Advances in Cement Research, 1993, 5 , No.
20, 139 - 146
Delayed ettringite formation: a microstructural
and microanalytical study
K. L. Scrivener* and H. F. W. Taylor*
IMPERIAL COLLEGE
Cement pastes were cured at 80°C and examined by
scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis and
X-ray diffraction immediately or after storage in water
for various periods at 20°C. Ettringite began to form a
few days after the heat treatment, as very small crystals
thinly dispersed throughout the paste in close admixture
with C-S-H. It subsequently recrystallized in cavities
typically 5 - I 0 p,m in size formed by dissolution of clinker
grains or in other ways. There were no indications that
this latter process disrupted the surrounding material. The
results favour the view that the expansion that can be
associated with delayed ettringite formation is driven by
processes occurring within the paste and not by the
formation of ettringite at aggregate interfaces.
Introduction
Several studies have shown that if a Portland cement
paste, mortar or concrete is cured at a temperature above
about 70°C, ettringite no longer forms, and some or all
of that which has formed prior to the heat treatment is
destroyed. )-7 If the material is subsequently kept in
water or approximately saturated air at ordinary tempera-
ture, ettringite is again formed. This latter process has
been called delayed ettringite formation; some investi-
gators 6 consider that carbonation plays an essential part
in it. Laboratory mortars and concretes thus treated may
or may not subsequently expand. A few cases of deteriora-
tion of field concretes cured at elevated temperatures have
been attributed to this effect.
For pastes stored in water, the formation of ettringite
subsequent to heat treatment appears to be nearing its limit
within about a month.4.s The expansion of mortars or
concretes is a slower process, which takes place typically
* Department of Materials, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road,
London SW7 2BP, UK.
Paper received 8 April 1993.
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on a time scale of several months.,·7 In mortars or
concretes that have expanded deleteriously, bands of
ettringite, typically some 10 p,m wide, are observed
around aggregate particles. ,.4.7 No detailed studies
appear to have been reported on the microstructural
aspects of pastes or mortars at ages earlier than those at
which expansion takes place. The object of the present
work was to study the microstructural changes in pastes
during this period and to relate them to the phase
assemblages found by XRD. The microstructures were
also compared with that of a paste of the same cement
cured at ordinary temperature.
Experimental
Preparation of paste samples
The cement used had the following compOSItIOn:
Na20, 0·32; MgO, 2·14; AI 20" 4·32; Si02, 20·9;
P 20 S , 0·15; SO,. 4·19; K 20, 1·02; CaO, 62·8; Ti0 2 ,
0·19; Mn20" 0·03; Fe20, , 2·80; ignition loss, 0·90;
total, 99·8 %; free lime, 0·35 %; insoluble residue, 0·6 %;
clinker S03, 0·8 %; specific surface area (Blaine),
552 m 2kg -). A modified Bogue calculation 8 gave: alite,
64; belite, 12; aluminate, 3; ferrite, 11; gypsum and other
forms of CaS04, 7; other phases (clinker sulphates,
periclase, free lime, insoluble residue, 3%).
The paste was hand-mixed for 3 minutes using freshly
boiled and cooled deionized water at wlc = 0·5. After
mixing, portions were immediately transferred to
polyethylene specimen tubes of approximately 10 cm 3
capacity, of which there was one for each of the samples
listed in Table 1. A little water was placed on top of each
paste and the tubes were stoppered. For samples to be
cured at 80°C, a pinhole was made in the top of each tube
to avoid a build-up of pressure during heating. The tubes
were immersed in water to just below their tops. For the
heat-treated samples, the water was maintained at 20°C
for 4 h, increased to 80°C at a uniform rate of
139
 Scrivener and Taylor
15 degCh - I, held at 80 ° C for 16 h and then allowed to
cool naturally to 20°C; this took about 4 h. The pinholes
were then sealed. The water was subsequently maintained
at 20°C and samples were removed as required and
immediately freeze-dried to prevent further hydration. The
sample examined directly after the heat treatment was
freeze-dried as soon as the 16 h treatment at 80°C was
complete. In all cases, a little water remained on top of
the paste.
X-ray diffraction
XRD patterns were obtained by Dr W. A. Gutteridge
at the British Cement Association using a Siemens
diffractometer with monochromatized CuKa radiation.
The peaks of Ca(OHh, which were always very intense
relative to those of the other phases present, were used
as internal standards for spacing.
XRD showed the presence in all samples of Ca(OHh,
C-S-H, residual clinker phases other than aluminate,
and the hydrated aluminate and sulphoaluminate phases
listed in Table I. The patterns of the individual phases
showed no unusual features except as noted later for
monosulphate. Small proportions of hydrogarnet, pro-
bably present in all the heat-treated samples, were most
clearly identified by a very weak peak at 0·438 nm,
corresponding to an a-axial length of 1·24 nm. There
were no indications of any alkali sulphate, calcium
sulphate or alkali calcium sulphate phases.
Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray
microanalysis
Slices were cut from the central parts of the cylinders,
polished and carbon-coated. Examination was made using
a Jeol JSM35-CF instrument fitted with a Link Systems
energy-dispersive X-ray analyser and a backscattered
electron (BSE) detector operated to maximize contrast
from compositional differences. Several fields from each
specimen were examined by BSE imaging and X-ray
microanalysis, usually at magnifications between 300 x
and 3000 x. Phases were identified in the SEM by a
combination of morphology, grey level in the BSE image
and X-ray microanalysis.
Microanalyses were carried out at an accelerating
voltage of 15 kV, using reference standards and matrix
corrections applied by the ZAF procedure. Analyses of
Table I. X-ray diffraction results for hydrated aluminate and sulphoaluminate phases
Precuring Curing Curing
time temperature: °C time
- 20 37 days
4 hours 80 16 hours
4 hours 80 16 hours
4 hours 80 16 hours
4 hours 80 16 hours
*. **, *** denote progressively stronger contributions to X-ray pattern.
d is spacing of low-angle peak of AFm phase.
140
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residual clinker phases, made at frequent intervals,
provided a check on the behaviour of the instrument and
computational procedures. For the hydration products,
each analysis relates to a region probably some 2 Ilm
across in each direction. Analyses were made for Na, Mg,
AI, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti and Fe. Oxygen was calculated by
stoichiometry. Analysis totals, including oxygen thus cal-
culated, were typically around 70% for the hydration
products. Analyses giving totals above 85% were assumed
to include significant contributions from anhydrous
phases, and are not reported.
The phases detected comprised residual alite, belite and
ferrite, and the hydration products subsequently described.
No unreacted calcium sulphate phases were found in any
of the specimens, but in one heat-cured paste a trace of
potassium sulphate was found to be encapsulated in
residual alite.
Most of the microanalyses were of the so-called
'undesignated product' that forms the matrix in which are
embedded regions of Ca(OHh, and of residual clinker
grains wholly or partly replaced by inner product.
Analyses corresponding to material consisting largely or
wholly of ettringite or mono sulphate were mostly obtained
from material present in cavities of typical size 5 -I 0 Ilm,
formed by the dissolution of clinker grains or in other
ways. Ca(OHh was abundant in all the samples, but only
a few analyses of it were recorded.
Owing to the effects of microporosity, and also because
water is lost in the high vacuum, absolute values for the
contents of elements in cement hydration products are in
general less meaningful than atom ratios. The ratios that
proved to be of most interest were Si/Ca, AI/Ca, SICa
and SIAl. The principal results of the analyses are there-
fore given as plots of AI/Ca against Si/Ca and of SICa
against AI/Ca. It is unlikely that any of these ratios was
significantly affected by contributions to the analyses from
material present in the pore solution. (When the pore solu-
tion evaporates during specimen preparation, the ions
dissolved in it are deposited in or on the solid phases.
Analyses 5 of the pore solutions of pastes of comparable
cements cured at elevated temperatures show that the ions
present in significant concentrations are K +, Na +, OH-
and soi - and that up to about 50 % of the alkali cation
is balanced by sOi-. This proportion decreases with the
period of storage after the heat treatment. In the present
Post-curing AFt AFm(monosulphate) Hydro-
time (ettringite) garnet
d: nm Intensity
- *** 0·89 ** -
0 - 0·82 *** *
6 days ** 0·82 ** *
36 days *** 0·89 ** *
0·82 ** *
135 days *** 0·89 *** *
Advances in Cement Research, 1993, 5, No. 20
 Studies of delayed ettringite formation

work, the Na/Ca and K/Ca ratios were usually 0·6

0·00-0·02 and 0·01-0·03, respectively. For mature
pastes of Portland cements cured at ordinary temperatures, AFm . :
0-5 . •
some 75 % of the K + and 33 % of the Na + are typically
contained in the pore solution. 9 These proportions are
•
unlikely to be grossly different for cements cured at
•
OA
elevated temperatures. The contribution to the observed
SICa ratios from sulphate deposited from the pore solution
•
is therefore unlikely to exceed 0·01.)
AFt
•
In the interpretation of the microanalyses, it was
•
assumed except where otherwise stated that the C-S-H
0-2
•
was unsubstituted and that the AJ present occurred
in aclmixed mono sulphate (C 4ASH x) or ettringite
(C 6 AS}Hd or both. Any more detailed assumptions

..
0-1
about the compositions of the hydrated phases would not
•
have been justified by the available data. Any errors in CH -.- •
the resulting conclusions would tend to cancel; thus, some 0
0-1 0·2 0-3 0·4 0-5 0·6
of the Al may have been present in the C-S-H, and for
SilCa
the pastes cured at 80°C in hydrogarnet, but any con- (a)
sequent error in the SIAl ratio of the hydrated sulpho-
aluminate phases would be offset by minor replacement 0-6
in them of AI by Fe.
0-5 AFt
Results and discussion
Paste cured for 37 days at 20°C
OA
XRD (Table I) showed the hydrated aluminate phases
present to be ettringite and monosulphate but not
hydrogarnet. The monosulphate was the normal '"
~ 0·3 • •
12-hydrate, characterized by its basal spacing ofO· 89 nm.
(fJ
•• •

• ."
These observations are what would be expected for a . / • AFm

.
0-2
cement of the given age and SO}I A1 20 3 ratio (0·97 by -
;f •
mass, 1·24 by moles). C-S-H/
.
BSE images showed the features normal for cement .. -j"-
pastes cured at ordinary temperatures. 10 Fig. I shows the 0'
principal atom ratios obtained by X-ray microanalysis.
A few analyses corresponded to essentially pure mono- o
0-1 0-2 0-3 0-4 0·5 0-6
sulphate. None were found that corresponded to material
Al/Ca
with ettringite as the sole or major constituent, though (b)
very small needle-shaped crystals protruding into cavities
Fig. 1. Atom ratio plots for the paste cured for 37 days at
at high magnifications were probably of this phase. They
20°C: (a) AIICa against Si/Ca; (b) SICa against AIICa
were too small for analysis. The only indication of the
presence of ettringite that is provided by the microanalyses
lies in the SIAl ratios found for the C-S-H gel, which Compared with those of pastes cured for a comparable
are consistent with the hypothesis that this material is a period at 20°C, typical BSE images of the paste examined
mixture of C-S-H containing at most only a small directly after the heat treatment at 80°C showed a much
content of AIH together with ettringite. The ettringite is higher degree of hydration (Fig. 2). The rims of hydra-
thus more intimately mixed with the C-S-H than is the tion products surrounding the larger cement grains were
monosulphate. typically some 4-5 /-tm thick. This situation is comparable
to that reached after several days at ordinary
Paste cured at 80°C and rapidly cooled temperature. IO Hollow shells resulting from complete
The XRD pattern for the paste examined directly after hydration of relatively small grains were abundant, but
the heat treatment included a peak of spacing 0·82 nm for the larger grains, the gaps that typically form between
(Table 1). This is compatible either with hemicarbonate the anhydrous material and the hydration products had
(C4Ai=O.sHI2) or with mono sulphate 10-hydrate mostly filled up again. A few of the hollow shells or other
(C 4ASH IO). Evidellce to be given shortly shows that the cavities contained platy crystals up to about 10 /-tm across,
peak is due to C4ASH 10' The XRD pattern also indicated which were shown by X-ray microanalysis to be mono-
the presence of a very small proportion of hydrogarnet. sulphate (Fig. 3). In contrast with what was observed for

Advances in Cement Research, 1993, S. No. 20 141

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 Scrivener and Taylor

,,
AFt

0·3

•
0·2
•

0·1
• ..
•" ,
•
C-S-H gel

CH
~- ...-- .
O +-~~~-----r----~----_r----~
0 ·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5
...
-- JI.- -----, .
_\ :j~ .. -.

SIiCa
(a)

Fig. 2. Backscallered eleclron image of Ihe paSTe cured for 0·5

16 h al °C and rapidl . coaled; rim of h 'dratiOll AFt ,'
I
products, typically some 4-5 p.m wide, are eell 10
,,
IIrrOlilld core of unreacred clinker compoullds, from which ,
they are sometimes epa raTed by gap abouT I P.III wide 0-4 ,
I

,I
I
,I
I
I

0 ·3 ,I
,,
'" ,,
~
AFm ,

-- •--
I
I
I

,,

.
I
0·2
I
I
I
I
--
0 ·1 .~ --' ~/
,
•. . . . --I.'
.
O ~~---+------~----~-----+----~
0,1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5
AlfCa
(b)

Fig . 4. Atom ratio plot for the paste cured for 16 h at

BO oC alld rapidly cooled: (a) AI/Ca against ilCa; (b) l Ca
againsT All a

Fig. 3. Backscallered electron image of the po It' cured for
16 h at O°C and rapidly coaled. showing (/ cavity
cOllfainillg plaTy cry Tais of mOIlO ulphme
the pa te cured at 20 ° , there were no indication at all
that cry tal of ettringite were pr ent.
The di tribution of at m ratio blained by X-ray
microanaly e (Fig. 4) wa n t greatly different from that
for the pa te cured for 37 days at 20 °C, but the Si /Ca
ratio of the - - H gel (around 0·45) i ignificantly
lower. This i probably due, at lea t in part, t C\O e
admixture with Ca(OH)2 and agr with ob ervati n b
Kjell n el 01.11 The SI Al ratio of the - S - H gel were
142
mo tly between 0·5 and 1·5: thi range i lower than that
found for the pa te cured at 20°e.
Tho e microanaly e giving All a ratio above the
typical range for C - S- H gel gave SI Al ratio near to
0·5 (Fi . 4(b» . Thi how that the XRD peak at 0·82 nm
wa due to C 4 ASH IO and not to C 4AC o. H 12 • Thi
interpretation i upported by the XRD re ult f; r the
pa t ub equently tored at 20°C, which h wed a
gradual replacement of the peak at O· 2 nm by a peak
at 0·89 nm , attributable to the more u ual mono ulphate
12-hydrate (C4A- H 12)' Heinz and Ludwig ' data 3 how
a imilar effect: their XRD pattern for mortar cured at
60- O°C and examined directly after th heat treatment
include poorly re olved peak at 0·82 - 0 · 89 nm , but for
imilar mortar examined after a 3-year torage in water
Ad\'allces if! Ceml'lII Research. 1993, 5. o. 20

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 Studies of delayed etlringite fOrma/ion

at 20°C the e peak are replaced by a ingle harp peak

at O· 9 nm. The formation f the IO-hydrate in a ement
pa te i unu ual. It may be favoured by the elevated
temperature, but thi alone i probably in ufficient to
account for it. and the exi tence of a water-deficient
ituation i indicated . Thi may p rhap be de cribed a
elf-desiccation cau ed by the rapidity of hydration .
Previou inve tigator have found that mono ulphate
mayor may not be detectable by XRD or DT A in cement
pa te examined directly after curing at temperature
around 80°C. 2- 6 Th am unt. if any , that i ~ und
appear to depend at least in part on the compo ition of
the cement. 4 The amount of mono ulphate and
hydrogarnet indicated in the pre e nt work appear in uf-
fici nt to a unt for m re than minor pr portion f the
aluminate and ulphate ions that are pre ent in the
hydration product , and the evidence icon i tent with
the view 3 that both ion are probably largely pre ent in
the - - H gel. Th ir m r pre i elation remain
uncertai n. Much of the 0/ - could be orbed, a ha Fig. 5. Da kscallered electron image of the pa te cured for
been ugge ted for pa te cured at ordinary tempera- 16 h at M OC allo ub equellfly (ored for 36 days ill waler
ture. 12 The remaining sol - . together with the alumi - at 20°C; a grain ill which the illner core of IIlIreacted
nat , c uld b pre e nt a layer or region of AFm-type c1illker phases i rimmed b ' 'two-toile' illller product i eell
material clo ely admixed with th e f - -H . A mall in the cemre of the fi eld, and there are several cavities of
proportion of the A1 3 + could be prese nt as a ub tituent 5-/0 p.m dimell iOIl. of which some are empty »'hile other
in the C - S- H layer them elv .1 3 contaill ry tal of either ell rill ire (a rrowed) or
monoslilphate
Pastes cured at BO °C alld subsequeflli . stored at
20 °C
The X RD ev idcnce (Table I) how that ettringite
begi n to form within 6 day during torage in water after
the heat treatment and that by 6 day the amount i ub-
tantial. The mono ulphate and the mall amount of
hydrogarnet that were ob erved directly after the heat
treatment remain , but the I O-hydrate of the mono ulphate
i gradually repla ed by the more u. ual 12-hydrate .
A would b expected, BSE image (Fig 5 and 6)
howed degrees of hydration that increa cd with th period
of torage. The rim urrounding the anhydrou re idue
fth larger cement grai n had the ' two-tone ' appearance
characteri tic of p tes cured at elevated temperature and
ub equently tored at normal temperature . 11.14. 1 Thi
effect wa e pecially marked in the pa te tored for 135
days . It characteri ti feature i that the inner part of
the rim are dark.er in the B E image than the outer part .
They have been formed at a lower temperature, and the
darker grey level i attributable to differen e in
ompo itiofi or poro ity or both. Fig. 6. Backscartered electron image of the pa te cured for
Figure 7-9 how atom ratio for the pa te tored for 16 II at M OC OliO sub equemly stored for 135 days ill water
6 , 36 and 135 days . At 6 and 36 day , the mean I AI ratio at 20°C; a grain rimmed by 'two-tone' inlier product is
of th C - S- H gcl wa in the region of 1·5. Thi i prominellt near the centre of the field and there are mallY
interpreted a howing the pre ence of ettringite thinly cavitie , typically of 5- /0 J1.I11 dillll'flsion alld filled »'ith
di tributed in the C-S - H gel , and thi appear to be the {'rrrillgite
form in which the ettringite i initially produced . With
in rea ing ag hollow- hell grain and other cavitie of often much altered by dehydration. re ulting in cJu ter
imilar ize were increa ingly een to contain 100 e having a hrunken and cracked appearance, but their
clu ter of ettringite cry tal , evidently formed by nature wa readily determined by microanaly i . They
recry tallization. The morphology of the cry tal wa were rare in the pa te stored for 6 day, more frequent

Adl'ances ill Cemem Research. 1993. 5. o. 20 143

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 Scrivener and Taylor

0·6 0·6

05,,~~m
0·5 ", AFm
,,
•
• "0,
0
0
• • •
OA OA
• ,, • • •
AFt
'" "",A!t
•
'"
~ 0·3
«
~ 0·3
«
,
• '.
0·2 0·2 •
C-S-H
0·1 0·1 , "' gel

CH
O+-~~~--~----~----~----r---~
CH _- __ • • • ---
O+=~~~-----r-----+----~------~--~
.i".-
0·1 0·2 0·3 0·4 0·5 0·6 0·1 0·2 0·3 OA 0·5 0·6
Si/Ca SilCa
(a) (a)

0·6 0·6

0·5 AFt 0·5

AFt
~ .
-•
,

OA OA

~'" 0·3- • '"

~ 0·3
(J)
. • •
(J)

•• •
,
-.
• ••
AFm AFm
0·2 0·2 -
~
C-S-H j
I

• C-S-H
.·
. ..
gel j
I
I
gel I
0·1 ~ ~ ... "'"
0·1
. .
.. "

j
..
•
j
1/
0 0
0·1 0·2 0·3 OA 0·5 0·6 0·1 0·2 0·3 OA 0·5 0·6
AI/Ca AI/Ca
(b) (b)

Fig. 7. Atom ratio plots for the paste cured for 16 h at
80 C and subsequently stored for 6 days in water at 20 C:
D D
(a) AliCa against SilCa; (b) SICa against AlICa
Fig. 8. Atom ratio plots for the paste cured for 16 h at
80 D C and subsequently stored for 36 days in water at
20 D C: (a) AIICa against SilCa; (b) SICa against AIICa

in that stored for 36 days and very common in that stored
for 135 days. Monosulphate was also present in similar
cavities in all cases, but the amount did not appear to vary
significantly with the period of storage. Neither the
mono sulphate nor the ettringite in the cavities showed any
sign of disrupting the surrounding material, which was
indistinguishable from that adjoining otherwise similar
cavities that were empty (Figs 5 and 6).
The SIAl ratio of the C-S-H gel decreased again to
0·5-1· 5 in the paste stored for 135 days (Fig. 9). The
AlICa and SICa ratios of the C-S-H gel were also lower
(typically both around 0·03-0·04) for the paste stored
for 135 days than in the other cases. The changes taking
place between 36 and 135 days are attributed to the loss
144
of ettringite from the paste concomitant with recrystal-
lization in the cavities, and the replacement of ettringite
in the paste by mono sulphate through reaction with
aluminate ions supplied by the slowly reacting ferrite.
Mechanism of expansion
The expansion of mortars or concretes that may follow
delayed ettringite formation has been attributed to growth
pressure arising from crystallization of ettringite at the
interfaces between cement paste and aggregate. 3.16 It has
alternatively been suggested that the paste expands,
thereby creating spaces around the aggregate particles in
which ettringite recrystallizes. 17 The present results
favour this latter view.
Advances in Cement Research. 1993. S. No. 20

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 Studies of delayed ettringite formation

0·6 Conclusions
For the cement studied in this investigation, any
0·5 ettringite present in the paste before the heat treatment
is destroyed during curing in water for 16 h at 80°C.
Directly after the heat treatment the aluminate and
0-4 sulphate are largely present in the C-S-H gel, but some
mono sulphate and a very little hydrogarnet are also
co present, and some sulphate is present in the pore solution.
() 0·3
~ The mono sulphate takes the form of the lO-hydrate. This
is unusual in cement pastes and suggests a water-deficient
0·2 situation.
If the paste cured at 80°C is subsequently stored in
water at 20°C, ettringite begins to form within a few days,
0·1 as very small crystals thinly distributed in the C-S-H
gel.
Subsequently, the ettringite recrystallizes in cavities
o+-==~~----~-----+----~----~----~
0·1 0·2 0·3 0-4 0·5 0·6 typically 5-10 {tm in size, formed by the dissolution of
SilCa cement grains or in other ways. There were no indications
(aj that this process disrupts the surrounding material, which
0·6 was indistinguishable from that surrounding empty but
otherwise similar cavities.
Backscattered electron images of pastes cured at 80°C
AFt
0·5'

/
,.
./
and subsequently stored in water at ordinary temperature
contain 'two-tone' inner product, in which the material
formed during the heat treatment may be distinguished
0·4
from that formed subsequently. The presence of this
material serves to distinguish them from pastes cured at
co I
I
ordinary temperature throughout.
~ 0·3 /

I
I
/

AFm
The ettringite that is seen at aggregate interfaces in
I
/
I
mortars or concretes that have expanded following delayed
/
ettringite formation is formed by recrystallization. This

.'>//
0·2 I
I

I
I favours the view that the paste expands, thereby creating
I
C-S-H /
0'
O~~--~-----+-----+----~------~--~
0·1
Fig. 9. Atom ratio plots for the paste cured for 16 h at
80°C and subsequently stored for 135 days in water at
20°C: (a) AIICa against SilCa; (b) SICa against AIICa
As with all crystalline systems, there is a driving force
for crystals to coarsen by recrystallization, so lowering
their surface energy (Ostwald ripening). In the pastes
studied, the recrystallization occurred in existing cavities
and there was no evidence that this process disrupted the
surrounding paste. The possibility of a uniform or subse-
quent expansion is, however, not excluded. Such expan-
sion might be either a direct result of the ettringite
formation or, as Thorvaldson 18 suggested for external
sulphate attack, an indirect result of it. In mortars or
concretes, ettringite would recrystallize, not only in
cavities in the paste, but also in any gaps formed around
the aggregate.
// spaces around the aggregate particles, and that the
ettringite seen at the interfaces is a result of expansion
and not a cause of it.
0·2 0·3 0-4 0·5 0·6 Acknowledgements
AI/Ca
(bj The authors thank Lafarge Canada Inc. for their
generous support of this work. We are also grateful to
Dr V. Johansen and Dr N. Thaulow (OM Idorn Consult
AS, Birkerod, Denmark) for making results available in
advance of publication, Dr W. A. Outteridge (British
Cement Association) for obtaining the X-ray diffraction
data, and Professor P. L. Pratt (Imperial College) for
helpful discussions.
References
1. GHORAB H. Y. et al. On the stability of calcium aluminate sul-
phate hydrates in pure systems and in cements. Proc. 7th into
congr. on the chemistry of cement. Editions Septima, Paris, 1981,
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Discussion contributions on this Paper should reach the Editor by
30 June 1994
Advances in Cement Research, 1993. 5, No. 20