HUMPHREY S JOURNAL

“
’

OF THE

DA GUE R R E O T Y P E A ND P H O T O GR A P H ) AR T S .

The a bo v
u l ic ti is w ll k w
e -n a m e d P b th b t d
a on e no n as e es an

m st v l
o bl d v t d t
a ua h Ph t gr ph ic S i
e on e e o e i th i o t e o o a c en c e n s

co u try HUM REY J URNAL m d it first pp r N

n . PH
’
S O a e s a e a an ce ov .

1 t 1 8 50
s
,
d c s qu tl y is th fi rs t
,
an d l d s t s ri l ff r d t
on e en e an o e e a o e e o

th Ph t gr ph ic w r l d
e o o a o .

Th t f p r duci g P r tr i s
e ar o d L dsc p s b y m
o n o f a t an an a e ea ns o

L i gh h r c tl y t k
t as w e d en l iv i g i m pu ls wh ic h
a en a ne an en en n e,

w i ll i ll p r b b i l i y l d t i m p r t t
n a o a d i t r s ti g
t ea sul ts o o an an n e e n re .

N p r c tic l D g u rr ty p is t Ph t g r ph r
o a a a e m t ur s h u l d b
eo ,
o o a e , or a a e o e

W i h u th m
t o s t h d f s curi g ll f th i f rm ti u p
t e ea n a an or e n a o e n o a on on

t h is su bj c t E c h s h u l d b r dy r c iv d ppl y th im
e . a o e ea to e e e an a e

p rov em t h y m b
en s a s
y d v l p d tI e r d r t acc m pl is h et h is e e o e
'

. n o e o a o
,

it is m tt r f g r t i m p r
a. a c t th Pr cti ti r o E p i
e o ea o ta n e o e a on e r x er

m r th t h s h uld h v r li bl m di m th r u gh wh ich h
e n te a e o a e a e a e e u o e c an

o b i i f m ti
ta n n I w h t s urc
or a th i q uir r b tt r pl ac
on . n a o e c an e n e e e e

h is c fid c th i r gu l r J ur l wh s di t r i flit lly
on en e an n a e a o na ,
o e e o s era

r i l p rs
a c t ca d f m i l i r W i t h th m on , a n i p u l t i s“ ac ss r a e an a on ne e a
a
p e y
f rp r duci g P r tr it s u p D g r typ Pl es d up ”
o o n o a on a u e re o e at an on
,

gl ss d p p r ? Suc h is th c duc t r f H m
a an a e J URNAL e on o o u a nsv s
’
O .

T h is J ur l is p ub l ish d c v ry tw W ks d c t i s
o na e on e e e o ee ,
an on a n

a ll th i m p r v m ts r l ti g t th
e o e A t en d is th ly Am
e a n o e r , an e on e

ric J ur l wh s dit r is p ti lly q i t d with th p

an o na o e e o ra c ca a c ua n e e ro

c ss f p r duci g D g rr yp A br typ
e or o n a d Ph t g p h
ue eot es, m o es, an o o ra s

T h fi rs t Ne f V l V III is d t d M y l t 1 8 5 6
o . o o . T h t rm s a e a s ,
. e e

( T w D llo rs p ou m ) a t ri fl i g cer m p r d
a nn w i h t h v a re n o a e t e ast

a m u o f i f rm i
nt o f r is h d n o a t on u n e .
 HU M REY PH
’
S JO URNAL or T HE DA GU E R R E O T Y PB

T h r s v r l s ci i s r c ly s bl ish d i Eur p m
e e a re e e a o et e e en t e ta e n o e co

p s d f l r d d s i i fic m wh
o e o ea ne i v ry w y g g d
an c en t en , o a re n e e a en a e

i i v s i g i g h S ci c
n n e t at n d w m y l k f t e im p r v m en e
,
an e a oo or o e en t

f m h q r r w ll fr m
ro t at ua u m r us r s urc s h m
te ,
a s e as o ou r n e o e o e at o e .

In h f rm r c s
t e o f ci l i i s f
e r l y d r l i b l i f rm i
a e o ur a t e or e a an e a e n o a t on

c w ll b sur p ss d
a n n ot e e a e .

A M R TY E —H mp h y
B O J P l c t i s v ry h i g
S . u vl re
’
s ou rn a on a n e e t n no e

wh ic h pp rs u p a h is su bj c t d h
ea lr dy pr s t d m r
on t e
,
an as a ea e en e o e

ne w imp r
,
d ri g i o l m r h
ta n t, anb f u d i o y na a tt e t an can e o n n an

o th r pl c
e a e .

M y an th l t rs w h v r c iv d d ur g th
a re e et e rm f h e a e e e e in e te o t e

l s t v l u m i wh ic h t h wri t r h s t d th t si gl u b r
“
a o e
,
n e e as ta e a a n e n m e

f H UM RE Y J URN L h c i d i f rm i f m r v lu ’
o PH S O A as on ta n e n o a t on o o e a e

to h im h s v r l i s h m u t p id f th ir v lu m
t an e e a t me t e a o n a or e en t e o e .
”

O r s urc s h v gr w p r u d
ur e o e d a f ci l i i s f
e o n u a o n u s, an ou r a t e or

p r curi g
o w ll n d is tri b u i g
,
as ll hf c s
e d im pr v m
as s t n
,
a su c a t an o e en t

as w i ll b fit w ll i s tr c ll w h h v h p r gr ss f
en e as e as n u t a o a e t e o e o

h Ae t h rt
rt a m pl th y
ea w ll b m d
,
a re a s a e as e c an e e a e .

T h futur v l u m s wi ll b
e bu d e l y fur is h d w i h ri gi l
o e e a n an t n e t o na

wri i g s fr m p rs s f s
t n di g i
o h sci e i fic w r l d ; d h
on O ta n n n t e en t o an t e

p r c ic l Ph t gr ph r w i ll h r fi d fu ll cc u t f suc h im
a t a o o a e e e n a a o n o

p m
rov e t m y fr m t
en s a si m ti m d v l p t
ah m s l v s o e to e e e o e e e e .

Fr m t h Ed i r s l g p r c ic l xp ri c i
’
o e to h H li ph i
on a t a e e en e n t e e o o ra c

Sci c h w i ll b
en e, b l d t pr s
e h su bj c i pl i c l r
e ena e o e ent t e e t n a a n
,
ea

an d c cis m on r e anne .

R d w h t h E di rs
ea y f H UMa RE Y J
t e to sa o PH
’
S O U R NAL

W h v r c iv d m m f v l b l J ur l ( HUM RE Y )
e a e e e e a o a a ua e o na PH
’
S

p ub l ish d i N w Y r k wh ic h h r ch d h 8 h u b r f
e n e o as ea e t e 1 t n m e o

w h v pl sur f qu i g
,
V ] VI
O W h e no a e t e ea e o ot n

fr m tr s l ic c dj u r —L i rp l Ph g r p h i J
. .

”
o o ur an at ant oa to . ve oo oto a c ou r .

Hu m ph r s J ur l is p r c ic l w ll sci ific i c h r
ey
’
o na a t a as e as en t n a

a ct r —A r J
e .
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l f S ime d A
i ca n ou rn a o c en c e a n r ts .

I r ts th su bj c t k wi gl y d wi h f rc Nw
'

t t ea e e k no n
,
an t o e .
”-
e or

T ibr un e .

I is b th p pu l r d i t r s ti g p ub l ic ti —M h i ” ’
t o a o a an n e e n a on . ec a n cs

Ma ga z in e .
 A ND PH O T O GRA PH I C AR T S .

is h i ghl y us fu l ll wh p r c ic s h d w c tch i g
“
i‘ I t e to a o a t e a o a n
’

J r l
.

O hi S o ta te ou n a .

“
T h w r k is e ly go u p d c i s m y i t r s ti g
n ea t o tte n an on t a n an n e e n
ri i s hi s w fi l d f sci c — T
va et e in t ne e o en
,
e .
”
t m es .

I s h ul d b h i l d
t o d c ur g d
e a l b D
e an en o a e n ot on y y a g u e rre o

t p is h s l v s b b y v r y l v r f S c i c d A — T$
,
”
y ts t e m e e , ut e e o e o en e an rt . ze

D e m ocra t .

W c e s r gl y urg l l r is ts d h s p rs s wh
a n n ot too t on e a a t an t o e e on o
f l i rs i h Hh p h i Ar s d S ci s ,

ee an n te e t n t e k e o gra c t an en ce to t a e a
c p y f h w rk S i l
o o t e o .
” - en t n e .
,

I is i dic i
t f n l w r th y f h i p r
a t ve o A t i is d
ta en t o o t e m o ta n t r t e
sig d l ne to —A e i
e va te .
”
m er ca n .

T h is A is il d rt w r wh ich u ld h v f ll
e nt t e t o i ts o n o ga n co not a e a en

i n to r h d s h h s f h d i r f H u ph r y s J ur l
b e t te an t an t o e o t e e
,
to o m e
’
o na

rip
.

T
- ra n s c t .

I is t sci i fic w rk f i t r s t d u ful ss — St f
a en t o o n e e an se ne
”
ar o

th N r h
.

e o t .

Th is J ur l s w rs m y p i s h r t f r r g rd d i
o na an e an o nt e e o o e e a e as a
ex Pl i bl
ca — H d
e .
”
R C h i l
u s on i v er ron c e .

I is ric h wi h i
t r s —N h Am ri t n te e t .
’7
or t e ca n .

I c i s ll h Im pr v m s —D lt ’
t on t a n a t e o e en t . e a .

I ch s h w k
t te a e us w p r r i s o B to t a e ou r o n o t a t .
” -
ee .

I w i ll c l iv
t s f Dg u t a te yp C mm r i l
a t a te or a u e rrc o t es
” - o e c a

Ad r i r
.

ve t se

I s h ul d b i h h d s f ll —R ”
t o e n i ll
t e an o a . ee e e .

I is
t h D g ut rr e p is s fri a d — L e l N w
e o ty t
’
en .
” ~ on c on e s .

I sth u l d b f ou d i r y l i
e b r r y o — B ni g J l
n e ve a .
”
ren n ou rn a .

P f l l rom b r ib so m e o ou r o r su s c e rs .

H M Y J R AL h s f i uh
’
U PH R E S h OU N as be e n t e mea n o sa v n $ m c

i
t me a nd f mo n e y , i uc i I h v b or by bl d i ts
p ns tr t on a e ee n e na e to ro

du s
ce om e 0 fi s P p Pi u s I h
1 the ne rst W a er c t re a v e e ve ee n . .

D onf l ’
t d a lh J to f
se n I w ul d bme t wi h e O U R NAI or o n ot e t

s u su s ri is
“
ou t i t f fi or ve f
tun e b p i I
the h ly a mo n t o c t on t t e on

p b li c i I d p d up A G R
.

”
u a t on can e en on . . . .

Y r ou f h h
t re a t m e n t b d h u b u gg i g
o m b rs
t e f um uv s a n m n me e o

t h pe ssi is f h s v lu b l i p r c
rof e on , o t e p r c ic l
mo t a a e m o ta n e to u s a t a

D i
a g ue rre a n s G G d sp d H r is h
o on m u f h o ee e e t e a o n t or t e
r w l f m y sub scri p i
. .

”
ene a o E F S
t on . . . .

y Op r r ff rd b wi h u t i L L H i”
H w o c an an e a to a o to e t o t . . .
 RN
“
’
n un ra r s JOU AL .

r He e UM R Y J UR AL t h i
is fi ve do a s : e n d m e Hll r s PH E
’
S O N o t s

am u i
o ntll . I w M S
n ot b e w t o t i t
”
ihu . . .

It is m y b s t fri d e JEW en .
”
. . .

W m i gh t qu t l i k c m m d t ry xtr cts
e u gh t m r
o e e o en a o e a eno o o e
th t ani m s fill th is p g
en t e a e .

HUM REY J URNAL c t i s 1 6 t p g s f r di g m

PH
’
S O on a n oc a v e a e o ea n at
te r .

T ER MS .

On e c py p o er a n n um i dv c n a an e $2 00
T h r c pi see o e , do .
,
do . 5 00
S ix c e p ie s, do . do . 9 00

us s r d it c t b i duc d t r m i wi th u t
h
T h e t o a n d wh o ea anno e n e o e a n o
it sir k p u p wi h th i m p r v m ts sh u l d b
All wh o d e e to ee t e o e en o su
cri cp
.

s be for a o y .

S b scri p ti
u p ric T w D LLAR p y r
on e o O S er ea .

D t f il t b c m
on
’
sub scrib r Addr ss
a o e o e a e . e

s . D . H U M PH R E Y ,

[ Oflic e,
3 7 L is en a rd S treet ]
p NEW Y OR K .
 A

PR ACT I CAL MANUAL

0 ? T HE

C O L L O DI O N PR O C E S S ,
G IVI G
N IN DETAIL MET U ING
A H OD F O R PR OD C

PO SITIV E AND NEGATIVE

m ixtures an e l it es t ut fi t t er .

A M B R O T Y P E S .

P R I N T I N G P R O C E S S .

AL SO ,

PATENTS FOR THE COLLODION PROCESSES

“
l l LAfl Ofl PS S m —AL BUMKNIZBD C OLLODION W ’
G S PAT I NTI
—
O IL

AX D GOBBDSPO NDRNOB . BPEC IFI OATI ONS AL L TH E l ‘OB l GOIl O , GI VING

R ACE PROCESS TIRE .

TH I R D EDI TI O N RE E
, VI S D AND G E TL RA Y ENL AR G ED .

Bv Sfi p fi fi UMP H EEY

NE W Y O R K

n e u rn a nv e URNAL ’
NT J O PR I ,

87 LISPENAR D STR EET .

1 8 57 .
 E NT ER E D a cc r i g
o d n to Ac t of C on gr e ss , in th e

y ea r 1 8 57 , by S . D . H U MPH R E Y ,

In th e C lerk s
’
O ffi c e of is r
th e D t i c t C ou t r of i
th e Un ted State f or th e s
S out h r Dis ri
e n t c t of New Y o k r .
 PR EFA C E T O T HE THI R D EDITION .

r pi d d u xp ct d s l f th tir s c d di i f
The a an ne e e a e o e en e e on e t on o

th is M u l h i duc d h uth r t l y th T h ird Edi ti

an a as n e t e a o o a e on

b f r th P b l ic
e o e e A l th u gh b t l i ttl ti m h
u . l p s d si c o u e e as e a e n e

t h s c d y t th r
e e on ,h v b s m w d v l p m ts wh ic h it
e e e a e een o e ne e e o en

h asb t h u gh t b s t t g i
e en o c duciv t th i t r st f th
e o ve , a s on e o e n e e s o e

p r cti i r T h m i pu l ti s h v b g iv s m wh t m r
a t on e . e an a on a e e en en o e a o e

i d t i l th
n e a i th S c d E d i i
an n e e on t on .

Al l th t w u l d h v
a d cy t c fus th r d r h
o a e b a te n en o on e e ea e as e en

r fu ll y v id d d l y th pl i m th ds f p r ti g l id
ca e a o e ,
an on e a n e o or o e a n a

d w o n T h w r k is i t d d f
. e oh b gi r i h gl p r n en e or t e e n ne n t e a ss oc ess

o f p r duci g H l i gr ph i p ic tur s
o n e o a e e .

S D H
N w Y RK F b
. . .

ra O
y 1 1 8 7
,
e rua r st
,
5 .

24 8 1 4 7
 PR EFA C E T O T HE F RS I T ED I T I ON .

The ob e j c t of t h is l i ttl
A UAL is t p r s i pl i cl r e M N o e e n t, n as a n
,
ea

an d c cis on m r p ssi bl h p ti f C LL I N
e a ann e as o e, t e ra c ce o a O OD O

PR T h is b i f l cquisi i
O C E SS . p ci lli g w fi rs
e a ut u a t on to su n -
en n
”
as t

gi h p u b l ic b y M F R
ve n to t e ERI K S TT A R R E gl is h r . ED C CO CH E an n

g l m wh l
en t e an is i l d h cr di d d s rv s h
,
o a on e en t t e to t e e t, an e e e t e

e s m f v r y l v r d p r c i i r f th A f h is l ib r l i y
te e o e e o e an a t t on e o e rt
,
or e a t

i gi i g i t h w r l d
n v n t o t e o .

T h Pr c ss h r p r s
e o e d h v r b f r pp r d i p ri t
e e e e n te as n e e e o e a ea e n n ,

an dh b p r c is d wi h h m s m i t succ ss by h s wh
as e en a t e t t e o t e n en e t o e o

h v b
a e bl d
een en a d p i e to a o t t .

A ll r f r c e e enh v ri us sys m s m th ds f m i pul

e to t e a o te or e o o an a

ti onby h,
h us d s f p r c i i rs h b
t e t o xc l ud d d
an o a tt on e
,
as een e e
,
an on e

Pr c ss g iv
o e I c c iv d th h is w h b tt r pl
en . on d pt e e at t as t e e e an to a o
,

thus l vi g h m i d f h l r r fr fr m c fusi
ea n t e dn o t e ea n e ee o on on
,
an

p i i g
o nt n c urs wh ich i f car full y f ll w d will p r duc
o u t on e o e
, ,
e o o e ,
o e

g d d pl si g r su l s
oo an ea n e t .

I h v l s p r s d l is f ll P
a e a o s u p h C l l di
e e n te a t o a a te n t on t e o o on

Pr c ss ; hi s w i l l g i
o e t ll pp r u i f ch si g h ir w ve a an o o t n ty o oo n t e o n

c rs r g rd h r sp c h
ou e in e a y c c iv b d
to t e such e e t t ey ma on e e to e ue to

P R i gh s
a te n t t .

S . D H . ,
 CONTENTS .

PA RT I .

C H APTER I .

In trod uc t i on L igh t r p So l D a p si iS ie c tru m e c om o t on of L gh t

Ligh t , H e a t an d A is — l
c ti n pr m lr B W ll sue Pa e an d Co o f or th e a of

th e O r p e a tin g — r p ri s
R oom ig
P o o i is t on of L h t , H eat an d Ac t n m

c om p si g o n a — fr i —
S un b e a m Re — ss —
a c t on R e fi e c tion L en e C op y in g
— p ri l
S he ca Ab e rr — a ti onic rr i C hr om a t Ab e a t on

C H APT ER II .

C am e r rra A an g ss
e m e n t of L en e Cam e r s C r
a s
T ub e ame a Box e ,

Be ll ws o , an d C p i g—
o y r
n C am e a S tan d s— s s—Cl i
H ea d R e t e an n g

V i —Ni r
ce t a te h— v li g
Ba t Le e n S ta n d s ri g r s C l
P — n tin F am e o lo
d i i ls
on V a

PA RT II .

P ra t i c c a l H in t s on Ph oto g a r phi c C h em i t y sr .

C H APT E R III .

l l
S o ub e ip i — l i ll i — r
C otton —Ma n iz d llul a t on P a n Co o d on B om o -I o d e Co o

d i on si iv s— Di
f or Po t N — l i r i
e tto f or e ga tiv e s So ut on of B om de an d

i
I od d e ssi
of ilv r—D l i
Pota ssi um an d S e o ub e I od d e of Pota um a n d

Si ve l r—D v l pi g l i — i i ge e ol i ri h i g
n So ut on F x n th e S o ut on B g t en n

an i is i g
d F n g h r phi h i ls
h n t h e Im a e P
-
ot og a c C em c a

PA RT III .

P r c ic
a t a l D eta i ls of th e Po iti s v e or Am b r oty p e P r c ss
o e .

C H APT E R I V .

L ewi s s ’
i s li g
Pa te n t V ce f or H o d n th e Ga l ss—C l g d Dryi g th
e a n in an n e

Gl s—C —E p s
as oa tin g x o ur e in th e C a m e r —D v l pi g—F i i g
a e e o n x n or

r i —
B igh te n d ng B ack i n g up .
u
e .
X II C ON T ENT S .

PA RT IV .

P ra c t i c a l D e ta i ls of th e Ne ga t i v e P ro c e ss.

C H APTER V

Ne ga t iv e Proc e ss~ S olub le C otton —P a in C ol od l l i on - De v l pi S l

e o ng o u~

t i on —R e De v l pi S l i
-
e o ng o ut on —F ixin g th e I m a ge - F i is i h n h ng t e

I mage —Ni r ilv r

t a te of S e B a th

PA RT V .

c
Pra t i c a l D e t a i l s of t h e P ri n t i n g P ro c e ss .

C H APTER VI .

Pri n tin g r ss—S l i P p r—Silv ri g

P oc e a t ng a e e n Pa p r—Pri ti g th P
e n n e os i
iv —Fi i
t e C l ri h—M
x ng an d o o ng Ba t oun t i g thnP sitiv —F e o e ac ts

w r h K wi
o t no ng

C H APTER V II .

H elio P roc es s ir Pr c ss —
An En t e o e f or P r
i g C ll di si i s
od u c n o o on Po t ve

d N g iv s wi m h l ss i
.

an e at e th on e Ba th , an d in uch by e t me t an any

ot h r k w r ss b
e no n P oc e : y H u m —P h gr p i
oto s a h c Pa te n t

C H APT ER V II I .

Th e C o ll i
od o-A lb um en P r c ss
o e in Deta il
C H APT ER IX .

a Mode of P ri
g E l rg d d R d d P sitiv s T r p e
n tin n a e an e uc e o e , an s ar n

ci s & fr m C ll di N g tiv s—O th U f Alc h l f

e c o o o on e a e u e se o o o or

si i i r R c v ry f S ilv r fr m W st S l ti s
,
.
,

S ten g P p —
z n a e e o e o e o a e o u on

fr m th Bl k D p sit f Hyp B th s & T h S lti g d Al

,

-
o e ac e o o o a , c . e a n an

b m ui i g P p r—
en z nO th U f T s t Pap rs —C m p ris n f
e u e se o e a e o a o o

B t h ri is an d F r ch W i
en e gh ts an d Me asu rs
e
 C H A PT E R I .

a rc a r u - ‘
se L A R S PEC TR U M -
E M ITI N
u -D CO POS O e r LI G HT

LIG H T , H EA T AN D A T INI M— LUE A ER

C S B P P AN D CO L OR .

FOR TH E W AL LS eF ERA T ING R

THE OP O OM —PR O PO R
‘

T IO Ns O F LIG T H , HE AT A T INI M M
A ND C S ,
Co Pos I N G A S UN

B E A Mh —R E F R A C T IO N k -
R E F L E C T IO N h L E NS E S B
C O PY I NG

s p H E R I C AL AB E R R A T I O N m -C H R O M A T TC A ERRA T I N
B O .

ll b r v d by
I T h a s b e e n we bl w rit r t h t it i
o se e an a e e , a s

i m p s ibl t t r
o s t h p th f e ou b m thr gh tm
ac e e a o a s n e a ou ou r a os

p h w i t
e re h u t f li g d si r o t k w
ee i t n t ur ba
y e e o n o s na e ,

w h t p w r it t r v r s t h i m m
a o e it y f sp c
a e se d th e ens o a e ,
an e

Va ri us m di fi t i it d g
o o t th
c a u f s d th
ons un er e es a e s r ac e an e

i t ri r f t rr s t ri l
n e o o b t c e e a su s an e s.

L ig h t i w hi t d l rl s l g it d
s e an tc m i
c o o es , as on as oes n o o e n

c on t ct w i th m tt
a Wh i pp i t i w i t h y b dy it
a er . en n a os on an o

s u ff rs v ri b l d g
e a f d a m p si t i
e e sul ti g i
re es o eco o on , re n n

lr
c o o by fl t i
, as , d i p r si re f cti ec on d u ,qu l s e on ,
re ra on an n e a

a b s rp t i o on .

T S i I N wt o t h w rld is i d b t d f
r . e on
p v i g
e t h o n e e or ro n e

c o mp u d t ur
o f n y f w
n a hi t ligh t m
e o i tt d fr
a ra m th o e e e o e

s un Th . bj c t f t his w rk ie o t t
e gg i
o o s n o o en a e n an ex

t end d t h ry up th ubj ct f light b t t r cur ly

e eo on e s e o , u o e on

t s m p i t ph gr phic
“
o o fm e
p t i l
o n se i t t t t h ore t ar cu ar n e re s o e o o a

o p rt r e a o .

T h d c m p si t i e fe b m f light b t ic d b y
o o on o a ea o c an e no e

e x p si g it t p ris m I f i d rk r m b m f light
o n o a .
, n a a oo , a ea o

2
‘
 ra i sin, su ms S PE C T R M U .

be dm i t t d t hr ug h m ll h l i h t t it will f
a e o a s a o e n a s u e r,
’
‘
o rns
‘

a w hi t r u d sp t up
e t h pl c w h r it f lls
o n If t i o on e a e e e a . a r

an gul r p is m f gl s b pl c d th i i d f th
a r o as e a e on e n s e e e

d rk m m th t t h b m f lig h t f lls p it it
a o ,
so a e ea o a u on , no

l g r h th s m dir ct i
on e as d s it f rm r u d sp t
e a e e on ,
n or oe o a o n o ,

b t u b l
an g p i t d i
o m g f
on c l rs — d g a n e a e o se v e n
‘

o o ~
re ,
o ra n e,

y ll w gr b lu i d ig d v i l t T h is is c ll d t h
e o ,
e en ,
e, n o, a n o e . a e e

s l r sp c t ru m d w ill b r dily u d rs t d b y r f
o a e ,
an e ea n e oo e er

en c t th c m p yi g di gr m Fig 1
e o e ac o an n a a , . .

Fi g 1 . .

To t hs u cq i t d w ith th t h ry f l igh t
o e wh o a re na ua n e e eo o

( d
an f t h ir b or fi t t hi che p t r is gi v )
en e i t m y b s a e en , a e a

m tt a f w d r h w
er o b m onf lig h t e b d i vid d
o a ea o c an e e .

This b u d rs t d w h
c an I y t h t whi t light is
e n e oo en sa , a e a

bu dl f c l r d r ys u i t d t og th r d w h
n e o o o e a i cr n e e e , an en so n o ~

p t
ora d t h y e c l, rl ss ; b et i p ssi
a re g h g h
o ot h pris me u n a n t rou e
'

th b e d f u i i s v d d th c l d r y s c m
on o n on s e er e ,
an e o or e a o e

ou t i g ly s n d p t ly b c
an s ch se
y h a ra c r t ie ,
e au e ea ra as a e a n
‘

a m u t f r fr c t i g ( b
o n o d i g ) p w r p culi r t
e a n i ts l f en n o e , e a o e .

Th r ys lw y s h ld th s m r l ti t ch th
e se a a a o e a e e a on o ea o e r,

as m y b s a by m p ri g v ry sp c t ru m r i b w
e een co a n e e e or a n o

t h r ise v r y c fusi
e n e em ispl c m an t on on or a e en .

Th r v ri us th r m
e e a re s f d m p si g w h it
a o o e e an o ec o o n e

gh t b sid s th pri s m e f w hich

e f t h pri cip l
e ,d o on e o e n a an
 L IGH T , H EA T ,
AND Ac ri s rsn . 15
w
‘

mo s t i t r s t i g t th p h t gr ph r is b y fl i fr m
n e e n o e o o a e , re e c t on o co

l r d b d i s If b m f w h i t light f lls up w hi t sur

o e o e . a ea o e a on a e a

f c it is r fl c t d w i th u t ch g b t if it f lls up
a e, e e e o an e u a on a

re d surf c l y th d y is r fl ct d
a e , on ls w i t h y l
e re ra e e e so a o e a

l w
o d t h r c l rs t h
an o y wehich is r fl
o o c t d c rr sp ds e ra e e e o e on

w i t h t h c l r f th e bj c t It is t his r fl c t d d c m p s d
o o o e o e . e e e e o o e

lig h t w h ich pr t s th b u t ifull y c l r d i m g w

e se n e ea o o e a e e se e

up th gr u d gl ss
on e cm rs
o n a In ou r a e a .

A su b m m y b c p b l
n ea f t hr d i i i O — LIG T
a e a a e o ee v s HS J
H ,

H EA T d A T INI M th l s t c us s ll th ch m ic l c h g s
,
an C S e a a e a e e a an e ,

an d is t h ct i g p w r up surf c s pr p r d t r c iv
e a n o e on a e e a e o e e e

t h p h t gr phic i m g
e o o Th a cc m p yi g illus tr t i a e . e a o an n a on ,

Fig 2 w ill r d ily b ri g t th m i ds f th r d r th

.
,
ea n o e n o e ea e e

r l ti f t h s
e a on t
o th r e d t h ir i t si t i s i
e on e o ano e ,
an e n en e n

th e d i ff r t p rt s f
e d c mp s d s b m
en a o a e o o e un ea .

b L a ven de r.
ii
Ac t n ism l
r il
or c i e
lp
,

m ca o we V o et s

i
.

In d go .

Bl ue .

Gr e en

i
.

L gh t . c Y ll w
e o

r
.

O an g e .

R ed .

A
H ea t D a E x trem e R ed ;

f
f he v r us p m t f th l r sp c tru m r p r s
a io o s o e so a e a re e e en te d
I n th e o rd r i w hich t h y ccur b tw A d
e n e o e een an B, t his
is c om m a s W L LS BL UE: A ’

e xhib i ts th e li m i t f th N wt i sp ct ru m c r p o d s o e e on an e ,
o res n -
i

i g w i t h Fig 1
n Si J h H rsch l . d S b ck h v e
. r o n e e an ee e a

s h w th t t h r xis t s b ey d th v i l t f i t v i l t
o n a e e e , on e o e , a a n o e

light th r l
,
o r ra d t b w hich gr d u lly b c m
e a a ven er, o ,
a a e o es

co ol rl ss ; si m il rly d light xis t s b y d th sig d

e a , re e e on e as n e

li m i t s f th d my t
o t Th g e re t s t m u t f c ti i c o a . e re a e a o n o a n

p w r is sh w t E pp i t e th v i l t ; h c t h is c l r
o e o n a O os e o e en e o o

x r t s th gr t s t m u t f i flu c i th f rm
e e
”
e ea e a o n o n en e n e o a l

ti on f th ph t g phi i m g
o e o o ra c a e .

( B lu p p r ed b lu c l rah v e b anm w h t t e o o a e e en so e a ex e n é

i ly us d b y
s ve r p r t r i t h ir p r t i g r
e ou ms o d e a o s n e o e a n oo an

s kylight s i rd r t f ili t t th p r t i i th c m r
, n o e o ac a e e O e a on n e a e a .

I f y h w v r t h t this pl
an c ,
o e t b e pr duc t iv e
e ,
a an cann o o

o f m uch g
as d th ug h t b y s m fr m th f ct th t
oo as o o e, o e a ,
a

th light f lli g up th subj t d th r fl ct d i t

e a n on e ec ,
an en e e e n o

th ecm i a c m i g t hr ugh l rl ss gl s t
e ra , s, o n o co o e as ,
no

a fl t d b y su h r y
ec e m y b r fl c t d fr m t h w ll
c a s as a e e e e o e a s

of t h p r ti g r m
e o d v
e a if it w r
n I c c iv
oo an e en e e so , on e e

t h t it w uld b i j ri us b y d t r yi g t h
a o eh m y fn u o ,
es o n e ar on o

s h d ws w hich m i ght t h r wis

a o ur ) T h gr t s t o e e occ . e ea e

a m u t f w h i t ligh t is t C
o n o t h y ll w c t i
e ls f a e e o on a ns e s o

th c h m ic l p w r t h
e e y o
a t h p r t i o f t h es l an an er o on o e o ar

p t ru m It h b f u d th t th m s t i t s h t
S ec . as e en o n . a e o n en e ea

is at th e E x tre m e R e d , 6 .

r ifi i l light d iffer i th ir l r ; th wh it light f

A t c a s n e co o e e o

bur i g h r n n l whi h is th p i ip l light fr m c dl s

c a coa , c e rnc a o an e ,

oil d gan t i s t h r e
a s, c ony — d y ll wa n d b lu T he e ra s fi
re , e o an e .

d zzli g l igh t m i t t d fr m li m i t s l y h t d k w
a n e e o e n en e ea e ,
no n

as th D e m l ligh gi v s
ru m m ot h l r f t h e p i m l mt, s t e e co o o r s a o

as b righ t th s l r p ctru m as e o a S e ;

If W xp s pr p r d ll di i d pl t s si t iv
e e o e a e a e co o on z e a e or en e

p pa r t et h s l r spo c t ru m i t
e w ill bo a bs r v d t
e h t t h ,
e o e e a e
‘

18 R E F RA T I N C O .

i f it sh uld p s i t d s r b d y it w uld t ur fr m
o a s n o a en e o ,
o n o a

s t r ig h t li pursu l s b li qu d ir ct i
a n e, di li e a e s o e e on ,
an n a n e

n ea r r t p p d i l t th surf c f th t b d W t r
e o a er en cu ar o e a e o a o v . a e

e x r t s s tr g r r fr cti g p w r th
e a i ;
on d ife e a n o e an a r an a

ra
y f lig hot f ll up b d y f t his flui d i ta c urs is on a o o s o e

ch g d m y b s b y r f r c t Fig 4 It i
an e ,
as a e e en e e en e o . . s

Fig 4 . .

o bs rv d th t it pr c ds i l s bliqu dir ct i ( t
e e a o ee n a e s o e e on o

w r d s t h d tt d li )
a d p ssi g thr ugh l v s
e o e n e ,
an ,
on a n on o ,
ea e

th li qui d pr c di g i li p r ll l t t h t w h ic h it
e , o ee n n a n e a a e o a

en t r d It sh ul d b
e e b s rv d t h t
. t th f o f e o e e ,
a a e su r a c e o

b di s th fr ct i v p w r is x rt d d t h t th ligh t
o e e re a e o e e e e ,
an a e

pr c ds i s t r ig h t li u t il l vi g th b dy T h
o ee n a a n e n ea n e o . e

r fr ct i is m r l ss d i ll c s s i pr p rt i
e a on o e or e ,
an n a a e n o o on as

th r ys f ll m r l ss b li qu l y th r fr c t i g sur
e a a o e or e o e on e e a n

f c It is t h i l w f p t ics w hic h h giv ris t th

a e . s a o o as en e o e

l s si
en c m r t ub s b y w h ic h m s w
e n ou r a bl d e a e ,
e an e a re e n a e

t s cur w ll d li t d r pr s t t i f y bj c t
o e e a e -
e n ea e e e en a on o an o e

w c h s t pic t ur
e oo e o e .

Wh y f ligh t p
en ss fr m
a ra m diu m t ot h r a es o on e e o an o e ,

an d t h r ug h t h t i t t h firs t g i
o if th tw r fr c t i s
a n o e a a n , e o e a on

b q l d i pp si t d ir c ti s s si b l ff ct w ill
e e ua ,
an n o o e e on , n o en e e e

b pr duc d
e o e .

Th r d r m y r dily c m pr h d th ph m
e ea e f a ea o e en e en o en a o
 RE F RA T I N LEN E C O ,
S S, FO C US . 19

re fr c t i b y m s f light p ssi g t h r ugh l s s f dif

a on , e an o a n o en e o

f e re nt curv s b y r f r c t t h f ll w i g d i gr m s
e ,
e e en e o e o o n a a

Fi 5 Fig 6 o
D
'

. Fig 7 . . . .

Fig 5 r pr s t i g d ub l c v x l s Fig 6 d ub l
. e e en n a o e - on e en ,
. a o e

c cvon ad Fig 7e, c c v c v x m iscu By

an . a on a o - on e or en s .

th s e it is s
e th t d ub l c v x l s t d s t e en a a o e - on e en en o c on

d e n seth r y s f light t f cus d ub l c c v t

e a o o a o ,
a o e - on a e o

sc tt r th m d c c v c v x c m bi s b t h p w rs
a e e ,
an a on a e - on e o n e o o e .

I f p r ll l r y s f light f ll up
a a d ub l c v x l s
e a o a on a o e - on e en ,

I) D Fig 8 t h y w ill b r fr c t d ( xc p t i g such p ss

, .
,
e e e a e e e n as a

d ir c tl y t hr ugh t h c t r ) t
e p i t t rm d th pri ci
o e en e o a o n e e e n

p f
al cus oT h li s A. B 0 r pr s t p e r ll l r y
n e s w hich e e en a a e a

p ss thr ugh th l s 1) D d m t t F t his p i t b i g

a o e en ,
an ee a o n e n

t h pri cip l f cus it d is t

e n c fr m th l s i c ll d th
a o , s an e o e en s a e e

f l
oc a l g h Th en s r y s
t f lig h
. t w h ich t r ov rsi e g a o a re a e n a

p ll
a ra l c urs e w h toh y t r t h le, s b r ug enh t t e en e e en a re o o a

f cus r r th l s th t h rs H c t h d i fficul ty
o n ea e e en an o e . en e e

th p r t r s m t i m s xp ri c s b y t b i g bl t
e o e a o o e e e e en e no e n a e o
 ENLAR G IN G C
“
O R R E DU C I N G I N O PY I N G .

b i o ta n f cus
a o ,
”
w h
ish s t s cur pic tur f en he w e o e e a e o

som e v y di t
er t bj c t ; h
s an d s t g t his g d
o e s e oe n o e rou n

g la ss n e ar
g h h
e n ou l A g i t h y s
to t fr m e e n se s . a n , e ra o an

j
ob e c t n e a r b y m y b t r m d div r gi g a ys Th is w i ll
e e e e n ra .

b e b e tt e r c m pr h d d b y r f r
o et Fi g 9 w h r
en it e e e en c e o .
, e e

Fig 9 . .

w ill b th t th ed tt d li s r p
se e n ti g p r ll l a e o e n e ,
e re se n n a a e

r ys m t r r th l
a ee th t h s fr m t h p i t A
n ea e e e n se s an o e o e o n .

T h cl r th bj c t is t th l
e o se th g et r w i
ol lb e o e e n se s, e re a e e

t h di v rg
e Thi r l i p pli b l t c p yi g Di d
e en c e . s u e s a ca e o o n ,

w w ish t c py
e si d g rr typ o o siz a ze a ue eo e on a
T
1
;
e

pl t w w uld pl c it i u h p i t i t th l s
a e, e o a e n s c a os on o e en es

at A t h t th f cu w uld b t F w h r th i m g
, a e o s o e a ,
e e e a e

w ul d b r pr
o t d t b u t t h pr p r siz
e e N w if
e se n e a a o e o e e . o ,

w h uld w i h t py t h a iz pi t ur d pr d uc
e s o s o co e ,
s e c e, an o e

an o th r f x ctly th m di m si w h v ly t
e o e a e sa e en o n s, e a e on o

bri g it r r t th l s
n th t th
n ea l s D E sh ll b
e o e en e s , so a e en a e

e qui di t t f m th pi t ur
-
s an d t h f cus i ro fr m A t e c e an e o ,
. e . o o

B Th r s
. f th i i t h t t h dis t c
e ea f t h pic t ur
on o s s, a e an e o e e

fr m th l i th l t c py i l ss th th t h r d
o e e n s, n e as o , s e an e o e ,
an

th d iv rg
e c h i cr d t hr w i g th f cus furt h
e en e as n e ase ,
o n e o er

fr m th lo e en s .

Th s r m rks h v b i t r duc d h r b i g im
e e e a a e e en n o e e e as e n

p rt t f th s wh m y t u d rs t d th pri cipl
o an or o e o a n o n e an e n es

o f l rgi g en duci g pict s i PY

a n o r re n ur e n CO IH O
‘

.
 i
L E NS E S . 2]

Iuld r m rk t h t th p i t s F d A i Fig 9
wo e a a e o n an , n .
,
a re

t rm d c jug t f ci ”
e e on a e o .

I f w h ld d ub l c v x l s pp si t
e o y ab j c t o e -
on e en o o e an o e ,

w efi d th t i v rt d i m g f t h t bj c t w ill b
n a an n e e a e o a o e e

f rm d
o p p r h ld b hi d it T illus t r t t his m r
e on a a e e e n . o a e o e

cl rly I w ill r f r t th f ll w i g w d t
ea , e e o e o o n oo -
cu

F iDrr 1 0 . .

If A B C is
j c t pl c d b f r c v x l s an ob e a e e o e a on e en ,

L L v ry p i t f it w ill s d f rt h r y s i ll dirc
,
e e o n o en o a n a e

ti ons b t f th s k f si m plici ty supp s ly t h r

u , or e a e o , o e on ee

p i t s t giv t r ys
o n o t th t p e ou t th m iddl
a , on e a e o ,
on e a e e,

an d t th
on eb tt m ; t ha wh l f the r ys t h th t
o o e o e o e a en a

pr c d fr m th p i t A d f ll th l s L L w ill
o ee o e
'

o n ,
an a on e en ,

b e r fr c t d d f rm
e a ei m g s m w h r th li
an o an a e o e e e on e n e

A G E w h ich is dr w ,
dir ct t hr ugh t h c t r f th a n e o e en e o e

l s c s qu t ly th f cus E pr duc d b y th c v r
en on e en e o , o e e on e

g c f th r ys pr c d i g fr m A m us t f rm i m g
en e o e a o ee n o , o an a e

o f A ly i,
d i ff r t r l t iv
on p si t i ; th m iddl
n a e en e a e o on e e

p i t f 0 b i g i dir c t li w i th th xis f th l s
o n o , e n n a e ne e a o e en ,

w ill h v it i m g f r m d
a e th s xis F d t h r ys
a e o e on e a ,
an e a

pr c d i g fr m th p i t B w ill f rm i m g t D
o ee n o e o n o an a e a so

t h t b y i m gi i g lu m i
a us bj c t s t b m d up f
a n n n o o e o e a e o an

i fi i t u m b r f r d i t i g p i t s d th r y s fr m ch
n n e n e o a a n o n ,
an e a o ea
22 S PH E I AL A ERRA T I N
R C B O .

i d ividu l p i t l t h ugh f lli g th w h l surf c f

n a o n ,
a o a n on e o e a e o

th l e s t c v rg g i d f r m f cus rpr s u
en , o on e e a a n an o a o or e e o

t ti
a f t h t p i t fr m w hich t h r y s firs t m rg d it
on o a o n o e a e e e ,

w ill b v ry e s y t c m pr h d h w i m g s f rm d
e ea o o e en o a e a re o e ,

an d t h c us f t h s i m g s b i g r v rs d
e a e o o e a e e n e e e .

It m us t ls b vid t t h t i th t w t ri gl s
a o e e en ,
a n e o an e

A G B d D G E t h t E D th
an l g t h f th i m g ,
a ,
e en o e a e,

m us t b t A B t h e l g t h f t h bj c t G D t h d i
o , e en o e o e ,
as ,
e s

tan c f t h i m g is t G B th d is t c f t h bj c t
e o e a e, o r
,
e an e o e o e

fr m th l s
o e en .
”

It w ill b b s rv d t h t i th l s t
e o t th i m g p
e e ,
a n e a ou e a e ro

d uc e d b y th l s is curv d N w it w uld b im p
e en e . o , o e os

sib l t pr duc w ll d fi d i m g fr m th c t r t
e o o e a e -
e ne a e o e en e o

th e d g up e
p le surf c ; t
onh u t r d g saw uld ain a e e o e e e o

b e m is t y i dis t i c t ,
cr y lik T h c t r f th
n n , or a on -
e . e en e o e

i m g m ig h t b
a e pr s t d cl r d sh rp th gr u d
e re e en e ea an a on e o n

gl ss y t t his w uld b f fr m th c s i r g r d t t h
a ,
e o e ar o e a e n e a o e

o u t r p rt i s T h is is c ll d p h i l b i
e o on . d t a e S er c a a e rra t on , a n o

i t is d th wue t f dis t i c t ss w hich is fr qu tly

e an o n n e e en

n o t ic d r u d th dg s f pic tur s t k i t h c m r
e a o n e e e o e a en n e a e a .

T s cur
o e c m r w i t h f l h p fi ld sh ul d b th
e a a e a a a t, s ar e ,
o e e

o bj c t f v ry O p r t r ;
e o e d i e m sur thi s c s t i e a o an ,
n a ea e, on

t t
u es th gr t di ff r c i c m r s m uf c tur d i this
e ea e en e n a e a an a e n

c u t ry
o n .

S p h ric l b rr t ie is v rc m b y pr p r c r i th
a a e a on o e o e o e a e n e

f rm t i f th l s
o a on It o b sh w up m th
e en c an e o n on a e

m ti l d t th t
a ca l s si m il r t th t gi v i th f l
a a a a en a o a en n e o

l w i g di gr
o n m — surf c f whi ch is s c ti f
a a on e a e o a e on o an

lips d th t h r f circl s t ruck fr m t h furth s t

“
e e, an e o e o a e o e e

o f t h t w f ci e f t h t lips o — pr duc s b rr t i
o o a e e o e n o a e a on .

At th rli s t p ri d f th m pl ym t f th c m r
e ea e e o o e e o en o e a e a

o b scur d bl a, a l s w us d t pr duc th i m g
ou e -c o n v e x en as e o o e e a e
 C H R MA T I A ERRA T I N
O C B O .
23

b ut t h is f rm w s o b d d as o on a an on e , on a cc uo nt o f th e Sp h e
ri c a l a b rr t ie c us d L s s
a on so a e . en e for th e ph t gr phic
o o a

Fig 1 1 . .

c r
a m e a a re n o w a l w y s gr u d f c c v c v x f rm a o n o a on a o - on e o ,

or m iscus w hich c rr sp ds m r
en , rly t th c m o e on o e n ea o e ae o

p yi g d i gr m
an n a a .
”

C h m i Ab ro i
at c is th d i fficulty th t p t ici s
e rra t on an o er a O an

h v t c t d w i th i th m uf cturi g f l s s It will
a e o on en n e an a n o en e .

b r m m b r d th t i
e e e ef rm r p g ( 1 4 ) b m f
e ,
a n a o e a e a ea o

lig h t is d c m p s d b y p ssi g t h r ugh gl ss pris m giv

e o o e a n o a a

i g s v
n d is t i c t c l rs — d
e en g ynll w g bl o o re ,
o ra n e, e o ,
re en , ue ,

i n dig o an d v iole t .

s id b f th d issi m il r r ys h v i g
Now , a s h a s b e e n a e o re , e a a a n an

u qu l d gr f r fr gib ili t y it w ill b i m p ssi b l t b

n e a e ee o e an , e o e o o

t i
a n f cus b y th lig h t p ssi g t hr ugh d ub l c v x
a o e a n o a o e - on e

l s w i th ut it b i g fri g d w i t h c l r It ff ct w ill b
en o s e n n e o o . s e e e

Fig 1 2 .

re a dily u d rs t d b y r f r c t
n e oo e e en e o th e a cc m p o an
y i gn c ut .

If L L b d ub l c v xl se a o e on e -
en ,
an d R R R p a ra lle l r ys
a
24 CH R MA T I
O C AB ERRA T I N O .

of hi t light c m p s d f th s v c l r d r ys
w e , o h o e o e e en o o e a , eac

h vi g
a n di ff r t i d f r fr ct i t h y c t b
a e en n ex o e a on , e an n o e

re fr c t d t
a e d th s m p i t ; th
o on e a n d r ys b i g e a e o n e re a ,
e n

th l e s t r fr gi b l w ill b b t t
ea e an d t h vi l t r y s e, e en o r, a n e o e a ,

b i g t h m s t r fr gib l t
e n e o th dis t c e c sti an e, o v e an e 0 r on

t t
u es th chr m t ic b rr t i
e d t h circl
o a f w hich t h a e a on ,
an e e, o e

di m t r is l t h pl c p i t f m r fr ct i
a e e a , e d a e or o n o ean e a on ,
an

i c ll d t h circl
s a e f l s t b rr t i
e I f t h r y s f th
e o ea a e a on . e a o e

su n r fr ct d by m s f l s d th i m g
a re e a e ean o a en , an e a e re

i d
c e ve a scr pl c d b tw C d
on e en t t a e e e en an 0 , so as o cu

th e c L l L lu m i us circl w ill b f rm d th
on e a ,
a no e e o e on e

p p r l y surr u d d by d b rd r b c us it is p
a e , on o n e a re o e , e a e ro

d uc ed by s c t i f th c L l L f w hi ch th xt r
a e on o e on e a ,
o e e e

n a l r ys L a L l d ; if t h
a scr b m v d t th ,
a re r e e een e o e o e

o t h r si de f t h lu m ie ous circl w ill b b rd r d w i t h

o, e no e e o e e

vi l t b c us it will b s c ti f th c M M Z f
o e , e a e e a e on o e on e a , o

w hich t h xt ri r r ys vi l t T v id th i flu c
e e e o a a re o e . o a o e n en e

o f sph ric l b rr t i e d t r d r t h ph
a a e m a f on , an o en e e en o en a o

c l r t i m r vid t l t p qu disc b pl c d v r
o o a on o e e en , e an o a e e a e o e

th c t r l p rt i f t h l s
e en a o t ll w th r ys ly
on o e en ,
so a s o a o e a on

t p ss w hich
o a t th dg f th gl ss ; vi l t i m g
a re a e e e o e a a o e a e

o f th w ill t h
e su n b s t d t d fi en lly e e en a re a r, an , n a ,

i m g s f ll th c l rs f th p ct ru m i t h i t m
a e o a e o o o e S e n e n er e

di t sp c ; c s qu tly th g r l im g w ill t
a e a e on e en , e en e a a e no

on ly b c fus d b t cl th d w i th pris m t ic c l rs
e on e ,
u o e a o o .
”

T v rc m th di ff icul ty risi g fr m th chr m t ic

o o e o e e a n o e o a

a b rr ti t h p t ici h
e a on ,
ly t m pl y c m bi t i
e o an a s on o e o a o n a on

o fl f p p it f c l l g t h
e n se s o o d t fr m gl ss p ss ss
os e o a en ,
an cu o a o e

i g di ff r t r fr
n gibl p w rs th t t h r ys f light
e en e an e o e , so a e a o

p ssi g thr ugh th

a n s tr gly r fr ct d d i
o e on e a re on e a e ,
an n

th th r
e o b t su d r g i r pr duci g w hi t light
e a re en a n e a a n , e o n e .

T th ph t gr ph r
o e f th m s t i m p r t t f t ur s
o o a e on e o e o o an ea e ,
 CHAP T ER II .

C AMERA—ARRANGEMEN T EN E — AMERA T U E — OF L S S C B S CA

MERA XE ELL W -
Y ING — AMERA T AN
BO S, B O S, AN D C O P C S DS

EA RE T — LEANING VI E— NI T RA T E A T — LEVELING
H D S S C C B H

“ I ING F RAME
S T AN DS — LL I N VIAL PR I N
‘
S CO OD O S .

A T I T A P R T A wh h w f th firs t t i m
B B S O th ,
en e sa or e e , on e

w lls f his d rk h m b r t h i m g s f x t r l
a o a t ur C a e , e a e o e e na n a e,

pic tur d b y su b m w hich f u d it w y t hr ugh nly

e a n ea o n s a o o

a s m ll h l li ttl t h ug h t f th i m p rt c w hich w uld

a o e, e o o e o an e o

b tt ch d t t h
e a a i s t ru m t h w fr m this c us l d
e o e n en e a s, o a e, e

to in v t T h c m r b scur f t h is I t li p h il s p h r
en . e a e a o a o a an o o e

m i d m r sci t ific t y f y rs d it w
‘

re a ne as a t e e en o or ea ,
an as n o

u t il D gu rr s d isc v ry t h t it t ru v lu w
n a e e
’
o e a s e a e as es

ti m t d It w pl ys v ry i m p r t t p rt i givi g
‘

a e . no a a e o an a n n

e m pl y m t t
o t l st en h d p rs s i t his c u
o a ea t e n t ou s a n e on n o n

t y l
r a on e .

It i f th u t m s t i m p r t c i s l c t i g
s o e t f p o o an e, n e e n a se o a

p r t us t s cur g d c m r f w i t h ut such
a a , o e e a oo a e a or o n o on e

c an bt i fi o pic tur s I t s t i g it
a n net h t i t gi s e . n e n , se e a ve

th pupil f th y d li m t s f t h f tur s sh rp
e o e e e an n ea en o e ea e a

an d dis t i c t ; d th t th n wh l im g th an gr u d a e o e a e on e o n

gl ss h fi p rl y h
a as a L k ls t t h n efi ld d ea ue . oo a o o e e , an

o bs r v th t t h f cus is g d t th c t r d xt r m
e e a e o oo a e en e an e e e

e dg s f th gr u d gl ss t th s m t i m A p r
e o e o n a a e a e e . oo ca

m r ge a r lly giv s m is ty i m g w i th th lig h t s d

en e a e a a e, e an

s h d s pp r tly ru i g t g th r T h b s t Am ric
a e a a en nn n o e e . e e e an
 C AMERA T U E B S AND LEN E S S . 27

c am er s full y qu l t t h s i m p r t d w h il t h y c s t
a a re e a o o e o e ,
e e o

m uc h l ss b t th r
e ;gr t u m b rs s ld w h ic h
u e e a re ea n e o a re

n ot w rt h usi go n .

I f l s giv s w ll d fi d i m g
a en e t h gr u d gl ss
a e e n e a e on e o n a ,

it sh uld d t h s m
o t h pl t
o M y v lu b l l s
e a e on e a e . an a a a e en

h asb c d m d f f ili g i t his m r ly i c us

e en on e n e or a n n ,
e e n o e

q f
u en c e o t h pl t h ld r t b ei g i f cus w iat h t h
e- o e no e n n o e

gr u d gl ss I c s f d fici cy i t his p t gl ss
o n - a . n a e o e en n ,
u a a

i t h h ld r l y r l cr ss th f c d m sur t h
n o t e o e ,
a a u e a o e a e, an ea e e

dis t c b t w e t h m v ry x ct ly m sur th gr u d
an e e e n e e e a ea e e o n

gl ss i th m w y d m k th d is t c gr p
a n e sa e a ,
an a e e an e a ee er

f tly b y m vi g t h gr u d gl ss i t h r b ck
ec ,
o n f rw rd e o n -
a e e a or o a

i t h fr m
n e th c s m yb
a e, as t h t t h surf c f th
e a e a e , so a e a e o e

gl ass pl t s h ll ccupy pr cis l y t h s m p si t i

a e a o th e e e a e o on as e

f c f th gr u d gl ss w h i th c m r
a e o e o n -
a en n e a e a .

It is v ry d sir b l t h t th
e p r t r sh uld u d r
e a e a e o e a o o n e

s t d th r g m t f t h l s s i t h t u b it t
an e a ra n

fr qu t l y h pp s t h t i t ki g t th gl ss s t
e en a
e

en
en

,
o

a n
e en

a
e

n
n

ou
e

e
“
e

a
n o

e
”
un

cl t h m h d s t r tur t h m t t h ir pr p r pl c s
ean e ,
e oe n o e n e o e o e a e ,

an d t h r sul t is t h t h is
e e c m r is sp il d A c upl f a a e a o e . o e O

illust r t i s d f w r m rks w ill b s ffici e t t

a on an a ble e a e u n o en a e

an
y t r
on e pl c t h l
o s s ie t h m pr ap rl y Fig
e 1 3 e en e n e o e . .

Fig 1 3 . Fig 1 4 . .

r pr s t s th t ub f
e e en e e or h ldi g th l s
o n e en ,
an d Fig . 14

s h w s th ir rr g m
o e a an e ent . It w ill b s e e en t hat th e tw o
28 PO S ITI N O or LEN E IN S S T H E T U BE .

b ck l s s h v s m ll p c b t w th m ; thi s p
a en e a e a a S a e e e en e s e a

ra ti is k p t by s m ll tub ri g f th s m circu m
on e a a e or n o e a e

f r c th l s Th tw fr t l s s
e en e as e en r st t
. e o on en e a re n e a e o

g t h r It w ill b bs r v d th t th tw thick l s s
e e . e o e e a e o en e a re

t w rds
o a ch t h r ; th s
ea m d f f li g l
o e c ti e e a re a e o n t a ss on a n

i g m uch xid
n f l d Th o th r tw e od ub l c v x ea . e o e o a re o e on e ,

an d m d
a re f w gl a By e t i g th
o f ct t h t t h
c ro n a ss . n o n e a a e

tw c m t d l s s g i th fr t f th t ub th
o e en e en e o n e on o e e, e

gl ss h v i g t h t hick st dg g s i sid d th t th
a a n e e e e oe n e, an a e

thi k c l f th
es t th r t w g
en s O s i firs t fr m th b ck f
e o e o oe n , o e a o

th t u b it w ill t b sy f t h p r t r t m k
“
e e, n o e ea or e o e a o o a e a

m is t k i r t ur i g t h
a e n gl ss s e n n e a e .

I w ill r m rk t h t di phr gm di m i ish s b t h chr m

e a a a a a n e o o a

ti c d ph ric l b rr t i
an S by cu tt i g ff th ut sid
e a a e a on ,
n o e o e

p rt i f th l s It l ss s th brilli cy f th i m g
o on o e en . e en e an o e a e,

b t i m pr v s t h dis t i c t ss b y pr v t i g v ri us r ys
u o e e n n e e en n a o a

fr m i t rf ri g wi t h d c fusi g ch th r ; it ls
o n e e n an on n ea o e a o

c us s v ri ty f bj c t s t di ff r t dis t c s t b i
a e a a e o o e a e en an e o e n

f cus t th s m t i m
o a e a e e .

T h t ub c t i i g t h l
e e s s is t b m u t d b
on a n n e en e o e o n e on a ox

c m r b ) i Fig 1 5 F this purp s t h r

a e a- ox as n . . or o e e e a re

F IDG . 15 .

s ev e ra l p a tt e r s f b x s fr
n o o e ,
om a m on g which I h a ve m a d e
 C AMERA XE BO S . 29

t wo s l c t i s f th
e e on o e m o s t ppr a o ve d an d r pr
e e se n t t h em

b y cu t s Figs 1 6 1 7 ,
.
, ,
18 . F
[ gi

Figs 1 6 d 1 7 r pr s
. ll w s b w hich i pr b
an e e en t a be o -
ox s o a

b ly m r i th o e ll t h t h r p tt r s t g t h r
n u se Th y an a e o e a e n o e e . e

s rv b th f c pyi g d t ki g p rt r i t s fr m lif A i
e e o or o n an a n o a o e . s

Fig 1 7 . .

th e bs a is th b ck d lidi g b C b ll w s w hich
e B e a an s n -
ox , e o ,

a dm i t f xt
s o si c t r c ti D is th p i g t
e en on or on a on e o en n o re

i
c e ve t h c rri g A Fig 1 7 ;E is
e a t hu m b scr w t h ld t h
a e ,
. a e o o e

sli d i g b t y r quir d d is t c Fig 1 7 r pr s t s th

n - ox a an e e an e . . e e en e

pl t h ld r d gr u d gl ss fr m
a e- o e an o n a a e .

A c rri g t p ss t hr ugh D Fig 1 6 ; B fr m

, a a e o a f o ,
.
, a e or

gr u d gl ss w h ic h m y b tur d i h riz t l p
o n -
a ,
a e n e n a o on a or er

p endi l p si
cu ar t i C m v b ol pl t h l d r
on h ld i pl c ,
a o a e a e- o e e n a e

by m s f spri g D r duci g h ld r w i th b tt m d
e an o n s , e n o e ,
o o an

pl t t h l d th gl ss pl t
a e o o
y siz f
e r duci gafr m a e : an e o e n a e

can b p t i fr m 0
e uE E spri g b tt m t k p fr m
n a e , n o o o ee a e
30 C AMERA XE BO S .

D in pl c a e F slid
, e G, t h m b - u scr e w, w h en th e c rri g
a a e

is t b p t io t k e t f th b u Fig 1 6 ; H H
n or a en ou o e ox , ,

Spri g b tt m t h l d B i pl c
n o o o o n a e .

B ll w s b x s
e b obt i d w hich r c iv th pl t
-
o e c an e o a ne e e e e a e

h ld r fr m t h t p t h s m
o e o i th c p yi g b e o , e a e as n e o n -
ox ,

Figs 1 5 d 1 8 T h c m m w d
. an c pyi g b is
. e o on oo ,
or o n -
ox ,
”

r pr s t d b y Fig 1 8
e e en e . .

Fig 1 8 .

A, b i g th e n e m i
u t sid b is m d f w d v r d
a n or o e ox ,
a e o oo en ee e

w ith r s w d ; B is
o e th r b w h ich fi t i t A slid
oo an o e ox s n o ,

i g i
n d t
n r quir d T h gr u d gl ss d pl t
an ou as e e . e o n a an a e

h ld rs fi t gr v s m d i th i sid b
o e oo e a e n e n e ox .

I r g rd t pl t h l d rs
n e a t bl ts f
o h ldi g t h gl ss
a e- o e or a e or o n e a

pl t s it d ly b s id th t th c m r b x s
a e , n ee on e a a e a e a- o e a re ao

c m p i d w i t h c m pl t t
o an e rr g d t h t t h lig h t
a o e e se ,
so a an e a e

is w h lly xclud d fr m t h pl t w h il dr w i g t
o e e o e a e e a n ou or

pushi g i t h slid f s h u tti g ff th light w hil th

n n e e, or n o e e e

h ld r is t f th b
o e S h ul d
ou y o b d sir u ef ox . o an on e e e o s o

usi g t h s m c m r f t ki g b th gl ss d d gu r
n e a e a e a, or a n o a an a e

rc ot yp pic tur s it w ill b c ss ry f h im t b p

e e ,
e n e e a or o e ro

v id d w i t h t w
e s t s f t b l t s f his b o f ch
e o a e or ox , o n e or e a

p r c sso e .
 C AMERA S T A N DS

AMERA TAN C S DS .

Th r e s v r l p tt r s f t h s
e a re e l m s t v ry
e a a e n o e e a o e e

d l r h s m p r ticul r s tyl w hich if t f b uty

ea e as o e a a e , ,
n o or ea ,

f his i t r s t sui t s his purp s s b s t Am g th ss rt '

or n e e ,
o e e . on e a o

m t I w ill pr s
en , t ly tw illus t r ti s Th firs t Fig
e en on o a on . e , .

1 9 r pr s
, e ts e w hich h
en on edv t g v r m y as an a an a e o e an

th rs ; it is m d t ir d f r m t lp t '

o e f a e o n
. cas on ,
an o an o n a en a a

Fig 1 9 . .

te r A b s c s t rs B flut d h ll w c lu m w hic h
n a e on a o , e o o o n ,

a d m i t s th ir t ub C w hic h h
e on si d h ll w e , a s on on e e a o o

too t h r ck t r c iv
a spir l thr d th i r f c f
o e e e a a ea on e nne a e o

wh l D ee t his w h l w h t ur d l v t s l w rs th
ee , en n e , e e a e or o e e
32 C AMERA T AN S DS , ARM TAN S DS .

t ub y
e d sir d
0 toh igh t ; E t hu
an m b w h l t t
e ch d e e , ee a a e

t oscr w which s t s g i s t t ub 0 t h ld it i p si
a e e a a n e ,
o o n o

ti F pi i by w hich th c m r
on , ,
a n b dir c t d ;
on e a e a c an e e e

G G thu m b scr w s t h ld th t w pl t s t g t h r w h
, e o o e o a e o e e en

i p si t i
n It is qui t h vy s t ds fi m
o on . d lid d e ea ,
an r an so , an

is t li b l t b m v d b y th j fr m w lk i g v r
n o a e o e o e e ar o a n o e

th fl r F p rm
e oo t ly l c t d
. p r t rs t h s
or e a n en o a e o e a o e e a re

th m s t d sir b l
e b t fo t h s wh e m vi g b ut
a e u or o e o a re o n a o

fr m pl c t pl c d th wh wish t t k v i w s
o a e o a e , an o se o o a e e ,
a

Fig 2 1 Fig 2 0 . . . .

light r rt icl w uld b m r c v i t uch

e a e o e o e on en en , s as on e

r pr s t d t Fig 2 0 This s t d is m d pri cip lly f

e e en e a . . an a e n a o

w d d b r dily t k p rt t b p ck d

“
oo ,
an c an e ea a en a a , so a s o e a e

i
n rdi ry siz d t ru k
an o na e n .

Fig 2 1 pr t s m ll J y L i d
. re e se n a s a en n n
34 T
PL A E- H O D L ER S, B AT H , DIPP I NG RODS .

s tyl s r c tly i
e e en uld pr f
n t ro d uc d e ,
I find n on e t h at I wo e er

to th ld e k w i m rk t
o on eP ck s Vic it is
n o n n a e as e
’
e

si m pl d s y i p r t i
e an d t th
ea s m ti m is n O e a on , an a e a e e

e ff c t u l
e Fig 2 4 r pr s t s t h is vic w hich is t b
a . . e e en e, o e

Fi g 2 4 . .

fi rm ly s cur d e e to a b en c h ; th s m ll p i c e a e e of w o od a t:

ta c h e d t o t h e b o t t o m i s o f n o u se . A A a re th e gr voo es

f or r c ivi g t h d gu rr typ pl t bl ck ; b t th y
e e n e a e eo e a e- o u as e

a re t d p f
oo th gl ss I p i
ee s m ll s t ip f w d
or e a ,
n on a a r o oo ,

so t h t t h upp r dg
a f th e gl ss will b li ttl b v
e e e o e a e a e a o e

t h pr j c t i
e f th
o e vic on o e e .

N I T A T BA T DI t R R D E H S A ND PP No O S .

Th cc m p yi g illus t r t i Fig 2 5 r pr s t s
e a o an n a on ,
.
,
a ,
e e en a

Fig 2 5 Fig 2 6 Fig 2 7

. . . . . .

bat h f or h l di g
o n th e n itr a te o f silv r s lu t i e o on . T hi s
 s srm c S T ANfi S . 35

s a hp e is sugg s ti
of myd th b st d pt d
ow n e on ,
an e e a a e

t th w
o t s f t h p h t gr p h r
e an It w ill b s
o t h t th
e o o a e . e e en a e

fr t si de is r u di g w i t h
on xt d i g fr m si d t
o n n ,
a 0 13 e e en n o e o

si d By t h is s h p th f f th gl ss i pr t c t d fr m
e . a e, e a ce o e a s o e e o

c m i g i c t c t w i t h t h i d f th b t h b th dg
o n n on a e s e o e a -
o e es

o f it t ur i g t
n n pr v t i jury T h r is s m ll
so as o e en n . e e a a

pr j c t i
o e th t p
on t th pp si t si d f th v l ;
on e o
,
c a e o o e e o e o a

t h is is t ll w th s lu ti t fl w v r d w sh fi y
o a o e o on o o o e an a o an

dus t t h t m y h v g t h r d up th surf c f th s lu
a a a e a e e on e a e o e o

ti on T h is w sh ru s t f s m ll tub
. a is s h w i n ou o a a e, as o n n

th e cut A y c v i t v ss l
. n b pl c d u d r it t
on en en e e c an e a e n e o

r c iv t h liq id This b fil t r d d r tur d

e e e e u . c an e e e an e n e as

o ft en r quir d I m t i th pr ct ic f filli g m y
as e e . a n o n e a e o n

b h s full f s lu t i
at b t l w ys k p t h m fil t r d
o o on d ,
u a a ee e e e an

cl ean h c s v i g xc ss f s l t i
en e a n an e e o o u on .

6 r pr s t s e li tt l supp rt which is s cur d t it b s

e en a e o , e e a s a e

u p th s h lf t h l d th b th i slig h tl y i cli d p si
on e e ,
o o e a n a n n e . o -
f

ti on w hi ch is pr f r b l t h vi g it s t
,
d p rp dicul rly
e e a e o a n an e en a .

L E I NG S T AN D EV L S .

P rs es ft t i m s r quir r s t p l c t p t th i
on o en e e e a e or a e o u e r

Fig 2 8 . Fig 2 9
. Fig 3 0 . . . .

gl ss duri g d v l p m
a n e e o en t or wa shi g th pic tur
n e e . E t ih er
36 PR IN I G T N F RAM ES .

o f th e sta n ds r pr s e e e n te d by th e ann e xd e ou t w ill s w

an er

th e purp se o .

Fig 8 0 i k w t th d g
. s t yp prtr
no n o e a u e rre e e O e a o as a

gil d i g s t d d i th
n b t d p t d t th w
an ,
”
t
an s e on e es a a e o e an s

o f p r t ro gl s It m y b
e a o s on rr g d t giv as . a e so a an e as o e

th
1
s rf f th gl
e u W t l v l;D D
ac e o t hu m b
e a ss a a e r- e e a re s

s cr w s b y m s f whi h wh pr p rly r g l t d th
e , e an o c ,
en o e e u a e ,
e

fr m 0 m y h ld gl ss p rf c tly l v l d l rg q
a e a o a e e e e an a a e uan m

t i ty f l t i m y b p d v r th s urf c
o so u on a e e u re o e e a e .

PRIN T ING FRA ME S .

Th r m r us m th ds
e e a re d pp r t us us d f
nu e o e o an a a a e or

h ldi g th
o n
g it i d th p p r
e nedu i g p s t t h Ve a n e a e r n ex o ure o e

ligh t T h f ll wi g ill t r ti s
. e pr s t c v i t
o o n us a on re e en a on en en

an d c m ic l fr m
e f
on o t hi purp s a a e or s o e .

Fig 3 1 Fi 3 2
. . g
D
. .

Fig r p s ts th fr t f th f m T h g ti
. 31 e re en e on o e ra e . e ne a ve

g l ss is
a h ld up i t by e pri gs t t hon d b y scr w s t th s n a ac e e o e

b t t m h lf
o o f th fr m A
a o th t th y e b a e , , so a e c an e

tur d n e ff t s i t t h di ff
on or e t iz
,
f gl
o O
u e e re n s es o a ss . n

th th r
e o d f th e p i g w d bu tt which
en o e S rn a re oo en o n s, a re

p l c da t h
e d g s onf t h gl s
e e g t iv h ldi
e g i toi i t e as ne a e , o n n s

p l d p
ac e , a n i g i t fir m l y g i
re ss nt t h p p w hich i a a ns e a er s

pl c d u d r it This fr m is m d f tw pi c s f
a e n e . a e a e o o e e o

i ch b rd which
n oa , t d by hi g s f lli ng a re v c on n e c e n e , a o er
 P RIN T ING F RAME S . 37

as s i Fig 3 2 B b i g t h h lf t h t is m v b l This
een n .
, e n e a a o a e .

m v b l h lf is s cur d i p si t i
o a e by m
a s f w d e e n o on e an o a oo en

b utt tt h d t A th b ck d u d r B s i
on , a ac e o on e a an n e , as een n

Fig 3 2 Th s p r t pi c s A d B b v ll d w h r
. . e e a a e e e ,
an , a re e e e e e

th y c e c t s by Fig 3 1 D ( i Fig 3 2 ) is
on n e , as f e en . . n . on e o

t h spri gs whi ch
e b s n i Fig 3 1
,
c an e een n . .

Th t ir b d e en fac f t h fr m A e d B sh uld b
e or e o e a e, an , o e

c ov r d w i t h t hick p c f s t i t cl th w hich m y b
e e a ie e o a ne o , a e

p s t d t th l w r h lf A d xt d d v th t ir
a e o e o e a , , an e en e o er e en e

s urf c f A d B Thi s f m p d f th p p r
a e o an . or s a a or e a e .

T h is pri t i g fr m b sily m d by y c bi t
n n a e c an e ea a e an a ne

m k r a c rp t r T h p i g m y b f sh t ir
e or a en e . e s r n s a e o ee on o r

br ss— i t h r w ill b f u d su ffi i tly s t i ff f th purp s

a e e e o n c en or e o e .

E v ry p r te sh uld b pr v id d w i th fr m f ur t t
o e a or o e o e o o o en

fr m s th s v i g f t im will b f u d t m ply p y
a e : e a n o e e o n o a re a

th xp dit r c ss ry f g d supply
e e en u e ne e a or a oo .

A t h r rt i l c ll d pr ssur fr m
n o e a is r pr s t d i
c e a e a e e a e, e e en e n

Fig 3 3 . .

th e cc m p yi g figur Thi i m r p si v t h
a o an n e . s s o e ex en e an

t h firs t
e d is by m c sid r d pr f r bl
, an so e on e e e e a e .

A t h r ch p c v i t
no e d q lly g d r g ea , on en en an e ua oo a ra n es

m t f
en h ldi g th g tiv d p p i t t k thr
or o n e ne a e an a e r, s o a e ee

gl ss s y
a — e full i z b i g th
sa h v i g th g
on e a S e, e n e on e a n e ne a

t iv up e it ; d th t k t w gl ss s
on ch jus t h lf th
an en a e o a e ea a e
,

S iz f th g t iv d h v pi c f y hi k h y
e o e ne a e, an a e a e e o v er t c ea v

c l th t th siz f th g t i v gl wh i h b p t b
o cu e e o e ne a e a ss , c c an e u e

tw it
e en d t h t w h lf gl s san d th th y e b o a a se , an en e c an e

h ld t g t h r b y m
e o s f th c m m spri g cl th s p i
e e ean o e o on n o e n .

3
38 C O L L O DI O N VIAL S .
-
CO L R O BO X E S .

Th e a d
g f th t w gl ss s t th b ck i t h t
va n t a e o e o a e a e a s, a on e

c anb t ir ly r m v d w hil
e en th pict ur is b i g
e e o e e e e e n ex

ami d n e d ft r w rds tur d w i t h u t i th l s t

,
an a e a re n e o , n e ea ,

m v i g t h i m pr ssi
o n e e on .

CO LL I N VIAL — C
OD O . OL 0 R BO X E S .

Thi sh p d v i l is m d xpr ssly

s a e a a e e e for c ll di
o o on , to

w hich purp s it is d m ir bly d p t d

o e a a a a e . It h a s a w id e

Fig 3 4 Fig 3 5 . . . .

mo t uh ,
an d is
c s t ruc t d th t th liquid fl ws cl r
so on e a e o ea

an d fr It i d p
ee .d w ith h v y pr tr di g b s
s ee , an a ea o u n a e,

t
o pr vt it f lli g
e en Th r tws iz s m d t p
a n . e e a re o S e a e a re

s t en ,
t c ti
on e u c s — t h t h r; 1 % u c I
o on a n o n e e o e o n e .

g r lly th s m ll r s b t l w ys k p h d
en e a u se e a e on e , u a a ee on an ,

and w uld t b w i th u t
o f w f t h l rg r siz
no e o , a e o e a e e .

Fig 3 5 pr s t s c l r b Th s a b h d f y
. re e en a o o -
ox . e e c n e a o an

d l r c m pl t ly fi tt d wi th c l r d brush s f
ea e , o e e e , o o an e or u s e .
 C H E MI S T R Y .

PRAC T I CAL H I NT S

PHOTOGRAPHI C CHE MI S TRY .

42 SO LU E BL CO TT O N .

so
Th
lubl c tt e
t w m th d
e re a re
“b i g by th
o
m pl y d i th pr p r t i
on
o

f i t ricon e d
e

lp h
f o

e n
s e o

e u se o
e n

n
e e

an
a a

su
on o

i
r c a cids d th th r w i th ulphuri cid d it r t f
,
an e o e s c a an n a e o

p t sh T h l s t f t h s I w uld c m m d b i g
o a . e a o e e o re o en as e n

th e m st c v i t f t h s wh
o on quir ly s m ll
en en or o e o re e on a a

qu ti ty f c tt
an P s
o xp ri m t i g i t h pr p
o on . e r on s e e en n n e e a

ra ti on f thi o t icl sh uld x rcis m uch c

s ar d judg
e o e e e a re a n

m en t A g d c tt
. i t t h r sul t f h p h z
oo o d p
on s no e e o a - a ar O e

ra ti on Th . p r t h uld b cqu i t de o e rly

a or s o e a a n e , a s n ea as

p s ib l w it h th qu li t y f th ch m ic l m pl y d d
os e, e a o e e a s e o e , an

th p p r m d
e ro f m
e ipul t i o e o an a on .

A i lrt c e s
y
— O qu rt W dg w d m t r d
n ec es s a r . ne a e e oo or a an

p tles v p t i g di h ;
e , or e agl ora d ; p n f s on e a ss ro on e an e o

gl s l rg
a s, ugh t c v th m rt
a e en o dish ; rdi o o er e o a r or on e o

n a ry iz d p il t w thi rd full f pur i

-
s e a dis t ill d
o- s o e ra n or e

w t a e r, a n d t l st t t im a t h t qu t ity f w t r
ea t en es a an o a e a

h d ; tw l v u c ( by w ight v irdup is ) f it r t
an e e o n es e ,
a o o o n a e .

o f p t sh ( Dup t
o a fi d pul v ri z d ) ; tw l v u c s
on
’
s re ne , e e e e o n e

( by m ur ) easf c m m rci l e ulphuric o cid ; d ot hr e a s a an ee

hu dr d d f rt y gr i f cl pu c tt w l
n e an o a ns o e an , re o on oo .

R m k —It i
e ar s dvi bl th t th m rt r dish b
. s a sa e a e o a or e

d p d rr w th m ixtu
ee an n a b b tt r f rm d i
o ,
as e re c a n e e e o e n

a v s l f t hi h p
e se o If t c v i t t p cur
s s a e . n o on en e n o ro e a

m rt o c mm
a r, a rt h b w l w ill w r ; gl i h
o on ea en o an s e a ss s o

jec t i bl
on a t h h t g
e, a s t d i t h c mebi t i f ea e n e ra e n e o na on o

th e a cid d i t r i li bl t cr ck it A w p il sh uld
an n e s a e o a . n e a o

n o t b u e d sp ci lly if it i p i t d th cids tt ck
se , e e a s a n e ,
as e a a a

th e p i t d i jur th c tt
a n , an I pr f r n th t h e e o on . e e on e a as

b us d f s m t i m
e en e d hor b fr qu tly cl d
o e e, an as e en e en ean e .

A c mm o rth w sh b w l
on ea y l rg gl
en ss dis h a - o , or an a e a ,

w ill w r i pl c
an s f th p il
e M t l p ils
n a v ss ls e o e a . e a a or e e

S h uld t b s d
o no e u e .
 SO LU LE B CO TT O N . 43

N itra te
f ( s l t p t r )
o sh uld b d
P o t a shy d fi ly a e e o e r an ne

p wd r d I
o e e th r t h
. Dup t s r fi d ; t h i
u se n o n e o e an on
’
e n e s

is v ry rly if t b s lut ly ch m ic lly pur

e n ea , no a o e ,
e a e .

T h c m m rci l S lp h i A id ( il f v i t ri l ) f Am
e o e a u ur c c o o o o e

ric is f gr t u if rm i ty f s tr gth s ld by drug

a o ea n o o en , as o

gis t g r lly I s en e at s t bulb gr du t d t t h pr p r

. u se a e - a a e o e o e

d si ty d h v b v r y succ ssful i m y xp ri m t s
en , an a e een e e n e e en .

I s m t w t y di ff r t s m pl
n o e f en id us d i di ff r e en a es o ac , e n e

en t ci t i s i t h U i t d S t t
e n I f u d ly e th t p n e a e s, o n on on e a ro

d d
uc e p r c tt a d t his m igh t h v b
oo o i flu c don ,
an a e e en n en e

by th m is tur f th tm sph r it b i g v ry r i y
e o e o e a o e e, e n a e a n

d y wh
a I us d it en e .

D i g my ur n c t d s m wh t xt si pr ctic I re en an o e a e en ve a e,

h v t h ught t h t th f i l g fi b f tt w l d t
a e o a e ne on re s o co on oo o no

m k a d sir b l s lub l c tt
e so e t h t w hich is h
a e a vy o e o on as a ea

or c mm o F ur fi v ry c r ful xp ri m t s up
on . o or ve e a e e e en on

t his p i t h v h d th
o n ff c t t pr duc i m
,
a e str g a e e e o o e n e a on

b li f t h t m y id s
e e a t i tl d t s m c sid r t i ea a re en e o o e on e a on .

I sh uld o t s l ct th
fi no c tt f m ki
e e g s lu e n es t o on or a n o

b l c tte b t o w i v ri bly t k t h t w hich is h i k

on , u no n a a a e a t c or

c oa rse .

r sult f m y xp ri c is ( th r t hi g b i g
Th e e o e e en e o e n s e n

e qu l ) th t c tt pr p r d i fi dry w th r h
a , a o on e a e n ne ea e as a

g r t r d gr f s lub ili ty th w h pr p r d i m is t
ea e e ee o o an en e a e n a o

at m sph r h c I w uld r c m m d th xp ri m t r
o e e en e o e o en e e e en e

t cho s fi cl r w th r f pr p ri g it
oo e n e, ea ea e or e a n .

u i M a n ip la t on .

H vi g t h a d v ry r ticl r quisi t pr c d
n a an e e a e e e, o ee as f ol
l w s P t th i tr t f p t sh i t th m rt r
o -
u e n a e o o a n o e o a or d ish ;
b esur it is d y d w ll p w d r d d t h
e r an e o e e ,
an en a d d th e
a cid s tir th m w ll w i t h th p s tl d gl ss d e e e e e an a ro , so t h a t
44 SO L LEUB CO TT O N .

th e lu m p w ill b ll ( s ly ) t d p sty s lu e a or n e a r so ou ,
an a a o

ti on f rm d This p r t i sh uld t ccupy m t h

o e . o e a on o no o ore an

m i ut s t im Th p t i th c tt b u t
’
tw o n e e . en u n e o on , a o on e

qu rt f th w h l bulk t t im it h uld b w ll
a er o e o e a a e : S o e e

pick d p rt th t it m y c m im m di t ly i c t ct
e a a , so a a o e e a e n on a

w i t h th ci d d h uld b k d d w i th th p s tl d
e a s, a n S o e n ea e , e e e an

gl s d i t th s lu t i
a s ro ,
n o d s e w tt do th r on ,
an as oon as e e , an o e

qu rt h uld b dd d d w tt d s
a er s o e a p ssib l e an e e as o on as o e

so c ti u u t il ll i i t h k d w i th th p stl d
on n e n a s n en n ea e e e an

m rt r f
o a t l t f u m i ut s
or a eas u t il v ry fibr f th o r n e , or n e e e o e

c tt i t t d wi th th liquid t h th m rt r sh uld
o on s s a u ra e e en e o a o

b e c v d v r w i t h th p
o e re o e f gl ss d ll w d t e an e o a , an a o e o

t
s an d f fift or tw t y m i ut
e en th or th t ir en n es en e en e c on

ten ts f th o m rt h uld b t h w i t th p il t w
e o ar s o e ro n n o e a o

t hird full s f w t r d s t i r d w i t h t h gl s
o a e , d an r e e a s ro as ra

p i d ly p s ibl
as i f t
o shis p i d s t ire :i g is m i tt d t h t ra r n o e , e co

ton w ill b i jur d by th e cti f th cids i c m bi i g

n e e a on o e a n o n n

w i t h th w t e Th w t r sh uld b
a er . p ur d ff d e a e o e o e o , an

an o th ch g p t i t th p il
er an e u n o e a .

A ft b u t thr ch g s th h ds m y b us d i th
er a o ee an e ,
e an a e e n e

f t h w shi g Th h d h uld b p rf c tly cl

ar er a n . e an s s o e e e ean ,

an d fr f m ll h m i l T h ch g s f w t r d
ee ro a c e ca s . e an e o a e an

w shi g sh uld b c t i u d u t il
a n o ry t r c f cid h
e on n e n e ve a e o a as

di pp r d which
sa ea e b s
,
by t s t i g w it h blu lit c an e e en e n e

m us t st p p re Aft
- a it i t h ugh t t h t t h c tt
e . erh s o a e o on as

b c m fr th w t r m y b qu z d t f littl
e o e ee, e a e a e s ee e ou o a e

lu m p b u t th i f pa o e d th pl c d b t w
S ze o a e a , an en a e e e en

th e f ld f th t s t p p r d if it r dd s th p p r
o o e e -
a e , an e en e a e ,

t h r is cid pr s
e e at d t h w shi g sh uld b c t i u d
e en , an e a n o e on n e

u t il t h r i ch g i t h p p r Wh this is d
n e e s no an e n e a e . en on e ,

t h c tt
e o b p t i t t h f ld
on c an ef dry t w l cl th
u n o e o s o a o e or o

( w h i ch h b t h r ughly i s d
as e en th t s
o o p b p r n e , so a n o oa e re

se n t) d w ru g
, an t dry p ssib l d t h it m y
n ou as as o e, an en a
 SO LU LE B CO TT O N . 45

be pick d p rt e d p ut a a e,xp s d t m d r t t m
a an sid e o e o a o e a e e

p e ra t u re ( sa y 1 0 0
0
F ah
) t odry w h it is r d y f .
, en ea o r u se .

hd
I e m p l oy t h e m e t o ( f o r c v i c t hi g m r ) on en en e, no n o e

f displ ci g t h w t r by t h f lc h l [ C ’
o a n e i g a e e u se o a o o . u tt n s

p a te n— t p ]
s ee I w ri g t t
a h w t r
t en ts b f r . n ou e a e as e o e,

th enpl c th c tt i s t r g lc h l t ir d p ss it
a e e o on n on a o o , s an re ,

an d th p ur it ff w ri g it t g i t h p t it i
en o o n ou a a n , en u n a

ch g f lc h l let it s k f b u t fi m i u t s t h
an e o a o o ,
oa or a o ve n e , en

w ri g it n t dry p ssib l pick it p rt d it will dry

ou as as o e, a a ,
an

i m m di t ly e d pl c it i
a e cl s s t pp r d b tt l
r an a e n a o e o e e o e o r,

if w t d f an e t c p t it i t th diss l v i g lu
o r u se a on e, u n o e o n so

ti on i m m di t ly e a e .

I w ill h r r m rk t h t i c t h e e firs t di t i I h v
e a a ,
s n e e e on , a e

h d cc si
a o t a l rg qu t i t i s f s lubl c tt
on o u se d a e an e o o e o on ,
an

h v f u d th t if it b k p t
a e o n t m sph r
a f lc e e in an a o e e o a o

h l o d th r it s lubili t y is s m w h t i m pr v d
an e e , s th to o e a o e a

is i th c s f it t b i g us d i m m di t ly ft r it
, n e a e o s no e n e e a e a e s

pr p t i
e a ra T h is is sily k p t by dr ppi g f w dr ps
on . ea e , o n a e o

o f th r
e lc h l i t th b tt l c t i i g it d th
e or a o o n o e o e on a n n , an en

se a li g cl s u t il w t d f
n o e I th n v t f th an e o r u se . n e e en o e

w t b i g displ c d by lc h l it is t c ss ry t th
a er e n a e a o o , no ne e a o o

r ughly dry it b t p t i p f ly l b ttl t k p

o , u u n a er ec t c os e o e o ee .

R m k — Th r
e ar f w pr c u t i s
s c ss ry t b
e e a re a e e a on n e e a o e

o bs rv d i th pr p r t i f s lubl c tt
e e n e I sh uld e a a on o o e o on . o

s l c t fi cl r d y if t i m is
e e a ne bj c t ; v rth l ss I
ea a , e no o e n e e e e

h v m d g d rt icl i m d r t ly d s tm s
a e a e a oo a e n a o e a e en e a o

p h e re S ulphuric cid h p w rful ffi i ty f hydr

. a as a o e a n or o

g en c s qu tly i d m p w t h r it is m r l ss
, on e en , n a ea e , o e or e re

d uc e d b y t h m is t ur i t h i e o e n e a r .

It is dvis bl t pr p r t h
a it r sulphuric cid m i
a e o e a e e n o- a x

t ur e onr f b tw t w d rs w i d w s w h r
a oo , or e e en o oo or n o , e e

th r e i e g d curr t f i i rd r t pr v t th
s a oo en o a r, n o e o e en e

i h l t i f w hi t v p rs w hic h ris d
n a a on o v ry p i e a o a e , an a re e o
46 SO LU LE B CO TT O N .

s on ou s lu gs A pr v t i v i c s f i h l
t o th e n . s a e en e, n a e o n a ~

i g t h s v p rs I ppl y t h fu m s f qu
n e e a o mm i It , a e e o a a -a on a .

is b s t f v ry t h v i
e or e ight u c s f this l
e on e o a e s x or e o n e o a

w ys t h d it
a a u t r liz s ll cid t h t m y b sp tt r d
an n e a e a a a a e a e e

on th cl th s pr v t s it d s t ruct iv p w s d
e o e , e en s e e o er ,
an

t r s th c l r
re s o e e o o .

Y ll w v p rs s m t i m s pp r w h
e o a pu tt i g th t
o o e e a ea en n e co

t on i c t c t w i t h t h s lu t i
n on at h is ris s fr m it t e o on : a e o s n o

b i g w t;
e n d wh th y d
e pp r th c tt wh r
an en e o a ea , e o on e e

th y e sh uld b quickly p t u d r th liquid d

a re o e u n e e an

k d d r pidly w hich w ill pr v t c t i u c f t h s

n ea e a , e en a on n an e o e e

v p rs I h v h d t h m pp r d us d th c tt
a o . a e d a e a ea ,
an e e o on , an

c uld t bs rv th t y b d ff ct h d b pr duc d
o no o e e a an a e e a een o e .

T h t m p r t ur is w r thy t h
e e tte ti f th
a prtr e o e a en on o e o e a o

if it b l w i w i t r d t h c tt b l ft i th
e o ,
as n n e , an e o on e e n e

n it r sulphuric m ixtur f fift

o- tw ty m i u t s th e or e e n or en n e , e

wh l b c m so e t hi ck s t i ff m ss b dd d t g t h r
e o e a d ,
a , e e o e e , an

h as n o t h d pr p r c t i agi v i g b d r ticl A g d
o e a on , n a a a e . oo

t m p r t ur is b u t 1 4 0 F h f
e e a e th l s t f th t i m t h
a o 0
a . or e a o e e e

c tt is i th m ixtur Thi s is t l w y s c v i t
o on n e e . no a a on en en so

th p r t r w ill b g v r d b y circu m s t c s t ki g
e o e a o e o e ne an e ,
a n

his ch c f h vi g g d rt icl I s m c s s I h v
an e o a n a oo a e . n o e a e a e

h t d hi k ir pl t t m d r t t m p r tur pl c
ea e a t c on a e, a a o e a e e e a e, a

i g t h m r t r up
n e it d th u
o id d i r gul t i g th
a on , an s a e n e a n e

t m p r t ur
e e Thi s i th m s t c v i t m th d I h v
a e . s e o on en en e o a e

e m pl y d o e .

It h b th ugh t dvis b l t publish i full th

as e en o a a e o n e

a cc u t f E dw A h H d w xp ri m t s d i v s tig
o n o . s a o
’
s e e en an n e a

ti on s up th subj ct f s lub l c tt
on eTh f ll w i g e o o e o on . e o o n

is an cc u t f t h m it pp r d i H mp h y J
a o n o e as a ea e n u re
’
s ou r

na l l VI p 1 2
vo . . .

H vi g i m y
a rli r xp ri m t s t h c ll di p
n , n ea e e e en on e o o on ro
 SO LU LE B CO TT O N . 47

ce ss f ph t gr p h y xp ri c d s m di fficul ty i l w y
o o o a ,
e e en e o e n a a s

pr duci g c ll di f u if rm qu li ty w i th r g rd t
o n a o o on o n o a e a o

se n si t i v ss t ci t y d fluidit y l th ugh m ki g
en e , en a f an , a o a n u se o

t h s m m t ri ls f
e a it pr p r t i
e a d t his I fi d b i g
e a or s e a a on , an n e n

th c m pl i t f m y th rs it h b m y s tudy l t l y
e o a n o an o e ,
as een a e

t d t mi
o e er t h v ri t i s i qu li t y t w hich th i gr
n e e a a on n a o e n e

di t en li bl d th ff c t s f t h s v ri t i
s a re a e, an th ,
e e e o e e a a o n s on e

se n sit iv fi lm d lik w is t sc rt i w h th r t h xc l
e ,
an e e o a e a n e e e e e

l t qu li t i s f s m s m pl f c ll di d p d th
en a e o o e a es o o o on e en on e

m t ri ls i
a e r di rya nm sub st c s id
o n a u se , or on so e an e acc en

t lly
a i t ti lly dd d R s ch s i th pr p r
or n en on a a e . e e ar e n e e a a

ti on f c ll dio m y pp o r sup rflu u w t h t it is

o on a a ea e o s, n o a

s uppli d f th b st qu li t y by m y m k rs ; b t
e o e e a so an a e u as

so m p rs e s f i d p d t t ur f m i d s t ill pr f r
e on o an n e en en n o n e e

m uf c turi g t h ir w I v tur t b ri g f rw rd t h
an a n e o n , en e o n o a e

s ubj ct w i t h th h p f b fit i g t h m I t his b u t i
e e o e o en e n e . n ea

ful pr c s m uch d p
o ds f succ s t h qu lity f
e s so e en or e s on e a o

th c ll di t h t w h i p ss ssi f g d sp ci m
e o o on ,
a en n o e on o a oo e en ,

it b c m s e o f th si s t d m s t si m pl d ugh t
e on e o e ea e an o e, an o

t ob th m st c r t i
e f ll t h pr c ss s y t d v is d ;
e o e a n o a e o e e e e e

f orhr em t ri l ef u rt i c m p si ti is i t r
no a e a o nce a n o o on n o

d d uch
uc e ,p p r d thu w h v thi g t f r
s as a e , an s e a e n o n o ea

fr m pl s t r f P ris l m ni sp cks f ir
o a e o c pp r
a , a u a , or e o on or o e ,

w hich c t i u lly d g r m dify th c l typ p

on n a en an e or o e a o e ro

ce ss ch i g di t ea d ugh t t b n bt i
re di en c an an o o e o a ne n a

t t
s a e f p rf t puri t y
o d w i t h t hi pr c u t i
e ec th d , an s e a on e e

gr f succ ss d p ds up t h skill f th p r t r
ee o e e en on e o e o e a o

hi m s lf e .

Of ll th subst c us d i this pr c s th g
a e an es e n o es , e un

c t t is usu lly th ly
o on ct u lly pr p r d b y th p
a e on on e a a e a e e o e

r t r hi m s lf ; i t his h c t f il t h v b s rv d th
a o e n e an n o a o a e o e e e

gr t v ri ti s i t h s lubili ty d w h dis s lv d th
ea a a on n e o , an , en o e , e
48 SO LU LE B CO TT O N .

t r sp r cy d t ci ty f th f l m s t which it is li bl
an a en an en a o e i , o a e

t h v ri
e a pr c ss s ls t h t
ou s o gi v pp r t firs t
e e a o a a re en a ea a

sight u cc u t bly di ff r t m dir c ti g t m i ut s

na o n a e en , so e e n en n e ,

o t h rse f w s c ds i m m rsi
a e eI c ons qu c f t h is e on . n on e en e o

I h v sp ci lly x m i d i t th c us f ll t h s v ri
a e e a e a n e n o e a e o a e e a

a ti w i th v i w t
o n s, b t i c rt i ty
a e d ls h v o o d a n e a n ,
an a o a e en ea

v or e d t disc v r h w f
o t h y ff c t t h s
o e si t iv ss f th
o ar e a e e en en e o e

p p r d surf c I f w t k m ixt ur f th tr g s t
re a e a e . e a e a e o e s on e

n i t ric d sulphuric cids d im m rs

an m uch c t t
a an e e as o on

as c an b w tt d ft r s m m i u t s squ z
e e e ,
t
a e o e n e ee e ou

th e ci d f
a p sibl th im m rs s c d p
as ar as o e, en e e a e on or

ti on f c tt
o d g i
o xpr ss th cids f t hird p
on ,
an a a n e e e a or a or

ti on f c tt
o d
o u t il th liquid is xh us t d w
on ,
an so o n n e e a e , e

sh ll fi d
a n c m p ri g th c tt s thus t r t d ft r
, on o a n e o on ea e ,
a e

w shi g
a n d dry i g t h t t h r is
an g du l lt r t i i
n ,
a e e a ra a a e a on n

t h ir p p r t i s t h
e ro firs t b i g highly d p rf c tly
e e , e e n an e e e

pl si v d ch ucc di g p rt i l ss u t il th p
o e, an ea s ee n o on e so , n e or

ti l s t i m m rs d w ill b f u d h dly xpl si v l vi g

‘

on a e e e o n ar e o e, ea n

dis t i ct t r c f ch rc l s t w h b ur d This m y
n a es o a oa or oo en n e . a

n o t pp a surpri i g t fi rs t ight it m y b i m gi d
ear s n a s , as a e a n e

t h t th
a l tt r p r t i
e a e ly m ixtur f g c tt
o o n s a re on a e o un - o on

an d c mm o c tt ; t hi i h w v r t th c s f if
on o on s s, o e e , no e a e, or

ea ch qu t i t y b im m rs d s ffi ci tly l g it w ill t
an e e e u en on ,
n o

c t i fibr f c m m
on a n a tt e d m y y t b c m
o o on co on , an a e e o e

ch rr d bur i g lik
a e on l t r d tt n n Th m st e un a e e co on . e o re

m rk b l
a a di ff r c h w v r i disc v r d t r t i g
e e en e, o e e , s o e e on ea n

t h m w i t h th r c
e t i i g e litt l el h l w h c t r ry
on a n n a e a co o ,
en , on a

t w h t m igh t h v b
o a t icip t d t h firs t a e tr g t
een an a e , e or s on es

g un c -
t t o m i s
o n ret h d w h il t
a nh l tt r p rt i
un s dis ou c e , e e a e o on

s lv w i th th t m s t s w i th u t l vi g t r c b hi d
o e e u o ea e, o ea n a a e e n ,

w hich l s ffi ci t p f th t u lt r d c tt
a on e 1 8 u en roo a no na e e o on re

m i s a n This di ff r c i pr p rti s is w i g t th g
. e en e n o e e o n o e ra
50 SO LU LE B CO TT O N .

i g b t i d th s m r s t r gly m rk d v i ti
Hav n o a ne e e o e on a e ar e e s,

as w ll i t erm di t ki ds w i th ll gr d at i s f lu
e as n e a e n ,
a a on o so ~

b ility it w ,c ss ry b f I c uld s l ct y p ti
as n e e a , e ore
'

o e e an ar cu~

l ar f rm ul f p p ri g th c tt t c m p r t h ir p h
o a or re a n e o on , o o a e e o

t g p h i pr p rt i
o ra w i t h sp ci l r f r c t s
c o e si t iv
e s, e e a e e en e o en e

ne ss p ci t y f th duc d il v r i g t i v s d it
, o a o e re e s e n n e a e ,
an s

c l r i p si t iv s A c rt i w ight f c h b i g dis
o o n o e . e a n e o ea e n

so l v d i p rt i f th s m m ixt ur f lc h l d
e n a o on o e a e e o a o o an

e t h r pr v i usly i di z d t h
e e c m p ris w m d b y
o o e , e o a on as a e,

t ki g t h
a n m bj ct s w i th ch c ll di i succ ssi
e sa e o e ea o o on n e on ,

an d lik w is by p uri g t w s m pl
e e t h s m pl t o f n o a e s on e a e a e o

gl ss d t hu xp si g t h m i th c m r t g t h r sid
a , an s e o n e n e a e a o e e , e

by sid t his l st pr v d t b m uch th m s t s t isf ct ry

e a o e o e e o a a o

pl an d w, r p t d m y t i m s f ch s m pl t k
an as e ea e an e or e a a e, a

i g c r t r v rs t h
n a e rd i w hich t h y w r p ur d
o e e e e o er n e e e o e

on t h t t h r m igh t b
, a m is t k
e risi g fr m th di ff r
e e no a e a n o e e

en c f t i m l psi g b tw th p uri g
e o e e a f th n l e e en e o n on o e co

l di
o on d it i m m rsi an i th s sit iv b th By th s
s e on n e en e a . e e

xp ri m t I h d c nfid t i lly h p d t h v s lv d th
-

e e en s a o en a o e o a e o e e

qu s t ie t t h c uson f di ff r c i s
as o si ti v ss d
e a e o e en e n en en e an

o t h r ph t gr phic pr p r t i s
e o o f c ll di a ;b t i t his I o e e o o o on u n

w dis pp i t d f ft r r p t d p im t I b li
as a o n e , or, a e e ea e ex er en s, e ev e

I m y s f ly ffi rm t h t t h y
a a e pr cis ly si m il r
a a e a re e e a as re

g rds t h ir ph t gr phic pr p rt i s T h s m I b li v
a e o o a o e e . e a e e e e

m y b s id f S w dish p p
a e a c ll di judgi g fr m
o e a er o o on , n o a

f w c m p r ti v
e o xp ri m t s I h v m d d i d d it
a a e e e en a e a e, an n ee

is di fficul t t disc v r w h t is th sup ri ri ty f t his m t

o o e a e e o o a e

ri l v r cl c tt w l th s f m ipul t i
a o e ean o on - oo e ea e o an a on

w hich s m ll g is m tt r f t t b t I sh uld d ci
o e a e e a a e o as e, u o e

d d ly pr f r t h
e p t xtur f c tt t t h t f sub
e e e O en e e o o on o a o a

s t c lik filt ri g p p r c m p s d f m ss f m
an e e e n a e ,
o o e o a a o co

p ac t d fibr e s t h i r m s t f w
e hich ,
l y
e r ch d
nn e o o a re on ea e
 SO L LE
UB CO TT O N . 51

w h en th e u d rg
a cid h c rt i d gr f w k
s a ve n e on e a e a n e ee o ea

en n i g b y t h w t r b s t r c t d fr m th e a u t r fibr s ; d
e a a e o e o e e an

wh w c si d r t h t fr m c tt
en e on l w h v th
e a o o on a on e e a e e

m s f pr p ri g ll v ri t i f c ll di fr m th m s t
ean o e a n a a e es o o o on , o e o

p w rfully c t r ct i g d t r sp r t t th w k s t d
o e on a n an an a en o e ea e an

m s t p qu
o o ad ch if r quir d w i th qu l d p rf ct
e, an ea e e e a an e e

c rt i t y t h r pp r t b ch ic
e a n , e e a ugh w i th u t r s rt
ea s o e o e en o o e o

i g t
n t h r m t ri al d i ff ri g
o an o e ly i b i g m r r
a e , e n on n e n o e ra e

an d m r di fficul t t pr cur
o e B t lth ugh t h ph t
o o e . u ,
a o e o o

gr phic pr p r t i s f t h s v ri t i f c ll di w l
a o e e o e e a e es o o o on - oo a re

so sim il r th r circu m st c s such fluidi ty t ci t y

a , o e an e ,
as , en a ,

an d tr sp r cy r d r it pr p r t i f s m i m p r
an a en , en e s e a a on o o e o

tan c d i dic t th t th cid m ixtur sh uld l w ys

e, an n a e a e a e o a a

b us d w r m
e e d i t is chi fly i c
a s qu c f thi s v ry
an e n on e en e o e

circu m s t c th t gr t r succ ss tt ds th
an e, a f it r t
ea e e a en e u se o n a e

o f p t sh o a d sulphuric cid t h
an t h t f m ix d cids f a an a o e a or

th f rm r w h m ix d pr duc t h r quir d t m p r t ur
e o e en e , o e e e e e e a e,

an d MU T b us d w h il w rm si c
S e e c li g t h m i e a , n e on oo n e x

t ur b c m s s li d w h r s
e e o e ci d s w h m ix d d t
o , e ea a en e o n o

usu lly pr duc

a high t m p r tur
o e so d b i g flui d a e e a e, an e n

c an b us d t e
y su b es qu t p
a ri d
an ; t h r b s t cl e en e o an o e o a e

to t h ir e is th g t u c r t i ty f t h s t r gt h
u se e re a n e a n o e en

o f th i t ric cid f u d i t h sh ps r quiri g

e n a o v ri
n n e o , e n a a a

ti on i th n m u t f sulphuric
e a cid t b dd d
o n o a o e a e ,

w hich w uld h v o t b d t rm i d by c lcul t i

a e o e e e n e a a on or

m an
y t r u b l s mo t ri ls e Wh o pr p r m ixtur is b
e a . en a o e e o

t i
a ne d t h T IME f i m m rsi
, e i f o i m p rt c p e on s o no o an e, ro

v i d d it be t t sh r t d th t m p r t ur b m i
e no oo o , an e e e a e e a n

t i
a n e d t b ut 1 2 0 a a 1 30 ; t
o m i u t s is g 0
r lly
or
0
en n e en e a

su ffici t ( th ugh t h urs w ul d t r d r th c tt

en o en o o no en e e

“
o on

l ss s lub l
e o is s m t i m s ss rt d )
e, as o e e a e e .

I usi g t h m ix d cids t h li m i t s
n n e th i t ric cid
e a , e a re e n a
52 SO LU LE B CO TT O N .

b i g t s t r g i w hi ch c s th pr duct is i s lubl
e n oo on , n a e e o n o e,

or t w k wh
oo t h c tt
ea b c m s i m m di t ly m tt d
, en e o on e o e e a e a e

or e v diss lv d if th m ixt ur is w rm I h v v il d
en o e , e e a . a e a a e

m ys lf f t h s f c t s i
e o rd r t pr duc c ll d i w l
e e a n o e o o e o o on -
oo

b y th ef cids w i t h u t t h
u se t r ub l
o f c lcul t i g
a ,
o e o e o a a n

th pr p r m ixt ur cc rdi g t th ir s t r gth Fiv

e o e e a o n o e en . e

p r t s by m sur f sulp h uric ci d d f ur f i t ric cid

a ea e o a ,
an o o n a

o f sp cific gr vi t y
e t l w r th 14
a m ix d i no o e an ,
a re e n an

ea rth w r thi gl s v ss l c p bl f s t di g h t
en a e or n a s e e a a e o an n ea

s m l l p rt i s f w t r
a o dd d gr du lly ( by h lf
on o a e a re a e a a a

dr chm s t t i m supp si g t w u c t h v b
a a a e, o n o o n es o a e e en

m ix d ) t s t i g
e ,
ft r ch ddi t i by i m m rsi f
e n a e ea a on e on o a

s m ll p rt i f c tt ; th ddi ti f w t r is c t i u d
a o on o o on e a on o a e on n e

u t il F RE pi c f c tt i f u d t c t r ct d d i
n a SH e e o o on s o n o on a an s

s lv
o i m m rsi g ; w h this t k s pl c dd h lf th
e on e n en a e a e, a a e

qu t i ty f sulphuric cid p v i usly us d d ( if th

an o a re o e ,
an e

t m p r t ur d
e e s t xc d 1 3 0 i w hich c s it m us t
a e oe no e ee
0
, n a e

b e ll w d t c l t t h t p i t ) i m m rs m uch c tt
a o e o oo o a o n , e e as o on ,

w ll pull d
e t b esily d p rf ctly s k d ; it
ou ,
a s c an e ea an e e oa e

is t b l ft i f t m i u t t ki g c t h t th m i
o e e n or en n e s, a n a re a e x

t ur d e s t b c m c ld d t h t r sf r d t c ld
oe no e o e o , an en an e re o o

w t r a e d t h r ughly w sh d t his i
,
an m tt
o o f m uch a e s a a er o

i m p rt c d sh uld b p rf rm d t firs t by ch gi g
o an e, an o e e o e a an n

th w t r me y t im s u t il it c s s t t s t cid d
a e an e ,
n ea e o a e a ,
an

th tren t i g it w i t h b ili g
ea i w t r u t il th c l r f
n o n ra n -
a e n e o o o

blu li tm us r m i s u ch g d ; th fr d m fr m ll
e e a n n an e e ee o o a

tr c a f cid is i sur d by ddi g

e o a li ttl m m i b f rn e a n a e a on a e o e

th l s t w shi g C tt t hus pr p r d sh uld diss lv

e a a n . o on e a e o o e

p rf c tly d i s t t usl y i th r c t i i g li ttl

e e an n an an eo n e e on a n n a e

lc h l w i th u t l vi g fib r b hi d d th fi lm it p
a o o , o ea n a e e n ,
an e ro

duc s b f t h g t s t s t r gth d t r sp r cy b i g
e e o e re a e en an an a en ,
e n

w h t M G udi t r m s rich i g c tt ’
a a n -
. e n un o on .
 SO L U LE B CO TT O N .
-P
LAIN CO LL I N OD O . 53

ix tur f i t r t f p t sh d sulp h uric cid is

Th e m e o n a e o o a an a

d f ct iv chi fly fr m th w t f fluidi ty i c s qu c
e e e e o e an o ,
n on e en e

o f w hich t h c tt is l ss p rf ctly ct d ; t h s m y
e o on e e e a e on i a

b r m di d by i cr si g th
e e e e m u t f sulphuric cid n ea n e a o n o a ,

a t th s m eti m ddi g li ttl w t r ; m ixtur f 5

a e e a n a e a e a e o

p rt s f dri d i t r w i th 1 0 f sulphuric cid by w ight

a o e n e, o a , e ,

t g th r w i th 1
o e e f w t r pr duc s m uch b tt r c ll di o a e , o e a e e o o on

w l th
oo th rdi y m ixtur f 1 f it r w i th 1 % f
an e o n ar e o o n e o

sulphuric cid T h i t r is d i d b f r w ighi g i

a . e n e r e e o e e n , n

o rd r th t it m u t w ll t h t f t h w t r
e a s a o n , as e as a o e a e c on

t i
a n e d i t h m ixt ur m y b
n d fi it i qu t i ty ; it is
e e, a e e n e n an

th fi ly p w d r d m ix d wi th th w t r d th l
en ne o e e , e e a e ,
an e su

cid dd d i r d hil
‘

p h i ur c a ; t h t t i mam w teh m i e co on s e se e e x

t ur i h t
e s d ft rw rd w sh d w i t h gr t
o , an cr v a e a s a e ea er a e e en

th anis r quir d wh pur cids us d

e e cc u t f en e a a re e , on a o n o

t h di fficul t y f g t t i g i d f ll t h bisulph t
e o f p t sh e n r o a e a e o o a

t h t dh r
a at t h fibr s w hich b t h c t
e es o cid a d e e ,
o a s as an a n

lik w is c u s th c ll di t pp r p l sc t w h
e e a se e o o on o a ea o a e en en

h l d up t t h light ; w h r th s lu t i sh uld b p
e o e e eas e o on o e er

f t ly t r sp r t
”
ec an a en .

P LAIN CO LL I N OD O .

diss l v
To o e th e s lubl c tt ( pyr xyli
o e o on o n e
) , an d f rm
o

pl i c ll di
a n o o on , pr c d f ll w s
o ee as o o

Tk f a e o

Su lph u ri c et h e r( c on c e n tra te d )
r
,

A l coh o l , f om 90 to 9 5 p er c en t ,

Solubl c tt ugh t giv

e o on en o o e th e s lu ti o c sis t cy on a on en

such w ill ll w it t fl w
as a o o o e ven ly v r th surf c f th
o e e a e o e
54 P LAIN C O LL I N OD O .

gl s a i p r t t it qui t t h ick d t r sp r t c t
s, a n d m a o e a an an a en oa

i g n I f th c t i g is p qu t h c tt h
. e oatb p n o a e, e o on asn o een ro

p rly pr p r d th cid m ixtur h b t w k

e e a e , e a e as e en oo ea .

R m k — It is d sir b l f
e ar s v ry p r t r t h e a e or e e o e a o o u se c e

mi l ca s of u if r m s t r g th d th b tt r m th d t
n o d pt en , an e e e e o o a o

i t s m pl y t h s
o e purch s d fr m s m
o sp ct b l
o e a e o o e on e re e a e

m uf ct ry d t t k t h s fur ish d b y i p i
an a o ,
an n o a e o e n e rre s on s

bl e d u c an sci t i us p rt i s At l s t h lf f th
n on en o a e . ea on e - a o e

f ilur s xp ri c d by b gi rs is fr m w t f g d
a e e e en e e nne o an o oo

ch m ic ls It i t c m y t purch s h p i l
e a . s no e on o o a e a c ea a rt c e .

Al h l i co rt icl t h t b pr cur d i l m s t y
o s an a e a c an e o e n a o an

s m ll v ill g i t h U it d S t t s
a a ed i i gn r l fit f e n e a e , an s n en e a or

c ll di purp s
o o on I h av u d 8 8 p c t i th o es . e se er en . n e

a b v pr p rt i
o e ls th i t rm di t v ri t i s t 9 8 p
o o on s, a o e n e e a e a e e o er

c t d h v b qui t succ ssful b t f l c v i c d

en .
, an a e e en e e u ee on n e

t h t tha rdi ry 9 8 m rk d ( w hich usu lly s t ds by

e o na , as a e a an

a ctu l t s t 9 5 t 9 7 p
a e is pr f r bl x p t io er e e a e, e c e n

c s s w h r w t r i m pl y d i diss l v i g th i di z i g
a e e e a e s e o e n o n e o n

sa l t s w h I w uld fully 9 8 p c t
, en o u se er en .

B f r c cludi g th subj c t
e o e on pl i c ll di I w ill n e e on a n o o on ,

i t r duc t h cc u t gi v b y M E A H d w f his
n o e e a o n en r . . . a o o

i t r s t i g d v lu b l xp ri m t s pub lish d i
“
n e e n an a a e e e en ,
as e n

H mp h y J
u l V l VI p g 1 8
re
’
s ou rn a , o .
,
a e .

H vi g b t i a d g d c ll di W OL th xt p i t f
n o a ne oo o o on -
O e n e o n o

i quiry w w i th r g rd t th l v t ; t sc r t i w h
n as e a o e so en o a e a n e

t h r the dditi f lc h l b y d w h t is c ss ry t
e a on o a o o e on a n e e a o

c us th s lu t i f th g c tt i t h r w r b fi
a e e o on o e un - o on n e e ,
e e en e

c i l a t h r w is
or o F t his purp s
e th r d lc h l w r
e . or o e e e an a o o e e

pr p r d p rf c tly pur d m ixt ur s w r m d f 1 f

e a e e e e, an e e e a e o o

a lc h l t 7 f th r 2 t 6 3 t 5 4 t 4 d 5 t 3 I
o o o o e e ,
o ,
o ,
o an o . n

on e o u c b f ch w r diss lv d 6 gr i s f g c tt
n e ea e e o e a n o un -
o on

an d 4 g r i s f i did f m m iu m ( i did f p t ssiu m

a n o o e o a on o e o o a
 PL AIN CO LL I N OD O . 55

c l d t b m pl y d si c it r qui r s c r t i m u t
ou no e e o e ,
n e e e a e a n a o n

b tho f w t r o d lc h l t k p it i s lu ti ) t h y
a e an a o o o ee n o on e

w r th e e c m p r d usi g 3 5 gr i s lu t i f i t r t
en o a e ,
n a -
a n o on o n a e

o f sil v r b t h b y p uri g
e ,
s p r t gl ss s d lik
o o n on e a a e a e ,
an e

w is by c v ri g t w h l v s f
e o pl t wi th t w s m pl s
e n o a e o a a e o a e ,

as i x m i i g th g c tt s t hu pl ci g th m u d r
n e a n n e un o on , s a n e n e

th s m e i a m t fl i g th s m t i m
e c rc u i thi w y
s an c es ur n e a e e n s a

th ff c t f ddi g lc h l w
e e e o v ry cl rly p c i v d
a n a o o as e ea er e e ,

si c th di ff r c b tw th c ll di s w m uch
n e e e en e e e en e o o on as

g t r th c uld h v b
re a e ant icip t d o a e e en an a e .

Th firs t m ix t ur c t i i g
e l y §th f lc h l w e on a n n on -
o a o o as

qui t u fit f ph t g p hi purp s fr m it b i g l
e n or o o ra c o e s, o s e n a

m s t i m p ssibl
o v w i t h th m s t pid im m rsi
o e, e t en e o ra e on , o

o b t i fi lm f u if rm si t i v s d p ci ty t hr ugh
a n a o n o se n en e s an o a o

ou t th ,
surf c g r lly xhibi t i g rly t r sp r t
e a e en e a e n n ea an a en

b an ds h v i g irid sc t pp r c by fl ct d light
, a n an e en a ea an e re e e .

Th s c d m ixt r w i th th f th lc h l i li bl t
e e on u e 7
4
1
o e a o o s a e o

g t u c rt i t y f i f t h r b y d l y i p uri g ff
re a n e a n ,
or e e e an e a n o n o

th c ll di th s m pp r c s s
e o o on i th fi s t
e a e a ea an e a re e en as n e r ,

an d lik it t h s f c i v ry i ns
e si t iv t ligh t whi l if
e ur a e s e en e o , e

t h pl t b
e r pidly plu g d i th b th th c ll di
a e e a n e n e a , e o o on

fi lm b c m s m uch m r p qu t h b f r d i t h
“
e o e o e o a e an e o e, an s en

v rye si t i v
se n e .

Th t hird pr p rt i e f 3 f lc h l t 5 f t h r i d o o on o o a o o o o e e s e

c id d ly t h b s t gi v i g w i t h u t t h l s t di ffi cul ty
e e e , b u n o e ea a ea

t if lly u if r m
u d highly s
n si t i v fi lm t th s m ti m
o an en e , a e a e e

p rf ctly t ugh d sily r m v bl fr m th gl ss if

e e o an ea e o a e o e a re

quir d A furt h r ddit i f lc h l i th t w l st l

e . e a on o a o o ,
as n e o a co

l di s w
o on t tt d d w i t h y c rr sp di g d
, as n o a en e an o e on n a van

t g a i cr s f s sit i v ss th c t r ry th l rg
e or n ea e o en en e on e on a , e a e

pr p rt i f lc h l r d r d th m l s fluid t h ugh w i t h
o o on o a o o en e e e e s ,
o

a s m ll r q ti ty f g c tt th y w uld pr duc v ry
a e uan o un o on e o o e e
56 PL AIN CO LL I N OD O .

g d c ll di c p bl f gi v i g fi fil m th c u f
oo o o on s, a a e o n ne s : e a se o

th w e k ss f th fi lm b s rv d
ea ne o ddi g m uch f th
e , o e e on a n o e

rdi ry lc h l i th l rg m u t f w t r it usu lly

“
o n a a o o ,
s e a e a o n o a e a

c ti s
on a n .

This surprisi g i m pr v m t c us d by th ddi t i f n o e en , a e e a on o

a c rt i qu t i t y f lc h l i r f r b l t c us s p rtly
e a n an o a o o , s e e a e o a e a

ch m ic l p rt ly m c h i c l f
e a ,
a x m i i g th fil m s
e an a , or, o n e a n n e ,

it w ill b f u d i t h firs t e d
o c s i lly i th s c d
n n e ,
an oc a on a n e e on

c ll di t h t th i did f il v r i f rm d th urf c
o o on ,
a e o e o s e s o e on e s a e,

an d b m v d
c an t ir ly by fric ti
e re w i th u t d s t y
o e en e on o e ro

i g t h t r sp
n e t ll di fil m b l w w hil i t h s
an a re n co o on e o , e n o e

c ll di th t c t i m r t h
o o on s a f rt h f lc h l
on a n o e an on e - ou o a o o ,

t h i d id
e f il v r i w h lly i t h
o e o s ubs t c d i thi
e s o n e s an e, an n s

s t t p s ss th u tm st itiv ss
a e os e es e o se n s en e .

Thi di ff r c f c dit i i w i g t th v ry p ri g
s e en e o on on so n o e e S a n

so lubili ty f th r i w t r w hich i t h firs t c s p

o e e n a e , n e a e re

v t th
en str c f th i t r t f sil v i t th fi lm
e en an e o e n a e o er n o e ,

c qu tly th i d i d d sil v r luti m t th

on se en e o e an e so on s ee on e

s urf c ; b t
a e d di ti f lc h l it lubili ty bl
u on a on o a o o , s so en a es

th t w te i t rch o g placo d t hus t h i di d

n e f il
an e e s, a n e o e o s

v er i pr cip it t d t hr ugh u t t h
s e ubs t c i
a e t t f o o e s an e n a s a e o

th u tm s t di v isi
e o This di ff r c is cl rly s u d on . e en e ea e en n er

t h m icr c p
e t h pr cipi t t
os o b i g cl tt d i t h
e, e e a e e n o e n e on e

c s w hil i th th r th p rti cl s h rdly disc v r a

“
a e, e n e o e e e a re a o e

a bl fr m th ir fi ss
e o e n en e .

T h pr s c f li ttl w t r c sid r b ly m difi s

e e en e o a e a e on e a o e

t h s r sul t s si c it i s m
e e e d gr suppli s t h pl c f
,
n e n o e e ee e e a e o

a lc h l d is f us ful ; b t i th r sp ct s it is i
o o ,
an so ar e u n o e re e n

j i
u r ou s, f ccu m ul t i g
o r, a i qu t i t y if t h c ll di is a n n an , e o o on

o f us d it m k s th fi lm w k d g l t i us d
ten e ,
a e e ea an e a n o ,
an

w h t is w rs
a full f m i ut cr cks dryi g w hich i
o e, o n e a on n ,
s

n e v r th c s w h pu th r d lc h l
e e a e d
en re e e an a o o a re u se .
58 I O DI Z E D CO LL I N OD O F OR POS I T IVE S .

I E C LL I N
BR O M o -I O D P Z—N 1 D O OD O F OR o si T I V E s . O . .

O v ry i m p rt t bj ct i c ct i wi th t his p t
ne e o an o e n on n e on ar
‘

o f t h c ll die pr c ss i t h v ch m ic ls f g d
o o on o e s o a e e a o a oo

qu li ty d lw ys m pl y th f fix d s t d rd
a , an a a e o o se o a e an a .

l i c l di
P a n o lo cs
on , 10 oun e

S l i f r id n i id p ssi d
.

o ut on o b om e, a d od e of ota um a n

silv r ( p g ) e a e 61
i i
,

I od d e of a m m on um ,

r i i
H y dro-b om c a c d

D u b l i did
o f p t ss u me d il v r (
o p g e o o a i an s e se e a e

en o ugh t h t wh th pl t c m s fr m t h i t r t f
so a en e a e o e o e n a e o

sil v r b th it w ill h v
e a p qu cr m c l r
,
a e an o a e ea o o .

R m k — I th pr p r t i
e ar f t his s
s si t iv c ll di
n e e a a on o en e o o on ,

it is c ss ry t b c ut i us d t dd t m uch f t h
n e e a o e a o an no a oo o e

i did f p t ssiu m d silv r f i t h t c s th c t i g

o e o o a an e , or n a a e e oa n

w uld fl k
o ff d f lli g i t t h silv ri g s lu t i
a e o ,
anth a n n o e e n o on , e

o p r t r w uld b b lig d t fil t r it b f r h c uld ilv r

e a o o e o e o e e o e e o S e

his pl t w ith s f t y
a e g rds sp tti g it a e a s re a o n .

T h m t h d I m pl y is t
e ed d t h pl i c ll di
o b e o o a e a n o o on ,
ro

m id d i did
e an f p t ssiu m d silv r i did
o f mm
e o o a an e , o e o a o

n ium d hydr b r m ic cid d th c u ti usly d d th

an o- o a , an en a o a e

d ubl i did f p t ssiu m d silv r fr m fi t t

o e o e o o a an e o ve o en

dr ps t t i m t ryi g th c ll di fr m t i m t t i m
o a a e, n e o o on o e o e

by p uri g li ttl
o rr w s t rip f gl ss w hich I dip
n a e on a na o o a ,

i t th sil v i g s lu t i
n o e d l t it r m i er n f tw o on ,
an e e a n or o

m i ut sn I f th c t i g ssu m s th pr p r c l r ( cr m
e . e oa n a e e o e o o a ea

c l r ) I sh k th c t t s f th b ttl d t h s t d
o o ,
a e e on en o e o e, an en an

i t sid t s tt l
a e it is b tt r ft r it h
o e st d f w k e e e a e as oo or a ee

or two .

This c ll di I h v us d ft r it h b m o o on a e e a e as e en a de e ig h t
m ths
on d pr duc d fi d s t isf c t r y r su lt s
,
an o e n e an a a o e ,
an d u se
 I IE
OD Z D CO LL I N OD O FOR PO S I T IVE S. 59

s rly lt g th r i pr c t ic S i c th firs t di t i
t hi n ea a o e e n a e . n e e e on

of t his w rk h b issu d I h v s ld v r t w t h us d
o as e en e ,
a e o o e o o an

p u ds f thi s pr p r t i
o n d th d m
o d is th i e a a on ,
an e e an on e n

cr s I will pp d th r pr p r t i ( N 2 ) which
ea e . a en ano e e a a on o .

I h v succ ssfully m pl y d d s m p r t r pr f r
a e e e o e , an o e o e a o s e e .

R M I IE L IN O S I T I V ES r —N
B O O- OD Z D CO LO D O FO R
L
P O 2 . .

l
P a in ll
c o odi on

I od d e i of p ota ssi m u

B r omid e of a mm on um i
ugh f th d ubl i did f p t ssiu m d sil v r t
En o o e o e o e o o a an e o

giv th c t i g cr m c l r wh it c m s fr m th
e e oa n a ea o o en o e o e

sil v ri g s lut i It w ill t k fr m

e n o t t hr ondr chm . a e o on e o ee a s .

O t his l s t m y b
r m i tt da d f w dr ps f a s tur t d e o e ,
an a e o o a a a e

s lut i f dry i di i lc h l m y b dd d E i th r f
o on o o ne n a o o a e a e . e o

t h s ple s h v b succ ssful i m y pr ct ic

e an a e e en e n a e .

R m k —T h i di d
e ar f p t ssiu m b i g i s lub l i
s e o e o o a e n n o e n

t h c ll di
e it sh uld b firs t diss lv d i
o o on ,
li tt l w t r o e o e n as e a e

as p ssib l i t k th qu t i t y 3 0 gr i s p t it i t
o e . e .
,
a e e an ,
a n , u n o

a u c gr du t d w i t h gl ss d s tir it d d i g
o n e -o n e a a e, an a a ro ,
a n

w t r dr p by dr p
a e , ly u t il ll f th s lt is diss lv d
o o ,
on n a o e a o e .

Th it m y b p ur d i t th c ll di
en a d t h r w ill
e o e n o e o o on , an e e

b e aw hi t p w d ry pr cipi t t e o e e a e .

Th br m id ef mm iu m w ill diss lv i th c ll di
o e o a on o e n e o o on ,

an d b p t i t it
c an Wh e ll f t h u cc l r t rs
n o . en a o e a e e a o a re

i
n ,
it sh uld b w ll sh k o d th ll w d t s ttl
e e a en , an en a o e o e e

an d b c m cl r Wh w t d su ffici t qu t i t y
e o e ea . en an e ,
a en an

m y b p ur d i t
a evi l ( oFig 3 4 ) f e d th
n o a a se e . or u se , an e

m i a n s t ck b ttl sh uld t b dis turb d ft r t h

or o o e o n o e e o en e an

ne c ss ry This l s t c ll di is t d ur b l
e a .
th a o o on no as a e as e

firs t b t is l ss t r ubl t pr p r
, u e o e o e a e .
60 I IE
OD Z D C OL L O D O IN F OR NEGA T IVE S .

B R M O I
O- O D Z IE D CO L LOD O I N FOR N EGA T IVE S .

l
P ai n c ll di
o o on 8 ou n c e s
i ssi ss lv gr is
.

Io d d e of p ota um ( di o e d as p er pg a e 62) 24 a n

r i i
.

B om de of a mm on um 16

his c ll di sh uld b ll w d t s t d d s ttl

T o o on o e a o e o an an e e

tw t y f ur h urs b f r
en - o it is us d wh o w t d it e o e e en an e ,

sh uld b p d ff i t c ll di v i l T h m r fr
o e
'

o u re o n o a o o on a . e o e ee

t h c ll di
e o is fr m s di m t d s m ll p rticl s f dus t
o on o e en an a a e o

or u diss l v d c tt th s ft r d m r p rf c t w ill b
n o e o on , e o e an o e e e e

th ei m pr ssi it m k se on a e .

I c s th
n a b ve pr p rt i s f i did f p t ssiu m
e a o e o o on o o e o o a

s h uld t pr duc cr m c l r d c t i g w h it c m s
o no o e a ea -
o o e oa n , en o e

fr m th i t r t f sil v r b th m r m y b dd d f
o e n a e o e a , o e a e a e or

exa m pl if th c t i g is f bluis h t i t I w uld diss l v

e, e oa n o a n , o o e

6 gr i s f i did
a n f p t ssiu m i w t r
o o b fr
e o d o a n a e , as e o e, an

th sh k w ll d t s t it by pu tt i g litt l
\

en t y it r : a e e , an e n a e on a

slip f gl s d dippi g it i t th il v ri g s lu t i ; if
o as ,
an n n o e s e n o on

it c t s t
oa cr m c l r it is righ t
o a ea - o o
,
.

It sh uld b b r o i m i d th t ft r th ddi t i f
e o ne n n ,
a a e e a on o

io did f p t ssiu m h r r c m m d d t h c ll di
e o o a e e e o en e , e o o on

sh uld b ll w d t s t d u t il s ttl d b f r d t k
o e a o e o an n e e , e o e un er a

i g t pr duc
n o pict ur lth ugh th c ti g m y b
o e a e, a o e oa n a e

pr v i usly t s t d by m s f slip f gl ss
e o e e ean o a o a .

SO LU T I N O OF B R MI E
O D AN D I O DI D E OF PO T A S S IUM AN D

S ILVER .

iss lv 1 3 0 gr i s f crys t lliz d i t r at f sil v r i 4

D o e a n o a e n e o
‘

e n

ou c s f pur w t r i l g 8 u c i l Th i
n e o e a e , n a on -
o n e v a u
'

en n a

cl l u c gr du t
e an -
o s m th c v i t v ss l
n e a a e , or o e o er on en en e e
 B O R MI E D AN D I I E
OD D OF S ILVER .

i i g h lf
c on t a n n u c f w t r diss lv 1 3 0 gr i
a an o n e o a e , o e a ns

b r m ido f p t ssiu m
e o Wh t his d th i t r t f silv
o a . en an e n a e o er

a re b t h d is lv d p ur t h s lu t i
o so f br m ide f p t ,
o e o on o o e o o as

s ium i t th vi l c t i i g th sil v r d t hick y l

n o e a on a n n e e , an a e

l w pr cipi t t w ill f ll T h is i t h br m i d
o e a e f p t ssiu m a . s e o e o o a

an d silv r This sh ld b w sh d by rly filli g th

e . ou e a e nea n e

v i l w i t h w t r ; sh k it d t h l t it ttl w hich it
a a e a e ,
an en e se e,

w ill r dily d ea d th p ur th w t r l v i g th
o, a n en o on e a e , ea n e

y ll w m s i t h b tt m f th v i l ; c t i u t his p
e o a s n e o o o e a on n e o e

r t i f w shi g f t l st t ch g s f w t r ; th
a on o a n or a ea en an e o a e en ,

a ft r dr i i g ff th w t r cl s
e a n n p ssibl p t i t
o e a e as o e as o e, u n o

t h v i l f ur u c s
e a f lc h l
o h k it w ll d l t it
o n e o a o o , s a e e an e

s ttl ; th p u ff cl s p ssibl By this m s

e e en o r o as o e as o e . e an

th w t e is rly ll t k
a er t n ea a a en ou .

P ur i t t h v i l th
o n u c s f lc h l ; th i m ll
o e a re e o n e o a o o en n a s a

m rt r fio aly pul v ri z ne u f i did f sil v r de e on e o nce o o e o e , an

t h s lu t i
e o w hich w b f r cl r w ill b m r l ss
on , as e o e ea , e o e or e

o f y ll w c l r d th b ulk f th y ll w pr cipit t
a e o o o , an e o e e o e a e

w ill b d im i i sh d
e I h v s m t i m s c m p l t ly di
n e . a e o e e o e e re - s

so l v d th y ll w p cipit t b t this d s t ft ccur

e e e o re a e, u oe no o en o ,

e xc p t th r b m r w t r pr s t th i d vis bl It
e e e e o e a e e en an s a a e .

is b tt t h v
e er xc ss f br m id f p t iu m i th
o a e an e e o o e o o a ss n e

so lut i Thi
on b. by it b i g wh it
s c an d e se e n s e n e, an re

m i i g u di
a n n l v d i th b tt m f th v i l This s l
n sso e n e o o o e a . o u

ti on sh uld b pr p r d i t h v i g i d rk m
o e e a e n e e en n , or n a a roo ,

an d ly th light f l m p c dl m pl y d
on e o a a or an e e o e .

DO U LEB I O DI D E OF PO T A IUM
SS AN D S ILVER .

This s lut i i m d i th s m mo r i th
on s a e n e a e ann e as n e

f r g i g rt icl subst itu t i g t h i did f p t siu m f

o e o n a e, n e o e o o as or

t h br m id
e br m id b i g us d i t hi p p r ti
o e- no o e e n e n s re a a on .
62 D EVE L OP ING SOL U TI ON .

Th e y ll w pr cipi
e o t his c s will diss l v d
e t a t e in a e be rc - o e

and t k p i t
a h s l t i
en i t m
u
y r quir m r n t h e o u on : a e e o e an

u c f pul v riz d i did f p t ssium t ff ct this

on e o n e o e e o e o o a o e e ,

b t it m y b
u dd d i xc ss th t t h s lu ti sh ll
a e a e n e e ,
so a e o on a

c t i qu t ity i w d
on a n a an n p o er .

EVEL ING
D OP SO LU T I ON

P r oto -sulp h a t e o f z ir on

i ill w r
,

R ain or d st ed a te ,

h s i t qu r t b t tl d sh k u t il th crys
Pu t t e e n o a a o e, an a e n e

t ls
a ll diss lv d
a re a d t his b k pt f s t ck b t
o e ,
an c an e e or a o o ~

ti d wh
e, an w t d f p ur i t enth r b t t l an e o r u se o n o an o e o e .

sl iO f th e '
a b ove o ut on

c ic i ( N )
,

A et ac d o 8

h i l p r i ric i
.

C em c a ly u e n t ac d

h k this m ixtur w ll d filt r thr ugh sp g

S a e e e ,
an e o a on o,

an d it i dy f s re aI fi l m rk i t his b tt l i di o r u se . e a a n o e n

ca ti g fi n u c s d th r f 1 u c t his w ill s v
ve o n e ,
an an o e or o n e a e

tim i m ixi g t h s lu t i
e n n e o on .

R m k — I m y r c t t ur f t h
e ar s U it d St t s I
n e en o o e n e a e ,

f u d it difficul t t b t i g d r ticl f pr t sulph t

o n o o a n a oo a e o o o- a e

o f ir d i it s t d I us d t h c m m
on , an n c pp r s such
s ea e e o on o e a ,

as I c uld fi d l m s t i
o
y s t r n I m pl y fr
a m o n an o e . e o o on e

f urt h t
o h lf m r t h th qu t i ty giv b v I f
o on e - a o e an e an en a o e .

it l k d oo cl r gre d fr
a fr m w hi tea br w e en , an ee o a e or o n

ish p w d r b u t f urth ddi ti i f ur u c s

o e ,
a o on e - o a on : . e .
,
o o n e ,

i s t d f t hr
n ea gi v b v I f th s lu t i i th
o ee, as en a o e . e o on n e

s ot ck b tt l is t w o t d f e w k m r f w cr y
no an e or a ee or o e, a e s

t ls f t h pr t sulph t
a o ef ir sh uld b d d d
o o- it a e o on o e a e ,
as

d c m p s s d th s t r gt h is d pr ci t d
e o o e , an e en e e a e .
 F I x IN G S O L TI N
U O .
-
HU M RE Y
PH
’
S C o L L o DI O N GI ING LD . 63

Th r i qu it di ff r c i th s tr gth f th c t i
e e s e a e en e n e en o e a e c

a cid s ld by as c t ry druggis ts d t h p r t
o ou r oun ,
an e o e a or

sh uld b sur th t h h N 8 t w hi ch qu li ty t h
o e e a e as o .
,
o a e

a b v pr p rt i
o e d p t d I v r h v m pl y d
o o on s a re a a e . n e e a e e o e

t h d v l pi g s lu ti
e e b t
e o c b t bj ct i
n o on u on e, u c a n se e n o o e on s

t it f
o u se u m b f gl ss pl t s b t it sh uld b
or a n er o a a e ,
u o e

filt r d v ry tim b f r usi g Th qu t it y f i t ric

e e e e e e o e n . e an o n

a cid m y b i cr s d l ga pr p r pr p rt i is
e n ea e , so on as a o e o o on

p s rv d w i th fh s t r gt h f th b th Th ff c t f
re e e e en o e a . e e e o

t his d d i t i f cid w ill b t brigh t

a on th i m pr ssi
o a e o en e e on

b t if c rri d t
u f th
a r duct i ( d v l pi g ) w ill b
e oo a r, e e on e e o n e

irr gul r d th h rm y f th i m pr si i jur d

e a , an e a on o e es on n e .

FIXIN G SO LU T I N O .

Wa te r , 8 oun c e s.

C yan d e i of p ota s si um , ab ou t 1 d r
ach m.

R e m a rk s
p c y id f p .t ss
—Ii u m ut en o ugh o f th e an e o o a

i t th w t r t m k th s lu t i f such s t r g th t
n o e a e o a e e o on o en as o

diss lv ff th i d i d f silv r c ti g ) i fr m t w t y
o e o e o e o e oa n
”
n o en

t six t y s c
o ds T h p r t i is qui t i m il r t t h t f
e on . e o e a on e S a o a o

hyp sulph t f s d up t h c t i g f th D g
o a e o o a on e oa n o e a u e rre o

t yp pl t e A t c c t r t d s l ti is lik ly t i jur
a e . oo on en a e o u on e o n e

th sh rp ss f t h i m g
e a n e o e a e .

B RIG T ENING H AN D FINI ING SH T HE I MAGE .

Th e a rt ic le I n ow e m pl y f fi ishi g ff m y P s itiv s
o or n n o o e

is i m rk t d k
n a e ,
an no w H UM
n RE Y C L I N G IL
as PH
’
S OL OD O D

ING It is w pr
. a ne e p r ti
a d x rts p w f l i fl
a on ,
an e e a o er u n u

en c up th i m ge on e a e, h vi g th s m bright i g ff c t
a n e a e en n e e

as chl rid f g ld o e o o on th d gu r t yp Th r is
e a e re o e . e e n o ar
64 NI T RA T E or S L I VE R B AT H .

t i l w i m rk t th t qu ls t h is I h v u til q it
e e no n a e a e a . a e n u e

re c tly us d v r ish f t his purp s b t h v i g s m

en e a a n or o e, u a n o e

t hi g t h t is f f
n gr t r v lu I h v disc rd d it I t
a o ar ea e a e, a e a e .

i f t h m s t v l b l i m pr v m
s on e o e ot s si c t h a uapplic e o e en n e e a a

ti on f t h C ll di
o Fil m e v hicl f pr duci g ph t
o o on as a e e or o n o o

gr phic i m g s It is
a w d isc v r y
a e . d is b i g r pidly a n e o e , an e n a

br ug h t i t
o b y th nfirs t m b t yp
o u se d ph t g e a ro e rs an o o ra ~

p h i
e rs A m ric n I t dds t l s t
e h lf
a t. t h b u ta
y f a ea on e - a o e ea o

an m b r t yp
a b v o
y m t h d h
e, a r t f r io e anI t i e o e e o o e n u se . s

imp i h bl gi v i g surf c
er s a l m s t qu l i h r d ss t th
e, n a a e a o e a n a n e o e

gl ss i t s lf I t is sy f p p li t i ;it giv s b illi t fi ish ;

a e . ea o a ca on e a r an n

it is t ff c t d b y
n o m is t t m sph r
a e e it is t ff c t d
a o a o e e no a e e

by pur w t r ; it is t h b s t rt icl v r us d f fi i h
e a e e e a e e e e or n s

in
g m b a
yp i t w
rotill pr s r v gl
es ss ; g t iv s f l l e e e a n e a e or a

t im i t w ill pr s rv
e th wh i i th m br t yp
e e it e e te s n e a o e

giv s rich lus t r t dr p ry it w ill b r xp sur t th

e a e o a e ea e o e o e

h t o ; it pr s rv s p si t iv s
su n d eg t iv s fr m i jury
e e o e an n e a e o n

by ligh t It is .rt icl t h t w h c t ri d th p

an a e a , en on e e , e o e

r t r up gl ss ( p si t iv g ti
a o on a lbu m i z d pl t s )
o e , n e a v e , or a en e a e

will n ot d o with ou t .

Th e i gr di t s i
n e en n th e c m p si ti
o o on o f t his gildi g n a re

n e i th r p e d p bli h
a d b t i t
te n t e n or u s e , u can b pr cur d fr
e o e om

an
y d l r i ph
ea et gr phic ch m ic ls n o o a e a .

N I T RA T E OF S ILVER BA T H .

I h r giv
e e e w h at c sid r
I on e an i m pr v m o e en t on b th
th e a

m en ti di
on e n th e firs t di ti e on o f t his w rk o . I firs t pub
li sh e d it in H u mp h rey
’
s Jou rn a l , N o 2 3 V ol VII
.
, .

Th e i t r t f silv r s lu t i is
n a e o e o on an i m p rt t m ixtur o an e in
th e ch m ic l d p rtm t f th
e a e a en o e a m br t yp pr c ss
o e o e , an d
66 V A ULARY
OC B or

Th en it ( th e i o did
silv r ) is t b p t i t th b ttl e of e o e u n o e o e

c t i i g th 8 w t r d 1 8 0 0 gr f i t r t f silv r
on a n n e oz . a e an . o n a e o e

sh k it w ll d it w ill rly qui t ll diss lv ;

a e e ,
an n ea or e a o e

p ur thi i t th t w qu rt b ttl
o s n o d sh k w ll ; it
e o- a o e, an a e e

w ill b f y ll w ish w h i t t i t d sh uld b fil t r d

e o a e o e n ,
an o e e e

t hr ugh sb s t s
o a p g w h it w ill b c m cl r
e o or S on e, en e o e ea .

Wh cl r t s t t h s lut i w i h b lu li t m us p p r ; if
en ea , e e o on t e -
a e

i t t ur s itn d it is su ffi ci t ly cid
re , if it d s t c h g en a oe n o an e

it ,
dd
a w dr ps
on e o r f i t ric cid ch m ic lly pur ;
t o o o n a , e a e

th t s t it g i ; if it d
en e a s t ch g it d d
a n w oe no an e ,
a on e or t o

dr ps m r
o jus t ugh t ch g th p p r t th
o e , or en o o an e e a e o e

s light s t d e re .

A s lu t i o pr p r d i this pr p r ti w ill lik t h rs

on e a e n o o on ,
e o e ,

i m pr v by g A ld b t h is c sid r d f m r
o e a e . n o a on e e ar o e va

l b l th
na e w ly pr p r d
an Th s r m rks m y p
on e n e e a e . e e e a a a

p r t ld ph t gr phic p r t rs
ea o o f o oi m p rt c a o e a o as o no o an e,

b t t h y m us t b r i m i d t h t t h r
u e hu dr ds jus t
ea n n a e e a re n e

a d p t i ng t h is w pr c ss f pictur t ki g
o n e o e o e a n .

This s lu t i w ill w rk m r s t isf ct rily t h th

o on o o e a a o an e on e

I f r m rly us d It w ill w rk quick r i th c m r

o e e . d o e n e a e a, an

is q lly dur b l
e ua a e .

AC KN W LE GMEN T
O D r th .
—T h e f ll w i g p g s u
o o n a e ,
n de e

h d f V b l y f Ph g p h i C h m i l d t r t
ea o oc a u ar o oto ra c e c a s, a n ea

i g up
n th C h m ic ls us d i Ph t gr phy
on e t k e a e n o o a , a re a en

fr m th third di t i f H dw i h Ph t gr phic C h
o e e on o ar c
’
s o o a e

m is try

cb r fP Vo r h ic ic
a s u la y o h otog a p Ch em a l .

A ETI A I C C C D .

S ym b l C H 0 + H O At m ic w igh t 60
o , 4 3 3
. o e ,
.

Ac t ic c i d is
e pr duct f th id i f lc h l
a a o o e ox a t on o a o o .
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH E I AL
M C S . 67

S pirit u us li q uids w h p rf ctl y pur

o ,
t ff c t d en e e e , a re no a e e

b y xp s r te i ; b t if
o u e p r ti f y s t
o a r it g u a o on o ea ,
or n ro e

n o us rg ic m t t r f y ki d b d d d it s
o an a e ct so an n , e a e , oo n a as

a
f m er d c en s t
t,h spiri
an t t u i t w i
au t h x y g es d e o n e o en e

riv d fr m t h t m sp h r d t b c m
e o e a fr m f
o e e, an o e o e s o ur o or

m ti a f c t ic cid
on o vi g r
a e a or n e a .

A c t ic cid is ls pr duc d
e a l rg sc l b y h t i g
a o
-
o e on a a e a e ea n

w d i
oo cl s v ss ls ; sub s t c dis t ils v r w hich i
n o e e e a an e o e s

a c t ic ci d c t m i t d w i th m p yr u m t ic d t rry
e a on a na e e e a an a

m tt r ; i t is t r m d p y r lig
a e us ci d d is m uch us d
e e o n eo a ,
an e

i c m m rc
n o e e .

T h m st c e c t r t d c tic cid m y b b t i d by
o on en a e a e a a e O a ne

n e u t r lizi g c m m Vi g r w i t h c rb t f s d d
a n o on n e a a on a e o o a an

crys t llizi g t t h c t t f s d f r m d t his

a n ou e a e a e o o a so o e ace

t t a f s d is t h
e o dis t ill d w i t h sulphuric cid w hich
o a en e a ,

r m v s th s d d lib r t s c t ic cid th c t ic cid

e o e e o a an e a e a e a e a e a

b i g v l t il
e n d is t ils v r
o a d m y b c
e, d sd o e ,
an a e on en e .

P p i
ro
f A i A
e rt e s id — Th s t
o r g s t cid c
c et c t i s c e on e a on a n

on l y i gl t m f w t r ; it is s ld u d r th m f
a S n e a o o a e o n e e na e o

gl ci l c t ic cid
a a a c ll d fr m it pr p rty f s lidi
e a ,
”
so a e o s o e o o .

fy i g tn m d r t l y l w t m p r t ur
a a o eAt b u t 5 0 t h
a e o e e a e . a o
°
e

crys t ls m l t d f rm li m pid liquid f pu g t d r

a e ,
an o a o n en o o

an d d si ty rly c rr sp di g t th t f w t r ; th
a en n ea o e on n o a o a e e

sp cific gr vi ty f c t ic cid h w v r i
e a o t st
a f it e a , o e e , s n o e o s

r l s tr gth w hich
ea en l y b s t i m t d b y lysi
,
c an on e e a e an a s .

T h c m m rci l gl ci l c t ic cid i
e o e ft dilut d w i t h
a a a a e a s o en e

w t r w h ich m y b susp c t d if it d s
a e ,
a t s lidify dur e e e oe n o o

i g t h c ld w i t r m
n e o th s S ulphur us n d h yd
e hl on . o an ro c o

ric ci d s a ls c m m i m puri t i s Th y i juri us

a re a o o on e . e a re n o

i n ph t gr p h ic pr c ss s fr m t h ir pr p r ty f p ip i
o o a o e e o e o e o re c

t ti g
a i r t f silv r T d t c t t h m pr c d f l
n n t a e o e . o e e e o ee as o

l s diss l v s m ll cry s t l f i t r t f ilv r i

wo — o e a a a o n a e o S e n a
68 V A ULARY
OC B or

fe w dr ps f w t o d d d t i t b u t h lf
o a dr ch m f
e r, a n a o a o a a a o

th e
gl i l cid
ac a ; t h m ix t ur ash uld r m i qui t cl e e o e a n e ear

e v wh en xp s d t th light H ydr chl ric d sul

en e o e o e . o o an

p h u rou s acids pr duc w hi d p si t fo chl ri d e l a te e o o o e o r su

p h it f
e o ilv r Sd if ld hy de v l t il t
an r y m t t r b a e e or o a e ar a e e

pr s t i th c t ic ci d th m ixt ur w i th i t r t f sil
e en n e a e a , e e n a e o

v e r, a l th ugh cl r t firs t b c m s d isc l r d by th

o ea a , e o e o o e e ac

ti on f ligh t
o .

M y ph t gr ph rs m pl y
an o o ch p r f rm f c t ic
a e e o a ea e o o a e

a cid ld b y druggis t s
, so B f y cid it sh uld b as e au o
’
s
”
a o e

o f th tre gt h f th c t ic cid f t iss f th L d

s en o e a e a or . o e on on

Ph m ar
p iaco c t i i g 3 0
ce a ,
p c t r l
on cid d m
a n n us t er en . ea a ,
an

b t st d f
e e e sulphuric cid ( sulphuric cid ) d ls
or a se e a ,
an a o

by m ixi g w i t h it r t f ilv r
n n a e o S e .

AC E TA T E OP S ILVER .
( S ee S il v r Ac e ,
eta te of .
)

A L UMEN
B .

A lbu m
is rg ic pri cipl f u d b th i th i
en an o an n e, o n o n e an

m l a d v g t bl ki gd m
an It pr p r t i s
e e a b st t e n o . s o e e a re e s u

d i d i th whi f gg w hich is v ry pur f r m f

e n e te o e ,
a e e o o

a lbu m en .

Al b u m is c p bl f xis t i g i t w s t t s i
en a f a e o e n n o a e n on e o

w hich it is s lu b l i th t h r i s lu b l i w t r
o Th e, n e o e n o e n a e . e

a q u u s lu t i
eo s f th s lub l v ri ty gi v
o slightly
on o e o e a e es a

a lk l i r c ti t t s t p p r ; it is s m wh t t h ick d
a ne ea on o e -
a e o e a an

glu t i us b t b c m s m r flui d th ddi t i f

no ,
u e o e o e on e a on o a

s m ll qu t i ty f lk li such p t sh m m i
a an o an a a ,
as o a or a on a .

I n th is c oun t ry th e pr ac t ii r s
t on e u se th e a ril s l
t c e o d in m a rk et as
“ Ac e
tic Ac d , i No .
-S . D H . .
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 69

So l bl
u e a lb u m m y b c en a e on v e r te d i n t o t h e in s olu ble

f rm
o in t h e f ll w i g w ys
o o n a

1 . By f t he d
a rpptlily s tr
c a t io n g o h ea t . A mo
- e a e on

so lu ti f lb u m b c m s p l sc t d c gul t s
on o a en e o e o a e en an oa a e on

b i g h t d t b ut
e n ea e b t t m p r t ur
o a f 2 1 2 is
o u a e e a e o
°

r quir d if th liquid is v ry d ilu t A l y r f d i d

e e e e e . a e o r e

al b u m c t sily b c gul t d by th m r p p li
en ann o ea e oa a e e e e a

c ti f h t
a on o ea .

2 B y . d d i i f g a id — N i t ric
t oncid c ogul t s
s t ron ac s a oa a e

alb u m p rf c tly w i t h u t t h id f h t Ac t ic cid

en e e o e a o ea . e a ,

h w v r c t s di ff r t ly pp ri g t t r i t c m b i
o e e ,
a e en ,
a ea n o en e n o o

na ti w i th th
on lb u m d f rm i g c m p u d s lu
e a en , an o n a o o n o

b l i w r m w t r cidi fi d b y c t ic cid
e n a a e a e a e a .

3 By h . i f m llit l M
e a c t on y f t h s l tos f e ta c sa ts .
-
an o e a o

th m t ls c
e gul t lb u m v ry c m pl t ly N i t r t
e a oa a e a en e o e e . a e

o f silv r d s e; ls t h b ic h l rid
oe f m rcury Am m
so a o e o e o e . o

n i l xid
aca f silv r h w v r d s
o e o t c gul t lbu e , o e e , oe no oa a e a

m en .

hi t pr cipi t t f rm d m ixi g lb u m w i t h
Th e w e e a e o e on n a en

n i tr t f silv r is ch m ic l c m p u d f th i m l
a e o e a e a o o n o e an a

m tt r w i t h pr t xid
a e f silv r This sub s t c w hich o o e o e . an e,

h asb t r m d lb u m i t f silv r is s lubl i m m

een e e a na e o e , o e n a o

i
n a an d hyp sulphi t f s d ; b t ft r xp sur t ligh t
o e o o a u a e e o e o ,

or h t i g i curr t f hydr g g it ssu m s brick

ea n n a en o o en a s, a e a

re d c l r b i g pr b bly r duc d t t h
o o , c di t i f
e n o a e e o e on on o a

sa lt f th b id f sil v r It is th l m s t i s lub l
o e s u ox e o e . en a o n o e

i n mm ai b t ugh diss l v s t t i g t h liquid w i

on a , u en o o e o n e e n e

re d Th . uth r is f pi i t h t th d l
e a f o o o n on a e re c o ora ti on o

s lut i f i tr t f ilv r m pl y d i s si t izi g t h

o on o n a e o S e e o e n en n e

a l bu m iz d p h t gr p h ic p p r is pr duc d b y th s m
en e o o a a e o e e a e

c m p u d l th ugh ft r f rr d t th pr s c f sul
o o n ,
a o o en e e e o e e en e o

p h t f
u re silv r o e .
70 V A OC B UL ARY or

lbu m
A ls c m b i s wi th li m
en d b ryt ;
a d o o n e e an a a an

chl rid f b riu m h b r c m m d d i p si t iv

o e o a as een e o en e n o e

pri t i g p
n nlb u m iz d p p r pr b b ly fr m this
u on a en e a e , o a o

c usa e .

C h m i l mp i i e
fca lb m —
A l b u m b
co l gs t os t on o a u en . en e on o

th i g
e n t ro cl s f rg ic sub s t c s It ls
e n ou s a s o o an an e . a o c on

t i s s m ll q u
a n t i t i s f sulphur
a d ph sph r s an e o an o o u .

A L C OH OL .

S m y bl o ,
C4 H60 2
. At om i w e c ight ,
46 .

lc h l is b t i d b y th c r ful dis t ill t i f y

A o o o a ne e a e a on o an

spiri tu us f r m t d liq r I f w i
o or b er b pl c d en e uo . n e or ee e a e

in r t rt
a d h t ppli d t h
e o ,
lc h l b i g m r
an ea a e , e a o o , e n o e vo

l t il t h
a e w t r ris s firs t an d is c d sdi
a e p, e ,
an on en e n an a o

p p ro i t r c
r ai v r ; e p r t i f teh v p
e r f w t r
e h w a o on o e a o o a e ,
o

e v r p ss s v r w i th t h lc h l d dilut it t
e ,
a e o e e a o o ,
an es o a

c rt i xt t f rm i g w h t is t rm d spiri t s f w i
e a n e en , o n a e e o ne .
”

Muc h f this w t r m y b r m v d by r dis t ill t i

o a fr m
e a e e o e e a on o

c rb t f p t sh ; b t i rd r t r d r th lc h l
a on a e o o a u n o e o en e e a o o

t h r ughly
o o hy d it is c ss ry t m pl y q i k lim
an rou s , n e e a o e o u c e
,

w hich p ss ss s s till gr t r t t r c ti f w t r A
o e e a ea e a a on or a e . n

e qu l w ight f t his p w d r d l m m ix d w i th s t r g
a e o o e e i e is e on

a lc h l f 8 23 d th t w
o o o dis t ill d t g th r
‘

,
an e o a re e o e e .

A l — Pur h dr us lc h l is lim
P p i
ro
f l h
ert e s o y co o . e an o a o o a

pid liquid f gr b l d ,
o d pu g t t s t
an a p gr eea e o or a n
'

n en a e s . .

a t 7 94 I t b s rbs v p r
”
f w t r
.
d b c m s a o a o o a e ,
an e o e

dilu t d b y xp sur t d m p i ; b ils t 1 7 3 F hr It

e e o e o a a r o a
°
a .

h as n ev r b fr z e e en o en .

A lc h l d is t ill d fr m c rb
o o t f p t sh h sp ci
e o a on a e o o a as a e

fi gr v i t y f
c a t 8 23 d c t i s 90 t 93 p
o c t o
‘

,
an on a n o er en .

o f r l spiri t
ea .
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 7 1

sp cific gr vi ty
Th e e a o f r d i ry r c ti fi d spiri t s f w i
o na e e o n e

i usu ll y b u t 8 4 0
s a a o
'

,
an d it c t i s 8 0 t 8 3 pon c t a n o er en . o f
ab s lu lc h l
o te a o o .

A MM NIA O .

Sy m b o l ,
NH 3 or NH 4 O . At o m ic we ight ,
17 .

Th e li q uid k w b t h is m is no qu us s lu t i n y na e an a eo o on

o f t h v l t il g
e mm
o a i Am m i c l g c t i s 1
e as a on a . on a a as on a n

a t m o f itr g n c m b i
o n d w i h th r
o f h yd r g
e th so n e t ee o o en : e e

tw l m t ry b di s x h i b i t
o e e en ffi i t y f
a ch t h r
o e e no a n or ea o e ,

b t th y
u b m d t u i t u d r c r t i circu m s t
e c an e csa e o n e n e e a n an e ,

an d h r sul t is m m
t e i
e a on a .

P p ro i f A m m i
e rt e s o A m m i c l g is s lubl i on a -
on a a as o e n

w t r t
a e l rg xt t t h s lu t i p ss ssi g th p
o a a e e en e o on o e n e se ro

p rt i s w hich
o e t r m d lk li Am m a re i hwvr e e a a n e . on a , o e e ,

diff rs fr m t h t h r lk li s i
e o i m p rt t p rt icul r
e o e a a e n on e o an a a

—it is v l t il h c t h rigi l c l r f t ur m ric p p r

o a e : en e e o na o o o e a e

a ff c t d b y m m
e e i is r s t r d t h pplic t i f h t
a on a e o e on e a a on o ea .

S lu t i
o f mm
on i b s rb s c rb ic cid r pidly fr m
o a on a a o a on a a o

th i
e a r, a n d is c v r t d i t c rb t f mm on i ; it e e n o a on a e o a on a

sh uld th r f r b pr s rv d i s t pp r d b ttl s B
o e e o e e e e e n o e e o e . e

sid s c rb t c m m rci l m m i ft c t i s chl

e a on a e, o e a a on a o en on a n o

rid f m m iu m r c g iz d b y th whit pr cipi t t

e o a on , e o n e e e e a e

giv b y i t r t f silv r ft r cidifyi g with pur

en n a e o e a e a n e

n i t ric cid a .

Th s t r gt h f c m m rci l m m i v ri gr tly ;
e en o o e a a on a a es ea

t h t s ld f
a o
p h m t i
or purp s s u d
ar r t h m f a c eu ca o e , n e e na e o

li q u r m m i c t i s b u t 1 0 p c t f l m
o a on ae , on a n a o er en . o re a a

m on i T h p gr f qu us m m i dim i i h w i th
a . e s . . o a eo a on a n s es

t h pr p r t i
e o f mm
o i pr s t th liqu r m m i
on o a on a e en , e o a on z
B

b i g usu lly b u t 9 3 6
e n a a o
‘

.
72 v o c A B U L A R r 0 1?

C h em ic a l l th ugh f r m i g
Prop e rt ies .
— Am m o n i a , a o o n a

l rg cl ss f s l t s pp rs t firs t sigh t t c t r s t s t r gly

a e a o a , a ea a o on a on

I c m p si t i w i t h t h lk li s pr p r such p t sh
o o on e a a e o e ,
as o a

an d s d Mi r l b s s g
o a . r lly p ne il a
f m l a e en e a a re ro t o x r e s o e ta s ,

b t mm
u a i c sis t s si m ply f i t r g
on a d hydr g
on o n o en an o en

u i t d w i th xyg
n e T h f ll w i g r m rks m y p rh p
o en . e o o n e a a e a s

t en d s m w h t t lucid t th d i fficulty
o e a o e a e e

Th y f A
eor m m i m — This
o t h ry supp s s t h
on ut sub . eo o e a a

s t c xis t s p ss ssi g th pr p rti s f m l b t dif

“
an e e o e n e o e e o a e ta , u

f r t fr m m t llic b di s g r lly i b i g mp d i
o en o e a o e en e a n e n co ou n n

s t ructur th f rm ul ssig d t it is NH 1 t m f
“
e : e o a a n e o , a o o

n it r g u i t d w i th 4 f hydr g
o en n e Th h yp t h t ic l o o en . e o e a

m t l is t r m d
e a mm iume d mm e i ss ci t da on ,
an a on a, a o a e

w i th t m
an f w t r m y b vi w d
a o oit id f
a e , a e e e as s ox e ; or

NH + H O pl i ly qu ls NH O
3 Thus p t sh is t h
a n e a 4
.
,
as o a e

o xid f p e o i m mm i is t h
ot a ss u xid f mm i m, so a on a e o e o a on u .

T h c m p si t i
e f th
o l f mm o i is t his v i w
on o e sa ts o a on a on e

a ssi m i l t d t th s f th lk li s pr p r Thus sulph t

a e o o e o e a a e o e .
, a e

o f mm a i is sulph t f th xid f m m iu m ;
on a a a e o e o e o a on

mu i t r a e orhydr chl r t f m m i is chl rid f m o o a e o a on a a o e o a v

m on iu m , e tc .

MM NI N I T RA T E S ILVERA O O- or .

( S S il v r A m m i N
ee i t r t f ) e , on o- a e o .

A UA R EGIA Q ( S N i t r H ydr chl .ric A cid ) ee o- o o .

BARY T A N I T A T E O (, S N i t r t
R f B ry t ) r . ee a e o a a .

BI L RI E M ER UR Y CH O D or C .

( S M rcury B ichl ridee f ) e ,

o e o .

B R MINE O .

Sym b l B At m ic w igh t 7 8 o , r . o e ,
.

Thi l m t y ub t c i b t i d fr m th
s e e en ar s s an e s o a ne o e u n c ry s
 V A ULARY
OC B OF

wee ds b t is w m r c m ic lly m uf c t ur d
, u n o o e e on o a an a e on a

l rg sc l fr m c m m s l t T h c h l rid f s d iu m is
a e a e o o on a . e o e o o

firs t c v r t d i t sulp h t f s d
on e d eft r w r d s th n o a e O o a, an a e a e

sulp h t i t c rb t f s d
a e n o a on a e o o a .

P p i ro T h p rf c t cr y s t ls c
e rt e s t i t
. t ms
- f e e e a on a n en a o o

w t r w hic h
a e d riv
, ff b y t h pplic t i f h t
a re en o e a a on o ea ,

l vi g w hi t p w d r— h h y d r us c rb t C m
ea n a e o e t e an o a on a e . o

m on w hi g d isas u t r l c rb t c t m i t d t
n so a a n e a a on a e, on a na e o a

c r t i xt t w i th c h l rid f s diu m d sulph t f

e a n e en o e o o an a e O

s d T h c rb t us d f ff rv sci g d r ught s is
o a . e a on a e e or e e e n a

e i t h r b ic rb t w i th 1 t m f w t r
e a a
q i
on a e a o o a e , or a se s u car

b t
on a c t i i g b u t 4 0 p c t f r l lk li it is
e, on a n n a o er en . o ea a a

th r f re l y d ub l
e o e n ear s t r g t h w s h i g c rb o e as on as e a n a o

t
n a e, w hich c t i s b u t 22 p c t f s d C rb on a n a o er en . o o a . a o

t
n a e O f s d is s lu b l i t w ic it w ig h t f w t r t
o a o e n e s e o a e a

t h s lu t i
e b i g s tr
o gl y lk li on e n on a a ne .

C AR NA T E BO OF PO T A SH .
( S ec Pot a sh ,
C a b on a t e r O f .
)

C A EINE
S .
( S ee M ilk ) .

CH AR AL CO ,
A NIMAL .

i l c h rc l is b t i d b y h t i g i m l b
An m a a oa O a ne ea n an a su

s t c s such b s dri d b l d h r t t r d ss
an e ,
as on e , e oo , o n s, e c .
,
o e ne ,

i cl s v ss ls u t il ll v l t il
n o e m p y r u m t ic m t t rs
e e ,
n a o a e e e a a e

h v b dri v H d r sidu f c rb r m i s
a e e en en O , an a e e O a on e a n .

Wh pr p r d fr m b s it c t i s l rg qu t i t y f
en e a e o on e on a n a a e an O

i rg ic m t t r i t h sh p f c rb t d ph sp h t
no an a e n e a e o a on a e a n o a e

o f li m th f r m r f w hich pr duc s lk li i y i r c t i g
e, e o e O o e a a n t n ea n

up oni t r t f silv r A i m l ch rc l is fr d fr m
n a e o e . n a a oa ee o

th s e r thy s l t s by r p d d ig s ti i hy dr c h l ric
e ea a e e a te e on n o o

a cid b t u l ss v ry c r fully w sh d it i p t t r t i
u n e e a e a e s a o e a n
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 75

an a cid i
li b r t fr i t ric cid wh
re a c t o n ,
an d so to e a e ee n a en

add d t e f itr t
o s lu t i
f silv r
o on o n a e o e .

P p i ro A i m l c h rc l w h
ert e s pur c sis t s s l ly
.
- n a a oa ,
en e, on o e

o f c rb d b ur s w y i t h
a on ,
an i wit h ut l vi g y n a a n e a r o ea n an

r si du it is r m rk bl f it pr p r ty f d c l riz i g
e e : e a a e or s o e o e o o n

s lu t i s th rg ic c l ri g sub s t c b i g s p r t d
o on e o an o o n an e e n e a a e ,

b t u t c t u lly d
n o
y da i t is b yah l i m pl y d e s tro e , as c or n e e o e as

a bl chi g g t T h is p w r f b s rb i g c l ri g
ea n a en . o e O a o n o o n

m t t r is
a t p es ss d i qu l d gr b y ll v ri t i s
no os e e n an e a e ee a a e e

of ch rc l b t is i gr t m
a oa sur p culi r t th s d
,
u n ea ea e e a o o e e

riv d fr m t h i m l ki gd m
e o e an a n o .

CH INA C LAY OR K A LIN

O .

This is pr p r d b y c r ful l vig t i fr m m uld ri g

e a e ,
a e e a on , o o e n

gr i t d th r disi t gr t d f lsp t h ic r cks It

an e an o e n e a e e a o . c on

sis t s f th ili f l i
O e s t h t is f silicic
ca cid
te o a um na ,
-
a , o a or

f li nw h ich
t, is xid f silic u i t d w i t
an h t h b so e o on , n e e a e

a lu m i ( xid f lu m i u m ) K li is p rf c tly i s
n a o e o a n . ao n e e n o

lub l i w t r d cids d pr d uc
e n a e d c m p s iti
an a , an o es n o e o o on

i s lu t i
n o f it r t f silv r
on I t is m pl y d b y p h t
O n a e o e . e o e o o

g p ra h t d c l riz s lu t i
e rs o f itr te f silv r w hich
o o e o on s o n a e o e

h v b c m b r w fr m th c t i f lb u m
a e e o e o th r
n o e a on O a en or o e

o rg ic m t t rs
an a e .

C L RINE H O .

Sym b l C l At m ic w igh t 3 6 o . o e ,
.

hl ri is ch m ic l l m t f u d bu d tly i
C o n e a e a e e en o n a n an n n a

t ur c m b i d w i th m t llic diu m i th f rm f chl

e, o n e e a so n e o O o

ri d f s d iu m
e O s lt o , o r se a - a .

P p i —By dis t illi g c m m

re a ra ts lt w i th sulp h uric
on n o on a

a cid ulph t f s d d h ydr chl ric cid

, s a e o f rm d o a an o o a a re o e .
7G V A ULAR
OC B r OF

H ydr chl r ic c id c t i s c h l ri c m b i d w ith hyd

o o a on a n o n e o ne ro

g en by t h c t i f xyg
e a
( x y g )
on t h h y o n a s c en t o en se e o en , e

dr g m y b r m v d i th f rm f w t r d th
o en a e e o e n e o o a e ,
an e

chl ri l ft l
o ne e a on e .

P p iro C hl ri
e rt es is gr ish y ll w g f p
.
-
o n e a een -
e o a s, o a un

g t d su ff c t i g d r ; s lub l t c sid r b l xt t
en an o a n O o o e o a on e a e e en

i w t r t h s lu t i
n a e , p ss ssi g th d r d c l r f th
e o on o e n e o o an o o o e

g as I t
. is rly 2 % t i m n ea h vy c rr sp di g es a s ea as a o e on n

b ulk f t m sph ric i

o a o e a r .

C h mi l P p e i ca C hl ri b l gs t s m ll tu
ro er t es . -
o ne e on o a a n a

ra l gr up f l m o t s w hich c
o t i s ls br m i
e e en i di on a n a o o n e, o n e,

an d flu ri Th y ch r c t riz d b y h vi g st r g
o n e . e a re a a e e a n a on

a ffi i t y f
n hydr g or d ls f th m t ls b to en ,
an a o or e e a ,
u a re

c m p r t i v ly i di ff r t t xyg
o a a e M y m t llic
n b e en o O en . an e a su

s t c s c tu lly u d rg m b i wh pr j c t d i t
an e a a n e o co u s t on en o e e n o an

a t m sph r o f chl ri e th u i b t w t h t w t ki g
e o o n e, e n on e e en e o a n

pl c w i th xt r m vi l c T h ch r ct ris t ic b l ch
a e e e e o en e . e a a e ea

i g pr p r t i s f chl r
n o e g e xpl i do i t h s m o in e a s a re e a n e n e a e

m ann e r —Hydr g is r m v d fr m th rg ic b
z o en e o e o e o an su

s t c d i t h t w y th s t r ctur is br k p d t h
an e, an n a a e u e o en u an e

c l r d s tr y d
o o e o e .

C hl ri is m r p w rful i it ffi i t i s th i th r
o n e o e o e n s a n e an e e

br m i o i di n e or Th s l t s f r m d by t h s t hr
o n e . l e a o e e e ee e e

m ents cl s ly l g us i c m p si ti
a re o e d ft an a o i o n o o on an O en n

pr p rti s Th s f t h lk li s lk li
o e e . o erths d o e a a e , a a ne ea ,
an s

m any f th m t ls o s lubl i w t r b t th silv r

e e a a re o e n a e , u e e

sa lt i s l bl th l d s l t s sp ri gly
s a re n o u e e ea a a n so .

Th c m bi t i
e o f chl ri br m i
n a i di on s d o o n e, o n e. o n e, an

fl u ri w i th hy dr g
o n e, cids d u t r liz lk li s o en ,
a re a ,
an n e a e a a e

i t h usu l m
n e r w i th f rm t i f lk li chl rid
a ann e , o a on O a a n e o e

an d w t r a e .

T h t t by which t h pr s c
e es f chl ri is d t ct d e e en e o o ne e e e ,
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 77

e i th r fr i c m b i t i w i th b s s is i
e e e or nof i lo na on a e , n tra t e s ve r

i t gi v s w hi t curdy pr cipi t t
e a f chl rid f sil v r i
e e a e o o e o e , n

s lubl i i t ric cid b t s lub l i m m i T h

o e n n a , u o e n a on a . e so

l ti
u onf it r t f silv r m pl y d
o n th t s t m us t
a e o t e e o e as e e no

c t i i did f silv r t h is c m p u d is pr cipi t t d

on a n o e O e , as o o n e a e

b y dilu t i on .

C L RI E AMM NI M H O D OF O U .

Sym b l NH C l At m ic w igh t 5 4 o , 4
. o e ,
.

This s lt ls k w a m uri t ,
hy dr chl r t f
a o no n as a e or o o a e o

a mm i onccurs i c m m rc i th f rm f c l rl ss d
a, o n o e e n e o o o o e an

tr ansluc t m ss s w hich pr cur d by blim i t h

en a e ,
a re o e su a t on , e

dry s l t b i g v l t il w h s t r gly h t d It diss lv s

a e n o a e en on ea e . o e

i
n anqu l w ight f b ili g i thr p r t s f c ld
e a e o o n , or n ee a O o

w t r
a e It c t i s m r
. hl i i pr p rti t th
on a n o e c or n e n o o on o e

w ig h t us d t h
e chl rid f s diu m t h t m ic w ight s
e an o e O o ,
e a o e

o f th t w b i g
e 5 4 t 60
o e n as o .

ARIUM CH L RI E O D OF B .

S y m b l B C l + 2 HO At m ic w ight 1 2 3
o ,
a . o e , .

B riu m is
a m t llic l m t v ry cl s ly lli d t
a e al e e en ,
e o e a e o ca

o iu m th l m t ry b sis f lim T h chl rid f b

,
e e e en a a o e . e o e O a

ri m is c m m ly m pl y d
a o t st f sulphuric cid
on e o e as a e or a ,

w i t h w hich it f r m s i s lub l pr cipi t t f sulph t

o an n o e e a e o a e

O f b r yt a It is lsa . s id t ff c t th c l r f t h p h a o a o a e e o o o e o

to g p h i
ra i m g w
c h us d i pr pari g pe si t iv p p r en e n e a n o e a e

w h ic h m y p ssi b l y b a d t c h m ic l c m b i t i f
o e ue o a e a o na on o

b r yt w i t h
a a l b u m b t it m us t b r m m b r d t h t
a en : u e e e e e a

t his chl ri d fr m it high t m ic w ight c t i s l

o e ,
o s a o e , on a n ess

chl ri t h th lk li c h l ri d s
o n e an e a a n e o e .

P p i f
ro ert e s o C h l id f B i m — C hl rid f b riu m or e o ar u o e o a
78 V A ULAR Y
OC B OF

o ccurs i t h f r m f w h i t cr ys t ls s lub l i b u t t w
n e o o e a ,
o e n a o o

p r t s f w t r t c m m t m p r t ur T h s crys t ls
a o a e ,
a o on e e a e . e e a

c t i t w t m s f w t r f crys t lliz t i w hich

on a n o a o o a e o a a on ,
a re

exp ll d t e l vi g t h h yd r us chl ri d
e a ea n e an o o e .

C L RI E G L H
( S G l
O d C h l rid Df ) OF O D . ee o , o e o .

C L RI E S IUM H O D OF OD .

S ym b l N C l At m ic w igh t 6 0 o ,
a . o e ,
.

C mm s l t xis t s b u d tly i tur b th i th

o on a e a n an n n a e, o n e

f rm f s lid r ck s l t d d iss lv d i t h w t rs f t h
o o o o - a an o e n e a e o e

oc ean .

— Fusi b l w i t h u t d
P p i of
ro h p S l
e rt e s m p t e u re a t . e o eco o

sit i t l w r d
on ss b t sub li m s t high r t m p r tur s ;
a o e ne ,
u e a e e e a e

th m lt d s lt c
e cr t s i t h rd w h i t m s
e e a c l on e e n o a a e a s on oo

i g N rly i s lu b l i
n . b s lu t
ea lc h l b t diss lv s i
n o e n a o e a o o , u o e n

mi u n qu ti ty i r c t ifi d spiri t S lub l i t hr p r t s
te an n e e . o e n ee a

of w t r b th h t a d c l d C r y s t lliz s i cu b s w h ich
e ,
o o an o . a e n e ,

a re a n h
y d ro u

f
I mp u rit ies T b l s l t ft
o c t i s
C om m o n S a lt — . a e a O en on a n

l rg q u t i i s f th chl ri d s f m g siu m d l
a e an t e o e o e O a ne an ca

i m w hic h b i g d li q u sc
c u ,
t pr d uc ,
d mp e n ss b y e e en , o e a a ne

a b s rp t io f t m sph ric m is t ur
on o sulp h t f s d is
a o e o e : a e o o a

a ls c m m ly pr s t T h s l t m y b purifi d b y
o o on e en . e a a e e re

p t
ea d r crys
e t lliz t i b t
e i t is m r si m pl a t pr p r a on ,
u o e e o e a e

th pur c m p u d d i ly b y ut r lizi g hydr chl ric

e e o o n re c t ,
n e a n o o

a cid w i th c rb t f s d a on a e O o a .

CH L RI E
ILVER ( S S ilv r C hl ri d
O D OF S . ee e ,
o e O f .
)
C I T RI A I C C D .

This cid is f u d b u d tly i l m juic

a o n a n an n e on -
e an d in
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 79

li m juice- It ccurs i
e . c m m rc i th f r m f l rg
o n o e e n e o O a e

crys t ls w hic h
a ,
s lub l i l ss t h t h ir w w ig h t
a re o e n e an e o n e

o f w t r t a e a

C m m rci l ci t ric
o e ci d is s m t i m s m ix d w i th t
a a o e e e ar

t ric ci d
a a Th dul t r t i m y b d isc v r d b m k
. e a e a on a e o e e v a

i g
n ac c t r t d s lu ti f t h cid d d d i g
on en a e o on o e a an a n a c e ta te

o
fp h
ot a s crys t ls f b i t r t r t f p t sh
a w ill s p r t
O if a a e O o a e a a e

t r t ric cid b pr s
a a a t e e en .

C i t ric cid is t i b sica It f r m s w i t h silv r r w hi t i

a . o e a e n

s lu b l s l t C t i i g 3 t m s f xid f silv r t 1
o e a ,
on a n n a o O o e o e o

t m
a o f ci t ric cid
O I f t h ci t r t f silv r b h t d i
a . e a e o e e ea e n

a curr t f hydr g g
en o p rt f th ci d is li b r t d
o en a s, a a o e a e a e

an d t h s l t is r duc d t
e a ci t r t f b id f silv r ;
e e o a a e o su ox e o e

w hich is f d c l rO Th a re c t i f w hi ligh t i d o o . e a on o te n re

d i g ci t r t f sil v r is sh w b y th ut h r t b f
en n a e O e o n e a o o e o a

si m il r tur a n a e .

C Y ANI E P T A IUM D OF O SS .

Sym b l K C N oK Cy ,
At m ic w igh t 6 6
, 2 , or . o e , .

This s l t is c m p u d f cy g g w i th t h m t l
a a o o n O ano en as e e a

p t ssiu m C y g is t
o a . l m t y b d y lik
an o en no an e e en ar o , e

chl ri o nei di b t c sis t s f c rb

or o n e, d it r g u on o a on an n o en

u i t d i p culi r m
n e n a r Al th ugh c m p u d b
e a an n e . o a o o n su

s t c it r c t s i t h m
an e, ea r f l m t d is th r n e an n e o an e e en , an e e

f r ( lik m m i m pr vi usly d scri b d )

o e e a on u xc p t i , e o e e an e e on

t t h usu l l w s f ch m is t ry
o e a a M y th r b d i s f o e . an o e o e o a

si m il r ch r c t r k w
a a a e a re n o n .

E T ER H .

S ym b l C H 0 At m ic w igh t 3 7
o , 4 5
. o e , .

Et h r is b t i d b y dis tilli g
e O a ne n a m ixtur e o f sulphuric
80 V A ULARY
OC B OF

a cid d lc h l I f th f r m ul f lc h l ( C H 0 ) b
an a o o . e o a o a o o 4 6 2 e

c m p r d w i th th t f th r it w ill b s t diff r fr m
o a e a O e e ,
e een o e o

i t i t h p ss ssi
n e f d d i t i l t m f hydr g
o e on O d an a on a a o O o en an

o f xyg o i th r c ti th sulphuric cid r m v s

en : n e ea on , e a e o e

th s e l m t s i th f rm f w t r d b y d i g
e e e en n e o o a e ,
an so o n c on

v rt s
e t m
on e f lc h l i t a o t m f th r
o a Th o o n o an a o o e e . e

t rme lp h isu ppli d t t h c m m rci l th r h r f

ur c a e o e o e a e e as e e

r c ly t th m
en e on r f it f r m t i
o e an n e O s o a on .

P p i
ro
f E h
e rt es o—I t is i t h r cid t lk li
er t. n e e a n or a a n e o

t st p p r
e -
a Sp cific gr vi t y t
e . b ut 7 2 0
e B ils t a ,
a a o
°

. o a

98 F h r h i t T h v p r is xc di gly d s
°
a en e . d e a o e ee n en e, an

m y b s a p ssi g ff fr m th liquid d f lli g t t h

e e en a n O o e an a n o e

gr u d h c th d g r f p uri g th r fr m b ttl
o n : en e e an e o o n e e o on e o e

t o an o t h r if fl m b e r th d a a e e n ea a an .

E th r d s e t m i w i th w t r i
oe no ll pr p r t i s if th
x a e n a o o on e

tw o a re sh k t g th r ft r sh r t t i m th f rm r
a en o e e ,
a e a o e e o e

ris es an d fl t s up th urf c I this w y m ixtur

oa on e s a e . n a a e

O f th re d lc h l m y b purifi d t s m
e an a o xt t i
o a e e o o e e en , as n

th c m m pr c ss f w h i g th r T h w t r m
e o on o e o as n e e . e a e e

pl y d h w v r lw ys r t i s c rt i p rt i f th r
o e o e e a a e a n a e a n o on O e e

(a b u t o t t h p a rt f i t
en bulk ) d cquir a s s t r Og s , an a e a on

e th r el d r ; w sh d th r ls c t i s w t r i s m ll
ea O o a e e e a o on a n a e n a

qu t i t y
an .

Br m i o d i di ne b th s lub l i th r d g
an o n e a re o o e n e e , an ra

du lly r ct up
a ea d d c m p s it on a n e o o e .

T h s t r g lk li s such
e on p t sh d s d ls d
a a e ,
as o a an o a , a o e

c m p s t h r sligh t l y ft r t i m b t t i m m di t l y
o o e e e a e a e, u no e a e .

E xp s d t o i e d ligh t t h r is xidiz d
o a r an d c q uir s ,
e e o e an a e a

p culi r d r
e a O o .

E t h r diss lv s f t t y
e d r si us sub s t
o e c s r d il y
a an e no an e ea ,

b t i rg ic s l t s a
u n o an m s tl y i s lu b l a i t his flui d re o n o e n .

H c it is t h t i did
en e f p t ssiu m a d th r subs t c s
o e o o a an o e an e
82 V o c AB UL Ak r UF

cury , to th e m eta llic s t t d is i t s lf xidi d i t

a e, an e o ze n o c a r»

cid
b o n ic a . Th e alk li f r m i t s ls p ss ss th s
a n e o a e a o o e e am e

pr p rti s
o e e

E A T INE
.

G L .

S m y bl o ,
C I SH1 0
0 5 N2 . At o m i c we ight ,
156 .

This i rg ic sub s t c s m w h t l g us t
s an o an an e o e a an a o o o

a lb u m b t di ff ri g fr m it i pr p rt i s It is b t i d
en ,
u e n o n o e e . O a ne

by subj c t i g b s h fs h r s c lv s f t t t th
e n on e ,
oo ,
o n , a e
’
ee , e c .
, o e

a c t i f b ili g w t r T h j lly f rm d
on o o n c li g isa e . e e o e on oo n

t rm d i
e e wh dri d
s z e, or t i t slic s g l ( len e or c u n o e ,
ue . re a

ti n e, it is s ld i
as th sh ps is pur f rm f glu o n e o ,
a e o o e .

I i gl
s n is g l t i pr p r d chi fly i R ussi fr m th
a ss e a ne e a e , e n a , o e

i b l dd rs f c r t i
a r- a e p ci s f s t urg
o e a n S e e o e on .

P p ro i f G l i
ert es o —G l t i s ft s d s w lls
e a up t ne . e a n e o en an e

i c ld w t r b t d s
n o a t di e l u t il h t d th h t
, u oe no ss o v e n ea e : e o

so lu t i c li g f rm s t r m ul us j ll y O u c
on , on oo n , o a e o e . n e o n e

f c ld w t r w ill r t i b u t t hr gr i s f is i gl ss
o a e e a n a o ee a n o n a

Wi th u t g l t i izi g ; b t m uch d p ds up
o e a n th t m p
n u e en on e e e

ra t ur f w d gr s gr t ly ff c t i g t h r sul t
e, a e e ee ea a e n e e .

G l ti e a f r m s c m p u d w i th xid f sil v r
n e o no o o n o e o e an a

l g
o t th
ou s l b u m i t f silv r ; w hich f ct xpl i s
o e a n a e o e a e a n

th di ff r c i th ph t gr phic pr p rti s f lb u m
e e en e n e o o a o e e O a en

an d g l ti e a n e

G LY ERINE
.

C .

F tty b di s r s lv d b y t r tm t w i th
a o e a re lk l i e o e ea en an a a

i t
n o an cid — w hich c m b i
a s w i t h th lk li f rm i g o ne e a a , o n a

s oa
p ,
d gl y c -
ri
an r m i i g i s lu t i e n e, e a n n n o on .

Pur glyc ri bt i d b y Pric s p t t pr c ss f ’

e e n e, as O a ne e a en o e O

dis t ill t i is viscid li q uid f p gr b ut 1 2 3 m isci b l

a on , a o s . . a o e

in ll pr p r t i
a s w i th w t r d lc h l It is p culi rly
o o on a e an a o o . e a

a u t r l subst c xhib i t i g t d cy t c m b i
n e a an e, e n no en en o o n e
 PH O T O GRA I PH C C H EMI AL C S . 83

wit h cids b s s a or a e . It h a s li ttl c ti up i t r t e or n o a on on n a e

o f silv r i t h d rk e n e a ,
an d r duc s it v r y sl w l y v
e wh e e o e en en

e xp s d t ligh t
o e o .

L RI E GO L D, CH O D OF .

S ym b l A C l At m ic w g h t 3 0 3
o , u
3
. o ei ,
.

This s l t is f rm d by diss lvi g pur m t llic g ld i

a o e o n e e a o n

n i t r h ydr chl ric cid d v p r t i g t g tl h t

e- o o a , an e a o a n a a en e ea .

Th s lu t i
e o ff r d s d liqu sc t cr y s t ls f
on a o d p r g e e en a O a ee o an e

clr o o .

C hl ri d f g ld i
o s t t fi t f ph t gr p h ic m y
e o o , n a a e or o o a u se a

ea sily b b t i d b y th f ll w i g pr c ss — Pl c
e o a ne e o o n o e a e a

h lf s v r ig i y c v i t v ss l d p ur it
a -
o e e n n an on en en e e , an o on

h lf dr chm f i t ric cid m ix d w i th t w d d

a a a O n a e o an an a

h lf dr chm s f h ydr chl ric cid d t hr dr chm s f

a a o o o a an ee a o

w t r dig s t b y
a e g tl h t b t d t b il th cid
e a en e ea , u o no o e a , or

m uch f t h chl ri o w ill b driv

e ff i t h f r m f g
o ne e en O n e o o as .

At t h xpir t i f a f w h urs d d fr sh qu r gi i
e e a on o e o a e a a e a n

qu t i ty th s m
an t firs t w hic h w ill pr b b ly
e a e asm a , o a co

p l et t
e h s lu t i eb t ifo t r p tont h pr ,
c ss tuhird n o ,
e ea e o e a

t im e .

L s t ly
a ut r liz th l iquid b y d d i g c rb t f s d
, ne a e e a n a on a e O o a

u t il ll ff rv sc c c s s d gr pr cipit t
n a e e e en e ea e ,
an a e en e a e

f rm s ; this is b
o c pp w hich m us t
c a r on a t e o b ll w d e r, e a o e

s v r l h urs t s p r t t h r ughly T h s lut i th

e e a o o e a a e o o . e o on en

c t i s chl rid f g ld i
on a n o ut r l s t t d fr fr m
e o o n a n e a a e, an ee o

c pp r d s il v r w i th w h ich th m t llic g ld is ll y d
o e an e ,
e e a o a o e

i th s t
n e d rd c i f th
an a lm f o n o e re a

T h w igh t fe eh lf s v r ig is b u t 6 1 gr i s f
O a a -
o e e n a o a n ,
o

w hich 5 6 gr i s pur g l d This is quiv l t t 8 6

a n a re e o . e a en o

gr i s f chl ri d f g ld w hich w ill th r f r b th

a n o o e o o ,
e e o e e e

q u t i t y c t i d i t h s lu t i
an on a ne n e o on .
84 V A OC B UL A Y R or

Th e f ll w i g pr c ss f pr p ri g chl rid f g ld i
o o n o e or e a n o e o o s

m r o e p rf c t th th l s t diss lv th g ld c i i
e e an e a -
o e e o o n n

a qu r gi a b f r ; t h b il wi th xc ss f h yd h l
e a as e o e en o e e O roc o

i
r c cid t d s t r y th i t ric cid dilu t l rg ly w i th
a o e o e n a , e a e

dis t ill d w t r d dd filt r d qu s lut i f m

e a e ,
an a a e e a e ou so on o co

m on sulph t f ir ( 6 p rt s i 1 p rt f g ld ) ; c ll ct
a e o on a n a o o o e

t h pr cipi t t d g ld w hich is
e e w fr fr m c pp r ;
a e o ,
no ee o o e re

diss l v i qu gi
o e d v p r t
n t adry ss a re a, an e a o a e o n e on a

w t r b th

“
a e a .

Av id usi g m mo i t u tr liz chl rid f g l d

n a on a o n e a e o e o o ,
as

it w uld b li bl t
o cc si d p si t f ful m i t i g
e a e o o a on a e o o na n

g ld th pr p rti s f w hich
o
”
, e d scrib d i m m di t ly
o e e o a re e e e a e

f ll w i g
o o n .

P p i f C
ro e rt es oh l id f G ld — A s ld i c m m rc i t or e o o s o n o e e

usu lly c t i s xc ss f hydr chl ric cid d is t h

a on a n e e o o o a , an en

o f b righ t y ll w c l r ; b t wh
a utr l d s m wh t
e o o o u en n e a an o e a

c c t r t d it is d rk d ( L b f th lch m is t s )
on en a e a re e o ru er o e a e .

It gi v s pr cipi t t w i th c rb t f s d l s h t
e no e a e a on a e o o a , un e s ea

b e appli d ; th fr hydr chl ric cid pr s t f rm w ith

e e ee o o a e en o s,

th lk li chl rid f s diu m w hich u it s with th chl

e a a , o e o o , n e e o

r id f g ld d pr duc s d ubl s l t chl rid f g ld

e O o , an o e a o e a , o e o o

an d s diu m s lu b l i w t r
o ,
o e n a e .

C hl rid f g ld is d c m p s d w i t h pr cipi t t i
o e o f o e o o e e a on O

m t llic g ld b y ch rc l sulphur u
e a o cid d m y f a oa , o s a , an an o

th v g t bl cid ; ls by pr t sulph t
e e e a d pr t i
e a s a o o o a e an o on

tr t a e o f ir It t i g s th cu t icl onf i d libl purpl

. n e e e o an n e e e

ti t
n It is s lubl i
. lc h l d i th r o e n a o o an n e e .

GO L FULMINA T ING
D, .

This is y ll ish br w subst c pr cipi t t d

a e ow -
o n an e, e a e on

a d d i g m m i t s t r g s lu t i f chl rid f g ld
n a on a o a on o on o o e o o .
 PH O T OG RA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 85

It dri d c r f lly t
may be b t p l d i l ly e a e u a u ex o es v o e n t

on b i g h t d su d d l y b
e n t t eaFric t i le en a ou o on a so

c aus s it t xpl d w h d y b t th m is t p w d r m y
e o e o e en r u e o o e a

b rub b d
e h d l d w i th t d g
e It is d c m p s d
or an e ou an er . e o o e

b y sulp h tt d h yd r g ure e o en .

Ful m i t i g g ld is pr b b ly ur t f m m i
n a n o o a an a a e O a on a,

c t i i g 2 t m s f m m i t 1 t m f p r id f
on a n n a o o a on a o a o o e ox e o

g ldo .

G L HY UL I T E O D, PO S PH or .

S ym b l A O S 0 At m ic w igh t 2 5 3 o ,
u 2 2
. o e ,
.

s lp h i t f g ld is p r duc d b y t h r c ti f
Hyp o u e o o o e e ea on o

chl ri d f g ld up h yp sulphi t f s d
o e O o on o e o o a .

T h s lt s ld i m m rc is d ubl h yp ’
e a l d o n co e e a s Se or a o e o

su lp h i t f g l d d s d c t i i g
e o ot m f th f an o a ,
on a n n on e a o o e or

m s lt t t h
er a f t h l tt r w i t h f r t m
o f w t r
re e o e a e ,
ou a o s o a e

o f cr y s t lliz i I t is f m d b y
a dd i g
a t on
p r t f . or e a n on e a O

c h l ri d f g l d i s lu t i t thr p rt s f h yp sulp h i t
o e O o ,
n o on ,
o ee a o o e

o f s d o d pr ipi t t i g t h
a ,
r sul t i g lt b y lc h l ;
an ec a n e e n sa a o o

th c h l ri d
e f g ld m us t b
o d d d t t h h yp sulphi t
e o f o e a e o e o e O

s d d t th s d s l t t th g ld
o a an n o e o a a o e o

—H yp lp h it f g ld is u t b l d c t
.
,

P p
'

ert i es o su ns a e an
'

ro .
a
e O o an n o

ex is t i is l t d s t t q ui kly p ssi g i t sulphur

n an o a e a e, c a n n o ,

s lph ric cid d m t lli g ld Wh c m b i d w i t h

u u a ,
an e a c o . en o ne

e xc ss f h yp sulphi t f s d i th f rm f l d it is
e o o e o o a n e o O se
’
o r,

m r p rmo e t e a n en .

S l d eccurs cry t lliz d i fi

’
or o dl w hich s a e n ne n ee e s, a re

v ry s lub l i w t r T h c m m rci l rticl is ft

e o e n a e . e o e a a e O en

i m pur c t i i g li ttl ls th hyp sulphi t f s d

e, on a n n e e e an o e O o a ,

w i th tr c f g ld
a It m y b a lyz d b y dd i g
e o o . a e an a e a n a

f w dr ps f s t r g i t ric cid ( fr
e o fr m t i ) dilut i g
o on n a ee o c r ne n

5
86 VO C A ULA R Y
B or

i h W t r d ft rw rds c ll c t i g
w t a e ,
an a e a o e n an d ig i ti g th
n n e
y b e 7

l w p wd r w hic h i m t llic g l d
o o e , s e a o .

G RA E P SU A G R .

y
S m bo l ,
0 ‘

2 4
H 2 8
0 2 8 ‘ At om ic w igh t e ,
3 96 .

Thi ific t i f sug r ft t rm d g l g

s m o d a on O a ,
O en e e ra n u a r s u a r,

or
g l xis t s
u e c ose , e b u d t l y i t h juic f g a p s d i n an n e e o ra e ,
an rr

m y an t h r vo ri t i e f frui t I taf m s t he c h
es ri o . or e sa c a n e

c cr ti f d i h y r isi s dri d figs t It m y

on e on o un n on e ,
a n , e , e c . a

b p d c d r t ifi i ll y b y t h
e ro u e ct i f f r m ti g pri
a c a e a on O e en n n-
r

cip l d f dilu t m i
es , a n o r l cids up s t rch e ne a a , on a .

P p roi G p s g r cr y s t lliz s sl wl y
e rt es .
-u ra d w i th
e u a a e o an

di fficul ty fr m c c t r t d q o a l ti on i sm ll en a e a ue eu s so u en , n a

h m isph ric l d ul s whi h

e e a h rd n o d f l gri tt y e ,
c a re a ,
an ee

b twe th e ent th It is m uch l s s w t t t h t s t

e ee . e s ee o e a e

th c s g r d t s lub l i W t r ( l p r t dis
“
an an e u a an n o so o e n a e a -
r
,

s lv s i I % f c ld w t r ) G r p s g t d s t b rb
o e n o o a e . a e u ar en o a so

o xy g d h
en , an i t p ss ss s t h pr p r t y f d c m p s
en c e o e e e o e o e o o e

i g th
n lt s f t h b l m t ls d r d uci g t h m by
e sa o e n o e e a ,
an e n e

d gr s t t h m t llic s t t v w i th ut th id f lig h t
e ee o e e a a e, e en o e a O .

Th ct i h w v i t h s f i
e a on o ef i l
er is sl w n e ea e o n tra t e o s ve r o ,

u l ss t h t m p r t ur b s m w h t l v t d C
n e e e e a e e o e a e e a e . ane

sug r d s t p s ss t h s pr p rt i s t
a oe no os e qu l xt t e e o e e o an e a e en ,

an d h c it is en dil y dis t i guish d fr m th t h r v ri ty

e re a n e o e o e a e .

HO NEY .

Thi s b s t sc t i s t w disti t ki ds f sug ,

u an c e on a n o nc n o ar

gr p suga d e u crys t lliz b l sub s t

a r, a n lgu an n a a e an ce an a o o s

t id t ic l w i t h th t r cl f d ss ci t d w i th m
o, or en a , e ea e o un a o a e co

m sug r i th c juic T h gr b l t s t f
on a n e an e e . e a eea e a e o

h y p b bly d p d up th l tt r b t it duci g
on e ro a e en s on e a e ,
u s re n
 Ch EM i C AL S . 87

sewer ( in m e t a llic xid s i d t th f rm r Pur gr p e o e s ue o e o e . e a

sug r r d il y b b t i d fr m i spiss t d h y b y
a c an ea e o a n e o n a e on e ,

tr t i g it w i t h lc h l w h ich d iss lv s
ea n t th y p b t a o o ,
o e ou e s ru ,
u

l v t h crys t lli p r ti
ea es e a n e o on .

H Y DR O C H L RIO C AC I D .

S mbo y l ,
HC l . At o m ic w igh t e ,
37

“'
H yd h l ric i d i v ol til g Wh i h m y b e lib e
ro c o ac s a a e a s, c a

ra t e d fr m t h s l t t r m d c h l ri d s b y t h
o eti f sul a s e e o e e ac on o

ph ur i ci d T h id b y it sup ri r ffi i ti s r m v s
c a . e ac ,
s e o a n e , e o e

th e b s
a t h us —
e ,
f

Na C l + HO S O 3 Na O S 0 3 + HC L
P rop e rtie s .
—Ab u
l s l b l i w t r f rm i g th e
” '

n da n t y o u e n a e ,
o n

li q ui d hyd r chl ric m uri t i cid f C m m rc T h e

o o or a c a o o e e .

m st c
o c t r t d s lu ti f hyd r c h l ric cid h
on en a p e o on o o o a as a s .

g r 1 2
. d c t i, b u t 4
an 0 p c t f g ; t h
ont m a n s a o er en . o as a Co a

fm only s l d is s m w h t w k r p g
o l i4 28 p e c to e a ea e ,
s ; r .
°

z r en .

r l ci d
ea a .

Pur h yd r hl ri e cid i c l rl ss d fu m s i th e
oc o c a s o o e ,
an e n

a ri Th. y ll ow c l f t h c m m rci l ci d d p d s
e e o or o e o e a a
'

e en

up th pr s f t C f p r c h l ri d f ir e
‘

on e e en c e O ra es o e o o on or

O rg i c m tt r ; c m m r i l m uri t ic cid ls ft
an
‘
a e o e c a a a
’

a o o en c on

t i s
a n p rt i f fr chl ri
a d f s ulp h uric cid
o on O ee o n e an o a

HYD RI DI O C AC I D

S ym b o l ,
HI . At o m ic w igh t e ,
127 ;

T h i i g s us c m p u d f h yd r g a d i odi e
s s a a eo o o n o o en n n ,

orr esp di g i c m p si t i t t h h yd r chl ri c ci d It

‘ '

C on n n o o on o e o o a .

c t h w v r fr m it i s t b ili ty b b t i d i t h
an n o ; o e e , o s n a , e O a n e n e

sm ma r si c
e dis tilli g i did w i t h sulphuric
an n e , n e , on n an o e
 88 t oC A e oL A s y or

aci d t h hydri d ic ci d fir t f rm d is sub s qu tly to

, e o a s o e e en ( :

c m p s d i t i di
o o d h yd r g
e A q u us s lu t i
n o o n e an o en . n a eo o on

of h y d ri dic cid is sil y pr p r d b y dd i g i d i t

o a ea e a e a n o n e o

w t r c t i i g sulphur tt d h y d r g
a e on
g ;a nd m n e e o en as a eco
’
é»

p si t i t k s pl c
o on d sulp h ur is t fr
a ; hus
e a e, an se ee t :

P p rO ci d is v r y s lub l i w t r
er t ie s r e —
e
H y d ri o d i c a e o e n a e

yi ldi g s t r gl y ci d li q ui d T h s lu t i c l rl ss
e n a on a . e o on ,
o o e

t firs t s
a b c m s b r w fr m d c m p si t i
, o on d li b e o e o n o e o o on ,
an e

r t i f fr i d i
a on It m y b O r s t r d t i rigi l
ee o n e . a e e o e o ts o n a

c di t i b y dd i g lu ti f ulp h ur tt d h yd r g
on on a n so on o s e e o en .

HYD R UL URI A I OS PH C C D .

y
S mbo l H S At m c w ig h t
,
. o i e , 17 .

his sub s t c ls k w
T sulp h ur tt d h ydr g n
an e, a o no n as e e o e ,

i s g s us c m p u d f s lp h ur
a a eo d h y dr og l g us
o o n o u an en ,
an a o o

i c m p si t i
n ot h y dr c h l ric o d h y dri dic cidson It i s o o o an o a .

Usu ll y pr p r d b y t h
a c t i f d ilu t sulp h uric cid
e a e e a on o e a

u p sulp h ur t f ir th d c m p si ti b i g si m il r t o
on e O on ,
e e o o on e n a

t h t i v lv d i
a th pr p r t i
n o f th h ydr g ci d s
e n e e a a on o e o en a

g r l ly
en e a z

Pe S + HO so , Eg o so + HS .

P ro l p r b s rb s t h r t i m s it bulk f
e rt ie s — Co d w a te a o ee e s o

h yd r sulphuric ci d d c quir s h p culi r pu t ri d d r

o a ,
an a e t e e a o o
’

an d p is us qu li t i s f t h g T h s lu t i is f i t l y
o on o a e o e as . e o on a n

a cid t t t p p r d b c m s p l sc t k pi g
o es -
a e ,
an e o e o a e en on ee n ,

fr m gr du l s p r i f sulp h ur It is d c m p s d b y
o a a e a a t on o . e o o e

n i tric ci d d ls b y Ch l ri
a ,
d i di
an It p ip i
a o o n e an o n e . re c

t t s ilv i fr m it s lu t i s i th f r m f b l ck sul o
‘
‘
a e s e o s o on ,
n e O a

p h t
u ref silv r‘

; ls o pp r m rcur y l d te ; b t a o Co e ,
e ,
ea , e c . u

ir on d t h r m t ls f t h t cl ss
an o t ff c t d if th
e e a O a a a re n o a e e ,
e
90 V A ULAR Y
OC B OF

ec m ic l i pr p r t i t h
on o
y a t h r hyp sulphi
n t e a a on an an o e o e

ad p t d f fixi g
a e or n .

H yp sulp h i t f s d
o ccurs i t h f rm f l rg t r e o o a o n e o O a e an s

luc t gr ups f cry s t ls w h ic h i clu d fi

en o t ms Of a ,
n e ve a o o

w t ra T h s cr y s t ls s lub l i w t r l m s t t y
e . e e a a re o e n a e a o o an

t
ex en t th s lu t i b i g t t d d w i t h h pr d uc t i f
,
e o on e n a en e t e o on O

c ld th y h v
o us us d b it t r s t
e a e a n a eo an e ta e .

UL I T E G L H Y PO S PH OF O D .

( S G l d H yp sulphi t f ) ee o ,
o e o .

HY UL I T E S ILVER ( S S il v r H yp sulphi t f )
PO S PH OF . ee e ,
o e o .

I ELAN M ss C D o .

C i I l di — A p ci s f lich
e tra r a fu d i I
s an ca . s e e O en o n n ce

l d d th m u t i us p r t s f E ur p ; w h b il d
an an e o n a n o a O o e en o e

i w t r it firs t s w lls up
n a e d th
,
yi lds su b s t c e ,
an en e a an e

w hich g l t i iz s c li g e a n e on oo n .

It c t i s lic h ons t rc h ; b i tt r pri cipl s lub l i

a n en a a e n e o e n

alc h l t r m d t i ; d c m m s t rch ; t r c
o o ,
e e ce ra r n e
’3
an o on a a es

of g llic cida d b i rt r t f p t sh
a ls pr s t
an ta a e o o a a re a o e en .

INE I OD .

S ym b l I At m ic w ig h t 1 2 6 o ,
. o e ,
.

I d i is c h i fly pr p r d t G l sg w fr m h lp w h ich
o n e e e a e a a o , o e ,

is t h fus d h b t i d b y b ur i g s w d s T h
e e as O a ne n n ea ee . e

w t rs a f th
e c c t i m i u t q u t i t i s f th
o e o ean on a n n e an e o e

i d id s f s d iu m
o e d m g o siu m w hich o sprtd an a ne ,
a re e a a e

an d s t r d up b y t h gr w i g t issu s f t h m ri
o e pl t e o n e o e a ne an .

I t h pr p r t i
n t h m t h r li q u r f k lp is
e e a p a on ,
e o e -
o o e e va o

rat d t d ry
e ss d d is t ill d w i t h sulphuric cid ; t h
o n e an e a e

hydri dic cid firs t lib r t d is d c m p s d by th high

o a e a e e o o e e
 PH O T O GRAPH I C CH EMI AL C S . 91

tem p r tur d f m s f i di c d s i th f r m f
e a e, an u e o o n e on en e n e o o

o p qu crys t ls
a e a .

P p i
ro —I d i h
er t es b lui h b l ck c l r
. d m t llic
o n e as a s -
a o o an e a

lus t r ; it s t i s th ski y ll w d h pu g t s m ll
e a n e n e o ,
an as a n en e ,

lik d ilu t d chl ri

e It is
e xt r m ly v l t il w h o ne . e e e o a e en

m is t b ils
o ,
t o d pr duc s d a vi l t c l r d an o e e n se o e -
o o e

fu m s w hic h d ii i b rilli t pl t s Sp cific gr v i ty

e ,
c on e se n an a e . e a

4 94 6 I d i is v ry sp ri gly s lubl i w t r 1 p r t
. o n e e a n o e n a e ,
a

re quiri g 7 0 0 0 p r t s f p rf c t s lu t i
n v t his m i u t
'

a or e e o on : e en n e

q u t i
an t y h w v r t i g s t h o liquid fe b r w c
e l r A lc n e e O a o n o o . o

h l o d t h r diss lv it m r
an e b d tly f r m i g d rk
e o e o e a un an , o n a

b r w s lu t i
o n s I di ls d iss lv s fr ly i s lut i
o on . o ne a o o e ee n o on s

O f th lk li i d i d s such th i did f p t ssi m f

e a a n e o e , as e o e o o a u , o

so d iu m d f mm ,
iu m
an o a on .

Ch mi l P p e i — I di
ca b l g t th chl ri
ro e rt e s . o n e e on s o e o n e

gr up f l m t s ch r c t riz d b y f rm i g cids w i t h
o o e e en ,
a a e e o n a

h y dr g o d c m b i i g xt
en ,
ansiv l y wi th t h m t l (
o n n e en e e e a s se e

c h l ri ) T h y h w v r c m p r t iv ly i d i ff r t t
o n e . e a re o e e o a a e n e en o

o xy g en d ls t , ch th r T h i d i d s f t h lk
an a o o ea o e . e o e o e a a

li s d lk li
e an r t h s s lub l i w t r ; ls t h s
a a n e ea a re o e n a e a o o e

o f ir zi c c d m iu m t Th i di d s f l d silv r
on , n ,
a , e c . e o e o ea , e ,

an d m rcur y e rl y qui t i s lub l a re n ea or e n o e .

I d i p ss ss s th pr p r ty f f r m i g c m p u d f
o ne o e e e o e o o n a o o n O

a d p b lu c l r w i t h s t rc h I usi g t hi
ee e o o t s t i t is a . n n s as a e ,

ne c ss ry firs t t li b r t th i d i ( if i c m b i t i )
e a o e a e e o ne n o na on ,

by m s f chl ri
ean i t ric ci d s tur t d w i t h p
O o n e , or n a a a e e rox

id fe o itr g T h pr s
n c f lc h l th i t r
o en . e e en e o a o o or o er n e

f r s t c r t i x t t w i th th r sul t
e e o a e a n e en e e .

I I E A MM NIUM OD D OF O .

S ym b l N H I At m ic w igh t 1 4 4 o , 4 . o e ,
.

This l t m y b pr p r d b y dd i g c rb t f m
sa a e e a e a n a on a e o a
92 V O C AB U L A R Y o r

m on i i did f ir b t m r il y by th f ll w i g
a to o e o on , u o e eas e o o n

pr c ss A s t r g s lu t i f h yd r sulp h t f m m i
o —
e on o on o o a e o a on a

i firs t m d
s b y p ssi g sulp h ur t t d h y dr g
a e, ai t n e e o en as n
g o

liqu r m m i T this liquid i di is d d d u til t h

o a on a . o o n e a e n e

wh l o ef t h e sulp h ur t f m m
o iu m h b c v rt d e o a on as e en on e e

i t i d i d Wh t h is p i t is r c h d t h s lu t i t
n o o e . en o n ea e , e o on a

on c c l r b r w fr m s lu t i f fr i d i
e o o s o n O th o o on o ee o n e . n e

firs t d d i i f t h i d i
a t on sc p f sulp h ur tt d h y
o e o n e, an e a e o e e

dr g g
o en d d
as s d p si t f sulphur k pl c
an a en e e o o ta e a e .

A ft r t h d c m p i t i
e e f t h h y dr sulp h t
e o f mm
os i on o e o a e o a on a

is m p l t
co p rt i f h y d ri dic ci d f r m d b y t h
e e, a o on o o a -
$ o e e

m utu l r ac t i f sulphur t t d h y d r g
ea on d i di
o e e o en an o n e

a tt cks
a
y c r ban t f m m ai w h ich mon a
y b pr s t
e o a on a a e e en ,

an d c us s a fi e Th
an fie e b i g
b rv e sc e n c e . e e rv e sc e n c e e n

o v r th liquid is s t ill cid t t s t p p f m xc ss f

e ,
e a o e -
a e r, ro e e o

h y dri dic cid ; i t is t b c u t i usl y

o a u t r liz d w i th m o e a o n e a e a

m on i d v p r t d b y th h t f w t r b t h t t h
a, an e a o a e e ea o a a e -
a o e

crys t llizi g p i t
a n o n .

Th crys t ls sh uld b t h r ughl y d ri d v r d ish f

e a o e o o e o e a o

sulphuric ci d d t h s l d i s m ll t ub s c t i i g
a ,
an en ea e n a e on a n n

ea c h b u t h lf d r c h m f th s lt ; b y t h is m s i
a o a a a o e a ean t

w ill b pr s rv d c l rl ss
e e e e o o e .

I d id f m m iu m i v ry s lub l i lc h l b t it
o e o a on s e o e n a o o ,
u

i s n ot d vis b l t a k p it i s lu i fr m th r pi d i y
a e o ee n o t on ,
o e a t

w i t h w hic h it d c m p s s d b c m s br w e o o e an e o e o n .

Th m st c m m
e oi m puri y f c m m rci l i did f
o on t o o e a o e o

a mm iu m is ulp h t f m m i ; it is d t c t d b y it
on s a e o a on a e e e s

sp ri g i s lub ili t y i lc h l
a n n o n a o o .

I I E C A MIUM OD D or D .

S ym b l C d l At m ic w igh t 1 8 2 o ,
. o e , .

T h is s lt is f rm d by h t i g fili gs f m t llic d
a o e ea n n o e a ca
 PH O T O G R A PH I C C H E I AL
M C S . 93

m i um w th i i di
ixi g t h t w t g t h r w i th
o n e , or by m n e o o e e

a dd i i f w t r
t on It is us ful i i dizi g c ll d i
o a i e . e n o n o o on n

t end d f k pi g si c it d s t b c m b r w fr m
e or ee n ,
n e oe n o e o e o n o

li b r ti f fr i di w i h th s m r pi d i ty t h
e a on o ee o n e t e a e a as e

a lk li i did s
a n e o e .

I d id f c d m i m is v ry s lub l b t h i lc h l d
o e o a u e o e o n a o o an

w t r t h s lu i i l i g v p r i l rg six sid d
’

a e
y d e t o t on e n on e a o a on a e -
e

t bl s
a f ep rl y lus t r w h ic h p r m
o a ea i th i e ,
a re e an en t n e a r .

Th crys t lli f rm f t h is s l t is s ffici t cri t ri

e a n e o o a a u en e on

o f i t pur it y s .

I I E IR N OD D or O .

S ym b l F I A t m ic w igh t 1 5 4 o ,
e . o e ,
.

I d i d f ir
o i e fi t st t f
o p h t gr p h ic
on i
,
n a a e or o o a u se , s

ea sil y b i d b y d iss lvi g d r c h m f i d i i

o ta n e o n a a o o n e n an

o u c f p f p i i — t h t is m ixt ur f qu l b ulks
n e o ro o s r t a ,
a e o e a

o f spiri s f wi t d w t r —o d d di g xc ss f
n e an a e an a n an e e o

ir fi l i gs A f r f w h urs gr s lu ti is b
on n . te a e o ,
a e en o on o

ta i d w i t h u t th
n e id f h t T h pr s
o c f m t llic e a o ea . e e en e o e a

ir i xc ss pr v t s th li b r t i f i di
on n e e d d p si t
e en e e a on o o n e an e o

o f p r xi d e f ir o w h ic h w ul d t h r w is
e o p d ily ccuron o o e e S ee o .

I t is v r y s lu b l i e w t r d lc h l b t t h s lu t i
o e n a e an a o o ,
u e o on

r pi dl y b s rb s x yg
a a d d p si t s p r xi d
o f ir o ; en an e o e o e o on

h c t h i m p r c f pr s r i g i t i c t c t w i th m
en e e o ta n e o e e v n n on a e

t lli
a ir w i th w h ic h th s p r t d i d i m y r c m
c on , e e a a e o n e a o e

bi ne By v r y c r ful
. v p r t i h yd r t d cry s t ls f
e a e e a o a on ,
a e a o

pr t i d i d m y b b t i d b t th c m p si t i f t h
o o- o e a e o a n e ,
u e o o on o e

s li d s l t usu ll y s ld u d r t h t m c t b d
o a a o n e a n a e ann o e e

p dden e on .

T h p w d id e f ir er c rr sp d i g t th p fi l ide o on ,
o e on n o e e rc or e,

h as t b n o x m i d d it i d ub tful if y such
e en e a n e ,
an s o an

c m p u d xis t s
o o n e .
 94 V A LAR OC BU Y or

A IUM I OD D I E or PO T SS .

S ym b l K l At ic w igh t 1 66 o ,
. om e ,
.

This s l t is usu ll y f r m d b y d iss lvi g i di i

a a o e o n o ne n se

lu ti f p t s h u til it b gi s t c q uir br w c l r
en o o a n e n o a e a o n o o

m ix t ur f i did f p t ssiu m
a e o d i d o
f p e h o o a an o a te o ot a s

( K O I O ) is h us f r mG d b t b y tv p r t i d h o t i g e u e a o a on an ea n

t o r d ss t h l tt r s l t p r t s w i th it xyg
e ne , e a d is
e a a s o en ,
an

c v r t d i t i d i d f p t ssiu m
on e e n o o e o o a .

P p i ro — It f r m s cu b ic
e rt e s d pris m t ic cr y s t ls w hich
. o an a a ,

sh ul d b h r d d y lig h ly
o e a ll d liq
,
an v er S t or n o t a t a e u es c e n t .

S lu b l i l ss t h
o e nqu l w igh t f w t r t 6 0 it
e an an e a e o a e a
0

is ls s lub l i lc h l b t t i th
a o o e n T h pr p r
a o o ,
u n o n o er . e o o

ti onf i di d o f p t ssiu m c t i
o e od i s tur t d lc o a on a n e n a a a e a o

h lic s l ti v ri s w i t h t h s t r gth f t h spiri t

o o u on ,
a e e en o e ,

w i th c m m spiri t s f w i p gr 8 3 6 it w uld b
o on o n e, S . .
‘

,
o e

a b u t 8 gr i s t t h d r c h m
o a n w i t h lc h l r c t ifi d fr m
o e a a o o e e o

a on a e
“
c rb t f p t sh p gr 8 2 3 4 5 gr i s w i th b
o o a ,
s . .
,
or a n a

l t
so u e lc h l 1 t 2 gr i s T h s lu t i f i d id f
a o o ,
o a n . e o on o o e o

p t ssiu m is i s t tl y c l r d b r w b y fr c h l ri
o a n an ls o o e o n ee o n e a o

v ry r pi d ly b y p r xi d f i tr g
e a rdi ry ci d s h w
e o e o n o en o n a a ,
o

e v r t l ss q uickly h yd ri d ic ci d b i g firs t f rm d
e ,
ac e , o a e n o e ,

an d su b s q u t l y d c m p si g sp
e en t usl y e o o n on aneo .

I d id f p t ssiu m
o e o s l d i t h s h ps is f
o a ,
as o n e o , o te n c on

t mia t d w i t h v ri us i m puri t i s
n a e Th firs t d m s t
a o e . e an o

r m rk b l is b
e a a
f p e h W h ca r s m pl on a f i te o ot a s . en a a e o o

d id f p t ssiu m c t i s m uch c rb
e o o a t f p t sh it on a n a on a e o o a ,

f rm s s m ll d i m p rf c t cr ys t ls w h ic h
o a an s t r gly e e a ,
a re on

a lk li t t s t p p r d b c m m is t
a n e o e -
xp sur t
a e ,
an e o e o on e o e o

th i fr m t h d li q u sc
e a r, o t t r f th e lk li e e en n a u e o e a a n e c ar

b t
on a S lp he .
fp l is u ls c m ma i m
tepur i
o t y ; i t ot a s z a o a o on

m y b d t c t d b y chl ri d
a e e ef b i m e o e o ar u .
 PH O T O GRA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 95

f p
C h loride h e r i m puri t y ; i t is d e t e c t e d
o o t a s s ium is a n ot

a s f ll w s — Pr e ci i t a t e t h e s a lt b an e q u a l w e ig h t f
o
p o
y o

n it r t o f silv e r a
a e d t r e a t t h e y e ll w m a ss w i t h s o lu t i on
,
n o

of a m m o i ; if a y c h l rid e o f silv e r is pr e s e n t it d i s
n a n o ,

s lv s
o e in th e ft r filt r t i is p ip i
am m on i a ,
an d a e a on re - re c

t t d i w h i t cur d s b y t h
a e n d di t i fe xc ss f pur e a on o an e e o e

n i t ric ci d I f th i t ric cid m pl y d is t pur b t

a . e
$
-
n a e o e n o e, u

c t i s t r c s f fr c h l ri th i did f silv r m us t
on a n a e o ee o n e, e o e o e

b e w ll w sh d w i t h dis t ill d w t r b f r t r t i g it
e a e e a e e o e ea n

w ith m m i a th xc ss f fr it r t f silv r dis

on a , or e e e o ee n a e o e

s lvi g i th m m i w ul d
o n n e u t r lizi g pr duc
a on a o , on n e a n ,
o e

chl ri d f silv r d c us
o e o rr r e ,
an so a e an e o .

I d ido
f p h is
e o f ur t h i m puri t
ot a sy f t f u d i a o o en o n n

i did f p t ssi m t d t c t it dd dr p f d ilut

o e o o a u : o e e ,
a a o o e

sulph ric ci d u crys t l f ci t ric cid t th s lu t i f

a ,
or a a o a ,
o e o on o

t h ei d id ; w h if m uch i d t b pr s t th li quid
o e en ,
o a e e e en ,
e

w ill b c m y ell w o fr m li b
e r t i f fre i di o T h o e a on o ee o ne . e

ra it l
on a ef t h is r c t i o is f ll w T h sulp h uric — ea on as o o s z e

a ci d u i t s w i th th b s f th s l t d lib r t s h ydri
n e e a e o e a ,
an e a e

o dic ci d ( H I) a l l mp d b t if i dic
,
a cidc o o r ess co o un ; u o a

( IO ) b
5
ls pr s e t i t d
a c m p s
o s t h h ydri dice ciden ,
e o o e e o a

firs t f rm d xi d izi g th h yd r g i t w t r ( H 0 ) d
o e ,
o n e o en n o a e , an

s tt i g fr t h i di
e n ee T h i m m di t pr duc t i e of n e . e e a e o on o a

y ell w c lo r ddi go o w k cid t

on qu usa s lu t i f n a ea a o a eo o on o

i di d f p t ssiu m is t h r f r pr f f t h pr s c
o e o o a ,
e e o e, a oo o e e en e

o f i d t A i d t f p t sh i t h ught t r d r
an o a e . s o a e o o a s o o en e

c ll d i i s si t iv
o o on t his p i t s h uld b
n en tt d dt e o n o e a en e o .

I d id f p t ssiu m m y b r d r d v ry pur by
o e o o a a e en e e e e re

cr ys t llizi g fr m spiri t b y diss lvi g i s t r g lc

a n o ,
or o n n on a o

h l f p gr 8 2 3 i
o o s .w hich sulp h t . c rb t d i
, n a e, a on a e, an o

d t f p t sh
a e o i s lu b l T h pr p rti f i did
o a a re n o e . e o o on o o e
96 V A ULAR Y
OC B or

o fp t ssiu m c t i d i s tur t d lc h lic s l ti

o a on a ne n a a e a o o o u on s

v ri s w i t h t h st r gt h f t h spiri t
a e e en o e .

S lu t i o f chl ri don f b riu m is c m m

o ly us d t d
o e o a o on e o e

tee t i m puri t i s i i d i d f p t siu m e it f r m s n w hi t

o e o o as ; o a e

pr cipi t t if c rb t i d t
e a e sulph t b pr s t
a on a e, o a e , or a e e e en .

i nth tw e f rm r c s s t h pr cipi t t d iss lv s t h

o o e a e e e a e o e on e

a d d i ti f p on d ilu t i t ric ci d b t i th l t t r it is
o u re e n a ,
u n e a e

i s lu b l T h c m m rci l i di d h w v r is r r ly
n o e . e o e a o e , o e e ,
a e so

pur t r m i qui t cl r t h d di t i f chl ri d

e as o e a n e ea on e a on o o e

o f b riu m a m p l ,
t h r
a f r m y b
e re d i o a e sc en c e , e e o e, a e sre

g rd d
a e .

I I E S ILVER
OD D
( S S ilv r I did
OF f ) . ee e ,
o e o .

I R N PR T UL A T E O ,
O OS PH OF .

Sym b l F O S 0 + 7 HO o At m ic w ig h t 1 3 9
,
e
3
. o e ,
.

T h is s l t f t r m d pp a ,
o
g te n i i l is m
e s t e co e ra s o r re e n v tr o ,
a o

a bu d t su b s t
n an c d us d f v ri y f purp s s i an e, a n e or a a et o o e n

th rt s C m m rci l s lp h t f ir h w v r b i g
e a . o e a u a e o on ,
o e e , e n

pr p r d e a l rg sc l r quir s r cr ys t lliz ti t
e on a a e a e, e e e a a on o re n

d it su ffici
er t l y pur f p h t gr p h ic purp s s
en e or o o a o e .

Pur sulp h t e f ir ccurs i th f rm f l rg t r s

a e o on o n e o o a e, an

p r t pris m t ic cr ys t ls f d lic t gr c l r b y
a en a a ,
o a e a e e en o o ex

p o s u ret t h i t h y
o gr d u lly b s r b
e a r x y g d b c me a a a o o en a n e o e

rus ty t h surf c S lu t i f sulp h t f ir c l r

on e a e . o on o a e o on , o o

l ss t firs t ft r w r d s ch g s t
e a ,
a d ti t e d d p si t s
a an e o a re n ,
an e o

a br w p w d r ; t h is p w d r is b i p rsulph t f
o n o e o e a as c e a e O

ir t h t is p rsu lph t c t i i g
on ,
a ,
a xc ss f t h
e a e on a n n an e e o e

o xi d b e By t h
or ddi t i f sulp h uric c t ic cid
a se . e a on o or a e a

t th
o s l t i th f rm t i f d p i is pr v t d th
e o u on , e o a on o a e os t e en e ,
e

br w p w d r b i g s lub l i ci d li qui d s
o n o e e n o e n a .

Th cry s t ls f sulph t f ir i clud l rg qu

e a o a e o on n e a a e an
~
98 V A ULAR Y
OC B OF

ER L RI E IRON ,
P CH O D OF .

S ym b l F C l At m ic w igh t 1 64 o ,
e z s
. o e ,
'

Th r t w chl ri d s f ir
e e a re c rr sp di g i m o o e o on , o e on n n co

p si t i t th pr t xi d d th s s q ui xi d r sp c t iv ly
o on o e o o e an e e o e e e e .

Th epr t c h l ri d is v ry s lub l i w t r f r m i g
o o o e e o e n a e ,
o n a

gr s l t i w h ic h pr cipi t t s d irt y w h i t pr t xi d
een o u on , e a e a e o o e

on th ddi t i fe lk li T h p rc h l ri d
a on th o an a a . e e o e ,
on e

o th r h e d is d rk b r w d giv s f xy d p ip i
an ,
a o n ,
an e a o -
re re c

t t w i t h lk li s
a e a a e .

P p i — P rc h l rid
ro e rt es f ir m y b . bt i d i th e o e o on a e O a n e n e

s li d f rm b y h t i g ir w ir i xc ss f chl ri ; it
o o ea n on e n e e o o n e

c d s s i th s h p f b rilli t d irid sc t b r w
on en e n e a e o an an e en o n

cr ys t ls w hich v l t il d diss lv i w t r th
a ,
a re o a e, an o e n a e ,
e so

l ti
u b i g
on ci d t t s t p p r It is ls s lub l i lc
e n a o e -
a e . a o o e n a o

h l f rm i g th
o ,
o i f i n
q i h l id i f t h P
e h r m t n c t a ra c rr s es u c or o e a a

i oe aC m m rci l p rc h l ri d f ir
o r d i ril y e a e o e o on o na c on
co
p .

t i s
a n xc ss f h yd r chl ric cid
an e e o o o a .

L I T MU S .

L i tm us is v g t b l sub s t c pr p r d fr m v ri us
a e e a e an e, e a e o a o

li h
c w hich
en s, pri cip ll y c ll c t d r cks dj i i g a re n a o e e on o a o n n

th e Th
se a c l ri g m t t r is xt r c t d b y p culi r
. e o o n a e e a e a e a

pr c ss d ft r w r d s m d p i t p s t w i th ch lk
o e ,
an a e a a e u n o a a e a ,

pl s t r f P ris 8
a e o a ,
5C .

L itm u ccurs i c m m rc i th f rm f s m ll cub s

s o n o e e n e o o a e ,

o f fia vi l t c l r I usi g it f t h pr p r t i f
n e o e o o . n n or e e a a on o

t s t p p rs i t is d ig s t d i h t w t r
e -
a e ,
d sh t s f p e e n o a e ,
an ee o o

r us p p r
o s k d i th b lu liqui d f rm d T h
a e a re oa e n e e so o e . e

re d p p rs pr p r d t firs t i th s m m
a e a re rb t e a e a n e a e ann e ,
u

a ft r w r d s pl c d i w t r w hic h h s b
e a r drd
a e n a e a een en e e

f i ly cid w i th sulp h uric hy d r chl ric cid

a nt a or o o a .
 PH O T O GRA P H I C C H EMI AL C S . 99

L RI E M ER UR Y C ,
B IC H O D OF .

S y m b l H gC l A t m ic w igh t 2 7 4o , Q
. o e ,
.

T h is s l t ls c ll d c rr siv su b li m t d s m t i m s
a ,
a o a e o o e a e, an o e e

c h l id f mor e o
y ( t h t m ic w igh t
c rc u r f m rcur y b ie g a o e o e e n

h lv d ) m y b f r m d b y h ti g m rcur y i xc ss f
a e ,
a e o e ea n e n e e o

c h l ri o m r
n e , o r, c m ic lly b y sub li m i g m ixt ur f
o e e on o a ,
n a e o

p rsulp h t f m rcur y d c h l rid f s d iu m

e a e o e an o e O o .

P p roi — v r c rr siv
er t e s d p is us l t usu ll sa a
y . a e y o o e an o on o ,

s l d i s m i t r sp r t cr ys t lli m ss s
o n e -
an i a th en ,
a ne a e ,
or n e

s t t f p w d r S lub l i 1 6 p r t s f c l d d i 3 f
a e o o e . o e n a o o ,
an n o

h t w t r ;m r
o a bu d
e tl y i lc h l d ls i
o e a n an so n a o o ,
an a o n

e th r e T h s lu b ili t y i w t r m y b
. e o i cr s d l m s t n a e a e n ea e a o

t o an
y x t t b e
y t h d d i t i
en f fr h y dr c h l ric e cid a on o ee o o a .

Th pr t c h l ri d f m rcur y is
e o o oi s lub l w h i t
e o e an n o e e

p w d r c m m ly k w u d r th m f l m l
o e ,
o on n o n n e e n a e o ca o e .

M ILK .

T h m ilk f h rb iv r us
e i m ls c t i s th r pr i ci
o e o o an a on a n ee n

p l
a c s t i t
on u t s — f t m tt r c s i
y en d s g a r ; i t d a e ,
a e n e, an u a n a

d i ti t
on th s s m ll qu t i i s f th chl ri d f p
o e e ,
a an t e o e o e o o

t i m
a ss u d f p h sp h t s f li m
,
an o d m g si o a e o e an a ne a, a re

pr s t e en .

T h f tt y m t t r is c
e a t i d i s m ll c lls d f rm s
a e on a n e n a e ,
an o

t h gr e t r p r t f th
ea cr m w hich ris s t th surf c f
e a o e ea e o e a e o

th m ilk
e s t d i g h c hi m d m ilk is t b p
on an n . en e s m e o e re

f rr d f p h t gr phic
e e or o o a u se .

Th s c e d c s t i tu t
e on i is rg ic pri cipl
on en ,
c a se n e , an o an n e

s m w h t l g us t l b u m i c m p si t i
o e a an a o o d p o a en n o o on an ro

p rt i s It q u us s lu t i h w v r d s t lik
o e . s a eo o on o e e oe no , e

a lb um gen l b
, ili g
c oa u l s u a id
t e onb pr s t o n ,
n e s a n ac e e en ,

w hich pr b b l y r m v s o s m ll p rt i f lk li w i th
a e o e a a o on o a a

w hich t h c s i w pr vi usly c m b i d T h b
e a e n e as e o o n e . e su
1 00 V A ULARY
“
OC B or

st c t rm
an e t e e d r
w hich i t h dri d s t m ch f t h en n e , s e e o a o e

c lf p ss ss s th pr p r ty f c g l t i g i b t t h
a ,
o e e e o e o oa u a n c a se n e , u e

e x c t d f it c ti is u k w S h rry w i is ls
a m o e O s a on n no n . e n e a o

e m pl y d t cur d l m ilk ; b t b r
o e dy
o d t h r spiri t u us e u an an o e o

li qui d s w h fr fr m ci d d s t ri g t m tt r h v
,
en ee o a an a n en a e ,
a e

no ff c t
e e .

I ll h s c s s
n a pr p r t i f th c s i usu ll y
t e e a e a e o on o e a e n e a re

m i s i a n s lub l f rm i th wh y b t w h t h m ilk
n a o e o n e e ; u en e

is c gul t d b y th d d i t i f ci d s t h qu t ity l ft
oa a e e a on o a , e an so e

is v ry m ll d h c th
e s a f th r , t is t b p
an en e e u se o e en n e o e re

f rr d si c th pr s c f c s i f cili t t s th r du
e e ,
n e e e en e o a e n e a a e e e e

ti on f th so si t iv silv r s lt s e en e e a .

C s i ac m b i s w i t h xid f silv r i th s m m
e n e o n e o e o e n e a e an

n er a s a lb u m f r m i g w hi t c gulu m w h ic h b c m s
en ,
o n a e oa ,
e o e

h i h
r c d -
xp sur t lig h t
re on e o e o .

S ug r f m ilk t h t h ir d pri cip l c

a o s ti tu t d i ff rs
,
e n a on en ,
e

fr m b t h c
o d gr p s g r ; i t m y b
o an e bt i an d by a e u a a e o a n e

e v p r t i g wh y u t il cry s t lliz ti b gi s t t k p l
a o a n e n a a on e n o a e ace .

I t is h r d d gri t t y a d l y slig h tl y s w t sl w l y
an ,
an on ee o

so lu b l w i t h u t f rm i g s yr p i b u t t w d h lf
e, o o n a u ,
n a o o an a a

p rt s f b ili g d six f c l d w t r It d s t f
a o o n ,
an o o a e . oe n o er

m ten d f r m lc h lan th d di io f y s t lik gr p a o o on e a t on o ea ,

e a e

sug r b t by th c ti f d mp i g im l m
a ,
u e is a on o ec o os n an a a tt e r

c v rt d i t l c t ic cid
on e e n o a a .

Wh ski m m d m ilk is xp s d t t h i f s m
en e e o e o e a r or o e

h urs it gr du lly b c m s
o fr m l c t ic ci d f rm d i
a a e o e s our, o a a o e n

t h is w y ; d if t h a h t d t b ulli t i
an th csi en ea e o e on ,
e a e n e

c gul t s v ry p rf c tly
oa a e e e e .

N I T RI A I C C D .

S ym b l N O At m ic w ig h t 5 4 o ,
o e ,
.

Ni t ric ci d q f i i
a pr p r d b ,y d d
or i g sula u a - o rt s , s e a e a n
 C
v oC A B U L A R v o r

m i d b y y pr cipi t t i g r g t i th s m m
ne an e r
a n e a en ,
n e a e an n e

as t h t f h y d r chl ric
a o d sulp h uric o ci d o an a .

I p i i m
f
ur C t i l
es o N i i A id — T h s
om m e rc a pri tr c c e e a re n

c ip lly h l i
a c d lp h i
or n e a n id ls p r xid f i t r su ur c a c a o e o e o n o

g en w h,ich t i g s t h ci d y nll w e lr d y d scri

e b d a e o ,
as a ea e e .

C h l ri o is d t c t d b y d ilu t i g th cid w i t h
n e e e e qu l n e a an e a

b ulk f d is t ill d w t r
o d d di g e f w d r ps f a ei tr t ,
an a n a e o o n a e

o f sil r — ilk i
ve
, w h ic h is c h l ri d
a m f silv r i
n ess , sus o e o e n

p si i dic t s t h pr s c f chl ri
en on , n a e I t sti g
e e en e O o ne . n e n

f or sulphuric cid dilu t t h i t ric cid b f r d a ,

e e n a as e o e, an

dr p i o i gl d p
n a f s lu t i
s n f chl rid
e ro f b iu m if
o o on o o e o ar

s ulphuric cid b pr s t i s lu b l pr cipi t t f sul

a e e en ,
an n o e e a e o

ph t f b ryt w ill b f rm d
a e o a a e o e .

NI TR U A I ( S S
O ilv r N i
S t r t f ) C D . ee e ,
a e o .

N I T RA T E P TA or O SH .

Sym b l K O NO At m ic w igh t 1 0 2
o , 5
. o e , .

This s l t ls t rm d i a ,
a lpo is e bu d t
e n tre or sa t e tre , an a n an

n a t ur l pr d uc t f u d fil
a o d up , th os il i c r t i
n e o re sc e on e o n e a n

p r t s f th E s t I d i s It is ls pr duc d r tifici lly i

a o e a n e . a o o e a a n

wh t a c ll d i t r b d s
a re a e n e -
e .

N i tr t f p t s h is
a e o hy d o a l it c t i s an an ro u s sa t, -
on a n

si m ply i tric ci d d p t sh w i th u t y w t r f cr y s
n a an o a ,
o an a e o

t ll i
a ti za s till i m y c s s li ttl w t r is r t i d
on , n an a e ,
a e a e e a n e

m ch e ic ll y b tw th i t rs t ic s f th cr y s t ls d
an a e een e n e e o e a ,
an

th r f re i t is b tt r t
e o e d y b f r e This m y be o r e o e u se . a e

d on e b y l y i g it i s t t f fi p w d r up b l t t i g
a n n a a e o ne o e on o n

p p r cl s t fi
a e ,
o e up h
o a d m t lli pl t re ,
or on a e a te
‘

e a c a e .

N I T RA T E BAR Y T A OF .

Sym b l B O N O At m ic w ig h t 1 3 1
o ,
a S
. o e , .

Ni t r t f b ry t f r m
a e o c t h dr l crys t ls w hich
a a o s o a e a a , a re
 PH O T O GRA P H I C CH EMI AL C S . 1 03

an h yd r
us It is c si d r b ly l ss s lub l t h t h chl
o . on e a e o e an e o

ri d f b riu m r q uiri g 1 2 p r t s f c l d d 4 f b ili g

e o a ,
e n a o o an o o n

w r f s lu t i
a te It m y b su b s t i t u t d f
or o th
onitr t .
-
a e e or e n a e

of l d i th pr p r t i
ea f pr t i t r t
n e f ir e a a on o o on a e o on .

N I T RA T E or L EA D .

l NO m ic w igh t
l
S ym b o ,
Pb O ” At o e ,
1 66 .

i t r t f l d is b t i d b y d iss lvi g th m t l
N a e o ea O a n e o n e e a , or

th xi d f l d i
e o e o f i t ric ci d d ilu t d w i t h 2
ea ,
n e x c e ss o n a , e

p rt s f w t r It cr ys t lliz s
a o a e . v p r ti i w h it a e on e a o a on n e

an h y dr us t t r h dr
o d c t h dr
e a w h ic h e h rd da an o a e a, a re a ,
an

d cr pi t t
e e b i g h t d
a e onth y s lub l i 8 p rt s
e n ea e e a re o e n a

o f w t r t a e a

N itr t f l d f r m s w i t h sulp h uric ci d

a e o ea s lub l sul
o a ,
or o e

p h t a w h
e s, ai t pr cipi t t w hic h is t
e h i s lu b l
e sulp h t a e , e n o e a e

o f l d ea T h I d id
. f l d is ls v ry sp ri gly s lu b l
e o e o ea a o e a n o e

i w t r
n a e .

N I T RA T E o f S ILVER .
( S ee S ilv r N i tr
e ,
a te of .

N I TR O -H Y DR OCH L RIO C AC I D .

S ym b o l ,
NO 4 Cl .

T h is li qui d is th qu r gi f th ld lch m is t s It e a a- e a o e O a e .

is pr duc d b y m ixi g i t ric d h yd r c h l ric ci d s t h

o e n n an o o a e

ox v
g c t i d i th f r m r c m b i s w i t h th h yd r
en on a n e n e o e o n e e o

g en f t ho l tt r f r m i g w t r d li b r t i g chl ri
e a e ,
o n a e an e a n o n e,

t h us

NO , HCI : NO , . H0 CI .

Th e pr s c
e en e o f fr chl ri c f rs
ee o n e on e on th e m ixtur e th e
1 04 V A ULARY
OC B OF

p o we r
iss l v i g g ld d pl t i u m which i th r f
o f d o n o an a n , n e e o

th tw e ci d s p ss ss s s p r t l y I pr p r i g q u
o a o e e e a a e . n e a n a a

r gi it is usu l t m i
e a p r t b y m sur f i t ric
a o x on e a ,
ea e, o n

aci d w i t h f ur f h ydr c h l ric cid d t d ilu t w i t h

o o o o a ,
an o e an

eq u l b lk f w t r T h pplic t i
a u o f g tl h t a e . e a a on o a en e ea

assis t s th s l ti f t h m t l ; b t if th t m p r tur
e o u on o e e a u e e e a e

ris s t th b ili g p i t v i l t ff rv sc c d sc p
e o e o n o n ,
a o en e e e en e an e a e

of chl ri t k s pl c
o ne a e a e .

O X Y GEN .

Sym b l O At m ic w igh t 8 o ,
. o e ,
.

xyg g m ay b b t i d b y h t i g i tr t f p t
O en as e o a n e ea n n a e o o

as h t r d O ss b t i t h is c s it is c t m i t d w i th
e ne ,
u n a e on a n a e a

p rt i f it r g
o on o n T h s l t t r m d chl r t
o en . f p t sh e a e e o a e o o a

( t h c e m p si t
o i f wo hich is cl on s l y l
o g u t t h t f o e ana o o s o a o

th i t r t ch l ri b i g sub s ti t u t d f it r g ) y i lds
e n a e, o ne e n e or n o en e

a bu d n c f pur xyg g
an e o th pplic t i f h t
e o en a s on e a a on o ea ,

l vi g b h i d chl ri d f p t ssiu m
ea n e n o e o o a .

C h mi l P p e ca i — Oxy g ro c m bi s g rl y w i t h
er t e s en o n e ea e

m an
y f t h c
o h m ic l
e l m t s f r
e mi g xi d s
a T h is e e en , o n o e .

c h m ic l ffi i ty h w v r is t w ll s w h t h l
e a a n o e e n o e e en en e e e

m t ry b d y is
en a p s d t t h ct i f yg i h
o ex o e o e a on o ox en n t e

g a s e ou s
f I t i
o rm t h . x y g w shich c t s m e s t n a sc e n t o en a o

p w rfull y
o e i d iz
a s an By s t x y g is m t
ox er . na c en o en ean

ox
y g t
en h p oni t f s p re t i fr
o n m t h r ol m t ry e a a on o o e e e en a

a ot m s w i t h w hich i t w pr vi sl y ss ci t d ; it m y as e ou a o a e a

th enb c sid r d t b i th l iquid f rm d h c it

e on e e o e n e o ,
an en e

c m s m r p rf c tl y i t c t c t w i th th p r ticl s f th
o e o e e e n o on a e a e o e

b dy t b
o xi d iz d
o e O e .

I ll s t r t i s f th sup ri r ch m ic l
u a on o rg y f sc t
e e o e a en e o n a en

ox yg en um u b t
a re n p rh p e ro m r s t riki g
s, u n on e e a s a re o e n
 VO C ABUL A Y Oi
'

R “
r si us b d i s c v r t i g t h m i t s o ps S lut on Of
e no o e , on e n e n o a . o I

p t s h b s rb s c b ic ci d quickl y fr m t h i d
o a a o ar on a o e a r, a n

h uld t h r f r b pr s rv d i s t pp r d b t tl s ; t h
s o e e o e e e e e n o e e o e e
‘

gl ss s t pp rs m us t b w ip d cc si ll y i rd r t p
a o e e e o a on a ,
n o e o re

v t t h m fr m b c m i g i m v b l y fix d b y t h
en e os lv t e o n m o a e e o en

ac t i f t h p t s h p t h silic f th gl ss
on o e o a u on e a o e a .

T h li q u r p t e f th L d Ph o
p i h o a ssse o e on on a rm a c o te a as a

Sp gr. f 1 0 6 3 . d c t i s ob u t 5 p c t f r l ,
an on a n a o er en : o ea

p t s h It is usu ll y c t m i t d w i t h b
o a . f p t a on a n a e ca r on a te o o

h w hic h c s s it t fi dditi f ci d s ;
‘

as , th au e o e e rv e s c e on e a on o a

als t l ss x t t w i t h sulp h t f p t s h c h l rid f

o, o a e e en ,
a e o o a ,
o e o

p t ssiu m silic t
o a ,
a, e c .

R NA T E F PO T A S H, C A BO O :

S ym b l K O C O At m ic w igh t 7 0 o ,
o e ,

T h i m pur c b e t f p t s h t rm d p l h is b
e a r on a e o o a , e e ea r a s , o

t i d fr m t h
a n e sh s f w d d v g t b l m tt r i
o e a e o oo an e e a e a e , n

th s m e m ar c rb t f s d is pr p r d fr m
e ann e as a on a e o o a e a e o

th sh s f s w ds S l s f p t sh d f s d p
e a e o ea ee . a t o o a an o o a a

p r ss t i l t v g t t
ea e end b s rb d
a d pp i
o e e a i on ,
an a re a o e an a r ox

m t d b y t h livi g t i su s f t h
a e
th v g t b l s t ruc t ur c m b i
e e
pl t T h y xis t i
e n s e o e an . e e n
“
e d w i t h rg
a ic ci d s i th
e e o n e o an a n e

f r m f s l t lik t h
o o l t t rt r t t w hich w h
a s, e e ox a a e, a a e, e c .
,
en

b ur d c v r t d i t c rb t s
n e a re on e e n o a on a e .

P p i rO_ Tl p rl h f c m m rc
er t es .t i s l rg Ie ea as o o e e Con a n a e

d v ri b l q u t i t i s f c h l ri d f p t siu m sulp h t
‘

an a a e an e o o e o o as , a e

o f p t sh t
o a A pur r c rb t
,
i s ld w h ich is fr
e c . e a on a e s o , ee

fr m sulph t
o d w ith ly t r c f chl ri d s C r
a e s, an on a a e o o e . a i

b t
on a f p t s h is
e o s t r gl y lk li s l t d li qu sc t
o a a on a a n e a , e e en ,

an d s lu b l i t wic it w igh t f
o ld w t r i s olub l i
e n e s e o co a e n e n

a lc h l d m pl y d t d priv it f w t r
o o ,
an e o e o e e o a e .
 PHO TO R
G AI‘H I C C H E MI CAL S . 1 07

PY R GA LI
O L C A C ID .

y
S mb o l ,
C S Hg O; ic w gh t 8 4 At o m ei . .

Th e pr fi x d t
t e rm p yro e e o g llic
a cid i m pli s t h t t h a e a e

n w s b st
e is bt i d b y th i f h p t h t
u an ce O a n e e a c t on o ea t u On a

“
b dyo At t m p r t ur
. f b ut 4 1 0 F h
a e g llic ci d
e a e o a o
0
a r .
,
a a

i d mp s d co d wh i t b li m t f r m s w h ic h su
‘

s e o e ,
an a e a e o , c on

d s s i l m ll
en e rys t l thi is p y g lli a i d
n a e ar
‘
C a s s ro a c c .

Py r g lli ci d v ry s lub l c ld w t r d i l
o a c a Is e o e In o a e ,
an n a

co h l o d anth s lu ti d p d b c m e o on ec o m
'

oS e s a n e o es

br w b y p su t th i It gi s i d ig b lu e a r ve e
‘

o n ex o re o . an n o

c l r w i t h pr t s lph t f ir wh i h h g t d k
o o o o u a e o on ,
c C an es o ar

g r if
e en y p rsulp h t
an b pr s t e a e e e en .

Al t h gh t rm d ou id t h is s b s t e is tri tly
e an ac ,
u an ce s c n eu

t l it l
ra ; s t r dd litm p p n d f m
( es n o es lt en u se a e r, a or s n o a s;

Th d di t i
e a f p t sh ons d d c m p s s pyr g llic ci d
o o a or o a e o o e o a a ,

at th m eti m Sai r si g th ttr ct i f

e e y g ; nc ea n e a a on or ox en

h c t h i m ixtur m y v i t l y b m pl y d f ’

en e s e a Co n en en e e o e or

b s rb i g t h xy g t i d i tm ph ric i Th os
’ ‘

a o n e o en c on a n e n a e a r . e

co m p u d s f il o r d g ld
n o r d u d b y p yr g lli
s ve an o a re e ce o a c

a cid v m r r pi d ly t h b y g llic id th d m g
e en o e a an
’

a ac , e re uc

a g t b s b i g th
en a or
y g d b n m i g v r t d e ox en ,
an ec o n Co n e e

i t c b i
n o id d b r w m tt i s l b l i w t r
ar on c ac an a o n a er n o u e n a e .

C m m rci l pyr g lli cid is ft c t m i t d w i th ‘

o e a o a c a o en on a n a e

em p y r u m t ic e il d ls w i t h
a b l ck i s l b l
o ,
ba n a o a a n o u e su -
r

st c k w
an e m no
g lli i dn w h i h ias f r m d w h eta a c ac ,
c s o e en

th h t i r is d b v th pr p r t m p r t r i t h p
e ea s a e a o e e o e e e a u e n e ro

se ss f m u f ctur
o an a e .

S D ( S EL G l d H yp s lp
’
h it
OR f )
. ee o , o u e o .

S ILVER »
.

Sy m b l Ag A t m ic w ig h t 1 0 8 o ,
. o e ,

T h i m t l th l s e a d ,f th l h m i ts f u d
e un a o r iana o e a c e s , is o n
1 08 VO C A BU A Y or L R
n at iv i P ru d M xic ; it ccurs ls i th form f
e n e an e o o a o n e o

s ulphur t f ilv r e o s e .

Wh pur it h en
p gr e f 1 0 5 d is v
as a ry m ll b
sl . . o
°

,
an e a ea e

an d duc til ; m l t s t b righ t

e d h t
e Silv a d a t re ea . er oe s no

o xi d iz i t h i b t w h xp s d t
e n e a r, i m pur t m s
u en e o e o an e a o

p h e rec t i i g t r
on c s f
a n sul p h
n ur tt d h y d a
g it i
e o e e ro en ,
s

sl w l y t r i h d fr m f r m ti f s lp h r t f silv r It
o a n s e o o a on o u u e o e .

diss lv i s ulph ric i d b ut th b St s l v t i i t ric

o es n u a c , e e o en s n

a c id .

T h s t d rd c i
e anf th a lm i ll y f silv r d
o n o e re a s an a o o e an

c pp r c t i i g b b t
o e ,
on a l t h f t h l tt r m t l
n n a u on e -
e e ve n
‘
o e a e e a .

It m y b a v rt d i t i tr t f silv r s uffici tly pur

e c on e e n o n a e o e ,
en e

for ph t gr p h ic purp s s b y d iss lvi g it i it ric ci d

o o a o e ,
o n n n a

a nd v p e t i g th
a s l ti t t h cr ys t llizi g p i t
o ra n e o u on o e a n o n : o r,

if th qu t i ty b s m ll th s lu i m y b b il d
e an e a , e o t on a e o e

d w t c m pl t d ry s d t h id f d s t r gly
o n o o e e n e s, a n e re s ue us e
‘

on

w hich d c m p s eth oit r t fo pp b t l v s t h

es e n a e o co e r, u ea e e

g r t
ea r p er t i f th o sil v on s lt u f
of c t d ( N B
e er a na e e . . .

Ni t r t a f il v r w h ich h
e o s u d rg f si c t i
e as n e on e u on on a n s

n i t ri t f sil v r d w ill r quir th dd i t i f c t i

e o e ,
an e e e a on o a e c

a cid if s d f p p ri g t h c ll d i s i i v fi lm
u e or re a n e
‘

o o on en s t e

S ILV R E ,
A M MU N I O -N I T R ATE or .

r s t lliz d i tr t f silv r b s rb s m m i l g
C y a e n a e o e a o a on a c a as

r pidly w i th pr d uc ti f h t su ffi ci t t fus th

a ,
o on o ea en o e e re s

sult i g c m p u d w hich is w h i t
n o d c sis t s f 1 0 0
o n ,
e, an on o

p r t s f t h i t r t 2 9 5 f m m i Th m p l
a o e n a e o a on a . e co ou n

h w v r w hich ph t gr ph rs m pl y u d r t h m f
o e e o o a e e o n e e n a e o

amm i i t r t f ilv r m y b vi w d m r si m pl y
on o -n a e o S e ,
a e e e o e as

a lu t i f t h xid f sil v i m m i wi th u t
so on o e o e o er n a On a , o re ~
1 10 VO C A ULARY
B or

Prop e rt ies of the S u box id e of S ilve r S oxi e of sil .

—ub d
ver b rs
ea rl i rdi ry r
t h e sa m e e a t on t o t h e o na b ow n p rot ox
l h subc rid b
id e o f si v er t a t hl o e pr c r d
e a rs t o ot o hl o i e o f

silv r e .

It is bl ck p w d w hich ssu m th m t llic lus t r

a a o e r, a es e e a e

on rubbi g d wh t r t d w i th dil ut cids i

n , an lv d en ea e e a s re so e

i t
n pr t xid f silv r whi ch diss l v
o o o e d m t lli
o e o e s, an e a c

sil v er .

S ILVER C L RI E , H O D or .

S y m b l AgC l At m w igh t 1 4 4 o , . o lc e , .

Prep a ra tion f C li lori de f S i lv er b d ou ble d e c om osi

“
o o
y p
t ion .
— In illus o rd r
s k s lu i e to t ra t e t hi , t a e a o t on in w a t e r

of chl rid f dium

o c mm
e o lt d m i it w i t h
so or o on sa ,
”
an x

a s lut i c t i i g i t r t f silv r ; i m m di t ly
o on on a n n n a e o e e a e a

d s curdy whi t pr cipi t t f lls which is th subs t c

en e, , e e a e a , e an e

i qu s t i
n e on .

I t his n ct i th l m t s ch g pl c ; th chl
re a on e e e en an e a es e o

i l v th diu m w ith which it w pr v i usly m

r ne ea es e so as e o co

bi d ne d cr s , anv r t th il v r ; th xyg
o se s d i o e o e s e e o en an n

t ic cid
r a l s d fr m th silv
a re d u i t w i t h th
re e a e o e e r, a n n e e

sodium t hu : s

C hl ri d f di m + it t f ilv r
o e o so u n ra e o s e

C hl ri d f il -
+ it t f s d
o e o s ver n ra e o o a .

Thi i t rch g f l m t is t rm d by ch m i t
s n e an e o e e en s e e e s s

d ou ble d ec omp osition .

s l quir m t s i t w s lt i t d d f th
Th e e s e n t ia re e en n o a s n en e or e

pr p t i f chl rid f il v r
e a ra i m ply t h t th firs t
on o o e o s e ,
a re s a e

sh l d c t i chl ri th c d il v r d t h t b th
ou on a n o n e, e se on s e , an a o

sh uld b lubl i w t r ; h c th chl ri d f p t

o e so e n a e en e e o e o o as

siu m mm i um m y b
or aub titut d f th chl id f on a e s s e or e or e o
 Pn o r os na p m c C l—
l E MI C AL S .

so di u m d th ulph t ,
an c t t f th i t r t f
e s a e or a e a e or e n a e o

sil v r e .

I pr p ri g ch l rid
n e f sil v r by d ubl d c m p si t i
a n o e o e o e e o o on ,

t h w hi t cl tt y m ss s w hich firs t f r m m us t b w sh d
e e o a e o e a e

re p t dly w i th w t r i rd r t fr th m fr m s l b l
ea e a e ,
n o e o ee e o o u e

n i tr t f s d th th r pr duct f th ch g Wh
a e o o a, e o e o o e an e . en

t h is is d th s lt is i pur s t t d m y b dri d
on e , e a
f
n a e a e, an a e e ,

e t c .i t h usu l w y
, n e a a .

P p ti ro
f C h
er l id f S i
es l Cohl ri d f silv r or e o ve r .
-
o e o e

di ff rs i
e pp r c fr mth i t r t f silv r It is t
n a ea an e o e n a e o e . no

m t w i t h i crys t ls b t f r m s
e n s ft w hit p w d r r s m
a , u o a o e o e e e

b li g c m m
n ch lk w hi t i g It i t st l s d i s
o on a or n . s a e e s an n o

lubl i w t r ; u ff ct d b y b ili g w i th th s t r g s t
e n a e n a e e o n e on e

n i t ric cid b t sp ri gly diss l v d by c c t r t d hydr

a , u a n o e on en a e o

chl ric cid

o a .

Am m i diss l v s chl rid f silv r fr ly d s lu

on a o e o e o e ee , as o o

ti on s f hyp sulphi t f s d d cy id f p t ssiu m

o o e o o a an an e o o a .

C on c t r t d s lu t i s f lk li chl rid s i d id s d
en a e o on o a a n e o e , o e , an

br m id s
o lik w is s l v t s f chl rid f silv r b t
e a re e e o en o o e o e , u

t o a li m i t d xt t e e en .

D y chl ridr f silv r h t d t r d ss fus s

o e o d e ea e o e ne e an c on
“
,

cr t s
e e c li g i t t ugh d s m i t r sp r t b
on oo n n o a o an e -
an a en su

s t c w hich h b t rm d h il
an e, l
as een e e orn s ver o r u n a c orn e a .

Pl c d i a c t c t w i t h m t llic zi c ir cidifi d
e n on a e a n or on a e

w i t h d ilu t sulphuric cid chl ri d e f sil v r i r duc d t a , o e o e s e e o

t h m t llic s t t
e e a th chl ri p ssi g t t h th r m t l
a e, e o n e a n o e o e e a

u d r t h d c m p si g i flu c f t h g lv ic curr t
n e e e o o n n en e o e a an en

w hich is s t b lish d e a e .

Prep a ra t ion and

p ro e rt ie s o
p f th e S u bc h lorid e f
o S ilve r .

If pl t f p lish
a a e o o ed sil v r b dipp d i s lu ti f
e e e n o on o
p er

chl rid f ir
o e o on , or o f b ic h l rid f m rcury
o bl k e o e ,
a ac s t a in

i pr duc d t h
s ir
o e , e on or m rcury s l t l si g
e p r ti a o n a o on of
1 12 V A ULARY
OC B or

c hl i hich p ss t th il v
or n e , w d c v rt s it sup
a es o e s er a n on e er

fi i lly i t subchl rid

c a n f silv r
o This c m p u d di ff r
o e o e . o o n e s

fr m th w hi t chl rid f sil v r i c t i i g l ss chl

o e e o e o e n on a n n e o

i
r n e an d m r f t h m t llic l m
o e o t ; t h c m p si t i e e a e e en e o o on

o f th l t t r b i g
e a pr s t d by th f rm ul AgC l th t
e e n re e en e e o a .
,
a

o f th f r m r m y p rh ps b w ri tt
e o e a Ag C l e a e -
en as
2
.

S ub chl rid f sil v r i i t r s t i g t t h p h t gr ph

o e o e s n e e n o e o o a er

as c rr sp di g i pr p rt i s d c m p sit i w i th th
o e on n n o e e an o o on e

o rdi ry chl rid f sil v r bl ck d by light It i

na o e o e a en e . s a

pul v rul t ub t c f bluish bl ck c l r whi ch i

e en s s an e o a -
a o o , s

d c m p s d by m m i hyp sulphit f s d d y
e o o e a on a , o e o o a , an c a

n id f p t ssiu m i t chl rid

e o o a f sil v r which di s l v s
, n o o e o e s o e ,

an d i s lubl m t llic il v r
n o e e a s e .

S I VER B R MI E L , O D or

S y m b l A gB At m ic w ight 1 8 6
o ,
r . o e , .

Thi subs t c s cl s ly s m bl s th c r sp di g
an e so o e re e e e o re on n

sa l t c t i i g chl ri
s on a n n d i di th t sh rt ti c f
o n e an o ne, a a o no e o

it w ill su ffic e

Br m id o f sil v r e pr p r d by xp si g sil v r d
o e is e a e e o n a e e

pl t t th v p r f br m i
a e o e a by ddi g s luti f
o o o n e, or a n o on o

br mid f p t ssiu m t i t r t f silv r It i

o e o o a i l o n a e o e . s an n so u

b l subs t c
e sligh tly y ll w i c l r d di t i guish d
an e, e o n o o , an s n e

fr m i did f sil v r by diss lvi g i s tr g m m i d

o o e o e o n n on a on a an

i chl rid
n f mm
o iu m It is fr ly s l bl i h yp l
e o a on . ee o u e n o su

p h i t f s d
e o d i cy o id af p t
an ssiu m n an e o o a .

S ILVER C I T RA T E ( S C,
i t ric A cid ) or . ee .

S ILVER I I E ,
OD D or .

S y m b l AgI At m ic w igh t 2 3 4 o ,
. o e ,
.

P p rei d
a raP p ti
t f
on I d id
an
f S il —I did ro e r es o o e o ve r . o e

o f il v s m y b er f m di a l g us m
e torth e n an an a o o an n er o e
1 14 V A U ARY
OC B L or

ph a t e of
'

a m m on ia 3 u
~

p on th e sil v r lt th d m p i e sa s e eco os

ti on of hyp sulphit o e o f sil v r ls fur ish s th bl ck

e a o n e e a

sulphur t e .

S ulphur t f sil v r is i s lubl i w t re d orly e n o e n a e , an n ea so

i th s
n su b s t c which d iss l v th chl rid b r m d
o e an es o e e o e, o i e,

an d i di d suc h o mm i hyp sulphi t s cy id

e, as a on a, o e ,
an e s,

t
e c b t i t dis l v
. i u i t ric c i d b i g v t di t so es n n a , e n c on er e n o

so lubl ulph t d i t r t f s il v
e s a e an n a e o er .

S ILVE R, NI T R A T E or .

S m y bl o ,
A go N O 5 . At om ic w ight e ,
17 0 .

Nitra t e l v i pr p r d by di s l v i g m t llic il
o f si er s e a e so n e a s

v er i i t ric cid N it i cid is p w rfully cid d

n n a . r c a a o e a an

co rr si v ub st c c t i i g t w l m t ry b di
o e s an e, on a n n o e e en a o es

u i t d i d fi i t pr p rt i
n e n e Th s n itr g
e d o o on s . e e a re n o en an

o xyg ; th l tt b i g pr t i gr t s t qu t i ty
en e a er e n e se n n ea e an .

N i t ric id i p w ful l v t f th m t lli b di

ac s a o er so en or e e a c o es

g lly T illust r t it ct i i th t p rticul

e n e ra . o a e s a on n a a a r, as

c t r t d w i th th cids pl c pi c f il v f il i
on as e o er a ,
a e e es o s er o n

tw t s t t ub s t h
o e -
c t i i g dilu t ulphuric th
e , e on e on a n n e s , e

o t h r dil ut
e i t ri cid ; th pplic t i f h t i
e n c a on e a a on o ea a V o

l t cti
en a c m m c i t h l tt b t th f rm
on so on o en es n e a e r, u e o er

i u
s ff c t d
n a I e rd t u d rs t d th c us f th
e . n o er o n e an e a e o e

di ff r c it m us t b b r i m i d t h t wh m t llic
e en e, e o ne n n a en a e a

subst c di s l v i an e cid th tur f th s lu t i

s o es n an a , e n a e o e o on

is lik th t f
un e q a l t i f
o l t sug
an r I f a u e ou s so u on o sa or a .

y out k s l
a t w e t r d b a il i t d w u t ilat h weh l ,
f an o o n n e o e o

th w t r h
e a e v p r t d y b t i th lt g i w i th
as e a o a e , ou o a n e sa a a n ,

pr p rt i t h m
o e es t firs t ; b t if
e sasi m il r p i e as a u a a ex er

m t b m d w i th
en e s lu t i f il v r i i t ric cid th
a e a o on o s e n n a , e

re s ult i diff t i t h t c s y d t g t m t lli

s e re n : n a a e ou o no e e a c
 PH O T O G RA PH I C CH EMI A C LS .

s ilv e r on e v a p o r a t i on
sil v r m bi d with yg d
, b ut e co ne ox en an

n i i tr c id b t hac f w hich
,
t igh t ly r t i
o d bi g i
o a re e a ne , e n , n

f ct i t t f ch m ic l c m bi t i w it h th m t l
a ,
n a s a e o e a o na on e e a .

I f w cl s ly x m i th ff c t pr duc d by t r t i g
e o e e a ne e e e s o e ea n

sil v r w i th i t ric cid w fi d t h m t b f th f ll w i g

e n a ,
e n e o e o e o o n

t r —fi t
n a u e c rt i m t f xyg i i m p rt d t
rs , a e a n a ou n o o en s a e o

th m t l
e e a t f rm ,
id
so a s d ft w d t hi s xid
o o a n ox e, a n a er ar s o e

diss l v i o es t h r p rt i n f th
ano it ric id pr duci g
e o on o e n ac , o n

n it ra te f th xid
o it i e h tly t m d i t t f
o e , o r, a s s s or er e , n ra e o

s il v r e .

It i t h r f r th i t bili y f i t ric
s e e o e id it p e ns a t o n ac , s ro n e n e ss

t p rt w i t h
o a xyg whi ch d r it up ri t lp h
o en , re n e s s e or o su u

ric cid i th xp ri m t f di l v i g il v r Ni t ri
a n e e e en o sso n s e c

ac id s t d high i th lis t f xidi z i g g t

an s n d it e o o n a en s, an

i i m p rt t t h t th ph t gr ph r sh uld b r t h i f c t
s o an a e o o a e o ea s a

i mi d
n n .

P p i
ro ert es
f N i f S i l o —I t h pr p r t i
tra te f o ver . n e e a a on o

n i t r t f il v r w h th m t l h d iss l v d th s l
a e o s e , en e e a as o e ,
e o u

ti on is b il d d w i rd r t dri v ff th xc s f i
o e o n n o e o e o e e e s o n

t ric cid a d t ,sid t crys t lli z Th s lt h w v r

an se a e o a e . e a , o e e ,

a s so o b t i d is s t ill cid t t s t p p r d r quir s i th r

a ne a o e -
a e , an e e e e

t e- crys t lli z t i a c r ful h t i g t b u t 3 0 0 F h

a on , or a a e ea n o a o
°
a

re n h it t r d r it p rf c t ly
e , o en ut r l e e e n e a .

Pur i tr t
e n f sil v r ccur i th f r m f w hi t crys
a e o e o s n e o o e

t lli
a nepl t s which v ry h vy d diss lv r dily
a e , a re e ea an o e ea

in an qu l w ight f c ld w t r Th s lubili ty i m uch

e a e o o a e . e o s

l ss d b y th pr s c f fr i t ric cid d i th
e en e e e en e o ee n a ,
an n e

c on c e n tr a ted i t ric cid th crys t ls n l m s t i lubl

a e a a re a o n so e .

B ili g
o nlc h l t k s up b ut
a o o f urt h p rt a f it
e a o on e - o a o s

w igh t f t h crys t lli z d i t r t b t d p si t s

e o e rly th
a e n a e, u e o n ea e

wh l o e on c li g Ni t r t f sil v r h
oo n . i t s ly bi tt r a e o e as an n en e e

an d us u t s t ; c ti g
na eo s c us tic d c r di g th
a e a n as a a , an o ro n e
1 16 V A OC B UL ARY or?

ski by p l g d ppli t i
n a ro on It q s lut i i
e a ca on . s a u e ou s o on s

p rf c tly ut r l t t s t p p
e e ne a o e - a er .

H t d i ea e rucibl th l t m l t s d wh p ur d
n a c e e sa e , an en o e

i t
n m uld
o a d s lidi fi d f rm s t h l
o an ti f mo e , o e un a r c a us c o co

m rc e At e s t ill h ig h r t m p r t ur it is d m p s d
. a e e e a e eco o e ,

an d b u b b l s f xy g ge o v lv d Th m l t d m ss
o en a s a re e o e . e e e a ,

Co o el d d diss lv d i w t r l v s b h i d b l ck p w
an o e n a e , ea e e n a a o

d d y i lds
e r, a n lu t i w hi ch i f i t ly lk li t t st
e a so on s a n a a n e o e

p p r T h lk li it y d p ds up t h pr s c f i
a e . e a a n e en on e e en e o u

i
t r te o f sil v r ss ci t d w i t h xc ss f xid i t h f r m
e a o a e e e o o e, n e o

p b b ly f b sic
ro a o b i t ri t
a f silv r
a or su -
n e o e .
’3

S lu t io f i t r t f sil v r is d c m p s d by ir
on o n a e o e e o o e on ,

z i c c pp r m rcury t t h i t ric cid d xyg

n , o e , e , e c .
, e n a an o en

p ssi g t t h th r m t l d m t llic il v r b i g p
a n o e o e e a ,
an e a s e e n re

ci it a t ed
p .

S ILV R E ,
NI T R I T E or .

S m y b ol , AgO N O 3 . At om ic w igh t e , 1 54 .

i f s ilv r is c m p u d f i t r us cid N O
Nitr t e o e a o o n o n o a ,
or 3 ,

w i t h xid f sil v r
o It is f rm d by h t i g i t r t
e o f e . o e ea n n a e o

sil v r et dri v
,
ff
so a s p r t i f it x y go m r e o a o on o s o en ,
or o e

c on v i tly b y m ixi g i tr t f sil v r d i t r t f

en en ,
n n a e o e an n a e o

p t sh i qu l p rt s fusi g t r gly d diss lvi g i

o a n e a a ,
n s on , an o n n a

s m ll qu t i ty f b ili g w t r ; c li g t h i t ri t
a an o o n a e on oo n , e n e

crys t lliz s t d m y b pu ifi d by pr ssi g i bl t

a e ou ,
an a e r e e n n o

ti g p p r
n M H d w d cri b s
a e . c m ic l m th d
r . a o es e an e on o a e o

o f pr p ri g i t ri t f sil v r i qu t i t y v iz b y h t i g
e a n n e o e n an ,
. ea n

1 p rt f t rch i 8 f i t ric cid f

a o s a sp cific g n o n a o e ra

v it y d c,
duct i g th v l v d g s s i t s lu t i f
an on n e e o e a e n o a o on o

i ri
N t te silv r i rs fr
of e d ffe om th e n ir
t a te in c on ta n n i i g l ss e ox y g en , an d

is f rm
o ed fr bom sr i
it y th e ab t a c t on of two a tom s of th a t e em en t l .
 1 18 vo c A E UL A R y or

p culi r pr p rt i f t his s lt sh uld b s tudi d Wi th

e a o e es o a o e e .

t his Vi w i t r t f s ilv r
e d h y p sulphi t
n a f s d m y
e o e an o e o o a a

b m ix d i
e quiv l t pr p rt i s viz b u t tw ty
e n e a en o o on ,
. a o en -
on e

gr i f th f rm r s l t t sixt gr i s f th l tt r
a ns o e o e a o een a n o e a e ,

fi diss lvi g ch i s p r t v ss ls i h lf
rss o n ea u c n e a a e e e n a an o n e

of dis t ill d w t r T h s s lut i s

e t b
a dd d t
e . e e o on a re o e a e o

each t h r d w ll gi t t d ; i m m d i t ly d s d p
o e an e a a e e a e a en e e o

it f r m s w hich is hyp s l phi t

s o , f sil v r o u e o e .

At t hi p i t curi us s ri s f ch g c m m c
s o n a o e e o an es o en es .

Th pr cipit t t firs t w hi t d curdy s

e e a l t rs i
e, a e an , oon a e n

c l r it b c m s c ry y ll w t h f rich r g
o o : e o e an a -
e o , en o a o an e

y ll w ft rw rds li v r c l r d fi lly b l ck T h
e o , a e a e -
o o ,
an na a . e

ra i tl f t h s ch g s is xpl i
on a e o d t c rt i xt t
e e an e e a ne o a e a n e en

by s t udyi g t h c m p sit i f t h h yp sulp hi t f silv r

n e o o on o e o e o e .

Th f rm ul f t his sub s t c is f ll w s
e o a or an e as o o

A go S 2 0 2
.

But AgO S 2 0 2 pl i ly qu ls AgS ulphur t f silv r a n e a , or s e o e ,

a n d S O 3 , or s ulphuric cid T h cid r c t i s u m d a . e a ea on a s e

by th sup r t t liquid i d u th r f r t sulphuric

e e n a an s e e e o e o

a cid d th bl ck ubs t c f rm d i sulph r t f sil

,
an e a s an e o e s u e o

ver T h y ll w
. d r
e g y ll w c m p u d
e o an rli r
o an e- e o o o n s a re e a e

s t g s f th d c m p si t i b t t h ir x c t t ur is
a e o e e o o on , u e e a na e nu

c rt i
e a n .

Th i st bility f hyp sulphi t f sil v is pri cip lly

e n a o o e o er n a

s wh it is i
e en en is l t d s t t t h pr s c f n an o a e a e : e e en e o an

e xc ss f hyp sulphi t f s d r d rs it m r p rm
e o o e o t o a en e o e e an en ,

b y f rm i g o d ub l s l t
n a o e a .

I fixi g ph t gr phic pri t s t hi br w d p si t f sul

n n o o a n s o n e o o

p h t
u re f silv r is
o v r y li b l t f r
e m i t h b t h
e d up a e o o n e a an on

t h pic t ur
e p rticul rl y w h th mp
e a is h igh
a so en e te e ra tu re .

T b
o o v i t it bs r v
a e t h f ll w i g d
o i c t i e — It
e i e o o n re on s s es
 PH O T O G RA PH I C CH EMI AL C S . 1 19

p e c i a lly r c t i b
in t h e t w i f eai l d hyp
on e e e n n t ra t e o s ver a n o

s ulp h i t f s d t h t th b l ck i g is s
e o o a th a chl rid e a en n e en e o e

an d th r i o l bl s l t s f sil v r b i g diss l v d
e n so u e v t
a o e e n o e , e en o

s tur t i w i th u t y d c m p si t i f th hyp sulphi t

a a on , o an e o o on o e o e

firs t f rm d H c if th pri t b w sh d i w t r t
o e . en e, e n e a e n a e o

re m v th
o s lubl i t r t
e e v ry m uch w k r fixi g
o e n a e, a e ea e n

b t h t h usu l m y b m pl y d This pl h w v r
a an a a
-
e e o e . an ,
o e e ,

i v lvi g li ttl ddit i l t r ubl i

n o n a e th t a cc u t on a o e, s, o n a a o n ,

o ft bj ct d t
en o d wh
e e such is th c o, a n , en e a s e , a c on c e n

t ra t ed s lu t i f h yp sulphi t
o on f s d m us t b us d i
o o e o o a e e ,
n

o r d r t diss lv ff th w hi t h yp sulp h i t f silv r b f r

e o o e o e e o e o e e o e

i t b gi s te d c m p s Wh th pr fs
n o e o t k o t e . en e oo a re a en a

on c fr m t h pri t i g fr m
e o d i m m rs d i
e n d il n a e an e e n a u te

b t h f hyp sulphi t (
a o p r t f th s l t t i
o igh t f
e on e a o e a o s x or e o

w t r) a e h d , f ab w s m y ft
a b e b os r v d t p ro ss n a o en e o e e o a

o v r t h surf c f th pri t
e e d al rg d p si t f sul
e o e n ,
an a a e e o o

p h t
u ref sil v r s o f r m s t h r sul
e t f t his
oon d m p o as e e o ec o o

s it i on O th
. th r h n d w ith s t r g hyp sulphi t
e o e an ,
a on o e

b t h th r is li ttl
a e e disc l r t i d th bl ck d p
e or n o o o a on an e a e o

s it is b s t a en .

B t v u if by pr li m i ry r m v l f th i tr t f
e en ,
a e na e o a o e n a e o

sil v r th d g r f bl ck i g b i g t m sur
e ,
e an e o a en n e n a re a ea e

o b v i t d y t t h pri t m us t
a e ,
e t b t k e t f th fi i g
n no e a en ou o e x n

b th t
a sp dily s m pp r c f br w p t ch
oo ee ,
or o e a ea an e o o n a e s,

Visibl b y t r s m i tt d light m y ccur

e an e ,
a o .

E ch t m
a f itr t a o f sil v quir th t m f
o n a e o e r re es ree a o s o

hyp sulphit f s d t f rm th w t d l bl d bl
o e o o a o o e s ee an so u e ou e

sa l d h c
t, a n if th ct i b t c t i u d ffi ci t ly
en e, e a on e no on n e su en

l g th r c m p u d w ill b f rm d lm s t t t l
on ,
an o e o o n e o e a o a s e e ss

an d i s lub l n Ef o i m m rsi i e . w b t h f hypre n e on n a ne a o o

sulphi t f s d d s t fix th pri t w h
e o o a c th y l
oe no e n en on e e e

l w st g
o f d c m p si t i
a e o h b st blish d Thi s
e o o on as e en e a e .
12 0 V A ULARY
OC B OF

y ll w lt i i s lub l i hyp sulphi t

e o sa s n o e n o e of sd
o a, an d c on

sequ tly r m i s i th p p r
en e a n n e a e .

S UGAR OF M IL K .
( S ee M ilk ) .

S UL URE TT E PH D H Y R GEN
D O .
( S ee H
y dr sulphuric Acid )
o .

S UL URI PH C I
AC D .

S m y bl o ,
so, At o m ic wigh t e , 40 .

ulphuric cid m y b f rm d b y xidizi g sulphur w i th

S a a e o e o n

b ili g i t ric cid b t this pl w uld b t xp si v

o n n a u an o e oo e en e

t ob d pt de l rg sc l T h c m m rci l pr c s
a o e on a a e a e . e o e a o e s

f th m
or uf c tur f sulphuric cid is xc di gly i g
e an a e o a e ee n n e

n i s d b u t iful b t it i v lv
on an ct i s w hich
ea , u n o es re a on a re

t ooc m plic t d t d m i t f sup rfici l xpl t i T h

o a e o a o a e a e an a on . e

sulphur is firs t bur t i t g s us sulphur us cid ( S0 ) n n o a eo o a

2 ,

an d th by th g cy f bi xi d f i t r g g
en , e a en O n o e o n o en a s, a n

a ddi ti l t m f xyg i i m p rt d fr m th t m s
on a a o o o en s a e o e a o

p h e re , t c v r
sot t h 8 0 asi t S 0 o sulphuri on e e
2
n o 3 , or c

a cid .

— A hydr us ulphuric cid is w hi t crys

,

P p i ro e rt e s . n o s a a e

t lli
a s lid T h s t r g s t liquid cid l w ys c t i
n e o . e on e a a a on a ns

on e t m f w t r w hich i cl
a o ly ss ci t d w i t h it d
o a e , s o se a o a e ,
an

c t b dri v ff by th pplic t i f h t
an n o e en o e a a on o ea .

Thi m hy d d s lph ric cid r pr s t d by th

s on o- ra te u u a , e e en e e

f rm ul H O S 0 is d s fl uid h vi g sp cific gr v i ty
o a 3 , a en e , a n a e a

o f b u t 1 8 4 5 b il
a o t 62 0 d dis t il w i t h u t d mo s a
0
,
an s o ec o

p si t i
o It i on t v l t il
. t c mm t m p r t ur
s no d o a e a o on e e a e s, a n

th r f e d s t f m i th s m m
e ore oe r no i t ric u e n e a e an n e as n or

hyd ochl ric cid T h c c t r t d cid m y b c l d

r o a . e on en a e a a e oo e

d w v t z with t s l idifyi g ; b t W k m
o n e en o e ro ou o n u a ea er c o
1 22 V A U ARY
OC B L OF

crys t lli pr cipi t t w ill f r m c us d by th p ri g

a ne e a e o ,
a e e S a n

s lubili t y f th chl rid f b riu m i t s lf i cid s l t i

o o e o e o a e n a o u on s .

S UL UR U PH O S AC I D .

S m y bl o ,
SO2 . At om ic w ight e ,
32 .

This is g s us c m p u d f r m d b y bur i g sulphur

a a eo o o n , o e n n

i
n t m sph ric
a i o xyg g ; ls by h t i g il f
e a r or o en as a o ea n o O

vi t ri l i c t ct w i t h m t llic c pp r w i th ch rc l
o n on a e a o e , or a oa .

Wh cid f y ki d is dd d t h yp sulphi t f
en an a o an n a e o o e o

s d sulphur us cid is f rm d
o a, pr duc t f th d m
o a o e as a o o e eco

p si t i f hyp sulphur us cid b t it ft r w rds d i p

o on o o o a , u a e a sa

p rs fr m th liquid b y s c d ry r c t i r sul t i g i
ea o e a e on a ea on , e n n

th p duct i f t ri thi t d t t r thi t f s d

e ro on o on a e an e a on a e o o a .

P p roi — S ulp h ur u
ert e s cid p ss ss s p culi r d
. o s a o e e a e a an

su ff c t i g d r f m ili r t ll i th fum s f bur i g

o a n o o ,
a a o a n e e o n n

sulphur It is f bl cid d sc p s w i th ff
. a ee e a ,
an e a e e e rv e s

c c lik c rb ic cid wh it s lt
en e, e tr
a t d w i th on a , en s a s a re ea e

o il f v i t ri l
o It is lubl i w t r o . so e n a e .

V
Y
A T ER .

S m y bl o ,
HO . At om ic w ight e ,
9 .

Wa t e r is
xid f hydr g c t i i g si gl t m
an o e o o en ,
on a n n n e a o s

o f ch f th g s s
ea o e a e .

D ill d w i st is w t r w hich h b v p ri z d d
e a te r a e as e en a o e an

a g i c d s d by t his m s it i fr d fr m rthy
a n on en e : ean s ee o ea

an d s li i m puri t i s which t b i g v l t il
a n e l ft e , ,
no e n o a e, a re e

i th b d y f th r t rt
n e oP dis t ill d w t r l v s
o e e o . u re e a e ea e no

r sidu
e v p r ti
e on d sh uld r m i p rf c t ly cl
e a o a on ,
an o e a n e e ear

on th ddi t i f i t r t f silv r
e a wh on
p d ho n a e o e ,
e v en en e x ose to t e

lig ht ; it h ld l b utr l t t t p p r
s ou a so e ne a o es - a e .
 T O G RA PH I C EMI AL
l
PH O CH C S . 1 23

Th e c d s dw t r fs on en b il rs s ld
e dis till d
a e o te a m -
o e o as e

w t r is p t t b c t m i t d w i t h il y
a e a o e d m pyr u m t ic
on a n a e o an e e a

m t t r w hi ch disc l rs
a e ,
i t r t f silv r d is t h r f r o o n a e o e ,
an e e o e

i juri us
n o ,

R i w a n- h vi g u d rg a ter, t ur l pr c ss
a n f dis n e on e a n a a o e o

t ill ti a is fr fr m i rg ic s lt s b t it usu lly

on , ee o no an a , u a c on

t i s
a n m i ut a p rt i f m m i w hi ch giv s it
n e o on o a on a ,
e an

a lk li r c t i t t s t p p r It is v ry g d f ph t
a ne ea on o e - a e . e oo or o o

gr p hi c purp s s if c ll ct d i cl v ss ls b t w h
a o e o e e n ean e e ,
u en

t k a fr m C m m r i w t r t k s h ul d l w y s b
en o a o on a n - a e an o a a e

e x m i d d if m uch rg ic m tt r b pr s t t i gi g
a n e , an o an a e e e en ,
n n

it f br w c l r d i m p rti g u pl s t s m ll it
“
o a o n o o an a n an n ea an e ,

m us t b r j c t d e e e e .

Sp i g r n i w t r c mm or ly k w
r ve r h rd a e , o on no n as a

w t r usu lly c t i sulph t f li m d c rb

”
a e ,
a on a nst a e o e, an a on a e

o f li m diss l v d i c rb
e ic cid l s chl rid f s diu m
o e n a on a : a o o e o o

i gr t r
n ea l ss qu t it y O b ili g th w t r th
e or e an . n o n e a e ,
e

c rb ic cid g is v l v d d th g t r p rt f th
a on a as e o e , an e re a e a o e

c rb t f li m ( if y is pr s t ) d p si t s f rm i g
a on a e o e an e en e o , o n an

ea r thy i crus t t i n t h b il r a on on e o e .

I t sti g w t r f
n e sulph t s d chl rid s cidify
n a e or a e an o e , a a

p rt i w i th f w dr ps f p
o on i t ric cid fr fr m
a e o o u re n a , ee o

c h l ri ( if thi s is t t h d
o ne pur c t ic cid ) th no a an ,
u se e a e a en

divid it i t t w p rt s d dd t th firs t dil s lu

e n o o a ,
an a o e a u te o

ti on f c hl rid
o f b riu m o d t th es c d i tr t f
o a , an o e e on n a e o

sil v r — m ilki s i dic t th pr s c f sulph t s i

e , a ne s n a es e e en e o a e n

th efirs t c s f chl rid s i t h s c d

a e or o Th p h g o e n e e on . e ot o ra

p h i i c n b h c
t r a te t b us d a t
t s t si c t h
an n oi did e e as a e ,
n e e o e

O f silv r i t c t i s is pr cipi t t d
e on dilut i givi g
a n e a e on on , n a

m ilki ss w h ich m i gh t b m is t k f chl rid f silv r

ne e a en or o e o e .

C mm o h rd w t r on ft b us d f m ki g
a a e c an O en e e or a n a

n i t r t b t h wh
a e thi g b tt r is
a t h d T h chl
en n o n e e a an . e o
1 24 V A U ARY
OC B L or

r id s it c t i
e pr cipit t d by th i t r t f sil v r
on a n s a re e a e e n a e o e ,

l v i g s lubl i t i s lut i w hic h

ea n o e n t i ju
t ra es n o on , a re no n

i s T h c rb t f li m if y is pr s t u tr l
r on . e a on a e o e, an e en ,
n e a

iz s fr i t ric cid r d ri g th b th lk li i th
e ee n a , en e n e a a a n e n e

sa m m r c rb t f s d S ulph t f li m
e an n e as a on a e o o a . a e o e,

usu lly pr s t i w ll w t r is s id t x rcis r t rd

a e en n e a e , a o e e e a e a

i g ct i
n up th s si t i v sil v r s l t s b t t his p i t
a on on e en e e a , u on o n

t h w ri t r is u
e bl t gi v c rt i i f rm t i
e n a e o e e a n n o a on .

H rd w t r is
a t ft s ffici tly pur f th d v
a e no o en u en e or e e e

l pi g fluid T h chl rid f s diu m it c t i d m

o n s . e o e o o on a ns eco

p s s th it r t f sil v r up th fi lm d th i m g
o e e n a e o e on e ,
an e a e

c t b br ught t p rf c tly T h N w R i v r w t r
an n o e o ou e e . e e e a e ,

h w v r suppli d t m y p art s f L d is l m s t fr
o e e e o an o on on ,
a o ee

fr m chl rid s d s w r v ry w ll I th r c s s
o o e an an e s e e . n o e a e a

w dr ps f i t t
e o f sil v r s lu t i
o m y b
n dd d t
ra e o e o on a e a e o

pe t t h chl
a ra e ri t ki g c r e t t log xc n e, a n a e no o u se a ar e e e ss .
1 26 V A ULARY
OC B o r PH O T O G RA PH I C CH EMI AC LS .

c rt i w y t v id t his i t pu ch s t h m ly fr m
e a n a o a o , s o r a e e on o

p rs wh th r ughly u d rst d b th t h ir tur d

e on s o o o n e an o e n a e an

m d f pplic t i
o e o a A m y wh m y r d this w rk
a on . s an o a ea o

m igh t w ish t k w th pric f th v ri u rticl

o n o e es o e a o s a es

e m pl y d i t h pr c t ic
o e f th
n pr c ss s giv th y
e a e o e o e e en , e c an

b i f rm d by d l
e n o ei g th uth r wh will fur ish
a re ss n e a o , o n

t h m with
e p i t d P ic L i t
a r n e r e s .
 PRACT I CAL DET AIL S

OF T HE

P0 I l I VE
'‘

AMBROTY PE PROCE SS .
 1 30 M ANI U A T I NP L O S .

p s t sh uld t b ll w d t dry whil ubb i g it i

a e o no e a o e o e r n , as s

m r li b l t scr t ch t h gl s
o e a I e t h r m ll b t
o a e a s . u se a n o e s a o

tl c e t i i g cl
on r lc h l w hich I spurt up th gl s
a n n ea a o o , on e a s,

t b v i t t h dryi g
o o a e e n .

Wh t h gl ss h b en su ffi ci tly cl d it h uld
e a as e en en ean e , s o .

w hil w t b p t i e v ss l f w t r f f t ri si g
e , e u n a e e o a e or u r u re n n .

Cl e an b fr ,
m y pl t s f gl ss m y b
as e o e, as an a e o a as a e re

quir d d w h e ,ugh an r dy ri s t h m ff i en en o a re ea , n e e o n

th w t r e d th ai qu t i ty f cl w t r
e ,
an en n a an o ean a e , o r a ru n

n ni g curr t giv t h m c d t h r ugh ri si g d

en , e e a se on o o n n , an

se t th m sid t dr i
e a e o a n .

A c v i t m t h d f d i g t his i t dri v t w
on en en il e o o o n , s o e o n a s

h riz t lly i t th w ll p rt it i
o on a su ffi ci t dis t c
n o e a or a on ,
a en an e

a p r t ( y b u t 2 % i ch s ) f th gl ss t r s t
a sa a o th n e or e a o e on : e

upp r c r r f th gl ss sh uld b pl c d g i s t th
e o n e o e a o e a e a a n e

w ll a d th ,
xt r m l w r di g l c r r l ft h gi g
an e e e e o e a on a o ne e an n

b tw th ils—w hich w ill pr b bly b f u d th b s t

e e en e na o a e o n e e

p si t i f dr i i g y t sugg t d
o on or a n n e es e .

Aft r dryi g t h y m y b p t i t
e b f n sf d , e a e u n o a ox or a e an

cl k pi g P r ticul r c u t i is
ean ee n
y t v.id a a a on n e c c ss a r o a o

h dli g th gl s duri g th p r t i
an n I v r t k th
e a s n e O e a on . n e e a e e

gl ss b t w m y fi g rs
a e t h t th y c m
e en i n e , so a e o e n c on

t c t w i t h b h id
a f it xc p t t p r ticul r c r r
ot s es o , e e a on e a a o n e ,

t Figs A A qu t i t y f gl ss pr p r d

“
as a d B . an . an o a e a e as

a b v m y b k pt h d f
o e, a tw t hr d ys d
e e on an o r u se o or ee a ,
an

wh w en t d t h y sh uld b g i p t i t th v ic
an e d e o e a a n u n o e e an

Th e vi ce Sh ou ld b h r gh ly cl
e t o ou ean ed , s an d n o p rti l s f r tt a c e o o en

s ton e , or oth e r m a tt e r b ll w d t c m
e a o e o o e in c on a c t t with th gl ss it e a as

ig hr dg s d w sh ff i silv ri g b th d lti
, ,

m ht ad e e to th e e e an a o n to th e e n a an u

s sp
,

m a te y l c au e ec k s A lwa ys rem em ber tha t c le a n lin ess i s an i n disp en

rq r r
.

s a ble e ui si te in ord e to p roduc e a

g ood p ic tu e .
 M ANI PUL AT I N O S . 131

cl d fi r t wi th c tt fl l w t wi th lc h l d
ean e , s o on an n e e a o o , an

th w i t h d y fl
en l ; d t h t t m p r tur slightly
r ann e an en ,
a a e e a e

ab v t h t f th su r u di g tm sph r xc p t i c s s
o e a o e r o n n a o e e, e e n a e

w h r t h t h rm m t r s t ds b v
e e e e it i r dy f
o th e e an a o e s ea or e

w hich sh uld b c r fully ppl i d t h surf c

o e a e a e o eac a e,

t fr
o it fr m ll p art icl s f d s t
ee o d th it i r dy f
a e o u ,
an en s ea or

t h fi lme f c ll di o o o on .

T h gl ss is h ld b tw
e t h t hu m b
a d f fi gr f
e e e en e an o re n e o

th l ft h
e d b y th c r r 1 Fig A 3 d 4 t w rds
e an e o ne , . .
, an o a

F ig B . .

an d r s t th b dy d
n ea e rly l v l p ssibl I
e o , an as n ea e e as o e .

fi d t his t h b s t p si t i
n t h ld t h gl ss ;
e i th c s f
e o on o o e a a s, n e a e o

t h l rg r
e s t h y b r s t d th d f th li tt l
a e on e , e c an e e e on e en o e e

fi g r w hich h uld b pl c d
n e , r th dg
S p ssi
o e a e as n ea e e e as o

bl T h fr m th c ll di v i l p ur th c ll di
e . en , o e o o on a , o on e o o on ,

c m m ci g li ttl b y d th c t r d t w rds 1
o en n a e e on e en e an o a ,

c t i ui g p uri g i th s m pl c u t il th c ll di
on n n o n n e a e a e n e o o on

n early ch s th thu m b—th gl s slightly i cli d th t

re a e e e a s n n e a

w y ; tha l t t h gl ss i cli
en t w rd 4
e d c ti u
e a n ne o a s ,
an on n e

t p ur t w d 2
o o o ar s .

On e of th e m o t d e i s sr l ri l s h v ab e a t c e I a e f oun d for t his p rp u o e s is th e

i
w de ( 3 i nc h) fl at c a m l s h ir b r s h f
e
’
-
a u o ten ca ll ed a b l en d e r .
1 32 M ANI ULA T I N P O S .

As s ugh h b p t t lib r lly fl w th

o on as en o as e en u on o e a o e

gl ss r p idly d s t dily r is c r r I d h ld it di
a , a an ea a e o ne , an o

re c t ly v r 3 w h r th o xc ss w ill fl w fl i t th m u t h
e , e e e e e o o n o e o

O f t h v i l w hich sh uld b pl c d t h r t
e a , c i v it I o e a e e e o re e e . n

c s f p ck f dust f lli g t th t i m f c t i g it
a e o a s e O a n a e e o oa n ,
c an

O ft b pr v t d fr m i juri g th surf c b y ch gi g
en e e en e o n n e a e an n

th e dir c ti f th fl w i g c ll di
e on t os t p it e o n o o on , so as o o

i s m pl c w h r it w ill
n o e t b
a s wh th pic t ur
e e e no e e en en e e

i fi ish d
s n N w w i t h t h t hu m b
e . d fi g r f t h rig h t
o , e an n e o e

h d I w ip ff y dr ps li s f c ll d i t h t m y
an ,
e O an o or ne O o o on a a

b f u d up
e o th n dg sid f th gl ss b i g
on e o u t er e e or e o e a , e n

c r ful t t d isturb t h t c ct d w i th th f c
a e no o a on n e e e a e .

Wh t h c t i g h b c m su ffi ci tl y dry
en e oa th t n as e o e en , so a

wh I p t m y fi g g i s t it it d s t b r k t h fi lm
$

en u n er a a n , oe no ea e ,

b t u ly l v s pri t I p t it i t th sil v ri g b t h
on ea e a n , u n o e e n a

[ se e F ig p I g .r lly t y. c r rs 2 d 3 T h en e a r o ne an . e

tim fr m th first c m m c m t f p uri g c ll di

e, o e o en e en o o n on o o on

t o it b i g p t i t
s th
e n b th sh uld t xc d b u t u n o e a , o no e ee a o

h lf m i u t t t m p r tur f
a a n Th e, fi gr a a e e a e O e n e

t st i
e h b st I h v f u d
s t e Th gl ss is t b r s t d
e a e o n . e a o e e e

on a dipp r [ F ig p e d pl c d s t dily
se e d firm ly . . an a e ea an

i t th
n o it r t silv r b h this i
f e n t — d rk r m It
a e o e a n a a oo .

sh uld t b ll w d t r s t f
o n o i s t t it is t r
e a o e o e or a n n an as en e

i g th
n lu t i it w uld c us
e so li Th tim
on , f or o a e a ne . e e or

t h gl s t e m i i t h b th d p
a s o re ds up th g d a n n e a e en on e a e an

m u t f sil v r t h b t h c
a o n o t i s ; f w s lu t i
e e a on a n or a n e o on ,

fr m w t h m i u t w ill b su ffi ci t t giv th
o t o o t re e n es e en o e e

pr p r c t i
o e I f it b ld thr t fi m i u t s w ill b
a on . e O , ee o ve n e e

b tt r e Wh it is pr p rly c t d it
e . enb is d p o e oa e , can e ra e u

d t k b y th c r r d ll w d t dr i f f w
'

an a en e o n e , an a o e o a n or a e

sec ds d t h sh uld b pl c d i th t bl t d is
on ,
an en o e a e n e a e ,
an

re a dy f th c m r T h t i m f xp sur w ill d p d
or e a e a . e e O e o e e en
1 34 MA N IPUL AT I O N s o r T H E
p i t ch er
p v i u rely fi ll d wi t h w t
o s d e th a e r, a n as so on as e

ou t li ne o f th i m g e b p l i ly a b y th w k
e c an e a n se e n e ea Or

s ubdu d l ight f il fl id l m p
e o an dl p ur t h
O or u a or c a n e, o e

w t a e r ov e r c o
p i ly d pidly ou s C t i u t his
an u t il ll
ra . on n e n a

th e i ron l ti h b so u onm v d I f thi ias t d

e e n re o e . s s no on e ,

t h pl t w ill b
e a e v r d w i th b l e co c m eth e pplic ue s u on e a a

ti on O f t h w sh i g l t i
e a Th nt h gl so u b t k on . en e a ss c a n e a en

i t
n o a li gh t m d th i d id f il v r c ti g w h d
roo , an e o e O s e oa n as e

o ff w i th th y id l ti
e c an d th i
e so u d with cl on , an en r n se e ar

p wtu re d t d i
a e r, a n p i ti t dr i d dry I
s oo n a os on o a n an .

pl c li ttl bl tti g p p r d r th m it id i bs rb
a e a e o n a e un e e a s n a o

i g th w t
n e d f i l it t
a e r, a n th p ti ac a es e O e ra on .

Pl c t h f c
a e e f t h gl s a g i s t th w ll i rd r t
e o e a s a a n e a , n o e o

pr v t du t fr m f lli g p it I h v ft dri d th
e en s o a n u on . a e o en e e

c oa t i g by h ldi g
n t
o di g th gl
n dj t t
or s an n e a ss a a c en o a

s ot v e. A t dy h t i s ea d v i bl it l v
ea th surf c
s a sa e, as ea es e a e

i n a m p f ct t t d fr fr m y c m Aft
ore er e s a e , an ee o an s u . er

th c e t i g i p rf c tly d y it i r
oa n s e dy f th p v i g
e r , s ea or e re s e r n

p ro c e ss I t . h uld b w sm d o v ly d w h
e b u t
ar e e en ,
an en a o

m ilk w m H m ph y C ll di G ildi g i p ur d
’ ”
ar , u re s o o on n s o e

on th im g i p
e a i ly th m m
e n re c se th c ll e sa e an n er a s e o o

di on . I f wn a d th c t i g t d ft r thr
e se c on s e oa n se s , a n a e ee

qu t r f m i u t if it h
ar e s o a t b c m
n dry th bl z
e, as n o e o e ,
e a e

o f piri t l m p m y b ppli d t th b ck d it w ill

a s a a e a e o e a an

im m di t ly b c m p rf ly t
e a e e p o e d rly
e ec t ra n s a re n t, a n n ea as

h rd th gl i t lf th ff ct i fully qu l if t
a as e a ss se : e e e s e a , no su

p i
e r or, t t h t o f chl rida f g ld
o i gildi g tho d g e o o n n e a u e rre o

typ im g e Th
a e u f c b c m brilli t d p r m
. e s r a e e o es an an e a

n en t T h b ck
. e f th gl a w b w ip d
o e d a ss can no e e an

l d wi th p p r cl th d g tly w rm d d th
c e an e a e or o ,
an en a e ,
an en

w ith mm
a co m ll b h c t f bl ck v r ish
on s a ru s on e oa o a a n c an

b e app l i d Teh i b
. h h uld b d sw fr m
ru s id t i ds o e ra n o s e o s e
 PO S I T I V E P R E OC SS . 1 35

a cr s th gl s d th sid pp si t t th t wh ich h
os e as , an on e e o o e o a as

r c iv d th i m g
e e e e a e .

T h is is i rd r t t m k s t r ks i th c t i g f
n o e no o a e ea n e oa n o

v r ish b t t h v u if r m li s cr ss t h
a n , u o t ir l agth e n o ne a o e en e en

or b r d th f t h gl s
ea I f t h v r ish is f t h pr p r
o e a s . e a n o e o e

on en
“
c sis t cy it W ill fl w i t s m th v c ti g o n o a oo e en oa n .
, ,

Aft r t his firs t c t i g is dry ppl y

e s c d i th s m oa n ,
a a e on n e a e

m r ly i
ann e pp si t dir c ti
,
on t n cr s t h
an o o e e on , so as o o s e

li s f th fi rs t u i t i g t right gl s w h t hi l s t
ne o e ,
n n a an e en s a

c t i g is y rly dry pi c f p p r gl z d b l ck
oa n v er n ea , a e e o a e , a e a

on sid d t t t h pr p r siz
on e e, an b p t xt t h
cu o e o e e, can e u n e e

v r ish ; it g iv s it cl
a n fi ish t th s m t i m th t
e a e an n , a e a e e a

it ids t w rds
a d s bl ck i g
o a a en e a en n .

I s m t i m s pply th bl ck v r ish b y fl w i
o e e a i th e a a n o n 0
c) ,
'

n e

sm m
a e r i pu tt i g th c ll di
an n e as n n on e o o on .

T h is p ic t r is t b c l r d d p t up i th m
u e o e o o e an u n e sa e

m r th d g rr typ i m g w i th m t d gl ss
an ne as e a ue eo e a e, a a an a .

T h l s t gl s m y b disp
e a s d w i th b y firs t usi g t h
a s a e en e n e

c ll d i gild i g d t h up it surf c pply th b l ck

o o on n ,
an en on s a e a e a

v r is h
a n b f r I t his c s th i m g is s t hr ugh
,
as e o e . n a e e a e e en o

th s m gl ss it is
e a d w i th u t b i g r v rs d i
e a on , an o e n e e e : n

t his c s t h m t g a e th u t sid f th gl s
e a oe s on e o e o e a s .

Wh t h i m g is s en t hr ugh t he gl ss up w hich a e een o e a on

it is t k it a t b c l r d w i th v ry gr t succ ss
en , canno e o o e e ea e ,
as

it c t b s t hr ugh th r duc d silv r f rm i g it

an n o e e en o e e e e o n .

This f rm s m r l ss p qu surf c ; b t i p i t f
o a o e or e O a e a e u n o n o

c m y th si gl gl ss is pr f r b l Y t I w uld t
e on o e n e a e e a e . e o n o

r c m m d such c m y f I c sid r t h t g d i m
e o en e on o , or on e a a oo

pr ssi ught t b w ll p t up d t h w lf r f t h
e on o o e e u ,
an e e a e o e

art fully sub s t ti t th t c si d r t i an a es a on e a on .

M y w ys h v ban d vis d f pu tti g up pic t r

a a e een e e or n u es

I h v pr duc d pl si g ff c ts up
a e o l d gl
e f ea n e e on c o o re a s s es or
1 36 MANI ULA T I NP O S or T HE

in ta n s c pic t r ligh t purpl gl s h v ry pl

e, a u e on a e a s as a e ea s

i g ff c t ; ls i s m
n e e t h r c l rs
a I h v l us d
o n o e o e o o . a e a so e

p t t l th r f b cki g th i m g
a en ea e or a n e a e .

I h v pr duc d curi ua e d i t r s ti g
o sul t s by
e o s an n e e n re

pl ci g pi c f whi t p p r
a n a c l ri g w hi t th
e e o e a e , or o o n e e

b ck f t h wh i f th i m g
a o e d th b l ck
tes o i g e a e, an en a en n

o v r e r u d t his By thi m s t h whi t s

or a o n
p. s ean e e a re re '

s rv d v ry cl r
e e e ea .

P it i f os P i L vesk t — I m pl
or y m i f
n s, oc e ts, e a e o ca or

fl t i g th c ll di
oa n it
e b o sily t d
o on on , as c an e as ea cu an

fit t d th m t llic pl t i t h d g rr typ ; d
e as e e a a e n e a ue eo e an

p si i v s t k up fi cl r t r sp r t m ic
o t e a en on n e, ea , an a en a , a re

fully qu l t th s t k p gl ss d y t th y
e a o o e a en u on a ,
an e e a re

a m br t yp s o e .

M ic is rt icl f m ili r t v ry
a an ab i g us d e a a o e e on e , as e n e

i s t v s gr t i gs
n o t e ,
a n , e c .

Th m t h d f e m g t is t t k th
e o i m pr ssi
o us 1 ,
o a e e e on on a

t hick pi c d th spli t it ff;w hich

e e, an dily b en o can re a e

d i th m s t p rf ct t hi t r sp r t pl t s ; it is
on e n e o e e ,
n ,
an a en a e

e qu lly thi t issu p p r d a b t

a as n as sily e a e , an c n e cu as ea .

T h t hick
e s f th pi c up w hich th i m pr ssi i
n e s o e e e on e e on s

t k i f m m t si c i t b r duc d t pl sur
‘

a en s o n o o en ,
n e can e e e a ea e

an d i m r sily h dl d whil thick

s o e ea an e e .
1 38 MANI ULA T I N P O S OF T HE

ta k fr m th i t r t b th l t it s t d f u ffici t t i m
en o e n a e a , e an or s en e

t dr i
o tha n p ur th d v l p r d if th c t i g
, en o on e e e o e ,
an e oa n

a ssu m s m is t i ss ligh t gr y c l r th f ult is i t h

e a ne , or -
e o o , e a n e

d rk r m ; g i if th pl t ft r it h b t r t d
a oo a a n , e a e, a e as een ea e

w i th th d v l p r e d fix d i cl r t h
e e o ls th f ul t
e an e , s ea , en a o e a

i th r
s eN w t y th t b l t i t h s m m
e . o r d if
r e a e n e a e ann e , an

n o t th r t y th e am r
e, d t h pr p r l c t i
r w ill b
e C e a ,
an e o e o a on e

fu d
o n .

D c m p s it i
e oby xp s r t l igh t b y l g k pi g
o on e o u e o or on ee n ,

e v i th d rk T h u th r c c i v s t h t it is p ssi
en n e a . e a o on e e a o

bl f e rg ic m tt r l t pr duc ft r t i m
or o an a e a on e o o e, a e a e, a

p r ti l d c m p si t i f lut i f i t r t f sil v r f
a a e o o on O so on o n a e O e , su

fi i t t pr v t i t fr m b i g m pl y d ch m ic lly
c en o e en o e n e o e e a n eu

t r l b t pr b bly t m uch i t rf ri g w i t h it pr p r t i

“
a ,
u o a no n e e n s o e es

i n th r r sp c t
o e e e s .

U f i w t r f w t r c t i i g c rb t f
se o ra n a e or O a e on a n n a on a e o

sil v r b i g p rf c tly u t r l d fr m i t ric cid Thi

e e n e e n e a an o n a . s

difficult y is t t h r t ic l noly b t h ctu lly a eo e a on e on , u as a a

b e en exp ri c d R i w t r usu lly c t i s m m i

e en e . a n a e a on a n a on a,

an d h f i t lk li r c t i
as a Pu m p w t r
a n ft a a ne ea on . a e O en

a b u ds w i t h c rb
o n t f li m m uch f w hich b t a t on a e O e, o , u no

th w h l
e is d p si t d b ili g T r m v th lk
o e, e o e on o n . o e o e e a a

li c d it i dd c t ic cid dr p t h lf pi t f
“
ne on on ,
a a e a ,
on e o o a a n o

th es lut i o on .

P rt i l d c m p si t i
a af th b th by c t c t w i t h
e o o on o e a ,
on a

m t llic i
e a w i th hyp sulphi t
ron f s d ,
w i th y d o e o o a ,
or an e

ve o l pi g g t n v i s m ll q u t i t y Al b y t h
a en , e en n a an . so e u se

f cc l r t rs w hich i jur t h
o a e e a o b t h b y d gr s d
,
n e e a e ee ,
an

e v t u lly pr v t it m pl y m t i
en a e cc r t ly en s e o en n an a u a e n eu

t l st t
ra a e.

V p r f amm i o hydr sulph t f m m i

o a on a, or o a e o a on a ,

c pi g i t t h d v l p i g r m
es a n n o e e e o n oo .
”
 m srT I v a P R o c s ss . 1 39

S p a rs pr i ip l —On e f p ts i d t Th p nc a c a u se o s o s us . e o e

ra ti g r nm sh ld b k p t fr fr m t hi
oo ou p s ibl e e as ee o s as os e,

a n d i s t d f it b i g d s t d it sh uld b w ip d w i th
n ea o s e n u e ,
o e e a

d m p l th
a S p ck
c o fl k s f i did
. f il r ft
e s or a e o o e o s ve a re o en

f u d i th
o n it r t b t h
n Th s s m t im ccu by
e n a e a . e e o e es o r an

o v r i di z d c ll d io d s m ti m by ll di f lli g
e -
o e o o n , an o e es co o on a n

o ff w hil b i g sil v r d Whe th i

e n ur t h i t r t f e e . en s oc c s, e n a e O

s ilv r s l ti h uld b filt r d A w p g

e o u on
’

s t ft
o e e e . ne s on e or a u

o f c tt i o g d rt i l t filt r i t t f sil r luti

on s a oo a c e o e n ra e o ve so on

t hr ugh o A s m ll p rt icl
. f li gh t fi di g it w y p a a e o n n s a u on

t h pl t e w ill pr d c
a e, sp t A th r d v y fr q t o u e a o . no e an er e ue n

c a us is pu tti g th sli d f th t b l t d w p idly

e , n e e o e a e o n ra , c a us

i g it t
n sp tt r p th pl t th l t i whi h h
o a e u on e a e e so u on c as

dr i d ff fr m it Thi p p w il l b p q w h
a ne o o . s a e r e o a ue en

v ei w d by r fl t d light
e d d k wh e vi w d
ec e , an ar en e e

b y tr m i tt d ligh t
an s O c si l lye t f tr p r t . c a on a a sor o ans a en

s p t w ill pp r t hi m y b t r d t y t f i
o a ea : s a e a ce o a an o se n s

b ilit y f t h i did f silv r L rg t r p r t p t

o e o e o e . a e an s a en s o s

fr qu tly pp r by th p r t r s p uri g t h d v l pi g
e en a ea e o e a o
’
o n e e e o n

so ul t i up on pl d w hi g ff t h
on m ll q
on e t i ty ace, an as n o e s a ua n

o f itr tn f il v r c s ry t d v l p t h i m g Thi
a e o s e ne e sa o e e o e e a e . s

w ill b ily d t c t d d
e eas b bvi t d b y fl di g
e e e , an c an e o a e oo n

th m s t f t h s rf c
e o f t h gl
o w i th et dy t m
u a e o e a ss a s ea s re a

o f th d v l p r e e e o e .

AINST L INE —I f h gl
S b ll w d t r t f
AN D S . t e a ss e a o e o es or

a n i s t t w ith p rt i f it urf c i t h sil v i g

n an on e o on o s s a e n e er n

l ti
so u d th th r
on a n t f i t it w uld c u t k e o e ou o , o a se a s re a

acr ss ; h c th c ssi ty f t t lly i m m rsi g it w i th

o en e e n e e o o a e n

one fi m s t dy m t ir r m vi g th gl s b f r it h
,
ea o on e o n e a s e o e as

b eent h r ughly w t t d d th
o o th r d l h l ll w d e e ,
an e e e an a co o a o e

a. i f r m ti v r t h t ir surf c A pl t h uld
un o ac on o e e en e a e . a e s o
1 40 PO S I T IVE PR O C E ss .

n ot dis turb d
be e in t h e b th u til
a n it h a s b e en in a fu l l
m i ut t l
n st e a ea .

I rreg u la r L in es ft c u d by usi g th d v l p
a re o en a se n e e e o

i g s lu t i
n o t s t r g by t p uri g it v ly v r
on oo on , or no o n e en o e

t h pl te t ac Sh uld it b ll w d t s t i it p
e a on e . o e a o e o re n s ro

gr ss i f b t f
e , i s t t it w ill l v it li
u or a n S m
n an , ea e s n e . o e

t im sp gl s f m t llic sil v r pp r t h s
es an e o c us d
e a e a ea e e a re a e

b y t h pr s e c f t m uch itric cid i th d v l p r

e en e O oo n a n e e e o e

for t h pr p r t ie f i did i t h fi lm
o o on o d th s t r gt h
o e n e an e en

o f th b th e a .

Th r e th ph s c ct d w i th th pr ct ic f
e a re o er a es on n e e e a e o

t h p si t i v pr c ss w hich it w uld b
e o e o l m s t i m p ssibl
e , o e a o o e

t C m m it t p p r
o o d c o t b a xpl i d t b
e ,
an ann o e SO e a ne as o e

f t
er e c i c m pr h d d by t h
“ w xp ri m
en t It ie e n e e e en er
p y o e . s

a bs lu t ly c ss ry f ll t bs v v ry li tt l p i t
o e ne e a or a o o er e e e e o n

no t ic d i t h f r g i g p g
e n e d t th
o e m tim o n a e s, a n a e sa e e ex er

cis m g d judgm t d
e so e oo d h si t t thr ugh en ,
an n o on e n e e e a e o

f r f t b i g ucc sful
ea o no e n s es .
 C HAP TER V .

N G A T IVE R E — LU LE TT N— LAIN
E P OC I
SS SO B CO O P C OL L O D O N

— EVEL ING LU T I N
D EVEL ING UT I N
OP SO O R IB-D OP SOL O

F IXING IMAGE — F INI IN G

T HE I MA G E—NI T A T SH T HE R E

ILVER A T
OF S B H .

N E G A T IVE PR E OC SS .

ipul t i
Th e m a n d ch mi c l m pl y d i
a on s a nth p e a s e o e n e ro

d ct i f th g t i v c ll di pic tur s v ry si m il
u on o e ne a e o o on e a re e ar

to th s lr dy gi v f p r t i g by th p i t i v p
o e a ea en or o e a n e os e ro

c ss fr qu t f c will t h f r
e e en c s rily b
re e re n e e re o e ne es a e

m d t p rt i
a e s f t h t pr c
o o on d scrib d i th p
o a o e ss, a s e e n e re

c di g p g s d ly uch p t w ill b giv h

e n a e , an on s ar s e en e re , as

d o not c rr sp d w i t h th f r g i g
o e on e o e o n .

It is t h ugh t d v i bl t o m it i t hi ch p t
a v y
sa e o o n s a er e er re

f r c th t d
e en e t h v a d si d t d cy t i d th
oe s n o a e a e re en en o a e

o p r t r i th pl i tr ight f rw rd d f m ipul
e a o n e a n s a o a or er o an a

ti on Th . g t i v pr c i f t b c m i g p p l
e ne a e d o e ss s as e o n o u ar an

n ee d th tt t i f ll wh d si t k p p c with
s e a en on o a o e re o ee a e

th xp ri m t s i th t S i c th fir t d iti f t hi
e e e en n e ar . n e e s e on O s

w rk it h
o b m y pl sur t as e enm y fi ph t g ea e o se e an ne o o ra

p h i sp ci
c m s pr educ d by t h enf ll w i g p
o c s d e e o o n ro e s, a n no
 1 44 M ANI U A T I N P L O S OF T HE

on e n e e d f il a , if h e wi ll c a re full y dh a e re t o th e d e t a ils

gi v e n .

Th e re p rh p
s t c m ki g it d i
e a s m ay b e C ir cum an es a n a v sa

bl f e m t h v b t
o r so i t r t f il v r lu ti f
e o a e u on e n a e o s e so on or

b th p itiv d g t i v c ll di pictur f uch

o os e an n e a e o o on es : or s , a

pr c w ill b giv i th f ll wi g p g s w hich h

o e ss e en n e o o n a e ,
as

re c tly pp r d i H mp h y J
en a l d is c ll d ft r
ea e n u re
’
s ou rn a , an a e , a e

it u th r th H li Pr c s t hi i w ll d p t d f
s a o , e e o o e s s s e a a e or

m s t pu p s
o r o es .

LU LE C SO B O TT O N .

Th e m th d fe pr p ri g t hi
o or e a n s has b e en gi v i p g
en n a e

41 . It i pr p r d i t h
s m e a e n e sa e m an n e rf or b th p si t i v
o o es

an d ne g ti v
a es .

P LAIN CO LL I N OD O .

Th e pr p r ti e a a on o f pl i c ll di a n o o on e m pl y d io e s th e sa m e

as t h t d scrib d
a e e a t p g 53 a e .

EVE IN G
D L OP SOL U TI N O FOR NE GAT IV E S .

R i
a n or is ll w rd ti ed a te 6 oun cs e

3 00 gr i s
a n

Ac ic id s
.

et ac 2 oun c e

A li l lc h l r v
.

tt e a b o o m ay e a dd ed to m a k e it fl ow m o e e en ly
v r h pl — y
o e t e a te sa 1 oz .

Thi s so luti k p t i p i t b tt l
on d h ld
c an be e n a n o e, an s ou

h a ve a fu l d v t d l ly t th p rp s f filt ri g it
nn e e o e so e o e u o e o e n .

On e o f th m t c v i t d ish
e fos c i v i g t hi lu
on en e n es o r re e n s so

t i on , wh p d v th pl t i b w l wi th lip t
en ou re o er e a e, s a o a o

it , as it b
c an dily p u d b ck i t th fu l
e re a o re a n o e nn e .
 1 46 MANI ULA T I N P O S OF T HE

a cti on be a ll
d t c ti u f l gt h d p i d y
o we o on n e or a en en e er o , sa

on e m i ut t h i m pr ssi
n e, w ill b rui d e e on e ne .

It i m tt r w rt hy f
s a a t ic th t th r i
e p rc p
o o no e. a e e s no e e

t ibl ct i w h t h ir s lut i i p ur d v r th
e a on en e on o on s o e o e e

gl s ; b t th c t i is v ry rg tic th i t t th i
a s u e a on e en e e e n s an e n

tr t a f sil v r
e O lu ti c m s i c t c t w i th th ir
e so lt
on o e n on a e o n sa

an d t h silv r e e .

A s so on
y h g
as an b bs rv d ft r th d c an e c an e O -
e e , a e e re e

ve Ol p h er b p ur d v r th pl t it h uld b
as een o e o e e a e, s o e

q i k
u c ly d pi usly w sh d ff w i th cl w t
an Co o d a e O ean a e r, a n

th it i
en dy f th fi xi g pr c ss
s re a or e n o e .

I w uld dissu d o v ic s i th t fr m pr c t is i g w i t h
a e no e n e ar o a n

th d l pi g
e re - e ve o l ti u t il t h y h v firs t t h r ughly
n so u on , n e a e o o

m s t r d th
a e et ir pr c f t ki g
e en g t iv T h d e o e ss O a n n e a es . e e

l pi g
ve o lu t i i th ly us d by p r t rs g
n so on s e on on e e o e a o en e

ra lly d w ill w i th pr p r c r pr duc s t i f c t ry

,
an , o e a e, o e a s a o re

su lt s .

FI x I NG THE I MAGE .

r Wa te
H p s lphi y s o u te of o da

R EMARK —T h l i rly St ur t d
. lu ti Th . 8 s n ea a sa a e so on . e

gl s a b p t i
s c an dish d th e s lut i p ur d v r
e u n a an o on o e o e , or

h ld i th h d i th s m w y t h pl t i th d
e n e an , n e a e a as e a e n e a

g t
u e rre o
yp pr c ss I t e r dily b ow h esuf . c an ea e se e n en a

fi i t ct i
c en h b a tt ion d th l t r d br m
as een a a ne ,
as e un a e e o o

i did
o f il v w ill b di
e o s l v d l v i g ly th r duc d
er e sso e , ea n on e e e

surf c h ldi g th im g
a e o n e a e .

Thi c ti h uld t b c ti u d t l g it ff c t
s a on s o no e on n e oo on , as a e s

th i t
e si ty f th p ictur i juri g it f pri t i g
n en o e e, n n or n n .

Th gl ss h uld b w ll w sh d by p uri g v i t
e a s o e e a e o n o er

l w t r d th it b t d w y t dry i
c e an a e , an en c an e s oo a a o , n a
 NE G A T IVE R E P OC SS 1 47

ly
n ea rp rp dicul r p si ti e en a o on , on cl bl tt i g p p r
ean o n a e ,
or

h r is
ot e w is m s t c v i e, as o on en en t wh t h r ughly dry
en o o , it
is dy f th fi i shi g
re a or e n n .

FINI ING SH THE I MAGE .

Thi s is d
i h t h m m t i l d i th m on e w t e sa e a er a , an n e sa e

m r th t gi v f p si t i v s—p g 1 3 4
an n e , as a en or o e a e .

R EMAR K —Th gl s g t iv s w h
S t w t d f e a s ne a e , en no an e or

u se ,sh uld b c r fully p t sid i b

o d k p t fr
e a e u a e n a ox , a n e ee

fr m dus t d d m p ss b y d i g it i b li v d th t
o an a n e : so o n , s e e e a

t h y w ill
e m i g df y lregt h f t i m a n oo or a n en O e .

N I T RA T E OF S ILVER BA T H .

This lu ti di ff rs ly fr m t h p s it i v b th by
so on e on o e o e a ,

o m i tt i g th ni i id i ll th r r sp c t it i pr cis ly
e n tr c ac : n a o e e e s s e e

th e sm a d i pr p r d by th
e , an m f rm ul
s e gi va e e sa e o a, as en

a t p g 64 a e .

This is c ll d th l b th
a e d i b t e d pt d t n eu tra a , an s es a a e o

th e n e g t i v pr c s Th i t r t f sil v m pl y d i
a e o e s . e n a e o er e o e n

i t pr p r t i
s e sh uld b p rf ctly fr fr m xc ss f
a a on o e e e ee o e e o

n i tric cid th r wis th wh l lu ti w ill b lightly

a , o e e e o e so on e s

a cid .

I f it sh uld t b c v i t t b t i it r t f sil v
o no e on en en o O a n n a e o er

w i t h u t t his bj c t i
o th cid m y b u t r li z dbyputt i g
o e on , e a a e n e a e n

i t th s lut i s m ll qu t i ty f c m m w shi g s d
n o e o on a a an o o on a n o a

sa
y 1 g i t ch
ra n1 0 0 gr i s f i
o ea t r t f sil v r— p a n O n a e o e re

i
v ou s ly diss lv d i b u t h lf o u c f w t r Thi
e n a o a an o n e O a e . s

m y b p t i
a e t th s m t i m t h t th i did f p t
u n a e a e e a e o e o o as

s iu m is d it w uld s v ,
an fil t r t i o a e on e a on .

I tw ty
n m pl s f i t r t
en f il v r t h t I h v t i d
sa e o n a e o s e a a e r e
1 48 NE G A T IVE R E P OC SS .

th e a b o ve qu t i ty
d h b f u d u ffi ci t ; if
an o f so a as e en o n s en ,

h w v r th whi pr cipi t t firs t f rm d is diss l v d

o e e , e te e a e o e re - o e

on sh ki g th m ixt ur fr i tric cid i p s t d

a n e e, ee n a s re en ,
an

m r f th s d m y b
o e O dd d
e o a a e a e .

This b th w ill im pr v by g d b l ss li b l t f g
a o e a e, an e e a e o o

aft r h v i g b i c s t t f
e a n e en tw w n k on an u se o r on e or o ee s .

Op r t r w h h v t h
e a o s m d d sig
o f ll w i g
a e e e a n s, an e n o o n

th t pr f ssi
e ar lly wil l fi d it t t h ir d v t g t
o e on a , n o e a an a e o

m k fr m t w t t hr
a e ot i m s t h qu oti t y f s lu t i
o th y ee e e an O o on e

re quir f i m m di t
e or by this m e t h y w ill b
a e u se : ean s e e

en abl d t pl i h t h ir t ck which m y b us d p
e o re en s e s o , a e e u or

ot h r wis l t
e e os .
 C HAP TER VI .

P RIN T IN G R E P OC SS — S AL T ING PA PER — S ILVERING PA PER

RIN T ING
P T HE PO S I T IVE — F IXING A N D C O L O RING B A T H

—M UN T ING T O HE PO S I T IVE .

TH E P RIN T ING PR O C E SS .

Th r is pr b bly d p rt m t f th ph t gr phic
e e o a no e a en O e o o a

ar t wh r b f u d
e e qu l m u t f v ri ty
c an e o n an e a a o n o a e ,
as

re g rds ch m ic ls m ipul t i s t T h c urs d p t d

a e a ,
an a on , e c . e o e a o e

i th c m m
n ec m t f givi g ly
o en pr c s f th
e en , o n on on e o e s or e

O p r t r t w rk b y— d t h t g d — w ill b s t ric tly

e a o o o an a a oo on e e

a dh r d t i this pl c I h v pr duc d g d p si
e e o n a e . a e o e as oo o

ti p p r b y th f ll w i g pl
v e s on a e Ih v v rs e o o n an , as a e e e een .

S h uld t h r d r w ish m r
o ext siv cqu i t c w i th
ea e o e e en e a a n an e

t h pri t i g pr c ss s h is r f rr d t H UM RE Y J UR ’
e n n o e e , e e e e o PH S O

N AL .

S AL T ING PA ER P .

Wa te r
Mu ri
a te of a m m on a i
Th e w a t e p gu r is
t t p rch gl ssut i n to a fl a t, a- e a , a , or

earth dish d th m uri t f m m i i p t i t it

en ,
an e a e o a on a s u n o ,

and s t irr d u t il it is diss lv d

e d is w ll m ix d w i t h t h
n o e an e e e

w t r ;t h
a e pr c d f ll w s w w ill supp s w h v
en o ee as o o : e o e e a e

a gu tt p rch dish su ffici t ly l rg t t k i sh t f

a- e a en a e o a e n a ee o

p p r 8 by 1 0 i ch s d b u t 1 5 2 i ch s d p
a e n e , an a o or n e ee
1 52 M ANI ULA T I N
P O S OF THE

ta k h ld f tw c r rs f th p p r w i th th t hu m b d
e o o o o ne o e a e e an

fi g r f ch h d d th dr w th p p r thr ugh th
n e o ea an , an en a e a e o e

s lut i by p ssi g it fr m
o on , d f t h dish t t h
a n o on e en O e o e

o th r e t h t i t w ill b w tt d
, so a b th sid s th t ur e e e on o e en n

i g i t v r i th s m m
n o e r dr w it b ck
n e t h t it
a e an n e ,
a a , SO a s

surf c w ill b th r ughly m is t d b t it is t c s

a e e o o o en e , u no ne o

s ry t
a t th
o sa p p r N w th p p r is r dy f
t u ra e e a e . o e a e ea or

dryi g w hich m y b d by h gi g it th dg f
n , a e on e an n on e e e o

a h lf by m
S e f li tt l t ck ils p t thr ugh it t th
e an s o e a n a u o a e

sa m c r rs by which it w h ld i p ssi g thr ugh t h

e o ne as e n a n o e

sa l t i g s lut i
n I rd r t p r v t s tr ks fr m f rm
o on . n o e o e en ea , o o

i g up
n t h p p r it is b tt r t h
on e g it i such m
a e ,
e e o an n a an

n er t h t it c t t uch t h
a h lf xc p t t th c r rs
an n o o e S e , e e a e o ne

sa
y t h h t i igh
e S t i ch ees w id d t
s eh t cks ( w hich n e e, an e a

a re
p t tuhr ugh t h c r rs ) ot b ly fi i e i ch o n e o e on ve or S x n es

a p rt this w ill gi v th pr p r b d u tw rds pr v t i g

a ,
e e o e en o a , e en n

i t c t c t w i t h t h sh lf
s on a Thi t ir p r t i e b e . s en e o e a on c an e

p rf rm d i d ylight
e o e t h rw is
n aui t s th , or o e e as s e c on v e

n i en c e O f th prtr e o e a o .

Thi p p r wh dry sh uld b l id b tw th f lds

s a e , en , o e a e e en e o

O f bl t t i g p p r ( fil t ri g p p r w ill
o n a sw r) d m y
e e n a e an e ,
an a

b k pt f
e e y l g t h f t i
or a nm d is r dy f t
en h silv r o e, an ea or e e

i g pr c ss
n o e .

S ILVERING PA ER P .

I silv ri g p p r I
n e n a e , em pl y th o e am m on i itr
o -n ate , w hich
is pr p r d f ll w s
e a e as o o

W r a te

Ni r il r t a t e of S ve

D iss l v ( i 4 u c v i l ) th
o e n a -
o n e a e n it r a t e of sil v r i e n th e

wa t r
e d th p ur
,
f urth
an en o on e - o Of th e s lu t i i t
o on n o an
1 54 MANI ULA T I N
P O S OF T HE

This w a n t Of sil v r w ill pp r

e a ea on th e ppr a e in light
p rts s
a , as e en in th cc m p yi g
e a o an n c ut

Fig 3 6 . .

f r th p p h b p rf c tly c t d w sh d
A te e a er as e en e e oa e , or a e

w i t h t h sil v ri g e lu t i it h uld b pl c d i p
e n so on , s o e a e n a er

p end i l p si t
cu ar i t dry I ousu ll y t ck t honp p r o . a a e a e on a

b rd f th r quis it siz
oa o e d th e s t d it dg e e, an en an on on e e e

u t il it h dr i d d dri d A
n as a ne dry it is r dy f
an e . s so o n a s , ea or

u se .This p p r w ill t k p m r t h t w l v h urs

a e n o ee o e an e e o ,

th r f r t h
e e o e p r t r sh uld sil v r i th m r i g th
e o e a o o e n e o n n e

qu ti ty r quir d f th d y It is i m p r t i v ly
an e e or e a . e a e n ec e s

sa ry t h t th sil v r d p p r b k p t i th d rk It i
a e e e a e e e n e a . s

e xt r m ly s si t i v t light d v ry bri f xp sur f

e e en e o , an a e e e o e o

t h pr p r d h
e e t w uld r
a e d r it u fi t f
S ee o en e n o r u se .

P RIN T ING T HE PO S I T IVE .

Th e se v e ra l
ki ds f pp r t us us d f h ldi g t h n o a a a e or o n e

ne g t i v d th s si t i v p p r t g th r h v lr dy
a e an e en e a e o e e ,
a e a ea

b gi v
e en p g 3 6 Figs 3 1 3 2 3 3 Th p p r h vi g
e n on a e ,
.
, , . e a e a n

b e en l t d d silv r d jus t d scri b d sh uld b

sa e an e e ,
as e e , o e

pl c d th p d f th pri t i g fr m
a e on e gl ss s w i h
a o e n n a e or a e ,
t

it s i tiv u f
se n s p d t h
e t h g t i v pl
s r ac e c d u , an en e ne a e a e
 P RIN T N G R E I P OC SS . 1 55

c ly p
dire t d i c t c t w i t h it t h
U it i t b f
on an n on a en s o e as

t d t g th r w h it w ill b r dy f xp sur t th
en e o e e , en e ea or e o e o e

dir c t r ys f th
e Fr m 1 0 t 4 0 s c ds w ill b
a O e su n . o o e on e

f u d ugh t gi v su ffici tly i t pri t

o n en o o e a en n e n se n .

Th p p r firs t ch g s t sl t c l r d th t
e a e an e o a a e o o , an en o a

b w c pp r c l r w h f d rk l t c l r is b ut
ro n or o e o o :
a en o a a s a e o o a o

th pr p ti m t t k i t t d i m m rs i th t i g
e o er e o a e ou an e e n e on n

b tha .

FI ING X AN D CO L RING BA T
O H .

I hv a e em pl y d th pr p r t i s giv
o e e o o on en b y Mr H . AR D

W I CH in his P h ot og rap h ic C h e m is t ry , p g a e 209 —Hu m

p h re
y s A m e
’
ric an e di ti on .

So i l lr
ut on of Ch o id e of g ldo a q ua n t i qi
ty e u va e n t l to
Ni r silv r
,

t a t e of e

Hy p s lp o u sd hi te of o a

W r a te

iss l v th hyp ulphi t f s d i f ur u c s f

D o e e os e O o a n o o n e o

t h w t r t h chl rid
e a ef g ld i t hr
, u c s th i t r t
e o e o o n ee o n e , e n a e

o f sil v r i t h r m i i g u c
e n th p ur th dilut d
e e a n n o n e en o e e

chl rid by d gr i t th hyp sulphi t s t irri g m

o e e ees n o e o e, n ean

w hil w i th egl ss d d ft r w rds th itr t f sil

a a ro an a e a e n a e O

v er i th s m w y
n This rd r f m ixi g th s lu t i
e a e a . o e O n e o on

is t b s t ric tly bs rv d if it w r r v rs d th h yp l
o e o e e e e e e e , e o su

p h i t f s d
e o b i g dd d t toh chl rid
a f g ld t
e n h a e o e o e O o ,
e re

sul t w uld b t h r duc t i f m t llic g l d T h di ff r

o e e e on O e a o . e e

en c d p ds up th f c t th t th hyp sulphi t f g ld
e e en on e a a e o e o o

w hic h is f r m d is xc di gly u s t b l su b s t c d
o e an e ee n n a e an e, an

c t xi t i c t ct w i th u l t r d chl rid f g ld It
ann o e s n on a na e e o e o o .

i
s ne c ss ry th t it h uld b d i s l v d by hyp sulphit f
e a a S o e s o e o e o
1 56 MA N I P UL AT I o NS O F T H E

s d im m di t ly
o a e a e on it s f orm a t on i , an drd d so re n e e mo r e

p rm t b y c
e an en on v e rsi on i n to a d bl s l t f d
ou e a o so a an d
g ldo .

Th e f d p
t im e ds m u h up
o t h qu t i t y
c olora t ion e en c on e an

O f g ld pr s t
o d m y i s me c s s b xt d d t
en , an a n o e a e e e en e o

m y h urs T h r sul t s f f w xp ri m t s p rf rm d
an o . e e o a e e e en , e o e

ro ughl y pp r d t i dic t t h t th c t ivi t y f t his b t h

,
a ea e o n a e a e a o a

is l ss ff c t d by d pr ssi f t m p r tur th t h s
e a e e e e on o e e a e an o e

pr p r d w i th t t r thi t C rt i ly th i juri us ff ct
e a e e a on a e . e a n e n o e e s

o f pr l g d i m m rs i
o on t
e vid t w i th t he on a re no SO e en as e

firs t t w f rm ul th puri ty f th w hi t s r m i s u l
o o ae e o e e e a n na

t df m
e re y h urs if th b th i w b t w i th ld b th
or an o e a sne ,
u an O a

th r e is t d cy t y ll w ss w hich is pr b bly
e a en en o e o n e , o a

c us d by th pr s c f sulphur tt d hy dr g
a e e Fr sh
e en e o e e o en . e

chl rid f g ld m us t b dd d fr m t i m t t i m
o e O o it e a e o e o e, as

a pp rs t b r quir d
ea o e e e .
”

A ft r t h i m pr ssi
e h r m i d i th t i g b t h
e e on as e a ne n e on n a a

su ffici t l gth f t i m it sh uld b pl c d i dish

en en o e , o e a e n a or

i k f cl w t r w hich h uld b ch g d s v r l
S n o ean a e , S o e an e e e a

t i m s— fl e ti g f t l s t 1 2 h urs ; th it m y b
oa n or a ea o en a e

t k a t d hu g up t dry
e n ou an n o .

T U ING T h l i g f ph t gr ph f rm s
O CH .
-
e c o or n o a o o a o no

p r t f m y pr c ss t his is m tt r t b gi v i t t h
a O o e : a a e o e en n o e

h ds f
an rtis t d w h it b rs th fi ishi g t uch
O an a ,
an en ea e n n o

o f his skill it is l g r p h t g p h b t il w
,
n o on e a o o ra ,
u an o or a te r

l p i i g ll t h d lic t w rki gs f t ur h mg

“
c o or a n t n a e e a e o n O na e av

b l s t hidd u d r th c l rs
e en o or en n e e o o .

A ph t gr ph m y ft t uch d t dv t g ”
o o b a a O en e o e o a an a e .

If ,
is fr qu tly th c s th r b li ttl whi t p t s
as e en e a e ,
e e e e e s o

on th f c f t h p p r t h y m y b r d ily c v r d by
e a e O e a e , e a e ea o e e

th pplic t i f li ttl I di i k with th p i t f

e a a on O a e n a n ,
e o n o a

w t p cil
e fi en m ll b ush or ne s a r .
 FAC T S WO R T H M E N T I O NI N G .

T h e Pois on ous Efi e c ts cy id f p t ssiu m p of an e o o a u on

so er s m y b b vi t d by i m m di t ly pplyi g s m f
, a e o a e e a e a n o e o

t h p si t iv d v l pi g s lu t i
e o e d scri b d t p g 62 By
e e o n o on , e e a a e .

t his m s m uchean y c m y b v id d t p rs an n o an e a e a o e o e on s

a fflic t d w i th ch pp d
e s r h ds a e or o e an .

B di g G l
en R d n t ub s b sily d b y
a ss o s or e c an e ea on e

s ubj c t i g t h m t th bl z f pi i t l m p —th s m
e n e o e a e o a s r a e a e

as t h t us d fa gildi g t h d g rr typ First h ld th

e or n e a ue eo e . o e

ro d jus t b v t h bl z a th ogr du lly ll w it t d

e e a e, en a a a o o e

c d i t it i m p rt i g t th d r t t ry m t i w i th
s en n o , a n o e ro a o a o o on

th fi g r
e nd t hu m b e t his w ill s
an c us s ft i g f o on a e a o en n o

th e gl ss w h it m y b b t t y d sir d sh p I f
a , en a e en o an e e a e .

th e ds en t b b t t f rm h ks
a re th r s m ll
o e en o o oo ,
an o e a

pi c f gl ss
e e o
y w m m t lam y b p,l c d or an ar e a ,
a e a e

u p th d i th bl z f th l m p d s
on e en , n e a e O e a , an as o on as

t h r ughl y s ft
o o d it b pr ss d b t t f rm th
o en e , c an e e e or en o o e

h k By fili g r u d gl ss t ub
oo . d it m y b
n a o n a a e or ro ,
a e

ea sily d s f ly br k t t h d sir d p i t by gi v i g it
an a e o en a e e e o n ,
n

a sudd j rk b tw b th h ds h ldi g it cl s t th
en e e e en o an ,
o n o e o e

en circl d p rt e a .

C m i g Gl
e en t n m y b r dily cc m plish d by a ss a e ea a o e

pl ci g th t w ds t g th r i th b l z f th l m p
a n e o en o e e n e a e o e a ,

an d h ldi g t h m t h r u t il t h y tt i
o n su ffi ci t d
e e e n e a a n a en e

gr f h t t slightly fus wh c l th ds will b

ee o ea o e en oo , e en e

f u d p rf ctly u i t d
o n e e n e .
 FA T C S WO RT H K N O WING . 1 59

s d p t d t p si t i v s is u b l ch d
T h e B a c kg rou n d b e t a a e o o e n ea e

m usli such is s ld f sh t i g d
n , as b f u d i o or ee n ,
an c an e o n n

a l m s t y d y g ds t
o an i t s h uld b fr m t w t
r oo
’
s ore : o e o o o

t hr y r d
ee s w id A a cl ud d pp r c is giv e t .t h o e a ea an e en o e

b ckgr u d b y m r ly m rki g i t w i t h h
a o n l f rm i g e e a n c a rc oa , o n

s t r ks w
ea r s m bli g cl uds Th s c m t
or a ves ,
”
e e n o . e e o e ou

bl ck d rk i th p si t iv d giv v ri g t d p
a , or a ,
n e o e, an e a a e a e a

p e a ra n c e Th r ugh ss f t
. h m rki g d s
e t m tt
o r n e O e a n oe no a e ,

si c th b ck gr u d is g r ll y li ttl t f th f cus
n e e a o n en e a a e ou o e o

o f th l s s Tr s d th r d sig s m y b r pr s t d
e en e . ee an o e e n a e e e en e

i t his m tt r
n a e .

P i i os C ll d i
t Pi ve m y b w hi t o d by t h
o on c t u re s a e en e e u se

o f b ichl rid f m rcury t h ir t y gr i s t

o e o u c fw e ,
a n o on e o n e O a

ter Aft r t h
. pict ur h b e d v l p d fix d d
e e as e en e e o e , e an

w s h d by t h pr c ss giv
a e ,
i th pr c d i g p g s t h
e o e en n e e e n a e , e

s lu t i f b ic h l rid f m rcury m y b p ur d v r th
o on o o e o e a e o e o e e

s rf c f th i m g it l m s t i m m di t ly pr s t s
u a e o e a e : a o e a e e en a

s ri s f i t r s t i g ch g s i c l r T h surf c t firs t
e e o n e e n an e n o o . e a e a

b l ck
a s b t fen f w m i ut s wh u it b gi s t g t
or a e n e , en e n o e

ligh t r d g du lly brigh t s t pur w h i t i cli i g

e ,
an ra a en o a e e, n n n

to a blu It sh uld th b th r ughly w sh d d dri d

e . o en e o o a e an e ,

as usu l a .

I Pi
n s t a n t a n eou s m y b t k b y m pl yi g t h c t u res a e a en e o n e

i did
o
f i
e i o t h c ll di T
ronh b s t m tnh d w i t h e o o on . e e e o

w hich I m cqu i t d is t h v a s tur t d s lu t i f

a a n e , o a e a a a e o on o

i did f ir i lc h l d dr p
o e o on t w dr ps i t
n a o o ,
an o on e or o o n o

an u c f th c ll d i ( w h ich h b pr vi usly
o n e o e o o on as e en e o

i diz d ) us d i t ki g p si t i v s This
o e e nb us d t a n o e . c an e e a

on c se, as m ix d N m r o on f t his c ll di
as h uld e . O o e o o o on S o

b pr p r d t h
e e is w t d f i m m di t
a e an it w ill an e or e a e u se , a s

k p g d f ly f w h urs Th s tur t d s lu ti f
ee oo or o n a e o . e a a e o on o
1 60 F A C TS WO RT H K NO W IN G .

i did f ir
o e b k p t h d r dy f
o t ll
on c an e e on an ea o r u se a a

tim s Th r sh uld b
e . xc ss f th i d id i th
e e o e an e e o e o e n e

alc h l T h s m cc l r t i g ff c t is pr duc d w i th
o o . e a e a e e a n e e o e

th g t i v c ll di pr p r d i this w y
e n e a e o o on e a e n a .

P la i n i diz d s diss l v d
C o llodi on m a y b e o e as o on as o e

t his w ill s v t i m i s t t li g It is
a f ct t h t s m t
e e n e n . a a a o e co

t is m r r dily diss lv d w h th b r m i dizi g is

on o e ea o e en e o o- o n

pr s t b t b y th ddi t i f th i I h v ft t k p
e en : u e a on o s, a e o en a en U

c sid r b l q u t i t i s f th gu m m y s di m t r m i i g
on e a e an e o e e en e a n n

i t h b tt m f b tt l s
n e o o O o e .

pr s r v d l
Prep a re d G la ss m a y b ed fr fr m e e e C ean an ee o

dus k pi g b x s such t h s us d f k pi g
t by e e n in o e as o e e or ee n

d gu rr typ pl t s By t ki g t v ry th r p rt i ti
a e eo e a e . a n ou e e o e a on

b tw th gr v s th gl ss b r dily p t i
e een e oo e , e a c an e ea u n .

C ollod ion Via ls ft r h vi g c ll di i an d B ot tles , a e a n o o on n

th m c sh uld b ri s d w i th lc h l d th r ( i
e on e, o e n e a o o an e e n

th s m pr p r ti s m pl y d f diss lvi g t h t
e a e o o on as e o e or o n e co

t ) b
on f r usi
,
g t h m s c
e o e d t i m f t h t purp s n e a e on e or a o e .

P uri s
en ss i this r sp c t w uld b b d p licy
ou n e n e e o e a o .

C oa t i g L a r
g e nG la s se s — A on . c v i t m th d en en e o O f di g o n

t hi s i s re pr s
e e n t e d in t h e o ow n f ll i g illus t r t i a on

Th e gl ss is h ld b y
a e on e cr ro ne ,
2 th e ot hrcr r
e o ne ,
4, is
1 62 FAC TS WO RT H K N O W ING .

A G la s s C oa te d with C ollodion , if k p t t l g b f r e oo on e o e

i m m rsi i t h b th w ill t b qu lly s sit i v v r

e on n e a , no e e a en e o e

i t surf c ; t h
s p rt s m s t dry b i g th l s t s si t i v
a e e a o e n e ea en e .

Gl P f
a ss S l b
a n s,pr cur d
or by v ry
c a es , c a n e o e e e on e

a t t ri fli g xp s T k w t ch cryst l d pl c i th
n e en e a e a a a , an a e n e

c m m m t l p b l c t h is w i th l d
o on e a an
y w igh t a an e ea , or a n e :

t his sil y b k p t cl
can ea d is th e m st ed vis b l ean ,
an e o a a e

f w i ghi g ll d liqu sc t s l t s
or e n a d ch m ic ls m pl y d
e e en a ,
an e a e o e

i t h c ll di
n e pr c ss o o on o e .

C i — P rs s
a u t on g g d i m ki g c ll di
. e on end a e n a n o o on ,
an

usi g th n d lc h l m us t b r i m i d t h t t h s
o er a n a o o h , ea n n a e e c e

mi l y fl
c a s a r e veri m m b l h c x t r mn c uat i is a e en e e e e a on no

c e ssa r
y t v id xp si g t
o a h m t o t h fl me f l mp
o n e o e a e o a a or

c dl I h v k w f s v r l ri us ccid t s f
an e . a e no n o e e a Se o a en ,
O

r c t d t ll f w hich w r c us d by th i m prud c
e en a e, a o e e a e e en e

O f th xp ri m t r i t h p r t icul r b v m t i d
e e e en e n e a a a o e en on e .

Wip h P l t h ld e tv ry t i m b f r t h gl ss p t
e a e- o er e e e e o e e a 18 u

i t it t hi w ill pr v t p t s w hich m ight th rw is

n o : s e en S o , o e e

o ccur fr m th pr s c f i t r t f ilv r s lu t i w hich

o e e en e o n a e O S e o on

dr i d fr m t h pl t pr vi usl y us d Th s sp t s
a n e o e a e e o e . e e o a re

O f an p qu y ll w ish t i g d i sh p r s m bl t h
O a e e o n e, an n a e e e e e

s t i w hich w uld b cc si d by p l h f w t r
a n o e o a on e a s as o a e .

g d whi
G la ss f or Posi t iv es ligh t gr gl ss .
—A oo te o r -
e en a

w ill s w r f th c ll di c t i g G l ss w hich
an e or e o o on oa n . a c on

t i s i sp t s
a n b us d if it b pl c d i such
a r- o m
c an e e ,
e a e n a an

n er a s t l t t h ligh t f t h i m g c m
o e v r th m th
e o e a e o e o e e ,
as e

sp t s c t b s t hr ugh th p qu surf c O ly
o ann o e e en o e O a e a e . n

th b s t w hi t gl ss h uld b us d f
e e i g th
e pic a S o e e or c ov e r n e

t ur S m
e . p r t rs th c v x gl ss w hich is v ry
o e o e a o u se e on e a ,
e

cl r d s w rs th purp s
ea , an an e e o e .
 FAC TS WO R T KN WING
H O . 1 63

T h e Nit ra t e f
o S ilv e r B a t h S h ould be k pt c v r d
e o e e , ex

ce pt wh en in u se .

If a v s w ill
G la ss be I m m e rs e d t oo s oon , s t r ks ea an d wa e

b ecc si d T h s w ill b s
o a t th
on e d f t h pl t
. e e e e en a e en o e a e

w hich is l s t dry t h c t i g is ls m r li b l t p l
ea : e oa n a o o e a e o ee

o ff It h ul d b b r i m i d h w v r t h t t h p l
. S o e o ne n n ,
o e e , a e ee

i g f c ll di
n o is t l w ys ttribut b l t thi c us
o o on n o a a a a e o s a e .

g pr p r t i
D if u se d L i h t in t h e De ve lop in g R oom — I n o o on as

th s esi t iv s f t h pl t i cr s s gr t r c r m us t
en en e s o e a es n ea e ,
ea e a e

b e x rcis d i t h r ughly xcludi g ll r ys f whi t

e e e n o o e n a a o e

light Wi th p l sc t fi l m s u tr l this c us f f g
. o a e en , n e a ,
a e O o

ig g is m r c m m t h
n
y t h
o e r o on an an o e .

I h n t f p t it if t h f t ur s h v
e c a se o u tur lly
a o r ra , e ea e a e an nn a a

b l ck
a d gl m y anpp r c th d rk p rt i oo f th a ea an e, e a o on s O e

dr p ry & b i g i visib l th pic tu h b

a e , c .
, e n d n e, e re as een un er

ex
p d i t
os e h c m r n e a e a .
 C H A PT E R V I I .

H E L I O PR O C E S S .
$

AN E N T R E PR C E
I PR O
O C ING C O ION
SS FOR DU LLOD P O SI
T IV E S A N D N E G AT I E S W I T BA T IN V H O NE H, AN D M UC H

L E ss T IME T AN AN Y O T E R N O W N P
H BY H K R O C E ss .
—
BY
HEL I O -
PH O T O GR A Pm c P A T EN T S
s
. .

Bo ton , O c t 1 85 6
UM REY
, .

S D H
. . PH .

S in —As H u mp h rey s Jou rn a l i s t h e

ly t r ly p ’
on u ro

g i
re ss v e d i d p d t Ph t g phic pub lic t i i
an n e en en o o ra a on n

Am ric e I f l i t t h du t y f v ry
a , ee t id i t E di t r
e o e e on e o a s o

i fur th ri g t h i t r s t f t h
n e n m t ure d pr c t i t i
n e r e o e a a e an a on e

o f th t ;
e ar d sui t i g t h ct i t th w rd I pr s t
an , n e a on o e o ,
e en

th e f ll w i g P c ss b i g w rthy f c fid c d
o o n ro e as e n o o on en e, an

h v i g i m y h ds pr v d m tly s t isf ct ry I m
a n , n an ,
o e e i n en a a o . a

surpris d t e t h t O p r t rs
o se e d m r sp ct b ly
a e a o an en e e a c on

n ec t d w i t h t h pr c t ic
e f th A t sh uld
e f af ll b e o e r o so ar a e

n ea th t h s t ti f t ru rtis t s t d v rt is t c t c h
e a on o e a as o a e e o a

ea ch th r th v rd t s b y ff ri g t his th t
o e ,
or e e an on e , o e n or a

li ttl i m pr v m t ll pri t d c m pl t f fi d ll rs
e o e en a n e o e e or ve o a .
”

A s an m t ur a d h vi g t h g d f t h sci
a e ,
an c Ilv a n e oo o e en e o e

a t h rt I w c t ribu t m y m i t f th b fi t f ll
ea , no on e e or e en e O a

I t h a s b e en th ou gh t ad vi sa b el to p b lish i
u n th is w rk o th e H e li o P roc es s ,

j s pp r H ump hrey J ou rn a l —
S D H
’
an d I d o SO u t as it a ea e d in s . . . .
 1 66 H EL IO P R OC E S S .

st d f an tw d ys t s ttl e Thi c s t i tu t m y
or on e or o a o e . s on es

Pl i C ll d i d sh uld b p ur d fi i t th r b t
'

a n o o on ,
an o e o e o n o an o e o

tl l v i g h s di m t b hi d
e, ea n t e e en e n

I od iz zn g
'

.
—F o r t his purp s o e I em pl y th f ll w i g p
o e o o n re

a ra t ion
p

A . iss lv fifty gr i s f i t r t f
— I oclide of S ilv e r — D . o e a n o n a e o

silv r crys t ls i t w u c s f pur w t r a d f r ty

e , a , n o o n e o e a e ,
n o

gr i s f i did f m m iu m i t w u c s f p r w t r
a n o o e o a on n o o n e o u e a e

th enp ur th t w t g th r sh ki g th m ixt ur w ll l t
o e o o e e ,
a n e e e e

i t s t tl ew hich it w ill d ie, f w m i ut s th p ur ff o n a e n e en o o

t h w t r c r fully l
e a vi g b hi d ll t h y ll w i did
e a e , ea n e n a e e o o e

o f sil v r ; p ur g i efr sh qu t i t y f w t r v r t h
o a a n a e an o a e O e e

pr cipi t t
e d c ti u t his w shi g f
a e, t l
an st i on n e a n or a ea s x

c h g f w t r th dr i ff t h w t r cl s p
an es O a e en a n O e a e as o e as os

si b l d p e an tw u c s f lc h l w h i h wh dr i d
ou r on oo n e o a o o ,
c , en a ne

O ff w ill l v t h p w d r su ffici t l y cl
,
ea f t h purp s
e e o e en ean or e o e .

B — I w diss lv f r t y gr i s f br m id
no f mm iu m o e o a n O o e o a on

an d hu dr d gr i f i did f m m iu m i t w
on e n e a ns o o e o a on n o

o u c s f 9 5 p c t lc h l d t h dd th i did f
n e o er en . a o o ,
an en a e o e o

s il v r ( pr p r t i A ) d sh k th w h l w ll t g th r
e e a a on ,
an a e e o e e o e e ,

gi v i g s t ur t d s lu t i
n a This is t b fil t r d t h r ug h
a a e o on . o e e e o

c tt
o onp p r w h it w ill b r dy f
or a e , en e ea o r u se .

C —T six t
. u c s f Pl i C ll di d d fr m igh t
o e en o n e o a n o o on a o e

to t w lv dr ps f t i c tur f i di ( 5 0 gr i s f dry
e e o o n e o o n e a n o

i di diss lv d i h lf
o ne f lc h l )
o d 1 4 gr i s
e n a an oz . o a o o an a n

or d r ps f flu rido f mm iu m ; sh k th m ixtur

o o e o a on a e e e

w ll t h s lu t i B s h k it g i d
'

e d d ll f th en a a o e o on a e a a n an

t h r ug h ly ; ft r t his h
o o s t d f t w t y f ur h urs it
a e as oo or en - o o

c an b us d b t w ill b f u d b t t r ft r i t h
e e ,
b u p e o n e e a e as e en re

p rd w k
a e on e ee .
 n i zu o P R E OC SS . 1 67

N it ra te o
f S ilver S olu t i on .

Pu r ri e jw a n or distille d a ter 32 oun cs

e

Ni r sil r ( r s ls) s
.

t at e of ve in c y ta 4} oun c e

l p r hi s g r is
.

C ea n u e W te u a 7 5 g ra n

ris i i i is l r
.

S ix g a n of od de of a m m on um d s o ve d in h lf a a d ac h m of

l
a c oh o l .

b v t h r ghly m ix d d ll w d t t d f
Th e a o e, o ou e an a o e o s an or

a f w h urs sh uld b
e fil t r d through
o , w cl o e e e a ne ean

sp g sb st s S w dish fil t ri g p p r d t h
on e, a e o ,
or e e n a e , an en a

f w d r ps f i t ric cid c h m ic lly pur sh uld b

e o o n dd d a , e a e, o e a e ,

jus t ugh t r dd blu li tm us p p r ; t h it is d y

en o o e en e - a e en re a

f d w ill i m pr v b y g
or u se , a n o e a e .

De v e lop in g T h is f rm ul
S o lu tion .
-
o a has pr o v e d v e ry
s t isf c t ry i
a a o n my h ds a d I h p an ,
n o e w ill be e qu lly a so

w i t h ll w h a o gi v it t ri l
e a a

W r a te 1 pi nt

r i i
.

Bo ac c ac d 1 o un c e

s lp r
.

ProtO - u h a te of i on 1 »
oun c e

lv ri ir
.

Pu e ze d n t e o un c e

r r ps
Th i ee d o O f oil of c n n a m on d iss lv o ed in t wo o un c e s of l
a c oh o l .

Diss lv d filt r d it is r dy f
o e an e , an ea o r u se . It is b e tt e r
to m k t hi d v l p r fr sh v ry th r d
a e s e e o e e e e o e a
y .

D issolv ing o
f the I o did e o
f S ilve r . Wa t e r
u t h lf
— , ab o a a

pi n t ; c y id f p t ssiu m
an e o o a , eno ugh t cl r th i m pr ssi
o ea e e on

in a bo u hir y s c ds y
t t t — e on sa a qu r t r f u c
a e o an o n e .

F ix ing th e I mp ress ion rticl .

—I u se th e a e we ll k w t no n o

ev ry g d ph t gr ph r
e H u m phr y s
oo o o a e as e
’
Co ll di G ild
o on

i g n d it s rv s t h purp s b tt
,
an th e e e o e e er an an y thi g th t I
n a

I k w f no o .
1 68 H E L IO P R OC E SS .

B la c k g r lly purch s this fr m t h

Va rn ish —I en e a a e o e

d l r ;b t I h v m d
ea e u rt icl w h ich s w r d th
a e a e an a e an e e e

purp s w ll b y d iss lvi g pulv riz d sph l tu m i

o e e ,
o n e e a a n

spiri t s f t urp t i oA y f t h bl ck v r ish s

en neb . n o e a a n e c an e

im pr v d by t h ddi t i f li ttl b s w t it It i ’
- ax
o e e a on o a e ee o . s

l ss li b l t cr ck d gi v s i m pr v d gl ss
e a e o a an e an o e o .

N g i e d P i ti g P
a t ve a n —B i g m ys lf r nm n roc ess e s . e n e an a a

t d d iri g t s t udy c
e u r, a n my
es d c v i c my
n o e on o an on en en e,

a tt ti en h b giv t th t s t f u m r us pl s
on as e en en o e e O n e o an

for a v idi g t h o c ssi t y f t w b ths d silv ri g s lu

n e n e e o o a an e n o

ti ons d I f l c fid t t h t th m t ur w ill fi d th
an ee on en a e a a e n e

f ll w i g i c c ti w i th th f r g i g P si t i v P
o o n , n on n e on e o e o n o e ro

c ss t h b s t d p t d t his w t s
e , e e a a e o an .

Th s m b t h e d s lu t i
a is us d f t h g t iv
e a an o on e or e n e a e as

for th p si t iv pr c ss d t h t i m f xp sur i t h
e o e o e an e e o e o e n e

c m r sh uld b p l g d f w s c ds I h v pr duc d
a e a o e ro o n e a e e on . a e o e

b ut iful g t i v s i d rs i f
ea n e a d d t d
e rs , n -
oo , n ou r se c on s, a n , ou -
oo ,

i ly
n s ta n t a n e ou s Th m ipul t i b th d d v l pi g. e an a on , a , an e e o n

s lu t i
o pr cis ly t h s m
on a re th s us d i t h
e p si e e a e as o e e n e o

tiv pr c ss
e o e .

F i i g th N
x n
g i —Pl c t he f ll w i g m ixet ur i
a t ve . a e e o o n e n a

w ll s t pp r d b t t l
e - o e e o e

rW r
Pu e a te

q A i r
u a a mm on a , c on c en t at e d

This s lut i sh uld b p ur d th o on g t iv d o e o e on e n e a e an

a ll w d t r m i f b u t t w ty s c ds It sh uld
o e o e a n or a o en e on . o

b b r
e i m i d th t th
o ne d v l pi g s lu t i ( s m
n n ,
a e e e o n o on a e as

f orp si t i v s ) sh uld b w ll w sh d ff th gl ss b f r
o e o e e a e O e a e o e

t h fixi g s lu t i
e is p ur d v r ; ft r it h r m i d
n o on o e o e a e as e a ne

on t h gl ss f th ti m
e gi v ( 2 0 s c ds ) th g t iv
a or e e en e on ,
e n e a e

c an b w s h d w i t h cl
e w t r
a d dri d it is t h
e e an a e an e ; en
17 0 H EL IO P R OC E SS .

S ilve rin g S olu tion — This s lu t i m o on a

y b e pr p r e a ed in
th e lig h t , but m us t b e us d i d rk r
e n a a o om

is ill w r
D t ed a te pi 1 nt

Ni r silv r s}
.

t a te Of e s a ou n c e

Diss lv d p ur i t
o e rt h
an gu tt p rch dish
o n o an ea en or a- e a .

T k t h p p r ( t t th pr p r siz ) d fl it this
a e e a e cu o e o e e an oa t on

s lut i f b u t t hr m i u t s ; c r m us t b b s rv d
o on or a o ee n e a e e O e e

t h t th r
a i b u bb l s b t w
e e a re n o a r- th s l t i d th e e een e o u on an e

p p r f this w uld c us sp t s It w b hu g up
a e ,
or o a e o . no c an e n

t d y
o r d ,
s an dry it m y b s d L t m h r
as o on as a e u e . e e e e

r p t t h t thi p r t i m us t b c duc t d i d rk
e ea ,
a s o e a on e on e n a a

r m
oo .

Fi i g d
x n T i g B h — I
an fi d t h t b t
on nt r fl t is a t n a a e e e ec

pr d uc d if th p si tiv b li ttl v r pri t d b f r b

o e e o e e a e o e - n e e o e e «

i g c t d up
n a b y t h f ll w i g m ix t ur
e on e o o n e

i il r
D st l e d wa te
l riCh s o de of o di um

This s lut i sh uld b p t i t o on o e u n o a fl at dish an d th e pri n t

pl c d it f c d w f fr m
a e on ,
a e o n , or o on e h lf t
an d a- a o t hr ee

m i ut s w h
n i t sh uld b t k
e ,
en o e a en off d p t i t th f l
an u n o e o

l w i g s lu t i
o n d ll w d t r
o on ,
an a o e o e m i th r
a n fr m thr e e o ee

qu rt rs f h ur t t w h urs
a e o an o o o o

is ill w r
D t ed a te

Hy p s lp i so u h te of od a

Ni r t silv r a te of e

f ll w i g m th d sh uld b b s r v d i pr p ri g
Th e o o n e o o e o e e n e a n

t his l st m ix t ur vaiz —diss l v th t hr u cs f e, . o e e ee o n e o

hyp sulphi t f s d i i
o u c s f th w t r d
e o o a n s x te e n o n e o e a e an
 H EL IO P R OC ES S . 17 1

th e six ty gr i s f i t r t f sil v r i th r m i i g t w
a n o n a e o e n e e a n n o

o u c s th p ur th i t r t f sil v r s lu ti i t th t
n e en o e n a e O e o on n o a

c t i i g th hyp sulphi t f s d s tirri g t h m ixtur

on a n n e o e o o a , n e e

c ti u ll y u t il ll is w ll m ix d
on n a n a e e .

A ft r t h pri t h e r m i d i th t i g s lu ti f
e n as e a ne n e on n o on or

th sp cifi d t i m it sh uld b t k
e e e t d w l l w sh d
e, o e a en ou an e a e

i s v r l ch
n e g s f cl w t r d dri d d m u t d
e a an e o ea n a e ,
an e an o n e

i n
y f
an t h usu l w
o ys e a a .

Wi t h f w g l r m rks I w ill cl s t his p rh ps

'
‘

a e e n e ra e a o e , e a ,

t oo l g c m m u ic t i
on I t s h uld b
o p i t i th n a on . o e a o n n e

pr ct ic f v ry w h d sir s succ ss i y pr c ss
a e O e e on e o e e e n an o e ,

t m i t i
o a ns t ric t b s rv c t cl li ss this is
a n a O e an e o ean n e on e

p i t i w hic h m s t p rs s f il d it c t b t
o n n o e on a , an an n o e oo

s tr gly i m pr ss d up th m i ds f m ipul t rs It
on e e on e n o an a o .

sh uld b u d rs t d t h t th f r g i g pr c ss i mp l
o e n e oo a e o e o n o e s co e te

i i n
lf t se d is t t
,
b canf u d d w i t h y t h r
n o m o e on o n e an o e e

th d o Th . ll d i is d p t d f t h i
e co
f
o i l on a a e or e n tra te o s ve r

b h a t d th b h f
,
an th ll di d
e sh uld
a t or e co o on an n o on e o u se

o t h r pr p r t i
e s f c ll di
e d silv ri g s lu t i
a a on xc p t O o o on a n e n o on ,
e e

th y d e w i t h t h full xp c t t i
o so t h t it w ill b t th e e e a on a e a e

los s f
o e it h e r or both f
o t he p re
p a ra t io n s e mp loy e d .

ll w m t hr ugh th c lu m s f y ur i v lu bl
A o e, o e o n o o n a a e

J ur l t
o
y t
n at h s w h,m y r d t h
o sa f r g i g p o o e o a ea e o e o n ro

c ss t h t if th y fi d ( I h v ) m y pr c ss t pr v
e , a e n as a e o e o o e

pr fit b l t t h m I sh ll c sid r m ys lf m ply r p id if
o a e o e , a on e e a e a

t h y w ill t h r ugh t h s m m diu m c t rib u t t

e ,
o e a e e , on e o ou r

s t ck f i f rm t i by givi g
o o cc u t f t h ir
n o a on n an a o n o e

e xp ri m t s I f l qui t c fi d t t h t s m f th m
e en . ee e on en a o e o e a a

t w i t h w h s r pu t t i
e n rs , I m lr d y c qu i t d d o e e a on a a ea a a n e ,
an

o f wh s pri v t w rks i p h t gr phy Am ric h

o e a e o n o o a e a as

c us t f l pr ud — c uld fur ish i t r s ti g us ful d

a e o ee o , o n n e e n , e an

v lu b l i f rm t i p t his subj c t S uch m f

a a e n o a on u on e . en , or
172 H E L IO P R OC ES S .

i st c
n an G B Ce, f M d ( wh h
as . lr dy m d
. .
,
o . o as a ea a e a

g d b gi i g) G W D f th s m pl c d M C
oo e nn n ,
. . .
,
O e a e a e, an r . .

G . f P
, O Fri ds d l b r rs sh ll w h r fr m
a . en an c o- a o e ,
a e ea o

y ou ? I p us f r ply a$ e or a e

I l k w i th i t res t up
oo v ry s t r k f t h p fr m
n e on e e o e O e en o

y ur b l c rr sp d t G M f W shi gt w h s
o a e o e on en . .
, o
’

a n on , o e

sp ci m s f ph t gr p hi c gr v i g y r c t l y h d
e en O o o a en a n ou e en a

th ki d s t sh w m I ssur y it did t
e n ne s o o e . a e ou , n o a

littl s t ish m t w i t
e a on th urprisi g t ru thful s
e o n e ss e s n ne s

wi th w hich t h d t ils w r pr s t d e e a e e e en e .

H ELI O .
17 4 PH O T O G RA PH I C P A T EN T S .

i
Un te d S tate s Pa t en t O ffi c e , A p ril 1 9, 1 8 54 .

SI R ur l r f h 7 h y
: In y o c ss r y e tt e o t e 1 t ou sa y th t i f a ne e a

pr f b g iv h y h d i succ ss fu l
, , ,

oo can e i h h f en t at ou a n e u se , n t e m on t o
A p ri l 8 ll d p r p r d w i h b r i d b sis O r f r
1 53, co o lo n e a e t a om e a n e e

ri g h J ur l f h Ph gr ph ic S ci y f L d
, .

”
n to t e o na o t e o to a o et o on on ,

N 6 ( Ju p g 7 0 y wil l h Si J h H rsch l
,

O ne, a e ou se e t at r o n e e

us d b r i d f h s m purp s p r vi us h y r 8 4
.
,

“
e om e or t e a e o e e o to t e ea 1 0
A m i i v ri us c bi i sh l gb i
.

m on a , n f ah o om n a t on as on een n u se or t e

pr p r i si iv c ll di s [ S R p r f h Bri is h ,
e f a a t on o se n t e o o on ee e o t o t e t
A ss ci i J ur l f h Ph gr ph ic S ci
.

”
o 5
a t on , 1 8 5 0, p 1 0, o n a o t e o to a o e ty

F M L y d s p r c ss d c p si i s
.
,
N 9o p 1 8 53, n e
’
o e an om o t on

s h w h h h us d i di b r m id d chl rid f
,

iu
. . . .

o t at e as e o ne , o e, a n o e o a m m on m
an d C u d M o i h s m j ur l N 2 A p ri l
nt e 8 o n te gon n t e a e o na o 1 5 3,
p g 24 f h is fif h c p si i f c ll d i us d l i qui d
.
, , , ,
a e or t om o t on o o o on e a m mo
Th s l l r g rd d q iv l s f y ur c m p si i s
, ,
i
n a e e a re a e a e as e u a ent or o o o t on

c v r d by h f ur h c l i ; i f h w v r h r is di ff r c
.

o e e t e o t a m o e e t e e a e en e,

sh w i w h i c sis s ; d h x m i
,
,

y ou l b ya re a t 1 e rt to o n a t t on t an t e e a na

ti is cc rd i gl y p s p d w i y ur c i
on a o n o t on e to a a t o a t on .

Y urs & o ,
c .
,

C M A N C m m issi r . SO
,
o on e .

J A C UTT I G (c r f C G P g ) W sh i g D C
. . N a e O . . a e
,
a n ton , . .

sh i g Wa n ton , J un e 2 1 , 1 8 5 4 .

S I r pl y
IR y ur c m m u ic ti n s f h hi s
e to d o o n a on o t e 1 9t n ta n t , an

A ri l 8 4 I pr p s m d i fy m y c l i m s f ll ws

“ “
p 7 h 1 t ,
1 5 ,
o o e to o a as o o
,
to
wi t
A f r h fi rs t c l us
te f h cl im
t e i h li d i g wi h
a e o t e a n n e te e n t ne, e n n t
h w rd s frh f ll ws I d cl i m h ,
”
t e o dd se t o t a as o o : o n ot a t e u se

f lc h l l im i m y c l i m i p
,

o a d i oi g g o bas a es c c a t n a e n t, ut t a to ts s e

i l
c a d p ur p s
u se h ri s d
an o e, as e e n ta te ”

Er s h f ur h c l us f h cl i c m ci g h w y
.

m, om t

“
a e t e o t a e o t e a en n on e t ent

si h l ixt d d i g w i h h w rd s
ne an frh enh h ir i h
n t t e o se t o t on t e t t et

li
,
ne

I r pl y bj c i r is d b y h ffi c h br m id
.

n h e to t e o e t on a e t e O e t at o e

w us d i
as I h e y h n I w fu ll y w r f h a ve to sa t a t as a a e o t e

em pl y f r id i v ri us w y s f ph gr phic pur
o ment o b om e n a o a or o to a

p s s d h I h v l i c m wi h ph g ph rs k w
o e , an t at a e a so , n om on t ot o ra e no n

x r d i ffi cu l y f usi g b r id d h
,

th e e t eme wi h d
t o n om e, an t a t n ot t s ta n

i g h s si i
n t ss i m p r d b y b r m i d
e en t h r c p u ds
ve n e a te o e to ot e om o n

i h t b l as u iv rs ll y d isc rd d b y p r c ic l p h
een a m os t n e a a e a t a o tog ra
,

p h T
e rs h d isc r y f c ll d i ev h ic l f s si iv
o ve o o o on a s a e e or en t e m a te
ri l s is f r c d d h r s s hv b b ck
.

a o e en t a te , an t e e ee m to a e een a a

w d h p r
a r n e ss o n f ph g r ph rs t p b r mi d b s s
e a t O oto a e to a tte m t o e a e

w i h c ll d i
t d of wh o v r tri l s h v b m d b
on
,
an so ar
,
a te e a a e een a e su
 PH O T O GRA PH I C P A T EN T S . 17 5

s e qu
a tte n d e d

my succ ss
i
e
isc v r
my d
ent

r su s
W th t h e
is vi
o e y

i i
i t h h h v
to
is p ic u s
,
lt o f
e

m ty
h v
d e nt

h vr
fis
m a y b e d ue , I m a n ta n t h a t I
t a t t ey

t re ”
a e

T o w a te e
a e b e e n th e
b ee n

r t
“ .

i s i c ll i —
t o u se a b ro m d e b a e w th i h l
o od on a n d w th t a t o n y d o I

cl i r sul
a m i t—a n d t h e ep ic ur s h
ts in m y i h h succ ss
t e S ow w t w at e .

R e sp e c tf u lly ,
JAME
UTT ING S A . C ,

B y A y C A G PAG tt
’
,
H S . . E .

H on . CH A S . M A N SO ,
Co m m issi r fP s on e o a te n t .

s Un ite d S ta te Pa te n t O ffi c e , J un e 2 1 , 1 8 5 4
S Y r s p ci fic i
IR : f i pr vou i c m p si i e f a t on o an m o e m en t n o o t on or

p r duci g ph g r ph ic p ic ur s is h r w i h r ur d f
o n oto s l igh a t e e e t et ne or a t
a d w h ic h is
m e n m e n t, m i th r f r c s p ci s w h ich to o t e e e en e to e men
d o cc p y p
n ot d
a c rr c om rr r i h
an t he
,
a te n t an to o e t an e o n t e
h m rg i
.

oa h t d a s n o te on t e a n .

Y urs & o ,
c , .

C M A N C m m issi r . SO
,
o on e .

JAM A C TT ING 1 4 2 H r B s M ss
ES . U ,
a n o ve s t. , o ton , a .

o f h Ph
SI R r di g p p r b y M W C r k s i h
t
: By
g r ph ic S ci y L d
e o to
ea

N 7 p 86 a
n

th
l
a

o
a e

et
i
on
r .

on ,
s
Un te d S ta te Pa te n t Offi c e , J un e 2 2 , 1 8 5 4

”
. oo

O
e n t e
“
“
J ur o

on
na
.

e
,
.
, ,
.

em pl ym f br m i
o i c ll di i is b l i v d y w ll b
en t o o ne n o o on ,
”
t e e e ou i e

s isfi d h h d h r g iv
at e t at w h ic h h us d b r m iz d
t e l
a te t e e e n on e e o e co

l dio is p ri r t y ur cl i m h vi g us d i h r f rs p 7 2
on o o o a to a n e t e e e to .
,

N 6 p u b l is h d i Ju
o .
,
1 853 f xp ri s m d w i h b
e n ne, ,
or e e m ent a e t ro

m i d c ll di
ze w h ic h p p r is d
o o d Ju 2d
on , 8 M Is c a e a te ne
,
1 53 . r. aa

Rh f Ph i l d lph i
en
,
o h s ifi d h vi g s y m k
a e a ,
as te t e to a n ee n ou a e u se

of br a id b s viz b r id f p ssiu d c ll di b u
om e a e
,
.
,
om e o o ta m an o o on
,
a o t

th 1 e f Ju l y 8
st o b u m h f r h d
,
1 f M53, or a o t on e on t a te t e a te o r.

C r k s p p r i E gl d T h s p ci fic i is cc rd i gl y
’
oo e a e n n an . e e a t on a o n re

tur d h y ne ,y c c l h
t at f ur h c l i m dou d h ma an e t e o t a
,
an a m en t e

p p rs sui
a e toY urs & t . o
,
c , .

C MA N C m m issi r . SO
,
o on e .

M J A C T ING (c r f C G P g ) W s h i g t
r
. . . U T D C ,
a e o . . a e
,
a n on , . .
 17 6 PH O T O GRA PH I C P A T EN T S .

P A T EN T FOR THE US E O F C AM PH O R IN CO M INA T I N W I

B O TH

I IEOD Z D CO LL I N OD O .

The sch d u l r f rr d
e e e e e to in t h e L t rs Pet e a te n t
,
and ma ki g p n a r t

of th e sm a e .

To wh om i t m a y c on c ern
h k
Be it n own , t a t I,JAM ES A C UTT ING f th C i ty f B st .
,
o e o o on ,

C ou ty f S u ff olk
n od St te of M ss c h us tts h v i v t d
,
an a a a e ,
a e n en e a

n ew d us fu l i m p r v m t in p si tiv ph t g r ph ic p ictur s
an e o e en o e o o a e on

gl ss d I d h e re b y d c l r th f ll wi g t b
a
,
a n o x c t d ip e a e e o o n o e an e a e sc r

ti onth r of e e

Th tur e f m y i v ti
e na c sists in th u f gum c m ph r
o n en on on e se o a o ,

i ndd i tia to th e xis ti g m t ri l s i t h p r p r ti o

on e f c l l di o n a e a n e e a a n o o o n

f r p si tiv ph t g r ph ic p ictur s
o o e gl ss
o o a e on a

T b l th rs s kill d i th t t m k d u e m y i ve tion
.

0 en a e o e e n e ar o a e an s n n
I w i l l p r c d t d scri b th p r c ss f ll w s
,
o ee o e e e o e as o o

H vi g p r p r d t h c ll d i
a n in th u su l m
e a e r l t k e o o on e a anne a e a

p i t b ttl i wh ic h I i tr duc tw l v ou c e s f c ll di o t
,

n o e, n n o e e e n o o o n, o

w h ic h I dd d r ch m f i d i d
a f p t ssiu m diss l v d i
on e a lc o o e o o a o e n a o
h k th m ixtur th r ghl y d dd t h r t i gh t ,

h l I th
o en S a e e e o ou an a e e o e een

g r i s f r fi d g m c m ph r s h k i g th m ixtur g i u ti l
,
a n o e ne u a o a n e e a a n n

t h wh l is c m b i a ll w it to s t tl it is fi t f
, ,
e o e d th o wh ne
,
en o e e
,
en or

T he v g s f m y i m p r v m t c sis t i th i cr s d
ad a n ta e o o e en on n e n ea e

vi g r f h d l i i s f th h lf s f p si iv pic ur s
o o t e e n e a t on o e a ton e
- o o t e t e on

gl ss g ivi g gr r d p h d r u d i y h r wh ic h r d r
a n e a te e t an ot n t t e e to, en e
h is c b i i c di gl y us fu l f m icr sc p ic pic ur s
,
t om n a t on e x ee n e or o o t e as

w ll e h rdi ry p urp s s f p rtr i ur

as t e o na o e o o a t e
,

I w u l d h v i u d rs h c m bi i f c m ph r
.

o d h a e t n e too t at t e o n a t on o a o

w i h i di d
t f po ssi ed c ll d i o b v s p ci fi d is
ot a um an o o on as a o e e e

d p d s l ly h p r duc i f p si iv p ic ur s gl ss d
, ,
a a te o e to t e o t on o o t e t e on a an

n ot h p r d uc i
to t e f g iv p ic ur s gl ss fr m wh ic h p
o t on o ne a t e t e on a o os

p ic ur s p p r y b p ri d s fi ci d gr f ,

i i
t ve t e on a e ma e n te as a uf en t e ee o

p ci y is h us ff rd d f h p r p
,
O a t n ot t a o e or t at u ose

Wh I c l i my i v i d d sir s cur b L rs
.

at a m as n e n t on an e e to e e y e t te

P is h
a te n t , f c ph r i c b i i wi h i diz d
t e u se o a m
,
o n om n a t on t o e

c ll d i f r h i h s p ci fic i
,

o o on , a s se t o t n t e e a t on

JAME A C UTT I G
.

S N
SAMUEL G
. .

I RE N W R UE B . '

i tn esses .

. H .

Da ted, Ju ly 4 th , 1 8 5 4 .
 17 8 PH O T O G RA PH I C P A T EN T S .

PA T EN T I LA ING W A T ER F R M LU LE TT N FO R D SP C O SO B CO O
BY AL L ; AL
T HE USE OF COHO SO, FOR T H E US E OF B R O

MI E T A IUM D M INA T I N W I T LL I N
OF PO SS IN CO B O H CO OD O .

T h sch du l r f rr d ei th s L t rs P t d m ki g
e e e e e to n e e e te a ent
,
an a n

p rt f h s m
a o t e a e .

To a ll to wh om th ese p res e n ts s ha ll c om e

Be it k UTTI G f B s i h
n ow n h t at I, JAME S A . C N
,
o o ton , n t e

C u y f S u ff
o n t d S o f M ss ch us ts h v o lk iv d an ta te o a a et
,
a e n e n te

c r i i m p r v m ts i m ki g ph gr ph ic pict r s d h
e ta n o e en n a n oto a u e
,
an t at

th f ll wi g is fu ll c l r d x c d scri p i f h p ri ci pl
e o o n a
,
ea an e a t e t on o t e n e

or ch r c t r wh ich d is i guish s h m fr m ll h r h i g s b f r
a a e t n e t e o a ot e t n e o e

k w no d nf h usu l m
,
an r f m k i g m di fyi g d
o t e a a n ne o a n ,
o n , an

u si g th s n e a me .

M y m pr v m sr lI h cl ss f ph gr ph ic p ic ur s
o e en t e a te to t at a o ot o a t e
i w h ic h h p ic ur s
n b i d p t e p r p r d f il m f gl ss
t e a re o ta ne u on a e a e o a

or ot h r su b s c e ta n e

T h fi lm w h ic h I pl y is c ll di rd r i sur
.

e d i em o o o on , an n o e to n e

s cc ss h c l l di m us b p r p r d f r m y w p r c ss
u e t e o o on t e e a e a te o n o e as

f ll ws T k 3 u c s ( T r y ) f p ur d y i r p ss
, ,
o o : a e o dn e o o e r n t a te o ta a an

p u l v riz i cl gl ss m r r ; d d h is 2 5 c s fl uid m
,

e e n a ean a o ta a to t ou n e ea

s r f pur su lphuric ci d d s ir h m ix ur wi h gl ss d ;
u e, o e a an t t e t e t
,
a a ro

i m rs i h is l iq i d 8 g r i s f cl d y c
m e e n t d k u d 0
,
a n o ean , r o tton , a n n ea

h m ss f c h l i qui d f mi u s r m v
,

t e a i o b fi o tton nh t e or a ou t ve n te e o e t e

c o tton a nd q uic kl y w s h i i ll v r y r c f cid is g d a t, t e e t a e o a on e , an

i m us
t h b d ri d quickl —f I h v di c v r d h h
t t en e e y or a e s o e e t at t e

m r r pi d l y h c
o e a is d ri d h m r s si iv h c ll di
t e o tton e t e o e en t e t e o o on

d Ih v f u d h b s ff c s p r duc d b y d is p l ci g h w r ,
an a e o n t e e t e e t o e a n t e a te

fr m th c
o by s r g lc h l
e o tton t on a o o

p r p r h c ll d i ucs c c r d l
.

T o e k a e t e o o on ta e 10 o n e on e n t a te su

h r 6 B um h is wi h 6 cs f 5p ,

ph i d mi °
ur c e t e , 0 a e an x t t ou n e o 9 er

c t l c h l T h is m ix ur dd h p r p r d c
en a o o oi qu t t e a t e e a e o tton , n an

i y su ffici t m k c ll di h ic k
. .

“
t t en t i
o d y a e a o o on as t as t can, an et at

th s m i m fl w v l y v r h surf c f gl ss L t it
s

e a e t e o e en o e t e a e o a e se t

l cl r d d c h s lu i
.

t e ea an e ant t e o t on

rd r xci t h is c ll di t k d p 1 u c vi l
,
.

”
I n o e to e e t o o on a e a ee o n e a

i r duc 2} gr i s f b r m i d f p ssiu m d dd w r
nt o e a n o o e o
,

ot a an a a te

d r p by dr p s ur d s l u i h is s l u i
,
,

o m k o I to a e a at a te o t on n t o t on

d iss l 2 } g r i s f i di d ssiu m h dd u c f
.
,
o ve f p1 a n o o e o ot a t en a 1 o n e o

c l l di
o o d sh k w l l
on , L i san l cl r d d c t f a e e et t e tt e
,

ea an e an or u se

T h s lu i m us b d c d v ry d y rd r
. .

e o t on I k h t e e a n te e e a n o e to m a e t e

m s s si i c ll di I diss l h b r m i d d i di d f p s
.

o t en t ve o o on o ve t e o e an o e o ot e
,
 PH O T O G RA PH I C P A T EN T S . 17 9

siu m d h c ll di i s ur d s l u i f c rb
an t e o o f on ”
? n a at a te o t on o a on a te o

a m m oni i w r I si g h is c l l di p ur it u p cl
a n a te n u n t o o on o on a ean

gl ss pl f r fi lm i h us l w y d s h c ll
,
.

a a te to o m a n t e ua a an as oon a s t e o o

di d b f r i b c s d y i m rs h pl i
,

on h a s se t , an e o e t e om e r me e t e a te n a

b h f i r f si l v r d wi h 3 0 gr i s f i r f si l v r
,

a t o n t a te o e ma e t a n o n t a te o e

g r i s f i d i d f si l v r d u c w r T k h pl
, ,

a n o o e o e , an 1 o n e a te a e t e a te

d ir c l y fr m h b h h c r d f r su ffici xp sur
.

e t o t e at to t e a me a an a te en t e o e,

th pl e is k a te d rk r m d l p
ta h i p r ssi
en wi h
to a a oo to
,
e ve o e t e m e on t
th f ll wi g s l u i
e o o T k p r g l l ic ci d 4 g r i s
n o c ic ci d
t on :
'
a e y o a a a n a et a

u c ;diss l v d fil r F f h is l i qui d 1 }
z
, ,

N o 8, 1 o n e t k o e an te o r u se a e o t
d r ch s d il d w i h 6 5 d r ch s f w t r h i pr s
7
,
. .

a m u te d wh t a m o a e an en t e m e

si is s ffi ci l d v l p d p ur ff h l iqui d d i rs h
.

, ,

on u ent y e e o e o o t e an mme e t e

p l i s l u i f h h y p su lph i f s d u c s h pi t , ,
a te n a o t on o t e o te o o a 4 o n e to t e n

o f w r W s h h pl wi h pur w r d d y i i h su l
a te . a t e a te t e a te
,
an
,
r t n t e u a

w a y
t g s f h b v p r c ss h b ri f i r quir d
.

Th d e a va n a e o t e a o e o e a re , t e e t me e e

to p r duc i pr ssi
o d h s h r p ss f h p ic r s
e an m P e on , a n t e a ne o t e tu e or

r i s b k wi th uc h f ci l i y w i h h D
.

t a t c an e ta en as m a t as t t e a gu e rre o

typ d h p ic ur s
e, an sh rp d f xc l l
t e T h im
t e a re a an o e e en t ton e e

p r ssi h us b i d is g iv d h p si iv p ic ur is p
.

e on t o ta ne ne at e, an t e o t e t e ro

d d i
uc e h usu l w y n I d t mi e h is th m g ph i p
a a en o n a te t e e zzo ra c ro

c ss
.

Wh t I cl i m m y i m p r s i th p r c ss f b t i i g
.

a a as o ve m e n t n e o e o o a n n

ph g r ph ic p ic ur s
o to a t e a re

Dis pl ci g h w r fr m h c t f h is purp s ,

Fi rs t a n t e a te o t e o ton , or t o e,

wi h s r g lc h l f r th I d cl i h f lc
.

t t on a o o , a s se t o o n ot a m t e u se o a o

l im i t m y c l i s p ci l
.

h l o d ias a i g g b es c c a t n i a en t, ut a m to ts e a u se
an d p ur p s h r i st d o e, as e e n a te

pl y m t f b r m i d f p t ssiu m i c m bi
.

S d The con e em o en o o e o o a n o na

i wi h c ll di
.

t on t o o on

JAME A C UTT ING

.

T C AM LL
. .

SAMU L G RU
.

W E
t
1 PB E

BB .
i n esses .

Da ted J u ly 1 1 th , 1 8 5 4 .

P A T EN T FOR THE USE O F J AP ANNE UR F A E REVI U L Y D S C S P O S

RE ARE U N IR N
P P D PO O OR O T ER ME T ALLI
H MINERAL C OR

EE T
SH LA T E S OR P S IN THE LL I N R E
CO OD O P OC SS .

To
ll wh om i t m a y c on c e rn a

Be it n own t a t I , H k O h AMILT N L S MIT f G m bi r H o a e , i n th e

u x h i h v i v t d c rt i
.

C o n ty of K n o , a n d S ta te of O o, a e n en e e a n n ew a nd

is
T h is is a m ta e th e c o o d on s n ot t o b e d o e d in th e k ll i i iss lv ‘

c arb on a t e
i
o f a m m on a in wa t e , b ut o n y th e b om d e a n d o d d e of ota r l r i i i —p ssi um I ll ed
i gs i s i w rr S D ca
.

Mr C utt n .
’
a tt en t on t o thi s, a n d h e a d I a s c o ec t . . . H .
 1 80 P H O I O GR A PH I C
' ‘
P A T EN T S .

us fu l i m p r v m s i Ph g r ph ic Pic ur s d I d h r b y
e o e en t n o to a t e an o e e

d cl r h f ll w i g fu ll c l r d x c t d scri p i f h
,
e a e b
t e o o n to e a ea a n e a e t on o t e

s a me, d f h m an r f m ki g d i g m y i v i d i
o t e a n ne o a
,

n an
,

. us n n e n t on o r s

c ov e r y .

Th ur f m y i v i
e nat d isc v r y r l
e o s h ki g f n e n t on or o e e a te to t e ta n o

p osi i p ic
t ur s
ve b y h ph g r phtic p r c ss
e p b l c k j p t e oto a o e U on a a a an

d sur f c p r p r d u p ir h r m ll ic pl s
,

ne a e y e a e on on or an ot e e ta a te or

s h s d c sis s i h
eet , a n f c ll d i on d s lu i f s l
t n t e u se o o o on an a o t on o a a t
f si l v r rd i r y c m r ,
o d e , an an o na a e a .

T bl
o en a h rs s ki ll d i h t t m k de ot e my i e n t e ar o a e an u se n ve n

ti on I w i ll p r c d t d scri b h m r f p r p ri g d ppl y
o ee o e e t e anne o e a n an a

i g i wh ic h I h v f u d s w r w ll i pr c ic ;
,

n t a e fio n to an e e n a t e n o t c on n

i ng m s lf h w v r y e h s p ci l p r c ss o p r c ss s h r i
e e to t e e a o e or o e e e e n

d scri b d l g th ch r c ris ics f h i v i r m i

, ,

e e so on as e a a te t o t e n e n t on e a n

h s m
,
t e a e .

I fi k m t ll ic s h s p r f rri g f h p urp s ir
rst ta e e a eet e e n or t e o e on , as

t h is m t l is h xc p h p r ci us m l s wh ich is ,
e a ly t e on on e , e e t t e e o e ta

wi h u ci il v r s l s g r ll y us d l s h h r ,

t o t h a t on on t e S e a t en e a e as a o t e ot e

ch m ic ls ; b h r m ll ic i r l sh s m y b us d d
e a u t ot e e ta or m ne a eet
,
a e e an

h r f r c fi m y s lf s p ci ll y p r icu l r m
,
Id o n ot , t e e o e on ne e e a to any a t a e

t l a Up c h f h sh s is p r p r d b l ck j p d
on ea
,
o t e ee t e a e a a a anne or

v r ish d s rf c such is us d by i rs j p rs f c
.

a n e u a e as e t nn e or a anne or oa t

i g m
n ll ic d h r surf c s T h j p
e ta an v r is h Em b
ot e a e e a an or a n ay e

d ppl i d f ll ws —T k qu r f w l i s d il 5
.

m d a e an a e as o o a e on e a t o ra n ee o

a dd t h is w u c s f s ph l u m d suffici u b r l p
o t t o o n e o a a t an en t m e or am

b l c k t g iv h d sir d s h d B i l h s i gr di s il ,
a o e t e e e a e o t e e n e en t unt a

p r i d r pp d c l surf c wi ll r m i i r u d s p
,
.

o t on o e on a oo a e e a n n a o n ot

w i h u t fl wi g
t o w y I is h o th ic k
n u gh ta I f it
a t t en en o o u se

sh ul d b h ick i r d i l y b h i d wi h s piri s f
. .

o e too t t can ea e t nn e t t o tu r
p i h sh s pl s wi h b rush ,
en t n e A ppl y h j p t e a an to t e eet or a te t a

d f r ll wi g i s d sh r im ti l th m rk s f h ,
.

an a te a o n t to ta n a o t t e un e a o t e

b rus h d is pp r pl c h s h ts pl s i d ry i g v
,
a ea a d e t e ee or a te n a n o en an

s b m i t h m h u i l h surf c wil l b r h fi g r b
u t e to
,

eat nt t e a e ea t e n e to e

dr w a v r i w i h u b ri gi g ff h j p i m y i f f u d
n o e t t o t n n o t e a an t a o n ne

y b c d g i d r si i l r w ,
c e ssa r , e d i oa te ad fi ll y
a n an t e a te n a m a ay an na

p l is h d wi h r s h r p l is h i g m ri l
,

o e d il t otte n - ton e an o o r ot e o n a te a

O h r i gr di s m y b us d i m k i g h j p suc h m
.
,

t e n e ent a e e n a n t e a an as as

ti lc, c p l v r is h d h r sh d s f c l ri g m r m y
a c or o a a n a n ot e a e o o o n
,
a tte a

b sd
e u e .
,

By c ll d i Im o y s l u ti
o f g
on c t p r xy l i
ean an o on o u n - ot on or y o ne

an d by s l u i f s l f si l v r I m
a o t y f t h s l ts h r f
on o a t o e , ean an o e a t e eo

w h ic h b s d i ph gr ph y f b i i g p si iv i m pr s
c an e u e n oto a or o ta n n o t e e

si s b y c m r
on a a e a .

Aj p d sur f c m
a an neb pr p r d gl ss l th r d
a e ay e e a e on a or on ea e an

h r fib r us m ri l s O gl ss m y b m d b l c k b y m s f
,
ot e o a te a . r a a e a e a ea n o
 T O G RA PH I C AT NT ’

PH O P E S .

p r p ri g th e s a m e b y wh ich Ph otog r h ic i m p re ssi n s such as

e a n ap o
,
»

p or tr a i ts f ll siz s l d sc p s r s ti ll l i f m y b p rod uc d u p
o a e
,
an a e o e a e e on

s uch i l p r p red g r u d b d y surf c wh th r u po c v ss

O e a o n o or a e, e e n an a ,

m i ll b o rd p
-
ela o th r b d y w h t ve r w i th u t
,
ann n y pe rm
,
or e o a e o a a
,

n en t i j ry t such b d y g r u d o surf c f th r c p ti of
n u o o ,
o n r a e or e e e on

col rs i il ( w t r) d y ( p st ) wi th t i m p iri g th t xtur

o n o a e or r a e ,
ou a n e e e,

q u l i ty d ur b i l i ty
a ,
th r d sir bl a q u l i ty f t h b d y g r u d
,
or o e e a e a O e o o n
,

o r s ur f c r d r d i m pr ssi b l d g i th f ll wi g th
a e en e e so e e, a n ve e o o n as e

Pr c ss us d i
o e ccom pl ish i g t h r sul t
e n a n e e .

1 t k e rd i r y p r p r d c v ss m i ll b rd p
a o na l th r e a e an a
,
- oa
,
a nn e or o e

s ubs t c f o t he r c p ti of il p i ti g b y y c m posi ti f
an e r e e on o a n n an o on o

oil ( l gi us sub s t c ) d oxi d f l d r zi c S p is h

or o e a no an e an e o ea o n
,
an

w h i ti g F u ll r s
n
,
r th th ir quiv l ts si gl y r i c m bi a
e
’
ea
,
or e e a en
,
n o n o n

ti on a n
,
d ft r h vi g r e m v d l l irr g u l ri ti s o l u m p s fr m
a e a n o e a e a e r o

th e surf c I d m p r we t th surf c wi th s piri ts of wi

a e a do e a e ne
,
an

wi p c l e e
3 f te r w h ic h
an I t r t t ha sur f c w i t h s l u ti f ,
ea e a e a o on o

p ot ssium
a n y g od lk l i r gu l ti n g th s tr gth t th m t
or a o a a
,
e a e en o e a ou n

of il i t h b d y g r u d
o n surf c to be tr t d ( rd i n ri l y 1 o
e o - o n or a e ea e o a z.

of su pe r c a rb s od
to 1 p i t f w t r ) a s s oon
. . th sur f c e h
a n o a e
,
as e a as

u n i f rm l y c h
o g d c l or ll ow th sur pl us s l uti o t ru off
an e o a e o n o n
,

w s h off b y pouri n g ov r th s ur f c c l e n w t r l t d y b ut n ot
a e e a e a a e
,
e r
,

b y th e fi o i th re u t h t wou l d b ri g
r n ut th il to th
e s n
,
as a n o e O e

surf c a Wh n d ry tr t th su rf c e g in wi th a s l u ti of th
e e ea e a a a o on e
,
.

chl oride of s d iu m (of t h s tr gth rd i ri l y us d d p r scrib d

o e en o na e an e e

for p p r p osi tive s ) d c t fr m th surf ce th su p r flu us fl ui d

a e
,
e an o e a e e o

a fte r m i u t a d l t d y n b f r 5 r m v t
e
,
an d rk ro m e r
,
as e o e e o e o a a o
,

a n d tr t th sur f c w i th
ea sol u ti f th i tr te f si l v r it
e a e a on o e n a o e , s

s tre g th b i g g ve rn d b y th str n g th of i m p r ssio d sir d

n e n o e e e e n e e
,

u su ll y 1 8 g r a
a i s of n i tr t f si l ve r to 1 o f disti ll d wa t r 5
n a e o z . o e e

a ll w th e s ol u ti on to fl
o t u p n th surf c a f w m om ts t oa o e a e e en o

i n sur u i form i ty f d p si t d th n d c t th e surpl us i th

e n o e o ,
an e e an
,
n e

b ot tl e r l th ; pl a c
o s m l l pi ce f fil t ri g p pe r th dg
a e a a e o e n a on e e e

of th e bod y d pl c t h t d g d w to f ci l i t te th e d r i g 5
'

an a e a , e e o n a a a na e
, ,

wh e n d y pl ce th n g tiv i m p r ssion ( wh ic h m us t p r vious l y

r
,
a e e a e e e

h a ve be e n ob ta i n e d b y th e u se of th e c a m e r e i th e r on c oll od ion
,
,
-
a
,
 PHO T O G RA PH IC P AT N E TS . 1 83

or a l bu me n u pon gl ss r u pon p p er ) u p n th b d y r grou d to a o a o e o o n

rec i v th i m p r ssio i th p si tion th p ictur is de s i red wi th

e e e e n n e o e e ,

t h f c e of t h
e a e g ti t th e sur f ce of t h e b d y to r e c e iv th e
e n a ve o a o e

i m pr ssio If th g tive i m p re ssi o d s n ot cov r th wh l

e n . e ne a n oe e e o e

surf ce th n a m a t s houl d b e us d s t xt n d to th dg
a
,
e e so a o e e e e e

o f th g r u d n
e ll si d e s
o Exp s t t h l i gh t
n o d wh
a suf . o e o e ,
an ,
en

fi i tly l o g r m v th n g ti v i to
c en n ,
d r k r m ( l i gh te d w i th
e o e e e a e n a a oo

a f b l e l a m p) ; d sh v r th e i m p re ssio a w k s ol uti n of
ee a o e n ea o

h y p su lp h i t
o f s d d l t st d
e f w m m ts ; th e
o o a w sh
,
an e an a e o en n a

o ff w i t h v ry dil ut cid of l y suffi ci t s tr g th t utr l iz

a e e a on en en o ne a e

t h e a lk a l i s r m i n i g u p n th
e surf c usu ll y fi v r six d r p s
e a n o e a e, a e o o

o f su lph uric cid to n of w t r is suffici t a a oz . a e en .

Wh t I c l i m m y w i v ti
a a d d isc v ry as d d e sir to o n n en on a n o e ,
an e

s ecur by L tt rs P te t is th m d f p r p ri g d r d ri g
e e e a n , e o e o e a n an en e n

O il (o l gi u ) b d i s g r u ds o s ur f
ro e a no s i m p r ssib l or s si
s o e ,
o n
,
r ace e e en

t iv to t h Ph otog r ph ic
e e rt b y th t m p r ry d s truc ti a h a e e o a e on or c e

m ic l c h n g
a f th oil r l g i ous m t t r of th i m m d i t
a e o e o o ea n a e e e a e

s urf c e l y b y th u e f s piri ts of wi d lk l i s l u ti
a on ,
e s o ne a n a a ne o on ,

or th ir qui e l ts d ft r fi xi g th e i m p r ssi b y th e u f
e va e n an a e n e on se o
, ,

h y p su lph t of s d
o th u e f d i l u t
a e cid b y wh ich l s t ppli
o a
,
e s o e a
,
a a

c ti n t h lk l i s n u tr l iz d d th oil r s tor d wi th th
a o e a a e a re e a e an e e e e

i m p r ssi p rm n t u p o th surf ce
e on e a en n e a .

Discl i m i g v ry th i g h e re t for k own in th e p r duc ti o of

a n e e n o e n o n

Ph tog r ph ic p ictur s u pon p p r or a n y u oi l e d b od y r sur f c

o a e a e n o a e.

Witn esses .

J S LLING EA
HO SH D,
G AN Y J EL TATUM
. .

E . . H D . O HAYW O O D .

O rig i l d t d Ap na
,
a e ri , l 1 5 1 8 56 . .

R e issu e , da ted
o
Ma y 1 3, 1 856 .

P A T EN T MAKING FO R T HE BO R ER D OF T HE P C I T URE T RAN S

AREN T
P LA ING ,
AN D P C T HE M AT B A C K OF I T URE
T HE P C .

To a ll wh om i t m a y c on c ern
Be it n own t a t we , Ak h L ER T BI E f C l u m bus
B SBE ,
o o ,
in
th e C o u n ty of Fr an kl i n a nd Sta t f Oh i
e o d Y D f N o, a n . AY , o as h
1 84 PH O T O G RA PH I C P ATE N S T .

vi l l e
,
in th e C o vi d d S t f T u ss h v i
n ty of Da so n a n ta e o enne ee , a e n.

v d cr i
e n te w d us f l i m p r v m ts i
e ta n neph t gr ph ic an e u o e en n o o a

p ic tur gl ss d w d h r b y d c l r h f ll wi g t b
es on a ,
an e o e e e a e t e o o n o e a.

fu ll l r d x c d scri p i f h s m
,
c ea an e a t e t on o t e a e .

Th ur f i v i c sis s i m ki g th dg s f th
e nat e o ou r n e n t on on t n a n e e e o e

c i g fi lm h gl ss r s p r t h h pic r is m d
oa t n or on t e a t an a en so t at t e tu e a e

on ly h c on r l p r f h gl ss d x d i g f
t e ent a a t o t e a an e te n n so ar as to
h i si d b rd r g r ll y us d i p ,
m eet dg
t e f h n e e e o t e mat or o e ene a e n ut
t i g p h p ic ur s d h pl ci g h m b ck f h p ic
n U s uc t e an t en a n t
,
e at a o t e

t ur
,
e

h rs s k i ll d i h i
.

T bl o en a e t t m k
ot d e e n t e ar o a e an u se ou r n y on

t i w wi ll p r c d d scri b h s
on e f ll wso ee to e e t e a me as o o

W pl c i id f h c m r d b u h f h fc l
,

e a e ns e o t e a e a, an a o t on e -te n t o t e o a

d is c f h l s fr m th gl ss b rd h vi g p r ur f
ta n e o t e en o e a a oa a n an a e t e o

y d sir d p r h w wis h h dg s h v Th is b rd ,
an e e a t te n t at e t e e e to a e oa

s h d s h dg s f h gl ss h r b y l vi g h m r s p r i
.

a e t e e e o t e a t e e ea n t e t an a en t n
p ic ur T p ic ur b i g k i h usu l m r ,
t h e tth e h en e t e, e n ta en n t e a an ne

is fi is h d by v r is h i g wi h r s p r wh i v r is h d h
.
,
n e a n n t t an a ent te a n an t en
b c k d wi h j p v r ish c r b i g k h v h j p ,
a e t a an a n a e e n ta en to a e t e a an on

th b k x h i sid dg s f h Th ,
e dac ly m e te n onm to eet t e n e e e o t e at en

w pl c h m b k f h p ic ur d s cur i i i pl wi h
.

e a e t e at ac o t e t e an e e t n ts ace t
t h p r s rv r
e e e e

lf ppl i d t h p r ss p d b y J A C u ti g wi h w
.

a e o t e oc e as a te n te t n t t o
gl ss s p ic ur is d b v d scri b d h s
. .
, ,

a e , th e t d h e d ma e as a o e e e an t en t e ec on
gl ss i ppl i d d fi is h d b f r by b cki g wi h j p
,
a s a e ,
an n e as e o e a n t a an .

Th dv g fe a i m p r v m is i h vi g th m t p
a n ta e o o ur o e e n t, n a n e a ro

toote d fr m b i g s i l d o d k i g h p ic ur p p r m r r u d
e n o e an ma n t e t e a ea o e o n

c usi g i llusi h u gh h pi c ur i m g w sus p d d ,

,

a n an on a s t o t e t e or a e as en e
i th
n m s ph re a c l r fr m h b ck g r u d
t o e e. ea o t e a - o n .

H vi g h us fu ll y d scri b d h
a n t ur f i v i wh t e e t e n at e o our e n t on ,
n a

w cl im h r i
e a w t d d sir s cur by L rs P is
e e n as ne an e e to e e e tt e a te n t,

m k i g h b r d r f h p ic ur r sp r d pl ci g th m
, ,

a n t e o e o t e t e t an a en t a n a n e at

b c k f h p ic ur
a o t d scri b d i
e h b v s p ci fi
t i e d f
as e e n t e a o e e c a t on , a n or

t h p ur p s frh
,
e o e se t o t .

Wi h ig
tn ess es to t r f e s n a tu e o

A Bi b . s ee .

C A BARK R E

W F IEL A BI E ,
. .

M . D . . SB E .

Witn e ss es to th e s ign a tu re o f
Y Da y . .

B B N I G AM H

A TKIN
.
,
W . S . Y DAY . .

Da ted Ma y 2 7 th , 1 8 56 .
1 86 PH O T O G RA PH I C P A T EN T S .

a rticl s d ls m dd r i di g c ch i l d s m h r l r
e
,
an a o a e
,
n o
,
o n ea , a n o e ot e co o

i g su b s
n c s b h v g t bl d m i r l l
ta n e c bi d w il l
ot e e a e an ne a a on e or om ne ,

p r d uc pl si g r su l s w h
o e ppl i d
ea f ll ws ( l h ugh th y
n e t en a e as o o a t o e

m y b i r d uc d i
a e h c ll d i )
nt o e n to t e o o on

W p r f r fi rs t d v l p h i m p r ssi t h t fi
e e e td d y o e e o e t e e on , en o x an r

it ,
d f r w rd s
an fl w a h tei g i i g s lu i
a l to o on t e ton n or t nt n o t on . as co

l di
o v r ish & is p ur d u p th pl ll wi g h s l u
on or a n
,
c .
,
o e on e a te , a o n t e o

ti ont ff h c r r
o ru n o d h l v ll i g h pl t t m k h
t e o ne , an t en e e n t e a e o a e t e

flui d fl w u if rm l y v r d ti t th wh l s rf c f th pl t
o n o o e an n e o e u a e o e a e

e ve ly .

Th en sh c
h orou ghl y wi th c l e n w te r n d s ta n d
wa a t on e a n d t a a ,
a

t h e pl te u p to d y
a ft r w hic h it m y b col r d ( th d r ss f y
r
,
a e a e o e e e o an

t i t r c l r d sir d—th f ce h n d s &

n o o o e e fl s h ti t ) wi th d y
e e a ,
a
,
c, ar e n r

c ol ors ( as is usu l i c lori g d gue rr oty p s) ppl ied to th coll o

a n o n a e e a e

d i on or u p on th v r is h e a n .

Wh t w e c l i m s u r i n v n ti n d d isc ov ry d de sire to
a a a o e o an e
,
an

s e cure b y L tt rs P t t is th ppl ic tion of col ri g sub s t ce s

e e a en
,
e a a o n an

o m tt r t
r aPh t g r ph ic i m p r ssi n s r p ic ture s u p on gl ss or
e o o o a e o o a

m e t l or th e r m t ri l in th for m
a
,
o d m n e r h e r i n d scri be d
a e a e an an e e .

Witn esses .

JAME J B OGLE S G ILE

L ANGD E L LS

WILLIAM O GL
,
. .

S E
,
M A R OO. . T .

Da ted J u ly 1 5 th , 1 8 5 6 .

P A T EN T F O R T H E US E O F AL UMENI E B Z D CO LL I N OD O .

To a ll wh om i t m a y c on cern

Be it r e m e m b e e d, r t h at I ,
V ITR C O M . G RI W L S O D, of th e

i f L c s r i h C u ty f F i fi ld d S t f Oh i
C ty o an a te ,
n t e o n o a r e an ta e o o,

h v i v t d c r i i m p r v m s i h t d m d f ki g
a e n en e e ta n o e ent n t e ar an o e o ta n

Ph gr ph ic Pic ur s d I d h r by d c l r h h f ll wi g
oto a t e , an o e e e a e t at t e o o n

is fu ll d x ct d scri p i h r f
a an e a e t on t e e o :

Th ur f m y i ve i c sis s i i m p r v m t i th
e nat e O n n t on on t n an o e en n e

ph g r ph ic
oto f k i g p ic ur s T
a qu r f c ll d i p
a rt o ta n t e . o on e a t o o o on re

p r d
a ei th usu l w y h m r I d
e d t h r u c s f sal u ti a or ann e , a ee o n e o a o on
 PR O T O GR APH I O P A T EN T S . 1 87

p r p e r d t
ah us eT h c l r s l u t i w h:ic h r su l ts fr
e m th eaw h i t s o on e o e e

o f gg s w h ic h h v b
e w ll b t ad equ l b ulk f p ur
e en e e a en, a n on e e a O e

s f w r Wh h is is dd d t h ll di it is th r w t
o t a te . en t a e o t e co o on , o n o

th b e m i l
o tto g s ri gy wh i m ss s wh ic h f r f w d y
n on t n te a e
,
a te a e a s

i m p rt t th l iquid l bum i us p r p rti s r d ri g th fi lm

a o e a no o e e
,
en e n e

c l s r i t xtur d b ri gi g
o e n e ll h e
,
m i r d t il s m r
an n n o ut a t e no e a o e

S h rpl y d p rf c l yth b y h d i ry c l l d i
a an e e t d givi g tan t e or na o o on , an n o

t h p ic ur
e gl ss y d s p rkl i g t
t e a o u l i k y p r duc d by
an a n on e , n e an o e

o th r m e s ean

A h r m th d wh ic h I fr qu tl y d p t is th us
n ot e e o l bu m e en a o a en a s

a b v wi h u t w t r t wh ich is dd d i d i d
o e, t o a e
,
f p t ssiu m f rty
o a e o e o o a o

g r i s ; h is th r ws d w th l b u m i j ll y l i k m s s
a n t o o n d e a en n e -
e as e , an ,

wh dd d
en a th c ll d i e to l y i diz s i b t p r d uc s th
e o o on , n o t on o e t, u o e e

sa m ff c t u p
e e h e ll d i by t h f rm u l
on t e b v co Al s o on as e o a a o e . o,

ano th r m h d e u c f chl r f rm t wh ich is dd d

et o : on e o n e o o o o
,
o a e on e

h lf u c f l b m p r p r d
a o n e O a b v i d iz d 5 t h is f r m s l s
u en , e a e as a o e, o e o a o

a s f s m i tr s p r t j ll y wh ic h b i g dd d th c ll d
o t e - an a en e ,
on e n a e to e o o i on

p r duc s p rh p s h b s ff c t f y f h s p r p r ti s
o e e a t e e t e e o an o t e e e a a on .

T h is d di i f l bu m
a tls on s w rs f b t r pur p s
o a en a o an e a ar et e o e .

th an y h anh hi h r b t at m pl y d f as fr i g ld t e to e en e o e or ee n o

s m pl s f c ll di fr m fr i d i h l d i us p si b y
a e o o o on o ee o ne e n S en on

wh ic h h y b r d r d c l r d l i m p id th y w r wh '

t e can e en e e as ea an as e e e en

fi rs m ix d
t e .

Wh t I c l i m m y i v ti
a a d d sir t s c r b y L tt r
as n en on , a n e e o e u e e e s

P a te n t is t ddi i f l bum he a c l l d i i th m r d
t on o a en to o o on n e anne an

for h p ur p s h r i
t e d b v s p ci fi d
o e e e n an a o e e e .

V M G RI W L S O D
A L F RE
. . .

MV ’

J C H . .
D
W
E UL E Y
it
E I GH :

.
n esses

Pa ten ted J u ly 1 5 th , 1 8 5 6 .

COL RING AM R T Y E
O B O P S.

To a ll wh om i t m a y r
c on c e n

Be i t k n o wn th t w D B S NER
a e
,
. . PO O and H B SPO O
. . NE R,

of S p ri n gfi l d e
,
i n th e C u y f H mpd
o nt i th o a en , n e S ta te of M a ssa c h u~
1 88 PH O T O GR APH I O
‘

P T A EN T S .

se tt s
h a vi n g i ve n ted n w d us fu l i m p rove m e n ts in col ori n g
,
n e an e

A m b rotyp e or Ph oto gr ph ic Picture s on gl a ss a d w d o h r b y a

,
n e e e

d e c l r e th t th e f ll wi g is
a a fu ll o d e xa c t d scri p ti o th r f
o n a an e n e eo

T h e n a ture f ou r i n ve n ti o con sis ts in p re p ri n g th c ll oon

,
so a e o

di fi lm con t i i g th p ic tur in
on a n n l tern t pl c rs w i th gum or
e e a a e a e -

oth e r sui t b l e m te ri l a o th a t w h en
a p tr ti g d ye or p i g m t
a
,
s a en e a n en
,

in sol ution th t will p tr t th e c ll od i fi lm m y b d p o

a a en e a e o on
,
a e e

s ited on y p rti cu l r p orti n of th e p ictur be tw e th e coll odion

an a a o e e n

fi lm d th e g l a ss in or d e r to g i v it th re qu isi te c ol or p rop r l y
an ,
e e e

d is tri b u te d be tw e n th e f c e dra pe r y A e re a
, ,
.

T h e foll owi n g is th e p r oc e ss do p t d a e

A ft r th e p ic tur e is th or u ghl y wa s h e d n d d ri e d p roce e d w i th

e o a
,

a b rus h to cove r y p or ti on of th p ic ture n o t d si gn e d to t a k th

an e e e e

c olor w i t h ,
sol u tion of gum or n y oth e r subs t ce i s l ub l e in
a a an n o

th e c ol ori g s olu ti on b u t s ol ub l e i a n y oth e r l i quid in wh ic h th e

n ,
n

c ol ori n g m a t te r is n ot s ol ub l e .

E G —T k . . solution of gum a ra bie in wa te r a n d a ppl y it to

a e a
,

a p or ti on o f th
.
p ic tu re Now t a k e a solu ti
e of tu rm ric in
. on e

a l c h ol o d p ou r it u p o th e coll od i on sur fa c of th e p ictur

,
an n d e e
,
an

y ou i m m e d i t e l y g t d apo si t of t h e c o
e l ori a g m a tter be t we e n th n e e

c oll od i on d th e gl a ss th e p or ti on of th p icture co v r d w i th th
an ,
e e e e

g u m n t b e i n go p e t ra te d b y t h e l c
ne h o l is p rote cted from th a o
, e

c ol or w h i l e ll oth e r por ti o s a r c ol re d
a n e o .

T h b y w sh i g th p ictur in w te r th e gum is diss l v d n d

en
,
a n e e a
,
o e a

w sh d ff
a e d th p a rts u col or d m y r m i
o ,
an e in t h ir n tu r l
n e a e a n e a a

s ta te w i th u t c olor o by pply i g th e gu m s l u ti
o ,
r
,
t th p or ti n
a n o on o e o

alr d y co l ore d wi t h
ea p r t of th u c l r d p r ti a a oth e r c l r e n o o e o on
,
an o o

m y be p roduc e d b y th e u s of a n oth r p i g m en t i t h e s m e m n
a e e n a a

n e r a s b e for e d e scri be d .

I t h is m n r n y n u m b e r f c ol ors m a y b p roduce d o w h n
n a ne a o e r
,
e

a s m ll p or ti n on l y
a f th p ictur e i to b e col r d t h w h l of
o o e s o e ,
e o e

t h p ic tur e m y b co l r e d
e a d d ri d e n d th o t h t p r ti wh ic h
an e
,
a en a o on

is to r t i th col r m y b c v r d wi th th gu m soluti n d
e a n e o a e o e e e on
,
a

th e col ori g m tt r n t p r t t d b y th e gu m m y b
a e no o ec ext r c t d a e e a e

wi th al c oh ol or oth e r s ol ve n t a n d th e gu m w ash e d off a s b efore ,

.
 C H A PT E R VI II .

T H E C O L L O D I O -A L B U M E N P R O C E S S .

T h is p r c ss i v d b y D T p t f b i i g g
is a o e n e n te r au eno or o ta n n ne a
gl ss w h ic h b ids f ir u r v l ll h rs b i g s y f
,
.
,
ti v e s on a a to o t i a a ot e e n ea o
m i pu l i d g ivi g r su l s f h m s xquisi m i uti d
, ,
an a t on an n e t o t e o t e te n ae a n
b u y
ea G l ss pl s wh p r p r d d xc i d by h is p r c ss
t a
,
a te en e a e an e te t o e
l s f r i gh f r b i g d v l p d d h s
,
.
,
m y b k p
a e e t a t ea t a o tn t be o e e n e e o e an t e e
pl s wh xp s d i h fr m m y b d v l p d i m di l y
,
a te en e o e n t e a e a e e e o e me a te
k p f d y s b f r c m ci g h is p r i I d d is
,
or e t or a e o e om en n t o e a t on n ee it
qui p ssi b l p r p r d xci u m b r f pl s b f r l v
.

te o e to e a e an e te a n e o a te e o e ea
i g h
n g om e ur f w l v f ur d ys 3 xp s h
to o o n a to o t e e or o te e n a to e o e t e

pl s a te y im a tpl c d ri g h j ur y
an t d b ri g h m
e or a e u n t e o ne an n t e
b d v l p d
,
h om e to e e e o e

i p u l i m y b s id t c sist f i dis i c t p r
.

Th m e an a t on a e a o on o n ne t n O e a

ti son
i g th pl t 2 C i g with i diz d c l l di 3
.

Cl
1 ean n e a e oa t n o e o o on

Exc i i g th c ll d i i g w i h l bu m 5 E
. . . .

t n fil m 4 C e o o on oa t n t a en x

ci i g h l bu m c i g 6 Exp sur i h c r 7 D
. . . .

t n t e a en oa t n o e n t e ame a e

i m g 8 Fixi g h i m V r is h i g h
. . . .

ve OI pi g h n t e 9 a e. . n t e ag e. .
a n n t e

pl a te

B f r d scri b i g t h s p r ti s I p r p s t g iv c l r di
.

e o e e n e e O e a on o o e o e ea re c

ti s f p r p ri g h c ss r y s l u i s m r l y p r isi g h
,
on or e a n t e ne e a o t on e e om n t a t,

wh r I h v d v i d fr m h i v r s pl i h b f r ,
’
e e a e e a te o t e n e n to an t as e en a te
p rf r m i g c r fu l xp ri m s s h m ri s f h w m d s ,

e o n a e e e en t , to te t t e e t O t e t o o e

of p r c di g o ee n

c ss ry s l u i s f h is p r c ss
.

Th e ne e a o t on or t o e a re

C ll d i o b h s lu i
o onI d iz d c ll d i
at I d iz d l bu m
o t on o e o o on o e a en

A l bu m b h s lu i Pyr g ll ic s l u i Si l v r d v l p i g
. . .

en at o t on o a o t on e e e o n

lu i F i xi g s l u i
. .

so t on . n o t on .

C ollodion Ba th S olu tion .

i ri ps lv ssir cr s ls
N t a te of i e in
um
y ta 1 oun c e
2 g a n r i ss
.

I od d e of ota
Dis ill w r
.

ed 16
t a te
s
o un c e
l l
.

A c oh o 2 dra c h m .

Ds i s lv o esi l v r w c s f h d i
th e ouc n e Of n ir t a te O f e in t o oun e o t e s

t i ll d w
e r d h w g r i s f i did f p ssium i
a te an t e t o a n o o e O ot a n on e

d r c h m f d is i ll d w r 5 m i h w s l uti s d s h k w l l
,

a o t e a te x t e t o o on an a e e

t g h r u i l th p r ci p i t t wh ic h
o et e nt fi rs th r w d w is r d i
e e a e is t o n o n e s
 O o L L o o i o- AL UMEN R E B P OC SS . 1 91

s l v d wh h is t k s pl c dd h r m i i g f ur t u c
o e en t a e a e a t e e a n n o een o n es
f d is i ll d w r d h w d r c h m s f l c h l O h dd i ,
o t e a te an t e t o a O a o o n t e a
i f h w r urbid ss su s wh ich m us b r m v d by , .

t on O t e a te a t ne en e t e e o e
th s l u i b i g v ry c r fu ll y fil r d h r ug h fil ri g p p r ;
e o t on e n e a e
,
te e t o te n a e
an d h fil r d l i quid s h l d b c l r d r p r
t e te e fr ou e ea an t a ns a e n t, ee

fr m y d p si fl i g p r ticl s d m us p ss ss s l i gh l y
o an e o t or oa t n a e an t o e a t
ac id r c i f s t p p r
ea t on O te -
a e
,

rd r sc r i i f h s l uti thus p r p r d p ss ss s th
.

I n o e to a e ta n t e o on e a e o e e e
c ss ry m u f ff cid wi h ut up r bu d c p r c d
ne e a a o nt o ee a t o s e a n an e o ee to
tes t d t c rr t i i f c ss r y
an o o ec t, ne e a .
,

I od ized C ollecti on .

The c ll di
us d i this p r c ss m us t b
o o on to b ey i l di g e n o e e on e e n

g d g i pic ur s— h su ppl i d b y H m S T h r h w i
oo ne a t ve t e t at e o e t o nt a te
u d r h m f g i c ll d i s w rs d m ir b l y T h is is
n e t e na e o ne a t ve o o on a n e a a

s ppl i d i h r r d y i diz d h c ll di d i d izi g i s p

.

u e e t e ea o e or t e o o on a n o n n e a

r b l s A h is c ll di b c m s l ss s sitiv f r b i g
a te ott e s t o o
,

on e o e e en e a te e n

i diz d f r i gh i is dvis b l i diz m r h wi ll b

.

o e a o tn t, t a a e to o e no o e t an e

us d i h tim —th r f r b i h ll di d h i d izi g

e n t at e e e o e, O ta n t e co o on a n t e o n

sl i spr
o u t on h m d e f i d izi g h is c ll d i
a a te a s is v ry t e o e o o n t o o on e

si m pl H lf u c f h i d izi g s l u i is m ix d wi h
e a an o
,

n e o t e o n o t on e t on e

u c d h lf f c ll d i d h m ixtur ll w d t s l
.

o n e an a a O o o on , a n t e e a o e o e tt e
tw l h urs b f r b i g us d
e ve o d i is v dvis bl
e o e p ur e n e an t e en a a e to o
o ff h c l r s l u i
t e i p r f c tl y c l
ea o b l i rd r t g t
t on n to a e e ean o tt e , n o e o e
r id f y i
o s l u b l m
an t r w h ic h mn oy f l l t h b t m e at e a a o t e o to .

I od ized Album en .

Wh i te O f e gg (f r fr ee om ye lk )
H o n ey
I od d e i Of cli a c um ~

Y ea t s
Mi x th e e s
r i t l l gl ss j to wi d m u th d b ttl
g the e f n a a a a r, or e- o e o e O

at l s ea p i c tp ci
oney i p i c f
ii tp p r p i rc
a w i h s
a l l t t e a e e o a e e e t ma
hl s vr h p k p d us h pl c h w h l r ,

o e o e t e to to ee ou t t t en a e t e o e n ea
-
a

fi h r w rm si u i w h r h
re o r o t e a p r ur is t l w rt a t on , e e t e te m e at e no o e

t h s v y d gr s
an e h i gh r h
e nt i y d gr s I f w
e e e , or e t an n n et e ee n a e

h urs f rm t i c m m s which is vid b y th f rm ti

.

o e e n a t on o en c e , e en t e o a on

o f bu b b l s f g risi g h r u g h th l iquid T h is cti c ti s

e O a s, n t o e a on on nue
six d y s ; w h i c s s p ur h wh l p pr
.

for fi v e or a en t ea e , o t e o e on a a e

fil te rc i d i fu l u d r h wh ich m us t b pl c d
o n ta n e n a nne , n e neat e a e a

b l
o tt e r c iv h l iquid i p ss h r ugh T h fl id b i g
to e e e t e as t a es t o e u e n

viscid ur fil rs s l wl y g r l l y ccupyi g w l v h urs

.

o f a nat e te o ene a o n t e e o

T h fi l r d l i qui d is th i diz d l bu m wh ich is s id by

.
,
”
e te e e o e a en, a
1 92 C oL L O D l o - L B A UMEN R P O C ESS .

Dr T a u pe n ot to k p good
ee f or y e a rs It m us t be r full y p
ca e re
s rv d fr m dus t c ih sub s h succ ss
. .

e e o or c o n t a t w t any ta n c e , as t e e of

th p ic tur d p d s m
e ri ll e e en a te a y on th e c di i
on t on O f th is l bu m a en .

Album en Ba th Solu tion .

i sil r
N tra te of 1 oun c e an d a h a f l
i l il
ve .

A c e ti c d, g 1 oun c e
Dis ill w r s
ac ac a .

t ed a te 1 6 o un c e
l rc l
.

A n ima ch a oa

Diss l v th o i tr t f si l v r i
e e n a e o e n th e d isti ll ed w a te r th dd th en a e

a c tic cid d i m l ch r l
e a an an a a c oa ,
an d ke p e in a cl s l y s t p p r d
o e
,
o e e

b ott l e f or u se .

Py roga llic Solution .

Pe gallic ac i d
i l l i id
l
G ac
Al
a ac e t c a c
c oh o
Dis ill w r t ed a te

Diss l v h p y r g ll ic ci d i
o e t e o a a n th e d isti ll d w t r
e a e , and t h en a dd

th c tic cid d l c h l
e a e a an a o o .

Silver Develop i n g Solution .

i ri is r
N t a te of il ve
A c et d
Di ill w r
c ac
st ed a te

Diss l v th i tr
o e e n a te Of si lv r i e n th e d isti ll ed wa te r an d t h en a dd
th c ic cid
e a et a .
,

f ix i n g Solu tion .

p lphite Of sd c s
Hy
i — iss lv
2 ou n
r o a
osu e .

Wa te 1 p nt d o e .

Va r n ish .

T he va r ish b st d
n e a a p te d f or th is p urp os e is th t su ppl ied a by
Hom e 8: T h r th w i t
o n a e, a n d t r m e d n g t ive v a r i h fi ?
e e a n s

C lea n in g th e Pla te .

s m ust b cl d i h usu l w y m r l y p r m isi

T he p l a te e ea n e n t e a a e e e n g
th t x r c r m u t b b r d t r m v v ry i m p uri ,
a e t a a e s e O se v e o e o e e e ty , as

l l i s i ph gr ph y is
c ean n es b s l ut
n c ssi ty oto a an a o e ne e .

I hi try H m p h r s C ll di Gl di g h r i l i lm s i n is t t t un i
’
t u ea c e n a o
rs l
n s c oun , ey o o on
ve a use .
 1 94 CO L L OD O- L B I A UMEN R E P OC SS .

i
w t h th e c d sid i w rds t d y wh ich t k s pl c i
oa te e rd i n a o r a e a e n an o
na ry m p r ur i b u h urte e at e n a o t on e
,

o
,

I c i g w i h l bu p r s c f i b u bb l s d us t
.

n oa t n h t a m en , t e e en e O a r- e or
m us b g u rd d g i s
t e T h f rm r a b e si l y d b y ka a n t e o e c an e ea on e ta
i g c r i p uri g h l bu m i h m sur
.

n a e n o d h pl
n t e a en n to t e ea e an on t e a te ,

p ur g r i bu bb l s i h l i qui d B s h ul d
,
n ot to o so a s to e n e a te a r- e n t e ut o

c d h l d h pl h riz ll y d g iv i h r
.

any b d e e te te o t e a te o on t a an e t a n ot e

c i g f l bu m h i cl i h pl
oa t n O a h h b u lk f h
,
en , t en n ne t e a te so t at t e o t e

l i qui d s h ll p ss v r d c rr y ff h b ubb l s wi h h ru i g
a a o e an a O t e e t t e nn n

s r m D s h pl m s b p r v d by p i g i
t ea u t on t e a te u t e e e n te O e ra t n n a

fr fr m th is ph g r phic m y p ssi b l
.

roo m as ee o o to a ene as o e

rd r r d r h c i g f l bu m u i f rm p ssi bl
.

I n o e to en e t e oa t n o a en a s n o as o e

m us t s h r l y rs f fil ri g p p r
,
th pl e dt d y
a te w ta n o r on t o or t ee a e o te n a e

an d h u pp r sur f c m us
t e uch h w ll e p i t lya d e t to t e a a t on e o n on an

n ot b to ll w d r s g i s i l g i
e a o ir u pp r d g
e to e t a a n t t a on ts en t e e e e

l bum c i g is h gh ly d y ( d i ll h )
.

Wh h en t e a en oa t n t orou r an n ot t t en

is r d b xci d b i f m r h v b p r p r d
,

t h pl e a te ea y to e e te ut o e a e een e a e

l i k l y b us d f k i g p ic ur s d uri g h xt ,

t h a n a re e to e e or ta n t e on n t e ne

t en d ys f r i gh h y m y b s w d w y i
a or o tn pl b t, t e a e to e a a n a a te ox ,

r d y r c i h s si iv c i g
ea to e e ve y i Th
t e uh rs en t e oa t n a t an t me e a t o
’

xp ri c h l d h im b l i v h h s l bu m iz d pl s
.

e e en e as e to e e e t at t e e a en e a te

wi l l k p g d y l g h f i
ee pl s wh ic h h d b c d
oo an en t o t me, as a te a een oa te

a m h w h xci d xp s d d d v l p d pp r d t p ss s
on t en e te e o e an e e o e a ea e o o e s

ll t h p r p r ti s f r c l y p r p r d pl s
, , , ,
a e o e e O e en t e a e a te .

E x c itin g the Albumen C oa tin g .

P ri r t th pl t s b i g xci d h y m us b th ghly d y
o o e a e e n e te t e t e orou r

a nd fr fr m y p r ticl s f l s d us
ee o h surf c b c k
an a e o oo e t on t e a e, a or

S ffi ci l bu b h s lu i p g 9 2 m us b
,
e dg e f h u en t o t e a m en a t o t on a e 1 t e

fil r d h r ugh fil ri g p p r fill d i pp i g b h f th r quir d

,
.
,
te e t o te n a e to a n at o e e e
siz th t h pl
e , so b i rs d i i
a t e a te c a n e m me e n t
T h c r fu l fil ri g f h fl u i d is v r y c ss ry i rd r
.

e a e te n o t e e ne e a n o e to
fr i fr m y fl i g p r tic l s d s p r
ee t o an h i m l ch r
oa t n a e an to e a a te t e an a a

c l oa
,

is w k d l id l bu m sid u p w rds h
.

T h pl e a te no ta en a n a a en e a on t e

d i pp r l wr di h b h wi h s d y d w w rd , ,
d he , an t en o e e n to t e at t on e te a o n a

m v o w h r i is ll w d
e m e n t, r i mi u e e ; i is h t a o e to em a n on e n te t t en

ta k t h
e n ou xc ss f l iquid d r i d ff d pl c d h fixi g
t e e e O a ne O an a e on t e n

s d wi h h l bu m surf c u pp r s d s r m f w r
, ,
ta n t t e a en a e e m o t, an a t ea O a te

p ur d v r i f l s mi u r m v v ry p
,
o e o e t or a t ea t on e n te , so as to e o e e e ar

ti l f h b h s l u i T h is c pl w sh i g is v ry
e e o t e at o t on om e te a n e n e c es

s r y i rd r p r v t st i s i th f r d v l p m wh ic h i
.

a n o e to e en a n n e a te e e o e n t, n

v ri b l y k s pl c r u d h dg s i f
a
,

a ta e h r u ghl y w s h d
a e a o n t e e e n ot t o o a e

h vi g b h r u ghl y w s h d is l d g i s
.
,

T h pl e a te a n w lleen t o o a e eane a a n t a a

t d y
o i f r quir d f i m di xp sur m y b dri d
r , or e e or m e a te e o
,

e a e e on a

l f w rm r b i c s m us h ,
pl f h
a te o d m e a te e ta or oot a e , ut n no a e t t e ex

p osu rei t h c m r t k pl
n c ti l t h ur
e f c isat h r u ghl y d y
e a a e a e un e s a e o o r .
 CO L L O D O -A B I L U MEN PR O C E SS . 1 95

Exp osu re i n the Ca m era $ .

AS h a s b e e n b e for e s ta te d , t h is p e r ti O a on m a y ta k pl e a c e im
m ed i l y h pl is h r
a te t e r i g xci d
a te t o o u ghl y d ry ft a e be n e te or a

f r i gh m y i rv xci d x p sur
,

o tn t b w a h n te en e et e en t e e te m e n t an e o e,

p r vid d h pl is k p v ry c r f ll y xc l ud d fr m l i g
o e t e a te e d t e a e u e e o ht an

an y c h m ic l es lph ur us v a p rs i orpl b u d p d f h o a o n a a te - ox a a te or t at

p ur p s w i h h s nsi iv surf c w rd s h b c k f h b
,
o e, t t e e t e a e to a t e a o t e ox

xp sur is b u t k pl c y i m p r vi us l
.

Wh h
en t e e o e a o t o ta e a e or at an t e e o y,
h c m r b ck s m y ch h pl pl c d i h m r d y f
,
t e a e a- a a ea a ve a a te a e n t e ea or

e xp sur ; d his th c m r b ck m us b k i h p
o e to o t e a e a- a t e ta en n to t e O e

r i gr d h d r cl s d xc l ud ll w h i l i gh
.
,
at n oo m a n t e oo o e so a s to e e a te t
T h h i g d fl p f h c m r b c k is p pr p r d
.
,
e n e a d od h t e a e a a O e ne an t e e a e

pl l i d wi h i s si iv surf c d w w rd s x h s lidi g ,
a te a t ts en t e a e o n a or n e t t e n

h i c r rs m y r s h si l v r wir c r rs
, ,

fl p a so t at ts o ne f h a e t on t e e e o ne o t e

p r vi s l y pl c d wi h i h c r b c k r d y
,

pl f a te ra m e e ou a e t n t e a me a a ea to re

i
c e ve i T h h i g d fl p is
t w cl s d
e d k p fr m p i g b y
n e a no o e an e t o o en n

ur i g h fl p bu v r i h s l id i g fl p is x m i d
.

t n n t e a tton o e t t e n a e a ne to se e

t h i is p us h d c l s l y d w
at t t g u rd
e y cc ss f l i gh
o e o n so a s o a an a e o t,
an d i is h t r d y b pl c d i h c m r d m y b k
t en ea to e a e n t e a e a, an a e ta en

i h p i wi h i pu i y S h u ld h xp sur t k
n to t e o en a r t m n t o t e e o e no ta e
pl c i m m di l y s h u l d h c m r b ck h v b c rri d
.

a e e a te or o t e a e a a a e to e a e

d is c i is dvis b l i h r wr p i u p i b l ck c l h , ,
any ta n e t a a e e t e to a t n a ot or

s c r h fl p s fr h ch c f c i g p d ri g r si
e u e t e a om t e an e O om n O en u n t an
,
t,
by s u s ri g b i g i d r u d h b ck
a to t t n e n t e a o n t e a

T h f cussi g is c duc d i h usu l w y

.

e o n d th p
on te n t e a a an e ca re

pl c d a e h l s ; h f cussi g gl ss is
on t e wr m v d
en d th
t e o n a no e o e an e

c m r b ck fi d i h s m p r ur wi h h s lid i g fl p
a e a a tte n to t e a e a e t e, t t e n a

n ex t h l s t T h s l i d i g fl p is p u ll d u p
e en i fu ll se x n a e to ts e t e te n t,
pl ci g h h d h c m r b ck p r v it risi g
.

a n t e an on t fe a e a a to e en t n o ut o

th e c m r wi h h is c i
a e a Th p ft h l t s is h a t on e ca o t e en t en re

m v d h h l i gh m y b d m i d i h c m r
.

o e so t at t e d t a e a tte n to t e a e a, an

f ll th s si i surf c f h pl Af r h c ss ry
,

to a on e en t ve a e O t e a te te t e ne e a

ti m f x p sur h k pl c h p is r pl c d h l s
.

e o e o e as ta en a e t e ca e a e on t e en

h s l i d i g fl p is p us h d d w d h c m r b c k wi h d r w
, ,
t e n a e o n an t e a e a a t a n

fr h c m r ; h pl h b k i pr i g
,
om t e a e a t h e a te c a n t en e ta en n to t e O e at n

r m b d v l p d h is p r i m y b d f rr d f d s
oo to e e e o e or t O e a t on a e e e e or ay

o r e ve n a w k r if c v i ee Th i f xp sur i
or mo
,

e on en ent e t me o e o e n
h c m r v ri s cc rd i g h i si y f h l i gh d h
.
,

t e a e a a e a o n to t e n te n t o t e t an t e

a p r ur d f c l l g h f h l s h r f r t g iv h x c
e t e an o a en t o t e en t e e o e, o e t e e a t
i f p sur w u l d b i p ssib l s i ll i y ssis h m
t me o ex o e o e m o e, t t ma a t t e a a

t ear it I giv th i m r quir d i su m m r wi h fu ll su sh i

e e t e e d e n e t n ne
,
an

R em a rks i ivis l w &

a s t o th e e ec ti on of th e vi e ,
pr r
iv
c , a re n ot g
r is
e n , a s th
b e e ff e c te d b y th e n d d ua l ta ste of th e O e a to , b ut c a e m ust b e ta e n
c an
k
.

ir r
th a t d ec t a y
ri s
p r
fr
d u n g th e ex osu e Of a
s
om t h e sun
pl
h lla ll
n ot fa l s r
on th e en or en te th e c a m r
e a
a te .
1 96 CO LL I AL MEN R E
OD O- BU P OC SS .

rl s
m e e y ta te t a t t h h is ti m
i cr s d t d ub l i wi t r
e m a y be n ea e o o e n n e

or d u ll
we a t e h r
r i r su sh i f sum m r s d y th i m f xp sur
.

’
I n th e o d n a y n ne O a e a e t e o e o e
w i ll be
s c s i h l s f 4 i ch f cus d i ch s t p
3 0 e on d w t a en o - n o an
‘-
-
n o
s c s i l s f i ch f cus d gi ch s p
.
2
21 e on d w th a en O 4- n o an -n to
s c s i l s f 4 i ch f cu d 1 } i ch p rtur
.

5 e on d w th a en o - n o s an n a e e
wi h t s pno to
mi u wi h l s f 6 i c h f cus d 3 i ch s t p
.

1 1 n te t a en o -
n o an -
n o
s c ds wi h l s f 6 i ch f cus d 2} i ch p r ur wi th
7 .

e on t a en o - n o an -
n a e t e
no s p to
2 mi s wi h l s f 8 i ch f cus d i ch s t p
.

n u te t a en o - n o an - n o

1 } mi u wi h l s f 8 i ch f cus d 55i c h s p
.

n te t a en O - n o an -
n to
i u s i s h f c s d § i ch s p
7 7 .

3 } m n w teh l f 1 0ti a en O -
ne o u an ~
n to
2 mi s wi h l s f l O i ch f cus d gi ch s p
.

n ute t a en O -
n o an -
n to
5 s c d s wi h l s f I O i c h f cus 3 l i c h p r ur wi h
.

e on t a en O -
n o -
n a e t e, t
no s p to
,

6 } m i u s wi h l s f 1 4 i ch f us d l i c h s t p
.

n te t a en o -
n oc an - n o

4 m i u t s wi h l s f 1 4 i h f cus d i c h p
.

n e t a en o -
ne o an -
n ste

2 l m i u s wi h l s f 1 4 i c h f cus d gi h s p
.

n te t a en o - n o an nc to
8 ;m i u s wi h l s f 6 i c h f cus d l i c h s p
m
.

n te t a en o 1 - n o an -n to
5 } m i u s wi h l s f 1 6 i c h f cus d % i c h p
v
.

n te t a en O - n o an n sto

2 s m i u s wi h l s f 1 6 i c h f cus d i ch s p
.

‘i -
'

n te t a en O - n o an I, n to .

Develop in g th e I ma ge .

c r ck is k i
T h e am e a b a p r i gr
t a e n n to th e o e a t n fr h ich
oom , om w
a ll w h i l i gh is c r f ll xc l u
te t a e u y e pl r v fr
ded , t h e a te e m o ed om t h e
c r ck
ame a i lu
b a , a n d la d , a b m e n si p r s fixi g
d e u w a d , on t h e n

sta n d ; a s m uch is i ll
d t e d w a te r is p ur
n ow o sur
e d on it a s th e

f c i ll h l
a e w o d, taki g c r h v r p r
n a e t at e e y s i iv sur
a t O f th e en s t e
f c is c v r
a e o e ed w t ih l i qui
th e ll r r i
d ; a ow t h e wa te t o e m a n on
th e surf c iu h p r
a e f or on e m n te , t e n ou r i s l i gh l
O ff a n d d a n t y;
r pl c
e a e th e pl s
a te on t h e p ur v r
ta n d , a n d o surf c
o e th e a e so a s

h r u ghl
t o o y t ocvr vr pr
o e e e y a tp r g ll ic s l u i
t h e y o a o t on ( m a d e a s
de scrib ed a t p ga e c r fu ll fil r j us f r i g
1 9 2, a n d
,
a e y te e d t be o e be n
s ll
u e d ) ; a ow th is r ito e m a n on th e pl iu h
a t e f or on e m n te t en
ri i
d a n O ff n to a p rf c l c l
e e t y sur
ea n m ea qu l
e , a n d a d d to it a n e
,
a

b ulk si l v r v l pi g s l u i p g
of e de e o n o t on , a e 1 9 2 h s h r ug l
m ix t e e t o o h y
g h r i h gl ss
to e t e w t a a h p ur
rod a n d t e n oix l i qui s v r
t h e m e d d o e

th e pla te ll
a h r s u il
ow t e m to e t
,
nt p ic ur gi s
th e p r
t e b e n to a pe a ,
w hic h g r ll k s u fr
en e a hr i u s h p ur
y t a e a b o t o m t e e t o fi v e m n te ; t e n o
O ff a n d on rp l il
e e a te d y , u n t v l pi g flui c s p q
th e d e e o n d b e om e O a u e ,
w h ic h h c i s fl i g p r ic l s
t e n on t a n oa t n a t h s i f ll
e , a nd t e e a ow e d to d o

so , w o ul s l
d e tt e on t h e pl i j ur
a te t o th e n p ic ur
y o f t h e h is
,
t e b ut t
pr v rush i g surf c i h c l s h ir
,
e e n te d b y b
’
m a y be n th e a e w t a ame a

b rus h fr qu l uri g
e en t y d n vlp
th e d e e o m e n t h h p i W en t is O ac ty of .
 1 98 CO L L O D O- L B I A UMEN R E P OC SS .

ra to rh su pp s d t b si u t d th t i c s s c d
b ee n as o e o e so t a e a n a e a e on

vi s s p w r r quir d h c u l d r ur h is p
e w of t h e ame ot e e e e e o et n to O e

r i g r m r v h pl which h d b xp s d fr h
at n oo emo e t e a te
,
a een e o e om t e

c m r b c k h pl b d pl c h ri h c m r
, ,

a e a a to t e a te ox , a n a e a n ot e n t e a e a
b ck r dy f
a t ki gea h r vi w B u f r u l y h is is
or a n a n ot e e ut , n o t n a te t
ll i m s p r ic b l W h r f r r qui s m s
, .
,
n ot a t a t e ac t a e e, t e e o e e re om e ean

f r m vi g h pl s f r b i g xp s d fr m th c m r b ck
.
,

“
o e o n t e a te a te e n e o e o e a e a a

i h pl b
n to t e d su b s i u i g
a te h rs i h ir s d wh i l s
ox , a n
,

t t t n ot e
,
n t e te a ,
t
w e i h
a re p i n t e O en a r

rd r ff c h is h fi l d pl b h b d vis d
.

”
I n o e to e e t t t e e a te ox as ee n e e
u h r b y h id f w h ich h pl s m y b r m v d
,

b y th e a t o t e a o t e a te a e e o e

fr m h b xp s d i h c m r d g i r ur d i h ,
o t e ox , e o e n t e a e a, an a a n et ne n to t e
b wi h u
ox , y p ssi b i l i y f cc ss f l i gh t f ll i g
t o t an o i t o a e O a n on t
T h is b is b ri fl l rg r h h rdi ry d is
.

ox ut a t e a e t an t e o na on e an

fur is h d w i h w s l i d i g b m s w rk i g i g r v s vr ,
n e t t o n otto o n n oo e on e o e

h r; h l w r b g r v d ch l i w h ic h
, ,

t h e ot e t h e o e ot tom as a oo e an ne n to

t h sid f th c m r b ck s l id s ; h c r b ck h
e e o e a e a a e t e ame a
,

a as an

a p r ur h r u gh h si d cl s d b y
e t e t o rr w s l id d h l w r
t e e, o e a na o e, a n t e o e
b m f h fi ld b
ot to h
o t c rr s p di g
e e W w su pp s
ox as a o e on n on e e no o e

h v b p r vi us l y fill d w i h xci d gl ss
.

t h fi ld b
e e ox to a e een e o e t e te a
pl t s h vi g h ir s si iv si d s w rd s th b c k f h b
a e a n t e en t e e to a e a o t e ox ,

l id c l s d m s l i d is w p us h d il
,

an d h b t e Th b
ox o e e otto e no e 0 11 u n t

p r tur is i l i wi th y p r icu l r g r v f h fi l d
.

t h e a e e n a ne an a t a oo e O t e e

b ox( wh ic h p si i is i d ic d b y ou m b r d sc l d i d x
t on n a te a n e e a e an n e

p i ) T h c m r b c k is h s l id t i pl c
o nt e a e a h fi ld a t en on o ts a e on t e e

h h h i g d fl p i t w rd s h fr
.

b ox so t a t t e f h b
n e d i a s o a t e on t o t e ox , a n ts
na rr w s l id d r w t T h u pp r s l id is h wi h dr w d
,
o e a n ou e e e t en t a n an

i cl i d h h pl i th gr v pp si h p r
.
,
t h b e ox n ne so t at t e a te n at oo e O o te t e a e

t ur i th l w r s l id m y p ss thr ugh i h c m r b ck
e n e o
,
e e, a a o n to t e a e a a

h is h t k pl c pus h i h rr w s l i d f th c r
.

Wh en t as a en a e n t e na o e o e a me a

b ck i v r d p us h i h i s l i d ; h wi h d r w ,
a h b n e t t e ox , a n n t e nne r e t en t a

th c r b ck fr m i ch l d xp s h pl i h
,

e ame a a o ts anne , an e o e t e a te n t e os

m r e Wh
a his is d s l i d th b c k g i i i c h l
en t on e . e e a a a n n to ts anne

dr w h i r b s l id h th rr w c m r b ck sl i d
.

a ou t t e n ne ox e, t en e na o a e a a e

ivr h b
n e t t d th pl e w i ll h
ox , a n l v h c m r b k d e a te t en ea e t e a e a ac an

p ss i
a h fi ld bn to ccu py i g h s m gr v b f r
t e e ox o n t e a e oo e as e o e

rd r g t h r pl s l id h l w r b m
.
,
I n o e to e ou t a n ot e a te , e t e o e ot to so

h i d x p i s umb r h sc l
,

th at t e n h e o nt h f h to t e n e on t e a e, a s t at O t e

gr oo v ei w h ic h th r q ir d pln is si u t T h p r c d e e u e a te t a e. en o ee as
b f r d ir c d
e o e e te .
 T ER IX C HAP .

O A M E PRIN T IN G ENLAR GE
N OD OF RE U E P I ‘

D AN D D C D OS

s C LL
T rv s I NN ,
ET C .
,
FR OM O OD O E GA V I V E S .

T xpl i h m r wh ich ph gr ph m y b l rg d
O e a n t e an ne in a o to a a e en a e

or r duc d i h p r c ss f p ri i g i wi ll
e e n t c ss r r f r
e o e o nt n t be ne e a y to e e

h r rk s m d p g 2 f i fl s s
,

t o t e ema h j g a e a t a e 0, on t e c on u a te oc O en e

c ll di g i b pl c d c r i d is c i fr t f
.

If a o o on n e a t ve e a e a t a e ta n ta n e n on o

a c r d ( b usi g u b f b l ck c l h ) h l i h b
a me a, an y n a t e o a ot t e g t e

a d i d i
m tte h d rk c h b r n tol y h ugh h t e g iv a a m e on t ro t e ne at e a re

d c d i m g wi ll b f rm d u p g r u d gl ss ; b i f h
,
e e a e h e o e on t e o n a ut t e

ne g i b d c d r r h i g W i ll i cr s i siz u i l
a t ve e a va n e nea e t e ma e n ea e n e, nt

i b c s fi rs q l l rg r h rigi l g
,

t e om e d h t h e ua to , an t en a e t a n, t e o na ne a

t iv h f c b c i g r d m r dis t fr m h l s
e t e o us e om n mo e an o e ta n o t e en or

r ec edi g h n iv is b r u gh r r
as t e n e ga t e o t nea e
,

Ag i i f g i p r r i b pl c d i h c m r s l id d
.
,
a n a ne a t ve o t a t e a e n t e a e a e, an

i f h i s ru m b c rri d i d rk r
t e
,
n t en t h l b i e h a e n to a a oo m , a o e e c ut n t e
w i d w sh n or - d i l i gh
u tte h r ugh h g iv h
so as to a m t t t o t e ne a t e, t e

l u i us r ys f r fr c i b y h l s wi ll f r m
m no a a im g f
te r e a t on t e en o an a e O

t h x c siz f l if u p
e e a t whi escr pl c d i h p si i
,

o e on a te een
,

a e n t e o t on
o ri gi ll y ccup i d b y h si r Th s w l s i f c h
na o e t e t te e e t o p a ne , n a t, t at

bj c d f h im s ric l y j g f i d
.

o f h t e O e t an o t e a g e , a re t t c on u a te oc an as

r g rd s h r su l i is i m ri l fr m wh ich f h w
e a t e e t, ri r
t m a te a o o t e t o
,
a n te
,
o

or s ri r h r ys f l igh p r c d
p o te o t e a O t o ee
,

T h r f r i rd r b i r duc d l rg d c p y f
.
,

e e o e n o e to O ta n a e e or e n a e o o a ne

g i a t vei is c ss ry l f rm i g f h si r quir d
t ne e a on y to o an ma e o t e ze e e

pr j c h i m g u p s si iv s rf c i h r f c ll
, ,
an d to o e t t e a e on a en t e u a e e t e o o o
di p pr
on o r a e

A g d rr g m h is p ur p s m y b m d b y k i g
.

oo f a an e ent or t o e a e a e ta n an

o rdi ry p r r i c r d p r l gi g i i fr b y d l b
na o t a t a me a, an o on n t n on t a ea ox
b l ck a d i si d ene d wi h d ubl n b dy dmi
e f b i g
an t a o e o to a t o e n
l gh d
en t r quir d ; m r si pl y by dd i g fr m
e ne o ut a s e e o r, o e m
,

a n a a e
w rk f w d c r d i wi h bl c k cl h A g r v i fr ,

o O oo ove e n t a ot oo e n on t c a r

ri s h g i r c i s h s l id c i i g h s si iv
.

e t e ne a t ve , or e e ve t e e on ta n n t e en t e
l y a h c s m y b
e r, a s t e a e a e

I r d uci g ph g r ph s h g ti is p l c d i fr
.

n e n oto f h a t e ne a ve a e n on t o t e
l s i h p si i rd i ri l y ccu p i d b y h bj c ; b i
,

en n t e o t on ko na o e t e O e t ut n ma
l rg d c py i us b fix d b h i d h l s w h ic h is
,

i g
n an en a e o t m t e e e n t e en o r,

qui l h l s m us b r d r u d h h r ys f l igh ,

e va e n t, t e en t e tu ne o n so t at t e a o t,
2 00 P RIN T IN G PO S I T IVE S .

t r sm i tt d b y th g tiv t r th b ck gl ss f th c m b i
an e e ne a e, en e e a a o e o na

ti on , a n d p ss h fr aT h is p i s h ul d b
ou t a t t
d d e on t o nt o e a t te n e to
rd r v id i dis i c ss f im g fr s ph ric l b rr i
.

in o e to a o n t n tn e O a e om e a a e a t on
A p r r i c m bi i f l s s f 25 3 } i ch s is h b s f rm
.

o t a t o n a t on o en e o -
or n e t e e t o

t o u se , a nd h c i ic d l u i us f ci sh u l d cc r l y c rr s
t e a t n an m no o o a u a te o e

p d on y d i ff r c b w
as an h m w u l d b i cr s d b ye en e et e en t e o e n ea e en

A s p f i ch i ch d h lf p r ur pl c d
,
l gi g
ar n to o an n or a n n an a a a e t e a e

h l s s b vi s s th l ss f s h r p tl i
.

b w et een t e en e o a te to o m e e x te n t e o o a ou ne
usu ll y f ll wi g l rg m f h i g
a o o n en a e en t O t e ma e

T h l i gh m y b d i d h r u gh h g tiv b y p i ti g h
.

e t a e a m tt e t o t e ne a e o n n t e
c m r w rd s th k y dir c su l i gh m y b us d h r w
a e a to a e s or e t n t a e e t o n
p h g t i v b y pl r fl c r A c m m s wi g l ki g
,
u on t e ne a e a ane e e to o on n oo n

gl ss i f c l r d fr fr m s p ck s d s v ry w ll ; i s h u l d b
.

a ea an ee o e oe e e t o e
pl c d h h c tr w h ic h i tur s is l v l wi h h
, ,

so a e t at t e en e on t n on a e e t t e

a xis f h l s O t e en

Th b s g tiv s f p ri ti g l rg d p si iv s th s wh ic h
.

e e t ne a e or n n en a e o t e a re o e

a re d is i c d cl r
t n d i is i m p r
t an sm l l g iv
ea an t o ta n t to u se a a ne at e,

w h ic h s r i s h l s l ss t a n d gi v s b t r r su l s th
e en f e an e e t te e t a n on e O

l rg r siz I p ri i g b y 2 l s f i s c p r p r h g
a e e n nt n
‘
en or n ta n e e a e t e ne a

iv u p pl b u tw i ch s squ r d f r w rds l rg 1
.
,

t e on a a te a o t o n e a e an a te a en a e

i t f ur d i m
o rs a e te

P p r c t i i g c hl ri d f si l v r i fli i tly s si iv t
.

a e on a n n t o e o e s no su c en en t e o
r c iv h i m g d th p ri t s h u l d b f rm d u p c ll di
e e e t e a e a n e n o e o e on o o on

or o n i diz d p p r d v l p d b y g ll ic cid
o e a
,
e e e o e a a
,

xp sur r quir d wi ll v r y l y wi h th i t si ty f
.

Th e e o e e e a n ot on t e n en o

t h l i gh
e d h s si bi l i y f h sur f c us d b
t an t e l s wi h th
en t o t e a e e ut a o t e

d gr f r duc i l rg m t f h im g
,
e ee o e t on or e n a e en o t e a e

I p ri i g u p c ll di h r sul i g pic ur is p si tiv b y

.

n nt n on o o on t e e t n t e o e

tr s m i t d l i gh i s h u l d b b ck d p wi h wh i t v r is h d
an t e t t o e a e u t e a n an

b c m s p si iv b y r fl c d l i gh t f h b l ck s
,

th en e o e Th t
o t e e e te e on e o t e a

i i m pr v d b y r i g h pl firs t wi th b ichl rid f m rcury

.

s o e t ea t n t e a te o e o e

wi h m m i
,

an d h t en t a on a
wri tt m s t p r c tic l p p r
.

M W h m wh hr en a o h as en a o a a a e on t e

f b i i g p si iv s f h l i f siz p r s i h f ll w
.
,

m d o e O O ta n n o t e O t e e e, O e a te n t e o o

i gw y —
n h pl c s t h c m r
a wi h h s l i d c
e a iig h
e e a e a t t e e on t a n n t e no

g i
a t ve i d r k r m n a d r fl c s h su l i gh h r ugh h l
a oo an e e
,
t t e n t In t o a o e

h sh u r p ss fi rs h r u gh h g iv
,

i n t e tte so as d h to a t t o t e ne at e an t en

th r u h h l s h i m g is r c iv d p i d iz d p p r d
,
o g t e en t e a e e e e u on o e a e an

l p d y g ll ic cid
,
d b a a
—
e ve o e

T is
.

O P i n i g C ll d i T
r nt n p i f t h S o p o h on ra n s a ren c es or e te re osc o e

b y usi g h c m r f rm im g f h g
.

m y b d a e on e n t e a e a to o an a e o t e ne a

t iy i e h m d d scri b d
n t e h l st p g ; bo e m r si m pl y b y
e e at t e a a e ut o e

th f l l w i g p r c ss
e o o C h gl ss
n p w h ich h p ri is
o e oa t t e a u on t e nt to
b f r d w i h c ll d i i d i d f si l v r i h usu l w y h
,

e o me t o o l y o- o e o e n t e a a t en a

i up pi c f b l c k c l h c ll di sid u p p rm s d pl c
, ,

t on a e e o a ot o o on e e o t, an a e

w s ri p s f p p r f b u h h ick ss f c rd b rd d
,

t o t o a e o a o t t e t ne o a oa an on e

f ur th f
o i ch b r d l g th tw pp si dg s t pr v t
o an n oa ,
a on e o o o te e e , o e en
202 T o S ENS I T IEE PAPER .

i m m rs d wh ich wi ll p r v t y v ss i p ri i g T h
e e ,
e en an un e en ne n nt n . e

p p r r ssu m s it r s p r cy i h
a e ea e i g b th b t i wi l l
s t an a en n t e ton n a
,
u t

d y r p ur wh i t T h s si i i g s l u ti wil l t b m m t
a e e . e en t zn o on no e co e a e

i lly disc l r d v
r a f r fr qu
o o e p pl ic i s f lbu m iz d
e en a te e en t a a t on O a en e

p p r Sh u l d i b c m
a e . muc h d is l r d
o giv d r k h
t e o e so co o e as to e a a ue

to t e h p p r s h k it i a b l wi h tw dr ch m s f i m l
e ,
a e n a o tt e t o a o an a

ch rc l d l v it i gh s l I wil l fil r cl r A
a oa an ea e a n t to e tt e . t te ea .

v ry s m ll p r i f y r s l u i m y b m d v i l b l i
e a o t on o ou o t on a e a e a a a e n se n

s ii i g
t z n sh f p p r b y p uri g i u p cl gl ss h siz
a eet o a e o n t on a ean a ,
t e e

o f h p p r t e l i l l rg r w h ic h is c r fu l ly l ll d d
a e or a tt e a e , a e e ve e an

n ic l y l yi g d w h p p r p i T h is i s fu l wh y ur
e a n o n t e a e u on t . s u e en o

s l u i is s m l l fl i y ur r ys T h lc h l c us s i
o t on too a to oa t n o t a . e a o o a e t

to fl w d b
o b s r b d w i h p rf c
an v ss
e a o e t e e t e enne .

T r m v h p p rs fr m h s l u i d d y h m —P
o e o e t e a e o t e o t on a n r t e t ro

vi d d z e a m r c l h s p i s f h k i d th
o en or su ppl i d
o e ot e - n ,
o t e n a t a re e

wi h ri g f i d i r b b r f
t a n s p ri g I h t p d riv p i
O n a- u e or a n . n to t e o e a n

fi r m l y d b d it t h k L i f c r r f h p p r b y p s
an en o a oo . t a o ne o t e a e as

i g u d r i th p i
n n e f qu il l t h p ick d tac h t i
t e o nt o f a oo t -
,
an at o t on e O

th c l h s p i s ; l i f th
e ot e dg - t b y th is
n d t ch h r t e e e ou ,
an a ta a n ot e to

th th r c r r
e o eY m h us rr y h s h by h p i s d
o ne . ou ay t ca t e eet t e n an

h g i up
an li t d y wi h u on uch i g i wi h h fi g rs
a ne to r t o t to n t t t e n e ,
a

m tt r f s m i mp r
a e o c t Am ur f h
o e wh m s h vo ta n e o a te s o t e a rt
,
o u t a e

u st i d h ds f h ir d y s b i
n a ne an or t e a
’
u s n ess .

I m y b w r h wh i l h r
t a e dd h f ll wi g si m pl
o t d e e e to a t e o o n e an eco

no m ic l m h d f p ri i g w h ic h I h v f u d t sur p ss i
a et o o nt n
,
a e o n o a n c on

i
ve n e nc e d fl d ll h an dv t g s a f h m s t x p siv
or a t e a an a e o t e o e en e

p r i i g fr m s F ur c m c l h s p i s such w rk wi h
nt n a e . o om on ot e - n , as o t a

wi s p ri g su ppl y p r ss r
re n u gh f pl L y y ur p e u e eno or a - a te . a o re

p r d p p r up
a e th a g tiv e d x t i b u tw y p
on e ne a e, an ne to t a o t en t se a

ra et l f hi c mm
ea ves w r pp i g p p r
o t t th sizn f h o on a n a e c ut o e e o t e

ne g iv at x s h f t l r bly s iff d sm h wri i g p p r

e ne t a eet O o e a t an oot t n a e
,

an d l s ly p i c f gl ss
a t , b ck t
a h wh l
e L
e o h gl ss a as a a o t e o e . et t e a

b c k b p us h d fr m th
a e l w r dg f h p p rs b u t 1 20 f
e o e o e e e o t e a e a o - o

an i ch j us t f st bl y t p i ch h g tiv d
n , or so ar a o en a e ou o n t e ne a e an
 RE C OV E R Y or W A TES s rL V E R , ET C . 203

p a pe rs i
i l d f fi g r A t ch p i
w th th e th m b -n a u ch an o re n e . t a a n to ea

r r d y ur g iv is p r p r d f xp sur N w
co n e an o ne at e e a e or e o e . o , to e x a

mi y ur p ic tur wi h u
ne o d g ri g i d is pl c m e rmv t o t en an e n ts a e en t - e o e

th p i s fr m
e n d d pl c it f c d w w rd s
o on e e n bl ,
an a e ,
a e o n a ,
o n a ta e,

th th r
e od wi h p i se ch d p r j c i g i c h b y d h
en t n a tta e o e t n an n e on t e

e dg H l d d w th b c k gl s wi h h l f h d wh i l wi h
e . o o n e a as t t e e t an ,
e t

t h ri gh y
e r m v h p i s d p i ch h p p rs d g
t ou e o e t e n an n t e a e an ne a

t iv t g h r b w
e o et th f r fi g r d hu m b i l Up h
e et e en e o e n e an t -n a . on t e

s m h sh f p p r
oot ee t o si l y s lid h b ck gl ss i ch
a e y ou can ea e t e a a an n

fr m h d g H ld i h r
o t e e d e h u c v r d
. o i ch t t e e, an on t e n o e e m a ro n a tta

th f h pi s w i h
re e o d p
t e bi h wi ll k Y
n t y as ee a te as t ey ta e . ou ma

no w x i y ur p ic ur wi h i i ch f i rgi
e a m ne o t e to t n an n O ts m a n
,
as y ou
w u l d ur
o v r h l v s f b k T r pl c h b ck l y i
t n o e t e ea e O a oo . O e a e t e a
,
a t

a g i a n h bl on d s l id h b c k g l ss u p
t e ta h pi s b f r
e an e t e a a to t e n e o e

y ou r m v h m T h r s f h p r c ss is bvi us
e o e t e . e e t O t e o e o o .

Th mi u i e f m y c m u ic i
n t m y xci
ae O s m i l wi h o m n a t on a e te a e t

s m b I s h ll l w y s u p h p ri ci pl h
o e
,
ut a a h i g is
a act on t e n e, t a t n ot n

m r o e ou t f pl c h p l gy f m i
O a ss i d scribi g m
e t an a n a o o or n u te n e n e n a .

n ip ul a tion s . G . B . C .

RE CO V ER Y A TE S
OF — R M
S I L V ER F R OM W S o L U T I O N s, T O THE

A C DE PO I T H PO BA TBL K S OF Y H S, ET C .

Th m r f s p r i g m t ll ic si l v r fr m w s s l uti s
e ann e or e a at n e a e o a te o on

v ri s cc rdi g th p r s c bs c f lk l i h yp su lph i
a e a o n to e e en e or a en e O a a ne o te

an d cy i d s an e .

aS p r ti
.
f e a t lli S il a
f m onld Ni tr B tho— T h me a c ver ro o a te a s . e

si l v r c i d i s lu i s f h i r c
e on ta n e m y
n si l yo t on o t e n t a te
,
a e t a te
,
e tc . a ea

b p r ipi
e d b y sus p d i g
ec s ri p f s h pp r i h l i quid
ta te en n a t o e e t Co e n t e

t h e a c i is c m pl t d i w h r d ys h wh l f th i ric
t on o e e n t o or t ee a
,
t e o e o e n t

a cid d xyg p ssi g t th pp r d f rm i g b l u s l u i

an o en a n o e Co e , an o n a e o t on

O f h t i r f pp r T h m t ll ic si l r h w v r s p r t d
e n t a te O Co e . e e a ve o e e e a a e

i
n h is m
t r l w ys c i s p r i f c pp r d giv s
anne
,
a a on t a n a o t on o o e , an e a

b l u s l ti
e wh o ud iss lv d i on i tric cid en o e n n a .
2 04 RE C OV ER Y OF W A T E ILVER
S S ,
ET C .

A b e tter p r c ss is t c m m c b y p r ci p it ti g th si l r
o e o o en e e a n e ve

tir l y i th f r m f h l id il i g c s l
en e n
f e b o d d m m
o c t or e o s ver, y a n o on a

u ti l fur h r m i lki s b p duc d If h l iquid is w l l

n no t e n es c an e ro e . t e e

s tirr d h c hl rid f si l v r si k s t th b t m d m y b
e
,
t e o e o e n o e o to ,
an a e

w sh d b y r p
a e d l y fill i h v ss l wi th c m m
e e a te w r d ng t e e e o on a te , a n

p uri g fi h u pp r c l r p r i wh th cl s h v g i
o n O
'

.
t e e ea o t on en e ot a e a a n se t

t l d d w
e oT h c hl ri d
n . f si l v r t h us f r m d m y f r w rd s b
e o e O e o e a a te a e

r duc d t m t ll ic si l v r by p r c ss wh ich wi ll p r s tly b d

e e o e a e a o e e en e e

scri b d e .

b S p r ti
.
f il f m l ti
S
e a a on o t i i g lk li Hy
ve r ro so u on s c on a n n a a ne

p osulp h i t C y i d es ,I did I t h is c s th si l v r c
an es or o es .
- n a e e e a n not

b p e ip re cd b y dd i g c hl ri d
a te f s d iu m si c a h c hl ri d
n f o e o o ,
n e t e o e o

si l v r is l bl i such l iquids T h r f r i is c ss ry t
e so u e n . e e o e t ne e a o u se

th su lph ur
e d h ydr g h h yd r su lph
e tte f mm i d
o e n , or t e o a te O a on a
,
an

t s p r
o e ah si l v r i
a te h f rm f t e lp h r t e n t e o O su u e .

S lph ur t d h y d r g
u g is r di l y p r p r d b y fi ti g c rk
et e o en as ea e a e
,
t n a o

an d fl xi b l tu b i g t th
e e ck f p i t b l d h vi g i r
n o e ne o a n ott e , an a n nt o

d uc ed lp h t f i
su s( l d b y p r i ch m is s f th p urp s )
u re o r on o o e a t ve e t or e o e ,

a b ut o m uc h as wi ll s t d i th p lm f t h h d p uri g u p
as an n e a o e an
,
o n on

it 1 } fl ui d u c s f il f vi tri l d i l u t d wi h 0 u c s f w
o n e o O r O o e t 1 o n e o a te .

Th g e is g r d g r du ll y wi h u h ppl ic i f h t d
as e n e a te a a t o tt e a a t on o ea , a n

m us t b ll w d t b ub b l u p t h r u gh th l i qui d fr m wh ic h h
e a o e o e o e o t e

si l v r is t b s p r t d T h s m l l f su lphur t d h ydr g b
e o e e a a e . e e O e te o en e

i g ff siv
n O d h i ghl y p is
en eus i f i h l d i c c tr t d f rm
,
an o on o n a e n a on en a e o ,

th p r i m us t b c rri d i th p i
e O e a t on i pl c wh r
e a e on n e O e n a r or n a
,
a e e e

t h fu m s m y sc p wi th u d i g i j ury
e e a e a e o t o n n .

Wh th l i quid b gi s t cquir s tr g d p rsis t t d r f

en e e n o a e a on an e en O o O

s u lph ur t d h yd r g th p r ci p i t ti f su lphur is c m pl d
e te o en , e e a on O et o e te .

T h b l c k m ss m us t t h r f r b c ll c t d u p
e a a fil t r d e e o e e o e e on a e , an

w s h d b y p uri g w t r v r it u i l th l i qui d wh ic h ru s
a e o n a e o e ,
nt e n

th r u gh g iv s l i ttl
o p r ci p i t ti wi th d r p f i tr t f
e e or n o e a on a o O n a e O

si lv r e .

T h si l v r m y l s b s p r t d i th f r m f su l ph ur t fr m
e e a a o e e a a e n e o o e o

O ld h yp b th s b y ddi g il f vi tri l i q u ti y
o a
,
fli i t t d
a n O O o n an t su c en o e
 S AL T ING P A P E R E T C ,
.

th e a i r, or t h ey s oon be c om e p urpl e fr m o a cid ,

a lw a y s
pr e s en t sph r i n th e i rsi i
a tm o e e i s m ll qu ti
n a an mme on n

w rc t i i g b u
a te on a n n s i f ucs a o t on e d r p f l i q u or p t
o O o a sa n ea r o n e

th b l u c l r is r s r d
e e o o e to e .

T s p p rs e t- a e l rb O o et

t erh h s t an t o e ua n

i y f cid p r s h w v r is s m l l i is
t t O a e ent y o e e a
,
t an

c s si m pl y d ip h p p r i th l iquid ; s m l l s rip sh ul d
a e to t e a e n e a a t o

b th r w i
e d ll w d t r m i f
o n n
,
t m i ut s
an qu r r a o e o e a n or en n e or a
‘
a te

O f h ur
an o .

If h p p r t i m m rsi ssu m s wi d p u rpl ti n t,

‘

e a e on e on , a e a n e - re or e
,

i pl c
n f d ci d d
a e od i is p r b b l y c us d b y c rb ic id
a e e re ,
t o a a e a on a

g as i th c s th b l u c l r r ur s wh h p p r is w sh d
n at a e e e o o et n en t e a e
‘

a e

a nd h l d t th fi e e o e r .

B lu l i t m us p p rs m
e -
a e ay ch g d h d p p rs us d f
be an e to t e re a e e or

a lk l i s b y s o k i g i w t r cid i fi d w i h su l ph uric ci d m d r p
”

a e a n n a e a e t a ,
( e o

to h lf a p i t
a n .

THE S ALT I G N AN D A L MENI I G

BU Z N PAP-E R .

T a k e of

Ch l o ri de O f a m m on um , o r i p r
u e ch o l ri de Of s i od um 200 g ris a n

r
.

Wa t e
l
A b um e n

is i ll d w t r c
If d t b p r c r d r i w ter
e a e a n n ot e o u e ,
a n a o r se ve n c om

m s p ri g w
on wi ll s w r h purp s T b i h l bu
n a te rit an e t e o e . o O ta n t e a

m w l i d gg s
e n , u se d b c r fu l h t i
ne p
-
ihag h s h l l e
,
an e a e t a , n O en t e e

th y lk is
e o br k , c h g g w i ll
n ot
y i l d b fl ui d uco en ea e e a o ut on e o n e

o f l bu m a en

Wh th i gr di ts m ix d k b dl f qui ll s
en e n e en a re e
,
ta e a
‘

un
’

e o or a

f rk d b t h wh l i
o ,
a n p rf c fr th A th fr h f rm s
ea t e o e n to a e e t o . s e ot o
,

I f th e wa t e r c on ta n e d i m uc h s lph u a te O f lim e, it is l i k l y th
e at th e se n

si tiven e ss of th e pp a e rw ou ld b e i p ir
m a ed
 S AL T ING A ER E T C P P , .

it is t b sk i m m d ff d pl c d i fl t dis h t u b sid T h
O e e O an a e n a a o s e . e

succ ss f th p r i d p ds ir l y p h h m r i
e o e O e a t on e en ent e u o t e a n ne n

wh ic h th is p r f th p r c ss is c d c d 5 i f h
a t O l bu is e o e on u te t e a m en

n ot h r u ghl y b
t o o fl k s f i m l m m b r wi ll b l f i
e a te n , a e O an a e a ne e e t n

th l i qui d d wi ll c us s r k s u p th p p r Wh h
e ,
an a e t ea on e a e . en t e

fr h h p r i ll y su bsid d tr s f r i
ot as a t ll d rr w j
a e
,
an e t to a ta an na o ar
,

an d ll w t s a d fo s v r l h urs th t t h m
o o ta n br us h r ds r e e a o a e em ano s e

m y s a l h b t m P r ff th u pp r c l r p r i
e tt e to t e o wh ic h
to . ou O e e ea o t on ,

i fit f
s Alb m
or u se. l i qui ds ’
gl u i us t u w ll e n ou s a re too t no o ru n e

th r gh p p r fil r d
ou a b t r c l r d b y su b si d c
a e te ,
an a re et e ea e en e .

A m r si m pl pl o e h th b v d qu ll y fli i
e an t an e a o e, an on e e a e c a c ou s ,

is t fil l b l t b u t th r p r ts wi h h s l d m ixt r f
o a ott e o a o ee a t t e a te u e O

a l bu m dw r d sh k it w ll f t m i u t s qu r
en a n a te , a n to a e e or en n e or a a

te r f O h ur ti l i t l s s i gl u i si y d
an o
,
u n b p ur d o e ts . t no t an c an e o e out

sm hl y fr m th ck f th b tl I is h
oot o b
e ne r sf rr d O e ot e . t t en to e t an e e

to p j
an O d ll w d
en s ttl b f r
ar
,
an a o e to e e as e o e .

Th s lu i e p r p r d b y th b v d ir c i s wi ll c t i
o t on , e a e e a o e e t on
,
on a n ex

ac tly t g r i s f s l t t h u c diss l v d i
en a n o qu l bu lk f
a o t e o n e
,
o e n an e a o

a l bu m d w r S m p r t rs m pl y h l bum l
en a n a te . o e o e a o e o t e a en a on e

wi h u tt o d di i f w
an a r b h p p r i h c s h v ry
t on O a te ,
ut t e a e n t at a e as a e

h i ghl y v r is h d pp r c wh ic h is th ugh t b y m s t b b
a n e a ea a n e
,
o o t o e o

j e e tion a b le .

The pri
ci p l di ffi cu l i l bu m izi g p p r is t v id h
n a ty n a en n a e o a o t e

occurr c f s r k y l i s wh ich wh th p p r is r d r d
en e O t ea ne , ,
en e a e en e e se n

sii br z s tr gl y u d r h i fl u c
t ve
,
on f h l i gh t
e T h w ri r
on n e t e n en e o t e . e te

b li v s h s
e e b c us d b y
e t c m m ci g d c m p si ti f h
e e to e a e a o en n e o o on O t e

an i m l m r c p si g h c ll s i wh ich h l bu is r i d
a a tte om o n t e e n t e a men e ta n e

an d h b s r t d y pp rs
e be th ggs q i f s h ; h
eme a ea to e to u se t e e u te re t e

s m bj c m y s i s (b
a e O e ti v ri b l ) b a i d by om e t me ut n ot n a a y e a t ta ne

all wi g h l bu
o n s d f s r l w ks u i l i h b
t e a m e n to ta n or e ve a ee nt t as e

c m s r f r wh ich i wi ll b su fici l y l i m p id
o e ou a te hr u h t e f en t to ru n t o g

a fil r te .

I s l i gn d l b u m izi g ph t g ph ic p p r b y h f r m ul
a t n an a en n o o r
a a e t e o a

ab v g iv o it we f u d h t ch qu r t r s h
en, m suri g as o n t a ea a e eet ea n

l
e e ve n by i i ch s r m v d fl ui d d ch m d h lf fr m
n ne n e
,
e o e on e ra an a a o
20 8 S A LT I NG A R
P PE , ET C .

th e b a t h e qui va l e n t to a bou t on e g ra i n a n d th re e qu a rte rs Of s a l t

,

( i n c l udi g d ropp i g s ) I s l ti g pl i p p e r e a ch q u r te r s h e e t
n n . n a n a n a
,
a

took u p o l y o e d ra c h m 5 n t h t th e gl u ti n ous n ture O f th e a l

n so a a

b um e n c a us e s th ird p a r t m ore f th s l t to b e r t i d b y th
a o e a e a ne e

p a p er .

S lectio of th Pa p
e n —T h E gl is h p p e rs re ot good f r l
e er . e n a a n o a

b um i i g t h y r too d s to t a k e th e l bu m e n p rop rl y
en z n e a e d en e a e
,
an

cur l u p wh e l i d u pon th e l i quid 5 th e p roc ss of to i g th e p ri ts

n a e n n n

is l s o s l ow a n d te diou s T h e th i n n g a tive p a p e r of C n son th

a . e a
,
e

P p i e r R i ve
a d P p i e r S xe h ve succ e de d wi th th e wri t r
e
,
an a a a e .
e

b e tte r th n C us on s p osi tiv p p e r wh ic h is usu ll y r c om m en de d

a a
’
e a ,
a e

t h y h v a fi r te xtur
e a e d g ive m or e s m oth ss O f g r i
ne e an o ne a n .

T ppl y th e a l bu m n p our a p or ti n Of th e s ol u tio i to a fl a t

O a e
,
o n n

d is h t th d p th O f h lf
o e i n ch T h e h vi n g p r vi us l y c ut
e a an . n
,
a e o

th e p p e r t th p rop e r siz e t k e a h e t b y th e two c orn e rs b n d

a o e
,
a S e
,
e

i t i ton c urved form con vexi ty d wn wa rds n d l y it u p on th e

a , o
,
a a

a l b u m e n th e c n tre p a r t fi rs t touc h i g th e l i qui d a n d t h e c orn e rs

e n
,

b e i n g l we re d g r a d u l l y
o In t h is wa y a l l b ubb l s of a ir w i ll b
a . e e

p ush e d f r wa rds n d e xc l ude d On e si de on l y of th e p p e r is we t

o a . a

te d th e oth er r e m i n s d y A ll ow th e s h e t to r e s t u p n th e so
a r . e o

l ution f r o e m i n u t a n d a h a lf a n d th e n r is e it O ff a n d u p b y
o n e
,
a
,

t wo c or n e rs I f n y circu l r s p ots free fr om a l bu m

. a a e see a
,
en
,
r n
,

c a us d b y bubb l s Of a ir re pl a ce th e sh ee t for th e s a m e l e n gth Of

e e ,

ti m e a t fi rs t
as .

T h e p a p e r m us t n ot a ll owe d to r e m i u p o th e s l ti g b a th a n n a n

m uc h l o g r t h th ti m e s p e ci fi e d b e c us e th e s ol u ti o of
n e an e l bu ,
a n a

m e b e i g a lk a li e ( a s is s h own b y th e s tro g s m e ll of m m o i a
n n n n a n

e vol v d th e ddition f th e chl ride Of a m m on iu m ) te ds to re

e on a o o
,
n

m ove th e siz e fr m th e p p r a d S i n k in too d e e pl y t h us l si n g

o a e n o

i t sur f c e gl oss
s a .

A l bu m e iz e d p a p e r w i ll k e p a l on g ti m e in a d y pl a c e S om
n e r . e

h a v r com m n de d to p re ss it wi th h e a ted ir n in orde r to c oa

e e e a o ,

g u l e ta th e l y e r of l bu m e u p n th sur fa c e ; bu t th is p rec u tio

a a n o e a n

i u n e c e s sa r y si n c e th coa gu l a ti on is p e r fec tl y a ffe c te d b y th e

s n ,
e
210 W E IG H TS A ND M E AS U R E s .

C om p a ri so n of r s
B it i h a n d F re n ch We i g h t s
a n d Mea s rs
u e .

W E I GH T S .

r
G ain , A ri s p oth e c a e
’
. gr a mm es, F r en c h .

O un c e

Av ir p is o du o

Dr h acAp h ri
m, ot ec a es
’
3 8 88

1 5 4 3 40 g r ai n s, Ap oth .

A
M E S U R E S O F C A PA C T Y I .

C u bic I n c h es .

6 ] 028
‘

0 61 0
M ll i ili r t e 0 0 61

Oz
ird p
.

K illogra mme 3 } Avo u ois .

M EA S UR E S O F L E NGT H

C ubic in c h Of r
wa te at 32 °
g ri a ns .

m r r e cu y 3 42 5 3 5

F luid oz O f w r a te 43 7 6 0

m ea sr
u es c ub in
gr is
.

r chm
.

1 f d a a n

pi ( N w Y rk )
. .

1 nt e o c ub in
b r mi r
. .

1 oz o ne 2} f d a c h ms

ri r A gr A i
. . .

1 g a n, T oy or po th vo r

l Av ir T r y g rs
. . .

1 b . o . 7 000 o .

1 7 680 w Of its o n grs

w i h i g ilk
.

T h d r h m Av ird p is
e ac vr sd o u o is ne e u e ex c e pt i n e g n S .

Pen d l m vib r i
u u d N wY r a t n g sec on s a t e o k 3 9 1 02 in c h es .
 W E IG H T S AN D M EA UR S ES . 21 1

g i g s lids f w w igh ts r ally

I n wei h n o s ry if th y pr p rly
e e a re e n e c e sa e a re o e

s rt d ; th i g l ss th h lf gr i i lik ly t b s f l d th s ri
,

as o e no n e an a a a n s e o e u e u an e e es

f ll wi g will w i gh y q tity fr m th h lf g r i t tw th s d
,

o o n e an uan o e a a n o o ou a n on e

hun dr d d t
e an d h lf gr i s b y d iff r c s f
en a n a ly si gl gr i
a a n e en e o on a n e a n

m b rs i gr i s b t th s m p ri i pl m y b rri d t
, .

Th e nu e are n a n , u e a e nc e a e ca e ou

with y th r d
an o m i ti
e wh th r
en o c s p ds t s
na on , e e oun e , oun , o r on .

3 , 4 ; 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 0 ; 1 00 , 200 , 3 00 , 4 00 ; 1 0 00 , s o
r is h l b p vi wi h ss ss srs
.

Th e a t t S ou d e ro d ed t n ot l e t h an thre e g a l m ea u e

On e O f a p i gr d
n t, c s—
a ua te d to oun e o n e of two oun c e s r, g a d ua te d to dr h s ac m
- an d on e Of w dr
t s r o a ch m , g a d ua t e d to m ini ms .

L ssP
e wi ’ Gl s B h
a Ni r
te n t Silv r S l i —S ia s a t s f or t a te Of e o ut on s n ce

f r g i g p g s h v b i p ri hi w r i l f h s h b
th e o e on a e a e een n nt t s ne a t c e o Ba t as ee n

i rd
n t o uc e d , will p r l s p rs
an d ll rs w m rk h y ob a b y u e ed e a oth e no in a et T e

cs xpr ssl h ld h df r vl l
.

are e n a e d b m in a ox ade e e y to o t em , a n o m a a ua b e an d

imp r i p r v m i h pp r s s d i h v ri s Gl ss p r ss
o tan t m o e en t n t e a a a tu u e n t e a ou a oc e es .
 I NDEX .

An n a a n m on om a t 2 3 ; e a ch r ic s ph ric l 2 2
c ic ci
.
,
.

A e t a d , 66
l u pr p r i p p r wi th
.

A b m e n , 6 8 ; e a a t on of n ositive 20 6 a e

lc h l us s si izi g p p r 20
.

,
.

A o o , 70 , ed i n en t n a e 1
i , .

Am m on a , 7 1
i i
.

A m m on o m t1 a te c i 8 1 h e r, p 1 e p a 1 a tion
d f 1 52 an u se o
i l ch rc l ,
.

An m a a oa
,
7

B rium ch l ri d
a f 7 o e o

B h s gl ss 2 1 gu p ch 3 4
, ,
at a 1 tt a e1 a,

Bic hl ri d f m rcur y f wh i i g p si iv s 1 5 9
, , .

o e o e or te n n o t e

Br m i d d i di d ssiu m d si lv r 60
.

o e an f p o e o ota an e

Br id f p ssiu m 7
.
,
om e o ota 3
Br m i pr p r i s f 7 2
.
,

o ne, o e t e o

Br m i d i z d c ll d i p si iv s ( m b r typ s ) 5 8 5 9
.
,

o o- o f e o o on or o t e a o e
g iv s
, , ,
ne at e ,
60 .

C m r b x s 28
a e a o e

C m r c s ruc i f 2 8
.
,
a e a on t t on o

C m r s ds 3 1
.
, ,
a e a ta n
C rb f s d
,
.

a on a t e o 73 o a,

C h m ic l d visu l f cus 2
.

e a an a o 1
C hi cl y 7 5 ,
.

na a

C hl ri d f m m iu m 7 7
,
.

o e o a on

C hl ri d f b riu m 7 7
.
,

o e o a

C hl ri d f g ld pr p r i ig 5
.
,
o e o f 83 5 f o e a a t on o or ton n 15
C hl ri d f s diu m 7 8
, , ,
o e o o

C hl ri
.
,

o 75
ne,

C h r m ic b rr ti
.

o at 22 a e a on ,

C i ric ci d 7 8
.

t a

i g gl ss pl s 29
.
,

Clean n a a te 1
i g l rg gl ss s wi h c ll di 60
.
,

C oa t n a e a e t o o on , 1
C ll di uf c ur f 5 3 i diz d f p si ti s 5 8
.

o o m on , an a t e o o e or o ve

g iv s 6 m d f c i g gl ss s wi th 3 3 vi l s
, ,

ne at e 0 o e o oa t n a e 1 1 a

C ll d i A l bu m p r c ss D T p
, , , ,
o o o 90en o e r au e n ot 1
C l r b x s
.
,
.
,
o o o e

Cu i g s p s d c rr s p d c 7 3
,
’
tt no a te nt an o e on en e. 1
ssiu m 7 9 ; f 6 3
.

C y id
an f p e o ota
,
u se o , .
214 IN E D X .

I d in p r p a r ti on d p r p
o e, e a an o e rti s e of , 90
Iodiz d c ll di 5 8 5 9
.

e o o on

Ir n p rchl ri d f 9 8
, , ,
o e o e o

p r t i tr a t f 9 7
, , .

o on e o , .

J en n y L i d s t dsn an
,
32 .

Ka o l i pr p
r i s f 75
n
,
o e t e o , .

L s s d ub l c v x c c v c v x d ub l c c v 1 9
en e , o e - on e on a o- on e o e - on a e,

L s s f rm s f 2 5 c m bi ti p r r i s 27 5
,
.
,
en e , o f f o 1 9, 0 o na on o or o t a t
ch r m ic b rr i f 2 3 5 s ph ric l b rr i f 2 2
o a t a
,
e a t on o e a
,
a e a t on o ,
,

lm g s ds 3
,
.

L e ve ta n 5
L i gh d c m p si i f 1 ,
.

t, e o o t on o 6
Li m s 9 8
.
,
t u ,
.

M i pu l ti s f h p si iv c ll di
an a on p r c ss 1 29 ; g tiv
o t e o t e o o on o e ne a e

p r c ss
,
o e 143
M sur s d W i gh ts 2 1 0
.
,

ea e an e .
,
M ilk 9 9
i g p si tiv s p p r 5 7
.
,
M oun t n o e on a e
,
1 .

N ti
ev a f p ri i g p si iv s 1 5 1 1 69
ves or nt n o t e ,

Ni r f p t sh 1 2
,
.

t a te o o a 0
Ni r f si l v r 1 6
, .

t a te o e 1
N r f si l v r b h m d f p r p ri g f p si tiv s 6 4 5 f
.
,

1 t a te o e at o e o e a n or o e or

g iv s 1 4 7 5 f g i s d p si iv s i H l i s p
, ,
’
ne at e or n e a t ve an o t e n e o ro

c ss 64 e 1
,

Ni tr f si l v r us d i d v l p i g g iv s 1 4 5
,
.

a te o e e n e e o n ne at e

Ni ric ci d p r p r i d pr p r i s f itr
.
,

t a 00 5 e i a a t on an o e t e o 1 u se n n a te

i m ki g l ub l c
.
,
b h 5 a 47 5 t 6 46
1 1 86 n a n so e ot ton ,

Ni tr su lph uric ci d us d i p r p ri g s l u b l c t
.
, ,

o- 42 5
a e n e a n o e o ton , ,
1 .

O id x f si l v r p r p r ti
e o f 09 e e a a on o 1
O xy g
, ,
.

9 en, 10
Oxy m l p r p r ti
.

e f 1 05
,
e a a on o , .

P p r s si i
a e , f p ri ti g 1 5 2 5 l c h l us d i 20
en t ve or n n a o o e n, 1
f c m ph r i c m b i i wi h i diz d l
.
,

P f
a te n t h or t e u se o a o n o n a t on t o e co

l di o6 5f s l i g ph gr ph ic p i ur s 7 7 5 f h
on , 17 or ea n o to a c t e 1 or t e
f lc h l d sicc i g g
,
u se o a 78 5 f
o o h f as a e at n a e n t, 1 or t e u se o

b r m id f p o ssium i c ll di 7 8 5 f h
e o f j o ta n o o on , 1 or t e u se o a

p d sur f c s f
a nn e k i g p si iv s 7 9 5 f ph gr ph ic a e or ta n o t e 1 or o to a

p ic ur s i il 1 8 1 5 f m k i g r s p r b rd rs 8 3 5
,
t e n o or a n t an a en t o e 1
c l ri g p si iv s 8 5 8 7 5 f l bu m iz d c ll di 8 6
o o n o t
,
e 1 1 or a en e o o on ,
,
1
Pl t H l d rs L wis s p t s l id gl ss c r rs f
.
, ,
’
a e -
o e 7 e a e n t, o a o ne or, 13
vic s 64 ,
.

Pl a te e , ,
 IN EX D . 215

rr i
Po t a t l e n s s c m bi i f 2 7
e , o n a t on o ,

r yp s ) pr c ss f p r duci g 2 9 5 b y h H
.

Posit1 v es, ( a m b ot e o e or o n 1 t e e

li p r c ss 1 4 5 p ri i g l bu m iz d p p r 9 2 6 5
, ,
o o e 6 nt n on a en e a e 1 3, 0
a i i r f si lv r us d i
m m on o-n
,
t5 f c hl ri d
a te o f e e n, 1 52 u se o
,
o e o

g ld i o ig 5 fi xi
n g t on5 fi xi g nd b ri gh i g 1 55 n 1 55 n an te n n

r s u r s c i i i us ,
.
,

( m b t y
a p ) H m ph y
o ll d eg l d g d i 6 5 e
’
o o on n e n, 3
p ri i g fr s f 3 6 5 c ll d i f 5 8 9 5 m ic us d
,

nt n ame o r, o o on or 5 a e
, ,
f 36 or, 1
P si iv s l r gi g fr m g tiv s 1 99
.

o t e en a n o ne a e
sh 5 5 b h f 6 , ,
.

P ota 10 c a1 o a te o , 10
Pr c ic f h p si iv c ll d i p r c ss 2 9 5 g iv p r c ss
.
,
a t e o t e o t e o o on o e 1 ne at e o e

4 3 5 H l i s p si iv g iv p r c ss 64 5 p ri i g
, ,
’
1 d e o o t e an ne at e o e 1 nt n

p pr
,
on a e 1 51
Pris m r fr c i f l i gh b y 4
.
,
4 1 5 e a t on o t 1
f mm s d d v l pi g p si i v s 6
, , .

P rotos u lp h i te o 1 g i u e in e e o n o t e 2 ,
11 e a t ve s
,
4 14
Py r g ll ic ci d p r p r ti
.

o a f a 7 ,
e a a on o
,
10 .

S si izi g p p r
en t n f lc h l i a 20 e u se o a o o n, 1
Si lv r p r p r i s f 7 5 r m v l f s i s fr m h ir t f
,
.

e o e t e o 10 e o a o ta n o t e n t a e o ,
6 5 r c v r y f fr m w s s l u i s 2 03
, ,
1 1 e o e o o a te o t on

S l r s p c ru m
.
,

o a 4 e t 1
S l ub l c
.
,
o e 42 5 H d w ott on , 46 a o on

S ph ric l b rr i
.
,
e a 22 a e a t on ,

Sp s u p p si iv s 3 9
.

ot on o t e 1
S i s d li s p p si i s 1 9
,
.

ta n an ne u on o t ve
,
3 .

T au p t M eno h is C ll d i l b um p r c ss 9 0 o o o-a en o e 1
T s p p r
,
.
, ,
.

e t- a e f 20 u se o 5
T i g b th f p si iv s p p r 5 5
, .
,

on n a or o t e on a e ,
1 .

W i gh ts d M sur s 2 0
e an ea e
,
1 .
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