o bad or , or .

heal th Propagat ion is by c utti ngs in sandy soil under a bell

.

glassor in bo tt les f warm water in spring Loam wi t h a four t h o .

f peat and some sand sui t s and repotting should be done in

, ,

pring After flowering the shoo t s may be trimmed and less water
, ,

S .

given t fi d a rest a f t er whi c h t hey may be started again Ther

o a or
”
, . e
are several named v arieties di ffering in hue but few pe c ialise t he S »

plan t It is poisonous
, ,

. .

Nertera dep ressa B ead Plan t ( é t era from t slowly Ord

,
n r -
n e r e ro . .

R ubiaceae) — A pre t t y lit t le plan t the great charm of whi c h is t h

, ,

. e
abundance f red berries whi c h nestle in the leaves j ust abo v e t h
,

o e
ground ( s the B t i l M g i t I t is a nice creeper
,

ee o a n ca a az n e , .

for the ro c kery but is not qui t e hardy Carpet bedders were won t
, .

to make use f it S ome gardeners establish it on the trunks of

o .

tree ferns Propagation is by division or seeds S andy soil

. . .

Nettin g — A supply of tanned fish net t ing should always be kep t

in gardens as i t is useful for pro t e ct ing seedlings and frui t fro m
birds and in pro t ec t ing fruit blossom wall trees from frost
,

,
on .

N w Zealan d Flax Phormium tenax

e ,
.

N w Zealan d Sp inac h —S
e Kitchen Garden . ee .
2 4 0 E n c y c lop e di a Of G ard e n i n g
Nico tian Tobac c o ( i ti é na after M N i c ot Ord S ol na
a, n co -
. . . a
a is import ant e c onomically becaus
,

— The genus N icoti

c e ae ) . an e
from the lea v es f the species Tabacum is prepared toba c co
o It is .

no t unim portant from the garden point f v iew be c ause it cont i ns o a

several useful garden plan t s no t ably alba generally called fli i s
,

a n
whi c h produ c es sweet white flowers in abundance ; S d
, ,

a
,

an e r ae ,
plant f somewhat simil ar habit to t he latter but taller and w i t h
o ,

r ose magenta flowers ; and sylvestris whi ch grows 4 ft high

or , . ,

an d bears w hi te flowers Alba and S d best treated as . an e rae ar e

h l f hardy annu l s (s Annuals )
a -
S ylvestris may be treated as a
a ee .

h ardy perennial Tomentosa ( l ss ) is sometimes grown for i t s

. co o ea
h andsome foliage .

Ni rem bergia ( i
e m b e gia after S enor Ni m b g Ord
n ere r -
ere er . .

S olana c eae ) —The species gra c ilis is generally grown as a half

,

h ardy annual (s Annuals ) ; it has w hi t e flowers streaked with

ee ,

p urple in summer and grows about 9 ins high (s the B t i l ee o a n ca

Mg i t
.

I t likes sandy loam and abundan c e f water

, ,

. a az n e , . o .

R ivularis is a w hi te fl w d c reeper suitable for pot c ulture -

o ere or

m ois t p t s of the ro c k garden (s t he B t M g t

,

ar ee o . a ., .

Nigella Love i mist D evil i the bush ( from i g bla c k t he

-
n a - - —n - -
n e r,

olour of the seeds Ord R anuncul a c eae) — Pretty hardy annuals

, , ,

c . . . .

S ee Annuals and Lo v e i mist -

n a - -
.

Nights ha de — S S ola um ee ri .

Ni g h tsi l —Human ex c remen t mixed with dry soil

o . ashes and or
l ime and laid up for a few weeks is a good fer t iliser and may be
pplied to soil f Green vegetables S Manures
,

a
. or . ee .

Nitrate s Free nitrogen is not available for plants and c anno t

—

benefi t t hem un t il combined with a mineral t o form a nitrate

,

N i t ra t e f soda is a popul
o form N itrolim ( c al c ium c yanamide) ar . ,

sulphate f ammonia and nit ate of potash also yield nitrogen S

o r . ee

Manures
,

Ni t i fi t i
r — Theca pro c ess by
on which —av i l able ni trogenous non a

m atters are c on v er t ed into compounds that can be taken up by the

r oo t s O f plants The process is performed by bac teria whi c h
.

multiply t he most freely in mois t warm well drained friable soil

,

-
.

The obj ec t f the gardener hould t herefore be t o improve the

, , ,

o S

m echani c l c ondition f his soil

a o .

Nitr b t i o - — A laboratory cul t ure

ac er n e . f the mi c robe Pseudo o

m onas radici c ola whi c h takes free ni t rogen from the atmosphere
d s t ores i t in t he form f nitrates in the root nodules of leguminous
,

a n o -

c rops su c h as Peas E xperimen t s c onducted by the R oyal Horti .

ul t ural S o cie t y t hrow grav e doubts on the value f the prep ation
,

c o ar .

S ee Manures .

N rf l k I slan d Pine Araucaria excelsa

o o ,
.

N w ay Ma p l
or Acer plat anoides e, .

N way S pruce Pi c ea excelsa

or ,
.

N th l o Gold and S ilver Maidenh i rs ( th l ae na from

o c ae n a, a no oc -
,

m t/ms spurious and h l i

o ,
cloak from some appearing to hav e
, c a na, ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 2 4I

an involucre Ord Fili c es) — There are a few very useful ferns
included in this genus notably fii i sa hothouse pecies ; M t
. . .

a n S ar a n ae ,

which also likes a warm house ; sinuata ; and trichomanoides whi t e

, ,

, ,

powdery fronds a good basket plant They may be propagated by .

di vision f the crowns in spring i the case f

,

spores (s Ferns) ee or o n o

t hose with tufty habit Peat wi th pieces f sandstone and ch

,

. o ar

coal uits They must have plenty f water in the soil during t he
,

S . o
growing season but t overhead A light airy position is desi able
,

, no . ,
r .

u
N p h r Yellow Water
a ,
Lily B randy B ottle ( u —phar from the ,
n ,

Arabic name f Ord N ymphaeaceae) N uphar luteum is a

n eu a r. . .
-

hardy B ritish plant with yellow flowers in June It may be .

established in a pond by binding loam and moss round the roo t s

,

and weighting with a stone to sink the mass Propagation is by .

division in spring Advena also bears yellow flowers in summer . .

N t— S
u Corylus and Frui t
ee .

Ny t i i ( y t i —ia O rd S p h l i —S eedsmen O ffer

c er n a n c ) er n . . cr O u ar n e ae .

N y t i i selaginoides a dw f half hardy annual with blue and

c er n a ar -

whi t e perfumed flowers in summer but botanists do not keep up

,

the name F culture s Annuals — Half —h r dy

. or , ee a .

Nym p ha a Water Lily ( nymph é e— after ymph a water nymph

e a, n e, -
.

Ord N ymphaea c eae) — B eau t iful a quati c s the modern hybrid

,

. . ,

forms f which are well worth growing either in shallow ponds

o , ,

pools or tubs S Flower Garden

, . ee .

O k —T o large a tree for most gardens the Oak Quercus

a . o ,

R obur is ne v er t h eless f interest to garden lovers because f its

,

, o , o
fine effect in park and forest It is f course important as a timber . o

tree The H olm Oak Q Ilex ; the Turkey Oak Q cerris ; and the
, ,

. . .
, ,

Cork Oak Q suber are not t large for fairly extensive gardens
, .
,
oo .

S ee al s Quercus o .

O k leave d Ger ni u m Pelargonium q uer c ifolium

a -
a ,
.

O cimum B asilicu m ( B asil ) S Kitchen Garden— Herbs .

-
ee .

Od nt g lossu m ( d
o o t g l O sum from d s tooth and gl s
o s on o S -
o on o a,
t ongue— owing to the tooth like growths the lip Ord O h i d
, , ,

-
on . . rc a
A large and beautiful genus f Or c hids
,

c e ae) . S ome f the best o . o

kinds will thrive in cool houses and are inexpensive Crispum
) is the mos t popular of all Many forms of t his ar as
, .

A
( l e x an d rae . e
cheap as Fu c hsias although t he rarer ones are dear At least . 1 00
forms f t his spe cies alone c ould be named all of which would be
,

a c knowledged by experts as good Like mos t f t he O d t gl s

,

. o on o o
sums it is a moisture loving Or c hid and must never be kept dry at -

the root even in the wi nter In summer there must be abundan c e

,

f root and atmospheric mois t ure grown in po t s

,

o The plants . ar e
in a c ompost f pea t and S phagnum set on a base of crocks tha t
,

o
two thirds fi lls the pot The pseudo bulbs should be abov e t he
-
.
-

brim f t he pot When new roots show towards the end of summer
o .

is a good period f repot t ing or it may be done at the end of winter

or .

A minimum winter temperature f 4 5 will su ffi c e and thi s can be

,

°
o
maintained without hard firing if t he house is adequa tely piped (s
,

ee
Greenhouse— H eating) In h t summer weather steps must be taken . o

Q
2 4 2 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning
t o prevent the plan t s suffering from sun heat and an arid at mosphere
by providing abundant ven t ilat ion by hading and by damping all S
surfa c es The plants themselves hould no t be syringed For
, ,

. S .

detailed treatment f parti c ular pecies see a good modern work o S on

O rchids The following are a few f the bes t pe c ies i t s
. m m o S : c ro u

rose white and yellow swee t several varieties Crispum whi t e

,

spotted but variable in colour ; scores of forms are known for whi c h
, , , , , ,

, ,

consult a special work E d w d i purple and yellow sweet . ar .

Grande yellow and brown very l ge and brilliant se v eral

, ,

ar

varieties Hallii yellow and c ho c olat e many forms ( B t i l

, , ,

. o a n ca
Mg i t
, ,

a az n e , H y m . brown white and yellow several ar r an u , , , ,

varieties Luteo purpureum yellow and brown many varieties

.
-

Maculatum cho c olate yellow and whi t e sev eral v arie t ies N obilis
, , .

i ) whi t e spotted red m any forms Pul c hellum

, , , ,

( syn P s t e c a ore
purple yellow and whi t e sweet ( B t M g t
. .

R ossii w hite
, , , ,

o . a ., .

po tt ed brow ; maj us is a popular v ie t y and there are se v eral

, , , , ,

S n ar

o t hers T i m p h s yellow and brown several varie t ies Uro

,

. r u an
Vexillarium is now known as Miltonia
, , .

s ki nner i yellow and brown .

M
,

ve x i ll i ar a ( s iltonia) ee .

O en thera E vening Primrose ( Oen o thera from i

o s wine and -

o no

imbibing owing to the roo t s being supposed to stimulate

, , , ,

th era ,
drinking O rd O g i ) — Popular and brilliant flowers no t
,

. . na r ar e a e .

all ex c lusively night bloomers They are useful border plants as

,

they will t hrive in mos t soils hardy and bloom freely They
,

, ar e , .

are propagated by seed the perennials also by division preferably

in spring All bloom in summer and have yellow flowers ex c ept
, ,

where otherwi se stated The following are a few f t he best . o :

biennis a biennial 3 ft high ; g d i fl ( syn Lamar c kiana) is a . ran or a .

large variety of it Caespi t osa whi t e ft ( syns eximia and mar

, ,

M
. . .

t
,

t c
,

g i t
na a ) a perennial Fru i osa 3 f ( B t i l g i t 33 ) . . o a n ca a az n e , . 2

v t t
, ,

Y ou n g i i is a plendid ariety f i ; S hese perennials Glauca o ar e .

3 ft ( B t M g t
,

o a p erennial ; Fraseri is a good variety

a . .

Missouriensis ( B t M g t
. . .

is a yellow perennial trailer

,

o . a . . .

Taraxa c ifolia white also trailer is beau t iful but t hardy ( syn
,

, ,
. a , , no .

acaulis) .

Ol d M Cact s ( Pil ocereus senilis )

an S Cactusu .
-
ee .

Ol d M an s B ard C lema t is Vi t alba

’
e ,
.

Ol ean d er — S N i m . ee er u .

Olearia ( ole ria from l olive tree Ord Composi t ae) — Use
'

ei -
o ea , . . .

ful e v ergreen shrubs Haas t ii whi c h is a dense grower is hardy

,

and has attra ct ive white flowers in summer is particularly good

, , ,

I t grows 4 to 5 ft high It may be plan t ed 4 f t apart in autumn

,

. . . .

It is not very par t i c ular as t o soil if no t s t iff and wet Ilicifolia

also with whi t e flowers is Musk s c en t ed Ma crodonta is handsome
, . ,

-
.

but not quite hardy S t l l l t ( syn E urybia Gunniana) has

,

. e u a a .

beau t iful flowers Propaga t ion is by seeds in a frame in spring .

cu tt ings f mature wood under a hand light in summer and by layers

,

o -

in au t umn .

O m p hal d s N a v elwort ( omphal o des from mph l s the navel

o e ,
-

, o a e , ,

an d i d slike in allusion to the seed

e o , Ord B gi e ) — A small
,
. . ora nea .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 2 4
3
genus comprising tw very pret t y hardy herbaceous plants on e or o .

a h rdy annual with whi t e flowers is the Venus s N avel

,
’
Li i f l i n o a, a
wor t ; i t grows about 9 ins high The same popular name o f t en
, ,

. . IS

applied to verna a dwarf spring blooming perennial w ith blu -

e
flowers in March L i l i is a charming blue summer blooming
,

uc ae -

Al pine for rockeries (s the B t i l M g i

.

t They ee o an ca a az n e , .

can be raised from seeds in spring the perennials also by div ision ;
t parti c ular as to soil
,

they ar e n o .

O i di m (
o
nc i d ium from u gk s a tumour in allusion to t h
on c -
o o e
the lip Ord O r c hida c eae) — A l ge and attracti v
, , ,

growths on . . . ar e
genus f Or chi ds c omprising some 3 spe c ies with a large numbe
o 00 r
They are allied to the Odon t oglossums
, ,

o f varieties and hybrids .

and the c ultural remarks made under t hat subj e c t apply t o O i

,

nc

d i m s bu t the spe c ies with lea t hery leaves need less wa t er when
u

t he growth is complete and only enough should be given t o keep

,

t he pseudo bulbs from shrivelling They differ a good deal i

,

-
. n
respe ct t o hea t requirements and any wh desires t o grow a one o
c olle ction should c onsul t a special modern work on Or c hids Th
,

. e
following are a few f the prin c ipal species Con c olor yellow o :
M y bloomer c ool house ( B t i l M g i t
, ,

a Crispum o an ca a az n e ,

brown summer and winter cool house ( B t M g t

, . ,

For o a .,

1 house ( B t M g
. .

i i brown margined yellow au t umn

, ,

b s e 00 0 o . a
t m brown and yellow spring ho t house
, , , ,

K m i ra e r an u

Macran t hum pring brown purple white and yellow c ool house
. , , .
,

S
M s
, , , , , , .

h lli
ar m yellow and brown su m mer cool house
a an u Papilio .

red and yellow spring hothouse ( B t i l R g i st t

, , , ,

o a n ca e er, .

Phalaenopsis white purple and violet cool house S ar c odes

, ,

brown and yellow pring in t ermediate house Tigrinum yello w

, , , , ,

, S , . ,

barred brown 1 house

,

, 000 .

Oni n S Kit c hen Garden

o .
-
ee .

On c lea ( o le the Greek name Ord Fili c es ) — A smal l

on o c -
a, . . .

genus f hardy ferns the finest member f which is Germani c a t h

o o e
O strich Fern also known as S tru t hiopteris Germani c a This is a
, ,

noble plan t for a sheltered plac e near the margin f a s tream wher
,

o e
its stoloniferous roots c an ramble in mois t soil I t c an be p p
,

gated by divisions f these roots S en s

. ro a
ibilis is a much smalle o . r
S pe c ies g owing only about f t high
, r 2 . .

On ni s R es t Harrow (
o O nis from
, s an ass and mi t on -
on o one o
delight in referen c e to the ass s enj oyment of it as food Ord
, , , ,
’
, . .

Leguminosae) — Two three members of this large genus are wort h

. or
growing in the ro c k garden notably ar v ensis t he R est Harrow , ,

which produces rose and white flowers in summer stems a f w

,

on e
inches high ; rotundifolia a dwarf s h ub wi t h rose flowers in summe r r

( s t he B t i l M g i
,

ee t and the fine variety of t h

o a n ca a az n e , . e
latter c alled plendens They are not parti c ular as to soil and
S . ar e
easily raised from seed in spring when the perennials may b
,

, e
divided .

On s m oGolden D rop ( on esma from o s an ass and sm

a, -
no o a,
small in reference to its attra c tion for the ass Ord B g i
, , ,

) . . ora ne ae .

A small genus f charmi ng hardy rock plants t he most graceful f

,

o , o
2 44 E n c y c lop e di a o f G a rd e ning
which is T i m a v iety of stellulatum ; it grows about a foot
au r c u ar
hi gh and p roduces its charming it on c oloured flowers in M y ( s
,

C r -
a ec
l M g i
,

B t i
o a n ca t aIt thri v es in limestone and sandy
az n e , .

s oils if put in positions w here damp cannot lodge round t h plan t s e

in win t er I t may be propagated by seeds in spring O ther pretty
. .

O no s m s are alba rosea whi c h hould be raised annually from

a -
S
c utti gs ; B g i and echioides ; the first has rose and white
,

n our ae
flowers the lat ter p l e yellow ones
,

, a .

Onych iu m ( on ych ium from yx a claw in allusion to t he hape on S

-

f t he lobes Ord Fili c es) — A sm l l genus f ferns the mos t

, , ,

o . . . a o
popular f which is Japoni c um a spe c ies which loses most of i t s
,

fronds in winter but is very graceful when in full growt h I t

,

th i v es in a compost of peat loam and sand w i t h c har c oal and

,

r
may be propaga t ed by di vision Very li tt le wa t er is needed in
, , , ,

winter Auratum an e v ergreen is also met wi t h ; it likes a hot

.
, ,

house .

Op h rys (O p h ys from p
-
h y s an reyebrow in allusion t o t he
o r

sepal f i ge Ord Or c hidaceae) — I n t eresting Or c hids mostly

, , ,

r n . . .

hardy Apifera is the B Or c his aranifera the S pider Or c his

,

. ee
the Humble B Or c his and mus c ifera the Fly Or c h i s
, ,

b m bi l i f
o e ra ee .

All may be grown in sandy limestone soil in the rock g den and or ar
may be propaga t ed by division
,

Op ium P ppy Papaver somniferumo , .

Op untia ( Indian Fig Prickly Pear ) —S Cac t us , . ee .

Orange ( Citrus Aurantium ) — S Fruit . ee .

O rch r d — S a Fruit ee .

O rchar d h use — S -
Fruit
o . ee .

O rchids — A t no very remote p riod Orc hi ds were regarded wi t h e

something akin t o w by the maj ori t y of flower lovers and were a e
c onsidered to be the monopoly f weal t hy people who could afford
,

o
t o c onstruct expensive houses and employ skil led speci l ists for a
t heir plants The maj ori t y of amateurs never felt that they could
.

indulge a homely love for Or c hids as they could f R oses S wee t or

Peas and ferns The plants were in fa c t aliens That feeling
,

. .

h s now be c ome mod i fied considerably

, , ,

a and w begin to find e

ama t eurs of small means growing Or c hids It must be admitted
,

t hat t he plan t s need spe c ial s t udy and that t he maj ori t y require
more hea t and mois t ure than o t her plants grow under glass The
,

n .

reason f this is t ha t t hey c ome from tropical c oun tri es where the
o

a t mosphere is sat urated and highl y heated There are however

,

c ertain Or c hids whi c h may be grown under cool c ondit ions and so
, ,

from t hese being pecies f no importance they include Cyp i

,

f ar S o r

p d
e i um insig e and its varieties
n and hybrids whi c h are among the
most popular wi t h the c ognos c en t i D isa g d i fl is an Orchid
,

. r an or a
t hat will thrive in a cool house and another is the beautiful honey
cen t ed Z n p t l m M k yi a gra c eful plant blooming in winter
,

s e a u ac a .

The lo v ely Odontoglossum crispum f whi ch t here are many ex

,

o
c c
,

q i
u s i t forms
e l so thrives under cool
a onditions Or hi ds are l l . a

d istinguished by flowers of stou t texture and t hi s m eans tha t t hey

,

,
 E n c ycl o pe di a o f
G ard e nin g 2 45

last well when cut The maj ority hav e a re fi ned appearance want
.

ing in most other flowers The di fferent kinds are grown in po t s .

blo c ks ac c ording to their habit Th

,

pans baskets and

or on . e
terrestri l kinds are grown in fibrous pea t and S phagnum moss
, , ,

a ,

with a littl e charcoal and the pots pans are liberally drained , or
with crocks ; the epiphytes are grow in baskets with a little moss n ,

or bound with wire on blocks and hung in a w m moist house ar , .

The maj ority have a resting and a growing season ; in the forme r

they require very lit t le water in the latter a great deal Mos t .

form what are c alled pseudo bulbs fleshy swellings be tween t h

,

e
c ollar and the leaf In a s t ate f na ture these store moisture in
,
'

. o
the rainy season for use in the dry period The prin c ipal Or chid s .

are Cattleyas Cypripediums D endrobiums Odontoglossums and

O ncidiums These and o t hers are dealt with under their w
, , , ,

. o n

names in this work Orchid flowers di ffer from others in several .

important parti c ulars The stamens and pistil are c ombined in .

the c olumn ; there is only one anther ex c ept in the Cyp ripediums
whi c h have two ; and the pollen is in masses t in dust like grains
, ,

no -
.

The thi d inner segmen t known as the labellum lip is generally

,

r or

t he most prominent feature ; in Cypripediums i t forms a pou c h ;

, ,

and the two lower sepals are merged in t o one.

Orchis ( O hi s O rd Orchi daceae) — The h dy Or c hids are an

r C
-
. . . ar

in t eresting c lass and some are natives f Great B ritain Th o . e

maj ori t y do well a limestone soil and sti ff land c halk should
,

on on
be added They enj oy c ool shady spo t s Transpla ting and
,

. . n
di vision are best done in autumn as they flower in spring Th
,

. e
a few of t he best foliosa to 3 ft high purpl
,

following ar e : 2 e

(B t i l M g i
, . ,

o a n ca t latifolia
a ft
az n e , purplish red t h 1 .,
-
e
Marsh O rchis ; t he Glasnevin variety f this is a handsome pot t ed
. , ,

o S

form ; t here is also a white c lled alba ; maculata ft purple and a 1 .,

white ; t here is a fine form of it called superba ; militaris 5 f t

,

1 »

purple the S oldier Orchis ; morio 9 ins purple the green winged
,

Meadow Or c his ; papilionacea purple the B utterfly Or c his ; and

.
, , , ,

purpurea t o ft purple S l s Ophrys

, ,

,
1 2 ., . ee a o .

O m C d ll i (
re o c o e o me an Ord Umbelliferae) A hand
o e ore oc -
. . .
-

some plant wi t h fern like foliage sometimes used f summe -

, or r
bedding It is best kept in pots in winter in plain soil to check its
.

natural grossness A go d deal O f water is required Propagation

,

. o .

is by cuttings seed It is synonymous with S l i m tenuifolium

or . e nu .

Origanum (Marj oram ) — S Kit c hen G den— Herbs . ee ar .

Ornith galum S t ar
o f B e t hlehem ( i t h Og alum from is
o orn -
orn
bird and g l m ilk Ord Lilia c eae) — S B ulbs
, , ,

, a a, . . . ee .

Ornus ( Flowering Ash) — S Fraxinus . ee .

Or bus B i t ter Vet c h ( O obus from

o ,
t o ex c ite and b s an r -

, o ro , , oa

in reference to its supposed stimulating vi tues as food O rd

,

ox, r . .

Leguminosae) —One tw of these hardy herbaceous perennials

. or .
o
are good enough for t he garden notably vernus purplish blue a -

pring bloomer growing abou t a foot high and si tabl e f t he

, , ,

S u or
rockery ; there are several v arieties of it differing in colour (s t h
,

, ee e
2
4 6 E n c y c lop e
di a o f G ard e ning
B i l Mg i
o ta n c a t Pannonicus with purple and white
a az n e ,

flowers in M y ft hi gh is l so useful They t hri ve in light

. ,

a 1 . a .

di vi sion spring
, ,

l o amy so i l and are propagated by seeds

, or in .

Os m nth s( osman thus from s

a m perfume and
u h s flower o e, a nt o .

O d Oleaceae ) — Ev ergreen shrubs f which i l i i f li sa v ariety f

, , ,

r . . o c o u o
A quifolium is the bes t t here are se v er l forms d i fl i g in the
, ,

; a er n
wi t h v ariegated
, ,

S hape and colo r f the leaves including u o , one

foliage Fragrans ( syn O lea fragrans ) has white perfumed flowers
. .

d not being quite hardy is sometimes grown in po t s

,

an They like .

andy
s loam and may be propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy
,

p eat .

Os m n d R oyal Fern ( s
u a, m da a Cel t ic deity Ord Filices) o ii n
‘

-
. . .

T h Osmundas are among t he most stately f ferns and some are

,

e o
The clusters of porangia near the tips f the fronds hav e
,

h rdy
a . S o
e arned f them the name Flowering Fern R egalis is t he fi nest f
or . o

a ll and t his makes a noble companion for t he Os trich Fern in a c ool

heltered humid spot a t the wa t erside where i t may be found at a
, ,

s
h eigh t f 7 It is the handsomest f all t he Bri tish ferns
, ,

o8 ft or . o
d t here are se v eral forms f it notably cris t ata gra c il i s and
,

an o , ,

p l ustris B ipinnata and c innamomea

,

a . handsome Osmundas ar e ,

b t they are not hardy

u .

Ostrich Fern — S Onoclea ee .

Os tr w s ki om g ifi ( st Ow skia
a Ord Campanulaceae)
a n ca o r -
. . .

A beautiful Campanula like hardy herbaceous perennial growing -

It
,

3 to 5 ft high and be ing large pale blue flowers in summer

. ar .

l ikes a sheltered but sunny spo t and a friable loamy soil wi t h

,

Propagation is by seeds in spring I t seeds

, ,

w ater in dry weather . .

freely where it makes itself at home .

Ota hei t e Orang — S Greenhouse— Orange e ee .

O is i
ur ( i s ia a Ord S h
our
p l i ) A
-
small . genus f . cro u ar n e a e .
-
o

h ard y herbaceous perennials spe c ies f which co cc inea isa one o

beau tiful lit tle plan t bearing its scarle t flowers in abundance in
, , ,

ummer stems abou t a foo t hi gh It loves moist pea t y soil in a

,

S on .

shady pl ace P p g t i is by seed and division in spring S t he

,

r0 a a on . ee

l M g i
.

B t i
o a n ca t 5335 a az n e . .

O vir n dr
u Lat tice leaf Plan t ( i a dra from t he na t ive
a a, ou v r n -

n ame f wateror y m i d a O d-
N d a) — A ingular
o u v ra n r no. r . a 1a ac e a e S
quati c whose lace like transparen t green leaves are f g ea t
,

a o r

in t erest and lit tle beau t y I t should be planted in loam and

, ,

no .

s ubmerged in water tha t is kept lukewarm and should be given a

hady posi tion in a w m house The species is f st li s and
,

S ar . e ne ra

m odern botanists call i t Aponoge t on f

,

st l is ene ra .

Ov ry — The par t f a flower lying below t he pis t il which c on

a . o

t ains the unfertilised seeds c l led o v ules In plan ts where i t is

, ,

a .

above the pet l s it is c alled a superior o vary ;

,

formed wi thin or a

w here behind below inferior The o v ary is considered to have

or .

d e v eloped like the petals from a leaf

,

, , .

Oxal i s Wood S orrel ( Ox al is from ys acid i allusion t o t he -

or , , n

f the lea v es Ord Geraniaceae) A l ge genus v r iable

, ,

a cidity o ar a
-
. . . ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng 2 4
7
in duration some being annuals and others perennials The .

maj ori t y are low growers and ramble freely so t ha t t hey may be
,

used for rockwork f hanging pans The three fold c harac t er of

,

or or -
.

the foliage f t he spe c ies A c e t osella has led t o its being sold as
o
S hamro c k ; the flowers are whi t e and are produced in spring ; the
plant will t hrive in a c ool shady part f t he rockery B eyond t his
,

o .

the most popular pe c ies are c ernua pring greenhouse yellow

,

S S ,

good for hanging pans ; corni c ulata rubra yellow flowers and purple
, , ,

foliage hardy ; D eppei red flowers in spring greenhouse ; fl i ,

or

bunda rose greenhouse pring perhaps t he mos t generally useful

, ,

S
t 3) O tg i si i yellow green
, , , ,

o f all ( s the B t i l R gi seet o an ca e e r, . 1 12 r e , ,

house summer ; purpurata (syn B w i ) purple greenhouse o e an a

autumn ; and rosea rose greenhouse spring ( B t i l M g i
, . , , ,

o a n ca . a az n e ,

The hardy kinds will t hrive in ordinary soil

,

4 5 and
, ,

tt . 2 1 .

Those in po t s pans may have loam ligh t ened wi t h leaf mould or

and sand S e veral are tuberous and form offsets by which they
,

may be propaga t ed ; the herba c eous sorts may be divided

,

C x y D aisy C hrysanthem um Leucanthemum

-
e e ,
.

Oxli p Primula elatior , .

Oxy ra ( y fi u Ord C ompositae ) — O

ox h ys t h m i d sis a
-
ra. . . . c r an e o e
yellow hardy annual synonymous with Layia C l l i g l ss For ,
a o a.
culture s Annuals , ee .

P nia Paeony (p o nia aft er D Paeon Ord R

ae o ,
l ae -

,
r. . . an u n c u a
c e ae) — S .Flower Garden ee .

Palm Date Phoenix d tyl i f, ,

ac e r a.

P l ma Christi R icinus c ommunis

a ,
.

P l ms —These noble plants serve several useful purposes As

a . .

l ge spe c imens t hey are good for forming bold groups in c onserva
ar
t ories and halls nd platforms ; while as small plants t hey are a on

good for rooms They are dis t inguished by broad generally deep .

green and oft en elegantly cu t leaves In most cases t hey are easy
,

t o grow but all are t equally suit able for growing in t o large spe c i no
mens for rooms They are raised from seed whi c h are pu t in
,

or .

po t s and plunged in bo tt om hea t The maj ori t y will t hrive in a

,

c ompos t f loam ( 3 parts) lea f mould or de c ayed manure ( par t)

o 1
.

and sand N ice plan t s c an be grown in 6 i po t s They do no t

, ,

.
-
n. .

need frequen t repot t ing and i t hould only be done when t he pots S

ge t crowded wi t h roo t s ; in t his case a ct in pring The pots should

,

S .

be well drained ( s D rainage) as a good deal of wa t er will be ee

required in t he growing season Very li ttle need be given in win t er

,

. .

I t is an aid t o keeping room palms healthy to s t and t hem outside

when a soft shower is falling in summer O therwise the foliage .

S hould be sponged on c e a week wi t h soft lukewarm wa t er Weak .

liquid m anure may be given once a week when t he plants are well
,

rooted S o t water wi t h half an ounce of superphosphate per

. o -

gallon is ex c ellent The following are useful palms Are c a (

,

, . : or
Ch ysli d
r p s
a ) lutescens ( ) Chamaerops humilis Cocos Wedde
o c ar u r , ,

liana Geonoma gracilis ( ) Kentia ( Howea) B l m

. ( ) r or e o r e an a r

K F st i Latania borbonica ( Li vistona chinensis) ( ) Livi

, ,

. or e r an a , r ,
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ni ng
s t ona au stralis Phoenix canariensis ( ) P re clina t a P rupi c ola
'
r . .

and Tra c hyc arpus excelsa ( ) Those marked ( ) are good for
, , , ,

r . r

rooms Co c os W d d l i is a good table . e e an a

palm and C hamaerops humilis is suitable
for plan t ing ou t in summer
,

Pamp as Gras s— S Gynerium ee .

P ncr tium (p é tium from p all a a an c r -

an ,
and k tys potent— supposed medi c inal
, ,

ra ,

value Ord A m yl li d ) — S B ulbs . . ar e ae . ee .

P n d anus S crew Pine (panda nus from a -

the Malay name p d g Ord Pan

, ,

an an . .

— Handsome foliage evergreens

d ) an e ae .

wi t h pointed strap shaped leaves some

,

, ,

variegated They are useful for intro .

d i g to conservatory groups pe c ialuc n on S

P P
S sj s
ROP A G A TI
E o cc asions
G and for t able
ND A N U S E S
de c ora t ion .

L
,

D fi gji S il
y
oam with a fourth
’
f peat and some o
sand sui t s t hem They may be p p
,
I a na o
. ro a

gated by su c kers in bottom heat in a hothouse They like a ligh t

,

posi t ion and only need hade from s trong sun The house hould S . S
be vaporised o c casionally t o keep down i nsec t s The following are
,

a few f the best B p ti stii green and yellow ; S anderi green and
o : a

yellow ; and Vei tc hii green banded with whi t e

, ,

, .

Pani cle — A inflores c en c e the bran c hes of whi c h are di v ided

,
'

. n ,

irregularly .

Pani c um (p a i um from p i l m a panicle Ord G ramineae)

n -
o , a n cu u , . . .

Graceful Grasses suitable for pot culture

-

and easy to grow They t h ive in loam

, ,

r
. ,

with a third f leaf mould and some sand o ,

and are easily propagated by division .

The most popular spe c ies is variega t um

a gra c eful green and whi t e trailer suitable
,

for pot c ul t ure in the greenhouse ; botan

is ts now call i t O p l i s m sB m ii enu ur an n .

I t must not be c onfused wi t h P virga t um .

whi c h is a hardy perennial with ilvery

,

leaves .

P nsy (Viola tricolor) O ne f the

a .
-
o

greatest garden fav ourites growing in ,

most soil s that are not very poor and

dry and easily propagated by seeds in
spring and by cuttings in au t umn The
,

seeds are bes t sown in boxes in February

,

or Mar c h and the plan t s started in a

frame greenhouse t hen pri c ked ou t in t o p
,

or m p s ANS I E
other boxes and put t in M y A dress
, RO P A G A T G BY
C m s
ou a . urr c .

ing f W manure improves t he ll and L g l st b m d

O CO SO x ar e e a ve o e re o ve
d
, .

s li s f li quid manure will hel I t he s

,

L fl t b m ea et o e re o ve
B d t b l f B
2 .

e
o
t
e

i
l
s s
P an t c on tS grow
0 in g and fi W i lnue
3
t i g 5 D p h i st
f
O r n0
d °
.

tn
u o e e t.
t
4. a e
to n e r
o

S uckers from t he base may be inserted 3ins

cu . . e .

apart in a c old frame in early au t umn and if brown aphis is kept

nder they will make good flowers the following sp ing S e d can
,

u r . e
 di a of G ard e n i ng E n c y c lop e
2 4
9
be bought in separa t e c olours to come true The named t ufted .

hybrid Violas are t as a rule av ailable from see d

,

Pansies or no
and are propagated by suckers like the o t her Pansies These mak
, , , , ,

. e
beau t iful lines and beds if plan t ed in April in fertile soil and giv en
li quid manure and mulchi ng Th ey continue to flower best if th . e
blossoms are pi c ked frequen t ly Ar c hie Grant plum C ountess f . , ; o
Hopetoun white ; L k cream Picotee edge ; I th i l azure ;
, ar , , ur e ,

R oyal S overeign yellow ; Pri mrose D ame light yellow ; True B lue
blue ; J B R iding mau v e ; and Wm N eil lav ender are a f w
, , ,

. . , . , , e

good varieties The Pansy is an exhibition flower of some import

.

an c e in S c otland where two c lasses S how and Fan c y are grow n .

The latter have the largest and most richly marked flow ers Ali c
, , ,

Lister Co stance Abercromby James M N b M s Ferg son M s

.

n c a r . u r

J S ellars Ms Wm S in c lair N eil MK y and R obert MC gh i

, , , , .
‘ ‘
. r . . a au e
are beau t iful varie t ies
, , ,

P p aver Poppy (p p é ver from p p thick milk j ui c e Ord

a a -
a a, or . .

Papavera c eae) —Few garden flowers are more familiar t han t h

, ,

. e
br i lliant if fleeting Poppies both the annual and t he perennial kinds
being esteemed The S hirley Poppies wi t h their pretty shimmer
,

among t he mos t c harming f annuals ; they origi

,

ing flowers ar e o
nafed from the C orn P p p y P R hoeas The double Paeony
,

O . .

l Poppies c ame from P somniferum the O pium Poppy a

,

fl w o ere c .

t all annual These doubles are splendid plants growing t o 3 ft

, ,

. , 2 .

high and bearing large brilliant flow ers which last better than th e
singles The I c eland Poppy is P nudicaule a dwarf grower sui t
, ,

. .

able for grouping in the ro c k garden ; there are orange yellow and
,

white forms ; this plan t is bes t trea t ed as a biennial (s B iennials)

, ,

ee .

S ee the B t i l I ll g i t 6 33 Orientale f whi c h brac

o a n ca a az n e , . 1 . o

t m is a good form is t he grand oriental Poppy a perennial with

,

t ea u

brilliant flowers ; many named varie t ies are now o ffered by florists
, ,

(s th B t M g t
ee e t
Umbrosum scarlet wi t h bla c k spots
o . a ., .

is a handsome P p p y ; i t may be grown i th as an annual

, ,

O e er or
a biennial The Poppies will t hrive in almost any soil Propaga
. .
~

t ion is by seeds and in the case of the perennials also by divisio n

and root c u tt ings
,

Para d isea — S Anthericum . ee .

P ffi — Para ff n i l
ara petroleum is useful t o the gardener s
n i o or a
an insec t icide especially when combined wi t h sof t soap to form
, ,

an emulsion and well dilu t ed wi t h water The soap should b

,

. e
boiled the paraffin stirred in while the solution is hot and t h
, , e
whole churned up in a tub f water by means f a yringe A o o S .

pound O f so ft soap and half a pint f p ra ffin su f ce for 6 gallons o a fi

o f water Paraffin oil may be dabbed on to pat c hes f Ameri c an

. o
blight in a crude state with a small brush but i t should t b , no e
allowed to run the bark on .

Pari sD aisy — S C hrysanthemum frutescens (Marguerite) ee .

P ris Gree — A arsenical compound on c e mu c h used by fruit

a n n
growers for spraying to trees in pring for t he purpose f poison
,

on S o
ing caterpillars bu t now dis c arded b y many in favour of arsenat e,

paste If used it should not be at a greater strength than lb to

.
, 1 .
 2 5 0 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng

2 00 gallons f water d it must be kept well mixed

o it will, a n or
d estroy the foliage Fruit enemies
,

S . ee .

P rn ssia ( parn ass ia after Mount Parnassus Ord S i f g )

a a -

, . . ax ra e ae .

— A pre t ty B ri t ish bog plant with white flowers in su mmer S , . ee

F lower Garden .

Parr t beak Plant Clianthus

o -
, .

P arsley — S Kitchen Garden

. ee .

P arsl y Fern C ryptogramme crispa

e , .

P arsni p — S Kitchen Garden

. ee .

P artri d ge Berry S Gaultheria .

-
ee .

P s s ifla Passion Flower (p ss

o r a, i flO from p ssi su ffering and a -
ra, a o,
flower the flowers sugges t ing t he Cru c ifixion Ord Passi
,

fl so . .

— B eautiful and interesting c limbers

, ,

fl ore ae) . f which the best o

known is c aerulea t he Passion Flower ; it bears its familiar
,

purple blue and white flowers in summer (s the B t i l JlI g ee o a n ca /

a a

The whi t e variety Constan c e E lliott is n arly as

,

i
z ne , t . e
popular as the blue These P ssi fl sare so nearly hardy tha t
, ,

. a or a
they may be risked ou t doors except in c old exposed places and
may be used on arches d pergolas They may be propaga t ed by
, ,

an .

c u tt ings f young shoots under a hand ligh t or by seeds sown as

o -

s oon as ripe in a frame greenhouse Of the t ender P ssi fl s or . a ora

dulis wi t h purple and whi t e flowers in summer and edible fruits
,

e
alled Granadillas likes a hothouse ; in c a nata purple green and
, ,

c r

white an herbaceous perennial t ha t will t h rive in t he greenhouse ;

, , , ,

an d quadrangularis ( B t i l R gi s t t viole t red and white o a n ca e er, .

fl owers in autumn f ollowed by greenish e d ible frui t s if the flowers

, ,

impregna t ed by hand likes a ho t house t he bes t known

,

a re ar e .

T hey are bet t er plan t ed ou t t han in po t s so long as t he border is

, ,

t made so large and ri c h as to en c ourage luxurian c e whi c h is

,

no
i nimi c al t o flowering E qual part s f loam and pea t with sand sui t
,

. o .

Y oung hoots may be s tru c k in hea t in summer if kept c lose Thin

, ,

S .

t h growths af t er flowering to prevent c rowding

e Avoid tying t he .

s hoo t s in stiffl y .

Path s— S Walks ee .

Paul w nia (p l O w i aft er a member f t he R ussian dynas t y

o au -
n a, o .

— Imperialis is a handsome deciduous tree

O d Sr .
p h l
cr oi ) u ar n e a e .

from Japan growing 3 t o 4 f t high and wi t h large leaves whi c h .

m ake i t sui t able for bedding u t

, , ,

It likes a loamy soil Propaga o . .

t ion is by cu t tings of young shoots in summer inser t ed in sandy

oil under a hand ligh t or in a frame In cold districts a sheltered
,

s -

, .

p lace should be provided .

P (
ea Green ) — S Kitchen Garden . ee .

P Sw et — S
ea, S weet Pea
e ee .

P ach — S Fruit
e . ee .

P ac ck Iris Iris Pavonia

e o ,
.

P nn — S
e Fruit ee .

P t — Compressed and deco m posed v egetable matter

ea There are .

l owland and upland peats ; the former are used f fuel the la tt er or , ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 2 51

which is sandy for pot t ing c omposts and for Azaleas R h d d o o en

sand other pea t loving plan t s B rown fibrous peat is preferred

, ,

dron -
.

Orchids The different ki ds f peat c an be bought at nurseries

,

for . n o
and from dealers in hor t icultur l sundries a .

P lar g nium S t ork s b i ll (p l g o nium from p l g s a stork

e o
’
-
e ar -
e ar o
in allusion to t he seed pod Ord Gerania c eae) —A large and i m
, , , ,

. . .

portan t genus whi c h in c ludes the popular Zonal Geranium (s

, ee
Geranium Z onal ) The plants generally ‘

grown under t he name Pelargonium hav e

,

plain green leaves somewha t c upped and ,

fringed but not zoned or variegated They .

are free blooming and t he c olours are bril

,

liant so they are well wor t h growing Like

,

t he Zonal they were more importan t in past

,

years t han t hey are now and when florists

grew t hem f exhibi t ion they made various
,

or
c lasses such as S how R egal and Fan c y P ’ E L
a cc ording to the type of flower The plan t s
, , , ,

i
P RU N N AR
g iSZ
‘ '

kept exclusively for p t culture They Af

““
o L
ar e o .

are grown in w m greenhouses and some fi mi

i l f gfé gg is gé
ar
w’t r o v ’
t
times pu t in room windows when in bloom st ms i p h p l s
,
’ a
en t an t
t b k 1s1 sm
h w f mF s hh . e r e are

After flowering t hey are stood in a sunny cu ac a o n. re

place ou t doors and water is withheld gi r h t 5 ro t e

t hus bringing growth to a standstill

, ,

After a brief res t the branches are pruned back to short stumps
t he plan t s are watered syringed replaced in t he greenhouse
,

and star t ed into fresh grow t h Plants in 6 i

, , ,

7i pots may .
-
n . or -
n.

grow nearly a yard t hrough Loam with a four t h of decayed .

manure and some sand sui t s them They may be propagated by

,

c uttings f the prunings inserted in sandy soil in a frame Loam

,

o .

with a t hird of dried c ow manure and some sand suits Very lit t le
, ,

water is needed i win t er when they should hav e a light pla c e in a

,

greenhouse S taking and t ying will be ne e ded as each bran c h

,

must be clear f i t s neighbour The following

,

o good varieties . a re :

S ho w . D eco r a ti ve .
A c hievemen t E u charis
B lue B eard Triomphe de S t Mandé .

Margueri t e V l t é Nationale
O on
R oyal As c o t album
F a n c y. R e ga l .
B ridesmaid ush Hill B eau t y B
D e l i c atu m Madame Thibau t
Ro i des Fantaisies Persimmon
S ims R ee v es Prin c ess B eatri c e
The C p P l g i msare an interes t ing c lass S ome hav e hand
a e e ar on u .

some foliage others have scented leaves They are less grown now .

t han they used to be bu t one meets with t hem occasionally The

,

, .

maj ority evergreen hrubs but a few are herbaceous ; all need
ar e S
a g eenhouse C api t a t um rose flowers in June has R ose scen t ed
,

r . . ,
-
2
5 2 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e ning

leav es Ci t i d m white summer is Citron scented Fragrans

. r o or u , , ,
-
. ,

whi te veined red summer has a smell f nutmeg Radula purple

, , , o .
, ,

J une is B l sam scented Tomentosum whi te summer smells of

, a -
. , , ,

peppermint Quercifolium is interesting as having Oak haped

.
-
S
leaves and I q i sand Zon l e as parents of t he popul Zonal
n u n an a ar
Geranium E d l i h i m differs from the maj ori t y in being
,

. n c e r an u

herba c eous All may be grown in a large cool airy greenhouse

. or
c onservatory and need li ttle water in winter Loam wi t h a thi d
, ,

, . ,
r

o f leaf mould and sand suits Propagation is by seeds i pring . n S

cu tt ings in au t umn I y l d P l g i msare popular bo t h
, ,

or . v -
e a ve e ar on u

for garden and pot culture They make beau t iful beds and are
,

also suitable for hanging baske t s and pill v ases on bal c onies and
,

ar
at the side f steps Propaga t ion and soil are the same as for
o .

Zonal Geraniums (s Geranium ) Achievemen t B eau t y of Castle ee

Hill Jeanne d A Madame G rousse Queen of R oses Ry ft
. ,
’
rc , e cro
S urprise and S ou v en i r de Charles Turner are good double varieties
, , ,

La France and Masterpiece are good singles Madame G rousse is

.
,

one of the best bedders .

Pelican Fl w er Aristolochi a gigas o ,

.

Pennyr yal —S Kit c hen Garden— Herbs

o . ee .

Pen tas ( p e tas from p t five the number f petals and

n -
en e , , o
stamens O rd R ubia eae) A small genus f hothouse hrubs f
,

. . c .
-
o S o
sp cies is grown to any extent and tha t is c arnea a
,

w hi ch only on e e

sb h ub growing about 8 ins high wi t h pale pink flowers in

, ,

u -
S r 1 .

au t umn and winter ( B t i l M g i

,

o a n ca a az n e ,

t k m s i and Q ti i are . er e na u ar n an a

varieties f i t Loam wi t h sand and a o .

thi rd f leaf mould suits Propagation o .

is by cutti ngs f young shoots in a o

propaga t ing c ase .

Pentstemon (p t ste mon from p t en -

, en e,

five and st m stamen in allusion to e on ,

'

the s t amens Ord S p h l i

, ,

) . . cro u a r n e ae .

A plendid genus f hardy herbaceous S o

perennials sometimes sub hrubby as -
S
th ey may hold t heir stems t h ough the
, ,

r
wi n t er The dwarf spe cies are charmi g . n
for t he rocke y while the taller larger r , ,

fl is ts varieties are magnificent bed

,
’
or or
border plants There are few soils in .

which t hey wi ll no t t hrive given a fair

amoun t f moisture ; while they are
,

easi ly propaga t ed by seed O cu tt ings r

G ING P E N E M N If the seed is so wn in a warm house
.

PROP A AT TS T O S

A cuttm
in winter the plants
gggggéggi t m frame spr ng and planted t early
r
f
r
hardened in a c old
au u n.
,

Dph i s
1 e t to n e rt.
in i , ou in
.

summer they flower well the same year .

Cu ttings of t he best varieties may be taken in autumn and pu t in

sandy soil in a c old frame ; should t he plants be t full of bloom to
,

oo
form suitable grow t hs for c ut t ings the flower St ems may be removed ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 2 5
3
in late summer and t he plants t op dressed to en c ourage fresh shoo t s -

from the base B eautiful beds f Pentstemons may be had by

. o
set t ing the plan ts ft apar t groups may be formed in the
2 . , or
b rders They be large bell shaped flowers
o . arlong ching -
on , ar

stems The following spe c ies are good f the ro c kery

,

. s or : az u r e u ,

1 ft blue ; barba t us ( syn Chelone barba t us— B t i l R gi st . o a n ca e er,

t 3 ft scarle t Torreyi is a variety ; glaber f t blue 1

(B t i l M g i
. ,

t scarlet gentian
,

o a n ca H tw g i i
a ft
az n e , . ar e 2 .,

i d s 3 ft v iole t ; M
, ,

o e enziesii 6 s purple and red S couleri is a , in ., ,

mauve v iety A s H t w gii and g ti i d s are not

,

ar zu re u ar e en an o e

quite so hardy as barbatus glaber and Menziesii

. , ,

.
, ,

Perenni l — A perennial is a plan t t hat lives more than two years

a . .

(f
c Annual
. and B iennial ) When flower gardeners speak f peren . o

nials t hey have herba c eous perennials in mind but strictly speak , ,

ing trees and shrubs

, also perennials ar e .

P reskia — S
e C ac tus , ee .

Perg la —S Flower G den

o . ee ar .

P rilla (p fl l
e Ord Labiatae) — Half h dy annuals f which
er -
a. . .
-
ar , o
nankinensis is grown in flower g dens f its purple foliage F ar or . or

c ul ture s Annuals , ee .

P rip l ca (p i p loca from p i pl k intertwining Ord A sl

e o er -

, er o e, . . c e
—One species only is grown t any extent and that is
p i da )
e ae . o

Grae c a a qui c k growing c limber with peculiar greenish purple

,

- -

flowers suitable for pergolas and bo rs It is h dy and blooms

, ar u . ar
in summer I t is t particul as t soil Propagation is by cut
,

. no ar o .

t ings under a hand light by layers in autumn (s the B t i l -

or ee o a n ca
Mg i t
, ,

a az n e , .

P risteria D o v e Orc hi d ( perist e ria from p i s

e ,
t owing to the -
er e ra ,

form f t he column Ord O r c hidaceae) — A small genus f Orchids

,

o . . . o
liking a light hothouse E lat a the D ove Or c hid with its interes t ing
,

and fragrant white purple spot t ed flowers in summer is the bes t

, ,

k ow (s the B t i l M g i t 3 I t forms large pseudo

, ,

n n ee o an c a a az n e , . 1
bul bs It should be grown in a mixture f fibrous loam peat and
. o
leaf mould in equal p t s with sand and may be propagated by
, ,

ar
d i vision A good de l O f water is needed while they are in growt h
, ,

. a
bu t lit t le when t hey are at rest
,

P is t m
er ph ( peri s t p h from p i st ph turning round in
e -
ro e, er ro e,

allusion t o the reversed c orolla Ord

,

. .

( syn Jus t icia speciosa) is a pretty winter blooming plant well

.
—

worth growing by all w h hav e a warm greenhouse (s the B t i l

,

o ee o a n ca
Mg i t a az n e , I t grows about ft high and bears its purplish
. 2 .

red flowersfreely Loam wi t h sand and a third each f leaf mould

,

. o
d de c ayed manure suits
,

an Propagation is by cuttings insert ed .

in a warm c ase in pring

,

S .

P riw ink l — S Vinca

e e ee .

Pern ttya (p ét ty after D P

e tt y
e rn Ord E ricaceae) a, on ern e . . .

Pre t ty evergreens hardy excep t in very c old exposed places but

,

f slow ro wth and quite suitable for pot culture

,

The most popular

,

o
g .

s pecies smucronata the ha m f which lies in the pretty berries

i , c r o
2
54 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e nin g

which follow the flowers ; there are many varie t ies and t he colours
f the berries di ffer being whi t e fles h pink red purple They
,

o or .

t hrive in e qual par t s O f peat nd loam Propagation is by seeds in

, , , , ,

a .

S pring layers in autumn Li ttle pruning is required as t he habit

or .

is n at urally close ( syn Arbutus mu crona t a) S the B t i l . . ee o a n ca

R gi s
e t t 6 75 and B t i l M g i t 3 9 3
er, . 1 , o an ca a az n e , . 0 .

Petasites ( pe t asi tes from p t ss umbrella Ord Compositae) -

e a o . . .

— Hardy herba c eous plan t s the mos t popular f whi c h are f ra g rans
, ,

o
t he win ter Heliotrope a plan t growing abou t 6 ins high with whi t e
, ,

flowers in lat e winter and fli i l i s t he B u tt er B 3 t o 4 ft

, ,

o c na ur,

wi t h whi te flowers in pring The latter makes a fine plan t for the
, ,

S .

waterside where its leaves at t ain to large proportions They wi ll .

grow in almos t any soil and may be propaga t ed by division

,

, .

P t ia ( pe t f nia from p t tobacco ( B razilian) Ord S olana

e un i -
e un, . .

B rilliant plants wi t h a profusion f large flowers

,

c e ae ) .
— They are o .

grea t favourites for bedding and t he double fringed forms are

,

ch arming for po ts The garden v ie t ies will t hrive in almost any

,

. ar

soil and hea vy m anuri g is to be depre c a t ed as t ending to over n

luxurian c e Propagation by seeds whi c h may be sown a warm
, ,

. IS in

frame greenhouse spring and t he plants to go outside hardened

,

or in

in a cold frame Those for po t s should be pinched to make them

,

bushy S pecial varie t ies may be propaga t ed by cu tt ings in au t mn

. u
in a warm house Loam wi t h sand and a t hird f leaf mould will . o
suit them For beds plant f t apar t and peg t he hoo t s down
, ,

. 2 . S .

The l d species are rarely grown now seedsmen o ffering separate

, ,

o
c olours unnamed ; and also mix t ures bo t h ingle and double
,

, , S .

Peuce d anu m (p ed anum Ord Umbelliferae ) S a t ivum is eu c -

. .
—
.

the P rsnip S Kitchen G den

a . ee ar .

Phacelia ( p h e lia from ph k l s a bundle Ord H yd p h yl

ac -
a e o . . ro
— A unimportant genus sav e f t he c
, ,

lac e a e ) . n spe ies m p or one ca an u

l i a which is a c harming blue hardy C alifornian annual growing
,

ar

about 9 ins high and of c ompac t habi t ( S t he B t i l M g i

, ,

. . ee o a n ca a az n e ,

For cul t ure s Annuals P v is c ida is synonymous

,

t ee . .

with B u t o c a vis c ida ( B t M g t

. ,

and has blue flowers o . a ., . .

Ph m (p h
ae n o c o o c oma from ph i s bloody and h m
a ae n -
a no o e,

hair Ord
, , ,

. only pecies prolifera is a handsome

. S
greenhouse plan t whi c h c an be grown in t o spe c imens 3 4 f t
, ,

or .

t hrough and these when in f ull bloom are very e ffe ctive It is
synonymous wi t h Hel i c hrysum proliferum ( B t i l M g i
.
,

o a n ca a az n e ,

t. The varie t y B si i is generally preferred to the t ype ar n e

as t he habit is be t ter ; the flowers are deep crimson S andy pea t is .

t he best soil Propagat ion is by c ut t ings f firm side shoo ts i

. o n

s t d in a propaga t ing case in summer R epo tt ing hould be done

er e . S

when growt h s t ar t s in spring They like cool airy c onditions The . , .

flowers last for many weeks .

Phal c alanthe These Or c hids are bigeneric having been

o -
.
-

ob t ained by crossing the tw genera Phaius and Calanthe They

, ,

o .

may be grown in the same w y as Phaius ( s below) A l d i a ee . rn o ae ,

yellow and pink ; B y rose ; and S d i rose and white e rr an a, e e n an a , ,

are interesting hybrids . o

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n in g 2 55

Ph ai ph
s ( ai s u from p h i s shining Ord
-
uOrchidaceae ) — A a o . . .

small genus of t opi c al Orchi ds with large pleated l eaves They

, ,

r .

differ a good deal in ch acter some being e vergreen and others

, ,

ar ,

deciduous The former need a moist hothouse The terrestrial

. .

species hould be grown in fl b speat and loam in equal parts

S rou ,

sand and a quarter of dried c ow manure being added H m bl ti i . u o

and its whi t e variety alba will thrive in S phagnum moss t whi c h o a.

little fi brous peat has been added They may be propagated b y .

division af t er flowering They should not be dried ff in win t er . o .

The Orchi ds on c e called Th i s by botanists and which un a , ar e

deciduous are now classed with Phaius These have large flowers . ,

and are very showy They like a hothouse They should be potte d
,

. .

high in a c ompost of fibrous pea t and loam e qual parts wi t h san d

and a quar t er f decayed c ow manure They may be repot t ed whe
, ,

o . n

they star t growing in winter and may be in creased by division a t

t hat period if required A good deal f water will be required i
,

. o n

summer but none in win t er when the plan t s are a t res t Alb a

M
.

M t
, ,

( B t i
o a n ca l g i B s a ( B t g t
az n e , and . en o n ae o . a ., .

M sh lli are the most popular of t he Th i species bu t t here

ar a ae un a ar e

se v eral hybrids of which superba and V i t h i

,

are good Grandi e c an a

folius H m bl tii ma c ulatus ( B t M g t

.
,

u o t b l ss d o . a ., . u erc u o u an .

Walli c hii are the most popular f t he Phaius spe c ies but su ch
, , ,

o ,

hybrids as A sh w th i s C k s i N orman and O w i s or an u oo on ae , e n an u

are interesting F details s a modern work on O r c hids
, ,

. or , ee .

P h ala n p sis Moth Orchid (p h l

e o Op sis from ph l i
, a moth a ae n -
a a na,

and psi s like Ord Or c hidaceae) — B eau t iful O r c hids wi t h

, ,

o . . .

flowers in long gra c eful spikes They require to be grown in teak

, ,

, .

baskets on the roof f a warm house N othing but k sand o . croo

S phagnum e required su fficien t f the former being first pla c ed i

ar o n
the baskets to raise the crown of the plan t s abov e the top ; t hey
,

may be pa c ked in with S phagnum ; baske t ing should be done whe n

grow t h s t ar t s a t t he close f win t er From t hen till early autumn o .

a temperat ure of 7 t o 8 hould be maintained D uring winte 0

°
0
°
S . r
60 t o 7 will su ffic e The a t mosphere should be kept in a sa t ura t ed
° 0
0 .

state A g ea t deal f water will be needed in summer bu t no t

. r o in

winter when i t will su ffi c e to give no more t han will keep t he moss

,

alive and fresh S hade from hot sun will be necessary in spring and
.

summer The following are a few of t he best spe c ies L w i i

. : o
summer purple white and yellow ; L d d m i purple d
,

, ue e an n an a , an
pink and white win t er ; and S h i l l i
, ,

white ; S d i an e r an a , c e r an a ,
purple rose whi t e and yellow pring the bes t ( B t i l M g i
,

, S o an ca a az n e ,
t There are many varie t ies and hybrids f parti c ulars f
, , , ,

. or o
which see a modern work on O rchids
,

, .

Phase lus Kidney B ean (phas e olus from ph sl s a small boa t

o ,
-
a e n
Ord Legumi nosae) — S Kit c hen Garden
, ,

. . ee .

Ph s ant sEy — S B ulbs— N arcissus

’
ea e ee .

P h i la d l p hus Mock Orange (p h il d él p h s the Greek nam

e , a -
u e .

Ord S i f g ) — B eautiful de c iduous hardy shrubs with larg

,

. ax ra e ae . e
white flowers fragrant in many pe c ies They are t parti c ula
,

, S . no r
as to soil Propagation is by layers in autumn by suckers
. by , , or
2 56 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
cu tti g s f young wood in a frame in spri g They are excellent
n o n .

subj ec t s f shrubberies Old wood should be removed aft er fl w

or .
‘

o er
ing nd w re t ained for flowering the followi ng ye
a ne Of the ar
pecies coronarius ( B t i l M g i
, .

S , t G d i s o a n ca a az n e , . or o n an u

( B t i
o a n cal R gi s
t t and g d i fl s( syns latifolius fl i
e er, . r an or u . or
bundus and p i ss) are the best There are several v arieties of
,

S ec o u .

oronarius including a double and tw o wi th variegated leaves

,

c , .

L m i
e i is a fine garden hybrid ; there is a tall form of this
o ne
c alled erectus A v alanche and B oule d A g t . two other good ’
r en ar e
h ybrids .

Philag ria (p h i l g e ria a compound name O rd Li liac eae) — A

o a -
. . .

mall hybrid genus the onl y member being Veit c hii the result f a
,

s , , o
c ross between Lapageria rosea (s Lapageria) and Philesia buxi ee

folia (s below) I t is an interesting bigeneric hybrid with rosy

ee .
,

flowers in June Peaty soil is liked Propagation is by cuttings in . .

a greenhouse frame or .

Phil sia ( phil e i from phi l si s lo v ely Ord Liliaceae) — The

e -
S a, e o . . .

pe c ies buxifolia is a handsome h ub wi t h red flowers in early

,

one S S r

summer not quite hardy and requi ing shel t er in c old dist icts I t
, , ,

r r .

likes peaty soil and may be increased by su c kers in spring (s the

, ,

ee

l M g i
,

B t i
o a n ca t a az n e , .

Ph i llyrea B Jasmine ( p h i ll y ,
from phyl lox a leaf Ord r e a,
-
on , . .

O leaceae ) — Handsome evergreen hrubs not par t icular as to soil

. S
d easily propagated by cu tt ings under a hand light in sandy soil
, ,

an -
.

The bes t spe c ies are angustifolia decora ( B t i l h I g i o a n ca a az n e ,

and latifolia all with white flowers in M y ; there are

,

t . a
everal v arieties f the las t
,

s o .

Phl x (p t o f om phl x flame Ord Polemoniaceae) — Magni

x, r o , . . .

fi cen t garden plants some annual others perennial The former .

are nominally only half hardy but they may be sown ou t f doors
, ,

o
fter mid April they are generally grown as half h dy annu l s (s
,

a - -
ar a ee

Annuals) The perennials are hardy and will t hrive in any fertil e
.

oil ; they enj oy moisture but not sti ff heavy w t soil Propaga
,

s e .

i sby di v ision when growth s t ar t s by c uttings in summer

, , ,

ti on .
, ,

s haded from h t sun and by seeds in early summer The taller o .

kinds varieties of maculata and su ffru t i c osa make beautiful beds

,

The creeping kinds are good for t he rocke y

, ,

an d border groups . r .

The following are a few good Phloxes amoena pink early summer :
6 ins ; divari c ata ( syn C anadensis) blue
, , ,

pring ft ( B t i l S 1 o a n ca

Mg i
. . .

L p h m i is a fine lavender v ariety ; D rum

, , ,

a t
az n e , a a
d i i annu l ( B t M g t
.

m on many v i eties good mixtures

a o . a ., . ar
sold by seedsmen ; maculata ( syn de c ussata) f t he
, ,

are . one o
g den Phloxes (s sele ct ions) purple early
,

parents f o our ar ee

(B t M g t
,

ft ; o v ata red spring

,

s ummer 2 8 ins 1 o . a .

pani c ulata ( syns acuminata ( B t M g t 8 8 ) and corymbosa)

. . .,
, , , ,

. o . a ., . 1 0 ,

another parent f modern Phloxes purple late summer 3 to

o ou r , , ,

4 ft ; reptans purple pring creeping (sy s crassifolia and S n .

stolonifera— B t M g t
.

and subula t a ( syn setacea) purple

, , ,

o . a ., . . ,

pring 6 ins many v arieties (s selecti ons) G l b i m red

,

S ee . a e rr a, ,

ummer ft and its v ariety suffruticosa t

,

s , 2 ft rose early ,
1 o 2 ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng 2 5
7
sum mer hav e also probably been used as parents in this case f ,
o

the early summer Phloxes whi ch are dwarfer than the later flowering
,

maculata paniculata se c tion -

.

G d E l y S mm
oo P hl x s
ar G A S t hl i orange carmine
u er o e . . . ro e n, ,

A ttract ion white red eye c entre

James Hunter rose
,

T P B lanc ,

W h te fi lS , i

Lady N apier W hite

,

Dw f Sp i g Bl m s
,
ar r n oo er .

G d L t P hl x soo Frondosa deep rose

a e o e .

Coqueli c ot orange
,

N ewry S eedling white rose eye , ,

Crépus c ule whi t e dark eye

,

The B ride white ,

Etna sc le t
, ,

ar Vivid rose
E ug ene D
, ,

i l li s (
a n za n vThese are varieties of subulata )
er ,

white eye
Ph nix D a t e Palm (ph oe nix the Greek name Ord Palmae)
oe . . .

— C anariensis d t c
, ,

tylif ( D a e Palm ) re linata

ac and rupicola are era ,

the prin c ipal pe c ies F c ul t ure s Palms

, ,

S . or , ee .

Ph rmi m N w Zealand Flax ( ph or mium from ph m s a

o u , e -

, ar a ,

basket owing t the fibre being used in basket making Ord o -

. .

Li liaceae ) — Handsome plants wi t h long lender green leaves and

,

. S ,

beautiful pani c les f bloom They are not hardy e verywhere and
, ,

o .

hould have shel t ered places in c old dist icts Loamy friable well
,

S r . , ,

drai ed soil is desirable Propagation is by seed

n division in . or

Spring C ookianum (syn Colensoi) green and yellow ; and tenax

. .

(B t i l M g i are the t wo species grown There

,

o an ca t a az n e , . .

are sev eral varieties f t he latter ; atropurpureum with p rple o , u

leaves and variegatum v ariegated may be named
, , , .

P h s p h ati c M
o an r — S Manure u e ee .

Phyll cactu s— S C a ct us
o ee .

Phyll st chys( p h yl l st h ys from phyll a leaf and st hys

o a o zi c
‘

-
on, , ac ,

a spike O rd Gramineae) — O ne of the three great genera f

,

. . . o
B amboos t he other being Arundinaria and B ambusa (s B amboo ) ee .

Aurea Henonis mitis nigra and viridi glaucescens are t he most

,

, , , ,

important species .

Physlis Win t er Cherry (p h y salis from phys a bladder Ord

a ,
-
a, . .

S olana c e ae ) —This genus is useful mainly owing t o t he showy species

,

Alkeke gi and F i h tti i In both t he c oloured bladder like

n r ar c e .
-

c al yx frui t gives the plant its beauty The la t ter is much the .

bette of the t wo and the l d Winter Cherry is dropping t in its

r O ou
favour They are hardy and may be grown in t he border They
,

. .

are not par ti c ular about soil and may be raised from seed or division
,

in spring E dulis ( corre ct ly Peru viana edulis ) t he greenish fruit f

,

. o
whi c h is edible is the Cape Gooseberry ; i t is not quite hardy
,

, .

Phyteuma Horned R ampion (p h yt e ma Ord Campanulaceae)

,
'

ii -
. . .

Hardy perennials the smaller species of which are sui table for the
-

ro c kery and the larger for the border They are not par t icular as
,

to soil Propagation is by seed di vision in pring Comosum

. or S
blue ( B t i l M g i t
.

and H alleri white are good

,

o a n ca a az n e , . ,

dwarf species
,

.
2
58 E n c y cl op e di a of G a r d e n i ng
P h yt p hth ra — I f s
o t s is the fungus whi ch causes what i s
o . n e an

known as Potato bligh t disease S Kitchen Garden or . ee .

Phyt p t s — A genus f mites R ibis (syn E riophyes ribis ) causes

o u . o .

the big bud f B la c k Currants S Fruit

, ,

o . ee .

P icea ( p i c ea from pi x pi tc h in allusion to the resinous chara ct er

-

l s Abies t o which t he Pi c eas are c losely

,

O rd Coniferae) — S
, ,

. . ee a o

related and S pruce The Pi c eas in c lude se v eral importan t t imber

,

trees but their principal value in g dens lies in the hor ti c ul tural
,

ar
v ieties f the N orway S pruce P excelsa and P pungens These
,

ar o . . .

are prettily tinted are f neat habit and grow lowly so t hat they
, ,

o S
are good for garden borders Amongst t he best f the Pi c eas for
, , ,

. o
garden purposes are ex c elsa argenteo pi c a whi c h has ilver t ipped -
S S -

lea ves ; e aurea wi t h gold tipped leaves ; e di ffusa very dwar f ;

,

e pygmaea pyramidal dwarf ; Morinda (S mi t hiana)

. , . ,

. f the one o
ha diest of t he S pruces and like ex c elsa good to plan t as a sheltering
, , ,

r
tree ; polita a good lawn tree ; pungens gentea a ilvery form f
, , ,

ar S o
the B lue S pruce f the R o c ky Moun t ains ; p glau c a a g aceful
, ,

o . r

little glau c ous plan t ; and p pendula a weeping form f t he pre

,

. o

c eding These c an all be bought from nurserymen at moderat e

,

prices The fores t S pruces are sold in q uan t i ty very c heaply

. .

The Piceas are t fas t idious as to soil but deep sandy loam is bes t
no .

Propagat ion is by seed sown in spring but it is perhaps best lef t t o

, ,

nurserymen .

Pic te e — S Carnation
o ee .

Pieris ( p i eris from P i i the home f the Muses Ord E ri c a

-
er a , o . .

— Handsome evergreen shrubs sui t able for shrubbery borders

,

c e ae) .

and spe c ial positions lawns They are na t urally f c ompact

,

on . o
habit They like sandy peat and may be propagated by layers in
.

autumn Floribunda wi t h whi t e flowers in pring is the mos t

,

. S
popular (syns Andromeda fl i b d (B t i l M g i t 566)
, ,

. or un a o a n ca a az n e , . 1
and Leuco t hoe fl i b d ) or un a .

Pil ea A tillery Plant (pi lea from pi l sa cap Ord Urti c aceae)
r -
o .

—M
. .

us c osa is an interes t ing plan t The leaves are finely di vided

, , ,

and t he flowers are small and reddish If prinkled with wa t er

,

. S
when in full bloom explosions follow giving t he effect f a minia o
t ure bomb dmen t It likes a w rm house Loam wit h sand and
, ,

ar . a .

a third f leaf mould sui t s Propagat ion is by cut t ings in bottom

,

o , .

heat by seeds sown in a warm house frame

, or or .

Pil ew rt R anunculus Ficaria

o ,
.

P il cere s
o — S Cactus ( C ereus)
u ee .

Pi m el ( pim e lea from pi m l fat Ord Thymelaeaceae) — A

ea -
e e, . . .

genus f minor impor t an c e but occasion l ly grown in large gardens

,

o a .

Wi t h t aining they make handsome exhibi t ion plants and are seen
,

r
in colle ct ions f stove and greenhouse plants a t some f the larger
,

o o
exhi bi t ions They like equal parts f peat and loam with a grea t
. o

deal f sand Propaga t ion is by c ut tings of young hoo t s t aken

,

o . S
with a heel in spring and inserted in sandy pea t under a bell glass
,

in a warm house After flowering c u t back t o the hard wood and .

repot when fresh growth starts R osea ( syn H d s i ) pink

,

. . en er o n ,
.
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i n g 2 5
9
( B t i l
o an c aM g i t and S pe ct
a abilis white pa
az n e ,l e pink . or

M
,

( B t o g. t are
a t he two
., b es t species
. B o t h bloom in la t e .

spring e ly summ r They will thrive in a w m greenhouse

or ar e . ar .

Pimp rnel — S Anagallis

e . ee .

P inching The s t opping of shoots t o en c ourage the produ c tion

— .

o f side branches and t o favour t he plumping up f flower buds in t o o

leaf buds .

Pin — S Pinus e ee .

Ping ui c la B g Violet B u t terwor t ( ping i ula from pi g i s

u o n o -
n a

fa t O rd L ti b l i ) — Inse ct ivorous plant s flourishing in

, , ,
,

. . en u a r e ae .

boggy pla c es ; t he fleshy leaves are furnished w i t h glandular hairs

,

and t he fluid whi c h exudes traps small insect s The h dy spe c ies
,

. ar

should be given a si t e near the bottom of t he ro c kery where t he

c ondi t ions are c ool and humid The c ommon hardy B g Violet
,

. o or

B u tt erwor t is vulgaris whi c h be s violet flowers in early summer ar .

is also hardy B t caudat a is the best and it bears i t s

,

G r andifl or a u

c mine flowers in au tumn (s t he B t i l M g i t

. ,

ar ee o a n ca a az n e , .

I t is no t hardy and should be grown in a greenhouse in a compost

f pea t and S phagnum moss Propaga t ion is by seed di ision
,

o . or v .

A grea t deal f wa t er is needed o

Pinnate — A pinnate leaf is one in which several leafle t s grow

.

from t he sides f one foo ts t alk o .

Pinus Pi e ( p i nus from the Greek O rd Coniferae) The

n -

. . .
-

impor t an t both as timber and as garden t rees Among

, ,

Pines ar e .

those planted for ornamental purposes are Austria c a (Aus t rian

Pine ) C embra ex c elsa insignis Lambertiana m t i l Pinas t er on c o or,

Pinea ponderosa and S t obus ( Weymou t h Pine) L icio t he

, , , , , ,

r . ar
C orsican Pine and sylves tris the S c otch Fir or Pine are almost
, , ,

entirely fores t trees There are good g den v ieties f some f

, , ,

. ar ar o o
these no t ably C embra aurea and C pumila ; Lari c io aureo va iegata
, .
-
r ,

green and yellow ; L pygmaea a bushy form ; Pinaster v ie . ar

gata ponderosa pendula weeping ; S trobus fas t igia t a pyramidal ;

,

a dwarf bush ; sylves t is aurea yellow in win t er ; and s

, , ,

S n . an r .

fastigiat a pyramidal The S c ot c h Fir is a good tree f planting

, ,

. or
in pea t y dis tri c ts Ponderosa is good f a very dry soil and
,

. or

L mber t iana for a bleak posi t ion The Aus trian Pine looks well in
,

a .

a group but must no t be planted t freely as it is rather sombre oo .

Propagation is by seed and g aft ing bu t is almost wholly done in

, ,

t he nurseries
,

Pi p s— S Greenhouse Heating and D rainage

e ee -
.

Pi p ings — Young hoo t s used for propaga t ing

. S .

Pink s— S under C arna t ions ee .

P i p t th s( p i p t i
an thus from pi pt to fall and th s flower
u
’

i n -
o, an o
alluding to the hort life f t he blossoms Ord Legumi nosae) — A
, , , ,

S o . . .

small genus of handsome evergreen hrubs the mos t impor t an t f S o

whi ch is N epalensis t he e ver g reen Laburnum It grows about 8 f t
,

, . .

hi gh and bears its yellow flowers in spring

, It is best against a .

wall as it is not perfectly h dy Light friable well drained

, ar . , ,
-
 2 60 E n c y cl o pe di a of G ar d e n i ng
loamy soi l is desirable Propagation is by seeds cutti n gs f rip . o e
shoo t s under a bell glass in a frame
,

layers .
-

, or .

Pi s t l Plant Pil ea muscosa

o , .

Pi sm Pea ( p i sum from the Celtic pi s Ord Legu mi n sae )

u ,
-
. . o .

Pisum sa ti vum is the Green Pea S K itchen Garden

,

. ee .

Pitch r Pl nt — S N p th s
e a ee e en e .

Pi ts— S Greenhouse ee .

Pl ne Platanus ( pl at anus from pl tys broad Ord Platana

a ,
-
a . .

f the most useful f trees o w ing t o the fact that it

,

— O ne
,

c e ae ) . o o ,

thrives so well in the smoke f towns On t hi s account it has been o .

planted more extensi v ely t han any other tree in large cities Wha t
is cal led the London Plane is P acerifolia i t he Maple leaved
.

. . e -

Plane ; S tt i is a v ariety f it wi t h deeply cut l aves P

,

u n er i o e . . oc c
dentalis is the Wes t ern and P orien t alis the E astern Plane There . .

are variegated forms f each The Plane sheds its bark in winter o . .

It is t particular as t o soil and is f naturally good habi t needing

no o
lit t le pruning to keep it in hape Trees may be plan t ed from
, ,

S
No v ember to Mar c h inclusi v e and should be well staked
.

S . ee

Flower Garden
‘
,

Plant in Plantago (plant a g Ord P l t gi

a , ) A trouble -
o. . an a n e ae .
-

some weed especially when i t gets established a lawn I t has on .

long fleshy roots and breaking ff the leaves is no t mu c h use unl ess
,

, o
a li ttle vi triol or sulphuric acid is drop p ed in t o the heart afterw ards
,

It is well t o spud t hem out asfast as they appear and then S prinkle ,

on a little fresh grass and clover seed .

Pl tain Lil y —S Funkia

an . ee .

Pl nting — S Fruit etc

a ee , .

Plasm di p h r —The fungus that causes club root ( anbury) in

o o o a. -

Green vegetables and fi g and toes in Turnips S Kit c hen , n er - -

. ee

Garden .

Plat nu s— S Plane
a ee .

Pla tycerium S t ag s horn Fern (p l ty é ium from pl tys broad

,
’
-
a c -
t , a , ,

and h s a horn Ord Filices) — Handsome and dis ti nct warm

e ra . . .

greenhouse ferns with bold fronds well suited to cul t ure in sus
,

pended pans The receptacle should be half filled wi t h

, ,

. k sand croo
t he roo t s pa c ked in with a mix t ure of fibrous peat and S phagnum
,

moss ligh t ened with sand c harcoal and cro ks— trea t ment t hat o
f Or c hids They like abundance f wat er P p
, , ,

reminds o ne o . o . ro a

g ti
a on is by spores buds the roots P l i Wi t h twice oror on . . a c c or n e ,
t hrice forked fronds is t he common E lk s Fern ; H i lli i and maj us
-
’

are v arieties f i t Grande is a fine spe c ies

,

o . .

Platyc d n Chi nese B l l fl w ( p l ty o d from pl tys broad

o o e o er a c -
on , a

and k d a bell Ord Campanulaceae) — The only spe c ies grandi

, , ,

o on ,
i l M g i
. . .

t
,

floru m ( syn Campanula g n d i fl — B t

. ra or a o a n ca a az n e , .

is a fine Campanula like pl nt g owing about a foot hi gh wi th l ge -

a ,
r , ar
blue flowers in summer It i sa hardy herbaceous perenni l suit . a ,

able for the front f the border and liking a friable soil Propaga O .

tion is by see d div ision in pring There are several v arieties of

,

or S .

w hi ch Mariesii is o
,

f the best ; there is a white form of it ne o .

 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng
Pl atyst m n cali f r i c s( p l t ys
e t é mon from pl tys br oad and
o o n u a -
a

a stamen Ord Papav eraceae) — A pre tt y hardy Poppy

, , ,

st me on , . . .

like annu l about ft high wi th yellow flowers in summer F r

, ,

a ,
1 . , . o

culture s Annuals , ee .

Pl i n (Indian Crocus Ord Orchida c eae) — Prett y dw f

e o e . . . ar
Orchids wi t h flowers hort stems They form pseudo bulbs on S .
-

nnually and are therefore herbaceous plan t s They do well in

,

a .

pans par t ly filled with cro c ks t he roots packed in a mixture f

,

o
fibrous pea t and S phagnum moss wi th sand R epot after fl w
,

. o er
ing at whi c h t ime division may be practised A good deal of water
,
'

is required when the plants are in full grow t h but t he supply should
,

be redu c ed when t he plants begin to wither and W ithheld altogether

,

in Winter They hould be grown in an intermediate house The

. S .

principal sp cies is lagen ria various colours flowering in win t er

e a
Ma culata purple and white autumn bloomer is also g o wn
, , .

, , , r .

Pl r ma ( p l o ma from pl m fullness Ord Melastomaceae)

e o er -
ero a, . . .

— E vergreen sh ubs whi c h thrive in an intermediate house in a

,

c ompos t f equal parts peat and loam with a quarter part of sand
,

o .

Propagation is by c ut t ings in a propagating case E legans with

,

. ,

blue flowers in summer is now called Tibouchina elegans by

botanists Macranthum ( syn Tibouchina sm i d ) wi t h
,

d e e c an ra

v iolet flowers is als o good (s the B t i l M g i t

. . ,

, ee o a n ca a az n e , .

Plum — S Frui t . ee .

P l m bag
u Leadwo t ( plumb a g from pl mb m lead ; used in eye
o, r -
o, u u

Pretty plants some e v ergreen

,

troubles Ord P l m b gi .
) . u a n e ae .
-

o t hers herbaceous some hardy others needing a greenhouse ho t

, ,

or
house The hardy sorts are t fastidious as to soil Loam wi t h
, ,

. no .
,

sand and a third f leaf mould will suit the tender kinds The o .

herba c eous species may be propagated by division in pring the

,

S
shrubs by c ut t ings in a propaga t ing c ase in spring Capensis
,

(B t i l M g i
.

o a n ca t with blue flowers in summer and

a az n e , .

au t umn is a great fav ourite ; it is some t imes planted t t o ramble ou

a greenhouse roof in other cases grown in po t s and
,

up a pill ar o r o n
trained on a b lloon shaped wire t ellis After flowering i t hould
,

a -
r . S
be pruned back a nu l ly to the old wood ; t here is a W hite varie t y
n a
alba R osea ( B t M g t 3 ) and i t s variety superba whi c h
,

. o . a . . 2 0
have rosy flowers in Winter and spring in a warm g eenhouse c an be
, ,

r ,

made into neat bushes if raised from cuttings pinched and re

pin c hed L p t blue ; and mi crantha white are both hardy
,

. ar e n ae ,
herbac eous species and flower in summer
, ,

P d p hyll u m (p d p h y—ll m from

o o p d phyl l m leaf like a o O u ana o o n

duck s foot Ord B b i d ) — Tw pe c ies f D uck s foot are

, ,
’ ’
. . er er e ae . o S o -

grown v iz E modi and peltatum The former is remarkable f

, . . or

its large reddish egg haped fruits which are borne in late summer
, ,
-
S .

They are hardy herbaceous perenn als suitable f the rock garden i or
and are propaga t ed by division in spring
, ,

P t sNarcissus —S B ulbs
’
oe . ee .

P i stti ( po i ns et t ia after M Poinsette

o n e a Ord E uphorbiaceae) -

, . . . .

-
A brilliant plant the carmine bracts f which d duty f flower s , o o or ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
and do it in a way t hat t he mos t showy flowers c ould t excel no
They f orm a large fl t ti sh head f t he mos t vivid c olour The
.

, a o .

Poinse tt ia likes a warm moist temperature and is hardly sui t able ,

for t he small mixed greenhouse f t he amateur I t is bes t t o

,

o .

grow a ba tc h in a hothouse raising them from pieces f the l d o o

s t em whi c h should be cut up and pu t in sandy soil in bottom hea t
,

in spring ; from side shoo t s taken ff W hen old plan ts break into
or o
growt h late in pring l so in bot t om heat Loam wi t h sand and
S a .

a t hird each f leaf mould and decayed manure sui t s They may be
, ,

o .

inser t ed singly in small pots shift ed when rooted t o 5 i and from

,

-
n
those t o 8 i
,

The plants may be kept in a frame in summer and

-
n.
,

P RO P A G ING
AT PO IN E I BY I E E
IN E I BY I E
S TT A S P C S P RO P A G A TI N O P O S TT A S S
E M IN S ING
E M IN S ING
P EC
OF OLD ST PR O F OL D S T PR

g g w t h st ti g
.

D g h
.

N t y o e a o un 3 C t i gs
ro ar n 1. r ai n a e . 2 . 8 011. t
B tt m h sh ld b gi
u
wi h
. n ,
ea c
b d t a u , o o ea t ou e ve n .

pu t in a warm house in late summer t bloom Pul c herrima is t he o .

only spe c ies bu t t here are several varieties f it maj or being f o one o
t he bes t S t he B t i l M g i t 349 3
, ,

. ee o a n ca a az n e , . .

Pois n O k R hus toxicodendron

o a , .

P lemo nium Ja c ob s Ladder Greek Valerian ( polem o nium from

o
’
-

following a dispu t e con c erning it whi c h led t o warf e

, , ,

p l m sw
o e o ar ar .

Ord Polemonia c eae) — Useful plants for the border and ro c kery f
, ,

. . o
whi c h t he mos t popular pe c ies is caeruleum a blue perennial f t
,

S 2 .

high blooming in J uly There are several v arie t ies of it including

, ,

a whi te and a variegated Confer t um is a nice rockery plan t with

, ,

.
,

blue flowers in summer 6 ins high Ri h d s i ( syn humile) . . c ar on .

blue f t is a good border ro c k plan t Reptans bears sat iny

, ,

1 or .

blue bell shaped flowers in M y ; height 9 ins S andy loam is

,

-
a .

sui t able Propagation is by seeds division in pring

. or S .

P lianthes Tuberose ( p li thes from p l i s a c i t y and th s

o ,
o
‘

z
i n -

, o , , an o ,

a flower Ord A m yll i d ) — S B ulbs

. . ar e ae . ee .

P llen The fer t ilising grains borne on t he s t amens o f flowers

o .
-
.

In mos t c ases t he pollen is in separat e grains in O r c hids i t is in ,

masses S Hybridisation. ee .

P llinati n The appli c ation o f pollen to the stigma f a flower

o o .
-
o .

See Hybridisa t ion .

Poly nthu s— S Primula

a ee .

P lyg al a Milkwort ( pol yg ala from p l y mu c h and g l milk

o -
o a a, .

Ord P o l yg l ) — S howy plan t s f t he mos t po pular f whi c h

, , ,
,

. a e ae . , o ne o o
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n ing 2 6
3
is myrtifolia g d i fl ( syn D l m i si ) whi ch produces purple
r an ora a a an a

flowers in pring (s t he B t i l M g i t
.

I t is an
,

S ee o a n ca a az n e , .

evergreen and needs greenhouse cul t ure Propagat ion is by cu t .

tings f t he young hoo t s in pring under a bell glass Pea t with

o S S -
. ,

sand and a third of loam suits , .

P lygonatum S olomon s S eal ( polygon stum from p ly many

o
’
-
o
a j oint in referen c e to t he s t em Ord Lil iaceae) — S
, , , ,

and g on u , . . . ee
B ulbs
,

P lyg num Kno tweed (pol yg onum from p l y many and g

o o -
o on u ,
a j oin t O rd Polygona c eae ) — A large genus which c omprises some
, , , ,

. . .

very use f ul plan t s di ffering Widely in habit P a ffine ( syn . . .

) for example is a dwar f hardy perennial wi t h rosy

,

Bru non is
flowers in au t umn ; W hile B l d sh i m is a hardy perennial
, , ,

a c u an c u

c limber growing rapidly on trellises and arbours and be ing a ar

c loud of whit e flowers in au t umn ; these are t wo of the best Other

, ,

good hardy pe c ies are alpinum a low ro k plan t wi t h white flowers

S c

summer ; c uspida t um a tall border perennial wi t h W hite flowers

,

i
n
in summer ; and sa c halinense a t all perennial with greenish —white
,

flowers in summer They will grow in almost any soil and are .

propagat ed by seeds division in spring

,

or .

P lyp d ium ( p l yp o d i m from p l y many and p s foot in

o o o -
u o ou
allusion t o t he divisions f the creeping s t ems Ord Fil ices) The
, , , , ,

o . .
-

larges t f t he fern genera mos t ly evergreen but in c luding a few

o

de c iduous kinds Loam with sand and a third f leaf mould sui t s
, ,

. o
the maj ori t y Propaga tion is by spores or division in spring (s
, ,

. ee
Ferns) The following may be sele c ted from the hundreds f
. o
spec ies Aureum needs a warm greenhouse or ho t house ; t he name
:
c omes from the yellow scales the roo ts t o c k ; sev eral v ieties
,

on ar
Mayi being good D ryopteris is the B ri t ish Oak Fern and is
,

de c iduous ; i t is a prettily cu t hardy pe c ies ; Robertianum is a

,

S
s c ent ed varie t y f i t Phegop t eris is the B ri t ish B eech Fern and
o .

is par t ially t hough not wholly evergreen P i ti i with broad

,

. co
fronds is a good greenhouse spe c ies S chneideri is a handsome
, , ,

hybrid wi t h triangular fronds greenhouse S b i l t m is

,

u au r c u a u one
-

of t he bes t and makes a plendid baske t fern Vulgare is the

, ,

S .

c ommon Polypody or Wall Fern ; t here are numerous varieties of i t

,

P lysti chum ( pol ys t i h m from p ly many and sti h s a row

o -
c u o c u

in allusion t o t he spore c ases Ord Filices) — This genus f ferns

, , , , ,

. . . o
is now merged in Aspidium The mos t popular species are acu .

l
ea u t m and angulare F cul t ure s F erns . or , ee .

P n d w eed Ca p e Aponoge t on d i s
o t ,
hy ,
ac on.

P plar Populus ( p op ulus t he arbor populi

o ,
public tree f - -
or o
the Romans O rd S l i i — Useful de c iduous t rees growing
,

) . . a c n e ae . ,

rapidly The Lombardy Poplar nigra pyramidalis is a good to w n

.

tree f columnar habi t If young trees are headed at abou t 8 ft

, ,

o . .

high t hey t h row t t hick clusters of small bran c hes and soon make
,

ou

a screen if planted 6 f t apart Alba of which t here many v arie . . ar e

ties is the Whit e Poplar Abele B alsamifera is the B alsam Poplar
,

or .

del t oidea the ne c klace Poplar and tremula the Aspen (s Aspen)
, ,

ee .

They like well drained loamy soil bu t are t v ery particul ar

,

, no .
2 64 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng
The Aspen thrives clay The white Poplar likes a moist soil
on . .

Propaga tion is by seeds l e s and grafting but is generally left , ev r , ,

to nurserymen .

P ppy S Papaver
o .
-
ee .

P ppy Calif rni n Platystemon californicus

o ,
o a , .

P ppy H rn d Glaucium luteum

o ,
o e ,
.

P rtug l L rel —S Laurel and Prunus

o a au . ee .

P rt lac (p t l
o u from p t t o carry and l milk Ord
a or u z
i c a,
‘

-
or o, ac , . .

—Charming half hardy annuals wi t h single and double

,

P t l
or )
u ac e ae .
-

flowers f brilliant and varied colours thriving in sunny spo t s For

,

o .

c ulture s Annuals— Half—hardy P Olerac ea is the Purslane a

,

ee . .

ki tc hen herb
, ,

P tat (S olanum tuberosum Ord S olana c eae) — S Kit c hen

o o . . . ee

Garden .

P tat Oni n — S Kit c hen Garden

o o o ee .

P t ntilla C inquefoil ( p t ti l la from p t s powerful in allu

o e o en -
o en

sion t o t he supposed medi c inal proper t ies O rd R osa c eae) — C harm

, , , ,

. .

ing plants several good species and hybrids being hardy and suitable
for t he border and rock garden They have S trawberry like foliage
,

-
.

and brilliant single or double flowers They will thrive in any .

good garden soil ; for the alpines i t should be gri tt y Propagation .

is by seeds div ision in pring Ambigua yellow 6 ins high

or S
early summ er ( B t i l M g i t
. .

fru t i c osa a shrub 3 to

, , ,

o a n ca a az n e , . ,

4 ft high yellow flowers in summer ; nepalensis ( syn formosa )

. 8 . 1

ins pink flowers in summer ; and nitida 4 t o 6 ins rose flowers in

, ,

., .,

a few f t he bes t spe c ies

,

summer , ar e o .

P ts — S
o Flower pots ee -
.

P tting — A gardening opera t ion well wor t hy f study As a

o o .

rule t he first pot f a young plan t whe t her from seed c utting
o or

should not exceed 3 ins a cross ( for this and other sizes s Flower
, , ,

. ee

pots) Unless in pecial c ir c umstan c es the hif t from this may be

,

. S S

t o a 5 i from that to a 7 i and from that t o a 9 i

-
n i if -
n -
n . or I o -
n.

further repot t ing is necessary Ec onomy in time and material may .

be e ffected by shifting from a 5 i to an 8 i if wa t ering is c arefully -

n .
-
n .

done until the plan t s are roo t ing freely again (s Watering) o t her ee

wise the soil might be c ome sour I t is desirable t ha t the po t s should

,

be clean inside as well as t ; if dirty the roots bind t he bo ttom ou on

and are t orn in repotting Generally speaking plan t s need re . ,

p otting when roots show freely at the drainage hole The fresh .

soil hould be pressed firmly round the roots S l s D rainage d

S . ee a o an

S oil .

P rick ing t — A term applied to the opera t ion f transplanting

-
ou . o

seedlings from the pans boxes in whi c h t he seeds were sown It or .

should be done before the plants spoil each other by crowding .

P rick l y P r ( Opuntia) — S eaCactus . ee .

Pri m l ( Primrose Polyanthus Auri c ula Ord Pr i mula c eae)

u a , , . . .

A large and y i mp t t genus including as it does

ver _
of
or an , , , one our
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 2 6
5
most v aluabl e win t er blooming indoor plants in t he Chinese Prim -

rose Primula sinens

, is ; t he popular greenhouse species b i o c on c a,
and a host f hardy species beginning with the common yellow
o
Primrose f the woodland The Primulas give material t o the
,

o .

greenhouse o wner the ro c k gardener and the pring bedder There S .

are now many forms and colours f the Chi nese Primrose and t hose
, ,

o
who hav e plenty f glass and want a good selection f sorts may
,

o , o
grow the Fern leaved as well as the ordinary section and likewise
,

various distinct colours perhaps also some doubles The S ta

,

, . r
Primulas should not be overlooked A person wi t h house . one
might do well t o order a packet f mi xed seed By making sw o . o
ings a t intervals in spring
in a greenhouse it is
possible to get a su c ces
sion f bloom The o .

plants t hrive in a cool

house even frame in
or

t he summer and should

,

be kep t c ool and moist

,

in dry wea t her Pla c ed .

singly first of all in 3 i -

n.
po t s they may be t rans
ferred t o 5 i and 6 i
,

-
n. -
n.

Loam wi t h a fourth f
, o
leaf mould a little dried
c ow manure and sand
,

, ,

make a t bl P t Su l
D I V I
a
D ING P IM E
e C OI n
F E F L WE ING OS '

R
Th plants may b set Thi spl t m y b sp t d i t
e 6
f
RO S S A T R O R .

fa rly deeply W thout

i
di i s
i s t w ill i
an a
v
e e
on
ar a e
a
n o tw o or o ur

howe v er burying the leaf

, , .

s t ems They have a tendency to get bare at the collar and ro c k about ;
,

t his must be prevented They will flower in Wi nter and pring It . S .

is rarely worth while to keep l d plants after blooming as they tend o

to get loose and scraggy Y oung stock is mu c h better Unlike
,

. .

the border Primroses th is Species does t form a thick tuft f & ,

no o 0
sets The double whi te Primula does so and may be propagated
. ,

by division Primula b i ( syn p l i f mi s) (B t i l o con c a ocu or o an ca

M g i t 6 58 ) is a beautiful spe c ies good f a greenhouse in

. .

a az n e , . 2 or
summer and sharing with the Chi nese Primrose the merit f doing
,

o
good service in a room window when in bloom I t should be
,

handled with cauti on howe v er as it causes a painful rash on the ,

hands f some people Whi le hav ing no ill effect others It may
,

o , on .

be raised from seed in pring S .

H dy s i s — The rock gardener has a plendid lot f material

par ec e . S o
t o his hand in th hardy pecies which produce charming flowers e S ,

among the stones The following are beautiful species and in the .

c ase f most seed is procurable which may be sown in a frame

,

o , or
g eenhouse as soon as it is ripe
r in sprin g; those f tufty habit or o
may be divided w hen established ; th best t m e f this is in spring
,

e i or
after flowering : capitata v iolet 9 ins pring ;
,

t si d s rose S c or u o e
summer 6 t 9 ins ; denticulata lil ac pring 1 ft ( B t M g
, , ., , ,

o . , S , . o . a

there ar sver al v arieties including c as

, ,

t. h me i n
e e j aponica , r a a ,
2 66 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g
c rimson 8 ins late spring ( B t M g t 1 marginata v iolet o a

la t e pring ( B t M g t
, ., . . .
, ,

3 ins minima pale rose ins

,

S o . a ., . 2 .,

summer ( B t i l R gi st t
, ,

rosea rose 6 ins spring ( B t

o an ca e er, . o
Mg t
.

summer ( B t M g
, , .,

a ., S ikkimensis yellow
. ft 2 ., o . a

t S ieboldii various c olours 9 ins

, ,

. spring ; viscosa ( syn ., .

villosa) rose 3 ins summer ( B t Ill g t

, ,

The following are ., o . a ., .

interesting newer spe c ies B ll y

, ,

orange ft C k b i : u e an a , 1 oc u r n an a ,

scarlet a biennial bes t raised from seed annually ; P orres t i orange

,

t i lila c 6 ins and W hi t e varie t y ; L i t t

, ,

ft fragrant ; L i s
, ,

1 . i er o n an a ,
lilac t o purple ft mala c oides lila c 6 ins pulverulen t a v iole t
, , ,

1 . .

resembles Japoni c a ; Veit c hii rose like t si d s; and Winteri

, , , , ,

, , c or u o e ,

lavender powdered leaves Unique and L i ssd ll Hybrid are . a e

beau t iful c rosses between C k b i
,

and pulverulenta The oc u r n an a .

following are pre t ty greenhouse pe cies : fl i b d yellow 6 ins S or un a,

spring ( B t M g t
.,

Forbesii lila c yel low eye 6 ins

,

o . a . . .,

summer ; k w si s a hybrid between v er t icillata and fl i b d

, . , , ,

e en or un a,

pring ; verti c illata yellow 8 ins spring ( B t

,

yellow ft 1 S 1 o

Mg t
, .
, , , ., .

a ., The double border Primroses Polyanthuses

.

Oxlips and Auri c ulas are easily raised from seed in spring and
, ,

may be planted in autumn to make beau t iful pring beds They

, ,

S .

may be divi ded after flowering (s preceding page ) The Prim ose ee . r
is Primula vulgaris ( syn a c aulis ) t he Auri c ula is P Auri c ula ( B t . o

Mg t
. .

the Polyan t hus is a hybrid be tween Primrose and

,

a . .

C owslip the O xlip is P elatior the Cowslip is P ffi i li s(syn veris)

,

, .
, . o c na . .

Priv t (Ligus trum) —S Hedge and Ligustrum

e . ee .

Prunella S elf heal ( prun e 11 from the German D i B - -

a, e re a n n e ,

medi c inal Ord Labiatae) —H dy perennials of whi c h the bes t

,

. . . ar

wi t h purplish mauve flowers in summer

,

known is g d i fl r an ora , -

heigh t 6 i s I t is easily grown in t he rock garden and may be

,

n . ,

propagated by division in spring .

Pruning — S Fruit ee .

Prunus ( p fi nus from p a Plum Ord R osaceae) — A large

r -
r u ne , . . .

and highly impor t ant genus in c luding as it does such fruits as t he

,

Apri c o t C herry Pea c h and Plum ; su c h handsome trees as t he

,

Almond ; and su c h shrubs as t he Laurel P Amygdalus is t he

, , ,

. .

Almond P Armeniaca t he Apri c o t P C erasus t he C herry P Per

. . .

i c a t he Peac h (wi t h whi c h is in c luded the N e ct arine) and P com

, , ,

S .

munis th Plum The frui t s are deal t wi t h under Frui t S everal

,

e . .

o f the Prunuses are grown sornamen t al plan t s and among t hese a

may be named the double red var i ety of Persi c a called C lara Meyer ;
,

tr i loba and its double v rie t y whi c h is a beau tiful lit tle tree for a

for c ing in po t s ; c erasifera a t ropurpurea (syn P i ss d i i ) a small

,

. ar
t ree wi t h purple leaves good as a s t andard f t he shrubbery and
,

or
lawn ; C erasus R h i i fl pleno t he double white C herry ; pseudo
,

ex ore

c erasus (syn Wa t ereri) and i t s fine dark varie t y James H Veitch

,

. . .

All t hese may be grown in pots and gen tly for c ed in t o bloom in
w in t er or early pring Loam wi t h sand and a t hird f decayedS . ,
o

manure will suit them They are also good for the shrubbery
, . .

P s u d bul b
e The swollen bulb like stem of an Orchid
o- .
-
,
-
.
 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ar d e ning
Ps d s t g (p s d s
eu o t g ufrom ps d false and Tsg a genus
a eu o ii
‘

-
a, eu o, u a, .

Ord C oniferae) — This genus is impor t an t through con t aining t h

,

. . e
D ouglas Fir on c e called Abies D ouglasii but now c alled P s d s t g eu o u a

D ouglasi by botanis t s
, ,

There are several varieties of this hand .

some Conifer and bre vifolia pendula glau c a and S t i i i may b a r e

men t ioned as good
, , , ,

Psila r s ( Carrot fl y) —S Kitchen Garden

o ee . ee .

Psylla — A small insect sometimes called the Apple su c ker S

. . ee

Fruit enemies
,

Pt ris B rake Fern R ibbon Fern (p te ris from pt

e ,
a wing i -
e ron , n

allusion t o the hape f t he fronds O rd Filices) — A l ge and v ery

, , ,

S o . . . ar
useful genus f ferns c omprising several f o most popula , o our r

greenhouse room and table kinds They vary greatly in appe . ar

an c e and also in requ i remen t s some being hardy while other s

, ,

re quire a w m house The indoor species thrive in equal p ts f

, ,

ar . ar o

loam and leaf mould with sand Propagation is by pores (s . S ee

Ferns ) Those whi c h produ c e creeping rhizomes may be divided
,

in spring S mall plants are charming for dropping into ornamental

.

bowls for side tables The following are a few f the best aquilina . o :
is the c ommon B rake Fern B racken and is h dy ; cristata is a or ar
crested variety f it Cretica and its v ieties form a popular set ;
,

o . ar
the t ype has pale green lea t hery fronds and succeeds in a warm ,
’

greenhouse fernery ; albo lineata with central band of silver ;

or
Mayi crested ; and Wi m sti i tips forked and crested are good
-

, e

v arie t ies f cretica E si f mi sV i t i is prettily v ariegated

, ,

o . n or c or a e .

Q d i
ua i t is a handsome pe c ies ; its v iety
r au r a gy is va ie S ar ar r ae a r

gated while rubricaulis has red stipes S errulata is a graceful .

pecies whi c h likes a warm house ; its varie t y cristata has c rested
,

fronds and is very popular in the markets and for table decoration .

Tremula is one of the best ferns we hav e for a greenhouse or room

,

and t here are several ni c e varie t ies f i t notably elegans fl i d o ac c a,

and S mi t hiana Umbrosa and its variety cristata are also wor t h
, ,

growing Longifolia a greenhouse pe c ies is a popular fern much

. S , ,

grown for the markets

,

P ccinia (puc i
u ) — A genus of inj urious fungi -
attacking
c n ea -
.

many plan t s notably Carna t ions Ch rysan themums

,

rust
the v arious plan t s
,

and Hollyhocks disease S ee

named for remedies .

Pul m naria Lungwort (p l m a—ria from p l m i s owing

o u on u on ar a

to i t s supposed value in lung diseases Ord B g i

, , ,

— Useful
) . . ora n eae .

hardy perennials suitable for the border O ffi i l i sthe reddish . c na ~

viole t B ethlehem S age is the best known ; it grows about a foo t

, ,

high and blooms in spring ; there is a whi t e varie t y ; t he leaves

,

are spo t ted wi t h white Any good garden soil will do and p p a
,

. ro

is effe cted by division in spring S ibiri c a is synonymous

,

g tai on
w ith M
.

ertensia ibirica and Virginica w ith M p l m S i id s u o n ar o e

( s the B t i l M g i
, .

ee t
o a n ca a az n e , .

P rs ul n S Portulaca
a e. -
ce .
2 68 E n c y c lop e d i a o f G ard e n i ng
Pu schkinia scill i d s ( pus c hki n ia after M Puschkin Ord o e -

Lilia c eae) — A pret t y little S c illa like bulb (s t he B t i l M g

, . . .

.
-
ee o an ca a a

i
z ne, t growing about 6 ins high and bearing W hi te flowers
. .

triped wi t h pale blue in spring ; compacta ( syn l i b Ot i c om

,

s . an ca

pacta) is a v ariety and may be grown in pots if desired They will , .

t h rive in well dr i ned garden soil and are propagated by offsets

-
a .

They are charmi ng lit t le bulbs f the ro c kery

,

or .

Pyrethr m Fe v erfew ( pyr e thrum from py fi re in allusion to

u -
r,

t h a c ri di ty f t he root
, , ,

e Ord C mpositae) — A large and important

o . . o .

g enus sep a t ed from Chrysanthemum ar by so n rro w a line tha t a

modern bo t anists hav e brushed it aside and merged the two The
,

most important to t he flower g dener are the single and double ar

v ie ties f roseum whi c h floris t s have dev eloped ; t hese are early
ar o
v
,

g rowers and bloomers ha e beautiful flowers and will bloom a

econd time if t ba c k after the fi rst flowering They are grand
, ,

s ou .

plan t s for herbaceous borders growing 3 ft high more in good , . or

soil and bearing l ge quantities f flowers They will thrive in ar o .

m ost soils and are eas i ly propagated by spli t ting up the c lumps
,

t growing whi c h may be at midwinter Par t heni

,

w hen they st ar , .

folium aureum is the Golden Feather (s Golden Feather) Par ee .

t henium with whi te flowers in e l y summer is the common Fever ar

few T h ih t h e w ii a dwarf plan t with whi t e flowers in summer
, ,

. c a c , ,

is a good plant f dry banks Uliginosum is a tall late blooming or .

-

perenni l with white flowers S l s C hrysanthemum

,

a The . ee a o .

following good v arieties O f P y th m s

ar e re ru z

S i n gl e . D o u bl e .
ecoy scarlet
D Carl Vogt white
King O s c ar scarlet
, ,

O liver Twist cream

R ola d lila c
, ,

n ,
Ovid rose ,

Pyr la Win t erg een (p y l from P y s Pear tree in reference

o ,
r r o a,
-
ru

t he form f the leaf Ord Eri ca c eae) — H dy herbaceous

, ,

t o o . . . ar
perennials useful for the ro c kery Rotundifolia is the best kno w n .
-

pecies ; it grows about 6 ins high and has fragran t white flowers
,
’

S .

in summer ; arenaria a native f the seaside is a v ie t y f it

,

o ar o .

Pyr s(p y rus from pi s Pliny s name Ord R osaceae) — A

, ,

’
u -
ru . . .

large and most important genus including as i t does t hose popular

, ,

frui t s the Apple and Pear (s Fruit) The Apple is P Malus the
, , ,

ee . .

Pe P c ommunis S everal f t he P y ssare grown as orna

,

ar . . o ru e

m ental trees for law s and shrubberies ; among t hese may be men n
ti on ed Aria with w hi te flowers in pring the whi t e B eam Tree S
e veral v arieties ; Aucuparia the Mountain Ash R owan so mu c h
, , ,

s or
dmired for its red frui t s in autumn se veral varieties in c luding one
, ,

a
with yellow frui t ; fl i b d a
, ,

with pendulous branches and one or un a,

free blooming tree with rosy flowers in spring ; Japonica ( syn

-
.

C ydonia j aponica) good for walls l ge sc le t flowers in pring ; ar ar S

Maulei s c arlet flowers and yellow fruits ; sorbus creamy flowers
, ,

and red fruitsthe S ervice Tree ; and pec t abilis light ed flowers in
, ,

S r
pring ( B t i l M g i t
, ,

S o a n caP baccata is the S iberian a az n e , . .

Crab and P Cydonia the Quince All the P y ssthrive in well

,
. . ru e

d rained loamy soil ; as a class they do n t care f stiff damp soil o or , .

 E n c y cl op e d i a o f G ar d e n i n g
Q u a k i n g G r s s— S B riza a ee .

ss i — Quassia c hi ps the product excelsa form

Q u a a. f Pi o c r ae n a ,

a useful insec ticide ; if a handful are soaked in a g llon of cold wa t e

,

a r

for a few hours they make a bitter which destroys aphides ; or

they may be boiled with soft soap lb f ea c h to gallons f water , . o 10 o

Q erc s Oak ( q u er
u u s f om q
, ( Celti c ) fine and tree -
ou ,
r uer , , c u ez , .

Ord Cupuliferae) — The noblest of

. forest trees growing plendid
. our S

tim ber The common B ritish Oak is Q R obur and there are t wo
,

. .

with s t l ked and the other wi t h stalkless a c orn cups ; t he

,

forms one a
former c alled pedunculata is classed as a separate species by som
,

bot nis t s and t here are several good garden v ieties f it notably
, ,

a ar o
fas t igia t a c olumnar ; he t erophylla much divided leaves ; and pen
, ,

dula drooping There are also several varieties f the stalkles s

,

. o

Q cerris t he Turkey Oak is a popular tree and

,

form sssi l i fl e or a. .

has several forms such as la c iniata much c u t ; L m b whi c h

, , , ,

u co e ana,

holds i t s leaves very late ; and variegat a Q Ilex is the Holly

, ,

Holm or E vergreen O ak and it also has se veral v arieties Q Mi

. . ,

. . r

b k i i is a handsome Oak wi t h large t oo t hed lea v es

, ,

ec Q coccinea . .

Knap Hill S c arle t is one of t he best garden Oaks as i t s leav s c olour e

ri c hly and hang right t hrough the autumn Q suber is t he C ork

,

. .

O ak ; i t s bark is the cork f commerce o .

ic — Young plan t s f Crataegus O xyacantha are called Quick

Q u k o
when grown for hedges S Hedge . ee .

Q ince
u ( Pyrus C ydonia or C ydonia vulgaris ) —S Fruit . ee .

R c me —A c luster f flowers in which each flower on its w

a e . o o n

stalk grows a c e n t ral s t alk

,

, on .

Radish R aphanus sa t ivus (r e ph anus from

,
quick and -
ra ,

ph i m i to appear in referen c e to the rapid germination

, ,

a no a Ord . .

Cruci f erae ) — S Ki t chen Garden

, ,

. ee .

R gge d Ro bin Ly c hnis Flos c uculi

a ,
-
.

Rak — Iron rakes f v arious sizes are useful in redu c ing lumpy
e o
soil to a fine s t a t e suitable for sowing and removing stones A .

is a useful size Rakes hould be moun t ed Ash handles A

,

I o i-
n. . S on .

wooden rake with a ft head is useful for raking up leav es in au t umn 2 -

. .

R m d i ( ram ond ia after M R amond

a on a Ord Gesneraceae ) -
. . . .

Pretty hardy perennial alpines suitable for the rockery sele ct ed

,

or
nooks in t he border Pyrenai c a which grows abou t 6 ins high
,

. .

and bears v iolet flowers in summer is t he bes t k nown (s t h

,

ee e
i l Mg i t here is a whi te variety and also a
,

B t
o a n ca t a az n e , .

dark called purpurea S erbica N th li with v iole t flowers

one . a a ae ,

is a pretty varie ty They like peat and loam in equal par t s wi t h

,

grit Propaga t ion is by seed in a greenhouse frame in spring

,

. or or

by div ision f l d well established plants

,

o o ,
-
.

Ra mp i n S Kitchen G den
o .
-
ee ar .

R n ncul u sCro wfoot (ran um l sfrom

a u , a frog because f -
cu u ra n a , o
their lo v e f moist places Ord R anunculaceae) — A l g g s
, ,

o . . . ar e . enu
v aryi ng greatly in habit and duration A i is the common Bu tter
,

. cr S
 2
7 0 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning

cu p . Bulbosus is t he Crowfoo t a troublesome garden weed w ith

great tenac ity f life bes t ex t irpated by uprooting i t while t he soil
,

is mois t Fi c aria is the Lesser Celandine The following

,

good ar e

s( Fair Maids of
. .

g arden species and varie t ies i t i f li sp l : ac on o u enu

Fran c e) double white flowers in late spring height about 8 ins 1

mplexi c aulis whi t e spring 9 ins ( B t i l M g i t 66)
, , .

a . o an ca a az n e , . 2

L y l l i whi t e spring t o 3 ft A si ti shas given us t he floris t s

, , ,

a , , ,
2 . a cu

Ranunculus S B ulbs . ee .

Ra p e ( B rassica N apus ) — O ften sown to a cc ompany Cress as a

subs t itute for Mus t ard and may be treat ed like t he lat t er R pe
.

, . a

dust the refuse of the seed may be dressed into ground infested
with Wireworm
, ,

R p hanu s
a — S R adish and Kit c hen Garden ee .

Raff a Ra p hi — A cheap strong and flexible tying material

i or a
sold by floris t s ; it is prepared from the hothouse palm R aphia
, , ,

peduncula t a
,

Raspberry ( R ubus I daeus Ord R osaceae) — S Fruit . . . ee .

Ras p b rry Bla ck berry e A cross be t ween the two fruits named
-
.
-
.

Culture as f Bla c kberry S Fruit or . ee .

R t s ta i l Cac t s Cereus fl g lli f m i s

a
’
-
u , a e or .

R d Ce d ar Juniperus V irginiana
e , .

R d G m E uc l yptus resinifera
e u ,
a .

R d S p i d er —Tetranychus t l i sis
e . of the most troublesome e ar u one
o f plant enemies attacking both indoor and outdoor c rops I t is .

really a sucking mi t e not a true pider although i t pins a w b

,

S S e on

the under side f the leav es When t he leaves f Grape Vines

, ,

o . o

Peaches Cucumbers S carlet R unners and many other plan t s

,

which might be named t urn bronzy yellow before the na t ural

, , ,

or
period of decay red pider may be suspected A dry atmosphere S .

n c ourages it a mois t one is inimical to i t Frequen t syringing is

,

e .

a preventive In c ase f emergen c y syringe wi t h ho t water in

,

. O

which soft soap at the ra t e f lb per gallon and sulphur

,

o 1 . 1
handful per gallon have been stirred ; dust with flowers f or o

s ulphur .

Rehmannia ( rehm an nia after D R ehmann Ord S p h l i -

r. . . cro u ar
—Handsome herba c eous perennials nearly h dy bu t bes t
,

n e ae ) . ar
grown in a cool house They are t parti c ular as to soil and are
, ,

. no
propagated by c uttings in pring
,

S .

R th
e n an ( th e from
e ra a kidney and th
r e n an an -
ra, ren , an e ra ,

n t her in allusion to the form f the anther Ord O c hidac eae)

,

a o . . r .

A small genus f Orchids Coccinea grows 4 t o 5 ft high has red

,

o . .

flowers and looks well trained agains t a fern s t ump in a ho t house

,

lso in a basket (s the B t i l M g i t t 997

, ,

a ee Im o a n ca a az n e , . 2 ,

sh ti
c oo has red and yellow flowers and is l so a good basket
an a , a
plant They t h ive in peat and S phagnum moss with sand and
. r

charco l and may be in creas d by c uttings in a propaga t ing case

,

a , e .

Rese d Mi gnonette (res e da from sd to c alm on account of

a, -
re e o,
soothi ng qualities being ascribed to i t O rd R esedaceae) — S
, ,

ee

Mi g
. . .

tt and Annuals
non e e .
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n i ng 2
7 1

Re st H rr w — S Ononis a o . ee .

Retin sp ra Retinis p ra ( t i Ospora from

o o orti resin and o re n -

, re n e,

C f
,

s p s
or o seed Ord oni erae ) — Handsome . sm l l Co i fers resem
. . a n
bling C upressus and amenable to the same
, ,

ulture i fa c t t hey are classed wi t h the

,

c n
E re ct a
,

C ypresses by modern botanists .

ri c oides fili f
,

e l pt l d ,
lycopodioides era, e oc a a, ,

O btusa densa aurea o. l ba pica pisi o . a S

fera p aurea plumosa p aurea p argen t ea

, , ,

. . . ,

squarrosa and other spe c ies and varie t ies

, , , ,

o ffered by nurserymen under t he name

,

a re

o f R e t inospora Propaga t e by c uttings . .

Rhamnus B u c k t horn (rh e m sfrom the -

nu

C el t i c
, ,

h m Ord Rh m r a ) — A large . . a n e ae .

g enus f whi ch only a few species and v arie

o
t ies need be c onsidered Alaternus which
,

t
,

g rows 5 to f 1high and has green flowers 2 0 .

pring is the bes t known ; angustifolius

,

i n S
a v iegat us and aureus are varie t ies f it P
, ,

ar o
R m s
.
m
.

s6 t o 8 ft has green flowers in

Ro p i c Ai c E o _

C th ti
a ar cu és C m m Po A BY urr cé
summer followe d by bla c k fruit Frang la A U U M N
,

. u T .

t c I B d sh s
,

( syn la ifolius ) the B la k D ogwood also s S i e oot

D p h a e. 2 -
. . .

has bla c k fruit L i b ti sc olours well in ml mfl

, ,

d 3 f cu
Fe n o e e t O
. an o
a utumn They are all hardy and not .
°e °n '

parti c ular as to soil Propagation is by seed and layers

,

. .

Rhap is ( h é pis f rom h pi s a needle r Ord Palmae) — Flabelli

-
r a . . .

formis is a use f ul fan leaved palm suitable for rooms and c orri dors ;
, ,

t here is a variega t ed leaved varie ty For culture s Palms

,

-
. , ee .

Rheum R hubarb ( h e um from Rh the ri v er near which t he T -

a,

plant was found Ord Polygona c eae) — S ome of the R heums are
, ,

. . .

useful for prominent posi t ions in the wild garden as the leaves are
broad and massi v e Palma t um and i t s varie t y purpureum
,

. ar e

p rticularly good They are h dy and thrive in ordinary soil

a . ar .

Propagat ion is b y d i i si in pring R hapon t i c um is t he c ommon

,
'

v on S .

R hub b S ar Ki tc hen Garden . ee .

Rhi p salis Mistletoe C a c tus ( h i p salis from h i ps a Willow r -

r

bran c h on a cc oun t of t he flexibili t y Ord C t ) — S C a ct us

, , ,

, . . ac e ae . ee .

Rh danthe (rhod an t he from h d

o a rose and th s a flower -
r o on , an o .

O rd C omposi t ae) — Pre tt y half hardy annual e v erlasti gs M

, , ,

. .
-
n . an

gl s i wi t h rosy flowers in summer

e grows abou t a foot high
B o t anists now c l l i t Helip t erum M g l s
.

For cul t ure s

, ,

ii a an e . ee

Annu l s— Half h d v
, ,

a -
ar .

Rh d h i t o v lu bile ( h d h i t on from h d red and h i t

oc on o r o oc -
r o o, c on,
a c loak in allusion t o t he c alyx Ord S p h l i
,

— A hand
,

) . . cro u ar n e a e .

some g eenhouse c limber wi t h red flowers in early summer (syn

,

r .

Loam with sand and a third of leaf soil sui t s

,

L ph s
0 p m m) o er u .

it Propaga t ion is by seeds in a greenhouse in spring or by c u ttings

, ,

in sandy soil under a bell glass in August (s t he B t i l Jli g i

,

-
ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t -
s
s6 7l
2
7 2 E n c y cl op e di a o f G ard e ning

Rh d d n dr n ( h d d é dron from h d
o o e o a rose and d d r o o n -
r o on , en ron ,

a tree O rd E ricaceae) —S Flower Garden— Trees and hr ubs

, ,

. . . ee S .

Rhu b r b —S R heum and Kitchen Garden

a . ee .

Rhus S umach ( h s from h d d red in allusion t the fruit

’

,
r ii r u o .

O rd Ana c ardiaceae) — A us eful and singular genus Cotinus a

, , ,

. . .

hardy hrub 6 t o 7 ft high wi t h light purple flowers in early

,

S .

summer is t he popular S nake Plant ; the varie t y atropurpurea has

,

dark leaves and pendula is of drooping habit Toxicodendron is .

t he Poison Ivy a hardy climber with greenish yellow flowers in

,

early summer contac t wi th whose leaves causes painful sores the

,

on
kin (s t he B t i l M g i t
,

S ee Typhina a hardy tre

o a n ca a az n e , . e
wi t h greenish yellow flowers in early summer is t he S tag s horn
,
’
- -

S umach They will grow in almost any soil and are propagated
.

by c uttings and layers

,

Ri bb n P er m— S o P t eris serrulata ee .

Ri bes C urrant Gooseberry ( i bes from the Arabic

,
Ord S axi r -
. .

— A useful genus bo t h for t he flower and t he fruit gardens

, ,

f g
ra )
e ae .
, .

Grossul ia is the Gooseberry ni grum the Black Currant and

ar

rubrum t he R d Currant ; album t he Whi te Curran t is a v iety

, ,

e ar

f the lat t er (s Fruit ) Of t he ornamental species aureum wi t h

, ,

o ee .

yellow flowers followed by yellow fruit ( B t i l R gi st t

, ,

o a n ca e er, .

a nd sanguineum with rosy flowers in spring ( B t R g t are o . e ., .

t he mos t important There are several varieties f bo th They

,

. o .

will grow in almost any soil and are among t he earliest of shrubs t o
grow S anguineum has a very s trong Curran t smell Propagation
,

. .

is by cu t tings in summer .

Ri char d ia Arum Lily ( i h a —dia aft er M R i c hard Ord r c r . .

i l Mg i
.
, ,

— Africana aethiopica — B t t 83 )
A idro ) e ae ( y . S n. o a n ca a az n e , . 2

is the familiar Arum Lily (s B ulbs) There are several varieties ee . ,

f whi c h Godfrey s although sm l l is f the best as it is such

’
o , a , one o ,

a free bloomer E l li tti and P tl d i i have yel l ow flowers

. o an a en an .

They beau t iful plan t s for the greenhouse

ar e .

Ricinus Castor i l Plant ( i inus from i i sa ti ck in reference

-
o r c -
r c nu

to t he seed Ord E uphorbiaceae) — Handsome foliage plants used

, , , ,

. . . ,

in sub tropical gardening f their large handsome leaves They

-
or

are l l v ieties f c ommunis (s t he B t i l M g i t

.
,

a ar o ee o an c a a az n e , .

Gibsoni wi t h purplish leaves ; d G t s g i swi t h c rimson an . a r o an u n eu

leav es two f the best Castor i l is obtained from t he seed f

, ,

ar e o . O o

t he spe cies They are best treated as half hardy annuals (s

,

.
-
ee

Annuals ) and like a deep fertile soil

, , .

Ri d g ing — The process f throwing up soil in parallel ridges in

. o
autumn winter in order to let frost a ct it
or on .

Ringin g — A l d garden pra c tice consisting in remo v ing a ring

n o ,

o f bark from a branch It is done with plants to be layered befor . e

pegging the branches into the soil and also with fruit trees j ust
before t he blossom opens to che c k the sap and promote fruitfulness
,

Ri vin a ( ri vi na af t er Herr R i v inus Ord Phytolaccaceae)

-
. . .

H u milis is a handsome hothouse e vergreen growing about ft high

,

, 2 . ,
 E nc y clop e di a Of G ard e ning 2
73
with white flowers in early summer followed by red berries which
hang a long t ime if the plan t s are kep t in a c ool airy structure
, ,

, :

Loam with sand and a li t tle leaf mould sui t s them Propagat ion
, , .

is by seeds in heat in pring and by cuttings S the B t i l S ee o a n ca

M g i t 78
, .

a az n e , . 1 1.

Ro binia Locus t Tree (rob i n ia after M R obin Ord Legumi -

. . .

s ) — Handsome hardy trees and sh rubs with pretty pinna t e

, ,

no e ae . ,

leaves and Pea like flowers in bunches Hispida the R ose Acacia
-
. ,

is a beau t iful t ree 5 to 6 ft high with rosy flowers in spring (s the

,

ee

i l Mg i
. ,

B t o an ca t 3 and inermis which is a pineless

a az n e , . 1 S

variety of it is still be tt er N mexicana makes a handsome tre e

,

. eo -

5 to 3 f t high wi t h rosy fl W sin autumn Pseuda c a c ia the

,

1 0 . o er .

False B astard A c a cia is t he common Lo c ust ; it has white flowers

, ,

or
in s pring and is a good s treet tree ; angustifolia aurea B ss i
,

e o n an a ,

and robus t a V i g i are v arieties f it The R obinias t hrive in most

, , ,

ne o .

soils if no t stiff and damp Propagation is by seeds and grafting . ,

b t is best done in t he nurseries

,

u .

R c hea ( o c hea af t er M La R oche

o r -
Ord Crassula c eae ) . . . .

Handsome evergreen suc c ulents allied t o C rassulas and grown in

,

t he same w y Co cc inea ft high wi t h s c arlet flowers in su m mer ;

, ,

a . 1 .

fal c a t a (syn Crassula falca t a) ; and j asminea 9 ins with whi t e

, ,

.
,

flowers in spring are the principal pecies , S .

R ck B room —S
o Genista . ee .

R ckery — S
o Flower Garden . ee .

R cket —S
o Hesperis . ee .

R cket Candytuft Iberis coronaria

o , .

R ck Jasmin — S
o Androsace e ee .

Rock Ros — S Cis t us e ee .

Ro d g ersia ( d g e sia af t er Admiral Ro d gers

ro O d S if g )r -
. r . ax ra e ae .

— A small genus of hardy herba c eous plan t s only one f which

,

o ,

podophylla which g ow s to 3 ft high and has small yellowish

,

r 2 .

flowers in summer is grown to any extent I t forms fleshy under

, ,

ground s t ems It likes a moist pea t y spot Propaga t ion is by

,

. .

division in spring S t he B t i l M g i t 6 6 9
,

. ee o a n ca a az n e , . 1 .

R ller —A roller is almost indispensable in a garden where t here

o .

are gravel pa t hs and t urf B o t h benefit greatly by its use after .

rain Water ball ast rollers hav e come in t o use but are no t superior
.
-
.

An 8 i roller will su ffi c e for small gardens

,

1 -
n . .

Romneya C ulteri Tree Poppy ( om neya after D o R omne y , r -

,
r.
R obinson O d Papaveraceae) —A beautiful small Californian
. r . .

tree growing 3 to 6 f t high and wi t h large White flowers in summer

, . .

It likes a well drained loamy soil and a hel t ered pot where it
,

-
S S
will not be worried by strong winds Propagation is by seeds so wn .

in a greenhouse heated frame in spri g R trichocalyx is very or n . .

S imilar to Coul t eri .

R n d l tia ( rondel e t ia af t er M R ondelet

o e e Ord Rubiaceae ) -

, . . . .

A small genus O f hothouse ev ergreens only f which odorat a , one o ,

S
2
74 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e ning

( syn speciosa
.
) whi c h grows 3 to 4 ft high d bears fragrant . an

scarlet flowers in la t e summer is much gro w n It likes equal p ts

, ,

. ar

f peat and loam with sand and may b propagated by cu tt ings in

,

o e

a warm house under a bell glass in summer Cut hard ba c k a f t er

, ,

flowe ing r .

R m Plant
oo s— With c are in watering (s Watering) and ven t i ee

lati g in such a w y as t o provide fresh i without a cu tting draugh t

,

n a a r ,

many plants may be grown successfully in rooms ( s Aralia Aspi ee

Ferns Fi c us ( India rubber Plan t) and palms among foliage

,

d is t ra ,
-

plants ; and Chrysan t hemums Cinerarias Clivias C yt isus F

, ,

, , , ,
r an c o a

ram osa F h si s Zonal Geraniums Primulas and various bulbs

uc a , , ,

among flowering plants ) The fe f inj ury from

,

. ar o
plants in si c k rooms is t well based but su c h -
no
apar t ments should always be well v en t ilated bo t h
,

for t he benefi t f patient and plant S trong smell

,

o .
-

ing flowers should be avoided N aked g sburners . a

are bad for plan t s bu t where incandes c ent burners ,

used the i nj ury is very small S heets f news

ar e . o

paper may b spread over the plan t s on cold nigh t s e .

Rosa R ose ( Os from the C el t i c h d red Ord ,

r e, r o , . .

R osaceae ) — A immense genus giving as it does . n

t he beautiful Hardy Perpe t ual Tea Hybrid Tea
,

and o t her Roses f

, , ,

flower beds the climbers o our ,

w use for walls arbours pillars and pergolas and

e

a considerab l e number of beau t iful pe c ies It

, , , ,

S .

may be f in t eres t t o refer t o a few f t he pe c ies o o S

which are grown in gardens B anksiae is t he

white B anksian R ose (s the B t i l M g i
.

ee o a n ca a az n e ,

A m l u t 9 54) is a yellow form lu t

g sffffiéi ii é pre tt y w l lt oses whi c h mus t only be runed t o the
t ‘ . ea1; these are e ,

H
r
a

exten t of thinning t some of t he ol des t wood as

,
S O O T S S H O RTE N E D '

ou
hoo t s f t wo years l d more Bract eata ( B t
,

they flower on S o o or o

M g t 377) is the Macar t ney R ose a dwarf species wi t h whi t e

. .

a . . 1

flowers C anina is the D g Rose f the hedges C entifolia is t he

, ,

. o o .

Cabbage R ose of whi c h there are many varie t ies including mus c osa
, .
the moss R ose ; there are several garden forms of the la tt er D ama
,

S cena is the D amask R ose whi c h is c ertai nly f the p en t s f one o ar o

modern H P ; t he variety versicolor has red and whi t e flowers
,

S
‘

0 11 1
and is called Gloria Mundi
- -
,

Gallica provincialis is t he
Proven c e R ose Indi c a is
t he China Monthly Rose
.

or
and i t s varie ty odora t a is
,

one

o f the parents f modern o our

Tea R oses S ini c a ( syn l i . aev

ga t a) ( B t M g t 8 47) is
.

o . a ., . 2

t he white Ch erokee R ose R s C m m s” s m .

o e e e u p

Lu t ea a dw f yellow spe c ies

.

ar
is the Austrian B rier ( B t lW g Mos c ha t a sthe Musk
, ,

o . a ., I

R ose M l t i fl ( syn upolyan t ha ) is

or a t he paren t f many of our.
o

R epens ( syn arvensis ) c apreola t a is t he

.

m o dern climbing R oses . .

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e n i ng 2
75
Ayrshi re R ose Rubiginosa is t he S wee t —brier Rugosa is the
. .

Japanese R ose S empervirens is t he E vergreen R ose Wichuraiana

. .

( syn L
. i ) is
u c ae f t he paren t s f
one many o modern beau t iful O

climbers su c h as D oro t hy Perkins Lady Gay and Alberic B arbier .

R s g d s —The flower garden mus t have R oses unless i t is

, , ,

o e ar en . ,

s ne a tow that the Queen f Flowers refuses to thrive Owners

o ar n o .

o f large pla c es may sele ct a site and form a set f R ose beds I t is o .

a ni c e idea t o plan t a Yew h edge round t he si t e c lipped to a formal

,

shape sit makes a plendid ba c kground for R oses and has a q uain t
,

a S
At eac h opening set an arch E ach bed
, , ,

o l d world appe rance

-
a . .

may be plan t ed with a separa t e varie t y and special sor ts should be

chosen The following are good bedding R oses
. :

B aby D orothy Gruss an Teplit z

B e t ty Hugh D ickson
Caroline T st t e La France
ou
Corallina Madame Abel Chatenay
E du Meyer M s John Laing r .

Frau Karl D sh k i Ul ri c h B runner

ru c

S t the plants ft apar t e 2 . .

The following will su c ceed ar c hes and pillars : on

Alberic B arbier Lady Godiva

B lush R ambler L h ts t euc ern

C r m ine Pillar
a M s F W Flight r . . .

Coquina Philadelphia Rambler

D oro t hy Perkins White D orothy
All grow vigorously and bloom profusely I t is not every R os . e
lover w h is able to lay t a c omplete R ose garden ; but plenty
o ou
can plan t a selec t ion f R oses in a bed or border In su c h cases
o .

t hey may prefer a larger selection f varie ties and the following o
be re c ommended with fi d
,

c an c on ence :

H yb i d P p t l s r er e ua .
H yb i d T
Chas Lefebvre r ea.

B etty
.

E arl f D ufferin o

Frau Karl D sh k i C aroline T st t

ru c e ou

Hugh D ickson D ean Hole

MsJohn Laing
r .
E arl of W wi ck ar

Ulri c h B runner E l t c ar a e
E du Meyer
T s td ea -

Gener l M A th
ce n e .
a ac r ur

Catherine Mermet Gra c e D arling

Com t esse de S axe Lady As h tow n

Corallina La Fran c e
G N b . d a o n n an Le P g es ro r

Lady Rober t s La Tos c a

MsD udley Cross
r Madame Abel Chatenay
Madame Mél i S p t
.

Peace an e ou er
S ou v enir de Pierre N o tt ing Madame Hector L i l l t eu o
Whi t e Maman Coc he t R ayon d O
’
r
2
76 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e ni ng
Pl ti g R ss
an — Most rosarians plan t in N ovember and those
n o e ,

wh ocan get their ground ready then should follow th example of e

the experts They may however plan t up t o the end f March

. , , o .

The most substantial soil f the garden should be given to the o

R oses f they love ground wi t h plen t y f body abou t i t One
or o .

finds that t he annual growth is much s tronger in heavy t h an in

,

light soil and wi t hout abundant annual growt h it is impossible to

ge t the bes t f flowers Manure helps t he light soil and so does
,

o .

deep working (s B astard tren c hing nder Kit c hen Garden) ; still
,

ee u

a heavy loam or friable clay is desirable The roo t s should no t be

,

b ried deeply bu t t he soil s h ould be trodden firmly round t hem

u .

i g R ss —I t is a good rule to prune all t he v ie t ies hard

,

P ru n n o e . ar
in spring aft er plan t ing as i t gives them a good star t but aft er
wards the pruning hould b regulated by the amoun t f annual
, ,

S e o

grow t h A v ie t y that is so naturally vigorous and well suited

. ar
by the soil as t o make hoo t s 3 4 f t long in a season need t be
S or . no
shor t e ed mu c h a t the annual pruning t he bes t time f which is
n or
end of March Weak growers may be pruned to wi t hin 3
,

th e or

Most f t he rambler Roses are bes t pruned

.

4 buds f the base o . o

la t e in summer— say S ep t ember— when as many of the l d c anes o

as c an be spared hould be c u t out If there are plenty f strong
S . o
young canes spri ging up from the base all the old wood may go ;
n

bu t where basal canes are f w it may be more desirable t o hor t en

,

e S
old canes t o t he young wood on them than to remove t hem alto
ge t her The poin t is t hat t here should be a nice lot f young wood
. o
to ge t good bloom t he following year If t his is t ied up t he ar c hes .

in S ep t ember and exposed to the sun it ge t s well ripened and ,

flowers well S page 74 . ee 2 .

W l l R ss —The bes t f the pillar and ch R oses are not suit

a o e . o ar
a bl f e walls but t he following are good
or , :

Alis t er S tella Gray Gloire de D ij on

B ardou Job Madame Alfred Carri ere
Cheshun t Hybrid Wm Allen R i c hardson .

They may be prune d by thinning t l d wood and nail ing in new ou o

t o t ake i t s place This may be done in late summer . .

S t d d R ss A stand rd R ose is one tha t is budded on t o a

an ar o e .
-
a
s traigh t B rier s t em in summer t he B riers being bought taken or

from t he hedgerows t he previ ous N ovember and plan t ed a t once

,

B t su c h s t andards may of course be bough t from the nurseries

u

the same as dwarfs and c limbers S t andards are no t in general

, , ,

favour bu t t hey are useful for special posi t ions D orothy Perkins .

makes a beau tiful s t andard and when plan t ed where i t has plenty
,

f room i t makes a love l y spe c imen with i t s long fl w

,

o laden o er -

shoo t s drooping in profusion around the stem The bare s t em is a

, ,

drawbac k to s tandards and where many are plan t ed i t is well to

carpet the ground wi t h Violas t o take ff the bareness
,

o .

— A amateur cannot bud R oses properly Withou t

,

B ddi g R ss
u n o e n
practi c e and the bes t w y of learning is t o ask t o assist a rosarian a
wi t h his budding in the ummer The expert will show how the
,

S .

bud is sli c ed t in t he shape of a long narrow shield how the l eaf

ou

i scropped in t o a stump h w the pith is pi c ked t W ithou t t earing

, ,

, o ou
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i ng 2
77
away the growing germ how the B rier is sli t t o re c eive it how i t is ,

slid in and how it is tied It is an interes t ing li tt le t well wor t h

,

. ar
learning Cuttings may be struck in S ep t ember ; s page 75
, ,

. ee 2 .

Mi l d w R ss— B oth dwarf and climbing R oses are apt to be

e on o e .

disfigured by mildew although it does t oft en at t ack t he shiny no

leaved varieties It should be checked directly t he whi t e pa tc hes

,

S how on the leaves by dusting flowers of sulphur t hrough a on

small pair f bellows by syringing wi th fresh liver f sulphur
o or o

t t t
,

( sulphide f potassium ) dissolved

o in water a he ra e f half an o

ounce per gallon .

R se A c aci — S
o R obinia hispida a ee .

R se B y —S
o E pilobium angustifoliu m
a . ee .

R se Cam p i n — S
o Lychnis o . ee .

R semary R osmarinus ffi i
o li s( s
,
m i nus Ord Labiatae) o c na ro ar -
. . .

— The leaves f R osema y contain an essential i l which is used by

o r o ,

makers f perfumes and hair washes It is a hrub growing 3 t o

o . S

4 ft h igh and thriving in friable loamy soil

. Propagat ion is by .

seeds in spring also by c uttings in pring and layers in summer

,

,
S .

R se f Heav n Lychnis coeli R osa

o o e ,
-
.

R se f the W rl d Camellia Japonica

o o o ,
.

R tati n f Cr ps
o — So K itchen G rden
o o ee a .

R w an Pyrus Au c uparia ( Mountain Ash)

o , .

R yal B y Laurus nobilis

o a ,
.

R yal F rn Osmunda regalis

o e ,
.

Ru bus B ramble (r bus from b red in allusion to the fruit

'

ii -
ru .

Ord R osaceae) — D e c iduous shrubs and herba c eous plan t s in some

, , , ,

. .

cases f co se rampan t habit as in the B la c kberry S everal are

,

o ar .

well worth growing in the flower garden Ar c ticus herba c eous

, ,

. , ,

whi ch grows only a few inches high and has pink flowers in early
summer is wor t h growing t he rockery (s t he B t i l M g on ee o a n ca a a

t 3 ) t here is a frui t ing f rm of it called se c undu s B i fl s

,

i
z ne, 1 2 o or u

a tall species wi th whi t e flowers in M y ( B t M g t

. . ,

has a o . a ., .

whi t e s t ems Chamaemorus herbaceous 6 to 9 ins high whi t e

. .

flowers in summer is t he Cloudberry D eli c iosus is a beautiful

, , ,

shrub with large whi t e flowers in M y I t grows 5 to 6 ft high and

,

a . .

is spineless ; the frui t is edible Idaeus is t he R aspberry (s Fruit )

, ,

. ee .

La c iniatus is t he Parsley leav ed B la c kberry (s Frui t) P h i -

ee . oe n
co al si swith pink flowers followed by red frui t whi c h makes a nice
u

preserve is t he Wineberry R osae folius coronarius ( single form ) is

, ,

t he S trawberry R aspberry (s Frui t) The R b sslike a deep

,

-
ee . u u e
ri ch moist soil The hrubs may be propaga t ed by layering the
,

. S

t ips f the canes the herbaceous species by division

,

o , .

Ru d b ck i Cone Flower ( d b e k ia after 0 R d b k Ord

e a, ru c -
. u ec . .

Composi t ae) — The most useful species are hardy herba c eous plan t s
,

with composite flowers the centres f whi ch are raised and the ray , o
floretsdrooping G d i fl yellow and purple late summer 3 to
. ran ora, , ,

4 ft laciniata yellow and green summer 4 to 6 ft ; 1 Golden

, , , . .
2
78 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing
Glow double yell ow ; and speciosa (syn N m
, N wm ii) . eu an n i i o r e an n
yellow and purple summer 3 f t are the best Ordinary soil
,

, , . .

Propagation by division seed in pring or S .

R R uta gra v eolens ( ta Ord R utaceae) — S Kit c hen '

ue, r ii -
. . . ee

Garden— Herbs .

Ruscus B u tc her s B room B Holly (r s c us from b s s

’ '

, ox ii -
ru cu

whi c h derives from the Cel t i c b s box and k l m holly O rd

, , ,

eu e e . .

Lilia c eae ) — Useful shrubs that will thrive as undergr t

, , ,

. among
l arger s h rubs and t rees They hav e flattened bran c hes and green .

flowers The sexes are on differen t plan t s and to have berries i t is

.

necessary to plant bo t h kinds A c ulea t us ( syn fl ) whi c h

,

ss . . exu o u

grows abou t ft high is t he bes t R a c emosus (sy D anaea

,

2 . . n .

Laurus ) is t he Alexandrian La rel O rdinary soil Propaga t ion

,

u . .

is by seeds division or .

Rush Fl o w ering B u t omus umbella t us

, ,
.

S a ba] Fan Palm (s , é bal O rd Palmae) — Large palms the mos t -

. . .

f t h i gh
,

popular f which is B l k b io which may grow ac u rn an a , 2 0 .

and produce lea v es 3 ft a cross much divided a t t he margins t he .

Fan Thatc h Palm It th ives with the ordin y treat men t f

, ,

or . r ar o
t his class S P l ms . ee a .

S accola bium (s l a bium fro ms s a bag and l bi m a lip

ac c o -
accu a u

in reference t o the form f t h labellum Ord Orchida c eae)

, , , , ,

o e . . .

Pret t y Orchids wi t h small fragrant flowers borne i abundan c e on n

long racemes They need a hothouse W here they should have a
, ,

ligh t position and a grea t de l f mois t ure A night t empera t u e a o . r

o f 7 to 8 wil l sui t t hem while growing ; from O ct ober t o Mar c h
0
0
0
°

6 0 t o 6 5 will su ffi c e They hould be grown in suspended t eak

° °
. S

baske ts and may be deal t wi t h when t hey s t art growing A mix .

k schar c o l and fibrous pea t surfaced wi t h S phagnum

,

ture f o cr o o , a , , ,

suits They will not need m uch water in winter but should not be
.

dried fi B ll i m v rious colours spri ng ; gigan t eum purple

,

o . e nu a
and whi t e w i ter ( B t i l M g i t d viola c eum
, , ,

n o a n ca a az n e , . an

Whi te and mau v e win t er ( B t i l R gi st t

, ,

the best o an ca e e r, . ar e

se v eral varie t ies

,

S pecies There . ar e .

S cre d Bean Nelumbium speciosu m

a ,
.

Sa d d le Tr e Liriodendron tulipifera
e , .

S affr n Crocus sati v us

o ,
.

S a ffron M ead w Col c hi c um

,
o ,
.

S age ( S alvia ffi i lis) — S Kit c hen Garden

o — Herbs c na . ee .

S agittaria ( Arrowhead ) — S Flower Garden — A q ua t ics . ee .

S ainfoin (Onobry c his sa t iva ) — A fodder plant . .

St B ernard s Lily An t hericum L il i g

.
’
,
a o.

S t Brun s Lily Antheri c um ( Paradisea) L i li s m

’
. o t ,
a ru .

St D b . sH eath — S D aboec ia po li foli a

a eoc
’
. ee .

S t J hn
. s W o rt — S
’
Hyperic um o . ee .
 E n c y c lop e
di a of G ard e n i ng 2 79

S aintp ul ia i th (si tp l ia af t er Herr S aintpaul Ord ‘

a onan a a n ai i -
. .

G esnera c eae ) A pre tt y little warm house plan t growing onl y abou t
,

— -

4 ins high and produ c ing v iolet flowers la t e in summer

,

. Loam and .

leaf mould in equal parts with sand make a good c ompost Leaf
,

c tti gs roo t readily if inserted in moist sa d and co c oa nut fibre

, ,

u n n -

refuse and put into a warm c ase when rooted they may be potted ;
singly and subsequently transferred to 5 i Leaf cut t ings may -
n.

be t aken at di fferent seasons to insure successional flower i ng There .

are se v eral v arieties differing in tint , .

ala ds— S Kitchen Garden

S ee .

S alis b ria — S Ginkgo

u . ee .

S alix Willow ( s a lix from sl ( Celti c ) ne

,
and l i swater Ord
-

, a ar . .

f rapid grow t h in moist places

, ,

— Hardy deciduous trees

,

S li i
a
)
c n e ae o
and therefore sui t able for planting at the waterside Propagation
, ,

is by c utt i ngs and seeds To get good drooping plants the pendu
lous forms may be graf t ed on tall s t e m s Alba the Whi t e Willow
.

has several varieties of which vitellina and v pendula are good

, ,

. .

C aprea is the common S allow or Goat Willow ; the drooping v iety

,

ar
o f t his pendula is the Kil marnock Willow
, El g
,
.
ti s
sim has . e an a
drooping branches .

S allo w — S S alix . ee .

S l p igl ssis ( sl p i gl Os
a sis from sl pi x a tube and gl s
o a s a tongu -

a n o a, e,
in allusion t o t he s t yle Ord S olana c eae) — B eau t iful plants the
, , ,

. . .

mos t valuable spe c ies f which is sinuata from which have been
,

derived t he splendid annuals o ffered by seedsmen The flowers are

,

large and t he c olours are ri c h The habit is loose and graceful .

.

They are bes t treated as half hardy annuals (s Annuals) and may -

ee
be plan t ed in beds borders in M y or June They are also good
,

or a .

for po t s ; in t his c ase flower them in 5 i using a compost f loam -

n o
and de c ayed manure with sand Linearis
,

purple Augus t ft ( syn Petunia inter

, ,

, . 1 . .

media) is a half hardy perennial

,
-
.

S l safy or S alsify ( Tragopogon porri

a
folium Ord C ompositae ) — S Ki t chen
. . . ee

Garden .

S al via ( al v ia from sl to save in

S -
a vo ,

all usion to medi c inal quali ties Ord

, ,

. .

Labiatae) — The S al v ias are among the

.

mos t brilliant of flowers and are parti ,

l l y useful for giving bright masses

c u ar f o
bloom in winter The best spe c ies for .

t his purpose is plendens ( B t i l P S o a n ca

R gi s
e t t e r, h erbaceous of which
.
S
::p
1»

sever l fine varieties are now av ailable S U MM E

, 1
a R.

compa c ta g d i fl
,

such as B t ii r u an D i g, S il , r an or a , x ra n a e . 2 o

and S ilver S pot They bloom most pro

, . .

f sl y
u eS alvia pa t ens an everg een gives us a lovely shade f r o
rich hining Gentian blue ( B t i l M g i
. , ,

S t This -
o a n ca a az n e , .

is a summer bloomer I t is so ne ly hardy that it may be

,

. ar
 2 80 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng
used f outside beds in mild dis tri c ts In cold exposed pl ces
or . a
it is best kept as a pot plant While t hese t wo species are the
,

best f the S alvias others must not be overlooked ; azurea blue

o
autumn and win t er bloomer 5 t 7 ft requ i res greenhouse c u l t ure ;
, , ,

o .,

i scarlet winter greenhouse 3 ft an e v ergreen ; and i

,

H eer l nvo u
crata B th ll i crimson summer 4 ft greenhouse also evergreen are
, , , ,

e e .,

all good O ffi i li sis the common S age (s Ki t chen Garden

, , , , ,

. c na ee

Herbs) Horminum purple early summer 8 ins is a hardy

.

annual ; Blue B eard is a good v rie t y f it R ti l sred win t er

, , ,

a o . u an , , ,

3 ft greenhouse herbaceous is good

., There are hundreds f other . o
species Loam with sand and a little de c ayed manure uits the
, ,

. S
S al vias c ut t ings in heat
, ,

They may be propagated by seed

. or
towards the end f Wi nter Those grown in pots should be repot t ed o .

by stages ti ll they get to 6 i 8 i even larger pots S plendens -

n -
n ., o r .

should be pinched occasionally to insure a compac t habit .

Sa m buc s E lder ( sm b ii cus from smb k

u a musi c al instrument
,
a -
a u e,

made f E lder wood Ord Caprifoliaceae) — S everal garden forms

,

o -
. . .

o f S ambucus are much superior to the c ommon E l der which is a ,

coarse straggly plant only interesting for a few weeks in early

summer ex c ept to those w h like the wine made from the flowers
, ,

o
i s the Golden E lder is good
,

and fruit N igra follis . R ace au r e .

mosa w ith whi te flowers in branched racemes followed by red

, ,

fruit is v ery ornamental There are several pretty v arieties f it

, ,

. o
notably laciniata plumosa p aurea and t enuifolia The E lders
, ,

. .

thri v e in ordi nary soil and the l d wood hould be pruned ou t

, , ,

, o S .

Propagation is by cuttings f mature shoots in late summer o .

S n d —Valuable f
a lightening composts and stimula t ing root
. or
action S ilver sand is good for surfa c ing the soil when sowing fine
.

seeds striki ng cu t tings but c oarser sand su c h as washed river

or or

s sand is be tt er for composts as it is c oarser and keeps the soil

, ,

ea , ,

more open .

S angu inaria cana d ensis B loodroot Puc c oon ( sanguin a ria from ,
-

s g i sblood in all usion to the red j ui c e Ord Papaveraceae)

, ,

an u , ,
. . .

A useful herbaceous perennial 6 ins high with white flowers in

pring before t he leaves expand (s the B t i l M g i t
, . ,

S ee o a n ca a az n e ,

Maj or ( syn g d i fl ) is a larger fl w d form They look well

.
,

. r an or a -
o ere .

in clumps at the front f the border in t he ro c k garden S andy o , or .

peat should be provided Propagation is by seeds in pring or by . S ,

division in au t umn .

S ant lina Lavender Cot t on ( san t ol i na from s t s holy and

o -
anc u

Ord Composi t ae) — S c en t ed sub hrubs with yellow

, , , ,

li num flax . . .
-
S
flowers The most popular is C hamae c yparissus in c ana often
, ,

grown simply as in c ana whi c h makes a pre tt y W hite carpe t They

,

. .

like a light dry soil and are propaga t ed by cut tin gs in pring or
,

, , S

autumn .

S anvit l ia p r cu m bens ( s i t é lia after S e nor S

a it l i
o Ord an v -
an v a . .

Composit ae) — A pre tt y half hardy annual f t ailing habit wi t h

,

.
-
o r ,

y ll w
e d purple flowers (s the B t
o a n i l R gi st t 7 7) there ee o a n ca e e r, . 0

i s double v ariety
9 F culture s Annuals . or , ee .
 E n c yc lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng 2 81
a n ria S oapwort Fuller s Herb ( sapon a ria from sp soap ;
S po a ,
’
-
a o,
the leaves f ffi i li slat her when rubbed Ord C y p h yl l )
, ,

o o c na . . ar o e ae .

— A large genus f annuals and perennials mos t ly hardy o A few .

are good garden plants notably c alabrica a dwarf hardy annual

,

with pink flowers and tswhite varie t y alba ; o c ymoides a hardy

,

perennial trailer with purplish ros e flowers th R k S oapwor t (s

, ,

-
e '

oc ee

i l M g i and off c inalis a hardy perennial

,

B t o a n ca t a az n e , . i

g rowing about 3 f t high pink ; the double v ariety fl

,

pleno is good
. , or e .

They all bloom in summer Calabrica may be sown outdoors in .

S eptember to bloom in pring Vaccaria red 8 ins is a good S 1

annual ( B t M g t
. , ,

oOrdinary soil Propagation is by seed

. a ., . .

(s Annuals) and division

ee .

S p r p hyte
a o A plant that grows decaying matter animal
.
-
on or
v ege t able like many fungi ( f pa asite a plant t hat grows on living
,

c . r

mat t er)
, ,

S arr cenia S ide saddle Flower (s

a e nia after D
, S arrasin
-
ar r a c -
r. .

Ord S arraceniaceae) — S ingular plants forming c lusters of small

,

. . ,

pitchers They are perennials from N orth America half hardy

Purpurea ( B t i l M g i t 849 ) is the ne est to comple t e
. , , .

o an ca a az n e , . ar
hardiness and is sometimes grown t he rockery with a covering on -

It likes a c ool moist pot Those w h have

, ,

o f B racken in winter . S . o
a liking f the genus sometimes de v ote a small greenhouse to them
,

or
in preferen c e to mixing them wi t h o t h er plants as they like a moist
atmosphere Fibrous peat with charcoal and a fourth f c hopped
,

. , o
S phagnum moss suits Propagation is by division in early pring . S
in a close moi st w m case The plants must hav e abundance f
,

ar . o
w ater during the growing season A temperature of 4 5 to 55 will
, ,
° °
.

suffi ce in winter The following are a few f the best species . o :

D rum m d i ( alba and rubra are good v arieties ) fl
on
( a tro av a
anguinea Ca t esbaei and maxima are good v arieties ) purpurea
,

s , , , ,

and rubra Good hybrids are Ch l s i C tii S t

. sii and e on , ou r , even ,

Williamsii .

S sap arilla — The root O

ar f S milax species used medi c inally
. ,

S ati n Fl w er S isyrin c hium o ,

.

S v ry S atureia ( satur e ia from the Arabic stt

a o ,
Ord Labia -

, a a r. .

tae) — S Kitchen Garden Herbs

. ee -
.

S av y — S o Kitchen Garden
. ee .

S axifraga R ockfoil ( s i f raga but commonly sx i f a g from ax -

a r -
a,

sx m stone and f g to break— supposed use in bladder t roubles

, ,

a u , ,
ra n o, .

Ord S i f g ) — A large and important genus f hardy alpine

. ax ra e ae . o

plants the adequate des crip t ion f which would require a volume o
in i t self The genus v aries greatly some pe c ies being moss like in
,

. S -

t c
,

g ow
r h others large loose and spreading They are harming f . or
the ro c k garden and some may be used for edgings S Umbrosa
, , ,

. .

the well known London Pride is a c ase in point N general hint

, ,

-
. 0
as to soil may be given as the pecies v ary in their re quirements
,

, S .

The mossy S axifrages will thrive in ordinary garden soil provided it

is t d y The encrusted species like a limes t one soil The large
no
‘

r . .

l ea v ed Megasea section lo v e a moist soil

-
Propagation is by seed . ,
2 82 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
sown in a greenhouse frame in pring or if home saved as soon or S -

sripe ; by division and by c uttings S armentosa t he W ell known

, , ,

a -

Mo t her f Thousands ( see B t i l M g i t

, . ,

o is propagated o a n ca a az n e , .

by runners The following are a few good S axifrages Of the l ge

egasea section c ordi f olia pink wi th i tsv ie t ies
: ar
h y leaved M
.
,

fl s e -
ar
purpurea and alba ; ligula t a purple ( B t M g t
, ,

and
,

o a

S t ra c heyi pink ( B t M g t
, . ., .

may be grown All bloom in o . a ., .. .

pring Of the mossy se c tion a few f the best c aespi t osa

,

S . o ar e
whi t e summer ; C m p si (W ll i ) white spring ( B t M g
,

a o a ac e o . a

t 664 ) de cipi ns whit e spring ; h yp i d s whi t e pring ;

, , ,

. 0 e no e S

m s i d s yellowish spring t he varieties of t hi s c alled t p

, , , ,

u co e a ro ur

purea and R h i are good ; and trifurcata white pring va ie t y

, , ,

e S r

is good ( B t bl g t Among the beau t i f ul

, , ,

c era ot p h yll a o . a .

en c rus t ed c lass will be found Aizoon cream red dots early summer ;
,

c o c hle is white early summer ; C ot yledon white spring and its

, , ,

ar

plendid v ie t y pyramidalis ; whi t e do tt ed red e ly

, , , , ,

S s
t t
ar cru a a, ar
summer ; H stii whi t e spring ; and longifolia W hi t e dotted red
, ,

o
early summer ( B t M g t
,

Pre tt y t uft ed S axifrages are

, , , ,

o . a ., .

api c ulata yellow pring ; B oydi yellow spring ; B s i whi te

S u r e r an a, ,

winter and its larger varie t y maj or ; R h l i whi t e summer ;

, , , ,

oc e an a ,
sancta yellow la t e spring ; and V l d si sW hit e spring Granula t a
, ,

a en . ,

t he whi t e meadow S axifrage and i ts double varie t y fl pleno

, , , ,

ore ,

must no t be overlooked ; must t he pret t y lit t le p p si t i f h

,

n or o o o a,

purple spring wi t h its varie t ies f which maj or is f t he mos t o one o

popular In addi t ion to these spe c ies and varieties there are a good
, , ,

many hybrids so t hat the lover f S axifrages has abundant material

, o
for study .

S ca biosa S c abious (s b i o from s bi s t he it c h in allusion ca -

S a, ca e

t o i ts v alue in soothi ng that t ouble Ord D ipsaceae) Pre tt y and

, , ,

r . . .
-

fragran t flowers best represented in gardens by the varie t ies of

a tropurpurea an annual with dark crimson flowers in summer
,

growing t o 3 f t high (s the B t i l Jlf g i t

,

2 . The ee o an ca a az n e , .

double forms f this popular plan t are very handsome and o ,

seed may be bough t in separate colours or mixture It may be .

sown t of doors in spring (s Annuals) Caucasi c a is a hardy

ou ee .

perennial growi ng abou t a foo t high wi t h large pale blue flowers ,

good for t he ro c kery border ; t here is a whi t e varie t y l ba ; it

,

or a

may be raised from seed in creased by div ision in pring The

,

or S .

S c abiouses will t hrive in ordinary soil .

S cal — There e many species f s c ales infesting various plants

ar e o .

The females atta c h t hemselves to the bark su c k ou t t he j uices lose ,

t he power f movemen t and lay eggs whi c h are prote cted by a

,

o .

horn like subs t ance Tw f the wors t s c ales at tack Apples and
, ,

-
. o o
Pears S Pe enemies under Frui t
. ee ar .

S c rlet R nner ( Phaseolus m l t i fl

a s)
u —S K itchen Garden u or u . ee .

S c hizanthus B utterfly Flower ( sh i a thus from sh i ,

t cut c z n -
, c zo , o ,

and th s flower in allusion to the fringed petals Ord S olana

an o , ,
. .

— B eautiful annuals well adapted for pot culture suitable

c e ae ) . , ,

for sowing in late pring to bloom in summer and in late summer S ,

to blo m the following pring They flower profusely and th

o S . , e
 E n c y c lo pe di a o f G ard e nin g
colours are v ery bright The foliage is much cu t and bright green .

in c olour so t ha t it is ornamen t al in itself The maj ori t y are half

,

hardy but pinnat us purplish lila c and yellow summer bloomin g

,

, , , ,

1 8 ins high is hardy and may be sown outdoors if desired

., Ther . e

are several varie t ies of i t P p i l i spurple spo tt ed is popular

, ,

a o n ac e u
l M g i
. .

h m i lila c t 3 44) t ss ros

, ,

G ra a 8 ins ( B t i 1 . o an ca a az n e , . 0 re u u e

and orange with its vari t y albus whi t e ; and Wi st i sv ariou s

, , ,

s e e one n
c olours are the best f t he half hardy spe cies ; the last is dw fest
, , ,

o -
ar

and mos t c ompa ct In growing for spring bloom ge t the plants

,

es t ablished singly in small po t s in au t umn and W in t er t hem on a ,

greenhouse helf S .

S hi c d zo co sl d l l i d s(sh i
on Od from shi t o cut and
o an e o e c zo c — on c zo ,

a bell O rd D iapensia c eae ) A pre tt y hardy perennial

, ,

k d o on , . . .
-

only growing 3 or 4 ins high wi t h rosy fringed flowers in early

,

pring I t i sa ni c e ro c kery plan t liking sandy pea t in a shady spo t

, ,

S . , ,

and propagated by seed or division .

S c hizo p e t l on W l k i ( sh i p et alon from shi

a t o c ut and
a er c zo -
c zo ,

t O C c f
, ,

p t l
e a on , a pe al rd ru i erae ) — A pretty hardy annual grow
. . .

ing abou t 9 ins high with whi t e fringed fragrant flowers For
,

. .

cul t ure s Annual s

, , ,

, ee .

S hi sc tyl i s K ffi
zo Lily Win t er Gladiolus (s chiz os t yli s from
,
a r -

t o c ut and styl s a c olumn Ord

, ,

sh ic zo , ,
—S B ulbs o , . . ee .

S c iado p itys v er ticilla ta Umbrella Pine ( si d Op i t is from s ki s a c a -

a

interes t ing and

, , ,

parasol and pi tys a Fir Ord

,

. .

ornamen t al tree wi t h a preading whorl of foliage hardy if plan t ed

, ,

in a sheltered pla c e A loamy soil lightened with leaf mould is

,

desirable Propagat ion is by seed

, ,

. .

S c illa S quill Wild Hya c in t h (si l l

,
from sk yl l t o inj ure t h
, c -
a, o, e
bulb being repu t ed poisonous Ord Lilia c eae) — S B ulbs
,

. . . ee .

S c lo p endrium Hart s t ongue Fern ( s l p e d i m from s l

’
o ,
-
co o n -
r u co o
a c ent ipede in re f eren c e t o t he spore c ases O rd Filices)
,

p d en ra , . . .

— A large genus when c onsidered as embra c ing the numerous v arie

,

ties bu t t he number of pe cies is few and only vulgare t he c ommon S

Har t s t ongue is f real impor t an c e The number f forms f t his

, , ,
’
-
o . o o
v ariable fern runs t hundreds and t hey c ons t itute q ui t e an i
,

o n
crispum cristatum
,

t ere s t i g study f
n fern lovers A l d or . c ro c a on,

m gina tum ramosum and

, ,

fimb i t m r a u g d i p s K l w yi r an ce e a ar
variega t um are a few good varie ties ; t here are many sub varie t ies
, , , , ,

-
.

Leaf mould wi t h a t hird f loam and some p i e c es of sandstone o

sui t s Propaga t ion is by pores (s Ferns) ex c ept in the c ase f

, ,

. S ee o
some of t h v arie t ies f t u ft y habi t whi c h may be divided when
,

e o
growth s t ar t s Vulgare and its va ieties are hardy bu t many
,

. r ar e
well wor t hy of pot c ulture
,

S c rzonera
o S corzonera hispani c a (scorzon e
,
Ord Com -
ra. .

p s
o i t )
ae S Kitchen
.
-
Garden ee .

S c t ch Pri mr se Primula scoti c a

o o , .

S crew Pin — S Pandanus e ee .

S cru b O k Quercus Catesbaei a , .

S ea B uck th rn Hippophae rhamnoides o , .

S e f r thia (s fO t hia after Lord S eaforth

a o ea Ord Palmae) r -

, . . .
 2 84 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
Handsome palms S elegans (syn A h t p h i Cunning . . . rc on o oe n x
h m i i ) is a graceful species
a For c ulture s Palms . , ee .

S H lly E ryngium mari t imum

ea o , .

S eakale ( Crambe mari t ima) — S Ki tc hen G den . ee ar .

S Lavender S t a t i c e Limonium
ea , .

S eaw e d — This subs t an c e is good as manure and may be used

e
wi t h advan t age for Asparagus Pota t oes and Turnips I t should
,

, .

be used while fresh

,

S ecate r — S mall hand pruning shears whi c h if kep t well O iled

u .
-

, ,

d sharpened are preferable to a pruning knife in many cases

an , .

S e d um S tonecrop ( e dum from sd t o sit in allusion t o their S e e re ,

habit of growth O rd Crassula c eae) — A large genus o f su cc ulen t

, , ,

. . .

plants useful because they will t hrive in dry pla c es and in poor
oil ; t hey may be put dry ro c keries and on walls ; t hey like
,

s on

limestone Propaga t ion is by seeds cu t tings ( dried before ins r

. o

tion) and division The following are a few f t he bes t Acre

,

. o :
or 3 ins high has several varieties su c h s
,

yellow summer
,

, ,
2 . , , a

legans and aureum ; Album white summer grows about 6 ins

e , , , .

high ; Caeruleum blue summer 4 to 6 ins L yd i m pale pink or , , , u ,

white summer about 3 ins high ; S i b l d i pink summer about . e o

foot ; S pectabile pink la t e summer abou t 8 ins O t hers are
, , , , ,

a 1 .

cre and its v arie ties glau c um k m sh t i m T k st i m

, , ,

a , , a c a cu ur e an c u

virens and Rhodiola

, ,

S elagin lla ( sl g i el la a diminutive

e f S l g whi c h comes
e a n -
o e a o,

from sl ( Celti c) sigh t and j k b fi i l — li t erally good for t he

,

e ac ene c a
f elegant plan t s some f
, , , ,

yes Ord S l gi
e .
) — A large genus
. e a n e ae . o o
which are f trailing habi t They love mois t ure in ummer bu t
,

o . S
no t overhead so that syringing should not be pra c tised The
,

, .

c reeping sorts hould be grown in pans the upright ones in pans

S , or
pots Loam and leaf mould in equ l parts with a good deal of
. a
and suit Propagat ion is by cuttings f t he main s t ems in spring
,

s . o
The following are a few f t he be s t
,

d summer or by layering
an . o :

f t to 8 ins ; G l tt i ft good for a hanging

,

B rau ni i erect 1 . 1 . a eo e 1 .,

basket ; grandis bran c hing should have a c lose c ase ; K ssi

, , ,

r au an a

( syns denti c ulata and Lycopodium denti c ulatum) creeping ; M

, ,

. , ar

t s i i br nching ; and uncinata trailing

en , a , .

S leni p d i m — A section of Cypripedium o l y recognised by

e e u . , n
botanis t s .

S lf — A flower with only

e . colour S C rnat ions e t c one . ee a , .

S em p ervi v m Houseleek ( sm p ui v um from smp , i e v er e e rv -

, e e r v vo ,

l iving Ord Crassulaceae) — A large genus f succulents which

. . . o
like t he S edums will thrive in poor dry soil The hardy kinds will
,

walls roofs and dry ro c keries They like lime P p

, ,

g row on , , . . ro a

g t ia is by
on seeds in spring or o f
f sets The following a few f . ar e o
prin c ipal kinds ara c hnoideum red early summer 4 ins high
,

th e :
C obweb Houseleek (s the B t i l M g i t
.

t here
, , , ,

th e ee o a n ca a az n e , .

are many v arieties Arenarium yellow summer 6 i s Glau c um . n .

red summer 9 ins T b l f m and v ariegatum are grown for

, , , ,

, , . a u ae or ae
their foliage and used in carpet bedding Tectorum red summer .

ft is the common H ouseleek ; there are se v er l v ie t ies

, , ,

.
1 a ar .
 E n c y cl op e d i a o f G ard e n i ng
S n cie Groundsel (sen e c io from s x an Old man in allusion
e o, -
ene ,

t o the bare recep t acle Ord Composi t ae) — A large genus with
, ,

. . . ,

whi c h modern botanists hav e now uni t ed Ci eraria although they n ar e

not supported by gardeners The pe c ies are very v iable in habit

,

. S ar

and dura t ion D oroni c um is a yellow hardy perennial ft high

. , 1 . .

E legans (syn Jacobaea elegans) is a half—hardy annual f which o

several colours are available M gl sss t he C ape I vy is

.

. acro o u , a

greenhouse evergreen climber wi t h pale yellow flowers in summe

,

( s the B t i l M g i Pul c her is a hardy perennial

,

ee to a n ca a az n e ,

ft high with purple flowers in au t umn ( B t M g t

. ,

1 . o . a ., .

Ma crophyllus is a hardy perennial with yellow flowers and larg

,

leaves bes t in a shel t ered pla c e They are t parti c ular as t o soil
, . no .

The annuals are raised from seed in spring the perennials from ,

seed and by division .

S ensiti v e Fern O noclea sensibilis , .

S ensitiv e Plan t Mimosa pudi c a ,

.

S e qu ia Wellingtonia (sq Oi
o ,
a native name Ord Coniferae ) e u -
a, . . .

S equoia gigantea is the proper name botanists tell us f the magni o

t Cali f ornian tree known as Wellingtonia gigantea whi c h h s
, ,

fi c en a

attained a heigh t f over yards and a girth f in Ameri c a I t

,

o 1 00 o 10 .

does not attain t o these extraordinary dimensions in Grea t B ritain

but in good loamy soil and un crowded becomes a fine t ree Ther
,

. e

several varie ties of it su c h as argentea silvery ; aurea yellow ;

, ,

ar e

and pendula drooping The o t her species is sempervirens t h

, , ,

. e

Californian R edwood whi c h is f pyramidal habi t ; there

, ,

o ar e
several varie t ies of this also The sp cies are propagated by seed
,

. e
t he varie t ies by c uttings or grafting
,

S i g ph i s
e r co — S Ja c obinia
ra . ee .

S ervi c e B rry Amelanchier e , .

S ervic Tree Pyrus S orbuse , .

S ervice Tr e Wild Pyrus torminalis e

s
, , .

ettin g — T se t fruits su c h as Melons is to transfer pollen

O

from male t o female flowers

, ,

S ha dd c k C i t rus de c umana
o , .

S ha d in g — S Greenhouse ee .

S h l l n Gaultheria S hallon
a o , .

S hall t ( Allium as c alonicum

o Ord Lilia c eae ) — S Kitchen . . . ee
Garden .

S hamrock — The yellow S u c kling Trifolium minus and the whi t e

Clover Trifolium repens both have supporters in t he claims mad
, ,

e
them as being the true Irish S hamrock O xalis A c etosella i s
, ,

f or .

also used bu t less commonly , .

S hanking —
S Fruit— Grapes . ee .

S h ar s— A pair f short handled shears hould be kep t in garden s

e o -
S
for clipping hedges and a pair f long handled with short blades , o -
.

for trimming grass v erges They hould be kep t sharpened and

,

. S
oiled .

S he p h r d s Purs — Capsella B ursa pastoris a t roublesome weed

’
e e. -

which must be kept under subj ection in gardens

, ,

.
 2 86 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
S hiftin g — R epo t ting is of t en spoken f as shif ting by o

g ardeners S Po t ting . ee .

S hi el d Fer — S Aspidium n ee .

S hirley P ppy S Papaver o .

-
ee .

S h rtia ( h or t ia after D
o SS hort Ord D iapensia c eae) — A small
-
r. . . .

pret t y hardy perennials g o w ing but a few in c hes high

,

g enus f o r

They are good for shady par t s f t he

,

d blooming in spring
,

an . o
ro kery wh ere they thrive in sandy pea t Propagation is by ff
c . o
ets whi c h may be removed from s trong plants in spring C alaci
,

s , .

folia h swhite and i fl pale pink flowers

a un ora .

S hru bb ry S hru bs — Se Flower Garden ,

ee .

S i b rian Cra b Pyrus bacca t a

e ,
.

Si bth p i (s i bt h O p ia after D
or a S i bt h p Ord S p h l ir -
r. or . . crO u ar
— A small genus c omprising one pre tt y plan t in europaea
,

)
n e ae
the Cornish Moneywor t whi c h grows 6 t 8 ins high and has pink
. , ,

o .

S t ill pre tt ier is t he form v iegata whi c h is

,

fl owers in summer
,

. ar

bes t grown in a greenhouse room and looks well in a hanging

,

or

baske t Loam and leaf soil equal par t s wi t h sand suit P p

,

. In . ro a

is by c u tt ings in a frame pr ng summer

, ,

g ti a on In S i or .

S ide sa d dl e Flo w er — S S arracenia . ee .

S il ene C t h fl y ( sil e from si l s l iva from t he glu t inous

a c -
n o, a on , a

e cre tion Ord C y p h yl l ) — Pretty annual biennial or peren

, ,

s . . ar o e ae .

nial herbac eous plan t s t he m j ority hardy and good f t he ro c kery

, ,

a or
for beds The mos t popu l ar is the hardy annual pendula and
,

or .

its variety c ompa c ta whi c h have pink flowers and do well when
sown in Augus t for spring blooming A c aulis pink e ly summer
, ,

ar

3 ins high t he C ushion Pink or MO

.
, , ,

Campion is good and has SS

everal varieties Mari t ima fl
.

pleno double whi t e is a good

, , ,

s . ore

S c haffa deep red summer 6 ins

, ,

h ardy trailer . is also a good .

rock plant O rdinary soil Propaga t ion is by seed

, , , ,

. by division . or

in the c ase f the perennials

,

o .

S il k Vine Periplo c a grae c a ,

.

S il p hium Compass Plan t ( s i l p h i m from s i l ph i a Greek name -

u on , .

Composi t ae) — H dy perennials f lit tle importan c e bu t

, ,

O d r . . ar o
lacinia t um whi c h grows 5 to 6 f t high and has yellow flowers in
,

summer is interes t ing from i t s sup p osed pe c uliari t y f turning i t s

, ,

leaves nor t h and sou t h Ordinary soil sui t s Propagation is by

,

. .

seed division
or .

S il ver Fir Abies pe ct ina t a ,

.

S il v r L af — Se Plum enemies under Fruit

e . ee .

S ina p is Mustard ( sin a pis from

, p ( Celtic) Ord Cru c iferae ) -

, na . . .

S Ki tc hen G den
ee ar .

S isyrin chium S atin Flower ( s is y i c hium from sys a pig and r n -

s a snou t in referen c e t o t heir being proo t ed by Wild pigs

, , , ,

r y n co u .

O rd I i d ) — Pretty hardy perennials sui t able for t he ro c kery

, ,

. r e ae .

for c ulture in pots in a c ool g eenhouse G d i fl m whi c h

, ,

'
or r . ran or u
has purple flowers in spring and g ows abou t a foo t high is t he
,

m s t impor t an t (s t he B t i l M g i t
, ,

o ee There i sa o an ca a az n e , .

whi te v arie t y Loam wi t h sand and a thi rd f leaf mould s i t s

. , o , u .

P ropagation is by seeds in spring or offsets .

 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ard e n i n g 2 8
7
Sk i mmi ( ki m mia from the Japanese S k i mmi
a S -
Ord Ru t aceae) . . .

Hardy e v ergreen hrubs f whi c h t he prin c ipal spe c ies is j apo ni c a

,

-
S o

( s the B t i l M g i t i t produ c es whi t e flowers in

,

ee o an ca a az n e , .

spring followed by berries if both the male and female forms are
planted and grows 3 to 4 ft high ; there are sever l v arieties i
,

. a n

c luding the fragrant g ti ssi m For tunei wi t h g eenish whi t e

, ,

ra a. r -

flowers ; and Laureola yellow Ci tron s c ented are also grown

,

-
.

Peat and loam suit Propaga tion is by seeds Sown when ripe and
, , ,

by c u t tings in a warm house under a h and light

, ,

-
.

S li pp r w ort — S
e Calceolar i a . ee .

S l e Prunus pinosa
o ,
S .

S lugs Gardeners have no t yet satisfied themselves of the useful

.
-

par t played by t he slug in t he e c onomy of N a t ure Knowing i t as .

a vora cious feeder on young plan t s they have c lassed i t as an enemy

that mus t be rigorously repressed B t the slug t akes a good deal . u

o f subduing N oc t urnal in habi t s c lever a t finding hiding pla c es

.
-

and c overing up i t s t racks it o f ten ends triumphan t S lugs are

,

more abundant on damp t han on dry si t es They lo v e moisture

,

. .

B t moisture in
u form— lime water— t akes t hem at a d i sd
one -

a v an
t age and if any gardener who is much harassed by lugs would . S
make a pra c ti c e f putting a lump f fresh lime as big as a c ocoa nu t
,

o o -

in a pail of water s training ff the liquid a few hou rs afterwards o

and wa t ering wi t h i t a t nigh t

,

or 3 e venings in su cc ession
,

he would soon redu c e t hem ; or he c ould sla c k a lit tle fresh lime
, ,

t ake the powder and dus t i t abou t at night A good method f

,

. o
trapping sl gsi st o pu t down small heaps f fresh brewers grains
,

’
u o
near t he plan t s in t he evening and examine them af t er dark , .

Growers f alpines hould look under over

o S

hanging plan t s on their ro c keries periodi

cally as slugs are apt t o es t ablish t hem
selves i cool mois t hady crevices and
,

n S
c hoi c e plan t s If plants in
, , ,

make raids on .

greenhouses frames are found nibbled a or

few of the po t s in the neighbourhood

,

S hould be lifted and examined S lugs .

of t en c hoose t he drainage hole of a fl w o er

p t as
o hiding pla c e
a -

S M IL
.

S m l x (s m lax from s m l a scraper H w IN o To TR A A X.

S i gs
i a i -
i e,

in allusion t o the pri c kly s t ems O rd

, ,
B 1. o x. 2 tr n

3 4 B mb
. .

ds . .

Liliaceae) — The S milax f gardens is oo r o

, . a .

. o
Asparagus medeoloides (s Asparagus) t he S mil ax genus f botan ee o

tsare c limbing hrubs The c ommon S milax is generally trained

,

is S .

up s trings and is planted t in a border or grown in boxes

, ou .

S m k W d Clematis Vitalba
o e oo ,
.

S nail s— S S lugs ee .

S nak e M illip d — S Millipede e e. ee .

S nak Pl ant R hus Cotinus

e ,
.

S ak sH ea d Fri t illaria Meleagris and I ris tuberosa

’
n e ,
.
2 88 E n c yc lo pe di a o f G ard e ning
S na p dr g — S Antirrhinum
a on ee .

S neeze w r t Ach i llea P t armi c a

o , .

S n w ball Tr e Viburnum O pulus sterile

o e , .

S n w d ro p — S
o B ulbs and Galanthus . ee .

S now d ro p Tree Halesia tetraptera , .

S n wdr p Wi d fl w
o Anemone sylves tr s
o n o e r, i .

S wfl k — S
no B ulbs and Leu c oj um
a e ee .

S n w Gl ry ( C hionodoxa )
o So B ulbs .
-
ee .

S no w l summer — S -
C erastium
n -
. ee .

S now the m untain — S Arabis

-
on - -
o . ee .

S o p w or t — S
a S aponaria ee .

S bralia ( sobr a lia af t er S fi

o S obral Ord Or c hida c eae) -
e or . . .

Terres trial O r c hids f t all grow t h easy to manage in a ho t house

,

o .

They have t hi c k roo t s bu t no pseudo bulbs Loam and fibrous

,

-
.

peat in equal par ts wi th c har c oal and sand form a suitable c om

,

pos t Propagat ion is by division when g row t h s t ar t s They will

, ,

. .

require wat er all t he year round bu t more in summer t han in winter

Ma crantha purple whi t e and yel low 4 to 6 f t flowering in summer
, .

is the bes t spe c ies ; t here are several varieties f i t of whi c h albida
, , , ,

S c hroder s varie t y and plendens may be

,

amed There are also

,
’
, S n .

several hybrids .

S i l — The soil w deal w i t h in our gardens is the de t ritus of rocks

O . e
mingled wi t h par t icles f de c ayed vegeta t ion su c h as leaves I t o .

varies great ly in some d istri ct s being heavy and t enac ious in

,

o t hers ligh t and loose We have s ti ff dark soils w hi c h w c all c lay

, ,

. e
tena ci ous yellow soil c alled marl sand and s t ones mixed und r th
, ,

e e
name f gravel reddish brownish fibrous soil c alled loam and
,

o or

white so f t ro c k c alled c halk It would hardly be wi t hin our scope

, ,

t o describe at l eng th t he geographic l c hanges whic h have disim

,

t g t d ro c ks and a cc umula t ed gri tt y parti c les ;

e ra e business is t o our

deal wi t h soil as w find i t The proper management of t he soil e .

bo t h w i t h respe c t t o t illage and manuring is vi t al to su cc ess in

,

gardeni g I t is impor t an t to raise t he hea t f t he soil d t he

,

n . o an
firs t s t p to se c ure t hat end i sdrainage and aera tion In gardens
,

e .

above sea level and ground with a na t ural f all for t he wa t er

-
on
whi c h c omes from t he clouds and soaks in t o the soil t here is nat ural
,

drainag e espe c ially if the soil be loam gravel c halk

,

sand If or . ,

however t he ground is so si t ua t ed t hat t here is u t le t and is

, , , ,

no O

s ti ff i t is advisable t o drain i t ar t ifi c ially This is e ffe ct ed by laying

, ,

ear t hen w are pipes in tren c hes 3 f t deep and 5 t o f t apart

,

2 i
-
n. . 1 2 0 .

closer wider ac c ording as the soil is very modera t ely heavy

,

or or .

Th pipes should converge

e a main drain wi t h an outle t at some on
sele ct ed spo t Aera t ion is fa c ili t a t ed by d rainage as s t agnan t
.

mois t ure c annot lie near the urfa c e f drained soil I t is carried
,

. S o .

further by c rumbling t he ground t o t he level f the drains and this o

is e ffec t ed by removing t he t op spi t and breaking up t he under pi t
,

S
incorpora t ing a t the same time mortar rubbish road s c rapings c oal
,

ashes d any g t bl r f s available Heavy c old damp so i l

, ,

an ve e a e e u e .

which is treated in thi s way soon becomes warmer drier and mor
, , ,

.
, , e
 o f G ard e n i n g
E n c v c l o pae d i a
fertile S u c h ground in i t s na tural un tilled state is unsuitable f
. or
the principal frui t s and t he crops f vegetables are late in its o ;
ameliorated sta t e it will grow good frui t and ( given a reasonable
,

amount f shel t er) early vege t ables Trees shrubs R oses and
o .

flowering plants generally t hrive the better in heavy soil when i t is

, , ,

drained and aera t ed The reason is t hat more f t he nitrifying . o

bact eria whi c h c onvert manure in t o plant food can li v e in the tilled
than in t he un t illed soil Those who are .

establishing gardens for marke t c ul t ure

should give c areful a tt en t ion t o the selection
o f ground This is par t i c ularly ne c essary
.

where frui t is t o be planted The bes t fruit .

lands are generally found wi t hin 5 miles f 0 o

t he sea where the soil is loam N ei t her very
, .

stiff very light soil is ideal F

n or g . or ve e
t able culture shel t er and a warm aspe c t are
importan t be c ause t hey favour earliness
whi c h means good pri c es Those who are
, ,

making gardens f pleasure need not be so or

par ti c ular .

S lanum N ightshade ( sol num from sl

o BE Y L NUM a o ar , A RR SO A
to c omfort in allusion t o t he nar c o t i c i fl M m s g h f
-

, ,

n u ak i n g fr e h ro w t a te r

e m es O rd S olanaceae) A large genus and

,

— be g c u t baCk '

e . . .

f outs t anding importan c e inasmu c h as it in c ludes t he Potato

,

one o
S tuberosum (s Ki tc hen Garden ) Hybridis t s have endeav oured
, ,

. ee .

t o give t he garden Potato improved disease resisting powers by -

crossing with o t her spe c ies su c h as S Maglia and S C m m s i . . o er on

but hi t her t o wi t hou t su c cess The latter is t he s c alled swamp
, ,

. o -

Po t at o it will thrive in mois t pla c es bu t is f no value as a food

; o
crop The genus S olanum in cludes several plan t s well wor t h grow
,

ing for their ornamen t al appearan c e One case in poin t is t he .

Win t er Cherry S C p si st m wh i c h c arries a c rop f bright

”
. a ca ru o

red berries t h gh t h win t er This may be raised from seed

, ,

rc u e . or
c uttings If t he f ormer sow in a frame greenhouse in spring if
. or ;
t he latt er rest t h l d plan t s in spring prune t hem ba c k water and
,

e o

syringe them then t ake some f t he young shoo t s wh ich push and
, , ,

o
inser t them in sandy soil under a bell glass
,

-
.

The plan t s may be put outdoors in the

summer and pot t ed up in t o 5 i abou t -
n.

mid S eptember using a compos t of loam -

with a li tt le decayed manure and sand

,

There is a sort with variegated leav es .

O t her ornamental S olanums are crispum a

hardy wall evergreen shrub wi t h bl e
,

u
HC W TO
flowers in summer followed by yellowi sh
P R U NE B ACK A

fr ui t s j asminoides a greenhous c limber

,
E So ’
i ggfsss fggg
zf‘ TH E
fi
f
‘ n
B ; e
W t h blue and white flowers in summer
,

b s
Cu t at th e
t here is a variegat ed variet y ; Melongena
ar .
i
,

the E gg Plan t (s Ki tc hen Garden) ; robustum a greenhouse

,

ee

spe c es with handsome foliage suitable for plan t ing in a sub

.
,

i
,

trop cal garden in summer

i and W e n d l an d i i , a warm house -
2
9 0 E n c y c lop ae di a o f G ard e ning
climbing shrub with lilac flowers in summer S the B t i l ee o a n ca
M g i t 69 4
, .

a az n e , . 1 .

S l d anella ( soldan el la a diminu t ive f sl i d s a pie c e f money

o -
o o u o
referring t the form f the leaves Ord Primula c eae) —Pretty
, , ,

o o . . .

a l pines well worth growing t he rockery The leaves are heart on .

shaped The most popular spe c ies alpina (syn Cl sii — B t m l

,
’

ar e u o a ca

M g i t 6 3) and pusilla both of whi c h grow about 3i shigh

. .

a az n e , . 2 1 n .

and have drooping blue flowers in April P y l f l i is a v arie t y

,

. r o ae o a
o f the former spe c ies ; hybrida is a hybrid be t ween the t w They o.
like a compost of loam and pea t and should be top dressed with -

leaf mould and grit every au t umn Propaga t ion is by seeds in a

,

frame in spring and by division af t er flowering They should hav e .

a cool moist pla c e in the ro c k g den It i swell to put a s quare f

,

ar . o
glass over alpina in autumn t o t hrow ff the winter r i ns
,

o a .

S lidago G lden R d ( solid i g

o , o from sl i d to uni t e in al lu
o -
o, o a re ,

sion t o t he healing virtues Ord Compositae) — S Golden R d

,

. . . ee o .

S lomon s S e l —S
o
’
Polygona t um and B ulbs
a . ee .

S o t — A useful fer t iliser for most c rops yielding ammonia

o If .

applied t o g rden lawn in a q uan t ity su ffi c ien t t o well blacken

,

a or
t he soil or grass when rain t h eat ens i t does good but it should no t r

be dusted over young plan t s when fresh from t he c himney it

,

or
may inj ure them If soot is pu t in a bag or pie c e f sa c king and
,

. o
hung in a tub f water a good liquid manure is formed
o , .

S p h ra ( s oph ora from the Arabic spl

o o -
Ord Leguminosae ) o ze r o . . .

—The mos t popular member f t his genus is j aponica t he Pagoda

,

o
Tree of C hina and Japan which is hardy grows t o 3 ft high
,

2 0 0 .

and bears whi t e flowers in summer Pendula and variega t a are

, , ,

drooping and v ariega t ed v arie t ies respectively I t likes a friable .

loam The spe cies are raised from seed and the varie t ies are
.

graft ed to i t
,

on .

S ph o i ti s( sp h
ron i t is from sp/M o modes t Ord Orchid
ro n -
o on a, . .

f Or c hids t he mos t important f whi c h is

,

— A small genus
ac e ae ) . o o
whi c h produ c es bright s c arle t flowers in winter ; there
,

g rand i fl ora,

are se v eral varieties f it It may be grown in a shallow pan in o .

peat and S phagnum with a few pie c es f c harcoal over cro c ks ;

,

o or
a block Propagation is by division Al t hough l ess water will
,

on . .

be needed in wi n t er t han in summer t he plants mus t t be dried no

The genera 8 p h i t i s and Cat t leya have bee crossed

,

o ff . 0 ron n
giving the bigeneri c S p h c at t leyas S p h i t i shas also been
,

o ro -
. O ron

crossed with Laelia giving the bigeneric 8 phro Laelia Further 0 -

.

c t li ca t tleya
, ,

S o
p h i t i sg
r on difl has been
r an rossed wi h a Lor a ae o -

L li c attleyas
,

giving trigeneric hybrids S ph F parti or o ro -

ae o . or
Or c hids
,

l s s a modern book
c u ar , ee on .

S rb s — S
o u Pyrus. ee .

S rre1 — S
o K itchen Garden— Herbs
. ee .

S wbre d — S
o Cyclamen
a . ee .

S p d e — These tools are made in v arious sizes but they should

a .

lways be f steel and moun t ed

,

a o strong Ash D handles N o 3

, on . .
 E n c y c lop ae d i a of G ard e ning 2 91

is a useful m e dium size They should be kept scraped whe in s . n u e,

and cleaned and oiled before being put away .

Sp anish B l b l l S cilla hispanica ue e ,

.

S p nish I ri s
a —S I ris ee .

S p araxis ( s p a is from sp s
s ar to t ear inxreference
-
to the
, t a ra o, , cu
spathes Ord I i d ) — S B ulbs
. . r e ae . ee .

Sp armannia africana ( sparm ann ia af t er A S parmann Ord -

. . .

ft
,

Til i —A handsome greenhouse shrub growing from 6 to

e ae ) . 2 0 .

hi gh with white flowers showing a prominent brush f stame n s in

,

o
spring (s the B t i l M g i t It thrives in loam with
,

ee o an ca a az n e , .

a fo rth of pea t and some sand Propagation is by cuttings in

u .

spring under a bell glass in a w rm house I t is very easily gro wn -

a . .

Sp aw n — S Kitchen G rden— Mushrooms

. ee a .

S p ec laria Venus s Looking glass ( specul a ria from S p l m

’
u - -
ec u u

i s Ord C ampanulaceae ) — The only species grown much is

, ,

V ener . . .

S peculum a purple hardy annual growing abou t a foot high and

flowering in summer (syn Campanula S pe c ulum— B t i l M g
,

. o a n ca a a

i
z ne, t . S Annu l s ee a .

S p eedwell — S Veronica . ee .

S p hagnum —A moss much used by Or c hid growers prin c ipally

.

owing t o i t s sponge like power f absorbing wa t er ; i t grows i .

,

-
o n
swampy places It may be bough t from florists and seedsmen
. .

S pi d er Orchi s — S Ophrys ee .

S p iderw rt S Trades c an t ia
o .
-
ee .

Sp igelia Worm Grass ( p i g é lia af t er A S pigelius Ord L g i S -

. . . o an
spe c ies f which m i l
, ,

— A fa i rly large genus only

a c e ae ) . one o ar an
di c a is much grown Thi s is a hardy perennial with reddish yellow
, ,

, .

flowers i summer growing about a foot high It is a good rockery

n .

plant t hriving in peat and loam with sand and propagated by

,

seed c u tt ings S the B t i l M g i t 8

, , ,

or . ee o a n ca a az n e , . 0.

S p inach S pina c ia O leracea ( spin a cia from s pi a pri c kle i -

, na, n
allusion t o the seed Ord Chenopodiaceae) S Ki t chen Garden
, ,

. . .
-
ee .

S p in d le Tre e — S E uonymus ee

S p iraea M eadow S weet (spirae from sp i wreathed i -

a, e ra , n
re f erence t o i t s former use in g rlands Ord R osa c eae) —A usefu l
, ,

a . . .

genus of shrubs giving material for g eenhouses as well as f shrub r or

b i s Astilbe j aponi c a is generally grown under the name

er e . f o
S piraea j aponica and is sold in the form f dormant roots by bul b o

dealers in au t umn (s B ulbs) The S piraea j aponica of botanists

,

ee .

is a di fferen t plant ; it is a h rdy e v ergreen wi t h rose flowers n d a , a

is synonymous with the S piraea callosa of Thunberg ; Anthon y
,

Waterer and B umalda are v rieties of it (s t he B t i l M g i a ee o an ca a az n e ,

t 5
. Of the hardy de c iduous spe c ies for the shrubbery Aitchi ,

soni arguta Aruncus D ouglasi Filipendula fl pleno L i d l y ore n e an a ,

parti cularly good They t hrive i
, , , , ,

palmata and Th b gi un er ar e . n
most deep fertile fairly moist soils and giv e long w eaths f bloo m
,

, , , r o
2
9 2 E n c yc l o pmd i a
o f G ard e ning
i nt h sm me The common Meadow S wee t is Ulmaria t here
u er. ; ar e

ariega t ed leaved and double forms f i t A stil b i d s al t hough

,

v -

o . o e
h ardy is mu c h used as a pot plan t and t hrives in bulb soil
,

fl i ; or

forms f it The S piraeas differ somewha t

, ,

bunda and L m i i e o ne ar e o .

i nt heir manner of flowering Argu t a and Th b gi bloom on t he . un er

p revious season s wood and t he pruning should c onsis t in removing

’

t he l d wood aft er flowering leaving t he young unshortened t o

,

bloom the following year Japoni c a and D ouglasi bloom well

,

. on

the same year s wood These may be thinned and c u t ba c k in

’
.

spring like non climbing R oses Propaga t ion f t he sh ubs is by

-
. o r
u tt ings of the young wood in a frame
,

c division if a number f or o
su c kers th own up from the roo t s
,

ar e r .

leenwort — S Asplenium
Sp ee .

Sp r — S o e Ferns ee .

“
S p r t — A na t ural break from t he re c ognised c h ra c ter f a p l an t
o a o .

S p t — A fungoid disease of Apples C arna t ions and o t her pl n t s

o . a .

Frui t Ki tc hen G arden C na t ions et c

, ,

S ee , , ar , .

S p raying — S Frui t ee .

S p rekelia — S Amaryllis under B ulbs

. ee .

S p ruc — The name is an abbrevia t ion

e f S pru c e Fir The o .

S pru es are C onifers belonging t o t he genus Pi c ea

c The Whi t e .

S pru c e f the fores t ers is Picea alba t he B la c k S pru c e P nigra ”

o .

d t he c ommon or N orway S pru c e P ex c elsa The firs t is a

, ,

an . .

v l uable tree in C anada N ewfoundland and N or t h Ameri c a gener

,

ally ; bu t i t is shor t lived in Great B ri t ain and is not mu c h plan t ed

, ,

as an ornamen t al tree nowadays al t h ough i t is some t imes used in

,

planta t ions where cheap C oni f ers are wan t ed The B la c k S pru c e
,

i salso a N orth Ameri c an tree As t he wood is soft i t is mu c h in .

d emand for making paper pulp now an impor t an t indus t ry o f

S pru c e gum is an exuda t ion f rom t his tree and
,

N ewfoundland .

S pru c e beer is ob t ained by boiling the young bran c hes of t he B la c k

,

an d R d S pru c es e The essen c e is boiled wi t h o t her ingredien t s

.

mixed wi t h molasses allowed t o ferment and bot t led I t is a go od

,

tree f mois t alluvial soils in Grea t B ri t ain bu t useless for dry

, ,

or
ones The c ommon S pru c e f B ritish fores t ers is P ex c elsa I t is a
, ,

. o . .

E uropean tree and has been grown in Grea t B ri t ain f or several

hundreds of years The wood is ligh t and easily worked bu t
,

. ,

durable hence it is an impor t an t t imber tree Young spe c imens .

“are mu c h in demand for C hristmas trees I t is largely grown in

,

G ermany S l s Pi c ea . ee a o .

S p urge Ca p er E uphorbia Lathyris

, ,
.

S p urge Flax D phne Mezereum ,

a .

S p urge Laurel D aphne Laur eola ,

.

S p urg w or t E uphorbiae , .

S p urring S Pruning .
-
ee .

S q uas h — S Gourd ee .

S q uill — S
-
S c illa and B ulbs
. ee .
 E n c yc l o pazd i a o f G ard e n ing 2
93
Sq uill S tri p e d Pus c hkinia s c illoides
, ,
.

S tachys ( s t ac h ys from s t hys a spike in reference to the i

-
ac n

Ord L bi t ) A large genus a few spe c ies f

, , ,

flor e s cence . . a a e ae .
-
o

whi c h are grown as ornamental plan t s and one as a vege t able

,

t c t
,

G ran difl ( syn B e

or a oni a g d i fl ) is a.hardy perennial wi h r an or a

violet flowers in pring growing abou t a foo t high Lana t a ( Lamb s

S .
’

E ar) has whi t e woolly foliage Tuberifera is t he Crosnes or Chines

,

. e

Ar t ichoke (s Ki tc hen Garden) Propagat ion is by seed and divi

,

ee .

sion in spring Ordinary soil suits . .

S t k ing — S
a Frui t Ca nation D ahlia etc ee , r , , .

S t n d ar d s — Trees with clean stems 5 to 6 ft high are c alled

’

a . .

s t andards ; t hose with 3 to 4 ft s t ems are half standards S -

.
-
. ee

Fruit Thorn Laburnum etc

, , , .

S t nh p e
a ( s
t o h o pea af
a t er E arl S tanhope
an Ord O h i-
d . . rc a
— Hothouse Or c hids with flowers in pendulous ra c emes sui t
,

c e ae ) . ,

able for culture in suspended teak baskets in a compost of fibrou s

peat S phagnum and char c oal Propagation is by division The y . .

like a good deal f wa t er while growing less in win t er Insignis

, ,

o
with yellow and purple fragrant flowers ( B t i l M g i
, . ,

o a n ca a az n e ,

tt .
94 8
2 and t igrina orange and purple sweet ( B t M g o . a . ,

are t wo of the best ; there are several v arie ties f the lat t er
, , ,

t. o

S t p elia Carrion Flower ( s

a t p é lia aft er J B S tapel Ord a -
. . . .

— Ho t house plants with large livid foetid flowers

, ,

A sl p i d
c e ) a e ae .

t hriving in loam wi t h a good deal f sand and pounded brick

, , ,

o .

Propagation is by cuttings in sand They resemble Cactuses in .

t hei r love f sun and drought Gigantea purple and yellow ; and
o . ,

gr an difl purple grey branches are as much grown as any

ora , , , .

S ta p hylea (staphyl e from st phyl a bunch in allusion to t h -

a, a e, e
inflores c en c e Ord S apinda c eae) Hardy de c iduous sh ubs t h
,

. . .
-
r e
mos t popular f whi c h c ol c hica has whi t e flowers in summer when
,

o
g own in t he shrubbery but is ofte grown in pots and for c ed int
, ,

r n o
early bloom I t likes fibrous loam with a qu r t er f decayed
,

. , a o
manure and some sand Propagation is by seed in spring cuttings .

in summer and layers in au t umn

,

, .

S t r f Bethl hem
a o S O rnithogalum and B ul bs
e .
-
ee .

S t rw rt — S
a As t er
o . ee .

S t tice S
a Lavender (sta tice from st ti to stop in referen c e
ea -
a zo ,

to t he astringency Ord P l m b gi e) — Graceful plants some

, , ,

. . u a nea .

of whi c h are es t eemed for greenhouse and some f garden c ul t iva

,

or .

t ion Gmelini is a hardy perennial with dark blue flowers in

.

s mmer about 8 ins high I n c ana nana is also fairl y hardy and
,

u , 1 . .

has pink flowers height 9 ins Latifolia hardy blue early summer
,

very popular Profusa is grown in t he greenhouse and h s

, , , ,

ft
,

1 18 . a
blue flowers in summer height ft S inua t a purple summer ft
,

2 . 1 .,

is no t qui t e hardy (see B t i l W g i t

, , ,

w i lilac
,

S w o an ca r a az n e , . u oro
p i nk summer 8 ins is a hardy an ual Limonium is the S
,

1 n . ea

Lav ender and has purplish flowers in summer height 8 ins B

, ,

, , 1 . on
duelli has yellow flowers in early summer height ft They like , I -
. a
2 94 E n c y c lop ae di a o f G a rd e ning
friable loamy soil The a nnuals propagated by seeds th. ar e , e
sh ubs by cuttings and the perennials by division
r , .

S t ena c ti s— S Erigeron S t enactis spe ciosa is the same as

ee .

Erigeron peciosum a good hardy herbaceous plant

S , .

S tep hano tis ( stephan o—t sf rom s t ph s a crown and t s an i e ano o o

in reference to t he ear hke pro t uberan c es the s t ame s Ord
, , ,

e ar , -
on n . .

A sl p i d —A small genus important only as c ontaining the

c e ) a e ae .

beau t iful whi te fragrant ho t house c limber fl i b d which is so

,

or un a,

popular as a cut flower (s the B t i l M g i t

,

The ee o a n ca a az n e , .

E lvas ton v ariety is perhaps superior to the c ommon t ype The .

S t ephanotis is t di ffi c ult t o grow and is best plan t ed

no t in a bed ou
f t urfy loam wi t h sand and a t hird ea c h of de c ayed manure and
,

peat The si t e should be

, ,

. from which superfluous moisture can on e

drai freely I t loves water both at the roo t and overhead in
n .

ummer and v igorous syringing will go a long w y tow ds keeping

, ,

s , a ar
mealy bug under ; it should be done after gathering any flowers
t ha t may be wanted for wreaths et c Less water will be needed .

in win t er when a t emperature of 55 to 6 5 will suffi c e Go over

,
° °
.

t he plant in win t er and thin t weak and crowded growths ; old

,

ou
wood may be shortened A vaporising cone should be burned in .

t he house o c casion l ly Propagation is by cu tt i gs in bottom heat a . n

c hoosing pieces f side shoot and inser ting in pots plunged in
,

o ,

bottom heat and kept close .

S t re m ( S il ver Leaf) —S
e u Fruit— Plu m . ee .

S tern berg ia ( sternb er gia after Coun t S ternberg Ord Am r yl -

, . . a
li d e ae ) — S . B ulbs ee .

S tip a Feather Grass (s

,
ti p from sti p feathery O rd Grami -
a, e, . .

n e ae ) Hardy perennial Grasses the most popular f which is

.
-
o

pennata t he Feather Grass which grows abou t ft high and

,

, , 2 .

flowers in summer E l g t i s sim is good They wil l thrive in . e an a .

o rdinary soil and are eas i ly raised from seed sown t f doors in ou o
warm frame in win t er to be
,

late spri g in a greenhouse

n , or or ,

ha dened before being planted t

r ou .

S t ck Vir g inia n — S
o ,
M l mi and Annuals ee a co a .

S t cks
o Br mpton I ntermediate Ten w ek t — These
,
o ,
-
e e a ar e .

mong the mos t popul

, ,

a f garden and greenhouse flowers The ar o

B rompton S to c k Ma tt hiola in c ana is a hardy biennial ; for c ul t ure
.

s B iennials The Ten week S t ocks M incana annua are half

, , ,

ee .
-
.

hardy annuals ; f c ulture s Annuals ; t hese may be subdivided

, ,

or , ee

into ho y leaved ( ordinary type) and smooth green (W l l fl w

ar -
a o er
leaved ) The Intermediate and E ast L othian S to c ks
. splendid ar e
for pots d if sown in summer pricked ff pott ed and repo tt ed
, an , o , ,

into 5 6 i will bloom well in spring in the greenhouse Crimso

or -
n . n,

s c let purple and whi te are pro c urable in sep ate colours They
ar ar .

grow to 8 ins hi gh The E mperor S tock may be g own in t he

, ,

12 1 . . r

s ame way They m y be sown in spri g f autumn bloom

. a n or .

S t ck s Fr u i t — S Fruit "

o ,
ee .
 E n c y c lop ae di a of G ar d e n i ng 2 95

S t k esia cyan a ( stok e sia after D

o S t okes Ord Compositae)
e -
r. . . .

— A handsome hardy perennial wi t h blue flowers in summer grow

,

ing about 8 ins high (s t he B t i l M g i t

, ,

1 . It ee o a n ca a az n e , .

likes a friable loamy soil and is propagated by di vision in spring .

It i ssuitable f the border or ro c kery

,

or .

S t k ing — S
a Greenhouse— Hea t ing ee .

S t ne c ro p — S
o S edum . ee .

S t ne Pino Pinus Pinea e, .

St rk s bill
o S
’
Pelargonium
-
.
-
ee .

St ve —S o Greenhouse
. ee .

St v s H ea ting
o e S ,Greenhouse— H ea t ing .
-
ee .

S tra ti tes l ides Wa t er S oldier ( s

o t t i o tes from s
a o t t san army ra -
ra o , .

— Aqua t ics
, ,

O d H yd
r . h id ) —S Flower
roc Garden ar e ae . ee .

S tra wb rry — S Frui t e . ee .

S traw berry Tre Arbutus e, .

S treli t ia B ird of Paradise Flower ( strel i t z ia after Charlo tt e

z f -
o

Me c klenburg S trelitz Queen t o George III Ord S ci t amineae)

, ,

-
. . .

H andsome e vergreens f a warm greenhouse conservatory with

,

or or
flowers of remarkable form and brilliant colour R eginae t he B ird
,

f Paradise Flower is the bes t kno wn (s the B t i l M g i

. ,

o , ee o a n ca a az n e ,

tt .9 1 1 It bears large orange and blue flowers in pring and S

grows 3 to 4 ft high ; there are two t hree v arieties f it Aug sta
, ,

. or o . u
is a larger species with purple and white flowers K w si sis a . e en
hybrid raised at Kew between R eginae and Augusta They like .

loam and shattered brick and best planted t Propagation , ar e ou .

is by seeds .

S tre p t c ar p us (s t pt
o a —pus from st pt stwisted and p sa re oc r , re o , , car o ,

fruit Ord G esneraceae) — B eautiful herbaceous perennials for

. . .

t he warm greenhouse much improved in recent years by cross

fer t ilisa t ion ; t he flowers approach Gloxinias in size and resemble
,

t hem in form ; t he leav es rough The pecies are not mu c h

,

ar e . S

g own
r cultiva ,t ors preferring to buy mixed seeds of modern h yb d s r1

from a good firm These should be sown in a warm greenhouse or .

frame in pring pricked ff and potted as required till in 5 6 i

S o or -
n .

pots They may also be propaga t ed by leaf c u t tings L oam wi t h

, ,

. .

sand and a quar t er f leaf mould sui t s The plants will be a t their
,

o .

best t h se c ond year They wi ll require a good deal f water while

,

e . o
in acti ve growth .

S tre pt s len Jm s i ( s treptos e len f om s

o o t pt s twisted and
a e on -
r re o

a tube Ord S olanaceae) — A free growing e v ergreen shrub

, , ,

sl o en , . . .
-

wi t h brillian t heads f orange flowers in spring and summer sui t able

,

o
for the ba c k wall f a warm g eenhouse a conser v a t ory pill
,

o r or . ar .

It thrives bes t when planted ou t in a compost f loam and leaf soil o

in equal par t s with sand Propaga t ion i sby cuttings under a bell
, .

glass A good deal f water both t the root and over the foliage
. o a ,

wi ll be appreciated in summer S yn Br owalli a Jme son i (s th e

,

a ee

B t i l Mg i
. .

o a n ca t a az n e ,
‘

.
2
9 6 E n c y c lop ae di a o f G ard e n i ng
S truthi p teri s
o — S O no clea ee .

S tyrax S torax ( s
,
ty a an Arabic name Ord S ty
-
r x, ) —A . . r a c e ae .

small genus of shrubs one spe c ies f whi c h j aponi c a is hardy and o

is popular acc ount of i t s pretty whi t e flowers and pink buds in

, , ,

on

Spring It may grow 8 to f t high in good loamy soil light ned

. 10 . e

with leaf mould and sand Propagation is by layers in au t mn

, ,

. u .

Benzoin should be grown in a warm house and propagated by cut

A DE IGN S F OR A R E C TA NG UL AR UBU B N
S R A DE N B AC K G AR .

Th e d si g p ro v i dsA t l g
ce n ra ra spl
s ot; sd p h a h i e at wi t
ar c h ss
e
e
n
at
fe n c e ; an e n d
e achs e :
end ;
e c ti o n
tw o
wit h flo w e r b dg s l smm
or
flo w e r be d ,
er p s
r av e h s
; c ree
u
er
er
o n th e
ou e
k h bs
-

, ,

r oc er y, an d s ru .

tings O ffi i l which yields t he balsami c resin c alled storax

. c na e , ,

should be grown in a warm greenhouse except in mild sheltered

plac es
,

S u bu r ban Gar d n s— There has been an enormous de v elopment in

e
suburban gardening in recent years and the mo v ement is likely to
pread B oth pleasure and benefit ac c rue from culti v ati ng plants
,

S .

and the pra c ti c e is worthy of encourag ement S mall suburban

,

g ardens are generally rectangular and there is a tenden c y for them ,

 E n c yc l o pmd i a
of G ard e ning 2
97
to become stiff and formal t his c an be c orre ct ed by a li ttle fore ;
thought I t is generally help ful to divide t he plo t in t o t wo par t s
.

separa t ing from t he o t her with rus t i c work T h ere may be an

one
-
.

ar ched opening and possibly a rustic gate A small plo t may b . e

made in t eresting if a seat is se t transversely under a t ree in

,

one
angle a small summer house in ano t her and a group of shrubs in -
a

third The c entral area may be t urfed and a sun dial se t in t h

, ,

.
-
e

c en tre The division between suburban gardens is oft en a low wal l

,

or fen c e B o t h for the sake of priva c and ornamen t this should b

. y e

heigh t ened and a imple plan is to set wooden trellis work 3 or

S -
2 ,

4 f t high as t he case may be

, , ,

. the top Ivy Virginian Creeper on .

Win t er Jasmine ( d i fl m ) and o t her ramblers may then b

, , , ,

nu oru e

plan t ed t o c over it If c a t s are troublesome fix a s trip of tanned

,

fish ne tt ing above the trellis ligh t rods t hat a fford pussy on no

support .

Fl s— I gardens c lose t large towns Roses rarely t hrive

o we r n o
and if t here are f a ct ories near t hey are almost sure t o fail On t h
,

. e
o t her hand C arna t ions and Chr san t hemums do well S wee t Peas y .

are no t quite so good bu t t hey are bet t er than R oses The members
,

f t he Primula family are no t suitable

,

o Pansies and Violas . ar e

none t oo satisfa ct ory D ahlias do fairly well b t they are rathe. u r

too bulky for some suburban gardens A flower tha t should b

,

. e

spe c ialised is t he Mi c haelmas D aisy f it is remarkably vigorous or

and wi t h a wise selec t ion of sor t s will give bloom from S ep t embe
, ,

to N ovember in clusive The m j ori t y thrive (s Annuals) Th . a ee . e

homely Zonal Geranium may be made use of but not to t he ex c lu

sion f hardy plan t s Almost all kinds f bulbs su cc eed (s B ulbs)
,

o . o ee .

Unfor t unately W ll fl sare not reliable in distri c ts where t he i

a ow er a r

is impure c lose t o large t owns bu t t hey can be grown a li t tle farthe ,

r

ou t. Hardy ferns may be g own (s Ferns) r ee .

T s ds
ree h bs— Three f t he bes t de c iduous t rees for suburban
an ru o

gardens are the Plane t he Linden and t he Poplar Th Lomb rd y . e a

Poplar is very useful for making a qui c k s creen as if t he tops
, ,

are
cu t ff a year aft er planting t he trees t hrow t a large quantity f
,

o ou o

side shoo t s from t op t o bot t om O f more ornamen t al t rees may b . e

named the Almond the False Aca cia ( R obinia) and t h Laburnum e ;
the double crimson and wh i t e Thorns as standards The best f all
, ,

. o
e v ergreens is the Aucuba but the E uonymus is also good and ther e
is a yellow leav ed form which is very c hee ful in win t er
, ,

-
r .

F i
ru S b b t.~ gardens are rarely large enough t o
u ur an mm ac c o o

date mu c h fruit bu t sometimes t her is a spac e on a wal l or fen c e e .

Cordon trees (s Fruit ) are t he most sui t able form Apples and
,

ee .

Pears may bo t h be c hosen Plums are rather t vigorous A oo

Morello C herry may be grown as a fan
. .

a wall fen c e wi t h on or
an east aspec t Curran t s Gooseberries and R aspberries may b
. e
plan t ed if t here is room for t hem A bed of S trawberr i es may b
, ,

. e
planted F parti c ulars f all these s Frui t B i rds are no t les s
. or o ee .

troublesome in suburban than in c ountry gardens and c rops must

,

:
be prote c ted from them
,

V g e bl s— Want
e ta f spa c e has its influence
e . the ki tc he
o on n
department It would rarely be possible even if it were desirable
. , ,

to grow the large winter veg etables such as Brussels S prouts d , an

 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
Kale ; in any c ase they are best omitted as in damp weather thei r
dour is offensive and t hey can be bough t so cheaply tha t t he pac e
,

o S

t hey would oc cupy c an be u t ilised to be tt er advan t age A f w

,

. e
e arly Potatoes may be grown if t here is room and like w ise ’

o n e or
t wo rows f green Peas as i t is desirable to hav e these p ticularly
, ,

o ar
t h la tt er per f e ct ly fresh Ki dney B eans bo t h French and R unner
, ,

e .

also wor t h growing where space permits for the sake of get ting
, , ,

a re

t hem fresh Ano t her class wor t h t hi nki ng abou t is salading as

,

t he flavour of Let tu c es R adishes E ndive and other salads depends

,

pon t heir being qui t e fresh F details s Ki tc hen Garden

, , ,

u . or , ee .

S u c cul n ts — Plants with fleshy foliage

e su ch as C a c ti Aloes
Agaves C o t yledons Cr ssulas S edums S empervivums and Mesem
, , ,

, , a , , ,

b y th m m s F
r an details s the genera named
e u . or , ee .

S uckers — B ranches f shoo t s springi ng from the base of plants o .

S ulph r — A good fungicide u S

. Mildew
.
. ee .

S umach — S Rhus ee .

S undew — S D rosera ee .

S
‘

fl w un — S Helianthus
o er. ee .

S Plan t — S Portulaca
un ee .

S . R s — S
un Helian t hemum
o e ee .

S u p r p hos p hate — S
e Manure . ee .

S w ainsona or S w i s i ( s w i s o after M Isaac S wainson a n on a a n -

n a, r. .

O d Legumino s
r . ae) — E vergreen greenhouse shrubs the bes t known .

f wh i c h is perhaps g l g f li a v arie t y f wi t h
,

o il li f l i a e ae o a, o c or o n o a,

purplish flowers in summer heigh t 4 to 6 f t ( syn Colu t ea g l g . . a e ae

They like loam wi th a t hird

,

folia— B t i al JlI g i t o an c
'
a az n e , .

o f peat and sand Propagation is by c u t tings in summer

, . .

S w am p Lily Peru vian Zephyranthes candida , ,

.

S wan neck Or hi d Cycno c hes

-
c ,
.

S w an River D aisy B rachycome i b i d i f l i ,

er o a.

S w et Al yssu m Alyssum m itimum ( syn K oniga mari t ima)

e ,
ar . .

S w et Am ber Hypericum Androsaemum

e ,
.

S w eet B asil — S Kit c hen Garden— Herbs . ee .

S w e t Bay Laurus nobilis

e ,
.

S w eetbri r R osa rubigi nosa e ,

.

S w eet Ch stnut Castanea sa t iva e ,

.

S w eet Cic l y Myrr hi s odorata e ,

.

S w et Lime Ci trus medica Limett a

e ,
.

S w eet M arj oram —S Ki tc h en Garden — Herbs . ee .

Sw t P — I t is a singular flower garden whi c h does not contain

ee ea
a colle ct ion f S weet Peas in these days S beau t iful are t hese
o . o
flowers in the garden so fragran t are they so admirably are they
adapted for v ases t hat it would be a mistake not t o grow t hem
, ,

even if they w ere expensive and di ffi c ul t t o manage instead f being

,

cheap and easy A t t he least t here should be a mixed row of gi an t

.

S pencer v arieties whi ch have larger and more beautiful flowers

than t he l d typ e ; nd if possible there should be a row made up
,

o a

Of small q uantities of v ari ou s g ood named sorts a set of clump s , or

 E n c y clop e di a of G ard e ning 2 9
9
a l ong a border Clumps made by setting plan t s a foo t apa t in a
. r

ring a yard a cross look c harming They can be sown where they are .

t o bloom if desired but mos t good growers prefer to raise t he plants

po t s boxes under glass t owards the end of win t er and plant
,

i n or ,

them t wi t h a good b l l of soil and roots abou t mid April The

ou a -
.

ground ought t o be well prepared for th em (s B ast d trenching ee ar

under Ki tchen Garden and S oi l ) i advan c e S ticks should be put n .

to them early When they have got up the s t i c ks and star t ed

,

flowering in earnest soakings of wat er and liquid m anure m y be a

given in dry wea t her ; this wi t h regul picking of the flowers wi ll

,

ar
insure blossom for many weeks A coa t f short de c ayed manure
, ,

. o
S pread along the surface will do go d S weet Peas t hrive in almos t o .

any kind f soil when the c ul t iva t ion is thorough but they do t
o no
gi v e f their best in shallow dry soil
,

o , .

The following are splendid varieties f S weet Peas o :

E tta D yke and N ora Unwin whi t e .

C lara Cur tis and Primrose Paradise cream

,

E velyn Hemus and Ms C W B d m Picotee g cream

, .

r . . . re a ore , ed e,

ground .

Paradise Ivory ivory .

M rie Corelli magen t a rose

,

a -
.

E lsie Herbert Pi c otee ed ge white ground

,

Pri cess Vi ct oria and MsHardcas t le S ykes pale pink

, , .

n r . .

Countess S pencer and C onstan c e Oliver deep pink

,

M s Hugh D ickson and Ms Henry B ell cream pink

, .

r . r .
-
.

E a l S pencer and S ti rling S tent s l mon

,

r , a .

Zarina salmon pi k -
n
M sA Ireland and A thur Unwin bicolor
, .

r . . r .

C herry Ripe and Ch rissie Unwin cerise

,

Eric Harvey pink and white

,

t S pen c er and Helio paradise mau v e

,

T e n n an -
.

Asta Ohn and Flora N orton S pen c er blue

,

M s W J Unwin and Aurora S pen c er red flake

, .

r . . .
, .

S fl g tt
u ra blue flake
e e .

D orisB ur t c erise s c arlet

,

S c le t M
.

on c h and Ge rge S t ark scarle t

,

ar ar o .

Helen Lewis and E dna Unwin orange

,

S unproof Crimson and Maud Holmes crimson

, .

N ubian and Maroon Paradise m oon

, .

ar
MsTownsend whi te blue edge
, .

r . , , .

The des c ripti ons how what a great range f colours we h ave in S o
t he S wee t Pea bu t t he number f tints is not exhausted as those
, o ,

will find who visit S weet Pea shows large trial grounds or .

S w eet S c bi u s — S S cabious
a o ee .

S w e t S ul t e — S Centaurea and Annuals

an ee .

S w t Willia m — S
ee D ianthus and B iennials . ee .

Syc m r — Sa Acer
o e ee .

Sym p h ricar p us S nowberry (s

o ym p h i a pus from smph , or c r -
u or eo ,
to bear toge t her Ord C aprifoliaceae) — Hardy free growi g
,

. . .
-
n
shrubs the mos t popular f which is racemosus ; it has rose flowers
,

, o
3 00 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e nin g

in early summer followed by whi t e frui t s whi c h are eaten by g me ; a

heigh t abou t 6 ft ( syn S ym p h i ra c emosa— B t i l M g i
, ,

. . or a o a n ca a a z ne ,

t . O cciden t alis is also grown They are no t fas t idious as .

t soil
o Propagat ion is by su c kers or c u tt ings in autumn
. .

Syrin g a Lila c ( s y i —
g ,
from t he Persian sy i Ord Olea r n a, r n x. .

c )
e ae —S Lil c ee a .

Syring — A garden implement e f mu c h value in ho t weather o

when t he o cc upan t s of vineries Pe c h hous s O r c hid houses and

,

a e

indeed plan t houses generally benefi t g ea t ly by damping down

, , ,

t h a t is syringing the glass walls and pa t hs about 3 p m Thi s

, ,

. .

creat es a refreshing humid at mosphere In many bu t not all

, , , ,

cases t he plan t s the m selves are benefi t ed by syringing In buying .

a syringe it is wor t h while to c onsider ge tt ing one wi t h a spr ying a

as well as a plain nozzle ; it can then be used for appl ying fungi c ides
and inse c ticides .

T bernaem nt na (t b
a m t a na after J T T b
o a m a e rn a e on -
. . a ern ae on

tanus O rd Apo c ynaceae) — Hothouse shrubs the bes t of wh ch

,

. . . i

oronaria and i t s double varie t y fl pleno are very useful owing

, ,

c or e

t o t he abundan c e of fragran t white flowers t hat they give in summer

, ,

They g ow 3 t o 4 f t hi gh Crispa is a fringed va ie t y of c oronaria

r . . r .

Fibrous pea t and loam in equal par t s wi t h sand make a good

c ompost Propagation is by c u tt ings inser t ed in heat in spring or
, ,

autumn under a bell glass The young plan t s t hus raised should -
.

be pin c hed t o indu c e a compact habit The plants may be trimmed .

af t er flowering c utting t l d flowered wood , ou o .

Tacs nia ( ta c s o nia from t he Peruvian name T s Ord Passi

o -
ac o. .

fl e ) — B rillian t greenhouse climbers c losely rela t ed to the Passi

,

or ae .

s They look best when t rained no t t oo s t i ffly and t igh t ly

,

fl ora .

under a greenhouse or c onserva t or y roof Van V l m i (syn

, ,

. o xe .

grandis) is perhaps the mos t popular ; it has large crimson flowers

in summer and t hrives in a c ool house (s the B t i l il l g i ee o a n ca a az n e ,

t 5 Insignis also crimson likes ra t her more heat ( syn Passi

,

Mani c a t a (syn ignea) s c arle t

.

insignis— B t M g t
. , ,

fl ora o . a ., . .

M t t t
,

( B t o .
g isa good They
. hrive in loam
. wi h sand and .

a four t h eac h of de c ayed manure d leaf mould and hould be

,

an S
plan t ed ou t in pre feren c e to being kep t in po t s A d e ep bed hould
,

. S
no t be made th growth will be t oo luxurian t ; in y c ase thinor e an

ning will be needed now and t hen The shoo t s whi c h have flowered
,

should be c u t ba c k to t he old wood in win t er and fresh flowering

growths will t hen push Propaga t ion is by c u tt ings f young hoo t s
,

. o S

in pring in a warm c lose c se or under a bell —glass S yringing

S a .

will t end t keep mealy bug and red pider in c he c k bu t t he house

, ,

o S
hould b p i sd wi t h a c one every for t nigh t th rough t he grow
,

S e va or e
' ‘
. .

ing season .

Tag t s Marigold ( t ag e t es Ord C omposi t ae) — The Afri c an

e e -
. .

Marigold is T ere ct a and t he Fren c h T pa t ula ( B t i l M g i

.
,

. . o a n ca a az n e ,
t 5 ) s Marigold and Annuals The v arie t y f T signa t a called
, ,

. 1 0 ee . o .

pumila is popular ; it grows about a foot high and covers i tself with ,

small yellow flowers in summer ; it may be grown from seed sown t ou

o f doors in prin g and will t hrive in almos t any soil

S , .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning 301

Ta m ri x Tamarisk ( tam arix t am

a ,
isk from Tamaris t he l d -

,
-
ar , , o

name of a river Ord T m i si ) — Valuable shrubs for sea

. . a ar c n e ae .

side branching f dense habi t Chinensis ( syn j aponi c a plumosao . .

simply plumosa) is qui t e hardy and bears pink flowers freely in

,

or
summer Galli c a ( syns anglica afri c ana and p i fl of gardens)
,

. . , , ar v ora

and hispida ( syn k sh g i ) are also hardy ; t h former has pale. a ar c a e

pink and the la tt er carmine rose flowers The variety f hispida -

. o

c alled aestivalis mauve is very fine if pruned hard every pring S .

I t makes a good bed mixed with Liliums umbella t u m and t igrinum

, ,

The Tamarisks like a sandy soil and may be propaga t ed by ,

c ut tings in a warm frame or house .

Tanacetu m Tansy (t é t um Ord Compositae) — The Tansy

,
an ac — . . .

is used for garnishing S Herbs . ee .

T ngier Pea Lathy us tingitanus

a ,
r .

T — Useful in gardens c oal tar as a preservative of wood

an ,

S t o c kholm t ar sa dressing f
,

wounds on trees made in pruning

a or

or ex c ising canker .

Tarrag n (Ar t emisia dracun c uloid es) — S Kit c hen Garden

o . ee

Herbs .

Tax dium ( t ax o d i m from l x s Y w and i d s like

o -
Ord u a u e c e . .

Coniferae ) — D e c iduous trees the most popular of whi c h disti c hum

, , , ,

is a de c iduous Cypress like plan t wi th a thi c k t unk and swollen

, , ,

-
r

b se oft en called t he de c iduous swam p Cypress ; denuda t um

, ,

a or
t i g i t m pendulum and nanum are v arie t ies
, ,

f s
a a u Heterophyllum .

and mu cronat um are o t her spe c ies grown t o some exten t They
, ,

like a mois t i t uation rarely thriving in hot dry si t es Propagation

S .

is by seeds c u tt ings and layers

, ,

, , .

Tax us Yew (t a sfrom t a bow in all usion to the old use

x —u axo n

O rd Coniferae) —Hardy evergreen trees of interes t

, , , ,

o f the wood . . .

ing if somewhat sombre appearan c e The c ommon Yew f t he

,

. o
c hur c hyard is T bacc ata ; t here are many varie ties of it among
, ,

whi c h may be mentioned argen t ea silver s triped ; aurea yellow ;

,

drooping and i t s sub varie t ies

, ,

D ov a s t i on p d l and -
au re o ~ en u a

variegata ; ere ct a uprigh t ; fastigiata pyramidal the Irish Yew

, ,

and i t s v ariegated forms ; and f t luteo with yellow fruit

, , , ,

ruc u -
.

T C anadensis is the C anadian Yew The Yew has been plan t ed a

,

. .

good deal f la t e years as an inner hedge plan t and clipped in t o

o

formal hapes as in topiary The drawba c k t o i t s use as a boundary

,

S .

hedge is t hat it is poisonous to c at t le and horses S mall plants f

,

. o
t he variegated Yews look well in t he border d in w indow boxes an -
.

The Yews are no t par t i c ular as t o soil Propagation is by seed in .

S pring cuttings in a frame in summer layers in au t umn S pecial or .

t i sare in c reased by graf t ing

, ,

v ar1e e .

Tec ma (te c o ma a con tra ct ion of T m x h i l i t he Mexi c an

o -
eco a oc
name O rd B ignoniac eae) — Twining h ubs wi t h large showy
, ,

. . . S r
tubular flowers G d i fl (syn B ignonia g d i fl ) s c arlet is
,

. r an ora . r an or a

nearly hardy and may be grown ou t side ex c ep t in c old places ; it

, ,

flowers in summer Jasminoides with whit e and red flowers in

,

. ,

summer should be gro w n in a greenhouse R adicans (syn B ig onia

, . . n
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning
radicans) sc let summer is h dy on a wall (s the B t i l
ar ar ee o a n ca
Mg i t praecox is an early and Th b gi a late v arie t y
, , ,

a az n e , . un er
o f it The Te c omas like sandy loam and are propagated by seeds
.

root c uttings
,

or .

T p h
e c0 i 1 ( t h i
p l aé ae a aft er T p h i l Ord H m d eco -
a, eco a. . ae o or a
— A pre tt y Crocus like bulb T s produ c es i t s
c e ae ) . Cy -
. an o cro c u

blue whi t e th oated flowers in spring on s t ems about 6 ins high

,

-
r . .

Lei c htlinii and R egel i i are v ie t ies of it They like a ligh t friabl e
,

ar .

loamy soil and are propagated by seed in pring offse t s whil e

,

S or

dormant Good for ro c kery frame cul t ure

,

. or .

Tel k i —S
e Buphthalmum T l k i spe c iosa ( B t i l M g
a. ee . e e a o a n ca a a

i
z ne, t 346 6) is the same as B uph t halmum spe c iosum a hardy
.

herbaceous perennial
,

Tellima (t él l ima an g m of Mi t l l O rd S i f g ) an o ra e a. ax ra e ae
-

, . .

A n unimportant genus species of which g d i fl a hardy one r an or a ,

perennial with greenish flowers in April gr wing abou t f t high is

, ,

o 2 .

worth growing I t likes sandy pea t Propagation is by seed

, ,

. . or

division in pring S the B t i l R gi st t 78

S . ee o an ca e er, . 1 1 .

Terraces— When a house is buil t on sloping ground levelling is

ne c essary and i t is no t unusu l t o form a t erra c e in fron t of t he a
pri c ipal rooms uppor t ed by a wall or bank With a large area
,

n S .

t errac e may be made Th levels may be

,

available more than one . e

laid out as gardens and the walls plan t ed with sui t able c limbers , .

T studinaria l ph ti p s E lephant s Foo t (t st d i a ria from

e e e an e ,
’
e u n —

a tortoise Ord D ioscorea c eae) A singular plant with

,

t s
e t d u o, . . .
-

a large woody c ove ing to the roo t s t o c k ; it is a de c iduous climber

,

wi th yellow flowers in summer requiring a warm greenhouse .

Loam and peat in equal par t s wi t h sand uit Propaga t ion is by

,

S .

c uttings under a bell glass in pring S y Tamus l p h t i p s

, ,

-
S n. e e an e

(B t i l M g i
.

o an ca t a az n e , .

Thalictrum Meadow R ( th l i trum from th l l t o become ue a c -

a o,

green Ord R anuncula c eae ) Hardy herba c eous perennials

, ,

. . .

admired as mu c h for t heir elegant fern like foliage as for their

,

flowers whi c h however are also a ttra ct ive The mos t popular .

spe c ies perhaps is minus (syn d i ti f l i m ) the foliage f which

, , ,

. a an o u o
resembles the Maidenhair Fern the yellow flowers are borne in e ly
, , ,

ar
summer stems about a foot high ; there are several varie t ies
on .

Anemonoides ( syn Anemone thali ctroides — B t i l JVI g i . o an ca a az n e ,

t with yellow flowers in early pring ; and q i l g i f li m S a u e o u

purple flowers in early summer ( B t M g t
.

grow abou t a
,

o . a ., .

yard high ; a tropurpureum is a good dark varie t y f the latter o .

They are good f or t he herbaceous border where t hey t hrive in

friable loamy soil Propag t ion is by division f t he rootstock in
,

. a o

Thermometer —A instrument for regis t ering t he t empera t ure

. n .

There are three scales in use ; the Fahrenheit in which the freezing
poin t f wat er is 3 and t he boil ing poin t t he Reaumur
,
°
o 2 ,

freezing point and boiling point and the Centigrade

0
°
or
Celsius free ing point
,
boiling point
z These scales may be
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g 0
3 3
con v erted into each o t her as fol l ows ( ) Centigrade into Fahre : a n

heit ( ) if the t empera t ure be a b ov e freezing ( C ) multiply by 9

: I 0
°
.

di vide by 5 and add 3 ; ( ) if below C but abo v e 8 C

,
° °
,
2 2 0 -
1 .,

multiply by 9 di vide by 5 and subtract the result from 3 ; ( 3) if

, ,
2

below 8 C multiply by 9 divi de by 5 and subtract 3 from th

— 1
°
, 2 e
resul t (b) Fahrenhei t into Centigrade ( ) if above 3 F sub
,

°
. : 1 2

tract 3 multiply by 5 and divide by 9 ; ( ) if below 3 F but

2 2 2
°

abo v e 0 F add the temperature to 3 multiply by 5 and divid

,

2 e

by 9 ( ) R éaumur s scale is con v erted in the same way 4 being

, ,
’
. c
used instead f 5 Thermometers should be fixed in a c entra l
,

o .

position in a house and shaded from the sun A plunging .

t hermometer w ith a long perforated tube is made for testing th

,

, , e
heat of beds .

Thinning — A practice which becomes t he more ne c essary th e

t hicker th plants come up Crowded plants are rarely good (s
e . ee

Annuals Vegetables Fruit Thin sowin g saves much labou r

in t hinni g Thinning is bes t done when t he soil is mois t

, , ,

n . .

Thistl — S Carduus and Cni c us

e ee .

Thistl G l b — S E chinopse, o e ee .

Thistl e M l n —S Cactus— Melo c actus

,
e o . ee .

Th mas s Ph s p h at P w d er — S
o
’
Manures— B asi c slag
o e o . ee .

Th r n — So Crataegus ee .

Th rn Apple D atura S tramonium

o ,
.

Thrift Armeria maritima ,

.

Thrip s — A small lively insec t ( H l i th i p sAd i d m ) whic h

. e o r on u

infes t s both the foliage and flowers f m ny plan t s indoors and t

,

o a , ou .

Vigorous syringing and vaporising with cones at fortnightly interval s

from Apri l t o O ctober under glass wi ll keep it in subj e ct ion O t . u

of doors syringing wi t h a paraffin emulsion is good (s P fli ) ee ar a n .

Peas sometimes succumb to thrips when languishing in poor dry or

soil With liquid manure and mulching th y make a better fight
. e .

Th j a (Thuj opsis) — S Thuya

u ee .

Thunbergia (th b é gi aft er C P Thunbe g Ord A c antha un r -

a, . . r . .

— B eau t iful e v ergreen warm house cl i mbers The most

c e ae) .
-
.

popular is ala t a whi c h bears yellow flowe s in ummer (s t h r S ee e

l M g i alba white ; and au an t iaca orange
,

B t i
o an ca t a az n e , . r
are varie t ies f it Al t hough they are perennials t hey are bes t
, , ,

treat ed as annuals ; coc cinea scarlet ; erecta (syn M y i erecta

.

e en a
—B t M
.

t
,

o g t orange
a and blue ; fragrans whi e sweet ; and
blue ( B t M g t
. ., . , ,

gr an d ifl or a , are other good species They o . a .

, . .

may be grown against l w pillars Alata is g od for hanging o . o

baskets and may be grown in a cool ho se Propagation is by u .

seed s so wn in a warm house or frame in pring by c u t tings in a

,

S or
warm case in summer Loam with a third f peat and a lit tl
,

. o e
de c ayed manure leaf mould suits
, ,

or , .

Th i a— N ow classed with Phaius w hich see

un , .

Th uy Arbor V itae (th u y from thy sacrifi ce ; t he resin was

a, -
a, on ,

u sed as incense in sacrifi ce Ord Conif rae ) — H ardy e vergreen. . . e .

 3 04 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning

C o ifers one of whi c h oc c identalis is t he well known Arbor V itae

n -

Whi t e Cedar some t imes grown as a garden hedge There are

, , ,

or .

umerous varie ties f i t among whi c h dumosa ( syn pygmaea)

,

n o .

ri c oides lu t ea nana pendula argen t eo variega t a and aureo

, ,

e -

ariegata may be mentioned Orien t alis ( syn B iota orientalis)

, , , , ,

v . .

t h Chinese Arbor Vi t ae also has many varie t ies no t ably argenteo

,

e , ,

variegata aureo variegata l g t i ssi m pendula and pygmaea -

e e an a, .

D l b t is a handsome Thuya and its v ariegated form is good ;

, , ,

o a ra a

t hese are qui t e good enough for lawn trees Gigan t ea is the largest
,

s pe c ies and has several varieties Thuyas like fertile well drained .
—

Propaga t ion is by seed in a frame in spring and c uttings

, ,

l oamy soil .

in a frame in summer .

Thyme Thymus ( t h y mus from l i m to perfume Ord Labia t ae)

,
-
o, . . .

— Aroma ti c hrubs used both for t he ki tc hen and flower garden

,

S .

T vulgaris is the c ommon garden Thyme and T citriodorus t he

,

. .

Lemon Thyme (s Ki tc hen Garden — Herbs) T S erpyllum and its

,

ee . .

v arieties albus white ; a tropurpure us purple ; c o cc ineus red ;

lanuginosus woolly ; and variegat us variega t ed leaves are used
, , ,

as p t s t he rockery They are no t p r t icular as t o soil

, , ,

. c ar e er on . a .

Propaga t ion is by seed in spring also by c uttings and division , .

Th y s th s ti l
r a c an s ( t h y s a thus from thy s a thyrse
u ru an r ac n -
r e,

tl ms O rd A c an t ha c eae ) — A win t er fl w i g ho t house

, ,

an d A can . . .
-
o er n

p lant wi t h s c arle t flowers in win t er heigh t abou t ft Pea t and 2 .

loam in equal parts with sand uit Propaga tion is by c u ttings

, ,

S .

in a warm c ase in summer

, ,

Tiarella c or difolia Foam Flower (ti el la from ti i referen c e ,

ar -
a ra , n

the shape f the seed pod Ord S i f g ) — A beautiful

,

t o o . . ax ra e ae .

hardy herbaceous perennial with white flowers in feathery rac emes

in spring when i t is one f t he best ornamen t s of t he border or
,

o c kery Pea t y soil sui t s it Propagation is by di vision in spring

,

r . .

t he B t i l M g i t I 58 9
.

S ee o a n ca a az n e , . .

Ti bouchina (ti b h i na a na t ive name Ord Melastoma c eae) ou c -

. . .

—E vergreen shrubs suitable for t he roof of a warm greenhouse or

,

onserva t ory E legans and sm i d

,

c d ( syn Pleroma m
. e e c an ra . a c r an

thum) both with purple flowers in summer are t he best ; t here is a

v t t c t
,

ood ariety of he lat er alled Loam and pea in

,

g fl i b d or un a.

e qual par t s wi t h sand suit Propagation is by cu t tings in a c lose

, , .

c ase in summer .

Tiger Lily ( Lilium tigrinum ) — S B ulbs . ee .

Tigridia Tiger Flower (ti g i d ia from ti g i sa tiger and i d slike

,
r -

,
r , , e o , .

O d I id
r .
)r —S B ulbse ae . ee .

Tilia Lime Linden ( ti l ia Virgil s name Ord Tilia c eae ) — S

, ,
-

,
’
. . . ee

Lime .

Tillan d sia (ti ll a d i after D Til l d s Ord B romelia c eae ) n -

S a, r. an . . .

Ho t house evergreens with richly c oloured leaves and brac t s Peat .

d loam in equal parts wi t h sand and small

,

an k ssuit P p croo . ro a

c C corallina)
, ,

g t
a i onis by su kers in pring orallina ( syn V i s i S . . r e a

i splendens and t essellata are a few f the bes t spe c ies

,

Li d n en ,
o .

There are many handsome hybrids such as D h t i R and

,

, uc ar r e , ex,
s plendida .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar de n i ng 3 5 0

i
Tp ul ( D addy longlegs ) —aS D addy longlegs -
. ee -
.

T d — A friend of the gardener as it feeds slugs and insects

oa . , on .

F this reason it is sometimes pu t into plant houses

or .

T d fl x —S oa Linaria a . ee .

To bacc — S Ni ti o. ee co an a .

T d a ( to dea after Herr Tode Ord Filices) —Fil my ferns

o e -
. . .
,

requiring t o be grown in a close case in a saturated atmosphere (s

,

ee

Ferns) S uperba is the best H ym p h yl l i d sis also good

. . eno o e .

T m t ( Lycopersicum es c ulentum ) — S
o a o Kit c hen Garden . ee .

S tric t ly the Tomato is a fruit but it is more often used as a v g t

, , e e
able and is accepted as such at shows
,
.

T l s d Appl ian ces— Garden tools should always be cleaned

oo an .

after use and rubbed o v er with a greasy rag The tool hed should .
-
S
be dry An adequate set essential t good work The prin
,

. ar e o .

c i p l kinds are spade fork rake D utch hoe draw hoe Canterbury
a , , , ,

hoe trowel knives secateurs billhook hedge shears edging shears , , ,

wheelbarrow roller besom reel and l ne hammer and nails hon

, , ,

, ,
i , , e
for sharpening hovel syringe lawn mower water cans in S i es
,

, S , ,
- -
z ,

dibber water barrow hose thermometer

,

, ,
.
,

T p dr ssing
o A substitute f
-
repot t ing Two inches of th
e .
-
or . e
t p soil is removed from the contents
0 f a fl w p t and fresh o o er -
o ,

c ompost applied .

T pi ry —The pruning of trees and shrubs into fanciful formal

o a . or
shapes It is an old pra c tice wh ich has enj oyed a revi val in recent
.

years bu t is not to be recommended f general adoption Y ew

,
or . ,

Box and Holly are the principal subj ects

, .

T ch L il y
‘

or S K iph fi .
-
ee n o a.

T rch Th istl e — S Cactus— Cereus

o ee .

T r nia ( tor e nia after the R A Toren Ord S p h l i

o e -

, ev. . . . cro u ar
n e ae
) Pretty hothouse herbaceous perennials suitable for pots
.
-
,

and hanging baskets Asiatica purple summer ft fl s

( y . 1 av a n.
i l M g i
, , ,

B ill a i ) yello w dark throat summer I ft ( B t

on , , , , . o a n ca a az n e ,
t . and F n i i purple blue and yellow summer ft o ur er , 1
are t he most popular species ; there is a v ariety f the latter called
, , , ,

o
compacta Loam and peat in e q ual parts with sand suit P p
. , , . ro a

g tia is by seeds in a war m house or frame in spri g o by cuttings

on n , r .

T w G rd ning — The remarks made under S uburban Gardening

o n a e .

apply t town gardening with greater emphasis in the case f certain

o , o
plants such as Roses B t much depends upon the tow Ther
, . u n. e
are many fairly large towns free fro m factories where the air is , ,

pure enough to suit the great majority f plantsincluding Roses ; o

t here are nu m erous thers small and large where the i is t
,

o , , a r oo
smoky t charged with acid to grow plants f d l i t
or oo sti t o e ca e c on u
tion The town gardener battling with unfav o rable conditions
,

. u
is wise t concentrate on a few kinds with which he has good prospec ts
, ,

o
o f su c ceeding The Ch rysanthemum is a notable case It will
. .

t hrive under conditions that would be fatal to Roses and is a beauti ,

U
 3 06 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning

f l and interesting plant

u B y making a c hoi c e of varieties bloom .

c an be had for six mon ths if t here is glass For o t her town plan t s
" .

s S uburban Gardening p 9 6
,

ee , . 2 .

Tra chelium c r l m Throa t wort ( tra c h e lium from t h l s

ae u e u ,
-
ra c e o

t h neck in allusion to i t s virtue in diseases o f t he t rachea O rd

, ,

e , . .

C ampanulaceae ) — A greenhouse herbaceous perennial . grow i ng

bou t f t high with ligh t blue flowers in summer and au t umn (s
,

a 2 . ee

t Album is a white v arie t y Loam

,

th B te i l R gi s
o ant ca e e r, . .

w i t h sand and a four t h f leaf mould sui t s Propagat ion is by

,

o , .

seeds in a warm house or frame in spring by cuttings in pring ; or S

y oung plants hould be stopped to induce a c ompa ct habi t

,

S .

Tr chyc rp us ( t h y a pus from t k ys rough and k p s

a a r ac c r -
ra c ar o

Ord Palmae) — Fan palms T ex c elsa ( syn Fortunei ) is

, , , ,

fr it
"
u . . . . . .

th same as Chamaerops humilis and may be gro w n t f doors

e ou o
mild sheltered places only Martiana hould be kep t in a green
,

i n . S
Loam with sand and a t hi rd f pea t suits Propaga tion
,

h ouse . , o , .

i sby seeds in heat .

Tra d sc ntia S piderwort ( t d sa tia af t er J

e a ,
Trades c an t ra e c n -
. .

Commelinaceae) —Vigorous h erba c eous perennials

,

0 rd . of . one
w hi c h zebrina ( s v t
,

y Zebrina pendula ) is a g eat fa ouri n e for

. hang r

i g baskets ; it may be grown in po t s stood in ornamental vases in

, ,

r ooms ; i ts foliage is prettily striped and its habi t pendulous ; if

given suffi cien t water it grows luxuriantly and forms a new shoo t
,

t every broken tip ; it may t herefore be propaga t ed readily by

,

c u tt ings R eginae also has pretty leav es Virginiana ( syn Vir

. . .

gi i ) is the po p ular hardy S piderwort ; i t grows abou t a foot high

n ca

l M g i t
,

d has blue flowers in spring ( s the B t

a n i ee o an ca a az n e , .

t here are se v eral i t s including a white and a double v ar e eThey .

w ill t hri v e in ordin

,

y soil and propagated by division in spring

ar , ar e .

Trag p g n Goat s B eard ( t g p 0 gon from t g s a goa t

o o o
’
ra 0 -
ra o .

O d C omposi t ae ) — P i f l i m is the S alsify ( s Kit c hen Garden )

, , ,

r . . o rr o u ee .

Pra t ensis is the common S hepherd s C lo c k B oth are biennials ’

.

w i t h yellow flowers in late spring

,

Ordinary soil Propagation i s . .

b y seed in spring
"

. .

Tr v l l r sJy Clematis Vitalba

’
a e e o ,
.

Tr Mal l w Lav atera arborea

ee o , .

Tr f H v n Ailantus glandulosa
ee o ea e , .

Tr s— S Flower Garden
ee . ee .

Tr f il —S Trifolium
e o . ee .

Tr lli s— E xpanding wooden trellis which seedsmen supply is

e
useful for forming scree s and shel t ers qui c kly I t should be
, ,
“
n .

c overed wi t h climbers as speedily as possible t o t ake ff t he stiff o

ness The t rellis hould be secure d t o strong uprights and hould
,

. S S

be pain t ed green creosoted

,

or .

Tr nch ing — S Kit c hen Garden

e . ee .

T i h i i m ( t i h i ium from t i h i
r c n u s hairy Ord Amaran
r c n -
r c na .

—T M
.

c
, ,

t )
ac e ae g l s
. i is a .harming little greenhouse
an perennial
e ,
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n in g 3 7
0

growi ng a bare foot high and bearing flu ffy pink flowers in June , .

I t likes loam and peat in equal parts Propaga t ion is by seeds . or

roo t c u tt ings in a warm house frame in pring or S .

Tri c h manes B ris t le Fern ( trich om anes from th i x a hair and

o -
r

s sof t in allusion t o t he s t ems O rd Filices ) — B eautiful

, , ,
,

m an o . . .

of the most popular f which is radi c ans t he Killarney

, ,

ferns one o

Fern a W ilding in Ireland ; Andrewsii crispum and dila t atum are

, ,

varie t ies f i t They like a humid a t mosphere with shade

, , ,

o . .

Fibrous pea t suits them over abundan c e f drainage

,

, o .

Tri cyrtis( t i y tis from t i s three and k y t s c onvex in allu

r c r -
re r o

sion t o t he sepals Ord Lilia c eae ) — The mos t popular spe c ies is
, , , , ,

. . .

hir t a a hardy herba c eous perennial with whi t e purple spotted -

flowers in autumn heigh t abou t f t It t hrives in sandy soil

, , ,

2 . on
the rockery and is propaga t ed by division in pring S the
,

S . ee

t
,

B o ta n i c a l J
lf a ga z i n e , .
5355 .

Trient lis Win t erg r en ( trien t a lis one t hird in allusion t o the
a e - -

l w heigh t O rd Primula c eae ) A small genus of hardy herba

, , ,

o . .
-

ceou sperennials sui t able f or a hady par t o f t he ro c kery in loamy S

soil Americana and europaea bo t h have whi t e flowers in summer
, ,

and grow abou t 9 ins high Propaga t ion is by seed or division

,

. .

under glass in pring S .

Trif lium Trefoil ( t i fo lium from t i st hree and f l i m a leaf

o r -
re o n,

t hree leaved Ord Leguminosae) — The Clovers are f course

, , , ,

-
. . . o
mor im p or t an t as farm t han as garden plan t s but one two
, ,

e or ar e
good nough for the ro c kery no t ably alpinum pink ; and pannoni
,

c um yellow and whit e bo t h early summer bloomers Hybridum is

, ,

the Alsike and repens t he white Clov r ; the latter is o ft en used as

, ,

S ha m ro c k althou g h the yellow su c kling minus has perhaps be tt er

,

c laims They g w i ordinary soil d are propagat ed by seed

, , ,

. :o n , an

in pr ng
S i .

Trillium Wood Lily ( t ri ll ium from t i l i triple i allusion to

,
-
r x, n
t he t hree pe tals O rd Liliaceae ) S B ulbs
, ,

. .
—
. ee .

Triteleia ( tri t el e ia from t i s t hree and t l i s comple t e ; parts -

re e o o

f flower in t hrees O rd Lilia c eae) — These b lbs are w in c luded

, , , ,

o . . . u no

with the B rodiaeas by bo t anists U i fl t he mos t popular . n ora ,

spe c ies has lila c flowers in pring ; height 3 ins S B ulbs

, S . ee .

Tri ti c um Wheat C ou c h ( tri t i m Ord Gramineae) —This

,
-
cu . . .

genus in c ludes a b fi t plant in vulgare t he Whea t Plan t ; and

,

ene cen
troublesome in repens S Cou c h Grass
,

a. one . ee .

Trit ma — S K i p h fi
o . ee n o a.

Tri t nia ( tri t o nia from t i t a wea t her c o c k in allusion to the

o -

, r on ,

di fferen t direc t ions of t he stamens O rd I i d ) — S B ulbs

,

. . r eae . ee .

Trollius Globe Flower ( tr oll ius from t l roun d Ord R anu m

,
-
ro . .

— U seful hardy herba c eous plan t s with brigh t yellow

, ,

l
c u ac e a e ) . or
orange flowers in spring A si ti s( B t i l Al g i t 35)
,

. a cu o a n ca a az n e , . 2
has dark yellow and europaeus pale yellow flowers in la t e spri ng
or early summer heigh t abou t 8 ins There are several varieties 1 .

of both ; auran t ia c us is a deep —coloured form f si ti s; albidus

,

o a a cu ,

U 2
 08 E n c y c lop e di a o f G a rd e n ing
3
N ewry Gian t and Flore pleno are forms f europaeus They will o .

grow in mos t soils but like a mois t clayey boggy mould P p

,

or . r0 a
is by division in au t umn
,

ga t i on .

Tr p aeolum Indian Cress G den N as t urtium (t p aé olum

o ,
ar ro -

a trophy Ord Geraniaceae) W saw under

,

from t p i
,

ro a on, . . .
-
e
N asturtium t hat t hat generi c name belongs t o t he Water Cress
and that the g rden N asturtiums are really Tropaeolums The
,

a .

genus is a large one and in c ludes bo t h hardy and tender

annual and perennial spe c ies A d t
, ,

m ( B t i l R gi s t . u n cu o a n ca e er, .

71 8 — y s c anariense and p g i m ) is the Canary Creeper

S n . ere r nu ,

a nearly hardy annual raised from seed in a greenhouse or frame

in spring A m (B t i l M g i . t 398 5) is a greenzu re u o a n ca a az n e , .

house perennial blue autumn bloomer ; g d i fl m is a large r an oru

v ariety J ttii is also a greenhouse perennial wi t h orange

, ,

a rr a

flowers L bbi m ( B t M g t 4 9 7) is a scarle t greenhouse

. ,

. o an u o . a 0
annual ; t here are many varie t ies Maj us and minus are the t all
., .

and dwarf hardy annual N asturtiums (s Annuals) P l yp h yl l m ee o u

( B t M g t 4 4 ) is a prostra t e hardy perennial with yellow

.

o . a . . 0 2

flowers ; i t likes a sunny spot in the ro c kery S pe c iosum ( B t

,
‘

o
M g t 4 3 3) is the beau t iful Flame N as t ur t ium a hardy peren
. .

a ., . 2

nial whi ch t hrives in S c otland and o t her mois t c limat es Tri

,

c olorum is a hardy perennial w ith s carlet and orange flowers The

,

t uberous roo t ed spe c ies should be lift ed and s t ored in au tumn ;

-

t hey may be propagat ed by division The annuals are raised from .

seed in pring All thrive in friable loam

S . .

Trow el — A useful transplan t ing t ool wi t h whi c h plants c an be

.

shifted withou t shaking the soil from the roo t s

,

T ffl s— A edible fungus growing benea t h t he surfa c e f t he

ru e n o
soi l oft en in the shade f B ee c h trees and found wi t h the aid f
,

o o

small trai ed dogs

, ,

n .

Trump et Fl w er S B ignonia o .
-
ee .

Truss— A umbel of flowe rs each flower s t em springing from a

n

common c entre
,

Tsuga (tsu g t he Japanese name O rd Coniferae) — Hardy -

a, . . .

e v ergreens Canadensis ( sy s Abies Pi c ea and Pinus canadensis)

. n .

is t he Hemlock S pruce ; t here are many garden varie t ies f w hi c h

, ,

a few of t he best are albo —spi c a w hite t ipped ; gra c il is drooping ;

,

and nana dwarf Hookeriana Mer t ensiana (syns Abies Albert iana
, ,

and A Mer t ensiana) and P t t i

.

t he C alifornian Hemlock
, ,

. a o n an a ,

The c ul t ure i st he same as for

,

S pruce are also popular kinds

,
.

Pines S Pinus . ee .

Tu ber — A underground stem con t aining buds g the Po t a t o

. n , e. ., .

Tu berose ( Polian t hes tuberosa) — S B ulbs . ee .

T l i p Tulipa ( t u lipa from tl

u ,
l yb a t urban Ord Lilia c eae) -

,
zo n an, . . .

— S B ulbs
ee .

T lip B tt fly S B ulbs— Calochor t us lila cinus

u ,
u er .
-
ee .

Tul ip Tree Liriodendron tulipifera ,

.
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning 3 9
0

Tunica S axifraga ( t u ni c a from t i a coat in l lusion to t h -

n n ca , a e

calyx Ord C y p h yl l ) — A pre tt y hardy perennial for t h

, ,

. . ar o e ae . e
ro c kery with white flowers in summer It likes sandy loam
, . .

Propagation is by seed in spring .

Turf —S Flower Garden — Grass

. ee .

Turni p S Kitchen Garden .

-
ee .

Tussilag Farfara Coltsfoot ( t ssi l a g from t ssi s a cough

o u o, u .

Ord Compositae) — A troublesom e weed in g dens wi t h broad

, ,

. . ar
t hic k round leaves and yellow flowers in spring ; it hould be kept
, ,

under stri c t subj e c tion The Winter Heliotrope Tussilago fra grans
,

. ,

is w cal led Pe t asites fragrans S Petasi t es

,

no . ee .

Tutsan Hypericum Androsaemum ,

.

Typ ha B ulrush Cat nine t ail R eed Mace (t y pha ; the Greek -
o
’
- - -

name Ord Typha c eae) Aquat i c s of whi c h la t ifolia t he B ri t ish

, , ,

-
.

R eed Mace has long reddish spikes in summer

. . , ,

Angustifolia i s .

smaller B o t h may be t e ly for winter de c oration They lik

, ,

. ou ar . e

marshy ground and may be propagated by division in spring , .

Ulex Furze Gorse Whin ( fi lex from the Celti c poin t ( 5d -

ac, . r .

Leguminosae) — Hardy evergreens with piny foliage well sui t ed

, , , ,

. S

to growing on sandy hea t hs in bloom for many months E uropaeu s

, ,

is the popular species ; fl pleno i sa double form of i t ; and s t ri ct us

,

ore

another variety is t he Irish Furze N anus is a small species als

,

. o

yellow The c ommon Furze is raised from seed in spring Flor

, ,

. . e

pleno and ere c tus are propagat ed by c uttings in a frame in autumn .

Ulmus E lm (ul mus from t he Celtic l Ord Urticaceae)

-
u rn . . .

Elm , ,

See .

Um bilic s — S C otyledon u . ee .

Um brella Pine S c iadopitys verti c illata ,

.

U rceo c h i s Cli b i ( aro charis O rd A m ylli d ) ra n A u rc e -

. . ar e ae .

hybrid be t ween E u c haris g d i fl and Ur c eolina pendula with r an or a

white drooping flowers in pring and summer heigh t 8 ins F
,

S 1 . or
c ul t ure s E u charis
,

, ee .

Urce lina pend la ( ur c eol i na from

o l s a small cup in all
u -
. u rceo u u

s t c — A pre tt y green
, , ,

ion to he small ne tary Ord A m yl li d ) . . ar e ae .

house bulb wi t h drooping umbels of yell ow and green flowers in

early summer Loam and leaf soil in equal par t s wi t h sand suit
,

. .

Propagation is by o ffse t s while dorman t S t he B t i l

, ,

ee o a n ca
M g i t 5464
.

a az n e , . .

Utricul aria B ladderwor t ( u t i c ul e ria from t i l s a small r -

u r cu u

bottle so called a cc oun t of the small bodies t he leaves Ord

, , ,

on on . .

in t eresting genus embracing a quat i c pe c ies

,

— A
L en ti b l i )
u ar e ae . n S
pro v ided with small pitchers whi c h c apture and f eed
,

small on
inse ct s Montana ( B t i l M g i t wi t h whi t e and
,

. o a n ca a az ne , .

yellow flowers in summer heigh t 6 ins is the bes t known I t may ., .

be grown in S phagnum moss and fibrous pea t in a hanging baske t

,

in a warm house so long as i t is provided wi t h large quan t i t ies of

water Propaga t ion is by division whil e dormant
. .
3 10 E n c y c lop e di a of G a r d e n i ng

Vac c i ium B ilberry

n Cranberry B la c kberry H uckleberry
,

c cc c
,

O
, , ,

VVh t l bor y ( va e i ium

e rr rd Va inia eae ) — A large genus -
c n -
. . .

o f hardy shrubs and small t rees produ c ing edible berries C ym or

bosum ( B t i l M g i t
, .

o an ca wh ite flowers and bluish black a az n e , -

berries ; Myr tillus rose flowers and blue fruits the B ilberry B la c k
.

Whor t leberry ; and Vi t is Idaea pink flowers and red

, , ,

b erry or -

frui t s t he Cowberry or Flowering B are t he best known All

, ,

ox , .

de c iduous ex c ep t t he las t which is evergreen They t hrive in

,

a re , .

sandy peat Propagation is by seed in pring

. S .

Valerian Gr ek Polemonium caeruleum

,
e , .

V lerian R d C en t ran t hus ruber

a ,
e , .

Valeriana Valerian ( valeri a na af t er Valerius who used it medi

,
-

— Closely allied t o C entran t hus D ioi c a

,

O rd V l i
,

i
c na lly .
) a e r an e a e

rose is t he Marsh and ffi i l i spink t he Common Valerian or All

. . . ,

o c na

heal ; t hey flower in summer O rdinary soil Propaga t ion by

, , , ,

. .

seed division
or .

V allisneria s p iral is ( lli sé ria aft er S ignor V ll i s i Ord va n -

a ner . .

interesting hal f hardy aqua t i c wi t h g ass

,

H yd h id
roc
) — A ar e ae . n -
r

] ike l aves and whi t e flowers in summer The sys t em of fer t ilisat ion
,

e .

i sunusual The male flowers are a t t he base of t he plan t in t he

.

water from whi c h t hey rise to the urfa c e The female flowers
,

S .

ome t o t he surfa c e when ready for fer t ilisa t ion after whi c h pro c ess
,

t hey are lowered t o the bot tom of t he water by t he spiral con traction
,

o f t he s t ems The plan t m y be grown in a t ub in a wi nter t empera

. a

t ure of about 4 Propagat ion is by seeds or division .

Vallo ta S c rborough Lily ( vall o t a af t er M P Vallo t

,
a Ord -

, . . . .

A m yl l i d — A popular greenhouse bulb with bright red flowers

ar ) eae .

summer Vallota purpurea grows abou t f t high and makes a

,

i n 2 .

window plan t I t should be po tt ed in early

, ,

nice greenhouse or .

s ummer in e q ual par t s f loam and leaf soil with a good deal of o

sand bu t annual repo tt ing should be avoided ; it i sbe tt er t o t op

, ,

Propagation is by offse t s Magni

,

d ress d give liquid manure

an . .

fi ca and maj or are large varie t ies A grea t deal f wa t er will b e o

eeded in summer S y Am yllis purpurea ( B t i l M g i
.

n . n. ar o a n ca a az n e ,

t. 1 4 30 h
anda ( a da t he S anskrit name Ord Orchidaceae ) — A
V v n -
. . .

large genus f hothouse Or c hids mos t ly with ere ct stems t hi c k

,

o re

urved leaves and flowers in ra c emes Caerulea is a beautiful

, , ,

c .

pe cies with large pale blue flowers in autumn hei ght to 3 ft ;

,

s 2 .

is a fine varie t y f i t S d i
,

pink yellow and

,

F wl i
o e r an a o . an er an a,
rimson 3 f t summer immense flowers is a plendid plant f
, ,

c S o
whi c h alba t a is a good whi t e ground variety S i s various
, , , ,

. u av

olours 6 t o 8 f t au t umn i sv ery fra g ant (s t he B t i l M g

,

c r ee o a n ca . a a

t C hatswor th fl and rubra are three varie t ies

, ,

i
z ne, av a , .

Teres white rose and magen t 3 t o 6 ft spring ( B t M g t 4

. ,

a, ., o . a ., . 1

is popular O t her good pe c ies are A m si

,

insignis Kimb l
, ,

. S e an a , a

liana and tricolor They like a m i x t ure f fibrous peat and

,

. o

S phagnum over abundan c e k s They enj oy shade when

,

f o c ro o .

m aking t heir growth ex c ept teres and likewise abundan c e of roo t , ,

 E n c y c l op e di a of G ard e ning 3 1 1

and a t mospheric mois t ure ; li tt le wa t er hould be given whe S n

grow t h is c omple t e Propaga t ion is by basal growths wi t h roo ts .

a tt ached There are several hybrid Vandas f whi c h a mode

,

. , or See rn

work Or c hids on .

Veg ta bl M arrow — S Kitchen Garden

e e . ee .

V ege t bl Garde — S a Kitchen Garden

e n ee .

V l th i mi ( velth ei m ia after Herr Vel t heim

e e a Ord Liliaceae) -
. . .

sp c ies of whi c h i i d i f l i (sy Aletri s

,

Greenhouse bulbs only one e v r o a n.

c apensis— B t i l Al g i t is much grown ; it has t hick
, ,

o a n ca a az n e , . ,

S hining green leaves and does well in a room window S andy loam .

sui t s Propagation is by o ffsets

. .

V enidium ( ven i d ium O rd C omposi t ae) — A sm l l genus t h -

. . . a e

bes t known member of whi c h is l d l

,

-
m ( syn fugax ) a hardy ca en u ac e u .

annual wi th yellow and blac k flowers in summer heigh t abou t

,

1 8 ins For culture s Annuals

. , ee .

V ntila tio — S
e Greenhouse n ee .

Venus s Fly trap D ionaea mus c ipula

’
-
.
,

Venus s L o k ing glass S pecularia S pe c ulum

’
o -

, .

Venus s Navelwort Omphalodes verna

’
.
,

V eratrum False Hellebore ( ver a trum from truly and t -

ve r e , a er,

blac k in allusion to t he c olour f t he roots Ord Lilia c e e )

, , ,

o . . a .

Hardy herba c eous perenni l s Album whi t e flowers in summer

,

a
l M g i
. ,

3 to 5 ft ; nigrum ( B t i t d rk purple ; and

,

. o an ca a az n e , . a
viride green summer 3 to 4 ft ( syn album v iride) t he most . . ar e
grown The White Hellebore powder used for killing ca t erpill s
, , , ,

. ar
is prepared from album Good loamy soil friable c lay is liked . or .

Propagat ion is by seed division in spring or .

V er bascum Mullein ( verb as c um from b b sm bearded -

ar a c n, 1n

allusion t o t he s tamens O rd S p h l i
, ,

— Hardy biennials
,

) . . cro u ar n e a e .

and herba c eous perennials or sub —shrubs mos tly wi t h yellow flowers ,

in summer Ch i i i 3 ft ; p m coppery 3 ft ( B t
a x i l . cu re u o a n ca
Mg i t
. , , , .

a az n e , l ym p i m 5 ft a biennial ; and p h
. i m o cu oen ce u
M t t several varieties are the bes t pe c ies
,

( B t o g . t 8 8 viole a 3 f . . ., S .

Ordinary soil Propaga t ion by seeds and in t he c ase f t he peren

, , ,

. o
nials also by division in pring
,

S .

Ver bena Vervai n ( v erb e na from t he C l t i F f i O rd Ver '

— e c er a n . .

—B eautiful and fragrant flowers on c e spe c ialised by

, ,

b )
e n ac e a e .

floris t s and gro w n in po t s under varie t al names bu t w generally

,

no
restric t ed to t he flower garden and grown from mixed seed Only
,

two of the many species are grow n t o any extent and they are
,

:
t t
,

( ) 1 A bl ti mauve
u a hardy
e biennial growing
a, abou a foo high
d flowering in summer ; c ompa ct a and rosea are varieties (s t h
, ,

an ee e
B t i l M g i
o an ca t 3 8) ( ) venosa ( B t AI g t
a az n e , rosy . 0 2 o . a ., .

lilac f t summer a half hardy herbaceous perennial much used

1 -

in beds and borders on a cc oun t f i tsfree blooming and dis ti n ct

, , ,

colo r The hybrid Verbenas are bes t treated as tender annual s

u .

being r i sed from seed in heat in winter pricked ff in boxes

,

a o .

hardened and plan t ed t 8 ins apart in early summer ; they will

,

, ou 1 .
3
-

1 2 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e ning

t hrive in any fertile soil There are sever l named varieties which . a
a re good for the flower garden d c ome true from seed ; among an

t hese are Adonis crimson ; Ellen VVil l m tt pink ; Prin c ess of Wales o

violet ; Queen f Whites and S carle t King

, , ,

o , .

V er bena L m n sc nte d ,
S Lippia c i triodora
e o -
e .
-
ee .

Veroni c a S peedwell ( ver on i c a O rd S p h l i ) —A very — . . c rO u ar n e a e .

large genus o f herbs and shrubs mos t ly hard and able t o thrive on
,

poor soil Among the bes t f t he hardy herba c eous spe c ies are
, ,

. o

g ti
en i d sblue
an o ft early sum m er ( B t
e i l I ll g i t 2 ., o a n ca a az n e , .

t here are whi t e and v ariegat ed leaved varie ties ; in c ana viole t forms
, ,

silvery c arpe t in early summer ; longi folia sbsssi li sblue summer

, ,

a u e

3 ft ; repens c reeper blue ; pica t a blue f t summer t here is a

, , ,

. S 1

whi t e variety ; Teu crium blue summer forms a c pet dubia is a

, , , , ,

ar
v arie t y of i t ; and Virgini c a white summer 3 t o 4 ft These m
, , , ,

, , , . ay

all be propagated by seed or pring division The following are a few S .

o f the best f t he shru bs and sub hrubs

o Andersoni purple late -
S :

summer 3 ft no t qui t e hardy v ariega t a is a form f i t ; B idwillii

, ,

., o
blue and whi t e summer pros trate ; c upressoides violet summer
, , ,

to 3 ft mu c h grown in t he rock garden for i t s foliage and habi t ;

, , , , ,

1 .,

e p id
ac r whi t e summer half hardy the leaves have a buff t i nt in
e a,
au t umn ; H t i lila c summer t o ft t he f oliage has a pre tt y
, , ,

ec or 1 2 .,

bu ff tin t in au t umn ; p i g i f l i whi t e summer ft glau c ous

, , ,

n u o a, 2

sl — B t M g tt 6 4 7 and
.,

saxat ili s
, ,

foliage ( syn . c ar n o u a o . a . . 1
t he R o c k S peedwell blue summer 6 ins alba and rosea varie
, ,

, , , ., ar e

ties f it ; speciosa purplish blue pring to 3 ft half hardy

o -
S 2

v erg een ( B t M g t
.,

and Traversii white summer 3 t o

, , , ,

e r o . a . .

6 ft ( B t J lI g t C hamaedrys is t he Germander S peedwell

, , , ,

. o . a . . .

is a hardy annu l ; i t has a

,

S yriaca blue early summer 6 ins a

whi t e v ariety alba The propagat ion f t he herba c eous spe c ies is
, , ,

. o

by division seed in spring ; f t he hrubs by c u tt ings in a sandy

,

or o S
mixture f peat and loam under a hand ligh t in spring or summer ;
o -

and of t he annu l s by seed in spring The Veronicas like limestone

a .

soil .

V r vain —S
e Verbena . ee .

Vetch — S Vi c ia
. ee .

Ve tc h B itte n — S
,
O robus ee .

V etch Chi c klin g La t hyrus sa t ivus

, ,
.

V e tc h Cr wn — S Coronilla '

,
o . ee .

V et ch M ill — S As tragalus
, a ee .

Vib rnum Guelder R ose ( vi h ur num from

u i t o t ie referri g -
oe o, ,
n

to a use f the shoo t s O rd Capri f olia c eae) A la ge genus o f

, ,

— r
o . . .

shrubs and small trees some hard and evergreen o t hers de c iduous y .

Opulus is the c ommon Guelder R ose S nowball Tree and s t eril e

, ,

or

a superior garden form in whi c h l l t he flowers sterile ; t here is

,

a ar e

a variegat ed leaved form f O pulus and also a dwarf nanum ; t hese

-
o

are hardy de c iduous sh ubs Tinus ( B t i l M g i t 38 ) is

, ,

r . o an ca a az n e , .

the Laurustinus a h dy evergreen wi t h white and rose flowers in ar

au t umn and winter ; it makes a useful shrub from 4 t o 8 ft high
, ,

. ,

and is compa ct i habit ; t here are several forms in c luding a varie

n
ga t ed Pli c atum strictly t omen t osum plicatum is a plen d i d
,

. , ,
S
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e n i ng 1
3 3
deciduous hrub 4 t o 6 ft high with sterile flow rs in spring The
S . e .

foregoing are t he bes t f t he Viburnums but Lan t ana the Way

,

f ring Tree f t he hedges is an in t eresting spe cies with white

, ,

a o
flowers in pring and dark berries in au t umn Lan t anoides is the
, ,

S .

Ameri c an Wayfaring Tree The Viburnums no t par t i c ular as . ar e

t o soil Pli c atum enj oys peat and loam The Laurus t inus will
. .

t hrive almos t anyw here ; it forc es well in win t er as does the Guelder
R ose ; t hey may be po tt ed p in au t umn Propaga t ion is by c ut
,

-
u .

tings under a hand ligh t in au t umn in a sh ady border or by layers -

, .

Vi c ia Vetch Tare ( i ia from i

,
i to bind in allusion to th
,
v c -

, v nc o, , e
t endri ls Ord Leguminosae) — A useful genus one member f
. . . o

whi c h Faba t he B road B ean is mu c h in demand (s Ki t chen

,

ee

G den) Cra cc a is the Cow Vet c h l th y i d sthe S pring Vetch

, , ,

ar . , a ro e .

Ordi nary soil Propagation is by seed . .

Vict ria Regia ( v i c t or ia after t he late Queen Victoria

o Ord -
. .

N ymphaea c eae ) — A noble ho t house aqua t ic wi t h enormous rimmed

,

leaves whi c h in some c ases are c apable of suppor t ing a fairly heavy
,

and white or rosy whi t e flowers a foot across (s the B t i l

,

m an , -
ee o a n ca
Al g i a tt 4 75
az n e , I t c ame from t he river Amazon It is
. 2 .

only suitable for large pla c es Propaga t ion is by seed pu t in t o a

,

po t of loamy soil and kep t in warm wa t er T i k i is a newer . r c er

spe c ies smaller bo t h in leaf and bloom but o t herwise resembling
regia ; i t will t hrive in a c ooler house
, ,

Vinca Periwinkle ( i ,
from i l a band in allusion to v n —c a , v n c u n rn ,
t he long tough hoo t s O rd Apo c ynac eae) — Use ful evergreens
,

S . . .

the hardy members f whi c h maj or purple summer ft ; and

, ,

o 2 .

mi nor blue summer ft are good for plan t ing under trees and in
, , , ,

1 .,

other shady pla c es There is a useful variega t ed form f maj or

, , ,

. o .

Th ey are no t par t icular as t o

soil Propagat ion is by division
.

or c ut t ings in a shady pla c e in

s
p rm
g .

ine S Frui t Grapes

V . ee
also Vi t is
,

Viola Violet Pansy ( i ola v -

t he origi nal Lat in name Ord

, , ,

. .

Viola c eae) —W have few more . e

deligh t ful flowers t han t he li ttle

Viola for i t gives us t he swee t
Viole t f t he hedgerows t he
,

o
large varie t ies whi c h we for c e in
,

frames for win t er bloom t h P F E e

W hi c h W use
,

t t d Pansies
V RO P A G A T I B G D IV I S I OR R
gfgi i i é
u S A T
e e l Rl
for beds and borders and many
-

charming spe c ies for ro c k gardens All c lasses hould be g own

,

our . S r

in gardens .

S w t Vi l ts( Viola odora t a ) — These m

ee be planted a foot apar t
o e . ay

in a foo t of good loamy soil spread a ho t bed of manure and leaves on

in S ep t ember They wil l beg in t o bloom i autumn and if kep t

. n
heal t hy will flower and ff un t il pring They are liable to go
,

on o S .
3 1 4. E n cy c lop e di a of G ard e nin
g
wrong through an attack f d pider bu t that rarel y happens if o re S
they are kep t supplied wi t h water as required and
,

when the ai r

wea t her is fine If they how igns f weakness they may be sti m
,

. S S o u

lat ed with weekly doses of liquid manure In spring they may be .

lift ed and divided if t hey are varie t ies f tufted habi t t he po t ions
, o r
b e ing plan t ed in rich soil in a c ool pla c e where t hey will soon
,

establish themselves and grow into for c ing plants by S eptember

,

They will no t thrive in ho t dry poor soil in a sun s c or c hed pot -

S .

S ome sorts t hrow out runners and these may be pegged to t he soil
, ,

and transplan t ed when rooted Colonies of Violets should b

,

. e
es t ablished in shady c ool par t s of t he garden and le f t to flower
na t urally The following are splendid varie t ies of t he S wee t Violet
,

. :

C mte de B razza double whi t e Marie Louise double lavender

o
Prin c ess of Wales large ingle
,

Kaiser Wilhelm single purple

,

La Fran c e single viole t

, ,

, blue
The t ft d P si sare good for c arpe t ing beds f s t andard R oses
u e an e o

for mixing wi t h bedding plants ; also for forming margins If

,

or .

put out in April and picked over weekl y they will bloom all the
summer They may be propaga t ed in autu m n by c uttings like
, ,

t he larger Pansies For o t her no t es and select varie ties s Pansy

,

. ee .

V iola t ri c olor is the Pansy or Hear t s eas e ( s Pansy) A few spe c ies
,
’
-
ee .

o f Viola c harming for the ro ckery no t ably bi fl yellow early

ar e or a ,
summer 3 ins ( B t i l M g i
, ,

t 8 9) l t blue o a n ca a az n e , 2 0 c a c ar a a ,

spring 6 ins c ornu t a blue la t e spring 6 ins ( B t M g t

, . . ,

o a

cucullata violet spring 6 ins ( B t M g t

. . . . .

gra c ilis
, , , , ,

o a

purple 6 in s pri g ; and peda t a blue pring 6 ins ( B t M g

. . ., . ,
, , ,

., S n S . o . a

t There are whi t e varieties of several They will t hrive in

, _
, , ,

. .

mos t soils if no t ho t and dry but a fer tile friable loam is bes t .

Propagation is by seed under glass in win t er in a warm house

, , ,

pri c king ff and hardening preparatory t o planting ou t ; by divisio

,

o n
in spring and by c u t tings in a frame in early au t umn
,
.

Vi let African S aintpaulia i

o ,
th ,
on an a.

Violet B g Pingui c ula

,
o ,
.

Vi let D ame s Hesperis ma tr onalis

’
o , ,
.

Violet D o g s Viola c anina

’
.
, ,

Violet D og s T oth E rythronium D ens Canis

’
,
o ,
.

Violet Wa ter Hottonia palus t ris

, ,
.

Viper s Bugloss Ec hium

’
.
,

Vi p er s Grass S c orzonera hispanica

’
.
,

Vi r g inian Co w sl i p Mertensia v irgini c a ,

.

Virginian Cree p er —This is the Ampelopsis hederacea or Vitis i . n

constans of t he botanists ; the latter is the modern name f V i t h s o e c
’

V irginian Creeper which w s formerly know n as Ampelopsis a

V ei tc hii I t is a mu c h better plan t t han A hederacea— less c oarse
,

. . ,

less rampant it clings closely by means of small su c ker like shoots

that exude a ki nd f resin and g v e i t a tight hold on masonry The
, ,

o i .

foliage is smaller than tha t of hederacea and t urns bright red in

au t umn before falling The Virginian Creepers will t h i v e in most
,

. r

soils but i shallow d y soils t hey are a good w hile getting estab
,
n ,
r
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n ing 3 1 5

l is h d u less provided wi t h a c apa c ious po c ket of loam and manure

e n .

They grow and c olour bes t on a south aspect Plan t s may be put i . n

from po t s up to M y a .

Virg in sB w er — S
’
Clema t is
o . ee .

Viscaria R o c k Ly c hnis ( vis c a ria from i s sbirdlime in allusion -

v cu

to t he s t i c ky s t ems O rd C y p h yll ) — The Vis c arias are w

, , , ,

. . ar o eae . no

linked wi th t he Ly c hnises by bo t anis t s bu t seedsmen o ffer cardi

u lis c aerulea and o c ula t a whi c h grow abou t a foo t high F
,

a . or
c ulture s Annuals— Hardy
, , ,

, ee .

Vis c um Mis t le t oe ( i sc um from

, i s s birdlime owing t v -
v cu o
t he glu tinous matt er in t he be ries Ord Loran t ha c eae) S
, , ,

r — ee
Mistle t oe
. . .

Vi tis Vine ( i t is from t he C el t ic s v w yd id

-
O rd A m p l i d ) or v . . e e ae .

f c limbing shrubs
, ,

—A genus o Vinifera is the Grape Vine (s . ee

Fruit) I . s t s(syns Veit c hii t ri c uspidata and j aponica f

ncon an . o
gardens) is t he small leaved Virginian Creeper (whi c h see ) Coig
, ,

ne tiae is a fi sp i s wi t h large leaves t ha t assu m e a ri c h c olour

ne
'

ec e
in au t umn Labrus c a is swee t and has purplish fruits H y
,

. . enr an a ,

green leaves wi t h white lines 5 lobed is red in au t umn They

,

-
. ar e
good for trellises and pergolas They wil l th ive in any fer t ile
, ,

. r
well drained loamy soil Propagation is by c u t tings
,

-
. .

V i s
r e i — S Ti ll ndsia
a ee a .

Wahlen berg ia (w h l b é gia after D W h l b g Ord a en r -

r. a en er . .

C ampanula c eae) — A large bu t unimpor t an t genus only a f w

,

. e
spe cies being grown These
,

include Ki t aibelii blue sum , ,

mer 6 ins a hardy herba .,

s perennial ; saxi c ola

,

c e ou

(B t i l
o a n ca l lI g i t a az n e , .

lilac early summer ,

A B DLY M W LK ,
A AD E A ,

61 11 3” half hardy ; and t enu Th m i l i s li k thr gh h p th i sfl i a te r a a e ou ou t ; t a t,

d h
e
d g
e a

folia viole t summer 6 ins

, , ,
an t e r e 13 no rai na e .

a hardy perennial Ordinary .

soil Propagat ion by seeds

.

and division in spring .

Waldsteinia (w l d s t éi nia a -

after Herr von Walds t ein

,
'

Ord R osa c eae) — A small

. .

genus only two spe c ies being

grown mu c h ; t hese are fra
,

g i i d s(B t
ar o e i l Mg o a n ca a a

i
z ne, t .yellow early
summer f t (syn D alibarda 2
,

, 1 . .

fragarioides) ; and trifolia ,

yellow pring 6 ins a nice S

rock plan t Ordi n ry soil
, ,

.
H w D N W LK a .

Propagation is by seed M d S m ll d i 3 R bb l
or
o To RA 1 A A .

di vision in spring
i i 1 a n ra n . 2 a ra n. u e.
l
. .
.
G r av e
W l ks —Good wal ks are 4. .

a .

a grea t ad v antage i the garden They are best made by n .

preparing a 9 i de p bed laying on well rammed s t one chalk

-
n. -
e ,
-

, ,
 E n c y c lop e di a o f G ard e ning
or flin t bound wi t h clinkers and surfaced with ins of gravel 2 . .

If on a slope i t is well t o coa t t he ides wi t h hot t t o t ake

,

S ar
the wa t er and set trapped take away drains a t every ft t o -
10 .

carry t he wat er down t o 3 i t ile drains laid in the bed The

,

-
n. .

e dges Should be on the same level and pegs hould be driven in to S

ge t t he proper level to t he cen tre which may be 3 ins higher in a
,

6 ft path and half an in c h more less for every foo t wider

,

or or
-
. ,

narrower The wid t h must f course vary w i t h t he traffi c If

. o .

t he w l k has t o c y heavy vehi c les more c are should be t aken

, ,

a ar r

with t he foundation The gravel hould be rolled aft er rai and . S n

should be wa tered once twi c e a year wi t h weed killer Leaves
,

or -
.

should be regularly swep t up in autumn Grass paths should be .

pro vided w herever possible espe c ially among flower beds d t he an

principal herbac eous borders S Flower Garden
,

. ee .

W l l Cresa s A abis ,
r .

Wallflow er ( C heiran t hus Cheiri Ord Cruciferae) — A i l . . . n nv a u

able hardy plan t best trea t ed as a biennial flowering pro f usely in
pring from seed sow n ou t f doors t he previous June ri c h in c olour
, ,

S o
and deli c iously scented It will t hrive in most soils and never does
, ,

better t han limestone which i t loves ; i t wi ll grow banks and

,

on on

walls It is no t quite happy however in t own gardens The seed

,

. .

should be sown t hinly in la t e spring the plan t s t hinned and pu t

, ,

p t during showery weat her in summer ; they can t hen

, ,

ou t 9 ins . a ar

be left withou t anxiety un t il the au t umn when pla c es c an be found

for them in beds and borders A patc h should be plan t ed near the
,

house so tha t t he perfume c an be fully enj oyed ; the soil should be

dug but not manured or the plants will ge t t oo gross They should
,

be lifted wi t h balls f soil about the roots The ingle W ll fl w s

, ,

o . S a o er

ar e hardier than t he doubles B lood red yellow l d gold brown .

-
o

purple aprico t and ruby c an be bough t in separa t e colours The

, , , ,

, ,
.

Annu l Wallflower blooms the same year if sown in early pring

a S .

Old C as t le yellow is good for walls

, , .

W l l Pennyw or t C o tyled o n Umbili c us

a ,
.

W ll Pepp er S edum a cre

a ,
.

Wall R Asplenium R uta mur ia

ue, -
ar .

Wall s— I t has been pointed t (s Fen c es) t ha t a wall is t he ou ee

best en c losing line for a garden bu t likewise t he mos t expensive .

The advantages f a wall will ou tweigh t he drawba c k f ex tra c os t

,

o o
where i t is desired t o have a suppor t for glass houses or trees and
t o form shel tered borders In large pla c es i t is c ommon t o find
,

t he plac e pro t e ct ed wi t h an ou t side fen c e and an inner wall buil t to

make an en c losure for glass frui t and vege t ables If the wall has
,

t o support large houses it mus t be at leas t f t high and well bu t

, ,

10 .

t essed bu t it is no t ne c ess y to main t ain t he full heigh t all round

r ar .

A 6 ft wall is very useful B orders from t o f t wide should

,

-
. . 10 2 0 .

be made along t he wall and t hose on t he ou t h and wes t aspect s S

will be useful f early crops A bri c k wall wi t h a c oping looks well

,

or . .

Fi i l sover t he gat e pillars give a neat appearan c e B uilders

n a .
‘

ar e

always ready t o give es t imat es for ere ct ing w l ls Fla t tr ined a .

-
a

trees may be planted to cover t he faces Wall g dening now . ar

engages the at t en t ion f many flower lovers ; in some ases su c h o c

 E n c y c lo pe di a o f G ard e n i ng 3 7 1

plan t s as S edums Pinks S empervivums W l l fl w s Corydalises a o er

Arabises Aubrietias Alyssum saxa t ile C eras tiums V lerian and
, , , , ,

a
es t ablished merely by sprinkling a few
, , , ,

encrusted S axifrages
,

ar e
seeds into c hinks ; in o t hers pikes are driven in t o the wall to S
support sm l l fl tti sh stones on which plants are established A
a a , .

steep bank may be made beautiful by making a rough wall of un

mor t ared stones against its face and here all the plan t s named ,

above with Campanulas H t h i si Alpina and many other u c n a

pretty t hings will thrive Walls are also adorned wi t h frui t and
, , ,

, .

wi th climbing plants S Fruit and Climbers . ee .

Walnu t — S Juglans ee .

Ward ian Cas — This is useful for sending plan t s from abroad for
e
it can be kept c lose so tha t deli c ate plan tsare not inj ured by f
,

re

quen t c hanges f tempera t ure We o cc asionally

,

o .

see i t in a room window but less frequently t han ,

o f yore It was a favourite device f

. fore o our
fat hers to block the approach to a window with
a large plant case and live in an atmosphere of
mus t iness Given abundan c e f space a Wardian
. o
c ase planted wi t h ferns has good claims t o a
pla c e in a shady window Provision should be .

made f drawing ff surplus water

or o .

Was p s —V\ hen presen t in large numbers t hese

1
.
7

are a grea t trial t o gardeners ; they en t er frui t

houses and do a good deal f damage I t is a A T W o .
R AP FOR
mis t ake t p t bottles f sy
AS P S
in near the O o or
,

houses w i th t h obj ect f d ii i g the wasps Lé ififilfifi 15

o u ru
{ ’e
i
‘ an ’
e o re v n v r

away from t he frui t as t he sugary prep a t ion h l i h l

e ,

ar a o e n t e ow er

at tracts wasps t o t he garden Queen wasps 28; béé n zfm f

,

f 16 A c
.

should be killed when t hey appear in the spring d s h sp st .

1
r aw t e
r

wa
'

Pie c es f fine c anvas may be put over the ven t i

o
lators N es t s may be sough t for marked and a tta c ked at night
.

a ligh t ed squib of gunpowder and sulphur may

, ,

wi th boiling tar or

be pushed in and t he hole s t opped wi t h damp ea th after t he

,

explosion in order t o preven t t he f umes from escaping .

Water Aloe S tratio t es aloides ,

.

Water Archer S agitt ria sagittifolia ,

a .

Water Avens Geum ri v ale , .

Water B ean N elumbium , .

Water Cress— S Kit c hen Garden and N as t ur t ium ee .

Water Flag Iris Pseudacorus , .

Water Gladiole B utomus umbella t us , .

Watering — The wa t ering f plan t s has a grea t bearing thei o on r

heal th parti c ularl y if t hey are in po t s and should be s t udied by

c ultivators I t may be assumed t hat every plant needs wat er when
, ,

it is growing but i t mus t not be assumed t hat it needs t he same

amoun t every day A plan t ge t s rid f more moisture by lea f
,

. o

evapora t ion a hot dry day t han a cool w t

on consequen tly on e o ne
wa t er is more likely to be needed under t he former t han under t he
, , ,

la tt er condi tions S igns f wan t f water are fla c cid growt h soil

. o o : ,
3 8 1 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar de ning
cra c king from t he side of t he po t hollow ringing of t he po t when
rapped wi t h t he knu c kles The last is a good t es t and hould be
,

. S
used in order t o an t i c ipa t e t he two o t hers whi c h may lead t o
,

disas t er If flagging and soil cra c king a cc ompany each o t her i t is

,

-
.

useless to attemp t t o put ma tt ers righ t by ordinary watering as

t he water will all run t hrough The p t should be stood in a pail
,

. o

o f w a t er f a few minu t es when the soil will swell again Wa t er

or .

ing wi ll be ne c essary almos t ever day in summer for one plant or

,

y
o t her bu t no t in winter ex c ept in heat ed houses where t he plan t s
,

are in a ct ive grow t h As li tt le wa t ering as possible should be done

, ,

in win t er espe c ially in c ool houses a d no wa t er hould be spilled n S

abou t In summer the c on trary syringing is a valuable

, ,

. on
auxiliary to wat ering R oom plan t s should no t be kep t in sau c ers
, ,

o f wa t er ex c ep t perhaps in very ho t weather It does foliage plants .

good t o sponge the leaves with soft t epid wa t er on c e a week S o f t

,

water is always preferable t o hard Tea is of no benefit t o plan t s ; .

but hal f an ounce each f nitra t e of soda and superphospha t e per o

gallon turns wa t er into a v aluable li quid manure A good plan f . o

watering seedlings is t o mois t en t he soi l from below by holding t he

po t or pan up to the brim in a vessel of wa t er It is a good plan to .

use wa t er f the tempera t ure f t he house in wa t ering ho t house

o o

plan t s .

W atering p ts or can s — A selec t ion of thes

-
o e is useful in every
garden A small . wi t h a long spout is handy for use in green
one
houses with wide stages The po t s should be used c are f ully in .

order to avoid sending a flood f wa t er among young plants t ha t

,

hav e not a very t igh t hold of t he soil A larger c an is useful for .

feeding wa t er in t o t he small where t here is no c ask tank one or

handy to dip from The wa t ering po t s hould be supplied wi t h .

-
S

roses in case i t is desired t o pread t he wa t er in a shower ; and it is S

advisable to have both a c oarse and a fi rose t he latter for use ne

with seedlings Wa t er cans should be turned upside down when not

,

-
.

in use S l s Watering
. ee a o .

W at r Lily
e —5 Nymphaea and Flower Garden
. ee .

W at r Plant
e s S
— Flower Garden — Aqua t ics ee .

W ater R ee d — S Arundo ee .

Water S oldier S tratiotes aloides ,

.

Water Vi let Ho tt onia palus tris

o ,
.

Watsonia (wats o nia aft er XV Watson Ord I i d ) —S -

, . . . r eae . ee

Bulbs .

Wattl e —S A c acia . ee .

W x
a Flower — S Hoya . ee .

Wayfaring Tre S Viburnum Lantana e -

ee .

W eds —The fight wi t h weeds may begin when t he ground is dug

e .

in win t er ; perennial weeds such as Cou c h D andelion B indweed

D aisy Plantain S hepherd s Purse This t le C ol t sfoo t and Horse t a i l
, , ,
’

may then be picked t t hrown into a heap and burned A fas t

, , , , ,

ou . S

asannual weeds show in spring t hey should be hoed up into t h

,

e
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e nin g 3 9 1

sun ; this hould be c ontinued through the summer The las t cr p

S . 0

o f annual weeds whi c h has o t i m t o seed may be dug ,

as g reen n e ,
in

man ure S l s Walks . ee a o .

Weep ing Ash F i sE x c elsior pendula ,

r ax n u .

W p ing Will w S alix B abylonica

ee o ,
.

Weig el S D iervi lla and Flower Garden S hrubs

— a
— ee .

Wellingt ni — S S equoia o a ee .

W lsh P ppy Meconopsis cambri c a

e o ,
.

Ws t i
e —S Wis t aria
e r a. ee .

West Win d Flow er f the S Zephyran t hes ,

o .
-
ee .

Weym uth Pine Pinus strobus

o ,
.

Whi — S Ulex n ee .

Whit Helle bor — S Vera trum

e e ee .

Whi te Th rn C rataegus O xyacantha o ,

.

Wh i tlavia (whi tl a via aft er M Whi tley Ord S olana c eae) -

r. . . .

B o t anis t s now c lass this genu swith Pha c elia

,

S eedsmen o ffer .

g rand ifl (s t he B t i l M g i
ora t—ee it has iolet o a n ca a az n e , . V

flowers in summer For culture s Annuals Hardy Height f t . , ee . 1 .

Whitl ow Grass ( D raba) S Flower Garden— R o kery .

-
ee o .

Wh rtleberry Vac c inium Myr t illus

o ,
.

Wi g di (wig an dia after B ishop Wigand Ord H yd p h yll

an a -
. . ro a
Handsome herba c eous perennials used in bedding and
,

c e ae) .
-

sub —t ropi c al gardening f t heir fine foliage C

,

ss ( syn or . ar a c a an a .

mac rophylla) is t he best It is illus tra t ed in t he B t i l R gi st . o a n ca e er,

t 966 They like well manured loamy soil Propagat ion is by

1 -
.

seeds in heat in Mar c h

. .

Wild Hya cinth S c illa f st l i s ,

e a .

Willow — S S alix . ee .

Will w K ilmarn ck S alix caprea pendula

o ,
o , .

Will w Weep ing — S S alix

o ,
ee .

Will w H r b — S E pil obium

o e ee .

Wind Fl w er — S Anemone and B ulbs

o . ee .

Win d w Gardening — This is the only phase f plant cul t ure

o o
possible t o many people ei t her because t hey su ffer from bad heal t h
be c ause t hey have no garden B t window gardening is wor t h
,

or . u

pra ct ising for i t s own sake inasmu c h as i t no t only forms a deligh t ful
pastime b t makes t he home attra ct ive I t migh t be dealt wi t h in
,

u .

se ct ions window and ou t door work Indoor window garden

,

tw o : .

i g is of t en c onduc t ed with very bad j udgmen t espe c ially where

n

t here are prize c ompe ti tions for the whole of t he window space is
,

pac ked wi t h a pyramidal ere ct ion f plants whi c h preven t s a c cess

,

o
t o t he window for t he purpose f providing ven t ilation and darkens
,

t he room t hus rendering it unheal t hy There should never be a

,

mass of plan t s pa c ked in a window N o should the window area

,

. r

be blo c ked with large wire frames A few well grown plants a .
-
on

ledge su ffi c e These hould be ranged so t ha t the window c an be

. S ar

opened easily in order t ha t t here may be no excuse for neglecting

ventilation O f flowering plants sui t able for window c ul t ure in
,

.
3 2 0 E n c y c lop e di a o f G a rd e ning

t heir season may be men tioned Hya cinths Tulips D affodils , , ,

F si sPrimula sinensis Pelargoniums Zonal and I Geraniums

re e a vy

Fran c oa ( B ridal Wreat h) S olanums Campanula i sp h yl l B egonias

, , , ,

o a,

Cytisus Heliotrope Musk Myr tles E piphyllums and Ph llo c a ct us

, , ,

y .

The mos t hardy and a cc ommoda t ing foliage plant is t he Aspidis tra
, , , , ,

bu t palms and ferns may be g o w n (see those subj ects) Wa t ering

,

r .

presen t s a di ffi c ulty owing to the ne c essity for preven t ing surplus

wat er from splashing about Perhaps the bes t plan is to grow the
,

p l ants in ordi ary pots s t ood wi t hin ornamen t al bowls whi c h will
n
c at c h the water t hat passes through t he pots They hould be
,

. S

emp t ied frequen t l espe cially in winter An al t erna t ive plan is

y, .

t o use ear t henware sau c ers Ou t side window gardening generally .

finds expression in window boxes whi c h may be made t o fi t t he sill -

and hould be provided wi t h drainage holes t o permi t superfluous

, ,

moisture t o es c ape These boxes look very well pain t ed dark green.

bu t t here is s c ope for t he exer c ise of handiwork in t he form f orna

,

o
men t al t iles virgin c ork or other embellishmen t s Those w h like . o

t o have t heir boxes furnished t he whole year may pro c ure a few
, ,

small C onifers Tree Ivies or E uonymuses for t he wi n t er and pu t

bulbs among t hem for spring bloom The Coni f ers c ould be grown
, , ,

in tubs t hrough t he summer Failing them W l l fl w sand Prim . a o er

roses whi c h are green in win t er c ould be used F t he summer

,

. or

Zonal and I vy leaved Geraniums Margueri t es F h si s B egonias

, , ,

-
uc a

Helio t rope Pe t unias Mimuluses Pansies and Tropaeolums

, , , ,

ar e
available All f these c ould be plan t ed in June
, , , ,

. o .

F or shady windows a Wardian c ase (whi c h see ) w ith ferns is

good ; foliage plan t s may be c hosen such as palms (s Palms)
or ee

Aralia S ieboldii India rubber plants Aspidis t ra and Arau c aria

, ,

ex c elsa The best plan t for a window baske t is perhaps Campanula

, , ,

-
.

is
o p h yl l a .

Wine berry Va cc inium Myrtillus ,

.

Wineberry Ja p anese R ubus phoeni c olasius

"

.
, ,

Wint r A conite ( Eran t his h y m l i S) —S B ulbs

e e a . ee .

Winter Cherry Physalis Alkekengi and S olanum C p si st m ,

a ca ru .

Winter D a ffodil S t ernbergia lu t ea ,

.

Winter Gree — S Pyrola n ee .

Winter Moth — S Frui t— Apple enemies ee .

Winter S weet Origanum ,

.

Wireworm — The grub f a c li c k bee t le Agrio t es E lat er It is

. o or .

abou t an in c h long yellowish and very hard It a tt a c ks many

,

plan t s and is very des tru ct ive in t he garden In mild at t a c ks

, ,

c hoic e plan t s c an be gu ded wi t h bai ts o f Po t at o C arro t M

.
,

ar or an
gold impaled on s t i c ks bu t i f t he pes t is abundant i t is well t o f allow
, ,

t he ground for a t leas t 3 mon t hs spread a c oat f gas lime a t

,

on o

t he rat e o f lb per square yard le t t lie 6 weeks and t hen dig i t

,

1
. . ,
i ,

in V p i t or A p t e i t may be dug in during pring Thorough

. a or e r e S .

c ul t ivat ion does good bo th by s treng t hening t he plan t s and worry

ing t he grubs
,

Wistaria (wis ta ria aft er C Wis t Ord Leguminosae) — A

-
. ar . . .

hardy d c iduous climber whi c h produ c es large pendulous ra c emes

,

e
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ar d e ning
o f mau v e flowers in earl y summer Chinensis ( syns sinensis and . .

Glycine sinensis— B t i l M g i t 8 3) is much the most o an ca a az n e , . 2 0

popular spe c ies ; alba is a whi t e fl pleno a double d

.

t an v ar 1 e a a
g or e

a variega t ed leaved form f i t Mul t ij uga (syn g d fl ) sa

, ,

-
o . . r an 1 ora i

ha dsome pe c ies with long l i lac ra c emes They like a well dra ned
n S .
-
i

loamy soil Propagation is by layering the young shoo t s O ld

.
.

plants may be purred t o the ripe wood like Grape Vines

S .

Witch E lm Ulmus glabra and montana ,

.

Witch Hazel Hamamelis ,

.

Wi tches B r ms ( Wit c h Knots ) — These are bundles of tw ig lik

’
oo .
-
e

growt hs seen on B irches B eeches S ilver Firs and o t her trees and , ,

due t o fungi They hould be cu t t and burned

, , ,

. S ou .

Wi tl f Witlo f — S Ki tc hen Garden and Chi c ory

oe or o ee .

W a d D yer s Isa tis tin c toria

o ,
’
,
.

W lf B erry S ymphori c pus cc identalis

o ,
ar o .

Wolf sbane A c onitum

’
-

,
.

Wo d Ashes— Con t aining potash and phosphori c a c id the ash

o ,

from garden fires is ex c ellen t in the garden par t i c ularly for Peas and
Po t atoes It is good for preading in the drills when sowing C arro t s
,

. S

and for dus t ing over young Turnips to keep down t he fly If pread . S

o ver heaps f manure or m ixed wi t h urine it fixes ammonia

o .

W o d bin — S Honeysu c kle and Loni c era

o e ee .

W d Laurel D aphne Laureola

oo ,
.

W od Lil y Trillium g d i fl m
o ,
r an or u .

W druff Asperula
oo , .

Wo d S orrel Oxalis A c e t osella

o ,
.

W o d Vi olet Viola sylva t ica

o ,
.

W dwardia (woodw ard ia after T J Woodward O d Filices )

oo -
. . . r . .

— Vigorous ferns best grown in a c ool house bu t safe ou t of door s

,

in mild dis tri ct s The most popular species is radi c ans whi c h does
, ,

well in baske t s where its long r c hing fronds show to advantage

,

a .

c t t t it Japoni c a is a good
, ,

B rownii ( s y ris ata ) is a cres

n ed
. varie y f o .

species wi t h broad fronds Areola t a (syn angus t ifolia) is also fine . . .

E qual par t s f peat and loam with sand sui t Propagation is by

,

o , , .

spores (s Ferns) and division

ee .

W dy Nightsha d e S ol anum D ul c amara

oo ,
.

W olly A phis — S Ameri c an B ligh t under Frui t

o , ee .

W rms —D arwin has t aught us that worms are benefi c i l t

o . a o
gardeners t h ough t he vas t system o f soil aeration which t hey c on
r -

du ct N. t herefore should obj e ct t o their presen c e in th

o on e , e

garden They are out f pla c e in fl w po t s and do harm by

,

. o o er -

clogging t he drainage C ompos t should be passed t hrough t h

,

. e
fingers in potting so t ha t small worms may be pi c ked t When ou .

po t plan t s are s t ood in frames in t he garden a t hi c k layer of or

ci ders should in t ervene be t w een the bot tom of t he pots and th

,

n e
 E n c y c lop e d i a of G ar d e n l n
3 2 2 g
g round I f worms. get in t o pots s t ir a li tt le mus tard in some
wa t er and pour i t in Worms are also a nuisan c e in lawns when m
,

su ffi c ien t quan t i ties to cover t he grass wi th their c as t s L m . 1 e

wa t er may be used to bring t hem up S Lime . ee .

Wych Elm Ulmus glabra and mon t ana ,

.

X eranthemum ( a t h m m from x x er s dry and

n -
th s a
e u e ro an o ,

t C t c sed wi t h Heh
, , ,

fl w o — erverlas i ngs
e Ord omposi ae ) —
. N w la s . . o

c h ysm by botanis t s
r u S eedsmen o ffer annuum purple summer . , , ,

2 ft and various c olours S w ou t doors in pring

., . o S .

Xi p h i —S Iris
on. ee .

Yarrow — S A c hillea . ee .

Y w e S Taxus
.
— ee .

Yucca Adam s Needle (yu t he Peruvian name Ord Lilia

’
c c a,
-
. .

— Handsome foliage plants several of the bes t of whi c h su c h

,

c e ae )
as ngus t ifolia fil m t s and gloriosa
. , ,

a a en o a,
are hardy Angus t ifolia ( B t i l
, ,

. o a n ca

Mg i t 36) has narrow leaves a az n e , . 2 2

and bears whi t e flowers in July ; stri c ta
is a varie t y o f i t Fi l m t s ( B t i . a en o a o an

l R gi s t t t he S ilk Grass has ca e er, .

t hreads t he margins of the leaves

,

on
and bears whi t e flowers in June ; fl i d
,

ac c a

and variegat a are varie ties Gloriosa

M
.

( B t g t 6 ) is longer wi t h s t i ff o . a . . 12 0
ere ct glau c ous leaves and whi t e
, , ,

or

pale red flowers in summer ; t here are

, ,

several varie t ies o f i t Recurvi f olia .

wi t h long re c urving leaves and whi t e

,

flowers in summer is also good The .

mos t popular f t he g reenhouse pe c ies

,

o S
P G ING Y ssBY R
RO P A AT is aloi f olia ( B t M g t
ucc o or whi c h o
'

a
CU ING
. .

t
,

D i g S il
has
TT
leavesS
abou 8 ins long with a 1 .

h p ue a t t h
,

dd s t has w h m
1. r a na e 2 o
t p
. . 3
re 1 S 1 e i i
R
,
Cu t l l n
,
oo t

S ik tr g l b mh t
3.g
flower
e nt e o tto
spr
,

ng ; t here m m
i y
? In i ar e
'

t s among wh ch a
e 1n ea . . .

g t v ar 1 e i e i v a r 1e a a IS

favouri t e In addi t ion t here

,

. many handsome hybrids such as ar e

G i g li l m i Impera t or m g i fi and prae c ox A a

,

l g
e e ti s
s
anim a, u e a n ca, . S
rule t he Yuc c as do no t flower wh ile young but fil m t s is an
, ,

a en o a
x c ep t ion They like loamy soil ligh t ened wi t h mor t ar rubbish
,

e .

and enri c hed wi t h de c ayed manure Propagation is by su c kers

,

. or

cuttings of t he roo t s inser t ed in a frame Whe t her in po t s out

,

. or

d oors t hey dislike s t i ff w t soil Li ttle water is needed in winter

, e . .

Zauschn ria cal if rnica C alifornian Fu c hsia ( sh é—ria after

e o ,
z au c n

Ord O g i ) — A hal f hardy Californian

,

Herr Z sh au c n er . . na r ar e a e .
-

s hrub growing abou t a foo t high wi t h s c arle t flowers in summer ;

f l M g i t 449 3) are varie ties
, ,

g r and i fl and la t
orai olia ( B t i o a n ca a az n e , . .

I t may be grown in light loamy soil on a sunny ro c kery in pots or

in a frame Propagation is by seeds c uttings
. or .
 E n c y c lop e di a of G ard e n i ng 3 3
2

Z Maize Indian Corn ( é from

e a, t live Ord Gramin ) ”

z -
a, ze o , o . . e ae .

Maize
,

—S
'

. ee .

Z brin — S Tradescantia
e a ee .

Z n bia sp ci s ( zen o bia aft er a Queen f Palmyra O rd

e o e o a -
o . .

E ri c a c eae ) —A hardy shrub wi t h whi t e drooping flowers in summer

,

. ,

h eigh t 3 t o 4 f t I t likes sandy pea t Propagat ion is by seed in

,

. .

spring layers Andromeda ssi f l i is a synonym S t h

or . ca n ae o a . ee e

B o ta n i c a l J
l l a ga z i n e , t .
9 70 .

Z ph yranthes Zephyr Flower ( p h y a thes from pl y t he

e ze r n -

, ze z r,

w es t wind
,

and th s a flower Ord A m yll i d ) — A smal l an o . . ar e ae .

genus f bulbs t he most popular of whi c h are A t amas c o pale pink

, ,

o , , ,

spring 5 ins high half h dy ( syn Amaryllis Atamasco— B t i l

1 . ar . o a n ca

t and candida whi t e late summer hardy ( syn

, ,

JVI g i a az n e ,

Amaryllis c andida) the Peruvian S wamp Lily ( B t M g t

. , , , .

,
o . a ., .

Andersoni yellow spring 6 to 9 ins is pretty ; it needs greenhouse .,

ul t ure Loam wi t h sand and a t hird f leaf soil sui t Propaga t ion
, , ,

‘
c . o .

is by o ffsets seed if procurable , or .

Zinnia ( i nia after Herr Zinn Ord Compositae) — The annual

z n -
. . .

legans single and double in v arious c olours is a most brillian t

,

f t high S eedsmen o ffer separate

, , ,

plant growing from t 1 o 2 . .

olours as well as mix t ures The doubles are the mos t effe c tive
,

c .

d t hey are good bo t h f

,

an
‘

greenhouse and flower garden They or .

may be raised from seed in a warm house frame in pring pri c ked or S
ff and ei t her po tt ed singly as requi ed hardened in a c old frame
,

o r or
N i c e plants may be flowered in 5 i po t s
, ,

an d planted in June .
-
n. .

Z yg p t l m ( yg p ét alum from yg s a yoke and p t l

o e a u z a o -
z o e a o n,

t t t t
,

O
, ,

p e l in aallusion o he union f he sepals rd Orchidaceae ) o . . .

f Or c hids flowering in autumn and winter

,

A large genus o The

beau t iful spe cies M k i i M k yi has greenish flowers lined with
, .

ac a or ac a

yellow and s triped wi t h v iolet ; i t has a strong honey s c en t It .

l kes fibrous pea t and chopped S phag um with a little loam I t

i n .

s ucceeds in po t s in an intermediate house and enj oys shade S the ee

i l Mg i
.

t 74 8 Other good pe c ies

,

B t o a n ca a Balli vari ous

az n e , . 2 . S ar e
olours ; candidu m whi t e and violet ; D y m white green and
,

c a an u

rimson ; intermedium various colours ; L i d i pink and white ;

, , , ,

c n e n ae ,
i i whi te and violet ; and
,

W llis a th i m yellow red spots Ther x an nu . e

are also sev er l be autiful hybrids and likewise bigeneric hybrid s
, , ,

a
be tw een B t m
,

i and Z n p t l m and C l
a e and n p t l m
an n a e a u o ax o e a u .

TH E T EM LE P P RE S S , I
P R N T E RS , L E TC HW O RT H