Abstracts.] INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF • MAGNESIAN C:UlltEN'rH.
462 THE GERMAN CEMENT-1\fAKERS' ASSOCIATION.
th~ crushing t est the decisive one. It was found that when the
bnqu~ttes wer e .exposed t o tho air for fourteen days, after having
been rmmerscd m wat r for :t like period, the streno·th increased
50 per cent. ns con:lJlfiT cl w i Lh hTiqu ttoe~ which re~ained under
water tho whole of Lh c twe11ty- ight days. Th o t ests made with
neat ce:non t Hl WWl'<l tl1 at tl10 figures obtained did not allow a
comp~nson .to 1> <1rn;wn hot we n cliff rent cement s.
A dlt:l 'UHHlOil t<!ok pl ace r egarding the mOl'its of various ma chines
for t ho ] l ~ '< 1 fl il l'ltt10n of. tho briquettes. 'Two machines of different
C01.1 H t:·ll C LI01~ l1 ~Ve hitherto been used; Dr. Bohme's, on the
J.lr~ 11 0 1p~ o ~ >I IL t~lt-hammer, and Koomp's, which resembles a pile-
~ ltl vo r 111 lt Hnot wn. It :vas remarked that Kremp's machine o-ave
u.'.·op;1il,aT r esults accordmg to the lubrication of the guide~rod.
11ohmo l:l apparatus was adopted as the one to be used for standard
t f:l t~.
A r~port was r:ead upon the results of the conference at Munich,
th. o?J ect of w!nch was to decide upon uniform methods of testing
hm lclmg-matenals. At this conference a number of resolutio
w er e passe~ with reference to the testing of cement, limes a:~
other matenals. ' magnesia contained in the rocks from which this cement is manu-
A lo~g discussion ensued upon the revision of the standard rules
~or t es.tmg cement. Several important alterations were made, and
m then ame?ded form these rules were adopted.
The quest;on of aclu]~erat.ed cement played an important part in
t he. proceeclmgs, and It wa~ stat~d that the export trade in
German cem~nt to. ~ustraha, wluch had become considerable,
had been serwu~ly lllJUrecl through the shipment to that country
of a larg;e quantity of cerpent of very inferior quality.
_Dr. Bohm~ gave the result~ of some experiments made to ascer-
t~m the resrstance to abrasiOn offered by twenty-eight different
lnnd~ of cement. The samples were pressed upon a cast-iron disk
rotatr~g at the rate o~ twenty-two revolutions a minute, a weighed
guantrty of emery bemg supplied at fixed intervals.
Of soven~y-nine. cement~ tested according to the standard rules
at tho Bm}-m testmg statiOn in 1883-4, sixty-seven had a tensile
Htrongth of !n01·e than 213 lbs. per square inch (15 kilograms per
R~ 11 111'? c ntrmctre ), forty wer.e above 284 lbs. per square inch
(2 0 lo l ~grams per. squar e centimetre), and one above 427 lbs. per
squ:uo lli Ch (i!O lnlograms per square centimetre).
W.F.R.
Fctil~t1'6S in va1·io~ts rVo1 ·ks, owinr; to the employment of Magnesian
Cements. By J,. J )u H AN D-U r.AYl~ and - DEBRA.Y.
(_\nnales des Ponts ct Chau ssccs, Gth seri es, vol. xi., 188 5, p. 845, 1 plate.)
Tho employment of a kind of Portland cement made in some
new works a~ Ca:np?on (Loiro-Inf6rieure) was authorized in 1876
for constructiOn In ~resJ: water, or out of water, in consequence of
some tests made wrth 1t at the Port of St. Nazaire, and in the
[Foreign
laboratory of the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. Thi s O:Llllfli Hlll
cement was accordingly used in the arches of three railway l>riil 12;nH
over the River Oust, opened in 1881, and in the abutmontH ol'
a railway bridge at Nantes, built in 1882-83. Fissures, h owever,
appeared in these works about a year after their completion, which
could be clearly traced to the swelling of the cement in the joints
under the influence of moisture. In a roadway bridge, half of tho
small brick arches between the two girders were laid in Boulogne
cement, and half in Camp bon cement; and whilst in the former
. half the arches remained intact, in the latter half the arches were
dislocated, rose, and disturbed the footpath. Th~ overth;.ow also
of boundary walls, pointed on one face with Campbon cement, and
disruptions of masonry laid with this cement in various buildings,
have resulted from the swelling of the cement. Analysis showed
that Campbon cement contains a large proportion of magnesia,
amounting in five samples to between 16 and 28 per cent. ; and the
swelling of the cement was naturally attributed to this cause.
This was confirmed by the action of sound cements mixed with
calcin,ed magnesia, which swelled under water in proportion to the
qp.antity of magnesia in the mixture. The large quantity of
factured does not wholly combine with the silica in the rocks ;
and this magnesia, having been calcined during the burning, is
gradually h ydrated, and swells. The hydration depends upon the
degree and the duration of the burning. The cement might last
if mixed with little water, and in a perfectly dry locality; but
when mixed with plenty of water, and in a moist atmosphere, it
swells rapidly, and is certain to dislocate any work in which it is
• used.
L. V. H .
On the Chai~ge of the Elastia Limit and St~·enr;th of Iron and
Steel, by Drawing Out, by Heating and Cooling, and by
npetition of Loading.
By J . BAUSCHINGER.
(Mittheilungen aus dem Mechanischen Technischen Laboratorium der k. Hochschule
in l\'li.inchen, 1886, p. 1-115.)
Of this extremely elaborate Paper containing a mass of experi-
mental r esearches, only a summary of the principal conclusions
can be given. Starting from. the fact th at loading a bar b eyond
the elastic limit raises the elastic· limit for a subsequent l oad, a
fact observed first by Uchatius and himself, the Author procoo<lH
to investigate this phenomenon more closely. His conclusions tLro
the following : -
(1.) By drawing out a bar of Bessemer steel, that is, by ] on,tlin ~
it beyond its breaking-clown point, its elastic limit risoH, not on'ly
during the time the ·load actf', but during a Test after unlontli11 g.
464 THE CHANGE OF THE ELASTIC LIMIT. [Foreign
This action asserts itself even beyond the load with which the biu
was stretched.
.(2.) T~e breaking;-clown point is immediately raised to the load
w1th .whlCh a bar lf:l drawn out. Rostino· after unloadin()' the
b rea.k mg;;l o;vr~. po .mt n.f:! . s abov:o tlw maximumb b'
load previously
a;pphocl. I h1 s m crcaf.ll', tiL tll s nr:nblo aft er some days, lasts perhaps
for mont hs.
(3.) Th laf! l;ic limi t ifl, by dntwin n- out, lowered often to zero ·
so t hat if i llllllClli 1tt ly afLcr draw ing 7>ut ::mel unloading, the mea~
suromm1Ls m·o agn,i11 t1 tkou, oi.t hcr thoro is no clastic limit or a
lowot (1 on . But rcs Li ng after th o clrn·w in <r out and unlo~clin()'
t~o ol lts l;~c limi.t rises again , and roaches, aft~· some clays, the lo~
w1th wlnch tho bar was drawn out, ancl will, aft er a sufficiently
long time, be raised above this limit.
( 4.) Similarly to the elastic limit, the modulus of elasticity is
lowered by drawing out. But it rises during a rest afterwards.
After some years it is higher than its ori()'inal value.
(5.) By extension with loads above th~ elastic limit, but below
the breaking-clown point, the elastic limit is raised. If the load
approaches the breaking-clown point, the elastic limit reaches a
maximum, and by overstepping the breaking-down point it is
lowered. · By J. 1\L
(6.) Powerful vibrations, in cold conditions of the bar lower the
elastic limit raised by drawing out, and a subsequent periocl of
rest. The breaking-down point is also lqwerecl but not much. .
(7.) For ingot-iron, heating and cooling at 350° C. if the coolin '"
is rapid, ~ncl. at. 450° 9· if t~e cooling is .slower, sensibly infiuenc~
the. elastlC hm1t and breakmg-clown pomt. For weld-iron, this
actwn occurs at 400° C. whether the cooling is mpicl or slow.
(8.) The a?tion of heating above those temperatures, and quick
or slow coolmg afterwards, always lowers the elastic limit and
breaking-down points.
(9.) By loads in t ension or compression above the elastic limit
the elastic limit in compression or tension respectively is lowered:
and so much more, the more the elastic limit is exceeded. For a
comparatively small excess over the elastic limit by a stress of one
kind, t he elast ic limit for the opposite stress is lowered to zero.
If a so-lowered elastic limit is raised by stress of a similar kind
and th en oxceeclocl, t h e cl~stic limit for opposite stresses is in turn
l owcrocl to zero, or almost t o zero. Time in these cases has litt:e
influence.
(10.) By gradually increasing stresses varying from tension t o
compression, t he clastic limits for opposite stresses are first lowered,
when those stresses cxccctl t ho original elastic limit.
( 11.) If the elastic limit for t ension or compression is lowered
by loads in compression or t ension, which exceed the orio·inal
elastic lin;tit, it can be ra~sed by gradually :;tPJ?lied loads changing
from tenswn to compressiOn , but only to a lnmt below the orio·inal
elastic limit. o three supposed cases; each track is supposed to be travcrHod J,y tt
( 12.) If a bar is strained by repeated tensions, the lower
Abstracts.] SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE STRENGTH OF IRON BRIDOBK . 'I (1:)
limit. of ;v~ich is zero, a~d. the upper limit is near the ori g; i11111
elast1c hm1t, several m1lhon changes of load will n oL Citll liO
fracture.
. (~3.) By often ~epe~ted loadings between zero and an upp01·
lnmt of stress, whlCh IS near or above the orio·inal elastic limit
this is raised so much the more the greater th~ number of repeti~
tions, but without passing a certain limit.
(14.) Repeated strainings between zero and an upper limit,
which raise the elastic limit up to the upper limit of stress,
do not cause fi:acture. But if the upper limit of stress is above
that to which the elastic limit can be raised, a limited number of
Tepetitions must cause fracture.
(15.) 'l'he limits of stress, when a bar is subjected to alternate
equal t ension and compression, ought not to exceed the natural
elastic limit.
w.c.u.
Specifications joT the Strength of Iron Bridges.
WILSON, M. Am. Soc. C.E., M. Inst. C.E.
(Transactions of the American Society of Civil Eng ineers, 1886, p. 389.)
The Author describes the t erms of a g eneral specification which
he h as now adopted as a standard for all bridges on the Penn-
sylvania railroad, ancl whose provisions may be classified under
the following heads :-
1st. The external fOTces to be provided for-includin()' prescribed
values of the rolling-load, wind-pressure, and centrifugal force
( on curved viaducts).
2nd. The basis on which the stresses resulting from these forces
should be calculated.
3rd. The allowed working unit-stress-this is not a constant,
but is to be computed by a certain modification of the Launhardt-
W eyrauch method, and to be further reduced in long struts by
applying a formula akin to that of Professor Rankine.
4th. 'l'he required quality of the material, as t ested for tensile
strength, elastic limit, ultimate extension, and behaviour under
colcl bending; and the required quality of workmanship as
indicated by gen eral stipulations.
5th. C01·tain prescribed details of construction connected witu
the bridge-floor, cross-ties, wheel-guards, &c.; and some rules for
t he dimensions of secondary bracing, plate-webs, stiffenon;
riveting, &c, '
In view of the increasing requirements of the traffic, the str SflC\1::1
clue to rolling-load are taken at the maximum value r esulti n p; from
train of cars weighing 3000 lbs. per foot lineal, the t rain H 111 ,vill g-
[THE INST. C.E. VOL. LXXXVII.] ~ 2 IL