Jf Influence of Rate of Strain and Temperature on Yield Stresses of Mild Steel By M, J. MANJOINE,* EAST PITTSBURGH, PA. ‘This paper describes the influence of rate of strain and temperature on the yield stresses of mild steel. Tensile teste are reported for room temperature, 200, 400, and. 600 ©, at rates of strain which vary from 10-* to 10" per sec. The results of these tensile tests are plotted to show ‘more clearly the effects of strain-aging on the yield stresses, and ultimate stress, ‘The comparison of the yield stress, st various strain rates permits an analysis of the influence, of strain. ‘The conditions necessary for discontinuous ‘elding are described and compared with test experiences. Ixmmonverion ONSIDERABLE research has been devoted tothe influence of temperature and of speed of testing on the yield-point stressand theultimate strength of mild steel, ‘This paper is presented as astep farther in the understanding of the yielding of aild steel and describes the influonco of temperature and rate of strain on the yield stressos at various strains as well as on the stressesat the lower yield pointand atthe ultimateload of tension fest. In a previous paper (1)* by A. Nadai and the author, tensile tests wre described at various rates of strain and tempera” tures, but only results concerning the ultimate stress were re- ported. Tn this paper the tonsile tests for mild stel are further analyzed, Because of the numerous articles on the testing of mild stel, reference will be made only to a few which contain a more com plete bibliography. In 1938, Davie (2) reviewed the literature ‘on tho effect of speed of testing on the yield point of mild steel snd added the influence of loading rate. Other work hes been published since that time. Edwards, Phillips, and Jones (3) scribed the influence of some special elements on the steain- sping and yield-point characteristics of low-carbon ste. High- ‘peo tension tests were reported by Brown and Vincent (). Smith and Wood (5) gave the stress-strain eurve for the atomic lattice of mild steel and related the change of the lattice spacing to the external yield point AAs early as 1900, Le Chatolior (6) pointed out thet the peale of the ultimate stress-temperature curve for low-carbon sted! could he shifted to a higher temperature by increasing the speed of testing. Later Carpenter and Robertson (7) described the rt aging contributes in shifting the peak of the “stross versus tuin-ate” eurve toward a higher rite for increasing tempera ture, “The term “strain-aging’” will be used frequently in this ‘per and will efer to the change in the phy'sieal properties of "Research Engineer, Westinghouse Electric and Manufactarine Company. Mem. ASME, au, Ntmbors in parentheses refer to the Bibliography atthe ead of the paper Presented at the National Meeting of the Applied Meshanice Division, Chicsgn, I, June 10-17, 191, of Ta AMERICAN SOCIETE or Mrcnaseat Exorkrens Discussion of this paper should be addressed to the Secretary, ASALE., 29 West s0th Serect, New York, N.Y, and wil be acceptod ‘sot Jantary 10, 1985, for publication at a later date, ‘Discussion ‘evved after the losing date wil be returned ‘TE: Statombats nd opinions advanced in papers are to be ‘cersood as individual expressions of thelr authors and not thea othe Society steel caused by permanent deformation in the “blue-heat” range, or by storing permanently deformed steel at normal or moderate ‘temperatures. A complete review of the literature on the ging of steel and its effect on the physical properties can be found in a paper by Kenyon and Burns (8). ‘Trsr Resuurs Testing Apparatus. ‘Two machines wore employed in making the tomsle teste desoribod here, » high-speed tension machine for the fast strain rates and a constant etrain-rate machine for the intermediate and slow rates of testing. These machines and ‘the shape of the test spesimen were described in tno previous papers (1, 9). The mild stoel used in this investigation was a ‘commercial low-carbon open-hoarth steel, ‘The finished test specimens were bright-annesled for 1 hr st 920 C in dissociated Original Curves. Six of the criginal otcillograms of high- speed tests are shown in Fig. 1. The axes aro drawn to outline ‘these lonc-olongation curves. No scales are given as several different magnifications were used in recording the load and longation and in photographie enlarging, The large spot at the origin is caused by the electron beam of the oscllassope whieh is stationary for about 1 see bofore the test starts, The heavy’ vertical trie in (e) and (2) was caused by an imperfection ia the beam switch which was later changed. ‘The grating which appears in (d), (€, and (f) is O.1-in grid which is placed in front of the eathode-ray sereen for quick determination of the deflection of the beam. It is also used as a reference when measurements are takon from enlarged oscilograms. At the beginning and end of the oscillosrams, vibrations oveur having he natural frequency of the foree-measuring gystem which is ‘excited by the sudden yielding of the specimen or by the drop ‘of the load at fracture. ‘The frequeney ofthis vibration is about 11,000 eyeles per see. ‘At the strain rte of 100 per se, escilogram (0, the amplitude of this vibration is small and the upper and lower yield points can readily be seen. The specimen in this test was not broken, ‘The amplitude of the vibrations increases with the speed of testing, as can be seen in (a) and (6). At higher speeds the aan- plitude on first yielding becomes nearly as large as the deflection ‘caused by the loud. Because of the high writing speed in these latter oscilograms they eannat be sttisfactorly reproduced for publication. ‘The vibrations are fortunately damped down as the specimen yilds. This ean be seen in (e) and (J). At 400 C, cscillogram (¢), » yield point can stil be distinguished with the vibrations increasing in amplitade at the yield point and dying down as the specimen ‘Typical recorded curves ebtained on the constant strain-rate ‘machine have beon photographed and are shoren in Fig. 2. The curves shown are those obtained on mild steel at 200 G for four diflerent rates of strains. The elstie constant of the constant, straineate machine is rather high. ‘The recorder is eapable of following vibrations of 20 eyeles per sce, and therefore ean follow the changes of load which occur during diseontinuows yielding. A close inspection of the curves, made atthe rates of 8.5 X10" snd 2 X 10~* persue lustestes the osilations ofthe load which, ‘ceur during discontinuous yielding Aan ASME Teansachou p 2il - 218 Joumal via 4744 of Apelied MechanicsDECEMBER, 194; JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS Avia Seis a ROOM TEMP, B10 SEC. -,ROOM TEMP. '300/SEC.| MANJOINE—INFLUENCE OF RATE OF STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE ULT. STRESS 85000 LB/SQ. IN. STRAIN RATE SI IN,/IN,/ SEC. ULT. STRESS H 68400 L8./SQ. IN.. STRAIN RATE 2.05 X 10-2 IN,/AIN,ASEC. ULT. STRESS 70,000 LB,/SQ. IN. STRAIN RATE, 8.55 X 10-4 IN,AN,/SEC. ULT. STRESS 73900 LB/SQ. IN. STRAIN RATE . 3.42 X10°5 IN, AN /SEC. 2 4 STRAIN SCALE IN INCHES 4 Fic. 2._Erenor op Sraars Rate of Mito Steet ar 200 Discessiox op Smss-Smant Conves ‘The eviginal curves sre a record of losd versus elongtion. ‘Some of thase curves have been roplotied seth stress ase function of strain and aro shown in Figs. 3 to 6, inclusive, ‘The stress tuased on the original cross section, end strain is the total Strain, In replotting the high-speed dingrams, sn averaging curve has been drawn through the vibrations which oeeur on the ‘iginal record. ‘The room-témperature stress-strain curves, given in Fig. 3, show the effect of the speed of testing on the shape of the eurve. Jbrene aeins Ata strain rate of 8.5 X 10) per sc, the time ofthe testis long ‘enough to allow strain-aging atthe higher strains, and therefore ‘greater ultimate strength is obtained than for the test made at = rate of 8.5 X10" per soe. The yild-point stress is not notice ably alfected by aging and shows a uniform increase with strain rate. The yiel-point elongation increases with strain rate and reaches about § per cent strain at the rate of 800 per see. The strain at the ultimate is about 20 per cent and changes very little ‘with epeed of tatting. ‘The first portion of the curve at 800 per sce ie dashed because it reprosents the averaging curve of theAg JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS DECEMBER, 1044 ae waged shes, of —}_— ost | < some) | UES \ if i ia Re. asnortie 8 uf a a | | 0 ro ) r ro ft 1 | 1 | Fio.3 Sunuss-Senaty Conves or Muto Saozt ar Roost Trstrea- ‘Tone rox Vanroce Rare oF Sama Fro, 4 SuneseSta4in Conves oF Miro Srent a 200 G ron Vani ‘ove Rates or Seats | — pnosrsee. Da/se [son/sec. ‘agno-t/sec. S | 2 i ooinn | SAT Fio.5 Smess-Grests Conves or Mizo Seat ar 400C ron Vane ‘ove Reve ov Seman Fro, 6 SrmeteSreu Ouavzs or M uno Sxenn az 600 © FOR Vantows Rarbs or Sraan — || | Le «rations which occurred on the original diagrams. ‘The spect jpen testd at a strain rate of 100 per see necked down but was pot broken. "The stress-strain curves for 200 O, Tig. 4, are plotted with the erin origin shifted 5 per ceut to the right for each subsequent, Sve taken ata slower strain tate, ‘The yield point, yield-peint onetion, tod ultimate strength increase with strain rate. The titimate strength is also influenced by strain-aging. Aba strain fate of 8.5 X 10° per coo, diecontinuous yielding starts at about Sper cent strain, ‘Tho amplitude of the drop of the stress 4uting yielding is about 5000 psi for our tensile machine. ise fontinuous yielding ssp occurs at a strain rate of 2 X 10" per ee, but the amplitude ofthe drop in stress is only 800 psi. ‘At 400 C, Fig. 5, tho yield point has practially disappeared, buts break in tie curve isatill preseat. ‘The yield stress at 0.2 per cont incresses with strain rate, but the ultimate strength Treenses at fist and then decreases ‘The curves for 600 C, Fig. 6, show the largo increase in the strength for the higher strain rates. ‘The yield point has come Potly disappeared at this igh temperature, Isruvexcr or Suan Rare ox Tevsiue Pronewmiss MANJOINE—INFLUENCE OF RATE OF STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE, A215 strain, this band increases in width for higher rates, No points. ‘can be shown within this bond as etross and strain have little significance during the yield-point elongation, ‘The yi with rate; whea the yield-point elongation reaches these strains ‘the yild-atress curve is terminated. At higher strains and the slowest rates, however, the efect of strain-aging begins to show. "Tho yield strostes for thoco higher strains deereaso with rate, reach # minimum, and then increase uniformly at the higher rales. In the region where the slope of the stress versus strain~ rate curve is nogative, discontinuous yielding will coour. This ‘fleet will be deseribed later in more detail, ‘These curves are fortunately very flat in the region in which the ordinary short- time tensile tests are made (about 2 X 10! per ee). "The temperature of 200 C has always beon considered s critical ‘one for mild steel becauge at or near this temperatare considera Die strain-aging takes place during the ordinary short-time tensile test, and dissontinoous yielding ususlly occurs. ‘The season for discontinuous yielding can be soon in Fig. 9, which shows the variation of thie yield stresses with straia rate. As or Minp Srent x” Ron Taam=eavuxe sco From the stress-strain eurves for various rates at room temperature, the influence of strain rate on ‘sveral of the tensile propertce hes boon determined amt is indicated in Fig. 7. This carve shows the do- pendence of the vield-point stress, the ultimate stress, tind the otal elongation on the rate of straining at room temperature, In addition, the ratio of the yield point stress to the ultimate stroas is given. ‘The Vield-point stress is taken as the stress at the lower yield point. This stress ineeases continuously with ‘hezateof strain, while theultimate stress shows a de- nsw a0 nt : ‘crease forthe lowest rates and an inerease forthe high rates. Tho ratio of yield stress to ultimate stress increases over the entire range of strain rates; at the lowest rate the ratio ie 60 per cent whileatthe =f Ege [ert Td highest mate itis over 95 per cent. ‘The elongation t fe | Snereanoe at the lower rates uti practically constant Lt eo {| 4 trom a nate of 10°? to 10" peraee, range of ates 1 ; oe nae no 101005000. ie. Ieruceece of Rare oF Sema on Tent ProPeantan OF Isptvexce oP Rats op Sars os Yiew Seassses Seer oe eaten eed ‘Todelermine the efor of rate strain on the ld yg ™ stresses necessary” to, deform mld sted the true yield streses have been computed for varousstains of ° ofc atrestrain curves in Figs. 3, 4, 8, and 6. | ‘he tr yield stress is the Load at a given str | viel by the actual ure, or tueloadstessatagiven 4 strain multiplied by a factor (C plas the unt strain). & ‘The rruls of the roomtemperatare testsarogiven 2 in Fig. 8. The tran yold etremes are shown for tho Yield point and for the strains of 2,4, 8, and per = cent; Hneluded In addition isthe rue stress at theul> nate Toad of the tensile tet. ‘The stress at the ; e Yield point fs taken at the lower yidd point where | —b—— iB“ the material dows at practically a constant load Se throughout the yiekd-point elongation. Although. I the naa Toad is constant, the true stress in the ROE VES ERE HT AROS BTS RON TE nil stel mist Snerease daring the yield-peint elon fae etl tate ‘ation; the amount ofthe ncrnse depends upon the (ire Main that takes place. Therefore, the values of = tL Lee | | ridé-point elongation must be shown Since the yield-point elongation increases with rate of Fro. ‘Taos Veto Srazases a7 Vasoua Sma Vexsve Seasnr ‘Rave ron Mito Srest ar Ktoow TavanarOneA216 stated before, discontinuous yielding can be expected when the strese versus struinerate curve has negative slope. This mesns that the material ean yield more repidly at a lower stross, as it does; to keop the average rate constant, tho material will bo stretched much more slowly during another part of the cycles this causes the load to build up again and the eycle is repeated, Tn Fig. 9, the yield steess at 8 par cent strain has © negative ‘ i i : Bro.0 Thus Yierp Smsases a Various Seaatna Vantos Somat ‘Rave ros Mize Steet a2 2006 ee ne JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS DECEMBER, 191s slope from a rate of 10°* to 5 X 10-! per see. “Referring to the curve for the strain rate of 8.5 X 10-* per sec, which is in the range previously mentioned, Figs. 2 or 4, discontinuous yielding starts at a strain of about 8 por cant and continues up to the ultimate strength. The tension teat at the rate of 2 X 10-* sec is also in this range of negative slope, and discontiny Yielding starts at a strain of # per cent and continuss ap to rupture of the specimen. The amplitude of the fuctuation in loed during yielding, however, is about one fifth of that which occurred at therate of 8.5 X 10-t per see. This ean be accounted for by the fact that the mild stel sirain-ages at the same rate in both tests, but at the higher average strain rate les irae isavail ble, ond thorefore less effect ean be expected. ‘Biseontinuous yielding has been described by other inventi- gators who gave aging at the oaly explanation. Among the list to show this rapid variation in load during deformation were Bach and Baumann (10), and KOrber and Pomp (11). ‘They found the effect for ferrous metals when tested atslightly elevate temperatures. Quinny (12) showed that discontinuous yis. ing may oecur at room temperature for Yorkshire iron at wey slow speed of testing (ee Figs. 7 and 8, for the negative slope the stresestrainsate eurve at the lowest rates). Elam (15) found the same thing for Armco iron and aluminum alloys at room temperature and compared discontinuous yielding with an ‘ging effotswhich oeours ina tet in which frequent rest periods are allowed. Strin-aging is dependont upon time and temperature. tts fost may be either beneficial or, as in the ease of overagine, Udleterious, Sineo annealing or recrystallization may oceur, Fie. 10 mua sreee ar cool t GO mtr ok [oa —— Rey ie. eG \. Ress m 000 LBviNE v f te rica ql ULTIMATE a vieLD POINT staEsses oF_\y ‘MILD STEEL. AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES | ‘AND RATES OF STRAIN, WHT Fra, 11 Taye Yinio Srasaons az Vantovs Seman Vs ‘Rave ron Mite Srunt at 600 © c ened avone ra, 12 Ursiweane ano Yosto-Poisr Srazssea op Mato Srext ‘Vantous Peserznarones ano Tusres o7 Sonat| ‘MANJOINE—INFLUENCE OF RATE OF STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE Aa tt TRUE YIELD STRESSES OF MILD STEELY. |. FOR VARIOUS STRAINS AND TEMPERATURES A] ‘ATA STRAIN RATE OF 8.5xI0-YSEC. Or rewpeiarunee SP Fio, 19 Taue View Grassors or Muup rest. rox Vanious ‘Eenatns ann Teneanarones sta Staats HATE OF 8.8 % 10" FER ‘Ske AX [ FIG. ‘TRUE YIELD STRESSES OF MILD STEEL. to[ FOR VARIOUS STRAINS AND TEMPERATURES. ATA STRAIN RATE OF 0.5/SEC. 18S Boe aco 206 ‘TEMPERATURE Fig.14 ‘Taye Yneto Smnssnes or Mirp Sezst ron Vasrous Srna ‘asp Taurnnarents 02 4 Sem Rave oF 05 PER SKC = (CT CCR ee le 3 vieuo Pow: rN Neco vote \ |e FIG.13 NL | rics TRUE YIELD STRESSES OF MILD STEEL, ick FOR VARIOUS STRAINS AND TEMPERATURES | | ATA STRAIN RATE OF 300/SEC. *rewpenarune Fre.16 Tare Yreto Senesses op Mrun Srest ron Vantous STmAiN “ann Teupenartnes at A Sri Hare oP 800 FER BEC ‘which i also a funetion of time and tomporature the yield stresses for mild stee] for high temporatures will be influenced by all these factors, Ab 400 C, Fig, 10, all the foregoing effects show ‘up when tests are made over @ large range of strain rates, At the higher strains, ahove 4 per cent, aging causes an increase in eld stress as the strain rate is deeronsed, thus allowing e longer time for o given strain, However, as the strain rate is further decreased, the time becomes great enough to allow: overaging, fannesling, and reerystallization; therefore the yield. stress decreases’ with further decresses in strain rate, For strains below 4 por cant, the Yield stresses increase with strain rate throughout the range investigated, At this temperature, the rid point is no longer observed at the slow strain rates, but a ‘Sight break in the stressstrain curve can still be seen. ‘At 600 C, Fig. 11, the speed effect is more pronounced. The Yield stresses ofall trains inereaso with ate of strain, The effect of stisin-hardening increases with strain rate since the timo {or receystalization and annealing decreases, Ispuvesce of Thureneruas ox Utmnqoe Sreexerm ann, Varun Dorse Sransses ‘The stresees at the ultimates of the loeds and at the yield points have been taken from some of the stress-strain curves ‘and are plotted as « Junction of temperature for the stesin rates, 9f 85 X 10-4 0.5 and 800 per sec, Fig. 12. The solid points fre etuol test points, while the open points are interpolated from other curves. At the higher temporatures, the lower yield- point curve is shown as a broken line; the stress for this portionAs Of the curve is taken at tho yield strese for 0.2 per cent strain, ‘The peak in the ultimate-strength curve is a result of aging aad strainbardening. Since these processes take time, the peak can be shifted toa higher temperature for increasing strain rate, ‘The yield point is not noticeably affected by strain hardening and therefore undergoes a smaller ehift aa the strain rate is imereased. The peak at the lowest rate occurs at about 400 C, ‘which i 160 C higher than the pesk of the ultimate stress at the sane rate, However, st the high speeds, the peaks in the ultimate-stress and yield-point-stress curves accur at practically the same temperature, ‘Taos Youn Snes Versus Tewanarons ‘Based upon the preceding curves, Figs. 8 to 11, inclusive, the effect of temperature ean now be battar studied by comparing the yield stresses at soveral constant rates of etrain. Com parisons are made at rates of 85 X 10-4 0.5, and 900 per see in Figs 13,-14, and 15, The solid points on the eurves are actual test points, while the open points ate interpolated from Figs. 8 to 11, inchusive. Tho yild-point ourve ia joined with the curve {or 02 per cent strain but the lattar portion of the ourve is chown as broken line, At the strain rate of 8.5 X 10~* per see which is about the rate of a short-time tensile ast, the yield-point elongation is about 1 per cont for the lower fomporstures and vanishes for tom- peratures of about 400 C and higher, At this strain rate the strain-aging range extends from 100 to 400 C; ab per cent strain ‘8 much higher temperature is needed to straia-age the steel, tha peak in the stress versus temperature curve coming at about 400 . Howover, as the strain is inereased, this peak shifts to lower temperatures and, af tho ultimate of the oad in the tension tas, ‘cours at about 250 C. ‘The curves in Fig 18 show that a sherp change in shape takes pluee in the curves between the strains of 1 and 2 per cent, This indicates that a strain of between 1 to 2 per cent is necessary to Accelerate strain-aging and that further increase ia etree for higher strains is coused by strain hardening. This statement can be better understood if we compare eross soctions of the curves at room temperature and at 250 C, At room tempera: ‘tare, stain-aging osewrs so slowly that it can be neglected at this strain rate, ‘The increase in stress necessary to deform the mild steel at increasing strain Isa result of strain hardening, and the amount of strain bardening ean be seen from the spacing of the curves. At 250 C tho spacing between the | and 2 per cent strnin curves is much groater than the spacing at room tem- perature, but the spacings between the other carves are about the ‘tame for both temperatures, The diference in spacing between the curves is a result of strain aging. At temperatures of 1006 and above, strain aging and hardening aecar, but their effet is reduced by annealing or eorystallization and is only noticoable at strains below 1 por cout. ‘When the strain rate is increased to 0.5 per soo, the peak in the curve for true stress at the ultimate load occurs at about 325 C, Fig. 14. The peaks of the yield-poiat and 1 percent strain curves have not been changed ino far as tsmperature is concerned but |have increased bocause of theincroasoin strain rato. To separate strain-handoning and strain oging, the difereace ia the spacing of the curves must be compared at room temperature und about 325 C. From this comparison it is avident that a much higher strain is neoossuty to acoolerate strain aging; the actual strain lias comowhoro between 4 and 8 per cent. We can therefore ‘onclude that, as the speed is inoreased a higher temperature and strain are necessary to arcelorate strain aging. ‘Ata strain rate of 200 per see, Fig. 15, the pealc in the stress- tomporature curves ocours at about 549 C forall straine, Very little time, less than 0.001 s0o, is available for strain agiog, but 7 JOURNAL OF APPLIKD MECHANICS DECEMBER, 1944 the temperature isso high that the aging takes place at a very high rate. The Inck of data between 400 and 600 C prevents ‘ny aceurate conclusion about the spacing ofthe curves. At this high rate, the yield-point elongation is about 8 per cont at room temperature and decreares to about 1 per cent at 400 C. Concrosioxs ‘The influence of temperature and the rate of strain on the yisld stresses of mild steel has been deseribed for the rane of strain rates from 10~* to 10% per seo, an increase of 1 to 1,000, (000,000 and for temperatures from about 25 to 600 C. At room temperature, the ultimate strength decreases slightly st tha very low rates and thon incrosces with strain rate, showing ‘2.40 per cont increase at the highest rate, The lower yield point increases throughout the range of sates with en over-all incteare ‘of 170 per cent. ‘The total elongstion for the higher rates practically constant at 40 percent, ‘At tho higher temperatures, the yield atreases are greatly aft fected by strain aging. Ta gonoral, a2 the strain rate is ins creased, a higher temperature and strain are neeessary to ac. celerate strain aging. When the yield stress-strain rate curve has a negative slope, discontinuous yielding ean be expected ‘The fuetuations of tho load which ooour during discontinuous ‘yelding decreaso in amplitude as the strain rate is increased. ‘At 600 ©, the infuence of strain aging is reducod or completely liminated by annealing and recrystalliation, and the yield stresses increase with atrain rate over the entire range AcrNownEneuEs® ‘This analysis was mado on tests previously reported (1) with Dr. A. Nadal to whom the writer expresses his appreciation for ‘counsel and permission ¢o use the rosulte of there tts, BIBLIOGRAPHY 2." “Tho Leet of tho Spcod of Stretching and the Rats of Load- on the Yielding of Mild Sted," by B.A. Davis, Trang. ASME, vel60, 1098, pp. AST. 13 “The Intense of Some Special Elemeats Upon the Sti: Aging and Yielé-Point Charactristce of Low-Carbon, Stools," by GLAS Beards, D. L Pailips, and HN. Jones, Journat of ths Iron ae Sted Fratee, eo. 142,20, 2, 1940, 9p. ESB-222P., ‘4 “The Relationship Between Stes and Strain in the Tenall Impact Test" by A, B-CBrown and N-D. G. Vincent, Procesings of Ehe Institution of Mechanical Engineers, val 145, 1981 pp. 128-134 5. "A StreseSuran Curve for the Atomio Latiien of Mild Steel and the Physical Sigaifeance of the Yield Point of a Metal" by SL, Smith and W. A. Wood, Proceedings of the Royal Socisty of Tandon, vel-178, 1942, pp. 130-400. 1 Tnwence du temps et do ia température sur le ele ou hog" Révuo de Metallurg Memaires, by &. LoChetally, val 8 1009, pp. 814-017. 7 "etal," by H. Carpenter and J.-M. Robertson, Oxford Unlyorslty Pres, Now York, N.Y? vola, 1920, p 119. 8 “Aging in Iron and Stel." by B. . Kenyon and R, S. Burs, Sympesiam on Dresipitetion Handaning, A SSE. 1909, pe 2 3 Wigh Speed javated. Pemparatucs " Procaadings of the AST: by C. Bach and R. Baumann, second sition. Sullus Springer, Berli, 1621, p11. TL "Verglefehende “Untersuchung aber das Verhalten vou 1: legiorton und lgiersen Kostlblochen bel exten Temperaturea td hhinsichtlich Altrung und Relaistalisation,” hy Fy Harber sad 4 Pomp, Mittaiungen sus dem Kelser Williim Testitat far Bisenfor schung, vl. 9, 1927, pp. 330400. 12) "“ime ‘ect fn Testing Metal." by TE. Quinney, The £4 ince, vol 187, 1084, pp. 502-094. 15 “"The Influence of Rate of Deformation on the To ‘ith Special Heference to tho Yield Point in Tron and Steel," by OF am, Proceedings ofthe Royal Society of Londen, 1983, p. DS.